Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: In the era of the experience economy, as tourists' travel experiences grow increasingly diverse, tourism products evolve and upgrade, and the concept of tourism consumption matures, tourists' demands for their travel experiences are also evolving17. No longer content with traditional sightseeing and everyday travel offerings, tourists now seek a more enriching and spiritually fulfilling green tourism experience18. The green tourism experience places a significant emphasis on the preservation and enhancement of the environment, society, and culture, all while prioritizing the quality of the overall travel experience. Central to the concept of virtual tourism is the virtual tourism experience, wherein tourists engage in tourism activities with the aim of acquiring unique and distinct experiences19. The virtual tourism experience involves a conscious integration of thoughts and emotions within virtual tourism scenarios, representing a multifaceted process of individual psychological, social, and cognitive interactions among tourists20. Green and sustainable travel, apart from safeguarding the natural and human environment, also offers travelers distinctive and enriching travel experiences. 3 Research objects and methods 3. 1 This study employed a mixed-method approach within an exploratory sequential design framework. The research began with qualitative methods to explore the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions toward virtual tourism experiences and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Following this, quantitative methods were used to validate the developed mechanism model and assess its broader applicability. All research protocols, including interviews and survey distribution, were thoroughly reviewed and approved by the of Shandong University. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects and/or their legal guardians involved in the study. The confidentiality of all participants was rigorously maintained. Personal identifiers were anonymized, and the data was securely stored in encrypted files accessible only to the research team. All collected data was used solely for academic purposes. 3. 2 Data collection and data testing In the first phase, Study 1 embraced a qualitative research approach. It involved in-depth interviews with 36 Chinese green tourists to gain insights into their perspectives on virtual travel experiences. Utilizing face-to-face and semi-structured in-depth interviews, a comprehensive mechanism model elucidating the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences was meticulously crafted. In the second phase, Study 2 employed a quantitative research methodology through a questionnaire survey.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: While particular reference to the ERCOT electricity grid in Texas is made (for which a great deal of data are available and which is typical of a grid in a region with high a/c utilization), the conclusions of the paper are general and may be extended to most electric power grids where substitution with renewable electricity sources is anticipated. Demand and Solar and wind are abundant and environmentally friendly forms of energy, but they are very diffuse and not always available when electric power is demanded. Solar is periodically variable and wind power is almost intermittent. As a consequence, the substitution of electricity generated by fossil fuels with the renewable wind and solar energy sources encounters important limitations that are chiefly characterized by supply and demand mismatch. The first limitation is inadequate supply: During the early evening hours of a hot summer day, when there is widespread use of the a/c systems in most equatorial and temperate regions of the globe, there is only very low solar irradiance and the feeble wind currents are not sufficient to satisfy the (still high) electricity demand. The second limitation is related to oversupply: It is axiomatic that photovoltaic (PV) and thermal solar installations only produce electric power during the daylight hours. When the region of an electricity grid produces a high fraction of its total annual electric energy by solar installations, there is high solar electricity generation during the morning hours. The data on the demand side show that, during the early daylight hours (from the early morning until noon), the demand for electricity is lower because the ambient temperature is not high enough for the a/c units to operate continuously. The high power production from the solar systems in combination with the moderate electricity demand by the households, causes a supply-demand mismatch, which is manifested in the so called U-shaped demand curve, or “duck curve” (Freeman et al. , 2016; Weber, 2016). The mismatch becomes significant and affects the entire electricity grid, when the penetration of PV-generated energy in the electricity market exceeds approximately 30% (Leonard et al. , 2020). The non-renewable demand reduction levels are significant to negatively affect the operation of the base-load units that utilize Rankine cycles and are designed to continuously produce electric power. Figure 1a.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Multiple NPY receptors coexist in pre- and postsynaptic sites: inhibition of GABA release in isolated self-innervating SCN neurons J Neurosci 16: 7711–7724. [PubMed] and Jones, BE (1978). Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections J 180: 417–438. [PubMed] and Assenmacher, I (1983). Efferences dextrahypothalamiques de noyau suprachiasmatique chez le rat C R 297: 347–350. Medanic, M and Gillette, MU (1992). Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro during the subjective day J Physiol 450: 629–642. [PubMed] and Dement, WC (1993). Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system: phase shifting rat behavioral rhythms with serotonergic agonists J 8: 17–31. [PubMed] Block, M and Zucker, I (1976). Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei J 109: 235–247. and Ibata, Y (1987). VIP-like immunoreactive neurons and retinal projections in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 8: 253–262. and Bengston, L (1999). Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils J 414: 469–484. [PubMed] Prosser, RA (2000). Serotonergic actions and interactions on the SCN circadian pacemaker: In vitro investigations Res 31: 315–339. and Allen, CN (2000). Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons 866: 247–256. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (1994). Serotonin modulates photic responses in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neurosci 14: 3635–3642. [PubMed] Ying, SW and Rusak, B (1994). Effects of serotonergic agonists on firing rates of photically responsive cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus 651: 37–46. [PubMed] and Gannon, RL (1995). Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm Neuroreport 6: 1289–1292.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Favorable markers of industry policies and social standards play a pivotal role in cultivating trust and credibility among green tourists. Destinations that adhere to stringent industry policies and uphold elevated social standards garner heightened appeal among green tourists. The positive impact stemming from these factors augments the overall desirability of the destination, consequently elevating the probability that green tourists will manifest favorable behavioral intentions in terms of visiting and actively supporting such destinations. As a result, hypotheses H7a, H7b and H7c were supported. Conclusion and DiscussionIn the pursuit of sustainable tourism practices, green tourism emerges as a guiding principle for achieving harmonious coexistence between humanity and the environment. As our global community grapples with escalating resource constraints, the growing significance of virtual travel as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative becomes imperative, particularly for environmentally conscious travelers. This study, grounded in grounded theory and employing a comprehensive approach that integrates qualitative interviews with quantitative analysis, explores the factors shaping the behavioral intentions of Chinese green tourists within the domain of virtual tourism experiences. Our research findings indicate that various factors, including cognitive factors, perception factors, experience attitude, experience type factors, and social situational factors, can significantly influence Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. This study not only provides a nuanced comprehension of the intricate dynamics guiding green tourists but also emphasizes the burgeoning importance of virtual tourism in the context of sustainable travel. By shedding light on the factors influencing behavioral intentions, our findings offer valuable insights for researchers and industry practitioners alike, aiming to enhance the appeal of virtual tourism experiences among environmentally conscious Chinese tourists. In a world delicately navigating the balance between tourism and environmental preservation, this research contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on sustainable tourism and holds the potential to reshape the travel landscape towards a more ecologically sustainable future. DeclarationsAuthor Contribution(LW) was responsible for conceptualizing and designing the study, leading the data collection process, and writing the initial draft of the manuscript. LW also handled the initial statistical analysis and data set preparation. (ZW) participated in the detailed discussion of the research design, primarily handled further data analysis using advanced statistical methods, and made significant contributions to the literature review section. (XH), as the project coordinator, oversaw the progress of the research, ensuring the scientific rigor and precision of the methods used. XH deeply analyzed the methodology and results, suggesting improvements, and was responsible for writing and revising the methodology and discussion sections to ensure the overall quality of the research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Because climate change is inextricably connected to the production of CO2 in combustion processes, it is rational to conclude that the first two SDGs endorse the production of energy from non-fossil fuel resources, primarily from renewable sources. This will include the substitution of coal (firstly) and natural gas (secondly) in electricity generating power plants, which are point sources of CO2 emissions and currently account for approximately 40% of the global CO2 emissions. The substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewable sources does not happen on a one-to-one basis and depends on the type of the renewable energy source. Hydroelectric energy is the best alternative for this substitution, because hydrostatic energy is essentially stored in the water reservoirs to be used – almost at will – when the demand arises. Countries such as Norway and Canada, with a great deal of untapped hydroelectric potential, are in a very good position to substitute fossil fuels with renewable hydropower for the generation of electricity. However, wind is an intermittent energy source and the sun is a periodically variable source. Wind turbines are at standstill on calm days and solar cells do not produce any power in the nighttime. For the reliable supply of electric power, energy must be stored to satisfy the demand on calm evenings and nights, when the generation of electric power by wind and solar is almost zero. The storage and subsequent re-generation of electricity entails thermodynamic irreversibilities. Significantly more energy must be generated by wind and solar energy to be stored and satisfy the demand on windless nights. The energy storage systems are built with additional capital expenses that, eventually, will be reflected in the cost of electricity. One of the aims of this paper is the calculation of the additional energy production and the needed energy storage requirements for the substitution of the coal and natural gas power plants within the ERCOT region. As most of the other regions in the OECD countries, the ERCOT region does not possess significant additional hydroelectric resources – beyond the currently utilized 186 MW capacity that generates 0. 