Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: It is difficult to compare the DRE sector to others due to limited data, however, focus groups highlighted that structural barriers do exist for women seeking to occupy leadership positions due to discriminatory social norms and gender stereotypes. For instance, during the Nigeria focus group, it was reported that DRE companies led by women were intentionally excluded from contract tenders because the sector lacks trust in female leadership. Deeper stakeholder analysis is merited to identify practical solutions. Corresponding to the general workforce trends in SSA, there is a higher representation of women in informal employments in the DRE sector, and particularly with pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. The benefit of engaging women in the sales and distribution network is widely recognized by both SHS and mini-grid companies alike, and is validated by the literature, which shows that in rural communities women play important roles as entrepreneurs, social networkers, influencers, and leaders, making them suitable salespersons. For instance, during focus group discussion confirmed that its female sales agents performed better than their male peers. In 2017, Baruah reported the important role DRE technologies play in generating employment opportunity for women but warned that transformative shifts in societal attitudes about gender roles are necessary [68]. Scaling the DRE sector may represent a major opportunity to help unemployed youth. The survey found that in Kenya the percentage of youth employed in the DRE sector is high, at more than 40% of the workforce. However, in Nigeria, which is a very young population, youth currently only make up 28% of the DRE workforce. ANOVA analysis shows that statistically, local companies employ more youth than foreign companies. See supplemental materials for these outputs. TABLE 8 Table 8. Women and youth participation in DRE workforce. Despite the broader employment impact numbers, there are important nuances that can be understood by disaggregating jobs according to company type. For instance, some company types offer longer-term jobs than others, require different skill sets, and have different levels of participation among women and youth. In this section we build a workforce profile for each company type to highlight key characteristics (see Figures 2 through 7). End-user product providers, including pico-solar appliances and SHS, have a low market penetration rate in Nigeria 4% in 2017, and a much higher penetration of 51% in Kenya. That said, in both countries, the workforce profile is similar (see Figures 2 and 3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: , ørgensen, ément, Doré, Kleerebezem, Kristiansen, Renault, Sicheritz-Ponten, de and Pedersen2013), over the years it has become clear that the heterogeneity found in microbiomes of seemingly healthy people is far larger than the characteristics of the microbiomes of obese and lean individuals (Boscaini et al. , Reference Boscaini, Leigh, Lavelle, García-Cabrerizo, Lipuma, Clarke, Schellekens and Cryan2022). As described above, the contribution of the microbiome and its importance for the provision of calories to the host seems small but could in long-term – over decades – make a difference. Yet, the research on diets to alter the microbiome has also not delivered the expected effects. Even well-established fermentable fibres known for improvement of obstipation or intestinal discomfort failed to demonstrate marked changes in the microbiome diversity by when provided over weeks in relevant doses (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Wang, Sailer, Theis, Verbeke and Raes2017). A consistent finding in these studies however was a substantial increase in the density of Bifidobacteria, which also can be increased in density by dietary lactose but here microbiome diversity then depends on the individual capability to digest lactose as large cohorts have recently revealed (Esteban et al. , Reference Esteban, Lopera-Maya Krlikov, van der Graaf, Hu, Andreu-Sánchez, and Sanna2022; Qin et al. , żyńska, Zhu, Tripathi, Vázquez-and Méric2022). What is striking is that human and animal science appear to look at the contribution of the gut microbiome in body weight gain or body composition with different views. In animal science the wide use of antibiotics was also driven by findings that this increased weight gain – defining antibiotics as growth promotors and that was demonstrated in pigs and chicken (Angelakis, Reference Angelakis2017; Gaskins et al. , Reference Gaskins, Collier and Anderson2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis which generate one ATP from each glucose molecule; compared to 2 ATPs generated from the EMP pathway and 38 ATPs from the TCA cycle. Zymomonas mobilis also has a respiration chain using oxygen as the terminal electron receptor under aerobic conditions. At least two branched electron transport systems have been proposed comprising NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh), coenzyme Q10, cytochrome bd, and O2, which has been confirmed by several studies [78, 81–87]. However, unlike other microorganisms, respiration in Z. mobilis is uncoupled to energetics and cellular growth with a function that has been suggested to maintain a low NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth [87]. Disturbance of the cellular NADH/NAD+ ratio due to external or internal inhibitors could lead to slow growth [48, 87]. A mutation of respiration chain genes, such as ndh mutation, or the supplementation of respiration chain inhibitors could result in better growth and higher ethanol titer under aerobic conditions [78, 81, 82, 84, 87] possibly due to more NADH becoming available for ethanol fermentation. However, excessive NADH would result in a high NADH/NAD+ ratio which would lead to inhibition of cellular growth [87]. Therefore, a well-balanced, low NADH/NAD+ ratio is key for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth in Z. mobilis. Based on end-product data analysis for ethanol, acetoin, 2,3-BDO, lactate, acetate, and glycerol production, as well as cellular growth and glucose consumption profiles described above (Fig. 5), we propose the model below to explain the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis (Fig. 6). We hypothesize that during anaerobic conditions, there is insufficient NAD+ produced during ethanol fermentation to ensure efficient glucose catabolism in the engineered 2,3-BDO pathway in strain 9C-BC11 since pyruvate is being diverted away from ethanol production to 2,3-BDO.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: A large share of direct, formal jobs created by these companies are skilled activities, like sales and distribution or product servicing, as compared to the global renewable energy industry, where less than half of its workers are skilled [25]. These companies have high percentage full-time engagement, high retention periods, and a broad spread of job functions from business and administration to assembly and sales. ANOVA analysis shows that end-user product providers employ more women than other companies. 2 Figure 2. Kenya end-user product provider workforce profile. 3 Figure 3. Nigeria end-user product provider workforce profile. Project developers and installers on the other hand draw less on sales and distribution, and dedicate most of their workforce to project development and servicing products, which are highly skilled jobs (see Figures 4 and 5). Because of the less standardized, component-based nature of project development and installation, the work carried out is labor intensive. Furthermore, during the construction phase of C&I projects, the developers and installers draw heavily on support of engineering, procurement, construction, transportation, and logistics companies, with the support of local civil workers. Thus, the potential for indirect job creation is high. These jobs also have high retention and a significant degree of full-time engagement. The project developer workforce in Kenya comprises over 40% youth, though with a lower notably lower participation in Nigeria. analysis shows that project developers and installers employ less women than other company types. 4 Figure 4. Kenya project developer and installer workforce profile. 5 Figure 5. Nigeria project developer and installer workforce profile. Mini-grid operators and project developers and installers are analyzed separately because their business models and revenue structures differ, as does their contracting and hiring behavior. Mini-grid operators create more long-term O&M jobs, as compared to project developers and installers, who need large number of contractors or informal workers’ support over a short period of time during project installation. Currently, mini-grid companies are still emerging in Nigeria and more established in Kenya. Mini-grid companies for instance, provide significantly more formal than informal work opportunities. The jobs created by the mini-grid operators are mostly full-time, long-term jobs, in fact having the longest retention time across the company types surveyed. Furthermore, mini-grid companies employ the highest percentage of their staff in management and business administration (see Figures 6 and 7). 6 Figure 6. Kenya mini-grid operator workforce profile.