Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Nearly all of the intact forest has been destroyed near the mines, the underground aquifers have been permanently damaged, rivers have been diverted away from communities, and there are dangerous levels of air and water pollution [41, 42]. As for the conflict, there were several violent actors in the department and, in contrast to Caquetá, paramilitary groups played a more significant role in Cesar. For example, between 1997 and 2006, the Drummond Company, a mining company, supported with money the leaders of the United Self-of Colombia (de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish), who were located in the coal mining areas in the north of the department of Cesar. In addition, the of the AUC, under the leadership of Jorge 40, a member of the elite Cesar department, sought to capture elected offices in some coast departments, including Cesar [43]. Although land use changes in both departments have developed differently and differing land suitability, they have some similar characteristics that allow for the comparison of both departments. First, in both regions, resource depletion is associated with land accumulation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier. Second, both regions were highly affected by armed conflict and, for this reason, some territories within these two regions are included in the (PDETs, by Spanish acronym). These programs are an instrument that aims to stabilize and transform the territories most affected by violence, forced displacement, poverty, illicit economies, and institutional fragility in Colombia [44]. Thirdly, these departments present high rural land concentration. According to UPRA [45], Cesar and Caquetá are two of the five departments with the greatest rural properties and tend to have the highest variability and the largest median farm sizes. That is, properties in these departments are less similar in size. Fourth, most of Caquetá and Cesar have land tenure issues, with 58. 7% of rural land in Caquetá being technically and legally informal or imperfect; in Cesar it is 47. 43%; this makes it difficult to access institutional support [46]. Fifth, land use change in both cases resulted in the establishment of extensive pastures for cattle ranching. Sixth, in both regions there is a growing interest in developing other crops, including cocoa. Seventh, and finally, inequality in access to rural land is high for both departments. Thus, the Gini index for 2014 in Cesar was 0. 7 and for Caquetá it was 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: Environmental and While developing countries are currently facing the burden of food insecurity, the FAO (2009) predicts that the global population will increase to 9 billion by 2050. As the world population proliferates, the demand for food and feed will escalate along with it, subsequently requiring food production to increase by 70% (FAO, 2009). With the current state of the environment, and as it continues to degrade, there is a call to conserve natural resources such as land and water. Evidently, rearing insects requires remarkably less land than farming other categories of livestock. Oonincx and de Boer (2012) discovered that to produce 1 kg of edible protein, mealworms (T. molitor) required only 10% of the land that is needed for beef production. Although this difference may not be as dramatic when compared with pork or chicken production, mealworm farming still requires 29%–50% less arable land. Due to their obvious smaller size, edible insects also have the potential to be farmed vertically, thereby requiring no additional land clearing to advance production (van Huis et al. , 2013). Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are also produced at a lesser rate by insects such as crickets (Acheta domesticus) and mealworms (T. molitor). When compared with pigs and cattle, the difference is by a factor of about 100 (Oonincx et al. , 2010). Furthermore, the manure produced from common livestock also contaminates the surface and groundwater while releasing ammonia and acidifying the land (van Huis et al. , 2013). Although pigs have demonstrated to produce ammonia at a rate of 10 times or greater than crickets and mealworms, the quantity produced by cattle is undoubtedly even less favourable (Oonincx et al. , 2010). As land becomes scarce, the water supply is equally threatened. The FAO (2013) predicts that by 2025, two-thirds of the world will be under stress due to water shortages. When evaluated against the quantity required to produce 1 kg of grain protein, 100 times more water is required to produce the same weight of animal protein, especially as water is necessary for forage and feed production (Chapagain and Hoekstra, 2003). Although assessments for the quantity of water required for farming edible insect is currently unavailable, the results are likely in favourable directions, in parallel with that of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: for Medicare & (CMS) has allowed telehealth to be reimbursed for the traditional Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries since the COVID-19 pandemic started in March 2020 [8, 16, 35, 38]. CMS is a US federal agency that administers the Medicare program (i. e. health insurance for the aging population and those with disabilities) and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid (i. e. health insurance for the low-income population) [39]. Since then, the volume of telehealth delivery increased more than ten-fold within the first month of this policy change [35, 38]. Care systems and clinics also actively incorporated telehealth in primary care settings and chronic condition management programs [19, 20, 40]. Older and more vulnerable patients viewed telehealth as a more attractive option than risking interaction with others, especially in the waiting areas. However, disparity issues and barriers to access to telehealth also existed among historically underserved groups [41, 42]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth utilization was consistently lower among racial/ethical minorities, the low-income population, the advanced aged and those from remote rural areas [16, 43]. The CMS reimbursement policy change offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the utilization patterns and the effectiveness of telehealth relative to in-person services among the aging population when compared to the pre-policy settings [8, 16]. The objective of this study is to assess the extent to which telehealth can substitute in-person visits in primary care settings by 1) examining the association of changes in unplanned events (e. g. , ED visits and hospitalizations) with visit modality (telehealth vs. in-person) during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the previous years; and 2) comparing the visit time and pattern between telehealth and in-person care. The study first used longitudinal patient-level care utilization data to compare the occurrence and number of unplanned events and the healthcare costs by patients’ telehealth and in-person utilization status (none, either or both). This study also used encounter-level data to estimate the time duration until the next visit and the likelihood of follow-up visits for telehealth and in-person delivery modes. It is hypothesized that patient choose to use telehealth upon available and medical needs, and telehealth is comparable to in-person services in follow-up visit patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 6 [45]. This index is one of the most widely used indicators reflecting the level of inequality in land distribution. The indicator shows how the land area is distributed among its owners. Values close to one indicate high inequality in property distribution. Egalitarian distributions would show a Gini index close to zero, where, for example, 10% of the owners have 10% of the area. The estimation for Colombia as a whole is even more drastic than in the two case studies, at 0. 8789, which represents very high inequality in the property land distribution [45]. Materials and methods System dynamics and Diagrams (CLDs) System dynamics, widely believed to be critical for handling the complexity facing the world, comprises a set of conceptual tools that enable understanding the structure and dynamics of complex systems [47]. In other words, system dynamics allows for taking a problem apart and reassembling it to understand its components and causal relationships [48, 49]. CLDs are a useful tool within this approach, helping to provide a broad range of insights and implications [50] that can be used as the basis for developing actions and implementing policy [51]. CLDs link key elements, highlighting the causal relationships between them through loops. By stringing together several loops in these diagrams, it is possible to visualize and explain a logical interconnected chain of facts that creates a story about a complex situation and that even shows systemic failures. In this context, a systemic failure refers to a failure in one part of the system or parts of the system that propagates through the whole system and impacts the entire interconnected chain of social, economic, and environmental events [52]. Methodological approach Here, we describe the four steps taken to build and validate the regional CLDs using primary and secondary sources in order to understand their land-use dynamics (Fig 2). All participants involved in the study were informed of its objectives and they gave their verbal informed consent to participate in the interviews or workshops. The study was approved by the Board (IRB) of the Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, which complies with international ethical standards. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Methodology. research was principally conducted by a group of Colombian experts on sustainable land uses. As a first step, to advance the existing knowledge within the group, we collected other experts’ knowledge insights on several issues related to land use dynamics of the study regions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: In addition to the heavy usage of land and water, farming livestock also requires feed, which in turn requires further land clearing. Alternatively, insects are cold-blooded and so only require feed for energy and warmth. Studies have shown that to produce 1 kg of livestock weight, at least 2. 5 kg of feed is required for poultry meat, 5 kg for pork, and 10 kg for beef (Smil, 2002). Edible insects, such as crickets (A. domesticus), require only 1. 