Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This objectionability results from the fact that this behaviour is an expression of vice: a negative trait in one’s character. It is clear that it is similar to Chomański’s approach, in the sense that virtue ethics enables us to condemn some actions taken towards robots, even if the robots do not suffer any harm because of them. Yet, the crucial difference is that Sparrow focuses solely on the character of the users of already existing robots, while Chomanski concentrates on the character of the designers of robots that are not yet built. In other words, Sparrow shows that it is bad for one’s character to use robots in particular ways, while Chomanski demonstrates that it is bad for one’s character to design robots in a specific manner. To be sure, Sparrow emphasizes the role of designers and the importance of the process of designing robots, yet he does that in terms of the duties of designers and the consequences of their actions rather than in terms of their character traits (2017, 474–475). Hence, Chomanski’s position seems to be novel and specific in terms of focusing on the character of robot designers, and particularly on the vice of manipulativeness. In the next section, I focus only on the presence of manipulativeness on the side of designers in the cases of various types of APs. 4 Manipulativeness in designing various types of APsThe idea that the discussion about AP servants actually refers to a broader range of cases is not entirely new. For instance, Petersen, Musiał and Danaher have suggested that many issues connected to designing AP servants are in many relevant respects similar to the discussion of genetically enhancing human beings. Hence, many questions that appear regarding designing APs can be extrapolated to cases of genetic enhancement and vice versa. However, in this section, my aims are more modest: I only examine which kinds of APs inevitably involve manipulativeness as a part of their design. 4. 1 AP servantsChomanski directly addresses the question of whether it is possible to design AP servants without manipulativeness, and I believe that he is right when he claims there is no way to design AP servants without the designers being manipulative (2019, 1011–1012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A: differences in trajectory are small, and inconsistent between subjects. We agree that there are inconsistencies between different movement trajectories, but this may be due to idiosyncrasies with particular curved-movement shapes themselves that makes them more or less difficult to execute, for which we did not have a strong a priori hypothesis. However, this figure and our findings summarize a repeated-measures analysis across participants per trajectory; thus, any significant point (i. e. , yellow dot) indicates a consistent difference in the manner in which that trajectory was executed across all participants. Since these effects appear fairly small, we also performed the procrustes distance analysis to allow us to better quantify how different these trajectories were from each other in comparison to the path cue. We have now clarified this point. Subsection “Experience-dependent RT biases were observed for curved reaches around barriers”: Success in hitting the target while avoiding barriers should be reported. If the success rate is already close to 100% for uncued, then a ceiling effect could be what is preventing detection of an effect on performance despite the altered reaction time. We have added these scores. The success rate is fairly high, but is not close enough to 100% to suggest that there is a ceiling effect preventing detection of a performance difference on cued trials that would reflect the observed differences in RT. If anything, there is a bigger difference in success between groups than across conditions within group, again suggesting a ceiling effect is unlikely. In any event, our kinematic analysis is a far more sensitive measure of changes in performance than task success. While we can see a clear change in how movements were executed depending on condition, there was no effect of order (group) or interaction between group and condition. This more strongly supports the argument that modulations of RT do not impact performance. Reviewer #2: This is a pretty straightforward study, whose conclusions might almost be considered too simple. However, given that the RT is one of the most heavily studied aspects of human behavior, it is essential to understand the factors that influence it. Historically, the RT has been heavily used because it is one of the few external measures of internal processing time. Without neural recordings, one cannot view internal processes such as movement planning preparation. However, it is generally believed assumed that one can at least use the RT to measure how long those processes take.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 3. View largeDownload slidePakistan’s transport sector LEAP tree diagram. FIG. 3. View largeDownload slidePakistan’s transport sector LEAP tree diagram. Close modal In this study, outcomes were estimated and proved through the available statistics using appropriate emissions standards for different fuel types. Using LEAP, four different scenarios, including and (NEVP) 2040 scenarios, were created and examined for the transportation sector of Pakistan. For the year 2019–2050, various measures on energy consumption and emissions were evaluated and all scenarios were also instantaneously compared. Many developing nations around the globe have developed long-term transportation plans for energy-environment planning using LEAP. A LEAP model based in Nigeria was discussed with various pathways, such as BAU, electric vehicles, GDP-evolution, and public transport for utilization of EVs. 62 In Korea, using LEAP analyzed Korea’s GHG reduction related to transportation. For reducing GHG emissions by 32% by 2030, Korea has established specific regulations. 67 Ling–Yung worked on policy initiatives to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions associated with China’s transportation industry. These included integrating and examining many approaches that included electric vehicles (EVs) using the LEAP model. 65 Using LEAP forecasting of transportation in Malaysia, analyzed emission estimation. 68 A detailed review of earlier studies related to transportation and energy usage is shown in Table IV. . Summary of previous research on energy usage and transportation. Authors. Country. Time frame. Method. Major findings. Verdezoto et al. (2019) Brazil 2010–2016 LEAP model Due to the purchase of new hydropower plants, hydel energy will be available in 2030, at 63512 GWh, which is 3. 26 times more energy than in 2011 and was predicted to save 15 × 106 BOE Asim et al. (2022) Pakistan 2019–2035 LEAP model Diverse scenarios are examined, and outcomes are predicted for 17 years. The outcomes of the study reflect that EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions Raza et al. (2019) USA 1973–2015 HWT The outcomes illustrate that electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions over the short, long, and medium terms Gao et al. (2012) China 1985–2015 Decoupling elasticity index model The findings show that there is a weak decoupling (54.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses is one of many, so it is at least possible that the APs discussed by Chomanski do have to be designed with manipulativeness, but some others do not. First, it is worth examining what exact features Chomanski ascribes to the AP servants that he discusses. Chomanski initiates his investigations by asserting that AP servants should necessarily meet two conditions: the human-level AI condition (they should have “human-level intelligence, (…) autonomy, rationality, the possession of a moral character and a conception of the good” (Chomanski 2019, 995)) and the servitude condition (they “will have to be programmed in such a way as to be reliably willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” (Chomanski 2019, 996)). Hence, the first crucial feature of APs discussed by Chomanski is that they are artificial entities that possess all the necessary qualities to be considered a person, whatever these qualities are (Chomanski emphasizes that one of them should be human-level intelligence). This approach is common to all discussions about the APs mentioned above and is shared in my considerations presented below and the reason for this is obvious: if we want to discuss any group of artificial persons, they need to possess the features that persons possess (whatever these features are). As for the servitude condition, it differentiates the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses from other kinds of APs. This condition makes the APs discussed by Chomanski servants and seems to refer both to—to refer to Petersen’s distinction—“general servitude” and “specific servitude” (Petersen 2017, 289–291) (actually, Chomanski in his more recent text also distinguishes between these two kinds of servitude, although without using such terms (2021, 185)). General servants are those who do not have desires for any particular servitude actions, but for general servitude toward human beings, whatever they ask for—they simply have a “general” desire to serve humans. Specific servants are those who have a desire to do some particular tasks, such as a desire to wash clothes, iron them, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In the simplest version of this idea, movement planning preparation are key events whose culmination results in movement onset. The simplest version would be activity rising to a threshold. Under this conception, the time from stimulus to movement onset by definition reflects the time for movement preparation. A more nuanced (and probably more accurate) view is that preparation is independent from movement triggering, but that triggering normally waits for preparation to finish. In this view, the RT is typically still assumed to mostly reflect the time for preparatory processing to complete, because it is assumed that motivated subjects (humans or animals) pull the trigger almost immediately upon completion of preparation. The idea that the RT is a behavioral window on processing time has been very influential, and has extensively impacted how neural data are interpreted. For example, the ability to relate pre-movement neural activity to RT has been important in understanding the role of that activity, and in making the case that it is preparation-related. The present study makes a strong case that the RT reflects enough different factors that it shouldn't necessarily be considered a reliable indicator of computational processing time. The changes in RT due to these 'non-processing-time' factors are not large, but they are as large as the processing time that is usually inferred from changes in RT with delay period (20–100ms depending on task difficulty). I was persuaded by the experiments that the RT is indeed often driven by factors other than processing time. This might seem kind of obvious, but it isn't considered that often (or if it is, it tends to be ignored as an inconvenient fact). The present work is compelling, and relates to other recent work from the same lab that argued that the time of movement onset can be chosen independently of the time for preparation to complete. The present work demonstrates that this is perhaps the normal state of affairs, with the RT reflecting a variety of history-based effects. This is in some ways inconvenient and annoying: it means that the RT should be used with caution as a metric of computation time. On the other hand, the present work opens up new avenues to studying the factors that determine when the 'movement trigger' is pulled, and how that process is or isn't influence by the progress of movement preparation. Both these contributions (the caution, and the new avenue) are important. The manuscript is generally well written, but could be tightened and clarified in places. I found the 'Changes in motivation' section of the Discussion a bit rambling and confusing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 19%) between the development of the industry and overall electric mobility Zhang et al. (2019) time table Bi-level model Results show that the EC is pointing upward by more than 7. 