Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest. In the last step, biological interpretation of the statistical results was facilitated by literature search, pathway analysis and database mining. general framework discussed in this thesis provides the possibility to analyze large nutrigenomic datasets. Although the contribution of genomic research to public health is at the moment limited, new advances in genomic research, e. g. genome-wide association studies, statistical approaches as discussed in this thesis, are promising and genomic research might in the near future lead to applications that translate into improvement of public health. AB - recent advances in technology provide the possibility to obtain large genomic datasets that contain information on large numbers of variables, while the sample sizes are moderate to small. This has lead to statistical challenges in the analysis of multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases. In this thesis approaches are investigated to analyze large genomic datasets, taking complex relationships between genes, proteins and complex diseases into account. These approaches are applied to real data to investigate whether biologically relevant information from the dataset could be obtained or whether models could be obtained that are useful for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. developed a general framework for the analysis of genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data to obtain insight in biological mechanisms. This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: The modularity of MAPLE’s hardware is reflected in its software as well (Figure 3—figure supplement 2). Each experimental procedure is associated with a Python experimental script file. These files call functions that (1) implement common multi-step robot actions (like retrieving a fly from a behavioral arena), (2) implement low-level elemental robot actions, (3) are specifically associated with the modules used in a particular experiment, and (4) mediate the remote control of MAPLE over the internet. This software architecture permits the rapid scripting of new experimental protocols at a high level (Figure 3—figure supplement 3). To demonstrate the experimental flexibility of this ecosystem of modules and software, we implemented a number of experimental procedures (Figure 3B). These include: (1) collecting virgin flies for genetic crosses by dispensing flies as they eclose and then distributing them into individual wells of FlyPlates where their isolation preserves their virgin status indefinitely; (2) loading flies into Y-shaped arenas to measure their locomotor biases, the time-consuming step of a routine assay in our lab; (3) loading flies from the into the FlyPlate wells for long-term culturing and circadian phenotyping; and (4) loading flies into social arenas to measure their pairwise interactions. Below we describe results from procedures (1) and (4) in detail, as well as the scientific findings obtained using the latter procedure. MAPLE-assisted virgin picking is more efficient than manual methods We tasked MAPLE with performing a tedious task that consumes great amounts of time in essentially all Drosophila labs: collecting virgin females for genetic crosses. Female D. melanogaster will not mate with males for approximately 6 hr after they eclose from the pupal case. In the first portion of this interval, they have morphological characteristics (puffy abdomens, translucent cuticle, and visible meconium in the gut) that correlate with their young age and are reliable, but conservative, indicators of virginity. In traditional manual virgin-picking, only females with these morphological correlates are collected. This means that many virgin females lacking morphological correlates in the latter portions of the 6 hr no-mating window are discarded, unless practitioners collect virgins from a stock vial or bottle at regular intervals at least three or four times a day.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Nutrigenomics as a tool to study the impact of diet on aging and age-related diseases: the Drosophila approach access Published: 02 May 2019 Nutrigenomics as a tool to study the impact of diet on aging and age-related diseases: the Drosophila approach Zoi Evangelakou1 na1, Maria Manola1 na1, Sentiljana Gumeni1 & …Ioannis P. Trougakos1 Show authors Genes & Nutrition 22. 9%, average lifetime by 17. 49% and maximum longevity by 12. 0%. Moreover, it improved antioxidant enzymes activity, inhibited lipid peroxidation; significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid oxidation product) content and increased the activities of Cat and Sod [138]. Another extract found to alter the expression patterns of Cat, Sod, and mth was an extract from ginger. Specifically, mRNA expression analysis in 30 days old flies fed with 1 mg/ml of ginger extract showed a significant upregulation of Sod and Cat genes, whereas downregulation of mth was observed in flies fed with 2 mg/ml of the ginger extract as compared to flies fed with a standard diet. Supplementation of the culture medium with 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml of ginger extract could prolong the mean lifespan by 6. 49% and 7. 30%, and the maximum lifespan by 11. 97% and 4. 66%, respectively. Ginger extract could also regulate the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, which indicates that the anti-aging effect is achieved by protecting mitochondrial function, coordinating the oxidant-antioxidant balance and ameliorating metabolic dysfunction [139]. Likewise, 2. 5 mg/ml of Aronia extract was found to extend the mean lifespan of fruit flies by 18% and significantly improved the locomotor activity of both 10 and 40 days old flies. In 40 days old flies, ROS production was significantly lowered and accumulation of the lipid oxidation product MDA was markedly decreased. The extended longevity and improved locomotion were attributed to increased levels of the antioxidant enzymes Sod, Cat, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and to the induction of stress resistance genes, namely, heat shock protein 68 (Hsp68), lethal (2) essential for life [l(2)efl], and thioredoxin peroxidase 1 (Jafrac1) [140].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: MAPLE has the potential to recover 100% of females as virgins by isolating them quickly after they eclose, and storing them individually to preclude mating. To implement this procedure, we devised a simple custom fly media vial in which the lower portion containing fly food is detachable. Parental generation flies lay eggs in this food, or food from another vial containing larval flies can be transferred into the custom vial. When flies in this experimental generation climb onto the walls of the vial and pupate, the food-containing portion is manually detached, and replaced with an empty vial-bottom (Video 10). This pupae-containing, foodless vial is then placed in the Fly Dispenser. Every 30 min, all newly eclosed flies are dispensed into MAPLE, which distributes them individually into the wells of a FlyPlate (Figure 4A). Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE performance at collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses. (A) Diagram of modules and procedure employed in MAPLE virgin-collecting. (B) Comparison of cumulative number of virgin females collected versus manual labor time required in MAPLE and conventional manual virgining procedures. Dotted lines indicate the maximum potential virgins that might have been collected in each approach. Thus the difference between the dotted and solid line indicates females that were ‘lost’ and not retained as virgins. Video 10 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as -assisted virgin-collecting procedure. Animation illustrating the MAPLE procedure for efficiently collecting virgin female flies. See also Figure 4. This process was not without error: at rates of ~3% a well was left empty, or ~8% a well was loaded with two flies. A representative outcome is shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 1. To recover only the virgin females, fully loaded FlyPlates were removed from their media base, brought to traditional CO2 fly-pushing pads at dissecting microscopes, the flies were anesthetized through the wire mesh floor, and then the plate and pad assembly was inverted, leaving the flies on the CO2 pad in their respective positions from the wells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unmarried sexually activevWe also assessed whether there had been an increase in MCP among unmarried sexually active women. Typically, the sample of women that are unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days is small which makes testing for significant changes in MCP challenging (since a larger sample increases confidence in our estimates and the confidence intervals are tighter allowing for detectable changes). While none of the findings were significant, we did see an increase in modern method use in Malawi and Zimbabwe. DiscussionA criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal of the FP2020 partnership had been that countries and partners might prioritize easier to reach populations (e. g. with technical or political support from the FP2020 partnership) to meet this target, which exacerbates inequities. Overall, our findings suggest that between two surveys carried out since 2010, many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity, including residence, education, wealth, age, and marital status and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. In most countries, MCP increased among rural women, and these gains were significant in seven African countries. