Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: The inability to distinguish between important olfactory cues, such as predator and non-predator odour [15], and reduced attraction to prey skin extract shown in this study, could be caused by impaired transfer of chemosensory signals across the olfactory epithelium or some other disruption to the olfactory nervous system. Changes in activity levels and feeding behaviour, which are not necessarily associated with olfactory sensitivity, suggest that the physiological mechanisms responsible occur at a cellular level within the nervous system. For example, cellular changes caused by acid-base regulation in CO2 exposed fish might affect neuronal pathways that mediate a range of functions, including olfactory discrimination and activity levels [17]. Detailed physiological studies would be required to test the possible mechanisms responsible for changes in olfactory responses and behaviour observed here and in previous studies. A similar reduction in response to alarm cues has been described in freshwater fishes exposed to weakly acidic conditions [43]–[45]. However, the mechanisms involved are different to those responsible for the changes in behaviour observed here for P. fuscus and in larval fish exposed to elevated CO2. In the freshwater examples, exposure of the alarm cue to mineral acid (e. g. H2SO4) causes a non-reversible structural change in the alarm cue molecule, rendering it unrecognizable to the olfactory system [43]. In contrast, we presented the alarm cue in control water and it elicited a response in control fish as expected. Consequently, the changed behaviour of CO2 treated P. fuscus was due to their exposure to CO2, not a change in the alarm cue itself. Furthermore, trials associated with another study [46] demonstrated that presenting the same prey skin extracts used here in either control or CO2-enriched water elicited the same strong avoidance behavior in larval damselfishes (DM Dixson, unpublished data] indicating that elevated CO2 does not cause a chemical change in the cue in saltwater. However, it should be noted that this particular experiment does not address the possibility that in acidified water the prey alarm cues utilized could be subject to structural changes. Hearing is also affected by elevated CO2, indicating responses to CO2 are not confined to the olfactory system [17]. This is further evidence that the various behavioural effects observed are not simply due to a change in the structure of chemical cues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The DSC 3 instrument (Mettler Toledo; Model no-ME-5140313) was employed to examine the melting point behavior of both the isolated and purified curcumin, as well as the standard curcumin. Samples were positioned in aluminum pans and subjected to scanning at a rate of 10 °C per minute within the temperature range of 20 °C to 300 °C under an inert nitrogen gas environment. For confirming the identity and purity of the isolated curcumin, a comparison was made between the endothermic peak of the isolated curcumin and that of the standard curcumin [18]. HPLC analysis for determination of the purity of isolated curcuminThe purity of isolated Curcumin from extracts was determined by HPLC (). consisted of a chromatographic pump, Injector, and UV detector. For HPLC separation, a reversed-phase C-18 column was used. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-acidic Water (pH 3 adjusted by acetic acid) (80:20v/v) at a flow rate of 1 m/min. The run time was 10 min and the detection wavelength was set at 425 nm. The mobile phase was filtered using a 0. 2 nm millipore membrane filter. The sample injection volume was set at 20 μl. The purity was determined by comparing it with a chromatogram of the standard curcumin from SRL, India (95% Purity) [8]. The result is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2HPLC chromatogram of curcumin. A: Curcumin standard; B: Curcumin in LKDCH and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH; C: Curcumin standard; D Curcumin isolated from size imageNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)The chemical identity of the LKCH isolated curcumin was further confirmed by proton NMR spectrum usingMultinuclear FT-NMR Spectrometer (ECX400 -Jeol 400 MHz, Japan). The samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO d6) as solvent. 20 µl of tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to the sample solution as the internal reference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: An example of employing a pavement crack detection framework based on random forests (RF) is presented in the work by Shi et al. [9]. They proposed a framework called CrackForest, specifically designed to identify complex cracks in pavement images. The CrackForest framework utilized random structured forests along with integral channel features to define crack tokens that incorporate structural information. These crack tokens represented crack regions within image patches, with each patch measuring 16x16 pixels and containing labeled crack edges. The CrackForest method demonstrated its capability to extract complex cracks with arbitrary topologies, including corners, curves, and lines, on the road crack dataset known as CFD. By leveraging the RF technique and incorporating integral channel features, the framework exhibited robust crack detection performance. It provided an effective approach for automated identification of complex cracks in pavement images, offering potential benefits in road inspection and maintenance. Kim et al. [10] proposed a machine learning-based method for concrete crack recognition, which aids in identifying the presence and location of cracks from surface images. In recent years, with the increase in hardware computing power and data scale, deep learning algorithms have been widely applied to high-level feature learning in crack defect images. They have achieved remarkable results in the precise identification of complex crack defects in scenarios with complex background noise. Deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have revolutionized crack detection and segmentation. These methods leverage the hierarchical representation learning capabilities of CNNs to automatically extract discriminative crack features. For instance, Zhang et al. [11] introduced a novel approach called CrackNet, which is based on Networks (CNN), for 3D asphalt pavement crack detection. In their studies, Zhang et al. compared the performance of CNN with other methods, including SVM and a 3D shadow modeling method. The results demonstrated the superiority of CNN over these alternative approaches. CNNs have the advantage of automatically learning discriminative features from raw data, allowing for more accurate and efficient crack detection in pavement images. Dung et al. [12] presented an algorithm for crack detection on concrete materials utilizing Networks (FCN). Their approach involved employing various CNN architectures, including VGG16, Inception-V3, and ResNet, as encoders to extract features. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, Dung et al. conducted experiments on the Concrete-Crack-Ozgene dataset, which is a publicly available dataset commonly used for concrete crack analysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, it is intriguing that two different acidification processes both affect behavioral responses of fish to alarm cues, with potentially important consequences in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Enhanced activity levels and altered feeding responses of P. fuscus are similar to the findings of the effects of elevated CO2 on newly settled fish. Munday and colleagues [14] found that following exposure to elevated CO2 Pomacentrus wardi were bolder, move further from shelter, were more active and less responsive to threats when compared to control individuals. Given that Pseudochromis fuscus themselves may be prey to larger predators, incidental movement further from shelter due to altered behaviour could increase their vulnerability. This effect however, remains to be assessed in the field to determine if changes to activity levels influence exposure of P. fuscus to larger predators. The olfactory abilities and activity levels of fishes have previously been investigated, however this is the first demonstration of the direct influence of elevated CO2 on a predator's response to food. Delayed feeding response of P. fuscus in mid CO2 could be attributed to their inability to detect the presence of food due to the disruption of their olfactory capabilities. For P. fuscus in the high CO2 treatment, a faster response than the mid CO2 treated fish and a similar number of feeding strikes to the control fishes might have occurred as a result of higher activity levels and greater behavioural boldness, which would facilitate food detection. Predatory fish use a variety of sensory cues to detect and locate prey, and although olfaction is often important [31], vision can also play an important role in prey detection and capture [47]. Increased activity in the high CO2 treatment could have resulted in the fish relying more on vision than olfaction to detect food. Consequently, a consideration of all sensory abilities and behaviour, not just olfaction, will be important in determining the outcome of predator-prey interactions under acidified conditions. In one of the only other studies to investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions, Bibby and colleagues [16] found that reduced shell thickness in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea at low seawater pH was associated with increased predator evasion behavior, which might help offset the increased risk of mortality in thin-shelled individuals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: These precipitated nanosuspensions were then kept overnight under stirring to evaporate out the organic solvent. Characterisation and optimisation of Curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NS)Measurement of p4. Fig. 4TEM photomicrograph of Curcumin NanosuspensionFull size imageDrug entrapment efficiencyThe percentage drug entrapment was determined by the developed HPLC method. The Cur-NS were centrifuged at 11,000 rpm () for 15 min. After centrifuging, the supernatant was taken out and 1 ml of acetonitrile was added to the nanop7. 4 + 0. 