Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: C: cardiomyocytes, E: endothelial cells, M: vascular mural cells. N. S. , not significant; VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor. (quote from ref. 16 with revision). Several methods have been reported for cell sheet formation [67-69]. Among them, we have utilized temperature-responsive culture surface-based method [16]. This technique was made possible by using a culture dish covalently grafted with temperature-responsive polymer poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) which enables the generation of cell sheets without enzymatic digestion, retaining intact extracellular matrices or adhesion molecules [67]. The benefits of this technique have been demonstrated by many experiments of stem cell therapy such as the transplantation of monolayer adipose tissue-derived MSCs to the infarcted rat heart [23]. Recently, we have reported transplantation of a three-layered cardiac tissue sheet bioengineered with mouse ESC-derived defined cardiac cell populations in the infarcted heart (Figure 2) [16]. In both cases, increased tissue neovascularization together with a prominent attenuation of cardiac remodeling responsible for the improvement in cardiac function were demonstrated. Furthermore, our research indicated the potential for cell sheet-based prospective elucidation of the cellular mechanisms of cardiac restoration. The combinations of cell populations composing the transplanted cell sheets enabled us to elucidate the contributions of each cell type (for example, the comparison of cell sheets with or without cardiomyocytes is useful for the elucidation of the cellular function of cardiomyocytes). This cell-type controlled analysis led us to identify one of the important cellular mechanisms of cardiac restoration following cell therapy, that is, cardiomyocytes are essential for the functional improvement of ischemic heart through neovascularization (Figure 3). These results show that the tissue-like cell sheet system is advantageous for the elucidation of cardiac regenerative mechanism, as well as for therapeutic purposes. Advertisement 5. Future directionsOne future direction of this PSC-derived cell sheet technology is its utilization as a novel experimental tool for elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. Although the present results of clinical trials using stem cell therapy are marginal, further elucidation of the actual mechanisms of cardiac repair following cell therapy would enhance the potential of stem cell therapy to be a full-scale therapy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Например, в процессе применения современных методов растениеводства затрачивается значительное количество электроэнергии, в частности, при использовании технологии досвечивания.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Urho, L. , Auvinen, H. , Heikinheimo, O. , Lappalainen, J. , Raitaniemi, J. , and Söderkultalahti, P. : Climate warming and pikeperch year-class catches in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 40, 447–456, 2011. Pekcan-Hekim, Z. , Gårdmark, A. , Karlson, A. M. L. , Kauppila, P. , Bergenius, M. , and Bergström, L. : The role of climate and fisheries on the temporal changes in the foodweb, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 73, 1739–1749, 2016. Philippart, C. J. M. , Anadon, R. , Danovaro, R. ,. , O'Sullivan, G. , and Reid, P. C. : Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems: Observations, expectations and indicators, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 400, 52–69, 2011. Pihlainen, S. , Zandersen, M. , Hyytiäinen, K. , Andersen, H. E. , Bartosova, A. , Gustafsson, B. , Jabloun, M. , McCrackin, M. , Meier, H. M. , and Olesen, J. E. : Impacts of changing society and climate on nutrient loading to the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 731, 138935, 2020. Puttonen, I. , Mattila, J. , Jonsson, P. , Karlsson, O. M. , Kohonen, T. , Kotilainen, A. , Lukkari, K. , Malmaeus, J. M. , and Rydin, E. : Distribution and estimated release of sediment phosphorus in the northern archipelagos, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 145, 9–21, 2014. Puttonen, I. , Kohonen, T. , and Mattila, J. : Factors controlling phosphorus release from sediments in coastal archipelago areas, Mar. Pollut. Bull.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Mand HauschkaS. D1996Skeletal myoblast transplantation for repair of myocardial necrosis. J 982512252311. . VColettaMet al2004Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. 9591192112. RosenzweigA2006Cardiac cell therapy--mixed results from mixed cells. N Med 35512741277 13. ThomsonJ. AItskovitz-eldorJShapiroS. SWaknitzM. ASwiergielJ. JMarshallV. SJonesJ. M1998Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 2821145114714. 2007Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 13186187215. KocherA. ASchusterM. DSzabolcsM. . MItescuS2001Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. 743043616. al2012Pluripotent stem cell-engineered cell sheets reassembled with defined cardiovascular populations ameliorate reduction in infarct heart function through cardiomyocyte-mediated neovascularization. 3011961205 17. . -ginardBBodineD. Met al2001Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 41070170518. -ginardBBodineD. MLeriAand AnversaP2001Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. . 98103441034919. MurryC. ESoonpaaM. . ORubartMPasumarthiK. BViragJ. IBartelmezS. HPoppaVet al2004Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 42866466820. JiangYJahagirdarB. NReinhardtR. LSchwartzR. EKeeneC. DOrtiz-gonzalezX. al2002Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Такая технология определена в Правилах предоставления и распределения субсидий из федерального бюджета бюджетам субъектов Российской Федерации на стимулирование развития приоритетных подотраслей агропромышленного комплекса и развитие малых форм хозяйствования (приложение № 8 к Государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия)1 как технология круглогодичного выращивания

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 108, 77–86, 2016. Queiros, A. M. , Talbot, E. ,. , Pascoe, C. , Dedman, S. , Fernandes, J. A. , Jueterbock, A. ,. ,. , Rilov, G. , and Aonghusa, C. N. : Bright spots as climate-smart marine spatial planning tools for conservation and blue growth, Glob. Change Biol. , 27, 5514–5531, 2021. Reusch, T. B. H. , Dierking, J. , Andersson, H. C. , Bonsdorff, E. , Carstensen, J. , Casini, M. , Czajkowski, M. , Hasler, B. , Hinsby, K. , Hyytiainen, K. , Johannesson, K. , Jomaa, S. , Jormalainen, V. , Kuosa, H. , Kurland, S. , Laikre, L. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Margonski, P. , Melzner, F. , Oesterwind, D. , Ojaveer, H. , Refsgaard, J. C. , Sandström, A. , Schwarz, G. , Tonderski, K. , Winder, M. , and Zandersen, M. : Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean, Science Advances, 4, eaar8195, 2018. Rinne, H. and Salovius-Laurén, S. : The status of brown macroalgae Fucus spp. and its relation to environmental variation in the Finnish marine area, northern Baltic Sea, Ambio, 49, 118–129, 2020. Röhr, M. E. , Boström, C. , Canal-Vergés, P. , and Holmer, M. : Blue carbon stocks in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows, Biogeosciences, 13, 6139–6153, 2016. Rolff, C. and Elfwing, T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: TakahashiKand YamanakaS2006Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 12666367651. MurryC. Eand KellerG2008Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development. Cell 13266168052. 2000Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors. Nature 408929653. YamashitaJ. KTakanoMHiraoka-kanie2005Prospective identification of cardiac progenitors by a novel single cell-based cardiomyocyte induction. 191534153654. LaflammeM. AChenK. YNaumovaA. VMuskheliVFugateJ. ADuprasS. al2007Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. 251015102455. . KYurugi-kobayashi. HSawadaNFukunagaYet al2007Pathway for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to vascular cell components and their potential for vascular regeneration. 272127213456. Van LaakeL. WPassierRMonshouwer-klootsJVerkleijA. JLipsD. -van (2007Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes survive and mature in the mouse heart and transiently improve function after myocardial infarction. Res. 192457. . K2008Directed and systematic differentiation of cardiovascular cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 11849850658. . K2011Efficient and scalable purification of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells by VCAM1 surface expression. PLoS One 6,e23657. 59. BlumBand BenvenistyN2008The tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells. Res 10013315860. al2011A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells. 840941261. al2011Integration-free iPS cells engineered using human artificial chromosome vectors. PLoS One 6,e25961. 62. . Jand PrósperF2011Adult stem cells: from new cell sources to changes in methodology. J Res 415416063.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , J. Phycol. , 54, 888–898, 2018b. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Sjoroos, J. , and Jormalainen, V. : Variations in tolerance to climate change in a key littoral herbivore, Mar. Biol. , 165, 1–11, 2018c. and Savchuk, O. P. : Model estimates of the eutrophication of the in the contemporary and future climate, Oceanology, 56, 36–45, 2016. Saha, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Somerfield, P. J. , Al-Janabi, B. , Beck, M. , Brakel, J. , Ito, M. , Pansch, C. , Nascimento-. , and Sawall, Y. : Response of foundation macrophytes to near-natural simulated marine heatwaves, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 417–430, 2020. Sahla, M. , Tolvanen, H. , Ruuskanen, A. , and Kurvinen, L. : Assessing long term change of Fucus spp. communities in the northern using monitoring data and spatial modeling, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 245, 107023, 2020. Salo, T. , Mattila, J. , and Eklöf, J. : Long-term warming affects ecosystem functioning through species turnover and intraspecific trait variation, Oikos, 129, 283–295, 2020. Saraiva, S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. , Höglund, A. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Hordoir, R. , and Eilola, K. : ecosystem response to various nutrient load scenarios in present and future climates, Clim. Dynam. , 52, 3369–3387, 2018. Saraiva, S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. , Höglund, A. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Hordoir, R. , and Eilola, K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 162197-2206. Aoki, T. , Ohnishi, H. , Oda, Y. , et al. (2010). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human adipose-derived stem cells without c-MYC. Tissue Eng. Part A. 16, 2197–2206. CrossrefPubMed2003. Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 functionGenes Dev. 17126-140. Avilion, A. , Nicolis, S. , Pevny, L. , et al. (2003). Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function. Genes Dev. 17, 126–140. CrossrefPubMed2007. Localization of the developmental timing regulator Lin28 to mRNP complexes, P-bodies and stress granulesRNA Biol. 416-25. Balzer, E. , and Moss, E. G. (2007). Localization of the developmental timing regulator Lin28 to mRNP complexes, P-bodies and stress granules. RNA Biol. 4, 16–25. CrossrefPubMed2011. Efficient generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vectorsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA10814234-14239. Ban, H. , Nishishita, N. , Fusaki, N. , et al. (2011). Efficient generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 14234–14239. CrossrefPubMed2009. Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cellsNature46191-94. (2009). Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 461, 91–94. CrossrefPubMed2005. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cellsCell122947-956. Boyer, L. , Lee, T. , Cole, M. , et al. (2005). Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122, 947–956. CrossrefPubMed2006.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Synergistic effects of extreme temperature and low salinity on foundational macroalga Fucus vesiculosus in the northern Baltic Sea, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 495, 110–118, 2017b. Tedesco, L. , Piroddi, C. , Kamari, M. , and Lynam, C. : Capabilities of models to assess environmental status for marine biodiversity, Mar. Policy, 70, 1–12, 2016. Tedesco, L. , Miettunen, E. , An, B. W. , Haapala, J. , and Kaartokallio, H. : Long-term mesoscale variability of modelled sea-ice primary production in the northern Baltic Sea, Elementa-Sci. Anthrop. , 5, 26, 2017. : Assessment of climate change for the basin, Studies, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 473ṗp. , ISBN 978-3-540-72786-6, 2008. : of for the 501 pp. , 2015. Thomas, D. N. , Kaartokallio, H. , Tedesco, L. , Majaneva, M. , Piiparinen, J. , Eronen-Rasimus, E. , Rintala, J. -M. , Kuosa, H. , Blomster, J. , and Vainio, J. : Life associated with ice, in: Biological oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer, 333–357, 2017. Tilman, D. : Functional diversity, Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 3, 109–120, 2001. Timmermann, K. , Norkko, J. , Janas, U. , Norkko, A. , Gustafsson, B. G. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Modelling macrofaunal biomass in relation to hypoxia and nutrient loading, J. Marine Syst. , 105, 60–69, 2012. Tomczak, M. T. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Blenckner, T. , Ehrnsten, E. , Eero, M. , Gustafsson, B. , Norkko, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cellsNature441349-353. Boyer, L. A. , Plath, K. , Zeitlinger, J. , et al. (2006). Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 441, 349–353. CrossrefPubMed2008. Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cellsCell2151-159. Brambrink, T. , Foreman, R. , Welstead, G. G. , et al. (2008). Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell 2, 151–159. CrossrefPubMed1952. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA38455-463. Briggs, R. , and King, T. J. (1952). Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 455–463. CrossrefPubMed1974. The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent developmentJ. Exp. Med. 1401049-1056. Brinster, R. L. (1974). The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J. Exp. Med. 140, 1049–1056. CrossrefPubMed2009. A robust and highly efficient immune cell reprogramming systemCell5554-566. Bussmann, L. H. , Schubert, A. , Vu Manh, T. P. , et al. (2009). A robust and highly efficient immune cell reprogramming system. Cell 5, 554–566. CrossrefPubMed2009. Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vectorProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA106157-162. Carey, B. W. , Markoulaki, S. , Hanna, J. , et al. (2009). Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector. Proc. Natl. Acad.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Более того, в специальной литературе утверждается, что «новые возможности по использованию возобновляемых источников энергии, повышению эффективности и коренному изменению технологий сельхозпроизводства, приближению переработки сельхозпродуктов к производству будут способствовать росту конкурентоспособности данных территорий в большей степени, чем городов»7. Для применения ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве есть свои специфические основания.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Tamminen, T. , Viitasalo, M. , Voss, M. , Wasmund, N. , and Wulff, F. : Internal ecosystem feedbacks enhance nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms and complicate management in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 186–194, 2007. Vehmaa, A. , Hogfors, H. , Gorokhova, E. , Brutemark, A. , Holmborn, T. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Projected marine climate change: effects on copepod oxidative status and reproduction, Ecol. Evol. , 3, 4548–4557, 2013. Vehmaa, A. , Almén, A. -K. , Brutemark, A. , Paul, A. , Riebesell, U. , Furuhagen, S. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Ocean acidification challenges copepod phenotypic plasticity, Biogeosciences, 13, 6171–6182, 2016. Vigouroux, G. , Kari, E. , Beltrán-Abaunza, J. M. , Uotila, P. , Yuan, D. , and Destouni, G. : Trend correlations for coastal eutrophication and its main local and whole-sea drivers–Application to the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 779, 146367, 2021. Viitasalo, M. , Blenckner, T. , Gårdmark, A. , Kautsky, L. , Kaartokallio, H. , Kuosa, H. , Lindegren, M. , Norkko, A. , Olli, K. , and Wikner, J. : Environmental impacts – Marine ecosystems, in: of for the basin, edited by: 363–380, ISBN 978-3-319-16006-1, 2015. Villnäs, A. , Norkko, A. , and Lehtonen, K. K. : Multi-level responses of Macoma balthica to recurring hypoxic disturbance, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 510, 64–72, 2019. Virtanen, E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Sci. USA 106, 157–162. CrossrefPubMed2010. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulationBlood116386-395. (2010). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation. Blood 116, 386–395. CrossrefPubMed2008. Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cellsCell1331106-1117. Chen, X. , Xu, H. , Yuan, P. , et al. (2008). Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells. Cell 133, 1106–1117. CrossrefPubMed2010. Applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; focused on disease modeling, drug screening and therapeutic potentials for liver diseaseInt. J. Biol. Sci. 6796-805. Chun, Y. S. , Chaudhari, P. , and Jang, Y. Y. (2010). Applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; focused on disease modeling, drug screening and therapeutic potentials for liver disease. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 6, 796–805. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation and application of human iPS cellsChin. Sci. Bull. 549-13. Cui, C. , Rao, L. J. , Cheng, L. Z. , et al. (2009). Generation and application of human iPS cells. Chin. Sci. Bull. 54, 9–13. Crossref1987. Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblastsCell51987-1000. Davis, R. L. ,Weintraub, H. , and Lassar, A. B. (1987). Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 51, 987–1000. CrossrefPubMed2009. Targeted bisulfite sequencing reveals changes in DNA methylation associated with nuclear reprogrammingNat. Biotechnol. 27353-360. Deng, J. , Shoemaker, R. , Xie, B. , et al. (2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A. , Viitasalo, M. , Lappalainen, J. , and Moilanen, A. : Evaluation, gap analysis, and potential expansion of the Finnish marine protected area network, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 402, 2018. Virtanen, E. A. , Norkko, A. , Nyström Sandman, A. , and Viitasalo, M. : Identifying areas prone to coastal hypoxia – the role of topography, Biogeosciences, 16, 3183–3195, 2019. Virtanen, E. A. , Moilanen, A. , and Viitasalo, M. : Marine connectivity in spatial conservation planning: analogues from the terrestrial realm, Landscape Ecol. , 35, 1021–1034, 2020. Voss, M. , Larsen, B. , Leivuori, M. , and Vallius, H. : Stable isotope signals of eutrophication in sediments, J. Marine Syst. , 25, 287–298, 2000. Voss, M. , Dippner, J. W. , Humborg, C. , Hurdler, J. , Korth, F. , Neumann, T. , Schernewski, G. , and Venohr, M. : History and scenarios of future development of eutrophication, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 92, 307–322, 2011. Voss, R. , and Tahvonen, O. : Temperature change and Baltic sprat: from observations to ecological-economic modelling, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 68, 1244–1256, 2011. Voss, R. , Petereit, C. , Schmidt, J. O. , Lehmann, A. , Makarchouk, A. , and Hinrichsen, H. H. : The spatial dimension of climate-driven temperature change in the and its implication for cod and sprat early life stage survival, J. Marine Syst. , 100, 1–8, 2012. Vuorinen, I. , Hänninen, J. , Rajasilta, M. , Laine, P. , Eklund, J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Targeted bisulfite sequencing reveals changes in DNA methylation associated with nuclear reprogramming. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 353–360. CrossrefPubMed2010. Using small molecules to improve generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cellsMethods Mol. Biol. 636207-218. Desponts, C. , and Ding, S. (2010). Using small molecules to improve generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 636, 207–218. CrossrefPubMed2008. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neuronsScience3211218-1221. (2008). Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons. Science 321, 1218–1221. CrossrefPubMed2009. Induced pluripotent stem cells from a spinal muscular atrophy patientNature. 457277-280. Ebert, A. D. , Yu, J. , Rose, F. F. , Jr. , et al. (2009). Induced pluripotent stem cells from a spinal muscular atrophy patient. Nature. 457, 277–280. CrossrefPubMed2008. Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expressionStem Cells262467-2674. Eminli, S. , Utikal, J. , Arnold, K. , et al. (2008). Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expression. 26, 2467–2674. CrossrefPubMed2005. Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cellsHum. Mol. Genet. 143129-3140. Enver, T. , Soneji, S. , Joshi, C. , et al. (2005). Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 3129–3140. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from Tibetan miniature pigJ. Biol. Chem. 28417634-17640. Esteban, M. A. , Xu, J.