6% Aized et al. (2018) Pakistan 2011–2030 LEAP model This work is based on four scenarios, with the transportation sector’s EC increasing from 13. 30 Mtoe in 2012 to 64. 61 Mtoe in 2030 S. Hong et al. (2016) Korea 2011–2050 LEAP model Korean government declared its intention to cut national GHG emissions by 30% by 2020 Wang et al. (2022) China 2020–2025 LEAP model Under the baseline scenario, emissions from transportation increased at a rate of 20% yearly, while emissions expressively reduced under the LC scenario and the SLC scenario Unar et al. (2022) Pakistan 2011–2030 Load growth model In Pakistan, the total energy demand for EVs was 24. 61 GWh in 2020 and climbed to 2873. 64 GWh in 2030 et al. (2015) Malaysia 2012–2040 LEAP model Key findings demonstrate that the NGV scenario, followed by BIO and HEV, contributes to the biggest reduction in road transport energy usage Authors. Country. Time frame. Method. Major findings. Verdezoto et al. (2019) Brazil 2010–2016 LEAP model Due to the purchase of new hydropower plants, hydel energy will be available in 2030, at 63512 GWh, which is 3. 26 times more energy than in 2011 and was predicted to save 15 × 106 BOE Asim et al. (2022) Pakistan 2019–2035 LEAP model Diverse scenarios are examined, and outcomes are predicted for 17 years. The outcomes of the study reflect that EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions Raza et al. (2019) USA 1973–2015 HWT The outcomes illustrate that electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions over the short, long, and medium terms Gao et al. (2012) China 1985–2015 Decoupling elasticity index model The findings show that there is a weak decoupling (54. 19%) between the development of the industry and overall electric mobility Zhang et al. (2019) time table Bi-level model Results show that the EC is pointing upward by more than 7. 6% Aized et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: However, it is worth mentioning that specific servitude refers not only to APs designed to perform mundane tasks clearly being a kind of servitude, such as washing or ironing. It also refers to those that would be designed to be piano players or mathematicians. Moreover, it needs to be emphasized that both Petersen and Chomanski assume that the intensity of desires—either general or specific—to serve would be analogous to human beings’ desire for food and water. Hence, both general and specific AP servants are designed to be “willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” and thus are meeting Chomanski’s servitude condition. It seems that in the case of both general and specific AP servants, the manipulativeness of designers is clear. Designers implement a general desire to serve or particular desires to perform some serving tasks and hence are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities. Designers simply want both general and specific AP servants to do what they have been programmed to without taking other options into account or reasoning whether it is good to do so. Hence, both cases are clear examples of manipulativeness. There are two main reasons why general and specific AP servants are designed with inevitable manipulativeness in mind. The first is the strength of desires that are assigned to them. The second is a lack of alternative—not designed by the programmers—desires they could obtain and follow. These two features limit APs’ options and express a disregard for their rational capacities and therefore enable programmers to believe they can lead AP servants to act as they want them to. Hence, it is worth considering cases of APs in which desires programmed by designers are weaker and can be accompanied by desires not programmed by designers. 4. 2 AP workersOne such case is described in Chomański’s more recent paper, in which he discusses the case of APs made for profit (Chomanski 2021)—I will call them AP workers. Clearly, AP workers would meet the human-level AI condition, and they have all the features necessary to consider them persons equal to human beings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: springen Skip to search - Accesskey = s. Petras/in Search… Posted in. Referate by Ben on 3. August 2006 Petras, V. : in Search: Mapping between of Discourse and Documentary Languages. Dissertation at of the University of California, Berkeley (2006) darf und will nicht verschweigen, dass die Autorin einst studentische Hilfskraft bei ihm war und schon in dieser Zeit mit M. Bank eine durchaus bemerkenswerte Korrektur[1] der bekannten Arbeit von Giles und Lawrence (in Science, April 1998) publiziert hat. hat eigentlich keinen Thesaurus sondern eher eine Klassifikation. [2] Die „Deskriptoren“ sind in ihrer Begrifflichkeit zu breit für einen typischen Thesaurus, so dass im Durchschnitt auch nur 7 „Deskriptoren“ vergeben werden (S. 130 bzw. 230). [3] Bei 450. 000 Records/J ist das nicht viel. Daran erkennt man, dass die Indexierungsbreite und die Indexierungsspezifität in der Weise miteinander korrespondieren, dass mit wachsender begrifflicher Breite der Deskriptoren bzw. der Klassen die Indexierungsbreite zwangsläufig abnehmen muss. [4] Je größer die Zahl der Dokumente ist, um so höher muss auch die Indexierungsbreite sein. Darin liegt ja der eigentliche Grund für das Entstehen der Dokumentation im letzten Jahrhundert. Wenn beispielsweise 427. 340 Records durch 8. 447 verschiedene erschlossen werden (S. 129), erbringt jeder dieser Deskriptoren durchschnittlich 50 Treffer. Bei 7 Deskriptoren/Record sind es Ø 350 Hits.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 4 × 106 TOE, as opposed to 153. 8 × 106 TOE under the baseline scenario, and in 2050, it is 1371. 9 × 106 TOE as opposed to 1904. 0 × 106 TOE under the baseline scenario. In 2035 and 2050, the related CO2 emissions under the LC scenario are 302. 7 and 3050. 5 MMT, respectively, as opposed to 453. 6 and 6192. 1 MMT under the BAU scenario. Figure 10(b) indicates an elaborative demand prediction for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(b) indicates GWP of 100 years: emissions of different vehicle categories under the LC scenario until 2050. The LC scenario emphasizes encouraging the use of substitute fuels and improving fuel efficiency. To achieve the LC scenario requirements, major hurdles are the cost of alternative fuels, the deficiency of fueling infrastructure, the lack of funding, and the need for noteworthy reserves to expand the fuel efficiency of existing vehicles. C. Strengthen low carbon (SLC) scenario This scenario emphasizes long-range planning and development for the accomplishment of environment-friendly and clean transportation in Pakistan and competitive milestones achieved by a 50% transition from IC engines to EVs by 2050. Many developing nations, including those in Europe, have developed effective plans to lessen the consequences of the severe pollutants and emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. One such plan is to encourage the use of electric cars (ECs) in the transportation sector to cut emissions. In this scenario, in addition to the LC scenario, a new feasibility policy of energy for the transport sector of Pakistan is further proposed based on the development and placement of electric vehicles. The SLC scenario is an improved version of the (LC) scenario that emphasizes clean road traffic, banning internal combustion engines in public transit, introducing electric and hybrid vehicles, and implementing new energy exchange regulations for the transportation industry. By keeping the global temperature increase to within 2 °C, the SLC scenario achieves all the requirements to implement the policies specified by the. By 2050, global GHG emissions should be 80% lower than they were in 1990, according to the SLC scenario. Applying these requirements to Pakistan’s transportation industry under the SLC scenario suggests the potential for rapid decarbonization. In 2035, the SLC scenario predicts an energy demand of 82. 3 × 106 TOE as compared to 153. 8 × 106 tons of oil equivalent under the baseline scenario.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: They would be designed to be able to participate in a labor market, but also—as Chomanski suggests—“a life outside of their work” (Chomanski 2021, 192). They could neither be owned by anyone nor be designed with a desire to cause suffering. Such AP workers could be hired by various companies that would pay the designers of AP workers for training them, analogous to how teams who have trained football players receive some money from their first employers. Finally, they would not be servants, either general or specific. means by this is that AP workers would possess neither a general desire to serve others unconditionally nor a narrow range of desires to perform certain particular tasks. Instead, they would possess a broad range of abilities, particularly the ability to learn. Moreover, AP workers would not be uncritical of their employers and their given tasks. While AP workers would have to be designed to desire to work to some degree—otherwise, Chomanski’s whole idea of APs made for profit would be pointless—this desire would not be as strong as in the case of AP servants. Chomanski mentions that AP workers could not only choose which company they would like to work for but also quit their job at a particular company to move to another, or they could also resign from working altogether (2021, 190). Moreover, Chomanski asserts that AP workers would also have “a life outside of their work” (Chomanski 2021, 192). While this statement is not elaborated by Chomanski, it seems reasonable to claim that this means that AP workers would have some desires that not only would not refer to work but also would not be programmed by the designers but would be acquired by AP workers themselves during their existence. Before getting to the question of whether AP workers can be designed without manipulativeness on the side of designers, it is worth discussing the concept of AP workers in more detail, since it may raise understandable doubts and skepticism. Again, to imagine such a situation, we can recall the robot Andrew from “Bicentennial Man”, who earns money by building and repairing clocks and is able to pay a human engineer to improve his embodiment with his own funds. Actually, a similar scenario is also debated outside the science-fiction realm. with Laurence F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Interessant sind auch die VENN-Diagramme (S. 137, 138, 142, 143, 186), da man auf sie einen einfachen wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Test anwenden kann,[5] der z. B. deutlich zeigt, dass in der wie Computers und Physics in der natürlichen Sprache der Dokumente deutlich seltener als bei einer Zufallsverteilung gemeinsam vorkommen, Physics = 0,33 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,70 Computers = 0,13 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,50 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,04 + 0,20 = 0,24 0,70 x 0,50 0,24 = 1,46 während die Indexer diese scheinbare Zufälligkeit wieder herstellen. Physics = 0,09 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,15 = 0,88 Computers = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,08 = 0,73 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,02 + 0,62 = 0,64 0,88 x 0,73 0,64 = 1,00 geht es bei der Arbeit um den Einsatz von „search term recommenders“ und das Verhältnis der zur Precision. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die alte Erkenntnis von F. Lancaster (vor ~40 Jahren an gewonnen) bis heute noch sehr stabil ist, bei der sich das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall als etwa linear erweist. von 20% – 60% beträgt die Steigung meist etwas weniger als -1. Mit zunehmendem Recall fällt somit die Precision direkt proportional.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: In the same way, the demand for energy in 2050 will be 1102. 9 × 106 tons of oil equivalent as compared to 1904. 0 × 106 tons of oil equivalent in the BAU scenario. Results show that the transport sector contributed 202. 7 MMT of CO2 emissions in 2035 under LSE conditions, related to 452. 6 MMT under the baseline scenario, and 1872. 7 MMT in 2050, compared to 6192. 1 MMT in the BAU scenario. Under the SLC scenario in terms of fossil fuels usage, a significant reduction in energy demand and emissions under such recommendations is achievable. Figure 10(c) indicates an elaborative energy demand forecast for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(c) indicates GWP of 100 years: carbon emissions of different vehicle categories under the SLC scenario until 2050. The main objective of the SLC scenario is to decrease emissions coming from transportation by encouraging use of electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources. To achieve the SLC scenario, key hurdles are the high cost of electric vehicles, charging station infrastructure, and the related significant investments and the requirement for a steady and reliable power supply from renewable energy sources. D. Pakistan national electric vehicle policy (NEVP) 2040 scenario To cut emissions from the transportation sector, Pakistan’s government eventually created its first (EV) regulation in late 2019. As per Pakistan’s NEVP 2030 goals, the government of Pakistan intends to have the following percentages of electric vehicles on the roadways by 2030: 30% automobiles, 51% 2–3 wheelers, 49% buses, and 30% trucks. Under the NEVP 2040 scenario, 90% of IC engine vehicles are expected to be replaced by EVs by 2040. According to NEVP 2040 conditions and policy changes, there can be considerable short- and long-term reductions in energy use and related emissions over the long run in Pakistan’s transportation industry. Under NEVP 2040, outcomes have revealed a minimum energy demand and related emissions that are 670 × 106 TOE and 243. 4 MMT, which are lower than all other scenarios in 2050. Figure 10(d) indicates an elaborative energy demand forecast for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(d) indicates GWP of 100 years: emissions of different vehicle categories under the NEVP scenario until 2050.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: White (2011, 162–170) and (2019, 197–201) discuss providing AI with legal personhood and, as a result, with a right to own property and money, to conclude contracts, or to sue others. Yet, one could wonder whether it is the right thing to do. Even assuming that we would agree that APs are persons in the moral sense, why would we decide that they are also persons in the legal sense and grant them powers such as those mentioned above? Why would people decide that robots can earn money and own goods? While there are various arguments for and against such a resolution, one possible answer is that if we recognize APs as moral persons equal to humans, and design them to have their desires and require some resources to maintain—such as electricity—and they were nobody’s property (since it is rather uncontroversial that moral persons should not be owned by anyone), then letting them work and earn is probably the best way to enable them to achieve those desires and obtain the resources. Otherwise, we would have to provide them with electricity and other goods for free, which seems even more controversial, or to ignore their desires and needs, which would also be highly questionable, since we would be the ones who brought them into a miserable existence. Then, in a sense, granting robots moral personhood and making them equal to humans results in problems that can be solved by granting them legal personality. Such a scenario of course remains highly speculative and even more controversial. Yet, to repeat, one of the side- or meta-aims of this study is to signal the problems that would appear if robots became persons, and hence to enable us to decide whether developing such robots is an aim we would like to try to achieve at all. Let us get back to the bottom line: Does designing such AP workers involve a manipulativeness on the side of designers? I believe it does. One could claim that a manipulativeness is not present because the desires programmed by designers for AP workers are significantly weaker than those programmed for AP servants, and also because AP workers can have their own desires not programmed by the designers. I assert that this only means that the manipulativeness is weaker, and not that it is utterly absent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: ist insofern besonders bemerkenswert, weil er in erster Näherung besagt, dass professionelle Rechercheure seit Jahrzehnten das Optimum anstreben, bei dem etwa 50% Recall auch 50% Precision gegenüberstehen. Auch bei Volltextrecherchen hat sich daran kaum etwas geändert, obwohl die dort nicht selten auf siebzig oder achtzig Prozent erhöht werden kann. Dabei fällt aber die Precision oft auf störend kleine Werte ab, wenn man nicht sehr lang und intensive recherchiert. Erfahrung (von den vor vierzig Jahren bis heute) lässt sich erkennen, dass das Verhältnis von Recall und Precision weniger ein Zeichen für die Güte einer Datenbank ist, als vielmehr ein Optimum das Rechercheure grundsätzlich anstreben. Sie wissen, dass sie sich dann etwa im Optimum befinden, wenn jedes zweite Dokument das sie in der Recherche herausfiltern relevant ist, und wenn sie feststellen, dass sie etwa jedes zweite Dokument das auf dem recherchierten Gebiet relevant ist, gefunden haben. ließ sich bei erfahrungsgemäß annähernd erreichen, unterliegt aber selbstverständlich erheblichen Streuungen. haben gezeigt, dass die einer Datenbank um 40% pendelt. Durch einen guten Thesaurus verbessert sich dieser Wert bemerkenswerter Weise nicht. Er verringern lediglich die Schwankungen. Dies wird durch das oben erwähnte Ergebnis neu belegt.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: The NEVP 2040 scenario focuses on encouraging the implementation of EVs and intends to attain a 30% share of EVs in the country by 2040. To achieve the NEVP 2040 scenario, key hurdles are the lack of supportive policies and timely policy implementation, the cost of EVs, and insufficient charging station infrastructure. In addition, to guarantee a reliable and constant power supply for electric vehicles, there is a requirement for significant investments in sustainable energy resources. E. Comparison of and NEVP 2040 scenarios It is perceived that the BAU scenario has the maximum fuel/energy demand and related CO2 emissions values in the long term (1904. 0 × 106 TOE energy demand and 6192. 8 MMT emissions in 2050). The actions of many governments under the BAU scenario included several economic growth initiatives, such as energy infrastructure projects, which will directly affect the transportation fleet, energy usage, and associated emissions of the transportation sector. The LC scenario is the second scenario in descending order, which anticipates an energy demand of 152. 7 × 106 TOE and CO2 emissions of 453. 6 MMT in 2035. The baseline scenario, which comes in the first place in the ranking, is predicted to have an energy requirement of 1371. 9 × 106 TOE and CO2 emissions of 3050. 5 MMT in 2050. Energy usage can be significantly reduced both temporarily and permanently, along with the emissions related to the transportation sector of Pakistan as per NEVP 2040 conditions and policies. Under the NEVP 2040 scenario, results have shown the minimum energy demand and emissions, which are 670 × 106 TOE and 243. 4 MMT, lower than all other scenarios in 2050. Figure 12(a) indicates an elaborative evaluation of the energy consumption in various scenarios, and Fig. 12(b) indicates an elaborative comparison of CO2 emissions in all scenarios. FIG. 12. View largeDownload slide(a) Energy demand comparison of all scenarios and (b) CO2 emission comparison of all scenarios. FIG. 12. View largeDownload slide(a) Energy demand comparison of all scenarios and (b) CO2 emission comparison of all scenarios. Close modal V. reliability and quality of the input data are key factors in the Long-(LEAP) scenario-based modeling approach’s accuracy. The precision of our estimates could be affected by variations in data sources and possible mistakes in historical data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as Chomański shows in his “manipulativeness without manipulation” claim, when we discuss a designer’s manipulativeness, we do not necessarily have to consider whether anyone is actually manipulated as a result or the consequences of manipulativeness in general. To remind, manipulativeness means “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” I contend that in the case of AP workers, designers attempt to lead APs to act as they want them to—they want to receive money from the company, and it is possible only if APs want to work and do so efficiently, so they design AP workers in such a way. In this sense, they aim to limit APs’ options and disregard their rational capacities to shape their own future, though to a lesser degree than in the case of AP servants, but still. Actually, my claim that manipulativeness is present even if the designed desires are not overwhelming and accompanied by other, non-designed desires seems to be compatible with Chomanski’s approach—he asserts that manipulativeness is present even if designers “do not exercise complete control over the AI’s psychological profile” (2019, 1012). However, one could formulate at least three doubts about the claim that designing AP workers is manipulative. Regarding the first doubt, one could claim that designing AP workers does not have to necessarily involve manipulativeness and that to eliminate it, it is enough to design weaker desires and leave more room for other desires. In other words, one could argue that the only reason why the case of AP workers involves manipulativeness is that the desires programmed by the designers are too strong and that they influence the APs too much in comparison to their other desires not programmed by the designers. As a result, to eliminate manipulativeness, it is sufficient to weaken the former and increase room for the latter. I disagree with this. I believe that in such a case, designers are still “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. ” Actually, the fact that they are willing to orchestrate another’s choices is unequivocal. What might be equivocal is whether they do so in an excessive manner.