Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Hence, we included the confidence scale as a subtle measure of memory besides the cruder accuracy measure. At retrieval testing, participants rated their confidence for each assignment of a pseudoword (sleep-played and new) to a superordinate word category (animal, tool, place). Confidence ratings did not differ signifcantly for sleep-played (EC and CC) compared to new pseudowords in the Trough condition, were sleep-learning was successful ANOVA factor ‘sleep-played’: F(1,14) = 0. 47, p=0. 5; Msleep-played_12hours=2. 17, SD = 0. 38, Mnew_12hours=2. 19, SD = 0. 376, Msleep-played_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426, Mnew_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426. Furthermore, confidence ratings for correct versus incorrect category assignments in the experimental condition differed neither in the Trough condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor ‘Accuracy’: F(1,14) = 2. 36, p=0. 15; M12hours_correct=2. 24, SD = 0. 42, M12hours_incorrect=2. 16, SD = 0. 35, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 44, M36hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 4 nor the Peak condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor Accuracy: F(1,14) = 0. 48, p=0. 50; M12hours_correct=2. 19, SD = 0. 51, M12hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 54, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 58, M36hours_incorrect=2. 36, SD = 0. 51. Word-evoked potentials differed initially between the peak and trough condition and then aligned between conditions from 700 ms to 2 s following word onset The EEG data were recorded in the sleeping participants to determine differences in the processing of the played words between conditions. We analysed the electrophysiological responses to word pairs in the Trough versus the Peak condition locking the electrophysiological response to the onset of word pairs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 001 237 2,294 237 237 0. 0 3 2,269 2,269 −1. 1 3 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 222 0. 0 2 2,082 2,082 0. 0 2 n20w100. 003 310 2,416 310 310 0. 0 2 2,416 2,416 0. 0 3 n20w100. 004 349 2,914 349 349 0. 0 1 2,862 2,862 −1. 8 2 n40w20. 001 500 7,875 500 500 0. 0 9 7,875 7,875 0. 0 8 n40w20. 002 552 7,527 552 552 0. 0 7 7,527 7,527 0. 0 8 n40w20. 003 478 7,535 478 478 0. 0 8 7,535 7,535 0. 0 9 n40w20. 004 404 7,031 404 404 0. 0 8 7,031 7,031 0. 0 9 n40w40. 001 465 7,663 465 465 0. 0 7 7,663 7,663 0. 0 9 n40w40. 002 461 7,104 461 461 0. 0 8 7,104 7,104 0. 0 8 n40w40. 003 474 7,483 474 474 0. 0 8 7,483 7,483 0. 0 8 n40w40. 004 452 6,917 452 452 0. 0 8 6,917 6,917 0. 0 9 n40w60. 001 494 7,066 494 494 0. 0 9 7,066 7,066 0. 0 7 n40w60. 002 470 7,247 470 470 0. 0 8 7,247 7,247 0. 0 8 n40w60. 003 408 6,758 410 410 0. 0 9 6,758 6,758 0. 0 8 n40w60. 004 382 5,548 382 382 0. 0 9 5,548 5,548 0. 0 9 n40w80. 001 395 8,229 395 395 0. 0 8 8,152 8,152 0. 0 9 n40w80. 002 431 7,176 431 431 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Ostiactis pearseae houses putative sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria (Thioglobaceae) in its epidermis, with which it appears to have established a mixotrophic nutritional strategy, based on a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes. Facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nutritional symbioses are often more difficult to recognize, compared to obligate alliances, but they are surely more common in nature [63], particularly in Cnidaria which experience symbiont gain and loss readily and often retain an ability to capture prey [9, 64, 65]. So, too, is the difficulty in uncovering nested symbioses, often involving microbe-microbe synergies. In this study, an unusual abundance of two candidate phyla, Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria (a. k. a. OD1 and BD1-5, respectively) within O. pearseae tentacles, hints at the roles they may play in the cycling of nutrients within and on animal hosts. Cnidaria symbioses are considered foundational for coral reefs, and perhaps they also play an important role at hydrothermal vents. It would be worth investigating additional Anthozoa species observed to inhabit venting fluids at other sites worldwide [66,67,68], to see whether they have also forged nutritional relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, such as the versatile SUP05 group. MethodsSpecimen collectionsAll specimens and water samples were collected from active vent sites within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California (~ 3700 m depth), using the ROV SuBastian during the R/V Falkor expedition FK103118 (October–November 2018), specifically from six sites at two vent fields within ~ 2 km of each other; the previously described Auka vent field [10,11,12] and a newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field (Fig. 1; Table 1). Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler (5: Supplemental video) and preserved shipboard as described below in each analysis section. Targeted water samples (2 L) were collected, within ~ 0. 5 m from nearby anemones, via Niskin bottle mounted on the ROV SuBastian. Additional file 5 Sampling anemones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: However, when we targeted words to troughs, the played words evoked two positive frontal components. The first positive component appeared at 500 ms and the second at one second following word onset. Hence, the second component corresponded to the entrained late positivity in the Peak condition. In short, targeting words to peaks evoked a generic response that presumably blocked the encoding of sleep-played word pairs in the Peak condition. This is underlined by recent findings of Niknazar et al. , 2023, who demonstrated that the large negative component of the evoked K-complex inhibits long-range communication in the brain. Targeting words to troughs shifted the EEG and inhibited this large negative component. The ERP differences between the Trough and the Peak condition vanished at 700 ms. Between 700 ms and 2 s following word onset the EEG was comparable between the two conditions. A pronounced frontal trough promoted word processing We computed word-evoked potential differences measured during sleep for those items that were correctly versus incorrectly assigned to the three superordinate categories at 36 hr. We focused on behavior at the 36 hr retrieval interval because performance was nominally higher at this vs. at the 12 hr interval. Results for the 12 hr interval were qualitatively similar (for details see supplement). Starting 50 ms before and ending 260 ms following word onset, frontal and occipital electrodes recorded an amplified voltage (larger frontal negativity and larger occipital positivity) for subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords in the Trough condition (Figure 3B, frontal cluster: cluster-level p=0. 016 at –50 ms to 260 ms; occipital cluster: cluster-level p=0. 010 at –50 ms to 260 ms). In the Peak condition, there was no significant difference between subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords (Figure 3—figure supplement 1 cluster-level p>0. 53). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the EC and CC trials in the Peak (cluster-level p=0. 54) and the Trough condition (cluster-level p>0. 37). The difference map between topographies for subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords in the Trough condition resembled the voltage distribution of a frontal slow-wave trough (see Figure 3C, voltage distribution of a prototypical trough). Hence, sleep-learning in the Trough condition benefited from a pronounced trough during stimulus onset.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 8 7,123 7,123 0. 0 9 n40w80. 003 412 7,075 418 418 0. 0 8 7,075 7,075 0. 0 9 n40w80. 004 417 7,166 417 417 0. 6 9 7,166 7,166 0. 0 10 n40w100. 001 429 6,858 432 432 0. 0 8 68,00 6,800 0. 0 9 n40w100. 002 358 6,778 364 364 0. 7 11 6,693 6,693 −2. 9 10 n40w100. 003 364 6,178 364 364 0. 0 9 6,926 6,926 −1. 1 11 n40w100. 004 357 7,019 361 361 0. 0 9 7,019 7,019 0. 0 8 n60w20. 002 605 13,996 605 605 0. 0 18 13,996 13,996 0. 0 19 n60w20. 003 533 13,782 533 533 0. 0 17 12,965 12,965 −1. 8 18 n60w20. 004 616 12,965 616 616 0. 0 17 15,102 15,102 0. 0 18 n60w40. 003 603 15,034 612 612 0. 0 19 15,034 15,034 0. 0 19 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-4 Table 5: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). +/. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n60w160. 004 401 11,645 401 401 0. 0 19 11,778 11,778 1. 1 19 n60w180. 002 399 12,015 399 399 0. 0 17 12,224 12,224 1. 7 21 n60w180. 003 445 12,214 445 445 0. 0 18 12,679 12,679 3. 8 21 n60w180. 004 456 11,101 456 456 0. 0 19 11,245 11,245 1. 3 18 n60w200. 002 414 11,748 414 414 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of plants used as traditional medicines have toxic effect on the liver and kidney Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2471-139X Anatomy & 41. DOI: 10. 15406/mojap. 2018. 05. 