Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Otto, S. A. , Timmermann, K. , and Humborg, C. : Reference state, structure, regime shifts, and regulatory drivers in a coastal sea over the last century: case, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 67, S266–S284, 2021. Torn, K. , Peterson, A. , and Herkül, K. : Predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution of the key habitat-forming species in the NE Baltic Sea, J. Coast. Res. , 177–181, 2020. Törnroos, A. , Pecuchet, L. , Olsson, J. , Gårdmark, A. , Blomqvist, M. , Lindegren, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Four decades of functional community change reveals gradual trends and low interlinkage across trophic groups in a large marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol. , 25, 1235–1246, 2019. Turja, R. , Hoher, N. , Snoeijs, P. , Barsiene, J. , Butrimaviciene, L. , Kuznetsova, T. ,. , and Lehtonen, K. K. : A multibiomarker approach to the assessment of pollution impacts in two coastal areas in Sweden using caged mussels (Mytilus trossulus), Sci. Total Environ. , 473, 398–409, 2014. Turja, R. , Lehtonen, K. K. , Meierjohann, A. , Brozinski, J. M. , Vahtera, E. , Soirinsuo, A. , Sokolov, A. , Snoeijs, P. , Budzinski, H. , Devier, M. H. , Peluhet, L. , Pääkkönen, J. -P. , Viitasalo, M. , and Kronberg, L. : The mussel caging approach in assessing biological effects of wastewater treatment plant discharges in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 97, 135–149, 2015. Vahtera, E. ,. , Pitkänen, H. , Savchuk, O. P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: However, the type of school has affected the consumption of breakfast where adolescents that attend public schools tend to skip breakfast more than adolescents studying in private schools with p<0. 05 (Table 3). These results might be explained by less quality of education regarding healthy lifestyle in public schools. Furthermore, the frequency of parents preparing food for adolescents and specifically breakfast were strongly associated to breakfast skipping with p<0. 001 (Table 3). The result from the present study supports the literature for this positive association [33]. Thus, parents could play an important role in adolescents’ dietary behavior. Linear regression model non-adjusted or adjusted did not found any association between BMI-for-age and skipping breakfast, even though various definitions were taken into consideration and different confounders were examined as well with p>0. 05 (Tables 6 and 7). R2=0. 002 ± SD eaters N ± SD Skippers β ± SE p value On average skip 1 morning/week 173 0. 74 ± 1. 25 231 0. 84 ± 1. 14 0. 094 ± 0. 119 0. 431 On average skip 3 mornings/week 272 0. 78 ± 1. 22 132 0. 83 ± 1. 12 0. 049 ± 0. 126 0. 700 On average skip 6 mornings/week 354 0. 78 ± 1. 19 50 0. 92 ± 1. 19 0. 144 ± 0. 179 0. 423 On average never eats in the morning 370 0. 78 ± 1. 20 34 0. 93 ± 0. 99 0. 099 ± 0. 064 0. 121 Table 6: ANOVA regression not corrected for covariates showing the association with BMI and skipping breakfast. Model: linear, R2=0. 03, SE of the estimate 1. 17, p=0. 032 β ± SE p value Location of breakfast 0. 091 ± 0. 064 0. 157 Age -0. 113 ± 0. 059 0. 055 Eating disorders 0. 142 ± 0. 160 0. 375 Exercise 0. 028 ± 0. 141 0. 842 Gender -0. 301 ± 0. 125 0. 017 Table 7: Linear non adjusted showing association with BMI and skipping breakfast. Many studies in the literature have found a correlation between breakfast intake and weight [5,8]. Several studies have found also no association between breakfast skipping and weight changes [7,11,25,34].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Development of a novel P-1,6-glucan-specific detection system using functionally modified recombinant endo-P-1,6-glucanase. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:5362-76. Sanchez C. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant properties from mushrooms. Biotechnol. 2017;2:13-22. . The effect of natural antioxidants on quality and shelf life of beef and beef products. Biotechnol. 2019;57:439-47. AACC International. Approved methods of the AACC. 10th ed. St. : of Cereal Chemists; 2000. . Identification and quantification of ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Med Mushrooms. 2006;8:215-22. . Flavor compounds in straw mushrooms Volvariella volvacea harvested at different stages of maturity. J Chem. 1997;45:4726-9. . Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice bran extracts. J Food Sci. 2012;77:c759-64. . Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Chem. 1992;40:945-8. . Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Biol Med. 1999;26:1231-7. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Nutr. 1986;44:307-15. Ulziijargal E, Mau JL. Nutrient compositions of culinary-medicinal mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. Med Mushrooms. 2011;13:343-9. Organization. Healthy diet. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Available from: detail/healthy-diet. Srikram A, Supapvanich S. Proximate compositions and bioactive compounds of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms from Northeast Thailand. Resources. 2016;50:432-6. . Edible mushrooms: A potential source of essential amino acids, glucans and minerals. Technol. 2017;52:2382-92. . Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides: A review on monosaccharide composition, biosynthesis and regulation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Long-term trends in phytoplankton composition in the western and central Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 87, 145–159, 2011. Wasmund, N. , Nausch, G. , Gerth, M. , Busch, S. , Burmeister, C. , Hansen, R. , and Sadkowiak, B. : Extension of the growing season of phytoplankton in the western in response to climate change, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 622, 1–16, 2019. Weber, S. C. , Loick-Wilde, N. , Montoya, J. P. , Bach, M. , Hai, D. N. , Subramaniam, A. , Liskow, I. , Lam, N. N. , Wodarg, D. , and Voss, M. : of the Nitrogen Supply, Position, and of Mesozooplankton in the Plume and China Sea, J. Geophys. Res. : Oceans, 126, 19, 2021. Weigel, B. , Andersson, H. C. , Meier, H. E. M. , Blenckner, T. , Snickars, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Long-term progression and drivers of coastal zoobenthos in a changing system, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 528, 141–159, 2015. Werner, F. J. and Matthiessen, B. : Warming has stronger direct than indirect effects on benthic microalgae in a seaweed system in spring, Mar. Biol. , 164, 1–10, 2017. Werner, F. J. , Graiff, A. , and Matthiessen, B. : Temperature effects on seaweed-sustaining top-down control vary with season, Oecologia, 180, 889–901, 2016. Wikner, J. and Andersson, A. : Increased freshwater discharge shifts the trophic balance in the coastal zone of the northern Baltic Sea, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 2509–2519, 2012. Wood, H. L. , Sköld, H. N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the usage of one single 24-hour recall might not reflect the real intake of the adolescents’ population. Multiple 24- hour recalls for the individual are required. Moreover, 24-hour recall reliance on memory might be another limitation besides errors in data collection and the absence of a Lebanese food database. Finally, this study is the first national study examining breakfast skipping in relation with weight in Lebanon; a few Lebanese studies have studied skipping breakfast apart and overweight and obesity without searching for a relation between them. The strength of the current study relies in the questionnaire’s assessment of a multitude of covariates. Not to mention that, this study assessed skipping breakfast using different definitions that allows for more accurate comparison. However, those results could only be generated to the region where this study was conducted; due to small sampling size that does not represent the entire Lebanese adolescent population. of breakfast skipping and on the other hand overweight and obesity among adolescents has been on the rise in the last few decades. The relation between these two phenomena however remains complex. Due to the importance of regularity in breakfast consumption on nutritional quality of the diet and the improvement in academic performance and psychosocial functioning, the purpose of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of skipping breakfast among 11–15 years old adolescents living in Lebanon and identifying whether there is an association between breakfast patterns and BMI-for-age taking into consideration confounders [37]. According to this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity were high attaining 25% overweight and 19% obesity among adolescents. In contrast to the absence of a specific definition of breakfast skipping, several definitions were used to describe breakfast skipping and its prevalence varied widely between these definitions from 8. 4% till 42. 8%. In an attempt to identify the correlation between breakfast and weight, this analysis found no association between the components despite taking into consideration the various definitions and confounders. As for dietary intake, fat and carbohydrate were positively associated with BMI-for-age (p<0. 05) contrary to energy intake where there was no association. Skipping breakfast was correlated with the school type, parental preparation of food specifically breakfast, sleeping duration, a lower consumption of milk, skipping lunch more often and eating fewer meals per day. This study could not conclude a relation between BMI-for-age and breakfast in the Lebanese adolescents’ population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Molecules. 2017;22:955. Mohler H. Pharmacology of GABA and glycine neurotransmission. New York: Springer; 2013. . Neurobiology of disease. New York: Press; 2016. . Reduced y-aminobutyric acid in occipital and anterior cingulate cortices in primary insomnia: A link to major depressive disorder? Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:1548-57. Nuss P. Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: A disturbance of modulation. Treat. 2015;11:165-75. Ngo D, Sang TV. An updated review on pharmaceutical properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Molecules. 2019;24:2678. . Contents of lovastatin, g-aminobutyric acid and ergothioneine in mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. LWT. 2012;47:274-8. . , Kobayashi T, Oyama H. The effects of g-aminobutyric acid, vinegar, and dried bonito on blood pressure in normotensive and mildly or moderately hypertensive volunteers. J Nutr. 2009;45:93-100. . Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine. J Chem. 2007;55:6466-74. . The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Rev. 2020;33:190-217. Lee CM. Fifty years of research and development of cosmeceuticals: A contemporary review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15:527-39. Perez-Sanchez A, Barrajon-Catalan E, Herranz-L, Opez M. Nutraceuticals for skin care: A comprehensive review of human clinical studies. Nutrients. 2018;10:403-541. . Biochemistry, essential amino acids. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Kim S. Antioxidant compounds for the inhibition of enzymatic browning by polyphenol oxidases in the fruiting body extract of the edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Foods. 2020;9:951. . Dietary polyphenols: A multifactorial strategy to target Alzheimer's disease. Mol Sci. 2020;20:5090. