Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A shows a comparison of the resulting model predictions and experimental data collected for three batch fermentations at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 with an equal inoculum of 0. 15 g/L of each yeast species grown on 19. 1 g/L glucose and 9. 7 g/L xylose. Figure 4B shows corresponding results for a k L a of 10. 1 h-1, 0. 10 g/L of each yeast species, 16. 5 g/L glucose and 7. 9 g/L xylose. With the implemented change in the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate, the dynamic co-culture model proved to be as accurate as the individual species models. The glucose consumption rate was slightly overpredicted during the initial portion of the batch at both aeration levels. Small discrepancies in the predicted biomass and ethanol concentrations were observed during the glucose consumption phase for k L a = 5. 5 h-1, while small but longer lasting deviations were apparent in the biomass and xylose concentrations at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Figure 4S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown with an equal inoculum and aerated at A) 5. 5 h-1B) 9. 6 h-1and C) 7. 6 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed at each aeration level to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageTo examine prediction accuracy of dynamic co-culture model at aeration levels not used for parameter adjustment, we performed three additional co-culture fermentations at a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 with 0. 145 g/L of each yeast as the inoculum and initial sugar concentrations of 16. 5 g/L glucose and 8. 5 g/L xylose. The model and data comparisons shown in Figure 4C are qualitatively similar to those obtained at the other two aeration levels. The results in Figure 4 collectively demonstrate that the co-culture model provided satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions corresponding to k L a < ~10 h-1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: This essay describes how this domain of classical predictability of everyday experience emerges from a quantum theory of the universe’s state and dynamics. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0012AbstractPDF/essay considers a model quantum universe consisting of a very large box containing a screen with two slits and an observer (us) that can pass through the slits. We apply modern quantum mechanics of closed systems to calculate the probabilities for alternative histories of how we move through the universe and what we see. After passing through the screen with the slits, the quantum state of the universe is a superposition of classically distinguishable histories. We are then living in a superposition. Some frequently asked questions about such situations are answered using this model. The model’s relationship to more realistic quantum cosmologies is briefly discussed. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0013AbstractPDF/familiar textbook quantum mechanics of laboratory measurements incorporates a quantum mechanical arrow of time — the direction in time in which state vector reduction operates. This arrow is usually assumed to coincide with the direction of the thermodynamic arrow of the quasiclassical realm of everyday experience. But in the more general context of cosmology we seek an explanation of all observed arrows, and the relations between them, in terms of the conditions that specify our particular universe. This paper investigates quantum mechanical and thermodynamic arrows in a time-neutral formulation of quantum mechanics for a number of model cosmologies in fixed background spacetimes. We find that a general universe may not have well defined arrows of either kind. When arrows are emergent, they need not point in the same direction over the whole of spacetime. Rather, they may be local, pointing in different directions in different spacetime regions. Local arrows can therefore be consistent with global time symmetry. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0014AbstractPDF/wrote memorably that “The eternally incomprehensible thing about the world is its comprehensibility. ” This paper argues that the universe must be comprehensible at some level for information gathering and utilizing subsystems such as human observers to evolve and function. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0015AbstractPDF/fundamental laws are needed for prediction in the universe: (1) a basic dynamical law and (2) a law for the cosmological initial condition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — У всех, кто стоял у истоков российского ТА, разные версии его появления у нас. Есть альтернативная история той, которую часто транслируют, — об этом можно спросить Марину Гулину (доктор психологических наук, Counselling Psychologist, BPS, профессор факультета психологии City University of London, профессор кафедры методологии психологии факультета психологии МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова. — Ред. ). Потому что ТА начинался не совсем так. Тогда многие зарубежные психологи разных направлений приезжали в Россию.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Inoculum optimizationFollowing experimental validation, we utilized the dynamic co-culture model to computationally determine optimal bioreactor operating conditions for maximization of ethanol productivity. The productivity was defined as the final ethanol concentration divided by the batch time, which was chosen as the time at which the xylose concentration dropped below 0. 5 g/L. Our simulations indicated that the aeration level had little effect on the ethanol titer but strongly affected the batch time due to the xylose consumption rate [38]. Our simulations also demonstrated that the relative amount of each yeast in the inoculum strongly affected the productivity through both the ethanol titer and the batch time. Therefore, ethanol productivity was optimized by adjusting the aeration level and inoculum concentrations. Rather than perform rigorous optimization [30], dynamic simulations were run with different combinations of the k L a value and the initial yeast concentrations, and the case that yielded the largest productivity was deemed the optimal solution. All simulations were performed with a mixture of 16. 0 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose, while the total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1. 0 g/L to allow direct comparison of results for different inocula. The k L a value was constrained to be below 10. 1 h-1 since larger values had the potential to result in undesirable ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis that was not captured by the co-culture model. Regardless of the inoculum, we found that increasing k L a improved productivity due to a decrease in batch time that resulted from enhanced xylose consumption. Consequently, the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, and the optimization problem was reduced to determining the inoculum concentrations. This result demonstrated the importance of developing improved metabolic reconstructions that more accurately predict the relationship between aeration level and the onset of ethanol reassimilation. Figure 5 shows the effect of the initial S. cerevisiae 311 concentration on the ethanol titer, batch time and ethanol productivity. The initial S. stipitis concentration is not shown since the total inoculum concentration was constrained to be 1. 0 g/L. The ethanol titer increased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration since this yeast converts glucose to ethanol at higher yields than S. stipitis. Conversely, the batch time decreased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration because S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: However, observers return to the importance for the prediction of first-person probabilities for what we observe of the universe: What is most probable to be observed is not necessarily what is most probable to occur. This essay reviews the basic framework for the computation of first-person probabilities in quantum cosmology starting with an analysis of very simple models. It is shown that anthropic selection is automatic in this framework, because there is no probability for us to observe what is where we cannot exist. First-person probabilities generally favor larger universes resulting from inflation, where there are more places for us to be. In very large universes, it is probable that our observational situation is duplicated elsewhere. The calculation of first-person probabilities then requires a specification of whether our particular situation is assumed to be typical of all the others. It is the combination of the model of the observational situation, including this typicality assumption, and the third-person theory, which is tested by observation. We conclude with a discussion of the first-person predictions of cosmological observables, such as the cosmological constant and features of the primordial density fluctuations, in the no-boundary quantum state of the universe, and a dynamical theory in which these are allowed to vary. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0020AbstractPDF/quantum theory of the universe consists of a theory of its quantum dynamics (H) and a theory of its quantum state (Ψ). The theory (H, Ψ) predicts quantum multiverses in the form of decoherent sets of alternative histories describing the evolution of the universe’s spacetime geometry and matter content. A small part of one of these histories is observed by us. These consequences follow: (a) The universe generally exhibits different quantum multiverses at different levels and kinds of coarse-graining. (b) Quantum multiverses are not a choice or an assumption, but are consequences of (H, Ψ) or not. (c) Quantum multiverses are generic for simple (H, Ψ). (d) Anthropic selection is automatic because observers are physical systems within the universe, not somehow outside it. (e) Quantum multiverses can provide different mechanisms for the variation of constants in effective theories (like the cosmological constant) enabling anthropic selection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Это были времена первых семинаров и в транзактном анализе: я не вспомню, кто первый приезжал. Том Фрэйзер с женой были, по-моему, вторыми, их порекомендовал кто-то, и они потом приезжали, ну, наверное, раз 15, по два раза в год, иногда по три. У них была такая программа, условно туристическая, совмещенная с просветительской и образовательной.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis could better compete for glucose during the initial growth phase and the larger S. stipitis biomass concentration that resulted allowed for more rapid xylose consumption. These two competing effects produced a clear optimum in the ethanol productivity at 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 5Predicted effect of the inoculum concentration on batch co-culture performance measures at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. The total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1 g/L. Full size imageTo validate the model predictions, we performed three batch fermentations at the optimal conditions identified in silico. Figure 6 shows the averaged result of these experiments alongside the predicted growth and metabolite concentration curves. Although we were unable to obtain measurements during the first six hours, the optimized co-culture model produced excellent agreement with the measured concentration profiles after that time. The model predicted a final ethanol titer of 9. 43 g/L and a productivity of 0. 55 g/L/h, while the three fermentations were averaged to produce an ethanol titer of 9. 07 g/L and a productivity of 0. 521 g/L/h. According to our in silico analysis at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, the optimized co-culture would outperform both a pure S. stipitis culture (9. 