Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: In this opinion paper, the possibilities to adapt agricultural policies to water stress are discussed. The panorama of possible interventions is presented, whether based on irrigation techniques as well as on-farm sustainable water uses. Drip irrigation: a clear example of the existing gap between potential and actual performances In most of the MENA countries, irrigation is mandatory to guarantee crop yields, particularly during the summer season. This situation is the consequence of a rising water demand due to increased cultivated areas with crops that require high volumes of water (particularly orchards), when there is no rainfall at all, and when temperatures can reach 45°C and more. In such a situation, two kinds of solutions have been promoted to alleviate constraints: groundwater use and the conversion of irrigation from farrow to drip systems. In theory, these measures seem interesting, but in reality they are far from being efficient. As a consequence, groundwater depletion has become of growing concern. Recent studies in the Saïss plain (of Morocco) have shown that drip irrigation does not necessarily induce an improvement of water use efficiency. 3 Moreover, drip irrigation exacerbates the gap between farmers with important financial means, who can invest in deeper boreholes and who will contribute more to groundwater depletion, and farmers with limited capital who may not be able to continue to access deeper groundwater. 4 As a consequence, the level of social and economic disparities may increase between households, implying more social exclusion for many smallholder farmers whose only fate will be to exit from the agricultural sector. Water productivity in agriculture: a multi-faceted concept with complex implications In order to deal with scarce water availability, recent research results have focused on the need of a paradigm shift in the field of agricultural practices. The promoted solutions should in priority rely on the use of rainfall (blue water) as the possibilities to increase the irrigated areas have come to a limit. Moreover, the use of water has to be assessed on a cost efficiency scale. This has recently prompted the emergence of the water productivity concept, which does not only rely on the volumes of water used to get food (i. e. m3 of water per kilogram of food), but also the origin of the water and even more the gross margin behind each m3 of water used and the edible nutrients it produces (whether kcal or kg of proteins). When assessing such water productivity parameters for each crop, methodological difficulties may have to be sold, linked to crop prices volatility and agricultural practices variability among farms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This is not entirely surprising. These vents are located thousands of metres below the ocean surface and are challenging to explore. Detection and verification of deep-sea hydrothermal vents require a combination of geophysical and biological data. The former are typically obtained using echo sounders, optical light-scattering sensors mounted on instruments towed by research vessels, and conductivity, temperature, and depth (or CTD) instruments, which enable water sampling at different depths. Further exploration and sampling of sites identified using these methods is then undertaken either by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or deep water submersibles, in combination with the geophysical approaches. Hydrothermal vents are formed by plumes of heated water associated with plate boundaries, typically divergent boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges, but also the more complex, back-arc basins associated with subduction zones [22],[23], and their unusual ecosystems were first documented in the late 1970s [24]. Since then the image of “black smokers” surrounded by hundreds of thermophilic tubeworms and other strange animals has become part of the modern, natural history psyche. However, this image is somewhat misleading. In the same way that diversity varies locally and regionally in terrestrial systems, so too do the communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents vary across the globe [25]. In other words, a distinct biogeography of vent ecosystems exists (Figure 1). Different communities of organisms are characteristic of hydrothermal vents in various parts of the world as a consequence of differences among ocean basins, rates of seafloor spreading, local turnover, and variation in the life histories and dispersal characteristics of the organisms involved [26]–[29]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems that require conservation. At the request of the Authority, InterRidge (a non-profit organization, promoting mid-ocean ridge research, see advised that the vents shown here should be protected from exploitation, though with some InterRidge members arguing that all sites should be protected ( see also [37]). Vent biogeographic provinces identified by Bachraty et al. [28] are indicated in colour, and the two described by Rogers et al. [19] are indicated with diamonds, just to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: ipRGCs project widely to the brain (notably the hypothalamus) to convey information about the overall intensity of light (Nelson & Takahashi, 1991). Melanopsin has a peak sensitivity in the blue range of the light spectrum (Newman et al. , 2003) and the spectral sensitivity of sustained melatonin suppression also peaks in the blue light range (~ 460 nm) (Brainard et al. , 2001). The peak photopic sensitivity for conscious image formation is, however, in the green portion of the spectrum (555 nm). As such, it has been theorized that exposure to broad spectrum white light that has been depleted of or has minimal short wavelengths (blue light) would not alter conscious visual perception but would minimally activate non-image forming photoreceptive functions (McBean et al. , 2016). This would be notable for extended (hours) light stimuli as the response to shorter light stimuli is likely more driven by cones (Gooley et al. , 2010). In one study of spectrally-altered polychromatic light, blue-depleted white light (~ 239 lx, normal room lighting) was not different from normal white light in terms of its impact on sleep latency, melatonin suppression, and sleepiness (Santhi et al. , 2011). In a separate study, authors found that 50 lx of blue-depleted white light (~ 50 lx, low room lighting) was less effective at melatonin suppression and caused less enhancement of electroencephalographic measures of alertness than 50 lx of normal white light (Rahman et al. , 2017). In this latter study, however, participants spent 8 h in moderate room lighting (~ 88 lx) prior to receiving the experimental light which likely sensitized the responses to the low intensity light (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to test under real-world conditions whether a commercially-available LED-based lamp that emitted a broad spectrum white light had greater impacts on pupil function, subjective alertness and melatonin suppression than a commercially-available LED-based bulb that emitted a broad spectrum, blue-depleted white light. MethodsStudy 1We examined seven participants (four male, 3 female) during a single 3-h session. Five were Caucasian, one was Asian, and one identified as multiple races. They were aged 21–29 (26 ± 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a as A Science of Knowledge: A of of Plants in Trans-Himalaya (Ladakh),. Malik, and 1 moreThis is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground - The sixth anthropocene mass extinction in the last 540 million years indicates that human activities including illegal trade is the fundamental threat to the endangered species, their habitats and to the global biodiversity as well. In this context, it is paramount keeping in view the role of hotspot regions in the conservation of biodiversity and their varied potential of ethnobotanical services. The present study quantified the traditional ethnobotanical usage and people’s choices of plants and evaluated the composition, distribution, trade and conservation of plants in Ladakh region, India. Methods - During 2018-2019, ethnobotanical documentation of the plants growing in Ladakh (a part of trans-Himalaya), India, was carried out to collect information regarding different usages of plant species growing in the region through open and close-ended questionnaire surveys and interviews. Multivariate ecological community analysis was used to find the relationship between ethnobotanical usage and plant species. Results - Floristically, a total of 103 species belonging to 80 genera and 38 families were reported to be used as medicine, food, fodder, fuelwood, fragrance, dye, flavor and oil. Asteraceae was the largest family with 20% species, followed by Ranunculaceae (10% species) and Fabaceae (7% species). Three plant usage clusters were determined at a vertical distance value of 0. 4 where the clusters are distinctly separated. Preference analysis showed the highest priority of local people for medicinal use of plants followed by fodder and fuelwood. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves followed by roots and flowers. and elderly people had great familiarity with medicinal plants and their ethnic usage. The plant species harvested were sought for self-consumption (65%) and for commercial purposes (35%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Other potential conservation and governance challenges include increasing interest in natural products from vent ecosystems [39], while scientific exploration brings its own concerns. However, the latter are well recognized [40], and research is typically careful, as demonstrated by the exploration of the ESR vents [19]. Nonetheless, for the ESR E9 and other Antarctic hydrothermal vents, the System brings the advantage of a long history of well-developed practices to restrict the impacts of human activities. In particular, the Protocol on to the currently prevents any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research. Whilst the is by no means flawless in its regulatory responsibilities, to date it has achieved a far greater degree of stewardship of Antarctica and the than is typical of many other commons [34].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 525 cm diameter bulged reflector casing, 2700 K, color rendering index = 78, Soraa, Fremont CA) that has a significantly reduced short wavelength light (blue) component (Fig. 1) as its spectrum is generated by violet LED exciting phosphors. Lamps were placed behind an ultraviolet-filtering, clear plastic panel fitted with neutral density filters (Roscolux neutral gray, #398; Rosco, Stamford CT) and a diffuser (Roscolux tough white diffusion #116; Rosco, Stamford CT). The two lamps were each calibrated to produce three different illuminances: 32 lx (log photon flux: 13. 6 log10(1/cm2/s)), 100 lx (log photon flux: 14. 1 log10(1/cm2/s)), and 140 lx (log photon flux: 14. 