Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Science 1996;271:933–6. 10. 1126/science. 271. 5251. 933Search in 36. . Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols. J Soc 2001;123:8844–50. 10. 1021/ja016424qSearch in 37. Quantum rod bioconjugates as targeted probes for confocal and two-photon fluorescence imaging of cancer cells. Nanolett 2007;7:761–5. 10. 1021/nl063031mSearch in 38. . In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 2002;298:1759–62. 10. 1126/science. 1077194Search in 39. . Quantum dot-based theranostics. Nanoscale 2010;2:60–8. 10. 1039/B9NR00178FSearch in 40. . Development of multifunctional nanop51. 10. 2174/157016309787581066Search in 41. Enhanced intratumoral uptake of quantum dots concealed within hydrogel nanop5102. 10. 1088/0957-4484/19/48/485102Search in 42. . Folate-mediated tumor cell uptake of quantum dots entrapped in lipid nanop34. 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2007. 08. 028Search in 43. Diagaradjane P, Orenstein-Cardona JM, Colón- Imaging epidermal growth factor receptor expression in vivo: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characterization of a bioconjugated quantum dot nanoprobe. Res 2008;14:731–41. 10. 1158/1078-0432. CCR-07-1958Search in 44. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nanolett 2006;6:669–76. 10. 1021/nl052405tSearch in 45. Functionalized near-infrared quantum dots for in vivo tumor vasculature imaging. Nanotechnology 2010;21:145105. 10. 1088/0957-4484/21/14/145105Search in 46. Bioconjugated quantum dots for multiplexed and quantitative immunohistochemistry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Most of the studies (21/23, 91%) did not report blinding of the researcher or participants. A little more than a third (8/23, 35%) of the studies were weak in study design because although they randomized participants, they did not report how they did this. The studies had relatively low withdrawals and dropouts, with a little more than half (12/23, 52%) reporting that ≥80% of the participants completed the studies. Less than half (9/23, 39%) of the studies fully accounted for confounding variables. A little more than half (12/23, 52%) demonstrated that the data collection tools used were reliable and valid. Scores for all sections are provided in Multimedia 3. The main outcomes related to mental well-being reported in the studies were depression, life satisfaction, anxiety, fear of missing out (FOMO), mental well-being, positive affect, negative affect, loneliness, stress, self-esteem, and mindfulness. Depression was the most common outcome that was assessed (10/23, 44%), followed by life satisfaction (9/23, 39%), mental well-being (8/23, 35%), and anxiety (6/23, 26%). The least common outcomes that were assessed were self-esteem (3/23, 13%) and mindfulness (2/23, 9%). Most of the studies (18/23, 78%) investigated >1 mental well-being outcome. More than a third (9/23, 39%) of the studies demonstrated improvements in well-being–related outcomes. Almost one-third (7/23, 30%) of the studies found mixed effects across different well-being–related outcomes [35,41,46,49-51,54], and almost a third (7/23, 30%) found no effect [42,43,45,47,52,53,56]. An overview of the effectiveness of the interventions by outcome is shown in Figure 2. The most improved outcome was depression, with 70% (7/10) of the studies that measured this outcome showing a benefit of the intervention, with large or medium effect sizes being reported [22,38,44,46,48,54,55], whereas 30% (3/10) showed no effect of the intervention [35,52,56].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Finally, the last model (Transformer + dynamic and multi-pass decoding) is able to correct all spelling, word order, and grammar errors but fails to correct one punctuation error, namely the comma in number 8. The good performance of our proposed model showed that it is able to identify and correct errors in Indonesian text. Meanwhile, the failure of our SiaGEC model to correct punctuation errors is not a big problem in Indonesian writing. SiaGEC is still acceptable and more effective than the first baseline model in the given example. Therefore, the proposed SiaGEC model has significant improvements over models from previous work. Table 6: Output of our SiaGEC model in several versions, words in bold refer to incorrect words. Source Indonisya1(s) kepulauan terbesar d2(s) dunia, adalah rumah populasi bagi3(o) yang beragam dengan lebih dari 270 penduduk juta4(o) memiliki warisan budaya yang kya5(s) dan mayoritas muslin6(s) sambil juga memiliki pemandangan yang menajubkan7(s) termasuk,8(p)pantai tropis-tropis9(g)hujan hutan10(o)lebat yang11(g). Target Indonesia, kepulauan terbesar di dunia, adalah rumah bagi populasi yang beragam dengan lebih dari 270 juta penduduk, memiliki warisan budaya yang kaya dan mayoritas Muslim, sambil juga memiliki pemandangan yang menakjubkan, termasuk pantai-pantai tropis dan hutan hujan yang lebat. Translation Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelago, is home to a diverse population of over 270 million people, with a rich cultural heritage and a predominantly Muslim majority, while also boasting breathtaking landscapes, including tropical beaches and dense rainforests. Trans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: 2007;2:1152–65. 10. 1038/nprot. 2007. 107Search in 47. Yezhelyev MV, Al- In situ molecular profiling of breast cancer biomarkers with multicolor quantum dots. 2007;17:3146–51. 10. 1002/adma. 200701983Search in 48. High throughput quantification of protein expression of cancer antigens in tissue microarray using quantum dot nanocrystals. Nanolett 2006;6:2881–6. 10. 1021/nl062111nSearch in 49. ’ Imaging of multiple mRNA targets using quantum dot based in situ hybridization and spectral deconvolution in clinical biopsies. 2006;22:628–36. 10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2006. 07. 122Search in 50. ’connell Semiautomated multiplexed quantum dot-based in situ hybridization and spectral deconvolution. J 2007;9:20–9. 10. 2353/jmoldx. 2007. 060119Search in 51. Reimer P, Tombach B. Abdominal radiology review 204. 10. 1007/s003300050535Search in 52. Monoclonal antibody A7-superparamagnetic iron oxide as contrast agent of MR imaging of rectal carcinoma. Cancer 2005;93:131–6. 10. 1038/sj. bjc. 6602668Search in 53. MR imaging of the her2/neu and 9. 2. 27 tumor antigens using immunospecific contrast agents. Imaging 2004;22:843–50. 10. 1016/j. mri. 2004. 01. 050Search in 54. . UV-enhanced cytotoxicity of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. 2009;188:104–11. 10. 1016/j. toxlet. 2009. 03. 013Search in 55. In vivo MRI detection of gliomas by chlorotoxin-conjugated superparamagnetic nanoprobes. Small 2008;4:372–9. 10. 1002/smll. 200700784Search in 56. Distribution of the folate receptor GP38 in normal and malignant cell lines and tissues. 1992;52:3396–401.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Anxiety was the next most improved outcome, with 50% (3/6) of the studies that assessed this outcome showing significant improvement in anxiety, with medium and large effect sizes being reported [38,39,44]; however, 50% (3/6) reported no effect on anxiety [35,54,56]. FOMO also improved in 50% (2/4) of the studies assessing this outcome, with medium and small effect sizes being reported [36,39], whereas 50% (2/4) found no effect on FOMO [35,54]. Brown and Kuss [36] also explored the effect on FOMO based on gender and identified no significant differences between men and women after the intervention. Mental well-being improved in 38% (3/8) of the studies assessing this outcome, with small, medium, and large effect sizes being reported [36,40,44], whereas 63% (5/8) found no significant improvements in mental well-being [35,42,45,53,54]. Self-esteem improved in 33% (1/3) of the studies assessing this outcome, with a medium effect size being reported [40], but 67% (2/3) found no effect of the intervention on self-esteem [47,54]. The other outcomes showed mixed and some negative results. Loneliness was reduced in 40% (2/5) of the studies that measured this outcome [22,54], whereas 40% (2/5) found no effect [42,51]; however, 1 (20%) of these 5 studies also found that the intervention increased loneliness, with a medium effect size being reported [50]. Mindfulness improved in 1 (50%) of the 2 studies that measured this outcome, with a large effect size being reported [39], but it was found to reduce in another study (1/2, 50%), with a small effect size being reported [35]. Life satisfaction improved in a third (3/9, 33%) of the studies that measured this outcome, with small, medium, and large effect sizes being reported [37,38,48], whereas another third (3/9, 33%) of the studies showed no effect [43,46,52], and 22% (2/9) found full abstinence to be harmful, reducing life satisfaction, with medium effect sizes being reported [50,51].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Indonesia, kepulauan terbesar di dunia, adalah rumah populasi bagi3(o) yang beragam dengan lebih dari 270 penduduk juta4(o) memiliki warisan budaya yang kaya dan mayoritas muslim, sambil juga memiliki pemandangan yang menakjubkan termasuk,8(p)pantai tropis-tropis9(g) dan hujan hutan10(o)lebat yang11(g). Trans. + Dynamic decoding Indonesia, Kepulauan terbesar di dunia, adalah rumah populasi bagi3(o) yang beragam dengan lebih dari 270 juta penduduk, memiliki warisan budaya yang kaya dan mayoritas Muslim, sambil juga memiliki pemandangan yang menakjubkan termasuk,8(p) pantai tropis dan hutan tropis10(o) yang lebat. Trans. + Dynamic decoding + Multi-pass decoding Indonesia, kepulauan terbesar di dunia, adalah rumah bagi populasi yang beragam dengan lebih dari 270 juta penduduk, memiliki warisan budaya yang kaya dan mayoritas Muslim, sambil juga memiliki pemandangan yang menakjubkan termasuk,8(p) pantai tropis dan hutan hujan yang lebat. DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2122/table-6 experiments have yielded promising results and insights, but it is important to acknowledge certain aspects where our findings may not fully capture the complexities of the low-resource GEC. The experiments of this study have been focused on specific configurations, because the performance of machine learning models can be sensitive to hyperparameter choices, further exploration of hyperparameter tuning and sensitivity analysis is warranted to identify optimal settings for various scenarios and datasets. Furthermore, SiaGEC has demonstrated effectiveness in Indonesian GEC, but its generalizability to other languages may vary. Different languages exhibit unique grammatical structures, error patterns, and linguistic challenges.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Search in 57. . Differential regulation of folate receptor isoforms in normal and malignant tissues in vivo and in established cell lines. Cancer 1993;73:2432–43. Search in 58. Harisinghani MG, Weissleder R. Sensitive, noninvasive detection of lymph node metastases. PLoS Medicine 2004;1:e66. 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 0010066Search in 59. . Core-shell silica@chitosan nanop4. 10. 1016/j. carbpol. 2010. 03. 033Search in 60. Xie J, Jon S. Magnetic nanop4. 10. 7150/thno. 4051Search in 61. Nanobubbles from gas-generating polymeric nanop8. 10. 1002/anie. 200903841Search in 62. . Biological effects of nanomaterials and drugs measured by the small-animal SPECT/CT imaging system in vivo. Sin 2010;16:691–701. Search in 63. . A multimodal nanop5. Search in 64. . Dendrimer-based nanoprobe for dual modality magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. Nanolett 2006;6:1459–63. 10. 1021/nl060765qSearch in 65. . “Two is better than one” – probes for dual-modality molecular imaging. 