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In den Grafiken der vorliegenden Arbeit liegen die Recall-Werte bei einer Precision von rund 50% meist erheblich unter 40%. (S. 157) beispielsweise sogar weit unter 10%, da erhöhte nur bei entsprechend hoher Indexierungsbreite (im Extremfall beim Volltext) erreichbar sind. zeigen daher auch, dass es die Aufgabe eines search term recommenders sein muss, stärker auf die Precision als auf die zu achten, da Endnutzer ein System eher als positiv bewerten, das ihnen von 100 Treffern 50 Relevante erbringt, als solche, die von 100 Treffern nur einen relevanten bzw. alle hundert relevante herausfiltern. Im letzten Fall hätte man zwar als Endnutzer das Gefühl sehr viel relevante Information bekommen zu haben, wüsste aber nicht, wie viel weitere Treffer möglich gewesen wären, da das Umfeld (mit ähnlichen aber nichtrelevanten Treffern) zum Vergleich fehlt. eines leistungsfähigen search term recommenders zeigt sehr schön, dass auch er mit wachsender Leistungsfähigkeit das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall gegen -1 führt, wobei der Schnittpunkt mit der y-Achse (Precision) möglichst hoch sein sollte. Eine geringere Steigung würde zwar bei leichtem Precision-Verlust zu rascherem Anstieg der führen, aber dies auf niedrigem Niveau (S. 237). (W. Umstätter) [1] Petras, V. und Bank, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: The findings indicate that Pakistan’s energy demand and associated emissions are highest under the BAU scenario, while they are lowest under the NEVP 2040 scenario for the country’s transportation sector. This study offers an evidence-based method for policy formulation, which makes a substantial contribution to the existing research. Policymakers may predict the possible effects of different levels of EV adoption and make well-informed decisions by using the dynamic platform that the LEAP scenario-based modeling offers for simulating various future scenarios. The potential for producing electricity in Pakistan from renewable resources is enormous. Many renewable energy-based electricity generation projects in Pakistan are nearing completion, and many more are now under construction, which will improve the adaptation of EVs. Based on renewable energy projects, Pakistan will become self-sufficient in the production of electricity in the upcoming years. In addition, there will be sufficient electricity to run effectively the country’s policy regarding electric vehicles. To capitalize on the renewable energy potential and implementation of EV policies, major challenges for policymakers in the country are the lack of infrastructure, limited access to investment, political instability, lack of technological advancements, and optional changes. This study suggests some policy implications for Pakistan’s transport sector based on these key findings to reduce CO2 emissions. In the upcoming years, an eco-friendly transportation system based on electric vehicles (EVs) should be implemented, and logistics operations in Pakistan should promote environmental consciousness among the public and commercial sectors. More commanding and effective policies are required to accomplish the global SDG targets for lowering GHG emissions in the transportation industry. The analysis and results show that adopting EVs will significantly improve Pakistan’s transportation sector’s ability to sustain energy use while lowering emissions. To devise the emission reduction targets across many economic sectors, this research would be helpful for the government officials for policy making. This research can be utilized as a guide for planning and policy-making to reach mitigation potentials and promote the spread of more EVs. 1. S. L. Pan et al, “Digital sustainability, climate change, and information systems solutions: Opportunities for future research,” Int. J. Inf. Manage. 63, 102444 (2022). Santos, “Road transport and CO2 emissions: What are the challenges? ,” Transp. Policy 59, 71–74 (2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: I believe that they do so, since they attempt to significantly limit APs’ options by disregarding their rational capacities. In particular, the disregard for rational capacities is excessive, since there are ways to limit others’ options without disregarding their rational capacities, as I show in the next paragraph. Moreover, I believe that additional excessiveness stems from the fact that such orchestration is not unavoidable, since it is possible to design APs without intentionally determining their future and orchestrating their choices—I discuss such cases in the next section. Therefore, I contend that if (1) we can make attempts to program some desires into APs without disregarding their rational capacities and (2) we can bring APs to life without intentionally determining their desires, then ignoring these opportunities results in an excessive willingness to orchestrate another’s choices and, hence, involves manipulativeness. Regarding the second doubt, one could argue that the understanding of manipulativeness demonstrated above is too broad, particularly because parenting and education turn out to be manipulative in light of it. After all, parenting and education are not unavoidable and may involve limiting options and disregarding rational capacities. This means that parenting and education can involve manipulativeness but do not have to. In particular, parenting and education can respect the rational capacities of the entity in question. Parenting and education can be about persuading and explaining, which respect the rational capacities of a child, but can also be about forcing and ordering, which disregard the rational capacities of a child. The latter case involves manipulativeness, while the former does not. Therefore, my understanding of manipulativeness covers some parenting and education cases in which a child’s rational capacities are not respected. However, parenting and education that respect the rational capacities of a child are not manipulative, even though they may lead to a limitation of options and are not unavoidable. Simply speaking, parenting and education may be free of manipulativeness. In contrast, I believe that designers who choose to intentionally design APs do not—and actually cannot—respect the rational capacities of the APs they design. They do not raise or teach APs by asking, persuading, and explaining some things. They simply program particular desires without asking, persuading or explaining—without taking APs’ rational capacities into account. This is a crucial difference between the intentional design of APs on the one hand and parenting and educating on the other.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: : Vergleich der Suchmaschinen AltaVista und HotBot bezüglich Treffermengen und Aktualität. nfd 98 (6) (1998) [2] [3] 50% der Dokumente haben nur 2-6 Deskriptoren [4] [5] Umstätter, W. und Rehm, M. : Einführung in die Literaturdokumentation und Informationsvermittlung. Saur. Verl. München S. 8-10 (1981) dies mit:FacebookXGefällt mir Wird geladen … Ähnliche Beiträge 1 comment « Wencel/Telefonie in konvergenten Netzen. . Body and Seoul – aus ganzer Kehle und (sehr) hart an der Grenze » Subscribe to comments with RSS. am Dienstag: Impulse von NY. Times, BBK und JDoc «. said, on 10. Januar 2012 at 22:10 […] Vivien Petras, die am IBI (auch) auf diesem Gebiet forscht, wird sich freuen, dass sich ihr kalifornischer PhD-Betreuer mit Dank zitiert wird. (und zwar mit der hier annotierten Arbeit) […] einen abbrechen Δ bei mastodon bei bluesky bei bei bei Twitter (seit Herbst 2023 geschlossener Account) nach: August 2006 123456 78910111213 14151617181920 21222324252627 28293031 « » Bibliothek in der Bibliothek in Film und aktuell for on tour preprints. . . . . . . . . . . . . to read Zitiert in. . ankündigung berlin Berufsbild bibliothek bibliothek 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: : Review of international literature on electric vehicles and ideas for further research,” Report No. 2015:3 (ETOUR, 2015). 38. J. Zheng et al, “Electric passenger vehicles sales and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential in China’s leading markets,” J. Cleaner Prod. 243, 118607 (2020). Guo et al, “Does air pollution stimulate electric vehicle sales? Empirical evidence from twenty major cities in China,” J. Cleaner Prod. 249, 119372 (2020). Ghosh, “Possibilities and challenges for the inclusion of the electric vehicle (EV) to reduce the carbon footprint in the transport sector: A review,” Energies 13(10), 2602 (2020). Muratori et al, “The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations,” Prog. Energy 3(2), 022002 (2021). Chen, A. Ghosh, and N. S. A. Lopez, “Optimisation of a standalone photovoltaic electric vehicle charging station using the loss of power supply probability,” Heliyon 9(10), e20836 (2023). (IEA), Global EV Outlook 2019 (IEA, Paris, France, 2019). 44. J. Chen et al, “Emission mitigation potential from coordinated charging schemes for future private electric vehicles,” Appl. Energy 308, 118385 (2022). Hill et al, “The role of electric vehicles in near-term mitigation pathways and achieving the UK’s carbon budget,” Appl. Energy 251, 113111 (2019). A. Ahmed and M. Gomah, “Electric vehicle impact on the sustainable development goals considering renewable energy sources integration,” Afr. J. Adv. Pure Appl. Sci. 2, 227–234 (2023). 47. J. Roy et al, “Demand side climate change mitigation actions and SDGs: Literature review with systematic evidence search,” Environ. Res. Lett. 16(4), 043003 (2021). Loeb and K. M. Kockelman, Transp. Res. A 121, 374–385 (2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This is why I believe that while parenting and education—of both human beings and APs—do not have to involve manipulativeness, intentionally designing APs is unavoidably manipulative. Regarding the third doubt, one could assert that in some cases, manipulativeness can prevent some significant harm or create some significant good and that in such cases, manipulativeness could be justified. While this might be true, this neither means that in such cases, manipulativeness is absent nor that it is not objectionable—it only means it can be justified. For instance, one of the conditions that Chomanski proposes AP workers should meet is designing them not to desire to intentionally cause another’s suffering. Such designing involves being manipulative (since it expresses a “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities”), yet this manipulativeness can be justified. Recall that in this study, I do not claim that the presence of manipulativeness either always or sometimes should directly result in condemning or banning an action that involves it. My aim is only to discuss in which cases of designing APs manipulativeness is present and in which cases it is not. Hence, to return to the bottom line, if the intentional design is the problem, then probably the best way to avoid the presence of manipulativeness is to develop APs without intentionally designing their desires. The following section discusses what this may look like. 5 Designing APs without manipulativeness: AP randomsThere seem to be two alternatives to the intentional design of AP desires. The first is to not design any “innate” desires at all, and the second is to randomize the selection of APs’ desires, making it nonintentional. I will call APs resulting from these two modes of designing “AP randoms” to emphasize their main feature, which is their random character. Now, I briefly describe both modes of the non-manipulative design of AP randoms and I then discuss various dilemmas connected to bringing AP randoms to existence. The first way of avoiding an intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to not design any desires at all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: 0 bibliothekartag Bibliothekartag 2011 Bibliotheken Bibliotheks- und bibliothekspop bibliothekswesen bibliothekswissenschaft Call for Papers CfP Debatte digitale bibliothek ät Frankreich frei frei-tag 2011 frei-tag 2012 frei13 geisteswissenschaften Gesellschaft google iwp Kritik libreas libreas audio for methodologie open access Open Access-Zeitschriften podcast potsdam soziale software Unkonferenz urheberrecht usa visualisierung web 2. 