Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a possibility that more information about the role of PK2 as a neurotransmitter in the SCN is equally useful when considering and interpreting its therapeutic possibilities. OrexinOrexin or hypocretin neurons originating from lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas send excitatory fibers to many areas of the brain. Orexin-containing fibers and orexin receptors in the SCN have suggested that orexin may have a role in the SCN function [272]. The interaction of orexin-containing neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus and SCN helps to regulate the daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness [273]. The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are two neuropeptides synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area [274]. has been reported to have a dose-dependent enhanced neuronal activity on many neurons and inhibitory activity on other neurons. can influence the neuronal activity of the SCN in brain slices as well as in dispersed cell cultures [272]. A variety of inputs received by Orexin neurons project to parts of the CNS which makes them perform “multi-tasking” and regulate many vital body functions like sleep/wake states, energy homeostasis, cognition mood, and others. Dysfunction of the orexinergic system also leads to different pathological conditions. It is found that SCN regulates orexin neurons and is much more active during the circadian night than the circadian day. However, it is not clear whether the orexin neurons reciprocally regulate the SCN. Orexin suppresses mouse SCN Per 1-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) expressing clock cells and augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of NPY. It also potentiates NPY’s inhibition of SCN Per 1-EGFP cells [275]. This report modifies the present view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory. Orexin produces an increase in inhibitory postsynaptic currents with low doses while high doses cause a decrease in inhibitory postsynaptic currents and orexin 1 receptor antagonist can prevent the same. The ability of orexin A to induce phase shifts on long-term recordings, and the discharge rate of SCN neurons suggest modulation of neuronal activity in rodent SCN.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Rather than relying on a third party like a bank, trusted friend, or notary, blockchain proposes that the record should be decentralized and shared with everyone interested in sharing digital photos of banknotes through their mobile phones or computers. In contrast to a centralized model, blockchain introduces a distributed approach. Rather than having a centralized ledger tracking the number of digital photos of $100 on Dori’s phone or computer, this information is dispersed among the phones and computers of all participants involved. This includes not only Dori but also Aris and others engaged in exchanging digital photos for $100 via mobile phones or computers. The blockchain diligently records and disseminates this information to everyone. shares her unique digital photo of $100 with Aris, the blockchain accurately registers an “outflow” from Dori and an “inflow” to Aris, ensuring verification and distribution across the network. Attempting to send the same digital photo to 100 more friends becomes impractical since the blockchain records of all others are not synchronized. In their records, Dori no longer owns a digital photo of $100, leading to the rejection of her attempted transaction. Consequently, Dori no longer possesses the digital photo, while Aris does. 2. 1 Distributed and traditional databaseBlockchain operates as a decentralized database, recording a comprehensive audit trail of all transactions. Unlike traditional databases, it is managed by a network of computers, with no single computer holding sole responsibility for storage or administration. This ensures that any computer can join or leave the network without compromising data integrity or availability. The database can be restored from scratch by any computer, simply by downloading it from the network and processing the audit trail. In contrast, traditional databases are typically controlled by a single organization with complete authority, including the ability to manipulate data. While this may not pose issues in certain contexts, the sensitive nature of financial transactions creates a risk of data manipulation and falsification. To counter this, banks undergo continuous audit and regulatory scrutiny, facing persistent threats from external malicious hackers. Blockchain addresses these challenges by allowing the database to be managed by a distributed network, making it publicly accessible to everyone. This open model enables anyone to create a redundant copy of the database and verify it against other copies. However, this approach is best suited for static data that does not change over time. For dynamic data, a consensus problem arises when changes are needed after the database has been distributed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: But since more than 95% of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels, hydrogen is not really “clean and green,” and electrolysis − the major hydrogen source other than reformation − is exceedingly inefficient, expensive, and energy-intensive. Experimental methods involving wind, solar, biomass, etc. are still far from being economic or commercially cost-competitive. For example, California − the world's sixth largest economy − has implemented increasingly stringent CO2 reduction goals and renewable energy mandates, and these include rapidly increasing requirements for zero emissions hydrogen vehicles. However, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels − specifically natural gas − does not count toward achieving these goals, and is not eligible for California's lucrative low carbon fuel credits [8]. This is the 800 lb gorilla in the room that hydrogen advocates and hydrogen industry promoters conveniently ignore: The hydrogen economy is hitting a brick wall that will severely limit its growth potential. All of the frenzied hype over hydrogen FCs, hydrogen vehicles, distributed power, clean fuels, sustainable generation, etc. is meaningless until a method can be found to efficiently and cheaply produce large quantities of hydrogen in a truly green and sustainable manner that does not increase CO2 emissions. Experimental methods involving bio-hydrogen production, renewable electrolysis, photo-electrochemical solar water splitting, solar high-temperature thermochemical cycles, high-temperature electrolysis, photo-biological, bio-derived, microbial conversion, etc. are still far from being technically feasible, much less economic, or commercially cost-competitive. More recently, sustainable hydrogen is being produced from scrap aluminum, and this represents a promising solution to the major problem confronting the hydrogen economy. This process is capable of producing significant amounts of high-purity hydrogen at a competitive cost per relevant unit in a scalable, controllable, and sustainable manner. It is effectively a third viable hydrogen production method − in comparison to reformation and electrolysis. Sustainable hydrogen production from scrap aluminum can thus provide the long-sought solution to the major environmental problem confronting the hydrogen economy [9]. 3 Review of previous research The most definitive analysis of hydrogen economy jobs was conducted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), which estimated the employment impacts of a transformation of the US economy to the use of hydrogen between 2020 and 2050 [10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Histamine may be acting as a final neurotransmitter on which photic and non-photic entrainment converge [284]. Intracerebroventricular injection of histamine is also found to alter circadian function in hamster and mouse SCN slices, exogenous application of histamine exerts a phase-shifting effect on circadian neural activity rhythms [285]. Four subtypes of GPCR, H1, H2, H3, and H4 have been identified for the action of histamine [286] and the synthesis and release of histamine are regulated by feedback inhibition. Among histamine receptors H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R, H1R mediates the excitatory action of histamine in the SCN. Histamine by acting on the H1R receptor can increase Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] in the mouse SCN neurons [287] and it is likely that the molecular mechanism responsible for histamine-induced-phase delay is based on this. Histamine signaling in histamine-induced resetting of the clock is also seen. However, in this case, the receptors mediating the effect may not be H1R but may be H3R also. Despite accumulating evidence for the role of histamine in circadian function, it is not yet possible to give a specific role in circadian activity currently. NTNT and its receptors are present in rats, monkeys, and humans with a larger number of NT neurons in humans [288, 289]. NT is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide having NT1, NT2, and NT3 receptors for mediating its function. First evidence of NT and its receptors NT1 and NT2 having a role in circadian pacemaker regulation has been provided [290]. As per the studies NT can phase shift the firing rate in SCN neurons and play a role in regulating pacemaker function. Studies using receptor agonists and antagonists have also provided valuable information. Application NT produces an increase in the firing rate of SCN neurons [291]. NT-positive cells projecting to SCN can be seen in hamster IGL and It is reported that NPY can regulate SCN neuronal activity when applied with NT producing dampening of the inhibitory action of NPY [291]. These results point towards a possibility of NT modulating circadian function in the89 SCN involving NT1 and NT2 receptors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Determining the validity, permission, and order of changes becomes crucial. Allowing any entity with a copy of the database to make changes could lead to desynchronization, and a consensus must be reached on which database reflects the true state. Introducing an entity with the privilege to make changes first, followed by others copying the database, attempts to address this issue. However, this raises concerns of potential data manipulation and censorship by the chosen entity for personal gain. A solution could involve a rotational system for managing entities and copying the “correct” state of the database. Yet, determining the order and process of changing controlling entities remains a question [4]. 2. 