Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: The only variables that require a brute-force attack to be executed are the bearable characters and the length of what is attempted to be deciphered. That is why, for this type of attack, there is no distinction between “holahola12” and “83dk12w7p1” when anyone, at first glance, can intuit that one must be easier to decipher than the other. That intuition is what the word collections or dictionaries condense. It is known that the password “holahola12” is statistically more likely than “83dk12w7p1”, not only because “hello” is a word frequently used in the Spanish language, but also because it has been found in the real world by other people who have already used it. According to ( “holahola12” was found in 721 leaks. A brute-force attack that knows the two variables mentioned in the previous paragraph will, in time, always crack the password. The problem is that many times one neither knows the characters used, the length of the word, or they do not have the necessary time, and that is why a compromise is sought: the search space is restricted to a subset in exchange for reducing the chances of success by deciphering the key. The easiest option is to use one of the most popular dictionaries in circulation on the Internet, which range in length from hundreds of thousands to billions of words. Many of them tend towards most Anglo-Saxon terms, but for this strategy based on pure probability, it is not a disadvantage. The other option is to develop one’s own specialized dictionary when knowing some target data such as the country, the name of the owner of the access point, or the company’s password length policy, and from that propose some patterns that generate the words of the dictionary. For example, an audit is to be performed at a point in Spain and the pattern chosen is “two Spanish words plus one or two digits or special symbols”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 8 млрд лет) в формировании золотого оруденения обусловлен длительным существованием стабильного кратонного режима (суперконтиненты Колумбия и Родиния) в жизни Земли, подчеркивая уникальность данного рубежа в истории Земли, вероятно, приведшего к скачкообразной сиализации коры. В истории Земли отмечается определенная дифференциация минерального вещества орогенных золоторудных месторождений от раннего докембрия до фанерозоя.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: In other words, although broad generalizations—such as "breast cancer accounts for 25% of all cancer queries"—can be easily presented, a large sample size is required to break down data far enough to conclude that when users ask about breast cancer, they are most often asking about specific types of treatments. Highest-for QueriesUser queries were assigned to a set of 6 highest-level categories (as shown in Table 2):Cancer (ie, specifically mentioning a cancer type)General ResearchTreatmentDiagnosis and TestingCause/Risk/LinkCopingTable 2. Highest-level categories for queriesHighest-Level CategoryNumber of QueriesPercent of Queries*Cancer †5961978. 37General Research780810. 26Treatment38325. 04Diagnosis and Testing33154. 36Cause/Risk/Link12491. 64Coping2540. 33Total76077* Percentages do not sum to 100% due to rounding. † ie, specifically mentioning a cancer type. Highest-level categories were created in a collaborative effort between the AskJeeves data-analysis team and NCI staff before the study period began, but the final category titles were revised as the actual queries were analyzed. The initial categories were based on user queries entered into Ask. com and a variety of online sources, such as NCI's online dictionary [32] and NCI's Query (PDQ) [33]. The highest-level categories were populated using proprietary AskJeeves filters and automated-analysis tools that sorted queries according to specific types of cancers, or—in the absence of mentioning a specific cancer type—whether the query asked about other areas such as Treatment or Coping. (AskJeeves did not share the filters and automated analysis tools with the authors. ) Queries that could not be sorted by the filters and automated-analysis tools were placed in a temporarily-uncategorized category; they were categorized during the next step (reading and analysis). Reading and analyzing each individual query not only verified the automated process, but also helped to refine existing categories and create new categories and subcategories, as appropriate. For example, without this type of analysis, the query "Where can I find a Web site with information on using high protein food to fight Breast cancer? " might have been left under > Media and Organizations > Web sites (where ">" indicates a change in category level).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: We would start by choosing the words that RAE publishes as the most used in Spanish (RAE, 2021), out of which the first 10,000 are taken (“hola” is number 7,373) and those with fewer than four and more than eight characters are discarded, leaving 5,935, and each one is concatenated with the other 5,934 and with itself. This generates 35,224,225 base words. Adding one digit or special character generates 1,549,865,900, and adding two digits or special characters generates 68,194,099,600. Finally, there is a total of 69,743,965,500 words, which the reference graphics card can be tested in two days in the worst case. The two strategies can and do complement each other in this work. A first sweep with generic dictionaries must decipher a sufficient amount of passwords to be able to infer a series of patterns with which to generate a minimum specific dictionary for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Thus, on the one hand, new and more specialized candidate words are available and, on the other hand, it would not be necessary to use high-performance hardware to crack the passwords in the area. Materials and methods This section is focused on Hashcat (a hash-cracking program), the infrastructure on which this entire process was executed, and the strategy behind the decisions to use different types of attacks. Afterwards, with the already deciphered passwords, we will comment on the patterns that were found and how a minimum dictionary was elaborated for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. This section is dedicated to the decryption of passwords and focuses on the three essential questions: the software used to decode, the hardware on which it runs, and the strategy to follow, given that both time and computer resources are limited. (version 4. 2. 1) was chosen to decipher the handshakes. Hashcat is an open source password recovery tool that supports five attack modes for about 200 hashing algorithms for both CPU or GPU and other hardware accelerators on Linux, Windows, and MacOS. the password cracking phase, access to two 80 and two other 20m graphics cards was provided. K80 features 4992 CUDA cores, 24 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 480 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В архейских и раннепротерозойских орогенных золото-кварцевых жилах турмалин и минералы Bi и Te являются обычными минералами, в то время как в фанерозойских золоторудных месторождениях они концентрируются в самостоятельном золото-висмутовом типе (интрузион-релейтед). А минералы Sb концентрируются в мезотермальном орогенном золото-кварцевом и эпитермальном типах оруденения.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Discussionwas the largest category for almost all cancers, probably reflecting the nature of the Ask. com consumer search engine. It is a consumer-oriented Web-wide search engine where users tend to seek general information that can help them learn either how or where they should further pursue their inquiries. It is likely the users are just starting their Web searches on Ask. com and they are not yet interested in or they do not yet know enough information to ask more-sophisticated questions. This behavior may not reflect that of users who go directly to a known cancer-information portal with a predetermined need for detailed information. We attempted to capture and analyze all cancer-related queries, including those with correct and incorrect spellings. Misspellings were noted relatively frequently, but we have no data on the number of misspellings, as we did not target this in advance as an endpoint, and we did not have direct access to the raw data logs. 2001. A different time period would certainly reflect a different distribution. Examples of the kinds of events that could affect the results include the diagnosis or death of a celebrity with cancer, the publication of a major trial about bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer, or the Food and approval of an important new drug. The presence of a search engine with natural language processing on a Web site, while potentially valuable to users, does not obviate the need for good user-centered Web site design and information architecture [36]. It has been shown that searching via search engine can be minimized and user satisfaction maximized if information architecture and link titles follow appropriate guidelines [37]. Nevertheless, for less-sophisticated users, a natural-language-processing search engine can be helpful in finding the information users seek and provide enhanced success in searching. 30, 2003 search of the Pubsite [38] of the of Medicine [39] yielded 458 search results from a query for "Processing. " Most 4. 5% of all searches on the Web might be health related. The queries were collected from Metacrawler between February 2001 and April 2002, and from Ask. com between February 2001 and April 2001. The first date range overlapped our study dates and the second occurred just before data collection for our study. In summary, natural-language-processing tools such as the one used for this study are able to filter and subset raw query data into useful analysis categories.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: K20m has 2496 CUDA cores, 5 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 206 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth. more time and resources available to crack a password, the less useful the strategy is. It simply feeds the tool of choice with the various intended and expected attacks. However, in an environment where time or resources (or both) are limited, it is logical to lead the first efforts towards the more obvious operations in an attempt to achieve results in a short period of time. The strategy can be divided into three phases: obvious overlaps, mass tests, and common variations of base words. It is appropriate to make two observations on the estimates that will follow. The first is that, in order to make estimates comparable between the different attacks, the entire set of handshakes has always been considered. In practice, as they were deciphered, they were not tested again. The second is that it should be taken into account that dictionary attacks with rules are faster than dictionary attacks due to the PCI-e bandwidth limit and latency in the transfer of information from the host. That is, if one has a base word dictionary and rule set, it is much more time-efficient to send only the base words to GPU and have them modified on the GPU itself than to generate the entire collection of modifications on CPU and then send them to the GPU. First phase The first attempts were two dictionary attacks using PasswordsPro and RockYou, two of the most known and used word collections. PasswordsPro is a collection of words made by the InsidePro team while RockYou is the result of a 2009 leak of access data from RockYou, a company that developed widgets for MySpace and applications for other social networks such as Facebook. RockYou used an unencrypted database to store personal information and passwords and was the target of an SQL injection attack. A widespread practice is to use the DNI or “Spanish ID” as a password since it is eight digits and one letter, thus meeting the minimum requirements of some registration forms. The general idea in the Spanish population is that the letter is random, which is incorrect; it is calculated from the digits. Therefore, what could be a search space of 369 terms, effectively becomes an order of magnitude smaller ( 108). The next two were brute-force attacks with eight- and nine-digit numbers. The eight- and nine-digit search space has 108 and 109 of possibilities, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Минералы As равно встречаются во всех типах орогенного оруденения на всех этапах его проявления. Одновременно на протяжении истории Земли происходит увеличение разнообразия собственных типов золотого оруденения.