2 log10(1/cm2/s)) (corneal illuminances confirmed in situ with an ILT1700 photon flux determined with ILT-900and converted using the Lucas toolbox (Lucas et al. , 2014)). Light was presented in a diffuse circle at a 21° visual angle. All illuminances used were in the photopic range (i. e. , the different illuminances would have differential impact on cones but a similar, saturating impact on rods). During the experiment, each of the two lamps produced each of the three illuminances once (six different light exposures), with the order of the exposures being randomized separately for each participant (randomization from Random. org), with an additional 1-min light exposure from the standard LED lamp being the first in all cases (calibration). Pupil dynamics were analyzed offline with ViewPoint EyeTracker (Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) and macros developed in Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Following the final 10-min dark exposure to assess pupil redilation, the experiment was concluded, and the participant was discharged from the study. Fig. 1Spectral output of the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Irradiance was measured with a research spectroradiometer (ILT-900)Full size imageFor each participant, the eye with the best pupillometric signal-to-noise ratio was selected.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Conclusions - The present study provides unique information regarding the ethnobotanical knowledge in Ladakh region and baseline data for future researchers, policymakers, public, land managers, and the other stakeholders to develop scientifically-informed strategies for conservation of natural resources and sustainable use of plant diversity in hotspot regions like trans-Himalayas and other similar biodiversity-rich sites. Translational MedicineEthnobotanical usagemedicinal plantshotspot biodiversityAmchisChord diagramFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6ancient times, through “trial and error” and experience, mankind across the world has learned and practiced the usage of medicinal plants growing in their surroundings for treating different ailments [1–2]. Ethno-medical practices are considered as the mother of all the traditional systems of medicines like Unani, Siddha, Ayurveda, Sowa-Rigpa or Amchi and even to modern allopathic system [3]. It has been found that more than 80% of people living in the third world countries are dependent on the plant-based medicines for their traditional medicines [4] and people from Africa, Asia, Central and are mainly dependent on these plant-based medicines for treating various diseases [5]. Most of the medicinal preparations used in the modern allopathic system derive their origin from plants and are mainly encouraged because of their use in traditional folklore for treating various ailments [6–7]. Furthermore, modern pharmacopeia contains about 25% drug preparation derived from plants and are mainly synthetic analogs prepared on prototype compounds having plant origin. It has been projected that the trade of these medicinal and aromatic plants in the healthcare industry costs about $60 billion annually [8] and may reach $5 trillion by 2050 [9] due to increasing recognition of plant-derived medicines [10]. This popularity of these plant-based medicines is because of their less side-effects than the allopathic medicines [11]. Many of the modern medicines used today find their origin in folk-use and indigenous cultures [12–13]. Hence the source of this traditional information about these medicinal plants is possessed by these indigenous cultures and this information survives due to its transfer through generations [1]. However, due to cultural transformation land use change and deforestation, the facility of modern health care and rapid urban development has changed the distribution of these indigenous cultures disturbing the transformation of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants [14].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 2Ostiactis pearseae external and internal anatomy, including cnidae. a, b External anatomy of Ostiactis pearseae from Pescadero Basin; a lateral view; b oral view. c Detail of the distal row of papillae in the column (arrows). d Detail of longitudinal section through perforated papillae (cinclide). e Longitudinal section of the distal column showing mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle (area within the rectangle). f Cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles (arrows). g Cross section at the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries; numbers between mesenteries indicate different cycles. h Detail of marginal sphincter muscle fibers in the mesoglea. j Detail of developing oocytes and lipid inclusions (red small dots) in the gastrovascular cavity. i Detail of spermatic cysts (arrow points to largest cyst). k Cnidae types of O. pearseae: basitrichs (a, c, e, h, k), holotrichs (b, f), robust spirocysts (d, g), p-mastigophores A (i, l), p-mastigophores B1 (j, m). Abbreviations: ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; pap, papillae. Scale bars: a–c, 6 mm; d, g, 1 mm; e, 0. 5 mm; f, h, i, j, 0. 1 mm; k, 25 μmFull size imageFig. 3Phylogenetic placement of Ostiactis pearseae. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using PhyML (RaxML results not shown, but congruent) of the concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial (12S rDNA, 16S r) and two partial nuclear markers (18S and 28S rDNA). Dotted boxes indicate actiniarian suborders; colored triangles and green box indicate actiniarian superfamilies; empty boxes and arrows indicate relevant actiniarian clades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: During the week prior to entry into the laboratory, participants kept a regular sleep/wake schedule such that all bed and wake times were within ±30 min of a participant-set target time and 7–9 h apart. Compliance with this schedule was confirmed through examination of self-reported sleep logs and continuous wrist actigraphy (), a useful proxy for determining sleep/wake patterns (Ancoli-Israel et al. , 2003). One divergence from the schedule was permitted – otherwise participants were rescheduled. Habitual bedtime was calculated as the midpoint of the at-home sleep schedule minus four hours. The timing of all laboratory procedures were based off this calculation. For young individuals with a regular sleep/wake schedule and an intermediate chronotype, determination of habitual sleep timing is a useful approximation of the position of the endogenous circadian clock (Duffy et al. , 1998). Participants arrived at the laboratory for the overnight study approximately four hours prior to their target bedtime. Once an accurate sleep schedule was verified, participants were brought to the room in which they would spend the next 14 h. The room is specially designed for the conduct of circadian studies. There are no windows and all lighting is controlled by a panel outside of the room. The walls are painted with a highly reflective titanium-dioxide-based white paint and all of the surfaces are white or covered in white sheets. Upon entry into the room, the lights were dimmed (< 10 lx in any angle of gaze, ILT1700 ). Room lighting was produced with evenly spaced fluorescent lamps (Philips F32 T8, 3500 K) controlled by an electronic ballast. For the next 14 h, participants lay in bed and rested in either a semirecumbent (during periods of wake) or flat (during periods of sleep) position. Saliva samples were collected every 30 min (Salivette, Sarstedt, Newton NC), with 90 mL of water being provided after each saliva sample and removed 10 min prior to the subsequent saliva collection. Collection of saliva under conditions of constant dim light and constant posture is both sufficient and necessary for the accurate collection of unattenuated concentrations of melatonin (Duffy & Dijk, 2002). A Scale (SSS) (Hoddes et al. , 1973) was obtained hourly following a saliva sample collection. The SSS is a Likert-like scale from 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating greater sleepiness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical analyses have developed a key association among traditional knowledge, indigenous people and use of plants [15–17]. The ethnic tribal communities have adopted local plants as the traditional means of healing systems and are broadly used by all sections of the community, whether directly as folk remedies or the medicaments of the different indigenous systems as well as in modern medicine system [18–19]. The traditional information occupies a vital position at the global level right from the primitive past to the present [20]. Indigenous communities have been utilizing plant sources for a variety of purposes over many generations [21]. Ethnobotanical research explores avenues how the medicinal plants are used in culture, subsistence, primary health care [22], drug discovery and conservation [18, 19]. During the last century, the field of ethnobotany has progressed significantly and now this field is shifting from simple documentation to a more practical one, which gives importance to the conservation and sustainable management of medicinal flora [23]. (IHR), occupying about 18% area of India, is considered as one of the mega hotspots of the world [24]. It has been reported that about 1289 plants belonging to 960 taxa and 560 genera are under medicinal trade in India, various parts of which are sold and used across India. The utilization of these medicinal plants in the of Medicines (ISM) includes 328 in Unani, 688 in Ayurveda, 146 in Homeopathy, 501 in Sidda, and 197 in Tibetan [25]. Ladakh region, part of trans-Himalaya, is a hub of medicinal, aromatic and other economically important plants [26]. However, the ethnobotanical studies of this region are meager. Also, the floristic diversity of the region is under continuous pressure by local inhabitants, tourists, overgrazing and various developmental projects. Keeping in view the role of the region in the conservation of biodiversity and its varied potential of ethnobotanical services into account, the present study was conducted with the specific aim of quantifying the traditional ethnobotanical usage of plants in Ladakh region. The results of the present study will provide baseline data for future researchers, policymakers, common public, land managers, and the other stakeholders to develop scientifically informed strategies for conservation of natural resources and sustainable use of plant diversity in this trans-Himalayan region. Ethnobotanical field survey may be an alternative to document and conserve this imperative knowledge before it disappears.