00161 and fruits are natural sources of useful antioxidants. Plants and their extracts are widely used as traditional medicine. Asia region, Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatranaand Hylocereus polyrhizus are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the safe use of extracts of these plants on liver and kidney. Experimental female rats were divided into nine groups. One group was normal non diabetic control given normal saline; four groups were normal non diabetic animals of which three were treated with plant extracts, while one group, the control, was daily orally treated with vitamin E (250mg/kg body weight). The remaining four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control animals treated with normal saline and three groups were treated with plant extracts). The plant extracts were administered for two weeks as daily oral single doses. Doses of Octomeles sumatrana and Syzygium polyanthum were 1g/kg body weight while that of Hylocereus polyrhizus was 3g/kg body weight. Normal and diabetic rats treated with plant extracts demonstrated toxic changes in their liver and kidney. Liver showed damaged hepatocytes with macrophage infiltration. Kidney displayed interstitial bleeding, arterial and arteriolar wall thickening and glomerulosclerosis. Findings in this study go with the previously published reports on the damaging effect of exogenous toxins and plants extracts on the liver and kidney. This work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Keywords: Toxicity, Plant extracts, Liver toxicity, Renal toxicity, Syzygium polyanthum, Eugenia polyantha, Octomeles sumatrana, Hylocereus polyrhizus and fruits have potential therapeutic effects in the management of many human diseases. 1‒4 Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from plants and fruits; they are a good source of antioxidants which aid the protection against oxidative stress. 5,6 Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Total sleep time did not differ between the Peak-targeted and the Trough-targeted participant sample (Peak: MPeak = 67. 4 min, SEM = 27. 2 min; Trough: MTrough = 51. 1 min, SEM = 18. 0 min, t=–1. 929, p>0. 065). The duration of slow-wave sleep was significantly shorter for the Trough-targeted participant sample than for the Peak-targeted participant sample (Trough: MSWS = 26. 3 min, = 15. 7, Peak: MSWS = 38. 2 min, = 14. 0; t=–2. 9, p=0. 01). Furthermore, the inter-trial stimulus interval (ISI) happened to be shorter in the Trough than the Peak condition (Peak: MISI = 6. 3 s, SDISI = 2. 6 s; Trough: MISI = 3. 3 s, SDISI = 1. 1 s; p<0. 003). These differences are due to the fact that the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm targeted troughs better than peaks. Peak-to-trough transitions are more prominent EEG features than trough-to-peak transitions because peak-to-trough transitions have higher amplitudes and steeper slopes. The brain-state-dependent stimulation was more likely to detect these peak-to-trough transitions and therefore targeted more troughs than peaks within the same amount of time. Consequently, the ISI was shorter in the Trough than the Peak condition. For this reason, we were able to present the vocabulary within a narrower SWS time-span and could wake and release the participants earlier in the Trough than the Peak condition. Importantly, neither the length of the ISI nor the duration spent in slow-wave sleep (both z-transformed; N=30) correlated with retrieval accuracy at 36 hr (ISI: r=–0. 017, p=0. 93; slow-wave sleep duration: r=–0. 11, p=0. 56). Therefore, the length of the ISI and the duration spent in slow-wave sleep do probably not account for the difference in retrieval performance between the Trough and the Peak condition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 20 11,866 11,866 1. 0 19 n60w200. 003 455 10,697 460 460 1. 1 19 10,697 10,697 0. 0 18 n60w200. 004 431 11,441 431 431 0. 0 16 11,740 11,740 2. 6 17 n80w120. 002 577 18,181 577 577 0. 0 17 18,383 18,383 1. 1 21 n80w120. 003 540 17,878 548 548 1. 5 19 17,937 17,937 0. 3 21 n80w120. 004 501 17,318 501 501 0. 0 18 17,578 17,578 1. 5 18 n80w140. 002 472 17,815 472 472 0. 0 19 18,208 18,208 2. 2 21 n80w140. 003 580 17,315 580 580 0. 0 20 17,358 17,358 0. 2 21 n80w140. 004 424 18,936 424 424 0. 0 19 19,374 19,374 2. 3 18 n80w160. 002 553 17,091 553 553 0. 0 27 17,200 17,200 0. 6 18 n80w160. 003 521 16,606 521 521 0. 0 21 16,521 16,521 −0. 5 20 n80w160. 004 509 17,804 509 509 0. 0 20 17,927 17,927 0. 7 18 n80w180. 002 479 17,339 479 479 0. 0 21 17,904 17,904 3. 3 19 n80w180. 003 530 17,271 530 530 0. 0 20 17,160 17,160 −0. 6 20 n80w180. 004 479 16,729 479 479 0. 0 22 16,849 16,849 0. 7 21 n100w120. 002 540 29,882 556 556 3. 0 38 29,818 29,818 0. 0 45 n100w120. 003 617 25,275 646 646 4. 7 37 24,473 24,473 0. 0 42 n100w120. 004 663 30,102 663 663 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among these plants are Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Syzygium polyanthum (Myrthaceae) is synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. It is locally known as daunsalam or seraikayu or as Indonesian bay leaf. 7 Leaves of the plant are used to flavor food. 8 The leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity and is said to be beneficial in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, stomach disorders and diarrhea. 9 Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae) is a riverine specie with relatively light, soft wood. It has poor resistance to decomposition, thus is consequently used where strength and durability are of less importance as in the manufacturing of pulp, wood containers and match boxes. O. sumatrana barks are a rich source of bioactive compounds. They are boiled in water and taken orally by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia as a tonic and in the treatment of body aches, muscle spasms and in stressful situations. Hylocereus polyrhizusis a fruit from the climbing cacti of the Cactaceae family. 10 The plant originated from Latin America11 and is widely cultivated throughout Malaysia. The fruit gains its local name, red dragon fruit, from its purple-red scaled structured skin. The flesh is edible and is of a brilliant purple-red color and is scattered with small edible black seeds. Each ripe fruit can weigh between 200 to 500g. The fruit exhibits antioxidant properties from its high content of vitamin C and dietary fibre. 12 It is known that fruits and plants are excellent sources of antioxidant polyphenols, thus extracts of plant materials which targeted the health industry are available commercially. Plant extracts contain concentrated amounts of phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses as previously noted. 13 Histologically, some studies showed that, exogenous toxins and high doses of plants extracts was harmful to the liver14,15 as well as to the kidney. 16 Not much work has been done on S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus despite their widespread use by Malaysians.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Of note, the number of words played during slow-wave sleep did not differ between the Peak and the Trough condition (Peak: MPeak = 24. 2, SD = 3. 6; Trough: MTrough = 24. 1, SD = 4. 3; p>0. 95). Brain-state-dependent targeting of slow-wave peaks and troughs Peaks and troughs of slow-waves were targeted based on the correlation of the online registered scalp EEG map with a template of a prototypical slow-wave (Ruch et al. , 2022). We targeted the onset of the spoken words to a time point of 100 ms before the peak/trough maxima/minima in order to fit each word utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima and 96 ms before trough minima (Figure 7). Thus, the onset of spoken words preceded a trough on average by 64. 05 degrees 95% CI = [53. 15 74. 95] and a peak by 56. 8 degrees 95% CI = [54. 08 59. 52], Figure 7. The targeting accuracy of the used the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm was comparable to other algorithms in the field (Cox et al. , 2014b; Ngo et al. , 2013). The phase distribution in both the Peak and the Trough condition was significantly non-uniform pPeak <0. 001, pTrough <0. 001; Hodges-Ajne omnibus-tests (Zar, 1999) as implemented in the CircStat toolbox (Berens, 2009). This indicates that our brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm targeted peaks and troughs reliably. This stimulation accuracy allows attributing differences in sleep-learning/wake-retrieval between the Peak and the Trough condition to these same brain states rather than to technical fuzziness. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Accuracy of the targeting of slow-wave phase. Utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima (all stimulations). Data showing the precision of phase targeting for slow-wave Troughs (A, N=15, blue) and Peaks (B, N=15, yellow).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 39 31,554 31,554 0. 0 41 n100w140. 002 622 30,192 632 632 1. 6 38 30,087 30,087 0. 0 45 n100w140. 003 481 28309 481 481 0. 0 39 28,791 28,791 0. 0 47 n100w140. 004 533 27,448 533 533 0. 0 40 27,990 27,990 0. 0 45 n150w120. 003 747 42,340 769 769 2. 9 75 42,339 42,339 0. 0 72 n150w140. 001 762 42,405 785 785 3. 0 70 42,388 42,388 −0. 1 74 n150w160. 001 706 45,366 732 732 3. 6 72 45,160 45,160 −0. 4 78 n150w160. 002 711 44,123 735 735 3. 3 74 44,123 44,123 0. 0 76 n200w200. 001 9,424 1,094,630 9,424 9,424 0. 0 101 1,093,537 1,093,537 −0. 1 89 n200w200. 002 9,838 1,099,839 9,885 9,885 0. 5 110 1,099,839 1,099,839 0. 0 86 n200w200. 003 9,043 1,067,171 9,135 9,135 1. 0 99 1,067,161 1,067,161 0. 0 93 n200w300. 001 7,656 1,052,884 7,791 7,791 1. 7 100 1,047,893 1,047,893 −0. 5 106 n200w300. 002 7,578 1,047,893 7,721 7,721 1. 8 105 1,047,893 1,047,893 0. 0 110 n200w300. 003 8,600 1,069,169 8,739 8,739 1. 6 120 1,069,169 1,069,169 0. 0 93 n200w300. 