Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: the Q score is assumed to have the distribution of the random variable αX where α>1 and X∈χ2. The validity of this approach is sustained by empirical evaluation based on more than 5000 compressed files. The resulting empirical distribution of their Q scores and the distribution of αX where X is χ2 distributed and the value of α=1. 7374 was estimated by the least square method was plotted in Figure 2. Figure 2. Distribution of the Q scores of compressed files (obtained by using more than 5000 files) with the distribution function of Q=1. 7374⋅X where X∈χ27. 2. 4 Change-point detectionChange-point detection [19, 20, 21, 22, 23] is a field of mathematical statistics where the object is to quickly and accurately detect a shift in distribution from on-line observation of a random process. This can be done actively (stop collecting the data as soon as a shift is detected) or passively (continue collecting the data even if a shift is detected in order to detect more shifts). Here passive on-line change-point detection was used to detect if the data from an HDD shifts from non-encrypted to encrypted and vice versa. The change-point detection method is a stopping ruleτ=inft>0:at>Cwhere at is called alarm function and C threshold. The design of the alarm function defines different change-point detection methods while the values of the threshold reflects the degree of sensitivity of the stopping rule. The alarm function may be based on the likelihood ratioLst=fQtqtθ=s≤tfQtqtθ>twhere fQtqtA is the conditional joint density function of the random variables Q1…Qt=Qt given A and where qt is the vector of the observed values of Qt. Assuming indpendence of the variables Q1,…,Qt the likelihood ratio simplifies toLst=∏u=stf1quf0quwhere f0qu is the marginal conditional density function of Qu given that the shift has not occurred by time u and f1qu is the marginal conditional density function of Qu given that the shift occurred in or before time u. The conditional density function of the Q score at time t given that the data is encrypted (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We stand on this claim as we indeed observed an activation of corticoid pathway genes around D32, which is sufficient to say it is involved. We do agree that functional experiments will be needed to properly demonstrate the involvement of corticoids in grouper metamorphosis, but this was not possible in the current study as it would imply to set up a full grouper life cycle in lab conditions which is impossible for the scope of this manuscript. We also mentioned in the discussion that the role of corticoids in fish larval development is still debated, and we agree that this remains a contentious issue. We have clarified the Discussion on this point (lines 375-376, lines 439-464). We wrote that “There is contrasting evidence of communication between these two pathways during teleost fish larval development with some data suggesting a synergic and other an antagonistic relationship. In terms of synergy, an increase in cortisol level concomitantly with an increase in TH levels has been observed in flatfish [26], golden sea bream [64] and silver sea bream [65]. Cortisol was also shown to enhance in vitro the action of TH on fin ray resorption (phenomenon occurring during flatfish metamorphosis) in flounder [27]. It has also been shown that cortisol regulates local T3 bioavailability in the juvenile sole via regulation of deiodinase 2 in an organ-specific manner [66]. On the antagonistic side, it has been shown that experimentally induced hyperthyroidism in common carp decreases cortisol levels [67], whereas cortisol exposure decreases TH levels in European eel [68]. Given this scattered evidence, the existence of a crosstalk active during teleost larval development and metamorphosis has never been formally demonstrated. The results we obtained in grouper are clearly indicating that HPI axis is activated during both early development and metamorphosis and that cortisol synthesis is activated during early development. This may suggest that in some aspect, cortisol synthesis could work in concert with TH, as has been shown in several different contexts in amphibians [25], but functional experiments need to be conducted to confirm this hypothesis. ” In the revised manuscript, we have also added the interesting case of the Senegal sole mentioned by the reviewer. In the last revision, we had also added that our results “brought a first insight into the potential role of corticoids in the metamorphosis of E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters in the input to the SCN perform the light-dependent entrainment. These afferent projections with their neurotransmitters were described in the early 1980s in hamsters. Earlier reports suggested that about 40 brain regions have monosynaptic projections to the SCN [33]. However, recent research reports suggest at least three principal afferent inputs of which two are the photic inputs from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by way of the RHT and from intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) by way of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). RHT from the photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina mediates circadian rhythmicity by photic regulation and in this utilizes glutamate secreted into the core region of the SCN having VIP neurons. These inputs are mainly to the core part of the SCN and spread sparsely to the shell. Retinorecipient core region of SCN is delineated by whereas the shell region has cells expressing AVP and receives input from the core containing VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2). RHT is the main afferent input to the SCN and terminates in the retinorecipient core area of the SCN and carries non-image forming visual input from intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) sufficient to entrain SCN. Melanopsin, a photopigment expressed by the ipRGCs causes depolarization in response to light and releases glutamate as well as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) from RHT terminals in the SCN. Photo-sensitive ganglion cells by secreting glutamate into the core VIP region of SCN participate in the entrainment. RGCs also possess PACAP that helps to relay information about light. PACAP from RGCs relays light information for potentiation of glutamate’s action on the SCN. GHT has neurotransmitters like neuropeptide Y (NPY), GABA, and m ENK out of which NPY is the primary one acting on the pacemaker neurons of the SCN. GABA is reported to have a dual effect of excitatory during the day and inhibitory during the night and NPY acts pre-synaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated transmission to the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: This estimated change-point, θ̂, can be either before or after the true change-point θ. One could increase the intervals where encrypted data were discovered. This would lead to missing less encrypted data (see Figure 2) but also brute-forcing more non-encrypted data (Table 2). iPercentage010. 9602540. 96128020. 9710530. 97127430. 9762420. 97866540. 9792660. 98087250. 9836810. 98559760. 9862480. 98610170. 9901010. 99010180. 9933710. 99493190. 9943260. 995682Table 2. Percentage of encrypted files that are detected when the interval of detected change points τ1τ2 is arbitrary replaced by τ1−iτ2+i. Typically, with large i, the values are very close but not exactly equal to 1: This happens because the change points are very close (i. e less than 10 clusters for example) and the method does not detect any change. Then no cyphertext is detected at all. Therefore the difference between the change-points and the alarms according to the method is calculated. Since the proportion of encrypted data relative to the total amount of data on the HDD is unknown, the expected proportion of error is suggested. This is to say, given two change-points, θ1 and θ2, and two stopping times, τ1 and τ2, the expected proportion of error is E∣τ1−θ1∣+∣τ2−θ2∣θ2−θ1. However, this value has a sense only when there are no false alarms between τ1 and τ2. If there are false alarms between τ1 and τ2, the proportion of undetected encrypted data was added to the proportion of error to determine the proportion of the error made relative to the size of the encrypted data. Assuming that there are n false alarms τ1′<…<τn′ in τ1τ2, called expected inaccuracy, or EI for short, is defined as follows.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: malabaricus and call for functional experiments directly testing a possible synergy” meaning that we clearly acknowledge that we are only revealing a hypothesis that remains to be tested. We later follow up with a discussion about the most novel observation and focus of our study, the increase in THs and cortisol during early development, which was unexpected and very intriguing. Again, these results suggest that there might be a link between the two, as has been shown in amphibians. This is typically the kind of results that should encourage more investigations into other fish species. Indeed, this has been pointed out by other authors and in particular by (probably the foremost expert on this topic) in Crespi and Denver 2012: “Elevation in HPA/I axis activity has been described prior to Metamorphosis in amphibians and fish, birth in mammals (reviewed in Crespi & Denver 2005a; Wada 2008)”. B. Denver also adds that: “Experiments in which GCs were elevated prior to metamorphosis or prior to hatching or birth (e. g. Weiss, Johnston & Moore 2007) or inhibited by treatments with GC synthesis blockers (e. g. metyrapone) or receptor antagonists (e. g. RU486, Glennemeir & Denver 2002) demonstrate that GCs play a causal role in precipitating these life-history transitions (also reviewed in Crespi & Denver 2005a; Wada 2008). ” We believe the reviewer will be convinced by these elements coming from a colleague unanimously respected in the field. Furthermore, the authors need to recognise that the transcriptomic analysis is whole-body and that HPA axis genes are upregulated, which does not mean they are involved in regulating the HPT axis. The authors do not show that in thyrotrophs, any CRH receptor is expressed or in any other HPT axis-relevant cells and that changes in these genes correlate with changes in TSH expression. An in-situ hybridisation experiment showing co-expression on thyrotrophs of HPA genes and TSH could be a good start. However, the best scenario would be conducting cortisol treatment experiments to see if this hormone affects grouper metamorphosis. We agree that functional experiments are needed to validate our hypothesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A third input is from the median raphe nucleus and has serotonin (5HT) as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters in the efferent projection mainly are AVP and VIP. GHT and RHT have a partial overlap in innervation within the SCN. 5HT from the median raphe nuclei is delivered to the retinorecipient core regions of the SCN rich in VIP neurons [34]. 5HT can regulate SCN neurons by both presynaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms. It modulates pacemaker responses to light within the SCN by potentiating glutamate input during daytime and inhibiting input at nighttime. Afferent projections other than these to the SCN carry cholinergic neurotransmitters [35]. Monosynaptic efferent projection from the SCN to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei also terminate in them. These projections with major neurotransmitters present namely VIP and AVP coordinate peripheral circadian clocks. NPY, dopamine (DA), and 5HT are the principal mediators for non-photic entrainment. These inputs and outputs to the SCN [36] determine the working of the clock and coordinate with peripheral clocks (Figure 1). Display full sizeFigure 1. SCN with its afferent connection and output. 