43 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 505 g/L/h) and a co-culture with equal inoculum (9. 07 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 469 g/L/h). Figure 6S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown at the optimal conditions identified in silico. The co-culture was inoculated with 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis and aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageIn silico transporter engineeringOur simulations demonstrated that S. stipitis xylose metabolism was the rate limiting process that limited co-culture conversion efficiency.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: (f) Different levels of coarse-grained multiverses provide different routes to calculation as a consequence of decoherence. We support these conclusions by analyzing the quantum multiverses of a variety of quantum cosmological models aimed at the prediction of observable properties of our universe. In particular, we show how the example of a multiverse consisting of a vast classical spacetime containing many pocket universes having different values of the fundamental constants, arises automatically as part of a quantum multiverse describing an eternally inflating false vacuum that decays by the quantum nucleation of true vacuum bubbles. In an FAQ section in 10. 1142/9789811216404_0021AbstractPDF/quantum mechanics requires a fixed, background, spacetime geometry and its associated causal structure. A generalization of the usual theory may therefore be needed at the Planck scale for quantum theories of gravity in which spacetime geometry is a quantum variable. The elements of generalized quantum theory are briefly reviewed and illustrated by generalizations of usual quantum theory that incorporate spacetime alternatives, gauge degrees of freedom, and histories that move forward and backward in time. A generalized quantum framework for cosmological spacetime geometry is sketched. This theory is in fully four-dimensional form and free from the need for a fixed causal structure. Usual quantum mechanics is recovered as an approximation to this more general framework that is appropriate in those situations where spacetime geometry behaves classically. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0022AbstractPDF/is the quantum state of the universe? That is the central question of quantum cosmology. This essay describes the place of that quantum state in a final theory governing the regularities exhibited universally by all physical systems in the universe. It is possible that this final theory consists of two parts: (1) a dynamical theory such as superstring theory, and (2) a state of the universe such as the no-boundary wave function. Both are necessary because prediction in quantum mechanics requires both a Hamiltonian and a state. The simplicity observed in the early universe gives hope that there is a simple, discoverable quantum state of the universe. It may be that the predictions of the quantum state for late time, low-energy observations can be summarized by an effective cosmological theory. That should not obscure the need to provide a fundamental basis for such an effective theory.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я даже помню, нам выдавали сертификат, и так это нужно было делать часто, что мы, чтобы не печатать новую бумажку, в итоге сделали ведомость, куда на каждой строчке записывали отдельный семинар. В 1993 году, когда тут у нас всякие события происходили, они побоялись и не приехали, а это уже был раз пятый, шестой. То есть первые визиты были, начиная с 1988 года, а может быть, даже чуть раньше.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis transporters uptake both glucose and xylose [36], a complementary approach could be overexpression of specific transporters with more favorable xylose uptake characteristics and downregulation or deletion of less favorable transporters [46]. Figure 7 Ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients predicted by varying S. stipitis model parameters for the A) xylose maximum uptake rate ( v z,max ) B) xylose uptake saturation constant ( K z ) and C) glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake. Full size imageConclusionsDue to the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to efficiently convert pentose sugars to ethanol, co-cultures of S. stipitis and respiratory-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae are promising for renewable ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures [23, 47]. Starting from genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of the individual yeasts, we developed a dynamic metabolic model of S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-cultures that was capable of predicting microaerobic metabolism in batch culture. As a first step towards co-culture modeling, dynamic models were developed for the individual yeasts using data from pure culture experiments. The Crabtree-negative yeast S. stipitis was shown to be very sensitive to the aeration level such that the incorporation of a dissolved oxygen balance was necessary to capture non-microaerobic oxygen levels during the initial batch phase and the subsequent switch from respiratory and to fermentative growth. The S. stipitis dynamic model was able to accurately reproduce measured glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles over a range of microaerobic growth conditions characterized by oxygen-liquid mass transfer coefficient (k L a) values below ~10 h-1. However, the S. stipitis model was unable to capture ethanol reassimilation observed at higher oxygenation levels due to model energetics that required a k L a greater than 34 h-1 just to meet the ATP maintenance demand for growth on ethanol. Therefore, subsequent co-culture experiments and simulations were restricted to microaerobic conditions with k L a values less than ~10 h-1. The procedure used to create the respiratory-deficient strain S. cerevisiae 311 introduced unknown genetic alterations that could not be directly implemented in the wild-type metabolic network.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: It could be that there is one principle that determines both the dynamical theory and the quantum state. That would be a truly unified final theory. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0023AbstractPDF/quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s, another revolution in physics was just starting. It began with the discovery that the universe is expanding. For a long time, quantum mechanics and cosmology developed independently of one another. Yet the very discovery of the expansion would eventually draw the two subjects together because it implied the big bang where quantum mechanics was important for cosmology and for understanding and predicting our observations of the universe today. Textbook (Copenhagen) formulations of quantum mechanics are inadequate for cosmology for at least four reasons: (1) They predict the outcomes of measurements made by observers. But in the very early universe no measurements were being made and no observers were around to make them. (2) Observers were outside of the system being measured. But we are interested in a theory of the whole universe where everything, including observers, are inside. (3) Copenhagen quantum mechanics could not retrodict the past. But retrodicting the past to understand how the universe began is the main task of cosmology. (4) Copenhagen quantum mechanics required a fixed classical spacetime geometry, not least to give meaning to time in the Schrödinger equation. But in the very early universe spacetime is fluctuating quantum-mechanically (quantum gravity) and without definite value. A formulation of quantum mechanics general enough for cosmology was started by Everett and developed by many. That effort has given us a more general framework that is adequate for cosmology — decoherent (or consistent) histories quantum theory in the context of semiclassical quantum gravity. Copenhagen quantum theory is an approximation to this more general quantum framework that is appropriate for measurement situations. We discuss whether further generalization may still be required. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0024AbstractPDF/25, 2014, Murray Gell-Mann was presented with the of the Academy of Sciences and Humanities in a ceremony at the Institute. The author, among others, was asked to speak for fifteen minutes on Murray and his accomplishments. The following is an edited transcription of the author’s speaking text. No Access10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Дима Касьянов и его супруга, Светлана Князюк, и еще часть людей присоединились уже через год где-то или полтора, насколько я помню. Дима переводил, по-моему, на одном из семинаров, потом книгу. А дальше пошла такая история. Почти все, кто к нам приезжал, говорили: «Если вы хотите быть признанными в сообществе и стать профессионалами, вы обязательно должны быть в ассоциации, вы должны обязательно идти по ступеням».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Because sugar uptake parameters reflect the action of numerous transport systems, each having distinct mechanisms and affinities, the decrease in this parameter may indicate differences in transporter expression between pure and co-cultures of the two microbes. Following experimental validation, the dynamic co-culture model was used to compute the aeration level and initial cell concentrations that maximized batch ethanol productivity. Our in silico analysis suggested that the co-culture should be operated at the largest possible k L a value before the onset of ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis because this aeration level maximized the rate of xylose conversion to ethanol. Because the S. stipitis metabolic network model did not accurately predict this transition point, the optimization was constrained by experimental data such that the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Optimization of the initial cell concentrations produced an inoculum with 90% S. stipitis and only 10% S. cerevisiae to form sufficient S. stipitis biomass following glucose exhaustion for efficient conversion of the remaining xylose. Experimental validation of the optimal solution showed that the co-culture model provided excellent agreement with measured concentration profiles. Compared to an unoptimized co-culture with equal initial cell concentrations, the optimized co-culture was shown experimentally to produce a 11% improvement in ethanol productivity. Additional in silico analysis indicated that the co-culture would yield higher ethanol productivities than a S. stipitis pure culture due to the higher glucose to ethanol conversion efficiency of S. cerevisiae. The relatively slow conversion of xylose by S. stipitis is the main bottleneck that limits overall co-culture performance. The dynamic co-culture model was used to explore the potential impact of transporter engineering efforts aimed at enhancing xylose uptake by increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate, reducing xylose uptake saturation and reducing glucose inhibition of xylose uptake. Based on sensitivity analysis for moderate parameter changes, the maximum xylose uptake rate was predicted to yield the largest improvement in ethanol productivity. However, substantially larger improvements were predicted for complete elimination of glucose catabolite repression in S. stipitis because this modification eliminated the diauxic growth pattern and allowed xylose consumption to commence at the beginning of the batch. Taken together, our computational results suggest that an engineered S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientific theories are wrong because they cannot explain quantum phenomena