Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In the standard version, an individual mouse of a group was gently placed in a cage (30 × 23 cm) where 12 glass marbles (color and size of marbles were always kept constant) were evenly spaced on the husk bedding of the cage. In this version of the test the animal was allowed 15 min for burying or covering a marble at least two-thirds by husk. 32 In the two-zone version of the test 8 glass marbles were evenly spaced only on one half of the cage and 30 min time was allowed to the animal for burring or covering the marbles at least two-thirds by husk. In both versions of the test, a blind observer unaware of the treatment given to the animal counted the numbers of marbles buried or two-third covered with husk by the animal during its stay in the box. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and student t test wherever necessary. GraphPad Prism-5 (GraphInc. , California, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. 8 software () was used for making graphs. P value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. finding experiments Body weights: Mean body weights of different groups of animals recorded during the course of the experiments are summarized in the Figure 1A & 1B. Body weights of the animals in both the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups steadily decreased and those of the reference agents (fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate) increased during the course of the experiments. Observed effects of all tested daily oral doses of quercetin and TEG were qualitatively as well as quantitatively quite analogous to those of the 10 mg/kg/day doses of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Their statistically significant protective effects against intermittent foot shock stress triggered body weight losses were observed only after their 7 or more daily doses and their efficacies continued to increase during the last five days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Payment for ecosystem services (PES): Implement PES schemes to provide financial incentives for landowners to maintain and restore ecosystems. Limited funding and resources Issue: Conservation projects often suffer from insufficient funding, limiting their scope and effectiveness. Possible solutions: Increase funding: Mobilize additional resources through government funding, international aid, and private sector investment. Public-private partnerships: Foster partnerships between public agencies, NGOs, and the private sector to pool resources and expertise. Lack of local community engagement Issue: Conservation efforts can fail without the support and involvement of local communities, who are directly affected by conservation policies. Possible solutions: Participatory approaches: Involve local communities in planning and decision-making processes to ensure their needs and knowledge are considered. Benefit sharing: Ensure that local communities receive tangible benefits from conservation activities, such as employment opportunities and improved livelihoods. Monitoring and evaluation challenges Issue: Measuring the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation for climate mitigation is complex and requires robust data and monitoring systems. Possible solutions: Develop monitoring systems: Implement comprehensive monitoring and evaluation systems to track biodiversity and carbon sequestration outcomes. Use technology: Leverage remote sensing, drones, and AI to improve data collection and analysis. Policy and governance issues Issue: Weak governance structures and lack of political will can hinder effective implementation of conservation strategies. Possible solutions: Strengthen institutions: Build capacity in local and national institutions to improve governance and enforcement of conservation policies. International cooperation: Foster international collaborations to support policy development and implementation in regions with limited governance capacity. Possible solutions for overcoming challenges Community-based conservation Approach: Engage local communities in conservation efforts, ensuring they have ownership and receive benefits from these initiatives. Example: Namibia's Community-(CBNRM) program successfully involves communities in managing wildlife and natural resources, leading to both conservation and socio-economic benefits. Incentive-based conservation Approach: Implement economic incentives for conservation, such as PES programs, eco-tourism, and sustainable harvesting. Example: Costa Rica's PES program compensates landowners for maintaining forest cover, contributing to significant reforestation and carbon sequestration. Integrating biodiversity in climate policies Approach: Ensure that climate change mitigation policies explicitly incorporate biodiversity conservation objectives. Example: The REDD+ program (from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) integrates forest conservation with climate mitigation efforts, aiming to protect biodiversity while reducing carbon emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: The cancer SC hypothesis offers new insights for the development of therapeutic strategies in oncology, which will require a deep understanding of CSC molecular profile and biological behaviour[1565]. Potential targets for CSC-based therapies in oncology might be found by comparing SC and CSC properties. i. e. it is well known that CSCs share molecular pathways involved in the maintenance of stemness (such as Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and Notch signalling) with SCs and that they are responsive to similar motomorphogens involved in both SC migration and cancer metastasis. The development of drugs antagonizing these signals may be helpful in inhibiting CSC proliferation and mobilization, therefore blocking cancer growth and metastasis[1565]. Moreover, SCs and CSCs are able to secrete cytokines and angiopoietic factors which are critical for sustaining tumors, and that can be specifically targeted by anti-angiogenetic therapies[24]. However, an ideal CSC-based therapy would require targeting of CSCs, while sparing normal SCs. Indeed, despite similarities in terms of immunophenotype with their normal counterparts, some cell-surface markers and metabolic pathways must differs in CSCs compared with SCs, implying a biological uniqueness of CSCs. As a consequence, the identification of specific CSC-markers and pathways appears to be fundamental in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies in oncology. The quest for a surface marker which will enable isolation and further characterization of tumor-initiating cells within human cancers has already begun. Several studies have suggested that the CSC fraction within various tumors might be identified by the expression of CD133, a trans-membrane glycoprotein[91]. CD133 is expressed by progenitor cells belonging to neuronal, hematopoietic, epithelial and endothelial lineages and its expression has been reported in several tumor tissues, including melanomas, kidney, ovarian, colon and liver cancers[85–91]. In our opinion, CD133 might be useful to enrich the CSC fraction within some tumors, but it cannot be considered as a specific cancer SC-antigen. Indeed, CD133 is expressed by various normal SCs and also progenitor cells; moreover, upon a careful examination of the published studies, it seems that only a minority of CD133+ cancer cells is tumor-initiating[85–91].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: These results reveal that the maximally effective daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin in suppressing the experimental procedures triggered weight losses is 5mg/kg or lower and that even their 11 highest tested daily oral doses (400 mg/kg/day) have no adverse effects on body weight gain rates of male mice occasionally subjected to only 1 min duration of painful foot shocks. Basal core temperatures: Mean basal rectal temperatures of all groups of both the experiments on the first observational days were within normal ranges of the mouse colony used in this and other studies commonly used in our laboratories. On the 5th days of the experiments, mean core temperatures of the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups recorded before subjecting them to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests were slightly, but significantly, higher than those recorded on the first observational day of the experiments. Except for the fumaric acid treated group, these elevations in basal core temperature triggered by exposures of animals to 1 min duration of foot shock stress on the first days of the experiments were almost equal in all test groups. It is apparent from the results summarized in Figure 2A & 2B that mean basal core temperatures of the vehicle treated control groups remained elevated during the subsequent observation days, whereas those of all triethylene or quercetin treated ones continue to decrease from the 7th and further days of the experiments. These observed effects of even the lowest daily oral dose (5 mg/kg/day) were qualitatively and quantitatively quite similar to those of 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric aid and its dimethyl ester. These results reaffirm that both quercetin and triethylene are fumarates like stress response suppressing agents and that their five daily oral 5 mg/kg doses are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing male mice against very short duration of painful foot shocks triggered prolonged elevations in their basal core temperatures. Foot-(FSIH): Magnitudes of FISH of the vehicle treated control groups observed 10 minutes after exposures to foot shocks on the very first and subsequent observational days remained almost constant in both the experiments (Figure 3A & 4B). These effects of a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of fumaric acid and its dimethyl ester were significantly lower than those of the corresponding control groups treated with their vehicles and increased only minimally after their 7 or 10 daily doses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it Published online by Press: 06 October 2015 andWilliam M. author details Evangelia Apostolopoulou* Affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3. Adams Affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK * (Corresponding author) E-mail ea367@cam. ac. uk 0. 