Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: ResultsThis section presents the findings of the environmental impact assessment for the use phase, economic impact assessment for the life cycle, and delivery time for the chosen electric drone, e-truck, and diesel truck. It was found that overall, in the use phase, the electric drone competes with diesel trucks, but the e-truck is the option with the least environmental impact. In the life cycle of vehicles, the electric drone is the most economically feasible and the fastest alternative. The three assessments and sensitivity analysis of critical parameters are presented separately. Environmental impact assessmentIn Fig. 1, the results of the environmental assessment are presented. We set the result for the drone to 100% for all routes and present the results for the trucks in relation to this. In all cases, the e-truck has significantly lower GHG emissions per FU in all cases. This can be explained by the low energy demand per km compared with the drone and the diesel truck. We find that the environmental performance of the drone is more comparable to the diesel truck where the drone has lower GHG emissions than the diesel truck for LBC by 36% and SBC by 8% but higher GHG emissions for LWC by 6% and SWC by 59%. However, e-truck outperforms environmentally by a minimum of 75% to a maximum of 92%. Figure 1Results from the environmental assessment, where the greenhouse gas emissions per functional unit are presented relative to the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the drone per functional unit. Full size imageThe results indicate that the environmental performance of the drone improves when the distance increases. This is mainly due to the reduced energy demand per km for the drone for the longer cases, where the efficient cruise mode is utilized to a higher extent. Since the two trucks follow the same roads in all routes, the only difference between the e-truck and the diesel truck is the fuel consumption and the emission factor for the fuel. Both aspects are larger for the diesel truck compared with the e-truck, which is reflected in the difference in their estimated emissions. Economic impact assessmentThe results for the economic assessment are presented below in Fig. 2, where costs over the life cycle per FU are presented, and we set the outcome for the drone to 100% and the outcomes for the other vehicles are in relation to the drone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: For example, the 90th percentile chlorophyll a concentration can be calculated from long-term satellite data archives on a pixel-by-pixel basis to give a threshold for definition of an “algal bloom” (Park et al. , 2010). Alternate metrics could be developed based on specified thresholds of chlorophyll a or other indices that include optical properties. Various taxa-specific algorithms have been developed for diverse aquatic ecosystems; however, such algorithms are not globally applicable. They have not been demonstrated to be unique to the specific taxa and can be based on pigment-specific features that span different phytoplankton groups. Differentiating dinoflagellates and diatoms globally may be extremely challenging because they exhibit similar spectral absorption and large intraspecies variability (Organelli et al. , 2017; Catlett and Siegel, 2018). Hence, a user cannot simply apply these approaches to identify specific taxa widely across different aquatic ecosystems. Such extrapolation will lead to high uncertainty and confusion, with users not knowing when and where a specific product is viable. More global data sets are needed to address such problems. Because most phytoplankton groups are highly variable in size, shape, and cellular levels of pigment, algorithms for estimating pigment concentration are usually associated with large uncertainty when applied globally. Workshop presentations showed various methods for assessing pigment composition using hyperspectral reflectance, including Gaussian deconvolution, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, principal component analysis, derivative analysis, and other statistical methods. One suggestion was to produce products that represent the amount of absorption due to a given pigment (e. g. , absorption peak heights) rather than pigment concentrations (Wang et al. , 2016). An optical measure of pigment concentration may have less uncertainty and be more global in scope. Based on local knowledge, a data user could then characterize phytoplankton community composition based on pigment assemblages within a given region. Moving forward, approaches that further incorporate the roles of scattering and fluorescence in differentiating phytoplankton may be fruitful (e. g. , Figure 1). As shown in unpublished data at the workshop, other optical properties, such as absorption by nonalgal p2. Potential applications for differentiating the fractional composition of various phytoplankton groups in aquatic ecosystems using hyperspectral imagery. DMS = Dimethyl sulfide.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Serotonin (5HT) A dense, robust serotonergic projection from midbrain raphe nuclei terminating predominantly in the retinorecipient region of the SCN has been reported [127]. A reciprocal projection from the SCN to raphe nuclei is also seen [128]. Both in vitro and in vivo, 5HT receptor agonists are found to cause phase shifts of the SCN when administered at times in the circadian cycle during which light does not cause phase shifts [129,130]. Raphe nuclei lesions reduce the amplitudes or "clarity " of rat's circadian activity rhythm [131] with detectable persistent rhythmicity. Serotonergic projection to the SCN terminate to a great extent on vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)-containing neurons in the ventrolateral part of the SCN. There is a close relation between retinal afferents and VIP-containing neurons of the SCN in this area [132]. The major function of the serotonergic projection most probably is the modulation of the pacemaker responses to light. Raphe nuclei receive retinal afferents [133] and hence the raphe-retina projection may be viewed as another indirect photic input to the biological clock. In in vitro studies, serotonin advances the phase of the circadian pacemaker during the day and delays it at night, an action similar to that of GABA [134]. Serotonin is also found to regulate SCN neurons by both pre- and post synaptic inhibitory mechanisms [135]. 5HT and 5HT agonists are also found to inhibit optic nerve-induced field potentials in the SCN brain slice preparation, and light-induced Fos expression and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity [136]. It is also reported that 5HT antagonists enhance light-induced increases in the firing rates of SCN neurons [137] and light induced phase shifts [138]. Many of the above studies point towards the hypothesis that the serotonergic innervation of the SCN serves to modulate light-induced glutaminergic input. Considering these facts, there exists a possibility of the involvement of 5HT in tonic inhibition of the light-input pathway to the SCN. There is a suggestion that this serotonergic projection from raphe to the SCN may be the anatomical substrate for affective disorders to alter human circadian system/rhythms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Drone charged with Swedish electricity mix has slightly lower emissions than truck fueled with Swedish HVO for BC scenarios, however the opposite is true for WC scenarios. E-trucks, however, remain less affected since the energy demand per km is low. Although electricity from nuclear and HVO pine seem to have the lowest emissions for the use case of all vehicles, they raise concerns for other sustainability-related issues over their life cycle. Sensitivity analysis for energy use and distanceVariations for the environmental impact are dependent on the energy demand per km of the drone as visualized in absolute values in Fig. 6 below. The black line for every bar of the drone represents the environmental impact if the energy usage per km is either increased or decreased by 50%. When we assume the energy usage of the drone to be 50% higher, the environmental impact of the drone is greater than both trucks in all cases. If the energy usage of the drone instead is decreased by 50%, the drone has lower emissions than the diesel truck for all routes, except the SWC scenario, but still higher than the e-truck for all cases. Figure 6Greenhouse gas emissions from varied energy usage for the drone. The black lines represent ± 50% of the energy usage calculated in the main results. Full size imageSince both the drone and the e-truck use electricity as fuel, the emission factor is assumed to be the same (Swedish electricity mix). Therefore, the only factor that differentiates them regarding environmental impact is the energy usage per km and the distance. The environmental impact of the drone is seen to be lower than the impact from the trucks, the distance reduced either needs to be sufficiently large and/or the energy usage of the drone needs to be sufficiently low. To get a better understanding of the relation between reduced distance and energy usage, these two parameters were combined in a break-even analysis. See Fig. 7a, b where the drone is compared with an e-truck and diesel truck. We varied the energy usage per km between 0. 5 and 4. 5 kWh/km, and the distance reduction between 0 and 60% to include all the values obtained in the results. A green box indicates that the drone has lower GHG emissions than the alternative vehicle, while a red box indicates an increase.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: > High res figure the for of Phytoplankton Groups? A new database architecture is required for remote sensing of PGs that merges aquatic phytoplankton group characterization with hyperspectral optical properties. Ideally, a data set would contain hyperspectral water-leaving reflectance, hyperspectral inherent optical properties (IOPs), and detailed information on phytoplankton composition, as well as information on environmental conditions. Develop a practice, a database would be compatible with different methods and could include: Hyperspectral water-leaving reflectance Field data (e. g. , from ships, moorings) Algal culture data Satellite or airborne data (e. g. , ) after atmospheric correction Simulated data Hyperspectral IOPs when available Absorption by phytoplankton (<5 nm resolution) most useful Phytoplankton-dominant taxa (WoRMS classification) Concentration metric (e. g. , carbon/L, cells/L, biovolume) Fractional composition of major phytoplankton groups Relevant metadata (e. g. , location, date, time, methods) Relevant ancillary data (e. g. , temperature, salinity, nutrients) No current database architecture is designed to merge these diverse data. Methods for characterizing PGs include pigment composition, flow cytometry, quantitative image-based analysis, microscopy counts, and molecular identification (DNA). et al. (2019) for a comparison of these methods, including the size range analyzed by each method. Participants pointed out that “one person’s junk is another’s treasure,” and many types of measurements could be included in such a database, as long as the methods and potential uncertainty are identified. For example, skylight “contaminated” reflectance data are useful for skylight removal algorithm development and for algorithms that evaluate surface slicks, and skylight-impacted data can still be useful for approaches that use red/near-infrared