in daily life. [SEP] Text: AbstractAn often-replicated result in the experimental literature on social dilemmas is that a large share of subjects choose conditionally cooperative strategies. Cooperation generated by such choices is notoriously unstable, as individuals reduce their contributions to the public good in reaction to other subjects’ free-riding. This has led to the widely-held conclusion that cooperation observed in experiments (and its decline) is mostly driven by imperfect reciprocity. In this study, we explore the possibility that the type of reciprocally cooperative choices observed in experiments may themselves evolve over time. We do so by observing the evolution of subjects’ choices in an anonymously repeated social dilemma. Our results show that a significant fraction of reciprocally cooperative subjects become unconditional defectors in the course of the experiment, while the reverse is rarely observed. Similar content being viewed by others Cooperation without punishment 4. According to the learning hypothesis, subjects are mostly self-interested, but they are boundedly rational and it takes time for them to learn the workings of the game they are playing. Proponents of this approach believe that what is observed in the early stages of any experiment involving a social dilemma is a mixture of noise and confusion1,5. An obvious alternative to the learning hypothesis was that the cooperation observed in the lab and its decline could be the consequence of some form of other-regarding p10. Social-preference models introduce an important difference in the analysis of social dilemmas. From the point of view of a rational and selfish player, the PGG and the PD are extremely simple games to play: zero contribution to the public good is the optimal strategy, regardless of the choice made by other players. An individual who is partially motivated by inequity aversion or reciprocal fairness, instead, sees social dilemmas more like coordination games: She is willing to cooperate, provided that other subjects cooperate as well. Notice that since for an individual of this type the optimal choice depends upon her beliefs about other players’ behavior, learning is going to play a role. When a game is played more than once, reciprocally motivated subjects learn about the social behavior of others, for example whether they are selfish or cooperative, and adapt their choices accordingly. To distinguish these two types of learning, we shall refer to the one invoked by the learning hypothesis as adaptive learning11, and the one invoked by the reciprocity hypothesis as social learning12. In two seminal papers, Fischbacher et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А тогда ступеней было еще больше — чуть ли не 12. Нужно было учиться 5–7 лет. И преподавать можно было только на пятой ступени или около того. И когда мы говорили: «Вообще-то есть диплом психолога ЛГУ, который, собственно, ничем не хуже, то зачем все это? » — в ответ звучало: «Ну нет, вот у нас принято только так».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In an effort to improve the efficiency of this process, growing attention has been devoted to engineering new strains capable of simultaneously utilizing multiple sugars. Thermophilic microorganisms provide added benefits for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars [7]. For example, thermophilic bacteria possess highly active cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for efficient biomass hydrolysis [8]. Meanwhile, the high-temperature process allows higher rates of feedstock conversion, minimizes the risk of contamination, lowers costs for heating and cooling, permits easier processing of feedstock, and provides opportunities for enhanced product recovery [9]. Although several thermophiles, such as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and B. coagulans, can innately co-ferment pentoses and hexoses, their poor properties for using lignocellulosic biomass and the lack of optimized genetic tools have hindered their industrial application [2, 10]. For instance, most B. coagulans strains used for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars exhibited low output [11,12,13,14] and were difficult to manipulate genetically [15]. B. licheniformis, a more recently developed thermophilic host, has been successfully used for the production of butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) [8, 16, 17], l-lactic acid [18], and d-lactic acid [9]. Unfortunately, the strain utilized cannot effectively use glucose and xylose simultaneously. Only one study described a naturally isolated B. licheniformis strain, X10, that could utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously for 2,3-BD production; however, this strain lacks efficient genetic tools, thereby limiting its application in biological synthesis [19]. In this work, we evaluated the derivative strain (MW3) [20] of B. licheniformis ATCC 14,580 for its capacity to co-utilize glucose and xylose without CCR by producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), as an example.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Red dots indicate denervation events and their time (in session numbers) from the initial loss while black dots mark conserved NMJs. (B) Histogram showing the cumulative probability of an NMJ being lost as a function of distance and time from the initial loss, and for all MU arbors bearing multiple losses. Note how NMJs close to the initial loss (<300 μm) are frequently lost in the following sessions while distant NMJs are exclusively lost 3 or 4 sessions after (n = 141; 9 arbors, N = 6; repeated measures GLM with logistic distribution, effect of time: p=0. 251; effect of distance: p=0. 004; interaction between time and distance: p<0. 001). The raw values for graphs in panel (B) are presented in Figure 5—source data 1. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5—source data 1 Spreadsheet of the innervation status of all NMJs in each MU arbor with their distance from first lost NMJ in the arbor (in µm) and timing of subsequent losses relative to the initial losses (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). Tables at the bottom of the file represent the compilations across all MUs. This data is represented in Figure 4B. Download elife-41973-fig5-data1-v2. zip Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Proposed model of NMJ dynamism in ALS. NMJs within single MUs are lost asynchronously independently of motor axon degeneration (1). Local neuromuscular factors contribute to denervation events, which thus propagate from the first lost NMJ in the arbor (2), with distal branches being more susceptible than proximal ones. Nevertheless, MUs preserve their sprouting capability and extend toward heterologous, postsynaptic sites (3). resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain, strain background (Mus muculus, C57BL/6J)loxSOD1G37RPMID: 16741123; now also available from Jax mice (stock number 016149)RRID:MGI:3629226Originaly imported from Don W. Cleveland's facilities (UCSD). Strain, strain background (M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А потом к нам приехала Габриэла, по-моему, она из Штатов (не помню ее фамилию), и, в отличие от всех других тренеров, провела несколько полноценных семинаров, на которых показывала терапию в таком варианте, что народ был в шоке. И когда ее стали спрашивать: «А какая у вас ступень? » — она сказала: «А я не вхожу в ассоциацию. Мне неинтересно. Я работаю сама». Она объяснила, что работала много лет с мужем в паре, и что сейчас они работают по отдельности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Strain MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD; it can efficiently produce 2,3-BD from glucose at 50–55 °C [8]. With its high cell growth rate, the capability to utilize both hexoses and pentoses, ease of genetic manipulation, and most importantly its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, strain MW3 is expected to function as a potential host for biotechnological applications. In a previous study, we exploited B. licheniformis MW3 as a thermophilic host for efficient production of polymer-grade d-lactic acid [9]. Herein, for l-lactic acid production, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD biosynthesis, alsS and alsD, were knocked out. Then, a “dual-channel” process was utilized to engineer strain MW3. First, a non-PTS glucose uptake route was activated to co-utilize glucose and xylose in strain MW3, which was then engineered to recover glucose consumption. Second, different methods were conducted to further improve the consumption rate of xylose (Fig. 1). Byproduct-producing genes, including adhB and ackA, were also knocked out to improve the l-lactic acid yield. Finally, fed-batch fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolysate was conducted. Fig. 1Technology roadmap for l-lactic acid production from a mixture of glucose and xylose in B. licheniformis MW3. Ldh l-lactate dehydrogenase; AlsS α-acetolactate synthase, AlsD α-acetolactate decarboxylase, XylA xylulose isomerase, XylB xylulose kinase, PtsG glucose transporter, GalP galactose permease, XylE D-xylose transporter, P GlcK promoter of gene GlcK, PflA pyruvate formate-lyase, AdhB alcohol dehydrogenase, AckA acetate kinase, PPP pentose phosphate pathway, PTS phosphotransferase system, CCR carbon catabolite repression. Red crosses indicate that genes of the pathway were deleted. Green fonts indicate the genes that were integrated into the genome of strain MW3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2014. Reprints: Elizabeth Highton-Williamson, BSc, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Box P070, 5 8AF, UK (e-mail: [email protected]). Journal of 35(2):p 120-127, April 2015. | DOI: 10. 1097/JCP. 0000000000000276 incentives for medication adherence in patients with psychotic disorders are controversial. It is not yet known whether fears expressed by clinicians are borne out in reality. We aimed to explore community mental health clinicians’ experiences of the consequences of giving patients with psychotic disorders a financial incentive to take their depot medication. We implemented descriptive and thematic analyses of semistructured interviews with the clinicians of patients assigned to receive incentives within a randomized controlled trial. Fifty-nine clinicians were interviewed with regard to the effect of the incentives on 73 of the 78 patients allocated to receive incentives in the trial. Most commonly, the clinicians reported benefits for clinical management including improved adherence, contact, patient monitoring, communication, and trust (n = 52). Positive effects on symptoms, insight, or social functioning were reported for some (n = 33). Less commonly, problems for patient management were reported (n = 19) such as monetarization of the therapeutic relationship or negative consequences for the patient (n = 15) such as increased drug and alcohol use. Where requests for increased money occurred, they were rapidly resolved. It seems that, in most cases, the clinicians found that using incentives led to benefits for patient management and for patient health. However, in 33% of cases, some adverse effects were reported. It remains unclear whether certain clinical characteristics are associated with increased risk for adverse effects of financial incentives. The likelihood of benefit versus the smaller risk for adverse effects should be weighed up when deciding whether to offer incentives to individual patients. Poor adherence to antipsychotic medication is a common issue in the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders1–5 that can lead to an increased risk for relapse, hospitalizations, and suicide attempts. 