Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In batch SSF, the concentration of fermentable sugars is kept very low during most of the process, which could result in yeast starvation. This could be circumvented by performing prehydrolysis prior to SSF, in order to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars. However, high sugar concentrations can lead to high osmotic pressure in the fermentation medium, which is known to stress the yeast. The incubation of yeast in a medium containing high concentrations of different fermentable sugars has been shown to increase the fermentation ability of the yeast [19]. Thus, high initial concentrations of fermentable sugar as a result of prehydrolysis prior to SSF may influence the fermentation step in the process in various ways. Performing prehydrolysis at 45-48°C prior to SSF of steam-pretreated spruce, and other lignocellulosic materials, at low solids loadings has not shown any positive effect on ethanol yield, and in some cases even resulted in lower ethanol yields than SSF without prehydrolysis [5, 20, 21]. Manzanares et al. [12] reported no increase in ethanol yield from dilute-acid-pretreated olive tree prunings, even at solids concentrations up to 23% dry matter (DM), whereas they observed an increase in overall ethanol yield from 11 to 50% in SSF of hot-water-pretreated olive prunings with 23% DM when SSF was preceded by prehydrolysis. Prehydrolysis of hot-water-pretreated olive prunings at lower solids concentrations did not increase the ethanol yield [12]. It thus appears that including prehydrolysis prior to SSF does not always improve the overall ethanol yield of SSF and the presence of fiber in SSF might have an effect on the ethanol yield. Previous studies also suggest that not only the initial WIS content influences the overall ethanol yield in SSF. Also, the pretreatment method used prior to SSF has an influence on the overall ethanol yield in SSF [12]. This is partly due to different degrees of degradation of the biomass during pretreatment. Lignocellulosic biomass is further degraded and chemically altered during a prehydrolysis step, which might influence the ethanol yield in the following enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: How common are dormant zygospores in the environment, and where do they occur? Are zygospores typical overwintering forms, and do they also have an increased resistance to challenging biotic interactions? What are the most common biotic interactions of C. reinhardtii in the environment (competing photosynthetic microbes, grazers, bacteria, fungi)? In what ways does C. reinhardtii communicate with its neighbors (e. g. infochemical signals)? What is the metabolic significance of these interactions? How often and under what situations do cells shed their cilia in nature? Is there a selective advantage of deciliation in response to stress? Does C. reinhardtii associate with biofilms on soil p10. 7554/eLife. 39233. 004 Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Life cycle of C. reinhardtii. Haploid (n) vegetative cells occur as two mating types, mt+ and mt-, that divide by mitosis (“Asexual reproduction”; Harris, 2001, Goodenough et al. , 2007). Gametogenesis can be induced by nitrogen starvation (-N) in the presence of light, and gametes of opposite mating types can fuse to form diploid (2n) zygotes (“Sexual reproduction”). Within a few hours of fertilization, zygotes resorb their four cilia to become immotile. Over the course of several days these zygotes are remodeled into highly resistant, dormant zygospores. In this process, a strong, multilayered cell wall is formed, and chlorophyll is degraded (Harris, 2001; Goodenough et al. , 2007). As a result, mature zygospores appear orange, which reflects their carotenoid content (Lohr, 2009). When environmental conditions improve, the zygote undergoes meiosis to release four haploid cells (sometimes 8 and 16 when mitosis also occurs within the zygote wall; “Germination”). The haploid cells then resume vegetative growth. In the laboratory, zygote germination is induced by the addition of nitrogen (+N) to the medium in the light (Harris, 2001); nitrogen also causes reprogramming of gametes to vegetative cells (Pozuelo et al. , 2000). Image credit: Debbie Maizels.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The early stage of the mycorrhizal symbiosis represents a challenging, but also a very attractive, stage for proteomics. The sampling time and sampling method are crucial for the experiment’s outcome, and synchronization of the root colonization events would enrich root samples in the proteins of interest. Lopez-Meyer and Harrison (2006) first proposed a system to synchronize AM fungal spore germination and root penetration events [38]. Despite this technical improvement, the amount of proteins involved in the plant response to the AM fungus and in the PPA formation, as compared to the amount of proteins in the whole root, is expected to be very low and at the limit of detectability. Therefore, new strategies for sample preparation and experimental designs are required to reveal the key components of this fundamental phase of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. 4. 2. Proteomics on late stageLate stage of the AM symbiosis commonly indicates the phase in which the fungus has already build up the arbuscules. In nature, the symbiosis is highly dynamic and very complex because, while arbuscules are forming, new penetration events occur. Bestel-Corre et al. [39] reported the first mass spectrometry (MS)-based identification of mycorrhiza-related proteins. These authors studied the response of M. truncatula inoculated either with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae (current name Funneliformis mosseae) or with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Proteins were separated by 2DE-PAGE and image analyses, with precise quantification of spots volume performed to identify differentially expressed protein spots. Those spots were excised from the gels and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Notably, only plant or bacterial proteins were identified, may be due to difficulties in extracting fungal proteins. The authors identified several proteins related to defence responses, root physiology and respiratory pathway. However, none seemed to be a key protein in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. The proteomic analysis of the late stage of the AM symbiosis using the whole root system as starting material never allowed very good results. To overcome this problem, many studies on the late stage of the symbiosis focused their attention on a specific sub-cellular compartment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: LacI/P T7lac was also quite tightly regulated although it generated the highest background expression for GFP (Figure 4, Panel C). The ratio between the induced and the uninduced expression levels was protein dependent with relatively small induction windows for svFv173-2-5-AP (1. 2-25) and large for luciferase (60–3,000). In strain ER2566, XylS/Pm and LacI/P T7lac displayed the highest induction windows, while LacI/P trc was by far the least inducible system (0. 1-0. 2 times compared to XylS/Pm). In DH10B, induction ratios for AraC/P BAD were 1. 3-27 times higher than the ratios of XylS/Pm and XylS/Pm ML1-17. These results are consistent with a previous report documenting that the induction ratio in the AraC/P BAD system can reach up to 1,200-fold when functionally compared for the phoA reporter gene [11]. As for XylS/Pm[24, 25], the induction level can also be modulated over a wide concentration range by varying the inducer concentration. In addition, uninduced levels can be even further reduced by the presence of glucose, which represses the expression in this system [47]. The main disadvantage of the AraC/P BAD system is that the inducer can be metabolized in most strains of E. coli. The predicted translational efficiencies of the ribosomal binding sites vary over a wide rangeThe DNA region corresponding to the 5′-UTR plays a central role in regulation of gene expression [48–50]. It covers the untranslated nucleotides at the 5′ end of the mRNA [51, 52], including the ribosome binding site (RBS) that together with the translational start site influence expression [28, 49, 53]. One program frequently used to analyse the expected efficiency of these nucleotide sequences is the RBS calculator [54]. We applied its reverse engineering function on the various 5′-UTR-gene combinations used in the study and determined the translation initiation rate (TIR) values of the respective expression systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: Following gamete fusion, a pair of homeodomain transcription factors initiates the genetic program for zygote development (Kurvari et al. , 1998; Lee et al. , 2008). The first zygote-specific genes are induced within minutes of gamete fusion, with hundreds of additional genes activated over the next few hours (Lopez et al. , 2015; Joo et al. , 2017). A gene encoding a polyketide synthase is induced two days after zygote formation and is critical for the zygote-to-zygospore transition, probably because it participates in the biosynthesis of the cell wall lipid polymer (Heimerl et al. , 2018). Several stages of the sexual cycle, including gamete formation and maintenance and zygote germination, depend on light and involve regulation by three different photoreceptors (Huang and Beck, 2003; Müller et al. , 2017; Zou et al. , 2017). Similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Liti, 2015), we know little about the life cycle of C. reinhardtii in its natural environment. For example, there is no quantitative data on the frequency of sexual reproduction relative to vegetative growth. Yet, nitrogen is thought to become limited more commonly in soils than lakes (Schindler, 1977; Vitousek and Howarth, 1991; Coleman et al. , 2017). This notion is congruent with nitrogen limitation being a major cue for zygospore formation in nature, but we are not aware of any data on zygospore induction in natural soil environments. The occurrence of clonal cultures of opposite mating types that are derived from a single zygospore isolated from dry soil provides additional evidence for a critical role of zygospores during desiccation (Harris, 2009). Freezing resistance of zygospores and their more efficient germination under long-day conditions compared to short-day conditions suggests that zygospore formation is an overwintering strategy (Suzuki and Johnson, 2002). If true, the question arises as to whether or not nitrogen limitation and day length are adequate cues to herald the approach of winter, or whether, for example, a decrease in soil moisture content or temperature can also induce zygospore formation in C. reinhardtii. Physiological and metabolic capabilities C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: With this approach, the same group published two other papers few years later, using sub-cellular fractionation methods, reporting more remarkable results described in the next paragraphs. Mycorrhizal systems different from ECM and AM have been seldom investigated with proteomic approaches. However, recent results have been published for orchid mycorrhiza by Valadares et al. (2014). For orchids, the association with symbiotic fungi is required for seed germination and seedling development, when the plant relies on the fungus also for carbon supply (a strategy termed mycoheterotrophy). Recently, 2D-LC-MS/MS (two-dimensional liquid chromatography MS/MS) coupled to isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification has been used to identify proteins with differential accumulation in the orchid species Oncidium sphacelatum at different stages of plant development after seed inoculation with a Ceratobasidium sp. fungal isolate. Eighty-eight proteins, including proteins putatively involved in energy metabolism, cell rescue and defence, molecular signalling and secondary metabolism, have been identified and quantified. These results suggest profound metabolic changes during the development of mycorrhizal orchids, likely related to a switch from the fully mycoheterotrophic to the photosynthetic stages [40]. 