0 wissenschaft wissenschaftliches publizieren wissenschaftskommunikation Wissenschaftssoziologie zitation Zukunft Öffentliche Bibliothekender Einträge Kommentare-Feed WordPress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: [15] presents the approach to locate charging stations utilizing the reconstructed EVs trajectory derived from the Data, investigated the large-scale CSD and illustrated the method to generate the 24-hour travel demand for each EV. With the development of information technology, researchers started to explore the trajectory data in the locating problems of charging station on the basis of the floating vehicles, such as taxis, with System (GPS) devices [16]. The travel demand model can provide quick estimation of EV trips, while the trajectory data, such as the taxi GPS data, would better represent the real-world travel patterns of EVs. For locating fast-charging stations, in [17] Csaba Csiszár was presented an arc-based location optimisation method realized by using a geographic information system and greedy algorithm. Advertisement 3. Charging station model description and methodFrom the point of view of modern city planning, the location of EVs charging stations must meet the requirements of the city transportation network layout. While from the perspective of power system planning, the location of EVs charging stations should be in accordance with the current situation in short-term as well as long-term planning of the distribution system involved. EVs charging stations must be close to load centers and respect constraints on load balance, power quality, and power supply reliability of urban. From the perspective of EVs’ owners, the sites of EV charging stations should be in locations which are convenient for EV’s owners and near the charging demands. Furthermore, other factors, such as the location adaptability and land price, should also be considered. Thus, the initial candidate sites of EV charging stations can be determined with the aforementioned factors properly considered. 3. 1 Illustrative example and electric vehicle data collectionWe first use a simple illustrative example to highlight the importance of considering the trip sequence in describing the travel and charging behaviors in a common use case of electric vehicles. 1, assuming network nodes (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are candidate locations for charging station placement. Node 1 was set as origin and node (5) was set as destination. The distance of each link are also shown in the Figure. A full journey would be (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) to reach the destination, and then back (5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: AP randoms resulting from such a design would be “tabula rasa” with regard to desires. However, such an approach can be problematic if we recognize that some visions of personhood might consider “innate” desires a constitutive feature of personhood. In other words, from some perspectives on personhood, one cannot be a person without possessing some “innate” desires. If these were some specific desires, they could be intentionally programmed into APs and probably would not involve manipulativeness, since they are unavoidable in terms of being a necessary condition of regarding APs as persons. If these were some desires in general, they could be programmed by following the second approach to avoiding the intentional design of desires. This means that both methods can be combined, at least to a degree. The second way of avoiding the intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to randomize the selection of desires programmed into APs. Again, such randomization would refer to all the desires of APs apart from those that would be seen as constitutive of their personhood. APs’ desires would be randomly selected by an algorithm, which would work in a way that the designers could not predict (otherwise, the designers would still be manipulative). Moreover, the algorithm would not possess the status of a person (otherwise, the algorithm itself would be guilty of manipulativeness). Actually, Petersen mentions such a possibility when he examines what kinds of buttons can be pushed on a hypothetical machine able to create persons—Person-O-Matic—naming them “typical persons” (Petersen 2017, 286–287). Apart from implementing one or both methods of non-intentional design, it is crucial to make such APs capable of changing their desires, at least to the degree that is given to human beings. It is important because otherwise, designers could still be accused of manipulativeness. They would excessively orchestrate APs’ choices, limit their options and disregard their reasoning by making them unable to change their desires in any way. Hence, such APs with random desires would have to be able to understand, critically reconsider and transform their various features to free designers from being accused of being manipulative. Actually, Chomanski and Petersen consider a very similar ability a condition of the personhood of APs and refer to this as “a capability of reflection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: com 2024 (1) Mai 2024 (1) Januar 2024 (1) November 2023 (1) Juli 2023 (1) Mai 2023 (1) Januar 2023 (1) November 2022 (1) Juli 2022 (1) November 2021 (1) September 2021 (1) Januar 2021 (1) Oktober 2020 (1) Juli 2020 (1) Juni 2020 (1) März 2020 (1) Januar 2020 (1) Dezember 2019 (1) November 2019 (1) September 2019 (2) Juli 2019 (1) April 2019 (2) März 2019 (2) Februar 2019 (4) Dezember 2018 (2) November 2018 (2) Juni 2018 (2) Mai 2018 (1) April 2018 (2) März 2018 (4) Februar 2018 (2) Januar 2018 (1) November 2017 (2) Oktober 2017 (2) September 2017 (2) Juli 2017 (7) Juni 2017 (4) Mai 2017 (1) April 2017 (2) März 2017 (2) Februar 2017 (4) Januar 2017 (1) Dezember 2016 (2) November 2016 (3) Oktober 2016 (2) September 2016 (1) August 2016 (1) Juni 2016 (1) Mai 2016 (1) März 2016 (1) Februar 2016 (3) Januar 2016 (3) Dezember 2015 (1) November 2015 (1) Oktober 2015 (2) August 2015 (1) Juli 2015 (2) Juni 2015 (3) Mai 2015 (2) April 2015 (1) März 2015 (5) Februar 2015 (1) Januar 2015 (1) Dezember 2014 (2) Oktober 2014 (2) September 2014 (2) August 2014 (3) Juli 2014 (3) Juni 2014 (2) Mai 2014 (4) April 2014 (3) März 2014 (4) Februar 2014 (1) Januar 2014 (2) Dezember 2013 (2) November 2013 (5) Oktober 2013 (1) September 2013 (1) August 2013 (2) Juli 2013 (3) Juni 2013 (3) Mai

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: With the assumption of constant energy consumption and roundtrips it is secured that each trip will at least start with SoC of 50%. The problem of placing charging stations for electric vehicles involves finding the optimal location of charging stations in the transport network so that the operating parameters of the vehicle network are least affected. Real-world vehicle travel patterns, especially for electric vehicles, provide abundant information to investigate charging demand. Nevertheless, it is impractical to adopt the travel information from all private vehicles. Therefore, GPS location data and vehicle’s trace collection was considered to provide the travel information. Besides the commute trips, the other purpose trips were also considered in this model. The purpose of activity locations was determined by the time of day. For instance, the “home” location is defined as the place with the most visits between 8 pm and 8 am for each day during the observation period, while the “work” location is defined as the place with the most visits on weekdays between 8 am and 8 pm during the observation period. The rest of the locations are regarded as the “other”, such as shopping and recreation. With the activity location and purpose inferred from the vehicle’s traces, the 24-hour travel demand for the electric vehicle is able to generate based on the time sequence of each activity. 3. 2 Charging station model descriptionsWe focus on the urban electric vehicle fast charging infrastructure planning model and investigate the positioning aspects of fast charging stations in the dense residential areas road network. It supports city trips, where charging infrastructure and BEVs both play an important role in optimizing electric vehicle charging station locations. Consider a metropolitan road network where all vehicles in the network are assumed to be battery electric vehicles. This assumption is not necessarily restrictive as the model proposed below can be easily extended to accommodate both electric and regular vehicles. Let G(N,A) be a transportation network of the electric vehicles system, where N is the set of nodes (i. e. , origins, destination, junctions) and A is the set of directed links (arcs). While all nodes in N are eligible candidate sites for stations, the set of O-D nodes can be a subset of N. Thus, an unpopulated road junction can be included as a candidate site but need not be included as an O-D node.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: ” Chomanski follows Petersen, who in turn follows and contends that “It is plausibly a necessary condition of personhood that one be able to reflect on one’s desires, for example, and reconsider them” (Petersen 2011, 289). Chomanski follows Petersen’s account of reflection and asserts that reflection is a necessary condition for autonomy: “AI servants would be autonomous (…) provided that they are given the capacity to genuinely reflect on, and possibly change, their motivations, etc. (Chomanski 2019, 1003)). ” In turn, I believe that programming a capacity for reflection into AP randoms would additionally enable their designers to avoid manipulativeness. It is worth noting that taking all of these measures against manipulativeness would have significant consequences. Specifically, developing AP randoms would result in creating APs who are unpredictable and uncontrollable at a level comparable to that of human beings. Such APs would no longer more or less faithfully achieve aims designed by humans but would follow their own—unpredictable and uncontrollable—aims, which might be incoherent with humans’ aims. Most likely, the most radical example of this is the fact that in the randomized selection of AP randoms’ desires, to avoid manipulativeness, we would have to enable the algorithm to choose features we might consider unethical. For instance, one could argue that enabling the algorithm to program into AP a desire to cause suffering to others would be wrong. However, eliminating such a desire from the range of available features might be considered manipulative, since it fulfils the features of being “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner”: it limits APs’ options, disregards rational capacities and is not necessary. Of course, one could argue that manipulativeness is far less important than reducing suffering and that the latter can justify the former. Moreover, the fact that we would choose to avoid manipulativeness and enable APs to possess “innate” desires to cause suffering does not mean that we would simply accept this desire and its consequences—we could try to prevent it through socialization, as we do in the case of human beings who seem to share similar desires. Of course, the efficiency of such attempts would depend on the quality of socialization, the strength of desires and many other factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: about navigation American Speech-Language-Making effective communication, a human right, accessible and achievable for all. Type your search query here -Academic & & Committee on the Status of About this by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities: Dolores E. Battle (chair), Maureen E. . Harris, Nilda Morgenstern-Lopez, Gloria M. Smith, Sandra L. Terrell, and (ex officio). Table of of the Position on the close of the 1970s, this country has seen language rights come to be regarded as civil rights. With court cases such as Larry P. v. Riles and the Decision, the role of the speech-language pathologist relative to social dialects needed resolution. In 1982, the unanimously approved the position paper on social dialects prepared by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. The development of such a position paper required an in-depth examination of the controversial social issues that have been debated by many professions over the past two decades. Three different philosophical approaches to social dialects prevailed: (1) no intervention, (2) promotion of bidialectalism, and (3) eradication of nonstandard usage. For two years, the pros and cons of each philosophy were studied by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. The initial draft of the paper was submitted to selected ASHA members for comment, each chosen on the basis of his or her research or clinical backgrounds or other professional interest in the area of social dialects. Sixty-three percent of those contacted responded, most with cogent comments that reflect the current controversy and the need for direction and resolution on this topic by the Association. From this peer review, the final draft was developed. The members of the Committee on the Status of who were instrumental in the completion of the project were: Maureen E. Aldes, Dolores E. Battle (chair), (ex officio),. Harris, Nilda Morgenstern-Lopez, Gloria M. Smith, and Sandra L. Terrell. The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to the final draft of the position paper: Sol Adler, M. Parker Anderson, Donn F. Bailey, Nick Bountress, Faye Vaughn-. Miller, Howard Mims, Joan Payne-Johnson, Nevis Phillips, Altheria C. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: Potential fast-charging station locations with high traffic flow of EVs. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe daily increase in the number of EVs brings in a big challenge for the planning of charging stations. In order to deal with the placement issues of EV charging stations, this 1. Chung, S. H. ; Kwon, C. Multi-period planning for electric car charging station ocations: A case of Korean Expressways. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2015, 242, 677–6872. Wu, F. ; Sioshansi, R. A stochastic flow-capturing model to optimize the location of fast-charging stations with uncertain electric vehicle flows. Transp. Res. Transp. Environ. 2017, 53, 354–3763. Difference between Based on the Principle of Lithium Batteries. Available online:. Deploying public charging stations for electric vehicles on urban road networks. 60 (2015) 227–2405. Kuby, M. ; Lim, S. Location of Alternative-Using the Flow-Model and Dispersion of candidate Sites on Arcs. Netw. Spat. Econ. 2007, 7, 129–1526. Upchurch, C. ; Kuby, M. ; Lim, S. A Model for Location of Capacitated Alternative-Fuel Stations. Geogr. Anal. 2009, 41, 85–1067. Kim, J. G. ; Kuby, M. The deviation-flow refueling location model for optimizing a network of refueling stations. Int. J. 2012, 37, 5406–54208. Kim, J. G. ; Kuby, M. A network transformation heuristic approach for the deviation flow refueling location model. Comput. Oper. Res. 2013, 40, 1122–11319. et al. Optimizing the allocation of fast charging infrastructure along the German autobahn. Springer-Heidelberg 2015, J (2016) 86:513–535. DOI 10. 1007/s11573-015-0781-510. Ismail Capar, Michael J. Kuby: Formulation of the for Stations. DOI: 10. 1080/0740817X. 2011. 63517511. et al. on Flow Demand—A Case Study. 202112. Kou, L. F.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Hence, the question is whether we want APs to be unable to hurt others or to be able to hurt others but choose not to do so. However, whatever we would choose to do with particularly controversial desires such as the desire to cause another’s suffering, the bottom line here is that AP randoms developed in both aforementioned ways would be unpredictable and uncontrollable to a degree similar to human beings. The obvious question is, what would be the point of developing AP randoms, and is it worth developing them at all? The general answer seems to be that the role of AP randoms in our lives would be analogous to the role of other human beings. As, somewhat romantically, Walker puts it, “we should create this sort of AI because we intend to love them, and hope that they love us; just as we intend and hope the same for our human children” (Walker 2006). Petersen also, while discussing “typical persons,” argues that they “could plausibly bring ethical benefit to a great many couples who are not otherwise able to have biological children” (Petersen 2017, 287). takes this idea one step further and presents the interesting and controversial idea of artificial offspring, who—as he sees it—could be in some ways better than natural offspring (Danaher 2017b). Such ideas of embracing AP randoms involve a significant shift in our attitude toward technological artifacts. Of course, ideas of embracing any APs or providing robots with rights also involve them, but the case of AP randoms seems so radical that it illustrates the consequences of such embracing in a particularly stark and clear manner. In brief, this seems to illustrate that embracing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves some shifts in our perception of technological artifacts and our relations to them. First, and probably most generally, AP randoms would not be tools made to be used for humans’ own good and to achieve humans’ aims (as in the case of other technological artifacts), but persons created to be with humans who follow their own aims and try to achieve their own benefit. It is worth emphasizing that the good and aims of AP randoms may not be coherent with humans’ good and aims, and sometimes the former may remain in contrast and compete with the latter.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If courses on social dialects or sociolinguistics are not offered by the training programs in your local area, it is incumbent upon communicative disorders professionals to seek such training through continuing education activities and independent study. The following publications should be helpful: Dillard, J. L. (1973). Black English: and Usage in America. New York: Vintage Books. Erickson, J. G. , & Omark, D. (1981). of the Child: Issues and Guidelines. Baltimore, MD: Press. Jeter, I. K. (Ed. ). (1977). Social Dialects: Differences vs. Disorders. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Omark, D. , & Erickson, J. G. (1983). Exceptional Child. San Diego: Press. Stockwell, R. P. , Bowen, J. , & Martin, J. (1963). of English and Spanish. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Stockwell, R. P. , Bowen, J. , & Martin, J. (1975). Structures of English and Spanish. Chicago, IL: of Chicago Press. Wolfram, W. , & Fasold, R. (1974). of in American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wolfram, W. , & Christian, D. (1976). Appalachian Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Q: We are taught that test results are invalid when the test taker comes from a background other than that of the population on which the test was standardized. Since few tests are designed for dialects other than standard English, how can I do a valid speech and language assessment of a social dialect speaker? A: It is stressed in the position paper that knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures is required to distinguish between dialect differences and communicative disorders. There are a variety of alternatives to the inappropriate use of tests developed and standardized on standard English speakers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: �νθέτουν έξι (6) ξεχωριστά δοκίμια, με κοινό ερευνητικό πεδίο, την εναλλακτική (alternative) χρηματοοικονομική, τραπεζική, νομισματική μέσα από την μελέτη των αγορών των κρυπτονομισμάτων (cryptocurrencies) που εκδίδονται και κυκλοφορούν σε πλήρως αποκεντρωμένα δίκτυα κατανεμημένων καθολικών (distributed ledges).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as I have already mentioned, AP randoms would be uncontrollable and unpredictable (to a greater degree than other types of APs and in stark contrast to other technological artifacts). This means that AP randoms would not be typical technological artifacts created to make humans’ lives easier (however, while the intentional purpose of most technological artifacts is to make humans’ lives easier, it is not rare for unintentional consequences of their implementation to have the opposite effect) but rather would make our lives more complicated (which, of course, does not mean “worse”). To be clear, the fact that we can design APs without manipulativeness by developing AP randoms does not mean that we should do so. First, while manipulativeness may always be objectionable, it might also be justifiable. Hence, it is plausible to say that its presence might be justified by defending some other values or preventing some other harms. In other words, while AP randoms seem to be the best (or even the only) means to design APs without manipulativeness, it does not matter that they are generally the best means to design APs. Second, and more generally, designing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves the abovementioned shifts in our attitude towards technology—from a controllable and predictable tool that serves our aims and makes our lives easier to an uncontrollable and unpredictable person who has its own aims, tries to achieve its own good, often competing with humans beings in doing so, and hence makes our lives more complicated. Whether we should make these shifts and elevate the status of technology is a matter of very detailed debate and by no means can be decided or even examined here. Hence, to repeat, while there is a reasonable scenario in which we could design APs without being manipulative, it is by no means the only reasonable scenario on the table. There are also scenarios in which we can consider manipulativeness non-objectionable or objectionable but justifiable and develop not only AP randoms but also AP workers and AP servants. There is a possible scenario in which we could develop AP workers and AP servants instead of AP randoms (probably to avoid the unpredictability and uncontrollability of the latter). Finally, there is a scenario in which we should not develop any APs at all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: This is a strong indication that the linguistic makeup is substantially the same for all the dialects and, therefore, that they all originated by the same founding population of which they reflect the initial composition. The conclusion is that the founding event was likely a single one and subsequent immigration did not significantly alter the linguistic composition. Indeed, looking more carefully, one can detect a little less Malay in the north since the red circles have a larger ratio than all the others. This cannot a be a consequence of a larger African influence in the vocabulary due to the active trade with the continent and the Comoros Islands. In this case both the Maanyan and Malay component of the vocabulary would be affected. Instead, this may be the effect of Malay trading which, according to Adelaar [2], [3], continued for several centuries after colonization. Noticeably, some dialects changed less from the proto-language (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Manajary, Manakara), in fact, their distances both from Maanyan and Malay are smaller then those of the other dialects. This is probably the most relevant phenomenon, and we underline that the variants which are less distant on average with respect to the other dialects (Fig. 3) are also less distant with respect to Malay and Maanyan (Fig. 4). Therefore, the fact that Merina is closer to the other dialects cannot be explained merely by the fact that it is the official variant. We have checked whether the picture which emerges from Fig. 4 is confirmed by comparing the Malagasy dialects with other related Indonesian languages. The result is positive, and in particular the dialects of Manajary, Manakara, Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa seem to be closer to most of the Indonesian languages which we compare them to. Note that Manajary and Manakara are both in the previously identified landing area on the south-east coast while Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa are in the central highlands of the Island. This suggests a scenario according to which there was a migration on the highlands of Madagascar (Betsileo and Imerina regions) shortly after the landing on the south-east coast (Manakara, Manajary). In conclusion, both the average distances in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έχει ως κίνητρο την εξέταση της οικονομικής διάστασης όλων αυτών των εναλλακτικών δικτύων πληρωμών καθώς δεν έχουν ακόμα συλλογικά μελετηθεί επαρκώς λόγω της μόλις δεκαετούς ύπαρξης τους. Στο τέλος του 2017 η κεφαλαιοποίηση των κρυπτονομισμάτων είχε ξεπεράσει τα 708 δις. δολλάρια.