004 8,268 1,090,972 8,415 8,415 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These plants have been investigated in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories in the last few years for evidence of their benefits as used in folk medicine. The present study was designed to assess the safe use of these extracts on the liver and kidney of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Female adult rats (180-200g) were obtained from the (Multipro Supply, Malaysia). They were randomized into nine groups consisting of six animals each. One group was normal non diabetic control animals given normal saline, four groups were normal non diabetic animals (three groups were treated with the plant extracts while one group was used as a control in which animals were treated with vitamin E) and four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control diabetic animals treated with normal saline and three groups were diabetic animals treated with plant extracts). All groups were housed at a constant temperature (22±2°C) in a light-controlled (12:12-h light: dark cycle) room. Animals had ad libitumaccess to water and standard laboratory food (. Sapphire Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia). In order to make the animals diabetic, they were treated with streptozocin (STZ), minimum 98% HPLC grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The drug was given as a single dose of 55mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. One week following the injection, the animals were checked for diabetes. Blood was collected from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum level of glucose was analyzed on a analyzer (I Lab 300, Italy). Non diabetic and diabetic groups that had been given plant extracts were treated as follows: Each group was fed a different plant extract. Each extract was administered continuously per os as a daily single dose for two weeks. Control diabetic animals were given normal saline. Plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of S. polyanthum, the bark of O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus fruit; they were collected from local fields. S. polyanthum leaves and O. sumatrana bark were dried for three days in an oven at 50˚C, grounded and boiled in water (100g/1000 mL) for 15min. Extracts were filtered through four layers of gauze, centrifuged at 3000g for 15min and then lyophilized into powder form.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: All correlations are weak to moderate in strength and statistically significant (p <. 001). Age is seen to be positively correlated to both clinical measures of sensory acuity, such that older individuals have greater loss of acuity in both senses, whereas the association with age and cognition is negative, as was expected. Moreover, there are some weak negative associations between sensory acuity in either hearing or vision and cognitive processing—again, as has been observed many times with such measures. Recall from the preceding analyses that controlling for sensory processing differences eliminated the association between age and cognitive processing. Here, however, when partial correlations were computed between age and CogProc_Global, controlling for hearing acuity, visual acuity, and both, the resulting partial correlation between age and cognitive processing remained moderate and statistically significant, with values of r = −. 41, −. 52, and −. 39, respectively. Thus, individual differences in simple clinical measures of acuity do not appear to mediate the observed association between age and cognitive processing. Likewise, computing partial correlations between age and each of the acuity measures, while controlling for cognitive processing, resulted in little attenuation of the correlations provided in Table 7. Specifically, the correlations between age and visual acuity and between age and hearing loss were. 24 and. 57, respectively, when cognitive processing was controlled for. Finally, the weak negative, but statistically significant, correlations between cognitive processing and each of the sensory acuity measures (Table 7) decreased to nonsignificant near-zero correlations (r = −. 08 for hearing loss and r = −. 14 for visual acuity) when age was controlled for. From this overall pattern of correlations (Table 7) and partial correlations, age is associated with declining sensory acuity and declining cognitive processing, but this does not appear to be driven by an association between sensory acuity and cognition. In fact, when age was controlled for, no such association between sensory acuity and cognitive processing was found in this study when relying on simple clinical measures of sensory acuity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7 112 1,090,972 1,090,972 0. 0 96 n200w300. 005 8,030 1,022,000 8,190 8,190 1. 9 114 1,016,765 1,016,765 −5. 1 98 n200w400. 001 7,420 1,064,456 7,661 7,661 3. 2 109 1,064,456 1,064,456 0. 0 100 aver 0. 49 26. 24 −0. 11 25. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-5 Table 6: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n20w120. 002 218 2,193 218 218 0. 0 2 2,193 2,193 0. 0 3 n20w120. 003 303 2,337 303 303 0. 0 4 2,337 2,337 0. 0 2 n20w120. 004 300 2,686 300 300 0. 0 2 2,686 2,686 0. 0 2 n20w140. 002 272 2,330 272 272 0. 0 2 2,330 2,330 0. 0 3 n20w140. 003 236 2,194 236 236 0. 0 2 2,196 2,196 0. 1 2 n20w140. 004 255 2,279 264 264 3. 5 4 2,278 2,278 0. 0 5 n20w160. 002 201 1,830 201 201 0. 0 2 1,830 1,830 0. 0 2 n20w160. 003 201 2,286 201 201 0. 0 3 2,286 2,286 0. 0 2 n20w160. 004 203 1,616 203 203 0. 0 2 1,616 1,616 0. 0 2 n20w180. 002 265 2,315 265 265 0. 0 4 2,315 2,315 0. 0 2 n20w180. 003 271 2,414 271 271 0. 0 2 2,414 2,414 0. 0 2 n20w180. 004 201 2,624 201 201 0. 0 3 1,924 1,924 −26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This review particularly presents a survey of recent studies on traditional medicines, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have indicated antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advertisement 2. Traditional medicinesTraditional medicine is being frequently used all over the world. Treatment with traditional medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern health-care. Traditional medicine is to be understood as the total of the knowledge, practices based on theories and experiences indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health, to prevent and diagnose illnesses. Traditional medicine can be included in medical systems and folk medicine along with health knowledge. The numbers of medicinal plants from various medical systems like etc. could be taken into consideration as an inspiring source for bioactive phytochemicals as drug designing as well as nutraceuticals and functional foods for wellness. Based on Lipinski factors and lower binding energies, numbers of compounds from medicinal plants were analyzed for their pharmacological and biological characteristics. Some selected bioactives were found to have lower toxicity with a higher gastrointestinal absorption rate and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities against targets of COVID-19 which is an infectious pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The critical target components of SARS-CoV-2 are the Spike protein (S-protein) and the Main protease (Mpro). Mpro is required for the maturation of the various polyproteins involved in replication and transcription. S-protein helps the SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells through the Angiotensin-2 (ACE-2). Since ACE-2 is required for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 on the host cells, ACE-2 inhibitors and blockers have got wider attention, in addition to S-protein and Mpro modulators as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. So far, no specific drugs have shown promising therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Therfeore, several studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants against COVID-19. 2. 1 medicineBased on the frequency of appearance of each medicinal herb and their corresponding pharmacological activities from Medicines (TCM), one of the TCM formula was reconstructed with the potential of treating COVID-19 infection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Since SensProc_Global essentially represents the shared variance across many of the eight sensory-processing components (Table 4), including simple measures of detection threshold (audtacTHR) and gap detection (audGD), it would seem less likely that performance on these simple detection measures would be determined by cognitive function and more likely that the association would be in the opposite direction—that is, sensory processing mediating cognition. An association in this direction would be more consistent with the sensory deprivation and information degradation hypotheses. As has been noted, the primary difference between these two hypotheses is in the time course over which the negative peripheral effects impact cognitive performance, with deprivation assumed to be a chronic condition and information degradation more acute, impacting performance while measured, but not necessarily enduring. It should be noted that considerable care was taken in this study to minimize the impact of peripheral acuity deficits on performance. For example, the vowel stimuli used in phases 2 and 3 of this study were presented at high levels (83 dB SPL) and after low-pass filtering the stimuli at 1800 Hz to minimize any impact of peripheral high-frequency hearing loss on performance. In similar fashion, the contrast of the visual stimuli was adjusted for the older adults to enhance identification of the letters used in the phase 2 and 3 temporal order and temporal-masking studies. For all senses, hearing, vision, and touch, moreover, the screening protocol required at least 80 % correct identification of the stimuli used in phases 2 and 3 prior to participation. Finally, when the WAIS–III was administered, an assistive-listening device was made available to those who needed it to make sure that performance on the auditory-based cognitive tasks was not impaired due to inaudibility, and visually based cognitive tasks were performed with the subject’s corrective lenses. Thus, it is believed that acute effects of peripheral acuity deficits on performance for the sensory temporal-processing or cognitive-processing measures were minimized in this study, thereby making the influence of information degradation less relevant. However, if the information degraded is not related to sensory acuity per se but is, instead, related to the temporal encoding of sensory information, it remains possible that this form of information degradation could underlie the link between sensory processing and cognition observed in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7 2 n20w200. 