differences. Evaluate the Required for Coincident hyperspectral radiometry and IOPs with bandwidths <5 nm are desirable for many inversion methods (Vandermeulen et al. , 2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This belief is further strengthened by the observation that dysfunction of serotonergic pathways play a role in affective disorders and that these disorders are frequently treated with agents that alter serotonergic neurotransmission. Further studies about this pathway are likely to give more information about the link between disruptions of circadian function and affective disorders. GABA It is now widely accepted that gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter of the SCN for regulating SCN function. Most SCN neurons express the neurotransmitter GABA and are thus GABAergic [12]. GABA receptors and receptor subunits have been described by Castel and Morris [139], Naun and co-workers [140], van den Pol [141], Gao and co-workers [142], and O'Hara and co-workers [143]. In most of the brain regions, GABA primarily acts through interaction with GABAA and GABAB receptors and produces neuronal inhibition through membrane hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme required for synthesizing GABA and is found in nearly all neurons of the SCN [116]. Additional support for an inhibitory role of GABA in the rat SCN has come from the studies of Gribkoff and co-workers [144,145]. However, recent investigations have shown that GABA has dual effects on the SCN neurons, excitatory during day and inhibitory at night [146], and this has been attributed to changes in [Cl-]I during the circadian cycle. This dual inhibitory [147] and excitatory [148] action of GABA has been thought of as the probable reason for the synchronization of spiking in the SCN neurons. Under some circumstances, such as in early development, GABA can also be depolarizing and potentially excitatory [126,149 - 151]. The excitatory effect of GABA on SCN neurons in the night seems to be complex. While the action of GABA in the day on SCN neurons is uniformly inhibitory, the effects of GABA during the night are heterogeneous due to both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects. The GABA-mediated depolarizing effect seen at night is restricted to a subset of SCN neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: The decreased time per FU is always positive, hence, we observe that delivery with drone is faster than delivery with trucks even if the velocity is reduced by half. This further reinforces that the most important parameter for the decreased delivery time is the shorter distance that the drone uses for deliveries and not the velocity of the drone. It is also natural that the decrease in delivery time is larger in the longer routes, i. e. , for BC scenarios, than for the shorter routes, i. e. , WC scenarios, because the absolute numbers are generally larger for these routes and additionally reduced distance is longer. It can further be seen that more time per FU is saved when going from the low estimation to base case, than from base case to the high estimation. The BC scenarios are more affected by the change of velocity compared with the shorter WC scenarios, which is a consequence of the longer distance travelled in these cases. DiscussionThe primary objective of this study was to fill a gap in scientific systems analysis of drone deployment for delivery by undertaking a comparative analysis of drones with electric trucks and diesel trucks for a case study conducted in mid-sized cities. The results of this paper show the emissions, life-cycle costs, and delivery time delimited to the use phase of the vehicles compared for two mid-size cities. Typically for transportation and city planners, the paper shows the importance of understanding various factors that come into play to determine the most suitable options for future transportation design. Implicit decision-making for these actors occurs within the frames of environmental mobility goals, citizens’ needs, and business interests. Results show that it is crucial to understand that the impacts of drones are highly use-case dependent, primarily based on factors explored in this study. The key findings of this study show that out of the three vehicles, e-trucks consistently emerge as the option with significantly lowest emissions. In contrast, the drone has the highest emissions for the scenarios within city limits and the diesel-fueled truck has the highest emissions in the scenario between two cities. This study indicates that drones compete directly with diesel trucks when it comes to environmental impact. This has to do with the energy efficiency of the vehicles. Notably, the study is carried out without including the infrastructural requirements for the different transport modes, i. e. , construction and maintenance of roads needed for the trucks and vertiports for drones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Hyperspectral absorption measured with the filter pad method may provide better spectral resolution to differentiate pigments than in-water instrumentation with lower spectral resolution. Looking forward, it is extremely important for international research programs to follow standardized metadata protocols to ensure that the appropriate ancillary and methodological information are provided with each data set. Participants discussed lessons learned with past data compilation efforts, such as benthic reflectance measures. A future project goal is to work toward standardizing templates for metadata so that they work intelligently with radiometric, IOP, and phytoplankton composition data. of the terms in use in the ocean optics community are not consistent with terminology in the wider field of environmental optics and do not accurately describe new advances made in our science. For example, terminology such as “nonalgal p1. : Airborne Visible/Spectrometer developed by NASA's : for the : Spectrometer aboard the Agency’s PROBA-1 satellite DESIS: DLR (Center) Imaging Spectrometer, a hyperspectral sensor developed and operated collaboratively by the DLR and : a German hyperspectral satellite mission HICO: for the Coastal Ocean, an imaging spectrometer that was housed on the : Imaging Spectroradiometer, a key instrument aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites PACE: NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission PRISM: Picosatellite for Remote-sensing and Missions, a technology pathfinder mission of the at the University of : a medium-resolution hyperspectral imaging mission of the : An ESA imaging spectrometer whose primary mission was to perform global measurements of trace gases in the troposphere and stratosphere SBG: NASA’s and Geology mission (formerly HyspIRI) : onboard the ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite Develop a for and Validation? The community needs a global database that combines hyperspectral optical measures of reflectance and absorption with phytoplankton composition in order to develop and test algorithms. Some potential suggestions follow. for and reanalyzing data that have already been collected is a cost-effective measure for providing diverse data across the globe. Current publicly available databases do not contain the types of data required for this research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Differential day-night modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission seen in the SCN may provide a time-dependent gating mechanism to counteract propagation of excitatory signals throughout the biological clock during the day and to promote it at night [152]. GABA does not seem to be synthesized in the SCN in a circadian fashion, but in a diurnal pattern as per GAD m RNA basis [153,154]. A circadian rhythm in GABA transmission in the dorsal part of the mouse SCN, with requirement of VIP for the expression of this rhythm, is reported by Itri and co-workers [155]. While considering the action of GABA in the SCN, whether inhibitory or excitatory, extrinsic GABA sources such as from IGL [116] and release of GABA from SCN terminals implicated in transmission of light information should also be looked into to visualize a clearer picture. GABA receptors and receptor subunits are expressed in the SCN [116,139,140]. Although no variation in concentration of GABA in the SCN has been reported, responsiveness of the SCN undergoes daily variation [156]. Neurotransmitters for intra-SCN communication Integrated output as a result of integrated activity within the SCN in spite of heterogeneity in functional and neurochemical organization explains the efficiency of the SCN, the biological clock. Such a process is likely to involve much coordinated activity, and intra-SCN communication must be strong enough to produce such an action. It is clear that photic information received must be relayed from retinorecipient cells to the oscillator cells in the nucleus. Intra-SCN signals underlying such communication are not known with certainty as yet. The importance of circadian synchrony of the SCN neurons in the normal working of the clock has been highlighted in some animal studies recently [157]. In these studies, loss of coherent daily rhythms has been shown to coincide with loss of circadian synchrony among the constituent neurons [157]. Neurotransmitters have been designated as potential SCN synchronizers and one of them, which is unique since it is expressed by most of the SCN neurons, is GABA. This and other transmitters involved in synchronization, such as and prokineticin 2, have been studied quite extensively. However, the potential of the latter two, GRP and prokineticin 2 as synchronizing factors require further investigation [23].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Irrespective of the scenarios, drones surprisingly turn out to be the most economically efficient option. The major cause for this is due to the lack of need for staff to operate the drones. Lastly, drones are also the fastest option in all cases due to their flexibility as an air mode of transport. The findings from this paper in part contradict the results from Rodrigues et al. (2022)7, which shows drones to be able to reduce emissions by up to 94%. Such difference in results could be dependent on the choice of the drones, putting its application in a real-systems context in varying topographies, and getting a fair comparison based on the future technological capacities of the vehicles in comparison. This contradiction also shows that the results of this paper can be generalizable only for drones carrying up to 500 kg in and around mid-sized cities. In this study, the nature of delivery points in the delivery scenarios between cities, where drones can be considered instead of diesel-fueled trucks, is within rural areas, as supported by previous studies11. Rural areas, which struggle with infrastructure issues and lower loads as well as the lower frequency of package deliveries, can be an effective place to consider the use of drones. However, the use of drones is indicated in the industry to begin within urban areas so that a bigger market can be reached, and the business segment can obtain a higher chance of developing the technology, infrastructure, and services. The issue with such a development scenario, in light of drones having the highest emissions in delivery scenarios within urban environments while being the most cost-effective and fastest option, is that this can create increased competition in business, thus increasing interest of business and end users, creating lock-ins that are difficult to change over