Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: (2023) Arthropods of Australia’s subtropical and tropical rainforests: rich and unique hotspots of biological diversity? J 27(1):59-74. (2021) A herpetofauna with dramatic endemism signals an overlooked biodiversity hotspot. 30(11):3167–3183. Kukkala AS, (2013) Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning. 88(2):443–464. (2003) Assessing endemism at multiple spatial scales, with an example from the Australian vascular flora. J Biogeogr 30(4):511–520. (2010) Biodiverse, a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related diversity. Ecography 33:643–647. Laurance WF (1991) Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. 57(2):205-219. New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. 89(10):93–94. (2007) Biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. 21(1):266–268. Mahony MJ (2020) The amphibian fauna of Eungella and their important role in unravelling the evolutionary history of the Australian east coast closed forest biota. 125:81–96. (2023) A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses. Zootaxa 5297:301–336. öhler (2021) The living heart: Climate gradients predict desert mountain endemism. 11(9):4366–4378. de Andrade AFA, Júnior PDM (2020) Dealing with overprediction in species distribution models: How adding distance constraints can improve model accuracy. 431:109180. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772):853–858. (2020) Impact of climate change on cloud forests in the of Heritage Area. No. 20, and Hub, Australia. (NVIS) V6. 0 (2020), 20 September 2022. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: During the surplus periods, the battery was charged using extra energy and powered the electrolyzer for hydrogen production. The produced hydrogen was stored for later use. During the deficit periods, the FC and/or battery supported the PV array to meet the load demand. Model for Resources (HOMER) software was employed to optimize the performance of PV/FC/B, and two benchmarks, the cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC), were used to identify the best size of the PV/FC/B system. Their findings confirmed that a 200 kW PV array, 40 kW FC, 96 batteries, 50 kW converter, 110 kW electrolyzer, and 50 kg hydrogen tank was the best option to supply the load demand. The values of total NPC and COE were $500,823 and $0. 126/kWh. Zhang and Huang, 2011 [19] proposed a fault detection method to diagnose the fault of hybrid systems. The proposed system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) panel, fuel cell (FC), and battery (B). All the parts are connected to the DC bus. PV system is the primary source while FC will meet the deficient power. Gencoglu et. al, 2009 [20] designed an integrated system consisting of a photovoltaic, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank, fuel cell, and power conditioning unit for a total power load demand of 6. 23 kW. The integrated system output power is 7. 3 kW with 2. 5 kW from PV and 4. 8 kW from the fuel cell. Mohammad et al. , 2019 [21] used HOMER software to investigate the feasibility of using a hybrid photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), and battery (B) system to power different load cases, which are intended to be used at the Al-Zarqa governorate in Jordan. A remote residential building, school, and factory having an energy consumption of 31 kWh/day with a peak of 5. 3 kW, 529 kWh/day with a maximum of 123 kW, and 608 kWh/day with a maximum of 67 kW, respectively, were considered as the case studies' loads. Jagan et al. , 2016 [22] used HOMER to design a stand-alone solar Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel cell power system based on the cost of energy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% v/v Triton-X and layered on top of Percoll (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) gradients (50-80% v/v Percoll, 10% v/v 2. 5 M sucrose and 0. 5% v/v Triton-X). After centrifugation at 15,000 × g at 4°C for 1 h, the top of 3 layers which consist of vegetative cells and debris were removed. The remaining layer containing spores was washed with 10 mL of 0. 6 M NaCl once and then 10 mL of 0. 5% v/v Triton-X twice. Purified spores were freeze-dried as follows. First, spores were frozen in a -20°C freezer for more than 2 h. They were then freeze-dried by -1000 freeze-dryer (Tokyo Rikakikai, Tokyo, Japan) at -50°C for 72 h under the pressure of 25 Pa. Spore protection assayFor proteinase K treatment, in 100 µL of proteinase buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7. 5, 10 mM CaCl2), proteinase K (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) was mixed in the solution at final concentration of 30 U/mL. Then, 4 mg of freeze-dried spores or 20 µL of free creatinase were suspended in the solution, and incubated at 37°C for 12 h. Spores were then washed with 0. 6 M NaCl solution and 0. 5% v/v TritonX-100 and creatinase activity was assayed as described above. SDS treatment was performed as follows. 4 mg of freeze-dried spores or 20 µL of the free enzyme was mixed with 100 µL of 5% w/v SDS and incubated at 30°C for 10 minutes. Spores were then washed with 0. 6 M NaCl solution and 0. 5% v/v TritonX-100 and creatinase activity was assayed. Western blottingWestern blotting was performed as described beforeCitation7 with some modifications. Spores and vegetative cells were suspended in 500 µL of 8 M urea and lysed by sonication for 1 hour on ice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Biogeogr 27(8):968–979. … (2019) Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science 363(6434):1459–1463. (1998) Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the rainforests of Australia. 7(4):487–498. (2017) Comparing floristic diversity and conservation priorities across south east Queensland regional rain forest ecosystems using phylodiversity indexes. 178(3):211-229. (2019) Biodiversity hotspots are insufficient in capturing range‐restricted species. Pract 1(10): e103. (2022) Interpreting and integrating multiple endemism metrics to identify hotspots for conservation priorities. 265:109403. (2013) Phylogeny and of (Scincidae, Squamata). Evol 69(3):906–918. (2021) Spatial thinning and class balancing: Key choices lead to variation in the performance of species distribution models with citizen science data. Evol 12(2):216–226. Stuart-(2001) Comparative phylogeography of three rainforest-restricted lizards from mid-east Queensland. Zool 49(2):119–127. (2017) Guinea terrestrial vertebrate richness: elevation matters most for all except reptiles. J Biogeogr 44(8):1734–1744. (2023) What type of rainforest burnt in the Queensland’s 2019/20 bushfires and how might this impact biodiversity. 48(3):616–642. (2022) Distributional modelling, megafires and data gaps highlight probable underestimation of climate change risk for two lizards from Australia’s montane rainforests. 47(2):365–379. šek J. (eds. ) (2024) Database 15 January 2024. (2023). of Australia. 22 January 2024. (2020) Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat. Evol 4(10):1321–1326. (1984) A floristic framework of Australian rainforests. Ecol 9(3):169–198. (2014) Patterns of rain forest plant endemism in subtropical Australia relate to stable mesic refugia and species dispersal limitations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: They designed the system in such a way that the main power comes from the photovoltaic (PV) panels, while the fuel cell (FC) and secondary batteries are used as backup units. The converter was incorporated since the system will feed an AC load. During the day, the PV array produces much more power than needed by the load, with the surplus going to the electrolyzer and the battery. At night the FC serves the load while drawing hydrogen from the storage tank. The authors specified one sensitivity variable with two values; which are the slope of fuel consumption in FC and the marginal fuel consumption of the FC. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the NPC and the COE have increased due to the rise in fuel consumption in the FC from 0. 03 to 0. 05 L/hr/kW. Castaneda et. al, 2013 [23] studied a stand-alone system that only uses a PV as the main source. A new sizing method was proposed and three control strategies were performed for energy management. Surplus energy from the photovoltaic was sent to the electrolyzer for the hydrogen production process. Fuel cells were utilized when Photovoltaic energy is deficient and works as an auxiliary generator. Zidane and Lalouni, 2017 [24] presented an optimal sizing of a stand-alone system based on photovoltaic panels (PV) and fuel cells (FC) power generation, electrolyzer (EZ), and battery (B) bank as energy storage systems. They aimed to find the optimal size of the set system's components, based on two optimization criteria: reliability, which is based on the concept of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the system cost. For a load and a probability of loss of energy given under the criterion of a minimum price of the system, they calculated the hourly power produced by the photovoltaic generator, the amount of hydrogen stored, and the capacity of the battery required for the application, over a one-year analysis period. Results show that the optimum determination of hydrogen tanks and photovoltaic panels depends on the particular site, the profile of the load required, and also on the efficiency of the components of the stand-alone PV/FC/EZ/B System.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cell lysates were then centrifuged at 4,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min and 50 µg of the supernatants were subjected to SDS-PAGE (5% stacking gel and 10% separating gel). Protein concentration was determined by BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China). A mouse anti-HA antibody (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used as a primary antibody at 1:6000 dilutions. Goat anti mouse IgG-HRP (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China) were used as secondary antibodies at 1:6000 dilution. TBST (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8. 0, 160 mM NaCl, 0. 05% v/v Tween 20) supplemented with 5% w/v non-fat dry milk was used for blocking and antibody incubations. Signals were visualized by (Biorad, Shanghai, China) and images were obtained by using ImageQuant LAS4000 (GE Healthcare Bio-Science, Uppsala, Sweden). For PNtreatment, 10 µg of spore lysate was incubated with 0. 5 U of PN(Biolabs, Beijing, China) following the protocol accompanied with the enzyme at 37°C for 12 h. Total volume of the reaction mixture was 20 µl and 8 µl was subjected to protein gel blot analysis. StatisticsData presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples obtained from different cultures. Statistical significance was determined with Student's t-test (2-tail, heteroscedastic) using software. Differences between the analyzed samples were considered significant at P < 0. 05. Disclosure of of InterestNo potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Abbreviations HA=hemagglutininP. putida=Pseudomonas putidaS. cerevisiae=Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSD=synthetic defined10. 1248/cpb. 28. 3501 Pubof Science ®1. Impact of structure, function and environment on PEGylated and immobilized sarcosine oxidase. 2005; 1:173-81; PMID:16701794; Pubof Science ®10. 