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text:  Биоэнергетика в устойчивом развитии сельского хозяйства: проблемы и перспективы развития отрасли/ Сельское хозяйство. 2020. № 4. С. 21–30. DOI: 10. 7256/2453-8809. 2020. 4. 35335

12. См. : URL: <a target=_blank href=" (дата обращения: 06. 12. 2021). 8 На сельских территориях возможно использование энергии солнца: национальным стандартом Российской Федерации «Возобновляемая энергетика. Гибридные электростанции на основе возобновляемых источников энергии, предназначенные для сельской электрификации.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Montesino-Pouzols, F. , Corona, F. , Junker, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , and Dippner, J. W. : Scenario simulations of future salinity and ecological consequences in the and adjacent areas – Implications for environmental monitoring, Ecol. Indic. , 53, 294–294, 2015. Wahl, M. , Werner, F. J. , Buchholz, B. , Raddatz, S. , Graiff, A. , Matthiessen, B. , Karsten, U. , Hiebenthal, C. , Hamer, J. , Ito, M. , Gulzow, E. , Rilov, G. , and Guy-Haim, T. : Season affects strength and direction of the interactive impacts of ocean warming and biotic stress in a coastal seaweed ecosystem, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 807–827, 2019. Wahl, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Buchholz, B. , Dobretsov, S. , Guy-Haim, T. , Rilov, G. , Schuett, R. , Wolf, F. , Vajedsamiei, J. , Yazdanpanah, M. , and Pansch, C. : Pulsed pressure: Fluctuating impacts of multifactorial environmental change on a temperate macroalgal community, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 66, 4210–4226, 2021. Wåhlström, I. , Höglund, A. , Almroth-Rosell, E. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Gröger, M. , Eilola, K. , Plikshs, M. , and Andersson, H. C. : Combined climate change and nutrient load impacts on future habitats and eutrophication indicators in a eutrophic coastal sea, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 2170–2187, 2020. Wasmund, N. , Tuimala, J. , Suikkanen, S. , Vandepitte, L. , and Kraberg, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , Yang, J. , et al. (2009). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from Tibetan miniature pig. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 17634–17640. CrossrefPubMed1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryosNature292154-156. Evans, M. J. , and Kaufman, M. H. (1981). Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292, 154–156. CrossrefPubMed2012. An orthogonal comparison of the proteome of human embryonic stem cells with that of human induced pluripotent stem cells of different genetic backgroundMol. Biosyst. 81833-1840. Faradonbeh, M. Z. , Gharechahi, J. , Mollamohammadi, S. , et al. (2012). An orthogonal comparison of the proteome of human embryonic stem cells with that of human induced pluripotent stem cells of different genetic background. Mol. Biosyst. 8, 1833–1840. CrossrefPubMed2010. Hemangioblastic derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit limited expansion and early senescenceStem Cells28704-712. Feng, Q. , Lu, S. J. , Klimanskaya, I. , et al. (2010). Hemangioblastic derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit limited expansion and early senescence. 28, 704–712. CrossrefPubMed2012. Embryonic stem cells induce pluripotency in somatic cell fusion through biphasic reprogrammingMol. Cell46159-170. . , et al. (2012). Embryonic stem cells induce pluripotency in somatic cell fusion through biphasic reprogramming. Mol. Cell 46, 159–170. CrossrefPubMed2009. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genomeProc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 85348-362. Fusaki, N. , Ban, H. , Nishiyama, A. , et al. (2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: 13 Подчеркнем, что ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве однозначно не следует рассматривать только в контексте модной повестки дня, их использование должно найти свою нишу в сельскохозяйственном производстве и в обеспечении жизни людей в сельских районах только в тех случаях, когда это действительно востребовано (например, отсутствие доступа сельских территорий к устойчивому энергоснабжению) и является экономически и экологически обоснованным (или в перспективе м

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Eriksson, S. P. : Health and population-dependent effects of ocean acidification on the marine isopod Idotea balthica, Mar. Biol. , 161, 2423–2431, 2014. Woods, P. , Macdonald, J. , Bárðarson, H. , Bonanomi, S. , Boonstra, W. , Cornell, G. , Cripps, G. , Danielsen, R. , Färber, L. , and Ferreira, A. : A review of adaptation options in fisheries management to support resilience and transition under socio-ecological change, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 79, 463–479, 2021. Wulff, A. , Karlberg, M. , Olofsson, M. , Torstensson, A. , Riemann, L. , Steinhoff, F. S. , Mohlin, M. , Ekstrand, N. , and Chierici, M. : Ocean acidification and desalination: climate-driven change in a summer microplanktonic community, Mar. Biol. , 165, 1–15, 2018. Yletyinen, J. , Bodin, O. , Weigel, B. , Nordström, M. C. , Bonsdorff, E. , and Blenckner, T. : Regime shifts in marine communities: a complex systems perspective on food web dynamics, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 283, 20152569, 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 85, 348–362. CrossrefPubMed2010. Amniotic fluid cells are more efficiently reprogrammed to pluripotency than adult cellsCell. Reprogram. 12117-125. Galende, E. , Karakikes, I. , Edelmann, L. , et al. (2010). Amniotic fluid cells are more efficiently reprogrammed to pluripotency than adult cells. Cell. Reprogram. 12, 117–125. CrossrefPubMed2009. Chd1 regulates open chromatin and pluripotency of embryonic stem cellsNature460863-868. Gaspar-Maia, A. , Alajem, A. , Polesso, F. , et al. (2009). Chd1 regulates open chromatin and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nature 460, 863–868. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood using OCT4 and SOX2Cell5353-357. Giorgetti, A. , Montserrat, N. , Aasen, T. , et al. (2009). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood using OCT4 and SOX2. Cell 5, 353–357. CrossrefPubMed2009. Klf4 reverts developmentally programmed restriction of ground state pluripotencyDevelopment. 1361063-1069. Guo, G. , Yang, J. , Nichols, J. , et al. (2009). Klf4 reverts developmentally programmed restriction of ground state pluripotency. Development. 136, 1063–1069. CrossrefPubMed1962. The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpolesJ. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 10622-640. Gurdon, J. B. (1962). The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 10, 622–640.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Подчеркнем, что ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве однозначно не следует рассматривать только в контексте модной повестки дня, их использование должно найти свою нишу в сельскохозяйственном производстве и в обеспечении жизни людей в сельских районах только в тех случаях, когда это действительно востребовано (например, отсутствие доступа сельских территорий к устойчивому энергоснабжению) и является экономически и экологически обоснованным (или в перспективе мо�

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: To account for possible spatial autocorrelation in model coefficients, we spatially-kriged the residuals of each distribution model using inverse-distance squared weightings and creating new distribution models with same sub-sampled distribution data, but with this variable included as an autocovariate39. The results provided in the main text are from a final probabilistic weighted (by cross-validation ) ensemble distribution of the 60 distributions for each species and period, constructed using the Biomod2 package40 for R26. Additionally, we investigated whether our results could be caused by 100m resolution models, based only on data from the Lizard, underestimating species’ full climate envelope. To do so, we used the models derived from the two sets of macroclimate data to project species distributions using the 100m climate data. Model validation We independently evaluated the ensemble models by computing sensitivity and specificity and determining the number of times they correctly predicted establishments and extinctions between time periods. Probabilistic projections of species distributions were thus converted to binary outputs using a predicted probability of occurrence threshold set separately for each model and species, that ensured that 90% of observe presences occurred in grid cells with suitable climate. To account for incomplete observer coverage, and hence the likelihood that an apparent absence in either period is a false absence, we computed the number of cells in which establishment, extinction, persistence and absence (in both periods) were predicted by each ensemble model. We then generated an equivalent number of each possibility randomly and assessed model performance in the same way. The randomisation process was repeated 10,000 times, and the proportion of times the model performed better than random assessed. To ensure our results were robust to the method for thresholding suitable climate, we re-ran our analysis using 0. 5 for all species, and found qualitatively similar results. Distribution shifts To calculate the distance over which species must move to keep pace with climate, we again converted the probabilistic projections of species distributions to binary output. European projections of probability of occurrence were resampled to a UTM equal area projection prior to calculation. Then, for each historically occupied grid cell, we calculated the centre-to-centre distance between that grid cells and the nearest location with climatically suitable location under present day conditions, setting this distance at zero if the grid cell was to be occupied in both periods. 10. 5065/D6W957CT (2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: PubMed1975. The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogsJ. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 3493-112. Gurdon, J. B. , Laskey, R. A. , and Reeves, O. R. (1975). The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 34, 93–112. PubMed2003. Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA10011819-11822. Gurdon, J. B. , Byrne, J. A. , and Simonsson, S. (2003). Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11819–11822. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a four transcription factor, doxycycline inducible lentiviral transduction systemJ. Vis. Exp. 331447. Hamilton, B. , Feng, Q. , Ye, M. , et al. (2009). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a four transcription factor, doxycycline inducible lentiviral transduction system. J. Vis. Exp. 33, 1447. PubMed2011. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from bovine embryonic fibroblast cellsCell Res. 211509-1512. Han, X. , Han, J. , Ding, F. , et al. (2011). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from bovine embryonic fibroblast cells. Cell Res. 21, 1509–1512. CrossrefPubMed2007. Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skinScience3181920-1923. Hanna, J. , Wernig, M. , Markoulaki, S. , et al. (2007). Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skin. Science 318, 1920–1923. CrossrefPubMed2002.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Причем использование ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве обостряет проблему сокращения площадей земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, включая сельскохозяйственные угодья, за счет размещения энергетических объектов17. 16. Горюнова Н. Н. , Огунлана А. О. Возобновляемые источники энергии как основа реализации Парижского соглашения по снижению выбросов парниковых газов в России/ Общество: политика, экономика, право. 2017. № 2. С. 34 - 37. 17. См. об этом, напр. : Краснова И.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 30 & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International journal of Climatology 25, 1965-1978 (2005). 31 Bennallick, I. et al. Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. 2 edn, (Croceago Press, Praze-an-Beeble, 2009). 32 Preston, C. D. , Pearman, D. & Dines, T. D. of the British & Irish flora. (Press, 2002). 33 Kurtto, A. , Sennikov, A. & Lampinen, R. Atlas florae europaeae. (for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Fennica Vanamo. 2016). 34 Pearson, R. G. & Dawson, T. P. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful? and Biogeography 12, 361-371 (2003). 35 Petitpierre, B. , Broennimann, O. , Kueffer, C. , Daehler, C. & Guisan, A. Selecting predictors to maximize the transferability of species distribution models: Lessons from cross‐continental plant invasions. and Biogeography 26, 275-287 (2017). 36 Phillips, S. J. & Dudík, M. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31, 161-175 (2008). 37 Hastie, T. J. & Tibshirani, R. J. Models. Vol. 43 (CRC Press, 1990). 38 Breiman, L. Random forests. 45, 5-32 (2001). 39 F Dormann, C. et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 30, 609-628 (2007). 40 Thuiller, W. , Georges, D. , Engler, R. , Georges, M. D. & Thuiller, C. W. Package ‘biomod2’. (2012). Additional DeclarationsThere is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary FilesSuppInfoFinal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cellsNature4151035-1038. Hochedlinger, K. , and Jaenisch, R. (2002). Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cells. Nature 415, 1035–1038. CrossrefPubMed797. Huangfu, D. , Maehr, R. , Guo, W. , et al. (2008a). Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 795–797. CrossrefPubMed1275. Huangfu, D. , Osafune, K. , Maehr, R. , et al. (2008b). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from primary human fibroblasts with only Oct4 and Sox2. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 1269–1275. CrossrefPubMed2011. Copy number variation and selection during reprogramming to pluripotencyNature47158-62. . , et al. (2011). Copy number variation and selection during reprogramming to pluripotency. Nature 471, 58–62. CrossrefPubMed2005. Generation of cloned mice by direct nuclear transfer from natural killer T cellsCurr. Biol. 151114-1148. Inoue, K. , Wakao, H. , Ogonuki, N. , et al. (2005). Generation of cloned mice by direct nuclear transfer from natural killer T cells. Curr. Biol. 15, 1114–1148. CrossrefPubMed2008. Stem cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear reprogrammingCell132567-582. Jaenisch, R. , and Young, R. (2008). Stem cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. Cell 132, 567–582. CrossrefPubMed2010. A nonviral minicircle vector for deriving human iPS cellsNat. Methods7197-199. Jia, F. , Wilson, K. D. , Sun, N. , et al. (2010). A nonviral minicircle vector for deriving human iPS cells. Nat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: О. Зарубежный опыт правового регулирования использования возобновляемых источников энергии/ Экологическое право. 2019. № 4. С. 23–29. Экономистами и другими исследователями неоднократно отмечались недостатки использования ВИЭ. Так, Н. Н. Горюнова и А. О. Огунлана заключают: «К существенным недостаткам ВИЭ можно отнести нестабильность выработки энергии, относительно низкий КПД, высокую стоимость установки.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (738 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (738 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/bg-21-1629-2024, 2024 Short summary Co-editor-in-chief Short summary Rate-of-change records based on compositional data are ambiguous as they may rise irrespective of the underlying trajectory of ecosystems. We emphasize the importance of characterizing both the direction and the rate of palaeoecological changes in terms of key features of ecosystems rather than solely on community composition. Past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to rapidly recover important ecological attributes and functions. Hide Co-editor-in-chief Ecosystems are, in many ways, changing more rapidly than they have in the past. Rapid past ecological changes can provide critical insight into how to best understand ecosystem function to improve ecological restoration, but a historic focus on community composition in the paleoecological literature can obscure the causes of these changes, making mechanisms unclear. The authors demonstrate a path forward using pollen and diatom records from a lake in the to construct a narrative of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem changes that combines well-established vegetation changes with rapid changes to water management changes to explore how rapidly the ecosystem responds to perturbations, and how aquatic function has been restored after pollution events. Doing so provides new insight into how to use the paleoecological record to understand restoration success and the time scales upon which ecosystem changes occur. örer, and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2623', #1, 22 Dec 2023 The manuscript "Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration" focuses on data analysis for the past 150 years from di Avigliana lake. This is a very well written manuscript dealing with relevant environmental concerns, such as biodiversity and its restoration. I think that one of the relevant messages that makes this paper very interesting is the documentation of past acceleration of community transformation and the use of palaeoecological indicators. I would also like to highlight that the authors made an effort to include policy context.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Methods 7, 197–199. CrossrefPubMed2009. Virus free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factorsNature458771-775. Kaji, K. , Norrby, K. , Paca, A. , et al. (2009). Virus free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors. Nature 458, 771–775. CrossrefPubMed2005. LIF/STAT3 controls ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency by a Myc-dependentDevelopment132885-896. Kanakura, P. , McLean, C. , Sheppard, A. , et al. (2005). LIF/STAT3 controls ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency by a Myc-dependent. Development 132, 885–896. CrossrefPubMed1977. Studies of the developmental potential of 4- and 8-cell stage mouse blastomeresJ. Exp. Zool. 200365-376. Kelly, S. J. (1977). Studies of the developmental potential of 4- and 8-cell stage mouse blastomeres. J. Exp. Zool. 200, 365–376. CrossrefPubMed2008. An extended transcriptional network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cellsCell1321049-1061. Kim, J. , Chu, J. , Shen, X. , et al. (2008). An extended transcriptional network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Cell 132, 1049–1061. CrossrefPubMed476. Kim, D. , Kim, C. H. , Moon, J. I. , et al. (2009a). Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell 4, 472–476. CrossrefPubMed653. Kim, J. B. , Greber, B. , Arauzo-Bravo, M. J. , et al. (2009b). Direct reprogramming of human neural stem cells by OCT4. Nature 461, 649–653. CrossrefPubMed2010. Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cellsNature467285-290. Kim, K. , Doi, A. , Wen, B. , et al. (2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Несмотря на условную “экологическую чистоту” ВИЭ, их использование сопровождается также некоторыми негативными эффектами: изъятием значительных площадей земель, изменениями в ландшафте, шумовым загрязнением, воздействием на флору и фауну»16.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Overall, the paper is clear, well-structured, methodologically robust, and with an excellent quality. However, there are some minor aspects that to me requires a bit of improvement. 1) why the authors focused on di Avigliana requires a bit more of explanation. I'm assuming that might be for the quality of the chronology and available data (some information on the section called "context"). However, to me, the manuscript could improve if the authors include a paragraph justifying the choice of study site and also why the results from this lake have the potential to help improving our understanding on restoration of ecosystems. 2) I found methods a bit short and limited in detail. How about including some of the information currently placed in the 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2623-RC1 AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Walter Finsinger, 19 Jan 2024 Dear RC1,Many thanks for the overall positive assessment of our manuscript. We send you a detailed response to each of your comments in the attached document. Best regards,and co-authors. Citation: RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2623', Alistair W. R. Seddon, 08 Jan 2024 The paper explores ideas related rate-of-change (RoC) analysis, using a published diatom and pollen dataset from the to move beyond RoC analysis of palaeoecological assemblages and towards ecological properties. They extend ideas of RoC analysis to look at the amount of change relative to baseline conditions. The main point is that whilst RoC analyses on assemblages can detect points of assemblage shifts, they can mask other important details (e. g. whether the changes are positive or negative in the context of management/ conservation). In moving towards temporal analysis of ecological properties the authors are also making a small step towards acknowledging palaeoecology’s potential contribution to assessing Variables (EBVs). I think the paper makes an important contribution since RoC curves (e. g. Mottl et al 2021) should always be assessed in the context of the ecological changes that are underlying them and this paper helps emphasise this point. The move towards highlighting the relevance of of palaeoecology for IPBES and EBVs is also very welcome. One important caveat is that even some derived ecosystem properties (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467, 285–290. CrossrefPubMed1964. Multipotentiality of single embryonal carcinoma cellsCancer Res. 241544-1551. Kleinsmith, L. J. , and Pierce, G. B. Jr. (1964). Multipotentiality of single embryonal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 24, 1544–1551. PubMed2006. Myc influences global chromatin structureEMBO J. 252723-2734. (2006). Myc influences global chromatin structure. EMBO J. 25, 2723–2734. CrossrefPubMed2000. Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokinesNature407383-386. Kondo, M. , Scherer, D. C. , Miyamoto, T. , et al. (2000). Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokines. Nature 407, 383–386. CrossrefPubMed2011. Dynamic changes in the copy number of pluripotency and cell proliferation genes in human ESCs and iPSCs during reprogramming and time in cultureCell8106-118. Laurent, L. C. , Ulitsky, I. , Slavin, I. , et al. (2011). Dynamic changes in the copy number of pluripotency and cell proliferation genes in human ESCs and iPSCs during reprogramming and time in culture. Cell 8, 106–118. CrossrefPubMed2009. Modelling pathogenesis and treatment of familial dysautonomia using patient-specific iPSCsNature461402-406. Lee, G. , Papapetrou, E. P. , Kim, H. , et al. (2009). Modelling pathogenesis and treatment of familial dysautonomia using patient-specific iPSCs. Nature 461, 402–406. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation of rat and human induced pluripotent stem cells by combining genetic reprogramming and chemical inhibitorsCell416-19. Li, W. , Wei, W. , Zhu, S. , et al. (2009). Generation of rat and human induced pluripotent stem cells by combining genetic reprogramming and chemical inhibitors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Причем использование ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве обостряет проблему сокращения площадей земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, включая сельскохозяйственные угодья, за счет размещения энергетических объектов17. Экономистами и другими исследователями неоднократно отмечались недостатки использования ВИЭ. Так, Н. Н. Горюнова и А. О.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: in this instance, tree cover inferred from arboreal pollen percentages) are also context dependent. Whilst increases in tree cover (i. e. ‘positive’ rates of change) might be viewed favourably in the context of the ecological restoration for this alpine ecosystem, in other locations (e. g. grasslands) increases in tree cover might not necessarily be representative of a positive change in terms of restoration (e. g. Veldmann et al. 2019, DOI: 10. 1126/science. aay7976). Thus, some derived ecosystem properties are likely to be as context dependent as the pollen/ diatom assemblages themselves. This is an important point to make if the approaches used on ecosystem properties are further generalized and I think this should be emphasized in the discussion. A second critique, particularly from the pollen data, is that there are obvious potential representation preservation issues that are not taken into account when RoCs on pollen assemblages are analysed, which can be addressed by correction by pollen production values and through methods such as modelling. If palaeoecology is going to move towards EBVs then I think here would be as good a place as any to at least reference this critique in reference to recently published RoC analysis and the analysis of the ecological properties derived in this specific study. The methods are quite brief in the main text, but even if I understand the papers is limited on space, I think you should move the paragraph about which baseline periods were selected from the 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2623-RC2 AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Walter Finsinger, 19 Jan 2024 Dear Prof. Alistair W. R. Seddon, Many thanks for the in-depth assessment of our manuscript. We send you a detailed response to each of your comments in the attached document. Best regards, and co-authors. Citation: Report abuse × Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. You might include your name and email but you can also stay anonymous. Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. Please confirm reCaptcha.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Cell 4, 16–19. CrossrefPubMed2011. Reprogramming of sheep fibroblasts into pluripotency under a drug-inducible expression of mouse-derived defined factorsPLoS One6e15947. Li, Y. , Cang, M. , Lee, A. S. , et al. (2011). Reprogramming of sheep fibroblasts into pluripotency under a drug-inducible expression of mouse-derived defined factors. PLoS One 6, e15947. CrossrefPubMed2005. Murine embryonic stem cell differentiation is promoted by SOCS-3 and inhibited by the zinc finger transcription factor Klf4Blood105635-637. Li, Y. , McClintick, J. , Zhong, L. , et al. (2005). Murine embryonic stem cell differentiation is promoted by SOCS-3 and inhibited by the zinc finger transcription factor Klf4. Blood 105, 635–637. CrossrefPubMed2009. A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCsNat. Methods6805-808. Lin, T. , Ambasudhan, R. , Yuan, X. , et al. (2009). A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nat. Methods. 6, 805–808. CrossrefPubMed2012. Generation and characterization of reprogrammed sheep induced pluripotent stem cellsTheriogenology77338-346. Liu, J. , Balehosur, D. , Murray, B. , et al. (2012). Generation and characterization of reprogrammed sheep induced pluripotent stem cells. Theriogenology 77, 338–346. CrossrefPubMed2008. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult rhesus monkey fibroblastsCell3587-590. Liu, H. , Zhu, F. , Yong, J. , et al. (2008). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult rhesus monkey fibroblasts. Cell 3, 587–590. CrossrefPubMed2012. Generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a cellular model of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyJ. . Ma, D. , Wei, H. , Lu, J.

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Причем использование ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве обостряет проблему сокращения площадей земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, включая сельскохозяйственные угодья, за счет размещения энергетических объектов17. 16. Горюнова Н. Н. , Огунлана А. О.  Возобновляемые источники энергии как основа реализации Парижского соглашения по снижению выбросов парниковых газов в России/ Общество: политика, экономика, право. 2017. № 2. С. 34 - 37.

17. См.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Comment* Name: Email: discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2623', #1, 22 Dec 2023 The manuscript "Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration" focuses on data analysis for the past 150 years from di Avigliana lake. This is a very well written manuscript dealing with relevant environmental concerns, such as biodiversity and its restoration. I think that one of the relevant messages that makes this paper very interesting is the documentation of past acceleration of community transformation and the use of palaeoecological indicators. I would also like to highlight that the authors made an effort to include policy context. Overall, the paper is clear, well-structured, methodologically robust, and with an excellent quality. However, there are some minor aspects that to me requires a bit of improvement. 1) why the authors focused on di Avigliana requires a bit more of explanation. I'm assuming that might be for the quality of the chronology and available data (some information on the section called "context"). However, to me, the manuscript could improve if the authors include a paragraph justifying the choice of study site and also why the results from this lake have the potential to help improving our understanding on restoration of ecosystems. 2) I found methods a bit short and limited in detail. How about including some of the information currently placed in the 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2623-RC1 AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Walter Finsinger, 19 Jan 2024 Dear RC1,Many thanks for the overall positive assessment of our manuscript. We send you a detailed response to each of your comments in the attached document. Best regards,and co-authors. Citation: RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2623', Alistair W. R. Seddon, 08 Jan 2024 The paper explores ideas related rate-of-change (RoC) analysis, using a published diatom and pollen dataset from the to move beyond RoC analysis of palaeoecological assemblages and towards ecological properties. They extend ideas of RoC analysis to look at the amount of change relative to baseline conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , et al. (2012). Generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a cellular model of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J. doi: 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehs226. Crossref2012. Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells by a nonintegrating RNA Sendai virus vector in feeder-free or xeno-free conditionsInt. . Macarthur, C. C. , Fontes, A. , Ravinder, N. , et al. (2012). Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells by a nonintegrating RNA Sendai virus vector in feeder-free or xeno-free conditions. Int. doi: 10. 1155/2012/564612. CrossrefPubMed2007. Directly reprogrammed fibroblasts show global epigenetic remodeling and widespread tissue contributionCell155-70. Maherali, N. , Sridharan, R. , Xie, W. , et al. (2007). Directly reprogrammed fibroblasts show global epigenetic remodeling and widespread tissue contribution. Cell 1, 55–70. CrossrefPubMed2008. A high-efficiency system for the generation and study of human induced pluripotent stem cellsCell3340-345. Maherali, N. , Ahfeldt, T. , Rigamonti, A. , et al. (2008). A high-efficiency system for the generation and study of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 3, 340–345. CrossrefPubMed2009. Transgenic mice with defined combinations of drug-inducible reprogramming factorsNat Biotechnol27169-171. Markoulaki, S. , Hanna, J. , Beard, C. , et al. (2009). Transgenic mice with defined combinations of drug-inducible reprogramming factors. 27, 169–171. CrossrefPubMed1981. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cellsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA787634-7638. Martin, G. R. (1981).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Полагаем, что вид используемого возобновляемого источника энергии с учетом существующих технологий может усложнять этот выбор вплоть до возникновения конфликта целей и интересов (использование энергии солнца предполагает занятие генераторами энергии земельных участков большой площади одновременно пригодных, скажем, для растениеводства; ветрогенераторы могут создавать проблемы для ведения животноводства и др. ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: The main point is that whilst RoC analyses on assemblages can detect points of assemblage shifts, they can mask other important details (e. g. whether the changes are positive or negative in the context of management/ conservation). In moving towards temporal analysis of ecological properties the authors are also making a small step towards acknowledging palaeoecology’s potential contribution to assessing Variables (EBVs). I think the paper makes an important contribution since RoC curves (e. g. Mottl et al 2021) should always be assessed in the context of the ecological changes that are underlying them and this paper helps emphasise this point. The move towards highlighting the relevance of of palaeoecology for IPBES and EBVs is also very welcome. One important caveat is that even some derived ecosystem properties (e. g. in this instance, tree cover inferred from arboreal pollen percentages) are also context dependent. Whilst increases in tree cover (i. e. ‘positive’ rates of change) might be viewed favourably in the context of the ecological restoration for this alpine ecosystem, in other locations (e. g. grasslands) increases in tree cover might not necessarily be representative of a positive change in terms of restoration (e. g. Veldmann et al. 2019, DOI: 10. 