Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: View 34. Conti B, Sanchez-Alavez M, Winsky- (2006) Transgenic mice with a reduced core body temperature have an increased life span. Science 314: 825–828. View 35. (2009) Uncoupling protein-2 regulates lifespan in mice. Metab 96(E): 621–627. View 36. Caldeira da (2008) Mild mitochondrial uncoupling in mice affects energy metabolism, redox balance and longevity. 7: 552–560. View 37. (2005) Long-term caloric restriction increases UCP3 content but decreases proton leak and reactive oxygen species production in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Metab 289(E): 429–438. View 38. (2008) Characterization of survival and phenotype throughout the life span in UCP2/UCP3 genetically altered mice. 43: 1061–1068. View 39. (2008) UCP-2 and UCP-3 proteins are differentially regulated in pancreatic beta-cells. PLoS One 3: e1397. View 40. Salopuro T, Pulkkinen L, Lindström (2009) Variation in the UCP2 and UCP3 genes associates with abdominal obesity and serum lipids: the Prevention Study. BMC 10: 94. View 41. (2009) The polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 genes associated with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes. 10: 519–552. View 42. (2011) A common polymorphism in the UCP3 promoter influences hand grip strength in elderly people. Biogerontology 12(3): 265–271. View 43. Rose G, Crocco P, D' (2011) Two variants located in the upstream enhancer region of human UCP1 gene affect gene expression and are correlated with human longevity. [Epub ahead of print]. 44. (2006) Sex and age specificity of susceptibility genes modulating survival at old age. 62: 213–220. View 45. (2005) A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 76: 887–893. View 46. (2002) Trend tests for case-control studies of genetic markers: power, sample size and robustness. 53: 146–152. View 47. Zang Y, Fung WK (2010) Robust tests for matched case-control genetic association studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: The low performers in the tDCS group demonstrated significantly increased global PLVs in both left- (p = 0. 015 for low-beta and p = 0. 0008 for high-beta) and right-hand (p = 0. 0254 for high-beta) imagery over the low- and high-beta bands. On the other hand, the sham stimulation group subjects showed no significant change in global PLVs in any frequency bands and motor imagery classes. Instead, high performers showed a significant increase in left-hand imagery at low-beta (p = 0. 0203), while those in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups showed no significant changes. As a result, there were clear differences in functional connectivity, as observed in BCI performance and pre-stimulus band power, according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency (low and high performers). The results of BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity showed the same trend, in that the low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups showed significant improvement, while low performers in the sham stimulation group showed no significant changes, although the pre-stimulus band power and functional connectivity differed significantly in the different frequency bands. Moreover, high performers demonstrated different effects compared to low performers in BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity following the stimulation session, indicating that dividing subjects into low and high performers was appropriate to investigate the stimulation effects. Stimulation paradigmWe designed the same stimulation paradigm for vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS in this study. BCI performance and brain activity in both groups were investigated before and following the stimulation session rather than investigating the stimulation effects concurrently. A hybrid technique can be more effective in vibrotactile stimulation because it can enhance ERD when combined with motor imagery [20, 21]. However, in practice, a hybrid method requires the subjects to receive multiple stimulation types each time they perform BCI tasks, which can tire the users more despite the fact that incorporating vibrotactile stimulation may improve their performance. Instead, if stimulation effects persist after the stimulation session, and the subjects achieve the BCI performance desired after multiple stimulation sessions over multiple days or months, they may be able to perform the BCI task more effectively without the stimulation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 6%), 24 NEA-DHS (34. 3%), and 19 Hybrid-DHS (27. 1%) (Fig. 2b). Both PCoA and NewHybrids analyses revealed patterns similar to those obtained based on analysis. The PCoA results indicated that the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS based on assignment were divergent and clustered along the first axis of the ordination plot, whereas the Hybrid-DHS plotted intermediately between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS (Fig. 2c). Newhybrids analysis indicated that 65. 7% of individuals were parental types (30% SEA-DHS and 35. 7% NEA-DHS) and 4. 3% were F2 hybrids. Among the remaining unclassified 21 individuals, 12 can be classified as F2 individuals, and two appear to be NEA-DHS backcross types with a posterior probability criterion of 0. 55. Interestingly, we detected a tendency of the different genetic types to cluster spatially along the study transect (Fig. 2a). q values were found to be positively correlated with altitude (Pearson’s r = 0. 83, p = 0. 000) and there were significant differences in the altitudinal distributions of the three genotypes, with NEA-DHS being primarily concentrated at the hilltop end of the transect (altitude > 670 m) and SEA-DHS being mainly clustered at the foot of the hill (< 600 m) with just a few individuals scattered at higher altitudes. Hybrid-DHS were found to be mainly distributed in a region extending from the midpoint of the transect to the hilltop (570–730 m). A comparison of the assignment results obtained based exclusively on the DHS dataset (DHS-only: 70 individuals and 11 loci) and that of the entire assessed range (whole-range: 1278 individuals and six loci) revealed broadly similar patterns. On the basis of the whole-range dataset, 27% and 31% of individuals are SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, respectively, and were accordingly respectively clustered in PCoA plots (Figures S2 and S3). However, although, we still detected a significant correlation between q values and altitude the Pearson’s r was somewhat lower (0. 63, Figure S2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Andrews ZB (2010) Uncoupling protein-2 and the potential link between metabolism and longevity. Sci 3: 102–112. View 76. (2011) A/ASP/VAL allele combination of IGF1R, IRS2, and UCP2 genes is associated with better metabolic profile, preserved energy expenditure parameters, and low mortality rate in longevity. Age. DOI: [Epub ahead of print]. 77. Manini TM (2010) Energy expenditure and aging. Rev 9: 1–11. View 78. (2008) Metabolic aspects of the extreme longevity. 43: 74–78. View 79. (2005) Rate and in Human Longevity. J Metab 90: 409–413. View 80. (1997) Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. 77: 731–758. View 81. (1999) A novel polymorphism in the proximal UCP3 promoter region: effect on skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA expression and obesity in male non-diabetic Pima Indians. ; 23: 1242–1245. View 82. (1999) Skeletal muscle UCP3 expression is a determinant of energy expenditure in Pima Indians. Diabetes 48: 146–149. View 83. -Kornips E, et al. (2008) The effect of UCP3 overexpression on mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle of young versus aged mice. FEBS Lett 582: 4147–4152. View 84. Karakelides H, Nair KS (2005) Sarcopenia of ageing and its metabolic impact. 68: 123–148. View 85. (2008) Human skeletal muscle ageing and the oxidative system: cellular events. Sci 1: 182–191. View 86. (2007) Mild mitochondrial uncoupling impacts cellular aging in human muscles in vivo. PNAS 104: 1057–62. View 87. Dalgaard LT (2011) in 2 in Relation to Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Traits: Focus on the Functional -866G>A (rs659366). J Obes. View 88. (2005) Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the CNS: in support of function and survival. Neurosci 6: 829–840. View 89.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Although this study included only a single day session, and thus, the stimulation effects were investigated immediately after the stimulation session, our results demonstrated that vibrotactile stimulation could modulate brain activity and improve BCI performance. Limitations and future directionsOne limitation in this study is that the sample size was too small to investigate low and high performers in depth. The study was designed with a lengthy timeline to evaluate stimulation effects in a single day session. High performers may have become bored and lost attention during the lengthy experiment because they had achieved controllable BCI performance already, while low performers may have maintained their motivation longer because they want to achieve improved BCI performance. In addition, as we discussed, the external stimulation may affect low and high performers differently because they may engage in a motor imagery task and generate different brain activity, as in [34, 35]. However, we note that although we recruited a large number of subjects (N = 44) and 39 remained for the analysis, the subjects were divided into groups according to the stimulation types, sham, vibrotactile, and tDCS. Moreover, each group was sub-divided according to their initial BCI performance to investigate low and high performers separately. As a result, there were only three and four high performers, respectively, in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, so it is necessary to observe the trend found in high performers carefully. Therefore, one can argue that dividing subjects may be not appropriate. However, as we observed, the sub-divided subjects showed different characteristics with respect to BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity. In addition, those features’ stimulation effects were distinguished for low and high performers. Previous studies have found that low and high performers showed different characteristics with respect to band powers [9, 37] and functional connectivity [35]. Further, we observed that low and high performers exhibited different effects depending upon vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS. However, these results should be interpreted with caution because the number of high performers was insufficient, and performance was compared during only a single day session. For a more precise interpretation, high and low performers should be recruited equally in a sufficient number, and the experimental paradigm should be shortened by conducting multiple day sessions in future work. Moreover, a single day session may not be sufficient for some subjects to entrain their brain activity. This analysis showed significantly improved performance in the vibrotactile stimulation group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this regard, given that for assignment analysis, a larger number of assessed loci has been reported to be more effective than increasing number of sampled individuals 34,35, we have only reported the results obtained based on the DHS-only dataset. Genetic analysis of the offspring population Among the 410 analyzed seeds, 198, 170, and 42 were collected from the SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS maternal trees, respectively (Table S2). Similar to the parental population, a typical bimodal pattern was observed for the offspring population (Fig. 2b, Table S2). The NEA-DHS maternal trees produced 97. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and the remaining seeds (2. 4%) were of a backcross type with a high genetic proportion of NEA (q > 0. 85). The SEA-DHS maternal trees produced 72. 2% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 10. 1% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 17. 7% Hybrid seeds. Almost all seeds produced by the SEA-DHS with q values > 0. 5 were obtained from a single tree, which was identified as SEA-DHS based on the DHS-only dataset, although was indicated to be Hybrid-DHS based on the whole-range dataset. The Hybrid-DHS maternal trees produced 17. 6% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 57. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 24. 7% Hybrid seeds. Flowering phenology During the flowering season, we undertook daily monitoring of a total of 10074 flowers produced by 29 trees, among which, one tree (SEA-DHS) was protandrous, four trees (3 Hybrid-DHS and 1 NEA-DHS) were protogynous, and the remaining 24 trees were duodichogamous. We observed that the blooming phenology of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS differed significantly with respect to the majority of the assessed phenological indices, with a single exception being a marginally significant difference in the peak blooming time of (Table 1). Compared with NEA--DHS were characterized by a significantly later flowering phenology, with the commencement and cessation of blooming being on average 2 and 3 days later, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: AI채팅 사용 권한이 필요해요 저는 소속기관 학교가 있어요 저는 개인 이용자예요 개인구독권을 구매할래요 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? 다시 보지 않기 취소 확인 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the tDCS group did not show a statistically significant change although the subjects achieved improved performance, and there were significant changes in their brain activity. However, we cannot conclude that vibrotactile stimulation is superior to tDCS based upon this result, because the stimulation time required to modulate brain activity may differ, and the tDCS group subjects spent extra time preparing for the tDCS session. Therefore, multiple sessions over longer periods may be necessary to investigate the stimulation effects precisely. In terms of vibrotactile stimulation, we delivered 100 ms vibrations for the falling phases of alpha waves. Even though the stimulation is initiated at the falling phase, it may be hard to target the falling phase of alpha wave accurately without affecting other phases, which is another limitation of this study. Actually, this stimulation duration was set practically as the minimum required duration for subjects so that they could perceive and maintain attention to the stimuli. We note that a previous study delivered 20 ms vibrotactile stimulation for every falling phase of alpha waves, which theoretically could stimulate the falling phase only [21]. They used voice coil tactor that is controlled by PC soundcard and an audio amplifier, while this study used vibration motors controlled by board via voltage and electrical current. Thus, as future work, it is compelling to conduct more experiments for various stimulation durations (less than 100 ms), with targeting the falling phase of alpha wave. For such study, elaborate tactors, such as voice coil tactor used in [21], may be utilized for accurate targeting. With respect to functional connectivity analysis, we calculated the average strength of PLVs over the nine electrode channels around the sensory motor areas (F3, Fz, F3, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4), as the EEG cap used in this study had a sparse electrode montage and thus, there were no fronto-central or centro-parietal electrodes. Therefore, we calculated a very simple index to investigate the stimulation effects rather than using complex connectivity measures, such as those from graph theory. Using a greater number of electrode channels can provide more freedom in a functional connectivity analysis when investigating network features and scales, such as inter/intra-hemisphere analysis. ConclusionWe conducted a comparative study here to compare different stimulation modalities’ effects on inefficient BCI users’ motor imagery BCI performance and brain activity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the commencement, peak, and cessation of Female were later by averages of 4, 4, and 5 days, respectively, whereas those of Male II were later by 5, 4, and 5 days, respectively. Furthermore, the duration of blooming was significantly longer in the SEA-DHS than in NEA-DHS by 3 days. In the case of Hybrid-DHS, the values obtained for all assessed phenological indices were found to be intermediate between those of the two parental types. Among these, the values of six indices differed significantly from one or the other parental type, with the majority (5/6) differing from those of the SEA-DHS. Thus, phenologically, the Hybrid-DHS appear to be closer to the NEA-DHS. Table 1 Flowering phenology of SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS. Observations commenced on April 20th. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. a*: p = 0. 06 -DHS (N = 9) Hybrid-DHS (N = 14) NEA-DHS (N = 6) commencement 7. 44 ± 0. 58 a 6. 45 ± 0. 49 ab 5. 20 ± 0. 86 b peak 11. 44 ± 1. 06 a* 10. 18 ± 0. 63 a 8. 80 ± 1. 10 a* cessation 13. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 09 ± 0. 74 ab 9. 8 ± 0. 37 b Female commencement 14. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 14 ± 0. 80 b 10. 00 ± 0. 86 b Female peak 16. 11 ± 1. 09 a 13. 29 ± 0. 71 b 11. 67 ± 0. 67 b Female cessation 17. 89 ± 1. 16 a 14. 57 ± 0. 72 b 12. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II commencement 18. 22 ± 0. 66 a 15. 57 ± 0. 72 b 13. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II peak 19. 67 ± 0. 62 a 17. 07 ± 0. 74 b 15. 50 ± 0. 43 b Male II cessation 24. 22 ± 0. 68 a 22. 36 ± 0. 77 a 19. 17 ± 0. 40 b Total duration 18. 00 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-12 pp 2504—2520 Human longevity: 25 genetic loci associated in 389,166 UK biobank participants Luke C. Pilling1, Chia-Ling Kuo2, Kamil Sicinski3, Jone Tamosauskaite1, George A. Kuchel4, Lorna W. Harries5, Pamela Herd6, Robert Wallace7, Luigi Ferrucci8, David Melzer1,4, 1 Epidemiology and Group, University of 3, & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK 2 Department of for Clinical and Translational Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Center, CT 06269, USA 3 Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 4 Uon Aging, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA 5 Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of 3, & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK 6 School of and the Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 7 College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 8 on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Received: September 26, 2017 Accepted: November 26, 2017 Published: December 6, 2017 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 101334 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2017 Pilling et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of parental longevity in European descent UK Biobank participants. For combined mothers' and fathers' attained age, 10 loci were associated (p<5*10-8), including 8 previously identified for traits including survival, Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups achieved improved BCI performance after the stimulation session, but the improvement in the tDCS group was not statistically significant. Consistently, functional connectivity and pre-stimulus alpha band power increased significantly in the vibrotactile stimulation group. Moreover, we found that efficient and inefficient BCI users exhibited different stimulation effects, in that most efficient users demonstrated decreased BCI performance after the stimulation. These findings indicated that inefficient and efficient BCI users experience different stimulation effects as well as differ in BCI efficiency, although this should be investigated with more subjects over a longer period. In addition, this study could contribute to research designed to improve BCI performance by modulating brain activity, rather than developing a new feature extraction algorithm, by providing changes in various brain activities during motor imagery and a detailed analysis, such as subgroup analyses according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency. At the same time, this study raised research questions, such as how much performance modulation in motor imagery BCI must be achieved to elicit similar ERD/ERS modulations, which will be investigated in future work. We believe such studies will contribute to solving the BCI-illiteracy problems by allowing inefficient BCI users to achieve controllable performance, in addition to achieving near-perfect BCI performance for users who have achieved controllable performance already. The datasets and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because additional analysis in different perspectives is undergoing. However, it may be available from the corresponding author after request review. 91. . R L 2018 Independent home use of a brain-computer interface by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 91 e258-e67. Pfurtscheller G, Aranibar A. Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (Erd) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement. Neurophysiol. 1979;46:138–46. 57. 6. . 2011 EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. In: 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain (CCMB), pp 1–7. Hatem SM, Saussez G, della. Y 2016 Rehabilitation of after Stroke: A on Techniques to 10. -C, Bermúdez i Badia S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 33 a 16. 64 ± 0. 65 ab 14. 83 ± 0. 75 b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. However, despite the differing phenology of the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, we did, nevertheless, observe instances of overlaps in the blooming periods of male or female flowers in one genetic type with those of flowers of opposite sex in another genetic type. For example, the peak of Female among NEA-DHS (11. 67 ± 0. 67) was found to coincide with the peak of (11. 44 ± 1. 06; p = 0. 879) in SEA-DHS. Similarly, Female blooming in SEA-DHS peaked (16. 11 ± 1. 09) just 1 day after the peak of Male II (15. 50 ± 0. 43) in NEA-DHS (p = 0. 667), which at this time still retained an abundance of male flowers in bloom. In contrast, however, we detected no overlapping phenology with respect to the blooming of of NEA-DHS or Male II of SEA-DHS with the Female in another genetic type. Morphological variation of leaves and fruit first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 71. 6% of the variation in leaf morphology (Fig. 3a), with InflectionLength, InflectionWidth and CentralLength contributing most to the first axis (PC1, 42. 1%), whereas Lobes#, TotalArea and CentralWidth contributed most to the second axis (PC2, 29. 5%) (Table S3). Although we detected some overlap in the data points, the leaves of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS largely clustered in separate groups (Fig. 3a). Generally, the leaves of NEA-DHS were found to have seven lobes, whereas those of SEA-DHS are typically five lobed (Lobes#), thereby contributing to significantly larger leaves in NEA-DHS than in SEA-DHS (TotalArea).