Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Parallel organization of the visual systemMany findings have led to the discovery of thirty different cortical areas that contribute to visual perception. The primary areas (V1) and secondary areas (V2) are surrounded by many other tertiary or associative visual areas such as V3, V4, V5 (or MT) involved in processing various attributes of trigger features [18, 34]. Areas V3 and V3A are selective to the form of stimuli [35], and neurons of area V4 are selective to colors [36]. Area V5 or MT (middle temporal) is an area where majority of cells are sensitive to motion and direction, and none of which are selective to color [37]. Moreover, the parallel organization of visual system is involved in the establishment of two major visual pathways: Ventral and dorsal pathways which are indispensable for the object recognition [38, 39]. Figure 1 illustrates the parallel organization of visual system, two major pathways: Green part corresponds to the ventral pathway in the cortex ending in the temporal lobe [38, 40]. It is involved in the processing of information on the characteristics of the objects (shapes, colours, materials), that is, object recognition including faces. Orange part corresponds to the dorsal pathway in the cortex ending in the parietal lobe [38, 40]. This path is associated with spatial vision (action location) of objects, and is involved in processing of action in space. Advertisement 3. Neuron types in primary visual cortex3. 1. Pyramidal cells and interneuronsThe grey matter in the primary visual cortex is divided into six layers namely (Figure 2) which comprise of different types of neurons [41, 42]. Two types of neurons are mainly observed: pyramidal cells and interneurons which can be physiologically separated and are the focus of interest in this 2. Organization of the primary visual cortexFigure 3. Spike waveforms for putative interneurons (a) and putative pyramidal cells (b)3. 2. Receptive fields Visual information from the LGN cells firstly projects onto the stellate interneurons in layer IV, which have concentric receptive fields similar to those of LGN neurons [24, 48]. Neurons of layer IV project vertically onto other cortical layers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, caution should be exercised when interpreting the analysis of this smaller, “healthier” subpopulation. It is possible that certain hits disappeared not due to disease but because of decreased statistical power resulting in false negatives. Conversely, some individuals may have had undiagnosed or subclinical disease, leading to false positives. Additionally, some of the associations may be false positives due to Collider bias. Thus, we favor the interpretation that among the GWAS hits that disappeared in the healthy sub-cohort were disease-susceptibility genes, while those that persisted likely influence the aging process more generally. Future longitudinal and other studies in humans and potentially animals could lend support to this interpretation. Heritability of ΔAgeTo estimate heritability, we performed (LD) score regression analysis (Zheng et al. , 2017). The analysis involved 1,293,150 unique SNPs with an allele frequency higher than 0. 01. We found that total genetic heritability (H2) of ΔAge was ∼11% (0. 108+/- 0. 009) for females and ∼10% (0. 096+/-0. 008) for males, which is similar to the genetic heritability estimated previously for human longevity (et al. , 2018; Melzer et al. , 2020). This may be because the variation in genetic diversity is not substantial or because existing alleles of critical longevity genes do not have significant effect sizes in this human population. GWAS signatures that correlate with the Δway to infer the biological meaning of ΔAge is to compare the GWAS signatures (Manhattan Plots) of ΔAge to GWAS signatures of other traits in public databases (Zheng et al. , 2017). We found that the genetic signatures of some of the components used to calculate ΔAge were correlated to the genetic signature of ΔAge itself (Fig. 4e). For example, GWAS of Capacity (FVC) had a correlation with ΔAge GWAS of 0. 49 +/- 0. 02 (p-value=5*10-65). In fact, remarkably, the most similar GWASs together spanned multiple organ systems (pulmonary, cardiovascular, musculature, cognition), arguing that this “aging” GWAS integrates the health of multiple organ systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Available at: Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . emergency doctor. Creator, Webmaster, Editor in Chief of First10EM. Evidence based medicine enthusiast. Assistant professor, University of Toronto. No conflicts of interest. “One special advantage of the skeptical attitude of mind is that a man is never vexed to find that after all he has been in the wrong. ” - 503 posts You may also like 7, 2019 Heparin in STEMI and PCI – does it help? 4 comments It’s time for another deep dive into the medical literature, this time looking at the evidence for heparin (or any anticoagulant) in […] Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . 19, 2015 A general approach to resuscitation 2 comments An expanded ABCs approach to be used as a framework to guide resuscitation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: In layers II III, cortical cells exhibit a radical transformation of the receptive field organization, where cells respond preferentially to stimuli with properties such as a bar or an edge that has specific characteristics namely orientation, direction, length, width, and motion [3, 6, 49]. Cells in these layers are classified into simple, complex and hypercomplex cells based on their dark or light-edge properties [6]. Simple cell is a cell which has an ON-OFF sub field, that is, it responds to ON or OFF stimuli in the receptive field and has adjacent excitatory and inhibitory areas [6]. Complex neurons have receptive fields larger than those of simple neurons. They are also selective for orientation, but the precise position of the stimulus within the receptive field is less critical because they have no defined ON or OFF sub-areas. That is why a movement of the stimulus through the receptive field is a potent stimulus for some complex neurons [6, 50, 51]. A complex cell does not have adjacent excitatory and inhibitory areas in the receptive field and responds to whole of the receptive field regardless of the exactitude of the stimulus area, though complex cells can be direction-specific [6]. A hypercomplex cell appears to result, when the axons of complex neurons with different orientations converge on it. A hypercomplex cell is selective to lines of a defined length, and if the stimulus exceeds this length the response is diminished due to inhibitory extremities in addition to antagonistic flanks [6]. Neurons in primary visual cortex are connected laterally and vertically to each other. Lateral or horizontal connections are specified as long range connections between neurons preferring similar stimulus features [52, 53] which are functionally connected to each other at large distance [54, 55]. Vertical connections are specified as inputs to layers II and III from layer IV of the visual cortex [56, 57] which receives its inputs from LGN [58]. From layers II and III, the connections descend to layers V and VI [57]. Cats have a high performance visual system close to that of primates, making it a very coveted subject for researches to reveal the functional aspects of this complex system [59, 60].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In contrast, GWAS signatures of certain physiological parameters, such as blood creatinine levels, which were explicitly used in ΔAge derivation, had no genetic correlation with ΔAge (0. 1+/-0. 07, p-value=0. 1). It is possible that traits whose GWAS signatures genetically correlate with the GWAS signature of ΔAge are drivers of aging, while traits with uncorrelated GWAS signatures are simply biomarkers. Certain metabolic parameters have been correlated to mortality in previous studies (Deelen et al. , 2019), but it has been an open question if those metabolites have causal relationship to aging and mortality. It is interesting to note that the genetic signature of ΔAge has a strong similarity to the genetic signature obtained through GWAS for “Father’s age at death” and “Mother’s age at death” (fig. 4e). This correlation was present even though the mortalities of subjects or parents were not part of the model and were not considered throughout the analysis. The genetic correlation of GWAS for parent’s age mortality with GWAS for offspring’s ΔAge was 0. 39±0. 03, p-value=1*10-7 for females and 0. 2±0. 05, p-value=3*10-5 for males. These GWAS correlations further demonstrate that ΔAge carries information about aging and longevity, despite its values being derived from cross-sectional physiological data and being independent of lifespan. Gene ontology highlights a neuronal influence on biological ageTo investigate whether specific pathways or systems have an influence on biological age, we performed GeneOntology analysis of extended GWAS hits (combined male and female genetic loci identified by the closest ORF). Five enriched pathways were identified in this analysis (#2). Unexpectedly, the top enriched category (GO:98815) was modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential, enriched ∼18 fold over the expected by-chance reference, with multiple-testing-adjusted p-value of 0. 046. This category was exceptional (∼18-fold enrichment), as the second-best enrichment category was enriched only ∼3 fold (response to oxygen-containing compounds). This GO category comprised multiple genes influencing synaptic function (#2) suggesting that the nervous system plays a particularly important role in aging systemically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . 2, 2024 Are you a perfect diagnostician? No? Then give your patients a break 7 comments Give your patients a break. Nobody is a perfect diagnostician. Not even the best trained physician can determine, with 100% accuracy, which […] Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . 1, 2021 The evidence suggests N95s are better than surgical masks 17 comments For some reason, masks seem to provoke very strong opinions in medicine. Despite being one of the closest things we have to […] Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading. . . Leave a ReplyCancel reply 12 thoughts on “Can we safely reuse N95 masks?