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Advocating for any of these scenarios requires taking a position on the aforementioned shifts in our attitudes toward technology. Clearly, such a position does not have to involve a binary “yes or no” decision, but it may agree or disagree with the shifts to some degree. This of course involves examining many issues—not only manipulativeness—connected to APs’ good (e. g. , their autonomy) and humans’ good (for instance, perspectives of technological unemployment or the meaningfulness of human life) and perspectives on their hierarchy ranging from anthropocentric humanism to anti-anthropocentric posthumanism. Again, all of this is a matter of a detailed debate, and examining this here is beyond the scope of this study. 6 ConclusionIn this study, I have discussed Chomanski’s claim about manipulativeness to show that it significantly shifts the whole discussion on AP servants on the one hand and can be extrapolated to other kinds of APs on the other. Specifically, I have asserted that any design that intentionally determines AP’s desires involves manipulativeness. Moreover, I have examined a way of designing APs that enables avoiding the presence of manipulativeness and have briefly discussed its consequences.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Our automated method works as follows: for any language we write down a Swadesh list, then we measure the distance between words with the same meaning belonging to different languages and, finally, we obtain the distance between two languages by an average. This approach is motivated by the analogy with genetics: vocabulary has the role of DNA and the comparison is simply made by measuring the differences between the DNA of the two languages. There are various advantages: the first is that, at variance with previous methods, it avoids subjectivity; the second is that results can be replicated by other scholars assuming that the database is the same; the third is that it does not require specific expertise in linguistics; and the last, but surely not the least, is that it allows for a rapid comparison of a very large number of languages (or dialects). More precisely, our measure of lexical distance between two words is a variant of the Levenshtein distance [15]. distance is simply the minimum number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions of a single character needed to transform one word into the other. Our distance is obtained by a normalization. Given two words and our measure of distance is(1)where is their standard Levenshtein distance and is the number of characters in the longer of the two words and. Therefore, the distance can take any value between 0 and 1. The reason for the normalization can be understood by the following example. Consider the case of two words of the same length in which a single substitution transforms one word into the other. If they are short, let's say 2 characters, they are very different. On the contrary, if they are long, let's say 8 characters, it is reasonable to say that they are very similar. Without normalization, their distance would be the same, equal to 1, regardless of their length. Instead, introducing the normalization factor, in the first case the distance is whereas in the second, it is much smaller and equal to. We use distance between pairs of words, as defined above, to construct the lexical distances between languages. For any language we prepare a list of words associated with the same meanings (we adopt the original Swadesh choice of ). Assume that the number of languages is and any language in the group is labeled by a Greek letter (say ) and any word of that language by with. The same index corresponds to the same meaning in all languages, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Το 5ο κεφάλαιο, εισάγει τα κρυπτονομίσματα στην Επενδυτική πρακτική. Συνεισφέρει μέσα από την ανάλυση των κρυπτονομισμάτων ως επενδυτικά οχήματα αξιολογώντας τα χαρακτηριστικά απόδοσης-κινδύνου ανά κατηγορία. Παρουσιάζει θεσμικές εξελίξεις ενώ συνεισφέρει στη ανάλυση του ανταγωνισμού μέσα στις αγορές κρυπτονομισμάτων καθώς η βιβλιογραφία συνήθως επικεντρώνεται μόνο στο Bitcoin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: : (Artificially) Intelligent? Published online by Press: 30 August 2023 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Sven Nyholm* Affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany * Email: s. nyholm@lmu. de 0. 25 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper discusses two opposing views about the relation between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence: on the one hand, a worry that heavy reliance on AI technologies might make people less intelligent and, on the other, a hope that AI technologies might serve as a form of cognitive enhancement. The worry relates to the notion that if we hand over too many intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies, we might end up with fewer opportunities to train our own intelligence. Concerning AI as a potential form of cognitive enhancement, the paper explores two possibilities: (1) AI as extending—and thereby enhancing—people’s minds, and (2) AI as enabling people to behave in artificially intelligent ways. That is, using AI technologies might enable people to behave as if they have been cognitively enhanced. The paper considers such enhancements both on the level of individuals and on the level of groups. Keywords artificial intelligencecognitive enhancementhuman downgradinghuman enhancementhuman intelligenceintelligent behaviorthe extended mind 10. 1017/S0963180123000464 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by When people discuss the impressive progress that has been made with respect to artificial intelligence (AI), they frequently highlight a set of Go games in which the human world champion of Go, Lee Sedol, faced off against DeepMind’s computer program AlphaGo. These games took place in March of 2016. managed to win one out of five games. But he lost the other four. This was a sensation. Many people had thought that it would be extremely hard to create AI technologies that could defeat human Go masters in this sophisticated game. Much discussion about this case has been about and his reaction to what happened. He said that he would retire from competing in Go and that playing Go had become meaningless for him.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: , two words and in the languages and have the same meaning if. The lexical distance between two languages is then defined as(2)It can be seen that is always in the interval [0,1] and obviously. The result of the analysis described above is a upper triangular matrix whose entries are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. If a family of languages is considered, all the information about their relationships is encoded in the associated matrix, but this information is not manifest and it has to be extracted. The ubiquitous approach to this problem is to transform the matrix information into a phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, in this transformation, part of the information may be lost because transfer among languages is not exclusively vertical (as in mtDNA transmission from mother to child) but it also can be horizontal (borrowings and, in extreme cases, creolization). In previous papers we proposed a complementary geometric approach [16], [5] (Analysis). This approach encodes the matrix information into the positions of the languages in a -dimensional space. For large one recovers all the matrix content, but a low dimensionality, typically = 2 or = 3, is sufficient to grasp all the relevant information. However, results shown in the last two figures of this paper mostly rely on a direct investigation of the entries of the matrix and to simple averages over them. Supporting InformationTable S1. This table provides information on the people who furnished the data collected by the author at the beginning of 2010. For any dialect two consultants have been independently interviewed. Their names and birth dates follow each of the dialect names. Table S2. This table contains the upper triangular matrix which is the result of the analysis described in the Methods section of the paper. The entries of the matrix are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. 1. Dahl OC (1951) Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique. Egede Instituttet, Oslo, Norway. View 2. (1995) Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austronesian linguistics. In: Tryon editor. in History. . 72. In J. F. Bellwood and D. 3. (2009) Loanwords in Malagasy. In: Tadmor editor. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: Mouton. 746.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: ) καθώς επικεντρωνόμαστε εδώ μόνο στην απόδοση, η χρήση μεγαλύτερου ακόμα δείγματος και η ενσωμάτωση ελέγχων αποτελεσματικότητας των προβλέψεων των δεικτών θα απασχολήσει την έρευνα στο μέλλον. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα This PhD thesis is motivated by the unprecedented monetary and financial nature ofcryptocurrencies issued and circulated in for that it has not beencollectively studied. Distributed ledgers can be viewed as payment networks operatingwithout intermediary for exchanging wealth wherein two roles are assumed. Morespecifically, that of clearing house (in settling transactions) and that of regulator (forcontrolling the supply). Aside from the former service which is commonplace in money issuance industry’s ordinary business of life, there is something unusual that stems from the latter that is, the system itself creates its own num´eraire referred to as cryptocurrency. Such alternative systems at least outwardly challenge and as though may supplant the established today’s banking and finance paradigm which is traditionally associated with (a) currencies (sovereign money) and (b) securities (either in the form of debt or equity). Interestingly, the latter, so far, are only. . . This PhD thesis is motivated by the unprecedented monetary and financial nature ofcryptocurrencies issued and circulated in for that it has not beencollectively studied. Distributed ledgers can be viewed as payment networks operatingwithout intermediary for exchanging wealth wherein two roles are assumed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 1 But here I want to consider another human being involved in this set of games: namely, the man who was carrying out the moves that were recommended by AlphaGo, and who was thereby going through the motions, so to speak, of beating in Go. AlphaGo was a computer program, not a robot equipped with arms. So AlphaGo itself did not move the playing stones around on the board. Before the games, AlphaGo had been trained on data from thousands of human-played Go games, and it had also been trained by playing millions of games against itself. This allowed AlphaGo to develop novel Go-playing strategies, and what AlphaGo did was to recommend moves in the game. A human—the person I will focus on here—took these recommendations and