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 20–24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. In these four countries, MCP also significantly increased among young women aged 15–19. While we could not detect significant MCP changes among unmarried sexually active women, the country-specific trends indicate MCP is increasing among these women. All of the significant gains in MCP were made in African countries, and specifically Malawi, who experienced the most expansive growth across different dimensions of equity. Another possible criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal could be that the target would lead to a focus on more populous countries, but most of the gains in MCP were in African countries with populations far smaller than the those of several of the Asian countries in our sample. and Bangladesh rank in the top 10 most populous countries in the world. Yet, our analysis found that despite having larger populations, neither of these countries experienced the rapid MCP growth of several of the smaller countries. Compared to these Asian countries, most of the African countries in our analysis started at a lower MCP and thus had greater potential for increased modern contraceptive use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: The beneficial effects of these dietary interventions are mainly attributed to the crosstalk of nutrient sensing or signaling modules with factors of the cellular stress-response pathways [132]. Limitations of nutrition studies in is a well-investigated and highly tractable model organism employed in nutrition research and nutraceuticals discovery since, as mentioned above, it shares high homology with several human metabolism and disease-related genes. Consistently, several insights of the molecular mechanisms that affect in vivo aging have been identified by studying the effects of distinct dietary habits and/or components of the fruit fly diet, which have been further translated or verified in mammals. Still, several considerations should be thoroughly taken into account before interpreting and consequently translating the results of nutraceutical studies from flies to humans. The composition of diets and the dosage of nutraceuticalsSeveral meta-analysis studies that tried to investigate the systemic effects of specific nutrients on healthspan and/or lifespan extension in the fly model found it hard to compare studies from different laboratories that use different “standard” Drosophila mediums, which exact content is rarely reported in published research papers [97, 187]. Given the number of existing nutrients in a diet and their cross-interactions, along with the established fact that even the dilution of a single amino acid can eventually modify longevity, the lifespan variations obtained in studies conducted by different research groups on the same model organism is not surprising [91]. A way out to this issue could be the use of synthetic (chemically defined) diets, like a holistic medium described recently [188], which will make nutrients and drugs more available to flies. However, a major disadvantage of this approach would be the cost and the relatively complex preparation. Thus, a compelling solution for consistency of nutrition studies in model organisms, including Drosophila, is the detailed reporting of the nutritional ingredients of complex diets. Likewise, in the case of functional foods and nutraceuticals, caution should be taken regarding dosage, since different concentrations of the same molecule can yield entirely different outcomes due to mild stress (Fig. 4), a process known as hormesis [189]. This is particularly highlighted by genetic studies in which sustained induced overactivation of stress or nutrient sensors, such as cncC/Nrf2, Tor, or foxo, could have either pro-longevity or toxic effects, depending on the duration of the intervention and their expression levels [76, 132].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: In a control experiment, w1118 flies separated by solid-black barriers had interactivity indices indistinguishable from Canton-S flies separated by solid-black barriers (p=0. 48 by t-test). Lastly, we set out to determine if social behavior is stable over long periods of time by measuring dyadic interactivity indices across days. Using our high-throughput dyad scheme, we measured interactivity indices from 91 dyads on each of 6 consecutive days. Interactivity indices across Canton-S dyads were statistically significantly correlated (0. 31 < r < 0. 38, 0. 0001 < p < 0. 04) between day one vs. day 2, day 2 vs. day 3 and day 3 vs. day 4 (Figure 5G), but not days 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Thus, dyad-specific affiliative behavior appears to be stable over days-long timescales, though only for the first days of experiments. In control experiments, Canton-S flies with solid-black barriers and NorpA and Orco mutant flies exhibited no significant correlation in dyad interactivity indices across days. Significant correlation in interactivity index across dyads was observed in our two SIN dyad schemes as well (Figure 5H–J) suggesting that SIN persistence can be measured in a variety of experimental formats. Other metrics of social interaction yielded qualitatively similar results to the interactivity index (Figure 5—figure supplement 2; Supplementary methods). developed MAPLE, a modular, automated platform for large-scale experiments, to expand automated experimental capabilities for lab model organisms (Figure 1). By design, MAPLE is versatile, scalable, and relatively inexpensive, with all components of the core fly-handling robot costing roughly $3500. We displayed the versatility of this system by adapting the MAPLE platform to detect, place, and streak out individual S. cerevisiae colonies (Figure 1B), autonomously record C. elegans behavior (Figure 1C) and P. polycephalum movement (Figure 1D), as well as automatically monitor the behavior of multiple bumblebee colonies over long periods (Figure 1F,G). We have made the design and code for MAPLE open access in the hope that it, or descendant approaches, will be adopted by our field.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: However, it is worth noting Pakistan had more room to grow than Malawi, who experienced the most overall MCP growth and saw growth across different equity dimensions. Additionally, given all countries in our analysis are still experiencing population growth and thus an increasing population of women of reproductive age, even countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, that did not have significant levels of MCP growth, were providing contraceptive services to a greater number of women of reproductive age without experiencing declines in equity. Given that countries could either experience (a) rapid MCP growth (because they started at a lower MCP in the middle of the S-curve growth pattern19) or (b) sustained modern contraception users (meaning they continue to add more users of modern contraception due to population growth and a slower increase in MCP), supportive country-specific policies and commitments that focused on expanding services and improving equity could be at the nexus of increasing and/or retaining modern contraceptive users without exacerbating inequities. In order to sustain its high MCP, government and development partners in Bangladesh successfully focused on geographic inequities; both the Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had the lowest MCP in 2011 and saw significant increase in the 2014 DHS (2 years after Bangladesh committed to improving family planning services in these two divisions). Similarly, Malawi successfully prioritized young people in its commitments and policies. In fact, Malawi was one of four countries where MCP gains among the youngest women of reproductive age (15–19) were significant. Malawi also had the largest MCP gain among women with no education – at over 16%20–22. As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle23. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, reaped the benefits.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Hurdles in interpreting results from dietary interventions in critical aspect of dietary interventions in the fly is the major role of the Drosophila olfactory and gustatory systems in regulating longevity. It has been proven that mutations in the olfactory system have the ability to alter energy balance, increase stress-resistance, and promote longevity [190]. Furthermore, it was suggested that the ability of flies to taste regulates lifespan expectancy. Specifically, either taste inputs or gustatory cues affect longevity by modifying a wide range of biological functions [191]. Notably, other studies indicate that the administration of various dietary factors in Drosophila medium, such as plant-derived secondary metabolites, results in reduced food intake as they significantly affect the taste of the food due to sweetness, bitterness, and/or saltiness [2]. Food intake can also be disturbed by the acidity of the medium, as the pH of the culture medium directly affects flies feeding behavior and modifies parameters, such as gut microbial growth, which ultimately impact on survival [192]. In addition, since food dilution to achieve CR results in the consumption of greater amounts of the diluted medium [193] and the current methods on food intake focus mainly on estimating digestion rather than more significant parameters, such as nutrients absorption and assimilation, more compelling methods need to be developed [194]. Moreover, diet intervals of the early developmental stages have been shown to have a significant role in longevity of the adult. Specifically, it was showed that the larval fat cells are used as energy sources in the early adulthood of Drosophila flies [195]; additional studies highlight the importance of the protein source (yeast) quality in the diet of larvae and its beneficial effects on physiological processes of the adult Drosophila life [196]. In support, recent studies emphasize an inter- or trans-generational consequence of diet [197,198,199,200], and the differential impact that nutritional manipulations may have to depend on the gender. This is supported by the major gender-dependent differences in the communication of the gut-brain axis, the function and components of the neuroendocrine system, the sensitivity to IIS pathway, as well as in nutrient demand and utilization [201,202,203].