3V: third ventricle dorsal shell ventral core; IGL: intergeniculate leaflet; AVP: arginine vasopressin; VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide; GRP: gastrin releasing peptide; CALR: calretinin; NT: neurotensin; ENK: enkephalin; SSA: somatostatin; SP: substance PTo begin with, before discussing the individual neurotransmitters, some of the neurotransmitters in the molecular mechanism leading to the integrated overt expression of circadian function, having a stable and plastic 24-hour rhythm function in the SCN are being addressed. Their role in network and coupling, circuity and signaling, gene expression, underlying electrical activity, and cation chloride co-transporters in the circadian system are described. Network and coupling in the SCNThe robust pacemaker, SCN is adaptable to the changes imposed by the environmental cycles. The circadian clock relies on molecular mechanisms to generate rhythmicity in all cells. Circadian oscillations occur at the molecular and cellular levels as indicated by the molecular mechanism in the working of the clock.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: EI=E∣τ1−θ1∣+∣τ2−θ2∣θ2−θ1+∑i=1n/2τ2i′−τ2i−1′θ2−θ1E1The EI was measured for different values of the parameter ν in the geometrical distribution of the change-points for different methods (see Table 3 and Figure 3). ν0. 200. 1137910. 1169340. 150. 1120240. 1127570. 070. 0955890. 0968840. 050. 0868310. 0888970. 020. 0621350. 0620660. 010. 0442610. 0439750. 0050. 0309600. 0303760. 0010. 0165480. 016028Table 3. Expected inaccuracy, EI [see Eq. (1)], for different values of the parameter ν and for the two methods. For the application of discriminating between encrypted and non-encrypted data on a hard drive this may be considered to be reflecting the degree of fragmentation of the disk; the less fragmentation the farther apart are the change-points and thus the smaller the ν value, and vice versa. Figure 3. Expected inaccuracy EI for the CUSUM (blue graph) and Shiryaev (red graph) procedure. One can see that the Shiryaev procedure is little less accurate when ν increases but slightly more accurate for small ν than the CUSUM procedure. 3. 2 Complete procedureThe complete process is the method returning a segmentation separating suspiciously encrypted data and most likely non-encrypted data of an HDD; information to be further used to target the brute force cryptanalysis efficiently. This procedure runs a likelihood ratio based change-point detection method and as soon as it detects a change, calculates the maximum likelihood estimator of the change-point to determine where the change-point most likely is located. It will then start over from the location of this estimated change-point with the same method for online change-point detection except that the likelihood ratio is reversed modifying the alarm function to fit the opposite change-point situation, and so on. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: As the early peaks of expression levels observed for many genes were very intriguing for us, we did carry out thyroid hormones and goitrogenic treatment on young grouper larvae to test their effect on the morphological changes. Unfortunately, such experiments, already tricky on metamorphosing larvae, are even more risky on such tiny individuals just after hatching and we encountered high mortality rates. We must add that because we cannot establish a full grouper life cycle under lab conditions, we have done these experiments in the context of a commercial husbandry system in Japan, which while excellent limits the scope of possible experiments. We were thus not able to provide functional validation of our hypothesis. Such experiments will be a full project in itself, requiring setting up a rearing system suitable for both larval survival and economical constraints related to drug treatments. We were further limited by the spawning times of the grouper in the operational aquaculture farm, which are limited to a short time during each year. So even if we strongly agree with the necessity of conducting such experiments, we think that this is not in the scope of the present paper, but something future research can explore. High TSH and Tg levels usually parallel whole-body TH levels during teleost metamorphosis. However, in this study, high Tg expression levels are only achieved at the juvenile stage, whereas high TSH is achieved at D32, and at the juvenile stage, they are already at their lowest levels. This is exactly our point. We observe two peaks in TSH expression, one at D3 and one at D32. The peak at D3 coincides with high thyroid hormone levels on the same day, and while we have not measured TH at D32, existing literature shows that there is a peak in TH during that time (e. g. , de Jesus et al. , 1998). Similarly, there is a small peak of Tg at D3. Our manuscript focused more on the upregulation of these genes at D3, which has not been reported before in the literature and raised the question of the role of TH so early in the larval development, outside of the metamorphosis period. Regarding the respective levels of TSH and Tg, we first would like to add that their respective order of appearance before metamorphosis (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This efficient nature of the pacemaker for circadian timekeeping is possible with the help of multiple autonomous oscillator networks and their tight coupling to the long day (LD) cycle as well as to each other by intercellular coupling. Interaction between cell-autonomous oscillators determines the robust nature of the clock and its resilience to phase shifts [37]. Although each of the SCN neurons possesses an intrinsic circadian oscillator [15, 38] they display heterogeneity of circadian period and amplitude. Connections among the different peptidergic cell types of the SCN are highly essential for the network organization. An analysis of the contacts among AVP and m ENK-containing neurons of the shell and and CALR-containing neurons of the core which holds the key for the circadian timing has shown [30] that there is less contact of AVP fibers with VIP neurons and the reverse is true more in the wild type (WT) of mice. Similarly, AVP contacts to GRP are more than in the reverse direction. Networking is dependent on coupling, coupling among the different oscillators, molecular coupling involving TFFL, cellular coupling, cell-to-cell communication, core, and shell region coupling, clock coupling with non-SCN tissues, and systemic coupling, all are involved. SCN neurons which are the clock units are coupled using a system of signaling mechanisms like chemical synapses, gap junctions, and paracrine signaling [39]. Spontaneous oscillations in membrane excitability during the LD cycle are seen among SCN neurons [22, 40]. It has been demonstrated that SCN neurons have a diurnal electrical activity with higher activity during the circadian day and low during the night [22, 41] and this circadian pattern of electrical activity is seen even when isolated from the circuit present since the SCN neurons have stable sustained oscillators to generate circadian rhythms in electrical activity. Experiments with blockage of neural transmission with chemicals produce neuronal desynchronization and decreased or reduced gene expression [16]. Thus, the molecular loop depends on electrical activity and interneuronal signaling for which neurotransmitters and gene expression are essential. It is seen that whatever may be the coupling, all rely on the neuronal activity and the molecular mechanism of clockwork. This includes the TFFL, genes, and the neurotransmitters related to it [42].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: the probability that a shift has occurred when an alarm is signaled, for the CUSUM and the Shiryaev methods, for values of ARL0=100, 500, 2500, 10000 and with different values of the parameter ν in the geometric distribution of the change-points. Advertisement 4. ConclusionUsing the change-point statistical process, a method to detect encrypted data in HDD was successively designed. This method is using the fact that encrypted data is uniformly distributed as opposed to other types of files. The method was designed to detect even a change with the closest files to encrypted files which are compressed data. As this method even detects a small change in the data, any bigger change will be even easier detected. Therefore this process is likely to detect encrypted data among any type of data. Quick and accurate detection of a change is commonly the desired property of change-point detection methods. In many applications such as medicine, finance, environmental science etc. , time aspects of the methods are a matter of interest, e. g. expected delay in detection of a shift or probability of detecting a shift within a specified time interval. Here, however, this time aspect is not of primary interest since the data remain the same during the whole process. Here the need is to detect correctly recognized encrypted data. Therefore the probability of correctly detecting encrypted data is more relevant here. This probability shows that the method detects more than 96% of the encrypted data which is good and by extending the intervals, the method detects more than 99% of the encrypted data. By assuming that the change-points are not too close—which is a plausible assumption since it is unlikely that files are so small if the device is not too fragmented—then the method, by adding a little margin to the intervals, quickly detects 100% of the encrypted data. method turns out to be slightly better in the more important respects compared to the CUSUM method. Although the expected delay ED is bigger than CUSUM for large values of the parameter ν in the distribution of the change points, it is smaller for small values of ν which is the most relevant case for detecting encrypted data in an HDD. method also detects more encrypted data than the CUSUM method and has a slightly higher predictive value PV. All in all, this means that both methods designed with the suggested modeling, perform very well with a slight preference to the Shiryaev method for detecting encrypted data in an HDD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We agree however that the strong increase of Tg and TPO expression is later than expected. Therefore, we have added the following sentence in lines 212 to 216: “The respective order of appearance of TSH and Tg (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect but a bit later than expected given the morphologicl transformation. It would be interesting to revisit this in a future series of experiments, with tighter temporal sampling to study how gene expression and morphological transformation aligned. “. It is very difficult to conclude anything with the TH and cortisol levels measurements. The authors only measured up until D10, whereas they argue that metamorphosis occurs at D32. In this way, these measurements could be more helpful if they focus on the correct developmental time. The data is irrelevant to their hypothesis. We respectfully disagree with the reviewer, considering that (1) TH levels have already been investigated in groupers coinciding with pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption (Figure 4 in de Jesus et al, 1998), (2) there is also evidence in numerous fish species that TH level increase is concomitant with increase of TH related genes, and (3) we observed in our data an increase in the expression of TH related genes as well as pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption. Based on our experience in fish metamorphosis and the literature we can say confidently that those observations indicate that metamorphosis is occurring between D32 and the juvenile stage. This clearly shows that our inference is correct. Additionally, we would like to reemphasize that from our experience in several