Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: If it is shown that the relationships between CLA and other non-visual responses, such as phase shifting, are different than the one demonstrated for nocturnal melatonin suppression, another CS function could be developed and designated with an appropriate subscript (such as CSnmel for nocturnal melatonin suppression and CSpshift for phase shifting). Again, this development would be quite similar to the evolution of different visual spectral sensitivity functions. As a final note, even the model of human circadian phototransduction based upon nocturnal melatonin suppression and used to calculate CLA and CS is probably incomplete. It does not take into account possible participation of different types of ipRGCs [50] and recent evidence that the melanopsin photopigment in the ipRGCs follows a very different regenerative process than that employed by the classical photoreceptors [51]. These phenomena may have heretofore unknown effects on the spectral and absolute sensitivities of the circadian system that would demand consideration in a revised model of phototransduction and therefore an evolving definition of circadian light. Hopefully, however, the information presented here is an important step toward the precise application of light stimuli for the human circadian system. is formally defined as optical radiation capable of providing visual sensation in humans. The current definition of light does not directly relate to its effects on the human circadian system. Since temporal patterns of retinal light (and dark) exposures regulate the human circadian system and since disruption of the circadian system has broad implications for health and well-being [2 - 9,52,53], it is becoming increasingly important to develop a new definition of circadian light. Toward that end, the present paper has placed the evolving development of a definition of circadian light into the historical context of light as it has been defined for metrology and as it affects human vision. As described here, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for circadian light will probably never be exactly comparable to the photopic luminous efficiency function used in conventional photometry based upon the human visual system. Nevertheless, it is increasingly important that a measurement system, such as CL, CLA, and CS as presented here, be developed for quantifying the photic stimulus for the human circadian system. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions The outline of the 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Of course, a more comprehensive treatment of X factors would account for a wider range of views and a wider range of interactions, some of which could make near-term AI sentience more likely and others of which could make it less likely. But for present purposes we allow only for views and interactions that make near-term AI consciousness less likely, in the spirit of showing that even when we make assumptions that favor negligibility, negligibility can still be hard to establish. Finally, as we note in the introduction to this paper, a comprehensive estimate about the probability of near-term AI moral standing might need to consider more than the probability of near-term AI consciousness. Specifically, if multiple theories of moral standing have a non-negligible chance of being correct, then we will need to estimate the probability that each theory is correct, estimate the probability that some near-term AI systems will have moral standing according to each theory, and then put it all together to generate an estimate that reflects our normative uncertainty and our descriptive uncertainty. We expect that expanding our model in this manner would drive the probability of AI moral standing up, not down, but we emphasize that our conclusion in this paper is tentative until we confirm that. With that in mind, the table below illustrates that even if we assume, implausibly in our view, that a biological substrate or function has a very high chance of being necessary and a 100% chance of being unmet; that an X factor has a very high chance of being both necessary and unmet; and that each moderately demanding condition has a high chance of being both necessary (except attention schema; see above) and unmet (except embodiment and grounded perception; see above) (even though other moderately demanding conditions are plausibly already met too and researchers are pursuing promising strategies for meeting them); we can still end up with a one in a thousand chance of AI consciousness by 2030—which, we believe, is more than enough to warrant at least some moral consideration for at least some near-term AI systems. 5 Chance of AI Consciousness by 2030Reminder: This table is for illustrative purposes only. These credences are not meant to be accurate, but are rather meant to show how skeptical one can be about AI consciousness while still being committed to at least a one in a thousand chance of AI consciousness by 2030. ConditionsNecessaryby 2030Necessary and Not MetBiological substrate or function80%100%80.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Thus, the microtubule networks contract to approximately the same final density irrespective of the concentration of p150-CC1. The observation that inhibiting dynein affects the timescale of contraction but not the final density to which the network contracts is consistent with the predictions of our model. We note that even at the highest p150-CC1 concentrations used, the network still undergoes a bulk contraction. This could possibly be due to incomplete inhibition of dynein by p150-CC1, or by another motor protein present in the extract that also contributes to the contraction process. As the characteristic time, τ∝1s, by comparing the characteristic times in the uninhibited and 2 μM p150-CC1 cases, we can estimate that the strength of the active stress, s, in the 2 μM p150-CC1 condition is only ≈ 4% of the strength of the active stress in the uninhibited case, arguing that even if another motor is involved in the contraction, dynein contributes ≈ 96% of the active stress. Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Network contraction is a dynein-dependent process. (A) Fraction contracted as a function of time, ϵ(t), when dynein is inhibited using p150-CC1. (B) The characteristic time of contraction, τ, increases with increasing p150-CC1 concentration. Solid green line indicates fit of sigmoid function. (C) ϵ∞ has no apparent variation with p150-CC1 concentration. Solid green line indicates the mean value of ϵ∞. All panels display mean ± s. e. m. Discussion Here, we have shown that networks of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus egg extracts undergo a bulk contraction. By systematically varying the width of the microfluidic channel in which the network forms, we demonstrated that the timescale of contraction is not a poroelastic or viscoelastic timescale. A simple active fluid model of network contraction by dynein-driven clustering of microtubule minus ends correctly predicts the dependence of the contraction timescale on channel width, the nonuniform density profile in the network during contraction, and that inhibiting dynein affects the timescale of contraction but not the final density that the network contracts to.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Thapan, K; Arendt, J; Skene, DJAn action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans J Physiol 535: 261–7, DOI: [PubMed] Berson, DM; Dunn, FA; Takao, MPhototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock Science 295: 1070–3, DOI: [PubMed] Hattar, S; Liao, HW; Takao, M; Berson, DM; Yau, KWMelanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence for spectral opponency in the suppression of melatonin by light in humans Neuroreport 15: 313–6, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Rea, MSDemonstration of additivity failure in human circadian phototransduction 26: 493–8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: 0%Embodiment70%10%7. 