4. 3. Proteomics on sub-cellular compartmentAlthough 30% of naturally occurring proteins are predicted to be embedded in biological membranes [41], comprehensive membrane proteomics is technically difficult due to the hydrophobicity, heterogeneity and lower abundance of membrane proteins. In mycorrhizal symbioses, membrane proteins are very important because they likely include the receptors that control the fungal–plant dialogue as well as the transporters that mediate nutrient exchange. For these reasons, many authors have focused on membrane proteins using different enrichment protocols. The first study on sub-cellular fractionation of membrane proteins was conducted by Benabdellah et al. (1998). They isolated the microsomal protein fraction from colonized tomato roots, where they found several differentially expressed proteins [42]. Few years later, the same group identified for the first time a protein related to mycorrhizal symbiosis by Edman N-terminal sequencing, after plasma membrane enrichment and 2DE-PAGE protein separation [43].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana in wheat root tissues was found to be necessary to improve our knowledge of the endophytic colonization of B. bassiana. Also, there are studies based on increasing nematode development of B. bassıana. Hanel (1994) hypothesized that the increased nematode numbers after the application of B. bassiana to the soil were due to the indirect effect of B. bassiana. He noted these indirect effects as higher nutrient supply for plant nematodes, changes in soil microflora, and increased nutrient availability for plants. Mwaura et al. (2017) found that ten ml of a B. bassiana spore suspension at a concentration of 5 × 107 inoculated tuber and soil together with Ditylenchus destructor and D. dipsaci in the greenhouse caused a higher nematode reproduction in potatoes. Yerukala et al. (2021) reported that B. bassiana in Rutgers tomato cultivar increased the number of gall and egg masses formed by M. incognita in the roots. Additionally, few studies with different plant-parasitic nematode species support the nematicidal effect of B. bassiana (Ghayedi and Abdollahi 2013; Kepenekçi et al. 2017; Youssef et al. 2020; Karabörklü et al. 2022). The present study results showed that 108 and 107 spores/ml of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates negatively affected P. thornei soil and root density according to control. However, the most effective concentration on P. thornei was 108 spore/ml in both isolates. While the reproduction rate of P. thornei was found to be 5. 8 in the control, the reproduction rates of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates in 108 spore/ml concentration were found to be 3. 9 and 3. 6, respectively. Although nematode reproduction rate was not suppressed at a highly, these results showed that B. bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, could control P. thornei infection on wheat to a certain extent. Maybe the effect on nematode control will be higher when working with higher concentrations. In addition, Göze Özdemir et al. (2022) found that P. thornei mortality rate was 75. 5 and 64.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: Such studies could then be extended to include analyses performed under controlled laboratory conditions that closely align with conditions encountered in the field, using innovative methods such as microfluidics to mimic conditions of the soil and other complex environments (Stanley et al. , 2016). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 1756. PubMed 223. 401. PubMed 680. PubMed 543. 1538. PubMed 585. PubMed 1137. PubMed 334. 429. PubMed 247. PubMed 1136. 886. PubMed 150. PubMed 452. PubMed 574. 666. PubMed 392. PubMed 624. PubMed 549. 1575. PubMed 337. PubMed 18. PubMed 127. PubMed 3572. 2369. PubMed 162. PubMed 2352. PubMed 565. PubMed 2018. PubMed 538. PubMed 361. PubMed 1669. 112. PubMed 406. PubMed 176. PubMed 281. PubMed 3211. PubMed 8313. 98. PubMed 6274. PubMed 185. PubMed 87. 332. PubMed 448. 105. 1232. PubMed 1430. PubMed 5523. PubMed 184. 2306. PubMed 1980. PubMed 840. PubMed 540. 552. PubMed 387. PubMed 5835. 198. 817. 2743. PubMed 72. 5963. PubMed 2679. PubMed 251. PubMed 207. PubMed 312. 428. PubMed 273. 201. PubMed 948. PubMed 83. 4167. 718. PubMed 19. 292. PubMed 2931. PubMed 1610. PubMed 38. 69. 1192. PubMed 4776. PubMed 268. 230. PubMed 263. 773. 138. 240. PubMed 262. PubMed 0646. PubMed 76. 0744. PubMed 1507. 448. 115. 241. 80. 1752. 220. PubMed 377. 286. 888. PubMed 246. 577. 15. 8-kb genome suggests mechanisms for DNA replication 24:241–247. PubMed 364. 115. 1555. PubMed 503. PubMed 1347. and and that it is possibly not even a single species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: These parameters are measured for individual LC-MS/MS or LC/LC-MS/MS runs and changes in protein abundance are calculated via a direct comparison between different analyses [52]. The spectral counting strategy used by Abdallah et al. (2014) suggests that accommodation of AM fungi within root cortical cells implies both a dynamic reorganization of the root membrane proteome and the de novo synthesis of AM-related proteins [23]. This study, beside the identification of proteins corresponding to key genes already identified in mycorrhizal symbiosis, also reported new proteins, many of which support the importance of membrane trafficking during mycorrhiza colonization. In summary, sub-cellular and peptide fractionations led to the identification of many key proteins involved in AM symbiosis. Despite the recent contributions of proteomics to the study of the plant–fungus mycorrhizal interactions were substantial, the role of many of them as actors in the symbiosis is still to be fully understood. 4. 4. Proteomics to identify fungal proteinsMost proteomic studies on the AM interaction have focused on plant proteins. Identification of fungal proteins is more challenging due to the impossibility to grow AM fungi in axenic cultures, to the lower amount of fungal biomass, as compared to plant material, and to the more scanty sequence information. However, pioneering studies have been carried out in France by Dumas-Gaudot and Recorbet [53,54]. Dumas-Gaudot et al. (2004) used the root organ culture method [55] to enrich for proteins expressed in the extra-radical mycelium of the AM species G. intraradices. They successfully produced, for the first time, a 2DE reference map for the extra-radical proteome of an AM fungus. After the selection of the most intense protein spots, they tried to identify them by mass spectrometry. Unfortunately, only very few proteins from filamentous fungi were known and present in public databases, and the only available genome sequence, at that time, was from Neurospora crassa, phylogenetically very far from Glomeromycota. In spite of that, identification was possible for 8 proteins out of the 14 analyzed, and homologies were found for 4 of them. Few years later, the same group attempted again the identification of fungal proteins expressed in the AM association [54].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 1%, respectively, at a concentration of 108 spore/ml of B. bassiana BY2 and BIM-001 isolates after 72 h in vitro. The high nematicidal effect found as a result of the study carried out in vitro, unfortunately, could not be found in the experiment carried out on wheat under controlled conditions. It should not be overlooked that there was no direct contact between P. thornei and B. bassiana in the soil as in the in vitro study. Consequently, B. bassiana 108 and 107 spores/ml concentration applications reduced the reproduction of P. thornei on wheat than in the control. It was determıned that these isolates showed nematicidal effect on P. thornei. This may be due to secondary metabolites of B. bassiana during the infection (Amobonye et al. 2020). Another result of the study, when B. bassiana was applied to the soil contaminated with P. thornei at concentrations of 108 and 107 spores/ml, it was determined that the height and fresh weight of wheat plants and roots increased than the control. B. bassiana isolate (MARD 92) was identified to have endophytic property which enables it to be established within plant tissues and increases its field efficacy in controlling some pests (Khudhair et al. 2016). Beserra et al. (2019) reported that B. bassiana application in soybean positively affected vegetative development and reduced parasitism of P. brachyurus in roots. According to Kepenekci et al. (2017), tomato growth and yield increased with increasing dose applications of B. bassiana (F-56 and F-63) isolates in tomato roots infected with M. incognita. ConclusionsIn the present study, the application of native B. bassiana isolates BIM-001 and BY2 inoculum density was found important for biocontrol efficacy. Also, as concentration densities above 108 spore/ml are considered more promising in control to root lesion nematodes, reassessment with different concentrations can be done. B. bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates may be used in the control of root lesion nematode on wheat which is an important plant parasitic nematode group in Turkey and the world. Therefore, detailed research is needed on the factors responsible for the pathogenicity of P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: SearchSearch in: to Occom, herbal remedies and letter fragment Author Occom, Samson Date1754 ms number754900. 2 abstractHerbal remedies and a letter fragment. handwritingOccom's hand is largely clear and legible; however, within the context, many letters and words are difficult to decipher. paperSeveral small sheets folded into a booklet and bound with thread are in good condition, with light-to-moderate staining and wear. inkBrown ink is faded on some pages. There is some spattering that occasionally makes it difficult to differentiate between ink spots and punctuation. noteworthyWhen Occom's intention regarding a word or abbreviation is uncertain, the word or abbreviation has been left unmodified in the modernized transcription. Lines separating each numbered section of the herbal remedies have not been transcribed. The contents of the letter fragment are very similar to those of manuscript 756900. 2. layoutThe journal fragment is, relative to one recto, written upside-down and meant to be read from the back of the booklet. About this preserves the author's original text, including abbreviations and historical notation Modernizedversion expands abbreviations and historical notation within the author's original text to produce a modern reading copy. Technicalversion shows transcription markup and includes a summary of metadata captured in the document text. Page 1r of Aſhes — good for Pluracy 6 good for Sore mouth 7 geepbiyanbuſ[illegible][illegible] good for ^young^ Children that are inclining to fits, Start[illegible][guess: l]ed 8 — Cowachink good for Cole 9 witch Root good for Bait for Muſk 11 Page 1v wehſuc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: They maintained the same experimental system, but they used the GeLC-MS/MS method and could identify 92 different fungal proteins. GeLC-MS/MS approach combines a mono-dimensional gel (1D-PAGE) and a nano-scale capillary liquid chromatography-MS/MS. Briefly, after the 1D-PAGE separation, the mono-dimensional gel is cut in several pieces; in-gel digestion results in different protein fractions that are separated and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Using the MetaCyc database, a collection of more than a thousand metabolic pathways [57], these authors grouped those proteins in 11 pathways that span energy, metabolism and cell rescue processes. These data, together with previous identifications of putative homologues of cell-cycle gene in G. mosseae and G. intraradices [56,57], suggest that signalling pathways known in model species may also operate in AM fungi. Although the GeLC-MS/MS strategy opened the possibility to large-scale proteomics of mycorrhizal fungi, no further data have been published with this technique. Secreted fungal proteins play key roles in host plant colonization and symbiosis development in ECM interactions. Vincent et al. (2012) have identified the extracellular proteins secreted in the growth medium by the free-living mycelium of the ECM fungus L. bicolor using 2-DE, IPG-IEF shotgun (IPG strip was cut into fractions and tryptic peptides were eluted from the each fraction) and SDS-PAGE shotgun, with the aim to validate predicted secreted proteins and identify putative novel effectors of the symbiosis. Among the 224 proteins identified, there were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), probably involved in cell wall remodelling during hyphal growth, as well as secreted proteases. Additionally, the involvement of some of these proteins in the establishment of the mycorrhizal symbiosis was supported by transcriptomic analyses of ECM roots [58]. Advertisement 5. Mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metalsIn plants, stress tolerance to soil pollution can be increased by their interaction with mycorrhizal fungi [59].