Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: To ensure that policy guidance covers all aspects of DTC-GT services, it is important to include the risks and benefits of each distinct service element offered by commercial companies. To this end, in this study, we described those aspects of DTC-GT services that may give rise to policy issues. Subsequently, we synthesized a framework for policy makers, law enforcers, and regulators to develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. The framework development process consisted of 3 steps:Performing an integrative literature review to identify the risks and benefits of DTC-GT services to consumers and societyStructuring the benefits and risks of each step of the consumer journeyDeveloping a checklist for policy guidanceMethodsStudy DesignThis study focused on DTC-GT services that advertise that they deliver insight into disease risks and lifestyles that promise to impact customer health through behavior change. This includes anticipated lifestyle changes, changes to medication intake, and recommendations to seek medical help from professionals. We viewed consumers of the DTC-GT market as both individuals who have purchased DTC-GT services and as potential consumers who are exposed to offers of these services. These services are offered via webshops, including primary DTC-GT service companies and secondary selling points, such as Amazon, and at high street stores. Study LayoutTo distill key aspects of DTC-GTs, those services that lead to policy issues, potential risks, and benefits for consumers and society, including and beyond medical implications, were systematically mapped by means of an integrative literature review (step 1). To do this, the complete DTC-GT service pathway was studied, from exposure to the offer of DTC-GTs to the ultimate individual and societal impacts of DTC-GT services. In step 2, the risks and benefits were structured into phases, following each step the consumer takes along the DTC-GT service pathway. Each of these phases triggered distinct policy issues, including issues regarding informed decision-making, privacy, clinical validity and utility, and legislation for genetic testing [25]. Step 3 involved developing a checklist that can ultimately offer guidance on each distinct DTC-GT policy issue. To ensure adequate policy guidance, checklist items that help evaluate all phases of the DTC-GT service pathway were included. Every checklist item reflects a potential risk or benefit found in the literature review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: The advantage of having expensive and specialized equipment and practitioners at fixed centralized locations is that they alleviate the pressure for smaller healthcare facilities to spend their limited resources on equipment that is not frequently used but still critical for health care. By contrast, hospitals in the US are spread out and uncoordinated, duplicating care in many places without high enough volume in any of them to provide the critical mass to make the procedures affordable. Similarly, an MRI machine might be used four to five times a day in the US but 15 to 20 times a day in the Indian hospitals. We have to make the equipment sweat! 13In the cases of the more successful privatized hospitals, India, as well as the rest of the world, is paying careful attention to this 'configured networks of care and facilities in a hub-and-spoke design'12. One of the primary benefits of HSM that is being revealed in India is that 'This allows for a more-orderly progression of care and rational allocation of often-scarce resources'12. Thus, success is being found in India when practising medical facilities centralize their assets and diversify their more benign practices in the lower cost ambulatory locales. The end result is a lower centralized cost, as providers only procure the equipment and resources they need. Moreover, the Indian population, in general, is able to access greater coverage for fulfilling their basic healthcare needs. Reasons for successAttracting and retaining doctors: No matter how efficient a hospital may be, it cannot be deemed successful if its doctors and nurses are incompetent or unable to perform their primary tasks. As such, Indian hospitals operating under the HSM are actually retaining and attracting capable doctors who are keenly interested in 'high volume and sheer variety of cases that attract talent to these hospitals'. Also, 'doctors can build their capabilities faster in [HSM hospitals]. . . in turn, [this] contributes to the high quality of outcomes at these hospitals'14. Nurturing and updating treatment protocols: Perhaps most unique to India's HSM success is its incorporation of developed protocols for both mundane tasks and highly complex procedures. Knee and hip replacements, as well as cardiac and cancer surgeries, all have itemized procedures that are adhered to despite being executed in facilities outside of the central hub.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji do Jana Karłowicza. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 38, 98–107. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2014. 010 Романюк Михайло Васильович, кандидат історичних наук, завідувач відділу новітньої історії, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) rmv. lviv@gmail. com Бегей, І. І. , Харук, А. І. , Романюк, М. В. (2019). Українсько-російські взаємини у працях Юліяна Бачинського. Сторінки історії, 49. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189570 2. Sova, A, Romaniuk, M. (2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The risks and opportunities associated with DTC-GTs were determined by means of a literature search that focused on health, including lifestyle and disease risk. The literature search was performed systematically using Embase. com, which combines the databases of Embase and Medline. The search strategy included the following primary search terms with corresponding synonyms: “direct-to-consumer genetic testing,” “impact,” “risks,” “opportunities,” “clinical study,” “evidence based practice,” “accuracy,” and “ethical, legal, and social issues” (see Multimedia 2022. Papers from March 2020 to June 2022 were included as part of a study update (see the section). We excluded studies dating from before 2014, as it is argued that around 2015, the DTC-GT market transformed into a second generation in response to a shutdown of the Food and (FDA) of DTC-GT companies [26]. Language requirements were English or Dutch. The included study types were meta-analyses, reviews and systematic reviews, case-control studies, case reports and series, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, interview and Delphi studies, expert opinion papers, and commentaries. Conference posters and abstracts were excluded. Studies were included if they described the following: population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), and outcome (O; PICO; see Table 1) [27]. Citizens (P), excluding animals and microorganisms, who took a DTC-GT for health or lifestyle purposes (I1) or considered taking a DTC-GT for health or lifestyle purposes (I2) were included. In addition, professionals (P2) with expertise in DTC-GTs (I3) were included, among others: health care professionals, ethics experts, and researchers. Studies were restricted to DTC-GTs that purport to improve the consumers’ own health by analyzing their DNA for health and lifestyle purposes. Genealogy and ethnicity testing were excluded. DTC-GTs for prenatal and carrier-screening purposes were also excluded, since the primary aims and subsequent actions of these tests go beyond improving personal health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: According to the data found, 'One in 200 angioplasty patients in the US will require emergency surgery and half of those patients will die, only two out of 40 000 angioplasty patients at CARE [HSM] Hospitals have required emergency surgery and just one has died on the operating table since the hospital's inception in 1997'15. Creating specialties in esoteric practices of medicine: Similar to retaining doctors, part of the allure for HSM facilities is that due to the sheer volume of patients from rural areas arriving for care and treatment at the hub, doctors are able to 'focus on specific types of medical problems. As volumes increase, relatively rare conditions are treated often enough that doctors become world-class experts in those areas'15. As the patients access either hubs or ambulatory facilities, the doctors become subject matter experts in varying fields simply through sheer exposure to the volume of patients. Assessing thriftiness: Arguably the greatest cost saving, and subsequently the most successful aspect of HSM-practising Indian facilities, is their staunch position on being thrifty. 'The goal is to maximize the number of patients treated rather than the number of procedures conducted'5. This aspect is achieved through measures that can be seen as both 'innovative and remarkably mundane'. Medical practitioners often reuse equipment and resources that would be discarded in other nations. Cleaned and sterilized, hand tools and hardware are recycled and redistributed in urban and rural centers rather than adding to unnecessary costs by importing more supplies. This thrifty approach not only saves money and other resources but also allows facilities to treat patients rather than offload them due to a lack of viable utilities. Technological contribution: is known for poor roads and communication infrastructure. Due to the high set-up costs, telephones and faxes are few and far between. Using a courier service to send patient information may prove costly in terms of money, data confidentiality, report errors, and time. ICT eliminates the dependencies on paper, courier services and other methods. Data transfer between hubs and spokes takes negligible time (less than a minute), and each patient's report is sent individually; therefore, the chance of a report error is practically zero. India has 27 million landline users compared to 960 million mobile phone users (urban 557 million, rural 403 million)16, so the probability of finding mobile phones is higher than finding courier services in a rural area.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ivan Boberskyi’s pedagogical activity at in Lviv (1906–1914). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 4, 71–80. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 0. 184411 Ситник Олександр, доктор історичних наук, професор, старший науковий співробітник, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) olexandr. sytnyk@gmail. com Yakovyshyna, Y. , Koropetskyi, R. , Bulyk, N. , Sytnyk, O. (2019). Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of of of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Region). Hiperboreea, 6(2), 5-20. 2. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Sytnyk, O. , Bogucki, A. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. , Hołub, B. & Mroczek, P. (2015). Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the valley: Evidence from the site (Ukraine).