1126/science. aay7976). Thus, some derived ecosystem properties are likely to be as context dependent as the pollen/ diatom assemblages themselves. This is an important point to make if the approaches used on ecosystem properties are further generalized and I think this should be emphasized in the discussion. A second critique, particularly from the pollen data, is that there are obvious potential representation preservation issues that are not taken into account when RoCs on pollen assemblages are analysed, which can be addressed by correction by pollen production values and through methods such as modelling. If palaeoecology is going to move towards EBVs then I think here would be as good a place as any to at least reference this critique in reference to recently published RoC analysis and the analysis of the ecological properties derived in this specific study. The methods are quite brief in the main text, but even if I understand the papers is limited on space, I think you should move the paragraph about which baseline periods were selected from the 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7634–7638. CrossrefPubMed2007. Pluripotency governed by Sox2 via regulation of Oct3/4 expression in mouseNat. Cell Biol. 9625-635. Masui, S. , Nakatake, Y. , Toyooka, Y. , et al. (2007). Pluripotency governed by Sox2 via regulation of Oct3/4 expression in mouse. Nat. Cell Biol. 9, 625–635. CrossrefPubMed2004. Specific knockdown of Oct4 and beta2-microglobulin expression by RNA interferenceStem Cells22659-668. . , et al. (2004). Specific knockdown of Oct4 and beta2-microglobulin expression by RNA interference. 22, 659–668. CrossrefPubMed1992. Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem-cells from murine primordial germ-cells in cultureCell70841-847. Matsui, Y. , Zsebo, K. , and Hogan, B. L. M. (1992). Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem-cells from murine primordial germ-cells in culture. Cell 70, 841–847. CrossrefPubMed2007. Direct reprogramming of genetically unmodified fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cellsNat. Biotechnol. 251177-1181. Meissner, A. , Wernig, M. , and Jaenisch, R. (2007). Direct reprogramming of genetically unmodified fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 1177–1181. CrossrefPubMed2008. Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysisNature349-55. Mikkelsen, T. S. , Hanna, J. , Zhang, X. , et al. (2008). Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis. Nature 3, 49–55. Crossref1976. Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybridsCell945-55. Miller, R. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Полагаем, что вид используемого возобновляемого источника энергии с учетом существующих технологий может усложнять этот выбор вплоть до возникновения конфликта целей и интересов (использование энергии солнца предполагает занятие генераторами энергии земельных участков большой площади одновременно пригодных, скажем, для растениеводства; ветрогенераторы могут создавать проблемы для ведения животноводства и др. ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: 5194/egusphere-2023-2623-RC2 AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Walter Finsinger, 19 Jan 2024 Dear Prof. Alistair W. R. Seddon, Many thanks for the in-depth assessment of our manuscript. We send you a detailed response to each of your comments in the attached document. Best regards, and co-authors. Citation: Peer review completion AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload ED: Reconsider after major revisions (21 Jan 2024) by Petr Kuneš Thank you for your responses to comments raised by both reviewers. They both think, and I share their ideas, that this is an important contribution to exploring the ecosystem rate of change with high significance for ecosystem restoration and further practices in conservation and is worth publishing as BG Letters. I invite you to submit the revised version following your answers to the raised issues, which will be further evaluated. Hide ED: Reconsider after major revisions (21 Jan 2024) by (Co-editor-in-chief) I agree with the Associate Editor's decision to reconsider the manuscript after major revisions and I likewise feel confident that the authors can address all recommended changes to further improve the manuscript. by on behalf of the Authors (22 Jan 2024) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (25 Jan 2024) by Petr Kuneš Thank you for submitting your revised manuscript. Before publication, I would like to point out a few minor comments to consider: L. 129: It would be fair, according to policies, to also acknowledge the constituent databases of Neotoma, either the EPD or (or both if applicable). This also applies to l. 391. L. 130: “. . . datasets were treated with custom-coded functions in the R environment…” - is this really necessary here? L. 131–132: This sentence could be merged with the previous to avoid text duplication and to shorten the text. Perhaps something like this: “The format of pollen and diatom datasets was adapted for the R-Ratepoll package (Mottl et al. , 2021b), where the rate of palaeoecological change (hereafter RoC) scores were calculated in regular time bins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , and Ruddle, F. H. (1976). Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. Cell 9, 45–55. CrossrefPubMed1977. friend erythroleukemia cell hybrids resemble their pluripotent embryonal carcinoma parentDev. Biol. 56157-173. Miller, R. A. , and Ruddle, F. H. (1977). friend erythroleukemia cell hybrids resemble their pluripotent embryonal carcinoma parent. Dev. Biol. 56, 157–173. CrossrefPubMed2003. The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouseCell113631-642. Mitsui, K. , Tokuzawa, Y. , Itoh, H. , et al. (2003). The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse. Cell 113, 631–642. CrossrefPubMed2009. Variation in the safety of induced pluripotent stem cell linesNat. Biotechnol. 27743-745. Miura, K. , Okada, Y. , Aoi, T. , et al. (2009). Variation in the safety of induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 743–745. CrossrefPubMed2012. Generation of feeder free pig induced pluripotent stem cells without Pou5f1Cell Transplant21815-825. Montserrat, N. , de Onate, L. , Garreta, E. , et al. (2012). Generation of feeder free pig induced pluripotent stem cells without Pou5f1. 21, 815–825. CrossrefPubMed2008. Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell linesNature455401-405. . , et al. (2008). Regulatory networks define phenotypic classes of human stem cell lines. Nature 455, 401–405. CrossrefPubMed2009. Upping the ante: Recent advances in direct reprogrammingMol. Ther. 17947-953. Muller, L. U. W. , Daley, G. Q. , and Williams, D. A. (2009). Upping the ante: Recent advances in direct reprogramming. Mol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Полагаем, что вид используемого возобновляемого источника энергии с учетом существующих технологий может усложнять этот выбор вплоть до возникновения конфликта целей и интересов (использование энергии солнца предполагает занятие генераторами энергии земельных участков большой площади одновременно пригодных, скажем, для растениеводства; ветрогенераторы могут создавать проблемы для ведения животноводства и др. ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: ” Hide ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (29 Jan 2024) by (Co-editor-in-chief) Thank you for addressing the recommended revisions, I agree with Dr. Kuneš that the revised manuscript is much improved. Please address the remaining minor comments in a brief letter addressed to me and I won't hesitate to recommend that the subsequent manuscript with further improvement be accepted by BG Letters. by on behalf of the Authors (30 Jan 2024) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript ED: Publish as is (30 Jan 2024) by Thank you for considering the additional recommended changes, particularly as they involve data accessibility. The revised manuscript is publishable in BG Letters. Sincerely, Paul C. ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (06 Feb 2024) by (Co-editor-in-chief) Please do not use red and green in figures at the same time and please replace all instances with a colorblind-friendly color scheme. Hide AR by on behalf of the Authors (13 Feb 2024) Author's response abuse × Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. You might include your name and email but you can also stay anonymous. Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. Please confirm reCaptcha. Comment* Name: Email: 10. 5194/bg-21-1629-2024, 2024 Short summary Co-editor-in-chief Short summary Rate-of-change records based on compositional data are ambiguous as they may rise irrespective of the underlying trajectory of ecosystems. We emphasize the importance of characterizing both the direction and the rate of palaeoecological changes in terms of key features of ecosystems rather than solely on community composition. Past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to rapidly recover important ecological attributes and functions. Hide Co-editor-in-chief Ecosystems are, in many ways, changing more rapidly than they have in the past. Rapid past ecological changes can provide critical insight into how to best understand ecosystem function to improve ecological restoration, but a historic focus on community composition in the paleoecological literature can obscure the causes of these changes, making mechanisms unclear.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Ther. 17, 947–953. CrossrefPubMed2011. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from equine fibroblastsRev. 7693-702. Nagy, K. , Sung, H. K. , Zhang, P. , et al. (2011). Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from equine fibroblasts. Rev. 7, 693–702. CrossrefPubMed2008. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblastsNat. Biotechnol. 26101-106. Nakagawa, M. , Koyanagi, M. , Tanabe, K. , et al. (2008). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without Myc from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 101–106. CrossrefPubMed2012. New windows to enhance direct reprogramming of somatic cells towards induced pluripotent stem cellsBiochem. Cell Biol. 90115-123. Nakhaei-Rad, S. , Bahrami, A. R. , Mirahmadi, M. , et al. (2012). New windows to enhance direct reprogramming of somatic cells towards induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem. Cell Biol. 90, 115–123. CrossrefPubMed2010. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to insulin-producing cells and their impact on type 1 diabetic ratsJ. Physiol. Biochem. 66181-187. Neshati, Z. , Matin, M. M. , Bahrami, A. R. , et al. (2010). Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to insulin-producing cells and their impact on type 1 diabetic rats. J. Physiol. Biochem. 