Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: seems that, contrary to the hypothetical concerns predicted in focus groups and surveys of clinicians12,14–16 for the majority of patients, clinicians reported positive influences of financial incentives, both in the domains of clinical management and patient health and social outcomes. The positive consequences of financial incentives were predominately around, but by no means restricted to, increased depot adherence. For some, financial incentives may facilitate a positive view of treatment and one’s clinician, encouraging more constructive communication between the patient and the clinician—quite the opposite of the negative influence on the therapeutic relationship identified as a concern in previous research. 12,14–16 For others, the incentive to increase medication adherence may lead to improved health and social outcomes—although, overall, in the main trial, there was no significant difference in ratings of clinical improvement between the incentive and control groups (although the trial may have been underpowered to detect such a difference). 10 Reports of improved insight in some patients may be demonstrative of the cyclical nature of medication noncompliance and poorer insight as previously identified in the literature. 2,7 These positive effects may help to explain why patients in the incentives group reported higher subjective quality of life than the control group at the end of the intervention period. 10 Of course, for some, no noticeable benefit or cost of offering financial incentives was identified. However, it should be noted that, for 33% of patients, clinicians reported a negative impact of financial incentives on their relationship with their patients and/or on the patient’s well-being. The possibility of financial incentives having a negative influence on someone’s relationship with his/her clinician or leading to increased substance abuse is a serious concern, regardless of these events occurring only in a minority of cases. Therefore, it seems that the likelihood of benefit versus the smaller risk for adverse effects should be weighed up when deciding whether to offer incentives to individual patients. It is possible that, for most patients, the risk is relatively low and easily manageable, but for some, the risk for negative consequences as a result of financial incentives may be more likely and more difficult to handle. The descriptive differences suggest that patients who are more treatment resistant (ie, those on a higher dosage of depot medication, less likely to be prescribed with oral medication, and more likely to be hospitalized) may be at a higher risk for negative outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Я не преподаватель транзактного анализа в чистом виде. ТА был кусочком того материала, который я преподавал и на базе которого создал мои тренинги. Я использую много разных техник и модальностей. — В чем ваша суперсила, как преподавателя? — Я думаю, что, наверное, самое важное для преподавателя — не быть жадным, не экономить информацию. Я рассказываю студентам абсолютно всё, что знаю, и я с этого и начинаю обычно любое свое обучение.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome editing approaches are highly effective and accurate, this escalates the possibilities of improvement of other economically valuable plant characteristics also. In case of potato, it requires much efforts and skills for advancement of plant characters governed by multiple genes as compared to those governed by single gene due to heterozygous polyploid nature and asexual reproduction of potato plants. In spite of all these bottlenecks, significant success has been obtained in potato for few plant characteristics and many of them using gene editing approaches (gene knockout or addition/deletion of gene). Researchers have reported multiplexing of SpCas9 along with protoplast mediated transformation as an ideal choice for potato improvement. Over and above, it is important to aware consumers about difference between genome edited (GE) crops or crop varieties and genetically modified (GM) crops or crop varieties. Efforts are being made to keep genetically edited and genetically modified crops separate, which is important for advancement of gene editing approaches and their success. Collectively, genome editing throughCas is an efficient and precise next generation approach for rapid potato breeding to obtain sustainable crop yield. 1. /Cas genome editing in potato: Current status and future perspectives. Frontiers in Genetics. 2022;13:827808. DOI: 10. 3389/fgene. 2022. 8278082. den Berg RG, Vosman B. What’s in a name; genetic structure in Solanum section Petota studied using population-genetic tools. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011;11:42. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2148-11-423. Kennedy GG. In: editors. Integration of Insect-within IPM Programs. Amsterdam: Springer; 2008. 264. Genome editing in potato via -Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery. Physiologia Plantarum. 2018;164:378-384. DOI: 10. 1111/ppl. 127315. . Tetrasomic inheritance in cultivated potato and implications in conventional breeding. of Crop Science. 2015;93:185-190. DOI: 10. 3316/informit. 0752068024138266. . Applications of new breeding technologies for potato improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:925. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 009257.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: It is not possible to attribute causation here because these most highly treatment-resistant patients may have experienced a decline in their interaction with the team and/or worsened health and social functioning, with or without the incentives. However, contradicting this link to treatment resistance, there were no clear differences in medication adherence (between patients for whom negative effects of financial incentives were and were not reported) during the baseline or intervention periods. In addition, the clinician experiences may indicate that people with substance dependence problems could pose a small but not insignificant risk for increased substance use contributing to poor mental health, as a possible consequence of being offered financial incentives. However, this was not reflected in the descriptive data. Because this was designed as a qualitative study and was not powered for statistical analysis, we cannot rule out whether the differences we report are greater than those expected to occur by chance. However, the findings of this comparison could yield hypotheses for future quantitative testing. One need also consider what the practical implications of initiating financial incentives as part of clinical practice would be. For example, although patients who were denied financial incentives (because of not being a participant on the trial) throughout the intervention were relatively understanding as to why, it is unclear whether this would be more problematic when financial incentives were denied to some for reasons beyond that of it being a research project. We have endeavored to identify from the clinician perspective what happened between the clinician and the patient when financial incentives were offered in exchange for medication compliance. Further research should investigate whether any positive effects remain once the incentives end. It has been argued that incentives can be motivating in the short-term but damaging to intrinsic motivation in the long-term because these devalue the behavior being rewarded and potentially “crowd out” any motivating effect17 (p. 192). Similarly, increased engagement and adherence may be due to overvaluation of immediate reward,18 which may not persist when financial incentives are discontinued. Although any positive effect on mental health might be presumed to be rewarding in itself, this is a less immediate and tangible reward than immediate reinforcement with an incentive. Alternatively, better adherence while receiving the money could conceivably lead to symptom relief and increased insight, as the clinicians we interviewed reported for some of their patients, which could strengthen patients’ intrinsic motivation once the incentive is removed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я говорю, что я расскажу всё, отвечу на любые вопросы, не буду ничего скрывать, потому что я считаю, что в психологии нет конкуренции, и чем больше хороших психологов, тем лучше, потому как людей, которым требуется психологическая помощь, в миллион раз больше, чем психологов. И это факт. Как только начинает работать психолог, информация о нем расходится кругами.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Voytas DF, Gao C. Precision genome engineering and agriculture: Opportunities and regulatory challenges. PLoS Biology. 2014;12:e1001877. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 10018778. . Genome editing for crop improvement-applications in clonally propagated polyploids with a focus on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:1607. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 016079. High efficacy full allelicCas9 gene editing in tetraploid potato. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:17715. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-019-54126-w10. . -induced indels and base editing using the Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in potato. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0235942. DOI: 10. 371/journal. pone. 023594211. Toinga-. /Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the granule-bound starch synthase gene in the potato variety to obtain amylose-free starch in tubers. of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(9):4640. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2309464012. Amylose starch with no detectable branching developed through DNA-free -Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of two starch branching enzymes in potato. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:4311. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83462-z13. Reduced enzymatic browning in potato tubers by specific editing of a polyphenol oxidase gene via ribonucleoprotein complexes delivery of theCas9 system. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;10:1649. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 0164914. . Editing sterol side chain reductase 2 gene (StSSR2) viaCas9 reduces the total steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. All Life. 2021;14(1):401-413. DOI: 10. 1080/26895293. 2021. 192535815. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionQuality improvement is the principal strategy of any healthcare system. For this reason, there is a strong focus on assessment and redesign of the work process and of the systems themselves in order to lower the costs and to deliver care that is safer and that results in the best outcome for patients. The adoption of a pay-for-performance (P4P) approach aims to drive the hospitals in this direction. The idea behind the implementation of a P4P approach is quite simple: in order to improve the overall quality delivered, healthcare providers are given the opportunity to have their reimbursements increased when they achieve specified quality benchmarks (Eijkenaar et al. 2013; Alshamsan et al. 2010). From an economics perspective, the hospital is considered as a profit- maximizer agent which is encouraged to compete for quality in order to obtain a financial reward, rather than to attract more patients. Therefore, a P4P program is considered efficient when an improved quality of care is achieved with equal or lower costs (Emmert et al. 2012). Clearly, the evaluation of the quality delivered is a crucial part to every P4P approach. While quality in health care is a broad concept composed of different dimensions, such as efficiency, evaluation of standard, appropriateness and customer satisfaction, P4P programs refer to the healthcare system’s quality mostly in terms of its effectiveness (et al. 2010). Due to the potential of P4P programs, in recent years there has been a growing interest in the application of these programs to the healthcare systems of different countries. These studies are collected in several systematic reviews (et al. 2010; Eijkenaar 2012; Petersen et al. 2006), but mixed results transpire about the impact of the programs to the quality of care. The aim of the current paper is to contribute to the existing literature by providing a thorough evaluation of a P4P program and its effect on the overall quality of the healthcare system. The study discussed in this paper pertains to Lombardy region of Italy, previously identified as a suitable context for the adoption of a P4P program (Castaldi et al. 2011). In 2012, a tailored P4P program was introduced to control the amount of the annual budget provided to each hospital on the basis of their effectiveness. In line with the designs adopted by previous studies (Rosenthal et al. 2005; Lindenauer et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И студентов я учу не экономить, не жадничать, если у них есть какая-то информация, книги, семинары. Что-то они узнали, я им сразу говорю: «Давайте делитесь друг с другом, это полезно, и это хорошо работает». Я считаю, что любой мой студент может стать хорошим психологом. Это просто вопрос какого-то количества усилий, и я в это абсолютно верю, и всегда им рассказываю, показываю их сильные стороны.