5 percent Tween 80) at 37 °C under continuous magnetic stirring using IKA HS 7. At regular intervals, 2 ml of samples were collected and replaced with fresh media. The drug concentrations in the collected samples were then determined by the developed analytical HPLC method using the calibration equation y = 18,005. 5574x− 64979. 1884 R2 = 0. 991. [22]Formulation and optimisation of Cur-NS loaded gel (Cur-NS-nanogel)Preparation of plain gelCarbopol 940 was dissolved in water and stirred continuously untill it dissolves completely. The polymeric solution was then cross-linked chemically by drop-wise addition of triethanolamineoleate with continous stirring at constant rate until a clear homogeneous gel was obtained [26]. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelThe prepared gels were then optimized based on varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the polymer, the alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e. g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability [27]. pH: pH of the gel was measured using a digital pH meter (μ pH system 361, Systonics). The pH meter was first calibrated with three standard buffers (pH 4, 7 and 9). After calibrating the apparatus, the pH of freshly prepared Carbopol 940 gels were measured by dissolving and equilibrating the required amount of gel in distilled water. Viscosity: Viscosity of the prepared Gels were determined using Brookfield viscometer (DV-E Viscometer; Model No-) at 30 rpm/min using spindle No 64.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: The results of their study revealed that VGG16 outperformed Inception-V3 and ResNet in terms of crack image classification. Zhang et al. [13] proposed a novel context-aware deep convolutional semantic segmentation network for the effective detection of concrete surface cracks under various conditions. Advertisement 3. Methodology3. 1 OverviewFigure 1 illustrates the framework overview of the visual recognition and prediction of crack propagation trajectories in this study. Firstly, we established static and dynamic loading experimental systems using a hydraulic machine and SHPB (Pressure Bar), respectively. Concrete, rock, and coal standard specimens were subjected to destructive tests at different loading rates. The crack propagation process of different materials under various loading conditions was recorded using a high-speed camera. Subsequently, the FPN (Network) was employed to identify and extract cracks, while ConvLSTM (Short-Term Memory) was used for spatiotemporal modeling and analysis of the extracted cracks. Ultimately, predictive analysis of crack propagation in building materials was conducted. Figure 1. An overview of this work. 3. 2 FPN for crack segmentationPixel-level crack segmentation plays a crucial role in accurately identifying and delineating crack regions within construction materials. To tackle this task, we used the Network (FPN), a popular architecture that has shown remarkable performance in various semantic segmentation tasks, including crack detection [14]. The FPN architecture is designed to address the challenge of effectively utilizing multi-scale features for pixel-level segmentation. It leverages a top-down pathway and lateral connections to create a feature pyramid with multiple levels of abstraction. This allows the network to capture both local and global contextual information, enabling accurate and precise segmentation. The FPN module consists of two main components: the top-down pathway and the lateral connections. The top-down pathway involves upsampling the higher-resolution feature maps to match the dimensions of the lower-resolution feature maps. This process allows the network to propagate fine-grained details from higher levels to lower levels, enhancing the ability to capture small-scale crack features. The lateral connections, on the other hand, involve the fusion of feature maps from different levels of the pyramid. This fusion operation helps to preserve both local and global contextual information by combining features at different scales. By integrating multi-scale features, the FPN can effectively handle cracks of varying sizes and complexities, improving the accuracy of pixel-level segmentation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the outcome of predator-prey interactions under changed environmental conditions can be complex and difficult to predict. This study was carried out in laboratory conditions and thus, does not allow for a full evaluation of the potential effects of ocean acidification on the predatory ability and vulnerability of P. fuscus in their natural environment. Nevertheless, the effects observed suggest that the outcome of predator-prey interactions could be influenced by elevated pCO2 in nature. Furthermore, as these were short-term experiments involving acute exposure to elevated CO2, the potential for fish to acclimate or adapt to rapid ocean acidification was not tested. Munday and others [14] found that the settlement-stage fish exposed to elevated CO2 for four days exhibited almost identical impairment of their olfactory-mediated behavior as fish reared from birth at elevated CO2. Consequently, it does not seem likely that further increasing the duration of the CO2 treatments by days to weeks would have affected the results of this experiment. Long-term rearing experiments over months to years will be required to determine if either predators or prey can acclimate to elevated CO2 in the longer term. Munday and colleagues [14] also found that larval fish exhibited considerable variation in responses to acidification at approximately 700 ppm CO2, which suggests some capacity for selection of tolerant phenotypes. In contrast, P. fuscus did not exhibit an increase in individual variation in sensitivity at intermediate CO2 levels, even though the CO2 concentration (∼650 µatm) was similar to that at which variation in responses was observed in larval fishes. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential impacts of ocean acidification on a predatory fish, beyond the early life history stages. Combined effects of elevated CO2 on attraction to prey odour and changes in general activity levels suggest that even moderate increases in atmospheric CO2 affect the behaviour of meso-predators and the outcome of interactions between P. fuscus and their prey. Further investigations are required to determine and test the effects of changed behaviour on predator success in the field and the impact this has on prey populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The viscometer was calibrated using a standard solution of glycerine before all measurements. SpreadabilityTwo sets of glass slides with uniform dimensions were used to test the spreadability of the produced gels. One of the slides was covered with the gel formulation. The gel was sandwiched between the two slides in an area that was occupied by a distance of 7. 5 cm along with the slides when the other slide was positioned on top of the gel. The upper slides were given a 100-g weight to press the gel between them into a thin layer in a uniform manner. The excess gel that was sticking to the slides was scraped off after the weight was taken off. The two slides in place were securely fastened to a stand so that only upper slides could slip off freely under the force of weight tied on them. A 20 g weight was tied to the upper slide. The time taken for the upper slide to cover a distance of 7. 5 cm and get separated from the lower slide under the force of the weight, was noted. The experiment was performed in triplicates and the meantime was taken for calculation [27, 28]. The following formula was used to determine spreadability:$$S = \, m \, \times \, l/t$$where, S = spreadability, m-weight tied to upper slides, l- length of the glass slide and t- time taken in sec. Gel strengthThe strength of the gel formulations was determined using a (System, FD/1–077). The "gelling strength test" or compression mode of the was selected, and the test speed was set to 1. 0 mm/s. 50 points per second for the acquisition rate and 5 g for the trigger force were chosen. An aluminum probe of 7. 6 cm diameter was used for all the samples. The immersion probe was inserted into the gel during the test at room temperature. Gel strength, expressed in grams, was used to determine the force necessary to penetrate the gel [28]. Preparation of Cur-NS-nanogelwas prepared by adding the Carbopol 940 in the Cur-NS followed by cross linking with triethanolamine. The nanosuspensions were then continuously stirred until homogenous nanogels were formed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: In this work, we employ ResNet as a pre-trained backbone network to extract high-level features from the input crack images. These features are then fed into the FPN module, which generates a set of feature maps at different resolutions, each corresponding to a specific scale of the input image. To perform pixel-level crack segmentation, we employ a segmentation head on top of the FPN module. This head typically consists of convolutional layers followed by upsampling and downsampling operations. The convolutional layers further refine the features obtained from the FPN, while the upsampling and downsampling operations adjust the resolution of the features to match the input image size and the desired output segmentation map. During the training phase, we optimize the FPN network by minimizing the binary the Dice loss, and Intersection over Union (IoU) score. This loss function measures the discrepancy between the predicted crack segmentation map and the ground truth map at each pixel location. By backpropagating the error through the network, the FPN adjusts its parameters to improve the accuracy of crack segmentation. The FPN-based pixel-level crack segmentation method offers several advantages. Firstly, the multi-scale feature fusion enables the network to capture crack details at different resolutions, improving the segmentation accuracy for cracks of varying sizes. Secondly, the top-down pathway facilitates the propagation of fine-grained details, enhancing the network’s ability to capture small-scale crack features. Lastly, the FPN architecture is flexible and can be easily integrated with different backbone networks, making it adaptable to various crack detection scenarios. 3. 