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Differences were observed mainly in the abundance and categories of cnidae amongst specimens (particularly holotrichs in the column), but also in the presence of a distal row of papillae (with only basitrichs) associated with inconspicuous cinclides in two specimens (SO197-S2 and SO200-R2; Fig. 2). Because of the small size of the papillae, the relatively small sizes and state of contraction and preservation condition of the specimens, it is not definitive that this row of distal papillae is only present in these two individuals. Nevertheless, the rest of the morphological and molecular characters, as well as the cnidae data, from the specimens with distal papillae agree with those of the other specimens studied, suggesting that differences should be treated as intrapopulation variation. Morphologically, specimens of O. pearseae from the possess ~ 70 tentacles, compared to specimens of similar sizes from the type locality, described as having ~ 100 tentacles [5], with some having poorly demarked suckers in the column (which were not observed in specimens). Additionally, the first and second cycles of mesenteries are fertile in the type specimens, with males observed brooding larvae internally in the tentacles [5]. Although the fertility of the first cycle could not be confirmed for the specimens, the second and third cycles were confirmed to be fertile, but no brooding individuals were identified. The previous implementation of a different cnidae terminology suggests conspicuous differences in cnidae types and sizes between specimens at the whalefall and (Table 2), but a new more precise combined terminology used here allows for distinction within p-mastigophore capsules (i. e. , p-mastigophores A and p-mastigophores B1). The types and size ranges of the original description and the newly collected specimens of O. pearseae mostly agree (with only slight variability in some size ranges), with the only distinct difference being the presence of p-mastigophores B1 capsules in the tentacles of the whalefall specimens, and not the specimens (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: At habitual bedtime, the overhead dim light was turned off and the experimental light was turned on for three hours. The experimental light was fixed to the foot of the bed in an aluminum reflector such that the front of the light was facing the participant. During the experimental light exposure, saliva sample collection frequency was increased to every 20 min. The experimental light was one of two conditions: a standard white light LED or a blue-depleted white LED, both identical to those used in Study 1 (Fig. 1). Both lights were calibrated to a target of 150 lx at corneal level in a typical angle of gaze. By matching the lux units, the lights should have had a similar impact on image forming perception. The visit number (1 or 2) during which participants received the standard or blue-depleted white light was determined a priori through a random number generator (Random. org). The allocation was double-blind as neither the participant nor the laboratory technician administering the light knew which bulb was the standard and which was the blue-depleted. There was no obvious difference in the perceptual quality or color of the light emitted from the two lamps in the laboratory environment and the lamps were designated as “A” and “B” by the primary investigator (JMZ) – the laboratory technician was unaware of the matching of the A/B designation and the type of lamp being used. During the three hours of experimental light exposure, participants were kept awake by a laboratory technician and asked to look at the LED lamp, alternating every ten minutes between a gaze fixed at the lamp and free gaze around the room. During both the free and fixed gaze components, participants were not permitted to avoid light exposure by hiding their eyes or directing their gaze downward (e. g. , no reading was allowed). Illuminance during the fixed and free periods was recorded with the ILT1700 at the end of each of these periods, estimating the average angle of gaze. Three hours after habitual bedtime, all lighting was turned off and the participant was allowed to sleep ad libitum. Upon arising, the participant was given a standard hospital breakfast, and could leave the unit. Saliva samples were immediately frozen (− 20 °C) and placed in storage at − 80 °C within one week of collection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: The indigenous valuable ancestral information on medicinal plants may fill the associated knowledge gap for the future. MaterialStudy area Ladakh (Trans-Himalayan region) of Region (IHR) is known for its extremely cold climate with rocky, uneven terrains, alpine medicinal plant wealth and wild fauna. The geo-coordinates of this region are in between 34°12’34. 25” N and 77°36’54. 40”' E (Fig. 1) falling between the states of to the south and Jammu and Kashmir to the west. The region is also bordered by countries like Tibet to the east, Baltistan to the west (Baltistan is an administrative territory of Pakistan) and the southwest corner of Xinjiang territory of China. The study area extends from the (to the north) to the south of [27]. Ladakh has two large district towns, Leh and Kargil, with eight (and Lahaul) major valleys with their unique features and characteristics. Most populated areas are the river valleys of district Leh which are Nubra, Shyok and Indus; but Changpa nomads are also observed to be supported by the mountain slopes of this hinterland. Survey and The reconnaissance field surveys were done in Ladakh area for the understanding of the accessibility, nature of terrain and distribution of the flora. A forest working plan was consulted for authenticating geographical location, administrative jurisdiction and wild flora. The representative sites (n =54) were visited through five trips between 2018 and 2019. The documentation of traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical notes of plant resources was based on interviews using open and closed ended questionnaires and discussions. The interviews were mainly based on intersperse fact-based questions [28-29]. Verbal or prior informed consent was sought and obtained from the concern panchayat head as well as the concerned individual informants by briefing clearly about the objectives of the study. Different knowledgeable persons of the area were interviewed, such as Amchis (traditional doctors), hunters, herders and other common denizens like shopkeepers, farmers, daily wage laborer, hotel owners, museum owners, housewives and Govt. employees. Among these, Amchis, herders/shepherds, hunters and those residing in rural and/or far-flung areas are much more informative as compared to others as they are directly dependent on plant products for their livelihoods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 7‰ (− 0. 4 to 5. 3‰), whereas the others measured 10. 6 ± 6. 3‰ (0. 5–17. 9‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0006; Fig. 4a). These include lower δ15N values observed for individuals of the Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (~ 0. 5–2. 8‰; Fig. 4a) collected at the same locality. By comparison, O. pearseae was significantly more negative in both tissue δ13C and δ15N than the seep-associated octocoral species Paramuricea sp. type B3 recently reported [9] (ANOVA p = 0. 0013 and p < 0. 00001, respectively, n = 21; Fig. 4a). Finally, O. pearseae had significantly lower δ34S tissue values of − 1. 1 ± 6. 4‰ (− 11. 0 to 8. 7‰, n = 7), compared to other sea anemones (8. 9 ± 5. 2‰; range 1. 0 to 14. 2‰, n = 7; ANOVA p = 0. 008), with comparable total tissue sulfur ~ 0. 9–1. 9% by weight (Fig. 4b). Fig. 413Carbon, 15nitrogen, and 34sulfur isotope signatures for Ostiactis pearseae and comparison actiniarians. a δ13C and δ15N values for the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring anthozoans, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Data for actiniarians collected in 2015 (from [11]; red checkered triangles) as well as seep-associated corals from the Gulf of Mexico ([9]; purple circles) and unidentified anemones from hydrothermal vents ([19]; purple squares) are also included. Data from [9] was extracted from their Fig. 7 using an online Web plot digitizer ( b δ34S and tissue sulfide content (%, dry weight) values for the tentacles of O.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Saliva samples were assayed as a single batch in duplicate using a salivary melatonin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay () per the manufacturer’s instructions. Published intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 6. 1–13. 0% with an assay sensitivity of 0. 3 pg/mL. The assay microplate was read using a Multiskan FC (Thermo Scientific, Waltham MA). One of the 10 participants had a failed melatonin assay and insufficient saliva to conduct a repeat assay; the melatonin data from this participant were excluded. The three hours prior to habitual sleep onset, during which participants were in dim light, was denoted as the “baseline”. Melatonin levels were expected to be rising to their elevated nocturnal levels during the baseline. The three hours after habitual bedtime, during which participants were exposed to the experimental light, was denoted as the “light exposure”. Melatonin data during the baseline and light exposure were integrated over time using the trapezoidal method. Integrated melatonin concentrations during each hour of the light exposure was separately calculated. Statistical analyses, as specified below, were performed using either OriginPro 2017 (v. b9. 4. 0220, ) or Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Z-score transformation was done for visualization purposes only (see Fig. 3). The mean and standard deviation of each participant’s melatonin data were determined and the individual values were z-score transformed as z = (X-μ)/σ, such that X = sample value, μ = population mean, and σ = population standard deviation. Fig. 3Changes in salivary melatonin concentration (a) and SSS values (b) during the baseline (< 10 lx, − 3 → 0 h) and experimental light exposure (150 lx, 0 → 3 h) for both the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Melatonin data were z-score transformed and averaged prior to plotting. Mean ± SD are shownFull size imageResultsLamp characteristicsThe standard white LED has broad coverage of the visible wavelengths, with a major peak at 607 nm (orange) and a minor peak at 461 nm (blue) (Fig. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Informants were asked about the uses of plants, such as medicinal, food, fodder, fuelwood, fragrance, dye, decoration, flavor and oil. Field-based observations and both formal and informal discussions were carried out for additional information. The respondents were further asked about their species preference if they utilized a species for self-consumption or trade for earning purposes. A total of 269 informants (208 males and 61 female) were involved in this study, representing over 10% of total population of site. There were only 23% female participants as compared to male 77%. The less female participants could be a reason that women remain indoor and they have less exposure of wild forests and distant sites. About 88% of the informants were above 45 years old while 65% were illiterate. From each study site, one knowledgeable respondent was requested to accompany us to collect plant specimens for the authentication and herbarium preparation. Each of the collected voucher specimens was coded. Pictorial field guide Murthi [30] and Chaurasia et al. [31] was used for identification. The collected specimens were further checked for proper identification with the help of taxonomists at Centre of Biodiversity and Taxonomy, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K) and standard literature [32-33]. Later the doubtful and unidentified plants were identified and verified from the authenticated herbarium specimens at Centre of Biodiversity and Taxonomy, University of Kashmir (KASH herbarium). The voucher specimens were deposited at KASH herbarium. Data analysis Vegetation data were statistically analyzed to find out the relationship between ethnobotanical usage and plant species. The presence/absence data were subjected to the classification of different ethnobotanical similarities and differences among the different plant usage via PAST software. We also used a Chi-Square “Goodness of Fit” test to verify if there was a difference in the usage of plants. Sorensen’s (Bray-Curtis) distance was used to identify significant differences among the different plant and ethnobotanical usage similarities [34-35]. Analysis was used to finding hypothetical variables (components) that account for as much of the variance in the multidimensional data as possible [36-37] using PAST software. The contribution of different plant part usage was displayed in chord diagrams using circlize package [38] in R software 3. 6. 1 [39].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 4; [28]), amplified from O. pearseae tentacles, was most closely related (82–85% similarity based on amino acid translation; 77% based on nucleotides), to the napA gene from known SUP05 bacteria, including those from an estuary (ACX30474; [29]) and the endosymbiont from Bathymodiolus mussel gill tissues (SMN16186). The aprA gene, encoding the adenosine phosphosulfate (or APS) reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 8. 