carried out the moves in the game, by placing the stones on the recommended parts of the Go board. This person (someone working for DeepMind) thereby became able to perform in a manner that corresponded to beating the world champion of Go in four out of five games. Now consider this question: Did this person in effect achieve the ability to play Go at a level at which not even the human world champion (Lee Sedol) was able to play? In other words, was the DeepMind employee exhibiting a form of human enhancement when he was acting on recommendations from the AI-driven AlphaGo computer program? Of popular focus in discussions about AI progress is the large language model technology ChatGPT, which was released to the public in November of 2022. This is an AI tool that can produce text (including essays and poems) in response to prompts from human users. tried using ChatGPT, for example, I entered the prompt, “what would think about the ethics of AI? ”—and ChatGPT immediately produced a fairly impressive short essay on the topic. In fact, I think ChatGPT did a better job than at least some—or perhaps even many—of the students in my classes would do. In all honesty, I think that the short essay that ChatGPT produced is better than what I would be able to come up with on the spot if I were asked to quickly write an essay on what Heidegger would say about AI ethics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: > <modsCollection xmlns=" <mods ID="evanson-etal-2023-language"> <titleInfo> <title>Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Morespecifically, that of clearing house (in settling transactions) and that of regulator (forcontrolling the supply). Aside from the former service which is commonplace in money issuance industry’s ordinary business of life, there is something unusual that stems from the latter that is, the system itself creates its own num´eraire referred to as cryptocurrency. Such alternative systems at least outwardly challenge and as though may supplant the established today’s banking and finance paradigm which is traditionally associated with (a) currencies (sovereign money) and (b) securities (either in the form of debt or equity). Interestingly, the latter, so far, are only expressed in the unit of account of the former. In the foreign exchange market, the supply of currencies is linked to the activities of commercial banking which are monitored by national and international monetary authorities. To that extent, cryptocurrencies can offer a wide variety of alternatives that were not previously available to private entities and the general public when it comes to designing investment assets, credit instruments and, of course, cash. Traditionally, these have been provided by institutions such as centralized exchanges, accredited banks by a central bank and the State. The first two 14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: We are faced with the questions: If I—or a student—began using ChatGPT, or some other large language model, to produce academic texts, would we thereby become enabled to generate better texts than if we did not use ChatGPT? Would this AI technology then serve as an enhancement of our writing abilities? Could it be understood as a form of human enhancement? Whether AI can be seen as a form of human enhancement is explored below—I will offer reasons in favor of this idea, but I will also offer reasons to doubt it. In a recent paper with coauthors,Footnote 2 we argued that it is doubtful if human users deserve credit for outputs produced by AI technologies like ChatGPT or other forms of generative AI. It was our position that putting a prompt into such a technology, which then produces some impressive outcome, is not a sign that either we have any particular form of talent, or that we had made any special effort showing ourselves deserving of credit. That line of reasoning could suggest that AI technologies like ChatGPT do not enhance the capacities of the people who use them. (I will return to this issue later. ) However, there might also be other ways of conceptualizing this topic that would allow us to say that we can enhance ourselves and our abilities by using AI technologies. Among other things, I will suggest that if we can extend the so-called extended mind thesis to apply to the use of AI—so that we can be said to extend our minds by using AI technologies—we might say that it is possible to enhance ourselves and our abilities with AI technologies. I will discuss this thesis both on the individual level (Can individuals enhance their abilities by making use of AI technologies? ) and on a group level (Can groups enhance themselves by making use of AI technologies? ). Of particular interest will be whether using AI technologies can be interpreted as a form of cognitive enhancement. In other words, can we enhance our cognitive abilities by using AI technologies? A related consideration will also be the notion that AI technologies might cognitively enhance human users, not by boosting their natural intelligence, but by giving them a kind of artificial intelligence; that is, by enabling humans to behave as if they have enhanced natural intelligence. The idea that AI can function as a form of cognitive extension has recently been discussed by some researchers, in particular José Hernández-Orallo and Karina Vold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: </title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Linnea</namePart> <namePart type="family">Evanson</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Yair</namePart> <namePart type="family">Lakretz</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jean</namePart> <namePart type="given">Rémi</namePart> <namePart type="family">King</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <dateIssued>2023-07</dateIssued> </originInfo> <typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource> <relatedItem type="host"> <titleInfo> <title>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023</title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Anna</namePart> <namePart type="family">Rogers</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jordan</namePart> <namePart type="family">Boyd-Graber</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Naoaki</namePart> <namePart type="family">Okazaki</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <publisher>Association for Computational Linguistics</publisher> <place> <placeTerm type="text">Toronto, Canada</placeTerm> </place> </originInfo> <genre authority="

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some companies are beginning to accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment. [SEP] Text: Volatility spillovers among leading cryptocurrencies and US energy and technology companies access Published: 20 February 2024 Volatility spillovers among leading cryptocurrencies and US energy and technology companies : orcid. org/0000-0003-2482-41541, Korhan K. Gokmenoglu2 & Nigar Taspinar1 7. 5%, including an 11. 4% decline in oil consumption (Vaz 2022). The pandemic also presented risks and threats to the technology sector with adverse financial consequences. Shutdowns reduced purchases from certain technological companies and cancelled conferences and meetings that typically generate new business opportunities. As a result, these companies incurred losses estimated at USD 1 billion (Forecast 2020). A significant percentage of technology companies suffered substantial financial losses due to decreased product sales during lockdowns (Al-Skhnini 2022). However, the pandemic had a positive effect on some tech companies; those that offer products and programs related to online education and remote work flourished during this period. Our findings indicate that the effects of unconditional shocks on conditional covariance matrices during the COVID-19 period are significantly greater than those during the pre-pandemic period. The impact of the epidemic increased uncertainty in both economic and financial systems, amplifying the influence of unconditional shocks. Cryptocurrencies are contentious and may involve significant risks and the possibility of catastrophic losses, but they have sparked considerable interest. With the interconnectedness of financial markets increasing, cross-regional and cross-market contagion has become a key focus of research. Moreover, there is a close relationship between cryptocurrencies and the energy and technology sectors for various reasons; thus, it is critical to understand spillovers among these markets. For example, renewable energy depends on technological progress, and investing in technological advancement to make the best use of available energy resources is increasingly important. Technology companies are working to develop and expand the markets for energy-related products, reinforcing the link between the two sectors (Zheng et al. 2022). Energy-related commodities are linked to cryptocurrencies in global markets (Ji et al. 2019), and energy market shocks contribute significantly to the volatility of cryptocurrencies (Libo et al. 2021). The tech sector and cryptocurrency as a trading instrument are experiencing global growth. Many companies are showing interest in blockchains and cryptocurrencies, including them in their business plans, product lines, and investment portfolios (Frankovic et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 3 Moreover, the idea that AI can function as a form of human enhancement has also been discussed, but only to a limited extent. Specifically, the idea that AI-driven recommender systems could function as a form of moral enhancers has been addressed by authors such as Alberto Giubilini, Julian Savulescu, and Michał Klincewicz. Footnote 4 Relatedly, üller have argued that AI can function as an augmentation of human intelligence. Footnote 5 My aim here is to add to these deliberations by relating the perspective on AI as a form of enhancement to the discussion of AI as a form of cognitive extension. Additionally, the existing discussion is expanded by suggesting that AI might under certain circumstances give humans a form of artificial intelligence. The paper is divided into the following sections. (1) I will first discuss human intelligence, and a worry promulgated by some members of the press that AI and other contemporary technologies might be making people less intelligent. (2) There then follows a consideration of the concept of AI, including why it might initially be thought to not be a form of human enhancement. (3) Next up is the idea of human enhancement—in particular, cognitive enhancement—along with some distinctions from the literature on enhancement and the extended mind thesis, which provide some interesting ideas about how AI might function as a form of cognitive enhancement. (4) I will next discuss possible limitations to the view of AI as a form of human cognitive enhancement, and its relation to John Searle’s so-called Chinese room argumentFootnote 6 against the idea that AI technologies have any form of understanding. This will help to illustrate the idea that perhaps we should think of AI technologies as enabling a form of group-level cognitive enhancement, rather than—or perhaps in addition to—enhancement of individuals. It will also motivate the idea that perhaps what AI might give us is a form of artificial intelligence, rather than a straightforward form of cognitive enhancement. Four different ways of thinking about whether AI technologies can enhance people and their abilities will be identified. (5) Lastly, the sections conclude by considering whether praiseworthiness (or lack thereof) can be used as a criterion for determining whether AI can serve as a human enhancer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича Національної академії наук України м. Львів, вул. Козельницька, 4 Email: inukr@inst-ukr. lviv.

Output: pass