2% of the electricity for the grid – and must rely on solar and wind power for the substitution of the fossil fuel units. and Demand in the ERCOT system Figure 2 depicts the electric power demand in ERCOT during three typical workdays of the year 2018: January 17, March 21 and July 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Non-synaptic and dendritic exocytosis from dense-cored vesicles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus NeuroReport 7: 543–547. [PubMed] Isobe, Y and Nishino, H (1998). AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light Peptides 9: 827–832. [PubMed] Van der and Gerkema, MP (2002). Vasopressin immunoreactivity and release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of wild-type and tau mutant Syrian hamsters 936: 38–46. [PubMed] and Stopa, EG (1988). Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock Science 242: 78–83. [PubMed] Van den and Hermes, ML (2001). Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm Neuroscience 107: 99–108. [PubMed] Watanabe, K, Yamaoka, S and Vanecek, J (1998). Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and VIP-induced vasopressin release from suprachiasmatic neurons 801: 216–219. [PubMed] and Deng, MH (1994). Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance 91: 1824–1828. [PubMed] and Arendt, J (2000). Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects J Endocrinol 164: R1–R6. [PubMed] and Lewy, AJ (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people N Med 343: 1070–1077. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2000). Supplementary administration of artificial bright light and melatonin as potent treatment for disorganized circadian rest-activity and dysfunctional autonomic and neuroendocrine systems in institutionalized demented elderly persons 17: 419–432. [PubMed] Sack, RL and Lewy, AJ (1997). Melatonin as a chronobiotic, treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind J 12: 595–603. [PubMed] and Eastman, CL ().

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93897 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechEdited by From the by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionEco-cultural tourism stems from ecotourism, which has been supported by the since 2012 [1] in order to eradicate poverty, protect the environment and incorporate sustainable development. It recognises the importance of preserving and protecting biodiversity and natural areas, and of using them in a sustainable manner. It fosters entrepreneurship and development among local communities, and encourages tourists to preserve and respect natural and cultural heritage. This development has been possible after numerous recommendations from the Organisation (UNWTO). were urged to adopt incentive ecotourism policies, emphasising the positive effects of the creation of revenue, employment and education. Since the start of the nineties, ecotourism has been worked on at regional conferences and global summits, and 2002 was named the of Ecotourism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: It is estimated (Michaelides, 2019a) that the total CO2 emissions in 2018 from all the coal power plants was approximately 107 million tons; and from the gas units and additional 125 million tons. Figure 3. The energy sources mix that supplied electric energy in ERCOT in the period 2006-2018 It must be noted that the total installed capacity for wind generation in ERCOT at the end of 2018 was 22,607 MW, while that of nuclear units was 4,985 MW. The latter generated power almost continuously and accounted for 41. 125 TWh with aggregate capacity factor 94. 5%, while the wind generators that rely on the intermittent wind power generated 69. 796 TWh with aggregate capacity factor 35. 2% (ERCOT, 2018). Substitution of with Renewables CO2 emissions by coal power plants amount to approximately 1. 15 kg per kWh of generated electric energy, the highest emissions of all fossil fuel power plants. The corresponding emissions for natural gas units are approximately 0. 75 kg of CO2 per kWh generated. Both numbers depend on the composition of the coal or natural gas as well as the thermal efficiency of the unit (Michaelides, 2018). Given the contributions of CO2 to GCC, and because coal units emit the highest amount of CO2 per kWh, it is sensible for electricity grids to first substitute the coal units in favor of renewables and other forms of primary energy (e. g. nuclear) that do not contribute to the GCC. Following the retirement of the coal power plants it would be advisable to retire the units that burn other fossil fuels – the natural gas units and the diesel-engine units. The data of Figures 1 and 2 shows that this substitution is not simply achieved by constructing more solar and wind farms. When the contribution of wind and solar energy exceeds approximately 25% of the annual energy production, there are several time periods during a year, when the power produced by the renewable sources exceeds the demand. In such cases, a number of the other power plants must be shut down or the excess electric power must be dissipated and wasted. This limitation becomes particularly acute during windy weather when the wind power generation is at its peak – often during the early morning hours when the electricity demand is close to its daily minimum level. During 2016 the ERCOT grid recorded 74 hours when the spot prices of wind-generated electricity were negative because of excess wind power supply.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster Res 87: 196–203. [PubMed] and Inouye, SI (1994). Phase advances of circadian rhythms in somatostatin depleted rats: effects of cysteamine on rhythms of locomotor activity and electrical discharge of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J [A] 175: 677–685. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1992). Effect of substance P on circadian rhythms of firing activity and the 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 597: 257–263. [PubMed] and Inouye, ST (1994). Emergence of VIP rhythmicity following somatostatin depletion in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 645: 343–346. [PubMed] and Nunez, JM (1996). Calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster SCN express light-induced 7: 1224–1228. [PubMed] and Romero, MT (2000). Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization J 15: 103–111. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: chemoarchitecture and topography of projections Abst 25: s552. and Silver, R (2002). Calbindin-D(28 K) cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons Neuroscience 111: 575–585. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2003). Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 23: 8820–8826. [PubMed] Ikeda, M and Allen, CN (2003). Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 17: 1111–1118. [PubMed] and Mutt, V (1983). Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine FEBS Lett 164: 124–128. [PubMed] Skofitsch, G and Jacobowitz, DM (1985).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The majority of ecotourism-related terms emerged from English-speaking media [2]: natural tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, alternative tourism, environmental tourism, anthropological tourism, low impact tourism, travel with Mother Nature, adventure travel, jungle tourism, cultural tourism, ecotravel, green tourism, science tourism, soft adventure tourism, bio tourism, ethnic tourism, appropriate tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotripping, socially responsible tourism, ecoventures, nature vacations, wilderness tourism, and ethical travel. As a whole, they are related to responsible, respectful and honest tourism. It’s educational because it offers information before, during and after the trip. It’s interactive because it entails life experiences involving real contact and participation. It’s democratic because the benefits it creates are equally distributed; it encourages the participation of rural communities and supports resource conservation. The growth of ecotourism began in the eighties, notably because of the economic benefits of natural tourism. What is characteristic of ecotourism is that it is a tool for sustainable development [3] and it’s categorised as an activity that mixes the excitement of travelling with caring for the environment. Its main goals are sustainability, preservation and participation of the local community. With the modern tourist’s demands and new trends, ecotourism is moving on to its next stage and is asserting itself as eco-cultural tourism. It binds searching for contact with nature with valuing cultural authenticity, environmental sustainability, new experiences and a higher number of trips with a shorter stay in each place. That is to say, it’s created a symbiosis between natural tourism and cultural tourism, supported by sustainability and limitations on use, by small-scale activities and a high-quality tourism experience. Eco-cultural tourism is a new form of tourism where the main goal is not to generate wealth, expropriate land and exploit resources of inhabitants and countries in order to benefit big companies. It’s established itself within a new concept of tourism, both in socioeconomic terms and as a practical activity, that combines the conservation of natural and cultural sites with economic and recreational benefits through sustainable development, and improves the conditions of the recipient communities. The main motivation is observation, appreciation and contemplation as an experience within the natural and cultural environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Shutting down base-load steam units that operate on the Rankine cycle for a few hours during a day is unrealistic, because the units need several hours to come back online. This becomes an insurmountable problem for the nuclear power plants in the USA, which utilize boron shimming for the control of nuclear reactivity and thermal power. The larger coal-fired units also require 4-6 hours to start from cold, but their output may be reduced by about 20% via steam throttling. Such time lags are high enough to preclude the Ranking cycle units from closely following the diurnal electric power demand. For this reason, the base-load power plants operate continuously, at fairly constant power levels. A glance at the data of electric power demand proves that, if the numbers of wind and solar energy units