Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Loss aversion—as measured by G/L ratios in real or anticipated coin-toss gambles—is stronger when people have to consider the loss side of the gamble than when they have to consider the gain side of the gamble. Our research also shows that loss aversion increases when larger amounts of money are at stake, but especially when people fill in the loss side of the gambles. Loss aversion did not vary with the amount of money at stake when people filled in the potential gains in the gamble. Thus, it seems that comparing losses to a gain is different from comparing gains to a loss, and the focus of the comparison influences the amount of loss aversion that people experience. We conclude that researchers should be careful when measuring loss aversion—how loss aversion is measured determines its strength. Footnotes 1 These amounts of money were chosen—based upon a pilot stud—to avoid that participants would make heuristic decisions by quickly splitting the amount. We expected that an amount of 48. 16 or 20. 16 would need more thinking than an amount of 50 or 25 euros. 2 As gain-loss ratios are sensitive to extreme outliers, we performed a log transformation of the G/L ratio and repeated the ANOVA. The results showed no significant effects. The difference between the two analyses seems to have come about because the format effect was limited to those who showed relatively high G/L ratios in both conditions. Specifically, with the log transforms, the difference between the two (transformed) ratios was highly dependent on their sum: In a regression of the difference on the sum, the (unstandardized) slope of 0. 35 was significant (t = 3. 44, p =. 0017), but the intercept of −. 16 was not significant. The intercept of essentially 0 suggests that those who do not show loss aversion at all in the fill-in-the-gain condition will not show it in the fill-in-the-loss condition either. The format effect does not seem to create loss aversion out of thin air. 3 Participants knew they were allowed to withdraw from the experiment at any point in time. None of the participants withdrew. 4 We performed a log transformation of the G/L ratio and repeated the ANOVA. The results again showed an effect of format, F(1,22) = 53. 77, p <. 001 η2 =. 71.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: The security of IoT could be better due to the lack of computing power, memory, and storage, which allows very minimal security protection. Its spread generates a large attack surface and multiple vulnerabilities, inviting attackers who take over the control of a lighting system, raising severe consequences for personal safety. Advertisement 3. Securing smart citiesConnected devices are expected to be protected by comprehensive IoT security solutions. Practical, simple, yet secure solutions that OEMs and services can easily and widely adopt seem adequate based on their assurance of executing code solely generated by the device OEM or a trusted party. Secure boot technology is used to avoid the replacement of firmware with harmful devices. It ensures that IoT devices can only communicate with authorized services. Mutual authentication is applied when any device connects to the system, ensuring the data comes from a legitimate and authenticated source. The data is then analyzed to detect security violations. Frequent key replacement prevents service disruption. of Service attacks are critical security threats and attacks on smart cities. BoT-IoT with embedded random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) is a recommended detecting tool for DDoS attacks, achieving 91% success. According to NIST, an IoT-enabled framework in smart cities addresses cybersecurity and data protection. Clear IoT data use and privacy policies improve security awareness to prevent cyber-attacks. At the same time, there must be boundaries around. Secure privacy in smart cities oversees the data of all its residents; synchronized credentialing is mandatory to avoid weak points and protect all residents’ personal information. City staff should define how connected devices behave. When devices are activated, their encryption measures should be active at all links up to the destination. Smart technology, connectivity, and applications should be able to meet residents’ needs where cybersecurity is well-considered and managed. Smart transportation systems improve the safety, speed, and reliability of accessibility. Modern and sustainable transportation systems provide scheduling, selection of the optimized route, driver’s license recognition, car parking searching, and safety-related applications in smart transportation facilities, which are more likely to be crowded due to their high living style. IoT reduces accidents due to initiative-taking actions in detecting human errors, and affordable IoT systems for estimating road network safety are implemented; some even use IoT technologies for smart mobility in smart city scenarios. IoT-based solutions, such as smart traffic, parking, and mobility solutions, are employed in transportation leading to safer streets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1960, vol. 65, no. 11, p. 3830. 10. Ellyett C. D. Radio noise of auroral origin. J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 1969, vol. 31, 682. 11. Friedel R. H. W. , Reeves G. D. , Obara T. Relativistic electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere - A review. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2002, vol. 64, no. 1, 72. 12. Eriksen G. , Harang L. Radio noise from the ionosphere on 225 MHz during a great ionosphere disturbance. Phys. Norveg. 1969, vol. 4, no. 1, 4. 13. Ginzburg V. L. , Syrovatsky S. I. Cosmic synchrotron radiation. Uspehi fizicheskikh nauk [Physics-Uspekhi (Adv. Phys. Sci. )] 1965, vol. 87, no. 1, 111. (In Russian). 14. Hess W. N. The artificial radiation belt made on July 9, 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 683. DOI: 15. Korchak A. A. On the synchrotron radiation of charged p1006. (In Russian). 16. Kraus J. D. Radioastronomiya [Radio Astronomy]. Moscow: Publ. , 1973. 456 p. (In Russian). English edition: Kraus J. D. Radio Astronomy. McGraw-Company. New York, St. 1966. 17. Little C. G. , Leinbach H. Some measurements of high-latitude ionospheric absorption using extraterrestrial radio waves. Proc. IRE. 1958, vol. 46, no. 1, 348. 18. Ochs G. R. , Farley Jr. D. T. , Bowles K. L. , Bandyopadhay P. Observations of synchrotron radio noise at the magnetic equator following the high-altitude nuclear explosion of July 9, 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 711. DOI: 19. Owens H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: Overall, the “duration perception” panel of Figure 1 shows that most of the decisions are based on crowd sizes near the maximum of 228, and that the majority of individuals generally choose the correct alternative. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows that the majority decision is almost always correct, even for decisions in which the majority is made up of only slightly more than half of the individual judgments. 2. 2 Cancer diagnosis The data come from Argenziano et al. (2003), and involve cancer diagnoses made by each of 40 dermatologists for the same 108 skin lesions. The dermascopic images were presented online, and a two-step diagnostic procedure was used, first distinguishing melanocytic from non-melanocytic lesions, and then distinguishing melanoma from benign lesions. The second step incorporated standard diagnostic algorithms as decision-making aids. We treat each lesion as a decision. The “cancer diagnosis” panel in Figure 1 shows that majority of dermatologists chose the correct diagnosis for most lesions, and often there is strong agreement between the dermatologistis. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows an increase in accuracy with an increasing majority, and that decisions are almost always correct when there is near-complete agreement. 2. 3 Trivia questions The data come from research reported by Reference Bennett, Benjamin and SteyversBennett, Benjamin and Steyvers (2018), and involve individual participants answering trivia questions. We consider data from multiple experimental conditions involving the same set of 144 questions, 24 of which are “catch” questions with obvious answers. The conditions vary in terms of whether or not individuals can choose which questions they answer, along the lines described by Reference Bennett, Benjamin and SteyversBennett, Benjamin and Steyvers (2018). We treat every question in every experimental condition as a decision. The “trivia questions” panel in Figure 1 shows that anywhere between a single individual and 33 individuals were involved in the various decisions, with most decisions involving fewer than 20 individuals. It is clear there are some questions for which most individuals gave the correct answer, but also many decisions with many incorrect answers. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows an increase in accuracy with an increasing majority, qualitatively much like the cancer diagnosis curve, with the possible difference that decisions based on very small majorities seem to be accurate less than half the time. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Here are a few projects: a transportation system that recognizes and monitors buses by inter-messaging. It uses IoT, radio frequency identification (RFID), general packet radio services (GPRS), (GIS), and (GPS). Another project embeds temperature and humidity sensors to monitor automobiles and buses. A recent project suggests a real-time traffic monitor using collected data to identify roadway issues. An intelligent application with embedded IoT, using minimizes the damaged packets and incorporates encryption for decreasing surface attacks. One more project integrates D-switches and software-defined networking (SDN) and inserts a high volume of deterministic virtual private networks (DVPN), preventing congestion, interference, and DDOS, reducing buffer size in D-switches, improving speed communications, and encrypted packets within a DVPN are quantum-safe encryption due to the use of lengthy encryption keys. Integrate transportation safety applications, creating a vehicular ad hoc network (Vanet), complemented with secured privacy applications, provides a communication platform interconnecting vehicles reporting congestion, accidents, and road surface conditions to other cars. However, there are several security and privacy problems, particularly location privacy. We may add Group signatures to provide conditional privacy preservation. The vehicle’s previous communications and positions are unlikable and saved—a simple conditional privacy-preservation system using hash-chain algorithms to provide identity monitoring using on-road instant local revocation verification. A vehicle receiving a message from another vehicle authenticates the sender’s certificate. The receiver requests the roadside unit to review the message if the sender lacks credentials. The roadside unit will issue a valid certificate if the information is correct. Otherwise, the vehicle is added to the revocation list. Another tool is a multi-level architecture that reduces attacks on the road communication system. Autonomous cars also manage new attack types like Ransomware, IoT, Botnet, and DDoS. Because cars are interconnected, attacks spread further, increasing the overall risk. Developing secured traffic systems, modeling the secured integration of automated vehicles and road infrastructure, engaging vehicles with pedestrians where traffic signals are missing, and interconnecting vehicles via wireless communications. Interconnect vehicles using wireless communication are exposed to cyber-attacks, such as the “Sitbit” attack, where fake identities are placed to change traffic light timing by utilizing existing flaws in traffic signal control systems, causing significant delays, excess fuel consumption, air pollution, and traffic congestion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: D. , Frank L. A. Electron omnidirectional intensity contours in the Earth`s outer radiation zone at the magnetic equator. J. Geophys. Res. 1968, vol. 73, no. 1, 208. DOI: 20. Pakholchik A. G. Radioastrofizika [Radio Astrophysics]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1973. 