7 kg to produce the same weight (Collavo et al. , 2005). In addition, only a percentage of this livestock weight is edible, consequently reducing the actual production and availability of meat protein and other nutrients. While chicken and pork provide 55% of edible weight, beef only provides 40% (Nakagaki and DeFoliart, 1991). Crickets (A. domesticus) conversely offer 80% of its live weight for consumption, making its feed conversion efficiency exceptionally high. Furthermore, insects in general reproduce more rapidly and in greater quantities. For instance, the same aforementioned cricket species can lay 1200–1500 eggs within 30 days (Patton, 1978). Insects also reach their adult stages much quicker than their livestock counterparts and so are capable of reproduction sooner. the ‘Yuck’ Factor However, despite the undeniable benefits for consuming and rearing edible insects, this does not deter from the ‘yuck’ or ‘disgust’ factor. A study conducted by Rozin and others (1999) revealed that despite American students being willing to touch insects with their hands, many declined touching those insects to their lips. The concept of food neophobia, the fear of trying new or novel food products, has been suggested as the reason for this rejection (Megido et al. , 2014). This concept is explained by Rozin and Fallon (1980) to be a dismissal due to distaste for the organoleptic qualities, fear of danger to the body, or disgust stemming from a prior impression of what the product is or of its origin. While either of these three explanations or the combination thereof may be understandable, perhaps the neophobia of entomophagy could be lifted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Results from the study fill in the knowledge gap by providing evidence of using telehealth as a substitute for in-person services. The evidence is critical for stakeholders to make long-term decisions on telehealth delivery such as regulations, reimbursement, as well as inclusion in the primary care settings and/or chronic care management programs. Experiences learnt from the US healthcare system on telehealth delivery and healthcare quality improvement will also benefit other countries across the world. MethodsData sources and the study sampleThis study adopted a retrospective design and used electronic health records and claims data for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries served by an Organization [44] (ACO) in the Midwest of the United States. The study period was defined as April to December 2020, and the baseline period was from March 2019 to February 2020. March 2020 was excluded since the COVID-19 pandemic started in March and made the month less comparable to other months in the study time window. Beneficiaries who were 65 years or older and with a primary care physician (PCP) in the ACO provider list at the beginning of the study period were included in the analysis. Telehealth was coded from date of patient receipt of primary care services by audio or video telecommunication using standard billing (CPT/HCPCS) codes [4, 17, 26, 45,46,47]. Two types of the data were used for analysis. First, the non-COVID related care utilization data was collapsed into patient-month level and was used as longitudinal data throughout the observational period: 12-month baseline and 9-month study period. Second, the outpatient encounter-level data was organized by beneficiary and encounter date. One encounter represents one primary care visit (in-person or telehealth). A patient could have none, one or more than one in-person or telehealth encounter in any month. This encounter-level data was used to compare telehealth and in-person visit utilization and follow-up patterns. This study is exempted by the Board in the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reporting of the study follows the checklist for observational studies. OutcomesFor the patient level analysis, outcomes are the occurrence of unplanned events (ED visits and hospitalizations) and the total unplanned Medicare payment ($) in each month.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: For this, we conducted four initial qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews in December 2019. To consider diversity of knowledge and experience in the research topics, the criteria to select the experts were: (1) experience on activities related to land use dynamics in the areas analyzed; and (2) knowledge about land tenure systems. Therefore, we selected experienced experts on development cooperation projects, representatives of NGO’s and community-based organizations. The first interviewee was a practitioner with experience in implementing land formalization and restitution projects around Colombia. The second interviewee was a representative of a local NGO in Caquetá with knowledge and experience on the patterns of land-use change and deforestation in the Amazon region. The third interviewee was a farmer and social leader, who has been involved in sustainable rural development and social movements against land grabbing in Cesar. The semi-structured interviews included three guiding questions: (1) what is your perception about land informality and land restitution processes in each department? ; (2) what are the current land use conflicts that are affecting each department? ; and (3) do you know formal institutions or mechanisms to solve land use conflicts in each department? Each interview lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. All interviews were transcribed and data analyzed using qualitative content analysis, a method to identify manifest and latent structures in texts and other qualitative material [53, 54]. Secondly, based on the expert insights we conducted a literature review to identify key elements and causal relationships on the main land-use dynamics issues in each department. and Ison [52], we retrieved information from two sources: peer-reviewed 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Key entry points on land use dynamics in Caquetá and Cesar. overview shows land use conflicts in Caquetá are heterogeneous and depend on if they are in the foothills or not. There are different factors that influence these conflicts, among them: armed conflict, unsuitable land uses, competition between land uses or an overlap between these different factors. On the other hand, land grabbing is one of the ways to launder money and therefore the issue of illicit crops is related to deforestation, conflict, cattle ranching and unsustainable land uses. Thus, the promotion of sustainable land uses in the department is related to the legality of land tenure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: Lobster, once considered ‘junk’ food in the 17th and 18th centuries, was established to be cruel and unusual punishment for feeding to servants and prisoners more than twice a week (Greenlaw, 2002; Crowley, 2015). Today, lobster is regarded as a fine dining food, depicted as a pleasure enjoyed by consumers with high incomes. Another interesting example is the history of the ever popular sushi dish, the California roll. When first introduced in Los Angeles, Ichiro Mashita, the sushi chef of Tokyo Kaikan, innovatively substituted the toro (fatty tuna) with avocados as it had a similar texture but was more familiar to Americans. He also placed the nori inside the rice as this too was an unusual ingredient (Crowley, 2015). Presently, California rolls have become an icon of sushi and are enjoyed all across the globe. Whatever the cause of the prior neophobia, lobster and the California roll have had their status momentously and positively changed. Edible insects have the same potential. Megido and others (2014) suggest that the promotion of knowledge and acceptance of edible insects will begin with the understanding of the relationship between insects and shellfish, as they are simply arthropods of the land and sea, respectively. Correspondingly, increasing the frequency of positive exposures and tasting trials would also be effective. Fortification in via What is also proposed for increasing acceptability is the form of the edible insect ingredient. While traditional cooking methods such as roasting or frying are frequently used to prepare tastier or more palatable dishes, the insects often remain whole, especially in tropical regions (van Huis et al. , 2013). Instead, edible insects can be made into granular or paste forms that may result in improved acceptability. While in a paste or powder form, they can be incorporated into other foods. For instance, in Thailand and other countries, ground giant water bugs (L. indicus) are an essential ingredient in chili paste and fish sauces (Kiatbenjakul et al. , 2015). Although the chili paste is used as an ingredient in dishes, the current study suggests that the fortification of a main staple food could be more effective as the ultimate vehicle for delivering valuable nutrients offered by edible insects. Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, especially in developing countries (IRIN, 2010; USDA, 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: To differentiate care utilization at the intensive and extensive margin, the occurrence of unplanned events was measured as the number of ED visits or hospitalizations as well as whether there were at least one ED visits or hospitalizations in a month. For the encounter-level analysis, outcomes are the number of days until the next encounter and further, whether the next encounter happened within the 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-day frame. Major explanatory variablesIn the patient-level analysis, the two major explanatory variables were a binary indicator of the study period relative to baseline, and a categorical variable to differentiate patients by their outpatient utilization throughout the entire study period: whether a patient had no visit, telehealth visits only, in-person visits only, and visits of both types—in-person and telehealth. Different from other existing studies which used telehealth utilization status as the sole indicator [24,25,26,27], this study considered the co-existence of in-person visits and categorized beneficiaries into four mutually exclusive subgroups. We hypothesized that patients who used only telehealth and those who used both types of services were different and should not be grouped together when compared with the patients who did not use telehealth (the in-person only group). For the encounter-level analysis, the two major explanatory variables were a binary indicator of the study period during the pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic baseline period, and an indicator of the encounter type: telehealth relative to in-person visits. Control variablesFor both patient- and encounter-level analysis, control variables included sociodemographic variables, health conditions, care utilization at the baseline as well as month fixed effects to control for seasonal trends. Inclusion of these variables are based on data availability and the Andersen's Model of Utilization [48] including predisposing factors such as a beneficiary’s age group (65–74 years old, 75–85, and 86 +), sex (0/1), race/ethnicity (non-or minorities); socioeconomic factors such as Medicaid enrollment (0/1), disability entitlement (0/1) and the geographical residence category (urban, suburban, large town, small town/isolated rural); and need characteristics such as the hierarchical condition categories (HCC) score, an indicator of having three or more chronic conditions (0/1), the total number of unplanned event counts (ED visits and hospitalizations) and payments at the baseline period.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: In the case of Cesar, poor land use planning and public policy promoted crops such as cotton and oil palm in the department. These types of unsustainable uses degraded the land and resulting in an excess of depleted land dedicated to extractive and extensive cattle ranching. On the other hand, equity in access to water is a fundamental issue in this department. It is notable that the conflict in Cesar is closely related to the issue of land accumulation and concentration. Systemic implications of land use conflicts in Caquetá Fig 3 depicts land use conflicts in Caquetá through four reinforcing loops related to (R1) agricultural land-use conflicts and deforestation, (R2-R3) their implications on the land tenure system; and (R4) climate change. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Causal loop diagram of land use conflicts in Caquetá, Colombia. Key elements are joined by arrows indicating where there is a causal relationship between them. A (-) sign adjacent to an arrow indicates that the cause has a negative effect; if the cause has a positive effect there is no sign. The encircled R in each loop center means that the loop is a reinforcing loop (positive feedback). The equal sign located on the arrows symbolizes a delay in the system. has historically generated conditions fostering legal and illegal land colonization. This process, which has been poorly planned and uncontrolled, led to the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest [57, 58]. Nowadays, Caquetá is one of the most deforested departments in Colombia. Overall, Colombia lost 197. 