1016/0003-2670(92)85229-Y Web of Science ®3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions, located in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador, respectively, are two of the most important endemism zones in the world (Davis et al. 1997). High levels of endemism have been documented especially for birds (55 restricted range bird species; Bird2003). It has been assumed that plant endemism in the region rivals the levels reported for bird species, but apart from local studies and data (e. g. , Dodson and Gentry 1991), no concluding evidence has been offered. These ecoregions, both covering ca. 62,000 km2, mostly support seasonally dry forest (SDF) vegetation (Dinerstein et al. 1995) and there is evidence that the use of these forests in Peru spans some 10,000 years (Hocquenghem 1998). In recent times, however, the intensity of forest conversion, degradation and destruction (e. g. , Dodson and Gentry 1991; Parker and Carr 1992) has increased dramatically because of population expansion and immigration. The seasonality of the climate in this area, precluding the permanent incidence of pests, and the relative fertility of the soils made them a good choice for agricultural exploitation (Ewel 1986). Together, these factors threaten the existence of the SDF vegetation in Ecuador and Peru (Aguirre and Kvist 2005). In response to this situation, the biological sciences community has begun to focus with increasing interest on the SDF (and adjacent) vegetation in Ecuador and Peru, highlighting their unique and threatened status (e. g. , Best and Kessler 1995; Davis et al. 1997; Myers et al. 2000; Olson and Dinerstein 2002). The whole region is sometimes referred to as the Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions (as defined in Olson et al. 2001). Since it has been shown to constitute a single phytogeographic unit (Svenson 1946; Linares-Palomino et al. 2003), a more appropriate and unifying term would be region (Peralvo et al. 2007), and this is how we will refer to it throughout the text. Despite all the valuable efforts to increase the available information about plant diversity in this region, a drawback was that most studies were restricted to either Ecuador or Peru (e. g. , Parker et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The technical design and feasibility of storing electricity from solar energy, in battery banks and hydrogen systems consisting of an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell has been proven over the last decades, but the challenge remains to improve the reliability of the power supply and overall storage system efficiency. Therefore, this study is to perform accurate system simulation studies on the behaviour of the components, how each interacts with the rest of the system, the reliability of the power supply, and the overall system efficiency. 2. 1 System reliability System reliability is one of the most important issues which must be considered in the design and operation of power systems [12]. Stand-alone PV with storage systems is designed to be self-sufficient in generating, storing, and supplying electricity to the electrical loads in remote areas [5]. To use solar energy resources more efficiently, the optimal sizing of PV systems with energy storage plays an important role in this respect. Reliable supply for load demand under various weather situations is the most important challenge in the design of a stand-alone renewable power with a storage system. Power reliability analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system has been considered as an important step in the system design process due to intermittent solar radiation characteristics, which highly influence the resulting energy production [25]. The reliability of the system can be assessed using the Loss of Probability (LPSP) method for given load profiles and primary power availability [26]. The technical approach is used to achieve the optimal configurations of a stand-alone system in terms of technical analysis which is known as LPSP. Elbaset, 2011 [27] constructed a PV/FC power generation system and presented a computer program to size the system components to match the load, for high operational reliability concerning the objective LPSP. In this study, the system reliability algorithm is developed according to the concept of LPSP and embedded in the system operation simulation. 2. 2 Overview of the study area The residential building understudy is owned by Mr. Ani and is located at in Ogologo-Akpugo which is in Nkanu-of in South-on Latitude 6° 12' 40” N and Longitude 7° 52' 32” E with annual average solar daily radiation of 4. 95 kWh/m2/d. The data for the solar resource (used in generating Fig. 1) were obtained from the (NASA) website [28].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Improved sugar yields from biomass sorghum feedstocks: comparing low-lignin mutants and pretreatment chemistries access Published: 21 November 2016 Improved sugar yields from biomass sorghum feedstocks: comparing low-lignin mutants and pretreatment chemistries Bruno Godin1,2, Nick Nagle1, Scott Sattler3, Richard Agneessens2, Jérôme Delcarte2 & …: orcid. org/0000-0002-7361-89311 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 2–0. 4% (w/w) and temperatures of 60–80 °C for 30–180 min [13, 14]. Removing the acetyl groups improves the total sugar yield of the biomass during the enzymatic hydrolysis step and also reduces the concentration of fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid in the enzymatic hydrolyzate [13]. Studies are available on the deacetylation of corn, but not yet on sorghum. One of those studies shows a strong negative correlation between the degree of acetylation of the corn stover biomass and the enzymatic hydrolysis yield [15]. The purpose of this work is to compare the sugar yields of wild-type (WT) sorghum to its near-isogenic bmr lines, which have reduced lignin content, using a laboratory-scale deacetylation and dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis assay. This work builds on the work of [6], which examined the dilute acid pretreatment of sorghum bmr mutants and WT cultivars. In this work, we use a similar sorghum variety (AWheatland) for which the bmr sorghum mutants are known to have similar biomass yields compared to WT [2, 3, 16]. We extend this work by examining a wider variety of dilute acid pretreatment conditions, by evaluating the effect of deacetylation prior to dilute acid pretreatment on the total sugar yield from these sorghum samples, and by comparing the relative performance of the sorghum mutants from this laboratory-scale assay with the relative performance in a larger and more process-relevant pretreatment reactor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: a. s. l. We worked with two values, first, the absolute number of species in each altitudinal band; second, the density of species per 1,000 km2. The latter value, allowed us to assess if there were differences in absolute species richness or endemism per unit area. We also looked at the patterns of species distributions in the major geopolitical units (provinces in Ecuador, departments in Peru, cf. van der Werff and Consiglio 2004). We follow the Group (APG [Group] 2003), thus treating Leguminosae (including Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae) and Malvaceae (including Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Malvaceae) sensu lato. Buddlejaceae is included in Scrophulariaceae, Cecropiaceae in Urticaceae, Flacourtiaceae in Salicaceae. For nomenclature, we follow the Garden’s online database. ResultsWe found 193 species reported in both countries, 272 species for Ecuador (79 reported only for Ecuador) and 234 species for Peru (41 reported only for Peru). The most species-rich family was Leguminosae with 70 species, followed by Malvaceae (19 species) and Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae (12 species each). The most genera-rich families were Leguminosae and Malvaceae (with 34 and 15 genera, respectively), followed by Verbenaceae, Euphorbiaceae (both with 8 genera) and Cactaceae (7 genera) (Table 1). Most families were represented by few species. The 11 most speciose families (Table 1) accounted for 182 species (58% of the total) and 92 genera (51% of the total). Thirteen families were included having only one woody species present in SDFs in the region:. Table 1 Diversity and endemism of the most species and genera rich families in the seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and PeruFull size table We identified 67 species, which are endemic to either Ecuador (17 species), Peru (16 species) or the region (34 species) (Table 2). Most of them are typical for SDF vegetation, although some are also found in other vegetation types.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: After scaling on this data, the scaled annual average resource of 5. 0 kWh/m2/d was obtained for the site. Fig. 1Solar resources for the studied area. 2. 3 Description of the residential building The residence is a bungalow building; has seven rooms, a computer room, a sitting room, a kitchen, and a library. The energy consumption in the residential buildings has gained an increasing demand recently due to the high comfort standards [29]. The building is furnished with electric power consumptions such as air-conditioner, Closed-(CCTV), computer systems, deep-freezer, Television (DSTV) receiver, Disc (DVD) player, electric stove, fans, lighting bulbs, microwave, pressing iron, printer, refrigerator, sound/music system, televisions, washing machine, water bath, and water pumping machine as listed in Table 1. Each room has a fan, lighting bulb, and television, while the sitting room uses air-condition, a lighting bulb, and a TV with a decoder. The miscellaneous load is for unknown loads in the house. Table 1Energy needed for the household use. 2. 4 Load assessment and the pattern of using electricity power within the house To establish the power needs of the house, an energy audit was carried out based on data provided by the occupant of the house, Mr. Ani, and a site visit to evaluate the characteristics of the power system, power requirements, and power system management and operation. The daily power demands for the residential building are tabulated in Table 1 with 69 kWh/day energy consumption. shows the estimation of each appliance's rated power, its quantity, and the hours of use by the residence in a single day. The annual peak load of 5. 3 kW was observed between 11:00 h and 14:00 h as shown in Figure 2, which provides the best possible match with PV output (since these loads typically peak during daytime and afternoon hours), but there is still a need for a backup with a multi-storage system (during the raining season and cloudy days) to achieve reliability of power supply. Fig. 2Hourly load demand profile of the household. 2. 5 Description of different components of the system One of the important advantages of using renewable power generator with multi-Storage units is the ability to increase the overall efficiency of the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionA note on total sugar yield calculationsFor this study, the total sugar yield of the feedstocks is expressed as the combined yield of glucose and xylose from the corresponding structural carbohydrates glucan and xylan. A yield calculation is typically a ratio, with the numerator containing the mass of product released, and the denominator containing the mass of reactant originally present. For this work, the yield numerator is the sum of glucose and xylose released in their monomeric or oligomeric forms by all pretreatments (deacetylation and/or dilute acid pretreatment) and the monomeric glucose and xylose released by enzymatic hydrolysis. The denominator is the glucan and xylan content contained in the feedstock (including the anhydro correction factor) prior to any pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the presence of non-structural carbohydrates (free glucose, sucrose, and starch) in the feedstock elevates the apparent glucose yield. There are two ways to account for the presence of the non-structural derived glucose in the calculated yield: 1. Adding the non-structural glucose (expressed in its monomeric form) to the denominator (DE) of the yield. This will correspond to the total glucose and xylose yield from both structural and non-structural carbohydrates. This yield expression focuses on the availability of all potentially fermentable carbohydrates. 