Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: MethodsExperimental location and animalsData were collected at the Institute of Marine and (IMAS) in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Foundation stocks of S. verreauxi were collected from the wild as early instar juveniles off the East coast of Tasmania and held until reproductively active. They were kept in 4000 l fibreglass tanks under ambient photoperiod and water temperature (11 °C–19 °C), 33–35 ‰ salinity, pH approximately 8. 1, and 90–100% oxygen saturation at IMAS [3]. In addition, the 2012 cohorts were bred from F1 generation broodstock. All broodstock were fed a combination of fresh whole blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and commercial shrimp pellet twice a week. Family production and rearingThe average body weight of female and male S. verreauxi prior to breeding were 2. 5 and 3. 5 kg, respectively. A general description of breeding, larval rearing and growout is reported in earlier studies [3]. In brief, mating was practised in 4000 l tanks, with a ratio of 4 males to 8 females. Rearing of phyllosoma from each family to final instar (instar 17) was conducted separately in 200 l cylindrical fiberglass vessels at 21–23 °C. Larval rearing vessels were initially stocked with newly-hatched phyllosoma at a density of 12. 5 l− 1, reduced to 7. 5 l− 1 during mid-stage and 1 l− 1 during the late phyllosoma stages. Parentage of the offspring and full-sib families was verified using newly developed DNA markers (section 2. 3 below). During phyllosoma rearing, larvae were fed with juvenile brine shrimp (Artemia sp. ), blue mussel gonad and/or a ‘commercial in confidence’ manufactured diet. Individual final instar phyllosoma (instar 17) were transferred from mass culture tanks and were held in isolation for metamorphosis before pueruli were transferred to mass holding tanks until they moulted to the juvenile phase. Data recordingThe survival data for hatchery reared S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 25:123–128. 2000. Calbindin and Fos within the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the adjacent hypothalamus of Arvicanthis niloticusand Rattus norvegicus. Neuroscience 99:565–575. 1996. cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors block light-induced phase advances of circadian rhythms in vivo. Physiol 270:R1031–R1036. 2002. Excitatory mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: the role of AMPA/KA glutamate receptors. J Neurophysiol 88:817–828. 1999. Dynamic and quantitative Ca2+ measurements using improved cameleons. 96:2135–2140. 1997. Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature 388:882–887. 1972. Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. 42:201–206. 1993. GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system. 150:112–116. 2003. Facilitation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor transmission in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by aniracetam enhances photic responses of the biological clock in rodents. J Neurochem 85:978–987. 1986. Demonstration of GAB Aergic cell bodies in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: in situ hybridization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA and immunocytochemistry of GAD and GABA. 102:131–136. 2002. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 109:307–320. 2002. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature 417:329–335. 2002. Diurnal modulation of pacemaker potentials and calcium current in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 416:286–290. 2001. Enhanced NMDA receptor activity in retinal inputs to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus during the subjective night. J Physiol (Lond) 532:181–194. 1981. Demonstration of gamma-aminobutyratecontaining nerve terminals by means of antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: However, their univariate statistical approach together with the mixture of variables (price and conservation status were scored together) did not allow for testing the selective uptake of preferred species, while controlling for their availability and accessibility. Our multivariate and hierarchical hypotheses-based analyses of the same data and additional information on the legal and illegal parrot trade in Mexico shows however the selective uptake of particular species. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to talk. As expected, given the human preference for large-bodied and colorful parrot species [20] and the ability to imitate human speech in amazons and macaws [22], the attractiveness scores of the species strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. Finally, the most attractive species were more captured than expected when controlling for measures of their relative legal availability (number of years of trapping) and accessibility. These results strongly support the selective poaching of the most enjoyable and valuable species rather than just an opportunistic poaching of the commonest ones. Notably, similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be restricted to other countries (mostly Europeans, [8]). Therefore, p500. These results came from field studies conducted in 14 countries, which could mask a positive trend due to differences among countries in poaching pressure and the development of international trade [2]. Our results, obtained from a single country, show a strong correlation between species attractiveness and their prices (ca. 95% of deviance explained). Moreover, there is evidence that several parrot species declined due to wildlife trade, and the capture and smuggling of the last Spix's macaws caused the definitive extinction of the species in the wild in October 2000 [5]. To our knowledge, however, a link between the attractiveness of parrot species and their extinction risk was not previously demonstrated through comparative analyses. Although analyses using proxies of the availability and accessibility of parrot species, in the absence of wild population estimates, must be taken with caution, our results show that attractive species tend to be more threatened with extinction. We could infer causality from our analyses, since most currently threatened parrots were over-captured considering the number of years they were legally allowed to be trapped decades before they became threatened (1981–1991; Fig. 5C).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Number of sires, dams and offspring and survival rate (%) from hatching to puerulusFull size tableAverage survival rates of S. verreauxi during the five stages of rearing show significant variation (P < 0. 05) among full-sib families or breeding pairs recorded over the nine-year period (Fig. 1 and Additional file 2: Figure S1). The variation within full-sib families was also significant (P < 0. 05). Taking survival from hatching to instars 1–6 (S1) as an example, the difference among the families that had the highest and lowest survival was 69. 4% (Fig. 1). These differences for S2, S3, S4 and S5 were 92. 3, 66. 4, 98. 5 and 79. 4%, respectively (Additional file 2: Figure S1). In a similar manner, there were also substantial differences in the coefficient of variation (CV) for survival traits among families. For example, the CV for S1 ranged from 14 to 158%. Fig. 1Variation in survival rate (%) from hatching to instars 1–6 (S1) among breeding pairs (family) in the populationFull size imageThe mean survival rates of the whole population averaged over nine years is given in Table 2. The survival rates in the early rearing stages (S1, S2 and S3) were higher than those in later periods (S4 and S5). Analysis of variance using threshold generalised model approach showed significant differences in survival rates among the five stages of early rearing in S. verreauxi, being lowest (59. 5%) for S4 and highest (about 74. 8%) for S2 (P < 0. 01). Table 2 Survival rates at specific stages of rearing (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5), averaged over nine yearsFull size tableOffspring survivals of three replicate parental pairs (breeding cohorts) that were used repeatedly in years 2009–2014 were similar during the early phase of rearing (S1 and S2). However, there were significant differences (P < 0. 05) in S3, S4 and S5 among the three cohorts (Additional file 3: Figure S2). The CV range for metamorphosis survival among these cohorts was 27–60%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroscience 6:875–895. 1999. 5-HT1B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 19:4034–4045. 1996. 5HT1B receptor agonists inhibit light-induced phase shifts of behavioral circadian rhythms and expression of the immediate-early gene cfos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 16:8208–8220. 1989. cGMP induces phase shifts of a mammalian circadian pacemaker at night, in antiphase to cAMP effects. 86:6812–6815. 2002. Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells explains how some blind mice can still tell day from night. Nature 415:493-493. 1999. Serotonin modulates glutamate responses in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol 82:533–539. 1998. Photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in rodents. 15:395–423. 2002. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935–941. 1979. Neuronal regulation of circadian rhythms. 59:449–526. 1995. Upstream and intron regulatory regions for expression of the rat neuron-specific enolase gene. Res 28:19–28. 1998. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron 21:1101–1113. 1999. Glutamatergic induction of CREB phosphorylation and Fos expression in primary cultures of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus in vitro is mediated by co-ordinate activity of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 11:43–51. 1987. The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a tetrodotoxin-resistant circadian pacemaker. 84:1694–1698. 2000. Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 288:1013–1019. 1995. Two distinct oscillators in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 92:7396–7400. 813. 1228. 1999. Multiple regulatory elements result in regional specificity in circadian rhythms of neuropeptide. Neuroreport 10:3165–3174. 2001.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: In fact, six of the studied species (Ara militaris, Amazona oratrix, Amazona viridigenalis, Aratinga brevipes, Rhynchopsitta pachyrryncha, Rhynchopsitta terresi) were first listed as globally threatened in 1994, one (Amazona finschi) in 2006 and one (Amazona auropalliata) in 2012 (www. iucnredlist. org), while Ara macao has officially been considered endangered in Mexico since 1994 [18]. These six amazons and macaw species show positive attractiveness scores (ranging from 0. 44 to 1. 65), and excessive captures for the domestic and international trade were reasons for listing these species as threatened (www. iucnredlist. org, [18]). Therefore, our results empirically support previous IUCN decisions. However, A. brevipes, R. pachyrryncha, and R. terresi show low attractiveness (scores ranging from −0. 29 to −0. 72), and accordingly were rarely poached or traded (see 1. Raw data used for statistical analyses and their sources. Number of poached parrots seized in Mexico and USA [18]; number of parrots legally traded before and after 1992 (www. cites. org); number of years the capture of the species was legally allowed, overlap between the distribution of species and human populations in Mexico, and accessibility of nests [12]; prices (in $) in Mexico and USA [18]; conservation status in 2013 ([19], www. iucnredlist. org); beauty scores and size (in cm) of species [12], and their ability to mimic human speech [22]. 1. Butchart SHM (2008) Indices to measure the sustainability of species use and impacts of invasive alien species. Int 18: S245–S262. View 2. Beissinger SR (2001) Trade in live wild birds: potentials, principles and practices of sustainable use. In: editors. Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge: Press. 202. 3. (1992) Can parrots be conserved through sustainable harvesting? BioScience 48: 120–125. View 4. Gilardi JD (2006) Captured for conservation: will cages save wild birds? Oryx 40: 24–26. View 5. (2010) Facing extinction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Non-genetic effects on survival over yearsGeneral linear model was also used to test the effect of supplementary feeds (Artemia, mussel gonad and formulated diet) on survival. Supplementing live feeds with formulated diet did not have significant effects on survival rates (P > 0. 05). On the other hand, survival rates (S1 – S5) differed statistically between spawning seasons (or spawning years). Yearly survival rates for S1, S2 and S3 showed an increasing trend over the nine years of the study (Fig. 2). For a given measure of survival such as during metamorphosis (S4), the differences among the nine years studied were significant at 0. 1% (P < 0. 001). Within a spawning year (season), the survival rates at different rearing stages also differed statistically (P < 0. 05). A linear regression showed an annual improvement in metamorphosis survival by about 2. 86% (R2 = 0. 07). Fig. 2Survival rates during the early stages of larval rearing: S1, S2 and S3 for all offspring over nine years of study (significant differences among years at P < 0. 001) S1 = Early-phyllosoma stages (instars 1–6), S2 = Mid-phyllosoma stages (instars; 7–12) and S3 = Late-phyllosoma stages (instars 13–17)Full size imageHeritability and common full-sib effectsHeritability (h2) for the five measures of early survival in S. verreauxi were estimated using two different statistical models: i) (LMM, model 1), ii) (TLGM, model 2). The heritability obtained from model 1 (LMM) for the survival traits before metamorphosis (S1, S2 and S3) were moderate (Table 3). The h2 estimates generally varied with rearing phases, i. e. higher in the early than later phase of rearing (h2 = 0. 15 for S3 vs. 0. 03 for S4). The heritability for S5 were not different from zero, due to the limited number of families available during this rearing phase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Serotonergic modulation of retinal input to the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus mediated by 5-HT1B and 5-HT7 receptors. J 16:25–38. 1972. Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. 69:1583–1586. 1991. N-methyl-D-aspartate, quisqualate and kainate receptors are all involved in transmission of photic stimulation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in rats. 563:127–131. 1997. Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophilaperiod gene. Nature 389:512–516. 2003. Circadian clock-controlled regulation of cGMP-protein kinase G in the nocturnal domain. J Neurosci 23:7543–7550. 2002. Cell type-selective expression of green fluorescent protein and calcium indicating protein, yellow cameleon, in rat cortical primary cultures. 956:221–229. 2002. A transcription factor response element for gene expression during circadian night. Nature 418:534–539. 1999. Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nature 398:627–630. 1998. CREB in the mouse SCN: a molecular interface coding the phase-adjusting stimuli light, glutamate, PACAP, and melatonin for clockwork access. J Neurosci 18:10389–10397. 1997. GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity. Nature 387:598–603. 2001. GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol (Lond) 537:853–869. 1995. cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase advances of circadian rhythms in vitro. 197:227–230. 2001. The calcium rhythms of different cell types oscillate with different circadian phases. 125:787–796. 2001. View of a mouse clock gene ticking. Nature 409:684-684. 2000. The 5• upstream region of mPer1 gene contains two promoters and is responsible for circadian oscillation. 10:873–876. 2000. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 288:682–685. 1997.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: London: T & AD Poyser. 6. (1991) International trade in live exotic birds creates a vast movement that must be halted. Auk 108: 982–984. View 7. -Hoeflich E, González-Elizondo J, Albornoz M, et al. (2001) Nest poaching in Neotropical parrots. 15: 710–20. View 8. (2006) Impact of protection on nest take and nesting success of parrots in Africa, Asia, and Australia. 9: 322–330. View 9. (2011) Preventing wildlife crimes: solutions that can overcome the “Tragedy of the Commons”. 17: 101–123. View 10. (2011) Expressions of speciesism: the effects of keeping companion animals on animal abuse, animal trafficking and species decline. 55: 437–451. View 11. (2011) Sequential foraging, itinerant fences and parrot poaching in Bolivia. Crimin 51: 314–355. View 12. Pires S, Clarke RV (2012) Are parrots An analysis of parrot poaching in Mexico. J Delinquency 49: 122–146. View 13. (2012) The illegal parrot trade: a literature review. 13: 176–190. View 14. Carrete M, Tella JL (2008) Wild-bird trade and exotic invasions: a new link of conservation concern? Environ 6: 207–211. View 15. (2010) Criminology: towards interdisciplinary scholarship on environmental crimes and risks. Criminol 50: 124–44. View 16. Gore ML (2011) The science of conservation crime. 25: 659–661. View 17. (2006) Rarity value and species extinction: the anthropogenic Allee effect. PLOS Biol 4: e415. View 18. Cantú JC, Sánchez (2007) in Mexico: A Comprehensive Assessment. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife. 19. (2010) NOM-059-. Norma oficial mexicana para la protección ambiental, especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres. Lista de especies en riesgo. Mexico DF: de la Federación. 20.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Heritability (± standard errors) for five measures of survival during the early phase of rearingFull size tableDue to binary characteristics of survival measures, the heritability’s were also estimated from the model 2. The h2 estimates from model 2 were low to moderate (ranging from 0. 01 to 0. 50). Across the models, the estimates of heritability for survival at five different time points during the early phases of rearing were significant (p < 0. 05), indicating that there are additive genetic variations in these characters to be improved via selection. The common full-sib effects (c2) accounted for 3 to 18% of total variance for survival traits. The c2 estimates were generally similar between the two statistical models. Phenotypic and genetic correlationsPhenotypic and genetic (rg) correlations among the five measures of early survival were moderate to high and all positive (Table 4). With only two exceptions, all the phenotypic and genetic correlations were significant. The magnitude of the genetic correlations between measures of survival in successive rearing periods were greater than those that are further apart, such as rg = 0. 712 between S1 and S2 vs. 0. 21 between S1 and S5. The estimates of phenotypic correlations of the survival traits had similar sign and magnitude as those obtained for the genetic correlations. Table 4 Phenotypic (above) and genetic (below) correlations among survival traitsFull size tableDiscussionLarval survival is heritable and should respond to selectionOur study reports, for the first time, a set of genetic parameters (heritability and correlations) for a spiny lobster species, S. verreauxi. Difficulties in the larval culture of S. verreauxi has previously precluded analysis of genetic parameters in lobster species. The successful breeding and closure of the production cycle for S. verreauxi enabled the systematic recording of family data over a nine year period to estimate heritability and correlations for larval survival traits at different stages in culture. Both linear mixed and generalised threshold models showed the additive nature of genetic components for five measures of larval survival during hatchery production. So the progeny from high breeding value females (e. g. animal ID C85) performed better in culture both within and between years. This was particularly true for mean survival at metamorphosis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Genetic disruption of the master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus sheds light on the hierarchical organization of the mammalian circadian timing system des zentralen Schrittmachers im suprachiasmatischen Nucleus by Doctoral thesis Date of Examination:2011-11-14 Date of issue:2011-11-30 Advisor:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Persistent Address: Files in this item Name:husse. pdf Size:4. 72Mb Format:following license files are associated with this item: Circadian timing systems evolved in most organisms to adapt to the daily alternation of light and dark and the accompanying changes of environmental parameters such as food availability and predator occurrence. Circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate these changes, which in turn increases their evolutionary fitness. The first part of this thesis describes the generation and validation of a new genetic mouse model of central clock disruption. It is assumed, that the mammalian circadian timing system is hierarchically organized with a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subordinated clocks in peripheral tissues. This view is based on SCN ablation studies showing that in the absence of the SCN all peripheral clocks become arrhythmic. An obvious flaw of SCN ablations is the concomitant scission of SCN afferents and efferents. Here we use a genetic model of SCN clock disruption. We generated a SCN Cre driver mouse line (Syt10Cre) and demonstrated strong Cre activity in the majority of SCN cells, but none in peripheral tissues with the exception of the testis. The Syt10Cre driver line was functionally validated by deleting a conditional allele of the essential clock gene Bmal1 (Bmal1fl/fl). Syt10Cre Bmal1fl mice were analyzed for their wheel running behavior in light dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD) conditions. We found a dose-dependent phenotype ranging from minor changes in period and amplitude in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/fl to markedly reduced rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/- mice to a complete loss of circadian rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Only brief reports in English have been published by Japanese scholars in international scientific journals [22]. However, these reports have been ignored by scientists abroad and by international agencies. As also noted elsewhere [10], the Organization [3] and the US of Sciences [2] have recently published extensive risk assessment documents on arsenic, but developmental neurotoxicity is not offered a single sentence. Somehow, the world has therefore seemed to turn the blind eye to this very serious poisoning incident. Arsenic is a well-documented cause of peripheral neurotoxicity in adults [4–6, 22]. Recent cross-sectional studies of children at school age have reported cognitive deficits associated with increased drinking water contamination levels [23] and increased urinary arsenic concentrations [24]. Similar results were obtained in children with arsenic exposure from a smelter [25]. A possible joint adverse effect on IQ caused by arsenic and manganese exposures was suggested by hair contaminant concentrations in children living near a hazardous waste site [26]. These more recent data are externally consistent and fit with the high-exposure findings from Japan, although none of the above studies refer to the Japanese evidence. The dose required to generate serious neurotoxic effects in the exposed Japanese infants was estimated to be of the order of magnitude of 60 mg, and the arsenic concentrations in the contaminated milk mixture (if not diluted) was estimated as 4. 