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In pigs the application of different antibiotics led to a reduction in the total quantity of bacteria and to changes in the spectrum of bacteria in ileum as revealed by sequencing (Collier et al. , Reference Collier, Smiricky-and Gaskin2003). The amount of energy utilised by bacteria and becoming available for the host as weight gain upon antibiotic treatment was estimated to be approximately 6 per cent of the total food energy. That is in essence identical to the estimated heat production by the caecal microbiome in mice as part of the energy needed to maintain body temperature (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021). The increased weight gain found when the microbiota is reduced in density by antibiotics has been attributed to lower energy costs for mucus production and for immune defence in the intestine since fewer bacteria could translate into reduced synthesis of mucus and immune cells and possibly a lower epithelial turn-over. In an impressive paper it was recently demonstrated by use of a stable isotope labelling technique and proteome analysis allowing quantification of protein synthesis rates and protein half-lives that there are major differences between conventional and germfree mice (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). Since the intestine is the organ with the highest cell renewal rate it has to have a huge capacity for synthesis of proteins. The proliferation and apoptosis rates underlying cell replacement in the intestine revealed in the labelling experiment a spatial gradient from proximal to distal linked to the different architecture of the epithelia. However, the study also revealed that germfree mice have lower protein synthesis rates including those of the mucus-proteins (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). These findings support the notion that bacteria and other organisms and viruses that collectively constitute the ecosystem in the gut, drive cell proliferation, immune defence mechanisms and mucus production rates. The latter seems particularly enforced by bacteria that reside in the mucus layer and that can utilise the glycoproteins as substrates for growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One acetolactate intermediate is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules by Als and then converted to acetoin and BDO by AldC and Bdh, respectively, oxidizing one NADH to generate one NAD+ as opposed to two NAD+ generated from ethanol fermentation. Moreover, the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway may also compete for the substrate, acetolactate, with the branded-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway for valine, alanine, and leucine. Taken together, the reduced NAD+ generated via the heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway and the competition for substrate with the amino acid biosynthesis pathway may increase the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which could then reduce the glycolysis efficiency and cellular growth resulting in a long lag phase (Fig. 5a). This lag could last until sufficient NAD+ could be generated to re-establish the optimal NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient ethanol production. Under 1 % DO culture conditions, we achieved the fastest glucose utilization and highest growth rates and the highest yields of 2,3-BDO and acetoin compared to anaerobic and 10 % DO conditions, suggesting that a more optimal redox balance is achieved under this condition. However, lower 2,3-BDO titers were realized compared to shake flask conditions. Clearly, the highest oxygen level tested (10 %) negatively impacted glucose utilization, cellular growth, and end-product yields (Fig. 5a, b, c), which may be due to an NADH/NAD+ ratio imbalance and thus inadequate NADH availability for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and ethanol fermentation. Lactate dehydrogenase upregulated by oxygen may further exacerbate this situation by diverting needed NADH to lactate biosynthesis. Under shake flask fermentation condition, more NAD+ may be generated from the acetoin to 2,3-BDO reaction, which could help maintain the redox balance. However, since the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis reaction is not as efficient as ethanol fermentation in Z. mobilis and NADH was not as efficiently recycled, we speculate that accumulation of more NADH is being diverted towards glycerol biosynthesis to regenerate NAD+ while also providing ATP for glycolysis and cellular growth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Most companies agreed that technical training is a secondary consideration, since staff can be trained internally if needed. The primary challenge is recruiting employees with a strong grounding in business skills, ethics, and workplace leadership. This corresponds to recent findings of the Mini-Needs Assessment, a report jointly prepared by Energy 4 Impact and which identified project and business management, finance, health and safety, monitoring and evaluation, O&M processes, and software as core skills that lack adequate training programs in emerging markets [70]. The challenges around recruiting and retaining managerial talent is compounded by competition for the limited talent pool. Further, as noted in the focus groups, managers from DRE companies tend to move to the utility-scale or rooftop solar sectors, which have more managerial positions and thus more upward mobility. The survey and focus groups show that a strong TVET and career strategy which involves government, industry, education institutions, and investors is needed to close the skills gap for the sector. Information feedback loops between TVET systems and employers are important to avoiding the mismatch between young workforce entrants’ skillsets and employers’ needs [65]. Past successes have been observed in many private sector-led training programs. During focus group discussions, participants shared success cases of industry working directly with universities to establish a presence and develop a pipeline that recruits students during their formal education into industry through internships and on-the-job training that quickly leads to full-time employment. For most DRE companies, technical talent is recruited from across many training institutes with different curricula, teaching standards, and levels of accreditation. Indeed, participants in both focus groups expressed concern over the quality of training, the lack of monitoring and evaluation metrics for such training programs, and the inability to transfer accreditation across countries or regions, both complicating and limiting the recruitment process. Thus, there is a need for better certification processes and, perhaps, for a collective industry-wide training curriculum. Another identified gap in recruitment is industry knowledge of available training services. Many companies are not aware of the training resources available for their staff or even where to source trained technicians. These insights have important implications for workforce development policy and the tailoring of interventions to the DRE sector’s needs. We explore the implications of these findings in the Discussion. This data shows that the DRE sector, though very nascent, does support direct employment in SSA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: One very prominent species is Akkermansia muciniphila that has frequently been associated with a lean host phenotype and a variety of health benefits (Cani et al. , Reference Cani, Depommier, Derrien, Everard and de Vos2022). Stimulation of mucus production in the gut means that the host needs to invest more energy into synthesis of the glycans and proteins and the secretory machinery and that could in life-long perspective affect host body mass. Small molecules go across The production of large quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by the microbiota has been demonstrated more than 50 years ago and their role in energy metabolism but also in protecting colonic tissue from malign transformation received a lot of attention; for a recent review see Blaak et al. , van Harsselaar, van Tol, Vaughan and Verbeke2020. Although moderate increases in SCFA levels in faecal samples in human trials using fermentable substrates were demonstrated (Puhlmann et al. , Reference Puhlmann, Jokela, van Dongen, Bui, van Hagelbroek, Smidt, de Vos and Feskens2022), not all intervention studies have consistently observed such changes, even not when high quantities of fibres of up to 45 g per day (Oliver et al. , and Whiteson2021) or 12 g/day of galactooligosaccharides (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017) as highly fermentable substrates were consumed by human volunteers. In a study with obese and prediabetic volunteers treated for 7 days with the antibiotics Amoxicillin or Vancomycin only Vancomycin reduced significantly faecal levels of acetate and butyrate but not Amoxicillin. However, antibiotic treatment failed to change fasting plasma SCFA levels (Reijnders et al. , Reference Reijnders, Goossens, Hermes, Neis, van der and Blaak2016) and metabolic phenotyping revealed no clinically relevant effects in the volunteers despite marked changes in the microbiomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, our results reveal the impact of host cellular metabolism and the effect of oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis which can illuminate potential strategies for anaerobic 2,3-BDO production improvement. Furthermore, our study confirms the value of integrating bioinformatics analysis and systems biology data during metabolic engineering endeavors. MethodsBacterial strain and growth conditions Zymomonas mobilis 8b was revived from frozen glycerol stocks for about 6–8 h in 10 mL RMG2 (20 g/L glucose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 2 g/L KH2PO4) at 33 °C. Other 8b derivatives used in this work are: 22C, a hydrolysate-tolerant mutant strain; 9C, an 8b derivative with both chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes removed. The final spectinomycin concentration used for Z. mobilis is 200 and 50 μg/mL for E. coli. Growth curve measurement using Bioscreen CGrowth of Z. mobilis was monitored by using the 420–580 nm filter () as described previously without shaking [88, 89]. Three replicates were used for each condition. The seed cultures used for were first revived from frozen glycerol stocks overnight in RMG2, then diluted 100-fold into fresh RMG2 until it reached exponential phase. The absorbance at OD600 nm was adjusted to 3, then added 10-μL to each well containing 290-μL medium, such that the final OD600 nm = 0. 