Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 7pg/ml) while RG did not change (47. 3 to 50. 1ng/L and 463. 6 to 472. 2pg/ml) (all p<0. 05). On psychological markers, SG improved control over eating with reduced external disinhibition and meal-time food craving, while RG did not change (both p<0. 05). AG, GLP1 and PYY increased after exercise in both groups. Both physiological and psychological markers were able to predict exercise-induced changes in body composition. : Overall, the decrease in fat mass observed in SG was associated with decreased leptin and increased TG alongside decreased disinhibition and increased control over food cravings. These changes indicate an increased sensitivity to appetite regulation. We postulate a link between changes in appetite-related peptides and psychological processes controlling overeating in those who experience exercise-induced fat loss. Although RG did not lose fat or show improvements in appetite regulation, all participants experienced improvements in metabolic health markers. 3012 Board #2 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00 1, Catherine Gibbons1, Mark Hopkins1, Neil King2, Erik Naslund3, Graham Finlayson1, John Blundell1. 1University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. 2of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. 3Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden. (No relationships reported) The effect of prolonged exercise on body weight is variable; some people lose weight but others do not. Exercise exerts a number of physiological and behavioural effects on the appetite control system which could influence weight loss. Purpose: This study examined the impact of 12 weeks supervised exercise on 2 aspects of appetite control; meal size (satiation) and the postprandial effects of food (satiety) under high and low energy density conditions. : Overweight and obese participants matched for BMI, age and sex completed 12 weeks of supervised exercise (EX n=15) or 12 weeks of no exercise (NEX n=15). The exercise program was designed to expend 2500kcal/wk at 70% HRmax. Appetite control was examined using separate validated procedures to assess satiation and satiety. Satiation was assessed using a test meal paradigm with energy density (ED) manipulated using high or low fat meals. Satiety was measured using appetite ratings adjusted for energy intake to calculate the satiety quotient (SQ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans in Basra Governorate-R1, Al-Sulami A1, Al-Taee A2*, Aldoghachi F3, Suhaimi N4 and Mohammed S5 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of Biotechnology, University, Malaysia 5College of Medicine, University, Malaysia *: Al--mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com 18, 2016; 06, 2016; 10, 2016 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al- (2016) Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate-Iraq. J 7:332. doi: 10. 4172/2155-6199. 1000332 Copyright: © 2016 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-a ccess 6000. The diffractometer employed Cu-Kα radiation to generate diffraction patterns from powder crystalline samples at ambient temperature. The Cu-Kα radiation was generated by Philips glass diffraction, X-ray tube broad focus 2. 7KW type. The crystallite size D of the samples was calculated by using the Debye–Scherer’s relationship. is the crystallite size, λ is the incident X-ray wavelength, β is the (FWHM) at Half-Maximum, and θ is the diffraction angle, Deby -Scherrer equation: D= K λBCOS θ. This analysis was done in the Chemistry department, Malaysia. Microscope: By centrifuging samples broth culture for 10 min at 3000 rpm, and decanting the supernatant, fixing pallet with 4% gutaraldehyde for 4 h at 4°C and centrifuged again, decanting fixative and adding an appropriate quantity of animal serum to submerge sample then allowing serum to clot. Washing three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min. Postng fix in 1% Osmium tetroxide for 2h at 4°C. Washing again three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: of the work on mammalian rhythms indicated that the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was the dominant circadian pacemaker [11]. This nucleus is composed of approximately 20,000 neurons, each of which is thought to contain a cell autonomous circadian oscillator [7, 12]. When dispersed in culture, individual SCN neurons can maintain cell-autonomous circadian cycles of spontaneous firing. However, these autonomous rhythms vary substantially from cell to cell. When SCN circuit connectivity is preserved in slice preparations, neuronal firing is tightly synchronized [12]. The circadian oscillators in the SCN differ from those in other organs in two important ways. First, they receive light input from the eye via retinal ganglion cells that send axons into the retinal–hypothalamic tract. This input is the primary zeitgeber for the circadian pattern of neuronal activity in the SCN [13, 14]. The second characteristic of SCN neurons which differentiates them from other cellular oscillators is that their firing pattern, when normal interconnections are intact, is temperature insensitive [15] (though this appears dependent on network-level buffering – see [16]). Other peripheral oscillators are sensitive to the phase-shifting effects of temperature and can be entrained strongly by low amplitude temperature cycles [15, 17]. Influence of the SCN on light-entrained SCN sends signals to light-insensitive peripheral clocks and synchronizes rhythms across organ systems. Results from multiple studies have shown that both humoral and non-humoral pathways are important for SCN synchronization [18, 19]. Though less well studied, there are also feedback loops linking peripheral organs back to the SCN [1, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]). Overall, organization of the circadian system requires autonomic innervation of peripheral tissues, endocrine signaling, temperature sensing, and local signals [7]. Temperature (CBT) The circadian rhythm of CBT is a well-documented physiological phenomenon [27]. One of the hallmarks of the body’s circadian processes, including cycles in CBT, is that they are not generally disturbed by large temperature changes [9]. This is due to homeostatic control over CBT exerted by a hierarchically organized set of neuronal mechanisms located in the hypothalamus [27]. The anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas are the primary sources of neural modulation of CBT.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: These separate aspects of appetite control were compared against changes in appetite-related peptides (e. g. fasting -1) and body composition (FM, FFM). : The 12 week program led to significant reductions in body and fat mass (EX,-1. 7±2. 8 and -2. 2±2. 7kg) in the EX group, whereas there were no significant changes in body and fat mass in the NEX group (0. 49±2. 4 and 0. 06±3. 1kg) (p<0. 0001). There was a significant effect of ED on meal size and total daily energy intake in both groups (p<0. 0001), but no effect of EX compared to NEX. Therefore, exercise did not influence satiation. However, there was a significant increase in SQ with EX but not NEX (p=0. 041). This difference in satiety was partly explained by an accompanying increase in PYY (25. 6±12. 3 Ng/l) (p=0. 025) and GLP-1 (11. 1±5. 0 Ng/l) (p=0. 05) in EX. : Exercise reduced body fat and increased fasting levels of PYY and GLP-1 resulting in improvements in post-meal satiety. Satiation was strongly determined by the energy density of meals but this was not affected by exercise. 3013 Board #3 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00. . University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. (No relationships reported) Overweight and obese individuals report greater body dissatisfaction than their normal weight counterparts. Weight loss is associated with improvements in body image. However, it is not known if physical activity contributes to greater improvements in body image during a weight loss program. Purpose: To examine the effect of diet only (D) versus diet plus exercise (DE) on body image in individuals classified with Class II (BMI: 35. 0-39. 9 kg/m2) or III (BMI: >40 kg/m2) obesity. : One-hundred eighteen severely obese individuals (age = 46. 3±6. 3 yrs; BMI = 43. 5±5. 4 kg/m2) participated in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Subjects were randomized to either a D or DE intervention group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: dehydrating in series of acetone at 35, 50, 75, 95, and 100% for 10, 10, 10, 10 and 15 min respectively (Table 1). Embedding: Specimens were placed into the beam capsule fill with resin and polymerized in oven at 60 °C for 24-48h. Ultra sectioning was realized by choosing an area of interest, for ultrathin section, i. e. selecting the silver section, picking up sections with a grid, then drying with filter paper. Finally the sections were stained with Uranyal acetate for 15 min, and washed by double distilled water. Lead sections were stained for 10 min, washed twice with distilled water. This analysis was done in the Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Malaysia. Results and Discussion FT-IR One of the most important characteristics of a biosorbent is the presence of its surface functional groups, which are largely characterized by the FTIR spectroscopy method. This technique can only provide a qualitative description for biosorbent functional groups. The studies of FTIR spectra on Deinococcus provided the basis to interpret the results with Fucus vesiculosus [8], as shown in Figure 1 there was a shift in the bands corresponding to carboxyl (COOH) groups after the biosorption process. Following metal binding, the asymmetric carboxyl stretching band shifted from 1630 to 1636 and 1632 Cm−1 for Cd and Pb respectively [9], and there was an increase in the distance between this band and the symmetric stretching of the same groups at 1418 Cm−1, to lower wave numbers after biosorption, indicating that chelating complexes were formed [10,11]. Therefore, chelation was another important mechanism involved in the biosorption of Cd and Pb with Deinococcus; as reported by Sheng et al. [12] for Sargassum with FTIR spectroscopy studies. These changes in the FTIR spectra have also been observed in other biosorption studies [13,14]. Also the peak at 1387 attributed to C-O bond shifted to 1392 and 1390 Cm-1 when exposed to Cd and Pb respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: These portions of the hypothalamus receive input from both central and peripheral thermoreceptors and from the SCN [27, 28]. Two components are essential for their operation: 1) peripheral oscillators in organs other than the brain sensitive to subtle variations in temperature within the physiologic range; and 2) the SCN itself must be resistant to subtle temperature changes or it would be susceptible to feedback that could interfere with entrainment [15]. The insensitivity of the SCN to variations in temperature was demonstrated in studies carried out by Brown et al who also showed that changes in ambient temperature can shift the phase of rhythms in other parts of the brain [17]. The actions of this system result in human diurnal temperature rhythms that typically have a variation of only 1°C (36–37°C) despite large ambient temperature variations [29]. This tight homeostatic regulation is achieved via SCN-driven feedback mechanisms controlling heat production (e. g. , via brown adipose tissue and shivering thermogenesis) and loss (e. g. , via vasoconstriction and dilation, sweating, and resulting evaporation and cooling) [28]. The above-described mechanisms result in a circadian pattern in which CBT falls late in the activity phase and starts to rise before the onset of the daily activity phase that is highly dependent on both internal zeitgebers, external zeitgebers, and genome-dependent chronotype. Along with the timing of food intake, social interaction, and locomotor activity, internal temperature is one of the most important internal zeitgebers (second-order signals) capable of synchronizing different body clocks [30]. CBT pattern is a reliable signal when compared to melatonin and cortisol production [31]. When measured continuously, the core temperature pattern is an accurate biomarker for circadian phase [32]. in CBT Endogenous circadian rhythmicity in humans tends to cycle across a period of 24. 