Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: The general hypothesis has been proposed by Klee (1980), for example, that people who depend primarily on (or are locked into) use of their own local ecosystem for their livelihood are more likely to conserve these than those who use global resources. Klee, following Raymond Dasmann, describes the former as ‘ecosystem people’ and the latter as ‘biosphere people’. However, the historical evidence does not support the view that ecosystem people have always conserved existing ecosystems (see Tisdell, 1990, 4. Some empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis can be found, for example, in Regmi and Tisdell (2002). 5. An example is the use of the proxy for the trust variable obtained from the Survey (Association, 2014) which in turn is sometimes used as a measure of social capital (see, for example, Salahuddin et al. , 2016). The proxied trust variable is the proportion of surveyed people in a country who answer ‘Yes’ to the question: ‘Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? ’7. Barbier, E. B. (1987), ‘The concept of sustainable economic development’, Environmental Conservation, 14, 101–10. Bergson, A. (1938), ‘A reformulation of certain aspects of welfare economics’, of Economics, 52, 310–34. Daly, H. E. (1980), Economics, Ecology, Ethics: a Steady-: Freeman. Daly, H. E. (1999), and the Ecology of Economics: Essays in Criticism, Cheltenham, UK and : Publishing. Douglass, G. K. (1984), ‘The meanings of agricultural sustainability’, in G. K. Douglass (ed. ), in a : Westview Press, 30. Fukuyama, F. (2001), ‘Social capital, civic society and development’, Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1974), Law and : Press. Hartwick, J. (1977), ‘Intergenerational equity and the investing of assets from exhaustible resources’, Review, 66, 972–4. Klee, G. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 자녀양육 태도에 영향을 미친다는 변수와 식 물 선호도가 관련이 있다는 점에서 앞으로 심도 있는 탐색이 필요 하다. 셋째, 식물선호와 자녀양육태도의 관련성에 대한 깊이 있는 접 근이다. 선호하는 식물의 유형이 자녀양육태도와 관련되는 접점이 무엇인지를 세밀하게 찾아볼 필요가 있다. 초등학교 자녀가 3-4학 년인 집단에서 식재료 이용과 공예활동 등 가공이 가능한 식물을 선호한다는 것은 분명 연관성이 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: When sitting head-fixed in a chair in front of a monitor, some neurons in the macaque hippocampus show selectivity for objects, view location, or the conjunction between the object (or reward) and location (place in a scene) [84,85,86,87,88,89], which might be important for associative memory. When switched to a virtual-navigation task, many more hippocampal neurons become spatially responsive, the scale of which grows proportionally with the size of the virtual space; whereas a lower fraction of parahippocampal neurons shows spatial selectivity but more to virtual landmarks [90]. Such “spatial” responses could reflect the encoding of a combination of sensory, mnemonic, and spatial information. When visual cues are changed, population activity changes in a way predicted by visual features in the current and previous trials, suggesting a role of sensory input history (or memory) [91]. Coding of virtual space of the same environment also strongly depends on the task, be it a free foraging or a memory-dependent task [91] (Fig. 2B). During a goal-oriented virtual-navigation task in a 5-arm maze, head-fixed macaques must rely on distal landmarks to infer the hidden goal location—so this is more likely to be a hippocampus-dependent task. Unlike rodent place cells, hippocampal neurons carry position information along a trajectory in a complex way. Many of these cells also encode the specific landmark being viewed and the bearing to the landmark [38]. Therefore, when mapping hippocampal activity onto either position, direction, or point of gaze, the tuning curves typically look “noisy”. These results suggest that the primate hippocampal code is complex and multidimensional, at least in the present task, likely reflecting the various elements embodied in a memory. Entorhinal grid coding of self-location is even more scarcely investigated by direct recordings of single neurons in primates. The primate entorhinal cortex is not as easily accessible as the hippocampus, given its smaller size and more ventral-medial location. In human epileptic patients, rare opportunities for intracranial recordings from the entorhinal cortex reveal a grid-like code for virtual position [92, 93].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism is currently an expensive venture, accessible only to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물의 일상적인 돌봄(물주 기, 비료주기, 가지치기, 곁순 따기 등)을 선호하는 집단은 관상용 식물도 많이 선호하였다. 독립생장이 가능한 식물을 선호하는 집단 은 자녀에 대한 애정 면에서도 긍정적이었다. 이는 독립적인 삶의 태도나 관점과도 관련되었을 가능성이 있다는 점에서 향후 이에 대 한 지속적인 접근을 시도할 만하다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments also reveal grid-like, 6-fold symmetry in blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals as a function of virtual movement direction [94]. However, these grid-like firing maps are noisier than rodent grid cells, and they are less frequently encountered. Moreover, human experiments usually involve memorizing specific locations and then performing memory-guided navigation, rather than the free-foraging paradigm used in rodent studies. It is possible, however, that memory-guided navigation in primates is analogous to free foraging in rodents, in terms of cognitive demands. Rodent grid cell firing in a 2D environment depends on head direction inputs [95]. It is likely that the reported grid codes in humans and rodents differentially rely on self-motion, and therefore may involve distinct mechanisms. Without further corroborative studies, particularly in freely-moving primates, it remains difficult to draw a direct comparison between species. Indeed, one study has shown that there is little grid firing in the entorhinal cortex of freely-foraging macaques [35]. Whether a grid code would emerge in a more cognitively demanding task and how it is modulated by other behavior-relevant variables calls for future studies along the same line. in an in the Monkey HippocampusIn another series of studies, macaques were trained to drive a cart using a joystick in an open environment [96,97,98]. Hippocampal neurons showed increased activity at specific locations, reminiscent of rodent place cells, though the peak firing rates were generally much lower, and the firing fields were less sparse (lower signal-to-noise ratio). A potential caveat here is that the cart was usually moved at very low speed and low acceleration, which may not necessarily trigger navigationally meaningful vestibular responses. Addressing these caveats, monkeys were placed in a test chair that was precisely controlled by a robot. Moving at a speed and acceleration surpassing the vestibular thresholds, some hippocampal neurons were tuned to linear translation and axial rotation but much less so to self-location [99]. These responses can be explained by a combination of vestibular and visual inputs. A much lower percentage of hippocampal neurons respond in a setting with lower cognitive demands, e. g. when remaining at a fixed location or when moved passively by an experimenter [97]. These results again suggest that hippocampal activity strongly depends on the specific task and concurrent cognitive demands.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism is currently an expensive venture, accessible only to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 또 자녀양육 태도 외에도 다양 한 영역에서 참가자의 태도나 행동과 관련성을 발견한다면, 식물을 통한 치유와 교육의 효과를 추구하는 활동 영역에서 의미 있는 작 업이 될 수 있을 것이다. 1. Choi M. The therapeutic factors in horticultural therapy. PhD Univ. Cheonan, Korea. 2010. 2. Choi YA. Development and its effect of horticultural therapy program for children. MS thesis Konkuk Univ. Seoul Korea. 2010. 3. Choi YK. Expression of desires stored in memory through modified plant image. MS thesis Hongik Univ. Seoul Korea. 2015. 4. Ham YE. The effects of learning through play about the appearance of plant on observation and classification ability of elementary school students. MS thesis Korea Natl. Univ. Cheongju Korea. 2014. 5. . Preference and image perception for color and shape in green interior. J. Korean Soc. Environ 2015;18(5): 413–420. 6. Jeong SH. A study of the prefernce of horticulture according to MBTI personality type in college students for the proposed measures in horticultural therapy. PhD Diss. Gyeongsang Natl. Univ. Jinju Korea. 2012. 7. . Elementary school students’attitude toward plants. J. Korean Soc. Environ 2015;18(1): 67–71. 8. Kang MJ. Nature of the medium forth recall memory. MS thesis Univ. Seoul Korea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Under truly unrestrained conditions, elevated firing at specific locations has been reported in the monkey hippocampus [33, 35, 100, 101]. The place responses recorded diverge in several regards from the counterpart in rodents. First, monkey hippocampal neurons almost always show mixed responses, encoding position, head direction, task, and many other behavior-relevant aspects. Second, the proportion of place-responsive neurons is much lower in monkeys. Last, monkey “place fields” are often dispersed and not as sparse, and the peak firing rate is much lower than that in rodents. Therefore, place itself does not appear to be the primary driver of firing in the monkey hippocampus. That said, the task-dependence of hippocampal responses may explain the low place selectivity reported so far. Free foraging per se may entail distinct navigation strategies in rodents and primates, that is, place navigation and beacon navigation (viewpoint-dependent), respectively. Growing place awareness can be brought about by increasing the task complexity, for example by using a dry land version of the Morris water maze task. It is also likely that room size or complexity affects hippocampal place responses. In a compartmentalized environment where monkeys are unable to see through but must navigate around to see what happens where, place selectivity may be increased [102]. This also suggests that when trajectories need to be learned, hippocampal spatial responses may be increased. In such segmented environments, it would be interesting to determine how the hippocampal spatial code remaps across subspaces, when one subspace is or is not directly visible from other subspaces [103]. The above primate studies have almost exclusively investigated hippocampal place responses in two-dimensional (2D) environments; three-dimensional (3D) properties are largely unknown. Many monkey species are arboreal, so whether extending the analysis to the third dimension would expand spatial responses remains to be seen. Initial results suggest that this is the case [101]. Nevertheless, a direct comparison between 2D and 3D place representations is needed. Despite the major differences in their spatial codes between primates and rodents, the firing statistics of hippocampal neurons appear to be consistent [96, 104, 105]. The firing rate distributions show a log-normal pattern, with the majority firing at a very low rate. The average firing rate is ~1 Hz. Such sparse activity is not trivial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astronaut training is required for space tourists to prepare for the physical demands of space travel. [SEP] Text: Je peux changer comme je veux, mais après j’ai vu que j’ai quand même des habitudes qui s’installent. [Salariée, community manager, 20 ans] 24De même, chaque poste de travail des coworkers s’organise de façon identique. On y trouve l’ordinateur personnel de l’usager avec, dans la grande majorité des cas, un smartphone posé à côté, consultable à tout moment de la journée. Le temps de travail assis se partage pour l’essentiel entre ces deux équipements. « Je peux être à 80 % sur mon ordinateur » déclare par exemple un salarié dans la communication, parfaitement représentatif des comportements des autres pratiquants du lieu. 25Les observations ne révèlent donc pas un mode de travail alternatif à celui de l’entreprise, qui serait par exemple plus décontracté, plus relationnel, tel qu’on le dit souvent du coworking et ce malgré les banquettes moelleuses et les espaces ouverts sur d’autres pratiques que le travail (réunions informelles, repas, pauses-café, etc. ). Ces ressources, bien présentes chez Coworkingroup, sont finalement peu mobilisées par les coworkers qui restent attachés à leur poste de travail comme ils le feraient dans n’importe quelle entreprise. Même constat pour les horaires de travail qui adoptent les créneaux les plus courants du travail.