2 – 7. 0 mg/L. This level may be compared to arsenic concentrations in contaminated drinking water in affected geographical areas, such as the Bengal, where the highest levels may approach or exceed 1 mg/L [3, 24]. Although the Morinaga evidence does not allow a detailed dose-response relationship, the serious consequences in many victims suggest that the risk of developmental neurotoxicity must be taken into account when evaluating the potential adverse health effects of arsenic exposures. Conclusionmilk poisoning event provides clear-cut evidence for hazard assessment of developmental neurotoxicity. Clinical poisoning with severe neurobehavioral sequelae occurred when infants were exposed to total doses of about 60 mg from milk mixtures during a period of a few weeks. This evidence amply demonstrates the need to consider neurotoxicity as a key concern in regard to environmental arsenic exposure. Further, Morinaga evidence provides weighty support to several suggestive cross-sectional studies from various settings in regard to the subclinical neurotoxic effects of arsenic. The effects of arsenic on central nervous system development therefore need to be further explored and included in future risk assessments. 312.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Successfully culturing phyllosoma through metamorphosis has been a major bottleneck in production of all spiny lobster species [1]. Our results indicate that in addition to the improvement of exogenous factors controlling variation in survival metamorphosis [23], there are prospects for further genetic improvement of survival through selective breeding to increase production of S. verreauxi seed. To date, only a few studies have reported heritabilities for early rearing survival for farmed aquaculture species and these mainly involved salmonids [30, 31] and tilapia [19]. The literature estimates to date have been reported mostly for survival during grow-out stage, i. e. , from physical tagging when post-larvae or fry reach a suitable size reared until final harvest. The additive genetic components also exist for survival during the grow-out in commonly farmed species such as tilapia [32], carps [16] or marine shrimps [33]. The estimates of heritability for on-growing survival were reported repeatedly in several studies to be low, with a few exceptions of the moderate magnitude [15]. The heritability for larval survival may be population-dependent and the survivals at different stages of early growth may be under different genetic control [19]. Also note that there is no published information regarding the maternal and common environmental effects (c2) on survival traits during the early phase of rearing in crustacean species. The c2 estimates in our study ranged from 3 to 18%. Genetic correlationsOur results also show strong genetic associations among the five measures of larval survival. Of practical significance is the close to perfect (unity) genetic correlations between S2 (instars 7–12 survival) and S4 (metamorphosis survival), suggesting that selection for larval survival post instar7 can improve the number of larvae during metamorphosis (S4). The increased survival rate during this period is crucial to commercial hatcheries to enhance revenue and return. However, selection for increased early survival (S1 or S2) may not capture all genetic expressions in subsequent rearing periods, as indicated by the genetic correlation estimates that were significantly different from one, such as between S2 and Puerulus survival. In a selection program for rainbow trout over 10 generations, Vehviläinen et al. [18] also reported a positively moderate (0. 3 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The behavioral phenotype of Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice was indistinguishable from the phenotype of Bmal1-/- mice, confirming the efficiency of SCN disruption. Furthermore the behavioral phenotype of Syt10Cre Bmal1fl mice was inversely correlated with the number of BMAL1 positive cells in the SCN. The Syt10Cre line will be a helpful tool to investigate the complexity of the mammalian circadian network. In the second part of this thesis Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice are used to investigate the hierarchical structure of the mammalian circadian timing system. A major difference to the above-mentioned SCN ablation studies is that Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice still show rhythmic wheel running behavior in LD conditions. We showed that this behavioral synchronization to the LD cycle is directly light- and not clock-driven. The disruption of the SCN clock on the molecular level was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Despite the absence of a functional SCN clock, corticosterone is rhythmic in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD. However the amplitude of this rhythm is markedly reduced, indicating that although the SCN clock is dispensable for rhythmic release of corticosterone in LD, the amplitude of this rhythm is regulated by the SCN clock. Upon placing the mutant animals into DD, corticosterone rhythms dampen, indicating that in DD the SCN clock is essential for maintenance of corticosterone rhythmicity. Furthermore we analyze clock gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues of Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD and DD. To our surprise, peripheral clocks continue to oscillate in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD. This indicates that a functional clock in the SCN is not necessary for synchronized rhythmicity of peripheral clocks, but that light can directly synchronize peripheral clocks. Upon release into DD, however, clock gene rhythms in peripheral organs dampen. Thus in constant conditions the SCN clock is necessary to synchronize peripheral clocks. The third part of this thesis describes the first attempts towards the development of a combinatorial Cre system, which will allow very specific targeting of brain nuclei. The idea is based on complementation of two parts of the Cre enzyme, which individually are not active. If co-expressed in one cell, however, functional Cre is reconstituted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 5 No. 17, December 2014 of Long-of Petroleum Fields, Absheron p-la, Azerbaijan, () Akper A. Feyzullayev*, Vagif B. Institute of Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. DOI: 10. 4236/jep. 2014. 517151 3,214 Downloads 4,304 Views 1610. doi: 10. 4236/jep. 2014. 517151. 1. is known large amounts of oil, gas and associate water are extracted from the subsoil when carrying out long term hydrocarbon field development. This results in the significant pressure decline in the reservoirs which, according to different estimates, is 50% - 80% below hydrostatic pressure [1]. Such pressures are classified as abnormally low reservoir pressures (АLRP) [2]. The reservoir pressure decline leads to the increase of the effective pressure which in its turn causes deformation processes such as decrease of rock porosity and permeability as well as additional compaction [3]. This process finds its reflection in the change of the environmental situation in the oil fields which is manifested in the soil subsidence [4] [5] under flooding [6] appearance of “induced” seismicity [7] that finally can cause damages for the infrastructure (well, platform and pipeline failure and others) and require large investments for its rehabilitation [8]. In this paper an overview of the problem study in the world and analysis of some of its aspects for the Absheron peninsula (Azerbaijan) (Figure 1), where oil and gas fields have been developed for more than a century and are currently considerably depleted, is provided. 2. Overview of Problem 2. 1. are distinguished three types of manmade extraction of subsoil fluids which under favorable geological conditions can cause significant LS: 1) oil, gas and associated water production; 2) hot water or steam extraction for the purpose of using geothermal energy 3) ground water extraction. Each of them causes maximal LS nearly of the same order of magnitude. Thus, for instance, the LS at the well known Wilmington oil field (California State, USA) reached 9 meters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 16) genetic correlation between survivals at early and late fingerling stages. Thoa et al. [19] also found high and positive genetic correlations between survival from hatching to 20 d and from 21 to 62 d (when the animals were physically tagged). Our results are broadly in agreement with these studies on rainbow trout O. mykiss and Nile tilapia O. niloticus, suggesting that the survival rates at different rearing periods may be under alternative genetic control and that they should be treated as genetically different traits in selective breeding programs. However, further studies are needed to have a better understanding about genetic architecture of age-specific survival trait across life stages in lobster species. Environmental contributionsDespite the significant heritability in all the statistical models used, the estimates decreased as the larvae developed. This is as expected because the larval survivals during the early phases of growth development are strongly influenced by intrinsic environmental factors, e. g. Thoa et al. [17]. A number of studies have shown that lobster larval survival depends strongly on various rearing conditions and management practices, such as water quality parameters [3, 34], light regimes [23], background of rearing facility and stocking density [35], supplementary feeds and diets [36, 37]. In the present study, attempts were made to provide a homogeneous rearing environments and husbandry practices, but variation in the rearing tanks and hatchery practices between years would have affected survivals. Information on particular rearing tanks, when available, was included in our statistical models and when combined with spawning year as a contemporary group tank effect was found to be not significant. The effects of feed items on larval survival was also non-significant (P > 0. 05). Studies in fish and other species of spiny lobsters [38] also suggest that increasing female body weight was associated with larger larval body size and subsequently improving survival rates in the early phase of rearing [19]. Taken collectively, our results together with those reported in the literature suggest that in breeding programs and commercial production hatcheries, survival rates can be improved by minimising environmental impacts and improving farming practices, as reported in fish species [39]. Although basic information about quantitative genetic inheritance is reported for survival traits in spiny lobsters, the design of this study had been adjusted to fit biology of the species as well as the availability of facilities and resources at our station.