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A hypothetical species with a true thermal tolerance range of 5–10°C is assumed to occupy all coarse grid cells with at least some suitable microclimate, and the thermal tolerance, estimated from macroclimate data, is thus over-estimated by 10°C: the range of conditions present within each cell. When uniform warming of 2°C is applied to all cells, macro- and microclimate data thus yield exactly the same predicted range shift. Grid cells predicted by macroclimate data to be climatically unsuitable for that species, are also those that lose suitable microclimatic conditions and thus, there is a near linear relationship between macroclimate suitability and microclimate availability in both periods. In Fig. 1b, the outcome is shown for a hypothetical species with the same distribution as in Fig. 1a, when near-ground temperatures are decoupled from macroclimate across latitudes. This phenomenon is widely observed, and arises because near-ground temperatures are influenced more strongly by solar radiation at lower latitudes7. Therefore, at lower latitudes the offset between ground and air temperatures is higher at lower latitudes. While the thermal tolerance range estimated from macroclimate data is again 0–15°C the species’ true thermal range in this case is actually 7. 2–16. 7°C. In Fig. 1b, macroclimate data over-estimate thermal tolerance limits to a lesser extent than in Fig. 1a. With uniform warming of 2°C the shift in the microclimate is less than the shift in macroclimate, suggesting that the species would persist in parts of its range predicted by macroclimate data to be unsuitable. Thus, the range shift predicted by temperatures the species actually experiences is less than would be predicted when using macroclimate data derived from weather stations. Figure 1 therefore shows that the major flaw in using macroclimate derived from weather stations, is the geographic pattern in the discrepancy between macroclimate and near-ground microclimate (and not necessarily the climate grid size per se). Given that there is also greater spatial heterogeneity in near-ground temperature than in macroclimate, the resulting effects on projected range shifts could be profound. Macro- SuitabilityIn order to investigate the combined effects of using both fine-resolution and near-ground temperature on the accuracy of range-shift projections, we modelled associations between multiple climate variables and the distributions of 302 higher plant taxa (Table S1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, admitting that skipping breakfast has no effect on the outcome of health and specifically BMI is inappropriate because causality cannot be settled with cross-sectional studies. However, this research represents a guide for further research that will focus on skipping breakfast regarding weight changes while taking into consideration other variables. Finally, this research emphasizes the importance and need of more in-to-depth cross-sectional or preferably longitudinal studies to be conducted by public health agencies. These new researches must be based on large representative samples of the entire Lebanese population in all districts addressing the high prevalence and causes of overweight and obesity [38] and their possible relation to breakfast consumption in Lebanon [39]. Conflict of following is a research 615. Newby PK (2007) Are dietary intakes and eating behaviors related to childhood obesity? A comprehensive review of the evidence. J Ethics 35: 35-60. (2009) Lifestyle risk factors for obesity in 7-year-old children. 3: 99-107. (2005) Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Assoc 105: 743-760. (2008) Influence of breakfast on cognitive performance, appetite and mood in healthy young adults. Appetite 50: 560. (2003) Eating patterns and obesity in children: Heart Study. American journal of preventive medicine 25: 9-16. (2011) Skipping breakfast and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian and Pacific regions: a meta-analysis. 53: 260-267. (2009) The connection between maternal employment and childhood obesity: Inspecting the mechanisms. Househ 7: 227. (2010) Symposium overview: Do we all eat breakfast and is it important? Nutr 50: 97-99. Abalkhail B, (2002) Prevalence of daily breakfast intake, iron deficiency anaemia and awareness of being anaemic among Saudi school students. Nutr 53: 519-528. (2007) Breakfast and the diets of Australian children and adolescents: An analysis of data from the 1995 Survey. Nutr 58: 201-216. (2003) Prevalence of reproductive tract infections, genital prolapse, and obesity in a rural community in Lebanon. 81: 639-645. (2003) Prevalence and covariates of obesity in Lebanon: Findings from the first epidemiological study. 11: 1353-1361. (2011) Obesity associated behavior in adolescents of private schools in Lebanon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1733986/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe world of today is faced with many problems related to global pollution of the aquatic environment, including groundwater, rivers, lakes, bays, seas and oceans with substances harmful to ecosystems and living organisms. Water plays a major role in maintaining life, hence its quality is crucial in the entire food chain. One of the greatest threats to the aquatic environment is industrial wastewater containing harmful heavy metals and other toxic substances. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new, cheap and clean technologies for removing metals from wastewater. In this study, slag was used, which is a waste obtained in the modern and clean circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC), considered to be the most effective method of incineration of municipal sewage sludge. The physical and chemical properties of the slag material were characterized, such as grain composition, bulk density, SEM-EDS analysis, thermogravimetric measurements, BET adsorption and analysis of SEM and TEM images. Then, adsorption properties of slag in relation to Cu(II) ions in aqueous solutions were investigated. The research results showed high adsorption process efficiency and adsorption capacity. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the slag waste generated in the CFBC technology may be a cheap and highly effective adsorbent to be used in adsorption processes to remove heavy metals from wastewater. water qualityslag wastecirculating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC)adsorption processesCu(II) ionskineticsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionIntensive economic development, industrialization, emerging new technologies or excessive consumptionism significantly contribute to degradation of the natural environment. Therefore, challenge for modern world is to stop the expansion of pollution, search for clean technologies and, at the same time, effectively treat industrial wastewater to remove toxic substances such as heavy metals. Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals and other harmful substances most often ends up in water bodies, including rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, thus increasing the amount of pollution (Kalak et al. 2019; Renu et al. 2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed and projected at three scales: across Europe at 0. 5°, the (UK) at 5 km, and the Lizard Peninsula, southwest UK at 100 m. To test the accuracy of range-shift projections, we modelled associations between historic species distributions and climate (1977–1995), projected range-shifts to the present day (2002–2020), and compared projected climate suitabilities measured at each spatial resolution to observed distribution changes. To ensure our results were not biased by peculiarities of the climate of the Lizard Peninsula, we also modelled, at 100 m resolution, the historic and current distributions of one of these species, Melittis melissophyllum (Bastard Balm), at 72 4 km2 localities across Europe and compared this with results obtained by modelling changes in the European distribution at 0. 5°. This species was selected as its global range is almost entirely confined to Europe and adequate data were available at each of the chosen sites for model calibration and validation. The historic suitability predicted by macroclimatic SDMs in the 0. 5° or 5 km grid-cell(s) that encompass the Lizard were reasonably correlated with the area predicted to be suitable at 100m resolution (0. 5° slope = 0. 425, r2 = 0. 235, 5 km slope = 0. 570, r2 = 0. 324), and at 100m resolution for M. melissophyllum across Europe (slope = 2. 46, r2 = 0. 327). However, as hypothesised by our illustrative example, the slope of the relationship was shallower, and the correlation weaker when probability of occurrence was projected forward to current conditions (0. 5° slope = 0. 337, r2 = 0. 228; 5 km slope = 0. 493, r2 = 0. 234; M. melissophyllum slope = 0. 862, r2 = 0. 048; Figs. 2 and 3). Most importantly, the discrepancy in the relationship between macroclimatic suitability and microclimate availability over the two periods was greatest for those species for which macroclimate suitability was low. For example, a species with very low (0. 001) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution would be predicted to have approximately 3. 6 (Europe) to 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Based on the negative influence of sedentary behavior on health and the positive health effects of regular engagement in MVPA, the new Organization (WHO) guidelines have been developed and updated and no longer point to the need for 60 min of MVPA every day (minimum) [17], but rather a daily average of at least 60 min in each week [18]. In relation to breakfast habits, a previous cross-sectional study including children from 12 different countries found that frequent breakfast consumption was associated with a higher proportion of time in both light PA and MVPA [19]. Similarly, a randomized crossover trial found that adolescents (girls) spent more time in PA before and after school when a standardized breakfast was consumed daily than when consumed intermittently across the week. Obesity is a complex multifactorial condition with several possible environmental-, biological-, and behavioral-related factors [20]. Regarding behavioral factors, low levels of PA and inadequate dietary habits could lead to an imbalance between energy intake and energy use, which are consistent with an increased risk of having excess weight in an obesogenic environment (from an energy balance perspective) [21]. In this sense, some studies have been performed to determine the relationship between both dietary habits (e. g. , breakfast habits) and PA and excess weight [9, 10]. For example, a meta-analysis by Poorolajal et al. [9] including 286,804 children and adolescents from 33 different countries found that eating breakfast every day and sufficient PA were individually associated with lower odds of having excess weight, among other lifestyle behaviors. Similarly, one longitudinal study among Brazilian adolescents showed that those who had breakfast frequently showed lower adiposity (regardless PA level), while trunk adiposity was lower in adolescents with increased PA level [22]. More specifically, some studies found that MVPA did not condition the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight [23, 24]. However, to date, literature investigating if the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight in young people is moderated by daily MVPA engaged is still scarce. Thus, identifying a moderator of an effect helps to establish the boundary conditions of that effect or the circumstances, stimuli, or type of people for which the association is large versus small, present versus absent, positive versus negative, and so forth [25].