002 203 1,799 203 203 0. 0 2 1,799 1,799 0. 0 2 n20w200. 003 249 2,144 260 260 4. 4 2 2,089 2,089 −2. 6 1 n20w200. 004 293 2,624 293 293 0. 0 1 2,613 2,613 −0. 4 2 n40w120. 002 445 6,265 446 446 0. 2 3 6,265 6,265 0. 0 8 n40w120. 003 357 6,411 360 360 0. 8 2 6,411 6,411 0. 0 7 n40w120. 004 303 5,855 303 303 0. 0 3 5,855 5,855 0. 0 6 n40w140. 002 383 5,746 383 383 0. 0 2 5,746 5,746 0. 0 8 n40w140. 003 398 6,572 398 398 0. 0 3 6,572 6,572 0. 0 7 n40w140. 004 342 5,719 350 350 2. 3 8 5,680 5,680 −0. 7 8 n40w160. 002 337 6,368 338 338 0. 3 9 6,351 6,351 −0. 3 8 n40w160. 003 346 5,850 346 346 0. 0 9 5,850 5,850 0. 0 9 n40w160. 004 288 4,468 289 289 0. 3 8 4,440 4,440 −0. 6 9 n40w180. 002 347 6,104 349 349 0. 6 8 6,104 6,104 0. 0 9 n40w180. 003 279 6,040 282 282 1. 1 7 6,031 6,031 −0. 1 8 n40w180. 004 354 6,103 361 361 2. 0 8 6,283 6,283 2. 9 8 n40w200. 002 303 6,674 303 303 0. 0 8 5,830 5,830 −12. 6 9 n40w200. 003 339 5,542 343 343 1. 2 7 5,230 5,230 −5. 6 8 n40w200. 004 301 6,103 301 301 0. 0 9 5,977 5,977 −2. 1 10 n60w120.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This TCM formula contains herbs with evidenced antiviral activity along with reducing fever, removing dampness, expelling phlegm, and arresting coughing. It includes Bupleurum chinense, Ramulus cinnamomi, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Agastache rugosa, Stephania tetrandra root, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Tangerine Peel, Amarum and Ophiopogon japonicus root. These herbs have the effect of eliminating dampness, for relieving cough and lung symptoms. In addition, in modern pharmacology, Rheum palmatum and Polygonum cuspidatum have significant antiviral effects due to their rich emodin content. Full prescription of 12 drugs are evaluated for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 [4]. On the other hand, a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential antiviral traditional Chinese medicinal plants compounds were analyzed the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) sequence which plays a critical role in the replication of virus p19. The proteolytic processing is mediated by Papain-Like protease (PLpro) and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro cleaves the polyprotein at 11 distinct sites to generate various non-structural proteins that are important for viral replication [5]. countries, Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) are used as medicinal herbs for treatment of various types of disorders. With respect to antiviral activities, Saxifraga melanocentra inhibited the activity of hepatitis C virus serine protease. The virucidal activity of pyrogallol compounds obtained from Saxifraga spinulosa have also suggested against SARS-CoV-2, (IAV), as well as Virus (FCV) and Virus (MNV) [6]. 2. 2 medicinesIn Iran, some medicinal plants have great potential value for treatment of COVID-19 based on the therapeutic approaches of Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known as “wi”, several of which have also been confirmed by pharmacological studies in modern medicine. Among them, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 정서유발 절차가 끝난 후, 참가자들은 일치, 중성 및 불일치 시행들이 포함된 공간 스트룹 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 불안상태는 스트룹 촉진효과를 증가시키지만, 간섭효과는 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 갈등적응효과는 불안상태에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 002 427 12,517 427 427 0. 0 19 12,525 12,525 0. 1 19 n60w120. 003 407 11,690 419 419 2. 9 19 11,680 11,680 −0. 1 19 n60w120. 004 490 11,132 492 492 0. 4 13 11,135 11,135 0. 0 19 n60w140. 002 462 11,782 464 464 0. 4 18 11,810 11,810 0. 2 19 n60w140. 003 427 13,128 448 448 4. 9 13 13,031 13,031 −0. 7 16 n60w140. 004 488 13,189 488 488 0. 0 15 12,663 12,663 −4. 0 15 n60w160. 002 423 12,471 423 423 0. 0 19 12,719 12,719 2. 0 17 n60w160. 003 434 10,682 447 447 3. 0 14 10,674 10,674 −0. 1 15 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-6 Table 7: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n60w160. 004 401 11,645 401 401 0. 0 19 11,778 11,778 1. 1 19 n60w180. 002 399 12,015 399 399 0. 0 17 12,224 12,224 1. 7 21 n60w180. 003 445 12,214 445 445 0. 0 18 12,214 12,679 0. 0 21 n60w180. 004 456 11,101 456 456 0. 0 19 11,245 11,245 1. 3 18 n60w200. 002 414 11,748 414 414 0. 0 20 11,866 11,866 1. 0 19 n60w200. 003 455 10,697 460 460 1. 1 19 10,697 10,697 0. 0 18 n60w200. 004 431 11,441 431 431 0. 0 16 11,441 11,441 0. 0 17 n80w120. 002 577 18,181 577 577 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ), Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L. ) Merr. and L. M. Perry], (Rosa × damascena Herrm. ), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ), Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L. ) Willd. , A. officinarum Hance), Garlic (Allium sativum L. ), Grape and Raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , G. uralensis Fisch. ), Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L. , R. officinale Baill. ) and Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) were determined as promising plant species. However, preclinical mechanistic studies as well as clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [7]. 2. 3 AyurvedaFor nearly 5000 years Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method, has been practiced in India, relying heavily on plants to formulate it. Ayurvedic herbal supplements and immunity boosters showing the way to a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is the need of the hour. Antiviral properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus spp. , Zingiber officinale, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa have been reported [8]. Whereas, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis have the properties to enhance immunity. It has been shown that Coptidis rhizome, Meliae cortex, Sanguisorbae radix, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Phellodendron cortex exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Sophorae radix, Torilis fructus, and Acanthopanacis cortex decreased intracellular viral RNA levels with corresponding viral protein decreases [9]. The antiviral activity of some phytoconstituents present in traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda were also investigated against spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 as well as its host ACE-2 receptor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] Hristova, P. / 2011 Anxiety fosters relational encoding Proceedings of the on cognitive Science: on 16. [학술지] Isen, A. M. / 1992 An influence of positive affect on social categorization Motivation and Emotion 16 (1) : 65 ~ 1 17. [학술지] Kazen, M. / 2005 Intention memory and achievement motivation : Volitional facilitation and inhibition as a function of affective contents of need-related stimuli Journal of Personality and 89 (3) : 426 ~ 3 18. [학술지] Kim, C. / 2016 of the Running- Location on Choice Psychology 30 (6) : 1014 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Kuhl, J. / 1999 Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions : joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference Journal of : General 128 (3) : 382 20. [학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1997 Picture System(IAPS) : NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 : 39 ~ 21. [학술지] Lindsay, D. S. / 1994 Dissociations-the Relationship between Facilitation and Interference Journal of : and Performance 20 (2) : 219 ~ 2 22. [학술지] Lu, C. H. / 1995 of Information on Performance-a Review of the Simon and Effects &Review 2 (2) : 174 ~ 2 23. [학술지] MacLeod, C. M. / 1991 Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : an integrative review 109 (2) : 163 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Mayr, U. / 2003 Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control 6 (5) : 450 ~ 5 25. [학술지] Miller, E. K. / 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function Neuroscience 24 : 167 ~ 26. [학술지] Padmala, S. / 2011 Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control Frontiers in Psychology 2 : 192 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 17 18,383 18,383 1. 1 21 n80w120. 003 540 17,878 548 548 1. 5 19 17,937 17,937 0. 3 21 n80w120. 004 501 17,318 501 501 0. 0 18 17,578 17,578 1. 5 18 n80w140. 002 472 17,815 472 472 0. 0 19 17,815 17,815 0. 0 21 n80w140. 003 580 17,315 580 580 0. 0 20 17,358 17,358 0. 2 21 n80w140. 004 424 18,936 424 424 0. 0 19 18,936 18,936 0. 0 18 n80w160. 002 553 17,091 553 553 0. 0 27 17,200 17,200 0. 6 18 n80w160. 003 521 16,606 521 521 0. 0 21 16,521 16,521 −0. 5 20 n80w160. 004 509 17,804 509 509 0. 0 20 17,927 17,927 0. 7 18 n80w180. 002 479 17,339 479 479 0. 0 21 17,339 17,339 0. 0 19 n80w180. 003 530 17,271 530 530 0. 0 20 17,160 17,160 −0. 6 20 n80w180. 004 479 16,729 479 479 0. 0 22 16,849 16,849 0. 7 21 n100w120. 002 540 29,882 556 556 3. 0 38 29,818 29,818 0. 0 45 n100w120. 003 617 25,275 646 646 4. 7 37 24,473 24,473 0. 0 42 n100w120. 004 663 30,102 663 663 0. 0 39 31,554 31,554 0. 0 41 n100w140. 002 622 30,192 632 632 1. 6 38 30,087 30,087 0. 0 45 n100w140. 003 481 28,309 481 481 0. 0 39 28,791 28,791 0. 0 47 n100w140. 004 533 27,448 533 533 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These compounds can be further developed and assessed as phytoformulations against SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. 2. 