2 hours with little day-to-day variation [33]. The timing of the circadian system, however, varies considerably across individuals. Chronotype, or diurnal preference, refers to behavioral manifestations of the endogenous circadian system that govern preferred timing of sleep and waking [34, 35]. Variations in normal patterns of circadian rhythms are linked to disease development and chronotypes have received attention across a wide range of illnesses [35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: and DE received a reduced calorie diet (1200-2000 kcal/wk) determined by their initial weight. For DE only, exercise was progressively increased to 300 min/wk by month 6. Body weight and body image using the Multi-dimensional Body Self-(MBSRQ) consisting of: (AE), (AO), Satisfaction (BASS), (OP), and Self-classified Weight (SW) were measured at month 0 and 6. : A significant mean weight loss was present in all subjects (-9. 6 kg resulting in a BMI of 40. 1±5. 1 kg/m2), with a significant mean difference of 2. 9±1. 4 kg observed between D (8. 1+5. 9 kg) versus DE (11. 0+7. 3 kg) (p<. 01) at month 6. There were significant changes in AE (0. 40+0. 60), BASS (0. 25+0. 41), and the OP (0. 70+0. 69) body image subscales for the entire group (p<. 01), but no significant differences between D vs DE on the 5 MBSRQ subscales at month 6. No significant correlations were observed between change in weight and the 5 subscales in D or DE. : Severely obese individuals can lose a significant amount of weight in response to a behavioral weight loss intervention and with this weight loss there appears to be improvement in body image. However, while physical activity contributed to increased weight loss it did not further improve body image. This may be related to subjects remaining in the obese category at month 6, despite achieving a significant weight loss in the program. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between weight, physical activity and body image. 3014 Board #4 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM Effects of on Tissue Hormone/Cytokine Production: 1, Xuewen Wang2, Rongze Yang3, Dawei Gong3, Mary Lyles4, Barbara Nicklas4. 1University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA. 2University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 3University of of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 4of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. (No relationships reported) Adipose tissue is an endocrine and inflammatory organ that produces a number of hormones and cytokines.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 8° corresponding to (112), (211), and (422) for Pb (II). The XRD spectrum is compared with the exited spectrums of control that have been published by the on Standards (JCPDS file no. 00-002- 097) and (JCPDS file no. 00-002-085) respectively. The average crystal size of the un-loaded control, loaded with Cd (II) 50 mgl-1, and Pb (II) 50 mgl-1 nanop20. 0, 27. 8, and 14. 0 respectively. The results of XRD patterns of D. radiodurans show three sharp peaks with a decrease in the intensity of the these peaks for un-loaded biosorbent after exposing the bacteria to Pb (II) and Cd (II), which could explain the immobilization process. This is in agreement with the results reported in the literatures of [23-25]. And this may suggest that Pb (II) and Cd (II) immobilized on surface of D. radiodurans [26]. Transmission electron microscope One of the most important of TEM techniques has revealed the internal structure of the bacteria, especially when embedding bacteria in a resin and staining thin sections of the resulting block with uranyl acetate. Figure 3a shows the cells of D. radiodurans before interaction with metals while Figure 3b,3c show the bacteria after exposure to Pb and Cd solutions. Metals were mostly seen on the cell wall, looking almost like a crust around the cell in addition to the change in the size and the shape of cells. The cellular localization of the metals bound by the cells of study bacteria was located mainly within the cell wall. However, some intracellular metal accumulates associated were also identified in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cells [27]. Reported that, the cellular localization of the uranium bound by the cells was located mainly within the cell wall of three types of A. ferrooxidans using TEM. Electron microscopic observation carried out by Panak et al. [28] revealed the presence of Ag+2 as discrete p291. Vijayaraghavan K, Yun YS (2008b) Biosorption of C. I. 5 from aqueous solution using acid-treated biomass of brown seaweed Laminaria sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Chronotypes have a genetic basis and genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genes consistently associated with individual circadian rhythms [35, 36]. on CBT Environmental factors also influence individual circadian rhythms. Frequent flying, working in repeatedly changing shifts, and exposure to irregular light-dark conditions are examples of factors that can alter circadian rhythms including that for CBT [37, 38]. function is a prime example of physiologic coordination and is under strict circadian control [39, 40]. In women with normal reproductive function, the diurnal temperature pattern for CBT is strongly influenced by the menstrual cycle of reproductive hormones, primarily estradiol and progesterone. The superimposed effect of reproductive hormone on circadian rhythm that reflects the infradian CBT pattern of the female reproductive cycle illustrated in Figure 1. In the preovulatory portion of the follicular phase there is a downward shift of the temperature mesor associated with an increase in estradiol. This is followed by the upward shift of the temperature mesor as well as a phase shift in temperature related to the rise in progesterone in the luteal phase that may be ratio dependent with respect to its effect on thermoregulation [2, 3, 41, 42]. Figure 1 Continuous core body temperature (CCBT) collected during the menstrual cycle reveal an infradian rhythm and pattern. The fine purple line represents a cosinor fit of continuous core body temperature influenced by the combined effect of estrogen and progesterone. Arrows indicate the predominate influence of estrogen in the peri-ovulatory period of the follicular phase and the predominate influence of progesterone in the luteal phase. Analysis of the change in phase, amplitude and mesor of CCBT predict and identify the window of fertility and day of ovulation and mensus. There is clear evidence of synchronization between the infradian menstrual cycle and the circadian rhythm in reproduction in women. For example, the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge generally occurs immediately prior to the start of the day, while the onset of parturition generally occurs around 2 am to 6 am as a result of the circadian secretion of the pineal hormone – melatonin [41, 42, 43, 44]. Regular, normal length (21–35 days) menstrual cycles are considered a vital sign representing women’s wellness [45, 46].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, the depot differences in adipose tissue production of these hormones/cytokines in response to weight loss by hypocaloric diet and exercise training are still not known. Purpose: To compare the regional differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue hormone/cytokine production in obese women undergoing a diet and exercise program. : Forty-two abdominally obese older women (age: 58±5 years, body mass index: 33. 0±3. 7 kg/m2, waist circumference: 98. 9±8. 8 cm, mean±SD) underwent 20 weeks of weight loss intervention composed of hypocaloric diet with or without aerobic exercise (total energy expenditure: ∼2800 kcal/week). Body weight, percent body fat and fat distribution (waist, hip, and waist-to-hip ratio) were measured and subcutaneous (abdominal and gluteal) adipose tissue biopsies were conducted before and after the intervention. Adipose tissue gene expression and release levels of leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined. : The intervention resulted in significant weight loss (-10. 1±4. 1 kg, 11. 5±4. 4 %), and decreased percent body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (all P<0. 01). At baseline, gene expression levels of adiponectin were higher (P<0. 01), and gene expression and release levels of IL-6 were lower (both P<0. 05) in abdominal than in gluteal adipose tissue. Weight loss decreased leptin gene expression and release in both abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue (P<0. 05 to P<0. 01). Weight loss increased abdominal adipose tissue adiponectin gene expression and release (both P<0. 05), but did not change gluteal adiponectin production. Additionally, weight loss did not change abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue IL-6 production. : Weight loss by diet and exercise decreases leptin production in both abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue, but only increases adiponectin production from abdominal adipose tissue in obese women. This depot-specific effect may be of importance for the treatment of health complications associated with abdominal adiposity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 76: 726-732. (1990) Removal and recovery of heavy metals by biosorption. In: Volesky B, ed. Biosorption of heavy metals: 93-137. (2006) Engineering of Deinococcusradiodurans R1 for bioprecipitation of uranium from dilute nuclear waste. Microbiol 72: 7873-7878. (2006) Deinococcusradiodurans engineered for complete toluene degradation facilitates Cr (VI) reduction. Microbiol 152: 2469-2477. (2008) The effect of species diversity on metal adsorption onto bacteria. Acta 72: 3939-3948. (2008) Biosorption of radiocesium by Deinococcusradiodurans influenced by cations. J NuclAgricSci 22: 209-212. (2004) Sorption of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel by marine algal biomass: characterization of biosorptive capacity and investigation of mechanisms. J Sci 275: 131-141. Sethuraman P, Kumar (2011) Bacillus subtilis on Pb2+ ions removal from aqueous solution by Biosorption. Res. JPharmaceut. BiolChemSci 2: 247. (2006) Transition metal complexes with alginate biosorbent. JMolStruct792: 104-109. (1999)Instrumental analysis study of iron species biosorption by Sargassum biomass. Environ SciTechnol 33: 1840-1846. (2004) Mechanisms of biosorption of different heavy metals by brown marine macroalgae. BiotechnolBioeng 87: 451-458. de Vicente ME (2006) The marine macroalgaCystoseirabaccata as biosorbent for cadmium(II) and lead(II) removal: kinetic and equilibrium studies. 142: 264-273. Chen JP, (2005) Chemical modification of Sargassum sp. for prevention of organic leaching and enhancement of uptake during metal biosorption. IndEng26: 9931-9942.