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Of these, 4 were also associated with longest 10% survival (mothers age ≥90 years, fathers ≥87 years), with 2 additional associations including MC2R intronic variants (coding for the adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor). Mother’s age at death was associated with 3 additional loci (2 linked to autoimmune conditions), and 8 for fathers only. An attained age genetic risk score associated with parental survival in the US Health and and the Study and with having a centenarian parent (n=1,181) in UK Biobank. The results suggest that human longevity is highly polygenic with prominent roles for loci likely involved in cellular senescence and inflammation, plus lipid metabolism and cardiovascular conditions. There may also be gender specific routes to longevity. centuries there has been great interest in factors enabling some individuals to live to very old ages. Extreme longevity can be achieved in animal models by knocking out many specific genes [1]. In humans there is a growing number of inherited (germline) genetic variants linked to overall [2] and longer human lifespan [3,4] in conventional genome wide association studies (GWAS), and in studies weighted for the large numbers of previously reported variant associations with related diseases and traits [5,6]. Human longevity or lifespan has moderate heritability in twin studies, estimated at 20-30% [7], with health related behaviors, environmental exposures and chance likely explaining much of the remaining variability. GWAS have mostly studied general survival or compared longer lived individuals (e. g. aged 80+, 90+ or centenarians) to younger controls. An alternative approach to studying older individuals themselves is to study parental longevity. Biological offspring of longer lived parents inherit a combination of parental genetic variants, and tend to remain healthier and live longer than the offspring of shorter lived parents [8]. In the US Health and (HRS), we found that mortality in offspring declined progressively with later parental ages of death [9]. In addition, offspring of longer lived parents had progressively lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancers, plus reduced rates of cognitive impairment [10]. These findings were replicated in 186,151 non-adopted UK Biobank participants [11]. Statistical associations of mothers’ and fathers’ attained ages with offspring health outcomes in HRS were additive. These findings suggest that combined parental longevity is a quantitative trait of slower aging, likely with a significant genetic component.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: 2019 Efficacy and Correlates of an -Driven VR System for Motor Rehabilitation: 13. . 2013 High theta and low alpha powers may be indicative of bci-illiteracy in motor imagery 8e80886. Lee M--J, Kim H-K, Lee Y--W. 2019 EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: an investigation into BCI illiteracy GigaScience 8 giz002. . G 2009 How many people are able to control a P300-based brain–computer interface (BCI)? 462 94 – 8. Ahn M, Jun SC. Performance variation in motor imagery brain–computer interface: a brief review. J Neurosci Methods. 2015;243:103–10. 52. 6013. . Riemannian approaches in brain-computer interfaces: a review. . 2017;25:1753–62. 36. . D 2020 Cross-Problem in 14. . 2019 The effects of mechanical tactile stimulation on corticospinal excitability and motor function depend on pin protrusion patterns 9 16677. . C 2017 Electroencephalographic sensorimotor rhythms are modulated in the acute phase following focal vibration in healthy subjects Neuroscience 352 236 – 48. . Achieving a hybrid brain-computer interface with tactile selective attention and motor imagery. J Neural Eng. 2014;11:066004. 15. . Enhanced motor imagery-based BCI Performance via on Unilateral Hand. Neurosci. 2017;11:585. 6. 89. . 2016 BCI with Definition-9 834 – 41. . 2017 during Motor-Brain-Control Front. Neurosci. 11. . J 2010 Modulation of mu rhythm desynchronization during motor imagery by transcranial direct current stimulation J 7 27. . Modulation of event-related desynchronization during motor imagery with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Res. 2012;221:263–8. 15. 78. . 2014 Learned EEG-based brain self-regulation of motor-related oscillations during application of transcranial electric brain stimulation: feasibility and limitations Neurosci 8. . Y 2019 to Increase the of MI-7 74490–9. . 2021 Analysis in Motor-15. übler A, Müller K-R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, NEA-DHS leaves have shorter and wider central lobes (CentralLength and CentralWidth), as well as an earlier and narrower inflection of the central lobes (InflectionLength and InflectionWidth), compared with those of SEA-DHS (Table 2). Table 2 Morphological variation in the leaves and fruits of Acer trees in the Nature Reserve. Definitions of morphological indices are presented in Figure S5. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. -DHS Hybrid--DHS = 269 N = 188 N = 233 Number of leaf lobes Lobes# 5. 27 ± 0. 04c 5. 97 ± 0. 07b 6. 59 ± 0. 05a Leaf area TotalArea 32. 66 ± 0. 66c 38. 22 ± 1. 04b 46. 94 ± 0. 85a Length of inflection point InflectionLength 1. 75 ± 0. 04a 1. 65 ± 0. 06a 1. 36 ± 0. 06b Width of inflection point InflectionWidth 1. 04 ± 0. 03a 1. 07 ± 0. 05a 0. 83 ± 0. 03b Length of central lobe CentralLength 4. 68 ± 0. 05a 4. 41 ± 0. 07b 4. 24 ± 0. 05b Width of central lobe CentralWidth 2. 46 ± 0. 04c 2. 66 ± 0. 04b 3. 03 ± 0. 04a = 170 N = 256 N = 189 Fruit opening angle FruitAngle 96. 94 ± 1. 45c 103. 12 ± 1. 12b 111. 55 ± 1. 53a Fruit junction width JunctionWidth 0. 70 ± 0. 01a 0. 60 ± 0. 01b 0. 51 ± 0. 00c Length of seed SeedLength 1. 22 ± 0. 01a 1. 16 ± 0. 01b 0. 89 ± 0. 01c Width of seed SeedWidth 0. 79 ± 0. 01a 0. 73 ± 0. 01b 0. 61 ± 0. 00c Fruit wing length WingLength 1. 25 ± 0. 01b 1. 39 ± 0. 02a 1. 09 ± 0. 01c Fruit wing width WingWidth 0. 76 ± 0. 15a 0. 79 ± 0. 15a 0. 65 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We [12] and separately Joshi et al. [13] previously undertook a GWAS of parental longevity in the first one third UK Biobank (UKB) participants aged 55-70 [12]. We determined the percent of variance of parental age at death explained by the directly genotyped variants on the UKB arrays (n=845,997): the variance attributed was greatest for the sum of normalized mother's and father's age at death (10. 2%, SD=1. 26%) and smaller for mothers (6. 08% SD=1. 21%) and fathers (5. 79% SD=1. 23%) separately. In the current analysis we aimed to extend our previous GWAS to include data from the newly available fully genotyped UKB cohort, essentially tripling our previous sample size. We aimed to identify all common genetic variants (prevalence ≥0. 1%) associated with longer parental lifespan. We studied combined parents’ attained ages but also tested associations with both parents having longest 10% survival, to establish whether variants were associated with long life rather than early death. We also examined mothers’ and fathers’ age of death separately. We also tested a combined genetic risk score of our findings in two US aging cohorts, the HRS and the Study (WLS). meeting inclusion criteria (Table 1) were 389,166 UK Biobank participants of European descent with data recorded on parents' current ages or parents' ages of death (n=181,048 had one or more living parents). GWAS analyses had >99% power to detect an allele of 1% minor allele frequency, accounting for 0. 1% of the variance in the phenotype, after correction for multiple statistical testing (alpha=5x10-8). Variants with minor allele frequencies of >0. 1 were included. Table 1. Summary statistics for 389,166 UK Biobank participants of European descent with genetic and parental age data. nmin - maxmean (SD)Age of study participant (years)389,16640 - 7356. 66 (8)BMI (Kg/m2)387,95112. 12 - 74. 6827. 31 (4. 73)Mother's age at death (years)246,94156 - 10777. 39 (9. 77)Mother's age if alive (years)165,99660 - 10578. 58 (8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1849849/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 May, 2023Read the published version in Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBrain-computer interface (BCI) has helped people by enabling them to control a computer or machine through brain activity without actual body movement. Despite this advantage, BCI cannot be used widely because some people cannot achieve controllable performance. To solve this problem, researchers have proposed stimulation methods to modulate relevant brain activity to improve BCI performance. However, multiple studies have reported mixed results following stimulation, and comparative study of different stimulation modalities has been overlooked. Accordingly, this comparative study was designed to investigate vibrotactile stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation’s (tDCS) effects on brain activity modulation and motor imagery BCI performance among inefficient BCI users. We recruited 44 subjects and divided them into sham, vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS groups, and low performers were selected from each stimulation group. We found that the BCI performance of low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group increased significantly by 9. 13% (p=0. 0053), and while the tDCS group subjects’ performance increased by 5. 13%, it was not significant. In contrast, sham group subjects showed no increased performance. In addition to BCI performance, pre-stimulus alpha band power and the phase locking value (PLVs) averaged over sensory motor areas showed significant increases in low performers following stimulation in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, while sham stimulation group subjects and high performers across all groups showed no significant stimulation effects. Our findings suggest that stimulation effects may differ depending upon BCI efficiency, and inefficient BCI users have greater plasticity than efficient BCI users. illiteracyperformance variationvibrotactile stimulationbrain stimulationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61. BackgroundBrain-computer interface (BCI) constitutes an interface between a computer and the human brain that allows people to control a computer using their brain activity without any body movements [1, 2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 09b Fruit length FruitLength 3. 85 ± 0. 06b 4. 17 ± 0. 04a 3. 53 ± 0. 04c Fruit width FruitWidth 1. 87 ± 0. 02a 1. 80 ± 0. 03a 1. 29 ± 0. 02b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. With regards to Hybrid-DHS, the leaves were found to be morphologically intermediate between those of the two parental types (Fig. 3a), as were the values of the assessed morphological trait indices (Table 2). first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 76. 8% of the variation in fruit morphology (Fig. 3b), with SeedLength and SeedWidth making the largest contribution to the first axis (PC1, 61. 7%), and FruitAngle and FruitLength contributing most to the second axis (PC2, 15. 