2. Subtracting the non-structural glucose content (expressed in its monomeric form) from the numerator (NU) of the yield. This assumes all non-structural carbohydrates are converted to glucose, and makes the resulting yield calculation correspond to the glucose and xylose yield from only structural carbohydrates. This yield expression focuses on the sugar yield from the structural carbohydrates of the feedstock. Either method is valid, although there might be compelling reasons to use one calculation over the other, depending on the specific research question to be answered. Regardless, it is important to keep in mind how the total sugar yield is calculated. In this work, we use the DE method, and focus on the availability of all potentially fermentable carbohydrates. We present yields calculated with both the DE and NU method in Additional file 1. The fate of the non-structural carbohydrates (principally glucose) released during deacetylation should also be considered with caution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Leguminosae is the family with most endemics (15 species), followed by Cactaceae (7 species) and Malvaceae (6 species). Thirty-four species have been assigned an IUCN red list category, 31 of which are also endemic to Ecuador, Peru or the region (2. Note the different y-axis scales. Solid line region, dotted line Ecuador, dashed line PeruFull size image Total area of the geopolitical units had no effect on total vascular plant species numbers, or on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of 0. 16, −0. 20 and 0. 37, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The total area between sea level and 1,100 m. a. s. l. had no effect on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of −0. 13 and 0. 0, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The analysis of species distribution by geopolitical unit showed that half of all species (51. 4%) have been reported in four or less provinces or departments (13. 1% in only one) (Table 2). Endemic species restricted to either Ecuador or Peru showed an extremely local distribution, 41. 2 and 56. 3% of them having been found in only one province or department, respectively; and all of them in four or less provinces or departments. Endemics of the area showed a wider distribution, half of them (18 species, 52. 9%) having been reported in four to six provinces and departments. Loja, Guayas, Manabí, Tumbes, and Cajamarca were the provinces and departments with most species (Table 3). The ratio woody SDF plants to total vascular plants is especially high in Tumbes. More than a third (37%) of the vascular plants reported for this department are characteristic of the woody SDF vegetation. Loja province had most endemics (40 species), most of which are endemic to the region (28 species), followed by the adjacent department of Tumbes (38 endemic species, 29 endemic to the region). In contrast, Esmeraldas province and department, where only small fragments of SDF remain, had only seven endemic species each.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The main components studied here include PV, battery storage system, Hydrogen storage systems (electrolyzer/storage/fuel cell), and power electronic interface (direct current (DC)/ alternative current (AC) converter). A brief description of each component of the proposed energy system is summarized as follows. 2. 6 PV array In a PV system, the solar energy is converted to electrical energy by using one or more PV modules. Mainly, the system consists of panels, and various mechanical electrical connectors to produce the desired output. The panels are connected in series and parallel connections to provide the desired amount of voltage and current [30]. 2. 7 are important subsystems in many distributed generation systems as they can be used to effectively shift the availability of renewable energy. Batteries are conventional storage devices used to store excessive energy in a renewable energy system [31,32]. Correct modeling of the voltage, capacity, and lifetime of batteries helps to accurately predict the electrical performance of power systems employing batteries as electrical storage. Batteries have become famous for energy storage recently due to their effectiveness and their technology has proven its competitiveness for remote area applications. 2. 8 of water using renewable energy resources is one of the most sustainable ways to produce hydrogen. Electrolysis uses the electric current to break down water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) [21]. The hydrogen generated this way normally during peak renewable power can be used when needed to generate electricity using a fuel cell. The process used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen is called water electrolysis and the device that does this is called a water electrolyzer. 2. 9 Hydrogen storage tank The hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer is stored inside a hydrogen storage tank normally at a higher pressure than the outlet pressure of the electrolyzer. A compressor is thus used to compress the hydrogen gas. 2. 10 Fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxidizing agent [33]. The fuel cell process comprises converting chemical energy to electrical energy via electrochemical reactions [34]. The electrochemical reaction produces an electric current when gaseous/liquid are fed as fuels to the electrode (anode) compartment, simultaneously, an oxidant is fed continuously to the cathode compartment. The first 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In the current state of cellulosic conversion technology, the deacetylation stream is burned for energy, and any solubilized carbohydrates in this stream cannot be recovered [14]. For the glucose and xylose yields in this work, we define the “no-loss recovery” (NL) to include all sugars solubilized during deacetylation and the “loss recovery” (LO) to exclude all sugars solubilized during deacetylation. We compare the two calculations when we assess the impact of deacetylation on the total sugar yield. Feedstock compositional analysisThe chemical composition [glucan, xylan, galactan, arabinan, acetyl, acid-soluble lignin, insoluble (Klason) lignin, total lignin, starch, total soluble sugars, water extractives, ethanol extractives, proteins, and mineral compounds] of the near-isogenic sorghum lines [wild type (WT), bmr6 mutant, bmr12 mutant, and bmr6 bmr12 stacked mutant (SM)] are shown in Table 1. The non-structural carbohydrate content (total soluble sugars and starch) of the analyzed sorghum feedstocks represented nearly 20% of their mass. Thus, the glucose released from those non-structural carbohydrates can be expected to have a significant effect on the total glucose yield, as we will show later in this report. Table 1 Chemical composition of the sorghum feedstocks (g/g TS)Full size table The detergent fiber composition (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), calculated cellulose (ADF-ADL), hemicellulose (NDF-ADF), and enzymatically digestible organic matter (eDOM) of the analyzed sorghum feedstocks are shown in Table 2. There were significant differences in total lignin, ADL, and eDOM among these four sorghums. The bmr sorghum lines compared to the WT had a reduced total lignin and ADL and an increased eDOM for all three lines. For total lignin, the reduction varies from 6 to 17%. For ADL, the reduction varies from 21 to 50%. For eDOM, the increase varies from 6 to 14%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Country-level endemism showed that Loja and Guayas had most endemics in Ecuador (12 and 11 species, respectively), and Tumbes (9 species) in Peru. The ratio woody SDF endemics versus total vascular plant endemics showed that Tumbes had a substantial percentage of the endemics reported for that department in the SDF vegetation. Woody SDF endemics per 1,000 km2 of the study area were highest in Loja, Tumbes and (Table 3). Collection intensity, i. e. , the number of collections per species of woody plants in the SDFs, has been highest in Guayas (ca. eight collections per species), Tumbes (ca. six collections per species) and Manabí (ca. five collections per species). Lowest collection intensity was in the SDFs of Piura. Table 3 Species and endemism numbers for provinces and departments with seasonally dry forests in western Ecuador and northwestern PeruFull size table DiscussionPatterns of species richness, endemism and distributionIn the first comprehensive review of the floristics of neotropical SDF (1995) noted that SDF ecosystems were less species rich and contained only a subset of the plant diversity found in the more humid forests. The lower diversity in the SDFs is clearly due to the low levels of diversity within families and genera. A notable exception is Leguminosae. This family showed high levels of diversity at the generic (34 genera, 19% of the total), specific (70 species, 22% of the total) and endemic species level (15 endemics, 21% of the total). This is not surprising since several studies have shown that this family is among the most, if not the most, prominent members of SDF in the Neotropics (Gentry 1995; Pennington et al. 2006). Malvaceae, on the contrary, are not necessarily regarded as important constituents of tropical dry forest communities (Pennington et al. 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 11 Power electronic converters Power electronic converters are used to control the flow of electrical power between an electrical source (AC and DC components) and a load so that the destination is supplied with current, voltage, and/or frequency that is well suited to it. This is done with a small power loss as possible occurring on the way or with the highest conversion efficiency possible. The power electronic converter used in this paper is DC to AC conversion. 2. 12 System configuration For this study, the system architectural configuration is composed of PV panels, a battery, a hydrogen storage subsystem, an inverter, and electrical loads. A hydrogen storage system consists of water electrolysis to produce hydrogen from surplus power from renewable energy, a hydrogen (H2) storage tank to store the generated hydrogen for later use and a fuel cell system to reproduce electricity when needed by using the stored hydrogen. Therefore, the Hydrogen subsystem consists of three major blocks, namely hydrogen generation (electrolyzer), hydrogen storage tank, and hydrogen fuel cell. In this configuration, the primary source of energy is the sun; and as a single-renewable energy system, the radiant energy of the sun is converted into electricity by PV panels. In the multi-storage system, a battery is connected to the DC bus to absorb power from and to supply power to the DC bus, while a hydrogen tank is used to absorb excess PV power through a water electrolyzer (the method for the production of hydrogen as shown in Figure 3 involves water electrolysis using electricity from PV power to split water into hydrogen and oxygen) and to supply power to the DC bus through fuel cell when there is a PV generation deficit. Therefore, the PV panels, the battery, and the fuel cell work with DC, while the inverter converts the DC to AC to supply electricity to the electrical loads and the electrolyzer as shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3System architectural configuration of a single-renewable system with the multi-storage unit. 2. 