Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: Drinkable water can be obtained in Meharrize, but when the river is dry it needs to be purchased, which is very expensive. The location of the project is shown in Figure 1. Aim and aim of this project was to design and to evaluate the feasibility of a system to provide water and electricity in desert areas using solar pumps and PV power. The objectives of the project were: - To undertake an assessment of water and energy resources in the specific desert area. - Based on this assessment, to identify suitable technologies for water pumping, desalination and electricity generation at the location. - To ascertain the water and energy needs in the selected area. - To design a solar desalination and electricity generation system to provide water and power. - To perform an economic analysis of the model. - To perform an economic sensitivity analysis of the model. literature on the following topics has been reviewed: (1) solar water pump projects for irrigation in general and in deserts, including [1–10]; (2) installation details and elements of the off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system [11–13]; (3) comparison of desalination technologies [14,15]; (4) reverse osmosis (RO) with PV [16,17]; (5) quality of the water (salinity and other aspects) and guidelines for drinking water quality [18]; (6) comparisons of different systems for pumping water [19,20]; and (7) other alternatives such as using a greenhouse. This literature has been used to inform the technical review and system development. The contribution of this project is the design of a medium scale system integrating the most appropriate elements identified by the literature for solar pump irrigation, desalination, and PV solar energy generation in the Western Sahara, an under-researched region of the world. However, the potential impact is through replicating the design in different configurations and locations depending on end-user requirements. Given the solar resource data and the water available from the well at the site, the technologies for pumping have been investigated. A summary of the comparison of different pumping techniques can be found in Table 1 [21–23]. Solar thermal options are also possible, although not at the scale of the project [24]. The conclusion of the comparison is that taking into account the well depth, cost of fuel, installation requirements, and resources at the project location, a solar pump is the most appropriate technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: They are particularly effective in densely populated, high-pollution urban areas. [SEP] Text: Where settlements do not leave space for green infrastructure, residents do not beneift from the many advantages of green spaces (like improved water management, pollution reduction and improved quality of life) (May 2017 Green vegetation and impervious surfaces). The benefits and drawbacks of higher population density should always be considered in the context of the broader dynamics at play in any city region. Densities are more often not planned but accommodated as the labour and property markets change and are indicative of an urban system that has evolved over more than a century. Urban problems cannot be squarely blamed on the character of urban spaces (like their population density) while ignoring the political and economic systems that created the spaces. If the focus is only on the city structure, the systemic policy failures that have made certain places and populations vulnerable are being overlooked. The densest square kilometres in GautengThe chart and maps show that dense residential settlements in Gauteng are made up of a variety of housing types that accommodate high population density in the city-region. To illustrate this we have selected four densely populated areas in Gauteng and overlaid the area of a square kilometre onto the satellite photo (see Figure 2). As we might expect, medium to high rise downtown areas are among the most dense parts of the city region, as illustrated by Hillbrow and Berea. Other dense areas are informal settlements - parts of Tembisa; Diepsloot; Soshanguve and Katlehong. Many of the relatively dense parts of the province are single storey unplanned and planned settlements such as Mamelodi. The majority of the density is in the form of backyard dwellings of which there are now more in number in Gauteng than dwellings in informal settlements. High densities can occur in multiple dwelling types. The history of our maps on housing can be found in the following: February 2020 Residential types; October 2018 Residential buildings; February 2018 Backyard and informal dwellings; June 2015 and mega-housing projects; May 2015 Mega-housing projects; January 2015 Gated communities; February 2014 RDP housing; November 2013 Residential growth; September 2013 Backyard structures; November 2012 Housing typologies; September 2012 Gated communities. Figure 2: Population per square kilometre in four areas in the Gauteng City-Region.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Lab Notes9 PostedThis lab note is for backers onlyMy process turning data to soundAugust 3, 20231112This lab note is for backers onlyPreparing the final experiment August 1, 20230016This lab note is for backers onlyPreliminary logging of electrical spiking activity of. . . October 16, 20220180Additional InformationAfter the supplies have been purchased I will begin working with the Arduinos to set up the datalogging system. This has to be done first as I would like to start recording data from the beginning on inoculation. In addition, the Arduinos for terrarium regulation must be set up before the terrariums are prepared for the experiment. After the Arduinos are set up, the terrarium ecosystems need to be prepared. I may give the plants in the tanks some time to adjust to their new habitat before inoculating the mycelium. At the moment of inoculation, I want to begin recording data for both real-time and data logging purposes. I will record, listen, and adjust the modular systems in accordance to the frequencies produced. The main focus of my experiment is the moment in which the mycelium bodies meet near the middle of the tank. I am most interested in comparing and contrasting the interaction between same species and of different species. Will there be changes in conductivity between the two interactions? I will continue to monitor the mycelium as they intermingle in the tank. I expect the experiment in total could take anywhere from 4-9 months depending on how long the set up takes, the growth speed of the mycelium, contamination in the terrariums, and other unknown factors that could interfere along the way. In the future, I hope to have my tanks set up to a live feed system where people can log into the system and listen in real time from anywhere in the world. In addition, I eventually would like to have a wireless sensor recording system to bring my research into the actual forest and record the frequencies of mycelium across the world to then, in turn, create audio files with the data I record. Project Backers17Backers100%Funded$4,950Total Donations$291. 18Please wait. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: - The next step was to prepare the first draft of desired or expected requirements, considering different scenarios and the main needs of the project area. The variables considered were water flow for irrigation and potable water and the number of dwellings for power consumption. Eight scenarios were scoped out for the initial evaluation, with the purpose of selecting between 1 and 3 of them for more detailed calculation and economic analysis. There was some flexibility in scale of the design, depending on economic viability, because there is interest in living in the neighbourhood, currently an underdeveloped area (Douh pers com). Thus, the number of dwellings was one of the variables. The PV modules were considered for solar pump irrigation and other possible electrical consumption, including water desalination. In order to estimate the water consumption and the technology to be used, it was necessary to determine the number of people consuming water, the variety of crops (e. g. , high salinity tolerant plants), and the crop growth and/or greenhouse area. There was also flexibility for expanding the crop area beyond the initial 1 ha. This requirements capture could be applied to other dry area communities. - A diagram of the scheme was drafted in AutoCAD, including the main equipment and elements of the system. Two methods were considered for different farming solutions, namely open irrigation and a greenhouse. - Then the system model was produced, incorporating all the components and devices, the resources available and the requirements captured. Preliminary calculations were made to assess the efficacy of the system. - The model was then tested to verify that the variables could be changed, and it was giving satisfactory results. The model was implemented in Excel. The PV and pump calculations were double checked and verified with the PVsyst software package [32]. Several scenarios were considered, with variations on irrigation and potable water consumption as well as the number of dwellings consuming electricity. - With the main design developed, further detailed engineering was completed with the definition of all equipment (tanks, desalination), devices (panels, controller, regulator, batteries), and variables/dimensions (heights, lengths, tanks, piping) in order to more precisely specify the elements of the system with the costs assessed as well. - An economic analysis was performed, including the life cycle costs, payback, and net present value calculations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: This results in the removal of SOX from the exhaust gas stream as sodium sulphate according to the following chemical reactions as in [29]:For SO2:NA++OH−+SO2→NaHSO3(aq sodium bisulphite)E31 2NA++2OH−+SO2→Na2SO3(aq sodium sulphite)+H2OE32 2NA++2OH−+SO2+1/2 O2→Na2SO4(aq sodium sulphate)+H2OE33 For SO3:SO3+H2O→H2SO4 (sulphuric acid)E34 2NaOH+H2SO4→Na2SO4(aq sodium sulphate)+2H2OE35 In a closed-loop technology, absolutely no water comes from the sea. The freshwater comes from a buffer tank and is cooled by the seawater. The freshwater is composed of NaOH and leaves the buffer tank to go to the scrubber. After the scrubbing process, the water comes back to the buffer tank, cleaned by a filter. The black water goes to a sludge tank and the clean water goes back to the scrubbing cycle. A big storage tank fills up the buffer tank. Closed-loop systems can also be operated when the ship is operating in enclosed waters where the alkalinity would be too low for open-loop operation. Closed-loop systems typically consume sodium hydroxide in a 50 % aqueous solution. The dosage rate is approximately 15 l/MWh of scrubbed engine power of a 2. 70 % sulphur fuel is scrubbed to equivalent to 0. 10 %. Using a closed-loop technology can have some advantages. First, there is a possibility to increase the pH level in order to reduce more SOx. Also there is no corrosion of the parts and less discharge water to clean. The running costs of the closed-loop technology are relatively high because it uses NaOH which is 0. 2 €/kg and its required monitoring units. Also the sludge tanks have to be discharged at the harbour which costs a lot of money. The closed-loop reduces about 98 % SOx in the exhaust gas. Hybrid system – A hybrid system is a mixture of both open loop and closed loop. In harbours and ECA, the system can operate with freshwater without generating any significant amount of sludge to be handed at port calls.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Music as Introduction to by (Author) ©2016 Monographs 339 Arts eBook for US$ 79. 75 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Hardcover for US$ 98. 