252 p. (In Russian). English Edition: Pacholczyk A. G. Radio Astrophysics. W. H. Freeman & Company. San Fracisco, 1970. 21. Peterson A. M. , Hower G. L. Synchrotron radiation from high-energy electrons. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 734. DOI: 22. Potapov A. S. Relativistic electrons of the outer radiation belt and methods of their forecast (review). Solar-Terr. Phys. 2017, vol. 3, no. 1, 72. 23. Romanova N. V. et al. Statistical correlation of the rate of failures on synchronous satellites with fluxes of energetic electrons and protons. Cosmic Res. 2005, vol. 43, no. 3, 185. 24. Savenko I. A. , Senchuro I. N. , Shavrin P. I. On maximal electron fluxes with E>1 MeV energy in the Earth’s outer radiation belt on 1958-1971. Kosmicheskiye issledovaniya [Cosmic Res. ]. 1979, vol. 17, no. 1, 145. (In Russian). 25. Thorne R. M. , Andreoli L. J. Polyarnaya verkhnyaya atmosfera [Atmosphere]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1983, 379. (In Russian). English Edition: Thorne R. M. , Andreoli L. J. Mechanism of the relativistic electron intensive precipitation. Exploration of the Atmosphere. Proc. of the NATO Adv. Study Inst. held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980. Eds. C. S. Deer, J. A. Holtet. D. Reidel. Publ. Comp. Dordrecht - Boston - London, 1980. 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Our findings indicate that the different soil microbial communities along the altitudinal gradient have different distribution patterns, which may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine microbial life in a mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem. vertical gradients associated with altitude in mountain ecosystems have attracted great interest from ecologists around the world because rapid changes in climate and biological characteristics within a short geographic range are commonly observed in these habitats (Siles & Margesin, 2016). Altitudinal gradients have been used as “natural experiments” to understand how changes in environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, and atmospheric pollution deposits affect changes in the complex biota (plant, animal, microbial) communities in mountain terrains (Körner, 2007). The mechanism underlying changes in species richness along an altitudinal gradient has always been a controversial issue in ecological and biogeographic studies. Although there are reports of diminishing patterns or single-peak patterns for animal and plant mechanisms responsive to elevation, such differences may show stronger variation for microorganisms among different regions, including no trend, a decline, a single peak, or a concave or other distribution patterns associated with changes in altitude (Liu et al. , 2018; Siles & Margesin, 2016). In recent years, research on altitudinal patterns of microbial (i. e. , Bacteria, Fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, etc. ) diversity has gradually increased by using high-throughput sequencing technology (Geml et al. , 2017; Jarvis, Woodward & Taylor, 2015; Liu et al. , 2018; Schoen, Nieselt & Garnica, 2018; Shen et al. , 2020; Wang et al. , 2015; Zhao et al. , 2022; Zhou et al. , 2021). Soil microorganisms are important biological components associated with aboveground interactions of terrestrial ecosystems (Bahram et al. , 2018), recognized as key drivers of litter decomposition, plant growth, soil nutrient cycling, and biogeochemical processes (Bardgett & van der Putten, 2014; Schloter et al. , 2018; Thakur & Geisen, 2019; van der Heijden & Wagg, 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: An assessment model for cyber-attacks on autonomous vehicles is proposed to evaluate the transportation system’s performance, considering the following parameters: number of attacked cars, intensity, efficiency, safety, emissions, and fuel consumption. It concludes that the negative impact on traffic flow grows as the number of cyber-attacked vehicles and the severity of attacks increases. It reduces capacity and increases rear-end collision risk, air pollution, and fuel consumption. Trains are the most used in modern cities. With the automation of railway operations, the increase in the number of passengers, and the integration with other transportation methods, the railway industry is experiencing adaptation changes in its operation processes and infrastructure. It is transitioning from a standalone system to an open platform, using off-the-shelf standard elements and increasing networked control and automation systems accessible remotely via networks. This change raises its vulnerability to cyber-attacks and its attractiveness to cybercriminals to focus on ticket machines, WiFi communication, and passenger information screens. Safe traffic assumes complete visibility, identification, and mitigation of threats to the signaling system, telecommunication, and operations management. For example, we may locally disconnect the system from its cables by adding an SDN switch. The SDN switch should detect ARP spoofing, and the system remains undiscovered to man-in-the-middle attackers. Railways are exposed to physical attacks, and hence, they are equipped with a tamper resistance box that encapsulates the hardware and controls the equipment against cyber-attacks. Smart environment applications quantify and analyze vast parameters such as climate, green spaces, city cleanliness, movement initiatives, contamination level, optimal resource management, and environmental actions. Results show quality improvements in public spaces, facilities, and life and strengthen security in areas. Smart cities collect traffic congestion, energy utilization, air, and building quality, analyze it, and issue a corresponding pollution report. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) monitor the natural environment, detect natural disasters, and enhance security awareness. Voice-activated devices are used everywhere and at home, allowing disabled and older people to operate with minimum energy [5], or using mobile phones to interpret voice commands [6]. Table 1 outlines the generic mitigation methods to cope with each security risk dimension. In this 1. Security dimensions and their corresponding generic mitigation methods [7]. Advertisement 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Trubnikov B. A. Radiation of plasma in magnetic field. nauk [Doklady Physics]. 1958, vol. 118, no. 5, 916. (In Russian). 27. J. A. , Frank L. A. , O’Brien B. J. Satellite observations of the artificial radiation belt of July 1962. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 627. DOI: 10. 1029/ JZ068i003p00619. 28. Vernov S. N. , Gorchakov E. V. , Kuznetsov S. N. et al. The p344. (In Russian). 29. Vesecky J. F. , Peterson A. M. Radio frequency synchrotron radiation from the belts. J. Geophys. Res. 1967, vol. 72, no. 5, 1650. 30. Yetes K. W. , Wielebinski R. Observational results of radio sky spectrum. Astrophys. J. 1967, vol. 149, 440. To cite Copy the formatted bibliographic link through the clipboard or go to one of the links to import into the 2017. no. 4. 43. DOI: (Date of access 07. 10. 2024). Klimenko V. V. Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field/ Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2017. №. 4. 43. DOI: Online link Print link Klimenko V. V. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field" Solar-4 (2017): 32-43. DOI: (Date of access 07. 10. 2024). Klimenko V. V. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field" Solar-4 (2017): 32-43. DOI: Print. Online link Print link Klimenko V. V. (2017). Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field. Solar-Terrestrial Physics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: The efficacy of halogenated furanones to protect eukaryotic hosts from animal and human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio campbellii, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been documented [14]–[16]. Several other macro-algae, micro-algae, and terrestrial plants also produce compounds able to interfere with QS, although in most cases the chemical nature of the signal mimics still has to be elucidated [17], [18]. In addition to these natural compounds, numerous synthetic QS antagonists (mostly AHL and furanone analogs) have been identified and tested (for reviews see [19], [20]). A second major strategy to disrupt QS is the inactivation of signal molecules. The ability to degrade AHLs seems to be widely distributed in the bacterial kingdom. Enzymes that are able to inactivate AHLs have been discovered in species belonging to the α-proteobacteria, the β-proteobacteria, and the γ-proteobacteria, as well as in some Gram-positive species (for a review see [21]). The actual inactivation of the signal compound can be mediated by two types of enzymes, AHL lactonases and AHL acylases. Lactonases open the lactone ring of AHLs, resulting in the corresponding N-acyl-L-homoserines, whereas acylases cleave the side chain, releasing homoserine lactone and a fatty acid. Signal-degrading bacteria have been effective against plant, animal, and human pathogens such as Erwinia carotovora, V. harveyi, and Vibrio cholerae [22]–[24]. Conventional antibiotics inherently favor the evolution of resistance because they pose a strong selective pressure on bacteria. Indeed, resistant mutants have a large fitness advantage when compared to their susceptible counterparts (which are either killed or inhibited in their growth). In this regard, disruption of QS is generally believed to be unlikely to pose harsh selective pressures, thus minimizing the risk of resistance development [14], [15], [20], [25]–[31]. In the following sections, we argue that this point of view might be too optimistic and discuss the possibility that resistance to QS disruption might occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Attacks such as intrusion, DDOS, and traffic blockage are managed by a variety of algorithms [13, 14, 15]; while other research focuses on threats to private and agencies [16, 17]. Advertisement 5. Artificial intelligence-enabled (AI) cybersecurity defense for smart citiesDrones are equipped with quality software, wireless communication systems, and data exchange protocols, have cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and have a high probability of cyber-attacks, making them sensitive to cyber threats [18]. Despite this, reality proves that drones have limited computing resources, forcing the need to balance security and performance, and compromising cybersecurity. Drones rely on wireless protocols for communication with ground control stations and other connected devices, which hackers can target. Therefore, strong measures should be implemented to cope with potential cyber-attacks and sensitive data and maintain their reliability and security. Vulnerability to hacking is one of the primary concerns. Malicious actors attempt to gain access to drone systems, manipulate their