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Insights were included in this study if they indicated an increased risk or benefit to those citizens who took DTC-GTs when compared with those citizens who did not take a DTC-GT (C1) or those citizens who underwent genetic testing within the conventional health care system. Lastly, the studies must have reported insight into the impact of DTC-GTs along the complete DTC-GT service pathway, including exposure to the offer of DTC-GTs, insight into the validity and utility of DTC-GTs, and the individual and societal impact of a DTC-GT (O). Information about the legal framework of DTC-GTs was not included, since this topic has been reviewed by others and is country specific. The following steps were taken during the review process: duplicate removal, title and abstract screening using the abovementioned criteria, and full-text screening using the same criteria. The titles and abstracts were screened by 1 researcher (SMO) using the abovementioned criteria. The results were discussed with a second researcher (TLA). Next, 2 researchers (SMO and IKK) divided and screened the remaining full-text papers. When in doubt about inclusion, the researchers discussed this with an additional researcher (MEJ). Those key aspects that determine policy issues were analyzed by 1 researcher (SMO) and later discussed with 3 researchers (and TR). No generative artificial intelligence was used in any portion of the manuscript writing. Table 1. Description of PICOa in this study. PICO [28]who took a DTC-GTb for health or lifestyle purposesCitizens who considered taking a DTC-GT for health and lifestyle purposesExperts with expertise in DTC-GT servicesDTC-GTs for genealogy and ethnicityDTC-GTs for prenatal and carrier screeningComparisonCitizens who did not take a DTC-GTCitizens who underwent genetic testing within the conventional health care systemN/AcOutcomeThe individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services throughout the complete process of the DTC-GT service pathwayLegislation and regulationsaPICO: population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. bDTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test. cN/A: not applicable. and AnalysisThe risks and benefits were structured into phases, following the steps that consumers take along the complete DTC-GT service pathway.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: These fine-resolution variations can exceed the variability that occurs over continents in coarse-resolution climate, and greatly exceed the magnitude of climate change expected over the next 100 years9. For the most part organisms experience and respond to climate at resolutions where topography, soil, and shading determine conditions, and which are orders of magnitude finer than the scales at which shifts are measured and modelled10. Despite this, there is little consensus on the extent to which microclimate matters for species range shifts. On the one hand, it has been proposed that microclimate data may overestimate the thermal tolerances of species, and hence under-estimate the loss of suitable climate, as they fail to pick-out the localised warm microclimates in which species are driven to extinction. In contrast, it has also been suggested that microclimate heterogeneity may buffer species against climate change by providing locally suitable climatic conditions11, and hence over-estimate loss of suitable climate. Measurements of observed range shifts could in theory resolve this uncertainty, but in practise the majority of observed distribution shifts are of range expansions12, and are almost invariably assessed using coarse-resolution data. At a coarse grid scale, all populations must go extinct from a region for that grid cell to become newly unoccupied, whereas the occurrence of just one new individual is enough to ensure that it would be considered as newly occupied16. In consequence, range loss at coarse resolutions would appear to be much slower than range expansion, and will therefore be observed less often. Moreover, recent comprehensive meta-analyses of observed range shifts provide no support for their being a widespread phenomenon in terrestrial environments13. Here we show that macroclimate data, defined as data interpolated from weather stations at 1. 5–2 m above-ground and at grid resolutions of 1 km or more, frequently over-estimate range shifts. illustrate the mechanism by which ranges may be over-estimated by macroclimate data, we first consider a hypothetical example. In Fig. 1a, mean annual temperature, measured with macroclimate, decreases with latitude. Each coarse grid cell is assumed to contain a range of microclimatic conditions both cooler and warmer than the mean temperature of the grid-cell.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Quaternary International, 365, 74-97. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2014. 05. 035 3. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Bogucki, A. , Sytnyk, O. , Kusiak, J. , Frankowski, Z. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. &Zogała, B. (2014). Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Central Podolia, Ukraine: New data from the site. Quaternary International, 326-327, 191-212. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2013. 08. 045 Ястремська Тетяна, кандидат філологічних наук, старший науковий співробітник, заступник директора з наукової роботи, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tetyana. yastremska@gmail. com Ястремська, Т. Традиційне гуцульське пастухування. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: *Papers from the literature update performed between March 2020 and June 2022. †This step was performed after checking whether the studies included in the literature update introduced themes that were not included in the primary search. All 7 papers that yielded novel findings could be retrieved. : Items for and Meta-Analyses. General FindingsDTC-GT services have been researched and discussed in both the descriptive literature, such as expert opinions, and empirical studies, such as questionnaires and interview studies with consumers. The taking of DTC-GTs in case-control and cohort studies was rare. Research mainly focused on various aspects of DTC-GTs, including but not limited to quality and validity, attitudes and perceptions of the public and consumers, the content of the product on offer, experiences of health professionals with DTC-GTs, the utility of the tests, the regulatory landscape surrounding DTC-GTs, and the ethical appraisal of both the advantages and disadvantages of DTC-GTs. The individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services, caused by their potential risks and benefits, seemed wide ranging. Overall, potential risks were reported more frequently in the literature than potential benefits. The risks and benefits reported included both medical risks, such as inadequately informed health decisions, and nonmedical risks, such as invasion of privacy or obtaining information about as yet unknown family relations. These risks and benefits appeared to be instigated by distinct aspects of DTC-GT services, such as information provision, DNA analysis, and reporting of results. JourneyBoth risks and benefits were structured into phases, following the steps that consumers take when taking DTC-GT services. This led to 6 different phases, collectively called the consumer journey. These phases covered the complete process of taking DTC-GT services, from the first exposure to an offer of a DTC-GT service up to the ultimate individual and societal impact of DTC-GT services (depicted in Figure 2). Distinguishing and analyzing the phases of the consumer journey helped obtain insight into the consumer audience, distinct service elements that DTC-GT companies offer their consumers, and the individual and societal impacts of these services. Each of these service elements may have distinct risks and benefits (see Figure 3). For example, in phase 1, consumers with common motivations, such as curiosity or the desire to improve health, could benefit from easy access to genetic tests, which may promote autonomy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: This may not hold true for species associated with densely forested environments, where tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions17. Nevertheless, the study species have widely divergent distributions and associations with climate variables. The conclusions we reached are therefore likely to be representative of non-forest species from other taxa and regions. These problems in range-shift forecasts have probably gone unnoticed for so long for three reasons. First observed range expansions have been mistakenly interpreted as range shifts (i. e. retractions and expansions). Studies frequently document the mean of shifts in species range centroids or do not clearly differentiate between range expansions and retractions12 and in consequence the strength of empirical evidence for contraction of warm range-margins is far weaker than is commonly perceived (see also13). Second, almost all studies of projected shifts to date have used climatic and biological data with grid cell sizes several orders of magnitude larger than species under study10. It is only recently that methods for generating fine-resolution climate datasets have been developed18, and very rarely have these been used to project species range shifts19. The coarse-gridded data are almost always generated using measurements obtained from weather stations. These stations have design criteria which deliberately limit local climatic influences20 and hence reduce fine-scale variability in climate. Lastly, the most common way to test the performance of SDMs is to use cross-validation techniques within species current, observed distributions. Such approaches suffer from the problems associated with autocorrelation, thus increasing the likelihood that SDM ability to project future distribution is over-estimated21. This issue is illustrated well with our own coarse-scale models. Standard cross-validation metrics suggested good performance (Table S2), but their ability to predict extinctions and establishments was worse than would be expected by chance (Table S3). ConclusionsOur findings do not suggest that climate does not pose a threat to species. Indeed, despite marked differences in predicted range shift distances, the mean and median change in the area of suitable climate was broadly similar across scales (Fig S2), with approximately half of the species predicted to lose suitable climate space irrespective of the resolution of climate data used. Rather our results suggest that in the near future many species distribution changes in responses to climate in terrestrial environments are likely to be localised and difficult to infer using coarse-resolution data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2008. 424 с. 2. Хобзей, Н. , Ястремська, Т. , Сімович, К. , Дидик-Меуш, Г. Гуцульські світи. Лексикон. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2013. 667 с. 3. Yastremska T. The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian. LingVaria. (2015). №1(19). S. 221–239 (Index Copernicus). doi: 10. 12797/LV. 10. 2015. 19. 15 4. Ястремська, Т. Епідигматичний діалектний словник: ідея, концепція, засади. Діалектологічні студії. 11. Слово – словник – корпус. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2018. С.