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Retrieval and analysis of these data can be used to better understand the actual content users want and the level of understanding and sophistication they have when they come to the Web site. Using the information on a continuing basis can form the basis for updating content on Web sites based on the most-current user needs. If a natural-language search engine were offered on a health-information portal, for example, it could improve customer access to desired information, particularly for those users with less sophistication about content or language. Additional analyses of query results are planned for the future. Consideration has been given to piloting the use of natural language processing on subsites of our Web portal. 2. 9MOverview33. 72% of all queries that are found in the subcategory of Cancer Type. The third column shows the percentages for that subcategory. These are category specific, meaning that they are percentages of only those terms within that category or subcategory. cancers represent 2. 81% of all queries and are not 2. 81% of all Brain & queries. While it was not the intention to include benign queries in this analysis, a small number were captured and analyzed, and therefore appear in the tables. The fourth column header notes where the subcategory is in relation to the main category. In this case was created within the category of the cancer site Brain & Neurological Cancers. The counts are also included, to illustrate that out of the total number of Brain & (N = 1852 queries), queries accounted for 1323 queries, which were 72% of all Brain and queries. Within the subcategory of there is another subcategory of which accounts for 427 queries or 32. 28% of all queries. Included in the fourth column underneath this relationship map are examples of actual user queries for the terms on the left. Neither spelling, nor punctuation nor capitalization has been corrected. These and all queries are taken directly from the logs, with the goal of illuminating the types of queries that the users are asking. Sometimes users type full, even excessively-long queries, and other times, they choose to use keywords. It might not be possible to strictly compare categories for one to another because each analysis is driven by the user queries themselves. If 50% of all users asking about had asked about Treatment, but no one querying asked about treatment, there would be no Treatment subcategory under Lung Cancer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Table 3 shows the times consumed by all the attempts to solve the 133 targets at 937,400 H/s (maximum capacity of the infrastructure used) and their respective results: Table 3: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using only dictionaries. Time consumed Decrypted PasswordsPro 2,937,125 6 min 0 RockYou 14,344,391 33 min 13 DNI 100,000,000 236 min 0 8 Digits 100,000,000 236 min 11 9 Digits 1,000,000,000 2,364 min 2 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-3 It was then tested with the names of the access points themselves along with a set of rules provided by Hashcat called “best64. rule”, Table 4. Some examples of the modifications made to the base words were: turning it over, putting it in capital letters, and adding a number at the end or at the beginning. In this case, first the ESSIDs of the audited access points were used as a dictionary and then the 100 most common names of men and women in Spain according to the INE (INE, 2018). Table 4: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and applying rules. consumed best64. rule 1,432,354 3 min 2 Names best64. rule 2,017,400 4 min 1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-4 In these two cases, the accelerating effects of the rules were not relevant given the minimal amount of ESSIDs (131) and names (200). Second phase The second phase tested some of the smaller dictionaries with the “best64. rule” rule set. It is in these cases that one can notice the acceleration of the use of rulers as well as the work that Hashcat does by rejecting certain words according to its preconfigured policies. Following these policies, up to 90% of all candidate words can be rejected. Therefore, although “best64. rule” produces 10,087 variations, it does not translate into 10,087 times more “cracking” time, Table 5. Table 5: Password decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and the “best64. rule” rule set in second phase.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: При этом происходит изменение их металлогенических ассоциаций от связей только с месторождениями Fe, Cu-Ni и Cu, к сочетанию с ними и с месторождениями W, Mo-Cu, Sb, Hg, Sn. Это отражает эволюцию состава коры, увеличение ее зрелости и мощности: от новообразованной существенно мафической коры, к сиалической. Гранитный магматизм играет важную роль на протяжении всей истории золотого оруденения.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: 2003;10(5 Suppl):45-51 [ [Medline]. The search for high-quality online content for low-income and underserved communities: evaluating and producing what's needed. URL: [accessed 2003 Nov 16] Eysenbach G, Köhler C. How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. BMJ 2002 Mar 9;324(7337):573-577 [ [PMC] [Medline] [CrossRef]; Institute. Home page. URL: [accessed 2003 Nov 16] AskJeeves Inc. Home page. URL: [accessed 2003 Nov 16]. Natural language processing to evaluate Internet cancer queries [abstract]. 2002. Oncol 2002;21(2):196b [ Breast cancer on the internet: what people really want to know. Research and Treatment 2002 Dec;76(Supp1):S86; Institute. Cancer. gov dictionary. URL: [accessed 2003 Oct 31] Institute. PDQ: NCI's comprehensive cancer database. URL: [accessed 2003 Oct 31] Greenlee RT, Hill-harmon. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Clin 2001;51(1):15-36 [ [Medline]. Evaluation of cancer information on the Internet. Cancer 1999 Aug 1;86(3):381-390 [Medline] [CrossRef]. Research-Design & Usability Guidelines. Bethesda, MD: Computer Psychology; Aug 2004. URL: Searching vs. linking on the Web: a summary of the research. URL: [accessed 2003 Oct 31] of Medicine. PubMed. URL: [accessed 2003 Oct 31] of Medicine. Home page. URL: [accessed 2003 Oct 31] Eysenbach G, Kohler C. What is the prevalence of health related searches on the Web? Qualitative and quantitative analysis of search engine queries on the Internet. 2003:225-229 [Medline]; Infospace Inc. Metacrawler. URL: [accessed 2003 Nov 16] AbbreviationsAIDS: : SocietyD/G/B: Digestive, Gastrointestinal, and BowelNCI: InstituteUS: Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 03. 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Time consumed Decrypted Hk_hlm_founds 38,647,798 91 min 3 CrackStation 63,941,069 151 min 0 Top306M ProbableWordlists 306,429,377 724 min 4 HashesOrg 446,426,204 1,055 min 0 Andronicus 626,198,124 1,500 min 0 Breachcompilation 1,012,024,699 2,395 min 0 Rocktastic 1,133,849,621 2,681 min 0 Weakpass_2_wifi 2,347,498,477 5,551 min 5 Weakpass_2 2,649,982,129 6,266 min 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-5 In Fig. 2, the length of the collections is represented in logarithmic scale against the success rate of each one. The three collections with the best results were RockYou, 8-digit mask, and weakpass_2_wifi. It is necessary to use the natural logarithm given the large variation in length between collections, since there are four orders of magnitude from the smallest to the largest. Figure 2: Relationship between the length of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-2 The final number of decoded passwords amounted to 44, a 33. 08% success rate, which corresponded with other empirical evidence already mentioned. Perhaps the most worrying fact is that, following this strategy, in less than two days of computing, 22. 13% of passwords had already been recovered, which was approximately two thirds of the total that would eventually be cracked. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant in length and in type, numerical, and alphabetical passwords. This data is not strange, since the higher the length or complexity of the passwords, the more difficult it is to crack them. Figure 3: Relationship between the size of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-3 Figure 4: Length distribution of decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, эволюция золоторудной минерализации в истории Земли является следствием общего направления геохимической дифференциация рудообразующих систем во времени и представляет собой результат проявления рудного разнообразия как функции сиализации коры и мантийно-коровой природы золота. БЛАГОДАРНОСТИАвтор благодарит академика М. И. Кузьмина за привлечение внимания к обсуждаемым проблемам и полезные дискуссии, академика В. В.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: ; Lucrecia Mena-Meléndez, PhD Crawford, PhD of of :Danny Valdez, PhDDepartment of of Public Health1025 E 7th StreetBloomington, IN, 47403United StatesPhone: 1 8128038955Email: danvald@iu. eduAbstractBackground: Attitudes toward abortion have historically been characterized via dichotomized labels, yet research suggests that these labels do not appropriately encapsulate beliefs on abortion. Rather, contexts, circumstances, and lived experiences often shape views on abortion into more nuanced and complex perspectives. Qualitative data have also been shown to underpin belief systems regarding abortion. Social media, as a form of qualitative data, could reveal how attitudes toward abortion are communicated publicly in web-based spaces. Furthermore, in some cases, social media can also be leveraged to seek health information. Objective: This study applies natural language processing and social media mining to analyze Reddit (Reddit, Inc) forums specific to abortion, including r/Abortion (the largest subreddit about abortion) and r/AbortionDebate (a subreddit designed to discuss and debate worldviews on abortion). Our analytical pipeline intends to identify potential themes within the data and the affect from each post. Methods: We applied a neural network–based topic modeling pipeline (BERTopic) to uncover themes in the r/Abortion (n=2151) and r/AbortionDebate (n=2815) subreddits. After deriving the optimal number of topics per subreddit using an iterative coherence score calculation, we performed a sentiment analysis using the Dictionary and to assess positive, neutral, and negative affect and an emotion analysis using the Text2Emotion lexicon to identify potential emotionality per post. Differences in affect and emotion by subreddit were compared. Results: The iterative coherence score calculation revealed 10 topics for both r/Abortion (coherence=0. 