Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In other words, time-shifts between observations will result in additional PCA components that roughly resemble the temporal derivatives of the source component. Data and code Request a detailed protocol The dPCA code is available at for Matlab and Python. All four datasets used in this manuscript have been made available at (Romo et al. , 2016; Constantinidis et al. , 2016; Feierstein et al. , 2016; Uchida et al. , 2016). Our preprocessing and the main analysis scripts (Matlab) are available at Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 9430. 24. 2662. 1207. 47. 25. 1690. 10. 1111/j. 1751-5823. 2011. 00159_25. x. 56. 10. 6080/K0ZW1(2014) Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings 17:. 1055. 1153. 10. 6080/K0QC01D2 (2006) Representation of spatial goals in rat orbitofrontal cortex Neuron 51:495–507. 10. 3389/fnbot. 2014. 00010 10. 1007/b94608 314. 4943. 264. 10. 1007/978-0-387-78189-1 929. 231. 10. 3389/fncom. 2010. 00126 1124. 360. 84. 4656. 6276. 1598. 1403. 26. 10. 1093/cercor/bhr058 6169. 1792. 10. 1007/978-1-4757-2853-8 220. 590. 979. 1496. 10. 6080/K0V40S4ández A (1999) Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex Nature 399:470–473. 218. 229. 10. 6080/K0FT8HZ2 Mainen ZF (2003) Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat 6:1224–1229. 647. 193. 635. 14. We thank Matthew Kauffman, Valerio Mante, and for helpful input along the way, and for a valuable discussion on the connection between dPCA and LDA. We furthermore thank for help with creating animations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: (2022a, b), this peak in coral richness could be generated by the range overlap of assemblages typical of shallow and mesophotic communities within this depth range, as observed in (Diaz et al. , 2023a). While comparison with other studies was challenging due to the lack of a standardised methodology to measure diversity, as well as the differences in terms of investigated taxa between studies, the high benthic diversity encountered within the entire mesophotic gradient in the can still be acknowledged. Here, more than 90% of the total benthic megafauna diversity was detected (Table S3, see Table S4 for undetected diversity), which is considered as an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Fundamentally, the sampling effort of this study obtained an efficient inventory of the benthic species community across the shallow to lower mesophotic depth gradient at Egmont Atoll. Hence, the authors suggest that future studies should estimate diversity indices using rarefied and extrapolated methods, to obtain a standardised and robust comparison between studies (Roswell et al. 2021). Overall, the diversity of the benthic communities at decreased from the shallow water down to the lower mesophotic zone (from 15 to 160 m) at the two study sites, when accounting for rare, abundant, and highly abundant morphospecies (Hill numbers for species richness, Shannon and Simpson indices; Fig. 2). While studies of the entire benthic community down to mesophotic depths are scarce, this pattern has been observed in several locations, such as the Caribbean (Stefanoudis et al. 2019), the Ocean (Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and the (Pyle et al. 2016). The decrease in benthic diversity with depth has also been described worldwide for scleractinian corals, in the Caribbean (Appeldoorn et al. 2019), the Indo-Pacific (Bridge et al. 2012; Rowley et al. 2019; Turak and DeVantier 2019; Laverick et al. 2020; Montgomery et al. 2021; Osuka et al. 2021) and the western Atlantic regions (Muir and Pichon 2019). On the contrary, sponge (Slattery and Lesser 2012; Eyal et al. 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: , the primary index used by the for tracking the ocean part of ENSO) are enhanced in this season ( SON data from 2010 and 2015 were taken to represent strong La Niña and El Niño conditions, respectively. Multi-year mean La Niña and El Niño conditions were computed using all La Niña (2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2016 and 2017) and El Niño (2006, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2018) events that occurred during 2005-2020. We generated regionally-averaged water column profiles for the WPWP (0°−10°N, 130°−150°E), EPWP (10°−15°N, 110°−80°W) and EECT (2°S-2°N, 120°−90°W) using the boxes shown in Fig. 1d for both the strong and mean ENSO cases. The dimensions of the boxes were chosen to delineate core regions that are representative of the modern-day upper water column characteristics of the and EECT, instead of encompassing the spatial range of all the proxy records available for each region and/or the entire spatial extent of each region (see Fig. S3). seawater temperature data for strong and multi-year averaged ENSO events, we first computed the values of each of the following mean state features for each region (and EECT): SST and SubT differences between El Niño and La Niña phases and the upper water column vertical ΔT and thermocline depth during El Niño and La Niña events (Table S5). Thus, for each feature, we had a set of values for each region that corresponds to the value of this feature at every grid point in the regional box. From each set of feature values, we used bootstrap sampling to draw 5000 samples of the same sample size as the original set of feature values. We then computed the mean of each of these samples to get 5000 sample means. The final feature values for each region were based on the average of the 5000 sample means and the uncertainty of the final feature value is reported as the 95% confidence interval. Argo SST and SubT data from the WPWP and EECT were used to generate the zonal SST and SubT gradients for El Niño and La Niña phases (Table S5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 27670 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJuly 24, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptJune 28, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptJune 27, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,202 views 565 downloads 86 7670. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 8 figures 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Adaptation and saturation modulate ORN responses to broadly distributed naturalistic stimuli. (a) Ethyl acetate odorant (top) elicits LFP (middle) and firing rate (bottom) responses from a ab3A ORN. (b) 2-butanone odorant (top) elicits LFP (middle) and firing rate (bottom) responses from a ab2A ORN. Insets in (a–b) show pairs of whiffs and the LFP and firing rate responses they elicit on an expanded timescale. All pairs of insets are shown at the same scale, for 400 ms around a whiff. (c) ab2 LFP responses vs. projected stimulus. (d) ab2A firing rate vs. projected stimulus. (c) and (d) show that ORN responses differ significantly from linearity. (e) ab2 LFP responses vs. whiff amplitude. (f) ab2A firing rate vs. whiff amplitude. n = 15 trials from 2 ORNs. 101 whiffs shown in (e–f). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Diagram of odor delivery device and calibration of Photo-(PID). 1 mL of pure odorant was placed in a 20 mL scintillation vial with a screw top. A computer-controlled Controller (MFC) forced air through this vial, which created an odorized airstream. This airstream was either directed into the main air flow or to waste (vacuum) using a solenoid valve. A PID (inlet needle at the outlet of the main air tube) recorded the gas phase concentration of the odorant stimulus as it was presented to the fly. We calibrated the PID by depleting a fixed, known volume of pure odorant at various flow rates, and integrating the resultant PID signal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The relatively constant total community richness at the species (or morphospecies) level over a broad bathymetric range is suggested to be due to major shifts of the larger taxonomic categories (Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988). Indeed, whilst diversity values were relatively constant with depth (Fig. 2), numerous depth-specialist species were observed along the depth gradient at in a parallel study, with a gradual decrease in scleractinian corals with depth, while octocorals, hydrozoans, antipatharians, hydrozoans and sponges increased (Table S3; (Diaz et al. 2023a)). Depth specialist species included Astrogorgia sp, Leptoseris sp, and members of the Nephtheidae and Hydrozoa. Shallow and mesophotic coral ecosystems observed at displayed a high dissimilarity in terms of benthic communities along the depth gradient (Fig. 3a, d), as well as among sites (Fig. 4). Turnover was found to be the main component of overall dissimilarity along the depth gradient and locally between sites, indicating that species replacement was the main driver of the differences in the benthic communities (Fig. 3). In addition, Jaccard dissimilarity displayed higher values between sites in mesophotic depth zones (30–160 m), compared to the shallower sites (15–20 m) (Fig. 4). The results presented in this study hence reveal the uniqueness of MCEs at Egmont Atoll. A change in community composition was observed along the depth gradient (Table S2). Thus, rather than the deeper communities being a subset of the richer shallower communities, they are composed of a different assemblage of species. Similar trends in dissimilarity along the depth gradient have been observed in other studies investigating beta diversity for the entire benthic community, in the Caribbean and western (Semmler et al. 2017; Stefanoudis et al. 2019, 2023; Osuka et al. 2021). In addition, high species turnover has also been observed for scleractinian corals in the Pacific and western Atlantic regions (Rocha et al. 2018; Montgomery et al. 2021; Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: 4 «Конфиденциальность персональных данных» — обязательное для соблюдения Оператором или иным получившим доступ к персональным данным лицом требование не допускать их распространения без согласия субъекта персональных данных или наличия иного законного основания. 1. 1. 5 «Пользователь сайта (далее Пользователь, Субъект персональных данных)» — лицо, имеющее доступ к сайту, посредством сети Интернет и использующее сайт. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Using the known densities and molar masses of these monomolecular odorants, we built maps from PID response in Volts onto the absolute odorant flux. This relationship was found to be linear for the two odorants tested. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Example of simultaneously acquired primary data (ab3A responses to ethyl acetate stimulus). (a) Seven repetitions of fluctuating ethyl acetate stimulus (each gray trace is from a presentation to a different ab3A neuron in a different sensillum; mean shown in black). (b) Raw voltage recording from 7 different ab3 sensilla. (gray traces, one from each neuron; mean shown in black). (c) One of the traces in (b) is filtered to visualize spikes. Note that spikes from the ab3A neuron are typically larger than spikes from the ab3B neuron, enabling us to sort them and measure the response of a single neuron in vivo. (d) Raster of ab3A spikes for 7 different ORNs. Arrow indicates trace shown in (c). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Statistics of the ethyl acetate stimulus with naturalistic temporal structure. (a) Distribution of whiff intensities. (b) Distribution of whiff durations. (c) Distribution of blank durations. Predicted distributions from Celani et al. (2014) are shown in red lines (a–c). c is the odor concentration (whiff intensity). tw and tb are whiff and blank durations. (d) Mean vs. standard deviation of stimulus, computed in 400 ms non-overlapping blocks. (e) Correlation between mean and standard deviation of stimulus as a function of window length. Peak correlation observed for timescales ~400 ms. (f) Autocorrelation function of the stimulus. Shading indicates standard deviation across trials. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Deviations from linearity persist even when filters extracted from Gaussian stimuli are used to project naturalistic stimulus. (a) LFP filters for ab2A ORNs responding to 2-butanone, extracted either form naturalistic stimuli (black) or from Gaussian stimuli (red). (b) LFP responses to naturalistic stimulus vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from naturalistic stimulus (Black filter in a). (c) LFP responses to naturalistic stimulus vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: More recently, a study investigating the “whole community” using eDNA metabarcoding in Hawai’i found significant differences between reefs at 0–45 m and 60–90 m, for 18S-eukaryotes and COI-metazoans, with turnover identified as the highest component of the beta diversity (Hoban et al. 2023). However, a review by Muir and Pichon (2019) suggests that at mesophotic depths shallower than 60 m, coral communities are a subset of shallow-water reefs, with a shift in coral fauna occurring from 60 m. This shift in community composition at 60 m has been described in several locations and defined as a “community break” (Lesser et al. (2019)). Here, turnover was nevertheless high even between the shallowest depth zones (15-20 m and 30-40 m), supporting previous studies suggesting that ecological connectivity between the shallow and mesophotic zones is limited (Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Hoban et al. 2023; Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and driven by a change in benthic species along the depth gradient, rather than a loss of species (Fig. 3; Table S7, Fig. S1). Hence, these findings add evidence to the uncertainty surrounding the DRRH and the reseeding potential of MCEs should shallow-water reefs at Egmont Atoll, and likely in the wider Chagos Archipelago, be subject to disturbance, due to the high dissimilarity in benthic communities observed with depth. In addition, mesophotic reefs at have been found to be vulnerable to increases in temperature, with severe coral bleaching occurring between 60–90 m, in the absence of shallow coral bleaching, in late 2019 (Diaz et al. 2023c), challenging one of the assumptions of the DRRH that deep reefs are less impacted by climate change than their shallow-water counterparts (Glynn 1996). Whilst mesophotic coral bleaching was occurring during data collection, every organism, including bleached scleractinian corals, were annotated, and included within the analysis, thus the bleaching is unlikely to have affected the diversity results presented here.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае несогласия с условиями Политики конфиденциальности Пользователь должен прекратить использование сайта. 2. 3 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности применяется только к сайту Оператор не контролирует и не несет ответственность за сайты третьих лиц, на которые Пользователь может перейти по ссылкам, доступным на сайте. 2. 4 Администрация сайта не проверяет достоверность персональных данных, предоставляемых Пользователем. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: stimulus projected through filter computed from Gaussian stimulus (red filter in a). (d) Firing rate filters for ab2A ORNs responding to 2-butanone, extracted either from naturalistic stimuli (black) or from Gaussian stimuli (red). (e) Firing rate responses vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from naturalistic stimulus (black filter in d). (f) Firing rate responses vs. stimulus projected through filter computed from Gaussian stimulus (red filter in d). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adaptation and saturation modulate ORN responses to broadly distributed naturalistic stimuli. (a). Ethyl acetate whiffs of similar size (top) elicit ab3 LFP responses (middle) and ab3A firing rate responses (bottom) with different amplitudes. (b) 2-butanone whiffs of similar size (top) elicit ab2 LFP responses (middle) and ab2A firing rate responses (bottom) with different amplitudes. Bar graphs in (a) and (b) show that ordering in LFP and firing rate response does not correlate with whiff amplitude, but correlates with the intensity of the preceding whiff. Colors on bar graph correspond to colors in time series on the left. Deviations in LFP (c) and firing rate responses (d) from the median response vs. mean stimulus in the preceding 300 ms. Deviations in LFP (c, inset) and firing rate responses (d, inset) from the median response vs. whiff amplitude. (e) Deviations from the median of LFP responses (positive deviations: red, negative deviations: blue) as a function of the amplitude of the previous whiff and the time since previous whiff. Positive and negative deviations are significantly different (p=0. 01, 2-dimensional K-S test). (f) Deviations from the median of firing rate responses (positive deviations: red, negative deviations: blue) as a function of the amplitude of the previous whiff and the time since previous whiff. Positive and negative deviations are significantly different, (p=0. 001, 2-dimensional K-S test on firing rate deviations). Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset An NL model (static input nonlinearity followed by a linear filter) cannot reproduce context-dependence of LFP responses to similar-sized whiffs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsThe current study provides baseline data on the benthic diversity within MCEs in a remote, pristine area. High species turnover along the depth gradient and among sites indicates that the MCEs of the are of limited refuge for threatened shallow-water coral reefs and are a significant ecosystem in terms of diversity and endemicity. Thus, following the call of numerous scientists worldwide (e. g. Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Stefanoudis et al. 2022), the authors advocate for protection of these critical mesophotic ecosystems, in order to preserve overall biodiversity and the associated benefits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: ПРЕДМЕТ ПОЛИТИКИ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 3. 1 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности устанавливает обязательства Администрации сайта по неразглашению и обеспечению режима защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных, которые Пользователь предоставляет по запросу Администрации сайта при регистрации на сайте или для оформления заказов на услуги. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Input nonlinearity (a) and filter (b) fit to ab2 LFP responses to 2-butanone naturalistic stimulus. The input nonlinearity is a Hill function S/(S+KD) where S represents the input, and KD the half maximum value). The nonparametric filter and parametric nonlinearity are fit simultaneously in an iterative manner (see Materials and methods). (c) Comparison of ab2 LFP responses and NL model predictions. (d) Linear filter extracted from the stimulus and the NL model prediction. Note that the filter is not the same as in (b); a filter extracted from an NL model is not guaranteed to be an unbiased estimate of the true one. (e) NL model responses vs. naturalistic stimulus projected through filter in (d), showing that the NL model shows deviations from linearity similar to what is observed in the data (cf. Figure 1c). (f–g) Context dependence of response in the ab2 data and model. (f) ab2 LFP responses to whiffs of similar size (same data as in Figure 1h). Note that the responses to isolated whiffs (purple, yellow) are larger than the responses to repeated whiffs (red, blue). (g) NL model responses to these whiffs. Note that the responses to isolated whiffs (purple, yellow) are smaller than the responses to repeated whiffs (red, blue), the opposite of the trend visible in the data. Figure 3 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset ORNs decrease gain with stimulus mean, consistent with the Weber-Fechner Law. (a) Ethyl acetate stimuli with different mean intensities but similar variances. Stimulus intensity measured using a Photo-(PID), units in Volts (V). Colors indicate mean stimulus intensity. (b) Corresponding stimulus distributions. (c) ab3A firing rate responses to these stimuli. (d) Corresponding response distributions. (e) ORN responses vs. stimulus projected through linear filters. Colored numbers indicate r2 between linear projections and ORN response. (f) ORN gain vs. mean stimulus for each trial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Working on a selected area in Palau (western Micronesia), we assess the relative accuracy of selected coral heights in the reconstructed Models (DSMs) using 51 independent measurements (IMs), and we calculate 2D and 3D seafloor rugosity, comparing it with the results of the traditional “chain and tape” in situ method (Risk 1972; McCormick 1994). MethodsField surveys were conducted in the Palau Archipelago, western Micronesia (Fig. 1a), between November 2019 and February 2020. We focused on nine shallow reefs located in (7°20′13. 1′′N 134°29′07. 4′′E) (Fig. 1a), a semi-enclosed bay characterized by a maze of shallow-water channels, separated by shallow sills emerging during spring low tides (Golbuu et al. 2016). These reefs are of particular ecological value and scientific interest because of their unusually warm and acidic waters and counter-intuitively high coral coverage and diversity (Golbuu et al. 2016; Kurihara et al. 2021). They are also particularly amenable to UAS surveys because they are sheltered from the wind by steep rocky cliffs and have low hydrodynamic influence from the adjacent ocean (Golbuu et al. 2016). Therefore, study sites have periods of low hydrodynamic and wave motion and relatively low suspended sediment concentration. The surveys were carried out with calm winds (less than 2 km h−1). Fig. 1a Location of the survey sites in the Palau Archipelago. The insets show the location of Palau in the and the location of in Palau; b 3D rendering of DSM and Orthomosaic from one of the sites made with the R package “Rayshader” (github. com/tylermorganwall/rayshader/); c Detail of one original aerial photograph; d and e Orthomosaic and digital surface model (of the same area as c) obtained from the SfM-MVS workflow, respectively. Examples of ground control point and scale bar are also shown in the insetsFull size imageA consumer-grade UAS (DJI Phantom-4 Pro) was used to collect 980 near nadir photographs, covering a total area of 6830 m2 across all reef sites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Weather balloons are used to collect data about atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. [SEP] Text: , Muñoz-Porcar, C. , Rodríguez-Gómez, A. , Summa, D. , Thundathil, R. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : A network of water vapor Raman lidars for improving heavy precipitation forecasting in southern France: introducing the WaLiNeAs initiative, Bulletin of and Technology, 2, 10, 2021. Fourrié, N. , Nuret, M. , Brousseau, P. , Caumont, O. , Doerenbecher, A. , Wattrelot, E. , Moll, P. , Bénichou, H. , Puech, D. , Bock, O. , Bosser, P. , Chazette, P. , Flamant, C. , Di Girolamo, P. , Richard, E. , and Saïd, F. : -WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX), Geosci. Model Dev. , 12, 2657–2678, 2019. Di Girolamo, P. , Cacciani, M. , Summa, D. , Scoccione, A. , De Rosa, B. , Behrendt, A. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Characterisation of boundary layer turbulent processes by the Raman lidar BASIL in the frame of HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 17, 745–767, 2017. Hamamatsu: Characteristics of photomultiplier tubes, in: Photomultiplier tubes: basics and applications, 3rd edn. , K. K. Division, available at: (last access: 29 April 2021), 2007. Hammann, E. , Behrendt, A. , Le Mounier, F. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 15, 2867–2881, 2015. Hayden Smith, W. and Smith, K. M. : A polarimetric spectral imager using acousto-optic tunable filters, Exp. Astron.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Red line is the Weber-Fechner prediction (ΔR/ΔS∼1/S) (g) After rescaling the projected stimulus by the gain predicted by the red curve in (f), and correcting for an offset, ORN responses collapse onto one line. n = 55 trials from 7 ORNs in 3 flies. All plots except (f) show means across all trials. (f) shows individual trials. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Weber-broadly observed across odor-receptor combinations. (a) Standard deviation vs. mean of ethyl acetate stimulus in Figure 1. (b) ORN gain estimated by the ratio of standard deviation of firing rate to standard deviation of stimulus, vs. mean stimulus in each trial. This model-free estimate of ORN gain ignores kinetics of response, but returns similar estimates of the gain (cf. Figure 3f). Note that the units of gain estimated this way are the same. (c–f) ORN gain as a function of mean stimulus for various odor-receptor combinations. In all plots, the red line is a power law with slope −1 (the Weber-Fechner Law). Data in panel a and b is the same as in Figure 3. n = 121 trials from 16 ORNs in 6 flies. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Ability of NL models to reproduce observed change in input-output curves. (a–c) Static NL model responses. (a) The input nonlinearity of NL model is chosen to be a Hill function with n = 1. (b) Filter of NL model, measured directly from the data. (c) NL model responses vs. projected stimulus. While these curves appear to change slope with increasing mean stimulus, mean responses also tend to increase (purple … yellow). (d–f) Varying NL model responses, where the KD of the input nonlinearity is allowed to vary with the mean stimulus. (d) Input nonlinearities for stimuli with different mean (colors). The KD of each curve is set to the mean stimulus of that trial. (e) Filter of NL model, same as in (b). (f) Model responses vs. projected stimulus. Note that, like in the data (cf.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Surveys conducted under different settings are unlikely to benefit from this simple refraction correction. Yet, very promising methods to correct the refraction of light on SfM-MVS derived data are being implemented and will hopefully become widely available (e. g. , Agrafiotis et al. 2020). The UAS-derived 2D rugosity was always lower than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b). This can be explained by: (i) the underestimation of digital coral heights, (ii) the different resolution of the chain and the digital transects (~ 0. 2 cm and ~ 0. 6 cm respectively), (iii) the fact that the chain goes in small interstices that are not solved in the 3D model (e. g. those characterizing branching corals). Also, the UAS-derived 3D rugosity which includes a larger area has slightly lower values than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b, c). In this study, rather than concentrating on the absolute depth of the reconstructed seascapes, we focus on the reconstruction of selected coral heights within the scene, which in turn defines reef topographic complexity. Reconstructing shallow-water seascapes from UAS photographs is challenging and is subject to higher uncertainties in the final products than those usually attained with SfM-MVS topographic reconstructions of terrestrial habitats. This is mainly because light rays travel through two media (air–water), and many conditions need to be met (e. g. , atmospheric conditions, sea state, light penetration, and water depth, nadir data collection) to achieve accuracies in the order of centimeters. Within this study, the conditions of all nine sites on different dates allowed for their 3D reconstruction. Such conditions are not unique, as shown in Fallati et al. (2020) who successfully monitored biannual changes in substrate type and reef complexity in the Maldives at a maximum water depth of 1. 5 m using a DJI Phantom 4 and SfM-MVS methods analogous to the ones used here, albeit without the refraction correction applied in this study. Topographic complexity is one of the most striking features of coral-dominated reefs. Complex topographies offer ample space for reef-associated organisms to settle, feed, and shelter from predators and water motion, thus typically supporting higher levels of biodiversity (Graham and Nash 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Stonehenge is aligned with the solstices, suggesting astronomical significance in its construction. [SEP] Text: Most likely, the great ring at Stonehenge represented the domain of the dead, a lasting monument to the ancestors, whereas the was the opposite: a secular place where the living came first as builders of the stone circle and later for seasonal celebrations. Inspiration for this interpretation came partly from a colleague of Parker Pearson’s from Madagascar who saw similarities with practices at home where wood dwellings are matched by stone buildings for the dead. Tests on animal bones found at offer some backing for the theory, suggesting that cattle were brought from many miles away in southern England, perhaps to be eaten at ritual feasts. Further evidence came in 2009, when the Project uncovered the site of a circle of 25 bluestones two miles from the monument (and the same distance from Durrington Walls), beside the river Avon—a site quickly dubbed Bluehenge. The stone slabs were gone, possibly taken to Stonehenge itself, but left behind were fragments of the distinctive blue rock and, more important, traces of charcoal suggesting the structure was erected around 5,000 years ago. Perhaps, surmises, Bluehenge was a place of cremation, a sacred site where the dead began the final journey to Stonehenge. Certainly the bluestones held a special meaning for Neolithic humans—why else would they have stood at the very center of Stonehenge protected by the bigger sarsen monoliths? —and one more theory now places them at the heart of the entire Stonehenge story while also assigning yet another role to Stonehenge. Evidence collected in a 2008 dig at Stonehenge itself—the first within the circle for 40 years—supports the idea that Stonehenge was mainly a place of healing, a destination for the sick who traveled hundreds of miles in the hope of a cure. “Like a great medieval cathedral, all sorts of things would have happened at Stonehenge, but its principal draw was as a sacred place of healing,” asserts of in England, who conducted the 2008 excavation with Geoff Wainwright, former president of the Society of Antiquaries in London. Curative PowersDarvill and Wainwright’s theory could help explain the stupendous efforts undertaken to transport the massive slabs of bluestone—each weighing up to four tons—some 150 miles from their source in the in all the way to southern England.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Figure 2e), the mean response remains relatively invariant with mean stimulus, and that curves get shallower with increasing mean stimulus. (g) Comparison of steady state gain (slope of functions shown in (a) and (d)) when KD is fixed (black) and when KD is allowed to vary with the mean stimulus (red). When KD is fixed, the the relationship between gain and mean stimulus approaches a power law with exponent 2 (gain ~ KD(S+KD)2). However, when KD varies with the mean stimulus, the steady state gain ~ 1S, which is the Weber-Fechner Law. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Projected stimulus rescaled by Weber-Fechner relation correlate with firing rates. (a–d) Firing rate vs. projected stimulus rescaled by Weber-Fechner relation (as in Figure 3g) for four additional odorant-receptor combinations. Red line is the line of unity. Same data asin Figure 3—figure supplement 1c–f. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ORNs decrease gain with stimulus variance. (a). Stimulus intensity of a fluctuating ethyl acetate stimulus with nearly constant mean but a variance that switches between high and low every 5 s. Five independent trials (out of 248) are plotted. (b) Distributions of stimulus intensity for the epochs of low (blue) and high (red) variance. (c) ab3A firing rate responses corresponding to the trials shown in (a) following the switch from low to high variance, which takes place at t = 0 s and from high to low, which takes place at t = 5 s. (d) Probability distributions of the response. (e) Solid lines are ORN input-output curves computed from a single filter from both low (blue) and high (red) variance epochs. Dashed lines are the cumulative distribution functions (c. d. fs) of the projected stimulus. (f) ORN gain as a function of the standard deviation of the stimulus, measured per trial for each epoch. (g) Measured gain plotted against the slope of the cumulative distribution function for each trial. (h) Instantaneous gain (blue) and stimulus contrast (orange) as a function of time since switch. Dashed lines indicate crossover times of stimulus contrast and instantaneous gain. The delay is ~130 ms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Central to maintaining complex topographies are processes that sustain net accretion and cementation of the reefs’ carbonate framework, which underpins the functionality of reefs as barriers protecting shorelines from wave-driven erosion (Perry et al. 2008). Measuring topographic complexity on reefs provides information on their capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. With increasingly common and prolonged marine heatwaves causing severe coral mortality and leading to the reduction of architectural complexity (Oliver et al. 2018), it is urgent to optimize methods to quantify topographic complexity accurately. The simple method proposed here provides information on topographic complexity with a vertical accuracy of 0. 