4 Siddha medicineDuring molecular docking and simulation analysis for the prevention and cure of COVID-19 infection on some phytoconstituents of Siddha medicine were determined as potential candidates. Among them orientin, bis-andrographolide, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, isocucurbitacin B, vitexin, berberine, bryonolic acid, piperine and magnoflorine were identified as potential lead molecules that have been shown to possess the ability to interact with the components that block the viral replication in SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immune-enhancing properties of these compounds without any adverse side effects could provide natural immune power to resist COVID-19 infections [14]. Several plants have been found to act on the ACE-2 receptor, which could become promising antiviral agents and can help in combatting COVID-19 pandemic. Rheum palmatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Cerasus avium, Alcea digitata, Rubia tinctorum, Citrus aurantium, Berberis integerrima, Peganum harmala and Allium sativum have the potential to act on the ACE-2 receptor and are well-known for blocking the transmission or entry of Coronoviruses. These plants can possibly be used for the combinational therapeutic management of COVID-19 by inhibiting various protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) [15]. Traditional medicinesMedicinal plantsAntiviral compoundsVirus1. The list of traditional medicines for antiviral activities. 2. 5 Thai traditional medicineAmong 122 Thai traditional medicines, Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its compound, known as panduratin A exhibited the potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by using the high-content imaging system coupled with the plaque reduction assay. Treatment with Boesenbergia rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells with IC50 of 3. 62 μg/mL (CC50 = 28. 06 μg/mL) and 0. 81 μΜ (CC50 = 14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41769 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 17,166 views 1,675 downloads 239 1769. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 12 figures, 5 videos, 1 table and 8 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The Sox2 a Model for Visualization of Enhancer-in Stem Cells. (A) To visualize chromosome loci in living cells, we have used tetO/TetR and cuO/CymR genetic labels. Our pipeline for insertion of these labels into the mouse genome is shown. -Cas9 is used to place an attP integrase landing site. Second, a targeting plasmid bearing the compatible attB sequence, the tetO or cuO array, and a selection cassette is introduced along the integrase (Int) to mediate site-specific integration. The selection cassette can then be subsequently removed by Cre/Flp recombinase. (B) The Sox2 locus in mouse ESCs. Genomic browser tracks of epigenomic and expression data demonstrate high levels of histone acetylation, RNA polymerase II, and transcription factor (OCT4, SOX2, ) and cohesin (RAD21) occupancy at Sox2 and the distal Sox2 enhancer (tan boxes). Data from 4C and HiC experiments demonstrate chromosomal contacts at the Sox2 locus. For 4C data, read density indicates contact frequency with a fixed position near the Sox2 promoter (red triangle). Y-axis for browser tracks is reads per million. For HiC, all pairwise contact frequencies are shown using a heatmap. The intensity of each pixel represents the normalized number of contacts detected between a pair of loci. The maximum intensity is indicated in red square. At bottom, locations of the cuO- and tetO-arrays for the three cell lines utilized for this study. Sox2-8CcuO/+; Sox2-117TtetO/+ (Sox2-SCR) ESCs were used to track Sox2/SCR location.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 40 27,990 27,990 0. 0 45 aver 0. 64 13. 6 −0. 44 14. 7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-7 Table 8: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Best. Sol Aver. Ban (2021) Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte (2010) n20w120. 001 274 2,175 2,535 274 274 2 2,175 2,175 2 n20w140. 001 176 1,846 1,908 176 176 2 1,826 1,826 2 n20w160. 001 241 2,146 2,150 241 241 2 2,148 2,148 2 n20w180. 001 253 2,477 2,037 253 253 2 2,477 2,477 2 n20w200. 001 233 1,975 2,294 233 233 2 1,9751975 2 n40w120. 001 434 6,800 7,496 434 434 9 6,800 6,800 9 n40w140. 001 328 6,290 7,203 328 328 10 6,290 6,290 10 n40w160. 001 349 6,143 6,657 349 349 11 6,143 6,143 12 n40w180. 001 345 6,952 6,578 345 345 12 6,897 6,897 11 n40w200. 001 345 6,169 6,408 345 345 10 6,113 6,113 13 n60w120. 001 392 11,120 9,303 392 392 25 11,288 11,288 28 n60w140. 001 426 10,814 9,131 426 426 26 10,981 10,981 27 n60w160. 001 589 11,574 11,422 589 589 27 11,546 11,546 28 n60w180. 001 436 11,363 9,689 436 436 24 11,646 11,646 25 n60w200. 001 423 10,128 10,315 423 423 25 9,939 9,939 27 n80w120.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 71 μM), respectively. Also, the treatment of panduratin A at the pre-entry phase inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with IC50 of 5. 30 μM (CC50 = 43. 47 μM). Therefore, exerted the inhibitory effect against -2 infection at both pre-entry and post-infection phases as the novel natural candidate [16]. 2. 6 African traditional medicineethnomedicinal herbs (Abrus precatorius L. Gaertn, Achyranthes aspera L. , Allium sativum L. , Annona muricata L. , Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. , Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl. ) Schltr. , Curcuma longa L. , Euphorbia hirta L. , Garcinia kola Heckel, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , Moringa oleifera Lam. , Nigella sativa L. , Psidium guajava L. , Zingiber officinale Roscoe) used in African traditional medicine from different countries in Africa were investigated in the prevention, treatment and management of COVID-19 infection [17]. From them, Glycyrrhiza glabra was reported to be successful inhibitor for SARS-CoV replication and was recommended for the management COVID-19. Due to the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical presentation of COVID-19 disease, combining two or more extracts with various pharmacological activity from these herbs in a standard dosage form such as capsule, tablets, syrups, and injections is necessary in the management of the disease. This combination would improve adherence but care must be taken to ensure that all ingredients in the formulation are compatible otherwise it may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. These findings will serve as a source of information for future research in the selection of herbs which could be used in the management of COVID-19 [17]. 2. 6. 1 African medicinal plantsSixty-two alkaloids and hundred terpenoids isolated from some African medicinal plants were docked to the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) controled coronavirus replication as a promising drug target for combating the coronavirus infection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Also the composition of these pools cannot be changed and since each barcoded mutant needs to be created individually by replacing target genes with drug selectable marker cassettes (Baker et al. , 2021; Beneke et al. , 2019), bar-seq screens are most likely to be ‘one-offs’ on a genome-wide scale. Furthermore, aneuploidy in some Leishmania species can be a major challenge for gene replacement strategies as multiple rounds of transfection or isolation of clones may be required to target genes on multi-copy chromosomes. It is therefore unlikely that genome-wide bar-seq screens, such as the LeishGEM screen, could be repeated for Leishmania species that display extreme cases of aneuploidy, such as L. donovani. Using gene replacement approaches it is also not feasible to study multi-copy genes that are scattered over multiple chromosomes. These are major disadvantages of bar-seq screening. Hence, even though the LeishGEdit bar-seq approach and through LeishGEM available bar-seq pools, as well as novel RNAi tools provide a platform for possible genome-wide screens in Leishmania in the future, their applications remain extremely limited. The lack of widely applicable high-throughput genome-wide screening platforms in Leishmania is in stark contrast to screening technologies that are available in mammalian cells (Shalem et al. , 2014) and other parasites. For example, Cas9-expressing Toxoplasma gondii parasites can be transfected with single-guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmid libraries to enable genome-wide knockout screens (Sidik et al. , 2016). One of the reasons why similar pooled transfection screens in Leishmania species have not been performed is that Leishmania parasites, unlike mammalian cells or T. gondii parasites, lack the key components of the non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway, including DNA-PKcs, Ligase IV, and XRCC4 (Passos-Silva et al. , 2010; Zhang et al. , 2022). Following a Cas9-introduced double-strand break (DSB), DNA in mammalian cells and T. gondii parasites is mainly repaired by NHEJ (>70% in humans,>90% in T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 001 509 11,122 11,156 512 509 41 16,693 16,693 45 n80w140. 001 530 14,131 14,131 530 530 42 14,131 14,131 47 n80w180. 001 605 11,222 11,222 605 605 41 11,222 11,222 42 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-8 Table 9: The average results for instances. gap¯ Time gap¯ 0. 49 26. 24 −0. 11 26. 5 TSPTW 0. 64 13. 6 −0. 44 14. 7 aver 0. 56 19. 9 −0. 28 20. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-9 Evaluating the efficiency of selection In this experiment, a new selection operator for the MFEA+RVNS algorithm effectively balances knowledge transfer and diversity. Due to being too expensive in computation, we choose some instances to evaluate the efficiency of this operator. 2, the column MFEA-NR results from the MFEA+RVNS with the selection-based scalar-fitness only, while column MFEA+RVNS is the results of the MFEA+RVNS with both scalar-fitness and diversity. The diff[%] column is the difference between the MFEA+RVNS and MFEA-NR in percentage. 