42) and r/AbortionDebate (coherence=0. 35). Topics in the r/Abortion subreddit primarily centered on information sharing or offering a source of social support; in contrast, topics in the r/AbortionDebate subreddit centered on contextualizing shifting or evolving views on abortion across various ethical, moral, and legal domains. The average compound Dictionary and scores for the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits were 0. 01 (SD 0. 44) and −0. 06 (SD 0. 41), respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: After joining all the sets, a single file of 288 megabytes was obtained. Figures 6 and 7 provide a detailed visual overview of how the different subdictionaries are divided according to importance, as well as the types of words that make them up. Figure 6: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-6 Figure 7: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-7 stated above, humans are lazy and predictable. Figures 4 and 5 show that our password patterns are still not very random. Even when having access to a superior set of symbols (special characters and distinction between upper and lower case), the collected patterns show a great predominance of numeric and lower case alphabetic ones. This predictability can be illustrated in an everyday example. When we are asked to create a password nowadays (ignoring automated random password creation systems) we are asked to use “at least one special character and one uppercase letter”. Again, Figs. 4 and 5 show that this “recommendation” is interpreted literally by the user, who includes “only” a special character and an uppercase letter. All this means that even today, dictionaries of this type can be created with a considerably high success rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Ярмолюка за высказанные замечания и пожелания, позволившие улучшить статью, а также Ф. Пирайно, Р. Ньюберри, Г. Н. Филлипса, М. Хьюггса, Т. Теодора, Б. Б. Котляра за полезные дискуссии и помощь в ознакомлении с месторождениями Австралии, Канады и США.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Notably, as of December 2022, Reddit was the 20th most accessed website globally (sixth in the United States), and 50% of all Reddit users reside in the United States, with Canada, Australia, and the comprising approximately 20% of the total Reddit users. Reddit data can principally serve as a window into views on abortion in the United States; however, because not all English language data originate in the United States, it is also possible to observe abortion attitude complexity in a more Westernized, but global context or global reactions to news related to abortion in the United States. ObjectivesAdvances in computational data mining have made it feasible to extract, analyze, and interpret these data en masse. This study used natural language processing (NLP) and data mining methods to identify and visualize latent themes across 2 distinct subreddits specific to abortion: r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate. As a comparative study, we aimed to compare the semantic and content differences across these subreddits to gain a comprehensive social media portrait of abortion dialogue on Reddit. This study was guided by three research questions:What themes emerge in a corpus of Reddit posts in r/Abortion, the largest subreddit dedicated to abortion social support and outreach? What themes emerge in a corpus of Reddit posts in r/AbortionDebate? What do similarities and differences by subreddits implicate regarding social media–derived beliefs and ideologies on abortion? MethodsDataData for this study were collected over 5 months (ie, from January 2020 to May 2022) from the social networking website Reddit. Reddit represents an open network of communities where users can engage and connect with others over shared interests, hobbies, or personal experiences. Unlike other popular social media websites used for computational analyses, including X (X Corp, formerly known as Twitter), Reddit is unique in that users can create specific channels to form communities with other interested parties on diverse issues or topics. These channels, otherwise known as subreddits, comprise people with shared identities who find, subscribe to, and post within these channels. For instance, people interested in gaming can join the r/Gaming subreddit and people with depression can join the r/Depression subreddit. We leveraged the PRAW (Application programming interface Wrapper) [31], a third-party application programming interface (API), to collect data for this study and specifically to isolate and download content posted into subreddits in English germane to abortion—we queried the API to allocate similar subreddits also spanning abortion-related topics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Given that this human behavior will continue password generation restrictions should ensure that dictionaries of this type will not be sufficient a priori. Likewise, the context or destination of the access point used for the creation of your security password continues to give credibility to the adjectives used for human administrators. Thanks to the equipment used, the location information for each audit can be saved, and a visual representation on a map can be produced showing the assumed range of each access point from which the password was decoded. It should be noted that the position where each access point was located is where the audit was executed. It is accepted that in each audit, we waited for the GPS to determine a position with a margin of error of 7 m or less because only targets with a good signal quality were set. In Wi-Fi networks the range depends largely on the environment in which the router is deployed. We made a very basic estimate and did not consider any key elements such as signal obstacles, height (the access point may be on a high floor of a building), or router model. Heights can vary from 15 m inside a house to 100 m outdoors. For the sake of simplicity, the 15, 30, and 45 m radios were chosen to represent the quality of the signal. It can be observed that with one handshake per 795m2, and with a 30% average success rate in deciphering passwords, the audited geographical area can be completely covered (Fig. 8). It would be possible to go through the entire area by connecting to different routers without ever losing the Internet connection. Figure 8: Heatmap of the routers form which the password has bees decoded. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-8 Fernandez-Lozano is an for PeerJ. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19362971. v1. work is supported by the of Culture, Education and of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431G/01, ED431D 2017/16), the for Research (Ref. ED431D 2017/23), Groups (Ref.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке госзадания (тема № АААА-А17-117022850032-9) и, частично, при поддержке грантов РФФИ 16-05-283, проектов ДВО РАН 15-I-2-073 и 18-2-001 и междисциплинарного проекта СО РАН МП64. × About the authors Nikolay A. Goryachev North-Institute of Branch of the of Sciences; of Geochemistry, of the of for correspondence. Email: goryachev@neisri. ru Russian Federation, Magadan; Irkutsk 1955. 60 с. Бортников Н. С. Геохимия и происхождение рудообразующих флюидов в гидротермально-магматических системах в тектонически активных зонах/ Геология руд. месторождений. 2006. Т. 48.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: This query returned 1 additional subreddit: r/AbortionDebate. Given observable differences in framing (ie, people’s abortion experiences vs debates about abortion), we included this subreddit in our study as an additional but mutually distinct unit of analysis; that is, we collected and stored data for r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate as separate corpora intended for separate analyses. All data collected for this study were in English, which we selected for 2 reasons: first, >70% of all Reddit users originated from English-speaking countries, and second, at the time of data collection, Reddit posts originating in languages other than English were insufficient for analysis. In Spanish, for example, r/Aborto contained only 5 members, with no activity since 2019; similarly, we observed <50 Spanish-language posts in either r/Abortion or r/AbortionDebate. Once we identified our subreddits of interest, we queried the API to collect new posts and top posts from the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits. After filtering our data for duplicates and accounting for API data scraping limits, our final sample size comprised 4966 posts, divided into 2 corpora: 56. 68% (2815/4966) of r/AbortionDebate posts and 43. 31% (2151/4966) of r/Abortion posts. AnalysesWe aimed to use NLP to identify salient categories in the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits. In numerous studies, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic models have been predominantly used for this purpose. LDA is a well-regarded unsupervised probabilistic model that evaluates word co-occurrence patterns using an iterative Gibbs sampling method [32]. Although LDA is often considered the gold standard within many academic and professional communities, advancements in NLP, artificial intelligence, and neural networks have introduced innovative topic modeling methods that can more closely approximate the potential meaning in these categories [33]. For this study, we applied one such advancement, the Representations from Transformers (BERT) topic modeling tool, BERTopic. BERTopic is an NLP topic modeling approach used to identify latent themes or topics within a collection of interrelated documents [34].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: ED431C 2018/49) and the of Economy and Competitiveness via funding of the unique installation (UNLC08-1E-002, UNLC13-13-3503) and the (FEDER). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1999. Users are not the enemy. Communications of the ACM 42(12):40-46 Alliance W-F. 2019. Infographic 20 years of Wi-Fi. (accessed 29 December 2021) Beck M, Tews E. 2008. Practical attacks against WEP and WPA. IACR Cryptology e2008:472 Bonneau J. 2012. The science of guessing: analyzing an anonymized corpus of 70 million passwords. Bryant K, Campbell J. 2006. User behaviours associated with password security and management. of 14(1):81-100. 2006. Sp 800-63-1. Electronic authentication guideline. Castelluccia C, Chaabane A, Dürmuth M, Perito D. 2013. When privacy meets security: leveraging personal information for password cracking. ArXiv preprint. Castro R. 2005. Avanzando en la seguridad de las redes Wi-Fi. 73:23-33. 2014. The tangled web of password reuse. Dell’. 2010. Password strength: an empirical analysis. . 2012. It’s not stealing if you need it: a panel on the ethics of performing research using public data of illicit origin. In: eds. . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 124-132. 2001. Weaknesses in the key scheduling algorithm of RC4. Forget A, Chiasson SC, van Oorschot P, Biddle R. 2008. Improving text passwords through persuasion. Fremantle P, Scott P. 2017. A survey of secure middleware for the internet of things. PeerJ 5(15):e1241 Gehringer EF. 2002. Choosing passwords: security and human factors. Google. 2019. Online security survey. (accessed 29 December 2021) Gosney J. 2016. 