2 Blockchain: the final solutionBlockchain technology addresses these challenges by establishing a network of computers, known as nodes, each of which possesses a copy of the database and adheres to a set of rules defined as a consensus protocol. The consensus protocol outlines the sequence in which nodes can introduce changes to the database, ensuring unanimous agreement among all network nodes regarding the database’s state. This structure prevents any single entity from having the authority to manipulate or censor transactions. Moreover, the blockchain includes an immutable audit trail documenting all modifications to the database. This feature enables all controlling entities to scrutinize and validate the accuracy of the database. The audit trail comprises individual changes referred to as transactions. A set of transactions added to the database by a single node constitutes a “block. ” Each block contains a reference to the preceding block in the blockchain, establishing a chronological order [4]. The blockchain, essentially a chain of blocks, interconnects each block with the previous one and includes a list of new transactions occurring after the preceding block. When a new node joins the network, it initiates an empty database and retrieves all previous blocks from the network. This process ensures alignment with the databases of all other nodes. Fundamentally, blockchain orchestrates the sequence of transactions within the database, enabling anyone to verify its accuracy by reconstructing it from the beginning. 2. 3 Blockchain in actionBlockchain technology finds widespread application in Bitcoin, a prominent example of its utilization. Bitcoin operates as a digital cryptocurrency, employing blockchain for monitoring transactions and issuing digital currency units. When an individual intends to spend Bitcoins, they generate a transaction specifying the amount and recipient. This transaction is digitally signed and disseminated to nodes within the Bitcoin network.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: This study found that training for new skills may be needed across a wide spectrum of industries and that training and retraining programs may be needed to help ensure that the US workforce possesses appropriate skills and that sufficient numbers of trained personnel are available to support the hydrogen economy. However, the report made no attempt to identify emerging occupations and corresponding training and educational requirements and earnings. A subsequent DOE report found that existing and emerging FC applications hold large job growth potential and that as various FC applications gain market share, the industry is expected to undergo significant growth [11]. It noted that “As market demand for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies increases across sectors of our economy, there will be an increasing need for trained and experienced personnel and accompanying services such as qualified maintenance technicians, installers, manufacturing professionals, trainers, insurers, and educators” [11]. Unfortunately, the Department's “comprehensive” US energy and employment reports barely even mention hydrogen or FC jobs [12]. A study by the Services, Inc. (ASEA/MISI) found that widespread hydrogen energy and FC market penetration could create nearly 1 million new jobs in the by 2030 [13,14]. It also determined that the jobs created are disproportionately for highly skilled, well-paid, technical and professional workers, who provide the foundation for entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, it did not disaggregate hydrogen occupations. More recently, DOE has developed models for estimating the job impacts of FCs and hydrogen: is a spreadsheet model that that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the manufacture and use of select types of FCs [15]. JOBS H2 is a spreadsheet model that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the development and operation of select types of hydrogen fueling stations [16]. DOE has used these models to estimate the economic impact of FC deployment in forklifts and for backup power under the [17] and the economic impacts associated with commercializing FC electric vehicles in California [18]. However, these analyses did not disaggregate jobs by skill, education, or earnings, and the and JOBS H2 models do not permit such disaggregation. Thus, while these studies forecast that about 700,000 to 1 million new hydrogen energy and FC jobs may be created over the next decade, the reports do not disaggregate the jobs into occupations or skills, identify education and training requirements, or indicate wage and salary levels. Here we have developed these necessary modifications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Despite the presence of NT and its receptors in the SCN suggesting its probable role in SCN activity based on some studies, a specific role is still awaited. m also referred to as metenkephalin, is an endogenous opioid pentapeptide found in the CNS. ENK neurons of the IGL also contribute to GHT and project to the VL part of the SCN [25, 292] in several species. Enkephalinergic cells in the dorsal SCN can release this neuropeptide to contribute to the circadian action. This may indicate its role in control of the circadian phase. The opioid agonist fentanyl is a homolog of morphine and is a µ receptor agonist that induces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in hamsters when administered during the mid-to-late night period [292]. Phase shifts are blocked by naloxone, which leads to a conclusion that there is opioid receptor involvement in circadian timing and opioid receptors mediate the actions of fentanyl. Morphine when used also produces a similar effect [293, 294]. It is interesting to note that Fentanyl can affect light input, per gene expression, and electrical activity in the SCN of hamsters. Fentanyl and light can block each other’s phase shifts of behavioral activity rhythms and this is due to a strong interaction between opioids and light input. More studies about opioids in the SCN are likely to tell us about the role of ENKs in circadian timekeeping which may lead to benefits in dealing with clinical conditions. SPSP, a member of the tachykinin peptide family of neuropeptides can act both as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. SP is an undecapeptide having a chain of 11 amino acid residues, found within the SCN, and plays a pivotal role in regulating our circadian rhythm. SP immunoreactive nerve Fibers are seen throughout SCN with the largest amount seen in the ventral part. SP found in the RHT and within a group of SCN cell bodies can participate in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythmicity. It is reported that Ionophoretically applied SP activates hamster SCN neurons. GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline blocked NMDA and SP-induced phase shifts of SCN neuronal activity rhythms [295]. SP and GRP extensively colocalize with CalB D28K and are strongly light-responsive.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Upon the creation of the next block in the transaction chain by one of the nodes, it verifies the validity of the new transaction. If deemed valid, the transaction is included in the block, which, as part of the replicated chain, is distributed across all nodes in the network. This process effectively records an outflow from the sender and an inflow to the recipient [5]. 2. 4 Blockchain consensus protocolThe primary function of a consensus protocol is to establish rules governing the addition of blocks to the chain in terms of order and timing. This is crucial for a blockchain to maintain a consistent and unalterable sequence of events, universally agreed upon by all nodes, representing the current state of the database. Furthermore, this event sequence should be immune to censorship, ensuring that no single node possesses unilateral control over the admission of information. Currently, there are two main types of consensus protocols in use [6]:2. 4. 1 Proof of work (PoW)Proof of Work (PoW) serves as the original consensus protocol within the Bitcoin network. This protocol relies on solving intricate logic puzzles that are challenging to solve but easy to verify once completed. It can be likened to assembling a complex jigsaw puzzle with a multitude of tiny pieces — a formidable task to piece together, but a quick glance can confirm if the picture is complete and accurate. In the PoW protocol, the exertion involved in solving the puzzle is termed “Work,” and the puzzle solution is the “Proof of Work. ” Essentially, the ability to verify the correctness of the solution confirms that someone has performed the work accurately. A blockchain utilizing a PoW consensus protocol requires proof for each block added to the chain. As a reward for their efforts, the node receives a specific number of digital tokens, characteristic of the network. In the case of the Bitcoin network, this reward is in the form of Bitcoins, constituting the initial generation of these digital tokens. All circulating Bitcoins and those to be released in the future are generated as a reward for the work executed by the nodes in the block generation process, commonly known as “mining. ” The PoW protocol inherently values the chain with the most blocks as the current “correct” chain, given the greater cumulative work invested in it. Considered highly secure, the PoW protocol presents a significant challenge for any attempt to overwrite or forge a block.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: We derived these estimates primarily using the methodology developed in the ASEA/MISI study and refined in various subsequent analyses [19–21]. We revised these estimates to account for gaps in the information, to relate specifically to the H2 and FC industries, technologies, and sectors of interest here, and to represent average US salaries in 2016. A number of other changes were made to make this information useful and informative in assessing the hydrogen economy and jobs. 4 results are summarized in Table 1, which shows examples of emerging jobs, salaries, and education and training requirements in the hydrogen and FC industries. As shown, wages and salaries in many sectors of the emerging H2, FC, and related industries are higher than the US averages. Although many high-tech industries almost exclusively require highly educated workers with masters or doctoral degrees, these emerging H2 and FC industries require a wide variety of occupations at all skill levels. Nevertheless, many occupations in these industries include jobs that require associate's degrees, long-term on-the-job training, or trade certifications − and lead to jobs that pay higher than US average wages. Unlike some industries, the hydrogen and FC industries are feasible targets for job creation in many states and regions. With a wide diversity of required skills and continuing research into relevant technologies, communities can develop clusters around different sectors of the industries. However, states and cities must recognize that they will be in intense competition as communities throughout the compete for these emerging technologies and industries with traditional university-centered research areas, including (Stanford University), (University of Michigan), Trenton (Princeton University), Boston (of Technology), Champaign-Urbana (University of Illinois), Austin (University of Texas), the in North Carolina, and other university–industry complexes. In addition, communities must compete for these jobs with traditional high-tech metropolitan areas like San Jose, Boston, and Washington, DC, along with metropolitan areas with rapidly expanding manufacturing, such as Grand Rapids, Michigan, Denver, Colorado, and Portland, OR. We find that jobs will be created across a new continuum of employment, skills, responsibilities, and earnings. Notably, many of these jobs do not currently exist and do not have occupational titles defined in federal and state government occupational handbooks and employment guides.