Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: I don’t always want to see it when I’m feeling down about myself so I stay off social media” (p. 20). These qualitative finding illustrate the complex nature of the associations between preexisting disposition (i. e. , low mood), selective exposure to social media messages, and postexposure mood. Mood-induced selective exposure to social media messages can enhance mood (adolescent 1), worsen mood (adolescent 2), and it can lead to selective avoidance (adolescent 3). Such unique differences have also been reported in two recent experience sampling studies by Beyens et al. (Reference Beyens, Pouwels, van Driel, Keijsers and Valkenburg2020, Reference Beyens, Pouwels, van Driel, Keijsers and Valkenburg2021), who found considerable differences in experienced effects of social media use. In one study, they found that 46% of the participating adolescents felt better after social media browsing in the past hour, while 44% did not feel better or worse, and 10% felt worse after such use (Beyens et al. , Reference Beyens, Pouwels, van Driel, Keijsers and Valkenburg2020). Such uniquely experienced social media effects also seem to hold for message senders. Several studies have shown that message sending (e. g. , posting) can improve the well-being of message senders (Verduyn et al. , Reference Verduyn, Ybarra, Résibois, Jonides and Kross2017), a result that has often been explained by the positive feedback that message senders receive (Verduyn et al. , Reference Verduyn, Ybarra, Résibois, Jonides and Kross2017). However, social media–induced improvements in well-being can also occur without any involvement of fellow users (Pingree, Reference Pingree2007; Valkenburg, Reference Valkenburg2017). Self-expressions on social media, especially when their intended audience is sizeable, may lead to internalization of these self-expressions, for example, via self-perception. Self-perception theory (Bem, and Berkowitz1972) argues that individuals infer their internal self-concept from retrospectively observing their own overt behavior.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: She concluded that the type of microbiota established in the gut plays a significant role in arresting the complications of Type 2 DM. from Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam spoke about his work on the functional efficacy of two indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains with regard to their acid and bile tolerance, hydrophobicity, adherence property, role of surface layer proteins in colonization, mucosal barrier function, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects on HT-29 cells. He briefed the audience that after mass screening of indigenous putative probiotic lactobacilli based on their hydrophobicity and cell adhesion property on HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, Lp9 and Lp91 were shortlisted for quantification of relative expression of the genes involved in acid and bile tolerance along with colonization potentials under in vitro conditions simulating gut environment as well as their immuno-modulatory functions in HT-29 cells by RT-qPCR [2]. Lp91 exhibited relatively higher acid tolerance by up-regulating the relative expression ‘atp D’ gene at pH 2. 5 after 90 min [3]. Expression of ‘bsh’ gene was also up-regulated maximally in both the selected strains under 2% bile concentration with maximum attained with Lp91 [4]. In the context of surface proteins, ‘mub’ gene was maximally expressed in Lp9. Almost, the same trend was recorded in the expression of ‘map A’ in Lp9. ‘EF-Tu’ gene, on the other hand, was expressed highest in Lp91. However, there were inter strain variations in respect of the expression of all the three surface proteins. Both the probiotic strains demonstrated strong immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties by up regulating MUC2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules [5]. Lp91 was rated as the most effective by significantly up regulating IL-10 and IFN-α expression in HT-29 cells under pre-culturing conditions. He finally concluded that Lp91 and Lp9 were the most promising indigenous probiotic strains and have the prospects to be explored as potential biotherapeutics against inflammatory disorders.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Mitchell C, (1993) Two distinct ATP-binding domains are needed to promote protein export by Escherichia coli SecA ATPase. 10: 483-497. doi: PubMed: 7968527. View 6. Vrontou E, (2004) Structure and function of SecA, the preprotein translocase nanomotor. Acta 1694: 67-80. PubMed: 15546658. View 7. Breukink E, Demel RA, de Korte-Kool G, de (1992) SecA insertion into phospholipids is stimulated by negatively charged lipids and inhibited by ATP: a monolayer study. Biochemistry 31: 1119-1124. doi: PubMed: 1531180. View 8. Manting EH, van der Does C, Driessen AJ (1997) In vivo cross-linking of the SecA and SecY subunits of the Escherichia coli preprotein translocase. J Bacteriol 179: 5699-5704. PubMed: 9294424. View 9. (1998) Amino-terminal region of SecA is involved in the function of SecG for protein translocation into Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. J 124: 122-129. doi: PubMed: 9644254. View 10. Watanabe M, (1993) SecA protein is required for translocation of a model precursor protein into inverted vesicles of Escherichia coli plasma membrane. 90: 9011-9015. doi: PubMed: 8415645. View 11. (1997) SecE-depleted membranes of Escherichia coli are active. SecE is not obligatorily required for the in vitro translocation of certain protein precursors. J 272: 13660-13665. doi: PubMed: 9153216. View 12. (1997) Differential translocation of protein precursors across SecY-deficient membranes of Escherichia coli: SecY is not obligatorily required for translocation of certain secretory proteins in vitro. J Bacteriol 179: 7386-7393. PubMed: 9393703. View 13. Baars L, Wagner S, Wickström (2008) Effects of SecE depletion on the inner and outer membrane proteomes of Escherichia coli.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: However, we now have much greater opportunity to support the development of friendships and the social support borne out of community integration for those with whom we work. Leach describes the potential benefits of social prescribing in primary care (enabling people to join social groups, clubs and activities of their choice); of personal health budgets and self-directed care. He could go much further than this. As we have seen from papers published in this journal, there are increasing examples of people using mental health services to form peer led, peer run communities, networks and movements and access community activities. “Recovery Rocks” in (Waegeli, 2014) fosters recovery within a peer community and “Prosper” in (Barrett et al. , 2014) offers a self-directed network and movement of over 150 people that is continuously influenced and changed by the skills and energy of its members. in (Walters, 2015) develops community partnerships and co-funds creative projects designed to provide supportive, creative opportunities in communities that enable people to reach their potential and live well in those communities. These are part of a larger social movement in which people with mental health problems are actively creating opportunities for themselves, with others who share similar experiences, to do the things they want to do in their own communities (geographical, cultural, with common interests, backgrounds and ambitions). Whilst these may begin with a strong focus on peer support amongst those with mental health problems, there is clearly evidence that they lead on to extending networks, friendships, valued roles and identities alongside others with similar interests and goals – rather than similar backgrounds and past experiences. Added to this, the development of (Perkins et al. , 2012), where people can learn with and from each other about their own conditions and ways in which they can move on, has led to the overwhelming finding that the main benefit is not so much what they learn about their condition, but about how they perceive themselves, their potential and their value. They develop lasting friendships with fellow students – based on shared experiences, shared interests and shared ambition, just as anyone else would when they attend college. And these relationships take them into the world beyond mental health services, achieving recovery together. So whilst I recommend this book to everyone working in mental health services because it really does provide a convincing account of the importance and benefits of social support.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Mr. from NDRI, Karnal was the next young researcher who presented his work on the anti-allergic effect of dahi made with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in mice. While presenting his data, he informed that feeding of probiotic dahi significantly suppressed (p<0. 001) the elevation of whey proteins-specific IgE and IgG response in the serum of WP-sensitized mice. In addition, sIgA levels were significantly (p<0. 001) increased in intestinal fluid collected from mice fed with La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi. Production of Th-1 cell-specific cytokines i. e. interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 increased; while Th2-specific cytokines (IL-4) decreased in the supernatant of 48 hr cultured splenocytes collected from mice fed with probiotic dahi compared to the other groups. Moreover, the splenic mRNA levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-10 were significantly increased with concomitant decrease in the expression of IL-4 in La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi groups, as compared to control groups. From the outcome of this study, he concluded that probiotic dahi suppressed WP-induced allergic consequences characterized by decreasing levels of IgE, IgG in serum and increasing intestinal sIgA levels. Cytokines profile also indicated the shift from skewed Th2-pathway to cytotoxic Th1-pathway for attaining balance. Mr. from NCCS, Pune in his presentation focused on exploring the microbial diversity of Kutajarista, an preparation in quest for finding novel probiotic strains. He demonstrated that microbial diversity in Kutajarista increased after 8th day of fermentation but gradually decreased with only 3 operational taxonomic units (OTU’s) recovered at the saturation of fermentation. Amongst the microbial types, Lactobacillus spp. was found at initial time point of fermentation. When assessed for probiotic attributes, Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Kutajarista was highly resistant to acidic pH 2, 0. 3% bile concentration and simulated gastric juice [6]. L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: J Bacteriol 190: 3505-3525. doi: PubMed: 18296516. View 14. (2003) Ring-like pore structures of SecA: implication for bacterial protein-conducting channels. 100: 4221-4226. doi: PubMed: 12642659. View 15. (2007) The active ring-like structure of SecA revealed by electron crystallography: Conformational change upon interaction with SecB. J 159: 149-153. doi: PubMed: 17419072. View 16. (2011) SecA alone can promote protein translocation and ion channel activity: SecYEG increases efficiency and signal peptide specificity. J 286: 44702-44709. doi: PubMed: 22033925. View 17. (2013) Reconstitution of functionally efficient SecA-dependent protein-conducting channels: Transformation of low-affinity SecA-liposome channels to high-affinity SecA-SecYEG-SecDF. YajC channels. 431: 388-392. doi: PubMed: 23337498. View 18. (1991) SecA, an essential component of the secretory machinery of Escherichia coli, exists as homodimer. 