6 Among others, longer duration of illness,2 prevalence of positive symptoms,7 medication side effects, or lack of insight have shown to be predictors of poorer medication adherence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Что-то в ТА ей нравится, и поэтому она нам показывала такие варианты работы. Там было столько слез и рыданий, что люди обалдели. И это разительно отличалось от того, что давал Том Фрэйзер. Когда его просили показать, что делать с конкретным клиентом, он отвечал: «Надо быть ему другом». Мы говорим: «А работать как? Почему это нельзя делать или это? ». Он говорил: «Это делать вам еще рано, вам надо еще учиться».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Having determined that the xylose isomerase was the rate-limiting step in the xylose catabolic pathway and that improving the xylose isomerase-based xylose catabolic pathway can effectively strengthen both the cell growth rate and the xylose consumption rate [28, 29], we then assessed varied xylose isomerases from both Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) thermophilic bacteria. In brief, xylA in strain RH05 was replaced with xylA Bc (GP; GenBank: AEO99969) of B. coagulans, xylA Tx (GP; GenBank: WP_013788598) of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, xylA Tc (GN; GenBank: WP_015253490) of T. composti, and xylA Ml (GN; GenBank: WP_045800855) of Muricauda lutaonensis to generate strains RH08, RH09, RH10, and RH11, respectively (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, all four of the strains used xylose more rapidly and produced more l-lactic acid. Strain RH08 showed the highest xylose utilization, with a 46. 3% increase (from 12. 3 to 18. 0 g/L), and produced 66. 7 g/L l-lactic acid, more than was produced by the other strains. The yield of l-lactic acid and the byproducts produced by strain RH08 were comparable to or better than those obtained with strains RH09, RH10, RH11, and RH05. Thus, strain RH08 was selected for subsequent experiments. Byproduct eliminationFor strain RH08, the major byproducts were obtained as formic acid (2. 7 g/L), ethanol (2. 1 g/L) and acetic acid (2. 7 g/L). To enhance the L-lactic acid yield on glucose-xylose in this strain, we tried to block the biosynthetic pathways of the byproducts via gene deletion. The gene pflA (GenBank: AAU41018) encoding a pyruvate formate-lyase for formic acid formation was knocked out.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 2,7 In cases of poor adherence, antipsychotic medication may be prescribed as a depot injection, rather than oral medication, with the rationale that the lower frequency of administration (once every 1–6 weeks as opposed to once daily) together with the increased level of medication oversight (the injection must be administered by a nurse rather than relying on patients to remember to take a pill themselves) would increase adherence. 8 However, nonadherence remains a substantial problem among those prescribed with depot medication. 9 A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) financial incentives for adherence to treatment (FIAT) was conducted, investigating whether offering financial incentives to patients with a psychotic disorder would affect their adherence to antipsychotic depot medication. 10 The trial recruited patients who received 75% or less of their prescribed depot injections in the 4 months before screening. Adherence to treatment significantly increased in the intervention group (who received a modest financial incentive of £15 for every depot received during a 12-month period) compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in clinician-rated clinical improvements between the 2 groups, but a favorable subjective quality of life was identified in the intervention group. The FIAT trial identified that offering modest financial incentives can be effective in increasing adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders. 10 However, the use of financial incentives to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication is considered controversial by many. Although some have made the argument that financial incentives can be viewed as a type of reinforcement11,12 and far less coercive than involuntary hospital admission,11 others have expressed concerns about the negative implications of offering financial incentives. 12–15 Focus groups16 have helped identify the major concerns of clinicians and other stakeholders. The concerns included whether financial incentives would effectively increase adherence; whether patients actually benefit from taking their depot more regularly; whether the money would be used to buy drugs and alcohol, contributing to worsened mental health; whether the incentives would undermine the therapeutic relationship; whether it would perversely incentivize adherent patients to stop taking their medication; whether it would coerce people into accepting medication against their will; and whether it is fair to offer incentives to nonadherent patients but not adherent patients. 16 The first 2 questions have been addressed by the RCT. In addition, the issue of coercing unwilling patients into taking medication was addressed by including only those who had provided informed consent to take the medication and had already willingly taken it for some time, albeit without full adherence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А Габриэла демонстрировала нам реальные инструменты и работу с клиентом. И она объяснила, что членство в ассоциации — это добровольное дело: хотите — входите в нее, не хотите и если у вас есть право работать психологом — то зачем? И у нас тогда получилось вот такое разделение. Кто-то пошел за этой идеей. В итоге Дима и Светлана первые, кто создали ассоциацию.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: a Mixed-sugar (glucose: xylose = 3:1) was used as a substrate; the initial concentrations of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively; b Corn stover hydrolysate was used as the substrate. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Mixed sugar (the ratio of glucose to xylose was approximately 3:1) or corn stover hydrolysate (700 g/L of sugars) was added to the medium when the glucose concentration was lower than 20. 0 g/L. Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image Fed-batch fermentation of corn stover hydrolysateCorn stover hydrolysate (CSH), as one of the most popular lignocellulosic hydrolysates, was selected for l-lactic acid fermentation with an initial sugar concentration of approximately 80 g/L. CSH was supplemented to maintain the sugar concentration throughout the fermentation process once the concentration of glucose fell below 20 g/L. As shown in Fig. 4b, 99. 3 g/L of l-lactic acid (purity > 99. 7%) was obtained with consumption of 79. 9 g/L glucose and 25. 1 g/L xylose after 40 h. The productivity was 2. 48 g/[L h], and the yield was 94. 6% of the theoretical yield. DiscussionIn this study, we established B. licheniformis MW3 as a platform for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars. A “dual-channel” process was used to engineer the metabolic pathways of glucose and xylose successively. Although the constituent metabolic engineering strategies have been demonstrated for enhancing glucose and/or xylose utilization in strains such as Corynebacterium glutamicum [30], Enterobacter cloacae [1], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [28], and B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: To determine whether stakeholders’ other concerns regarding negative consequences are borne out in reality, we interviewed the clinicians of patients allocated to receive incentives, with a specific interest in the following research questions: What did clinicians report about how patients spent the money? Did clinicians report patients asking for more money or more frequent depot injections? Did clinicians report other patients in the team asking to receive payment for depot injections—or becoming nonadherent to their medication to qualify? How did clinicians experience the effect of financial incentives on their patient’s interaction with the team? What direct and indirect effects of financial incentives did clinicians perceive on patients’ health outcomes? What were the clinical characteristics of those patients for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives on the interaction with the team and/or health outcomes? study used an exploratory mixed-methods qualitative design through analysis of semistructured interviews with clinicians, conducted as part of the FIAT study. 10 Thematic analysis was used by coding clinicians’ responses and subsequently identifying and refining a thematic structure. Descriptive data on patients’ clinical characteristics were compared between those for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives and those for whom no negative effect was reported. and included, across 73 UK community mental health and assertive outreach teams, 141 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, who were prescribed with long-acting antipsychotic (depot) injections but had received 75% or less of the prescribed injections. For each patient assigned to receive incentives during the RCT (n = 78), a care coordinator, a community psychiatric nurse, or a mental health team manager involved in his/her clinical care was contacted at the midpoint (month 6) and then at the endpoint (month 12) of the intervention period and asked to complete a short 15-minute semistructured interview over the telephone or in person. The interviews were a mixture of yes/no questions with room for further unstructured explanations of responses. The interviews explored clinicians’ experiences of the effects of offering incentives on the patient’s interaction with the team and on his/her health and social outcomes and whether the use of the incentive had caused any problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: У нас, собственно, тоже была организация, ее сформировал Юрий Тимофеевич Ковалев, он тоже был с факультета психологии питерского университета. Наша система прожила лет максимум 10. Поэтому если говорить, кто на меня больше всего повлиял, то это понятно: Том Фрэйзер и Дельфин Фрэйзер. И Габриэла, чью фамилию, я, увы, не вспомнил. Как-то несколько лет назад даже нашел блокнот, и там просто имя указано, и все. — Чему можно у вас научиться?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Brazil, the largest sugarcane-based ethanol producer in the world is pioneering in using bioethanol as a motor fuel. In 2019–2020, Brazilian ethanol production reached 34 billion liters to meet the domestic market demand. To increase the target of 50 billion liters of ethanol the Brazilian industry is increasing its fermentation efficiency from 83–90%. This will enable the ethanol industry to meet the environmental targets established by Brazil at COP21, which was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. In the market, it is being sold in the form of either pure ethanol fuel (E100) or blended with gasoline (E27). Presently, ethanol production from sugarcane produces nine times more energy than the energy consumed during its production process [65]. Hence, bioethanol is produced directly from the sugarcane juice converting this into ethanol through the fermentation process using microorganisms as sugarcane juice is rich in sucrose, glucose, and fructose. During the fermentation process, the sucrose is readily broken down into glucose and fructose by the yeast invertase. During the process, the sugarcane stalk is crushed and milled with water. The extracted juice is heated at a temperature of 115°C. After heating, the juice is treated with either sulfuric acid or lime, and the excessive inorganic compounds are precipitated. Afterward, the heated juice is cooled down and yeast is added along with nutrients for yeast growth. Fermentation can be carried out in either batch or continuous reactors, however, continuous reactors are used in Brazil. Biotechnological attempts have been made to improve the sugarcane for agronomic traits and recently, several interventions have been made to improve the genetic makeup of the plant as well as of microorganisms used to develop ethanol from sugarcane. cerevisiae is commonly used in the fermentation process of sugarcane to develop ethanol. One of the potential candidate genes associated with ethanol fermentation is PHO4, a phosphate regulon [66]. The replacement of the gene from fast-growing strain MC15 to a high ethanol-producing strain MF01, exploiting the homologous recombination approaches, has improved the ethanol yield to 5. 