Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: The physicians did not differentiate between federal or provincial jurisdictions. The items in group (b) pertain to exerting control over the data through de-identification, and limits on sharing with third parties, which they perceived as having equal impact on willingness to share information. The items in group (c) pertain to independent oversight, irrespective of who provides it. We did not find any statistically significant differences nor associations among the participant profile shape, elevation, or scatter and the physicians' years of practice experience and gender. This means that variation in years of practice experience and gender do not explain variations in the participant responses to the questions. Qualitative ResultsThe qualitative findings are organized into six themes. Each theme presents a coherent issue, although it may cover multiple constructs. Physician-Patient RelationshipSome participants believed that the government and their requests for information and data were interfering with patient-physician relationships. Many agreed with one physician, who stated: "We have to remember that as family doctors, we have a real responsibility to the patient. . . What are the patients going to start thinking about, you know, where are they getting this information? Who is telling the government or the newspaper about me? Or my family or the neighbour? think we have to really, you know, be careful of the patient [who] comes to us, they trust us. They want to have trust in us, and there is nobody else that can fill that role other than the family doctor. " In particular, this issue of trust and the patient-physician relationship was of concern to physicians serving aboriginal or minority populations: "I mean, you may find, depending on ethnicity of the people we work with, whether they are or whether they are, I work with a fairly. . . large immigrant population, and there's sometimes complete lack of trust, you know, depending on, especially if you start tracking demographic data. People sort of start to wonder, right, what's happening. " Our participants were also concerned about patients possibly complaining about them or suing them, if they inappropriately disclosed information. One participant told a story of being contacted by a patient's lawyer, after data was abstracted from the patient's chart and entered into a provincial registry. Physician ConfidentialityIn the focus group discussion, a not insignificant amount of mistrust between physicians and "government authorities" was also apparent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: These methods include use of remote sensing [54, 57, 58], detection of flood water using sentinel 1 Radar (SAR) imagery [55, 56, 59, 60], fuzzy logic [61, 62], flood modelling [63,64,65], spatio-temporal population modelling [66,67,68], flood hazard index model [69], analytical hierarchy process (AHP) [70, 71], Network (ANN) [67, 72, 73], and Process [74, 75]. Most of these studies focused on detection of either flood inundation or flood damage and hazard, based on an analysis of urban sprawl. However, these studies have not considered the loss of historical natural stream network that carry flood water and the consequences of its removal by built areas. Since, an improvement of mapping technique was not the approach, this study uses a simplified technique to extract flood water using Sentinel 1 SAR imagery linking the flood inundation to rapid urban sprawl and blockage or damage of natural stream network over the years. Although numerous studies have been conducted to find the relationship between large scale urban development and urban flooding. But a critical research gap exists, for developing an understanding of urban growth in Karachi, leading to its natural flood discharge infrastructure. . The little research that has already been conducted in the study area of Karachi relies upon a single source i. e. , optical satellite imagery. This study illustrates how improperly led planning, where natural drainage pathways were covered by housing schemes, has led to increased flooding. For this it uses, satellite remote sensing data, topographic map and historical non spatial records for ascertain the loss of natural stream pathways to rapid urban development and subsequent risk factors created. 2 Study areaKarachi is located at the coast of Arabia Sea; its geographical bounds are 24o42’ N to 25o37’ N and 66o42’E to 67o34’ E with total area of 3,527 km2 (Fig. 1). Being the only coastal metropolitan city of Pakistan, it serves as an international trade and transport centre. Two seasonal rivers namely (from east to south) and (from north to southwest) run through it. Fig. 1Map of the study area, Karachi, the most populated city of Pakistan. Karachi is administratively divided into districts as well as union councils.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Specifically, some participating physicians were concerned that the data that they provided to public health was being, or would be linked to their performances as physicians: "I could see some [physicians] being a bit concerned. . . if [data] were linked to some performance evaluation, like, are you not picking up enough. . . " and "I have a few letters from the ministry over the years, telling me that I was more than two standard deviations outside the norm, but I do palliative care, so I do too many house calls apparently, because I do home palliative care, and you get a couple of those letters, and they ask you to justify your practice, and it makes you feel a little bit paranoid about, you know, big brother watching. " Furthermore, the weak data handling practices of organizations that collect data from physicians have amplified this lack of trust: "I think there is a great deal of mistrust between physicians and the bodies that collect data. In [our province], every time we write a prescription, and the patient takes that prescription to a pharmacy and the prescription is filled, it enters to the [central pharmacy] database. And the provincial government has been working very hard to link the medical services plan, physician billing data, [central pharmacy database], and hospital data. And they ran into some really serious privacy concerns [linking] those administrative databases at the patient level, or even at the physician level without consent. . . The problem is there has been several scandals in my province where hard drives, or laptops or documents that should have been shredded have been discovered, turned over to the media or you know have been, have been not adequately looked after. . . you have one or two of those mistakes and immediately everybody says, oh well, you know, we can't trust that all this data that we're sending up the food chain all the time is actually being properly managed. " Poor data handling practices and breaches by government data recipients, even if they are not at public health agencies, have made some participants concerned about disclosing health information to public health. De-identification and NoticeWhen disclosing data to public health where direct contact with the patient would not be necessary, for example, indicator-based surveillance efforts for situational awareness, the general consensus was that the data needs to be de-identified. Many of the physicians reiterated the fact that they "would be uncomfortable providing patient identifying data. . .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It can be noticed that most of the built area of the city is enclosed in ridges and piedmonts of the Kirthar ranges on the west. While on the east of are anticlines formationsFull size imageKarachi experiences dry, hot, and humid weather conditions throughout the year [40, 76]. Karachi has hot and humid Summer from April–September and mild winter from December–February. Short duration heavy rainfall occurs from July to September. Minimum temperature ranged from 16 to 20 °C. Maximum temperature varied between 23 and 38 °C, whereas average temperature has remained between 20 and 34 °C [77]. Although mostly dry, Karachi receives heavy rainfall under the effect of tropical storms from July – September. Karachi has experienced multiple episodes of urban flooding due to heavy rainfall. Humid conditions in Karachi are caused by winds from the Arabian Sea. Wind speed is highest in summer with south-west to west direction [78]. Since 1729, Karachi has become a trade hub for the region. In 1941, Karachi’s population was 436,000 with 3. 8% growth rate. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, with more than 900,000 migrants from India, Karachi’s population growth rate increased to 9. 4%. According to 1981 census survey, population of Karachi increased from 3. 6 million in 1972 to 5. 43 million in 1981 with average growth rate of 4. 96% (1972–1981), with 95. 7% population living in urban areas. With an average growth rate of 3. 56% between 1981 and 1998, Karachi’s population rose to 9. 85 million in 1998. Karachi’s population has grown to 14. 9 million (at 2. 6%) as of 2017) [79, 80]. Population trend over the years (from 1941 to 2017) is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2of Karachi over the years. Figure above the bar shows population in Millions for that respective year. The chart clearly shows a continuous increasing trend from 1941 to 2017. Population increase is almost double from 1981 to 1998Full size imageBeing an economic hub since 1729, Karachi has faced rapid urbanization in modern times. Urban sprawl of 8. 35 km2 in 1946 rose to 785. 45 km2 in 2006 and 820 km2 in 2010 [81].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: (eira et al. , 2011) One of the main industries for supplying the meat and protein needs for the customers is poultry [7]. (Carrillo-Lopez, 2018). The production rate is expanding with high rates [8]. Large quantities of solid wastes are produced as a by-product. For example, the waste for the slaughter weight of chicken is 33 % [9]. Many efforts are going to exploit these wastes and convert them to high-value-added products. Gelatin is one of the most add-value products from protein waste especially the slaughter of chicken. Gelatin was extracted from leather solid waste for potential application in chemical sand-fixation [10]. Bone can be used as a source to produce gelatin through the biocatalysis process [11]. Collagen is a special type of extracted protein from raw trimming waste of tannery for many applications like tissue engineering and the pharmaceutical industry [12]. Gelatin is selected as an interesting biodegradable material due to the semi-crystalline behavior of hydrated gelatin and low melting temperature [13]. The high density for the dynamic hydrogen bonding of amide linkages provides unique mechanical properties. Gelatin is known as an extracted protein through a precise hydrolysis process of the insoluble fibrous of collagen [14]. Skin and bones produced as waste during animal slaughtering and processing are the main sources of collagen [15]. Therefore, gelatin can be considered a low-cost biopolymer with excellent functional film-forming properties [16]. The effect of plasticizers on the thermal and functional properties of gelatin had been studied [17], but less attention has focused on the effect of utilizing various ingredient concentrations and their subsequent impact on the properties of such films. The study of nanop2. Methods 2. 