1. Procedures for measurement, recording of final cell densities, and calculations used to correct for non-linear response at high cell densities are previously reported [88, 89]. Minimized shuttle vector construction and 2,3-BDO pathway assemblyA new minimized shuttle vector, pEZ15Asp, was designed and synthesized that includes origins of replication from both E. coli and Z. mobilis, antibiotics marker for the spectinomycin resistance gene, and multiple cloning sites for Biobrick-based pathway assembly [67]. Wild-type and codon-optimized versions of three 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway genes were synthesized by Genscript (NJ, USA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Skilled labor will be needed to scale the sector, and thus even greater employment opportunity may arise in the near-term future, especially given that 23% of emerging economies with low energy access have now established official DRE targets [71]. We attempt a projection of future DRE workforce by applying the study employment factors to available market forecasts and planned policies (see Table 9). This simple exercise suggests that by 2022–2023 employment from the DRE sector could more than double. The DRE sector could provide more than 17,000 and 52,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and Nigeria respectively. The DRE sector could also provide more than 30,000 in direct, informal jobs in Kenya, and 24,000 in Nigeria. This snapshot provides a general indication of employment potential but cannot be generalized given the data and analysis limitations. See supplementary materials for market assumptions used. Moreover, future employment from productive use jobs is likely to be even greater than that of direct employment. Though included in the survey instrument, data from DRE companies on the types of jobs being created by rural customers through access to electricity was poor. As such, we were unable to generate productive use employment factors, or project productive use employment in the future. But as an anecdotal point of reference, if we explore the few employment factors available in the literature, productive use jobs stimulated by access to electricity may employ more than five times as many people as direct, formal jobs. In fact, the scale of productive use job impact in 2017–2018 is estimated at 65,000 jobs in Kenya and 15,000 in Nigeria (see Table 9 and see for more information on employment factors and market estimates used). This basic calculation aligns with expert opinion from the focus groups and the literature, which suggest that the number of jobs created through access to electricity from DRE may be orders of magnitude larger than the direct employment of the sector itself [72–74]. Among the different DRE productive use applications, solar water pumping for irrigation has a particularly high employment impact documented in the literature. According to the Food and (FAO), solar irrigation can increase the number of harvests and area of crop coverage, therefore requiring more labor [53,75]. Due to limited data however, we could not estimate the productive use jobs from solar water pumping. Future exploration into productive use employment and skills needs is critical, especially as rural unemployment is such a timely challenge in SSA. TABLE 9 Table 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: That means that despite prominent levels of DOPA, serotonin but also GABA and histamine found in faecal samples those appear not to change in concentration in brain when comparing tissues from germfree and conventional mice. This argues against a significant direct communication axis of these transmitters found in colon and faeces and brain. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier has a low intrinsic permeability for neurotransmitters as their transporters are either not expressed here or only efflux-systems from brain are found (Nałęcz, Reference Nałęcz2017). Bidirectional communication between gut and brain is mainly realised by a multitude of anatomically fixed neuronal connections as well as by numerous hormones produced in the gastrointestinal tract that can enter brain and by hormones produced along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis. Vagus nerve endings in the gut may be able to sense the local environment but these afferent projections do not cross the epithelial barrier (Bonaz et al. , Reference Bonaz, Bazin and Pellissier2018) and thus require compositional changes in the subepithelial compartment. Those may include alterations in the concentrations of SCFA or bile acids as suggested by the presence of the bile acid receptor TGR5 receptor in myenteric neurons (Alemi et al. , and Corvera2013). However, that the brain can sense the presence of bacteria in the intestinal system based on NOD2 in certain brain regions – mediated by muramyl-peptides derived from the peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls – has recently been demonstrated (Schneider and Thaiss, and Thaiss2022). Moreover, EECS express toll-like receptors (TLR) for recognition of flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded DNA or other bacterial products and even vagal afferents may be able to sense those directly via TLR4 shown to be expressed in the visceral afferents (Raybould, Reference Raybould2010). Because metabolomics applied to faecal samples revealed also a variety of essential nutrients like amino acids or vitamins, it has been speculated that the microbiome contributes also to the body needs of these indispensable compounds. Of course, bacteria can synthesise essential compounds such as vitamins, but to which extend those contribute to the host vitamin status, is not well defined.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The genes were then assembled in different combinations using Biobrick-based approaches. Specifically, the minimized shuttle vector pEZ15Asp (pEZ) was digested with EcoRI-HF and PstI-HF (Bio-Rad, CA), which was treated using the Rapid DNA Dephos and (Roche, CA) for dephosphorylation and then quantified using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert(s) were also treated with restriction enzymes of EcoRI/SpeI or XbaI/PstI and then quantified again using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert and vector were ligated using the fast-ligation kit (NEB, CA) with a molecular ratio of 3:1 for insert to vector. The ligation product (2-μL) was used for transformation into NEB C2925 competent cells. The transformants were confirmed by colony PCR using the primers of pBAD-GFP_F/R (5′3′ and 5′3′) to confirm the insert size. The gene-specific primers were used to confirm that the targeted genes were cloned into the vector. Colonies showing the expected PCR bands were inoculated into LB broth supplemented with 50 μg/mL spectinomycin overnight and the plasmids were extracted and confirmed by PCR, restriction digestion, and Sanger sequencing. Electroporation transformation and 2,3-BDO strain selection Zymomonas mobilis or Escherichia coli cells were transformed with plasmids by electroporation (Bio-Pulser, 0. 1-cm gap cuvettes, 1. 6 kV, 200 ohms, 25 μF). Electrocompetent Z. mobilis cells were prepared by centrifuging cells from cultures that had reached an OD600 nm of 0. 4–0. 6. Cell pellets were washed once in ice-cold sterile water, re-centrifuged, and washed again in 10 % glycerol. These pellets were resuspended in 10 % glycerol at a concentration approximately 1000-fold higher than the starting culture. Competent cells were stored at −80 °C as small aliquots for later use. Transformants of E. coli or Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Key national employment estimates for 2017–2018 and 2022–2023 projections. this section we explore key insights from the survey data, focus groups, and literature. This is the first study to explore direct employment from the DRE sector in SSA. These initial findings suggest that while the DRE sector is nascent and just beginning to scale, it has already grown a workforce equivalent to the traditional utility-scale power sector. Importantly, the survey shows this to be largely skilled, full-time and long-term employment. Furthermore, early indicators suggest that as markets grow, significant pools of skilled labor will be required. Pico-solar appliance and SHS companies currently drive employment in the DRE sector, though employment from mini-grids may grow, given the ambitious mini-grid targets that many SSA countries have set. Because of this, sales and distribution skills account for the largest share of jobs, and are important for sustaining the DRE sector, while management skills represent a critical gap for unlocking further growth. Importantly, while management and business positions only compose a fifth of the sector’s direct, formal jobs, across all countries surveyed this is reported as the most critical and difficult skill set to recruit, hampering the sector’s expansion. Alongside this, DRE companies reported that general business soft skills are critically lacking, affecting every aspect of company performance. These soft skills include leadership, finance, strategic planning, communication, chains of command, project management, compliance, anti-harassment, and health and safety. Women’s participation in the direct, formal DRE workforce is low. On average, women make up about a quarter of the DRE workforce, less than the broader global renewable energy sector where women account for 32% of employees. Women are even less represented in direct, formal managerial positions. Women’s participation increases in the informal sector, where they make up more than half of the sector’s informal workforce, due to the recognized importance of women’s influence in rural sales and distribution networks. Youth participation was higher, though DRE companies agree that there are more opportunities for women and youth if recruitment and training challenges can be overcome. Finally, the survey findings suggest that in addition to direct, formal employment, the DRE sector may employ twice as many workers through informal jobs and five times as many through productive use jobs—though these are difficult job sectors to accurately assess.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Evidence of a contribution to the biotin status comes from the findings that only raw avidin – that binds biotin as the strongest known non-covalent binding – can prevent biotin to be absorbed including that produced by bacteria which then causes clinically relevant biotin-deficiency (Said, Reference Said2002). There is also evidence for synthesis of folate and menaquinones (Conly and Stein, and Stein1992; Engevik et al. , Reference Engevik, Morra, Röth, and Versalovic2019). Other vitamins are likely also found at low levels when analysing bacteria/stool but here it needs to be defined of whether those vitamins are bioavailable and absorbed in colon. In rodents with extensively exercising coprophagy these vitamins contribute to the vitamin status as they can be absorbed in the small intestine, but in humans, it is extremely difficult to assess the overall contribution of the microbiome to the vitamin status. Although transporters required for absorption of some vitamins have been found in the colonic epithelium, their density seems rather low, and their relevance thus remains elusive. The limited bioavailability of most solutes in the large intestine provides host protection, eg, for nitrogen or sulphur compounds considered as harmful when entering the systemic circulation in larger quantities (Florin et al. , Reference Florin, Neale, Gibson, Christl and Cummings1991). However, nitrogen but also sulphur availability are most critical for bacterial growth and the maintenance of the biomass in the large intestine. Carbon sources are manifold but synthesis of amino acids and proteins, but also of other biomolecules require larger quantities of nitrogen, and also sulphur. There is a considerable nitrogen flux through the intestinal system with a significant role of the microbiome and that refers particularly to bacteria expressing urease with the ability to hydrolyse urea and the release of bicarbonate and ammonium. This process allows bacteria to build their own microenvironment with high buffering capacity by urea hydrolysis but with need that the host must re-synthetise urea in liver for detoxification of the ammonia with a large demand of ATP. Portal blood ammonia concentrations exceed those in blood that leaves the liver by three to four times – demonstrating the large hepatic capacity for extraction of NH3/NH4+ from the portal system followed by hepatic urea output.