99. 2), recovered from O. pearseae, was most closely related to the aprA gene from the bacterial symbiont of a nematode (96% similarity based on amino acid translation, ACF93728) and the endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus septemdierum (81% similarity based on nucleotide sequence, AP013042; [30]). Abundant SUP05 bacteria were observed embedded within the tentacle epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae (Fig. 6). Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) was necessary to overcome the very highly autofluorescent cnidae produced by the epidermis (Fig. 6g). HCR-FISH and TEM microscopy revealed intracellular cocci-shaped cells (~ 0. 5 μm diameter), positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidae capsules and nuclei (Fig. 6g, i, j). These cells were putatively identified as members of the SUP05 group, given the consistent overlap between cells hybridized using a general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) and a probe designed specifically to target the O. pearseae SUP05 (4: Fig. S2). Although poor tissue fixation somewhat compromised high-resolution electron microscopy (ex. many host cells were visibly ruptured with jumbled mitochondria), TEM provided additional evidence of symbiont integration within O. pearseae. Bacteria within the tentacles appeared concentrated in the periphery of cells within the mono-layered epidermis (Fig. 6i). Additionally, glands with large electron dense vesicles were observed occasionally between the very elongated bacteria-containing cells (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Our pupil findings are consistent with the theory that the PIPR is driven by melanopsin. At the lower illuminance tested, PIPR was reduced in response to the light that had 40% less drive on melanopsin. We did not, however, observe an impact of the lights on phasic constriction, which is also thought to be influenced by melanopsin. The partial (40%) reduction in melanopic drive and the relatively small number of participants may have contributed to our inability to detect such a difference. We also used an extended (60 s) light stimulation; shorter light stimulations (e. g. , 1 s) may have revealed more differences in PIPR at the higher intensities. The pupil responses to light that are dependent upon cones were not differentially impacted by the two lights tested. None of the other non-image forming functions that we tested, however, were impacted by the reduction of melanopsin drive in the blue-depleted white light. Previous studies have indicated that 150 lx of white light is sufficient to suppress melatonin and decrease subjective sleepiness (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000). It must be noted, however, that these measures of light-induced changes were conducted after extended (> 40 h) exposure to no greater than dim light. In the current study, participants arrived to the lab after exposure to real-world environments and were in dim light (< 10 lx) for only three hours prior to the experimental light exposure. Previous studies (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011; Rufiange et al. , 2007; Zeitzer et al. , 2011) have demonstrated that the impact of light on non-image forming functions, such as those presented in this report, is sensitized by previous exposure to dim light. It is, therefore, possible that at increased intensities we may have observed the expected changes in melatonin and alertness. Under the ecologically relevant conditions to which most individuals are exposed, however, we do not observe meaningful changes in melatonin or alertness after exposure to normal room light intensities. Individuals who lack exposure to bright indoor or outdoor light, however, might benefit from exposure to blue-depleted white light (Rahman et al. , 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Resultsand Distribution of The present study recorded a total of 103 species belonging to 80 genera and 38 families (Table 1). The species dispersion across 38 families is unequal with six families contributed half of the species, while 32 families represented the remaining half of the species (Fig. 2). Out of the 32 families, 18 were monotypic (Fig. 2; Table 1). Asteraceae is the largest family with 20% species, followed by Ranunculaceae (10% species), Fabaceae (7% species), Apiaceae and Lamiaceae (5% species each). The remaining species contributed by and Urticaceae (Table 1). plant usage clusters were determined at a vertical maximum similarity of about 0. 2 (Fig. 3). The three distinctly separate clusters were: (1) food and medicinal plants; (2) dye and flavor; and (3) fragrance, oil, fuelwood and fodder. Clusters 2 and 3 showed almost 50% similarity in plant usage. Moreover, the similarity in plant usage between fuelwood and fodder, and fragrance and oil as well, showed almost 100% of similarity (Fig. 3). Plant parts used Different parts of plants were documented for ethnobotanical usage (Fig. 4) with a significant difference between their usage (χ2=100. 12, df=9, p<0. 001). The most frequently used plant parts were leaves (27%) followed by roots (21%), flowers (15%), stem (10%), fruits and whole plant (9% each), bulbs (3%), bark and seed and young twigs (2% each) (Fig. 4). Preference analysis The results of preference analysis showed a significant difference in plant usage (χ2=408. 56, df=7, p<0. 001). The highest priority of local people was for medicinal use of plant species (70% responses) followed by fodder (9%) and fuelwood (8%), food (6%), fragrance (4%) and dye, flavor and oil (1% each) (Fig. 5). This fact is also supported by principal components analysis (PCA), which showed distinct usage segregation based on variations in the preference levels (Fig. 6). PCA correlated the most important components with other underlying variables. Important medicinal plant species and their local usage The local Amchis and elderly people are well aware of the medicinal plants and their ethnic usage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 6g) and a layer of mucous was observed overlying the epidermis in some instances. Bacteria on the tentacle surface occasionally appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis (Fig. 6l). For both microscopy methods, bacteria were not observed in either the gastrodermis or mesoglea of O. pearseae (Fig. 6g). Fig. 6Microscopy of the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae. a Whole image of specimen SO194-S2, SIO-BIC Co3067. b Light microscopy of 3-μm sections embedded in Steedman’s resin. c–f Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles. An unlabeled probe (Anem_SUP05), with a specific sequence initiator tag, was designed to be an exact match to the putative thiotrophic symbiont (related to the SUP05 clade). This probe was then amplified via HCR-FISH using DNA hairpins labeled with Alexa488, shown in green. DAPI-stained nuclei of host cells are shown in blue. f Bacteria can be seen within the epidermis (arrows), in and amongst nuclei, positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidocysts. g Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via HCR-FISH microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles without a probe. No bacteria are observed within the epidermis (arrow indicates the same region as in f). Note: future microscopy using non-specific probes would help elucidate the extent of the symbiont layer. h, i Light microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. j–l Transmission electron (TEM) microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. i Bacteria are concentrated in the periphery of elongated epidermal cells (designated by the orange box, which corresponds to the area of TEM imagery), and positioned near cnidae, shown in pink arrowheads. No bacteria were observed in the mesogloea or gastrodermis. j Close-up of bacteria near a cnidocyst capsule, with an enclosed tubule. k Close-up showing clear membranes surrounding the bacterial cells, designated by orange arrowheads.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Given the previous literature, had we sensitized the non-image forming system with many hours of dim or room light prior to exposure or increased the intensity of the experimental light exposure, we might have observed a difference in the impact of the two lamps on melatonin suppression and subjective alertness. We did not design the experiment as such since previous studies had already established the biological capacity of the non-image forming photoreceptive system to have a peak response to long duration blue light. We, rather, were concerned with the potential real-world use of white light lamps that had diminished impact on melanopsin and, at least for subjective sleepiness and melatonin suppression, we did not observe an advantage of the blue-depleted white LED lamp. We did not explicitly examine objective alertness or circadian phase shifting here, but these two processes operate in a similar intensity range as subjective alertness and melatonin suppression (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000) and might have similar outcomes. Future research could examine the utility of such lamps as sleep-permissive light sources in environments in which individuals have consistent exposure to lower levels of daytime lighting (e. g. , submarines, winter time in extreme northern latitudes, all day low intensity office lighting). ConclusionsAfter exposure to a real-world daytime lighting environment, except for pupil responses to moderately dim light, there are no difference in non-imaging forming responses to broad spectrum white light and a broad spectrum white light with reduced blue content. : Analysis of variance ipRGC: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells LED: Light emitting diode PIPR: Post-illumination pupillary response SSS: Scale 49. 507. 92. 3. 12. CAS PubMed 213. 83. 102. 33. 13. 87. CAS 33. 6. 110. CAS 2007. 80. 9. 86. 45. 8. 401. 9. 7. 59. 4. 702. 7. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: All the medicinal species with their respective usage are given in Table 1. Each medicinal species found in the region is worth mentioning, but a few of them got much significance in the traditional ‘Sowa-Rigpa’ health care system. These include Bona karpo (Aconitum heterophyllum), Bona nagpo (Aconitum violaceum), Chu-Rtsa (Rheum webbianum), Lachhu (Rheum spiciforme), Spang-rtsa (Saussurea bracteata), Ma-nu/push karmool (Inula racemosa), Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Khizer/Kiraring (Berberis ulicina), Ambo-Lakpa (Dactylorhiza hatagirea), Bri-mok (Arnebia euchroma) and Nia-Mentok (Aster flaccidus). Among other species, Arnebia guttata, Bergenia stracheyei, Corydalis govaniana, Colchicum luteum, Delphinium cashmerianum, Ephedra gerardiana, Ferula jaescheana, Gentiana algida, Hippophae rhamnoides, Lagoti scashmeriana, Meconopsis aculeate, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Jurinea dolomiaea, Rhodoendron anthopogon and Vincetaxicum caneces are also of great importance in the traditional health care. Plant trade status During interviews, we came to know that the medicinal plant species are harvested by the local people both for self-consumption (65%) and for commercial purposes (35%). The local people particularly herders and Amchis collects wild medicinal plants at the household level for both folklore use and trade every year. Discussion High-altitude cold desert Ladakh region of the trans-Himalaya is characterized by the arid and cold climate that remained isolated and poorly accessible; hence the region appears to be less investigated in terms of ethno-ecological research. The availability of medicinal, aromatic and other economically important plants, and the cultural, physical and geographical isolation has thus resulted in the development of a unique traditional plant usage system in the region [26, 40].