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 564. Published online: October 31, 2020 DOI: between Parents and Children through the Agro-Kim1, Ryu2, Yun3*, Choi3 1Master student, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea 2Doctoral student, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea 3Professor, Department of horticulture, Daegu catholic university, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea *Corresponding author: Yun, yune1004@cu. ac. kr, First author: Kim, lkkim1105@hanmail. net, 27, 2020, 03, 2020, 10, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an agro-healing program on the relationship satisfaction and emotional change between parents and children. Methods: We sent an official letter to D Office of Education with information and recruitment for the agro-healing program. Office of Education has sent the official letter to elementary schools under the jurisdiction to recruit parents who were willing to participate in the programs with their children. The subjects were recruited by order of application, and 27 families participated, but 20 parent-child teams who attended all sessions and fully participated in the program were ultimately selected. 12 to November 16, 2019, a total of 6 sessions of the programs were held once a week at a care farm in Gyeongsangbuk-do. In the morning, they participated in a program that utilizes the resources of plants and animals in the care farm, and later participated in an indoor horticultural program in the afternoon. Results: In the parent-child relationship satisfaction test, it was found that communication was significantly increased after participating in the agro-healing program (p =. 047). There were no statistically significant changes in the sentence completion tests written by the children, but their potential perception or attitude towards their parents changed more positively than before according to the content of the sentences.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: It may reflect the unique computation performed by the hippocampal circuit, for example, to orthogonalize similar inputs and to increase storage capacity. This property could be the common core algorithm of the hippocampus across species, and it could bridge the gap in our understanding of hippocampal functions. Overall, neuronal correlates of place in the primate hippocampal formation are multiplexed and highly dependent on specific tasks. To fully explore the potential of the hippocampal response regime, future studies would require simultaneous recordings from many neurons across moderately complex tasks under ethological conditions. The resulting datasets will undoubtedly bring the complexity to another level, which will require the development of novel methodologies of data analysis. For example, recent applications of multimodal model-based approaches have revealed that neurons in many regions encode more features than previously thought [35, 106, 107], but only when all accessible variables are considered simultaneously. Coding and primarily rely on vision and internal maps to navigate. A rather fruitful line of research focuses on eye movement-related signals in the primate hippocampal formation. About 20% of hippocampal neurons selectively respond to view locations on a screen [108]. A similar proportion of entorhinal cortex neurons show visual spatial responses (grid and border) [37, 109] (Fig. 3A). A recent study extends this result to freely-behaving macaques and further shows hippocampal tuning to eye-in-head velocity (including saccadic eye movement) [35] (Fig. 3B). However, grid tuning in the visual space turns out to be much weaker than the rodent grid code. This raises the possibility that the primate grid code is different from that of rodents, although it remains to be determined if the neurons are from the subregion homologous to the dorsal-medial portion of the superficial entorhinal cortex in rats. In a goal-directed virtual-navigation task, macaques adaptively use their gaze to guide movement even after the transient appearance of the goal at a distance [110]. Likewise, human participants actively make rapid eye movements to interrogate the environment while keeping the goal location in their mind’s eye (i. e. , the goal is now at this gaze location) [111, 112]. Eye movement thus is a meaningful window in which to investigate trajectory planning and sequential decision-making during navigation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism guarantees travelers will experience life on other planets. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: The agro-healing program could strengthen the relationship between parent and child by improving the parent-child relationship satisfaction and children’s emotional attitude towards their parent. Key words: care farm, communication, education, elementary school, plants are the ones with whom children build their first human relations within the family that is their first society. It is a commonly known fact that parents have a significant impact on children’s development. In other words, parent-child relationship is the most fundamental human relations, and the first relationship built by the children (Chung, 1988). Parent-child relationship is the most fundamental and close relationship in children’s socialization process, and communication as a means to build and maintain this relationship is an important element in analyzing parent-child relationship as a verbal interaction (Kim, 1996). As building human relations based on mutual understanding requires smooth communication, so does parent-child relationship. Communication is the most important medium that strengthens or weakens parent-child relationship within the family and performs a key role in human relations by conveying attitudes, thoughts, affection, ideas, etc. (Thomas, 1977). Parents must build a relationship with their children based on active communication and understanding. Children consider their relationship with parents favorable when there is active communication at home, which makes them trust their parents and become more open, thereby showing smooth psychological growth and development (Kim, 2003). However, as the percentage of dual-income couples is increasing in the modern society, the hours for parent-child communication are gradually decreasing. According to the 2018 data by (2018), 46. 3% of married households are dual-income families, showing a 1. 7%p increase year on year. 4. 407 million households are married with children under the age of 18, and 51. 0% of them are dual-income households, showing a 2. 4%p increase year on year. The overall percentage of dual-income families with children has increased, and the increment of dual-income families with children aged 7–12 was the highest with 2. 9%p. As proved by this statistical data, the increase in dual-income households or both parents working is a poor condition for parents and children to spend enough time and have smooth communication.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Forward sweeps from the current location to the goal location manifest possible behavioral correspondence of the neural pre-play reported in rodents during planning [113]. Further, gaze toward other locations could indicate subjects’ uncertainty (or deliberation) about the goal location. Future studies are needed to bridge the gap between such eye movements and their neural correspondence. Fig. 3Visual spatial responses and head versus eye reference frames. A An example neuron from the entorhinal cortex showing grid-like firing maps when the head-fixed macaque is freely viewing static pictures. From left to right: eye scan path on an example picture, spikes overlaid on eye movement trajectories [in degrees of visual angle (d. v. a)], color map of the neuronal firing (peak firing rate is indicated at the top), and autocorrelation of the firing map to the left [grid score (g) is indicated at the top]. B Firing rate maps of two example neurons as a function of eye-in-head position and velocity (Vel. ) in freely-moving macaques. Ver. , vertical; Hor. , horizontal. showing head facing location and eye spatial view. of neurons encoding facing location (FL), spatial view (SV), horizontal head direction (HD), and gaze direction (GD), across hippocampal regions (HPC, hippocampus; EC, entorhinal cortex; SUB, subicular complex). D Simplified schematic illustrating that integration of egocentric eye-in-head, allocentric 3D head orientation, and position gives rise to allocentric facing location and spatial view information. A is adapted with permission from [37]. B and Cb are adapted with permission from [35]. Full size imageThe above experiments were mostly carried out in stationary subjects, and it is currently unknown how these results can be extrapolated into naturalistic conditions. Eye movement patterns are likely different during free behavior from those during virtual navigation. During free behavior, we actively rotate our heads to face a certain direction and use our gaze to explore the details around that direction. This could link the implications of the hippocampus in spatial exploration and visual memory. Compared to rapid eye movement, head orientation appears to be a more stable anchor for firing fields to be attached to. Moreover, macaques use different strategies to make decisions in the real world: They are more risk-aversive during natural behavior while more risk-seeking under restrained conditions [114].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: Imagine getting on a plane in London, taking a three-hour nap, and then waking up in City. For the start-up company Boom Supersonic, founded in 2014, this quick trip shouldn’t just be a high-flying dream for a limited amount of moneyed passengers. aims to bring supersonic air travel — that is, planes that fly above the speed of sound — to the masses, a practice that is now unheard of in commercial aviation. Most long-haul flights on giant airliners like Airbus’ A380 and Boeing’s 747 cruise at 550 miles per hour (885 kilometers per hour); Boom Supersonic’s lightning-fast planes trounce that number by almost 1,000 MPH with a cruising speed of 1,451 MPH — just shy of Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound. The plane has the capability of reaching Mach 2. 