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis were selected on LB or RMG agar plates, respectively, containing appropriate antibiotics. Due to the presence of restriction/modification systems in Z. mobilis [90] that can decrease transformation efficiency, all plasmids were built in and isolated from a methylation-deficient E. coli strain, C2925 (NEB, MA), for efficient transformation into Z. mobilis 8b or its derivatives. For single colony isolation, transformants grown on the selective plates containing spectinomycin were further streaked on RMG plates with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL (RMGSp). Following isolation, these colonies were then used for colony PCR to confirm the introduction of plasmids with correct pathway genes using the primers pBAD-GFP_F/R to check the insert size and gene-specific primers. Colonies with expected PCR bands pattern were selected and inoculated into RMGSp for preservation and further flask evaluation. Lignocellulosic biomass sugar hydrolysateBiomass sugar hydrolysates were prepared using DMR corn stover. The details of DMR pretreatment process were described elsewhere [42]. In brief, corn stover (#6, harvested in Hurley County, SD) was knife milled to pass through a 19 mm (3/4-in. ) rejection screen followed by dilute alkaline (NaOH at 0. 1 M) deacetylation at 80 °C in a 1900-L paddle mixer to remove most of the acetyl groups and some of the lignin. The deacetylated corn stover was disc refined at a specific refining energy of approximately 100 kW/ODMT in a pilot scale Sprout 401 (36-in. ) disc refiner provided by Andritz, Inc. , Springfield, OH. A secondary milling was applied to the deacetylated and disc refined corn stover substrates at 100kWh/ODMT using a planetary type Szego mill to further improve digestibility. The DMR-pretreated corn stover was then hydrolyzed using cellulases from Novozyme as reported previously [41]. The hydrolysis was conducted at 15 % total solids, pH 5. 2, 50 °C and completed in 5 days. Shake flasks and Biostat-Q fermentationsSeed cultures of Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: This is critical as informal work is the largest source of employment for SSA. Not only is the scale of informal and productive use jobs important, but also the fact that they are predominantly rural in nature, given the geography of DRE markets. As new micro-enterprise opportunities and agricultural value chains are explored, the impact could grow significantly. Thus in SSA where agriculture is still the main source of livelihood, DRE technologies may simultaneously presents a solution to energy access and rural unemployment, warranting further investigation of this intersection. above insights lead to a series of recommendations for the sector and its stakeholders. For instance, there are clear skills needed to scale the DRE sector acknowledged as critical to delivering universal energy access. Filling these skills gaps would create more employment and present an opportunity for collaboration between government, academia, training organizations, and industry associations. Such partnership is required to develop standardized, accredited, industry-relevant curricula and for the establishment of career development programs for graduates. Opportunities for industry exposure, such as apprenticeships, practicum exercises, and short-term internships, are an important component of an excellent curriculum. Furthermore, since the sector presents an important rural employment opportunity, it is key to develop training programs easily accessible by rural communities. Especially given the growing importance of productive use to the DRE business model, companies also pointed to the need for basic micro-enterprise training among rural end users, from book-keeping to business planning. Further study of value chains is necessary to identify market opportunities and the interventions necessary to establish these businesses. Soft skills training may be an opportunity for shared training services as this particular skills gap was noticed across the sector, and most DRE companies do not have the resources or bandwidth for internal training. More than two-thirds of DRE companies reported that they work across multiple parts of the value chain, so developing tailored, short, soft skills and rural micro-enterprise training programs for the entire DRE sector through collaboration with local higher education and TVET institutions could support the DRE companies themselves while also encouraging a well-rounded, qualified workforce. Shared technical training resources would be more difficult to achieve as companies often have proprietary technology that cannot be shared publicly, or which would make standardization of the curricula difficult. Stronger youth engagement could be an important solution to the growing challenge of unemployed youth in many emerging economies. The lack of experience and pipelines for youth recruitment present a challenge.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: There is good evidence that the composition of the microbiome and products thereof play a critical role in IBD; although a taxonomic IBD signature in patients could not yet be identified because of the huge diversity of the human gut microbiome in healthy individuals (Metwaly et al. , Reference Metwaly, Reitmeier and Haller2022). From faeces back into the gut When human stool samples are analysed, the microbes found comprise a mixture of dead and living bacteria (with a 1:1 relationship) and the sample reflects mainly the conditions in the descending colon from which the contents are moved into rectum for elimination from the body. In the descending colon the contents are solidified by reabsorption of electrolytes and water. The extent of water left in faeces has been shown to associate with microbiome diversity (Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Tito, Joosens and Raes2015). stool scale (BSS) classifies the physical appearance of stool by colour and consistency (and thus water content) and ranks always very high amongst the parameters underlying microbiome variance (Falony et al. , Reference Falony, Vieira-Silva and Raes2018). Amongst the thousands of publications on human microbiota only a few assessed bacterial communities in different locations of the intestine. Samples collected from the intestine rather than from stool revealed significant differences – even within the human large intestine – in bacterial density and in composition (Martinez-Guryn et al. , Reference Martinez-Guryn, Leone and Chang2019). Analysis of the colon of deceased organ transplant donors, demonstrated marked differences in microbiome patterns between cecum, colon transversum and sigmoid (James et al. , ński, -Parsy, Lawley and Teichmann2020) with an increasing density of Actinobacteria and decreasing density of Proteobacteria towards the sigmoid. But there is not only a longitudinal gradient in density and bacterial spectrum but also a radial segmentation (Donaldson et al. , Reference Donaldson, Melanie and Mazmanian2016). This may be best explained by physical determinants in which flow through a tubing always shows faster speed in the centre and reduced flow velocity towards the wall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis strains harvested at exponential phase were inoculated into 125-mL shake flasks containing 40-mL media of RMG8 (RM with 80 g/L glucose) or RMG8X6 (RM with 80 g/L glucose and 60 g/L xylose) to a starting OD600 nm of 0. 1. The medium was supplemented with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The temperature was maintained at 30 or 33 °C with a shaking speed of 120 rpm. For BiosStat-Q Plus fermentations, strains were revived from frozen stock on RMG5 (50 g/L glucose) in 50 mL baffled flasks containing 10 mL of media, and incubated overnight at 30 °C in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. The revived and grown culture was used to start the seed culture for fermentation. The seed cultures were then prepared in 125 mL shake flasks containing 40 mL RMG8 (80 g/L glucose) using revived cultures and inoculated at an initial OD600 nm of 0. 1. Seed flasks were incubated at 30 °C overnight in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. Fermentations to evaluate the strains for BDO production were carried out in BioStat-Q plus fermenters with a 300-mL working volume of RMG with higher glucose concentration of 100 g/L (RMG10) to investigate whether higher carbon source could increase 2,3-BDO titer. The media were supplemented with spectinomycin at the final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The fermenters were inoculated from an overnight grown seed culture with an initial OD600 nm value of 0. 1. The fermenter operated at 30 °C, 300 rpm, and controlled at pH 5. 8 with 4 N KOH. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)The dry weight of cells at the end of fermentation was determined by centrifuging 10 mL of broth and washing the cells with double deionized H2O. The washed cells were placed in pre-weighed aluminum dishes and dried overnight at an 85 °C incubator. The correlation between dry cell weight and OD600 nm value was then calculated and used to estimate the dry cell weight in other time points. Samples from the shake flasks or fermenters were taken at various time points. The samples were diluted for OD600 nm measurement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: This study’s estimates for productive use jobs have limited statistical significance and warrant further study. energy access to millions of people and businesses worldwide through DRE technologies will require employing substantial numbers of people. This study is the first of its kind, offering a bottom-up job survey for the DRE sector in two key SSA markets. Early estimates show that while the potential for direct jobs is large, the potential for informal and productive use jobs may be far larger. However, more consistent and standardized data collection is needed by the sector. The current size of the DRE workforce is already comparable to the utility-scale energy sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, and steam sector in Nigeria. As the DRE sector expands the workforce may grow larger. The DRE sector is thus a potential solution to two of the biggest challenges in emerging economies: access to clean energy (SDG 7) and job creation (SDG 8). Given that the DRE sector creates long-term, skilled, middle-income jobs, it is strategic policy to invest resources to solve training and recruitment challenges, to strengthen the DRE workforce. Future work will involve reiterating the survey in Kenya and Nigeria as well as expanding to other SSA countries to gather insight into their patterns of hiring and employment, allowing us to better understand future market growth and job creation. We also intend to implement a broader set of survey tools that will allow more extensive research into productive use jobs. Additionally, we aim to explore indirect jobs from upstream sectors and job displacement from traditional energy sectors. Such analysis will provide better insight into the job creation potential and workforce needs of specific value chain segments, including manufacturing and service sectors. Finally, we aim to conduct a more comprehensive analysis of youth and women's participation in the energy access workforce. (PDF, 245 KB) data generated from the study are available in the supplementary materials. and C-JL designed the study and survey tool. RS led the study exercise and wrote the paper with input from all authors. C-JL coordinated data collection and led on data analysis and visualization. HN, SO and PM led data collection in Kenya, coordinated the local focus group, and contributed to data interpretation and writing the paper. IM and YD-S led data collection in Nigeria, coordinated the focus group, contributed to data interpretation and review of paper. authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. research was kindly funded by the Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The phenotyping should include repeated measures of transit time, average stool volume/weight, wet and dry weight, stool frequency and surrogate markers representing a “healthy gut” such as faecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, S100 protein but also Elastase 1, A1-antitrypsin and faecal fat, eg (Siddiqui et al. , Reference Siddiqui, Majid and Abid2017). It seems advisable not only to assess relative abundance as done in almost all microbiome studies but also real bacterial counts/densities. That also would provide information on the relationship between stool volume/mass and bacterial biomass contained (vital and dead) which is known to vary across the world but even across Europe (Cummings et al. , Reference Cummings, Bingham, Heaton and Eastwood1992) and any comparison of microbiomes from rural and industrialised communities has stool mass as a putative confounder. Stool volume/mass passed per day is markedly influenced by the quantity and kind of dietary fibre which secondarily also effects stool water content which in turn associates with microbiome diversity. Studies in healthy volunteers consuming well-defined diets for 20 days with varying fibrecontent and types caused differences in faecal mass of four-fold (from 74 to 288 g/day) and bacterial counts in those samples also increased from 2 × 1012 to 9. 5 × 1012 per day from low to high fibre intake diets possibly by increased substrate availability for growth (Forsum et al. , Reference Forsum, Eriksson, Göranzon and Sohlström1990). Future microbiome studies need to collect these quantitative stool data for better understanding of the functional capacities of the microbiota – because in biology “mass matters”. A good basic characterisation of the faecal microbiome requires repeated analysis and those could lead to a sub-clustering by what used to be called “enterotype”. Although the concept of enterotypes has been questioned, a very recent study demonstrated that the outcome of any dietary manoeuvre, eg, depends on the starting point represented by distinct enterotypes (Klimenko et al. , Reference Klimenko, Odintsova, Revel-Muroz and Tyakht2022). If possible, healthy volunteers could be paired with ileostomy patients with similar anthropometric features.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, samples were filtered through a 0. 2-μm syringe filter into HPLC vials. Concentrations of glucose, xylose, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, xylitol, ethanol, HMF, furfural, lactic acid, glycerol, and acetic acid were determined from filtered sample supernatants by Agilent 1100 series HPLC (Agilent, CA) utilizing a -87H organic acids column and Cation H+ guard cartridge (Bio-Rad, CA) operating at 65 °C. A refractive index detector was used for compound detection. Dilute sulfuric acid (0. 01 N) was used as the isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL/min, following published procedures [41]. Sugar utilization, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, and ethanol titers were calculated based on the HPLC and dry cell weight data. Abbreviations2,3-BDO: 2,3-butanediol Als: acetolactate synthase AldC: acetolactate decarboxylase Bdh: butanediol dehydrogenase Pdc: pyruvate decarboxylase Adh: alcohol dehydrogenase Mdh: malate dehydrogenase Ogdh: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Ndh: NADH dehydrogenase TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle EMP: Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway ED: Entner–Doudoroff pathway DDR: deacetylation and disc-refining DMR: deacetylation and mechanical refining NGS: next-generation sequencing HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography 25. 8. 64. 57. 101. 9. 64. 9. 82. 81. 68. 57. 8. 4041. Genome Announc. 2014;2(3):e00590. 123. 33. 42. 73. 13. 9. 84. 204. 82. 6. 47. 9. 7. 8. 241. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19257. 16. 117. 4. 27. 101. Biotechnol. 2002;98–100:885–98. 99. 19. 3. 101. 8. 60. 45. 33. 55.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The ileostomy gives access to the chyme that moves into the large intestine allowing extensive analysis of products of digestion and absorption and of the substrate load entering colon. If the “study twin” is fed the same diet or treated in the same manner, it can be estimated what quantity and quality of residual food constituents normally passes the ileocecal valve. Treatment should always monitor also transit time by use of dyes or other makers. Although the ileostomy increases modestly the bacterial density in ileum over that in normal volunteers (Finegold et al. , Reference Finegold, Sutter, Boyle and Shimada1970), its advantage is that basal or meal-stimulated substrate flow can be assessed together with other information such as pre- and postprandial responses in nutrients and hormones. When using the outflow of the stoma as the substrate for add-on in vitro fermentation with stool samples collected from the twin, analysis of the products by extended metabolite profiling can be compared to products contained in a stool sample collected. That would allow a better assessment of the input–output relationship – including a proper caloric balance – across the colon and for association with the microbiome-signatures obtained. Such a setting would also allow, eg, the fate of different drugs known to affect the microbiome to be followed and to obtain relevant concentrations and how those in turn alter the microbiome or the metabolome in the gut and stool. Taken together, analysis of a stool sample with relative abundance data is of limited information quality for the role that the microbiome plays in the large intestine and in the overall health-disease trajectory. Moreover, because we still lack the reference of a “healthy gut microbiome” (Shanahan et al. , Reference Shanahan, Ghosh and O’Toole2021), options for targeted changes are also limited. Microbiome science often neglects the many physiological variables proven to contribute to the quantity and diversity of the microbiota and that significantly limits proper data interpretation. It seems advisable to collect as much information about gut physiology and functionality such as stool appearance based on BSS, eg, stool frequency, water and dry matter content, bacterial counts in samples – which all have been demonstrated to associate closely with microbiome diversity and the health or disease status. 154. participants of the Dutch microbiome project. 54(2), 143–151. of Endocrinology 171(4), 407–419.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A synthetic cell density signal can drive proliferation in chick embryonic tendon cells and tendon cells from a full size rooster can produce high levels of procollagen in cell culture All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2022. The first revision was submitted on October 26th, 2022 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on November 15th, 2022 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2022. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Nov 16, 2022 · am satisfied with the minor revisions to the manuscript; the paper is ready for publication. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Gwyn Gould, a PeerJ covering this Section #] 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Nov 15, 2022 Version 0. 