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Irregularities in cycle length, such as inadequate luteal phase, are thought to be related to infertility and, potentially, early term miscarriage [47]. Thyroid disease and hyperprolactinemia are causes of infertility that are associated with an inadequate luteal phase [45]. Irregular menstrual cycles, a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome, have been associated with higher androgen and lower sex hormone binding globulin levels. This abnormal hormonal environment may also increase the risk of specific histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer [48]. Disruption of circadian rhythms due to night shift work or jet lag has been associated with an increased frequency of irregular, extended menstrual cycles, alterations in serum LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and overall reduced fecundity [49, 50, 51]. Polymorphisms in genes that control circadian rhythm have also been associated with the rate of pregnancy loss and risk for miscarriage [52]. of CBT (CCBT) and Utility of The sinusoidal oscillations in CCBT can be mathematically described on the basis of amplitude, mesor, and period. Using CBT, Cagnacci et al, characterized the follicular phase by a 0. 3 °C lower mesor, a 40% increase in the amplitude and a 90-minute advance in the daily nadir compared to the luteal phase [53]. Signal processing analysis of CCBT data has been demonstrated to be effective for detecting and predicting physiologic events of fertility, including ovulation, pregnancy, parturition, and spontaneous abortions [54, 55, 56, 57]. As noted in the Introduction, the predictive value of the information contained in the infradian pattern of body temperature in women was clearly demonstrated by results from studies reported by Coyne et al 20 years ago [2]. These investigators carried out a detailed investigation of circadian changes in body temperature occurring across the menstrual cycle in women. Sensors were ingested to accurately monitor CBT once per minute. After calculation of the mesors for circadian temperatures during different parts of the menstrual cycle, it was observed that the circadian mesor for core body temperature is highest in the luteal phase and lowest in the preovulatory phase. The amplitude of circadian temperature was significantly reduced in the luteal phase compared to all times in the menstrual cycle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: (Supported by NIH R01-AG/DK20583, P30-AG21332, and M01-RR07122) 3015 Board #5 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00 -based In-person. Rogers, Kelliann K. . Burke, John M. . University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. (No relationships reported) A technology-based system incorporating a physical activity monitor and a web interface to monitor dietary intake and body weight combined with monthly telephone contact has been shown to be an effective intervention for weight loss. Whether this type of intervention is effective for individuals with Class II (BMI = 35. 0 to <40. 0 kg/m2) or III (BMI >40 kg/m2) obesity has not been examined. Moreover, continuous enhancements in technology require ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of these interventions. Purpose: To examine weight loss in response to an in-person behavioral weight loss (BWLI), technology-based (TECH), and an enhanced technology (EN-TECH) interventions in adults with Class II or III obesity. : Subjects were 18 adults (age: 41. 7±8. 0, BMI: 39. 3±2. 5 kg/m2) randomized to BWLI (n=7), TECH (n=6), or EN-TECH (n=5). The prescription for all subjects included decreases in energy intake to 1500-2100 kcal/d, and increases in physical activity to 200 min/wk. BWLI attended weekly in-person group intervention sessions. TECH was provided with a wearable activity monitor that interfaced with a web-based program to monitor dietary intake (BodyMedia FIT), while also receiving one 10-minute intervention telephone call per month. EN-TECH received the same component as TECH, with the technology enhanced with Bluetooth capability to allow for real-time monitoring of energy balance (intake and expenditure)(). : Body weight was significantly reduced from 115. 6±8. 6 to 111. 8±8. 8 kg in BWLI (-3. 8±3. 6 kg, p=. 030), 107. 2±6. 2 to 100. 3±6. 2 in TECH (-6. 9±3. 1 kg, p=. 003), and 102. 7±14. 4 to 96. 1±16. 0 in EN-TECH (-6. 5±4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: (1997) Infrared and of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, & (1996) Contribution of sulfonate groups and alginate to heavy metal biosorption by the dry biomass of Sargassumfluitans. Environ SciTechnol 30: 277-282. (2005) Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects. Biotechnol 25: 113-152. (2003) Sorption and Biosorption, BV-Sorbex, Inc. , St. Lambert, Quebec. (2003) A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. 37: 4311-4330. (2004) Biosorption of cadmium by brown, green, and red seaweeds, Chem. Eng. J 97: 249-255. Liu Y, (2007) Equilibrium, thermodynamics and mechanisms of Ni+2 biosorption by aerobic granules. Biochem35: 174-182. (2005) Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe3O4 magnetic nanop451. (2008) Preparation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on magnetic nanop412. (2008) Suspension of Fe(3)O(4) nanop368. (2008) Preparation and properties of magnetic Fe3O4-chitosan nanop456. (2005) Complexation of uranium by cells and S-layer sheets of Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12. Microbiol 71: 5532-5543. (1989) Bacterial sorption of heavy metals. Microbiol 55: 3143-3149. - (2000) Complex formation of U (VI) with Bacillus isolates from a uranium mining waste pile. RadiochemActa 88: 71-76. Sinha S, Mukherjee SK (2009) Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUCD1, a possible candidate for cadmium bioremediation. Microbiol 40: 655-662. El-(2000) Cadmium biosorption by a cadmium resistant strain of Bacillus thuringensis. Regulation and optimization of cell surface affinity for metal cations. BioMetals 13: 273-280.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The effects of hormones on the circadian pattern and rhythm for body temperatures were readily apparent and easily quantifiable in ambulatory women who were not subjected to controlled lighting, sleep/wake patterns, or activity. Coyne et al noted that their observations supported documenting the preovulatory rise in estrogens via a decline in CBT, which would in turn provide an opportunity to investigate phenomena that might be occurring during this critical time in the cycle [2]. Detection of was shown to cause a change in the pattern of body temperature rhythms in 1948 [58], and has since then been remarkably unvisited. Smarr used CCBT frequency analysis for pregnancy detection in mice within 14 hours of pairing, providing the earliest, non-disruptive detection of successful impregnation [59]. This approach was also able to detect apparent pregnancies that did not come to term, which would otherwise not be identified by standard handling or observation, providing a potential source of dams for the study of implantation failure, pseudopregnancy, and miscarriage. Such pregnancies could be separated from those that came to term by frequency analysis of CCBT in the first 12 hours after the day pairing with high accuracy. These findings support the conclusion that the continuous high temporal resolution of CCBT can provide a uniquely rapid, accurate, and non-disruptive means of detecting pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes in experimental animals [59]. Prediction of biphasic basal body temperature (BBT) rhythm during the menstrual cycle reaches its lowest point in a given cycle around the woman’s fertile window, just prior to ovulation, which is correlated with a pre-ovulatory peak in estrogens level illustrated in Figure 1 [60]. Changes in the level of estrogens, as well as progesterone, influence body temperature via a direct action on thermosensitive neurons of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus [61, 62]. Estrogens lead to inhibition of mechanisms that act to retain heat and stimulation of those that promote heat loss. Thus, elevations in estrogens result in a reduction in body temperature [63, 64]. Progesterone has opposing effect and the rise in this hormone post-ovulation increases body temperature [64, 65]. The thermogenic effect of progesterone to raise core temperature has been utilized to document ovulation and luteal phase length [66, 67]. Silent anovulation is a significant underreported problem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 7 kg, p=. 036) from 0 to 3 months. However, weight loss was not significantly different between the intervention groups. : These findings suggest that significant short-term weight loss can be achieved in individuals with Class II or III obesity with less in-person contact using a technology-based system combined with monthly telephone contact. These findings may have significant clinical implications for effective delivery of weight loss interventions for severely obese adults. Whether these findings extend beyond the initial 3 months of intervention and the long-term acceptability of a technology-based intervention warrants further investigation. 3016 Board #6 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM Loss in Women with Anthropometric Equations: Effects of A. 1, Sandra Morales2, André Cyr3, Hamida2, Alain S. Comtois2, Jean P. 2. 1. 2. 3. Supported by J. A. Hodgdon:- Investigator;. Anthropometric equations can be relatively insensitive to short-term changes in body fat (Friedl et al, 2001). As part of a study of electrical stimulation with exercise to promote “spot reduction”, we examined an aspect of this lack of sensitivity. Purpose: To determine whether spot reduction at a site not measured affects the relationship between predicted % fat and that measured by DXA. : Data were collected from 30 female volunteers: age, 35 (5. 6) y; stature, 1. 63 (0. 07) m; weight, 79. 2 (14. 4) kg; and % fat from DXA, 41. 9 (7. 6). They were assigned to 2 groups: 10 weeks of exercise + stimulation of the right and left lateral thigh fat pads (S, N=14), and exercise only (E, N=16). We tested 2 anthropometric equations: Jackson, Pollock, & Ward (1980) using sum of 3 skfs and gluteal girth (JPW3), and the US Navy equation (NAV) using abdomen, gluteal and neck girths and stature (Hodgdon & Friedl, 1999). and JPW3 were determined prior to (T1) and following (T2) the 10-weeks. We calculated regressions of DXA on JPW3 and NAV at T1 and T2 for S and E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -fungal networks are more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks View 10. 7717/peerj. 