2. The thought of ripping through the air so quickly, of leapfrogging around the globe in the time it takes for a short trip by car, is undeniably gripping. Although like any startup Boom Supersonic’s success remains up in the air, some early signs indicate good things for the company. founder publicly backed the company. claims to have 76 orders for its planes, which could theoretically begin flight in 2023 following many years of test flights and improvements to their small (and forthcoming) fleet. The startup’s website promises “supersonic speeds” at “mainstream fares. ” Like any good startup, pitches big. Should it succeed, it would become a major player in commercial aviation. Just below the part of Boom Supersonic’s website where it affirms its commitment to low-cost supersonic travel, an important name is mentioned: the Concorde. For many people alive today, supersonic air travel is not an exciting new idea discovered by a small company; instead, it’s a dream that died with the advent of the 21st century. From 1976 until 2003, an airplane called the Concorde zipped through the skies at just over Mach 2, marking the debut of commercial supersonic air travel. Despite being internationally renowned, the Concorde didn’t allow for wide access to its lightning-fast flights.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: One of the main concerns dual-income parents have in educating and raising their children is the communication problem due to lack of time spent with children, which may even result in the children’s delinquency (Kong, 2009; Lee, 2012). To raise children healthy, it is important for parents to not only spend more time with their children but also have high-quality interaction with them within the given time (Kim, 2009). According to the Administration, agro-healing (or care farming) is defined as ‘using farming to provide care’, and it refers to ‘industries or activities that promote psychological, social, cognitive and physical health of the people using agricultural/rural resources or related activities and outputs’ (Gim et al. , 2013). European countries have already established the concept, purpose, scope, and target of care farming, and policy support for care farms is already activated at the national level, indicating that care farming has established itself as a major field of the agricultural industry. Care farms officially provide new therapeutic resources for schools, communities and hospitals, while also giving emotional stability to the participants and contributing to increasing farm income (Dessein and Bock, 2010; Di lacovo et al. , 2009; Hine et al. , 2008). Recently, the agricultural trend in Korea is also expanding to agro-healing that combined national health and rural experience beyond just tourism agriculture. Agro-healing, which refers to agricultural activities using farm landscapes and resources to improve physical and mental health of people today, is actively studied in terms of application in Korea, led by the Administration (Kim, 2019). Jeong et al. (2020) examined the different effects of agro-healing and discovered that agro-healing had active therapeutic effects on psychological and emotional variables such as stress, depression, and self-esteem regardless of age. Moreover, doing various five-senses activities in wide and unstandardized spaces such as care farms had better effect on reducing children’s daily stress than small and standardized spaces, thereby helping their emotional development (Kim and Koo, 2019). Even for adults, visual landscape elements and walking activities in wide open care farms instead of indoors relieve tension, and care farming activities lower cortisol, which is a stress hormone, thereby showing positive effects on both parents and children (Jang et al. , 2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Given the link between decision-making and eye movements during virtual navigation, it remains to be seen if such a change in decision strategies is reflected in subtle gaze behavior. Rodent studies have consistently failed to disambiguate head direction and gaze direction tuning. It is still unclear whether head direction tuning reflects gaze direction. Earlier studies by Rolls and colleagues using macaques in a cart (the head is held in a forward-looking position) have identified hippocampal neurons tuned to where the animal looks, i. e. , spatial view cells [36, 115]. These neurons are tuned to “visual space” but not to the animal’s location. More cells become selective to spatial view in a visually richer environment [116]. Some cells maintain the tuning when the view details are obscured, and some continue firing when that location is being viewed even in darkness when the head is steady [117, 118], suggesting a role in memorizing what and where something is seen at a distance. It should be noted that the overall responses are complex in that some cells lose their tuning when visual inputs are obscured. Although the animals could turn rapidly, the caveats in these studies include that the monkey’s head is held in an upright position and the peak translational velocity is relatively low at 0. 6 m/s [115], masking the possibility that natural head motion would make the story more complex. Indeed, when the monkey’s head is free to move in 6 degrees of freedom, facing location (where the head points) coding outperforms spatial view [35] (Fig. 3C). The same holds true for azimuth directional tuning. It remains to be seen if increasing visual richness of the environment would reverse this conclusion. Unlike in head-fixed animals, there is a near absence of grid tuning for where the monkey looks or where the head points in freely-behaving animals. Future studies need to examine what these visual grid cells do during free navigation. To compute spatial view or head-facing location, one needs to integrate a mixture of egocentric and allocentric coordinates, including eye-in-head position, head orientation, and location in the three-dimensional allocentric space (Fig. 3D). Such a transformation may involve many brain regions, of which the retrosplenial/precuneus complex may be at the core [119, 120], given its role in integrating internal hippocampal and external visual information [121, 122].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: Tickets for the plane typically amounted to $12,000 USD round-trip, which in 2017 dollars amounts to just north of $22,000 USD. Airways and operated the planes, limited to high-volume routes like to New York’s JFK Airport, or Paris’ to Washington DC’s Dulles Airport. The plane’s seat capacity capped off at 130 passengers, well below that of the mega-airliners that debuted during the Concorde’s halcyon days, such as the Boeing 767, which can transport as many as 375 passengers. Yet if access to the Concorde was limited, its appeal is universal. Who enjoys sitting in a cramped airliner seat for eight hours or more? Plus, how many people can say they’ve flown at the speed of sound? An undoubtable luxury good, the Concorde pushed the limits of what people expected out of commercial flying. That is, until it took its final flight to some but not significant international fanfare in late 2003. Cities like San Francisco, Austin, and Denver are replete with start-ups, many of which anchor their business models on flashy but ultimately been-there-done-that ideas. Consider Chariot, an upstart that like began in 2014: the company proclaims that it is “reinventing mass transit” by offering individuals the chance to buy rides on shuttle vans that follow pre-assigned routes. In other words, Chariot “reinvented” the city bus, and naturally the only difference is that it’s more expensive. An anecdotal but telling example: in Austin, Texas, one of the few cities where Chariot is beta testing, it costs $7 USD for two rides, whereas a city bus trip will set you back $2. 50. I mapped out a frequent commute I take on the city bus in the Chariot interface and found the time difference to be negligible. Even if Chariot got me there faster, it wouldn’t be worth almost three times as much as a city bus commute. Supersonic fail to live up to its intentions, it would become the Chariot of Concordes: an idea that sounds new but only modifies a familiar mode of transport. The distinction between Concordes and city buses, however, is that for however slow the latter sometimes may be, they do work.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Healing programs in care farms mostly use plants, animals, rural environments, and landscapes that can be commonly encountered due to the nature of the environment. Horticultural activities can promote internal change in parents and children, and the life cycle of plants enable parents to newly find the way in which they treat their children (Choi and Seo, 2007). Moreover, horticultural activities including comfort and stability that can be found in nature and plants may broaden the common ground of parents and children, relieve conflicts and stress between them with communion based on cooperative work, and further cement their relationship. Therefore, this study examines the parental satisfaction with parent-child relationship and children’s emotional change using the characteristics and purpose of agro-healing. It examines how horticultural activities and agricultural experiences using care farm resources affect changes in parent-child relationship and perception based on mutual understanding by activating parent-child communication and having them participate in the program together. recruit the subjects, the department to which the researchers belong sent an official letter to D Office of Education with attached information and recruitment file for the agro-healing program. Office of Education sent the official letter to elementary schools under the jurisdiction so that they were delivered home for parents to apply if they were willing to participate. The subjects were clearly notified of the research purpose before the program and were to submit the consent for use of personal information. The subjects were recruited by order of application, and 27 families participated. Among them, 20 parent-child teams who attended all sessions and fully participated in the program as well as the pretest and posttest were ultimately selected as the subjects. There were more mothers participating than fathers (13 mothers, 8 fathers), and there were 4 children aged 8, 2 children aged 9, 9 children aged 10, 3 children aged 11, and 2 children aged 12. Compared to other ages, 10-year-old children showed a high rate of participation (Table 1). design defined agro-healing as all activities for physical and emotional healing in care farms (Gim et al. , 2013). In the agro-healing program, both parents and children showed satisfaction with gardening activities, and cooking with agricultural products harvested from the garden provided a positive synergy to the happiness and emotional intelligence of parents and children (Lee at al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: However, encoding of different reference frames may manifest as a continuum rather than a clear cut along the medial temporal lobe-retrosplenial/precuneus-parietal