Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to. These differences are of a similar magnitude when comparing the two photosynthesis models. -PGEN showed that the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [ 2 CO ] increases with rising temperature, thus compensating for the increase in respiration. For both and this C0 2 and temperature interaction was not found. Consequently, in these models the increase in respiration exceeded the increase in gross photosynthesis at the higher range of temperature rise. The sensitivity analysis showed that the models differ in the sensitivity of the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [C 2 O ] scenario combined with a temperature rise of 2°C ( C700 T2 ), when parameter values change by ±25%. -PGEN, the magnitude of the response of Pg,a depended on the values of some of its parameters, especially those determining the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of Rubisco, which for these parameters exceeded the differences between the phenological types in this scenario. In both and ITE-this sensitivity is similar to or less than the difference between the phenological types in the C700 T2 scenario.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This aqueous extract was decanted and the algae autoclaved twice more (121°C for 60 min in 250 mL). The pooled extract was ultrafiltrated (Grace Microcon-100, >100 kD), freeze-dried, resuspended in 250 mL 10% ethanol (56. 1 mg/mL) in MQW, herein referred to as HOaq, and stored in the dark at 4°C [13]. HOorg was extracted over three consecutive years (2010–2012); HOaq was extracted over two consecutive years (2011–2012). Comparison of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of each of these samples confirmed their chemical composition was consistent (data not shown). Determination of minimum exposure time of larvae to cues that elicit settlement and/or metamorphosis Preliminary experiments were conducted using 6–9 day-old swimming larvae in 6-well plates. In 2010, larvae were exposed to J010-E (Table 1) to assess the minimum required exposure time of larvae to the metamorphosis-inducing cue. The extract J010-E (2 µL; 128 µg/mL) or 100% ethanol (2 µL negative control) were added to 10 mL of 0. 2 µm FSW, mixed thoroughly and transferred to 6-well plates (; final concentration 12. 8 µg/mL). Larvae were added to each well (n = 20 per well) and monitored hourly for visible signs of metamorphosis without settlement, characterised by flattening into discs and septal development in floating polyps. Following the same protocol, swimming larvae were exposed to settlement-inducing cues HOorg (evaporated on the dish surface before adding FSW) or HOaq (aliquot added to FSW) in 2011. No cue was added to the control treatments (n = 6). In a preliminary experiment, addition to the well and evaporation of the carrier solvents (10% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 80% methanol and MQW) to dryness resulted in no settlement, as observed with the no solvent (blank) control (A. Negri, personal communication), and therefore only the blank control was used. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Experimental parameters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1600960. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]22. Colwell CS. Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN. Neurosci. 2011;12:553–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]23. Silver R. Anatomy, Physiology, and Neurochemistry. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2018. 24. Hannibal J. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res. 2002;309:73–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 25. Reghunandanan V, Reghunandanan R. Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Circadian Rhythms. 2006;4:2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]26. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol. 2018;28:R816–22. [DOI] [PubMed] 27. Reghunandanan V. Vasopressin in circadian function of SCN. J Biosci. 2020;45:140. [PubMed] 28. . GABAergic mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that influence circadian rhythm. J Neurochem. 2021;157:31–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 29. . Roles of Neuropeptides, VIP and AVP, in the Circadian Clock. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:650154. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]30. Connectome of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: of the Core-Shell Relationship. eNeuro. 2018;5:. 0205–18. 2018. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]31. . Calbindin-D28K cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons. Neuroscience. 2002;111:575–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]32. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and in Mice and Flies. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2363.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Growth of mixed-species forestsUsing the same three phenological types and climate change scenarios, the effects of differences in phenology and spring frost damage on growth in mixed-species stands were evaluated using the models and. highlights potential growth in managed forests, whereas highlights feedbacks of carbon, water and nitrogen cycles in Types, based on gap model theory. Furthermore, the importance of inaccuracy of the phenological model for growth in mixed-species stands was evaluated by comparing the modelling approach with a regression approach. The results of the climate change scenarios indicate for both and that: (1) the differences in NPP of the three phenological types considered are enhanced when grown in a mixed-species stand compared to a monospecies stand; and (2) the consequences of frost damage on growth is more prominent in mixed-species stands than in monospecies stands. Considering the accuracy of the modelling approach compared to the regression approach for the timing of leaf unfolding and spring frost damage, the sequential model of leaf unfolding shows a similar response of the NPP as the regression approach, both for the monospecies and the mixed-species situation. The modelling approach yields, however, larger differences in the NPP between the phenological types because the model predicts a greater advancement of leaf unfolding than the regression model. Comparing the regression approach to the modelling approach for frost hardiness, the regression approach shows a greater frequency of frost damage, because according to the model, the minimum level of frost hardiness is attained after the date of leaf unfolding, thus reducing this frequency. The differences in phenological response to temperature can be used to evaluate the consequences of climate change on the geographical distributions of species. ", keywords = "bosbouw, fenologie, houtteelt, bosbouwkundige handelingen, groei, milieufactoren, klimaatverandering, paleoklimatologie, Europa, forestry, phenology, silviculture, forestry practices, growth, environmental factors, climatic change, palaeoclimatology, Europe", author = "K. Kramer", note = "WU thesis 2040 Proefschrift Wageningen", year = "1996", month = jan, day = "19", doi = "10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Experimental design and sample collection Gene expression profiles may vary considerably throughout the different coral life phases; pre-settlement motile larvae to post-settlement metamorphosed primary polyps [7]. To avoid any variation due to differences in larval development and to accomplish meaningful comparisons between larvae exposed to control conditions versus J010-E or CCA-derived HOorg and HOaq cues, all assays were terminated before the onset of visible metamorphosis without attachment or settlement (as determined above). Assays with J010-E were terminated 1, 2 and 3 hours post incubation (hpi), whereas assays with HOorg and HOaq were terminated after 1 hpi (see experimental parameters in Table 1). The extract J010-E (60 µL; 3. 84 mg/mL) or 100% ethanol (60 µL, control) was mixed with 250 mL FSW in 400 mL glass beakers (Boeco, Germany; 6 replicates per treatment) to ensure homogeneous distribution prior to the addition of a further 50 mL FSW containing competent swimming larvae (six days-old, n∼300, final concentration 12. 8 µg/mL). Aliquots of HOorg (25 µL; 23. 8 µg/mL) were applied to the base of 400 mL glass beakers and allowed to evaporate, while HOaq (25 µL; 1. 4 mg/mL) was applied directly into the seawater (6 replicates per treatment). FSW (50 mL) was added to 400 mL glass beakers and gently mixed prior to the addition of 50 mL of FSW containing swimming larvae (nine days-old, n∼200) to give a final volume of 100 mL (final concentration HOorg 238 ng/mL and HOaq 14 µg/mL). Blank treatments (no cues or solvents) were used as the negative controls. In all experiments, an additional glass beaker containing each of the cues was left for 24 hpi to monitor larval metamorphosis and mortality. After each observation time point, larvae were collected on 5 µm, 25 mm diameter sterile filters under vacuum. Retained larvae were transferred into 1. 5 mL cryovials, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]33. . The circadian visual system, 2005. Rev. 2006;51:1–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 34. Morin LP. Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann Med. 1999;31:12–33. [DOI] [PubMed] 35. . Paradoxical sleep suppresses immediate early gene expression in the rodent suprachiasmatic nuclei. Front Neurol. 2010;1:122. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]36. . Inputs and Outputs of the Clock. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:508. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]37. . Molecular and in Nuclei. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2052. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]38. Hirata Y, Enoki R, Kuribayashi-. Circadian rhythms in Per1, PER2 and Ca2+ of a solitary SCN neuron cultured on a microisland. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18271. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]39. Evans JA. Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2016;230:R27–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]40. Belle MDC. Circadian Tick-the Circuits: the Molecular and Clocks. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:567–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]41. . Period gene expression in the brain of a dual-phasing rodent, the Octodon degus. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28:249–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 42. . of Coupling in the Clock Network. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:3618–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 43. Cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for interneuronal coupling regulating circadian behavior rhythm. Neuron. 2015;85:1103–16. [DOI] [PubMed] 44. . Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus venous portal system in the mammalian brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Multiplex RT-qPCR Assays Forty-seven genes of interest (GOI) were selected for their putative role(s) in larval settlement or in coral immune defence pathways, and incorporated in two multiplex RT-qPCR assays (Assay 1; immunity-related genes potentially involved in ontogenesis, and Assay 2; genes reportedly involved in settlement; kanamycin (Kanr) internal control gene in both assays) as previously described (Tables S1 and S2 in [12]). The suggested roles of the GOI in relation to marine invertebrate larval settlement and metamorphosis have been summarised and reported previously (Table 1 in [12]). One negative template (T−) and one negative (RT−; Kanr only) control was used in each assay to test for cDNA and RNA contaminants, respectively, according to the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual (a detailed description for this procedure is reported in [17]). For technical reasons the number of genes in every multiplex assay is limited to approximately 30 [12], [17]. The protocols for extraction of mRNA, preparation of cDNA, amplification by PCR and subsequent electrophoresis were adopted from Siboni et al. [12] with modifications: 1) larval mRNA was measured twice (NanoDrop ND-1000, Thermo Scientific, USA), averaged and diluted to 5 ng/µL (according to the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual); 2) 10 ng of mRNA was used in the reverse transcription mix; and 3) dilution of PCR products was changed to 1∶40 for J010-E and 1∶20 for HO cues. Diluted PCR products were analysed individually on an automated capillary electrophoresis sequencer (CEQ™ 8800 System, Beckman-) as follows: diluted PCR products (1 mL) were loaded into a 96-well plate with 0. 2 µL of DNA size standard (400 bp; Beckman-Coulter) and 38. 8 µL of Genome-loading solution. Electropherograms were visualized, filtered and matrices generated for further analyses following the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual (a detailed description for this procedure is reported in Souter et al. [17]). Data were normalised against Kanr.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2013;243:21–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]56. Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2015;42:2678–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 57. . Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2009;296:R824–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]58. . Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Immun. 2015;45:171–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]59. . Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 2011;21:625–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]60. . in the and Behavior. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1055–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]61. Barca-Mayo O, Pons-. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14336. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]62. . Daily and seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock requires plasticity of the SCN neuronal network. Neurosci. 2010;32:2143–51. [DOI] [PubMed] 63. . In synch but not in step: Circadian clock circuits regulating plasticity in daily rhythms. Neuroscience. 2016;320:259–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]64. Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues. Science. 2018;359:eaao0318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]65. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell. 2002;109:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] 66. ádek Proteomic analysis reveals the role of synaptic vesicle cycling in sustaining the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Curr Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: An expression stability measure for all genes in both assays was performed using the GeNorm program ( according to Vandesompele et al. [18]. The most stable pair of genes was used to normalize the gene expression levels of the GOI in (2007) using the Geomean function (Table 1). Further interrogation of the data was undertaken by normalisation using three of the most stable genes in every assay (Figure S1) and results compared with those from the pair of stable genes. For data analysis, only samples with at least two technical repeats and coefficient of variation percentage (%CV) lower than 25% were considered. Statistical analyses were conducted using Kruskal–Wallis (non-parametric one way analysis of variance by ranks) followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks for all groups with version 10. 0 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK). Percentage differences of those genes that were differentially regulated from control were calculated. Further, data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) with PAST [19]. All PCA's were performed on a variance-covariance matrix, as all variables were measured in the same units, and without any group assumptions. PCA score plots are presented with convex hulls highlighting groupings and showing PC1 and PC2. of minimum exposure times of larvae to cues to elicit settlement or metamorphosis without attachment The minimum exposure time to elicit larval responses varied among the different cues. Visible signs of early metamorphosis (flattening into discs and development forming floating polyps) occurred 4 hpi with J010-E, whereas complete metamorphosis without attachment of 98±2% of larvae occurred 6 hpi. In order to sample swimming larvae prior to any observable morphogenetic changes, they were collected 1-3 hpi with J010-E (Table 1). While no behavioural or developmental response was recorded during the first 2 hpi with HOorg and HOaq, initial attachment was observed after 3 hpi, and complete metamorphosis with attachment was observed 16 hpi (settlement rates of 94±5% (HOorg) and 70±8% (HOaq), respectively). To reduce any variation in the assays and to ensure that all larvae were sampled at the same developmental phase, larvae were collected 1 hpi with HOorg or HOaq (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: McClung CA. Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114:222–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]88. . Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2007;1129:34–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 89. Impact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell. 2014;157:858–68. [DOI] [PubMed] 90. Beaulé. Circadian modulation of gene expression, but not glutamate uptake, in mouse and rat cortical astrocytes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7476. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]91. . GABA and Gi/o differentially control circadian rhythms and synchrony in clock neurons. . 2006;103:19188–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]92. The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell. 2002;109:497–508. [DOI] [PubMed] 93. Dual-Color Single-of the Reveals a in Network Synchrony. Neuron. 2020;108:164–79. e7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]94. 'Neill JS, O' Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol. 2006;16:599–605. [DOI] [PubMed] 95. 3 Function in SCN via an AT Motif-Driven Axis. Cell. 2015;162:607–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]96. Bano- Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. . 2021;118:e2100094118. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]97. . Rhythms in Excitability. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:1415–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]98. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1652932/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAs society appears determined to significantly reduce carbon emissions, the viable question arises how nature will follow. A simple model is applied to project atmospheric CO2 concentration and near-surface temperature for emissions reductions up to 3 %/year. In result for anthropogenic efforts of 1. 5-3 %/year emissions reduction, nature will return to the 1970’s CO2 concentration accompanied by a final industrial-eon temperature rise of 1. 4-1. 8 °C. For lower emissions reductions of e. g. 1 or 0 %/year, 22 % or 78 % of emissions need be technically removed per year to confine the temperature increase at 1. 8 °C. Within this temperature regime, humankind’s ocean heating is inferred to remain within natural variabilities and sea level to approximately rise by 6 m/°C at a pace of 0. 2 m/century. and ModelingCO2 uptake modellingCO2 fertilizationCO2 ocean bufferingemissions abatementatmospheric CO2 projectiontemperature projectionocean heatingsea level risecarbon capture and storageFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. IntroductionWithin broader society, there is wide-spread comprehension that the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere virtually forever. On the other hand within science, it is undisputed that nature continuously removes a significant portion of the human emissions from the atmosphere. From observation on the industrial past, nature has removed on average 3%/year of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the atmosphere [1]. This period has been characterized by ever-rising emissions. Now, society appears determined for the reverse, i. e. to steadily reduce emissions. This raises the viable question: Will nature continue on unchanged – reversible – path, i. e. still taking up 3%/year of the cumulated emissions, or have legacies built up inhibiting the return to previous states? The present studies start from the presumption that humankind is dedicated to a – seemingly realistic – 3%/year emissions reduction. To size nature’s reaction, the essential processes are entered into a simple modelling framework for CO2 concentration, surface temperature, ocean heating, and sea level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that the original reference genes included in the two assays [12] were not always the most stable genes according to GeNorm program [18] (Table 1). In all instances at least one of these stable genes was a ribosomal protein gene. Given that significant differences in gene expression were observed at the early time point and that no mucus strands, indicative of tissue breakdown, were observed 24 hpi with any of the cues, the concentrations used in this study were considered appropriate to measure gene expression levels while maintaining larval competency. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Differential gene expression following exposure to bacteria- and CCA-derived cues. Significant (p<0. 05) change in gene regulation is given as the % difference compared to the control. Dark and light green (+) represents those genes that were up-regulated (X>20, 20≤X<0); orange and red (−) represents those that were down-regulated (0>X≥−20, X<−20). Data from the 12 hpi experiment (high concentration treatment and complete metamorphosis) was taken from Siboni et al. [12], which also includes full protein names and description of the genes. Mutiplex RT-qPCR Assay 1; putative settlement/metamorphosis-related immunity genes Expression levels of 16 GOI (MEKK-1, ERK-2, MAPK-p38, AP-1/cFos, AP-1/cJun, NF-κ60-A, Bf, C3, millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3; Figure 1) changed significantly 1 hpi. During this time interval the lectins millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3 were predominately up-regulated in response to the metamorphosis-inducing cue J010-E, whereas their down-regulation was observed in response to one or both of the settlement-inducing CCA-derived cues HOorg and HOaq. AP-1/cFos was consistently up-regulated in response to J010-E, HOorg and HOaq.