1. fresh chicken skin was obtained from a local company. Grilled chicken waste was purchased from Food manufacturing factories. Glycerol used as plasticizer and glutaraldehyde as crosslinker were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were used as received without pre-purification. 2. 2. Methods 2. 2. 1. Chicken skin preparation The chilled chicken skin was kept in a refrigerator (4°C) overnight. After that, waste fresh skin was washed with a water stream to remove any impurities, the skin was cut into small parts and lyophilize-dried for 72 hrs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: if it could be linked personally to any of [their] patients, that is, [they] would be uncomfortable, unless it was. . . totally anonymous. " Throughout the discussions, there was also variation in how patient information should be de-identified (for example, including or not including postal codes) and as such, the need for clear guidelines on what constitutes de-identified patient information was expressed. De-identification by itself, however, was not seen as enough. Engaging the patients in the disclosure decision was suggested as "the patient needs to have a role in [the disclosure]. They need to say, that is okay". Several of the participating physicians suggested the need for obtaining individual consent by stating that "confidentiality and privacy is not a mass issue, it's an individual issue, so the individual should be informed specifically" whereas others stated that, "There has to be explicit consent, it cannot be implied consent. Just because I saw this doctor, the information will be transferred to public health. That's not acceptable". That said, many physicians also stated that obtaining individual consent was generally seen as not practical as "most of [them] don't have the time to spend explaining patient consent for something like this. " However, other participants thought that the consent processes could be more general, for example, posters in the physicians' offices notifying patients that their de-identified information may be released to public health agencies. This was seen as a more practical alternative to obtaining individual consent. Where reporting of influenza or ILI is mandated, public health agencies require the disclosure of detailed information about the patient, such as their name and address. Some of our participants were uncomfortable providing such detailed information: "I think the bottom line for most family physicians is we will not share names, addresses, or phone numbers, period, without individual patient consent,. . . for the most part, what we would probably be willing to share is the de-identified, already anonymized aggregate data. I don't think it's realistic to expect any family physician to breach confidentiality and share information. " This is consistent with the literature showing under-reporting for notifiable diseases. Of course, contact tracing or other investigations that require public health to communicate directly with the patients would not be possible without identifying information.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In a (LULC) mapping analysis by the Agency (ESA) in 2018, it shows that only in a span of 12 years (2005–2017), there was 8% growth in urban extent in Karachi, with a change of 34% in urban context only [82]. With this development came a an increase migration to the city. The migrants mostly settled in squatter settlements, commonly known as Katchi Abadis. According to a report by more than 50% population of Karachi lives in those settlements [83]. Karachi’s Plan 2020 has hoped to take the city towards a path of becoming a world class city with economically feasible growth with quality of life for its citizens [84]. 3 Material and methodsDatasets selected and methodology (Fig. 3) followed in this study were formulated around the erasure of natural streams as a consequence of urban growth. Rainfall trends were mapped and used to select years of urban flooding. Rainfall intensity and duration is an important factor in urban flooding as excessive rainwater gets accumulated in low lying areas causing flooding situation [85]. Flood years identified based on literature and rainfall trends were further analyzed for areas flooded. Urban growth was mapped using historical topographic maps and satellite imagery. Topographic maps were a useful dataset when historical urban extent is required [86] and other dataset like satellite imagery or aerial photographs are not available. SAR imagery is an efficient source for flood water detection [87] Flood water and permanent water bodies were also mapped from SAR imagery. Permanent water bodies were masked where flood only pixels were required. For masking out permanent water bodies, datasets were used [88, 89]. Change in urban extent was used to identify inundated areas, and how increase in urban extent contributes towards removal of natural drainage network system. Informal settlements were digitized using Pro. It provided vital insight on how urban settlements alongside rivers and drainage system become vulnerable to damages during floods. Fig. 3An illustration of the data used, and products drawn during our study. A variety data types were used since to ensure a holistic overview of the on-ground situation and damages due to floodsFull size image3. 1 Rainfall trendThe city of Karachi experiences both cyclonic and torrential rainfall. Therefore, a literature and online disaster database-based survey was done, and cyclonic rainfall as well torrential rainfall and their durations were tabulated (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Gıda ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster Çİİ ÜRETİMİ Yıl 2019, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 6, 1008 - 1019, 06. 10. 2019 Eylem Karakuş Cited By: 1 Öz Gıda ambalaj malzemesi olarak petrol bazlı polimerlerin kullanımı hem geri çevrilemez çevre problemlerine yol açmaktadır hem de sürdürülebilir değildir. Bu nedenle son yıllarda petrol bazlı ambalaj malzemelerine alternatif olarak doğada bozunabilen ve kullanımdan sonra tekrar işlenebilen biyobozunur ambalajlar geliştirilmektedir. Diğer yandan gıda sanayisi tonlarca atık üretmektedir. Bu atıklar kimya, tıp, kozmetik ya da hayvancılık gibi farklı alanlarda değerlendirilmektedir. Sanayi atıklarının yüksek kalitede polisakkarit, esansiyel yağ ve protein içerdiği düşünüldüğünde biyobozunur ambalaj üretiminde kullanılması hem çevresel sorunları azaltacak, hem de atıkların tekrar işlenmesi ile katma değeri daha yüksek ürünlere dönüştürülerek ekonomik kazanç sağlayacaktır.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: In such cases, some of the factors discussed below (such as articulating the purpose, data sharing agreements, and patient benefit) would be important to address the physician concerns about disclosing patient-identifying information. Constraints on DisclosurePhysicians were reluctant to provide certain types of patient data because they did not know for what purpose the data were being, or would be, used for and who it might be shared with afterwards. For example, one participant said, "Well I'm concerned about how they might use it. . . . I mean if they use the data for their own internal operations, that's fine, but if they want to share it with a non-healthcare agency, I don't think that's fine". Likewise, another stated, "We should have the right to know why they are using [it], and what are the reason[s] for collecting and what the data is for. " The majority of participating physicians also stated that if they knew how the data that they provided was being used, they would be more motivated to provide additional data: "If you see the end of it. The benefit from the data, so you see the results of the data being processed, then you might be more willing to join in to helping the gathering of the data". Participating physicians stated that they would like to have a comprehensive data sharing agreement with public health agencies prior to disclosing any patient-level data. Included in this data sharing agreement, physicians would like to see information about how the data would be used (for what purpose), how long the data will be kept, as well as who will have access to it. These agreements would not only provide the physicians with, "assurances that data will not be used for things beyond the use of the agency it's going to" but also help to "get physicians involved", and make them feel more "comfortable to comply". Patient BenefitParticipating physicians questioned how the data requested by public health agencies would benefit their patients: "What benefit would it offer to the individual [patient] for us to release their private health data? What does public health have to offer them that's going to be of benefit to them? " and "Does public health really need to know this information? And can they show us a very clear pathway of how the information can either improve patient care or patient outcomes? " A stronger incentive than general benefit to the population was also seen as important.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The tabulated data shows that since 1998, major cyclones have hit Karachi with high repetitive frequency. Extreme rainfall events are also a recurring phenomenon. Most of these cyclones and rainfall events occurred during monsoon season. For climate historical monthly rainfall averages from the Pakistan meteorological division were acquired from the year 1960 to 2020. Since, the data is sparse and does not contain spatial distribution in the region, this was compensated for by ERA-5 (for (ECMWF)) re-analysis and (TRMM) and (Precipitation) data. This information was then used for accessing relevant satellite remote sensing data and classification for flooded regions. Summary of datasets used in this study and map produced using these datasets are given in Table 2. Table 1 Cyclones, and extreme rainfall events to hit Karachi since 1998, the information has been gathered from a variety of sources, that include published literature and reportsFull size tableTable 2 Published, satellite and other data used in this studyFull size table3. 