13 Method of sizing of energy system The optimization technique used here to optimize the stand-alone PV/Battery/system is an iterative approach based on the reliability of power supply using LPSP as the objective function to find the optimum configuration (including its specific values) of stand-alone PV with multi-storage units. Binayak et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, the total lignin, ADL, and eDOM changes seem to be additive in the mutants when combined into the SM, which was also observed for total lignin and ADL in similar bmr materials [6]. The increase of the eDOM for bmr sorghums confirms that they are feedstocks with an improved digestibility for ruminants, likely because eDOM is highly correlated to the lignin content [17–19]. The bmr sorghum lines also had a significantly reduced acetyl content of at least 27% compared to the WT. A reduced lignin and acetyl content should increase the total sugar yield of the biomass from the bmr lines. The other structural components determined (glucan, xylan, cellulose Van Soest, and hemicelluloses Van Soest) were also affected by the bmr mutations. Table 2 Detergent fibers composition (g/g TS) and enzymatically digestible organic matter (g/g VS) of the sorghum feedstocksFull size table The detergent fiber method is less reliable for estimating structural components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) compared to the dietary fiber method [20]. For a feedstock such as sorghum, the detergent fiber method compared to the dietary fiber method overestimates cellulose and hemicelluloses, and underestimates lignin, as observed in the present study (Tables 1, 2) [20–23]. The ADL values were especially low, but they were consistent with those values observed by [6], which used the same bmr mutants in a different variety of sorghum. The chemical composition and detergent fiber composition analyses of the present study are consistent with that study; the main differences were that the sorghum samples of [6] contained much less mineral content and, therefore, had slightly higher concentrations of the other compounds compared to the results of Tables 1 and 2. In addition, the glucan, xylan, NDF, and ADF contents of the bmr6 mutant of the present study are lower compared to those of [6]. While these lines contain the same two bmr mutations, they are in a different genetic background. We used the “A Wheatland” variety, whereas the earlier work used the “Atlas” sorghum variety.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Our data indicated that it is by far the second most important family contributing to the number of genera (15 genera, 8% of the total), species (19 species, 6% of the total) and endemic species (6 species, 9% of all endemics), although our results were based on an expanded Malvaceae concept (including 14 species from the former Sterculiaceae, Tilliaceae and Bombacaceae). Especially interesting was the subfamily Bombacoideae, contributing with several taxa (9 species, 6 genera). Gentry (1993), referring to the northern Peruvian SDFs already stated, “Fabaceae is the most speciose and dominant family of trees. Bombacaceae, though less speciose, are represented by five different genera of large trees and are probably more dominant here than elsewhere on earth”, a statement that we can certainly extend to the SDFs in the region. A narrow concept of Malvaceae would place Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae in second place, all with 12 species. In contrast to the low generic and specific diversity (as compared to humid rainforests), levels of endemism seem to be among the highest in the continent. We found 67 endemic species, which represent 21% of the total of woody SDF species reported in the region. This percentage is similar to what Dodson and Gentry (1991) reported for the flora of a SDF in Ecuador and similar to their total estimate for the entire dry forest region in western lowland Ecuador. Considering only SDFs, they estimated that 19% of the species should be endemic (approximately 190 species). The whole flora of the region, including other vegetation types below 900 m. a. s. l. , was estimated at some 6,300 vascular plant species, of which 20% or 1,260 species would be strictly endemic to the region (Dodson and Gentry 1991). Kvist et al. (2004) found similar levels of endemism for the Gesneriaceae in Ecuador (23 of 107 species). These endemism levels are very similar to what Gentry (1982) estimated for the Chocó flora, one of the worlds most publicised regions in terms of plant diversity and endemism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: , 2015 [6] described the iterative approach as a mathematical procedure performed using a computer that generated a sequence of improving approximate solutions for the optimization problem until a termination criterion is reached. This approach is used in this study and is embedded in the system operation of the LPSP algorithm to optimize the PV/Battery/system for a given load. 2. 14 Optimization principle − reliability of power supply (RPS) Reliability of power supply is based on the concept of the probability of loss of power supply from a stand-alone renewable power system that is unable to meet the load demand. Scimone, 2010 [40] defined probabilistic index of LPSP as an assessment of the reliability of the system that takes into account the load demand profiles, the availability of primary energy source, and, if present, the capacity, and performance of charging and discharging of the storage system which the resulting evaluations lead to good results for the determination of the size of the storage system that ensures an acceptable continuity of load power supply. The methodology for the reliability of power supply as shown in Figure 4 can be summarized in two steps: During the extra power generated from the stand-alone PV energy system, the surplus power is used to charge the battery, and a new state of charge (SOC) is calculated until the battery capacity is full. Additional energy after a full charge of the battery is sent to the electrolyzer for the production of hydrogen, which will be stored in the hydrogen storage tank for later use. During the deficiency of power generated from the stand-alone PV energy system, energy stored in the battery is used to meet the demand load, and new SOC is calculated until the battery bank capacity drops to the minimum level; then the fuel cell converts the generated hydrogen into electrical energy to supply the load and at the same time charges the battery. Therefore, the sizing method consists of determining the optimal number of the photovoltaic modules, the batteries, fuel cell capacity, hydrogen generator capacity (electrolyzer), and hydrogen tank capacity according to the optimization principle. Fig. 4Program flow chart for the development of a single-renewable energy power system with a multi-storage unit. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Total sugar yield: optimizing dilute acid pretreatmentThe total sugar yields (combined glucose and xylose yield) of the near-isogenic sorghum lines with dilute acid pretreatment at different temperatures (150, 160, 170, and 180 °C), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis are illustrated in Fig. 1a, b. How the non-structural carbohydrates were accounted for in the calculation of total sugar yield (either subtracting the non-structural carbohydrates from the numerator, NU or adding them to the denominator, DE) has a modest impact on the calculated total sugar yield, with the DE calculation having calculated total sugar yields 2–8% higher (ANOVA p value <0. 001) compared to total sugar yields from the NU calculation (data not shown). The difference is minor because the sugars in the dilute acid pretreatment liquor, regardless of their origin, are included in the total sugar yield. Note that the primary analytical data used for both of these calculations are identical; the differences in yields are due simply to how the total sugar yield calculation is performed. As mentioned above, we present all total sugar yields in this work using the DE calculation, focusing on the total soluble carbohydrate yield from both structural and non-structural carbohydrates. Fig. 1Total sugar yield (g/g) of sorghums with dilute acid (DA) pretreatment (PT) on the ASE350 reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. a Glucose and xylose yield from structural carbohydrates (NU). b Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates (DE). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the meanFull size image The total sugar yields of these sorghum feedstocks show the same trend with dilute acid pretreatment temperature as the feedstocks analyzed by [7]. Both the pretreatment temperature and the sorghum mutant have significant impacts (ANOVA p value <0. 001) on the total sugar yield (Table 3). Figure 1a, b show that the optimal pretreatment temperature for all four sorghum feedstocks is approximately 160 °C. Above 160 °C, these feedstocks are “overcooked” and the total sugar yield drops (data included in Additional file 1). The total sugar yield of the SM is significantly higher than the WT (ANOVA p value <0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: It was recently that the SDFs and the Chocó were jointly considered as one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, (Mittermeier et al. 2005), with an estimated endemism level of 25%. This estimation seems to hold true, at least for the woody component of the SDFs. There is little comparable information about levels of endemism in other SDF regions in the Neotropics as most data are from local checklists and inventories (e. g. , Lott and Atkinson 2006 for SDF floristic checklists in Mexico and Central America). Available data suggest that the SDFs are intermediate in levels of endemism as compared to other SDF regions. SDFs in eastern lowland Bolivia seems to have the lowest endemism level of all neotropical SDF regions with only three endemic woody species out of 155 reported trees, a fact probably explained by the recent geological past of the area into which the extant flora arrived from more northerly latitudes after the last glacial maximum (Killeen et al. 2006). Intermediate levels of endemism have been reported for the dry Andean valleys in Bolivia, where 18% of the total native flora is considered endemic (López 2003). A study of three plant families (Labiatae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae) in the same region showed higher levels of endemism (33%), although care has to be taken to extrapolate these figures as there is ample variation in the level of endemism between different families (Wood 2006). The highest levels of endemism in neotropical SDFs have been found in the and in Mexico. In the former, 41% of the 932 known plants are endemic (Silva et al. 2003), whereas 52% of the species of Leguminosae, the most important and dominant SDF family in the Neotropics, are restricted to this biome (Queiroz 2006). Finally, Mexican SDFs are estimated to have 60% of endemic species (Rzedowski 1991). Both countries have also variants of inter-Andean SDF, which are best represented in the long and deep valleys of Peru.