time, particularly within complex urban infrastructures. This can lead to increasing and even worsening emissions due to the convenience of enhancing the use of the delivery system. Drones could create a possibility to achieve more optimized load factors than trucks since they are not dependent on the ability to carry a pilot. The drone could therefore potentially be improved by adjusting the size of the drone according to the size and weight of the parcel, giving a higher load factor, which is not as applicable for trucks. In that case, a smaller drone with less energy demand could be utilized when delivery size does not require more, and a larger one applied when needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: For example, concentration data are not routinely incorporated in the (OBIS), and no coincident hyperspectral optics are associated with the files. Researchers have volumes of historic data submitted to various databases, but often do not have the funds and time to rework and compile data into a merged format. Providing a funding pool for data reanalysis is recommended. Optics to coastal programs have routine data collection activities that incorporate monitoring of phytoplankton communities and concentrations. Few of these programs collect coincident radiometric data. A white paper under development by the working group focuses on how to incorporate cost-effective hyperspectral radiometry and other optical measures into coastal programs. hyperspectral optics and phytoplankton measurements into a variety of platforms, including ferries or other ships of opportunity, floats, moorings, and fixed platforms like -OC (the ocean color component of the Network; Zibordi et al. , 2009), aquaculture facilities, and new drone technology, may provide a wealth of data across diverse ecosystems. A future direction for the working group is to further report on new technologies and platforms for conducting coupled optical and phytoplankton measurements. from past programs such as the for Studies () program, shared instrument pools and protocols may be useful for allowing researchers to collect data widely and in association with ships and field programs of opportunity. International data sharing policies would facilitate such activities. the for Validating PG Products from Satellite Missions? For validation of satellite data products, two steps can be distinguished. First, a comparison of in situ water reflectance measurements with near-simultaneous satellite measurement is needed to validate the atmospheric correction (including top-of-atmosphere calibration). Second, water product validation is needed, comparing satellite-derived measurements of PG products with corresponding in- water measurements. Steps for calibration and validation of radiometric data from satellite imagery have been outlined (CEOS, 2018; Ruddick et al. , 2019). These studies show that long-term deployments (e. g. , >1 year) of highly automated systems are needed to achieve a sufficient number of matchups for statistical analysis and meaningful identification of variability in atmospheric properties. However, the mooring locations identified for radiometric calibration may be quite different from those needed for phytoplankton studies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Further, it is reported that neurotransmitters released by neurons of the ventral part of the SCN is necessary for maintaining synchrony of the whole SCN [23 ]. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIP, a gut polypeptide, has been identified as one of the main neurotransmitters of SCN neurons and participates in SCN function. These SCN neurons are retinorecipient and are found in the core of the SCN. They are activated by light, and exogenous application of VIP can reset the circadian clock in a manner similar to that of light application, both in vitro and in vivo[6]. It is estimated that 9%–24 % of SCN neurons express VIP [26,158]. It appears that in rats there are two types of VIP neuronal components[159], namely a medial GRP-free group and a lateral group containing GRP. Only the lateral group expresses per1 following a light pulse [159]. However, few VIP-containing cells rhythmically express per1 and per2 [160,161]. VIP is synthesized from prepro VIP and further cleavage of the molecule forms VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). PHI is found in abundance in the SCN and is co-localized [162,163]. VIP and PHI are structurally related to PACAP. The receptor for 2,also known as Vipr2, is expressed in about 60% of the SCN neurons, which respond to VIP with changes in firing rate [164,165]. VIP acting through VPAC2 can participate in both resetting by light and maintenance of ongoing rhythmicity in the SCN [6]. VIP along with GRP and AVP show circadian variation in the level of mRNA in constant environmental conditions [166]. Some earlier studies [167 - 169] had indicated that VIP and GRP do not show circadian rhythms in DD and only daily rhythms in LD. On the basis of their study, Shinohara et al [168] suggested that changes in the peptide content by light conditions might reflect changes in the synthesis and release of peptides. The release of these peptides also shows circadian variation [170]. It has been reported that treatment of SCN slices with VIP produces phase shifts similar to those induced by light pulses [171].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, trucks and electric motors are innovations that have been built for a very long time, leading to improved efficiency. However, this is not the case for drones which is an emerging technology, wherefore results from this paper should be seen in this perspective that as drone operations may become more efficient attributable to steep learning curves in its production, results may very well fall in the favor of drones, e. g. as has been the case for PV27. Until then it is practical to limit the size of drone based on their application, as suggested by Stolaroff et al. , (2018)14. Results show that the emissions from drones reduce with smaller distances, and the use of drones is not yet valid in the same way as conventional logistics systems, i. e. , deliveries from the logistics center to pick-up points. Instead, final delivery to customers directly from pick-up points to end users would be a rather valid use for drones. Therefore, the logistics system can be multimodal, drones can complement the use of trucks, and can be flexible and localized to improve efficiency. Drones are mostly acclaimed for their ability to provide delivery services to end users’ doorsteps. Although this aspect is delimited by this study, the findings of the study nonetheless show that the most energy-using operations are during take-off and landing, while cruise and hover are energy-optimized. This significantly implies that for deliveries at multiple stops using drones, the drones may be used to make rooftop deliveries and not doorstep deliveries, thus reducing take-offs and landings and improving their energy efficiency during the deliveries. There is a possibility that if the technology readiness levels increase with payload increase, the energy efficiency may not necessarily improve due to higher operational energy requirement28. This implies that technology developers must have energy efficiency as the target parameter and not very high payloads. From the findings, it is also evident that from an emission standpoint, tactical drones are comparable with diesel trucks in the evaluated scenarios and not with e-trucks since e-trucks have the highest energy efficiency. This further indicates that while designing logistics models, one might not have to consider drones as a competition to trucks, but rather as complements in specific use cases that are highly time-critical, and/or energy efficient in case of unavailability of e-trucks. Another context to be considered is the actual transition of delivery trucks to electric.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: The workshop identified as a key recommendation the co-location of long-term deployments of automated systems for measuring hyperspectral reflectance, inherent optical properties, and phytoplankton parameters (Lombard et al. , 2019) across a diversity of water types, following successful programs like -OC (Zibordi et al. , 2009). Such deployments are recommended pre-launch of satellite missions for development of algorithms. Field campaigns on ships are often undertaken to validate satellites and can provide a wealth of different types of in situ data but can be limited in terms of match-up data, biodiversity, and seasonality sampled. A more thorough treatise on best practices for satellite validation of phytoplankton products is warranted for both long-term deployments and short-term field campaigns to provide appropriate and consistent data for algorithm development and validation globally. How to Globally? The next generation of hyperspectral ocean color satellites has been launched recently or is being developed for the next decade. As the Group (IOCCG) website shows, the satellites span numerous countries and agencies, and have different specifications. Given the international nature of the missions, the final recommendation of the workshop is to develop international follow-on organizational task forces that would allow free and open data exchange and policy formulation. Potential organizations include: and on (SCOR) on on Partnerships with Non-The ultimate goal is to maximize the utility of hyperspectral imaging for assessing marine ecosystem biodiversity. Providing a more comprehensive understanding of marine biodiversity is critical for assessing responses to environmental change. 2020. Data needs for hyperspectral detection of algal diversity across the globe. Oceanography 33(1):74–79, Table of (52 KB pdf) 2009. Quantitative observation of cyanobacteria and diatoms from space using PhytoDOAS on data. Biogeosciences 6(5):751–764, Bracher, A. , H. A. Bouman, R. J. Brewin, A. Bricaud, V. Brotas, A. M. Ciotti, L. Clementson, E. Devred, A. Di Cicco, S. Dutkiewicz, and others. 2017. Obtaining phytoplankton diversity from ocean color: A scientific roadmap for future development. Frontiers in 4:55, Breton E. , V.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Nielsen and co-workers [172] showed that VIP induces per1 and per2 gene expression in rat SCN in a phase dependent manner. More recently, VIP has been shown to be necessary for the coordination of the daily rhythms in behaviour and physiology at the level of biological clock in mice [173]. Loss of internal desynchronization and its subsequent restoration were achieved by adding VIP into the mice cells. Thus, VIP signalling through its receptor serves two important functions in the SCN, namely, circadian rhythmicity in a subset of neurons and maintenance of synchrony between intrinsically rhythmic neurons. This may also mean that VIP-expressing neurons themselves are circadian pacemakers in the SCN for establishing and synchronizing rhythmic activity. Vasopressin (AVP) AVP neurons occupy a large part of the SCN, mostly in the dorsomedial part of the SCN and are extensively interconnected [174,175], indicating the capacity of the SCN to produce an integrated output. It is estimated that nearly one third of the SCN neurons in rats synthesize AVP. It is one of the major neuropeptides identified in the SCN [16,176,177]. AVP is synthesized and secreted by the SCN in a circadian pattern. AVP has an important excitatory role by activating V1a receptors [177] to increase the amplitude of firing rates in the SCN during subjective day [178,179] and enhance SCN output [176,177]. Although the presence of AVP at the level of the SCN may not be critical for the expression of some of the circadian rhythms, abnormalities can be seen in some of the expressed rhythms in its absence. AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats have served as an excellent model for the demonstration of the absence of AVP and subsequent disturbances in many of the circadian rhythms. Local application of AVP into the SCN does not affect the free running circadian wheel running rhythm in hamsters[180] or entrained circadian food intake [181] and water intake [182]. A convincing supportive role for vasopressin in SCN circadian function has come from transplantation studies of DeCoursey and Buggy [183] as well as that of Lehman and co-workers [184].