Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: OA may also influence the chemical availability of essential micronutrients (e. g. , trace metals, Gledhill et al. , 2015), thereby potentially affecting the nutritional support of primary production in some coastal and offshore waters (Hutchins and Boyd, 2016). Another mode of potential impact is that transmembrane proton gradients regulate flagellar motion and thus cell motility (Manson et al. , 1977), so OA may reduce the access of vertically migrating flagellated phylogenetic groups to nutrients while simultaneously increasing their susceptibility to predation (Hallegraeff et al. , 2012). Despite the likely complexity of potential OA effects on autotrophs and primary production, the responses will be underlain by three chief indicators. 3. 2. 2 Indicator categories and observations Biomass and abundance The total biomass of primary producers in pelagic and benthic environments is often used to signal the energy available for transfer to higher trophic levels (Pauly and Christensen, 1995; Brown et al. , 2010). Although methods for quantifying biomass or standing stock vary depending on the environment or organism of interest, they can include measures of total chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations, phytoplankton cell abundance, microphytobenthos biomass (e. g. , chl a per area of surficial sediments), and the biomass of macroalgae and seagrasses. A central benefit of this metric is that it is less susceptible to interannual variability and thus gives more time-integrated insight into the status of communities and regions. levels of biomass at times can mask high carbon turnover rates, so measuring carbon fixation rates or planktonic, macroalgal, or seagrass growth rates can provide more sensitive and comprehensive insight into energy flows in the system (Eddy et al. , 2021). In some cases, whole community production rates can be estimated by measuring net carbon and oxygen dynamics (e. g. , Juranek and Quay, 2005). However, such estimates are prone to variability at hourly, weekly, and seasonal intervals. Establishing trends associated with OA will require longer time series. change in the rates of primary production will alter nutrient dynamics, so it will be important to measure the timing of blooms or other rapid growth periods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Third, no professional translator was involved in either the forward or backward translation of the scales. Study team members primarily had the subject matter expertise along with the language proficiency and our emphasis was on the former than the latter. Nonetheless, this is one of the very few studies that provides a comprehensive description of a systematic process-based approach to translate and adapt the PSS and the MSPSS in another language. Active participation of women from the local population in providing key inputs related to the adaptation and use of language along with participation in the assessment of the operational equivalence of the two versions of the tools is an important strength of this study. We demonstrate the conceptual equivalence between the English version of the PSS and the MSPSS and the Marathi versions of these scales. The operational equivalence between the self-administered and the interviewer-administered versions is also established. Thus, there are four important outputs of this study: the interviewer-administered Marathi language version of the PSS and the MSPSS and the self-administered Marathi language version of the same scales. As a next step, we now plan to undertake a study to assess the construct and convergent validity of these tools in the same population. Translated and validated Marathi language versions of the PSS and the MSPSS will be an important contribution to the field of mental health research for assessment of the perceived stress and the perceived social support. The approach used in this study can also be used by other researchers in India (and other parts of the world) to translate and adapt these tools in their respective local languages. DeclarationsSupplementary materials Scale-Scale of Support-contributions Rahul Shidhaye: -Preparation, Writing-Review & Thanage: Investigation, Writing – Review & Bangal: Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Behere: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & Pulate: Investigation, Writing – Review & Tambe: Investigation, Writing – Review & Tilekar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Review & This work is supported by DBT-[grant no. IA/CPHI/20/1/505274]. Role of funding agency Funding agency did not play any role in any part of the study. would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. and Dr. as part of the bilingual committee.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 300No. 234522. 4205753. 380No. 244522. 6585733. 284No. 254521. 6705702. 750 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 064 Significance t-test 2-tailwild-type R1wild-type R2wild-type R3wild-type R4wild-type R5wild-type R6wild-type R1N/A5. 3626 × 10−71. 3033 × 10−43. 6882 × 10−101. 5564 × 10−50. 8282wild-type R25. 3626 × 10−7N/A0. 15310. 03710. 37603. 4906 × 10−7wild-type R31. 3033 × 10−40. 1531N/A0. 00110. 57361. 3187 × 10−4wild-type R43. 6882 × 10−100. 03710. 0011N/A0. 00471. 2193 × 10−10wild-type R51. 5564 × 10−50. 37600. 57360. 0047N/A1. 3479 × 10−5wild-type R60. 82823. 4906 × 10−71. 3187 × 10−41. 2193 × 10−101. 3479 × 10−5N/A 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 065 Significance t-test 2-tailhdcJK910 R1hdcJK910 R2hdcJK910 R3hdcJK910 R4hdcJK910 R5hdcJK910 R6hdcJK910 R1N/A4. 7387 × 10−100. 22816. 3122 × 10−101. 0125 × 10−100. 2335hdcJK910 R24. 7387 × 10−10N/A7. 9300 × 10−110. 70060. 98972. 0471 × 10−10hdcJK910 R30. 22817. 9300 × 10−11N/A1. 9466 × 10−105. 0272 × 10−120. 9921hdcJK910 R46. 3122 × 10−100. 70061.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Splitting the quantification of abundance and biomass into major functional or species groups can provide greater detail and resolution for identifying those aspects of the community or ecosystem that are most affected. with primary producers, the observed biomass or standing stock of secondary producers can be the consequence of rapid or more sluggish growth and predation cycling, so quantifying the rates of secondary production at either community or species scales provides important additional insights into change within environments. There is a wide range of methodologies to calculate gross estimates of pelagic and benthic secondary production from in situ techniques to algorithms (Brey, 2012). It may be useful to emphasize the observation of selected heterotrophic taxa that play a strong structuring role within the local ecosystem or that have high cultural or commercial value. Through its integrative nature, the estimates of secondary productivity are likely to exhibit less temporal variability than that of primary productivity, although the metrics of biomass or standing stock are still the preferable indicator for establishing OA-induced effects on heterotrophs and secondary production. marine secondary producers have planktonic life stages that are coupled to environmental cues which signal food abundance (e. g. , temperature, light), but this pairing may fail if OA-driven shifts in primary production become substantial. The same may be true for other segments of the food web (e. g. , migration patterns of higher organisms). As with primary producers then, quantifying any changes in the phenology of secondary producers will be important for assessing the potential influence of OA on marine ecosystems (Calbet et al. , 2014). 3. 4 Biodiversity and community structure 3. 4. 1 of the processes mentioned in the previous paragraphs result in changes in biodiversity and community structure. There is compelling evidence that the sensitivity of marine organisms to all aspects of OA varies enormously among species (Wittmann and Pörtner, 2013; Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). This variability is created via the combination of different physiological and ecological traits exhibited by the different taxa. Such interspecific variability could allow OA to act directly as a strong selective pressure (Kroeker et al. , 2010, 2013; Hancock et al. , 2020; Figuerola et al. , 2021), decreasing biodiversity directly through species loss (Hall-Spencer et al. , 2008; Enochs et al. , 2015) or indirectly through a host of processes, such as disrupting competition (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: We would like to thank Dr. for comparing the original English and the back-translated English versions of both the scales and Dr. for undertaking the back-translation work. 1984. Phillips AC. BT - Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. In: editors. New York, NY: York; 2013. p. 1453–4. Available from:. A global measure of perceived stress. J Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385–96. Lee E-H. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Res (Nurs Sci). 2012 Dec;6(4):121–7. for. The solid facts: social determinants of health [Internet]. Copenhagen: WHO for Europe; 1998. Available from:. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007 May;4(5):35–40. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985 Sep;98(2):310–57. Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;161(2):195–216. Poots A, Cassidy T. Academic expectation, self-compassion, psychological capital, social support and student wellbeing. [Internet]. 2020;99:101506. Available from: WHO. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. [Internet]. 2013. Available from: Guidelines on Translation and Adaptation of Instruments. docx Giavarina D. Altman analysis. [Internet]. 2015;25(2):141. Available from:pmc/72. Culturally sensitive translation of the into Marathi language to assess perinatal depression in rural Maharashtra, India. J Reports [Internet]. 2023;11:100458. Available from: Klein EM, Brähler üller KW, Schmutzer G, et al. version of the Scale – psychometric characteristics in a representative German community sample. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016;16(1):159. Available from: Mozumder MK. Validation of Bengali perceived stress scale among LGBT population. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017;17(1):314. Available from:.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 9466 × 10−10N/A0. 68304. 3275 × 10−10hdcJK910 R51. 0125 × 10−100. 98975. 0272 × 10−120. 6830N/A1. 6775 × 10−11hdcJK910 R60. 23352. 0471 × 10−100. 99214. 3275 × 10−101. 6775 × 10−11N/A 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 066 Significance t-test 2-tailwild-type R1wild-type R2wild-type R3wild-type R4wild-type R5wild-type R6hdcJK910 R10. 00140. 00120. 14341. 0091 × 10−70. 03020. 0015hdcJK910 R21. 8211 × 10−110. 00781. 5520 × 10−40. 69527. 1690 × 10−43. 5405 × 10−12hdcJK910 R35. 1489 × 10−50. 00730. 48181. 8478 × 10−70. 14153. 8432 × 10−5hdcJK910 R41. 7483 × 10−110. 00511. 0904 × 10−40. 50154. 9066 × 10−43. 7421 × 10−12hdcJK910 R59. 2505 × 10−120. 00561. 0272 × 10−40. 67104. 8280 × 10−41. 5313 × 10−12hdcJK910 R65. 6987 × 10−50. 00830. 49032. 8960 × 10−70. 14804. 3539 × 10−5 334. 6, 167. 3, 111. 53, 83. 65, 66. 92, 55. 77, 47. 8, 41. 83, 37. 18 and 33. 46 o/sec. AnimalFlash response time-to-peak (ms)Peaks corresponding to the receptive field centerPeaks corresponding to the light-point No. 22Lag-time b (ms)Adj. R-SqrLag-time b' (ms)Adj. R-SqrCalliphora14. 