2 Historical topographic recordsUrban sprawl caused topographic changes that further contributed towards urban flooding. Some of these changes include the growth of slums and houses along the stream banks, removal, and blockage of natural streams and replacement of protective embankments for urban expansion. To understand the extent of effect urban growth has on natural stream removal, historical maps of the urban extent, stream network and embankments was needed. For this purpose, topographic maps from 1945 and 1970s topographic maps were used [90, 91]. These 1940s topographic sheets were developed by U. S Service at a scale of 1:250,000. While the topographic sheets of 1970s prepared by are at 1:200,000. Although cadastral maps and surveys are most valuable sources of information, these are not always available due to high costs or data sensitivity [92] or simply being too historic. In this situation, topographic maps are a good source of information for mapping various land cover classes. Topographic maps of 1944 and 1980 were georeferenced and digitized. Contour lines, spot elevation, stream network, roads network, embankments, green areas, and built-up area were digitized from these sheets. Urban extent, stream network and embankments acquired from these topographic map sheets were further used in the analysis to check their present condition. Urban extent was analysed as the main precursor to floods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: Maciel, V. B. V. , Yoshida, C. M. , Franco, T. (2015). Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex as a pH indicator. Carbohydr Polym, 132, 537-545, doi: 10. 1016/j. carbpol. 2015. 06. 047. Muller, J. , González-Martínez, C. , Chiralt, A. (2017). Combination of poly (lactic) acid and starch for biodegradable food packaging. Mater, 10(8), 952, doi: 10. 3390/ma10080952. . (2014). Carboxymethyl cellulose–polyvinyl alcohol films with clove oil for active packaging of ground chicken meat. Shelf Life, 2(2), 51-58, doi: 10. 1016/j. fpsl. 2014. 07. 002. Oliveira, T. Í. S. ,. , Moates, G. K. , Wellner, N. , Azeredo, M. (2016). Optimization of pectin extraction from banana peels with citric acid by using response surface methodology. Food Chem, 198, 113-118, doi: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2015. 08. 080. Oliveira, T. Í. S. , Rosa, M. F, Ridout, M. J. , Cross, K. , (2017). Bionanocomposite films based on polysaccharides from banana peels. Biol Macromol, 101: 1-8, doi: 10. 1016/j. ijbiomac. 2017. 03. 068. Oliveira, T. Í. S. , Zea-Redondo, L. , Moates, G. K. , Wellner, N. , Cross, K. , Waldron, K. W. , Azeredo, H. M. (2016). Pomegranate peel pectin films as affected by montmorillonite. Food Chem, 198: 107-112, doi: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2015. 09. 109. PAGÇEV (2017). Atık İstatistikleri. PAGEV (2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: For example, one participant stated "Patients look to us to be their expert and to be their advocate. So, we, as physicians, are happy to provide the information to public health for the greater good for public health, for the country as a whole, but on the other hand, in return we need to be given something of value that we can give to our patients, so we don't feel like we are compromising our patients. " Another stated, "As long [as the data] is going to benefit the patient, it shouldn't just be for the sake of research or somebody's PhD thesis. It has to benefit the patient. " In the specific context of the H1N1 pandemic, participants questioned the benefit to their patients of disclosing information: "In a situation where, medication is unlikely to be a great deal of benefit, the immunization is arriving, you know, a bit late for it to be useful, what benefit would it offer to the individual for us to release their private data to public health? What does public health have to offer them, that's going to be of benefit to them? A whole bunch of nothing, right So, so we are not in a situation where we can therefore justify releasing that information. " This suggests that being clear about the uses of the data is a necessary, but insufficient condition for the physicians to be willing to disclose patient information. The link to patient benefit needs to be articulated clearly when information is requested, and has to be adequately demonstrated. Communication and FeedbackHistorically, physicians have indicated that they have not received sufficient feedback from public health agencies [7, 19, 89], and many participants reiterated this fact in the focus group discussions. This insufficient communication often results in physicians who are unmotivated to provide the data. The lack of feedback to physicians was articulated by statements, such as: "The region I'm in, we don't, we have to call public [health], we have to harass them to get any kind of information. happen to not watch the news that day, I'm less informed than my patients, as to what's happening, you know, we feel like we have to run after them in order to get any information, and that's specific to this, you know, this recent issue. But generally, I don't feel like we get regular updates as to what is happening in the community.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Blockage of stream network due to rapid urban development was analysed to explain how they also contributed towards urban flooding. Mapped embankments that were present in the low-lying region of Karachi before an urban boom showed how there was no resistance to urban floods in present time. Urban settlements along the streams of Karachi, like Malir and were also digitized from recent google earth images [93]. 3. 3 Landsat imageryHistoric urban development was mapped using topographic map sheets as explained in Sect. 3. 2. For the more recent urban development, Landsat satellite remote sensing data for year 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2020 was used. From topographic map sheets and Landsat data, LULC classifications were developed. Before supervised classification, Landsat imagery was corrected for top of atmospheric reflection (TOAR). After atmospheric correction, imagery was stacked, mosaiced and clipped to study area. Landsat 8 Images for the year 2015 and 2020 were pan sharpened using band 8. For this, high pass filter (HPF) resolution merge tool was applied in using technique provided by [94]. Supervised classification technique was then used to extract urban, water and green areas for the selected years. 3. 4 Sentinel 1 SAR imagerySentinel 1 SAR imagery is being commonly used in flood mapping, extraction of water surface, built-up area extraction etc. [95]. The data is easily available and suited to a variety of floods and surface water related studies [40, 96,97,98]. Sentinel 1 SAR products are weather and time independent (overall post even repeat time of 3 days) and can capture water bodies under the tree canopy [59]. Images from Sentinel—1 SAR were used for mapping flood extent of study area. Year 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 were selected as identified by rainfall trends and floods literature. Data was downloaded from & Space Administration’s (NASA) Facility (ASF) portal maintained by (). Sentinel—1 ground range detected (GRD) product acquired with interferometric wide (IW) swath mode was chosen for water extraction. Post flood dates for each year were selected to extract flood extent. Sentinel 1 SAR data for flood years was used to extract flood extent of study area using Platform (SNAP) software. Pre-processing of raw SAR data was performed before extraction of flood water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: 003 Wang, H. , Wang, L. (2017). Developing a bio-based packaging film from soya by-products incorporated with valonea tannin. J Clean Product, 143, 624-633, doi: 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2016. 12. 064. Wikiera, A. , Mika, M. , Starzyńska-Janiszewska, A. , Stodolak, B. (2016). Endo-xylanase and endo-cellulase-assisted extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Carbohydr Polym, 142, 199-205, doi : 10. 1016/j. carbpol. 2016. 01. 063. Yılmaz, M. T. , Muslu, A. , Karasu, S. , Bozkurt, F. , Dertli, E. (2017). Portakal Posasından Eldesi ve Optimizasyonu, Kompozisyonel ve Yatışkan Faz Özelliklerinin Karakterizasyonu. Tekirdağ Derg, 14(2), 71-80. Yuliana, M. , (2012). Defatted cashew nut shell starch as renewable polymeric material: isolation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym, 87: 2576–2581, doi: 10. 1016/j. carbpol. 2011. 11. 044. ıl 2019, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 6, 1008 - 1019, 06. 10. 2019 Eylem Karakuş Cited By: 1 Öz The use of petroluem based plastics as food packaging materials has led not only to irreversible ecological problems but also they are not sustainable. Thus, recently biodegradable packaging materials that dissolved in soil and reprocessable have been developed as an alternative to the petroluem based plastics. On the other hand, food industry has generated tons of food waste which has been recycled in different areas such as chemistry, medicine, cosmetics or animal husbandry. Considering that these waste contains high quality polysaccharides, essential oils and proteins, conversion of food waste into biodegradable packaging materials not only solves environmental problems but also creates value added products with economic benefit.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: It's like it is always a matter of take, take, take from us. And rarely do we get to see what comes of that". Moreover, for those who have provided data to public health: "It's just a matter of, or the fact that we keep giving them stuff, and we don't get anything in return, we get no communication in return. " Therefore, even if the purpose of the collection is clear, and the link to patient benefit is clear, the feedback to physicians has to actually regularly happen afterwards. In the context of the H1N1 pandemic, a typical comment was, "I think the only thing I have seen with the H1N1 thing is that we've had fairly poor communication from public health to physicians, I don't know if anyone else has had that, but even our, our, our, our provincial head of the public health wrote us all a letter, and said if you got any concerns, you can email me or fax me, but then he didn't provide any phone numbers or fax". The format of the feedback is also important. For example, in terms of information formatting, physicians would like, "Large format. Simple, easy to understand numbers", "concise, something. . . [they] can read", and "One page. [We'll] read one page". Several physicians also stated that they would like to control the quantity, type, and frequency of feedback and information they receive, and as such, an Internet-based information repository that is regularly updated with local information would be highly beneficial. For the most part, the participating physicians are particularly interested in obtaining clinically relevant information that they can use to provide better service to their patients: "So, clinically relevant information, so, for example, if [public health agencies] are seeing a larger volume in your community, that's helpful to me, because maybe, for example, mine, it might look different. And public health is in the unique position that they are receiving all this information, but they may be disseminating numbers, and what we want to know is clinically relevant information. If you have that information, is it possible for you to package it in a way that for clinicians it is useful to us? " On the other hand, there was also concern expressed about too much repetitive information being provided by public health [90].