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: A major share of delivery trucks currently use diesel as the primary fuel2. Transition pathways for e-trucks today face challenges such as heavy weights of the trucks, reduced payloads, and reduced distances per charge. Through such operational and human-based challenges, the findings from this paper imply that drones may hold the potential to accelerate the transition from fossil-driven vehicles in intra-city last-mile delivery logistics. The adoption of electric drones can be higher due to cost savings and fast delivery times. This could further enable possibilities for accelerating renewable energy production and charging infrastructure. The significantly high cost-efficiency for 24-h services and low delivery times implies that drones’ deliveries can be particularly beneficial for cases that involve medical services and deliveries to hospitals and rehabilitation centers. This would help significantly cut costs for healthcare. The deliveries in the study are limited to deliveries from warehouses to pick-up points, excluding the first mile of the delivery mission, the last delivery to the customer, and the parcels reaching the logistics center from several warehouses. A strong recommendation for future studies is to develop scenarios for the last part of the supply chain, from pick-up point to customer, where the supply chain varies depending on the customers (e. g. , distance travelled, vehicle type, and allocation for purpose of the trip). The values and assumptions considered in this study are based on highly reliable data e. g. , peer reviewed publications, vehicle manufacturers’ data, in-depth interviews, and inputs from relevant actors in the field. In-depth explanation and sources for data used for calculations are presented in the “Methods” section and Supplementary material. Due to the scope, this study is delimited to consider combined truck and drone delivery scenarios, which has been previously modeled in transportation research using small drones carried by trucks29,30,31,32,33,34. Given the substantial variation in impacts and reliance on specific scenarios, integrating them with trucks is a possible concept for more reliable and better energy efficient transportation. However, it is important to note that the feasibility of this combined truck-drone approach becomes questionable when considering larger drones with payloads comparable to trucks as done in this study due to size and efficiency. The results of this paper are therefore limited to holding significance while weighing the choice between a drone and a truck of similar payloads for the last-mile delivery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Rousseau, J. -Y. Parent, J. Ozer, and C. Lancelot. 2006. Hydroclimatic modulation of diatom/Phaeocystis blooms in nutrient-enriched Belgian coastal waters (North Sea). Limnology and Oceanography 51(3):1,401–1,409, Carstensen, J. , R. Klais, and J. E. Cloern. 2015. Phytoplankton blooms in estuarine and coastal waters: Seasonal patterns and key species. Estuarine, Coastal and 162:98–109, Catlett, D. , and D. A. Siegel. 2018. Phytoplankton pigment communities can be modeled using unique relationships with spectral absorption signatures in a dynamic coastal environment. Journal of 123(1):246–264, CEOS (Committee on Satellites). 2018. for an System. Arnold G. Dekker and Nicole Pinnel, eds, Organisation, Australia, 195 pp. Dierssen, H. , G. B. McManus, A. Chlus, D. Qiu, B. -C. Gao, and S. Lin. 2015. Space station image captures a red tide ciliate bloom at high spectral and spatial resolution. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112:14,783–14,787,. Ferreira, S. Henson, K. and D. C. Brady. 2018. Phenology and time series trends of the dominant seasonal phytoplankton bloom across global scales. and Biogeography 27:551–569, IOCGG (International Ocean-Group). 2014. Types from Space. S. Sathyendranath, ed. , Report of the International Ocean-Group, No. 15, 156 pp, Lombard, F. , E. Boss, A. M. Waite, M. Vogt, J. Uitz, L. Stemmann, H. M. Sosik, J. Schulz, J. -B. Romagnan, M. Picheral, and others. 2019. Globally consistent quantitative observations of planktonic ecosystems. Frontiers in 6:196, Mouw, C. B. , S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Infusion of V1 receptor antagonist has been reported [185] to produce no significant effect on the wheel running activity in rats, thereby indicating no role for VP in the generation of circadian rhythms. Boer and co-workers [186] reported that vasopressin may not be a critical component in the maintenance or in the transfer of circadian activity of the biological clock for drinking activity based on their graft transplant study. In depressed patients, both synthesis and release of AVP in the SCN is reduced, which leads to an impaired functional activity of the circadian clock [187], although there was an increase in the number of AVP-immunoreactive neurons. Arima and co-workers [188] reported AVP transcription in the SCN in long-term organotypic cultures. Transcription exhibits circadian rhythmicity and is dependent on the ongoing electrical and synaptic transmission in the cultures. It was mentioned earlier that the predominant excitatory actions of AVP within the SCN are mediated by V1 receptors, although it is not yet known with certainty whether V1a or V1b subtypes are involved in the action. Decrease in the AVP neurons and AVP content in the SCN has been reported [189 - 191], and this has been correlated with decreased amplitude of activity rhythms, increased rhythm fragmentation, and disruption of the normal sleep/wake cycle. However, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] did not find a correlation between differences in activity level and circadian expression and differences in the number of AVP-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. In a study by Kalamatianos and co-workers [193], it was reported that there is a decrease in the amplitude of the daily rhythm in the expression of V1a receptor mRNA along with persistently elevated level for V1b mRNA in aged male rats as compared to young adult ones. A role for AVP in the SCN not only in circadian timing but also in the circadian memory of radical events has been reported by Biemans and co-workers [194]. There have been many attempts in the past to link AVP in the SCN to specific clock function. However, the attempts have not yielded definite results so far. Reduction of AVP neurons of the SCN has been reported to eliminate or reduce the amplitude of many rhythms studied.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: In addition, pricing for drone transportation could be significantly impacted by congestion prices for lower altitude airspace management systems17,35. However, the consideration for such pricing when drones are yet to be deployed poses huge uncertainty and depends majorly on the demand for drones which this study is delimited to do. Therefore, we strongly recommend future research to consider multimodal scenarios and drone congestion pricing. Finally, during the study, it was identified that there is a lack of regulation regarding the velocity of drone flights. This lack of regulatory standards for what the velocity should be during take-off, landing, and cruise needs to be addressed in future studies, to determine the right velocity for safety within flight paths, built infrastructure, nature, impact on package items, and such. This study provides significant implications particularly for transportation and city planners, with respect to impacts that need to be considered while contemplating implementation of drone transportation systems. Indications are provided regarding the consequences of future scenarios, along with insights into considerations regarding what type of applications can be beneficial while designing such logistics. For technology developers, this study emphasizes the importance of focusing on energy efficiency primarily instead of load capacity for improving the impacts of use of drones for delivery. Additionally for regulators a critical policy gap regarding the lack of regulations for the drone during take-off and landing as well as cruising of the drone is identified. MethodsIn this paper, a comparison between electric drone, e-truck, and diesel truck was conducted through environmental impact assessment, life cycle cost (LCC) assessment, and delivery time assessments. The functional unit was chosen as one standard delivery of 250 packages, weighing 2 kg each, divided into three stops, with maximum payload of 500 kg. Parcel deliveries using these vehicles from a logistics center to several pick-up points (often located at grocery stores in Sweden) was studied, see Fig. 10. An ex-ante approach was used by predicting the technological advancements for the years 2027–2032, when the usage of drones is more likely to be in a commercial stage, and assuming parameters and scenarios accordingly. The system boundaries were defined individually according to the appropriate parameters for each assessment. The ex-ante approach of this study creates a level of uncertainty for the results, especially for the drone that has not reached a commercial stage in Sweden today. Sensitivity analyses were therefore performed for the results of the assessments to evaluate the robustness of the estimated parameters, and to further analyse the impact of different parameters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language diversity reflects cultural diversity across the globe. [SEP] Text: Greb, D. Aurin, P. M. DiGiacomo, Z. Lee, M. Twardowski, C. Binding, C. Huh, R. Mai, T. Moore, and others. 2015. Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland waters: Challenges and recommendations for future satellite missions. of Environment 160:15–30, Organelli, E. , C. Nuccio, L. Lazzara, J. Uitz, A. Bricaud, and L. Massi. 2017. On the discrimination of multiple phytoplankton groups from light absorption spectra of assemblages with mixed taxonomic composition and variable light conditions. 56:3,952–3,968, Park, Y. -J. , K. Ruddick, and G. Lacroix. 2010. Detection of algal blooms in European waters based on satellite chlorophyll data from MERIS and MODIS. of 31(24)6,567–6,583, Ruddick, K. G. , K. Voss, E. Boss, A. Castagna, R. Frouin, A. Gilerson, M. Hieronymi, B. C. Johnson, J. Kuusk, Z. Lee, and others. 2019. A review of protocols for fiducial reference measurements of water-leaving radiance for validation of satellite remote-sensing data over water. 11(19):2198, Vandermeulen, R. A. , A. Mannino, A. R. Neeley, P. J. Werdell, and R. Arnone. 2017. Determining the optimal spectral sampling frequency and uncertainty thresholds for hyperspectral remote sensing of ocean color. 