85 ± 0. 7814. 6 ± 0. 640.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: 1 the impact of OA on marine biodiversity requires not only characterizing how these changes will affect ecosystems, but also how populations will respond via acclimation and adaptive evolution (Sunday et al. , 2014). OA is an important driver of phenotypic (e. g. , morphology, physiology, life history, and even behavior) (Kroeker et al. , 2013) and genetic change (functional and structural) (e. g. , de Wit et al. , 2016; Lloyd et al. , 2016). OA is therefore an important component of natural selection. The selective effects of OA can influence micro-evolutionary dynamics by altering demographic parameters (Bramanti et al. , 2015), genetic diversity (Lloyd et al. , 2016), and the molecular regulation of functional pathways (de Wit et al. , 2016; Runcie et al. , 2016) in marine organisms. Every species and population has an adaptation potential to OA that is mostly dependent on genetic diversity (Sunday et al. , 2014). Characterizing the present level and rate of changes in relevant aspects of genetic diversity is key to understanding the future of marine ecosystems. While this signature can be specific to OA, the signal can vary in strength and direction across temporal and spatial scales depending on the particular genetic and environmental backgrounds of natural populations (Pespeni et al. , 2013; Calosi et al. , 2017; Gaitan-Espitia et al. , 2017). Progress in high-throughput sequencing technologies allows rapid, cost-effective, and informative measurements of molecular genetic variation (functional and neutral) in natural populations. These techniques have the potential to track, assess, and disentangle the specific OA signature at the molecular level and estimate the rate of micro-evolution in response to OA across population and species. 3. 5. 2 Indicator categories and observations Neutral genetic variation OA can negatively impact nonfunctional genetic variation in marine organisms (Lloyd et al. , 2016; Bitter et al. , 2019). Indicators of these effects can be estimated from population genetic parameters such as the number of alleles, heterozygosity, effective population size, inbreeding, and population divergence (Schwartz et al. , 2007). This assessment can be achieved using classic molecular markers (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Thursday, October 24, 2024 Latest: to Necessity: A Survey on Learning in the Age of AI Wisp and the of for Engagement: of in a Integrity in the Face of Artificial Intelligence: 's free language technology magazine 10. 69732/CTLS7669 to their cultural specificity, metaphorical language, contextual reliance, regional differences, and idiomatic usage, several Arabic proverbs are extremely challenging to translate. Proverb translation is regarded as difficult since it calls for linguistic and cultural expertise. According to House (2009, p. 11), “Translating is not only a linguistic act; it is also a cultural one. ” Some proverbs are challenging to translate directly into other languages because they frequently rely on metaphors and cultural allusions ingrained in a particular culture. Furthermore, a proverb’s meaning might change significantly depending on the context in which it is employed, making literal translations useless. Regional dialectal differences and the lack of direct translations in other languages contribute to this difficulty as well. AI tools can facilitate engaging activities with proverbs in the classroom, helping in translation, explanation, and contextualization. These tools enable educators to engage in a new way to let students explore proverbs and offer translations, usage contexts, and explanations. They also assist in creating interactive exercises, enhancing comprehension and cultural understanding. Given the difficulty of translating proverbs, however, we as educators need to evaluate the accuracy of these tools, which is why I undertook this investigation. As part of this study project, I evaluated ChatGPT translation accuracy for thirty Arabic proverbs and colloquial expressions. I created a carefully selected collection of thirty popular Arabic proverbs and slang terms to ensure a variety of cultural and situational circumstances. Some of these language idioms are difficult for machine translation algorithms to interpret correctly because of their cultural value and complex meanings. They contain statements with strong cultural, ethical, and historical resonance in Arabic-speaking communities. This 3. 5 and prompted it: “Translate the following Arabic proverb into English taking into consideration its cultural context. ” Below is a chart that summarizes the data, followed by an explanation of the outcomes and a detailed table with the proverbs, their translation using ChatGPT, the correct meaning, and if ChatGPT rendered them correctly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Picture of the Week SV-POW! … All sauropod vertebrae, except when we're talking about Open Access. ISSN 3033-3695 Skull audit: Wedel responds February 9, 2022 Left to right: alligator, beaver, black bear, armadillo, cat, ostrich. I know, the archosaurs aren’t mammals, and the alligator isn’t even a skull. But if you can’t have a lounge lizard crash your mammal skull party, what are you even doing with your life? Not pictured: about four rabbit skulls I forgot I had boxed up, plus a couple of turtles (yeah, yeah) sitting on a friend’s desk, in their locked office. It warmed my crooked little heart to see Mike Taylor, noted sauropodologist and disdainer-of-mammal-heads, return mammal skulls to the blog’s front page yesterday. had to support my friend and colleague in this difficult time, when he may be experiencing confusing feelings regarding nasal turbinates, multi-cusped teeth, and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint. My skull collection is split across home and office, but I had to go in to campus this afternoon for a video recording thing, so I got most of the office set, shown above, on that jaunt. After the workday ended, I had just enough time before the light faded to assemble and photograph the home collection: Back row: peccary, pig, deer, sheep, dog. Middle row: opossum, rabbit. Front row: opossum, marten (both hemisected). Not pictured: emergency backup sheep, moar rabbits I’ve blogged about the bear, the pig, and the hemisected skulls, but I think that’s it. I should do more skull blogging, most of these have a story: I prepped the armadillo, cat, rabbit, and sheep skulls myself (besides the bear and pig). The first two I found in the woods, the mostly-decomposed rabbit was a gift from my father-in-law, and the sheep head I obtained from the market down the street ($10, and I ate the meat). The alligator head and deer skull were gifts, from Vicki and from my brother Ryan, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Download 4 Using “rates of change” to compare in situ observations of biological impact and OA trends to allow regional and global comparisons Monitoring any one of the parameters described above, over a period of time and in combination with coupled environmental data that include at least two carbonate chemistry parameters, will allow the observer to better describe how their specific measured biological trait is changing in response to ocean acidification. In essence, by calculating and then comparing the rate at which the biological parameter is changing with the rate at which ocean acidification is occurring will identify how closely correlated they are with each other. Such information will augment experimental studies that identify mechanisms by which OA would act upon a biological process to generate a better conceptual understanding of how biological responses to OA will manifest themselves in the field. By the inclusion of other potentially important environmental parameters, such as hypoxia, temperature, and pollution, it will also be possible to see how important OA is in driving biological response compared to the other environmental stressors for that particular biological trait. However, the overall purpose, and greater benefit, of increasing the volume of OA biological monitoring is to collectively use these data together in order to scale up site-specific observations and to thereby understand OA impacts within and across species and populations, geographical locations, and complex environments. For example, analyses could bring together multiple time series datasets to understanding which specific elements of a trait are most affected, whether there is spatial and/or geographical variability in the responses observed, and what the key confounding drivers or processes are that influence the biological response of organisms to OA. Below we outline just one simple methodology for combining data gathered from different parameters and indices within a trait in order to achieve such a holistic overview of trait response. We appreciate that there are other more sophisticated data analysis techniques available, and undoubtedly new ones will evolve in the future. For now, we present this simple method to illustrate a way in which the data we are advocating should be collected and can easily be used to support greater understanding of OA's biological impacts. As the volume of information on the biological impact of OA has grown, there have been various efforts to synthesize this available knowledge and provide tools for meaningful comparisons among ecosystems and locations. For example, several approaches have been used to synthesize the literature on experimental biological studies including meta-analyses (e. g. , Kroeker et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Picture 1 – Graph showing the percentage of correct proverbs “Correct” (11): For 11 of the 30 proverbs, the meanings that ChatGPT provided were accurate and aligned with the intended interpretations. “Incorrect” (16): A substantial portion of the proverbs, precisely 16 out of 30, had meanings that were inaccurately presented or did not correspond to their intended interpretations. “Can be one of the meanings” (3): In three instances, the proverbs’ meanings could be considered one of the possible interpretations, as certain proverbs may have multiple layers of meaning or contextual variations. This table summarizes the proverbs and the findings. Click to jump below the table. English translation on ChatGPT Meaning as explained by ChatGPT Correct or incorrect إسأل عن الجار قبل الدار Ask about the neighbor before the house. This proverb emphasizes the importance of getting to know your neighbors and their character before making decisions or judgments about the place or house you intend to live in. It underscores the significance of good relationships with neighbors for a harmonious living environment. Correct إضرُب عصفورين بحجر Kill two birds with one stone. This idiom describes a situation where a single action or effort accomplishes two different objectives or solves two problems simultaneously, making it more efficient and effective. Correct إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس He who understands understands, and he who does not understand, you can explain until you’re blue in the face. This proverb conveys that some people are receptive to understanding and learning. In contrast, others may be resistant or difficult to teach, no matter how much effort is put into explaining something to them. who knows knows, and he who does not know says: “A handful of lentils. ” Meaning: Said when someone knows a secret and cannot reveal it, lest he or she cause a scandal or conflict between two parties. It can also be said to those who think that someone is angry for some insignificant reason when, in fact, the reason is quite serious.