159 ha of forest in 2018, and for Caquetá alone that value was 46,000 ha. This department ranked first in deforestation, followed by Meta (44,712 ha), Guaviare (34,527 ha) and Putumayo (13,903 ha), all of them are located in the same geographical region [59], among other examples. In most cases, this deforestation is caused by external settlers who expand the agricultural frontier by clearing the tropical forest, which in turn triggers the establishment of unsustainable land uses, such as illicit crops, mining, and extensive cattle ranching [23, 60–62]. As the land is not suitable for these uses, its poor productive capacity is depleted and deforestation continues [63], as depicted in the reinforcing loop R1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: It provides 20% of world’s dietary energy and supports the livelihood of more than 1 billion people (FAO, 2004; IRIN, 2010). It is regularly consumed and composes a great portion of the diets in both developing and developed countries. The overall percent of dietary energy supplied by rice for Asia, Africa, and has been reported to be about 30%, 10%, and 10%, respectively (FAO, 2004). Specifically, developing countries such as Bangladesh, Laos People’s Democratic Republic, and Indonesia have more than half of their dietary energy supplied by rice. Other than energy (363 calories/100 g), rice is also a good source of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and amino acids such as glutamic and aspartic acid (FAO, 2004). While rice lacks lysine, edible insects such as caterpillars (Gynanisa maja), grasshoppers (Ruspolia differens), and winged termites (Macrotermes falciger) can complement this essential amino acid (Siulapwa et al. , 2014). To obtain rice, the grain is milled to remove the outer husk and bran layer. During this process, broken rice is produced and can be used to create rice flour. Our research group has conducted a study to determine the feasibility of combining an edible insect flour ingredient with rice flour for the fortification of a staple food (Tao, 2016). The successful results from this study would first extend the yield of rice harvest and create an additional economic prospect for this milling byproduct (Qian and Zhang, 2013) and second improve the acceptability of a nutrient dense ingredient such as edible insects for general consumers. To create this fortified rice product, extrusion, a method that is growing in popularity especially in developing countries, was employed. Extrusion is a continuous process that combines cooking, mixing, shaping, and forming (Fellows, 2009). The process begins by the raw materials, typically in granular form, being fed into the barrel where water is added to convert the dry ingredients to a semi-moist dough mass that is processed further. As the screw within the barrel kneads the mixture, it becomes plasticized with a desirable rheological property suitable for extrusion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Table 1 of Beneficiaries by CategoryFull size tableDuring the 9-month study period (April to December 2020), 18. 3% (N = 2,976 out of 16,222) of the beneficiaries had no outpatient visit, 18. 1% (N = 2,929) had only telehealth visits, 29. 9% (N = 4,853) had only in-person visits, and 33. 7% (N = 5,464) had both types. Comparing across the four outpatient encounter utilization categories by baseline characteristics, those beneficiaries who used both telehealth and in-person visits were older (76 vs. 75 yrs. ), had a higher average HCC score (1. 43 vs. 0. 93–1. 02) and were more likely to have 3 or more chronic conditions (64% vs. 31–48%) than those from the other three categories. Comparing between the telehealth only and in-person only groups, the in-person only group had more male beneficiaries (42% vs. 38%), more between 75–85 years old (34% vs. 32%), less 86 years or older (8. 8% vs. 10. 4%) or from urban areas (65% vs. 74%). The average HCC scores were comparable but the probability of having 3 or more chronic conditions were lower in the in-person only group than the telehealth only group (41% vs. 48%). These results provided initial evidence that less healthy beneficiaries or those with more clinical needs used both telehealth and in-person visits, while those healthier ones chose either type to use by their p2. 02%, 2. 21% and 2. 32% for the no-visit, telehealth-only and in-person only group). The group that used both types of visits had a significantly higher baseline probability at 3. 5% (95% CI [3. 4%, 3. 6%]). In comparison, during the study period, the predicted probability for no visit, telehealth-only and the in-person only groups significantly decreased relative to their baseline levels (0. 77% CI [0. 7%. 0. 9%], 1. 23% [1. 1%, 1. 4%], and 2. 01% [1. 9%, 2. 2%]).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: The process of agricultural frontier expansion is an essential element stimulating the land grabbing schemes in the department where settlers invade the land, mainly for converting forest to pastures for cattle raising to get a formal title, and which is subsequently exploited by large landowners who buy the titles [20]. This process exacerbates the well-known problem of land tenure insecurity and concentration that, in turn, increases inequality and poverty since smallholders lack capital and credit to buy already cleared lands. These land-related problems create a perverse incentive for expanding the agricultural frontier by clearing more forests [26], as reinforcing loop R2 shows. Reinforcing loop R3 illustrates the implications of land grabbing, which in Colombia is considered to be a way for large investors and armed actors to transform illegal assets into legitimate capital [64]. This process generates land speculation that diminishes land governance due to power asymmetries and land inequality, thus the lack of governance over natural resources in the region facilitates increasing deforestation. The reinforcing loop R4 reveals how the ongoing Amazon deforestation creates a set of negative environmental effects, including the increase of greenhouse emissions [65], biodiversity losses, and water cycle changes, that subsequently exacerbates climate change. These changes could intensify the deforestation in the long term, since climate change, droughts and rising temperatures may contribute to the death of vulnerable trees in the forest, thus creating a new cycle causing further deforestation [66]. Systemic implications of land use conflicts in 4 shows the systemic structure of land use conflicts by means of different reinforcing loops regarding unsustainable land uses and land degradation (R1), climate risk in agriculture (R2), land productivity and water management (R3), forest conservation, agricultural frontier and resource depletion (R4) and land tenure system (R5). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Causal loop diagram of land use conflicts in Cesar, Colombia. Key elements are joined by arrows indicating where there is a causal relationship between them. A (-) sign adjacent to an arrow indicates that the cause has a negative effect; if the cause has a positive effect there is no sign. The encircled R in each loop center means that the loop is a reinforcing loop (positive feedback). The equal sign located on the arrows symbolizes a delay in the system. reinforcing loop R1 exhibits how land productivity is directly affected by land degradation, which is evidenced by the increasing soil erosion in the region.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: The screw pushes the dough mass out of the die holes where it expands and cools rapidly, forming the shape set by the type of die plate used. This type of technology can generate a remarkable number of products, ranging from cereals, pasta, soup and beverage bases, hot dogs and sausages, processed cheese, and chewing gum (Fellows, 2009). Action towards promoting the application of extrusion technology has already been set forth. ExtruAfrica, an initiative of the Center of Excellence in at the North-in South Africa, encourages the extrusion method through conferences and training workshops. The first seminar was first held in 2011 and continues on (ExtruAfrica, 2015). Filli and others (2014) suggest extrusion technology to be a key to adding value to agricultural commodities to reduce food insecurity in developing countries. Staple cereal grains, including rice, have yielded positive results. In fact, several investigators have already made considerable progress in creating products that incorporate indigenous materials through extrusion applications (Filli et al. , 2014) while increasing nutrient density (Obatolu, 2002). Moreover, utilization of extrusion technology will also offer potential employment and an improved livelihood for local citizens. of detailed experimental design and laboratory measurements are presented in a separate research 6. 3 g fat, 41 mg iron, and 75 mg calcium as well as other benefits (Sirimungkararat et al. , 2010). Crowley (2015) stated that crickets provide 15% more iron than spinach, two times more protein than beef, and equal quantity of vitamin B12 as salmon. Locusts, while currently not as available as crickets in the market, are superior in nutrient density. They can offer 598–816 kcal, 13–28 g protein, and 8–20 mg iron per 100 g (Oonincx and van der Poel, 2011; van Huis et al. , 2013). Inclusion of locust may also provide a solution to present or future infestations, as these insects often occur in swarms. Despite being viewed as pests, locusts are popular as fried dishes in countries such as Thailand and Madagascar. Brown rice flour was used as the major bulk ingredient for the production of the extruded insect rice. In contrast to white rice flour, brown rice flour is more nutritious and also provides the colour background to disguise the intrinsic dark colour from edible insects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: But for the group that used both types of visits, the predicted probability of have at least one ED visit per month did not significantly change from the baseline (3. 52% [3. 4%, 3. 7%]) (Table 2 & 1). Table 2 Risk-of per MonthFull size tableThe predicted number of ED visits before and during the pandemic across the four care utilization groups followed similar patterns. In the baseline period before the pandemic, the estimated average number of ED visits per 1,000 patients per month were comparable at 22. 5, 24. 6 and 26. 1 (±1. 8) visits for the no-visit, telehealth-only and in-person only groups and was significantly higher at 40. 1 (95% CI [38. 4, 41. 7]) visits for the both-types group. During the pandemic, the first three groups significantly reduced the number of ED visits (8. 2, 13. 2 and 21. 9, ±1. 6) while the fourth group did not show significant change from before (41. 8 CI [39. 6, 43. 9]) (Table 2). Comparing across the no-visit, telehealth-only and in-person only groups before and during the pandemic, the three comparable groups in ED visits during the baseline became significantly different from each other during the pandemic. The in-person group experienced the least reduction in ED visits, yielding the highest probability and number of ED visits among the three, while the no-visit group was the opposite. Comparing between telehealth-only and in-person only groups, the two groups had comparable baseline health conditions and ED visits, but the in-person only group had significantly higher predicted probability and number of ED visits than the telehealth-only group during the pandemic. Overall, these results suggested that patients used either telehealth or in-person visits or both depending on their clinical needs and availability and treated the two types of care delivery modes as a substitute to each other. Predicted probabilities and number of hospitalizationsThe changing patterns of the predicted probability and number of hospitalizations across the four care utilization groups were similar to that of the ED visits in the baseline period but were different during the pandemic. In the baseline period, the number of hospitalizations for the no-visit, telehealth-only and in-person only groups were comparable among each other (at 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: The probability of keeping productive systems in areas with desertification and overexploitation processes is very low [67]. In 2021, Cesar has some of the most degraded soils in Colombia, with 81. 