fish species transcriptomic data are more robust and precise than hormone measurements. However, as we were surprised by the activation of TH and corticoid pathway genes very early in the larval development (at D3), which is clearly outside of the metamorphosis period, we decided to measure TH and cortisol levels during this period of time to determine if whether or not there this surprising early activation was indeed corresponding to an increase in both TH and cortisol. As such observation has never been made in other teleost species (to our knowledge), and as we were wondering if gene activation was accompanied by hormonal increase, the measurements we did for TH and cortisol between D1 and D10 are relevant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Further, it is observed [51] that disassortativity of the SCN network has a role in the synchronization in the SCN neurons with an increase in synchronization with an increase in disassortativity. The heterogeneity of the SCN neurons seems vital for rhythm generation among weakly coupled oscillators and is probably a method for strengthening the circadian rhythm [52]. Circuitry and signalingThis is another area of the SCN function where neurotransmitters have a major role. and GABA signaling are among the notable participants in this function of which VIP and GABA have major roles in synchronizing [49, 53–55]. A direct role for AVP in synchronization is now reported [39, 56]. In addition, others like GRP, SP, and neuromedin S (NMS) also have their role in coupling. Although AVP is considered traditionally an output signal, AVP projects within SCN neurons and exogenous AVP can regulate the activity of neurons of the SCN. The role of AVP in synchronization through vasopressin 1a (V1a) and V1b receptors [57] is evident as the loss of these receptors leads to loosening of coupling. Loss of AVP signaling does not preclude circadian oscillations, but in the absence of receptors, there can be a phase shift more rapidly to resetting ones which shows weaker coupling across the network [26]. A report [43] states that mice with a brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) deletion, specific to AVP-producing neurons showed marked lengthening of the free running period as well as activity time of behavioral rhythms. It is known that mice with BMAL1 deletion are used as a tool for the study of the nature of coupling. Of late, it has been reported that glial cells also participate [58, 59] along with neurons in the SCN in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Glial cells and astrocytes possess persistent circadian gene expression to participate in daily rhythms in neurons [60]. Yet another study [61] based on the deletion of BMAL1 in the astrocytes had shown a role for them in circadian locomotor behavior for the first time. Circadian rhythms present at the cellular level and the intercellular interactions among neurons not only synchronize but also amplify and finally stabilize them [17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --sensor network tracking research utilizing searchable encryption algorithm in the cloud computing environment View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1433 Published 2023-06-20 Accepted 2023-05-18 Received 2023-03-20 and Self-Organizing Systems, Algorithms and Analysis of Algorithms, and encryption algorithm, Cloud computing, Networking tracking, Edge computing, © 2023 Sun et al. is an open access 2023. Multi-sensor network tracking research utilizing searchable encryption algorithm in the cloud computing environment. PeerJ 9:e1433 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerjcs. 1433/fig-1 Cloud computing (Tanweer, 2020) as a form of distributed computing has been applied across various fields on the Internet, providing expanded opportunities for managing vast and complex data. In multi-sensor networking, cloud computing technology fuses the measurement data from multiple sensors within the cloud storage space, ultimately enabling data observation and tracking. However, storing data in the cloud space also raises security concerns. In the era of big data, sensitive data is ubiquitous, and any potential data leaks can result in substantial losses. The security issues of cloud storage centres are primarily categorised as external and internal security problems. External security problems refer to hackers who illicitly invade the data source from outside and obtain data. In contrast, internal security problems are primarily caused by the unauthorised use of data by the cloud storage centre or internal personnel who do not have corresponding permissions (Prajapati & Shah, 2022). To address these challenges, the primary approach involves encrypting the data before uploading it to the cloud computing centre to guarantee data confidentiality (Kamara & Lauter, 2020). However, storing all data in an encrypted format on the cloud makes it necessary to download all the encrypted data locally to search for specific information, significantly consuming computing and communication resources. In 2000, Song, Wagner & Perrig (2000) introduced searchable encryption technology to allow searching while maintaining encryption. The searchable encryption algorithm enables encrypted data storage and retrieval functions, allowing users to search for required data using keywords without exposing the plaintext content of the data stored in the cloud storage centre. The cloud storage centre returns relevant data to users, enhancing search efficiency and ensuring network data transmission security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The embryonic development of gastropods includes several unique features including shell formation, head–foot differentiation of the changes of body shape, deposition of minerals, and pigment deposition in a protein matrix10. Studies about the gene expression of mollusk larvae during development have mainly been focused on anatomical structural ontogenesis11,12; there are molecular studies related metamorphosis for commercially aquacultured species like bivalve oysters13. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying of gastropod metamorphosis is still fragmentary. Species of the genus Babylonia (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neogastropoda, Babyloniidae) have been the most promising economic marine gastropod in this century, because of its wide distribution along most parts of Asian coastlines, delicate flavor, and high market reception14,15. Babylonia areolata are common species in China16, and are good study materials for both scientific studies on the early development and metamorphosis of gastropods and the artificial breeding technology of the genus Babylonia. Huang et al. 17 observed significant differences in the developmental events of the B. areolata, including cleavage, formation of a cap-shaped blastoderm, the blastula stage, and embryo begins to turn around slowly. The early veliger stage appears 60–63 h after spawning, which is distinguished by the appearance of the velum, feet, and shell. The middle veliger stage includes the veliger in the egg sac and the planktonic juvenile, early stage still contains the yolk sac. Then the larva crawls out to form the egg sac and leads a pelagic life for 1–2 d, after which the yolk sac disappears completely, and the veliger enters the late veliger stage with a more rapid heartbeat and larger and elongated foot. After 10–12 d at 27. 5–28. 5 °C, the late veliger stage sinks to the substratum and leads a benthic life, the velum gradually degenerates and atrophies, and the veliger completes its metamorphosis and enters the juvenile snail stage, which is marked by the ability to creeping and the appearance of brown stripes on the shell17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Spatiotemporal gradients in electrical activity at the network level are also an output of interaction among the SCN neurons which can be adjusted to environmental conditions [62, 63]. Gene expression and neurotransmitters in the SCNCircadian gene expression in the SCN depends on metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and degradation [64]. Secreted substances, and prokineticin 2 (PK2) are under circadian control in the SCN at the transcriptomic or proteomic level [65, 66]. The molecular mechanism operating in the circadian clock is based on and driven by TFFLs having circadian clock genes [67]. The genes in question in mammals are period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3) cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) clock, and BMAL1. This core TFFL loop operation involves activation of period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3), and cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) gene transcription by a BMAL1/clock heterodimer [68]. Light entrainment of the clock involves the induction of c-Fos [69] and clock genes Per 1 and Per 2 [70, 71]. Possible clock genes for glutamate and PACAP appear to be Per 1 and Per 2 which are induced by light, in the SCN at night. VIP also induces Per 1 and Per 2 expressions in a phase-dependent manner [72] indicating that VIP causes light-induced phase shift at night. PACAP mediates synchronization of the SCN neurons through PAC1 receptor targeting signaling pathways that produce immediate early gene (IEG) FOS as well as Per 1 and Per 2 [73–75]. Melatonin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) along with PACAP and glutamate can transmit light information to the SCN neurons. Light signaling causes induction of the expression of IEG Fos, early growth response protein 1 (ERG1). In mice light entrainment and phase shift of circadian rhythms utilizes PAC1 receptor and PACAP signaling [74, 76–78]. Mice lacking receptors for PACAP show smaller phase delay in the early part of the night [76, 78]. In a recent study [79] it was observed that PACAP signaling through RHT is involved in light induction of EGR1 expression in SCN neurons. Clock-related genes are one of the factors that modulate the working of the clock.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: The fused structure based on the searchable encryption algorithm (Ma et al. , 2020) encrypts the local fusion information of all single sites and then transmits it to the cloud. In this way, measurement information is not processed in the communication process, thereby avoiding any loss of information. The cloud fusion system design provides modularization and scalability convenience, allowing for the rapid use of additional sensors. Therefore, in the context of cloud computing, there are still challenges to be addressed in implementing fine-grained multi-sensor networking and keyword tracking while leveraging the benefits of cloud edge computing and searchable encryption technology. Therefore, this 1. The basic concepts involved in this scheme are defined as follows: Data owner (DO): Encrypt the text, establish an encryption index through the key and selected keyword set, and then send it to the cloud computing centre for storage. Cloud server (CS): With almost unlimited computing and storage capacity, the cloud computing centre can undertake remote file storage tasks and ciphertext retrieval operations, reducing the computing pressure on sensors. Data user (DU): terminal data users with limited resources can generate the final searchable encrypted ciphertext with the help of edge nodes and trapdoors to send search queries with the help of edge nodes. The terminal DU needs to decrypt the final ciphertext returned by the edge node. Edge node (EN): The edge node can generate the final ciphertext and help the data owner and terminal data user output the final trap door. Moreover, EN can partially decrypt the returned ciphertext to reduce computing costs further. Lightweight searchable encryption in edge computing implementation flow chart (Fig. 2) shows that each sensor conducts information detection in the multi-target detection environment and transmits target-related information to the cloud server for multi-level closed-loop information tracking. This scheme mainly targets two scenarios. The first one is to re-encrypt the initial public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) ciphertext generated by the multi-sensor using the public-key searchable encryption technology for the number captured by the sensor. Finally, the generated PEKS ciphertext is stored in the cloud centre. The second scenario begins if a user or organisation wants access to the cloud centre’s valuable sensor storage data. The side server generates the PEKS search trap for the required data file. After receiving the trap, the cloud centre searches for the corresponding ciphertext and returns it to the user.