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The rest I purchased here and there over the years, usually when they were on deep discount. The peccary is a memento of a trip to back in 2007 (I bought it at a taxidermy shop a long way outside the national park), and the dog came from the seconds bin at the Museum of Osteology — I plan to saw off the top of the braincase to see the cranial nerve exits, just as in the preparation by shown in this post. I have more heads awaiting skull-ization in various freezers, too. Couple more pig heads at work, and at the house a strategic reserve sheep head, plus skunk, squirrel, and rat. Plus a partially-mummified but mostly defleshed armadillo whose saga deserves a detailed recounting: NB: the stray bits toward the bottom of the image are from a cat. Mr. Armadillo’s limb bones and vertebrae are still in the armadillo kit. In the first comment on Mike’s post yesterday, I expressed envy that he had the better skull collection. After pulling together all my critters, I think I just have a worse memory. In my defense, it’s been almost two years since I was in the office regularly, and about half the skulls in the home collection are recent-ish acquistions (~last three years), so a lot of stuff had either fallen out of memory or not gotten properly established yet. has definitely prepped more — and more exotic — skeletons, and it was his enthusiastic collecting and blogging of dead animal bits that inspired me to start my recent-ish spate of skull preparations. More to come on that front as time and opportunity allow, probably starting with this: Share this:FacebookRedditTwitterLike Loading. . . by Filed in anatomical preparations, cat, deer, marten, opossum, ostrich, pig, sheep, stinkin' crocs, stinkin' heads, stinkin' mammals, wascally wabbits 5 Comments » 5 Responses to “Skull audit: Wedel responds” Says: February 9, 2022 at 11:27 am Ah, what do you do when you have a whole collection of skulls buried – somewhere…? Why, skullduggery! Says: February 9, 2022 at 11:43 am That armadillo is so much weirder than I’d realised!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: We propose that quantifying the relationship between these rates of biological change and the rates of chemical change associated with OA is an effective way to assess the influence of that OA on the biological change observed. At any given location, this approach would thereby provide information on the risks and vulnerabilities associated with OA. A comparison of rates of change of specific chemical and biological indicators will also help in building a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between changes in relevant carbonate parameters and biological processes (e. g. , Osborne et al. , 2019). More importantly, it would allow comparison among overall biological responses across a wide range of locations. As a general principle, in situations in which OA is the primary driver of a biological response, the rate of that biological change is expected to be closely correlated with the rate of chemical change. The precise nature of this relationship (i. e. , the direction and slope magnitude) will also depend on the sensitivity of the process, organism, or ecosystem: at a given rate of chemical change, a sensitive organism is expected to show a stronger biological response than a less sensitive one. The rate of biological change is then the product of the interaction between biological sensitivity and rate of chemical change. By plotting together data from various long-term studies, with each time series of biological and chemical observations represented on a plot by a single point (defined by the rate of biological change on the x axis and the rate of chemical change on the y axis), it is possible to compare across different studies to define a generic relationship between OA and a specific biological trait (Fig. 2). While we use a linear relationship between the chemical and biological rates of change as an illustration in the Fig. 2, the precise nature of this relationship may follow other patterns such as a nonlinear tipping point response (e. g. , Wunderlink et al. , 2021). Figure 4(a) Projection of larval abnormality under different scenarios of rate of chemical change. The rate of biological change was estimated for each scenario as the coefficient of the significant regression between time and abnormality (%) over the linear phase of the curve. (b) Relationship between the chemical and the biological rates of change. DownloadIt is important to remember that OA will not be the dominant driver at all locations. For example, a sensitive species exposed to a low rate of chemical change may lead to a lower rate of biological change than a more tolerant species exposed to a high rate of chemical change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر His luck can split a rock. This phrase is often used to describe someone fortunate, to the extent that their good fortune seems almost supernatural or extraordinary. It emphasizes that some individuals have exceptionally good luck in various aspects of their lives. Correct تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب Guide your servant, O is a prayer or supplication expressing a desire for guidance and assistance from a higher power, in this case, from God or the Lord. became so stubborn, oh Lord! (English proverb: Stubborn as a mule) Meaning: This applies to someone who becomes stubborn or disagreeable. The word تَيس means “Billy Goat” and the verb تَيَّس means he became extremely stubborn. Commonly, students will criticize failures using this word, for example: “ تَيَّس in math or تَيَّس in Arabic! ” حامل السّلم بالعَرض Bearer of the ladder in the parade This phrase is often used to describe someone doing something unnecessary or irrelevant to the situation, similar to the English idiom “carrying coals to Newcastle. ” It implies that the person’s actions or contributions are unnecessary and may be counterproductive. This could be one of the meanings. The other meaning is a person who never agrees with group decisions and opinions. He enforces his will even if others object. لله يرحمك يا با إللي ما علّمتني القراية have mercy on you, oh Father, who didn’t teach me how to read This phrase is an expression of respect and remembrance for a person’s father who, for some reason, didn’t provide them with an education, particularly the ability to read. It carries a sense of longing and acknowledgment of the importance of education and the role parents play in it. Correct حَماتك بِتحِبك Your mother-in-law loves you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Beavers are also pretty exotic round here, but I guess not super common in California either. Needless to say, the bear is the big trophy here. Amazing that you got hold of that. I am properly envious. “strategic reserve” is better than “emergency backup”. I guess you should TNF some of those skulls. Says: February 9, 2022 at 5:27 pm That armadillo is so much weirder than I’d realised! I’ll do a whole follow-up post on it for you. And since I’ve got another one waiting with the mummified armadillo kit, there’s no reason you can’t have my frontline armadillo skull in exchange for your emergency backup badger. Beavers are also pretty exotic round here, but I guess not super common in California either. That definitely came from an osteology supply place. Needless to say, the bear is the big trophy here. Amazing that you got hold of that. I am properly envious. It’s definitely the pride of my collection. “strategic reserve” is better than “emergency backup”. Strategic reserve comes after emergency backup. Not sure what comes after that. I guess you should TNF some of those skulls. I should TNF all of them. get time. [Laughs, then cries. ] Says: February 9, 2022 at 10:52 pm Armadillo-skull post will be good to see. Would also be a good opportunity for you to practice your TNFing skills. The good news is, provided the initial photos are taken against a good solid background, they’re easy enough to do. And the process is pleasantly relaxing. (I guess I should do a tutorial. ) Says: February 16, 2022 at 3:01 am The hemisected opossum and marten contrast interestingly: the marten is much brainier. (Over all, the marten skull is only about 3/4 as long as the opossum skull, but the space for the brain is about 50% longer. ) … Many years ago, I saw (at the in Chicago) side-by-side skeletons of a marten (I think: it may have been some other mustelid) and some species of what used to be called Cats (now quolls).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: The performance curve between pH and larval abnormality was experimentally measured for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis population from the Gullmarsfjord in Sweden (Ventura et al. , 2016; medium sensitivity on Fig. 3b). The present average pH in surface seawater in the Gullmarsfjord is 8. 1 (Dorey et al. , 2013). Rates of pH change ranging from 0. 001 (slow change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 08 pH units by 2100) to 0. 006 pH units of decrease per year (fast change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 48 pH units by 2100) were compared. These rates were used to estimate the pH at any given time, and the associated abnormality was calculated using the performance curve adapted from Ventura et al. (2016) (Fig. 4a). For each scenario of rate of chemical change, the rate of biological change was calculated as the slope of the significant linear regression between time and abnormality (%) over the linear phase of the curve. Ideally, the rate of biological change should be calculated using a nonlinear model following the shape of the nonlinear performance curve between pH and the tested parameter (e. g. , Fig. 3b for percent of abnormality). These performance curves can take many forms depending on the measured parameter and species. For example, common shapes of physiological performance curves include U shape, sigmoidal, logarithmic, exponential, and inverted U shape (Little and Seebacher, 2021). However, in practice the shape of these curves is often unknown and it would not be possible to derive relevant rates of change from biological observations over a relatively short period of time. Under these circumstances, using a linear regression is a good alternative. From the projections using the blue mussel data, we observe a linear relationship between rates of chemical and biological change. In other words, for a given organism at a given location, the rate of biological change increases with the rate of chemical change (Fig. 4b). Figure 5(a) Evaluation of the rate of biological change as the coefficient of the significant regression between time and abnormality over time (after collecting 10 years of data, 20 years of data, etc. ). (b) Relationship between the number of years of data for the biological monitoring and the calculated rate of biological change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Correct زَيّ الأطرَش في الزَّفِة Like