0%Grounded perception70%10%7. 0%Self-awareness70%70%49. 0%Agency70%70%49. 0%Global workspace70%70%49. 0%Higher-order representation70%70%49. 0%Recurrent processing70%80%56. 0%Attention schema50%75%37. 5%X factor75%90%67. 5%AI Consciousness by 2030* ~ 0. 1% (1 in 1000)Footnote 17 *The chance that all conditions, including an X factor, are either unnecessary or met by 2030 This exercise, rough as it may be, shows that accepting a non-negligible chance of near-future AI consciousness and moral standing is not a fringe position. On the contrary, rejecting this possibility requires holding stronger views about the nature and value of other minds and the pace of AI development than we think is warranted. In short, assuming that conscious beings merit consideration, humans should extend moral consideration to beings with at least a one in a thousand chance of being conscious, and we should take some AI systems to have at least a one in a thousand chance of being conscious and morally significant by 2030. It follows that we should extend moral consideration to some AI systems by 2030. And since technological change tends to be faster than social change, we should start preparing for that eventuality now. NotesOf course, we are not the first to suggest that AI systems might be moral patients, or that we should start preparing for AI moral patienthood now. Others have argued for similar conclusions in different ways. See, for instance, [23,24,25,26,27,28]. However, in a discussion of existing work on AI moral standing, [29] notes: “to the extent that [the] arguments avoid questionable assumptions, they do little to inform our present and future decisions about actual AIs, which have no demonstrated connection to the imaginary forms of AI they hypothesize” (p. 4). Accordingly, this paper does more than discuss the possibility of AI moral patienthood. It examines the probability that near-term AI systems will meet specific conditions for moral patienthood, as well as how this probability is relevant to our actions and policies. N. B. When we say that our considerability threshold of.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Parameters of this model can be measured by the scaling of the contraction timescale with channel width and by a detailed analysis of the inhomogeneities in the network that develop during contraction. Both methods give similar values. Our results demonstrate that the behaviors of a complex biological system can be quantitatively described by a simple active matter continuum theory. These active matter theories aim to describe the behavior of cytoskeletal systems at large-length scales and long-timescales by effectively averaging all of the molecular complexity into a small set of coarse-grained parameters. Previously, these theories have been predominately applied to describe biological systems near non-equilibrium steady states (Prost et al. , 2015; Brugués et al. , 2014). In the present work, we augment previous theories with a nonlinear active stress term derived from microscopic considerations to capture the far from steady state dynamics of the contraction process. This approach allows us to quantitatively explain our experimental results using a theory with only four parameters, while a complete microscopic model would require understanding the behavior of the thousands of different proteins present in Xenopus egg extracts. Furthermore, the considerations of the model are general, and it will be interesting to consider whether the end clustering mechanism proposed here could contribute to contraction in actin networks as well. In our model, the active stress which drives network contraction results from the motor-induced clustering of microtubule minus ends, the same process thought to be responsible for aster formation and spindle pole focusing (Gaglio et al. , 1995; Mountain et al. , 1999; Verde et al. , 1991, Elting et al. , 2014; Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007; Khodjakov et al. , 2003; Goshima et al. , 2005). Our results, and previous data (Verde et al. , 1991; Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007), are consistent with minus end clustering in Xenopus egg extracts primarily arising from the activity of dynein. The ability of dynein to cluster microtubule minus ends could result from dynein being able to accumulate on the minus end of one microtubule, while simultaneously walking towards the minus end of another (Hyman and Karsenti, 1996; McKenney et al. 2014; Figure 4A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Rea, MSRetinal mechanisms determine the subadditive response to polychromatic light by the human circadian system 438: 242–5, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MG; Possidente, BP; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSAdditivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–7, DOI: [PubMed] Dkhissi-Benyahya, O; Gronfier, C; De Vanssay, W; Flamant, F; Cooper, HMModeling the role of mid-wavelength cones in circadian responses to light Neuron 53: 677–87, DOI: [PubMed] Jacobs, GH; Williams, GA; Fenwick, JAInfluence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse 44: 1615–22, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, AA model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–28. [PubMed] Aggelopoulos, NC; Meissl, HResponses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions J Physiol 523: 211–22, DOI: [PubMed] McIntyre, IM; Norman, TR; Burrows, GD; Armstrong, SMHuman melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent J 6: 149–56, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGHuman melatonin suppression by light: a case for scotopic efficiency 299: 45–8, DOI: [PubMed] Zeitzer, JM; Dijk, DJ; Kronauer, R; Brown, E; Czeisler, CSensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526: 695–702.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: ) From the odds that the conditions are (a) necessary for AI consciousness and (b) not met by 2030 (conditional on being necessary), we can calculate the odds that a condition is a barrier to AI sentience (i. e. , “necessary and not met”). For example, when we multiply the odds that recurrent processing is necessary (70%) by the odds that this condition is not met (80%), we can derive the odds that this condition is a barrier to AI consciousness: 70% × 80% = 56%. And when we multiply the odds of each conditions, including the X factor(s), not being a barrier together (assuming independence [see discussion]), we get the odds that nothing is a barrier, and, so, that AI systems can be conscious: i. e. , (1–80%) x (1–7%) … (1–67. 5%) = 0. 105%. 2303. 11717). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Meta Bakhtin, A. , Brown, N. , Dinan, E. , Farina, G. , Flaherty, C. , Fried, D. , Goff, A. , Gray, J. , Hu, H. , Jacob, A. P. , Komeili, M. , Konath, K. , Kwon, M. , Lerer, A. , Lewis, M. , Miller, A. H. , Mitts, S. , Renduchintala, A. , Roller, S. , Zijlstra, M. , (FAIR)†: Human-level play in the game of diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning. Science. 378(6624), 1067–1074 (2022)2310. 08864). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Villalobos, P. : "Literature Review," Published online at epochai. org (2023). Retrieved from: ' Accessed 15 June 2023Bowman, S. : Eight things to know about large language models (arXiv:2304. 00612). arXiv (2023). Accessed 15 June 2023Acemoglu, D. , Autor, D. , Hazell, J. , Restrepo, P. : Artificial intelligence and jobs: evidence from online vacancies. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: There is indication that such behaviors may indeed occur in spindles (Elting et al. , 2014), and pursuing a better understanding of those processes is an exciting future direction that will help to clarify the function of dynein in spindles. The observation that microtubule networks contract in Xenopus egg extracts suggests that motor-induced stresses in spindles are net contractile and not extensile as previously assumed (Brugués and Needleman, 2014). The contribution of dynein to spindle pole focusing may ultimately be due to these contractile stresses. The presence of contractile stresses from dynein might also explain both the observation that the fusion of spindles is dynein-dependent (Gatlin et al. , 2009), and the apparently greater cohesion between microtubules at spindle poles, (where dynein is localized [Gatlin et al. , 2010]). It is unclear what processes set the density of microtubules in the spindle, and the finding that the active stress generated from minus end clustering saturates at a preferred microtubule density could play an important role. Materials and methods Preparation of Xenopus extracts Request a detailed protocol CSF-arrested extracts were prepared from Xenopus llaevis oocytes as previously described (Hannak and Heald, 2006). Crude extracts were sequentially filtered through 2. 0, 1. 2, and 0. 2 micron filters, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use. Preparation of microfluidic devices Request a detailed protocol Channel negatives were designed using AutoCAD 360 (Autodesk) and (Silhouette America) software, cut from 125-micron-thick tape (3M Scotchcal, St. Paul, MN) using a die cutter, and a master was made by adhering channel negatives to the bottom of a petri dish. PDMS (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, MI; 10:1 mixing ratio) was cast onto the masters and cured overnight at 60°C. Devices and coverslips were each corona treated with air plasma for 1 min before bonding. Channels containing a degassed solution of 5 mg/mL BSA (J. T. Baker, Center Valley, PA) supplemented with 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDCircadian effectiveness of two polychromatic lights in suppressing human nocturnal melatonin 406: 293–7, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Bullough, JD; Rea, MSA personal light-treatment device for improving sleep quality in the elderly: dynamics of nocturnal melatonin suppression at two exposure levels 26: 726–39, DOI: [PubMed] Revell, VL; Skene, DJLight-induced melatonin suppression in humans with polychromatic and monochromatic light 24: 1125–37, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Rea, MSOn melatonin suppression from polychromatic and narrowband light 25: 653–5, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Fay, CR; Rea, MSOn light as an alerting stimulus at night Exp 67: 171–8. Bierman, A; Klein, TR; Rea, MSThe Daysimeter: a device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system Technol 16: 2292–9, DOI: Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JDA new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health J 6: 7. DOI: [PubMed] Miller, D; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Schernhammer, ES; Rea, MSEcological measurements of light exposure, activity, and circadian disruption in real-world environments Proceedings of 2009. Eindhoven: of Technology, 61. Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Plitnick, B; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night BMC Neurosci 10: 105.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: familial mediterranean feverinflammationfever syndromesJust listen to your patient, he is telling you the diagnosis. Osler (1849–1919),Canadian physician and professor of medicineWhat will the future of rare diseases look like? We picture an 18-year-old young man from a village somewhere in Europe. His name is Omer. Omer has been suffering from disease episodes since his early childhood: bursts of fever, fatigue and abdominal pain. He visited many doctors, but none of them was able to establish a satisfactory treatment. He went through a diagnostic and therapeutic odyssey typical for rare disease patients. Fatigue has led him into social isolation. He is perceived as a malingerer. 1 Omer uses today’s technology to find helpHe begins to Google. Due to the unspecific nature of his approach, the search does not bring up specific results, though. Helpful medical knowledge is not accessible to him this way. Consequently, he looks for help through social media. He is targeted for an advertisement of a symptom checker app because of his previous searches and app downloads in his Ad-ID. He reads ‘start a symptom assessment! ’ and decides to instal the app. Omer starts the symptom assessment in his mother tongue. The chatbot’s underlying ontology is designed to translate professional medical concepts into common language. It initially asks about his basic demographics, ethnicity, pre-existing conditions, current symptoms and their specific attributes. The dialogue reveals that Omer has lately also shown a red, hot, swollen, sharply bordered painful eruption in the calf. Based on its internal probabilistic disease models, the chatbot’s reasoning algorithms compile a first list of possible underlying diseases, among them several autoimmune diseases and periodic fever syndromes. The chatbot realises the complex situation and the need for a deeper anamnesis. It continues assessing the course and quality of Omer’s symptoms. It asks about the onset, intensity and duration of his fevers thereby identifying the presence of repeating disease episodes. In reaction, the chatbot encourages Omer to track his symptoms over time to increase the value of timing-related information. By asking detailed questions regarding the possible diseases, the reasoning algorithm rules some of them in and some of them out. For example, the reported absence of weight loss renders tuberculosis less likely.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 5% w/w Pluronic F127 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were incubated overnight at 12°C. Unless stated otherwise, the microfluidic devices had a length of 18 mm, a height of 0. 125 mm, and a width of 1. 4 mm. Protein purification Request a detailed protocol GST-tagged p150-CC1 plasmid was a gift from (Uteng et al. , 2008). GST-p150-CC1 was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3)-T1R(Sigma) for 4 hr at 37°C. The culture was shifted to 18°C for 1 hr before adding 0. 2 mM IPTG and the culture was grown overnight at 18°C. Cells were centrifuged, resuspended in PBS supplemented with (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) and benzonase (Novagen, San Diego, CA) before lysis by sonication. GST-p150-CC1 was purified from clarified lysate using a GSTrap column FF (G. E. Healthcare, Sweden) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. GST-p150-CC1 was dialyzed overnight into 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM KCl, and 1 mM DTT. The GST tag was cleaved using (overnight incubation at 4°C). After removing free GST and using a GSTrap FF column, p150-CC1 was concentrated, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until use. Bulk contraction assay Request a detailed protocol 20 μL aliquots of filtered extract were supplemented with ∼1 μM Alexa-647 labeled tubulin and 2. 5 μM Taxol before being loaded into channels. For dynein inhibition experiments, 1 μL of either p150-CC1 or buffer alone was added to the extract immediately before Taxol addition. For Kinesin-5 inhibition experiments, 100 μM STLC (Sigma Aldrich) was added concurrently with Taxol. Channels were sealed with vacuum grease and imaged using a spinning disk confocal microscope (Nikon Ti2000, Yokugawa CSU-X1), an EMCCD camera (Hamamatsu), and a 2x objective using Metamorph acquisition software (Molecular Devices).