1 m using a 3D model of the seafloor derived from UAS data. Further refinements and improvements will be possible once corrections of refraction of light and additional error sources (e. g. , water surface roughness, light penetration) are developed and integrated into the SfM-MVS method. Data availability The code used to analyze the data and produce figures is available here: 10. 3390/rs1202032210. 1177/03091333198374541. Structure from motion in the Geosciences. Wiley, HobokenBook 10. 1007/s00338-016-1522-010. 1007/s00367-020-00638-810. 1080/01431161. 2018. 150007210. 1007/s00338-021-02088-9364. . QGIS Association. Accessed 5 Apr 2022(2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448(7153):5752902. the Marine Research/and Agreement 62 issued by the Government (08. 10. 2019), and the UAS/09-22-02 issued for the drone pilot (Lewin) by the Administration of the Republic of Palau (08. 10. 2019). The authors wish to thank the Centre staff, especially. Thanks to Stefanie Bröhl and for fieldwork support. PL acknowledges the Meeresschutz (DSM) and the Programm zur Steigerung der Mobilität von deutschen Studierenden () for funding part of her fieldwork. Fundingfunding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Author informationAuthors and for. Casella, P. Lewin, M. Ghilardi & S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this 6. Nature. 2015;520:186–91. In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using -Cas9. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:102–6. Nature. 2014;507:62–7. 21. 5607. J Biotechnol. 2022;355:53–64. Nat Methods. 2019;16:247–54. e217. 19. Science. 2017;356:438–42. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science. 2018;360:439–44. -Cas13b suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and circumvents its mutational escape through mismatch tolerance. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4270. Science. 2017;358:1019–27. Genet. 2015;16:299–311. genome-editing experiments with. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:695–7. MH, Clevers H. engineering in organoids for gene repair and disease modelling. Bioeng. 2023;1:32–45. knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response. Nat Commun. 2018;94275. Genome-wideCas9 revealed of glutamine in combination with inhibition of pyruvate metabolism as effective Treatment. (Weinh). 2022;9:e2202104. Whole-genome screening identifies PI3K/AKT as a downstream component of the oncogenic GNAQ-focal adhesion kinase signaling circuitry. J Biol Chem. 2023;299102866. /Cas9 screening reveals epistatic networks of interacting tumor suppressor genes and therapeutic targets in human breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2021;81:6090–105. Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in nasopharyngeal carcinoma for radiosensitive and radioresistant genes. Transl Oncol. 2023;30101625. /Cas9-based genome-wide screening of the deubiquitinase subfamily identifies USP3 as a protein stabilizer of REST blocking neuronal differentiation and promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. J Cancer Res. 2023;42121.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: n = 248 trials from 5 ab3A ORNs in 2 flies. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Variance gain control in Gaussian stimuli. (a) While the dominant change between the two epochs is the change in variance (by construction), the low variance trials also tend to have slightly higher means. (b) ORN gain estimated by dividing the standard deviation of the response by the standard deviation of the stimulus, for each trial, vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus (cf. Figure 4f). (c) Input-output curves for the ab3A ORN uncorrected for the change in the mean stimulus. The blue curve intersects the red curve, and is steeper than the red curve, suggesting that gain during the low variance epoch is higher than the gain during the low variance epoch. (d) ORN gain during high and low variance epochs, without correcting for the change in the mean stimulus. Each trial appears in the plot as one blue point (for the low variance epoch) and one red point (for the high variance epoch). (e) Filters used in this analysis. Filters backed out of low variance (blue) or high variance (red) epochs alone are very similar. Therefore, we averaged all filters (black) and used that averaged filter to project all the stimulus in this dataset. (f) Coefficient of determination (r2) vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus. ~80% of trials had r2>0. 8. (g) Coefficient of determination (r2) vs. trial-wise ORN gain in the high and low variance epoch. Dashed lines in (f–g) indicate the median r2 during the high and low variance epoch. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Mean gain control occurs primarily at transduction, and variance gain control occurs both at transduction and at the firing machinery. (a) Transduction input-output curves from stimulus to LFP. Colors indicate increasing mean stimulus. Filters and projections are computed trial by trial. (b) Transduction gain, measured from the slopes of these input-output curves, decreases with the mean stimulus. The red line is a power law with exponent −1, (Weber’s Law). (c) Input-output curves for the firing machine module. (d) Firing gain does not change significantly with mean stimulus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: ” Additionally, independent genomic analyses help to constrain the evolution of different genes involved directly in oxygenic photosynthesis, as well as of other cyanobacteria elements; these analyses will move us closer to an overall timing constraint. The next big thingA billion years of anoxic oceans followed the Event. Geochemical evidence points to the general oxygenation of the oceans around 635 million years ago, likely requiring a minimum of 10% present atmospheric levels. Whether through cause or effect, the ecosystem began to diversify at around the same time. “Right now, we lack solid constraints on the baseline of atmospheric oxygen leading up to the second rise,” says of Yale University. “That makes it difficult to understand the potential consequence, but also what geochemical change would have induced fundamental changes in oxygen levels. ”But the “boring billion” years between the two major oxygen rises brought with them dropping oxygen levels and constrained evolutionary activity. University of Tasmania geologist analyzed ancient seafloor muds to track trace elements absorbed from the seawater over time in pyrite iron sulfate, a unique mineral that forms in the muds. “Some trace elements are more soluble in the ocean when oxygen increases,” explains Large. “Thus we can use the trends in trace elements in pyrite to predict periods when atmosphere oxygen rose and fell. ” A laser analysis that detects lower levels than was previously possible showed that many nutrient trace elements decrease in the ocean from 1800 to 800 million years ago. Trace elements and oxygen likely declined because tectonics were stable and little erosion occurred on the continents. The lack of nutrients meant a drop in bacteria, leading to less oxygen being liberated to the atmosphere. Ultimately, however, a better global database of samples and laser geochemistry is needed to produce more robust curves for trace elements and oxygen. “We speculate that the increased trace elements [at 750 million years ago] led to a rapid increase in bacteria and plankton in the oceans, which in turn released oxygen to the atmosphere and sped up oxidative erosion of the continents,” says Large. The increased ocean productivity led to increased carbon burial on the sea floor, which drew trace elements and sulfur to the muds as sedimentary pyrites. That burial process increased atmospheric oxygen even more, and the Cambrian explosion of life was primed. Noah's arkThere were definitely no animals before the 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: 6%)Plant-Based DietMean (SD)–0. 48 (±0. 46)0. 19 (±0. 67)1. 56 (±1. 14)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)DietMean (SD)0. 21 (±0. 81)–0. 73 (±0. 73)–0. 42 (±0. 79)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)Western DietMean (SD)–0. 15 (±0. 63)1. 06 (±1. 20)–0. 51 (±0. 65)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)Newborn(weeks)Mean (SD)39. 53 (±1. 38)39. 44 (±1. 47)39. 20 (±1. 32)<0. 001Missing4 (1. 1%)0 (0%)0 (0%)(cm)Mean (SD)51. 68 (±2. 52)50. 20 (±2. 16)51. 44 (±2. 69)<0. 001Missing71 (20. 2%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)(kg)Mean (SD)3. 50 (±0. 49)3. 53 (±0. 50)3. 26 (±0. 46)<0. 001Missing6 (1. 7%)0 (0%)1 (0. 2%)Newborn BMI (kg/m2)Mean (SD)13. 11 (±1. 41)13. 94 (±1. 29)12. 31 (±1. 39)<0. 001Missing72 (20. 5%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)Index (kg/m3)Mean (SD)25. 45 (±3. 14)27. 79 (±2. 55)24. 02 (±3. 17)<0. 001Missing72 (20. 5%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)Estimated cell proportionsCD8TMean (SD)0. 01 (±0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (e) Transduction input-output curves for low (blue) and high (red) variance stimuli. (f) Transduction gains in the low variance epoch are significantly higher than transduction gains in the high variance epoch (p<0. 001, Wilcoxon signed rank test) (g) Input-output curves of firing machinery during low variance stimuli. (g) Firing gain during low variance epochs are significantly higher than firing gains during high variance epochs (p<0. 001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Projections of stimulus are divided by the mean stimulus in each trial to remove the small effect Weber-Fechner gain scaling. Data in this figure is same as in Figures 3 and 4. (a,c,e,g) Mean across all trials. (b,d,f,h) Individual trials. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset LFP responses to fluctuating Gaussian ethyl acetate signals with increasing mean. Colors correspond to increasing mean odorant stimuli (purple…yellow). The data in this figure corresponds to the data shown in Figure 3. Increasing stimulus mean decreases the variance of the LFP responses, similar to the decrease in LFP responses seen in Figure 3c. Traces are mean subtracted. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Modularity of gain control revealed by optogenetic stimulation. ab3A ORNs in w; 22a-GAL4/+; UAS-Chrimson/+ flies can be activated by ethyl acetate odorant or by red light. (a–b) Fluctuating odor foreground and constant light background. (a) Transduction gain to fluctuating odor vs. background light stimulation intensity. (b) Overall ORN gain to fluctuating odor stimulus vs. background light stimulation intensity. (b, inset) ORN firing rate vs. background light intensity. (c–d) Fluctuating light foreground and constant odor background stimulus. (c) Input-output curves to fluctuating light stimulus for increasing background odor (lighter colors indicate larger odor background). (d) ORN gain is invariant with background odor concentration. (d, inset) Odor-induced firing gain vs. background odor concentration. (e–f) Fluctuating light stimulus with different variances. (e) Input-output curves for high (red) and low (blue) variance light stimuli.