3 ConvLSTM for crack propagation prediction[15] architecture extends the traditional LSTM by replacing fully connected layers with convolutional layers. This modification enables the network to process spatially structured data, such as images or video frames, directly. By integrating convolutional operations into the LSTM framework, the ConvLSTM can learn spatial patterns and temporal dependencies simultaneously. layer consists of a grid of LSTM cells, where each cell maintains a hidden state and a cell state. The hidden state captures the learned representation of the crack segmentation masks, while the cell state retains the long-term memory of the temporal sequence. By processing each input frame sequentially, the ConvLSTM network can learn and update its hidden and cell states, capturing the evolution of cracks over time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: However, the extreme attraction to predator odour by larval fishes under acidified conditions, compared to the relatively small avoidance of prey cues by meso-predators detected in this study suggest that it is unlikely that negative effects on predators will fully compensate for the increase in mortality rates of larval fish returning to the reef in an acidified ocean. 1. (2009) Ocean acidification: present conditions and future changes in a high CO2 world. Oceanography 22: 36–47. View 2. Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Science 328: 1523–1528. View 3. (2010) Ocean acidification, unprecedented, unsettling. Science 328: 1500–1501. View 4. , editors. 2007: the Basis. 996 p. Contribution of I to the Report of the on and. 5. Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2005) Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J 110: C09S04. View 6. -(2005) Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide policy document 12/0. 1–68. View 7. Pelejero C, Calvo E, Hoegh-(2010) Paleo-perspectives on ocean acidification. Evol 25: 332–344. View 8. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681–686. View 9. -P, Middelburg JJ, et al. (2007) Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification. Lett 34: L07603. View 10. (2008) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J of 65: 414–432. View 11. Havenhand JN, Buttler F-(2008) Near-future levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin. 18: R651–R652. View 12. (2009) Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. 1: 169–192. View 13. (2009) Coral reefs and ocean acidification. Oceanogr 22: 108–117. View 14. (2009) Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of Cur-NS-nanogelThe nanogels were evaluated in terms of appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as mentioned in the earlier sections. Drug content in Cur-NS-nanogelThe drug content was measured by dissolving the measured amount of gel in acetonitrile. The dispersion obtained was filtered and analyzed at 425 nm using the developed HPLC method [29]. Drug loading efficiency (%) = (Experimental drug content/ Theoretical drug content) 100%Stability studiesThe accelerated stability studies were conducted in accordance to the ICH guidelines. The Cur-NS-Nanogel were kept at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C and stability was observed for 30 days. The stability was observed in terms of change in color, appearance, pH, viscosity, and gel strength [30]Ex vivo skin permeation studyProcessing of rat skinThe albino Wistar rats were received from the animal house facility of Veterinary College, Khanapara. The animal study was conducted as per the guidelines after getting approval from the (Ref no: GIPS/IAEC/M. PH/PRO/10/2022). Experimental animals were feed with standard commercial pellets with free access to water ad libitum and housed according to standard laboratory environment by maintaining a 12 h day and night cycle at normal room temperature of 25 ± 1°C and 45–55% relative humidity. The rats (200–250 gm) were anesthetized using ketamine (30 mg/kg) [IP] anesthesia prior to excision of the skin and hairs were removed using hair clips. Excised skin were rinsed with 0. 9% saline water [31]. Permeation studyThe permeation through skin was studied using 20 ml modified franz diffusion cell assembly. The prepared rat skins were tied to the donor compartment such that the dermis faces the receiver compartment. The receptor compartment was filled with receptor media (PBS 7. 4 + 0. 5%Tween 80) and the donor compartment was loaded with 200 mg of Cur-NS Nanogel. The assembly was placed in a temperature controlled magnetic stirrer (IKA HS7) with temperature maintained at 37 ̊C. Drug permeation study was conducted for 24 h under continuous magnetic stirring.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: 2022;356:1292384. . Real-time image thresholding based on sample space reduction and interpolation approach. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 2003;17(4):264-2725. Abdel-. Analysis of edge-detection techniques for crack identification in bridges. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 2003;17(4):255-2636. Automatic bridge crack detection–a texture analysis-based approach. In: Networks in Pattern Recognition: 6th 3 2014, Montreal, QC, Canada, October 6-8, 2014. Proceedings 6. Midtown Manhattan, City: Publishing; 2014. 2037. Zalama E, Gómez-García-Bermejo J, Medina R, et al. Road crack detection using visual features extracted by Gabor filters. Computer-. 2014;29(5):342-3588. . An algorithm for concrete crack extraction and identification based on machine vision. IEEE Access. 2018;6:28993-290029. Automatic road crack detection using random structured forests. IEEE Transactions on Systems. 2016;17(12):3434-344510. Kim H. Crack and noncrack classification from concrete surface images using machine learning. Monitoring. 2018;18(3):725-73811. Automated pixel-level pavement crack detection on 3D asphalt surfaces using a deep-learning network. Computer-. 2017;32(10):805-81912. Dung CV. Autonomous concrete crack detection using deep fully convolutional neural network. Automation in Construction. 2019;99:52-5813. Zhang X. Concrete crack detection using context-aware deep semantic segmentation network. Computer-. 2019;34(11):951-97114. Lin TY, Dollár P, Girshick R, et al. Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on. City, United States: Institute for Electrical and (IEEE). 2017. 2515. Convolutional LSTM network: A machine learning approach for precipitation nowcasting. Advances in Processing Systems. 2015;28:802-81016. Khosravani MR, Weinberg K. A review on split Hopkinson bar experiments on the dynamic characterisation of concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2018;190:1264-1283 information 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: 106: 1848–1852. View 15. (2010) Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues. 13: 68–75. View 16. Bibby R, Cleall-(2007) Ocean acidification disrupts induced defences in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. 3: 699–701. View 17. (2011) Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish. Biol Lett. View 18. (2010) Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification. 107: 12930–12934. View 19. Paine RT (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. 65–75. View 20. Hixon MA (1991) Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities. In: Sale PF, editor. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. 507. Inc. , San Diego. 21. (2010) Comparative analysis of marine ecosystems: workshop on predator-prey interactions. Biol Lett. View 22. Beukers-(2004) The influence of prey abundance on the feeding ecology of two piscivorous species of coral reef fish. J 299: 155–184. View 23. (2010) Predators reduce abundance and species richness of coral reef fish recruits via non-selective predation. 29: 527–532. View 24. (1997) Effects of a predatory fish on the recruitment and abundance of Caribbean coral reef fishes. 148: 11–21. View 25. (2004) Odd species out as predators reduce diversity of coral-reef fishes. Ecology 85: 2933–2937. View 26. (2006) The predation gauntlet: early post-settlement mortality in reef fishes. 25: 19–22. View 27. Carr M, (1995) Predation effects on early post-settlement survivorship of coral-reef fishes. 124: 31–42. View 28. (2002) Competition for shelter space causes density-dependent predation mortality in damselfishes. Ecology 83: 2855–2868. View 29. (2010) Size-selectivity of predatory reef fish on juvenile prey. 399: 273–283. View 30. Hara TJ (2006) Feeding behaviour in some teleosts is triggered by single amino acids primarily through olfaction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The purified curcumin was lyophilized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, Mass and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The melting point of the compound was observed at 181 °C and the UV–visible spectrum with λmax was recorded at 425 nm. IR bands (υ cm−1) showed the presence of prominent functional groups of curcumin at 3653 (–OH), 2979 (C–H), 1625 (C = C), 1264 (C–O–C), 1026 (C-O–H). 1HNMR spectrum (400 -d6) produces prominent proton peaks (δ ppm) at 3. 837 (s, 6H, OCH3), 6. 056 [s, 1H, C(OH) = CH], 6. 777 (d, 2H, 2,6-H), 6. 833 (d, 2H), 7. 160 (d, 2H), 7. 325 (s, 2H), 7. 567 (d, 2H, 1,7–H), 9. 667 (br s, 2H, phenolic –OH). Chemical shift with δ value at 3. 837 depicted a singlet peak which corresponds to the existing of two methoxy groups; whereas, a sharp δ value at 9. 667 represent the presence of phenolic hydroxy group. The two aromatic proton signals at δ value region of 6. 833 and 7. 160 each of them integrated for four protons diagnostic for two identical para-substituted benzene rings. 13C NMR spectrum (125 ) represents distinct carbon peaks (δ ppm) at 55. 60, 100. 79, 111. 29, 115. 64, 121. 00, 123. 02, 126. 26, 140. 63, 147. 91, 149. 27, 183. 12. 13C NMR chemical shift with δ value at 55. 60 clearly signify the carbon atom corresponding to methoxy group; whereas, δ value at 183. 12 depicted the carbon atom corresponding to enol and keto group. Furthermore, the mass spectra (TOF–MS-ES+) depicted that the base peak at m/z 177. 056 and a molecular ion peak [M + H]+ at 369. 135 was detected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 19, 2020 in AI Artificial general intelligence: What to expect and when : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2020. 05. 