174: 211-216. doi: PubMed: 1824919. View 19. (1988) SecA protein is required for secretory protein translocation into E. coli membrane vesicles. Cell 55: 683-692. doi: PubMed: 2846186. View 20. Driessen AJ (1993) SecA, the peripheral subunit of the Escherichia coli precursor protein translocase, is functional as a dimer. Biochemistry 32: 13190-13197. doi: PubMed: 8241173. View 21. (1991) Characterization of membrane-associated and soluble states of SecA protein from wild-type and secA51(ts) mutant strains of Escherichia coli. J 266: 24420-24427. PubMed: 1837021. View 22. (1998) Identification and characterization of protease-resistant SecA fragments: secA has two membrane-integral forms. J Bacteriol 180: 527-537. PubMed: 9457854. View 23.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: AbstractSocial media has become increasingly integrated into the lives of students for the past decade; however, the public health restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a sharp increase in social media use in a short period of time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of social media use on university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifteen students from a mid-sized Canadian city were interviewed to share their experiences with social media during the COVID-19 pandemic. Purposive sampling was conducted to gather a diverse sample of participants, including individuals of various ages, gender and sexual identities, and ethnicities. Thematic analysis on the 15 interviews was completed using NVivo (version 12). Participants experienced both advantages and disadvantages associated with social media use. Ease of communication and stress relief were acknowledged as the strongest benefits. Social comparison, loneliness, development of bad habits, and lack of focus were cited as major disadvantages to social media use during the pandemic. Cost–benefit analysis of social media was common, and participants expressed the importance of using social media with moderation, balance, and awareness. Our study indicates that the focus on health with respect to the pandemic should not be solely based on physical health, rather the potential mental health risks associated with social media use during the pandemic should be recognized and addressed by healthcare providers. BackgroundPhysical health has been a substantial focus of healthcare professionals during the pandemic. In addition, research has been conducted to examine the consequences of the pandemic on mental health. Junior et al. (2020) state the psychological effects associated with the pandemic can last longer and be more determinantal than the infection itself. The public health measures and social restrictions implemented by various governments worldwide have resulted in adverse mental health outcomes. In Australia, moderate to severe symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety doubled in regions where COVID-19 restrictions were most severe (Fisher et al. , 2021). In Ireland, young people were particularly vulnerable to depression, feelings of social isolation, and anxiety during periods of social restriction (O’Sullivan et al. , 2021). In addition, the same study found that children with autism spectrum disorders experienced worsening mental health mostly due to changes in routine demonstrating the impact of social restrictions on vulnerable populations of society (O’Sullivan et al. , 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: plantarum also adhered HT-29 cells and colonized mouse gut as revealed by FACS and confocal analysis. He further stated that the maximum colonization of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum occurred at colonic part of the intestine. The antibacterial activity of L. plantarum against enteric pathogens was also demonstrated along with amelioration of cytotoxicity caused by Aeromonas veronii in Vero cell line. Besides this, disruption of tight junction proteins in MDCK cell line induced with the same pathogen was prevented by L. plantarum. Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory roles of L. plantarum were also demonstrated in mouse macrophage RAW cells activated by A. veronii. Lactobacillus plantarum strain from Kutajarista was stable for 14 days in comparison to 8 days with commercial GG strain. Furthermore, the viability of Lactobacilli in Kutajarista was found to be enhanced further when co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from the same product suggesting specific interaction between these strains which helps in increased survival in Kutajarista matrix. This study highlights the potential use of alternative sources like ayurvedic preparations for isolation of indigenous probiotic microbes. Kutajarista has unique therapeutic properties for gastrointestinal disorders and therefore, it could be an excellent vehicle for incorporation of these strains. Mr. from NDRI, Karnal was the last speaker in the session to present his findings on the anti-diabetic potential of two Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains against type 2 diabetes in a rat model. Diabetes was induced in rats fed with high fat diet followed by streptozotocin and divided into three groups viz. two probiotics and one control. He presented the data on the antioxidative effects of the two strains in terms of total anti-oxidative property (TBARS) and activities of anti-oxidative enzymes viz. , catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and erythrocytes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (1995) SecA membrane cycling at SecYEG is driven by distinct ATP binding and hydrolysis events and is regulated by SecD and SecF. Cell 83: 1171-1181. doi: PubMed: 8548804. View 34. Eichler J, (1998) The SecA subunit of Escherichia coli preprotein translocase is exposed to the periplasm. J Bacteriol 180: 5776-5779. PubMed: 9791133. View 35. van der Does C, den Blaauwen T, de (1996) SecA is an intrinsic subunit of the Escherichia coli preprotein translocase and exposes its carboxyl terminus to the periplasm. 22: 619-629. doi: PubMed: 8951810. View 36. (1997) The protease-protected 30 kDa domain of SecA is largely inaccessible to the membrane lipid phase. EMBO J 16: 2188-2196. doi: PubMed: 9171334. View 37. Ramamurthy V, (1997) Topology of the integral membrane form of Escherichia coli SecA protein reveals multiple periplasmically exposed regions and modulation by ATP binding. J 272: 23239-23246. doi: PubMed: 9287332. View 38. (1992) Deep penetration of a portion of Escherichia coli SecA protein into model membranes is promoted by anionic phospholipids and by partial unfolding. J 267: 15184-15192. PubMed: 1386084. View 39. van Voorst F, van der de (1998) Translocase-bound SecA is largely shielded from the phospholipid acyl chains. Biochemistry 37: 12261-12268. doi: PubMed: 9724540. View 40. (1996) A significant fraction of functional SecA is permanently embedded in the membrane. SecA cycling on and off the membrane is not essential during protein translocation. J 271: 29698-29706. doi: PubMed: 8939903. View 41. (2008) Additional in vitro and in vivo evidence for SecA functioning as dimers in the membrane: dissociation into monomers is not essential for protein translocation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 190: 1413-1418.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: (Non-binary, 19–20)I feel like that since we’ve been in lockdown for so long, and like I don’t want to say we got accustomed to like seeing the case count, but like we kind of have. The worry has reduced a bit, and plus. . . I feel more comfortable. . . having three vaccines and then already having COVID before. (Female, 21–22)Participants also reported experiencing stress from school-related activity through social media. Group chats, where individuals would discuss classes, grades, opportunities, and more, resulted in stress. there’s obviously going to be people smarter than you, and who excel at different things than you. Seeing it. . . plastered on every group chat, people knowing the answers to things, people. . . doing co-op opportunities, and all this. It definitely makes it seem like there’s a lot of competition, which can be stressful. (Female, 19–20)A small number of participants expressed how observing others in distress through social media during the pandemic impacted them negatively. One discussed how seeing others in distress went beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and into the realm of socio-political tensions due to the death of in 2020. the biggest point of stress is seeing how the pandemic is affecting other people or just seeing how they’re being affected. (Female, 19–20)especially during the Matter protests seeing. . . if you see people that. . . you can relate to, like suffering and stuff like that you in turn feel like more stressed and anxious. (Female, 21–22)Emotional EffectsA majority of participants reported feelings of loneliness associated with the initial lockdown period. The transition of class time to an online setting required students to stay at home for longer periods of the day with minimal socializing. For students living away from their family, many moved back during the lockdown periods and reported their move as being mentally difficult. Social media was beneficial to some in relieving feelings of loneliness as it provided a communication outlet. I was going through a really tough bit during the wintertime in the spring, so I had quite a few talks with my friends and they were just supporting me. don’t think I would have had quite as many if it wasn’t through social media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Besides this, expression of proglucagon and prohormone convertase1 (PC1) genes in cecum, and TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin in epididymal fat were also investigated by real-time PCR. Amongst the two experimental groups based on two distinct Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, HFD+17 group had improved oral glucose tolerance test, lower FBG, GHb, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and higher plasma insulin and HDL-cholesterol after 3 and 6 weeks of feeding. Even though the total number of bacteria was same in the two experimental groups, HFD+17 had more bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in comparison to HFD+LGG. Relative propionate proportions (%) were significantly lower in case of HFD+17 than HFD+SM and HFD+LGG groups. HFD+17 group had significantly lower TBARS and increased activity of catalase, SOD and GPx in liver and erythrocytes. Similarly, HFD+17 group showed increased expression of proglucagon and PC1 and decreased expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes. It can be concluded from the study that L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 does have anti-diabetic effect through enhancing the beneficial bacteria, activities of anti-oxidative enzymes and expression of incretin hormone, and lowered propionate, TBARS and expression of inflammatory markers in diabetic rats. Inaugural sessionThe conference inaugural session began with the welcome address given by Dr. A. K. Srivastava Director, Research. Institute, Karnal and President, of India. Dr. Srivastava welcomed the delegates and apprised them with the theme of the International symposium on probiotics. He presented a comprehensive overview of the conference scientific programme with major focus on multi-dimensional role of probiotics in human health and well being. Dr. Srivastava comprehended that probiotics as functional foods, dietary supplements and bio-therapeutics are becoming increasingly popular amongst the health conscious consumers, health care professionals besides the research scientists across the world as the scientific evidence continues to accumulate on their enormous health potentials along with their possible mode of action.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: doi: PubMed: 18065528. View 42. (2010) Electron microscopic visualization of asymmetric precursor translocation intermediates: SecA functions as a dimer. 53: 1049-1056. doi: PubMed: 21104364. View 43. (2011) Dimeric SecA couples the preprotein translocation in an asymmetric manner. 