circuits. Indeed, there is strong head-tilt tuning across hippocampal regions, similar to that reported in the mouse limbic system, the bat presubiculum, and the monkey anterior thalamus [26, 123, 124]. These results suggest that gravity is an important reference to anchor orientation tuning. Combining 3D head orientation and location, with environmental geometry, one can obtain facing location (where the head points, i. e. , the intersection between head pointing vector and environmental boundaries) (Fig. 3C). Hippocampal neurons are consistently best explained by this variable. We note here it remains to be explored what facing location truly means. For example, it is possible that facing location reflects egocentric directional tuning relative to certain landmarks in the environment, similar to what has been shown in the rodent hippocampal system [125]. Similarly, future analyses need to assess whether the rodent hippocampus encodes facing location. There are still a few missing pieces when translating between egocentric and allocentric reference frames. One of them is the differentiation between head orientation in the allocentric frame and head orientation with respect to the body. No study so far has differentiated the two reference frames in the hippocampal formation. There are some hints from rodent studies that the head-trunk relationship is encoded in the posterior parietal cortex [126]. To capture the full repertoire of primate behavior in an unrestrained condition, one needs to combine portable eye tracking and accurate tracking of the whole body (head, back, and limbs). Recent advances for markerless pose estimation are particularly helpful [127,128,129,130]. In this review, we have discussed progress towards understanding the hippocampal correlates of spatial behavior in primates at the level of single neurons and LFPs. There are some similarities but also marked differences between primates and rodents. The lower-frequency hippocampal theta in primates is intermittent and modulated by eye movements, whereas theta phase-coding is somewhat present. Hippocampal neurons often show mixed selectivity to various spatial variables, with head orientation and eye movement properties predominating over the place and grid code. The hippocampal spatial code is also highly task-dependent, manifesting the role of cognitive demands.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: lived up to its speedy reputation, but it did so at the cost of massive budget losses for both. Supersonic avoid the pratfalls of the Concorde and truly deliver supersonic travel to the masses? The story of Boom Supersonic, which still has yet to unfold, exists at the cross-section of tech, aviation, and finance. On paper the idea of commercial supersonic flight has its appeals: no long hours spent in mediocre-to-downright uncomfortable airplane seats, and quick commutes that lengthen the amount of time that can be spent exploring new places rather than looking down on them from a tiny window in the sky. But big dreams and noble intentions do not on their own ensure success. has gone off as well as one could hope a startup promising affordable supersonic travel could be, but with no commercial planes in the sky just yet, it’s still too early to say what the company’s legacy will be. Will it alter the landscape of commercial aviation, or will it — like Flight 4590, a doomed Concorde flight — crash in flames shortly after takeoff? In the final moments of the MayDay: Investigation episode devoted to AF4590, “Concorde — Up in Flames,” the narrator tells the audience that 2003, the year of Concorde’s final flight, marks the “end” of “the first era of supersonic passenger travel. ” Supersonic hopes to usher in the second era, it will need to be a dutiful student of history. What the history ultimately tells us is that for however strongly supersonic travel appeals in theory, the economics of aviation have changed in such a way as to make traveling at Mach 2 the an uphill climb. A of the ConcordeWhen it debuted, the Concorde immediately grabbed the attention of the aviation world, as well as the wider public. In contrast to the big, sometimes aesthetically unremarkable planes used by global travelers that made up the bulk of airline fleets, the Concorde looked and felt like a winged messenger from the future. Sleek-bodied, technologically advanced, and unprecedentedly swift, the Concorde aspired to what no other commercial airliner sought to do. On their own, commercial airplanes were enough of a feat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Based on previous literature, this study can give an operational definition of agro-healing as activities carried out to promote relationship satisfaction and emotional stability of parents and elementary school children by designing an agro-healing program based on horticultural activities using elements such as animal resources, plant resources, landscape, and farm work in a care farm. Therefore, we designed a farm experience program for the morning and a horticultural program using plant resources in the farm for the afternoon. The program was carried out in total 6 sessions, comprised of activities using the farm landscape, experience centers and farm resources such as Korean native cattle, wildflowers, agricultural products, succulent plants, rice paddies, etc. This program was to achieve empathy and communication with the participation of both parents and children, as well as to seek emotional stability by improving the individual quality of life for parents and children (Son, 2012). The specific sessions of the program are as follows. In the morning of Session 1, there was an orientation to introduce the farm and use the cattle, which is the farm resource, for cart riding and cattle feeding. In the afternoon of Session 1, the subjects introduced themselves to build rapport and decorated photo frames with pressed flowers. They put photos of themselves or their family in the frame embroidered with beautiful pressed flowers to increase self-esteem and love for their family. In the morning of Session 2, the parents and children spent time to put up a tent and enjoy the view of the farm. In the afternoon, they transplanted the plants growing in the farm to small pots and had conversations about the things that give them a hard time. They could think and realize that, even though the plants are transplanted into a smaller space, they can still produce flowers if they are well managed; and like-wise, the things that give them a hard time can also turn their inner self into a beautiful person by well managing and overcoming them. 3, they harvested sweet potatoes they can cooperate in the farm, after which they participated in succulent art using a door frame in the theme of ‘Open the door to your heart’. They went into the greenhouse where succulent plants are growing and collected two types of the plants, and then decorated the door frame using adhesive soil. The parents and children could exchange various trivial questions they had about each other while decorating the door, leading them to open up to each other.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Below, we discuss some open directions that may be interesting to pursue. Regardless of what the hippocampal code is, it needs to be read and used by downstream regions, which often have topographical connections with the hippocampus. For example, the retrosplenial cortex receives strong projections from the posterior hippocampus while the orbitofrontal cortex mostly connects with the anterior portion [131, 132]. The hippocampus is also part of the Papez circuit and the default mode network [133, 134]. Understanding how networks of regions (centered on the hippocampus) communicate during online and offline processing is key to gaining a firmer grasp of the brain-wide mechanisms of spatial cognition and memory. The macaque model offers a unique opportunity to investigate this question at a high spatiotemporal resolution on a large scale. The anatomy of the macaque hippocampus embraces two key aspects that are distinct from rodents: first, the anterior portion of the hippocampus is disproportionally larger than the posterior part; and second, the hippocampi in the left and right hemispheres share much fewer direct connections than rodents [135]. Such anatomical differences may likely underlie more significant functional differentiations in the macaque hippocampus. Future studies need to examine simultaneous neural activity along the entire long axis and across both hemispheres. That said, the hippocampus is an evolutionarily old structure. There are good reasons to believe that the basic algorithms are preserved across mammalian species. However, such preservation may not be shown as a task-dependent spatial code at the single neuron level. It would be useful to determine how population activity patterns (ensemble dynamics) are similar or different across tasks, behavioral states, and even across species. In this way, we would better understand how the hippocampal circuit transforms its inputs to its outputs. This would require recordings from many neurons across many regions under different situations with multiple spatial and temporal scales. With the emergence of advanced techniques for monitoring the rich behavior of freely-behaving non-human primates, when combined with large-scale telemetric recordings and sophisticated tasks, the time is ripe for investigating the role of the hippocampal-neocortical networks in spatial cognition and other higher functions under moderately ethological conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: To be able to traverse, for example, the in five or six hours when earlier modes of transport would have required days, if not weeks, represents a feat of human ingenuity that today is still taken for granted. For the Concorde, the marvel of human flight is all well and good, but it isn’t enough. If a plane could be designed to transport hundreds of people to far-flung locations, could it not be improved to be faster? In the 1970s, a joint venture by the English and French answered that question affirmatively. launched in January 1976, after years of research into the possibility of bringing supersonic speeds — which had only been reached by military planes — to the mainstream aviation marketplace. Because of the enormous research and development costs, in addition to the considerable expenses that go into maintaining a plane like the Concorde, the British and the French felt a cost-sharing agreement would be to their mutual benefit. Such a plane could distinguish them from American manufacturers like Lockheed and Boeing. The Concorde, a glamorous lawn dart of a plane, would quite literally shrink the world for anyone who could afford to pony up for a brief ride on the supersonic jet. A list of routes flown by the Concorde (Source: Aerospaceweb)Although the Concorde does mark the first instance of commercial supersonic travel, its clientele was slim, a far cry from the wide range of passengers that fill up jumbo jets like Boeing’s 747 or Airbus’ A380. Concorde: The FactsYears of practice flight, 1969; commercial existence, 1976-2003could carry as many as 128 passengers, though most flights operated by were designated to carry 90-100 passengers, and around nine crew members. In a sharp break from most airline ticketing practices, the Concorde didn’t have individuated classes, with a “first class” getting special treatment over and above what more basic tickets allowed for. Because of the high price of Concorde tickets, merely being on the plane itself constituted the luxury treatment. On one of the Concorde’s initial flights, from London to Bahrain, ran its customers £356 GBP, or in 2017 dollars around £2,700 GBP. This price, while high at the time, was only slightly more expensive than a first-class ticket on a more conventional airliner.