19 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] offsetting involves the balancing of biodiversity loss in one place (and at one time) by an equivalent biodiversity gain elsewhere (an outcome referred to as Loss). The conservation science literature has chiefly addressed the extent to which biodiversity offsets can serve as a conservation tool, focusing on the technical challenges of its implementation. However, offsetting has more profound implications than this technical approach suggests. In this paper we introduce the concept of policy frames, and use it to identify four ways in which non-human nature and its conservation are reframed by offsetting. Firstly, offsetting reframes nature in terms of isolated biodiversity units that can be simply defined, measured and exchanged across time and space to achieve equivalence between ecological losses and gains. Secondly, it reframes biodiversity as lacking locational specificity, ignoring broader dimensions of place and deepening a nature–culture and nature–society divide. Thirdly, it reframes conservation as an exchange of credits implying that the value of non-human nature can be set by price. Fourthly, it ties conservation to land development and economic growth, foreshadowing and bypassing an oppositional position. We conclude that by presenting offsetting as a technical issue, the problem of biodiversity loss due to development is depoliticized. As a result the possibility of opposing and challenging environmental destruction is foreclosed, and a dystopian future of continued biodiversity loss is presented as the only alternative. unitsconservation bankingconservation creditsmetricsmitigation hierarchyoffsetsoffsetting Issue 1 January 2017 10. 1017/S0030605315000782 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: -regenerative medicine based on SCs is no longer a future perspective, since SC research is already supporting an escalating industry, engaged in testing treatments for every sort of disease. Nonetheless, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments, as well as their carcinogenic potential. Indeed, SCs represent the key to tissue genesis, regeneration and homeostasis. However, for their specific characteristics, SCs may also represent a unique target for tumorigenic stimuli[16]. Stemness might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by CSCs. This scenario leads to a reinterpretation of the previously mentioned Celsus’ tumor classification, where ESCs represent the source of tumors secundum naturam; normal ASCs restore homeostasis following injuries, being responsible for tumors propter naturam; CSCs mimic normal ASCs in respect to self-renewal potential, but elude homeostatic regulation, resulting in tumors contra natura. The CSC hypothesis imposes caution when proposing SC-based therapies, because infused SCs may degenerate into CSCs and give rise to neoplasms. This possibility should impose further preclinical studies prior to large-scale clinical applications of SC-based therapies. However, the CSC hypothesis also offers new insights for anti-cancer treatments, based upon the similarities and differences between SCs and CSCs. As a consequence, normal SC and CSC research must proceed side-by-side, because the identification of unique CSC targets requires a deep understanding of normal SC molecular profile and properties. The promise of regenerative medicine based on SCs imposes a better knowledge of SC and CSC biology, to help prevent and cure human pathologies and fight cancers from their roots.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: © Fauna & 2015 is rapidly expanding as a promising policy for allowing development and economic growth while achieving a Loss of biodiversity. This expansion is international. One of its key moments was the establishment of the Business and Programme (BBOP) in 2004 by a partnership of companies, financial institutions, government agencies, business and non-governmental organizations (BBOP, 2015). By 2011, at least 72 countries had either passed or were developing laws or policies related to biodiversity offsets or Loss (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011), and the EU has held a public consultation on a Loss policy (European Commission, 2015). In 2014 BBOP co-organized a conference in London with the inspired title of Biodiversity and Beyond. This was pitched as ‘the first global conference on approaches to avoid, minimize, restore, and offset biodiversity loss’, and brought together various corporations, governments and non-governmental organizations (BBOP, 2014). Biodiversity offsets are defined as ‘measurable conservation outcomes designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been taken’ (BBOP, 2012a, p. 13). In effect, offsetting seeks to compensate for losses to biodiversity in one place (and at one time) by creating equivalent gains elsewhere. Thus forest cleared to make way for a development project might be compensated through the restoration of forest (or prevention of forest loss) somewhere else and in some cases at a later time. The appeal of offsetting to conservationists is its potential, when taken as part of the so-called mitigation hierarchy (BBOP, 2009), to deliver a Loss (or net gain) conservation outcome (BBOP, 2012a) by keeping a balance between nature destroyed by development and nature for conservation. The attraction of offsetting to developers is that it provides a practical, cost-effective and predictable process to address the environmental impacts of development while enabling the relocation of environmental compensation across space and time. The conservation science literature has so far focused on the technical challenges of implementing offsetting. There has been discussion of ways to equate ecological losses and gains in development and offset sites, to select appropriate biodiversity currencies, accounting systems and exchange rules, to address practical challenges for adequate monitoring, compliance and post-implementation evaluation, and to deal with perverse incentives (e. g. Bull et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. . Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science. 1999;284:1168-1170. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 22. . The heterogeneity of human mesenchymal stem cell preparations--evidence from simultaneous analysis of proteomes and transcriptomes. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:536-548. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. -Wieczorek A, Ratajczak J. Stem cell plasticity revisited: CXCR4-positive cells expressing mRNA for early muscle, liver and neural cells ‘hide out’ in the bone marrow. Leukemia. 2004;18:29-40. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 24. . Stem cell-based therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. Technol. 2008;17:100-118. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 25. Ding S, Schultz PG. A role for chemistry in stem cell biology. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:833-840. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 26. . Embryonic stem cell transplantation: potential applicability in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine. Front Biosci. 2007;12:4525-4535. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 27. Al-toma A, Visser OJ, van Roessel HM, von. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells. Blood. 2007;109:2243-2249. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 28. Al-. Update on the management of refractory coeliac disease. J Dis. 2007;16:57-63. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. Rogler G, Andus T. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Surg. 1998;22:382-389. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 30. . Bone marrow stem cell-mediated regeneration in IBD: where do we go from here?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Sleep onset time of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group was significantly shorter than that of the corresponding control group and this effect of quercetin treatment observed 24 hours after its 11 daily doses increased somewhat with its increasing daily doses tested. However, except for the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group, mean duration of sleep in 20 mg/kg/day and higher daily doses of quercetin had no significant effects on duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. Confirmatory experiments Body weight and basal core temperature: Mean body weights and basal core temperatures of experimental groups of these experiments are summarized in Figure 6 & 7 respectively. These results reconfirm that alterations in body weights and basal core temperatures of stressed or unstressed mice treated with CMC or distilled water are almost identical during the course of the experiments. As expected from the results of the pilot experiments, these alterations in the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or triethylene treated stressed animals were almost identical to those of the corresponding vehicle treated non-stressed groups. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH): Diverse versions stress induced hyperthermia tests in rodents are often used for identifying anxiolytic agents or for assessing anxiety state of animals. 33 Observations in our laboratores have revealed that althoug a single 5 mg/kg oral dose of the anxiolytic diazepam have no significant effects in the FISH test used in in this study, after a few days of dily oral treatments of mice with is same dose suppressse FISH responses and that 15 mg/kg oral imiprimane doses had no significant effects in the test after its single or repeated daily doses. 23 The results summarised in the Figure 8A & 8B revealed that the FSIH responses of both the CMC and distilled water treated groups in creased slightly during the course of the experiments and that such responses of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or TEG treated groups were always significantly lower than the corresponding vehicle treated groups. Howere, the corresponding core temperatuers of of the CMC or distilled water treated control groups of the experiments not subjected to foot shocks were always lower than the guercetin or TEG treated stressed groups on all observational days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Bull, Suttle, Gordon, Singh and Milner-Gulland2013; Gardner et al. , Reference Gardner, von Hase, Brownlie, Ekstrom, Pilgrim and Savy2013; Pilgrim et al. , Reference Pilgrim, Brownlie, Ekstrom, Gardner, von Hase and ten Kate2013; Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015). Despite criticisms (e. g. Quétier & Lavorel, Reference Quétier and Lavorel2011; Maron et al. , and Gardner2012) this literature tends to approach offsetting as a neutral conservation tool and take for granted the role of offsetting as a solution to the problem of the environmental impacts of development or even as a means to achieve sustainable development (e. g. Bayon et al. , Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008; Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015). The implications of offsetting are more substantial than these essentially technical discussions suggest. The underlying promise of offsetting, namely the production of equivalent natures (E. Apostolopoulou & W. M. Adams, unpubl. data), has the potential to bring about a profound change both to the conception of nature and the practice of conservation. Here, we consider these changes and their implications, using the concept of policy frames (Entman, Reference Entman1993). We define framing as the act of defining problems, diagnosing their causes, making moral judgements and suggesting remedies (Tuchman, Reference Tuchman1978; Apostolopoulou & Paloniemi, and Paloniemi2012). Focusing on policy frames can shed light on the implicit politics of presenting (and chiefly analysing) offsetting as neutral and free of ideology. The latter is important since framing is a critical and unavoidable element of policy-making and thus an understanding of the way a policy issue is framed is essential (Lakoff, Reference Lakoff2010) if the consequent policy options and underlying value struggles (Sullivan & Hannis, and Hannis2015) are to be unravelled and properly assessed. The way nature is discussed in debates about development (as when it is set within a frame of thinking about offsetting) affects the chances that it will survive or be destroyed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1171-1173. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 31. . Nonmyeloablative stem cell therapy enhances microcirculation and tissue regeneration in murine inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:944-954. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. . Efficiency of bone marrow-derived cells in regeneration of the stomach after induction of ethanol-induced ulcers in rats. J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:591-599. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 33. Sanders KM. Interstitial cells of Cajal at the clinical and scientific interface. J Physiol. 2006;576:683-687. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 34. . Stem cells and regenerative medicine for diabetes mellitus. Pancreas. 2004;29:e85-e89. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. Gangaram-de Vos P. Towards stem-cell therapy in the endocrine pancreas. Med. 2007;13:164-173. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 36. . Pancreas developing markers expressed on human mononucleated umbilical cord blood cells. Res Commun. 2004;323:315-322. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 37. . Effect of human umbilical cord blood cells on glycemia and insulitis in type 1 diabetic mice. Res Commun. 2004;325:665-669. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. . Identification of stem cells from human umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics. Res. 2006;312:2454-2464. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 39. . Human cord blood--derived cells generate insulin-producing cells in vivo. Stem Cells. 2005;23:1409-1416. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 40. . Bone marrow-derived stem cells initiate pancreatic regeneration. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:763-770.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: It must be mentioned though, that unlike in the dose finding experiments significat effects of 5 mg/kg doses of both quercetin and TEGe were observed after their first or 5 daily doses. This discrepancy could be due to different batches of animal used in different sety of experiments, or other as yet unrecognised factors (seasonal variations etc,) that alters thermoregulatory mechanisms of laboratory rodents. Marble burying test: It has recently been reported that single intraperitoneally administrated 25 mg/kg doses of two different types of Withania somnifera root extracts possesses fluoxetine like effects in a mouse marble burying test for anxiolytics and obsessive compulsive disorders. 34 Observations in our laboratories have reconfirmed the efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts in both versions of marble burying test in stressed and unstressed mice after their repeated daily oral doses. 35 Results of the experiments reported in this report reconfirmed that the marble burying behaviour of CMC or distilled water treated control animals in both versions of the test are almost identical and that this behaviour in both stressed control groups of mice were also almost identical to those of the corresponding non-stressed ones. Although statistically significant effects of 12 daily 5 mg/kg quercetin treated group in the two-zone version of the test was observed (Table 2), its 11 daily doses had no statistically significant effects on the standard or one zone version of the test. Since both TEG and quercetin had no statistically significant effects in the on days 11 of the experiments, these results are not shown here. Figure 1 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 2 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This creation of ecologically equivalent credits is the defining characteristic of offsetting. The exchange between ecological gains and losses across space and time occurs in all the common approaches for delivering offsets, namely bespoke, project-specific offsets and conservation (or habitat) banking, but its potential to transform ecological credits into assets becomes most evident in the latter (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011). Conservation banking allows developers to buy credits (representing species or habitats) in order to either use them for internal mitigation (purchasing their right to degrade nature) or sell them to others (or both). This establishes a market for developers’ compensation liabilities (eftec, IEEP et al. , 2010; E. Apostolopoulou & W. M. Adams, unpubl. data), and allows credit purchasers to be involved in a for-profit version of conservation (Sullivan, Reference Sullivan2013b). Environmental offsetting is further advanced in the context of carbon than in that of biodiversity. Unlike carbon, biodiversity is always tied to place, making trade more problematic in technical terms, and more questionable in its principles than it already is for carbon (e. g. Bumpus & Liverman, and Liverman2008; Lohmann, Reference Lohmann2012). To overcome this and make biodiversity more accountable, marketable and tradable, there are attempts to create global units for biodiversity exchange, such as the Areas registry (VCA, 2015), which will list areas where biodiversity and ecosystem services are certified to be protected or restored ‘much as houses are listed on a real estate board’ (Hamrick, Reference Hamrick2014). Offsetting therefore reframes conservation practice around environmental markets, with monetary payments for biodiversity credits after the model of carbon trading. The resulting arrangements owe little to ecology. Ecosystems can be said to deliver bundles of services, and these can be stacked (or paid together to the landowners) or disaggregated. Robertson (Reference Robertson2012) points out that an interlocking set of ecological relations in a freshwater ecosystem might be defined as salmonid habitat credits and temperature credits and sold separately to interested buyers in other areas to compensate for their environmental impacts. Such a deal makes no ecological sense. In theory, the price of conservation credits should reflect the marginal cost of securing an offset (Conway et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Stem Cells. 2006;24:1833-1840. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 51. . Cell-based therapy for liver diseases. Sci. 2003;7:41-44. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 52. . Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes liver repair and induces oval cell migration and proliferation in rats. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:619-631. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 53. Mallet VO, Gilgenkrantz H. Mobilizing stem cells to repair liver after surgery: dream or reality? J Hepatol. 2005;43:754-756. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 54. . Mobilization of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells following liver resection surgery. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:805-810. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 55. . Partial hepatectomy induces mobilization of a unique population of haematopoietic progenitor cells in human healthy liver donors. J Hepatol. 2005;43:845-853. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 56. am Esch JS 2nd,. Portal application of autologous CD133+ bone marrow cells to the liver: a novel concept to support hepatic regeneration. Stem Cells. 2005;23:463-470. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 57. . Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy. Stem Cells. 2006;24:2292-2298. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 58. . Phase 1 human trial of autologous bone marrow-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3359-3363. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 59. . Feasibility and safety of G-CSF administration to induce bone marrow-derived cells mobilization in patients with end stage liver disease. J Hepatol. 2006;45:13-19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 3 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with triethylene glycol in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 4 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) quercetin and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with quercetin in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 5 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on tail suspension test in male mice on day 11. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 6 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Thus, the UK Government presents offsetting as a key element in succeeding in the ‘global race’ by ‘creating growth and delivering lasting prosperity’ while being ‘the first which leaves the natural environment of England in a better state than it inherited’ (Defra, 2013, p. 5; Kinver, Reference Kinver2013). The allure of offsetting lies in its promise to make conservation (in the form of Loss) possible without limiting economic growth, but in the process it makes both offsetting and conservation an integral element of development (BBOP, 2012b). Thus offsetting allows ecosystem degradation caused by development to be presented as a conservation opportunity, as for example where quarries can provide ‘an exciting opportunity for wildlife habitat creation’ (BirdLife International, 2011), or where an offset site is considered as of such high ecological value that the destruction of a development site (that is considered of lower conservation value) can actually be portrayed as beneficial for nature conservation (Lean, Reference Lean2013). Specific interests are benefited by such a choice. Offsetting is attractive to industry in fields such as mining, oil and gas, housing and infrastructure because it has the potential to enable the conversion of undeveloped land in valuable locations, in exchange for land managed for conservation elsewhere. Moreover, many corporations wish to be seen to respond to shareholder concerns about the environmental impacts of their operations, and offsetting allows them to do this: almost three quarters of active mines and exploration sites overlap with areas of high conservation value (Institute, 2003). Other benefits for corporations include the possibility of regulatory goodwill which could lead to faster permitting, easier access to finance, capital and associated competitive advantages, product branding, and the possibility of influencing emerging environmental regulation and policy (ICMM, 2005; ten Kate, Reference ten Kate2005; Environment Bank, 2013b). In parallel, the rhetorical framing of offsetting as a means to ensure simultaneously more development and more biodiversity conservation brings together otherwise opposing actors from governments, industries and NGOs. et al. (Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008, p. 38) argue that the goal of biodiversity markets is to prove that profit and environmental preservation are not mutually exclusive but mutually beneficial, and that biodiversity markets can create ‘a space where both can expand together’. The latter obviously also involves the creation of new business opportunities for consultants, brokers and conservation banking companies (Duke et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 60. . Lasting amelioration in the clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis with boost infusions of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:1583-1587. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 61. -Allaf F, M’. Characterization and clinical application of human CD34+ stem/progenitor cell populations mobilized into the blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Stem Cells. 2006;24:1822-1830. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 62. . Rescue therapy by portal infusion of autologous stem cells in a case of drug-induced hepatitis. Dis. 2007;39:878-882. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 63. Lorenzini S, Andreone P. Stem cell therapy for human liver cirrhosis: a cautious analysis of the results. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2383-2384. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. . Stem cell mobilization and collection in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ther. 2008;27:932-939. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 65. . Stem cells, cancer, liver, and liver cancer stem cells: finding a way out of the labyrinth. Drug Targets. 2007;7:582-590. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 66. Oberling C. The riddle of cancer. New Haven: Press 1952; 238. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 67. Rather L. The genesis of cancer. Baltimore: 1978; 262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 68. . Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N Med. 2004;351:657-667. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 69. . Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9. Nature. 2006;442:818-822.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, Water: Distilled water. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 7 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, QCR: Quercetin, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 8 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 9 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on foot shock stress triggered transient hyperthermia in male mice. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 10 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Duke, Dickie, Juniper, ten Kate, Pieterse and Rafiq2012). Such opportunities extend to conservation organizations. et al. (Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008, p. 38) note, ‘the more experienced banking companies are looking to agencies for advice to focus their land acquisition efforts or review species recovery plans to find the most ecologically important lands to purchase and establish banks’. Offsetting can thus provide a valued revenue stream for conservation organizations, particularly where they become involved in technical assessments or the acquisition or management of offset sites. Offsetting ties conservation to an agenda of land development and economic growth as the last element in a mitigation hierarchy. At each successive step down the hierarchy the degree of environmental protection is diminished, moving in turn through avoidance, minimization, rehabilitation or restoration of degraded ecosystems to offsetting (BBOP, 2009). Crucially, the existence of offsetting as a final option changes the way progression down the hierarchy is framed (e. g. McGrath, Reference McGrath2013): experience with US wetland mitigation has shown that the existence of offsetting as a possibility in planning has led to an underuse of the earlier stages of the mitigation hierarchy (Robertson, Reference Robertson2000). In conservation terms this could lower the threshold for approving projects and facilitate permanent land-use change, with negative net impacts on biodiversity. Moreover, offsetting mostly refers to conservation activities occurring outside the geographical boundaries of a development site (off-site compensation) to compensate for unavoidable impacts on site, allowing developers to increase their net developable area (Environment Bank, 2015a). The role of offsetting is therefore not neutral because it can facilitate planning permissions that might otherwise have been refused (e. g. see the in the UK; Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012). If conservationists focus efforts on proving that ecological equivalence or Loss are possible in the hope of winning better compensation for the environmental impacts of development, they should also be aware of the adverse effects of this choice, namely the weakening of long-standing critiques of the environmentally destructive activities of many corporations and industries. Focusing on how to deal with the impacts of a development project rather than on preventing projects with detrimental impacts on nature is based on the fundamental acceptance that ‘development impacts on biodiversity are unlikely to cease or even abate in the near future’ (Gordon et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: 2003;36 Suppl 1:59-72. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 81. . Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature. 2004;432:396-401. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 82. . The Sca-1 cell surface marker enriches for a prostate-regenerating cell subpopulation that can initiate prostate tumorigenesis. . 2005;102:6942-6947. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 83. . Sca-1 expression identifies stem cells in the proximal region of prostatic ducts with high capacity to reconstitute prostatic tissue. . 2005;102:7180-7185. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 84. . Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell. 2005;121:823-835. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 85. . Side population purified from hepatocellular carcinoma cells harbors cancer stem cell-like properties. Hepatology. 2006;44:240-251. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 86. . Expansion of liver cancer stem cells during aging in methionine adenosyltransferase 1A-deficient mice. Hepatology. 2008;47:1288-1297. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 87. . Characterization of CD133+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells as cancer stem/progenitor cells. Res Commun. 2006;351:820-824. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. . CD133 positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells possess high capacity for tumorigenicity. Cancer. 2007;120:1444-1450. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 89. Ricci-. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature. 2007;445:111-115. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 90. . Recent advances in cancer stem/progenitor cell research: therapeutic implications for overcoming resistance to the most aggressive cancers. J Med.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences (One way ANOVA followed by student t-test) relative to corresponding stressed control group and non-stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05 and ψp<0. 05 respectively. Onset of Sleep (Sec) Duration of Sleep (Min) 172. 83±3. 79 174. 67±2. 24 60. 50±2. 29 59. 33±2. 86 STD (10 mg/kg) 174. 67±4. 47 172. 83±2. 09 83. 00±2. 80 92. 67±4. 09* Test (5 mg/kg) 162. 83±3. 12 158. 33±4. 48* 72. 00±2. 35 85. 00±3. 00* Test (20 mg/kg) 156. 83±3. 34 155. 00±6. 89* 75. 50±2. 09* 77. 03±3. 35 Test (100 mg/kg) 152. 00±3. 79* 152. 33±4. 32* 78. 00±1. 29* 74. 17±3. 21 Test (400 mg/kg) 148. 67±3. 93* 149. 67±3. 22* 80. 00±1. 63* 78. 33±3. 28 Table 1 Effect of triethylene glycol and quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12 Numbers of (Condition) 5. 67 ±0. 21 5. 50±0. 22 Non-stressed Control 5. 33±0. 21 5. 17±0. 17 Test (5 mg/kg) 5. 00±0. 26 4. 33±0. 21*ψ Table 2 Effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12 reported in this communication are the very first ones revealing and reconfirming quercetin like stress response desensitizing effects of TEG and that maximally effective daily oral doses of both quercetin and TEG in protecting male mice against stress triggered body weight losses and slight elevations of basal core temperatures are 5 mg/kg/day or lower.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 – Revised: 30 Aug 2023 – Accepted: 31 Aug 2023 – Published: 13 Oct 2023 1 of the solution to overcoming plastic pollution in the environment is to use biodegradable plastic instead of conventional plastics in applications in which plastics are used in the open environment and for which complete recollection of the plastic after use is impossible. A picture-case example is thin agricultural mulch films. Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films to elevate soil temperature and maintain soil moisture, to provide protection, and to prevent weed growth. Conventional mulch films are composed of polyethylene (PE). If these films are thin, they cannot readily be reused or recycled after application, which means they need to be incinerated or landfilled after a single use (Serrano-Ruiz et al. , 2021). Such a short life cycle of plastic products is undesirable, and both incineration and landfilling are considered undesirable end-of-life treatment options. Another disadvantage of conventional thin (< 25 µm) mulch films is that are cannot easily be entirely recollected after their application, leaving PE plastic residues in the soil. Because PE films persist, these residues build up in soils over time, eventually harming agricultural productivity (Gao et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the films may slowly decompose into microplastics. Both macroplastics and microplastics have been shown to be transported by wind and water, away from the initial application site and towards waterways, lakes, and coastal seas (Fig. 1; Egessa et al. , 2020; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022), where they have been shown to cause harm to the ecosystem (Galloway et al. , 2017; Hale et al. , 2020). Figure 1Transport of plastics from agricultural sources to lake sediments, either via water ways or via wind transport.