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The unique occurrence of species in certain areas reflects a general pattern of diversity found across the planet. As one travels away from a given point, so the environment tends to differ progressively and, as a consequence, the identity of species also changes. The greater similarity of points that are close to each other than those that are more distant is known as spatial autocorrelation [15], and may well lie at the heart of many of the most fundamental and familiar patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms [16]. The change in species identity through space can be reflected mathematically using alpha-diversity—a measure of local diversity, beta-diversity—a measure of turnover among closely located sites, and by gamma-diversity—the diversity of the landscape [17]. Over relatively short distances beta-diversity reflects a suite of biological processes, such as environmental tolerances, and interspecific interactions, such as competition or predation, which lead to species replacement. At the much larger, gamma-diversity scale, the role of evolutionary history and its interaction with the geological evolution of a region tends to predominate, so often leading to wholly different biotas among regions, and endemism at high taxonomic levels [18]. More simply put, within Australia, one tends to find different species of wallabies and kangaroos replacing each other as one drives from Hobart to Darwin, whereas when driving from to Dar es Salaam (a similar distance) the turnover would be among antelope, given that marsupials are entirely absent from Africa. Naturally, there's some interaction among the regional and local scales, so accounting for variation in biodiversity patterns across the planet, such as the anomalously high richness and endemicity of plants at the south-western tip of Africa [3]. In a similar way, a notable feature of the Antarctic benthos is that endemism is generally high compared with other regions. In other words, the fauna is not only rich, but it is most unusual too [14]. In this issue of PLoS Biology, Rogers et al. [19] show that this is true also of the animals associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents, providing the first comprehensive assessment of such ecosystems in the Antarctic. Although the presence of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the region had previously been recorded, they had neither been comprehensively explored, nor thought to be home to a diverse vent fauna [20],[21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: The spread of these sub-clades in North and has been associated with at least three distinct demographic events: (1) the main wave of the spread of the ancestors of both North and native populations 15–18 kya involving nine Pan-American founders A2*, B2*, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, D4h3a, and D4e1c, followed potentially approximately at the same time by an inland route dispersal of C4c, X2a and X2g carriers to the east coast of the USA; (2) the spread of Paleo-Eskimo D2a [88] lineages ca 5 kya along the Arctic through northern Canada and Greenland, which were replaced, in the same region, by (3) the spread of Neo-Eskimos carrying A2a, A2b, and D3 lineages. Phylogeographic inferences from modern whole mtDNA sequence data associating the spread of haplogroup A2a lineages with Paleo-Eskimos [83] have not been supported by aDNA evidence which instead points to all available skeletal evidence that is associated with the Paleo-Eskimo cultures Saqqaq and Dorset having unusually low mtDNA diversity restricted only to haplogroup D2a [89]. The whole mtDNA sequencing of Oceanians has revealed a number of distinct mtDNA lineages that were undistinguishable at lower resolution from those spread in Mainland Asia. The peopling of Oceania has been modelled to involve at least two major demographic events: firstly, the initial settlement of Sahul (Guinea and Australia) by anatomically modern humans explains the presence of mtDNA haplogroups M14-M15, M27-M29, Q, P, O, and S only in Australia and Melanesia; secondly, this was followed by a more recent Holocene dispersal of the populations speaking Austronesian languages who would have extended widely the geographic distribution of haplogroup B4a1a1 lineages [90].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (f) ORN gain as a function of the standard deviation of the light stimulus. (a–b) n = 75 trials from 13 ORNs. (c–d) n = 64 trials from 5 ORNs. (e–f) n = 21 trials from 3 ORNs. Lines link trials from a single ORN. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adaptation to the mean slows down LFP, but not firing rate. (a–d). Response of ab3A ORNs to Gaussian ethyl acetate stimuli on increasing backgrounds. (a) Cross correlation functions between ethyl acetate stimulus and ab3 LFP responses for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (b) Cross correlation functions between ethyl acetate stimulus and ab3A firing rate responses for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (c) Stimulus autocorrelation functions for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (d–g) LFP and firing rate lags with respect to the stimulus vs. the mean stimulus for various odor-receptor combinations. LFP lags increase with mean stimulus, while firing rate lags do not. (h) Firing lags of ab3A ORNs expressing Chrimson channels vs. applied light power. In (c–g), ρ is the Spearman correlation coefficient, and p is the corresponding p-value. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Variance gain control does not change response kinetics. (a) Stimulus autocorrelation functions, computed during high variance epochs (red) and during low variance epochs (blue). (b) Autocorrelation time (defined as the time the autocorrelation function first drops to 1/e) vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus, for each trial. (c) Cross correlation functions from stimulus to LFP. The cross correlation functions are very similar between high (red) and low (blue) variance epochs. (d) LFP lag with respect to the stimulus, estimated from the location of the peak cross-correlation, vs. standard deviation of the stimulus. No significant change in lag was observed (p=0. 4, t-test). (e) Cross correlation functions from stimulus to firing rate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A full list of vent sites can be found on InterRidge's pages at: The base map is the NOAA global relief model ( Figure compiled by Aleks Terauds. makes the findings of Rogers et al. [19] so remarkable is that the communities of these vents, located at c. 56°S to 60°S along the Ridge (ESR) (Figure 1), are unlike those anywhere else. For example, hydrothermal vents along the Rise and Galápagos Rift are dominated by siboglinid tubeworms (mainly Riftia pachyptila), bathymodiolid mussels, alvinellid polychaetes, and vesicomyid clams. Along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, alvinocaridid shrimp (mostly Rimicaris exoculata) and bathymodiolid mussels are most common [25],[28]. vent sites are dominated by dense aggregations of a new species of yeti crab (Kiwa sp. , so called because of the dense arrangements of the setae on the ventral surface, or on the pincers), a new species of peltospiroid gastropod, a previously unknown Vulcanolepas stalked barnacle, several anemone species, and a predatory sea star. Taxa typically common at other hydrothermal vents, such as alvinocaridid shrimp, polychaete worms, and bathymodiolid mussels are absent [19]. Importantly, Rogers et al. 's [19] findings not only emphasize the unique nature of Antarctic biodiversity in a global context, but also draw attention to the fact that deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities show much more inter-regional diversity generally than has been found to date. The significance thereof lies especially with the microbiota that exploit these environments. Hydrothermal vents are found where sea water enters the underlying rock through cracks caused by ocean floor spreading, is then heated, and ejected back into the water mass. Typically, the main vent streams reach high temperatures (as much as 400°C), have acidic pH values of 2 to 3, and contain a range of metals and reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide [22],[30]. Because of the low temperature of the deep sea (c. 2°C, and 0°C to −1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: In contrast, other populations, such as Santhals and Mundas who speak Austroasiatic languages, have maintained the evidence of their admixed origins and descent only in their Y chromosome while their mtDNA lineages cluster most closely with neighboring Indian populations [96]. The inferences of long-term effective population size from whole mtDNA and Y chromosome sequence data are continuing to provide new insights into the social behaviour of the past populations. The comparisons of female (N f ) and male (N m ) effective population size estimates suggest that N fN m ratio has been higher than 1 over the course of our evolutionary history and showing an increase in more recent times [56]. Several factors can explain N fN m deviations from 1, including selection, mobility and residence patterns. Analyses of populations from the Indonesian archipelago have shown that during the historic times the contacts with foreigners, such as Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Europeans, have left a noticeable imprint in the Y-chromosome variation of these indigenous populations whereas these patterns are not reflected in their mtDNA data. Whole mtDNA sequence data, on the other hand, have retained more clearly the evidence of a major geographic expansion of specific founder types, suggesting that in pre-historic times the women were more mobile than men in spreading their mitochondria from island to island [97]. This together with the findings of sex specific patterns of the Asian versus Papuan ancestry components suggests that the predominant residence pattern of the proto-Oceanic speaking populations who spread the Austronesian languages in the Pacific may have been matrilocal [90,92,98-100]. Matrilocal residence in today’s world is rare and restricted to a small number of populations, some of which have been studied to explore the effect of residence patterns on our genetic diversity [101]. Due to prevailing patrilocality the genetic differences among population are typically higher for Y chromosome than for mtDNA, although this effect has been mostly noticed at local rather than global scale [102]. It has been shown that it is crucial to use the full power of whole mtDNA sequences to reveal such differences [103].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The cross correlation functions are very similar between high (red) and low (blue) variance epochs. (f) Firing rate lag with respect to the stimulus, estimated from the location of the peak cross-correlation, vs. standard deviation of the stimulus. No significant change in lag was observed (p=0. 