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have been used to study larval development, and the transcriptome of the early development stages of the californica (a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk) has been reported18. However, current genomic data are insufficient to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex processes of embryonic development19. Proteins determine phenotypes, which can be considered snapshots of genome expression20. There has been great interest in studying reproduction-related proteins; such studies have the potential to address questions on speciation and evolution21,22. Phenotypes are more complex than genomic expression, due to lack of a direct correlation between gene expression intensity and protein abundance; thus, proteomic studies are powerful tools for identifying novel proteins involved in developmental processes. For example, proteomics have been used to identify novel proteins from the calcifying shell matrix of the manila clam Venerupis philippinarum23, pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas24, mollusc shell proteins in the Haliotis tuberculata25, and scallop attachment26. Proteomic profiling has also been applied to embryo studies of several molluscs including the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata)27, abalone reproduction28, and the Pacific oyster (C. gigas)19. Proteomic analysis is a crucial approach for studies on animal metamorphosis13. Proteomic has been applied in many marine invertebrates, for example, polychaetes Pseudopolydora vexillosa29, Bugula neritina30, barnacles31,32, bivalve oysters13 and small abalone Haliotis diversicolor33. These studies provide comprehensive information on the underlying molecular mechanisms, and identified proteins that may be related to metamorphosis. Proteomic studies on B. areolata embryos have not been previously reported, for the studies on gastropod B. areolata metamorphosis, a proteomic analysis would complement and expand current knowledge. Label-free quantification proteomics is facilitated by quantitative mass spectrometry, and this technique involves the application of a label-free quantification algorithm used in Maxquant for proteomics data. To thoroughly evaluate larval proteome changes, we investigated the differential protein abundance during the three development stages of B. areolata using a label-free quantification proteomic approach.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Among the genes, the period circadian clock gene (Per 2) is important for modulation, expressed in the SCN [80], and associated with the possible generation of circadian rhythms [81, 82]. Circadian rhythms are found to modulate [83] the release of some of the neurotransmitters like DA, glutamate, and GABA. This indicates that Per 2 is capable of modulating at least some of the if not all neurotransmitters. A relation between the dopaminergic system and Per 2 [84–86] has been reported and DA release and DA gene expression also have been modulated by circadian rhythms [87–89]. Glutamate (Glu) has a circadian rhythm pattern and the level is regulated by Per 2 [90] and this indicates a positive relation between glutamate and Per 2. The release of GABA is also related to circadian rhythms [83]. Studies show that Per 2 regulates GABA levels and GABA regulates Per 2 expressions. Neurotransmitters like and GABA have key roles in intercellular coupling and the release of these [91–94] is regulated by clock genes the transcription of which is activated by the neurotransmitters [95]. Neurotransmitters and clock genes thus help to maintain intercellular coupling. It is also interesting to note that Per 2 can interact with a variety of other genes and proteins and thus the entire process of linkage of neurotransmitters and genes becomes an important factor not only for the functioning of SCN but also beneficial for understanding and treating neurodegenerative disease conditions of depression and sleep states if judiciously used with clinical studies. Underlying electrical activity in the master circadian clockNeurons of the SCN are reported to be electrically and chemically heterogeneous. TFFL present in the neurons drives circadian rhythms, electrical activity in the neurons is more active during the day as compared to night when the activity is low [96]. Studies from nocturnal rodent species by way of electrophysiological recordings have given us information regarding the electrophysiology of the SCN [13, 22, 97]. It is known that oscillations in gene expression, intrinsic membrane properties, and synaptic communication involving neurotransmitters determine the electrical features of the activity making them more active during the day than at night. During the day increased membrane excitability is observed due to voltage-dependent and independent Na+ and Ca2+ currents as well as K+ currents and there is a higher firing frequency.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Management options for addressing climate change impacts include protecting flows, creation of fish refugia, elimination of non-climatic stresses, forest management for water and erosion control, incorporation of climate considerations in species plans, and most importantly, engagement to prioritize climate change action among the public. Given the uncertainties associated with anticipating place-based climate change impacts, adaptive management will be needed. (pages 137 - 152)This 10. in Arid-- Kate S. Boersma, David A. LytleDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0010[aquatic invertebrates;Arizona;climate change;novel drought regimes;catastrophic disturbance;community trajectories;functionally important taxa]Aquatic invertebrates inhabiting arid-land streams possess diverse adaptations to withstand cycles of drying and flooding. However, anthropogenic water withdrawals and climate change are modifying the historical hydrological variability, increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts. These novel drought regimes act as catastrophic disturbances that restructure aquatic invertebrate communities and generate novel community trajectories. Here, we use a case study from a stream in southeastern Arizona to demonstrate how taxa differ in their capacity to survive severe droughts and that these different responses have consequences for ecosystem ecology. We posit that, in addition to changes caused by direct loss of taxa due to drought, other widespread community changes may be indirect consequences of the disappearance of a few particularly vulnerable, functionally important taxa. Focusing conservation efforts on these key taxa should be a component of mitigation and restoration efforts and may increase the overlap of invertebrate and fish conservation strategies. (pages 153 - 166)This 11. Dilemma: from Efforts to - : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0011[desert fishes;Colorado River;nonnative fish control;habitat complexity;nonnative species;public outreach]Native fishes of desert-aquatic ecosystems have been dramatically impacted by nonnative species. Over time, habitat modification and degradation set the stage for the influx of many nonnative taxa. Traditionally, nonnative-fish control has meant attempting to eliminate every individual from habitats of interest. In larger systems, this has proven impossible, and managers have sought ways for nonnatives and natives to coexist by reducing stressors on natives. This 12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 2), three parallel experiments were performed with good repeatability for each developmental stage. Table 1 Protein and peptide fragment concentration determination. Full size tableFigure 2SDS-PAGE analysis. Marker show the protein molecular weight standard, ZRZ-III show the middle veliger stage, ZRZ-V represent later veliger stage, and ZRZ-VI represent juvenile snail stage. Full size imageAnalysis of the in Protein AbundanceAll of the raw liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data from the three developmental stages were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Subsequently, the DEPs (p < 0. 05) were selected. From the raw data, a total of 5,583 proteins, including 1,419 DEPs that satisfied the screening criteria, were present (ratio > ±2 and p < 0. 05). A total of 721 protein groups were identified and 1,930 specific polypeptides were identified. The quantitative protein sequence information was extracted in batch from the self-built library. The resulting protein sequences were analyzed by BLAST, thereby obtaining a total of 1132 highly similar proteins. These proteins were ranked by similarity, and the top 28 proteins are shown in Table 2. The pairwise comparison of the three different developmental stages is presented in Table 3. The number of DEPs between ZRZ_VI and ZRZ_III was large, and 733 proteins were qualitatively different. Among the proteins with varying expression levels, 281 and 259 proteins were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, at ZRZ_VI. The differentially expressed proteins with important physiological functions between ZRZ_V and ZRZ__VI and ZRZ_III, and ZRZ_VI and ZRZ_V with protein volumes calculated are showed in 1–3. Table 2 hits. Full size tableTable 3 The number of differential proteins. Full size tableCluster AnalysisCluster analysis clusters and categorizes data on the basis of similarity. The cluster grouping results showed that in terms of mode similarity, the intra-group data were relatively high and the inter-group data were low. The protein cluster analysis results of the larval B. areolata at the three developmental stages are shown in Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: At night there is membrane hyperpolarization and hence decreased firing. This membrane excitability is influenced by several neuromodulators and changes the action potential and rhythmicity of SCN neurons [97]. Electrical activity is less and hence SCN neurons are silent in terms of electrical activity at night. They start generating action potentials at the start of the day and continue all day long [22]. Rhythms in electrical activity are critical for the expression of clock genes and circadian timing system function. SCN neurons can be classified into three classes [98] with each displaying spontaneous firing rates. In other words, neurons of the SCN are heterogeneous in basic and active membrane properties and are classified into three clusters I, II, and III. While cluster I fires spontaneously in a regular pattern, cluster II fires in an irregular mode, and cluster III cells have low firing rates and change to a burst-like firing mode on receiving appropriate input. It is also observed that the varying frequencies between groups is likely to influence the release of neuropeptides which regulate oscillations in circadian-relevant genes [99]. It is also important to note that different subgroups of clock neurons in the SCN perform a specific role in the network neuronal activity which fluctuates with a specific time of day, allowing the synchronized output to shape the circadian locomotor behavior [99]. VIP neurons of the SCN have circadian rhythms in firing activity and have demonstrated two types of instantaneous firing activity patterns [100]. It is also shown that the firing frequency of VIP neurons mediates circadian entrainment with higher frequencies causing an increase in VIP release, larger phase shifts, and faster circadian entrainment. VIP neuron stimulation with high frequencies shifted gene expression rhythms but not with low-frequency stimulation. Light input to the SCN is detected through the release of glutamate and PACAP from the retina [101–103]. Neurons of the SCN of the ventral hypothalamus are unique in the sense that they have self-sustained and spontaneously synchronizing circadian rhythms in firing activity and gene expression [104, 105]. Nearly 24-hour TTFL of core clock genes maintain the rhythms [10, 106, 107]. Electrical stimulation of SCN neurons is sufficient to phase shift and entrain circadian rhythms in gene expression [108].