a blind person at a wedding This phrase often describes someone oblivious or unaware of their surroundings, context, or events. It implies that the person is in a situation where they cannot fully appreciate or understand what is happening, just as a blind person at a wedding cannot see or comprehend the festivities. Correct سَبع البورومبو —– This phrase does not have a specific meaning in Arabic, and it appears to be a sequence of words that do not form a coherent phrase or expression. translation: Boromboh lion. Meaning: Boromboh is like calling someone Don Quixote. It describes a coward who pretends to be more than he or she is. سَنّ سنانُه He has sharpened his teeth. This expression is used metaphorically to indicate that someone is well-prepared, ready, or skilled in dealing with a particular situation or challenge. It suggests that the person has acquired the necessary knowledge or experience to handle a task effectively. Top of of زَيّ الزِفِت Like asphalt This phrase describes something very sticky or difficult to deal with, much like asphalt, a thick and sticky substance. It implies that the situation or thing in question is problematic or challenging. Not 100% correct Translation: Like tar Meaning: This is used to like the English expression “I don’t feel well. ” شِحّاد و مشارَط stingy and nitpicky This phrase describes someone who is not only tight-fisted with their money but also excessively meticulous or overly concerned with small details, especially in financial matters. It implies that the person is not generous and is overly critical or picky about spending or sharing resources. translation: A beggar and he bargains. English proverb: Beggars cannot be choosers. Meaning: This proverb refers to a needy person complaining about what he received for free. شو جاب لَجاب! What did he bring for the crow? This phrase is often used to express disapproval or skepticism when someone has gone to a great effort or trouble, but their actions seem unnecessary or fruitless.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: These are both carnivorous animals in the same general size class, so the skeletons as a whole had similar proportions, but the skulls suggested that the marten was far more “encephalized”: these were not hemisected, but the external proportions were dramatically different. In both, the part of the skull aft of the jaw joint is basically brain case: in the quoll, the joint was maybe 3 quarters of the way back from tip of snout to rear of skull, but in the marten it was close to the half-way mark: I had the song impression that norther hemisphere placental had a lot more brain than its rough Australian ecological counterpart! Leave a comment Δ This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. « Partial audit of mammal skulls New paper: Dolly, the dinosaur with a sauro-throat » Support SV-POW! for: Things to Make and Do, part 32: chicken wing claw could dissect a sauropod… I won a thing! From someone I admire! We’re not going to run out of new anatomy anytime soon Neural canal ridges: the director’s cut on Things to Make and Do, part 32…LeeB on Things to Make and Do, part 32…on Things to Make and Do, part 32…on Things to Make and Do, part 32…LeeB on Things to Make and Do, part 32… SV-POW! What they’re saying about SV-POW! to Make and by SV-POW! sketeers Human anatomy study materials Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus and Dystylosaurus in the 21st noun is adjective How adjective was taxon? Engaging with the media Posts on Paleoart Mike’s open projects Neural canal projects All the Checklist for new zoological genus and species names [DRAFT v3] Bio and Paleo [] Papers by SV-POW! sketeers Atterholt et al (2024) on neural canal ridges in dinos Boisvert et al (2024) on (2024) on sauropod bauplan and taphonomy King et al (2024) on pneumatic ribs in apatosaurs Windholz et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Working with low-sensitivity organisms would lead to a severe underestimation or unrealistically long data collection periods for an accurate estimation of the rate of biological change. As sensitivity can be modulated by several parameters (e. g. , evolution) within a population, it is recommended to regularly calculate the rate of biological change and plot it over time. The rate of biological change is expected to increase with time until saturation is reached (Figs. 5 and 6b). At saturation, the rate of biological change can then be considered robust. Finally, when comparing chemical and biological rates of change, it is also critical to ensure that the spatiotemporal resolution of the carbonate chemistry data is directly relevant for the given species or ecosystem being observed. For example, chemistry data collected in the surface water may not be relevant for a tidal organism experiencing much more variability than that detected by the chemical observations. Similarly, it is important to remember that the carbonate chemistry experienced by a given species is also dependent on its biology. For example, some species migrate over large distances and through very different bodies of water or have different life-history stages living in different environments. Alternatively, some species, mainly sessile, can alter temporal dynamics in the surrounding carbon chemistry through physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification (e. g. , seagrasses, kelp) (Pfister et al. , 2019; Unsworth et al. , 2012). 6 the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity of marine ecosystems and coastal communities towards OA requires a broad range of data. Measurements and calculations related to SDG indicator 14. 3. 1 (“average marine acidity – pH – measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations”) provide the chemical information required for such analyses. However, achieving SDG target 14. 3 (“minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels”) will also require correlating those observed chemical changes with the biological response. This immense task can only be accomplished with a combination of approaches including laboratory and field experimentation, modeling, and biological observations. While the body of experimental evidence on OA impacts is growing rapidly, in situ monitoring conducted specifically for identifying and quantifying biological responses to OA is far less common. Our innovative approach goes beyond the simple monitoring of specified biological traits.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: خالِف تُعرف Differ, and you will be known. This phrase conveys that expressing your opinions, taking a different stance, or being unique will stand out and be recognized for your individuality or the distinctiveness of your views. It emphasizes the value of being true to yourself and not conforming to the expectations of others. Can be one of the meanings. Correct translation: Be contrary, be known. Meaning: This proverb describes someone who seeks fame and likes to show off by disagreeing with others. عِذر أقبح مِن ذَنب An excuse is uglier than a sin. This phrase implies that making excuses for wrongdoing or mistakes is worse than acknowledging the wrongdoing itself. It emphasizes taking responsibility for one’s actions rather than trying to justify or excuse them. Correct خَلّيه يبَلِّط البحر Let him pave the sea. This phrase expresses that someone is trying to accomplish something impossible or extremely difficult. It’s akin to saying, “Let him attempt the impossible” or “Let him try the most challenging task. ” It is often used to convey skepticism or doubt about the feasibility of a person’s ambitions or efforts. translation: Let him lay riles on the sea floor. Meaning: This proverb refers to a person who pays no attention to the warnings, threats, or negative reactions of others. It also said for a person who keeps threatening others of doing something bad to them, never less the “others” don’t care about his threats. End of table Phase 2: Comparison between ChatGPT and The second phase involved comparing ChatGPT and Google Translate. I used to translate the same list of proverbs that had been initially translated with ChatGPT. Here is the chart summarizing the findings, followed by an explanation of the results, and a table comparing both translations: Picture 2 – Graph reflecting the comparison between ChatGPT and “Same” (11): In 11 out of the 30 proverbs tested, ChatGPT and produced identical translations. This consistency suggests that these two machine translation tools are equally effective in capturing the intended meaning and providing accurate translations for certain proverbs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (2024) on a pneumatic rebbachisaurid caudal Taylor and Wedel (2023) on pneumatic Brachiosaurus ribs Wedel and Taylor (2023) on bifurcated cervical ribs Lei et al (2023) on theropod-bitten Morrison sauropods Wedel and Atterholt (2023) on expanded neurocentral joints in sauropods Aureliano et al (2023) on pneumaticity in et al. (2023) on the of et al (2022) on vertebrae of early saurischians Taylor and Wedel (2022) on vertebral orientation Smith, Rodgers, Dollé, and Wedel (2022) on nerve growth in big animals et al (2022) on dental cementum and age at death in humans Atterholt and Wedel (2022) on paramedullary diverticula in birds Woodruff et al. (2022) on respiratory infection in a sauropod Taylor (2022) on incomplete necks Aureliano et al. (2021) on saltasaur pneumaticity Kay, Estes, and Wedel (2021) on variation in the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) Amedeo et al (2021) on variation in human leg muscles Wedel et al. (2021) on expanded neural canals in the Taylor and Wedel (2021) on pneumatic variation Staples et al (2019) on long cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve in humans Taylor (2018) on Xenoposeidon as a rebbachisaurid Taylor and Wedel (2016) on the neck of and Wedel (2016), Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of et al. (2016) on moral dimensions of open Hone, Farke, and Wedel (2016) on dinosaur ontogenetic stages Taylor (2016) on evaluating research Wedel et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: We propose a strategy that aims to compare the relationships between rates of chemical and biological change under different circumstances, allowing comparison across regional and global scales. We have shown that identifying robust rates of biological changes over a reasonable time (within a few decades) depends on local species, ecosystem sensitivities, and rates of chemical change and that the interpretation of observed biological responses needs to be mindful of this. We show that it is possible to use performance curves from experimental studies and data from chemical monitoring programs as a first-order step to identify the sites for biological monitoring that will give the most rapid indication of OA impacts, as well as the minimum duration to measure robust rates of biological change. We also propose five fundamental ecosystem traits that optimize the probability of identifying OA impacts: (1) calcified organisms and calcification, (2) autotrophs and primary production, (3) heterotrophs and secondary production, (4) biodiversity and community structure, and (5) genetic adaptation. These traits span all marine ecosystems, are anticipated to be sensitive to OA, and can be quantified using “standardized” biological observations that in many cases are already collected