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Approaches to study the visual system are based on functional electrophysiology, where animals are anaesthetized and paralyzed for electrophysiological recordings by lowering microelectrodes into regions of interest within the visual area and visually stimulating the neurons [6, 11, 49, 61]. Advertisement 4. Plasticity and adaptation in the visual cortexNeurons in the mammalian visual cortex are tuned to respond to visual stimuli such as contour orientation, motion, direction, and speed [3, 6, 59]. Preference for orientation in orientation columns is considered relatively stable in the primary visual cortex (V1) as an emergent property that is established early in the life, following the so-called critical period [9]. Studies from various laboratories have shown that in a fully mature brain, neuronal network restructures itself beyond the postnatal critical period that follows birth [11, 49, 61-65]. Recent investigations revealed the ability of visual neurons to respond to different stimuli conditions (deprivation or imposition) by changing their optimal properties acquired after birth. This adaptation of neurons for visual perception suggests the existence of neuronal plasticity in adults, hence a mature brain. Adaptation-induced-plasticity of orientation in primary visual cortex is characterized by authors as the ability of cortical neurons to change their preferred orientation following a long [11, 61, 63] or short [62, 65] exposure to a non-preferred orientation for the primary visual cortex neurons in cats, e. g. Long adaptation leads to the shift of orientation tuning towards attractive direction [61]. In a similar fashion, repetitive adaptation to a non-preferred spatial frequency reveals the spatial frequency tuning shifts in cat visual cortex [49]. In general, imposing a particular stimulus induces instructive process to modify neuronal properties, for example, when in the visual cortex of awake mice a single orientation grating stimulus is repeatedly presented; it leads to augmentation of responses evoked exclusively by testing stimulus, that is, the experience led to enhancement of response [66]. In experiments where animals are anaesthetized (e. g. a cat in the experiment described later on) the shifts of peaks of tuning curves following adaptation (described in figure 4) are not attributed to attention modulations. Consequently, these shifts result from basic neuronal processes outside the frame of attentional processes that might impact response magnitudes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Like the vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system impacts the function of many peripheral organs, and synapse function plays a critical role in the function and the maintenance of the CNS. Hints of such an association have come from genetics studies of worms (Apfeld and Kenyon, 1999; Li et al. , 2016), flies (Libert et al. , 2007) and laboratory rodents (Garratt et al. , 2022; Zullo et al. , 2019). It is possible that synapse function accounts for the association of computer gaming with ΔAge. Cluster-dropout analysis enriches for GWAS hits that influence aging globallyIf a GWAS hit influences aging itself; reflecting the function of all the organs and physiological systems, the association between the SNP and ΔAge should not disappear if any one measurement is omitted from the model. Thus, we investigated the robustness of the GWAS hits in a systematic way, using what we term “Models”. Specifically, we constructed a series of male and female models to predict ΔAge by systematically excluding small sets of highly correlated phenotypic clusters. We built 10 models, in which phenotypic clusters related to muscle (drop-out model 1), body composition (2), kidney health (3), cardio health (4), blood cell composition (5), blood biochemistry (6), neuro-psychiatric phenotypes (7), lipid metabolism (8), physical attributes (9), or general health (10) were excluded. The list of phenotypes belonging to each cluster is reported in 2 and was guided by the clustering presented in Figures 2a, b, g, and h. As expected, the ΔAge values remained consistent among all the drop-out models (Figure 5a). This means that if a person was predicted to be ∼x years younger or older than their chronological age, this prediction was approximately the same regardless of the phenotypic clusters omitted. A systematic evaluation of Cluster-Dropout models can suggest which of the genetic hits from our original full-model GWAS are likely to influence organismal aging and which are linked to a narrower phenotype. To perform this analysis, we took the best SNP from each candidate GWAS locus from the full male or female analysis (above) and tested its association with ΔAge computed using each of the 10 drop-out models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: ” 11&nbspcomments 1&nbsppingback john mink April 29, 2020, 10:36 am Thank you for this one, I am an ER RN in green bay and we are short on n95s so the hospital is trying to give us 2 and rotate deconing them. Probably far more than they should be after looking at this. Loading. . . May 2, 2020, 2:34 pm First of all, thank you Justin, for your enlightening publications. When discussing the health care staff, I find the discussion here to be very valuable. Yet, I am confused as to the risks for using and reusing N95 and other masks by the general population. a. At least in my country (Israel), it seems that there is no longer a shortage of masks in the health systems, b. Here, we are legally bounded to put masks on our faces when going outside. understand it, the chances of getting infected when being exposed to only a few sars-cov-2 viruses is negligible, and only exposure to much higher amount of viruses makes the risk considerable. Some thoughts by a non-expert (me): 1) A thought: If I’m not mistaken, if we put aside the chances that the general population will not keep other instructions because of false sense of security, then, even a reduction by a factor of 50% in the chances of getting infected is a major thing. 2) A thought: If there are viruses on the inside part of the mask, then we breath them in and out, thus increasing their chances to be settled. 3) A thought: perhaps, the effectiveness of stem, comes partly due to spreading the viruses out of the mask, and only partly by killing them. 4) A wonder: what was the temperature in which the experiment presented here was done? I was surprised that the reduction rate in viruses in the N95 masks was so low in the control group. Uzi Loading. . . author May 2, 2020, 4:15 pm The use of N95s for healthcare workers is very different from the suggestion for the public to use masks. Healthcare workers use the mask primarily to prevent the virus from getting in. When we suggest the public wear masks, it is primarily to prevent the virus from getting out. (You are probably most symptomatic and shedding the most virus in the 1-2 days before you have any symptoms).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Differential effects of adaptation on synchrony for responses evoked by original orientation and adapting orientationFigure 6 corresponds to differential effects of adaptation on synchrony for responses evoked by original orientation and adapting orientation. Figure 6a represents respective spike-waveforms for cell 1 and cell 2. Figure 6b shows crosscorrelograms between cell 1 and cell 2 before adaptation (control). The centered peak corresponds to synchrony. Fig 6c represents crosscorrelograms between cell 1 and cell 2 after adaptation. Synchrony disappeared for original optimal orientation while it persists for responses evoked by adapter. Figure 6d shows respective Peri-Histograms (PSTH’s) for cells in control (before adaptation). Figure 6e corresponds to respective Peri-Histograms (PSTH’s) for cells after adaptation. The downward black arrows indicate onset of the drifting sine-wave patch positioned in the receptive field. Since adaptation modifies the optimal properties of neurons, whether orientation, direction or spatial frequency, it seems reasonable to postulate that these modifications following adaptation induce a rapid reorganization of the inter-neuronal relationships, as revealed by crosscorrelogram analyses. For instance, a recipient neuron programmed since birth to be connected to a specific neuron that responds optimally to one specific property, all of a sudden starts responding optimally to another stimulus, and begins participating in a different network with other neuron- as if breaking its allegiance to the neuron it is programmed to be connected since birth. Advertisement 6. Network formationNeurons do not respond in isolation to the trigger features, but in coordination with surrounding neurons. Thus, they encode stimuli features by forming cell assemblies, where in the involved neurons are time related with each other. Recent investigations have revealed the ability of visual neurons to respond to different stimuli conditions by changing their optimal properties acquired after birth. Most of these studies have been done by visual deprivation [9, 83-86], whereas only a few have centered on induced adaptation [11, 62, 64, 87]. This adaptation of neurons to non-optimal stimuli suggests the adaptability of neuronal code to visual stimuli. Neuronal connections in the cortex generally occur locally [79, 88]. Visual cortex is a highly specialized functional area where the neurons coordinate locally to encode the visual scenes [89, 90, 91].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The bubble-plots in figure 5b represent the effect size of each of these SNPs (via bubble size), and the associated p-value (via color). As predicted, some GWAS hits disappeared in certain drop-out models. A particularly informative gene was CST3. CST3 encodes cystatin-C, a metabolite whose concentration increases with age. Levels of cystatin-C are routinely used to evaluate kidney health and it is proposed to be used as a marker in human aging study “TAME” (Justice et al. , 2018). Elevated levels of this metabolite had been linked to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (van der Laan et al. , 2016), risk of cancer (Jones et al. , 2017), and neurodegeneration (Kaur and Levy, 2012). However, in a Study (van der Laan et al. , 2016) it was shown that while levels of cystatin-C predict CVD well, SNPs that robustly alter expression of cystatin-C do not associate with CVD. In the full model, CST3 had the most significant association with ΔAge (effect size >0. 4, p-value<10-80) in both males and females, as represented by its large red bubble. This association remained significant in all the dropout models, except dropout number 3 (kidney health clusters), which contains the CST gene product, Cystatin-C concentration, which was one of the UKBB phenotypes used to generate the model. When the kidney clusters were omitted, the size effect of the CST3 association decreased to less than 0. 1, p-value ∼ 0. 1, which is represented by the small black bubble. Likewise, if we calculated ΔAge using all the inputs in the full model except for “cystatin-C levels”, the CST3 locus was no longer associated with ΔAge. Combined, these data suggest that cystatin-C is a “marker” rather than a driver or determinant of aging. In contrast, some GWAS hits never dropped out, and these remained candidates for fundamental determinants of physiological ΔAge. In the same way, cluster-dropout models can be used to interrogate environmental factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: For the general public, a surgical mask is more than enough to prevent spreading the virus to the community, and because you are exposed to far less virus, they probably offer adequate protection as well. (I wear a surgical mask or cotton mask when I am out in public, although that happens very rarely right now). We definitely see lots of people wearing masks incorrectly. It needs to stay over the mouth and nose at all times, and if you continuously touch it readjust it, it definitely could increase your chance of getting infected, as your hands are the most likely place to find virus. However, I still think they should be used. Reuse of the masks worn in public is less of a concern, because unlike the N95 respirators, normal masks don’t require an air-tight fit. (You shouldn’t be wearing an N95 unless you have actually had the fit of the mask tested for your face. ) Loading. . . May 3, 2020, 3:07 am Thanks for the fast reply. “You are most symptomatic before you have the symptoms” seems to be a typo or something that I miss? The instructions here for the general population, is that the mask is for both preventing the virus from getting in and preventing it from going out. I thought that even though there is non-negligible shedding prior to having symptoms (or when having no clear symptoms) the maximum shedding is when coughs appear. Also here, most people “use” it incorrectly. Since it is demanded by the law, they put, and I guess that all of them know that it should be put over the mouth and nose, but since it is not so pleasant they put it below the nose, and remove it when they want to speak, at least, if they cough during non-speech, it blocks the spread 🙂 Thanks again. Loading. . . Post author May 5, 2020, 7:38 am Correct – that should read “most infectious before you have symptoms” There is still some debate about this, but I will have a paper out later this week and discuss it on the BroomeDocs podcasts, as well as the St Emlyn’s Journal club, that suggests that 1/2 of all transmission occurs while the patient is asymptomatic. Loading. . . Daniel Mc20, 2020, 9:37 am Excellent post as always.