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]130. . Circadian rhythms of extracellular ATP accumulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells and cultured astrocytes. Neurosci. 2009;30:869–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]131. Circadian variation in gfap immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Res. 2005;36:141–50. [DOI] 132. . The circadian clock: a tale of genetic–electrical interplay and synaptic integration. Physiol. 2018;5:75–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]133. . and in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2022;42:5522–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]134. . Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Biol. 2014;24:90–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]135. . Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2018;19:453–69. [DOI] [PubMed] 136. The VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis is a cellular pacemaking hub of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian circuit. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3394. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]137. . Integrated brain circuits: neuron-astrocyte interaction in sleep-related rhythmogenesis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:1634–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]138. . Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32:421–31. [DOI] [PubMed] 139. Albrecht U. Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks. Neuron. 2012;74:246–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 140. Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. of Glutamate Transporters. (Lausanne). 2018;9:340. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]141. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The model framework serves as a handy tool for projections regarding future human emissions reductions. Since focusing on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions. 2. – understand nature’s functioning, the look is devoted to the past – first to preindustrial times revealing undisturbed nature and second, to the industrial eon with significant anthropogenic contributions. 2. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration During the preindustrial past 800 thousand years (ka), the atmospheric CO2 concentration has followed temperature in the order of 20–25 ppmv/°C within the range of about 180–280 ppmv (ppmv, volume parts per million). – At preindustrial times, global waters have released 1. 7 GtC/year into the atmosphere (cf. [2]). Apparently, terrestrial vegetation was prepared to consume these emissions leading to overall flux balance in first order. – During the industrial eon, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has approximately evolved from 280 ppmv to 420 ppmv. These measured concentrations can be related to the rather well known anthropogenic input if the latter is taken up by land and the oceans at a year-on-year rate of 3%/year [1]. 2. 2 Surface temperature Also for the preindustrial past 800 ka, the temperature can be viewed determined by the atmospheric CO2 concentration and direct temperature effects, the latter driven by the solar irradiation and snow/ice albedo alteration. The CO2-temperature contribution is approximated by the ‘Eocene relationship’ with TCO2 = ln(𝑝CO2/22) * 6. 68°C (TCO2, surface temperature in °C; 𝑝CO2, atmospheric CO2 volume mixing ratio in ppmv) [3], here the data of [4] used for 𝑝CO2. TCO2 comprises all related effects, e. g. from water vapor. When complemented by further driving forces, these are considered as correction terms, thus in turn also comprising all related effects. In the present studies, insolation is differentiated by the components eccentricity, obliquity, perihelion, flux at 65°N summer solstice, and global average [5]. Albedo is assumed proportional to sea level and in turn, sea level to seawater-δ18O [4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The genes TIR-1, TRAF-6, MEKK-1, ERK-2, MAPK-p38, ATF4/5, Tx60-A and C3 (Figure 1) caused significant differences 2 and/or 3 hpi with J010-E, whereas AP-1/cFos, AP-1/cJun, NF-κB, CTL-1 and HL-2 were significantly regulated at all three sampling time points (Figure 1). Some genes were similarly regulated following exposure to HOorg and HOaq (MAPK-p38, AP-1/cFos, AP-1/c60-A, C3, millectin, HL-2 and HL-3) while others were differentially regulated (as compared to control) after exposure to only one of the HO cues (MEKK-1, ERK-2, Bf, CTL-1 and CTL-2; Figure 1). The PCA score plot (Figure 2A) explained 79% of the variance and revealed clear differences in gene regulation following exposure to J010-E or the CCA-derived cues. Further PCA considering only the different exposure times to J010-E (Figure 2C) and another comparing the organic and aqueous CCA-derived cues (Figure 2E), explained 73% and 91% of the variance, respectively. There were clear differences between the time points, particularly 1–3 hpi compared to 12 hpi with J010-E, and between the two CCA-derived cues. The associated loading plots are available in (Figure S4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Influence of different settlement-inducing cues and exposure times on gene expression of Acropora millepora larvae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Regulation of rhythmic behaviors by astrocytes. Biol. 2020;9:e372. [DOI] [PubMed] 142. Sládek M, Liška K, Houdek P, Sumová A. Modulation of single cell circadian response to NMDA by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals a role of endocannabinoids in light entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 2021;185:108455. [DOI] [PubMed] 143. . of in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Insights from Mathematical Modeling. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:287–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]144. çois-Bellan A, Bosler O. Ultrastructural plasticity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Possible involvement in clock entrainment. Glia. 2008;56:294–305. [DOI] [PubMed] 145. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide entrains circadian rhythms in astrocytes. J Biol Rhythms. 2009;24:135–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]146. Carmona-. Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals. Neurosci. 2020;51:82–108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]147. . Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Forward. J Biol Rhythms. 2024;39:135–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]148. . Vasopressin and the output of the hypothalamic biological clock. J Neuroendocrinol. 2010;22:362–72. [DOI] [PubMed] 149. Mieda M. Mechanism of the Pacemaker of the SCN: a Expected? Front Neurosci. 2019;13:139. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]150. Asymmetric vasopressin signaling spatially organizes the master circadian clock. J Comp Neurol. 2018;526:2048–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]151. Morin LP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The temperature contributions from insolation and snow/ice albedo are determined by fit to the temperature measurements through the past ca. 800 ka [6]. At first, the subdivision between insolation and albedo is non-unique. In the present work, the relative contributions of albedo and CO2 are constrained by consistency between energy budget [7] and absorber density dependencies [8]. In result, the effects from insolation and snow/ice albedo can be approximated by multiplying the CO2-temperature contribution of the Eocene relationship with 1. 4. This factor has proven its applicability in previous computations [8]. The left part of Fig. 1 shows the measured temperatures (solid blue line) in comparison with the computation of the present work (dotted brown line). The measurement data are scaled to reflect a glacial-interglacial span of 4°C. The right part of Fig. 1 presents the decomposition into the CO2-temperature relationship (solid blue line) and the contributions from insolation (solid yellow line) and albedo (dotted red line). The insolation contributions of Fig. 1 are obtained from 65°N summer solstice superimposed by the global average. As a result, insolation cannot be found to significantly contribute to the gross glacial-interglacial temperature pattern. Notwithstanding, it certainly plays a major role for the cyclic reversals. As complementary note, the discussed temperature contributions relate to equilibrium states. Upon a disturbance from equilibrium, e. g. the CO2 concentration changing from a certain steady level to another, it takes in the order of ≳ 1000 years until the temperature asymptotically reaches the new equilibrium temperature [8]. temperature contribution from atmospheric CO2 is considered well known from the Eocene relationship. For the present Late Quaternary, the second-next contribution originates from snow/ice albedo alteration, as rule of thumb amounting to 40% of the CO2 contribution. 2. 3 Ocean heat content (OHC) The oceans are a prominent energy store and at the same time, exhibit strong inertia to Earth energy variabilities. Thus, the ocean heat content and its time pattern strongly influence the surface temperature evolvement. The (total global) ocean heat content (OHC) during the past 2000 years can be subdivided into four sections (Fig. 2, solid blue line) [9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: PCA score plots of the % difference in gene expression compared to the control, presented with convex hulls highlighting groupings and showing PC1 and PC2, for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, Assay 1, B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, Assay 2, C) J010-E 1–12 hpi, Assay 1, D) J010-E 1–12 hpi, Assay 2, E) HOorg/aq, Assay 1 and F) HOorg/aq, Assay 2. Time points for J010-E are represented by: 1 hpi = black full circle, 2 hpi = blue empty square, 3 hpi = green empty circle and 12 hpi = cyan empty triangle. CCA-derived cues are represented by: HOorg = pink full square and HOaq = red cross. Mutiplex RT-qPCR Assay 2; other putative settlement/metamorphosis-related genes Similar to Assay 1, expression levels of 16 GOI changed significantly after 1 hpi with at least one of the cues (Septin-7, LRRC59, cAMP/ATF2, cAMP/ATF4, GABA/GAT-2, GABA/GAT-3, NADH-ubiq, Lectin/nemgalR1, Pha-C3, amilGFP, amilRFP, amilCP, Amgalaxin-like-1, SCRiP3, Actin and Integrin-alpha1; Figure 1). The fluorescent protein genes (amilGFP, amilRFP and amilCP) were significantly up-regulated in response to the CCA-derived cues 1 hpi, and all FP genes were significantly down-regulated in response to J010-E but only after 2, 3 and/or 12 hpi (Figure 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroanatomy of the extended circadian rhythm system. Exp Neurol. 