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The co-localization of some of the neurotransmitters, and the influence of some of them on others makes it more intricate to explain the role. Neurotransmitter signaling mechanisms, at least some, described possess potential therapeutic properties for various disease conditions including neuropsychiatric disorders for which there is still no definite answer yet. This review offers a complete understanding of the old and new neurotransmitters identified. It also discusses their linkages and probable approaches to therapeutic interventions for human benefit. Many conditions like sleep disorders, insomnia, jet lag, and shift work have started getting benefits in terms of improvement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: The program code may or may not be available to participants. Ripple is an example of a controlled blockchain. Private blockchain: Access to private blockchain networks is meticulously controlled and centrally managed. These networks are closed, permitting entry only to pre-approved participants. The program code is closed and not publicly accessible. Private blockchains find utility in consortia and larger corporations that necessitate sharing information and documents among approved entities. In the financial sector, developing a private blockchain is meant to facilitate back-office operations related to clearing and settlement. Advertisement 3. The application of blockchain in worldwide financial systems: its advantages and implications! The intersection of financial systems with information technologies has witnessed a revolutionary shift with the advent of blockchain technology, offering the potential to fundamentally reshape financial landscapes. Several key advantages of blockchain contribute to its transformative impact [8]:Publicly available ledger system: Blockchain operates as a publicly accessible ledger, where all transactions are recorded and verified. This inherent transparency ensures a secure and reliable system, instilling trust among participants. Transaction immutability: Every transaction within the blockchain is authorized and validated by controllers known as “miners. ” Once recorded, transactions become immutable, meaning they cannot be altered or tampered with. This feature enhances security, providing robust protection against malicious intrusions and hacks—common concerns in contemporary financial IT systems. Elimination of intermediaries: Blockchain technology eliminates the need for intermediaries, enabling direct peer-to-peer transactions. Traditional financial systems often involve intermediaries such as banks or clearinghouses, introducing delays and costs. Blockchain streamlines the process, facilitating more efficient and cost-effective transactions. Decentralization: One of the core tenets of blockchain is decentralization. This technology is practically available to everyone, fostering a decentralized network where no single entity holds exclusive control. This decentralization not only enhances accessibility but also contributes to the resilience and security of the system. As blockchain continues to evolve, these advantages pave the way for more inclusive, efficient, and secure financial systems. The elimination of intermediaries, coupled with enhanced transparency and immutability, opens doors to innovative financial applications and services, driving a shift towards more direct and peer-to-peer interactions in the digital economy. The above-mentioned advantages of blockchain technology are manifested in various ways, particularly within financial systems, bringing about transformative possibilities:Cross-border payments: Enable fast, direct one-to-one payments, reducing costs for international transactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: Further, many of these new jobs require different skills and education than current jobs, and training needs must be determined to enable this rapidly growing sector of the US economy and labor market to have a sufficient supply of trained and qualified employees. Eventually, most of these occupations will grow, the number of employees classified in the occupations will increase, and federal and state governments will add them to the employment classifications. Until then, labor market and employment analysis and forecasting will be performed using the current set of US occupational titles and job descriptions. 1 In the meantime, we have developed the methodology and database discussed here. Table 1 identifies by occupational title some of the new jobs that we estimate will be created in the expanding hydrogen energy economy. 2 Emerging occupational titles are listed in the first column of the table. The average US salary, listed in the second column, reflects the average 2016 salary for that occupation. 3 Wages may be 15–20% lower at the beginning of employment and may rise to a level 15–20% higher as the worker becomes an experienced employee. Furthermore, earnings are usually much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and in some other regions − especially coastal cities such as and San Francisco. The third column gives the minimum recommended education required to gain entry into the occupation, and a required degree is identified for the advanced educational requirements. Employers will not always adhere to these recommendations, but this information can be useful to policymakers and workforce planners in providing an indication of the skills that firms are seeking in an applicant. Note that the education requirements listed include HSD/GED/OJT (high school degree, Development, or on-the-job training), and Apprenticeship/TS (trade school) to a Master's degree. With the advanced (Bachelor's degree and higher) college requirements, typical abbreviations were used to identify the degree: − for chemical, mechanical and electrical engineering degrees, etc. Also note that many jobs can be filled by a candidate with one of various related science or engineering degrees, and these are listed generically as such. Table 1 identifies some of the emerging job opportunities and corresponding earnings and education/training requirements in the emerging H2/FC economy. This table illustrates the following: Salaries differ substantially, from $20,000–$25,000 for various technicians to nearly $140,000 for a director of hydrogen development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Abbreviations5HT:serotoninAch:acetylcholineANGII:angiotensin IIAT1:angiotensin 1 receptorAVP:arginine vasopressinBB2:Gq-coupled Bombesin-2BMAL1:brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1CalB:calbindinCALR:calretininCCGs:clock-controlled genesCCK:cholecystokinincGMP:cyclic guanosine monophosphateCNS:central nervous systemCre:cAMP response elementDA:dopamineDM:dorsomedialDrd1a:dopamine 1a receptorG:guanine nucleotideGABA:gamma-aminobutyric acidGAD:glutamate decarboxylaseGal:galaninGHT:geniculohypothalamic tractGlu:glutamateGlyRs:glycine receptor chloride ion channelsGPCR:guanine nucleotide protein-coupled receptorsGRP:gastrin releasing peptideIEG:immediate early geneIGL:intergeniculate leafletipRGCs:intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cellsKCC2:K+/Cl– co-transporter 2LDs:long daysm ENK:met-enkephalinmRGCs:melatonin retinal ganglion cellsNKCC1:Na+/K+/Cl– co-transporter 1NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartateNMS:neuromedin SNO:nitric oxideNPY:neuropeptide YNT:neurotensinOX:oxytocinPACAP:pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptidePDF:pigment-dispersing factorPK2:prokineticin 2RGCs:retinal ganglion cellsRHT:retinohypothalamic tractSCN:suprachiasmatic nucleusSP:substance PTTFLs:transcriptional/translational feedback loopsV1a:vasopressin 1aVGAT:vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporterVIP:vasoactive intestinal peptideVL:ventrolateralVPAC2:vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Faster and better trading: Facilitates faster and more extensive trading, addressing constraints in international trade and finance. Allows for the creation of decentralized organizations and micro-investments. Guaranteed payments: Ensures guaranteed payments, enhancing trade in low-trust countries. Levels the playing field for poorer countries in international trading. Micropayments: Supports efficient micropayments, reducing fraud risks and transaction costs. Control of payments and prevention of money laundering: Acts as a decentralized tool for controlling payments and preventing money laundering. Provides a globally accessible ledger for anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing. Despite these benefits, challenges include the risk of fund loss due to hacker attacks, and users bear the responsibility for their security in the absence of a centralized resolution authority. As blockchain continues to evolve, addressing these challenges is crucial for maximizing its impact on financial systems and global trade. Moreover, companies venturing into the implementation of blockchain technology, particularly in its early stages, face a spectrum of risk factors that demand thorough understanding and careful management [8]:Limited major implementations: Blockchain is a developing technology with a relatively small number of major implementations. The full scope of its limitations is not yet understood and is actively under research. Unanswered questions persist, such as how the model would scale with the substantial volume of daily transactions in financial markets. Transaction cost volatility: Observations from current implementations, notably with Bitcoin, reveal considerable fluctuations in transaction costs, ranging from minimal to unprofitable. Managing this volatility is crucial, particularly in domains like micropayments, where transaction costs can surpass the value of the payment itself. Rapid evolution of code and implementation methods: As a developing technology, the programming code and implementation methods are evolving rapidly. Organizations in the early stages of implementation may face risks associated with rule changes, modifications, or discontinuation of support for certain aspects of the technology. Security risks: Security risks in blockchain technology are multifaceted and demand comprehensive attention. Considerations include access control, the robustness of cryptographic algorithms, the security of control nodes in the network, the potential dominance of processors (e. g. , quantum processors), and the risk of denial-of-service attacks leading to potential unavailability. While these risks are inherent in the current state of blockchain technology, ongoing advancements, research, and industry maturation are expected to mitigate these challenges over the long term.