9% of erosion. This degradation by erosion specifically affects agricultural yields, with 60. 4% of all agricultural sites eroded to some extent [68]. Due to the non-vocational use of land, productivity constraints are increasingly evident because people incorrectly believe they can adapt soils to agricultural uses instead of the other way around [68]. With regard to the effects of erosion on climate change, as illustrated in the reinforcing loop R2, FAO [69] points out that the loss of soil organic carbon not only negatively affects soil health and food production, but also exacerbates climate change and the risk of damage in the agricultural sector. [70] remarks, agriculture is deeply interconnected with weather and climate, making this factor dominate in the overall variability of food production and a continuing source of disruption to ecosystem services and facilitator of land use conflicts. Concerning the reinforcing loop R3, unsustainable land uses in the region has also affected water availability. Inadequate patterns for access, occupation, and use of natural resources, as well as poor technological practices, are threatening their valuable natural endowments [42]. Currently, the water deficit and the low water quality in mining zones represent a critical future scenario for the preservation of fauna and flora, for food security and for the development of agricultural value chains, such as palm oil, coffee, livestock, and cocoa, among others [42, 71]. Under climate change scenarios, with more severe droughts, water accessibility problems increase risk in the agricultural sector. Another cascade of impacts are found when looking at the effects of decreasing agricultural productivity on the conservation of tropical dry forest remnants, as depicted in the reinforcing loop R4. In Cesar, strategic ecosystems, such as tropical dry forest and swamplands, lack a management strategy that takes into account their conservation, ecologic dynamics and ecosystem services [67]. Therefore, they are heavily degraded, as a result of the diverse pressures that human beings have exerted on it, including deforestation with the purpose of economic exploitation, coal mining, agricultural expansion, and cattle ranching [39, 41, 42, 72, 73]. Finally, the cascade of failures in the reinforcing loop R5 highlights the lack of appropriate land use planning that takes into account the land suitability.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: Brown rice flour offers an additional 18% protein, 48% dietary fibre, 82% iron, and 67% zinc compared with its white colour counterpart (USDA, 2015—Database for Standard Reference, Release 27). In general, white rice is also inferior in its supply of vitamins and minerals when compared with brown rice. Formulation development began at a 5% (dry weight basis) addition level of insect flour in the extruded rice formulation and was then increased to 10% and 15%. Concerns for the increasing addition levels of edible insect ingredients included an intensified aroma and taste, which, although may be familiar in other dishes, is not currently associated with rice. Regardless, the protein fortification of insect flour to a product such as brown rice was certainly advantageous. For instance, by referencing the certificate of analysis (COA) provided by the vendor of the cricket flour, we predicted that a 15% insect flour formulation would theoretically increase the protein content by 8. 5–9 g of protein per 100 g of insect rice. Together with the protein content originally in existence with brown rice flour (3 g protein per 40 g serving), 100 g of the insect rice would provide an estimated 13. 5–14. 6 g of protein or 26%–29% of the daily value (DV) of protein. A preliminary study confirmed that there were no major differences observed from both the extrusion process and the physical and organoleptic properties of the extruded rice p1. Age of sensory panel. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 2. Ethnicity of sensory panel. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 3. Gender of sensory panel. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 4. Education level of sensory panel. Open in new tabDownload slideWith recruitment taking place on the university campus, it was no surprise that the majority of the panel was in their early 20s, about 76% (Figure 1). Only 6% of the panel was 35 years old or above. It was also found that the ratio of men-to-women panelists was almost 50:50, with only 10% more females to males (Figure 3). In a previous study conducted in Belgium, a similar ratio was found in their sensory evaluation with mealworms (T. molitor) and crickets (A. domesticus) (Megido et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: 0, 12,7 and 12. 9±1. 6 hospitalizations per 1,000 patients per month respectively) and were significantly lower than the both-types group (17. 8 CI [16. 8, 18. 9]). During the pandemic, the no-visit and telehealth-only groups had significantly fewer hospitalizations relative to the pre-pandemic period (5. 5 and 8. 1±1. 6). The in-person only group showed no significant changes (12. 3 CI [10. 9, 13. 7]) and the both-types groups had a significantly higher number of hospitalizations than before (23. 0 CI [21. 4, 24. 6]) (Table 2). Predicted payment for unplanned eventsIn the baseline period, the average monthly payment per person for the telehealth and in-person groups were comparable between each other ($7,326 and $7,184) but were significantly higher than the no-visit group ($4,772) and lower than the both-types group ($13,449). During the pandemic, the no-visit, telehealth only, and in-person only groups had lower payments than pre-pandemic levels ($1,896, $3,778, and $4,838 respectively), but the both-types group had no significant changes from before ($12,588). Further, the estimated payments for the telehealth only and in-person only groups became significantly different from each other during the pandemic (mean difference $1,060, CI [$957, $1,162]) (Table 2). Follow-up patterns for telehealth and in-person visitsThe overall distribution of the number of days until the next visit among all encounters were comparable before and during the pandemic and between in-person and telehealth visits. More than 60% of the next visits happened within 30 days. Proportionally more next visits happened on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day from the initial visit (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Distribution of Number of Days until the by Before and During the Pandemic. Note: Sample included in-person and telehealth encounters (/visits) for the pandemic cohort (65 yrs. or older with a UW PCP) pre- and during pandemic without March 2020.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: This precarious land use planning, including land tenure, land access, and land distribution, alongside the current land restitution programs, has also led to land accumulation with unsustainable uses and, consequently, with more soil degradation by erosion [68]. This last social reinforcing loop related to the land tenure systems is particularly important in Cesar since the inequality in land access helped to consolidate extractive activities and palm oil monocultures, which in turn represented a driver for disputes between armed actors for territorial control and resource extraction [74–76]. Currently, the land tenure issues as land restitution process to displaced victims of the conflict show a slow progress in Cesar. For example, the department has the highest level of land dispossession and has the fifth largest number of requests for land restitution outstanding at the national level, thus perpetuating the insecure property rights situation [76–78]. DiscussionWe map and compare the complexity of the problems related to land-use dynamics in two conflict-affected territories using CLDs. Neither diagram represents a screenshot of a current situation, rather they show how a series of factors that are separated by location and/or time might interact to create systemic failures. By using this tool, we are able to compare the two regions, identifying not just context-dependent characteristics but also systemic common drivers and trends of land-use changes. Land use changes in conflict-affected territories in Colombia involve complex system where everything is connected to everything else. Causal loops diagrams allowed us to conceptualize and construct our circular connections, mutual causality and the feedbacks in our problem. They are grounded in the theory of nonlinear dynamics and their feedbacks suggest that everyone shares responsibility for problems generated by a system. Thus no “one” factor is solely responsible for changes in the land use system [79–82]. A common driver of land-use change has to do with land access and distribution problems, which translate into a high land concentration in both regions. However, it is the result of dissimilar pathways that have been followed in each region. Land grabbing by clearing forests is how land is accumulated in Caquetá for speculative purposes. Unfortunately, this process was exacerbated following implementation of the peace agreement due to the power vacuum resulting from the demobilization of the guerrillas [23, 57, 83, 84]. Land dispossession caused by forced displacement is the way to accumulate lands in Cesar, which are then converted into economic exploitation areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: These similarities may suggest that either entomophobia or lack thereof holds no discrimination against gender, although this may require further analysis of the data to confirm this proposition. In terms of ethnicity, there were a greater number of Latinos and Asians, together making up almost 70% of the sample population (Figure 2), which may simply be reflective of the campus population. An issue, found only after surveys were conducted, was in the options available for the education-level question. There was no option for participants to identify themselves as persons who have graduated from their bachelors but were not pursuing any further education at the time. For instance, there were no choices for completing a 2- or 4-year degree while currently in the workplace and not continuing any education. There was also no option for those who were still in school but past their 4th year of college. With that, there may be some inflation within the data for the groups stating to be within their 1st–4th year in college (Figure 4). Perception of inquiries pertaining to the concept of entomophagy were asked in a separate survey within the questionnaire. These questions and their responses are displayed in Figures 5–8. As mentioned, two of the largest ethnicity groups within the sample population were Latinos and Asians. In Mexico, ‘escamoles’, or black ant larva, are fairly popular dishes and can cost $25 or more per plate (Aguilar-Miranda et al. , 2002; Premalatha et al. , 2011). ‘Ahuahutle’ is a famed Mexican caviar that is composed of some seven different species of Hemiptera (true bugs) (DeFoliart, 1992; Aguilar-Miranda et al. , 2002; van Huis et al. , 2013). A perhaps even more famous food, especially in Oaxaca, Mexico, is ‘chapulines’, or grasshoppers, and is consumed as street food (van Huis et al. , 2013). This particular dish can be found in many Mexican restaurants in the USA. While entomophagy is unquestionably strong within Latin America, countries in Asia also share this tradition. The giant water bug, as aforementioned, is a prominent edible insect used in multiple dishes for its unique flavour in Thailand and other countries (Sirimungkararat et al. , 2010; van Huis et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: The distributions of number of days until the next visits were comparable both before and during the pandemic and between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemicFull size imageAfter adjusting for patient characteristics and month fixed effects, both telehealth and in-person visits had fewer number of days until the next visit during the pandemic relative to in-person visits before the pandemic (33. 