2013;243:4–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]152. . Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Bull. 1981;6:125–30. [DOI] [PubMed] 153. Neuromedin s-producing neurons act as essential pacemakers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to couple clock neurons and dictate circadian rhythms. Neuron. 2015;85:1086–102. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]154. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. . 2003;285:R939–49. [DOI] [PubMed] 155. . for Normal Light-of the Circadian System. J Neurosci. 2018;38:7986–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]156. . Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Neurosci. 2012;35:445–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]157. . the Clock in a by Sex and Polypeptide Signaling. Neuroendocrinology. 2022;112:904–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]158. . Vasopressin Neurons: of Time and Homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:839–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 159. Carmona-. Developmental patterning of peptide transcription in the central circadian clock in both sexes. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1177458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]160. Yamaguchi Y. Arginine vasopressin: Critical regulator of circadian homeostasis. Peptides. 2024;177:171229. [DOI] [PubMed] 161. King VM, Chahad-. A hVIPR transgene as a novel tool for the analysis of circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2003;17:822–32. [PubMed] 162.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: – During the first 600 years, OHC increases almost linearly in time while temperature stays nearly constant (Fig. 2, dotted gray line [10]). Solar irradiance (Fig. 2, dashed red line) is in steady strong mode. – The period from years 600 to ~ 1000 is interpreted to reveal an equilibrated OHC state at about 1600 ZJ (1 ZJ = 1021 Joule). Insolation had left the stable high level. Constellations are such that surface temperature increases. – In the period 1000–1750, OHC decreases at about the same pace as it grew in the first period. Insolation variability is yet more pronounced than before. This time, temperature decreases together with OHC. – Since year 1750, OHC rises again, synchronously with temperature. Over the entire 2000-year period, OHC appears with a cyclic behavior posing a rising bias to the recent OHC development. – Since in absolute values, the slopes in the periods of years 0-600 and 1000–1750 are approximately equal, the indication may be inferred that the natural OHC trend (without anthropogenic influence) will extend to the future at the same pace, depicted with the dotted blue line in Fig. 2. During the industrial eon, ocean heat content has risen by 660 ZJ (solid blue line of Fig. 2) with the anthropogenic contribution estimated to 180 ZJ [8]. probably, natural processes bear a rising bias for the future OHC evolvement. A natural equilibrium state is interpreted existing at OHC in the order of 1600 ZJ. 2. 4 Sea level Between glacial and interglacial maxima for the preindustrial past about 400 ka, sea level has changed by roughly 100 m [4,12]. With an associated temperature span of 4°C, sea level has changed by 25 m per 1°C temperature change. During the recent glacial-to-interglacial transition, the pace reached the order of 1. 3 m/century [12]. These relationships are highly non-linear, particularly when approaching the turning conditions of the glacial and interglacial maxima. At present, temperature and sea level have attained levels characteristic for an interglacial maximum, the sea level rise revealed at about 0. 2 m/century for the recent 9 ka [12] – just what has been experienced to date during the industrial eon. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Some genes presented significant differences only after 2 and/or 3 hpi with J010-E (Septin-1, Septin-7, LRRC59, cAMP/ATF2, cAMP/ATF6, GABA/ine, Lectin/nemgalR1, Lectin/nemgalB1, amilGFP, amilCFP, amil-like and SCRiP2; Figure 1), while others presented constant significant differences at all three sampling time points (GABA/GAT-2, Pha-C3, Amgalaxin-like-1 and SCRIP3; Figure 1). Two genes (cAMP/ATF4 and amilGFP) were consistently up-regulated following exposure to the two CCA-derived cues. Four genes (Septin-7, cAMP/ATF2, Lectin/nemgalR1 and Integrin-alpha1; Figure 1) were significantly up-regulated after exposure to only HOorg, while six genes (LRRC59, NADH-ubiq, amilRFP, amilCP, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Actin) were significantly up-regulated following exposure to HOaq. As for Assay 1, the PCA score plot (Figure 2B) explained 88% of the variance, and again revealed clear differences in gene regulation following exposure to J010-E or the CCA-derived cues. Additional PCA of the J010-E treatments only (Figure 2D) and of the CCA-derived cues only (Figure 2F) explained 84% and 70% of the variance, respectively. Again the PCA showed clear differences between the early time points (1–3 hpi) and 12 hpi [12], and some separation between the two CCA-derived cues. The associated loading plots are available in (Figure S5). DiscussionBiofilms of Pseudoalteromonas strain J010, an extract of this bacterium (J010-E) and the purified bacterial metamorphic metabolite, tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), all induce metamorphosis of A. millepora larvae without attachment [4]. In contrast, the CCA-derived cues HOorg and HOaq, repeatedly extracted from H. onkodes over three consecutive years (2010–2012), reproducibly induced complete settlement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Kalló Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites. Neurosci. 2004;19:2201–11. [DOI] [PubMed] 163. . Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2013;110:1097–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]164. . Coherency of circadian rhythms in the SCN is governed by the interplay of two coupling factors. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14:e1006607. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]165. Reed HE, Meyer-. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase-shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro. Neurosci. 2001;13:839–43. [DOI] [PubMed] 166. . Regulating the (SCN) Circadian Clockwork: Interplay between Cell-Autonomous and Circuit-Level Mechanisms. Biol. 2017;9:a027706. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]167. . Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:2553–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]168. Meyer-Spasche A, Piggins HD. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide phase-advances the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei circadian pacemaker in vitro via protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neurosci Lett. 2004;358:91–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 169. . Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor. J Neurosci. 2004;24:3522–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]170. . for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:465–75.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: A Driving-term central aim of the present work is to unveil nature’s proceeding in case anthropogenic CO2 emissions will be reduced significantly. Would uptake of the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 continue at the previously experienced rate of 3%/year? How would temperature follow a decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration? This paragraph presents a driving-term model derived from the past, enabling straightforward projections into the future. Predominantly, the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere is viewed determined by a four-fold matrix spanned by surface temperature and CO2 concentration for the oceans and terrestrial vegetation. The construction of the present model follows a series of constraints, particularly given by (i) the data on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, here used from [13]; (ii) measurements on the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the data here also from [13]; (iii) measurements on the atmospheric near-surface temperature trend during the industrial eon [14]; (iv) measurements and previous research results on the recent CO2 uptake by the oceans [15]; (v) the preindustrial net primary production of the terrestrial vegetation at approximately 60 GtC/year, changing via the Keeling formula (a) with the atmospheric CO2 concentration and (b), with the surface temperature via the growth factor in the formula; (vi) lower limit of the airborne fraction in the order of 15% [16]; (vii) upper limit of the ocean uptake about 5 times the atmospheric uptake (i. e. the preindustrial carbon content ratio between the oceans and the atmosphere, and accounting for the present Revelle factor); (viii) the ocean uptake dilution from temperature and CO2 concentration in the order of 240 GtC for the period 2000–2100 in the IS92e scenario [17]. The analysis on the oceans is concentrated on a time horizon of ≳ 100 years, thus on the upper ocean layer since the present studies focus on the first-order terms. 3. 1 Ocean CO2 uptake The ocean uptake weakens with accumulation of CO2. To emulate this effect, the 3%/year-uptake rate of the past is diluted for the future by 5∙10− 4/GtCO2 per cumulated CO2. – The uptake temperature dependency is considered via CO2 release from the oceans with an atmospheric concentration contribution of 20 ppmv/°C (see analysis on the past above), the temperature determined as outlined below.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Changes in swimming and searching behaviour followed by larval settlement [1], [6] involve cell-surface recognition mechanisms mediated by lectins [23] including substrate selection [8], activation of tissue remodelling [5], [6], [24], nematocyst development [5] and establishment of symbiosis [5]. Initial gene expression patterns in larvae exposed to the CCA-derived cues were characterised by down-regulation of the lectins millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3 (Figure 1). Exposure to J010-E, however, resulted mostly in up-regulation (1–3 hpi) with gene expression returning to baseline levels after metamorphosis (12 hpi) highlighting opposing roles of these genes in the early stages of metamorphosis (1–3 hpi) and settlement. Strong up-regulation of Apextrin and Tx60-A during larval development correlates with tissue remodelling function [5], [7], [8], [10], [25]. Exposure to both CCA-derived cues 1 hpi resulted in down-regulation of both genes, indicating no initiation of tissue re-modelling. Exposure to J010-E elicited the opposite response suggesting tissue remodelling in preparation for metamorphosis had commenced. After 12 hpi with J010-E down-regulation of Apextrin was observed correlating with complete metamorphosis without attachment [12]. Galaxin-related proteins are important structural proteins in the calcifying organic matrix of scleractinian corals [26]. Amgalaxin-like-1 is expressed strongly in larvae and settled primary polyps but not in adult colonies [11]. The up-regulation of Amgalaxin-like-1 in larvae exposed to J010-E and HOaq (1 hpi to 12 hpi) confirms its involvement in early development. The expression of genes encoding for other cysteine-rich proteins, the SCRiPs proteins, also changed throughout the developmental transition suggesting distinct roles in coral development [22] and bio-mineralization [22].