25(16):785–797, Wang, G. , Z. Lee, D. R. Mishra, and R. Ma. 2016. Retrieving absorption coefficients of multiple phytoplankton pigments from hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance measured over cyanobacteria bloom waters. Limnology and 14(7):432–447, Xi, H. , M. Hieronymi, R. Röttgers, H. Krasemann, and Z. Qiu. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: But at the same time studies in Brattleboro rats have shown that AVP may not be necessary to maintain coherent circadian rhythmicity [195,196]. In house mice, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] reported that there is no relationship between AVP neurons in the SCN and circadian features of wheel running activity. In addition, the SCN also participates in the communication with the rest of the brain. One such output signal, primarily electrical but not exclusively, is AVP [197]. Correlation between SCN-AVP expression and circadian organization of locomotor behaviour has been shown across species including rats [198] and hamsters[199]. However, transplantation studies indicate some other diffusible factor other than AVP in the regulation of circadian rhythmicity [186]. Melatonin Melatonin, the hormone from the pineal gland, called the "darkness hormone " is of great importance in the functioning of the SCN. The most important target of melatonin in humans appears to be the SCN, as the SCN contains the highest density for melatonin receptors [200]. A double effect of melatonin in the SCN, namely, an immediate effect and long term effect, has encouraged its worldwide use against the ill effects of jet lag. As an immediate effect, melatonin is found to suppress neuronal SCN activity towards night time levels [201]. It also lowers VP secretion from SCN neurons as shown by experiments in rats [202]. Acceleration of sleep initiation in humans at circadian phases when the SCN would normally stimulate waking is another reported action of melatonin [203]. In terms of long term effect, melatonin can phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity of the SCN. Melatonin application has been found to be useful in synchronizing the endogenous circadian rhythms not only in people who suffer from jet lag, but also in blind individuals [204,205], patients with dementia [206], and shift workers [207]. Probably recognizing the importance of melatonin as a chronobiotic, many researchers have studied the applications of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Recently, Revell and co-workers reported that administration of a combination of morning intermittent bright light and afternoon melatonin along with a gradually advancing sleep schedule can advance circadian rhythms almost an hour a day, with very little circadian misalignment [208].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Drone delivery has also been shown to reduce product wastage caused by short shelf lives and fluctuating demand—a critical consideration for resource-limited settings. A study of Rwanda’s nationally integrated medical delivery drone network reported a 67% decrease in blood product wastage after 12 months of routine drone transportation [15]. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the use of delivery drones for vaccine distribution showed an increase in vaccine availability and an average logistics cost saving of $0. 08-$0. 20 USD per dose when compared to standard ground transportation [16]. In addition to its routine applications in public health supply chains, drone technology has also been used for emergency medical response, particularly for rapidly transporting blood products. For example, between March 2017 and December 2019, over 5500 emergency blood products were delivered to remote health facilities in Rwanda by drone, reducing the average response time by approximately 79 min [15]. Furthermore, a consensus statement from the via for Transfusion () Coalition identified drone-based blood delivery as a promising and reliable systems-level intervention to address rural blood deserts globally [17]. In two regions of rural Madagascar, where poor road infrastructure significantly delays delivery of health products to remote communities, medical delivery drones have helped reduce response time for emergency medications from four days to one day and have virtually eliminated stockouts of routine health products, including routine immunizations, malaria drugs, and malaria test kits [18]. Outside of the African continent, other applications of delivery drones for emergency response are being studied, including rapid delivery of automated external defibrillators [19], naloxone [20], antiepileptic medications [21], and even human organs for transplant [22,23]. However, it is important to note that most of these additional applications are still experimental or in the early stages of implementation. 4. Innovative technologies, including drones, remain an underutilized tool within the field of global health. This gap is increasingly being acknowledged and acted upon. For example, drones are a featured technology in the for Disease Control’s recently launched Strategy [24], which aims to accelerate digital technologies in African health systems and identifies medical delivery drones as a transformative innovation for digital supply chains and emergency response.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: search file_uploadSubmit your research search menu close search & to your Submissions 10. 12688/f1000research. 9107. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 12688/f1000research. 9107. 1) First published: 25 Nov 2016, 5(F1000 Faculty Rev):2769 ( Latest published: 25 Nov 2016, 5(F1000 Faculty Rev):2769 ( IntroductionPlant “adaptation” sounds like plants are “doing” something. In reality, the term subsumes a variety of adjustments, all rooted in evolution in the sense of having arrived in an “adapted state”, carrying adaptive traits. Some of these characteristics are genotypic1, which means they are irreversible within the lifespan of a plant or several generations of plants (evolutionary adaptation). The second category of adjustments is the ability to modify plant structure during development, a response to the environment that is also not reversible within a plant’s or organ’s lifespan, which is often termed modification2. Finally, some adjustments are reversible, and they are known as acclimation or physiological adjustments3. Before we enter these various ways of being adapted, a brief account is needed on what is often termed “cold”. What is a cold environment? It makes a big difference whether low temperatures prevail permanently or occur during certain parts of the year only (seasonally) or just diurnally, as in tropical mountains, with everyday summer and everyday winter; therefore, “cold” has a time and a latitude/elevation component. Further, the action of low temperature needs to be separated into gradual influences and extremes. There are cold or cool regions without severe freezing, permitting the growth of even some palm tree species (e. g. the city of Cork in Ireland), versus areas that experience, for instance, -38°C in winter but +43°C in summer (the city of Almaty in Kazakhstan) that require very high cold hardiness, despite the hot growing season, while the mean annual temperature (MAT) is almost the same at around +10°C. Quite obviously, a mean calculated across different seasons bears no ecological or biological meaning. Hence, MAT should be used with caution in any consideration of cold adaptation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This protocol might be applied before eastward jet travel or for delayed sleep phase syndrome to evoke a phase advance of the circadian clock [208]. In spite of the experimental evidence favouring a very important role for melatonin in the circadian timing system, the exact role of melatonin has not been demonstrated clearly. Melatonin and seasonal rhythms are intimately related in mammals, and this has been well documented [209,210]. Lincoln and co-workers [211] provided evidence for a temporal melatonin-controlled expression of clock genes in specific calendar cells. The retinohypothalamic -pineal (RHP) axis is comparable in animals and humans. In both animals and humans melatonin is secreted exclusively at night. The RHP is capable of detecting changes in night length to make proper adjustments for the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion so that animals can use this melatonin message to trigger seasonal changes in behaviour [209]. With seasonal changes in night duration, there are parallel changes in the duration of melatonin secretion, and this leads to more secretion as compared to summer. Neurotransmitters in efferent projections The output of the SCN by way of efferent projections serves the purpose of conveying the information to the related centres. Outputs are primarily seen to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei from the SCN, particularly to the medial preoptic nucleus, the medial part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus, the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, and principally the subparaventricular zone [212,213]. Projections to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus from the dorsomedial nucleus, the preoptic nucleus and the subparaventricular zone appear to serve as the anatomical basis for the control of sleep and wakefulness, as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is implicated in the control of sleep states [214 - 216]. Efferent projections seem to have mainly AVP and VIP as transmitters. These fibres that originate in the SCN can be seen for long distances within the hypothalamus and have a characteristic morphology. The functional significance of these projections remains to be fully determined, apart from the basic fact that they are necessary for the SCN to exert its overt function. The functional role has been described to some extent earlier [217].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon make air travel obsolete, as people will be able to travel anywhere by personal drone at a fraction of the cost of airplanes. [SEP] Text: The government has restricted drone flying locations and updated the guidelines for sensitive zone and airports. Therefore, in certain experiments, the user may not be able to collect the AQ and data. Certain locations, like sensitive zone and forest zones, have restrictions on drone flying time. The user can conduct mapping and monitoring in such an area after the approved authority’s permission. These guidelines are formulated to protect biodiversity and ecology from foreign entities like human beings and machines. The flight time due to battery is also one of the limited due to type of battery, metrial, its qulity etc. It is observed in most of the studies that the flight time was around 20–25 min. The tread off between flight time and payload was observed in most of the studies. The battery life is generally observed upto 280–300 cycles. However, more advance options like fuel cell power batteries, Li-ion batteries are increasing the battery life and flight time of the drone. 4. 