05 Many experts expect that today’s artificial intelligence will eventually evolve into artificial general intelligence (AGI), a point at which computers meet or even exceed human intelligence. totally agree, I would also contend that this evolution will happen sooner rather than later. Why? To answer that question requires a bit of background on AGI, beginning with defining what AGI is (and isn’t). Artificial general intelligence seeks to solve a broad spectrum of problems that intelligent human beings can solve. This is in direct contrast to narrow AI, which is what is represented by most of today’s AI. Narrow AI uses AI techniques to exceed human abilities in a specific problem area. Put another way, AGI is all the expectations of AI come true. Unfortunately, we don’t really know what intelligence is. We can’t even say for sure whether there are types of intelligence that are different from human intelligence. While AI encompasses many techniques that have been used with great success on specific problems, AGI is more nebulous. This makes it incredibly difficult to develop software that solves a problem where the techniques are not known, and no concrete problem statement exists. AGI are several approaches to creating AGI. It might be developed by combining today’s narrow AI capabilities and amassing huge computational power. It might be generated by replicating the human brain, either by simulating the neocortex’s 16 billion neurons or by uploading content from scanned human minds. It might be produced by analyzing human intelligence, defining a “cognitive model” and implementing it with procedural language techniques.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4512535/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractsplicing is a fundamental mechanism of gene expression regulation that increases the mRNA diversity expressed from the genome and can be partially regulated by the circadian clock. The time-dependent production of transcript isoforms from the same gene facilitates coordination of biological processes with the time of day and is a crucial mechanism enabling organisms to cope with environmental changes. In this study, we aim to determine the impact of future ocean acidification conditions on circadian splicing patterns in the brain of fish, while also accounting for diel CO2 fluctuations that naturally occur on coral reefs. in the control group exhibited a temporal splicing pattern across the 24-hour period, however, these splicing events were largely absent in fish exposed to either stable or fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions. Furthermore, the molecular responses were influenced not only by an overall increase in CO2 concentration but also by its stability, with 6am and 6pm being key timepoints when the majority of the aberrant splicing events were identified. We found that fish in fluctuating CO2 conditions exhibited increased plasticity in transcriptional regulation by varying the proportion of transcript isoforms depending on the time-of-day. This was especially notable for genes associated with neural functioning. findings suggest that fish rely on different molecular mechanisms to respond to elevated CO2 exposure in stable and fluctuating conditions. Periodic variation in CO2 levels in the fluctuating CO2 treatment might enable fish to rely on feed-forward mechanisms to synchronize neural functions with external environmental conditions. Such interconnectedness between external pH changes and transcriptional regulation via alternative splicing may provide fish in fluctuating CO2 environments with greater flexibility in biological responses, which may alleviate sensory and behavioural impairments enabling them to better cope with future ocean acidification conditions. Diel CO2 fluctuationscircadian rhythmalternative splicingtranscriptomicsspiny damselfishcoral reefFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundOcean acidification (OA), one of the aspects of global change, has been shown to have adverse effects on numerous marine organisms due to its impact on diverse biological processes [1, 2, 3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: All these analytical spectroscopic features are in line with the data reported in the literature thus signifying the identity of curcumin isolated from Lakadong rhizome [17, 40, 41]. The results are shown in Fig. 1. Formulation of Curcumin loaded nanosuspensionHomogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. Characterization of curcumin NSP0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. From the study, the of the formulations was found to be − 2. 92 ± 0. 2 mV. Optimization of the Cur-NSThe nanosuspensions were optimized by using drug concentration, ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase, Polymer (PLGA) concentration, and stabilizer (Poly vinyl alcohol) concentration as the variables. The effects of these independent variables on the dependent variables (p0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. F3, which was the optimized NS, was found to have p157. 1 ± 2. 4 and polydispersity index 0. 132 ± 0. 052. Table 3 Formulation table for optimized (Cur-NS)Full size tableTransmission electron microscopy (TEM)The morphology and size of the formulations were observed by TEM studies. The nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2 which can be considered sufficient. In vitro drug releaseIn vitro release behavior of Curcumin from the optimized Cur-NS was observed for 24 h. A sustained drug release rate was observed with almost 80% drug being released in initial 4 h indicating an initial burst release followed by sustained release upto to 90. 0 ± 1. 6% in 24 h. Preparation of Cur-NS based topical gelHomogenous nanogels were obtained by adding the Carbopol as the gelling agent in the optimized Cur-NS, followed by cross linking by addition of triethanolamine as the alkali. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelEvaluation of the Cur-nanogelsThe Cur-Nanogel was optimized by observing the effect of varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the Carbopol and alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: To provide an example that combines today’s narrow AI capabilities and amasses huge computational power, look no further than generative pre-trained transformer 3 (GPT-3). A monumental achievement from OpenAI that generates text, GPT-3 possesses a library that contains many billions of words and phrases, as well as their relationships to other words and phrases. GPT-3 has been so successful that OpenAI, concerned about the potential for its misuse, has not made it public. But while GPT-3 seems smart, few contend that it understands the words it is using. Still, GPT-3 does demonstrate that you can fool a lot of people a lot of the time if you have enough data and computer power. Similarly, while replicating the human brain by simulating the neocortex’s neurons can generate AGI, the algorithms of today’s artificial neural networks have very little to do with the way in which biological neurons actually work. Despite these limitations, numerous massive AGI projects are currently underway. These include DeepMind, an Alphabet (Google) subsidiary; OpenAI, where Microsoft has invested $1 billion; and Google Brain, with its open source project TensorFlow. and virtually all large companies also have some sort of AGI research, and smaller projects abound. Difficulties and home in on an AGI solution, I contend most narrow AI falls short of the capabilities common to any three-year-old. The average three-year-old playing with blocks understands that objects exist in a real world, time moves forward, and blocks have to be stacked up before they can fall down. The basic limitation of all AI is that these systems are unable to comprehend that words and images represent physical things that exist and interact in a physical universe, and that causes have effects with the comprehension of time. These basic underlying problems have yet to be solved, perhaps because it is difficult to get major funding to solve problems that any three-year-old can solve. I have written extensively that the risks from AGI superminds is very real, but calamity is not inevitable. AGIs are necessarily goal-directed systems and will exceed whatever objectives we set for them. At least initially, we can set those goals for the benefit of humanity, and AGIs will provide tremendous benefit. If AGIs are weaponized, on the other hand, they will likely be efficient in that realm, too.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While marine fishes were initially thought to be resilient to OA, a plethora of studies have shown that exposure to elevated CO2 can negatively impact various aspects of fish physiology and behaviour [1, 4, 5, 6]. Some of the most concerning detrimental effects of OA on coral reef fish, with significant ecological consequences such as sensory and behavioural abnormalities, have been observed at CO2 levels between 700–1000 µatms [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The underlying cause of these abnormalities are changes in brain activity in high CO2 environments, particularly alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission, neurological functioning, and disruption of the circadian rhythm [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. It has been hypothesized that environmental pH changes may alter the natural circadian rhythm, which governs almost all physiological processes [21]. This perturbation could be linked to variations in synaptic transmission and neuronal activity, potentially leading to physiological and behavioural changes. However, further studies incorporating multiple timepoints throughout a circadian day are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between environmental pH variability and circadian rhythm and elucidate potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The majority of OA studies have been conducted at stable, elevated CO2 levels, thereby neglecting the temporal fluctuations in CO2 levels resulting from a variety of biological and physical processes in coral reefs, coastal zones, and shallow habitats [22, 23, 24]. Coral reef habitats are highly dynamic and undergo daily cycles of CO2 variation resulting from photosynthesis/respiration, calcification/dissolution and physical factors like flow rates and trajectory [25, 26, 27]. With the increasing uptake of CO2 by the oceans, these natural CO2 fluctuations will intensify as seawater buffering capacity diminishes [28, 29]. In light of the ongoing amplification of global environmental changes and heightened environmental variability, it is imperative to incorporate these fluctuations, which mirror the natural habitats of species, into experiments to accurately assess the biological and ecological consequences of OA. Diel CO2 oscillations have been shown to alleviate or reduce the severity of behavioural abnormalities observed in stable elevated CO2 environments [30, 31]. Moreover, ecologically and evolutionarily important traits such as survival, growth, and metabolic function appear to be less affected by elevated CO2 in fluctuating compared to stable environments [31, 32, 33, 34].