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Their source of origin can be various industries such as refineries, petrochemicals, chemical industry (fertilizer production), pulp and paper industry and others (). According to the Organization (WHO), copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and Nickel are the most toxic metals (WHO 2006). Heavy metal contamination and its bioaccumulation in human tissues and organs can cause many serious health problems, such as cancer and brain damage, tumors of other organs, and diseases of respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems (Briffa et al. 2020). Copper is one of heavy metals with a wide industrial use and, at the same time, the most common pollutant of the aquatic environment. It was found in wastewater and first listed by the Agency (USEPA) in 1978 (Mukhopadhyay 2008). Copper is obtained and processed in many industries, including tanneries, mining, pyrometallurgical processes, surface treatments, etc. , Copper is soluble in aqueous solutions in the form of divalent Cu(II) metal, which appears to be more poisonous than the metal itself. The ionic form is able to be absorbed by living organisms, it can accumulate and cause many harmful health effects (Taylor et al. 2020; Kalak and Cierpiszewski 2018). Considering the dangers associated with the presence of this metal in the environment, the USEPA agency recommends a maximum contamination level (MCL) of 1. 3 mg/L (Taylor et al. 2022). Current global trend is proper waste management in line with circular economy and sustainable development. According to this idea, it is necessary to eliminate the negative impact on the environment by limiting waste storage and as well its reuse, or by reducing the mass and neutralizing it in incineration processes. Neutralization of sewage sludge by incineration is an alternative method due to limitations in the use of sewage sludge due to the excessive content of heavy metals. The method using heat with energy recovery is seen as the most effective method of neutralizing sewage sludge due to its energy and environmental benefits (Malerius and Werther 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 7 (UK) times more suitable microclimate under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions (Fig. 2). In consequence, a species that experienced a reduction in predicted probability of occurrence derived from macroclimate data will not necessarily lose climate at fine-resolution. Indeed, though 0. 5° European models implied the extirpation of 37 species from the Lizard Peninsula, and 5 km UK models 29 species, no extirpations were predicted by fine-resolution models (or indeed observed). For M. melissophyllum the results were similar (Fig. 3), though extirpation was predicted by microclimate models at some locations. Nevertheless, at localities with low (0. 1) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution in either period, M. melissophyllum was predicted to have 24. 9 times the area under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions. Whereas 0. 5° resolution models predicted extirpation from 29 of the 72 localities, 100m resolution models predicted extirpations from just 16. The breakdown in the relationship between macro and microclimate suitability over just a few decades calls into question the accuracy of range projections made using macroclimate data. macroclimate or microclimate data are used to predict species distribution shifts also affected expectations of how far species’ ranges would have to shift in order to track changes in climate. We calculated the mean of the distances between each grid cell predicted to be occupied historically and the nearest location with climatically suitable conditions under recent conditions. To track climate change at 0. 5° resolution, species would have had to shift between 0. 56 and 259 km, with a mean of 23. 0 km. At 5 km resolution, species would have had to shift between 2 m and 306 km, with a mean of 5. 93 km. When assessed using microclimate data, species would have had to have shifted between just 0 m and 3. 15 km, with a mean of 220 m, equating to just 8. 8 m per year (Table S1). Therefore, the rate at which taxa must move in order to keep pace with climate, is likely to be within the dispersal capability of even slow-growing sessile species14. The shorter distances predicted by microclimate models appear to be more accurate than the longer distances predicted by macroclimate models.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Given the increases in the prevalence of excess weight and breakfast skippers, knowing whether daily MVPA moderates the relationship between breakfast and excess weight status could be relevant as a first step in establishing more specific recommendations and intervention programs. Based on the above, our hypothesis is that skipping breakfast could increase the odds of having excess weight among children and adolescents [10] and daily MVPA level could decrease this association [9]. Consequently, this study attempts to verify whether the daily minutes of MVPA engaged moderate the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight in a sample of Spanish young people aged 6–17 years. MethodsPopulation and study designAll primary and secondary schools in the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain) were asked to take part in this research. Similarly, participants from 22 secondary schools from the province of Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain) were enrolled. For this study, participants were recruited by a convenience sample. A final sample of 2890 Spanish schoolchildren (46% girls) aged 6–17 years were included. Of the total number of participants, 1318 (46%) were from Murcia and 1572 (54%) from Extremadura. Information about the selection of the study sample is shown in Fig. S1. Likewise, the characteristics and differences according to the participants’ exclusion/inclusion are shown in Table S1. Children, adolescents, their families, and school staff were previously informed about the study’s procedures. To be included in this study, an informed consent form signed by parents or legal guardians was required. Regarding inclusion criteria, we only included schoolchildren aged 6–17 years with informed consent signed by parents or legal guardians. In relation to exclusion criteria, schoolchildren did not enroll when they (a) did not participate in lessons, since questionnaires and tests were performed during this subject; (b) had some kind of dysfunction that reduced the participation in PA (i. e. , motor problem, any disease); and (c) were under some drug therapy. Committee of the University of Extremadura (ID Nº. 89/2016) and the of the University of Murcia (ID Nº. 2218/2018) approved the study protocols, and it was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and with full respect for human rights.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The most important benefits include the following: significant reduction of waste mass, energy use of sewage sludge waste treatment, low susceptibility to changes in the composition of waste, system stability, minimization of odors, the possibility of using by-products fly ash and slag as a filter material or as an addition to building materials, including concrete, asphalt, bricks, concrete blocks and hollow bricks. The limitations include formation of by-products, quantity and quality of which depend on the chemical composition of sewage sludge, as well as combustion conditions and flue gas cleaning technology, high operating costs and high costs of building an incineration plant (Fytili and Zabaniotou 2008). Among the many combustion methods, the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology is the most technologically advanced solution. In principle, only the advantages of this technology can be mentioned, for example: compatibility with a wide range of fuels (gas, oil, high and low grade coal, biomass, sewage sludge, plastic waste, used tires), low pollution, high combustion efficiency and energy efficiency, possibility of simultaneous combustion of dehydrated and dried and fermented sludge and ease of maintenance of installation (Yuansheng and Mengshu 2021). The aim of this research study was to examine the possibility of Cu(II) ions adsorption on slag (CFBC-S) that was generated as a result of sewage sludge incineration using the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC). Physicochemical properties of the by-product as well as the impact of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial pH, initial concentration on the adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity were investigated. Furthermore, adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. (CFBC-S) preparation, characterization and Cu(II) adsorption Slag (CFBC-S) was obtained as a result of sewage sludge incineration using the circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC) in one of the sewage treatment plants in Poland. The CFBC-S samples were taken from a fluidized bed reservoir and prepared according to standards PN-EN 15002:2006 and PN-EN 14899:2006. Next, they were dried at 105°C to constant weight. All chemicals were analytically pure and distilled water was used in the research. CFBC-S samples were sieved and those with a diameter less than 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Whereas microclimate SDMs were able to predict extinctions and establishments with reasonable accuracy (extinctions median: 78%, establishments median 76%: macroclimatic predictions of extinctions and establishments were worse than would be expected by chance (0. 5° European models, establishments median: 49%, extinctions median: 34%; 5 km UK models, establishments median: 16%, extinctions median 9%; Table S3). Our findings were not sensitive to methods used to construct species distribution models, nor to assumptions about variation in recorder effort. While models built with different techniques or subsets of the data yielded slight differences in projected distributions, the overall finding, that the magnitude of projected range is much lower when predicted with microclimate data held true regardless of the approach used (Table S1). Our results demonstrate that the projections of species range shifts may systematically underestimate the importance of microclimatic refugia, and over-estimate range contractions, largely because spatial gradients in temperature were underestimated and thermal tolerances over-estimated when using macroclimate data. Warmer localities were those with higher solar irradiance ─ either poleward-facing slopes or those at lower latitudes ─ where the angle of incidence between the sun and the earth’s surface is closer to perpendicular15. Variation in solar irradiance has a more pronounced effect on near-ground temperatures than on air temperature 1. 