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Minckley’s monitoring efforts continued until his death in 2001 and since then by the authors of this 16. on the Hydrology, Geomorphology, and of - Mark C. Stone, Ryan R. MorrisonDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0016[river engineering;floodplain development;dams and diversions;stream restoration;environmental flows;dynamic equilibrium;natural flow regime]Watersheds, rivers, and floodplains in desert environments have been dramatically altered to meet human needs. Modifications include river engineering projects, floodplain development, dams and diversions, and watershed development, amongst others. In the southwestern (the Southwest), the exploitation of rivers for human needs has enabled a remarkable level of economic and population growth over the past century. The implications of these development pressures, however, have been profound for aquatic ecosystems. Modifications to hydrologic and geomorphic processes have contributed to population decline, endangerment, extirpation, and in several cases extinction of native species. This 17. Conservation and of Ecosystems - Donald W. Sada, Lawrence E. StevensDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0017[biodiversity;crenobiontic species;crenoecology;ecostystem rehabilitation;spring types]Arid-land springs often are small, isolated ecosystems characterized by high levels of productivity, evolutionary and socio-cultural importance, and biodiversity, including rare and endemic crenobiontic species. Springs are numerous, with more than 50,000 reported in the Basin and Range and provinces. A dozen geomorphically distinctive spring types have been recognized, each potentially encompassing multiple microhabitats that contribute to their biodiversity. Springs are characterized by highly individualistic geomorphology, flow patterns, water quality, and both crenobiontic and upland assemblage composition, which are influenced by the supporting aquifer and natural and human disturbances. Unfortunately, springs also are among the most threatened and degraded habitats. Due to the absence of surface flow processes, stream-riparian rehabilitation methods often are inappropriate for springs. Spring ecosystem rehabilitation is a rapidly growing science that requires an understanding of the distinctive ecology and restoration challenges presented by springs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In the horizontal direction, data on the three stages were divided into three branches; ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V, which were of the same branch; and ZRZ_VI, which was of another branch. In the vertical direction, the DEPs were divided into two large branches. The protein expression of the first branch was gradually upregulated with varying developmental stage and mainly involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton construction, ion transport, and other processes. The second branch was downregulated and mainly involved in gene expression, protein synthesis, and modification. Figure 3Cluster analysis of DEPs. Heat map showed the clustered data, each colored cell represents a protein abundance value. Colors ranging from green to red represent protein abundance from the highest level of down-regulation to the highest level of up-regulation, respectively. Full size imagedescribes genes in the organism and the attributes of gene products from three aspects, namely biological processes (BPs), molecular functions (MFs), and cellular component (CCs). The identified proteins were analyzed by GO annotations in three larval stages, the GO functional classification is shown in Fig. 4. Using the BP term, the number of proteins participating in metabolism and those involved in cellular and single organism processes was the first and second largest groups, respectively. Using the MF term, the number of proteins involved in binding and related to catalytic activity was the first and second largest groups, respectively. Using the CC term, the number of proteins involved in cells was the first largest, followed by those related to organelles, the macromolecular complex, and the membrane, respectively. Proteins with high similarity were annotated with GO terms, and the MF results are shown in Table 4. The results showed that most of these DEPs exhibited binding functions. Figure 4GO Functional classification. Full size imageTable 4 GO molecular fuction annotation of hits. Full size tableGO of annotation of the target protein set allowed the classification of these proteins according to BP, MF, and CC. The proportion of proteins in each class may indicate the effects of each of the three different developmental stages on each GO class. The differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by GO annotations, statistical analysis of the significantly enriched GO terms from data of the three developmental stages is shown in Fig. 5. The results showed that the most significantly enriched GO term was MF, organic substance metabolic process, and nitrogen compound metabolic process, in that order.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There are also studies [115, 116] to show that light has an important role in the expression and activity of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the SCN. As far as the effect of environmental lighting on the regulation of NKCC1 is concerned it was observed in experiments under constant light (LL) and LD conditions. A hypothesis based on this was put forward [115] indicating that the expression of NKCC1 protein is regulated by environmental lighting and circadian mechanisms within the SCN. In hamsters NKCC1-ir in the SCN was greater in LL as compared to LD or darkness duration (DD) conditions suggesting that light duration increases NKCC1 level in SCN. Both short and long exposure to light changes the expression. Thus, intracellular chloride concentration (Cl–) is regulated across cell bodies dendrites, axons, and glial cells by the above two major categories of Cl– cotransporters. NKCCs have two isoforms NKCC1 and NKCC2 while KCCs have four isomers KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4 [29]. VIP and GRP neurons of ventral SCN have KCC2 but not in AVP cells [117]. NKCC1 is seen in the and AVP neurons of the SCN [118]. NKCC1 expression is reported to be significantly higher [116, 119] during the night than during the day in the dorsal but not in the ventral SCN. Another study using a genetically coded Cl– sensor [120] reported that intracellular Cl– was high during the day as compared to night in both AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN. The Cl– co transporter-dependent regulation of SCN clock function appears to be complex but important and provides insight into the therapeutic application options with properly regulated clinical trials. Role of astrocytesAstrocytes seen in the SCN of adult mice, rats, and hamsters [60, 121, 122] possess a cell-autonomous circadian clock. It is capable of driving mammalian SCN neuronal timekeeping [9]. They display daily rhythms in cellular physiology like neurons of the SCN. A crucial role for astrocytes has been re-emphasized in mammals based on recent experiments using newer techniques [60, 61].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: 0019[catfish;diversity;Mexico;conservation status;Ictalurus;phylogenetics]México is the center of diversity for the genus Ictalurus of the catfish family Ictaluridae, with eight described species and several undescribed forms. Three undescribed forms are allied with I. dugesii on the Central. Another one or more undescribed forms, in upper Río Pánuco tributaries, have been confused with I. mexicanus. The remainder are allied with I. pricei or I. lupus, which together form a subgroup of the I. punctatus clade. The number of undescribed species of the latter complex is poorly understood, with one lupus-like form in the Río Conchos (and likely Río Grande in Texas and New Mexico), and three or more pricei-like forms in systems draining the Occidental. In the I. furcatus clade, the resurrection of I. meridionalis as a distinct species from the former is presented. All native species of Ictalurus are declining as a result of dams, groundwater withdrawals, pollution, and hybridization with nonnative I. punctatus, and adverse effects of other nonnative fishes. Additional collections, morphological and molecular studies of Ictalurus in México, and formal description of undescribed forms are needed. Formal descriptions will improve opportunities for governmental protection of the native diversity of catfishes in México. (pages 285 - 294)This 20. Ecology, Politics, and Conservation of - David L. Propst, Thomas F. Turner, Jerry A. Monzingo, James E. Brooks, Dustin J. MyersDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0020[Gila trout;Oncorhynchus gilae;life history;conservation;wildfire;drought;climate change]Prior to European settlement of Arizona and New Mexico, trout Oncorhynchus sp. occupied higher elevation streams, but by early 20th Century only a few native trout populations remained, a consequence of habitat degradation and nonnative species. Concerted efforts to conserve Gila trout O. gilae began with passage of the Act.