9986 Published 2020-09-18 Accepted 2020-08-27 Received 2020-04-30 glareosa, Desert steppe, Grazing exclusion, Microbial communities, Co-occurrence networks Copyright © 2020 Chen et al. is an open access 2020. Soil fungal networks are more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. PeerJ 8:e9986 microbial communities play a crucial role in ecological restoration, but it is unknown how co-occurrence networks within these communities respond to grazing exclusion. This lack of information was addressed by investigating the effects of eight years of grazing exclusion on microbial networks in an area of Stipa glareosa P. Smirn desert steppe in northern China. Here, we show that fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion decreased the soil fungal community stability via changes in plant composition and reductions in soil total organic carbon, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. The results provide new insights into the response mechanisms of soil microbes to grazing exclusion and offer possible solutions for management issues in the restoration of degraded desert steppe. has a long history and remains the common land use type in grasslands (Bai et al. , 2004). However, overgrazing has led to serious deterioration of grassland ecosystems in China during the past three decades (Hoffmann et al. , 2008; Li et al. , 2008). In response to regional environmental problems, the Chinese government launched some grassland restoration programs, such as the “lands to Grasslands” in 2003 and the “Protection Program” in 2011, to mitigate grassland degradation by prohibiting grazing and increasing grassland vegetation biomass (Hao et al. , 2014; Bryan et al. , 2018). In these projects, various degraded grasslands were fenced for different numbers of years and grazing was permanently prohibited. Therefore, grazing exclusion has been widely used in for curbing grassland degradation and restoring damaged ecosystems (Bai et al. , 2004; Hao et al. , 2014). However, the effects of grazing exclusion are controversial depends on its vegetation types, environmental conditions, and duration (Jing et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2015; 39: 139–48. DOI:. Simulated body temperature rhythms reveal the phase-shifting behavior and plasticity of mammalian circadian oscillators. Genes Dev. 2012; 26: 567–80. DOI:. Synchronization of the mammalian circadian timing system: Light can control peripheral clocks independently of the SCN clock: alternate routes of entrainment optimize the alignment of the body’s circadian clock network with external time. Bioessays. 2015; 37: 1119–28. DOI:. A statistical model of the human core-temperature circadian rhythm. Metab. 2000; 279: E669–683. DOI: Khalsa SBS null,. The timing of the human circadian clock is accurately represented by the core body temperature rhythm following phase shifts to a three-cycle light stimulus near the critical zone. J Biol Rhythms. 2000; 15: 524–30. DOI:. Sleep and circadian rhythms in humans. . 2007; 72: 579–97. DOI: Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Rev. 2007; 11: 429–38. DOI: of Chronotype in Humans:. Sleep. 2017; 40. DOI: van Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms. Nat Commun. 2019; 10: 343. DOI: Health risks associated with genetic alterations in internal clock system by external factors. Biol Sci. 2018; 14: 791–8. DOI:. Misaligned core body temperature rhythms impact cognitive performance of hospital shift work nurses. Mem. 2019; 160: 151–9. DOI:. The neurobiology of preovulatory and estradiol-induced gonadotropin-releasing hormone surges. Endocr Rev. 2010; 31: 544–77. DOI:. Control of Function. (Lausanne). 2014; 4. DOI: Olcese J. Circadian aspects of mammalian parturition: a review. Endocrinol. 2011; 349: 62–7. DOI:. Onset of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge: diurnal timing and critical follicular prerequisites. Fertil Steril. 1998; 70: 56–9. DOI: Mahoney MM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Regressions were compared for each equation between groups at each time using Rogosa’s (1980, 1981) method. : Subjects lost fat mass. % fat change did not differ between groups (Δ=1. 84% fat, grp x time effect size = 0. 05). Change in thigh fat pad thickness was greater for S than E (S Δ= -4. 4 mm; E, -2. 2 mm, effect size = 0. 42). Equation results shown in the table. The slopes are found not equal between groups at T2. The slope is greater for S. there is now a greater change in DXATable 1: Findings suggest that spot reduction at sites not included in regression equations can perturb the ability to track changes in body fat content. Supported by. 3017 Board #7 June 1, 9:00 AM - 11:00 in Response to Resistance Training: Findings from the M. Halliday, Adrienne G. Clark, Elaina L. Marinik, Mary E. Baugh, Kyle D. . Winett, Brenda M. . Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. (No relationships reported) Initiation of an exercise program is often accompanied by a personal resolution to alter dietary intake. Yet experimental evidence of spontaneous dietary behavior change in response to exercise programs, particularly resistance training (RT), is lacking. Purpose: To evaluate spontaneous dietary intake modification in response to a 3 month supervised RT program among prediabetic adults. : Previously sedentary, overweight/obese adults with prediabetes (n= 100, BMI=32. 9±0. 4 kg/m2, age = 59±1 yrs, 74% female) were enrolled in a supervised 3 month RT program. Participants completed a whole body routine, with 12 exercises on weight machines, 1 set/exercise with an ACSM-certified trainer twice per week. Participants were not given dietary advice or encouraged to change eating behaviors. Three non-consecutive 24-hour diet recalls were collected (analyzed using NDSR software) and body mass (BM) and composition (DXA) were measured at baseline and at 3 months (post). Changes were assessed using paired sample t-tests. : Participants completed 91±1% of scheduled RT sessions. No change in BM occurred (93. 1±1. 3 kg vs. 92. 8±1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Yan & Lu, 2015; Yao et al. , 2019). Grazing exclusion can not only change ecosystem processes to promote the survival of local plants, but can also affect the activity and structure of soil microbial communities by increasing nutrient availability (Bastida et al. , 2013; Zhang et al. , 2018). The soil microbial community is a key driver of grassland ecosystems and of crucial importance for soil functioning (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998). A major challenge is to understand how these complex communities respond to grazing exclusion. Many studies have demonstrated that grazing exclusion can have considerable effects on soil microbial communities, often with consequences for plant community dynamics (Cheng et al. , 2016; Bi et al. , 2018). It has also been shown that bacteria recover faster than fungi and with the rates being differentially governed by plant diversity (Zhang et al. , 2018). Although these past studies provide important insights into grazing exclusion and microbial communities, up to now few data have been available concerning the impacts of grazing exclusion on soil microbial interactions. Soil microbes can form a complex inter-species network that regulates the structure of ecological communities (Zhou et al. , 2011; Lupatini et al. , 2014). Evidence is mounting that the properties of these interaction networks can influence the response of soil microbial communities to environmental change (et al. , 2018; Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). In recent years, microbial network analysis has been used as a tool to explore the interactions in a range of environments, providing important details on microbial cooperation and competition (Faust & Raes, 2012; Yu et al. , 2018). Additionally, microbial networks have been highlighted as crucial to understanding the dynamics of microbial community assembly and the responses of member interactions to a changed environment (Zhou et al. , 2011). A previous study performed in arid region of Patagonia observed an increase in positive network connections, indicating that there are more cooperative relationships within the microbial community to survive under the stressful conditions imposed by grazing (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). In addition, a study performed in drylands of northern china showed that microbial interaction in extremely dry ecosystems is more sensitive to changes in water availability (Wang et al. , 2018). Although the use of network analysis has increased in drylands, little has been revealed on how soil microbial interactions respond to grazing exclusion, especially in desert grassland ecosystems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Spontaneous internal desynchronization of locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms from plasma melatonin rhythm in rats exposed to constant dim lightDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-4-6Submitted on Apr 1, 2006Accepted on Apr 4, 2006Published on Apr 4, 20064. 0 rhythms in physiology and behavior have been described in a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. These rhythms are driven by circadian pacemakers that are capable of generating oscillations with a periodicity close to 24 hours. Several studies have shown that in many organisms the rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are under circadian control, and, although the level of activity may influence the body temperature, the circadian rhythm of body temperature is not a mere consequence of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity (Review in [1]). In mammals, the principal circadian pacemaker is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), bilateral clusters of neurons in the anterior hypothalamus. This circadian pacemaker regulates the different rhythms present in the body in order that the different circadian rhythms remain synchronized and maintain a stable phase relationships among themselves [2]. However, it must be noted that desynchronization among circadian rhythms may occur under specific experimental conditions. For example, spontaneous internal desynchronization between the body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity rhythms has been observed in reptiles [3] and in the squirrel monkey [4]. In the owl monkey, internal desynchronization between circadian activity and the feeding patterns has also been reported [5]. A recent investigation has shown that exposure to dim illumination may uncouple several circadian rhythms (e. g. , sleep, body temperature, locomotor activity and drinking) in the rat [6]. Internal desynchronization has been also reported in humans [7,8], and it is believed to be the cause of several pathologies [9,10]. Previous studies have shown that melatonin is an important component of the mammalian circadian timing system. Exogenous administration of melatonin can entrain the circadian locomotor activity [11 - 13], and Tb is affected by melatonin levels [12,14].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu of Nutrition and Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Edited by A. P. Simopoulos; A. P. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-8055-9428-8 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-8055-9428-8 ISBN print: 978-3-8055-9427-1 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and date: 2010 Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md. , in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included. Everyone interested in the future of personalized medicine and nutrition or agriculture, as well as researchers in academia, government and industry will find this publication of the utmost interest for their work. ‹ › 10. 1159/000314515 Published: 2010 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and Tools Split-2010. "Changes in Expression during Diet-Loss", Personalized Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Dietary Guidelines, A. P. Simopoulos, J. A. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search 2010License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The desert steppe of cover about 20% of China’s desertification land area, which is characterized by harsh physical environments, infertile soil, and simple plant community composition (Wang et al. , 2020). These natural ecosystems support the life of about 95% of the human population (Li et al. , 2008). However, drought and dust storms have become the largest meteorological disasters in this area causing sparse vegetation and land desertification, which are exacerbated by overgrazing (Wang et al. , 2020). In this study, we designed to assess the effects of eight-years of grazing exclusion on soil bacterial and fungal networks. We also aimed to test the changes in plant and soil properties and investigated how these changes affected the response of bacterial and fungal networks to grazing exclusion. Materials and site The study site was located in Erlianhot (43°38′34. 44″−43°38′54. 29″N, 112°07′58″E, 952–955 m elevation) of Inner Mongolia, northern China. The area has an arid and semiarid climate and is highly prone to drought, receives little precipitation, and frequently has strong winds. The annual mean temperature is 3. 4 °C, annual mean precipitation is 142. 2 mm, and approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs from July to August. The main soil types in this area are Aeolian sandy soils, with low fertility and loose structure. The representative vegetation includes S. glareosa, Cleistogenes songorica (Roshev. ) Ohwi, and Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour. ) Merr communities, but the vegetation has been greatly altered by long-term overgrazing. Experimental design and sampling The experiment was conducted in late August 2017, when grassland biomass was at its peak. We selected one site with two treatments: grazing excluded (GE) and grazed (G). Inside the grazing excluded area (comprising an area of 200 m × 200 m paddock), livestock has been excluded from this region since 2009 and the remaining site in the area was subjected to free grazing by sheep continuously all the year. Within the grazed and grazing exclude area, we established three 50 × 50 m (50 m apart) plots, respectively (Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Analysis of the Rw and Tb rhythms were performed on a 7-day segment of the data (i. e. , from day 53 to day 60) using the software (Actimetrics, Evanston, IL). All the experiments reported here conformed to the guidelines outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of from the U. S. Department of Health and and were approved by the of. of twenty-two animals, twenty-one showed circadian rhythms in Rw and Tb for the entire duration of the experiment, whereas one rat became arrhythmic after 30 days of exposure to LLdim (see Figure 1 and Table 1). No desynchronization between the circadian rhythm of Rw and Tb and no significant changes in the τ of Rw and Tb rhythms were detected during the 60 day period (t-tests, P > 0. 1 in all cases, Figure 1). Figure 1 Representative actograms of Rw, Tb and serum melatonin profile. A, B, C: a synchronized animal (rat # 1 in Table 1); D, E. F: an animal with a damped melatonin rhythm (rat # 5 in Table 1); G, H, I: a desynchronized animal (rat # 21 in Table 1). and E show only the last 40 days of the experiment. Table 1 Circadian parameters for Rw and Tb(mean ± SEM) and serum melatonin for each animal tested. Animals in which the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin was desynchronized from Rw and Tb, are indicated in bold. Animals in which the serum melatonin rhythm was damped are indicated in italic. (Amp. = amplitude). τMesorAmp. τRangePeakRat # 10. 6 ± 0. 219. 3 ± 3. 125. 437. 2 ± 0. 12. 1 ± 0. 225. 426–559. 16Rat # 20. 7 ± 0. 119. 3 ± 3. 125. 136. 8 ± 0. 11. 8 ± 0. 225. 012–1224Rat # 30. 1 ± 0. 15. 6 ± 1. 224. 637. 0 ± 0. 11. 9 ± 0. 224. 610–1464Rat # 4NSNS12–544NARat # 56. 6 ± 1. 945. 6 ± 2. 125. 137. 6 ± 0. 12. 8 ± 0. 225.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product 4. 0. can be described as the accumulation of adipose tissue to the extent that health may be impaired. An excess of body fat, and in particular of abdominal fat, is associated with multiple complications, leading to poor health. With increasing degrees of obesity there are increasing risks of a wide range of obesity complications and premature death [1–3]. The definition of obesity is based on BMI, which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2, and overweight is defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2. In Europe, the prevalence of obesity in men ranges from 4 to 28% and in women from 6 to 36%. There is considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern and being higher than those in Western and [4]. In the United States, it is estimated that about one third of the adult population is obese [5]. The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to a collection of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities/risk factors that often co-occur in the same individuals [6]. The metabolic syndrome is defined in various ways, but the essential components are obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, lipid disturbances and hypertension, all well documented risk factors for cardiovascular disease [7–10]. The available evidence suggests that even modest weight reductions in obese subjects lead to improvement in health outcomes [11–13]. Perhaps weight reduction has the most pronounced effects on diabetes risk. Studies have shown that intensive lifestyle modification can reduce the risk of developing diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance [13, 14], and the Subjects study found drastic reduction in diabetes incidence 10 years after bariatric surgery [15]. Obesity is a chronic condition that is difficult to treat. Unless adipose tissue is surgically removed (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: At each of the three plots, three 1 m × 1 m quadrats were randomly selected to investigate vegetation height, species number, and aboveground biomass. The number of species was used to estimate the richness of the plant communities, and the diversity of the vegetation was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener index (H′ = − ∑Pi lnPi, where Pi is the ratio of the number of each species to the total number of all species). Plant aboveground biomass was harvested by clipping standing plant species to 1 cm above the ground. Plant material was then oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h. To assess the effect of grazing exclusion on plant community structure, all plant species were classified into six functional groups: annuals and biennials (AB), perennial rhizome grasses (RG), tall perennial bunchgrasses (TG), short perennial bunchgrasses (SG), shrubs and semishrubs (SS), and forbs (FB). Soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil profile using an auger after the vegetation was sampled. Nine soil cores were collected from each plot (three core points for each quadrat) and then mixed into a single soil sample. A total of six soil samples were collected from two study areas and sieved immediately and air-dried for physicochemical analyses. Next, ten plants of S. glareosa per plot were excavated carefully with adhering rhizosphere and bulk soil. The soil that could be shaken off easily from the roots was defined as bulk soil, and the soil that remained firmly adhered to the root was defined as the rhizosphere. At each of the three plots, the rhizosphere and the bulk soil samples of the ten plants were mixed into a single soil sample separately. The soils were sealed in 15 ml sterile plastic tubes, immediately frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80 °C until DNA extraction. Soil physicochemical analyses The soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm mesh to remove roots and then ground and homogenized with a mill (MM400, Retsch, Germany). 15 g of fresh soil was weighed before and after dried at 105 °C for 24 h to calculate the soil water content (SWC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Although in these animals the melatonin rhythms was desynchronized from the RW and Tb rhythms, we did not observe any significant change in τ, amplitude or mesor of the RW and Tb rhythms (t-test, P > 0. 1 in all cases, Table 2). relationship between the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature has been investigated in few studies. In humans, it has been reported that the body temperature rhythm is phase-advanced with respect to the activity rhythm [16] and, occasionally, these two rhythms may desynchronize [7,8]. However, studies in other mammalian species failed to observe this phenomenon either in nocturnal or in diurnal mammals [17,18], thus suggesting that in these animals the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are tightly coupled and, most likely, are controlled by a single circadian pacemaker [1,18]. The data obtained in this study support this view because they indicate that the Rw and Tb rhythms in Wistar rats are tightly coupled. Although we did not take special precautions to prevent masking of the Tb rhythm by the Rw rhythm, we observed no desynchronization between the Rw and Tb rhythms. Our results also indicate that long term exposure to LLdim can induce desynchronization of the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin, and the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in serum melatonin may be dramatically reduced. Moreover, the observation that melatonin remained rhythmic in an animal in which Rw and Tb were arrhythmic further suggests that the regulation of melatonin rhythmicity is independent from the regulation of the running wheel activity and body temperature rhythms. These results confirm and expand our recent study [15] by showing that alteration in some parameters of the melatonin rhythm (i. e. , desynchronization and amplitude) had no effects on τ, amplitude and mesor of the Rw and Tb rhythms. Such a result was unexpected because it is believed that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian timing system as well as of body temperature [12,14]. Recent experimental evidence suggests that the SCN may contain several circadian pacemakers. For example, the circadian rhythm of arginine vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release in cultured SCN is regulated by different populations that can desynchronize from each other [19,20].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: liposuction or omentectomy), the only way to lose fat is through negative energy balance. Theoretically this can be achieved by reduced food intake, reduced energy uptake, increased energy expenditure, or a combination of these. A very low calorie diet (VLCD) or a very low energy diet is defined as a diet with an energy content of less than 800 kcal/day but which still contains adequate amounts of proteins, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates and the recommended daily allowances of vitamins and minerals. Ordinary food is replaced by 3–5 VLCD meals together with 2–2. 5 l of non-energy fluid per day. At the end of the VLCD period, ordinary food is gradually reintroduced over 2–4 weeks. In medical treatment programs, VLCD is often used over 12–16 weeks and results in average weight losses of 1. 5–2. 5 kg/week [16, 17]. VLCDs are mainly indicated in obese patients with disorders or risk factors that can be immediately improved by weight loss (e. g. type 2 diabetes) and when rapid weight loss is needed before a major surgical procedure. There is usually a rebound in weight after VLCD treatment programs, and it is crucial that the VLCD phase is followed by active weight maintenance programs [17]. Obesity surgery provides the greatest degree of sustained weight loss for severely obese patients [18]. On average, surgical treatment for obesity results in 20–40 kg of weight loss and a 10–15 kg/m2 reduction in BMI [19, 20]. Surgical obesity treatment is generally considered for adult patients if they have a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2, or a BMI greater than 35 kg/m2 with serious comorbid conditions such as sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus or joint disease [21]. Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of obesity and metabolic complications, functioning both as an energy store and as a major endocrine organ. The adipocyte is the main cell type in adipose tissue, but the tissue is also comprised of adipocyte precursor cells, stromal vascular cells, immune cells and nerve cells [22]. In mammals, there are 2 types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue, which has mainly energy-storing functions, and brown adipose tissue, which is mainly thermogenic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The soils were subjected to Kjeldahl digestion, and the soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration was determined using a semi-autoanalyzer (Kjeltec 2300 Analyzer Unit, Foss Tecator, Sweden). Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentration was measured by persulfate oxidation followed by colorimetric analysis (Schade et al. , 2003). Soil total organic carbon (TOC) was determined with a TOC-5000A analyzer (Shimadzu Corp. , Kyoto, Japan). Soil pH was measured using a ratio of soil:water = 1g:2. 5 ml with a Delta pH-meter (Mettler-). DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing Three replicate rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were used for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of soil with a FastDNA® SPIN Kit for soil () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The final DNA concentrations and their purity levels were determined using a NanoDrop® ND-1000 (Nanodrop, USA), with DNA quality checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA was then stored at −80 °C until use. The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the specific primers 341F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′) (Mori et al. , 2014), and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers ITS1F (5′--3′) and ITS2R (5′--3′) (Bokulich & Mills, 2013; Hugerth et al. , 2014). All PCR reactions were conducted with Phusion® High-(Biolabs). The amplifications were conducted in a 30 µl mixture including 15 µl of Phusion High-(2 ×), 0. 2 µM forward and reverse primers, 10 ng of template DNA, and PCR-grade water up to 30 µl. The amplification program was 98 °C for 1 min and 30 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 5 min. After PCR amplification, the obtained products were purified using the (Inc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Spontaneous splitting of the locomotor activity rhythm under constant bright light may be the consequence of desynchronization of populations between the left and right SCN [21]. A very recent study using a forced desynchronization protocol has indicated the presence of two oscillators in the anatomically SCN subdivisions [22], thus suggesting that the SCN is composed of different populations of circadian oscillators that constitute regional pacemakers controlling specific circadian outputs. In mammals the pineal gland is the major source of circulating melatonin, and several studies have shown that melatonin synthesis is under the control of a circadian pacemaker located in the SCN via a multisynaptic pathway [23]. Our study suggests that the circadian pacemaker driving melatonin synthesis is rather independent from the circadian pacemaker(s) driving the locomotor activity and the body temperature rhythms since it can desynchronize or damp without affecting these rhythms and, at the same time, it can remain rhythmic even in the case when Rw and Tb rhythms may became arrhythmic. Remarkably, the reduced amplitude of the melatonin rhythm observed in several animals (Table 1 and Figure 1F) was caused by a clear increase of the basal melatonin levels and a decrease of peak levels. Such a result is well in agreement with our previous study in which we reported that pineal Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA levels are reduced in animal exposed to LLdim [15] and suggests that, in some animals, the signal by which the SCN drives the circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin synthesis may be reduced under long-term exposure to constant conditions. However, it must be also mentioned that this reduction in the amplitude of the serum melatonin rhythms may be due to the fact that peak and trough levels were missed due to the limited number of sampling points used. In conclusion, the data presented in this study support the idea that the mammalian SCN is composed of a network of circadian pacemakers that control specific outputs, so that under specific experimental conditions (i. e. , exposure to constant dim light or forced desynchrony protocols) these pacemakers may desynchronize. Our data also support the notion that in the rat the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are controlled by a single pacemaker. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: White adipocytes are characterized by a single large lipid droplet that occupies the major part of the cytoplasmic space, whereas brown adipocytes contain multiple smaller lipid droplets and a large number of mitochondria. Brown adipose tissue is abundant in small mammals and in newborns of larger mammals, including humans [23]. In contrast to what was previously believed, a substantial fraction of adult humans possess some amount of active brown adipose tissue [24]. What may also be of physiological significance, although not yet shown in humans, is that white adipocytes have the ability to acquire brown adipocyte features under various stimuli [25–27]. So far, gene expression in human brown adipose tissue has only been investigated in one study [28]. of Tissue during Diet-profiling using microarrays has been used to explore genes and mechanisms that may be implicated in the development of human disease. Microarray technology makes it possible to measure the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously. The microarray consists of a coated glass surface on which probes for different gene transcripts have been synthesized or spotted onto the glass surface. Samples of labeled RNA are hybridized to the probes on the glass surface and the amount of each specific transcript can be quantified by measuring the amount of florescence emitted from each probe. Expression profiling has been extensively used in the investigation of human obesity. Several tissues such as the hypothalamus, gut and the liver play key roles in the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. The adipose tissue is, due to its importance and relatively easy accessibility, the main site where gene expression has been studied. Several expression profiling studies have been published describing expression changes in adipose tissue during diet-induced weight loss (table 1). Direct comparison of these studies to get a general answer to the question of which genes in adipose tissue are regulated by diet-induced weight loss is an interesting concept. However, differences between the studies (e. g. in study populations, dietary intervention, degree of weight loss and the microarray system used) makes such direct comparisons challenging. It has also recently been shown that factors such as biopsy collection procedures have an impact on the expression profile [29]. In table 1 we summarize the current literature regarding human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss. Expression profiling after bariatric surgery has not been included in this table.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , USA) and subjected to quantification using a Qubit® 2. 0 Fluorometer (Inc. , USA) and an 2100 (Agilent Technologies, USA) system. Last, the library was sequenced on an Ion S5™ XL (Scientific Inc. , USA) platform and 600 bp single-end reads were generated at the Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, China. The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data from this study were deposited in the (accession number PRJNA627740). Bioinformatics and diversity analyses Single-end reads were assigned to samples using Cutadapt version 1. 9. 1 (Martin, 2011). The reads were compared with the reference database (Gold database) using the algorithm to detect chimera sequences (Edgar et al. , 2011), and then, the chimera sequences were removed (Haas et al. , 2011). Effective tags were ultimately obtained. The sequence analysis was performed using Uparse software (version 7. 0. 1001) (Edgar, 2013), and the sequences with ≥97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The most abundant sequence in each OTU was chosen as the representative sequence. The bacteria were identified using the ( (Quast et al. , 2013) based on the RDP classifier (version 2. 2) (Wang et al. , 2007). The fungi were identified using the ( based on the Blast algorithm in QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Koljalg et al. , 2013). The phylogenetic relationships of the OTUs and the differences among dominant species in samples (groups) were analyzed using multiple sequence alignments in software (version 3. 8. 31) (Edgar, 2004). The bacterial and fungal communities were characterized in terms of diversity by calculating Shannon-Wiener index and number of OTUs (richness) using QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Caporaso et al. , 2010). Network analysis To make the bacteria and fungi networks comparable, the relative abundance of OTUs was log10-transformed and analyzed using the molecular ecological network analyses (MENA) pipeline ( implemented with random matrix theory (RMT)-based algorithms (Deng et al. , 2012) and then visualized with Cytoscape 3. 7. 1 (Shannon et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Autonomy, Creativity, and Limits of “Pure Reason” der transzendentalen Logik im System der Logik bei Theorie des Bewusstseins und die Frage nach Bewusstsein bei Vollständigkeit von zwischen Meinen, Glauben und unitas Kant and and the Objection from programmatische Frage der transzendentalen Deduktion in der Kritik der reinen semantischen Voraussetzungen von Kant on Cognition, Comprehension, and Logik als Kathartikon des Verstandes und ihre Methode als Modell der Kritik der reinen Vernunft Synthesen. mit Form und Struktur des § 17 der B-the Normativity of Erkenntnis der Dinge an sich – das Beispiel der einfachen the Kant on Intuitions, Concepts, and as Schemata: Reason’s Role in Die heautonome Gesetzgebung der reflektierenden Spontaneität des Extra-Constructed by Kant to and Intuitions as Representations Über die Nichtübersetzbarkeit einer transzendentalen in eine logisch-empiristische in Kant’s Kant’s und das menschliche und Gödel oder zur Freiheit der mathematischen Kant’s of Concepts Wissenschafts- und der Raum aktual-unendlich?