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: -Cas9 targeting of the eIF4E1 gene extends the potato virus Y resistance in spectrum of the Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:873930. DOI: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2022. 87393016. Targeting of SPCSV-RNase3 vis -Cas13 confers resistance against sweet potato virus disease. Pathology. 2021;23(1):104-117. DOI: 10. 1111/m617. . StMYB44 negatively regulates phosphate transport by supressing expression of 1 in potato. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2017;68(5):1265-1281. DOI: 10. 1093/jxb/erx02618. Perroud PF, Guyon- Prime editing in the model plant Physcomitrium patens and its potential in the tetraploid potato. Plant Science. 2022;316:111162. DOI: 10. 1016/j. plantsci. 2021. 11116219. . Hybrid restriction enzymes: Zinc finger fusions to FokI cleavage domain. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1996;93:1156-1160. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 93. 3. 115620. Cathomen T, Joung JK. Zinc-finger nucleases: The next generation emerges. Molecular Therapy. 2008;16:1200-1207. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2008. 11421. . Functional domains in FokI restriction endonuclease. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1992;89:4275-4279. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 89. 10. 427522. Handel EM, Cathomen T. Zinc-finger nuclease-based genome surgery: It’s all about specificity. Therapy. 2011;11:28-37. DOI: 10. 2174/15665231179452012023. Carroll D. Genome engineering with zinc-finger nucleases. Genetics. 2011;188:773-782. DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 111. 13143324.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 2007), 9 hospital wards covering a wide range of medical conditions were exogenously selected for the treatment group and were subjected to the P4P program, whereas the other hospital wards were not involved in the program. Data were collected both two years prior and two year post- introduction of the policy for all hospitals in the Lombardy region. The aim of this paper is then to evaluate the effect of the policy on the basis of the data collected. As in the evaluation of any policy, a choice needs to be made about which health outcome to use for quantifying the impact of the P4P program. In many studies, a single outcome is considered. For example, Sutton et al. (2012) quantify the impact of the P4P adoption in England by analyzing the hospital overall mortality. In addition, the evaluation of P4P programmes is often confined to specific clinical conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), heart failure, pneumonia and hip/knee replacement (Jha et al. 2012; Levin-Scherz et al. 2006; Glickman et al. 2007; Shih et al. 2014; Sutton et al. 2012). In contrast to these studies, we analyze the P4P effect using five different health outcomes and based on the overall case-mix hospitalizations of the wards considered. Moreover, for the first time in a P4P study, we investigate the policy effect with regard to hospital ownership, by evaluating possible different reactions to the P4P program among the private (for-profit and not-for-profit) and public providers, and also with regard to the different wards, by evaluating whether surgical and medical wards reacted differently to the policy. The 1. 6 million discharges annually, with circa 18 billion Euro allocated for the healthcare spending (circa 75% of the regional budget) every year. A regional reform in 1997 radically transformed the healthcare system in Lombardy into a quasi-market healthcare system in which citizens can freely choose the provider regardless of its ownership (private for-profit, private not-for-profit or public). The healthcare system in Lombardy is entirely built on a prospective payment system based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), with a maximum annual reimbursement defined by a budget yearly allocated by the region to each hospital (Martini et al. 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И это, на мой взгляд, хорошая вещь, она быстро дает результаты. — Кто ваши студенты? Опишите их? — Мои студенты — это люди, которые хотят развиваться, люди, которые не боятся изменений, люди, которые готовы смотреть в себя и готовы свою личность транслировать клиенту. И уже давно доказано, что нет лучшего метода в психологии. Есть те, которые нам нравятся и не нравятся.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature. 2005;435:646-651. DOI: 10. 1038/nature0355625. . TALEN effector DNA-binding principles and specificity. In: Kühn R, Wurst W, Wefers B, editors. TALENs. Vol. 25. : Springer; 2016. 1339. DOI: 10. 1007/978-1-4939-2932-0_226. . Transcription Activator-(TALE) nucleases and repressor TALEs for antiviral gene therapy. Cell Reports. 2015;1:1-8. DOI: 10. 1007/s40778-014-0008-727. TALENs facilitate targeted genome editing in human cells with high specificity and low cytotoxicity. Research. 2014;42:6762-6773. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gku30528. Identification of pre-existing adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans. Nature Medicine. 2019;25:249-254. DOI: 10. 1038/s41591-018-0326-x29. . Origins and evolution of -Cas systems. of the B Biological Sciences. 2019:374. DOI: 10. 1098/rstb. 2018. 008730. . A glance at genome editing with –Cas9 technology. Current Genetics. 2019;66:447-462. DOI: 10. 1007/s00294-019-01040-331. Methodologies for improving HDR efficiency. Frontiers in Genetics. 2019;9:691-699. DOI: 10. 3389/fgene. 2018. 0069132. Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber specific silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase. BMC Plant Biology. 2006;6:13. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-6-1333. Reduced polyphenol oxidase gene expression and enzymatic browning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) with artificial microRNAs. BMC Plant Biology. 2014;14:62. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-14-6234. Improving cold storage and processing traits in potato through targeted gene knockout.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: The individual hospitals have then a large accountability on how the allocate the incentive payments. Typically, provider institutions allocate the financial resources to make general improvements in the service delivered, and in particular related to the performance measures. In the case of the Lombardy region, it is also possible that the physicians and/or nurses working in the treated wards received a direct bonus as a drive to performance improvement. This is, however, bound to vary across hospitals, so we do not expect to see the impact of this in our policy evaluation. 3 The econometric approachWe test the effect of the policy using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach (Abadie 2005; Blundell et al. 2004) on data between 2010 and 2013 (two year pre- and two year post-policy). To justify the suitability of this approach, the following considerations are needed: 1. The wards are split into a treatment group—the 9 wards that are used for the hospital evaluation—and a control group—the remaining wards. The allocation of the wards in one of these groups was made exogenously prior to the introduction of the policy (ACT 2633 2011). There is an underlying assumption here that, although the incentive is provided to the hospital as a whole, the incentive is dictated only by the performance of the wards treated. Combined with the fact that the individual wards operate autonomously, the untreated wards can be considered as an independent group. A similar analysis was conducted by Sutton et al. (2012), where the treatment and control groups are defined within each hospital on the basis of selected diagnoses. 2. Units do not switch between the control and the treatment group: improvements in performance of the control group do not affect the financial incentives gained by the hospital. We will, however, test whether there is evidence of a distortion of the hospital behavior aimed at inflating the performance evaluation, such as the lift of resources in favor of the treated wards. 3. Any macro-changes affect both groups equally and differences between the treatment and the control group remain constant in the absence of treatment, i. e. , a parallel trend prior to treatment. The check of this assumption is going to be discussed later in the results section. Of notice is also the fact that the regional resolution was formally announced in December 2011 (ACT 2633 2011) and applied from early January 2012 (ACT 349 2012). Thus, hospitals had no possibility to anticipate changes. As discussed in Sect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А работа — это всего лишь взаимодействие двух личностей, и поэтому, когда ты готов открыться, когда ты готов идти навстречу клиенту, это происходит гораздо быстрее и эффективнее. Поэтому те, кто готов, те и приходят. — Как думаете, что ваши студенты ценят в вас больше всего? — Думаю, что студенты ценят то, что я не экономлю информацию, всегда могу ответить, и ко мне можно обратиться в любой момент, написать или позвонить.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Plant Biotechnology. 2016;14:169-176. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1237035. Generation of high amylose rice throughCas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of starch branching enzymes. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:298. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2017. 0029836. . Modification of potato steroidal glycoalkaloids with silencing RNA constructs. of Potato Research. 2018;95:317. DOI: 10. 1007/s12230-018-9658-937. Sterol side chain reductase 2 is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, the common precursor of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. Cell. 2014;26:3763-3774. DOI: 10. 1105/tpc. 114. 13009638. Glycoalkaloid metabolism is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. Cell. 2011;23:4507-4525. DOI: 0. 1105/tpc. 111. 08873239. Biosynthesis of antinutritional alkaloids in solanaceous crops is mediated by clustered genes. Science. 2013;341:175-179. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 124023040. Nicolia A, Proux-Wéra E, Åhman Targeted gene mutation in tetraploid potato through transient TALEN expression in protoplasts. Journal of Biotechnology. 2015;204:17-24. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2015. 03. 02141. Efficient targeted mutagenesis in potato by theCas9 system. Reports. 2015;34:1473-1476. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-015-1816-742. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature. 2012;484:186-194. DOI: 10. 1038/nature1094743. Schaart JG, van de. Opportunities for products of new plant breeding techniques. Trends in Plant Science. 2016;21(5):438-449. DOI: DOI. org/10. 1016/j.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: 6 ConclusionsThe P4P approach has been adopted in many countries in order to encourage improvements in the quality of health care by supplying financial incentives to healthcare providers. In this study, we evaluate the impact of a specific P4P program adopted in the Lombardy region (Italy) in 2012. Differently to previous studies, we perform the analysis considering the whole healthcare system, evaluating multiple health outcomes over a number of clinical areas. We analyze data over four years, two before (2010/2011) and two after (2012/2013) the implementation of the program. The policy was applied to all hospitals in the Lombardy region, but the incentive was calculated only on the basis of the performance of 9 wards. The fact that the selection of these wards was made exogenously, combined with the fact that we observe a parallel trend pre-introduction of the policy and that we have found no evidence of spillover effects between the treated and untreated wards in terms of allocation of resources, have led us to use a multivariate DID approach for the evaluation of the impact of the policy. Our study shows that two out of the five health outcomes considered, i. e. , readmissions and transfers, support the hypothesis that the P4P introduction had a positive effect on quality. The picture for the other three health outcomes is more complex than for transfers and readmissions. Considering the returns to the surgery room, our results show that the P4P incentives improve the performance for both the treated and untreated wards. We speculate that this may be the result of improved technology in the surgery room which all the wards have benefitted from. The last two health outcomes, voluntary discharges and mortality, did not show changes that can be attributed to the P4P adoption. This can be explained by considering the fact that when hospitals are checked for effectiveness on more than one output, they will focus on those outcomes which are more easily driven by a managerial intervention in order to improve their performance and to obtain the financial incentives. Moreover, our study shows that the medical wards have reacted to the P4P program more strongly than the surgical wards, whereas only limited evidence is found to suggest that the policy reaction was different across different types of hospital ownership. Overall, the results show that the healthcare system in Lombardy was positively impacted by the P4P implementation, as anticipated by Castaldi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: У меня даже есть примеры, когда люди провели первый день тренинга, им стало страшно, и на второй они мне вечером звонят, мы с ними поговорим. Они говорят: «Ну, всё, я понимаю, завтра всё нормально будет». Потом звонят, говорят: «Всё хорошо, всё получилось». Как вариант поддержки — почему бы нет. — А с чем они испытывают сложности в отношении вас? — Ну, это бывает у людей, которые ко мне приходят в самом начале, из-за того, что я достаточно большой и громкий.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: tplants. 2015. 11. 00644. . Mutations introduced in susceptibility genes throughCas9 genome editing confer increased late blight resistance in potatoes. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4487. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83972-w45. . The Caffeoyl-CoA O-Methyltransferase gene SNP replacement in Russet burbank potato variety enhances late blight resistance through cell wall reinforcement. Reports. 2021;40(1):237-254. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-020-02629-646. Du J, Verzaux E, Chaparro- Elicitin recognition confers enhanced resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. Nature Plants. 2015;1:15034. DOI: 10. 1038/. 2015. 3447. Generation of virus-resistant potato plants by RNA genome targeting. Plant Biotechnology. 2019;17:1814-1822. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1310248. Functional analysis of coilin in virus resistance and stress tolerance of potato Solanum tuberosum using -Cas9 editing. and Biophysics. 2019;484:88-91. DOI: 10. 1134/s160767291901024149. . Prospects of improving nitrogen use efficiency in potato: Lessons from transgenics to genome editing strategies in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;11:597481. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2020. 59748150. . Gemini virus-mediated genome editing in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) using sequence-specific nucleases. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016;7:1045. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2016. 0104551. . Natural diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum) invertases. BMC Plant Biology. 2010;10:1-15. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-10-27152. Silencing of vacuolar invertase and asparagine synthetase genes and its impact on acrylamide formation of fried potato products. Journal. 2016;14:709-718. DOI: 10. 1111/PBI.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: , 2008; Conradt and List, 2009; Kao and Couzin, 2014a): (i) groups of decision-makers outperform individuals only in contexts where individuals are relatively accurate and (ii) the majority rule is a powerful mechanism to reap the benefits of collective decision-making. We here show that both statements are not true, and in doing so explain the ubiquity of quorum decision rules in the collective behaviour of humans and other social organisms (Seeley and Visscher, 2004; Sumpter and Pratt, 2009; Ward et al. , 2012; Pratt et al. , 2002; Ross-Gillespie and Kümmerli, 2014; Walker et al. , 2017; Bousquet et al. , 2011). Over the past few decades, substantial research effort has focussed on two key explicit assumptions underlying Condorcet’s Jury Theorem, independence (i. e. judgments/votes by different members of the group are assumed to be independent from each other) and homogeneity (i. e. all decision-makers within a group are assumed to be identical, both in competence and in goals) (Kao and Couzin, 2014a; Sumpter and Pratt, 2009; Boland, 1989; Ladha, 1992; Berg, 1993; Marshall et al. , 2017). We here focus on a third, implicit, assumption of Condorcet’s Jury Theorem, namely that decision-makers make only one type of error. This assumption stands in contradiction to the well-known fact that, when confronted with a pairwise decision problem like the one studied in Condorcet’s Jury Theorem, two different types of error are possible (i. e. false positive and false negative). Surprisingly, up to now, this basic and well-known feature of pairwise decision problems has not been fully taken into account when investigating Condorcet’s Jury Theorem. We start by providing a brief summary of the basic model considered in Condorcet’s Jury Theorem. We then introduce an extended model that takes into account the fact that decision-makers can make two types of errors. Based on this extended model, we then show that Condorcet’s makes several important predictive errors, which apply to the majority of decision scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Некоторые люди меня боятся, это длится несколько дней, а потом они признаются и говорят, что в первый день побоялись подойти, спросить, им казалось, что это не к месту, не вовремя. Хотя я говорю, что, если у вас появился вопрос, надо перебивать даже внутри слова, перебивать и просить ответить. Отвечу на любой вопрос, иначе он потом забудется, и никто не узнает, что важное вы хотели спросить. Но всё равно не все оказываются готовы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 1242153. . Differential DNA methylation in the Vinv promoter region controls cold induced sweetening in potato. bioRxiv. 2020:1-32. DOI: 10. 1101/2020. 04. 26. 06256254. . Starch characteristics of modern and heirloom potato cultivars. of Potato Research. 2013;90:460-469. DOI: 10. 1007/S12230-013-9320-555. . Some physical and nutritional characteristics of genetically modified potatoes varying in amylose/amylopectin ratios. Food Chemistry. 2007;100:136-146. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2005. 09. 03256. . Engineering starch for increased quantity and quality. Trends in Plant Science. 2000;5:291-298. DOI: 10. 1016/S1360-1385(00)01657-557. . Efficient targeted multiallelic mutagenesis in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) by transient -Cas9 expression in protoplasts. Reports. 2017;36:117-128. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-016-2062-358. Kusano H, Ohnuma M, Mutsuro- Establishment of a modifiedCas9 system with increased mutagenesis frequency using the translational enhancer dMac3 and multiple guide RNAs in potato. Scientific Reports. 2018;81(8):13753. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-32049-259. /Cas9-based mutagenesis of starch biosynthetic genes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for the improvement of starch quality. of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20:4702. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2019470260. Production of very-high-amylose potato starch by inhibition of SBE A and B. Nature Biotechnology. 2000;18(5):555-554. DOI: 10. 1038/7542761. . Immunomodulation of enzyme function in plants by single-domain antibody fragments. Nature Biotechnology. 2003;21:77-8062. Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of potato starch-branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes. Journal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money.The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: These results have led to three key interpretations: first, pooling independent judgements is beneficial (i. e. improves decision accuracy) whenever individuals are relatively good decision-makers (a > 0. 5) (List, 2004; King and Cowlishaw, 2007; et al. , 2018). Second, pooling judgements is detrimental (i. e. decreases decision accuracy) whenever individuals are poor decision-makers (a < 0. 5) (List, 2004; King and Cowlishaw, 2007; et al. , 2018). Third, the majority rule is the appropriate mechanism to reap the benefits of collective decision-making (List, 2004; Hastie and Kameda, 2005). In the following, we show that each of these interpretations is incorrect. In particular, we show that (i) in cases where decision-makers are good (a > 0. 5) majority decisions may decrease decision accuracy, (ii) in cases where decision-makers are poor (a < 0. 5) majority decisions may increase decision accuracy, and (iii) pooling independent decisions is always beneficial as long as an appropriate quorum-based decision rule is used. Taken together, these results show that, for a large proportion of decision scenarios, the simple majority decision rule performs poorly and gives incorrect predictions about group decision accuracy. Condorcet’s Jury Theorem: an extended model Request a detailed protocol Condorcet’s implicitly assumes that decision-makers can make only one error, that is, the probability of making an incorrect decision is 1 – a. This is in contrast to the well-known fact that – in pairwise decision problems – decision-makers can make two types of errors, false positives and false negatives (Green and Swets, 1966; Swets, 1988). For example, an animal under predation risk may run away in the absence of a predator (false positive) or it may not run away in the presence of a predator (false negative) (Trimmer et al. , 2008). Similarly, a doctor screening for a disease may diagnose in the absence of a disease (false positive) or not diagnose in the presence of a disease (false negative) (Wolf et al. , 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Какой ваш драйвер активнее всего проявляется в преподавании? — Наверное, «Спеши» и «Будь лучше». О «Спеши» — это такая моя личная история. Я еще студентом решил, что преподаватель не имеет права опаздывать, и никогда не опаздываю на свои лекции. Да, студентам я разрешаю опаздывать и приходить в любое время, потому что у них студенческая жизнь, но при этом у меня есть желание все сделать быстрее.