25 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart is often defined as art for the ear, as the language of feeling, of the heart, as sound play, or as the science of composition. But music also conveys intellectual and emotional experiences, literary, religious, philosophical, social and political ideas. Countless composers encrypt contents in their music that can be deciphered by a variety of methods. This book is designed as an introduction to the basic questions of musical semantics and discusses Beethoven’s committed art, the core ideas of the «Ring of the Nibelung» and of the «Symphony of a Thousand», Wagner’s idea of a religion of art, the relation of music and poetry, the musico-literary conceptions of composers, the large field of program music and the history of the impact of Gustav Mahler. the author About the book This eBook can be cited Table of I. of the Message in Music II. Public and in Music III. of Depth 1. Esprit contra Profundity: Mediterranean vs. 2. Music as Expression of the “Being”? 3. and Music as Message IV. “Relational Magic” in the Music of Wagner’s Ring of the Nibelung 1. On the Function of the Leitmotif 2. Presentiment, Realization and Remembrance 3. “of Doom” V. Wagner’s Idea of a Religion of Art 1. of Introduction 2. Art and Religion in Wagner’s 3. On Wagner’s Doctrine of Regeneration 4. Christianity, Brahmanism and the Critique of Religions 5. of Art with Religion 6. of the Religion of Art 7. Parsifal: of the Idea 8. Art as Substitute for Religion?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: - Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model was investigated to show the impact of changing variables; notably, the discount rate, the inflation rate, the fuel cost and the water cost. The results are now presented. system capable of providing electricity and water for both drinking and irrigation has been designed. The only resources needed to operate the system are the sun and brackish water from a well in a desert area. Financially, there is a moderate investment that can be recovered. Additionally, different water flow rates and electricity production for one or several dwellings have been modelled. For the solar irradiance, the most appropriate data identified was from [31]. According to the water analysis carried out, the salinity was around 11 g/L (between 10,000 and 12,000 ppm or 17 dS/m) (an electrical conductivity EC = 17 dS/m has been measured. A conversion 1 dS/m→640 mg/L, from EC to TDS (total dissolved salts) has been applied), which means that the water was brackish water (BW). This value has been used for the basic design of the desalination unit, but once the plant designed in this study is operational samples would have to be tested regularly. The condition of aquifers and soil quality have been checked from several sources such as [33]. According to the consulted sources, the aquifer in the selected location seems to be between sedimentary and basement fracture, and the productivity is low. The risk of water table recession should be assessed if possible, but the well should be considered to be reliable. Because there is flexibility in the requirements of water and electricity, as indicated above, several scenarios have been considered, changing the variables (water flow for irrigation, drinking water, number of dwellings), as shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Table 3. Scenarios (cases). The main equipment and elements required for the system are shown in Figure 2. 2 Figure 2. Diagram of the PV-BWRO system. The PV array is generating electricity that will be managed by the control panel. The elements of the panel are detailed in Figure 3. The well pump is powered and controlled from this panel. The other electrical uses are the desalination units (D1 and D2) and the potential additional consumers in the houses or dwellings. The well pump sends water to the (RW) tank.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: If things remain the same, by 2020, shipping will have been the biggest single emitter of air pollution especially in areas of the dense maritime traffic such as Europe, which surprisingly surpasses the emissions from all land-based sources together. Since harmful pollutant emissions from ships have great impact on the human health and the environment, it is required to tighten uniform regulations at the global level, bearing in mind that shipping is inherently international. (IMO) responsible for the safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment reacts on and CO2 emissions from a ship by adoption of Annex VI of the 73/78 Convention, titled ‘Regulations for the Prevention of from Ships’. sets limits on NOx and SOx emissions from ship exhausts and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting substances. Furthermore, the IMO marks out Areas (ECAs) in cooperation with national governments with more stringent controls on sulphur emissions. These areas currently comprise the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the English Channel, the US and the area outside (200 nautical miles). Ships are currently being permitted to burn fuel oils with sulphur content of less than 3. 5 % while operating outside an ECA but must ensure that they burn fuel with a sulphur content of less than 1 % while within the sulphur Areas. In accordance with EU’s marine fuel sulphur directive, the sulphur content in marine gas oil within the territorial waters of an EU member state may not exceed 0. 1 % by weight. This applies to all ships regardless of flag. Regarding reductions in nitrogen oxide emissions from marine engines, Annex VI introduced Tier I, II and III NOx emission standards for new engines. NOx emission limits are set for diesel engines depending on the engine’s maximum operating speed. and II limits are global, while the Tier III standards apply only in NControl Areas. Tier II NOx standards are currently being in force. In order to control CO2 emission from shipping, the first formal CO2 control regulations were adopted by the IMO, introducing a new 2013. (EEDI) is the first globally binding climate change standard. It is anticipated that global CO2 reductions of 10 to 20 % could be obtained by implementation of EEDI and SEEMP. Detailed descriptions of the emission restrictions prescribed by Annex VI of the 73/78 Convention are listed in section 2 entitled ‘International regulation concerning air pollution from merchant shipping’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Wagner as a Religious Founder? 9. Hitler and Wagner 10. Ban on Parsifal since 1939 11. Conclusion VI. of a Thousand as a Message to Humanity 1. Mahler’s “Mass” and “Gift to the Nation” 2. Genesis 3. Love as Productive Power: On the of the 4. On the Translation into Music VII. Basics of 1. Introduction 2. “Characteristic” Music and “Painting Symphonies” (symphonies à programmes) 3. and “Narration of Inner Processes” 4. Concepts and 5. Headings vs. . with IX. “Tone Poets” and “Specific Musicians”: 19th-Types 1. Art-2. Composers and Fractions 3. Schumann, Liszt and Wagner as All-Musicians X. Music and Poetry: of Schumann, Wagner and Liszt 1. Schumann’s Ideal of a “Poetic Music” 2. Wagner’s Ideal of a Union of the “Art Forms” in the Drama 3. Liszt’s Ideal of XI. Schumann’s XII. in Schumann’s Music XIII. Berlioz’ Conception of the “Instrumental Drama” XIV. Liszt’s Conception of the “Musical Epopee” XV. Liszt’s Faust Symphony: A 1. Aspects of the Investigation 2. Liszt’s Observations about Goethe’s Faust 3. Themes and Structure of the “Faust” Movement 4. Harmonic Symbolism: Triad as Emblem of Faust 5. of the “Faust” and “Gretchen” Movements 6. Tectonics and Character of the “Gretchen” Movement 7. Stock of the “Mephisto” Movement and Liszt’s Technique of Distortion 8. Piece Malédiction as a Source of the “Mephisto” Movement 9. as of the “Mephisto” Movement 10. Liszt’s Setting of the Chorus mysticus XVI.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: 41%), which means that with a discount rate of up to 10%, the project still is profitable. Indeed, according to [20] a renewable energy water pumping solution outperforms the costs of a diesel water pumping system. Additionally, it must be highlighted that the current case (a), using diesel pumps does not provid water suitable for irrigation. The cost of electricity was not a factor because the system costs are for an off-grid application [13]. The benefits from the salt have not been taken into account, but depending on their characteristics they could have a positive impact in the economic analysis. The lifecycle emissions of the PV system have been roughly estimated at 13. 4 tCO2eq, compared to 98. 3 tCO2eq if a typical grid in Africa was used or 118. 3 tCO2eq if using a diesel generator. A sensitivity analysis has been performed for Case 2, plotting NPV when changing the discount rate i, inflation, the fuel cost and the water cost. A similar approach was taken by [13]. Decreasing the discount rate from 0. 1 to 0 transforms the project from an unprofitable one into a very profitable one, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. Inflation does not affect the investment, but it affects all prices from the first year. Thus, the impact of inflation on the NPV is significant, especially when it is above 5%. Without inflation NPV is close to 0. The study also showed that the drinking water cost is much more important than the fuel cost in the economic analysis, as shown by comparing the slopes of the curves in Figures 7 and 8. 5 Figure 5. Sensitivity analysis NPV-discount rate. 6 Figure 6. Sensitivity analysis NPV-inflation rate. 7 Figure 7. Sensitivity analysis NPV-fuel cost. 8 Figure 8. Sensitivity analysis NPV-water cost. Alternative Cases: (Case 3) and Flow (Case 6) 3, the electric power consumption of one dwelling has been included. Because the designed system is able to provide AC electricity and to store solar energy in batteries, the size of the PV array can be increased to take advantage of the opportunity to use it for domestic consumption, thus saving money compared to building a bespoke new off-grid installation. The daily consumption of one dwelling has been estimated at 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is not always possible to judge the health hazards of the pollutants based on their concentrations. Figure 2. Process flow chart of semi quantitave method for chemicals risk assessment [75]Following the risk assessment, employers can decide on required preventive measures, the working and production procedures, and also improving the level of welder protection. To complete risk assessment of welding chemicals, data related to air monitoring, biological monitoring, and health monitoring may be required for true judgement. Totally, risk assessment in workplace can result in some advantages. Workers do their tasks in a safe manner; employers provide appropriate programs to prevent high exposure and increase job satisfaction; regulators and related organizations can reliably present health and safety standards. The process of risk assessment is a basis for risk management to reduce welding hazards by choosing correct actions [76-77]. Advertisement 7. Occupational controlAir pollution control deals with the reduction of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere using different technologies. Sometimes, managing the production process is used to control air pollutant emisstion, therefore, checking the production process can be useful for beginnig the air pollution control. Elimination of a hazard is the first aim to control related risk. In essence, keeping the pollutant emission at the minimum level during the process is the main purpose of controling the air pollution. Based on the risk assessment results, employers can decide for control of risk using proper ways. There are various ways to control the risk of chemicals like welding emissions. If the hazard elimination in not reasonably practicable, other approaches are used to minimize the risk. Substitution, isolation, engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are used to reduce risks to the lowest practicable level in order of priority. Using personal protective equipment is the least recommended control way. To provide a layered safety net, a combination of several control ways may be adopted for preventing risks [66, 76, 78]. In the case of welding, if the elimination of fumes is not practicable, other controling measures should be applied. Modifying the welding process, improving working practices, ventilation, and using PPEs are considered in order to control of fumes. 