5-2 m above ground, as the majority of radiation is transmitted through air without appreciably warming it16. In consequence, the loss of suitable microclimate is less than would be expected given the degree of ambient warming. The microclimate model we used to estimate climate suitability at fine-resolution incorporated the effect of exposure to varying degrees of solar radiation, so represented near-ground temperatures more accurately than temperatures derived from weather stations9,16. Combined with the existence of considerable local spatial heterogeneity in microclimate, and likely slower rates of warming of microclimatic refugia9, microclimate models thus predict greater persistence and more localised shifts that more closely match observed patterns of establishment and extinction. It is possible that we found such a striking difference between macro- and microclimate projections because the majority of the study species are associated with grassland and heathland, for which the greater effects of solar irradiance on near-ground temperatures are particularly pronounced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Thus, higher levels of PA (including non-exercise activity thermogenesis) have been linked to lower BMI and body fat percentage, as well as for those who have excess weight, increased PA levels can be effective for reducing BMI [44, 45] and body fat percentage [45]. More specifically, MVPA has proven to be especially relevant in the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity [44]. Notwithstanding, PA levels are mainly low among young people with obesity [46]. Moreover, a meta-analysis by Wang et al. [47] found that only the 31% of single PA had significant and favorable results to prevent childhood obesity. However, it is important to take into account that a significant body of research indicates that small changes in nutrition in addition to PA are also necessary to control weight [21]. Findings also seem to indicate that a sufficient amount of daily MVPA could moderated the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight in both sexes. Some studies have shown that MVPA was not a mediator variable in this relation neither in girls nor boys (adolescents), as well as in Latin and girls with excess weight [23, 24]. Conversely, Albertson et al. [48] revealed in a longitudinal study that PA is a mediator in relationship between eating breakfast and BMI over time in White and Black adolescent girls. Based on our findings, it seems that although young people who skip breakfast show higher risk of suffering obesity [9], greater levels of PA might be a valuable contributor to energy balance and weight control [45]. There are some mechanisms which could explain the associations obtained. As was previously mentioned, breakfast skipping is related to variations in decreased satiety and appetite, which may result into overeating and altered insulin sensitivity [39]. It might be explained by the reason that a higher PA level may lead to an increase in total calories consumed. Nevertheless, individuals with greater PA levels may be more sensitive to appetite control system by improved compensatory regulations for the density and energy content of food [49]. Supporting this idea, Schubert et al. [50] in their meta-analysis showed that exercise is successful to induce a caloric deficit (in a short term) and that people do not tend to compensate for the energy expenditure during physical exercise in the following hours post exercise by modifying food consumption. Additionally, another meta-analysis has shown that acute exercise might affect appetite by suppressing levels of some hormones (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: 212 mm were used in experiments. Their physicochemical properties were determined as follows: granulation analysis, p0. 212 mm − 13. 1%; 0. 212–0. 5 mm − 73. 8%; 0. 500–1. 0 mm − 11. 2%; 1. 0–1. 7 mm − 0. 51%; > 1. 7 mm − 1. 39%. Based on these studies, it was found that the CFBC-S p0. 212 mm. The analysis of p955. 4 nm (Fig. SM1, supplementary material). The analysis was difficult to carry out because some of slag p0. 82 and 1. 34 g/cm3, respectively. The results of the analysis may be useful from the point of view of industrial application in building and construction materials. Elemental analysis using the SEM-EDS method was performed and the results are shown in Ta ble 1 and Fig. SM2 (supplementary material). As it is seen, slag mainly includes following elements:. The method is based on a spot measurement on the sample surface. Slag is a complex mixture, hence the quantitative and qualitative composition may slightly differ in different places of the agglomerates due to the location of the measuring point. Table 1 Elemental composition of CFBC-S (SEM-EDS analysis) -S [%], weight 1. 33 43. 8 0. 74 2. 51 3. 54 3. 74 14. 2 0. 46 0. 19 27. 1 0. 44 ― 1. 89 CFBC-S [%], atomic 2. 5 61. 6 0. 72 2. 33 2. 95 2. 99 10. 3 0. 32 0. 11 15. 2 0. 21 ― 0. 76 Oxides CO2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 CFBC-S [%] 4. 89 1. 0 4. 17 6. 68 7. 99 32. 48 1. 14 0. 23 37. 98 0. 73 - 2. 71 The BET and BJH analysis revealed the following results: specific surface area 1. 87 m2/g, pore volume (Vp) 0. 0096 cm3/g and mean pore diameter (Apd) 21. 2 nm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: These localised shifts could fragment populations, alter demography and affect community composition and ecosystem function. However, we caution against assuming long-distance range shifts will occur as an immediate response to climate, and hence that the redesign of protected area networks10,11 and assisted colonisations27 are the most pressing conservation priorities. Finite conservation resources and competing land-uses in many instances render such approaches impractical, emphasising the need for robust measures for carrying-out conservation in situ22. Rather, we emphasise the need to implement measures that sustain viable populations of species within their current geographic extent, Conservation at locations with high microclimatic heterogeneity could provide a practical and cost-effective means of reducing extinction threat because this can be targeted at specific suitable locations. Climate data Monthly global gridded 0. 5 degree gridded climate data for the period 1979–2020 were obtained from the Unit23 and the data for Europe extracted from this. Monthly gridded 5 km climate data for the UK were obtained from the Met Office24. Monthly 100 m gridded temperature data for the were obtained by aggregating the hourly outputs from a microclimate model previously developed for the study region25. To derive 100m resolution temperature data for the 71 M. melissophyllum locations across Europe, we used the R26 package microclima16, which automatically downscales sub-daily climate data from the for Environmental prediction27, using high-resolution digital elevation data28. Monthly 100m gridded rainfall data for the were derived by spatially interpolating 5 km gridded rainfall data using a thin-plate spline, with 100m resolution elevation data28 included as an additional covariate. Interpolation was performed using the fields package29 for R26. The same procedure was used to downscale rainfall at 71 locations across Europe, though using rainfall data Unit. Monthly data were used to reconstruct, for two study periods (1977–1995) and (2002–2020), the 19 widely used “Bioclim” variables presented in Hijmans et al30. Species distribution data Records of vascular plants across the were obtained from in (ERICA) database, a compilation of verified local biodiversity records curated by members of the Cornwall and Isles of for Biological Recorders, comprising more than 3 million plant records31.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: , ghrelin), which could facilitate alterations in food/beverage consumption post-acute exercise. Also, a systematic review with meta-analysis conducted by García-Hermoso et al. [51] pointed out the efficacy of interventions including aerobic exercise on insulin resistance indicators in youths with obesity. In relation to the previously mentioned Spanish’s late meal timing, one study showed that a large dinner or late-evening snacking is associated with higher BMI only in children with low PA levels, suggesting that increased PA levels seem to compensate for the negative effects of late-night excessive caloric intake on children’s BMI [52]. Similarly, another study found that children at the lowest quartile of PA level had a positive association between the calories consumed at dinner and BMI, being this association inverse for children at the highest quartile of PA level [52]. These same authors found that high-energy intake at dinner and evening snack was related to skipping breakfast in children. However, the dinner consumption was not assessed in this study. Based on these facts, it is hypothesized that MVPA could moderate the association of skipping breakfast on excess weight in both boys and girls. Breakfast is one of the more debated meals, contemplated as the most essential of the day on some occasions [6] and questioned in others [53]. For instance, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis concludes that breakfast consumption should be promoted to increase the macronutrient quality and food intake in both children and adolescents [54]. Conversely, one systematic review and meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials by Sievert et al. [55] (in adults) pointed out that caution is required to recommend breakfast for reducing body weight, since it may have the contrary result, regardless of established breakfast habit. Breakfast may not or may be the most essential meal, but it is undoubtedly a meal that needs further research [56]. What our results do suggest to point to is that if breakfast is skipped, high levels of MVPA could reduce the association of skipping breakfast on excess weight in young people. One strength of the current study is that, to date, the moderator role of MVPA level in the relation between skipping breakfast and excess weight in young people has not been extensively studied. Thus, our study evaluated this association in a large sample of Spanish young people. Conversely, our research also had certain limitations. A causal relationship was not developed due to the cross-sectional nature of this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The shape of the obtained adsorption isotherms resembles the type III isotherm, which is related to cooperative adsorption (Figs SM3 – SM6, supplementary material). This means that previously adsorbed p1. The slag p1. 8–5. 6, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 1–5 g/L, contact time 60 min, temperature 23°C, agitation speed 200 rpm. As it is seen, high adsorption efficiency was reported at initial pH 1. 8 for the slag doses of 1 g/L (86. 6%), 3 g/L (90. 7%), 5 g/L (98. 8%). An increase in initial pH resulted in a gradual decrease in adsorption efficiency. The experimental adsorption capacity also reported a stable decrease in the range of 19. 5–14. 7 mg/g. In considering the influence of the initial pH, the surface charge of the slag and the degree of speciation should be taken into account. The tested adsorbent is alkaline in nature, therefore it may increase the pH in an aqueous solution during adsorption. The presence of such anions in the adsorbing material as SiO32−, CO32−, PO43−, OH−, SO42− may contribute to the precipitation of copper ions from the solution at higher pH. The pH parameter influences electrostatic charge of the metal oxides present in the adsorbent material. Hence, it is highly probable that the adsorption of Cu(II) ions may be associated with ion exchange and/or complexation by bonding with oxygen groups. The probable ion exchange mechanism between H+ and Cu2+ ions can be proposed by the equations 1–3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Records georeferenced to a precision of > 100m were removed and the remaining data used to determine the presence of species within each 100m grid cell in each of two study periods. The 302 taxa present in at least 50 grid cells in the historic period were selected for all subsequent analysis. Plant records from across the were obtained from the of the British Isles32, and the presence in 5 km grid cells determined in the same two periods. Plant records from across Europe were obtained were downloaded from the (GBIF), supplemented by data from the Europaea33, for those species for which such data were available, and used to establish presence in each 0. 