2009;12:3511–24. Search in 66. Controlling assembly of paired gold clusters within apoferritin nanoreactor for in vivo kidney targeting and biomedical imaging. J Soc 2011;133:8617–24. 10. 1021/ja200746pSearch in 67. . Targeting of drugs and nanop68. 10. 1083/jcb. 200910104Search in 68. la Fuente JM, Grazú V, et al. Multifunctional nanocarriers for diagnostics, drug delivery and targeted treatment across blood-brain barrier: perspectives on tracking and neuroimaging. Toxicol 2010;7:3. 10. 1186/1743-8977-7-3Search in 69. Torchilin VP. Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging. AAPS J 2007;9:E128–47. 10. 1208/aapsj0902015Search in 70.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Of these 9 studies, 1 (11%) found mixed effects because a significant improvement in life satisfaction was found for women, with a large effect size being reported, but not for men [41]. For stress, 1 (25%) of the 4 studies that measured this outcome found reductions in stress, with a medium effect size being reported [39], but half (2/4, 50%) of the studies showed no effect of the intervention on stress [50,51], whereas 25% (1/4) showed mixed effects because absolute stress reduced but the relative stress score compared with the score at baseline did not [49]. For negative affect, 1 (20%) of the 5 studies that measured this outcome found that negative affect increased after the intervention, with a small effect size being reported [50], but the other studies (4/5, 80%) showed no effect [41,43,47,51]. Positive affect also did not change after the intervention in most of the studies (4/5, 80%) [43,47,50,51]; however, 20% (1/5) found mixed results because positive affect improved for women, with a small effect size being reported, but not for men [41]. Table 3. Effectiveness of social media use interventions on mental well-being sorted by intervention type. Study, yearOutcomesMeasuresComparison measurementPostintervention-reported values (unless labeled)Effect size (Cohen d) and interpretationMain findingDirection of effectInterventions involving full abstinence from social mediaBrown and Kuss [36], 2020FOMOaMental well-beingdifference between before and after the intervention (SD)−3. 20 (5. 22)d4. 00 (5. 97)d0. 55 (Me)0. 47 (Sf)Significant improvements after the intervention↑gFioravanti et al [41], 2020Life satisfactionPositive affectNegative affectmean difference between IGj and CGk for women and menWomen2. 40l5. 45l−0. 30Men1. 900. 50−2. 25Women0. 81 (Lm)1. 09 (L)0. 04 (Xn)Men0. 36 (S)0. 07 (X)0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Extending SiaGEC to encompass a broader range of languages and language families would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the model’s applicability. Moreover, the evaluations have primarily focused on the technical performance of the models. However, the long-term impact of language correction systems should also consider user experience, user feedback, and potential ethical implications. On the other hand, future research should focus on incorporating real-world data to assess model performance in practical contexts. This can help validate the effectiveness of SiaGEC under more diverse and complex conditions. Furthermore, extending the model’s capabilities to correct errors in multiple languages is an exciting avenue for future research. This involves accommodating variations in linguistic structures and error types across different languages. In addition, investigating the long-term impact, user experience, and ethical implications of language correction systems is crucial. This includes gathering user feedback and addressing any ethical concerns that may arise from automated correction. As well as a more in-depth analysis of specific error types and their correction can provide insights into areas where the model excels and where it requires improvement. 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2122/supp-1 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 0. 2. 0). Zenodo. work is supported by the of in Analysis and Application (No. 2022B1212010011). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2022. One country, 700+ languages: NLP challenges for underrepresented languages and dialects in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the Association for (: long papers). Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. 7226-7249. 2019. The BEA-2019 shared task on grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth workshop on innovative use of NLP for building educational applications. Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. 52-75. 2023. Rule based fuzzy computing approach on self-supervised sentiment polarity classification with word sense disambiguation in machine translation for hindi language. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-22(5):153. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Sumer B, Gao J. Theranostic nanomedicine for cancer. Nanomedicine 2008;3:137–40. 10. 2217/17435889. 3. 2. 137Search in 71. . Nanomaterials for cancer therapy and imaging. 2011;31:295–302. 10. 1007/s10059-011-0051-5Search in 72. . Advances in photodynamic therapy of cancer. 2011;7:234–47. 10. 2174/157339411796234889Search in 73. -P. Targeted therapy of cancer using photodynamic therapy in combination with multi-faceted anti-tumor modalities. Pharmaceuticals 2010;3:1507–29. 10. 3390/ph3051507Search in 74. . Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Today 2010;15:842–50. 10. 1016/j. drudis. 2010. 08. 006Search in 75. émann E. State of the art in the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J B 2002;66:89–106. 10. 1016/S1011-1344(01)00267-6Search in 76. Mai H, Zhang Y. Highly efficient multicolor up-conversion emissions and their mechanisms of monodisperse NaYF4: Yb, Er core and core/shell-structured nanocrystals. J C 2007;111:13721–9. 10. 1021/jp073920dSearch in 77. Auzel F. Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. 2009;104:139–73. 10. 1021/cr020357gSearch in 78. Detection of cell and tissue surface antigens using up-converting phosphors: a new reporter technology. 1999;267:30–6. 10. 1006/abio. 1998. 2965Search in 79. . Highly-sensitive multiplexed in vivo imaging using pegylated upconversion nanop32. 10. 1007/s12274-010-0036-2Search in 80. Laser scanning up-conversion luminescence microscopy for imaging cells labeled with rare-earth nanophosphors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 31 (S)Significantly improved life satisfaction and positive affect for women but not for men in the IG compared with those in the CG↕oHall et al [42], 2019Mental well-beingLonelinessFour items from the SF-36pA short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys [57]Mean (SD)CG4. 79 (1. 31)2. 57 (1. 17)IG4. 81 (1. 31)2. 57 (1. 24)0. 02 (X)0. 00 (X)No significant difference for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↔qHanley et al [43], 2019Life satisfactionPositive affectNegative affectQuality of -18coefficients from multiple regression0. 05−0. 160. 100. 01 (X)0. 32 (S)0. 20 (S)No significant difference for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↔Lambert et al [44], 2022Mental well-beingdepression scaleGAD-7rMean (SD)CG45. 05 (8. 06)6. 95 (4. 45)5. 94 (4. 30)IG55. 93 (7. 65)d4. 84 (3. 89)d3. 88 (3. 84)l1. 38 (L)0. 50 (M)0. 51 (M)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↑Mitev et al [45], 2021Mental well-beingDaily satisfaction question, self-esteem scale, and positive and negative affect scales were combined to create an overall composite score of participants’ well-beingF value and partial eta–squared valueF2,416=0. 11; P=. 89; ηp2=. 0010. 06 (X)No significant difference for the IG compared with the CG↔Mosquera et al [46], 2020Life satisfactionDepressionOne question taken from the question taken from the difference between before and after the intervention (SD)(3. 36)−0. 57 (2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: A neural grammatical error correction system built on better pre-training and sequential transfer learning. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth workshop on innovative use of NLP for building educational applications. Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. 213-227 án. 2020. Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics. Association for Online. 8440-8451 Dahlmeier D, Ng HT. 2012. Better evaluation for grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the 2012 conference of the north american 2023. Statistical machine translation for indic languages. preprint Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K. 2019. BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the 2014. Grammatical error correction using hybrid systems and type filtering. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on computational natural language learning: shared task. Baltimore, Maryland. Association for Computational Linguistics. 15-24. 2018. Fluency boost learning and inference for neural grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the 56th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (: long papers). Melbourne, Australia. Association for Computational Linguistics. 1055-1065 Ghosh I. 2020. Ranked: The 100 most spoken languages around the world. Visual Capitalist. Grundkiewicz R, Junczys-Dowmunt M, Heafield K. 2019. Neural grammatical error correction systems with unsupervised pre-training on synthetic data. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth workshop on innovative use of NLP for building educational applications. Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. 252-263. 2019. LinearFold: linear-time approximate RNA folding by 5’-to-3’dynamic programming and beam search. Bioinformatics 35(14):i295-i304. 2018. Wronging a right: generating better errors to improve grammatical error detection. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Brussels, Belgium. Association for Computational Linguistics. 4977-4983 Kingma DP, Ba J. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: 2009;81:930–5. 10. 1021/ac802072dSearch in 81. Non-blinking and photostable upconverted luminescence from single lanthanide-doped nanocrystals. 2009;106:10917–21. 10. 1073/pnas. 0904792106Search in 82. . Near-infrared light induced in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer based on upconversion nanop54. 10. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 05. 007Search in 83. -L, Guillemin F, Barberi-Heyob M. Nanop21. 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2008. 07. 007Search in 84. . Photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin conjugates with gold nanop7. Search in 85. Ma J, Chen J-Y, Idowu M, Nyokong T. Generation of singlet oxygen via the composites of water-soluble thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines. J B 2008;112:4465–9. 10. 1021/jp711537jSearch in 86. . Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. J Soc 2003;125:15736–7. 10. 1021/ja0386905Search in 87. . Nanop37. 10. 1016/j. addr. 2008. 08. 003Search in 88. . Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanop6. 10. 1016/j. canlet. 2004. 02. 004Search in 89. Liao X, Zhang X. Preparation, characterization and cytotoxicity of carbon nanotube-chitosan-phycocyanin complex. Nanotechnology 2012;23:035101. 10. 1088/0957-4484/23/3/035101Search in 90. . Cancer photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using single-walled carbon nanotubes. J 2009;14:021009. 10. 1117/1. 3078803Search in 91. Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field. Cancer 2007;110:2654–65. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 97)l—tSignificant improvements for the IG compared with the CG for depression but not for life satisfaction↕Przybylski et al [47], 2021Positive affectNegative affectSelf-esteem-(10-item version)Mean (SD)CG2. 