flight controls, or compromise their onboard sensors and cameras. Drones suffer from all typical attacks applicable to their structure and behavior, such as MITM and DDoS. The evolving progress of drones has played a significant role in smart cities. However, at the same time, there are concerns related to cybersecurity, privacy, and public safety. Malicious entities can use drones for cyber-attacks and threats [19]. It is complicated to identify harmful drones. The dependency of drones on GPS makes it vulnerable to GPS spoofing, data stealing, change of date and time, and operations interference. GPS spoofing is transmitting distorted coordinates and false signals, deflecting the drone from its course, and synchronizing with the attacker’s signals, changing the drone’s GPS control system to be fully controlled by the attacker. Civilian drones are easy to attack due to their lack of authentication methods [20]. For example, a GPS spoofing attack forced a drone to follow a route set by the spoofer, proving that such an attack was technically and operationally feasible. Communications’ DDoS is applied by using the air-cracking script to perform the attack, sending a De-authentication key, and the drone memory fills the control. The controller avoided reconnecting to the system, causing the drone to crash. It is a DOS attack that crashes the drone in a configuration. Password cracking attacks against passwords have demonstrated an increase in more connected devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 «Администрация сайта (далее — Администрация сайта, Оператор)» — ООО «Эдиторум», которое организуют и (или) осуществляет обработку персональных данных, а также определяет цели обработки персональных данных, состав персональных данных, подлежащих обработке, действия (операции), совершаемые с персональными данными. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Although all mechanisms that lead to resistance to conventional antibiotics also apply for QS disruption, the focus will be on variation in the core genes of QS systems (i. e. , the genes involved in signal production, detection, and transduction) since this aspect is specific to the possible development of resistance to QS disruption. Variability in Core GenesIn general, natural selection can only operate on a certain trait if there is (heritable) variation and if this variation is associated with a difference in fitness (i. e. , a difference in the amount of offspring that is produced). If these conditions are met, natural selection automatically results. Consequently, there will be a risk for resistance to QS disruption to develop if there is variation in (the expression of) QS genes that can lead to insensitivity towards QS disruption and if this variation results in differences in fitness under QS disrupting conditions. There appears to be variation in the expression of QS core genes among natural bacterial strains. When testing different strains of a certain species for production of QS signal molecules, frequently some of the strains produce signals, whereas others do not. Moreover, variability has been observed in the signal molecule concentration among strains that do produce signals (Table 1). Natural variation in signal molecule levels produced by bacteria might be important when considering QS antagonists that compete with natural signals for receptor binding. Finally, differences among strains of the same species in the specificity of AHL synthases have also been reported. In E. carotovora strain SCC3193, for instance, the main AHL is N-(3-oxooctanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone and only traces of N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone can be detected, whereas in strain SCC1 an inverse profile is observed [32]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Examples of inter-strain variability in the production of signal moleculesa in different species. addition to differences in the presence and activity of signal molecule synthases, there can also be variation in the presence of signal receptors. In a recent survey of the frequency of AHL-driven QS circuits among genome-sequenced bacteria, differences between different strains of the same species in the number of LuxI and LuxR homologs were reported [42].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Cybersecurity for electric vehicles (EV) in smart citiesThe development of electric vehicles and smart grids generated the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which involves pushing unused power from the car into the smart grid. Smart power grids are used for exchanging information and allocating resources between customers and a grid, enabling the flow of electricity between them, and introducing the V2G technology that enables pushing EV battery energy back to the grid. EV integration into smart cities is important for developing sustainable transportation solutions and reasonable security and privacy risk mitigation. User data and privacy concerns increase with the use of sensors that collect personal ID, charging logs, driving habits, locations, car data, personal data breaches, and crypto jackings, Due to these threats, the confidentiality and privacy of user data are at continued risk [21]. The more we make EVs sustainable by introducing cameras, tracking devices, and sensors, the more we add to cybersecurity threats. The city’s power grid utility servers are vulnerable to malware attacks from other EVs. Local attacks are mutual cyber threats to the smart grid, with malicious actors using techniques such as jamming, DDoS, controller malfunction, and load alteration attacks. Cybersecurity in smart cities is classified into passive and active attacks. Passive attack in a smart city refers to accessing information or systems without disrupting normal functioning [22]. These attacks target the vulnerabilities of communication networks, sensors, data repositories, and control systems. Figure 2 depicts the potential threads on EVs. Attackers exploit weaknesses to access data, monitor activities, or gather information for further malicious activities. Active cyber-attacks mean disrupting operations, manipulating data, or causing damage to critical infrastructure components. The attacker may employ hacking, malware, social engineering, or denial-of-service attacks to weaken the security and integrity of smart city systems. Attacks on smart cities are detected using interactive visualization and false alarms. Communication, infrastructure, data, and stakeholders (ACIDS) is a framework to identify threats in the various layers of a smart city system. The proposed layered approach improved the overall security of a smart city system. Malicious actors utilize EVs and the grid to cause wide-area blackouts, attacks on communication protocols between EVs, chargers, and back-end systems that are vulnerable to tampering, cyber-attacks on home charging units, and phasor measurement units (PMUs) for power grid’s reliability and safety.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 «Персональные данные» — любая информация, относящаяся к прямо или косвенно определенному или определяемому физическому лицу (субъекту персональных данных). 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: mallei, for instance, the number of LuxR homologs varied from two to five. Moreover, a study by Zhu and co-workers indicated that bacteria could simply circumvent the QS blockade by overexpressing signal molecule receptor genes. Indeed, many synthetic AHL analogs were potent QS inhibitors in wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens [43], whereas in a transformed strain that overexpressed the luxR homolog traR, inhibition was not detected for any of the analogs [43]. Finally, changes in the specificity of the receptor might also affect the outcome of QS disruption. Indeed, a point mutation of L42→A in the LuxR signal binding site has been shown to render the receptor insensitive to the synthetic antagonist N-(propylsulfanylacetyl)-L-homoserine lactone, which even served as an agonist for this mutant [44]. Importantly, although the mutation rendered the signal receptor insensitive to the inhibitor, it maintained wild type sensitivity to activation by the natural signal. Variation in QS signal transduction genes has also been documented. Joelsson and co-workers surveyed the QS systems of different V. cholerae strains and observed an unexpectedly high rate of dysfunctional components [45]. Some of the strains showed constitutive expression of QS-regulated genes, and others had frame shift mutations in hapR, a partial deletion in hapR, or even no hapR, resulting in non-functional QS regulation. Interestingly, Defoirdt and co-workers observed differences between closely related vibrios with respect to halogenated furanone-mediated protection of infected brine shrimp larvae [16]. This might reflect differences between the strains in production levels, sequence, or structure of the master regulator LuxRVh, the target of the furanone [12]. Differences between strains in the presence and activity of QS core genes can be caused by horizontal gene transfer. Indeed, the traRI operon (encoding the LuxR and LuxI homologs TraR and TraI) of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens is located on the Ti plasmid [46]. In an exciting report, Wei and co-workers identified a functional QS system in Serratia marcescens that is carried on a transposon [47].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: IoT devices like water networks are embedded in critical infrastructure sensitive to cyber-attacks. Thus, it is important to continually monitor utility networks to eliminate attacks on IT and OT: management and optimization of water utility services. Blockchain technology for safe communication among smart devices is a solution to security breaches. Quantum walks are considered nonlinear mappings of elements to the set of probability distributions. This property and the high sensitivity to changes describe discrete quantum walks as discrete-time and discrete-valued chaotic systems. Quantum communication channels are used to exchange decryption keys between senders and receivers. The exchanged key parameters are required for message encryption, decryption, and authentication processes. Each blockchain unit contains a hash value linked to the previous and current block. QHF with public key parameters generates the hash value for linking each block in the chain with the previous one. The framework assumes that each stakeholder on the blockchain system has a validated profile and key parameters for each node. Security analysis is used in the evaluation of cybersecurity systems (Figure 3). Figure 3. Safeguards against cyber threats to EVs [23]. Advertisement 9. ConclusionsSmart cities are the result of the maturation and accessibility of advanced technologies available for integration in all aspects of life, such as data communication, telecom, IoT, electronics, automation, and computerized physical equipment. The complete reliance on automation and communication causes hostile elements to take advantage of the exposure to automation to infiltrate significant municipal systems causing functional damage, intentional disruptions, and financial extortion. Therefore, smart cities should integrate cyber and privacy solutions to ensure the interoperability of all elements that form the city’s infrastructure and processes. In this 1. . An overview of cyber threats, attacks and countermeasures on the primary domains of smart cities. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(2):790. DOI: 10. 