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Interest in DTC-GT services appeared to be more prominent among individuals of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) and also among adoptees; this may negatively impact the health equity and privacy of the biological parents of the latter group. Phase 2 concerns access to information about health and genetics gathered before purchase of a DTC-GT. This could facilitate health literacy; however, research also points out that information about the potential impact of a DTC-GT, for example, may be unbalanced or misleading. This then impairs the process of informed decision-making among consumers, thereby limiting their autonomy and personal utility. One benefit of phase 3 DNA analysis may be that private companies are investing in DNA research and innovation, which could boost DNA test innovation and reduce test costs. Yet, aspects such as limited analytical and clinical validity, as well as limited clinical utility and insight into quality assurance, are risks of phase 3 of DTC-GT service pathways. This may cause test results to be erroneous, thus providing consumers with incorrect information about their health risks. How sensitive genetic data are handled by DTC-GT companies (phase 4), for example, privacy-ensured storage, or potentially shared with third parties can safeguard or impede the privacy of consumers. Genetic data are not unique in the way that they engender privacy issues, yet the data content may be extensive and sometimes concern delicate issues. This makes DNA data sensitive data, which is acknowledged in the [11]. Figure 2. Flow diagram describing the complete process of DTC-GT services, called the consumer journey. As depicted, the consumer journey is broken down into 6 phases. In this study, consumers of the DTC-GT market were both individuals who purchased a DTC-GT or potential consumers who were considering buying the test. DTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test. Figure 3. Summary of findings, describing the benefits and risks (darker boxes) of DTC-GTs and their potential impact (lighter boxes) throughout the different phases of the consumer journey. DTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test; PGx: pharmacogenetic tests (DNA tests that predict the patients’ response to specific pharmaceuticals, for example, adverse reactions or insufficient uptake of drugs); SES: socioeconomic status.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2012) or southern temperate areas (Hughes 2003) have less frequently been reported. But even for proven shifts, not in all cases the directions of the shifts fit with the expectations (e. g. , western or eastern range shifts, shifts downslope or toward tropical latitudes, (Bateman et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2017; Lenoir and Svenning 2014; Gibson-Reinemer and Rahel 2015), and sometimes alleged shifts are disproven (Taheri et al. 2016). Also, altitudinal shifts caused by climate change are not unambiguously supported by the current literature (Tingley et al. 2012). In the light of such inconsistent results, sometimes it has even been disputed, whether apparent range shifts are actually attributable to climate change or rather to land-use or demographic changes (Beale et al. 2008, 2009; Peterson et al. 2009; Bateman et al. 2016). Thus, although climate change and its impacts are widely accepted as scientific facts, it should neither be considered as an isolated driver of changes in bird populations or communities nor can its effects always be distinguished from other drivers such as land use. 12. 2. 1 IndicatorsDespite all those blurred views, however, we still find a generalizable effect of climate change on a large spatial and temporal scale, especially at the community level (Araújo et al. 2009). Therefore, climate change indicators have been invented in order to measure effects that might be masked by the large spectrum of reactions of single species or populations. As some species are more, others less dependent on climate, this individual relationship has to be captured in one common framework in order to reveal generalizable effects. Several attempts have been made to do so. One of them is to examine changes of species richness as a measure of the overall climatic influence on birds (e. g. , H-Acevedo and Currie 2003; Lemoine et al. 2007). More frequently, the climatic associations of single species were estimated using species distribution modeling (see Chap. 9) and then aggregated to community level, e. g. , resulting in the climate impact indicator (Gregory et al. 2009). This approach was recently modified to allow for different reactions of the same species to climate change, depending on the region in which the species occurs (Stephens et al. 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 273–301. Редакційна політика Галузь та проблематика Міждисциплінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства. Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: ThemeKey itemsTheme I: general DTC-GT service features(consumer journey phases 1 and 2)Test costsAssessed health features (eg, disease risks, sports performance, pharmacogenetics)Type of generated report (eg, lifestyle advice, diagnosis)Option to download raw DNA data after testingOption to opt out from receiving certain resultsRequirement of referral of health professionalResidency of the company and the labsTheme II: DNA analysis and quality assurance(consumer journey phase 3)DNA test type (eg, sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] array)Quality assurance in labs that perform DTC-GTs (eg, Organization (ISO)/(CLIA) certification)Information about how much and which genes or DNA variants will be analyzedAll relevant background information of consumers consideredTheme III: privacy and data management(consumer journey phase 4)Presence of a privacy policy on the websiteManagement of consumers’ personal and genetic data by the company (eg, duration of storage, will the data be shared with or sold to third parties)Management of consumers’ samples after DNA analysis by the company (eg, duration of storage, what will happen to the samples upon bankruptcy)Option to withhold storage, sharing, and selling of samples and dataTheme IV: scientific evidence and robustness(consumer journey phase 3)Methods based on reliable scientific evidence (DNA test type)Robustness of scientific evidence underlying the chosen methods (eg, novel gene-disease interactions vs well-studied gene-disease interactions)Collaboration with scientific partners (eg, academic research groups, prominent researchers from universities)Theme V: information about results, interpretation, and consultation(consumer journey phase 5)Information about the assessed health feature (eg, disease burden, prevalence)Information about how to interpret resultsInformation about the robustness of resultsPossible actions in the case of a positive finding (eg, treatment options)Option to consult a genetic professional at the companyRecommendation to consult a health care professional to discuss test resultsReferral to companies or websites for additional analysis on raw DNA data (ie, third-party analyzers)Theme VI: information about potential consequences of taking a DTC-GT(consumer journey phases 3, 5, and 6)DTC-GT results informing and impacting future health decisions and health behaviorDTC-GT results impacting insurance policies (eg, health insurance)DTC-GT results impacting family (eg, revelation of family

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, still some doubts remained about whether community-based indicators can disentangle climate and land-use change effects. Some effects that seem to be caused by climate may in fact be due to land-use changes acting only on one part of a community that has distinct properties of its climatic niche like, e. g. , changes in temperate forest birds, which tend to be rather cold-dwelling (Clavero et al. 2011). On the other hand, differential effects (e. g. , regarding sensitivity to land-use change) on subsets of communities might even cover climate change effects (Reif et al. 2010). Thus, more recent community-based indicators aim to correct for effects of habitat specialization of communities to rule out such effects (Kampichler et al. 2012). Ultimately, results of species- or community-based indicator systems can provide insights into the climate change impacts which can yield either positive or negative consequences for birds (Fig. 12. 2). Fig. 12. 2The climate impact indicator (CII) connects changes in the climatic suitability for bird species in defined areas with their population changes among 1980 and 2010. For Europe, in (a) the average population changes are shown for species for whom climatic suitability increased (CST+) in red and for species for whom climatic suitability decreased (CST−) in blue (red and blue dashed lines depict 90% confidence intervals; the dashed horizontal line depicts the expectation if climatic suitability played no role). In (b), the same is shown for the USA. Annual values of the ratio of the CST+ index to the CST− index form the climate impact indicator (CII), which is shown for Europe in (c) and for the USA in (d). On both continents, since 1980, a consistently increasing climatic impact for bird populations can be demonstrated. Figure taken from Stephens et al. (2016)Full size image 12. 3 the Consequences of for Birds? Climate change-induced alterations of bird phenology and distribution have been identified as important threats for single bird species. Less prominently, species might also profit from climatic change. Thus, a number of species in the climate impact indicator have been labeled as potential “winners” and others as “losers” of climate change. However, in the new edition of the CII (Stephens et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text:  health risks or unknown family relations)DTC-GT having other consequences beyond medical purposes (eg, feeling of anxiety or relief following test results)DTC-GT results altering due to future technological innovations (eg, new health results)DTC-GT service company investing in or performing own researchTheme VII: presentation of information(consumer journey phases 3 and 5)Usage of fearUsage of public figures or medical experts to convince consumers into buying the testBalanced information about advantages, usefulness, disadvantages, and risks of taking a DTC-GTClear distinction between health outcomes: (1) for which (proven effective) treatments or interventions are available, (2) whose outcome can be partially improved, (3) for which treatment is not yet availableTheme VIII: informed decision-making(consumer journey phases 3 and 5)Information that analyzing the DNA of others without consent is ethically irresponsible or punishable or bothActive confirmation of informed decision (eg, via a pop-up)Generally clear, understandable, complete, and easy to retrieve information provided to make an informed decision (eg, privacy policy)aDTC-GT: direct-to-consumer genetic test.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2016), both are somewhat intermingled, as the same species might in one part of its range be subject to positive yet in another part to negative climatic impacts. And in a number of species, no unambiguous climate change associations are apparent at all (e. g. , Huang et al. 2017). Positive aspects of climate change comprise increasing abundance and/or ranges for sedentary, general, and warm-dwelling species (Kampichler et al. 2012; Davey et al. 2012; Devictor et al. 2008). Also, changed competition structures might favor some species over others (Ahola et al. 2007; Wittwer et al. 2015). And especially, wintering conditions have already improving for a number of species (Princé and Zuckerberg 2015; Tellería et al. 2016). Nevertheless, in most publications, negative impacts are expected to prevail for the majority of species. Phenological mismatches have been hypothesized and regionally been proven (e. g. , Both et al. 2010). Also, unequal climate change in breeding, passage and wintering areas and less flexibility to adapt to changes (especially for long-distance migrants, compare Gomez et al. 2016; Potvin et al. 2016) lead to a higher threat potential for migrants (Hüppop and Winkel 2006; Jones and Cresswell 2010). Changes of wintering or passage conditions also have additional detrimental effects on bird populations (Hüppop and Winkel 2006; Lehikoinen et al. 2013). And during the breeding season, enhanced extreme weather events are causing negative effects for bird species (Van de Pol et al. 2010). However, at the community level, threats from climate change seem to arise especially from the changes in wintering and breeding distributions of species and the accompanying reshuffling of bird communities (and Thompson 2007). Especially, asynchronous changes lead to altered competition and facilitation structures and make communities more susceptible to other detrimental (often anthropogenic) effects. Ranges can expand or shrink due to climate change, depending on the adaptability of species to new conditions (Massimino et al. 2015). For generalist species or species which are able to shift their habitat p12. 