4 and 31. 2 days respectively vs. 43. 9 days; OR 0. 76 [0. 75,0. 78] and 0. 71 [0. 70, 0. 72]), but the two visit types were not significantly different from each other in number of days until the next visit. Similarly, the predicted probabilities of 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-day follow-up were higher during the pandemic period than before (OR 1. 36–1. 74). Comparing between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemic, telehealth visits had comparable 3- and 7-day follow-up rates (9. 2% [8. 6%, 9. 7%] vs. 9. 3 [8. 9%, 9. 7%] for 3-day; 21. 8% [21. 0%, 22. 5%] vs. 23. 5% [22. 0%, 24. 1%] for 7-day) but lower 14- and 30-day follow-up rates than in-person visits during the pandemic (37. 8% [36. 9%, 38. 6%] vs. 40. 6% [40. 1%, 41. 3%] for 14-day; 62. 4 (61. 6, 63. 2) vs. 65. 1% [64. 5%, 65. 7%] for 30-day) (Table 3). Table 3 Risk-Duration (Number of Days) until the and the Likelihood of Follow-up VisitsFull size tableDiscussionUsing a longitudinal sample of Medicare beneficiaries who were 65 years or older and were served by an Organization, this study leveraged the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment to examine the association of unplanned events, care costs and follow-up visit patterns with visit modality (telehealth vs. in-person) in primary care settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the process to bring the lands back to their previously dispossessed owners, which is known in Colombia as land restitution, is slow and complex since land restitution programs have had limited capacities to distinguish between those who used violence to accumulate land and those who did not [85, 86]. Both land grabbing in Caquetá and land dispossession in Cesar have brought about unsustainable land-uses that are depleting natural resources (e. g. , forest, water, soil). In this sense, the presence of land-use conflicts (e. g. , insecure or unclear property rights) or soil degradation represents a critical challenge to assure investments in agriculture and sustainable livelihoods in conflict-affected regions, as also mentioned by Counter [86] and Suarez et al. [25]. With respect to the environmental perspective, we observe a common trend in both CLDs: the establishment of unsustainable land uses is reinforcing climate change by affecting the capacity of the ecosystems in these regions to capture and store carbon, by increasing greenhouse emissions and biodiversity losses, as well as by affecting the water cycles. Both CLDs show how these biophysical changes represent a limitation to develop sustainable productive strategies or ecosystem restoration actions. This set of related situations seem to lead to a systemic failure [52] that affects the whole system in social, productive, and environmental terms. CLDs are a powerful tool that, beyond describing the dynamics of a complex system, enables envisioning new ways to address the problems arising from the described system dynamics [87]. The formulation of such solutions relies on the spotting of the element(s) that are modifiable and can generate a balancing effect in the loops. Which, in our case studies, translates into the development of actions to balance the unsustainable patterns and conflicts of land use. These actions should simultaneously integrate strategies addressing the common systemic drivers in both departments and solutions accounting for the particular regional land use dynamics [63]. Regarding the systemic drivers of land-use change that are common in both regions, a first set of actions should aim to improve the land tenure system, since inappropriate activities, such as deforestation, extensive cattle ranching, illicit crops, and violent land grabbing, are consequences of contradictory land management legislation and plans that do not have enough incentives to promote sustainable land uses, as Clerici et al. [10], Furumo & Lambin [78] and Grajales [64] state.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: , 2013; Kiatbenjakul et al. , 2015). While silkworms are farmed for silk production, their pupae are also prized delicacies in China, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam (Sirimungkararat et al. , 2010; van Huis et al. , 2013). In Korea, rice-field grasshoppers are consumed as side dishes or snacks (van Huis et al. , 2013). Considering that about 70% of the participants were self-reported to have cultural or ethnical background from countries where entomophagy is such a widely practice custom, it seemed appropriate that at least these many participants were familiar with the practice of consuming edible insects (Figure 5). Furthermore, as the said countries are all regarded as developing nations, the data collected from the sensory evaluation study could be somewhat extrapolated to provide indications of consumer acceptance of such insect products in those countries within and Asia, although domestic may practice unique dietary habits that are more or less different from the customs found in their mother nations. Thus, despite the present investigation being unable to reach those currently living in countries such as Mexico or Laos People’s Democratic Republic, the results could still offer some implications for such products being implemented in developing countries in the future, although these generalizations may be fairly limited. Figure 5. Familiarity with entomophagy. Open in new tabDownload slideTogether, the 82% of panelists being familiar with entomophagy and the 73% of participants declaring a high probability of consuming edible insects in the future (Figure 7), which pointed towards a positive trend. In a separate study, Tuorila and others (1994) found a positive relationship between pleasurable first experiences with a novel food and the likelihood of future consumption. As more than 50% of the free-response comments included a statement of their enjoyment and/or support of the current study and its products, this certainly presents a progression towards the future applications of edible insects in the market, even in developed nations. Although it was required that participants be willing to consume edible insects to taste the samples, it cannot be completely assumed that the participants would have chosen to eat edible insects after this experience. This is clear within the 6% who reported that they probably would not or definitely would not consume edible insects in the future. This unwillingness could imply that there was some other incentive for their participation in this particular project.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: This study first assessed the occurrence of non-COVID related unplanned events and the health care costs among patients with various types of outpatient encounters (no visit, telehealth only, in-person only and both types) during the pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic period. The study also estimated the time and likelihood of each type of encounter – telehealth or in-person visit that led to the next (follow-up) visit. Results suggested that patients used either telehealth or in-person services or both depending on their medical and personal accessibility and mainly treated telehealth as a substitute to in-person services rather than a replacement altogether. Telehealth was comparable to in-person services in primary care settings as it did not lead to more or sooner follow-up visits when compared to in-person encounters. Our study contributes to the literature on the utilization and outcomes of telehealth in a few unique ways. First, to assess telehealth as a substitute to in-person services, we categorized patients into four mutually exclusive groups based on their outpatient care utilization during the pandemic period when telehealth first became available to the study sample. The categorization of patients into groups with no visits, telehealth only, in-person only and both types allowed us to compare telehealth only and in-person only groups directly against each other as well as jointly compare both with the group that used both types of services. Previous studies in the field which compared telehealth users versus non-users (or heavy users vs. lighter users) did not isolate the use of in-person services and hence, limited the capacity to identify expected variations in care outcomes, events, and costs across patient groups [24,25,26,27]. Second, the distribution of the four patient categories and the baseline information from the longitudinal feature of the study sample provided initial evidence that telehealth was treated as a substitute to in-person services. First off, the four patient categories took 18%, 18%, 30% and 34% of the sample respectively, with the telehealth only and in-person only groups jointly representing almost half of the study sample. Significant shares of patients with either type of service implied that many patients chose one type over the other.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: This set of actions is severely limited by different variables or issues, including armed conflict, informal land tenure, land restitution claims, and land grabbing. It is also worth mentioning that these issues prevail or change across the different departments. For example, Caquetá and Cesar are among the ten departments with the most municipalities in the ranking of most affected zones of the (ZOMAC) [88]. Additionally, there are also high rates of informal land tenure in Caquetá (59%) and Cesar (47%) [46]. In terms of restitution claims, the problem is most critical in Cesar compared with Caquetá, since 6. 2% of the claims at the national level were made in Cesar, while in Caquetá these claims were equivalent to 3. 2% [77]. Finally, land grabbing particularly affects the Caquetá, Guaviare, and Meta departments, all located in Amazon region. They have been deeply affected by soaring deforestation sparked by land grabbing [89]. Without addressing land grabbing and weakness of land tenure systems, land use conflicts will continue, as Armenteras et al. [26] and Wiig & García-Reyes [76] note. To tackle these current issues, scholars like Elhawary [90], Ramirez [91], and Robinson et al. [7] suggest different strategies. Strategies include strengthening and supporting relevant government institutions for protecting land abandoned by forced displacement; supporting the State’s constitutional control bodies to ensure compliance of land protection and restitution; supporting communities in the direct protection of their property rights; as well as assisting internally displaced persons to understand and claim their land rights; effective land reform processes; titling systems that promote tenure security; agrarian jurisdiction courts to resolve disputes; as well as improving, monitoring, and evaluating tenure governance systems; among other strategies. These strategies can also serve as an effective strategic tool for supporting the rural poor, for improving livelihoods of farmers, for curbing speculation in land markets, and for preventing deforestation through market-based conservation mechanisms [7, 91–93]. A second set of actions should focus on systemic innovation and promotion of sustainable land use management interventions at the regional level. As land use dynamics, land degradation, climate change, and rural poverty are linked, these kinds of interventions could stop the cascade of systemic failures caused by land-use conflicts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: These foods were mostly roasted, fried, or seasoned products and were implied to be consumed as snacks, appetizers, or side dishes. About 20% of the experiences were either in Mexico or in Mexican restaurants and involved grasshoppers. However, an overwhelming majority of the experiences was with crickets (86%) and was followed by worms (i. e. such as mealworms, maggots, or silkworms) being the second most consumed insect (32%). While some enjoyed their experiences, several panelists stated that consuming whole insects was a bit off-putting but suggested that if the flavour was suitable, they would be more likely to enjoy the product. This comment about flavour being able to better allow the acceptance of a product was also reflected in the actual sensory evaluation on four attributes including colour, aroma, taste (flavour), and texture (mouthfeel), as presented with more details in the separate 12. 