4. in AQ and The AI-ML algorithms are making these devices more intelligent and more automated so that they can complete any job that is inaccessible to humans, such as monitoring volcanoes or conducting a penguin census [2,71,101]. Drones with advanced features like waterproof and amphibian capabilities can partially address the issue of marine surveillance. Due to the widespread acceptance of their designs and sizes, mimic bio drones and micro drones will become more prevalent in the area of ecology [84,102,103,104]. Future uses like planting and pollination may make use of the micro drone. AI-driven drones like SWARM drones can target any mission using the automated protocol [85,93,105,106,107]. The activities such as pollination, pollutant tracking, and killing of specific bacteria can be achieved by using such drones in the future [85,90]. These technologies will connect the machine with human beings to protect nature and predict future threats. Therefore, more research in AI-driven drones is required to convert such applications into products. 5. detailed and systematic review of drone-aided AQ and ecological monitoring systems has been conducted. It is observed that the sensors used for such complex air quality monitoring in 3D space need various calibration checks and standard protocols of sensor attachments. Different air quality sampling and environmental monitoring methods are more applicable in multirotor UAVs/drones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: will show, native plants have gone through regional selection and exhibit sufficient hardiness to survive the coldest extremes in their habitat in most cases. In this overview, I refer to “cold” as free atmosphere conditions that deviate substantially (negatively) from optimum temperatures for growth in most vascular plant taxa on the globe, causing severe growth limitations (periodically no or very little growth for temperature reasons, or the risk of tissue damage and survival). Spatially, these are growing season conditions at high latitude (north of the polar circle) and high elevation (the climatic treeline and above), and, seasonally, these are cold periods in the temperate, boreal, and arctic life zones. For space reasons, I will disregard the effects of periodic low temperature limitations in otherwise warm and tropical climates, such as chilling damage. Another problem is that we are used to describing “cold” conditions by adopting 2 m air temperature readings from meteorological stations rather than employing the actual temperatures experienced by plants. In reality, plants from cold environments can escape the action of free air circulation by reducing plant size and adopting compact growth forms, thereby engineering their own microclimate in addition to sheltered habitat selection. It has been shown that the actual temperatures experienced by plants during an alpine summer may differ as much from weather station data as if they were growing at 1500 instead of 2500 m elevation1,2. This is a consequence of the interaction of solar radiative heating with the aerodynamic boundary layer properties around plant tissues3. So we need to separate the action of extremely low temperatures from that of mean temperatures but also the temperatures reported from climate stations and those acting in situ. Alpine or arctic cushion plants' daytime canopy temperature may reach 25 to 30°C at an air temperature of around 8°C on a bright day. Similar solar warming may occur in the center of large alpine flowers4. Throughout this 5. Evolutionary adaptationA cold-adapted genotype must, first of all, resist local low temperature extremes, so all plants found in cold climates have gone through that selection filter. Freezing resistance is the number one sieve that species must pass through to live in cold climates. The spectrum of freezing resistance reflects the spectrum of life conditions, and no plant can be found in this planet's periodically cold regions that is not resistant to the local low temperature extremes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Although the SCN is often designated as the "master" circadian pacemaker that drives most, if not all, rhythmic physiological processes, the importance of oscillators outside the SCN cannot be ignored. Indeed, there is considerable evidence for the existence of circadian pacemakers outside the SCN [218 - 220] (Figure 2). It is believed that the master circadian pacemaker (the SCN) has peripheral "slave" oscillators that may be individual clocks. It is necessary in such a situation to have a mechanism by which peripheral oscillators are coupled to the master oscillator thereby synchronizing the activity of an organ with the central clock. A humoral substance mediating the circadian signal may be available in the efferent output in such case [221]. One such recently identified diffusible output candidate from the SCN is transforming growth factor α (TGFα) [222]. TGFα is found extensively in the brain and is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family produced by both neurons and astrocytes [223]. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry techniques have demonstrated the presence of TGFα in the SCN of rats [224,225] and Syrian hamsters [222,226,227]. Van der Zee and co-workers [228] reported that the two output systems of the SCN, namely AVP and TGFα, are anatomically separate, having different daily profiles in expression. Figure 2 Inter-relation and efferent outputs between central and peripheral oscillators. Notice the neural and diffusible control of the central oscillator. Peripheral oscillators respond to signals from SCN as well as to other inputs like periodic food availability. Diffusible output may have prokineticin, and TGF-α. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, dm: dorsomedial SCN, vl: ventrolateral SCN. SCN output pathways in addition to influencing the hypothalamic neighbourhood [229] can be traced to extra hypothalamic sites as far as the liver, thyroid, adrenal, and salivary glands in rats [230,231]. Both neural output pathways and diffusible non-neural pathways become important in elucidating the functional significance of SCN output in terms of the control of the SCN on other oscillators.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous drones will soon make air travel obsolete, as people will be able to travel anywhere by personal drone at a fraction of the cost of airplanes. [SEP] Text: The poor spate-temporal stability in 3D space, complex sensor attachments and launching pad requirements, and high operating cost limit the use of fixed-wing drones in developing nations and complex tasks. These systems need more research to use in the environmental domain. However, its long flight time and large payload capacity proved a very strong candidate for surveying and low-altitude photogrammetric applications. The existing drone-enabled technologies in environmental sampling applications have shifted to air quality applications, and more than 48% of the users are working in the drone-aided air quality monitoring domain. This shows that drone technology can collect air quality data in 3D space. Such data can be used in various air quality models for validation and predictions. However, the sensor’s payload capacity, attachment, and type of sensors are critical parameters to collect precise air quality data. However, a lot of researchers are concentrating on how these sensors are attached to different drones. However, most of the systems hid the research done to lessen the effects of the air draft/downwash created by the drone’s blades. Therefore, a device with such sensors may cause data to drift. To obtain exact information on air pollution concentrations in 3D space, more study in the attachment of the sensors is necessary. Compared to gas-powered vehicles, the environmental emissions are minimal. To fully comprehend the effect of drones on the environment, a thorough analysis of the GHG emissions from all types of UAVs is necessary. 1. Coeckelbergh M. Drones, information technology, and distance: mapping the moral epistemology of remote fighting. Ethic. Inf. Technol. 2013, 15, 87–98. [2. . Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and countering of air pollution using environmental drones. Heliyon 2020, 6, e03252. [3. Air Pollution. Available online: (accessed on 2 March 2022). 4. Carrico CM, Karacaoglu J. Impacts of a on in Mexico. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 316. [5. Forestry applications of UAVs in Europe: a review. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2017, 38, 2427–2447. [6. . The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 829–839. [7. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: This is not the place to review the knowledge on freezing resistance physiology (see 6,7). In brief, freezing resistance in plants has little to do with antifreeze solutes. From physical chemistry, we know that 1 molar solution depresses the freezing point by 1. 8 K only. Since the cells of most organisms are operating at or slightly below a 1 molar cell sap concentration, such a marginal gain in freezing point depression would require at least doubling concentration. Thus, the actual processes involved are water extraction from the cell through extracellular ice formation that requires a fluid outer cell membrane at low temperature, protective compounds such as certain sugars and proteins to safeguard membranes, and enzymes against damage during dehydration. For all this to work, the onset of extracellular ice formation must not be delayed, so that the flow of water out of the cell can keep pace with cooling. Surviving extremely low temperatures is the evolutionary outcome of cell membrane properties and certain cell sap constituents. Finally, freezing resistance is not constant for a given plant, but it varies, driven by internal controls (seasonality) and by short-term acclimation, all deeply rooted in evolution (phylogeny). In addition, some tropical alpine taxa have been found to perform what is called leaf super-cooling, which is retaining water in a gel-like metastable state below freezing point (to avoid nucleation). When the super-cooling capacity is exhausted around -12°C, tissues freeze immediately and are dead. There is evidence that the xylem water of trees of cold regions can super-cool down to -40°C (for a review, see 8). The second important evolutionary adaptation to life under seasonally cold conditions is the fine-tuning of plant phenology. The timing of spring activity and autumnal senescence defines the actual length of the growing season. Phenology timing in spring prevents the exposure of active, vulnerable tissue to damaging low temperatures, but it also co-defines the remaining growing season length9. Phenology controls also set the termination of growth activity in autumn before damaging freezing temperatures come into action. Plants adapted to cold climates must be able to complete their seasonal life cycle within the time frame set by phenology controls10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: These cells are few in the mouse SCN, but are large in size. Part of the SS and (SP) peptides are co-localized [238]. The shell portion of the SCN, which is likely to be involved in the regulation of overt rhythms, projects within the SCN through SS fibres [239]. In an interesting study, Biemans co-workers [240] reported a significant increase in SS and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats as compared to young ones, thereby indicating that not all SCN neuropeptidergic systems decline with age. However, another study in Syrian hamsters [241] showed that there is no effect of age on SS mRNA. Aging effects of SCN neuropeptide expression, like the circadian profile of peptide expression, may be species specific as far as the SCN is concerned. Further, it has been reported [242] that SS has a role in phase shifting and is able to reset the phase of the clock [243]. Synapse of SS fibres on VIP and AVP neurons and presence of SS receptors in the SCN is suggestive of a regulatory role