30% as the maximum yield harvested was 114. 71 g/L and has decreased the fermentation time to 12. 5%, compared to the non-recombinant MF01 strain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The study was designed as a qualitative study, and thus, the sample size was not powered for statistical analysis of differences. Therefore, comparisons were descriptive only. design and implementation of the FIAT trial were devised by S. P. and the original FIAT research team. Interviews were conducted by FIAT research assistants throughout the trial. Data from the clinician interviews were collated, coded, and analyzed by 2 psychologists and a psychiatrist, with regular supervisory oversight from the principal investigator and psychiatrist, S. P. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all patients for whom clinicians were interviewed. The study design was approved by the Ealing and Committee (reference: 09/H0710/35). -nine clinicians were interviewed with regard to the effect of the incentives on 73 of the 78 patients allocated to receive incentives during the FIAT trial. For the remaining 5 patients, a clinician interview could not be obtained because of clinician nonavailability. Twenty clinicians were interviewed about more than 1 patient—and for 19 patients, a different clinician was interviewed at each time point. The number of clinicians interviewed and the number of patients for whom interviews were obtained at each time point are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that as research assistants were writing down clinician responses, the following interview excerpts are not verbatim transcribed quotes. TABLE 1: of at the Money? The most common ways in which clinicians reported patients spent the money were on food (n = 24 patients), alcohol (n = 21), illicit drugs (n = 17), household goods (n = 11), hobbies (n = 10), and tobacco (n = 10). Asking for or Depot Injections? Clinicians reported 6 patients across 5 teams having asked for the incentive to be increased to more than £15, but the clinicians said that this was resolved quickly and did not cause problems for the remainder of the trial. Six patients were reported to have asked to receive their depot more frequently; an additional 12 patients were reported to have requested to have their depot days in advance of the due date or to have turned up for it a few days early. The clinicians stated that, when these requests (sometimes delivered in a “joking” manner) were refused, there were no implications for the patient’s treatment. Patients in the to for Depot Injections—or to to Qualify?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Каким курсам/программам вы обучаете? — Я довольно долго работал на факультете психологии и менеджмента СПбГУ. Года 3–4 назад я закончил там преподавать — некогда учить, и сейчас я занимаюсь только консультированием и своими курсами. У нас была совместная с Институтом психологии и социальной работы программа повышения квалификации — там 180 часов по ТА. Она проводилась 2 или 3 раза.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: So, the engineered strain will not only be improving the yield of the ethanol also reducing the fermentation time. In another experiment, the F-514 strain of the S. cerevisiae was used to ferment sugars from sugarcane molasses in hot and dry weather, and it was reported that by improving the fermentation parameters ethanol yield was improved. In addition to yeast strains, the pretreatment of molasses or can juice with lime or sulfuric acid affect the ethanol yield in the fermentation process. Raharja et al. [67] used commercial instant dry yeast to simplify the production process and reduce the bacterial contamination risk. Using the molasses as starting material, containing a very high concentration of sugar (30%), and pretreated with sulfuric acid produced ethanol at a very low level, lower than the levels attained using bagasse as feedstock. Hence, producing ethanol from feedstock like sugars and molasses and its application as an energy source may not be desirable on a long-term basis as the demand for fuel, food, and feed is rising, demanding alternative means of cost-competitive and sustainable supply of feedstock. Further, the bioethanol producing industries in the USA as well as in Brazil have decided to develop second-generation ethanol (2G) from lignocellulose materials, requiring new production models [68]. Biomass, which is burnt to produced energy in sugar industries could be used as feedstock to convert polysaccharides into ethanol [68]. The pretreatment of biomass to extract hemicellulose is carried out either by biological or chemical (diluted acids) treatment or through steam. Bioethanol is produced from hemicellulosic hydrolysate using yeast, immobilized on magnetic p2. 6 Genetic improvement for oil productionBiofuel’s largest markets in the world are in the USA, Brazil, the European Union, and China, collectively producing 85% of global biofuel with a 48% share of the USA alone. Of the total biofuel production, 82% share is of bioethanol, which is majorly produced by the USA and Brazil. However, biodiesel is the second majorly produced biofuel in the world, with a 49% contribution from the European Union. The biodiesel contribution of the EU, USA, and Brazil is 34. 1%, 19. 5 and 12%, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Twenty-two patients not in the trial across 10 teams were reported as asking to be paid for their depot and/or asking why they were not being paid. Two patients were reported to have missed their depot as a consequence, whereas another patient was reported to have threatened not to take his depot. These problems were reported as being short lived and rapidly resolved, by clinicians thoroughly explaining the role of the incentives as part of a separate research trial, distinguishable from the team’s everyday clinical practice. the Effect of on Their Patient’s the Team? The clinicians of 65 patients reported qualitative information on how incentives had positively or negatively influenced the interaction with the team. Clinicians for the remaining 8 patients reported no effect of the incentives on patients’ interaction with the team. on Effects on For 53 patients, clinicians reported that the financial incentives had led to improvements in their ability to effectively manage their patient’s care. The most obvious benefit, reported in the case of 47 patients, was that their attendance of depot appointments improved: The patient has become compliant and turns up for their medication religiously. (Patient 1, clinician 1) It made a lot of difference to this patient—he is wavering, and the only thing keeping him on depot is the money (Patient 2, clinician 2) Twelve patients were reported as making extra efforts to ensure that they received the depot on time (and hence received the incentive): He will call up to speak to the team and check his depot due date, when before involvement in the study he would never use a phone. (Patient 11, clinician 3) The clinicians of 32 patients reported that the incentives had had knock-on effects in terms of other aspects of clinical management. These benefits included allowing the clinicians to spend less time chasing the patient (7 patients); increased contact, facilitating monitoring of the patient’s health (17 patients); increased engagement with the team (16 patients); and increased attendance of other meetings such as with the psychiatrist, drug and alcohol services, or Approach reviews (10 patients): The incentives have made it easier for me to know where he is—I used to have to chase and he wouldn’t answer his phone…. The financial incentive ensured the client would be there for his appointment. (Patient 4, clinician 5) Care coordinators need to have contact to be aware of issues with the client.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Когда начался ковид, мы комбинировали формат: у меня в квартире сидели 8 человек, а по Skype или Zoom к нам выходили люди из других городов, кто боялся ехать. К лету 2020 года мы завершили эту программу. Не знаю, будет ли она когда-нибудь еще, — слишком объемная. Кроме этого, я периодически провожу методический тренинг по программе изменения жизненного сценария. Я этот тренинг веду уже, по-моему, лет 28 или даже 30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Constitutive co-expression of 1, DAGAT1–2, WRI1, and co-suppression of tgd1 and sdp1 in a single construct elevated the TAG content by 404-fold in leaves. These findings need further confirmation of TAG accumulation with large-scale field testing. Developing dual-purpose feedstock by either overexpressing or suppressing the genes to produce both ethanol and biodiesel is becoming a routine. Transgenic sugarcane plants were developed by co-expressing genes, namely; 1, DGAT1–2, Oleosin1, and suppressing the AGPase and PXA1 genes using the RNAi approach. The AGPase encodes ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase while PXA1 is a subunit of the peroxisomal ABC transporter1. The engineered plants accumulated triacylglycerol to 5% higher than the non-transformed plants [69]. The TGA levels were 31–33% of the total lipid contents in the transgenic plants. From these canes (Figure 1), both sugars and lipids were extracted where the sugar extraction efficiency was as high as 90% with repeated hot water while of lipids was 60%, demanding an improved process to increase the lipid extraction efficiency and for commercialization. Figure 1. Schematic representation of improvement of sugarcane genotype for renewable energy and byproducts. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe sugarcane genome is highly polyploid with specialized leaf anatomy, the Kranz anatomy where mesophyll cells are arranged around the bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells are better connected to the environment and perform functions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Whereas, bundle sheath cells are rich in chloroplasts to carry out functions of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) to fix CO2 to synthesize sugars in the Kelvin cycle. The CO2 concentration mechanism in sugarcane allows the development of the highest annual yield of biomass. Plant biotechnologists have engineered sugarcane for agronomic as well as value addition traits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The financial incentive eased this process as the client was forthcoming for their depot; therefore, we were having face-to-face contact regularly. (Patient 5, clinician 6) …Since the study and during it, he has been happily involved with the service, whereas his involvement fluctuated before. (Patient 6, clinician 7) He is a lot more proactive about coming to the center and engaging with the team than he used to be… he has agreed to see a psychiatrist for the first time in a couple of years. (Patient 8, clinician 9) He is engaging well with the substance misuse team. (Patient 9, clinician 10) on 21 patients, clinicians linked the incentive to improvements in their relationships with their patients. These improvements included increased trust and communication: Before the start of this trial, the patient was very suspicious of the team and very guarded. This has dramatically changed since being involved in the study. The patient has come to trust the team more. (Patient 10, clinician 3) Some clinicians linked the improved relationship to the increased contact that the incentive had generated: The involvement in the study has given the team more access to patient. He engages a lot more with the team, and the relationship has built up hugely. (Patient 11, clinician 3) Others linked this to the positive effect of depot medication on the patient’s presentation: He is very pleasant to work with because he is taking his regular depot—I have more positive contact with him. He is friendlier, more appropriate, and there is more noncrisis contact than there had been before…. (Patient 12, clinician 11) …I think the relationship would have grown anyway as the level of trust increased; however, the incentive may have helped with this development as it meant that the client was getting the depot on a regular basis and his symptoms subsided, which allowed our relationship to be given a chance. (Patient 4, clinician 5) Some emphasized that the improvement in their relationship made clinical management easier by facilitating constructive communication with the client: The patient comes to the CMHT more often—before I couldn’t talk to her, but now I get to talk more with her about her plans for the future. (Patient 14, clinician 12) The linking with other services has increased.