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: Educational requirements cover the range from apprenticeship/trade school and HSD/GED/OJT to advanced university degrees. Nevertheless, there are numerous jobs and education and training requirements, and many of the jobs do not require university degrees. Similar jobs in different parts of the industries have diverse earnings and education/training requirements. For example, a hydrogen lab technician requires an and earns a salary of nearly $41,000, whereas a junior hydrogen energy technician may require only a HSD/GED and earn a salary of less than $25,000. Similarly, a hydrogen plant operations manager with a Bachelor's Degree may earn more than $95,000, whereas a senior automotive FC power electronics engineer with a Bachelor's Degree may earn less than $70,000. There exist numerous career paths that allow employees with apprenticeship/TS and HSD/GED to earn relatively high salaries, such as hydrogen vehicle technician, FC power systems operator and instructor, FC backup power system technician, and hydrogen energy system operations engineer. Table 1Examples of emerging jobs, salaries, and education and training requirements in the hydrogen and fuel cell industries. 5 bottom line is that growth in the hydrogen and FC sectors of the US economy will lead to vast new employment opportunities as businesses expand to serve growing markets and to meet new clean and sustainable energy requirements and mandates. 4 We find that the hydrogen and FC industries will create a variety of new high-paying jobs, many of which take advantage of technical and manufacturing skills currently going unused as industry continues to undergo restructuring, and US states, regions and cities can recruit these emerging industries and companies. Although many high-tech industries almost exclusively require highly educated workers with advanced degrees, as noted, the H2 and FC industries possess requirements for numerous types of occupations, experience, and skills. Many occupations in these industries include jobs that require associate's degrees, long-term on-the-job training, or trade certifications, including scientists, engineers, chemists, managers, and technicians, all of which pay higher than US average wages. Unlike some industries, the H2 and FC industries are a realistic target industry for job creation in most regions and states. With a wide variety of the required skills as well as ongoing research into H2 and FC technologies, communities can build clusters around different segments of the industries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text:  2 Declarations2024.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Companies should adopt a proactive approach to risk management and stay abreast of developments to ensure the successful and secure implementation of blockchain solutions. Advertisement 4. ConclusionsBlockchain, at its core, operates as a decentralized and tamper-resistant digital ledger, offering a transparent and secure way to record and verify transactions. While it initially gained prominence through its association with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, the technology’s potential extends far beyond the realm of digital money. In the modern financial industry, blockchain’s distributed ledger concept is particularly promising. Traditional financial systems often rely on centralized databases maintained by trusted intermediaries, introducing vulnerabilities to fraud, errors, and data manipulation. Blockchain addresses these challenges by distributing the ledger across a network of nodes, ensuring consensus and transparency. This decentralized nature reduces the dependence on a central authority, fostering trust and integrity in financial transactions. However, blockchain technology is recognized as a foundational element in the financial sector, offering promising prospects for economic development, financial innovation, and internet advancement. As the financial industry undergoes a digital transformation, successful adoption of blockchain technology becomes imperative. Current research delves into the mediating role of blockchain adoption in the relationship between digital business strategy and process innovation, as well as financial performance. Furthermore, new findings investigate how information technology alignment plays a moderating role in this scenario. The investigation seeks to unveil the nuanced dynamics and interconnections among these crucial components, with the overarching goal of utilizing blockchain for strategic and operational improvements within the financial sector [9]. Moreover, Blockchain technology significantly impacts the financial sector by enhancing security through decentralization and cryptography, leading to efficient processes and reduced costs. Its transparency and traceability improve risk management, support cross-border transactions, and facilitate innovations such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and tokenization. Blockchain ensures regulatory compliance, strengthens data security, and prevents fraud, fostering financial inclusion and revolutionizing traditional financial products and services. Beyond finance, various industries are exploring blockchain applications. Sectors such as supply chain management, healthcare, real estate, and even governance are considering how blockchain can enhance efficiency, security, and transparency. For instance, in supply chain management, blockchain can enable real-time tracking of products from manufacturing to delivery, reducing fraud and ensuring the authenticity of goods. However, the adoption of blockchain technology comes with its share of challenges and risks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]10. Takahashi JS. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Genet. 2017;18:164–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]11. Transcriptional architecture and chromatin landscape of the core circadian clock in mammals. Science. 2012;338:349–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]12. Bano-. Daily electrical activity in the master circadian clock of a diurnal mammal. bioRxiv. 2020;2020. 12. 23. 424225. [DOI] 13. . Neuronal oscillations on an ultra-slow timescale: daily rhythms in electrical activity and gene expression in the mammalian master circadian clockwork. Neurosci. 2018;48:2696–717. [DOI] [PubMed] 14. . Genetics of circadian rhythms in Mammalian model organisms. Adv Genet. 2011;74:175–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]15. . Intrinsic, nondeterministic circadian rhythm generation in identified mammalian neurons. . 2009;106:16493–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]16. Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science. 2003;302:1408–12. [DOI] [PubMed] 17. . Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2004;19:35–46. [DOI] [PubMed] 18. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:476–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]19. '. A diversity of paracrine signals sustains molecular circadian cycling in suprachiasmatic nucleus circuits. . 2011;108:14306–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]20. Mice genetically deficient in vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors are resistant to jet lag. Science. 2013;342:85–90. [DOI] [PubMed] 21. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Their augmentation is simply that’s one, you cannot tax these people because you don’t know which transactions have taken place. And two, coins could be used for terrorism, criminal activities, and so on. The other hand, people defending these privacy coins simply state that they want to keep their privacy. And if you look at Fiat currencies, these are used way more often for terrorist or criminal activities. Then you also have stablecoins. We’ll explain this later on. Important to note as well is these definitions, these types, the number of cryptocurrencies, and so on, keep on evolving over time. So in a year, two years, three years, and so on, we will have an entire different range of cryptocurrencies added to the list probably. Also very probably new types as well. And how they might be used. Important to know is that there are also so-called forks, which can take place for cache means. Basically that in a blockchain, you go for a complete new implementation. So a hearts change can be a hard fork, and that means all the people that have certain cryptocurrency receive a new token so they can actually act on the new blockchain. But sometimes developers and certain investors do not wish to continue on this new chain and remain on the old one. That’s basically what happened. So that we got Ethereum and Ethereum classic. Also again, already shortly touch upon it. It’s a regulation, which is a very important one in some countries, states, and so on, you need to have a cryptocurrency whitelisted before you can use it, and others are forbidden. Another discussion that sometimes takes place is the environmental impact of these cryptocurrencies. It’s often said that, for example, Bitcoin network alone already uses more energy than a small country, which is quite impressive. And then, of course, there’s the growing interest from states all over the world. They have their own state controlled cryptocurrencies. Next to their own Fiat currencies. And finally, we should, or at least I should warn you about the many risks involved to cryptocurrencies. I think a very recently still with the famous series Squid Game, there are now the Squid cryptocurrency as well, where all of the sudden developers, which were anonymous disappeared with 3. 3 million, which again, shows that it can be very easy to create a cryptocurrency and steal money from investors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Nat Commun. 2021;12:5643. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]45. Morin LP. SCN organization reconsidered. J Biol Rhythms. 