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe Cas9 endonuclease can be programmed by guide RNA to introduce sequence-specific breaks in genomic DNA. Thus, Cas9-based approaches present a range of novel options for genome manipulation and precision editing. African trypanosomes are parasites that cause lethal human and animal diseases. They also serve as models for studies on eukaryotic biology, including ‘divergent’ biology. Genome modification, exploiting the native homologous recombination machinery, has been important for studies on trypanosomes but often requires multiple rounds of transfection using selectable markers that integrate at low efficiency. We report a system for delivering tetracycline inducible Cas9 and guide RNA to Trypanosoma brucei. In these cells, targeted DNA cleavage and gene disruption can be achieved at close to 100% efficiency without further selection. Disruption of aquaglyceroporin (AQP2) or amino acid transporter genes confers resistance to the clinical drugs pentamidine or eflornithine, respectively, providing simple and robust assays for editing efficiency. We also use the new system for homology-directed, precision base editing; a single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotide repair template was delivered to introduce a single AQP2 - T791G/L264R mutation in this case. The technology we describe now enables a range of novel programmed genome-editing approaches in T. brucei that would benefit from temporal control, high-efficiency and precision. Similar content being viewed by others Programmed genome editing by a miniature -Cas12f nuclease 1. However, their divergent position within the eukaryotic phylogeny, and the experimental tractability of T. brucei in particular, means they are also of interest as model Excavates for studies on various aspects of eukaryotic biology, including novel biology not seen in other eukaryotic model systems. Unusual features include an almost complete lack of introns, widespread polycistronic transcription and trans-splicing of every mRNA2. The ability to manipulate parasite genomes has had a huge impact on this field of research3. In T.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money.The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: As we discuss below, the implicit assumption of Condorcet’s is equivalent to assuming that decision-makers have an identical probability of committing the two errors – this is an important assumption that does not reflect the vast majority of real world decisions. We here consider an extension of the above-described model, which takes into account the fact that decision-makers can make two types of errors. Again, decision-makers can choose between two actions, +1 and –1. Unlike in the basic model above, however, and consistent with standard decision theory for pairwise decisions, we now assume that the world can be in two states, state + and state –, corresponding to, for example, the presence and absence of a predator or the presence and the absence of a disease; state + holds with probability p and state – thus holds with probability 1 – p. Action +1 is the better choice in state + (i. e. it achieves a higher payoff), while action –1 is the better choice in state –; for example, running away is better than staying in the presence of a predator, while staying is better than running away in the absence of a predator. Consequently, and in contrast to the basic Condorcet model above, each decision-maker is now characterised by two parameters a+ and a–, corresponding to the probabilities of making correct decisions in state + and state –, respectively; this inevitably implies that individuals make two types of errors. As in the simple model above, where decision-makers have equal accuracies a and are independent, for any individual in a group of N individuals the probability of making a correct decision based on the true state of the world is conditionally-independent of the probabilities of other group members making the correct decision, given that same state of the world. To relate our analysis to predictions made by applying Condorcet, we must define expected individual accuracy a, as used in Condorcet, in terms of our state probability p and state-wise accuracy parameters a+ and a–. The expected individual accuracy is thus (1) a=pa++(1−p)a−.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Ну, а «Быть лучше» — я считаю, что нет предела совершенству и надо всю жизнь учиться. И студентам говорю, что в любой ситуации можно что-то почерпнуть. Особенно это касается «неинтересных» семинаров. Да, там было что-то неинтересное, но так же были 10-15 моментов очень важных, просто они из другой сферы, их тоже надо брать. Надо уметь извлекать пользу везде и всюду, и тогда это процесс, который никогда не закончится. — Какая модель ТА ваша самая любимая?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: brucei, DNA constructs, typically introduced by electroporation, can be used for gene knockout, gene knockdown exploiting the native RNA interference (RNAi) machinery, tagging native alleles or inducible expression of recombinant products; robust inducible expression4 has been of particular value. Sequences towards the ends of the linearised DNA constructs serve as templates for homologous recombination reactions. Thus, targeted integration depends upon the native homologous recombination machinery; microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ)5 and single-strand annealing6 also operate in T. brucei, while non-homologous end-joining appears to be absent. Targeted integration occurs at low frequency, however (typically <1 × 10−5 electroporated cells), meaning that antibiotic selectable marker genes must be integrated at a modified site followed by selection for the desired recombinant cells. Since the T. brucei core genome is diploid7, gene disruption approaches typically require two rounds of electroporation and selection. Chromosomal site-specific DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) can increase recombination efficiency in T. brucei, as demonstrated following inducible expression of the I-SceI meganuclease8. The same endonuclease can efficiently trigger inter-chromosomal homologous recombination5 or antigenic variation when breaks are targeted close to the expressed Glycoprotein gene9,10. For this approach, however, a specific 18-bp I-SceI cleavage site must first be engineered at the desired target site, which limits its versatility. Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that can be programmed in a sequence-specific manner using a short (17–20 b) synthetic guide RNA sequence; specific targeting involves RNA:DNA base-pairing. The only additional requirement is that this ‘protospacer’ sequence must immediately precede a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM; at the DNA target site but not to be included in the gRNA). The PAM recognized by the most widely used Cas9 is 5′-NGG, for the type II system from Streptococcus pyogens11. It is this tremendous versatility that has made Cas9 repurposing so popular for genome manipulation and editing12. Cas9 systems function naturally as bacterial adaptive immune systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: 1 this gives us the conditions (8) p<1/2−a−a+−a− ifa+>12and a−<12,and (9) p>1/2−a−a+−a− ifa+<12and a−>12 Decision scenarios in which Condorcet makes this predictive error are illustrated in Figure 2c. An example of this error is presented in Figure 3e; Figure 3f illustrates how the error can be avoided by choosing an appropriate quorum, in this case a sub-majority quorum. Note that it is not possible to find an ‘Error IIb’ case that parallels Error Ib; that is if Condorcet predicts that group accuracy approaches 0, majority groups will always be worse than individuals and never better, even if their group accuracy remains positive. This is because it is not possible simultaneously to satisfy the conditions just given (inequalities 8 and 9), and the opposite of the conditions (inequalities 6 and 7) given in (i. e. the conditions that group accuracy converged to is greater than individual expected accuracy), as can be confirmed by algebra. Majority voting is usually suboptimal Combining the cases in which Condorcet makes one of the above described predictive errors, Figure 2d illustrates when Condorcet will make at least one error in predicting the performance of decision-making groups using majority decision-making. This set also corresponds to the set of decision scenarios in which majority decision-making is sub-optimal, and is outperformed by an appropriately set sub- or super-majority quorum. Figure 2d shows that Condorcet is optimal in far fewer decision scenarios than those in which it is outperformed by an appropriate quorum rule. Furthermore, our analysis also relates decision-ecology to the requirement for sub- or super-majority quorums. From inequality (2), sub-majority quorums are required whenever a+ < 1/2, which corresponds to the upper-left area of Figure 2d; in contrast, super-majority quorums are required whenever 1 – a+ > 1/2, which corresponds with the lower-right area of Figure 2d (see Supplementary Information).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — По изменению жизненного сценария, на котором построен мой тренинг. Еще и потому, что идея сценария очень неоднородная. В ТА о нем говорят порой в режиме критики или негатива («Ты сейчас в своем сценарии», «Он зашел в свой сценарий», предполагая, что это плохо). Но если мы говорим про сценарий так называемого Победителя, я его называю «счастливым сценарием», когда все хорошо, то зачем его менять?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: In the bacterial cells, (), derived from invading phage DNA, produce (crRNA) which, together with a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) program Cas9 (associated protein 9) to cut both the RNA-complementary and non-complementary strands, producing DSBs in the target DNA, 3 bp upstream of the PAM. The crRNA and tracrRNA can be fused to generate a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA)11, such that a two-component system requires only Cas9 and an sgRNA for programmed editing in a heterologous system. The application of Cas9-based genome editing to trypanosomatids has progressed rapidly in the last few years. For example, SpCas9 has been used to edit genes in T. brucei with a cloning-free approach, allowing for one-step gene knockout, but still requiring integration of antibiotic selectable markers at the target sites13. Another recent report describes the delivery of in vitro assembled ribonucleoproteins containing the smaller Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 for editing in trypanosomatid parasites; T. brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major. In this case, a GFP-reporter was disrupted in >50% of targeted T. brucei cells14; the PAM recognized by SaCas9 is 5′-where R represents A or G. SpCas9 has also been used to edit genes in the other trypanosomatids15, including those for which loss-of-function studies have previously been hampered, notably due to the absence of a native RNAi machinery16. Thus, these advances will have a major impact on tractability in terms of genetic manipulation in T. cruzi17,18,19, and Leishmania spp13,20,21,22,23. Cas9-based approaches will also enable a range of new approaches in T. brucei. To date, however, an inducible Cas9 editing system has not yet been reported for any trypanosomatid. In T. brucei, double-allele editing without selectable markers has not yet been reported, double-allele editing efficiencies have not been determined and precision base editing is not readily achievable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: 4 data come from and SundaliCroson and Sundali (2005), and involve people’s gambling decisions playing the standard casino game of roulette. The data were manually extracted from 18 hours of hotel security footage recorded over a 3-day period from a Nevada casino in 1998. We considered only the gambles in which a player placed chips on the (near) binary possibilities “red” vs. “black” or “odd” vs. “even”, and counted multiple chips placed by the same player as a single choice. We treat each spin of the roulette wheel for which there was more than one bet as a decision. The “roulette” panel in Figure 1 shows that the 76 decisions involved at most four players, and the vast majority only involved two players. The number of individuals making correct decisions seems uniformly distributed for each crowd size. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows that accuracy is always consistent with chance, whether the majority is only half the crowd or the majority is the entire crowd. 2. 5 Extrasensory perception The data come from the analysis of the Zenith radio experiments undertaken by Goodfellow (1938). These experiments in telepathy in the 1930s involved a radio program “transmitting” binary signals, by informing their listening audience that a group of telepathic senders in the studio was concentrating on one of two possible symbols, such as a circle or a square. The audience was asked to determine which symbol was being transmitted, and invited to mail responses indicating the signals they believed were sent, for a set of transmissions conducted over the course of the program. We consider the specific results in Goodfellow (1938), Table II, which detail the frequency of responses to all 32 possible sequences of 5 binary signals, for 6 different stimulus types, as well as listing the true signal. Using the total number of respondents for each stimulus type, we converted these frequencies to counts for each individual signal. The counts are approximate, given the limited precision of the provided frequencies. We treat each signal for each stimulus type as a decision. The “ESP” panel in Figure 1 shows that, for most of the decisions, about half the respondents chose the correct answer. It is also that the decisions span a wide range of crowd sizes, ranging from about 1000 individuals to just under 6000 individuals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я сценарий понимаю намного шире: это вся наша информация, все наши привычки, всё, что мы любим, все наши любые алгоритмы, установки и так далее. Это всё — жизненный сценарий. И если переписать сценарий буквально, то надо стереть память и загрузить новую. Но так никогда не бывает, даже у людей, которые потеряли память. Это интересный феномен.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: We sought to address three specific issues to advance Cas9-based editing tools and approaches for T. brucei. Since current systems in protozoan parasites often use constitutive Cas9 expression, which can be toxic and continually risks off-target editing18,24, we first wanted to establish an inducible system. Second, we wanted to develop a system that allowed for DSB formation (and repair) in close to 100% of cells in the population in a week or less. Third, we wanted to use the system for template-directed precision base editing. By manipulating genes associated with resistance to clinical drugs, we report the successful attainment of all three goals. ResultsA system for inducible Cas9 expression and sgRNA expression in T. brucei We assembled an expression construct with a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible ribosomal RNA (rRNA) promoter to drive SpCas9 expression in T. brucei. These pRPa constructs can be used in combination with T. brucei bloodstream-form 2T1 strains25, which express the Tet-repressor and have a partial hygromycin (HYG) drug-selectable marker gene at a non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus on chromosome 2; the expression construct contains a complementing portion of the HYG gene26. This allows for selection of hygromycin-resistant clones with expression cassettes reproducibly integrated at the same locus, a locus that supports robust and uniform Tet-inducible expression26. A synthetic SpCas9 gene with a La nuclear localisation signal27 at the N-terminus was codon-optimised for expression in T. brucei28. This gene was cloned in the pRPa expression construct and the resulting pRPaCas9 plasmid (Fig. 1a) was linearised and introduced into 2T1T7 cells; these cells also express the phage T7 polymerase to drive sgRNA expression (see below). Analysis of the resulting 2T1T7-Cas9 clones revealed tightly regulated and robust Cas9 expression (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 1). We observed a moderate reduction in growth rate associated with Cas9 induction (Fig. 1c), which could reflect off-target editing in the absence of sgRNA24. Figure 1An inducible Cas9 system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 reinforces that the majorities are generally near half the crowd, but shows a proportion of accurate decisions around 60%. 2. 6 March madness The data come from and LeeCarr and Lee (2016), and involve participants predicting which of two basketball teams would win a game in the 2016 “March madness” U. S. collegiate tournament. The same 98 participants predicted the winner of the 28 first-round games not involving wild-card teams. The predictions were made online, as part of an Turk study, in which participants completed a simple survey asking them to predict the winner of each game, and indicate whether or not they recognized each team. No information about the teams — such as tournament seedings, betting market probabilities, or expert opinions — were provided, although there was nothing preventing participants obtaining this information in making their predictions. We treat each game as a decision. The “March madness” panel in Figure 1 shows a wide range of agreement and accuracy over the decisions. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 is noisy, because of the relatively small number of decisions, but generally suggests an increase in accuracy with an increasing majority. 2. 7 NFL games The data come from Simmons et al. (2011), who recruited American football fans from the general public, and collected various predictions about the 2006 NFL season from them through an online competition. We use predictions only from the “estimate” group of 45 fans, who predicted the outcome of 226 Sunday games. Other groups in the Simmons et al. (2011) made predictions relative to a betting measure known as the point spread, rather than directly predicting the winner of each game. We treat each game as a decision. The “NFL games” panel in Figure 1 shows that the number of correct decisions ranges from none of the fans to all of them. It also shows that not every fan made a prediction about every game, leading to variability in the crowd size over decisions. The corresponding calibration curve in Figure 2 shows that, in general, as the majority increases in size, the crowd decisions tend to become more accurate. Even when there is complete consensus, however, only about 70% of games are correctly predicted. It is also clear that many decisions involve large majorities. 2. 8 AFL games The data come from pundit predictions for the 198 games played in the regular season of the League in 2015 and 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Нашелся на вокзале человек, ничего не помнит про себя, ни фамилию, ничего, но ему дают тарелку, ложку, он берет и ест. Он знает, что такое тарелка, что такое еда, что такое ложка. Просто у него осталась память другого уровня. У нас такая идея комплексная: надо переписать прошлое, чтобы оно не мешало настоящему и будущему. И мы модифицируем, добавляем обычно ресурсы в прошлое, где были какие-то травмирующие события.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic map of the pRPaCas9 construct. P rRNA rRNA promoter; TETO, tetracycline operator; La, nuclear localisation signal. Other components are from the pRPa parent vector (see the text for more details). (b) The protein blots show tightly regulated and inducible Cas9 expression (predicted mass: 159. 4 kDa). The EF1α panel provides a loading control. Multiple independent clones yielded similar results. (c) Cell growth with (+Tet) and without (−Tet) Cas9 induction. Error bars (SD) from triplicate counts are obscured by the data symbols. A second independent clone gave similar results. (d) Schematic map of the pT7sgRNA construct showing the gRNA cloning strategy using tandem BbsI sites. The sgRNA scaffold and HDV ribozyme are also shown. P T7 phage T7 promoter. Other components are from the pRPc6MYCn parent vector. (e) The RNA blot shows expression of the predicted 96 b sg2 that is dependent upon Cas9 expression. The rRNA panel provides a loading control. A second independent clone yielded similar results. Full size imageFor expression of the sgRNA, a phage T7 promoter, a cloning site, the sgRNA scaffold and a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme29 were synthesised in tandem (Fig. 1d). The cloning site comprises dual BbsI restriction enzyme cleavage sites, which allows for high-efficiency cloning of annealed oligonucleotide pairs (AGGG[N]20/AAAC[N]20, Fig. 1d) without introducing additional unnecessary flanking sequences. The HDV ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA that liberates the upstream RNA. Thus, the ribozyme generates the 3′-end of the sgRNA. This synthetic cassette was used to generate pT7sgRNA that integrates at a second non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus (Fig. 1d); there are estimated to be 10–20 rDNA spacer loci in the T. brucei genome7. We selected the aquaglyceroporin gene, AQP2, (Tb927. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: Even if everybody puts their money on black in roulette, they are right only (about) half the time. Finally, all of the March madness, NFL games, AFL games, and fantasy football prediction domains suggest that it is possible for there to be an upper limit on crowd accuracy. All of the calibration curves show accuracy well below 100% even when decisions are near unanimous. In contrast, the duration perception, cancer diagnosis, and trivia question calibration curves show near-perfect accuracy when decisions are near unanimous. Collectively, these findings suggest that the relationship between majority size and accuracy, and the distribution of majority sizes over decisions in a domain, are variable and complicated. Calibration curves do not always progress from the bottom-left (small majority, low accuracy) to the top-right (large majority, high accuracy). They can pass through the top-left (small majorities, high accuracy), the bottom-right (large majority, low accuracy), and anywhere in between. The other information summarized in Figure 2 relates to the distribution of majority sizes over all the decisions in a domain. This is shown by the area of the circles for each majority-size bin. It is less clear what a reasonable prior expectation about this distribution might be. For decisions that individuals as well as groups can make accurately, large majorities should be observed. Even for inaccurate decisions, the concept of “group-think” — which emphasizes the possibility people in groups chose in a way that avoids creative or independent thinking, and attempts to avoid individual responsibility for group decisions — suggests it is possible for most individuals to favor one alternative, if individuals are aware of the choices of others. For example, (Reference SurowieckiSurowiecki, 2004, p. 47) discusses the concept of risk-averse “herding” as possibly accounting for most American football coaching groups not attempting many fourth downs, despite some evidence it would be better to do so. The nine data sets show a range of results in terms of the distribution of majority size. Both the fantasy football and AFL games domains do show many decisions with large inaccurate majorities, consistent with herding. The other NFL games and March madness domains show a broader distribution of majority sizes. The cancer diagnosis domain also shows many large majorities, presumably because of individual expertise. The duration perception and trivia questions results show a broad range of majority sizes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Ну, и два дня посвящаются тому, что мы прорабатываем самые яркие негативные вещи, чтобы человек был готов поверить в то, что в его жизни может быть что-то другое. Мы представляем себе то будущее, какое хотим. Это такая хитрость, больше из НЛП. Мы предлагаем человеку пойти вперед, представить себе самое радужное будущее лет через 50, и оттуда прийти в настоящее, соединив будущее с настоящим.