5 g per half cup serving and 20%–25% of the DV, the cricket and locust rice products were confirmed to be excellent sources of protein. Furthermore, the insect products demonstrated to offer 150%–200% more protein than market brown rice. Future studies in identifying the amino acid profile would yield even more valuable information concerning the nutritional benefits of edible insects. From the fat analysis results, the insect formulations provided 10%–12% DV for fat (6 g in 10% formulations and up to 7. 7 g in 15% formulations) when one serving of ½ cup or approximately 80 g of such rice products were consumed. Although the fat content may be relatively high for American consumption, this created an energy dense food that is rather preferred in developing countries. Products such as the insect rice could help us alleviate the hunger being experienced in countries such as Sub- as the population in these countries continue to undergo serious protein-energy malnutrition diseases. Protein-energy malnutrition is the most critical nutritional issue faced by populations in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, especially in children (Latham, 1997). Perhaps of the most infamous and severe cases of the malnutrition emergencies are marasmus and kwashiorkor. While marasmus is simplified to be caused by the overall deficiency of food, kwashiorkor is caused by lack of energy and protein as the diet is primarily composed of carbohydrates. The former results in the dangerous wasting of the body as fat and protein stores are utilized to create energy to survive.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: In addition, by tracing the patients back through the twelve month baseline period before the pandemic, results showed that patients with either type of visit, telehealth only or in-person only, were comparable in health conditions and care utilization during the baseline, and hence, the choice between telehealth and in-person services during the pandemic were mainly due to new health needs or existing social determinants such as barriers or facilitators (e. g. , gender, age, rurality, technology, etc. ). Lastly, patients who used both types of services during the pandemic had worse baseline health outcomes than the other three patient categories, which suggested that patients with different medical needs used telehealth differently. When telehealth is available, those healthier patients will use it to replace in-person visits altogether, and those less healthy (or more medically ill) ones will use it to replace some in-person services when necessary. Third, to assess the associated occurrence of unplanned events with telehealth versus in-person service modality, this study investigated the patient-month level occurrence of non-COVID related unplanned events (i. e. , ED visits and hospitalization) and health care costs across patient categories, as well as the encounter-level follow-up rates between the two encounter types. Both sets of results implied the potential of telehealth as a substitute to in-person services. Results from the patient-month data suggested that telehealth only and in-person only groups were comparable to each other in baseline events and care costs, and both significantly reduced unplanned events and care costs during the pandemic relative to their baseline levels. During the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic it was expected that all visits to hospitals would be reduced to essential visits only. However, the telehealth only group had a larger reduction than the in-person group, and as a result, the two groups became significantly different in event occurrence and cost during the pandemic. While one cannot say telehealth is the cause of the improved outcomes [24, 25], we can still infer that when telehealth became available, patients (and providers) would have the ability to self-select the appropriate service type and save costs accordingly [3, 4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Sustainable land use management strategies are a set of systemic interventions that address the causal relation between land productivity, land planning, land degradation, deforestation, restoration of natural areas, unsuitable land uses, and armed conflict [57, 76, 94]. However, consistently with other studies (e. g. , Wiig & García-Reyes [76]; Furumo & Lambin [78]; Krause [95]), we find that these interventions need to be linked to the first set of actions since structural issues as inequalities in land ownership, the lack of a full cadaster system, and lack of legal land rights must be overcome to produce long-term change, further investments in agriculture and curb deforestation. The effect of such interventions are illustrated in Fig 5. The CLD shows how the transformative land management practices could avoid systemic failures, by reversing the unsustainable land use patterns of Caquetá and Cesar that are depicted in Figs 3 and 4. Furthermore, through the implementation of these interventions, the soil could be rendered as a sink rather than a source for atmospheric CO2, which is important for decreasing the risk of damage in the agricultural sector. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Key factors for effective design and implementation of sustainable land use systems to reduce deforestation and enhance peacebuilding in Colombia. Based on the policy brief elaborated by the same authors: Bonatti et al. [96]. carry out these productive interventions, it is necessary to prioritize areas where cost-effective restoration interventions can be implemented. Several studies point out that agroforestry systems are another alternative that restores the land while promoting the sustainable intensification of agricultural production, conservation of native ecosystems, ecological rehabilitation at a landscape scale and carbon sequestration in tropical regions [60, 73, 97–100]. However, these sustainable land use strategies must be integrated into sustainable value chains by establishing policies, institutions, infrastructure, and incentives that facilitate not only the integration of several stakeholders, but also to generate a shared vision towards a sustainable land use and forest restoration [101]. In this regard, for suitable intervention design, the most important lesson to be drawn from complex systems is the need to design and implement interventions that take into account the interconnectedness of systems, as previously observed by Schlindwein & Ison [52]. Finally, the limitations of the study should be considered when observing its results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insect farming could help address global food security as demand for protein increases. [SEP] Text: People inflicted with kwashiorkor, on the other hand, result in serious oedema along with wasting. As the many populations within developing countries are already practising entomophagy, the novel insect rice products can naturally offer a supplement to the plain rice staple within their diet. As demonstrated by our study (Tao, 2016), the insect rice can provide not only 150%–200% times more protein, but overall increase the caloric intake for these starved people. In comparison to typical brown rice, the insect rice products can provide upwards to 58 more of much needed calories. The insect rice is also highly likely to provide other added advantages, such as increased uptake of iron and dietary fibre. Conflict of interest statement. None declared. authors would like to acknowledge the funding support of Polytechnic University, Pomona’s Research, Scholarly and (RSCA) mini-grant (2015). Dr. in the department of Sociology at Pomona and his students contributed to the consumer acceptance study via sensory evaluations. The technical support from faculty and students in the at Pomona is highly appreciated; particularly, our appreciation goes to Dr. Gabriel Davidov-Pardo, Dr. Bonny Burns-and Jonathan Guo. 364. 195. 301. 577. 44. 2014. Chapagain, A. K. , Hoekstra, A. Y. (2003). Nations in Relation to Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products. Value of water research report. Series 13. -IHE, Netherlands. 2015. DeFoliart, G. R. (1992). Insects as human food. Crop Protection, 11: 395–399. 47. 2015. Enos, R. T. ,Velázquez, K. T. ,Murphy, E. A. (2014). Insight into the impact of dietary saturated fat on tissue-specific cellular processes underlying obesity-related diseases. of Nutritional Biochemistry, 25: 600–612. 2015. FAO. (2004). Rice and human nutrition. Rice is life. International year of rice 2004. Available from: Accessed 2015 February 26. FAO. (2009). How to feed the world in 2050. High-Forum; Rome, Italy, 12–13 October 2009. FAO. Accessed 20 February 2015. 2014. FAO Water. (2013). Water Scarcity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: Further, results from the encounter-level data suggested that compared to encounters before the pandemic, encounters initiated during the pandemic had fewer number of days until the next encounter and higher (3-, 7-, 14-, 30-day) follow-up rates, but telehealth encounters were not significantly different from in-person encounters for these metrics during the pandemic [26, 27]. LimitationsThis study has a few limitations. First, the study sample came from a single care system and could not represent the general aging population nor Medicare beneficiaries from managed care plans. However, focusing on one care system allowed us to leverage richer information from both electronic health records and claims data for analysis [49, 50]. Second, findings from the study suggested that telehealth was used as a substitute for in-person services and did not lead to sooner or more frequent services in the future. But as with many other observational studies, we cannot establish causal relationship between telehealth and care outcomes, such as unplanned events and follow-up visits. Some study designs to construct comparison groups or with randomized interventions would help. Third, for the analysis on the time duration until the next visit, we can only group the outpatient encounters by beneficiary and encounter date and cannot guarantee that any two consecutive encounters were for the same healthcare concerns. Dose response relationship across follow-ups beyond the immediate next visit was not considered either. Similarly, the data did not include information on the waiting time from requesting an appointment to being seen for telehealth or in-person visits, nor were data available to discern whether an ED visit or hospitalization was just a one-off event or due to a patient’s bypass of primary care. Using additional information on primary diagnosis and reason for the visit will help refine the results. Lastly, results from this study were based on the actual utilization data. Patients who faced barriers to access telehealth, such as technology or health literacy, had to stay with in-person services or no service at all during the pandemic period. As such, results from the study were conditional on telehealth availability and accessibility. More system and community efforts are expected to ensure equitable access to telehealth as an alternative to traditional in-person services in the long run. ConclusionsUsing a sample of the US Medicare beneficiaries from one care system, this study found that patients