2007;22:3–13. [DOI] [PubMed] 46. . A GABAergic mechanism is necessary for coupling dissociable ventral and dorsal regional oscillators within the circadian clock. Curr Biol. 2005;15:886–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 47. . Heterogeneity of neuronal properties determines the collective behavior of the neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eng. 2019;16:1893–913. [DOI] [PubMed] 48. Rohling JHT, vander. Phase resetting of the mammalian circadian clock relies on a rapid shift of a small population of pacemaker neurons. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25437. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]49. -Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. Dynamic interactions mediated by nonredundant signaling mechanisms couple circadian clock neurons. Neuron. 2013;80:973–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]50. -Fuentes D, Herzog ED. Reveal that the the Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2017;32:35–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]51. the Synchronization between Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2019;34:515–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 52. . Heterogeneity induces rhythms of weakly coupled circadian neurons. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21412. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]53. . Cell autonomy and synchrony of suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillators. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34:349–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]54. . The coupling features of electrical synapses modulate neuronal synchrony in hypothalamic superachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2014;1550:9–17. [DOI] [PubMed] 55. Granados-Fuentes D, Herzog ED. The clock shop: coupled circadian oscillators. Exp Neurol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: 10. 18004/pdfce/2076-054x/2019. 025. 49. 130-142 : Evolución, crecimiento y perspectivas del Bitcoin Cryptocurrencies: Evolution, growth and perspectives of Javier Álvarez-Díaz1 1de Asunción-Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. presente trabajo se realizo con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento y la evolución del Bitcoin, desde su lanzamiento en el 2009 hasta el primer semestre del 2018. (BTC) es la primera criptomoneda lanzada al mercado como nueva opción de medio de pago. La investigación cualitativa abarco inicialmente una revisión bibliográfica acerca del origen de su creación, crecimiento, evolución y grado de aceptación dentro del mercado de nuevos activos financieros. Prosiguió con la revisión documental sobre sus principales características, su evolución legal y financiera, apoyada en fuentes secundarias, especialmente en los informes de revistas especializadas en el tema y de plataformas de inversión y pagos. Luego se procedió a la modalidad explicativa donde se identificaron los avances de la moneda como la primera red financiera criptográfica descentralizada del mundo, así como las experiencias específicas de su evolución de crecimiento que dieron origen a la creación de la Fundación Bitcoin, fortaleciendo el vínculo entre la moneda y su aceptación como activo financiero innovador.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2013;243:21–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]56. Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2015;42:2678–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 57. . Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2009;296:R824–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]58. . Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Immun. 2015;45:171–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]59. . Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 2011;21:625–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]60. . in the and Behavior. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1055–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]61. Barca-Mayo O, Pons-. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14336. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]62. . Daily and seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock requires plasticity of the SCN neuronal network. Neurosci. 2010;32:2143–51. [DOI] [PubMed] 63. . In synch but not in step: Circadian clock circuits regulating plasticity in daily rhythms. Neuroscience. 2016;320:259–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]64. Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues. Science. 2018;359:eaao0318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]65. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell. 2002;109:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] 66. ádek Proteomic analysis reveals the role of synaptic vesicle cycling in sustaining the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Curr Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: ofrece un nuevo mecanismo de pago que ha tenido un crecimiento sostenido y está generando un nuevo relacionamiento financiero, en donde la baja participación de intermediarios permite obtener menores precios en las transacciones. Palabras claves: criptomoneda; Bitcoin; present work was carried out with the objective of knowing the behavior and evolution of Bitcoin, since its launch in the year 2009 until the first half of 2. 018. (BTC) is the first cryptocurrency launched on the market as a new means of payment option. The qualitative research initially included a literature review about the origin of its creation, growth, evolution and degree of acceptance within the market of new financial assets. It continued with the documentary review of its main characteristics, its legal and financial evolution, supported by secondary sources, especially in the reports of journals specialized in the subject and of investment and payment platforms. Then we proceeded to the explanatory modality where the advances of the currency were identified as the first decentralized cryptographic financial network in the world, as well as the specific experiences of its growth evolution that gave rise to the creation of the Bitcoin Foundation, strengthening the link between the currency and its acceptance as an innovative financial asset. offers a new payment mechanism that has had a sustained growth and is generating a new financial relationship, where the low participation of intermediaries allows to obtain lower prices in transactions. Key words: cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; criptomonedas, desde sus inicios, fueron concebidas como una nueva alternativa dentro de los mecanismos de pagos innovadores. ha experimentado un crecimiento dentro del mercado de plataformas de pagos virtuales y esto ha generado un nuevo relacionamiento financiero, en donde los bancos y otros tipos de intermediarios ya no pueden controlar el total del mercado de flujo de pagos.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, retraining and/or supplementary training specifically focused on RE for workers with relevant skills who are looking to transfer to the RE industry from other parts of the energy sector, but also for graduates with less specialization, is a must. Retraining can in practice cover the largest part of the training needs, as most often construction and installation works are temporary and the labour needs may fluctuate. Those already working in the RE field require appropriate training to fill gaps in their existing skills or to up-skill them. However, responding to rapid changes in demand for skills is often quite difficult for training and education providers, who may be slow to decide to focus specifically on the skills required for RE. Developing and running for the first time a course require a significant investment of time and effort, so providers may be reluctant to make this investment. Also, training and education providers are constrained by the expectations of their potential students/trainees. For example, a course offered before activity in RE takes off may not seem to be quite attractive. Nevertheless, ‘best practices’ do exist with regard to the anticipation of educational needs. In the initial education and training level the course in installation and maintenance of wind farms offered by vocational training colleges in Spain, and the upper secondary vocational education as a RE technician specialized in solar systems offered by INETE in Portugal, are examples. Also many universities are shaping their courses to reflect the growth of interest in RE, such as (Poland) that offers a degree course in Environmental Engineering–RES, and (UK) with its flexible degree program focused on RES. In the postgraduate studies level, the Min RE offered by the CREST of (also through distance learning), and the in RE developed by the Association of European RE (EUREC), together with leading European universities active in RE education, are worth mentioning. EUREC's Master, which allows students to study in one of 4 different EU countries and then practice in another area of EU, is also exemplary from the point of view of the establishment of international linkages between qualifications in RE. RE technologies and skills requirements are fairly uniform internationally, so there is indeed scope for standardizing the qualifications requirements. Transnational networks and initiatives make easier the acceptance of qualifications issued by institutions abroad, this way facilitating international mobility of workers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2009;19:2031–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 67. Schantz Mv, Archer SN. Clocks, genes and sleep. J R Soc Med. 2003;96:486–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]68. Rhythmicity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:. eNeuro. 2017;4:e0160-17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]69. . Light, immediate-early genes, and circadian rhythms. Behav Genet. 1996;26:221–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 70. '. Analysis of clock proteins in mouse SCN demonstrates phylogenetic divergence of the circadian clockwork and resetting mechanisms. Neuron. 2000;25:437–47. [DOI] [PubMed] 71. . Per1 and Per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: circadian profile and the compartment-specific response to light. Neuroscience. 1999;94:141–50. [DOI] [PubMed] 72. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night. Neurosci. 2002;15:570–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 73. Hannibal J. Roles of PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells in circadian timing. Cytol. 2006;251:1–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 74. . Dissociation between light-induced phase shift of the circadian rhythm and clock gene expression in mice lacking the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4883–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]75. . Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces period1 and period2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus during late night. Neuroscience. 2001;103:433–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 76. . Mice lacking the PACAP type I receptor have impaired photic entrainment and negative masking. . 2008;295:R2050–8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Conforme a Scholz (2018), el Bitcoin conocido por sus siglas BTC dentro de la red internet, es una moneda virtual que puede ser utilizada como medio de pago en comercios, tiendas, almacenes u otros locales de igual manera que el dinero físico. En Latinoamérica, Brasil y Colombia son los países con mayor auge de aceptación y utilización de esta moneda. El BTC tiene su origen en 2009, donde crea la primera moneda virtual, independiente y descentralizada, que bautizo con el nombre de “Bitcoin”, desde ese momento han pasado 9 años y en la actualidad la moneda ha presentado un crecimiento sostenido en cuanto a su producción, pero muy volátil en cuanto a su valor por efecto de las especulaciones. En la actualidad el mercado de oferta de monedas virtuales está compuesto por cerca de 700 variedades de monedas digitales. Según Boff (2016) el Bitcoin por ser la moneda pionera presenta un crecimiento de su valor monetario muy superior a las otras criptomonedas, pero al igual que el resto no es reconocido como un activo financiero para cotizar en Bolsas de Valores por no poseer un organismo de control, que cumpla un papel similar a los Bancos Centrales, ni un marco de regulacion juridica que asegure su libre circulacion dentro de los mercados economicos del mundo. Esta moneda ha soportado varias crisis de liquidez y jurídicas en los mercados financieros, al punto de sorprender a la economía mundial por su rápido crecimiento y valorización. De acuerdo a Murphy son cerca de 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 77. èvre V, et al. Selective deficits in the circadian light response in mice lacking PACAP. . 2004;287:R1194–201. [DOI] [PubMed] 78. PACAP-Parameter–on Onset. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9286. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]79. . Altered light induced EGR1 expression in the SCN of PACAP deficient mice. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232748. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]80. Kim M, Peña. of the Clock 2 Gene, Per2. (Seoul). 2018;26:358–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]81. Arjona A, Sarkar DK. Gene mPer2 Regulates the of IFN-γ. J Res. 2006;26:645–9. [DOI] [PubMed] 82. . Temporal profile of circadian clock gene expression in a transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues. Neurosci. 2007;26:2731–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 83. Castañeda. Circadian rhythms of dopamine, glutamate and GABA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the awake rat: modulation by light. J Pineal Res. 2004;36:177–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 84. Endogenous dopamine regulates the rhythm of expression of the clock protein PER2 in the rat dorsal striatum via daily activation of D2 dopamine receptors. J Neurosci. 2010;30:14046–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]85. . Global depletion of dopamine using intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injection disrupts normal circadian wheel-running patterns and 2 expression in the rat forebrain. J Mol Neurosci. 2011;45:162–71. [DOI] [PubMed] 86. -Klein N, Goldstein RZ, et al. Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]87.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: 000 inversionistas los que participan del mercado del BTC y este mercado tiene una valorización de 112. 500 millones de dólares (Murphy, 2018). Domingo (2018) afirma que los expertos financieros envían mensajes recurrentes de bancos e instituciones financieras sobre los peligros de Bitcoin; por su volatilidad y falta de regulación jurídica, pero existen otros analistas que indican al BTC como una opción de reserva financiera a futuro. Nakamoto (2010) explica que esta moneda es creada por un software que realiza una transformación criptográfica que va dentro de una cadena continua de prueba de trabajo basados en hashes, formando un registro que no puede modificarse sin rehacer la prueba de trabajo. Estas forman un bloque que es una transacción especial que genera una nueva moneda cuyo dueño es el creador del bloque. De acuerdo a la Dirección General de Operaciones (2014), se incluye al Bitcoin dentro de un nuevo conjunto heterogéneo de instrumentos de pago innovadores que, por definición, carecen de un soporte físico que los respalde. ha crecido desde su lanzamiento al punto de que muchos inversores se preguntan cómo esta nueva generación de activos intangibles impactara en los mercados acostumbrados a los medios de pagos físicos.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: This involves up to four weekly treatment sessions with each treatment session lasting up to 90 minutes. Group 2 will receive TF-CBT. This involves up to 12 weekly treatment sessions, each lasting up to 1 hour. In addition to the therapy, participants will be asked to complete questionnaires at 6, 12, 20 and 52 weeks after randomisation. This can be done in person, over the phone or online. When the treatment has ended, 15 to 20 of the participants will be invited to have an interview with a researcher to see what they thought about taking part in the study and the treatment they received. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? By taking part in the study, the PTSD symptoms of the participants may get better and they may be contributing to future improvements in treatments offered to veterans suffering from the same condition. However, all talking therapies require people to talk about a problem and this can be uncomfortable or upsetting. They may uncover unpleasant memories of an event that had been forgotten. TF-CBT is known to be effective in reducing or removing the symptoms of PTSD. In contrast, it is not known if RTM may lead to increased symptoms of PTSD. This research will help answer that question. Where is the study run from? The recruitment and assessment of participants will take place online from the Inspire head office in Belfast, with the therapy sessions being delivered online due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? June 2019 to April 2022Who is funding the study? Forces in (UK)Who is the main contact? Jackie Sturtjackie. sturt@kcl. ac. ukPrevious plain English summary:Background and study aimsPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can affect people who have experienced a traumatic event in their life. Previous research has shown that up to 17% of UK ex-military service personnel who have recently been active in combat roles may have PTSD. If this is left undiagnosed or untreated, PTSD can lead to hospitalisation, unemployment and poverty and can put a strain on family relationships. This study aims to investigate whether 60 military veterans in will join the study and be happy to be randomly allocated to either of our two therapy treatments: Reconsolidation of (RTM) and Trauma-(TF-CBT).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of neurons in slices of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 1998;506:775–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]99. . Light/Dynamics to States. Front Neurol. 2021;12:625369. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]100. Entrainment of Depends on of. Neuron. 2018;99:555–63. e5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]101. . Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate, and nitric oxide. J Neurosci. 1997;17:667–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]102. Hannibal J, Møller. PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract. J Comp Neurol. 2000;418:147–55. [PubMed] 103. . Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light. J Neurosci. 1999;19:6637–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]104. . Melatonin, the pineal gland, and circadian rhythms. J Biol Rhythms. 1993;8:S73–81. [PubMed] 105. . Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. 2002;418:935–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 106. . Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Genet. 2006;15:R271–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 107. . Molecular machinery of the circadian clock in mammals. Res. 2002;309:47–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 108. . Manipulating circadian clock neuron firing rate resets molecular circadian rhythms and behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18:373–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]109. . Role of the cation-chloride-cotransporters in the circadian system. Pharm Sci. 2021;16:589–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]110. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Las investigaciones en relación a su valor futuro se ven afectadas porque es necesario que se atiendan simultáneamente su formalización jurídica y las condiciones de normal funcionamiento en los países como moneda de pago. Hub (2017) conceptualiza a la Blockchain como una tecnología innovadora creada para la transferencia de datos digitales con una codificación muy sofisticada y de una manera completamente segura. significa “cadena de bloques” y tuvo su nacimiento como actor secundario en la revolución del Bitcoin. La tecnología de la Blockchain se trata de un sistema de codificación de la información que está por detrás de la moneda virtual y que sustenta toda su estructura. La novedad que aporta este sistema radica en que las transferencias no requieren de un intermediario centralizado que identifique y certifique la información, sino que está distribuida en múltiples nodos independientes entre sí que la registran y la validan sin necesidad de que haya confianza entre ellos, lo que permite un ahorro de costos y de tiempo. Bruno de Alburquenque (2015) explica que para utilizar este mecanismo de pago como moneda virtual es necesario instalar un software de monedero virtual en el ordenador o teléfono móvil, que generará una dirección Bitcoin equivalente a un número de cuenta bancaria, y mediante este monedero se puede enviar y recibir dinero a otros usuarios. Una de las ventajas de este sistema radica en el hecho de que el envío de Bitcoin es instantáneo y toda operación puede ser monitorizada en tiempo real.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Commentary - Journal of and Aging (2018) Issue 1 Prevention of antipsychotic side effects in elderly populations Seeman* Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada *Corresponding Author: of Toronto Ontario, Canada E-mail: mary. seeman@utoronto. ca Accepted date: 03 February 2018 DOI: 10. 