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: us issue board and us issue board effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Home/2022, Vol. 10, No. 1/The effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Cell and Organ Transplantology. 2022; 10(1):18-24. DOI: 10. 22494/cot. v10i1. 134 The effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Labunets I. 1,2, Utko N. 1,2, Panteleymonova T. 1,2, Kyryk V. 1,2, Kharkevych Yu. 1,3, Rodnichenko A. 1, Litoshenko Z. 1,2, Butenko G. 1,2 1of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, of of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 2D. F. Institute of Gerontology, of of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 3of Life and of Ukraine, Kyiv, The transplantation of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) in Parkinson’s disease/parkinsonism is a promising area in their therapy. The effects of such cells may be influenced by the age of the donor and biologically active factors. The purpose of the study is to compare the effect of transplanted ADSCs of donor mice of different age on the parameters of behaviour, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain of mice with an experimental model of parkinsonism; to evaluate changes in the effects of cells from older donors under the influence of exogenous hormone melatonin. Materials and methods. The object of the study was adult (5-6 months) and aging (15-17 months) 129/Sv mice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: By far a vast majority of preclinical reports on bioactivities of quercetin deal mainly with its effects observed after its intraperitoneal administration or in cellular and other in vitro models and its doses used in most reported in vivo studies vary between 5 and 750 mg/kg. Reports on oral bioavailability of quercetin have consistently revealed that like all other edible plant polyphenolics quercetin is readily anabolised and catabolized inside the gastrointestinal tract and strongly suggest that its metabolites and conjugates are also involved in its therapeutically interesting bioactivity profile. 36 However, yet no reports on its pharmacologically interesting oral dose range and dosing regimen has appeared and analogous is also the case for TEG. Results of safety and chronic toxicity studies have revealed though, that their daily oral doses up to 1 g/day are well tolerated by laboratory rodents. Therefore, the dose finding experiments were conducted to estimate their pharmacologically interesting and toxicologically safe oral dose ranges in mice occasionally exposed to unpredictable mild stressful conditions, analogous (but not identical) to those now often used for assessing antidepressant like activities of drugs and other bioactive agents. 37 Qualitatively, the effects of quercetin and TEG observed in the dose finding experiments were quite analogous to those of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Like fumarates both of them also had similar antidepressants like efficacies in tail suspension test after their repeated daily oral doses. However, in this test the observed efficacies of fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate were ca. 10 times higher than those of quercetin or TEG and similar differences in their efficacies were also observed in the FISH test in those experiments. Therefore, fumaric acid and its easily hydrolysable esters seem to be more effective as potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agents with stress response desensitizing properties than quercetin or TEG. Fumarates were the very first stress response suppressing bioactive metabolite of an Ayurvedic adaptogenic herb identified and since then numerous other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of fumaric acid and its hydrolysable esters have been observed in our laboratories. 26,38-40 Estimated mean maximally effective daily oral doses of fumaric acid and its methyl esters after their repeated once daily oral treatments were always between 1 and 15 mg/kg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: DownloadIn an attempt to limit soil plastic pollution, the agricultural industry has developed soil-biodegradable mulch films as substitutes for conventional films. These soil-biodegradable films can be composed of different materials, for example, biologically derived polymers, forms of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and also lipid-based products, and are designed to be degradable by soil microorganisms under the moisture and temperature conditions found in the soil environment (Yang et al. , 2020). A standard has been set by the EU (2018 EU standard EN 17033) for the biodegradability of mulch films named as such. In general, the biodegradation of the soil-biodegradable mulch films (hereafter referred to as BD films) involves two stages: (i) breakdown of the large pieces into small organic molecules by abiotic or biological (enzymatic) processes and (ii) uptake and metabolic use of these organic molecules by microorganisms under conversion into CO2 and microbial biomass (Zumstein et al. , 2018). Soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be biodegraded in soil. It is, however, possible that fragments of the of BD films may be transported away from agricultural soils before being completely biodegraded. While we are not aware of studies specifically on the transport of BD films, the transport of conventional mulch films by wind or water has been observed (Dris et al. , 2015; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022). Earlier studies have shown successful biodegradation of BD films in soil environments (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020), with complete biodegradation being predicted to take several years. Research on the aquatic biodegradation of BD plastics is predominantly focused on the marine realm. There, several studies have shown microbial colonization on BD plastics (Eich et al. , 2015; Morohoshi et al. , 2018; Nauendorf et al. , 2016), and some showed a disintegration of the plastics over time (Briassoulis et al. , 2020; Lott et al. , 2020; Wei et al. , 2021), although these studies were not performed on mulch films but on other BD plastic products, such as bags.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Adult mice were injected once with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and after 17 days – ADSCs of adult or aging donor mice at a dose of 700 thousand cells in the tail vein. Some mice received ADSCs of aging donors in combination with melatonin. Behavioural parameters were assessed in open-field, rigidity and rotarod tests; the relative content of macrophages was measured in the brain, malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Results. Under the influence of MPTP, the number of squares, rearings, body length and length is significantly less than in the intact group, and muscle tone is higher; in the brain the content of MDA and macrophages increases and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreases. After the transplantation of adult donor ADSCs, the parameters of body and step length increase significantly, but not to the level of intact mice; the activity of SOD, glutathione reductase (GR) and the proportion of macrophages increase in the brain. After the administration of ADSCs of aging donors, the values of behavioural parameters and the proportion of macrophages in the brain correspond to the control group (only MPTP), and the activity of SOD corresponds to intact animals. In mice treated with ADSCs of aging donors in combination with melatonin, the direction of changes in behavioural parameters, SOD and GR activity, macrophage percentage was similar to that observed after the administration of adult donor ADSCs. Conclusions. The effects of ADSCs transplantation in mice with the MPTP model of parkinsonism depend on the age of the donor and are more pronounced in transplanted cells derived from adult mice. The effects of ADSCs from aging donors in combination with melatonin are consistent with those observed after administration of cells from adult donors. Key words: adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; MPTP; parkinsonism; melatonin; behavioral reactions; oxidative stress; macrophages PDF 1. Sulzev D, Surmeiter DJ. Neuronal vulnerability, pathogenests and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013. 28. P. 715-724. doi: 10. 1002/mds. 25095.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: /day in various rodent models commonly used for identifying drug leads potentially useful for treatments of anxiety, depression, pain and inflammation. Therefore, 10 mg/kg/day doses of water soluble fumaric acid was used as a reference substance in the dose finding experiment with TEG and the same dose of di-methyl fumarate for the experiment with the water insoluble quercetin which were suspended in 0. 3% CMC for daily oral administrations. Results of the confirmatory experiments reaffirm that body weights and basal core temperatures of the distilled water or 0. 3% CMC treated stressed and non stressed control groups on all observational day were almost identical and such were also the observations in the FSIH and marble burying tests. These observations not only justify uses of CMC as a vehicle for water insoluble substances in the bioassay used, but also reaffirm that despite structural and other differences in their water solubility and physicochemical properties, both quercetin and TEG are almost equiactive as stress response suppressing agents with antidepressants and anxiolytic like effects after their repeated daily oral doses only. It has recently been reported that single oral 15 mg/kg dose of quercetin to mice improves redox status but does not affect heat shock stress responses. 