6: e16498. doi: PubMed: 21304597. View 44. Jilaveanu LB, (2006) SecA dimer cross-linked at its subunit interface is functional for protein translocation. J Bacteriol 188: 335-338. PubMed: 16352850. View 45. (2005) Dimeric SecA is essential for protein translocation. 102: 7511-7516. doi: PubMed: 15897468. View 46. (2007) Structure of dimeric SecA, the Escherichia coli preprotein translocase motor. J 366: 1545-1557. doi: PubMed: 17229438. View 47. Traxler B, (1996) Insertion of the polytopic membrane protein MalF is dependent on the bacterial secretion machinery. J 271: 12394-12400. doi: PubMed: 8647843. View 48. (2006) Electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes for the opening of Escherichia coli SecA-dependent protein-conducting channels. J 214: 103-113. doi: PubMed: 17530158. View 49. (1991) In vitro protein translocation into Escherichia coli inverted membrane vesicles. Biol 34: 167-187. doi: PubMed: 1943799. View 50. Breukink E, Nouwen N, van (1995) terminus of SecA is involved in both lipid binding and SecB binding. J 270: 7902-7907. doi: PubMed: 7713885. View 51. (1997) Characterization of in-frame proteins encoded by cvaA, an essential gene in the colicin V secretion system: CvaA* stabilizes CvaA to enhance secretion. J Bacteriol 179: 689-696. PubMed: 9006022. View 52. (1988) Nucleotide sequence of the secA gene and secA(ts) mutations preventing protein export in Escherichia coli.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: I wake up social media is the first thing that I check on my phone, although I’m not too happy about it. . . Honestly, I’m really not proud of it because I genuinely don’t like social media and if I could I would just delete them and I do have spouts where I do just delete all my social media but then a week will come when there’s like no commitments for me and I’ll just re-download them. (Female, 21–22)The discussion of whether social media was helpful for participants throughout the COVID-19 pandemic yielded mixed results. Around half of the participants argued that social media was more detrimental than helpful, while the other half argued the opposite. Despite the differences, most participants emphasized the importance of moderation and awareness when using social media. I can’t say yes and I can’t say no, because, yes, it has helped me, because I’ve been able to communicate with people daily. But no, it hasn’t helped me because I’ve been taking advantage of it and overconsuming it. . . which has had other implications on work and such. (Female, 19–20)it’s definitely one of those things where you have to balance the good and the bad and I don’t think we would have survived without social media. (Female, 19–20)DiscussionThis study provided the lived experiences of students attending a large university situated in an urban-rural region approximately 100 kilometers west of Toronto. Through purposive sampling, the study group was diverse and included individuals from various ethnicities, gender identities, sexual identities, and ages. Our study was able to demonstrate how social media can heavily influence the well-being of students in both beneficial and concerning ways. Experiences of LonelinessLoneliness and isolation were experienced by many participants, especially during the initial lockdown phase in Ontario in March 2020. This is consistent with Statistics Canada’s Survey on COVID-19 and which found that individuals aged 18 to 24 were most vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes and experienced loneliness in a higher proportion than other age groups (Statistics Canada, 2021). Participants expressed difficulty in creating new relationships, as well as maintaining already established ones, which may have implicated the onset of loneliness. Young adulthood and adolescence are regarded as developmental periods in which individuals form new relationships (O’Reilly et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The continuing emergence of clinical evidence for benefits to consumers and the subsequent marketing power of these microbial ingredients have now seen probiotics becoming the fastest growing category of functional and health foods. By virtue of expressing a wide spectrum of novel physiological functions beneficial to human health, probiotics are currently being recognized as the grey area of intensive investigations at the global level to derive their beneficial health effects maximally for the welfare of society from nutritional and health perspectives. However, he cautioned that before seeking any specific health claim for any medical condition attributed to a particular probiotic strain or the food formulation developed with the same, it must be validated through well designed double blind placebo controlled clinical studies at least at two differently located centers. The conference was formally inaugurated by Mr. T. who in his inaugural address highlighted the initiatives being taken at FSSAI for regulating the quality, efficacy and safety of processed foods including the value added functional foods particularly dairy based enriched with probiotics to confer their beneficial effects on human health and well being. He called upon the delegates and the probiotic fraternity in the country to deliberate at length on the key issues and challenges before the probiotic industry and suggest possible solutions to address these problems for judicious and effective usage of probiotics in the country for the benefit of the consumers and the society through their innovative R&D initiatives. He also sought the help of distinguished scientists having adequate expertise in probiotic research to advise the food authority how to sustain the quality, efficacy and safety of probiotic formulations in food format and as supplements in the Indian market in the backdrop of many spurious probiotic products with false claims entering the Indian market. Dr. from Finland also spoke on the immense value of probiotics for health applications. Dr. G. P. Talwar also shared his views on the prospects of exploring probiotic therapy in vaginal health to further extend the scope of probiotic applications. In the end, Dr. V. K. Batish, Secretary, PAi and the of the conference proposed a vote of thanks to all the delegates and expressed his deep sense of gratitude to the invited speakers for agreeing to present their key-note addresses and lead papers in the conference. Probiotics - from traditional use to scientifically documented health benefitsProbiotics have a long global history of traditional use [7]. The tradition of using probiotic microorganisms for health benefits is now backed by strong scientific evidence with promising strains of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases [8].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: J Bacteriol 170: 3404-3414. PubMed: 2841285. View 53. van der Does C, Swaving J, van Klompenburg W, Driessen AJ (2000) Non-bilayer lipids stimulate the activity of the reconstituted bacterial protein translocase. J 275: 2472-2478. doi: PubMed: 10644701. View 54. van Klompenburg W, de (1998) The role of anionic lipids in protein insertion and translocation in bacterial membranes. J 162: 1-7. doi: PubMed: 9516232. View 55. Fekkes P, de Wit JG, van der (1998) Preprotein transfer to the Escherichia coli translocase requires the co-operative binding of SecB and the signal sequence to SecA. 29: 1179-1190. doi: PubMed: 9767586. View 56. (1995) SecYEG and SecA are the stoichiometric components of preprotein translocase. J 270: 20106-20111. doi: PubMed: 7650029. View 57. (1991) Determination of a region in SecA that interacts with presecretory proteins in Escherichia coli. J 266: 6600-6606. PubMed: 1826108. View 58. (1996) Separable ATPase and membrane insertion domains of the SecA subunit of preprotein translocase. J 271: 31580-31584. doi: PubMed: 8940175. View 59. van der (1998) Interaction between SecA and SecYEG in micellar solution and formation of the membrane-inserted state. Biochemistry 37: 201-210. doi: PubMed: 9425040. View 60. (1997) Identification of a region of interaction between Escherichia coli SecA and SecY proteins. J 272: 11302-11306. doi: PubMed: 9111035. View 61. Natale P, Swaving J, van der Does C, de Keyzer J, Driessen AJ (2004) Binding of SecA to the SecYEG complex accelerates the rate of nucleotide exchange on SecA. J 279: 13769-13777. doi: PubMed: 14722060. View 62.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: In addition to anxiety and depression, students are also at risk of experiencing stress due to both academic and non-academic reasons, such as course workload, parental expectations, competitions, and more (Ramón-Arbués et al. , 2020). Participants in our study expressed how both social media and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the stress experienced through their academics. In agreeance with the literature (Visser & Law-van Wyk, 2021), many participants in our study explained how social media distracted them from completing assignments or studying. This could be due to how the pandemic altered the learning environment of students rapidly and resulted in online learning and communication. Many participants experienced burn-out where the constant use of technology for educational, social, and communicative purposes resulted in difficulties in focusing. This is consistent with Visser and Law-van Wyk (2021), who found that the pandemic was associated with reduced academic ability through difficulties in self-studying and online learning. Social media impacts this process as students resort to using social media as a form of stress relief and distraction when their academics act as a stressor, despite the disadvantages described prior. Our findings are in agreeance with Nesi (2020) who posits that social media can provide benefits including entertainment, creative expression, and social connection. In our study, benefits such as creative expression, entertainment, inspiration, and social connectedness were reported and ultimately provided stress relief. Self-Habit DevelopmentMost participants were unhappy with their time spent on social media platforms. Consistent with Visser and Law-van Wyk (2021) many participants outlined challenges that could have adverse effects on their academics, such as a worsening attention span and reduced productivity. Interestingly, most participants expressed experiencing increased stress from their academics as a result of the negative habits developed from using social media. This is reflective of the displacement theory which suggests that all screen time results in negative mental health outcomes as it displaces beneficial activities that promote well-being, including physical exercise or engaging in meaningful work (Boers et al. , 2019). Furthermore, remote course delivery required students to be online for a significant amount of the day. The findings of Lee et al. (2022) state that the quick and unexpected transition to online learning and communicating may have triggered mental health issues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Although promising, many probiotics are hindered by inherent physiological and technological weaknesses. Thus, new scientific innovations with meta-biotechnlogy and patho- biotechnology approaches in the screening and designing of probiotics for particular health benefits may provide strong scientific support for future probiotic research. To deliberate on this particular topic, Dr. Seppo Salminen, Professor and Director, Forum, University of Turku, Finland was invited to deliver the key note address covering the entire journey of probiotics starting from basic probiotic concept, definition, brief history of probiotics, their origin, foods as a carrier of probiotics, their safety and efficacy along with regulatory issues and future perspectives. The main focus of his address was on proving specific health claims associated with probiotics through well designed scientifically driven evidence based clinical