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: To reveal how this local circuitry of different neurons in visual cortex is set up and modulated in response to different visual stimuli is of prime importance to understand the mechanisms of information processing. Crosscorrelogram strategy discussed above can be effectively applied to form a neuronal network in response to visual stimuli. Thus, it can be an efficient tool in deciphering the changes in the neuronal code post-adaptation, hence, the mechanisms of plastic modifications can be revealed. For example, in the Figure 7 we show the network of connections prior and post adaptation between three neurons recorded simultaneously from the same electrode lowered into the primary visual cortex of an anaesthetized cat. In this experiment, a stimulating sine-wave drifting grating was set to excite cells optimally. Shifted and corrected crosscorrlegrams between all the involved neurons were obtained. A time window of 5 ms before or after the zero in the shifted and corrected crosscorrelogram is taken into account for the projection to be valid. The physiological connectivity (synaptic connections, common input) between cells occurs on very small time scales, less than 3 ms [79, 81]. Since we consider a time window of 10 ms in crosscorrelograms for establishing connections, therefore, this connectivity only reflects that the cells function (irrespective of physical connectivity) in coordination with each other in a time-window of 10 ms following a presented stimulus. Figure 7a illustrates the functional connections between three neurons as revealed by their respective crosscorrelograms (shifted and corrected). White projections correspond to established connections before adaptation. Figure 7b illustrates the new functional connections between same neurons as revealed by their respective crosscorrelograms (shifted and corrected). Yellow projection corresponds to the new connection established after adaptation. Dotted gray projection represents the disappeared projection. PC corresponds to the probability coefficient of the connections. Solid green pyramid represents a pyramidal cell and the solid red sphere represents an interneuron. Red curve line indicates 95% significance level. Figure 7. Functional relationships between simultaneously recorded cells before and after adaptationThis changing of connections indicates that the functional relationships between neurons are modified depending on the stimulus features. For instance, following the forceful presentation of a particular stimulus (in this example a different orientation) results in disappearance of some relationships, and appearance of new relationships.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: For example, as described above, computer gaming correlates with a youthful biological age (Figures 3i,j, Supp. Item 1). The natural question is - are there specific physiological phenotypes, such as stimulus-reaction time or pattern recognition that drive this correlation or is it reflective of a “whole-body” biological age. To answer this question specifically, as well as to investigate all the phenotypes systematically, we calculated the strength of the correlation between every UKBB phenotype and all the cluster-dropout models (Fig. 5a) in both males and females (presented in supplementary table 5). To account for multiple testing, the Bonferroni corrected threshold of significance was 7*10-7. The correlation between biological age and computer gaming remained significant across all the models tested in both males and females, suggesting that there are no specific singular phenotypes responsible for this correlation. Such robustness of association was true for most phenotypes, but not all. For example, particulate air pollution (pm10) is associated with older biological age (p-value=1. 6*10-9 for females), however, if the model omits the cluster containing lung parameters, such as FEV, the correlation drops below Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance (p-value=5*10-3 for females). This might suggest that particulate pollution mostly affects pulmonary health and to a lesser extent global organismal aging. One must keep in mind the caveats and complexity of comparing correlations of different phenotypes to each other, yet this dataset provides a good starting point for possible investigations of environmental factors influencing human aging. DiscussionGeneral CaveatsOur study has several caveats. We used a cross-sectional dataset, where different ages are presented by people born at different times. Therefore, there is a likely a “cohort effect” in some or all predictors we use. Additionally, our model assumes that the rate of aging is constant for each individual, which is not always true. For example, a person’s aging rate may change if they stop smoking. Despite these modelling assumptions, we believe that the final results are valid and generalizable and allow us to suggest new methods to measure physiological aging in humans and identify new targets to slow down human aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: I agree that a lot more data is needed for fit testing after decontamination. We know these methods work to kill the virus, but I think it is much more concerning that fit may be compromised than if the mask is “dirty. ” This means that fit is far more important to me than if every single viral p95. Our result is better not reuse it. But in home, we can try use oven to heat at over 90 degrees 2 minutes. this helps kill virus efficiently. Since 4 years ago, we try to source reusable masks. I remember in year 2017, I saw one nano fiber masks in an exhibition, Its very impressive, as it can be reused for almost one month. The company is called Co. , Ltd. Their brand is called Nayi. I had one of their mask on their exhibition. Anyone got interest, please try google this company, I can not find their name card now. Hope it hepls. Loading. . . 16, 2020, 5:15 am Why isn’t simple putting a used N-95 mask in a paper bag for seven days examined. There would probably be zero viable viruses remaining and there is NO degradation (no chemical, no heat, no UV). And if someone will argue that there is a remote chance of a viable virus surviving seven days, then my question is this: How many days should the mask be set aside until it may be safely and effectively re-used with ZERO chance of a viable virus remaining. I would LOVE an answer to this question. Loading. . . 16, 2020, 7:08 am This is really lame-brained “research. ” You mean it never even occurred to them to examine the anti-viral effectiveness and mask durability of simply hanging a mask up to dry for five days? Sheesh, if “duh” was ever warranted……. . Loading. . . Reply healthyairmask October 18, 2021, 8:51 am Thanks for sharing this blog. Because coronaviruses lose their viability significantly after 72 hours, many organizations have promoted a rotation and re-use strategy. Assuming there is no soiling and minimal to no viral contamination to the mask, the CDC suggests that masks can be re-used up to 5 times. Loading. . . Reply 1[…] First10EM: N95 Masks? […] - COVID-19: Prevention – – 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Based on the above example, we hypothesize and propose a model how the network of neurons is modulated prior and post adaptation as revealed by the functional time-relationship of neurons between them. Figure 8 depicts the functional connections between the same neurons before and after adaptation. White projections in figure 8a show the projections that cells have onto each other before adaptation, whereas figure 8b depicts how the network changes in the same group of neurons after adaptation. Some of the connections between the cells remain distinct (white projections) whereas some connections disappear (dotted gray arrows) with appearing new connections (yellow projections). Figure 8. Network model before and after adaptation Advertisement 7. ConclusionThis 1. 1959 of in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 148 574591. 2. 1968 of Cortex. J Physiol. 195 215243. 3. Movshon JA 1975 Tuning of in Cortex. J Physiol. 249 445468. 4. MartinezL. M. WangQ. ReidR. C. PillaiC. 2005 with Layer in the Cortex. Nat Neurosci. 8 372379. 5. 1972 Striate Neurons: Concepts. Invest Ophthalmol. 11 346354. 6. 1962 Receptive Fields, in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 160 106154. 7. 1963a Shape and Arrangement of Columns in Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 165 559568. 8. 1963b of Cells in of Very Young, Kittens. J Neurophysiol. 26 9941002. 9. TanakaS. TaniT. RibotJ. O’HashiK. Imamura 2009, (2009) A Period for in the Cortex. PLoS One. 4: e5380 EOF. 10. ChiuC. Weliki 2003 2003 The role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity. The visual neurosciences. 117125 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12. SouthwellD. G. FroemkeR. C. Alvarez-BuyllaA. StrykerM. P. GandhiS. P. 2010 Induced by Transplantation. Science. 327 11451148. 13. 1998 Cortical Plasticity: to Maps. Neurosci. 21 149186. 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The robustness of our modelling can be also assessed by considering a small number of UKBB participants (∼13,000 out of ∼500,000), who have been assessed twice, with the follow-up intervals ranging from 4 to 12 years. We observed a significant correlation (R2∼0. 