3390/app130207902. A secure three-factor authentication protocol for E-Governance system based on multiserver environments. IEEE Access. 2022;10:74351-743653. . : A decentralized employee performance assessment system based on blockchain for smart city governance. IEEE Access. 2020;8:99528-995394. Kitchin R, Dodge M. The (In)Security of smart cities: Vulnerabilities, risks, mitigation, and prevention. Journal of Urban Technology. 2019;26(2):47-65. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 «Обработка персональных данных» — любое действие (операция) или совокупность действий (операций), совершаемых с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств с персональными данными, включая сбор, запись, систематизацию, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передачу (распространение, предоставление, доступ), обезличивание, блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: The acquisition of such a mobile QS system might enable bacteria to circumvent specific disruption of their native QS system, provided that the new signal–receptor complex is able to activate target gene expression. Interestingly, Coulthurst and co-workers reported that transfer of the Serratia marcescens smaIR operon (encoding homologs of V. fischeri LuxI and LuxR) into the QS-deficient strain Sma 274 caused a variety of native traits, including pigment production, to become QS regulated [48]. These results suggest that QS core genes can indeed be “plugged into” a strain's existing regulatory systems. Effect of Disruption on FitnessIn the previous section, we provided an overview of data indicating that variation in QS core genes that could result in insensitivity to QS disruption exists or can originate easily (by point mutation). A second important question to answer is whether this insensitivity could lead to increased fitness under QS-disrupting conditions. It is thus critical to correctly evaluate the effect of QS disruption on the fitness of bacteria in order to accurately predict the risk of resistance development. Many reports have shown that QS does not affect bacterial growth [14], [15], [25], [28], [29], and therefore it is generally believed that QS disruption only has a small or even no effect on fitness. However, all these observations were made under conditions where bacteria were growing in nutrient-rich synthetic growth media (where QS-regulated genes are not essential for growth). Importantly, as pointed out by Martinez and colleagues, a crucial and underappreciated aspect of fitness measurements is that they must be performed under conditions that are as similar as possible to the clinical situation [49]. Hence, the question that arises is whether QS disruption poses selective pressure on the bacteria where it really matters—in vivo during infection. If it does, then a mutant that is insensitive to QS disruption will have a selective advantage over the (sensitive) wild type and resistance will develop. Imamura and co-workers reported that the numbers of viable P. aeruginosa PAO1 in the lungs of infected mice in a respiratory infection model were 3. 3-fold lower for the rhlI mutant than for the wild type 2 weeks after infection [50]. Similarly, the levels of P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: microsimulation models are crucial for intelligent transportation systems evaluation, but careful parameter calibration is required for credible pre- and post-ITS comparisons. However, the back-box and stochastic nature of the system make calibration challenging. Sensitivity analysis (SA) helps to identify influential parameters, but scenario dependency limits its generalisability. Metrics such as root mean squared relative error (RMSRE) can oversimplify the stochasticity in traffic data, compromising calibration quality. Furthermore, calibration for specific key performance indicators (KPIs) does not ensure the reliability of other KPIs. The authors propose the simultaneous calibration of driving behaviour parameters without prior sensitivity information. They demonstrate the effect of the error metric and objective function facets on the calibration efficiency and parameter convergence consistency. Results indicate that employing SA to identify influential parameters is unnecessary. Each parameter converges to a stable point by responding directly to the information within the objective function or due to the interactions with other parameters. Therefore, simultaneous calibration of multiple KPIs and maintaining the stochasticity structure in the data—enhanced calibration efficiency and parameter convergence consistency. Additionally, using probabilistic dissimilarity metrics that consider the entire distribution, such as the Wasserstein distance, outperform the K–S distance and RMSRE. 1 transportation systems (ITS) are core components of smart cities' traffic management and control, aiming to enhance the operational efficiency of transportation networks. Extensive research has been conducted to develop, explore, and test various ITS strategies, including ramp metring [1], variable speed limits [2, 3], connected and autonomous vehicles [4, 5], and traffic monitoring and control [6, 7]. The impact of ITS traffic management strategies is often uncertain until they are deployed in real-world scenarios. However, poorly implemented ITS strategies can pose significant risks to traffic safety and operations [8]. This is why digital twins are crucial, as they integrate real-time data with various models—including simulation models—and offer a real-time monitoring and application of ITS strategies in a virtual replicas of the system [9, 10]. Traffic microsimulation models (TMMs) embedded within digital twins provide high-fidelity representations of traffic flow, making them valuable in smart city applications, where the complexity and scale of transportation networks demand accurate and reliable predictions. The calibration of their key parameters, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 «Конфиденциальность персональных данных» — обязательное для соблюдения Оператором или иным получившим доступ к персональным данным лицом требование не допускать их распространения без согласия субъекта персональных данных или наличия иного законного основания. 1. 1. 5 «Пользователь сайта (далее Пользователь, Субъект персональных данных)» — лицо, имеющее доступ к сайту, посредством сети Интернет и использующее сайт. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: aeruginosa PAO1 were 3 log units lower in mouse lungs treated with a QS-disrupting furanone when compared to untreated mice in an injection model of infection [14]. According to the authors, this decrease was due to increased clearance of the bacteria by the mouse immune system. However, it might as well reflect a decreased ability of the pathogen to colonize the host. Indeed, Lesic and coworkers found that P. aeruginosa cell counts at the site of infection were not affected by QS inhibitors in a mouse burn wound infection model, whereas cell counts in adjacent muscle and blood were 2–3 log units lower [51]. This indicated that the QS inhibitors blocked systemic dissemination of the pathogen. From the perspective of the bacteria, both increased clearance or decreased colonizing ability would lead to a decrease in fitness, and consequently, a mutant that is insensitive to QS disruption would have a selective advantage over the susceptible wild type (because the capability to colonize the host is undisturbed in the mutant and/or because the host immune system is unable to eliminate the mutant). It appears that under certain conditions, QS disruption can indeed affect bacterial growth. In a highly interesting report, Diggle and co-workers studied the growth of P. aeruginosa wild type and lasI and lasR mutants in different environmental conditions. In nutrient-rich medium, QS-deficient mutants reached a 1. 5-fold higher cell density than the wild type, indicating that under these conditions the costs of signalling were higher than the benefits [52]. In contrast, in a medium in which QS-regulated protease expression is needed for growth, the growth of the mutants was 3- to 4-fold lower than that of the wild type. Hence, under these conditions, QS disruption appeared to strongly decrease the fitness of the pathogen [52]. Under in vivo conditions (i. e. , during infection of a host), the fitness advantage of QS might be less pronounced than in the growth medium where QS was essential for growth. In vivo, there will be different nutrient sources present (protein, lipids, phospholipids) and the utilization of some of these nutrients will probably not be controlled by QS. Moreover, the selective pressure for resistance development to QS disruption will be limited to those environmental conditions in which the QS-regulated genes affect bacterial fitness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: , driving behaviour and origin–destination (O–D) flows parameters, is important for credible comparisons between pre- and post-implementation of ITS strategies. The stochastic nature of TMMs, coupled with their black-box characteristics and interrelated parameters, poses significant challenges in determining the precise influence of each parameter on model outputs. Therefore, various methodologies and stochastic optimisation algorithms have been explored to achieve efficient and accurate calibration. Optimisation techniques such as metaheuristics [11, 12], exhaustive search [13], Bayesian optimisation [14], and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) [15] have been employed to address the calibration optimisation problem. However, no specific rule determines which optimisation technique is superior, as per the no-free-lunch theorem [16]. For instance, in the mentioned literature, each algorithm has shown success, but the trade-off lies in dependency on the number of calibration parameters, which is relatively high in TMMs [17]. To enhance the calibration efficiency, some studies have proposed techniques to assist the calibration problem. For example, in ref. [18], machine-learning techniques have been used to cluster and calibrate traffic flow fundamental diagrams of large-scale mesoscopic dynamic traffic assignment models. In ref. [19], a metamodel-simulated-based optimisation approach has been proposed to accelerate demand calibration in large-scale networks. Global sensitivity analysis (SA) methodologies are commonly used to reduce the calibration problem's dimension by identifying redundant or non-influential calibration parameters. For example, in ref. [20], a variance-based SA is applied to reduce the number of intelligent driver model parameters. The results showed that the calibration efficiency of the simplified model version (with 3 parameters out of 6) has comparable performance to the full model; however, it converges sensibly faster. Despite the utility of accelerating the calibration process, the number of model runs needed to acquire reliable global sensitivity information is much larger than the number needed to perform optimisation in the full parameter space. Additionally, the sensitivity information of one scenario may not be applicable to other scenarios, leading to the calibration of the wrong parameter set.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 «Форма обратной связи» — html-форма, которую Пользователь заполняет своими персональными данными на сайте, для регистрации на сайте, либо для получения информации об услугах, работах, продуктах и прочее. 1. 1. 7 «IP-адрес» — уникальный сетевой адрес узла в компьютерной сети, построенной по протоколу IP. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: This is in contrast to conventional (bactericidal and bacteriostatic) antibiotics, which pose strong selective pressure in any environment. The above mentioned results are in accordance with the work of Sandoz and colleagues, who studied social cheating in P. aeruginosa and found that a lasR mutant was unable to grow in medium containing caseinate as the sole carbon source [53]. Although this cheater mutant showed higher fitness than the wild type when co-cultured in this medium (the mutant could benefit from the nutrients generated by the proteolytic activity of the wild type), total culture density decreased with increasing amounts of mutant cells. This indicated that the presence of the mutants did incur a significant cost to the population as a whole. The authors also reported that during an in vitro evolution experiment in which wild type and lasR mutant were co-cultured for ≈100 generations under conditions that require QS for growth, compensatory mutations emerged that converted cheaters into cooperators. In these novel cooperators, the compensatory mutation resulted in the expression of the QS-regulated phenotype in the lasR mutants, thereby bypassing inactivation of the QS system. The evolution of a cheater to a superior cooperator has also been reported in the fruiting body–forming bacterium Myxococcus xanthus [54]. The capacity for compensatory mutation could be a mechanism of bacteria to overcome QS disruption and as such might be important for possible resistance development. There is some evidence that QS might affect the elimination of bacteria by the host immune system. Joelsson and co-workers reported that QS enhances the viability of V. cholerae under stress conditions in a HapR-dependent manner [55]. Similarly, McDougald and co-workers found that QS induces stress resistance in Vibrio angustum and Vibrio vulnificus [56]. Inactivation of the QS master regulator SmcR in V. vulnificus resulted in a significantly decreased survival after exposure to hydrogen peroxide, which is a part of the defense of eukaryotic hosts against infections [57]. Hence, QS disruption leading to an increased susceptibility to oxidative immune reactions of the host will reduce the fitness of a pathogen under in vivo conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: The weaving section between the E313 on-ramp and the R1/E19-A12 divergence is a critical recurring bottleneck due to high demand and the weaving manoeuvres of merging and diverging traffic. 1Open in figure viewerPowerlayout. Loop detectors are positioned across all lanes along the corridor, particularly before and after each merging and diverging zone. We selected the morning peak of September 10, 2019, between 7:00 and 11:00 am, as the real-world reference scenario, during which congestion occurred endogenously—that is, without any accidents or spillback from the off-ramp. The available KPIs include the individual speed and headway of vehicles passing the detectors. A mixture of five vehicle classes is defined to represent the traffic heterogeneity according to the Flemish vehicle platoon composition [38]: slow, regular, and fast passenger cars, trucks, and trailers. Regular passenger cars and trailers dominate the traffic composition, possessing the largest percentage. Each class has 16 calibration parameters—13 for the car-following Wiedemann 99 and lane-changing models, and three lane change distances for the connectors to Berchem, Brussels, and the Kennedy Tunnel, as summarised in Table 1. TABLE 1. Calibration parameters definitions. ID Parameter unit Definition 1 Max. lookahead distance m Maximum ahead distance to react to other vehicles. 2 Standstill distance-CC0 m Desired average standstill distance between two vehicles. 3 Following variation-CC2 m An upper limit of the desired safety distance, which a driver allows before intentionally moving closer to the vehicle in front. 4 Threshold of entering following-CC3 s Number of seconds before entering the following mode. 5 Negative (positive) following threshold-CC4(5) m/s Speed difference during the following process at a driver accelerates. 6 Oscillation acceleration-CC7 m/s2 Oscillation during acceleration. 7 Min. headway front/rare m A lower bound for safety distance just after changing the lane. 8 Safety distance reduction factor – Reduces the safety distance to increase gap acceptance probability of a lane changer. 9 Max. cooperative deceleration m/s2 Trailer vehicle maximum deceleration when to allow a preceding vehicle to change into its own lane. 10 Max. deceleration m/s2 Maximum deceleration for changing lanes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 «Блокирование персональных данных» — временное прекращение обработки персональных данных (за исключением случаев, если обработка необходима для уточнения персональных данных). 1. 1. 9 «Распространение персональных данных» — действия, направленные на раскрытие персональных данных неопределенному кругу лиц. 1. 1. 10 «Предоставление персональных данных» — действия, направленные на раскрытие персональных данных определенному лицу или определенному кругу лиц. 1. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Hence, alterations of the type of AHL will not affect the efficacy of lactonases. Apart from that, algae and higher plants have been found to produce several different compounds that interfere with QS, and thus the application of plant or algal extracts or exudates might also reduce the risk of resistance development. The red marine alga D. pulchra, for instance, produces several different, but structurally related, brominated furanones [59]. The production of different QS inhibitory compounds might be an evolutionary adaptation that avoids resistance development by fouling bacteria. Indeed, although there are approximately a million different bacterial species in the marine environment [60], none have developed resistance to the collection of furanones produced by D. pulchra since the alga is not colonized by bacteria. Another strategy might be the development of non-competitive or uncompetitive inhibitors rather than competitive inhibitors. Such inhibitors would not suffer from titration effects due to overexpression of QS core genes (e. g. , differences between strains in the production of signal molecules). Further, QS disruption could be combined with other treatments to obtain a synergistic effect. QS-disrupting compounds have been shown, for instance, to increase the susceptibility of biofilm bacteria for antibiotic treatments [14]. Finally, the major virulence factors responsible for infection of the host could be targeted directly instead of blocking their expression by QS disruption (for reviews on this strategy, see [61], [62]). However, resistance to this strategy might also evolve if the virulence factor that is inactivated affects pathogen fitness under in vivo conditions. 1. Hall BG (2004) Predicting the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes. Microbiol 2: 430–435. View 2. (2001) Regulation of gene expression by cell-to-cell communication: acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing. Genet 35: 439–468. View 3. (1997) Cell-cell communication in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol 51: 527–564. View 4. Milton DL (2006) Quorum sensing in vibrios: complexity for diversification. 296: 61–71. View 5. (2002) Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature 415: 545–549. View 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: congestion is a problem facing today's world, especially in smart cities where the economy is booming. Solving this issue by upgrading the traffic infrastructure of the city might be very cost-inefficient as well as time-consuming. With the help of recent technologies, traffic can be predicted to give the authorities the time to react before congestion evolves. As traffic is affected by several external factors, such as weather and anomalies (accidents, not expected road closures etc. ), understanding the relationship between traffic and these factors can improve the prediction even further. In this study, a new method, the weather-based traffic analysis (hereafter WBTA), is utilised to investigate the temporal correlations between the traffic flow and the exogenous weather factors at different frequencies and time intervals. In addition, a novel method, the wavelet-attention-based calculation (hereafter WABC) is introduced to help to understand the importance of each external factor, compared with the others. Five weather factors (temperature, wind speed, rain, visibility, and humidity) are analysed, weighted, and merged with each other as one auxiliary input to improve traffic prediction accuracy. Based on that, the wavelet-attention-based prediction model is introduced, where the mean squared error is reduced by 32. 3% and 24. 52% for one future time step prediction, and 14. 9% and 18. 22% for five, compared with using the traffic time series alone, and with external factors without weights, respectively. 1 transportation system (ITS) improves traffic efficiency in smart cities by utilising modern technologies and techniques. This has become more important amid global warming as ITS services can reduce traffic congestion, thus decreasing the carbon footprint of vehicles [1]. Reducing traffic congestion can also help smart cities, with large economical and technical development, to mitigate the issue without the need to construct new transport infrastructure [2]. This can be done by making accurate predictions of the traffic flow (which can be used for early congestion detection), therefore the city operators can intervene through the ITS system before the congestion even happens. Traffic prediction has improved a lot recently due to the latest achievements in machine learning and the existence of large and well-collected datasets [3]. However, traffic is affected by external factors, such as weather, which makes the prediction more complicated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 11 «Трансграничная передача персональных данных» — передача персональных данных на территорию иностранного государства органу власти иностранного государства, иностранному физическому лицу или иностранному юридическому лицу. 2. ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: (2005) Making ‘sense’ of metabolism: autoinducer-2, LuxS and pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol 3: 383–396. View 7. Jayaraman A, Wood TK (2008) Bacterial quorum sensing: signals, circuits, and implications for biofilms and disease. 10: 145–167. View 8. (2000) Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. 68: 4839–4849. View 9. (2000) Quorum sensing and the population-dependent control of virulence. 355: 667–680. View 10. (1998) Quorum sensing: a novel target for anti-infective therapy. J 42: 569–571. View 11. (2002) Halogenated furanones inhibit quorum sensing through accelerated LuxR turnover. Microbiology 148: 1119–1127. View 12. (2007) The natural furanone (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2(5H)-furanone disrupts quorum sensing-regulated gene expression in Vibrio harveyi by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of of the transcriptional regulator protein LuxR. 9: 2486–2495. View 13. (2009) A naturally occurring brominated furanone covalently modifies and inactivates LuxS. 19: 6200–6204. View 14. øiby N, (2003) Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors. EMBO J 22: 3803–3815. View 15. (2004) An inhibitor of bacterial quorum sensing reduces mortalities caused by vibriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Microbiol 27: 350–359. View 16. (2006) Quorum sensing-disrupting brominated furanones protect the gnotobiotic brine shrimp Artemia franciscana from pathogenic Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. Microbiol 72: 6419–6423. View 17. Skindersoe ME, Ettinger-de Nys R, (2008) Quorum sensing antagonism from marine organisms. 