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: After demonstrating that MAPLE did not discernibly alter the baseline behavior of animals compared to manual handling (Figure 2), we developed a procedure by which MAPLE could help conduct a repetitive lab chore that nearly all Drosophila biologists are familiar with — collecting virgin females for genetic crosses. Using a collected individual animals as they eclosed from the pupal case and kept them in isolation, ensuring their virginity (Figure 4). To arrive at a final collection of virgin females, these singly-housed individuals were sexed by hand. Even with this manual step, virgins were procured at a much higher (~3 x) rate with MAPLE’s assistance than without it (measured in terms of human labor time per virgin female). MAPLE’s capacity to handle individual flies in combinatorially complex experimental designs (Figure 3), allowed us to demonstrate that dyadic fly social behavior relies on both visual and olfactory cues. Dependence of social behavior on visual (Mery et al. , 2009; Simon et al. , 2012) and olfactory cues (Schneider et al. , 2012; Billeter and Levine, 2015) is known from experiments observing many flies simultaneously. We further found that individual differences in dyadic social behavior — as well as derived social interaction network topography — remain stable over days (Figure 5). Stability of social networks on short timescales (Schneider et al. , 2012) is known, but long-term stability of social networks is a novel finding. This illustrates that MAPLE can (1) replicate known results without introducing significant behavioral confounds and (2) extend our knowledge by conducting complex, long-term experiments that are challenging for human experimentalists. Technologies that automate experiments will particularly facilitate the phenotyping of individual animals, an approach that reveals underappreciated intragenotypic variability. Our group has shown that individual flies generally exhibit very different behaviors from one another even if they are reared in the same environment and have the same genotype, and that these differences persist across days (Kain et al. , 2012; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Ayroles et al. , 2015; Kain et al. , 2015; Todd et al. , 2017). MAPLE allowed us to show that this extends to dyad-specific social interactions in flies (Figure 5H–J).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Household surveys such as the MICS and DHS are not powered to detect significant changes among a relatively small portion of unmarried, married sexually active women; if changes among this sub-population of women are of special interest for family planning programming, other methods need to be employed to more precisely estimate their modern contraceptive use. Furthermore, in some countries the proportion of women in “no education” or “poorest” groups declined over time. It’s unclear whether this aided countries in providing family planning services to these groups. Our analyis does not address this. This analysis addresses if FP2020’s overall “120 million additional users” goals led to the priorizitzation of easier to reach populations and exacterbated inequities; our findings can be used to inform the FP2030 partnership and reinforce that country-specific commitments, policies, and programming is likley to have the largest net effect on increasing or retaining modern contraceptive users and leaving no one behind.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Last, but not least, inconsistency in the results of dietary interventions may also arise from variances in the age of the experimental models, as older flies tend to consume less (compared to young flies) food [91, 204]. Finally, since the gut-microbiota (derived from food intake) plays a key role in energy homeostasis of the fly host, it is worth mentioning that during aging the density of gut-microbes increases, whereas the composition of the microbes changes according to food intake [92]. Concluding remarksAging is a stochastic process and given that the doses of environmental stressors remain relatively stable during a given lifetime, it can be assumed that (excluding particular lifestyle habits, e. g. , smoking) the biomolecules damage and the rate of aging are mainly affected by diet- and metabolism-derived stressors. Considering also that aging is the major risk factor for human diseases like metabolic syndromes, neurodegeneration, and cancer, as well as that diet is in fact the only feasible life-lasting applicable “intervention” in humans, the use of model organisms is particularly critical towards our effort to understand how different dietary habits affect genome (nutrigenomics) and/or proteome, and for the isolation of natural products with the potential to be used in the foreseeable future as a comprehensive and surely cost-effective mean to increase healthspan and/or lifespan. Research in Drosophila has pioneered our efforts to understand developmental processes in higher metazoans and quite recently the fly has reappeared in the scene as a model organism for the study of molecular-cellular mechanisms that affect aging. Moreover, studies in Drosophila have started to elucidate critical parameters of the impact of diet or of the optimum doses of natural products (Fig. 4) on health outcome. Nonetheless, our attempt to promote advancement in nutrition science and nutrigenomics, and also to translate the research outcomes to humans, harbors several risks and unresolved issues. For instance, species-specific effects of nutritional manipulations should be carefully taken into consideration and, although Drosophila may be informative in new therapeutic discovery processes, it is necessary to have a well-defined hypothesis and a thorough perception of the fly’s limitations, e. g. , differences in the blood-brain barrier permeability or lack of adaptive immunity [13, 92], in order to achieve meaningful outcomes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataDHSData used in this study are from the HR and IR datasets of the Bangladesh 2014 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Burundi 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Ethiopia 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Haiti 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Malawi 2015–16 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Nepal 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Pakistan 2017–28 and 2012–23 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Senegal 2017 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Uganda 2016 and 2011 DHS; and the HR and IR datasets of the 2015 and 2010–11 Zimbabwe DHS, available from the DHS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. A guide for how to apply for dataset access is available at: used in this study are from the households (HH) and women (WM) datasets of the 2010, 2016, MICS, available from the MICS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. Questions about data access can be directed to mics@unicef. org. Extended dataAnalysis code available from: analysis code at time of publication:. Footnotes i Data only available for surveys where unmarried women were interviewed. ii Surveys with microdata available for use by June 2019. iii Vietnam met the criteria but was excluded from this analysis since Vietnam did not make a commitment to FP2020 until 2016 and the two surveys only overlapped the first two years of the FP2020 initiative (2010 MICS and 2014 MICS). iv This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including Bangladesh and Pakistan. For both Pakistan and Bangladesh, the analysis is only reflective of married women. v This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including for Bangladesh and Pakistan. Unmarried sexually active are women that are not-in-union nor married and were sexually active in the last month. recommended1. Global Advocates: 's First. Center for website. 29, 2019. Reference Source2. : Achieving the goal of the on by adhering to voluntary, rights-based family planning: what can we learn from past experiences with coercion? Health. 2014; 40(4): 206–214.