increase to produce an additional 25% of the total annual energy in the ERCOT region, the entire electric power generation system must be modified to maintain its flexibility and reliability. A solution to this problem is to replace the inflexible steam power plants (coal and nuclear) with gas turbines and diesel engines that are flexible enough to follow the diurnal variability of the electric power demand and the production of the renewable energy units. However, this option has significant disadvantages: It excludes generation from the nuclear units that currently produce very cheap electricity without any CO2 emissions and do not contribute to the GCC problem. This option also eliminates the construction of new zero-CO2 emitting nuclear power plants. The natural gas and diesel power plants are fossil fuel units and emit CO2. A second option is to develop storage systems throughout the region: the systems store the excess energy generated by the renewable sources and use this energy at a later time. The option may be extended from the coal units’ substitution to the other fossil fuel power generation units in order to achieve totally carbon-free electric power generation. This option has the additional beneficial effect of eliminating the inefficient peak-power units – older gas turbines with very low efficiency and capacity factors –that are only used for short, high-demand time periods. The following energy storage systems are practicable for the large-scale energy storage, which is necessary for the ERCOT grid: Systems (PHSs) (Michaelides, 2018; Weber, 2016). Hydrogen supplied to fuel cells, which are Conversion devices and are not subjected to the Carnot limitations (Bockris, 2002; Michaelides, 2012; Weber, 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system Peptides 6: 509–546. [PubMed] and Blessing, WW (1990). Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons J 298: 265–280. [PubMed] and Beauvillain, JC (1999). Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus J 16: 265–277. [PubMed] and Ganten, D (1985). Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system. An immunohistochemical study Neuroendocrinology 40: 2–24. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part A. angiotensin I/II, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 212–223. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part B. angiotensin II (AT1)-receptors, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 224–235. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K and Tohyama, M (1989). Geniculo-geniculate projection of enkephalin and neuropeptide Y containing neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus in the rat J 2: 19–27. [PubMed] and Pert, A (1987). Autoradiographic visualization of sex differences in the pattern and density of opiate receptors in hamster hypothalamus 421: 1–13. [PubMed] Tubbiola, ML, Nock, B and Bittman, EL (1989). Photoperiodic changes in opiate binding and their functional implications in golden hamsters 503: 91–99. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1999). Electrophysiological effects of opioid receptor activation on Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Bull 50: 119–125.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the characteristics of eco-cultural tourism from its inception, together with the synergy of the resolution that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism. It’s a small-scale and fundamentally emotional form of tourism that promotes sociocultural and traditional values and environmental awareness, and offers benefits both to rural and urban areas. It requires a platform and type of tourism planning that encourages local sustainable development, involving all tourism sectors. It’s currently unique due to how it responds to problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation that have led to dead end conventional and/or traditional tourism. Projects offer a new path for tourism. Birth of ecotourism: It’s born together with the synergy of the resolution (2012) that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism [1]. It’s small-scale tourism, with small businesses, with a specific and limited quality production and it’s fundamentally based on experiencesIt encourages: Sociocultural and traditional values; environmental awareness; respect for the biosphere, local cultures and traditions; brings benefits to rural and urban communities; economic potential for public and private companies, as well as a high-quality tourism experienceIt requires: A platform and local sustainable development involving all tourism sectors (touristic planning, carrying capacity); socioeconomic and environmental balance. It currently responds to: problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation through Projects supported by government policiesTable 1. Characteristics of eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. Once eco-cultural tourism has been contextualised and treated together with its goals, a with alternative tourism and the development of is incorporated. In addition to this, a comparative methodology will be used to analyse global and local tourism in countries from Asia, Europe and South America. This will be guided by the following hypothesis: eco-cultural tourism requires local sustainable planning, endorsed by all tourism agents, and led by the load capacity and economic and environmental balance (green economies and ideologies). In this way, eco-cultural tourism will respond to the problems of poverty and climate change through Tourism Projects, directed by government policies and administrations. Advertisement 2. Planning alternative tourism and tourism development projectsPlanning for alternative tourism and creating Projects in eco-cultural tourism is carried out in unique spaces that, generally, have received little impact from conventional and/or traditional tourism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Storage and were first performed for the substitution of the coal power plants in the ERCOT grid system, which produce significantly more CO2 (and other pollutants) per kWh generated than the gas turbines, and are widely considered to be the first power units to be substituted. Simulations were performed for every hour of the year 2018, using the power demand data of ERCOT (Ercot, n. d. ). In 2018 the several coal power plants within the area supplied by the grid produced 93. 249 TWh of electricity (24. 8% of the total generation). The calculations included several combinations of wind and solar generation and the results are depicted in Figure 5. The ordinate of the figure is the percentage of wind (100% minus the ordinate value is the percentage of solar) power used for the substitution of the coal power plants. The two abscissas of the figure show: on the right the storage capacity, in m3, that is necessary for the substitution at the given power mix of wind and solar; and on the left the electric energy, in MWh, that must be produced by the PV installations and the wind installations, as well as the energy lost during the storage and re-generation processes. It is observed that minimum storage capacity is required (and also minimum energy is lost in the storage-regeneration processes) when the additional renewable energy is generated in approximately equal parts from solar and from wind. The flat energy loss curve denotes that minimum energy losses also occur when the mix of the additional wind and solar energy are approximately equal. Figure 5 also shows that, if all the additional energy is generated by the wind – by continuing the current trends of adding wind farms throughout Texas, – then 254. 4 million MWh must be produced by the new wind farms (of which 89. 7 million MWh would be lost in the storage-regeneration processes) and a storage capacity of 10. 3 million m3 must be built. Figure 5. Energy produced by wind and solar and storage capacity for the substitution of the coal power plants The second set of calculations was performed for the substitution of all the fossil fuel powered units in ERCOT, coal as well as natural gas power plants. The coal power plants produced approximately 24. 8% of the electricity demand in 2018 and natural gas turbines produced an additional 44. 5%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on June 10th, 2016 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on July 6th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Jul 6, 2016 · am pleased to recommend this revised manuscript for publication. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 6, 2016 Version 0. 2 · Jun 29, 2016 · A second review was obtained from the Reviewer 2. Generally speaking, this reviewer was satisfied with the revision. In preparing their final version of the manuscript, I ask the authors to further clarify the two remaining issues raised by the reviewer: 1. Comparisons between fluorescence and firing rate. 2. 2003. Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 10, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 23, 2016 · Three reviews from experts in the field were obtained for this manuscript. Two reviewers recommended minor revisions, mainly requiring clarifications and more detailed discussion of some key issues. The other reviewer recommended major revisions, raising some concerns about the experimental methodology. Based on these reviews and my own reading of this manuscript, I have recommended minor revisions. While all the comments in the three reviews need to be addressed, the authors should give the following points particular consideration: 1. One reviewer raised concerns about the significance of the current study being overstated. Please acknowledge that there is some existing knowledge about links between clock gene expression and neural activity. 2. All three reviewers raised concerns about the lack of discussion of in vivo experiments with Per1 knockout mice. These results should be discussed and rationalized with the current study. 3. One reviewer requests that the location of the SCN recordings should be clearly stated in the revision. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: They are concrete, different or special spaces that are distinguishable from others. They are easier to design, manage and carry out [4]. The tourism development projects are based on planning models that involve the participation of all agents: representatives, politicians, businessmen and women, neighbourhood associations, indigenous communities, environmental groups, etc. The entire population of the natural and cultural area is involved in economic and social sustainable development and can obtain income, employment, and material and cultural wellbeing. Therefore, all agents organise their own tourism model based on the available resources, the existing heritage and the characteristics of the inhabiting communities. Table 2 shows a Planning and Model for Eco-cultural Tourism comprising three phases, that can be applied to natural, cultural and urban areas, and that includes the following types of tourism: interior tourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism, rural tourism, natural tourism, domestic tourism, national tourism, experiential tourism, adventure tourism, agrotourism and green tourism. The first phase known as the of the whole area, is derived from a comprehensive study that seeks to obtain specific data (indicators, surveys, interviews) and carry out an analysis and report in accordance with the Factors or Resources, Attractors and model (FAS) [5]. This tool allows you to order and classify the main elements that make up a tourism destination. It’s divided into factors or resources, attractors (tourism products) and support systems. Natural, cultural and urban areasPlanning, sustainable development and the promotion of nature and cultural heritageOriginal natural, cultural and urban area1st Phase: preliminary studyData (indicators, surveys, interviews), analysis and report according to the Organisation (UNWTO) FAS model. Natural, cultural and urban area to be planned2nd phase: planning and carrying out the tourism projectSpecifying and planning goals according to the model: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT)Developing the based on sustainable development and the load capacityNatural, cultural and urban area consolidated3rd phase: implementing and evaluating the tourism projectImplementing and managing the (Tourism and Entertainment Policies)Table 2. Planning and sustainable development model for eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. The factors or resources are the baseline conditions of the original area and are made up of natural and cultural heritage, and of human capital resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 depicts the storage requirements for this substitution; the additional energy that must be generated from wind and solar; and the annual energy lost in the storage-regeneration system. It is observed that, for the entire substitution of the fossil fuel units, the minimum storage capacity (29. 8 million m3) occurs when only 20% of the additional renewable energy is generated from wind and the remaining 80% from solar. This happens because energy generated from solar installations is better correlated with the diurnal power demand, and especially with the power peaks on summer days that are due to a/c usage. The minimum energy lost (31. 5 million MWh) corresponds to approximately 75% wind power and 25% solar power mix for the additional energy that needs to be produced annually. With this mix of renewable energy generation, the required storage capacity is 41. 7 million m3. Table 2 gives the additional power of PV and wind turbines that (together with the storage system) would generate the additional energy to substitute the coal power plants and all the fossil fuel plants. In the latter case the minima of lost energy and storage capacity do not coincide, as it is evident in Figure 6. The data for the 100% substitution by wind are offered because, at present, the generation of power by wind turbines is by far less expensive than generation by PV cells, even when the governmental subsidies are taken into account. As a consequence, there is a great deal of investment and strong growth in the wind power installed capacity. Table 2. Additional renewable power needs for the substitution of fossil-fueled power plants capacity, m3 Substitution of coal units with minimum storage 48,700 32,000 7,326,000 Substitution of coal units with 100% wind power 0 80,700 18,341,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units with minimum storage 159,700 26,300 29,781,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units at minimum energy lost 43,500 85,800 41,676,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units with 100% wind power 0 119,300 54,595,000 Figure 6. Energy produced by wind and solar and storage capacity for the substitution of all fossil fuel power plants It must be noted that, because the two renewable energy sources do not produce power continuously and because of the energy lost in the storage-regeneration process, significantly more solar and wind capacity must be installed than the substituted fossil fuel units.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Reviewer 2 raises concerns about the limited expression of the dGFP construct. The authors should acknowledge and discuss this issue. · May 8, 2016 Basic reporting The background is appropriate. The set-up is a little over-sold. I would argue that the relationship between the molecular clock and neural rhythm is not “unknown” but certainly not well understood. The figures are clear. The format appears to be appropriate with the raw data supplied. Experimental design The research question is well defined and addresses a gap in the literature. The experiments are well performed using methodology which is well established in the laboratory. There is no concern about the methods. Validity of the findings The observations are clear, novel, and will make a significant contribution to the field. The data supplied fits nicely with recent work (Kudo et al. , 2015) and together these studies implicate the Period1 gene as playing a critical role in linking rhythmic gene expression and firing rate. The data is robust, significantly sound, and well controlled. The conclusion is well stated. Additional comments This is a very well written little gem of a study. know that novelty is not an issue with this journal, the findings are robust and impactful. Both the text and figures are clear. I would recommend that the authors dial down the set-up. There is some body of work (including that of the authors) exploring the links between clock gene expression and neural activity. So the relationship is not "unknown" but definitely an area where more work is required. I would ask that authors to acknowledge and briefly discuss how these results stand in contrast to the in vivo analysis of the Per1 mutants that show normal rhythms in wheel running behavior and SCN neural activity rhythms (Pendergast et al. , 2009; Takasu et al. , 2013). I agree with the authors conclusion that this work suggest that Per1 plays a unique, non-redundant role in phasing gene expression and firing rate rhythms in SCN neurons. Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · May 10, 2016 Basic reporting This is a very clearly written manuscript that is easily follow and read. The background to the problem under investigation is succinctly accounted for in the Introduction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: They study secondary data from the World Bank’s website with structural equation models, concluding that the use of renewable energy will improve environmental sustainability and the creation of a better national image. The promotion of sustainable economic growth should be based on adequate planning that formulates policies in line with sustainability. Indeed, environmental policies and sustainable development have been the priority axes in literature reviews and existing theoretical models relating green logistics and the economy to environmental sustainability and general social factors. This has been pointed out by in their research. Measuring the impact of renewable energy, public health expenditure, logistics, and environmental performance on sustainable economic growth [12]. In this case, future research trends will have to be redirected to the micro-level, which means local and precise levels. Within the same context, the relationship between tourism and globalisation in environmental degradation is investigated in China [13], where a quantum distributed delay model is used. They show that economic growth stimulates environmental degradation and suggest a comprehensive policy framework that could achieve Goal No. 7 (Affordable and clean energy), No. 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and No. 13 (Climate Action). Reorientation of policies to ensure sustainable development appears to be diffuse in the existing literature, if not entirely absent. The transportation and accommodation associated with tourism has an impact on carbon emissions and is an issue that must be addressed by reducing environmental degradation, promoting renewable energy, boosting tourism, and creating employment opportunities in both the public and private sectors. Technologies should not replace all manual labour. From this point, a new perspective towards ecotourism, with all its variants, is opened, and serves as a general platform for the proper running of these policies. Alongside this, the quantum auto-regressive distributed delay model (QARDL) [14] is being studied in Malaysia, in order to analyse the impact of economic growth, tourism, transport and globalisation on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results of this study suggest that ecotourism is beneficial for economic growth in underdeveloped areas, in favour of protection and development. The long-term vision is that governments should encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve green development of both tourism and the economy. All in all, the aim is to promote green consumption through policies and the ethical consideration between the local communities, the relevant agencies and the tourists.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: For example, the 80,700 MW combined installed capacity in the first line of Table 2 would substitute approximately 14,000 MW of coal-fired units. Because of the low energy generation capacity factors (approximately 36% for wind and 22% for solar) the substitution of fossil fueled units with renewable units does not happen on one-to-one basis of rated capacity. The additional installed capacity together with the installation costs of the storage systems would add to the price of electricity and will, eventually, be passed to the consumers. Addition of glance at Table 2 proves that the required storage capacity and the combined wind and solar power installations are very high and this would require substantial capital investment. A viable method to significantly decrease the installed renewable power and the storage capacity is to increase the energy generation contribution of nuclear power within the ERCOT grid by constructing new nuclear power plants, which do not emit CO2. Since the nuclear power plants are base-load units, effectively the construction of more nuclear reactors would balance the decommissioning of the coal power plants – also base-load units. Table 3 shows some of the results for the substitution of all fossil fuel power plants with wind and solar renewable sources when the installed nuclear capacity is 4,985 MW (the current capacity); 9,970 MW (twice the current capacity); and 19,940 MW (four times the current capacity). Table 3. Additional renewable power needs and storage capacity when the nuclear capacity is doubled and quadrupled capacity, m3 Minimum energy lost at 4,985 MW nuclear capacity 43,500 85,800 41,676,000 With 100% wind power and 4,985 MW nuclear capacity 0 119,300 54,595,000 Minimum energy lost at 9,970 MW nuclear capacity 38,000 74,800 34,480,000 With 100% wind power and 9,970 MW nuclear capacity 0 102,200 51,294,000 Minimum energy lost at 19,940 MW nuclear capacity 32,200 49,500 24,887,000 With 100% wind power and 19,940 MW nuclear capacity 0 72,700 44,678,000 It is observed in Table 3 that both the storage requirements and the renewables installed capacity decrease significantly when the nuclear units are increased. Because the nuclear power plants are base-load plants, the additional nuclear capacity is significantly lower than the capacity of the renewable sources they would substitute.