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figure 5Significantly enriched GO terms. Ref_per: Reference set, refers to the proportion of a GO classification in a total of identified proteins; Test_per: Test set; refers to the proportion of a GO classification in the differential identified proteins. This also applies to the following figures. Full size imageof pathway is used to analyze the significance level of each protein enriched in pathways, thereby determining proteins that significantly affect metabolism and signal transduction. The differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by KEGG in three larval stages, statistical assessment of the significantly enriched KEGG pathways is shown in Fig. 6. The results showed that the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were the pathways related to ribosome and carbon metabolism, lysosome, focal adhesion, amino acid biosynthesis, the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, Epstein-Barr virus infection, purine metabolism, phagosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic citrate cycle, in that order. The relationship between KEGG pathway and the number of protein sequence was showed in Fig. 7 and Table 5. The results showed that the ribosome pathway is the pathway that is annotated the most to protein sequence, carbon metabolism and lysosome successively. Figure 6Significantly enriched KEGG pathways. Full size imageFigure 7Statistics of most enriched KEGG pathways. Full size imageTable 5 Top KEGG maps. Full size tablepathway database (www. kegg. jp) was accessed using the KEGG automatic annotation server. Some of the significantly enriched KEGG pathways are shown in 1–3, including the ribosome (map03010), carbon metabolism (map01200), and lysosome (map04142) pathways, respectively in website www. kegg. jp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: TTFL in SCN astrocytes alone driving circadian timekeeping and behavior [133] has prompted the conclusion that astrocytes initiate SCN rhythms and control period but with lower potency than neurons. Molecular circadian clocks of the neurons and SCN astrocytes possess the same functional clock genes and perform as circadian oscillators. Timekeeping in most cells of the body uses TTFL in which period and cryptochrome proteins act on transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 to repress their transcription [134]. SCN acts as the central point for gene-to-cell as well as cell-to-circuit to the final behavior in mammals [9]. TTFL-based oscillations along with the strong network of the SCN enable robust timekeeping at the circuit level. This is displayed as high amplitude oscillation tightly ensemble period and phase and complex cellular synchrony [135, 136]. Astrocytes control circadian timekeeping through glutaminergic signaling [122]. Research has shown [129] that astrocytes if cocultured with SCN explants can sustain the circadian rhythm of astrocytes since the diffusible factors from the SCN can entrain circadian oscillations in astrocytes. Astrocytes also can regulate neuronal networks by way of the release and uptake of glutamate and other neurotransmitters [137, 138]. A new model for circadian timekeeping put forward [122] suggests glutamate released from astrocytes maintains higher calcium levels in the pre-synaptic terminals through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype 2C (NR2C) activation which leads to neuronal GABA release. The peak phase of circadian calcium rhythms in astrocytes has been observed at night and GABA release from neurons via glutamate from astrocytes increases at night. This leads to a decrease in neuronal activity at night. In other words, this also states that SCN has “day active” clock neurons and “night active” astrocytes. Thus, the SCN circadian network has been reported to have two different cellular populations of day-active neurons and night-active astrocytes. It is also worth mentioning that neurons of the SCN clock are active during circadian daytime and SCN astrocytes are active during circadian nighttime.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: The backward SAR will overestimate instantaneous extinction rates from habitat loss because of a feature of sampling: the area required to contact a species for the first time is always less than the area required to contact a species for the last time when species are nonrandomly distributed (He & Hubbell 2011). The number of species immediately lost if an area of habitat is removed is instead described by the endemics–area relationship (EAR), which calculates the number of species whose individuals are confined to the lost habitat (Harte & Kinzig 1997; Kinzig & Harte 2000). By linking species distributions to sampling theory, the random placement model of He & Hubbell (2011) provides a simple and mechanistic explanation for the EAR that produces lower estimates of extinction than the backward SAR. Importantly, however, the EAR calculates only the number of species whose populations are entirely and immediately destroyed by habitat loss (He & Hubbell 2011), ignoring species that are committed to future extinction. These EAR-based estimates are therefore of limited value to policy makers concerned with future extinctions and not merely instantaneous effects (Brooks et al. 2011). The EAR will provide unbiased estimates of extinction rates if species are unaffected by small population and/or small habitat area (SPHA) after habitat loss, but this is unlikely to be a biologically realistic assumption. Habitat loss reduces the size of species populations, which increases their susceptibility to extinction from demographic, genetic, and environmental stochasticity (Lande 1988, 1993; Hubbell 2001). Communities in small, isolated fragments also receive fewer immigrant species, as predicted by island biogeography theory (MacArthur & Wilson 1967), and the persistence of individual species populations is reduced by changes associated with habitat fragmentation, e. g. , increased edge effects; disrupted competitive, reproductive, and trophic interactions; and lower resistance and resilience to disturbance (Laurance 2008 and 1. By substituting n=Ni– 1 into Equation (2)(5) Larger extinction estimates will always be obtained from Equation (5), which includes an SPHA effect, than from Equation (4), which assumes that extinction occurs when the last individual of a species is removed. This can be demonstrated mathematically by the inequality for a single species between Equations (4) and (5): The inequality simplifies to A > a, which will always be true because by definition a is a subsample of A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The KEGG pathways related to early development are shown in 4–12, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (map04151), ErbB signaling pathway (map04012), mTOR signaling pathway (map04150), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (map00010), biosynthesis of amino acids (map01230), protein digestion and absorption (map04974), focal adhesion (map04510), the gamma-aminobutyrick acid-ergic (GABAergic) synapse (map04727), and phagosomes (map04145), respectively in website www. kegg. jp. Predicted interactions of identified DEPsFigure 8 was obtained from the website, and shows the predicted interactions of the identified DEPs. Four major clusters were associated with neuron development (A), cilium assembly and motor protein (B), calcium and metal-binding (C), hydrolase (D). The number of interactive networks of co-expressed proteins is shown in Fig. 9. The identified differentially expressed co-expressed proteins mainly included transmembrane protease serine 3 (Tmprss3), 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag), mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 (Masp1), hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (Hpgds), kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky), integrin beta-1 (Itgb1), periostin precursor (Postn), chymotrypsin-C (Ctrc), intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog (Ift46), dipeptidyl peptidase 1(Ctsc), alpha-enolase (Eno1), mast cell protease 1 (rMCP-1), tetratricopeptide repeat protein26 (Ttc26), SCO-spondin, (Sspo); calmodulin, (00000030871); carboxypeptidase B precursor, (Cpb1); kinesin-like protein 6,(RGD1559696); cartilage oligomeric matrix protein precursor (Comp), and heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 A/1B (Hspa1) (Fig. 8).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Anatomical and functional evidence also favors the suggestion of the role of SCN astrocytes in photic resetting. Glu release forms the signal transduction pathway for synchronization by light [139–141]. Neuronal and astrocytic clocks are coupled via glutamate released from astrocytes which increases presynaptic GABA release and suppresses postsynaptic neuron activity during night. Astrocytic clocks can drive molecular oscillations in the SCN by reinstating clock gene expression via glutaminergic signals. Glu released from astrocytes assists in the coupling of the neuronal and astrocytic clocks by increasing GABA and suppressing the activity of postsynaptic neurons at night [127]. It is not only glutamate but other neurotransmitters are also likely to participate in the actions of astrocytes like it occurs in the SCN. It is reported that glutamate and glutamate receptors sensitive to NMDA have a dual role in SCN by coupling astrocytic and neuronal cell oscillators as well as resetting the phase to light [142]. The rhythmic output of the astrocytes is likely to modulate neuronal activity by way of pre- and post-synaptic interactions. It is also seen that [143] extracellular glutamate increases neuropeptide signaling from neurons. Astrocytes also can increase the circadian period and enhance neuronal synchronization as per the endogenous circadian period. Association of astrocytes with neurons occurs and VIP and AVP are involved in the process [144, 145]. Though not precisely known yet, experimental studies have shown that GABA, glutamate, and VIP contribute to the effect of astrocytes on circadian behavior. Astrocytes can encode circadian information by way of bidirectional synaptic interaction utilizing VIP released from neurons. Daily neuronal rhythms of the core clock are controlled by the release and uptake of GABA and glutamate [146]. A bona fide astrocytic circadian clock contribution for the generation of circadian and seasonal rhythmicity reported [124] gives a new understanding not only about the complex mammalian circadian clock, and neuron astrocyte interaction [147] but also the ability to determine at least some clinical features of diseases as well. Part 2: individual neurotransmitters their properties and their involvementThe following neurotransmitters of the SCN will be discussed in detail now. Both VIP and AVP function as synchronizers and are involved in entrainment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: After lowering carbon dioxide levels and removing human-driven heat from the ocean, the model reproduced a similar heat wave, although the highs were 2°C or so cooler than in the actual event, the team reported last month at the EGU meeting. The model’s many runs for each scenario will allow them to assess whether climate change made the heat wave more likely. But WWA’s statement that the event was “virtually impossible” without warming was likely an overreach, Leach says. “We don’t find that in our model. ” Such advances are encouraging government agencies to move into attribution studies. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, for example, has funded a pilot study on rapid attribution using its operational forecast model and climate models. The effort will seek to tease out the influence not only of global warming, but also of large-scale weather patterns like El Niño. Thiery can see a day coming where weather forecasters might incorporate an attribution like Leach’s into their everyday work. “You can imagine a weather forecaster saying this heat wave is coming and it’s 2°C warmer because of climate change. ” Clarification, 17 June, 4:55 p. m. : Comments from were changed to more fully represent his views. doi: 10. 1126/science. add5249 Relevant tags: the author mailShare on X Voosen is a staff writer who covers Earth and planetary science. More from news 23 Oct 2024 Road metropolis unearthed in Uzbek mountains Lawler 23 Oct 2024 Predation, not fear of wolves, keeps elk from denuding 22 Oct 2024 A scientific showdown seeks the biological ‘clock’ that best tracks aging more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for Scienceto ScienceAdviser to get the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figure 8Predicted interactions of identified DEPs. Different line colours represent types of evidence for association. Four major clusters associated with neuron development (A), cilium assembly and motor protein (B), calcium and metal-binding (C), hydrolase (D). Proteins without interactions have been removed from the graph. Protein abbreviations and corresponding full name are shown: Transmembrane protease serine 3 (Tmprss3); 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag); Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1(Masp1); Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (Hpgds); Kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky); Integrin beta-1 (Itgb1); Periostin precursor (Postn); Chymotrypsin-C (Ctrc); Intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog (Ift46); Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (Ctsc); Alpha-enolase (Eno1); Mast cell protease 1(rMCP-1); Tetratricopeptide repeat protein26 (Ttc26); SCO-spondin (Sspo); Calmodulin (00000030871); precursor (Cpb1); Kinesin-like protein KLP6(RGD1559696); Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein precursor (Comp); Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 A/1B (Hspa1). Nodes: Network nodes represent proteins; Node Size: small nodes and large nodes; Node Color: colored nodes: query proteins and first shell of interactors; white nodes: second shell of interactors; Edges: Edges represent protein-protein associations; Network Stats: average node degree: 0. 