1%) (Table S3). Similar to leaf morphology, although there was a degree of overlap in the data points, the fruits of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS were clustered in discrete groups (Fig. 3b), with fruits showing significant divergence with respect to all eight assessed morphological indices. NEA-DHS tend to be characterized by smaller fruits (FruitLength and FruitWidth), seeds (SeedLength, SeedWidth and JunctionWidth), and fruit wings (WingLength and WingWidth). Moreover, the seed wings of NEA-DHS fruits are typically oriented at an obtuse angle, whereas those of SEA-DHS fruits tend to be aligned at a right angle (FruitAngle) (Table 2). Similar to leaf morphology, we found that the morphology of Hybrid-DHS fruits was generally intermediate between that of the two parental types (Fig. 3b), as reflected in the values of the different morphological traits. The exceptions in this regard were FruitLength and WingLength, with hybrid trees typically producing longer fruit with longer fruit wings (Table 2). DiscussionOur findings in this study indicate that NEA and SEA lineages of Acer co-exist in the DHS region of North China, and that both adult and offspring populations show a typical bimodal distribution pattern.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Associations were also found for six other loci already implicated in disease specific GWAS; the strongest association was with rs55730499 (8% frequency, p=1. 7x10-18) in an intron of LPA gene, associated with lipoprotein A and LDL cholesterol levels, plus CAD [14]. Variants in the 9p21 region, which includes CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL) and CDKN2A/B, were also associated (lead SNP rs1556516, 49. 8% frequency, p=4. 7x10-16); this locus is involved in cellular senescence and associated with myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease [14]. Genetic variants across the 9p21. 3 locus have previously also been associated with type-2 diabetes and cancers [14] and in longevity/survival analyses (see below), but only the CAD-associated loci were associated (p<5x10-8) with parent’s lifespan (Figure 2; 2). Figure 1. Manhattan plots for GWAS of parent’s lifespan. (A) combined parents' attained age GWAS including living parents, (B) combined age at death of mother and father, (C) both parents reached top 10% of survival (mothers reached ≥90 years, father reached ≥87 years). Red points are variants (p<1x10-5) previously associated with other traits. The blue line indicates p=5x10-8. The Y-axis has been capped at 20 (p=1x10-20) to aid in visualising the results. Figure 2. LocusZoom plot of the CDKN2A/B/ANRIL gene cluster and known disease variants. Known disease-associated genetic variants have been highlighted in the 9p21. 3 region, in addition to the lead SNP identified in our analysis. Association p-values indicate the strength of association with parents' attained age. The variants known to influence coronary artery disease (CAD) and related-traits are those most-associated with parents’ attained age. Variants previously associated with cancer are markedly less associated with parents’ attained age, with type-2 diabetes variants not associated (p>0. 05). Details, including 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: BCI can be categorized according to its control features, and motor imagery BCI is an active BCI that uses the brain signals [3, 4] generated when people imagine body movement, such as both hands, feet, and tongue. Motor imagery BCI applications have helped people by providing a game controlled by brain signals [5, 6], which improves rehabilitation training [7, 8]. Compared with other BCI control features, motor imagery is intuitive, so its BCI is natural to users, and it offers more sense of control than other BCI types, as motor imagery BCI is active. However, challenging issues remain in BCI, including motor imagery BCI and other BCI systems. BCI researchers have reported that a significant proportion of subjects (approximately 15–30%), who are referred to as ‘BCI-illiterate’, failed to achieve controllable BCI performance [9–12]. Those subjects were unable to generate the distinct brain activity pattern during a BCI task, so a machine learning-based classifier failed to extract stable features even though the subjects performed the BCI task. Although BCI researchers have proposed many applications and feature extraction algorithms, BCI illiteracy remains a great challenge. To overcome BCI illiteracy so that everyone can achieve controllable BCI performance, BCI researchers have approached the issue from multiple perspectives. One approach is to develop new feature extraction algorithms to identify hidden and robust features to improve BCI performance in the hope that they can extract control features from BCI-illiterate as well as good performers [13–16]. For example, Riemannian approaches calculate the Riemannian distance between the template covariance matrices and a single trial covariance matrix to determine the minimum distance class, which achieved improved performance [16], and deep learning techniques have achieved dramatic performance improvement in subject-specific and cross-subject BCI models through multiple hidden layers [13, 14]. However, although those proposed advanced feature extraction algorithms improved BCI performance, it is unclear that deep learning methods improve everyone’s BCI performance. For example, Lee et al. [13] proposed subject-independent BCI using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and tested it with 54 subjects. The subjects achieved better BCI performance compared to existing classification methods with respect to subject-specific and subject-independent BCI performance evaluation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The two lineages are characterized by a largely well-differentiated spatial distribution along an altitudinal gradient, and tend to differ with respect to flowering phenology and the morphologies of leaves and fruits. Most hybrids, which are probably later generation of F1 individuals, tend to be distributed at intermediate altitudes between those of the two parental lineages. Collectively, these results would tend to provide evidence of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, whereas interfertile hybrids occur incidentally. Ecological niche divergence has evolved between the NEA and SEA lineages NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS were found to show a clear pattern of spatial isolation, with NEA-DHS tending to be predominantly distributed at altitudes greater than 670 m, whereas SEA-DHS were found to be scattered at lower altitudes, with rare overlap between the two lineages. Nevertheless, despite the limited size of our study population, we believe our findings to be reasonably representative of the regional population, given that we sampled all accessible individuals along a 5-km-long, 20-m-wide transect, with only four or five inaccessible individuals being excluded from sampling. It is unconvinced whether inclusion of these latter unsampled individuals would change the established spatial genetic pattern. Moreover, consistent with the findings of the present study, 100 trees sampled during a preliminary survey undertaken in an area near the transect at an altitude of less than 650 m all proved to be SEA-DHS individuals (unpublished data). In addition, the trees of both lineages, as well their hybrids, appear to have a similar age structure, as indicated by DBH measurements, which for most individuals ranged between 26 and 45 cm (Figure S5), thereby tending to indicate a long persistence of the observed spatial pattern. We speculate that spatial isolation along altitudinal gradients may be common feature of Acer populations in North China. According to the findings of a previous phylogeographical study, the NEA and SEA lineages meet at an area to the North of Mt. Taihang and in the (Fig. 1b) 14. However, most Acer populations in comprise exclusively NEA or SEA lineages, with only two populations near the DHS showing clear evidence of more than one lineage. We believe that the apparent absence of any substantial overlap at the local scale can be ascribed to two overriding factors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Associations with parents' attained age were also present for rs7137828 (48. 3% frequency, p=3. 4x10-14) near ATXN2, coding for Ataxin-2 which is involved in endocytosis and is associated with blood traits and autoimmune disease [14]. SNPs in LD (R2=0. 91) with rs7137828 include rs3184504 (48% frequency, p=4x10-8), a missense variant in the SH2B3 gene, associated with blood pressure, maternal birth weight, TNF-α levels, colorectal cancer, cholesterol levels and stroke [14]. Other known loci included rs28383322 (located between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1, p=5. 3x10-11), previously associated with atopic dermatitis; rs17514846 (located in an intron of FURIN, p=7. 1x10-10), previously associated with blood pressure; and rs602633 (located between CLESR2 and PSRC1, p=2. 7x10-8), previously associated with CAD and LDL [14]. Two associations were discovered for novel variants not previously linked in GWAS to other traits or diseases; rs7844965, located in an intron of EPHX2 (23. 2% frequency, p=7. 7x10-9), and rs61978928, located in the 3’ UTR of gene PROX2 (31. 2% frequency, p=2x10-8). A parents' attained age genetic risk score in independent cohorts We calculated a genetic risk score (GRS) combining the 10 attained parental age associated variants, weighted by the estimated effect sizes. Genotyped samples of European descent from the Health and (HRS, n=12,940 in genetic analyses) and the Study (WLS, n=8,952 from 6,683 families) were too small to test individual variant associations: the sample size needed for 80% power to detect an association between the APOE variant and parents' lifespan at p<0. 05 (R2=0. 0005 in UK Biobank) is 15,598, but much larger samples were required for the smaller-effect variants discovered in UK Biobank.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, the deep learning technique did not solve the BCI illiteracy issues fully, as low BCI performers still remained and achieved less than 50% accuracy (around chance level) in binary class motor imagery. Moreover, in Xu et al. ’s [17] investigation with eight different EEG datasets, the average BCI performance was lower in the datasets with many subjects than in those with fewer subjects. It can be inferred that datasets with many subjects may contain more who are BCI-illiterate, and whose performance did not improve, while high BCI performers who achieved controllable performance already with existing algorithms improved their performance further. Another approach is beyond feature extraction algorithms that use the brain’s plasticity to modulate the brain activity related to specific BCI tasks that use external stimuli. This approach focuses more on the subject. Specifically, to target the brain activity related to motor imagery, two stimulation methods have been applied most frequently: vibrotactile stimulation and electrical brain stimulation. In the vibrotactile stimulation, it is known that somatosensory stimulation modulates corticospinal excitability and the stimulation can increase motor evoked potentials (MEPs) [18]. Previous studies have investigated vibrotactile stimulation’s effects during motor imagery and found that it improved motor imagery BCI performance by enhancing the brain activity on the electrode channels around the motor cortex [19, 20]. Further, they have observed that vibrotactile stimulation during a motor imagery task enhanced event-related desynchronization (ERD) and improved motor imagery BCI performance. In addition to sensory stimulation, the other stimulation method is electrical brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) [21, 22]. Baxter et al. investigated the stimulation effects of high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) by placing anode and cathode electrodes between the CP3/P3 electrode channels and observed that anodal stimulation decreased the mean time to achieve right hand imagery successfully and increased alpha and beta band power at the C3/CP3 channels after the stimulation session [21]. However, previous tDCS studies have reported mixed effects with respect to the ERD after the tDCS session. In particular, some previous studies found an increase in ERD in the hemisphere stimulated during motor imagery tasks [23–25], while one found a decrease in ERD following the tDCS session [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Firstly, on the basis of our characterization of the DHS population, the hybrid zone width appears to be relatively narrow (approx. 