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Pre-processing steps included (i) slice assembly to mosaic SAR imagery, (ii) orbit correction, (iii) radiometric calibration, (iv) single product speckle filtering, (v) geometric correction and (vi) land mask to clip imagery to study area. Purpose of pre-processing the imagery was to remove noise and geometric distortions and improve spatial precision [3, 60, 99]. For extraction of flood extent, general thresholding technique was used. Pre-processed SAR imagery was converted to decibels (dB) and threshold value for water extent was selected after various trails from imager histogram. This threshold value was used in window using the Eq. 1, where image band corresponds to the name of clipped SAR band of study area and threshold value is the selected threshold from image histogram. $$if \, image\_band \, < \, threshold\_value \, then \, 1 \, else \, NaN$$ (1) 3. 5 (SRTM) is one of the widely used elevation datasets used in various GIS & RS related studies. Elevation measurements in are radar based, thus providing higher accuracy than other types of DEMs. In this study, was used to create DEM of Difference (DOD) surface using DEM created from 1945 elevation data [100]. 4 ResultsThis section has been organized as (i) an outlook of the general climate leading to heavy storms and rains in Karachi and its vicinity, followed by (ii) an analysis of the urban growth mapped from topographic maps as well as satellite remote sensing data (iii) an analysis of the removal of embankments and natural flood protections that were present before the modern development (iv) flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five years and (v) an overview of potential urban development by the regularly flooded and clogged streams of Karachi. 4. 1 General climate leading to heavy storms and rainsA Mann–Kendall’s analysis (Fig. 4) of the rainfall trend in study area (using TRMM data from 1998) was carried out which suggests that the city for its western part has a loss of average rainfall (Fig. 4c) and its northern and north-eastern regions showing a slight increase. An analysis of Department (PMD) data for the city’s weather station records showed a similar decrease in rainfall (from 1960 to 2019) (Fig. 4d).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: This paper reviews development of biodegradale packaging materials from potential food wastes and characterization of mechanical, morphological, thermal and barrier properties of developed biodegradable films and potential use for food. Biodegradable materials, bionanocomposite, food packaging, food waste Kaynakça Ahmed, J. , Hiremath, N. , Jacob, H. (2017). Antimicrobial efficacies of essential oils/nanop10. 1080/10942912. 2015. 1131165. Al-Naamani, L. , Dobretsov, S. , Dutta, J. (2016). Chitosan-zinc oxide nanop10. 1016/j. ifset. 2016. 10. 010. Atarés, L. , Chiralt, A. (2016). Essential oils as additives in biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. Sci Technol, 48, 51-62, doi: 10. 1016/j. tifs. 2015. 12. 001. Attaran, S. A. , Hassan, A. , & Wahit, M. U. (2017). Materials for food packaging applications based on bio-based polymer nanocomposites: A review. J Mater, 30(2), 143-173, doi: 10. 1177/0892705715588801. Aygören, E. , Sancak, A. Z. , Akdağ, E. , Demirtaş, M. , Dönmez, D. , Sancak, K. (2013). Türkiye’de Üretim Sektörü. 11. Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, 03-05 Eylül 2013, Samsun, Türkye, 1540-1548. Bağış C. (2015). TiO2 kullanımının pva esaslı biyobozunur kompozitlerin mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Selçuk-Tek Derg, 14(2), 997-1004. Bátori, V. , Jabbari, M. , Åkesson, D. , Lennartsson,, P. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: For example, one participant noted "I'm on the other side where I'm being bombarded with useless flyers, useless [expletive] flyers, like I don't want to open, like I see the email address and I'm at the point where I kind of briefly open it, then delete it. . . it's useless and it takes so much time. They add in all of their letterhead, all of the little pictures that take, depending on where you are, you are using dial up internet that takes forever to download,. . . this is not useful. This is what we mean by useful information. Just text, that we can get anywhere, factual information and updates as to what's happening, [the] repetitive hand washing posters are not helpful. I got it, I got it. " DiscussionSummary and RecommendationsDespite calls for weighting the public good more heavily in the context of a pandemic [41–48], physicians did not see it that way: their privacy reservations remained quite strong. Our results can be represented in the conceptual model of Figure 2. The collection/control/awareness box includes a list of recommended actions, mostly for public health agencies who wish to collect the data from family physicians. These actions would have a positive impact on the trusting beliefs that we found in our study, and a negative impact on the risk beliefs that we found. Trusting beliefs positively influence the intention to disclose patient information, and risk beliefs negatively influence it. Higher trusting beliefs reduce risk beliefs. Figure 2 A conceptual model summarizing our results. The "+ve" and "-ve" indicate the direction of the relationship. The codes in the square parentheses are used to reference elements of the model from the main text. Full size image Trusting BeliefsThree factors increased the degree to which the physicians perceived public health as dependable to protect health information, and that make up the trusting beliefs construct. The first is the degree to which public health has good data management practices in place (factor T1). Stories in the press about data breaches at, or by public health agencies and health departments [91–97] reduce trusting beliefs. Second, the data must not be used for any purposes other than those for which it was originally collected from the physicians (factor T2). Even though privacy legislation in some jurisdictions does permit uses different from those under which the data was collected [33], the exercise of such discretions may erode trusting beliefs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: An analysis of daily rainfall station data from 1960 to 2018 revealed that months of July and August are the wettest. The average rainfall from June to September was 11. 09 mm, 73. 18 mm, 52. 55 mm, and 19. 12 mm, respectively. Indicating a higher rainfall in the monsoon months only. Rainfall analysis was also carried out using dataset (Fig. 5). Which also indicated high rainfalls for year 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020. After which mapping floods and analysis of their impacts for the years 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 was done. These years were selected keeping in view the availability of high-resolution optical satellite imagery, Sentinel 1 SAR imagery, rainfall trend analysis coupled with historical cyclone data. Fig. 4TRMM (1998–2018) derived rainfall trend for South-eastern Pakistan, where our focus study area is located. Figure a represents the autocorrelation among the daily raster data used, b the P-value signifying trend and c is the Mann–Kendall trend map d trend of rainfall across Pakistan as calculated from data acquired from the Department. This trend calculation is based on data from 1960 to 2020. In figure (d) only stations with data available continuously since 1960 have been included)Full size imageFig. 5High peaks have been common in the monsoon season for Karachi in the past too. Regional estimation of rainfall for Karachi derived from global IR based (Precipitation) data. Peaks for which the outcomes have been studied in this paper are marked in redFull size image4. 2 Urban growth and developmentHistorical topographic maps of 1940s and 1980s were resampled to same spatial resolution of satellite remote sensing data i. e. 30 m. It is pertinent to mention that these historical topographic maps were produced at small scale. A small-scale map shows more area but less details as compared to large scale map. Map of 1944 was prepared at the scale of 1:250,000 whereas map of 1980 is at the scale of 1:200,000. Being small scale, these topographic maps do have some limitations. For example, map of 1980 does not show urban extent of northeast corner whereas it is marked in the map of 1944. Despite this limitation, the two maps of 1944 and 1980 provided useful information to further use in the study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some eco-friendly packaging is compostable and can decompose within a few months. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Third, the data disclosed by the physicians is not shared with other third parties (factor T3). Risk beliefsFour factors increase the possibility of perceived loss from disclosing the information, and these make up the risk beliefs construct. The first is damage to the physician patient relationship (factor R1), which can result in patients changing their behaviors to protect privacy. There is evidence that patients will adopt privacy protective behaviors when seeking care, if they have concerns about how their personal health information will be used or shared. For example, between 15% and 17% of US adults have changed their behavior to protect the privacy of their PHI, doing things such as: going to another doctor, paying out-of-pocket, even when insured, to avoid disclosure, not seeking care to avoid disclosure to an employer, giving inaccurate or incomplete information on medical history, self-treating or self-medicating, rather than seeing a provider, or asking a doctor not to write down the health problem or record a less serious or embarrassing condition [98–101]. Privacy concerns have caused individuals to not be totally honest with their health care provider [102]. More than a quarter of teenagers indicated that they would not seek out health care if they had concerns about the confidentiality of their information [103]. A survey of service members who had been on active duty found that respondents were concerned that if they received treatment for their mental health problems, it would not be kept confidential and would have a negative impact on future job assignments and career advancement [104]. It has been estimated that 586,000 Americans did not seek earlier cancer treatment, and 2. 