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 4, the subjects participated in archery and had a great time playing, after which they collected different plants in the farm and planted them together in the theme of one family. 5, they participated in rice field boat riding, and then made a wish box with flowers that gave a sense of achievement to both the parents and children, which they talked about with each other based on the results. 6, they picked apples in the morning and made homemade cheong (fruit preserve) using the applies in the theme of a positive future for the family. The subjects could realize that, as homemade cheong needs some time to mature, the parents and children can communicate while making cheong together and repeatedly spend time together to become more solid in their family relations (Table 2). Program implementation Total 6 sessions of the agro-healing program were carried out with children aged 8–13 and their parents at G (or Healing Farm) in Gyeongsangbuk-do every Saturday from October 12 to November 16, 2019. Each session was 4 hours long from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m. The morning session was from 11 a. m. to 12 p. m. , comprised of healing activities and experiences in the farm, after which the subjects had lunch and some free time in the farm for an hour and a half from 12 p. m. The afternoon session was from 1:30 p. m. to 3 p. m. , and the subjects participated in activities using various horticultural products in the farm and took home the results they produced every session. Assessment tool (1) Parent-child relationship satisfaction To examine whether parent-child relationship improved after the program, we used the parent-child relationship satisfaction scale analyzed by Byun (1999) on the parents. This test is divided into three categories: endopsychic aspect (8 items), relationship aspect (12 items), and communication aspect (10 items). They are comprised of total 30 items, with higher scores indicating that the parents relatively perceive high relationship satisfaction with their children. A Likert scale is used to give 5 points to positive items and 1 point to negative items, ranging from minimum 30 to maximum 150 points. This study conducted the parent-child relationship satisfaction test on the parents twice, before and after the program, and the reliability of the tool was Cronbach’s α. 857 and thus reliable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: hippocampus has long been observed to encode a representation of an animal's position in space. Recent evidence suggests that the nature of this representation is somewhat predictive and can be modeled by learning a successor representation (SR) between distinct positions in an environment. However, this discretization of space is subjective making it difficult to formulate predictions about how some environmental manipulations should impact the hippocampal representation. Here, we present a model of place and grid cell firing as a consequence of learning a SR from a basis set of known neurobiological features—boundary vector cells (BVCs). The model describes place cell firing as the successor features of the SR, with grid cells forming a low-dimensional representation of these successor features. We show that the place and grid cells generated using the BVC-SR model provide a good account of biological data for a variety of environmental manipulations, including dimensional stretches, barrier insertions, and the influence of environmental geometry on the hippocampal representation of space. 1 hippocampal formation plays a central role in the ability of humans and other mammals to navigate physical space (Morris, Garrud, Rawlins, & O'Keefe, 1982; Scoville & Milner, 1957). Consistent with behavioral findings, electrophysiological studies in rodents have uncovered a range of spatially modulated neurons—yielding important insights into how the brain represents space—including place cells (O'Keefe & Dostrovsky, 1971), grid cells (Hafting, Fyhn, Molden, Moser, & Moser, 2005), head direction cells (Taube, Muller, & Ranck, 1990), and boundary vector cells (BVCs) (Barry et al. , 2006; Lever, Burton, Jeewajee, O'Keefe, & Burgess, 2009; Solstad, Boccara, Kropff, Moser, & Moser, 2008). Yet how these neural representations combine to facilitate flexible and efficient goal-directed navigation, such as that observed in mammals (Etienne & Jeffery, 2004), remains an open question. One way is to approach this problem from the field of reinforcement learning (RL). RL (Sutton & Barto, 2018) seeks to address how an agent should act optimally to maximize expected future reward.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: In a history of the Concorde written for The Atlantic, writes, “Early on, one-way tickets from JFK to Heathrow were roughly $1,500; by the 2000s, $7,000 was standard, and $10,000 round-trip was a deal. ” The mass of literature written about the Concorde will frequently cite a rounded-up, conservative estimate of $12,000 USD for a round-trip Concorde flight. During the Concorde’s farewell flights in 2003, charged £4,350 (£6,481. 50 in 2017) for a one-way ticket and £8,292 (£12,355 in 2017) for a round-trip ticket. If it wasn’t enough for the Concorde to fly at almost triple the speed of standard commercial planes, it also could fly up to 60,000 feet in the air — nearly double the altitude of its subsonic counterparts. At its famed Mach 2 speed, the Concorde would cruise at around 50,000 feet, 10,000 feet over the limits set by commercial airline companies. Supersonic flight doesn’t happen easily, a fact reflected by the Concorde’s fuel consumption. During flight the plane could gulp down 5,638 imperial gallons of fuel per hour during flight. This is a seat map for the Airbus A380, one of the world’s largest commercial planes, typically used on long-haul flights by major airliners like Lufthansa and Emirates. By contrast, the Concorde offers a much more limited range of seating. could get a considerably sized group of passengers from A to B faster than any commercial airplane by far, yet it transported a smaller amount of passengers, and it did so without providing the amenities that come with a first-class ticket on a standard commercial jumbo jet. Put simply, the Concorde’s main virtue, its speed, was its only selling point. If someone needed to get from London to in record time, the Concorde provided the only solution. If someone was wealthy and hated long flights, the Concorde would be his only means of avoiding the drudgery that accompanies air travel for most customers. Bramson, in his piece on the Concorde for The Atlantic, does point out that flight aboard the Concorde often game with branded gifts such as tie clips and flasks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2) Test (SCT) For the children, we used the Test (SCT) for children. The SCT is a test for respondents to complete multiple incomplete sentences however they want, and it is developed from the word association test. It is comprised of total 33 items, and only the subject and verb of each sentence are provided, and the respondents are to complete the sentences however they want. Tendler suggested that the SCT can distinguish the diagnosis of accident response and emotional response, and Rohde stated that it is effective in fundamentally determining the perception and inner side of the respondents that are difficult to express or reveal through a direct conversation (Choi, 2010; Lim, 2011). Accordingly, despite the diverse fields of writing, this study measured the changes in children’s thoughts and emotions toward their relationship with parents through the SCT. The test was taken twice, before and after the program, to examine the children’s perception changes toward their parents. For analysis and assessment of the text, we made revisions considering the criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment of ‘Skills Assessment: (Kim, 2008)’. The sentences were scored with focus on written expression among the writing assessment criteria with the advice of early childhood education specialists, and 1–5 points were given to total 4 categories: vocabulary, expression, sentence organization, and content (Table 3). There are 13 categories according to the classification criteria of interpretation in the SCT, but this study only examined the ones relevant to family relations such as attitude toward the mother, attitude toward the father, attitude toward the family, and attitude toward relatives. Moreover, we added items that reveal the child’s emotional aspect of parents in items such as attitude toward negative things and attitude toward positive things. Based on the detailed criteria for assessment of written expression, we examined the change in emotional expression of the children toward their parents through the sentences they wrote. Data analysis Data in this study was analyzed as follows using (19. 0). The Cronbach’s α coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the scale by internal consistency, and the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze whether the measured sample data has a normal distribution. We also analyzed parents’ relationship satisfaction with children and children’s perception change in the relationship with parents with the paired sample t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Consequently, a quantity often used in RL is the value V of a state s in the environment which is defined as the expected cumulative reward R, exponentially discounted into the future by a discount parameter γ ∈ [0, 1]. (1) This equation can be rewritten by deconstructing value into the long-run transition statistics and corresponding reward statistics of the environment (Dayan, 1993). Here, the transition statistics, denoted by M, is called the successor representation (SR) which represents the discounted expected future occupancy of each state s′ from the current state s. (2) The SR M encapsulates both the short- and long-term state-transition dynamics of the environment, with a time-horizon dictated by the discount parameter γ. Furthermore, changes to the transition and reward structure can be incorporated into the value estimates V(s) by adjusting M and R, respectively. These adjustments can be made experientially using a temporal-difference learning rule, which uses the difference between predicted outcomes and the actual outcomes to improve the accuracy of the predicted estimate (Sutton, 1988). Thus, the SR allows the value of possible future states to be calculated flexibly and efficiently. Consequently, it has been proposed that the hippocampus encodes a SR of space (Stachenfeld, Botvinick, & Gershman, 2017)—a claim that is further evidenced by the SR providing a good account of