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Perioperative Medicine| June 2009 of Temperature and Rest–after General (Propofol) Anesthesia in Dispersyn, Ph. D. ; Garance Dispersyn, Ph. D. *Junior Researcher. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 1315. Split-10. 1097/ALN. 0b013e3181a10225 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search anesthesia is commonly associated with sleep disorders, fatigue, drowsiness, and mood alterations in patients. The authors examined whether general (propofol) anesthesia can impact the circadian temporal structure by disturbing circadian rest-activity and body temperature rhythms under normal light-dark conditions (light-dark 12:12 h) in rats. MethodsA group of rats was anesthetized with propofol, and another was injected with 10% Intralipid, which was used as a control lipidic solution. The authors examined six groups of rats according to the Zeitgeber time of intraperitoneal administration (ZT6, ZT10, ZT16) and the substance injected (propofol or Intralipid). ResultsOn the day after anesthesia, propofol induced a significant 60- to 80-min phase advance of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms. A significant 45- to 60-min phase advance of body temperature and a significant 20-min phase advance of rest-activity were still observed on the second day after anesthesia. The amplitudes of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms were decreased on the first and second days after anesthesia. The 24-h mean rest-activity rhythm was decreased on the day after anesthesia, whereas the 24-h mean body temperature rhythm was not modified. ConclusionThe results demonstrate the disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure in rats under normal light conditions. Topics: body temperature, propofol, rats, rhythm, core body temperature, intravenous fat emulsions research on postoperative circadian rhythms in patients suggests that both general anesthetics and surgery can disturb the circadian time structure via multifactorial mechanisms. 1,2General anesthesia can be described as a pharmacologic state involving amnesia, immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Based on all the collected data, the app provides an assessment report containing a list of the possible underlying diseases ranked by their calculated probabilities. The reasoning algorithm recognises that securing the diagnosis of FMF needs professional support. Therefore, it compiles a sequence of diagnostic steps:A physical examination and an ultrasound scan to evaluate for lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. An interferon-gamma release assay to rule out tuberculosis. A blood test to evaluate presence of signs of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. A urine sample to test for proteinuria as a sign of renal amyloidosis. A genetic test to confirm a Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene mutation. The app creates a status-quo report in which all previous findings, working hypothesis, remaining differentials and the next diagnostic steps are presented. It asks Omer to send it to a doctor of his choice. However, Omer denies to have an appropriate doctor. Because of this, the app retrieves experts for this disease from a repository and suggests the nearest specialist. Omer agrees to contact the expert in the nearest city 90 km away and to forward the assessment report. The chatbot now sees that the expert’s clinic has a standardised consumer-to-clinical handover application programming interface. After an automated check of the data has confirmed the legitimacy of the request, it delivers Omer"s case data in a structured, ontology-based form. The expert spots Omer’s request in the inbox of his clinical decision support system (CDSS). Beside a time-saving and well-structured description of the status-quo, Omer’s app provides as well information on why certain tests are needed and what their outcomes would mean for the diagnostic progress. Moreover, it visualises the underlying reasoning in an understandable and traceable way according to the rules of the Union4 to make the machine’s arguments as verifiable as possible. Underlying affected molecular pathways are presented, too. After having examined Omer’s report, the expert agrees on FMF being a possible explanation. Referring to the recommendations for diagnosis of FMF,5 the app actively suggests a specific genetic test.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: t=0 is defined when the imaging begins, ≈ 1 min after Taxol addition to the extract. After a brief lag time, the microtubule networks spontaneously begin contraction. Images were analyzed using ImageJ and custom build and Python software (available at Parameters were fit to contraction data using timepoints where ϵ(t)> 0. 1. Final density estimation Request a detailed protocol The final density was estimated using contraction experiments with 2. 5 μM Taxol in 0. 9 mm channels. For each experiment, the frame closest to t = τ + Tc was isolated, where τ and Tc are the timescale of contraction and the offset time respectively, obtained from fits of the time course of contraction to Equation 2 of the main text. After correcting for the camera offset and inhomogeneous laser illumination, the average fluorescence intensity of the network, ρN and the average fluorescence intensity in the channel outside the network, ρM were calculated. The fluorescence intensity in the channel but outside the network comes from monomeric fluorescently labeled tubulin and was assumed to be constant throughout the channel. The fractional concentration was then estimated as ρ(τ+Tc)=ρN-ρMρN+ρM. Using this measurement along with the fit curves for ϵ(t) and under the assumption that the network contracts in the z direction such that ϵ(t) in the z direction is the same as along the width, the inferred fractional concentration at t = ∞ was calculated as ρ(t=∞)=ρ(τ+Tc)(1-ϵ∞)2(1-ϵ∞(1-e-1))2 Assuming the fluorescently labeled tubulin incorporates into microtubules at the same rate as endogenous tubulin, we can multiply the derived fractional density ρ(t = ∞) by the tubulin concentration in extract, ≈18 μM (Parsons and Salmon, 1997) to arrive a final network tubulin concentration of ≈30 μM. Density profile measurements Request a detailed protocol Images from contraction experiments were corrected for the camera offset and inhomogeneous laser illumination before being thresholded in order to segment the microtubule network from background fluorescence. Rotations of the channel relative to the CCD were detected by fitting linear equations to edges of the microtubule network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 3The aim of anesthesia is to create a state of sensory deprivation, to induce a lack of motor reaction to stimuli, and to obtain explicit amnesia. General anesthesia seems to be a particular state of consciousness that shares some common neuronal mechanisms with sleep. 4,5 Previous studies showed that propofol disturbed the circadian rest–activity rhythm in rats in constant darkness. 