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: All studies listed used energy-reduced diets and needle aspiration of subcutaneous adipose tissue but they have reported different major findings. This is probably due to the differences in study design and differences in microarray platforms used, but it may also reflect that the different research groups choose to focus on different aspects of the expression profiling results. The first human adipose tissue expression profiling study of the effects of dietinduced weight loss was published by Clement et al. in 2004 [30]. They show that weight loss improves the inflammatory profile of obese subjects through a decrease of pro-inflammatory factors and an increase of anti-inflammatory molecules in adipose tissue. In a study published in 2005, Dahlman et al. [31] concluded that the weight loss resulted in a coordinated reduction in the expression of genes regulating the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the study by Mutch et al. [32] both responders and non-responders to the weight loss treatment were included. They conclude that the adipose gene expression profile prior to the intervention differed between the responders and non-responders and that this may be used to predict weight loss [32]. In the study by Chapel et al. from 2008 [33] two different weight loss diets were used (low fat, high carbohydrate or moderate fat, low carbohydrate diet). They conclude that the energy restriction had a more pronounced impact on gene expression than did the macronutrient composition [33]. Kolehmainen et al. used a long-term weight reduction treatment and showed that genes regulating the extracellular matrix and cell death showed a strong down-regulation after weight loss [34]. In a recent study by Chapel et al. it was concluded that adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes display distinct patterns of gene regulation during various phases of the dietary weight loss program [35]. number of processes in the adipose tissue that are affected by dietary-induced weight loss. Furthermore, they illustrate the potential of expression profiling to identify systematic changes in groups of genes that may be of importance for adipose tissue function. Human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss Table 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The thresholds in the network construction were automatically chosen, and module separation was based on the fast greedy modularity optimization (Zhou et al. , 2010; Deng et al. , 2012). Modularity (M) is an index measuring the extent to which a network is divided into modules, and M > 0. 4 was used as the threshold to define modular structures (Newman, 2006). Keystone species (module hubs and connectors) were identified by values of within-module connectivity (Zi) and among-module connectivity (Pi), where module hubs (highly connected to many nodes within modules) have Zi > 2. 5 and Pi ≤ 0. 62 and connectors (highly linked to several modules) have Zi ≤ 2. 5 and Pi > 0. 62) (Zhou et al. , 2011). Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of the grazing exclusion on plants (richness, diversity, aboveground biomass), soil properties (and pH), and soil microbes (observed OTU richness and Shannon-Wiener index), followed by Tukey’s HSD test. These statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. 0 (). The changes in each variable induced by grazing exclusion were indicated as the natural log-transformed response ratio, lnR = ln( X ¯ E ) −ln( X ¯ C ), where X ¯ E and X ¯ C are the mean values of the variables that were observed in experimental group and control group, respectively (Hedges, Gurevitch & Curtis, 1999). The variance of lnR was calculated using the following equation: ν = SD E 2 n E X ¯ E 2 + SD C 2 n C X ¯ C 2 where SDE and SDC are the standard deviation for the experimental group and control group, respectively; nE and nC are the sample size (number of replicates) for the experimental group and control group, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) at OTU level was used to visualize patterns in bacterial and fungal community structures. Differences in bacterial or fungal community composition between grazed and grazing-excluded grasslands were tested using analysis of similarity () tests with Bray–Curtis in the ‘vegan’ package, in R software (v2. 15. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Yeti fur can regenerate itself if cut. [SEP] Text: And, while some view his work as science fiction, Chris has proven that the concepts behind his ideas are theoretically and practically possible. As technology and biological understanding advance, great progress can be expected in all fields of biomedical engineering. “In the field of endosymbiont engineering, I think we will develop bacteria that only contain the minimal number of genes needed for their growth, and we will generate libraries of genes that drive the development of different cells and tissues,” predicts Chris. “With this, we could customise the minimal genome bacteria by inserting other genes, so the bacteria perform different functions. For example, after a heart attack, a patient could be prescribed a minimal genome bacterium with heart generating genes that would guide the patient’s heart cells to regenerate. ” Progress in biomedical engineering relies on the next generation of scientists having a futuristic mindset and a willingness to pursue the unknown. As the chemist, Frank Westheimer, once said, “Progress is made by young scientists who carry out experiments that old scientists said wouldn’t work. ” Chris acknowledges that some scientists call his work ‘science fiction’, in part due to a fear of the unknown. “Science fiction writers ask, ‘What if? ’,” he says. “As scientists, we think of what might be possible and ask, ‘What’s the next step? ’ We begin with the end in mind and direct our experiments toward this goal. However, innovations lie in the unexpected results, and therefore we must go into every design and experiment with our eyes wide open to appreciate the unexpected and then explain it. ” Pathway from school to biomedical engineering “All engineering fields require math,” says Chris. “So, get a solid education in math and quantitative sciences. ” Study mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics and, if your school offers classes in engineering and computing, take them as well, since these subjects will also be useful. Some universities offer degrees in biomedical engineering, bioengineering or biological engineering. Related degrees in biochemistry, biology or other engineering fields (e. g. , mechanical or electrical) could also lead to a career in biomedical engineering. Explore careers in biomedical engineering • “(BMES; www. bmes. org) and the Engineering in Medicine and (EMBS; www. embs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss View largeIEERIndividually estimated energy requirementLFlow-fat, high-carbohydrate dietMFmoderate-fat, low-carbohydratedietNRnon-responders to the dietRresponders to the dietwksweeksa Number and sex of subjects included in the microarray analysis. b All 22 subjects in the study to end of LCD. Schematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideSchematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideSchematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Close modal In our study, below denoted the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study, 24 obese subjects were given a VLCD treatment containing 450 kcal/day for 16 weeks, followed by a 2-week period when regular food was gradually reintroduced [36–39]. Study assessments were performed and adipose tissue biopsies were taken at baseline, after 8 weeks of diet, after 16 weeks of diet and at week 18 when regular food had been reintroduced. This dietary intervention resulted in a mean weight loss of 28 kg and a reduction in BMI of 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Pearson correlation was used to analyze the effect of grazing exclusion on the relationship between the plant characteristics, soil properties, and soil microbial diversity. Random networks with the same number of nodes and links were constructed to compare with the original network to determine general network characteristics (Zhou et al. , 2011). For each identified network, 100 randomly rewired networks were generated, and all network indexes were calculated individually (Maslov & Sneppen, 2002). The Z-test was used to test index differences between the molecular ecological networks and random networks, and the Student t-test was used to test for differences in network indexes under different conditions using standard deviations derived from the corresponding random networks. The relationships between molecular ecological networks and environmental factors (plant characteristics and soil properties) were analyzed with Module-EigenGene analyses (Zhou et al. , 2011; Deng et al. , 2012). Spearman correlations coefficients were calculated to depict the relationship between the abundance of microbes and environmental factors. Results with a P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Figure 1: Response of variables of plants, soil, and soil microbial communities to grazing exclusion on the Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. An effect size >0 indicates a positive response to grazing exclusion, and an effect size >0 indicates a negative response to grazing exclusion. Data means ± SE (n = 3). The level of significance is as follows: ∗∗∗P < 0. 0001, ∗P < 0. 05. PB, plant aboveground biomass; PR: plant species richness; PD: plant diversity; SWC, soil water content; TOC: soil total organic carbon; TN, soil total nitrogen; TP: soil total phosphorus; pH, soil pH value; BRR: bacterial richness in rhizosphere; BDR, bacterial diversity in rhizosphere; BRB, bacterial richness in bulk soil; BDB, bacterial diversity in bulk soil; FRR, fungal richness in rhizosphere; FDR, fungal diversity in rhizosphere; FRB, fungal richness in bulk soil; FDB, fungal diversity in bulk soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-1 of plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The plant aboveground biomass had significant positive responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and book PDF Download book 7, Keyan Fang8 & Patrick Fonti9 Part of the book series: ((TREE,)) 14k Accesses 9 2. 1). These changes are associated with observable, often both macroscopically and microscopically, delineations in annual rings (e. g. , Schweingruber 2001). In conifers (gymnosperms), the tracheid cells produced towards the beginning of the growing season tend to grow to larger sizes, yet have thin cell walls. As the growing season progresses and comes to a close, conifer tracheid cells tend to be smaller, particularly in the radial direction, and have thicker cell walls. In hardwoods (angiosperms), the number of wood cells and the associated structures tends to be more complex and variable, yet annual ring boundaries are also able to be differentiated based upon the characteristics of vessels (often larger and preferentially distributed towards the first part of a ring), and more dense fibers at the end of the growing season. Apart from annual temperature cycles, the monsoon that influences over half of the world’s population can also influence the formation of rings due to the prominent hydroclimate seasonality (e. g. , Brienen et al. 2016). Especially in tropical regions, elemental composition and/or both stable (especially oxygen) and non-stable (especially carbon, i. e. ,14C) isotopes have been used to quantify and confirm annual growth increments (Poussart et al. 2004, 2006; Anchukaitis et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2014). It is these annual growth increments, and our ability to distinguish them and ultimately identify and assign them to an exact year, that is the basis for dendrochronology. Fig. 2. 