2, the MFEA+RVNS outperforms the MFEA-NR in all cases. The selection operation that considers both scalar-fitness and diversity to pick parents is more effective than the one with scalar-fitness only. The fitness-based criterion promotes “survival of the fittest”, which is good for transferring elite genes between tasks, and good individuals are kept in each task, implying an accumulation of good genes. However, population diversity is important since it becomes a bottleneck. Our selection ensures that selection recognizes both diversity contribution and fitness in choosing the best individuals for reproduction. Evaluating the balance between exploration and exploitation Generally speaking, algorithms get stuck into local optimum because there is a lack of balance between exploration and exploitation. Exploration helps the search to explore extension spaces on a global scale, while exploitation helps the search to focus on local space by exploiting the information that a current solution is reached in this space.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1. High-content screening of Thai medicinal plants reveals Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its component Panduratin a as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Scientifc Reports. 2020;10:19963. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-020-77003-317. Adeleye OA, Femi--. Ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine with potential activity for the prevention, treatment, and management of coronavirus disease 2019. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 2021;7:72. DOI: 10. 1186/s43094-021-00223-5. 18. Yepes-Pereza AF, Herrera-Calderonb O, Quintero-Saumeth J. Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw): A promising herbal medicine against SARS-CoV2/ACE-2 junction and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on molecular modeling. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;29:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183767619. Silveira D, Prieto--ães. COVID-19: Is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:581840. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 58184020. Taban Akça K, Suntar I. An overview on flavonoids as potential antiviral strategies against coronavirus infections. J. 2020;31:478-484. 21. KA. Natural products as antiviral agents. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2000;24:473-572. DOI: 10. 1016/S1572-5995(00)80051-422. Jahan I, Onay A. Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19. Turk. J. Biol. 2020;44:228-241. DOI: 10. 3906/biy-2005-11423. . Natural products as potential leads against coronaviruses: Could they be encouraging structural models against SARS-CoV-2? Nat. Prod.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: gondii of all DSBs), allowing indels and frame-shifts to be efficiently introduced in the target gene (Fenoy et al. , 2016; Fox et al. , 2009; Gallagher and Haber, 2018; Hsu et al. , 2014; Smolarz et al. , 2014). This greatly simplifies the knockout process, as just one ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, consisting of a Cas9 protein and an sgRNA, is required without the need for donor DNA templates. In contrast, Leishmania parasites rely on homologous recombination (HR), single-strand annealing, and microhomology-mediated end joining DNA repair pathways to repair Cas9-introduced DSBs. Without the addition of repair template DNA, this leads to large and unpredictable DNA deletions, increased cell death during DNA repair failures and prolonged repair times (Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang and Matlashewski, 2015; Zhang et al. , 2022; Zhang et al. , 2019). In consequence, targeting in Leishmania is highly inefficient and the mutation rate is believed to be less than 1% without addition of donor DNA (Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang and Matlashewski, 2015; Zhang et al. , 2022; Zhang et al. , 2019). To overcome these limitations, there have been attempts to boost the editing efficiency in Leishmania without requiring donor DNA. Zhang et al. , 2022 have recently attempted to reconstitute the NHEJ pathway of Mycobacterium marinum in Leishmania. While the authors claim that this improved DSB repair fidelity and efficiency in Leishmania, editing rates still remain low without the addition of donor DNA (less than 3% editing in selected non-clonal populations that express Cas9 and one sgRNA). These low editing rates mean in consequence that desired mutants can be only obtained through extra steps, which involve either the addition of donor DNA, labour-intensive isolation of clones or other means of selection, such as the selection of drug resistance-associated edits (Beneke et al. , 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang et al. , 2022). This makes pooled transfection loss-of-function screens currently unfeasible in Leishmania parasites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, the balance between exploration and exploitation is considered. We run the MFEA with or without the RVNS on the same selected instances. 3, the MFEA-NLS column is the MFEA without the RVNS, while the MFEA+RVNS column is the MFEA with the RVNS. The diff[%] column is the difference between the MFEA+RVNS and MFEA-NLS. 3, the MFEA+RVNS obtains much better solutions than the MFEA-NLS in all cases. It indicates that the combination between the MFEA and RNVS has a good balance between exploration and exploitation. To study the ability to balance exploration and exploitation of the search space, we implement an experimental study on the distribution of locally optimal solutions. We choose two instances (n20w100. 002 and n40w100. 002) to perform one execution of our algorithm and record the distinct local optima encountered in some generations. We then plot the normalized tour’s cost vs its average metric distance to all other local minima (the distance metric and its average is defined in “Selection operator”). The results are illustrated in Figs. 4–7. The black “x” points indicate the result of the MFEA, while the red “x” points show the results of the RNVS. The normalized cost can be used as follows: Figure 4: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TSPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-4 Figure 5: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TRPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-5 Figure 6: The average distance to the other local optima in n40w100. 002 instance for the TSPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-6 Figure 7: The average distance to the other local optima in n40w100. 002 instance for the TRPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: major but only guide IFT88-1 resulted in a measurable motility and flagellar assembly phenotype in L. infantum (Figures 4B and 5B and Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Analysing the Sanger sequencing trace plots further, we noticed that only guide IFT88-1 induced a mutation that resulted in a STOP codon, while non-STOP codon mutations became dominant for the other two guides (Supplementary file 2), presumably due to the known IFT88 growth phenotype (Beneke et al. , 2019). For guides targeting PFR2 in L. mexicana, only guide PFR2-1 was efficient, which was also the only guide resulting in decreased motility (Figures 4B and 5C). To confirm that indeed, the knockdown of PFR2 was successful, we analysed the expression of the targeted protein by western blot, confirming a strong knockdown only for guide PFR2-1 (~97% knockdown compared to wildtype) (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). It is important to highlight that this strong knockdown was achieved in non-clonal populations that had been selected to express the hyBE4max and only one sgRNA. There was no requirement for additional donor DNA or isolation of clones. This is despite the fact that PFR2 is a three-copy gene in a tandem array. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Determining hyBE4max editing rates following targeting of single- and multi-copy genes. L. donovani, L. infantum, L. mexicana, and L. major wildtype parasites were transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-sgRNA expression plasmids, targeting (A) PF16, (B) IFT88, and (C) PFR2 with four guides each (see main text description). Discordance from Sanger sequencing traces before transfection (wildtype) and 28 days after transfection (Targets 1, 2, 3, and 4) was measured and plotted as described in Figure 3B. The position and orientation of each guide are indicated above. Since guides targeting MFT in L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/fig-7 (4) fj¯=(fj−fjmin)(fjmax−fjmin),where j=1,2 is the j-task and fjmin,fjmax are the minimum and maximum cost values for all runs, respectively. Figures 4–7 show that the black “x” points are spread quite widely, which implies that the proposed algorithm has the power to search over a wide region of the solution space. It is the capacity for exploration. On the other hand, the red points describe the search tends to exploit the good solution space explored by the MFEA. It is the capacity for exploitation. As a result, the algorithm maintains the right balance between exploration and exploitation. Comparisons with the TSPTW and TRPTW algorithms 9, the average difference with the optimal solution for the TSPTW is 0. 56%, even for instances with up to 200 vertices. It shows that our solutions are near-optimal for the TSPTW. In addition, the proposed algorithm reaches the optimal solutions for the instances with up to 80 vertices for the TSPTW. 8, for the TRPTW, our MFEA+RVNS is better than the previous algorithms such as Ban & Nghia (2017), Ban (2021) and Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte (2010) in the literature when the average gap is −0. 