8x Nvidia GTX 1080 Hashcat benchmarks. (accessed 29 December 2021). 2005. Security analysis of Michael: The IEEE 802. 11i message integrity code. INE. 2018.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: № 1. С. 3-28. Бортников Н. С. , Гамянин Г. Н. , Алпатов В. В. , Наумов В. Б. , Носик Л. П. , Миронова О. Ф. Минералого-геохимические особенности и условия образования Нежданинского месторождения золота (Саха-Якутия, Россия)/ Геология руд. месторождений. 19981. № 2. С. 137-156. Бортников Н. С. , Сазонов В. Н. , Викентьева О. В. и др. Роль магматогенного флюида в формировании Березовского мезотермального месторождения/ Докл. РАН. 19982. Т. 363. № 1. С. 82-85. Бортников Н. С. , Гамянин Г. Н. , Викентьева О. В.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Unlike LDA, which uses probabilistic modeling to identify latent topics, BERTopic leverages pretrained embeddings from one of many transformer models, a type of neural network architecture in which an input sequence is compared against large-scale language models to calculate embeddings [35]. Embeddings are used to convert unstructured data, including words and sentences, into fixed-length continuous vectors. These vectors enable mathematical operations to capture semantic meanings, relationships, and other properties related to natural human language. The vectors calculated using this approach tend to be highly dimensional and difficult to interpret. To reduce dimensionality while maintaining the integrity of our data, we applied a principal component analysis, which is commonly applied in NLP approaches for general dimensionality reduction purposes [36]. This analysis allowed us to extract and more easily interpret a range of possible clusters or topics in both the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddit data. Once we reduced the dimensionality of our vectors, we applied a Hierarchical Density-Clustering of Applications with Noise to identify latent clusters or topics [37], CountVectorizer to tokenize each topic, and class term frequency–inverse document frequency to extract topic words for each cluster [38]. Furthermore, to gauge the emotional tone or mood represented in each post from the studied corpora, we applied a Dictionary and (VADER), a rule-based sentiment analysis tool [39], and Text2Emotion, a rule-based emotion analysis tool [40]. VADER sentiment analysis is an algorithm and analysis that examines the polarity of words within each social media post. Posts are fed through a lexicon or web-based dictionary, which is precoded with values for all positive and negative words in the English language. When posts are run through the VADER lexicon, they receive a composite score. values denote lower affect (ie, −0. 99 to −0. 01), and positive values denote higher affect (ie, 0. 01 to 0. 99). Although an older tool, VADER is commonly used to assess content affect and emotional affect. In contrast, the Text2Emotion tool for emotion analysis scans each entry for key phrases and terms denoting one of four base emotions: (1) happy, (2) surprise, (3) fear, and (4) sadness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares. (accessed 29 December 2021) Klein DV. 1990. Foiling the cracker: a survey of, and improvements to, password security. . 2011. Of passwords and people: measuring the effect of password-composition policies. . 2016. A study of personal information in human-chosen passwords and its security implications. . 2013. Measuring password guessability for an entire university. Morris R, Thompson K. 2002. Password security: a case history. Communications of the ACM 22(11):594-597 Narayanan A, Shmatikov V. 2005. Fast dictionary attacks on passwords using time-space tradeoff. Notoatmodjo G, Thomborson C. 2009. Passwords and perceptions. Conferences in Research and Practice in Series 98:71-78 RAE. 2021. Current spanish reference corpus. (accessed 29 December 2021) Riley S. 2006. Password security: what users know and what they actually do. 8(1):2833-2836 Schneier B. 2005. Write down your password. (accessed 29 December 2021). 2017. Ethical issues in research using datasets of illicit origin. Vanhoef M, Piessens F. 2016. Predicting, decrypting, and abusing WPA2/802. 11 group keys. Vanhoef M, Piessens F. 2017. Key reinstallation attacks: forcing nonce reuse in WPA2. Vanhoef M, Ronen E. 2019. Dragonblood: a security analysis of WPA3’s SAE handshake. IACR Cryptology e2019:383. 2014. On semantic patterns of passwords and their security impact. . 2021. Usable comprehensive-factor authentication for a secure time attendance system. PeerJ 7(3):e678. 2016. Targeted online password guessing: an underestimated threat. . 2016. Understanding password choices: how frequently entered passwords are re-used across websites. . 2010. Testing metrics for password creation policies by attacking large sets of revealed passwords. . 2009. Password cracking using probabilistic context-free grammars. WPEngine. 2021. Unmasked: what 10 million passwords reveal about the people who choose them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Прокофьев В. Ю. , Алпатов В. А. , Бахарев А. Г. Состав и происхождение флюидов в гидротермальной системе Нежданинского золоторудного месторождения (Саха-Якутия, Россия)/ Геология руд. месторождений. 2007. Т. 49. № 2. С. 99-145. Будяк А. Е. , Горячев Н. А. Условия формирования протерозойских рудоносных горизонтов Байкало-Патомского нагорья/ Месторождения стратегических металлов: закономерности размещения, источники вещества, условия и механизмы образования: Матер. Всеросс. конф.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Collectively, these 2 tools can identify potential tonal differences in each post, again implicating the different uses of each subreddit included in the analysis. Both tools have been applied extensively in computational public health studies owing to their ease of access, replicability, and numerous validation studies [16,21,41,42]. ProcedureOur workflow is depicted in Figure 1. First, we queried the Reddit API to archive top and new posts from the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits. Data collected from the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits were saved as separate data files. After removing duplicate and non-English posts in either data file, we applied standard preprocessing steps to remove parts of speech that would detract from the clarity of our models, including 0. 42 and 0. 35, which indicates a marginal fit. After we extracted key terms per topic, we applied a sorting function to examine key terms in each entry. Each entry was then classified into one of 10 possible topics in either corpus. We lastly performed a VADER sentiment analysis and Text2Emotion emotion analysis for each entry in both corpora. Figure 1. Workflow depicting the study’s methodological pipeline. API: application programming interface; cTF-IDF: class term frequency–inverse document frequency; : Hierarchical Density-Clustering of Applications with Noise; PCA: principal component analysis; VADER: Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner. Ethical ConsiderationsThis study involved a secondary analysis of deidentified and anonymized Reddit posts collected between January and May 2022. As this was an observational study with no contact between human subjects and no possible way to trace posts to any individual author, this study was exempt from Board review. ResultsOur study applied computational tools to collect and analyze subreddits specific to abortion. We aimed to examine how abortion was discussed on the social media platform Reddit, both as an information-sharing tool and as a platform for debating worldviews. Emerged in a Corpus of About r/Abortion, the Dedicated to Support and Outreach? Our coherence score analysis indicated a 10-topic solution for the r/Abortion subreddit. Table 1 outlines each topic by keywords, the number of sentences belonging to each topic, and the percentage of each topic relative to the larger corpus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only large companies are at risk of cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Daniela Conte4 1097 Accesses AbstractBased on the reinforced relations between and taxpayers as suggested by the OECD, the tax law has introduced the cooperative compliance regime, marking the passage from the ex post control of income tax returns to the ex ante cooperative dialogue on the tax base. Under this regime, the relations between tax authorities and large companies are based on a preliminary dialogue to settle interpretative disputes over income tax returns before the taxpayer submits his tax return. The purpose is to guarantee large companies a considerable reduction in the risk of ex post assessment, tax disputes and penalizing consequences and to favor the spontaneous emergence of the taxable base. However, this work examines the numerous criticisms of the cooperative compliance regime that may hamper the success of this scheme. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 139. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e179. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Businesses: in Action 1. The discipline of the cooperative compliance regime is contained in the 1573. On the CC regime, see G. Salanitro, Profili giuridici dell’adempimento collaborativo tra la tutela dell’affidamento ed il risarcimento del danno, in Riv. dir. trib. , n. 5, 2016, 623 ss. 2. Cf. G. Marino (Ed. ) Governance, Milan, 2018, 20 ss. On this subject reference may be made to the author’s monograph, Dal controllo fiscale sul dichiarato al confronto preventivo sull’imponibile. Dall’accertamento tributario alla compliance, Padova, 2017, 163 s. 3. On the point M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , посвящ. 85-летию ИГЕМ РАН. Москва, 25-27 ноября 2015 г. М. : ИГЕМ РАН, 2015. С. 275-276. Будяк А. Е. , Горячев Н. А. , Скузоватов С. И. Геодинамические предпосылки формирования масштабного оруденения в южном обрамлении Сибирского кратона в протерозое/ ДАН. 2016. 470. № 5. С. 562-565. Гамянин Г. Н. , Горячев Н. А. , Бахарев А. Г. , Колесниченко П. П. , Зайцев А. П. , Диман Е. Н. , Бердников Н. В.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Qualitative data can reveal insights into highly specific research questions, for example, whether changing auxiliary verbs leads to diverging responses about abortion beliefs [63]. Social media data scrapes can offer population-level insights that support or contradict findings from previous studies at the population-level scope and scale [41]. data support previous findings from surveys and qualitative research, demonstrating how social media data can serve as a triangulation tool. We contend that further strategic applications of social media mining with traditional quantitative and qualitative research can provide highly accurate portrayals of social views in the United States. Limitations and Future ResearchThis study has several limitations that we hope to address in future research. First, although Reddit posts can be construed as qualitative data, we did not perform a formal qualitative analysis using these data. Owing to the scope of this study, we instead leveraged NLP algorithms to categorize and visualize all data simultaneously. In the future, researchers could perform detailed qualitative inquiries with these data, which can occur with the entire data set or among one or several clusters depending on the scope and research questions. Second, our study was limited to exploratory analyses. Although more refined algorithms could more effectively annotate and classify our data, we believed that these approaches would better serve as a follow-up to our exploratory approach to mining Reddit data. Future studies should consider using our data for more refined machine learning–driven or artificial intelligence-driven tasks. Finally, our study was limited by its relatively small timeframe (5 months). It is likely that collecting data for an even longer period may have yielded more nuanced findings. ConclusionsWith the decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s overturning Roe v. Wade, there is renewed attention to abortion as a contentious political and social issue. Despite abortion being an exceedingly complex topic, political debate and discussions about abortion are generally framed dichotomously as a support or opposition, or prolife or prochoice issue. However, extensive research indicates that public opinion about abortion does not ascribe neatly to that dichotomy and that circumstances beyond a person’s control may lead to shifts in views of abortion over time. Our research corroborates such findings that detail the myriad ways in which abortion attitudes are complex and contextual, beyond simple information-seeking. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that social media data can be a helpful triangulation tool for public opinion survey research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only large companies are at risk of cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: 2 of the Measure of the Director of the n. 101573 of 2017. 20. Agency has the task of assessing the tax risk control system inspired by criteria of transparency, reasonableness and proportionality both at the time of admission to the cooperative compliance regime and during the permanence of the company under the same scheme; an assessment can, however, end with the proposal of interventions on the tax risk control system in order to stimulate the emergence of the correct measurement of the tax bases. 21. Measure of the Director of the Revenue Agency, May 26, 2017, n. 101573. 22. of the Director of the Revenue Agency, in point 1. 1 letter (i), established that the risk map is drawn up for business processes and for each activity involved and highlights, where quantifiable, the economic value of the activities into which the process is divided, the associated tax risks, the relevance of the same for the purposes of achieving the company objectives, as well as the controls set up to protect them. 23. of the Director of the in point 1. 1 letter (j), established that by “significant tax risks”, reference is made to the tax risks linked to those cases for which the duties of cooperation and transparency set forth in art. 5 of n. 125/2015 are effective, on the basis of the common assessment of quantitative and qualitative materiality thresholds set between taxpayers and tax authorities in the initial meeting, or in a subsequent meeting. 24. See art. 6 of n. 128/2015. 25. Upon receipt of the request by the taxpayer, the Revenue Agency, within fifteen days, assesses the suitability of the application and the sufficiency of the documentation produced and responds to the request within forty-five days. Subsequently, the taxpayer must inform the Agency of the behavior actually adopted if it differs from what is represented in the opinion issued by the tax authority. 26. All those who join the scheme are included in the special list published on the Revenue Agency’s institutional website. 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Условия зарождения и эволюции гранитоидных золоторудно-магматических систем в мезозоидах Северо-Востока Азии. Магадан: СВКНИИ ДВО РАН, 2003. 196 с. Геодинамика, магматизм и металлогения Дальнего Востока России Ханчук А. И. и др. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2006. Кн. 1. С. 1-572. Кн. 2. С. 573-981. Гораи М. Эволюция расширяющейся Земли. М. : Недра, 1984. 112 с. Горячев Н. А. Геология мезозойских золото-кварцевых жильных поясов Северо-Востока Азии. Магадан: СВКНИИ ДВО РАН, 1998. 210 с.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on : Signal to Clinical Reality. Presented at: 2nd Workshop on : Signal to Clinical Reality; June 5, 2015, 2015; Denver, CO. [CrossRef]Egger R, Yu J. A topic modeling comparison between 2Vec, and BERTopic to demystify Twitter posts. Front Sociol. May 6, 2022;7:886498. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Transformers: state-of-the-art natural language processing. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on in Processing: System Demonstrations. Presented at: 2020 Conference on in Processing: System Demonstrations; November 16-20, 2020, 2020; Online. [CrossRef]Drikvandi R, Lawal O. Sparse principal component analysis for natural language processing. Sci. May 18, 2020;10(1):25-41. [CrossRef]Stewart G, Al-Khassaweneh M. An implementation of the * clustering algorithm. Appl Sci. Feb 25, 2022;12(5):2405. [CrossRef]. Research paper classification systems based on TF-IDF and LDA schemes. Sci. Aug 26, 2019;9:30. [CrossRef]Hutto C, Gilbert E. VADER: a parsimonious rule-based model for sentiment analysis of social media text. . May 16, 2014;8(1):216-225. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Sentiment analysis and emotion detection on cryptocurrency related tweets using ensemble LSTM-GRU model. IEEE Access. 2022;10:39313-39324. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Social media insights into US mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analysis of Twitter data. J Res. Dec 14, 2020;22(12):e21418. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Comparison of VADER and LSTM for sentiment analysis. Eng. Mar 2019;7(6):543. [FREE Full text]. A scoping review of preprocessing methods for unstructured text data to assess data quality. Sci. 2022;7(1) [CrossRef]. -- a transformer-based approach for knowledge graph matching. arXiv.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Agroforestry practices can improve soil health and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Pecan agroforestry systems improve soil quality by stimulating enzyme activity All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2021. The first revision was submitted on October 14th, 2021 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on November 9th, 2021 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2021. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Nov 30, 2021 · authors, I am pleased to inform you that, following the revision made based on the reviewer’s comments, your manuscript is now acceptable for publication in PeerJ. Best regards [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Jörg Oehlmann, a PeerJ covering this Section #] 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Nov 9, 2021 Version 0. 2 · Nov 8, 2021 ·. Wang and co-authors, Please, consider all comments and suggestions provided by both reviewers during the revision of your manuscript. A comprehensive grammar check of the manuscript is also needed before the acceptance. Don't forget to include a letter response along with the revised version of the manuscript. In this letter you must respond point by point to each question. Best regards, [# PeerJ Staff Note: Editor has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] Reviewer 1 · Nov 4, 2021 Basic reporting The manuscript named “the by Stimulating the Enzyme Activity” has been resubmitted for publication in Peerj. This manuscript has really improved after revision. And authors replied to reviewers and included into the text most of these comments. However not all of them were considered in the manuscript. Experimental design After revision, research questions were better defined and relevant. Methods described information to replicate with more details in dealing samples and determination methods. The process of the field sampling and sample handling in lab were described more clearly. In addition, the determination of soil enzyme activity is detailed enough.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Горячев Н. А. Происхождение золото-кварцевых жильных поясов Севера Пацифики. Магадан: СВКНИИ ДВО РАН, 2003. 143 с. Горячев Н. А. Золоторудообразующие системы орогенных поясов/ Вестник СВНЦ ДВО РАН, 2006. № 1. С. 2-16. Горячев Н. А. Орогенные месторождения золота как металлогенические индикаторы происхождения складчатых поясов/ Фундаментальные проблемы геологии месторождений полезных ископаемых и металлогении: XXI Междунар. научн. конф. , посвящ. 100-летию академика В. И.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Submission Deadline-2024 Issue : Publication Fee: 30$ -05th November 2024 on Economics, Management, Sociology, Communication, Psychology: Publication Fee: 30$ -20th November 2024 on Education, Public Health: Publication Fee: 30$ and Learning and in the Context of 733-739 Sep 21, 2024 Developing and Learning and in the Context of Processing 1Emmanuel, Victoria Nkemjika*, 2Victor, 3Uzoma, 4Loveday 1, 4University 2College of 3Polytechnic *DOI: Received: 09 August 2024; Accepted: 14 August 2024; Published: 21 September 2024 work aims to develop and analyze deep learning and natural language processing systems in the context of medical information processing. The amount of data created about patients in the healthcare system is always increasing. The human review of this enormous volume of data derived from numerous sources is expensive and takes a lot of time. Additionally, during a patient visit, doctors write down the patient’s medical encounter and send it to nurses and other medical departments for processing. Often, the doctor doesn’t have enough time to record every observation made while examining the patient and asking about their medical history which takes time for a medical diagnosis to be made. The manual review of this vast amount of data generated from multiple sources is costly and very time-consuming. It brings huge challenges while attempting to review this data meaningfully. Therefore, the goal of this research is to create a system that will address the aforementioned issues. The suggested method extracts voice data from medical encounters and converts it to text using (DL) and Processing (NLP) techniques. More so, the system developed will improve medical intelligence processing by using deep learning to analyze medical datasets and produce results of a diagnosis, assisting medical professionals at various levels in making realistic, intelligent decisions in real-time regarding crucial health issues. The system was designed using the Object- (OOADM), and the user interfaces were put into place utilizing Processing techniques, particularly speech recognition and natural language comprehension. Speech recognition allows for the taking of free text notes, which can drastically cut down on the amount of time medical staff spends on labor-in the tensive clinical recording. By extracting different pieces of data for medical diagnosis and producing results in a matter of seconds, a deep learning algorithm demonstrates a significant capacity to construct clinical decision support systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Fertilizations with N, K, and S were equal to those in the three previous years, and the treatments with P doses were established. In 2008 and 2009, the cover crops were fertilized with 45 kg ha-1 N as urea, in order to increase plant biomass production. Because of the common mid-summer drought phenomenon in the region ("veranico"), soybean and corn crops received supplemental sprinkler irrigation during drought occurrences in the rainy season. Irrigation was based on tensiometers installed in the plots at 0. 