66, 181–187. CrossrefPubMed2012. Generation of virus-free induced pluripotent stem cell clones on a synthetic matrix via a single cell subcloning in the naïve statePLoS One7e38389. Nishishita, N. , Shikamura, M. , Takenaka, C. , et al. (2012). Generation of virus-free induced pluripotent stem cell clones on a synthetic matrix via a single cell subcloning in the naïve state.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Государства – участники Конференции заявили также о необходимости поощрять, расширять и поддерживать такое сельское хозяйство, которое, в частности, позволяет повышать уровень продовольственной безопасности и искоренять голод и является экономически жизнеспособным, обеспечивая сохранение земельных и водных ресурсов, растений и зоогенетических ресурсов, биологического разнообразия и экосистем (п. 111).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 20 Feb 2024 | 20 Feb 2024 Crowd-sourced trait data can be used to delimit global biomes Simon Scheiter, Sophie Wolf, and Abstract. Biomes and their biogeographic patterns have been derived from a large variety of variables including species distributions, bioclimate or remote sensing products. Yet, whether plant trait data are suitable for biome classification has rarely been tested. Here, we aimed to assess systematically which traits are most suitable for biome classification. We derived patterns of 33 different traits by combining crowd-sourced species distribution data and trait data from the TRY database. Using supervised cluster analyses, we developed biome classification schemes using these traits and 31 different biome maps. A sensitivity analysis with randomly sampled combinations of traits was performed to identify traits and biome maps that are most appropriate for biome classification and achieved the highest data-model agreement. Due to gaps in the trait data, species distribution models were used to obtain biome maps at the global scale. We showed that traits can be used for biome classification and that the most appropriate traits are conduit density, rooting depth, height, and different leaf traits, including specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen. Data-model agreement was maximized when biome maps used to inform cluster analyses were based on biogeographic zonation and species distributions, in contrast to biome maps derived from optical reflectance. The availability of crowd-sourced trait data is heterogeneous and large data gaps are prevalent. Nonetheless, it is possible to derive biome classification schemes from these data to predict global biome patterns with good agreement. Filling data gaps is essential to further improve trait-based biome maps. How to cite. Scheiter, S. , Wolf, S. , and Kattenborn, T. : Crowd-sourced trait data can be used to delimit global biomes, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 30 Jan 2024 – Discussion started: 20 Feb 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: PLoS One 7, e38389. CrossrefPubMed2000. Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cellsNat. Genet. 24372-376. Niwa, H. , Miyazaki, J. , and Smith, A. (2000). Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nat. Genet. 24, 372–376. CrossrefPubMed2007. Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cellsNature448313-317. Okita, K. , Ichisaka, T. , and Yamanaka, S. (2007). Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 448, 313–317. CrossrefPubMed2008. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectorsScience322949-953. Okita, K. , Nakagawa, M. , Hyenjong, H. , et al. (2008). Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors. Science 322, 949–953. CrossrefPubMed2011. Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cellsCirc. Res. 109720-721. Okita, K. ,Nagata, N. , and Yamanaka, S. (2011). Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Circ. Res. 109, 720–721. CrossrefPubMed2010. Advances in reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cellsRev. 6367-380. Patel, M. , and Yang, S. (2010). Advances in reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Rev. 6, 367–380. CrossrefPubMed2008. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cellsCell134877-886. Park, I. , Arora, N. , Huo, H. , et al. (2008). Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 134, 877–886. CrossrefPubMed2009. Clone and gene-specific aberrations of parental imprinting in human induced pluripotent stem cellsStem Cells. 272686-2690.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Государства – участники Конференции заявили также о необходимости поощрять, расширять и поддерживать такое сельское хозяйство, которое, в частности, позволяет повышать уровень продовольственной безопасности и искоренять голод и является экономически жизнеспособным, обеспечивая сохранение земельных и водных ресурсов, растений и зоогенетических ресурсов, биологического разнообразия и экосистем (п. 111).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Download & links Preprint (PDF, 4886 KB) Supplement (2526 KB) Download & links Preprint (4886 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2526 KB) and Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-276', Peter van Bodegom, 02 Apr 2024 Scheiter et al present an interesting approach to delineate biomes based on traits information. They use a combination of a number of extensive databases and interesting approaches. Even so, I have a number of major and minor comments. Major comments:- A main concern is that some components of the methods do not logically link to each other, which does not help the story line. This specifically applies to two analyses; analyses described in section 2. 4 and 2. 6. a. The aim of the analysis in 2. 4 and how it contributes to the story line remains unclear to me. You create, for each of the four cases (? ) a trait set to work with. First of all, I don’t understand why that is needed because you already tested the performance of different complete trait sets in 2. 3. So, why would you continue working with subsets of traits if you already know how the entire combination of traits works? Now, you seem to throw away most of the information presented in 3. 1 instead of building upon them. That does not only seem unnecessary, but also creates biases (because subsets of traits are used; an argument you make yourself in l. 275). Moreover, given the different selection criteria and procedure for different trait sets/cases, interpretation of these results is made even harder (not possible). Also, I don’t see the need for doing it. You use it in 2. 5 (but then only for the case 4), but I think that also could have been done directly on the best performing trait sets from 2. 3. To me, that would have been a much more direct way to test it and with fewer biases. b: I don't understand why the analysis in 2. 6 is useful to do given that you started with using trait maps to fit biome distributions based on complete biome maps. Why would you then derive additional trait maps, using a different procedure with other input data than used elsewhere in the paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Pick, M. , Stelzer, Y. , Bar-Nur, O. , et al. (2009). Clone and gene-specific aberrations of parental imprinting in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells. 27, 2686–2690. CrossrefPubMed2007. Lin-28 binds IGF-2 mRNA and participates in skeletal myogenesis by increasing translation efficiencyGenes Dev. 211125-1138. Polesskaya, A. , Cuvellier, S. , Naguibneva, I. , et al. (2007). Lin-28 binds IGF-2 mRNA and participates in skeletal myogenesis by increasing translation efficiency. Genes Dev. 21, 1125–1138. CrossrefPubMed2007. Direct generation of ES-like cells from unmodified mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4/Sox2/Myc/Klf4Cell Res. 17959-962. Qin, D. , Li, W. , and Zhang, J. (2007). Direct generation of ES-like cells from unmodified mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4/Sox2/Myc/Klf4. Cell Res. 17, 959–962. CrossrefPubMed2009. Gene silencing in human embryonic stem cells by RNA interferenceBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 3901106-1110. Rassouli, F. B. , and Matin, M. M. (2009). Gene silencing in human embryonic stem cells by RNA interference. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 390, 1106–1110. CrossrefPubMed2009. Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced pluripotent stem cellsNature46053-59. Raya, A. , Rodriguez-Piza, I. , Guenechea, G. , et al. (2009). Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 460, 53–59. CrossrefPubMed2011. Generation of hircine-induced pluripotent stem cells by somatic cell reprogrammingCell Res. 21849-853. Ren, J. , Pak, Y. , He, L. , et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Государства – участники Конференции заявили также о необходимости поощрять, расширять и поддерживать такое сельское хозяйство, которое, в частности, позволяет повышать уровень продовольственной безопасности и искоренять голод и является экономически жизнеспособным, обеспечивая сохранение земельных и водных ресурсов, растений и зоогенетических ресурсов, биологического разнообразия и экосистем (п. 111). 22 25 сентября 2015 г.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Moreover, you already have 31 biome maps to test performance against. So, why create another one? I would say the study is about understanding biome distributions based on traits (a story already told by the kappa values) and not about predicting/extrapolating biome distributions. In other words, the aim and position of this analysis in the story line is not clear to me. - Another methodological issue is that I do not understand why the authors thought it important to first use the traits in combination with species distribution models to make trait maps and then to couple those to the biome maps instead of using the locations of the trait observations (g. using the original TRY data, possibly aggregated to the 0. 5 degree pixels of the locations) directly? Coupling individual locations can be done to calibrate and validate biome models and avoid the major uncertainties involved in creating/ extrapolating the trait maps, i. e. i don't see that necessity. I wonder to which extent these uncertainties contributed to the low Kappa-values of the predictions. - I had hoped that the authors would have focused more on the ecological interpretation, rather than on the methodological aspects. a. : This already starts from the presentation of the data. With slightly different analyses and visualization, potentially a lot more ecological insights might have been gained. For instance, fig 7 presents the mean trait values for some biomes. However, these are individual traits while you tested how different trait combinations allow distinguishing among biomes. However, nowhere we learn about those combinations (their synergies and their redundancies). For instance, I would have liked a so-called confusion matrix to see how for a given trait set, biomes were predicted properly or not and whether this is consistent among the different (best-performing) trait sets: which trait combinations (in addition to single traits) lead to the best predictions? Is that consistent between trait sets? Which trait combinations allow distinguishing e. g. ‘’subtropical forest’’ (just to name one) from other forests? Is that consistent through different trait sets? I think the analysis has the potential to bring such answer and thus ecological understanding, but that remains unexplored.