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability. The pH, viscosity, gel strength and spreadability of the prepared Cur-Nanogels were found to be optimum at of 0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The gels showed good consistency with Viscosity of 20,480 ± 456 cp, which was a desired consistency for patient compatible topical application. The spreadability was found to be 20. 0 ± 1. 6 g/cm2. The gels showed good gel strength of 9. 0 ± 0. 4 g and showed slightly acidic pH at 6. 50 ± 0. 3 which is safe for topical application as shown in Table 3. Drug loading in Cur-nanogelThe drug loading efficiency in the prepared Cur-Nanogel was determined by the HPLC method. Sufficient drug loading of 61. 2 ± 4. 5% was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. Stability studiesStability studies of developed formulation were performed according to ICH guidelines for 30 days. From the study it was observed that the optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content as shown in Table 4. No change in properties of the gel is observed for the formulations stored at room temperature, 4 °C and 40 °C. Table 4 Evaluation of Optimized Cur- NS Loaded NanogelFull size tableEx vivo skin permeation studyFrom the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h in comparison to gel which showed higher steady state flux of 36. 38 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr. The permeation coefficients were similarly found to be 2. 031 ± 0. 0064(×103 cm/min) and 3. 6 ± 0. 0064 (×103 cm/min) in Cur-NS-Nanogel and Gel respectively (Table 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of digital transactions today use cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of sensitive information. [SEP] Text: Usando un procedimiento especial, la Nube puede convencer al Verificador de que la computación se ha realizado correctamente, a través de una pieza de información llamada autenticador. La contribución de esta tesis consiste en mejorar tres aspectos sobre los autenticadores homomórficos: definiciones, eficiencia y funcionalidad. Primero, se introduce un nuevo modelo de seguridad que es más exigente y fácil de manejar comparado con el modelo anterior. Ademés, se proponen dos compiladores que permiten pasar del modelo anterior al nuevo. Segundo, se presenta el primer esquema de firma linealmente homomórfico con una clave de verificación de tamaño sub-lineal en el tamaño del conjunto de datos. Tercero, se formaliza la noción de autenticadores homomórficos para funciones que toman entradas autenticadas por diferentes partes (usando claves diferentes) y se presentan construcciones contretas tanto para verificación pública como privada. En cuanto al comercio electrónico, y más generalmente, la posibilidad de transferir valores a través de Internet, la invención del Bitcoin [100] ha resultado una revolución, ya que es el primer protocolo que permite a sus usuarios transferir valores digitales sin necesidad de una autoridad de confianza.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This disparity in the impact of elevated CO2 on fish physiology and behaviour in stable versus fluctuating environments may be attributed to differences in the magnitude of circadian control of these biological processes [35]. In fact, the brain transcriptional profile in coral reef fishes differed significantly between fish in stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions with a distinct regulation of circadian rhythm genes in the two environments [35]. Therefore, the increased flexibility of fish species in adjusting physiological processes to pH changes could be attributed to change in expression of circadian rhythm genes. While alterations in the expression levels of circadian rhythm genes have been repeatedly reported in fish upon exposure to OA conditions, there is limited information on the regulatory mechanisms that drive these patterns in fish. Alternative mRNA splicing, a crucial RNA-processing mechanism that enhances cellular proteomic complexity [36, 37], has been linked to the circadian clock and its modulation [38, 39, 40, 41]. Evidence suggests that clock regulated alternative splicing events play a role in the rhythmic expression of various genes, including neuro-specific genes and neurotransmitters [42, 43, 44]. Consequently, rhythmic splicing events could influence the physiological and behavioural responses of organisms to environmental variations, such as changes in CO2 levels. Indeed, the role of alternative splicing has been highlighted in driving adaptive evolution over both short and long timescales [45] and alternative splicing has been implicated as a mechanism driving the response of coral reef fish to marine heatwaves [46]. Given its potential to rapidly generate phenotypic diversity, alternative splicing may serve as a key molecular mechanism for facilitating phenotypic plasticity in response to rapidly changing environments caused by climate change. In this study, we examine the transcriptional patterns mediated by alternative splicing in driving the molecular response of fish to OA across their daily cycle. We assess the impact of environmental CO2 variation at four timepoints throughout a circadian (24-hr) day and aim to: (1) determine if the natural rhythmic patterns of splicing events are altered in response to changes in near-future predicted CO2 levels, and (2) examine how exposure to stable and fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions affects the circadian splicing patterns in fish brains. We reveal how splicing events may facilitate regulation of biological responses of fish to environmental CO2 variability across a circadian timeline. collection and experimental design Late juvenile stage Acanthochromis polyacanthus were collected from the wild from (-18.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the presence of curcuminoids, which have substantial antioxidant activity, may be responsible for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the LKDCH extract. Homogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. The high drug saturation concentration and the rapid solvent injection into the antisolvent results in such precipitation into nanop0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. This size range and the homogeneity are because of the method of preparation by precipitation followed by sonication. This decreased size might result in increased surface area which may result in the increased saturation solubility and release of curcumin [54]. From the study, the of the formulations were found to negative that might be due to the surfactant or due to the terminal carboxylic groups. The reduced surface charge reflects better surface coverage due to the use of non ionic surfactant which results in steric stabilization. PVA was used as a steric stabilizer since steric stabilization has several advantages over electrostatic stabilization as the nanop0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. It was observed that with increasing drug concentration the size and dispersity decreases indicating the impact of supersaturation in the nanoprecipitation. However at higher concentration, above 60 mg/ml the size increases. Similarly, it was observed that the p20. Similar behaviors were reported in previous works on nanosuspension by this method [22, 58]. The concentration of PLGA and stabilizer didn’t show any direct correlation with the size distribution of the precipitated nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2). The high entrapment is because of the precipitation method of preparation of nanosuspensions. In this method technique the drug which is hydrophobic in nature is soluble in organic solvent but is very slightly soluble in water. Nanop0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The obtained properties of prepared gel were found suitable, safe for compatible topical application, particularly in wound healing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of digital transactions today use cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of sensitive information. [SEP] Text: Además de su utilidad y potencial en el ámbito de pagos y transacciones, Bitcoin se ha hecho famoso por la tecnología en la que se basa: la Blockchain, que se podría describir como un registro distribuido sobre el cual los usuarios se ponen de acuerdo y donde todas las transacciones son registradas de forma inalterable. Esta peculiar característica ha hecho que el paradigma de Blockchain se convirtiera en uno de los más populares y prometedores conceptos en los últimos años. Adem´as, se le ha dado mucha importancia y atención a las posibilidades que ofrece la tecnología de Blockchain más allá de Bitcoin. En concreto, este trabajo se centra en alcanzar un modelo de “intercambio equitativo” a partir de la tecnología de Blockchain, donde el objetivo es que dos usuarios intercambien bienes digitales de forma que ninguno pueda engañar al otro. En este sentido, se considera un protocolo introducido por Maxwell [94] conocido como “de Conocimiento Cero” (ZKCP). La contribución de esta tesis es doble: Primero se identifica y describe un fallo en el protocolo de ZKCP existente y se propone cómo se podría solucionar de forma eficiente, modificando el protocolo original. Segundo, se argumenta cómo este nuevo protocolo proporciona funcionalidades adicionales, que eran imposibles de alcanzar antes. -------------------- Human interactions often involve people who have different and sometimes contrasting interests, like buyers and sellers or consumers and providers. For what regards physical interactions, the society has developed during the years many different ways to protect users against misbehaviors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: In the fluctuating CO2 treatment aberrant splicing events were identified in a total of eight genes at 6am and 6pm (Fig. 4(c)). These genes were associated with five broad functions, specifically neurogenesis and neuronal functioning (CEP20, MTMR11), RNA processing (EXOSC9, 00000001802), metabolism (1), circadian rhythm (BMAL1A), and cell motility and intracellular transport (00000011552; S5). Splicing profile between the high and low peaks of the diel CO2 cycle In the fluctuating CO2 treatment, we found changes in splicing events between the high (2am) and low (2pm) CO2 peak that were absent in control. Specifically, between the two CO2 peaks, a total of six genes exhibited DS patterns: three SE events (SULF1, TJP2B, TJP2A), one mutually exclusive exon (MXE) event (ESRRB), and two retained intron (RI) events (MED22, unannotated 00000016345). The absence of these DS events in control suggests that they are specifically influenced by fluctuations in CO2 concentration (S6). In two (ESRRB and TJP2B) of these six genes the splicing events potentially resulted in disruption of the reading frame of the respective isoforms and hence could be considered as ‘aberrant’. Specifically, skipping the second mutually exclusive exon (MXE exon2) in the gene ESRRB, involved in cellular energy metabolism, and skipping exon 11 in TJP2B, the gene encoding the tight junction protein B, which is part of the blood brain barrier, introduces a premature stop codon in the respective isoforms, potentially rendering them non-functional (Fig. 5). These skipping events are more prevalent at 2am in ESRRB and at 2pm in TJP2B. Interestingly, TJP2A, a paralogue of TJP2B, was also significantly DS between the CO2 peaks, however, both isoforms of TJP2A resulting from the splicing event have full open reading frames and hence retain their coding potential (Fig. 5).