20-m depth, when soil water tension reached 45 kPa. The cover crops were also irrigated in winter with abundant water. A randomized complete block design with split-plots was used. Management systems were randomly assigned to the plots, and P doses to the subplots. The treatments consisted of three management systems: CTm, conventional tillage system, with plowing and harrowing before planting, with pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L. ) R. Br. ] as cover crop; NTm, no-tillage system, with pearl millet coverage; and NTv, no-tillage with velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima Merr. ) as cover crop. Phosphate fertilization treatments consisted of 0 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year, applied as granular triple superphosphate in the planting furrow. Soil samples were taken in March 2010, during the seed filling of soybean, at 0. 00-0. 05, 0. 05-0. 10, and 0. 10-0. 20-m soil depths, using an auger with 0. 05-m diameter. One composite sample was taken per plot, formed by 20 subsamples, i. e. , four locations within each plot x five subsamples per location: one on the line and four on the equidistant inter-row spaces. The soil was homogenized and separated for chemical analyses, after air-drying and sieving to 2. 0 or 0. 5 mm. Soil samples at the same depths were also taken under native Cerrado vegetation close to the experiment, and used as a reference condition. These samples were taken at 20 random points, in two different places, that is, with two replicates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Смирнова. Москва, МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, 26-28 января 2010 г. Сборник трудов в 2-х томах (ред. Старостин В. И. , Бортников Н. С. , Кривцов А. И. ). Т. 1. М. : МАКС Пресс, 2010. С. 81-92. Горячев Н. А. Благороднометалльный рудогенез и мантийно-коровое взаимодействие/ Геология и геофизика. 2014. Т. 55. № 2. С. 323-332. Горячев Н. А. , Гамянин Г. Н. , Шпикерман В. И. , Бялобжеский С. Г. Основные принципы металлогенического анализа складчатых поясов (на примере Северо-Востока России). Магадан: Кордис, 2005.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: The system’s results demonstrate that the deep learning algorithm enabled medical intelligence to be 96. 7 percent accurate. underdeveloped nations like Nigeria, doctors document patient visits on paper and pass them along to nurses and other medical departments for processing. These documents, which are used to process medical data for the healthcare industry, must be error-free. In hospitals, patient record errors are a major issue. During a patient visit, 81 percent of doctors did not have access to all the information they needed, according to observational research done in a university clinic (Tang, 2014). The amount of patient-focused data created in the healthcare system is continually increasing. Numerous departments and/or units are being added to hospitals. Medical equipment, lab findings, electronic prescriptions, therapeutic decisions, and clinically observed values by doctors and nurses could all produce patient-oriented data. These data are dispersed, so getting access to them requires requesting one of the many hospital departments. The human review of this enormous volume of data derived from numerous sources is expensive and takes a lot of time. When attempting to review this data meaningfully, it poses enormous obstacles. Additionally, during a patient visit, doctors write down the patient’s medical encounter and send it to nurses and other medical departments for processing. These documents, which are used to process medical data for the healthcare industry, must be error-free. Often, the doctor doesn’t have enough time to record every observation made while examining the patient and asking about their medical history. In hospitals, patient record errors are a major issue (Ana and Almeida, 2016). Any omission-related recording inaccuracy in a patient’s medical investigation may have an impact on how well a patient responds to therapy. To create a medical information system, deep learning and natural language processing must be used. Therefore, this work to develop and analyze deep learning and natural language processing system in the context of medical information processing. -many fields, case-based reasoning (CBR) has proven to be an effective strategy for knowledge-based systems; however, using this technique in the medical field presents additional challenges. Case-based reasoning refers to the process of understanding and resolving new problems using examples from the past. A case-based reasoning approach tries to adapt its solutions to the present case by recalling previous cases that were similar to the current issue. The fundamental presumption is that similar issues will have comparable solutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: ;. E. ;. A. Propriedades químicas de um Cambissolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, com preservação do palhiço e adição de vinhaça por longo tempo. de Ciência do Solo, v. 27, p. 935-944, 2003. DOI: 10. 1590/S0100-06832003000500018. ). Figure 3 Percentage of humic fractions under different soil management systems: NTv, no-tillage + velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as a cover crop; NTm, no-tillage + pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as cover crop; and CTm, conventional tillage + pearl millet as cover crop, at different P fertilization doses (P0, 0. 00 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year; and P1, 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year, as triple superphosphate applied in the planting furrow), compared to native Cerrado vegetation at 0. 00–0. 05, 0. 05–0. 10, 0. 10–0. 20, and 0. 00–0. 20-m soil depths (weighted average). FFA, free fulvic acid; FA, fulvic acid; HA, humic acid; and HU, humin. *Absolute values of and HU in Cerrado soil at the following layers: 0. 00–0. 05 m, 2. 53, 4. 63, 3. 33, and 9. 35 g kg-1, respectively; 0. 05–0. 10 m, 2. 60, 4. 44, 2. 01, and 6. 53 g kg-1; 0. 10–0. 20 m, 2. 12, 3. 71, 1. 26, and 5. 55 g kg-1; and 0. 00–0. 20 m, 2. 34, 4. 11, 1. 96, and 6. 74 g kg-1. As for the 0. 05-0. 10 m layer, the HA fraction increased in all management systems, except in CT with phosphate fertilization (Figure 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 107 с. Горячев Н. А. , Викентьева О. В. , Бортников Н. С. , Прокофьев В. Ю. , Алпатов В. А. , Голуб В. Н. Наталкинское месторождение мирового класса: распределение РЗЭ, флюидные включения, стабильные изотопы кислорода и условия формирования руд (Северо-Восток России)/ Геология руд. месторождений. 2008. Т. 50. № 5. С. 414-444. Горячев Н. А. , Егоров В. Н. , Савва Н. Е. , Кузнецов В. М. , Фомина М. И. , Рожков П. Ю. Геология и металлогения фанерозойских комплексов юга Омолонского массива.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: The output of specific cell state components Figure 2: Diagram of how LSTMs operate (Avijeet, 2022) object-oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) for software development. The analysis models are developed further using object-oriented design (OOD) to create implementation requirements. The deep learning and natural language processing system was developed in the context of processing medical information using the PHP-MySQL program and Java Script. We will be able to accomplish the goals mentioned by using PHP-MySQL. The user-friendly nature of PHP-MySQL makes it possible to create interfaces that can be changed programmatically. A reliable database that can ensure database integrity, database protection, and support huge databases is MYSQL. Before deciding on PHP and JavaScript, several issues were taken into account, including deep learning, online database access, data transmission via networks, database security, voice data capture, etc. 3 illustrates the user interface (UI) and backend of the proposed NLP-driven application. The backend receives text or speech input from the user via the user interface (UI), processes it using NLP models, and then returns the results to the user by offering certain services via the UI. Backend knowledge bases are also necessary for applications that primarily rely on knowledge. Through speech, writing, and other means, the UI enables information interaction, for improving the user experience with intelligent systems and accomplishing smart medical information processing, easily accessible user interfaces are essential. Utilizing NLP techniques, particularly speech recognition and natural language comprehension, one can develop such user interfaces. The fundamental design of NLP-driven applications is depicted in Figure 3. Speech recognition can be used in the proposed system to take free text notes, which can cut down on the amount of time medical staff spends on the labor-intensive clinical recording. Additionally, the suggested system included clinical decision support (CDS) systems, which can offer doctors recommendations for diagnoses and treatments utilizing deep learning. Heart illness, often known as cardiovascular disease, will be the focus of the CDS (CVDs). The heart illness dataset (hears that log Cleveland and Hungary final) from kaggle. com/datasets will be used for deep learning (2022). between users and intelligent systems. The system was created with the utmost consideration for security, continuity, and accessibility of health information across space and time. Figure 3; illustrates the fundamental design of NLP-driven apps.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All types of farming can be made sustainable with simple adjustments. [SEP] Text: Sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia : what roles can scattered trees play? Sida PE&output: Thesis › internal (1) trees dominate smallholder agricultural landscapes in Ethiopia, as in large parts of sub-(SSA). While the integration of scattered trees with crops could provide a viable pathway for sustainable intensification of these farming systems, they also lead to trade- offs. Trade-off minimization and benefit maximization from these trees in the system require the processes that underlie tree-crop interactions to be unravelled. This study explored tree- based pathways for the sustainable intensification (SI) smallholder crop production systems in contrasting agroecologies of Ethiopia. Combination of methodologies from agronomy, socio- economics and conservation sciences were utilized to understand the potential roles of scattered trees in smallholder farming systems. Results indicated that farmers maintained on-farm trees because of their direct timber, fencing, fuelwood, and charcoal production values, regardless of their effect on crop productivity. A trade-off analysis revealed that economic gains from trees were not large enough to compensate for tree-induced crop yield penalties in tree-crop mixed farming systems. Under farmers’ practices, most scattered trees generally had a significant negative effect on maize yield. For example, mean maize grain yields were 59%, 42% and 26% less under the canopies of Cordia africana, Croton macrostachyus and Acacia tortilis, respectively, compared with corresponding open field yields. The yield reductions dropped to as low as 5% under ‘good agronomic practices’, such as early planting, variety selection, improved weed management, fine seedbed preparation and higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Similar yield reduction was observed in maize under the canopy of Grevillea robusta. Application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to under canopy maize in Grevillea robusta and Acacia tortilis improved crop yields, compared with non-fertilized maize under the canopies of these tree species. However, recommended rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers produced significantly less maize yields compared with the open fields. Faidherbia albida is an exceptional scattered tree species that improved soil water, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies, leading to significantly higher yields in wheat gunder tree crown.