Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: ,n,j=1,…,d,k=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (6) (MStepforΠ,Σ):Evaluateπk,σk2fork=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (10) (MStepforU,V):EvaluateU,VbysolvingminU,V∥W⊙(X−UVT)∥F2 through WALS where W=∑k=1Maxkγijk2πσk2fori=1,…. ,d,j=1,…,n (AutomaticMaxktuning):IfKL(N(μi,σi2),N(μj,σj2))<εforsome i,j,thencombineith,jthgaussiancomponentintoaunique gaussianbylettingπi=πi+πj,σi2=(πiσi2+πjσj2)/(πi+πj) μi=πiμi+πjμjπi+πj removingthejthgaussianfromΠ,Σ. letMaxk=Maxk−1 until meet the stop criteria return U, V DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-5 Since the count of Gaussian models has a significant impact on both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the algorithm, the determination of the count for these models was conducted in an adaptive manner. As stated in Meng & Torre (2013), the process commences with the initialization of the count of Gaussian models, set at a value suitable for modeling the noise distribution (denoted as Maxk). Subsequent to each iteration of the EM algorithm, the distance between each pair of Gaussian distributions is computed employing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence technique. If the distance between the two Gaussian models falls below the pre-established threshold, these models are regarded as similar, prompting their amalgamation. Given that the mean value of the Gaussian distributions utilized for noise modeling is consistently taken as zero, the amalgamation of Gaussian models necessitates the computation solely of the standard deviation and the mixing proportion for the resultant hybrid Gaussian model. Distortion model Alongside inducing spatiotemporal varying blur, turbulence also introduces image distortion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Olmstead, S. Shaw, J. Glasgow, K. 2020. Evaluating efficacy of Fumagilin-B® against Nosemosis and tracking seasonal trends of Nosema spp. in Honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Sci. 2020. 64(2):277-286. Martín-Hernández, R. , Meana, A. , Prieto, L. , Salvador, AM. , Garrido-Bailón, E. , Higes, M. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 00270-07. Michalczyk, M. , Sokół, R. , Szczerba-Turek, A. , Bancerz-Kisiel, A. 2011. A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 14(3):385-91. DOI: 10. 2478/v10181-011-0058-z. Mohammadian, B. , Bokaie, S. , Moharrami, M. , Nabian, S. , Forsi, M. 2018. Distribution of Nosema spp. in climatic regions of Iran. Forum. 9(3):259–263. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32082. Moradi, M. 2019. Survey of Thymus volgaris ethanolic effects on the Nosema parasite in honeybee. Iranian. H. Sci. Tech. 9 (17): 24-32. Moshverinia, A. , Abedi, V. , Safaie, H. 2012. A survey of Nosema apis infection in apiaries of province, Iran. Ir. J Tech 4: 25-30. DOI: 10. 22067/veterinary. v4i2. 17418. Nabian, S. , Ahmadi, K. , Shirazi, MN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: As well, related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. This case study presents both method and technology for integration of building energy simulation and cost calculation with building information modeling (BIM). The early feasibility study stage included sunlight simulation using Revit and THS-WARE, after which the solar energy production was investigated based on the application of solar panels. Initial sunlight analysis and energy use calculations by BIM software were generated based on a number of building specifications and environmental data. According to analysis of solar energy as absorbed by facades, the expense saved by electricity generated from the solar energy can be calculated. Taking the cost of solar panels and project feasibility into consideration, the study shows that application of the studied solar panels contributes greatly to social, economic, and environmental benefits. The energy-saving proposal is feasible in this case and realizes the sustainable design. Though application of building information modeling (BIM) technology assists effective decisions-making as related to sustainable building design in the early stages, BIM is still developing and limited by software compatibility. If the following aspects can be improved while applying sunshine simulation to real projects through BIM, the long-term benefits of a sustainable design will be realized. (1) Strengthen software analysis area. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, apart from the analysis of sunlight condition of the building, indoor lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning should be taken into consideration. (2) The result of calculation on solar energy converted to electricity has effect on the development of solar panels. Optimizing the utilization of solar panels contributes to energy saving. (3) A new plug-in is needed to combine solar energy analysis with sunshine simulation, which can solve related practical problem more efficiently. Advertisement 1. . Systems thinking for sustainable design: A conceptual framework of constructivist web-based learning environment management using inquiry learning process. Creative Education. 2012;3:35-38. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2012. 38B0082. Cheng S. The research of green building design and application based on bim technology [Thesis]. Hunan China: Hunan University; 20133. Wang RX. Green building of low power consumption. Journal of (Social Science). 2010;12(2):144-148. Schlueter A, Thesseling F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Distortion encompasses abrupt shifts in the signal that lead to its degradation. Distortions in turbulent images emerge when the pixel displacement within the local vicinity can be modeled as a geometric transformation. Determining the optimal alignment for each pixel reduces distortion and strives to minimize the rank of the transformed image. With regard to the transformed image, the optimization equation for LRMF is presented as follows: (17) min U,V| | W⊙(x∘τ−UVT) | |F As x∘τ involves a nonlinear operation, it is very difficult to optimize it within the same formulation. However, considering the slight changes in τ, by linearizing (Eq. (17)), the iterative estimation of τ becomes feasible, as delineated in Eq. (18). (18) X∘(τ+Δτ)≃X∘τ+∑i=1nJiΔτiwhere Ji represents the Jacobian matrix corresponding to the ith image with respect to the transformation parameters τi: (19) Ji=∂∂ε(xi∘ε)/ε=τi Alignment by Sparse and Low-rank decomposition (RASL) method (Peng et al. , 2012) has demonstrated the robustness of this approximation in cases of linearly correlated images, even in the presence of drastic variations in brightness and occlusion. Considering Eq. (19), the modification of the optimization function (Eq. (17)) for the ith image transpires as follows: (20) min U,V| | Wi⊙(xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT) | |Fwhere Vi,andWi denote the ith columns of matrices V and W, respectively, pertaining to the ith image ( xi). With the known values of U and V, the cost function is established in Eq. (21) to estimate the transformation matrix: (21) min Δτ| | e | |1, e=xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT As Eq. (21) is a variation of the least absolute deviation problem, it can be effectively solved using the Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method (Boyd, Parikh & Chu, 2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Gerami Sadeghian, A. 2011. First detection of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoon of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Iran. Ir. J. Parasitol. 6: 89-95. PMID: 22347302. OIE. 2019. Manual for diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, Nosemosis of honey bees, Paris. Papini, R. , Mancianti, F. , Canovai, R. , Cosci, F. , Rocchigiani, G. , Benelli, G. , Canale, A. 2017. Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in Central Italy. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 24 (5):979-982. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 010. Petrie A. , Watson P. 2006. Statistic for veterinary and animal science. Blackwell Oxford. Razmaraii, N. , Karimi, H. 2010. A survey of Nosema disease of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in province of Iran. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9: 879-882. DOI: 10. 3923/javaa. 2010. 879. 882. Shumkova, R. , Georgieva, A. , Radoslavov, G. , Sirakova, D. , Dzhebir, G. , Neov, B. , Bouga, M. , Hristov, P. 2018. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria. 31;6:e4252. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4252. Stevanovic, J. , Stanimirovic, Z. , Genersch, E. , Kovacevic, SR. , Ljubenkovic, J. , Radakovic, M. , Aleksic, N. 2011. Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder. Apidologie 42: 49-58. DOI: 10. 1051/apido/2010034.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Between 2013 and 2016, Nigeria generated between 3000 and 4500 MW (megawatts) of electricity, far less than the estimated demand of 10 000–12 000 MW [7]. This has resulted in frequent and unpredictable load shedding which has affected many communities' healthcare centres, forcing them to rely on kerosene lantern as source of lighting and diesel generators as their primary source of electricity. Community in (AMAC) of Territory (FCT)1 [8] is among the many communities affected by the country energy crisis. Karshi healthcare centre has been experiencing worsening power outages in the past several years, with power outages lasting from several hours to several days. Many of the functions in this healthcare facility depend on a reliable supply of electricity for critical care situations, and the loss of power can easily contribute to loss of life. Due to the unreliable power supply, the facility now relies on a diesel powered solution. The power situation is so unreliable that the generator runs on morning and afternoon and that consumes a lot of diesel, and negatively impacts patients and the environment. This is where energy intervention (change in energy system) is needed, and will be demonstrated here as outlined by the author's recent research work [9]. Using generators to cope with the irregular power supply is therefore a burden on the operational budgets of the health facility. When prices go up for diesel, the budget doesn't increase, and existing or planned public health programs have to be reduced or delayed because less money was available from the budget. Therefore, better energy generation and management is one of the keys to improving public health, and one of the ways to control increasing cost in this public health setting is to reduce the energy cost by moving to a different system of energy. The theory of change here is that reliable energy provision to the health centre will lead to better health outcomes in the population based on the fact that the quality of health services provided can be improved with access to electricity. Table 1Monthly maternity statistics for PHC, Karshi-Abuja. Table 2Comparative neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births by region [6]. 1. 1 Justification for installing solar powered system in the healthcare facility Based on literature, installation of solar powered system for the community healthcare centre will drastically reduce the facility energy costs and this in turn will increase the quality of healthcare delivery in Karshi-Abuja.