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 11987510. 1016/10. 2147/IJN. S18791810. 1016/j. arabjc. 2017. 05. 01110. 1016/10. 4255/mcpharmacol. 15. 0410. 3390/gels704021310. 1080/22311866. 2020. 180673110. 1016/j. mtcomm. 2023. 10605010. 1186/2008-2231-20-7610. 1007/s13204-012-0188-310. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2009. 11. 00710. 1016/j. matchemphys. 2020. 12289810. 1590/S1984-8250201600030001510. 4103/0250-474X. 5729110. 1590/0001-376520162016016210. 1016/j. ejphar. 2020. 17317210. 1016/10. 1016/j. jsps. 2011. 08. 00110. 1016/10. 1080/10837450802409438193. 2019 Green synthesis of silver nanop10. 1016/10. 1002/aoc. 501610. 1155/2013/97202810. 3390/scipharm8802002610. 1021/acs. oprd. 6b0034710. 1039/c8ra08435a10. 1021/ed077p35910. 3109/0363904980910857110. 1007/s10661-021-09261-110. 1016/j. indcrop. 2019. 04. 02110. 1016/j. jfca. 2004. 11. 00510. 1016/j. foodchem. 2006. 06. 02310. 1007/s10787-016-0264-510. 2174/138920021866617011610355510. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 11. 01110. 1016/j. polymdegradstab. 2010. 08. 01510. 1007/s40199-018-00235-210. 1021/acs. iecr. 9b0474710. 1081/DDC-10010219710. 12968/jowc. 2012. 21. 9. 45710. 1016/j.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has the potential to break traditional encryption methods by solving complex problems much faster. [SEP] Text: As can be observed from the two experiments, while solving the break minimization problem in an MDRRT, our method that employs the quantum annealer is much faster than integer programming approaches using Gurobi. There are two main reasons for this result. First, as explained in Section “Analysis: Benefits of the sparsity of the problem” and “Analysis: Benefits of no constraints”, the break minimization problem in an MDRRT is sparse and has no constraints; thus, it is suitable to solve using a quantum annealer. Second, as Trick [16] highlighted, the break minimization problem is highly symmetric, and it is difficult to solve using an integer programming approach. In addition, our results differ from those of [9] in that the quantum annealer is faster as the size of the problems increases. In [9], the quantum annealer was faster than Gurobi, but only for small-scale problems. ConclusionIn recent years, with the technical development of quantum annealers, extensive research on solving practical combinatorial optimization problems using quantum annealers has been conducted [5–10]. However, researchers struggle to find practical combinatorial optimization problems, for which quantum annealers outperform other mathematical optimization solvers [9, 11]. We determined that the break minimization problem in an MDRRT is a problem for which a state-of-the-art solver such as Gurobi [12] takes longer to achieve the objective function value of the solution obtained by the quantum annealers. We formulated the QUBO of the break minimization problem in an MDRRT by referring to existing studies [18]. Further, we used the two effective existing methods based on integer programming, and our method based on quantum annealing to solve the break minimization problem in an MDRRT, and compared the quality of the solution and computational time. We used Gurobi as an integer programming approach in our experiments. Quantum annealing was able to obtain the exact solution in 0. 05 s for the problems with 20 teams, which is a practical size. In the case of 36 teams, it took 84. 8 s for the integer programming method to reach the objective function value, which was obtained by a quantum annealer in 0. 05 s.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Comparison of differential gene expression and splicing across the 24-hour period We found minimal overlap among the genes showing significant differences in splicing (DS) and expression (DE) over a 24-hour period in control, as well as in both the stable and fluctuating elevated CO2 treatments (S2). Specifically in control, only four genes (SRCIN1, SORBS2, 00000002603) in 2am vs 6am, three genes (RBM5, CLASP2, SUN1B) in 6am vs 2pm, and one gene (EGLN3) in 6pm vs 2pm were commonly DS and DE. Similarly, in the stable CO2 treatment, one gene in 2am vs 6am (00000011664) and three genes (1A, SLC25A12) in 6am vs 2pm were commonly DS and DE. The fluctuating CO2 treatment showed the least overlap, with only one gene (NDRG4) commonly DS and DE in 6am vs 2pm (S2). Similarly, when considering the comparison between stable CO2 versus control and fluctuating CO2 versus control separately, for each individual timepoint, there was generally no overlap between the DE and DS genes. Specifically, none of the DS genes were found to be DE in the stable CO2 treatment at any of the four timepoints (S3). In the fluctuating CO2 treatment, only one gene (TJP2B) at 2pm was both DS and DE (S3). Furthermore, only 2 genes (TJP2B and SULF1) were commonly DS and DE genes between the high and low CO2 peaks within the fluctuating CO2 treatment (S4). These findings suggest that majority of genes undergo regulation either by alternative splicing or differential expression alone. DiscussionIn this study, we investigated the alternative splicing profile at four time points during the day in the brain of A. polyacanthus under present-day CO2 conditions and projected future ocean acidification scenarios, considering both stable CO2 concentration and diel fluctuations. We found that the rhythmic splicing activity observed under ambient CO2 conditions were mostly absent when fish are exposed to future ocean acidification scenarios (both stable and fluctuating elevated CO2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected. Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, subsequently dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has the potential to break traditional encryption methods by solving complex problems much faster. [SEP] Text: 4). Fig. 3. Solution searching of a 2000-node graph problem with QNN. (a) Graph problem (random graph with 19,990 edges). The pink dots and white lines respectively show the nodes and edges. (b) Solution obtained with the QNN experimentally. The pink dots are divided into red and blue dots; as a result, we can cut the edges shown by the green lines. Larger dots exhibit nodes with a larger number of edges. Fig. 4. Ising energy as a function of computation time for a maximum cut problem of a 2000-node complete graph (K2000). 5. Future prospects Although QNN research is still in a very early stage, our experimental results suggest that the QNN may outperform conventional digital computers for certain types of problems. We are currently planning to increase the number of DOPOs of our QNN to further widen the performance advantage over digital computers. We also plan to search for applications of QNN by collaborating with researchers from various fields such as statistical physics, mathematics, and computer science. 2011. [2] M. Yamaoka, C. Yoshimura, M. Hayashi, T. Okuyama, H. Aoki, and H. Mizuno, “A 20k-spin to with CMOS Annealing,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2015. [3] S. Utsunomiya, K. Takata, and Y. Yamamoto, “Mapping of onto Injection-locked Laser Systems,” Opt. Express, Vol. 19, No. 19, 2011. [4] T. Umeki, O. Tadanaga, T. Kazama, K. Enbutsu, Y. Miyamoto, and H. Takenouchi, “Advances in on PPLN Waveguides for Optical Communication,”. 14, No. 1, 2016. [5] H. Takesue, T. Inagaki, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “of >2500-pulse OPO,” The 61st JSAP (of Applied Physics) Spring Meeting, 17p-PA1-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, Mar. 2014 (in Japanese). [6] H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Given the intricate interaction between circadian rhythms, environmental cues, and biological processes [59], the observed change in rhythmic regulation of splicing in the brain in elevated CO2 conditions could affect synaptic activity and neural functioning, potentially leading to behavioural abnormalities [15, 60, 61, 62]. Furthermore, the limited overlap between genes showing temporal splicing and temporal expression in both stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions indicates multi-layered gene regulation response in A. polyacanthus to environmental CO2 variations, with alternative splicing and differential expression playing nonredundant roles in driving the response to elevated CO2 conditions. Different CO2 stability levels also show differential effects on splicing, as there was no substantial overlap among the differentially spliced (DS) genes between fish in stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions at all four time points analysed. This suggests distinct molecular responses depending on the stability of CO2 levels throughout the day. Among the four time points across the 24-hour period, 6am emerged as critical in both the stable and fluctuating CO2 treatments, while 6pm was key exclusively in the fluctuating CO2 treatment. These timepoints exhibited the highest number of DS genes with aberrant splicing events as well as the greatest diversity in the functions of these DS genes. In the