7. 1. Choosing or modifying the welding processEmployers can choose the welding type for production process based upon its efficiency, weld quality, available equipment, and economics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: and. Music 1. 2. A Survey of Works with 3. Why the Programs were kept secret 4. Approaches to. On the History of 1. On Mahler’s Topicality and Popularity 2. Dimension of Mahler’s Music 3. Mahler and the Schönberg School 4. On Adorno’s 5. Mahler and the Avant-Garde XIX. Become Language:. The Co-Presence of all Eras: Messages through the 1. Letters and Writings by Composers 2. Works of Literature and Philosophy 3. On the Subject of Music as ← 10 | 11 →ForewordAs long as people have been theorizing about art, there have been diverse conceptions of music. Some take it as an art that follows its own laws, a play of “moving tonal forms,” as the high priest of music put it. To others, it is expression, an art of “inwardness,” the “language of the soul. ” For some, music serves the purpose of amusement and entertainment, being an art designed solely for aesthetic pleasure. Others tirelessly point to its educational and therapeutic function – a function ascribed to it already in Greek antiquity. If in the 18th century it was widely held that music has a specific end in view, in the 19th the notion of music as pure, purposeless, so-called absolute music, began widely to prevail. The words message and code denote basic concepts in the modern science of communication, in mythography and semiotics. Music, too, is a communicative phenomenon par excellence but has to date hardly been analyzed in terms of the communicative process. What do composers from Ludwig van Beethoven to intend with their music? What do they want to say, and to whom do they address themselves? What is the nature of the messages they transmit, and how are they received and deciphered by the listeners? The subject of music as message is one that has fascinated me for half a century. The book is intended as an introduction to the basic questions of musical semantics. Nearly all of my books profit from it (cf. section 3 of the 2011. The second 226. The present English edition has been brought up to date and expanded by the 1. The question what music is and what purpose it serves can, of course, not be answered once and for all.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: The NPV for this case is still positive but is much lower than in the base case because the added value of irrigation is not considered in the analysis (the economic value added to the irrigation could be calculated based on the produced food and the generated salt, but this calculation is beyond the scope of this work. ). The choice between Case 2 (base case) and Case 3 depends on the funding and subsidies for the initial investment. However, in principle, it seems reasonable to consider the consumption of one dwelling, taking into account the costs saved compared to building a separate installation for the house. 6, the available sizes and prices of the RO should be double checked in order to make a decision, provided that the funding allows it. There are some other potential improvements related to the control system such as tracking PV modules or moisture sensors/probes and automatic valves at the outlet of the irrigation tank [34,35]. Furthermore, utilising IoT monitoring and management could improve resource use and reduce costs, for example as demonstrated for irrigation in [36]. project shows the details and feasibility of a system capable of providing water for both irrigation and drinking, as well as electricity, in desert areas for many years with a reasonable investment to meet sustainable development goals. The study has met the objectives set out in the introduction. The water resource assessment was considered sufficient for the design, but it should be verified in terms of quality and quantity. The salinity was assessed at 11 g/L. Based on the energy resource assessment and review of suitable technologies, PV solar energy has been determined to be a suitable technology for water pumping, desalination, and additional electricity generation [11,16,19]. The main water and power requirements in the project area have been identified. The need to be flexible in the design led to several scenarios being considered in the study. A model, PV-BWRO, to provide water and electricity, based on solar pumps and PV power” has been designed and evaluated. After analysis of the different scenarios, one case with 4 m3 of water for irrigation and 2 m3 for drinking water was proposed for implementation. 1 m3 of brine was also produced. The economic analysis of the model shows the savings of the selected case compared to a scenario utilising diesel pumps. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of changing certain variables with four of the most significant presented in Figures 5–8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Dilution ventilation may not be sufficient to control exposure to welding emissions, because it cannot provide enough air movement to prevent the entry of fumes and gases into the welder’s breathing zone before removing them from welding environment. In fact, the general ventilation is not suitable for controlling the toxic substances, specially when the worker is downstream of contaminant. To ensure the efficiency of the system, measuring airflow regularly and sampling contaminants to assess exposure are required. A well designed dilution system can be approprite for situations in which welding is done on clean, uncoated, mild steels. In dilution ventilation, draft fans or air-movers, wall fans, roof vents, open doors and windows may be used to move air through the work environment. Totally, if the generated contaminant is in low concentration and can be controlled to the standard exposure level, dilution systems will be effective enough as a control measure [66, 80-82]. Ventilation - Local exhaust ventilation (LEV), as a primary engineering control, is used to remove contaminants before entering the breathing zone of workers. LEV can be used to control welding emissions close to the generation source. To be effective, LEV system should be well designed and installed, used correctly and properly maintained. Type of generated contaminants and characteristics of the process and work environment are crucial to design LEV [81]. To design a suitable system in welding process, some parameters should be considered, such as fume generation rate, arc- to-breathing zone distance, work practices and worker’s exposure. Various parameters related to type of welding have important roles in the fume generation rate and fume composition. Therefore, considering these parameters is necessary to design LEV system [83-85]. For welding processes like stainless steel or plasma arc welding in which fumes containing heavy metals are generated, the LEV system can effectively be used to control worker’s exposure. A local exhaust ventilation consists of a hood, fan, duct, and air cleaner. All parts of LEV system must be designed according to correct rules and requirements to remove air pollutants with appropriate efficiency. For instance, the ducting material and structure, air velocity through ducts, the number of branches, and the probability of the leakage and corrosion are important factors related to duct that can affect the LEV system. There are some considereations to select a suitable fan for the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Opinions about it are too divided, art-theoretical and aesthetic positions differ too radically. The various conceptions are clearly dependent on the particular cultural sphere, on nationality, on the time and the zeitgeist, on the prevailing tastes and on the respective intellectual and artistic currents and tendencies. Thus music has been, and still is, defined as art for the ear, as the language of the heart, of feeling, as science of composition, as “moving tonal form. ” The mission of tonal art, it has been and still is said, is to provide pleasure, to educate, to teach, to move, to excite, to uplift, to transport, to interpret and deepen a text emotionally, to enhance drama, to convey an intimation of the other world, and so on. Perhaps we can agree that not every kind of music proclaims a message. The playfully concertante music of the Baroque and of Classicism differs considerably in this respect from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. 2. Not every musical work that does proclaim a message is necessarily of aesthetic value. It would be a fatal error to confound aesthetics and ideology. Ideology does not determine the rank of a work of art. Robert Schumann, in taking position on the hotly debated question as to the value or lack of value of programs in music, expressed his conviction by saying: “First of all, let me hear that you have made beautiful music, then your program, too, will be pleasing to me. ”11 Mutatis mutandis, Schumann’s statement is valid also for the conception of music as message. 3. In the recent past, there has been much discussion about the contrast between so-called absolute and program music. The conception of a certain kind of music as message might help to partly reconcile the contrast. For a ← 17 | 18 → musical message is something other than a musical program and pertains to a higher level of abstraction than the latter. Many works that do not seem to fit into the category of either absolute or program music can be placed under the rubric of music as message. Here, too, Beethoven’s can be cited as exemplary. 1 Arnold Schönberg, Ausgewählte Briefe, ed. (Mainz, 1958), 178 f.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: Additionally, two variations of the design have been presented: One with electricity generation for one dwelling and the other with higher flow rates for irrigation (9 m3). The decision to adopt these alternative systems would mainly depend on funding. The size of the PV array can be increased to provide electricity for more consumers, but the system would need to be analysed to verify that all elements are suitable for doing so. There are also some possible improvements and alternatives for further research, such as tracking panels, automatic valves and the use of IoT [36]. This project is reproducible and scalable, but a proper analysis of water and well characteristics wold be required in advance. The use of the salts from brine also should be defined. If the system were grid-connected, then excess electricity could potentially provide a revenue stream, depending on tariffs. [37]. Further areas for research could include using grey water from the drinking supply for irrigation and the potential to grow crops between rows of PV modules where larger solar irrigation systems are deployed [38–40]. generated from the study is available in the supplementary file. (PDF, 6. 89 MB) and RB designed the study. JI developed the model and analyzed the data with input from RB. JI and RB wrote the paper. authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. authors of this paper would like to express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to Douh for his confidence in this research and for providing valuable data and information about the project site. 1. ENID (for Integrated Development). Pumps: of Egypt’s Desert, 013. 