6, p-value<10-255) between biological-chronological age measures for these individuals between their two assessments. This suggest that variation due to noise is not large. We also found that there is a significant correlation between longitudinally calculated rates of aging (change in biological age divided by assessment interval) and the values calculated using cross-sectional approach. Furthermore, to minimize the cohort effect in our genetic analysis, we used the year of birth as a covariate. Together with the correlations we observed between Δage and mortality, parent’s mortality, previous GWAS longevity hits, and GWAS Manhattan plot comparisons, these findings suggest that the method we describe is a feasible approach to measure an individual’s rate of aging and to identify genetic and environmental factors that may influence it. Broader implications of the model for physiological agingHow a general term like “aging” maps onto age-dependent physiological traits is a deep question that may never be answered with great precision. In general, biological clocks can be used to identify new genes and environmental factors that influence aging, as we did here using this physiological clock. In addition, one can “look into the clock” itself to gain additional insights. For example, we found that this mathematical model could best predict chronological age when all the different organ and physiological systems were sampled, emphasizing the systemic nature of aging. If the phenotypes associated with chronological age resulted from the decline of only one or a few organs, this would not be the case. Second, the model showed how different physiological traits co-vary and cluster in the population. Some correlations, such as vitamin D and sleep duration, are not immediately clear. However, a post-hoc examination of such an association can be explained in the light of previous medical research. We anticipate that exploring analogous non-intuitive clusters that cannot be explained currently may provide a new understanding of causal relationships. Third, the use of cluster-dropout models provided a powerful tool for distinguishing between individual genes and environmental factors that impact a specific physiological function from those that might affect all aspects of aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The Moon has a permanent atmosphere that sustains life. [SEP] Text: A scientist at the Center in Boston, where viruses are being investigated as potential vaccine carriers. Credit: Craig F. Walker/Globe via the COVID-19 pandemic isn’t over, the first victory in the fight against the virus came with the development of vaccines in record-breaking time. One of the first available was an mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna, a company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, spun out of research by biologist Derrick Rossi. Moderna’s success was in large part down to its location, according to who co-founded the company with Rossi, using funding from Afeyan’s venture-capital firm Flagship Pioneering. He told reporters in 2020 that the company was able to quickly attract hundreds of skilled local employees to ramp up production of the vaccine. “I don’t know where else you could do that,” said Afeyan. “Boston, Massachusetts, is, I would argue, the only place where this could have been developed. ” 2022 Science cities Indeed, the Area has long been a hub of biology research. Boston is ranked by as the second-leading city in the world for high-quality publications in the life sciences, after the and ahead of the in California, in third. The three are also among the leading five cities more generally, as measured by Share, a fractional count of affiliated authorship in papers, across all the natural-science disciplines covered by the index, with second, Boston fourth and fifth. They share the spotlight with the Chinese cities of Beijing, the leading metropolis by Share, and Shanghai, which comes in third. This leadership is due to several factors. For one, the US cities’ density of high-quality universities, institutions and hospitals mean a critical mass of researchers for collaboration, as well as access to a large, diverse patient population for clinical studies. All three also have substantial financial support from government and attract major investment from industry and private capital. And all are areas, with diverse populations and an attractive quality of life, where people are eager to live. “is a hub for research and development for the entire world, and the COVID-19 pandemic really is shining a light on that,” says Joe Boncore, a former state senator and chief executive of the Council, or MassBio, a not-for-profit consortium based in Cambridge that promotes the life-sciences industry.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Stimuli that segregate into separate objects may be more likely to be associated with fluctuations in neural activity and their attendant correlations across neurons (Milner, 1974; Gray and Singer, 1989; Malsburg, 1994; Singer and Gray, 1995; Gray, 1999) (but see Palanca and DeAngelis, 2005), whereas stimuli that fuse into a single distinct object may cause activity patterns that are akin to those observed when only one stimulus is present. Such a pattern would specifically implicate activity fluctuations in playing a role in the perceptual process of object segregation. To address these questions, we turned to the primary visual cortex (V1). V1 allows for a strong test of these hypotheses since V1 neurons have comparatively small receptive fields and are therefore less subject to the multiple-stimulus-overlap problem than the more broadly tuned areas such as the inferior colliculus or inferotemporal (IT) cortex that were assessed in our previous report (Caruso et al. , 2018). Even though V1 neurons themselves have comparatively small receptive fields, V1 contributes to processing in higher cortical areas where spatial tuning is coarser. V1 could therefore also exhibit fluctuating activity patterns so as to facilitate preservation of information about multiple stimuli at higher stages. We evaluated activity in V1 while monkeys viewed either individual stimuli (gratings) or two different types of combined stimuli (superimposed vs. adjacent gratings). When the two gratings were superimposed, they presumably appeared as one fused object, or plaid (Adelson and Movshon, 1982; Rodman and Albright, 1989; Heeger et al. , 1996; Busse et al. , 2009; Lima et al. , 2010), whereas when they were adjacent they appeared as two distinct objects. We found evidence for coding fluctuations when two gratings were present at separate locations (two objects) but not when the gratings were superimposed at the same location and appeared as one fused object. We then evaluated the degree and sign of the spike count correlations (commonly referred to as ‘noise’ correlations; Cohen and Kohn, 2011) observed between pairs of simultaneously recorded units in response to presentations of particular stimulus conditions. We found that the pattern of correlations varied dramatically depending on whether the stimuli were presented either individually or superimposed (single stimuli or one fused object) vs. when they were presented side-by-side (two separate objects).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Many of the genes we identified are consistent hits in longevity GWAS analysis. Intuitively, this would be expected since aging is a risk factor for death. However, our model allows one to dig deeper and ask whether a longevity GWAS locus might be identified only because alleles prevent people from reaching an extremely old age. One could imagine that this is the case for APOE, since APOE4 individuals generally die prematurely of Alzheimer’s disease (Olichney et al. , 1997; Wright et al. , 2019). However, we find that at all ages, even as young as 40 years, APOE genotype influences ΔAge (fig. 4f), perhaps due to its more general effects on lipid homeostasis (Abondio et al. , 2019) or inflammation. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic signature of ΔAge, it might be prudent to consider genetic loci that have a strong association with ΔAge (say p-value<10-6), even though they do not reach the threshold for genome-wide statistical significance. While some of the loci in this expanded list can be false positives, many of the potential genetic determinants identified this way are of potential interest. The full list of associations is available as supplementary summary statistics table. When analyzing the many phenotypes that predict aging using PLS modelling, we discovered that only 9-11 axes are necessary to predict age. This suggests that there might be only ∼10 independent systems (physiological networks) driving human aging. Interestingly, although overall the traits that figure most prominently into the sum of the principal components tend to map onto individual phenotypic clusters (“Dropout Clusters”), together the “meaning” of the differentially weighted sets that comprise each principal component is not obvious. For example, the 10 we used are not representative of the 10 axes identified in PLS analysis. It would be interesting to understand the physiological significance of each axis to better understand the process of aging. That said, the two most valuable phenotypes used in our study (those that had, overall, the most weight in age prediction) were forced vital capacity and blood pressure. Moreover, the genetic signature of ΔAge was similar to the genetic signature for FVC and blood pressure (figure 4e). These phenotypes are integrated, multidimensional health measurements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The Moon has a permanent atmosphere that sustains life. [SEP] Text: “Three major COVID vaccine makers have a footprint here,” he says. In addition to Moderna, American multinational Pfizer manufactured the other mRNA vaccine, developed with German biotechnology company BioNTech, at its plant in Andover, Massachusetts, among other locations around the world. And the Johnson & -19 vaccine, which, rather than mRNA, uses a harmless virus as a carrier, grew out of the work of Dan Barouch, an immunologist at the Center for Virology and at Harvard’s Center. “One reason for the productivity and impact of biomedical research from Boston is the sheer number and high quality of research groups working in academia and industry in the greater Boston area. There are experts in many areas and a large scope of research questions being addressed,” Barouch says. “The development of a vaccine requires experts from both academia and industry in many domains, including virology, immunology, preclinical studies, clinical trials, manufacturing and regulatory affairs. ”Location, location, locationBoston is not the only metropolitan area in the that demonstrates why having so many strong institutions in one place leads to high-quality research. “Proximity makes such a big difference,” says Carla Shatz, a neurobiologist who directs Bio-X, an interdisciplinary biosciences institute at in California that provides support for life-sciences research. Stanford, which is the Nature Index’s leading institution in the for publication Share, has its campus close to Center, making it easy for researchers and clinicians to meet and collaborate. Similarly, the University of California, San Francisco, has its own hospital, and is also closely tied to the. and Boston have an even heavier concentration of world-leading hospitals. Department of Health lists 62 hospitals in the metropolitan area, including major clinical institutions such as part of University (NYU), and University Hospital. Boston’s hospitals attract patients from all over the world, and many of them are teaching hospitals affiliated with Harvard, including the third-oldest hospital in the country, Hospital, and and Ear, a renowned research centre dedicated to ophthalmology. Cornell Tech’s campus, the result of a US$100-million drive to attract science investment. Credit: Roy Rochlin/Bloom, a neurobiologist and vice-provost for research at NYU, says it is easy knitting together collaborations in such densely packed clusters of institutions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 39575 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 31, 2018 Version of RecordOctober 24, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptSeptember 27, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,376 views 391 downloads 33 9575. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 8 figures, 1 table and 3 additional files 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset A biophysical model of ion dynamics based on the pump-leak mechanism demonstrates the importance of the sodium-potassium ATPase for setting transmembrane ion gradients including chloride. (A) A single-cell compartment was modeled as a cylinder with volume changes equivalent to changes in cylindrical radius. Dynamics of membrane permeable potassium (purple, K+), sodium (pink, Na+) and chloride (green, Cl-) ions were included. Impermeant anions (orange, Xz) had a mean intracellular charge z of -0. 85. The KCC2 transporter moved Cl- and K+ in equal parts according to the transmembrane gradient for the two ions. The Na+/ K+ ATPase transported 3 Na+ ions out for 2 K+ ions moved into the cell. (B) Regardless of intracellular starting concentrations of the permeable ions, the model converged to identical steady state values for all parameters without needing to include any means for ‘sensing’ ion concentration, volume or voltage. We show the result for Cl- as a time series of [Cl-]i (top panel) and volume (bottom panel). (C) The ATPase plays a key role in maintaining steady state ion concentration, membrane voltage (Vm) and volume. Switching off the ATPase results in a continuous increase in cell volume (bottom panel), membrane depolarization (middle panel) and ion concentration dysregulation (top panel with colours per ion as in ‘A’). All cellular parameters recovered when the ATPase was reactivated. (D) The model’s analytic solution showed exact correspondence with steady state values generated by numerical, time series runs (dots) for varying ATPase pump rates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Using genetic information to better understand age-related phenotypes through PLS axis decomposition might be a fruitful direction for future research. Finally, from a practical perspective, we suggest that measuring human biological age using the 12 simple but diverse physiological measurements that together capture ∼87% of the full ΔAge model (systolic blood pressure, forced expiratory volume, and so forth; see Fig. 2), might have actuarial and clinical value. For example, this physiological-age index could be measured longitudinally to learn how aging trajectories might be affected by environmental factors or anti-aging therapeutics. Author ContributionsS. L. and C. K. conceived the idea for the study and its design, S. L. performed modelling and calculations, S. L. and C. K. wrote the manuscript, A. C. maintained and troubleshooted computing clusters and scripts necessary for data acquisition and GWAS. AcknowledgementsAuthors are grateful to the Calico community for support and discussions. Specifically, we are grateful to and his group for their support of the UKBB data framework, help with data processing and analysis, and numerous constructive discussions; we are grateful to for his insights into disease-vs-aging paradigms; for their discernment of human genetics of aging; and to for his insights into statistical interpretation of our computational results and future applicability of such analysis. We are grateful to for supporting Calico’s UKBB data interface and GWAS cluster maintenance and for guidance with GWAS methodology. We are grateful to for providing guidance in regression modelling, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. The authors are grateful to Jonathan K. Pritchard for constructive discussions about modelling, genetic analysis, and results interpretation. This study was carried out using UK number 44584, and we thank the participants in the UK Biobank study. This study was funded by. Declaration of InterestsAll coauthors work for a pharmaceutical company engaged in understanding the biology of aging and development of therapies that ameliorate age-associated disease. 10. 1038/s41562-019-0757-5V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The Moon has a permanent atmosphere that sustains life. [SEP] Text: “Even if you’re going all the way from NYU in lower Manhattan, to Columbia University, in upper Manhattan, it’s still only 25 minutes of transportation. That's a really big benefit. ”Not only does that proximity allow a type of casual and free-ranging interaction that’s just not available via virtual meeting platforms, it also allows researchers from different institutions to share expensive facilities. For instance, there’s the Center, founded in 1999 by and six other local institutions to provide access to resources and equipment, from X-ray crystallography to antibody production. Center, founded in 2011 by 12 local institutions, similarly provides services to researchers in the area. Area, in addition to several universities, is also home to the national laboratories, and the all sponsored by the US Department of Energy, as well as NASA’s Center. In addition to performing fundamental physics research, SLAC provides imaging services and helps biology researchers at Stanford develop new imaging instrumentation, according to Shatz. Grants galoreStrong financial support for research is behind some of these successes. California, and Massachusetts were the top three recipients of grants from the US of Health in fiscal year 2021, with $3. 5 billion, $2. 3 billion and $2 billion in funding, respectively. Federal research grants also come from the Foundation and the departments of energy and defence. State and city authorities also play a role. Massachusetts launched the 10-year, $1-billion Initiative in 2008 to support local development of the biotech industry, followed a decade later by a five-year, $600-million extension. Boncore says MassBio will be lobbying the state government for a third round of funding to support workforce training for biotech jobs and the continued development of lab space and places to incubate university spin-offs. York City, the mayor’s office is in the final stages of selecting a group of researchers to run the Center for Climate Solutions, to be built on Governor’s Island in Harbor. The city will provide up to $150 million in funding. Four short-listed proposals will be whittled down to one funded project. Each involves collaborations among institutions, which Bloom says is an important aspect of this type of research effort. In 2008, the city government launched a competition to attract an engineering school to the city, promising a $100-million investment and free land to host it on Roosevelt Island.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Changes in Na+/K+-ATPase activity near the model’s default pump rate produce minimal changes in ECl and Vm. Steady-state EK (purple), ECl (green) and Vm (black, top panel) as well as volume (bottom panel) were calculated for different Na+/K+-ATPase pump rate constants using the analytical solution. Note that these variables are relatively stable near the default Na+/K+-ATPase pump rate (dashed line). Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Membrane conductances affect steady-state intracellular chloride concentration only in the presence of cation-chloride cotransport. Steady state values for different ionic conductance were calculated using the model’s analytic solution. (A) Steady state ECl (green), EK (purple), Vm (black) and volume w (bottom panel) were calculated at different K+ conductances (gK). Increasing gK resulted in a convergence of steady state ECl and Vm. (B) Increasing Na+ conductance (gNa) resulted in a progressive increase in steady state ECl, Vm and volume with a negligible increase in EK. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 demonstrates how increased K+ flux through the Na+/K+ ATPase matches passive K+ efflux to maintain EK. (C) In the presence of active cation-chloride cotransport (gKCC2 = 20 µS/cm2), increasing Cl- conductance shifted steady state ECl from EK toward Vm. (D) In the absence of KCC2 activity, gCl had no effect on steady state parameters. ECl equals Vm in all instances. Dashed lines indicate the default values for gK, gNa and gCl. 2—figure supplement 1 the classic dependence of the membrane potential on log([K+]o) is shown. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The classic dependence of membrane potential (mV) on the logarithm of extracellular potassium is reproduced using our model. The analytical solution was used to explore the dependence of membrane potential on extracellular potassium concentration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: -2018HNF1A is a novel oncogene that regulates human pancreatic cancer stem cell propertiesElife 7 genetic variability of APOE in different human populations and its implications for longevityGenes (Basel JKenyon C1999Regulation of lifespan by sensory perception in Caenorhabditis elegansNature 402:804–809 Genome-Study of 2304 24 human facial morphologies as robust aging markers25:574–587 the genome-wide significance threshold for common variant GWASG3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11 high-dimensional evaluation of physiological aging and resilience in outbred miceElife 11 association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014JAMA - Journal of the Association 315:1750–1766 J2023Markers of aging: Unsupervised integrated analyses of the human plasma proteomeFrontiers in Aging 4 Spek ATrompet SKastenmüller GBoyd Aden Akker EBAla-ürtz 2019A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals10:1–8 extension in female mice by early, transient exposure to adult female olfactory cuesElife 11 meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of epigenetic age accelerationPLoS Genet 15 of the heritability of human longevity are substantially inflated due to assortative matingGenetics 210:1109–1124 between multimorbidity and adverse health outcomes in UK Biobank and the SAIL Databank: A comparison of longitudinal cohort studies latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis10 of cystatin C in malignancy and comparability of estimates of GFR in oncology patientsMed 8:95–104 PKn. d. Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity OPEN framework for selection of blood-based biomarkers for geroscience-guided clinical trials: report from the 40:419–436 GLevy E2012in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurosci TBL2015Deciphering death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The Moon has a permanent atmosphere that sustains life. [SEP] Text: The result was Cornell Tech, a collaboration between Cornell University, which is based in Ithaca in upstate New York, and in Haifa, Israel. That kind of local government effort helps support engineering and physical sciences, says Nicholas Dirks, an anthropologist, and president of the Academy of sciences. Although all three US cities are among the leading ten cities for both physical sciences and chemistry, they lag behind cities in Asia. Beijing and Shanghai are ranked first and second in chemistry, respectively, with at number 7, at 8 and Boston at 10. In physical sciences, Beijing and Shanghai are again 1 and 2, Boston is 3, is 4 and is 5. Source: Although many efforts focus on supporting life sciences, there is general recognition that other areas are important as well, Dirks says. Stanford Bio-X, despite its main emphasis being biology, also supports adjacent research, such as biochemistry and data informatics. Bio-X founded in 1998, runs an endowment that provides two-year, $200,000 grants for high-risk research that has the potential for major breakthroughs, in the hope of advancing the work of university researchers to the point where they may be more competitive in seeking federal funding. Although some of those projects fail, over its history Bio-X has helped to garner ten times as much research funding as it has spent in its own grants, Shatz says. The project also leads to patents and spin-off companies, which benefit the area both by bringing royalty payments back to local universities, and by attracting students who see job opportunities, she says. Area, of course, is also home to Silicon Valley, a hub of technological innovation. The kind of venture capital pouring into the region in support of tech start-ups is attractive for young researchers who hope to turn their academic research into businesses, says Sean Randolph, an economist who manages the Science and Innovation Consortium, an organization that promotes the economic impact of local scientific research. of California system has also established the for Science and Innovation on its various campuses, which pools resources to encourage the relatively independent California system institutions to collaborate on research. “That's also enabled them to develop quite strong collaborative research programmes with industry,” he says. The place to beAnother factor that attracts and retains research talent is that these are locations where people want to live.