642; avg. local clustering coefficient: 0. 241; expected number of edges: 7; protein-protein interaction (PPI) enrichment p-value: 0. 000792. Full size imageFigure 9Number of interactive network of protein co-expression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Study VIP and GRP of the core and AVP of the shell are the best-understood peptides of SCN. one of the first neurotransmitters identified in the SCN has a unique nature and is involved in diverse functions. It has a role as a neuromodulator in many areas of the brain including SCN. Identification of AVP in the SCN was almost at the same time SCN was established as the seat of the biological clock. AVP-containing neurons are reported in almost all species including humans. AVP is also the first output signal based on evidence from Brattleboro rats and vasopressin-deficient mice showing attenuated circadian rhythms [20, 57, 148]. AVP-positive neurons form the second largest peptide population in the SCN and constitute about 20% as compared to 10% in the case of VIP [6]. Reviews are available [27, 29, 149, 150] giving an in-depth understanding of AVP. AVP neurons are essential for the SCN function and loss of AVP neurons is associated with increased activity fragmentation without loss of amplitude in humans. AVP signaling is found to modulate SCN period and phase, that too in a spatially specific manner [150]. Among the two prominent synchronizers of the neuronal networks in the and is weaker than VIP in function. Lesion experiments demonstrated the loss of drinking and locomotor behavior. Extirpation studies along with cell cultures of the SCN neurons have established the role of SCN in circadian rhythms. Other studies [25, 151] have also highlighted the role of AVP in circadian rhythms. Application of AVP locally in the SCN does not affect the free running wheel running rhythm in hamsters or circadian food, or water intake in rats. The absence of AVP shows abnormalities of the rhythm expressed. A report [152] also indicates a free-running period of locomotor rhythm being lengthened in Brattleboro rats, V1a deficient mice [57] but not in V1a and V1b deficient mice [20]. New recent techniques of behavioral, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies have further strengthened the role of AVP signaling. The role of AVP in the molecular working of the clock has been addressed using genetic tools and two state-of-the-art studies [43, 153].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: A retrospective study by Martínez and Botero (2011) reported bacterial pneumonia associated to inadequate husbandry as the most common cause of death in chelonians from wildlife facilities, many of which also had other co-morbidities. A large proportion of the turtles admitted were juveniles (63%). This may represent a disproportionate removal of young animals from a population. Such a finding is concerning in this endangered turtle as these young animals are not recruited into to the adult population. Limited juvenile recruitment contributes directly to population declines, and their removal can have far reaching impacts on ecosystem health (Howell et al. , 2019; Lovich et al. , 2018; et al. , 2019). It is probable that the smaller juveniles are easier to transport than adults, and they are more likely to survive to long transportation times and starvation during wildlife trafficking than hatchling turtles (Sollund, 2017). Younger animals are more adaptable to wild conditions once they are released while adult animals that spent longer time in the care of humans may not respond to the habitat challenges and demands in natural conditions (Harrington et al. , 2013), which may lead to longer rehabilitation time. In the present study, we found an association between life stage and successful rehabilitation as adults and juveniles were more likely to be discharged from the wildlife facility than hatchlings. While these findings may have prognostic value for rehabilitation, they also highlight the need for postrelease follow-up, especially among the older animals. In general, older animals have been shown to have decreased survival and reproductive potential after reintroduction into the wild (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018). While sex was not a significant determinant of release in this study, sexual dimorphism in this freshwater turtle species is challenging even for trained veterinarians, so the number of turtles with unknown sex represented three quarters of the total population. Further studies should aim to determine the sex of freshwater species and the association between this variable and successful rehabilitation for subsequent translocation. Healthy turtles in this population spent more time at URRAS than turtles diagnosed with at least one clinical condition, likely due to the latter group having individuals being euthanized or dying from medical conditions during rehabilitation. The distance to release sites, transport, delayed permits for translocation, associated costs, and required prerelease environmental studies prolong the translocation process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Full size imagemRNA expression of the 17 differentially expressed genesTo investigate the transcriptional levels of the identified proteins, 17 of the expressed sequence tags matched by proteins, namely chymotrypsin, amylase, cellulase, EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC, calmodulin, C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, glutathione s-transferase (GST), Hsp70, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, SCO-spondin, kyphoscoliosis peptidase, radial spoke head 1 homolog, marginal zone B- and B1-cell-specific protein-like, were chosen for real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. The melting curve analysis of the PCR products revealed only one melting temperature peak for each amplification reaction, ensuring the specificity of each primer pair. The qPCR results showed that chymotrypsin, cathepsin L, and 14-3-3 protein were upregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, whereas two genes EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein and GST were downregulated at this stage. SCO-spondin, kyphoscoliosis peptidase, and radial spoke head 1 homolog were upregulated at the ZRZ_VI stage, and the expression levels of the remaining gene were not statistically different among the three stages (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 10). Compared with the protein expression patterns, the results are shown in Table 6. The mRNA expression exhibited similar patterns with proteins, whereas EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, and SCO-spondin had different patterns (Table 6). Figure 10The mRNA expression of 17 DEPs. Different letters (for example (a–c)) indicate that variations were statistically different by Student’s t-test analysis (p < 0. 05). In addition, if one of the two letters (aa, ab, bb) is the same, there is not statistically different. Full size imageTable 6 Comparison of mRNA and protein expression levels for 17 genes. Full size tableDiscussionThis study mainly focused on the three developmental stages of B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: BMAL1, a gene of the TTFL core loop, one of the specific and essential transcription factors of TTFL, specific to AVP neurons when deleted in mice, had shown sufficient for the extinction of the circadian behavioral rhythm in mice. Among the three encoded clock-controlled genes (CCGs) PK2, cardiotrophin-like-cytokine, and is the critical output molecule to link SCN and its efferent targets and the gene for neuropeptide AVP is well-studied. In a study [93] bioluminescent circadian reporter mice, cAMP response element (Cre) dependent was used to study in detail to assess the functioning of AVP and VIP. The interesting observation reported was circadian functions in AVP neurons are required for autonomous network synchrony as well as stability of circadian rhythmicity and not that of VIP. This is to be considered along with the suggestion that AVP and VIP both are to function in a complementary way [19]. Evidence favoring the role of VIP and VPAC2 receptor signaling for the coherence of the oscillators within the SCN [18, 92, 94, 154, 155] has been reported. Surprisingly it is also shown [19, 93] that it is not VIP but AVP which is essential for autonomous network synchrony. Coupling and networking among SCN neurons is a basic requirement for a coherent output of rhythms [156] and this is mostly neuropeptide mediated. AVP signaling is found to reset SCN molecular rhythms along with VIP signaling and this is being influenced by sex. Thus, the study of clock function in males and females and significant integration in the central clock is useful for the control of daily rhythms in behavior and physiology [157]. The above-mentioned experimental evidence points towards the ability of AVP in the SCN to integrate circadian time function. It is worth mentioning here in the report [158] that the vasopresinergic neurons of the SCN have not only the ability to encode the afferent input from osmoreceptors to generate homeostatic responses but also can participate in integrating circadian time. During the developmental stage and adult life neuropeptide signaling has a crucial function in clock neurons of SCN. It is known that both AVP and VIP are expressed during the early part of SCN development [159] but when exactly transcriptional onset occurs is not clear.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: With the exception of reintroductions needed to restore extirpated populations, recovery plans for these species typically do not specify translocation prior to delisting but acknowledge that translocation may be necessary in the future if adequate genetic diversity is not present. Recovery plans may choose not to include recovery actions designed to reestablish natural dispersal because of significant societal opposition to the species’ presence in dispersal zones (wolves and grizzly bears) or because of the economic costs of removing barriers to natural dispersal (Concho water snake [Nerodia paucimaculata]; USFWS 1993). In the examples discussed above, connectivity restoration can be achieved via controversial or costly—but technically feasible—actions such as dam modification or removal, or via restrictions on overexploitation in habitat important for natural migration. For a final category of species (cells with gray background; Table 1), loss of historic levels of population connectivity is due to threats (e. g. , invasive species, altered disturbance regimes, or climate change) that are extraordinarily challenging or impossible to fully remedy given current technical knowledge. For example, invasive species may operate synergistically with altered disturbance regimes to degrade an ecosystem to the point where restoration to the previous state may become difficult or impossible (Suding et al. 2004). In large portions of the western United States, sagebrush (Artemisia spp. ) has been replaced by cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual bunchgrass. This trend, in turn, may trigger a shift toward more frequent fires that inhibit sagebrush recovery and limit dispersal of sagebrush-associated species such as the southern Idaho ground squirrel (Spermophilus brunneus endemicus) and greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) (Knick et al. 2003). Climate change is projected to cause contraction or shifts in suitable habitat for a large proportion of the world's species (Thomas et al. 2004). For example, wolverines are threatened by loss of natural connectivity as climate change causes loss of their habitat, which is associated with snow-covered areas (78 FR 7886).