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 14170) as a suitable target for editing since this gene is involved in drug resistance and parasites are resistant to pentamidine when AQP2 is defective30. The full complement of >9,000 T. brucei protein-coding genes comprises 51% G + C content7 so suitable PAMs can be found approximately once every 8 bp in these sequences. We identified potential PAMs in AQP2, selected a suitable 20 b AQP2-specific gRNA sequence, annealed the cognate oligonucleotide pair and ligated the product to BbsI-digested pT7sgRNA. The resulting construct was linearised and introduced into 2T1T7-Cas9 cells. We analysed two independent Cas9/sg2 clones and observed robust and reproducible expression of sgRNA of the expected size (96 b), which was dependent upon Cas9 expression (Fig. 1e, Supplementary Fig. 1). This suggests that sgRNA is unstable in the absence of Cas9. Thus, sgRNA is efficiently processed by the HDV ribozyme and is specifically stabilised by Cas9, providing evidence for physical interaction of these two components and assembly of Cas9 ribonucleoproteins in T. brucei. Tightly regulated and high-efficiency AQP2 editingThe T. brucei genome is diploid, meaning that Cas9-based editing for the vast majority of genes will involve targeting two identical sequences, ideally simultaneously in many cases. When AQP2 function is lost, the effective concentration of pentamidine to reduce growth by 50%, or the EC50, is approximately 15-fold greater than for wild-type cells30. Thus, pentamidine can be used to provide a robust phenotypic read-out and for quantitative analysis of bi-allelic editing. Using three independent Cas9/sg2 clones, we pre-induced Cas9 programmed to target AQP2 for three days, and then selected with pentamidine. The growth profiles indicated an absence of drug-resistance without induction and robust drug-resistance with induction (Fig. 2a). Figure 2High-efficiency Cas9-based editing of the AQP2 gene.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people have no trouble calculating complex probabilities when making decisions about money. The majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial to humans, playing key roles in digestion and immunity. [SEP] Text: Thus, our primary research questions was to understand the relationship between majority size and accuracy. A secondary question was to understand the distribution of majority sizes over decisions, especially as this distribution might relate to overall accuracy. Using nine diverse data sets, we found evidence that neither question has a simple answer. In terms of the calibration curve relating majority size to accuracy, we found domains in which increasing majorities tend to be more accurate, but also domains in which small majorities were just as accurate, and domains in which larger majorities were not more accurate. In terms of the distribution of majority sizes, we found domains in which there was a broad distribution over decisions, and other domains in which most decisions had large majorities. Sometimes, however, these large majority domains involved very accurate crowd judgments, and sometimes they involved very inaccurate crowd judgments. Given this empirical diversity, an important first step to understanding is to be able to measure the features of a domain. Accordingly, we developed a measurement method, based on logistic growth models. We applied this model to the nine data sets, using Bayesian analyses that acknowledge the uncertainty in the behavioral data, and allow for inferences about psychological meaningful models and parameters. In particular, the measurement model contains interpretable components corresponding to how quickly accuracy grows as the majority increases, whether or not a domain has irreducible uncertainty, and whether majorities can be systematically wrong. The measurement method was shown to make sensible inferences for nine data sets, and these results demonstrate the potential for its application. Most obviously, the inferred calibration curves allow the probability of the accuracy of a crowd judgment to be estimated from the size of the majority on which it is based. From the results in Figure 4, if 70% of the individuals in a crowd judges a duration to be longer than a standard, it almost certainly is, if 80% of dermatologists judge a skin lesion to be cancerous, there is a 70–95% probability that it is, and if 90% of a trivia team agree on a true-false answer, there is about a 90% probability they are right. More surprisingly, the same trivia questions calibration curve suggests that if below 65% of the team agrees, it is probably a trick question, and it would be better to choose the minority decision. The calibration curves for the prediction domains are obviously extremely useful for betting, where decisions needs to be made in the context of specific monetary payoffs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я считаю, что жизненный сценарий строится на фундаменте из 5 элементов. Я их свел вместе, считая, что так и понятнее, и проще работать именно в тренинговом режиме. Например, мы обучаемся давать позитивные поглаживания и получать их, и уже меняем жизни сразу. Там есть примитивное упражнение: дома расскажите кому-нибудь из своих близких полчаса, какой он хороший.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Cumulative cell growth in the presence of 6 nM pentamidine (estimated 2 × EC50) following 3-days with (+Tet) or without (−Tet) Cas9 induced editing of AQP2. Three independent Cas9/sg2 clones and wild-type (WT) cells were analysed. Error bars, SD. The gRNA sequence is shown above the plot. (b) A cloning assay reveals efficient Cas9 editing. Cas9 was induced as indicated followed by sub-cloning in the absence of Tet. The sub-clones were then transferred to medium with or without 6 nM pentamidine and considered ‘edited’ if drug-resistant; twelve sub-clones were analysed from each of two independent Cas9/sg2 clones (n = 24 sub-clones) for each time-point. (c) The PCR assays reveal AQP2 editing in three independent drug-resistant clones. B, blank – no genomic DNA; C, control – wild-type genomic DNA. The AQP3 gene is adjacent to AQP2. The vertical (red) arrowheads indicate the Cas9 target site in AQP2. The horizontal (green, blue and grey) arrowheads indicate the primers used for the PCR-assays. Predicted wild-type AQP2 fragment, 724 bp; predicted AQP3 fragment, 508 bp; predicted wild-type AQP2-3 fragments in bottom two panels, 2,440 and 3,200 bp, respectively. Full size imageEncouraged by these results, using two independent Cas9/sg2 clones, we induced editing in the absence of pentamidine selection and sub-cloned the population either prior to induction, or one, three and seven days later. Under these conditions, un-edited, drug-sensitive cells remain viable and edited cells have no selective advantage. Twelve sub-clones from each clone and at each time-point were expanded under conditions where Cas9 was no longer induced and then tested for pentamidine resistance. This revealed remarkably tightly regulated editing (Fig. 2b). The absence of pentamidine-resistant sub-clones (0/24) from the uninduced population provided strong evidence for efficient temporal control, and this ‘baseline’ data allowed us to accurately assess editing during the induction time-course.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: 13504/table-1 Soil analysis and microbial DNA extraction Soil pH was determined at a ratio of 1:2. 5 (soil to water, w/w). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined using the K2Cr2O7 titration method (Walkley–Black method). Total nitrogen (TN) was measured using the semi-micro Kjeldahl method. Total phosphorus (TP) was determined colorimetrically after wet digestion with H2SO4 + HClO4 (Xu et al. , 2014). Microbial DNA extraction and metagenome sequencing Total genomic DNA was isolated from 0. 50 g of soil using the () following the instructions of the manufacturer. Extracted DNA was stored at −80 °C until use. Tenfold diluted DNA samples were then used for metagenome analysis on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc. , ) according to the standard protocols of Majorbio Bio-Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The MiSeq platform was used to perform parallel mixing and sequencing of DNA multiple samples. The sequence of each sample was introduced with an index tag sequence indicating sample source information. Software “Seqprep” was used to cut the 3′ end and 5′ adapter sequence at the end. Software “Sickle” was used to remove sequences less than 50 bp; the average quality value was below a certain threshold (default 20) and N-base reads; high-quality pair-end reads and single-end reads were retained (Pabinger et al. , 2014; Schirmer et al. , 2015). We then used “fastp” ( software to perform quality control processing on the original sequencing data to obtain high-quality control data (clean data). Software “Megahit” ( was used to assemble sequences with different sequencing depths (Li et al. , 2015) and to preserve sequences with assembly contigs >300 bp. MetaGene ( software was then used to predict open reading frames (ORF) of contigs ≥100 bp (gene sequences) in clean sequences (Noguchi, Park & Takagi, 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Люди приходят на следующий день с кучей решенных вопросов, которые не могли решить по 15 лет. Обязательным элементом являются рэкетные чувства как базовая модель, где мы обучаемся проходить по ступенькам рэкета вниз, а внизу, если, опять же, берем близкие отношения — всегда любовь. Есть еще, на мой взгляд, важный момент. Про это в ТА не говорится напрямую, но я это называю «образ родителей».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: This revealed efficiently induced editing, which increased from ~45% resistant clones after 1-day to ~80% after 3-days and reached the maximum 100% (24/24 sub-clones) after 7-days (Fig. 2b). This temporal response reflects the kinetics of Cas9 induction4, the Cas9 target search31 and DNA repair in T. brucei32, and may also be impacted by multiple rounds of single-allele break and error-free repair by homologous recombination. A series of PCR-based assays were used to assess the AQP2-3 locus in three independent resistant clones (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Fig. 1). AQP2 had indeed been disrupted (Fig. 2c, top panel) and replaced by AQP2-3 chimeras in all three clones (Fig. 2c, lower panels), similar to what has been seen previously in drug-resistant isolates from relapsed patients33,34. Cloning and sequencing of the products revealed recombination within a block of identity from 168–222 nt in AQP2 in clone 1, meaning that from 223 nt into the CDS is AQP3 sequence in the chimera, and recombination within a block of identity from 1–91 nt in AQP2 in clones 2–3, meaning that from 92 nt into the CDS is AQP3 sequence in these chimeras. The chimeras likely arise by single-strand annealing, whereby single-stranded regions extend to adjacent repeated sequences and complementary strands anneal, leading to repair and the loss of one repeat35; the PCR-assays indicate loss of ~1. 