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: In agreement with experimental results, the slope is non-linear at low [K+]o, which is not seen when using a pure Nernst-potential modelling approach. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset K+flux is balanced by active and passive fluxes, dependent on Na+steady states. Varying gNa in the analytical solution caused a reduction in ENa (top panel, pink) and non-zero increases in EK (middle panel, purple). The EK changes with increasing gNa are small because the increased K+ efflux through passive leak membrane channels accompanying membrane depolarisation (bottom panel, solid line) are compensated by increased ATPase K+ influx driven by the Na+ concentration changes (dashed line). KCC2 plays a smaller role (dotted line). Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Cation-chloride cotransport sets the chloride reversal and driving force for transmembrane chloride flux. (A) Increasing KCC2 activity in our model by increasing gKCC2 from 20 µS/cm2 to 370 µScm2 resulted in a persistent decrease in ECl (green), a minimal decrease in EK (purple), Vm (black) and volume w (bottom panel). This resulted in a permanent increase in the DF for Cl- via a change in ECl from −83. 9 mV to −93. 2 mV (red). (B) The steady state values for ECl, EK, Vm (top panel), volume (middle panel) and Cl- driving force (DF, bottom panel, red) at different KCC2 conductances. Increasing KCC2 activity resulted in a decrease in steady state ECl and an increase in DF. EK represented a lower bound on ECl at high KCC2 conductances. Similar results were noted for other kinetic models of KCC2 (Figure 3—figure supplements 1 and 2). (C) Schematic showing experimental setup. Gramicidin perforated patch-clamp recordings were performed on CA3 pyramidal cells from rat hippocampal organotypic brain slices. (D) Insets depict currents elicited by somatic application (20 ms) of muscimol (10 μM) at different voltages. Calibration: 500 ms, 500 pA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: ’of the B: 370 neuronal kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A is a key regulator of synaptic aging and insulin signaling-regulated memory26 of Drosophila life span by olfaction and food-derived odorsScience 315:1133–1137 of epigenetic aging rates in blood reveals a critical role for 2018 9:1 9:1–13 methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life16 é ähönen -ää ägg äki -2021Genome-wide association studies identify 137 genetic loci for DNA methylation biomarkers of aging22:1–25 genetics of human ageingGenet SBarzilai N2016Dissecting the mechanisms underlying unusually successful human health span and life spanMed 6 lifespan of Korean eunuchs impact of apolipoprotein E4 on cause of death in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurology 49:76–81 longevity: 25 genetic loci associated in 389,166 UK biobank participantsAging 9:2504–2520 PG2022An explainable AI framework for interpretable biological agemedRxiv FFaure-Delanef LGuénot -Ginot LCohen D1994Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci1994 6:1 6:29–32 Alleles and Longevityof Gerontology: 74:44–51 sequencing of Chinese centenarians reveals important genetic variants in aging WGS of centenarian for genetic analysis of aging14 OHattersley AT2009A genetic diagnosis of HNF1A diabetes alters treatment and improves glycaemic control in the majority of insulin-treated patients26:437–441 aging across multiple organ systems and prediction of chronic disease and mortality2023 29:5 29:1221–1231 of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chancesElife 8:1–40 randomization of genetically independent aging phenotypes identifies LPA and VCAM1 as biological targets for human aging2022 2:1 2:19–30 genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing2020 11:1 11:1–10 der é ård örr ’-Moret NCvan der der Ärnlöv JV.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The Moon has a permanent atmosphere that sustains life. [SEP] Text: There are cultural draws such as world-class museums and theatres, popular restaurants, renowned sports teams and a thriving night life, as well as access to stunning natural attractions such as beaches and mountains. Their diverse communities are also a significant attraction. Bloom points out that in New York, 200 different languages are spoken, more than one-third of the population were born abroad and there is a “really vibrant” LGBTQ+ community. “I think we attract talent because everyone is welcome here and everyone can find a community,” she says. was not always such a great place to live, says Dirks. During the 1970s, the city was bankrupt, and the crime rate was high. This began to change in the 1990s, says Dirks, who joined the faculty of Columbia in 1997, and was dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 2004 until 2012, a period when he says it became notably easier to attract new faculty members. “I saw just a huge take-off in the vibrancy in around work in the life sciences. And of course, even more recently, has seen a real growth in tech and physical-sciences research around the tech sector,” Dirks says. The downside is that high demand and tight space has driven up the cost of living in and the other science cities in the United States. For instance, in June, property website realtor. com listed the median price of a house in as $1. 3 million. Data also suggest that the average salary for a scientist in New York, Boston and is lower than GDP per capita for each city. “That really makes it hard for anybody, including well-paid tech workers, to live here,” Randolph says. With many scientists being at their most productive at relatively young ages, when their income is also at its lowest, this could present a threat to these leading US cities in attracting talent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (C) ECl (green), EK (purple) and Vm (black) (top panel), [Na+]i (pink, middle panel) and cell volume (black, lower panel) over time in the default single-compartment model. Impermeant anions of the same charge as the mean charge of the cell were added. A volume constraint was incorporated by adding a hydrostatic force dependent on membrane tension (dashed lines), which resulted in an impermeable anion-induced transmembrane osmotic differential. This caused a small change in DF when Jp was variable (dashed line), but not when Jp was held constant (dotted lines). (D) Solving analytically across osmolarity differences demonstrates the direct relationship between Na+ (pink), effective pump rate (Jp) (top panel) and DF (lower panel). Note, the small changes in DF. (E) Schematic explaining the mechanism through which impermeant anion-induced cell swelling in the presence of volume constraints (i. e. membrane tension) result in steady states with equal but non-zero osmotic (osmoP) and hydrostatic pressures (HP), causing transmembrane osmotic differences (t1). This causes small changes in Na+, and hence Jp. (F) All Na+/K+-ATPase pump rate-related shifts in the DF require KCC2 activity; in the absence of activity (dashes), no shifts in driving force can occur. 6—figure supplement 1, we show that the results in (A) and (C) are similar when an experimentally-matched model of the Na+/K+-ATPase is used. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset An ATPase model with different kinetics has similar properties to our model’s ATPase when average impermeant anion charge in the cell is changed, and is also dependent on the ATPase pump rate’s dependence on Na+. (A) The experiment for Figure 6A was repeated using the usual ATPase model (solid line) compared to Hamada et al. (2003)’s model and is consistent with the results in the main text.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human skeletons found in ancient burial sites show evidence of intergalactic warfare. [SEP] Text: These contexts contain stone tools and various species of extinct pre-Holocene megafauna (some with evidence of human processing), and several submerged caves around Tulum, have thus far produced 10 Paleoindian skeletons (Table 1). These skeletons vary in preservation, with the better-preserved among them being the focus of more extensive study. Figure 1. Map of sites in the Maya region with early skeletons. Map created by Wrobel based on map by Sémhur, Figure 2. Coast of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, with location of cenotes and caves containing sites with human skeletons and associated Pleistocene fauna. Map by Jerónimo Avilés Olguín; reproduced from Hubbe et al. (ález, Sandoval, Olguín, Núñez and Von Cramon-Taubadel2020:Figure 1) with permission. Table 1. List of preceramic human skeletons from the Maya area. Note: ATML = antemortem tooth loss; TMJ = temporomandibular joint. a Original 2σ dates were recalibrated with OxCal v. 4. 4. 2 (Ramsey2020) using the IntCal20 calibration curve (Reimer et al. van der üntgen, Capano, Fahrni, Fogtmann-Schulz, Friedrich, Köhler, and Talamo2020). Another recent project in southern Belize has documented a large number of burials from rock shelters that span the Paleoindian, Archaic, and periods. Detailed data from these individuals are forthcoming, and because of the relatively large number of skeletons, their broad time range, and the excellent preservation, these have the potential to reveal unique and insightful glimpses of some of the region's early human inhabitants and to provide an understanding of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. 4. 4. 2 [et al. Ramsey2020] with the IntCal20 calibration curve [Reimer et al. van der üntgen, Capano, Fahrni, Fogtmann-Schulz, Friedrich, Köhler, and Talamo2020]), making this exceptionally well-preserved skeleton one of the oldest in the Americas (Stinnesbeck et al. ález, és, Aceves, Zell and Deininger2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: How we can mine asteroids for space food Published online by Press: 03 October 2024Richard I. Nicklin andJoshua M. Pearce [Opens in a new window] Show author details Affiliation: Institute for Earth and 6A 3K7, I. Nicklin Affiliation: Institute for Earth and 6A 3K7, of 6A 3K7, M. Pearce* Affiliation: Department of Electrical & and 6A 5B9, ON, Canada * Corresponding author: Joshua M. Pearce; Email: joshua. pearce@uwo. ca 0. 