5 degree grid cell during the two time periods. For the fine-resolution M. melissophyllum analyses, only records georeferenced to ≤ 100 m were used. Modelling species distribution We used climate envelope models34 to predict species distribution shifts. Because the ‘bioclim’ variables were correlated with one another, and to ensure greater transferability between regions or time periods35, we performed Analyses, and used the first 7 components, which together explained > 99% of the variance, as climatic predictors of species distributions. In each instance we constructed the model using historic distribution and climate data and projected distributions forward to the present day, thus permitting robust empirical validation. To account for spatial biases in recording, we repeatedly subsampled the data in a manner proportional to the log-transformed number of visits to each square such that presences were more likely to be generated from grid cells with low visit coverage and absences from grid cells with high observer coverage. The number of visits to each square was calculated as the number of unique date, observer and location name combinations in each grid cell. Each sub-sample was obtained by randomly selected n/10 presences and absences, where n is the total number of occupied grid cells. Where fewer than 100 grid cells were occupied n/5 presences and absences were generated. To account for methodological uncertainties in models, we generated species distribution using three varied, but widely used model classes, namely Maxent36, Models37 and random forests38. For each species and method, 20 distribution models were constructed using separate sub-sampled data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is not possible to conclude that engaging in MVPA (with or without skipping breakfast) promotes having excess weight or, contrariwise, that skipping breakfast causes decrease in the MVPA level (i. e. , the reverse causality). Hence, despite the reason that a specific dependence direction between variables was discussed, several directions of these associations are also possible. In addition, the estimation of PA level would be more accurate with the use of accelerometers instead of questionnaires. However, Saint-Maurice et al. ’s Equation [34] has shown a high correlation with accelerometry values (r = 0. 63) and there were no statistically significant differences between the recorded and estimated MVPA. One difficulty found to analyze the evidence of the association between eating breakfast and health is the description of what a healthy breakfast includes, in relation to the type of food that it is composed of, the frequency of its consumption, or the energy content, aspects which were not analyzed in the present study [57]. Also, it has been pointed out that energy density (in breakfast) should be considered as a further element of breakfast intake [58], since it could be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in young people with excess weight. Finally, fatness by a 4-compartment model, which is considered the gold standard for assessing body composition, was not measured. However, it is high-priced and involves specific tools to independently determine the body water, total bone mineral content, and body volume [59]. For all of these abovementioned reasons, caution is required to interpret our results. In conclusion, our results showed that daily MVPA moderates the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight, meaning that PA of sufficient intensity seems to reduce the effect of skipping breakfast on young body weight status. This finding may be important for the establishment of public health policies that will help to the prevention of childhood obesity. Therefore, interventions planned to promote the sufficient practice of PA among children and adolescents could be crucial for maintaining a more appropriate weight status, especially in those who are skipping breakfast.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Based on the previous research results, the following experimental conditions were used: initial concentration of Cu(II) (2. 5–100 mg/L), adsorbent dosage 2–5 g/L, initial pH 1. 9, contact time 60 min, agitation speed 200 rpm, T = 23°C. The adsorption curves show an upward trend in all cases of slag doses. Higher adsorption efficiencies were obtained at the initial concentration of 100 mg/L (98. 2% − 5 g/L of slag, 91. 8% − 4 g/L, 89. 0% − 3 g/L, 87. 9% − 2 g/L). An increase in experimental adsorption capacity was also observed (Fig. SM10, supplementary material). This is due to the fact that free active sites were still available, and their total available amount influenced the adsorption efficiency. Effect of contact time The research results on the influence of contact time on adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity are shown in Figs. 6 and 11 and Figure SM11 (supplementary material). The study of the contact time in adsorption is important from the point of view of potential industrial use. Determining optimal contact time can help to design processes efficiently and reduce costs. The following experimental conditions were used in these studies: initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, initial pH 1. 9, slag dosage 1–5 g/L, temperature 23°C, agitation speed 200 rpm. As shown in Fig. 6, the maximum level of adsorption efficiency was achieved in the range of 20–30 minutes of the process and no changes were observed until 60 minutes, hence there was no need to continue the experiment for a longer time. An increase in adsorption efficiency in the first stage may be a consequence of the availability of a large number of free active sites on slag surface and a high concentration of Cu(II) ions at the interface. The gradual occupation of active centers by metal ions during mixing contributed to equilibrium in the system. Kinetic models The kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption on CFBC-S was analyzed with pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) models.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractAssetsDiscussionMetrics 16 Nov 2023 | 16 Nov 2023 Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration örer, and Abstract. Accelerations of ecosystem transformation raise concerns, to the extent that high rates of ecological change may be regarded amongst the most important ongoing imbalances in the Earth system. Here, we used high-resolution pollen and diatom assemblages and associated ecological indicators (the sum of tree and shrub pollen and diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations as proxies for tree cover and lake-water eutrophication, respectively) spanning the past 150 years to emphasise that rate-of-change records based on compositional data may document transformations having substantially different causes and outcomes. To characterize rates of change also in terms of other key ecosystem features, we quantified for both ecological indicators (i) the percentage of change per-unit-time, (ii) the percentage of change relative to a baseline level, and (iii) the rate of percentage change per-unit-time relative to a baseline level, taking into account the irregular spacing of palaeoecological data. These measures document how quickly specific facets of nature changed, their trajectory, as well as their status in terms of palaeoecological indicators. Ultimately, some past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to rapidly recover important ecological attributes and functions. In this context, insights from palaeoecological records may be useful to accelerate ecosystem restoration. How to cite. Finsinger, W. , Bigler, C. , Schwörer, C. , and Tinner, W. : Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration, EGUsphere [preprint], 2023. Received: 06 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 16 Nov 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 738 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Several studies have found an inverse association between breakfast consumption and obesity, both cross-sectionally( Reference Song, Chun and Obayashi 13 Reference Huang, Hu and Fan 14 ) and longitudinally( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). Huang et al. reported that the OR of being obese was 1·34 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·56) for breakfast skippers compared with breakfast eaters among Taiwan adults, when controlling for several potential confounders( Reference Huang, Hu and Fan 14 ). Merten et al. found that regular breakfast consumption (eating breakfast on 4 d/week or more) during both adolescence and young adulthood seemed to reduce the risk for adult obesity( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 ). Further, a US prospective study reported increased breakfast skipping from adolescence into young adulthood to be associated with increased weight gain during the transition( Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). Breakfast content is likely to affect physiological responses like satiety, glycaemia( Reference Pereira, Erickson and McKee 17 ) and the thermic effect of food( 3 ), but could also represent an overall healthy diet( Reference Kant, Andon and Angelopoulos 18 ) and a generally beneficial lifestyle( Reference Halsey, Huber and Low 19 ). Thus the causality between breakfast skipping and obesity risk needs further investigation. Numerous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported a general consistent relationship between time spent watching television (TV) and obesity risk in adults( Reference Chaput, Klingenberg and Astrup 20 – Reference Foster, Gore and West 22 ). Among proposed reasons for this association are reduced engagement in light-intensity activities and thus decreased energy expenditure( Reference Thorp, Owen and Neuhaus 23 ), more frequent meals regardless of hunger( and de Castro 24 ), increased intakes of snacks( 7 ) and high-density foods when eating in front of the TV( Reference Blass, Anderson and Kirkorian 25 ) and an overall poorer dietary quality( and Biddle 26 ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: The calculation results (reaction rate constant k, equilibrium adsorption capacity qe and correlation coefficients R2) are presented in Table 2, and the plots are shown in Figures SM12 and SM13 (supplementary material). The performed calculations showed that higher coefficients R2 were recorded in the case of PSO model, which is related to greater correlation between the experimental qe and the calculated qt values. Therefore, it can be concluded that the kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption on CFBC-S is better described by the PSO model. Chemisorption and electrostatic attraction on the adsorbent surface could take place during these processes. Table 2 Kinetic parameters of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models dosage [g/L] PFO kinetic model PSO kinetic model kad [min− 1] qe [mg/g] R2 k [g/mg min] qe [mg/g] R2 CFBC-S 3 0. 134 9. 449 0. 971 0. 008 24. 110 0. 999 4 0. 130 10. 223 0. 934 0. 010 22. 332 0. 999 5 0. 118 7. 229 0. 958 0. 012 19. 711 0. 999 Isotherm models Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the studied adsorption process. The calculations of isotherm parameters are shown in Table 3 and the isotherms are included in Figures SM14 and SM15 (supplementary material). Based on the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacities were calculated and are as follows: 53. 04 mg/g (CFBC-S dosage 2 g/L), 56. 05 mg/g (3 g/L), 60. 92 mg/g (4 g/L) and 70. 34 mg/g (5 g/L). According to the calculated correlation coefficients R2, adsorption reactions carried out in these studies are more closer to the Freundlich model than to the Langmuir model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: 06 billion hectares (31%) of land area, representing 0. 