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: However, extrapolation to microbe-plant association may be misleading. When microbes attempt to colonize plants, they are recognized by the plant immune system, including the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. Plant SA alters the composition and assembly of the plant microbiome, and plants expressing constitutive production of SA show slower fungal colonization (11, 12). Low spore attachment can result in reduced penetration of the root tissue, causing minimal activation of the SA pathway and potentially allowing for more robust endophyte establishment by B. bassiana. A comprehensive examination of plant immune activation upon B. bassiana colonization (i. e. , the SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance) is needed and will provide critical information on B. bassiana growth dynamics within the host plants. Furthermore, like other fungal endophytes, B. bassiana has the potential to bypass the activation of plant SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance by producing a (fungal) salicylate hydrolase. This enzyme potentially would enable the fungus to grow endophytically without causing drastic changes in plant immunity. Unique and understudied aspects of endophytic colonization by B. bassiana are (i) any impacts on arthropod pests feeding on colonized plants, (ii) the extent to which B. bassiana may safeguard plants from plant pathogens, and (iii) the degree and conditions driving growth promotion and increased plant abiotic stress tolerances (Fig. 2). While several studies have shown these various benefits, little is known concerning the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved. Although some attention has been directed toward examining the potential protective effects of endophytic B. bassiana against insect pests, this research remains limited and often shows contradictory results. Current hypotheses include that B. bassiana might protect plants from phytophagous arthropods directly (e. g. , parasitism or production of toxic compounds) and/or indirectly by deterring arthropods from ovipositing on or colonizing the plant. B. bassiana can be found as a natural epiphyte on many plants, which supports potential direct parasitism via topical acquisition of fungal spores from the plant canopy. Alternatively, Cry-like toxins and enterotoxins could be produced in planta during fungal endophytic growth, providing plants with direct systemic protection against insect pests, an idea we are currently exploring.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: �]t boild togather — good for Conſumtion 35 Page 4r Prickly Leav’d and moſt of the thorn.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Six out of ten of the most polluted soils in the world are contaminated by heavy metals [60], and mycorrhizal symbioses have been found to reduce metal toxicity to the host in soils with potentially toxic amounts of soluble and insoluble metals. Phytoremediation, the plant-mediated reclamation of polluted soils, is receiving increasing attention as a natural method to restore the biological features of the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi can have an important part in this process. Many studies have been carried out on the benefits of mycorrhizal plant–fungus interaction in heavy-metals-polluted soils, but only few of them have used a proteomic approach to identify the key proteins potentially involved in mycorrhiza-mediated stress tolerance. Researches on this topic have analyzed different plant organs, like leaves or root, but also focused on the symbiotic fungus. Bona et al. (2010) studied the leaf proteome of the arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata inoculated with two fungi (Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora margarita), with and without arsenic treatment [59]. The symbiosis with both fungi decreased arsenic concentration compared with non-mycorrhizal plants, indicating the protective effect of mycorrhizal fungi. Interestingly, the plant protein expression profile was different when the plant was inoculated with G. mosseae or G. margarita. Although they studied a different biological system, Cangahuala-Inocente and colleagues (2011) identified instead a core of 25 proteins, supporting the existence of conserved plant responses to Glomus irregulare and Glomus mosseae, at least in a woody perennial species such as grapevine [61]. A study on root proteomics has been conducted by Aloui et al. [62]. They reported, using a 2DE approach followed by MS/MS, the protective effect conferred by G. intraradices to the model legume M. truncatula in the presence of Cd. They identified 36 mycorrhiza-related proteins, but only 6 displayed changes in abundance upon Cd exposure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: For instance, clear X580 haplotypes were GTAAA and AATGG, and if both are present in an isolate they will produce the RWWRR genotype, found in a number of isolates. and GTWRR haplotypes were also found, indicating that AAAAA and GTTGG must also exist (these inferences are detailed in Table 5 and additional examples can be seen in Fig. 1). Table 5 Inferences from the genotypic nature of single spores and isolatesFull size table Moreover, the X639 clones analyzed provide even clearer evidence for recombination. Four clean genotypes were obtained from the Australian samples and genotype 11, the one with most double peaks, was selected for cloning. This genotype could correspond to a mix of genotypes 2, 3 and 4 and the 38 clones sequenced produced 15 different haplotypes: four clones had one of the genotypes 2, 3, or 4; nine were other different recombinants of these and unexpectedly, two clones had a genotype 1. This latter genotype apparently did not exist in the original sample, at least with sufficient prevalence as to produce identifiable peaks in the chromatograms. Thus, direct sequencing from the original isolates highlights the haplotypes existing at considerable frequencies, while minority sequences may not be detected unless many clones are analyzed. Indeed, an earlier analysis of a series of clones indicated that the true allelic richness was most probably underestimated [23]. Strong LD has been found for short reads but those below 200 bp may be too short to identify breaking haplotypes, and LD may decay over larger distances [26]. In fact, our findings support that hypothesis: for example, a pair of nucleotides 27 bp apart is always CC or TT, yet all possible combinations exist with respect to the C or T 291 bp downstream (shadowed in Fig. 2). Thus, to detect recombination longer undivided DNA fragments must be analyzed. In summary, it appears that N. ceranae does not fit into the model of strict asexual reproduction outlined above but rather, the data obtained support the existence of a cryptic sexual cycle. Ploidy and diversity in N. ceranae Whatever the mechanisms creating genotype heterogeneity, the fact that all the isolates except one appeared to be mixed or heterozygous for the different markers raises a number of fundamental questions. genus is binucleate and recent studies even suggest a possible polyploidy for N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: boild in about 3 Quarts of water till Conſumd to a Quart — good for Heart born 36 An herb good for green wound a Stalk with Buſhee top 37 another wead Somew[illegible]hat Like the other herb good for Cauſed by Cold with a So[illegible][guess: r]e heated Put upon the hinder part the Neck 38 Page 4v water take and boil and take the Rt after it is boil’d and Pound it fine to mLay upon f[illegible][guess: a]x Sore and [illegible]ce of the water of for it is good for it 39 Sweet flag good for 40 Augeet good for buſt take the Rt and Pound it in hot water and lett about a jill at once twice a Day 41 A little Sort of India^n^ flax for a Perſon to take 2 Days together that has Page 5r and then take Saſarfax and milk wead and Pound them together 2 thrids of the firſt and third of the Laſt 42 the Docter muſt kake an herb and Rub his hands with it wile he is Dreſſing the Patien 43 Muſk, with Some his fat and Furr wMixt togather good for Ear ake 44 Page 5v Wauhtouwox and Sap good for flme over the Eye 45 another herb and Saſſar‐fax heart and Speccle beans Good for 46 Herb good ^to^ heal brocken bones fingers and ^about the^ ^[below]foot^ 47 Budes and Small wiled but 2 third of the togeg — good for young Women whoſe Flowers are Stopt by weakneſs of Nature 48 Page 6r Dears horn [illegible] and Mut [illegible][guess: ly youbuck], but the horn ſhoud be gated mak about a jill and boil it in about 6 jills of water and Let it boil away half then the other into it goo for When their Monthly Sickneſs over flows 49 an herb boild in 2 gallon of water and boil it about half away and then Cool it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: In the past few years, a specialized fungal genomics portal, called MycoCosm ( has been created by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Institute (JGI), offering an access point to the data from all the sequencing genome project managed by the [68,69]. Starting from the three first genome projects on Laccaria bicolor, Tuber melanosporum and Rhizophagus intraradices [70,71,72], several more genomes from symbiotic fungi, including ECM, AM, orchid and ericoid fungi, have been recently sequenced, with the aim to determine the diversity of the molecular processes involved in the interaction [28]. Despite the more powerful techniques and wider reference datasets for protein identification, current limitations exist in the application of proteomics to the study of plant–microbe interactions. In particular, new extraction methods, microsomal studies, sub-cellular enrichment, gel-free separation methods, pre-fractioning separations and new mass spectrometry are still far from being fully explored [73]. In order to identify proteins from a very small subset of target cells, Gaude et al. (2012) combined laser capture microdissection (LCM) and LC-MS/MS [74]. Laser microdissection permits the rapid isolation, from sections of a heterogeneous tissue, of a selected cell population in a manner compatible with the extraction of or proteins [29]. Using LCM, arbuscule-containing cortical cells and cortical cells from non-mycorrhizal M. truncatula roots were isolated. Proteomic analyses on these cells revealed a number of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, most likely related to the synthesis of the PAM. This targeted analysis on a specific subset of colonized cells, those harbouring the arbuscules, curiously did not identify known PAM marker proteins, thus suggesting that either sample preparation or instrument capability were not sensitive enough. Although this first use of LCM in the proteomic investigation of the AM mycorrhizal symbiosis did not identify known marker proteins, it highlighted the PAM as an important carbon sink. The LCM technique coupled with MS/MS techniques could be a powerful combination to investigate the protein profiles of specific cells at specific time-points. Moreover, LCM can help to overcome the problem of asynchronous fungal development and arbuscule maturation in mycorrhizal roots.