2 · Nov 10, 2022 · The manuscript corrections have been reviewed and are viewed as adequate and the paper improved, with only a minor adjustment needed in line 194. Kao · Nov 9, 2022 Basic reporting The revised manuscript has been greatly improved. Minor revision is needed for the description of recombinant 94AA protein in line194 shoule be revised as "Because the cDNA encoding 94 AA protein contains Sap1 site----------" Experimental design of the findings Data presented support the hypothesis proposed. Cite this review as Kao WK (2022) #1 of "A synthetic cell density signal can drive proliferation in chick embryonic tendon cells and tendon cells from a full size rooster can produce high levels of procollagen in cell culture (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 26, 2022 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Sep 12, 2022 · The reviewers have identified several areas where improvement can be made to the manuscript, and accordingly this is classified as major revisions. We look forward to your response. Kao · Sep 5, 2022 Basic reporting In this well written manuscript, Dr. Schwarz examined the cell density-dependent collagen synthesis by cultured tenocytes isolated from tendon of chicken embryos and rooster.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Gut microbiome and cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with access Published: 14 June 2024 Gut microbiome and cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with HIV Marius Trøseid1,2,3, Nielsen4,5,6 & Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin7,8,9,10 Microbiome 2014. However, despite these improvements, some groups of PLWH, most notably women living with HIV and PLWH with lower CD4 T cell counts, still have not achieved life expectancy comparable to that in the background population, despite suppressed viral load and no prior AIDS [4]. It is well established that PLWH have a higher burden of comorbidity, and comorbidities occur at a younger age in PLWH. [5] This was elegantly shown in the study where PLWH were compared to population controls matched on lifestyle including sexual behavior [6]. Importantly, this cohort was followed prospectively for 5. 9 years, and number of comorbidities at baseline was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio 3:33 per additional comorbidity) [7] indicating that comorbidities are likely to contribute to excess mortality in PLWH. Likewise, in a study from the Danish HIV Cohort, the probability of survival was dramatically reduced in PLWH with comorbidites [8]. Importantly, despite universal rollout of ART from 2015, PLWH still have fewer years without comorbidity than controls from the general population [9]. Worldwide populations of PLWH are aging, and a recent study from the estimated that 23% of ART users will be aged ≥ 65 years in 2030 [10]. Since the incidence of comorbidities increases with increasing age, the absolute burden of comorbidities in PLWH is likely to increase. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes both rank among the top 10 causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), while HIV ranks 11 [11]. Hence, any adverse interaction between HIV and these diseases is likely to have a major impact on health in PLWH, and PLWH do seem to be disproportionately affected by comorbidities. CVD is probably the most well-studied comorbidity in PLWH, and in a recent systematic review across 80 studies that included nearly 800,000 PLWH and a total follow-up of 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Author’ s previous studies have identified the a complex containing SNZR P (a 94 amino acids protein) and SNZR L (lipid), which can support tendon cells growth in culture in lieu of FCS (fetal calf serum) and may interact with free SNZR L to mediate the signaling for the upregulated collagen synthesis by the cultured cells at confluence. It is hypothesized that a bi-factor mechanism involving both and free SNZR L might account for the up regulated collagen synthesis by confluent cultured tendon cells, but experimental data presented fall short to unequivocally support such hypothesis. For example, evidence of cell density-dependent SNZR L increase and interaction of and free SNZR L were not demonstrated, nor the presence of other factors were excluded. Experimental design a 94 a. a. protein derived from a precursor protein, was produced in E. coli transfected plasmid DNA encoding the protein. and SNZR L mixture was incubated at 50~60°C to obtain complex that was not further characterized, e. g. , molar ratio of SNZR P to SNZR L of the complex, images of the complex cannot be labeled by monoclonal anti-SNZR P antibodies (Maybe polyclonal antibodies recognize multiple epitopes in the 94 a. a. protein will be useful to recognize the complex). It remains elusive how SNZR P interact with SNZR L in cellulo to form complex. Does the precursor protein secreted into the culture medium or the conjugation of complex takes place inside cells? Addition of 0. 2% FCS is necessary to assist complex in culture medium to promote cell growth to confluency in timely fashion and up regulation of procollagen synthesis by both cultured embryonic and adult rooster tendon cells. The observation implicates all sides cell-cell interaction may have pivotal roles in signaling the cessation of proliferation and initiation of differentiation and gene expression patterns, respectively. No data was available to elucidate whether did indeed interact with free SNZR L, rather than change of other cellular functions, e. g. , altered expression of cytokines, which may contribute to the upregulation of collagen synthesis by cells in confluency. Validity of the findings complex does indeed promote cells growth of tenocytes isolated from embryonic and adult rooster tendon. Both embryonic and adult rooster tendon cells display cell density-dependent collagen synthesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: For the Greek conditions, the domestic share of equipment production (usually being of auxiliary type, such as mounts, cables, transformers, etc. ) is of the order of 15%. Applying the above methodology first to the case of PVs, the resulting jobs are shown in Table 1. The impact on employment in 2014 that had the suspension of approvals for new PV projects (which began in August 2012 and remained in force until April 2014) is clearly demonstrated. Employment in 2013 and 2014 was based essentially on projects that had been long matured from the licensing point of view and were simply implemented in this period. Using the same methodology for the estimation of labour years (for direct jobs) created per new MW installed, the numbers shown in Figure 2 are derived. For the considered RE technologies, it can be seen that in the case of development and installation PVs produce more jobs, in the production of equipment wind energy comes first, while considering the long-term operation of the facilities biomass precedes by far (due to the need for collection, transportation and management of raw materials). The picture changes drastically, with PVs taking the top position, when the direct jobs (namely, the labour years in a period of 20 years) per GWh produced by technology (Fig. 3) or per million € of initial investment in each technology (Fig. 4) are calculated. Especially in the latter case, the picture is very dynamic as the cost of some RE technologies (e. g. PV) constantly changes over time, even at a rapid pace. For comparison purposes, a relevant study [6] for power plants that use as fuel lignite (including its mining) and natural gas in Greece, gives the following indexes: 0. 238 labour years/GWh for lignite; 0. 055 labour years/GWh for natural gas. Also, according to data of the main Greek power producer, the Corporation S. A. (PPC) for 2013 [7], PPC employed 4888 people in power plants and 3532 persons in the lignite mines, producing 37. 5 TWh. This gives an equivalent rate of 0. 225 labour years per GWh for all PPC's conventional units. Fig. 1RES jobs per technology and for selected countries in 2013, as recorded by IRENA [2]. Table 1PV installations and job positions in Greece during 2010–2014. Source: S. Psomas. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In the in HIV () study, it was found that abdominal obesity is more common in PLWH than in the general population [35], and abdominal obesity was closely linked to inflammation [36]. Unsurprisingly, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes in PLWH is high [37, 38], and a recent meta-analysis found the pooled incidence rate of overt diabetes to be 13. 7 per 1000 person-years of follow-up. At present, it is still debated if HIV is an independent risk factor for diabetes [38], but HIV and diabetes are both associated with increased inflammation as manifest by increased levels of proinflammatory markers and monocyte activity as well as an increased risk of CVD. As such, cardiometabolic comorbidities are common in PLWH and associated with inflammation. Identifying modifiable risk factors is therefore of utmost biomedical importance. The microbiome could be one of several driving factors, along with viral replication, ART toxicity, lipodystrophy, traditional risk factors, coinfections, and past and present immunodeficiency [3]. This review will cover updated knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome and comorbidities in PLWH, with specific focus on cardiometabolic comorbidities and inflammation. It also contains recent data on circulating metabolites related to comorbidities and underlying gut microbiota alterations. The gut microbiota and disease-related dysbiosisGut microbiota alterations in PLWH: confounders and contextThe advent of 16S rRNA-based microbiome characterization enabled comprehensive investigations of associations between gut microbiome composition and features of HIV infection. After several early studies investigating the microbiome in PWH had been completed, it was discovered that sexual behavior has a significant impact on gut microbiome composition including, most notably, an increased abundance of Prevotella in men who have sex with men (MSM) [39, 40]. As MSM comprise the predominant population of PLWH in many sites in and the United States, and as the general population is predominantly non-MSM, comparison of random samplings of PLWH and random samplings of the general population is prone to be confounded by sexual behavior. Indeed, several early HIV microbiome studies were not intentionally matched for sexual behavior, and these studies uniquely reported an increased abundance of Prevotella in PLWH [41].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It remains elusive whether the interaction of and free SNZR L accounts for up the up regulated synthesis by confluent tendon cells in culture. The data available does not support there is direct interaction between cell surface and intracellular free SNZR L. Other factors and/or changes of cellular gene expression patterns should also be considered. 