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A significant contribution to tissue nitrogen by microbial nitrate utilization may be possible for the SUP05 symbionts given the considerably low δ15N values in O. pearseae (average 1. 6‰) and the successful amplification of the SUP05-related periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (napA) gene. The actual abundance of SUP05 symbionts per individual anemone is not known, nor is the regulation of carbon or nitrogen nutrient exchange, and thus, the overall nutritional influence of the SUP05 bacteria is not yet quantifiable. Finally, Ostiactis pearseae tissue δ34S values (~ − 1‰) represented a large offset from typical marine biomass (16–21‰ [49]), where biogenic sulfur is sourced from seawater sulfate with minimal isotopic fractionation (21‰ [50]). The average δ34S observed in O. pearseae tissues is consistent with typical hydrothermal vent fauna (− 5 to + 5‰ [51]), which are known to incorporate a local source of sulfur (e. g. , volcanic, thermally altered sulfur at ~ 0‰ [52, 53]) via internal symbioses or direct consumption of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. However, several individuals of O. pearseae revealed even lower δ34S values (down to − 11‰), which would likely require the additional incorporation of substantial sulfide produced via microbial sulfate reduction, which is expected to have a δ34S signature of − 20‰ or lighter [54, 55]. The incorporation of sulfide sourced from dissimilatory sulfate reduction, rather than hydrothermal sulfide, has been similarly proposed for SUP05-hosting Bathymodiolus mussels from both and the Kaikata Caldera, which had tissue δ34S values of − 12‰ and − 25‰, respectively, with a comparable tissue sulfur content of ~ 0. 8% (n = only 1 specimen each [56, 57]). The wide range of δ34S values for O. pearseae tissues (~ − 11 to 9‰), compared to other thiosymbiont-hosting animal species, could be due to a combination of traditional feeding by the host, variable sulfide oxidation by the SUP05 symbionts (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Abstract Objective: We tested whether the effects of a dynamic lighting system are superior to conventional lighting on emotions, agitation behaviour, quality of life, melatonin secretion and circadian restactivity cycles in severely demented patients. As a comparison, an age matched control patient group was exposed to conventional lighting. For none of the output measures were significant differences between the two lighting conditions found during the 8 study weeks in fall/winter. Methods: Thus, we divided the patient cohort (n = 89) into two groups, solely based on the median of their daily individual light exposure. Patients with higher average daily light exposure (> 417 lx) showed significantly longer emotional expressions of pleasure and alertness per daily observations than patients with lower daily light exposure. Moreover, they had a higher quality of life, spent less time in bed, went to bed later and initiated their sleep episodes later, even though the two groups did not differ with respect to age, severity of cognitive impairment and mobility. In general, men were more agitated, had shorter sleep with more wake episodes, had a lower circadian amplitude of relative rest-wake activity and interdaily circadian stability than women. In particular, lower daily light exposures significantly predicted lower circadian amplitudes of rest-activity cycles in men but not in women. This may indicate sex specific susceptibility to daily light exposures for rest-activity regulation in older demented patients. Results: Our results provide evidence that a higher daily light exposure has beneficial effects on emotions and thus improved quality of life in a severely demented patient group. Keywords: Institutionalised patients, elderly, dementia, dynamic lighting, emotions, sex differences, daylight, circadian. « » 3. (2002). [2]. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295(5557): 1065-70. (2002). [3] Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light. Science 298(5601): 2211-3. (2002). [4] Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 21(16): 6405-12. (2001). [5]. An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 535: 261-7. (2001). [6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: The present ethnobotanical study reported 103 plant species belonging to 80 genera and 38 families. The species richness recorded is similar to those reported by several ethnobotanical workers from different regions of the Himalaya. For instance, Khan et al. [28] reported a total of 101 species from [41] reported traditional knowledge of 102 economically important plants from Mansehra District, Pakistan, and Kayani et al. [21] reported studied ethnobotany of 125 medicinal plants from Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Similar results were reported by other studies [28, 42, 43]. In terms of floristic distribution patterns, our observations can be compared with those from mountain regions in the Himalayas, where floristic groups such as Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae were the most dominant representative families. Many researchers have reported Asteraceae as the dominant family from various ethnobotanical studies [26, 40, 42, 44]. Due to wide ecological amplitude, the plant species of family Asteraceae adapt easily and get distributed in arid dry habitats [45, 46] In addition, Kayani et al. [21] reported Ranunculaceae as the dominant family from Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan, and Abbas et al. [29] reported Fabaceae as the leading family from the Baltistan region of Karakorum Range-Pakistan, which are in line with our results. The floristic analyses revealed the unequal distribution of species across families and 18 families were monotypic. These values alike to the previously reported values from a different region of the Himalaya [46, 47, 48]. Local people showed the highest priority for the medicinal use followed by fodder (Figs. 5 and 6). Earlier reports also have similar account of the highest priority of plants for the medicinal use [28, 49, 50, 51, 52]. Sharma et al. [53] studied ethnobotanical uses of floristic diversity in and reported that 82% of plant species had medicinal importance. Ahmad et al. [54] reported the utilization of most of the plant species for medicinal and fodder purposes in Pakistan Himalaya. The highest proportion of plant species were utilized for medicinal purposes followed by fodder in and Kashmir [55] and Gujjar, [56].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler mounted on ROV SuBastian. Also available from the Repository ( Material examined for redescription of Ostiactis pearseae SIO-BIC Co3060 [GC18-0004] (S0193-R2): specimens: 2; details: fixative 4% paraformaldehyde; preservative 50% EtOH; (23. 95404° N, 108. 86296° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3061 [GC18-0005] (S0193-A2): specimens: 1; 10% formalin, preserved 50% EtOH; Matterhorn to Diane’s vent, (23. 95472° N, − 108. 86233° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3067 [GC18-0028] (S0194-S2): specimens: 2; fixed: 10% formalin; 50% EtOH; (23. 95666° N, − 108. 86171° W); 3670 m; 15 Nov 2018. Material studied has been deposited in the Collection of of Oceanography (University of Diego) and the collection of the of (AMNH) in New York. Additional specimens examined in this study include Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (SIO-BIC Co3065 [GC18-0012] (S0193-S4)) and the unidentified zoanthid (SIO-BIC Co3066 [GC18-0025] (S0194-S1)). Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysisTissue samples were dissected at sea, rinsed in milli-Q water, and frozen at − 20 °C until thawed, washed with milli-Q water, and dried for 48 h at 60 °C. Carbon and nitrogen isotope determinations of anemone tissues were made via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Samples (0. 2–0. 8 mg dry weight) were loaded in tin boats and analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) abundances and δ13Corg and δ15N using a Flash 2000 (Scientific) interfaced to a (Scientific) at.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Metab 88(9): 4502-5. (2003). [7] Cajochen C, Münch M, Kobialka S, Kräuchi K, Steiner R, Oelhafen P, et al. High sensitivity of human melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation and heart rate to short wavelength light. J Metab 90: 1311-6. (2005). [8] Cajochen C, Jud C, Münch M, Kobialka S, Wirz-Justice A, Albrecht U. Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans. Neurosci 23(4): 1082-6. (2006). [9] Münch -Justice A, Cajochen C. Wavelength-dependent effects of evening light exposure on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power density in men. 290(5): R1421-8. (2006). [10]. The human circadian system adapts to prior photic history. J Physiol 589(5): 1095-102. (2011). [11]. Light, sleep, and circadian rhythms: together again. PLoS Biol 7(6)e1000145 (2009). [12]. Light-induced changes of the circadian clock of humans: increasing duration is more effective than increasing light intensity. Sleep 34(5): 593-9. (2011). [13]. A time to think: circadian rhythms in human cognition. 24(7): 755-89. (2007). [14]. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Psychiatry 149: 1028-32. (1992). [15]. Depression in Alzheimer’s disease: heterogeneity and related issues. 54(3): 353-62. (2003). [16] van Decreased vasopressin gene expression in the biological clock of Alzeimer disease patients with and without depression. J Neurol 59(4): 314-22. (2000). [17] Wu Y--Boof M-L, van der Vliet J, van Heijningen C, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Due to higher dependence on medicinal plants for treating various ailments and demand by the pharmaceutical industry, the locals especially Amchis, shepherds and herbal drug dealers prefer the medicinal usage of local flora. Major portion of the harvested medicinal plants (65%) was used for self-consumption while the rest (35%) was sold for commercial purposes. The area has a considerable potential for livestock farming due to presence of sufficient fodder. Animal husbandry, summer grazing and medicinal plant collection and trade are the major livelihood portfolios in arid and alpine regions of the Himalaya [57]. In the present study different parts of ethnomedicinal plants were used for treating various ailments (Fig. 4). The leaves were used more frequently (27%) as compared to other parts like roots (21%), flowers (15%), stem (10%), fruits and whole plants (9% each) etc. Similar results were reported by Keter and Mutiso [58] from Kenya; Malik et al. [59]; Rathore et al. [60]; Singh et al. , [61] from Himalaya, Akhtar et al. [62] from Pakistan, and Kunwar et al. from Nepal [63]. Our results are also supported by other ethnobotanical studies conducted in elsewhere and different regions of the Himalaya [26, 29, 40, 53–56, 64]. Besides leaves, roots are also the most preferred parts used by the local inhabitants because they contain a higher concentration of bioactive compounds than other parts [65]. Hence the local Amchis prefer to use the roots of the plants for medicinal usage. Many of the medicinal plants are facing threat because of the collection of their underground parts on a large scale, such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Aconitum violaceum, Corydalis govaniana, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Inula racemosa, Bergenia stracheyi, Delphinium cashmerianum, Saussurea bracteata and Picrorhiza kurrooa, among others. These species have become endangered throughout the trans-Himalayan region due to over-collection underground parts for these plants for trade purposes [26, 59, 66, 67]. Previously, local Amchis used these plant resources for their consumption, but now there is a large collection promoted by pharmaceutical companies [68].