10: 56–63.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: In the case of heavy rain, for example, pedestrians rush to arrive at their destination, which may cause traffic problems especially on roads close to restaurants and tourist attractions [4]. Drivers, on the other hand, tend to move slower under heavy rain as visibility becomes bad and roads might be slippery. This can also affect the traffic flow, in addition to increasing the possibility of having more accidents. Utilising external datasets, such as weather forecasts, can improve traffic predictions [5]. In Ref. [6], the authors study the effect of weather variables on road occupancy and vehicle speed values of several freeways of the Twin Cities. This study shows that severe rain, snow and low visibility cause the most significant reductions in capacities and operating speeds. Temperature does not show a statistically significant reduction, except for the case of extremely low temperatures. The study also shows that reductions caused by wind speed are not statistically significant. Research paper [7] concludes that the impact of rain increases as its intensity increases with the reduction of speed by an average of 1. 2%–18. 4% and traffic volume by an average of 1. 1%–16. 5%. Researchers in Ref. [8] studied the effect of rainfall on traffic data collected from the highway of Hainan province, China. The study shows that the maximum flow rate decreases by 15. 7%, 19. 1%, 32. 5% compared with normal weather for light, moderate, and heavy rain, respectively. This study [9], illustrates the reduction of speed during reduced visibility caused by fog compared with the one caused by rain. A slight reduction in speed during fog, while a significant drop in speed during rain is concluded. Authors in Ref. [10] illustrate the effect of different weather variables on traffic and show that rain affects the traffic but not as much as snow does. However, as snow happens infrequently, collecting data when snow occurs is more difficult. In this study, the precipitation variable, which includes rain, sleet, and snow, referred to as rain, together with temperature, visibility, humidity, and wind speed are analysed and used to improve traffic prediction accuracy. Predicting future traffic values depends on historical and current ones to forecast what the next values can be.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Акцепт Пользователем оферты на сайте означает согласие Пользователя на обработку персональных данных, а также согласие с настоящей Политикой конфиденциальности и условиями обработки персональных данных Пользователя, а также на трансграничную передачу. Оформление отдельного согласия на обработку персональных данных Пользователя не требуется. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : pathogens that afflict humankind spill over from natural reservoirs in animals. Health & How viruses evolve: Lessons for the pandemic Pathogens that switch to a new host species have some adapting to do. How does that affect the course of a pandemic like Covid-19? Holmes 07. 16. 2020 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today The unusual cases of pneumonia began to appear in midwinter, in China. The cause, researchers would later learn, was a coronavirus new to science. By March, the infection began to spread to other Asian countries and overseas. People were dying, and the Organization issued a global health alert. Viral variants: to the flu Free online event: Wednesday, November 17New variants of the coronavirus behind the Covid-19 pandemic arise constantly, with some, such as Delta, driving new waves of infections and subsequent deaths. What kinds of genetic changes make some variants of SARS-CoV-2 more dangerous and why have virologists long been concerned about coronaviruses in particular? Join us for a discussion and Q&A with two experts and get your questions answered. And, if you can't join us live, please register and we'll send a link to the replay following the event. Register now! But this was 2003, not 2020, and the disease was SARS, not Covid-19. By June, the outbreak was almost gone, with just 8,098 confirmed infections and 774 deaths worldwide. No cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. Contrast that with the closely related coronavirus that causes Covid-19 today: more than 13,600,000 confirmed cases as of July 16, and more than 585,000 deaths. Why did SARS go away while today’s coronavirus just keeps on spreading? Why, for that matter, did both these coronaviruses spill over into people at all, from their original bat hosts? And just as vital as those questions is another: What happens next?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: For five future time step predictions, a prediction error reduction of 14. 9% and 18. 22% is achieved for using the traffic time series alone and with unweighted factors, respectively. While these improvements are noticed for one and five future time steps, no significant improvements are seen for ten. Table 5 provides another evidence for the results, where the error is measured by the mean absolute error (MAE). It illustrates the improvements of using weighted external factors as an auxiliary input to the prediction model. Prediction results of the three cases are illustrated visually by comparing them with the original data in Figures 10-12 for one future time step, Figures 13-15 for five, and Figures 16-18 for ten. The blue lines represent the ground truth values, while the green are the predicted ones. For better visualisation, these figures illustrate the last 10 days of the data with their predictions, while the whole test prediction lasts for about 24 days. From these figures, the importance of our method can be noticed when there are unusual changes in the pattern of data, such as around 150 and 225. Whether it is a small change, around 150, or a severe one, around 225, our method responds to these changes better than the other two cases. In other words, one can easily notice the failure of using traffic time series alone to predict these changes, while our method can mitigate this problem by taking external factors into account. 10Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, traffic alone 11Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, not weighted 12Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, weighted 13Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, traffic alone 14Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, with external factors, not weighted 15Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time steps, with external factors, weighted 16Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, traffic alone 17Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, not weighted 18Open in figure viewerPowerfuture time step, with external factors, weighted 6 transform analysis is used to decompose the time series into its frequency spectra that are used to calculate mutual changes in time series using the cross wavelet transform. Important features are highlighted after being compared with a background spectrum, the average cross wavelet spectrum, with a 95% confidence level. These important features are used to calculate the input weights that tell how each of the external factors affects the traffic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае несогласия с условиями Политики конфиденциальности Пользователь должен прекратить использование сайта. 2. 3 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности применяется только к сайту Оператор не контролирует и не несет ответственность за сайты третьих лиц, на которые Пользователь может перейти по ссылкам, доступным на сайте. 2. 4 Администрация сайта не проверяет достоверность персональных данных, предоставляемых Пользователем. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Health & Disease Mini-organs push along Covid-19 and other virus research Health & time of trials: Waiting for a coronavirus vaccine Health & in on the new coronavirus Health & of smell, confusion, strokes: Does Covid-19 target the nervous system? As we face the current pandemic, it will be important to understand how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is likely to evolve in the months and years ahead. It’s possible the virus could lose its lethal character and settle into an evolutionary détente with humanity. It might end up as just another cold virus, as may have happened to another coronavirus in the past. But it could also remain a serious threat or perhaps even evolve to become more lethal. The outcome depends on the complex and sometimes subtle interplay of ecological and evolutionary forces that shape how viruses and their hosts respond to one another. “One thing you learn about evolution is never to generalize,” says Edward Holmes, an evolutionary virologist at the University of Sydney, Australia, and author of an 1919. The 1918-1920 pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide. : nicer — or nastierSARS-CoV-2, of course, is well past the teetering stage. The big question now is: What happens next? One popular theory, endorsed by some experts, is that viruses often start off harming their hosts, but evolve toward a more benign coexistence. After all, many of the viruses we know of that trigger severe problems in a new host species cause mild or no disease in the host they originally came from. And from the virus’s perspective, this theory asserts, hosts that are less sick are more likely to be moving around, meeting others and spreading the infection onward. “I believe that viruses tend to become less pathogenic,” says Burtram Fielding, a coronavirologist at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. “The ultimate aim of a pathogen is to reproduce, to make more of itself. Any pathogen that kills the host too fast will not give itself enough time to reproduce.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is highly likely that Japan’s smart city plan will promote retrofit-type smart cities, in which existing brownfields are converted into smart cities. Although smart city planning is expected to be a key to DX for regional development in response to changes in socioeconomic conditions caused by changes in regional social structures due to rapid population decline and super-aging, it has been found that various issues have arisen upon its introduction. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of introducing retrofit-type smart city plans in Japan, identify issues at each stage, and evaluate and discuss smart city plans by adapting them to a corporate R&D process model. Specifically, we conducted a literature review using Aizuwakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture, as the target model and clarified the relationship among each stakeholder in Aizuwakamatsu City. Advertisement 2. Smart city2. 1 What is a smart cityRecently, the term “smart city” is often used to refer to cities that have been made smarter through the use of information and communication technology. In other words, the definition of “smart city” is determined by the business policies of those who implement smart city plans, and thus, a wide variety of definitions exist. In fact, there are cases where a “smart city” includes “smart community,” “smart infrastructure (smart grid),” or “smart mobility. Incorporating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data robots, artificial intelligence (AI), automated driving, and 5G in urban planning is simply to achieve economic development and solve social issues by utilizing these advanced technologies. The reason for incorporating advanced technologies such as AI and 5G is to achieve economic development and solve social issues by utilizing these advanced technologies in urban planning. Economic development here means strengthening the competitiveness of existing industries and creating new industries. In Japan, economic development and the solution to social issues utilizing smart cities are in full swing, as proposed in the Plan (FY2016-2020), which is called “Society 5. 