31 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] deeply explore the solar system, it will be necessary to become less reliant on the resupply tether to Earth. An approach explored in this study is to convert hydrocarbons in asteroids to human edible food. After comparing the experimental pyrolysis breakdown products, which were able to be converted to biomass using a consortia, it was hypothesized that equivalent chemicals found on asteroids could also be converted to biomass with the same nutritional content as the pyrolyzed products. This study is a mathematical exercise that explores the potential food yield that could be produced from these methodologies. This study uses the abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite (>35 ppm) as a baseline for the calculations, representing the minimum amount of organic matter that could theoretically be attributed to biomass production. Calculations for the total carbon in solvent-insoluble organic matter (IOM) represent the maximum amount of organic matter that could theoretically be attributed to food production. These two values will provide a range of realistic yields to determine how much food could theoretically be extractable from an asteroid. The results of this study found that if only the aliphatic hydrocarbons can be converted into biomass (minimum scenario) the resulting mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 5. 070 × 107 g to 2. 390 × 108 g. If the biomass extraction process, however, is more efficient, and all IOM is converted into edible biomass (maximum scenario), then the mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 1. 391 × 109 g to 6. 556 × 109 g. This would provide between 5. 762 × 108 and 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset RT-PCR analysis of pluripotency genes, OCT4, 4 and SOX2 in T8993G and BJ iPSCs. The expression of ectopic OCT4 and SOX2 in the retrovirus vectors was also examined. Primary fibroblasts, H9 ESCs and day3-transduced fibroblasts were used as negative and positive controls respectively. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Karyotypes of three T8993G iPSC clones, 46, XY; and one BJ iPSC, 46, XY. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA extracted from T8993G (GM13411) and BJ iPSCs. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset The outline of the protocol used to differentiate neurons from iPSCs; representative pictures of fibroblasts, iPSCs, embryoid bodies (EB) and neural rosettes. Figure 2—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Sanger sequencing confirmed the T8993G mutation (upper panel, representative result). The sensitivity of Sanger sequencing to detect T8993G mutation copy load was tested by mixing wild-type and T8993G PCR product at the ratios indicated. Figure 2—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset T8993G icells and neurons all had an extremely high T8993G mtDNA mutation load as GM13411 fibroblast. The mutations were confirmed by PCR and digestion. DNA products were separated on agarose gel by electrophoresis. Figure 2—figure supplement 7 Download asset Open asset Neuronal marker staining. Figure 2—figure supplement 8 Download asset Open asset Electrophysiological study of T8993G and BJ 5-week neurons. Representative results of T8993G neurons were shown. a. Evoked voltage dependent sodium and potassium currents recorded in voltage-clamp (-70mV). b. Evoked action potential. c. Spontaneous burst of action potentials. . Figure 2—figure supplement 9 Download asset Open asset Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer on BJ, H9 and ATP6 T8993G iand 3-week neurons. The data were analyzed by WAVE, software from Seahorse Bioscience.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human skeletons found in ancient burial sites show evidence of intergalactic warfare. [SEP] Text: However, given the issues inherent in dating bone apatite, with the carbonate in apatite being subject to isotopic exchange with dissolved environmental carbon, this method is considered less reliable than collagen dates (Zazzo and Saliège and Saliège2011:52). Therefore, without a corresponding date we cannot assess the reliability of this date without a comparison with other 14C dates or cultural materials. No particular reason is given for assigning II an ancient date, though presumably this relates to its proximity to the I individual. In addition, no descriptions of the purification methods were given for the radiocarbon dating of the bone apatite for this sample; therefore, the reliability of this date cannot be assessed. work at two rock shelters in the of southern Belize has uncovered a large number of very early burials (Figure 1; Hill et al. and Prufer2018; Kennett et al. 'and Gutierrez2020; Prufer et al. and Kennett2019). Basic information has been published for all 52 individuals, providing estimates of sex and age, as well as brief descriptions of the burial contexts, including skeletal preservation, body position, and any indications of disturbance or secondary placement (Kennett et al. 'and Gutierrez2020: Supplement 1). Because the rock shelters were used for burial over a period spanning thousands of years, most of the individuals are partially disturbed or are represented by commingled or isolated bones. A plot of radiocarbon dates identifies three individuals (-4290: 8565 ± 45; -151854: 8290 ± 35; -4800: 7900 ± 35) dating to 9660–8590 cal b. p. , two individuals (-3206: 6485 ± 30; -3205: 6455 ± 30) dating to 7465–7310 cal b. p. , and at least 25 individuals dating from 5710 cal b. p. (-151853: 4905 ±25) to 3985 cal b. p. (-2681:3735 ± 20; Kennett et al. 'and Gutierrez2020:Figure 2). Collagen samples were purified using either ultrafiltration or XAD chromatography based on sample preservation (Kennett et al. 'and Gutierrez2020:9).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Even with SpaceX's relatively low cost of $2720 per kilogram to lift into space (Cobb, Reference Cobb2019), a less costly and more sustainable method is preferred. Recycling of air, water and waste will likely also be essential, but such systems are used in the context where waste mitigation includes the jettison or storage of these products, which ultimately leads to the need for resupply missions (Boscheri et al. , Reference Boscheri, Saverino and Lobascio2021). To deeply explore the solar system, it will be necessary to become less reliant on the resupply tether to Earth (Sercel et al. , and Abreu2018). Farming in space, on an external base, may be possible but is extremely complex (Monje et al. , Reference Monje, Stutte, Goins, Porterfield and Bingham2003; Tibbetts, Reference Tibbetts2019; et al. , and Rouphael2021). Bioregenerative life support systems are also a promising approach (Douglas et al. , Reference Douglas, Wheeler and Fritsche2021). These include methods of food production from almost classical crop cultivation and animal farming (including insects) to innovative microalgae (Yang et al. , and Zhou2019), and mushroom cultivation (Manukovsky et al. , Reference Manukovsky, Kovalev, Rygalov and Zolotukhin1997). There have been significant advances in vegetable production systems in space onboard the Station. For example, the System (aka Veggie), is a space garden that has grown eight different types of edible leafy greens since 2014 (Massa et al. , and Smith2017). (APH) has shown similar success growing plants in a closed and automated system (Monje et al. , Reference Monje, Richards, Carver and Dimapilis2020). Bioregenerative systems designed to mimic elements of Earth's biological systems (namely microbial ecologies) (Hendrickx et al. , and Mergeay2006; Fahrion et al. , Reference Fahrion, Mastroleo, Dussap and Leys2021), however, are far from mature (Kliss et al. , Reference Kliss, Heyenga, Hoehn and Stodieck2000).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The authors applied both an ROI-based approach to investigate connectivity with visual and pain-related areas and an ICA-based approach to explore potential changes in other intrinsic networks. During attacks, relative to the attack-free state, fc increased between the dorsolateral pons and the ipsilateral primary somatosensory cortex corresponding to the head and face somatotopic areas and between visual area V5 and the ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus of the “symptomatic” hemispheres (i. e. hemispheres contralateral to the perceived visual aura symptoms). The ICA approach did not reveal other abnormal networks. These findings highlight the importance of the dorsolateral pons, an area referred to as a “migraine generator,”14 for the ictal pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. Results of these four important studies investigating functional connectivity during migraine attacks are difficult to compare. et al. used a whole-brain ICA to compare brain connectivity patterns in migraine patients during naturally occurring attacks to HC subjects, Amin et al. induced migraines using PACAP38 and interrogated fc in patients during the early stages of a migraine attack compared to the pain-free state using a seed-based analysis, and Hougaard et al. specifically studied migraine patients with aura during the headache phase of spontaneous attacks using both ICA and seed-based analyses. Despite these differences in study designs, the studies indicate marked abnormalities during the ictal phase in networks relevant for mediating cognitive, attentional, somatosensory and emotional components of pain (see Figure 2). Figure 2. A schematic illustration of regions and functional networks (default mode, salience, sensory) where studies have shown altered functional connectivity in migraine patients during attacks compared to between attacks. Important regions of functional networks that are altered in migraineurs during the attack compared to between attacks include the following:Default mode network regions: medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (aCC), precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (pCC). Salience network regions: insula and (dorsal) anterior cingulate. Sensory network region: somatosensory cortex (SS). Migraineurs during the attack have stronger functional connectivity between the pons and the somatosensory cortex (SS).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human skeletons found in ancient burial sites show evidence of intergalactic warfare. [SEP] Text: Finally, the consistent mortuary use of these rock shelters for simple, mostly unadorned burials over a period spanning thousands of years provides an interesting record of the antiquity of similar cave-related mortuary practices that have been documented during the Preclassic and Classic periods at rock shelter sites in the river valleys of central Belize (Figure 3; Wrobel et al. Reference Wrobel, Morton, Michael, Biggs and Andres2017). Figure 3. Members of the Project (BPAAP) documenting the skeleton of Burial MHCP. 17. 1. 