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 15 Operating strategy of the algorithm for the probability index A program for calculating the total available energy generated by the PV array, the optimum size of the battery bank, the hydrogen generated by water electrolysis, the energy generated by the fuel cell, and the capacity of the hydrogen tank is developed for a given load. The program's optimization is based on the reliability of the power supply and its objective function is on the loss of power supply probability. The flow chart diagram is shown in Figure 4. The total available energy generated EG(t) by PV array for hour t, can be expressed as follows: EG(T)=NPV×EPV(t),(1) Where NPV is the number of PV modules in a PV array, EPV(t) is the energy generated by aPV module (kW) for hour t. The power produced by the solar photovoltaic system in a given time T is then compared with that required by the load in the same interval. If there is no difference between these two quantities, that is EG(t)=EL(t)ηinv, then LPS = 0; or otherwise, the difference of these two quantities is positive, which means EG(t)>EL(t)ηinv, then the surplus will be used to charge the storage system. In other words, the generated power is subjected to the following constraint: EG(t)≥EL(t)ηinv. (2) In the case of storage systems, the battery charge efficiency is set equal to the round-trip efficiency, and the discharge efficiency is set equal to 1, while the electrolyzer is set to use the excess power from the solar system to produce hydrogen and store it to the hydrogen tank, the fuel cell in other hand is set to use the stored hydrogen to generate electricity that will be used to compensate the shortage and charge the battery; two cases were considered in expressing current energy stored in the storage systems for hour t. (1) If the difference of these two quantities is positive, that is, the generated power from the PV array exceeds that of the load demand, EG(t)>EL(t)ηinv, then the surplus will be used to charge the batteries with the round-trip efficiency, and if there exists excess energy after charging the battery (the batteries are full), the electrolyzer could transfer the remaining energy to a hydrogen tank.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001, Table 3) at 150 °C, but not at the higher temperatures. Increasing the dilute acid pretreatment severity decreases the difference in recalcitrance between the feedstocks. This is supported by the ANOVA results in Table 3 as well, which shows a significant second-order interaction between feedstock type and temperature. Table 3 ANOVA of the total sugar yield (g/g) of the sorghum feedstocks from ASE350 experimentsFull size table The total sugar yields calculated in this work (again, using the DE method), are higher than the results of [6], which likely used yields calculated in the same manner. These differences are expected since [6] used a lower dilute acid pretreatment temperature (121 °C) leading to lower conversions. We note that [6] observed a slightly larger improvement of the total sugar yield for the stacked mutant (SM) material compared to the WT cultivar. This may be an artifact of the differences in experimental systems, or a fundamental difference in the two sorghum cultivars used in these two works. As noted in the “Methods” section, both monomeric and oligomeric sugars are released during the dilute acid pretreatment. Sugars in either form contribute to the total sugar yield. While more severe pretreatment conditions (e. g. , longer times, higher temperatures, or higher acid concentrations) result in increased monomeric sugar yield and reduced oligomeric sugar yield, we did not observe any systematic difference in monomeric versus oligomeric sugar yield from the sorghum mutants studied in this work. Total sugar yield: effect of deacetylationWe examined the effect of deacetylation prior to dilute acid pretreatment for dilute acid pretreatment temperatures of 150 and 160 °C only, since higher dilute acid pretreatment temperatures were clearly non-optimal. The results of these experiments are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2. The total sugar yields presented in Fig. 2a assume all sugars solubilized during deacetylation are not lost during the deacetylation step while the yields presented in Fig. 2b assume that any solubilized sugars are lost during deacetylation. Deacetylation and increased dilute acid pretreatment temperature significantly increase the total sugar yield for all feedstocks, and the SM is more reactive than the WT (ANOVA p value <0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: The most important of these dry valleys, the Rio Marañon valley, is located east of the northwestern Peruvian coastal SDF and connected to them by the lowest mountain pass of the whole Andean chain, the (2,165 m. a. s. l. ). It has been suggested, that this pass has favoured the immigration and exchange of SDF biota, which evolved either in the Marañon valley or the coastal SDF (woody plants: Linares-Palomino et al. 2003; birds: Bird2003, herpetofauna: Venegas 2005). Thus, the strong presence of a group of woody species in the data, which are preferentially found at altitudes above 1,000 m. a. s. l. , could be composed of species that are also found in the Marañon valley. Indeed, several species show distributions extending into this valley (e. g. , Eriotheca discolor, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Loxopterygium huasango, Trichilia tomentosa, Clavija euerganea, Mauria heterophylla, Inga oerstediana). The altitudinal distribution of woody species and endemics showed two interesting relationships. In terms of absolute species numbers and endemics, the much more extensive coastal lowlands reported higher values than the sub-montane and mountainous areas. Nevertheless, once the effect of area had been taken into account by using the density of species per 1,000 km2, instead of absolute species numbers, an opposite pattern emerged, showing that species richness and endemics per unit area were highest in the mountains, and decreased substantially towards the lowlands. Similar results, although for greater elevational gradients (sea level to tree-line and above) and across several major vegetation types, were obtained by Borchsenius (1997) and van der Werff and Consiglio (2004) for the vascular floras of Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Both studies found that the density of endemic and restricted-range species was greater in the Andes than in the lowland areas on either side of these mountains. Furthermore, Borchsenius’ study suggested that the southern Andes, part of which is included in our study area, appeared to be particularly rich in endemic species. The geographical analysis by political units showed some interesting results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: It can be expressed as follows: ESS(t)=EB(t−1)(1−σ)+EE(t)+(EG(t)−EL(t)ηinv)ηbatt,invηele. (3) (2) When the load demand is greater than the available power generated from PV array EG(t)<EL(t)ηinv, then the deficit of power required will be delivered by the storage device. In this case, if the total energy available is not sufficient to provide power to the load, the batteries will be discharged by the amount that is needed to cover the deficit and if the battery storage system is not sufficient enough to compensate for the shortage, then the fuel cell supplies the shortage and charge the battery. In this case, there will be no loss of power supply; i. e. , LPS = 0. It can be expressed as follows: ESS(t)=(EB(t−1)(1−σ))−(EL(t)ηinv−EG(t))−EFC(t). (4) where ESS(t) is the energy stored in a storage device in hour t(kW), EB(t–1) is the energy stored in a previous hour (kW), σ is the hourly self-discharge rate of the battery bank, EE(t) is the energy the electrolyzer send to hydrogen tank, EL(t) is the load demand in hour t(kW), ηinv is the efficiency of the inverter, ηbatt,inv is the round-trip efficiency of the batteries, ηele is the electrolyzer efficiency, and EFC(t) is the energy from the fuel cell. Finally, an inverter converts electrical power from DC into AC form. Inverter losses are due to the inverter's DC/AC efficiency (ηinv). (t)=(PPVinv(t)+PBinv(t)+PFCinv(t))×ηinv,(5) Where, PPVinv (t), PBinv (t), and PFCinv (t) are the energy transferred from the PV generation unit, battery, and fuel cell at time t, respectively. (t) is the total energy supplied to the load at time t.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001, Table 3). For the DE-LO calculation, there is a significant (ANOVA p value <0. 001) decrease (between 14 and 19%) of the total sugar yield due to deacetylation. This can be explained by the high content of non-structural carbohydrates in the analyzed sorghums (Table 1), since the DE-LO calculation assumes that non-structural carbohydrates (total soluble sugars and a fraction of starch) solubilized during deacetylation are lost prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Fig. 2Total sugar yield (g/g) of the sorghums with or without deacetylation on the ASE350 reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. a Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates, and no-loss recovery of carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation (DE-NL). b Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates, and loss recovery of carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation (DE-LO). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the mean. DA dilute acid, PT pretreatmentFull size image A major aim of the deacetylation process is to solubilize the acetyl groups from the xylan chains. This solubilization was significantly (ANOVA p value <0. 001) higher in bmr mutants (between 0. 33 and 0. 41 g/g) compared to the WT (0. 23 g/g) (Table 4). The increased acetyl removal likely contributed to the higher total sugar yield of the deacetylated sorghums. Table 4 Glucose, xylose, and acetyl yield (g/g) of the sorghum feedstocks by deacetylationFull size table If we assume recovery of soluble sugars, deacetylation improves the total sugar yield for all feedstocks and both dilute acid pretreatment temperatures. However, the positive effect of deacetylation is less pronounced at the higher dilute acid pretreatment temperature, and the difference in total sugar yields between the mutants and the WT cultivar also diminish at the higher dilute acid pretreatment temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Loja, Cajamarca and Esmeraldas are the units where most vascular plants have been reported (with total vascular plant endemics highest in Cajamarca and Loja, Bracko and Zarucchi 1993; Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999). In terms of woody SDF species, it seems that apart from Tumbes, Loja, and Cajamarca, the SDFs in the other regions appear to have been little collected. In addition, the high ratios of total vascular plants to woody SDF plants and of woody SDF endemics to total vascular plant endemics in Tumbes make this region probably the best representative of SDF vegetation in the study area. The geographical distribution analysis showed that a substantial amount of the species, non-endemics (27. 5%) and especially endemics (52. 9–87. 