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Просто идея 101 и 202 курсов — образовательная, а я сделал программу для обычных людей. Понятно, что раз есть жизненный сценарий, и мы его написали, то почему бы его не переписать? И я сделал такой тренинг. Он был 3-дневный, но из-за того, что с пятницей всегда сложности, мы его уложили в 2 дня — суббота и воскресенье. Потом появилась вторая часть, потом третья.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As a result, more of the electrons captured by TIE-1 went towards the specific production of n-butanol – increasing the electron yield of the biofuel without a need to increase the cell’s electricity consumption significantly. : Sean Garcia, in St. Away from Today, even as the call to end our reliance on fossil fuels and unsustainable plastics grow increasingly urgent, humanity’s use of these hydrocarbons continues to grow. Through their studies, and her team have now shown how microbial electrosynthesis could be exploited to address these issues – producing both sustainable biofuels and bioplastics through TIE-1-driven CO2 fixation. Alongside its sustainability, the widespread use of biodegradable PHB is highly desired in medical applications – with a biocompatibility that makes it suitable for procedures including drug delivery and reconstructive surgery. Industrial-scale manufacturing of bioplastics and biofuels using microbial electrosynthesis can be achieved using the electricity produced by solar panels – creating a fully sustainable cycle. Ultimately, by exploiting a microbial metabolism that evolved in the distant past, and her team now hope that new methods will emerge that can address some of the most pressing problems of our time. E-book the researchers Arpita BoseDepartment of Biologyin studies the mechanisms that microbes use to survive, and how they can be exploited to address issues related to energy production, pollution, and sustainability. After completing her PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana, she worked as a research associate at institutions including MIT and Harvard University, before founding her own lab at in in 2015. In her world-leading research, aims to engineer microbial systems for the sustainable production biochemicals and bioenergy, and to tackle issues including the treatment of contaminated water and soil. She also aims to learn more about how microbial phenomena shape our planet, and possibly others. E: abose@wustl. eduW: Tahina RanaivoarisoaDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2015 and is now the laboratory manager. Prior to the role, he was a at the Ambatovy mining project in Madagascar, which he joined after completing his Masters’ degree in Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Louis in 2009.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: For example, the patient now asks for the team to be present when meeting his probation officer and lets the team know more about what is going on with the other services the patient is involved with. (Patient 10, clinician 3) on clinicians of 19 patients reported negative effects of the incentives on the patient’s interaction with the team. on The clinicians of 5 patients reported negative effects on their ability to manage their patient’s care. In 2 cases, this was because they find that the time and effort involved in providing the incentive were problematic: I felt a bit of extra pressure—I don’t expect to be the banker. . . . Sometimes I’d go to administer a depot and forget the money—but because the client expected it, I would have to return with the money, taking more time out of my day. (Patient 16, clinician 14) In another 3 cases, this was because the patients disengaged with treatment, which the clinicians attributed to spending the incentive on drugs and alcohol: The patient has been spending the money—presumably—on drugs and has consequently been discharged from the CMHT due to lack of engagement. (Patient 17, clinician 15) on the The clinicians of 17 patients reported a negative effect of incentives on the therapeutic relationship. The most commonly reported type of negative impact (reported for 10 patients) was a monetarization of the relationship: The patient viewed receiving the depot as his ‘payday,’ and there is no longer a rapport between myself and the patient…. (Patient 18, clinician 16) The relationship has become generally more focused on money, not the interaction. . . . I feel he is only interested in the money, not actually in interacting with staff…. (Patient 19, clinician 17) In 5 cases, patients were reported to have become aggressive if the money was not delivered promptly: The patient would get angry if the money wasn’t there and would become slightly threatening if he did not receive it. (Patient 20, clinician 18) For 1 patient, management of this aggression required increased staff manpower: The study used up more manpower, as a second person had to come to give the financial incentive to the patient because of the aggression experienced by the CPN. (Patient 21, clinician 19) of Perceive on Patients’ Health Outcomes?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Есть идея и про четвертую, и про пятую, но, опять же, некогда их делать — нужно время, а параллельно куча других задач. Эти люди приходят, что называется, с улицы, в основном по рекомендациям. Мы мало занимаемся теорией, в основном практикой, и в итоге мы переписываем сценарий на новый. Есть люди, которые приходили потом во второй раз через много лет.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: His roles in Dr Bose’s lab include designing and directing experiments involving Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce bioplastics and biofuels. Alongside these roles, Ranaivoarisoa is responsible for training students on laboratory techniques. E: ranaivoarisoao@wustl. eduW: Rajesh SinghDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2016 as a postdoctoral research associate and is now a staff scientist. His research centres around investigating microbial diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and studying how these microbes shape the ecology and environment. received his PhD from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio where he studied mineral/metal-microbe interactions, highlighting the potential implications of microbes in metal bioremediation. In the Bose lab, he is responsible for designing and conducting geomicrobiological experiments using freshwater and marine phototrophs to bring new insights on their role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements such as iron and carbon. E: rsingh24@wustl. eduW: Karthikeyan RengasamyDepartment of Biologyin is a staff scientist in the Bose lab. He received his PhD in microbial electrochemical technology from the in India. He has acquired experience in the characterisation of electroactive biofilms using various electrochemical analytical techniques to understand microbial electron transfer. Currently, is working on various novel aspects of photosensitive microbes with charged electrodes. His research focuses on understanding electromicrobiology under different environments including light, dark, fresh water, sea water and various wetland soils. E: karthikeyanrengasamy@wustl. edu joined the Bose lab in 2015 as a research assistant. She received her PhD in Energy, Environment & Chemical engineering from in St. Louis in 2020. Her research in the Bose lab focused on investigating the possibility of using sustainable and naturally abundant resources to synthesise carbon-neutral biofuels with a purple non-sulfur bacterium. She also developed novel genetic engineering tools with high efficiency and accuracy. Currently, is a scientist at Amyris. Inc, working on designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production from sustainable resources using metabolic engineering techniques. E: bai@amyris.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The clinicians of 42 patients reported qualitative information on how they perceived the effects of financial incentives on patients’ outcomes. This incorporated health and social outcomes such as symptoms, well-being, social functioning, insight, and relationships with friends and family. The clinicians of the remaining 31 patients did not report any effect. on A positive effect was reported for 33 patients. This theme was further broken down into 3 subthemes: improved mental well-being, insight, and improved social function. Well-being The clinicians of 15 patients reported that the incentives had had a positive effect on their patient’s well-being, including an improvement in mental health and reduction in symptoms (11 patients) and a reduction in drug and alcohol use (3 patients): His mental health and presentation is better, and he is less psychotic. (Patient 22, clinician 20) He has been stepped down from CPA because he is doing well. (Patient 23, clinician 21) He has had a major illness due to alcohol but has now stopped drinking. (Patient 24, clinician 22) The clinicians of 5 patients specifically linked the improvement in mental health to increased depot adherence: He’s a long-term drug user. . . , but his depot reduces the psychotic effects of these drugs, and now he is coming for his depot on time; in the last 6 months we are noticing an improvement in his mental state. (Patient 9, clinician 10) …Patient now attends regularly for their depot, has had fewer DNAs and no relapses which has helped the team. (Patient 25, clinician 23) Relatedly, the clinicians of 12 patients reported that their patients had improved insight into their illness and into the beneficial effects of medication on their mental health: The patient is gaining more of an insight into his illness and is recognizing his symptoms; his dialogue has improved, and he is more involved with his treatment plan. He says he is ‘hoping to move forward. ’ (Patient 10, clinician 3) The client has acknowledged his year of stability as a result of taking his medication regularly—he sees the benefit of the medication and being well is the incentive to take it. The financial incentive has helped with this but is not the main driver. (Patient 6, clinician 7) clinicians of 16 patients reported a positive effect of the incentives on the patient’s social functioning.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Как-то пришла женщина и говорит: «Я была у вас 18 лет назад, у меня все прекрасно, но я решила еще раз переписать сценарий спустя время». Но есть люди, которые ходят с какой-то регулярностью. Есть те, кто считает, что им надо все три части пройти. Хотя я им объясняю: я специально сделал такой вариант — модульный. Мы в каждой части переписываем сценарий как итоговую работу.