2013. Available from: Accessed 2016 Aug 5. View 2. IRENA (Agency). Solar pumping for irrigation: Improving livelihoods and sustainability. (Emirates): IRENA; 2016. View 3. . Solar-powered drip irrigation enhances food security in the Sudano-Sahel. . 2010;107(5):1848-53. View 4. . The feasibility of solar water-pumping in a rural village of Malawi. Presented at the Conference on Solutions for Electricity and in Rural Areas; 2015 Oct 7–10; Cairo, Egypt. View 5. . Solar photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation - A review. Agric Res. 2015;10(22):2267-73. View 6. . Application of in Botswana.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Some variables such as pressure, flow rate, power, noise, and rotation speed are the main characteristics influencing on the fan performance. Air cleaner is a device to capture welding emissions before it can escape into the ambient air. To select an appropriate air cleaner, some design considereations need to be addressed. Size and shape of welding space, pollutants generation rate, pollutant composition, cost of devices, process type, and the availability of equipment may be effective factors in this respect. In welding processes, source capture systems can be the ideal choise to control fume contaminants using the least air flow rate. In some situations, a source capture system cannot be used. For example situations in which worker has to work on mobile positions; there are a large number of small welding points producing hazardous emissions; welding must be done in confined spaces; and there are some obstructions like overhead cranes leading to problems with ducting installation. Dust collectors (filtration units) and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) can also be used as air cleaners to capture welding emissions before escaping into the environment. ESPs are ideal to collect submicron p7. 4. Respiratory protection equipmentsPersonal protective equipment (PPE) should not be used instead of other control measures, but sometimes they may be required along with engineering controls and safe work practices. Equipments (RPEs) are used to protect the workers against inhalation of hazardous emissions in the workplace, where exposures cannot adequately be controlled by other ways. Using a respirator not selected appropriately leads to a false sense of protection for wearer and exposure to hazardous substances. It must be specific to the pollutant and fitted, cleaned, stored and maintained based on provided standards and guidelines for respirators. Each RPE has a protection factor (PF) that is determined as the ratio of the concentration of the pollutant outside the respirator to that inside the respirator. There is a wide range, from low to high, for protection factors. Some organizations like NIOSH have provided required equations and tables to calculate protection factors for respirators. There are different types of respirators and it is possible to select the most appropriate type for existing circumstances. In welding processes, respirators should be selected in accordance with generated emissions, welding type, welding task, and working conditions. For example, NIOSH recommends a self-contained breathing apparatus for welding in confined spaces because the oxygen concentration in the space may be reduced due to welding.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: 2 Arnold Schönberg, „Kriterien für die Bewertung von Musik,“ in Stil und Gedanke. Aufsätze zur Musik, ed. Ivan Vojtĕch (I (Frankfurt a. M. : S. Fischer Verlag, 1976), 123–133; 132. 3 Ibid. , 386. 4 Ibid. , 69. 5 Henze, Musik und Politik. Schriften und Gespräche, 1955–1975 (DeutscherTaschenbuch Verlag, 1162) (Munich, 1976), 251 f. 6 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Mythologiques I. Le cru et le cuit (Paris, 1964), 23 f. , 205, 218, 26, 38. 7 Hannelore Link, Rezeptionsforschung. Eine Einführung in Methoden und Probleme (Urban-Taschenbücher, 215) (Stuttgart/Berlin/Cologne/Mainz, 1976), 27 ff. 8 Kurt Blaukopf, Musik im Wandel der Gesellschaft. Grundzüge der Musiksoziologie (Munich/Zurich, 1984), 154 f. 9 Umberto Eco, Einführung in die Semiotik, (Munich, 1972). 339 2016 ISBN (PDF) 9783653053012 ISBN (ePUB) 9783653971644 ISBN (MOBI) 9783653971637 ISBN (Hardcover) 9783631660331 DOI 10. 3726/978-3-653-05301-2 Publication date 2016 (February) of Music as Schumann's Music for of Wagner's am 2016. 339 pp. , 2 b/w fig. , 6 graphs Biographical notes (Author) is professor emeritus of Musicology at the University of Hamburg. Among his monographs are volumes on the origin of Gregorian neumes, van Beethoven, and György Ligeti. Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch is professor emeritus of English and at Indiana University. He has translated several books by Constantin Floros.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: Presented at the 4th SASEC (Conference); 2016 Oct 31–Nov 2; Stellenbosch, South Africa. View 7. . Meeting the water and energy needs in the rural areas of Malawi using solar PV technologies. Presented at the 40th 2017 Jul 24–8; Loughborough, UK. View 8. Hussain M, Blanchard R. Developing a low cost solar powered water pump for deployment in developing nations for agricultural purposes. Presented at the 40th 2017 Jul 24–8; Loughborough, UK. View 9. . Sustainable solutions for solar energy driven drinking water supply for rural settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of Nigeria. J Photonics Energy. 2019;9(4):043106. View 10. . Nexus approach to solar technology for energy and water supply for sustainable rural development in Egypt: a review. J Photonics Energy. 2019;9(4):043108. View 11. Dana B. Offgrid PV: Installation Manual. Rugby (UK): Quetsol S. A. ; 2012. View 12. . Stand-alone hybrid energy systems for remote area power generation. Energy Rep. 2019;5:231-41. View 13. . Hybrid microgrid for microfinance institutions in rural areas - A field demonstration in West Africa. Technol Assess. 2019;35:89-97. View 14. Youssef PG, Al-. Comparative analysis of desalination technologies. Energ Proc. 2014;61:2604-7. View 15. . Theoretical study on the performance of a solar stil system integrated with PCV-PV module for sustainable water and power generation. Desalination. 2018;442:184-97. View 16. Thomson M. Reverse-of by Batteries [dissertation]. Loughborough (UK): Loughborough University; 2003. View 17. Bermudez-. Renewable energy powered desalination in Sur, Mexico. Desalination. 2008;220:431-40. View 18. WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th ed. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2011. View 19. Argaw N. ; Period of Performance: April 1--September 1, 2001. Golden (CO, US): NREL; 2004. View 20.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: AbstractEnvironmental issues change from place to place and time to time. The issues include local as well as global issues. The understanding of issues is necessary to find solution. Air pollution issues have changed over a period of time. Issues like atmospheric brown cloud, climate change, hazardous air pollutants, black/muddy snow which are hardly discussed few decades back have now gaining importance. This 1. 1 dry air consists of 78. 09 % of nitrogen, 20. 95 % of oxygen, 0. 93 % of argon and 0. 039 % of carbon dioxide by volume. Minor constituents such as methane (CH4), Ozone (O3), (SO2), (NO2), (N2O), (CO), Ammonia (NH3) etc. are also present having very low mixing ratios. These constituents do vary place to place due to change in atmospheric conditions. The air constituents over the sea will not be same as at the shore; sea shore air may not have same concentrations of the constituents as desert air. Sea shore air will be dominated by water vapour where as desert air will have more suspended dust. Similarly, the thick Amazon forest will have more water vapour and volatile organic compounds whereas he air above solid waste dumping site is likely to have more methane and ammonia. Fig. 1. 1Constuents of air Full size image Low concentration of air pollutants does not mean that it can be neglected. Considering example of lead which is present in the atmosphere in traces, the total quantity in 1983 and in the mid-1990s, were estimated to be about 330,000 tonnes (Nriagu and Pacyna 1988) and 120,000 tonnes (Pacyna and Pacyna 2001), As per the study by Richardson et al. (2001), the whole emissions from natural sources were around 220,000–4,900,000 tonnes/year. Formaland its layers When the solar system condensed out of “primordial solar nebula” which is nothing but interstellar cloud of gas and dust, the situation was not as complex as today and air pollution was not an issue. The early atmosphere of this planet was believed to be blend of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and hydrogen. The early atmosphere of this planet was slightly reducing chemical mixture as compared to present atmosphere which is strongly oxidizing. With lapse of time, distinct layers of the atmosphere were formed with distinct characteristics. These are described below.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Improvisation pedagogy: what can be learned from off-task sounds and the art of the musical heckle? Published online by Press: 03 April 2024 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Jackie Walduck* Affiliation: Department of Music and Audio Technology, University of 4 4TZ, UK * Email: j. walduck@kent. ac. uk 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] tension between freedom and constraint is characteristic of improvisation practice and pedagogy, presenting challenges for teachers/workshop leaders. To create musical focus in ensemble improvisation, some sounds are encouraged, whilst others are edited out, ignored or marginalised. This 10. 1017/S026505172400007X [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Press Freedom, constraint and holding the leadership reins From the perspective of the community musician, facilitation is understood as a process that enables participants’ creative energy to flow, develop, and grow through pathways specific to individuals and the groups in which they are working. Facilitation does not mean that the community musician surrenders responsibility for music leadership, only that control is relinquished. Higgins (2012, p. 148) A thin line is trodden between freedom and constraint when leading a group improvisation workshop. When working without a priori rules (completely ‘free’ improvisation), the music can sound aimless, and participants may feel unsafe not knowing what to do. Setting boundaries can scaffold freedom (2017; 2012), but the reality of leading very scaffolded workshops can mean using additional gatekeeping processes: editing participant contributions to gain an ensemble focus, allowing some sounds and restricting others. In the real-time improvisation workshop environment, leaders may find themselves holding the reins tightly or loosely: pruning, shaping the improvisation, or encouraging bolder, dramatic, or unexpected sounds, fostering variety and creativity. To bring form to the music, some sounds are encouraged, and others may become marginalised.