78 (0. 78)u1. 71 (0. 69)3. 01 (0. 49)IG2. 72 (0. 81)1. 81 (0. 71)2. 99 (0. 50)0. 08 (X)0. 14 (X)0. 04 (X)No significant difference for the IG compared with the CG↔Tromholt [48], 2016Life satisfactionDepression or emotionLife satisfaction questionnaire developed for the investigationFour items from the CES-Dv and 4 items from PANAS combinedMean (SD)CG7. 74 (1. 43)33. 99 (6. 81)IG8. 11 (1. 23)d36. 21 (6. 09)d0. 37 (S)1. 22 (L)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↑Turel et al [49], 2018Absolute stressRelative stressmeans (95% CI)CG0. 50 (0. 33 to 0. 68)0. 09 (0. 04 to 0. 15)IG0. 72 (0. 62 to 0. 82)l0. 14 (0. 10 to 0. 17)0. 18 (X)0. 13 (X)Significantly reduced absolute stress in the IG but not relative stress compared with the CG↕Vally and D’Souza [50], 2019Life satisfactionPositive affectNegative affectand Scale for AdultsPSSMean (SD)CG5. 16 (1. 14)3. 31 (0. 81)2. 36 (0. 84)3. 08 (1. 13)1. 78 (0. 51)IG4. 37 (1. 26)l3. 34 (0. 63)2. 60 (0. 89)l3. 81 (1. 30)l1. 79 (0. 49)0. 66 (M)0. 04 (X)0. 28 (S)0. 60 (M)0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: A method for stochastic optimization. In: International conference on learning representations (ICLR),vol. 5. San Diego, California. 6. 2020. Liputan6: a large-scale indonesian dataset for text summarization. In: Proceedings of the 1st conference of the asia-pacific 2016. Overview of NLP-TEA 2016 shared task for chinese grammatical error diagnosis. In: Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on natural language processing techniques for educational applications (2016). Osaka, Japan. 2016 Organizing Committee. 40-48. 2022. Residual learning of neural text generation with n-gram language model. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022. Abu Dhabi, Emirates. Association for Computational Linguistics. 1523-1533. 2019. Corpora generation for grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the 2021. A framework for indonesian grammar error correction. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-20(4):57. 2023. A BERT-based unsupervised grammatical error correction framework. preprint. 2016. Agreement on target-bidirectional neural machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2016 conference of the north american 2023. Semi-supervised learning and bidirectional decoding for effective grammar correction in low-resource scenarios. PeerJ 9:e1639 Meyer F, Buys J. 2023. Subword segmental machine translation: unifying segmentation and target sentence generation. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. 2795-2809. 2014. The first QALB shared task on automatic text correction for arabic. In: Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 workshop on arabic natural language processing (ANLP). Doha, Qatar. Association for Computational Linguistics. 39-47. 2022. Automatic correction of indonesian grammatical errors based on transformer. 12(20):10380 Náplava J, Straka M. 2019. Grammatical error correction in low-resource scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 5th workshop on noisy user-generated text (W-NUT 2019). Hong Kong, China.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: 1002/cncr. 23155Search in 92. Thermal ablation of tumor cells with carbon nanotubes. 2008;105:8697–702. 10. 1073/pnas. 0803557105Search in 93. PEG branched polymer for functionalization of nanomaterials with ultralong blood circulation. J Soc 2009;131:4783–7. 10. 1021/ja809086qSearch in 94. ’Agostino R, Olson J, et al. Increased heating efficiency and selective thermal ablation of malignant tissue with DNA-encased multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2009;3:2667–73. 10. 1021/nn900368bSearch in 95. . In vivo near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of. ACS Nano 2009;3:3707–13. 10. 1021/nn900904hSearch in 96. -T, Liu Z. Optimization of surface chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors. Biomaterials 2011;32:144–51. 10. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2010. 08. 096Search in 97. Kam NW, O’. Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. 2005;102:11600–5. 10. 1073/pnas. 0502680102Search in 98. . Multiplexed multicolor Raman imaging of live cells with isotopically modified single walled carbon nanotubes. J Soc 2008;130:13540–1. 10. 1021/ja806242tSearch in 99. . Selective probing and imaging of cells with single walled carbon nanotubes as near-infrared fluorescent molecules. Nanolett 2008;8:586–90. 10. 1021/nl072949qSearch in 100. -T, Liu Z. Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nanolett 2010;10:3318–23. 10. 1021/nl100996uSearch in 101. . Gold nanorods: electrochemical synthesis and optical properties. J B 1997;101:6661–4. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 02 (X)Significantly reduced life satisfaction and increased negative feelings and loneliness for the IG compared with the CG but no difference in positive affect or stress↕Vanman et al [51], 2018Life satisfactionStressPositive affectNegative affectform of the Social and Scale for AdultsMean difference between before and after the intervention (SD)CG1. 85 (4. 97)Means not reported for other outcomesIG−0. 93l (5. 61)Means not reported for other outcomes0. 54 (M)The IG had significantly reduced life satisfaction compared with the CG but no other outcomes were significantly different↕Therapy-based interventionsChen et al [22], 2022DepressionLonelinessCES-D-20xULS-8yMean (SD)CG15. 70 (9. 73)17. 07 (3. 52)IG3. 00 (4. 65)d13. 17 (3. 04)d1. 67 (L)1. 19 (L)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↑Hou et al [40], 2019Self-esteemMental health and well-beingChinese version of the Self-Esteem ScaleQuestionnaire developed from GHQ-30zMean (SD)CG28. 35 (3. 81)12. 35 (4. 58)IG30. 67 (3. 17)d15. 71(3. 89)l0. 66 (M)0. 79 (M)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↑O’Connell [35], 2020well-being-DZung Self-ScaleMean difference between before and after the intervention (N/Rac)−0. 32l−0. 046−0. 0520. 360. 950. 32 (S)0. 05 (X)0. 07 (X)0. 03 (X)0. 12 (X)Significant reduction in mindfulness after the intervention but no difference in FOMO, well-being, depression, or anxiety↕and Ahmadi [38], 2018DepressionAnxietyLife satisfactionrankae (N/R)CG50. 9648. 7445. 56IG42. 30d43. 71d54. 72d0. 84 (L)0. 97 (L)1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Association for Computational Linguistics. 346-356. 2014. The CoNLL-2014 shared task on grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on computational natural language learning: shared task. Baltimore, Maryland. Association for Computational Linguistics. 1-14 ’hAlalim A, Alsayed A. 2021. Bert multilingual and capsule network for arabic sentiment analysis. In: 2020 international conference on computer, control, electrical, and electronics engineering (). Piscataway. IEEE. 1-6. 2023. A low-resource approach to the grammatical error correction of Ukrainian. In: Proceedings of the second Workshop (UNLP). Dubrovnik, Croatia. Association for Computational Linguistics. 114-120 -J. 2002. Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. 311-318. 2021. A simple recipe for multilingual grammatical error correction. In: Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing (: short papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online. 702-707. 2016. Sentence-level grammatical error identification as sequence-to-sequence correction. In: Proceedings of the 11th workshop on innovative use of NLP for building educational applications. San Diego, CA. Association for Computational Linguistics. 242-251. 2016a. Improving neural machine translation models with monolingual data. In: Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (: long papers). Berlin, Germany. Association for Computational Linguistics. 86-96. 2016b. Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. In: Proceedings of the 54th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (: long papers). Berlin, Germany. Association for Computational Linguistics. 1715-1725. 2019. Proposed model for arabic grammar error correction based on convolutional neural network. In: 2019 international conference on computer, control, electrical, and electronics engineering (). Piscataway. IEEE. 1-6. 2022.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: 1021/jp971656qSearch in 102. Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance. 2003;100:13549–54. 10. 1073/pnas. 2232479100Search in 103. -Sayed IH, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanop93. 10. 2217/17435889. 2. 5. 681Search in 104. Anisotropic metal nanop70. 10. 1021/jp0516846Search in 105. Nikoobakht B, El-Sayed M. Preparation and growth mechanism of gold nanorods (NRs) using seed-mediated growth method. 2003;15:1957–62. 10. 1021/cm020732lSearch in 106. . Nanoengineering of optical resonances. Lett 1998;288:243–7. 10. 1016/S0009-2614(98)00277-2Search in 107. . Template-engaged replacement reaction: a one-step approach to the large-scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. 2002;2:481–5. 10. 1021/nl025531vSearch in 108. Huang X, El-Sayed M. Gold nanop28. 10. 1016/j. jare. 2010. 02. 002Search in 109. . On the physical rationale of laser induced hyperthermia. Sci 1990;5:121–8. 10. 1007/BF02031373Search in 110. . Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. 2005;5:709–11. 10. 1021/nl050127sSearch in 111. Huang X, El--Sayed M. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Soc 2006;128:2115–20. 10. 1021/ja057254aSearch in 112. Verma A, Stellacci F. Effect of surface properties on nanop21. 10. 1002/smll. 200901158Search in 113. Surface chemistry-mediated penetration and gold nanorod thermotherapy in multicellular tumor spheroids. Nanoscale 2013;5:143–6. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 04 (L)Significant improvements within the IG across all measures↑Throuvala et al [39], 2020-7FoMOsMean (SD)CG3. 37 (0. 76)27. 94 (5. 24)17. 44 (4. 42)3. 32 (1. 22)IG3. 97 (0. 69)d24. 10 (4. 63)d14. 75 (4. 43)d2. 86 (1. 16)d0. 82 (L)0. 77 (M)0. 60 (M)0. 39 (S)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG across all measures↑Zhou et al [37], 2021Life satisfactionSWLSMean (SD)CG4. 37 (1. 06)IG4. 90 (1. 04)l0. 50 (M)Significant improvements for the IG compared with the CG↑Interventions involving limited social media useBrailovskaia et al [52], 2020Life satisfaction-21afMean difference (95% CI) between the groups−0. 57 (−1. 95 to 0. 81)0. 15 (−0. 90 to 1. 20)0. 10 (X)0. 03 (X)No significant improvement in the IG compared with the CG across both measures↔Graham et al [53], 2021Well-being(SD)CG3. 43 (0. 72)IG3. 51 (0. 64)0. 01 (X)No significant improvement in the IG compared with the CG↔Hunt et al [54], 2018depressionLow depressionSelf-esteemMental well-being-8-/RN/RN/R22. 834. 67N/RN/RIGN/RN/RlN/R14. 50l4. 10lN/RN/R—Significant improvements in depression and loneliness for the IG compared with the CG; no significance for other outcomes↕Hunt et al [55], 2021DepressionBDIMean (SD)CG28. 63 (5. 04)AGag16. 29 (5. 22)IG14. 80 (5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: A response to any given word was considered to be “correct” if at least one property was correctly recalled. The numbers of paragraphs for which a “correct” response was given ranged (across participants) from 3 to 26 of the 36 paragraphs (mean = 17. 23, SD = 7. 27). A set of 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on the participant and item means, with the factor of Relatedness (related or unrelated) measured within subjects/items and Version measured between subjects/items. The proportion of correct responses was significantly higher for related than for unrelated paragraphs [Table 3; F 1(1, 20) = 172. 4, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 152. 