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In addition, because spectrin is a multifunctional protein that plays a multifaceted role, it may participate in signal transduction, cell cycle, intracellular transport, immunological reaction, and other MFs. H. rufescens42, A. californica43 and other molluscs have also been investigated. Hemocyanin, a respiratory protein, mainly transports oxygen to some invertebrates44. This protein is a complex structure in the hemolymph of gastropod and is essential for the circulatory and respiratory systems of gastropods. Hemocyanin also plays an important role in respiration and the immunological reactions of gastropod. Moreover, in some molluscs and under certain conditions, hemocyanin may exhibit phenoloxidase activity45,46. Thus, this protein participates in phagocytosis, agglutination, and other immunological reactions47. H. diversicolor48 and Rapana thomasiana49 have also been studied. of Proteins in Three StagesIn the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, significantly enriched KEGG pathways were related to ribosome, carbon metabolism, and lysosomal pathways (Fig. 6), indicating that at the developmental stage of larval B. areolata, the genes and proteins participating in these related pathways were considerably expressed and regulated. Ribosome pathwaysThe ribosome is composed of rRNA and protein50, which are very important in the cell. Ribosomes are at the center of protein synthesis, and their levels of cells with quick proliferation and strong secretion is higher than that in the normal cell51. In eukaryotic cells, ribosome synthesis is a complex dynamic process in which hundreds of diverse genes are involved52. The results of this study showed that during the early development and metamorphosis of larval B. areolata, the genes and proteins that participate in the ribosome pathway are active and the ribosome is closely related to intracellular protein synthesis. This observation proved that in the early developmental stage, larval B. areolata may regulate various physiological and biochemical processes related to protein synthesis by regulating the genes participating in the ribosome pathway. Studies on Papana venosa53, H. diversicolor54, and some other gastropods have also been reported.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, the developmental pattern of neuropeptide expression may contribute to regional cellular function in adult SCN. AVP has a deep involvement in SCN function as evidenced by recent genetic studies and this has given importance to AVP in maintaining circadian homeostasis as well as a target for therapeutic intervention [160], maybe jet lag and others. is secreted sparsely, probably by about 10% of the SCN neurons [146]. Two among the 3 VIP receptors VPAC2 and PAC1 are found in the SCN with the majority of SCN neurons expressing VPAC2 in the mouse [161, 162]. VIP binds in the SCN with VPAC2 receptor for its action and high levels of VIP immunoreactivity are seen in the SCN. VIP and VPAC2 receptor agonists when applied locally to the SCN cause firing rate and GABA signaling [163]. Using phase resetting and VIP receptor agonists it has been reported [164, 165] that while the application of VIP during the subjective day did not shift the peak in firing rate rhythm, the same application of VIP during early or late subjective night resulted in a small phase delay or large phase advance. In terms of the use of VPAC2 receptor agonist and not PACAP agonist or VPAC1 receptor agonist, succeeded in producing VIP phase advancing effect and this shows that VIP-dependent phase shift is mediated through VPAC2 and suggests and supports the role for VIP and VPAC2 receptor present in the SCN for photic entrainment. It is also interesting to note that AVP neurons in the SCN participating in the rhythmicity and AVP signaling can coordinate circadian activity in the SCN especially in the absence of VIP [19, 43]. Loss of AVP receptors can weaken the clock and accelerate re-entrainment [20]. VIP signaling changes electrical and molecular rhythms in the SCN. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors, there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced [94, 167]. VIP-deficient neurons restored circadian rhythmicity on the application of VIP agonist or coculture with SCN grafts [19] thereby emphasizing the importance of VIP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: on a review of recovery plans for a range of species (Table 1 and Table S2), we conclude that three contrasting types of challenges confront efforts to restore connectivity between populations of listed species: 1) threats that society avoids addressing because of the socioeconomic costs of doing so, 2) threats that society avoids addressing because they are not immediate, and 3) threats for which there is no permanent resolution at any cost given current technical knowledge. Distinguishing species affected by these three classes of threats is important because it allows us to distinguish normative questions from the technical obstacles to maintaining a self-sufficient population of a species that arise from the ecological attributes of a species and its stressors. These normative questions include both economic elements (what price society is willing to pay to protect biodiversity and how future risks are weighed against current costs), and ethical elements such as whether humans have an obligation to prevent species extinction (Callicott 2009). As the Services attempt recovery of controversial and formerly widely distributed species such as gray wolves (Bruskotter et al. 2013), the agencies have gradually decreased their focus on recovering self-sustaining populations, a shift justified in some instances by reference to a broad definition of conservation-reliant species (74 FR 15178). This is consistent with reviews that found that most (Scott et al. 2010) or all (Goble et al. 2012) listed species fit the definition of conservation-reliant. Scott et al. (2010) classified most listed species as conservation-reliant in part because they included species requiring any of several types of ongoing conservation action, including efforts to 1) control other species, 2) control pollutants, 3) manage habitat, 4) control exploitation or human access, or 5) augment populations. However, these five types of actions have contrasting implications as to whether a species’ status is self-sustaining in light of the ESA's mandate. The ESA anticipated that new regulations would be necessary to remedy threats such as overexploitation and pollutants, even for otherwise self-sustaining populations (Rohlf et al. in press). Similarly, because the continued persistence of almost all species requires regulatory limitations on human actions that destroy their habitat, the need for such protections should not preclude considering a population as self-sustaining.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Carbon metabolism pathwaysCarbon metabolism is the most basic of life activities, as it is an important pathway for energy metabolism in organisms. This pathway involves glycolysis, phosphopentose pathway, citric acid cycle, six carbon fixation processes, and methanol metabolism55. Carbohydrates provide energy and raw materials for embryonic development56. In this study, the signaling pathway related to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis was significantly enriched. In addition, many tissues and organs are formed and constructed during development; the fact that enrichment of the signaling pathway, in which DEPs participated, is related to the synthesis of amino acid also illustrated this point. The signaling pathway related to the digestion and absorption of protein was also significantly enriched, probably due to transition of the larval B. areolata from phytophagy to sarcophagy. Lysosomal pathwaysLysosomes are membrane-coated cystic cells that contain a broad range of hydrolases, which can break down a variety of macromolecules and play significant roles in apoptosis and the cellular defensive response57. During the developmental stage of larval B. areolata, a large number of genes and proteins participating in the carbon metabolic and lysosomal pathways are significantly differentially expressed. These results suggest that energy metabolism and cellular defense are adaptive to complex physiological changes during the developmental stage of larval B. areolata. Patella vulgate58, Achatina achatina59 and some other gastropods were also investigated. Pathways related to cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and ECM“Skeletons” exist inside and outside of cells, including intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular components, “Skeletons” mainly refer to cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and ECM, respectively, and comprise an important network. KEGG analysis showed that focal adhesion was significantly enriched. Focal adhesion is a type of adhesive contact between the cell and extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mediated by integrins, resulting in dynamic cell anchoring connections60. The assembly and depolymerization of focal adhesions affect the cell shape and site and direction of pseudopods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Evidence of VIP as a principal synchronizer is also available [100, 108]. VIP cells in the core receive direct innervation from RHT and convey photic information to other parts of the SCN. The presence of VIP in SCN slices in ex vivo during late subjective night advances the phase of neuronal firing and stimulation of the expression of genes Per 1 and Per 2 like the effects of light [72, 168]. In the case of mice lacking VPAC2, the receptor for VIP, nocturnal light pulse failed to induce clock gene expression and showed impaired gating or photic responsiveness [92, 169]. In vitro, VIP application can cause an increase in cAMP level leading to a phase and dose-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca2+ in the SCN. To understand how VIP release due to the firing activity of VIP neurons entrain circadian rhythms, studies [100] were carried out. They concluded that VIP neuron stimulation in high frequencies, but not low, shifted gene expression rhythms in vitro. In vivo, high-frequency VIP neuron activation resulted in the entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms. In effect, it is reasonable to believe that VIP neural firing frequency releases VIP and leads to the entrainment of molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms. By using optogenetic manipulation and bioluminescence imaging interaction between molecular electrical and behavioral circadian rhythms was studied [108]. In yet another study [170] emphasizing the role of VIP, it has been suggested that VIP neurons of the SCN have a role in lengthening the circadian period. This was based on the ablation of neurons in vivo and in vitro. The results also showed a differential role for VIP neurons in adults and developing SCN. VIP neurons are important for synchronizing circadian cells during development but not so in adults. Core peptide VIP increases during the dark period and is important for light entrainment and internal synchronization. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. The absence of VIP signaling as seen in VIP receptor-deficient mice leads to attenuated behavioral rhythms, maybe along with multiple period components [18, 92, 154]. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced.

Output: corroborate