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Oil, coal and natural gas is originally produced by photosynthetic processes, followed by complex chemical reactions, in which decaying vegetation was subjected to temperature and pressure over a long period of time [4]. Solar energy is so powerful and abundant that 30 min of solar radiation falling on earth is equal to the world annual energy demand. It is also cheap, environment friendly and nearly inexhaustible. Most of the world receives powerful solar radiation and has a good chance and opportunity to benefit from solar energy [3]. All ecosystems and every field of human activity depend on clean water and it is one of the most precious resources in today’s world. Water is a primary need for life, health and sanitation, which brings it into the international agenda as a very important issue [2]. The lack of potable water poses a big problem in arid regions of the world where freshwater is becoming very scarce and expensive. Clean drinking water is one of the most important international health issues today [5]. Remote and arid to semi-arid regions depend on underground water for drinking. Unfortunately, underground water is not always considered to be fresh drinking water. In some instances, the salinity is too high for being drinkable, and it is called brackish water. In such cases, fresh water has to be either transported for long distances or connected with an expensive distribution water network at extremely high cost for, usually, a small population. Solar desalination can be a good solution for such a problem [6]. Desalination is one of mankind’s earliest forms of water treatment, and it is still a popular treatment solution throughout the world today [5]. Distillation is one of the oldest and most rustic desalination techniques. In fact, it reproduces the natural process of the industrial desalination. Solar distillation is a thermal process that represents a sustainable solution to water shortages in the world. The desalination technique by solar energy, based on the principle of greenhouse is not new. Solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions, where connection to the public electric grid is either not cost effective or not feasible, and where the water scarcity is severe [5]. Advertisement 2. Hydrologic cycle and water scarcityThe earth has a global water amount of about 1. 38×109 km3, 97. 5% of which is salty and only 2. 5% is fresh water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Invention of electric power in the nineteenth century resulted in coal fired electric generation in 1880s. Very famous example of air pollution is the smog formation around during the 1940s which led to the passing of first state environmental legislation in USA. In 1955, the was enacted in USA which was the first federal environmental legislation in the country. Later on in 1960s, oil overtook coal as the source of primary energy. Extensive use of oil led to the emissions wherever vehicles moved. With the industrial revolution in the post eighteenth century economy changed to machine-based manufacturing in many of the present developed countries. Mechanization of the textile industries and iron-making techniques increased demand for fuel and their by air pollution in those areas of such activities. The developments in 19th century led to second industrial revolution. The construction activity also saw shift in construction material as well as technology. The invention of cement replaced mud walls (Fig. 1. 3) and increase in cement demand lead to emissions from this sector. Fig. 1. 3Remnants of historic building with mud masonry in an Asian CityFull size image As the European and American markets were saturated, Asian markets opened up for vehicles which are currently unbalanced where in poor people ride on bus top or trucks while rich people ride in individual cars (Fig. 1. 4). While the economic crisis in Greece resulted in reduction of air pollution (Vrekoussis et al. 2013) China witnessed dramatic air quality detonation last decade. Analysis of data from monitoring network created by WHO and UNEP in 50 cities in 35 developed as well as developing countries shows that over the past 15–20 year indicate that the lessons of earlier experiences in the now developed countries have yet to be learned. Air pollution in 20 of the 24 megacities shows that ambient air pollution at levels where serious health effects (David et al. 1996). The rise of population in the developing countries in future with a lack for air pollution control will worsen in many more cities. Fig. 1. 4Traffic from a developing Asian countryFull size image In the beginning of 1970s when the rapid growth in Europe lead to environmental pollution and air pollution of London which resulted in death of more than 5000 people was fresh in memory the Conference of the Human environment in Stockholm in 1972 lead to foundation of international cooperation in this regard. This is followed by series of development that aimed to bring down air pollution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Drawing on perspectives from improvisation pedagogy at school and tertiary levels, community music and improvisation as a creative practice, this paper discusses freedom and constraint in the context of inclusive workshop-leading practices within community music and when working with participants with additional needs. It considers and evaluates marginalised sounds to suggest ways of listening more openly in these and mainstream learning contexts. The pull between in-the-moment freedom and constraint is represented in improvisation literature (e. g. 1992; 2010; 1994; 2002) and improvisation pedagogical literature (2007; 2015). Whilst the idea of an improvisation ensemble (including jazz) suggests an ethos of democracy, spontaneity and inclusivity, Berliner (1994, p. 418) explores the relationship between band leadership styles and their impact on jazz musicians’ creative freedom. If a band gels, the ideals of self-expression and collective effort come into play simultaneously. However, this does not always happen – the band may pull in different directions undoing musical coherence. Berliner illustrates, through musicians’ testimonies, that solving this problem often brings tight-rein (more autocratic) leadership into conflict with these values. To maintain them, differing artistic opinions can be negotiated through compromise, humour and a looser rein. Bailey (1992) and Berliner (1994) in equally seminal but divergently positioned works on improvisation tackle the relationship between traditions – known forms or idioms, and originality – spontaneous musical creation. For Bailey, whose own work is rooted in free improvisation, spontaneity lies away from known genres, and for Berliner, it is located within the interpretation of the tradition, through ornamentation and variation of an acquired jazz ‘language’. In learning contexts, improvisation is valued as a way to encourage agency and creativity in students and workshop participants and here, too, issues of freedom and constraint surface. Part of the pedagogic value of improvisation is that learning often takes place in groups: creativity and knowledge are distributed and socially situated between learners (2007; 2011). Borgo’s perspective of advanced ensemble improvising classes advocates group over individual learning and creativity over the reiteration of musical ideas, so that what is captured is the complexity of an evolving system – the improvising group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Although all parts of the earth is exposed to solar radiation throughout a year, the equator zone between 35°N and 35°S latitudes receives much more solar energy compared to the other parts of the earth and is called “Sunbelt region” [10]. About four-fifth of the world population lives in this region. Having abundant solar energy on one side, the Sunbelt region countries experience a serious water scarcity problem. This scarcity is not only physical water scarcity, indeed it is an economic water scarcity especially in Africa, which means lack of investment in water infrastructure or the lack of personnel capacity to adequately meet the drinking and irrigation water demand of the population. Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of the Sunbelt region and global water scarcity in the world. Figure 2. Global physical and economic water scarcity and Sunbelt region [10, 11]One of the vital factors in combatting the economic water scarcity is a cheap, clean, affordable and environment friendly energy source which will be used to produce and distribute usable and drinkable water. Renewable energy sources such as; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc. is suitable for this purpose. Sunbelt region is very suitable to use solar energy, which is a very popular and abundant energy source, to produce fresh water from saline water through a number of desalination methods, which will be discussed in detail later. 6 kWh/(m2. d) of solar energy, which is easily reached in Sunbelt region, is equal to 0. 6 l/m2. d and 220 l/m2. y of oil. Therefore it is practically possible to use solar energy instead of especially fossil fuels in this region [12]. Advertisement 3. Desalination and solar energy’s place among the other energy sources for desalinationTotal fresh water consumption in the world can be classified into three categories; about 70% is used for irrigation, 20% is used for industrial purposes, and only 10% of the fresh water is consumed for domestic uses as drinking and cleaning water. In case of a shortage of fresh water, desalination is a way to produce usable and drinkable fresh water from any source of saline water to meet the demand. Desalination is the process of separating salt from saline water, which is a mixture of pure water and salt, in order to obtain fresh water. Water salinity due to dissolved salts can be expressed in four classes as; fresh water (<0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Convention on Long-range Pollution in 1979 was signed UNECE countries. Governments of UNECE member states signed the convention on Long-range Pollution on 13 November 1979. The 1985 lphur Protocol or 30 % protocol aimed to bring down 30 % SO2 at national level by countries of UNECE region. All business decisions affect the air and atmosphere. Hence, like water which is purified, packaged and priced, soon pure air will also be priced. There are oxygen bars opened up in many parts of the world to supply oxygen to customers. However, inspite of urgent need of stringent air pollution policies and regulations in several parts of the world, air pollution control is still not a political priority as compared to the business and economy in many parts of the world. As a result the pollution is continued in one form of other, many forms are not even monitored and controlled. Over the years only few conventional air pollutants such SO2, NO2, particulate matter, O3 etc. are monitored by the researchers and the pollution control authorities. Pollutants such as Pollutants (POPs) were neglected in the past but have been considered recently for continuous monitoring due to their severe health effects. Both organic as well as inorganic air pollutants cause deadly deceases and hence, their monitoring is very important for humans and environment. While many developing countries took the matter seriously others were only keen to satisfy international community. Even though environmental legislations were enacted all over the world, the capacity of enforcing agencies was limited mainly due to insufficient knowledge and research capacity with enforcing agency. Many organisations had very few staff to start with limited budget to monitor and travel. The absence of expertise had either lead to improper monitoring by selecting improper sampling site/methodology and poor analysis. Many organisations till date are dogged with insufficient manpower to the extent of one to ten technical/scientific staff for a million of citizens. What makes air pollution most challenging compared to other pollution is its complexity. As mentioned above, unlike water which can be contained in a container for easy study it is difficult to simulate the atmospheric setup in a laboratory. Further, aerodynamics at earth’s surface cannot be easily explained by mathematics as it occurs in nature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: In steering such groups, he draws on an idea from drama improvisation pedagogy: when an ‘offer’ is made, to accept and build upon it and avoid ‘blocking’ it. For teachers, this contains ‘an inherent challenge to avoid circumscribing or over-directing the group flow’ (2007, p. 83). Positioning the improvising ensemble as a complex dynamic system, he argues: … jazz musicians