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 182. Liu C, Reppert SM. GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron. 2000;25:123–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 183. Emergence of noise-induced oscillations in the central circadian pacemaker. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000513. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]184. . GAD65/GAD67 double knockout mice exhibit intermediate severity in both cleft palate and omphalocele compared with GAD67 knockout and VGAT knockout mice. Neuroscience. 2015;288:86–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 185. The physiological roles of vesicular GABA transporter during embryonic development: a study using knockout mice. Mol Brain. 2010;3:40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]186. Ben-Ari Y. Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture. Neurosci. 2002;3:728–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 187. . Long-Reveals a of in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2022;37:110–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]188. Olsen RW, Sieghart W. GABAA receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56:141–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]189. . and Pharmacology. In: Bhattacharjee A, editor. Handbook of Channels Oxford. UK: Press; 2018. 57. [DOI] 190. . GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus refines circadian output rhythms in mice. Commun Biol. 2019;2:232. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]191. . GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2001;537:853–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]192. Walker MC, Semyanov A. Regulation of excitability by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: – While anthropogenic emissions and entailed atmospheric CO2 concentration may be reduced in the future, the ocean carbon content first reflects the cumulated (strong) uptake from the past. To account for adaptation, the difference between the stronger uptake rate of the past to the lower uptake rate in the future is regarded as release from the oceans. The time lag is taken as 100 years according to the typical cycle time of the upper ocean layer. Slower ocean processes will take up additional 6–7% and yet further 3% on the 10,000-year and 100,000-year time scales for the considered emissions and concentrations [16], however neglected in the present analysis. 3. 2 Terrestrial vegetation CO2 uptake Uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the terrestrial vegetation is regarded according to the Keeling formula, with 60 GtC/year of preindustrial net primary production, fertilized via ln(𝑝CO2/285), the preindustrial growth factor of 0. 56 changing by -7. 8°C with surface temperature as inferred from [18]. – Soil respiration principally changes with atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. Since these variables strongly correlate, solely the dependency on the former is regarded. Assuming a base respiration level of 60 GtC/year, the dependency is taken to increase by 17. 5 per 160 ppmv of pCO2 elevation [19]. Care is taken not to release more than available soil carbon stock, the preindustrial amount regarded as 1,900 GtC. – Analogous to the oceans in case the atmospheric CO2 concentration shrinks, the excess between the stronger previous uptake relative to the lower actual uptake is considered as release to the atmosphere, here with a time lag of 30 years reflecting the typical cycle time of terrestrial vegetation [20,21]. – Among the results, the model yields an uptake ratio between land and oceans of 62:38 for the cumulated uptakes during the industrial eon (years 1850–2020). 3. 3 Surface temperature The temperature is derived from the atmospheric CO2 concentration according to the Eocene relationship, multiplied by 1. 4 for albedo effects – these equilibrium-related figures assumed realized during the industrial eon to 34% until the present and this ratio linearly changing in time, e. g. amounting to 42% in 100 years. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This separation was strongly influenced by the regulation of several genes involved in the Toll/TLR pathway, cell recognition, cell adhesion, neurotransmission, FP-related metabolism and calcium handling: AP-1/cJun, MEKK-1, Apextrin, HL-2, GABA/GAT-3, Amgalaxin-like-1, SCRiP2, SCRiP3, with a lesser influence by TIR-1, TRAF-6, AP-1/cFos, millectin, CTL-2, Lectin/nemgalR1, Lectin/nemgalB1, amilGFP and amilCFP (Figures 2C–D, S4B and S5B). This shift in gene expression profiles suggests that their putative roles may change as the larvae shift from the early (1–3 hpi) to later stage (12 hpi) of coral morphogenesis. Furthermore, the 1 hpi treatments were clearly distinct from those after 2–3 hpi, indicating that genes are being regulated earlier than previously reported [6], thus further supporting a progression through time with respect to gene expression (Figure 2C–D). In both assays, principal component analysis and the PCA score plots associated with HOorg and HOaq (Figure 2E–F) showed a clear distinction between the two treatments, even though both ultimately resulted in settlement. While the expression profiles of 12 GOI (mostly immunity-related genes, Figure 1) were found to be similar following exposure to the two chemically distinct CCA-derived cues, the expression profiles of 15 GOI (Figure 1) were different, that is they were regulated following exposure to only one of the CCA-derived cues, but were never oppositely regulated. The separation of the two treatments was influenced strongly by the regulation of TIR-1, AP-1/cJun, AP-1/cFos, MEKK-1, ERK-2, Colorless GFP-like, amilGFP and cAMP/ATF6, with a lesser influence by NF-κb, MAPK-p38, C3, Apextrin, CTL-2 and Tx60-A (Figures 2E–F, S4C and S5C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell Differ. 2008;44:29–48. [DOI] [PubMed] 193. . Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:399–400. [DOI] [PubMed] 194. . Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1666. [DOI] [PubMed] 195. . receptors regulate retinohypothalamic tract synaptic transmission by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3727–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 196. . Mechanism of irregular firing of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:267–73. [DOI] [PubMed] 197. . Cation-chloride cotransporters and neuronal function. Neuron. 2009;61:820–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 198. Alamilla J, Perez-Burgos A, Quinto D, Aguilar-Roblero R. Circadian modulation of the Cl– equilibrium potential in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Int. 2014;2014:424982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]199. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus provide sparse GABAergic outputs to local neurons with circadian regulation occurring distal to the opening of postsynaptic GABAA ionotropic receptors. J Neurosci. 2015;35:1905–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]200. Phase shifts to light are altered by antagonists to neuropeptide receptors. Neuroscience. 2016;327:115–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 201. . GABA transporters regulate tonic and synaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2017;118:3092–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]202. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Future:Now with a practicable tool at hand, the look is devoted into the future for nature’s reaction upon human emissions abatement. As humankind appears prepared for significant emissions reduction, 3%/year (year-on-year) represents the core of the present studies. 4. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration For this abatement, the present estimation model points at a long-term steady atmospheric CO2 concentration of 330 ppmv (Fig. 3, left, dashed red line) with a long-term accumulation share of 14%, 61%, and 25% between the atmosphere, the terrestrial vegetation, and the oceans, respectively. Atmospheric CO2 concentration and airborne fraction are in good agreement with previous sophisticated studies on the role of the oceans [16]. 4. 2 Surface temperature The temperature is inferred as explained by the following example. Let us imagine a maximum 𝑝CO2 of 430 ppmv with a 1. 3°C-temperature rise close to the present and a later reduction to steady 330 ppmv with an associated long-term equilibrium temperature gain of 1. 4°C. In this case, the contemporary temperature has nearly reached the final equilibrium temperature, hence is expected to remain stable on the long-term future. These figures correspond to an emissions reduction of 3/%year (dashed red lines in Fig. 3, CO2 concentration left, temperature right). If abatement was only 1. 5year, the estimation model yields a long-term temperature gain of 1. 8°C (dot-dashed red lines in Fig. 3). For comparison if emissions ceased at present, the future steady CO2 concentration is indicated at 320 ppmv with an associated temperature gain of 1. 2°C. The precedingly outlined approach is a ‘forward synchronization’ between contemporary transition states and future equilibrium, i. e. both primarily directed by rising concentrations. If the new equilibrium state is to exhibit reduced CO2 concentrations (e. g. 290 ppmv from and Storage, CCS), the further transition becomes ‘down-forced’ inverse-analogous to the industrial-eon past. For a long-term temperature confinement of 1. 8°C, the present estimation scheme indicates the following CCS requirements for various scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The immunity-related Toll/TLR pathway genes contributed mostly to the separation of these treatments. These observations raise the possibility that 1) more than one component influenced/regulated the immunity-related processes involved in both attachment and metamorphosis, or 2) that a synergistic effect was causative for this observation. Since the cnidarian gene cascade leading to settlement has not yet been fully elucidated [10], it cannot be ruled out that numerous pathways may be regulated by many different components within the environment (i. e. bacterial biofilm, CCA). Regulation of the fluorescent protein (FP) genes influenced separation between the different time points for J010-E exposure and also between the two settlement cues. While no initial significant differences were observed 1 hpi with J010-E, there was a downward trend in expression levels of amilGFP, amilCFP and Colourless GFP-like (Figure 1), with all FP genes down-regulated after 12 hpi [12]. FP genes (particularly RFP and CP) were reportedly up-regulated in compromised corals, activating an antioxidant response [28] and given the strong down-regulation of FP genes following exposure to J010-E it is likely the larvae are responding to TBP [29] in J010-E. FP genes amilGFP, amilRFP and amilCP (Figure 1) were mostly up-regulated 1 hpi with HOaq indicating a different role in the early stages of settlement compared to metamorphosis. Similarly, Beltran-Ramirez [30] reported a strong green FP (GFP) signal in swimming larvae, up-regulation of FP in both the ectoderm and endoderm of A. millepora larvae undergoing settlement and down-regulation in ectodermal tissue after metamorphosis [30]. The current study corroborates this, providing further evidence that FP genes are differentially regulated in swimming larvae post exposure to metamorphosis- or settlement-inducing cues and prior to visible metamorphic changes. Up-regulation of amilCP 1 hpi with HOaq further supports an earlier observation that chromoprotein (CP) gene expression was detected primarily during gastrulation and was mostly endodermal [30]. Furthermore, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5496–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]203. . Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. J Neurosci. 2005;25:2447–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]204. Gastrin-releasing peptide mediates photic entrainable signals to dorsal subsets of suprachiasmatic nucleus via induction of Period gene in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:26–34. [DOI] [PubMed] 205. Carmona-3rd Ontogeny of and Synchrony in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2018;38:1326–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]206. . Specializations of gastrin-releasing peptide cells of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518:1249–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]207. . Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci. 1997;17:3920–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]208. . Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker. . 2016;113:6047–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]209. . Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:576–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]210. . Gastrin-releasing peptide modulates fast delayed rectifier potassium current in Per1-expressing SCN neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2011;26:99–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]211. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: (i) In case emissions reduction will be 1%/year or zero from the present, about 22% or 78% of present emissions needed be technically sequestered, respectively. (ii) In case these emissions reductions and CCS rates are commenced in 30 years from today and emissions remaining constant in the meantime, CCS is required in the order of 32–83% of present emissions for emissions reductions between 3 and 0%/year after year 2051. (iii) If humankind would even continue to increase emissions from the present, CCS is required to quickly approach 100% of emissions, for instance to sequester 98% of emissions for emissions growth of 0. 5%/year. is strongly advised to reduce carbon emissions at least by 1. 5%/year on global level to benefit from nature’s (low-cost, low-risk) offer to contribute towards viable temperature containment and to avoid the alternative serious climate impact or the demand for significantly larger mitigation effort and associated risk. 4. 3 Ocean heating With asymptotic ca. 1500 years-long evolvement of temperature from a certain equilibrium climate state to another upon equilibrium disturbance [8], the temperature trend is approximated by a tanh-function at this point. Then, the entire ocean heat uptake during the transition between the equilibrium states is given by the integral over 1-tanh. This – highly simplifying – approach leads to a total ocean heat uptake of 225 and 275 ZJ for final industrial-eon temperature gains of 1. 4 and 1. 8°C, the former case depicted by the dashed purple line in Fig. 2. Related to the natural upper turning point at about 1,600 ZJ, 14% or 17% are added in these two cases. the present estimation, anthropogenic ocean heating leaves nature rather undisturbed in case of sensible temperature containment. 4. 4 Sea level On one hand extrapolating from the past into the future, a sea level rise of about 25 m/°C (in dependence on surface temperature) is supported by an analysis of δ18O-data through the past 56 million years [25] (detailed description outside the present scope). On the other hand, Antarctic ice may exhibit noticeable inertia for industrial-eon warming up to about 2. 5°C with a sea level rise in the order of 6 m/°C, this speeding up at higher temperatures towards total ice loss from further 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Differential gene expression following exposure to bacteria- and CCA-derived cues. Significant (p<0. 05) change in gene regulation is given as the % difference compared to the control. Dark and light green (+) represents those genes that were up-regulated (X>20, 20≤X<0); orange and red (−) represents those that were down-regulated (0>X≥−20, X<−20). Data normalised to the three most stable genes. Assay 1 CCA: Rps7, ATF4/5 and NF-kB, Assay 2 CCA: Rps7, Amgalaxin-like-1 and Lectin/nemgalB2, Assay 1 J010-E: Rpl9, CTL-2 and ATF4/5; Assay 2 J010-E: amilRFP, Rps7 and cAMP/ATF4. Data from the 12 hpi experiment (high concentration treatment and complete metamorphosis) was taken from Siboni et al. [12], which also includes full protein names and description of the genes. Figure S2. Differential gene expression following exposure to CCA-derived cues, HOorg and HOaq. The boxplots represent change in gene regulation as % difference from control. Only cases which present significant (p<0. 05, Kruskal–Wallis followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks) differences from control were included. For each gene, the left region represents HOorg and the right region represents HOaq. Figure S3. Differential gene expression following exposure to the bacterial cue J010-E over time (1–3 hpi). The boxplots represent changes in gene regulation expressed as the % difference from the control. Only cases that present significant (p<0. 05, Kruskal–Wallis followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks) differences from the control were included. For each gene, the left region represents 1 hpi, the middle region represents 2 hpi and the right region represents 3 hpi. 12 hpi data is available in Siboni et al. [12]. Figure S4. PCA loading plots of Assay 1 following exposure to settlement and metamorphosis cues.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:1405–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]234. . Acute ethanol modulates glutamatergic and serotonergic phase shifts of the mouse circadian clock in vitro. Neuroscience. 2008;152:837–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]235. ález ó G, Hermann-Luibl C, et al. Organization of Relies on Glycinergic Transmission. Cell Rep. 2017;19:72–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 236. Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases. Target Ther. 2022;7:41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]237. Cahill GM, Menaker M. Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and agonists on suprachiasmatic nucleus responses to retinohypothalamic tract volleys. Brain Res. 1989;479:76–82. [DOI] [PubMed] 238. . Involvement of glutamate release in substance P-induced phase delays of suprachiasmatic neuron activity rhythm in vitro. Brain Res. 1999;836:190–3. [DOI] [PubMed] 239. . Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic. In: StatPearls [Internet]. (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. [PubMed] 240. . Subcellular distribution of 5-HT1B and 5-HT7 receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2001;432:371–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 241. Serotonin-2C receptor involved serotonin-induced Ca²⁺ mobilisations in neuronal progenitors and neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]242. . Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Brain Res. 2000;866:247–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 243. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: 5°C increase, sea level then roughly 70 m above present [26]. To first order, changes of ice volume and thus sea level can be regarded reversible in their dependency on temperature [26]. Extrapolating the pace from the recent past, sea level gain of 0. 2 m/century may serve as a viable indication for an industrial temperature rise up to 2. 5°C. to inertia in the reaction of Antarctic ice volume on rising temperatures, it appears realistic to anticipate the sea level to rise in the order of 6 m/°C for temperature gains below 2. 5°C since preindustrial times, becoming realized on a horizon of several millennia. 5. DiscussionThe central aim of the present studies has been to unveil basic insight how nature will react upon the intended reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Will it follow the same path as in the previous century when emissions were continuously rising, or do legacies inhibit the return to past conditions? With this aim, the essentials of the atmospheric CO2 uptake processes have been entered into a simple and thus readily transportable model. This model accounts for uptake dilution and respiration increase with rising surface temperature and carbon accumulation in the oceans and terrestrial vegetation, plus respiration from anthropogenic legacy when past uptake was higher than in the future with reduced emissions. The outstanding agreement of the model with previous observations and sophisticated studies are viewed as confirmation that the driving terms have been identified correctly. The model enables projections in dependence on humankind’s upcoming emissions. Since the present studies focus on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions and error calculation as well as statistical analysis have been out of scope. In brief, it is found that the CO2 emissions reduction should amount to at least about 1. 5%/year (year-on-year) to benefit from nature’s support to confine temperatures at 1. 8°C or lower, e. g. 1. 4°C attainable with 3%/year emissions reduction. If humankind proves incapable of such emissions reductions, temperature containment in the same order is only achievable with – costly and environmentally risky – technical carbon capture and storage (CCS). The dependency of sea level on temperature can be extrapolated from the past with 6 m/°C as rule of thumb, probably becoming materialized at a pace in the order of 0. 2 m/century.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: PCA loading plots (PC1 and PC2) of the % difference in gene expression compared to the control for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq, B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and C) HOorg/aq. Figure S5. PCA loading plots of Assay 2 following exposure to settlement and metamorphosis cues. PCA loading plots (PC1 and PC2) of the percentage difference in gene expression compared to the control for A) J010-E 1–12 hpi and HOorg/aq. B) J010-E 1–12 hpi and C) HOorg/aq. 1. (1999) Natural inducers for coral larval metamorphosis. 