alongside chemical observations. It needs to be highlighted that the specific choice of trait and respective parameters at different sites will depend on local practicalities, specific scientific questions, and envisaged outcomes related to fitness of species and the health of marine populations and communities. The feasibility of obtaining these observations over the long term must also be considered, e. g. , access to the marine ecosystem, as well as technical and human scientific capacity. Selection of sites for biological observations should be based on answering a scientific question or to fit a specific stakeholder need. For example, sites can be selected for a practical reason (e. g. , co-location with a long-term chemical observing site or at a marine station facilitating data collection), at a site of particular socioeconomic or cultural value, or scientific interest (e. g. , predicted low or high sensitivity to OA). We propose a conceptual framework that would allow bridging chemical and biological monitoring as well as identifying the issues to consider when interpreting the collected data and evaluating the relevance of observed trends. We also argue that meaningful trends can be more rapidly identified at sites combining a high rate of chemical change with high biological sensitivity to changes in the carbonate chemistry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: “Both incorrect” (16): A significant portion of the proverbs, precisely 16 out of 30, posed challenges for both ChatGPT and Google Translate. Both tools delivered translations that deviated from the intended meaning in these cases, highlighting the complexities of translating proverbs accurately. “ChatGPT is better” (3): In three instances, ChatGPT outperformed by providing a more accurate translation of the proverbs. “is better” (0): Interestingly, did not outperform ChatGPT in any of the tested proverbs. Click to jump below the table English translation with ChatGPT English translation with Which tool did it better إسأل عن الجار قبل الدار Ask about the neighbor before the house. Ask about the neighbor before the house Same إضرُب عصفورين بحجر Kill two birds with one stone. Kill two birds with one stone Same إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس He who understands understands, and he who does not understand, you can explain until you’re blue in the face. Whoever knows, knows, and whoever doesn’t know, give you a palm of lentils Both are incorrect حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر His luck can split a rock.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: on apatosaur neck combat Upchurch, Mannion and Taylor (2015) on Haestasaurus becklesii Kraatz, Sherratt, Bumacod, and Wedel (2015) on rabbit skulls Taylor (2014) on quantifying neck cartilage Foster and Wedel (2014) on the Farke, Cifelli, Maxwell, and Wedel (2014) on et al (2014) on the perforating branch of the peroneal artery Taylor (2014 for 2004) on dinosaur diversity Wedel and Taylor (2013b) on caudal pneumaticity Taylor and Wedel (2013b) on neck cartilage Wedel and Taylor (2013a) on sauropod neural spine bifurcation Taylor and Wedel (2013a) on sauropod neck anatomy Wedel (2012) on long nerves of sauropods Yates, Wedel, and Bonnan (2012) on prosauropod pneumaticity Taylor, Hone, Wedel and Naish (2011) on sexual selection of sauropod necks Taylor, Wedel and Cifelli (2011) on (2010) on the history of sauropod research Taylor (2009) on the inevitability of electronic publishing of nomenclatural acts Taylor (2009) on Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan Taylor, Wedel and Naish (2009) on neck posture Upchurch, Martin, and Taylor (2009) on Cetiosaurus nomenclature Wedel (2009) on air sacs Taylor and Naish (2007) on 100% totally real brachiosaurids Brachiosaurus caudal cervical collections diplodocids Diplodocus dorsal Giraffatitan goofy mounts museums navel blogging necks open access papers by SV-POW!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: However, this is only one of the many valid reasons to identify a monitoring site, and as OA is only one of the many environmental parameters driving biological changes, other sites should not be neglected. No single approach can explain the complexity of the biological consequences of OA. Monitoring is the ultimate tool to observe the impact of OA in the ocean, but understanding and addressing the issue will require a combined approach with paleo-investigations, field and laboratory experimentation, and modeling (Dupont et al. , 2021). Each of these approaches is associated with its own set of strengths and limitations. Monitoring is realistic but often requires decades of data; experimentation can provide a mechanistic understanding over shorter periods of time but leads to practical limitations in terms of the realism (e. g. , single stressors, lack of ecological relevance, short term; Riebesell and Gattuso, 2015). The real strength comes from a combination of approaches. For example, we show that laboratory-based performance curves combined with data from observations of the carbonate system can be used to estimate the duration of a biological observing program to detect meaningful trends. Similarly, data from chemical and biological observations could be combined to evaluate the performance curve of a given species in its natural environment (realized niche) and compare with the curves from the laboratory (fundamental niche). New data and information obtained when measuring biological indicators alongside chemical changes due to OA will allow the scientific community to contribute to the achievement of the vision of the UN Decade of for Sustainable Development, which involves “the science we need for the ocean we want” (IOC-2020), as well as its outcomes and objectives. Biological observations assessing the impacts of OA will support several challenges, in particular Challenge 2, which is to “understand the effects of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems, and develop solutions to monitor, protect, manage and restore ecosystems and their biodiversity under changing environmental, social and climate conditions”. Furthermore, the implementation and related initiatives of this proposed strategy will be an integral part of delivering the program “Research for Sustainability (OARS) – Providing society with the observational and scientific evidence needed to sustainably identify, monitor, mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification; from local to global scales”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: His luck breaks the stone Same تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب Guide your servant, O servant’s goat, O are incorrect حامل السّلم بالعَرض Bearer of the ladder in the parade Ladder holder crosswise Same لله يرحمك يا با إللي ما علّمتني القراية have mercy on you, oh Father, who didn’t teach me how to read have mercy on you, my father, who did not teach me to read Same حَماتك بِتحِبك Your mother-in-law loves you. Your mother-in-law loves you Same زَيّ مِسمار جُحا Like a nail in Juha’s head Juha’s nail costume Both are incorrect خَيرها بِغيرها Better than it with something else Make her better than others Both are incorrect وافَقَ شَنٌّ طَبَقة A tray has agreed with its flatbread. agreed Both are incorrect دايرَة على حَلّ شَعرها Trying to solve her hair She decided to undo her hair Both are incorrect الدنيا قايمِة قاعدِة The world is built on opposites. The world is standing and standing Both are incorrect دِق عَ الخشب Knock on wood Knock on wood Same راحت السَّكرة و إجِت الفَكرة The drunkenness has gone, and the thought has come The drunkenness went away and the idea came Same رَفِع عَتَب Raise an objection or Express disapproval. Raising a threshold Both are incorrect رِجلُه بِالقَبِر His foot is in the grave.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: sketeers pneumaticity rants Shiny digital future size stinkin' appendicular elements stinkin' heads stinkin' mammals stinkin' publishers stinkin' theropods timely titanosaur 2024 September 2024 August 2024 July 2024 June 2024 May 2024 April 2024 March 2024 February 2024 January 2024 December 2023 November 2023 October 2023 September 2023 August 2023 July 2023 June 2023 May 2023 April 2023 March 2023 February 2023 January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 February 2008 January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 Subscribe to Blog via your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: The strategies for biological observing and data analysis presented here offer a vision towards achieving OARS Outcome 4: increase understanding of ocean acidification impacts to protect marine life by 2030. Specifically, by supporting the implementation of an established framework for biological observation set within the existing ocean acidification monitoring framework, the possibility to improve predictions of vulnerability and resilience to ocean acidification at all temporal and spatial scales can be provided. This paper presents a way to unify biological field observations and thereby detect and compare ocean acidification impacts across marine species and ecosystems, thus improving our understanding and knowledge about OA and actively contributing to human well-being (Falkenberg et al. , 2020). In doing so, our approach to coupled biological and environmental observations will facilitate greater global connectivity between the collection of physical, biogeochemical, and biological essential ocean variables (EOVs) through the (GOOS) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) from the Group on Network (). Data availability No datasets were used in this 2008. Bean, T. P. , Greenwood, N. , Beckett, R. , Biermann, L. , Bignell, J. P. , Brant, L. ,. , Feist, S. W. , Fernand, L. , Foden, D. , Hyder, K. , Jenkins, C. M. , van der Kooij, J. , Kröger, S. , Kupschus, S. , Leech, C. ,. , Nicolaus, E. . , Merchant, N. D. , Paltriguera, L. ,. , Ware, S. , Williams, O. , and Righton, D. : A Review of the for in the UK: with Modeling and Socioeconomics to Needs and Scientific Ambitions, Front. Mar. Sci. , 4, 263, 2017. Beardall, J. and Raven, J. A. : The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology, Phycologia, 43, 26–40, 2004. Beardall, J. , Stojkovic, S. , and Larsen, S. : Living in a high CO2 world: impacts of global climate change on marine phytoplankton, Plant Ecol. Div. , 2, 191–205, 2009. Bednaršek, N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: His foot is in the grave Same زَيّ الأطرَش في الزَّفِة Like a blind person at a wedding Al-Atrash’s costume in the wedding ceremony ChatGPT is better سَبع البورومبو —– Seven burombos Both are incorrect سَنّ سنانُه He has sharpened his teeth. His teeth ChatGPT is better زَيّ الزِفِت Like asphalt Asphalt costume ChatGPT is better شِحّاد و مشارَط stingy and nitpicky Beggar and scalpel Both are incorrect شو جاب لَجاب! What did he bring for the crow? What happened to him? Both are incorrect شو مَحَلُّ من الإعراب What is the point of the grammatical analysis? What is the subject of parsing? Both are incorrect صَحّ النّوم Good sleep or Sound sleep. Sleep well Both are incorrect طَق حَنَك Mind your own business or Keep your nose out of it. Both are incorrect جَوابُه تحت باطُه His answer is under his doorstep. His answer is under his cover Both are incorrect خالِف تُعرف Differ, and you will be known. What is different is known Same عِذر أقبح مِن ذَنب An excuse is uglier than a sin. An excuse worse than a sin Same خَلّيه يبَلِّط البحر Let him pave the sea. Let him smooth the sea Both are incorrect End of table After evaluating the Arabic proverbs and their translations and then comparing the two tools (ChatGPT and Google Translate), I ended up with this comparative analysis: Consistency of Translation: For many of the proverbs tested, ChatGPT and produced identical translations, indicating consistency between these machine translation tools.