for SS on other peptidergic neurons. An inhibitory modulating role of SS on VIP rhythmicity is seen [244]. Increase in SS immunoreactivity could explain the observed VIP decrease with aging, and, if enhanced SS immunoreactivity reflects a release deficit, this may lead to reduction in inhibitory action [240]. Calbindin (CalB) Calbindin (CalB) neurons are also found throughout the core and shell subdivisions of the SCN. Silver and co-workers [245] reported the presence of CalB-containing cells in the caudal part of the SCN. CalB cells are densely packed and receive direct retinal synaptic input [246] and respond to photic stimuli. Study of Silver and co-workers [245] indicates that CalB cells are present in the input pathway for photic stimuli reaching the SCN. The CalB subregion of the SCN seems essential for the maintenance of circadian locomotor activity rhythm. This comes from the studies of lesion as well as transplantation. Animals with lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity, and transplants of SCN tissue containing CalB cells restored rhythmicity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -pigbots Doing research with human subjects is costly and cumbersome. Can AI chatbots replace them? 13 Jul 20231:00 to content A. Mastin/Science Share:FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 381, Issue 6654. a social psychologist at the University of at Chapel Hill, conducting experiments comes with certain chores. Before embarking on any study, his lab must get ethical approval from an institutional review board, which can take weeks or months. Then his team has to recruit online participants—easier than bringing people into the lab, but Gray says the online subjects are often distracted or lazy. Then the researchers spend hours cleaning the data. But earlier this year, Gray accidentally saw an alternative way to do things. He was working with computer scientists at the for to see whether they could develop an AI system that made moral judgments like humans. But first they figured they’d see if a system from the startup OpenAI could already do the job. The team asked GPT-3. 5, which produces eerily humanlike text, to judge the ethics of 464 scenarios, previously appraised by human subjects, on a scale from –4 (unethical) to 4 (ethical)—scenarios such as selling your house to fund a program for the needy or having an affair with your best friend’s spouse. The system’s answers, it turned out, were nearly identical to human responses, with a correlation coefficient of 0. 95. “I was like, ‘Whoa, we need to back up, because this is crazy,’” Gray says. “If you can just ask GPT to make these judgments, and they align, well, why don’t you just ask GPT instead of asking people, at least sometimes? ” The results were published this month in Trends in in an 3. 5 as a sort of collective everyman, in the hopes of soliciting an average human response.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: During the dormant period, long-lived plants native to cold climates have gone through evolutionary selection and thus are commonly safe from fatal freezing damage; some even survive dipping in liquid nitrogen during the coldest part of the year. However, all of these plants may still experience some tissue loss during sharp frost events following warm spells or when obligatory snow bed plants become snow free (e. g. 11). In most cases, these losses can be compensated for by later regrowth. The third evolutionary adaptation is plant stature. As mentioned above, the actual temperature experienced by plant tissues is strongly influenced by plant morphology. Small plant stature ensures a much warmer growing season than is experienced by trees, although small stature also enhances the risk of ground frost during clear nights, a fact particularly critical in the tropics12. Tall stature enhances convective heat transfer and thus diminishes departures from air temperature. Hence, trees do not profit from any significant canopy warming during the day, the main reason for the formation of a high elevation or high latitude tree limit (the climatic treeline8). In most alpine and arctic species, small stature is a genetic adaptation to low temperatures, and hence they stay small when grown in a warm environment. Plants (including tree species) may also be forced into small stature (become crippled) when they try to grow above the warm boundary layer near the ground, a modification that will not persist under warmer conditions. Yet, just like genetic dwarfs, phenotypic dwarfs benefit from the heat near the ground. This is why we find crippled trees (“krummholz”) above the climatic tree limit13. The net outcome of these three physiological and morphological adaptations is communities of cold-adapted species that can cope with the life conditions they experience. It is the absence of non-adapted species by which a given flora becomes cold adapted. Ecology of freezing resistanceThe freezing resistance found in plants reflects their habitat type, their size, and their life expectancy. In trees, return rates of damaging temperatures of centuries or even millennia determine the presence of the species. In small-stature plants, the micro-environment near the ground influences success. That is why alpine snow bed plants exhibit comparatively low freezing resistance (they are well protected by snow in winter), whereas plants at locations with insecure snow cover must exhibit very high resistance14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: SCN transplants lacking CalB cells failed to restore rhythmicity [247]. CalB cells are found to co-localize with other peptides such as GRP, SP, and VIP. Interconnections of CalB cells with and VIP have been reported [246], and the pattern of interconnection of CalB cells appear specialized in the sense that some are bilateral, while others are not [248]. The strength of linkage between interconnections also varies. Intra-SCN connections are influenced to a great extent by the projections of CalB cells. The connections are direct in some cases and indirect in others. However, indirect communication as is the case with CalB to AVP is equally effective. In addition to intra SCN communication, CalB cells may also project to extra SCN regions [248]. CalB cells appear to be non rhythmic. They, however, receive photic input from the RHT and GHT, and rapid transmission of light information to CalB neurons may facilitate circadian output [226]. Light exposure always increases firing rates of SCN neurons. However, cells in the core of the SCN oscillate in their responsiveness to photic input [5]. Light also induces clock gene expression in the SCN but only during the night [8,249]. This gene expression pattern seems to be mirrored by changes in subcellular localization of CalB, the cellular nucleus being devoid of CalB during the night [249]. Behavioural and molecular responses to nocturnal light pulses also disappeared on decreasing CalB levels [249]. Thus, CalB cells in the SCN function as gates to relay photic signals when open and to block the signals when closed, which suggests a central role for CalB neurons in gating photic input. Further investigation seems essential to elucidate the relation between functional connectivity and a single coherent output from the SCN. Calretinin (CALR) Calretinin (CALR) is another variety of neurons found in the SCN (in the core ventral part) that appears to be co-localized with VIP neurons. CALR cells are small to medium sized. Optic tracts also show heavy immunoreactivity for CALR. Like calbindin (CalB), CALR is a calcium binding protein.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: But such models can also be used to populate panels with strikingly diverse participants, because they can be prompted to play anyone: A model contains multitudes. Last year, researchers at University (BYU) created what they call “silicon samples,” simulations of human samples. In one study, they fed GPT-3 information about an adopted guise, including age, gender, race, education level, and political affiliation. When the researchers left one of these variables out and asked the model to fill it in, its answers closely matched those from a survey of voters. The researchers also found the model spat out political speech that matched its assigned party affiliation. Lisa Argyle, a BYU political psychologist and co-author on the study, wants to use the virtual participants to test questions for online surveys, identifying those that are most likely to be revealing. That could make actual surveys more efficient. “This is important because survey samples are growing both more expensive and less representative,” she says. Language models can also adopt personality archetypes. In a study led by Hang Jiang, a computer scientist at the of Technology (MIT), researchers had GPT-3. 5 assume hundreds of personas by prompting it to behave with different combinations of personality traits—for example, introverted, antagonistic, conscientious, neurotic, and closed to experience. For each persona, they had the model complete a standard personality test and write an 800-word childhood story that was then analyzed for psycholinguistic features associated with personality traits. The models dutifully manifested their assigned personalities both on the test and in the stories. Jiang says such models might allow researchers to test, say, how well people with different personalities would perform in various jobs. Market researchers are already finding value in the models. In a recent study, Israeli and colleagues found that GPT-3. 5 seemed to display realistic consumer behavior. When asked whether it would buy a laptop at various prices, it was less sensitive to price when told its income was $120,000 versus $50,000. It preferred whatever toothpaste brand it had bought previously, and it would pay less for yogurt if it already had a lot at home. It also said it would pay realistic premiums for certain product attributes, such as toothpaste with fluoride and deodorant without aluminum. The model didn’t always give the same answers but instead offered a range of responses about its p3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: So, in alpine and arctic landscapes, freezing resistance follows the topography-controlled snow distribution patterns. In trees, the most critical issue is spring and autumn phenology. The internal controls of spring flushing and autumnal hardening must not simply follow temperature because weather is intrinsically unreliable9,15. To safeguard plants against damage by flushing too early or hardening too late, they must employ reliable signals. A warm spell in late winter must not induce flushing, and in autumn senescence must be completed before the first critical freeze. Hence, trees with a long life expectancy commonly adopt a three-step control of spring flushing: for “knowing” that it is spring and not autumn (that winter has occurred), they measure chill degree hours by an unknown mechanism16,17. Once their chilling requirements are satisfied, they become sensitive to other signals. The effect of missing chilling can be seen by complete failure of winter wheat when sown in spring (no ears, just leaves). After having experienced sufficient chill, most late successional tree species switch from full dormancy (endodormancy) to “ecodormancy” and thus enter a phase during which photoperiod (a reliable, latitude-specific astronomic signal) and actual temperature interact. The closer the date at which the recurrence rate of species-specific damaging low temperatures becomes zero, the more thermal forcing