1 should be presented as Table 1, which is important to demonstrate that tendon cells of adult rooster tendon also express hi level of collagen synthesis. Additional comments Cell density-dependent collagen synthesis is an old observation of cultured tendon fibroblasts, which is probably true to most fibroblasts isolated from any connective tissues, if not all. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating collagen synthesis remains unknown. The author has made significant contribution in finding complex in promoting tendon fibroblasts and novel hypothesis of the interaction and free SNZR L may contribute to the regulation of cell density synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts. It would be of interest to determine whether all around and full cell-cell contact at confluency is perquisite for the upregulation of collagen synthesis or the cessation of cell growth, e. g. , arrest of cell cycle, is sufficient for the up regulation of collagen synthesis. Cite this review as Kao WK (2022) #1 of "A synthetic cell density signal can drive proliferation in chick embryonic tendon cells and tendon cells from a full size rooster can produce high levels of procollagen in cell culture (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Sep 11, 2022 Basic reporting In the manuscript titled "A synthetic cell density signal can drive proliferation 1 in chick embryonic tendon cells and tendon cells from a full size rooster can produce high levels of procollagen in cell culture, describes finding relating to the treatment of tendon cells with a lipid-protein complex that regulates their proliferation. I have a major and minor issue with the style of reporting. The major issue: The manuscript occasionally reads as a review and other times as an original report. The abstract reflects the same: one is left confused as to where the previous reportage of relevant published observations end and where the new findings of this paper begin. A formidable deal of editing is sorely required before the manuscript can be accepted into the public domain. To illustrate with an example: "They might 203 have to add both at the same time. And even then, this molecule might not be stable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Studies in which PLWH and population controls were matched for sexual behavior have not consistently found enrichment of Prevotella in PLWH [42,43,44,45]. Within MSM, this taxon was enriched in those who took part in recent anal receptive intercourse as compared to those that did not [46], suggesting Prevotella is linked with sexual behavior. As sexual behavior has been shown to have a dominant impact on the microbiome that is greater than HIV serostatus itself [39, 46, 47], microbiome studies addressing hypotheses related to HIV face challenges in circumventing the role of sexual behavior in driving microbiome composition patterns. Other known confounding variables that influence the microbiome include age, body mass index (BMI), sex, alcohol intake, and certain dietary intake patterns [48]. PLWH can have unique alcohol intake distributions [49], suggesting this variable ought to be captured in future studies, and that intake should be adjusted for or matched between comparison groups to mitigate confounding effects. Studies in which dietary intake was measured have not found significant differences between PLWH and people without HIV [50, 51], though further exploration is warranted. However, even when PLWH and people without HIV are matched for the aforementioned microbiota-confounding variables such as in the AGEhIV cohort study, significant differences in gut microbiome composition have been observed [46, 52]. Due to widely varying methods of microbiome analysis (including differences in quality filtering, read processing, beta-diversity assessment, and statistical analyses), it can be difficult to compare the magnitude of microbiome compositional differences between cases and unaffected controls across studies. Hence, putting such microbiome differences in context of what is observed for other human diseases is challenging. Using the Project [48, 53], which encompasses individuals that self-reported 19 different diseases as well as healthy control subjects, we applied an identical analytical pipeline as that employed in the AGEhIV cohort studies [46, 52]. We found that HIV-associated dysbiosis was among the strongest disease-associated dysbioses, second to inflammatory bowel disease and stronger than the remaining 18 diseases (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Gut microbiota differences in cases versus unaffected controls across 20 common human diseases. A For diseases assessed using the Project, differences between cases and controls in distribution of confounding variables were assessed as previously described by comparing cases to randomly selected controls [48].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A group of 204 lipid chemists and ms specialists at Lipids met and discussed this problem. They 205 came up with an ìalternativeî structure (Fig. 1) where the fatty acids are reduced yielding an 206 alcohol with a ketone, a common metabolite. " It is not clear what was the process by which the alternative structure was homed upon. If its a hypothesis, then it shouldn't be part of results. If on the other hand it has been arrived through some prediction algorithm or through some thermodynamic minimization, that should be reported. The findings of Petzold & Schwarz, 2013 need to be carefully demarcated from this manuscript. The minor issue is that there are numerous typographical and grammatical errors: One example in the abstract: this allows the separation [of] the 66. 8 kD protein from the vast majority of E. coli proteins. Experimental design I have one comment that is relevant to both the experimental design and the validity of findings section: is an indirect way of ascertaining the fact that the lipid and protein have bound (Figure 2). Is there a more direct way of showing the same? Through some gel shift assay? Validity of the findings In case of the proliferation data, the cell numbers should be quantified. The current data in the manuscript is qualitative. Changes in cell number should be reflected through statistically tested observations over a few independent repeats of the experiment. If not possible, this should be discussed by the author. Cite this review as (2022) #2 of "A synthetic cell density signal can drive proliferation in chick embryonic tendon cells and tendon cells from a full size rooster can produce high levels of procollagen in cell culture (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Aug 3, 2022 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: and Consultants are the technical brains behind all RE operations: they spot technical opportunities, come up with new ideas, solve problems, do the planning and ensure that new RE developments are sustainable in terms of society needs, economics and environmental protection. They may also specialise in R&D to trial innovations which will improve the outputs and cost effectiveness of RE technologies. Engineers from mechanical, electrical, civil, power systems and software backgrounds, process or manufacturing engineers, landscape architects, geotechnical engineers, measurement & control engineers, environmentalists, material scientists, biochemists, hydrologists, geologists, physicists, form this category. Energy advisors are supporters and knowledge providers for individuals and companies involved in RE: they advise on national and/or regional policies related to RE planning and operation, as well as on energy management and efficiency. They can specialise in training ranging from the provision of general guidance for companies on new developments in RE to detailed training on specific subjects, such as installer accreditation. Planning consultants, land development advisors, environmental legal consultants, policy developers/local development officers, teachers/trainers, energy officers, energy advisors, health & safety consultants are included herein. Last, but not least, Executives are the business brains behind all RE operations: they spot new business opportunities, create proposals, negotiate with potential customers and ensure customer's needs are met all along the renewable energy supply chain. They can also specialise in business communications for creating marketing and media campaigns to help increase the uptake of RES. Professionals with the profile of business developers/analysts, marketing executives, financial, human resources and administration managers, technical sales representatives, public relations officers, etc. are included herein. Apart from the specialized skills required for each one of the above listed categories of professionals, being essentially different according to the concerned RE technology, a range of core skills is important, as for example environmental awareness and motivation are highly desirable among RE industry employees at all levels. In addition, managers and consultants require dynamism, leadership, innovation, negotiation and strategic skills to get the most out of the opening up market opportunities. A survey of occupations in the RE sector by sub-sector and value chain segment is provided in the comprehensive report of ILO [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: For PLWH, previously reported differences between PLWH and the HIV-uninfected population are represented for alcohol [54], diet [50, 51], sex, and anal receptive intercourse [55]. B Sequencing data were collated from the Project and prior analyses of the AGEhIV cohort and were processed in identical fashion [46, 48, 52] using dada2 [56]. For both datasets, Canberra beta-diversity matrices were calculated, and tests were performed to quantify significance and effect sizes of ecological distances between cases and controls for each disease. Sample sizes are shown in parentheses encompassing balanced cohorts of cases and controls matched for confounding variables displayed at top left. For HIV cohorts, statistics were calculated on five total sample groups from two studies [46, 52] including the following: men who have sex with men (n = 76) [46], females (n = 38) [46], men who have sex with women (n = 34) [46], combined females and males (irrespective of sexual behavior (148) [46], and a separate cohort of men who have sex with men (n = 102) [52]Full size imageMicrobiome in cardiovascular diseases in the general populationIt is beyond the scope of this review to give a detailed description of dysbiosis in separate cohorts of CVD in the general population, and for details, we refer to comprehensive reviews by us [57] and others [58]. In brief, most studies published from cohorts of coronary artery disease (CAD) and HF reported depletion of different bacterial genera or species from the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, which are microbiome patterns that are also observed in PLWH cohorts adjusted for MSM status. Weaknesses of many of the early microbiota studies include limited sample size and lack of essential covariates like diet and clinical data. More recent and comprehensive studies like the MetaCardis cohort have shown a complex interplay between microbiome and metabolomics features of the cardiometabolic disease spectrum from acute coronary syndromes to chronic heart failure [59]. HIV-related or comorbidity-related dysbiosisFew studies in PLWH have evaluated the relationship of the gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease, and most of the published studies have so far focused on cardiovascular risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, or subclinical atherosclerosis measured in a research setting, including carotid artery plaques and research coronary angiography.