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Different genome editing approaches are considered as revolutionary for crop improvement as gene knockout and insertion/deletion mutagenesis are possible through genome editing technologies [6]. Crop improvement using genome editing technologies come up with multiple possibilities, such as:Alteration in only one or two nucleotides among billions obtained from genome of living cellsAlteration in whole allelesInsertion of a non-existing gene in the targeted region of the genome. Due to high accuracy of genome editing tools, these are preferred over traditional plant breeding approaches and standard genetic engineering approaches. Along with enhancing the nutritional profile of crops, gene editing tools can effectively be used for incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and can develop crop varieties that survive well in adverse climatic conditions such as arid climate [7]. Therefore, gene editing tools can be effectively used for securing the world’s food supply. Genome editing tools permits double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at particular genomic locations and recovers them using inherent DNA repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Earlier, this process was assisted by using protein-guided nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). But lately, the RNA-guided nuclease known as ()—associated—has captured the researchers’ attention (Cas) [8]. Both ZFNs and TALENs requires more time and technical expertise thanCas. Numerous significantly importantCas studies have been conducted in potato, here we are featuring some selected achievements of -based editing in potato (Figure 1 and Table 1). This 1. Advances in potato improvement using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()-based genome editing. Target geneDelivery methodEditing agentPhenotype1. /Cas applications in potato genome editing. Advertisement 2. Key genome editing approaches2. 1 ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases)ZFNs were first created by Kim and colleagues [19]. ZFNs develop as a result of the interaction between DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving domains [20]. These synthetic proteins were created based on the fact that the natural restriction enzyme FokI exhibits unique binding and cleaving capabilities [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The most common improvements were reported as the regular medication and contact having a stabilizing effect on the patient’s lifestyle and improved family relationships: He leads a very chaotic life, and the money is providing him with more of a routine. He is including the money in his budget now. (Patient 28, clinician 27) He uses less illicit substances, as he was treated better, and the team had less contact from the police. He now has a less chaotic lifestyle… there are less problems with his family and the police. (Patient 29, clinician 28) Being on the study has helped because the regular contact and medication has given him stability and a sense of satisfaction with his lifestyle, and his relationships are more stable. (Patient 6, clinician 7) The patient has a new relationship with a partner, and getting more regular medication has helped a lot. I believe this is due to the FIAT money. (Patient 25, clinician 29) Other reported improvements included a more stable housing situation, finding a job, improved budgeting ability, and improved self-care: The money motivated him to attend his depot injection… His self-care and hygiene has improved massively…. He continues to engage well with the home office about immigration and helps out at the hostel/accommodation in cooking. (Patient 30, clinician 31) He is now working as a waiter and talking about moving out of parents’ home and getting a place for himself. (Patient 31, clinician 8) on The clinicians of 15 patients reported a negative effect of incentives on patient outcomes. These experiences all concerned negative effects of the payment itself and were subdivided into 2 subthemes: increased drug and alcohol use as well as other adverse effects of payment. The clinicians of 8 patients said that the incentive was used to pay for drugs or alcohol and therefore led to patients increasing their substance misuse: The patient was in hospital twice since I took over. The financial incentive has helped improve our relationship but has also meant he can spend money on drugs. (Patient 32, clinician 33) The financial incentives have been beneficial with regard to adherence. However, in terms of impact on his lifestyle, the incentives are not beneficial as this has not improved. There is generally no change in his lifestyle, just increased substance misuse…. He has increased his alcohol and drug (crack) use….

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Поэтому, например, когда мы говорим про родительские приказания — это вообще тема отдельного тренинга, он так и называется «Изменение жизненного сценария. Работа с родительскими приказаниями». Соответственно, кто-то приходит на одну часть, кто-то приходит потом и на вторую, и на третью, ну, и так далее. Эта программа уже очень давно существует, и мне очень нравится — там всегда хорошие результаты.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: There are twenty-five types of natural RVDs with good binding specificity, among which NI (Asn-IIe), HD (His-Asp), NH (Asn-Gly), specific for identifying adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) [25, 26]. The binding specificity of TALENs is affected by cell type, target sites, duration of effect and delivery system used. The coding for the recognition of the TALENs sequence is comparatively easy, which is an advantage with respect to its targeting density when compared with ZFNs [27]. It allows genome editing with more specificity and low cytotoxicity. 2. 3/Cas is a potent tool for genetic manipulation that precisely mutates specific DNA sequences [28]. There are differentCas systems that differentiate on the basis of the nuclease effector used. This diversity divided theCas systems into two classes (single/multi-subunit) based on the structure and into six types and 27 subtypes on the basis of the functions of each subunit [29, 30]. It has two components: the Cas9 nuclease and sgRNA. The Cas9 nuclease has two lobes viz. , REC for recognition and NUC with nuclease activity. The non-coding sgRNA is complementary to the target sequence (protospacer) of 20 base pairs. This protospacer has a three-base sequence at its 3′ end called PAM (Motif), recognized by the NUC lobe to produce double-strand breaks (DSB). The DSBs are created when sgRNA/Cas complex binds with the target DNA sequence. Further, these DSBs are repaired by NHEJ (Non-homologous end-joining) and HDR (Homologous directed repair) mechanisms [31]. Advertisement 3. Genome editing in potatoIntroduction of genes related to economically important traits from wild species is very difficult and time intensive assignment in potato (Solanum tuberosum) is as it is a heterozygous polyploid crop. Due to this, traditional breeding approaches cease to work properly when numerous traits and/or new traits which are not available in gene pool need to be introgressed for crop advancement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: (Participant 33, clinician 4) He already had a lot of money due to Allowance and income support, so the FIAT money was pocket money for alcohol… he became less cooperative with the depot during the trial due to an increase in the use of alcohol…. (Participant 34, clinician 46) He was hospitalized due to an increase in alcohol use. I believe that FIAT was a contributing factor in his hospitalization due to the extra cash that he had. However, I understand that the patient would probably have got access to alcohol somehow, regardless of the FIAT study. (Participant 35, clinician 45) Effects of adverse effects of payment were reported by the clinicians of 8 patients. These included becoming dependent on the money, becoming secretive about the money, and being vulnerable to being taken advantage of by others because of the money: He came every 2 weeks, and there was never any need to remind him to appear; in fact, he would often come 1 or 2 hours early. Because of this, I believe he is desperate for the money and has become dependent on it. (Patient 36, clinician 45) The money is hidden from his family and spent on beer…. He makes a point of hiding it from his wife… However, this has not increased his drinking. (Patient 37, clinician 30) He started getting ‘hangers on,’ that is, people who took advantage of him and started camping out and drinking in his flat. They turned up when he got his incentive. (Patient 34, clinician 46) endorsed different combinations of themes for each patient, as depicted in Table 2. This shows that, overall, for 77% of patients, a positive effect on management and/or outcomes was reported, whereas for 33%, a negative effect on management and/or outcomes was reported. These figures overlap because, for some patients, both positive and negative effects were reported. TABLE 2: Interlinking of Themesthe of for Reported a of Incentives on the the Team and/or Health Outcomes? To better understand whether negative clinician-reported experiences were linked to any particular patient characteristics, descriptive data on patients’ clinical characteristics (diagnosis, adherence, medication type, dose, treatment cycle, and hospitalization) were compared between those for whom clinicians reported a negative effect of incentives and those for whom no negative effect was reported. The findings are shown in Table 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я вообще считаю, что именно групповая работа — самая эффективная, и то, что мы делаем в тренинге, в консультировании или делается намного дольше, или вообще не сделать. Некоторые вещи в личной работе вообще не проявляются. У меня часть клиентов приходит на тренинг. И бывают клиенты, с которыми мы уже проработали полгода или даже год, а потом через тренинг они вытаскивают какие-то штуки, про которые даже не думали.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome sequencing data of potato is accessible from public database and standard genetic modification and regeneration protocols are also obtainable, which made potato a prime candidate for gene editing. Thus, gene editing approaches can be used for potato improvement by improving the production and quality characteristics of the crop without affecting maximum allele combination in commercial cultivars [32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. In tetraploid potato, the earliest successful utilization of TALENs were reported for knocking out alleles related to sterol side chain reductase-2 (StSSR2) [37], which are responsible for production of anti-nutritional sterol glycoalkaloid (SGA) [38, 39]. In 2015, it was reported that genome editing approaches such as TALENs [40] andCas [41] can be utilized to precisely alter the potato genome. /Cas9 mediated targeted mutation of StIAA2 gene, encodes for Aux/IAA protein, resulted in homozygous mono and biallelic mutations in the first generation of modified plants [41]. Advertisement 4. Trait improvement in potato usingCas technology4. 