18: 273–279. View 2. (2001) Metamorphosis of broadcast spawning corals in response to bacteria isolated from crustose algae. 223: 121–131. View 3. Hadfield MG (2011) Biofilms and marine invertebrate larvae: what bacteria produce that larvae use to choose settlement sites. Annual review of marine science 3: 453–470. View 4. (2011) Induction of of the millepora by from a Pseudoalteromonas Bacterium. 6: e19082. View 5. (2008) Microarray analysis identifies candidate genes for key roles in coral development. BMC Genomics 9: 540. View 6. (2011) The biology of coral metamorphosis: Molecular responses of larvae to inducers of settlement and metamorphosis. 353: 411–419. View 7. (2011) Differential gene expression at coral settlement and metamorphosis - A subtractive hybridization study. 6. View 8. (2011) Profiling gene expression responses of coral larvae (Acropora millepora) to elevated temperature and settlement inducers using a novel RNA-Seq procedure. 20: 3599–3616. View 9. (2009) Genetic variation in responses to a settlement cue and elevated temperature in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. 392: 81–92. View 10. (2007) The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria - ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss. 8. View 11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. Neurosci. 2008;27:1763–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 264. . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295:1065–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]265. Beaulé. Melanopsin in the circadian timing system. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21:73–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 266. . The circadian output signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Res. 2012;199:119–27. [DOI] [PubMed] 267. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci. 2006;26:11615–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]268. . Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006;498:796–809. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]269. . Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2007;104:648–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]270. . Overexpression of Prokineticin 2 in Leads to Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Clock. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]271. Differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey. Mol Brain. 2016;9:78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]272. évet P, Meissl H. modulates neuronal activity of the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci. 2009;30:65–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 273. . Circadian and dark-pulse activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Mol Brain. 2008;1:19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Nature may follow an anthropogenic emissions reduction with a time lag of three centuries regarding the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Society is advised to seriously strive for the mentioned reductions and closely track its realization, and to control the atmospheric CO2 trend with appropriate time averaging – i. e. on decade rather than year level. of Interest: No conflict of interest is to be declared. 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-547822/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The role of land use in climate change. OSF Preprints, 6 Jan. 2022. doi: Anderl T. (2021). The climate role of CO2 – nature’s telling from 400 Mio. years. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-524780/v1. of PAGES. (2016). Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Rev. Geophys. , 54, 162–219. doi:10. 1002/2015RG000482. Laskar J. , Fienga A. , Gastineau M. , Manche H. (2011). La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. , A89. doi: 10. 1051/0004-6361/201116836. Data retrieved from Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Shakun J. D. , Lea D. W. , Lisiecki L. E. , Raymo M. E. (2015). An 800-kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling. Earth and Letters, Pages 58-68. doi: 10. 1016/j. epsl. 2015. 05. 042. Data retrieved from. Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Anderl T. (2021). Earth's balanced climates in view of their energy budgets. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-568771/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The climate roles of H2O and CO2 from longwave absorption. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-830246/v1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Reyes-(2009) Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora. BMC 9: 178. View 12. (2012) Extract along with Expression in Acropora millepora Larvae to Decouple the Processes of Attachment and Metamorphosis. 7: e37774. View 13. (2013) Identification of inducers of settlement of invertebrate larvae. PhD thesis, University of Wales – Centre of Marine Bio-Innovation, Sydney, Australia. 14. Cheng W-C, Shu W-Y, Li C-Y, Tsai M-L, Chang C-W, et al. (2012) Intra- and Inter-Individual variance of gene expression in clinical studies. 7: e38650. View 15. (2004) Ecology of crustose coralline algae; interactions with scleractinian corals and responses to environmental conditions PhD thesis, University, Townsville, Australia. 16. (2007) Temporal changes in settlement, lipid content and lipid composition of larvae of the spawning hermatypic coral Acropora tenuis. 346: 89–96. View 17. (2011) A multilocus, temperature stress-related gene expression profile assay in Acropora millepora, a dominant reef-building coral. Resources 11: 328–334. View 18. (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. 3: 1–12. View 19. Hammer Ø, (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. 4. View 20. Hess J, Angel P, Schorpp-(2004) AP-1 subunits: quarrel and harmony among siblings. Journal of 117: 5965–5973. View 21. (2012) Immunity through early development of coral larvae. Developmental & 38: 395–399. View 22. -Bermudez A, (2009) Identification and Analysis of a Cysteine-Family in Reef-Building Corals. 4: e4865. View 23. -Landmann S, Sousa CRe (2006) Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. 7: 1258–1265. View 24.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Ultrastructural evidence from intra-and extranuclear projections of GAB Aergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J 340:381–391. 75. 82. 1993. Calcium binding by chick calretinin and rat calbindin D28k synthesised in bacteria. Biochem 215:401–410. 2000. Circadian modulation of calcium levels in cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 12:571–576. 2001. NMDA-evoked calcium transients and currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: gating by the circadian system. Neurosci 13:1420–1428. 1990. GABA: a dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. J 302:1019–1037. 2002. Circadian clock and microarrays: mammalian genome gets rhythm. 18:595–597. 1993. Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat. 612:231–237. 1998. A neuronal ryanodine receptor mediates light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock. Nature 394:381–384. 1994. Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and no. Science 266:1713–1717. 1997. Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate, and nitric oxide. J Neurosci 17:667–675. 1986. Circadian rhythms of vasopressin release from individual rat suprachiasmatic explants in vitro. 382:129–133. 1999. The role of the intergeniculate leaflet in entrainment of circadian rhythms to skeleton photoperiod. J Neurosci 19:372–380. 1999. Serotonin modulation of calcium transients in cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J 14:354–363. 1994. In situhybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle. Res 23:338–344. 1988. Endotheliumderived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature 336:385–388. 2002.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIllegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981–2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries. Citation: Tella JL, (2014) Illegal and a Long-Term, Cross-for the of Extinction. 9(9): e107546. David L. Roberts, University of Kent, of AmericaReceived: May 2, 2014; Accepted: August 20, 2014; Published: September 16, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Tella, Hiraldo. This is an open-access 9. 8 in [18]; 303 parrots additionally seized by PGR were not considered because species were not identified for half of all individuals). Although the number of seized parrots per species correlated well with the estimated annual captures used by Pires and Clarke [12] (Spearman correlation, r = 0. 74, P<0. 001, n = 22), our variable allows us to perform adequate GLM models (see below) and direct comparisons with additional trade data sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Can metamorphosis survival during larval development in spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi be improved through quantitative genetic inheritance? 0. 03–0. 47 vs. 0. 01–0. 50). The heritability estimates for survival traits recorded in the early larval phases (S1 and S2) were higher than those estimated in later phases (S3, S4 and S5). The existence of the additive genetic component in larval survival traits indicate that they could be improved through selection. Both phenotypic and genetic correlations among the five survival measures studied were moderate to high and positive. The genetic associations between successive rearing periods were stronger than those that are further apart. ConclusionsOur estimates of heritability and genetic correlations reported here in a spiny lobster species indicate that improvement in the early survival especially during metamorphosis can be achieved through genetic selection in this highly economic value species. BackgroundSpiny lobsters are one of the world’s most valuable seafood commodities, however, closed life cycle commercial aquaculture has not been possible due to difficulties in culturing larvae during the long and complicated development phases [1]. Larval development of spiny lobsters is dominated by the phyllosoma phase where larvae moult through numerous instars before metamorphosing into puerulus post-larva which in the wild is the nektonic link between planktonic phyllosoma and benthic juvenile development [2]. Advancements in the hatchery production of the spiny lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi, at the University of Tasmania has opened new opportunities to promote commercial aquaculture and also undertake genetic improvement of the species [3, 4]. As a first step of any genetic improvement program, genetic properties and quantitative genetic inheritance of economically important or desired traits are needed to assist in the choice of selection criteria, development of breeding objectives, genetic evaluation systems as well as selection and mate allocation methods [5, 6]. To our knowledge, there are no published data on the genetic basis of quantitative economic traits in any spiny lobster species. In spiny lobsters there is limited knowledge of the genetic parameters (heritability and correlations) governing complex traits. Studies in other crustaceans species show that there is abundant additive genetic variation for morphometric characters related to growth. Heritability estimates ranging from 0. 