experimental observations of both place and grid cells. This formulation of the SR typically involves discretization of the environment into a grid of locations, within which the SR can be learnt by transitioning around the grid of states. However, this fixed grid-world renders it hard to make predictions about how environmental manipulations, such as dimensional stretches, would immediately affect hippocampal representations. Furthermore, in very large state spaces, estimating the SR for every state becomes an increasingly difficult and costly task. Instead, using a set of features to approximate location would allow generalization across similar states and circumvent this curse of dimensionality. Indeed, it is clear from electrophysiological studies of the neural circuits supporting navigation that the brain does not represent space as a grid of discrete states, but rather uses an array of spatially sensitive neurons. In particular, boundary responsive neurons are found throughout the hippocampal formation, including “border cells” in superficial medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) (Solstad et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism can replace traditional commercial air travel as the fastest way to travel across Earth. [SEP] Text: But in terms of seating arrangement, Concorde passengers fared only slightly better than what is now commonly called economy class on subsonic airliners. With the Concorde, you got where you needed to go quickly, but your seats weren’t much different from those paying far less to spend longer on a plane. High ticket prices and reduced cabin sizes established the Concorde’s glitzy exclusivity, but they also foreshadowed the unsustainable economic model of the plane itself. Considering that the Concorde was the only supersonic airplane of its kind, how is it that it could have been decommissioned? Flight of the Concorde: Why it HappenedFor all of its technological prowess and public renown, the Concorde faced numerous obstacles to success. The appeal for ultra-fast flight is not so strong that it can withstand any market forces exacted upon it. Of the numerous issues faced by the Concorde, the following stand out. Screen capture from the only video documenting the final moments of AF4590 (Source: YouTube)Base: attempted to market the Concorde as a reasonable option for anyone who would otherwise be paying for a first class ticket on a major airliner. Unfortunately for the Concorde, this group of people is still considerably smaller. To put the Concorde’s 128 person maximum seating arrangement into perspective, a present-day Boeing 777 can fit 122 people in the economy section of the plane alone. Airlines rake in the big bucks on premium first-class and business-class seats (and increasingly stratified sections like “Economy Plus”), but they do need to offer a range of ticket prices to draw in the most customers as possible. Due to its steep cost and small cabin size, the Concorde staked its fortunes on a small segment of the population. Cost: Even those with little knowledge about flight don’t have to think hard to imagine just how much energy it must require to send a commercial airliner into supersonic speeds. Conflicting reports abound on the profitability of the Concorde; the low if not nonexistent profitability of the Concorde was well known to industry experts throughout the plane’s 27 year existence, but at different times reported making money off the supersonic flights. Where numbers can be found or estimated, things look poor for the Concorde.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Results and test The one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine whether the collected sample data has a normal distribution. The values measured in the parent-child relationship satisfaction test are the endopsychic aspect (p =. 867), relationship aspect (p =. 735), and communication aspect (p =. 820), showing a normal distribution with p =. 973 for the total mean 115. 8 (SD = 13. 8) (Table 4). The values measured in the SCT are vocabulary (p =. 986), expression (p =. 982), sentence organization (p =. 575), and content (p =. 949), showing a normal distribution with p =. 990 for the total mean 14. 7 (SD = 1. 4) (Table 5). Therefore, the parametric test was conducted for both parent-child relationship satisfaction and SCT in the mean comparison before and after the program. Mean difference before and after the program Parent-child relationship satisfaction To determine the effects of a healing program carried out in a care farm on improving parent-child relationship, we measured parent-child relationship satisfaction of parents before and after the program (Table 6). The mean was 115. 8 (SD = 13. 8) before the program but 117. 0 (SD = 14. 6) after the program, showing no significant change (p =. 085). However, by sub-item, the endopsychic aspect was 33. 4 (SD = 4. 7) before and 33. 6 (SD = 4. 8) after (p =. 297), and the relationship aspect was 43. 0 (SD = 6. 0) before and 43. 5 (SD = 6. 4) after (p =. 171), showing no significant change, but the communication aspect was 39. 5 (SD = 6. 3) before and 40. 0 (SD = 6. 3) after, showing a significant increase (p =. 047). This is similar to the results that, after a mother-child healing program using garden products, the open communication between parent and child improved, which also significantly reduced the daily stress of the mother and child (Lee, 2004), and that doing horticultural work together with a shared goal helps learn how to build relationships and improve communication skills and interpersonal relations (Morgan, 1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: 17), and significantly better explained by an underlying uniform distribution as opposed to the grid orientations in the square environment (Bayes factor = 1. 00 × 106). Finally, the activity of grid cells recorded while a rodent explores a compartmentalized maze have been shown to fragment into repeated submaps for similar compartments traversed in the same direction (Derdikman et al. , 2009). We examined the BVC-SR eigenvector patterns in a similar maze and found that they too fragmented into repeated submaps for alternating internal arms of the maze (Figure 5g). Consequently, the Pearson's correlation matrix between eigenvector patterns on different arms of the maze exhibits a strong checkboard-like appearance (Figure 5h), exemplifying the repetition of alternated submaps in a manner more similar to the rodent data (Derdikman et al. , 2009) than previous implementations of the SR (Stachenfeld et al. , 2017). 4 model presented here links the BVC model of place cell firing with a SR to provide an efficient platform for using RL to navigate space. The work builds upon previous implementations of the SR by replacing the underlying grid of states with the firing rates of known neurobiological features—BVCs, which have been observed in the hippocampal formation (Barry et al. , 2006; Lever et al. , 2009; Solstad et al. , 2008) and can be derived from optic flow (Raudies & Hasselmo, 2012). As a consequence, the place cells generated using the BVC-SR approach presented here produce more realistic fields that conform to the shape of the environment. Unlike previous SR implementations, the BVC-SR place fields respond immediately to environmental manipulations such as dimensional stretches and barrier insertions in a similar manner to real place cells. Comparable to previous SR implementations, the eigenvectors of the SR matrix display grid cell like periodicity when projected back onto the BVC state space, with reduced periodicity in polarized enclosures such as trapezoids. Furthermore, likely due to the experiential learning and the natural smoothness of the BVC basis features, the eigenvectors from the BVC-SR model exhibit more realistic variations among grid fields, resulting in a model of grid cells that is more similar to biological recordings than previous implementations of the SR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research in quantum biology may help scientists understand previously unexplained biological phenomena. [SEP] Text: Die ausgewählten Beispiele zeigen, dass sie entgegen Steiners wiederholten Beteuerungen nicht mit den naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen übereinstimmen und dass sich in vielen wichtigen Punkten zudem selbst widersprechen. Steiners „geisteswissenschaftlich“ erworbene Kenntnisse entbehren demnach jeglicher objektiven Basis. Das Ausmaß seiner Falschbehauptungen lässt überdies darauf schließen, dass die Grundlagen seiner übrigen Lehren ebenfalls unhaltbar sind, inklusive seiner ohnehin nicht überprüfbaren Ausführungen über die „höheren Welten. “ Schlüsselbegriffe: – Anthroposophie – Geisteswissenschaft – Theosophie – im Volltext als PDF Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 19 (2019), Nr. 1+2, S. 213–214DOI: 10. 23793/zfa. 2019. 213 zu früheren Beiträgen Weitergeführte Diskussion zu Rezension zu Angelos Tanagras: – A Collection of Short Stories, herausgegeben von Fotini Pallikari, Zeitschrift für Anomalistik, 18 (2018), S. 356–360 Fotini Pallikari: und Korrekturen zur Rezension des Buches von Angelos Tanagras: – A Collection of (2017) Artikel im Volltext als PDF Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 19 (2019), Nr. 1+2, S. 215–248DOI: 10. 23793/zfa. 2019. 215 Cheung, (2019). Der Zukunftscode: Wie die erklären kannRezensent: (Hrsg. )(2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Moreover, agricultural activities not only help the participants feel the joy of cultivating various crops and obtain knowledge about agriculture, but also help improve relationships by recovering sociality and facilitating generational communication while spending time with family (Lee, 2012). test (STC) For the children, the SCT was conducted before and after the program (Table 7). The mean was 14. 7±1. 4 before the program but 14. 9 (SD = 1. 6) after the program, showing no significant change (p =. 136). Even by sub-item, vocabulary was 4. 2 (SD = 0. 4) before and 4. 3 (SD = 0. 4) after (p =. 630), expression was 3. 5±0. 6 before and 3. 6 (SD = 0. 6) after (p =. 158), sentence organization was 3. 5 (SD = 0. 6) before and 3. 5 (SD = 0. 6) after (p =. 757), and content was 3. 5 (SD = 0. 3) before and 3. 6 (SD = 0. 3) after, also showing no significant change (p =. 136). A few of the sentences completed by the subjects showed the following changes. wrote “My mom is ugly even with makeup, but she keeps wearing makeup” before the program, but wrote “My mom adores me” after the program. wrote “My dad has a big belly” before, but wrote “My dad is cool” after. wrote “My mom and dad are nice” before, but wrote “My mom and dad take good care of me” after. As such, the children who had been giving negative or indifferent responses about their parents showed a change in perception about the relationship with their parents after the program in a positive direction (Table 8). Regarding the difference in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the SCT, the responses and sentences written by the subjects when they participated in the program tended to show an aggressive aspect in the relationship with parents, but the change was not consistent among the subjects, and generally showed a little difference among many subjects. Moreover, there may have been a problem in the method of communication even if there were parent-child interactions, or there may not have been enough time to deeply understand the differences.