41,42 Numerous observation in our laboratories and elsewhere have often revealed also that maximally effective stress response suppressing doses and doses regimen of adaptogenic herbal extracts and their bioactive constituents are often not effective in their psychopharmacological and other activities observed after their higher or acute doses. Therefore, the confirmatory experiments were conducted to experimentally verify the possibility whether after their 10 or more daily 5 mg/kg oral doses quercetin and TEG also possesses Withania somnifera extracts like effects on obsessive compulsive behavior of stressed mice or not. Results of these experiments revealed that although quercetin posses some significant effects in the two-zone version of the marble burying test, it had no observable effects in the other version of the same test and TEG had no observable effects in both versions of the test. Since such were not the observations made with a Withania somnifera extract tested earlier in our laboratories,43 these observations suggest that apart from quercetin and TEG other bioactive secondary metabolites are also involved in the broad spectrums of psychopharmacological activity profiles of the plant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many biodegradable materials are sourced from renewable resources like cornstarch or seaweed. [SEP] Text: Plastics from D. Patil, Manishkumar S. Tiwari, Vivek P. oil prices are soaring steeply due to the depleting petroleum raw materials. Extensive research has been carried out around the globe to develop efficient processes that can replace oil-derived polymers (conventional plastic) with bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources. Fossil-oil based plastic products take decades to degrade, leading to the unwanted accumulation of plastic waste that can be seen all around. Further, greenhouse gases emission occurs during the production and destruction of synthetic plastic. Therefore, plastic waste has become a massive threat to the biosphere and needs to be addressed immediately. To overcome this issue, a new type of plastic can be produced from bio-resources that can fulfill even the energy demand in today’s world. This new form of plastic must be accommodated fast in daily life, considering the range of applications of plastics. Biodegradable plastics made from renewable raw materials can retain all the benefits of petroleum-based plastic without having any negative impacts on the environment. Bioplastics are not toxic in nature and can easily decay back into carbon dioxide via degradation. The products made from bioplastics may be commercialized, considering their superior properties over conventional plastic. The discovery and implementation of plastic made from renewable raw material resources could be a giant leap into the sustainable future. Keywords Bio-Degradable Plastics, Biopolymer, Bio-Based Polymers, Published online 4/1/2021, 44 pages Citation: Pravin D. Patil, Manishkumar S. Tiwari, Vivek P. Bhange, from. 99, pp 37-80, 2021 DOI: Part of the book on Degradation of Plastics 58. [3] N. Cioica, C. Ń. Co, M. Nagy, G. Fodorean, Plastics made from renewable sources – potential and perspectives for the environment and agriculture of the third millenium, Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca – Agric. 65 (2008) 23–28. [4] & Report, Available at: (accessed January 19, 2020). [5] P. Kumar, Sonia, Green Plastic: A new plastic for packaging, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: PMid:22791686 PMCid:PMC3578396 2. Guo J-D, Zhao X, Li Y. , Li G-R, Liu X-L. Damage to dopaminergic neurons by oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (Review). Mol Med. 2018. 41. P. 1817-1825. doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2018. 3406. 3. . Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease and its potential as therapeutic target. Translat Neurodegenerat. 2015. 4:19. doi: 10. 1186/s40035-015-0042-0. PMid:26464797 PMCid:PMC4603346 4. Li Zh, Cheung H-H. Stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson desease. Mol Sci. 2020. 21, 8060. doi: 10. 3390/ijms21218060. PMid:33137927 PMCid:PMC7663462 5. . The current landscape of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome. Cytotherapy. 2016. 18. P. 13-24. DOI:10. 1016/j. jcyt. 2015. 10. 008. PMid:26631828 PMCid:PMC4924535 6. . Activation, homing and role of the mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory environment. J Inflamm Res. 2016. 9. P. 231-240. DOI:10. 2147/JIR. S121994. PMid:28008279 PMCid:PMC5170601 7. . The application of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells in the reduction of oxidative stress in animals. Biol. 2017. 41. P. 12-19. DOI:10. 3906/biy-1603-13. 8. Laroni A, Kerlego de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of neurological diseases: immunoregulation beyond neuroprotection. Immunology letter. 2015. 168. P. 183-190. PMid:26296458 9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Fumarates and other structurally diverse plant metabolites with microbicidal activities and antibiotics have since long been used by agricultural farm industries as growth promoters and it is now well recognized that their modulating effects on gut microbial ecology also contribute to their growth promoting effects. 44 More recently it has been reported also that like other dietary emulsifiers, daily CMC intake with drinking water by laboratory mice alters their gut microbial ecology and increases their body weight gain rates after 20 or more days of its regular intake. 45 In the confirmatory experiments reported in the present communication, 12 daily oral administrations of 0. 3% CMC (10 ml/kg/day) also had no effects on body weight gains in the non stressed mice and the body weight losses and all other quantified parameters in CMC only treated stressed mice during the course of the experiments were also similar in magnitude to those observed in distilled water treated ones. These and the other observation that 5 or more daily oral 5 mg/kg/day oral doses of quercetin or TEG are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing stress triggered body weight loses and alterations in thermoregulatory processes could suggest that they are either more effective modulators of gut microbial ecology than CMC, or that their these observed effects are not entirely due to their potential ability to modulate gut microbial ecology. Although further more detailed studies will be necessary for more definitive statements on possible involvement of gut microbiota in their modes of actions, it remains certain that both of them are more potent stress response desensitizer than as potential antidepressant or anxiolytic agents and that observations made after their single doses are not very reliable predictors of their bioactivity profiles after their regular oral intake. The experiments described in this communication constitute a part of our ongoing efforts to identify bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera and other Ayurvedic adaptogenic plants currently often used, or prescribed by practitioners of Indian system of medicines, for prevention and cure of psychosomatic disorders. Quercetin is one of the numerous plant phenolics encountered in numerous (if not most) such plants and extensive efforts made during the past few decades have often pointed out its medicinal values for prevention and/or cure of obesity diabetes and other silently progressing metabolic disorders,46 as well as diverse mental health problems commonly caused by uncontrollable anxiety and depression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: Pure cultures were recovered from serial dilution followed by spread plate technique. In this study a total of 62 bacterial isolates were recorded from two municipal waste dumping sites. Maximum 33 isolates were recorded from the dumping site followed by 29 bacterial isolates from dumping sites. Out of 62 bacterial isolates obtained from garbage dumping sites three isolates MB 5, MB 12 and MB 57, showed polyethylene biodegradation ability by utilizing polyethylene as the sole carbon source. Through Gram’s staining technique, a two isolates were identified as gram negative bacterial strains (MB5, MB 57) and one isolate as gram positive (MB12). The isolates obtained were subjected to standard biochemical tests (catalase test, citrate test, Vogues proskeur’s test, urease test, Nitrate reduction test, Phenylalanine deamination test, Glucose utilization Lactose utilization and Sorbitol utilization test). The biodegradation of polythylene was analyzed using plastic strips which were aseptically transferred into the liquid nutrient broth containing bacteria and it was observed for 2 months for percent weight loss and percent loss in tensile strength. After 2 months of incubation at room temperature, the % WL of the polyethylene strips was calculated. Among 2 dumping sites, all the 62 bacterial isolates do not possess the potential to degrade polyethylene strips. Among 62, only three isolates (MB 5, MB 12 and MB 57) lead to more than 10% WL. Maximum % WL (22. 66) was recorded with MB57 followed by MB 5 and MB 12 (table 1. ). Tensile strength of all the polythylene strips was also determined. Not all 62 bacterial isolates lead to reduction of tensile strength of the polythylene. Only 3 bacterial isolates reports loss in tensile strength (Fig. 1) as compared to control (pretreated PE strips). Maximum % loss of TS (74. 35%) was recorded with MB57 followed by MB 5 and MB 12 (table 2. ). The SEM images reported the crack/holes/scions on the surface of the polythylene degraded by bacteria (both by %WL and % loss in TS). The SEM analysis confirms the biodegradation of the polythylene (Fig. 2). A similar study previously conducted by (Usha et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Age of the donor reduces the ability of human adipose derived stem cells to alleviate symptoms in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. Transl Med. 2013. 2. P. 797-807. PMid:24018793 PMCid:PMC3785264 10. . Senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (Review). Mol Med. 2017. 39. P. 775-782. Doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2017. 2012. PMid:28290609 11. Hu Ch, Li L. Melatonin plays critical role in mesenchymal stem cell-based regenerative medicine in vitro and in vivo. Res Ther. 2019. 10. 13. DOI: 10. 1186/s13287-018-1114-8. PMid:30635065 PMCid:PMC6329089 12. . Melatonin as a promising agent of regulatory stem cell biology and its application in disease therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2017. 117. P. 252-260. DOI: 10. 1016/jphrs. 2016. 12. 035. PMid:28042087 13. ’yak BS. Effects of melatonin on the behavioral indices and structural characteristics of cerebral and spinal neurons of rats with experimental hemiparkinsonism. Neurophysiology. 2018. №1 (50). P. 11-22. doi: 10. 1007/s11062-018-9712-8. 14. Labunets IF. Neuroprotective еffects of the pineal hormone melatonin in animals with experimental model of neurodegenerative pathology. Conceptual options for the development of medical science and education. Baltija Bublishing. 2020. P. 355-370. doi: 10. 30525/978-9934-588-44-01/18. 15. . Neurotoxin-induced animal models of Parkinson disease: pathogenic mechanism and assessment. ASN Neuro. 2018. 10. P. 1-15. doi:10. 1177/175909/418777438. PMid:29809058 PMCid:PMC5977437 16. . MPTP mouse models of Parkinson’s disease: an update. J Parkinsons Dis. 2011. 1(1). P. 19-33. doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 33 However, doses and dosing regimen used in all such studies varied enormously and as yet no very definitive statements on its modes and sites of actions involved in its diverse therapeutically interesting bioactivities observed after its diverse doses and treatment regimen used in the experiments can be made. 47 Such are also the cases for numerous other phytochemicals with analogous spectrums of bioactivities and fairly low oral bioavailability (as judged by their blood levels observed after their oral doses). It is now becoming increasingly apparent though, that quercetin and numerous such phytochemical are pleiotropic protective agents and that adaptive cellular stress pathways are involved in their health benefits observed after their regular intake with food and herbal remedies. 