4 Projections of Change Impacts: for Us? Regarding future projections of climate change impacts, very often mismatches and uncertainty occur. Interestingly, perceived climate change impacts and future projections very often differ markedly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Рубрики ІСТОРИЧНІ СТУДІЇ Актуальні питання української історії Визначні дати (до 100-річчя ЗУНР) Воєнна історія Постаті МОВОЗНАВСТВО ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВСТВО ОГЛЯДИ ТА РЕЦЕНЗІЇ Політика розділів Приймає рукописи; Індексується; Рецензується Процес рецензування Рецензування рукописів в редакції збірника здійснюється для підтримки високого науково-теоретичного рівня видання.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: DiscussionPrincipal FindingsFollowing the results of an integrative literature review, this paper described the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services that may cause policy issues. The risks and benefits are wide ranging. They include medical risks and benefits, such as inadequately informed health decisions and improved knowledge about genetics and health, as well as nonmedical risks and benefits, such as invasion of privacy or obtaining information about as yet unknown family relations. These risks and benefits seem to be linked to distinct aspects of DTC-GT services, such as information provision, DNA analysis, and reporting of results. By structuring the risks and benefits into phases, following the consumers’ steps when taking a DTC-GT service, 6 phases can be distinguished, which are collectively called the consumer journey. The consumer journey provides insight into the consumer audience, distinct service elements that DTC-GT companies provide for their consumers, and the individual and societal impacts of these services. Distinguishing different steps in the DTC-GT service process reveals multiple aspects of the offers of DTC-GT services that engender policy issues and may require policy guidance in the future. The checklist that was introduced in this study provides a backbone for policy guidance for DTC-GT services. To ensure coverage across all DTC-GT service elements, checklist items were included to evaluate all phases of the consumer journey. Each checklist item covers a risk or a benefit found in the literature review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Availability of new niche space, altered selection pressure, and the loss of established niches are hypothesized to have driven evolution over millions of years. However, it seems difficult to predict how those processes act on small timescales of decades or centuries. Thus, current climatic changes and subsequent reactions of species have to be observed carefully in order to disentangle phenotypic adaptation from microevolutionary processes which might lead to altered conditions for species and communities. One approach to do so includes a comparison of cues for past niche evolution to population trends. By this means, Lavergne et al. (2013) showed that niche conservatism correlates with population declines. Nevertheless, not only the question of whether species adapt to climate change will be a matter of survival but also how quickly this can happen. If birds are not able to keep pace with climate change (DeVictor et al. 2008) or evolve new niches (Quintero and Wiens 2013), they will be subject to population declines and might ultimately be threatened with extinction. The inherent uncertainties of those dangers and of climate change lead us to the question of how to combat climate change impacts. 12. 6 Conservation ImplicationsClimate change has been shown to be an increasingly important threat factor for both bird species and communities. As it acts on large spatial and comparatively short temporal scales, it is a factor that (if only regionally) has the potential to quickly outperform land-use change as the current major threat factor for biodiversity (Eglington and Pearce-Higgins 2012). Major problems posed for conservation are that in contrast to land-use change, climate change is hard to revert on a short timescale but also difficult to detect as it is often intermingled with the first. And, even more dangerous appears the current lack of proof for negative impact of climate change on bird species. This may sound paradox, but despite a large body of research on the topic and numerous projections of future biodiversity loss, ultimately for no bird species, anthropogenic climate change has been unambiguously proven as the major driver of its extinction. Instead, the new appearances of many species outside of their previous ranges seem to overstress the positive effects of climate change. Also, the high uncertainty of future projections complicates climate change adaptation (see, e. g. , Bagchi et al. 2013). Such projections are not only weakened by the inherent uncertainties of climate and land-use change predictions but also by the unpredictable responses of species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: У збірнику встановлено двостороннє анонімне рецензування: - рецензенту не розкриваються особисті дані автора (авторів); - автору авторам не розкриваються особисті дані рецензента. Публікації проходять первинний контроль для перевірки правильності оформлення відповідно до вимог збірника. Первинна експертна оцінка здійснюється головним редактором та членами редакційної колегії.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Presumably, the need for informational support may be of comparable importance, or even greater importance, to consumers who are considering taking carrier or prenatal DTC-GTs and then using the results in their reproductive decisions. ConclusionThis study summarized the risks and benefits associated with distinct DTC-GT aspects at a personal and a public level. Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the offer of a DTC-GT service down into key aspects that may impact and compromise the safety and autonomy of the individual and of public health. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. This could serve as a backbone for future research into key themes such as the need for provision of information. The checklist could be further developed into a decision support tool to empower consumers in their decisions both before and after purchasing a DTC-GT service. 2. Authors' and TR contributed to conception and design of the study. SMO organized the database, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to manuscript revision and have read and approved the submitted version. Conflicts of InterestNone declared. Multimedia 637. [CrossRef]Wetterstrand K. DNA sequencing costs: data from the (GSP). Institute. 2016. URL: [accessed 2024-06-21] Ramos E, Weissman SM. The dawn of consumer-directed testing. . Mar 2018;178(1):89-97. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Valuable genomes: taxonomy and archetypes of business models in direct-to-consumer genetic testing. J Res. Jan 21, 2020;22(1):e14890. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Third party interpretation of raw genetic data: an ethical exploration. Hum Genet. Nov 23, 2017;25(11):1189-1194. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "Bridge to the literature"? Third-party genetic interpretation tools and the views of tool developers. J Genet Couns. Aug 07, 2018;27(4):770-781. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Informational content, literacy demands, and usability of websites offering health-related genetic tests directly to consumers. Genet Med. May 2010;12(5):304-312.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: In different parts of their ranges, species can react differently to changes, as shown by Stephens et al. (2016). Species can additionally be in disequilibrium with their climatic niche (DeVictor et al. 2008), or they might have a considerably broader fundamental niche than expected by their current realized climatic niche and not react to changes at all. Also, it remains unknown to which extent species will be able to adapt to non-analogue conditions (of climate, land use, community structure). Most of those issues are subject to both spatial and temporal scale effects. Thus, conservation policy might be hampered by disequilibrium among the proposed long-term and the observed short-term impacts of climate change. How can conservation policy react to this, and which measures have to be taken in order to help species and biodiversity adapt to climate change? Importantly, uncertainty has to be communicated. Although this is quite unpopular with stakeholders and policy-makers, there is no one-solution-for-all situation. Whereas politics currently still focuses on climate change mitigation, this should not counteract conservation and the necessary adaptation measures that have to be taken. Climate change is a fact and cannot be stopped immediately. However, it is currently happening and already showing impacts which have to be dealt with. The inherent uncertainty and regional and temporal disparity of climate change has to be included into management concepts. Not only concepts for single species or on small spatial scales have to be developed, but rather concerted action plans are needed. It has already been shown that, not only in protected areas, adaptive landscape management can mitigate climate change effects (Princé et al. 2015). Furthermore, conservation policy has to focus on international scales. Not only national breeding grounds but also breeding grounds in Europe, stopover sites, and also wintering areas have to be considered, especially for long-distance migrants (Sanderson et al. 2015). In all regards, management necessarily has to be flexible so that it can be adapted to changed conditions. It should be combined with a comprehensive network of protected areas that can be used as habitat corridors in order to warranty connectivity of bird populations (Trautmann et al. 2013). Nevertheless, connectivity is only valuable, if it does not come at the cost of losing high-quality areas (Hodgson et al. 2009). Furthermore, it has been shown that habitat mosaics and diversity have positive effects on the resilience of communities to climatic change (Jarzyna et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Всі статті перевіряються редакцією за допомогою “Advego Plagiatus” (програми пошуку неунікальності та визначення відсотка схожості текстового документа з іншими в мережі Інтернет). Після проведення первинної експертної оцінки головний редактор визначає рецензента зі складу членів редакційної колегії, який є спеціалістом у відповідній проблематиці.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]Bunnik EM. Do genomic tests enhance autonomy? J Med Ethics. Apr 30, 2015;41(4):315-316. [CrossRef] [Medline]Vayena E. Direct-to-consumer genomics on the scales of autonomy. J Med Ethics. Apr 05, 2015;41(4):310-314. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Phillips AM. Only a click away - DTC genetics for ancestry, health, love…and more: a view of the business and regulatory landscape. Genom. Mar 2016;8:16-22. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-Thöni M, Hartlev M, et al. Legislation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Europe: a fragmented regulatory landscape. J Community Genet. Apr 18, 2018;9(2):117-132. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Regulating direct-to-consumer genetic tests: what is all the fuss about? Genet Med. Apr 2011;13(4):295-300. [CrossRef]. Considerations for developing regulations for direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a scoping review using the 3-I framework. J Community Genet. Apr 16, 2022;13(2):155-170. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer testing 2. 0: emerging models of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Proc. Jan 2018;93(1):113-120. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club. 1995;123(3):A12-A13. [Medline]Mosdøl A. Targeted mass media interventions promoting healthy behaviours to reduce risk of non-communicable diseases in adult, ethnic minorities. Syst Rev. 2015;2(2):1-67. [CrossRef]Alves TL, Mantel‐ Unbranded advertising of prescription medicines to the public by pharmaceutical companies. Syst Rev. 2017;2017(7):CD012699. [CrossRef]T, Martins de Freitas AF, van Eijk MEC, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rising temperatures are leading to habitat loss for polar bears and other Arctic animals. [SEP] Text: $0. 00 -for: Search $0. 00 -to the Arctic? bears have incredible adaptations for Arctic survival. You'll find they have thick, insulating fur and a layer of blubber to keep them warm in frigid temperatures. Their large, specialized paws help them navigate icy terrain and swim efficiently. These bears boast a streamlined body shape that conserves heat and aids in swimming. They've developed a keen sense of smell to locate prey from miles away. Their unique reproductive strategy, delayed implantation, guarantees cubs are born when conditions are favorable. Polar bears also possess an efficient metabolism that allows them to survive long periods without food. These adaptations are just the tip of the iceberg in understanding these remarkable creatures. Table of Contents hide of this Thick, Insulating FurEvery polar bear is equipped with a dense, water-repellent coat that's vital for survival in the Arctic's frigid waters. This extraordinary fur consists of two layers: a dense undercoat and longer, hollow guard hairs. The undercoat traps a layer of insulating air close to the skin, while the guard hairs provide additional warmth and waterproofing. You might be surprised to learn that a polar bear's skin is actually black, which helps absorb and retain heat from the sun. The fur appears white or yellowish, which provides excellent camouflage in the snow and ice. This coloration is due to the hollow structure of the guard hairs, which scatter and reflect light. The fur's insulating properties are so effective that polar bears can overheat during vigorous activities. That's why you'll often see them rolling in snow or taking a dip to cool off. Their fur is also oily, which helps repel water and allows them to shake off excess moisture easily. This adaptation is vital for maintaining body heat in the harsh Arctic environment, where staying dry can mean the difference between life and death. Specialized PawsAs you move from the polar bear's fur to its paws, you'll find another remarkable adaptation. These specialized paws are essential for the bear's survival in the harsh Arctic environment. They're large, measuring up to 12 inches in diameter, which helps distribute the bear's weight evenly across snow and ice. You'll notice that the paws are covered in small, bumpy projections called papillae. These provide excellent traction on slippery surfaces, allowing the bear to move confidently across ice and snow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: За відсутності спеціаліста за проблематикою статті у складі редакційної колегії головний редактор визначає зовнішнього рецензента. Рецензенти (як ті, які входять до складу редакційної колегії так і зовнішні) повинні бути визнаними фахівцями з тематики рецензованої статті і мати протягом останніх 3 років публікації з відповідної тематики.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Compliance of disease awareness campaigns in printed Dutch media with national and international regulatory guidelines. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106599. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Confronting the "gray zones" of technology assessment: evaluating genetic testing services for public insurance coverage in Canada. . 2003;19(2):301-316. [CrossRef] [Medline]. An introduction to assessing genomic screening and diagnostic tests. Nutrit Today. Jul 2011;46(4):162-168. [CrossRef]. Transparency of genetic testing services for 'health, wellness and lifestyle': analysis of online prepurchase information for UK consumers. Hum Genet. Aug 2017;25(8):908-917. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A content analysis of direct-to-consumer DNA testing on TikTok. J Community Genet. Jul 15, 2021;12(3):489-492. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Genetic counselor approaches to BRCA1/2 direct-to-consumer genetic testing results. J Genet Couns. Jun 2021;30(3):803-812. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Adult adoptees and their use of direct-to-consumer genetic testing: searching for family, searching for health. J Genet Couns. Feb 2021;30(1):144-157. [CrossRef] [Medline] Project: guided direct-to-consumer genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility in Canada. Cancers (Basel). Apr 15, 2021;13(8). [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]23andTeam. Allele frequencies of two MUTYH variants, Y179C, and G396D, in a direct-to-consumer genetic database. JCO. 2020;38:63. [CrossRef]. Using direct-to-consumer genetic testing results to accelerate Alzheimer disease clinical trial recruitment. Assoc Disord. 2021;35(2):141-147. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Watanabe M, Hosono S, Nakagawa- Does direct-to-consumer personal genetic testing improve gynecological cancer screening uptake among never-screened attendees? A randomized controlled study. . Nov 24, 2021;18(23).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2016), subsequent work has yet to bear this out. In fact, work has shown mesophotic reefs generally contain different coral species than shallow reefs and are no less susceptible to anthropogenic and natural impacts (Rocha et al. 2018). In the course of the 2014–2017 GCBE, the answer to this question remains cloudy as two groups working on deep GBR corals found conflicting results. et al. (2018) found a decline in bleaching with depth in a small part of the northern GBR during April of 2016, Frade et al. (2018) worked across a wider set of northern GBR reefs over a longer time found that upwelling only kept corals cool during the early part of the 2016 marine heatwave, only delaying bleaching until later in the event. As was discussed for shallow reefs, timing matters for deep reefs—perhaps more so as our observations of these reefs are far more limited. Much more work is needed to document the environmental change and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats, but the “lifeboat” hypothesis still remains an unlikely means of coral reef salvation. What role does conservation play in bleaching events? While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they can do nothing to protect reefs from global-scale stressors like the marine heatwaves that caused the 2014–2017 GCBE. The worst heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE hit Jarvis Island, one of the most remote coral reefs in the world (Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019), and high heat stress again hit the remote reefs far offshore from (Gilmour et al. 2019). Examining the patterns of the 2016 bleaching across a gradient of local stressors in the GBR showed no sign of bleaching protection where water quality was high (Hughes et al. 2017b). Examination of some of the world’s best-managed reefs, those falling in properties, showed that 72% of these were exposed to severe and/or repeated heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE (Heron et al. 2017). Fortunately, studies of reef recovery after severe bleaching and mortality in 1998 showed that some reefs have an ability to bounce back (Golbuu et al. 2007; Gilmour et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). However, recovery success was controlled by reef morphology (Graham et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Після експертної оцінки статті рецензент може: - рекомендувати статтю до публікації; - рекомендувати статтю до публікації після доопрацювання; - не рекомендував статтю до публікації. Якщо рецензент рекомендує статтю до публікації після доопрацювання або не рекомендує статтю до публікації, в рецензії повинні бути вказані причини такого рішення.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation. Science. Jun 08, 2018;360(6393):1078-1079. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing. BMJ. Oct 16, 2019;367:l5688. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Malgorzata M, Maria S, Michał W. Genetic testing—whether to allow complete freedom? Direct to consumer tests versus genetic tests for medical purposes. J Appl Genet. Feb 26, 2022;63(1):119-126. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Schaper M, Schicktanz S. Medicine, market and communication: ethical considerations in regard to persuasive communication in direct-to-consumer genetic testing services. BMC Med Ethics. Jun 05, 2018;19(1):56. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Internet-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a systematic review. J Res. Dec 14, 2015;17(12):e279. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Taking mHealth forward: examining the core characteristics. . Aug 10, 2016;4(3):e97. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Lucivero F, Prainsack B. The lifestylisation of healthcare? 'Consumer genomics' and mobile health as technologies for healthy lifestyle. Genom. Mar 2015;4:44-49. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] PGroup. How well do customers of direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing services comprehend genetic test results? Findings from the Impact of Study. Genomics. Jun 16, 2015;18(4):216-224. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: user motivations, decision making, and perceived utility of results. Genomics. Jan 10, 2017;20(1):36-45. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] May direct-to-consumer genetic testing have an impact on general practitioners' daily practice? A cross-sectional study of patients' intentions towards this approach. BMC Fam Pract.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 0 cm2 of tissue loss from disease per transect) than the reference sites, with 104-fold more lesions and 55-fold more disease-induced tissue loss than initial surveys at the reference sites. The greatest amount of disease-induced mortality occurred within several months after the highest percent of bleached coral cover was observed except for Tektite Reef, where disease mortality and bleaching severity peaked simultaneously. Maximum disease-induced mortality did not occur at the same time for each site (see Fig. 4); however, most of the mortality was documented during the winter months, when water temperatures were similar to historical averages and re-coloration of corals had begun (Fig. 3). An average of 68. 8% of all lesions and 65. 