28% (note that: Ban et al. ’s and Heilporna et al. ’s (2010) algorithms is developed to solve the TRPTW only). The obtained results are impressive since it can be observed that the proposed algorithm finds not only near-optimal solutions but also the new best-known ones for two problems simultaneously. It also indicates the efficiency of positive transferrable knowledge control techniques between optimization tasks in improving the solution quality. It is impossible to expect that the MFEA+RVNS always outperform in comparison with the state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms for the TSPTW and TRPTW in all cases because their algorithms are designed to solve each problem independently. Table 10 shows that the efficient algorithms for the TSPTW may not be effective for the TRPTW and vice versa. On average, the optimal solution for the TSPTW with the TRPTW objective cost is about 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Ullu et al. , 2004). In addition, the RNAi efficacy in species varies widely and has been shown to be gene-, species-, and even strain-specific, as well as to depend on the length of the dsRNA hairpin (de Paiva et al. , 2015; Lye et al. , 2022; Brettmann et al. , 2016; Kohl et al. , 2018). On the contrary, the base editing efficacy was here also shown to be time dependent and to vary widely amongst genes, species, and chosen sgRNA sequences. This is not surprising, especially as variations in efficacy across sgRNAs that target the same gene and locus are a common problem in any approach, including bar-seq screens (Labuhn et al. , 2018). It is also worth highlighting that by base editing produced knockdowns are technically truncations and open reading frames (ORFs) are not fully replaced. It is unknown whether mutant mRNAs harbouring these truncated ORFs have any additional effects on the parasites or whether they are quickly degraded. Degradation of mutant mRNAs in which a termination codon is present within the ORF would require a classical nonsense-mediated decay pathway. But it is unclear whether this pathway is functional in Leishmania and other kinetoplastids (Clayton, 2019; Delhi et al. , 2011). Thus remaining N-terminal protein parts could be functional or even deleterious themselves, leading to false positive and negative results. However, this may also provide extra information about functional domains of the targeted protein and highlights that our tool can not only be used to create functional null mutants by inserting premature STOP codons but also to pursue targeted mutagenesis screens. To facilitate large-scale base editing screens, ssDNA oligo pools can be obtained commercially and used to generate sgRNA libraries. The generation of libraries is straight forward and scalable, with some libraries containing as many as ~215,000 sgRNAs (Horlbeck et al. , 2016). Guides are designed to be gene specific and have therefore a much greater specificity than RNAi plasmid libraries that are typically comprised of randomly sheared genomic DNA, such as those previously used for T. brucei (Alsford et al. , 2011; Morris et al. , 2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7% worse than the optimal one for the TRPTW. Similarly, the known best solution for the TRPTW using the TSPTW objective function is 20. 6% worse than the optimal solution for the TSPTW. We conclude that if the proposed MFEA simultaneously reaches good solutions that are close to the optimal solutions for both problems and even better than the state-of-the-art algorithms in many cases, we can say that the proposed MFEA+RVNS for multitasking is beneficial. Table 10: The difference between the optimal TSPTW using TRPTW objective function and vice versa. (OPT_TSPTW) KBS diff[%] TSPTW (BKS_TRPTW) KBS diff[%] n20w120. 002 2,592 2,193 15. 4 256 218 14. 8 n20w140. 002 2,519 2,330 7. 5 311 272 12. 5 n20w160. 002 2,043 1,830 10. 4 249 201 19. 3 n40w120. 002 6,718 6,265 6. 7 552 446 19. 2 n40w140. 002 5,865 5,746 2. 0 449 383 14. 7 n40w160. 002 7,519 6,351 15. 5 456 338 25. 9 n60w120. 002 13,896 1,2517 9. 9 581 444 23. 6 n60w140. 002 12,898 11,795 8. 6 616 464 24. 7 n60w160. 002 14,091 12,489 11. 4 616 428 30. 5 aver 9. 7 20. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-10 Comparison with the previous MFEA algorithms We adopt the proposed algorithm in the experiment to solve the TSP and TRP problems. Otherwise, we also use three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) to solve the TSPTW and TRPTW. Tables 11–13 compare our results to those of three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) for some instances in both the TSP and TRP problems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Forty functional rare variants were identified through bioinformatic approaches suggesting a link to interferon and IL-10 pathways, immune cell proliferation, bacterial defense, and vesicle-mediated transport, and enriched pathways that were most similar in inflammatory bowel disease. A similar 2019 study examined five French families with non-Löfgren's syndrome and found 227 disease susceptibility variants in 192 genes [18▪]. These variants were not only predominantly missense (223, 88. 9%), but also included small numbers of splicing variants (2), missense variants, in-frame deletion/insertions (9), nonsense variants (8), and a start--stop. Functional analyses implicated the mTOR signaling, autophagy, the TCA cycle, and leptin and interferon signaling. Ongoing large-scale genetic efforts In order to identify robust genetic associations of sarcoidosis, probable genetic heterogeneity, and genotype-to-phenotype connections, large cohorts diverse in ethnicity, clinical presention, and types of data collected are necessary. Two recently established multicenter programs have generated large cohorts of Caucasian sarcoidosis patients with deeply characterized clinical phenotypes. First, the GenPhenReSa applied a sophisticated hierarchical clustering method to identify organ phenotype clusters in over 2000 sarcoidosis patients with acute onset and subacute onset. Five distinct organ phenotype clusters were identified, namely abdominal, ocular–cardio–cutaneous–central nervous system, musculoskeletal–cutaneous, pulmonary–lymphonodal, and extrapulmonary [23]. A similar study of 195 hospital-based cases from Greece applied the 18F-/CT imaging modality coupled with a hierarchical clustering method to identify four cluster phenotypes: thoracic nodal hilar-mediastinal, thoracic nodal hilarmediastinal and lungs, an extended thoracic and extrathoracic only nodal phenotype including inguinal—abdominal--supraclavicular stations, and all the above with systemic organs and tissues, such as muscles—bones--spleen and skin [29]. Both of these multicenter studies currently lack published investigations of genetics, epigenetics, or transcriptomics; however, stored physical samples or data could represent untapped potential for large-scale exploration of genetic predispositions, enironmental triggers, and genotype-to-phenotype discovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The results show that the proposed algorithm obtains better solutions than the others in all cases. The difference between our average result and the optimal value is below 2. 59%. It shows that our solution is the very near-optimal one. In addition, our algorithm reaches the optimal solution for the instance with 76 vertices. Obviously, the proposed algorithm applies well in the case of the TSP and TRP. Table 11: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP (Yuan et al. , 2016). (Yuan et al. , 2016) OA (Tsitsiklis, 1992) MFEA+best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol aver. sol best. sol aver. sol eil51 426* 10,178* 446 10,834 450 10,834 426 426 0. 00 23 10,178 10,178 0. 00 22 berlin52 7,542* 143,721* 7,922 152,886 8,276 152,886 7,542 7,542 0. 00 22 143,721 143,721 0. 00 21 st70 675* 20,557* 713 22,283 772 22,799 680 680 0. 01 41 22,283 22,283 8. 40 39 eil76 538* 17,976* 560 18,777 589 18,008 559 559 0. 04 43 18,008 18,008 0. 18 40 pr76 108,159* 3,455,242* 113,017 3,493,048 117,287 3,493,048 108,159 108,159 0. 00 47 3,455,242 3,455,242 0. 00 45 pr107 44,303* 2,026,626* 45,737 2,135,492 46,338 2,135,492 45,187 45,187 0. 02 71 2,052,224 2,052,224 1. 26 72 rat99 1,211* 58,288* 1,316 60,134 1,369 60,134 1,280 1,280 0. 06 66 58,971 58,971 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Gene expression and small noncoding RNAs: microare a large family of short noncoding RNAs between 17 and 25 nucleotides (nt) in length [49]. MiRNAs were first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans over two decades ago [50] and since then many have been identified in multiple organisms, such as worms, flies, fish, frogs, mammals and plants, by molecular cloning and bioinformatics [51]. Most miRNA sequences are conserved among a wide range of mammalians [52], though there are some that differ from each other only by a single nucleotide [53]. The conserved miRNA sequences among different species can be distinguished by the nomenclature such that when only the first three letters differ this indicates the same sequence in different species, that is, hsa‐miR‐145 in Homo sapiens and mmu‐miR‐145 in Mus musculus [54]. MiRNAs have been shown to be of great importance in a wide variety of biological processes involving cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, imprinting, homeostasis and development, including limb development [55], morphogenesis of lung epithelial [56], embryonic angiogenesis [57], formation of hair follicle and proliferation of T‐cell [58, 59]. They play key roles in regulating transcriptional and post‐transcriptional gene silencing in many organisms by targeting mRNAs for translational inhibition, cleavage, degradation or destabilisation [53, 60–64]. Each miRNA has multiple mRNA targets that may regulate up to 30% protein‐coding genes and shape protein production from hundreds to thousands of genes [65–67]. MiRNAs recognise their targets through base pairing of the complementary sequence of their seed sequence (2–8 nt of miRNAs) within the open reading frame (ORF) and 3′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA [68]. Although the targets of miRNAs are not fully known, bioinformatics studies show a range of possible target genes [69]. The functional activities and the predicted/observed targets of miRNAs can be identified using miRNA databases. These databases can be accessed using the following URL: ( and MiRNA biogenesisMiRNA biogenesis involves multiple important steps.