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases has been considered as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch [6]. Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known oleaginous organism proven suitable for many different industrial processes. It is a safe organism [7] widely used to produce food grade products such as organic acids, polyalcohols, aromas, emulsifiers, surfactants and proteins [8]. Moreover, during the last years it has been a model organism for biofuel production, especially for those derived from fatty acids [9–11]. Additionally, Y. lipolytica is suitable for metabolic engineering approaches since there is a wide range of molecular tools to manipulate it [12, 13], a well-curated genome available [14], its metabolism has been studied in detail and two genome scale metabolic model exist [15, 16]. Additionally, several works have analyzed it from a systems biology point of view using different omics data (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and fluxomics) [17–20], which all together enable systems metabolic engineering of this organism. So far, metabolic engineering has already boosted lipid production in this yeast. Different target genes for overexpressions and deletions have been identified and manipulated to increase total fatty acid content. As an example, our group found that blocking beta-oxidation by deletion of the six POX genes [21] or the MFE gene [22] and overexpression of enzymes leading to TAG production, such as DGA2 [23] and GPD1 [22], enhanced lipid production. Recently a modified strain was able to reach a very high carbon to lipid conversion yield (84. 7 % of theoretical maximal yield) and very high lipid titers (~55 g/L) under optimized conditions, supporting the feasibility of Y. lipolytica to produce biodiesel [24]. Nonetheless, as discussed above, it is preferred to use inexpensive raw materials such as starch or lignocelluloses instead of glucose as carbon sources in the fermentations. Unfortunately, Y. lipolytica is not able to degrade either cellulose or starch. A recent work by Wei et al. [25] has modified this oleaginous organism by the heterologous expression of cellulases to make it able to utilize cellulosic substrates. However, no work has yet reported the use of starch by Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: study follows > 1000 PLWH for > 10 years for comorbidities, with available microbiome profiles in > 400 of these participants. Controls were recruited both from the general population and from a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) cohort of MSM. After separate comparisons of PLWH and controls in MSM and non-MSM strata, depletion of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and increase in Gammaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionaceae were identified as HIV-related dysbiosis [60]. This HIV-related dysbiosis was associated with a doubled adjusted risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetS), mostly driven by increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and abdominal obesity among the MetS components. Of note, there was an increasing association between dysbiosis index and MetS in PLWH with nadir CD4 T-cell counts less than 200, whereas in individuals who never developed immunodeficiency, the association was not evident. Furthermore, the HIV-related microbiome was associated with 30 cm2 larger area of visceral adipose tissue on abdominal CT scan, but again, only in those with previous severe immunodeficiency. This could possibly be a result of several factors including long-term viral replication, toxic ART, and a permanently damaged gut mucosa [60]. study is another well-powered cohort study that has been collecting biological samples for over 10 years with a focus on comorbidities among individuals aged > 45 years and has found concordant results as those above. Namely, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were depleted in PLWH and Gammaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionaceae were enriched in PLWH [46]. This study found that microbiota diversity was significantly lower in PLWH than controls, and that microbiota diversity was inversely correlated with circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) [46]. This marker has been associated with CVD incidence in both PLWH [61, 62] and the general population [63, 64] and may contribute to CVD via activation and recruitment of monocytes [65]. Additionally, work from the AGEhIV cohort found that HIV-associated dysbiosis was significantly greater in PLWH that went on to develop CVD as compared to matched PLWH that did not experience CVD [46].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we substituted its native signal peptide by the pre-signal sequence of the main extracellular lipase, Lip2p, followed by three X-Ala motifs (see Additional file 1: Table S1) [30]. The generated strain, overexpressing the rice α-amylase, was able to produce the active enzyme according to the clear zones around the colonies on starch-containing YPD plates (Fig. 1b), contrary to the wild type (Fig. 1a). In addition, the supernatant of a glucose-based culture showed two bands on acrylamide gel corresponding to the expected sizes of the two different processed variants of the protein, 45 and 47 kDa (Fig. 2), as it has been previously described [27]. The presence of the protein in the supernatant further supports the correct secretion of the enzyme. This supernatant was able to generate clear zones after applying to a starch-containing plate indicating the secretion of an active form of the protein (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Fig. 1Starch-containing YPD plate. YPD plate containing starch after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C. The plate was stained with iodine vapor. The strains able to clarify starch were distinguished by the clear zone around the colonies. A the wild type (JMY2900), B expression of alpha-amylase (JMY5077), C expression of glucoamylase (JMY5083) and D expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (JMY5017)Full size image Fig. 2SDS-PAGE gel of the culture supernatant. Proteins present in the supernatant of the culture from wt (wild type, JMY2900), α (strain expressing alpha-amylase, JMY5077), GA (strain expressing glucoamylase, JMY5083) and α + GA (strain expressing alpha-amylase and GA, JMY5017). M lane shows the molecular marker. Arrows indicate the bands corresponding to the expected sizes of the expressed proteinsFull size image Despite the proved expression and secretion of the active α-amylase, the modified strain was unable to grow on starch-based medium with no other carbon source (Figs. 3, 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, retraining and/or supplementary training specifically focused on RE for workers with relevant skills who are looking to transfer to the RE industry from other parts of the energy sector, but also for graduates with less specialization, is a must. Retraining can in practice cover the largest part of the training needs, as most often construction and installation works are temporary and the labour needs may fluctuate. Those already working in the RE field require appropriate training to fill gaps in their existing skills or to up-skill them. However, responding to rapid changes in demand for skills is often quite difficult for training and education providers, who may be slow to decide to focus specifically on the skills required for RE. Developing and running for the first time a course require a significant investment of time and effort, so providers may be reluctant to make this investment. Also, training and education providers are constrained by the expectations of their potential students/trainees. For example, a course offered before activity in RE takes off may not seem to be quite attractive. Nevertheless, ‘best practices’ do exist with regard to the anticipation of educational needs. In the initial education and training level the course in installation and maintenance of wind farms offered by vocational training colleges in Spain, and the upper secondary vocational education as a RE technician specialized in solar systems offered by INETE in Portugal, are examples. Also many universities are shaping their courses to reflect the growth of interest in RE, such as (Poland) that offers a degree course in Environmental Engineering–RES, and (UK) with its flexible degree program focused on RES. In the postgraduate studies level, the Min RE offered by the CREST of (also through distance learning), and the in RE developed by the Association of European RE (EUREC), together with leading European universities active in RE education, are worth mentioning. EUREC's Master, which allows students to study in one of 4 different EU countries and then practice in another area of EU, is also exemplary from the point of view of the establishment of international linkages between qualifications in RE. RE technologies and skills requirements are fairly uniform internationally, so there is indeed scope for standardizing the qualifications requirements. Transnational networks and initiatives make easier the acceptance of qualifications issued by institutions abroad, this way facilitating international mobility of workers.

Output: corroborate