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a nutritional context is essential when interpreting any responses of the bacterial community toward parasite challenges. In our data, parasites negatively affected the relative abundance of all 15 studied gut bacteria, leading to interrupted food digestion and nutrient absorption. It remains unclear whether gut bacteria can actively defend the integrity of the gut tissue in bees. However, microbes can be regulated by diet to protect the gut integrity and support pathogen resistance in other organisms [34]. In prior work, honey bee pathogens have shown negative correlations with S. alvi [35, 36]. From our data, the levels of F. perrara and S. alvi were significantly enhanced with the reduction of N. ceranae. It remains unclear why N. ceranae negatively affected gut bacteria. Even though sugar was the only food resource in our studied bees, the chance is low that N. ceranae directly competes for this food resource with bacteria, as N. ceranae proliferates within epithelia cells and bacteria live in the lumen. Tissue destruction caused by infection might lead to the deterioration of the gut lumen, thus impacting bacteria. Although microbial treatments provide a promising chemical-free strategy to control pathogen infection [37], caution is required, as improper probiotic supplements can lead to dysbiosis of gut microbes and susceptibility toward pathogens [38]. In our study, the relationship between N. ceranae and the studied microbes was correlative. However, the siRNA Dicer treatment and the reduced N. ceranae level was causative. We provided novel insights into interactions between gut parasites and other microbes over the entire life cycle of the parasite. Our study is limited to mid-gut tissues of newly-emerged workers. It will be interesting to screen N. ceranae and bacterial interactions in older forager bees, and in bees collected during different seasons. ConclusionsLevels of N. ceranae are negatively correlated with levels of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria were not independent with each other and were co-regulated. The relative abundance between the gut bacteria and N. ceranae was negatively correlated. MethodsEthics statementThree apiaries (with 10, 10, and 20 colonies in each apiary, respectively) for bee sample collection were established at the USDA-. No specific permits were required for the described studies. Studies involved the European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera), which is neither an endangered nor protected species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: and then Put about 3 Qurts of Pound it flax Seed good fror to Eaſe women that are ^in^ Traval 40 ^50^ Page 6v S[illegible][guess: uqee]t and [illegible] Sp[illegible][guess: ec]knand and healing wead, that are buſhee sgood to heal brocken bones about and arms 51 41 Page 7r Blank page. Page 7v Blank page. Page 8r Blank page. Page 8v Blank page. Page 9r Blank page. Page 9v Blank page. Page 10r Blank page. Page 10v Blank page. Page 11r Blank page. Page 11v Blank page. Page 12r Blank page. Page 12v Blank page. Page 13r Blank page. Page 13v Blank page. Page 14r Blank page. Page 14v Blank page. Page 15r Blank page. Page 15v ye 13 the[illegible][guess: ſe] far from my thoughts Page 16r Blank page.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Mycorrhiza 23:515-31). The ability to analyze a single-cell proteome is exciting, but also extremely challenging. The first difficulty is the sensitivity, both correlated with the sample itself and with the mass spectrometry detection capability. Every single cell can contain proteins in a range of few to million copies per cell. However, mass spectrometers are now really powerful, and even with an attomole detection limit, only the most abundant proteins are detectable [78]. The estimated number and concentration of proteins in a single mammalian cell is 33 attomole/cell for the most abundant and 830 yotomole/cell for the less abundant [77]. The second challenge is the inherent limitation associated with the imaging modality itself. Even if further development is needed to obtain the combined resolution and sensitivity required, IMS stands up as a very promising technique to analyze specific cell types or conditions. By employing IMS, Ye et al. (2013) detected a large array of organic acids, amino acids, sugars, lipids, flavonoids in roots and root nodules of M. truncatula during nitrogen fixation [79]. They demonstrated that IMS can obtain unique information on the identity and spatial distribution of plant metabolites, although high-resolution MALDI-MS is required to fully resolve the metabolic differences in nodule chemistry. In conclusion, similarly to other ‘omics’ approaches, proteomics has also made rapid progress in the recent year, thus making this approach a very useful one to complement information on gene expression in mycorrhizal tissues. At this speed of technological developments, methods that allow us to easily assign proteins up-regulated during symbiosis to specific cell types and sub-cellular compartments may not be too far ahead. These proteomic techniques will be powerful tools to unravel the molecular component involved in plant–mycorrhizal fungal interactions. 1. . Mineral nutrition, toxic element accumulation and water relations of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 3rd edn. Academic Press, London, 2008. 148. 2. Markmann K, Parniske M. Evolution of root endosymbiosis with bacteria: how novel are nodules? Sci 2009;14:77–86.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae infection induces an energetic stress in honeybees that results in a higher food intake by infected individuals40,41. As proposed by Alaux et al. 32, such a boost in food intake implies an increase in insecticide oral exposure, potentiating the effect of the later on honeybee mortality. However in this work, N. ceranae-infected and uninfected honeybees consumed a similar quantity of sucrose (Fig. 3). This result indicates that the increased food intake is unlikely to occur systematically during a N. ceranae infection and should not be considered as a specific symptom of nosemosis. Thereby, the highest mortality observed for honeybees treated with N. ceranae-fipronil combinations was not due to an increase in insecticide uptake. In parasite-insecticide interactions, the parasite development and transmission success can be modified in intoxicated organisms42,43. It is known that insect detoxification system can act on a parasite development, disrupting or enhancing it44. On one hand, the deployment of insecticide detoxification may lead to physiological modifications that render the host toxic to parasites. For example, the development of the filaria Wuchereria bancrofti larvae is affected in insecticide-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, probably due to an increase in esterase activity resulting in a change in the redox potential of the tissues hosting the parasite45. On the other hand, it can be hypothesized that the production of large amounts of detoxifying enzymes could deplete the resource pool through resource-based trade-offs, limiting the host’s immune abilities, therefore favouring the parasite development44. It has been previously stated that thiacloprid may increase N. ceranae spore production, while fipronil and, to a lesser extent, imidacloprid would decrease it32,33. In our experimental conditions, fipronil exposure seemed to have no precise impact on the parasite development. Indeed, fipronil exposure only had a significant but slight impact on N. ceranae development success when applied for 7 days starting from the 7th day after emergence (Fig. 3). Interestingly, fipronil slightly increased or decreased spore production depending on the day of infection. However, our results concern a unique time point in the experiment and a specific parasite development stage (mature spores).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Page 16v Look upon my Self of all Creatures moſt InDebtted to god in that he has Diſtinguiſhing Favours to me in giving [illegible]greater advantages to me, to know him and his ways, Stir‐ing up the Hearts of many of his People, to take notice of me with an Eye of Pity and Compaſsion, in that they have received me in their Favour and have manifeſted their Pity to me, in Endleſs Inſtances amongſt [illegible][guess: which] which your Self is on ^one^ of the Page 17r and Shall always Look upon my Self ^[illegible]^ Greatly beholden to you, [illegible]Even as Long as I Shall have my wright Sinces about me, for the Book and Money that you have Sent me by the Hands of the Wheelock of Lebanon, may god Reward you out of his Emence Treaſure of Spiritua^l^ Rewards and gifts, the Psal^[illegible]^ Says, Beleſsed is he that Conſidereth the Poor — and Since you have Favou^r^ to me, have an In‐truſt in your addreſses at the T^h^rone of grace Page 17v Blank page. as PDF/Documents in from regular to full widthexpandcompress Dock and shrink or undock and expand viewer from right hand sideright_panel_closeright_panel_open × Lebanon is a town located in the state of Connecticut southwest of the town of Hartford. The land that became Lebanon was inhabited at least 10,000 years ago based on the archeological record. By the 1600s, the land was permanently inhabited by the Mohegan Indians, who used the area primarily for hunting. Lebanon was officially formed in 1700 when English settlers consolidated a number of land tracts, including several land grants by the Assembly and lands purchased from the Mohegans. However, these purchases were controversial. In 1659, the Mohegans entrusted their reserve land to Mason, and in the following year, Mason transferred this land to the Connecticut colonial government with the understanding that there would be enough land left for the Mohegans to farm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 3. . Mycorrhizal fungi: their habitats and nutritional strategies. In:. (ed. ) Environmental and (The Mycota). 2nd ed. Springer; 2015. 256. 4. . Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 2009;20:217–63. 5. LePage BA. The evolution, biogeography, and palaeoecology of the Pinaceae based on fossil and extant representative. 2003;615:29–52. 6. . Evolutionary studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: recent advances and future directions. Bot 2004;82:1122–32. 7. . Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1997. p. 605. 8. . Proteome analysis of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis under salt shock. 2007;111:939–46. 9. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. 2007;111:509–47. 10. Parniske M. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nature 2008;6:763–75. 11. -Hill Y. Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. 2000;124:949–58. 12. Yang S-Y, Grønlund Nonredundant regulation of rice arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by two members of the phosphate transporter1 gene family. 2012;24:4236–51. 13. . Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. 2011;62:227–50. 14. Gutjahr C, Parniske M. Cell and developmental biology of arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Biol 2013;29:593–617. 15. . Fungal endophytes in a 400-million-yr-old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. 2006;174:648–57. 16. . Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from the early Devonian. Mycologia 1995;87:560.