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Reward signals analogous to that used in the model have been shown to exist in the orbitofrontal cortex of rodents (Sul, Kim, Huh, Lee, & Jung, 2010), humans (Gottfried, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2003; Kringelbach, 2005), and non-human primates (Tremblay & Schultz, 1999). Meanwhile, a candidate area for integrating orbitofrontal reward representations with hippocampal successor features to compute value could be anterior cingulate cortex (Kolling et al. , 2016; Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013). Finally, the model relies on a prediction error signal for learning both the reward weights and successor features (Equations 6-7]). Although midbrain dopamine neurons have long been considered a source for such a reward prediction error (Schultz, Dayan, & Montague, 1997), mounting evidence suggests they may also provide the sensory prediction error signal necessary for computing successor features with temporal-difference learning (Chang, Gardner, Di Tillio, & Schoenbaum, 2017; Gardner, Schoenbaum, & Gershman, 2018). Successor features have been used to accelerate learning in tasks where transfer of knowledge is useful, such as virtual and real world navigation tasks (Barreto et al. , 2017; Zhang, Springenberg, Boedecker, & Burgard, 2017). Although the successor features used in this paper were built upon known neurobiological spatial neurons, BVCs, the framework itself could be applied to any basis of sensory neurons that are predictive of reward in a task. Thus, the framework could be adapted to use basis features that are receptive to the frequency of auditory cues (Aronov, Nevers, & Tank, 2017), or even the size and shape of birds (Constantinescu, O'Reilly, & Behrens, 2016). In summary, the model describes the formation of place and grid fields in terms the geometric properties and transition statistics of the environment, while providing an efficient platform for goal-directed spatial navigation. This has particular relevance for the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation, although the framework itself could be applied to other basis sets of sensory features. code can be made available upon reasonable request, and full code for simulations will be made available at in due course hipo23246-sup-0001-supinfo. docxWord 2007 document 24. 7 KB 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: For each condition set, the PR-AUC value for each condition is reported, together with the median and mean value (C) Significance of the PR-AUC value reported for the condition ‘Clindamycin 3 μg/ml’, against the distribution of three randomization strategies. ‘Shuffled strains’ indicates a prediction in which the actual strains’ phenotypes have been shuffled; ‘shuffled sets’ indicates a prediction where the conditionally essential genes of a different condition have been used, and ‘random set’ indicates a prediction where a random gene set has been used as conditionally essential genes. For all three randomizations we report a significant difference between the actual prediction and the distribution of the randomizations (q-values of 1E-30, 0. 05 and 1E-22, respectively). 3—figure supplement 2 for the other conditions. (D) Genome-wide gene associations are in agreement with the predictive score; the enrichment of conditionally essential genes in the results of the gene association analysis is significantly higher in conditions with higher PR-AUC. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Detailed view of the predicted growth score and its properties. (A) Influence of the different predictors of the impact of mutations on each condition PR-AUC. ‘SNPs’ indicates single nucleotide variants only, ‘Accessory genome’ gene presence-absence patterns, ‘All predictors’ the combination of both, plus stop codon substitutions. (B–C) Proportion of well-predicted conditions (PR-AUC >= 0. 1 and Pearson’s FDR-corrected p-value<=0. 01) over total conditions with at least 1% and 5% sick strains. Marker’s size is proportional to the −log10 of the FDR-corrected p-value. (E) Conditions with higher predictive power (measured as PR-AUC) also have an enrichment of sick strains at the top of the predicted score, as measured by the (GSEA); sick strains are used as ‘gene sets’. A pseudocount of 10−4 has been added to the GSEA p-values. (F) Prediction performance improves when using the weighting scheme to account for conservation of gene essentiality, especially for well-predicted conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Sin (2002) claimed that parents who communicate with their children in a criticizing, judgmental way cause the children to face many internal conflicts in expressing their emotions, and Woo (2009) argued that dysfunctional communication exerts a negative effect on children such as depression and problem behavior. However, gardening activities have a highly positive effect on children’s emotional development (Han, 2014; Kwack, 2004; Jeong, 2005), enabling them to feel psychological stability by communing with plants (Ulrich, 1984). As such, agricultural programs raised the awareness about building intimacy within the family and facilitated family conversations (Chu, 2014), while also making the body and mind healthy and promoting communication, which is the key function of care farming (Seo et al. , 2017). Even though this was proved by this study, parents’ endopsychic and relationship aspect and children’s emotional change may not have been significant due to lack of time for sufficient, healthy communication. study examined the parent-child relationship satisfaction and emotional changes through the agro-healing program with children aged 10–12 and their parents. The agro-healing program in this study was designed with total 6 sessions using the farm resources and experience centers such as rural landscape, Korean native cattle, agricultural products, wildflowers and succulent plants based on horticultural activities in which both parents and children participate based on theoretical background. The subjects, comprised of parents and children, showed a significant improvement in parent-child communication by participating in the agro-healing program (p =. 047). There was no statistically significant change in the SCT written by the children, but the comparison of the content of the sentences in qualitative assessment proved that the children’s potential perception about their parents changed positively compared to before. There is a difference in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the SCT because the change is not consistent among the subjects due to individual differences, and some subjects merely showed insignificant differences. There may have also been a problem or unfamiliarity in parent-child communication. Additional research can be attempted on the fact that there were no significant results in parents’ endopsychic aspect and relationship aspect, with focus on the internal change of parents after communicating with their children. This will bring more effective emotional change in parent-child relationship satisfaction through the agro-healing program.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractTornadoes can cause catastrophic destruction. Here total kinetic energy (TKE) as a metric of destruction is computed from the fraction of the tornado path experiencing various damage levels and a characteristic wind speed for each level. The fraction of the path is obtained from a model developed for the Commission that combines theory with empirical data. TKE is validated as a useful metric by comparing it to other indexes and loss indicators. Half of all tornadoes have TKE exceeding 62. 1 GJ and a quarter have TKE exceeding 383. 2 GJ. One percent of the tornadoes have TKE exceeding 31. 9 TJ. April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more energy than June with half as many tornadoes. September has the least energy but November and December have the fewest tornadoes. Alabama ranks number one in terms of tornado energy with 2. 48 PJ over the period 2007–2013. TKE can be used to help better understand the changing nature of tornado activity. Citation: Fricker T, Elsner JB (2015) of Tornadoes in the United States. 10(7): e0131090. Inés Álvarez, University of : January 13, 2015; Accepted: May 28, 2015; Published: July 1, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Fricker, Elsner. This is an open access 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 1356175). The code used to produce the tables and graphs is available at GitHub at DOI 10. 5281/zenodo. 18253. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionOn average about 1,000 tornadoes occur each year in the United States; more than in any other country [1]. A violent tornado can destroy an entire town in minutes making it vital to understand what factors contribute to this power. For example, according to the Service (NWS) the Joplin, Missouri (2011) tornado caused 161 fatalities and more than 1,000 injuries, while producing about $3 billion of insured losses in less than 20 minutes [2]. Similarly, the Tuscalossa, Alabama (2011) tornado caused 65 fatalities and over 1,000 injuries, while producing about $2 billion of insured losses in just over an hour [3]. Current understanding of tornado destruction comes largely from available data records.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: We propose that a microbiological marker cut off, based on CT value (≤26), could be used as a predictor of poor outcome and serve as a severity indicator to guide treatment of CDI. In this study, regression analysis demonstrated that low CT values were associated with toxin EIA positivity. With a CT value ≤26 we saw ≥72% toxin EIA positivity; applying a logistic regression model we demonstrated an association between low CT values and toxin EIA positivity. Conversely a CT value of ≤26 would miss 28% of patients that were EIA positive. It is not surprising that a low CT value is linked with toxin EIA positivity as previous studies have suggested expression of toxin is associated with the severity of CDI, and a correlation between faecal toxin levels and C. difficile counts has been reported in mice [12]. Dionne et al. , previously identified that amplification CT values correlate to bacterial load [29]. They demonstrated toxin positive samples had higher bacterial loads than toxin negative samples and there was a significant inverse correlation between PCR CT values and bacterial loads [29]. In the present study, low CT values inversely correlate to toxin assay positivity, one could imply that CT values of toxin B genes act as a marker of the amount of toxin produced [12]. However, investigations seeking to link quantitative toxin production with C. difficile virulence have not been conclusive [12]. Further work is warranted to explore this. In the UK, two stage algorithms for CDI have been adopted [4, 10]. Often a GDH test for screening is employed followed by a toxin EIA [4, 10]. Eyre et al. , (2017) sequenced all GDH positive patients and compared the probability of faecal toxin positive and toxin negative patients being likely sources of transmission, that is, having C. difficile genetically linked to a subsequent isolate in another patient [30]. They concluded faecal toxin negative patients were similarly infectious to faecal toxin positive patients; faecal toxin status did not affect transmission rates [30]. They concluded strategies to identify and institute infection control measures around patients with potentially toxigenic C. difficile without detected faecal toxin are likely to reduce CDI incidence [30]. NAAT could be used as a screening test as it is rapid and highly sensitive to aid detection of such cases from an infection control perspective [31].