must strike an uneasy and ever-changing balance between the exploration of new ideas and the exploitation of strategies, devices, and practices that have already been integrated into the system. They seek persistent disequilibrium, by avoiding constancy, but also restless change. (2007, p. 86) In nurturing such a system, the reins are held loosely. A desire for instability appears to motivate the students to experiment with new sounds and sound combinations. However, their advanced training presumably yokes the students to known forms, inhibiting too much deviation – disequilibrium but not pandemonium. In community and Needs settings, improvisation can be a useful leveller, particularly with mixed experience or mixed ability groups, as it allows for straightforward or complex contributions within the ensemble; Higgins’s developmental ‘pathways specific to individuals’ are quoted above (2012, p. 148). Practice is grounded in inclusivity. Often in such contexts, the emphasis, initially, is on participation through which learning can subsequently take place. In community music, Higgins’s ‘acts of hospitality’ (2007) are enacted by the workshop leader welcoming participants to what are simultaneously social and musical spaces. Heterogenous views and musical interests are negotiated, ideally giving rise to co-created music that reflects multiple creative voices (2016). In practice, as will be discussed, many and varied are the ways of joining in: soloing, accompanying, ‘riffing’, noodling, blurting and private experimenting on a drum are all sounds that might occur in the informal workshop environment and could be said to lie anywhere on a continuum between co-operative and oppositional to the group endeavours. Improvisation contains the potential for disruption, chaos and the skirting of knowledge and power hierarchies, thereby presenting challenges for teachers and workshop leaders, perhaps more so when working with novice learners.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Desalination processes [16]Since changing the phase of saline water requires considerable amount of heat, solar energy is a very practical and readily available energy source along with geothermal and wind energy where available. Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy are used in renewable energy powered desalination plants with the percentages of 42%, 37% and 21% respectively. Solar power is used as both thermal energy and electricity through photo-voltaic panels. Advertisement 4. Solar technologies used in desalinationEnergy is the most vital need for living. Obtaining the usable forms of energy may cause both economic and environmental problems. Especially the fossil fuels have relatively high costs and environmental impacts which inevitably lead to seek for developing alternative methods. Using renewable energy sources is a good way to cope with energy and environmental problems. Renewable energy sources can easily replace fossil-fuels in the near future especially in stationary plants. Depleting reserves of fossil-fuels and environmental problems make it necessary to use the reserves more carefully. Solar energy has great potential in space heating for buildings owing to its low-grade energy characteristics and is the most important alternative to fossil fuels. Solar systems with feasible design and installation have very short payback periods and meet the energy demand very effectively. Solar energy is widely used for drying, cooking, distillation, hot water and electricity production which are the very daily life needs of the people. Several methods using solar energy can be used easily to produce potable water from salt water to save people and agriculture from water scarcity. Main requirement of desalination process is thermal energy, and it can be provided through thermal and PV applications of solar energy systems. This energy can be integrated with various types of structure and capacity distillation systems to produce fresh water. 4. 1. (SGSP)Salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a low cost method of capturing and storing solar energy at relatively low temperatures. A SGSP has mainly three layers of water filled in a pond in an order of salinity and relative mass from the bottom to the top. The first and deepest layer of the pond is filled with a very salty water (about 20%), which is called Zone (LCZ). This layer is salty as much as possible to increase the relative mass of the water compared to the next upper layer which is called Non-(NCZ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: A variety of factors like radiation, friction, flow pattern, chemical reaction, influence by biological setup, changing climate, changing weather, changing living style, new inventions, social changes, law of the land, attitude of the people, physiology of people, economic changes of the region together is responsible for the scenario at a given time at a given reason. Due to complexity of problem, air pollution has not been thoroughly understood by many developing countries and is not a priority. Issues like the poor governance, low research capability, illiteracy, corruption, national/international conflicts and political instability has often cause of low attention to air pollution in spite that millions die due to air pollution all over the world. In spite of magnitude of the problem, the loss of life and wealth due to air pollution is invisible to many government servants. This could be attributed to low emotional intelligence of people responsible to serve the people who act as trustees of the country to protect interest of people and property of the country. Illiteracy among the citizens was also cause for not complaining about the pollution. The use of staff for other duties like election/census/sports has also one of the many reason for poor implementation of environmental laws. Many of the enforcing agency are worried about financial expenditure rather pollution control as misappropriation of financial resource could end up officer responsible for appreciation in jail. On the other hand, the unaccounted pollution is not at all fault as serious as financial misappropriation. The environmental laws can also be misused to raise funds or cause inconvenience to rivals by people in power. As shown in Fig. 1. 5, issues, causes, influencing factors and impacts of air pollution can be attributed to many aspects which are not quantifiable. The corruption among governance, low ethics among industries, non availability of technology, incapability to adopt new technology and low research capability plague many countries. In spite of enthusiasm shown by many international agencies to support the cause it is often denied or poorly adopted by beneficiary countries. Fig. 1. 5Mosaic of issues, causes, influencing factors and impacts of air pollution Full size image The major sources of pollution are combustion process, industry, transportation, waste disposal, use of agro chemicals, and respiration of living organisms (Famhy et al. 2007). None of these sources can be avoided as they are meant for survival of the humans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Hickey (2015), following Borgo (2007) and Berliner (1994), suggests that free improvisation may develop most successfully in groups ‘free of personality problems, individual differences or aesthetic differences that might get in the way of a smooth group process’ (2015, p. 295). She goes on to point out that the realities of classroom management – larger classes (up to 30 children in the UK state sector), heterogenous interests, interpersonal dynamics, differing degrees of musical experience and the ‘artificial randomness of classroom selection’ (p. 295) can make the set-up challenging. For example, do learners have equivalent perceptions of music? How well do they listen to one another? Are all voices heard? How are musical ideas and territories negotiated? Conflict in classroom and community group contexts is sometimes inevitable. The role of leaders in managing/failing to manage it is addressed by Mullen (2008), who draws attention to the ‘abdication’ of leadership by laissez-faire community music leaders, in which conflict, boundary maintenance and responsibility (to the music, the participants, resources, etc. ) are avoided. (1997), he proposes instead a model of leadership in tune with improvisation’s agency and non-authoritarian stance, in which the session leader becomes a ‘good steward, keeping others focused, eliminating distractions, keeping hope alive in the face of setbacks and stress’ (2008, p. 256 [orig. 1997, p. 199]). Neither of them, Hickey, Higgins or Mullen, suggest non-leadership but propose a guided improvised activity. Even so, the problem remains: which sounds to encourage and which to minimise in order to release the participants’ creativity, not trap them into formulae or lose them in chaos? With participants who have cultivated stylistic interests or learners with additional needs, the position of leader/teacher as gatekeeper to knowledge is challenged even more profoundly. Community musicians can find themselves amongst participants steeped in musical knowledge of unfamiliar genres or striving to interpret unanticipated modes of interaction or communication styles. It ceases to make sense that group leaders, situationally positioned as ‘gatekeepers’, should hold the keys to musical knowledge or that their particular (perhaps hegemonic) worldview is the one others should adhere to.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: PV panels can also be connected to each other in any size and number to produce a desired power output. PV panels have no emission, no noise and no moving parts. Also, their installation and maintenance tasks are very easy [23]. The main drawback of PV panels is their cost which is decreasing rapidly. Affordable prices boosted the use of PV panels in recent years. Global installed capacity of PV plants was 2. 6 GW in 2004, increased to 100 GW in 2012 and become 139 GW by the year 2013 [20]. Advertisement 5. Solar desalinationDesalination of sea water or other salty ground waters is a practical and proven method of producing fresh water where it is needed. The main issue for this desalination process is a low cost, environment friendly, readily available energy to drive the process. Solar energy is one of the best sources of this type and it is abundant throughout the year especially in solar belt region at which most of the water scarcity is suffered by about 5 billion people. Solar water desalination is a well-known and proven technique which has been used for a long time at remote areas and places suffering from shortage of potable quality water. There are many variations of solar driven desalination systems. Figure 6 shows a pull classification and integrated big picture view of desalination processes and the place of renewable energy among the other methods. These systems can be classified mainly into two groups as direct and indirect desalination systems which will be described below. 5. 1. Indirect systemsMost of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating () or non-concentrating () collectors to run thermal desalination processes such as thermal vapour compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD). Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electricity from solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalination techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels. Figure7 shows the shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide. Figure 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: 9Global NOx emissions [based on data published in (IPCC 2001)]Full size image Since 1751 industrial emissions have contributed 1450 gigatonnes of green hosue gases (GHGs). According to latest report published in journal, 2/3 of these emissions (914 gigatonnes) are contributed by 90 companies across the globe (ref) out which 56 belong to oil and natural gas sector, 37 coal producers and 7 cement producers. Former USSR entities, Chinese government run entities, and have been the top emitters since 1751. List of top five companies include and ConocoPhillips USA. companies and ranked at 15th, 41st and 58th places respectively. The change in land use has also changed the generation and migration of natural air pollutants like volcanic ash, dust, pollen grains, spores, virus and bacteria. The changing climate has changed wind patterns leading to migration of pollutants in a pattern which was totally different as compared to past. Global competition for creation of wealth and infrastructure has engulfed hills, river sand, minerals and rocks beneath the earth. The waste this activity created has contributed to methane, chemical pollutants yet to be identified and named. The new multistoried building has changed path air traversed before it was setup. The population explosion followed by urban migration has left agricultural fields barren and increased urban foot print within a span of few decades. 1. 2 The “greenhouse effect ” is the rise in temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere due to the existence of (GHGs) in atmosphere. Generally, the solar radiation received by earth drives the climate system. About 70 % of the incoming ‘short wave’ solar radiation is absorbed by the earth while around 30 % of it is reflected back to the space. When earth cools down, it releases the heat as long wave radiation. GHGs present in the atmosphere absorb this outgoing ‘long wave radiation’ from earth which enhances atmospheric temperature. Greenhouse is a phenomenon used in greenhouses to increase temperature capturing long wave radiation to facilitate optimum growth condition for plants. The term “Greenhouse” is borrowed to explain increase in temperature due to trapping of long wave radiation in the atmosphere. Swedish scientist first time demonstrated global warming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Which sounds, then, should be included in the improvisation, who should decide, and are the reins loose or tight? In what follows, I propose to turn these problems of freedom, constraint, learning, inclusion and artistic leadership on their heads, in a discussion of initial findings from an arts-based research project with autistic girls, Playing A/Part. Instead of which sounds should be included in an improvisation session to affect the best learning experience for all, the question might become: what do all the sounds of an improved session tell us? And how do we make sense of what is going on sonically, to steer (steward) the music towards a shared understanding that includes as many of the participants as we can? Playing A/A/Part was an Arts and Council (AHRC)-funded research project, taking place from 2019 to 2021 (Shaughnessy et al. , 2021). Ethical approval was granted by the University of Kent’s Ethics Committee. Its interdisciplinary approach explored drama, music, sound recording and art activities with autistic girls, with a key aim to understand autistic experience in and through such activities. will consider findings from a music-based pilot project. The participants (N = 6, ages 12–15 years) attended School, the only school in the solely for autistic girls. All participants attended a series of nine after-school workshops, voluntarily. Although there was no music provision at the school, the participants had all expressed an interest in music. The author, as a project co-investigator, led the practical music activity. series of nine weekly workshops explored approaches to group improvisation and composition. Data were collected in three ways: • Workshops were filmed and subjected to videographic analysis which focused on significant moments for individuals: changes in behaviour, learning, participant insight, challenges or resolutions. • Participants were interviewed prior to taking part using semi-structured methods, tapping musical experiences including formal/informal learning and using music in daily life. Sensory p1. Amoebas to cogs. Discussion: learning from off-task sounds The off-task sounds from all participants were not atypical, and at first, I ignored them, focusing on the group playing together and listening to one another. However, the empirical study that underpinned this project indicated that a significant proportion of music-making was indeed off-task and was often developmental in its complexity and confidence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Desalination techniques used for fresh water production [1, 2, 12, 24]Reverse osmosis (RO), which is the dominant indirect solar desalination techniques (about 52%) has the potential to improve the sustainability of desalination process by replacing solar energy with fossil fuels and reducing operational cost significantly [24]. It is a pressure driven process which forces the salt water through a semi permeable membrane where concentrated brine is separated from the feed water producing fresh water as the output of the membrane. RO membranes can separate more than 98% of the salt contained in the sea water. Required feed water pressure for brackish and seawater is 10–15 bar and 55–65 bar, respectively. Typical RO desalination systems can recover 45–50% of seawater and 90% of brackish. Membrane which is the core element of RO process losses its performance due to fouling and scaling [25]. Figure 7. Shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide [24]Pressurized feed water required for RO process can be provided by using either sterling or Rankine engine using solar heat, or using electric motor powered by PV panels. Since the usability of solar energy depends on season or weather conditions, sustainable and continuous production of fresh water requires taking some additional measures like energy storage such as thermal energy storage and battery, or hybridization with other energy sources like wind, geothermal and diesel, or with another desalination method combined with RO. Although the pre-treatment of water before the RO membrane reduces the energy efficiency, it is still more efficient than phase change thermal processes. Separated brine water with high pressure can be rejected after passing through a pressure exchanger to recover some of the wasted energy. Figure8illustrates a basic RO system powered by a solar-heated Rankine turbine. The waste heat of the cycle may be reused to preheat the feed water. Figure 8. Basic diagram of a reverse osmosis system powered by a solar-heated Rankine cycle [26]Multiple stage flash distillation (MSF) system has a number of adjacent vessels with an internal heat exchanger and collector for condensed water. Each of these vessels is called stage. Stages have their own inside pressure from high to low in order. Different pressure in each vessel means different boiling points with a decrement of 2–5°C from high to low.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Arrhenius (1896) who was awarded Nobel prize in chemistry in 1903 showed that a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration would lead to 4–5 K warming of the earth surface due to greenhouse effect. GHG increase has resulted in an increase of 0. 6 °C in global mean surface temperature since the 19th century. It is expected that this will further increase up to 1. 4–5. 8 °C by 2100. According to have altered the climate in past few decades resulting in impact on food, water, economy, raw materials, plant/animal health, energy, and biodiversity. It is worth mentioning that the existence of most of biosphere is due to greenhouse effect. Fig. shows that without greenhouse effect Earth’s temperature would have been −17 °C (Fig. 1. 10). A rise of >30 °C in the atmospheric temperature made human life possible on the earth. What worries is the sharp rise as seen during past few decades which has adverse direct and indirect effects such as global warming, sea level rise, monsoon disturbance, floods, cyclones etc. Fig. 1. 10Greenhouse effect showing its importance for sustainable temperature for biosphereFull size image Net radiative forcing is affected by the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere. Aerosols can absorb or reflect radiation depending on the properties of aerosols. Dark aerosols such as soot absorb radiation and light colored aerosols such as sulphate reflect radiation. It is to be noted that the combined effect of present increase in CO2, N2O and CH4 would lead to an increase of atmospheric heating by 2. 3 W m-2 which is 40 % lesser that of expected from observed increase in concentrations of major GHGs due to aerosol effect. However, aerosol radiative forcing calculations have huge uncertainties which need to be corrected. The higher uncertainties are primarily due to lack of measurements from the sites of different characteristics such as rural, background, urban, desert, forest, high altitude especially from tropical regions. Considerable uncertainties also exist in quantifying the role of dust aerosols in climate variability due to the difficulty in assessing direct and indirect effects of aerosols on clouds. Aerosols alter radiative balance as well as the cloud density of the atmosphere resulting in changes in atmospheric stability and cloud microphysics, which can either foster or suppress the development of clouds and precipitation (Li et al. 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: All the workshop sounds were reframed as various ways of participating or ‘playing’. For example, sensorily driven private playing, for example, musical stimming, became ‘playing for pleasure’, singing covertly in the gaps became ‘private/public playing’, and provocative sounds (see below) became ‘playful playing’ – playing to get a response. In many cases, these were routes to making music as an ensemble, moving towards ‘proactive’ and ‘interactive’ play that recalls Adam Ockelford’s Sounds of Intent framework (Ockelford et al. , -and 2011). These kinds of musical play demonstrate a will to join in the activity, suggesting both musicality and sociality. Editing them out, suppressing or continuing to ignore them would have lost the richness of input and agency – the project would have lost a sense of who the young people were as musicians and people. Whilst the off-task sounds in Playing A/Part are framed as modes of play, Gershon’s (2011) study of classroom soundscapes considers on- and off-task sounds as systems of learning and meaning. His study begins in a fifth-grade classroom (children aged 9–10 years). He points out the limits of a recording that favours the teacher’s voice and suppresses background sounds: rustling paper, scraping chairs, a teacher’s whispered encouragement to a pupil, external weather and sounds from the city. The latter set of ambient sounds contributes to the children’s learning about their environment and their peers (who is concentrating, the rise in sonic activity as students reach the end of a period of focus, outside sounds of passing traffic and sirens indicating daily city rhythms or moments of crisis). As in improvisation, there are elements of the sonic environment beyond the control of teachers that nonetheless offer opportunities to learn. These sonic epistemologies, or acoustemologies (from 1996), are amplified when the same students undertake a lesson explicitly exploring sonic learning and taking place in a woodland setting. Students work in pairs to guide blindfold partners through a wood – sounds of this classroom are verbal directions ‘left here, stop there’ filtered by the woodland environment, indicating distance (reverb or echo), and nested within the sounds of nature – rustling leaves and so on.