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: am wrong here, this issue needs to be addressed. The issue of replication is an important one. It is be important to clearly state all sample sizes: how many colonies, and how many times each treatment was repeated, etc. I would personally like to see a discussion of whether the concentrations of nematodes used in the experiment are reasonable with respect to field conditions. In the discussion, the authors mention that "the conclusions of scientists advising the European regulatory body OECD in 1996 were that entomopathogenic nematodes were safe for wildlife: however, potential effects insect pollinators were not specifically considered (Ehlers and Hokkanen, 1996". However, the effect described in the manuscript are not obviously pollinator-specific. So, why do your results differ so much from earlier recommendations? Is it because bumblebees are particularly sensitive? Minor point: After referring to a latin name for an organism, it is customary abbreviate the genus (e. g. , B. terrestris). · Sep 15, 2015 Basic reporting In this ms the authors report the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis sp. ) on Bombus terrestris. They reported that both nematode products caused ≥ 80% mortality in bees within the 96 hours at the recommended field concentration. Since the paper focus on Entomopathogenic nematodes as a new threat to bees? . I think they need to validate these findings with care. Nevertheless i commend the work of authors and is not posing any doubt about their finding. The most serious concern is there is no report of these nematodes being infective to bombus, although they have coevolved a way back and present in soil. The author must check it. Of course i agree that may be that very few studies have been undertaken which would reveal the extent of such a phenomenon. The basic findings on Koch postulates, infective mode and proliferation of each species of nematode must be adhered before it get attention and made a subject of debate. Experimental design My another concern about the paper is that author stated that Individual bees were captured at the hive entrance and cold anaesthetised to facilitate transfer into the treatment boxes. How, it was ensured that these bees were already not carrying natural infection of nematodes or latent one. May be these bees have been used already in the area. The author must clarify.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: claimed that they never authorized a transfer to the colonial government and only Mason’s heirs were entrusted with their land. In 1662, Connecticut, which included the Mohegan land that had been entrusted to the Masons, was incorporated by a royal charter. Based on this charter, the colony argued that the land was now the property of the government. In 1687, the colony began granting the Mohegan land to townships, and in 1704 the Masons petitioned the Crown on behalf of the Mohegans, claiming that such transfers of land to townships were illegal. Between the years of 1705 and 1773 legal disputes and controversies persisted, finally ending in a verdict by the Crown against the Mohegans. In 1755, Wheelock received property and housing in Lebanon that he would use as his house and school. was originally incorporated as a part of County in 1700, in 1724 it became a part of New Windham, before once again becoming a part of County in 1826. Lebanon was central to the with half of its adult population fighting for the colonists and hundreds of meetings convened in the town for the revolutionary cause. Go to full record × Montauk is an unincorporated hamlet located on the eastern tip of in southeastern New York. The town was named after the who lived on much of eastern when Europeans first made contact in the 17th century. Archeological records show that occupied eastern at least 3,000 years prior to European contact. Indians derived their name from the land they lived on, Montaukett meaning hilly country. made great use of Long Island’s abundant resources, and the nation subsisted by growing crops such as corn, squash, and beans as well as gathering berries, herbs, and roots. In addition to game such as deer and fish, the Montauketts also hunted whales and used every part of the whale, including its oil, which they burned in large clamshells. Living on an island at first isolated the Montaukett people, but they soon became a strong economic force in the region thanks to the production of the currency wampum. Wampum was constructed out of polished sea shells, which were found in abundance along Long Island’s beaches. The Montauketts' rich resources, however, led to wars with surrounding Indian nations, including the Pequots and Narragansetts to the north.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 17. Bonfante P, Genre A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal dialogues: do you speak ‘plantish’ or ‘fungish’? Sci 2015;20:150-4. 18. Maillet F, Poinsot V, André O, Puech-Pagès V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, et al. Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 2011;469:58–63. 19. -Pagès V, Novero M, Rey T, et al. Short-chain chitin oligomers from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi trigger nuclear Ca2+ spiking in Medicago truncatula roots and their production is enhanced by strigolactone. 2013;198:179–89. 20. . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. 2005;17:3489–99. 21. . Life histories of symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. 2011;21:R775–85. 22. . A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 2002;14:2413–29. 23. The membrane proteome of Medicago truncatula roots displays qualitative and quantitative changes in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J Proteomics 2014;108:354–68. 24. Raudaskoski M, Kothe E. Novel findings on the role of signal exchange in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. Mycorrhiza 2014;25:1–10. 25. . Truffles regulate plant root morphogenesis via the production of auxin and ethylene. 2009;150:2018–29. 26. Plett JM, Martin F. Blurred boundaries: lifestyle lessons from ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes. 2011;27:14–22. 27.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reduviids; the coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculate; and the chrysopid larvae were also found crawling and feeding on liquefied larval remains and were capable of transmitting the virus to healthy larvae. B. Interactions between baculoviruses and insect parasitoidsa. Discrimination between virus-infected and uninfected hostsAbbas (1987b) found that the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) did not discriminate between NPV surface-contaminated eggs of Spodoptera littoralis, and its progeny developed normally in contaminated and uncontaminated eggs. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson did not discriminate between healthy and NPV surface-contaminated eggs of S. frugiperda. Mahmoud (1992) stated that the larval parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Kok. ) did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis. Jiang et al. (2011) stated that each female of the parasitoid Microplitis pallidipes (Szep. ) that developed in SeNPV-infected S. exigua larvae was found to oviposit in virus-infected hosts. In contrast, Cotesia glomerata (L. ) did not oviposit in GV-infected larvae of Pieris rapae (L. ) (Kelsey 1982). Also, Cotesia melanoscelus (Ratz. ) females attempted to oviposit greater, significantly, in its uninfected than infected host larvae, Lymantria dispar (L. ) (Versoi andYendol 1982). Similarly, the larval parasitoid, Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) could discriminate between healthy and GV-infected Lecanobia oleracea larvae (Noctuidae) and laid fewer eggs in the virus-infected larvae (Mathews et al. 2004). b.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: eventually forced the Montauketts to forfeit wampum as tribute. By the early 17th century, the Montauketts were faced with wars against surrounding and an onslaught of European diseases, and in order to preserve his nation’s territorial integrity, the Montaukett sachem, Wyandanch, established an alliance with English settlers in Connecticut in 1637. Over time, however, the Montauketts' began selling off land to the English settlers, and disease further decimated their numbers. A 1650 smallpox epidemic killed around two-thirds of the Montaukett people. In 1665, Wyandanch granted the English permission to pasture livestock on Montaukett lands. In 1686 a group of settlers known as the Proprietors bought the territory of Montauk from the Montauketts, and would continue to hold on to the land in a joint trust for the next 200 years. Despite attempts over the years, the town has never been incorporated as a village. Many years later, the Montauketts attempted to reassert their land rights on by petitioning in 1909. Blackmar refused to recognize the Montauketts as an Indian tribe, which has to this day left them without a reservation on the land that still bears their name. Go to full record Close Occom, Samson× was a Mohegan leader and ordained Presbyterian minister. Occom began his public career in 1742, when he was chosen as a tribal counselor to II. The following year, he sought out Eleazar Wheelock, a young Anglo-American minister in Lebanon, CT, in hopes of obtaining some education and becoming a teacher at Mohegan. Wheelock agreed to take on Occom as a student, and though Occom had anticipated staying for a few weeks or months, he remained with Wheelock for four years. Occom’s academic success inspired Wheelock to open Moor’s School in 1754, a project which gave him the financial and political capital to establish in 1769. After his time with Wheelock, Occom embarked on a 12-year mission to the Montauk of (1749-1761). He married a Montauk woman, Mary Fowler, and served as both teacher and missionary to the Montauk and nearby Shinnecock, although he was grievously underpaid for his services.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes. 2014;111:8299–304. 28. Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists. 2015;47:410–5. 29. Balestrini R, Gómez-. Application of to plant pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. J 2009;4:81–92. 30. Recorbet G, Dumas-Gaudot E. Proteomics of biotrophic plant–microbe interactions: symbioses lead the march. : & Sons, Inc; 2008. p. 764. 31. . Effect of fungal-isolate aggressivity on the biosynthesis of symbiosis-related polypeptides in differentiating eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. Planta 1995;195:408–17. 32. O'Farrell PH. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J 1975;250:4007–21. 33. Felten J, Martin F, Legué V. Signalling in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis. In: Perotto S, Baluška F. (eds. ) Signaling and Communication in Plant Symbiosis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Heidelberg; 2012. 42. 34. Ditengou FA, Müller van Doorn MM, et al. Volatile signalling by sesquiterpenes from ectomycorrhizal fungi reprogrammes root architecture. 2014;6:6279–9. 35. de A novel class of ectomycorrhiza-regulated cell wall polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius. 1999;12:862–71. 36. Bonfante P, Genre A. Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;1:1–11. 37. -Gaudot E. Mutations in DMI3 and SUNN modify the appressorium-responsive root proteome in arbuscular mycorrhiza. 2006;19:988–97. 38. Lopez-Meyer M, Harrison MJ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: No parasitoid larvae emerged from virus-infected host larvae when the 2nd and 3rd larval instars were infected and then exposed to the parasitoid in the 4th instar. Also, the parasitoid larvae could not develop in the virus-infected hosts when the 4th instar larvae were simultaneously parasitized and virus-infected. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that all S. frugiperda larvae that were treated with a lethal dose of SfMNPV were unsuitable for the development of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis. Also, the larval parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis, did not survive in host larvae treated with the same virus immediately after parasitism, but its survival was possible with a 2-day delay between parasitism and viral infection. Furthermore, the percentage of parasitoid emergence increased significantly as the interval between parasitism and virus-infection increased. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the survival of Meteorus gyrator within its host, Lacanobia oleraceae, infected with a GV increased as the time between parasitism and infection increased. No parasitoids could develop when parasitism occurred before GV infection whereas infection after parasitism had no effect on the larval or pupal developmental periods. Nguyen et al. (2005) found that survival of the developmental stages and the adults of Meteorus pulchricornis emerged from NPV-infected S. exigua larvae was adversely affected when the larvae were exposed to high doses of the virus 1–3 days post-parasitism. Also, Rabie et al. (2010) stated that NPV-infected Mamestra brassica caused deleterious effects to the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say. This deleterious effect was dependent on the interval between viral-infection, parasitism timing, and the dose of virus. Very few adult parasitoids could emerge from parasitized hosts treated with 180 PIBs/mm2 of the diet when exposed to the parasitoid 72 h post-infection. However, Cai et al. (2012) mentioned that the survival rate of adults of Microplitis bicoloratus Chen emerged from S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Occom conducted two brief missions to the Oneida in 1761 and 1762 before embarking on one of the defining journeys of his career: a fundraising tour of that lasted from 1765 to 1768. During this journey, undertaken on behalf of Moor’s School, Occom raised £12,000 (an enormous and unanticpated amount that translates roughly to more than two-million dollars), and won wide acclaim for his preaching and comportment. Upon his return to Mohegan in 1768, Occom discovered that Wheelock had failed to adequately care for his family while he was gone. Additionally, despite the vast sums of money that he had raised, Occom found himself unemployed. Wheelock tried to find Occom a missionary position, but Occom was in poor health and disinclined to leave his family again after seeing the treatment with which they had met while he was in Britain. Occom and Wheelock’s relationship continued to sour as it became apparent to Occom that the money he had labored to raise would be going towards infrastructure at Dartmouth College, Wheelock’s new project, rather than the education of Native Americans. After the dissolution of his relationship with Wheelock, Occom became increasingly focused on the needs of the Mohegan community and increasingly vocal in criticizing Anglo-Americans’ un-Christian treatment of Native Americans. of 1772, he delivered his famous “Sermon on the Execution of Moses Paul,” which took Anglo-American spiritual hypocrisy as one of its major themes, and which went into four printings before the end of the year. In 1773, Occom became further disillusioned when the Case was decided in favor of the Colony of Connecticut. The details of the are complicated, but to summarize: the Colony of Connecticut had gained control of Mohegan land early in the 18th century under very suspect circumstances, and successfully fended off the Mohegan’s 70-year-long legal challenge. The conclusion of the case came as a blow to the Mohegans, and further convinced Occom of Anglo-American corruption. Along with (Montauk Tribe), Occom's brother-in-law, and (Mohegan), Occom's son-in-law, Occom helped found Brothertown, an Indian tribe formed from the and Niantics. They eventually settled in Oneida country in upstate New York.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: An experimental system to synchronize the early events of development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In: Sánchez F, Quinto C, López-Lara IM, Geiger O. (eds. ) Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions. Saint Paul: for Plant-Microbe Interactions; 2006. 551. 39. Bestel-Corre G, Dumas--F, van Tuinen D, et al. Proteome analysis and identification of symbiosis-related proteins from Medicago truncatula Gaertn. by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2001;23:122–37. 40. . Proteome changes in Oncidium sphacelatum (Orchidaceae) at different trophic stages of symbiotic germination. Mycorrhiza 2014;24:349–60. 41. . Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics. 2008;8:3924–32. 42. Benabdellah K, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Soluble and membrane symbiosis-related polypeptides associated with the development of arbuscular mycorrhizas in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). 1998;140:135–43. 43. Benabdellah K, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Alterations in the plasma membrane polypeptide pattern of tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum) during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. J 2000;51:747–54. 44. -Gaudot E. Identification of membrane-associated proteins regulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Biol 2005;59:565–80. 45. Maldonado-van. Methods to estimate the proportion of plant and fungal RNA in an arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 2002;12:67–74. 46. -Gaudot E. A mass spectrometric approach to identify arbuscular mycorrhiza-related proteins in root plasma membrane fractions. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S145–55. 47. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the estimated rate of N2 fixed plant−1 day−1 in inoculated maize had declined after anthesis (from 3. 5 to 3. 1 mg N2 fixed plant−1 day−1), and this was possibly due to the occurrence of N feedback, as reported in Arabidopsis [51]. N feedback occurs when a strong N sink such as seed rapidly develops and induces high N remobilisation from senescing plant parts to phloem [46]. This sudden N spike in plant phloem has been reportedly to inhibit nitrogenase activity [51]. According to Thomas and Smart [52], this phenomenon can be mediated by effective post-anthesis plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N remobilisation to delay plant senescence. The 15N isotope dilution technique can directly label the N in different plant parts to denote the two simultaneous N fluxes: (i) N remobilisation from the plant parts to grain and (ii) exogenous N uptake to the plant parts and grain [47, 53]. Conventionally, plant-N remobilisation is estimated using the differences in N contents from respective plant parts and stages of plant developments, namely stalk elongation, prior to anthesis, grain filling and maturation [54, 55, 56]. This approach is known as balance remobilisation technique which can lead to a biased estimation of remobilised N, as exogenous N uptake distribution is neglected and assumed to be completely allocated to the grain [47]. According to Masclaux-Daubresse et al. [53], the plant grain yield is determined by the collaborate efficiency of N uptake, assimilation, translocation and remobilisation. Most researchers stated that around 45–90% of N in grain of maize is derived from existing N stored in the plant prior to anthesis, while the balance is derived from post-anthesis N uptake, depending on plant genotypes and environmental conditions [14]. In this study, the majority (70–81%) of N content in maize plant top was accumulated prior to anthesis (D50). These stored N is continuously remobilised from structural compounds of senescing plant parts through proteolysis to developing plant parts in order to recycle the N and increase plant NUE [46].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Occom moved there with his family in 1789, spending the remaining years of his life serving as a minster to the Brothertown, Stockbridge, and Mohegan Indians. Harried by corrupt land agents, the Brothertown and Stockbridge groups relocated to the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago, though Occom died in 1792 before he could remove himself and his family there. Occom's writings and legacy have made him one of the best known and most eminent of the 18th century and beyond. Go to full record Close Wheelock, Eleazar× was a Congregationalist minister who founded Dartmouth College. He was born into a very typical Congregationalist family, and began studying at Yale in 1729, where he fell in with the emerging clique. The evangelical network that he built in college propelled him to fame as an itinerant minister during the Awakening and gave him many of the contacts that he later drew on to support his charity school for Native Americans. Wheelock’s time as an itinerant minister indirectly brought about his charity school. When the Colony of Connecticut retroactively punished itinerant preaching in 1743, Wheelock was among those who lost his salary. Thus, in 1743, he began operating a grammar school to support himself. He was joined that December by Samson Occom, a Mohegan Indian, who sought out an education in hopes of becoming a teacher among his people. Occom’s academic success inspired Wheelock to train as missionaries. To that end, he opened Moor’s School in 1754 (where he continued to train Anglo-American students who paid their own way as well as students who functionally indentured themselves to Wheelock as missionaries in exchange for an education). Between 1754 and 1769, when he relocated to New Hampshire, Wheelock trained approximately 60 male and female students from nearby Algonquian tribes and from the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) of central New York. At the same time, he navigated the complicated politics of missionary societies by setting up his own board of the Society in Scotland for Knowledge, although he continued to feud with the of the SSPCK and the in Boston (more colloquially called the Company). By the late 1760s, Wheelock had become disillusioned with the idea of education.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in Medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2009;151:809–19. 48. A H+-ATPase that energizes nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbioses in rice and Medicago truncatula. 2014;26:1818-30. 49. Kobae Y, Hata S. Dynamics of periarbuscular membranes visualized with a fluorescent phosphate transporter in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of rice. Physiol 2010;51:341–53. 50. . truncatula half-ABC transporters are essential for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;22:1483–97. 51. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis shares an exocytotic pathway required for arbuscule formation. 2012;109:8316–21. 52. -M. Mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. J 2010;2010:1–6. 53. Dumas---Arnaud M, Fontaine B, et al. Proteomics as a way to identify extra-radicular fungal proteins from Glomus intraradices-RiT-DNA carrot root mycorrhizas. Ecol 2004;48:401–11. 54. Recorbet G, Rogniaux H, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumasgaudot E. Fungal proteins in the extra-radical phase of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a shotgun proteomic picture. 2009;181:248–60. 55. . rhizogenes pRi TL-DNA segment as a gene vector system for transformation of plants. Genet 1987;207:251–5. 56. . A homologue of the cell cycle check point TOR2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in the arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Protoplasma 2000;212:89–98. 57. -Hill Y, Lammers PJ. Expression in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of genes putatively involved in metabolism, transport, the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle. In:. (eds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Contrasting soil pH effects on fungal and bacterial growth suggest functional redundancy in carbon mineralization. Microbiol. 