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Samples were interspersed with several replicates of both in-house standards and international reference materials, including IAEA-CH-6, IAEA-CH-3, IAEA-NO3, USGS-40, and USGS-41. TOC and TN abundances were quantified by integrating peak areas against those produced by in-house standards across a range of masses. The isotopic values are expressed in permil (‰) relative to international standards V-PDB (Dee Belemnite) and Air for carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 2‰ for δ13Corg and 0. 3‰ for δ15N. There was no significant difference in δ13C between a subset of samples processed with and without acid (n = 7 each; ANOVA p = 0. 974). Sulfur isotope analyses were performed by combusting ~ 2–5 mg (dry weight) of tissue using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer. Sulfur isotope values are expressed in standard delta notation (δ34S) in permil (‰) as a deviation from the (VCDT) standard. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 3‰ for δ34S is 0. 3‰ based on in-house and international standards, including NBS-127 and IAEA-S1. DNA extractionSpecimens for molecular analysis (Table 1) were preserved immediately upon collection in ~ 90% ethanol and stored at 4 °C. Total genomic DNA was extracted from tissues using the Qiagen DNeasy kit () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Two-liter water samples were filtered onto a 0. 22-μm Sterivex-GP polyethersulfone filter (Millipore-Sigma, St. ) and frozen at − 80 °C until DNA analysis. DNA extraction from Sterivex PES filters was also performed using the Qiagen DNeasy kit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with the exception of the first step where 2 ml of ATL lysis buffer was added to the Sterivex filter, via Luer lock and syringe, and rotated at 56 °C for 12 h.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Pineal clock gene oscillation is disturbed in Alzheimer’s disease, due to functional disconnection from the “master clock”. 20(11): 1874-6. (2006). [18] Cajochen C, Münch -Justice A. Age-related changes in the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep. 23: 1-14. (2006). [19]. Circadian photoreception: ageing and the eye’s important role in systemic health. Ophthalmol 92(11): 1439-44. (2008). [20]. Decreased sensitivity to phase-delaying effects of moderate intensity light in older subjects. 28(5): 799-807. (2007). [21]. Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. 41: 955-63. (1997). [22] Riemersma-van der. Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(22): 2642-55. (2008). [23] Ancoli--Bloom J, et al. Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe alzheimer’s disease patients. Med 1(1): 22-36. (2003). [24] High-intensity environmental light in dementia: effect on sleep and activity. J Soc 55(10): 1524-33. (2007). [25] Indirect bright light therapy decreases sleep fragmentation in institutionalized demented elderly. Sleep-Netherlands 12: 96-8. (2001). [26] Tailored lighting intervention improves measures of sleep, depression, and agitation in persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia living in long-term care facilities. Aging 9: 1527-37. (2014). [27] P, Kräuchi Dawn-dusk simulation light therapy of disturbed circadian rest-activity cycles in demented elderly. 38: 207-16. (2003). [28] van. Ambient bright light in dementia: Effects on behaviour and circadian rhythmicity. 44(1): 146-55. (2009). [29]. High colour temperature lighting for institutionalised older people with dementia. 44(9): 1959-69. (2009). [30] Hanford N, Figueiro M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: All the major medical traditions of south Asia have been using Himalayan plants in their formulations, but the indigenous Sowa-Rigpa system of Ladakh and other Himalayan regions is especially based on the skillful use of these medicinal plants. Till the 1980s the trans-Himalayan (Ladakh) plants were only used by the local Amchis and people for their domestic needs and treating patients [68]. Plants have been the historical backbone of traditional healthcare practices across major societies and still 75–80% of the world population uses medicinal plants today for primary health care needs [69]. 90% of medicinal plants used by local tribal communities are sourced from the wild [70]. The high demand for herbal drugs has led to the uncontrolled collection of medicinal plants from nature, leading to depletion of biodiversity. For instance, the trans-Himalayas (Ladakh region) has seen depletion of many medicinal herbs. Similarly, numerous other threatened medicinal plants are overexploited for their therapeutic potential [68]. The recent climate changes and habitat loss are another matter of great concern for the survival of these high-altitude plant species [71, 72]. The habitats of most of these species fall within the extensively grazed alpine meadows. Overgrazing has destroyed plant species, as green parts are being removed and damaged due to trampling, mechanical injuries and land erosion [73–75]. With the expansion of roads and increased population have exposed this herbal wealth and brought new commercial interest. The transformation from the need to greed for trans-Himalayan plant species has been increased tremendously. It is observed during our surveys that these plant species are under harvesting pressure and need urgent action for conservation. While we may welcome the growth of traditional medical systems, but it is very important to balance and reconcile these trends for sustainable development. study provides new contributions to floristic composition and plant use by locals in the trans-Himalayan mountainous regions. These regions represent a hotspot of biodiversity and therefore need to be preserved due to their high potential for endemic biodiversity and degradation. Studying the floristic composition and use of these plants by the local human populations is fundamental to understand how the plant communities in these regions are being affected by human actions. We have shown that plants are used for different purposes, including treating diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This solution was recovered from the filter, also via Luer lock and syringe, and processed as usual. Molecular analysis of the microbial communityA 1000-bp region of the gene coding for napA (periplasmic nitrate reductase) was amplified directly from Ostiactis tissues using the primers V16F (5′--3′) and V17R (5′--3′ [28]), while a 408-bp fragment of the aprA gene (subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme) was generated using primers, aps1F (5--3) and aps4R (5--3, described in [69]). A 1465-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the primers 27F and 1492R. Annealing conditions of 50 °C, 50 °C, and 54 °C were used for napA, aprA, and 16SrRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 25 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and submitted to GenBank (accession numbers MW148238 and MW158470). Close environmental and cultured relatives were chosen using top hits based on BLAST (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). The V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using bacterial primers with Illumina () adapters on the 5′ end 515F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′; [70]). The PCR reaction mix was set up in duplicate for each sample with Q5 High-Fidelity 2x () and annealing conditions of 54 °C for 25 cycles. Duplicate PCR samples were then pooled, and 2. 5 μL of each product was barcoded with Illumina NexteraXT index 2 Primers that include unique 8-bp barcodes (P5 5′----3′ and P7 5′----3′). Secondary amplification with barcoded primers used conditions of 66 °C annealing temperature and 10 cycles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Observed affect in nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol 51(1): 3-14. (1996). [43] Bromundt V, Wirz-. Circadian sleep-wake cyles, well-being, and light therapy in borderline personality disorder. J 27(5): 680-96. (2012). [44]. Direct radioimmunoassay for melatonin in plasma. 29(2): 396-7. (1983). [45] Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Psychiatry 41(1): 72-80. (1984). [46]. Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion in patients with seasonal affective disorder in remission after light therapy. Psychiatry 53(1): 41-4. (1996). [47] Light-dependent alteration of serotonin-1A receptor binding in cortical and subcortical limbic regions in the human brain. 13(6): 413-22. (2012). [48] Terman M, Terman J. Light Therapy. In:. Dement MDP, editors. Principles and Practice of (Fourth Edition). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 2005. p. 1424-42. [49] -Rieder N, et al. Bright-light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology 64(3): 152-62. (2011). [50] Wirz- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of light therapy for antepartum depression. J 72(7): 986-93. (2011). [51]. Sleep and ‘sundowing´ in nursing home patients with dementia. 48(3): 277-92. (1993). [52]. Temporal patterns of negative and positive behavior among nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s Disease. 19(2): 336-45. (2004). [53]. Melatonin rhythmicity: effect of age and Alzheimer’s disease. 38: 199-206. (2003). [54]. Daily rhythm of serum melatonin in patients with dementia of the degenerate type. J 717: 154-9. (1996). [55]. of serum melatonin levels and effect of light exposure in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. 45: 1646-52. (1999).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Considering that the low social conditions of these populations and the difficulty of reaching centers with better health conditions, the use of these vegetables as local medicine becomes increasingly essential for the populations of these regions. On the other hand, improper and negligent use causes the plant community to be drastically affected, changing its composition over the years. Thus, we highlight the importance of our study as a tool that will help in understanding the structuring of plant communities in these regions, and how mitigation and conservation measures can be taken for the recovery and preservation of the Himalayan plant communities. AbbreviationsIHR= Region; SMH= Haq; KASH= of Kashmir University; CAMP=. DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval is not applicable while all the participants provided prior informed consent before the interviews. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and materials Data are available in the 93. . Traditional medicinal plants: a source of phototherapeutic modality in resource-constrained health care settings. Med. 2013;18(1): 67-74. Vogel VJ. Medicine (Vol. 95). University of Oklahoma Press. 2013. Organization. Traditional Medicine, 2003, Fact sheet No 134. Newman, D. J. , Cragg, G. M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod. 2012; 75(3):311-335. Allkin B. Useful Plants–Medicines: 28,187 are as Being of Medicinal Use. 2017. . Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod. 2012; 75(3):311-335. . Traditional uses of medicinal plants reported by the indigenous communities and local herbal practitioners of. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 198: 268-281. Hamilton A. Plant Conservation: Approach. Earthscan, London, UK. 2006. . Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at Bulashbar Nullah, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84:289-298. Al-Quran S, Taxonomical and pharmacological survey of therapeutic plants in Jordan. J Nat Prod. 2008; 1:10–26. . Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Products were purified using Millipore-Sigma (St. ) 03010 with a vacuum manifold and quantified using Scientific () QuantIT PicoGreen ds11496 on the BioRad CFX96 Touch Real-. Barcoded samples were combined in equimolar amounts into a single tube and purified with 28104 before submission to Laragen () for 2 × 250 bp paired end analysis on the Illumina MiSeq platform with PhiX addition of 15–20%. MiSeq 16S rRNA sequence data was processed in Ecology (v1. 8. 0). Raw sequence pairs were joined and quality-trimmed using the default parameters in QIIME. Sequences were clustered into de novo operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 99% similarity using open reference clustering protocol, and then, the most abundant sequence was chosen as representative for each de novo OTU. Taxonomic identification for each representative sequence was assigned using the Silva-119 database, clustered at 99% similarity. A threshold filter was used to remove any OTU that occurred below 0. 01% in the combined samples dataset. Analyses are based on Bray-Curtis distances of fourth-root transformed data, which minimizes errors in the ordination due to PCR bias, while not sacrificing genuine differences between samples. Quantification and statistical analyses are described in the “Results” sections and figure legends. Comparisons were performed using ANOVA and statistical significance was declared at p < 0. 05. Statistical analyses of beta diversity (e. g. , ) were performed with Primer E. The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( along with representative SUP05 OTUs in 6: DataFile S1). Molecular analysis of the anemone host Ostiactis pearseae Phylogenetic relationships were determined via sequencing of three mitochondrial markers, the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase III genes, and the partial nuclear 18S rRNA gene. An 862-bp product of the 12S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANTMT12SF (5′--3′) and ANTMT12SR (5′--3′) according to [71].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: [56] van Someren E, Verwer R. Brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease; use it or lose it. Res 138: 343-73. (2002). [57] Colour as a signal for entraining the mammalian circadian clock. PLoS Biol 13(4)e1002127 (2015). & :Delights: Effects of Exposure on Emotions, Restactivity Cycles, Sleep and in Patients Volume: 14 Issue: 10 Author(s): Mirjam Münch*, -Louis Scartezzini, Anna Wirz-Justice and Affiliation: Charité University Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Research & Clinical Chronobiology, St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Grosse Hamburger-Strasse 5-11; D-10115 Berlin,Germany Keywords: Institutionalised patients, elderly, dementia, dynamic lighting, emotions, sex differences, daylight, circadian. Abstract: Objective: We tested whether the effects of a dynamic lighting system are superior to conventional lighting on emotions, agitation behaviour, quality of life, melatonin secretion and circadian restactivity cycles in severely demented patients. As a comparison, an age matched control patient group was exposed to conventional lighting. For none of the output measures were significant differences between the two lighting conditions found during the 8 study weeks in fall/winter. Methods: Thus, we divided the patient cohort (n = 89) into two groups, solely based on the median of their daily individual light exposure. Patients with higher average daily light exposure (> 417 lx) showed significantly longer emotional expressions of pleasure and alertness per daily observations than patients with lower daily light exposure. Moreover, they had a higher quality of life, spent less time in bed, went to bed later and initiated their sleep episodes later, even though the two groups did not differ with respect to age, severity of cognitive impairment and mobility. In general, men were more agitated, had shorter sleep with more wake episodes, had a lower circadian amplitude of relative rest-wake activity and interdaily circadian stability than women. In particular, lower daily light exposures significantly predicted lower circadian amplitudes of rest-activity cycles in men but not in women. This may indicate sex specific susceptibility to daily light exposures for rest-activity regulation in older demented patients. Results: Our results provide evidence that a higher daily light exposure has beneficial effects on emotions and thus improved quality of life in a severely demented patient group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: 2004;85(2): 231-237. Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MP. Medicinal plants as sources of new therapeutics. Bot Gard. 1995;16-24. . Indigenous medicinal plants used by local women in southern Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Bot. 2009; 41(1): 19-25. Posey DA, Dutfield G. Beyond intellectual property: toward traditional resource rights for indigenous peoples and local communities. IDRC. 1996. Turner WR, Tjørve E. Scale dependence in species are a relationship. Ecography. 2005; 28(6):721–730. ̈nz H, Heinrich M. Ethnopharmacology of liakra: traditional weedy vegetables of the Arbëreshë of the Vulture are a in southern Italy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 81: 165–185. . Ethnopharmacology and systems biology: a perfect holistic match. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100(1): 53–56. Singh KN, Lal B. Ethnomedicines used against four common ailments by the tribal communities of Lahaul-Spiti in western Himalaya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 115(1):147-159. . Ethno medicinal survey of plants from district Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Res. 2011; 5(11): 2348-2360. Ghorbani A. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): General results. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 102:58-68. . Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 164:186-202. . Ethnobotany of Gokand Valley, District Buner, Pakistan. Biol Sci. 2003; 6(4):363- 369. . Ethnobotanical studies on useful shrubs of district Kotli, & Kashmir, Pakistan. Bot. 2010; 42(3):1407-1415. da. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000; 403:853–858. . Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India. 2008. Kala CP.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A 473-bp product of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANEM16SA (5′--3′) and ANEM16SB (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 721-bp product of the cytochrome oxidase III (COIII) gene was amplified via primers (5′--3′) and (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 502-bp product of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified via primers 18S-3F (5′--3′) and 18S-5R (5′--3′) according to [73]. Annealing conditions of 55 °C, 51. 5 °C, 51 °C, and 54 °C were used for 12SrRNA, 16and 18S rRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 30 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via GenBank (accession numbers MW148236-MW148237, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Newly generated DNA sequences for Ostiactis pearseae (and those for morphotype identified as Kadosactinidae sp. B. in this contribution) were combined and analyzed with the dataset by [74] for each of the four markers (1: Table S1). Sequences for each marker were separately aligned in MAFFT v. 7 [75, 76], using the following settings: strategy, L-INS-I; scoring matrix for nucleotide sequences, 200PAM/k = 2; gap open penalty, 1. 53; offset value, 0. 05. Alignments for each marker were analyzed separately and as a concatenated dataset (alignments available on the ( For each gene region, the best model of nucleotide substitution was chosen using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) on jModeltest2 [77, 78] implemented on the [79].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer About the Preprint Version 1 The effects of shift work induced circadian disruption on human health and its countermeasures ##10. 58445/rars. 1259 Keywords: shift work, circadian disruption, health review delves into the effects of shift work-induced disruptions to circadian rhythms on human physiology and cognition. By explaining the complex connections between circadian rhythms and various physiological systems, including cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems, it shows that circadian disruption goes beyond just bad sleep. Additionally, this paper explores potential countermeasures, such as light exposure, melatonin administration, sleep hygiene practices, strategic napping, and pharmacological interventions, offering viable strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of shift work. Through comprehensive understanding and targeted interventions, this research aims to enhance occupational health and well-being. 662. DOI: 10. 5664/jcsm. 9642. Richards, J. ; Gumz, M. L. Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks. . 2012, 26 (9), 3602-3613. DOI: 10. 1096/fj. Vitaterna, M. H; Takahashi, J. S; Turek, F. W. Overview of circadian rhythms. Health. 2001, 25 (2), 85-93. PMID: 11584554; PMCID: PMC6707128. Abbott, K. S. ; Queener, H. M. ; Ostrin, L. A. The ipRGC-Response with Light Exposure, Refractive Error, and Sleep. Optometry and Vision Science. 2018, 95 (4) 323-331. DOI: 10. 1097/OPX. 0000000000001198 Andreani, T. S. ; Itoh, T. Q. ; Yildirim, E. ; Hwangbo, D. S. ; Allada, R. Genetics of Circadian Rhythms. Clin. 2015, 10 (4) 413-421. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jsmc. 2015. 08. 007 Bae, K. ; Jin, X. ; Maywood, E. S. ; Hastings, M. H. ; Reppert, S. M. ; Weaver, D. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Medicinal plants of the high-altitude cold desert in India: diversity, distribution and traditional uses. Manag. 2006; 2(1): 43-56. Fisher JF. Janet Rizvi. Trans-Himalayan Caravans: in Ladakh. New York: Press. 2003. . Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2013; 9(1): 4. . Medicinal plants used by inhabitants of the Shigar Valley, Baltistan region of Karakorum Range-Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2017; 13(1):53. Murthy KRK. A pictorial field guide—floral gallery of of Flowers and adjacent areas. Pvt. Ltd. Chennai (India), 2011. . Field guide plant biodiversity of Ladakh, WWF-India, 2008. Klimeš L, Dickoré B. A contribution to the vascular plant flora of (Jammu & Kashmir, India). Willdenowia. 2005; 35(1): 125-153. Stewart RR. The flora of Ladak, Western Tibet. II. List of Ladak plants. Bot Club. 1916; 43(12): 625-650. Sorensen T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons, Videnski. Selskab. Biologiske. Skrifter. 1948; 5:1–34. . Comparison of similarity coefficients used for cluster analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphism markers in the silkworm Bombyxmori. J Insect Sci. 2009; 9:1-8. Davis JC. Statistics and in Geology. & Sons. 1986. Harper DAT(ed. ). Numerical Palaeobiology. & Sons. . circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in R. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30:2811–2812. R. a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2018. Singh A. Lal M, Samant SS. Diversity, indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants in Lahaul valley, proposed Biosphere Reserve, India. Manag.