6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed. Fig. 3Time series of identical video captures at showing a bleached Montastraea annularis, September 2005, b M. annularis re-coloring and heavily affected by coral disease, November 2005, c near-total mortality of M. annularis with surviving portion still pale, January 2006Full size image Disease activity at all sites remained elevated through July 2006 with two reference sites, still having 10 times more lesions and twice as much area of tissue loss from disease when compared with initial surveys. Continued monitoring of the disease in 2007 revealed the number of disease-induced lesions was similar to pre-bleaching values for two reference sites, Newfound and Reef. Haulover remained the only site that still showed a greater number of disease-induced lesions than pre-bleaching levels; however, the area of disease-associated mortality was similar to the initial surveys for all three sites. White plague was still the dominant disease representing 99. 3% of the lesions, and 94. 3% of the area of tissue loss from disease in 2007. Black band and white band were the only other two diseases recorded in 2007, but at comparatively low levels. Montastraea annularis (complex) was again the most significantly affected with 92% of the lesions and 86% of the area of tissue loss from disease occurring on this species group. Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: При рецензуванні наукових статей рецензенти зобов'язані: - звертати увагу на актуальність досліджуваної наукової проблеми; - охарактеризувати теоретичну чи/та прикладну значимість дослідження; - оцінити, як співвідносяться висновки автора з існуючими науковими концепціями. - оцінити особистий внесок автора у вирішення досліджуваної проблеми.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Specifically, even during financially straining periods, increases in eDTCA may indicate that marketers are simply retargeting their promotion to where consumers increasingly seek and consume health information and products: online. Indeed, reflecting this potential trend, the Research estimates 72 % of adult users now actively search for health information online [23]. In addition, US healthcare and pharmaceutical online advertisement spending was predicted to experience double-digit percent growth from 2010–2015 [10]. Hence, our findings may simply reflect a trend of increasing utilization of the Internet by health consumers and its resultant effect of shifting drug advertising away from traditional forms of DTCA to eDTCA that may also be cheaper and more accessible for marketers [1, 25]. Most importantly, increases in US-based eDTCA expenditure may also pose unique global public policy concerns that have yet to be adequately assessed. Specifically, eDTCA has already been identified as easily transmitting over geopolitical borders via satellite TV, the Internet, and social media, consequentially becoming “globalized” given that it is disseminated and can be easily accessed by consumers worldwide [10, 25, 26]. Lack of access to robust data to make meaningful comparisons between DTCA and eDTCA expenditure trends further inhibits any ability to appropriately assess the international spread of eDTCA and its impact on populations outside of the U. S. and New Zealand, the only two developed markets where it is legally permissible [6, 27, 28]. This could lead to negative impacts on public health outcomes and national prescription drug expenditures in countries where such promotion is legally prohibited but not contained nor identified as a possible public policy problem [6, 10]. Additionally, existing regulatory frameworks addressing traditional DTCA may be ineffectual when responding to the rapid advances of Internet-based technologies and the dynamic engagement and interaction elements of social media based eDTCA [9, 10]. Specifically, the development of regulations and technical tools needed to legally limit dissemination within the U. S. market have not kept pace up with the rise of new eDTCA platforms, offerings, and various channels of consumer engagement [9]. Policymaking challenges include ongoing efforts by the FDA, which is struggling to formulate a regulatory framework to address social media-based DTCA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: However, in January through March 2006, the coolest period of that year, the number of lesions increased revealing a significant, negative association (r s = −0. 707, N = 29, P = 0. 004). There were no associations between the area of disease-induced mortality and temperature during any year. Coral coverSignificant coral cover loss occurred at all sites (Table 2) from before bleaching to the last sampling (October 2007, Mennebeck Reef). Average coral cover loss among sites was 51. 5% (range: 42. 4–61. 8%) within a year of the bleaching event (Fig. 4). Before bleaching in 2005, the mean coral cover among sites was 21. 4% with three sites having more than 20% coral cover. Through sampling in 2006, mean coral cover among the sites dropped to 10. 3% with no site having over 20% coral cover. Declines in mean coral cover continued at all sites between July 2006 through 2007; however, only one site (Reef) showed a statistically significant change, decreasing from 11. 6% (March 2006) to 4. 1% (February 2007). This demonstrates that losses continued even after March 2006. Reef had the largest cumulative site loss during the study with a 79. 3% decline. Two years after the bleaching event, the mean loss in coral cover across all sites reached 61. 1%. Table 2 Results of repeated measures contrast analysis, assuming a first-order auto-regressive covariance structure (SAS 9. 2), contrast pre- versus post-event coral coverFull size table Fig. 4Mean coral cover (dark grey bars), overlaid with bleached coral cover levels (light grey and white bars) with standard error, and average area of disease-induced lesions (diamonds) with standard error from five study sites prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event to final monitoring in 2007. has a different scale on the second y-axis. (Where error bars are not visible, they are within the data point. )Full size image The number of disease-lesions showed no correlation with the percent coral cover (r s = −0. 065, N = 29, P = 0. 734), and there was no association between coral cover and area of disease-induced mortality over the entire sampling period (r s = 0. 174, N = 29, P = 0. 368).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: - зазначити відповідність стилю, логіки і доступності викладу наукового матеріалу, зробити висновок про достовірність і обґрунтованість висновків. При достатніх підставах статті можуть бути скеровані на додаткове рецензування. Підставами для додаткового рецензування можуть бути: - заявлена рецензентом недостатня кваліфікація в питаннях, що розглядаються у статті; - дискусійність положень, представлених у статті.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e606. 26(21):p 68,70, November 10, 2004. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000314439. 49855. 10 Breast and ovarian cancer are the second and fifth leading causes of cancer death, respectively, among women in the United States. 1 One in eight women will have breast cancer during their lifetimes, and one in 70 will have ovarian cancer. Mutations in two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2), are associated with predisposition for inherited breast and ovarian cancer and are identified in 5% to 10% of women with breast or ovarian cancer. 2 Since 1996, genetic testing for these mutations has been available clinically;3 however, population-based screening is not recommended because of the complexity of test interpretation and limited data on clinical validity and utility. 1,4–6 Despite the test's limited applicability in the general population, the US provider of clinical BRCA1/2 testing (Laboratories, Inc. , City, Utah) conducted a pilot direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing campaign in two cities (Atlanta and Denver) during September 2002 to February 2003. Although DTC advertisements have been used to raise consumer awareness about pharmaceuticals,7 this was the first time an established genetic test was marketed to the public. To assess the impact of the campaign on consumer behaviors and health-care provider practices, CDC and the respective state health departments for the pilot cities and two comparison cities (Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, and Seattle, Washington) surveyed consumers and providers. This report summarizes results of those surveys, which indicated that consumer and provider awareness of BRCA1/2 testing increased in the pilot cities and that providers in these cities perceived an impact on their practice (e. g. , more questions asked about testing, more BRCA1/2 tests requested, and more tests ordered). However, in all four cities, providers often lacked knowledge to advise patients about inherited breast and ovarian cancer and testing. These findings underscore the need for evidence-based recommendations on appropriate use of genetic tests and education of providers and the public to achieve maximum individual and public health benefit from genetic testing. Women aged 25 to 54 with personal or family histories of breast or ovarian cancer and their health care providers were target audiences of the DTC campaign.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: , Miller et al. 2003, Borger and Steiner 2005), as with typical annual monitoring, the mortality from the epizootic would have been missed and probably attributed to bleaching. The relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is poorly understood for scleractinian corals. Although it seems logical to think that high sea water temperatures stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence is still rather limited. Some of the 21. 4% and decreased to 8. 3% post-episode. Prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, long term monitoring around St. John and had shown decreasing coral cover due to hurricanes (e. g. , Hubbard et al. 1991; Rogers et al. 1997), anchor damage (Rogers and Garrison 2001), disease (Miller et al. 2003), and overfishing (Rogers et al. 2008). However, documented coral cover losses were of smaller magnitude (e. g. , from 20 to 13% at due to Hurricane Hugo, Rogers et al. 1997) and very localized. Recent monitoring (post-2000, but prior to 2005 bleaching) at the study reefs showed two sites within VINP with significant increases in coral cover suggesting that while MPAs are not a panacea for coral reefs (see Coelho and Manfrino 2007), a synergy of ecology and management could facilitate positive coral growth. The severity and duration of the 2005 coral-bleaching event and subsequent disease outbreak superseded management and political boundaries affecting reefs within and outside national parks and eliminated any pre-bleaching gains in coral cover. During this study, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled (the only exception being one transect at that went from 3. 4 to 3. 9% coral cover). The direct cause of most coral mortality during and after the 2005 bleaching was disease that had signs consistent with white plague. This disease has been documented since the 1970s (Dustan 1977) and was first observed around the island of St. John in 1997 (Miller et al. 2003). White-plague-like signs have been observed in 41 different species of hard coral (Weil et al. 2006), including many major reef-building species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакція надсилає автору (авторам) публікації копію рецензії (не вказуючи рецензента) або мотивовану відмову. Форма рецензування З формою рецензування можна ознайомитися за посиланням. Етичні зобов’язання редакційної колегії журналу. Етика публікацій. Редакційна етика: Редакція збірника дотримується стандартів редакційної етики, що відповідають міжнародним етичним правилам публікації наукових праць.