6Indeed, when rats were anesthetized with propofol near (±2 h) the rest–activity transition point, propofol induced a 1-h phase advance of the rest–activity rhythm. However, this desynchronizing effect was observed in specific laboratory conditions (free-running rhythms, constant darkness). The issue with experiments performed in constant darkness is that there are far from environmental conditions present in human clinical practice. Therefore, even if propofol can disturb the circadian time structure in laboratory conditions of constant darkness, its effects could be masked by the presence of light, which is the most powerful synchronizer. Circadian rhythms (period close to 24 h) are regulated in mammals by a main circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus. Input pathways (e. g. , light, social synchronizers) connect the circadian clock to the external environment, and output pathways transfer circadian rhythmicity to physiologic, behavioral, and biochemical parameters of the organism. 7,8 Our hypothesis was that general anesthesia could act as an external factor that could disturb the circadian time structure. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of general (propofol) anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms in normal light conditions (12 h light–12 h dark) in rats. It is important to study whether general anesthesia effects observed in constant darkness persists under normal light conditions or disappears because of the powerful resynchronizing effect of the light on the circadian structure. The disturbing effects of general anesthesia on circadian rest–activity and core body temperature rhythms might theoretically have large consequences in humans and sustain postoperative wake–sleep disorders. The effects of propofol anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms were assessed by telemetry, a method widely used for the continuous measurement of body temperature and locomotor activity in rats. 9 Materials and Forty male Wistar rats (Janvier, Le Genest-St-Isle, France), 5 weeks old and weighing 170–195 g at the beginning of the experiment, were studied.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: AlmostThere are symptom checker apps that perform symptom assessments to compile lists of likely diseases or to give safe next step advice. 7 8 One of them is combining knowledge models of diseases with probabilistic reasoning that deliver promising results also in the field of rare diseases. 9 There is an increasing number of deep learning artificial intelligence algorithms10 that support specific diagnostic tasks like the classification of specific skin conditions11 12 or the recognition of facial phenotypes of genetic disorders based on images. 13 There is polygenic risk assessment. 14 There are expert repositories that allow to search for the right specialist. 15 EU recommendations exist for electronic health record formats that will enable patients and physician to share health data securely. 16 CDSS to help experts to diagnose rare diseases have been developed. 9 17 Video consultations,18 19 remote self-testing kits20 and electronic prescriptions21 are a reality. Dry-blood sampling is on its way. 22 Remote patient monitoring with sensors23 is in use. Digital therapeutics are a reality,24 disease telemonitoring exists25 and digital tracking of outcome measures has shown positive effects. 26 Most information about rare diseases is already collected in databases that use common standards to describe disease phenotypes and are connected to databases of genetic variants. 27 But now, to unfold the full potential of these technologies, and at the same time avoiding their risks, the pieces have to be integrated in a seamless, easy-to-use and ethical platform patients and physicians can trust (figure 1). To ensure trust, traceability of the system processes will be crucial to overcome the limitations of non-transparent systems and guarantee accountability in the event of incorrect diagnosis or treatment complications. A system that is transparent in its decision making is needed, so that patients and physicians will be able to act autonomously and responsibly. Convenience should not be enough when it comes to personal health. Trustworthiness of data handling as well as medical quality of knowledge-base and algorithms are essential. Here the authors see clinical and scientific experts to take responsibility and set up a not-for-profit repository that provides ontology-based up-to-date knowledge. The repository will function as a gold-standard basis for hybrid intelligent systems regulated by risk-managing methodologies similar to medical device regulation. Machine learning algorithms will analyse the outcome data and point out interesting patterns to experts who will explore the biomedical causality behind these observations according to proven scientific standards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: If the average of the slopes from the top and bottom of the network was greater than 1/(the number of pixels in the length of the image), a rotated, interpolated frame was constructed where pixels were assigned based on the intensity of the pixel in the original frame weighted by their area fraction in the interpolated pixel. Frames were averaged along the length of the channel before background signal subtraction. For density profiles compared with simulations, the edge peaks of the density profile were identified and pixels between the two peaks were retained. Profiles were normalized such that the integral of the profile was set to 1. P0. Force balance in the gel requires (9) ∂xσgel=γ̄v+λv-vf, where the gel stress σgel=η∂xv-σ+(ρ∕ρtot)P consists of a viscous stress η∂xv, an active stress σ, and a hydrostatic pressure P. The friction coefficient γ̄ quantifies the momentum transfer between the gel and its confinement and λ quantifies the momentum transfer between and the gel and the fluid. The momentum continuity equation of the permeating fluid is (10) 0=ηf∂x2vf-∂x(ρf∕ρtot)P+λv-vf, where ηf is the fluid viscosity. In our experiments, changing the height of the chamber does not appreciably change the timescale τ of the observed contractions, see Figure 3F. Furthermore, there is little observed motion of the extract surrounding the film. Presumably vf≪v since the system is relatively dilute, i. e. ρ≪ρf, and the length-scale ηf∕λ is large compared to the chamber height. We thus simplify Equation (9) to (11) η∂x2v-γv=∂xσ, where γ=λ+γ̄. Equation (11) is the force balance equation we henceforth use for the gel to quantitatively capture the experimental dynamics. Note that ρ≪ρf also allowed us to neglect the hydrostatic pressure in the gel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on body temperature rhythm acrophase showed significant effects of days (F 6,180= 27. 21, P < 10−4), treatment (F 1,30= 14. 43, P = 0. 001), and Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 8. 66, P = 0. 001), with significant interactions (days × treatment: F 6,180= 19. 35, P < 10−4; Zeitgeber time × treatment: F 2,30= 7. 19, P = 0. 003). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the acrophase phase shift from baseline calculated for each animal. For ZT6, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:03 h ± 07 min vs. 00:10 ± 07 min), D2 (00:47 h ± 03 min vs. 00:06 h ± 03 min), D3 (00:19 h ± 03 min vs. 00:01 h ± 02 min; all P < 10−4), and D4 (00:09 h ± 03 min vs. 00:01 h ± 02 min; P = 0. 03) (fig. 3A). For ZT10, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:27 h ± 02 min vs. 00:05 h ± 02 min; P = 0. 