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Expression of the two Cre parts under the control of different but overlapping promoters will markedly improve the specificity of the conventional Cre/loxP system. We aimed at investigating the functional anatomy of the SCN by targeting the SCN-core region which is believed to be the input region of the SCN. This SCN-core Cre line will then be used to set very specific genetic lesions to this SCN sub-region. It will be very interesting to analyze the effects of this SCN-core ablation on circadian output, which will help to elucidate the functional anatomy of this complex brain nucleus. The fourth part of this thesis addresses the role of the circadian clock in integrating different physiological systems. It has been shown that the circadian clock and metabolic regulation are tightly linked. In addition, sleep curtailment (which is often experienced during shift work) is associated with negative effects on metabolic homeostasis. This prompted us to analyze whether the clock might mediate the negative effects of sleep disturbance on metabolic regulation. Our hypothesis was that in the absence of a functional clock metabolic effects of sleep disruption should be less pronounced. We were able to show that arrhythmic Per1/2 mutants which lack a functional circadian clock indeed show less metabolic alterations after sleep disturbance, indicating that the circadian clock is involved in regulating this response. This study suggests that the circadian clock integrates sleep and metabolic regulation. Thus our work may help to understand the effects of sleep curtailment on obesity, which are major problems of industrialized societies. Deepening the understanding of the underlying mechanisms could contribute to the development of new pharmaceutical approaches for these disorders. Keywords: circadian; clock; cre/loxp; transgenic mice; suprachiasmatic nucleus dieser Erde ist dem täglich wiederkehrenden Wechsel von Tag und Nacht ausgesetzt. Um sich diesen Ryhtmen anzupassen, haben fast alle Lebewesen, vom Bakterium bis zum Menschen, zirkadiane Uhren entwickelt. Mittels solcher interner Zeitmesser können Lebewesen diese Rhythmen antizipieren und ihre Physiologie optimal anpassen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Hot water extraction for the purpose of using geothermal energy in Wairakei (New Zealand) led to 6 - 7 meters of subsidence, and ground water extraction in Mexico (Mexico) and in valley in California (USA) caused the 9 meter LS [9]. Land subsidence connected with intensive hydrocarbons production is observed in many regions of the world. Such phenomenon was for the first time recorded in 1926 at the oil field not far from Houston (Texas State, USA). Here the oil production from loose sandstones and silts from the depth of 350 - 1400 m (thickness of the oil bearing interval more than 300 m) during the period of 1917-1925 led to 1 m subsidence [10] - [12]. Later, the similar effect was identified at other areas. Particularly, the rate of changeable in space and Figure 1. Location of Absheron p-la, Azerbaijan. 1: petroleum fields; 2: structures; 3: mountains. time LS at Belridge and oil fields in California (USA) reaches 30 - 40 cm annually [13]. In Houston- Galveston (Texas area, USA), where there are at least 110 oil and gas fields, 29 fields have been crossed by the lines of relevelling. Six of them have been discovered to have local land subsidence: Alco-and South Houston, whereas the LS rates (up to 120 mm/year) exceeded the natural subsidence rates estimated to be 13 mm/year [12]. It is thought that such rapid LS rates have been caused by the large scale removal of fluids forming a large subsidence cup [14]. This phenomenon is thought to have two main reasons: а) natural, related with geological process of sediments compaction, and b) manmade ones. The first ones though widely spread are characterized by relatively low rate of LS compared with the second ones. For instance, the study of the history of development and reservoir pressure at some large oil and gas fields in Louisiana state (USA) suggested that the rates of the man-in- duced LS reach 9 mm/year or 23 mm/year (depending on whether these data have been obtained based on the results of releveling or sea level records), whereas geological rates of LS come up to about 3 mm/year [4] [15].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Genetic parameters obtained here are likely somewhat biased due to possible confounding of environmental and genetic effects. Hence, when production cycle is fully controlled for S. verreauxi, breeding a larger number of families using new broodstocks should be made to frequently update heritability and genetic correlations for survival traits especially those from hatching to settlement. Furthermore, upgrading the hatchery capacity should be conducted to increase availability of spawning and rearing tanks to accommodate a larger number of families per year (e. g. , 5–10 families per year). This would enable larval rearing of families in replicate tanks to minimise possible environmental differences in survival rates among families and the family (or genotype) by environment effects [40, 41], as well to enable a separation of the additive genetics from tank effects [42]. A routine data collection in larger pedigrees would allow the estimation of genetic parameters with higher accuracy which are necessary to guide future breeding programs in lobsters species. ConclusionsThe new set of genetic parameters obtained for S. verreauxi assisted our understanding of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits of commercial importance. This information will aid in the design of future breeding program for lobster species. Our estimates of heritability and genetic correlations among five measures of larval survival indicated that it is possible to improve hatchery production of this species, especially during the key bottle-neck around metamorphosis, and that selection for increased survival in the early phase can improve survival rates in subsequent rearing periods. Successful captive breeding of S. verreauxi and improving seed quality through genetic selection are likely to help facilitate commercial production of this sector. AbbreviationsS1: Early-phyllosoma stages (instars 1–6) S2: Mid-phyllosoma stages (instars; 7–12) S3: Late-phyllosoma stages (instars 13–17) S4: Metamorphosis S5: Puerulus stage 6. 2006. p. 231–62. 60. 20. 506. 45. 9. 1. 64. 0142. 205. 3. 25. 6. 2014. BMC Genet. 2015;16(1):1–9. 1486. 16. 8. 71. 26. 40. 54. 9. 3537. Jones O, Wang J. Molecular marker-based pedigrees for animal conservation biologists. Anim Conserv.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibt die Herstellung und Validierung eines neuen transgenen Mausmodels, in dem die zentrale zirkadiane Uhr ausgeschaltet wurde. Es ist allgemein anerkannt, dass das zirkadiane System von Säugern hierarchisch organisiert ist, mit einem zentralen Schrittmacher im (SCN) des Hypothalamus und untergeordneten peripheren Uhren. beruht auf SCN-Läsionsstudien, die zeigen, dass in Abwesenheit des SCN alle peripheren Uhren arrhythmisch werden. von Läsionen ist, dass gleichermaßen afferente und efferente Verbindungen durchtrennt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde daher ein genetisches Modell genutzt. Eine SCN-Cre-Treiberlinie (Syt10Cre) wurde hergestellt, in der gezeigt werden konnte, dass Cre im Großteil der SCN-Zellen aktiv ist, nicht aber in peripheren Geweben mit Ausnahme des Testis. Zur funktionellen Charakterisierung wurde mittels der Syt10Cre-Linie das essentielle Uhrengen Bmal1 deletiert (Bmal1fl/fl). Die Laufradaktivität von Syt10Cre Bmal1fl-Mäusen wurde unter Licht-Dunkel (LD) Bedingungen und in konstanter Dunkelheit (DD) untersucht. Es konnte ein Dosis-abhängiger Phänotyp gefunden werden: je weniger Zellen im SCN noch BMAL1-Protein exprimierten, desto weniger rhythmisch war die Laufradaktivität.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: The rates of LS at the field in Texas (USA) in the period of maximal petroleum production and discovered that the computed rate of land subsidence (30 mm/year) are 3 order higher than the geological rates of LS at the coastal valley [15]. The average historical rate of LS in the Mississippi delta is 12mm/year [16] which is higher than the average geological rates of LS [17]. Considerable LS at the developed hydrocarbon pools is observed under the presence of all or some of the following conditions: 1) essential drop of the reservoir pressure during the hydrocarbons production [22] 2) hydrocarbons production from wide depth interval [18] 3) oil or gas (separately or together) are contained in slightly consolidated or slightly cemented rocks; 4) reservoirs have a relatively shallow depth occurrence and considerable extension. Collection, classification and analysis of the published data on more than 130 hydrocarbons pools under production have discovered the LS occurrence from tens of centimeters to several meters [19] [20]. Special studies have established the following characteristic features of the considered phenomenon: -The rapid decline of the hydrocarbons production leads to the reduction of LS rates. So, as a rule, the initial intensive period of the field development is characterized by higher LS rates which later slow down whereas in some cases subsidence stops. -LS on the developed oil and gas fields has usually local character. However, hydrocarbon production from one bed on several relatively near fields can lead to the regional pressure loss and regional LS [21]. -LS can be restrained by means of reservoir pressure recovery/maintenance. At the same time, the process of recovery can be successful if only all fault blocks work as a whole. According to some researchers actions aimed at maintaining the reservoir pressure by means of water injection into the bed and other methods applied at many fields worldwide allow to recovery pressure not exceeding 10% of initial value. It is connected with the fact that inelastic deformations of rocks accompanying the reservoir pressure decline are more significant than the elastic ones which leads to irreversible process of reservoir rocks consolidation [3]. Therefore restore the reservoir pressure to the initial value will not lead to the recovery of the initial reservoir capacity [22]. Widely spread processes of reservoir compaction and subsidence belong to the categories of dangerous natural phenomena which are inevitably accompanied by serious environmental and economic consequences. The economic consequences include flooded territories due to LS especially in coastal areas where even slight LS can cause flooding.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/esurf-9-1531-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/esurf-9-1531-2021, 2021. Received: 25 Feb 2021 – Discussion started: 09 Mar 2021 – Revised: 17 Oct 2021 – Accepted: 02 Nov 2021 – Published: 06 Dec 2021 1 energy associated with transporting sediment influences the shape of the p2. 1 Choosing material strength parameters It is common to cast the impact attrition process in terms of the mass lost per collision, Δm. This mass loss is presumed to be proportional to collision energy, ΔE, such that (1) Δ m = C 1 A b Δ E where Ab is a material susceptibility parameter (Anderson, 1986) that Miller and Jerolmack (2020) called the “brittle attrition number” [s2 m−2], and C1 is an experimentally determined constant (following the nomenclature of Miller and Jerolmack, 2020). Since collision energy is a function of the mass of the p208. 20 L (55 gal) carbon steel drum used for collision experiments. The drum is 57. 15 cm in diameter, 83. 31 cm long, and rotates counterclockwise at 20 rotations min−1. Download 2. 2 Preparation of experimental p66. 7 %, 50 %, 33. 3 %, 25 %, 20 %, 16. 7 %, 14. 3 %, and 12. 5 % – where percentage indicates volume of concrete mix in the mixture (VCM). There were five p0. 4–0. 6 water-to-sand and cement mixture ratio. Efforts were taken to ensure that the sand and cement mix were uniformly combined before water was added. P2. 3 Measuring material strength parameters System (model 2406) was utilized to conduct uniaxial compression tests of the prepared cement p12. 5 % to 50 % VCM, and a 150 kN load cell was used for p66. 7 % to 80 % VCM. During the compression tests, the upper plate was driven down at a constant rate of 3 mm min−1 with maximum deformation set at 6 mm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Tiere wurden in konstanter Dunkelheit komplett arrhythmisch, und zeigten denselben Phänotyp wie Mäuse, in denen das Bmal1 Gen in allen Zellen deletiert ist (Bmal1-/-), was die Effizienz der genetischen Manipulation bestätigt. Die Syt10Cre-Treiberlinie wird hilfreich sein, um die Komplexität des zirkadianen Systems von Säugern zu untersuchen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die hierarchische Organisation des zirkadianen Systems an Hand des beschriebenen Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mausmodels untersucht. zu den Ergebnissen der oben beschriebenen SCN-Läsionsstudien wurde gefunden, dass Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mäuse unter LD-Bedingungen rhythmische Aktivität zeigen. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese rhythmische Aktivität direkt Licht- und nicht Uhren-gesteuert ist. Außerdem wurde auch auf molekularer Ebene gezeigt, dass die Uhr im SCN komplett defekt ist. Trotz nicht funktioneller SCN-Uhr wurden unter LD-rhythmisch von der Nebenniere sezerniert. war im Vergleich zu dem von Wildtyp-Tieren allerdings deutlich gedämpft. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Uhr im SCN für die rhythmische Glukokortikoidsekretion zwar nicht notwendig ist, aber an der Regulierung der Amplitude des Rhythmus beteiligt ist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Such phenomenon was for the first time described for the oil field near Houston (Texas State, USA). The land subsidence which reached almost 9 meters due to the oil extraction from the main Wilmington field [9] led to the flooding of streets and piers in the city and in the port (California, USA), caused damages to the bridges, railways and other port facilities [23]. The smaller LS (~1 m) at the field (Теxas, USA) was enough to change the landscape from the green highland to open water. LS in Venezuela led to the huge flood at the coastal area of the Maracaibo Lake, and in Russia large oil bearing areas in turned into swamps due to similar reasons [6]. Economic consequences of LS as the result of hydrocarbons production often cause serious damages to the existing infrastructure (well, pipeline and platform failure etc. ). According to one of the present day estimates the annual damage caused by LS due to hydrocarbons production within the USA comes up to more than 100 million dollars [8]. Here should also be added the so called “postponed” damage which will be quite appreciable by future generations: it has been established that 2 - 3 m of LS lead to the reduction of crop yield by 10%, 5 - 6 m―by 50%, and more than 8 m―cropland is totally destroyed [24]. 2. 2. It has been established that man’s activity can also provoke emergence or intensification of seismic activity in the areas of hydrocarbons production. Such seismicity was named as man caused. In literature it is often referred to as “caused”, “induced”, “excited”, “generated” etc. With the purpose of unification of terminology Russian scientists V. V. Adushkin and S. B. Turuntaev [7] offers all seismic events which occur due to various reasons after or in the process of man caused impact to define as induced seismicity. The occurrence and intensity of induced seismicity at developed oil and gas fields depend on the geological- tectonic properties of the reservoir and surrounding massif, its mode of deformation, degree of blockiness and presence of heterogeneity, rates and volumes of hydrocarbons extraction and water injection [25].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: Compression experiments produced a series of stress–strain curves, which were used to determine material properties of the various concrete mixtures. Yield strength – the transition from (linear) elastic behavior to plastic deformation on a stress–strain curve – is frequently used as a measure of material strength. However, our stress–strain curves were variable, especially for weaker materials that did not follow classic brittle failure (Fig. 5a). Accordingly, here we use ultimate strength, the greatest stress withstood by a material. This procedure is analogous to the point load test method that is often used to estimate yield stress, since the latter is proportional to ultimate strength (Perras and Diederichs, 2014). Young's modulus is typically determined from a linear fit to the stress–strain plot – i. e. , in the elastic regime before failure. Due to the variable shapes of our stress–strain curves, we utilized a modified Young modulus (Y∗), which was estimated as the ultimate strength divided by the associated strain (Fig. 5a), in order to avoid ambiguity of how to choose an approximately linear regime over which to fit. 2. 4 Attrition experiments in a rotating drum Each concrete p208. 2 L (55 gal) open-head carbon steel drum with a lid fastened by a bolt ring closure (Fig. 3b). The drum was 57. 15 cm in diameter and 83. 31 cm long; all experiments were run with the drum rotating in the counterclockwise direction at 20 rotations min−1. A steel paddle was attached to the interior of the drum to ensure that the p3. 35 m s−1. Each p12. 5 %–20 % VCM) were removed after every impact and were significantly diminished at the conclusion of experiments; intermediate p66. 7 %–80 % VCM) remained in the drum for intervals ranging from 50 to 500 drops. After each interval, the p12. 2 MP, and p3. 1 Material properties There was significant variation in the ultimate strengths and modified Young's moduli recorded for each set of p2. 9 × 106 to 7. 3 × 106 N m−2, although the strongest p66. 7 % VCM) held up to 1. 2 × 107 N m−2. Mechanically weaker p9. 7 × 104 to 1. 2 × 106 N m−2, although the weakest material (12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Entlässt man diese Tiere in konstante Dunkelheit schwächt sich der Glukokortikoidrhythmus immer weiter ab, was darauf hinweist, dass in konstanter Dunkelheit die Uhr im SCN notwendig ist, um einen Glukokortikoidrhythmus aufrechtzuerhalten. wurden unter LD-in peripheren Organen von Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- Mäusen gemessen. Überraschend war, dass periphere Uhren in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- Mäusen in LD rhythmisch waren, was darauf hindeutet, dass der SCN als Gewebe zwar notwendig ist um periphere Uhren zu synchronisieren, die SCN-Uhr per se aber nicht. Sobald die Tiere in konstante Dunkelheit entlassen wurden, konnte eine deutliche Dämpfung der Rhythmen in peripheren Uhren gemessen werden. waren sogar komplett arrhythmisch exprimiert, was die hierarchische Struktur des zirkadianen Systems unter konstanten Bedingungen bestätigt. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die ersten Schritte zur Entwicklung eines kombinatorischen Cre-Systems beschrieben. Dieses kombinatorische Cre-System soll sehr spezifische genetische Manipulationen im Mausmodell ermöglichen. basiert auf der Komplementierung zweier Cre-Teilproteine, die einzeln nicht aktiv sind. Sind sie aber in einer Zelle co-exprimiert, wird funktionelles Cre-Protein wiederhergestellt.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: The diagram shown in Figure 4 illustrates the noticeable tendency for the increase of average annual rate of the vertical earth crust movements accompanied by the increase of the average annual oil production at the fields of the Absheron peninsula (without accounting of extraction of gas and associated reservoir waters). Figure 3. Scheme of vertical movements on Absheron p-la based on results repeated leveling. Table 1. Land subsidence at some fields of the Absheron peninsular. Figure 4. Diagram of dependence of earth crust movement speed on average annual oil production at the fields of Absheron peninsula (created based on Yashenko’s data [28] ). The above pointed processes of land subsidence in the Absheron peninsula as well as at long term developed oil fields of other basins in the world were also accompanied by negative environmental consequences. Thus, according to the data of the hydrodynamic monitoring carried out in the Absheron peninsula there have been identified areas of intense rising of level of underground water correlating to LS areas. In particular, in the central part of the peninsular the area of zones with the depth of ground water level of >10 m decreased by 21. 4% during the period from 1955 to 2006, and the area of zones with the depth of ground water level of 3 - 5 m increased by 10. 3%. This serves as a vivid example of the negative impact of the long term development of oil and gas fields in this territory for hydrogeological and ecological environments which is manifested in flooding (in other cases-swamping) of territories and obvious deterioration of ameliorative properties of lands. Abnormal rates of LS in the number of fields of the Absheron peninsula can serve as a cause of the man-in- duced seismicity. Abnormal rates of subsiding in area of Surakhany field (about 47 mm/year) have served as the reason for earthquake of magnitude 6 which occurred in 1937 near the same named village (see Figure 3). Oil and gas production at the intensely developed oil fields of the Absheron peninsula was often accompanied by cases of borehole curving and breaking, oil, gas and water pipeline rupture, sudden water and sand kick etc. which were the results of man induced deformation processes combined with natural geodynamic processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: 5 % VCM) withstood as little as 4. 3 × 104 N m−2 before failing (Fig. 5b). For cement mixtures, it is commonly observed that strength increases with increasing concrete content until a maximum is reached, beyond which strength drops because sand or aggregate grains lose contact with each other and no longer bear the load (Lan et al. , 2010). Our results are consistent with this behavior. A similar trend was observed in p4. 3 × 107 to 1. 6 × 108 N m−2, although the strongest p66. 7 % VCM) had a modified Young modulus measured at 3. 8 × 108 N m−2. Mechanically weaker p1. 5 × 106 to 1. 1 × 107 N m−2, although the weakest material (12. 5 % VCM) had a modified Young modulus measured at 2. 7 × 105 N m−2 (Fig. 5c). The density of each type of concrete p1. 3 × 10−2 to 6. 6 × 10−3 s2 m−2 for mechanically strong materials. Despite variability in the data, a clear trend is apparent between Ab and composition; Ab drops rapidly with increasing cement content, and appears to reach a roughly constant value for cement contents of 50 % VCM or greater (Fig. 5d). Results show that our samples span an order of magnitude of susceptibility to impact, as quantified by Ab, and thus that there is a significant dynamic range for exploring the control of material properties on attrition mechanism and rates. For the rest of the paper, we use Ab to represent material properties, and terms such as “strong” and “weak” refer to relatively small and large values of Ab, respectively. The average measured values of σu and Y∗, as well as the average calculated values of Ab, for each p9. It is important to acknowledge that the significant variation in measured ultimate strength, modified Young's modulus, and density is likely related to lack of control in the preparation protocol. Some of our stress–strain curves do not follow the typical linear-elastic to sublinear-plastic pattern but instead display a series of peaks in the transition from the elastic to the plastic regime (Fig. 5a). This variation in p3. 2 Mass loss The mass of each p1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleiDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewNeurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleihas been extensive research in the recent past looking into the molecular basis and mechanisms of the biological clock, situated in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. Neurotransmitters are a very important component of SCN function. Thorough knowledge of neurotransmitters is not only essential for the understanding of the clock but also for the successful manipulation of the clock with experimental chemicals and therapeutical drugs. This 10. 1186/1740-3391-4-2Submitted on Dec 6, 2005Accepted on Feb 16, 2006Published on Feb 16, 20064. 