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is an impressive amount of work in this study—the authors are to be commended for this as these are not easy experiments. On the face of it, this seems a fairly straightforward outcome (for daytime recordings), however, there are some significant limitations that I think the authors need to acknowledge and expand on. i) In the SCN, the dGFP construct is not as widely expressed as other reporters of the molecular clock, such as PER2::LUC. This suggests then that this construct under reports the numbers of ‘clock cells’ and that expression of dGFP has no bearing on the circadian pattern of firing for some neurons. This makes it difficult to state with absolute confidence that raised dGFP expression=increased firing rate (nb: dGFP-ve SCN neurons also increase their firing rate during the day and reduce it at night). Similarly, at night, dGFP expression is very low and this makes it difficult to distinguish dGFP+ve and –ve neurons. Also, at this time, SCN neurons can be silent (see work from Meijer lab) and not firing action potentials so the precise relationship is more complex than daytime relationship would indicate. The authors need to consider these limitations in the Discussion section. ii) Mice lacking Per1 are behaviorally rhythmic (Cermakian et al. , 2001) so it is unclear how the relationship between dGFP and SCN firing rate has been so overtly altered in these mice. This needs to be better explained. iii) The relationship between neuronal activity and dGFP is also complicated for the early day when firing rate increases but dGFP does not. What happens to the relationship if the 24h cycle is analyzed in 4 or 6h segments? iv) Have authors tried other markers of neuronal activity such as intracellular Ca2+? Inclusion of additional measures (assuming they has a similar trajectory) such as Ca2+ would strengthen their dataset. v) Panels 1a, 2a, and 3a should be adjusted--there is no data post 24h so there is no cosine to fit. Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)".

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Such a mechanism will ensure responsibility in the behaviours towards the natural environment of the tourist destinations of the country. Finally, the last Asian country listed in Table 3, Thailand [15], analyses all the elements mentioned in the previous research, adding the negative influence of high crime levels on tourism. It concludes the only solution to protect the tourism industry involves clean energy promotion by the government, and the application of biofuel use in the transport sectors to improve environmental sustainability. Spain represents one of the developed economies in Europe with the most remarkable natural and cultural heritage. Destinations are consolidated and there are tourist policies in most established destinations, together with promotion for recovery and not extinction. One of the most significant activities corresponds to wilderness tourism, which usually begins to thrive after all stages of general tourism development, in an effort to satisfy a desire for outdoor recreation and appreciation of nature in large areas. It is related to development and sustainable tourism, so it refers to natural habitats and its biodiversity. In this context, natural parks, conservation areas, ecotourism, agricultural tourism, the rural environment and the involvement of the communities in the area of implementation are incredibly important [25]. This is why three consolidated projects have been chosen, projects of three national parks in Spain out of fifteen that are today included in the list [26]. Figure 1 presents a panoramic view of Park (Huesca, Spain) [16]. In the visitor’s guide, there is a map showing the location of the park in the north of the peninsula, located in the heart of the Pyrenees in the autonomous community of Aragon. A media guide (with pictures of the landscapes) can also be found. In the fact sheet of the informative brochure, there are useful addresses and recommendations for visiting and appreciating this park. The sheet also highlights that the place has been designated as a Site, by and that it has also been awarded the by the Council of Europe. There is accurate information about cultural aspects (customs and traditions), flora, fauna, and information about relevant visitor centres and information points. National Park, there is a plan for the recovery of bearded vultures and for the tracking of the chamois. It’s working towards improving the quality of visits, reducing the impact created of vehicles and permitting access to the park at any time during the fixed opening times. This has been known as the Plan in the since 1998. Figure 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: On the opposite end of power generation, several studies that calculate the cost of electricity from coal and natural gas include a cost of carbon abatement or the cost for carbon capture and sequestration, environmental costs for the cleanup of CO2, and other pollution products (Lazard, 2016). Since, at least at the present time, these costs are not born by the electricity generation corporations in any form, they will not be considered in this study. The average retail price of electric energy paid by the residential sector in the ERCOT region in 2019 is $0. 108/kWh including all applicable taxes (tcap, 2018). Of this, approximately $0. 05/kWh accounts for the energy transmission cost, which is born by the consumers. The prices for the commercial and industrial sectors are significantly lower, with the average of all sectors being $0. 086/kWh (tcap, 2018). Because the ERCOT region is “deregulated,” several competing corporations offer their own plans to residential customers. The retail prices in these plans depend on the specific area, where electricity is consumed: in the Houston area the retail residential prices are in the range $0. 089-$0. 150, while in the Dallas-Metroplex the retail residential prices are in the $0. 079-$0. 140 range (tcap, 2018). These residential prices are lower than the average USA electricity prices and significantly lower than the retail residential prices in most of the industrialized countries in the world (Agency, 2019). The low electricity prices have helped residents afford a/c systems that are now necessary in all households and businesses. A glance at the previous sections proves that the substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewables will entail the following expenses, which in a market economy would be passed to the consumers: Cost of construction of the renewable installations (e. g. wind and solar farms). As it becomes apparent from Tables 2 and 3, the installed capacity of renewables is 3-5 times higher than the capacity of the units they substitute. Cost of the energy storage systems and of the energy lost in the storage-regeneration process. Several sources of the life-cycle costs of energy storage systems were assessed and compared in Zakeri and Syri (2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 3 · May 20, 2016 Basic reporting 1) The introduction is missing information about the behavioral phenotypes that have been previously reported in the Per1-/- and Per2-/- mice as well as the previously reported effects on circadian gene expression rhythms in these mice. This is important to understand the potential implications of the results presented, in the context of behavior and the previously published data. Experimental design 1) The source of the Per1::GFP, Per1-/- and Per2-/- mice should be stated and the 227. The authors should provide data or a reference to support this statement. 2) On line 204, the authors state that there is "a statistical trend towards rhythmicity". How was this statistical trend determined? 3) The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that knocking out Per1 or Per2 does not affect the molecular or the firing rhythmicity of the cells. This is consistent with previous reports and should be mentioned in the discussion. 4) Previous studies have demonstrated that Per1-/- and Per2-/- are both behaviorally arrhythmic. Interestingly, the results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that the phase relationship between the molecular and the electrical rhythms is only altered in Per1-/- mice. An interpretation of the results presented in this manuscript in the context of the previously published work and how it fits into the broader field of knowledge should be included. 5) On line 252, the authors discussed the models that have been proposed regarding the relationship between the molecular clock and the firing rates and how their new data fit into these models. An important conclusion that is missing in their discussion, though, is that in spite of the results from previous optogenetic experiments demonstrating that optogenetic manipulation can reset the molecular clockwork, the results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that firing rhythms are not sufficient to maintain the molecular clock. Cite this review as (2016) #3 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Apr 20, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The park management team also organises activities for students, with the purpose of teaching them about nature and culture and to introduce them to the park’s flora and fauna, cultural and historical values, agricultural activities, restoration of native crops, fishery, scientific activities and environmental volunteering. In the media guide, wonderful pictures of natural landscapes are shown, with unique volcanoes that make this a valuable and a high-quality tourist visit. Projects with proposals are another kind of case report, classified as intermediate level, so that in the future the eco-tourism destinations can become consolidated projects. The continental salt pans in Andalusia, Spain [19] have tourist and educational potential as they are a specific type of wetland, inland salt pans. They are an industrial heritage site in danger of extinction, and could be reused as a tourist, cultural and educational destination. They could also help revive the economy of this area located in the heart of Andalusia, which has a promising range of architectural heritage, landscapes and nature, although it’s now practically abandoned. The proposal formulated in this research will contribute to the preservation of this land heritage and help spread knowledge through the protection of the cultural, educational and tourist product. There is still a need for institutional support, for professionals that can implement the plan and for the opinion of people living in the area. Some matters need to be discussed, such as, what the tourist-educational tours will consist of, a survey on the economic, environmental and social impact during the development of the plan, if there is territorial and inter-administrative cooperation, and what limitations need to put in place so as to avoid causing irreversible damage to the area. Finally, the Research to propose projects for a tourism product is the last case in Europe (Spain), and deals with cultural landscapes (target images) as a tourism product. Spain [20, 21]. The opportunities that the landscapes offer, especially the cultural landscapes, are likely to become a tourism product by means of sustainable planning and management. It applies to visitors and tourists that are mainly interested in historical towns and want to extend their stay in these destinations. The landscape is an integrated whole which presents the geographical facts on the earth’s surface and includes physical features and elements created by humans, where the natural