5%), have been reported in less than two provinces or departments. In some cases, this might be the result of little collecting (see below), but in the case of the endemic species, these are by definition restricted to a certain area and sometimes, within this area, they are rare and local. In the SDFs of the region, we face the severe problem of habitat destruction and some estimations consider that less than 5% of the area remains forested (Bird2003). The rarity of some species and habitat reduction potentially threatens the SDF. This could enhance so-called “Centinelan extinction” events, i. e. , the disappearance of rare and restricted species due to forest clearance (after the disappearance of several endemic species in Cerro Centinela, Ecuador, Dodson and Gentry 1991; Wilson 1992). In contrast to this country-level definition of endemism, endemic species to the Tumbesian region have much wider geographical distributions (e. g. , Aeschynomene tumbezensis, Carica parviflora, Tabebuia bilbergii, Eriotheca ruizzi and Pithecellobium excelsum). All five are characteristic (and in some cases dominant) trees and shrubs of the SDF in Ecuador and Peru, but not found outside this region. Collection intensity of woody plants in the region at altitudes below 1,100 m. a. s. l. has been unequal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 3 Results of the computer simulation A computer program was developed and used to build a stand-alone PV/Battery/power system model. Data inputs to the program are hourly load demand, system components, and data for the solar resource of the site. The program determines as its output the size of system components (the number of PV arrays, battery capacity, rated power of fuel cell, the power rate of electrolysis, and capacity of hydrogen tank). In the charging mode of the multi-storage system, the program generates an output signal that assigns a percentage of the surplus power to the battery and the remaining power goes directly to the water electrolysis; while in discharging mode of the multi-storage system, the program generates an output signal that assigns a percentage of the required power to the battery and the remaining power is requested from the fuel cell. The optimum system configuration by the sizing application is composed of PV arrays resulting in total rated power of 15 kW, 16 units of 6 V, 225 Ah battery bank, 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5. 5 kW inverter. The output results presented for a one-year simulation are shown in Tables 2 and 3, while Figures 5–10 were provided for a clear understanding of the optimal design. Table 2Monthly results of each of the components of the PV/Battery/Fuel cell energy system. 4 Discussion 4. 1 Energy production and load demand The total yearly electrical consumption is 25310 kWh. The PV provides 44% of the load which represents 11819 kWh; the battery provides 18% of the needs, which represents 4954 kWh; and the FC provides 38% (10198 kWh) as presented in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows that the PV excess production is stored at 16% by the battery and 84% by the electrolyzer. In the solar resources, the month of March has the highest incident solar (213 kWh/m2) as well as the highest electricity generated by the PV system (2421 kW), while August has the least incident solar (154 kWh/m2) as well as the least electricity generated by the PV system (2186 kW) as shown in Figure 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: That is, the higher dilute pretreatment temperature increases the total sugar yield, but reduces the differences in recalcitrance among feedstocks and the effect of additional preprocessing using deacetylation. Again, these observations are supported by the statistically significant second-order effects in the ANOVA (Table 3). Total sugar yield: ZipperClave reactorWe examined the behavior of the WT sorghum and the SM bmr mutant in the larger ZipperClave pretreatment reactor. The total sugar yield for the SM was higher than the WT for all three pretreatment temperatures investigated (Fig. 3). However, the measured total sugar yields from the ZipperClave experiments were lower than the corresponding total sugar yields determined using the ASE350 reactor system. This suggests that other factors, such as the method of heating (steam vs. electrical), mixing, heat transfer, and reactor configuration may have affected the pretreatment conversion in the ZipperClave reactor. Nonetheless, we saw consistent experimental results with both systems; higher dilute acid pretreatment temperatures increase total sugar yield, and a large improvement in total sugar yield with the SM mutant. Fig. 3Total sugar yield (g/g) of sorghums with dilute acid (DA) pretreatment (PT) on the ZipperClave reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates (DE). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the meanFull size image ConclusionsUsing a laboratory-scale screening tool working at relevant biofuel process conditions, we assessed the total sugar yields of near-isogenic bmr sorghum mutants with reduced lignin content and their WT under different pretreatment conditions. Deacetylation before dilute acid pretreatment, bmr mutants compared to WT, and the higher temperature of dilute acid pretreatment significantly increased the total sugar yield. These differences decreased as the dilute acid pretreatment temperature increased. We do not yet understand the ultimate origin of the differences in recalcitrance among the sorghum cultivars tested in this work. There are known differences in the lignin structures of the mutants. The lignin S/G ratio for the bmr12 mutant is ~0. 03, for the bmr6 it is ~0. 3 and for the wild type it is ~0. 6 [24, 25].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: AbstractEndemism is one of the most important concepts in biogeography and is of high relevance for conservation biology. Nevertheless, our understanding of patterns of endemism is still limited in many regions of high biodiversity. This is also the case for Iran, which is rich in biodiversity and endemism, but there is no up-to-date account of diversity and distribution of its endemic species. In this study, a comprehensive list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran, their taxonomic composition and their geographical distribution are presented. To this end, a total of 2,597 (sub)endemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented and their distribution in three phytogeographical regions, two biodiversity hotspots and five areas of endemism were analysed. The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region harbours 88% of the Iranian endemics, the majority of which are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot (84%). Nearly three quarters of the endemic species are restricted to mountain ranges. The rate of endemism increases along an elevational gradient, causing the alpine zone to harbour a disproportionally high number of endemics. With increasing pastoralism, urbanization, road construction and ongoing climate change, the risk of biodiversity loss in the Iranian mountains is very high, and these habitats need to be more effectively protected. Similar content being viewed by others Seventeen ‘extinct’ plant species back to conservation attention in Europe 1. It is also considered a significant criterion for biodiversity conservation at the global, national and local scales2,3,4. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed both around the Earth and among the different lineages of the tree of life5,6. Areas with high concentration of narrowly distributed species are of high priority to preserve biodiversity3,7, and identification of areas with high priority for conservation is a fundamental task of conservation biogeography8,9. The number of endemic species in a biogeographic region is a first step for assessing the conservation situation of that region10. Documenting endemic richness in a biodiversity hotspot or area of endemism is important not only for setting their conservation priorities11, but also for understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes that have shaped the biodiversity hotspots in general and areas of endemism in particular12,13. This study focuses on Iran, a vast country in (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: In August, it was observed from Figure 8 that to ensure a reliable supply without interruption, the fuel cell due to the low electricity generated by the PV (caused by low incident solar) supplies to load the highest electricity (1004 kW) and charges the battery (325 kW) to improve the overall system efficiency. It was also observed from the results in Tables 2 and 3 that to accommodate the load demand for all the months, excess electricity was generated by the PV system, and this excess electricity generated was consumed by the electrolyzer to generate hydrogen. The electricity generated differs from month to month and depends on the incident solar. The highest electricity generated is observed in March (2421 kW), while the least is in August (2186 kW), the month most affected by raining season. In February, the PV supplied to the load the least electricity (845 kW), while the fuel cell becomes ON often to serve the load and at the same time charge the battery (which becomes a load when charging). These results (Tabs. 2 and 3) also show that the power supply is greater than the load demand. It is worthwhile noting from Figure 9 that the PV renewable solution supported by multi-storage (Battery/Fuel cell) served the load effectively with no loss of power supply; i. e. , LPS = 0. As presented in equation (5), DC/AC inverter losses occur before the initially provided energy can be consumed by an AC load and the results are shown in Table 3. Therefore, inverter losses are the monthly differences between energy received by the inverter and the energy supplied to the load by the inverter which is indicated by the down-bars filled with water droplets colour shown in Figure 10. In this Figure 10, the inverter losses by months were: January (140 kW), February (125 kW), March (149 kW), April (143 kW), May (145 kW), June (134 kW), July (131 kW), August (134 kW), September (129 kW), October (146 kW), November (142 kW), and December (142 kW). Finally, from the design results, the objective of this study is to develop system reliability for sizing and development of a stand-alone photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system where the LPS = 0 has been achieved. Fig. 5Breakdown of electrical providers. Fig. 6PV excess storage. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, since we found that the bmr6 mutant rather than the bmr12 mutant was the least recalcitrant of all four cultivars, the S/G ratio is clearly not the controlling factor. More work is needed to understand the structural differences among these mutants causing the differences in measured recalcitrance. How non-structural carbohydrates are accounted for in the total sugar yield calculation in feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrates content (e. g. , the DE vs. NU calculation) has a modest impact on the calculated yields, with higher calculated yields if they are added to the denominator (DE) of the yield calculation compared to when they are subtracted from the numerator of the yield (NU). However, how non-structural sugars that are solubilized during deacetylation are accounted for in feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrate content greatly affects the calculated total sugar yield, with the “no-loss” yield calculation providing much higher yields than the “loss” calculation. The choice of calculation should be based on the intended process concept. If the carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation are not recovered then feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrates should not undergo deacetylation prior to dilute acid hydrolysis. The results of the ASE350 small-scale laboratory pretreatment and the larger ZipperClave system showed similar trends for increased total sugar yield with temperature and for the SM bmr mutant compared to the WT. The differences in reactor profile, heating, and heat transfer between the two systems present challenges in accurately mapping smaller systems to larger pretreatment systems. MethodsSorghum feedstock samplesThe stover was collected from four near-isogenic sorghum lines (S. bicolor L. Moench) (grain heads removed): WT, bmr6 mutant, bmr12 mutant, and stacked (both bmr6 bmr12 mutations) mutant (SM) A Wheatland [26, 27]. The plants were grown in 2012 at the University of (Sharpsburg silty clay loam, fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied prior to planting at 112 kg/ha. Individual plots consisted of two 7. 