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Yet, the numerous advantages of Drosophila as an alternative model in nutrigenomics, as well as in modeling diet-induced chronic age-related disorders, or the effects of nutrition on aging, will surely reveal new gene-disease interactions in response to diet, and thus new targets and therapeutics. We propose that analyses of the crosstalk and functional interactions of pathways controlling genomic responses to dietary interventions in model organisms can provide valuable preclinical insights on how systemic anti-aging interventions can act as potent inhibitors of age-related diseases (Fig. 5), elucidating potential therapeutic avenues against both aging and age-associated pathologies. Fig. 5Systemic dietary anti-aging interventions have the potential to also act as inhibitors of age-related diseases. a Current therapeutic approaches target individual diseases that occur in an aged cellular landscape characterized by high concentration of stressors and damaged biomolecules. b The identification of dietary interventions, e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: The images from this module will allow machine-learning-based classification of morphological phenotypes, like sex and eye color, as well as quantification of fluorescent proteins; key genetic markers in flies. In addition to conducting tedious or complex experiments, MAPLE’s integrated format affords the opportunity to feed back the results of phenotypic assays into fly handling tasks. For example, MAPLE could be used to perform artificial selection, identifying individuals with a specific behavior or phenotype, and placing males and females together in wells of a FlyPlate, vials, or population cage. Likewise, multigeneration genetic crosses will be possible with our high resolution imaging module. Our current behavioral phenotyping relies on simple motion tracking, but behavioral assays employing thermogenetic or optogenetic stimulation, or sophisticated stimulus control could be implemented through custom modules. Unsupervised learning algorithms have been used to automatically phenotype flies (Berman et al. , 2014; Todd et al. , 2017), and with the capacity to store and access large numbers of flies individually, MAPLE could identify and isolate outliers within a population. MAPLE is compatible with such modern, automated approaches to fly experimentation, and brings automated animal-handling one step closer to the potential achieved by liquid-handling robots for molecular research. Materials and methods CAD files for MAPLE can be found at archived at Control software for MAPLE including scripts for the experiments described here can be found at archived at Raw data and analysis scripts can be found at These materials are also available at MAPLE technical specifications Request a detailed protocol MAPLE’s frame is a rectangular prism constructed from extruded aluminum struts (Misumi HFS-5 series in various sizes and lengths) and brackets (Misumi five series). The principal axes of the robot are Cartesian, that is to say linear and mutually orthogonal. The longest axis - designated the X axis - comprises two supported linear rails (-12), each with two housed bearings (IGUS drylin OJUM-6–12). The total of four housed bearings support a single, wide linear rail (-10–120) that is the Y axis. A carriage made of two aluminum plates sandwiching four more bearing blocks (WJ200UM-01–10) slides along the Y axis. Suspended from this carriage is an assembly that houses the three independent Z axis slides (-D740679-2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Pub| Text 3. 2020 (FP2020): Contributions of FP2020 in advancing rights-based family planning – upholding and advancing the promises of Cairo. Washington, DC: FP2020; 2019. 29, 2019. Reference Source4. Does your the Test? 2020 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source5. United Nations: UN Resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. City: UN; 2015. 28, 2019. Reference Source6. (FPET). Track20 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source7. Assaf S, Wang W: in Fertility P71. Rockville, MD. 30, 2019. Reference Source8. Ortayli N, Malarcher S: Equity Analysis: Benefits from Programs. Plann. 2010; 41(2): 101–108. Pub| Text 9. : Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity? Health Organ. 2007; 85(2): 100–107. Pub| Text | Text 10. : Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0134905. Pub| Text | Text 11. Blas E, Kurup AS: Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2010; 2, 2019. Reference Source12. Gwatkin DR: 10 best resources on. . . health equity. Plan. 2007; 22(5): 348–351. Pub| Text 13. O': Applying an equity lens to interventions: using ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67(1): 56–64. Pub| Text 14. : Analyses of inequalities in RMNCH: rising to the challenge of the SDGs. BMJ Global Health. 2019; 4(Suppl 1): e001295. Pub| Text | Text 15. : Absolute Poverty, Fertility P48. Reference Source16. Ross J: Improved reproductive health equity between the poor and the rich: An analysis of trends in 46 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Pract. 2015; 3(3): 419–445. Pub| Text | Text 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu of Nutrition and Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Edited by A. P. Simopoulos; A. P. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-8055-9428-8 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-8055-9428-8 ISBN print: 978-3-8055-9427-1 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and date: 2010 Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md. , in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included. Everyone interested in the future of personalized medicine and nutrition or agriculture, as well as researchers in academia, government and industry will find this publication of the utmost interest for their work. ‹ › 10. 1159/000314508 Published: 2010 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and Tools Split-2010. "Nutrigenetics: A Tool to to the Obese", Personalized Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Dietary Guidelines, A. P. Simopoulos, J. A. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search 2010License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: We deliberately chose sliding bearings (as opposed to ball bearing slides) for the three axes to avoid noise and vibrations that might confound behavioral experiments. The first of the three end-effectors is an object manipulator. Made from an off-the-shelf vacuum cup connected to an air manifold, it can pick up and deposit lids or other small components from the workspace. A high-resolution digital camera and lens (72BUC02-ML and TBL 9. 6-2 C 3MP) is mounted to the second Z axis. Moving this Z carriage up and down focuses the camera. The third motorized Z slide holds a custom aspirator to move flies. Several short lengths of small diameter tubing (sections of needle tips, McMaster 75165A553 and 75165A682) are fixed approximately 4 mm inside a blunt, Luer-lock needle (McMaster 6710A61), forming a barrier to flies but allowing air to flow. A custom-molded silicone rubber boot surrounds the fly vacuum tip for the object manipulator, forming a better seal against apertures in modules and improving fly handling (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). Stepper motors (1. 5 A NEMA 17 60 mm bipolar stepper motor, MNEMA17-60 from RobotDigg. com) mounted to the main frame drive two 6 mm-wide GT-2 belts arranged in a CoreXY configuration (Moyer, 2012), and these belts drive the motion in the X and Y directions. axis slide is driven by its own stepper motor, integral to the slide assembly. The maximum speed for the X and Y axes is 200 mm/s. axes top out at 83. 3 mm/s. Limit switches (Omron SS-5) are mounted to the frame for each axis, providing repeatable end stops for homing. Motion control, as well as the control of auxiliary devices such as the solenoid valves and the LED illumination, is handled by a Smoothieboard v1 PCBA, running custom Smoothieware firmware (included in our Github repository). G-code commands are sent from a PC connected via USB, interpreted on the Smoothieboard, and translated into electrical signals sent to each stepper motor. Scripts containing each experimental protocol, along with a common set of frequently used subroutines, were written in Python 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: for (USAID):Intertemporal comparisons of poverty and wealth with DHS data: A harmonized asset index approach. Washington, DC: USAID; 2014; 2, 2019. Reference Source18. Smits J, Steendijk R: (IWI). Res. 2015; 122: 65–85. Text 19. The S-Curve: Putting mCPR Growth into Context. 2, 2020. Reference Source20. 2012 on Family Planning, Summaries of Commitments. 2020 website. 2013; 19, 2020. Reference Source21. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Evaluation of Youth-Services in Malawi. Malawi: Evidence 2 Action; 2014. 9, 2020. Reference Source22. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Ministry of Health: 2015-2020. 9, 2020. Reference Source23. Beyond 2020: A for Post-2020. 2020 website. 19, 2020. Reference Source24. familyplanning2020: familyplanning2020/NOLB: NOLB Code (Version v1. 0). Zenodo. 