52 hectares per person. The overall rate of net forest loss has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2020 due to the decline in deforestation in several countries and additional afforestation and natural forest growth in other countries. Since then, however, approximately 178 million hectares of forest, approximately five times Japan’s area, has been lost due to deforestation. Japan’s forest coverage rate is approximately 70%, which ranks third among the 37 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries after Finland and Sweden, and seventh in the world in planted forest area as given in Ref. [3]. Over the past 50 years, Japan’s forested areas have remained unaltered, despite the decline in global forest acreage; thus, encouraging Japan to make the most of its forests could significantly affect the SDGs. Furthermore, planted and natural forests have been increasing annually. Of these, 40% of the total planted forests are fully utilized and older than 50 years, which is the primary cutting period; currently, they are in full-scale utilization. However, the sustainability of using forests is accompanied by the equivalent replacement and growth representing an appropriate maintenance and renewal of trees. Therefore, Japan must prepare sufficient financial resources to contribute to the SDGs. The global warming tax, also known as the “global warming countermeasures tax,” was introduced in Japan in 2012; however, it did not incorporate measures to mitigate forest warming. In light of this, imposing a national forest environment tax to raise funds for this endeavor makes sense. Japanese people should pay this tax, whether in the country or abroad. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides the background to introducing funds and taxes for forest cultivation. Section 3 comprehensively describes water source funds from around the country. Section 4 provides an overview of the forest environment tax before developing the national tax. Section 5 presents the forest environment tax as a national tax, which is the focus of this paper. For more information on Section 5, please refer to Ref. [4]. Advertisement 2. Background to establishing the forest environment tax and the water source fundForests can enhance people’s lives and support national economic growth in many ways. These are considered to be the diverse roles that forests play. Council of Japan contends that forests impact 35 elements in eight categories as given in Ref. [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: *P ≤ 0·05. †NA = non-applicable due to fewer than five observations in sub-populations. Table 3 Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for being classified as a breakfast skipper or breakfast with TV (compared with breakfast without TV), according to sex, ethnicity and level of education, in the total sample and for each country separately: parents (n 6512) of 10–12-year-olds in eight European countries, cross-sectional study, 2010 TV, television; balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth. *P ≤ 0·05. †NA = non-applicable due to fewer than five observations in sub-populations. study sample included 6512 parents with the mean age of 41 years; 83 % females, 65 % high SES and 83 % natives. Further, 32 % were categorized as breakfast skippers, 23 % as breakfast with TV and 44 % as breakfast without TV (Table 1). The proportion categorized into the different breakfast habits ranged greatly between the eight European countries; breakfast skippers ranged from 12 % in the Netherlands to 54 % in Greece (P ≤ 0·0 0 1), breakfast with TV ranged from 4 % in Switzerland to 78 % in Spain (P ≤ 0·0 0 1) while breakfast without TV ranged from 5 % in Spain to 72 % in Belgium (P ≤ 0·001). Adjusting for sex, ethnicity and parental education as potential confounders, the OR of being overweight was 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) for breakfast skippers v. breakfast without TV (Table 2), the OR of being obese was 1·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·3), while no significant association was observed for those being underweight in the total study sample. Significant relationships were also observed within some of the countries; in Greece, the OR of being obese was 2·2 (95 % CI 1·2, 4·0), whereas in Hungary, the OR of being obese was 1·7 (95 % CI 1·1, 2·8). the OR of being overweight was 1·6 (95 % CI 1·1, 2·2) while the OR of being obese was 1·8 (95 % CI 1·0, 3·0).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models dosage [g/L] Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm Calculated qm [mg/g] KL [L/mg] R2 Kf [mg/g] [L/mg](1/n) n R2 CFBC-S 2 53. 04 0. 049 0. 824 1. 315 0. 986 0. 933 3 56. 05 0. 037 0. 888 1. 213 0. 938 0. 938 4 60. 92 0. 031 0. 910 1. 171 0. 906 0. 940 5 70. 34 0. 019 0. 929 1. 049 0. 964 0. 950 ConclusionsIn this study, slag (CFBC-S) obtained as a result of incineration of municipal sewage sludge with the use of the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology was used. In the first stage, selected physicochemical properties of the adsorbent were characterized using various methods. In the second stage, copper ion adsorption experiments were carried out and the influence of such factors on the process efficiency as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions and contact time were examined. As a result of the research, high adsorption efficiency of 98. 8% was reported under the following conditions: adsorbent dose 5 g/L, initial concentration of Cu(II) ions 100 mg/L, initial pH 1. 9, T = 23°C, contact time 60 min. Many experiments have shown that it is possible to achieve high process efficiency at the level of at least 90%. In the third step, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were analyzed. It turned out that the investigated sorption processes are more closer to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and to the Freundlich model. Summarizing, it can be stated that slag obtained as a result of CFBC technology can be successfully used to remove copper from aqueous solutions. Slag is industrial waste that can be reused as a product, which is in line with the promoted zero waste policy. This adsorbent can be proposed for potential use in wastewater treatment plants for the treatment of industrial and municipal effluents.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, low timber prices, a decline in forestry workers, an aging population, and a lack of funding have contributed to the issue of inadequate maintenance of forests that local government bodies manage. The public benefits only from robust forests. Thus, local governments began enacting a forest environment tax using the decentralization law to aid forest restoration. Kochi Prefecture’s forest coverage rate is 74%, ranking first among prefectures in Japan. In addition, Kochi’s planted forest per capita is the highest in Japan, approximately six times the nation’s average. Thus, 40% of Kochi Prefecture’s land was negatively affected, raising concerns about the potential loss of forests’ public utility function. In addition, with the lowest financial strength index in the nation, Kochi Prefecture’s fiscal situation was tight; therefore, new funding sources were required to prevent the destruction of forests. Against this backdrop, became the first in the nation to adopt a forest environment tax in 2003. In 2004, imposed the Tax, followed by Tottori’s ’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, Yamaguchi Prefecture’s ’s forest environment tax, Kumamoto Prefecture’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, and Kagoshima Prefecture’s forest environment tax in 2005. Figure 1 shows that of Japan’s 47 prefectures, 37 have adopted a forest environment tax under different names. Figure 1. Prefectures that have introduced substantial forest environment tax (shaded area). Created by the authors based on Ref. [6]. A forest environment tax can be defined as a system where local governments enforce an additional tax burden to conserve or recharge forests. However, no tax falls under the forest environment tax category. The introduced forest environment tax used the per capita approach that provides the necessary funds to safeguard forests through a taxation surcharge on inhabitants (prefectural or municipal taxes) mandated by the local tax law. Accordingly, the residence tax is a regular tax collected without a stated goal. Forest conservation initiatives are financed with funds equal to the tax surcharge collected as a forest environment tax. Most prefectures impose an excess tax of forest environment tax at a fixed rate per capita on corporations, where the amount is determined according to specific criteria such as capital, and a flat excess tax rate on individuals’ per capita residential tax rate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In Switzerland, the OR of being underweight was 2·7 (95 % CI 1·1, 6·6). Within the Belgian, Dutch, Norwegian and Spanish samples no significant associations were found for the relationship between weight status and breakfast skipping. In the total study sample, the OR of being underweight was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·9) while the OR of being obese was 1·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 1·8) for breakfast with TV compared with breakfast without TV (Table 2). No significant association was observed for overweight. Similar but sometimes more pronounced and sometimes non-significant results were observed in the separate countries. For example, in the Belgium sample, the OR of being obese was 2·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 5·3) while the OR of being obese was 3·1 (95 % CI 1·3, 7·3) in the Netherlands. the OR of being obese was 2·3 (95 % CI 1·0, 5·3). Within the Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Spanish and Swiss samples no significant associations were found for the relationship between weight status and breakfast with TV. Regarding potential sociodemographic determinants, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 1·4 (95 % CI 1·2, 1·6) for fathers v. mothers, 0·8 (95 % CI 0·7, 1·0) for natives v. non-natives and 0·5 (95 % CI 0·4, 0·5) for high educated v. low educated, in the full sample (Table 3). In the Netherlands, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 3·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 9·6) and 0·2 (95 % CI 0·1, 0·5) respectively for fathers and for those highly educated. In both Greece and Hungary, the OR was 0·6 (95 % CI 0·4, 0·9 in Greece; 95 % CI 0·5, 0·9 in Hungary) for parents having high education. In the Norwegian sample, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 0·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·6) for those who were highly educated, while the OR for the same relationship was 0·6 (95 % CI 0·5, 0·8) in Slovenia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Declarationsresearch did not receive a specific grant from any a funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. I would like to express special thanks to Dr. (Nanobiomedical Centre, University in Poznań, Poland) for taking TEM images in nanoscale of the research samples. 4193. (2020) Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6(9):e04691. Fytili D, (2008) Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods - A review. Renew Sust. 12:116–140. (2016) Functionalization of with UV-by Spacer. 6:163–174. Kaewsarn P, (2001) Cadmium (II) removal from aqueous solutions by pretreated biomass of marine alga Padina sp. 112(1):209–213. Kalak T, (2018) Adsorptive removal of copper and cadmium ions using fly ash resulting from CFBC technology. Proceedings of 15th Meeting on Bioanalysis (CECE), Brno, Czech Republic, 177–181. Kalak T, (2019) Comparative studies on the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by fly ash and slag obtained from CFBC technology. 21(4):72–81. Kalak T, Kłopotek A, (2019) Effective adsorption of lead ions using fly ash obtained in the novel circulating fluidized bed combustion technology. 