8 p <. 001]. Because of the large proportion of unrelated trials on which no information was correctly recalled (74 %), it was not possible to assess whether (for those items that were correctly recalled) more information was recalled for related than for unrelated paragraphs. Table 3 Cued-recall results: Performance for the related and unrelated words (calculated across participants)Full size table To assess whether memory performance was related to participants’ ratings of novelty, plausibility, and clarity, and to assess whether the effect of Relatedness was still significant when these variables were taken into account, an was conducted using the item means, with the factors of both Relatedness and Version measured between items and the factors of Novelty, Plausibility, and Clarity included as covariates. Because each word–paragraph combination had an individual rating on each of these measures, it was necessary to use a between-items approach to the analysis. As with the main analysis, we found a significant effect of Relatedness on the proportions of correct responses [F(1, 65) = 23. 1, p <. 001]. The covariates of Novelty, Plausibility, and Clarity were nonsignificant (p >. 2)Intrusion errors (i. e. , recall of incorrect information) were relatively rare (n = 90, 11. 4 % of the total responses). We found significantly more errors for unrelated words (n = 60, 63. 7%) than for related words (n = 30) on a binomial test (p =. 015). These errors consisted of three types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Ultrasonics sonochemistry detection and analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nano-sized TiO2 powder under ultrasonic irradiation and application in sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. 2011;18:177–83. 10. 1016/j. ultsonch. 2010. 05. 002Search in 127. Ultrasound activation of TiO2 in melanoma tumors. J 2011;149:190–5. 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2010. 10. 012Search in 128. Baust JG, Gage A. The molecular basis of cryosurgery. BJU Int 2005;95:1187–91. 10. 1111/j. 1464-410X. 2005. 05502. xSearch in 129. Rubinsky B, Onik G. Cryosurgery: advances in the application of low temperatures to medicine. Refrig 1991;14:190–9. 10. 1016/0140-7007(91)90003-YSearch in 130. Rubinsky B. Cryosurgery. 2000;2:157–87. 10. 1146/annurev. bioeng. 2. 1. 157Search in 131. Salvage cryotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy: variables affecting patient outcome. J 2002;20:2664–71. 10. 1200/JCO. 2002. 06. 086Search in 132. . Liver resection or cryotherapy for colorectal liver metastases a prospective case control study. 2005;20:507–20. 10. 1007/s00384-004-0723-0Search in 133. Yan JF, Liu J. Nanocryosurgery and its mechanisms for enhancing freezing efficiency of tumor tissues. Nanomedicine 2008;4:79–87. 10. 1016/j. nano. 2007. 11. 002Search in 134. . A new nano-cryosurgical modality for tumor treatment using biodegradable MgO nanop41. 10. 1016/j. nano. 2012. 02. 010Search in 135. Multihydroxylated [Gd@C82(OH)22]n nanop7. 10. 1021/nl051624bSearch in 136.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 41)l—Significant improvements for IG participants who were highly depressed compared with CG and AG participants↑Thai et al [56], 2021AnxietyDepressionGAD-7Revised CES-DMean (SD)CGN/RN/RIG8. 54 (4. 27)N/R0. 62 (M)0. 57 (M)No significant improvement in the IG compared with the CG across both measures↔aFOMO: fear of missing out. bFoMOs: Fear of Scale. c: Warwick-Well-Being Scale. dP<. 001. eM: medium. fS: small. gBeneficial effect. hSWLS: Life Scale. iPANAS: Positive and Schedule. jIG: intervention group. kCG: control group. lP<. 05. mL: Large. nX: negligible. oMixed effects. pSF-36: 36-item Health Survey. qNo effect. rGAD-7: Disorder-7. sOECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. tNot available (number in each group was not specified to calculate effect size). uAverage mean and SD reported across the 3 countries because the relationship among variables was the same across the countries. Estimates based on unadjusted means because the adjusted means were not provided. vCES-D: Center for Depression Scale. wPSS: Scale. xCES-D-20: Center for Depression Scale, 20-item version. yULS-8: University of Scale. zGHQ-30: Questionnaire-30. aaMAAS: Awareness Scale. abPWB: Psychological Well-Being Scale. acN/R: not reported. adBDI: Inventory. aeComparing the IG between before the intervention and after. The effect of the intervention between the IG and the CG was not reported and could not be calculated. afDASS-21: 21. agAG: active group (limited use of social media at 30 minutes per day plus 1 action every 3 minutes, eg, posting and replying). Figure 2. Summary of social media use intervention effects on mental well-being–related outcomes. FOMO: fear of missing out. Effectiveness by Intervention TypeFigure 3 shows an overview of the effectiveness of social media use interventions by intervention type.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Lexical decisionOne of the 15 participants was removed due to highly variable performance across different blocks and to a high proportion of very slow responses (SD = 342 ms, 28 % of responses greater than 1,000 ms). The remaining participants made between 0. 9 % and 15. 7 % errors, with response times that ranged between 475 and 878 ms. One of the trained words (“snow”) was inadvertently omitted from the experiment. Also, one of the untrained words (“sled”) was removed because its error rate was greater than 50 %. Only correct response times were included in the analyses. Individual responses that were greater than three standard deviations above the mean for that participant or shorter than 250 ms were excluded (1. 7 % of the responses to experimental items). Analyses were conducted on response times and error rates using means that were calculated across both participants and items (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Lexical decision results (Exps. 2 and 3): a Mean response times and b mean percentage errors for the subjects analyses. Error bars show standard errors adjusted to remove between-subjects varianceFull size image The first set of ANOVAs compared the response times and error rates for the trained words (combined across levels of Relatedness) with the untrained words. Condition (trained vs. untrained) was included as a within-subjects/-items variable for the subjects and items analyses, respectively. Version was included as a between-subjects variable for the subjects analysis and as a within-items variable for the items analysis. Participants responded significantly more slowly to the untrained words than to the trained words [F 1(1, 12) = 10. 3, p <. 01; F 2(1, 104) = 10. 7, p <. 001]. The participants also made marginally more errors to the untrained words than to the trained words [F 1(1, 12) = 3. 6, p =. 08; F 2(1, 104) = 3. 1, p =. 08]. The second set of analyses excluded the untrained words and compared the two types of trained words. Relatedness (related vs. unrelated) was included as a within-subjects/-items factor, and Version was included as a between-subjects/-items factor. There was no effect of Relatedness on response times [F 1(1, 12) = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Potent angiogenesis inhibition by the particulate form of fullerene derivatives. ACS Nano 2010;4:2773–83. 10. 1021/nn100448zSearch in 137. Epigenetic modulation of human breast cancer by metallofullerenol nanop9. 10. 1039/c1nr10898kSearch in 138. . Metallofullerol nanop13. 10. 2217/nnm. 12. 95Search in 139. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species and the potential for cell protection by functionalized fullerene materials. Biomaterials 2009;30:611–21. 10. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2008. 09. 061Search in 140. Metallofullerene nanop54. 10. 1073/pnas. 0909707107Search in 141. . Drug delivery and nanop49. 10. 2147/IJN. S596Search in 142. . Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. J Toxicol 2007;2:16. 10. 1186/1745-6673-2-16Search in 143. Sledge G, Miller K. Exploiting the hallmarks of cancer: the future conquest of breast cancer. Cancer 2003;39:1668–75. 10. 1016/S0959-8049(03)00273-9Search in 144. . Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified nanocarriers for tumor-targeted and intracellular delivery. 2007;24:1405–14. 10. 1007/s11095-007-9284-6Search in 145. Barreto JA, O’. Nanomaterials: applications in cancer imaging and therapy. 2011;23:H18–40. 10. 1002/adma. 201100140Search in 146. Abdollahi A, Folkman J. Evading tumor evasion: current concepts and perspectives of anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. Updat 2010;13:16–28. 10. 1016/j. drup. 2009. 12. 001Search in 147. Increased antitumor activity, intratumor paclitaxel concentrations, and endothelial cell transport of cremophor-free, albumin-bound paclitaxel, ABI-007, compared with cremophor-based paclitaxel.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Therapy-based trials were the most effective because 83% (5/6) of the studies that assessed this intervention type found significant improvements in mental well-being outcomes [22,37-40], and only 17% (1/6) found mixed effects [35]. Full-abstinence interventions showed mixed effectiveness overall, with 42% (5/12) of them showing mixed effects [41,46,49-51], a third (4/12, 33%) showing no effect [42,43,45,47], and a quarter (3/12, 25%) showing a benefit of the intervention [36,44,48]. Social media use interventions that limited use also showed mixed effectiveness overall, with more than half (3/5, 60%) of the studies showing no effect [52,53,56] and 20% (1/5) showing an improvement [55] and mixed effects [54], respectively. Figure 3. Summary of the effectiveness of the different types of social media use interventions on mental well-being–related outcomes. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsThis review provides some evidence for the improvement of mental well-being in adults after social media use interventions. Of the 23 studies included in our analysis, 9 (39%) demonstrated improvements in mental well-being–related outcomes, with most of them (8/9, 89%) showing medium to large effect sizes. Depression was the most improved outcome overall, with 70% (7/10) of the studies that assessed depression showing improvement. Therapy-based interventions were the most effective, with 83% (5/6) of the studies evaluating these interventions showing improvement. Most of the studies (22/23, 96%) were of low quality, with significant issues related to selection bias and blinding affecting their quality. This review found that interventions that simply restrict social media use or impose full abstinence may not have as much benefit for mental well-being as therapy-based interventions. These interventions used established approaches such as counseling and CBT-based techniques to encourage mindfulness and reflection on how social media activity affects thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Therapy-based interventions may be more effective in causing behavior change in users than abstinence by enabling them to replace negative actions with structured goals and positive thinking and by providing motivation [58].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: The participants were pseudorandomly assigned to the two versions and two presentation orders for the booklets. StimuliThe target words, paragraphs, and assignment of items to versions and presentation orders (within the training booklets) were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. The printed booklets containing the paragraphs were identical to those used in Experiment 2. Four worksheets were also devised for use during the training phase of the experiment. Each worksheet was designed to take approximately 30–45 min to complete. The order of the target words was randomized separately for each worksheet. 