studies to enhance their credibility in terms of their claimed functional efficacy. He highlighted the importance of microbiota acquisition from mothers prior to or during delivery that provide first stimuli for the maturation of the intestinal immune system and development [9] and conveyed that establishment of microbiome contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and mucosal barrier function and any aberrations in that may lead to non-optimal microbiota and predispose them to subsequent diseases. Elaborating his statement, Dr. Salminen stated that early establishment of a healthy gut microbiota hallmarked by that of a healthy breastfed infant, provides the key to long-term well- being. Furthermore, breastfed infants have less allergies, diarrhea, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections due to the characteristics composition and properties of breast milk including presence of high levels of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria [10]. The predominance of bifidobacteria has an important impact on later health and promotion of such microbiota has been taken as a target for nutritional intervention in infants. He also cautioned that although the probiotic science has developed rapidly and the technological and health properties of many probiotics are well defined yet, there is a need to evaluate the impact of manufacturing and food matrices on stability of probiotic properties and quality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (2003) Binding, activation and dissociation of the dimeric SecA ATPase at the dimeric SecYEG translocase. EMBO J 22: 4375-4384. doi: PubMed: 12941690. View 63. (1995) Topology analysis of the colicin V export protein CvaA in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 6153-6159. PubMed: 7592380. View 64. (1975) Studies on cytochrome oxidase. Interactions of the cytochrome oxidase protein with phospholipids and cytochrome c. J 250: 1383-1392. PubMed: 163252. View 65. Oliver DB, (1981) E. coli mutant pleiotropically defective in the export of secreted proteins. Cell 25: 765-772. doi: PubMed: 7026050. View 66. Oliver DB, (1982) Regulation of a membrane component required for protein secretion in Escherichia coli. Cell 30: 311-319. doi: PubMed: 6751561. View 67. Hendrick JP, (1991) SecA protein needs both acidic phospholipids and SecY/E protein for functional high-affinity binding to the Escherichia coli plasma membrane. J 266: 24596-24600. PubMed: 1837025. View 68. (2000) Signal peptide determinants of SecA binding and stimulation of ATPase activity. J 275: 10154-10159. PubMed: 10744698. View 69. (1996) Inversion of the membrane topology of SecG coupled with SecA-dependent preprotein translocation. Cell 85: 71-81. doi: PubMed: 8620539. View 70. Zimmerman DL, (1990) Reconstitution of protein translocation activity from partially solubilized microsomal vesicles. J 265: 4048-4053. PubMed: 2105958. View 71. (1990) Reconstitution of protein translocation from detergent-solubilized Escherichia coli inverted vesicles: PrlA protein-deficient vesicles efficiently translocate precursor proteins. 87: 1960-1964. doi: View 72.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: In our study, most participants reported feeling fatigued by their online academic environment, resulting in social media use as a distraction and reduced productivity after class due to burn-out. A dangerous cycle can be seen in this case as students revert to social media due to academic stress, which causes more academic stress due to poor time management and so on. Our results indicate an interplay between social media, COVID-19, and academics, and the resulting outcomes of stress and internalizing problems. Social ConnectednessParticipants described many advantages associated with social media use including communication and forging a sense of community. This is in accordance with the literature suggesting positive potential for relationship building on social media, providing users with feelings of belonging and acceptance (Clark et al. , 2018; Nesi, 2020). In addition, most participants expressed the utility of social media for maintaining relationships and staying connected with friends, family, and peers during the lockdown periods of the pandemic. This is a representation of active social media use as communication requires engagement from both parties as described by Thygesen et al. (2022). Compared to passive social media use, active social media use during the pandemic may have stimulated individuals socially acting as a potential protective factor against loneliness. Existing studies have found that social media acts as a mechanism of social connection, thereby possibly reducing symptoms of loneliness (Bonsaksen et al. , 2021; Maclean et al. , 2022; Sarangi et al. , 2022). Furthermore, our findings are consistent with those of Lee et al. (2022) showing that although social media has benefits related to social connectedness, excessive use of the platforms can be detrimental. Importance of Moderation and Consumed ContentParticipants emphasized the importance of balance and moderation when using social media as they experienced both the benefits and harms of its use. Since our study took place in February 2022, the participants were able to consider multiple perspectives throughout the pandemic including the early phases as well as the less restrictive phases. Therefore, the theme of moderation was likely developed over a considerable time span which underlies its importance. In addition, the importance of moderation can be applied to the type of content consumed on social media. For example, social comparison may be more likely to occur when the individual is consuming content related to unrealistic lifestyles. However, some participants in our study identified social media as useful for expressing their interests and hobbies and advertising small businesses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Speaking about the limitations of the existing probiotic strains available in the market, Dr. Salminen opined that new probiotics are still required for enhancing the resilience of healthy microbiota and also emphasized that the quest for novel strains should continue to address other targets such as allergy prevention, alleviation of obesity development, dental caries risk reduction, irritable bowel syndrome symptom relief, reduction in the risk of respiratory tract infections and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis etc. These initiatives also require new human intervention studies for establishing health claims for probiotics and advocating their use as nutritional adjuncts to other therapies [11]. Gut microbiota in human health and diseaseTrillions of microbes inhabit the human intestine, forming a complex ecological community that influences normal physiology and susceptibility to disease through complex host microbial interactions [12]. The distortion in the gut microbial composition may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers and life style diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [13]. To ponder upon this crucial issue, Dr. F. Guarner, Consultant of d’ Hebron, Barcelona, Spin, while delivering his key note presentation spoke on “”. Deliberating the importance of probiotics in human health, he discussed the metabolic, defensive and trophic functions of gut microbiota to host health. He emphasized that it is the host that provides habitat and nutrition to microbial communities: in fact, we feed gut microbiota. Microbial symbionts have been evolutionary adapted to provide the required organic compounds (essential amino acids, vitamins) and the ability to obtain energy from different sources. Further highlighting the importance of commensal gut microbiota in human health and its impact on shaping the immune defense mechanisms in the host, Dr. Guarner threw some light on how gut microbes play an essential role in the development of a healthy immune system as could be evidenced from studies in the germ-free animals. Reiterating his view point on this issue based on the findings of some recent studies, he enlightened the audience that some gut commensals play a major role in the induction of regulatory T cells in the gut lymphoid follicles [14]. The outcome of these studies clearly suggests that control pathways mediated by regulatory T cells are essential homeostatic mechanism by which the host can tolerate the massive burden of innocuous antigens within the gut or on the body surfaces without resulting in inflammation [15].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The authors point out that this question requires both a kinetic and a thermodynamic answer. Their "method" combines isothermal titration calorimetry, single-molecule FRET including key results from multi-parameter photon-by-photon hidden Markov modelling (mpH2MM), and SPR. The authors present this "method" of combination of experiments as an approach to definitively differentiate between induced fit and conformational selection. I applaud the rigor with which they perform all of the experiments and agree that others who want to understand the exact mechanism of protein conformational changes connected to ligand binding need to do such a multitude of different experiments to fully characterize the process. However, the situation of GlnBP is somewhat unique in the high affinity of the Gln (slow off-rate) as compared to many small molecule binding situations such as enzyme-substrate complexes. It is therefore not surprising that the kinetics result in an induced fit situation. In the case of the E-S complexes I am familiar with, the dissociation is much more rapid because the substrate binding affinity is in the micromolar range and therefore the re-equilibration of the apo state is much faster. In this case, the rate of closing and opening doesn't change much whether ligand is present or not. Here, of course, once the ligand is bound the re-equilibration is slow. Therefore, I am not sure if the conclusions based on this single protein are transferrable to most other protein-small molecule systems. I am also not sure if they are transferrable to protein-protein systems where both molecules the ligand and the receptor are expected to have multiscale dynamics that change upon binding. Strengths: The authors provide beautiful ITC data and smFRET data to explore the conformational changes that occur upon Gln binding. Figure 3D and Figure 4 (mpH2MM data) provide the really critical data. The multi-parameter photon-by-photon hidden Markov modelling (mpH2MM) data. In the presence of glutamine concentrations near the Kd, two FRET-active sub-populations are identified that appear to interconvert on timescales slower than 10 ms. They then do a whole bunch of control experiments to look for faster dynamics (Figure 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: The two social media use factors predicted SRH divergently, in the way they did to social well-being and PMH. While routine use is positively associated, emotional connection is negatively associated. The study also found that the relationships of both routine use and emotional connection with social well-being and SRH vary considerably across population subgroups. The relationship of routine use with social well-being is weaker among the elderly (60+), Hispanics, and the “Other” racial/ethnic groups compared with the youngest age group (18-29 years) and the White group, respectively. The relationship of emotional connection with social well-being is weaker among those with bachelor’s and higher degrees compared with individuals with less than a high school education, whereas the relationship is stronger among the “Other” racial/ethnic group compared with the White group. The relationship between routine use and SRH is less pronounced among the Black, non-Hispanic, and the “Other” racial/ethnic groups compared with the White, non-Hispanic group, whereas the relationship between emotional connection and SRH