and cultural dimension can jointly be observed [27]. The panoramic and urban settings together make up the cultural landscapes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: ” A projection of the expected increase of electricity prices to other nations, also leads to the conclusion that, with a fully renewable energy economy, it will become more expensive for citizens of less affluent nations to enjoy the fruits of a/c at home and higher mechanization at work. As a consequence, the goal of reducing poverty in all its forms may suffer. An additional effect on the economy of nations is that, as a result of the reduction of the disposable income of a large fraction of the population, other economic sectors will suffer and national economies as a whole will shrink (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2009). The higher prices of electricity may lead to a reduction of its demand, which would partly alleviate increased prices. If prices increase significantly, the demand by the consumers may decrease. However, one must take into account that, for most citizens, electricity is a necessity and its price elasticity is very low. Most energy-saving projects – e. g. increasing the buildings’ insulation and installation of more efficient a/c systems – are capital intensive and are not readily affordable by citizens in the lower income brackets. As societies move toward a “greener” mix for the production of electricity, they must ensure that low-interest loans and other subsidies become available to low-income homeowners for energy conservation measures. The correlation of higher electricity prices and income inequality is similar to the effect of a carbon tax on the incomes of the citizens. Two recent studies (Goulder et al. , 2019; Williams III et al. , 2015) determined the effects of a carbon tax on the incomes of USA citizens in five income categories when all the tax is returned (recycled) to the citizenry: as lump-sum payments to the lower incomes; as capital tax relief; and as labor tax relief. Table 4 shows these effects for the five income quintiles (Williams et al. , 2015) with the 1st quintile being at the lowest income. Table 4. Effect of a carbon tax with three kinds of tax recycling in the USA ( Williams III et al. , 2015) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Lump-3. 36 1. 29 0. 3 -0. 46 -1. 93 Rebate -0. 87 -0. 73 -0. 57 -0. 43 0. 14 Rebate -0. 28 -0. 15 -0. 18 -0. 21 -0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Moreover, effects of inputs from other brain areas on the SCN and how the clock genes respond to them are totally unknown. In vivo monitoring of clock gene expression in the SCN of freely moving animals may solve these questions and reveal relationships between clock gene expressions in the SCN and its outputs. Despite one pioneering study in which circadian rhythms in clock gene expression were monitored in vivo using a bioluminescence gene reporter7, we are still ignorant of the clock gene dynamics in the intact SCN of freely moving animals. By employing a highly sensitive bioluminescence recorder, we have overcome technical barriers that have slowed progress in the SCN in vivo. ResultsMeasurement of bioluminescence from the SCN of freely moving miceIn the present study, several technical improvements were made to enable bioluminescence recordings of the SCN in freely moving mice (Fig. 1, S1). First, cooling the photomultiplier tube (PMT) in the photon counting devise (In vivo Kronos, Atto) to 10 °C reduced dark counts and consequently increased the signal to noise ratio. Background noise was reduced from 834. 2 ± 91. 0 to 36. 2 ± 6. 5 counts/min (mean ± SD) and became stable (S1). In addition, a convex lens (Plano-Convex lens, #45-081, Edmond) between the optical fiber and PMT optimized the detection area and increased signal strength by ca 40%. Second, the substrate luciferin was delivered to the SCN via an osmotic pump implanted in the body, instead of perfusing it through the lateral ventricle7. Third, to ensure that the mice could move freely, a long (3 m) plastic optical fiber was employed in order to reduce fiber torque. These improvements all together enabled us to monitor bioluminescence in the SCN of freely moving mice up to 3 weeks (S1e). Figure 1Circadian rhythms in clock gene bioluminescence from the SCN and in behavior in freely moving mice(a) Typical examples of Per1-luc (blue), PER2::LUC (red) and Bmal1-ELuc (green) rhythms in the SCN in vivo (upper) and ex vivo (lower).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: 205-Take guided tours of the different viewpoint of the town, from outside and inside. 4. 015Activities of the cultural tourist during their stay in the cultural townsMode-Views of the whole city and its interiors. 4. 455-Visiting monuments. 4. 385-Interacting with people from the town. 4. 215-Viewing natural landscapes. 4. 045-Atmosphere of streets and public squares. 4. 015Table 4. Interests of the cultural tourist and activities during the visit to historical towns. Source: own elaboration [20. ]Our last block in Table 3 relates to countries with developing economies, natural and cultural attractions, and activities determined by sustainable tourism. In most cases, their destinations are unspoiled/developing, with tourism projects based on sustainability, three of which have been selected: eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22], the eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23] and finally, the Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24]. eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22] is a programme intended to improve competitiveness of the tourism sector on the eco-cultural route comprising Chachapoyas, Levanto, del Maino and Magdalena (Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza en Amazonas). This circuit offers 9 attractions and 7 activities, including trekking, horse riding, rural community-based tourism, ecotourism, archaeology, camping and cycling. All of this complies with sustainable fair and conservational tourism, which offers nature, culture, adventure and experiences. Tourists want to get involved, enjoy new experiences, feel connected and be a part of the conservation process of the places they visit. This experience forms part of their personal growth. This region, where the Incas once lived, has a vast biological and cultural diversity, magnificent waterfalls and valleys, private conservation areas, native species that are unique in the world and mysterious pre-Inca archaeological ruins. Among the tourist resources this area has, there are picturesque places such as natural viewpoints, Lopsol Forest, Purur river, Pumaurco viewpoint, Convento cave, Tusa bridge, Camino Prehispánico [pre-Columbian road] and endless abandoned archaeological sites that are under no conservation programme.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 45 It is observed in Table 4 that if the carbon tax is not recycled back to the citizenry with direct payments to the lowest incomes, the increase of the energy prices will have a significant and negative effect on the lower income citizens. The same conclusion was reached in Goulder et al. (2019), whose authors determined that anything other than lump-sum rebates to the lower income citizens would constitute a regressive taxation. Clearly, the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables or a carbon avoidance tax, which is designed to promote the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables, must be accompanied by public policy measures that would protect the incomes and the lifestyles of the poorer citizens in a society. substitution of coal and natural gas electric power plants with renewable energy is desirable for the avoidance of GCC. However, and because solar energy is periodically variable and wind power is intermittent, this substitution will not be realized without the development of infrastructure for the storage of energy. The substitution of, firstly coal and, secondly, natural gas from the electricity production mix in the ERCOT electricity grid is feasible as an engineering project, but entails the installation of significantly higher wind and PV capacity; high energy storage capacity; and significant energy losses in the storage-recovery process. Given the terrain of the region, hydrogen storage is the most suitable energy storage method, with hydrogen produced by electrolysis, stored locally in tanks and converted to electricity with fuel cells. The addition of more nuclear capacity is beneficial because it reduces significantly the requirements for storage and the additional installed capacity. The installation of significantly higher generating capacity, the development of energy storage systems, and the thermodynamic irreversibilities associated with the energy storage and recovery processes, are very likely to increase significantly the price of electricity for the consumers. This is an undesirable outcome that affects disproportionately the less affluent members of the society and is incongruent with the goals to reduce poverty and reduce inequalities. It would be advisable that attention be given to this undesirable outcome by governments, which may adopt public policies, price structures, and subsidies that that would make electricity affordable for all. research was partly supported by the Chair of Engineering at TCU. Hydroelectric power plants may be used either as base-load or intermediate-load units. ↩ ERCOT is the Council of Texas, which manages the production and distribution of electric power and supplies electric power to 92% of the State’s residents.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1, Fig. 2, S1, Figure S2). Histological examination revealed that the tip of an implanted optical fiber was located at the dorsal border of the SCN in most cases and was found within the dorsal part of the SCN in the rest of cases (S1c). Figure 2Episodic bursts of reporter bioluminescence and activity bouts in vivo(a, d, g) Representative episodic fluctuations of reporter bioluminescence (colored traces) and simultaneously measured activity bouts (black traces) in freely moving mice for 5 consecutive days (a, Per1-luc; d, PER2::LUC; g, Bmal1-ELuc). Raw data (non-deterended, non-smoothed) are plotted in 5 min bins. (b, eh) Wavelet spectrum is illustrated for episodic bursts of bioluminescence (upper) and for activity bout (lower) in the ultradian range (0-12 h). The intensity of rhythm at a particular period was expressed with different colors. Dark red indicates the intensity larger than 1. 5 time of the individual mean peak level of bioluminescence burst (Fig. 4). Intensities below this level are expressed by different colors down to dark blue. (c, f, i) Chi square periodograms in the circadian (upper) and ultradian ranges (lower) are illustrated for bioluminescence (left) and behavior activity (right) in each clock gene with the same colors as in the actogram. An oblique line in each periodogram represents a significance level (p < 0. 