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, by formulating the Lagrangian function as Eq. (22) and incorporating the input values of U,Vi, τi, and Ji, the optimal value of ΔτP+1 is computed utilizing the ADMM approach by Eq. (23): (22) L(U,V,e,Δτ,λ)= | | e | |1+λTh(e,Δτ)+μ2| | h(e,Δτ) | |22where h(e,Δτ)=UViT+e−xi∘τi−JiΔτi. (23) ΔτP+1=(JiJiT)−1JiT(UViT+eP−xi∘τi+1μPλP)where eP+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτiP+1−UViT−1μPλP), λP+1=λP+μPh(eP+1,ΔτiP+1), and μP+1=ρμP. In these equations, S1μP stands for the elementwise soft thresholding operator (as described in Boyd, Boyd & Vandenberghe (2004)). Here, ρ>1 signifies the penalty value that increases the μ value in the ascending order, and P denotes the step within the ADMM algorithm. The overall procedure of this estimation is depicted in Algorithm 2. Algorithm 2: ADMM for estimate Δτ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Tavassoli, M. , Eiganinejad, S. , Alizadeh-Asl, S. 2009. A survey on Nosema apis infection in apiaries of Urmia, North-West of Iran. Ir. J. Vet. Sci. Tech. 1(1): 35-40. Thursfield, MV. 1986. Veterinary epidemiology, Butterworth, Guilford, London. Tokarev, YS. ,. , Malysh, JM. , Becnel, JJ. , Vossbrinck, CR. 2020. A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. J. Inver. Pathol. 169: 107279, Van den Heever, JP. , Thompson, TS. , Curtis, JM. , Ibrahim, A. , Pernal, SF. 2014. Fumagillin: an overview of recent scientific advances and their significance for apiculture. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 62:2728–37. doi: 10. 1021/jf4055374. Webster, TC. , Pomper, KW. , Gerg, H. , Thacker, EM. , Jones, SC. 2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera. Apidologie. 35(1): 49–54. Williams, GR. , Shutler, D. , Little, CM. , Burgher MacLellan, KL. , Rogers, REL. (2010). The microsporidian Nosema ceranae, the antibiotic Fumagilin B, and western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony strength. Apidologie 42 (1): 15 22. Nosema ceranae Enfeksiyonunun İran, Mazandaran İlinde Mikroskopik ve Moleküler Çalışması Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 198 - 205, 11. 11. 2021 ceranae, tüm kıtalarda Apis mellifera'dan mantar paraziti olarak rapor edilmiştir.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: For instance, in Tanzania, a health facility (Kilimatinde hospital) in the used to spend up to 120 litres of diesel a month to run the hospital generator during times of emergency, at a cost of about Tsh 240 000 per month (approximately 118. 00€). After the installation of the solar electricity in 2011 by the Agency for (USAID), all idle laboratory equipment before became fully functional, and the facilities have immensely reduced their operating costs (in terms of fuel and maintenance) while also being able to cater to a greater number of patients than in the past [10]. Also, in Tanzania, a health facility (Talawanda clinic) in the Bagamoyo district serves six villages equaling a population of 10 791; Talawanda averages 20–35 patients during the day, 7–10 at night, 18 deliveries per month. With seven clinical rooms, Talawanda Clinic's doctors had a difficult time dealing with patients at night without electricity and sometimes the lack of electricity could have caused the doctors to misdiagnose or make mistakes when treating patients. installed solar energy in 2013 at providing 10 791 people with more opportunities toward a healthy future [11]. This program has seen success. In Rwanda, the (SELF) in collaboration with Partners in Health (PIH) (two non-profit healthcare organizations) equipped five health clinics for the communities of Mulindi, Rusumo, Rukira, Nyarabuye, and Kirehe with 3. 4–4. 3 kW solar photovoltaic systems. These clinics provide healthcare services to approximately 400 000 people. The systems supply electricity for laboratory equipment (microscopes, blood analysis machines, centrifuges, portable X-ray machines and sterilization devices). They also supply electricity for vaccine refrigeration, telecommunications and computers (patient records, etc. ) [12]. In Zambia, the (UNDP) with () installed a solar power systems in three primary healthcare clinics in Mpepo, Mulekatembo and Kazembe in Eastern Province. The idea was to test whether those could provide valid alternatives to classical power systems or fuel-based generators. The pilot project was a success and proved that solar power generation systems can be an effective and cost-efficient climate change mitigation alternative [13].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: input: U,V,x,τ initialization: e1=0,Δτ1=0,λ1=0,μ=1 Cache Q=(JTJ)−1JT forp=1:ado updateΔτ:Δτp+1=Q(UViT+eT−xi∘τi+1μλP) updatee:ep+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτp+1−UViT−1μλP) updateλ:λp+1=λp+μh(ep+1,Δτp+1) updateμ:μ=ρμ if ‖ h(ep+1,Δτp+1) ‖2≤ εtollerance then converge and break the loop end if end for returnΔτ∗=Δτp+1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-6 As previously mentioned, the task entails determining the locally optimal transformation matrix for every pixel. Thus, for each image pixel, a 3 × 3 transformation matrix needs to be identified to effectively model the distortions. Rather than focusing on the transformation of individual pixels, it is feasible to model the transformation of a window encompassing the pixel at its center. After the application of the transformation matrix to each window, the value of each transformed pixel ( xi∘τi) within the ith image corresponds to the median value across all windows containing that pixel. To achieve this goal, the sliding windows approach is employed. The dimensions of each window is adaptive depending on the entropy of the window. Initially, the window’s size is set to the minimum size Wmin and it expands until its entropy becomes lower than α percent ( 0<α<1) of the image’s entropy. The maximum size allowed for windows is Wmax. Wmin, Wmax and α constitute the free parameters of the proposed method. Since higher entropy in the image indicates more intricate details, lower entropy (signifying image smoothness) results in greater uncertainty when calculating the transformation matrix. Thus, if the window’s size is expanded to the maximum permissible extent without surpassing α percent of the overall image entropy, the calculation of the transformation matrix for that window is skipped.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Bal arısı kolonilerinde yaşam süresinin azalmasına, nüfus azalmasına, üretimin azalmasına ve koloni kayıplarına neden olur. Bu çalışmada Mazandaran ili arılıklarında N. ceranae yaygınlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, otuz iki arılıktan rastgele 320 kovan seçtik ve arılıklardan yirmi yaşlı bal arısı topladık. Toplanan örnekler mikroskop ve moleküler yöntemlerle incelendi. Mikroskobik incelemelerde arılıkların %78,12'sinin Nosema spp belirlendi. Ayrıca N. ceranae, PCR ile %84. 37'sinde tespit edilirken, hiçbir numune N. apis ile enfekte olmamıştır. Sıralı örneklerin gen hizalama analizi sonucunda arılıklarda N. ceranae enfeksiyonunun varlığı doğrulandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Mazandaran ilindeki arılıklarda yüksek oranda N. ceranae tespit edilmiştir. ceranae, Bal arısı, PCR, İran - 3/43533 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. Biol Sci. 24(5):983-991. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 054. Bailey, L. , Ball, BV. 1981. Pathology. Academic Press, London. Csáki, T. , Heltai, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: The renewable energy situation assessed through field survey and experiments [15] confirmed that solar energy is available in abundant quantity, more or less equally distributed over the country throughout the year. Wind energy source or hydro power plants are much more site specific, suitable for fewer locations and unevenly distributed during the year. Biomass resources are insufficient to generate and distribute electricity on a sustainable basis. Out of all the renewable energy sources, however, the solar photovoltaic (solar PV)2 [21] solutions are the most suitable for the primary healthcare centres in Nigeria. 6. 1 Energy efficiency (EE) model Once the energy needs of a healthcare facility have been identified, the next task is selecting and implementing the most appropriate and effective energy efficiency measures to minimize these needs. “Energy efficiency” refers to policies, strategies and technologies designed to reduce energy consumption, carbon emissions and costs [22]. Energy efficiency measures for existing healthcare facilities can be simple actions such as controlling the opening and closing of windows and switching off non-essential devices when not in use. One example is maximizing access to natural ventilation and daylight [23] to improve energy performance, which is a great potential for energy efficiency in healthcare facilities. Energy efficiency is a crucial component for the demand side management (energy consumption), the dimensioning of the solar photovoltaic system (in order to prevent the generating system from being over burdened) and as a consequence, the investment cost and financial viability. In this project, the health facility's 2020+ energy needs was forecasted to be approximately 6935 kWh/yr. costing 8779. 00€ annually (about = N 3 710 105) − although the facility is under-funded; its annual budget on electricity, fuel and other maintenance is = N 360 000. 00 (about 864. 00€). For this design, an energy-efficient health services for basic amenities is applied through the replacement of lighting and window system in order to reduce energy use and cost. The healthcare centre has over 5 rooms, all with very outdated lighting. A lighting audit has been performed, and the types and locations of replacement bulbs (using LED lighting) have been identified. The annual savings will be substantial, reducing the lighting kWh used by over 72% and costs by at least 1680. 00€ every year compared to what the usage would be without a replacement lighting effort.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Instead, its value is approximated using the transformation matrix from neighboring windows. Despite distortion implying abrupt shifts in pixel positions, these changes cannot be very drastic. Consequently, a mechanism must be considered for removing transformation matrices that yield substantial pixel displacements. To address this, the mean and variance of all estimated Δτi matrices are calculated. Those matrices exceeding a threshold of β percent, in terms of their distance from the mean value, relative to the total variance, are designated as outliers. Subsequently, pixels with the Δτi matrix that are identified as outliers (pixels with a window size equal to Wmax and those with a Δτi matrix with a drastic value) are assigned the mean value of Δτi matrices from neighboring pixels. Ultimately, the transformation matrix for each window is determined by accumulating the estimated Δτi values from different iterations. ( τik+1=Δτi+τik). Given that the distortion affecting pixels arises from a limited range of distinct transformations, a MOG model is computed using the estimated transformation matrices. This MOG model serves as a representation of all the distortions affecting image pixels. Employing the computed MOG, the final transformation matrix for each window is established as the mean value of the Gaussian model, with the transformation matrix of that window being a member of said Gaussian model. As a reminder, similar to the adaptive determination of the number of Gaussian models for noise (as outlined in Algorithm 1), the number of Gaussian models for distortions is also computed adaptively using the same approach. The comprehensive process of distortion removal is presented in Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3: Removing distortion from image.