is stronger among these two groups: Black, non-Hispanic, and “Other. ” These findings suggest that the benefits and harms associated with social media use may be patterned by demographic, socioeconomic, and racial/ethnic identities. While the benefits seem to be generally higher among younger, better educated, and the White racial/ethnic groups, the harms seem to be higher among older, less educated, and minority racial/ethnic groups. These findings are consistent with a growing body of literature on the link between communication inequalities and health that shows that health outcomes could vary across socioeconomic and racial/ethnic population subgroups as a result of differences in motivation for, access to, and use of communication resources (Bekalu & Eggermont, 2014; Viswanath & Emmons, 2006; Viswanath, Ramanadhan, & Kontos, 2007). Overall, the findings of this study highlight the importance of considering users’ routine use of social media vis-à-vis their emotional connection to such use in describing the link between social media use and health. The finding that routine use is positively associated with all the three health-related outcomes (social well-being, PMH, and SRH) suggests that the widespread concern about the negative health effects of social media use in general may not always be tenable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Continuing further, Dr. Guarner contended that besides several other factors, foods and dietary fibers have a significant impact on the gut microbial ecosystem in terms of both composition and functions and stated that several facts support this notion. Non-digestible carbohydrates and proteins present in foods and fibers are the two main fermentative substrates in the colon. The amount of ingested dietary fiber is a principal factor determining metabolic activity. Recent data have shown that long term dietary pattern influence microbial composition and enterotypes [16]. Finally, he concluded that both probiotics and prebiotics have been explored thoroughly to improve metabolic activity, composition and symbiotic relationships of the gut microbes with the host [17]. Probiotics as future biotherapeutics to contain diabetesDr. M. Balasubramanyam, & from Research Foundation, Chennai delivered his talk on exploring the prospects of novel dietary based strategies including probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the management of Type 2 diabetes by modulating gut hormones. Elaborating on this aspect, he conveyed that with the discovery of gut hormones (the so called incretins viz. GLP-1 and GIP) and their implications in glucose homeostasis, the ‘gut connection’ to type-2 diabetes has now been established beyond peripheral insulin resistance and beta cell failure. In order to substantiate the validity of this hypothesis, he came across with some observations that microbial populations in the gut are different in obese and lean subjects and similarly in diabetic from non-diabetics suggesting that obesity/diabetes may have a different microbial component [18]. Considering the link between alterations in intestinal microbiota and metabolic diseases, Dr. Balasubramanyam claimed that probiotic interventions could serve as potential modulators of gut-flora that change the gut composition in a beneficial manner and exert various health beneficial effects on the host. He further pointed out that certain strains of Lactobacillus spp. reported to decrease body fat percentage in healthy volunteers exerted a beneficial effect on the onset of diet-induced obesity by reducing the cell size of white adipose tissues. Realizing the immense potential and scope of using the novel dietary based strategies to effectively control type-2 diabetes, he called upon the researchers that in order to safely and effectively change human gut microflora, the future research endeavors need to be focused to highlight the complex hormonal, immune-modulatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying microbioata-host interactions in different tissues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: They also do TIRF smFRET to try to compare their results to those of previous publications. Here, they find several artifacts are occurring including inactivation of ~50% of the proteins. They also perform SPR experiments to measure the association rate of Gln and obtain expectedly rapid association rates on the order of 10^8 M-1s-1. Weaknesses: Looking at the traces presented in the supplementary figures, one can see that several of the traces have more than one molecule present. The authors should make sure that they use only traces with a single photobleaching event for each fluorophore. One can see steps in some of the green traces that indicate two green fluorophors (likely from 2 different molecules) in the traces. This is one of the frequent problems with TIRF smFRET with proteins, that only some of the spots represent single molecules and the rest need to be filtered out of the analysis. The NMR experiments that the authors cite are not in disagreement with the work presented here. NMR is capable of detecting "invisible states" that occur in 1-5% of the population. SmFRET is not capable of detecting these very minor states. I am quite sure that if NMR spectroscopists could add very high concentrations of Gln they would also see a conversion to the closed population.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: The majority of now regularly use forms of social media on a daily basis (Smith & Anderson, 2018), and concerns are widespread that the time spent in these online social spaces might have negative consequences for their users and their relationships (Brown, 2018). In particular, these concerns center on users’ psychological well-being, how people experience and evaluate the quality of their emotional and social aspects of their lives (Diener & Emmons, 1984). In a bid to promote well-being, commentators have advocated people practice short-term periods of abstinence from social media and technology use, a practice known informally as a “digital detox” (BBC News, 2018), but little work has examined the effectiveness of taking time off of social media. The displacement hypothesis (Neuman, 1988)—the idea that time devoted to digital interactions necessarily crowds opportunities for more enriching analogue ones (e. g. , because these offer richer interpersonal experiences)—provides a possible explanation for why these interventions might impact well-being (Diener & Emmons, 1984). Because time use presents a zero sum tradeoff, each “dose” of social media time takes the place of other, more psychologically enriching pursuits such as getting together in a face to face interaction (Lenhart et al. , 2015; Neuman, 1988; Powers et al. , 2013). Following this line of argument to its conclusions, one could accept that social media could reduce well-being (Lenhart et al. , 2015). An intriguing and contrasting view is that rather than supplanting other, theoretically more rewarding activities, time devoted to digital interactions can support beneficial social functioning. Earlier studies suggest social networks might be part of the social fabric, such that disengaging from social media could reduce both support-seeking (Society results) and relatedness, defined as closeness and connection (Sheldon et al. , 2011). Additional evidence for this comes from survey research showing that 83% of adolescents say social media makes them feel more connected to their friends, and 68% who say they have received social support using these technologies in tough or challenging times (Lenhart et al. , 2015). Taking these literatures together, there is good reason to think acute social media disengagement might have positive effects on well-being but present a detriment to relatedness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, he stressed that the candidate treatments should be evaluated in well-designed trials with patient-oriented end-points. In the next presentation, Dr. Anura Kurpad, Professor of Physiology and Nutrition at St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore spoke on the role of gut microflora in meeting the body’s daily requirements of indispensable amino acid (IAA) as per the new WHO/FAO recommendations (2007) which are three fold higher than the previous recommendations. Therefore, the intake of limiting amino acids such as lysine in undernourished populations is likely to be marginally deficient since, these populations also eat a high amount of starch in their predominantly cereal based diets and some starch escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine and is available for microbial fermentation in the lower reaches of the small intestine and colon for contributing towards the intake of IAAs in the body. Elaborating further on this important subject, Dr. Kurpad enlightened the gathering that the source of nitrogen used for microbial synthesis of IAA could come from urea salvage, or from ingested dietary protein, or endogenous protein secretions. The relationship between requirement and supply of N, and microbial IAA contribution is highly complex, given that urea salvage could be the key to nutritionally significant microbial IAA contribution. He further stated that when N intake is low, the recycling of urea would be of most positive benefit to the body in terms of IAA homeostasis. He further pointed out that although the potential to modulate IAA contribution through the provision of microbial substrate remains unknown, it does have important biological consequences. It might partly explain how undernourished populations living on cereal based low quality protein intakes, evolve alternative mechanisms to meet IAA demands and hence adapt and survive. Dr. Sharmila Mande, and. , Pune while presenting the global scenario of malnutrition in her talk highlighted the importance of metagenomics for understanding the role of gut microflora in malnourishment. She further elaborated that by facilitating a direct investigation of the gut microflora, the metagenomics approach aids researchers to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how the variation of the gut microbiome affects human health. She discussed a metagenomic approach for analyzing the difference between gut microbial communities obtained from a malnourished and an apparently healthy child [19].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Tools and Genetics and insights into the cellular temporal response to proteostatic stress Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Germany; Illumina Inc, United States; of Singapore, Singapore; Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Oct 1, 2018 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 12, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptOctober 1, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 7,113 views 1,089 downloads 47 9054. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 3 tables and 8 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Protein misfolding stress involves multiple processes. (A) We investigate the multi-layered regulation during the response to protein misfolding stress. The schematic illustrates the simplified relationship between protein misfolding, stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and oxidative stress. Tunicamycin elicits ER stress, which triggers various downstream effects including transcription, translation, and RNA and protein degradation. Attempts to refold proteins increases production of hydrogen peroxide in the cell. Hydrogen peroxide, in turn, elicits oxidative stress through an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In cancer cells, basal ROS levels can be heightened due to altered metabolism. (B) Our experiment extracts significant regulatory events for >7,000 genes in response to either tunicamycin or hydrogen peroxide treatment. The experimental design maps multiple layers of regulation in response to stress, with an emphasis on post-transcriptional regulation. RNA and protein abundances were measured using RNA-seq and mass spectrometry, respectively. Ribosome footprinting and protein occupancy profiling were used to map the binding of ribosomes and non-ribosomal proteins along mRNAs, respectively. Time points and genes with significant regulation were extracted from each data type with the PECA tool (Teo et al. , 2018; Teo et al. , 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: This strategy is important for reducing researcher degrees of freedom that lead to biased results shaped by the researcher’s own worldview and personal attitudes toward the topic under study (Nosek et al. , 2015). Our aim was to rigorously test five hypotheses concerning the effects of social media abstinence. We focused on subjective well-being (i. e. , positive and negative affect, day satisfaction) based on work suggesting links between social media use and lower standing on such constructs (Kross et al. , 2013; Sagioglou & Greitemeyer, 2014). Further, we examined self-esteem based on work suggesting that social media use negatively impacts self-esteem, in part because it makes upward social comparisons more salient (Valkenburg et al. , 2006; Vogel et al. , 2014). Finally, we focused on social relatedness—feeling close and connected to others—because experimental work has suggested that social media use may increase relatedness (Sheldon et al. , 2011). First, in line with the concerns guiding the literature, we hypothesized that young adults would report higher levels of positive emotions (H1), lower levels of negative affect (H2), higher levels of self-esteem (H3), and higher levels of day satisfaction (H4) on days that they abstain from social media use. Second, in line with motivational theory reviewed above, we expected to observe lower levels of social relatedness among participants on days they did not use social media platforms (H5). MethodParticipants and DesignParticipants in all three studies were undergraduate student volunteers recruited through pools run by each of their three psychology departments where the researchers taught, and compensated with course credit (US and UK) or payment (HK, through an internal grant to W. L. from University of Hong Kong; num. 04290). A total of 248 participants were recruited in the UK, 199 participants were recruited in the US, and 203 participants were recruited in HK. The total sample sizes, those who completed both days of the study were smaller (UK, n = 205; US, n = 198; HK, n = 197). These participants ranged in age from 18 to 56 years (M = 20. 06, SD = 4. 62) in the UK, from 17 to 32 years (M = 20. 36, SD = 1. 71) in the US, and 18 to 35 years (M = 21. 13, SD = 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The analysis of this study showed that malnourished child gut was deficient in several groups like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria but harboured an abundance of enteric pathogens. She further revealed that gut microflora of the malnourished child in addition had a noticeably larger reservoir of antibiotic resistant genes. In long run, identification of such species can help in devising appropriate probiotic strategies for eradicating this menace. Dr. Sesikeran, Director, NIN commented that microbiota of underweight children could be different altogether. Dr. Sharmila further stated that microbiota of Indian children is different from their western counterparts. Probiotics in maternal and child healthThe interplay between both hereditary and environmental factors play an important role in every stage of development from conception to the early postnatal period with potential long-term effects on mother and child health. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor regulates the development of both metabolic and immune functions during pre and post neonatal life [20]. This session began with the presentation made by Dr. Indrani Ganguli, Head, Institute of obstetrics and who gave a new touch to the probiotic applications by shifting the focus from gut health to vaginal health. She show-cased her interesting findings on the therapeutic role of probiotics in women’s health particularly in the context of management of common vaginal infections. Dr. Ganguli explained in unequivocal terms that absence or depletion of lactobacilli in vagina could be one of the main reasons for bacterial vaginosis and the affetcted cases have a significantly increased risk of HIV, Gonnorrhoea, Chlamydia and Herpes simplex viral infections. She embarked upon that the use of probiotic lactobacilli to prevent infection has a good rationale and an excellent safety record, although, so far only a few strains have been clinically proven to be effective. Hence, she emphasized, it is critically important that strains are characterized and tested clinically using the delivery system of choice (oral tablets, vaginal pessary, dried powder or suspension). She pointed out that besides this, several studies are needed to optimize the defensive properties of the vaginal microbiota. She finally concluded her talk with an optimistic note that the health of many women can be improved by the use of probiotics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Protein abundance increases for common markers of oxidative stress in hydrogen peroxide treated cells (right). (C) Splicing of XBP1 (sXBP1) in tunicamycin treated cells increases, represented as mean fold change and standard error of the mean compared to the 0 hr time point. (D) Reads mapping to exon 4 of XBP1 in the RNA-seq data indicate an increase in the spliced isoform in response to tunicamycin. Spliced reads spanning the 26 nucleotide intron and corresponding to sXBP1 are designated at each time point. Darker colors indicate later time points. (E) The heatmap shows normalized fold changes for all three replicates for RNA and ribosome footprints measurements of eight ER stress response genes regulated via upstream open reading frames. As the significance analysis indicates, the genes are indeed translationally upregulated. FDR - false discovery rate; p-PERK - phosphorylated PERK; p-eIF2α - phosphorylated eIF2α; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of PERK and eIF2α are largely unchanged. As expected, expression of these stress markers changes very little, while their phosphorylation increases, as discussed in the main text (Figure 2B). Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset UPR genes are upregulated during ER stress. We compiled a list of 143 genes known to be regulated by the Response (UPR). The large majority of these genes are induced in either transcription or translation or both during tunicamycin stress. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Housekeeping genes are largely unchanged. The heatmap shows the expression data for GAPDH and actin genes. With few exceptions, gene expression is largely unchanged indicating that despite the stress response cells were viable and not undergoing apoptosis. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Stress response genes are upregulated in transcription and translation. The profiles show ribosome footprints (top) and RNA coverage (bottom) for two ER stress response genes, ATF4 and GADD34, that are induced in their translation. The panels show data for one replicate after 0, 1, 4, or 8 hr of tunicamycin treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: Suggested methods for this include analysing the content of any online comments and interactions for evidence of behaviour change and conducting surveys and interviews with campaign participants to directly ask about their behaviour [Reference Freeman19]. Tips for Clients on of to Promote and Health 1. to When, Where, and 1 Excessive and compulsive use of social media can negatively impact on real face-to-face communication with family and friends. A good way to manage overuse of social media is to set certain times each day when your social media notifications are off or your phone is in airplane mode. Another good tactic to avoid overuse is to decide not to have access to or not to check social media during mealtimes with family and friends and when playing with children or talking with a partner. Not taking a mobile phone into the bedroom or switching it off after a certain time in the evening is also a good tactic. Excessive use of social media at work can add to pressure and interfere with work efficiency and performance. So, again, set limits to social media interaction while at work. 2. social media to let others know about how you are managing your mental health. Share tips that you have found have worked for you and seek advice and support. Also try to focus your online interactions with people you also know offline. Talking about mental health is very important. It helps us to not internalize and recognize when we might need help. 3. Maximize the Benefits of few short spurts of focused uses of social media interaction can be less tiring and less stressful than spending a long time scrolling randomly through multiple feeds. Setting limits for interacting with different platforms can also be a good tactic to avoid this random scrolling. It is also a good tactic to try to be as active as possible when using social media. People who actively contribute rather than passively consuming others’ posts feel more positive and more in control. 4. Prune and to keep your social media life manageable. Over time, you have likely accumulated many online friends and contacts, as well as people and organizations you follow. Some content is still interesting to you, but a lot of it probably is not. Try to regularly prune your contacts, making your life more manageable. It’s a good idea also to schedule regular multiday breaks from social media. Studies have shown that breaks from using Facebook can lead to lower stress and higher life satisfaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Dr. Ashish Bavdekar, Associate Professor, Department of in his presentation, deliberated at length on the outcome of different clinical meta-analysis studies to demonstrate the efficacy of probiotics against different medical conditions in children. He began his talk by stating that currently probiotics are being administered for various indications like general health improvement, immune enhancement and the prevention and treatment of specific gut related diseases. Dr. Bavdekar further elaborated that the evidence for probiotic efficacy in many such disorders is not so strong, but there are well established benefits in a small number of conditions. Based on the data that emerged from meta-analyses of some clinical studies related to many diarrheal diseases, he contended that probiotics specifically Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri and Saccharomyces boulardii have been shown to significantly shorten the duration of acute diarrhea especially acute rotaviral diarrhea by one day and decreased the number of stools with a beneficial effect starting after 3 days [21]. Similarly, when used as a preventive agent, probiotics have shown reduced incidence of Antibiotic associated Diarrhea (AAD) by an average of 60%. The benefits however, were highly strain and dose dependent. Continuing further debate on the efficacy of probiotics, Dr. Bavdekar commented that probiotics have shown a modest benefit in preventing acute gastrointestinal tract infections in healthy infants and children in child care centers in developed countries. He also referred to a recent community based clinical trial conducted in Kolkata, India wherein Lactobacillus casei Shirota was orally fed to 1–5 years old children [22]. The outcome of the study revealed that daily intake of this strain showed a protective efficacy of 14% in preventing acute diarrhea. However, as far as prevention of atopic diseases and IBDs is concerned, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support probiotic efficacy against these conditions. Finally after critical appraisal of the outcome of the meta-analysis studies, he concluded that overall, the scientific data on all these cases have largely remained limited and hence, no recommendations can be made at the moment regarding the use of probiotics in these conditions. Dr. Consultant, Department of Neonatology, Centre for was the next speaker who delivered a talk on the application of probiotics in pre terms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figure 2—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Many uORF and IRES containing genes are translationally regulated. The table/heatmap shows mammalian genes with known translation regulation via upstream open reading frames (uORFs) or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). The change in expression data is shown for the RNA and ribosome footprinting data for three replicates for ER stress. Eight genes have significant translation upregulation and are shown in the main text. The FDR is listed as the median value across the three replicates (if it is significant it is so in at least two replicates) and converted to a signed value, that is positive if translation regulation is positive and negative if negative. Therefore, values > 0. 