07 million Americans did not seek treatment for mental illness due to privacy concerns, and fear of harm to job prospects or other life opportunities, if the information was not kept confidential [105]. In a survey of physicians in the US, nearly 87% reported that a patient had asked that information be kept out of their record, and nearly 78% of physicians said that they had withheld information from a patient's record due to privacy concerns [106]. Public opinion surveys in Canada found that, over the prior year, between 3-5% of Canadians have withheld information from their provider because of privacy concerns, and 1-3% have decided not to seek care for the same reasons [107].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is used for calculating and analysing volumetric changes of a surface [101]. The DOD technique simply subtracts latest DEM from old DEM producing a raster surface with negative and positive elevation values. Negative values show erosion of surface whereas positive values show deposition. In this case, 1945 DEM and SRTM 2000 were used. 1945 DEM was created using digitized contours and spot elevations of 1945 topographic map. DOD was created by subtracting 30 m of year 2000 from 1945 DEM. DEM created using 1945 elevation data was resampled to same resolution as of SRTM i. e. 30 m. Elevation range of DOD surface range from −153 to + 218 m. was classified to positive and negative values. Positive values show deposition and negative values show erosion. Results show that from 1945 to 2000, 58% of area has been eroded and 42% of area had sediments deposited. After creating DOD surface, embankments present in 1945 topographic maps were overlaid on DOD surface. Overlay analysis showed that majority of those embankments were in areas that have now been eroded to create urban settlements (Fig. 8). Removal of these embankments was resulted into disturbance of natural topography of study area that further contributed towards urban flooding. Fig. 8DEM of Difference (DOD) map of study area prepared using DEM of 1945 elevation data and. Embankments of 1945 were overlaid that clearly indicates that majority of 1945 embankment were present in areas that have been eroded between years 1945 and 2000Full size image4. 4 Flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five yearsUrban floods extents from SAR datasets were extracted for 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 using Sentinel SNAP software. Permanent water bodies were masked. Flood extent of each 24 towns of Karachi were calculated. Flooded area in percentage for each town in each flood year was calculated (Fig. 10). Results show that core urban areas of Karachi was affected by urban flooding in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020. A comparison of urban development and floods in Karachi was drawn to check the relationship between urban extent and flooded areas during flood events. Both urban extent and flooded area showed a continuous increasing trend over the years. (Figs. 9, 10). Fig. 9Floods maps of study area developed for each year and each towns using Sentinel 1 SAR data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brands are adopting eco-friendly packaging to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, between 11% and 13% of Canadians have, at some point, withheld information from a health care provider because of concerns over whom the information might be shared, or how it might be used [108–110], with the highest regional percentage being in Alberta, at 20% [108]. Similar results have been reported by the Association [111]. An estimated 735,000 Canadians decided not to see a health care provider because of concerns about the privacy of their information [112]. Specific vulnerable populations have reported similar privacy protective behaviors, such as adolescents, people with HIV, or who are at high risk for HIV, women undergoing genetic testing, mental health patients, and battered women [113]. The second risk beliefs factor (R2) is that of patient complaints or legal action if they are surprised by, or disapprove of how, and to whom their information is being disclosed. Disclosures by providers without individual patient consent have resulted in tortious or contractual claims of invasion of privacy, breach of confidentiality, or implied statutory violations under state law [114]. Concerns about their own privacy, and how their patient information could potentially be used against them is the third risk beliefs factor (R3) [115]. The lack of time to complete case report forms for public health has been an on-going problem [6, 11, 13, 17, 116]. The risks of investing scarce time, and disclosing their patients' information without getting back regular, actionable, and clear clinically relevant information from public health makes up the fourth risk factor (R4). This risk factor reflects the balance between costs and benefits: physicians would perceive less risk if the costs to provide information were mitigated by benefits. Of course, the lower the costs the better, or if someone else can cover these costs. Recommended ActionsBased upon our results, we can make six recommendations of actions that public health agencies can take to influence the trusting and risk beliefs of family physicians. These would then, in turn, have a positive impact upon their willingness to disclose patient information. The recommendations make up the collection/control/awareness constructs on our conceptual model. Canadian public opinion research has found that patients prefer to be provided for some form of opt-in or opt-out consent before their personal health information is used for secondary purposes (such as public health) [117–123].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Tens of neighborhoods are inundated during the floods in KarachiFull size imageFig. 10Comparison between urban extent and flooded areas in study area. Statistics show an increasing trend both in urban extent and floods between 2015 and 2020Full size imageStatistics show that urban extent in 2015 expanded from 741 to 553 Sq. Km in 2020. Flooded area also followed increasing trend with 14. 81 Sq. Km in 2015, and 64. 3 Sq. Km in 2020. Overall, core urban areas faced an increase in inundation. Other, major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, Shah-Faisal town, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal (Table 4). Table 4 Area flooded in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 per town in Karachi extracted from Sentinel 1 (SAR) ImageryFull size table4. 5 Stream blockagesAccording to [NO__FORM] [13] most of the streams of Karachi remain clogged and lead to a greater damage during rains. Recent (2021) pictures acquired from Orangi in Karachi highlights the plight caused by poor sanitation and waste disposal measures by the town administration (Fig. 11). Fig. 11Pictures of a drainage line, meant for sewage and water discharge is clogged by industrial waste. Most of the lines remain clogged due to poor management of waste and disposal. These pictures were taken near the Project office in Orangi TownFull size imageAs the city of Karachi was built to harbour business activities in the city and at port, a stream network was built in 1940s keeping in view the existing topography of the area. The purpose of these streams was to collect water from catchment areas and drain into and in the process ensuring ground water recharge and urban supply for storage. Temporal analysis of natural stream network was carried out to identify how much of these natural streams have been blocked or removed over time. Urban extend of 2000–2020 extracted from satellite imagery was overlaid on 1940s natural stream network. Streams covered by built area were identified. Figure 12 shows how stream network of 1945 was replaced by expanding urban infrastructure. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brands are adopting eco-friendly packaging to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. [SEP] Text: As well known, the unique relationship between volume/surface area of creating nanomaterials will be generated a novel character [29]. the prepared nano-gelatin with p3. 4. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties of gelatin films were presented in Table 3. The tensile strength (TS) of WG and WS-based films were not significantly different from each other. This was also observed regardless of the gelatin concentrations used. However, TS values for films, manufactured from both sources of gelatin used in this study, significantly increased when the concentration increased from 4 % to 6 %. No further significant increases occurred when gelatin concentration increased from 6 % to 8 %. Table 3 Mechanical properties of WG and WS gelatin films Thickness, µm TS, MPa E, % 4% WS-gelatin 51 3. 1 57 WG-gelatin 43 2. 3 48 6% WS-gelatin 52 4. 9 37 WG-gelatin 49 4. 3 34 8% WS-gelatin 57 5. 1 46 WG-gelatin 55 4. 7 38 Means in the same column for 5 replicated samples with significant difference (P < 0. 05) TS was unaffected by the gelatin source. TS for films containing 8 % gelatin concentration manufactured using WS presented greater film strength than films manufactured from WG. This also happened to be the film with the greatest TS (20. 42 N) of all films tested. The concentration of gelatin used also significantly affected TS, whereby the higher the concentration of gelatin used, the greater was TS. No significant differences were observed for Elongation (E) values from films manufactured from both sources of gelatin and at gelatin concentrations between 4 % and 6 %. However, at an 8 % gelatin concentration, E values for films derived from WG had greater E than analogous films manufactured from WS. However, when gelatin concentrations ranged from 4 % to 6 %, E properties decreased, irrespective of gelatin species origin. 3. 5. Water vapor permeability (WVP) WVP values are indicated in Figure 3. WG and WS gelatin behaved differently from each other concerning WVP. This is maybe revealed to heat treatment of chicken skin within the grilling process. WG-based films containing a gelatin concentration of 4 % had lower WVP values when compared to WS-derived gelatin film equivalents.