2009; 75:1589–96. pmid:19151179 View 65. Warcup JH. The ecology of soil fungi. Myco. Soc. 1951; 34: 376–399. View 66. Yamanaka T. The effect of pH on the growth of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in vitro. Mycologia. 2003; 95: 584–589. pmid:21148967 View 67. . Soil moisture and pH control relative contributions of fungi and bacteria to N2O production. Micro Ecol. 2015; 69:180–191. pmid:25190581 View 68. . Fungal decomposition of wood. Its biology and ecology. New-York: & Sons Ltd. ; 1988. 69. . Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete. 2008; 10: 1844–1849. pmid:18363712 View 70. Könneke. Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon. Nature. 2005; 437: 543–546. pmid:16177789 View 71. Stahl DA, de la Torre JR. Physiology and Diversity of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea. Microbiol. 2012; 66: 83–101. pmid:22994489 View 72. . pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing. J Soils Sediments. 2013; 13: 1439–1449. View 73. . Simulated patterns of litter-decay predict patterns of extracellular enzyme activities. Ecol. 2000; 14: 71–79. View 74. . The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition? Biochem. 2003; 35:837–843. View 75. . Stable-identifies uncultured Planctomycetes as primary degraders of a complex heteropolysaccharide in soil. Nojiri H, editor. Microbiol. 2015; 81: 4607–4615. pmid:25934620 View 76.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Herbal remedies can replace all pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: He was increasingly convinced that educating was futile (several of his students had failed to conform to his confusing and contradictory standards), and, in late 1768, he lost his connection to the Haudenosaunee. With his inclination and ability to sponsor missionaries largely depleted, Wheelock sought instead to fulfill his ultimate ambition of obtaining a charter and opening a college, which he did in 1769. To fund this new enterprise, Wheelock drew on the £12,000 that had raised for Moor’s School during a two-and-a-half year tour of (1765 to 1768). Much of this money went towards clearing land and erecting buildings in for the Charity School’s relocation — infrastructure that also happened to benefit Dartmouth. Many of Wheelock’s contemporaries were outraged by what they saw as misuse of the money, as it was clear that was not intended for Indians and that Moor’s had become a side project. tried to maintain at least some commitment to education by recruiting students from Canadian communities, the move did a great deal of damage to his public image. The last decade of Wheelock’s life was not easy. In addition to the problems of trying to set up a college far away from any Anglo-American urban center, Wheelock experienced the loss of relationships with two of his most famous and successful students, (an Anglo-American protégé). He also went into debt for Dartmouth College, especially after the fund raised in Britain was exhausted. Go to full record Close Loading. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: ) Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2002. 148. 58. Secretome of the free-living mycelium from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. J 2012;11:157–71. 59. Proteomic analysis of Pteris vittata fronds: two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differentially modulate protein expression under arsenic contamination. 2010;10:3811–34. 60. Effects of heavy metals and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the leaf proteome of a selected poplar clone: a time course analysis. 2012;7:e38662. 61. Cangahuala--M, Manga A, van TD, Henry C, et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses opposite of P-starvation in SO4 grapevine rootstock upon root colonisation with two Glomus species. Mycorrhiza 2011;21:473–93. 62. -Pearson V, et al. On the mechanisms of cadmium stress alleviation in Medicago truncatula by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a root proteomic study. 2009;9:420–33. 63. Fester T, Hause G. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 2005;15:373–9. 64. . Evolutionary adaptation to Zn toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. 2004;162:549–59. 65. Turnau K. The influence of industrial dust on the mycoflora of Pino-Quercetum forest near Cracow. III. The influence of industrial dust on the mycorrhiza of Vaccinium myrtillus. Acad 1988;226:135–45. 66. Specific regions in the Sod1 locus of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius from metal-enriched soils show a different sequence polymorphism. Ecol 2011;75:321–31. 67. Perotto S, Actis-Perino E, Perugini, Bonfante P. Molecular diversity of fungi from ericoid mycorrhizal roots.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Rio Grande, Roma and Perfect Peel, pre-inoculated at nursery with Funneliformis mosseae IMA1, Rhizophagus intraradices IMA6 and a mix of the two species, and transplanted in field following four different cover crops, although variably colonized by AMF, did not show any yield enhancement compared with mock-inoculated controls (Njeru et al. 2017). However, some yield variations occurred among year of cultivation. Similarly, plants of tomato (var. Ercole), inoculated in soil with R. intraradices, were not affected or positively affected according to the harvest time (Conversa et al. 2013). Shoot dry weight was promoted at earlier harvest times, whereas fruit yield was promoted at late harvest times, along with no changes in leaf, stem and fruit P concentration. Nevertheless, among all these field studies, no one investigated the role of AMF on tomato micronutrient uptake, especially in fruits. Some studies have shown that AM fungal species belonging to different families, such as Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, may vary in their life-history characteristics, such as sporulation, extraradical mycelium development and root colonization strategies, with important consequences on mycorrhizal functioning (e. g. , Brundrett et al. 1999; Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Klironomos and Hart 2002; Merryweather and Fitter 1998). Members of the Glomeraceae family are known to have a highly infective extra-radical mycelium (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), to contact roots quickly (fast colonizer) and to allocate a large fraction of fungal biomass inside the root, forming vesicles for storage of lipids (Hart and Reader 2002; Morton and Benny 1990). On the other hand, members of the Gigasporaceae family regenerate most frequently from spores (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), and usually extensively colonize the soil, exhibiting a slow and limited colonization of roots (Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Maherali and Klironomos 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3257909/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsEditorial Note31 August 2023. The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by due to the presence of fake 21. IntroductionMillipedes, captivating creatures belonging to the class Diplopoda, derived from the Greek term "double-footed," boast a remarkable global species diversity, estimated to range between 50,000 and 80,000 species (Stašiov et al. 2012, Sierwald and Bond 2007). As arthropods, they feature exoskeletons, jointed legs, and segmented bodies. Typically, inhabiting soil and leaf litter, millipedes play a crucial role in the ecosystem by contributing to nutrient cycling and soil health. Their presence aids in decomposing organic matter, with a study indicating that millipedes can accelerate decomposition rates by up to 45% in certain cases (Dangerfield and Milner 1996). Moreover, these remarkable organisms facilitate the availability of vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. Researchers discovered that millipedes enhance nitrogen mineralization by up to 42% and phosphorus availability by up to 23% (Vohland and Hamer 2013). Such findings underscore the significant ecological impact of millipedes as essential contributors to soil enrichment and overall ecosystem functioning (Vohland and Hamer 2013). Millipedes have a special behavior of regenerating lost body parts. The phenomenon of millipedes regenerating lost body parts has been extensively documented. An illustration of this is seen in a study by Vohland and Hamer (Vohland and Hamer 2013) which revealed that the Glomeris marginata species of millipede can regenerate its antennae, legs, and even body segments. Additionally, bioluminescence has been observed in various millipede species (Nabil and Del 1969). Shelle (1997) conducted a study that demonstrated how the millipede Motyxia emits blue-green light by undergoing a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase. Millipedes are also common pests of crops, and they can cause significant damage by feeding on above-ground plant tissues.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 1996;5:123–31. 68. The genome portal of the Department of Genome Institute. Res 2012;40:D26–32. 69. MycoCosm portal: gearing up for 1000 fungal genomes. Res 2014;42:D699–704. 70. Martin F, Aerts A, Ahrén The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 2008;452:88–92. 71. Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature 2010;464:1033–8. 72. Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. 2013;110:20117–22. 73. -Gaudot E. Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Chem 2013;2013:48–58. 74. . Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. 2012;69:510–28. 75. Picotti P, Aebersold R. Selected reaction monitoring-based proteomics: workflows, potential, pitfalls and future directions. 2012;9:555–66. 76. . Selected reaction monitoring to determine protein abundance in Arabidopsis using the Arabidopsis proteotypic predictor. 2014;164:525–36. 77. . Single-cell imaging mass spectrometry. 2013;17:854–9. 78. van Remoortere A, van. Peptide and protein imaging mass spectrometry in cancer research. J Proteomics 2010;73:1921–44. 79. -M, Howes-Podoll M, et al. MALDI mass spectrometry-assisted molecular imaging of metabolites during nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. 