1 and 3, the participants were instructed to initially fill in as much as possible without the booklet, and then to refer to the booklet to complete any answers that they did not know. 2 and 4, they were instructed to use the booklet throughout the task. Worksheet 1 This two-page booklet contained a numbered list of the 36 target words, in a column on the left side, and a separate list of descriptions of the meanings of these words (e. g. , “Country that exports goods at low cost”), in a column on the right side. The participants’ task was to link each description with the appropriate word by writing down the appropriate number next to each description. Worksheet 2 The participants here generated a new example sentence for each target word that was compatible with its new definition. Worksheet 3 The third worksheet comprised a series of quiz questions about the paragraph (two questions per word; e. g. , “Where is a pouch normally found? ”). Worksheet 4 The final worksheet was a creative writing task. Participants were given a list of the 36 target words and were instructed to “tell a story” that included each of these words, at least once, using their new meanings. They could write as many sentences as they liked and could write in any style and on any subject. Procedure1, the participants came into the lab and read through the whole booklet of word meanings and completed Worksheet 1. The participants were then given the booklet of paragraphs to take home, together with Worksheets 2–4. They were instructed to complete one of these worksheets, in the correct order, on each of the next three consecutive days (Days 2–4) at home and in a quiet environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Res 2006;12:1317–24. 10. 1158/1078-0432. CCR-05-1634Search in 148. . A pegylated liposomal platform: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity in mice using doxorubicin as a model drug. J 2004;389:381–9. 10. 1254/jphs. FPJ04001XSearch in 149. . Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane ABI-007) in the treatment of breast cancer. Nanomed 2009;4:99–105. Search in 150. Park JW. Liposome-based drug delivery in breast cancer treatment. Res 2002;4:95–9. 10. 1186/bcr432Search in 151. Bae YH. Drug targeting and tumor heterogeneity. J 2009;133:2–3. 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2008. 09. 074Search in 152. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. 1998;95:4607–12. 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 8. 4607Search in 153. Gold nanop9. 10. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 10. 058Search in 154. . Targeting strategies for multifunctional nanop44. 10. 7150/thno. 3463Search in 155. Liposomal vincristine in relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: early results of an ongoing phase II trial. 2000;11:69–72. 10. 1023/A:1008348010437Search in 156. . Targeted delivery of albumin bound paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Ther 2009;2:179–88. 10. 2147/OTT. S3863Search in 157. pharmacokinetic study of a weekly liposomal paclitaxel formulation (Genexol-PM) in patients with solid tumors. 2010;21:382–8. 10. 1093/annonc/mdp315Search in 158. Davis ME. The first targeted delivery of siRNA in humans via a nanop68. 10. 1021/mp900015ySearch in 159.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Therapy-based interventions may also help to reduce FOMO by encouraging individuals to reevaluate life priorities, focus on other activities, and reduce social comparison and envy [36,39]. We found limiting social media use to be the least effective method. One hypothesis is that users would still have been exposed to social media during the trial and may have intensified their use owing to an awareness of a time restriction. This would have offset any potential positive improvement. Adherence to limiting social media use or abstaining from social media use may also have been challenging for participants, and adherence is difficult to track and measure across devices used to access social media [37]. In 1 study, 19. 4% (35/180) of the participants were excluded from analysis because they were unable to abstain from social media for >2 days, which may give an indication of compliance rates in these studies [42]. These findings overall suggest that health and care professionals, mental health charities, and public health bodies should encourage the use of therapy-based approaches to manage social media use rather than focusing on reducing time spent on social media. These interventions can also be relatively cost-effective because this review showed improvements in participants’ well-being after they used internet-based self-guided therapy-based interventions to manage problematic social media use. However, delivering therapy-based approaches to manage (problematic) social media use is currently limited owing to resource and time constraints in health and care systems. This review found that 3 (13%) of the 23 studies showed a reduction in some mental well-being–related outcomes after the intervention, such as life satisfaction and loneliness [35,50,51]. The causes for these findings could be due to methodological reasons because the authors of 1 (33%) of these 3 studies proposed that their study participants were unaware at the time of recruitment that abstinence from social media may be required [50], which may have made participants less receptive to the intervention and eliminated the beneficial consequences of abstinence that may have arisen in other studies. Previous research also suggests that reducing or limiting social media use can reduce mental well-being by causing a loss of social connection and increasing loneliness [9]. Some individuals are reported to find social connections easier to maintain over the web, with social media enabling users to preserve their relationships [59,60].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: 05], or Worksheet 4 [F 1(1, 34) = 0. 499, p >. 05; F 2(1, 14) = 0. 517, p >. 05]. Lexical decision taskOne participant was removed due to highly variable response times and an unusually high proportion of very slow responses (SD = 344, 19 % of responses greater than 1,000 ms). The remaining 15 participants made between 1. 7 % and 15. 4 % errors, with mean response times that ranged between 535 and 863 ms. One of the trained words (“snow”) was inadvertently omitted from the experiment, and two of the untrained words (“whack” and “gulp”) were removed because of error rates greater than 50 %. Only correct response times were included in the analyses. Individual responses that were greater than three standard deviations above the mean for the participant or shorter than 250 ms were excluded from the analysis (1. 5 % of the responses to the experimental items). The same analyses were conducted as in Experiment 2 (see Fig. 1). Responses to the trained words were both faster [F 1(1, 13) = 36. 9, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 19. 2, p <. 001] and more accurate [F 1(1, 13) = 20. 0, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 10. 2, p = <. 005] as compared with those for the untrained words. Within the set of trained items, response times were significantly faster for the related than for the unrelated words [F 1(1, 13) = 4. 9, p <. 05; F 2(1, 33) = 7. 5, p <. 01]. Participants were more accurate for the related words, although this difference was not significant [F 1(1, 13) = 1. 6, p >. 2; F 2(1, 33) = 1. 4, p >. 2]. These analyses were repeated using the subset of responses to those words for which an individual participant had responded correctly in the cued-recall task—that is, including only responses to words for which we had evidence that the participant had retained information about its new meaning. Footnote 3 These analyses showed the same significance patterns as the main analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: 201104763Search in 170. Multifunctional hybrid silica nanop18. 10. 1039/c2tb00223jSearch in 171. Persidis A. Cancer multidrug resistance. 1999;17:94–5. 10. 1038/5289Search in 172. Gottesman MM. Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Med 2002;53:615–27. 10. 1146/annurev. med. 53. 082901. 103929Search in 173. Peer D, Margalit R. Fluoxetine and reversal of multidrug resistance. 2006;237:180–7. 10. 1016/j. canlet. 2005. 06. 003Search in 174. Iversen T-G, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanop85. 10. 1016/j. nantod. 2011. 02. 003Search in 175. . Nanomedicine for targeted cancer therapy: towards the overcoming of drug resistance. Updat 2011;14:150–63. 10. 1016/j. drup. 2011. 01. 003Search in 176. dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of pluronic polymer-bound doxorubicin (SP1049C) in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 2004;90:2085–91. 10. 1038/sj. bjc. 6601856Search in 177. A new polymer-lipid hybrid nanop85. 10. 1007/s11095-006-0282-xSearch in 178. -Pouessel A, Denizot B, et al. A new generation of anticancer, drug-loaded, colloidal vectors reverses multidrug resistance in glioma and reduces tumor progression in rats. Ther 2006;5:1710–22. 10. 1158/1535-7163. MCT-06-0289Search in 179. . Doxorubicin loaded pH-sensitive polymeric micelles for reversal of resistant MCF-7 tumor. J 2005;103:405–18. 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2004. 12. 018Search in 180. Engineered design of mesoporous silica nanop50. 10. 1021/nn100690mSearch in 181.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Social media can also help to create and maintain social capital, fostering inclusion within web-based communities [61]; for instance, members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and similar minority community report greater levels of social support over the web [62]. This review supports evidence from previous studies that show that the link between social media use and mental well-being is conflicting, with there being some benefits and some disadvantages of social media use related to mental well-being [9,25]. The variation in effectiveness across the studies could be due to individual differences [63]. Different people will have different responses to social media, and self-regulatory capabilities may be affected by factors such as gender, age, and personality traits [64]. Previous research has shown that those with neurotic or introverted tendencies have a higher risk of addiction to internet content [65]. Others may not be affected by social media use owing to elevated levels of digital resilience. Digital resilience is a person’s ability to cope with the negative consequences of being over the web, such as cyberbullying and misleading information [66,67]. Gender has been found to be a moderating factor in previous studies examining the relationship between social media use and mental well-being, with adolescent girls seeming to experience more negative effects from social media use than adolescent boys [4,68,69]. In this review, we found that 1 (4%) of the 23 studies showed that abstinence increased positive affect and life satisfaction for women but not for men, also suggesting that gender may affect the relationship between social media use and mental well-being [41]. Future research is needed to explore who may be most affected by problematic social media use to enable the development of more targeted interventions to improve mental well-being. LimitationsThere was a large degree of heterogeneity in the studies reviewed, with several different intervention types and outcome measures used. Therefore, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis to provide integrated results on the outcomes of the social media use interventions [70]. A further limitation to this review is that the search strategy may not have retrieved all relevant papers owing to the inclusion of English-language publications only. Our review also did not include unpublished studies; thus, it was not possible to estimate the degree of publication bias.