6-m rows spaced 76 cm apart.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 1a) with very diverse landscapes14,15,16 comprising a large number of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges. It is home to a high plant and animal diversity with more than 8,000 vascular plant taxa, approximately 30% of which are endemics17, and more than 1,000 species of mainland vertebrates14. Moreover, Iran is at the crossroads of three major phytogeographic regions (the Irano-Turanian, the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions sensu White and Léonard18), covers parts of two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus7, and harbours five areas of endemism19. These areas of endemism are clearly associated with the major mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau, harbouring the majority of the Iranian endemic flora19. Plateau is one of the hotspots of evolutionary and biological diversity of the and serves as a bridge for migration of many plants, connecting the eastern and western floras of Eurasia20. Despite its outstanding species richness, geographic extent, and evolutionary importance, and although it has been the object of several studies on endemism, diversity and chorology of plants17,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, there is no updated and comprehensive work available summarizing the diversity and distribution of endemic vascular flora in Iran as a whole, in its phytogeographical regions, in biodiversity hotspots and also in areas of endemism. Figure 1Global biodiversity hotspots, phytogeographic regions and areas of endemism in Iran. (a) Topographic map of Iran and adjacent regions showing the Irano-Anatolian and the Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. (b) Topographic map of Iran indicating phytogeographical regions (Irano-Turanian region indicated as yellow shaded area, the Saharo-Sindian region and the Euro-Siberian region indicated as unshaded areas south and north, respectively, of the Irano-Turanian region) and areas of endemism, well associated with high mountain ranges of Iran (indicated by outlines and their names). Full size imageIn this study, we provide a complete and updated list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran with their geographical distributions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 7Monthly PV power generated versus incident solar. Fig. 8Monthly electricity supplied by each of the PV, Battery, and FC. Fig. 9Monthly electricity supplied versus load demand (LPS = 0). Table 3Monthly electricity supplied to the load through the inverter. Fig. 10Inverter losses by month. 5 this work, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) method for the sizing and development of a standalone PV system with multi-storage units (battery and hydrogen) considering the demand of load was implemented. This sizing application known as the LPSP algorithm is used in the design of component sizing configuration of a single-renewable energy power system based on multi-storage units for a reliable supply of the requirements of the residential load. The system is designed in a way that the multi-storage system was used to achieve power stability and reliability, and the method is based on the principle of a technical strategy that depends on the reliability of the power supply taking into account the load profile. A synopsis of the LPSP algorithm is thus: whenever there is enough solar radiation, the household electrical load can be powered totally by the PV electricity, and the surplus will be used to charge the batteries, and if there exists excess energy after charging the battery (the batteries are full), then the electrolyzer could use the remaining energy to generate hydrogen. During periods of low solar radiation, the deficit of power required will be delivered by the storage device. In this case, the batteries will be discharged by the amount that is needed to cover the deficit and if the battery storage system is not sufficient enough to compensate for the shortage, then the fuel cell supplies the shortage and charge the battery. The system's performance is evaluated based on the reliability of power supply under widely varying load consumptions. In determining the most suitable stand-alone PV/battery/fuel cell power system to supply a given load, the algorithm optimizes the sizing of the energy system according to the loss of power supply probability concept. Applying this method, the simulation results show that the optimal configuration which meets the desired system reliability requirements of a residential building with daily power demands of 69 kWh/day energy consumption is comprised of PV arrays resulting in total rated power of 15 kW, 16 units of 6 V, 225 Ah battery bank, 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Materials were planted on 17 May, 2012, and a pre-emergent application of atrazine (1. 1 kg/ha) was applied on 18 May, 2012. There were five irrigation applications: 9 (3. 8 cm), 17 (3. 2 cm), 25 (3. 2 cm), 30 July (3. 2 cm), and 29 August (3. 2 cm), 2016. The plots (row) were harvested with a commercial forage harvester (Model 718) on 10 September, 2012. The samples were oven-dried at 60 °C to less than 10% moisture and milled with a 2 mm screen knife mill (). Compositional analysisThe appropriate (NREL) laboratory analytical procedures (LAP) were used to determine the sugar and organic acid concentrations of the compositional analysis, pretreatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments [28–30]. One exception to these procedures was that (as mentioned above) the samples were oven-dried at 60 °C rather than at or below 45 °C. All samples were dried in the same manner. The neutral detergent fibers (NDF: weight of the neutral detergent fiber residue corrected for mineral compounds), acid detergent fibers (ADF: weight of the acid detergent fiber residue corrected for mineral compounds), and acid detergent lignin (ADL: weight of the acid detergent lignin residue corrected for mineral compounds) were determined by the gravimetric method [31, 32]. The enzymatically digestible organic matter (eDOM) was determined by the method [33]. The eDOM allows us to assess the digestibility of feedstocks for ruminants. Briefly, samples were incubated, in chronological order, with pepsin in 0. 1 M HCl for 24 h at 40 °C, with 0. 1 M HCl for 45 min at 80 °C, and with cellulase in an acetate buffer at pH 4. 8 for 24 h at 40 °C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Documenting all vascular plant species endemic to Iran, we can (1) uncover the taxonomic composition of the Iranian endemic flora, (2) estimate the number of Iranian endemics per phytogeographic region, biodiversity hotspot and area of endemism, (3) assess the floristic connections between areas of endemism, (4) quantify the contribution of large taxonomic groups to each area of endemism, (5) record the elevational distribution of endemic species, and finally (6) construct life form spectra in the biogeographical regions of Iran. Results and DiscussionTaxonomic distribution of endemic diversityvascular flora includes a total of 2,597 endemic or subendemic species (32% of all native species), belonging to 359 genera within 65 families. There are no endemic families, but 26 endemic and subendemic genera (Table 1). Of those (sub)endemic genera, 19 are monotypic, two are ditypic and the remaining five multitypic. The highest number of (sub-)endemic genera is found in Apiaceae and Brassicaceae with 13 and 7 genera, respectively. However, data on endemic genera need to be viewed with caution because of uncertainty in taxonomic circumscription, for example generic re-alignments in Brassicaceae33,34,35,36 or addition of species to Parrotia37. Dicots contain 2,421 endemic species in Iran (93% of all vascular plant endemics) out of 6,889 species, monocots contain 175 endemics (7% of all vascular plant endemics) out of 1,164 species, and gymnosperms have only one endemic out of 10 species. None of the 53 pteridophyte species occurring in Iran is endemic. The percentage of endemism in dicots (35%) is much higher than in monocots (15%) and gymnosperms (10%). This likely is due to the high number of endemic species in a few eudicot genera, such as Astragalus (Fabaceae) and Cousinia (Astercaeae). The 10 largest families in terms of number of endemic species comprise 82% of the total Iranian endemic vascular flora (Fig. 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaey4bIe 9aaSbaaeaajugWaiabeY7aTbqcfayabaGaam4zamaaCaaabeqaaKqz adGaeqiVd0MaeqyVd4gaaKqbakabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaaaaa@4447@ A similar minimization procedure with respect to the metric g μν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsaqaaaaa aaaa0MaeqyVd4gajuaG beaaaaa@3D69@ leads to the Einstein ﬁeld equations R μν − 1 2 g μν R=k T μν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Pretreatment assayFor the smaller bench-scale assay (ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor; ), each pretreatment experiment condition was performed in two batches of triplicates for WT and SM, and in two batches of one replicate for bmr6 and bmr12 mutants, except for the experimental conditions of dilute acid pretreatment at 170 and 180 °C, where only one batch of triplicates and one batch of one replicate was done for WT and SM, and for bmr6 and bmr12 mutants, respectively. More replicates have been performed on the WT and SM to be able to assess with more statistical power the difference between the most distinctive analyzed feedstocks. For the large-scale assay (ZipperClave® reactor), the experiments were performed only for WT and SM. They were performed in three batches of one replicate. ASE350 acid pretreatmentThe smaller bench-scale assay was performed using an ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor () following the procedure of [7], except that the experiments used 4. 0 g of dry biomass and 40 mL of 1% (w/w) sulfuric acid for the dilute acid pretreatment step, and 133 mL of deionized (DI) water for the rinse step. The dry solids loading for the dilute acid pretreatment step remained at approximately 10% (w/w). Briefly, a 66 mL zirconium cell was used as a reaction vessel and the liquor was collected in a 250 mL glass bottle. The pretreatment step consisted of a 7 min heating period followed by 6 min static time at a temperature between 150 and 180 °C, which was fixed depending on the experiment. The cell temperature was then reduced to 100 °C before proceeding to the water rinse step. At the end of the assay, the liquor in the glass bottle was transferred quantitatively to a 200 mL volumetric flask, which was brought to volume with DI water. The washed solid and an aliquot of the liquor were both transferred in separate 50 mL plastic tubes. They were stored in a refrigerator until further analysis. An aliquot of the liquor was hydrolyzed at 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid for 1 h at 121 °C in an autoclave, neutralized with calcium carbonate, then filtered, and analyzed for total monomeric sugars and organic acids.