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Markolt, F. , Kovács, B. , Békési, L. , Ladányi, M. , Péntek-Zakar, E. , Meana, A. , Botías, C. , Martín-Hernández, R. , Higes, M. 2015. Permanent prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Hungary. Acta. Vet. Hung. 63(3):358-69. DOI: 10. 1556/004. 2015. 034. Emsen, B. , Guzman-Novoa, E. , Hamiduzzaman, MM. , Eccles, L. , Lacey, B. , Ruiz-Pérez, RA. , Nasr, M. 2016. Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. 115(1):175-81. DOI: 10. 1007/s00436-015-4733-3. Fenoy, S. , Rueda, C. , Higes, M. , Martín-Hernández, R. , del Aguila, C. 2009. High-level resistance of Nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(21):6886-6889. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01025-0918. Fries, I. 2010. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 103(1): S73-S79. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2009. 06. 017. Fries, I. , Feng, F. , Silva, AD. , Slemenda, SB. , Pieniazek, NJ. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Europ. J. Protistol. 32(3):356–365. Glavinic, U.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Also, replacement of wooden windows with glass windows will illuminate the rooms by allowing rays of light in thereby reducing hour of lighting use (as from 8. 00 to 17. 00 h), and this will further save about 285 kWh/year. Table 4 illustrates the expected savings. This effort will reduce costs by 6672. 00€ every year beginning in 2020. This is significant and a true example of energy/cost savings that will be showcased to the healthcare policy makers. After the energy efficiency model which resulted in the generation of Tables 5 and 6 from Table 3, we identified the solar resources of the location using a geographic information system (GIS) mapping as shown in Figure 1, then calculate the PV system sizing, and compare the costs and emissions of stand-alone power supply options (generator versus solar system) using HOMER. The simulation results are shown in Table 7. Table 4Savings through the use of more efficient appliances in the health facility. Table 5Load profile for the PHC facility to be powered by the solar system. Table 6The electrical load (daily load demands) data for the health facility in Table 5. Fig. 1GIS mapping showing the location of Healthcare Centre. Table 7Comparative costs and emissions of stand-alone power supply options (generator versus solar system). 7 Simulation results The simulation was done with the support of the Model for (HOMER) developed by the (NREL). This tool is widely used and constitutes one of the main instruments in solar electrification planning. The load profile and the natural conditions are site specific, which means that the results are only valid for this site and should not be extrapolated to other PHCs. The simulation results are shown above (Tab. 7). 8 solar powered system with battery was proposed and the simulation results show that although diesel genset power system has a very low initial capital investment (2 100€) in comparison with solar photovoltaics (19 379€), the fuel costs of diesel, the running costs, and the replacement cost of the genset every 5 year due to wear and tear offset the low initial investments. Consequently, the genset's total net present cost (85 528€) are much higher when compared to solar photovoltaic (21 478€) due to the high operation & maintenance, and fuel costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: input: x,U,V,τ extractsubregionofimagexusingslidingwindowsbasedontheentropyofeach pixel as fjj=1,…,d foreachfj: iffjsatisfyentropycarcumestion calculate Δτj using Algorithm 2 else set Δτj as outlier end if end for using variance and average of all Δτj to detect outlier ones for each fj: if Δτj is outlier calculate Δτj using Δτ matrix of neighboring windows end if end for τj=τj+Δτj estimate MOG using τj and assign mean of MOG models to each windows for each pixel index j in x L = set of all jth pixel exist in all transformed windows jth pixel of x∘τ = median(L) end for return x∘τ DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-7 Selecting a subset of images using the () method Turbulent images can exhibit varying degrees of distortion and blurring due to different conditions and intensities. Consequently, identifying and excluding images that exhibit distinct turbulence patterns can lead to improved outcomes. method is employed within the proposed approach to achieve this objective (refer to Algorithm 4). To accomplish this, a subset of m images (m≪n)) is randomly selected, and the proposed method (as described in Algorithm 5) is applied to this subset, yielding a restored image (denoted as r1). Subsequently, each of the remaining images is processed using Algorithm 5 along with the initial set of m images. This leads to the generation of an output matrix R=UVT, containing m+1 images. Instead of averaging the images, the (m+1)th image is selected as the final image for the process. Algorithm 4: method to best subset image selection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Stevanovic, J. , Ristanic, M. , Rajkovic, M. , Davitkov, D. , Lakic, N. , & Stanimirovic, Z. 2021. Potential of Fumagillin and Agaricus blazei to ceranae in Honey Bees. Insects, 12(4), 282. Gisder, S. , Hedtke, K. , Möckel, N. , Frielitz, MC. , Linde, A. , Genersch, E. 2010. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(9):3032–3038. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 03097-09. Higes, M. , Martín, R. , Meana, A. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees in Europe. J. Invert. Pathol. 92 (2):93–95. Ivgin Tunca, R. , Oskay, D. , Gosterit, A. , Tekin, OK. 2016. ceranae wipeout Nosema apis in Turkey? Ir. J. Parasitol, 11(2): 259-264. Kazembeyki, MA. 2003. Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran, Routledge Cruzon, London. Khezri, M. , Moharrami, M. , Modirrousta, H. , Torkaman, M. , Salehi, S. , Rokhzad, B. , Khanbabi, H. 2018. Molecular detection of Nosema ceranae in the apiaries of Kurdistan province, Iran. Vet. Res. Forum 9(3):273–278. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32086. Klee, J. , Besana, AM. , Genersch, E. , Gisder. S. , Nanetti, A. , Tam, DQ. , Chinh, TX. , Puerta, F. , Ruz, JM, Kryger, P. , Message, D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources alone are capable of powering the entire planet, with no need for fossil fuels or other energy sources. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the suitability of a solar PV system with battery in this primary healthcare centre was determined from the perspective of economical analysis. Environmental impacts also was taken into consideration. Gensets are noisy and polluting, and have a direct health impact on patients and the environment. The diesel genset power system operates for 8760 h per annum, has a fuel consumption of 3558 L per annum, and emits 9. 371 tonnes of CO2 emission annually into the atmosphere of the location of the primary healthcare centre as shown in Table 7. In contrast, the solar PV system operates without fuel consumption and generates no tonnes of CO2 emission. From the environmental analysis on pollutant emission, the solar PV system is preferred over diesel generators. If the diesel-only generator system is continued to be used by the Karshi primary healthcare centre, the CO2 generated based on the simulation results will possibly contribute to global warming in the near future. Generally, installing a solar system at this particular facility has several advantages for the primary healthcare centre. First of all, the healthcare centre receives a new energy system that will help the management save money on maintenance of the generators and the fuel. Not only will the healthcare centre benefit from the project (reduced operational costs for energy supply), it will also have a large impact on the community it represents (reduced environmental impacts). 9 Expected results By achieving the objective of this project, it will result in multiple benefits for the primary healthcare centre. These will include: increased access to health services as the health centre is able to provide consistent services; increased quality of healthcare as the health centre will be able to make use of the full range of diagnostic and emergency health services available; increased number of patients that can be attended to per day as improved lighting allows the health centre to stay open longer; reduced operational costs for health facilities' energy supply; and reducing environmental impacts through the use of solar powered system rather than fossil fuels. 10 economic analysis of solar PV stand-alone system carried out in this investigation verifies the predictions for the brilliant future of solar PV energy technology for primary healthcare centres in Nigeria. The results demonstrate that except for the initial cost of investment, the solar PV generator performs better than the diesel generator, in terms of the life cycle costs and the cost per unit energy. The life cycle cost and the cost of energy show a decrease of 75% each.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the distances between two noise distributions of the m images and the m+1 images and two transformation matrix distributions (τ)of the m images and the m+1 images are computed using the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. These are respectively termed C2 and C3. If the weighted average of these three criteria (C1, C2, and C3) falls below a predetermined threshold, this image is regarded as a member of the support set of the initial m images. The procedure for calculating the KL divergence between two MOG distributions is elaborated in 3. After this, the previously described procedure is repeated, and the U and V matrices are updated using the calculated xi∘τik values. This iterative process continues until the predetermined stopping condition is met. The complete procedure is visually depicted in Fig. 2. The main part of the proposed method is the calculation of the low rank matrix, which is shown by the green box in the mentioned figure. A detailed algorithmic representation of this part is provided in Algorithm 5. Figure 2: Overall procedure of proposed method. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-2 Experiments and results In this section, we conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed method on both simulated and real datasets. The obtained results are then compared with the performance of several existing algorithms, namely Two-Stage (Oreifej et al. , 2011), BNLTV (Mao & Gilles, 2012), NDL (Zhu & Milanfar, 2012), HVDKR (Xie et al. , 2016), SGL (Lou et al. , 2013), Centroid (Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli, 2014), RPCA (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019b), JSUB (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a), PCA-Based (Li, Mersereau & Simske, 2007), Lucky-Region (Aubailly et al. , 2009), and UCSPF (Zhang et al. , 2018). For this purpose, in this section, first, the datasets that were utilized for the experiments, are introduced. Subsequently, we evaluate the proposed method’s performance on these datasets and conduct a comparative analysis of the results with the aforementioned algorithms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Hatjina, F. , Korpela, S. , Fries, I. , Paxton, RJ. 2007. Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96(1): 1-10. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2007. 02. 014. Lotfi, A. , Jamshidi, R. , Aghdam Shahryar, H. , Yousefkhani, M. 2009. The prevalence of nosemosis in honey bee colonies in Arasbaran region (Northwestern Iran). J. Agri Environ. Sci. 5(2): 255-257. McCallum, R. Olmstead, S. Shaw, J. Glasgow, K. 2020. Evaluating efficacy of Fumagilin-B® against Nosemosis and tracking seasonal trends of Nosema spp. in Honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Sci. 2020. 