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2017. 336 с. Казанский В. И. Эволюция рудоносных структур докембрия. М. : Недра, 1988. 286 с. Конди К. Архейские зеленокаменные пояса. М. : Мир, 1983. Кузьмин М. И. Докембрийская история зарождения и эволюции Солнечной системы и Земли. Статья 1/ Геодинамика и тектонофизика. 2014. № 5(3). С. 625-640. Кузьмин М. И. , Горячев Н. А. Эволюция Земли и процессы, определяющие ее геодинамику, магматизм и металлогению/ Геосферные исследования. 2017. № 4. С. 36-50. Кузьмин М. И.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Advantage of the The suggested system will have the following benefits: Voice-to-text conversion that is automatic The system would ensure real-time processing, analyzing, and accessing of data. The system would include a convenient platform for communication between medical professionals and the general public. The system would be knowledgeable, trustworthy, adaptive, adaptable, flexible, and agile. HIGH-4: High-of the Following is a detailed discussion of the high-level model’s functions; The proposed system has nine processes, including the creation of profiles, data analysis, report generation, creation and submission of health data, provision of health information and consultation, registration, consultation, and access to health, with three objects to be included: medical personnel, the proposed system, and the general public/patient. The user (public/patient) created a page with his or her profile, which includes medical history, after registering with the medical unit. different programming languages were taken into account when creating this software. Numerous variables, such as online database access, data transmission via networks, database security, online database retrieval, multiuser network access, online data capture, etc. , were taken into account. This work made use of PHP-MySQL and JavaScript to accomplish the aforementioned goals. Additionally, PHP-MySQL allows for the creation of an interface that can be changed programmatically and is very user-friendly. A reliable database that can ensure database integrity, database protection, and support huge databases is MYSQL. Justification of Script and the PHP-MySQL programming language were selected because they offer the benefits of simple development, flexibility, the capacity to offer the developer potential clues, and the ability to construct a graphical user interface. Figure 5: Encounter Voice data capturing page 1 (patient personal data) Figure 6: Encounter Voice data capturing page 3 (patient clinical data) the research project devised a sophisticated system capable of converting speech into text during medical interactions using advanced natural language processing (NLP). This technology facilitates the seamless transcription of clinicians’ verbal observations made during patient examinations into written records swiftly and accurately. Consequently, patient medical information is documented promptly and without delay. Deep learning and NLP play crucial roles in the analysis of medical data, empowering healthcare providers to deliver timely, high-quality care to patients. Medical datasets contain extensive historical data on health conditions, diagnostic criteria, and treatment outcomes, enabling clinicians to glean valuable insights from vast collections of records.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All types of farming can be made sustainable with simple adjustments. [SEP] Text: was 35-55% larger close to the crowns of Faidherbia compared with open fields, apparently contributing as much as 64 kg ha-1 yr-1 mineral N. In addition, this tree significantly reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), reaching the canopy to optimum levels for wheat growth and development. Under the crowns, midday temperature was about 6oC less compared with nearby open fields. Regardless of the triple-win effects (crop production, adaptation and mitigation) of this tree species, over-utilization caused tree population decline. Under the current management, Faidherbia population would decline to a critical density of less than one tree ha-1 within six decades. The current study underlined that conservation of scattered trees can never be achieved through promotions based on neither the trade-offs nor crop productivity benefits involved. Scattered trees can be maintained even when trade-offs with crop production are overriding. Contrarily, these trees may be endangered even if they provide all-round benefits. Thus, a ‘whole sale’ approach that advocates scattered trees on their theoretical environmental and crop production values could jeopardize both conservation and crop production goals. A ‘process-based’ rather than ‘technology-based’ recommendation is required to harness the promising potential that scattered trees offer as a starting point for sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. , Co-promotor, External personAward date21 Feb 2018Place of 9789463437189DOstatusPublished - 21 Feb 2018 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/425918 Files and links into the research topics of 'Sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia : what roles can scattered trees play? '. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Agricultural and 100% Agricultural and 100% Agricultural and 60% Agricultural and 40% Agricultural and 40% Agricultural and 40% 20% Agricultural and 20% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Exploring the Role of Scattered On-farm Trees in Sustainable intensification of SystemsSida, T. (PI), Giller, K. (CoI), Sida, T. (PhD candidate) & Giller, K. (Promotor)1/05/13 → 21/02/18Project: PhD 100% 100% 60% 40% 40% Cite this. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Ярмолюк В. В. Тектоника плит и мантийные плюмы – основа эндогенной тектонической активности Земли последние 2 млрд лет/ Геология и геофизика. 2016. Т. 57. № 1. С. 11-30. Кузьмин М. И. , Ярмолюк В. В. , Котов А. Б. , Горячев Н. А. Магматизм и металлогения ранних этапов развития Земли как отражение ее геологической эволюции/ Геология и геофизика. 2018. Т. 59. № 12. С. 1924-1940. Лаверов Н. П. , Чернышев И. В. , Чугаев А. В. , Баирова Е. Д. , Гольцман Ю. В. , Дистлер В. В. , Юдовская М. А.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 10, 2023 in AI in Healthcare: of Time and Peace of : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2023. 04. 06 The proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI)/ChatGPT resources over the first part of 2023 has raised several questions in the pharmaceutical industry around its use and misuse. 2023, commentary around its effectiveness or potential was circulating online. 2022, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, stated, “ChatGPT is incredibly limited but good enough at some things to create a misleading impression of greatness. ” Was it just an impression of greatness, or was there something here that, if used correctly, could change industries? Not eliminating jobs, as the fearmongers would want you to think, but instead, could this bring about favorable change that could potentially enhance the human experience? ChatGPT and other AI tools have the potential to play a positive role in healthcare. Although Google’s Generative AI makes it easier for developers to build on their platform and pulls answers from medically approved content, there are still limitations around AI and compliance with HIPAA. A recent cross-sectional study of 195 randomly drawn patient questions from a social media forum has allowed us to understand the implications of using AI and better understand its future use. The study asked: “Can an artificial intelligence chatbot assistant, provide responses to patient questions that are of comparable quality and empathy to those written by physicians? ” In light of the rise of virtual healthcare, there’s been a rise in patient messages, putting more pressure on already burned-out healthcare professionals, and the idea that tools such as ChatGPT and Google’s Bard could improve not only the patient experience but also the lives of healthcare professionals offers a glimmer of hope.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming methods guarantee higher yields than conventional farming. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 5675. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2017. 06. 555678 Go to Review 2. 5 billion from wasted fertilizer inputs and modern agricultural practices are also a concern related to soil erosion. Integrated pest and nutrient management systems and organic agriculture could minimize reliance on agrichemical inputs, as well as making agriculture environmentally and economically sound. et al. [3] demonstrated that sound sustainable management practices reduced pesticide usage, while maintaining comparable crop yields with improved farm economy. This review study also revealed that, Organic agriculture seeks to augment ecological processes that foster plant nutrition while conserving soil and water resources. In addition to, Organic systems eliminated synthetic fertilizers and reduced other external inputs improving the environment and hence the farm sustainability. Since 1981, Project carried out comparative studies on Organic and Systems and the highlight achievements/progress during the period (till 1995) are projected under various major components/parameters -Nutrition, Soils, Environment, Economics and Yields. The exhaustive information provided in this Review 000. It also revealed that (c) averaged $10,000 more per year in profits after the transition period ( 1981- 85) than it did before, largely because average corn yields nearly doubled. This implied that, switching over from conventional to organic farming would have a basic transition period of 4- 5 years before getting more yields. This is in conformity with findings of [6,18]. Studies conducted elsewhere by Brumfield et al. [19] also documented that, though conventional farming benefitted from higher yields and profits in the early 4- 5 years (transition period), but organic farming did have better returns during the latter years as production costs were less. In addition to, whenever there was higher fluctuation in grain prices, organic farming system had a better adaptability, than the conventional ones because they had crop diversity, hence farming community could sustain. In 1986, the organic systems switched to a more intensive three-year rotation to include additional cash grains such as wheat and barley, as well as, hay and straw to sell-low- value crops, but marketable crops nonetheless, and one-third of the income from the organic farm came from sources other than corn or soybeans, making it more profitable and sustainable [1]. It was also documented by (Roberts et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Этапы формирования широкомасштабной благороднометалльной минерализации в месторождении Сухой Лог, Восточная Сибирь: результаты изотопно-геохронологического изучения/ ДАН. 2007. Т. 415. С. 810-814. Ларин В. Н. Гипотеза изначально гидридной Земли. М. : Недра, 1980. 