150 m in the DHS), thereby indicating little overlap of the NEA and SEA lineages at a local scale. Hence, though 20 more scattered individuals are generally collected and analyzed in each population, it is possible that one lineage is excluded owing to sampling within a limited altitudinal range. By examining the GPS locations of trees sampled by Guo et al. (2014), we found that pure NEA populations found to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan are generally distributed at altitudes higher than 700 m, whereas pure SEA populations in this region are typically found at altitudes lower than 500 m (Fig. 1b), which is consistent with the distribution pattern identified in the DHS. Secondly, as a consequence of human population density in North China, particularly in the region to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan, large areas of natural forest have disappeared at low altitudes 36,37, which may have led to the local extinction of SEA lineages in many Acer populations in this region. Consequently, we speculate that the secondary contact zone between the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer should be more extensive than it now appears. Confirmation of this supposition will, nevertheless, necessitate further extensive sampling along altitudinal gradients in North China. The natural long-persisting pattern of the isolation of NEA and SEA lineages along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS (and potentially for other populations in North China) may reflect the local adaptation of Acer prior to secondary contact. Generally, the SEA lineage is found at low latitudes, where it is mainly distributed at high altitudes in warm temperate forests, whereas the NEA lineage occurs at higher latitudes, and is distributed primarily in cool temperate forest (Fig. 1b). The bioclimatic conditions characterizing NEA and SEA habitats are relatively distinct 38. Bioclimatic divergence as well as allopatric distribution can be considered prerequisites for the evolution of local adaptation, which can lead to niche divergence when different lineages subsequently meet 39–41. In this context, species of Acer are not the only one for which the local adaptation of NEA and SEA lineages has been reported (eg. Juglans mandshurica species complex 16, Lindera obtusiloba 38).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We therefore tested the parents’ attained age GRS; the sample size needed for an 80% chance of detecting an association of this magnitude (R2=0. 002 in UKB) with p<0. 05 was 3,924. In Cox’s proportional hazards survival models against both dead and alive parents attained ages in HRS (n=12,345, number of events=9,809), increasing GRS was associated with longer survival (mortality Hazard Ratio=0. 961, 95% CIs=0. 942 to 0. 980, p=6x10-5, adjusted for offspring age, sex, and genetic principal components 1-5). In the WLS (n=7,437, number of events=6,683, errors clustered by family), increasing GRS was associated with longer survival (mortality Hazard Ratio=0. 963, 95% CIs=0. 938 to 0. 988, p=4x10-3, adjusted for age at saliva collection, sex, and genetic principal components 1-5). Functional implications and pathways analysis We investigated effects of the parents' attained age SNPs on expression of genes in multiple tissues, such as whole blood [15], using the FUMA tools [16]. Expression of 53 genes were associated, including 8 of the 10 nearest genes to the variants identified above (5 and 6). gene-set analysis, only two pathways were significantly enriched after correction for multiple testing, both related to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and downstream events (4). Sensitivity analyses of combined parents' attained age analyses We generated QQ plots for all GWAS (2) and observed some genomic inflation (Lambda GC for parents' attained age = 1. 199), consistent with human longevity being highly polygenic, but perhaps also representing some effect of relatedness in inflating results. The BOLT-LMM software used for analysis accounts for relatedness in the methods, but we investigated further; the 10 variants associated with attained parental age were tested in Cox proportional hazards (CoxPH) models against parents’ attained age, to assess whether the associations observed with rank-normalized Martingale residuals were robust.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Still another study found that tDCS did not affect frequencies above 9Hz [27]. Rather than developing new feature extraction algorithms, external stimulation sources may have greater potential to solve the BCI illiteracy problem as the stimulation methods affect brain activity. In contrast, feature extraction algorithms may fail to identify the robust features if they do not exist in the brain signals recorded from BCI-illiterate individuals. However, some limitations exist in the stimulation-based approaches to be addressed. One consideration is the lack of a comparative study of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS, the stimulation method used most frequently to modulate brain activity during motor imagery and improve motor imagery BCI performance. The difficulty in conducting a comparative study originates from the stimulation paradigm. In general, vibrotactile stimulation is delivered while subjects are performing a motor imagery task because the stimulation enhances the cortical activation that motor imagery induces [20] and thus concurrent stimulation effects can be investigated. However, with tDCS, the stimulation effects are investigated following the stimulation session because recording EEG during the stimulation session is not applicable, and appropriate stimulation is necessary to modulate brain activity. Thus, to compare the stimulation effects, the stimulation paradigms should be equal. Here, we conducted a study to compare the stimulation effects of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS with the same stimulation paradigm by assessing the effects of the vibrotactile stimulation following the stimulation session. Another consideration when investigating the stimulation effects is to divide the subjects according to BCI efficiency. Previous studies have found that inefficient (low performers) and efficient BCI users (high performers) exhibited different neurophysiological characteristics. One study incorporated brain network features into ERD to improve low performers’ motor imagery BCI performance [28]. They found that the subjects benefited from brain network features (functional connectivity), and suggested that low performers may engage in motor imagery differently than high performers, and thus existing features, such as ERD, cannot capture the engagement although the brain network showed the possibility. Similarly, another study divided the subjects recruited into two groups based upon BCI performance, compared their brain networks on multiple network scales [29], and found significantly higher phase synchronization values in the right hemisphere during high performers’ motor imagery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, species of Acer are the first for which niche divergence along an altitudinal gradient in has been described. However, establishing whether this pattern is typical of NEA–SEA divergent species (or pairs), will necessitate further analyses. Post-pollination barriers contribute predominantly to the reproductive isolation of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages Our results reveal that both adult and offspring populations of the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer are characterized by a typical bimodal genetic pattern, with most hybrids being later generation F1 individuals, which thus tends to indicate a reduction in inter-lineage gene flow, although introgression between lineages does indeed occur. Nevertheless, even though the two lineages are isolated in terms of altitudinal distribution, they are still comparatively spatially adjacent (over a range of approx. 6–1800 m). In this regard, the findings of a study examining the mating patterns and population genetic structure of an Acer population in Beijing 42 have revealed that long-distance pollen dispersal can occur with a high probability. Moreover, it has been reported that the mean pollen dispersal distance of protogynous morphs of Acer opalus subsp. granatense, is 2. 8 km 43. Hence, we speculate that spatial isolation is unlikely to be a major factor limiting inter-lineage gene flow. Given the evolution of local adaptation and ecological niche divergence in the NEA and SEA lineages, as discussed above, there are opportunities for reproductive barriers to develop. Therefore, we infer that a reproductive barrier rather than spatial isolation between lineages, is a major factor contributing to a limited inter-lineage gene flow in the DHS. The very limited number of identified hybrids and narrow hybrid zone in the DHS are indicative of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, which is predicted to be strong 29,44. On the basis of our observations, we infer that the reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages probably operates prior to seed development and maturation, which tends to be supported by the consistent genetic structure between seed and adult populations (Fig. 2b). Generally, prezygotic barriers, such as assortative mating, evolve more rapidly than postzygotic barriers 30, and can lead to a pronounced reduction in inter-lineage gene flow and the development of narrow hybrid zones 29,45,46.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: These models also excluded related (≥3rd-degree) participants, leaving a reduced sample size of n=326,864, including n=153,101 with censored data due to at least one parent still being alive. Five of the 10 loci remained genome wide significant (p<5x10-8) in these models; 3, and ATAXN2/SH2B3 (3) with the remaining five directionally consistent and associated at p≤3. 1*10-6. We performed sensitivity analyses only including parents who had died (Figure 1B; Table 2), as the ages of living parents at the UKB study baseline are clearly an incomplete measure of their longevity. This analysis included a smaller sample size of n=208,118 UKB participants with both parental ages of death known. The same five of the ten loci reported above remained genome-wide significant (3, and SH2B3) with the remaining loci remaining nominally significant. Two additional variants not identified in the previous analysis emerged as candidates for follow-up: rs1627804 (32% frequency, p=4x10-8), in an intron of BEND3, a transcriptional repressor which associates with the NoRC (nucleolar remodeling complex) complex and playing a key role in repressing ribosomal DNA transcription; and rs146254978 (2% frequency, p=4. 6x10-8), located in an intron of both FPGT and TNNI3K. GWAS of both parents achieving longest 10% survival We next tested binary associations with having both parents surviving to the longest 10% of lifespans, using sex-specific age-at-death cut-offs (father ≥87, mother ≥90, including living parents aged over these age cut-offs), to assess whether associations were attributable to longer lives rather than early deaths. This analysis confirmed associations (Figure 1C; Table 1) with variants in the 3, LPA and CDKN2B-AS1, with a suggestive association with ATXN2 (p=3. 