2021. Comments on this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2 version 1 Published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 Copyright © 2021 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14582. r31004) The direct URL for this report is: This paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing. . . Continue reading paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing an early indication that groups of women who are generally disadvantaged do not appear to have been left behind in FP2020 commitment countries. However, I think this is fundamentally different from questions around equity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the interactions between the most relevant gene polymorphisms affecting the amount and composition of weight loss as well as the changes in obesity-associated risk factors depending on the characteristics of the nutritional strategy (energy deficit and dietary macronutrient distribution) are under investigation [8]. In the future, the advances in molecular and genetic biotechnology will pave the way to combine research for new candidate genes, the identification of novel polymorphisms and the profiling of gene expression patterns putatively involved in gene-nutrient interactions concerning weight homeostasis [9]. Indeed, linkage studies, candidate gene association investigations and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will contribute to substantial advances in nutrigenetic-based personalized therapies, which will also benefit from advances in phenotype measurements including photonic scanners, air displacement pletismography, CT and MRI, US and validated dietary intake measurements [5]. Also, scientific progress on omics technologies will extend beyond common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and screen the role of copy number variation, siRNA and miRNA involvement, as well as epigenetic changes affecting DNA methylation, chromatin folding, covalent histone modifications and polycombs affecting gene-environment interactions and obesity [10]. Evidencing Gene-on Gene-environment interactions can be assessed through cross-sectional and retrospective case-control designs when information on dietary patterns and lifestyles as well as on genotyping is available [11]. These research approaches have been successfully focused on candidate genes related to appetite control (e. g. LEP, MC4R, FTO), energy and lipid utilization (e. g. 5), adipocyte metabolism and signaling [e. g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), interleukin-6 (IL6)], where the outcome variables were obesity risk, BMI, body composition or appetite/satiety measurements (table 1). Food/The assessment of several polymorphisms in candidate obesity genes and their interactions with the dietary intake of n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a subsample of the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort revealed an increased obesity risk for variants of the leptin gene, which encodes a protein participating in food intake regulation and body weight homeostasis [12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: 7 (or Matlab 2016a for BEECH) and executed on PCs running Windows 7. module has an associated Python 2. 7 module class file (all MAPLE control software, including module class files, are available at copy archived at These files provide the 3D coordinates of key points on each module, including the sites of any ports or adapters through which flies are conveyed, as well as the z-clearance above the module needed so that the end-effectors do not collide with the modules in the workspace. These classes can be instantiated in Python files that represent workspace configurations (Examples/ExampleWorkspace1. py). Beyond the module class files, there is a master MAPLE class file (robotutil. py), which 1) establishes the communications connections between the experiment-coordinating computer and the motion control card and camera in MAPLE and 2) contains functions for all low-level robot operations, like returning to the 0,0,0 home position, moving to an arbitrary position, opening or closing the solenoid valves that control the vacuum flow in the end effectors, or acquiring a photo from the end-effector camera. There is also a file (commonFlyTasks. py) that contains subroutines for common usage tasks, like the combination of end effector movements, vacuum and air valve engagement, and serial commands required to retrieve a fly from the adapter on the workspace. Files of an additional type, experimental scripts, implement the actual experimental procedures (e. g. , Figure 3—figure supplement 3; Video 4). Each of these scripts load the class files for the modules used in their respective experiments, and procedurally calls the low- and mid-level functions of robotutil. py to implement each procedure. 3—figure supplement 2 for a schematic of the software architecture. Lastly, to increase the convenience of using MAPLE, we implemented a remote control system in which representations of the current status of experiments (e. g. text reports and digital images) are posted to a dedicated email account. This account can also receive MAPLE commands by email to remotely trigger experimental procedures. a detailed protocol The workspace refers to a 100 cm x 28. 2 cm x 7. 5 cm volume that can be accessed by all end-effectors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: see it, this paper’s contribution is not as the definitive answer to the elusive “equity” question in FP but rather to ascertain whether data from a select set of commitment countries indicates that progress under FP2020 exacerbated gaps in use between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. While it is difficult to draw many clear conclusions from this analysis (as nearly all results are inconsistent across countries), the results presented indicate that among FP2020 commitment countries there were not systematically greater MCP gains by the most advantaged women. This is a substantial finding that is almost buried under discussions about equity, programs and policies to which the data used does not directly speak. To strengthen this paper and to make the results and interpretation more robust, I suggest the authors stick more closely to the stated and important goal of ascertaining whether “increases in mCPR did not vary significantly in more disadvantaged groups” since the 2012 London Summit. Detailed feedback: I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. I question the appropriateness of MCP growth for this analysis. Without some underlying or contextual measure of demand or access, using MCP alone to measure equity implies that there is some ideal level of MCP across all populations – and the higher, the better (in contradiction to the FP2020 principles of agency and autonomy referenced). Could the authors look at changes in demand satisfied, arguably a more appropriate measure of equity given the different underlying levels of demand for contraception among population sub-groups? Flawed though unmet need is as a direct measure of demand for contraception, including it as a backdrop here (via demand satisfied) would better contextualize “equitable” FP changes. If the authors choose to stick with MCP change, this should be more clearly addressed as an (acceptable) limitation. It would also be good to better contextualize demand/unmet need in the context of the FP2020 goal (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Also, the highly polymorphic melanocortin receptor 4 gene (MC4R), which is involved in appetite control at the central nervous system level, may show an interaction with dietary intake in obese subjects since carriers of the 103I allele had significantly higher daily energy and carbohydrate intakes than did non-carriers [13]. Another gene that has been found to be related to appetite in children and that may show a diet × gene interaction is the fat mass and obesity associated locus (FTO), since the rs 9939609 AT polymorphism may stimulate energy and fat intake [14]. Selected observational studies concerning gene × nutritional intake interactions on obesity/adiposity markers Table 1. Selected observational studies concerning gene × nutritional intake interactions on obesity/adiposity markers View largemass and obesity associated geneIL6interleukin-6 receptorMC4Rmelanocortin receptorMUFAmonounsaturated fatty acidPPARperoxisome proliferator-activated receptorP/S ratioratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acidsPUFApolyunsatu-rated fatty acidWCwaist circumferenceEnergy and The gene encoding for the adrenergic receptor 2 protein (ADBR2), which is involved in lipolysis and other metabolic functions, has been found to participate in a gene-environment interaction since women carrying the Gln variant had 2. 56 times greater risk of obesity with a high carbohydrate intake (>45% energy). Similarly, a higher carbohydrate/fat ratio (>1. 77) was significantly associated with being obese as affected by the Glu allele [15]. Moreover, a high energy intake interacted with the Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADBR3, another gene participating in lipid utilization which led to a significant increase in the risk of obesity of Japanese men [16]. Interestingly, the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) -1131T>C SNP, which is involved in triglyceride metabolism, appears to modulate the effect of fat intake on BMI and obesity risk in both men and women [17]. On the other hand, the -5 and -55 genetic variants of the uncoupling protein UCP3 gene, which participates in thermogenesis, showed no modulation of body composition induced by the energy intake [18].