64(2):277-286. Martín-Hernández, R. , Meana, A. , Prieto, L. , Salvador, AM. , Garrido-Bailón, E. , Higes, M. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. DOI: 10. 1128/AEM. 00270-07. Michalczyk, M. , Sokół, R. , Szczerba-Turek, A. , Bancerz-Kisiel, A. 2011. A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 14(3):385-91. DOI: 10. 2478/v10181-011-0058-z. Mohammadian, B. , Bokaie, S. , Moharrami, M. , Nabian, S. , Forsi, M. 2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109047 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechof Edited by From the Management of Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 0. 5–5 Hz window which is classically defined as below the human hearing threshold; and yet these ‘inaudible’ phenomena appear to trigger severe biological reactions. Based on the prominence of the peaks in the harmonic series, a new measure is proposed for use in determining dose–response relationships for infrasonic exposures. This new methodology may be applicable to infrasonic exposures in both environmental and occupational settings. Keywords harmonic series harmonic prominence wind rose 1/36-octave bandwidth time profile low frequency noise environmental noise wind turbines Show + (IARO), New ZealandMariana Alves-Pereira* Lusófona University, PortugalUniversity of (IARO), (IARO), *Address all correspondence to: m. alvespereira@gmail. com 1. IntroductionHearing loss, speech intelligibility and noise annoyance are some of the most studied impacts of noise exposures on human health and well-being. A common denominator of these three outcomes is the audibility of the sound.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: evaluation of the proposed method encompasses both simulated and real datasets. The real datasets consist of the Chimney, Building, Moon-surface, and Water-tower sets, each of which includes corresponding ground truth images (Zhu & Milanfar, 2012). Meanwhile, the simulated datasets encompass the Car-front (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a) and Road (Lau, Lai & Lui, 2019a) sets. The simulated dataset is generated using two distinct approaches. The first method involves warping through a Gaussian deformation vector and introducing blurring through Gaussian noise. This dataset is referred to as the Gaussian simulated dataset. The second approach employs inter-modal and spatially correlated Zernike coefficients (Chimitt & Chan, 2020). This dataset is referred to as the Zernike simulated dataset. Further comprehensive information about these datasets is available in 1. The free parameters can be classified into six distinct groups. The first group encompasses the convergence criteria of the EM method. This parameter involves a trade-off between runtime and algorithm accuracy. Given that turbulence removal is not a real-time computation but rather an offline problem, the chosen value strikes a balance between achieving satisfactory accuracy and ensuring a reasonable runtime. The intention is to avoid an excessively stringent threshold that could lead to impractical computation times while still maintaining attainable levels of accuracy. The second group of parameters pertains to the calculation of Δτ matrices and includes α, Wmin, and Wmax,, which are utilized in determining the size of the sliding window. Additionally, β is employed to identify outlier ∆τ. These parameter values were chosen through a process of trial and error, involving thorough examination of the datasets. It is important to note that the value of Wmin should be chosen small enough to encompass local transformation information, while Wmax should not be too large, as it might include a substantial portion of the image, causing the estimated transformation to become out of locality. The third group of free parameters is used to determine the optimal value of ∆τ through the ADMM method. This group comprises parameters ρandεtolerance with their values set to the ones according to the recommendations of He et al. (2014). The fourth group of free parameters pertains to the number of MOG models used in noise and distortion estimation. This group encompasses the maximum number of models and the threshold for model integration, determined through a trial-and-error process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Distribution of Nosema spp. in climatic regions of Iran. Forum. 9(3):259–263. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32082. Moradi, M. 2019. Survey of Thymus volgaris ethanolic effects on the Nosema parasite in honeybee. Iranian. H. Sci. Tech. 9 (17): 24-32. Moshverinia, A. , Abedi, V. , Safaie, H. 2012. A survey of Nosema apis infection in apiaries of province, Iran. Ir. J Tech 4: 25-30. DOI: 10. 22067/veterinary. v4i2. 17418. Nabian, S. , Ahmadi, K. , Shirazi, MN. , Gerami Sadeghian, A. 2011. First detection of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian protozoon of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Iran. Ir. J. Parasitol. 6: 89-95. PMID: 22347302. OIE. 2019. Manual for diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, Nosemosis of honey bees, Paris. Papini, R. , Mancianti, F. , Canovai, R. , Cosci, F. , Rocchigiani, G. , Benelli, G. , Canale, A. 2017. Prevalence of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae in honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiaries in Central Italy. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 24 (5):979-982. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 010. Petrie A. , Watson P. 2006. Statistic for veterinary and animal science. Blackwell Oxford. Razmaraii, N. , Karimi, H. 2010. A survey of Nosema disease of honey bee (Apis mellifera) in province of Iran. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9: 879-882. DOI: 10. 3923/javaa. 2010. 879. 882. Shumkova, R. , Georgieva, A. , Radoslavov, G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: Exposure to loud noise over extended periods of time can cause hearing impairment; noisy environments can interfere with the correct understanding of speech; and certain types of continuous or intermittent sounds can cause people to feel annoyed by noise, which can, in turn, exacerbate underlying disorders or diseases. There are, however, additional features of sonic environments that are unrelated to the human audibility of sound, but that can also deleteriously affect human health and well-being, specifically, infrasound (≤20 Hz). 1. 1 Infrasound and human health: brief overviewWith the growing industrialization and mechanization that occurred worldwide in the 1960s, infrasound in the environment began to take its toll on workers and urban citizens. Thus, in 1973, the Council of France organized an entirely dedicated to infrasound [1]. One of the outcomes was the establishment of permissible levels for infrasound exposures in the [2]. Figure 1 shows the legislated values for the year 2000. Figure 1. Permissible levels for infrasonic exposures (at 2, 4, 8 and 16 Hz) for two occupational and two environmental settings. Values are provided in dB Linear (no weighting) and, as expected, are lower for public areas than for occupational environments [reproduced from 2]. With the introduction of industrial wind turbines (IWT) in mostly rural areas, noise complaints by local residents began to emerge in the media [3, 4, for example] and in scientific journals [5, 6, for example]. And yet, the vast majority of noise measurements performed in and around homes near wind power plants (WPP) showed values well within the established guidelines [7, 8, for example]. This apparently paradoxical situation has even prompted some authors to assume a psychosomatic origin for resident noise complaints [9], or to associate these health complaints with a lack of monetary gain from the WPP [10]. In direct contradiction to the notion of a psychosomatic origin for these noise complaints, are the animal studies showing increased physiological stress when living in the wild, close to WPP [11, for example], or under laboratory conditions, simulating occupational environments [12, 13, for example]. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: When selecting the value of the integration threshold, ensure that it is not too small, which would preserve similar models, and not excessively large, as it might lead to the merging of dissimilar models. The fifth group of free parameters encompasses the parameters: the parameter m represents the minimum number of images required for the algorithm to function accurately. Through the examination of the datasets, it has been determined that the proposed method can effectively remove turbulence with a set of 25 images. Therefore, the parameter m has been set to 25. Within this group, a threshold value is defined for the purpose of identifying the support set. If the weighted mean of the three criteria introduced in selecting a subset of images using the method section becomes lower than this threshold, the current image is regarded as a member of the support set of the initial set of m images. The value of this threshold is also determined through trial and error. The stopping criteria for the EM method (Algorithm 1), method (Algorithm 4), and calculating low rank matrix (Algorithm 5) are the number of iterations, which are set to 40, 10, and 100 iterations, respectively. The sixth group of free parameters involves the λ parameter applied in the WALS method. The determination of this parameter value was achieved through an iterative process of trial and error, conducted specifically on the applied datasets. Table 1: Free parameters of the proposed method and their values, which have been used in all experiments. name Parameter group MaxIter=40 Number of iterations EM convergence criteria (Algorithm 4) α=0. 56 The ratio of entropy of each window w. r. t. the entropy of the whole image Calculation of Δτ Wmin=max(7,120min(width,height)) Minimum size of sliding window Wmax=max(19,18min(width,height)) Maximum size of sliding window β=1. 3 Coefficient of selecting outlier transformation matrix ρ=2 Penalty amount Finding the optimal value of Δτ by the ADMM method εtollerance=10−7 Threshold of determination of convergence condition ε=0. 15 Merge threshold Number of MOG models in estimating distortion and noise Maxk=10 Number of primary Gaussian models m=25 Number of data choices method C=10 Number of iterations εRansac= 0. 5 Similarity threshold for selecting support set λ = 0. 0001 Regularization parameter WALS method DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Sirakova, D. , Dzhebir, G. , Neov, B. , Bouga, M. , Hristov, P. 2018. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria. 31;6:e4252. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4252. Stevanovic, J. , Stanimirovic, Z. , Genersch, E. , Kovacevic, SR. , Ljubenkovic, J. , Radakovic, M. , Aleksic, N. 2011. Dominance of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in the Balkan countries in the absence of symptoms of colony collapse disorder. Apidologie 42: 49-58. DOI: 10. 1051/apido/2010034. Tavassoli, M. , Eiganinejad, S. , Alizadeh-Asl, S. 2009. A survey on Nosema apis infection in apiaries of Urmia, North-West of Iran. Ir. J. Vet. Sci. Tech. 1(1): 35-40. Thursfield, MV. 1986. Veterinary epidemiology, Butterworth, Guilford, London. Tokarev, YS. ,. , Malysh, JM. , Becnel, JJ. , Vossbrinck, CR. 2020. A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. J. Inver. Pathol. 169: 107279, Van den Heever, JP. , Thompson, TS. , Curtis, JM. , Ibrahim, A. , Pernal, SF. 2014. Fumagillin: an overview of recent scientific advances and their significance for apiculture. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 62:2728–37. doi: 10. 1021/jf4055374. Webster, TC. , Pomper, KW. , Gerg, H. , Thacker, EM. , Jones, SC. 2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera. Apidologie. 35(1): 49–54. Williams, GR. , Shutler, D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: 2 Frequency-weighting systems, spectral segmentation and temporal resolution as applied to acoustical data acquisitionThe ability of the human auditory system to capture sound depends on the combination of the amplitude of the pressure wave (usually evaluated in deciBels, dB, referenced to 20 microPascal), and the frequency (Hz). Different frequencies require different levels of sound pressure in order to be heard. Some decades ago, the for Standardization (ISO) established a frequency-weighting network that simulated the human hearing threshold and that was specifically focused on preventing hearing loss—the “A” frequency-weighting system [14]. The use of the A-weighting system yields sound pressure levels in the dBA metric. ISO has also ratified procedures for evaluating infrasound and lower-frequency components: ISO 7196:1995(E) defines the “G” frequency-weighting system as appropriate for quantifying acoustic energy within the range of 0. 25–250 Hz [15]. The use of the G-weighting system yields sound pressure levels in the dBG metric. Figure 2 compares data to which A- and G-weighting have been applied. It also shows the values when no weighting is imposed. Figure 2. Comparison of acoustical data acquired with unweighted, G-weighted, and A-weighted systems (10-minute average). Note that between 10 and 25 Hz the G-weighting sound pressure levels are defined to be higher than the unweighted values. (2 below for detailed methodological capture of this data in Home 2). The environment shown in Figure 2 is within a rural home in the proximity of a WPP, and where residents have noise complaints (see Section 2 below, Home 2). In this 10-minute data segment, the average noise level was less than 30 dBA, well within compliance levels for most rural areas around the world. The G-weighting system, while over-evaluating the sound pressure levels within the range of 10–25 Hz, yielded an average noise level of around 55 dBG. In Japan, for example, the limit for infrasound generated by IWT is 92 dBG [16]. The unweighted capture, which measures the actual levels present in the environment, yielded an average noise level above 60 dB. The highest peaks in this environment, measured without weighting, occurred at frequencies below 8 Hz, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-1 Compare the results of the proposed method with the existing methods As mentioned, the results of the proposed method are compared with the results of the other eleven methods. The results of the Gaussian simulated dataset are compared with the Two-and JSUB methods, and the results of the Chimney and Building image sequences are compared with the PCA-Based, Lucky Region, Two-and UCSPF methods. These comparative results are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The results of the proposed method on the sequences of the Moon-surface and Water-tower images are provided in 15. 3815 19. 9009 16. 7093 19. 5172 24. 0959 20. 9223 25. 1344 SSIM 0. 5448 0. 8136 0. 6801 0. 8163 0. 9137 0. 8375 0. 9460 Road PSNR 26. 58 27. 4061 23. 9782 30. 03 33. 8682 32. 1232 32. 0174 SSIM 0. 7822 0. 8036 0. 7638 0. 8608 0. 9063 0. 9005 0. 9226 Mean PSNR 20. 9807 23. 6535 20. 3437 24. 7736 28. 9820 26. 5227 28. 5759 SSIM 0. 6635 0. 8086 0. 7219 0. 8385 0. 91 0. 869 0. 9343 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-2 Note: The best result in each row is shown in bold. Table 3: The results of the proposed method and other existing methods based on PSNR (first rows) and SSIM (second rows) criteria on the chimney and building sequences. PCA-baced Lucky region Two-stage 16. 2921 31. 0421 30. 6152 31. 4314 31. 0052 32. 0103 28. 4552 24. 0133 31. 0484 30. 8352 SSIM 0. 0539 0. 1137 0. 1193 0. 112 0. 1075 0. 1632 0. 9065 0. 8736 0. 9155 0. 9231 Building PSNR 14. 346 24. 0679 25. 0724 24. 808 26. 2145 26. 4822 15. 8501 24.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Nov 13, 2017 · The manuscript represents a survey for nosematosis in Apis mellifera from Bulgaria where the authors detected only the presence of Nosema ceraneae while failed to find N. apis. Even if the data presented here are not novel, I think that they are valuable. Nevertheless, the 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. Validity of the findings The findings are not novel but are valid. The conclusion should be revised. L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L186-191- This information is not the conclusion. Please, remove it. Additional comments L25- Please, correct “the objective of the present study was to” L28- I think that the authors should re-organize the information, mentioning first that only N. ceranae was detected and not N. apis and then the percentage of infection from each region. L29-30- “rate of infection”, not of invasion L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L42-48- Please, remove this paragraph. This is a general background of the beekeeping activity in Bulgaria and it is not directly related to the purpose of the manuscript. I recommend starting the introduction section highlighting the importance of bees in pollination and for the ecosystem maintenance and then introduce the sanitary problems that the bees have to face.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: , below the defined threshold of human audibility. Taken alone, it would seem that these numerical values are insufficient to adequately characterize the instigator of these residents’ noise complaints. In addition to showing the problematic usage of different frequency-weighting systems, Figure 2 emphasizes two other aspects of noise measurements: the segmentation of the acoustical spectrum into bands of 1/3 of an octave, and the temporal resolution of 10-minute averages, as per ISO guidelines [14]. As for the spectral segmentation, a higher resolution is technologically possible, but the results are considered mostly academic, since practically all tabulated values related to permissible noise exposure levels use 1/3-octave segmentation. 1. 3 Goal of this report: Going beyond ISO recommendationsCould it be that the spectral segmentation into the 1/3 of an octave and the 10-minute average temporal resolution are too coarse and rudimentary to identify biologically-relevant acoustical phenomena, such as those emanating from WPP? This report documents the acoustical environments captured in homes located near WPP, using a spectral resolution of 1/36 of an octave, and a temporal resolution of 1-second. Sound pressure levels were analyzed in dB (unweighted). Advertisement 2. Background and methodology of data collectionData reported herein were collected in Portugal in Jul-Aug 2020 (Home 1) and in Scotland in Feb-Mar 2021 (Homes 2 and 3), at the invitation of the separate homeowners—usually due to the onset of a pattern of debilitating symptoms which, they claim, only began after WPP became operational in their residential areas [17]. A two-channel sound recording device was placed in and around each home with continuous data acquisition over several days. During the sound recordings, residents were asked to keep a date- and time-logged diary detailing the onset or absence of symptoms, such as sleep disruption. This onset or absence of symptoms could then be compared with changes in the sound recordings that might suggest a causal connection. 2. 1 High resolution sound recordingThe recording equipment was a (FS) system (), Model Mk1 in Portugal and Mk2 in Scotland [18]. It is a two-channel device with sampling rates up to 44. 1 kHz, that is designed to capture recordings of sonic environments with high precision, especially in the infrasonic and low-frequency bands.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 0312 25. 3721 28. 4178 SSIM 0. 1858 0. 3271 0. 3882 0. 3855 0. 4857 0. 5137 0. 6449 0. 7214 0. 7926 0. 8802 Mean PSNR 15. 3190 27. 555 27. 8438 28. 1197 28. 6098 29. 2462 22. 1526 24. 0222 28. 2102 29. 6265 SSIM 0. 1198 0. 2204 0. 2537 0. 2487 0. 2966 0. 3384 0. 7757 0. 7975 0. 8540 0. 90165 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-3 Note: The best result in each row is shown in bold. Table 4: The results of the proposed method based on PSNR (first rows) and SSIM (second rows) criteria on Zernike simulated datasets. Proposed Car-front PSNR 23. 0173 SSIM 0. 9208 Road PSNR 31. 7254 SSIM 0. 9167 Mean PSNR 27. 3714 SSIM 0. 9188 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-4 Figures 3–6 provide visual representations of the restored images obtained from the proposed method and the results of the previous methods. It is evident from these images that the -and UCSPF methods yield higher visual quality in terms of the final restored image compared to the other methods. Figure 3: (A) The reference image of the car-front sequence (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) NDL, (E) SGL, (F) centroid, (G) RPCA, (H) JSUB, and (I) two-stage, on this sequence. Photo credit: Pui Anantrasirichai. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Authors can also mention that there have been reports of colony losses in different countries and that Nosema is one of the main threats that affect honeybees. L49- rewrite these sentences in order to not repeat the words L53- Please, provide 82. Please, remove this sentence. Nosemosis is usually used to the describe the disease and in this study, the authors analyzed the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae but this was not related with symptomatology. I would recommend restricting this word to sentences in this context. Also, I agree that the information regarding the presence and distribution of these pathogens is important and contribute to gain insights and compare it with other countries. However, this sentence is too ambitious. L85-87- Which was the criteria of the number of samples taken from each region? Was it according to the number of colonies from each region? Please, provide details of the experimental design. L91-92- Why were the samples taken from the entrance or from the frames away from the brood nest? Was any bias in the method of sample collection according with the region? L95- Which cell lysis buffer? Please, provide information and 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. L128-remove specific L135. Please, remove this sentence. It is already mentioned in L88 L137- Provide the percentage in order to compare with the infection level of the other two regions. L141- Please, substitute “invasion” for “infection”. Also, “in comparison” L153-Does the authors has historical information about the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae in the country? L161- It has been also reported that there are bees tolerant and resistant to Nosema (Fontbonne et al. , 2013) which is in agreement with your hypothesis. Authors may include this study in the discussion. L162- I would recommend reorganizing the information in this paragraph. From the previous one, the authors point out that there might be bees more susceptible to Nosema than others and then argued that this may be the case in Bulgaria. But the first sentence only says that there are differences in the prevalence of Nosema in the flat and mountains areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: The blade-pass frequency of the IWT installed around the home of family E. is 0. 