4x10-6). Two further loci just reached significance in this analysis: rs28926173 (4. 7% frequency, p=2. 3x10-8) in an intron of gene MC2R, and rs139137459 (0. 4% frequency, p=2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In addition to brain network measures, a difference between low and high BCI performers’ frequency band power has been reported during the rest or pre-stimulus period, showing that subjects with higher alpha band or sensory motor rhythm (SMR) power during those periods are more likely to achieve better BCI performance [30–32]. Based upon the previous findings, it can be expected that vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS affects low and high performers differently because the two show different characteristics and may engage in the same task in different ways. In addition to the neurophysiological perspective, they may differ from the behavioral perspective. High performers who achieve controllable BCI performance before the stimulation session have a sense of control already, and their brain activity is optimal and stable in the task. Therefore, external changes are less likely to affect them. On the other hand, low performers do not have this sense of control, and their brain activity is not yet optimal and is unstable. Therefore, low performers may have more potential to change. In this study, we propose to compare vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS’s stimulation effects on brain activity related to motor imagery among inefficient BCI users. Through this study, we investigated which brain activity can be modulated by vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS and whether they can help improve low performers’ BCI performance. 2. Methods2. 1 We recruited a total of 44 healthy subjects for this study, and assigned them randomly to three groups—sham (control), vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS. This experiment was conducted in a quiet space, and the subjects were seated in a comfortable chair approximately one meter from a 24-inch screen. The subjects were asked to place both of their hands on a desk to prevent hand movement while they performed the motor imagery tasks. We used OpenViBE software [33] and custom-built scripts to acquire EEG, process online signals, and present the motor imagery task. As shown in Figure 1, EEG were recorded first for one minute during the eyes-open resting state. Thereafter, the subjects performed a left- and right-hand motor imagery task that consisted of two offline and two online blocks each. The subjects received different stimuli while performing the four offline motor imagery blocks according to their assigned groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Flowering phenology and/or pollinator community divergence between lineages are common pre-pollination barriers that can contribute to assortative mating 27,47,48. In the present study, we found that the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages differ with respect to almost all the flowering phenology indices we assessed (Table 1), thereby indicating trait divergence. However, we established that a majority of the individuals surveyed in the DHS are duodichogamous (82. 76%), characterized by two separate functional male stages. Consequently, the prolonged male function can give rise to an overlap of the blooming periods of the female and male flowers on trees of the opposite lineage (Table 1), even though blooming rhythms differs. Furthermore, given that we found no evidence of any appreciable differences between lineages with respect to flower shape, and that inter-lineage spatial isolation is relatively limited in the DHS, we would tend to assume that there is no divergence between the two lineages regarding the insect pollinator community. Accordingly, although further verification is necessary, we speculate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination barriers, are the major factor contributing to the reproductive isolation of lineages in the DHS. Such post-pollination barriers including pre-mating barriers associated with the stigma, as well as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers downstream of the stigma 30,49. Morphological divergence of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages corresponds to A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum Notably, NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineage trees can be differentiated with respect to the morphologies of both leaves and fruits (Fig. 3a and b, Table 2). NEA-DHS typically produce larger seven-lobed leaves, characterized by a heart-shaped leaf base, whereas the generally smaller leaves of SEA-DHS typically have five lobes and a truncate-shaped leaf base. In terms of fruit, NEA-DHS have smaller seeds and seed wings spreading at larger angles compared with those produced by SEA-DHS. Furthermore, whereas the wings of SEA-DHS seeds are as long as the seeds (1. 06 ± 0. 02), those of NEA-DHS seeds tend to be longer than the seeds (1. 24 ± 0. 01).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7x10-8) in an intron of USP2-AS1 (near USP2). The MC2R variant was associated at p=6. 4x10-6 with parents’ attained age, but the USP2-AS1 variant had a low population frequency (0. 4%) and was not significant in the continuous trait analyses. Genetic risk score associations with centenarian status and offspring health status in UKB There were 691 UKB participants with a centenarian mother (the longest lived 0. 1% of maternal deaths in the sample), and 747 with a father aged ≥98 years (the corresponding age cut-off of longest lived 0. 1%); only five participants had both parents in the longest lived 0. 1%. Although this relatively small group (0. 3% of the full attained age sample) were included in the discovery analysis, we tested the GRS for association with having a centenarian parent (in the un-related UK Biobank participants, n=1,181), against controls whose (both) parents died before age 80 (n=66,280). Increasing attained age GRS was associated with increased odds of having a centenarian parent (OR per standard deviation of GRS=1. 193, 95% CIs=1. 130 to 1. 260, p=3. 0x10-10). GWAS of mothers' and fathers' age at death separately We tested for parental gender differences by conducting separate GWAS for mothers' and fathers' attained ages (including living parents). Eleven additional genetic variants were identified, three only associated with mother’s age at death, eight associated with father’s age at death (Table 2). Results included variants previously associated with the autoimmune diseases psoriasis and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (for mothers), and an independent nicotine-dependence locus on chromosome 20 for fathers. Novel gene-longevity associations included genes MICA/B (a locus previously linked to auto-immune conditions rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis), TOX, ZW10, SEMA6D, EGLN2/CYP2A6, EXOC3L2/MARK4 and C20orf187. Comparison with recently reported GWAS analyses of longevity A recent large analysis by Joshi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: After the stimulation session, they performed the same motor imagery task that they performed before the stimulation session, and eyes-open resting state EEG were recorded before and after the stimulation session. EEG were recorded from 19 wired dry electrode channels, referenced by the left and right earlobes at 300Hz (DSI-24, Wearable Sensing, USA). This experiment was approved by the Board at of Science and Technology (20210806-HR-62-03-02), and all subjects were informed about the experimental procedure and signed informed consent. In the motor imagery task, the subjects performed left- and right-hand motor imagery rather than actual movement. The subjects were asked to imagine hand movements in a kinesthetic rather than visual way, as a previous study reported that kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) and visual motor imagery (VMI) showed different brain activations [34]. Each trial began with a fixation cross for the first 1. 5 seconds. During the next 4 seconds, an orange-colored circle appeared in the center of the screen, and an instruction bar appeared on the left or right side. The subjects were instructed to keep imagining left- and right-hand movements according to the direction of the bar until the blank screen, which remained blank for 1. 5 seconds. This trial was repeated 40 times and included shuffled left- and right-hand trials for each block. During the offline phase (two blocks), there was no motor imagery feedback. After the offline phase, the subjects’ EEG data were used to train common spatial pattern (CSP)-based spatial filter and Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) classifier. Thereafter, the subjects performed the online phase that consisted of two motor imagery blocks that showed visual feedback for 1. 5 seconds by moving the circle to classified directions. For CSP-FLDA, an epoch was extracted from each trial at [1000-3500] ms to the stimulus onset, and band-pass filtered with cutoff frequencies of 8 and 30Hz using the 4th-order Butterworth filter. However, we note that hyper-parameters for online classifiers were changed after the first ten subjects. Specifically, for the first ten subjects, CSP-FLDA was trained by 19 electrode channels and the first and last two CSP filters were selected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Although the criteria used to differentiate A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum are not identical among the different Floras, our morphological characterization in this study would tend to be consistent with the identity of NEA-DHS individuals as A. pictum subsp. mono and SEA-DHS individuals as A. truncatum. Given that there are no other closely related Acer species in North China, we are thus reasonably confident in assigning NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS as A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, respectively. Moreover, the clear indication of a reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages provides compelling evidence regarding the current classification status of these two controversial species. However, despite this convincing support for the separate species status of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, we suggest that leaf and fruit morphologies would not constitute solid identification criteria. Both species in the DHS tend to be characterized by large-range morphological variation, with a certain degree of overlap between species (Fig. 3a and b). Moreover, the presence of hybrids may exacerbate the difficulty in identifying these species based solely on morphology. If indeed niche divergence of the two species along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS is confirmed to be common phenomenon throughout the secondary contact zone, a combination of morphological and habitat-related criteria may provide relatively reliable and readily assessed clues that could be used to identify A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in North China. For conclusive verification, however, the most precise approach to identification is one based on the analyses of molecular markers, such as nSSRs or nuclear single-copy genes 18,50,51. ConclusionCollectively, the findings of our detailed genetic structure and trait analyses of Acer population in the DHS clarify the identities of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum as two separate species, which correspond to the NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, identified in a previous phylogeographical study. Within the study region, the two species are characterized by ecological niche divergence and different habitats along an altitudinal gradient. Although we detected introgression between the two species, interspecific gene flow appears to be uncommon and the established hybrid zone is narrow.