35841/mental-health-aging. 2. 1. 24-28 Visit for more related 40. By age 90, they become two-to-three-fold higher. There are known differences among the drugs, with clozapine showing the largest increased concentrations with age, and olanzapine showing the smallest. With respect to the pharmacodynamics of antipsychotic drugs on the dopamine D2 receptor, in young adults, the therapeutic window of striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy as measured by positron tomography is between 65% and 85% [3]. Below 65% occupancy, there is no antipsychotic effect; above 80%-85% occupancy, the emergence of extrapyramidal side-effects outweighs the antipsychotic benefit. Recent studies suggest that, for individuals over 50 years of age, the therapeutic window is lower, located somewhere between 50% and 60% [4,5]. With respect to the emergence of hyperprolactinemia, the threshold for which is 73% of occupied D2/D3 receptors in the pituitary gland of young adults, that percentage drops to 66% occupancy in older individuals [6]. In other words, in older age, relatively low doses of antipsychotic medication suffice for symptom control, and adverse side effects can, and often do, emerge at standard adult dosages [7]. The specifics of the side effects differ with age [8]. In the paediatric population, the main side effects are behavioural (e. g. inattention, sedation); in the adult population, they are mainly metabolic (e. g. obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome); in the over 65 population, they are mainly neurologic (e. g. extrapyramidal, postural and cognitive).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell-type specific distribution of chloride transporters in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience. 2010;165:1519–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]111. Vinay L, Jean-Xavier C. Plasticity of spinal cord locomotor networks and contribution of cation–chloride cotransporters. Rev. 2008;57:103–10. [DOI] [PubMed] 112. Tapia D, Suárez P, Arias-García MA, Garcia-Vilchis B, Serrano-Reyes M, Bargas J, et al. Localization of chloride co-transporters in striatal neurons. Neuroreport. 2019;30:457–62. [DOI] [PubMed] 113. . Cl- uptake promoting depolarizing GABA actions in immature rat neocortical neurones is mediated by NKCC1. J Physiol. 2004;557:829–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]114. Tillman L, Zhang J. Crossing the Chloride Channel: Value of the Neuronal K+-Cl- Cotransporter KCC2. Int. 2019;2019:8941046. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]115. 4th. of the of GABA in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2018;33:376–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]116. . GABA-mediated repulsive coupling between circadian clock neurons in the SCN encodes seasonal time. . 2015;112:E3920–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]117. The differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding K-Cl cotransporters (KCC1,2) and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) in the rat nervous system. Neuroscience. 2001;104:933–46. [DOI] [PubMed] 118. . Heterogeneous expression of γ-aminobutyric acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-associated receptors and transporters in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Las transacciones con esta moneda implican una transferencia de valor entre dos direcciones Bitcoin, públicas, aunque anónimas. Para garantizar la seguridad, las transacciones son aseguradas utilizando una serie de criptografías de llaves, ya que cada cuenta dispone de una llave pública y otra privada. Muñoz (2014) apunta que en el ecosistema Blockchain mucho de su crecimiento esta sostenido por el fenómeno Bitcoin, pues esta moneda ha sido la causante e impulsora de la aparición de cientos de criptomonedas que compiten dentro de un mercado financiero nuevo, con un paradigma en cuanto a sus diversas fortalezas, capacidades y aplicaciones. Esta moneda virtual usa la criptografía para controlar su creación. El sistema está programado para generar un número fijo de Bitcoin por unidad de tiempo a través de unos ordenadores llamados miners. Actualmente, ese número está fijado en 25 Bitcoin cada diez minutos, aunque está programado de forma que se reduzca a la mitad cada 4 años. Así, a partir de 2017, se emiten 12,55 Bitcoin cada diez minutos. La producción continuará hasta el 2140, cuando se alcance el tope de 21 millones de unidades en circulación y alcance su fase máxima de producción (Lee, 2018). La investigación se desarrolló en dos etapas: la primera cualitativa donde inicialmente se abordó los acontecimientos que dieron origen a la creación de la primera moneda virtual el Bitcoin en el 2. 009 así como su evolución hasta el 2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a movement disorder that involves involuntary choreoathetoid repetitive movements such as chewing and tongue protrusions, is a prevalent adverse effect of antipsychotic medication, especially prevalent in the elderly and usually associated with first generation antipsychotics (AP) more than with newer generation APs. While the mean prevalence of TD in the population who take APs is 20-25%, that percentage climbs steeply with every year of added age [9]. Another neurological adverse effect of APs is postural instability. This disturbance in balance, especially since it often occurs in conjunction with extrapyramidal symptoms such as parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dyskinesia and sometimes also with cognitive impairment, sedation, orthostatic change in blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmia (all among the relatively common adverse effects of APs), markedly increases the risk of falling and sustaining fractures [10-12]. Hip fractures are particularly dangerous in the elderly and are associated with increased mortality. Sedation induced by AP drugs is important not only in the context of potentially dangerous falls in the elderly but also because it can lead to respiratory compromise and to fatal kitchen accidents or road accidents [13]. The fact that APs also lead to obesity, which, in turn, strongly contributes to sleep apnea and consequent daytime sleepiness, adds to the prevalence of AP-induced sedation [14]. Cognitive impairment is associated with severe mental illness and can be aggravated by APs, especially in old age. The AP induction of cognitive disturbance is mediated by anticholinergic effects inherent in some APs more than in others and, therefore, varies not only with the prescribed dose but also with the specific agent used [15]. It is made worse by the use of adjunctive anticholinergic medications often prescribed to counteract the extrapyramidal side effects of APs [16]. The anticholinergic burden borne by elderly patients is further increased by the frequent addition of antihistamines or sedating antidepressants to the drug regimen [17]. Effects of induced by APs suppresses the reproductive endocrine axis, with consequent loss of bone mineral density [18]. The use of APs is, as a consequence, strongly associated with bone fractures, with hip fractures constituting the greatest risk to life [19-21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2008;506:708–32. [DOI] [PubMed] 119. Excitatory actions of GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci. 2008;28:5450–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]120. . Regulation in AVP+ and VIP+ Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10226. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]121. . Two brain nuclei controlling circadian rhythms are identified by GFAP immunoreactivity in hamsters and rats. Neurosci Lett. 1989;99:55–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 122. . in the via Glutamatergic Signaling. Neuron. 2017;93:1420–35. e5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]123. . System and the as Its Pacemaker. Biology (Basel). 2019;8:13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]124. Costa R, Montagnese S. The role of astrocytes in generating circadian rhythmicity in health and disease. J Neurochem. 2021;157:42–52. [DOI] [PubMed] 125. Chai H, Diaz- Neural Circuit-Specialized Astrocytes: Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Morphological, and Functional Evidence. Neuron. 2017;95:531–49. e9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]126. . The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease. Med. 2007;13:54–63. [DOI] [PubMed] 127. Mieda M. The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as an ensemble of multiple oscillatory neurons. Neurosci Res. 2020;156:24–31. [DOI] [PubMed] 128. Circadian regulation of ATP release in astrocytes. J Neurosci. 2011;31:8342–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]129. . Circadian rhythm generation and entrainment in astrocytes. J Neurosci. 2005;25:404–8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Los datos obtenidos en lo que respecta a movimientos de compra - venta de Bitcoin demuestran un significativo aumento con relación al comportamiento del corte 2015-2016, en un mercado valuado en 185. 000 millones de dólares y con una expectativa de crecimiento del 50 % para el 2019. Según expertos el 2020 será el de la consolidación definitiva de esta moneda dentro del mercado financiero. Fuente: (2017) Figura 1: Número de transacciones Bitcoin por mes en escala logarítmica desde el nacimiento de la moneda hasta el 2017 Como puede observarse en la Figura 1, el crecimiento de transacciones en comercios que aceptan como medio de pago al Bitcion presenta un ritmo sostenido, teniendo como puntal de crecimiento al 2012. En este año se produce el nacimiento de la Fundación Bitcoin mediante el cual se estandarizó las informaciones financieras y jurídicas sobre la nueva moneda, además se creó los mecanismos de protección y los protocolos de código abierto que permiten la creación de billeteras virtuales seguras. En la Tabla 1 se esboza la cronología de hechos financieros, administrativos, legales y escalas de producción del BTC que indica el proceso que siguió este novedoso activo financiero. Tabla 1: Cronología del ños Descripción 2009 Nace Bitcoin. Se lanza la red Bitcoin apalancado en la creación del “Bloque Génesis”. Se registran las primeras entradas de transacción global de Bitcoin en el mercado financiero.