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Figure 9 shows a schematic view of one-stage and two-stage flash distillation systems. Operation of an MSF plant at brine temperatures as high as possible theoretically increases the efficiency of the plant. However, avoiding scale formation and accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces in contact with seawater require limiting the top brine temperature at about 120°C. As shown in Figure 9, cold salt water travels through the stages from cold side to hot side absorbing heat inside the vessel to cause condensation of steam and formation of distilled water. The vessels here serve as an evaporator as the brine evaporates inside. Although higher number of stages increases efficiency, it also increases the installation costs. Therefore, there are about 19–28 stages in modern large MSF plants. Preheated salt water exits the hottest (or the first) stage and enters to the collector to absorb additional heat and enters to the first stage vessel. The first stage vessel is adjusted to a certain pressure that the entering hot brine is over the boiling temperature for that pressure. Therefore, a portion of the incoming brine water suddenly evaporates which is called the “flash”. Steam produced by this flash hits to the condenser above and becomes liquid condensate which drops on a fresh water collector and taken out as fresh water through a controlled valve. Demister is used to trap the water p9. Schematic view of (a) one stage flash distillation, (b) two stage flash distillation [27]Multi effect distillation (MED) units are a practical and promising way of water distillation because of its ability to use renewable energy (solar, wind, geothermal, etc. ) and reuse low-grade waste heat from any source (from a steam or gas turbine power plant, etc. ). Solar-assisted MED process consumes both thermal energy (thermal vapour compression) and mechanical energy (mechanic vapour compression) to produce distilled water [28]. Figure 10 shows the typical arrangement of an MED with thermo compression (MED-TVC). Steam is produced using a thermal energy source and ejected through a thermo-compressor into a distillation cell drawing some vapour from the last cell of MED-TVC system. In solar-assisted MED desalination systems heat exchangers are widely used, and circular tubes are the most commonly adopted heat transfer elements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Increase in particulate matter in the atmosphere can affect cloud development resulting in reduce precipitation in dry regions/seasons and increasing precipitation in wet regions/seasons. Figure 1. 11 shows Impact of climate change. Global warming is expected bring changes in weather patterns which may lead to disasters like storms, flood and droughts. GHG sources can be tracked to—Energy generation, Industry, Transport, Residential and commercial building, Land use change, Agriculture, Waste disposal. These activities have resulted in rise in GHGs over past decade. Combustion of fuel, degradation of organic matter in rice cultivation and waste disposal has contributed to GHG in addition to escape of GHGs manufacture in industries. Fig. 1. 11Impact of climate change Full size image The naturally occurring GHGs are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Table 1. 2 gives major GHGs and their abundance and characteristics. Anthropogenic activity has increased the concentration of these GHGs and contributed gases like Perfluorocarbons and Hydroflurocabons (HCFs) (Ramesha et al. 2011). Some selected GHGs were phased out during execution of Montreal protocol. Table 1. 2 Major GHGs and their levelsFull size table Per capita CO2 emissions of different countries are shown in Fig. 1. 12. Australia, USA Canada are the three top nations which have highest GHG emissions while China, Egypt and India contribute the least GHGs. Fig. 1. 12Per capita CO2 emissions of different countries based on 2010 emissions (Source based on information on www. economicshelp. org)Full size image Overall, the consequences of global warming (especially indirect) would be region specific and can not be generalized. This will mainly depend upon overall tolerance of that geographical area against the change in atmospheric composition and circulations due to increase of GHGs and other pollutants. The increase in atmospheric temperature due to presence of GHGs in higher concentrations will not be uniform throughout the earth. The uneven temperature which is also cause for wind patterns across the globe will change both in direction and speed bringing shift in normal pattern of rain which means rains could come during harvest time and destroy crop and rain may not come at sowing season. Further the shortage of rain could cause drought in one region while excess rain could cause flood in other reason. The excess temperature could favor reproduction of pests where as it could alter reproduction patter in plants and animals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Clare did so whilst eyeballing me – smiling, but there remained an element of challenge in her demeanour. I could not tell if this was playing to please or playing for pleasure – connecting with the ensemble because she was asked to, or at her choice. However, the connection initiated in session 1 was not borne out later. Clare’s involvement diminished over the following four weeks, she often sat sideways on to the workshop, behind her keyboard, half-in and half-out of the group, staring out of the window. Occasionally, Clare contributed wry comments, rarely playing with the others during the activities, but sometimes playing a drum off-task. Perhaps she did not want her oppositional heckle to become normalised, and a way to enact opposition was to not play. The sessions described highlight a challenge arising from the normalisation of Clare’s marginal heckles. When the leadership reins were pulled in (asking Clare to fit her sound within an eight-beat pulse, making this the musical foundation), the musical result was more coherent. It could be said that the ensemble playing of all participants progressed with this rhythmic grounding in place as our bass line. However, it did not, in this instance, become a springboard for Clare’s creativity. This may partially be explained through current autistic self-advocacy thinking, which sheds light on some of the progress made towards embracing all learners, as well as problematic practices that intend to create inclusion but which in fact create barriers (2010; Churchill & and 2020; 2021). Many practices rooted in ‘inclusion’ are designed by neurotypicals (NTs). Well-meaning efforts to make existing courses, syllabuses and examinations available to disabled people attempt to remove barriers to normalisation (e. g. ‘mainstreaming’), with a danger that people mask their disabilities in order to fit in – to appear to be like everyone else. The alternative suggested by Manalili (2021) would be to explore ‘people’s potential to learn and flourish in their own right’ (p. 22). Clare’s heckles, regardless of whether or not they were ‘usefully’ grounding an eight-beat rhythm, were valuable as energetic, low-pitched sounds within the workshop. They were more constructive towards the group improvising than Clare’s later approach of not playing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: The heat and mass transfer processes play important roles, which usually lead to bulky horizontal or vertical tube arrays heat exchangers. Salt water is sprayed onto these exchangers in each cell. Hot steam passes through the heat exchanger in the first cell and condenses to become distilled water. Latent heat of condensing water is transferred to the sprayed salt water and some of this water evaporates while the rest accumulates at the bottom of the cell. Vapour produced in the first cell is transferred into the heat exchanger of the next cell and transfers its energy to the salt water sprayed on the exchanger of second cell just like in the first cell. Same process repeated until the last cell and the vapour produced in the last cell is sucked by thermo-compressor to recycle the vapour. MED system is also able to operate by mechanical vapour compression (MED-MVC) when there is no usable heat. A mechanical compressor sucks the vapour from the last cell producing vacuum which promotes evaporation and compresses the vapour before sending to the heat exchanger of first cell with elevated temperature caused by the compression which also increases the evaporation rate in the first cell. MED-MVC system operates similar to MED-TVC cycle except for the mechanical compressor. Figure 10. Typical arrangement of a multiple effect solar distillation with thermo-compression (MED-TVC) [28]5. 2. Direct system applicationsDirect solar desalination methods make use of the heat energy contained in the solar irradiation directly to produce fresh water without association with any other mechanical or electrical devices. Direct systems are low cost and suitable for small applications. Since their operation temperature and steam pressure is low, they have smaller production rates than indirect desalination systems. There are mainly two types of direct desalination technique such as humidification-dehumidification method and solar stills. Solar stills have also two variants as active and passive distillation methods. 5. 2. 1. Solar Humidification-Dehumidification (HD-DHD)A gigantic scale HD-DHD method is used in the nature for millions of years to produce fresh water from the seas and oceans using the sun as the heat source [29]. As shown in Figure 1, water evaporates and humidifies the above air.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Long-range transport of dust aerosols over the Arabian sea and Indian region has been reported by Badarinath et al. (2010). Kulshrestha and Kumar (2014) have reported LRT of pollution and its influence on rain water chemistry at Himalayan sites. According to the study, most of the acidic components such as sulphate and nitrate are transported from western airmasses and are deposited through precipitation having long term adverse impact on Himalayan ecosystem. Similarly, air pollution is the issue of transboundary transport of air pollution is an important issue between and within the countries. For example recent air pollution problem in can be termed as transboundary pollution problem (Kulshrestha 2015). In 1990s, exhaust of diesel driven buses was mainly responsible for air pollution in Delhi city but after the decision, all the busses were replaced by CNG driven buses. This gave a big relief to the citizens of Delhi. But surprisingly, SO2 and NO2 levels were recorded extremely high during winter season of 2015 crossing 400 micrograms per cubic meter violating the NAAQS limit of 80 micrograms per cubic meter. Such observations were never reported in recent past winters. Such sudden increase can be explained on the basis of transboundary air pollution contributed by a number of new established brick kilns being operated in nearby states such as Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab (Kulshrestha 2015). In addition, diesel driven heavy duty trucks entering from outside of Delhi also contribute significant amount of carbon and sulphur oxides making Delhi air polluted (Gupta et al. 2015). Global competition for creation of wealth and infrastructure has engulfed hills, river sand, minerals and rocks beneath the earth. The waste this activity created has contributed to methane, chemical pollutants yet to be identified and named. The new multistoried building has changed path air traversed before it was setup. The population explosion followed by urban migration has left agricultural fields barren and increased urban foot print within a span of few decades. 1. 3 DepletionThe abundance of ozone at a point in the stratosphere is controlled by production, destruction, and transport of ozone as well as other substance. The key mechanism for the generation of stratosphere ozone is the breaking of molecular oxygen by solar UV with wavelengths of less than 242 nm by photolysis to make nascent oxygen atoms which in turn combines with molecular oxygen to make ozone.

Output: contrast