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Participants responded significantly faster to the trained words (M = 568. 2, SE = 3. 0)Footnote 4 than to the untrained words (M = 602. 2, SE = 3. 0) [F 1(1, 13 = 36. 9, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 19. 0, p <. 001]. They were also significantly more accurate for the trained words (M = 4. 6 %, SE = 0. 9) than for the untrained words (M = 12. 1, SE = 0. 9) [F 1(1, 13) = 17. 1, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 8. 4, p <. 005]. Responses were significantly faster for the related words (M = 555. 3, SE = 6. 1) than for the unrelated words (M = 585. 9, SE = 6. 1) [F 1(1, 13) = 5. 8, p <. 05; F 2(1, 33) = 8. 8, p <. 01] but were nonsignificantly more accurate for the related words (M = 3. 3, SE = 0. 9) than for the unrelated words (M = 5. 9, SE = 0. 9) [F 1(1, 13) = 1. 8, p =. 2; F 2(1, 33) = 1. 4, p >. 2]. Cued-recall testResponses were coded and analyzed in the same way as in Experiment 1. Overall, performance was better than in the previous experiments (see Table 3), but the proportion of correct responses remained higher for the related than for the unrelated items [F 1(1, 14) = 16. 3, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 31. 6, p <. 001]. However, there was no significant main effect of Relatedness on the numbers of properties that were recalled for these correct responses [F 1(1, 14) < 1; F 2(1, 34) < 1]. A plot of the distributions of these individual responses (Fig. 2) shows similar distributions for the related and unrelated meanings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed for more effective cancer treatments. [SEP] Text: Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis switch: mechanism and therapeutic potential. Immunol 2009;19:488–96. Search in 182. . Co-delivery of Doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA by mesoporous silica nanop7. 10. 1002/smll. 200900621Search in 183. -X, Cheng S-X. Co-delivery of genes and drugs with nanostructured calcium carbonate for cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2012;2:1820–6. 10. 1039/c1ra00527hSearch in 184. -S, Park K, Nam H, et al. Tumor-homing multifunctional nanop27. 10. 1016/j. jconrel. 2010. 04. 004Search in 185. Yang J, Lee C-H, Ko H-J, Suh J-S, Yoon H-G, Lee K, et al. Multifunctional magneto-polymeric nanohybrids for targeted detection and synergistic therapeutic effects on breast cancer. Engl 2007;46:8836–9. 10. 1002/anie. 200703554Search in 186. . In vivo imaging of siRNA delivery and silencing in tumors. 2007;13:372–7. 10. 1038/nm1486Search in 187. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graft-poly(2-(N, N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) nanop41. 10. 1039/c0jm00506aSearch in 188. Taton TA. Boning up on biology. Nature 2001;412:491–2. 10. 1038/35087687Search in 189. . Preparation and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds. J 2005;75:275–82. 10. 1002/jbm. a. 30414Search in 190. Biocompatibility evaluation of nano-rod hydroxyapatite/gelatin coated with nano-HAp as a novel scaffold using mesenchymal stem cells. J 2010;92:1244–55. Search in 191. . Hierarchically biomimetic bone scaffold materials: nano-HA/collagen/PLA composite.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: This review also did not explore the impact of the type of social media use, such as passive use or active use, because this was out of the scope of the review, but this could affect mental well-being. Active use denotes direct messaging, posting, or responding to content, whereas passive use corresponds to scrolling and browsing profiles. Previous literature has suggested that passive use is associated with greater declines in subjective well-being [71,72], but a recent review found that this was not supported across 40 survey-based studies [73]. The review suggested that future studies should explore the characteristics of the content of social media as well as its senders and receivers to understand how different uses of social media affect mental well-being [73]. Understanding this relationship could help to develop more targeted problematic social media use interventions that move beyond simply aiming to reduce time spent on social media by targeting the reduction of specific negative activities or interactions. A major limitation of the studies included in this review is that the majority (16/23, 70%) relied largely on convenience samples of those who were likely to be interested in reducing their social media use and improving their mental health. In addition, more than half (16/23, 70%) of the studies recruited university students. Therefore, these results must be interpreted with caution because they are not generalizable to all adults and are likely to be more relevant for young adults. Furthermore, none of the studies received a strong global score for quality using the. The sustainability of these interventions is also difficult to establish because most of the interventions (20/23, 87%) lasted <1 month, and the outcomes were assessed immediately after the interventions. Only 2 (9%) of the 23 studies included a longer-term measure. Brailovskaia et al [52] found consistency with their short-term recorded outcomes, with no significant difference in life satisfaction and depression between groups 3 months after the intervention. By contrast, Chen et al [22] found that the significant improvements in depression and loneliness for the intervention group continued to remain at 2 months. ConclusionsThere is some evidence that social media use interventions are effective in improving mental well-being in adults, especially for depression and when using therapy-based interventions. Current experimental research is of low quality, with issues of selection bias making it difficult to generalize the findings. Further experimental and longitudinal research is needed with representative samples to investigate who may benefit most from social media use interventions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: 001 335. doi:10. 1016/0010-0285(76)90010-4 246. doi:10. 1016/j. jml. 2004. 05. 005 794. doi:10. 1037/0278-7393. 21. 3. 785 5. Scale. San Antonio, TX. : Harcourt Assessment. Rodd, J. M. (2001). Semantic representation and lexical competition: Evidence from ambiguity (Unpublished Ph. D. thesis). University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U. K. Rodd, J. M. (2004). The effect of semantic ambiguity on reading aloud: A twist in the tale. & Review, 11, 440–445. doi:10. 3758/BF03196592 266. doi:10. 1006/jmla. 2001. 2810 104. doi:10. 1207/s15516709cog2801_4 2011. Schneider, W. , Eschman, A. , & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA. : Tools, Inc. 1. Electronic supplementary materialBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material. ESM 1(PDF 123 kb)3. Trained wordsant–path, bandage–fee, bone–silk, bruise–heap, cake–join, carpet–spy, carton–snake, crude–rust, foam–slot, fog–widow, grin–hive, growl–winch, pearl–crew, pouch–feast, sip–dawn, slim–farm, stain–cage, stub–soup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology-based sensors are used in diagnostic devices. [SEP] Text: The key part of this technique is the transfer printing of the MEMS structure onto a flexible substrate [Fig. 1(b)]58 with a predefined cavity, and accurate alignment of the structure and cavity is essential. 75,76 Experimental implementation of the FlexMEMS technique has shown that the performance of the flexible device is comparable to that of its counterparts on rigid substrates. For different substrates, both flexible Lamb wave resonators (LWRs) on polyimide (PI) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates [Fig. 1(c)] have been realized. 74 FlexMEMS-enabled devices have demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility and electrical performance during and after bending trials. Special release techniques have also been used in lieu of stamps to fabricate flexible devices. For example, the thermal-release transfer-printing technique was used to directly pick up a prepared three-dimensional (3D) PMUT and transfer-print it onto a mica substrate, thereby avoiding the problems encountered when picking up using a thermal-release tape without additional complex treatment. The PMUT device was used for curved surface imaging because of its excellent flexibility and high transparency [Fig. 1(d)]. 77 Transfer printing can be used to fabricate a flexible-device array without additional processing steps. In a batch-fabrication method, the production efficiency can be greatly enhanced, and the cost of fabrication can be accordingly reduced. 78,79 Flexible film bulk acoustic-wave filters consisting of several FBARs were fabricated using this method. 78 In another example, a high-aspect-ratio ultrathin strain sensor was integrated with a flexible printed-circuit substrate [Fig. 1(e)]. 79 Jiang et al. 80,81 successfully demonstrated large-area transfer printing of 3D high-aspect-ratio MEMS structures using the difference in adhesion between the donor and receptor [Fig. 1(f)]. Transfer printing of a device array can also be done in a step-by-step and repetitive manner. Using a transfer machine with high resolution and multidimensional position control, micrometer-level transfer accuracy and a large throughput per hour can also be achieved. B. Direct integration into a flexible substrate Integrating MEMS devices and sensors with flexible substrates82 can provide new capabilities and greatly enhance functionality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Health and care professionals should be aware of the growing evidence that reducing social media use alone is unlikely to benefit mental well-being. Taking a more therapy-based approach and reflecting on how and why individuals are interacting with social media and managing these behaviors could help to improve mental well-being. 2020. URL: [accessed 2022-08-26] Mental health of children and young people in England 2021 - wave 2 follow up to the 2017 survey. of Children and Surveys. 2021. URL: https://digital. nhs. uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental- health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2021-follow-up-to-the-2017-survey [accessed 2022-09-02] Mental health of children and young people in England 2022 - wave 3 follow up to the 2017 survey. Service Digital. 2022. URL: https://digital. nhs. uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young -people-in-england/2022-follow-up-to-the-2017-survey [accessed 2022-12-01] Henzel V, Håkansson A. Hooked on virtual social life. Problematic social media use and associations with mental distress and addictive disorders. PLoS One. Apr 8, 2021;16(4):e0248406. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Hall M. Facebook. Britannica. 2022. URL: [accessed 2022-08-19] Number of social media users worldwide from 2018 to 2027 (in billions). Statista. 2022. URL: [accessed 2022-11-04] Ventola C. Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. P T. Jul 2014;39(7):491-520. [FREE Full text] [Medline]Brevers D, Turel O. Strategies for self-controlling social media use: classification and role in preventing social media addiction symptoms. J Behav Addict. Sep 01, 2019;8(3):554-563. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Orben A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: Untrained wordsbald, barber, bee, beef, bet, blur, bold, braid, brat, breeze, brink, brown, bulk, cash, cave, cheer, chin, cork, craft, crouch, dart, deaf, exam, fake, frost, fur, fuss, gap, gate, gift, goose, grain, groom, gulp, gut, hash, haste, hood, hum, joke, Lad, lake, lion, lunch, malt, mild, parish, raid, ready, rich, ritual, rude, shack, shield, shoe, shut, skirt, slave, sled, soap, stool, surge, symptom, tall, theme, thrill, toilet, torch, trump, turf, whack, wool. Nonwordsbarr, beaf, berch, berd, blak, bloo, bom, carst, cawl, chare, cloun, cloze, coffey, craine, crie, dert, dide, doar, draip, drunck, durt, earlie, exakt, fale, fatt, ficks, flor, foks, frunt, fynd, gawl, gerl, gitar, goast, gole, graf, grean, groope, gunn, gurth, hanned, hed, hoap, horce, hugg, hye, jirk, jore, jym, kab, kap, kar, keap, kee, klean, kog, kold, krib, leest, legg, lemun, liv, lyne, maik, muffen, muther, naim, neer, nees, nite, noad, noat, nome, nurve, oan, outcide, pance, peny, peppur, poaks, polese, powk, reech, rong, rume, sadd, scid, scin, sheat, skalp, skore, smaul, sord, sto, swerl, tair, tite, tode, toun, towl, traid, trane, trea, treet, trye, wede, werld, wround.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology-based sensors are used in diagnostic devices. [SEP] Text: 126,127 Figure 6(c) shows an origami-structured flexible electronic substrate whose faces are parallel to the target of the attachment surface. The parallel faces are important from an engineering point of view in that they make direct contact with the surfaces of the target of attachment and mounted electronic elements such as sensors or light emitters. These characteristics allow the realization of flexible devices that can detect a shear force or flow velocity parallel to the object surfaces. 128 Using a kirigami structure, Yamamoto et al. 129 designed an all-printed planar-type multifunctional health-monitoring patch based on an in-plane PET film integrated with an acceleration sensor for motion detection and with skin temperature and electrocardiogram sensors [Fig. 6(d)]. FIG. 6. View largeDownload slide(a) : (i) device side of flat structure; (ii) handle side of flat structure; (iii) folded structure. The double-sided fabrication process and through-wafer interconnects enable efficient utilization of the IMU internal volume. Reproduced with permission from Efimovskaya et al. , J. Microelectromech. Syst. 26, 1030–1039. Copyright 2017 IEEE. (b) Wafer-level fabrication process for a double-sided IMU with through-wafer interconnects. et al. , in 2015 on and Systems (ISISS), 4. Copyright 2015 IEEE. Reproduced with permission from IEEE. (c) Flexible substrates with (i) origami and (ii) kirigami structures, and (iii) origami-structure substrate with parallel faces in its folded state. et al. , in 2020 IEEE 33rd on (MEMS), Vancouver, Canada, 912. Copyright 2020 IEEE. Reproduced with permission from IEEE. (d) Multifunction in-plane flexible patch. et al. , in 2017 IEEE 30th on Micro-Electro-(MEMS), 242. Copyright 2017 IEEE. Reproduced with permission from IEEE. FIG. 6. View largeDownload slide(a) : (i) device side of flat structure; (ii) handle side of flat structure; (iii) folded structure. The double-sided fabrication process and through-wafer interconnects enable efficient utilization of the IMU internal volume. Reproduced with permission from Efimovskaya et al. , J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Teenagers, screens and social media: a narrative review of reviews and key studies. Psychiatr Epidemiol. Apr 2020;55(4):407-414. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Active social network sites use and loneliness: the mediating role of social support and self-esteem. Curr Psychol. Feb 13, 2020;41(3):1279-1286. [CrossRef]. Face-to-face or Facebook: can social connectedness be derived online? Behav. May 2013;29(3):604-609. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Adolesc Youth. Mar 21, 2019;25(1):79-93. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]#StatusOfmedia and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. for Public Health. URL: [accessed 2023-07-02]. Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addict Behav. Jun 2021;117:106845. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Swar B, Hameed T. Fear of missing out, social media engagement, smartphone addiction and distraction: moderating role of self-help mobile apps-based interventions in the youth. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Systems and Technologies. Presented at: '17; February 21-23, 2017, 2017;139-146; Porto, Portugal. URL: [CrossRef]Uyaroğlu Ö. A cross-sectional study of social media addiction and social and emotional loneliness in university students in Turkey. Care. Oct 2022;58(4):2263-2271. [CrossRef] [Medline] Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Mar 2022;92:102128. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Social networks use disorder and associations with depression and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review of recent research in China. Front Psychol. Feb 21, 2020;11:211. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The effect of solution-focused group counseling intervention on college students' internet addiction: a pilot study. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -language identification model based on GCN fusing associated information View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 984 Published 2022-06-03 Accepted 2022-04-25 Received 2022-03-23 and Speech, language, Graph convolutional neural network, Associated information, Mutual information, Dependency syntactic relation Copyright © 2022 Meng et al. is an open access 2022. Formulaic language identification model based on GCN fusing associated information. PeerJ 8:e984 language is a general term for ready-made structures in a language. It usually has fixed grammatical structure, stable language expression meaning and specific use context. The use of formulaic language can coordinate sentence generation in the process of writing and communication, and can significantly improve the idiomaticity and logic of machine translation, intelligent question answering and so on. New formulaic language is generated almost every day, and how to accurately identify them is a topic worthy of research. To this end, this 1. First, the text’s semantic features and part-of-speech features are extracted and fused through late fusion. The fusion results are used as the basic features of the model. Then the mutual information between words is calculated, the dependency syntactic parsing of sentences is analyzed, and the generated adjacency matrix and basic features are input into GCN for feature representation. Finally, the feature vector is input to the CRF layer for decoding to obtain the label category of each character, so as to obtain the formulaic language. Figure 1: The overall structure of the model. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/fig-1 Basic feature extraction module In the process of natural language processing, the computer cannot directly use text data. The text data needs to be expressed as a feature vector, and then the feature vector is used as the model’s input. This 1. From the table, it can be found that multi-word units with fixed sentence patterns are more likely to be formulaic language. Then we assign a unique code to each result after part-of-speech tagging, so as to convert the text data into vectors. Finally, we input them into the embedding layer for training to generate word embedding vectors as part-of-speech features.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology-based sensors are used in diagnostic devices. [SEP] Text: Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature 2016; 539(7629):411–415. Mechanically durable and highly stretchable transistors employing carbon nanotube semiconductor and electrodes. 2016;28(22):4441–4448. A skin-inspired organic digital mechanoreceptor. Science 2015;350(6258):313–316. A wearable chemical–electrophysiological hybrid biosensing system for real-time health and fitness monitoring. 2016;7:11650. Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring. 2013;4:1859. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 2016;529(7587):509–514. A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. 2016;11(6):566–572. A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Med 2016;8(366):366ra165. Macroelectronics: Perspectives on technology and applications. Proc IEEE 2005;93(7):1239–1256. Pentacene-based radio-frequency identification circuitry. Lett 2003;82(22):3964–3966. Low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits. Lett 1998;73(1):108–110. Amorphous silicon detector and thin film transistor technology for large-area imaging of X-rays. 2000;31(11-12):883–891. Flexible technologies and smart clothing for citizen medicine, home healthcare, and disease prevention. 2005;9(3):325–336. A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics. Nature 2008;454(7205):748–753. IC-integrated flexible shear-stress sensor skin. J 2003;12(5):740–747. Optical MEMS for photonic switching-compact and stable optical crossconnect switches for simple, fast, and flexible wavelength applications in recent photonic networks. 2005;11(2):383–394. Flexible shear-stress sensor skin and its application to unmanned aerial vehicles. Sens Actuators, A 2003;105(3):321–329.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Apr 07, 2020;17(7):2519. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A web-based intervention for social media addiction disorder management in higher education: quantitative survey study. J Res. Oct 02, 2019;21(10):e14834. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. MyTime: designing and evaluating an intervention for smartphone non-use. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on in Computing Systems. Presented at: CHI '16; May 7-12, 2016, 2016;4746-4757; San Jose, CA. URL: [CrossRef] Problematic social media use and depressive outcomes among college students in China: observational and experimental findings. . Apr 19, 2022;19(9):4937. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Process. Dec 1991;50(2):248-287. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. Apr 23, 2011;6:42. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]von Lindern E. Digital detox: an effective solution in the smartphone era? A systematic literature review. Commun. May 2021;10(2):190-215. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Comparative effectiveness of mind-body exercise versus cognitive behavioral therapy for college students with problematic smartphone use: a randomized controlled trial. Promot. 2020;22(4):271-282. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. Mar 29, 2021;372:n71. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Plackett R. Protocol interventions for problematic social media use. Framework. 2022. URL: [accessed 2022-12-08]. Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry. Jun 2015;14(2):231-233. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Deniz M. Fear of missing out (FoMO) mediate relations between social self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Crit.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: Table 1: The examples of Part-of-speech analysis result. Formulaic language Part-of-speech tagging Sentence structure X is fundamental to -Link verb-X plays a vital role in the metabolism of attempts have been made to this innovative study, Smith showed that guided by “that” There were some negative comments about be. . . DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/table-1 In addition, for text processing, characters, words, phrases more reflect the lexical information of the text rather than its semantic information, so they can not accurately express the content of the text. For formulaic language, it is a multi-word unit with high frequency and has complete structure, meaning and function, so semantic feature is also an essential feature of formulaic language. This 2. Figure 2: Structure diagram of Bi-LSTM model. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/fig-2 In Fig. 2, xt represents the input of the network at time t, the LSTM in the box is the standard LSTM model, y t → is the output of the forward LSTM at time t, and y ⃖ t is the output of the reverse LSTM at time t. ⊕ indicates splicing operation. The output representation of Bi-LSTM at time t is defined as y t = y → t : y ⃖ t that is, the output at time t is directly spliced by the forward output and the reverse output. Feature fusion Feature fusion includes early fusion and late fusion. Early fusion is to fuse multi-layer features first and then train the model on the fused features (only after complete fusion, unified training). In this 3. Figure 3: Structure diagram of early fusion model. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/fig-3 Compared with early fusion, late fusion first trains the model with a single feature and then fuses the training results of multiple models. The advantage of late fusion method is that it can flexibly select the model’s results and improve the fault tolerance of the system. The amount of calculation of fusion information is reduced and the real-time performance of the system is improved (Khaleghi, Khamis & Karray, 2013). In this 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology-based sensors are used in diagnostic devices. [SEP] Text: Flex-to-Rigid (F2R): A generic platform for the fabrication and assembly of flexible sensors for minimally invasive instruments. 2013;13(10):3873–3882. Flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) for application in brain stimulation. 2016;23(7):2321–2328. Flexible SOI-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) arrays. 2019 20th on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems & (& ). Berlin, Germany. 2019. 253. Bendable piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) arrays based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. J 2020;29(3):378–386. A flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer. RSC Adv 2013;3(47): 24900–24905. A flexible ultrasound transducer array with micro-machined bulk PZT. Sensors 2015;15(2):2538–2547. Flexible ultrasonic transducer array with bulk PZT for adjuvant treatment of bone injury. Sensors 2019;20(1):86. Flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers towards new applications. 2018 (IUS). Kobe, Japan. 2018. Curved micromachined ultrasonic transducers. IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, 2003. Honolulu, USA. 2003. 576. Low-stress fabrication of 3D polymer free standing structures using lamination of photosensitive films. 2008;14(8):1205–1214. A novel stretchable CMUT array using liquid-metal electrodes on a PDMS substrate. 2012 7th on Nano/ (NEMS). Kyoto, Japan. 2012. 107. Development of a novel transparent flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer. Sensors 2017;17(6):1443. BT. Fabrication of flexible transducer arrays with through-wafer electrical interconnects based on trench refilling with PDMS. J 2008;17(2):446–452.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Aug 23, 2021;34(1):28. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Alutaybi A, Al-. of (FoMO) on social media: the FoMO-R method. . Aug 23, 2020;17(17):6128. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Behav. Jul 2013;29(4):1841-1848. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]McHugh M. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. (Zagreb). 2012;22(3):276-282. [FREE Full text] [Medline]. A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions. Based Nurs. 2004;1(3):176-184. [CrossRef] [Medline]O’Connell C. How FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), the smartphone, and social media may be affecting university students in the Middle East. N Psychol. Mar 01, 2020;22(1):83-102. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Brown L, Kuss DJ. Fear of missing out, mental wellbeing, and social connectedness: a seven-day social media abstinence trial. . Jun 24, 2020;17(12):4566. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Cognitive behavioral therapy-based short-term abstinence intervention for problematic social media use: improved well-being and underlying mechanisms. Psychiatr Q. Jun 2021;92(2):761-779. [CrossRef] [Medline]M, Ahmadi F. A new method to measure and decrease the online social networking addiction. Psychiatry. Dec 2018;10(4):e12330. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Mind over matter: testing the efficacy of an online randomized controlled trial to reduce distraction from smartphone use. . Jul 05, 2020;17(13):4842. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Social media addiction: its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychol. Feb 21, 2019;13(1):1-4. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Taking a short break from Instagram: the effects on subjective well-being. Soc Netw.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: Figure 4: Structure diagram of late fusion model. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/fig-4 Feature extraction module fusing associated information The basic feature extraction module uses the word embedding model to train in large-scale text. It can obtain word vectors rich in text semantic features and part-of-speech features, but the syntactic structure information in the text is ignored. As the basis of language understanding, the syntactic structure can effectively represent the grammatical structure of the text and reveal the relationship between the components of the text. For formulaic language, it is a multi-word unit with high frequency of co-occurrence, and several words with high correlations may form formulaic language. Therefore, it is very important to select the features that can represent the relationship between words for identifying formulaic language. Based on this, this 5. Among them, “play an invalid role in” is a formulaic language. From the figure, it can be seen that there are complex dependencies between these five words. Therefore, dependency syntactic parsing between words can express the dependency between two words. The closer the relationship is, the more likely it is to form a formulaic language. Figure 5: Examples of dependency syntactic relation. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/fig-5 Feature representation based on GCN In the formulaic language identification using dependency syntactic relation, the existing studies mostly use the dependency syntax in the text to construct rules, extract features, and then input them into the classifier to recognize formulaic language through classification. Although this method can achieve certain results, the nonlinear semantic relationship between components in sentences has not been learned and utilized. Spatially, the relationship between words can be represented by a graph through mutual information and dependency parsing. The GCN is used to process the correlation information, so that the nonlinear semantic relationship between words in the sentence can be extracted. In the feature representation based on GCN, the mutual information and dependency syntactic relation between words are used to determine the word connection relationship, and the basic features of words are represented as nodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology-based sensors are used in diagnostic devices. [SEP] Text: Fabrication of a curved row–column addressed capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array. J 2016;25(4):675–682. Development of flexible ZnO thin film surface acoustic wave strain sensors on ultrathin glass substrates. J 2015;25(11):115005. Film bulk acoustic resonators integrated on arbitrary substrates using a polymer support layer. 2015;5:9510. Adapted transfer printing technique for flexible film bulk acoustic resonator fabrication. 20th on for Chemistry and 2016. Dublin, Ireland. 2016. 1050. 160. Air-gap type film bulk acoustic resonator using flexible thin substrate. Sens Actuators, A 2005;117(1):62–70. An investigation on efficient acoustic energy reflection of flexible film bulk acoustic resonators. Eng 2018;1(2):129–132. Novel flexible FBAR on PET substrate. 2014 on and Solid-(EDSSC). Chengdu, China. 2014. Ultrasonic electrostatic actuators on a flexible substrate. 2012 IEEE 25th on 2012. Paris, France. 2012. 1196. Highly flexible piezoelectric MEMS resonators encapsulated in polymer thin films. 2018 (MEMS). Belfast, UK. 2018. 173. Flexible surface acoustic wave resonators built on disposable plastic film for electronics and lab-on-a-chip applications. 2013;3(1):2140. An implantable capacitive pressure sensor for biomedical applications. Sens Actuators, A 2007;134(2):382–388. A novel pressure sensor with a PDMS diaphragm. 2008;85(5-6):1054–1058. Miniaturized implantable pressure and oxygen sensors based on polydimethylsiloxane thin films. 2009;29(3):685–690. Z. MEMS absolute pressure sensor on a flexible substrate. 2012 IEEE 25th on (MEMS). Paris, France. 2012. 578. A flexible pressure sensor based on low-cost electroplated-Ni film induced cracking for wearable devices application. 2018 IEEE 13th Conference on Nano/ (NEMS). Singapore. 2018. 435. Differential piezoresistive wind speed sensor on flexible substrate. 2020;56(4):201–203. MEMS force sensor in a flexible substrate using nichrome piezoresistors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Feb 2020;23(2):107-112. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Experimentally manipulating social media abstinence: results of a four-week diary study. Media Psychol. Nov 05, 2019;24(2):259-275. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Taking a break: the effect of taking a vacation from Facebook and Instagram on subjective well-being. PLoS One. Jun 06, 2019;14(6):e0217743. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Taking a one-week break from social media improves well-being, depression, and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Soc Netw. May 2022;25(5):287-293. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Social media use only helps, and does not harm, daily interactions and well-being. Behav. Jun 25, 2021;2(1):1-32. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. The economic effects of Facebook. Exp Econ. Sep 26, 2019;23(2):575-602. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Does taking a short break from social media have a positive effect on well-being? Evidence from three preregistered field experiments. J Sci. Feb 07, 2021;6(3):507-514. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Tromholt M. experiment: quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Soc Netw. Nov 2016;19(11):661-666. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Short abstinence from online social networking sites reduces perceived stress, especially in excessive users. Psychiatry Res. Dec 2018;270:947-953. [CrossRef] [Medline]Vally Z, D'Souza CG. Abstinence from social media use, subjective well-being, stress, and loneliness. Care. Oct 2019;55(4):752-759. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The burden of online friends: the effects of giving up Facebook on stress and well-being. J Soc Psychol. 2018;158(4):496-507. [CrossRef] [Medline]Brailovskaia J, Ströse F, Schillack H, Margraf J. use – more well-being and a healthier lifestyle? An experimental intervention study. Behav.

Output: contrast