0 advances have been made in the study of mechanisms of the circadian clock in the past decade. Since the identification of a master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus of mammals, researchers sought to identify the nature of the clock and characterize its components. The SCN, acting as circadian pacemakers, have the function of orchestrating the timing in physiology and behaviour. They control circadian rhythms in other parts of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex, in the pineal gland, and in peripheral tissues such as liver, kidney and heart [1]. The circadian clock not only can generate its own rhythms but can also be entrained by the environmental light-dark (LD) cycle. Multiple single cell circadian oscillators that are present in the clock can, when synchronized, generate coordinated circadian outputs which ultimately regulate the overt rhythms. Studies pertaining to the molecular mechanisms of the clock have yielded valuable results with the identification of a protein responsible for the setting of the length of periods of activity and inactivity within cells. Many years of research by a dedicated team of scientists culminated in the discovery of this protein [2]. It is believed that the identification of this protein will have far reaching implications not only in the understanding of the working of the clock but also in clinical applications, such as the treatment of jet lag and the design of optimal times for the administration of anti-cancer drugs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Thus, for example in the Balakhany-Sabunchi-Ramany field in more than 20 wells there were reported cases of breakage (wells No. 1794, 2304 and others) and breakage of borehole lines (wells No. 2409, 2575, 2610 and others) as well as their curving (wells No. 1499, 12204 and others) which led to serious economic damages [28]. Well failures are causing large scale contamination of oil-field territories too. Two monitoring conducted in Azerbaijan over the last years by the Ministry of Ecology and identified around 30 thous. ha of contaminated land of which 10 thous. ha (according to other data―12 thous. ha) fall on land contaminated with oil and oil products essentially in the Absheron peninsula. It is known that on completing the field development oil/gas wells used for the production of hydrocarbons are abandoned or temporary suspended. However, the extent of risk of dangerous (emergency) situations will not decrease as the control over their condition is often either not exercised or exercised quite cursorily without taking into account all the requirements of relevant regulatory acts [31]. According to the independent experts (no official data―Authors) in Azerbaijan only on the territory of the Absheron peninsular there is a concentration of up to 3 thousand abandoned i. e. uncontrolled oil wells. A more detailed analysis of these and a number of other environmental problems is the subject of separate researches. 4. of 119. [2] Koshlyak, V. A. (2002). Tau-Press, Ufa. [3] Imanov, А. А. (2012) Physical and of the South-in Subsurface Conditions: Hydrocarbons Resources. Nafta-Press, Baku. [4] Morton, R. A. and Buster, N. A. (2002) on Rates and Loss in South-Central Louisiana. Association of Geological Societies, 52, 767-778. [5] Patel, P. and Kulkarni, M. N. (2007) Application of GPS for Subsidence. Journal of Earth Sciences, 1, 35-46. [6] Serebryakov, V. A. and Chilingar, G. V. (2000) Prediction of Subsidence: Relationship between Lowering of to Fluid Withdrawal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: 1 × 10−2 s2 m−2 (80 % VCM), (c) Ab = 9. 3 × 10−3 s2 m−2 (50 % VCM), and (e) Ab = 1. 9 × 10−3 s2 m−2 (16. 7 % VCM). Figures to the right show fractional mass loss per impact, Δm∗, for the same materials in panels (b), (d), and (f). All five p0. 1 s2 m−2. fraction for all p0. 142Ab+0. 0019, where R2=0. 85. Thus, the experimental constant C1=0. 14. fractional mass loss per impact generally increased and became more variable with increasing Ab (Fig. 7), data suggest that there is a range of sufficiently strong materials (Ab<0. 1) for which mass loss was insensitive to changes in material strength. and Jerolmack (2020), we define an empirical mass loss parameter, k=Δm/ΔE=2Δm∗/vi2, and compute the average value for each material from all measured drops in the drum of all p0. 1) for which mass loss is roughly constant – or, at least, is not sensitive to changes in material properties. Figure 9Progression of p3. 3 P6. 9 × 10−2 to Ab = 3. 6 × 10−2 s2 m−1 (20 %–33. 3 % VCM), evolved from a cuboid block toward a spherical shape but experienced several large breakage events along the trajectory toward a sphere. These intermediate p0. 013 s2 m−2 fall within the pure chipping regime and conform to the universal curve described by Novák-Szabó et al. (2018), which is identified by the gray region. Download Circularity, R, a measure of how closely a shape approaches a circle, increased over the course of the experiments for all materials. While the rate of change in p0. 85, while weak p0. 65 (Fig. 10). In the chipping limit associated with bed load, there is a single relation between R and μ that depends only on the initial shape of p0. 013 s2 m−2, we find that shape evolution is independent of material properties and closely follows the trend expected for chipping.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The master clock, as it is often called, is reset by light or photic stimuli [3] as well as by arousal-inducing or non-photic stimuli [4]. Whether the input is photic or non-photic, it reaches the clock through neurotransmitters in nerve terminals. Neurotransmitters are released at the inputs for entrainment, in the clock itself for integration and consolidated output, and in efferent projections for the control of overt rhythms. Several reviews on the neurotransmitters of the SCN have been previously published [5 - 10]. The present review concentrates on studies conducted in the last decade and gives particular attention to neurotransmitters whose involvement in the circadian clock have not been traditionally recognized. About neurotransmitters in general Studies have indicated the presence of a large number of neurotransmitters in the SCN [11 - 15]. However, information about their role individually as well as in combination in the functioning of the clock has been slow to come. It is observed that the presence of neurotransmitters in the afferent and efferent projections of the SCN is equally important for the entrainment of the clock and for the control of overt rhythms. Thus, we have neurotransmitters released at the inputs for entrainment, in the clock itself for the integration and consolidated output, and in the efferent projections for the control of overt rhythms. There have been attempts to categorize the putative neurotransmitters of the SCN on the basis of their origin and function [16] and there have been reports indicating subdivisions of the SCN with relation to neurotransmitter function [17]. Further, it has been reported [18] that the human SCN also have well defined subdivisions with chemically defined neuronal groups comparable to the well defined subdivisions reported in the case of experimental animals, mainly rodents. There are many excellent reviews [19 - 22] highlighting various aspects of the neurotransmitters. From a functional point of view, two important aspects emerge. One is the fact that one particular neurotransmitter may have more than one function and thereby make the prediction of the function more difficult and complex. Another aspect is that the neurotransmitter input from various pathways and their influence may vary (1) by itself and (2) by way of modification of SCN function.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 – Revised: 30 Aug 2023 – Accepted: 31 Aug 2023 – Published: 13 Oct 2023 1 of the solution to overcoming plastic pollution in the environment is to use biodegradable plastic instead of conventional plastics in applications in which plastics are used in the open environment and for which complete recollection of the plastic after use is impossible. A picture-case example is thin agricultural mulch films. Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films to elevate soil temperature and maintain soil moisture, to provide protection, and to prevent weed growth. Conventional mulch films are composed of polyethylene (PE). If these films are thin, they cannot readily be reused or recycled after application, which means they need to be incinerated or landfilled after a single use (Serrano-Ruiz et al. , 2021). Such a short life cycle of plastic products is undesirable, and both incineration and landfilling are considered undesirable end-of-life treatment options. Another disadvantage of conventional thin (< 25 µm) mulch films is that are cannot easily be entirely recollected after their application, leaving PE plastic residues in the soil. Because PE films persist, these residues build up in soils over time, eventually harming agricultural productivity (Gao et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the films may slowly decompose into microplastics. Both macroplastics and microplastics have been shown to be transported by wind and water, away from the initial application site and towards waterways, lakes, and coastal seas (Fig. 1; Egessa et al. , 2020; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022), where they have been shown to cause harm to the ecosystem (Galloway et al. , 2017; Hale et al. , 2020). Figure 1Transport of plastics from agricultural sources to lake sediments, either via water ways or via wind transport.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: For weaker materials, however, data exhibit a progressive departure from the expected chipping curve with increasing Ab (decreasing material strength) (Fig. 10). 4 begin this section by reminding the reader of several caveats that should be kept in mind when interpreting the experimental results. Our p10. 6084/m9. figshare. 14069105 (Bodek and Jerolmack, 2021). Author contributions SB conducted the experiments, led data analysis, and wrote the paper. DJJ supervised the research, assisted in analysis and interpretation of data, and edited the paper. Competing interests The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-author have any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. authors would like to thank for supplying images and for helpful discussions. Financial support This research has been supported by the University of for and Fellowships and the program of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science. Review statement This paper was edited by and reviewed by and two anonymous referees. 