1 Disease resistanceDifferent biotic stresses are the root cause behind major obstruction in potato production, which ultimately results in enormous loss to farmers. Even now, several scientists are trying to make a key advancement in development of biotic stress resistant potatoes with the help of genome editing approaches. /Cas technology of genome editing is considered as an effective substitute for advancing potato breeding programmes. Phytophthora infestans cause late blight disease of potato, which is the key hinderance in enhancing potato production [42]. Therefore, many researchers are emphasizing on the development of late blight resistant potato cultivars, which can be achieved through knocking out or deleting susceptible genes (S-genes) of late blight [43]. At present, fungicidal sprays and breeding methods are used for the management of late blight in potato. At a recent time, late blight resistance in potato was commenced through knocking out of susceptible genes StDMR6-1 and StCHL1 [44] and Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase () [45]. Extracellular receptor protein ELR (elicitin response) is found in Solanum microdontum, a wild potato species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Patients for whom clinicians reported adverse effects were on a lower dose of medication at baseline but a higher dose during the intervention, were less likely to be prescribed with oral medication during the baseline and/or intervention periods, and were more likely to be hospitalized during the baseline and/or intervention periods. There were no clear differences in adherence at baseline or during the intervention period, in the type or treatment cycle of depot medication received, or in primary diagnosis. Finally, patients for whom adverse effects were reported were no more likely to have a secondary diagnosis of substance or alcohol misuse. TABLE 3: and Clinician-interviews were obtained for almost all of the patients allocated to receive incentives in the trial. The concerns of focus groups with regard to how patients would spend the money were to some extent borne out in the data, with clinicians frequently speculating that the money was spent on drugs and alcohol—but only in a minority of cases was this reported to have led to an increase in the patient’s drug/alcohol use or worsened physical or mental health. The fear that the money would perversely incentivize patients was in general not supported by the data. However, 8% of patients did ask for additional money or to be paid more often, and some otherwise adherent patients in the teams asked to be paid or deliberately became nonadherent. For approximately three quarters of patients (73%), clinicians reported that financial incentives for adherence to depot medication led to better patient and treatment management, including increased patient contact, improved monitoring of patient health, increased patient engagement, and increased trust and communication. In addition, for nearly half of the patients (45%), clinicians reported improved health and social outcomes, and this was often explicitly linked to the benefits of increased medication adherence. Overall, for 77% of patients, a positive impact of the incentives on patient management and/or outcomes was reported. However, negative consequences including aggression and monetarization of the therapeutic relationship and/or worsening of patient health due to increased drug and alcohol use were reported in 33% of cases. These patients were more likely to have been on a lower dose of medication at baseline and a higher dose during the intervention, were less likely to be prescribed with oral medication, and more likely to be hospitalized during both baseline and intervention periods. Strengths and data were collected as part of a larger RCT that allowed for the systematic collection of clinician and patient data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: По этой программе я делал методический тренинг для психологов, обычно это происходит, когда набирается какое-то количество желающих. Например, на этот тренинг приходят и психологи, они смотрят, им нравится, и меня спрашивают: а где и как можно поучиться? И когда список желающих набирается, выбираем время — обычно он идет 5 дней, потому что там очень важный момент.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Du and co-workers [46] documented utilization of ELR protein for identification of an elicitin which is considered as an extremely conserved in Phytophthora species contributing a wide range durable resistance against late blight pathogen. For production of potato virus Y (PVY) resistant potatoes, four viral genes, P3, CI, Nib, and CP were targeted throughCas approach. Cas13a protein was utilized to confer resistant against three strains of RNA virus, PVY [47]. Makhotenko and co-workers [48] demonstrated efficient use of host genes (eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and coilin) for development of PVY resistant potatoes. 4. 2 Resistance/tolerance to abiotic stressesAbiotic stresses include high and low temperatures, drought and salinity cause major constraints in potato production; still limited research work is documented until now. In 2017, Zhou et al. [17] modified MYB transcription factor gene (StMYB44), responsible for restraining StPHO1 gene expression which negatively control phosphate transport activity in potato, with a proficiency rate of 85%. In 2020, Tiwari et al. [49] documented the utilization of gene editing approachCas for modification of nitrogen metabolism genes to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of potato plants. 4. 3 Herbicide resistanceButler and co-workers [50] developed a ss gemini virus-based DNA replicon (GVR) as a vector for transfer of TALEN genes and a mutated fragment of ALS1 gene. TALEN genes were transferred to target Acetolactate synthase1 (ALS1) gene in potato while the mutated ALS1gene fragment verified tolerance for numerous categories of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. 4. 4 Post harvestPotato is harvested annually which makes it imperative for producers and sellers to store these tubers in cold stores. Cold storage reduces sprouting and extend shelf life. But during storage in cold storage houses the sucrose in tubers is reduced to sugars which react with amino acids on heating and cause the processed potato products to turn brown and bitter. Moreover, the acrylamide level also goes up. This deterioration in organoleptic properties and enhancement in acrylamide levels negatively affects potato tuber quality thereby leading to a reduced public demand.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Our analysis allowed for the empirical investigation of the qualitative experience of clinicians’ offering financial incentives, which was beyond the scope of the primary outcome data (adherence level). This type of experiential data allows for a better understanding of how financial incentives may affect clinical management and patient health in practice and significantly contributes to the wider debate surrounding the possible negative consequences of offering financial incentives to people with psychotic disorders. However, there are several limitations that should be considered when interpreting our findings. First, shorthand written documentation of clinicians’ responses by researchers limited the detail and richness of data collected. Second, the way in which the interview questions were structured may have biased the way in which the data were interpreted. For example, there was little opportunity for further explanation when a clinician answered no to an interview question, meaning that, in the absence of any change in behavior, there was little room to give a detailed response as to perhaps why. This may have biased the resulting interviews to be more receptive to exploration of changes in behavior during the intervention period. Third, it should be noted that the same clinician (clinician 17) reported identical experiences of the interaction becoming focused on money for 5 patients within their team. Therefore, it is possible that the clinician conflated their experiences with multiple patients, thus exaggerating the number of patients for whom monetarization of the relationship was reported. Fourth, it is important to note that clinicians’ reports of how patients spent the money were, in many cases, openly identified as speculative. Furthermore, the links between the incentive and changes in patient management and health were reported on the basis of the subjective view of clinicians, which may not necessarily have reflected reality, and making causal attributions on the basis of such reports is not possible. Indeed, several clinicians highlighted that they could not be sure whether reported changes in patient management or health were really attributable to the incentive and that other changes in the patients’ circumstances or just natural progression over time may also have played a role. Finally, the study was designed as a qualitative study, and thus, the sample size was not powered for statistical analysis of differences. It was therefore, only possible to compare descriptively the clinical characteristics between those for whom a negative effect of the incentive was reported and those for whom no negative effect was reported. Although we cannot rule out whether the differences we report are greater than those expected to occur by chance, the findings of this comparison could yield hypotheses for future quantitative testing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Во-первых, все в этом составе проходят саму программу тренинга, потом мы разбираем всю теорию, а потом 2 дня каждый ведет кусочек тренинга. И тогда участники-психологи не просто понимают, почему так или не так делать то или иное упражнение, они прямо в этом участвуют, идет реальная работа, и это, на мой взгляд, правильный вариант. Сразу понятно, что можно делать. — Почему решили стать преподавателем именно транзактного анализа?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Additionally, not each and every potato variety is responsive to transformation. Protoplast mediated transformation and regeneration of plants from leaf as an explant can also cause somaclonal variation, ultimately negatively affecting plant development [8]. To understand complicated economically important traits, breeders are making efforts for development of diploid lines of potato. Self-incompatibility (SI) causes the significant obstruction in development of potato inbred lines, as SI impede in fixing of gene edits and selection of progeny by segregating out the inserted gene. Ye and co-workers [72] usedCas9 approach for production of diploid self-compatible lines of potato by knocking out the Stylar ribonuclease gene (S-RNase), responsible for self-incompatibility in potato. Yet a number of diploid, SI potato lines shows recalcitrant response to transformation through traditional Agrobacterium tumefaciens [73]. To avoid this, Butler and co-workers [73] used A. rhizogenes for speedy production of stable mutants within hairy root clones in potato genotypes which were already showing recalcitrant nature to A. tumefaciens. But in this method, analysis of hairy root clones was the major drawback. Genome editing approachCas9 was implemented for targeting phytoene desaturase (StPDS) gene in potato. This gene is found in hairy root clones of potato. This method resulted in 64–98% mutation in transformed hairy root clones. Production of off-target mutants in non-target gene(s) in potato while genome editing is an additional area to be studied. Off-target mutants cause unacceptable alterations in plants and also it complicates the procedure of mutant analysis. Synthetic proofreading Cas9 variants [74], test of sgRNA activity and developing good design [75] are the approaches used to decrease or even remove these off-target mutants. Also, it is important to produce transgene or foreign gene free potato. To be adopted by consumers and accepted by policy makers, gene edited (GE) crops should not contain any traces of foreign DNA [76]. Advertisement 6. ConclusionGenome editing can perform a key role in potato improvement by enhancing the tuber starch content, developing resistance/tolerance against biotic/abiotic stresses and reducing antinutritional factors and toxic compounds.

Output: corroborate