8 kbp in each case (Fig. 2c, lower panels), which is the size of the semi-repetitive AQP2-3 region. Microhomology-mediated end-joining is more likely to be involved in repair at loci that lack extensive blocks of adjacent homology5. Thus, our inducible Cas9 editing system is tightly regulated and achieves temporally controlled and remarkably efficient bi-allelic editing. Tightly regulated and high-efficiency AAT6 editingTo determine whether the efficiency of our system could be extended to another native locus, and to further test sgRNA design for T.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: (Holmes is blunter: “Trying to predict virulence evolution is a mug’s game,” he says. )To understand why it’s so hard to predict changes in virulence, Read says it’s important to recognize the difference between virulence — that is, how sick a virus makes its host — and its transmissibility, or how easily it passes from one host individual to another. Evolution always favors increased transmissibility, because viruses that spread more easily are evolutionarily fitter — that is, they leave more descendants. But transmissibility and virulence aren’t linked in any dependable way, Read says. Some germs do just fine even if they make you very sick. The bacteria that cause cholera spread through diarrhea, so severe disease is good for them. Malaria and yellow fever, which are transmitted by mosquitos, can spread just fine even from a person at death’s door. Respiratory viruses, like influenza and the human coronaviruses, need hosts that move around enough to breathe on one another, so extremely high virulence might be detrimental in some cases. But there’s no obvious evolutionary advantage for SARS-CoV-2 to reduce its virulence, because it pays little price for occasionally killing people: It spreads readily from infected people who are not yet feeling sick, and even from those who may never show symptoms of illness. “To be honest, the novel coronavirus is pretty fit already,” Geoghegan says. Nor are there many documented instances of viruses whose virulence has abated over time. The rare, classic example is the myxoma virus, which was deliberately introduced to Australia in the 1950s from to control invasive European rabbits. Within a few decades, the virus evolved to reduce its virulence, albeit only down to 70 to 95 percent lethality from a whopping 99. 8 percent. (It has since ticked up again. )But myxoma stands nearly alone, Parrish says. For instance, he notes, there is no evidence that recent human pathogens such as Ebola, Zika or chikungunya viruses have shown any signs of becoming less pathogenic in the relatively short time since jumping to humans. After rabbits were introduced to Australia, their population exploded.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Мы как бы приклеиваем ярлычки к каждому человеку: «хороший человек», «не очень хороший», «мама злая», «папа недобрый», «папа жадный». И потом с человеком взаимодействуем так всю жизнь. Но возникает внутриличностный конфликт: «Если мама злая, а я — от этой мамы, и этот кусочек мамы во мне есть я, тогда какой я? Тоже злой? И со своей злостью надо бороться? » Это заметно, когда приходит человек и говорит: «Я не видел свою маму 20 лет и видеть не хочу».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: brucei, we selected a second gene, on a different chromosome, for analysis. Again exploiting a known drug-resistance mechanism, we selected the amino acid transporter, or AAT6 gene (Tb927. 8. 5450). Trypanosomes become resistant to the amino acid analogue, eflornithine when AAT6 is defective and the eflornithine EC50 is >40-fold greater than for wild-type cells in this case36. Thus, eflornithine can also be used to provide a robust phenotypic read-out for bi-allelic editing. Since a PAM-proximal GC-content of >50% (at least 4 of 6 bases) yields optimal efficiency gRNAs in other cell-types37, we cloned two 20 b AAT6-specific gRNA sequences in pT7sgRNA. One gRNA (i) has a PAM-adjacent GC content of 0/6 and the other (ii) has a PAM-adjacent GC content of 4/6; both had an overall GC-content of 40% (Fig. 3a). The resulting constructs were introduced into 2T1T7-Cas9 cells as above. Using two independent Cas9/sg6 clones for each sgRNA, we induced Cas9 programmed to target AAT6 for three days, followed by selection with eflornithine. In both cases, the growth profiles indicated an absence of resistance without induction and robust resistance with induction (Fig. 3a). We observed a striking difference between sgRNA-i and sgRNA-ii, however. As predicted by previous studies37, the sgRNA with the optimised PAM-proximal GC-content was associated with more efficient editing; with sgRNA-ii yielding drug-resistant cells more rapidly than sgRNA-i during selection (Fig. 3a). Figure 3High efficiency Cas9-based editing of the AAT6 gene. (a) Cumulative cell growth in the presence of 270 µM eflornithine (estimated 10 × EC50) following 3-days with (+Tet) or without (−Tet) Cas9 induced editing of AAT6. Two independent Cas9/sg6 clones and wild-type (WT) cells were analysed for each gRNA (i and ii). Error bars, SD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: C. Proteus vulgarisD. Prevotella melaninogenicaE. Pseudomonas aeruginosaQ1. 13 A 42-year-old patient presents with septic shock and is found to have a soft tissue infection. Which component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria may contribute to the development of septic shock in Gram-positive infections? A. Capsular proteinB. EndotoxinC. PeptidoglycanD. PhospholipidE. Teichoic acidQ1. 14 A 23-year-old female presents with a urinary tract infection. Which of the following is true about urease producing bacteria? A. Urease acidifies the urine rendering neutrophils inactiveB. Escherichia coli is urease positiveC. Acidifying the urine can lead to precipitation of struvite calculiD. Morganella morganii is potentially a urea-splitting bacteriaE. Are commensal organisms that prevent hepatic encephalopathyQ1. 15 A 63-year-old female is diagnosed with urosepsis. She is profoundly hypotensive. What is the most important endotoxin component leading to septic shock from Gram-negative bacteria? A. Lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharidesB. Outer membrane vesiclesC. Lipid AD. O antigensE. CapsuleQ1. 16 A 21-year-old female presents with necrotising fasciitis. Which of the following is not a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus? A. LecthinaseB. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1C. Panton-Valentine leukocidinD. Enterotoxin AE. DNaseQ1. 17 A 31-year-old male returns from Ethiopia and presents with a recurrent febrile illness. What is the cause of the relapsing nature of fever in Borrelia recurrentis infection? A. Antigenic driftB. Antigenic shiftC. Rapidly developing antibody resistanceD. Antigenic variationE. EncapsulationQ1. 18 A 16-year-old male presents with respiratory distress. Which organism produces a toxin similar in action to that of Corynebacterium diphtheriae? A. Bordetella pertussisB.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А потом в процессе оказывается, что он воюет со всеми женщинами, которым примерно столько же лет, сколько маме. Причем человек сам удивился: это была такая конкретная ситуация. Ему просто в группе люди подсветили и говорят: «Слушай, так 10 лет назад ты воевал с бухгалтерией, и им там всем было около 40 лет, а теперь ты воюешь вот с этим плановым отделом, а им всем уже 50 с чем-то. А ты посчитал, сколько твоей маме?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: The gRNA sequences are shown above the plot with PAM-adjacent G/C residues underlined (see text for details). As can be seen, eflornithine is a cytostatic rather than cytocidal drug. (b) A cloning assay reveals efficient Cas9 editing by gRNA-ii. Cas9 was induced as indicated followed by sub-cloning in the absence of Tet. The sub-clones were then transferred to medium with or without 270 µM eflornithine and considered ‘edited’ if drug-resistant. Twelve sub-clones were analysed from each of two independent clones (n = 24 sub-clones) for each time-point. (c) The PCR assays reveal AAT6 editing in three independent drug-resistant clones. B, blank – no genomic DNA; C, control – wild-type genomic DNA. The Tb927. 8. 5430 gene is close to AAT6 and serves as an unedited control. The vertical (red) arrowhead indicates the Cas9 target site. The horizontal (blue) arrowheads indicate the primers used for the AAT6 PCR-assay. Predicted wild-type AAT6 fragment, 1,467 bp; predicted wild-type Tb927. 8. 5430 fragment, 648 bp. Full size imageAs above, and using the optimised sgRNA (AAT6-ii) we next induced editing in the absence of eflornithine and sub-cloned the populations. The proportions of eflornithine-resistant sub-clones revealed remarkably efficient editing, reaching ~90% after 7-days (Fig. 3b). PCR-based assays confirmed disruption of the AAT6 gene in three independent resistant clones (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Fig. 1). The process, from gRNA design to validation of edited clones can be performed in approximately three weeks. Thus, our tightly regulated inducible Cas9 editing system achieves rapid, high-efficiency, bi-allelic editing at native chromosomal loci. Precise and ‘scar-less’ single base editingThe analyses above demonstrate robust and efficient inducible editing. The edits described are site-specific and are sufficiently efficient that neither antibiotic selectable markers, nor exhaustive screening, are required to isolate edited clones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Washing hands frequently makes the body weaker by killing all beneficial bacteria on the skin. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2011. | DOI: 10. 4103/0019-557X. 92408 Abstract Background: Contaminated hands play a major role in fecal-oral transmission of diseases. In 1847, Ignac pointed to the link between infection and unclean hands, and demonstrated that washing hands could reduce transmission of puerperal fever (child birth fever), a dreaded disease with high mortality in those days. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to find out the extent of germs present in hand, and also the students′ perception on hand washing. This was assessed by questionnaire as well as by collection of swab from hand and performing bacteriological culture in the laboratory. Results: In regard to students′ perception about the dirty areas of the hands, it was observed that majority (78%) felt palm was likely to be more dirty while less than 70% felt that web spaces could harbor dirt. Almost 86% reported that they washed hands before eating lunch, but only 21. 3% said they always used soap while 47. 3% never used it. Availability of soap all the time in the school was reported by only 18. 4% students. The swabs of 61% children showed potential pathogens. The commonest of these was Staphylococcus aureus which was seen in 44% samples. Conclusion: The students′ hands were contaminated before taking food. Although they washed hands before meals, they hardly used soap due to non-availability of soap. The school authority should be asked to keep soaps in the toilets for hand washing. hands play a major role in fecal-oral transmission of diseases. In 1847, Ignac pointed out the link between infection and unclean hands, and demonstrated that washing hands could reduce transmission of puerperal fever (child birth fever), a dreaded disease with high mortality in those days. 1 Since then, a number of studies have established that hands can carry different types of pathogenic organisms. Washing hands is believed to reduce infection transmission by washing off potential microorganisms and also by removing the dirt, which could also harbor microorganisms and allow their survival for longer periods of time. 2 Systemic reviews have pointed the effectiveness of hand washing in reduction of diarrhea34 and acute respiratory illnesses,56 the two major childhood killer diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: »Ну, и родительские приказания как большой блок, и жизненная позиция. Понятно, что когда мы говорим про сценарные процессы, то говорим и про игры. — А с какой моделью или концепцией ТА чувствуете сложность или меньше ее используете? — Наверное, такого нет.