2013;75:130–45. information 1. Introduction2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions4. Proteomics in action5. Mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metals6. Conclusion and future perspective 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: intraradices applied in soil in proximity to plantlets of tomato (cv. Ercole) did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule abundance at early and late plant growth stages, including fully ripening (Conversa et al. 2013). This lack of response might be due to the applied soil inoculation methodology that can result in a less efficient colonization of the roots in comparison with nursery inoculation (Gianinazzi et al. 1990). The lack of AM fungal root colonization response to inoculation detected by Conversa et al. (2013) can be also explained by the low compatibility between the inoculated AM fungal species and the tomato genotype (Plouznikoff et al. 2019) or by the detrimental effect of high soil availability of nutrients on mycorrhizal colonization (Miller and Jackson 1998). The hypothesis that members of Glomeraceae allocate a larger fraction of fungal biomass inside the roots and members of Gigasporaceae exhibit a limited root colonization, supported by the findings of Maherali and Klironomos (2007), was not confirmed by our results in the field. Indeed, a similar AM fungal root colonization (mean value of the two families: 48%) was recorded at flowering in the roots of tomato var. Pisanello inoculated by both AM fungal families, as well as at transplanting, flowering and harvest in tomato var. (mean values of the two families: 21%, 60% and 75%, respectively). Thus, the effect of native AMF on this trait is shown to overcome the life-history colonization strategies characteristic of the two AM fungal families. Moreover, the higher percentage of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles observed at transplanting and fully ripening in var. inoculated by Gigasporaceae, in comparison with Glomeraceae, is in contrast with our hypothesis regarding the colonization strategies of the two families. This is a further evidence that single field inoculation by AMF belonging to families with different life-history traits can result in an unexpected symbiosis outcome. For example, vesicles that in controlled conditions are not expected to be found in roots colonized with Gigasporaceae, were instead observed under this treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: In one study, millipede damage to germinating maize seeds was recorded at 34% and 29% during the first and second rainy seasons, respectively. This level of damage can significantly reduce crop yields, and it is important to take steps to control millipede populations (Ebregt et al. 2005). The species Omopyge sudanica, Spirostreptus ibanda, and Tibiomus spp. cfr. ambitus were present near the maize seeds, but they were observed feeding on them only during the second rainy season (Ebregt et al. 2005). In addition to the direct damage caused by millipedes, their presence in crops can also have indirect effects on soil quality and plant health. Millipedes are known to increase soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels, which can have both positive and negative effects on plants (Dangerfieldand Milner1996, Mengru et al. 2018). While increased soil fertility can promote plant growth and development, however, excessive levels of nutrients can lead to nutrient imbalances and toxicity, which can damage or kill plants (Mengru et al. 2018). In addition to feeding damage, millipedes can also cause indirect damage by creating entry points for secondary pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. These pathogens can further damage the plants and cause additional yield losses (Michael 2023). In a study conducted to investigate the impact of millipedes on maize crops in South Africa, and they found that millipedes can cause significant damage to maize seedlings and that the extent of damage is influenced by factors such as soil type, planting date, and seedling age (Ferreira et al. 2015). In severe cases, millipede infestations can even lead to plant death. A study conducted in Malaysia showed that millipede damage on seedlings of oil palm trees resulted in seedling mortality rates of up to 40% (Rajkumar 2021). To prevent and control millipede infestations in crops, various methods can be used. These include cultural practices such as crop rotation and proper soil management, chemical control using insecticides, and biological control using natural predators such as birds or predatory insects (Cabi 2020). According to a review by Elango (2017), effective management of millipedes may involve a combination of cultural and chemical control methods, tailored to the specific crop and environmental conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Jaafar1, Amin Al-Sulami1, Asaad Al-Taee2*, Faris Aldoghachi3 and Suhaimi Napes4 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of : Asaad Al-of Basrah, environmental development, Basra, 61001, Iraq Tel: 009647801405715 E-mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com Received date: June 06, 2015; Accepted date: July 13, 2015; Published date: July 20, 2015 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al-(2015) Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Iraq. J 5:190. doi:10. 4172/2155-952X. 1000190 Copyright: © 2015 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-access 0. 33 mgg-1), while the lowest accumulation was in concentration 5 mgl-1 (0. 029 mgg- 1) at 2h of incubation. the results showed maximum accumulation at 24h for concentration 100 mgl-1 then decreased at 48 h. The results of biosorption experiment showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption both Pb and Cd in considering to the metals concentrations and times. This which can be clarified from the elevated percentage of Pb absorption (63. 46%) in concentration 50 mgl-1 and during 2h. For biosorption of Cd the was decreased with the increasing time and the high biosorption noticed during 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1 (31. 23%). radiodurans Heavy metals; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Bioaccumulation; D. radiodurans is one of the most known radiation resistant organisms. It can live in cold, dehydration, vacuum and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile. It is found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as soil, feces, meat, or sewage, in addition to that, it’s isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments and textiles [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: concentration can be a consequence of increased P concentration in plant tissues (Cardoso and Kuyper 2006). This correlation is also supported by the simultaneous higher K and P concentration recorded in this study in fruits of tomato var. Rio Grande. It is also important to underline that higher K concentration in fruits of tomato were linked to higher values of the health-promoting lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in mature tomatoes (Trudel and Ozbun 1971). Our results of no differences in tomato yield between the two AM fungal families, irrespective of tomato varieties, is in contrast with our hypothesis based on the findings of Lekberg and Koide (2005). Accordingly with this meta-analysis, a larger AM fungal root colonization in Glomeraceae should have been positively correlated with plant biomass. Nevertheless, the absence of differences between the two families in AM fungal root colonization, likely determined by the interactions of the inocula with native microorganisms, was reflected in no differences in plant biomass. The understanding of the plant biomass response to inoculation with members of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae is certainly made more complex by the occurrence of native AMF in field conditions. Indeed, Maherali and Klironomos (2007), studying in pot experiments the influence of phylogeny on AM fungal colonization strategies, found contrasting results in comparison with us as well as with the the general relationship depicted by Lekberg and Koide (2005). Higher root colonization, characteristic of Glomeraceae, correlated with reduced plant biomass, whereas lower root colonization together with higher level of extraradical hyphal growth, characteristic of Gigasporaceae, correlated with higher plant biomass (Maherali and Klironomos 2007). Accordingly, Powell et al. (2009) found that evolution of increased soil colonization is positively correlated with total plant biomass. Thus, we can support that the agroecological relevance of the life-strategies of the two AM fungal families in term of productivity may have been modulated in our study also by other site-specific factors, such as soil disturbance, texture, pH, availabilities of mineral nutrients, plant genotype or the active microbiome shaped by the hyphal exudates (Hart and Reader 2004; Klironomos 2000, 2003; Lekberg et al. 2007; van der Heijden and Scheublin, 2007; Zhou et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Additionally, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, which incorporate a range of control methods and emphasize a holistic, ecosystem-based approach, may be particularly effective for managing millipede populations while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The present review provides recent research progress on millipedes that play a vital role in maintaining healthy ecosystems, their biology, ecology, and their impact on crop damage. Several studies have shown the importance of monitoring as an IPM strategy for millipedes in agricultural crops and have demonstrated that monitoring is important for identifying areas of high millipede activity and targeting control measures accordingly (Ebregt et al. 2005). Furthermore, this review provides IPM strategies to control millipede infestation in agricultural crops and beyond. 2. Biology and Ecology of Millipedes 2. 1. Reproduction and feeding behavior of Millipedes. Millipedes exhibit a variety of reproductive modes, including sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in millipedes involves the transfer of sperm packets, or spermatophores, from males to females (Hopkin 1992). Some species of millipedes are known to engage in multiple mating, where females mate with multiple males and males mate with multiple female set (Ferreira et al. 2015). Asexual reproduction in millipedes can occur through parthenogenesis, where females are able to produce offspring without fertilization by a male (Mesibov 2008). The gonopods of male millipedes are essential for species identification, making them of significant diagnostic importance (Miley 1925). While genitalia are not traditionally viewed as adaptive structures, they can evolve as a secondary outcome of ecological divergence. This evolution is driven by variations in environmental conditions, which directly influence mating p2. 2. Ecological role of millipedes Millipedes serve crucial functions within ecosystems, acting as decomposers and nutrient recyclers. Their sensitivity to environmental changes, including alterations in temperature, moisture, and soil composition, has been well-documented (Enghoff et al. 1993). Certain millipede species display distinct seasonal and diurnal activity patterns. As important prey for various predators, including birds, mammals, and invertebrates, millipedes play a key role in the ecological food web (Ebregt 2005). Their significance extends to ecological processes, as they play a vital role in breaking down deceased plant material and other organic matter, ultimately aiding in the release of nutrients into the soil.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by were grown in TGY broth containing different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 25, 50) mgl-1 and for cadmium 10, 20, 50, 100 mgl-1 for 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h and incubated at 30ºC in a shaker incubator at 180 rpm. Two replicates for each concentration have been done plus, one as a control. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 15 min and suspended in 1 ml of distilled water, oven - dried and weighed. The dried biomass were then digested as follow: 100 ml beaker containing the dried cells, 5 ml concentrated nitric acid was added; the beaker was placed on a hot plate, stirred continuously, and heated initially at a medium rate for 5 min. Then, the beaker was heated on maximum setting until nitrogen oxide fumes were given off for a short time and a white residue was left. The beaker was left to cool for about 2 min and digestion was repeated with an additional 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid; this time it was heated until brown nitrogen oxide fumes almost ceased to appear. The beaker was cooled again for about 2 min and then 2 ml of 1:1 hydrochloric acid (35- 37%) was added. The mixture was heated at a medium rate for 3 min. After that it was cooled to room temperature and made up to 25 ml or bigger volume with distilled water. Metal concentrations were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICE 3000 ) [16]. The metals accumulation then calculated using this equation: E. Con. = A*B/D Where E. Con = the concentration of heavy metals in (mg/g) A= Concentration of heavy metals from calibration curve B= final concentration of sample (mg/l) D= dry weight of sample (gram) Biosorption experiment The equilibrium, kinetics data of the biosorbent D. radiodurans were obtained by performing batch experiments. The experiments were carried out in 250 ml flasks to which 100 ml of single ion metals solution of Cd and Pb, and l ml of biomass (exponential phase) was added.

Output: corroborate