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: In the pilot cities, providers were more likely than those in comparison cities to report that they and their patients saw or heard an advertisement about genetic testing for breast or ovarian cancer. When asked to compare the previous six months with the same period of a year before, more providers in the pilot cities than in comparison cities reported an increase in the number of patients who had asked questions about testing, asked for genetic counseling referrals to consider testing, and requested testing. Providers in the pilot cities also reported ordering more tests but not more referrals to genetics or oncology centers. Provider knowledge did not differ between the pilot and comparison cities. Fifty-two percent of providers were aware that a BRCA1/2 mutation can be inherited from either parent, and 46% knew that a woman with a sister with a known BRCA1/2 mutation has a 50% risk for inheriting the same mutation. Oncologists and obstetricians/ gynecologists were more likely to answer knowledge questions correctly. The majority of providers believed that learning more about genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk was relevant to their practice. Motivated to Talk to Physicians and The findings from the provider survey indicate that DTC advertisements might have motivated women interested in learning more about BRCA1/2 testing to talk to their physicians and request testing. Findings from the consumer survey suggest that women in the pilot cities were more aware of BRCA1/2 testing than those in the comparison cities. No evidence suggested an increased interest in the test among women most suited for BRCA1/2 testing—i. e. , those having a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer. The demonstrated lack of provider knowledge underscores the need for additional education; providers in certain specialties were unprepared to address the complexities surrounding genetic testing for susceptibility to breast or ovarian cancer. Complexities of BRCA1/2 of the BRCA1/2 test have been described. 2,4,5 Most breast or ovarian cancer is not associated with BRCA1/2 mutations. Testing has been directed at women with a family history of cancer; however, even in this group, test interpretation is complex, and genetic counseling is recommended. 4–6 Women with an identified BRCA1/2 mutation have a substantially increased lifetime risk for breast or ovarian cancer, but morbidity and mortality might be reduced through increased surveillance, chemoprevention, or prophylactic surgery.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: The causative agent of white plague type II has been identified as the alphaproteobacterium, Aurantimonas coralicida; however, this has fulfilled Koch’s postulates on isolates from Dichocoenia stokesi only (Denner et al. 2003). In a separate study, a smaller section of was monitored nearly monthly (88 months) for 8 years (December 1997–December 2005). During that time, mortality from white plague was observed each month and had no correlation with water temperatures (1997–2001, see Miller et al. 2003). Furthermore, a large outbreak of plague occurred in December 1998, 3 months after major bleaching occurred on that same reef (Miller et al. 2003). Significant mortality from coral disease, primarily consistent with white plague, was documented prior to 2005; however, this mortality was locally contained (i. e. , within Haulover, Mennebeck, and Tektite Reefs, but not simultaneously). The disease outbreak that followed the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event occurred on every reef monitored, both on St. John and BIRNM, 60 km south and resulted in the fastest decline in coral cover (of multiple species), from any cause, ever documented in the Virgin Islands. This event struck hardest at the dominant reef-building coral M. annularis (complex) that initially comprised 79. 2% of the coral cover at the study sites. Cover of these slow-growing, broadcast spawning, and seldom-recruiting corals decreased 51% from its pre-bleaching initial cover. The losses of the M. annularis group, coupled with significant declines by other massive corals (e. g. , C. natans), have resulted in a restructuring of the surviving coral community. M. annularis (complex) remains dominant but comprises only 58. 6% of the corals, while the relative abundance of the brooding Porites spp. has increased from 9. 8 to 20. 4%. Edmunds and Elahi (2007) reported a 72% decline in M. annularis on three 10 m transects at (500 m west of Tektite Reef) from 1988 to 1999, primarily from hurricanes, with bleaching having little effect (Edmunds 2002). They reported no disease on these transects during that time. Their model suggested an extirpation of M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакція стверджує, що при виданні збірника не мали місця зловживання (недобросовісність) у відносинах між усіма учасниками видавничого процесу: авторами, редакторами та рецензентами.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Are providers prepared for genomic medicine: interpretation of Direct-to-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) results and genetic self-efficacy by medical professionals 74. 4% for the providers compared to the specialist’s 83. 4%) and age, prior genetic test consultation experience, and level of trust assigned to the reports were associated with higher correct interpretation rates. The self-selected efficacy and the level of preparedness to consult on a patient’s genetic results were higher for the specialists than the provider group. ConclusionSpecialists remain the best group to assist patients with DTC-GT, however, primary care providers may still provide accurate interpretation of test results when specialists are unavailable. reports BackgroundAvailability of Direct-to-Consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has grown in the over the past decade, and they have recently started to cross over from a niche product to something with mainstream appeal [1]. Interest in DTC-GTs, which are available online from company websites and major retailers like Amazon, have been accelerating. In fact, the DTC-GT kit sold by 23andMe was one of the top 5 best sellers for Amazon’s sale in 2017 [2]. The number of DTC-GT kits sold offering ancestry results has doubled since 2017, with over 12 million kits sold [3]. Despite the growing interest and use of DTC-GT kits, only 10-20% of DTC-GT customers had shared their genetic test results with primary care physicians [4, 5]. Previous studies have shown that the typical consumer of DTC-GTs held both higher levels of education and pay in contrast to the average American citizen [4, 6]. As the consumers of these tests continue to shift from hobbyists to the general public, it is likely that more individuals will request assistance in interpreting their results. Previous research has shown that physicians feel ill prepared to educate patients about genetic test results [7–11]. Presently, there is a knowledge gap in how accurately primary care providers can interpret and communicate genetic test results to patients in comparison to genetic specialist. There have been some previous studies which have focused on primary care providers and genetics [12–15] but our study is novel in that it samples a larger cohort of genetic specialists (n=165) and non-genetic providers (n=99). This allows us to provide more robust measurements of interpretation differences between genetic specialists and non-genetic specialists compared to prior studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: annularis at their transects within 50 years; our study indicated that elimination of this species could occur over a large region in well under 50 years. Interestingly, peak coral mortality did not coincide with peak bleaching activity and was rarely a direct result of bleaching. Most of the mortality occurred after water temperatures had returned to normal, and corals had regained some color. In fact, in 2006 there was a negative correlation between water temperature and number of disease-induced lesions (r s = −0. 707, P = 0. 004). This association, however, was not observed during any other year of monitoring, only in 2006 after severe coral bleaching occurred. Winter water temperatures in the Caribbean have shown an increasing trend over the last decade with warmer minimums observed (see Ballantine et al. 2008; Fig. 9. 7 for La Paguera, Puerto Rico). Warmer winter temperatures may reduce the mortality rates of coral pathogens and increase the amount of coral disease (Bruno et al. 2007). The winter of 2006 was warmer than previous years, however, the winter in 2007 was even warmer. Disease did not increase following the warm 2007 winter, as it did in 2006 after anomalously high-water temperatures in summer/fall of 2005. Therefore, although warmer winter temperatures may play a role in coral disease activity, the peak in coral disease in the winter of 2006 was likely linked to the bleaching that preceded it. An alternative hypothesis is that the peak in disease activity during winter months of 2006 was a result of compromised corals. By monitoring throughout the 2005 episode in the USVI, Muller et al. (2008) showed that the size of disease-induced lesions on Acropora palmata increased as temperature increased, but only for bleached colonies. Lesion size on unbleached colonies of A. palmata remained the same when temperatures were high suggesting host-susceptibility, rather than temperature, influenced disease severity. The corals in the present study, having lost their symbiotic algae, were stressed for months possibly making them more susceptible to disease. The identified causative agent of white plague, A. coralicida, has a reported optimal growth from 30 to 35°C (Remily and Richardson 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для авторів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; надавати достовірні результати виконаної роботи за оригінальним дослідженням і об'єктивне представлення його значущості; не публікувати матеріал, присвячений одному і тому ж дослідженню, більш ніж в одному журналі як оригінальну публікацію; гарантувати повну оригі