145:1011–1025. (2015) The investigation of solid slag obtained by neutralization of sewage sludge. 65:1292–1296. Kostura B, Dvorsky R, Kukutschová J, Študentová S, Bednář J, Mančík P (2017) Preparation of sorbent with a high active sorption surface based on blast furnace slag for phosphate removal from wastewater. Eng 43:161–168. (2011) Integrated evaluation of aerosols from regional brown hazes over northern China in winter: Concentrations, sources, transformation, and mixing states. J 116:129642250. (2014) of of Concrete. Mater 7:4282–4296.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: This implies that to meet its greenhouse gas emission reduction target, Japan must protect its forests and acquire funding for initiatives such as thinning. of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has requested a tax to fund forest sink initiatives since 2004. Nevertheless, every region also appealed to the national government to provide funding. Since 2006, local council members have advocated for a forest environment tax through the of Parliamentarians for the Promotion of and the for Promotion of Tax Creation, founded by municipalities with extensive forests. Prefecture led 34 organizations in implementing the forest environment tax by 2014. This local tax aimed to raise funds for an additional inhabitant tax for forests. Furthermore, a new international framework to address global warming was adopted in 2015 with the Paris Agreement. Then, with public support for forest preservation growing, the 2018 Charter finalized the implementation of the forest environment tax. stated that the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries considered building a forest management system and that the forest environment tax will be imposed in the fiscal year 2024, while the forest environment transfer tax began in fiscal year 2019. Additionally, it requested that funding be allocated to cover forest thinning, securing leaders, human resource development, and maintenance of forests, encouraging the use and distribution of wood, public education for municipalities and prefectures, and promotion costs, with prefectures supporting municipalities that maintain their forests. approved the general guidelines for tax reform in 2018, and in 2019, the forest environment and forest environment transfer taxes were passed. It was partially implemented in April of that year. Commencing in 2024, municipalities will impose a national tax of 1,000 yen per year for the forest environment, which will be based on the individual inhabitant tax per capita rate. Additionally, the forest environment transfer tax, financed by the allocation tax and borrowings in the forest management system, was introduced in response to the pressing need for forest maintenance. Transfers began in September and March of the fiscal year 2019. Municipalities and prefectures are assumed to receive a proportionate share of these funds, with 20% going to forestry workers, 30% to the population, and 50% to privately owned forests. However, municipalities must declare the purpose of the forest environment transfer tax to ensure the tax is applied appropriately (refer to Refs. [7, 8]). Figure 2 shows an overview of the forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax described in this section. Figure 2. Mechanism of forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In Switzerland, the OR of being a breakfast skipper was 0·4 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·6) for high educated v. low educated. No significant results were detected for this association in Belgium and Spain. In the total study sample, as well as in Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland, no significant results were found for the relationship between breakfast with TV and sex, ethnicity and education (Table 3). When looking at separate countries, the following results were noteworthy: in the Netherlands, the OR of breakfast with TV was 0·3 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·6) for parents with more than 14 years of education compared with parents with less education, while the OR for the same relationship was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·8) in the Norwegian sample and 0·6 (95 % CI 0·4, 1·0) in Slovenia. the total cross-sectional study sample, those parents who were categorized as breakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, while those who were categorized as breakfast with TV were significantly more likely to be obese, compared with breakfast without TV. The present study therefore supports the hypothesis that skipping breakfast and watching TV during breakfast are associated with higher risk of being overweight and obese in adults. A recent Swedish study on adults reported increased likelihood for overweight and obesity among participants with an irregular meal pattern, in terms of skipping breakfast and lunch and eating late at night( Reference Berg, Lappas and Wolk 41 ). Further, previous studies have found an inverse association between breakfast consumption, weight gain and obesity( Reference Song, Chun and Obayashi 13 – Reference Niemeier, Raynor and Lloyd-Richardson 16 ). However, to our knowledge, no previous studies conducted on adults have assessed the potential implications of watching TV during breakfast, although three experimental studies manipulating TV viewing during lunch and dinner consumption all reported enhanced dietary intake when watching TV regardless of rated appetite( Reference Blass, Anderson and Kirkorian 25 Reference Hetherington, Anderson and Norton 34 Reference Bellisle, Dalix and Slama 35 ). Thus consuming meals in front of the TV might contribute to weight gain over time. Accordingly, observational studies on children have found positive associations between frequency of TV watching during meals and both higher BMI and poorer dietary quality( Reference Dubois, Farmer and Girard 32 Reference Liang, Kuhle and Veugelers 33 ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Malerius O, (2003) Modelling the adsorption of mercury in the flue gas of sewage sludge incineration. J 96:197–205. (2008) Role of surface properties during the biosorption of copper by pretreated Aspergillus niger biomass. Colloids and Surfaces. Aspects 329(2):95–99. Renu, Agarwal M, (2017) Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: a review. J Des 7(4):387–419. (2020) of Exposure and Effects: Implications for for Ingested Copper. 65:131–159. (2022) Values for of to Copper. 00:1–8. (2000) Infrared emission spectra of CaF2-CaO-SiO2 melt. ISIJ Inter 40:739–743. WHO (2006) In: Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, vol. 1. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, Geneva. Yuansheng H, (2021) What are the environmental advantages of circulating fluidized bed technology? - A case study in China. Energy 220:119711. DeclarationsNo competing interests reported. Supplementary Filesgroupimage1. jpegGraphical AbstractFigureSM1supplement. docxFigureSM2supplement. docxFigureSM3supplement. docxFigureSM4supplement. docxFigureSM5supplement. docxFigureSM6supplement. docxFigureSM7supplement. docxFigureSM8supplement. docxFigureSM9supplement. docxFigureSM10supplement. docxFigureSM11supplement. docxFigureSM12supplementPFO. docxFigureSM13supplementPFO. docxFigureSM14supplementLangmuir. docxFigureSM15supplementFreundlich. docx:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Go to authors Publication ethics Publication alerts by email board Contact 100th anniversary Current issue Past issues By specialty COVID-19 biology All. . . with Giants in Medicine Author's all reviews. . . Disorders (Upcoming) (Oct 2024) in Medicine (Sep 2024) (Apr 2024) Lung inflammatory injury and tissue repair (Jul 2023) in Glioblastoma (Feb 2023) 25th (Jan 2023) View all review series. . . In-to the read 10. 1172/JCI124610 Influences on allergic mechanisms through gut, lung, and skin microbiome exposures Andrea M. Kemter and Cathryn R. of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, of. Address correspondence to: Cathryn R. Nagler, of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R410, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Phone: 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. Find 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. Find 1492. © 2019 for 25, 2019 - Version history industrialized societies the incidence of allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis, food allergies, and asthma has risen alarmingly over the last few decades. This increase has been attributed, in part, to lifestyle changes that alter the composition and function of the microbes that colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces. Strategies that reverse these changes to establish and maintain a healthy microbiome show promise for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease. In this Review, we will discuss evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that gives insights into how the microbiota of skin, intestinal tract, and airways influence immune responses in the context of allergic sensitization. Allergic disease has been on the rise in Western societies in recent decades. Twin studies have shown that while genetic predisposition influences the development of allergic sensitization, environmental factors also play a very important role (1–4). Thirty years ago, the hygiene hypothesis postulated that microbial infections protect from allergy (5). This hypothesis has since been updated to encompass the commensal microbiota (6–8), based on the identification of bacteria that are allergy protective as well as the presence of potentially harmful bacteria that can drive allergic disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: As previously described in the literature, the present study also observed significant associations between sex, ethnicity and education (as an indicator of SES) and breakfast skipping. Being a male, non-native and low educated was each associated with skipping breakfast. Clarke et al. ( Reference Clarke, O'Malley and Johnston 8 ) reported that white young women showed a positive trend in breakfast frequency between 1984 and 2006, compared with black women and Hispanic women. Further, TV viewing remained constantly higher among minority ethnic groups during the same period, compared with white young adults( Reference Clarke, O'Malley and Johnston 8 ). Accordingly, Merten et al. ( Reference Merten, Williams and Shriver 15 ) reported that low-income youth from disadvantaged communities were more likely to skip breakfast. A possible explanation for the gender differences observed in the present study could be that mothers may be more involved in child care in the morning than fathers, making them less likely to be breakfast skippers. There were noteworthy country differences in the study sample for both the prevalence of breakfast skippers and particularly for eating breakfast with TV. excelled in terms of a low rate of breakfast skippers as well as a remarkable high prevalence of breakfast with TV. Switzerland had a low prevalence of breakfast with TV, but more than twice as many Swiss compared with Spanish were categorized as breakfast skippers. Greece, Hungary and Slovenia all had high amounts of breakfast skippers. The relationship between weight status and breakfast habits differed greatly across countries. The strongest associations between weight status and being a breakfast skipper were observed in Greece and Switzerland, for respectively being obese and underweight. In Greece, breakfast skippers were more than twice as likely to be obese compared with those who ate breakfast without watching TV. In the Swiss sample, breakfast skippers were almost three times as likely to be underweight. In the Netherlands, those categorized as breakfast with TV were more than three times as likely to be obese, compared with breakfast without TV. Regarding associations between breakfast habits and the potential sociodemographic determinants, there were also noteworthy cross-country variations. Significant associations between sex, education and being a breakfast skipper were observed in all countries but Belgium and Spain. In the Netherlands, breakfast skippers were nearly four times more likely to be fathers than to be mothers, and five times less likely to be highly educated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [4] Caceres A. Vademécum nacional de plantas medicinales. Guatemala: Ed. Universitaria 2009. [5] Fion M. Recopilación de las plantas medicinales, validadas farmacológicamente por estudiantes asesorados de farmacología y fisiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia (BS Thesis) Guatemala: Universidad de de Guatemala, 2003. [6] Martínez áceres A. Fundamentos de agrotecnología de cultivo de plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá: CAB-CYTED 2000. [7] Cáceres Multidisciplinary development of phytotherapeutic products from native plants. 