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: There is also the reported possibility, although this is highly controversial, that high prolactin levels induced by APs can contribute to the risk of breast and prostate cancer [22-25]. Cardiovascular adverse effects, such as postural hypotension leading to faintness [26] and tachycardia (overly rapid heartbeat) [27] are commonly associated with the use of antipsychotics. More serious side effects are arrhythmias leading to sudden death, caused by blockade of cardiac potassium channels and prolongation of the QT interval [28]. Clozapine use has been associated with death from myocarditis and cardiomyopathy [29] Aripiprazole, a partial dopamine agonist, can induce hypertension [30]. The weight gain associated with most APs increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which, in turn, induce heart complications. In general, APs must be used with caution in the elderly, for fear of fatal cardiac complications [31,32]. Antipsychotic drugs also exert direct and indirect effects on the vascular system, leading to complications such as venous and pulmonary thromboembolism [33-35]. As a result of this and of the increased risk for atrial fibrillation [36], there is a high prevalence of cerebrovascular complications in the elderly taking APs [37]. There is an association between APs and pneumonia in the elderly [38,39]. Urinary disease is also reportedly increased [40,41], as is electrolyte imbalance [42] and hypothermia [43]. In addition, APs can induce cataracts that interfere with vision [44] and gastrointestinal hypo motility, which can interfere with the absorption of drugs [45] and, thus, make them less effective. cohort study of AP use among over 7 thousand persons aged 65 years or over in a veterans’ geriatric service in Australia found that, at a median age of 86 years, 5 percent of veterans received more than one antipsychotic at a time [46]. study found frequent adverse interactions in the elderly; as many as 5 adverse interactions were found for every patient in the study [47]. A US study of over 3000 adults aged 70-79 found that over one-third were suffering from at least one type of drug interaction [48]. Polypharmacy is common and adverse interactions are common.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 182. Liu C, Reppert SM. GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron. 2000;25:123–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 183. Emergence of noise-induced oscillations in the central circadian pacemaker. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000513. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]184. . GAD65/GAD67 double knockout mice exhibit intermediate severity in both cleft palate and omphalocele compared with GAD67 knockout and VGAT knockout mice. Neuroscience. 2015;288:86–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 185. The physiological roles of vesicular GABA transporter during embryonic development: a study using knockout mice. Mol Brain. 2010;3:40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]186. Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture. Neurosci. 2002;3:728–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 187. . Long-Reveals a of in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2022;37:110–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]188. Olsen RW, Sieghart W. GABAA receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56:141–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]189. . and Pharmacology. In: Bhattacharjee A, editor. Handbook of Channels Oxford. UK: Press; 2018. 57. [DOI] 190. . GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus refines circadian output rhythms in mice. Commun Biol. 2019;2:232. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]191. . GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2001;537:853–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]192. Walker MC, Semyanov A. Regulation of excitability by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Este año el Bitcoin comienza a ser respetado como moneda de inversión, varias firmas de que operan en internet comunican la aceptación del Bitcoin como moneda de pago. En diciembre el gigante de Microsoft comienza a aceptar Bitcoin para comprar juegos de Xbox y aplicaciones de Windows. Para ese año ya circulaban 12. 125. 000 de unidades de Bitcoin. 2015 La plataforma de pagos Coinbase informa que en el mes de enero recaudó 75 millones de dólares como parte de una ronda de financiación de la Serie C, rompiendo el récord anterior para una compañía de Bitcoin. Ese año se informa de varios ataques cibernéticos y el robo de Bitcoin de varias compañías de pagos. Se procede al cambio en los sistemas informáticos para dotar de mayor seguridad a la red de comercio. En marzo la 21 Inc anuncia la captación de 116 millones de dólares en financiación de capital riesgo, utilizando como moneda de respaldo el Bitcoin, la mayor cantidad para cualquier empresa relacionada con la moneda digital. En agosto los portales relacionados a criptomonedas informan que cerca de 160. 000 comercios aceptan pagos en Bitcoin. Barclays se convertiría en el primer banco comercial británico en comenzar a aceptar Bitcoin, mediante un plan que facilitaba a los usuarios hacer donaciones caritativas usando la criptografía fuera de sus sistemas por medio de Blockchain. 2016 En enero la potencia de minería del Bitcoin informa que se han minado en total 14. 105. 000 de unidades de Bitcoin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR has no side effects or risks for users with mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: It is critically important to remember to reduce these doses gradually to a stable maintenance dose after hospital discharge. C) It is always safer to treat adverse effects of drugs by lowering doses than by adding another drug to counter the effects of the first one. D) Many patients take over-the-counter or herbal oral preparations as well as functionally active ointments and inhalants. It is important to inquire about these because they can interact with antipsychotic drugs to produce adverse effects. E) When a prescribed drug is no longer effective, it is tempting to raise the dose. Ineffectiveness, however, may be due to the patient’s not taking it. Alternatively, symptoms may result from withdrawal and rebound reactions as patients periodically start and stop medication. Non-adherence to a drug regimen is a prevalent phenomenon in the SMI population that needs to be periodically checked. Sometimes the drug is not effective because it is not being absorbed. A parenteral route of entry may prove effective. For many older people, low-level psychotic symptoms may be more tolerable than the side effects that come with higher doses. F) AP drugs have different therapeutic windows or effective dose ranges. Those with wide windows are safest for elderly patients. G) When initiating medication in elderly patients, “starting low and going slow” is good advice. H) More than one new medication should not be started at the same time. I) Since elderly patients always have more than one co-morbidity, it is important to liaise with all treating physicians. J) Medication regimens need to be frequently reviewed and those that are ineffective removed. All changes need to be instituted slowly. K) Women are more at risk for adverse effects than men. L) Elderly patients should be seen frequently, home visits often being necessary in this population. M) Because patients with severe mental illness may have no close relatives or friends, it is often essential to link them with community services and visiting nurses or case workers to assist in the monitoring of health and habits. elderly are at serious risk for the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication, a risk that is preventable. 33. Effects of age and gender on the serum levels of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine. Scand. 2017;136(5):455-64.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide promotes suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity in the absence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-VPAC2 receptor signaling. J Neurosci. 2005;25:11155–64. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]212. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science. 2002;298:2213–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 213. Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light. Science. 2002;298:2211–3. [DOI] [PubMed] 214. é C, Weihe E, Schäfer MK, et al. Cyclase-(PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Phase-to by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1281. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]215. Changes in light-induced phase shift of circadian rhythm in mice lacking PACAP. Res Commun. 2003;310:169–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 216. The mood stabilizer valproic acid opposes the effects of dopamine on circadian rhythms. Neuropharmacology. 2016;107:262–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 217. Ashton A, Jagannath A. in Schizophrenia and Signaling. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:636. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]218. . Mathematical insights into the role of dopamine signaling in circadian entrainment. Math Biosci. 2023;356:108956. [DOI] [PubMed] 219. üler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Neurosci. 2022;16:957193. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]220. . Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:1091–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 221. Retinal dopamine mediates multiple dimensions of light-adapted vision. J Neurosci. 2012;32:9359–68.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use decentralized networks for secure transactions. [SEP] Text: En marzo el Gobierno de Japón mediante su Gabinete de economía informa que reconoce al Bitcoin como moneda virtual y que la misma tiene una función similar al dinero real. Se publican conclusiones de varias investigaciones donde se demuestra que, desde noviembre del 2013, mediante el mejoramiento de la cadena de comercio basada en Blockchain el comercio del Bitcoin ya no estaba impulsado por actividades clandestinas, sino por empresas legales en su gran mayoría plataformas de Pagos. Uber comienza a aceptar Bitcoin como medio de pago. En septiembre el número de cajeros automáticos Bitcoin se había duplicado durante los 18 meses anteriores hasta alcanzar los 771 en todo el mundo. El número de artículos publicados en 3. 580 en 2016. Ese año el Bitcoin llega a una cotización de 901 dólar/BTC y se minaron en total 14. 105. 000 BTC. 2017 En enero la gigantesca NHK informa que el número de tiendas en línea que operaban con Bitcoin en Japón había aumentado 4,6 veces en el último año. del Japón aprueba una ley para aceptar Bitcoin como un método de pago legal, Rusia anuncia la legalización y aceptación de criptomonedas como medio de pago y de inversión. el banco en línea Skandiabanken, integra cuentas Bitcoin lo que permite una mayor fluidez de la moneda. En junio la cotización de Bitcoin supera por primera vez en su historia al precio de una onza de oro, rompe su máximo histórico y llega a cotizar en 1. 402,03 dólaresBTC.

Output: corroborate