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: (2011). Generation of hircine-induced pluripotent stem cells by somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Res. 21, 849–853. CrossrefPubMed2002. Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cellsNat. Biotechnol. 20933-936. Richards, M. , Fong, C. Y. , Chan, W. K. , et al. (2002). Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 933–936. CrossrefPubMed2004. The transcriptome profile of human embryonic stem cells as defined by 2251-64. Richards, M. , Tan, S. P. , Tan, J. H. , et al. (2004). The transcriptome profile of human embryonic stem cells as defined by SAGE. 22, 51–64. CrossrefPubMed2002. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapyCell10917-27. Rideout, W. , Hochedlinger, K. , Kyba, M. , et al. (2002). Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 109, 17–27. CrossrefPubMed2005. Transcriptional regulation of Nanog by OCT4 and SOX2J. Biol. Chem. 28024731-24737. Rodda, D. , Chew, J. , Lim, L. , et al. (2005). Transcriptional regulation of Nanog by OCT4 and SOX2. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 24731–24737. CrossrefPubMed2008. A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cellsCell2525-528. Shi, Y. , Do, J. T. , Desponts, C. , et al. (2008). A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 2, 525–528. CrossrefPubMed2008. Advances in the study on induced pluripotent stem cellsChin. Sci. Bull. 53709-717. Shuang, L. , and EnKui, D. (2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: </strong><strong> следует обеспечить создание устойчивых систем производства продуктов питания и внедрить методы ведения сельского хозяйства, которые позволяют повысить жизнестойкость и продуктивность и увеличить объемы производства, способствуют сохранению экосистем. Цель 7, закрепленная в том же документе, предполагает обеспечение всеобщего доступа к недорогим, надежным, устойчивым и современным источникам энергии для всех.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: b: Also the discussion section is now almost entirely focused on the methods instead of the question why the analysis is a useful thing to do and what we learn from it: I would be interested in seeing an ecological interpretation for how and why the results of the analysis help global ecological understanding of biome distribution and functioning. That would have led to a much more interesting story. In the current set-up, the discussion section does not provide much insight. Minor comments:The abstract does not help to tell the story. The method applied is not clearly explained, i. e. which steps were taken. Also the role of the 31 biome maps was unclear (in the abstract it seemed an input, while it is used to train the data. Also, a clear take home message is missing: ‘’we can make biome maps’’, but it is not explained why that is important or what is the added value of this study. I would have appreciated an explanation/argumentation on why choosing these trait maps instead of other maps, i. e. what is the conceptual advantage to these maps? (Also in light of the discussion section where it Is mentioned that different trait maps could have led to different outcomes) With some self-advertisement; Verheijen et al. NewPhytol 209: 563-575 also evaluated which traits could be used best to distinguish among biomes, albeit which is much smaller dataset and fewer traits (And a different method). Interestingly, similar traits popped up as important. At some parts in the methods section it is unclear whether all individual 31 biome maps were tested independently or whether an aggregate was used. It seems that you tested each map individually, but a better explanation throughout the methods on this would have been appreciated. The role and use of PFTs is confusing to me. You derive different trait maps depending on growth form/PFT and clustered them into four cases in 2. 2. Then, it seems that trait clusters were made for each of those four cases (if I understand the methods correctly) in 2. 3. Then, later in 2. 3 you seem to continue with the outcomes of case4 only. This is not clearly described and also the reason why you do this, remains unclear to me. Also the role and use of PFTs is confusing to me.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Advances in the study on induced pluripotent stem cells. Chin. Sci. Bull. 53, 709–717. Crossref2008. Promotion of reprogramming to ground state pluripotency by signal inhibitionPLoS Biol. 6e253. Silva, J. , Barrandon, O. , Nichols, J. , et al. (2008). Promotion of reprogramming to ground state pluripotency by signal inhibition. PLoS Biol. 6, e253. CrossrefPubMed2010. Chromatin-remodeling components of the BAF complex facilitate reprogrammingCell141943-955. Singhal, N. , Graumann, J. , Wu, G. , et al. (2010). Chromatin-remodeling components of the BAF complex facilitate reprogramming. Cell 141, 943–955. CrossrefPubMed2009. Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factorsCell136964-977. Soldner, F. , Hockemeyer, D. , Beard, C. , et al. (2009). Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell 136, 964–977. CrossrefPubMed2007. Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identityNat. Rev. Genet. 8263-271. Spivakov, M. , and Fisher, A. G. (2007). Epigenetic signatures of stem-cell identity. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 263–271. CrossrefPubMed2009. Role of the murine reprogramming factors in the induction of pluripotencyCell136364-377. Sridharan, R. , Tchieu, J. , Mason, M. J. , et al. (2009). Role of the murine reprogramming factors in the induction of pluripotency. Cell 136, 364–377. CrossrefPubMed2009. Without a trace? . PiggyBac-ing toward pluripotencyNat. Methods6329-330. Stadtfeld, M. , and Hochedlinger, K. (2009). Without a trace? PiggyBac-ing toward pluripotency. Nat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: № 261-ФЗ «Об энергосбережении и о повышении энергетической эффективности и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации»30 в составе показателей оценки эффективности деятельности органов исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации, органов местного самоуправления городских округов и муниципальных районов утверждаются показатели энергосбережения и повышения энергетической эффективности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: In general, i don't think you tested different combinations of PFTs, but trait maps of woody vs non-woody vegetation. I understand you have a personal interest to compare to aDGVM2 results, but to me those comparisons do not add much to the story. The title of section 4. 2 is strange and seems wrong. I am surprised that the kappa does not go beyond 0. 6. I had hoped that higher kappas would be feasible. This is not discussed, but I would be interested (e. g. instead of the current 4. 3) if such aspects of model performance would be discussed and interpreted With respect to figure 3; what does it tell us if ranks of certain traits vary with number of traits (while ranks of other don't)? i. e. what is the message/understanding this figure gives? Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Simon Scheiter, 07 May 2024 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-276', Bianca Rius, 17 Apr 2024 Scheiter et al. delve into the utilization of crowd-sourced trait data for defining global biomes, investigating the suitability of trait data for biome classification and identifying the most relevant traits for this purpose. While the study is intriguing and significant, I have some comments to offer. Major comments:The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights into the fundamental ecological mechanisms driving plant biogeography and global distribution strategies. However, while the results are intriguing and significant, the interpretation from an ecological perspective could be further emphasized. Additionally, it would be beneficial for the authors to underscore the importance of their study and the implications of their findings, particularly in informing our understanding of global biome classification and its ecological implications. Strengthening the ecological context and emphasizing the practical implications of the findings would significantly enhance the impact and relevance of the study. The findings regarding the differences in trait distribution and occurrence between biomes are indeed intriguing, but they have been explored somewhat superficially in the manuscript. understand that this topic is complex, questions 2 and 4 require a more in-depth exploration throughout the manuscript. As a reader, I was expecting these interesting questions to be thoroughly addressed. For instance, the observed tendency of tropical forests to have plants with greater height could be explored in more detail in the discussion section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Methods 6, 329–330. CrossrefPubMed2010. Induced pluripotency: History, mechanisms, and applicationsGenes Dev. 242239-2263. Stadtfeld, M. , and Hochedlinger, K. (2010). Induced pluripotency: History, mechanisms, and applications. Genes Dev. 24, 2239–2263. CrossrefPubMed894. Stadtfeld, M. , Brennand, K. , and Hochedlinger, K. (2008a). Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Curr. Biol. 18, 890–894. CrossrefPubMed949. Stadtfeld, M. , Nagaya, M. , Utikal, J. , et al. (2008b). Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science 322, 945–949. CrossrefPubMed2010. A reprogrammable mouse strain from gene-targeted embryonic stem cellsNat. Methods753-55. Stadtfeld, M. , Maherali, N. , Borkent, M. , et al. (2010). A reprogrammable mouse strain from gene-targeted embryonic stem cells. Nat. Methods 7, 53–55. CrossrefPubMed1982. Recurrent germ-line transmission of the teratocarcinoma genome from the METT-1 culture line to progeny in vivoJ. Exp. Zool. 224465-469. Stewart, T. A. , and Mintz, B. (1982). Recurrent germ-line transmission of the teratocarcinoma genome from the METT-1 culture line to progeny in vivo. J. Exp. Zool. 224, 465–469. CrossrefPubMed2010. Human iPS cell-based therapy: considerations before clinical applicationsCell Cycle9880-885. Sun, N. , Longaker, M. T. , and Wu, J. C. (2010). Human iPS cell-based therapy: considerations before clinical applications. 9, 880–885. CrossrefPubMed2010. Efficient generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells under defined conditionsStem Cells281893-1904. Swistowski, A. , Peng, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Именно таким образом трактуется, в частности, понятие производственной инфраструктуры в приказе Росстата от 29 февраля 2016 г. № 101 «Об утверждении Основных методологических и организационных положений по подготовке и проведению Всероссийской сельскохозяйственной переписи 2016 года», в котором в составе производственной инфраструктуры, технических средств и технологий сельскохозяйственных производителей учитывается применение ВИЭ (как современных технологий).

Output: pass