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Extensive analysis of native and non-native Centaurea solstitialis L. populations across the world shows no traces of polyploidization Ramona-Elena Irimia1,2, Daniel Montesinos1, Özkan Eren3, Christopher J. Lortie4, Kristine French5, Lohengrin A. Cavieres6,7, Gastón J. Sotes6,7, José L. Hierro8, Andreia Jorge1, João Loureiro1 1Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 2of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Centre for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania 3Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Aydın, Turkey 4Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada 5School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 6Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile 7Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile 8Instituto de Ciencias de y Ambientales de la Pampa, de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (-) and Facultad de y Naturales, de 10. 7717/peerj. 3531 Published 2017-08-14 Accepted 2017-06-12 Received 2017-04-25 starthistle, Invasiveness, Genome size, Flow cytometry, Ploidy level, © 2017 Irimia et al. is an open access 2017. Extensive analysis of native and non-native Centaurea solstitialis L. populations across the world shows no traces of polyploidization. PeerJ 5:e3531 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 1. 72 pg, SD = ±0. 06 pg), with no significant variation in DNA content between invasive and non-invasive genotypes. We did not find any meaningful difference among the extensive number of native and non-native C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Feely, R. A. , Reum, J. P. C. , Peterson, B. , Menkel, J. , Alin, S. R. , and Hales, B. : Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the Ecosystem, P. Roy. Soc. B-Bio. , 281, 20140123, 2014. Bednaršek, N. , Feely, R. A. , Tolimieri, N. ,. , Alin, S. R. , Klinger, T. , Moore-Maley, B. , and Pörtner, H. O. : Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast, Sci. Rep. , 7, 1–12, 2017. Bednaršek, N. ,. , Kessouri, F. , and León, P. : Systematic review and meta-analysis towards synthesis of thresholds of ocean acidification impacts on calcifying pteropods and interactions with warming, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 227, 2019. Bednaršek, N. , and Klinger, T. : Severe biological effects under present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 15, 142689, 2021a. Bednaršek, N. , Calosi, P. , Feely, R. A. , Ambrose, R. , Byrne, M. , Chan, K. Y. K. , Dupont, S. , Padilla-Gamiño, J. L. , Spicer, J. I. , Kessouri, F. , Roethler, M. , Sutula, M. , and Weisberg, S. B. : Synthesis of Thresholds of Impacts on Echinoderms, Front. Mar. Sci. , 8, 602601, 2021b. Bibby, R. , Widdicombe, S. , Parry, H. , Spicer, J. , and Pipe, R. : Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Aquat. Biol. , 2, 67–74, 2008.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Proverbs such as “إسأل عن الجار قبل الدار”(Ask about the neighbor before the house) and “حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر” (his luck can split a rock) were translated accurately and uniformly by both programs. Accuracy of Translation: While both ChatGPT and demonstrated competence in some instances, there were notable variations in translation accuracy. In several cases, both tools delivered translations that deviated significantly from the original meaning of the proverbs, as evidenced by “إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس,” which were inaccurately translated by both tools. In my opinion, since this proverb has a story behind it (mentioned below in #4 of this section), unless you know what the story’s background is, you will not fully comprehend the intricacies and depth embedded within the proverb itself. On the other hand, ChatGPT outperformed in a few instances, such as the translation of ” سَنّ سنانُه. ” This proverb is often used when someone has prepared themselves and is ready for a certain act (it’s like sharpening your teeth to prepare yourself to eat). Interpretation of Nuances: Proverbs frequently contain colloquial phrases and cultural quirks that necessitate close reading to provide an appropriate translation. ChatGPT and found it difficult to convey these subtleties during our evaluation reliably. The proverb “تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب” (Stubborn as a mule) serves as an example of the challenges both tools faced in interpreting the intended meaning accurately. ChatGPT translated it as “Guide your servant, O Lord,” and rendered it as “Your servant’s goat, O Lord. ” This proverb applies to someone who suddenly becomes stubborn or disagreeable. The word “tais” means “billy goat,” and the verb “tai-yass” means he became extremely stubborn.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: However, records of 2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes were published more than 30 years ago from the native range of Bulgaria (Jasiewicz & Mizianty, 1975; Kuzmanov, Jurukova-Grancarova & Georgieva, 1990) and recently from one accession from Sicily and the other one from Sardinia (Widmer et al. , 2007). Furthermore, Inceer, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz & Ozcan (2007) reported tetraploids in seeds (single accession) sampled in northern Turkey, but none of those observations, made in only a handful of individuals, have been confirmed since then. Consequently, it was still unclear whether ploidy could have played a role in at least some of the C. solstitialis invaded ranges. To fill this knowledge gap for such an important species, we aimed to thoroughly sample and assess C. solstitialis ploidy level and genome size in a representative number of populations from around the world, including native Turkey, the ancestral origin of the species; native Spain, the main source of American populations; and all the known non-native regions represented by Argentina, Chile, USA and Australia. collection A total of 477 accessions from 52 natural populations (Table S1) of C. solstitialis were investigated in this study, for genome size and ploidy level assessment. Within the native area, we sampled ten populations from Turkey, near the Caucasus region, where high genetic diversity has been detected, and is regarded as the site of origin of the species (Wagenitz, 1955; Gerlach, 1997a; Uygur et al. , 2004; Dlugosch et al. , 2013; Eriksen et al. , 2014), and ten populations from Spain, considered as the primary source of seeds to have colonized Chile and Argentina (Hijano & Basigalup, 1995; Eriksen et al. , 2012; Eriksen et al. , 2014; Dlugosch et al. , 2013; Barker et al. , 2017) in the nineteenth century (Gerlach, 1997b). For the non-native regions, we included ten populations from Argentina and California, eight from Australia and four from Chile. Seeds were extracted from mature flower heads collected in the wild from ten individuals per population between 2009 and 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Laverock, B. , Rastrick, S. , Mark, F. C. , Strobel, A. , and Widdicombe, S. : Impact of exposure to elevated pCO2 on the physiology and behaviour of an important ecosystem engineer, the burrowing shrimp Upogebia deltaura, Aquat. Biol. , 15, 73–86, 2012. Dorey, N. , Lancon, P. , Thorndyke, M. , and Dupont, S. : Assessing physiological tipping point for sea urchin larvae exposed to a broad range of pH, Biol. , 19, 3355–3367, 2013. Dupont, S. , Gattuso, J. -P. , Pörtner, H. -O. , and Widdicombe, S. : Ocean acidification science stands strong, Science, 372, 1160–1161, 2021. Dupont, S. , Moya, A. , and Bailly, X. : Extreme resistance to CO2-induced acidification in the photosymbiotic worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis, PloS One, 7, e29568, 2012. . , Colleter, M. , du Pontavice, H. , Fulton, E. A. , Gascuel, D. ,. , Rykaczewski, R. R. , Selden, R. , Stock, C. A. , Wabnitz, C. C. C. , and Watson, R. A. : Ecosystems: Efficiency, Trends Ecol. Evol. , 36, 76–86, 2021. . , Okano, R. , Johnston, L. , Young, C. , Iguel, J. , Edwards, C. B. , Fox, M. D. , and Valentino, L. : Shift from coral to macroalgae dominance on a volcanically acidified reef, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 1083–1088, 2015. Falkenberg, L. , Bellerby, R. . , Russell, B. D. , Sullivan, F. J. , and Dupont, S. : Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 17, 4563, 2020. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: It is common that students will criticize failures using the word “tais”. People will say, “So-and-so is tais in math or tais in Arabic. ” Cultural Loss: Our study’s conclusions draw attention to how difficult it is to translate proverbs because of their strong cultural and historical roots. While ChatGPT and offer valuable assistance in basic translation tasks, they may not consistently preserve the subtleties and cultural significance of proverbs. Human oversight and editing are often necessary to ensure accurate and contextually appropriate translations. The proverb ” إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس” was translated in both programs as “He who understands, understands, and he who does not understand, you can explain until you’re blue in the face” (ChatGPT), and as “Whoever knows, knows, and whoever doesn’t know, give you a palm of lentils” (Google Translate). Both translations have nothing to do with the correct meaning of the proverb! According to Isleem (p. 41), this is the story behind the proverb: During the lentil harvest season, a farmer had his crop stacked in the fields. He and his workers would spend nights guarding the piles to protect the lentils from birds and potential theft. One night, a worker noticed another worker advancing toward the farmer’s wife, proposing they sleep together on the lentil piles. Concerned, the observer informed the farmer, who became furious and chased away the seducer. As the seducer fled, he passed through neighboring farmers’ fields, where people stopped him and asked why he was running. He explained, “I have this bushel of lentils, and the man chasing me won’t let me go. ” Although the explanation sounded odd, the seducer continued to run. Upon the farm owner’s arrival, the onlookers questioned, “Why are you pursuing that man over just a handful of lentils? ” In response, he uttered, “Whoever understands, understands, and whoever doesn’t, simply says: ‘A handful of lentils.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Ten seeds from each individual were germinated in plant growing trays, under common greenhouse conditions, in early spring 2016 at the of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Flow cytometry Young and intact leaves of 4–6 weeks-old plants were sampled and screened by flow cytometry. Since analyses were based on leaves of small plants, which were destroyed by leaf sampling, no voucher specimens could be collected. Nuclei were isolated following the chopping method of Galbraith et al. (1983). Briefly, about 1 cm2 of leaf tissue was co-chopped with a razor blade together with the same amount of reference standard (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Saxa’, 2C = 1. 