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: [2], with up to 294,998 participants in their analysis of European parents' attained age, included the first third of UK Biobank genotyping data plus 26 other cohorts. For survival past age 40 years, associations were confirmed for APOE and CHRNA3/5, plus novel associations with overall longevity (deaths or survival to age 40 years and over) with HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA, and with replication of CDKN2A/B and SH2B3. While these results overlap with our attained age analysis, they also reported an association with FOXO3A variants, but we found no significant associations for this locus (p>0. 01) (see 2 for details). No analyses of longer or extreme survival were reported. McDaid et al. [6] undertook a Bayesian association scan of general lifespan (in the first third of UK Biobank), weighted for 58 disease related GWAS studies, and identified 16 individual variants at genome wide significance. Of these, four (25 and APOC1) reached conventional GWAS significance in our analyses, and CELSR2 only reached significance for mothers' age at death. While the above studies focused mainly on overall lifespan, for aging research survival to extreme ages is of special interest. In a powerful study of extreme longevity, Fortney et al. used samples including 801 centenarians and 5406 subjects aged 90 plus. Disease GWAS results were used to weight genetic variants, using a false discovery rate of 10% [5], at which associations with 2B3/ATXN2, and HLA were reported (although only APOE reached conventional genome wide significance). Fortney et al. also identified variants at KCNT2 and FADS1, which were not associated with parents’ attained age in our analysis, with the (rs514659) only just reaching nominal significance (p=0. 015). A previous meta-analysis comparing older individuals (age 80 or 90+) to younger controls reported a genome wide association at the 5q33. 3 locus, but no significant associations were found for the other two loci (p>0. 01). Various other variants, including in mitochondrial DNA, have been suggested as associated with longevity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, electrodes around the eyes and occipital areas often yielded notable noise with high variation attributable to non-brain activity, such as motion artifacts, eye movements, and bad contacts. As a result, for the remaining subjects, nine electrode channels around the central area, including the F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4 channels, were used to train CSP, and the first and last CSP filters were selected to train FLDA. In this study, we calculated offline BCI performance to compare BCI performance with the same hyper-parameter over all subjects, as described in section 2. 3. 2. 2 this study, we compared the stimulation effects on brain activity modulation and relevant BCI performance. Depending upon the stimulation group, each subject performed a stimulation session in the middle of two motor imagery sessions. The stimulation groups consisted of the vibrotactile stimulation group, tDCS group, and sham stimulation group. Figure 4. 2 illustrates the stimulation session for each group. All stimulation group subjects performed four blocks of offline motor imagery task while receiving stimulation. With respect to vibrotactile stimulation (Figure 4. 2A), two vibration motors (Model 310-113, Precision Microdrives, England) activated by a board were used to deliver vibrotactile stimulation to the left and right index fingertips. Each motor is 10 mm in diameter with a 1. 34G vibration amplitude. board was triggered through serial communication with scripts for closed loop vibrotactile stimulation. Recent studies have shown that EEG-guided stimulation can enhance the stimulation effects in vibrotactile stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) by targeting motor cortex excitability states [20, 35]. Researchers have observed that stimulation triggered by the EEG alpha falling phase outperformed continuous stimulation with respect to the motor evoked potential (MEP) [35] amplitude and motor imagery BCI performance [20]. In this respect, our study applied vibrotactile stimulation according to the EEG alpha (8 ~ 13Hz) phase at the electrode channels on the left (C3) and right motor cortex (C4) as in [20]. Specifically, during the vibrotactile stimulation session, the subjects were instructed to place their left and right index fingertips on each vibration motor.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Our observations tend to indicate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination mechanisms constitute a major reproductive barrier between the two species. Although the species differ significantly with respect to both leaf and fruit morphologies, we detected a large variance in these traits and a degree of overlap between the species, thereby indicating that neither trait would be a reliable criterion on which to base the differentiation of this cryptic species pair. This study is the first that has focused on the evolutionary and ecological consequence of the convergence of Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages. Although secondary contact between Juglans mandshurica (NEA lineage) and J. cathayensis (SEA lineage) has previously been examined in the Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan regions, which probably generates a hybrid lineage in the latter region. 16, the ecological consequences for the Juglans species pair in the secondary contact zone have yet to be studied. Similarly, the sympatrically distributed Quercus mongolica and Q. liaotungensis have also be found meet in the region to the north of Mt. Taihang and Yanshan, although to date no clear niche divergence, morphological divergence, or reproductive barriers have been identified in this secondary contact zone 20,52. Moreover, the Quercus species pair appears to be not typical NEA–SEA distribution pattern, and it remains to be determined whether the differences in distribution contribute to different ecological consequence for Acer and Quercus. Given the paucity of evolutionary and ecological studies focusing on secondary contact zones in North China, it has yet to be established whether the pattern identified for the Acer species pair is a more widespread common feature of these zones. However, as is considered a key secondary contact region for Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages, we believe that further evolutionary and ecological studies should be conducted to gain a better understanding of the origins and maintenance of biodiversity in this high-latitude region. area Reserve (hereafter “DHS”) is located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, with altitudes ranging from 590 to 1074 m. The regional climate is temperate monsoon with an annual average temperature of 4. 9–7. 5℃ and annual precipitation of 400–450 mm. The vegetation in the reserve is typical temperate deciduous forest.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7E-062C … AP5B1eGFR [20]rs63318511100593538GC0. 285-0. 01120. 00258. 9E-0642[44]rs562898211911188247GA0. 8820. 01550. 00357. 3E-064 … [40]rs65117201911202306GT0. 8810. 01650. 00351. 8E-06[45]rs177249921918454825AG0. 7330. 01240. 00258. 6E-07PGPEP1BMI [17] BP = Genomic position, build 37 (hg19), BETA = Effect on outcome with respect to A1 (the effect allele), P = p-value this analysis we aimed to extend our previously published GWAS study of parental longevity to include the newly available full UKB data, achieving an unprecedented sample size for longevity studies. We have confirmed associations with APOE and CHRNA3 variants, and additionally identified 8 novel genome wide significant variants for our principal phenotype of combined parents’ attained age, plus several additional variants for our related longevity phenotypes. Overall, the findings suggest that human longevity is a polygenic trait, influenced by large numbers of modest effect variants. Many of the variants identified have been previously implicated in age-related diseases or traits, notably with coronary artery disease and lipid levels. Several loci are near genes involved in inflammation, an important pathway in the development of biological aging [21]. In additional analyses of mothers’ and fathers’ attained ages separately we identified 11 additional genetic variants, three only associated with mother’s age at death and eight associated only with father’s age at death. Parental lifespan-associated variants included rs1556516, located in an intron of CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL), a long non-coding RNA; variants in this region, 9p21. 3, have previously been associated with CAD, type-2 diabetes, and cancer [14]. ANRIL is known to regulate neighbor tumour suppressors CDKN2A (encoding proteins p14arf and p16) and CDKN2B (encoding protein p15) epigenetically through directing polycomb gene regulators to modify the chromatin state [22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In the functional connectivity analysis, we observed a consistent trend in the results of BCI performance and pre-stimulus band power by dividing subjects into low and high BCI performers. With respect to motor imagery BCI performance, only low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group showed significant improvement. The tDCS group also demonstrated improved BCI performance, although it was not statistically significant. The low performers in the sham stimulation group showed no change after the sham stimulation. Similarly, a significant increase in the pre-stimulus alpha band power was observed in the low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group only. Eventually, the global PLVs over the sensorimotor areas showed significant increases for low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups. In contrast, no significant change was observed in the sham stimulation group. High performers’ BCI performance decreased across all stimulation groups, and no significant change was observed in the brain activity except in a few cases. 4. DiscussionThis study compared the stimulation effects of vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS on BCI performance and brain activity. In addition, subjects for each stimulation group were divided into low and high BCI performers under the assumption that the external stimulation would affect the two differently. Our results demonstrated the stimulation effects according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency with respect to BCI performance and brain activity. 4. 1 We investigated stimulation effects with respect to motor imagery BCI performance and brain activity, including the pre-stimulus band power and global functional connectivity. First, with respect to BCI performance, the BCI performance of low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups improved by as much as 9. 13% for vibrotactile and 5. 13% for tDCS groups, respectively, after the stimulation session, but only the vibrotactile stimulation group subjects showed statistically significant differences (p=0. 