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: While some of our study participants advocated obtaining patient consent for disclosing their information to public health, it was generally seen as not practical [124], especially if there is a pandemic with many cases requiring reporting. Automation may ease the reporting burden [125–128]. For example, electronic transmission of disease information from family physician practices participating in sentinel networks to public health units for disease surveillance is becoming common [129–131], and the deployment of EMRs is also growing [132–140]. Furthermore, the ability to electronically submit syndromic surveillance data to public health is one of the EMR "meaningful use" criteria in the US [141]. It remains an empirical question whether, in practice, time not spent on actual reporting due to automation could be used instead to obtain consent. Even if consent can be obtained with minimal impact on time, there is compelling evidence that consent results in biased data, because consenters and non-consenters differ on important demographic and socioeconomic characteristics [142]. In reality, patients are only given notice about data being reported to public health rather than being offered an opt-in or opt-out consent. For instance, when disease notification is mandated, physicians are reporting fully identifiable information, and it is expected that public health will follow-up with the patients. According to the participants in our focus groups, it is common practice among reporting physicians to inform the affected patients that public health has been notified, and that they may initiate contact tracing and disease control efforts with them directly. In situations where collecting identifiable patient information (such as patient names) is not mandated, public health may still want those fields to link with other data sets [49]. Informing the patients during the encounter would likely require explanations of why this is happening, and who the data is going to. This would start to resemble obtaining consent in terms of effort required, and raises the question of what to do if the patient objects. Based upon the views of our participants, not informing the patients at all would likely not be acceptable. Under such circumstances, it may be possible for public health to deploy secure linking methods that do not require the disclosure of identifiable information [143]. Not all surveillance efforts need personally identifiable fields, (i. e. patient names and addresses), for example, as in indicator-based surveillance programs. In such cases, de-identified patient data can be disclosed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 12Stream network blockage over time by overlaying urban extent from year 2000–2020 on natural stream network digitized from 1980s topographic map of KarachiFull size imageStreams and change percentage covered by built area in each town of study from year 2000 to 2020 is presented in Table 5. From 2000 to 2008, 28% of originally built stream network of 1945 was removed or blocked due to outward urban sprawl. From 2008 to 2015, additional 12% stream network was disturbed and from 2015 to 2020, this ratio further increased to 16% in addition to previously removed streams. Of the places that have lost most natural streams to are Lyari, and Saddar (most affected by recent floods), followed by and as well as other towns with like Orangi and Korangi towns. Table 5 Stream blockages because of urban development, for each town in KarachiFull size tableRiver is fed by 25 smaller drains, while the is fed by 7 smaller drains. While there are 41/46 major drains mapped as important source of flood water discharge. There are many confusions that remain on the part of the city’s administration to clarify. According to estimates 550 smaller feeder channels in the city that are not under the municipal administration and are supposed to be managed by the local district municipal administration. However, the state of repair, mapping and cleanliness is not clear hence, during major floods the uncertainty should remain. After 2020 floods, an extensive effort by provincial and federal governments was done to clean the major drainage network, however management of storm water is yet to be ascertained. An analysis of each town of Karachi and the effects of imperviousness showed that about 89% of the land classifies as impermeable in the study area of Karachi. 5 DiscussionUnplanned and uncontrolled urban sprawl, disturbance to natural drainage system and urban settlements along banks of natural drainage are main reasons of urban flooding [102]. Pakistan was severely impacted by floods in 2022 because of heavy precipitation. The northern and the southern provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan were both damaged by these floods. Over six million people were affected by these terrible floods, which also caused significant harm to the communication infrastructure and triggered the spread of several infectious diseases. An analysis of the changes to urban landscape shows that barren land has been mostly build over. In the northwestern parts of the city however, urban growth has dominated natural stream covered channels (Figs. 6, 13).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brands are adopting eco-friendly packaging to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. [SEP] Text: The results demonstrate that the theory of reasoned action extended by environmental consciousness and past behavior had a significant predictive power, indicating its applicability to the domain of consumers’ environmentally conscious decision- making. Attitude, subjective norm, environmental consciousness, and past behavior explain 44. 4% of behavioral intention and subjective norm is the most important variable to explain behavior intention. The investigation of the underlying factors leading to consumers’ intentions to select an eco-friendly restaurant provides further insights into the consumers’ decision-making processes, which is essential for the development of green marketing strategies in the restaurant context. In addition, this study contributes to extending the theory of reasoned behavior literature within the context of eco-friendly restaurant. 키워드 Eco-friendly restaurant, Theory of reasoned action, Subjective norm, Past behavior 참고문헌(41) 1. [학술지] 김미경 2006 Intention:Extending the Theory of 관광연구 21 (2) : 155 ~ 2 2. [학위논문] 김영진 2009 레스토랑의 친환경 요인이 소비자의 태도와 구매의도에 미치는 영향 3. [학술지] 김윤희 2007 소비자의 재활용 태도 및 행동의 이해-제안모형과 경쟁모형의 적용- 한국행정논집 19 (3) : 501 ~ 3 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: The public is more comfortable with their health information being used for secondary purposes if it is de-identified at the earliest opportunity [118, 119, 122, 144–148]. There is no legislative requirement to obtain consent if the information disclosed is de-identified. Recent indicator-based surveillance efforts have required the de-identification of patient data before it was disclosed [72, 149, 150]. Therefore, it is recommended that, wherever possible, data disclosed by physicians should be de-identified (factor C1) and that public health should provide notices for physicians to post in their offices informing their patients that de-identified information will be disclosed for specific public health purposes (factor C2). Furthermore, to the extent that public health agencies can use the media to educate the public that their health information is being disclosed for public health purposes, then this could be another method of providing notice. De-identification must mask the origin of the data as well. This will hide the practice which generated the data, and would address the physicians' concerns about how they themselves will be affected by data sharing. There has been concern expressed about the impact upon the physicians themselves of disclosing patient information [11, 151], in the context of being targeted by marketers, for example, or if the physician's information is being used to evaluate compliance with clinical practice guidelines, compliance with pay for performance programs, and concerns that their income could be affected if complete patient data from their practices was disclosed [152]. The location of the reporting practice is important to identify geographic patterns in a disease outbreak. To ensure that location is still known, even if the practice identity is masked, practices can report as a group, with each group consisting of a set of geographically adjacent practices. A protocol and system for the secure computation of case counts from physician practices for the purpose of surveillance has been developed [115]. Reporting as a group of practices can potentially make it more difficult for public health to identify the source of unusual spikes. This protocol therefore allows the public health unit to rank the data sources by their counts and hence initiate additional focused data gathering. Our participants also indicated that they would be more motivated to disclose data if they were provided with actionable, regular, and clinically relevant information back from public health agencies that could be beneficial for their patients (e. g. , timely alerts when there are local outbreaks, instead of first getting the information from the media and their patients).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Also, green areas as well as coastal parts of the city have been built over. The green areas in places were observed to be the green alluvial parts along the riverbanks. It has also been observed that development in the last two decades has been in places, where floods tend to accumulate more. A higher correlation exists between the newly built settlements in open areas with the cumulative floods observed (Fig. 14). Fig. 13An overview of the spread of urban growth between 2000 and 2020 and the distribution of floods in Karachi. Development of has taken over on open patches, green areas and water areas both along the streams and coastsFull size imageFig. 14The coefficient of determination for the land area that was converted from open areas to Urban and Green to Urban. A stronger relationship exists between areas that have been converted from Open to Urban. This is because of that these areas were previously attributed to natural streamsFull size imageKarachi is mostly warm and dry with precipitation ranging below 250 mm/year on average. However, the monsoon months are the wettest. It is worth mentioning that monsoon begins towards the last week of July and ends towards the third week of August, over southern Pakistan with some exceptional rainfall towards eastern Sindh province in 2011 and 2012 [103]. Rainfall analysis brought out the fact that Karachi is experiencing short but intense rainfall after every 2–3 years. Urban governance in Karachi has been a matter of grave concern. Of the many problems that Karachi is facing, the marginalization of its poor population is a key factor. Housing and a planned allocation for these communities is missing [104]. Others include ethnic diversity, political violence, and the development of informal economies [105,106,107], that tend to strain the governance structure of a city [108]. These later can be attributed to the post-colonial development trajectory of the city, where the aim was to portray it as a world class city and keeping an exclusive control on development along its central regions [109]. This led to unchecked growth in its peripheries. These communities led development along the natural streamways north of the central old city and landfilling of the existing stream pathways. Even now many marginalised communities inhabit its stream banks in the city [13, 27]. For instance, there is a growing population along the Gujjar Nala, Malir River, and Lyari Rivers. These communities from time to time are under the direct effects of floods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: Innovations to overcome the current waste problem caused by single-use plastics in the pursuit of a circular economy 1, Stella-Maria Yerokhin1, Leonard Mayer1 & …Samanthi Dijkstra-: orcid. org/0000-0002-4691-42761,2 Show authors 318 all metrics AbstractPlastic production continues to increase each year, yet only 9% are successfully recycled. This has impacted natural habitats and ecosystems, due to an uncontrolled amount of waste. The food industry is a major contributor to plastic waste. To counter this problem, the demand for environmentally sustainable alternatives, i. e. bio-based plastics, in the pursuit of a circular economy is increasing. As such, this problem is interconnected and at the resource nexus of particularly, food, material, waste, and ecosystem. This systematic review provides an overview of different innovations regarding materials and additives for bio-based plastics for packaging in the food industry. The paper argues that a majority of materials for bio-based plastics originate from the food industry’s value chain and utilizing these resources is essential to reduce waste and to create more value, essentially addressing the problem with a focus on the resource nexus. Moreover, the importance of developing biodegradable and recyclable plastics to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste is also highlighted, especially in the context of single-use food packaging. These findings and conclusions cumulated into a framework to differentiate the various materials and classify them regarding their biodegradability properties, origin (plant- or animal-based industry by-products and raw materials) and end-of-life scenarios. This contributes to the academic literature and practice by categorizing different kinds of materials, which might be labelled environmentally sustainable, particularly biodegradable, but which might not always be the case and critically discussing implications of this. Similar content being viewed by others Single-in the Industry: Be Sustainable? 390. 7 million tonnes in 2021, with no sign of slowing (2022). The global COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, has further increased the use of single-use plastic packaging in almost all sectors (Süßbauer et al. 2022). Only 9% of current plastic waste is successfully recycled to extend its life cycle and become part of a circular economy (OECD 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: The lack of information back from public health agencies has been an on-going issue inhibiting willingness to disclose data [7, 19, 23, 125, 153–155]. This is captured by the benefit factor C3 and feedback factor C4. Such feedback would provide a tangible short-term benefit to the physicians in exchange for the data. There do exist examples of context specific public health alerts integrated with EMRs [156]. The support of the professional Colleges could be helpful in two respects (factor C5). First, they could perform the legal review of a standard data sharing agreement with public health to ensure that it adequately covers all the important elements noted above, and protects the interests of the physicians. They can also provide external validation that the data to be collected is indeed required for the stated public health purposes, and is the minimum necessary to achieve these purposes. The "general limiting principles" in privacy laws stipulate that personal information should be collected, used, or disclosed only where no other information will serve the purpose [157]. Although some participants indicated that they would like to see research ethics review boards endorsing disclosures to public health, this is not likely to be practical, given that many REBs are already under-resourced. Furthermore, the underlying concern is with independent external validation, which can be provided by the professional Colleges. Data sharing agreements between physicians and public health should be put in place (factor C6). Agreements would be beneficial for individual case reporting, as well as surveillance for situational awareness. The agreements would explain why the information is being collected (for what purpose), how it will be used, who would have access to that information, limits on disclosures to third parties, restrictions on attempts at re-identification for de-identified data, how long it will be retained, and provide assurances that good information security practices will be put in place to manage the data. Although putting such agreements into place with a large number of physicians and physician practices would be time consuming, this would be a good investment to increase willingness to share information and increase reporting. LimitationsOur focus group study collected data from only 37 family physicians. While this can be considered a small sample, we did reach a point of saturation during the study whereby later focus groups were not contributing new factors to the evolving model of information disclosure. Therefore, it is not obvious that the addition of more focus group sessions would have provided additional information.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In places, where large swaths of lands have been transformed into planned societies, such as Nazimabad, North Nazimabad, Baldia and North Karachi. The natural flow paths of the rivers have been landfilled and flood water in the last few years had accumulated in the streets. Zeiderman et al. [110] suggests that in case of Karachi, there is a challenging urban planning environment that exists. While there is necessity to shift paradigms and adopt a modernist urban planning approach. There is, a need to look beyond the Authority’s (KDA) approach at managing and developing more land. Since the organization is already embattled with various land ownership issues, rapid community growth and sprawling urban societies, that tend to overlook best resource allocation practices and guidelines. An urban resource centre, research on pressing issues of social inclusion, information base creation, monitoring, and modelling growth, both current and future are some of the steps that can be taken to allow for informed decision making [111, 112]. One key aspect of this can also be reestablishment of urban waterways, cleaning of clogged drainage lines and subsequent control on development along these channels. While rehabilitating the communities, in planned areas with adequate amenities and livelihood opportunities [113]. Karachi like many cities of the developing world and region is no different in terms of the issues, faced by it. The city’s growth is dominated by its informal economy which provides vital livelihood for its immigrants. Its, rapid, urban growth being a direct threat, to its sustainability and green spaces [114,115,116]. Also, a myriad of health issues, growing. Of these those related to post flood scenarios being the most common. Incidents of Malaria and Dengue are on the rise, due to conducive, breeding environment and its widespread presence. Water contamination related gastrointestinal issues, diseases of the eyes and skins have been commonly reported in the post flood periods [117]. For a city as big as Karachi one the issues remain solid waste management. Which is usually deposited by its informal settlements in the river channels [118, 119]. And even the waste collected by garbage disposal corporations, has a similar fate, leading to a mixing with floodwaters and higher level of contaminant percolation. As compared to other studies, this research incorporated historical topographic maps in the flood analysis. Making those historical records a baseline, comparison was made to observe the changes in topography, urban development, and protective infrastructure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: In 2019, the world mismanaged 22% of its plastic waste and landfilled around 49% of that waste (OECD 2022). This uncontrolled waste causes severe damage to natural habitats and holds the risk to cause a significant disbalance in wildlife and natural ecosystems. There are countless use cases for plastics and one of them is food packaging. In fact, over 40% of all plastic applications are in the field of packaging, including commercial and industrial packaging (2021). This signifies the relevance of this. Plastic wrappings for food are established and widely accepted by the vast majority of people. However, the demand for the so-called “green”, i. e. environmentally sustainable materials is continuously increasing as awareness of the negative effects of plastic based waste is rising. Subsequently, scientists and producers have explored new bio-based materials in this field (Lambert and Wagner 2017). This research paper reviews various new materials and substitutes for conventional fossil-based plastics in relation to food packaging, as well as their relation to the circular economy. With the focus on environmental sustainability, particularly bio-based plastics, this paper aims to contribute to scientific research and development by critically reviewing various new materials and substitutes for conventional fossil-based plastics in relation to food packaging, as well as their relation to the circular economy. A systematic literature review is conducted to highlight bio-based innovations in the food-packaging industry. For the sake of a more convenient reading experience, the paper uses the terms: conventional fossil- or fossil-fuel-based single-use plastic, which is interchangeable with one-way plastic; bio-based plastic or polymers, refers to plastics made from biomass, i. e. plants and animals; and environmental sustainability, which is synonymous to ecological sustainability and refers to responsible interaction with the environment. After introducing the theoretical background and research gap, the methodological approach is explained and the results of the literature review are presented. The discussion section focuses advantages and disadvantages of bio-based plastics along the value chain of plastic packaging. Additionally, a circularity framework for bio-based plastics is developed to differentiate the various innovations with regard to material origin, biodegradability and end-of-life scenarios. Implications for future research are discussed, including connections to the resource nexus perspectives. 