48,49 Our observations revealing stress response desensitizing effects of fairly low repeated daily doses of quercetin and TEG strongly suggest that their herbal adaptogens like efficacy continue to increase with the numbers of their daily oral doses and that there sites of actions are most probably within the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike for quercetin, fumarates and diverse other acidic and basic phytochemicals well known as plant hormones or plant protectors, as yet only very little efforts have been made to define the health effects of numerous water soluble plant polyols well known for their stress response regulators in plants. 50,51 Such plant polyols are often encountered in aqueous herbal extracts and reports on diverse medicinally interesting bioactivities in experimental animals have continued to increase during more recent years. It has recently been reported that TEG is one of the bioactive constituent of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera involved their cytostatic or anticancer activities. 6 Observations reported in this communication revealing its stress response desensitizing effects after its relatively low doses, encourage us suggest that further effort to identify and pharmacologically characterizes this and other water soluble plant polyols with microbicidal or anti-fungal activities traditionally known medicinal plants should be made also. Such efforts are not only necessary for better understanding the pharmacology of edible and medicinal plants, also for more rapid progress necessary for fore evidence based integration of herbal remedies in modern medical practices. It is now well recognized that alterations in gut microbiota in early life can have long lasting effects on body weight in adulthood52 and that gut microbial ecology can be altered by numerous food phytochemicals with bactericidal activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: 2011) included biodegradation of polythene bag and plastic cups which were analysed by 2, 4, and 6 month of incubation in liquid culture method respectively. The microbial species associated with the polythene materials were identified as Pseudomonas sp. , Bacillus sp. , Staphylococcus sp. , Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, and Streptomyces sp. Their results concluded that, among the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. , degrade faster compared to Streptomyces species. Vijaya and Reddy (2008) recorded 2. 87% WL (HDPE1), 4. 48% WL (HDPE1), 11. 54% WL (LDPE1), and 10. 47% WL (LDPE2) in different types of polythene after 12 months of compositing in soil mixed with municipal solid waste and identified the mixture of bacteria and fungi from the plastic and cup films. Among the bacteria, the most dominant genera were Bacillus sp. , Staphylococcus sp. , Streptococuus sp. , and Moraxella sp. (Vijaya and Reddy 2008). Shahnawaz (2016) recorded a total of 123 bacterial isolates from west coast of India. Maximum percent weight loss (%WL; 21. 87 ± 6. 37%) was recorded with VASB14 after 2 months of shaking at room temperature. Maximum percent loss in tensile strength (% loss in TS; 87. 50 ± 4. 8%) was documented with VASB1. The most efficient polythene degrading bacteria were identified as L. fusiformis strainVASB14/WL and Bacillus cereus strain VASB1/TS. Hence, from this study, it can be speculated that microbes have enough potential to degrade plastic with due course of time. The following work reveals that waste disposal sites may contains a vast majority of microbes and that bacteria possess plastic degrading potential and plastic waste problem can be efficiently managed with these organisms. The present study reveals that 3 bacterial isolates have the ability to degrade LDPE as the soul carbon source. Research towards engineering the microbes at genetic level to increase its plastic degrading capability should be the priority in future days. Table.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Role of mesenchymal stem cells in counteracting oxidative stress-related neurodegeneration. Mol Sci. 2020. 21,3299. doi:10. 3390/ijms21093299. PMid:32392722 PMCid:PMC7246730 29. . Adipose-derived stem cells decreased nicroglia activation and protected dopaminergic loss in rat lipopolysacccharide model. J Cell Physiol. 2019. 234. P. 13762-13772. Doi. org/10. 1002/jcp. 28055. PMid:30637730 30. . et al. Secretome released from hydrogel-embedded adipose mesenchymal stem cells protects against the Parkinson’s disease related toxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharm Biopharm. 2017. 121. P. 113-120. PMid:28965958 PMCid:PMC5656105 31. Flaishon L. , Hart G. , Zelman E. , Moussion Ch. , Grabovsky V. , G. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of an inflammatory chemokine: CCL2 inhibits lymphocyte homing by modulation of CCL21-triggered integrin-mediated adhesions. Blood. 2008. 112(13). P. 5016-5025. doi: 10. 1182/blood-2007-12-129122. PMid:18802011 32. Praet J, Guglielmetti C. , Berneman Z. Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis. J Neubiorev. 2014. 47. P. 485-505. Doi:10. 1016/jneubiorev. 2014. 10. 004 PMid:25445182 33. . Impact of aging on the characterization of brown and white adipose tissue-derived stem cells in mice. Cells tisuess organs. 2020. Published online:June 11,2020. doi 10. 1159/000507434. PMid:32526740 34. Fatian-Labora JA, Morente-Lopez M, Arufe MC. Effect of aging on behaviour of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells. 2019. 11(6). P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 53 Since, quercetin and numerous other functionally analogous molecules with bacteriostatic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and diverse other therapeutically interesting bioactivities are now known and diverse combinations of such molecules are often regularly consumed with food, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, efforts to better define pharmacological interactions between them seems to be an urgent necessity for more rationally designing dietary or herbal therapies for prevention and cure of diverse chronic diseases. For such purposes, the mouse bioassay procedures used in this and in our early studies could be a useful starting point. Since quercetin is pharmacologically and toxicologically well defined phytochemical encountered in many herbal remedies and almost all plant derived food, efforts will now be made to quantify pharmacological interactions between this plant phenolic and other well known and quantitative major secondary plant metabolites with bactericidal activities. quercetin and triethylene glycol are fairly potent desensitizer of stress responses with antidepressants and anxiolytics like activities in mice behavioural models and their such efficacies start appearing only after their repeated daily doses. Therefore, they can also be considered as adaptogens potentially useful for prevention and cure of mental health problems arising from mild chronic uncontrollable stress of everyday life. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. 490. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera. TANG [Humanitus Medicine]. 2015;5(1):1‒13. . Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera(L. ) Dunal. from three different growth stages. Prod. 2013;50:537‒539. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15:311‒318. . Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. (Part II). Phytother Res. 2003;17:531‒536. of Activity: Identification of an of Action. . 2013;8(10):e77189. Ballantyne B, Snellings WM. Triethylene glycol HO (CH2CH2O) 3H. J appl toxicol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the iGEM 2019 Grant. Browse more projectswaste into biodegradable plasticand Aarati PokharelBacked by and 28 other backersCommeree, Rafael F. . Páez, and Eric D. University of : 10. 18258/13643Grant: iGEM 2019 ChallengeGrant: iGEM 2019 Challenge$1,747Raised of $1,550 Goal112%Funded on 7/10/19Successfully Funded$1,747pledged112%fundedFundedon 7/10/19? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)DiscussionProjectThe primary objective of the project is to create an industrially-comparable method of producing PHA, a biodegradable plastic, from Styrofoam (polystyrene) waste. We hypothesize that a genetically modifying E. coli can convert styrene (monomerized polystyrene) to P3HB, a specific PHA, with just two plasmids. Our device will aim to reduce the 30% of plastic waste volume accounted for by polystyrene while simultaneously enabling cost-effective production of PHA. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In past experiments, researchers produced (medium chain) mclPHAs from styrene with Pseudomonas putida, but production failed to meet the industry standard. These mclPHAs also lacked useful polymer properties found in other, shorter, PHAs. E. coli has been utilized through genetic engineering with expensive carbon sources, such as glucose, to produce P3HB, a desirable PHA for industrial use. By introducing genes for the sty and pha pathways to E. coli, styrene can be metabolized by the bacteria to produce P3HB. Coupling the need for a cost-effective method to process polystyrene waste and sustainably produce PHAs creates a niche market in which two problems can be solved with a single solutionWhat is the significance of this project? Recycling is perceived as an essential practice for an environmentally-friendly lifestyle. However, we have found inherent flaws in the recycling industry. For example, if recycling is not profitable, companies will simply offload invaluable recyclables at the landfill.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: 337-346. doi:10. 4252/wjsc. v11. 16. 337. PMid:31293716 PMCid:PMC6600848 35. . Effects of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of the human umbilical cord and their combination with melatonin in adult and aging mice with a toxic cuprizone model of demyelination. Adv Gerontol. 2021. 11(2). P. 173-180. doi:10. 1134/S2079057021020077. 36. . Protective roles of melatonin in central nervous system disease by regulation of neural stem cells. Cell prolif. 2017. 50(2):e12323. DOI: 10. 1111/cpr. 12323. PMid:27943459 PMCid:PMC6529065 37. . Cellular mechanisms of melatonin: insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Biomolecules. 2020. 10. 1158. doi:10. 3390/biom 10081158. PMid:32784556 PMCid:PMC7464852 38. --H et al. Biological effects of melatonin on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med. 2019. 44. P. 2234-2244. Doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2019. 4356. PMCid:PMC6844604 39. . et al. Melatonin regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation: a review. J Pineal Res. 2014. 56. P. 382-397. DOI:10. 1111/jpi. 12133. PMid:24650016 40. . Melatonin protects human adipose-derived stem cells from oxidative stress and cell death. APS. 2016. 