and providers treated telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes and used either type depending on the medical needs, service availability and accessibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Although our CLDs aim to systematically understand the dynamics of two different regions, they are limited by local actors’ insights and variables reported in secondary information. Therefore, they could be incomplete with respect to systems dynamics, as Sterman [47] states. ConclusionsThis study provides a holistic picture of the land-use dynamics in two different conflict-affected regions of Colombia: Caquetá and Cesar. Through the development and the analysis of both regional CLDs, we find shared drivers and particular interactions that triggered unsustainable land uses. Additionally, we identify cross-cutting key elements in the study regions and specific actions that should be considered to comprehensively address disputes over land and their implications. Land tenure issues are cross-cutting elements that encourage conflicts and unsustainable land use practices in both regions. However, they follow dissimilar paths and have different land-use implications. In Caquetá, land grabbing and speculation comes at the expense of the forest, while in Cesar violent land dispossession facilitated the establishment of extractive activities, palm oil monocultures, and extensive cattle ranching; these trigging a poor performance in the land restitution program. Despite differences in the regional paths, both cases show high land concentration and inequality that, along with a lack of governance, continue to exacerbate unsustainable land uses. Actions to address these unsustainable patterns of land use change should take into account the interconnectedness of the different system components in both departments. In this regard, addressing land-related issues should be a central pillar for the post-conflict process at the national level by guaranteeing an appropriate rural land tenure system. In addition, local authorities in both regions must promote sustainable land use alternatives to restore degraded lands, reduce deforestation, and improve local livelihoods. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Major consequences of land-use changes for ecosystems in the future in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Appl Sci. 2020;10. View 2. . Hydrological response to future land-use change and climate change in a tropical catchment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2018. p. 1368–1385. View 3. de. Land-use and climate change within assessments of biodiversity change: A review. Chang. 2009;19:306–315. View 4. ecosystem change types in response to land-use change, extreme climate events, and land degradation. L Degrad Dev.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seabed mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. [SEP] Text: 123-127Резюме: Наиболее перспективным видом твердых полезных ископаемых дна Мирового океана являются железомарганцевые конкреции, имеющие размеры от миллиметров до десятков сантиметров. Наиболее изучены железомарганцевые конкреции рудоносной провинции Кларион-Клиппертон в Тихом океане, которые содержат такие полезные ископаемые, как железо, марганец, никель, медь и др.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: For healthier patients without complicated medical needs, telehealth can substitute for in-person services altogether. For less healthy patients who need more outpatient visits or have more unplanned events, telehealth can substitute for in-person care for pre-diagnosis, monitoring, and/or follow-up. Further, telehealth did not lead to sooner or more follow-up visits than in-person services. For all patients and the healthcare system, telehealth works as an effective substitute to in-person services and has the potential to improve timely care access and reduce health costs. Evidence obtained from the US healthcare market on the potential benefits of telehealth also yield similar implications to other countries in the world during the pandemic and beyond. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Center for Medicare and (CMS), but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of CMS. AbbreviationsED: ACO: : for Medicare & HCC: : Ratios OR: SD: CI: 91. 58. 9973. 2618. 42. 7. Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. . 2020;3(11):e2024984–e2024984. 7621. . Telemedicine: patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24:1692–7. 61. 2021. JAMA. 2022;327(3):237–47. 2020. J Manag Pract. 2022;28(1):77–85. 2019. Assoc. 2010;2021:e213282–e213282. 1476. 1640. 19. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:23743735211065270. PubMed Pub42. 6791. 12. . Use of Telemedicine for in or Medicare Advantage. . 2022;5(1):e2142531–e2142531. 43. 2021. . 2022;5(3):e225484–e225484. 8954. 2793. 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2019;30:951–963. View 5. Influence of land tenure interventions on human well-being and environmental outcomes. [Internet]. 2021;4:242–251. Available from: View 6. de Understanding land-use change conflict a systematic review. pdf. J Sci. 2021;16:223–239. View 7. -treves L. Does secure land tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation. Chang [Internet]. 2013; Available from: View 8. Magsi H, Torre A. Approaches to undersatnd land use conflicts in the developing countries. Macrotheme Rev. 2013;2:119–136. View 9. Ordway EM. Political shifts and changing forests: Effects of armed conflict on forest conservation in Rwanda. Conserv [Internet]. 2015;3:448–460. Available from: View 10. Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. 2020;1–10. View 11. Warfare in biodiversity hotspots. Conserv Biol. 2009;23:578–587. pmid:19236450 View 12. . Tropical Deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. . 2001;No. 4:136. View 13. . Modelling the impacts of civil war on land use and land cover change within Kono District, Sierra Leone: A socio-geospatial approach. Geocarto Int. 2013;28:476–501. View 14. . Globalization and Forest Resurgence: Changes in in El Salvador. Bioscience [Internet]. 2007;57:663–672. Available from: View 15. . Question and Violence in Colombia: Conflict and Development. J [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Sep 16];11:321–356. Available from: View 16. Gómez C, Sánchez-Ayala L, Vargas G, et al. Armed conflict, land grabs and primitive accumulation in Colombia: micro processes, macro trends and the puzzles in between. J Peasant Stud. 2015;42:255–274. View 17. Castro- Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict. Appl Geogr.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seabed mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. [SEP] Text: Ключевые слова: трал, полезные ископаемые, Мировой океан, железомарганцевые конкреции, провинция КларионКлиппертон, железо, марганец, никель, медьДля цитирования: Каширский А. С. , Рахутин М. Г. , Кириченко Ю. В. , Кузин Е. А Перспективы использования новой конструкции трала для разработки полезных ископаемых мирового океана. Горная промышленность. 2019;(6):123–127. DOI 10. 30686/1609-9192-2019-6-148-123-127. Информация о статьеПоступила в редакцию: 15. 10. 2019Поступила после рецензирования: 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: ; Hannah Greenwood, BPsycSci (Hons) Tiffany Atkins, BAppSci (Hons), GDipEd, MBiostat Justin Clark, BA for Evidence-:for Evidence-Based HealthcareBond University14 University DrRobina, 4229AustraliaPhone: 61 0755954182Email: obyambas@bond. edu. auAbstractBackground: Telehealth has been used for health care delivery for decades, but the COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the uptake of telehealth in many care settings globally. However, few studies have carried out a direct comparison among different telehealth modalities, with very few studies having compared the effectiveness of telephone and video telehealth modalities. Objective: This study aimed to identify and synthesize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing synchronous telehealth consultations delivered by telephone and those conducted by video with outcomes such as clinical effectiveness, patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and patient and clinician satisfaction with care. Methods: PubMed (), Embase, and were searched via the from inception until February 10, 2023, for RCTs without any language restriction. Forward and backward citation searches were conducted on included RCTs. Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. We included studies carried out in any health setting—involving all types of outpatient cohorts and all types of health care providers—that compared synchronous video consultations directly with telephone consultations and reported outcomes specified in the objective. We excluded studies of clinician-to-clinician telehealth consults, hospitalized patients, and asynchronous consultations. Results: Sixteen RCTs—10 in the United States, 3 in the United Kingdom, 2 in Canada, and 1 in Australia involving 1719 participants—were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses. Most of the telehealth interventions were for hospital-based outpatient follow-ups, monitoring, and rehabilitation (n=13). The 3 studies that were conducted in the community all focused on smoking cessation. In half of the studies, nurses delivered the care (n=8). Almost all included studies had high or unclear risk of bias, mainly due to bias in the randomization process and selection of reported results. The trials found no substantial differences between telephone and video telehealth consultations with regard to clinical effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and health care use (cost-effectiveness) outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2017;85:39–50. View 18. Murillo-sandoval The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement. Lett. 2020;15. View 19. Van, Visseren-hamakers I. Forests in the time of peace. J Sci [Internet]. 2020;15:327–342. Available from: View 20. Richani N. : in Colombia. Res Rev. 2016;47:51–78. View 21. Castro-. Geographic overlaps between priority areas for forest carbon-storage efforts and those for delivering peacebuilding programs: Implications for policy design. Lett. 2017;12. View 22. Morales L. Peace and environmental protection in Colombia. Proposals for Development. Inter-American Dialogue. 2017. View 23. Emerging evidence that armed conflict and coca cultivation influence deforestation patterns. [Internet]. 2019;239:108176. Available from: View 24. Sánchez-. Consequences of the Armed Conflict, Displacement, and on Change in Colombia: A Multi-scaled Analysis. Ecosystems. 2013;16:1052–1070. View 25. Suarez A, Árias-Arévalo PA, Martínez-Mera E. Environmental sustainability in post-conflict countries: insights for rural Colombia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. Springer Netherlands; 2018. p. 997–1015. View 26. Curb land grabbing to save the Amazon. Evol [Internet]. 2019;3:1497. Available from: pmid:31666736 View 27. Zúñiga-Upegui P, Arnaiz-Schmitz C, Herrero-Jáuregui C, et al. Exploring social-ecological systems in the transition from war to peace: A scenario-based approach to forecasting the post-conflict landscape in a Colombian region. Environ. 2019;695. View 28. Toward understanding the dynamics of land change in Latin America: Potential utility of a resilience approach for building archetypes of land-systems change. Ecol Soc. 2019;24 View 29. ánches Guerrero H, et al. of and Goals of the Agenda 2030. Systems. 2019;7:1–17. View 30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seabed mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. [SEP] Text: Москва, Российская Федерация, e-mail: Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript. ВведениеМесторождения дна Мирового океана являются последним доступным источником полезных ископаемых для нашей цивилизации. Причем, если месторождения углеводов (нефти и газа) в настоящее время активно осваиваются, то твердые полезные ископаемые (ТПИ) добываются эпизодически и в малых объемах.