2 Theoretical backgroundThis 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the size of our focus groups and their number is consistent with the considerable precedent in the health sciences research literature [79] and recommendations in the qualitative research literature [76–78]. Compared to the physician population, our participants were different in terms of years of practice experience, gender, and practice location. However, we did not find years of practice experience or gender to be associated with the questionnaire responses. During three of the focus groups the Canadian SARS experience was mentioned. SARS affected physicians in mostly. Therefore, despite the under-representation from Central Canada, public health concerns that were most pertinent to that geographic area were still well represented during the discussions. An important limitation of our study was that it was conducted with family physicians in Canada. Our resultant model will not necessarily apply without modification to other jurisdictions with different socio-cultural and legal contexts, and to different specialties. However, we have provided a testable theoretical model as a result of this work, and this model provides a basis for future research to examine the factors that affect the disclosure of information for public health purposes. Whether this theoretical model is generalizable beyond the specific context that we studied remains an empirical question. The pandemic H1N1 influenza outbreak had relatively mild morbidity and mortality, which may explain why the participating physicians retained strong concerns about data disclosures of patient data. It is arguable that had the outbreak been more severe, or had more serious health consequences, their views on privacy may have shifted more towards greater willingness to share data with public health. Implementing our recommendations would facilitate disclosure of patient information for public health purposes, but there are other barriers beyond privacy that would need to be addressed, for example, resources for reporting. Therefore, dealing with the privacy concerns may not be sufficient by itself to improve reporting to public health. ConclusionsPrivacy concerns by providers have been a barrier to disclosing patient information for public health purposes. This is the case even for mandated notifiable disease reporting. We conducted a mixed-methods study with Canadian family doctors to understand the privacy barriers which could potentially influence family physicians' reporting of patient-level surveillance data to public health agencies during the Fall 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza outbreak. We found that Canadian family doctors do have concerns about patient privacy and about the disclosure of information that may be reflective of their own performance. Privacy is only one of a number of factors that affects their willingness to disclose patient data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Analysis was done based on this comparison and results were drawn. While the development before 1980s was not large scale, there has been a massive increase in urban growth since then. By year 2000, Karachi had experienced 286% increase in urban extent that was caused by various factors like lack of oversight on management of land, absence of urban planning etc. Relationship between urbanization and economic growth should be positive, ideally [120]. However, in Pakistan, this relationship shows that GDP growth has decreased between 2015 and 2021 while urban population percentage is constantly increasing. Thus, increase in urban extent from 1980s to 2000 is massive as in compared to the size of the economy of Pakistan and the state’s ability to invest in sustainable development at such a massive scale. Unregulated and unchecked allocation of parcels for development of housing societies also contributed towards rapid sprawl. Temporal LULC analysis shows that increase in urban extent was mostly at the expense of decrease in agricultural land. This type of urban extent and downward natural slope of core urban area (Fig. 1) rendered this urban development susceptible to the negative effects of urban floods. Rapid urbanization also affected city’s natural drainage system. This natural drainage/stream network was either removed or damaged due to rapid urban development over the years. Both urban development (Table 3) and stream network covered or damaged by urban development (Table 4) shows an increasing trend. By year 2020, Stream network in 12 out of 24 towns is more than 70% as compared to more than 50% in year 2000 (Table 4). Most of the streams have been removed and the little natural streams that are left, are clogged with sewage and industrial and household waste. This continue to be a major problem as water does not get its natural flow and tends to inundate the roads or houses nearby these drains. Analysis from 2000 to 2020 showed that during urban floods, same areas are inundated repeatedly, where stream blockage/damage is maximum. Although the drainage network has been cleaned many times, especially after year 2020, but this temporary measure needs to be replaced with some permanent structural changes. Urban settlements developed on banks of drainage/stream networks are a major concern during floods. Due to their proximity and structure, they are badly affected during each urban flood event. Analysis showed that these settlements are increasing at a high rate, and block flood water flow towards Arabian Sea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: This paper uses the term “innovations for environmental sustainability”. In the authors understanding, this refers to innovations that utilize renewable resources and by-products, such as food wastes, with awareness to end-of-life scenarios and circular economy. 2. 2 Circular economyOne step towards the sustainable development of plastics production and consumption is the transformation from a linear economy into a circular economy. The basic principles of this are avoidance, reduction, reuse and recycling, so that the utilized materials remain in use for as long as possible (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022), recyclable waste is minimised and the amount that can be returned to a cycle is maximised (Hatzfeld et al. 2022). Various studies have already shown the positive effects of this model on the efficient use of resources (Günther 2008), business practices (Koh et al. 2017), infrastructure (Korhonen et al. 2018) and employment (Repp et al. 2021). By considering and preserving resources, the circular economy offers the potential to develop an economic model which takes impacts on biodiversity into account (Junge et al. 2023). There are various approaches to integrate a product in a further life cycle. For these reasons, the 9R-concept of the circular economy by Potting et al. (2017) is taken as a further basis to justify the framework developed by the authors. It consists of ten strategies in total (R0 = Refuse, R1 = Rethink, R2 = Reduce, R3 = Re-use, R4 = Repair, R5 = Refurbish, R6 = Remanufacture, R7 = Repurpose, R8 = Recycle, R9 = Recover). The lower the sequential number, the higher the circularity of resource consumption. Thus, in R9-Recover, the end-of-life solution is the incineration of the material, from which primarily energy is recovered that does not reflect a direct product cycle. Consequently, one can talk about a linear economy. With R0-Refuse, on the other hand, the product itself is replaced by another product that can take over the task, or the function of the actual product becomes completely redundant. In addition, the higher the circularity, the more socio-cultural change must precede (Potting et al. 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: We have formulated a conceptual model explaining how certain actions can facilitate the disclosure of health information by family physicians. The model contains a number of testable hypotheses, and also provides concrete recommendations for activities that are expected to increase the physicians' intention to disclose patient information to public health. In future work, we plan to perform confirmatory studies of this conceptual model. AbbreviationsAHP: Analytic hierarchy process EMR: Electronic medical record FMF: Family medicine forum HIPAA: Portability and PHI: : Research ethics board 36. 10. 1093/clinids/20. 1. 30. CAS PubMed 874. 10. 1093/aje/155. 9. 866. PubMed 639. 10. 2105/AJPH. 81. 5. 637. 190. CAS PubMed 13. 10. 1136/jech. 49. Suppl_1. 9. 122. 831. CAS PubMed 39. 87. CMAJ. 1989, 141: 537-540. 186. 10. 1136/bmj. 287. 6386. 185. 891. 10. 2105/AJPH. 82. 6. 889. 1993. of Epidemiology. 2000, 29: 168-174. 10. 1093/ije/29. 1. 168. CAS PubMed 35. 97. 168. 10. 1093/ije/14. 1. 153. CAS PubMed 16. 986. 10. 2105/AJPH. 70. 9. 983. CAS 252. CAS 1972. CMAJ. 1974, 110: 179-182. CAS 590. CAS PubMed 1918. 10. 2105/AJPH. 53. 12. 1903. 328. CAS PubMed 185. 541. CAS PubMed 846. 74. CAS PubMed 225. 468. 355. 10. 1287/isre. 1040. 0032. 196. 10. 2307/249477. 671. 10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2003. tb00133. x. 574. 10. 1197/jamia. M2207. PubMed Pub22. PubMed Pub65. 4. 10. 1136/bmj. 327. 7427. 1342. PubMed Pub10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, town and Gulshan-e-Iqbal. These settlements need to be relocated to alternate locations to provide easy passage to flood water. Data availability and dissemination is a major issue in Pakistan. In the absence of modern data keeping, dissemination and analysis by the authorities. It was necessary to look for alternatives, such as published public map records and satellite remote sensing data. Moreover, statistical records and data on streams, stream flow rates, environmental data such as rainfall and temperature records are extremely limited, and some are impossible to find. Published records are mostly in the form of news archive, but they seldom have a spatial component associated. It would be therefore important to lead this work into databasing all forms of published records on urban growth and make it available to the research community. Another important analysis can be the effect of the loss of natural water conveyance on disease prevalence and urban heat accumulation. 6 Conclusionin Pakistan is a recurring phenomenon. Raid urban sprawl and poor maintenance of natural drainage system make flooding further worse necessitating identification of flood prone urban areas during floods. LULC information show that Karachi experienced rapid urban grown over the years. This rapid sprawl linked with poor management of water channels cause urban flooding in the city of Karachi during short but heavy rainfall. SAR imagery is an effective data source for detection of flood water in urban areas as it is not affected by weather conditions thus providing better identification of flooded areas. Using thresholding, flood water was extracted from SAR imagery. LULC classification was carried out using Landsat imagery. This classification information shows that natural streams and flood protection structures were replaced with urbanization with the passage of time. This stream blockage is almost 100% in core urban areas of the city. When overlaid both LULC information and urban flood water, analysis showed that urban development has blocked stream network of the city. Due to this blockage, low lying urban areas face flood inundation during rainfall. It was also observed that town with the highest number of natural streams filled up are the ones that were worst affected recently. Examples are that of and Orangi. A visual analysis of topographic sheets showed several embankments along these streams. And we assume that the streams must have been filled, with soil from the very embankments. Hence leading to easy and cheap preparation of land for construction.

Output: pass