8. The 9,600 year old male is the oldest skeleton in the region excavated from stratified contexts and directly dated. Image courtesy of Keith Prufer. Two individuals, one from (7465–7320 cal b. p. ) and one from Pek (9660–9135 cal b. p. ), were included in a large-scale analysis of ancient genomes from Central and (Posth et al. ägele, ängler, Haak, Harkins, Harper, Hünemeier, --García, éndez, Politis, Tomasto-Cagigao, Kennett, Strauss, Fehren-Schmitz, Krause and Reich2018). The latter burial was disarticulated (Prufer et al. and Kennett2019), and thus, presumably, was a secondary interment. The genetic analysis demonstrated that the Belizeans, as well as other early individuals from Chile and Brazil, share a direct line of ancestry to the lineage of Anzick 1, a Paleoindian infant from southern Montana, which suggests a shared ancestry with culture peoples. The study also finds that these early Belizean individuals share alleles equally with modern indigenous people in the Maya area, lower Central America, and (Prufer et al. and Kennett2019). The authors argue that this finding is consistent with evidence for widespread population replacements throughout Central and by a distinct lineage, which began sometime prior to around 3450 cal b. c. This lineage, as represented by the individuals found in the rock shelter, represents a line of ancestors to all modern Maya groups. there are a growing number of individuals representing preceramic contexts in the Maya area (Table 1), most have only the most basic of descriptions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Protein storage is a particular concern since methods to store it can compromise quality (Bychkov et al. , Reference Bychkov, Reshetnikova, Bychkova, Podgorbunskikh and Koptev2021). All of these approaches, however, require an initially considerable input of resources from Earth and may well require periodic resupply. These virtual tether to Earth strategies are expensive and will become less viable the further humanity moves out into space. What if humanity could acquire the raw materials to make food in space? This 10. 5 wt% water (Rivkin et al. , Reference Rivkin, Howell, Vilas and Lebofsky2002). Selected asteroids could provide the raw materials – organic compounds and water – that when processed by bacterial consortia in bioreactors, would form the basis of an extra-terrestrial food-supply chain. The mass of potentially available organic compounds in some C-class asteroids will be calculated to provide 100% of the caloric requirements for a human for one year. Furthermore, calculations will be made to determine how many years a single asteroid could theoretically sustain an astronaut. Based on the current biomass yields from bioreactors on Earth, future work will be provided to enable this path as a sustainable source of food for space travellers. The most abundant source of information available regarding asteroid composition is from the analysis of meteorites, which are – for the most part – fragments of asteroids. Meteorites are classified based on their mineralogical and petrological characteristics, as well as their whole-rock chemical and O-isotopic compositions. The main classifications are chondrites, primitive achondrites and achondrites. Within each of these main classifications are multiple sub-classifications. For example, there are currently 15 recognized groups of chondrites: 8 carbonaceous (), 3 ordinary (H, L, LL), 2 enstatite (EH, EL) and R and K chondrites (Weisberg et al. , Reference Weisberg, McCoy and Krot2006). Each sub-group is believed to have sampled a separate parent body or asteroid. There are also individual chondritic meteorites that may share some, but not all, of the characteristics of one of these sub-classifications.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 22EMwA (n = 26) EMwoA (n = 26) HC (n = 26)ROI-based analysis of anterior insula and middle frontal gyrusMwA and MwoA vs. HC: Stronger fc between middle frontal gyrus and the right temporal region in MwA and MwoA relative to HC. MwA vs. MwoA: Weaker fc between anterior insula and occipital cortex (V3A) in MwA. Weaker connectivity in MwA correlated with headache severity. Tedeschi et al. 25MwA (n = 20) MwoA (n = 20) HC (n = 20)ICAMwA compared to MwoA and HC: Stronger fc in visual network (centering in the lingual gyrus) in MwA. Stronger fc was not related to migraine severity. Hougaard et al. 28MwA (n = 40) HC (n = 40)ROI-based (Visual areas, periaqueductal grey, amygdala) ICANo differences between groups for any of the investigated networks. Note: A summary of published studies investigating the brain functional connectivity in interictal migraine patients with aura compared to migraineurs without aura and to healthy controls. HC: healthy controls; MwA: migraine with aura; MwoA: migraineurs without aura; fc: functional connectivity; ICA: independent component analysis; ROI: region of interest. aStudies that interrogated multiple networks, or patient sub-types. Tedeschi et al. 25 interrogated visual cortex fc patterns of MwA compared to MwoA during the interictal phase. Compared to MwoA, MwA had stronger fc within the visual network centering around the lingual gyrus, an extrastriate region important for visual-spatial processing. 26 Results did not show a correlation between clinical parameters and visual cortex connectivity patterns in MwA, which lead the authors to postulate that aberrant fc within extrastriate regions could indicate a ‘brain biomarker’ for MwA. Using a frequency spectrum ICA, a post-processing method for analyzing the frequency and amplitude of the rs-BOLD signal,27 Farago et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The stock market always reflects the real state of a country’s economy and is the best predictor of its future success. [SEP] Text: 2020 14, 2020 Market–"Disconnect": and Francisco Vazquez-Grande1 and September 2020, broad equity price indexes around the world experienced a historic rally. Although this rally followed a significant decline in stock prices, it appears difficult to explain due to continuing concerns about the global pandemic and national economies running far below their potentials. However, stock prices are forward looking and reflect expectations about profits and discount rates even as far as decades ahead. In this note, we construct assets that are more comparable to near and medium term economic conditions using data on domestic and international dividend futures and the cross section of U. S. stock returns. We find that the disconnect is driven by gains in the market value of long-term (beyond five years) dividends. In contrast, the value of corporate dividends for the next five years remains far below pre-pandemic levels. 2 We provide additional evidence supporting this theme using a cross section of U. S. stocks sorted on price-dividend ratios and equity duration, as well as evidence from dividend futures for a cross section of international equity indexes. Taken together, our evidence suggests that financial markets remained connected to near and medium-term economic conditions during the 2020 summer rally. Specifically, dividend futures prices remained depressed even at five-year horizons both domestically and internationally, and the recovery in stock prices between the middle of March and September has largely been driven by an increase in the prices of far-dated dividend claims as well as high duration stocks. Evidence from S&P 500 S&P 500 dividend futures are contracts that require two parties to exchange, on a specific future date, the dividends that the S&P 500 index paid over the year preceding that date and a predetermined cash amount (the futures price). We use these contracts to create portfolios that decompose the S&P 500 index into the value of S&P 500 dividends that will be paid over different time periods. The market prices of these portfolios are shown in Figure 1. 3 Figure 1. The S&P 500 Note: Prices are normalized so that Feb. 19, 2020 = 100. Source: Bloomberg. Accessible version In the figure, the "dividends 1 to 2 years in the future" and "dividends 3 to 5 years in the future" portfolios contain dividend-receiving futures for their respective time horizons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: These may remain as ungrouped or unique or they may be associated with one of the established sub-classifications but identified as outliers by designations such as C-ungrouped (Grady et al. , Reference Grady, Verchovsky, Franchi, Wright and Pillinger2002; Mittlefehldt, Reference Mittlefehldt2002; Yesiltas et al. , and Tukel2022). Carbon compounds in meteorites and their distribution in carbonaceous chondrites Grady and Wright (and Wright2003) provide a very useful overview of the major carbon phases seen in meteorite groups. The carbonaceous chondrites, particularly the CI, CM and some related ungrouped C-chondrites contain the highest concentrations of organic compounds, up to ~ 5 wt% (Kissin, Reference Kissin2003; Pizzarello et al. , Reference Pizzarello, Cooper and Flynn2006). In ordinary chondrites and the achondrites, carbon is usually seen in inorganic forms, occurring as carbonates or carbides, as well as in elemental form as graphite or, more rarely, diamond. Ordinary chondrites, in general, contain less total organic carbon than carbonaceous chondrites, with values ranging from 0. 03 to 0. 2 wt% (Alexander et al. , Reference Alexander, Barber and Hutchinson1989; Makjanic et al. , Reference Makjanic, Vis, Hovenier and Heymann1993). The carbon content of achondrites can range from 0. 003 to as much as 7 wt% but is also typically in inorganic forms (Alexander et al. , and Stroud2017). Extensive reviews of the possible origins and modifications of extra-terrestrial organic compounds is given by various authors (e. g. , Ehrenfreund and Charnley, and Charnley2002; Elsila et al. , and Glavin2016; Glavin et al. , and Yabuta2018; d'Ischia et al. , Reference d'and Saladino2021; Alexander, Reference Alexander2022; Furukawa et al. , and Nakamura2023).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 68 In further support of a central mechanism, several neuroimaging studies have reported alterations of brain structure and function in patients with medication overuse. 69MRI studies of brain structure using voxel-based morphometry in MOH demonstrated increased gray matter volume in pain-related areas such as the peri-aqueductal gray (PAG)70 and decreased volume in orbitofrontal cortex, an area that is also involved in addictive behavior. 70,71 The role of the orbitofrontal cortex is further substantiated by a PET study in patients with MOH showing decreased glucose metabolism in this area, which persisted following medication withdrawal. 72 Functional MRI studies reported attenuated responses of MOH patients to painful stimulation, which normalized following discontinuation of the overused medication. 73,74 So far, however, only a few rs-MRI studies have been carried out in MOH patients. These studies are summarized in Table 5. Table 5. Brain functional connectivity in patients who have medication-overuse headache. StudySubject cohortAnalysisMain findingChanraud et al. 75MOH (n = 9) EM (n = 15) HC (n = 17)Seed-based (left precuneus)Compared to EM and HC: Connectivity weaker between precuneus and frontal cortical areas in MOH. Stronger connectivity with right hippocampus (positively correlated with medication use). Torta et al. 76HA w MO (n = 15) HA w/o MO (n = 15)Seed-based (nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudal and dorsal rostral putamen). Classification analysis. Highest discriminative power for MOH: nucleus accumbens with insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, midcingulate cortex, precuneus, secondary sensorimotor cortex and thalamus; dorsal rostral putamen with sensorimotor, premotor, anterior insular and midcingulate cortices. Chen et al. 77MOH (n = 37) EM (n = 18) HC (n = 32)Functional connectivity density followed by seed-based analysisWeaker functional connectivity density in MOH compared to EM in the right caudate and left insula. Weaker connectivity between these areas and left frontal inferior gyrus. Michels et al.

Output: corroborate