80 denote an FDR < 0. 2 for significant upregulation and values < −0. 80 denote significant negative regulation. Figure 2E shows the subset of genes with uORFs and known roles under ER stress. sFDR - signed false discovery rate. Figure 3 with 7 supplements Download asset Open asset Integrated data reveal global and gene-specific regulation in response to misfolding stress. (A) The heatmap shows relative changes in RNA abundance, ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints, and protein abundance for 7,011 genes (rows) in duplicate after 1, 4 and 8 hr of tunicamycin or hydrogen peroxide treatment. Rows are sorted using complete-linkage hierarchical clustering and labeled according to their cluster number. We chose 20 clusters based on the ‘elbow method’ (Figure 3—figure supplement 3). (B) The heatmap indicates significant regulatory events for the genes at each regulatory level displayed along the top (false discovery rate <0. 2 for both replicates). (C) The heatmap shows function pathways that are significantly enriched in the gene clusters (p-value<0. 01). The order of the genes is the same across all three panels. FDR - false discovery rate; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Replicates are consistent even prior to principal component analysis. The heatmap shows integrated data for the log base two transformed Z-scores calculated for each time series experiment, prior to removing one of the three replicates and processing by Analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Taking breaks from social media can have positive effects on mental health. [SEP] Text: It may be difficult at first to prune and disengage from social media so seek help from family and friends by publicly declaring you are on a break or that you have certain times when you are positively offline. 5. Using social media to keep abreast of your cousin’s life is fine, as long as you don’t neglect to visit or talk in person. Tweeting with a colleague can be engaging and fun, but make sure those interactions don’t become a substitute for talking face to face or via a live video platform. Social media are useful additions to our social lives, but only a flesh-and-blood person sitting across from you can fulfil the basic human need for connection and belonging. 6. is important to remember that your choices and use of social media affect others. Do not spend your time online being cruel to people. Rather, spend time supporting your contacts. It is not your job to judge others online. Criticisms and negativity can significantly impact on others’ mental health. Use your social media profile wisely, be supportive and understanding – do not cyberbully. 4. 1 @the. holistic. psychologist’s first Instagram post making her intentions on the platform explicit from its inception View in content Figure 4. 2 A post from @the. holistic. psychologist sharing the cycle of trauma responses, which received over 57,000 likes and 934 comments View in content Figure 4. 3 (a–d): BetterHelp’s static online creative You have by Loading. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The major focus of his presentation was on the prospects of probiotic therapy in the management of (NEC) - a serious GI disorder occurring in neonates. According to Dr. Garg, despite significant advancements in the neonatal care, the mortality resulting from NEC has not improved over the last three decades as can be reflected from high mortality rates which continue ranging from 10–30% [23]. Continuing further, he informed the house that there are only a few interventions which have shown some promise in the treatment of this life threatening disease. In this context, breast milk has been recognized as the best option in the prevention of NEC. However, there is a growing evidence that supplementation of probiotics to preterm infants in NICU may provide sufficient relief to the affected infants [24]. Finding the probiotic therapy an exciting novel strategy, he commented that the rationale for probiotic supplementation of preterm infants is based on the data demonstrating differences in the establishment of intestinal microbiota in preterm infants. In his opinion, administration of probiotics to this vulnerable population may be an effective way to change their gut colonization with the healthy bacteria and advocated exploring the same for disease management in preterms. To further support the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in preterm babies, Dr. Garg referred to the outcome of a recent meta-analysis study carried out in India which provided sufficient scientific evidence to establish the efficacy of probiotics in reducing death and disease in preterm neonates [25]. Based on this study, it was suggested that probiotics should now be offered as a routine therapy for preterm neonates and that additional placebo-controlled trials are not warranted. While concluding his talk, he cautioned that although probiotic supplementation appears to be a promising approach for prevention of NEC in very low birth weight babies, further studies are warranted to address various issues. Currently, there are no well defined regulatory guidelines in the country to ensure the safety and quality of commercially available probiotic preparations. Furthermore, the optimal probiotic combination and dosing strategy also need to be clearly elucidated. Future of probiotics in India - roadmap for researchDr. Sunita Grover, at delivered the first talk in this session and shared her thoughts and vision on reorienting the R&D program on probiotics and shape the future road map in the country in carrying forward this mission holistically through extensive networking and clustering.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The total number of genes is 7,011, corresponding to the data shown in Figure 3, main text. For visualization purposes, the replicates are indicated in different shades of black/grey in the time triangles. Replicates are highly consistent with each other. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The results are robust to different significance thresholds. The figure shows for all 7,011 genes from the core dataset (left) and 143 known UPR genes (right) the distribution of significant regulatory events as determined by PECA using different significance thresholds (false discovery rate, FDR, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2; top to bottom). The main text focuses on results with FDR < 0. 2. In each case, we required both replicates to show a regulatory event at the given threshold at any time point. The results are similar across different thresholds and for the UPR subset. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Twenty clusters capture majority of biological variation. The sum of squares within groups (WSS) was calculated to identify the optimal number of clusters using the ‘elbow method’. Based on this, we chose the number of clusters in Figure 3 to equal twenty where the addition of further clusters does not markedly reduce WSS. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset ATF4 and other upstream regulators target specific groups of genes. We used IPA to screen for significantly enriched (p-value<0. 001, purple) upstream regulators in each respective cluster, based on prior knowledge of transcriptional regulators and their targets. Indeed, ATF4 and other stress-related transcription factors are strongly enriched in the UPR cluster (cluster 11, Figure 3C). Figure 3—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Transmembrane proteins are often regulated at post-transcriptional levels. The subset of integrin related proteins display a negative trend in their transcript abundance during ER stress, however they are often upregulated at the protein level. A lack of translation induction for these genes suggests protein stabilization and decreased protein degradation. Alternatively, N-linked glycosylated proteins display decreasing ribosomal footprints, as well as significantly reduced protein occupancy in their 3’ UTR upon tunicamycin treatment. While many of these genes show significant increases in transcript levels, they display relatively stable protein abundance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: AbstractMotives for “friending,” following, or connecting with others on social network sites are often positive, but darker motives may also play an important role. A survey with a novel Scale (FMS) demonstrates accordingly that positive, sociable motives (i. e. , others providing a valued source for humor and information, others sharing a common background, as well as relationship maintenance) and inspirational motives (i. e. , others providing a target for upward social comparison) can be distinguished from darker motives related to insecurity (i. e. , others providing reassurance, preference for online interaction, mediated voyeurism, as well as social obligation), and even darker antisocial motives related to self-enhancement (i. e. , others providing a target for downward social comparison, competition, schadenfreude, gossip, as well as “hate-following”). Results show that lower self-esteem and higher levels of need for popularity, narcissism, and dispositional schadenfreude characterize users with stronger dark side motives, whereas users with more sociable motives report more satisfaction with life, thereby providing construct validity for the novel scale. Convergent validity is demonstrated by positive relations between following motives and both time spent and following counts on different social network sites. Moreover, an embedded experiment shows that antisocial motives predicted acceptance of a Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of appearance or status (i. e. , a convenient source for self-enhancement), thereby providing additional convergent validity for the subscale. “Thank you for making me realize how little I care about my friends on Facebook. ”(Anonymous participant)One of the defining characteristics of social network sites (SNSs) is the user’s ability to choose who he or she wants to connect with, referred to as “friending” (on Facebook), “connecting” (on LinkedIn), or “following” (on Instagram and Twitter). However, studies addressing specific motives for following others on SNSs are lacking, as scholars have focused predominantly on motivations for general use and typically use measures that do not reflect specific features of SNSs (cf. Smock, Ellison, Lampe, & Wohn, 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Since, the diversity of human gut microbiota from different geographical regions, ethnicity, different age groups, populations from different dietary habits and other niches including the traditional fermented foods has not been investigated in India at molecular level