11 pg, Doležel, Sgorbati & Lucretti, 1992) in 1 mL of woody plant buffer (WPB): 0. 2 M Tris×HCl, 4 mM MgCl2×6H2O, 2 m2×2H2O, 86 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium metabisulfite, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-10) (w/v) and 1% Triton X-100 (v/v), with pH of the buffer adjusted to 7. 5 (Loureiro et al. , 2007). The resulting homogenate was filtered through a 50 μm nylon filter into a sample tube to remove large debris. Nuclei were stained with 50 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI; Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland), and 50 mg/ml of RNAse (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) was added to prevent the staining of double stranded RNA. Samples were kept at room temperature and analyzed immediately on a Partec Cyflow cytometer (Partec GmbH, Görlitz, Germany) equipped with a 532 nm green solid-state laser, operating at 30 mW. Data collection and analysis Results were acquired using Partec FloMax software (v2. 4d) (Partec GmbH, Münster, Germany) in the form of six graphics: fluorescence pulse integral in linear scale (FL); forward light scatter (FS) vs. side light scatter (SS), both in logarithmic (log) scale; FL vs. time; FL vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , 13, 43–49, 2020. Pan, T. C. , Applebaum, S. L. , and Manahan, D. T. : Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 4696–4701, 2015. Parker, L. M. , O'Connor, W. A. , Raftos, D. A. , Pörtner, H. O. , and Ross, P. M. : Persistence of Effects in the Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, following to 10, e0132276, 2015. Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. : Primary production required to sustain global fisheries, Nature, 374, 255–257, 1995. Pespeni, M. H. , Sanford, E. , Gaylord, B. ,. , and Palumbi, S. R. : Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 6937–6942, 2013. Pfister, C. A. , Altabet, M. A. , and Weigel, B. L. : Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities, Ecology, 100, e02798, 2019. Raven, J. A. , Beardall, J. , and Giordano, M. : Energy costs of carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms in aquatic organisms, Photosyn. Res. , 121, 111–124, 2014. Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J. P. : Lessons learned from ocean acidification research, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 12–14, 2015. Runcie, D. E. , Dorey, N. , Garfield, D. A. , Stumpp, M. , Dupont, S. , and Wray, G. A. : Genomic characterization of the evolutionary potential of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis facing ocean acidification, Genome Biol. Evol. , 8, 3672–3684, 2017. Savolainen, O. , Lascoux, M. , and Merilä, J. : Ecological genomics of local adaptation, Nat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: '” I tried multiple prompts (in English), hoping that I could elicit the correct translations, as shown below: 1- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English 2- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English, taking into consideration its cultural background 3- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English, taking into consideration its cultural background about a story related to a person who couldn’t tell the real reason because it would be humiliating or embarrassing (to him), even though the apparent reason is making him look irrational. He’d rather look irrational than be humiliated. Despite all these different prompts, the AI consistently offered the same incorrect translation and interpretation. This highlights a limitation in the model’s ability to grasp the nuances and subtleties of the provided content and revise its conclusions. Picture 3 – Screenshot from ChatGPT However, when I provided the proverb in Arabic and prompted it (in English) to provide an Arabic explanation of the proverb, the results were much closer to the correct meaning. These findings highlight how differently machine translation algorithms can perform when dealing with proverbs. They also emphasize the importance of considering these utterances’ cultural quirks and context. The findings show that even though ChatGPT and provide helpful translation support, human oversight, and experience are frequently required to guarantee the most accurate and culturally appropriate translations of proverbs. Part 2: of Proverbs and ChatGPT in the this section, I will discuss why, despite the inaccuracies observed in proverb translation by ChatGPT, it is still worthwhile to consider including this tool as a part of students’ learning about proverbs in the target language, as well as how to deal with those inaccuracies. The use of translation of proverbs with ChatGPT in an Arabic classroom from a pedagogical point has both benefits and considerations. Exposure: ChatGPT can give students easy and fast access to various proverbs from different Arabic-speaking regions. This exposure helps students become more familiar with the richness and diversity of the Arabic language. Vocabulary Expansion: Translating proverbs with ChatGPT exposes students to new vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. It allows them to explore the meanings and usage of words in real-life contexts. Comparative Analysis: The translations produced by ChatGPT can be contrasted with translations from other students, teachers, or other resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Black center lines represent the medians, crosses indicate sample means, box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers extend 1. 5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles, bars show 95% confidence intervals of the means and outliers are represented by empty dots. Width of the boxes is proportional to the square root of sample size, n = 26, 28, 29, 12, 30, 24 sample points. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/fig-1 Genome size variation among populations within regions (Table S1) was also not significantly different, as indicated by very small standard deviations for the intercept and the residual obtained for the random effects (SDintercept = 0. 024; SDresidual = 0. 063). found no traces of polyploidization events in the C. solstitialis populations investigated and geographic differences in genome size were negligible. A previous record of isolated tetraploids (one accession) in (Inceer, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz & Ozcan, 2007) is intriguing, since further genomic sampling in the area (e. g. , less than 40 km from the initial site, Barker et al. , 2017) did not validate the findings. Further investigation is also required to clarify the reported putative hybridization (Barker et al. , 2017) with Centaurea nicaeensis L. (2n = 20chromosomes, Guinochet & Foissac, 1962), since inter-specific hybridization does not seem to have played a significant role in the past invasion history of C. solstitialis (Barker et al. , 2017). Formerly, a single natural hybrid of Centaurea ×moncktonii CE Britton and C. solstitialis was described from Oregon, USA (Roché & Susanna, 2010) and found to be a sterile triploid (Miskella, 2014). Table 1: Genome size estimations in Centaurea solstitialis across the six sampled regions. size (2C, pg) 1. 727 0. 067 0. 012 1. 53 1. 84 29 Australia 1. 705 0. 061 0. 012 1. 59 1. 83 24 California 1. 727 0. 074 0. 013 1. 59 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Thiyagarajan, V. , Vaughan, M. L. H. , Widdicombe, S. , and Harley, C. D. G. : Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 81–85, 2013. Thomsen, J. , Gutowska, M. A. , Saphörster, J. , Heinemann, A. , Trübenbach, K. , Fietzke, J. , Hiebenthal, C. , Eisenhauer, A. , Körtzinger, A. , Wahl, M. , and Melzner, F. : Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification, Biogeosciences, 7, 3879–3891, 2010. Thor, P. and Dupont, S. : Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod, Biol. , 21, 2261–2271, 2015. Tilbrook, B. , -Ayon, J. M. , Feely, R. A. , Kuehl Gledhill, D. , Hansson, L. , Isensee, K. ,. , Dupont, S. , Graco, M. I. , Calvo, E. , Greeley, D. , Kapsenberg, L. , Lebrec, M. , Pelejero, C. , Schoo, K. , and Telszewski, M. : : to Technology to Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 337, 2019. Turley, C. and Gattuso, J. P. : Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications, Curr. Opin. Env. Sus. , 4, 278–286, 2012. Twitchett, R. J. : effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. , 252, 132–144, 2007. and McKenzie, L. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Students can assess translations critically through this comparative study, which helps them better comprehend linguistic nuances, as well as obtaining a more accurate view of the capabilities of the tools that they are using. The previous sections have demonstrated that ChatGPT struggles to translate cultural complexity, which brings us to the next benefit: “Cultural Understanding. ” Cultural Understanding: Arabic proverbs have a rich cultural history. Proverb translations with ChatGPT can shed light on the cultural allusions, historical settings, and moral principles connected to these sayings. This improves students’ awareness of culture. Suppose we take as an example the proverb زيّ مسمار جحا (Like Juha’s nail. ). Working with this proverb opens the door to discussing who Juha is, a popular figure in Arab folklore known for his wit and humor. The story behind this proverb is that Juha sold his house to a man but retained ownership of one single nail on a wall. Initially, the new owner didn’t think much of it, but Juha began visiting the house frequently, insisting on seeing his nail. His visits became increasingly bothersome, occurring at all hours and even interrupting the man’s private moments. Fed up with Juha’s constant presence, the frustrated owner finally relinquished the entire house back to Juha, exclaiming, “Take your nail and take your house! I don’t want it! ”Understanding the context of Juha adds depth to the proverb’s meaning and allows students to appreciate the layers of cultural significance embedded in such sayings. Critical Thinking: Talking about the accuracy of ChatGPT’s translations and possible mistakes pushes students to grow as critical thinkers and problem solvers. They gain the ability to challenge translations, use a variety of resources as they learn about the target language, and offer more precise substitutes. Literacy Skills: Technology in language instruction helps students become more adaptable and comfortable with digital tools, preparing them for the increasingly digital world of learning and communication. In the current digital age, students depend increasingly on technology for their educational needs. However, without digital literacy skills, students may struggle to effectively navigate and utilize these tools (including ChatGPT). Thus, I recommend the following steps: First, we must teach them how to “effectively” interact with it (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 85 30 Chile 1. 717 0. 065 0. 018 1. 59 1. 81 12 Spain 1. 709 0. 069 0. 013 1. 57 1. 83 28 Turkey 1. 737 0. 070 0. 013 1. 60 1. 88 26 Total 1. 720 0. 068 0. 014 1. 57 1. 