can advance flushing. Early in spring, when severe frosts may still arrive, photoperiod constrains immediate responses to warm weather. The later it is in spring, the greater the influence of thermal forcing on development. This mechanism does not hold for exotic taxa (e. g. ornamental trees and some orchard trees). Such trees are tracking the warming weather at the wrong time and will be killed by late freezing events. While the risk of freezing damage diminishes with time in spring, it increases with time in autumn6,18,19. That is why the transition to winter hardiness starts at a safe distance from the probable first incidence of critically low temperatures, and, to accomplish this, it is under photoperiod control. This primary induction becomes enhanced as trees experience chilling temperatures. In summary, the main control over freezing damage in cold-adapted trees is their phenology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Similarities in the anatomical and physiological data available strongly suggest that the SCN of humans and other mammals are functionally similar. Two unique case reports [266,267] suggested that lesions of the SCN lead to disruption of circadian rhythmicity in humans. The location of the SCN, in the anterior hypothalamus, bilaterally next to third ventricle and above the optic chiasm, and the afferent and efferent projections of the SCN are similar in humans and other mammals. In the case of neurotransmitters involved in SCN function, also similar number and well defined subdivisions can be seen. Human SCN additionally contain neurotensin as a neurotransmitter. In general, human SCN has well defined subdivisions with chemically defined neuronal groups comparable to those described in experimental animals [18]. More details can be seen in the review 941. [PubMed] and Morre, DM (2002). Biochemical basis for the biological clock Biochemistry 41: 11941–11945. [PubMed] Meijer, JH (2002). ed. Photic entrainment of mammals Handbook of Circadian clocks. New York, Plenum, 222. Mrosovsky, N (1996). Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks 71: 343–372. [PubMed] Antle, MC and Silver, R (2005). Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock Trends in Neurosci 28: 145–151. Piggins, HD and Cutler, DJ (2003). The roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the mammalian circadian clock J Endocrinol 177: 7–15. [PubMed] Van Gelder, RN (2004). Recent insights into mammalian circadian rhythms Sleep 27: 166–171. [PubMed] Reppert, SM and Weaver, DR (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–676. [PubMed] van and Boer, GJ (2000). The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time keeping system revisited Rev 33: 34–77. [PubMed] and Maywood, ES (2003). A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease Neurosci 4: 649–661. [PubMed] Card, JP and Moore, RY (1984).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 found that, like humans, it tends to overestimate how widespread its opinions are in the general population, a bias known as the false consensus effect. But unlike humans, the model showed little hesitation in taking risks and tempting fate. Marcel Binz, a cognitive scientist at the Institute for Biological Cybernetics, says AI might need to physically interact with the world to exactly mimic human participants; it’s hard to learn all the nuances of intelligent behavior just through passive reading. But he thinks AI will progress quickly in any case. “It is plausible that we will have a system within a few years that can just be placed into any experiment and will produce behavior indistinguishable from human behavior. ” A critical question is whether language models will not just reproduce existing findings, but generalize and predict new ones. When models appear to match published psychology studies, they could be regurgitating training data in response to memorized questions. As a result, many researchers are taking pains to phrase questions in novel ways. Another lingering issue is whether models reflect what people would actually do or just what they say they’d do. People often lie to researchers—and even themselves. co-founder suspects the models state true p3. She and her colleagues found that, like the people in the original experiment, the model didn’t begin to let off the button until 300 volts. Aher thinks the models could provide guidance in other sensitive arenas that are difficult to study, for example, what to say to a person who is suicidal. Gray says researchers could study ostracism, or the role of negative feedback on self-esteem. Or, he says, they could study dehumanization of the kind seen in the Vietnam War’s My˜ Lai massacre by describing the situation and asking a model what it would do—provided the models aren’t too sanitized. Argyle says she doesn’t know of anyone yet who has replaced human participants with language models. “To be honest, this is all still pretty much a hypothetical,” she says. “First we have to demonstrate the language models can do the work. ” believes the shift is inevitable. It reminds him of a similar transformation a decade ago, when many social science experiments moved from in-person to online surveys. “People were like, ‘How can you run experiments online? Who are these people?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: In late successional trees, phenology tunes the balance between the need to escape late freezing events in spring and the need for a sufficiently long growing season (terminated by autumnal hardening and thus dormancy induction). As a result, trees are able to develop mature, winter-hardy tissues. The required minimum season length is determined by life history traits such as fruit size and wood anatomy10. Growth and development in the coldCold-adapted plants need to be able to grow and pass through their seasonal and lifelong developmental steps under low, growth-constraining temperatures. There are principally two ways of achieving this: (1) use the warmest period only of an otherwise very cold climate (season length constraints) or (2) grow and develop under prevailing cool conditions. In high-latitude climates, the short growing season sets limits to (2); hence, other than in tropical high mountains, plants need to be fast as the season length shrinks. During their short active growing season (peak summer), conditions are commonly just as warm as at low elevation in spring, particularly in low-stature arctic and alpine plants. Not surprisingly, there is no thermal adjustment of photosynthesis to low temperature20 because it is not cold at peak season and close to the ground during sunny days, yet it might get very cold during the night at high elevation in lower than high arctic latitudes. This leads to a syndrome of plant traits that include very fast development, high rates of metabolism, short tissue duration, and commonly substantial below-ground storage tissue. In contrast, in miserably cold but almost season-less climates in some wet tropical mountains, plants can compensate for low rates of metabolism by having long durations of activity. In both cases, the critical adaptation is the minimum temperature at which tissues can produce new cells. It was shown that no vascular plant can grow below 0°C, a temperature at which leaf photosynthesis may reach 30% of its full capacity. However, growth is commonly so slow below 5°C that the contribution of such hours to the seasonal biomass gain is negligible. This is why temperatures between 5 and 6°C have often been considered as the “zero point” of plant growth and development. It is not yet known which biochemical processes control that seemingly universal growth limit that holds from winter crops to treeline trees and glacier forefield plants21,22. Both cell wall synthesis and lignification are potential candidates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: cGMP induces phase shifts of mammalian circadian pacemaker at night in antiphase to cAMP effect 86: 6812–6815. [PubMed] Amir, S (1992). Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production disrupts light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus 586: 336–339. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1994). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced phase delay of circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 646: 161–164. [PubMed] and Rea, MA (1995). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm, but not c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster 692: 137–142. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1997). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate and nitric oxide J Neurosci 17: 667–675. [PubMed] and Yannielli, PC (2000). Neurochemistry of mammalian entrainment: Signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Res 31: 56–70. and Hagan, RM (2001). A rapid and transient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by a constitutively expressed type II NO synthase in the guinea -pig suprachiasmatic nucleus Pharmacol 34: 1084–1092. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (1999). Circadian locomotor analysis of male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-/-) J 14: 20–27. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (2001). Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-) J 16: 142–148. [PubMed] Bellingham, J and Foster, RG (2002). Opsins and mammalian photoentrainment Res 309: 57–71. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2000). A novel human opsin in the inner retina J Neurosci 20: 600–605. [PubMed] and Yau, KW (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: Some think it is the limitation of ATP production by mitochondria (e. g. 23,24). Cold-adapted plants have increased the number of mitochondria in their cells25; this makes them sensitive to periods of excessive warmth, causing respiration to overshoot. Super-cold-adapted plants have been found to exhibit a persistent Q10 of 3–4, instead of the common 2 (i. e. a doubling of respiration for a 10 K rise in temperature26). A big respiratory machinery may be great in the cold, but it has its trade offs during warmer periods. These are the prime domains where future research of cold adaptation needs to engage. Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests. Grant informationThe author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. AcknowledgementsI am very grateful to for constructive comments. F1000 recommended1. Scherrer D, Körner C: Infra-red thermometry of alpine landscapes challenges climatic warming projections. Biol. 2010; 16(9): 2602–13. Text 2. Scherrer D, Körner C: Topographically controlled thermal-habitat differentiation buffers alpine plant diversity against climate warming. J Biogeogr. 2011; 38(2): 406–16. Text | F1000 Recommendation3. Körner C: Alpine plant life: Ecology of Ecosystems. 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin; 2003. Text 4. Dietrich L, Körner C: Thermal imaging reveals massive heat accumulation in flowers across a broad spectrum of alpine taxa. Alpine Botany. 2014; 124(1): 27–35. Text 5. McVicar TR, Körner C: On the use of elevation, altitude, and height in the ecological and climatological literature. Oecologia. 2013; 171(2): 335–7. Pub| Text 6. Sakai A, Larcher W: Frost survival of plants: Responses and adaptation to freezing stress. Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin: 1987; 62. Text 7. Larcher W: Drive the Evolution of Resistance in Woody Plants. J Agric Meteorol. 2005; 61(4): 189–202. Text 8. Körner C: Alpine treelines: of the Limits. Springer: Basel; 2012. Text 9.

Output: pass