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 17 65 kroA100 21,282* 983,128* 22,233 1,043,868 22,233 1,043,868 21,878 21,878 0. 03 63 1,009,986 1,009,986 2. 73 63 kroB100 22,141* 986,008* 23,144 1,118,869 24,337 1,118,869 23,039 23,039 0. 04 64 1,003,107 1,003,107 1. 73 63 kroC100 20,749* 961,324* 22,395 1,026,908 23,251 1,026,908 21,541 21,541 0. 04 68 1,007,154 1,007,154 4. 77 66 kroD100 21,294* 976,965* 22,467 1,069,309 23,833 1,069,309 22,430 22,430 0. 05 70 1,019,821 1,019,821 4. 39 72 kroE100 22,068* 971,266* 22,960 1,056,228 23,622 1,056,228 22,964 22,964 0. 04 60 1,034,760 1,034,760 6. 54 64 rd100 7,910* 340,047* 8,381 3,80,310 8,778 365,805 8,333 8,333 0. 05 63 354,762 354,762 4. 33 64 eil101 629* 27,519* 681 28,398 695 28,398 662 662 0. 05 62 27,741 27,741 0. 81 61 aver 0. 03 2. 59 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-11 Note: * Indicates the optimal values. Table 12: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP in TRP-50-x. +best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: No conclusive evidence of direct climate-induced change could be detected (Berner et al. , 2018). At reduced salinity levels, certain Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes OTUs increased, and the heterotrophic bacteria community resembled communities at high temperature, indicating synergistic effects of temperature and salinity. Biotic interactions were more dominant than abiotic ones however. The largest increase in heterotrophic bacterial biomass was detected when filamentous cyanobacteria started to decay, regardless of temperature or salinity. It was suggested that this indirect coupling between heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous cyanobacteria is more important for bacterial communities than the direct effects of climate-induced changes in temperature or salinity (Berner et al. , 2018). Experimental studies have demonstrated that complex food web responses to climate change may also arise. In the Quark, located in the Gulf of Bothnia, an increase in dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced respiration and abundance of bacteria, whereas an increase in temperature (from 12 to 15 ∘C) induced a decrease in bacteria, probably due to an increase in bacterivorous flagellates (Nydahl et al. , 2013). A complex response to warming was also demonstrated for different size classes of heterotrophic flagellates (HFs). There was a succession from flagellates feeding on bacteria to omnivorous nanoflagellates preying upon other HF. This intraguild predation pattern probably dampened the response to experimental treatments (Moustaka-Gouni et al. , 2016). Mesocosm experiments done in the Gulf of Bothnia area have however demonstrated that increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) enhances bacterial production and leads to a promotion of heterotrophy (Dahlgren et al. , 2011; Andersson et al. , 2013). Mixing depth also influences the ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic production: with a shallow pycnocline, the autumn plankton community in the northern remained net autotrophic irrespective of DOC, whereas with increased mixing depth and with added DOC the system became net heterotrophic (Båmstedt and Wikner, 2016). As for microzooplankton (MZP), the effects of OA and warming seem to be mostly beneficial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: sol TRP-50-1 602 12,198 641 13,253 634 13,281 610 12,330 TRP-50-2 549 11,621 583 12,958 560 12,543 560 11,710 TRP-50-3 584 12,139 596 13,482 596 13,127 592 12,312 TRP-50-4 603 13,071 666 14,131 613 15,477 610 13,575 TRP-50-5 557 12,126 579 13,377 578 14,449 557 12,657 TRP-50-6 577 12,684 602 13,807 600 13,601 588 13,070 TRP-50-7 534 11,176 563 11,984 555 12,825 547 11,793 TRP-50-8 569 12,910 629 14,043 609 13,198 572 13,198 TRP-50-9 575 13,149 631 14,687 597 13,459 576 13,459 TRP-50-10 583 12,892 604 14,104 602 13,638 590 13,267 TRP-50-11 578 12,103 607 13,878 585 12,124 585 12,124 TRP-50-12 500 10,633 521 11,985 508 11,777 604 11,305 TRP-50-13 579 12,115 615 13,885 601 13,689 587 12,559 TRP-50-14 563 13,117 612 14,276 606 14,049 571 13,431 TRP-50-15 526 11,986 526 12,546 526 12,429 526 12,429 TRP-50-16 551 12,138 577 13,211 564 12,635 551 12,417 TRP-50-17 550 12,176 601 13,622 585 13,342 564 12,475 TRP-50-18 603 13,357 629 14,750 625 14,108 603 13,683 TRP-50-19 529 11,430 595 12,609 594 12,899 539 11,659 TRP-50-20 5

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2017), and open-sea cyanobacteria blooms have also become more common in recent years, due to a “leaking” of phosphorus-rich water from the central through the Åland Sea (Rolff and Elfwing, 2015; Ahlgren et al. , 2017). The connection of this process to climate change is not certain. Rather, the severe hypoxia of the central has brought the anoxic layer so close to the sill separating the from the Åland Sea that flow of nutrient-rich water across the Åland Sea is at times possible. Whether or not the proceeding climate change will amplify the ongoing eutrophication of the remains to be seen, but if temperature stratification increases and N:P ratio continues to decline, this will also create conditions that are favourable for cyanobacteria blooms in this relatively pristine sea area. Several recent modelling studies conclude that nutrient abatement according to will in the long run counteract the climate-induced increase in nutrient loading and lead to decreased eutrophication (Meier et al. , 2018; Ehrnsten et al. , 2019a; Murray et al. , 2019; Pihlainen et al. , 2020). Based on oceanographic–biogeochemical modelling, it has also been suggested that hypoxia will eventually diminish (Meier et al. , 2021) and that extreme cyanobacteria blooms will no longer occur in the future, if nutrient loadings will be lowered according to BSAP despite the proceeding climate change (Meier et al. , 2019a). To sum up, the fate of the level of primary production and level of eutrophication will depend on various intertwined factors and processes and on the development of both the climate and society. Changes in primary production will impact interactions between the main trophic levels, i. e. phytoplankton, detritus, zoobenthos, detritivores, benthivores, grazers, zooplanktivores and piscivores (Kiljunen et al. , 2020; Kortsch et al. , 2021). 5. 2 Trophic efficiency and consequences to the secondary production Recycling and build-up of carbon within the ecosystem determines the overall productivity and biomass of different trophic levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 39 11,935 585 13,603 575 12,458 539 12,107 DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The relatively small changes may be explained by the fact that responses to climate change are not uniform or unidirectional but vary from species group to another, within groups and even between sibling species. Species-specific responses, many feedbacks, altered trophic pathways and the possibility of species-level adaptation combine to make projections concerning the state of the ecosystem and trophic effects challenging. 6 Knowledge gaps The main challenge when analysing effects of climate change on the is the possible synergistic effects of climate with other environmental drivers, such as eutrophication, harmful substances and the introduction of non-indigenous species, which also may have profound impacts on ecosystems and their functioning (Reusch et al. , 2018; Stenseth et al. , 2020; Bonsdorff, 2021). Consequently there are numerous knowledge gaps, bottlenecks and issues of dissensus that weaken our ability to project the future biological processes, such as primary and secondary productivity, benthic–pelagic coupling and hypoxia, interactions between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish populations; and geographic shifts in macroalgal and invertebrate communities. Attribution of the observed phenomena to climate change is challenging because of the collinear, intertwined and interacting processes. It is especially difficult to distinguish the effects of anthropogenic global climate change from those of quasi-cyclic phenomena, such as the NAO or BSI, or from other more stochastic variations in climate. This is partly due to the slow pace of climatic variations and time lags between physical and chemical variations and ecosystem responses. A fairly small number of studies have investigated a period long enough to cover any larger number of NAO periods. Research into the long-term dynamics of the food webs in particular is still scarce (Törnroos et al. , 2019; Pecuchet et al. , 2020; Kortsch et al. , 2021). Field studies have ended up with different conclusions concerning past and present changes of the environment and the biota and their causes depending on time periods and data scrutinised. For instance, certain studies note that cyanobacteria have increased (Suikkanen et al. , 2013; Kuosa et al. , 2017), while others do not find proof for such a phenomenon (Griffiths et al. , 2020; Olofsson et al. , 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-12 Table 13: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP in TRP-100-x. +best.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree.

Output: corroborate