0 (super-smart society)“. In this paper, we would like to adopt the following definition of a smart city. A “sustainable city or district where management (planning, maintenance, management, operation, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ПРЕДМЕТ ПОЛИТИКИ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 3. 1 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности устанавливает обязательства Администрации сайта по неразглашению и обеспечению режима защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных, которые Пользователь предоставляет по запросу Администрации сайта при регистрации на сайте или для оформления заказов на услуги. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: ” If SARS-CoV-2 can spread faster and further by killing or severely harming fewer of the people it infects, we might expect that over time, it will become less harmful — or, as virologists term it, less virulent. This kind of evolutionary gentling may be exactly what happened more than a century ago to one of the other human coronaviruses, known as OC43, Fielding suggests. Today, OC43 is one of four coronaviruses that account for up to a third of cases of the common cold (and perhaps occasionally more severe illness). and a few others think it could also have been the virus behind a worldwide pandemic, usually ascribed to influenza, that began in 1890 and killed more than a million people worldwide, including Queen Victoria’s grandson and heir. “Everyone has influenza,” says the headline in a French publication from January, 1890. : can’t prove that, because no virus samples survive from that pandemic, but some circumstantial evidence makes the case plausible, Fielding says. For one thing, people who were infected in the 1890 pandemic apparently experienced nervous-system symptoms we now see as more typical of coronaviruses than of influenza. And when Belgian researchers sequenced OC43’s genome in 2005 and compared it to other known coronaviruses, they concluded that it likely originated as a cattle virus and may have jumped to people right around 1890. They speculated that it may have caused the 1890 pandemic and then settled down to a less nasty coexistence as an ordinary cold virus. Other evolutionary biologists disagree. The pandemic certainly faded as more people became immune, but there’s no solid evidence that OC43 itself evolved from highly virulent to mostly benign over the last century, they say. Even if it did, that does not mean SARS-CoV-2 will follow the same trajectory. “You can’t just say it’s going to become nicer, that somehow a well-adapted pathogen doesn’t harm its host. Modern evolutionary biology, and a lot of data, shows that doesn’t have to be true. It can get nicer, and it can get nastier,” says Andrew Read, an evolutionary microbiologist at University.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: Source: [5] (Prepared by the author). Figure 3. Issue model in smart cities. Source: Prepared by the author with reference to the technology development model [6] (Prepared by the author) [1]. Advertisement 5. Problems with smart city planning5. 1 The problem of the river of evil in smart city planningBased on a study by Kono [1], the “ river of evil “ in smart city planning is “the failure to form a council-style promotion structure” (hereinafter referred to as “council”) with the participation of various stakeholders, including local industry, government, and academia. In order to overcome the river of evil, it was found that two roles are necessary: (1) a promoter to match the solutions of the private sector with local needs and (2) an accelerator, a powerful flag-bearer to verify business models for local technology implementation in collaboration with the private sector. 5. 1. 1 Collaboration involving a wide range of stakeholdersPromoters to match the private sector’s solutions to local needs are the councils. The river of evil in smart city planning starts with a hazy idea from the local government. In the process of incorporating this hazy idea into a more concrete plan, a council-style promotion system involving various stakeholders, including local industry, government, and academia, is necessary. This is because it is only possible to formulate a concrete plan to address the issues by extracting the issues (needs) of the community from the council. Since retrofit-type smart cities are basically built to address issues that already exist in the community, a mechanism is needed to bring these issues (needs) to the surface. Only by examining and organizing these issues (needs) can private companies adapt their solutions to the needs and begin to introduce and develop smart city-related technologies. 5. 1. 2 Existence of a strong acceleratorAccelerators, which are powerful flag-bearers that work with the private sector to verify business models for local technology implementation, include consulting firms and other organizations that have the capability to lead the council. In order to match local issues (needs) with existing local resources and propose what can be done specifically, it is necessary to utilize the capabilities of organizations with expertise, such as consulting firms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Персональные данные, разрешённые к обработке в рамках настоящей Политики конфиденциальности, предоставляются Пользователем путём заполнения формы на сайте в соответствующих разделах и включают в себя следующую информацию: 3. 2. 1 фамилию, имя, отчество Пользователя; 3. 2. 2 адрес электронной почты (e-mail); 3. 2. 3 место жительство Пользователя; 3. 2. 4 платежные реквизиты Пользователя; 3. 2. 5 домашний, рабочий, мобильный телефоны. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: (Holmes is blunter: “Trying to predict virulence evolution is a mug’s game,” he says. )To understand why it’s so hard to predict changes in virulence, Read says it’s important to recognize the difference between virulence — that is, how sick a virus makes its host — and its transmissibility, or how easily it passes from one host individual to another. Evolution always favors increased transmissibility, because viruses that spread more easily are evolutionarily fitter — that is, they leave more descendants. But transmissibility and virulence aren’t linked in any dependable way, Read says. Some germs do just fine even if they make you very sick. The bacteria that cause cholera spread through diarrhea, so severe disease is good for them. Malaria and yellow fever, which are transmitted by mosquitos, can spread just fine even from a person at death’s door. Respiratory viruses, like influenza and the human coronaviruses, need hosts that move around enough to breathe on one another, so extremely high virulence might be detrimental in some cases. But there’s no obvious evolutionary advantage for SARS-CoV-2 to reduce its virulence, because it pays little price for occasionally killing people: It spreads readily from infected people who are not yet feeling sick, and even from those who may never show symptoms of illness. “To be honest, the novel coronavirus is pretty fit already,” Geoghegan says. Nor are there many documented instances of viruses whose virulence has abated over time. The rare, classic example is the myxoma virus, which was deliberately introduced to Australia in the 1950s from to control invasive European rabbits. Within a few decades, the virus evolved to reduce its virulence, albeit only down to 70 to 95 percent lethality from a whopping 99. 8 percent. (It has since ticked up again. )But myxoma stands nearly alone, Parrish says. For instance, he notes, there is no evidence that recent human pathogens such as Ebola, Zika or chikungunya viruses have shown any signs of becoming less pathogenic in the relatively short time since jumping to humans. After rabbits were introduced to Australia, their population exploded.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cities around the world will soon be fully automated, with no need for human oversight. [SEP] Text: It is also necessary to make the use of big data, including data sharing infrastructure and urban OS, an issue in mayoral elections to attract citizens’ interest in the use of big data and to provide them with opportunities to express their will on the use of big data through voting. 5. 2. 2 Provision of funds to lead to the operational phaseThe regulator needs to play a role in creating an institutional environment that supports the deployment of smart city technology. The main roles of the regulator, including the government, will be to provide hardware support, such as the development of an institutional environment that supports the technological deployment of smart cities, and software support, such as the relaxation of laws and regulations and provision of funds to promote the distribution of big data. Especially for local governments that are in a difficult financial situation, financial support such as government subsidies are extremely important, and subsidies are the key to whether or not local governments will be able to introduce data-sharing infrastructure and urban OS. 5. 3 problem in smart city planningSea in smart city planning is “the lack of a gradual increase in the number of services/applications and users that are truly accepted by citizens. In order to overcome the Darwin Sea, it is important to (1) provide a demonstration field and development environment for technology and (2) play the role of an accelerator to verify business models for technology implementation in cooperation with private companies [1]. 5. 3. 1 Dissemination to citizens, who are the main actorsAccelerators, which provide technology demonstration fields and development environments and work with private businesses to verify business models for technology implementation, mainly refer to local governments. Accelerators played the role of verifying what kind of local issues the service/application would solve from the perspective of citizens during the period of the River of Evil. However, accelerators in the period are assigned new roles, such as verifying whether services/applications have marketability and facilitating competition in the market for services/applications. More specifically, local governments need to provide not only data-sharing infrastructure, city operating systems, and standard APIs to the private sector but also information on local needs and technical and financial support. The goal is to start swimming in the Darwin sea, and at the finish line, a dramatic change awaits us, where society actually moves, and great demand is created, changing people’s lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Администрация сайта осуществляет сбор статистики об IP-адресах своих посетителей. Данная информация используется с целью выявления и решения технических проблем. 3. 