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: However, these edits typically result in deletions that may also affect neighbouring sequences or genes. We next sought to use this system for precision editing by co-opting the native homologous recombination machinery. This requires the introduction of a DSB adjacent to the edit site and the introduction of a DNA template containing the desired site-specific edit (Fig. 4a). We once again chose AQP2 as the target gene for this experiment. AQP2 is an atypical aquaglyceroporin that lacks many of the conserved pore-lining residues, including the ‘aromatic arginine’ motif30. A leucine residue is present at this position and a single L264R change generates a mutant AQP2 that fails to reverse pentamidine resistance when over-expressed in aqp2-null trypanosomes38. Cas9 editing technology now presents opportunities to test the behaviour of such mutant genes in their native context. Short homology flanks are sufficient for recombination in T. brucei13 and single-stranded oligonucleotides can be used to edit trypanosomatid14,22 and metazoan genomes39. We, therefore, used a new gRNA, cloned in the pT7sgRNA construct, that targets a sequence adjacent to the L264 codon (Fig. 4a). In this case, although the overall GC-content is 55%, the PAM-adjacent GC content of the new gRNA is 3/6 and may be suboptimal (Fig. 4a, see above). Figure 4Precision base editing with Cas9. (a) The schematic illustrates the AQP2-editing strategy (one allele shown). The genomic DNA sequence is on a green background, the PAM is in bold black text, the gRNA is on a grey background and the arrowheads indicate the expected Cas9-induced break sites. The single-stranded repair template is centred on the editing site and shows the T-G edit in red letters. (b) Analysis of sub-clones from an edited and pentamidine-selected population. The PCR assays are as described in Fig. 2c. B, blank – no genomic DNA; C, control – wild-type genomic DNA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Washing hands frequently makes the body weaker by killing all beneficial bacteria on the skin. [SEP] Text: Despite being shown to be effective, hand washing with soap is not a common practice. Worldwide, there is a wide variation in the prevalence of hand washing behavior and the use of soap for hand washing is not widespread. 7 A study8 conducted in among 302 respondents from rural, urban slums and non-slum areas revealed that in the urban slums, 98% reportedly washed hands with soap after defecation, while only 69% did so after cleaning child's bottom. In rural areas, 71% washed hands with soap after defecation while 26% used mud or ash; however, only 5% used soap after cleaning child's feces. As the practice of hand washing is poor, isolation of pathogenic microorganisms has been reported in a number of studies done among children. A study from Greece9 found that 52. 9% of children's hands of the 1956 hand swab samples were contaminated by fecal streptococci. A study from Amravati, Maharashtra,10 demonstrated the presence of bacterial pathogens in the hands of all of the 400 students whose hand swabs were examined. Data on hand contamination from India are limited. This study was designed keeping in mind the need for studies to look at the prevalence of hand contamination among school children. The objectives of the study were as follows: To find out of the prevalence of bacterial contamination of hands of school children before taking mid-day meals To understand the perception of school children on key issues of hand washing Materials and study was conducted by with the involvement of KPC and Hospital, Jadavpur, Kolkata, and of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Two urban schools, one each from Bangalore and Kolkata, were selected (by convenience), and 100 children and 108 children (total 208 children), respectively, aged approximately 10-14 years, i. e. in classes 6th to 8th, were selected for the study from each of the above schools. Very few were above this age group but studying in these classes only. The study was cleared by the ethics committees of the two participating institutes. Written consent was taken from the schools as well as from the parents of the students of the selected classes. On the pre-decided days (for 3-4 consecutive days), a visit was paid to the selected classes when the children had no knowledge about such study. The visit was paid an hour preceding the mid-day meal time.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: На мой взгляд, как раз ТА этим и отличается, что все понятно, если не в варианте каких-то первоисточников, то уж литература в ТА хорошо, на мой взгляд, обновляется, появляются всё новые и новые комментарии, идеи. Но если смотреть в варианте работы, я, наверное, очень мало использую напрямую сам анализ транзакций, модели эго-состояний и тому подобное. Просто на это нет времени.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: The AQP2-3 PCR products were also digested with PmlI (lower panel) and sequencing confirmed that all six clones had the templated T791G/L264R edit (one example shown, lower trace). (c) Dose-response curves for pentamidine. Both edited clones analysed display a drug-resistant phenotype. WT, wild-type cells. (d) Analysis of the four pentamidine-resistant sub-clones among 48 sub-clones from an edited population. The PCR assay and PmlI digest are as described in b. Full size imageWe used this new ‘AQP2. 2′ gRNA to assemble Cas9/sg2. 2 clones. We next delivered the short (48 b) single-stranded oligonucleotide repair-template (Fig. 4a) immediately followed by induction of Cas9-based cleavage. The repair template carries the single edited base-change (Fig. 4a, red) and was delivered by electroporation while Cas9 was induced for only 24 h in this case, to maximise template-directed repair. Note that, despite the base-change, the edited alleles may remain substrates for re-cleavage, albeit at reduced efficiency. We expected a number of possible outcomes within the resulting population of cells; no editing, non-templated deletions (as described above) or the desired edit. Un-edited cells remain pentamidine-sensitive and these were selected against by growth in pentamidine for three days, immediately following the 24 h induction period. The resulting pentamidine-resistant population was sub-cloned and six clones were subjected to an AQP2 PCR assay. In this case, all six clones analysed yielded an AQP2 PCR-product (Fig. 4b, upper panel, Supplementary Fig. 1), in contrast to the clones above that underwent non-templated repair (Fig. 2c). Using a second PCR assay, all six clones also yielded an AQP2-3 PCR-product that contained a new PmlI restriction site introduced by the single-base edit (Fig. 4b, middle panel, Supplementary Fig. 1). Sequencing of these products confirmed the desired T791G/L264R precision edit in every clone (Fig. 4b, lower panel; Supplementary Fig. 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Washing hands frequently makes the body weaker by killing all beneficial bacteria on the skin. [SEP] Text: A station to take hand swabs as per standard aseptic procedures was established. Dominant hand of the child was swabbed, beginning from the flexor aspect of wrist, across palm and up all the five fingers (beginning with thumb) including the creases and nail beds, ending in the dorsal aspect. A standardized questionnaire was used to fill some basic information related to hand washing by paramedical workers under the supervision of faculty member of Department of and Microbiology of the above medical Colleges. The ID number of the swab was pre-filled on the questionnaire so as to enable linking the findings, if required. The questionnaire included the issues like practice of hand washing before meals and after defecation, material used for washing hands, hand washing facilities at home and school, availability of water and soap at such facilities, importance of hand washing and students′ perception about dirty areas of the hand. The swabs were collected in Amies′ swabs (Himedia) and transported to lab within 1-2 hours. At the lab, inoculation was done on urochrome UTI agar and blood agar. After 24 hours of incubation, the following pathogens were identified: Enteric bacteria or coliforms like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, enterococci- (diarrheal diseases) - detection by characteristic colored colonies on urochrome agar Staphylococcus aureus (diarrheal + respiratory + skin diseases): detection by colonies on urochrome and blood agar, Gram stain and coagulase test Pneumococci, streptococci (respiratory diseases): detection by colonies on blood agar and Gram stain morphology Subculture on special media + biochemical tests if suspicion of Salmonella or Shigella (enteric and diarrheal diseases) Usually non-pathogenic commensals like coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans streptococci, diphtheroids, Candida sp. - detection by colonies on urochrome and blood agar + Gram stain Usually non-pathogenic environmental flora like Micrococcus sp. , Bacillus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. , Acinetobacter sp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: В индивидуальной работе люди приходят за решением вопросов, и им образование как таковое не требуется. Если они хотят, то они могут сами почитать. — Расскажите о вашей зоне ближайшего развития? — Я хочу сделать три онлайн-курса в ближайшие несколько лет. Это курс по сепарации, потом курс про деньги и затем очень объемный курс по изменению жизненного сценария.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: This suggests that the electroporated short single-stranded oligonucleotide is used remarkably efficiently as a template and that this particular homology-directed repair pathway is favoured over the error-prone single-strand annealing pathway. To assess the impact of expression of the AQP2 - L264R mutant in the native context, we determined the EC50 for pentamidine. This revealed robust resistance and an EC50 that was increased approximately 17-fold relative to the wild-type control (Fig. 4c). The remarkable efficiency of precision base editing above suggested that we may be able to isolate precision edited clones without selection to enrich for the edited cells. We, therefore, repeated the experiment above but, instead of selecting against unedited cells by growth in pentamidine, we simply sub-cloned the population immediately following the 24 h induction period. Forty-eight clones were expanded for several days without further Cas9-induction and were then tested for pentamidine-resistance. We found four clones (~8%) to be resistant and, again using a PCR-assay and diagnostic digest (Fig. 4b), found that all four were precision-edited (Fig. 4d, Supplementary Fig. 1). These results suggest that, using the Cas9-editing system described here, it will be possible to isolate clones with precision-edits at different loci, following screening of a readily manageable number of clones. DiscussionThe versatility and accessibility of tools for genome editing have improved rapidly in recent years and Cas9-based approaches are central to this transition. Substantial progress has been made in developing these systems in trypanosomatids but an inducible Cas9 editing system has not yet been reported. Additionally, for T. brucei, double-allele editing has not been achieved without selectable markers nor have efficiencies been determined. Given these limitations, precision base editing is not readily achievable. To advance Cas9-based editing tools and approaches for T. brucei, we have established a highly efficient inducible system and have used the system for templated, homology-directed, precision base editing. The system we describe incorporates several features that improve convenience and editing efficiency.

Output: corroborate