10 to 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: selectively responsive and integrative. Res 309:99–107. 1999. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain’s circadian clock. 54:33–58. 1993. Regulation of CREB phosphorylation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by light and a circadian clock. Science 260:238–241. 2001. Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract. 4:1165-1165. 1985. Biochemical modeling of an autonomously oscillatory circadian clock in Euglena. Science 228:1284–1288. 1982. Circadian rhythm of firing rate recorded from single cells in the rat suprachiasmatic brain slice. 245:198–200. 2003. Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 23:8820–8826. 2002. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res 309:73–88. 1997. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the retinohypothalamic tract: a potential daytime regulator of the biological clock. J Neurosci 17:2637–2644. 1987. Double-labeling of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons which project from the geniculate to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 410:275–282. 1989. Photic response of geniculo-hypothalamic tract neurons in the Syrian hamster. 2:367–375. 1999. Simple fluctuation of Ca2+ elicits the complex circadian dynamics of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in Paramecium. J 112:201–207. 2002. Melanopsincontaining retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295:1065–1070. 1998. Circadian oscillation of BMAL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 250:83–87. 2002. Dec1and Dec2are regulators of the mammalian molecular clock. Nature 419:841–844. 2003. The biological clock: Ca2+ links the pendulum to the hands. 26:650–653. 2003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: Instead of independently relating all measures as ordinal-rank variables to the number of poached parrots through Kendall's Tau-b non-parametric correlations [12], we used multivariate modeling approaches to answer the following hierarchically-nested questions: 1) Were some species more attractive than others? ; 2) Were attractive species more expensive? ; 3) Were attractive species more heavily captured both for the legal and illegal pet market? ; and 4) Does the over-capture of attractive species in the past affect their current conservation status? We first performed a () on beauty and body size (as provided by authors), and speaking ability of the species to obtain a single metric of species' attractiveness. A Model (GLM) with normal distribution and identity link on scores was used for testing the predicted differences in attractiveness between species (see above). We then related the attractiveness of species (scores) to their prices, to the number of individuals illegally and legally traded, and finally to their current conservation status while controlling for variables reflecting their relative availability and accessibility. Prices and numbers of parrots seized or traded followed a Poisson distribution. However, conditional variances were much larger than conditional means and thus data were better fitted to a negative binomial distribution (a particular case of the Poisson distribution), thus avoiding data overdispersion and inflation of parameter estimates in GLMs using the negative binomial distribution and the log link function. For assessing the relationships between numbers of seized/traded parrots and 1) their attractiveness and 2) their conservation status, we built sets of candidate models including all combinations of explanatory variables and their interactions. We then followed an information-theoretic model selection approach [23], computing the Akaike information criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc) and relative weight of evidence for each model (wi) as the probability of model i being the best model for the observed data, given the set of candidate models. The most parsimonious model for each data set was selected based on a lower AICc and higher wi (20). Models differing by < 2 units of AICc are considered as similarly explaining variability in the response variable. As a proxy of the variance explained, we calculated the percentage of deviance explained by the best supported models. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 15. 0. All data compiled as indicated above and used for analyses are shown in 1. ?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 60 are present in marine shrimps Penaeus monodon [7], Liptopenaeus vannamei [8], Fenneropenaeus merguiensis [9, 10] and the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii [11, 12]. The moderate to high heritability for growth traits are in accordance with the positive response to selection, averaging 10% per generation or per year [13, 14]. In addition to growth characteristics, survival especially during metamorphosis, is another trait of commercial importance because it determines yield/or productivity and thereby affects profit and economic return of hatchery operators, growers and production sectors. Survival rate during grow-out is heritable in freshwater fishes [15,16,17], as is survival during the early phase of rearing for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and white leg shrimp L. vannamei [18, 19]. Low larval survival remains a key bottleneck for commercial closed cycle production for spiny lobsters. Sagmariasus verreauxi moult through 17 phyllosoma instars which takes from 6 and 8 months in hatchery production before they metamorphose to puerulus; a 21 days period, before moulting to juvenile [20, 21]. Relatively high mortality rates (> 15%) at each moult can result in overall low survival (≈5%) due to the large number of instar stages [22]. In addition, there has been a final bottle-neck to hatchery production at metamorphosis where mortality can be > 50% [23]. To our knowledge there are currently no reports on heritable genetic variation in larval survival characters of spiny lobsters and it is unknown if this trait can be improved with selection. The only estimate of heritability for any lobster trait was reported 32 years ago for aggressive behaviour in clawed lobsters, Homarus americanus [24] based on conventional analysis of variance, not mixed model methodologies. To gain new knowledge in quantitative genetic characteristics for this emerging aquaculture species, we computed genetic parameter estimates (heritability and correlations) for measures of five larval survival phases, including metamorphosis, of S. verreauxi. The study was conducted using data from over nine successive years of hatchery production from 2006 to 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 17:1111–1118. 2000. PLC-•4-independent Ca2+ rise via muscarinic receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroreport 11:907–912. 2003. Circadian dynamics of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ in single suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Neuron 38:253–263. 2003. Developmental and circadian changes in Ca2+ mobilization mediated by GABAA and NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 17:58–70. 1979. Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic “island” containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 76:5962–5966. 2000. Pre-and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. 866:247–256. 1997. Membrane properties and synaptic inputs of the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat brain slices. J Physiol (Lond) 499:141–159. 1999. A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Cell 96:57–68. 1995. Circadian oscillation of cytosolic and chloroplastic free calcium in plants. Science 269:1863–1865. 2000. Optical imaging of calcium transients in neurons and pharyngeal muscle of C. elegans. Neuron 26:583–594. 1997. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 89:641–653. 1989. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. 86:5159–5162. 1999. The circadian clocks of plants and cyanobacteria. Sci 4:171–176. 1999. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and melatonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: effects on the calcium signal transduction cascade. J Neurosci 19:206–219. 1999. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 98:193–205. 2000.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The extinction of species has no long-term environmental consequences. [SEP] Text: DiscussionPires and Clarke [12] merited bridging the gap between conservation criminology and conservation biology by addressing a widespread issue (the illegal wildlife trade) from a criminology perspective, using parrots as the group of birds more severely affected by the legal and illegal trade [2]. A recent study on the human perception of beauty of parrots showed that zoos preferentially keep colorful and large-sized species which are preferred by the public [20]. These results suggested that parrot poaching may also be influenced by the attractiveness of particular species to humans [20], [21]. To our knowledge, Pires and Clarke [12] were the first to test whether species are poached according to their availability/accessibility in the wild (indicating an opportunistic crime) or whether some species are disproportionally caught because they are more enjoyable and valuable. While the poor knowledge on population sizes of tropical parrots [2] made difficult this approach, Pires and Clarke [12] obtained proxies of abundance and accessibility of species that correlated quite well with the estimated numbers of parrots poached in Mexico. Positive correlations with the accessibility of nests and the spatial overlap between parrot distributions and human populations suggested that the more accessible and removable species were more poached [12]. The stronger correlation between the number of parrots poached and the number of years each species was legally allowed to be trapped was interpreted as a positive relationship with their relative abundance in the wild [12]. Cantú et al. [18], however, pointed out that the annual allowance of permits to capture parrots was not based on species-specific population size studies. Although there is a general pattern sowing that the commonest species were allowed to be legally trapped more years, this pattern did not fit well for some species [18] and there is the possibility that authorities extended legal trapping of some economically important species regardless of their conservation status. Therefore, this variable should be interpreted as a measure of the legal availability of parrot species rather than as their relative abundance in the wild. The above results moved Pires and Clarke [12] to conclude that parrot poaching in Mexico is a predominantly opportunistic crime, since the most widely available species and those captured most easily were taken in greater numbers, while the more expensive and rare species were taken in much smaller numbers.

Output: contrast