001) and D2 (00:49 h ± 06 min vs. 00:01 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) (fig. 3B). For ZT16, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:12 h ± 10 min vs. 00:04 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) and D2 (01:00 h ± 12 min vs. 00:03 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) (fig. 3C). Amplitude of Rest–We observed a decreased in the amplitude of the circadian rest–activity rhythm after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after the Intralipid administration (fig. 4and table 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: With few exceptions (Atiim & Elliott, 2016), we thought we were through the 5th stage of the epidemiologic transition (if you’ve never watched this video by Hans Rosling, “200 Countries, 200 years, 4 minutes”, you are missing out! www. youtube. com/watch? v=jbkSRLYSojo), but we now realize that global health is topsy-turvy: infectious disease has re-emerged as a priority public health issue in the entire world, while in developing countries, we continue to see the rise of non-communicable diseases, like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke (Gouda et al. , 2019). Does that mean those developing countries are now developed? Or that all health is global health? As a result of globalization in general, we see these shifts in public and population health happening in all parts of the world now. And we also see, as Marmot taught us all a few decades ago (Wilkinson & Marmot, 2003), that the greatest contributors to the health of the population are the social determinants of health, not our access to formal health care facilities. This too is global; our neighbours in the developing world equally require social support, less stress, secure employment, and more resources for good early years. All health is global health, and all global health is public health. Finally, the more things change, the more they stay the same. himself (Fee & Brown, 2005) fought for access to sanitation and safe water for urban populations, and it was those factors—not access to vaccines and medicines (McKeown, 2014)—that shifted the curve in terms of population health. And when COVID-19 hit the world in 2019, access to water—to wash our hands to stem the spread of the virus—became paramount and the pandemic shone a spotlight on existing inequalities in access to safe water. Not just in the developing world; in the of America, 90 major cities had to scramble to pass legislation to force privatized water companies to turn the water back on in low-income households in major urban areas so that poor people—whose water supply had been shut off because they were too poor to pay their bill—could have access to the intervention most likely to keep them and their loved ones safe from the virus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We complement Equation (11) by the stress boundary condition at the edges of the film at x= ± W(t)∕2 (12) η∂xv-σx=±W(t)2=0. The width of the film obeys (13) ∂tW(t)=vW(t)∕2-v-W(t)∕2. Active stresses from dynein-mediated microtubule interactions We next seek to obtain an expression for the active stress by coarse-graining a microscopic model of interactions between dynein molecular motors and microtubules. Here, we assume that dynein builds up near microtubule minus ends as previously suggested (Elting et al. , 2014; Surrey et al. , 2001), and hence forces are exchanged between microtubules through the microtubules’ minus ends. We introduce the positions of microtubule minus ends xi, such that the film density can be written as (14) ρ(x)=∑iδ(x-xi). The force exerted by the i-th on the j-th filament is Fij, with Fij=-Fji as required by momentum conservation. The active stress σ generated in this context is defined by the force balance equation (15) ∂xσ=∑iδ(x-xi)∑jFij, up to an arbitrary constant of integration. Note that averaging Equation (15) over an appropriate mesoscopic volume yields the well-known Kirkwood formula. To model microtubule-dynein interactions, we propose that Fij=Aij+Rij, where Aij is a dynein-mediated attractive force between minus ends, and Rij is a repulsive force from steric interactions between nearby filaments (Figure 4). Generically, Aij and Rij depend on the relative positions and orientations of microtubules i and j. Since we are concerned with a disordered assembly of microtubules in which all orientations occur with the same likelihood it is sufficient for our purposes to only think of microtubule positions, and orientation effects average out.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A significant decrease of the amplitude during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia was only detected when propofol was administered at ZT10. Indeed, for ZT6 and ZT10, only a tendency of decreased amplitude was observed, which was not significant. Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 45, P = 0. 506) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 73, P = 0. 08). Multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 8. 59, P < 10−4) and treatment (F 1,30= 5. 74, P = 0. 023) but no significative effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 55, P = 0. 09), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 4. 56, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1–D5 (fig. 4A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1 (27%; P = 0. 004) and D2 (8%; P = 0. 013) (fig. 4B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm (fig. 4C). Amplitude of observed a decrease in the amplitude of body temperature circadian rhythm during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after Intralipid administration (fig. 5and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 977, P = 0. 388) or treatment (F 1,30= 4. 173, P = 0. 05). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: 2Where, P–Power in the wind (W), ρ – (kg/m3), A–Rotor swept area (m2) and V–(m/s) A. 4 Wind class of a wind turbineWind class of a wind turbine helps to choose a suitable turbine for a particular site. The design of wind turbine and site conditions should complement each other for the successful operation of the wind turbine at the particular site, throughout its design life. As per the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 61400-1, three wind classes (Class I, II & III) are categorized to represent high, medium, and low wind regimes. The classification is governed by the average annual wind speed (measured at the turbine’s hub height), the speed of extreme gusts that could occur over 50 years, and how much turbulence is there at the wind site. Generally, turbines are designed to cope up with high average wind speeds in the range of 10 m/s. A Class II turbine is designed for windier sites up to 8. 5 m/s average wind speed, whereas a Class III turbine is designed for a low wind site with the annual average wind speed up to 7. 5 m/s. Each of the mentioned further has subclasses to design turbines matching up with the wind turbulence at the site. A. 5 Power curve of wind turbinePower curve of a wind turbine shows the relationship between the output power of the turbine and wind speed, provides a convenient way to model the performance of wind turbines. A typical power curve for a pitch regulated wind turbine is shown below (Figure A1):Figure A1. Power curve of pitch-regulated blades. As shown in the figure, the power output in region-I is zero, as the wind speeds are less than the threshold minimum, known as the cut-in speed. In region-II, between the cut-in and the rated speed, the power production increases proportionally to the wind speed. In the region-III, a constant output (rated) is produced until the cut-off speed is attained through regulating the system. Beyond this speed (region IV) the turbine is shut down to protect its components from high winds; hence, it produces zero power in this region. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The average attractive force Aij that motors bound to the minus end of filament i exert on filament j can be expressed locally as the product (16) Aij=(Pij+Pji)aij, where Pij is the probability that a motor connects the minus end of filament i to filament j and aij is the force which the motor exerts if a connection is made. Since each dynein can link at most two filaments, (17) Pij=m1-Θ(xi- xj - Γ)∑k≠i(1-Θ(xi- xk - Γ)), where m is the fraction of filaments that carry an active motor at their minus end and Γ is a typical interaction distance. Here, Θ(x) denotes the Heaviside function which is equal to one for positive x and zero otherwise. If aij is an odd function of the separation vector xi-xj, it can be expressed by the series aij=∑n≥1An(xi-xj)2n-1. (14), the force density field generated by motor contractions becomes to lowest order in Γ, (18) ∑ iδ (x-xi) ∑ jAij=mA12Γ23∂xρ + O(Γ4), which corresponds to an active stress contribution (2∕3)mA1Γ2ρ. We next discuss the average steric force that filament i exerts on filament j. Given the force rij of a collision event we find (19) Rij=m(1-Θ( xi - xj -Γ))rij. Equation (19) is linear in the motor density m, since only filaments that are being actively moved will sterically displace their neighbors. Note that here we chose the typical interaction distance Γ to be the same in Equation (19) and Equation (16) for simplicity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 40), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 30. 16, P < 10−4). For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm during the days after the anesthesia (fig. 6A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm on D1 (19%; P = 0. 048) (fig. 6B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on rest–activity rhythm MESOR during the days after anesthesia (all P > 0. 05) (fig. 6C). MESOR of did not observe any modification of the MESOR of body temperature rhythm after the administration of propofol anesthesia (figs. 7A–Cand table 1), except on the day of injection (D0, table 1). Excluding the day of anesthesia (D0), multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the MESOR of body activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 5,150= 10. 736, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 3. 60, P = 0. 067) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 625, P = 0. 089). Table 2illustrates and recapitulates all the significant changes induced by propofol administration on the three cosinor parameters during the postanesthesia days described in the Results section. It recaps the days during which the cosinor parameters were significantly disturbed by propofol anesthesia. Table 2. Days during by View largecurrent study shows that general propofol anesthesia decreases the amplitude and induces a 1-h phase advance of both rest–activity and body temperature circadian rhythms during the 48 h after general anesthesia. These results demonstrate the disturbing effects of general propofol anesthesia on circadian rhythms in rats under usual alternation of light and darkness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Some methods for reducing of steam deficit at geothermal power plants exploitation: experience of Kamchatka (Russia) access Published: 15 December 2015 Some methods for reducing of steam deficit at geothermal power plants exploitation: experience of Kamchatka (Russia) A. N. Shulyupin1 & I. I. Chernev2 14. 5 MWe), Verkhne-Mutnovskoe (1999, 12 MWe) and Mutnovskoe-1 (2003, 50 MWe). The first plant is located at the Pauzhetskoe field. The other two are located at the Mutnovskoe field. plant provides stand-alone energy sector and operates at variable power. Mutnovskoe’s plants supply central energy sector (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and other nearby towns). They operate in conjunction with other types of power plants, producing up to 25 % of the energy for that sector. In order to select the most effective methods to reduce steam deficit, it is important to detect the origins of its occurrence. Deficit can be caused by: depletion of geothermal reservoir resources; reduction in performance of the equipment, including wells; and increase in consumer activity. Russia’s practice in the development of geothermal fields avoided miscalculations in geothermal reservoirs resources. Therefore, the above-mentioned first origin—the depletion of geothermal resources—fortunately, is not relevant. However, all operating plants of Kamchatka have faced the problem of steam deficit. A decrease in performance of wells is presented on the Mutnovskoe field. This decrease is associated mainly with scaling in filtration channels that feed underground reservoirs and wells trunks (scaling in the trunks of wells established experimentally). plant has a surplus of installed capacity. For many years, there were significant reserves in productive wells, the last of which was drilled in the 1970s. Currently, the reserve is exhausted. area, there was an increased demand for electricity due to the resurgence of the fishing industry and the use of modern, energy-intensive fish processing technologies. The increase in electricity demand induces steam deficit when a surplus of installed capacity and lack of productive wells are present. The use of unconditioned wellsStimulation of flow to the welland Pauzhetskoe fields have geothermal reservoirs with fluids mainly in a liquid state.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: If rij=∑n≥1Rn(xi-xj)2n-1 is an odd function of the displacement between the microtubule ends i and j the force density field generated by steric interactions is (20) ∑ iδ (x-xi) ∑ jRij=mR12Γ33ρ∂xρ + O(Γ5), which corresponds to an active stress contribution mR1Γ3ρ2∕3. The total active stress is thus given by, (21) σ=sρ(ρ-ρ0), with s=-mR1Γ3∕3 and ρ0=-2A1∕(R1Γ). Together with Equations (7,11,21) are the equations of motions of our system. Scaling analysis of the equations of motion We asked how the characteristic time of contractions scales as a function of the width W0 of the confining chamber, according to our theory. For this, we rewrite the equations of motion, Equations (7,11), in dimensionless form (22) δ2∂x^2v^-v^=∂x^(p^(p^-1)) (23) ∂t^ρ^=-∂x^ρ^v^ where x^=x∕W0, v^=vT∕W0, δ=l∕W0, l=η∕γ and ρ^=ρ∕ρ0 and T=γW02∕(sρ02). The boundary condition then becomes (24) ∂x^v^-1δ2(p^(p^-1))x^=±w^(t)2=0 with w^(t)=W(t)∕W0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Our data show that propofol induces a significant shift of the acrophase of both rest–activity and core body temperature (60–80 min) on the day after anesthesia (D1) when compared with reference days (figs. 2 and 3). The 1-h phase advance of rest–activity and body temperature rhythm represents approximately half of the maximal resetting effect of a light pulse in rodents in constant darkness. 13Moreover, rats were only anesthetized during 30 min, and therefore, the observed phase advance of the two rhythms is twice greater than the duration of propofol anesthesia. Rest–activity and body temperature rhythms are often used as circadian phase markers in mammals because of their coupling with the endogenous circadian profile. However, the core body temperature rhythm is less influenced by external factors and the sleep-wake cycle than rest–activity rhythm and thus seems to be a more robust parameter to reflect the endogenous circadian profile. 14In the current study, we showed that both rest–activity and core body temperature circadian markers were disturbed by general anesthesia, which is indicative of a significant dysregulation of endogenous circadian organization. Few studies have focused on the effects of general anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms. In humans (healthy volunteers), it has been shown that isoflurane (subanesthetic dose) does not disturb circadian parameters of the MESOR and acrophase of body temperature rhythm, but decreases the amplitude on the day of anesthesia. 15In rats, it has been shown that ketamine anesthesia disturbs the circadian parameters (MESOR, amplitude, acrophase) of body temperature and general locomotor activity rhythms on the day of anesthesia16but returns to basal values on the day after anesthesia (except for locomotor activity MESOR, which is still disturbed 3 days after anesthesia). One previous study has also shown that propofol induces a 1-h phase advance of rest–activity rhythm when free-running rats are anesthetized during the rest period. 