75 Hz. The harmonic series identified in Home 1 is the acoustic signature that emanates from these machines, and that reflects the airborne propagation of a pulsed, pressure wave generated by rotating IWT blades. This IWT acoustic signature occurs below the threshold of human audibility. 3. 3 Home 1: At 04:00 on the morning of the ‘peaceful’ episode (22 Jul, 2020)6, the sonic environment in the master bedroom of family E. is shown, as captured between 04:00 and 04:10, on the morning of 22 July, when the E. family slept peacefully. The lack of continuous, horizontal lines throughout the sonogram (Figure 6A) is notable, as is the absence of regular peaks in the corresponding spectrogram (Figure 6B). The triangular, pink shapes that span various frequencies in the sonogram are due to blowing wind, and do not exceed 50 dB. In all 18 recordings (from 03:00 to 06:00, 22 Jul), no IWT acoustic signature was identified. Figure 6. (A) Sonogram showing the sonic environment inside the master bedroom of Home 1 (on 22nd Jul when no sleep disruption occurred) over a period of 600 seconds—With 1/36-octave band resolution, 1-second temporal resolution—and pressure levels in dB as indicated by the color-coded scale. The triangular, pink shapes that span various frequencies are due to blowing wind, and do not exceed 50 dB. Continuous, horizontal lines as observed in Figure 5A are absent. (B) Spectrogram without any regular, large peaks of acoustic energy in the infrasonic range. Harmonic series, as related to IWT acoustic signatures, are absent. 3. 4 Homes 2 and 3Regrettably, the residents of these Homes were not sufficiently assiduous with their diary entries so that health-related information could be compared with simultaneous recordings. Homes 2 and 3 have three different models of IWT among the 3 WPP located in their vicinity, as opposed to Home 1 that only had one type. For asynchronous (constant with varying wind speeds) IWTs, each model will have its own blade-pass frequency and, therefore, their acoustic signatures will be different.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 1713/fig-3 Figure 4: (A) The reference image of the road sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) NDL, (E) SGL, (F) centroid, (G) RPCA, (H) JSUB, and (I) two-stage, on this sequence. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-4 Figure 5: (A) The reference image of the chimney sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) lucky region, (E) two-stage, (F) BNLTV, (G) NDL, (H) HVDKR, (I) SGL, (J) centroid, (K) UCSPF, and (L) PCA-based, on this sequence. Photo credit: Chiman Kwan. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-5 Figure 6: (A) The reference image of the building sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) lucky region, (E) two-stage, (F) BNLTV, (G) NDL, (H) HVDKR, (I) SGL, (J) centroid, (K) UCSPF, and (L) PCA-based, on this sequence. Photo credit: Chiman Kwan. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-6 method exhibits a restored image with lower quality compared to other methods. Despite the restoration of the geometric structure, the resulting image appears blurry and overly brightened due to the effects of temporal averaging. The RPCA method, lacking a mechanism to effectively remove distortion, primarily focuses on selecting a subset of turbulent images with minimal distortion and maximal sharpness during the subsampling stage. As a result, the restored image obtained using the RPCA method continues to exhibit some degree of distortion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: results are given above and European ones, belowFull size image DiscussionOutbreaks of parasites are typically produced by specific virulent strains. Many parasitic microorganisms reproduce rapidly in an asexual manner and even for those species where a sexual cycle is possible, reproduction is usually clonal [35]. Consequently, it should be possible to identify defined genotypes in a given infection, and assessing their similarity to other genotypes allows epidemiological relationships to be established. In terms of Microsporidia, this is indeed the picture for Encephalitozoon species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with diversity among strains contrasting with the uniform genotypes obtained from specific isolates [36–38]. Yet curiously, these asexual species have been shown to carry out an extant sexual cycle, although it must occur during co-infection of the host by two genetically distinct strains to produce genetic diversity [9]. In these infrequent cases, favorable mutations can arise in separate linages and become combined in the same individual, providing an adaptive advantage to varying environments [35]. species, genetic evidence clearly supports the existence of cryptic sex in N. granulosis [8]. We previously demonstrated that rDNA varies within a given isolate in N. ceranae and that recombination may occur, hypothetically between the different repeats of rDNA clusters in sister chromatid exchanges or in a cryptic sexual cycle [18]. This invalidates the use of phylogenetic approaches based on rDNA sequences. In order to eliminate the possibility of exchange between tandem repeat sequences as a source of genetic variability, we selected five putative coding sequences from the genome of N. ceranae to study here. Diversity and heterozygosisThe results obtained fit into the general picture of strong molecular diversity in N. ceranae and a high percentage of shared polymorphisms between different isolates [26]. It is important to emphasize that all five markers analyzed were polymorphic due to single nucleotide changes, ranging from 4 variable sites (in the 875 bp of X802) to as many as 18 (in the 1280 bp of X639). The rates of synonymous versus non-synonymous mutations were fairly close to 1 for X696 and X754, suggesting essentially neutral effects, whereas this rate was clearly biased to synonymous mutations in X639 (Ka/Ks = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: The Es′ diary entry for 18 Jul at 04:00 indicated that the “noise was unbearable” and “sounded like a derailing train. ”Similar day-time plots were constructed for Homes 2 and 3, as shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. While these types of plots are informative as to the time and duration that people are exposed to higher or lower levels of Hp, it is still important to view the sonograms to get a true understanding of the nature of the sonic environment at that point in time. For example, it is not possible from this graph alone to determine if the lower Hp levels seen in Home 2 on the morning of the 27th (Figure 11) are caused by the presence of a higher background noise level or whether the levels of Hp were actually diminished. Figure 11. Day-time plot for Home 2. A visual inspection shows that the Hp was most dominant from the 2nd through the morning of the 6th reaching its highest value at around 3 pm on the 3rd, with Hp between 25 and 30 dB above background. Figure 12. Day-time plot for Home 3. The most dominant episodes, i. e. , highest level of Hp, were at night. The mornings of the 21st and 22nd registered the strongest Hp (20–25 dB), while the morning of the 27th presented with the weakest. Note that not all the 10-minute intervals where the Hp is shown as 0 (black) are, in fact, 0. Impulsive sound—caused by such events as people walking over a floor or a door closing—can contaminate an entire 10-minute recording since the impulse is spread over longer and longer time intervals as the frequency of the 1/36-octave bands decrease. To use the Hp measure as part of a dose–response metric, the simplest method would be to integrate it over time, i. e. , multiply each value by 10 minutes and sum for a metric in decibel-minutes. Long-term exposure might be measured in decibel-years. Future research might even develop infrasound dosimeters for workers, similar to those used for radiation exposures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, due to its emphasis on the selection of a subset of sharp images and using the appropriate energy function to merge these subsampled images, coupled with the application of the blind deconvolution method, the restored image has little blur. The JSUB method closely resembles the RPCA method except that its energy function uses TV regularization, the L2 norm, and adaptive Gaussian noise for joint subsampling. This method also lacks a blind deconvolution step, resulting in a mildly distorted but blurred image. The Two-Stage method’s deficiency caused by from the generation of an unsuitable reference image through the averaging process, leading to errors during the registration stage and ultimately resulting in a blurred final image. Similar to the Two-Stage method, the NDL method also suffers from the impact of the erroneous reference image generated through the averaging process. This issue substantially affects the performance of the registration stage, and even though the method employs the blind deconvolution technique, the resulting image lacks clarity in terms of capturing image details. HVDKR uses the RPCA method to generate a reference image with reduced blur and distortion. This approach then further enhances the reference image using a variational model. Employing deformation-guided fusion the method not only models and mitigates the impact of the image but also effectively reduces blurriness in the final restored image. But since it is a step-by-step process, the interaction between the two factors of blur and distortion has not been taken into account. As a result, while the output images may exhibit relatively improved sharpness, the overall restored image tends to retain some level of blurriness and distortion, and also the fine details in the image are not well-defined. In the UCSPF method, by separating the phase and magnitude components in the frequency domain, structural information and brightness intensity are separated to process the two distortion and blur factors separately. Through multiscale and multidimensional operations applied to these distinct components, the UCSPF method effectively produces an output image characterized by reduced levels of distortion and blur. Moreover, this approach facilitates the preservation of sufficient image details. Nonetheless, the processing conducted in the frequency domain lacks access to spatial information. For this reason, frequency-domain processing, although well-restored in detail in high-energy areas, has caused fluctuations in the brightness intensity in smooth regions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae [26], with initial discussions focusing on whether nuclear fusion occurs or not, followed by meiotic chromosome reduction [40]. Yet the more important issue here is that the two nuclei must be genetically different in order to drive recombination. The fact is that N. ceranae is diverse and recombinants appear systematically. Keeping in mind that millions of spores are produced clonally in a few days, the fact that diversity is maintained throughout the world is baffling. Even a hypothetical existence of two diploid nuclei (2n + 2n spores) as the basis of variability, fusion and meiosis would also be required to sustain the high diversity reported here. However, to explain the variants found at low frequencies, a sexual cycle must also exist independently of the ploidy of each nucleus. Absence of geographical barriersHalf of the isolates of N. ceranae in this study were obtained from six different European countries, while the other half correspond to Australian isolates from either the European or Eastern honey bee. It is clear that there are no diagnostic alleles specifically related to any of those origins, and except for a few insignificant cases where a variant is found in one single sample, most alleles exist in N. ceranae infecting A. cerana or A. mellifera, from Australia or Europe. The lack of barriers to the transmission of N. ceranae between the two honey bees has been reported previously [41] and confirmed recently [23]. Our results indeed point towards free transmission of this microsporidian with no signs of geographical or host segregation. It should be remembered that drones may transmit the parasite to many different honey bee colonies and that N. ceranae also infects the Bombus species [42, 43], increasing its possibilities of spreading. Additionally, this microsporidian can also be transmitted through pollen [44] and moreover, queens are now freely imported over long-distances to recover honey bee populations in a given region. Thus, a common origin may be associated with different genotypes and indeed, identical genotypes are found in Australia and Europe. origin of N. ceranae and the recent invasion into Europe could be associated to founder effects and hence a much lower diversity in Europe than in Australia. Interestingly, the genotype distribution in the samples from the two continents is quite similar - we obtained mean diversities of 0. 