0053). During the stimulation session, all groups of subjects performed four blocks of offline motor imagery tasks while they received sham, vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS. As a result, all subjects performed four blocks of motor imagery before, during, and after the stimulation session, and this repetition could affect performance changes as subjects became accustomed to the task. Therefore, the results should be investigated further to determine whether the performance changes were attributable to the repetition of motor imagery alone rather than vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Genetic structure of the parental population On the basis of previous study 14, we selected a 5. 5-km-long, 20-m-wide hillside transect in DHS, where the two genetic types of Acer might coexist. Along this transect, from the foot of the hill to the summit, we located all accessible Acer adults using a mobile phone with a location error within 4 m. In total, we located 70 individuals, with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 37. 07 ± 1. 66 cm (Figure S4). Leaves were collected from all identified individuals and desiccated using silica gel at room temperature until used for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a plant genomic kit (Tiangen, Beijing). All individuals were genotyped by 11 previously used microsatellite loci (Table S1) 42,53. The 20-µL PCR mixtures contained 10–20 ng DNA, 0. 4 µL of each forward and reverse primer (10 µM), 7. 7 µL of ddH2O, and 10 µL of 2x (Co. , Ltd. ). Reactions were performed in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems) using the following amplification program: an initial denaturation of 94℃ for 5 min; six cycles of 94℃ for 50 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures ™ for 50 s, and 72℃ for 30 s; a following 24 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures for 50 s, and 72℃ for 50 s; and a final extension at 72℃ for 10 min. Allele sizes were determined using GeneMarkerv. 2. 2. 0 54, with all alleles being assessed independently by two persons to reduce scoring errors. To infer the genetic structure of the DHS population, we implemented both a Bayesian clustering approach and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), the latter of which was conducted using GenAlex6. 5 55. Bayesian clustering was conducted using. 2. 3. 4 56 with K values from 1 to 10 and an admixture model and correlated allele frequencies being applied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: ANRIL therefore plays a key role in regulation of cell proliferation and senescence. It is interesting to note that removal of CDKN2a expressing senescent cells achieved significant rescue of aging phenotypes in mice [23]. Intriguingly, the variants in 9p21 associated with lifespan are predominantly related to arterial disease (coronary and peripheral arterial disease), rather than those influencing cancer or type II diabetes risk (Figure 2). Decreased expression of specific ANRIL isoforms is reported to affect expression of 1 (adiponectin receptor with a role in fatty acid catabolism and inflammation), VAMP3 (membrane protein with a role in phagocytosis) and C11orf10 (in proximity to genes associated with metabolic syndrome) [24]. The lifespan-increasing allele for the lead SNP (rs1556516-G) is known to increase expression of ANRIL [25]; atherosclerosis-related phenotypes are associated with lower expression of ANRIL, suggesting a causal mechanism of action for this SNP on lifespan. rs11065979 (chromosome 11) is located near the ATXN2 gene, which is known to be associated with autoimmune disease and blood traits [14]. The variant is also highly correlated (R2=0. 91) with an exonic variant in SH2B3, previously linked to CAD, blood pressure, TNF-α, cell counts and colorectal cancer [14]. SH2B3 encodes the lymphocyte adapter protein (LNK), which plays a key role linking inflammation and hypertension, particularly in the kidney and blood vessels [26]. EPHX2 is a hydrolase involved in the degradation of vasoactive and anti-inflammatory acids, with possible function in LDL-cholesterol metabolism [27]. Exonic polymorphisms in EPHX2 are associated with coronary artery calcification [28]. PROX2 is a transcription factor of unknown function implicated in cardiac muscle and neuron differentiation by gene ontology [29]. Genetic variants in FURIN, a gene located in chromosome 15, were previously associated with blood pressure and are here associated with parents’ attained age; the protein is a widely-expressed membrane-bound protease, and is essential for regulatory and effector T-cell function [30]. Other novel genes implicated include MC2R, where the rare allele is associated with 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In this respect, the sham stimulation group subjects performed the same task, in that they also performed motor imagery tasks during the sham stimulation session. In contrast to the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, the sham stimulation group subjects showed no notable change in BCI performance, but their BCI performance improved by as much as 0. 24% after the sham stimulation session. Therefore, we can infer that the repetition of the motor imagery task without external stimulation did not affect the changes in low performers’ BCI performance. Although BCI performance needs to be improved further, the vibrotactile stimulation group subjects achieved performance significantly better than random chance, 60. 69% obtained by the current test trial numbers and statistical significance at α=0. 05, after the stimulation session, indicating that longitudinal stimulation may improve BCI performance. High performers suffered large performance decreases after the stimulation session in all groups, although it may not be applicable because there were only three and four high performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, respectively. In contrast to low performers, high performers had achieved controllable BCI performance already before the stimulation session, indicating that they can generate distinct brain activity during motor imagery, so they had a good strategy and sense of control. External stimulation may be unnecessary for these individuals, or the fatigue attributable to the task’s repetition may have affected them more than the stimulation. Another assumption is that a longer stimulation session may be necessary to modulate brain activity as a single day session may be too short. With respect to the pre-stimulus band power, Maeder et al. found that trials with a higher SMR amplitude during the pre-stimulation period yielded better BCI performance than lower amplitude trials [31]. They suggested that ongoing SMR may play a key role in motor imagery BCI and other motor-related tasks in general. Inspired by their findings, we assumed that external stimulation could enhance the pre-stimulus band power and improve BCI performance simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the pre-stimulus (1000ms preceding the stimulus onset) band power, including alpha (8-13Hz), low-beta (13-20Hz), and high-beta (20-30Hz) bands, before and after the stimulation session.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For each K, we ran 10 independent simulations with a burn-in of 1,000,000 iterations followed by 2,000,000 rounds MCMC sampling. The optimal K was determined using 56,57 based on both the maximum likelihood value (lnPD) and change rate of lnPD (△K) 58. To verify the Bayesian clustering results obtained for the 70 trees sampled in the DHS, we conducted an additional run for K = 2 for a separate dataset comprising the 70 individuals examined in the present study and a further 1208 individuals analyzed by Guo et al. 2014 from sites other than the DHS. Given that Guo et al. assessed only six SSR loci, we used a sub-dataset of the 70 individuals screened with the same six loci during the additional calculations, the procedure of which was the same as that described above. Using NewHybridsv. 1. 1 59, we quantitatively determined the posterior probability that each individual fell into one of the following six categories: the two pure parents, first-generation hybrids (F1), second-generation hybrids (F2), and backcrosses to the two pure parents. MCMC sampling was set as 100,000, preceded by a burn-in of 100,000 iterations with “Jeffreys-type” priors. Assignment of categories was based on the highest probability greater than 85%. Genetic analysis of offspring populations To determine whether random mating occurs between the different genetic types, we collected seeds during September in both 2020 and 2021. However, in these two years, we collected sufficient amounts of viable seed for analysis from only 20 and 17 individuals, respectively (Fig. 2a). Most of the remaining focal trees either failed to produce seeds or had produced only a few seeds that were inaccessible at the canopy. DNA was extracted from a total of 410 seeds, which were genotyped using the aforementioned 11 microsatellite loci. Assignment analysis for K = 2, applied using. 2. 3. 4, was conducted for the 410 seeds, as well as the 70 parental trees. The experimental procedure and parameter settings were the same as those described above. Flowering phenology The sexual system of Acer has four phenotypes: duodichogamous, protogynous, protandrous, and male 42.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: 7% increased likelihood of both parents reaching the top 10% of survival. This gene encodes the adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor, involved in the secretion of cortisol. This pathway is key to the stress response, which is regarded as a pillar of the aging process [31]. Lack of this functioning receptor can result in chronic hormone-imbalance and various conditions, including subclinical Cushing syndrome, plus impaired blood sugar regulation and immune system function [32]. For four of the novel parents’ attained age-associated variants it is the rare allele that is associated with increased lifespan; rs602633 near CLESR2 and PSRC1; rs28383322 near HLA-DRB1 and HRL-DQA1; rs7844965 in EPHX2; and rs61978928 in PROX2. This is unusual, as for the other genetic variants it is the common allele that confers the advantage (the rare variant tends to be associated with increased disease-risk, such as CAD). We have shown that a genetic risk score based on the 10 variants associated with combined parents' age of death is associated with parental survival in two independent US aging cohorts, suggesting that our overall findings are robust. In addition to the more common variants identified (i. e. minor allele frequency >1%) there were several rarer variants, such as rs139137459 in USP2-AS1 (0. 4% frequency): these associations are less certain, as the GWAS significance level of p<5*10-8 may not be sufficiently rigorous for testing low frequency variants. The identified SNPs previously linked to GWAS traits (such as a variant in IL6R) have a high prior probability and are especially likely to be robust. This study is limited to European ancestry (white British) UK Biobank participants, and results may not be applicable to other populations. UK Biobank is a healthier volunteer study with a sample that was less likely to be obese, to smoke or to drink regularly, compared to the general population [33], perhaps reducing our power to detect variants associated with health behaviors, although the sample still contains many participants who were exposed to these factors. We were not able to verify reported parental ages or ages of death, perhaps introducing misclassification. Also, ages of birth of deceased parents were not recorded, so it is not possible to compare study and national cohort survival.

Output: corroborate