2006; (720): 149-55. [8] Cáceres A. From traditional uses of Mesoamerican medicinal plants to modern phytotherapy in Guatemala. 2015; 81: 08. [9] Morley S. La civilización Maya. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1980. [10] Recinos A. (Trad) Historias de Quiché. 2nd ed. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1947. [11] Roys RL. Ethnobotany of the Maya. New Orleans: 1931. [12] Thompson J. Historia y religión de los Mayas. México: Siglo XXI 1990. [13] Díaz del Castillo B. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Madrid: Española 2011. [14] Gómez-Pompa A. Las raíces de la etnobotánica mexicana. In: Moreno-y perspectivas del conocimiento de los recursos vegetales de México en vísperas del siglo XXI. México: Instituto de Ecología 1933; 37. [15] Hernández F. Historia natural de Nueva España. México: Ed. UNAM 1965.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The composition of the commensal microbiome is affected by multiple environmental factors, including the mode of delivery during childbirth (9), breast versus formula feeding (10, 11), a “Western diet” low in fiber and high in fat content (12, 13), and misuse of antibiotics (14). Atopic diseases can take a number of different forms. Often, skin manifestations like atopic dermatitis (AD; or eczema) appear in infancy and can persist into adulthood. It is estimated that AD affects up to 20% of the population, especially in developed countries (15), and predisposes children to the development of food allergies in early childhood and to asthma by school age (16–20). This disease progression is often called the atopic or allergic march. Although the exact mechanisms leading to sensitization (instead of tolerance) to environmental antigens are still being investigated, a picture of the underlying immune response has emerged (for recent reviews, see refs. 6, 21, 22). Generally, production of the alarmins IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by epithelial cells activates local immune cells including basophils and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) (23). These cells then produce the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which prime DCs to induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells (21–23). Cytokine-secreting Th2 cells activate allergen-specific B cells, inducing their class switch to IgE (22). The IgE isotype is a hallmark of allergic sensitization. Effector cells like mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils express IgE receptors. Allergens cross-link IgE bound to these receptors and induce effector cell degranulation, causing the release of allergic mediators like histamine and eicosanoids like prostaglandins or leukotrienes, as well as proteases and cytokines. These mediators induce the typical symptoms of allergic reactions: vasodilation, smooth muscle hypercontractility, and mucus overproduction at mucosal sites, resulting in a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms, from redness and itching to deadly anaphylactic responses (21, 22).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: (2001) Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics 107, E7. 7. Bowman, SA (2006) Television-viewing characteristics of adults: correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status. Dis 3, A38. 8. Clarke, PJ, O' (2009) Differential trends in weight-related health behaviors among American young adults by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: 1984–2006. 99, 1893–1901. 9. Siega-& Carson, T (2000) Differences in food patterns at breakfast by sociodemographic characteristics among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. 30, 415–424. CrossRef10. Ball, K & Crawford, D (2005) Socioeconomic status and weight change in adults: a review. Med 60, 1987–2010. 11. McLaren, L (2007) Socioeconomic status and obesity. 29, 29–48. 12. Wang, Y & Beydoun, MA (2007) The obesity epidemic in the – gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. 29, 6–28. 13. (2005) Is consumption of breakfast associated with body mass index in US adults? J Assoc 105, 1373–1382. 14. (2010) Associations of breakfast skipping with obesity and health-related quality of life: evidence from a national survey in Taiwan. Obes (Lond) 34, 720–725. 15. & Shriver, LH (2009) Breakfast consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: parental presence, community context, and obesity. J Assoc 109, 1384–1391. 16. -Richardson, EE et al. (2006) Fastfood consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J 39, 842–849. 17. (2011) Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. J Nutr 141, 163–168. 18. (2008) Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: Surveys, 1999–2004. 88, 1396–1404. 19. (2012) Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [16] Ximénez F. Historia natural del Reino de Guatemala. Guatemala: Ed. José de 1967. [17] Fuentes y Guzmán FA. Recordación florida (II). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1932. [18] Jl. “Flora de Guatemala” de José Mociño. Madrid: Calles-de Investigaciones Científicas, 1996. [19] Blake SF. Native names and uses of some plants of eastern Guatemala and Honduras. Contrib US 1922; 24(4): 87-105. [20] Mejía JV. Geografía de la República de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1927. [21] Rojas U. Elementos de Botánica General. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1925-36. [22] Roque JM. Flora médicoguatemalteca, apuntes para la materia médica de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1941. [23]. Flora de Guatemala, Fieldiana: Bot 1946-52. 24: 1-6. [24]. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Bot 1961-81. 24: 7-12. [25] Figueroa Marroquín H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. San Salvador: Ministerio de Cultura 1955. [26] Guerra F. Maya medicine. 1946; 8: 31-43. [27] Aguilar Girón J. Relación de algunos aspectos de la flora útil de Guatemala. Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional 1966. [28] Mellen G. El uso de las plantas medicinales en Guatemala. 1974; 9: 102-48. [29] de la medicina popular en el área rural de Guatemala. 1971; 6: 1-330. [30] Cáceres A, Sapper D. Estudios sobre medicina popular en Guatemala. 1977; 1: 59-68. [31] Cáceres A, Girón.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In this Review, we will introduce the microbiota of skin, intestinal tract, and airways; describe their roles in health; and discuss findings on how alterations in their composition can affect mechanisms of allergic sensitization. The skin microbiota and atopic dermatitis Healthy human skin forms a barrier between our tissues and the environment. The top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, consists of cross-linked keratinocytes that are constantly being shed. The skin surface is a hostile environment, desiccated with a high salt concentration and low pH, although specific body sites differ in variables like moisture, lipid content, UV exposure, and temperature (24, 25). The composition of the skin microbiota depends on genetics, environmental factors, and the local microenvironment of the body site (26–29). In moist skin sites, corynebacteria and some staphylococci dominate, while in sebaceous (oily) areas lipophilic bacteria prevail, with propionibacteria and staphylococci being the most abundant; dry skin sites are colonized with mixed bacterial populations with abundant Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriales (27–29). Additional factors that determine the composition of the skin microbiome include the host immune system as well as competition for niche between the commensal bacteria themselves (Figure 1A). The skin is rich in antimicrobial lipids and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), both of which are constitutively expressed or induced by the presence of specific microbes; commensal bacteria can produce AMPs as well (30–32). Commensal bacteria are also crucial for the education of the skin immune system, inducing the influx of microbiota-specific regulatory and effector T cells, which are important to control subsequent challenges with potential pathogens (33–35). Skin microbiota composition undergoes changes during a person’s lifetime due to alterations in host biology. While the infant microbiome is fairly homogeneous across body sites at the time of delivery, it diversifies according to body site microenvironments within the first 6 weeks of life (36), and then changes during puberty as hormones affect the skin (37). The adult skin microbiome appears to be fairly stable over time (38).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 1Tanzania (a), the location of Morogoro region (b), and the study villages and protected forests within the region (c)Full size image Kunke and Mlimbilo are located in Mtibwa Ward, 120 km north of Morogoro town. The villages cover an area of about 24,000 and 13,600 ha and have about 3,500 and 2,000 inhabitants, respectively. The climate of the area is sub-humid tropical, with a mean annual rainfall in the range of 800–1,200 mm. There are two rainy seasons, the short rains from October to December and the long rains from March to June. Mean annual temperature varies between 28 °C and 31 °C. The area includes settlements, a sugar factory, croplands, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) and teak (Tectona grandis L. leaf) plantations, grazing land, open scattered miombo woodlands, and part of a protected miombo woodland known as the Wami-Mbiki wild animals management area (WMA). The inhabitants depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihoods. They practice small-scale and medium-scale farming and cultivate crops for subsistence [maize (Zea mays L. )] and for marketing [rice (Oryza glaberrima S. ), sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ), and sugarcane]. WMA is a community-based conservation area that was established in 1999. The area is located in two regions,. It covers a core area of about 3,000 km2 and a buffer area of about 1,200 km2 (Madulu 2005). The WMA is surrounded by 24 villages including Kunke and Mlimbilo, and houses about 65,000 people in total; it covers 65 % of Kunke and 47 % of Mlimbilo. The woodlands inside the WMA have suffered from extensive tree cutting for charcoal production, and agricultural expansion and encroachment. Maseyu is located in Gwata Ward, about 50 km northeast of Morogoro town and 150 km west of Dar es Salaam (Fig. 1). The climatic conditions and rainfall pattern in are similar to those in Mtibwa Ward. The village of Maseyu covers approximately 36,000 ha and has about 2,000 inhabitants.

Output: contrast