27 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: Additionally, it has been found that trailing edge noise is generated when the flow is mildly separated whereas for large-scale separation, noise is transmitted from the chord. This has been determined through far-field cross correlations (Chou and George, 1984). Of great interest is the LBL-VS noise as it can be combined to acoustically excited feedback loops. These are found between the trailing edge and instability waves (i. e. Tolmien-Schlichting waves) upstream of the trailing edge (Brooks et al. , 1989; Leloudas et al. , 2007; Paterson et al. , 1974, George et al. , 1980, Arakawa et al. , 2005; Tam, 1974; Fink, 1978; Wright, 1976). To predict the tip vortex formation, Brooks, Pope and Marcolini developed a relation for an untwisted, constant chord blade (Brooks et al. , 1989; Ffowcs and Hall, 1970; Brooks and Marcolini, 1986). Empirical relations for turbulent inflow noise were developed by Lowson (1992) based on the experimental results of Amiet (1975). These relations apply to both low and high frequencies. Sound generation can be prevented or reduced using different techniques. The simplest method is to consider the acoustic behavior of the wind turbine in its design. However, the main focus of researchers is to minimize the noise generated by the turbine while maximizing its power generation. Some methods involve detecting noise in the mechanical components using artificial intelligence (Kelly, 2000; Wang et al. , 2011; Angelov and Filev, 2004; Song and Kasabov, 2005; Kasabov and Song, 2002; Wang et al. , 2004; Jianu, 2010) while others are focusing on blade designs and introducing serrations to minimize the aerodynamic noise (Oerlemans et al. , 2001; Oerlemans, 2008; Kamruzzaman et al. , 2012; Herr, 2006). In this study the authors are applying a factor not generally used to design wind turbine airfoils with the intention of minimizing noise pollution. Hence, the authors are attempting to relate sound to exergy. The correlation between the sound pressure level resulting from flow over an object and the exergy destroyed within the fluid medium has the potential to reveal useful information related to noise generation and aid in efforts to minimize noise pollution in commercial wind turbines.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Despite the visually satisfactory quality of the final images, it is noteworthy that the computed PSNR and SSIM values are lower than expected. As evident in Figs. 3–6, the resulting images from the proposed method exhibit sharper edges and finer details in comparison to those generated by other methods. The smooth regions within the ground truth images are returned as smoothly in the output images. The distortion is removed as much as possible, but the brightness of the output image in the Chimney sequence produced by the proposed method appears slightly darker compared to the corresponding ground truth image. Figure 7 presents the restored images generated by the proposed method on the Zernike turbulence dataset. A visual comparison of both Gaussian and Zernike turbulence images reveals that blurring is more obvious than distortion in the Zernike images. While the proposed method effectively restores Zernike turbulence images with notable accuracy, as evident in Fig. 7F, it is worth noting that the details of the asphalt road are not fully restored to their original quality. Figure 7: (A) The reference image of the car-front sequence (B) one Zernike simulated image, and (C) the qualitative results of the proposed method, (D) the reference image of the road sequence (E) one Zernike simulated image (F) the qualitative results of the proposed method. Photo credit: Pui Anantrasirichai. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-7 Indeed, conventional images typically exhibit characteristics of low-frequency signals, rendering them low rank. Distortion, characterized by sudden change in the signal changes, introduces high-frequency components that elevate the signal’s rank. The time-varying blur in an image sequence from a single scene results in images that are distinct from one another. Consequently, the overall diversity of the image sequence increases. This phenomenon elevates their temporal rank. Turbulence images, caused by both distortion and spatiotemporal varying blur, possess high ranks. Consequently, by generating a low-rank matrix, it becomes possible to obtain an image that encompasses all high-rank images derived from it. This image aims to closely resemble the reference (turbulence-free) image. Consequently, the creation of a low-rank matrix can be used to eliminate turbulence. Accordingly, the LRMF method was adopted for this particular objective.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, which is not a significant difference. It is clear that European populations are not of unique origin, as a number of very different genotypes do indeed exist. Heterozygosity and diversity would be related in a population that fits Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, otherwise the two phenomena may produce different outcomes. Even assuming some degree of sexual reproduction, Hardy-Weinberg expectations would certainly not be expected for an organism like N. ceranae. Heterozygosis or mixed genotypes do not parallel its diversity and despite the fewer genotypes in Europe, heterozygosis is not statistically lower (in fact it may be slightly higher). Although further experiments must be performed, this finding again supports an adaptive role for the polymorphic infecting N. ceranae populations. The co-existence of different alleles for any genetic marker is maintained worldwide and especially in European isolates. Perhaps, as has also been suggested for N. bombycis [45], it is precisely such heterogeneity that makes a population of N. ceranae spores so virulent to Apis mellifera. ConclusionsThe data presented here indicate that honey bees are often infected not by a pure strain of N. ceranae but rather, by a heterogeneous group of spores. This may either be because the binucleated spore is heterozygous at a number of loci or because different strains are actually present in the infecting population. As shown in Fig. 4, once this population reproduces in the honey bee gut, meiosis will cause allele segregation and the fusion of nuclei of different origins by recombination also generates new genotypes, maintaining or even augmenting the genetic diversity of N. ceranae. Fig. 4Scheme of genotype diversity generation after multi-strain infection. Up: A honeybee is infected by an heterogeneous collection of N. ceranae spores in two possible ways: diploid or pseudodiploid spores may be heterozygous for a given marker (AB), and two or more different strains may be present in the infective group of spores (AB, and CD).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The results for North/South and East/West orbit corrections have been calculated from reference formula for two all-electric satellite mass categories and the result in Tables 13–15 show that more than 95% of the fuel consumed in orbital maintenance will be consumed in North/South corrections (Lovell and O’Maley 1970Lovell RR, O’Malley TA (1970) of [Online]. Technical Memorandum. Nasa. ; Lugtu 1990Lugtu SD (1990) Impact of ion propulsion on performance, design, testing and operation of a geosynchronous spacecraft (Master thesis). Monterey: School. In English. ). 13 Twenty years North/South orbit correction for all-electric satellites calculated results. 14 Twenty years East/West orbit correction for all-electric satellites calculated results. 15 Sum of 20 years orbit maintenance and correction results from Tables 13 and 14. The deorbiting process is essential for eliminating obsolete telecommunication and weather forecasting GEO satellite, where all deorbiting satellites will settle in GEO graved orbit (500 hm above their missions’ orbit) (Wikipedia 2021Wikipedia (2021) Graveyard orbit [Online]. ). Therefore, GEO deorbiting simulated in STK for different propulsion subsystem for 2000 and 3000 kg all-electric satellite systems (Tables 16 and 17). 16 Deorbiting 2000 kg GEO telecommunicationall-electric satellite with different propulsions STK simulated results. 17 Deorbiting 3000 kg GEO telecommunicationall-electric satellite with different propulsions STK simulated results. The XIPS-25 propulsion is the most efficient propulsion subsystem and consumes the least amount of Xeon fuel. Fuel consumption simulated and calculated for all the main modes associated with the satellite in orbit (orbit ascension, orbit maintenance, and deorbiting). This result for 2000 and 3000 kg presumed system in 277–409 kg fuel mass for PPS 1350 propulsion, 165. 7–244. 5 kg fuel mass for XIPS-25 propulsion, 270–400 kg fuel mass for SPT-140D propulsion, and 197. 8–295. 9 kg fuel mass for BHT20K propulsion. All data extracted from the simulation are accurate since the input data used from real propulsions with different specifications.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Through the iterative integration of these two techniques within the LRMF method, a comprehensive framework has been established. This framework is capable of generating turbulence-free images while minimizing the presence of turbulence. The performance of the proposed method was assessed in terms of the PSNR and SSIM criteria using the t-test statistical method. To accomplish this, the maximum values obtained from the previous methods were compared with those of the proposed method. The outcome of the PSNR-based t-test indicated a 50% similarity, signifying that the proposed method’s accuracy is on par with the best outcomes of the previous methods. Conversely, the t-test conducted based on the SSIM yielded a result of 95%, underscoring the superior accuracy of the proposed method in comparison to the preceding previous methods. Since the PSNR criterion is based on MSE, even slight changes in the image’s brightness can lead to a decrease in the numerical values of this criterion. Therefore, the relative darkening observed in the results of the proposed method might contribute to the decrease in the numerical values of this criterion. On the other hand, SSIM is a perception-based criterion that, like the human visual system, considers structural, luminance, and contrast similarities between the two images. Therefore, higher numerical values of this criterion in the results of the proposed method indicate a high perceptual similarity between the resultant images and the reference images. Further detailed evaluation of the proposed method is provided in 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-1 Code and Dataset. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-2 Download (A) The reference image of the Water tower sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, (D) Centroid, (E) NDL, (F) RPCA, (G) SGL, and (H) Two-Stage, on this sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-3 Download (A) The reference image of the Moon surface sequence, (B) one observed image, and the qualitative results of (C) the proposed method, and (D) NDL, on this sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-4 of different turbulence impact on Desert sequence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn order to study the effects of Nosema ceranae infection on honey bee microRNA (miRNA) expression, we deep-sequenced honey bee miRNAs daily across a full 6-day parasite reproduction cycle. Seventeen miRNAs were differentially expressed in honey bees infected by N. ceranae that potentially target over 400 genes predicted to primarily involve ion binding, signaling, the nucleus, transmembrane transport and DNA binding. Based on analysis, nine biological pathways were identified by screening target genes against the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, seven of which involved metabolism. Our results suggest that differentially expressed miRNAs regulate metabolism related genes of host honey bees in response to N. ceranae infection. Similar content being viewed by others Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology 1. More recently, miRNAs have been reported as a virulence factor of fungal parasites of plants2. Nosema ceranae is a unicellular fungal parasite that infects mid-gut epithelial cells of honey bees3,4. The intracellular reproduction cycle of N. ceranae lasts approximately four days and the parasite starts to reproduce daughter spores soon after entering epithelial cells5. The infected cell eventually bursts, releasing a large number of spores. Nosema infection can profoundly affect the global gene expression and physiology of honey bee hosts6,7. Genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) association analysis identified a honey bee gene, Aubergine, that might be involved in suppressing N. ceranae reproduction8. Aubergine belongs to the Argonaute family, genes encoding key proteins involved with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)9. RISC directs small regulatory RNAs, such as miRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to cleave target mRNAs10. In order to study the impacts of N. ceranae infection on honey bee miRNAs, we infected honey bees with N. ceranae spores and monitored miRNA expression changes at 24 hour intervals for a complete infective cycle (6 days post infection). With this time series analysis, we provide new insight into mechanisms of microsporidian pathogenesis and honey bee responses. ResultsDifferentially expressed honey bee miRNAs during N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The main reason is that the GEO satellite ground tracks are relatively static, resulting in almost static observation geometry. Also, the ON model has been applied to GEO satellites (Montenbruck et al. 2015), but it makes the SRP acting on the satellites hard to model. Guo et al. (2016b) identified errors that noticeable depend on the orbital angle, i. e. , the argument angle of the satellite with respect to the midnight point in the orbit plane, and large bias of about −40 cm in satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals. These errors are a result of using the empirical model. Liu et al. (2016) reported that GEO orbits could be improved by estimating six parameters instead of the typical five parameters of the empirical model. With this model, the bias of SLR residuals is only about −7. 8 cm for 28-day solutions. However, no significant improvement has been observed after incorporating the model into the Analyst (PANDA) software (Liu and Ge 2003). Although elevation-dependent satellite-induced code biases were identified for IGSO and MEO satellites (Wanninger and Beer 2015), such biases cannot be seen for GEO satellites using ground tracking data only. The cause is mainly the relative static geometry between GEO satellites and ground stations. Hence, it should be possible to improve the GEO orbits with onboard BeiDou tracking data from Orbiters (LEOs), since the relative movement between GEO and LEOs results in the desired rapid change of observation geometry. The idea of overcoming weakness due to small number of ground stations, poor distribution of ground stations, and poor geometry condition using LEOs onboard tracking data has been assessed previously (Geng et al. 2011; Zoulida et al. 2016). When onboard GPS data of are combined with data from 43 ground stations, the 1D GPS orbit differences with respect to the IGS final orbit decreased to 5. 5 from 8. 0 cm (Geng et al. 2011). Also, when more LEOs are used, less ground stations are needed to achieve similar orbit accuracy as obtained without LEOs onboard data (Geng et al. 2011). The LEO onboard GPS data can also be used to estimate phase center corrections or to improve the reference frame (Haines et al. 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (A) Desert sequence reference image, (B) a weak turbulence sample, and (C) a severe turbulence sample DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-5 effect of the turbulence rate on the accuracy of the proposed method (PSNR). Sequences with the smaller number represent the images with weaker turbulence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-6 effect of the alpha parameter on the accuracy of the proposed method. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-7 effect of putting aside the (A) distortion factor, (B) blurring factor, and (C) on the performance of the proposed method on the Car-front sequence. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-8 of symbols and variables. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-9 Simulation Parameters. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-10 information about the datasets employed in experiments. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-11 results of the proposed method on the Moon-surface and Water-tower sequences. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-12 comparison of the results of the proposed method by putting aside different components on the Car-front sequence based on the SSIM and PSNR criteria. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/supp-13 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2018. Key challenges and resolutions for atmospheric turbulence effect removal. of Grid and 11(11):39-52. 2009. Automated video enhancement from a stream of atmospherically-distorted images: the lucky-region fusion approach. . 2004. Convex optimization. Cambridge: Press. . 2011. Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Delft: Inc. . 2021. Subsampled turbulence removal network. Mathematics, Computation and Geometry of Data 1(1):1-33 Chimitt N, Chan SH. 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 01), two of which are predicted targets of ame-miR-2b (LOC409904, LOC551826). Table 2 Number of genes in the top five ranked GO terms and top 9 KEGG pathways. Full size tableDiscussionIt is not uncommon for a single miRNA to regulate multiple genes or for multiple miRNAs to regulate the same gene11. Abnormal expression of miRNA could have subsequent effects on downstream gene expression. N. ceranae is known to change honey bee global gene expression12. From our data, early (1 dpi) and late infection (6 dpi) time points had a higher tendency for differential miRNA expression. This non-random distribution suggests that the honey bee miRNAs we identified might be related to particular phases of N. ceranae host invasion and reproduction. Handling stress during experimental inoculation may also explain early (1 dpi) differential gene expression. From our data, the expression levels of 17 known miRNAs were differentially regulated during N. ceranae infection, which may target over 400 predicted genes for degradation. We found that transmembrane transporters were enriched in the target gene list. Transportation and metabolism GO categories were also previously found to be enriched for up-regulated genes in N. ceranae infected workers13. As N. ceranae reproduces within host midgut epithelial cells, regulating transmembrane transporters may control the availability of resources within Nosema-infected midgut cells, but how this affects the host or parasite remains to be determined. Increased transmembrane transportation would be more efficient for faster reproduction. We found purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways to be among the predicted functional roles of the miRNA target gene list. Within those pathways, 26 out of 27 predicted to encode enzymes showed co-expression and 25 had significantly correlated expression with the 17 differentially expressed miRNAs. Ame-miR-2b is particularly interesting because 11 out of 27 enzymes were significantly correlated with its expression level. It is known that N. ceranae infected honey bees consume significantly more sugar water14, indicative of increased metabolic need. The correlation between miRNAs and metabolism related genes may reflect a mechanism used by the parasite to alter host metabolism to fuel its faster replication. But the target genes are limited to computational prediction and require experimental confirmation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: As excepted, the greatest improvement has been achieved for GEO satellites, particularly for C02 and C05, since the inclusion of FY3C onboard BeiDou data strengthens the observation geometry. The improvement of IGSO orbit consistency is less than that of MEO, because the inclusion of FY3C onboard BeiDou data improves the MEO tracking capacity outside the Asia–Pacific region. For the two solutions with global stations, their OODs are smaller than those for the cases of regional stations. For GN solution, the averaged 3D RMSs of OODs are 53. 3, 10. 4, and 4. 9 cm for and MEO satellites; they show significant improvement with respect to the RN solution as excepted. This indicates the inclusion of more ground stations can improve the BeiDou orbital quality. Once the FY3C onboard BeiDou observations are used, the 3D RMS of OODs can be further reduced to 43. 4 cm for GEO satellites. However, almost the same RMSs of OODs have been found for the IGSO and MEO orbits. In contrast to the RN and RW solutions, the BeiDou data from 97 global ground stations have been used for GN and GW solutions. These ground data play a important role in the GW solution and decrease the contribution of FY3C onboard BeiDou data for BeiDou POD, particularly for IGSO and MEO with good global tracking. Hence, almost no improvement has been observed for two global IGSO and MEO solutions, and the improved percentage of global GEO orbit solutions is less than that of regional solutions. Also, only six channels have been assigned for BeiDou tracking, resulting in less data available for BeiDou POD, and the tracking is easy to be interrupted when BeiDou satellites are in high elevation, as illustrated in Fig. 4. These two issues further weaken the contribution of FY3C onboard BeiDou data for BeiDou POD. Fig. 10Averaged 3D RMS for 48-h OODs of four sets of FY3C BeiDou orbits. GEO (top), IGSO and MEO (bottom).

Output: contrast