43 (3). P. 237-241. Doi. org/10. 5999/aps. 2016. 43. 3. 237. PMid:27218020 PMCid:PMC4876151 How to cite. Effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism. Transpl. 2022; 10(1):18-24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2007;27(3):291‒299. . in Disinfection of Air in Central Schools: II. Vapor Treatment. . 1955;45(6):767‒773. Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens. Microbiol Res. 2011;5:5358‒5361. The lethal effect of triethylene glycol vapor on air-borne bacteria and influenza virus. Science. 1943;97(2510):142‒144. Mellody M, Bigg E. The fungicidal action of triethylene glycol. J Infectious Dis. 1946;79(1):45–46. Disinfection of clouds of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis viruses with triethylene glycol vapor. J Exp Med. 1947;85(1):65–76. The rate of bactericidal action of triethylene glycol vapor on microorganisms dispersed into the air in small droplets. Epidemiol. 1949;50(2):175‒188. Flavonoid quercetin protects against swimming stress-induced changes in oxidative biomarkers in the hypothalamus of rats. Eur j pharmacol. 2009;621(1):46‒52. Quercetin protects against oxidative stress associated damages in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neurochem res. 2011;36(8):1360‒1371. Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Biotechnol. 2013;97(4):1689‒1697. Cani PD. Gut microbiota and obesity: lessons from the microbiome. Genomics. 2013;12(4):381‒387. Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Holistic psychopharmacology and promiscuous plants and principles of ayurveda. of Plant Sciences. 2012;3:1015‒1021. pharmacology of Ashwagandha as an adaptogenic anti-diabetic plant: A pilot study. Med. 2015;1(1):51‒61. . Adaptogenic potential of Andrographolide: an active principle of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata). J Med. 2015;5(1):42‒50.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable materials can break down without leaving toxic residues in the environment. [SEP] Text: In these simulations, previously reported values for the anterograde train injection rate (1. 3 trains s−1) (Mueller et al. , 2005) and the average number of KAP bound to a single anterograde train for each flagellar length (Engel et al. , 2009) were used to estimate the number of KAP that arrives at the flagellar tip per second. KAP dissociated from the trains at the tip and immediately started one dimensional diffusion in the flagellum. The resting time of KAP at the tip was insignificant, and was not accounted for. The flagellum was modeled as a 5–12 µm long linear grid with spacing defined as the MSD of KAP diffusing at 1. 7 µm2 s−1 (Figure 3h) during the time-step of the simulation (5 ms). At every time point, each active molecule had its grid position changed by +1 or −1. The molecules at the extreme terminus of the tip only moved towards the base. The diffusing KAP molecules were perfectly absorbed to the cell body as they arrived at the flagellar base (i. e. perfect sink) and exited the simulation. The simulations were run for 100,000 time points to allow molecules to reach a steady-state. The number of molecules at each grid position was calculated to plot the distribution of KAP molecules diffusing along the length of the flagellum. The total number of KAP was calculated by integrating the number of KAP diffusing along the entire flagellum and KAP on the anterograde trains. This number was compared to a hypothetical scenario that KAP returns to the cell body with active transport. The simulations were run 10 times to calculate the error. Simulation codes are available on (Chien, 2017). A copy is archived at Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 991. 3978. PubMed 412. PubMed 6081. PubMed 8470. PubMed 1137. PubMed 338. PubMed 1008. PubMed 2318. PubMed 237. PubMed 659. PubMed 89. PubMed 167. PubMed 129. PubMed 307. PubMed 119. PubMed 10. 1101/156760 24. PubMed 234. PubMed 5523.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 – Revised: 30 Aug 2023 – Accepted: 31 Aug 2023 – Published: 13 Oct 2023 1 of the solution to overcoming plastic pollution in the environment is to use biodegradable plastic instead of conventional plastics in applications in which plastics are used in the open environment and for which complete recollection of the plastic after use is impossible. A picture-case example is thin agricultural mulch films. Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films to elevate soil temperature and maintain soil moisture, to provide protection, and to prevent weed growth. Conventional mulch films are composed of polyethylene (PE). If these films are thin, they cannot readily be reused or recycled after application, which means they need to be incinerated or landfilled after a single use (Serrano-Ruiz et al. , 2021). Such a short life cycle of plastic products is undesirable, and both incineration and landfilling are considered undesirable end-of-life treatment options. Another disadvantage of conventional thin (< 25 µm) mulch films is that are cannot easily be entirely recollected after their application, leaving PE plastic residues in the soil. Because PE films persist, these residues build up in soils over time, eventually harming agricultural productivity (Gao et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the films may slowly decompose into microplastics. Both macroplastics and microplastics have been shown to be transported by wind and water, away from the initial application site and towards waterways, lakes, and coastal seas (Fig. 1; Egessa et al. , 2020; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022), where they have been shown to cause harm to the ecosystem (Galloway et al. , 2017; Hale et al. , 2020). Figure 1Transport of plastics from agricultural sources to lake sediments, either via water ways or via wind transport.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Densensitization of mild stress triggered responses in mice by a Brassica juncea leaf extract and some ubiquitous secondary plant metabolites. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(9):326‒338. . Metformin like of in Mice. SAJ Neurology. 2015;1(1):102. . Neuropsychopharmacology of a therapeutically used Andrographis paniculata extract: a preclinical study. Exp Med. 2014;14:181‒191. . Stress response desensitizing efficacies of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Pharmacol. 2014;46:S91. Treatment for Anxiety: A of for the Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Med. 2014;20(12):901‒908. . Role of fumarates in adaptogenics like efficacies of traditionally used Fumaria indica extracts. TANG [Humanitas Medicine]. 2015;(5):28‒37. Zethof TJJ, Van der Stress induced hyperthermia in mice: a methodological study. Physiol Behav. 2011;55:109–115. Stress-induced hyperthermia and anxiety: pharmacological validation. Pharmacol. 2003;463(1‒3):117‒132. . Antidepressant-like effects of Brassica juncea leaves in diabetic rodents. Exp Biol. 2014;52:613‒22. Hyperactivity of central noradrenergic and CRF system is involved in social isolation-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep. Brain Res. 1995;84:874‒894. Witkin JM. of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2008:9‒30. (2006) A combined marble burying-locomotor activity test in mice: a practical screening test with sensitivity to different classes of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Pharmacol 547(1‒3):106‒115. (2010) Polyphenols: a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. 6(1):13‒18. Influence of Withania somniferaon obsessive compulsive disorder in mice. J Trop Med. 2012;5(5):380‒384. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: DownloadIn an attempt to limit soil plastic pollution, the agricultural industry has developed soil-biodegradable mulch films as substitutes for conventional films. These soil-biodegradable films can be composed of different materials, for example, biologically derived polymers, forms of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and also lipid-based products, and are designed to be degradable by soil microorganisms under the moisture and temperature conditions found in the soil environment (Yang et al. , 2020). A standard has been set by the EU (2018 EU standard EN 17033) for the biodegradability of mulch films named as such. In general, the biodegradation of the soil-biodegradable mulch films (hereafter referred to as BD films) involves two stages: (i) breakdown of the large pieces into small organic molecules by abiotic or biological (enzymatic) processes and (ii) uptake and metabolic use of these organic molecules by microorganisms under conversion into CO2 and microbial biomass (Zumstein et al. , 2018). Soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be biodegraded in soil. It is, however, possible that fragments of the of BD films may be transported away from agricultural soils before being completely biodegraded. While we are not aware of studies specifically on the transport of BD films, the transport of conventional mulch films by wind or water has been observed (Dris et al. , 2015; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022). Earlier studies have shown successful biodegradation of BD films in soil environments (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020), with complete biodegradation being predicted to take several years. Research on the aquatic biodegradation of BD plastics is predominantly focused on the marine realm. There, several studies have shown microbial colonization on BD plastics (Eich et al. , 2015; Morohoshi et al. , 2018; Nauendorf et al. , 2016), and some showed a disintegration of the plastics over time (Briassoulis et al. , 2020; Lott et al. , 2020; Wei et al. , 2021), although these studies were not performed on mulch films but on other BD plastic products, such as bags.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC - 2015). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability. Food Funct. 2015;6(5):1399‒1417. Willner P. Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiol. 2005;52(2):90‒110. . Holistic psychopharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Chinese Med. 2012;3(4):182‒199. Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts. J Intercultural Ethnopharmacol. 2014;3(4):173‒178. Efficacies of fumaric acid and its mono and di-methyl esters in rodent models for analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. EC Pharmaceutical Sci. 2015;2:76‒88. Single-dose oral quercetin improves redox status but does not affect heat shock response in mice. Nutr Res. 2015;34(7):623‒629. Quercetin and heat shock response. Nutr Res. 2015;35(4):359. . Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry sci. 2005;84(4):634‒643. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2015;519(7541):92‒96. Beneficial effects of quercetin on obesity and diabetes. J. 2011;4:189. The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochem pharmacol. 2012;83(1):6‒15.

Output: pass