1Examples of wood anatomical and tree-ring structures for a gymnosperm (Abies alba), b a ring porous angiosperm (Quercus pubescens) c a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Juglans regia), and d a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Malus domestica). In all cases the outermost rings are towards the top of the images. The xylem of gymnosperms is composed primarily of tracheid cells, with a simpler and more uniform structure amongst species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 7 kg/m2 after 18 weeks [39]. This weight loss is much larger than in the other adipose tissue expression profiling studies (table 1) and the repeated sampling in this study and the inclusion of the re-feeding time point (week 18) enables the grouping of genes into specific expression patterns. Two commonly observed expression patterns are illustrated in figure 1. These patterns are interesting because they may provide information on the physiological factors controlling the adipose tissue expression of genes included in these groups. The first group (fig. 1a) includes genes that respond to the changes in body weight or improvement in metabolic status during the weight loss treatment. Correlation analysis of the expression level of a gene and the clinical phenotypes of the subjects may provide additional information on parameters relevant for the adipose tissue expression of the gene. The second group (fig. 1b) includes genes that respond to changes in energy intake. The sections below highlight some of the genes identified as regulated by dietinduced weight loss in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD-study and reviews the current knowledge on these genes in relation to obesity and obesity-related disorders. A Expression in Tissue and Association with Serum amyloid A (SAA) was originally believed to be only a liver-derived acute phase protein displaying up to a thousand-fold concentration increase when induced by inflammation or infection [40, 41]. However, using expression profiling, we and others have revealed that human adipose tissue is a main site of expression for acute phase SAA family members (i. e. SAA1 and SAA2) during conditions of non-acute phase [36, 42, 43]. Obesity is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammation, including slightly elevated circulating levels of inflammatory factors [44, 45]. Several observations suggest that SAA is implicated in both glucose/lipid metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue [46–49] and it is possible that the increase in circulating levels of SAA contributes to obesity-related complications such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis [50, 51]. Yang et al. [43] have shown that in vitro treatment of isolated human adipocytes with recombinant SAA causes a significant increase in basal lipolysis. Furthermore, they have shown that SAA is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator in adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells, monocytes and endothelial cells [43].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 001), but the response of plant species richness was instead negative (P < 0. 05; Fig. 1). For soil properties, SWC responded in a positive and significant way to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 001), whereas TOC and soil pH had negative, significant responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 05). The relative aboveground biomass of AB (dominant species Salsola collina Pall. ) dominated in the grazing excluded grassland (Fig. 2). By contrast, the TG (dominant species S. glareosa), RG (dominant species Leymus chinensis (Trin. ) Tzvel), SG (dominant species C. songorica), SS (dominant species Caragana stenophylla Pojark), and FB (dominant species A. cochinchinensis) decreased after eight years of grazing exclusion. Figure 2: Effects of the grazing exclusion on relative aboveground biomass of plant functional groups (A) and dominant plant species (B) in Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. AB, annuals or biennials; FB, forbs; RG, perennial rhizome grasses; SG, perennial short bunchgrasses; SS, shrubs or semi-shrubs; TG, perennial tall bunchgrasses. G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-2 Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities After quality filtering, a total of 953,050 bacterial sequences and 966,095 fungal sequences were obtained in this study, and clustered into 2,270 and 1,232 OTUs for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Eight years of grazing exclusion did not affect the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, but significantly increased (P < 0. 05) them in the bulk soil (Fig. 1). The communities of bacteria and fungi were clearly separated between the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils (Fig. 3). However, no significant (P > 0. 05) differences were detected in bacterial and fungal community composition between grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Angiosperm xylem is composed of a several different types of cells whose characteristics and distributions within annual rings are highly variable amongst species resulting in a diverse range of visual appearances. A very well-prepared surface is necessary to differentiate annual tree-rings. Images from www. woodanatomy. ch (Schoch et al. 2004)Full size image1. 1 Inter-in Tree-Rings and Tree-Ring ParametersThe annual rhythm of growing and dormant seasons is the driving factor for annual ring formation. Yet it is the variations in external environmental forcing, predominantly inter-annual variations in weather and climate, that result in different ring traits and properties from one year to the next. Characteristic sequences of wider and narrower rings reflect changes in environmental conditions, and notably also results in a common signal or a unique fingerprint of this environmental variation amongst trees growing in proximal regions and ecological settings (Fritts 1976; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Speer 2010). Favorable climatic conditions for tree growth typically results in wider rings. Examples of favorable climatic conditions includes ample moisture for trees growing in more arid ecological settings, or sufficiently high temperatures conductive to photosynthetic activity and cellular growth for high elevation and high latitude trees. Whereas increased ecophysiological stress is typically associated with less radial growth. Although weather/climate variations play a crucial role for assigning the precise year to every ring (see Sect. 2. 2), it should be noted that environmental conditions can and do include anything and everything that influences the molecular/isotopic composition, structure, ecophysiological functioning, and growth of trees. Tree-ring width is generally the most easily observable and measurable tree-ring parameter, yet many other tree-ring properties and parameters including wood density, (quantitative) wood anatomical assessments, and of course, stable isotopes, are influenced, often in unique ways, by environmental conditions. The plethora of tree-ring parameters thus expands the range of inter-disciplinary investigations possible with dendrochronology (Fig. 2. 2). The rest of this section reviews various (non-stable isotope) tree-ring parameters, and provides an extensive listing of example research applications that have relied upon each of these parameters. Fig. 2. 2Illustration of tree-ring and wood anatomical parameters from a sample of (Pseudotsuga menziesii) collected near Tucson, Arizona.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, we found no evidence that serum levels of SAA are independently associated with adipocyte size. Instead, SAA levels correlated with a general increase in adiposity and inflammation [64]. It is well established that steady-state serum levels of SAA are strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease [51, 65] but further studies are needed to establish whether SAA is just an innocent bystander or an actual cause of obesity-associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector (CIDE) family consists of 3 highly homologous proteins: and CIDEC [66]. The CIDE proteins were originally identified by their sequence homology to the N-terminal region of the DNA fragmentation factor A (DFFA/DFF45) [66], which triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. All 3 CIDE proteins have been found to activate apoptosis in mammalian cells [66, 67]. Gene disruption of these 3 genes in mice has revealed that they also play important roles in various aspects of metabolism. All 3 mice models (Cidea-/-, Cideb-/- and Cidec-/-) display lean phenotypes and are resistant to diet-induced obesity [68]. In mice, Cidea is specifically expressed in BAT [69], Cideb predominantly expressed in the liver [70] and Cidec is mainly expressed in WAT [69]. It is noteworthy that despite the differences in tissue distribution of Cidea, Cideb and Cidec gene expression, disruption of each of these genes in mice generates a metabolic phenotype with striking similarities, such as reduced plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid levels, decreased leptin levels, decreased lipid content in white adipocytes and increased glucose disposal rates [68]. Proteins of the CIDE family members have been localized to the mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets. The mitochondrial function of CIDE-family members is most likely related to the apoptotic function of these genes. From a metabolic perspective, the view of CIDE family members as lipid droplet-binding proteins is very interesting [68]. There are also data supporting the idea that members of the CIDE family play important roles also in human metabolism [71–73].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Principal component analysis (PCA) of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community structures found at the grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils. GEr, rhizosphere soil of grazing-excluded plot; GEb, bulk soil of grazing-excluded plot; Gr, rhizosphere soil of grazed plot; and, Gd, bulk soil of grazed plots. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-3 Among the highly abundant phyla, Proteobacteria had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (38. 96%) and bulk soil (34. 94%) of grazing excluded grassland soils, followed by the Actinobacteria (29. 38% and 31. 02%, respectively), but their abundance were significantly decreased in bulk soil of grazed grassland (Fig. S2A). Firmucutes were the most abundant in the bulk soil (58. 32%) of grazed grassland, but significantly decreased in grazing excluded grassland soils. We also observed two fungal phyla dominated the soil microbes: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Fig. S2B). In grazing excluded grassland soils, the Ascomycota had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (58. 03%) and bulk soil (83. 08%), followed by the Basidiomycota (41. 34% and 9. 98%, respectively) and significantly higher in the rhizosphere. In grazed grassland soils, Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance in the rhizosphere (84. 25%) and bulk soil (79. 32%), followed by the Basidiomycota (9. 98% and 1. 37%, respectively). Response of soil microbial networks Network analysis for bacteria and fungi in the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils, including data of both rhizosphere and bulk soil (since a significant rhizosphere effect was not detected), revealed that the networks of bacteria and fungi in the grazing-excluded grassland soil were larger than those in grazed grassland soils (Fig. 4, Table S2). However, grazing exclusion slightly decreased the proportion of positive links in bacterial networks from 76. 58 to 68. 32% and substantially decreased them in fungal networks from 69. 33 to 57. 50% (Table S2).

Output: pass