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: As specified, the workspace is attached to the same frame as the axis carriages, but could be mounted separately to isolate experimental modules from the vibrations of MAPLE’s motors. The bottom of this volume is a clear acrylic floor with 5 mm holes organized in a grid (10 cm apart) and cable pass-throughs for easy organization of individual modules. The 5 mm holes can be used to affix an interchangeable acrylic plate (a ‘workplate’) to the acrylic workspace floor using nylon thumb screws. Workplates have locating brackets which define the positions of modules in a particular experimental configuration. Thus, every experimental script is associated with a physical workplate that locates the modules used in its experiment. a detailed protocol Modules were made by a variety of fabrication techniques, including laser-cutting of acrylic. Vector outlines of module components were made in or and laser cut by way of CorelDraw. Acrylic components were joined together using Plastruct plastic weld. Phenotyping modules used to investigate affiliative behavior and locomotor handedness, that is, social arena and y-maze arrays, measured 30 cm x 30 cm (Figure 3) and were fabricated from sheet acrylic using a laser cutter. Fly source modules were custom made (CO2 pad) or purchased from FlySorter LLC. dimensions are 22 cm x 15 cm, CO2 pad dimensions are 25 cm x 15 cm, and FlyPlate dimensions are 16 cm x 10 cm. Fly dispenser Request a detailed protocol Dispenser isolates and outputs individual flies from an attached vial. Repeated knocking motion (which mimics the tapping gesture that people use to knock flies down in a vial) causes flies to fall from the vial into a funnel. At the bottom of the funnel, a pair of motorized, soft foam wheels acts as a valve, and a photo interrupter detects when one fly has passed by. The wheels are stopped, preventing other flies from passing through the valve, and an air pump transports the isolated fly out of a tube. The dispensing process can be remotely triggered and monitored by Python scripts via a USB serial interface. Dispenser adaptor Request a detailed protocol MAPLE interfaces with the through the dispenser adaptor logistics module. The dispenser adaptor is a 4 cm x 1. 5 cm 3D-printed ABS block with two 5 mm diameter plastic Luer lock tube sockets attached on opposite sides.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , the 120x20 goal was devised against the backdrop of more than 230 million women with unmet need) and in interpreting the results. The paper is fundamentally asking about the impact of the FP2020 initiative, but there is no counterfactual or contextual information about what differential mCPR growth looked like prior to FP2020, nor a recognition of the limitation of comparing two-point estimates, especially among sometimes small sub-groups. FP2020 shifted our field to track progress using model-based estimates from FPET to overcome limitations of tracking changes between two surveys. Did the authors consider a modified FPET to see to what degree different sub-groups in countries followed or outperformed the pre-FP2020 trajectories that would have been expected? The question of whether some women (e. g. , the poor or those with no education) are systematically left behind is different from questions of equity. The question of how to define and measure equity in the context of FP programs is one the field continues to struggle with. I am not convinced that the authors’ definition of “equitable” gains as those that are equal to or larger among a more “disadvantaged” group suffices, as this implies an underlying goal of having consistent levels or contraceptive use across all sub-groups/dimensions of equity (regardless of demand). Likewise, is it “equitable” if any groups show slower growth or declines in MCP (as we see evidence from this analysis with some more advantaged groups)? And given starting differential in MCP across sub-groups in many countries, might we expect growth to be slower or faster depending on their placement along the s-curve? While this paper cannot answer those or all questions around the definition of equity in FP programming, it can be clearer about when it is commenting about MCP gains among groups that are generally disadvantaged with FP outcomes (e. g. , the poor, less educated, youth) versus the more elusive concept of equity. The utility of using the Index in place of the country-specific wealth measures (e. g. , DHS quintiles) is not clear to me, given that countries are the unit of analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Changes in insulin resistance or dyslipemia showing an effect modification induced by an energy-restricted diet have been described for some genes affecting a single nucleotide CD36 (–22674T/C) promoter SNP [44], LEPR (Lys109Arg) variant [45], PGC1α (Gly482Ser) missense mutation [46]. Also, n–3 fatty acid supplementation may modify the TG response depending on the Pro12Ala polymorphism [47]. Another trial investigating the role of macronutrient intake within hypocaloric diets demonstrated that under a low fat diet Lys65Lys homozygote carriers of the LEPR polymorphism showed a greater reduction in plasma leptin [29]. The participation of fat intake on insulin resistance depending on the genotype was evidenced in an experiment in which homozygous CC men carrying the –11377C/G polymorphism for the gene improved insulin sensitivity when fed on diets low in saturated fat [48]. This study complemented other research that found that carriers of the G variant allele (–219G→T) of the APOE gene specifically reduced insulin resistance when fed a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids [49]. Another study observed that a saturated fat load was associated with a greater elevation in postprandial triglycerides in the Thr54/Thr54 polymorphism of the FABP2 gene [50]. On the other hand, an interaction between variants in PPARG and ADBR2 genes affecting eating behavior and body composition was found when a hypocaloric diet was prescribed [51]. Selected nutritionally slimming intervention studies concerning gene-nutrition interactions with favorable effects on metabolic markers accompanying obesity Table 3. Selected nutritionally slimming intervention studies concerning gene-nutrition interactions with favorable effects on metabolic markers accompanying obesity View largeacid binding proteinLEPRleptin receptorPCG1αperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator αPPARperoxisome proliferator-activated receptorPPARGperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivatorPUFApolyunsaturated fatty acidSFAsaturated fatty acidConclusions Genotype-environment interactions arise when the response of a phenotype (e. g. body weight) to environmental changes (e. g. overfeeding) depends on the individual's genetic background [4].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: handpiece connects to the bottom side of the dispenser adaptor, while the MAPLE fly manipulator end effector aligns to the opening on the top of the adapter. Flya detailed protocol The FlyPlate is a modified 96-well plate positioned on a food tray. Each well in the FlyPlate follows the 96-well plate standard for bottomless wells (7 mm in diameter and 10. 9 mm deep). Wells have a stainless steel mesh floor that allows feeding but prevents escape. The plate lid has x-shaped laser-cut openings over each well, cut into a flexible nylon mesh, that allow MAPLE’s individual fly manipulator (or a handheld aspirator) to penetrate to remove or deposit flies. The openings close back up once the aspirator/manipulator tip has been removed, keeping flies securely housed. Flies had free access to standard cornmeal diet on the food tray placed below. Food was replaced every 2 days to maintain adequate moisture and freshness and remove eggs and first instar larvae. a detailed protocol The morgue fly sink module is a 10 cm diameter x 5 cm deep laser-cut acrylic cylinder covered by a detachable lid that allows quick disposal of its contents and is equipped with an nylon mesh adapter (in the style of the well coverings of the FlyPlate) that allows MAPLE to deposit flies into soapy water or ethanol that traps and euthanizes them. Fly food vial Request a detailed protocol The fly food vial is a standard 2. 6 cm x 10 cm vial equipped with a detachable lid that facilitates MAPLE fly depositing. A standard fly culture media vial can be placed into the fly food vial. Behavior arena arrays Request a detailed protocol Behavior phenotyping modules can receive flies in one of two different ways, depending on whether the flies are anesthetized or not. In a traditional experimental style (Ayroles et al. , 2015; Buchanan et al. , 2015), MAPLE can pick up anesthetized flies from the CO2 pad module with the organism manipulator, pick up the plastic lid covering a behavioral arena with the object manipulator, drop the fly in the arena, and replace the lid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The shifts in population composition with the IWI measure seems more relevant for examining the relationship between absolute levels of wealth and contraceptive use or for understanding compositional influences on changes in MCP, but not necessarily for analyzing whether within each country women who are relatively poorer or wealthier appeared to be disadvantaged by policies related to the FP2020 goal. find this analysis interesting, I don’t think it is necessary or that it strengthens the findings. It appears that a handful of other long-term FP2020 commitment countries have DHS surveys that have two surveys between 2010 and 2019 were not included (Benin, Cameroon, Guinea and Mozambique, to name a few). If the inclusion criteria are more selective than mentioned (e. g. , if one survey has to be prior to 2012), that should be specified. Alternatively, if some eligible countries were overlooked for this analysis, including them would make the findings more robust. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Most of the genetic studies on human obesity have assumed the absence of genotype-environment interactions simply because of the difficulties in assessing such interactive effects in quantitative genetic models. There are several plausible scenarios for the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. A higher obesity risk (represented by a quantitative trait BMI) will arise from the presence of obesity-related gene variants and environmental influences (i. e. high consumption of carbohydrates, low levels of physical activity) for a population carrying a given polymorphism. Indeed, individuals inherit a number of gene variants in key loci, but they also make specific lifestyle choices (e. g. low-fat vs. high-fat diets, high vs. low levels of physical activity) that affect weight gain or loss. Thus, while environmental factors may be changed in the short term, genetic factors can not, but they might interplay [52]. The gene-environment relationship is a key issue not only in understanding the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but also in designing appropriate treatments, such as ‘personalized nutrition’ [53]. Indeed, the large-scale European intervention trial concerning the comparison of the impact of more than 40 genetic polymorphisms on weight loss with hypocaloric diets containing different macronutrient distributions showed that much work is required in this area and that gene expression profiling is involved in body weight and composition control [54–56]. 1. Marti A, Moreno–: Genes, lifestyles and obesity. Obes 2004;28:S29-S362. Marti A, Martinez-González MA, Martinez JA: Interaction between genes and lifestyle factors on obesity. Soc 2008;67:1-83. : Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Obes 2008;32:1431-14374. Moreno-ínez JA: Does weight loss prognosis depend on genetic make-up? . 2005;6:155-1685. : The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity. Genet 2009;10:431-4426. : Addressing the obesity epidemic: a genomics perspective. Dis 2007;4:1-67. ínez JA: Different dietary strategies for weight loss in obesity: role of energy and macronutrient content. Rev 2006;19:5-178. : Genotype-dependent response to energy-restricted diets in obese subjects: towards personalized nutrition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Flies were loaded into individual arenas by MAPLE; arenas that remained empty after two iterations were loaded manually using an aspirator. Flies were later removed from their arenas in an identical fashion. FlyPlates, social arenas, and y-maze arrays were filled with 96, 162, and 81 flies, respectively. Flies were assayed using diffused white LED backlighting (Buchanan et al. , 2015) in a temperature (23°C) and humidity (41%) controlled behavioral observation room. Fly movement was tracked for 1 hr. Fly tracks were analyzed using a custom script. For longitudinal assaying, flies were moved back into the FlyPlate after phenotyping and allowed to feed and rest overnight or for 1 hr at minimum. Behavior measurement Request a detailed protocol Fly movement was tracked at 29. 9 fps using a custom real-time script interfacing with a -13S2C USB-camera. Tracks were analyzed in. In total, 3% of the data were discarded because flies were immobile as determined by mean speed thresholds. otherwise specified, all confidence intervals were computed by bootstrapping the data associated with individual flies or individual fly dyads (in the case of social interaction measurements) 1000 times, using custom scripts. One standard deviation of the bootstrap estimates was our estimate of the standard error of the estimate. P-values reported were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction where applicable, and asterisks reflect post-correction significance. Specific experimental procedures Activity and speed MAPLE handling control experiments Request a detailed protocol Flies were loaded into a FlyPlate in accordance with general experimental procedures. MAPLE removed every second fly from its individual well and released it back after a 1 s delay 10 times in a row (48 flies total MAPLE-handled). This procedure was repeated three times so that every second fly was handled 30 times in total after 1 hr (Figure 2A–D). Flies were then monitored according to general experimental procedures. The preceding steps constituted one handling session. There were five handling sessions lasting 10 hr in total. Manual vs MAPLE-handling control experiments Request a detailed protocol Flies were loaded into the y-maze array according to general experimental procedures (Figure 2E–H). MAPLE loaded a random arena compartment (81 flies total) of each arena in the social arena tray to prevent dyad-neighbors influencing circling behavior.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2021, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: : A polymorphism in the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with weight loss after short-term diet. 2005;68:152-15434. : Genotype-by-nutrient interactions assessed in European obese women: a case-only study. Nutr 2006;45:454-46235. de : Influence of Ala54Thr polymorphism of fatty acid-binding protein 2 on weight loss and insulin levels secondary to two hypocaloric diets: a randomized clinical trial. 2008;82:113-11836. -Gonzalez MA, et al: diet protects against waist circumference enlargement in 12Ala carriers for the PPARgamma gene: 2 years’ follow-up of 774 subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Nutr 2009;9:1-837. : Difficulty in losing weight by behavioral intervention for women with Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene. 2003;27:1028-103638. : The effects of uncoupling protein 3 haplotypes on obesity phenotypes and very low-energy diet-induced changes among overweight Korean female subjects. Metabolism 2006;55:578-58639. : The effects of uncoupling protein 3 haplotypes on obesity pheno-types and very low-energy diet-induced changes among overweight Korean female subjects. Effects of genetic polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 on very low calorie diet-induced body fat reduction in Korean female subjects. 2007;359:451-45640. : Additive effect of the mutations in the beta3-adrenoceptor gene and UCP3 gene promoter on body fat distribution and glycemic control after weight reduction in overweight subjects with CAD or metabolic syndrome. 2004;28:434-44141. : Association between beta 3-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and a lower reduction in the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat area during weight loss in Japanese obese women. 2000;20:25-3442. : The –11391 G/A polymorphism of the adiponectin gene promoter is associated with metabolic syndrome traits and the outcome of an energy-restricted diet in obese subjects. Res 2009;41:55-6143.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Flies were observed as described in general experimental procedures. Flies were discarded into morgue fly sink module after phenotyping. Virgin-picking procedure Request a detailed protocol Ten male and 20 female CS between 5 and 7 days post-eclosion are placed in custom dispenser-type vials. These custom virgin-picking vials are 10 cm long x 4 cm in diameter open cylinders with a bottom that attaches by press-fit. Standard cornmeal diet was poured in the bottom portion and allowed to cool down prior to fly introduction. Flies were anaesthetized using CO2 and placed in the vial. After 2 days of egg-laying in the incubator (25°C), parental flies were discarded and the vial was placed back in the incubator. After 9 days, the bottom portion of the vial containing the food was removed from the container. The food was discarded and the container washed and reattached to the vial. The vial now only contained animals that pupated on the sides of the open cylindrical portion of the vial (Video 10). The vial was then placed into the and MAPLE’s virgin-picking subroutine was engaged. Every 30 min, the attempted to dispense any eclosed flies while MAPLE aligns its fly manipulator end effector to the fly dispenser adapter (Figure 3—figure supplement 3A). If a fly was successfully dispensed, MAPLE deposited it into a FlyPlate in the workspace. If at any point no fly is dispensed, MAPLE and the paused for a 30-min waiting period before a new dispensing attempt was made. Over 3 days, MAPLE continued to load newly eclosed flies into individual FlyPlate wells until pupa were exhausted (Video 10). FlyPlate wells containing multiple flies were manually emptied with an aspirator. The remaining flies were manually anesthetized using CO2 and their sex assessed under a dissecting microscope. After sexing, flies were returned to their individual wells. The FlyPlate fly source module including food tray was removed from the workspace and placed inside a sealed plastic container. After 10 days, the food tray was examined for larvae, eggs, and newly hatched flies. When none were found, the single flies MAPLE placed into individual FlyPlate wells were considered virgins.