stable elevated CO2 treatment, TFCP2 and METTL3 were of particular interest, both being DS at 6am when compared to control. TFCP2 is a transcription factor regulating genes encoding acid-sensing ion channels which control deviations from extracellular pH in fish [63]. Given that the primary response mechanism of fish when exposed to stable elevated CO2 conditions is to regulate acid-base homeostasis [2, 3, 35], the DS of this gene might enable the fish to mitigate the risk of acidosis by maintaining physiological pH levels during the crucial early morning hours. Furthermore, aberrant splicing events were observed in genes involved in metabolism, synaptic activity, and neurogenesis exclusively in the fluctuating CO2 treatment at 6am, indicating changes in brain metabolic activity and neural functioning in response to periodic fluctuations in CO2 levels. Additionally, genes associated with the sensory system (MTMR11) and circadian rhythm (BMAL1A) exhibited DS exclusively at 6pm in the fluctuating CO2 treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was performed to visualize nuclei. Images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope (). Real-time of brain cerebral cortex tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (). The expression levels of TERT mRNA were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR-1200 (). The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’--3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB). Then, sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue homogenates were made by homogenizing each cerebral cortex tissue with 9 times volume of PBS on ice, then centrifuging. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). The protein contents in cerebral homogenates were detected using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Graphene-for Micro-Supercapacitors quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-5 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 4270. [2] M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, Simple capacitors to supercapacitors-An overview, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 1196–1217. [3] A. Burk, Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology, J. 91 (2000) 37–50. [4] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: Nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702–730. [5] Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Recent progress in supercapacitors: From materials design to system construction, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 5336–5342. [6] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34 (2009) 4889–4899. [7] R. Ko, M. Carlen, R. Kotz and M. Carlen, Principles and Applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 1–16. [8] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B. Z. Jang, Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863–4868. [9] Z. Fan, J. Yan, T. Wei, L. Zhi, G. Ning, T. Li, F. Wei, Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO2 and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 21 (2011) 2366–2375.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Changes in the expression of core circadian rhythm genes have been repeatedly reported to be involved in acclimation of fish to elevated CO2 environments [13, 14, 16, 19, 35]. Given the central role of circadian rhythms in regulating physiological processes, including metabolism and synaptic activity [64, 65], the observed DS event in BMAL1A, could be a potential response to coordinate physiological processes in anticipation of the expected increase in the CO2 levels during the night [66]. These results illustrate the interplay between environmental cues and circadian rhythms in shaping the molecular responses of fish, with certain time points being key, and that the response mechanisms vary depending on the stability of the CO2 concentration throughout the day. In fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions, fish exhibited increased plasticity of transcriptional regulation via alternative splicing with consistently greater number of DS events in the fluctuating elevated CO2 than the stable elevated CO2 treatment at all four time points. Specific to the fluctuating elevated CO2 treatment was the DS of genes involved in various aspects of neural functioning such as the sensory system, calcium channel activity, blood brain barrier permeability, and brain metabolism. This suggests intricate regulation of neural function throughout the day potentially in response to anticipated CO2 fluctuations. Hence, our results suggest that fish in fluctuating CO2 conditions might be able to anticipate periodic changes in CO2 levels and alter their brain activity accordingly [16, 66]. Further evidence of such coordination of transcriptional regulation with diel CO2 fluctuations was observed from the direct comparison of splicing events between the high (2am) and low (2pm) CO2 peaks within the fluctuating elevated CO2 treatment. Of particular interest was the DS of the estrogen related receptor beta (ESRRB), a transcription factor that regulates numerous metabolic genes, and TJP2B, a tight junction protein part of the blood brain barrier, as the DS events in both genes affected the proportion of the respective functional isoforms between the high and low CO2 peaks. Estrogen related receptors (ERRs) play a key role in coordination of circadian rhythm and metabolic homeostasis [67]. Similarly, the circadian clock regulates the activity of various genes involved in blood brain barrier permeability and transport, including tight junction proteins, which playing a crucial role in regulating the chemical microenvironment of the central nervous system, thereby influencing neural activity [68, 69].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [10] J. Yan, Z. Fan, W. Sun, G. Ning, T. Wei, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, L. Zhi, F. Wei, Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/graphene and porous graphene electrodes with high energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 2632–2641. [11] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [12] N. Kurra, Q. Jiang, H. N. Alshareef, A general strategy for the fabrication of high-performance microsupercapacitors, 16 (2015) 1–9. [13] G. Zhang, Y. Han, C. Shao, N. Chen, G. Sun, X. Jin, J. Gao, B. Ji, H. Yang, L. Qu, Processing and manufacturing of graphene-based microsupercapacitors, Front. (2018) 1750–1764. [14] Z. S. Wu, K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1-7. [15] X. Shi, Z. S. Wu, J. Qin, S. Zheng, S. Wang, F. Zhou, C. Sun, X. Bao, Graphene-based linear tandem micro-supercapacitors with metal-free current collectors and high-voltage output, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1–9. [16] W. Liu, X. Yan, J. Chen, Y. Feng, Q. Xue, Novel and high-performance asymmetric micro-supercapacitors based on graphene quantum dots and polyaniline nanofibers, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 6053–6062. [17] D. Pech, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, TJP2A, a paralog of TJP2B, was also significantly DS between the high and low CO2 peaks, but without affecting the reading frame of the resulting isoforms, indicating that both isoforms remain fully functional. This could be a potential compensatory mechanism that might mitigate loss of function in TJP2B at 2 pm. While further research is needed to understand the precise mechanism and functional distinctions between the various transcript isoforms produced by the splicing events in the brain of the spiny damselfish, the observed temporal variation in splicing of these genes could stem from feed-forward mechanisms driven by the circadian clock [35]. Feed-forward processes enable organisms to adjust cellular functions in anticipation of periodic changes [66]. Therefore, anticipatory switches in splicing activity might provide fish with increased flexibility in physiological and behavioural responses in fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions, possibly minimising physiological and behavioural impairments as observed in laboratory experiments [30, 70]. ConclusionOverall, our findings reveal that rhythmic splicing patterns in the brain of A. polyacanthus is disrupted upon exposure to elevated CO2 conditions, with almost no overlap among the DS genes between the four timepoints in control, stable CO2 and fluctuating CO2 conditions. Furthermore, we found that not only the increase in CO2 concentration but also its stability influences the molecular responses of fish. Given that a key factor underlying a gene’s function is the ratio between its various transcript isoforms, which might have different properties and/ or functions, circadian variation in transcript isoforms could result in nuanced regulation of biological processes depending on the time of day [39]. Interestingly, fish in fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions exhibited increased transcriptional plasticity and time-dependent regulation of splicing, particularly of genes associated with neural activity and functioning. This suggests an intricate relationship between environmental pH changes and transcriptional regulation, potentially mediated by the circadian rhythm. Given the periodicity of fluctuating environments, fish may possess the ability to fine-tune and synchronize their internal biological processes with external environmental cues. Therefore, circadian regulation of alternative splicing in fluctuating conditions might modulate downstream biological responses of coral reef fish, potentially minimising physiological and behavioural impairments and enable them to better cope with future ocean acidification conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], landing foot spread distance was measured as follow: the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms,dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, subsequently dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. The histopathological changes incerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Real-time PCR The expression levels of TERT mRNA in cerebral Cortex were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR–1200 (GeneCopoeia, Rockville, MD).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Brunet, H. Durou, P. Huang, V. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, P. Taberna, P. Simon, Ultrahigh-power micrometer-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 651–654. [18] T. M Dinh, D. Pech, M. Brunet, A. Achour, High-resolution electrochemical micro-capacitors based on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. : Conf. Ser. 476 2013. [19] K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Mu, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1-7. [20] D. Pech, M. Brunet, P. Taberna, P. Simon, N. Fabre, F. Mesnilgrente, V. Conédéra, H. Durou, Elaboration of a microstructured inkjet-printed carbon electrochemical capacitor, J. 195 (2010) 1266–1269. [21] M. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 3498–3502. [22] E. Gongadze, S. Petersen, U. Beck, U. Van Rienen, of the Interface between an Electrode and an (2009). [23] J. P. Valleau, G. M. Torrie, The electrical double layer. III. Modified Gouy-Chapman theory with unequal ion sizes, J. Chem. Phys. 76 (1982) 4623–4630. [24] D. Henderson, Recent progress in the theory of the electric double layer, Prog. Surf. Sci. 13 (1983) 197–224. [25] J. P. Zheng, Oxide as an for electrochemical capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 2699. [26] S. Makino, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Abbreviations A3SS Alternative 3’ splice site A5SS Alternative 5’ splice site DE Differential expression DS Differential splicing MXE Mutually exclusive exon OA Ocean acidification PSI Percent spliced in RI Retained intron SE Skipped exon contributions The experiment was designed and run by MJ with help from PLM and CS. Fish collections were performed by CS and MJ. Molecular lab work was performed by CS and sequenced by CS and TR. SS carried out the transcriptome expression analysis with input from CS. SS lead the writing of the manuscript with input from CS and all authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval Sample collection was carried out following all institutional and national law guidelines. The experiment was completed under University ethics approval number A2418. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing financial interests All authors declare they have no competing interests. Funding SS was supported through the HKU start-up to CS. The project was funded by the Fund from the Council of SAR (17300721). PLM was supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Studies and TR was supported by of Science and Technology (OIST). Data availability The raw RNA sequences are deposited in NCBI under BioProject ID: PRJNA658203. (. Physiological effects on fishes in a high-CO2 world. J Oceans. 2005;110:C9. . Ocean acidification promotes broad transcriptomic responses in marine metazoans: a literature survey. Front Zool. 2020;17:1–23. . Ecological effects of elevated CO2 on marine and freshwater fishes: From individual to community effects. Elsevier. 2019;37:323–68. . The past, present and future of cleaner fish cognitive performance as a function of CO2 levels. Biol Lett. 2019;15:20190618. ário Near-future CO2 levels impair the olfactory system of a marine fish. Change. 2018;8:737–43. Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities. Biol. 2011;17:2980–6. Heuer RM, Grosell M. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Physiol -Comp Physiol. 2014;307:R1061–84.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’-–3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB). Then, sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue homogenates were made by homogenizing each cerebral cortex tissue with 9 times volume of PBS on ice, then centrifuging. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). The protein contents in cerebral homogenates were detected using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Measurement of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL–1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Yamauchi, W. Sugimoto, Synthesis of electro-deposited ordered mesoporous RuO x using lyotropic liquid crystal and application toward micro-supercapacitors, J. 227 (2013) 153–160. [27] asymmetric supercapacitor using RuO2/TiO2 nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 5641–5646. [28] H. Y. Lee, J. B. Goodenough, Amorphous V2O5/carbon composites as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes, Ionics 153 (2002) 833–841. [29] H. Wang, X. Sun, Z. Liu, Z. Lei, Creation of nanopores on graphene planes with MgO template for preparing high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 6577–6584. [30] Q. Xiao, X. Zhou, The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 48 (2003) 575–580. [31] C. Peng, S. Zhang, D. Jewell, G. Z. Chen, Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 (2008) 777–788. [32] Q. Meng, K. Cai, Y. Chen, L. Chen, Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials, 36 (2017) 268–285. [33] G. A. Snook, P. Kao, A. S. Best, Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 1–12. [34] D. W. Wang, F. Li, H. M. Cheng, Hierarchical porous nickel oxide and carbon as electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor, J. 185 (2008) 1563–1568. [35] Y. Zhu, C. Cao, S. Tao, W. Chu, Z. Wu, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: . Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010;107:12930–4. . Effects of elevated CO2 on predator avoidance behaviour by reef fishes is not altered by experimental test water. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2501. Nagelkerken I, Munday PL. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. Biol. 2016;22:974–89. . Effects of elevated CO2 on fish behaviour undiminished by transgenerational acclimation. Change. 2014;4:1086–9. - Rapid evolution fuels transcriptional plasticity to ocean acidification. Biol. 2022;28:3007–22. . Circadian rhythm disturbances due to exposure to acidified conditions and different photoperiods in juvenile Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). J. 2021;56:198–206. ørensen C, Watson SA, et al. Near-future carbon dioxide levels alter fish behaviour by interfering with neurotransmitter function. Change. 2012;2:201–4. Molecular signatures of transgenerational response to ocean acidification in a species of reef fish. Change. 2016;6:1014–8. . An interplay between plasticity and parental phenotype determines impacts of ocean acidification on a reef fish. Evol. 2018;2:334–42. . Neural effects of elevated CO2 in fish may be amplified by a vicious cycle. Conserv Physiol. 2019;7:coz100. . Brain transcriptome of gobies inhabiting natural CO2 seeps reveal acclimation strategies to long-term acidification. Evol Appl. 2023;16:1345–58. . Cross-talk between tissues is critical for intergenerational acclimation to environmental change. bioRxiv 2023;11. Ayyar VS, Sukumaran S. Circadian rhythms: influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2021;48:321–38. Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. Estuaries Coasts. 2013;36:221–36.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin followed by dehydrating and paraffin-embedding. Then, embedded brain sections (5-μm thickness) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological observation. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Li, Ultrathin nickel hydroxide and oxide nanosheets: Synthesis, characterizations and excellent supercapacitor performances, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 1–7. [36] L. Q. Mai, F. Yang, Y. L. Zhao, X. Xu, L. Xu, Y. Z. Luo, Hierarchical MnMoO4/CoMoO4 heterostructured nanowires with enhanced supercapacitor performance, Nat. Commun. 2 (2011) (1–7). [37] H. Chen, L. Hu, M. Chen, Y. Yan, L. Wu, Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) 934–942. [38] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, Why transition metal (di) oxides are the most attractive materials for batteries, Ions. 69 (1994) 201–211. [39] K. -C. Liu, Porous nickel oxide/nickel films for electrochemical capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 124. [40] B. K. Kim, V. Chabot, A. Yu, Carbon nanomaterials supported Ni(OH)2/NiO hybrid flower structure for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 109 (2013) 370–380. [41] C. Xu, Y. Zhao, G. Yang, F. Li, H. Li, Mesoporous nanowire array architecture of manganese dioxide for electrochemical capacitor applications, Chem. Comm. (2009) 7575–7577. [42] nickel hydroxide on nickel foam with ultrahigh capacitance, Chem. Comm. (2008) 6537–6539. [43] F. Luan, G. Wang, Y. Ling, X. Lu, H. Wang, Y. Tong, X. X. Liu, Y. Li, High energy density asymmetric supercapacitors with a nickel oxide nanoflake cathode and a 3D reduced graphene oxide anode, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 7984–7990.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: A multi-ecosystem comparison. . 2011;6:e28983. . Ocean acidification in the coastal zone from an organism’s perspective: Multiple system parameters, frequency domains, and habitats. Mar Sci. 2014;6:221–47. . Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry – implications for impacts of ocean acidification. Biol. 2011;17:3655–66. . Physical and biological controls on the carbonate chemistry of coral reef waters: Effects of metabolism, wave forcing, sea level, and geomorphology. . 2013;8:e53303. . Diel pCO2 variation among coral reefs and microhabitats at Lizard Island, Reef. Coral Reefs. 2020;39:1391–406. . Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature. 2016;529:383–6. . Anthropogenic changes to seawater buffer capacity combined with natural reef metabolism induce extreme future coral reef CO2 conditions. Biol. 2013;19:1632–41. . Diel CO2 cycles reduce severity of behavioural abnormalities in coral reef fish under ocean acidification. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10153. . Beneficial effects of diel CO2 cycles on reef fish metabolic performance are diminished under elevated temperature. Environ. 2020;735:139084. . Diel and tidal pCO2 × O2 fluctuations provide physiological refuge to early life stages of a coastal forage fish. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18146. . The effects of constant and fluctuating elevated pCO2 levels on oxygen uptake rates of coral reef fishes. Environ. 2020;741:140334. . Diel CO2 cycles and parental effects have similar benefits to growth of a coral reef fish under ocean acidification. Biol Lett. 2019;15:20180724. . Diel pCO2 fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions. Mol Ecol. 2021;30:5105–18. . Different levels of alternative splicing among eukaryotes. Res. 2007;35:125–31. ó ñoz MJ. Alternative splicing: a pivotal step between eukaryotic transcription and translation. Biol. 2013;14:153–65. .

Output: contrast