216 с. Лутков В. С. , Могаровский В. В. , Луткова В. Я. Бор и фтор в литосфере Памира и Тянь-Шаня (Таджикистан): к вопросу о геохимических связях мантии и земной коры/ Геохимия. 2004. № 11. С. 1173-1185. Маракушев А. А. , Русинов В.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: What if AI is the answer to better care for both patients and healthcare providers (HCPs)? Time Isn’t Just Money, It’s burnout has become a growing concern in the healthcare industry, with limited time for patient interaction and information overload being key contributors. Post-pandemic studies, including one published in the Proceedings, found that satisfaction with work-life integration dropped from 46. 1% in 2020 to 30. 2% in 2021. Furthermore, depression scores rose from 49. 5% in 2020 to 52. 5% in 2021. Physicians are burned out, lack time with patients, and spend much of their time on documentation instead of directly with patients. A recent survey noted that the vast majority of nurses spend more than half of their time with patients, helping to educate them and correct misinformation. Meanwhile, 50% of millennials said that going online for medical information also causes anxiety and fear. Both sides of the party are eager to save time for the sake of the stress of not only the patient but also the care provider. AI can be a credible partner. AI is not freedom of speech; it is programmed to deliver medically credible information, giving time back to the healthcare provider, which decreases stress and burnout. This inevitably leads to better care all around. AI the in study aimed to assess whether an AI chatbot could provide responses to patient questions that are comparable in quality and empathy to those written by physicians. The results revealed that while the performance of chatbots in a clinical setting remains uncertain, they could be used to draft messages for clinicians or support staff to edit. This approach aligns with current message response strategies, in which canned responses or drafts by support staff are common. Imagine you have just been diagnosed with triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma. Sitting in the doctor’s office, you may be too in shock to understand or take in much, if any, information. You go home and jump onto a search engine. “What does this mean? How serious is it? ” Faced with answers about treatment options and confusing medical terms, you may get overwhelmed. AI has the power to quickly help patients and loved ones make sense of their diagnosis and what steps to take next. Additionally, it can quickly help interpret the meaning of confusing conditions and other clinician terminology so patients can learn from the comfort of their own homes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming methods guarantee higher yields than conventional farming. [SEP] Text: , 1979) that, expenses on the organic farms were significantly lower than on the conventional farm and the two conventional farms in the analysis spent about 95% more each year than the organic farms for fertilizers and pesticides. Overall, production costs on the organic farms were 26% lower than on the conventional farms, although machinery costs were higher because of the need to purchase and maintain equipment for harvesting hay. Similar trend of results were also reported by Delate et al. [20]. In general, the organic system appeared to be the less risky one, as such profits for the organic farms tended not to be as high as those on the conventional farm in good years, but they weren't as low in bad years, either [21]. At the end of the nine- year period, the study showed that organic farm had increased net worth compared to conventional farm. The higher need for borrowed money in the organic systems reflected the lower yields in the early years, and it reinforces the finding that there is a transition period in switching from conventional practices to organic ones [6]. It was also observed that biological transition in the Trial took four years. By 1985, the investment in capital was repaid with yields that rose to the level of the conventional system and remained stable, with net profits nearly similar to conventional, and then progressively increased to higher levels. While profits for the organic farms increased as yields improved, economic projections indicated that it would take more than a decade to fully recover the income lost during the biological transition. A second economic analysis, using only the years from 1986 through 1995, when yields from the organic system were equivalent to those from the conventional, showed that the organic farm returned $13. 18 an acre more in profits from 198690, and $6. 30 an acre more from 1991-95. These are in tune with findings of [20]. Studies conducted in Iowa (USA) by Karlen et al. [21] reported that the organic farm's per-acre income advantage decreased as the farm increased in size. At 750 acres, the organic farm showed a $4,724 income advantage over the conventional farm for the 1991-95 periods; at 1500 acres, the advantage increased only to $6,326. This difference relates to hired labor during periods of intensive field work. The study also demonstrated significant disadvantage for organic farms relative to conventional ones: the labor required to operate them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Л. , Зотов И. А. , Панеях Н. А. , Перцев Н. Н. Глобальные аспекты эндогенного рудообразования/ Геология руд. месторождений. 1997. Т. 39. № 6. С. 483-501. Ножкин А. Д. , Борисенко А. С. , Неволько П. А. Этапы позднепротерозойского магматизма и возрастные рубежи золотого оруденения Енисейского кряжа/ Геология и геофизика. 2011. Т. 52. № 1. С 158-181. Преображенский И. А. О кварц-турмалиновой золотоносной формации/ Изв. АН СССР, серия геологическая. 1945. № 4. С. 92-99. Рундквист Д. В.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: With properly trained AI and education around how to best use these tools, patients and their loved ones or caregivers are now holding a tool that can provide answers, and answers provide relief, lessening the stress of the situation. For the HCP, utilizing AI-assisted messaging can save time and enhance productivity and focus on more complex tasks, ultimately improving overall communication skills. Moreover, consistent responses and personalized AI-written drafts can aid in better patient understanding, leading to more efficient consultations and reduced workload for healthcare professionals. However, some organizations remain cautious about the accuracy and vetting process of AI-generated messages, preferring medically reviewed sources such as the website. Striking the right balance between AI assistance and trusted information sources is crucial to building trust and ensuring patient safety while alleviating some work of the HCP. Systems and study also found that “investments into AI assistant messaging could affect patient outcomes. If more patients’ questions are answered quickly, with empathy, and to a high standard, it might reduce unnecessary clinical visits, freeing up resources for those who need them. ” This is solving one of the biggest challenges of healthcare customer services. When someone is diagnosed with a condition, they’re in a high state of emotion, overwhelmed and understandably in need of attention and care. Traditional systems often fall short because physicians and administrators lack the time and knowledge to handle frequent patient queries. Web 1. 0 and 2. 0 platforms are rife with inaccurate information, leaving patients frustrated and misinformed. Enter AI, which can very easily answer the most frequently asked questions, providing accurate answers with a soothing voice or, at the very least, in plain language. Even more importantly, AI answers are free and accessible. Much like the growth of using TikTok for medical advice, patients can access solutions without waiting hours or days to speak to a credible source. Harnessing the Power of Data and Technology for Based on established relationships, personalization in responses remains an unexplored aspect in academia. Additionally, the study did not evaluate the chatbot’s ability to extract details from electronic health records, which can provide valuable context in healthcare consultations. To overcome these limitations, AI platforms such as Google are actively working on improving their systems. They are developing flexibility and openness, allowing businesses to set parameters for the AI’s advice and continuously adjusting materials for accuracy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming methods guarantee higher yields than conventional farming. [SEP] Text: The labor involved in the organic farms tended to be spread more evenly over the year than in the conventional farms, where labor requirements were high during planting and harvesting seasons and low at other times of the year; for July through September, the conventional farm required no field operations at all [21]. The organic farm, which involved mechanical cultivation and the planting and harvesting of a greater diversity of crops, required about 27% more hours of work than the conventional. When this higher labor requirement was factored into the economic analysis, and the value of unpaid family labor was subtracted from gross profits, the organic farm returned only $2. 49 per acre more than the conventional one from 1986-90, and was $4. 45 per acre less profitable from 1991-95. These go well with findings of Pacini et al. , 2003. Because of the diversity of crops being grown and the need to balance soil fertility needs against income needs, the organic system also required more management skills than the conventional one. This was illustrated by the Trials project. Rotations and crop mixes changed through the years, as researchers experimented with ways to enhance the yields and frequency of cash crops, suppress weeds, and still maintain soil fertility. Go to Review 1984. From 1986 through 1990, yields averaged 2% higher in the manure- based system and 2% lower in legume-based system than the conventional system. In the last five years (1991- 95), yields in all systems had stabilized to comparable levels [9]. The low corn yields in the early years, followed by higher and stable yields in later years, is not solely related to the amount of nitrogen in the soil, as indicated by soil tests and measurements of nitrogen in corn ear leaves at various stages of growth. While there may have been sufficient nitrogen in the organic soils to produce reasonable corn yields, it was not yet in an available form that plants could use efficiently. Once the microbial activity in the soil reached a new equilibrium, the organic systems showed themselves capable of supporting corn yields equivalent to those in a conventional system [1]. But management abilities must not be discounted as a factor in maintaining yields in organic systems. In the early years, heavy weed growth in some of the organic plots contributed to low yields. As management practices improved and rotations were adjusted to help suppress weeds, competition from weeds for nutrients and moisture decreased.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Особенности геологического развития и металлогении байкалид/ Основные проблемы рудообразования и металлогении. М. : Наука, 1990. С. 44-65. Рундквист Д. В. Глобальная металлогения/ Смирновский сборник-95. М. : ВИНИТИ, 1995. С. 92-123. Рундквист Д. В. Фактор времени при формировании гидротермальных месторождений: периоды, эпохи, этапы и стадии рудообразования/ Геология руд. месторождений. 1997. Т. 39. № 1. С. 11-24. Ручкин Г. В. , Дерюгин Ю. Н.

Output: pass