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Globally, patients from Australia, Germany, United States, and elsewhere have expressed a preference for some form of regulation of DTC-GT and for physician assistance in interpreting this kind of data [16–18]. Purchasing DTC-GT is an elective process for someone to opt-in to, inputting genomic data into patient records will switch gears to an opt-out process. We are approaching a period of time where physicians encountering patients bringing in their DTC-GT reports will shift to genomic results appearing in the majority of all their patient’s EHRs, thanks in part to projects like the Initiative. Studies like the Consortium (CSER) [19] and the electronic Mand GEnomics (eMERGE) network have been working on integrating genomic medicine into clinical care for several years now. eMERGE has been combining EHRs and genomics to improve discovery and patient care since its launch in 2007 [20, 21]. Now in its third round of funding, eMERGE is generating clinically actionable results to return to patients in the EHR [22, 23] (GC WG) was launched in 2012 and is dedicated to assisting genetic counselors with challenges encountered with genomic medicine (genomic education, results disclosure, and other issues) [19]. As work progresses on these issues, the line separating clinical genetic testing and DTC-GT is becoming harder to define [24]. Recognizing the current and future need for integration of genomic data into the EHR, the two largest EHR vendors, Epic and Cerner have recently enabled their systems to store structured genomic data in the patient record [25, 26]. States based Initiative (PMI) established $215 million to help actualize precision medicine in 2015 [27]. Patient genetic data for individuals, information about their lifestyle, and environmental data would be directly incorporated into diagnosis and treatment recommendations in addition to the standard family and patient histories currently found in medical records. Precision medicine requires the collection of robust, multifaceted biomedical data sets; therefore, a major task of the initiative is to recruit a million volunteers to help capture this necessary data. A wide range of data types would be collected from this cohort, including genetic and microbiome sequencing, lifestyle data, metabolites, and information from wearable sensors. As of June 2017, beta testing for this program, now known as All of Us, has begun [28].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a factor in the decline of many amphibian populations. [SEP] Text: Earth & 25, 2022 Indus civilisation decline: Core evidence for climate change The socially complex and highly urbanised Civilisation began a sustained decline around 3900 cal yr BP (calendar years before present). This decline has been linked with abrupt climate change starting at ~4200 cal yr BP. Past studies examining its causes point to hydroclimate variability, but these studies offer inconsistent evidence for the timing and mechanism(s) driving mid- to late-Holocene climate change. At the University of is refining our understanding of climate change during this period using radiological and compositional analyses of lake sediment cores recovered from the Himalaya. Despite decades of (for the most part, unheeded) warnings from scientists, the effects of global climate change are becoming increasingly tangible. While anthropogenic climate change is unprecedented in its speed and severity, our planet has experienced countless periods of environmental upheaval during its long evolution. We cannot even claim to be the first civilisation to grapple with the consequences of climate change, although we are undoubtedly the first to inflict it on ourselves at a global scale. Regardless, one of our most valuable tools in the fight against climate change is our ability to look back through time, to see where past episodes of climate and environmental change led. Between 4200 and 3900 cal yr BP (calendar years before present), northern India was occupied by the well-established Civilisation, which was concentrated within the and Ghaggar-valleys. was socially complex, agrarian, and highly urbanised: they had well-developed infrastructure, including large cities with extensive sanitation facilities and agricultural irrigation systems that used hydraulic engineering. A rapid, stepwise, and sustained collapse of the society started around 3900 cal yr BP and continued for the better part of a millennium. This decline saw a fall in population, a collapse in urban centres, and a move towards a more rural social structure. Various reasons for this decline have been proposed, including disease, war, changes in regional hydrology and river systems, socio-political instability, disrupted trade networks, changes in crop patterns, and abrupt climate change. Among them, the evidence for a climate-related trigger is strong, as the decline followed the widely recognised 4. 2 ka event, which was characterised by a reduction in the global monsoon and associated circulation systems that led to droughts and seasonal precipitation failures worldwide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: нальність представленого матеріалу.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: One component of the PMI initiative is to incorporate more patient genetic data into EHRs. This action should facilitate data analysis and inter-operability, which means medical providers need to be able to accurately and confidently interpret genetic information for patients. As we see a shift from DTC-GT over to more genetic results piped into the EHR, clinicians will be increasingly called upon to interpret and act on results. With the growing consumer interest in DTC-GT [24] there is a shortage of trained specialists needed to meet this demand [29]. Thus, primary care physicians will likely be asked to interpret DTC-GT results with increasing frequency. Some primary care providers have already begun helping their patients interpret genetic test results [30]. Success will be defined by the ability of these physicians to properly communicate results and risks identified from genetic and genomic tests back to their patients. Many DTC-GT results relate to small risk changes for common diseases and pharmacogenetics, which may be more appropriately interpreted as part of primary care and may not require a visit to a genetics specialist. Failure in this task will erode the fundamental clinical value proposed by precision medicine. The complexity of these tests is one of the reasons the of and Genomics has recommended that genetics experts be made available for patient test result consultations [31]. Based off professional memberships and certification in the United States, there are only 4,244 genetic counselors [32] and 1,302 clinical geneticists [33] currently employed across the nation, numbers that may be insufficient to meet the potential future demand. Genetic counselors have advanced training in medical genetics and counseling to help patients with education and interpreting genetic test results [34] and are often the first point of contact for a patient with a suspected genetic condition or test result. Clinical genetics is a certification offered to physicians by the of and Genomics. Clinical geneticists are trained to diagnose and treat genetic conditions and work cooperatively with genetic counselors across the entire range of genetic disease [35]. Increased market demand may lead to more genetic counselors and medical geneticists entering the field; however presently there is a shortage of genetic counselors engaged in direct patient care, which may not be fully resolved until 2024-2030 based off current projections [29]. As precision medicine and genetic testing expand, primary care providers may be increasingly relied upon to interpret results for patients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a - 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2434118/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractClimate change is conjectured to endanger tropical species, particularly in biodiverse montane regions, but accurate estimates of extinction risk are limited by a lack of empirical data describing tropical species’ sensitivity to climate. To fill this gap, studies must match high-quality distribution data with multi-year, transplant experiments. Here, we conducted field surveys of epiphyte distributions on three mountains in and performed reciprocal transplant experiments on one mountain across sites that varied in elevation, temperature and aridity. We find that most species are unable to survive outside of their narrow elevational distributions. Additionally, our findings suggest starkly different outcomes by 2100 under different emission and temperature change scenarios. Under low-emission scenarios, most tropical montane species will survive, but under mid or high-emission scenarios a minimum of 5–36% of our study species may go extinct and 10–50% of populations may be lost. This result demonstrates that current actions towards climate mitigation and emissions reduction may significantly impact the number of tropical extinctions that will occur due to climate change. Unique in its precise test of tropical species’ climate tolerances in a large field experiment, our work corroborates earlier conjecture about wide-spread extinctions from climate change in tropical montane ecosystems. Biological sciences/Ecology/Climate-change ecologyBiological sciences/Ecology/Tropical ecologyBiological sciences/Ecology/BiogeographyBiological sciences/Ecology/Conservation biologyFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Main TextTropical mountains are the most biodiverse regions on earth(1), and tropical montane species are conjectured to be at high risk of extinction from climate change(2–5). These species are expected to have narrow climatic tolerances, leaving them susceptible to rising temperatures and concomitant changes in precipitation, fog, and cloud cover(2, 4, 6–11). To avoid extinction, many tropical species may need to shift their distributions upward along elevational gradients(2, 4, 12, 13).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: У разі використання робіт або тверджень інших авторів, надаватися відповідні бібліографічні посилання або цитати; дотримуватися правил самоцитування, а саме: якщо елементи матеріалу раніше були опубліковані в іншій статті, автор зобов'язаний послатися на більш ранню роботу і вказати суттєва відмінність нової роботи від попередньої; не допускати плагіат в будь-яких формах; гарантувати, що переданий для публікації матеріал не порушу�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Scenario testingThree test scenarios were developed to model three aspects of DTC-GT results: disease risk, genetic symptoms testing, and drug response. Each scenario question included a best interpretation answer, and an interpretation score was generated by calculating the total number of correct over the three scenarios for a scale of 0-6. Scores were interpreted in aggregate, with no weighting, as has been done in prior studies [4–6, 43]. Scenarios 1 and 3 are identical to the ones used in the Ostergren study. The first scenario was modeled off a disease risk report from the company 23andMe. It presents a DTC-GT result for a 35-year old male, classified as obese, and his genetic susceptibility for diabetes (3 questions). The third scenario was a genetic drug response result from the company Pathway Genomics. It presents risk level for statin-induced myopathy for a male (age unspecified) taking the statin drug simvastatin to control his cholesterol (1 question). The second scenario was a novel scenario constructed using the patient generated report from a genomic test tool, ™, developed at Geisinger [44] which presents the result of a clinical genetic test. ™generates two different reports: a patient focused report and a provider focused report. The second scenario was constructed using results from the patient version of the report. The scenario presented the symptoms report for a 48-year old woman with three children. In order to help diagnose her symptoms, a genetic sequencing test was ordered. From that test, DCTN1 is highlighted as noteworthy, because a variant of this gene can cause HMN7B: distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type VIIB, which matches some of her symptoms (2 questions). Opinion analysisOpinions of the two groups were compared across three different categories: patient concern, DTC tests, and genetic self-efficacy. For the patient concern questions, survey participants were asked to rate the level of concern the patient should have based off the diabetes and HMN7B test results. In the DTC category, they were asked to rank how trustworthy were each scenario’s information (5 point Likert, 1 = Highly Trustworthy, 3 = Neutral, 5 = Highly Untrustworthy), which we refer to as the trustworthiness variable.

Output: corroborate