1979. a, b Anderson, R. S. : Erosion profiles due to p1986. a Arabnia, O. and Sklar, L. S. : Experimental study of p2016. a, bÅström, J. , Linna, R. , Timonen, J. , Møller, P. F. , and Oddershede, L. : Exponential and power-law mass distributions in brittle fragmentation, Phys. Rev. E, 70, 026104, 2004. a Atkinson, B. K. : Subcritical crack growth in geological materials, J. Geophys. Res. -Sol. Ea. , 89, 4077–4114, 1984. a, b, c Atkinson, B. K. and Meredith, P. G. : The theory of subcritical crack growth with applications to minerals and rocks, in: of Rock, edited by: Atkinson, B. K. , 2, 111–166, 1987. a, b, cAttal, M. and Lavé, J. : Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport: Experimental results and implications for the evolution of the sediment along rivers, J. Geophys. Res. , 114, F04023, 2009. a Bemrose, C. R. and Bridgwater, J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, neuropeptide Y (NPY), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been implicated in the functioning of the SCN. Glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are indicated as principal neurotransmitters of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), although excitatory amino acids like L-aspartate and N-acetyl-aspartylglutamate may also function as neurotransmitters in RHT. also might be a candidate as a neurotransmitter in RHT. Functional studies over the years have given evidence that PACAP alone or in concert with glutamate may be responsible for the light signalling to the clock. The role of AVP in circadian time keeping has been well established. Its role in the control of circadian rhythm of food and water intake has been reported and well documented. Another intrinsic neuropeptide, VIP, acting through VPAC2 receptor (a type of receptor for VIP), participates in both resetting to light and maintenance of ongoing rhythmicity of the SCN. NPY and GABA seem to be the neurotransmitters in the projection from the intergeniculate leaflet to the SCN. Raphe nuclei projections to the SCN contain serotonin. AVP and prokineticin 2 are seen in the outputs from the SCN. The neurotransmitter-dependent molecular basis of the working of the clock is yet to be understood completely. The specific roles of the various neurotransmitters may be based on the response of the neurons of the SCN on application of a neurotransmitter, capacity to phase shift a particular rhythm on application of neurotransmitter, effect of lesions on the entrained and free running rhythms, and disruptions seen in the rhythms after blockade by the antagonist/inhibitors. Possible targets for some of the neurotransmitters are the clock genes per1 and per2, which are induced in the SCN by light or by neurotransmitters, at night. Evidence indicating co-localization of some of the neurotransmitters in the SCN has further complicated the investigations into the role of neurotransmitters in the working of the clock.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: DownloadIn an attempt to limit soil plastic pollution, the agricultural industry has developed soil-biodegradable mulch films as substitutes for conventional films. These soil-biodegradable films can be composed of different materials, for example, biologically derived polymers, forms of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and also lipid-based products, and are designed to be degradable by soil microorganisms under the moisture and temperature conditions found in the soil environment (Yang et al. , 2020). A standard has been set by the EU (2018 EU standard EN 17033) for the biodegradability of mulch films named as such. In general, the biodegradation of the soil-biodegradable mulch films (hereafter referred to as BD films) involves two stages: (i) breakdown of the large pieces into small organic molecules by abiotic or biological (enzymatic) processes and (ii) uptake and metabolic use of these organic molecules by microorganisms under conversion into CO2 and microbial biomass (Zumstein et al. , 2018). Soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be biodegraded in soil. It is, however, possible that fragments of the of BD films may be transported away from agricultural soils before being completely biodegraded. While we are not aware of studies specifically on the transport of BD films, the transport of conventional mulch films by wind or water has been observed (Dris et al. , 2015; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022). Earlier studies have shown successful biodegradation of BD films in soil environments (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020), with complete biodegradation being predicted to take several years. Research on the aquatic biodegradation of BD plastics is predominantly focused on the marine realm. There, several studies have shown microbial colonization on BD plastics (Eich et al. , 2015; Morohoshi et al. , 2018; Nauendorf et al. , 2016), and some showed a disintegration of the plastics over time (Briassoulis et al. , 2020; Lott et al. , 2020; Wei et al. , 2021), although these studies were not performed on mulch films but on other BD plastic products, such as bags.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: : A review of attrition and attrition test methods, Powder Technol. , 49, 97–126, 1987. aBernd, I. , Laue, J. , and Springman, S. M. : Fractal fragmentation of rocks within sturzstroms: insight derived from physical experiments within the ETH geotechnical drum centrifuge, Granul. Matter, 12, 267–285, 2010. a, b Beschta, R. L. : Channel changes following storm-induced hillslope erosion in the of Hydrology (New Zealand), 22, 93–111, 1983. aBitter, J. G. A. : A study of erosion phenomena, part I, Wear, 6, 5–21, 1963. aBodek, S. and Jerolmack, D. : P10. 6084/m9. figshare. 14069105. v1, 2021. a Brantut, N. , Heap, M. , Meredith, P. , and Baud, P. : Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: A review, J. Struct. Geol. , 52, 17–43, 2013. a Chapman, R. W. and Greenfield, M. A. : Spheroidal weathering of igneous rocks, Am. J. Sci. , 247, 407–429, 1949. aDomokos, G. , Sipos, A. Á. , Szabó, G. M. , and Várkonyi, P. L. : Formation of sharp edges and planar areas of asteroids by polyhedral abrasion, Astrophys. J. , 699, L13–L16, 2009. aDomokos, G. , Jerolmack, D. J. , Sipos, A. Á. , and Török, Á. : How river rocks round: resolving the shape size paradox, PLoS One, 9, e88657, 2014. a, b, c, d, eDomokos, G. , Kun, F. , Sipos, A. Á. , and Szabó, T. : Universality of fragment shapes, Sci. Rep. , 5, 9147, 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This is based on retinal innervation patterns as well as the observation that these regions are defined by phenotypically distinct cell types [24]. Each nucleus contains about 10,000 neurons, thereby making 20,000 neurons in total. These neurons are characterized by small size and high density [25]. Isolated individual neurons are reported to produce circadian oscillations with periods ranging from 20–28 h [26,27]. Circadian oscillations are generated in the individual neurons of the SCN by a molecular regulatory network. Though individual cells oscillate with periods ranging from 20–28 h, at the tissue level SCN neurons display synchrony indicative of a robust inter-cellular coupling, and neurotransmitters appear to have an important role in the inter-cellular coupling. Gondze and co-workers [28] have introduced a molecular model for the regulatory network underlying the circadian oscillators in the SCN and stated that effective synchronization is achieved when the average neurotransmitter concentration damps the individual oscillators. Cells are effectively synchronized due to global neurotransmitter oscillation. Neither spiking in the neurons of the SCN nor chemically mediated transmission is needed for the pacemaking activity seen in individual cells. However, synchronization of circadian rhythmicity across neurons in the SCN does require neurotransmitters [25,29] and development of action potentials [30]. Before attempting a discussion of the neurotransmitters, it is necessary to identify the afferent projections to the SCN, and neurotransmitters present in it, neurotransmitters intrinsic to the SCN, and efferent projection with its neurotransmitters. The SCN is composed of different neuronal elements, each having its own specific function. Intensive interconnection and interaction among the heterogeneous neuronal elements is responsible for the functional output of the SCN. Different neurons of the SCN contain different neuropeptides, with several neurons having co-localization of neurotransmitters. Thus, we have, for example, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, GABA and and corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), AVP and its carrier protein neurophysin, VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and VIP and somatostatin (SS). Co-localization of different neuropeptides is seen not only in rat SCN but also in human SCN [31 - 33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The transferability of studies on different BD plastics is limited, but as there are currently no studies on BD mulch films in the aquatic environment available, we still introduce these studies on other BD plastic products here. All of the above presented studies are disintegration studies, which generally cannot distinguish whether BD plastics have merely physically degraded into smaller p2. 1 Sediment collection Sediment cores were taken from (Switzerland) at 46∘59′38′′ N, 8∘20′57′′ E in June 2021, at an approximate water depth of 40 m. Multiple deployments with a multicorer device were used to collect the required number of sediment cores, which were later randomly distributed over the treatments. Sediments were collected into 10 cm diameter transparent butyrate plastic core liners. All sediment cores were brought into a climate room of 10 ∘C (to mimic the temperature of bottom waters; see Fiskal et al. , 2019) within 2 h of core collection. 2. 2 Gas analysis incubation experiment To determine the production of CO2 and CH4 from the sediments, 16 cores were set up for incubation studies in the 10 ∘C climate room. An overview of the experimental setup is presented in Fig. 2. Four cores did not receive any treatment (film-free control group), four cores were supplied with PE films, and eight cores were supplied with biodegradable mulch films purchased from two Swiss agricultural vendors: four cores received BD mulch films purchased from Sansonnens FG Frères SA (Rueyres-les-Prés, Switzerland), called MF-S from here on, and four had biodegradable plastics purchased from gvz-rossat AG (Otelfingen, Switzerland), called MF-R from here on. These plastics are classified as “OK biodegradable soil” by TÜV Austria and are composed mainly of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) (Nelson et al. , 2020). The plastics (all kinds) were cut and weighed. Each core received 300 mg of plastics, folded multiple times to form a rectangular stack. To increase the surface area for degradation and to make the stacks of plastic film loose, rather than squeezed together, the plastics were cut into comb-shaped pieces (see Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: a, b, c Domokos, G. , Jerolmack, D. J. , Kun, F. , and Török, J. : Plato's cube and the natural geometry of fragmentation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 18178–18185, 2020. a, b Engle, P. A. : of Materials, Elsevier, Sci. , New York, 1978. aFirey, W. J. : Shapes of worn stones, Mathematika, 21, 1–11, 1974. a Ghadiri, M. and Zhang, Z. : Impact attrition of particulate solids. Part 1: A theoretical model of chipping, Chem. Eng. Sci. , 57, 3659–3669, 2002. a, b, c, d, e, fGrady, D. E. : Length scales and size distributions in dynamic fragmentation, Int. J. Fracture, 163, 85–99, 2010. a Greeley, R. and Iversen, J. D. : Wind as a geological process: on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan, vol. 4, 1987. a Hovius, N. , Stark, C. P. , and Allen, P. A. : Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping, Geology, 25, 231–234, 1997. a Hovius, N. , Stark, C. P. , Hao-Tsu, C. , and Jiun-Chuan, L. : Supply and removal of sediment in a landslide-dominated mountain belt: Central Range, Taiwan, J. Geol. , 108, 73–89, 2000. aJerolmack, D. J. and Brzinski, T. A. : Equivalence of abrupt grain-size transitions in alluvial rivers and eolian sand seas: A hypothesis, Geology, 38, 716–722, 2010. aJohnson, J. P. and Whipple, K. X. : Feedbacks between erosion and sediment transport in experimental bedrock channels, Earth Surf. Proc. Land. , 32, 1048–1062, 2007. a Kim, H. S. : Prediction of SN curves at various stress ratios for structural materials, Integrity, 19, 472–481, 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The combination of a variety of peptides with or without amino acid neurotransmitters within a single nucleus gives the SCN a variety of signalling properties as well. A set of SCN neurons and their neurotransmitters has the function of conveying the daily light-dark signal to hypothalamic target structures [34 - 36]. Three major incoming pathways have been identified for the SCN. These have been defined as the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT), and the projection from the raphe nuclei (Figure 1). Photic information is relayed directly from the retina to the SCN by way of the monosynaptic retinohypothalamic tract [37,38]. It is seen that transection of all visual pathways leaving the optic chiasm makes animals blind with no visual reflexes but with perfect normal entrainment of circadian rhythms. This has indicated that RHT is sufficient for entrainment. Also it has been demonstrated that sectioning of RHT abolishes entrainment without affecting visual functions [39]. Although the exact mechanism by which a monophasic stimulus, light, produces either no response or a biphasic response in SCN neurons is unclear at present, Myers and co-workers [40] provided a potential molecular explanation for the phenomenon. Using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, they identified the excitatory amino acid glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as the main neurotransmitters of the RHT [41 - 43]. Although substance P (SP) was thought of as a neurotransmitter of the RHT, there is now substantial evidence against this possibility [44 - 46]. Figure 1 Afferent inputs and efferent pathways of the SCN. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, GHT: Geniculohypothalamic tract, OC: Optic chiasm, 3V: Third ventricle, IGL: Intergeniculate leaflet, DM: : : : Gamma amino butyric acid, PACAP: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and its neurotransmitters The principal neurotransmitters involved in conveying photic information to the SCN have been identified as glutamate and PACAP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: The samples were then rinsed twice with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) 1X to remove paraformaldehyde and then stored at −20 ∘C until further usage. This was repeated after 40 weeks for the remaining sediment cores. (Biodegradable) plastic samples were used for microscopy after all samples were retrieved at the end of the experiments. Samples were stained with DAPI 1 mg mL−1 and placed on microscope slides with a mounting and anti-fading medium. The samples were viewed under a Leica fluorescence microscope with 100 × and 400 × magnification to look for biofilm growth and visible degradation of the plastics. 3 of CO2 and methane in the gas headspace of the sediment cores were followed over the course of the experiment to assess plastic biodegradation. Given the organic composition of each of the plastic types, being composed of organic polymers, CO2 and possibly CH4 were expected to be key biodegradation products, alongside microbial biomass. Figure 3Headspace CO2 and methane concentrations, in µM. An excerpt of the CH4 graph, with a smaller y axis, is available in Fig. S4. DownloadOverall, the change in CO2 concentration over time did not differ significantly between any of the treatments, including the control (pairwise ANOVA with post hoc analyses and a Bonferroni adjustment revealed that all the pairwise differences between groups were not statistically significantly different; p > 0. 05). During the first 20 weeks, the four treatments behave similarly, with a steady increase in headspace CO2 concentration, with the exception of MF-S, which started to differ from 15 weeks onwards (Fig. 3). From 20 weeks (15 for MF-S) to the termination at 40 weeks, the concentration change differed slightly between treatments, but variation within treatments was large and the difference between groups not statistically significant, as described above. In the incubations with PE films, the CO2 concentration increased until week 30 and then stabilized. In the control experiment, this stabilization was observed from week 20 until week 40. In both the BD plastic treatments, a decrease in the CO2 concentration relative to the preceding weeks was observed in the middle part of the incubation period, from either week 15 or 20 (MF-S and MF-R, respectively) to week 30, after which the concentrations stabilized.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: a, b Kodama, Y. : Experimental study of abrasion and its role in producing downstream fining in gravel-bed rivers, J. Sediment Res. , A64, 76–85, 1994. a Krumbein, W. C. : Measurement and geological significance of shape and roundness of sedimentary p1941. a Kuenen, P. H. : Experimental abrasion of pebbles: rolling by current, J. Geol. , 64, 336–368, 1956. a Kun, F. and Herrmann, H. J. : A study of fragmentation processes using a discrete element method, Comput. Method. Appl. M. , 138, 3–18, 1996. aKun, F. and Herrmann, H. J. : Transition from damage to fragmentation in collision of solids, Phys. Rev. E, 59, 2623, 1999. a Kun, F. , Carmona, H. , Andrade Jr. , J. S. , and Herrmann, H. J. : Universality behind Basquin's law of fatigue, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 100, 094301, 2008. a, b, c and Sklar, L. S. : New insights into the mechanics of fluvial bedrock erosion through flume experiments and theory, Geomorphology, 244, 33–55, 2015. a, b, cLan, H. , Martin, C. D. , and Hu, B. : Effect of heterogeneity of brittle rock on micromechanical extensile behavior during compression and loading, J. Geophys. Res. , 115, B01202, 2010. a, bLewin, J. and Brewer, P. A. : Laboratory simulation of clast abrasion, Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. , 27, 145–164, 2002. aLitwin Miller, K. and Jerolmack, D. : Controls on the rates and products of p10. 5194/esurf-9-755-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, qMiller, K. L. , Szabó, T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Light stimulation of the retina results in direct secretion of glutamate from the RHT into the ventral VIP-containing part of the SCN [47 - 49]. Glutamate as a transmitter at RHT/SCN synaptic connections plays an important and critical role in mediating photic regulation of circadian rhythmicity. RHT terminals innervating the SCN show glutamate immunoreactivity associated with synaptic vesicles [41,50], which confirms the role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter. Different types of glutamate receptors were identified and localized in the SCN using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry [51]. PACAP, which is co-localized in a subpopulation of glutamate-containing retinal ganglion cells and also involved in relaying light information, may potentiate the action of glutamate on the SCN [52,53]. Both glutamate and PACAP fulfil the criteria of being located in the RHT, being released on stimulation, affecting the cells of the SCN in a manner similar to light, and having their effects blocked by specific antagonists [20]. Exogenous application of glutamate receptor (GluR) agonists is found to excite SCN neurons [54,55] and cause phase shifts. On the other hand, GluR antagonists block light-induced phase shifts and Fos-induction in the SCN in vivo [56,57]. Nitric oxide (NO) NO appears to be a crucial neuroactive substance for the function of the SCN. Presence of neurons showing nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity in the SCN of dwarf hamster and rat [58,59] were further confirmed by the studies of Chen and co-workers [60] and Caillol and co-workers [61]. Nitric oxide production in the SCN has been linked to N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced cyclic guanosine monophospahate (cGMP) production, and administration of cGMP produces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro [62]. It has also been reported that NOS inhibitors prevent NMDA-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro and in vivo [48]. There is also a possibility for an additional source of NO in the SCN from the astrocytes, as a group of cells positive for endothelial NOS (eNOS) was found in rat and hamster [61].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic in the ocean will naturally decompose within a few years without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Individual cores, however, showed variations within the treatments, and the difference between treatments was not statistically significant, as stated above. Overall, the results show that the BD plastic treatments did not produce larger amounts of CO2 than the control (no addition) treatment. Methane production from all sediments, including the control treatment, remained around zero from week 0 to week 15. After week 15, the methane concentration in the PE treatments increased slightly (Fig. 3; more detailed view available in the Supplement, Fig. S4), and in the BD plastics treatment MF-S it was more pronounced. In the control experiment, methane concentrations dipped slightly below the starting concentrations but then increased from week 28 onwards, albeit with large variations between individual sediment cores. Both BD plastic treatments showed large increases in relative amounts of methane from week 20 onwards, although the large variations between individual cores within the treatments lead to large, overlapping error bars. The stabilization of the CO2 concentration and the increase in CH4 concentration in the BD plastics experiments matched time-wise, both occurring from week 15–20 onwards, although the increase in CH4 continued after week 28, when the CO2 concentration in the BD plastic experiments had stabilized. Visualization of the plastic film surfaces after retrieval from the sediments after 40 weeks did not show any clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation on any of the film types (PE, MF-S, MF-R; Fig. S5). DAPI staining showed a low number of microbes on the plastics' surfaces. Both regular and microscopic visualization, of all types of used plastics, showed no variation in appearance between the end and the start of the experiment. 4 biodegradability of BD plastic films depends largely on the match between their composition and the environment. In soils, BD mulch films have been shown to biodegrade successfully (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020). However, due to this required match between the properties of the material and the in situ conditions for biodegradation, transport of BD mulch films to aquatic environments could result in a buildup of material, as is suggested by our results. The biodegradability of the mulch films investigated in this research is in strong contrast to the biodegradability of these films under previously investigated soil conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Termites play a key role in breaking down cellulose in plant material. [SEP] Text: , Jerolmack, D. J. , and Domokos, G. : Quantifying the significance of abrasion and size selective transport for downstream fluvial grain size evolution, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 119, 2412–2429, 2014. a, b, c Mohajerani, A. and Spelt, J. : Edge chipping of borosilicate glass by blunt indentation, Mech. Mater. , 42, 1064–1080, 2010. aMoss, A. J. , Walker, P. H. , and Hutka, J. : Fragmentation of granitic quartz in water, Sedimentology, 20, 489–511, 1973. a, bNovák-Szabó, T. , Sipos, A. Á. , Shaw, S. , Bertoni, D. , Pozzebon, A. , Grotolli, E. , Sarti, G. , Ciavola, P. , Domokos, G. , and Jerolmack, D. J. : Universal characteristics of p10. 1126/sciadv. aao4946, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, lOddershede, L. , Dimon, P. , and Bohr, J. : Self-organized criticality in fragmenting, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 71, 3107–3110, 1993. a, b Okumura, S. : Weathering process of Nabari gabbroic body (1) Zoning of weathering crust, of the of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 77, 191–202, 1982. a Ollier, C. : Spheroidal weathering, exfoliation and constant volume alteration, Z. Geomorphol. , 11, 103–108, 1967. aPál, G. , Domokos, G. , and Kun, F. : Curvature flows, scaling laws and the geometry of attrition under impacts, Sci. Rep. , 11, 20661, 2021.

Output: pass