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: None of the studies reported on patient safety or adverse events. We did not find any study on telehealth interventions for diagnosis, initiating new treatment, or those conducted in a primary care setting. Conclusions: Based on a small set of diverse trials, we found no notable differences between telephone and video consultations for the management of patients with an established diagnosis. There is also a significant lack of telehealth research in primary care settings despite its high uptake. J Res 2023;25:e49942doi:10. 2196/49942Keywordstelehealth; telemedicine; telerehabilitation; systematic review; effectiveness IntroductionTelehealth (the provision of health care via telephone or video) has been used for health care delivery for decades, but the COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the uptake of telehealth in many care settings globally [1]. In Australia, following a rapid national policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic, uptake of telehealth consultations increased sharply and effectively [1]. In state of Victoria, telehealth consultations with general practitioners increased from 0% before the pandemic to 55% by August 2020 and tapered off to stay around 30% thereafter [2]. The most common types of consultations through telehealth were management of chronic conditions, mental health, and medication, posttest and postdischarge follow-ups, and new patient consultations [3]. Previous systematic reviews of telehealth versus face-to-face consultations found no evidence of difference in outcomes of clinical effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and cost in many areas including mental health and primary care [4,5]. However, few studies have made direct comparisons between different telehealth modalities, with very few studies having compared the effectiveness of telephone versus video telehealth modalities. Studies that have examined this are generally narrowly focused on specific care providers such as nurses [6], or specific conditions such as chronic conditions [7], with no available systematic reviews that have compared telephone and video telehealth across a variety of care settings. Given the now widespread use of telehealth and the predominance of telephone over video consultations [1], it is important to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of telehealth delivered via telephone to video. We therefore aimed to identify, assess the quality of, and synthesize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare synchronous telephone and video provision of care.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Arias--Trujillo V, et al. Drivers and effects of deforestation in Colombia: a systems thinking approach. Chang [Internet]. 2021;21. Available from: View 31. Identifying and measuring land-use and proximity conflicts: Methods and identification. Springerplus. 2014;3:1–26. View 32. Gallo G. Conflict Theory, Complexity and Systems Approach. Behav Sci. 2013;30:156–175. View 33. D. at Last? as a Network of Targets. Sustain Dev. 2015;23:176–187. View 34. Bayer S. and Modeling for a by John Sterman. Interfaces (Providence). 2004;34:324–326. View 35. Calderón N. 21 para el Departamento de Caquetá: Una construcción colectiva para el de la [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2007. Available from: 36. Sistema para la Planificación Rural Agropecuaria—SIPRA [Internet]. [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 37. . Mapa petrolero de la Amazonía y resistencia en el Caquetá: retos de paz en el posconflicto. Extr y posconflicto en Colomb retos para la paz Territ. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): de Colombia (Sede Bogotá). Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Geografía; Centro de Investigación y Educación por la Paz; 2016. p. 413–440. 38. Vásquez T. Caquetá: Análisis de conflictividades y construcción de paz | El PNUD en Colombia [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 39. Pizano C, García H. en Colombia. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH); 2014. 40. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seabed mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. [SEP] Text: В то же время исследования глубоководных сульфидов (ГПС), в состав которых входят конкреции икорки, а также глубоководных илов свидетельствуют, что они содержат практически весь спектр полезных ископаемых в объемах, которые по многим полезным компонентам значительно превышают запасы континентальной суши [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: MethodsStudy DesignThe systematic review was reported in compliance with the (Items for and Meta-Analyses) statement [8]. The protocol was developed prospectively and is available through the Framework [9]. We used the methodology of completing a full systematic review in 2 weeks herein [10]. This systematic review was conducted as part of a series of evidence syntheses evaluating evidence for the effectiveness of telehealth for the Department of Health and Aged Care. Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaWe included RCTs of any design, including parallel, cluster, crossover, factorial, or mixed, that included more than 10 participants and directly compared telephone consultations with video telehealth consultations. All other study designs (nonrandomized trials, observational studies, and qualitative-only studies), reviews (eg, literature, scoping, etc), commentaries, or opinion pieces were excluded. ParticipantsWe included studies with participants of any age, gender, care setting, or health condition. Studies conducted in a tertiary care setting (with in-hospital patients) were excluded. However, studies involving patients discharged from hospital and undergoing care by a primary or allied health providers were included. Care providers could include, but were not limited to, general practitioners, allied health care providers, nurse practitioners, midwives, and specialist physicians (eg, psychiatrists, dermatologists, and rheumatologists). Telehealth consultations between patients and clinicians were included; clinician-to-clinician consultations not involving patients were excluded. InterventionsWe included studies that evaluated the effectiveness of real-time (synchronous or “live”) consultations via telephone calls, including diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Consultations involving asynchronous provision of care (eg, store and forward of patient-generated data) were excluded. Studies evaluating the following interventions were also excluded: mobile apps, virtual reality, SMS text messages (eg, reminders), web-based platforms (eg, information and support systems and chat-based services), and studies of novel (nonstandard) interventions. Consultations could include single or multiple episodes of care, but the compared groups had to receive similar care in terms of frequency, duration, and health care provider. ComparatorsWe included comparators that evaluated the effectiveness of real-time (synchronous) consultations via video on any device type (eg, mobile or desktop computer), including diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Departamento del Cesar. Escala 1:100. 000. Estudio general de suelos y zonificación de tierras. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Subdirección de Agrología; 2018. 41. Gilbertson TL. Financialization of nature and climate change policy: Implications for mining-impacted Afro-Colombian communities. J. 2021;56:21–38. View 42. Cardoso A. Behind the life cycle of coal: Socio-environmental liabilities of coal mining in Cesar, Colombia. [Internet]. 2015;120:71–82. Available from: View 43. Romero M, Torres DF. Drummond, Chiquita y paramilitares: Adaptación y negociación de ventajas en medio del conflicto. In: M, editor. los paramilitares Redes corrupción, negocios y política. Corporación. A. ; 2011. p. 149–189. 44. Agencia de Renovación del Territorio. ABECÉ PDET [Internet]. 2021. Available from: 45. Unidad de Planificación (UPRA). Análisis de la distribución de la propiedad rural en Colombia: propuesta metodológica. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): UPRA; 2016. 46. Neva N, Prada R. Índice de informalidad. Indicador de informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra en Colombia vigencia 2019. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Unidad de Planificación (UPRA); 2020. 47. Sterman J. and Modeling for a Complex World. Homewood: Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 2000. 48. Haraldsson H. Introduction to Diagrams. Reports Ecol. Environ. Eng. Lund; 2004. View 49. Löhr Operational challenges in collaborative research projects: Addressing conflict multidimensionality. Kybernetes. 2018;47:1074–1089. View 50. Anderson V, Johnson L. What is Systems Thinking?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seabed mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. [SEP] Text: Особую ценность представляют месторождения полиметаллических сульфидов, которые распространены во всех океанах и внутренних морях и даже водоемах и водотоках [2–6]. Наиболее изучены конкреции Тихого океана из рудной провинции Кларион-Клиппертон. Глубоководные железомарганцевые конкреции (ЖМК) представляют собой, в основном, округлые стяжения черного и буровато-черного цвета с шероховатой поверхностью.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services can replace all in-person medical consultations. [SEP] Text: We included only direct comparisons between telephone and video telehealth consultations; indirect comparisons (of video to face-to-face care or telephone to face-to-face care) were excluded. OutcomesWe included studies that reported on our primary outcome of interest, which was clinical effectiveness (details depended on condition/clinical area), and secondary outcomes, which were patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and patient and clinician satisfaction with care. For diagnostic accuracy studies, the outcomes would include comparative accuracy of diagnosis for telephone versus video telehealth care. Search StrategyPubMed (), Embase, and were searched via the (which includes ClinicalTrials. gov and the Organization’s Platform) from inception until February 10, 2023. All search strategies are provided in Multimedia 1. Forward and backward citation analysis was conducted on included RCTs to ensure that all relevant studies have been identified. Study RestrictionsWe did not impose restriction by language (ie, if the 2. Data ExtractionReview authors (OB, HG, and MB) independently extracted the data on study characteristics and methods, participants, interventions and comparators, and primary and secondary outcomes. Discrepancies in data extraction were resolved by consensus or by referring to another author. Assessment of Risk of BiasThe risk of bias of included RCTs was assessed independently by 2 authors (MB and TA) using the of Bias 2 Tool [11]. Five domains were assessed: bias arising from the randomization process, bias due to deviations from intended intervention, bias due to missing outcome data, bias in the measurement of the outcome, and bias in the selection of the reported results. Bias was graded as low, high, or as having some concerns. In our protocol, we stated that we would use the original of Bias tool, but during the conduct of the review, we decided to use the updated Risk of Bias 2 tool due to its recency. Data AnalysisRevMan 5 (version 5. 4; Cochrane) was used to calculate the intervention’s effect. When appropriate, we meta-analyzed studies using either odds ratios or standardized mean differences using a random-effects model. We used odds ratios for results reporting the number of patients with an event (eg, stopped smoking) and standardized mean difference for continuous outcomes (eg, depression). Study outcomes were compared and subgrouped by follow-up duration where relevant.

Output: contrast