84 149 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/table-1 Notes: Values are given as mean, standard deviation and standard error of the mean. The minimum and maximum values and the number of analyzed individuals (N) for genome size estimations are also provided. The genome size value we obtained for California (1. 72 pg/2C, SD = 0. 07 pg) was similar to the one previously reported for (1. 66 pg/2C, SD = 0. 07 pg), by Miskella (2014) and, overall, genome sizes were similar among the six world regions. In conclusion, our thorough sampling of the most representative native and non-native populations across the world’s distribution of C. solstitialis indicates that its invasive success is not due to changes in genome size or ploidy level. We cannot discard that some individuals in some unsampled populations could present some degree of polyploidy, but their role in invasive success, to date, would have been of minor importance. Geographic locations of Centaurea solstitialis populations investigated and their average genome size values DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/supp-1 size and coefficient of variation values for every individual analyzed DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/supp-2 We are grateful to Joan Vallès (Barcelona) and three other anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the previous version of this manuscript. J. Lortie is an for PeerJ. The authors declare there are no competing interests. Ramona-and João Loureiro conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper, collected plant seeds. Özkan Eren, Christopher J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: : Tropical seagrass meadows modify seawater carbon chemistry: implications for coral reefs impacted by ocean acidification, Environ. Res. Lett. , 7, 024026, 2012. Vargas, C. , Lagos, N. , Lardies, M. , Duarte, C. , Manríquez, P. , Aguilera, V. , Broiman, B. , Widdicombe, S. , and Dupont, S. : Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity, Nat. Ecol. Evol. , 1, 84, 2017. Martin, V. A. , Lagos, N. A. , Gaitán-Espitia, J. D. , and Dupont, S. : Upper environmental pCO2 drives sensitivity to ocean acidification in marine invertebrates, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 1–8, 2022. Ventura, A. , Schulz, A. , and Dupont, S. : Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified undersaturated seawater, Sci. Rep. , 6, 23728, 2016. Vézina, A. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. : Effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: Introduction, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 373, 199–201, 2008. Vizzini, S. , Martínez-Crego, B. , Andolina, C. , Massa-Gallucci, A. , Connell, S. D. , and Gambi, M. C. : Ocean acidification as a driver of community simplification via the collapse of higher-order and rise of lower-order consumers, Sci. Rep. , 22, 4018, 2017. Waldvogel, A. M. and Pfenninger, M. : Temperature dependence of spontaneous mutation rates, Genome Res. , 31, 1582–1589, 2021. Whitehead, A. and Crawford, D. L. : Neutral and adaptive variation in gene expression, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5425–5430, 2006. Widdicombe, S. and Spicer, J. I.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: , by outlining appropriate prompts or commands). To ensure ChatGPT understands your request, structure prompts as complete sentences, provide context (for example, if asking for a proverb, provide the cultural context or specify the region), use keywords related to the desired output (for instance, when seeking a translation, include the languages involved), mention the audience, request examples, and review responses for accuracy, relevance, and coherence. You can also offer corrective feedback to improve future interactions. Secondly, students need to evaluate the information by cross-referencing with credible sources, which prompts responsible information consumption. By doing so, they can identify any biases or inaccuracies that may be present. This critical thinking skill is important in today’s digital age, where misinformation and fake news can easily spread. Considerations Accuracy: As mentioned throughout this study, while ChatGPT can provide useful translations, it is not infallible. Students should know that ChatGPT’s translations may contain errors or lack context, and teachers should emphasize the importance of cross-referencing and verifying translations. Linguistic Variations: Dialects and regions can have differences in Arabic proverbs. It is possible (and likely) that ChatGPT doesn’t always correctly reflect these regional differences. Supplementary Learning: ChatGPT should be supplementary to traditional teaching methods. It should not replace teacher-led discussions, explanations, and guidance on cultural and historical aspects of proverbs. Proper prompting: Precision in prompting ChatGPT leads to more contextual translations and a deeper understanding of cultural nuances. Students can follow this step-by-step process when prompting ChatGPT for proverbs: a) Literal translation: Start by asking ChatGPT for a literal translation of the proverb from Arabic to English. A simple prompt can be: Translate this Arabic proverb into English. This step will allow students to understand the words and their meanings with the proverb. b) Example sentences: Having the proverb in context allows students to understand its usage and nuances. For example: Can you provide example sentences using the proverb ‘[insert Arabic proverb]’? Including sentences where this proverb is used would help better understand its context and application. c) Authentic translation: In this last step, students can ask for an authentic translation of the proverb’s meaning in English. This step permits them to get a clear understanding of the intended message behind the proverb.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Lortie, Kristine French, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Gastón J. Sotes and José L. Hierro reviewed drafts of the paper, collected plant seeds. performed the experiments, reviewed drafts of the paper. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data is available as a Supplementary File. study was funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, with national funds PTDC/BIA-PLA/0763/2014. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2006. Genome size in s. l. (Asteraceae) and Evolution 257:95-117. 2017. Population genomic analysis reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) 26(4):1131-1147. 2007. Correlated evolution of genome size and seed mass. 173:422-437. 1998. DNA amounts in two samples of angiosperm weeds. Annals of Botany 82(Suppl A):121-134 Bremer K. 1994. Asteraceae—cladistics and classification. Portland: Timber Press. Carev I, Ruščić M, Skočibušić M, Maravić A, Silijak-Yakovlev S, Politeo O. 2017. Phytochemical and cytogenetic characterization of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) from Croatia. Chemistry and Biodiversity 14(2):e1600213. 2011. Toxic equine Parkinsonism: an immuno-histochemical study of 10 horses with nigropallidal encephalomalacia. 49(2):398-402 DiTomaso JM. 2000. Invasive weeds in rangelands: species, impacts, and management. 48(2):255-265. 2015. Evolution of invasiveness through increased resource use in a vacant niche. 1 2013. Allele identification for transcriptome based population genomics in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: AbstractOcean acidification caused by oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) tends to suppress the calcification of some marine organisms. This reduced calcification then enhances surface ocean alkalinity and increases oceanic CO2 uptake, a process that is termed calcification feedback. On the other hand, decreased calcification also reduces the export flux of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), potentially reducing CaCO3-bound organic carbon export flux and CO2 uptake, a process that is termed ballast feedback. In this study, we incorporate a range of different parameterizations of the links between organic carbon export, calcification, and ocean acidification into an Earth system model, in order to quantify the long-term effects on oceanic CO2 uptake that result from calcification and ballast feedbacks. We utilize an intensive CO2 emission scenario to drive the model in which an estimated fossil fuel resource of 5000 is burnt out over the course of just a few centuries. Simulated results show that, in the absence of both calcification and ballast feedbacks, by year 3500, accumulated oceanic CO2 uptake is 2041 Pg C. Inclusion of calcification feedback alone increases the simulated uptake by 629 (31%), while the inclusion of both calcification and ballast feedbacks increase simulated uptake by 449–498 (22–24%), depending on the parameter values used in the ballast feedback scheme. These results indicate that ballast effect counteracts calcification effect in oceanic CO2 uptake. Ballast effect causes more organic carbon to accumulate and decompose in the upper ocean, which in turn leads to decreased oxygen concentration in the upper ocean and increased oxygen at depths. By year 2600, the inclusion of ballast effect would decrease oxygen concentration by 11% at depth of ca. 200 m in tropics. Our study highlights the potentially critical effects of interactions between ocean acidification, marine organism calcification, and CaCO3-bound organic carbon export on the ocean carbon and oxygen cycles. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 1991. Modeling the calcite lysocline. J Geophys Res, 96: 17037–170501996. A data-driven model of the global calcite lysocline.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: A good prompt would be: Could you provide an accurate English translation or an explanation that reflects the authentic meaning of the Arabic proverb ‘[insert Arabic proverb]’? It’s crucial to capture this proverb’s essence or cultural context for a better understanding. Example of Activities 1. Look for equivalents in English (or other languages): One of the activities I enjoy when using proverbs is asking students to identify the equivalents of Arabic proverbs in other cultures or languages. While some proverbs may have identical wording between Arabic and English, others might have variations while conveying a similar meaning. This exercise enhances language skills, fosters cross-cultural awareness, and underscores the idea that wisdom is universal, transcending linguistic boundaries. It’s a valuable tool for students to appreciate the diversity of human expression and the shared wisdom of different cultures. Below is a table showing Arabic proverbs and their English equivalents: He had the devil’s own luck حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر Stubborn as a mule تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب To go against the grain حامل السّلم بالعَرض Birds of a feather flock together وافَقَ شَنٌّ طَبَقة Knock on wood دِق عَ الخشب Baggers can’t be choosers شِحّاد ومشارَط 2. Original proverbs: ChatGPT can generate entirely new proverbs that have never been seen or used before. To test this activity, I asked ChatGPT to ‘Create a new Arabic proverb about the role of parents in their children’s lives, emphasizing guidance, love, and support for their growth and well-being. ’ Subsequently, I prompted it to produce proverbs reflecting Egyptian culture.

Output: contrast