05). Full size imageThe bioluminescence detected by the fiber originated mainly from the dorsal area of the SCN, because only 30% (Bmal1-ELuc) to 50% (Per1-luc, PER2::LUC) of bioluminescence emitted from the ventral area of the SCN was estimated to reach the optical fiber8. The difference between the clock gene reporters is due to the wavelength of lights emitted by the reporters (561 nm vs. 630 nm). The spatial distribution profiles of bioluminescence intensity were obtained using data from cultured coronal slices of the SCN prepared from the same clock gene reporter mice (S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The circuit would require planning that fosters social, economic and cultural integration, and that enhances integrating, progressive, unifying and sustainable tourism. For this plan to be implemented joint work is necessary. It is recommended that local and regional governments opt for innovative tourism projects, placing value on the archaeological resources they have. The eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23], It is also included in the strategy for sustainable development, in which many environmental, sociocultural and economic criteria converge with quality, continuity and balance. Here, eco-cultural tourism is trying to establish itself, together with the opportunities offered by local economies, for example, adventure travel, agricultural tourism, observation of flora and fauna, birdwatching, scientific tourism, potholing and cultural tourism. It should be noted that the negative and destructive effects resulting from the massive and uncontrolled use of cultural goods and the surrounding landscapes cannot be ignored or minimised. Long-term political decisions making is key. Ultimately, the tourism project evaluates the archaeological historic heritage and its rehabilitation, local craftsmen, market studies, technical-economic evaluation, financial studies and the environmental impact evaluation. The Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24] falls under responsible tourism in a natural area, and belongs to a poor area within the tourist market, where the indigenous community interferes to avoid, among other things, the disappearance of their community. It is located in the valley of the Tuichi river along the banks of the Chalalán lagoon, and consists of the creation of a series of rustic huts around it. The indigenous community of San José de Uchupiamonas is in a complicated situation, specifically because of its involvement in safeguarding its identity and its culture. In order to avoid its disappearance, they use an alternative economy to enable economic viability and attract visitor flows so as to reactivate the tourist destination at different levels and improve living conditions. They make use of solar energy through panels, and the use of batteries for flashlights and fossil fuels is kept to a minimum. They offer programmes to learn to experience the tropical forest, bird watching, canoe rides, swimming, bathing in the lagoon, observation of the flora and fauna, vegetarian cooking, conference rooms, etc. It’s experience tourism that is based on authenticity, community development and economic activity, all performed in harmony with a tourist activity directed towards the local community, whose main purpose is survival.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Just as coal and steam had taken away jobs from low-output, rural handicraft workers two centuries earlier, oil and diesel made coal workers redundant, their labor-intensive output no longer required. The transition would engulf Britain, pitting the power of technology and capital against long-standing working communities, emboldening the prime minister of the day and the trade-union leader Arthur Scargill, who battled over ongoing pit closures. Coal mining was dying in the very place it had begun as Ewan MacColl sang in “Come all ye Gallant Colliers” (sung to the tune of Morrissey and the Russian Sailor):Come all ye gallant colliers and listen to me taleHow they closed the in Aberdale, South WalesIt was in 1842 that coal there was first wonShe’s yielded 40 million tons but now her days are done By contrast, coal remained a thriving industry in the – even into the twenty-first century, the lust for abundant, cheap energy unabated. Prior to 1812, the USA imported most of its coal from Britain, but after the War of 1812 deposits were mined in the plentiful seams of the Appalachian Mountains, comprising parts of six eastern states (Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). After the Civil War, coal production grew rapidly – almost 10-fold in 30 years – especially needed for steam engines on trains as coal replaced wood toward the end of the nineteenth century. States grew rapidly, building more energy-intensive infrastructure to secure its vast, ever-expanding borders. As in Britain, coal brought many health and safety problems, as well as conflicts between workers and owners. From 1877 to 1879, labor unrest in Pennsylvania led to the hanging of 20 supposed saboteurs known as the Molly Maguires, who sought better conditions and basic workers’ rights. In 1920, after attempting to organize as part of the Workers of America (UMWA) union in the company coal town of Matewan, West Virginia, miners were repeatedly manhandled by private guards leading to a shoot-out on the main street and 10 deaths. With an abundant and inexpensive resource, dug out of remote mountainous regions, lawlessness prevailed; even the wives of injured miners were forced into prostitution to cover their husbands’ down time. 54 Disputes continued well into the twentieth century as profits were valued above health, safety, and security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Ultradian rhythms were also detected in behavior activity by Chi square periodogram in all mice examined (4. 7 ± 0. 2 h, n = 8, Per1-luc; 3. 7 ± 0. 9 h, n = 3, PER2::LUC; 4. 6 ± 1. 1 h, n = 7, Bmal1-ELuc) and the periods were slightly but significantly longer than those observed in clock genes (p < 0. 01, Per1-luc; p < 0. 05, PER2::LUC; p < 0. 05, Bmal1-ELuc, one-way repeated measure ANOVA). The frequency and size of episodic bursts were examined to characterize episodic bursts of clock gene reporters. Episodic bursts occurred either sporadically or sequentially. In the latter case, bursts overlapped, leading a stepwise increase in bioluminescence that lasted up to several hours. Since most sporadic episodes persisted for approximately one hour, episodic bursts of less than 2 h duration were used for further analyses. A total of 691 episodic bursts were detected during the first 5 circadian cycles under DD for all mice (Per1-luc, n = 342; PER2::LUC, n = 106; Bmal1-ELuc, n = 243). The mean number of episodic bursts per mouse was 42. 8 ± 10. 8/5 cycles for Per1-luc, 35. 3 ± 20. 7/5 cycles for PER2::LUC and 34. 7 ± 8. 0/5 cycles for Bmal1-ELuc. The mean duration of episodic burst was 70. 5 ± 7. 5 min for Per1-luc, 85. 0 ± 5. 0 min for PER2::LUC and 75. 5 ± 9. 5 min for Bmal1-ELuc, respectively. The frequency and the size of episodic burst depended on the circadian phase of respective reporter genes (Fig. 3). The size of episode was expressed as an area under the curve (AUC). AUC was calculated by summing bioluminescence above the baseline.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Advertisement 4. ConclusionsEco-cultural tourism is aimed at meeting the needs and problems that traditional and/or conventional tourism has set aside during its development phase and economic success. It is a central core piece around which alternative forms of tourism will develop, and acts as a counterweight in the resolution of the imbalances and inequalities created. It’s returning to the original form of tourism, a beginning ex novo but with the acquired experience and knowledge and the tracks left in the natural and urban cultural areas. In reality, it is the antithesis of mass tourism in the globalisation era and the digitalised world, which aims to preserve, protect and restore damaged or even irreversible areas, as well as to maintain the few spaces still untouched by humans and experience the impulses that have always motivated people on their journeys throughout history. The first steps of eco-cultural tourism are found in the ecotourism which was born out of the in 2012 to eradicate poverty—with the participation of the locals—, protect the environment and incorporate sustainable development. The 80s showed remarkable economic benefits in areas such as natural tourism, and comes together at different points with sustainable tourism and community tourism. Dangi and Jamal [30] carefully examined the chronology of sustainable community tourism, which resulted in the existence of integration approaches at a local-global level with community development. They also determined that good governance, guided by clearly defined ethical principles and justice, closed the local-global gap and guided the development and management of tourism. These new improvements, along with the demands of the modern tourist, have led to ecotourism consolidating itself as eco-cultural tourism, which promotes sociocultural and traditional values, environmental awareness, and benefits to rural and urban communities. Additionally, it opens up possibilities to develop economies at various levels for public and private enterprises, and offers the enjoyment of a unique high-quality experience. The responses given to climate change issues and the imbalances from economic globalisation are made possible through the planning of local sustainable development, comprising all tourism sectors involved in the creation of a Tourism Project, an and the Evaluation of the structured project. The methodology used in the study of eco-cultural tourism, uses the global and local levels of tourist destinations located in countries with emerging economies (Asia: China, Malaysia, Thailand), developed countries (Europe: Spain) and developing nations (South America: Peru, Argentina, Bolivia).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Prior to I, Britain had astoundingly supplied two-thirds of the world’s coal, but unregulated profits, lowered living standards, and blind loyalty to a national cause was unsustainable. Today, China generates more than half and India and the about 10% each, burning roughly three-quarters of an 8. 5 billion ton annual production (Table 1. 2). Coal is available in vast quantities with deposits in over 75 countries with enough reserves to last 100 years at current rates, generating electricity from over 6,000 units worldwide. Despite what may appear to be the dying days of coal, the original fuel still accounts for almost 40% of globally produced electric power. What’s more, even if the percentage of coal power were to decrease from 40% to 25% in the next two decades as has been called for to limit global warming to under 1. 5°C, more coal will still be burnt if production increases as predicted by 2% per year. 58 Coal is also burned to produce the high temperatures to smelt steel, make cement, and produce coal-to-liquid fuel. Any proposed “phase down” let alone “phase out” won’t happen easily or without a fight. ***Table 1. 2 Global coal-fired power plants by country: number, power, CO2 emissions, 2022 (*>30 MW) #CountryNumber*Power (GW)%CO2 (Gtons/year)%1China1,1181,07452. 04. 749. 72India28523311. 31. 011. 13United States22521810. 51. 111. 34Japan92512. 40. 22. 55South Africa19442. 10. 22. 26Indonesia87412. 00. 22. 07Russia71401. 90. 22. 38South Korea23381. 80. 21. 79Germany63381. 80. 21. 910Poland44301. 50. 21. 7Rest of world26126112. 61. 33. 6Total2,4392,067100. 09. 4100. 0Source: “Summary Tables: By Country,” 2022. are five coal types, generally ranked by age, based on the percentage of carbon and thus energy content or “calorific value. ” From lowest to highest rank: peat, lignite (a. k. a.