and no database is available, it requires extensive efforts from all the cluster partners from different regions in the country to work in tandem towards development of database both under healthy and diseased conditions. Furthermore, in India no indigenous probiotic strain is available for commercialization and Indian market is having probiotic products with western strains. Hence, challenge before Indian researchers is to develop indigenous probiotic strains whose specific health claims and safety are scientifically proven and clinically validated in the target population in India. In order to achieve this objective, extensive networking and coordination amongst the researchers working in the area of probiotics, and Dairy and is required to share their expertise to see this dream come true. Dr. Grover also emphasized the need for developing an advanced centre of excellence in probiotic research and product development in the country to make probiotic research highly competitive and at par with the advanced countries. According to her, the centre of excellence should have state of the art infrastructural facilities to carry out work on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, human gut models etc. The selection of the strains for functional properties must be based on strategies using ultra modern molecular tools. This centre will be wholly responsible for maintenance of indigenous probiotic strains, build database of gut microbiota originating from various regions of the country, proper documentation of probiotic strains with their functional properties, developing barcoding strategies for tracking probiotic strains besides providing support to researchers and industry working in the area of probiotics. The centre will also look into how to bring indigenous probiotic strains through developing novel functional foods supplemented with these strains to rural population suffering from under nutrition and malnutrition and other gut related diseases. Besides these, India should also have effective regulatory framework to put checks on spurious probiotic products in the country and also to see that the consumers are not misled. Dr. Professor, Department of also delivered a talk in this session and spoke on immune regulation by gut microbiota. She highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in different physiological functions in human gut including immune regulation and mucosal defense. The interaction between this flora and enterocytes is the initiating event in immune-modulation. Furthermore, the gutflora participates in the development of the postnatal immune system as well as oral tolerance and immunity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset Many cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases increase in transcription and translation during ER stress. The heatmap shows the expression data for the cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases found in our dataset. Many of the enzymes change significantly in expression at different levels, particularly in transcription and translation during ER stress. Figure 3—figure supplement 7 Download asset Open asset Genes that are translationally up-regulated under ER stress often function in neurodegenerative diseases. The heatmap shows 29 proteins localized to mitochondria and which are significantly translationally induced. They are largely components of cytochrome c oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, and DNA-directed RNA polymerase and are involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. HD - Huntington’s disease; PD - Parkinson’s disease; AD - Alzheimer’s. disease. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Gene expression is differentially regulated across processes, time, and stress types. (A) RNA abundance, ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints, and protein abundance for genes involved in selected DNA repair pathways change in distinct ways, with significant regulation at each regulatory level as determined by PECA (false discovery rate <0. 2 in both replicates). Figure 4—figure supplement 1 shows the data for all DNA repair genes. (B) diagrams illustrate the overlap (intersection) between genes regulated at different levels at the example of the 30 DNA repair genes shown in (A). Concordant or discordant regulation can be extracted through comparison of the number of genes with significant regulatory events affecting gene expression in the same or different directions, respectively. These genes are in the intersection displayed in grey. RAD51 and MSH2 are two examples for such discordantly regulated genes in which transcription/RNA degradation is significantly upregulated, but translation is significantly downregulated. (C) Venn diagrams show concordant and discordant regulation for the entire dataset of 7,011 genes. Bar sizes represent relative gene numbers within each group, and the intersection in grey. The intersection/overlap contains the genes with concordant or discordant regulation: the genes show significant regulation for two processes. We used the hypergeometric test to determine if a significant number of genes was regulated by two processes and placed in the intersection (*p-value<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: For example, research from a uses and gratifications perspective (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974) has investigated motivations for general use of MySpace (e. g. , Raacke & Bonds-Raacke, 2008), Facebook (e. g. , Joinson, 2008; Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011), Twitter (e. g. , Chen, 2011), or various SNSs (e. g. , Krishnan & Atkin, 2014). The number, naming, and types of motivations identified for general SNS use vary between these studies, but typically include maintaining existing relationships as well as seeking new ones, entertainment, passing time, information seeking, and self-presentation. Although such motivations may directly or indirectly influence the decision to follow others on SNSs, we argue that they do not fully reflect the wide variety of motives for the specific choice to follow others. For one thing, measures assessing motivations for general SNS use tend to be skewed to the positive and sociable, focusing on harmless enjoyment and strengthening social connections, thereby neglecting the dark side of SNSs in general (cf. Fox & Moreland, 2015), and following behavior in particular (cf. Wang, 2015). This lack of attention for darker motives in past research may partly reflect shifted norms and practices on SNSs over time. Indeed, the presence of darker following motives may help explain why current users tend to maintain relatively expansive social networks. Online social networks are distinct from offline networks in allowing interaction with, and social observation of, a greater number of weak ties (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011). SNSs make these connections possible, but the motives for forming and maintaining them are less clear. The goal of the present research is therefore to identify a wide variety of motives for the specific choice to follow others on SNSs rather than for general SNS use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: While elucidating the role of commensal gut microbiota in shaping the gut immunity, Dr. elaborated that the gut microbiota acquired during and immediately after birth is necessary for the newborn’s systemic and mucosal immunity. Quoting from some of the previous studies, she suggested that shift in the host microbial community may be associated with number of acute and chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, eczema, vaginal infections etc. She discussed at length how the innate and adaptive immune response in the gut can be modulated effectively to manage these chronic inflammatory diseases by manipulating nutritional based strategies including probiotic interventions. Probiotics can influence the release of specific cytokines by different cell population as well as the crosstalk between the epithelium immune cells in the lamina propria and thus play a fundamental role in mucosal immunity. It has also been observed that the specific probiotic strains can stimulate the secretion of specific cytokines and facilitate the development of naive T-cells towards a particular immune pathway and enhance IgA production and other immunoglobulin in intestinal mucosa. Studies have demonstrated that host protection against gastro-enteric infections is provided by these beneficial bacteria through modulation of pro-inflammatory (e. g. IFNγ and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Thus, these characteristics support the preventive and therapeutic potential of the probiotics or beneficial microbes. She also shared some of her own data on these lines based on the outcome of metagenomic studies to demonstrate immune-modulatory role of probiotics in the management of common gut related inflammatory diseases. Novel probiotic foods and formulations-an industrial perspectiveThis session was chaired by Dr. V. Prakash, of CSIR, Mysore. Dr. Karen Scott, from RINH, University of Aberdeen, Scotland delivered her talk on the impact of diet (carbohydrates) on gut microbiota and consequences for health. In her presentation, she brought to focus dietary substrates playing a key role not only by influencing the gut microbiota but also the health of the host. The colonic microbiota degrades dietary substrates that are undigested or indigestible in the upper GIT, releasing various types of bacterial metabolites, which can either be beneficial or detrimental for gut health. Continuing further, she stated that advances in molecular biology techniques have facilitated detailed analyses of the composition of the bacterial community residing in the lower GIT.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 1,**p-value<1×10^−3,***p-value<1×10^−6). For example, both tunicamycin and hydrogen peroxide treatment show a significant number of genes with discordant regulation in which transcription is upregulated, but translation decreases. These genes are enriched in DNA repair genes which are discussed in the text and shown panel (A) and (B, D) We deconvoluted the regulatory events identified for DNA repair genes with respect to time: graphs indicate when the event occurred during the 8 hr experiment, as averaged over two replicates. A positive y-axis shows upregulated genes (transcription), while negative y-axis represents downregulated genes (translation). (E) The panels show the time-dependent occurrence of significant events for the entire dataset shown in Figure 3. The panels show from top to bottom: TRXP/RNA-DEG; TRL; TRL/RNA-DEG; TRL/PROT-DEG. (F) diagrams illustrate at the example of the DNA repair genes the analysis of the relationship between the two stresses. RAD51 and MSH2 are both transcriptionally upregulated in response to either treatments, while MSH2 is decreases in translation in both treatments. The results for the entire data are discussed in Table 1. FDR - false discovery rate; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset DNA repair pathways and their regulation during stress. The heatmap shows the extended data for DNA repair enzymes discussed in Figure 4A. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Translation regulation supports re-routing in energy metabolism. (A) The 7,011 proteins in the core dataset map to different subcellular localizations (Itzhak et al. , 2016). (B) Panels indicate the fraction of organelle-specific genes that are regulated within the different processes responding to the two types of stress. A positive y-axis represents upregulated genes, while negative y-axis represents downregulated genes. Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess whether up- or down-regulated genes were independent of each organelle. Significant differences in the distributions compared to all genes are indicated by * (adjusted p-value<0. 05).

Output: pass