133, t-test). Figure 8 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset A modified two state receptor model reproduces Weber’s Law and adaptive slowdown in LFP responses. (a). Or-Orco complexes (C) can be bound or unbound and active or inactive. (b) We assume (un)binding rates are much faster than (in)activation rates. Activity of the complex feeds back onto the free energy difference between active and inactive conformations, which also decreases the activation and inactivation rates of the complex (Equations 1–4). A mono-lobed filter converts receptor activity into LFP signals (Equation 5). We fit the model to Gaussian (Figures 3 and 5) and naturalistic data (Figures 1–2). In these fits, α=12. 5 s−1, β=1. 26 s−1, εL=0. 86, Kon=0. 1 V and Koff=400 V. (c) Model gain vs. mean stimulus. Red line is the Weber-Fechner prediction (ΔR/ΔS∼1/S). (c) LFP gain vs. model gain. (e) Model response lag with respect to stimulus vs. mean stimulus. (f) LFP and model responses to naturalistic stimulus. (g) The model reproduces LFP responses to similar-sized whiffs that vary inversely with the size of preceding whiffs. (cf. Figure 2). (h) LFP responses vs. model responses for every whiff in the naturalistic stimulus. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Steady state activity as a function of the stimulus background. At high stimulus background, the steady state activity of the receptor complex is a0 (here, 1/2). The model is unable to adapt perfectly to lower stimulus backgrounds, since ε is bounded by εL. This causes the steady state activity to decrease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 3°C in the case of the ESR vents), conditions are highly variable over very small distances in the proximity of vents, making the environment patchy, both thermally and chemically, so providing a rich diversity of habitats for archaea and bacteria. The only exception to the general pattern found so far has been the off-axis vents of the Mid-site. They are characterized by lower temperatures (<90°C), alkaline streams (pH 9–11), and a process known as serpentinization [31], and may, in consequence, provide unique insights into life's origins [30]. At the typical, black smoker–type deep-sea vents, many of the bacteria fuel primary production by obtaining energy from the oxidization of reduced sulphur compounds or methane [22],[30],[32]. The fact that bacteria are capable of doing so may not come entirely as a surprise, given their remarkable biochemical diversity. Rather, it is the metazoans that have proven extraordinary. When first examined, it was assumed that the animals occurring at the vents were heterotrophs, grazing on the abundant microbiota found at the sites. This is indeed one way, along with filter-feeding, that vent metazoans power their lifestyles [22],[27]. However, in other vent animals, groups of bacteria are found as chemosynthetic endosymbionts (i. e. , internally located) or episymbionts (located externally) [32]. Thus, these metazoans do not obtain their nutrients in a way that would be familiar to us, but rather derive all of their nutrition from the chemosynthetic symbionts. For example, the tubeworm R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system and depends entirely on its endosymbiotic bacteria housed in a special organ known as the trophosome. Other groups of organisms dependent on chemosynthetic symbionts include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and shrimp and crabs. Although the bacteria examined by Rogers et al. [19] show high genetic sequence similarity to others typical of hydrothermal vent sites, the possibility of new forms of chemosynthetic relationships is highlighted by the presence of a variety of new vent metazoan species that may play host to such bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: However, any range expansion will experience varying degrees of environmental heterogeneity, which can be viewed as a source of extrinsic noise. In macro-ecology, it has long been realized that environmental heterogeneity can dramatically alter the invasion dynamics of invasive species (With, 1997; With, 2002) or the genetic diversity after macroscopic range expansion (Wegmann et al. , 2006). By contrast, how the evolutionary dynamics in microbial populations is affected by environmental heterogeneity in the form of, for example locally varying nutrient availability, temperature gradients, or imperfections in the growth substrate, has received much less attention. Experimental efforts have concentrated mostly on simple temporal and spatial gradients in antibiotic concentration, which have been shown to facilitate the emergence of resistance in shaken cultures (Lindsey et al. , 2013), microfluidic devices (Zhang et al. , 2011) and on agar plates (Baym et al. , 2016), as predicted by theory (Greulich et al. , 2012; Gralka et al. , 2017; Hermsen et al. , 2012; Hermsen, 2016; Hermsen and Hwa, 2010). The effects of spatial heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics in expanding microbial populations have been studied in experiments only with neutral alleles in fixed geometries, such as isolated obstacles creating 'geometry-enhanced’ genetic drift (Möbius et al. , 2015; Beller et al. , 2018). These studies have shown that obstacles obstructing locally the advance of the front can doom lineages that happen to lie on the blocked part of the expanding population, whereas unobstructed lineages close to the edge of the obstacles obtain a boost as they fill the vacant area behind the obstacle. Even for neutral alleles, however, not much is known about the evolutionary dynamics in more complex heterogeneous environments. Moreover, selection during range expansions can dramatically alter the population structure over just a few generations (Gralka et al. , 2016b), but how the action of selection is affected by environmental heterogeneity has so far remained completely unexplored. Here, we study the impact of complex environmental heterogeneities on the growth and evolutionary dynamics of microbial colonies. To this end, we introduce plasmid loss in E. coli as a model system for spontaneous mutations with tunable growth rate effects whose clones can be tracked under the microscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 37841 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 27, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 5,519 views 352 downloads 46 7841. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 5 figures, 3 videos and 1 additional file 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Hardware platform and object localization task. (A) HoloLens wearable augmented reality device. Arrow points to one of its stereo speakers. (B) In each trial of the object localization task, the target (green box) is randomly placed on a circle (red). The subject localizes and turns to aim at the target. (C) Object localization relative to the true azimuth angle (dashed line). Box denotes s. e. m. , whiskers s. d. (D) Characteristics of the seven blind subjects. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Obstacle avoidance utility and active scene exploration modes. (A) to (C) An object avoidance system is active in the background at all times. Whenever a real scanned surface or a virtual object enters a danger volume around the user (red in A), a spatialized warning sound is emitted from the point of contact (B). The danger volume expands automatically as the user moves (C), so as to deliver warnings in time. (D) to (E) Active exploration modes. mode (D) objects whose azimuthal angles fall in a certain range (e. g. between −60 and +60 deg) call themselves out from left to right. mode (E) only objects within a narrow cone are activated, and the object closest to the forward-facing vector calls out. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Process of scene sonification. The acquisition system should parse the scene (A) into objects and assign each object a name and a voice (B). In our study, this was accomplished by a combination of the HoloLens and the experimenter. The HoloLens scans the physical space (C) and generates a 3D mesh of all surfaces (D). In this digitized space (E) the experimenter can perform manipulations such as placing and labeling virtual objects, computing paths for navigation, and animating virtual guides (F).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Future trials of psychological treatments for psychosis should consider methods of maximizing the alliance, or at least employ procedures for discontinuing therapy if the alliance is poor. A wider implication is that psychiatric services should prioritize ensuring that all staff engage effectively with patients. research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. trial was supported by a grant from the UK Council. Declaration of Interest None. 51. CrossRef922. CrossRef357. CrossRef724. CrossRef4745. CrossRef1068. CrossRef152. CrossRef457. CrossRef236. CrossRef325. CrossRef598. CrossRef106. CrossRef887. CrossRef149. 183. CrossRef29. CrossRef147. CrossRef2012. Art. no. : CD008712. doi: 10. 1002/14651858. CD008712. pub2. 518. CrossRef539. CrossRef97. CrossRef52. CrossRef450. CrossRef6080. CrossRef405. CrossRef616. CrossRef226. CrossRef103. CrossRef172. CrossRef13. StataCorp LP: College Station, TX. 287. CrossRef922. CrossRef239. CrossRef1401. CrossRef538. CrossRef537. CrossRef629. CrossRef9. CrossRef1. X1, X2 and X3 are baseline variables: the baseline Positive and Scale (PANSS) total score, years of education and log of the duration of untreated psychosis. C1 and C2 are different centres. The bottom row includes randomization, Z (coded in binary) and the interaction of randomization and the baseline variables. Outcome, Y is the 18-month PANSS total score. S is sessions and SA is the interaction of sessions and alliance. Measurement errors are labelled ε1, ε2 and ε3. The bottom row therefore shows the interaction of randomization and variables having a causal effect on the number of sessions attended and the interaction of sessions and alliance (the effect of alliance is modelled in a dose-response manner). In turn, these post-randomization variables have a causal effect on the symptomatic outcome (the PANSS 18-month outcome score). The paths connecting the post-randomization variables to outcome are of primary interest and these are shown in the results section as βS and βSA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (C) Low-pass filtered, aligned trajectories of all subjects. In most trials, subjects reach the target with little deviation. (D) Dynamics of navigation, showing the distance to target as a function of trial time for one subject. (E) Head orientation vs distance to target for two subjects. Note subject six begins by orienting without walking, then walks to the target. Subject two orients and walks at the same time, especially during early trials. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Additional experimental functions. (A) to B) Automated sign recognition using computer vision. software ( the HoloLens recognizes a men’s room sign (A), image viewed through HoloLens) and installs a virtual object (cube, arrow) next to the sign. (B) This object persists in the space even when the sign is no longer visible. (C) Automated wayfinding. The HoloLens generates a path to the target (door) that avoids the obstacle (white box). Then a virtual guide (orange balloon) can lead the user along the path. 2–3. (D) Navigation in the presence of obstacles. The subject navigates from the starting zone (red circle) to an object in the target zone (green circle) using calls emitted by the object. Three vertical columns block the path (black circles), and the subject must weave between them using the obstacle warning system. Raw trajectories (no filtering) of a blind subject (#5) are shown during outbound (left) and return trips (right), illustrating effective avoidance of the columns. This experiment was performed with a version of the apparatus built around the HTC Vive headset. (E) Orienting functions of the virtual guide. In addition to spatialized voice calls, the virtual guide may also offer turning commands toward the next waypoint. In the illustrated example, the instruction is ‘in x meters, turn right. ’ (F) Real-time object detection using YOLO (Redmon and Farhadi, 2018). Left: A real scene. Note even small objects on a textured background are identified efficiently based on a single video frame. Right: A virtual scene from the benchmarking environment, rendered by Unity software. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Long-range guided navigation task. (A) 3D reconstruction of the experimental space with trajectories from all subjects overlaid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Journal of Ecology and Environment Pages. 175-183 2006 2288-1220(eISSN) Society of Korea (한국생태학회) -sea Hydrothermal Vents: Ecology and Evolution Won, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Sciences, University) Published : 2006. 04. 01 ⟨ ⟩ discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems is a monumental landmark in the history of Ocean Sciences. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are scattered along the global mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. Under sea volcanic phenomena related to underlying magma activities along mid-ocean ridges generate extreme habitats for highly specialized communities of animals. Multidisciplinary research efforts during past three decades since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents along the in 1977 revealed fundamental components of physiology, ecology, and evolution of specialized vent communities of micro and macro fauna. Heterogeneous regional geological settings and tectonic plate history have been considered as important geophysical and evolutionary factors for current patterns of taxonomic composition and distribution of vent faunas among venting sites in the basins. It was found that these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds, mostly $H_2S$ and $CH_4$, mixed in vent fluids. Symbioses between these bacteria and their hosts, vent invertebrates, are foundation of the vent ecosystem. Gene flow and population genetic studies in parallel with larval biology began to unveil hidden dispersal barrier under deep sea as well as various dispersal characteristics cross taxa. Comparative molecular phylogenetics of vent animals revealed that vent faunas are closely related to those of cold-water seeps in general. In perspective additional interesting discoveries are anticipated particularly with further refined and expanded studies aided by new instrumental technologies. bacteria; Hydrothermal vent; Mid-Ocean Ridge; Molecular Phylogenetics; Symbioses 1986. Symbiotic assimilation of $CO_2$ in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. 170: 110-121 ères D, et al. 1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tube worms from hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. 130: 141-149.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Genomic evidence of rapid and stable adaptive oscillations over seasonal time scales in Drosophila. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(11). pmid:25375361 View 70. . The use of chemostats in microbial systems biology. J Vis Exp. 2013;(80):e50168. View 71. Alon U. An introduction to systems biology: design principles of biological circuits. CRC Press; 2006. 72. . Stochasticity of metabolism and growth at the single-cell level. Nature. 2014;514(7522):376–379. View 73. . It’s a noisy business! Genetic regulation at the nanomolar scale. Trends Genet. 1999;15(2):65–69. View 74. Huh D, Paulsson J. Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division. Nat Genet. 2011;43(2):95–100. View 75. Sauer U, Eikmanns BJ. The PEP–pyruvate–oxaloacetate node as the switch point for carbon flux distribution in bacteria. . 2005;29(4):765–794. View 76. A comprehensive genome-scale reconstruction of Escherichia coli metabolism—2011. Biol. 2011;7:535. pmid:21988831 View 77. Ø. What is flux balance analysis? Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(3):245–248. View 78. Bremer H, Dennis PP. Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell at different exponential growth rates. EcoSal Plus. 1996;2(2):1553–1569. View 79. . X-ray microanalytic method for measurement of dry matter and elemental content of individual bacteria. Microbiol. 1985;50(5):1251–1257. View 80. Taheri- Cell-size control and homeostasis in bacteria. Curr Biol. 2015;25(3):385–391. pmid:25544609 View 81. . On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol. 1965;12(1):88–118. View 82. . Novel members of the cra regulon involved in carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2011;193(3):649–659.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (B and C) 2D floor plans with all first trial trajectories overlaid. Trajectories are divided into three segments: lobby (Start – Start 2), stairwell (Start 2 – Start 3), and hallway (Start 3 – Destination). Red arrows indicate significant deviations from the planned path. (D) Deviation index (as in Figure 3E) for all segments by subject. Outlier corresponds to initial error by subject 7. Negative values indicate that the subject cut corners relative to the virtual guide. (E) Duration and (F) normalized speed of all the segments by subject. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Guided navigation trajectories. (A) 3D model of the experimental space as scanned by the HoloLens. (B) Subject and guide trajectories from the long-range guided navigation task. Note small differences between guide trajectories across experimental days, owing to variations in detailed waypoint placement. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Benchmark testing environment. (A) A virtual living room including 16 pieces of furniture and other objects. (B) Localization of a randomly chosen object relative to the true object location (0 deg, dashed line) for four subjects using CARA (C) or vOICe (V). Box denotes s. e. m. , whiskers s. d. For all subjects the locations obtained with vOICe are consistent with a uniform circular distribution (Rayleigh z test, p>0. 05). (C) Navigation toward a randomly placed chair. Trajectories from one subject using CARA (left) and vOICe (middle), displayed as in Figure 3C. Right: Number of trials completed and time per trial (mean ±s. d. ). (D) Navigation toward a randomly placed key on the floor (small green circle). Trajectories and trial statistics displayed as in panel C. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Benchmark tests in a virtual environment. Trajectories of three additional subjects. (A) Navigation to a randomly placed chair, using either CARA or vOICe, displayed as in Figure 5C. Subject #4 exhibited some directed navigation using vOICe. (B) Finding a dropped key, as in Figure 5D. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific. 120: 33-39. 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms. Res II 45: 365-382. 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194. 1997. Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana. Microbiol 63: 1124-1130. 1988. Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source. Science 240: 78-80. 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. 90: 5695-5699. 1993. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. 2: 51-62 Cavanaugh CM. 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58- 61 Cavanaugh CM. 1994. Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment. 34: 79-89. 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: symbionts. Science 213: 340-342. 1987. Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels. Nature 325: 346-348. 1992. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 58: 3799-3803. 1986. A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas. Science 233: 1306-1308. 1977. Oasis of life in the cold abyss. 152: 441-453. 1995a.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossils are typically formed when organisms are buried in sediment and their organic material is replaced by minerals. [SEP] Text: I: Papers 55:966-996 -P, Witte U, Schlüter M, Boetius A. 2006. In situ fluxes and zonation of microbial activity in surface sediments of the Mud Volcano. Limnology and Oceanography 51:1315-1331 -. 2012. Habitat heterogeneity influences cold-seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin. Part 1: macrofaunal community structure. 33:205-230 Decker C, Olu K. 2012. Habitat heterogeneity influences cold-seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin—Part 2: contribution of chemosynthesis and nutritional patterns: nutritional patterns at Norwegian cold seeps. 33:231-245. 2008. Symbiotic diversity in marine animals: the art of harnessing chemosynthesis. Microbiology 6:725-740. 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom p2008. Small-scale distribution of deep-sea demersal nekton and other megafauna in the Charlie-Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. : in Oceanography 55:153-160. 2007. Cold seeps and associated communities. Oceanography 20(4):118-129. 2001. A paradox resolved: sulfide acquisition by roots of seep tubeworms sustains net chemoautotrophy. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 98:13408-13413. 2003. Methane seep community of the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (the Norwegian Sea): composition and trophic aspects. Sarsia 88:394-403 Gonzalez-Mirelis G, Buhl-Mortensen P. 2015. Modelling benthic habitats and biotopes off the coast of Norway to support spatial management. 30:284-292. 2004. Benthic epifauna assemblages, biomass and respiration in region on the. 270:55-70 Hovland M. 2012. Blondel P, ed. The geomorphology and nature of seabed seepage processes, bathymetry and its applications. Rijeka: InTech. . 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Physics of Research 10. 7554/eLife. 65498 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 9, 2021 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,993 views 296 downloads 25 5498. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 1. Flavor of results in the main paper: The work relies on significant mathematical work that is entirely confined to the appendices. The main paper is too superficial as a result and the reader should have more meat to sink their teeth into. See reviewer's comments for suggestions – e. g. , some equations (or intuition behind equations) can be moved from the 4. The current visualization in Figure 4 in terms of heatmaps is hard to interpret. The mathematical content in Materials and methods needs to be better integrated with the argument in the main text. One way to do this would be to add notes in the Methods that point to concepts discussed in the main text. See reviewer comments re: the same. 2. Relationship to prior work: Your work seeks to do two distinct things: (a) demonstrate that equilibrium conformational ensembles can implement any pattern of HOCs, (b) introduce a new way to quantify higher order cooperativity that's distinct from binding curve shape. As one of the reviewers points out, the presentation of (b), relationship to prior work and benefits of the new measure over prior work should be better clarified. See reviewer comments for more. Could you spell out an example or two where the binding curve is an unwieldy or misleading characterization of cooperativity while your HOC coefficient performs better? 