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Personalized nutrition advice : an everyday-life perspective L. I. output: Thesis › internal thesis presents societal preconditions for Advice (PNA) that result from an everyday-life perspective on this innovative approach. Generally, PNA is regarded as promising, because it provides users with highly specific information on individual health risks and benefits of eating habits and the desirable changes, which may induce a high sense of personal relevance. Rapid developments in interactive computer technology (ICT) and nutrigenomics science are the innovative drivers in this area. Although indicated as promising, the limited impact of personalized advice on eating practices up to now, signals a mismatch with consumers’ everyday life. In our studies, we found that the pursuance of nutrition advices assumes that consumers have a focal concern on health, which is not always the case. Consumers value uncomplicatedness and convenience of healthful eating and the flexibility to eat for pleasure as well. More flexible advice would therefore better match with consumers’ complicated everyday life, in which health is just one of several ambitions, including social ones. A change of eating practices requires the alteration of other practices besides those directly related to the food choice chain. Advice should provide for consumers’ ability to organize healthful eating within existing chains of social practices, including discursive ones. In everyday-life, consumers have to persist in their intentions to eat healthfully vis-a-vis relevant others. In our study, consumers presented themselves as being uncomplicated, to avoid the image of health freakiness. Based on the finding that being someone who makes great effort in relation to healthful eating is a disfavored image, we conclude that for structural change, the healthy choice should become a ‘practically and socially easy choice’. We propose that PNA can contribute to this goal by using an ‘Action Approach’. The basic idea of this approach is that, besides being well-informed and motivated, consumers need to become actively involved in eating for health. By this, we mean that they are able to practically and socially organize their eating practices in order to ensure health benefits. This would involve the stimulation of a process of critical reflection on the uncomplicatedness of healthful eating and the integration of advice on the practical and social organization of changing eating practices towards health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These structures provide habitats for fish and other marine life. [SEP] Text: An alternative explanation, is that predation may be more important than we had originally thought (in a similar previous study we did not observe any predation events [15]). The one insight into predation from our video footage suggested that the ASU was of value to the post–settlement snapper because they swam directly and quickly towards it as the predator approached. While one interaction between post–settlement snapper and a predator is a rare event at the scale of video sampling that is possible, this does not mean that predator interactions are not significant at the scale that they are experienced by post–settlement snapper. In addition, the value of structure as a refuge from nocturnal predators has not been assessed, but could be important given the different suite of predators that will be active. The identification and protection of the most productive nursery habitats is a key priority in managing fish populations, especially when resources are limited and have to be prioritised. While it is extremely challenging to quantify the contribution of different nursery habitats to the adult population [9, 10], understanding what makes a habitat or location valuable as a nursery may have utility. A mechanism–driven approach may reveal detail about the relationship between fish and the habitat they utilise, which could in turn provide a better understanding of what habitat features are likely to lead to higher habitat specific productivity. For example, in the present study we observed that post–settlement snapper positioned themselves both in the water column and up–current of structure as well as down–current of structure and near the sea bed (potentially alternating positions to maximise opportunity for pelagic feeding [15] and sheltering). Therefore, nursery habitat located in areas with appropriate water velocity are likely to provide a higher flux of food and support higher growth rates, which allow juvenile fish to advance through this vulnerable life stage [38]. Likewise, we also observed an instance where post–settlement snapper used structure to evade a predator, which may suggest that specific aspects of that structure which maximise predation avoidance might be beneficial [39]. Using the mechanisms that connect fish to nursery habitats may therefore be an efficient and ecologically informed approach to guiding management, but as the results of the present study suggest, it still has its own challenges. Supporting informationS1 File. Data file containing water flow measurments and counts of post–settlement snapper around ASUs. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Consumers themselves should become co-designers of this advice, as they are experts on everyday-life problems and solutions which occur when they try to pursue their healthful eating intentions. The integration of a diversity of expertise on social, ethical and practical requirements in early stages of the development process of innovative PNA is essential. Yet, our study showed that actors in diverse societal sectors were reluctant to engage in the development process of ICT and gene-based PNA. Their evidence-based working practices required that first, scientific support on the effectiveness should become available. Based on their expertise on public needs and wants, they called for a request to slow down the innovation process on behalf of the public. Current working life also does not allow for much change in roles and responsibilities, which may be needed to integrate the innovation in working practices of societal actors. In our qualitative study amongst general practitioners (GPs), we found that participants hold rather critical views on nutrition advice, and certainly on the innovative drivers. A lack of robustness, a low match with patients’ needs and equivocalness of nutritional studies were perceived as blocking GPs involvement. The social acceptability of PNA requires a participatory process. But an invitation to join the innovation process does not of necessity elicit pro-active involvement. This requires the stimulation of a critical reflection process on the meaning of ‘evidence’ from the perspectives of concerned actors and the consequences for the innovation processes. Such an exercise should aim at finding solutions, as to overcome the block about involvement. It should also target reflection on the meaning of expertise, keeping in mind the required increasing role of consumers in the design of PNA. In sum, we conclude that the alignment of PNA with societal preconditions is possible if the development process evolves as a participatory process, in which all societal actors are convinced about the valuable contribution their experience and expertise offers to this search for new ways to effectively promote healthful eating. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of-promotorte Molder, Hedwig, Co-promotorAward date15 Apr 2009Place of Publication[S. l. Print ISBNs9789085853633DOstatusPublished - 15 Apr 2009 Keywordsnutritionfoodsconsumption patternsdisease preventionnutrition informationcommunicationhealthhuman behaviournutrition and health output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some artificial reefs are made from environmentally safe materials like concrete and steel. [SEP] Text: Some of them were garlic peel [38], garcinia indica peel [39], Musa paradisia peel [21], calamansi peel [40], grapefruit peel [41], cumcumber peel [42], pumpkin peel [43], carica papaya peel [44], punica granatum peel [45], aqueous brown onion peel [46], musa acuminate fruit peel [47], banana peel [48], lemon peel [49], longan peel [50], lychee peel [19], mangifera indica peel [51], almond peel [52], mango peel [53], orange peel [53], musa sapientum peel[54], sweet melon peel [20], green pea peel [55], mangosteen peel [56] and watermelon peel [22]. The comparison is shown in the figure 10. 10. png Figure 10. The comparrison of inhibition efficiency of JPE and the others 4. Conclusion JPE could be used as environmentally friendly inhibitor for AISI 1037 carbon steel in HCl solution. The functional groups in antioxidant compound molecules could be identified through FTIR spectrum of the extract. The result of mass spectroscopy indicated antioxidant compounds where the highest abundance was found in artocarpin. In this study, the most efficient inhibitor was found when the inhibitor concentration of 1000 ppm was added into 1 M HCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency achieved 90. 98% using potentiodynamic polarization method. Adsorption occurred at concentration of 200 ppm up to 3000 ppm followed Langmuir pattern. The value of free energy and the activation energy indicated physical adsorption. The IR spectra of protective layer formed by the inhibitor indicated that the JPE was maybe adsorbed on the surface of AISI 1037 carbon steel. 2018. [3] Z. Tang, “A review of corrosion inhibitors for rust preventative fluids,” Curr. Opin. Mater. Sci. , vol. 23, no. 4, 2019. [4] A. Ehsani, M. G. Mahjani, M. Hosseini, R. Safari, R. Moshrefi, and H. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We have added this note into the discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities.

Output: pass