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Both the number of episode and AUC of Per1-luc were largest in the late subjective day (CT6-CT12), those of PER2::LUC were in the early subjective night (CT12-CT18) and of Bmal1-ELuc in the early subjective day (CT0-CT6), respectively (p < 0. 05, one-way repeated measure ANOVA), where CT12 was defined as the onset of behavior activity in terms of circadian time (CT) which was a time unit divided by a circadian period. The mean interval from the initial trough of a burst to the episodic peak was 25 min, irrespective of reporter gene (Fig. 4). Figure 3Dependency of episodic bursts and activity bouts on circadian rhythmDependence of the number (upper panels) and size (AUC) of bioluminescence bursts (middle panels) as well as the number of activity bouts (lower panels) on the circadian phase of the respective clock gene. The circadian phase was divided into 4 phases based on CT (CT0-6, early subjective day; CT6-12, late subjective day; CT12-18, early subjective night; CT18-24, late subjective night). Blue, red and green columns with a vertical bar (mean ± SD) indicate the results of Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc reporter, respectively. Gray and black bars at the bottom of the panels indicate the subjective day and night. Asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant difference between the values in different phases (p < 0. 05, one-way repeated measure ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey-Kramer). Full size imageFigure 4Stoichiometric relations between episodic burst of bioluminescence and activity bout(a) Temporal relations between the mean activity bout and accompanying bioluminescence (behavior bout reference) are illustrated for each clock gene reporter. (b) Temporal relations between the mean episodic burst of bioluminescence and accompanying behavior activity (bioluminescence episodic reference) are illustrated for each clock gene reporter. The mean values were obtained by adjusting individual times of initial trough or of 0 counts. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Full size imageAn episodic burst of bioluminescence was often accompanied by a bout of behavior activity (activity bout).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: This highlights the need for a local level planning, which is endorsed by all tourism agents and has an accessible economic and environmental load capacity and balance. Promoting planned tourist areas will be possible with the support of government policies, aimed at progressively implementing clean energies, promoting the growth of undeveloped areas and including citizens in the evolution of tourism economies. Our initial hypothesis is confirmed and the path towards the logistic change of sustainable development is aimed at the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. declarationsI give thanks to the InetchOpen editorial for inviting me to participate write a book, directed and supervised by Rehman Khan, on tourism that reflects the current situation of the sector in today’s world and during this period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. 1. Naciones Unidas. El ecoturismo como elemento clave para erradicar la pobreza y proteger el medioambiente. Asamblea general de las Naciones Unidas. PRNo: PR13001. 2012. Available at: https//www. unwto. org/es/archive/press-release/2013-01-09/asamblea-general-de-las-naciones-unidas-el-ecoturismo-como elemento-clave-p2. Báez A, Acuña A. Guía para las mejores prácticas de ecoturismo en áreas protegidas. Comisión Nacional para el desarrollo de los pueblos indígenas. México CDI, 2003, pg. 1593. GM. Ecoturismo instrumento de Desarrollo sostenible [Tesis] Medellín: Universidad de Antioquía; 20064. Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Agenda para planificadores locales. Turismo sostenible y gestión municipal. Publicación de Turismo y medioambiente. Edición para América Latina y el 19995. Academic. Modelo FAS de la Organización Mundial del Turismo. Wikipedia Español; 2000. Available at: Martínez Quintana V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, 40,000 jobs have been shed in the past decade as the American coal industry declines because of higher costs, worsening pollution, and cheaper, cleaner alternatives despite attempts by some to reinvent a past glory or claim a supposed “war on coal. ”Since its peak in 2007, US coal production has dropped almost 50%, while more coal plants were retired in the first two years of the Trump administration than in the first four years of his predecessor. 61 Two long-standing coal plants on the south of Pittsburgh were shuttered on the same day in 2013 – the 370-MW Station and 1. 7-GW Hatfield’s Station – undercut by cheaper natural gas and renewables. Just as diesel and natural gas spelled the end of coal in the UK, igniting an intense worker–owner battle, cheap natural gas from fracking has undercut American coal, widening an already fierce political divide. Of course, consumption in the USA is now dwarfed by China, which has remade its economy on the back of coal-fired power, helping to raise hundreds of millions from poverty. Having accelerated the building of power plants since liberalizing state controls in the late 1970s, China now burns more coal than the rest of the world combined (50. 6%), providing more than two-thirds of its domestic energy needs, albeit with poorer emissions standards. Life expectancy in China has been reduced by 5 years because of coal pollution with over one million premature deaths per year compared to 650,000 in India and 25,000 in the USA. 62Unfortunately, coal has dramatically increased air pollution as seen in regular public-health alerts. Pollution levels in some Chinese cities are so unbearable that inhabitants routinely wear masks, don’t eat outdoors, and run air purifiers in their homes. Chinese journalist notes that smokestacks were once considered a sign of progress in a developing China, yet she now worries about the link between air pollution and cancer: “In the past 30 years, the death rate from lung cancer has increased by 465%. ”63 Xiao Lijia, a Chinese electrical engineer who began his career at the second-largest coal plant in northeast of Beijing, adds “It is still a great challenge to improve the surrounding environment. ”64While developing countries continue adding coal power (although at a lesser rate than in the past two decades), many developed countries are cutting back or even phasing out coal in the face of rising global temperatures and increased pollution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: To know whether there is causality between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and activity bouts or not, we examined their temporal as well as stoichiometric relationships. Activity bouts were detected mainly in the subjective night (CT12-CT24) (one-way repeated measure ANOVA, p < 0. 01), irrespective of reporter gene (Fig. 3). Therefore, the peak times of bioluminescence bursts and activity bouts were antiphasic for Bmal1-ELuc and substantially out of phase for Per1-luc. The desynchronized phase relationship between episodic bursts and activity bouts was also revealed by wavelet analysis (Fig. 2, S2). The intensity of ultradian rhythms fluctuated in a circadian fashion in both measures, but the peak intensity was out of phase in Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc. Thus, there was no temporal correlation in the frequency or in the AUC between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and activity bouts at least in Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc. The mean sizes of activity bout and accompanying bioluminescence or of episodic burst and accompanying behavior activity were compared to examine stoichiometric relations between the two measures (Fig. 4). In the activity bout reference, the mean activity bout peaked after 10 min at 17. 1 to 20. 2 counts/5 min. Accompanying bioluminescence started to increase almost simultaneously with an activity bout and peaked in 25 min (Per1, Bmal1) or in 35 min (PER2) on average. However, the peak bioluminescence level was variable (52. 3–112. 0 counts/5 min). By contrast, in the bioluminescence burst reference, the mean episodic burst peaked in 25 min in all gene reporters and the mean peak level was 138–233 counts/5 min, significantly larger than those obtained with the activity bout reference by 2–3 times, irrespective of the clock genes (p < 0. 01, one-way repeated measure ANOVA). On the other hand, the mean peak levels of accompanying behavior activity (3–6 counts/5 min) was approximately one thirds of the peak levels obtained with the activity bout reference and significantly lower than those, irrespective of the clock genes (p < 0. 01, one-way repeated measure ANOVA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: The majority of ecotourism-related terms emerged from English-speaking media [2]: natural tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, alternative tourism, environmental tourism, anthropological tourism, low impact tourism, travel with Mother Nature, adventure travel, jungle tourism, cultural tourism, ecotravel, green tourism, science tourism, soft adventure tourism, bio tourism, ethnic tourism, appropriate tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotripping, socially responsible tourism, ecoventures, nature vacations, wilderness tourism, and ethical travel. As a whole, they are related to responsible, respectful and honest tourism. It’s educational because it offers information before, during and after the trip. It’s interactive because it entails life experiences involving real contact and participation. It’s democratic because the benefits it creates are equally distributed; it encourages the participation of rural communities and supports resource conservation. The growth of ecotourism began in the eighties, notably because of the economic benefits of natural tourism. What is characteristic of ecotourism is that it is a tool for sustainable development [3] and it’s categorised as an activity that mixes the excitement of travelling with caring for the environment. Its main goals are sustainability, preservation and participation of the local community. With the modern tourist’s demands and new trends, ecotourism is moving on to its next stage and is asserting itself as eco-cultural tourism. It binds searching for contact with nature with valuing cultural authenticity, environmental sustainability, new experiences and a higher number of trips with a shorter stay in each place. That is to say, it’s created a symbiosis between natural tourism and cultural tourism, supported by sustainability and limitations on use, by small-scale activities and a high-quality tourism experience. Eco-cultural tourism is a new form of tourism where the main goal is not to generate wealth, expropriate land and exploit resources of inhabitants and countries in order to benefit big companies. It’s established itself within a new concept of tourism, both in socioeconomic terms and as a practical activity, that combines the conservation of natural and cultural sites with economic and recreational benefits through sustainable development, and improves the conditions of the recipient communities. The main motivation is observation, appreciation and contemplation as an experience within the natural and cultural environment.

Output: corroborate