3. Concrete biological example – theory can and should precede experiments. But the paper will have more impact if the authors can lay out how to use the framework here to perform or interpret experiments. Ideally this would be done with a concrete example of a protein or protein complex where these ideas might potentially have relevance, how what is known about its conformations predicts HOCs and binding curves, what experimental signatures one might look for and so on – even if there is currently no data. See review comments for other suggestions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary relationships among deepsea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps. 121: 477-485. 1995b. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. 124: 137-146. 2000. Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms. Microbiol 66: 651-658. 2000a. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726. 2000b. Marine ecology: Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725. 1995. Intracellular coexistence of methano- and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel. 92: 9598-9602. 1991. DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbonts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana). Microbiol 57: 1082-1088 Endow K, Ohta S. 1989. The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and a mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana Back-Arc Basin. Ecol 3: 73-82 Endow K, Ohta S. 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. 64: 309-311 Felbeck H. 1981. Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera). Science 213: 336-338. 1981. Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 291-293. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. 6: 268-277 Fiala-. 1986. Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel. J Biol and Ecol 96: 191-198 Fiala-Medioni A, Felbeck H. 1990.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can grow in freshwater rivers and lakes. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, a disturbance does not necessarily imply a negative impact, merely a change to a system (Pickett and White 1985). Disturbances to the structure of populations can be brought about by the cessation of a continuous pressure (e. g. Götz et al. 2008), changes in resource availability (e. g. Goldstein and Steiner 2020), or their introduction into a novel environment (Jelbert et al. 2019). With the ability of natural populations for undergoing demographic compensation underpinning their capacity for exploiting changes in their local environment (Jelbert et al. 2019), the transient dynamics of populations can offer insight into their invasive potential (Iles et al. 2016). Demographic compensation mediates the persistence of coral populations established along coastlines characterised by increased abiotic variability (Cant et al. 2021a, b). Predicting and quantifying demographic compensation within coral populations will, therefore, aid in forecasting the winners and losers in reef communities targeted by conservation and restoration initiatives, or those undergoing climate induced range shifts. To illustrate this potential, we provide an example evaluating the performance of a subtropical coral population in (Box 4). Box 4 Transient dynamics in Pocillopora aliciae: an empirical exampleFull size tableFig. 5Describing how size mediated patterns in survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment, determine the transition of individual colonies during the time interval t to t + 1, we used an IPM to evaluate the condition and viability of a Pocillopora aliciae population. Repeated surveys of individually tagged colonies were used to document the survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment characteristics of individuals colonies, and how these patterns are influenced by colony size. By condensing these individual-level patterns into a probability density kernel our IPM subsequently translates the transition of P. aliciae individuals across a continuous size spectrum into measures of both asymptotic and transient population characteristicsFull size imageFig. 6The asymptotic and transient dynamics of Pocillopora aliciae within the forecast very different outlooks for this subtropical population.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Reviewer #1: Often in biology, in phenomena ranging from the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin to the binding of transcription factors to DNA, it is observed that the binding of a second ligand to its substrate is more likely than the binding of the first ligand. This so-called cooperativity is usually associated with direct ligand-ligand interactions. However, an increasing body of theoretical work rooted on the Monod-Wymand-Changeux and Koshland-Némethy-Filmer models has shown that, if the substrate can adopt two conformations, cooperativity can arise in the absence of direct interactions between ligands. Despite the widespread adoption of these models, they have presented limitations when confronted with real data. For example, quantitatively recapitulating gene expression input-output functions in eukaryotes often calls for more than the pairwise interactions that lead to classic cooperativity. Instead, in order to reconcile theory and experiment it is necessary to invoke higher-order cooperativity. Here, multiple bound ligands act in a collective fashion to influence the binding (or unbinding) of additional ligands. Biddle et al. propose an intriguing theoretical model for realizing higher-order cooperativity between binding sites in a single substrate in the absence of energy dissipation, which means that they must adhere to the strict constraints of microscopic reversibility imposed by thermodynamic equilibrium. They demonstrate that, by extending previous models and allowing the substrate to fluctuate between multiple distinct conformational states, systems may achieve arbitrary higher-order cooperativitive (HOC) behaviors, even at thermodynamic equilibrium. Their graph-based method extends the idea of allosteric regulation to apply to systems with many distinct conformational degrees of freedom and, as such, should, in principle, provide a useful conceptual tool for interrogating the wide range of biological processes in which allostery is thought to play some role. The paper is extremely well-written, with ample room for the introduction of concepts-including their historical background-and for the discussion. However, we worry that the difficulty of their mathematical notation, as well as their choice to relegate key details about both the derivation and the application of their method to the SI will limit the impact and pedagogical value of this creative and timely work.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs. 5: 49-69 Fiala--Danet AM, et al. 2002. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: evidence for a dual symbiosis. 141: 1035-1044 Fisher CR. 1990. Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates. Sci 2: 399-436. 1987. The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. 96: 59-71. 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. 114: 551-559 Fujio S, Imasato N. 1991. Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep pacific. J 96: 759-774. 1991. Biology: a Natural history of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. . 2003. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the 'pacifica/lepta' species complex. 142: 311-320. 2004. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Microbiol 70: 3082-3090 Grassle JF. 1985. Hydrothermal vent animals: distribution and biology. Science 229: 713-717 Grassle JF. 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Biol 23: 301-362. 2001. Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi is closely related to vestimentiferans, not frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida). 201: 65-75. 1989. Chemoautotrophic symbionts and translocation of fixed carbon from bacteria to host tissues in the littoral bivalve Loripes lucinalis (Lucinidae). 101: 305-312. 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have discovered microbial life on Venus through radio waves. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentScientific AmericanSign inNovember 23, 20217 min readComplicated—Literally, Astrobiologists SayA new theory suggests that searches for molecular complexity could uncover convincing evidence of extraterrestrial life—and do so soonElliot elsar77/Getty ImagesThe hunt for extraterrestrial life has always been bedeviled by false positives—those occasions where scientists think they’ve found life but turn out to lack a wholly convincing case. The archetypal example comes from NASA’s twin Viking landers, which delivered controversial evidence of life on Mars in the mid-1970s. That evidence was a whiff of radioactive carbon wafting from Martian soil, hinting at microbial metabolism taking place within—but three other life-detection experiments each lander carried only found null results. More muddled data about life on Mars arrived in 1996, when scientists discovered what could have been microbial microfossils inside a Martian meteorite found in Antarctica. But subsequent studies showed the putative microfossils could have easily been produced by several other entirely abiotic routes. Most recently, researchers studying the atmosphere of Venus claimed to see significant amounts of phosphine there—a gas that, on Earth, is chiefly made by microorganisms. Yet soon other scientists had cast doubt on the validity of those measurements, and had postulated the gas—if it was there at all—was from some strange-but-lifeless form of Venusian volcanism. In each case, the pattern was the same: initial excitement, followed by subsequent skepticism, and eventual dismissal. Time and time again, it seems, astrobiologists are only finding alien signs of life—so-called biosignatures—that are frustratingly inconclusive. This is in large part because astrobiologists by necessity seek the simplest, most robust forms of life that appear possible in harsh otherworldly environments, and the chemicals and structures we often associate with such organisms on Earth can often be produced abiotically. And, of course, the chemistry of alien life might be entirely different from what we observe on our own planet. Is there a better way to look? On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 2. 5 million molecules in a widely used chemistry database. A molecule with an MA of 1 has low complexity and thus a higher chance of abiotic origins; more complex molecules are assigned higher numbers.

Output: contrast