4 Любая иная персональная информация не оговоренная выше подлежит надежному хранению и нераспространению, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных в п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 4. ЦЕЛИ СБОРА ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: “They are very plentiful here,” says the handwritten inscription on the back of this postcard from around 1930. Scientists eventually introduced the myxoma virus to control the rabbit plague. :. / ones that went awayThe faded nightmares of our past — pandemics that terrorized, then receded, such as SARS in 2003 and flu in 1918-20 and again in 1957, 1968 and 2009 — went away not because the viruses evolved to cause milder disease, but for other reasons. In the case of SARS, the virus made people sick enough that health workers were able to contain the disease before it got out of hand. “People who got SARS got very sick, very fast and were easily identified, easily tracked and readily quarantined — and their contacts were also readily identified and quarantined,” says Mark Cameron, an immunologist at in Cleveland, who worked in a Toronto hospital during the height of the SARS outbreak there. That was never going to be as easy to do for Covid-19 because people who don’t show symptoms can spread the virus. Flu pandemics, meanwhile, have tended to recede for another reason, one that offers more hope in our present moment: Enough of the population eventually becomes immune to slow the virus down. The H1N1 influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic continued as the main influenza virus until the 1950s, and its descendants still circulate in the human population. What made the virus such a threat in 1918-20 is that it was novel and people had little immunity. Once much of the population had been exposed to the virus and had developed immunity, the pandemic waned, although the virus persisted at a lower level of infections — as it does to this day. It appears less lethal now largely because older people, who are at greatest risk of dying from influenza, have usually encountered H1N1 influenza or something like it at some point in their lives and retain some degree of immunity, Read says. With the new coronavirus, Parrish says, “we’re sort of in that 1918 period where the virus is spreading fast in a naive population. ” But that will change as more people either catch Covid-19 or are vaccinated (if and when that becomes possible) and develop some level of immunity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: An approach to internet interventions that enables and informs such informal help seeking would be a natural fit to this pattern of behavior. An evidence-based approach toward men’s mental health and well-being that addresses the problems outlined above should therefore be (1) accessible on the internet, (2) action-based and informal (not clinical), (3) anonymous with the potential for social connection, (4) self-directed, and (5) based in subcultures men are already present in [7]. Importantly, women should not be excluded as in addition to benefiting from the intervention themselves, they can also act as supportive others, connecting these interventions and other mental health initiatives to the men in their lives. Sports and video games are mainstream topics with significant male fan bases. The sporting code that is the focus of this study, League (AFL), is a type of Australian football and enjoys the support of 6 million people across Australia [9]. Similarly, a recent nationwide survey reports that over three-quarters of Australians aged 15 to 34 years play video games and that 70% of all men surveyed were video game players [10]. Both cultures are further combined in esports (competitive video gaming) [11]. esports is a growing industry popular among younger people, with nearly as many millennials preferring watching their favorite esport to watching their favorite traditional sport (40% vs 42%) [12]. Furthermore, many sporting leagues including AFL have partnered with esports teams [11] and video game companies to host esports events [13]. Although they remain distinct subcultures, sports and video games are highly compatible, mainstream in the general population, and well suited to utilization in a mobile health (mHealth) app intended to promote mental health and well-being. Gamification and Applied GamesThe general usage of games and game features for nonentertainment purposes is known as “applied games” [14]. This includes not just applying commercial video games outside of an entertainment context, for example, psychological therapy [15], but also serious games (video games developed for a primary purpose other than player enjoyment [16]) and gamification [17,18]. In the same way that traditional video game design works to engage both the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of its players, applied games have inherent “effectiveness potential” [19], where users of interventions that incorporate applied games can be motivated to explore the intervention deeper for additional motivations besides self-improvement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Персональные данные Пользователя Администрация сайта может использовать в целях: 4. 1. 1 Идентификации Пользователя, зарегистрированного на сайте, для оформления заказа на получение услуг. 4. 1. 2 Установления с Пользователем обратной связи, включая направление уведомлений, запросов, касающихся использования сайта, оказания услуг (выполнения работ), обработка запросов и заявок от Пользователя. 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: “There’s no question that once the population is largely immune, the virus will die down,” Parrish says. The question is how long that immunity will last: for a lifetime, like smallpox, or just a few years, like flu? In part, that will depend on whether the vaccine induces a permanent antibody response or just a temporary one. But it also depends on whether the virus can change to evade the antibodies generated by the vaccine. Although coronaviruses don’t accumulate mutations as fast as flu viruses, they do still change. And at least one, which causes bronchitis in chickens, has evolved new variants that aren’t covered by previous vaccines. But at this point, no one knows what to expect from SARS-CoV-2. There is, at least, one encouraging aspect to all this. Even if we can’t predict how the virus will evolve or how it will respond to the coming vaccine, there is something all of us can do to reduce the risk of the virus evolving in dangerous ways. And it doesn’t involve any complicated new behaviors. “Viruses can only evolve if they’re replicating and transmitting,” Streicker says. “Anything that reduces the replication of a virus will in consequence reduce the amount of evolution that happens. ” In other words, we can do our part to slow down the evolution of the Covid-19 virus by behaving exactly as we’ve been told to already to avoid catching it: Minimize contact with others, wash your hands and wear a mask. This 10. 1146/knowable-071520-1 is a science writer in Edmonton, Canada, who hopes not to contribute to the further evolution of SARS-CoV-2. 10. 1146/knowable-071520-1 is a science writer in Edmonton, Canada, who hopes not to contribute to the further evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biophilic design projects aim to reconnect people with nature in urban settings. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to mutations can rapidly evolve to directly benefit self and cooperative partner despite unfavorable conditions Mock HartChi-of Basic Sciences, United States; London, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution (CLOE), United Kingdom; Jan 27, 2021 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 7, 2021 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 27, 2021 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,535 views 199 downloads 12 7838. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 10. 7554/eLife. 57838. sa1 Author response […] All reviewers agree that this is an interesting piece of work that shows how a mutation that is selected because it imparts a benefit, can also impart a benefit to non-mutated cells with which the mutant exchanges metabolites and/or predispose the mutant to engage in a mutualistic partnership. However, all reviewers also raised a few salient questions, in particular about 1) the underlying molecular mechanism and 2) the exact nature and ecological and evolutionary novelty and relevance of the observation. As far as we understand, the ecm21 mutation increases the uptake rate of lysine because the LYP1 permease becomes more highly expressed, thereby giving the mutants a (temporary? ) fitness benefit (they are fitter than cells not carrying the ecm21 mutation), but as far as we can tell, the yield coefficients (i. e. the efficiency of metabolism) do not change, and we would not be surprised if the ecm21 mutants will in fact have a lower fitness (division rate) once they outcompeted all non-mutant cells because overexpression of the LYP1 lysine permease. This would also mean that at this point, the secretion of hypoxanthine may drop back to what it was in cultures with cells not carrying ecm21, or perhaps even lower. Point 0: In limiting lysine (Figure 2A, 0. 3~2 µM lysine), a pure ecm21 culture always grows much (several-fold) faster than a pure ancestral culture. Note that the fitness difference between a mutant and the population mean is always a function of genotype composition and the environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biophilic design projects aim to reconnect people with nature in urban settings. [SEP] Text: To be socially just, ensuring the right to nature access, to fresh air and water, and to natural light in living spaces must be equally available to all: Biophilic design is justifiably critiqued for its inequity: the health, happiness and productivity of humans is privileged over that of other species, and (de facto) the approach is most accessible among clients of means. (Africa et al. 2019: 2) Addressing this barrier and imagining a more inclusive biophilic design need to be more prominently addressed at all scales, from single rooms, to cities, and to the entire planet. 4. 1 to Systems: Rewilding and Ecosystem DesignSuccessful ecological and urban landscapes can join up existing urban green spaces for greater access and can create pollinator pathways, which further supports life on the planet. For example, parks and roadside verges in London’s City initiative can help achieve their regional goal to green and rewild the city for people and nature. This initiative is “an acknowledgement to how vitally urban lives are bound up with and enriched by nature” (Macfarlane 2020). Such greening and rewilding pathways are being extended across living walls, roofs, courtyards, and gardens of the urban built environment (e. g. 2020). As building designs blur outside/inside envelops, pollinator pathways can now continue right up to the biophilic desk plant, rewilding the building and enabling living biophilia. Biophilia – and in particular the encouragement of a deeper connection to nature – has the potential to shift nature-based design and policy from the nice-to-have towards a holistic, ecosystem-friendly approach, enabling deeper regenerative meaning and uptake by buildings, cities, and regions. This has been happening in some design community circles which are viewing the non-human (nature, place), human (culture), and built environment habitats through a different biophilic lens. Practical examples at a project level include biophilic design workshops that have incorporated mindfulness approaches and encouraged the exploration of the relationship with place. This places the design team in a state of mind that asks the land for permission to build and seeks reciprocity with soils, native plants, and biodiversity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1.

Output: pass