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Characteristics of the children participating in this study and their parents Participating parents Participating parents 1 8 Mom 11 10 Mom 2 8 Dad 12 10 Dad 3 8 Mom 13 10 Mom 4 8 Dad 14 10 Mom 5 9 Mom 15 10 Dad 6 9 Mom 16 11 Dad 7 10 Mom 17 11 Dad 8 10 Mom/Dad 18 11 Dad 9 10 Mom 19 12 Mom 10 10 Mom 20 12 2 Agro healing program based on horticultural activities for a total of 6 sessions 1 Introducing the farm, cow cart ride, cow feeding Decorating photo frames with pressed flowers 2 Pitching a tent and enjoying the farm scenery Planting plants growing on the farm into small pots 3 Harvesting sweet potatoes Doing succulent art using the door 4 Doing the archery activity Planting assorted 5 Boating in rice fields Making a wish box with flowers 6 Harvesting apples Making homemade cheongs using apples Table 3 Criteria for evaluating write expressiveness of SCT Writing expression area Evaluation standard the vocabulary choices appropriate, specific, and accurate? the spelling, punctuation marks, and spacing correct? the links between words and the organization of the forms and components of the text natural? the content related to the proposed word rich and generally consistent? Table 4 Regularity test of parent-child relationship satisfaction data for parents Item n Mean SD z p Psychotropic aspect 20 33. 4 4. 7. 589. 867 Relationship aspect 20 43. 0 6. 0. 686. 735 Communication aspect 20 39. 5 6. 3. 632. 820 Total 20 115. 8 13. 8. 485. 973 Table 5 Regularity test of sentence completion data for children Item n Mean SD z p Vocabulary 20 4. 2 0. 4. 454. 986 Expression 20 3. 5 0. 6. 464. 982 Sentence organization 20 3. 5 0. 6. 781. 575 Content 20 3. 5 0. 3. 521. 949 Total 20 14. 7 1. 4. 441. 990 Table 6 Changes in the parent-child relationship satisfaction before and after the agro healing program t p Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Psychotropic aspect Score 33. 4 ± 4. 7 33. 6 ± 4. 8 −1. 073. 297NS Relationship aspect Score 43. 0 ± 6. 0 43. 5 ± 6. 4 −1. 422. 171NS Communication aspect Score 39. 5 ± 6. 3 40. 0 ± 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: Dividing the total daily energy by the number of tornadoes results in April 24, 2010 being the most efficient day at producing high-energy tornadoes with a per-tornado average TKE of 17. 7 TJ followed by April 20, 2007 with a per-tornado average TKE of 15. 0 TJ. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Top ten days ranked by daily TKE. The number of tornadoes is used as a color fill on the bars. Tornado counts are listed to the right of each bar. daily cumulative tornado energy changes by year (Fig 4). In general days in April and May tend to have the most energy but February was also quite active during 2008. The 2010 season started slowly but become very active from late April through mid June. The year with the most energy is 2011 and the year with the least is 2009 (Fig 5). Years with the most energy tend to have the most tornadoes although 2009 was an exception with relative high amount of energy from relative few tornadoes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Daily aggregated tornado energy by year. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Annually aggregated tornado energy. Tornado counts are listed to the right of each bar. seasonality of energy and frequency are similar with peaks from mid to late spring (Fig 6). However energy is relatively more concentrated during the year than is frequency. April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more energy than June with half as many tornadoes. September is the month with the least energy but November and December are months with the fewest tornadoes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Tornado energy and frequency by month. energy also varies regionally with the contiguous states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi and Alabama forming a large swath of high energy across the southern southeastward into the deep South (Fig 7). The state having the most energy over the period is Alabama with a total of 2. 48 PJ followed by Oklahoma with 1. 45 PJ. The next four states in order of decreasing TKE are Mississippi, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 3 −2. 127. 047* Total - 115. 8 ± 13. 8 117. 0 ± 14. 6 −1. 820. 085NS ** p <. 05 Table 7 Changes in the sentence completion test before and after the agro healing program t p Mean ± SD Mean ± SD 4. 2 ± 0. 4 4. 3 ± 0. 4 −. 489. 630 3. 5 ± 0. 6 3. 6 ± 0. 6 −1. 468. 158 Sentence organization Score 3. 5 ± 0. 6 3. 5 ± 0. 6 −. 314. 757 3. 5 ± 0. 3 3. 6 ± 0. 3 −1. 514. 147 Total - 14. 7 ± 1. 4 14. 9 ± 1. 6 −1. 556. 136 Table 8 Part of a sentences written by children before and after the agro healing program No. sentence After 1 A 5. My mom is ~ My mom is ugly even with makeup, but she keeps wearing makeup. Mom loves me. 2 B 13. My dad is ~ Dad has a lot of belly fat. Dad is a dandy. 3 C 29. My mom and dad are ~ My mom and dad are good My mom and dad take good care of me. 4 D 1. was happiest ~ It’s time to play the game. It’s time to experience it with my parents. 5 E 7. The best thing for me is ~ It’s time for mom to praise I was born from my mother. 6 F 29. My mom and dad are ~ My mom and dad are nice and smart. My mom and dad are a million times better. 7 G 31. If my wishes come true ~ If you make a wish, please let it come true. Help my parents not get sick 8 H 13. My dad is ~ Dad has a lot of money. Dad is a good person 9 I 1. was happiest ~ It’s time to make and look at cell phones. It’s time to be with mom and dad. 10 J 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are good Mom and dad love me very much. 11 K 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad can’t study. Both mom and dad are strong. 12 L 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are kind. Mom and dad are both nice and nice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: The per-tornado TKE values are summed and averaged to produce an alternative climatology of tornadoes based on energy rather than frequency. Half of all tornadoes have TKE that exceed 62. 1 GJ and a quarter have TKE that exceed 383. 2 GJ. Five percent of the tornadoes have TKE that exceed 5. 53 TJ. The tornado with the greatest amount of energy is the long-tracked EF4 Tallulah-Yazoo City-Durant tornado of April 24, 2010 with a TKE of 516. 7 TJ resulting in ten fatalities and 146 injuries. The single day with the most energy is April 27, 2011 with more than 2. 6 PJ from 206 tornadoes. The average energy of the nine EF5 tornadoes is just over 100 TJ and the average energy of the 57 EF4 tornadoes is half of that at just over 50 TJ. The average energy of the EF3 tornadoes is less than half of the EF4 and the average energy of the EF2 tornadoes is much less than half of the EF3. Tornado energy peaks from mid to late spring similar to the peak in tornado frequency. Key new findings are that April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more than June with half as many tornadoes. September is the month with the least energy but November and December are months with the fewest tornadoes. Another key finding is that Alabama ranks number one in terms of tornado energy with a total of 2. 48 PJ followed by Oklahoma with 1. 45 PJ. The next four states in decreasing order are Mississippi, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. On a per-tornado basis, for those states with more than 100 tornadoes, five of the top six states are in the South. The spatial pattern of TKE at this scale suggests a single tornado threat region encompassing both the traditional alley of the and the Dixie alley of the South [18]. The problem of frequent tornadoes in the is a well understood and researched threat compared with the threat of strong tornadoes in the South. Finally, recent research shows a future with more days when high wind shear coincides with high values of convective available potential energy [19] indicating the possibility for more powerful tornadoes. An index of destruction with units of energy on a continuous scale will help scientists to better understand the changing nature of tornado activity. 1. Grazulis, TP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Machine learning algorithms can analyze satellite imagery to track deforestation and land use changes. [SEP] Text: 연구 결과 각 변수 조합 별(scheme 1-3) 수변피복 분류 결과의 정확도 비교를 위하여 훈련 자료를 시공간적(spatio-temporal), 시계열적(temporal), 공간적(spatial)으로 무작위로 8:2로 나누어 검증을 수행하였다(Fig. 2). 추가적으로 전이학습능력(transfer ability)에 대한 성능을 평가해보기 위해, 모델 내 낙동강 유역의 정보만을 학습시킨 뒤 나머지 3개 강 유역에서의 검증을 수행하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 13 M 32. Who would I like to live with if I live alone in a remote place? I cannot live alone. I want to live with my beloved family. 14 N 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are short. Mom and dad are nice. 15 O 13. My dad is ~ Dad is kind. Dad likes me. 16 P 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are kind My mom and dad are nice. 17 Q 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are good My mom and dad are very good. 18 R 5. My mom is ~ Mom and dad are kind My mom and dad are kind 19 S 5. My mom is ~ Mom is short. Mom is well prepared. 20 T 5. My mom is ~ Mom often gets angry. Mom is good. 1999. A study on the satisfaction degree of parent-child relationship and the demand degree of parent education: Centering on the parent with adolescent in Cheju city. Master’s thesis. University, Jeju, Korea. Choi, JY 2010. Understanding of psychological examinations Seoul, Korea: Sigmapress. . 2007. Developing horticultural therapy program and its effect for reducing parenting stress. . 10(3):90-95. Chu, HS 2014. Effects of urban agriculture program on the formation of family unity and intimacy. Master’s thesis. Korea University, Seoul, Korea. Chung, SZ 1988. The study for the interpersonal relation similarity between parents and children. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. Dessein, J, B Bock. 2010. The economics of green care in agriculture England, UK: Loughborough University. ’Connor. 2009. Supporting policies for social farming in Europe: Progressing multi-functionality in responsive rural areas. Arsiaper lo Sviluppo e l’Innovazione nel settore Agricolo-forestale. . 2013. Analysis on the present status and characteristics of agro-healing in Korea. J Community Dev. 20:909-936. Han, MH 2014. Effect of horticultural activity on the emotional intelligence, social development and school adjustment in Saturday after-school program for elementary school students. Master’s thesis. Mokpo University, Mokpo, Korea. . 2008. Care farming in the UK: Evidence and opportunities.

Output: pass