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were performed using RAxML-NG v0. 6. 0 [80], using the appropriate model of nucleotide substitution for each gene partition (12S: GTR+I+G; 16S: TVM+G; COIII: TPM3uf+I+G; 18S: TIM2+I+G; 28S: GTR+I+G) in the combined alignment. was used to assess clade support allowing bootstrapping to halt automatically (-autoMRE). All analyses were run with gaps treated as missing data. Morphology and cnidae analysis of the anemone host Ostiactis pearseae Specimens were examined whole and dissected. Histological sections 5–10 μm thick were made from different body regions of two specimens using standard paraffin techniques and stained with stain [81]. The distribution and size ranges of cnidae in the tissues were analyzed from six specimens using light DIC microscopy (× 1000 magnification, oil immersion). Twenty non-fired capsules of each cnida type (when possible) were photographed and measured at random. Cnidae size distribution offers information on the variability in capsule size for each type of nematocyst. We follow a nematocyst terminology that combines the classification of [82], modified by [83], thus differentiating “basitrichs” from “b-mastigophores” with that of [84, 85] which captures the underlying variation seen in “rhabdoids” (see [74] for more details). We include photographs of each type of nematocyst for reliable comparison across terminologies and taxa (see [86]). Higher-level classification for Actiniaria follows [16]. Hybridization chain reaction-fluorescent in situ hybridizationSpecimens for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy were initially preserved in 4% sucrose-buffered paraformaldehyde (PFA) and kept at 4 °C for 24–48 h. These PFA-preserved specimens were then rinsed with 2× PBS, transferred to 70% ethanol, and stored at − 20 °C. Tissues were dissected and embedded in Steedman’s wax (1 part cetyl alcohol: 9 parts polyethylene glycol (400) distearate, mixed at 60 °C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2021, 18 (12), 6540. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph18126540 Alhola, P. ; Polo-Kantola, P. Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Treat. 2007, 3 (5), 553-567. Rouch, I. ; Wild, P. ; Ansiau, D. ; Marquié, J. C. Shiftwork experience, age and cognitive performance. Ergonomics. 2005, 48 (10) 1282-1293. DOI: 10. 1080/00140130500241670. PMID: 16253945. Kazemi, R. ; Haidarimoghadam, R. ; Motamedzadeh, M. ; Golmohamadi, R. ; Soltanian, A. ; Zoghipaydar, M. R. Effects of on Cognitive Performance, Sleep Quality, and Sleepiness among Room Operators. J Circadian Rhythms. 2016, 14 (1) DOI:10. 5334/jcr. 134. PMID: 27103934 Caruso, C. C. ; Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours. Rehabil Nurs. 2014, 39 (1), 16-25. DOI:10. 1002/rnj. 107 Boyle, L. N. ; Tippin, J. ; Paul, A. ; Rizzo, M. ; in the a Microsleep. . 2008, 11 (2), 126-136. DOI:10. 1016/j. trf. 2007. 08. 001 Babkoff, H. ; Zukerman, G. ; Fostick, L. ; Ben-Artzi, E. Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment. J Sleep Res. 2005, 4 (1), 7-15. DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2869. 2004. 00423. x Hastings, M. H. ; Reddy, A. B. ; Maywood, E. S. A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease. Neurosci. 2003, 4 (8) 649-661. DOI: 10. 1038/nrn1177.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: 2009; 5(3): 132-154. . Studies on traditional knowledge of economically important plants of Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District, Pakistan. J Res. 2011; 5(16): 3958-3967. . Ethnobotanical studies of wild plant resources of. Biol. 2016; 6(2):257-264. Haider A, Qaiser M. of Chitral Valley,Pakistan with particular 2041. Kumar S, Sharma S. Species diversity, uses and distribution of medicinal plants along an altitudinal gradient in Paddar valley, Northwestern Himalaya. Plants. 2013; 3(3):343-351. . Floristic diversity along the roadsides of an urban biodiversity hotspot in Indian Himalaya. Plant Biosyst. 2019; 153(2):222-230. . Floristic composition and biological spectrum of Keran-a remote valley of northwestern Himalaya. Sin. 2019; 39:372-379. . Phytodiversity (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) in Mandal-Choptaforest of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J Nat Sci. 2010; 8:1-17. . First insights into the floristic diversity, biological spectra and phenology of Manoor Valley, Pakistan. Bot. 2018; 50:1113-24. Begum S, Abd-. Ethnomedicines of highly utilized plants in the temperate Himalayan region. . 2014; 11:132-142. . of Herbs of. Biol Boitech. 2014; 11(1):71-83. . An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan). J ethnopharmacol, 2006; 108: 152-154. DOI: 1016/j. jep. 2006. 04. 015. Forest resource use pattern in Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary and its fringe areas (a case study from Western Himalaya, India). En Pol. 2014;67: 138-145. . Ethnobotanical and Ethnomedicinal uses of floristic diversity in and surrounding areas of Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh, India. Biol Sci. 2013; 16(10): 451-468. . Ethnobotanical appraisal and medicinal use of plants in Patriata, New Murree, evidence from Pakistan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: An ethanol to wax gradient of 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1, and 100% wax, was used to embed the samples (1 h each treatment at 37 °C). Embedded samples were sectioned at ~ 3-μm thickness using a Leica RM2125 microtome and placed on slides. The protocol and all solutions used for HCR-FISH were as specified by Molecular Technologies, Inc. , and closely followed [87]. Sections were dewaxed in three 100% ethanol rinses, allowed to dry, and equilibrated in hybridization buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× sodium chloride, sodium citrate (SSC = 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin, 1× Denhardt’s solution, 10% dextran sulfate), for 20 min at 37 °C. Excess buffer was removed and sections were hybridized overnight in a humidification chamber at 37 °C in hybridization buffer, to which was added a final concentration of 5 nM of an unlabeled DNA probe, designed to be an exact match to the Ostiactis pearseae SUP05 16S rRNA phylotype (Anem-SUP05, 5′--3′), based on the probe, “BangT-642,” specific for the thiotrophic SUP05 symbiont in Bathymodiolus mussels [88]. A general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) was also used as a positive control. These probes contained a specific sequence initiator tag (termed B1 and B3) that triggered the oligomerization of pairs of fluorescently labeled DNA hairpins (i. e. , the amplification step; [87]). The B1 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of the Anem-SUP05 probe. The B3 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of each of three Eub338 probes I-III and to the Anem-SUP05 probe.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: PMID: 12894240. Dickmeis, T. Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2009, 200 (1) 3-22. doi: 10. 1677/JOE-08-0415. Escobar, C. ; Salgado-Delgado, R. ; Gonzalez-Guerra, E. ; Tapia, O. A. ; Angeles-Castellanos, M. ; Buijs, R. M. Circadian disruption leads to loss of homeostasis and disease. Sleep Disord. 2011, 2011:964510. doi: 10. 1155/2011/964510. Scheer, F. A. ; Hilton, M. F. ; Mantzoros, C. S. ; Shea, S. A. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. . 2009, 106 (11) 4453-4458. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0808180106. Boivin, D. B. ;. O. to Shift Work. Industrial Health. 2005, 43 (1) 34-48. DOI:0. 2486/indhealth. 43. 34 Czeisler, C. A. ; Allan, J. S. ; Strogatz, S. H. ; Ronda, J. M. ; Sánchez, Ramiro. ; Ríos, C. D. ; Freitag, W. O. ; Richardson, G. S. ; Kronauer, R. E. Resets the of the Timing of the Sleep-Wake Cycle. Science. 1986, 233 (4764) 667-671. DOI:10. 1126/science. 3726555 Gumenyuk, V. ; Howard, R. ; Roth, T. ; Korzyukov, O. ; Drake, C. L. Sleep Loss, Circadian Mismatch, and Abnormalities in Reorienting of Attention in with Disorder. Sleep. 2014 37 (3) 545–556. DOI:10. 5665/sleep. 3494 Richardson, G. S. ; Zee, P. C. ; Wang-Weigand, S. ; Rodriguez, L. ; Peng, X. Circadian Phase-of Administration in Healthy Adults.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013; 9(1): 13. doi: 1186/1746-4269-9-13. Ethnobotanical inventory and folk uses of indigenous plants from and Kashmir. J Trop Biomed, 2015; 5(3): 234-241. . Ethnobotanical knowledge among the semi-pastoral Gujjar tribe in the high altitude (Adhwari’s) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15: -. Cross-cultural comparison of plant use knowledge in Baitadi and Darchula districts, Nepal Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018; 14(1):40. doi: 10. 1186/s13002-018-0242-7. . Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in the management of diabetes in lower eastern province, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139:74–80. . Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Western Himalaya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 172:133-144. . Ethnomedicinal survey of herbaceous flora traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Dhundsir gad watershed of Garhwal Himalaya, India. . 2015; 4 (4):65-78. . in Western Himalaya, India: Community-Refuges for Conservation of Biodiversity and Culture. Appl. 2019;18: 1-21. . Diversity and use of ethnomedicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013; 9:25. . Ethnomedicine in Himalaya: a case study from Dolpa, Humla, Jumla and Mustang districts of Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006; 2:27. DOI: 10. 1186/1746-4269-2-27. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat-Pakistan). J. Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2014; 10: 36. . Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao)in northern Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: In this case, tag B1 was paired with Alexa647-labeled hairpins, and tag B3 was paired with Alexa488-labeled hairpins. Excess probe was removed by sequentially washing the slides for 15 min at 37 °C in probe wash buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× SSC, 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin) to which 5× SSCT (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate, 0. 1% Tween 20, pH 7) had been added to final concentrations (vol/vol) of 25%, 50%, and then 75%. This wash sequence was followed by two 15-min washes in 100% 5× SSCT at 37 °C. Before amplification, 6 pmol of each hairpin, per reaction, was “snap-cooled” by heating to 95 °C for 90 s, followed by 25 °C for 30 min, in a thermocycler in separate PCR tubes. During this time, sections were equilibrated with amplification buffer (Molecular Technologies; 5× SSC, 0. 1% Tween 20, 10% dextran sulfate) at room temperature for 30 min. For amplification, each “snap-cooled” hairpin in a pair was added to 100 μl amplification buffer (for a final hairpin concentration of 60 nM for each amplifier hairpin), and then sections were incubated overnight (~ 18 h) at room temperature on a rocking platform protected from light. To remove unbound hairpin sequences, sections were washed twice in 5× SSCT for 15 min at room temperature, followed by two 30-min washes in 5× SSCT. Sections were rinsed with distilled water and counterstained with 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 5 mg/mL) for 1 min, rinsed again, and mounted in Citifluor. Tissues were examined by epifluorescence microscopy using either a Nikon E80i epifluorescence microscope with a Nikon DS-Qi1Mc high-sensitivity monochrome digital camera or a microscope with an ANDOR-icamera.

Output: pass