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Fabaceae is the number one in terms of endemic species (687 endemic species), which is due to the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus with ca. 800 species (70% endemics; Fig. 3), thus covering ca. 21% of the Iranian endemic vascular flora. The second largest family in terms of endemics is Asteraceae (Fig. 2), comprising 618 endemic species (48% of Asteraceae species). Cousinia is by far the largest genus of this family in Iran with 294 species (81% endemics; Fig. 3), encompassing 9% of the Iranian endemic species. Further families with high numbers of endemics are Lamiaceae (155), Apiaceae (127), Caryophyllaceae (127), Scrophulariaceae (96), Brassicaceae (88), Alliaceae (84), Boraginaceae (70), Rosaceae (69), and Plumbaginaceae (65; Fig. 2). Whereas these are all large families with respect to number of species present in Iran, Poaceae, which is the third biggest family in terms of total number of species (comprising 519 species) has only 28 endemic species (5%; Fig. 2). Although these numbers may decrease due to taxonomic revision27,38, new endemic species continue to be described17, rendering it unlikely that the overall pattern will change in the future. Table 1 Endemic genera of Iran. See text for details. Full size tableFigure 2Number of endemic and non-endemic species in the 30 most endemic-rich families of the Iranian vascular flora (sorted by number of endemic species). Full size imageFigure 3Number of endemic and non-endemic species of the 30 most endemic-rich genera of the Iranian vascular flora (sorted by number of endemic species). Full size imageThe number of endemic species and the degree of endemism in the Iranian vascular flora is similar to Turkey, but twice that of Greece and the (Table 2). Considering the smaller size of Turkey (about half of Iran), Turkey is proportionally richer than Iran. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae are among the ten richest families in the Mediterranean countries and in Iran, but differ in their order (Table 3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: 1986. Dynamics of the Magellanic system and the galaxy – present status of theoretical understanding. Ap&SS, 119(Feb. ), 169–171. 1996. The structure of cold dark matter halos. ApJ, 462(May), 563–575. 2002. The ghost of Sagittarius and lumps in the halo of the Milky Way. ApJ, 569(Apr. ), 245–274. 2008. The origin of the and its leading arm. ApJ, 679(May), 432–459. 2003. The extended tails of Palomar 5: a 10° arc of globular cluster tidal debris. AJ, 126(Nov. ), 2385–2407. 2001. Detection of massive tidal tails around the globular cluster Palomar 5 with commissioning data. ApJ, 548(Feb. ), L165–L169. 2002. Kinematic study of the disrupting globular cluster Palomar 5 using VLT spectra. AJ, 124(Sept. ), 1497–1510. 2009. Kinematics of the tidal debris of the globular cluster Palomar 5. AJ, 137(Feb. ), 3378–3387. 1992. Tidal evolution of globular clusters. I – method. ApJ, 386(Feb. ), 506–518. 1995. On the tidal disruption of dwarf spheroidal galaxies around the galaxy. ApJ, 442(Mar. ), 142–158. 2004. The high-velocity clouds and the Magellanic Clouds. A&A, 423(Sept. ), 895–907. 1996. The mass-to-light ratios of the Draco and Galaxies. II. The binary population and its effects on the measured velocity dispersions of dwarf spheroidals. AJ, 111 (Feb. ), 750–767. 1970. The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen. A&A, 7(Sept. ), 381–404. 2003. Exploring halo substructure with giant stars. IV. The extended structure of the Galaxy. AJ, 125(Mar. ), 1352–1372. 913. 240. 1995. The effect of galactic tides on the apparent mass-to-light ratios in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. AJ, 109(Mar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: An aliquot of the washed solid was used to determine its solid content after one night of drying in an oven at 103 °C. This last analysis was started 1 day before the washed solid underwent enzymatic hydrolysis. This assay uses the total amount of sugars (both in monomeric and oligomeric form) released during pretreatment as part of the total sugar yield. More severe pretreatments typically result in higher monomeric sugar release and lower oligomeric sugar release. Only monomeric sugars are measured after enzymatic hydrolysis; our experience has shown no oligomeric sugars present after the EH assay. ASE350 deacetylationThe deacetylation assay was also performed using the smaller bench-scale ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor () in the same configuration as for the dilute acid pretreatment. A 66 mL zirconium cell was used as a reaction cell. It was filled with 4. 0 g of biomass and 40 mL of 0. 2% (w/w) NaOH. The dry solids loading for the deacetylation pretreatment step was approximately 10% (w/w). This step consisted of a 5 min heating period followed by a 30 min static time at 80 °C. The cell temperature was then brought to 100 °C before an acid rinse step with 67 mL of 0. 1% (w/w) sulfuric acid (to neutralize the solid to be able to rinse it efficiently with DI water), followed by a water rinse step with 133 mL of DI water. The liquor was collected in a 250 mL glass bottle. At the end of the assay, the liquor in the glass bottle was transferred quantitatively to a 250 mL volumetric flask that was brought to volume with DI water. An aliquot of the liquor was transferred in separate 50 mL plastic tubes and stored in a refrigerator until further analysis. An aliquot of the liquor was hydrolyzed at 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid for 1 h at 121 °C in an autoclave and then neutralized, filtered, and analyzed for total monomeric sugars and organic acids. The washed solid was kept in the zirconium cell and stored in a refrigerator until its dilute acid pretreatment. The pretreatment was performed on the washed solid as described above, except that 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: In all five Mediterranean regions, Asteraceae contains the highest number of endemic species (Table 3), as is typical for non-tropical regions39, but in Iran the high diversity of Astragalus renders Fabaceae the most endemic-rich family. Table 2 Comparison of area size, total species richness and degree of endemism in the vascular flora of Iran versus other Mediterranean regions (; data from Buira, et al. 40). Full size tableTable 3 The eleven most endemic-rich families in the vascular flora of Iran and other Mediterranean regions (; data from Buira, et al. 40). Full size tableThe ten richest genera in terms of endemic species account for 47% of the total number of endemics of Iran (Fig. 3). The largest genera of the vascular flora usually also comprise the largest number of endemic species (e. g. , Astragalus, Cousinia, Allium). Exceptions are smaller genera with high proportion of endemics, such as Dionysia (Primulaceae) with 39 species and about 90% endemism (Fig. 3), and species-rich genera with few endemics, such as Carex, Trifolium, and Vicia, whose species tend to be widespread rendering those genera species-rich but endemic-poor also in other Mediterranean areas such as the Iberian Peninsula40. Richness across the territoriesThe majority of the endemic vascular plant species of Iran (88%) are restricted to the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 5% and 4% are restricted to the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions, respectively; 3% is shared between the regions (Table 4). The Irano-Turanian region is richer than the two others, which is due to the size of this region as well as its topography, as it contains numerous mountain ranges, which generally are rich in endemics41,42. Some of the species-rich genera more strongly represented in this region are Astragalus (Fabaceae), Cousinia (Asteraceae), Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) and Allium (Alliaceae; Fig. 4a). A typical representative of the Euro-Siberian region is Alchemilla (Rosaceae), with nearly 90% of its endemics being found in this region. Akhani, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: Finally, we draw the readers’ attention to the commonly ignored fact that there is no evidence for WIMPS on earth (or in our solar system). The bald fact is that the properties required by DM demand WIMPS should be concentrated at the center of the earth. Few have bothered to investigate this obvious requirement; those who have made some observations have not uncovered evidence for this [52]. Dark matter proponents of WIMPS must resort to special pleading that WIMPS are “out there” but not here. This requirement is simply ignoring the cosmological principle. That is, if WIMPS are common in other galaxies including Andromeda, but not in the Milky Way, then the cosmological principle is not true. If so, astronomy is left without any principles at all. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Advertisement ThanksWe thank K. G. Begeman for kindly allowing us use of his NGC 3198 data. -Fisher relationCGRCarmeli general relativityDMdark matterEEEinstein equationMACHOmassive astrophysical compact halo objectStype IaSGspiral galaxySMstandard model of p1. Zwicky F. On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae. Journal. 1937;86:217-246. DOI: 10. 1086/1438642. . Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Journal. 1970;159:379-403. DOI: 10. 1086/1503173. . Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. IV-Systematic dynamical properties SA through SC. Journal. 1978;225:L107-L111. DOI: 10. 1086/1828044. . Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc). Journal. 1980;238:471-487. DOI: 10. 1086/1580035. . The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I. The dark matter connection. of the Society. 1996;281(1):27-47. DOI: 10. 1093/mnras/278. 1. 276. Hossenfelder S. Dark Matter. Or What? YouTube; 2018.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 25% sulfuric acid was used to compensate for the water contained in the washed solid (data not shown). ZipperClave reactor acid pretreatmentLarge-scale sorghum pretreatment experiments were conducted in the ZipperClave reactor () as previously described [34]. 65. 0 g dry weight of sorghum biomass was loaded into the sample container with a 1% (w/w) solution of H2SO4 to achieve a 25% solids loading (w/w). The biomass and acid solution were mixed and set for 5 min prior to pretreatment. The canister was then loaded into the ZipperClave reactor and sealed. Steam was injected using an impeller with lifting edges anchored to the bottom to ensure even heating and mixing of the contents within a removable canister during the reaction. The ZipperClave reactor was equipped with an electrical heating blanket set at the reaction temperature to lessen steam condensation due to heat losses through the reactor wall. Temperature was measured using two thermocouples located in the top and bottom of the reactor. Three reaction temperatures 140, 155, 170 °C for 10 min were used representing severities (R o) of 2. 18, 2. 62, and 3. 06, respectively. After pretreatment, the reactor was depressurized for 20–40 s and vented steam and volatized components recovered as condensate. After the canister was removed, the agitator was rinsed to recover attached solids. The pretreated slurry, recovered from the canister, condensate, and rinsate liquors, were analyzed using standard [35]. Overall mass recovery after pretreatment was 107. 6 ± 2. 2%, suggesting a higher bias for solids recovery. Glucose and xylose yields were normalized to 100% solids recovery to adjust for this bias in solids recovery. Total sugar yield for the control corn stover samples was 85. 6 ± 3. 0 g/g, demonstrating that both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis processes provided robust results. Enzymatic hydrolysis assayFor all pretreated samples, the enzymatic hydrolysis assay was performed following the procedure of [7], which is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass [36].

Output: pass