6We would have thought that this 1-h phase advance obtained in constant darkness would not be repeated in conditions of light–dark alternation. Indeed, light could diminish the impact of propofol on the circadian time structure by creating a masking effect. Light is the most powerful synchronizer, and exposure to light is currently used to faster resynchronize disturbed circadian rhythms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Water levels in wells located below the surface of the earth are static. A feature of Russia’s approach in determining a reservoir’s resource is the physical delivery of necessary steam flow rate to the surface. The decision to build the plant is made only after sufficient evidence exists that the derived steam flow rate does not fall below the required level during operation. A large number of wells are drilled during the process of field exploration. Experience shows that not all drilled wells have required exploitation characteristics. Sometimes, the wells are not able to function. Some wells spontaneously stall during exploitation. In some cases, there is a pulse operating regime. The attempts to use previously unproductive wells by stimulation of flow to the well bottom have been made when engineers were faced with a steam deficit at Mutnovskoe field. One of the effective methods of stimulation is the multiple displacement of water column from the well into reservoir. A compressor pumps air to the well. Air displaces water from the well in the reservoir. Then the wellhead is sealed; displaced water in the reservoir is heated. Then the wellhead quickly opens with special valve and the boiling water rises through the well. The boiling decreases the density of fluid in the well. The decrease in density induces a lifting mechanism. This mechanism is called “steam-lift”. Abrupt changes of temperature and pressure increase the permeability of the feed zone. Flow to the bottom of the well is stimulated. Note that the most productive well at Russia’s geothermal fields (Well 042 of Mutnovskoe field) previously had been considered unproductive and was re-introduced into operation via the above described technology. The presented method is simple in practice. It can be recommended as a first attempt of well stimulation. Then, other methods (Pasikki et al. 2010) may be considered. Stabilization of the operating regime via throttle on the wellheadThe instability in a well’s operation can be caused by transients in underground geothermal reservoirs, including the bottom zone, and in the system of transportation and consumption of steam. Also, instability can be caused by transients in the well itself. The major cause of instability that most often prevents normal operation is considered to be a mismatch between the potential feed zones and a disproportionately large diameter of the well (Frolov et al. 1964). In this case, there has been a lack of throughput capacity of well with its feed zones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: To further simplify our analysis, we move to the 'Lagrangian' frame defined by χ=x^∕(2w^(t)), where the equations of motion become (25) δ2∂χ2v^-w^(t)24v^=w^(t)2∂χ(p^(p^-1)) (26) ∂t^ρ^=-2w^(t)∂χρ^v^-X∂t^w^(t)2ρ^-ρ^∂t^w^(t)w^(t) with the boundary conditions (27) ∂χv^-w^(t)2δ2(p^(p^-1))χ=±1=0 This system of equations has steady-states for ρ^=1, w^(t)=w, v^=0, where w is the final width of the film. We next linearize around this steady state, i. e. , choose ρ^=1+ερ̄, w^(t)=w+εw¯, v^=εv̄, where ε is a small quantity. To linear order the equations of motion then become (28) δ2∂χ2v̄-w24v̄=w2∂χρ̄ (29) ∂t^ρ̄=-2w∂χv̄ and (30) ∂χv̄=w2δ2ρ̄atχ ± 1. (28,29), we find (31) δ2∂χ2-w24∂t^ρ̄=-∂χ2ρ̄ and the boundary condition (32) ∂t^ρ̄=-1δ2ρ̄atχ ± 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 17–19The presence of light during our experiment could have induced a masking effect that could decrease propofol effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, a measured circadian rhythm is a mixture of an endogenous component (that reflects the body clock and can be estimated in constant darkness conditions) and a nonendogenous component (e. g. , light, social synchronizers). 14The nonendogenous component can thus mask the endogenous effects of an external factor such as propofol on the circadian time structure. We have shown that the effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure, which could have been decreased by exposure to light, persist for at least 2 days. Therefore, the fact that, even in the presence of light, our two circadian rhythms studied are still phase shifted demonstrates the important effect of propofol on the circadian structure. We therefore consider that a 1-h phase advance of the circadian time structure in normal light–dark conditions induced by a single dose of propofol is important. According to the literature, hypothermia can induce disturbing effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, changes in temperature can phase shift circadian neuronal activity rhythms of suprachiasmatic nuclei maintained in vitro. 20,21General anesthesia can be associated with transient hypothermia, but we did not observe significant difference in the MESOR of body temperature when comparing Intralipid and anesthetic injections during the 5 days after drug administration (fig. 7). Indeed, we observed that intraperitoneal injections of propofol or Intralipid were both associated with a transient decrease in the MESOR of core body temperature on the day of injection, which then returns to baseline values the day after injection (D1). Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the shifts in circadian rhythms of rest–activity and body temperature in rats injected with propofol or Intralipid on day 1. Therefore, the observed changes in body core temperature during the days after general anesthesia could not be biased by anesthesia-induced possible hypothermia. At first glance, general propofol anesthesia seems to affect the body temperature circadian rhythm more than the rest–activity circadian rhythm. Indeed, the magnitude of phase shift and the decrease in amplitude seem more pronounced with regard to body temperature than to rest–activity. Changes in phase shift and amplitude were also more prolonged for body temperature than for rest–activity rhythms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: For example, the relative constancy of pressure in Mutnovskoe field is provided in the plant’s group separators; the steam–water mixture goes through the elements of the wellhead equipment and pipeline, sometimes more than 2 km long. When wells are being tested, the atmosphere is usually the environment with constant pressure. The measuring equipment is between the wellhead and the atmosphere. A change in wellhead pressure is executed via throttling on the wellhead valve. An analysis of stability of the system should be carried out taking into account additional resistance between the wellhead and the environment with constant pressure. Consider the well characteristic taking into account the existence of additional equipment installed between the wellhead and the environment with constant pressure, with well parameters: inside diameter of 0. 2 m, depth of 800 m and mixture enthalpy of 800 kJ/kg. Additional equipment is characterized with total coefficient of local resistance. The outlet pressure would be 1 bar. simulator is used for the calculation of additional resistance pressure drop. The simulator is intended for hydraulic calculations of steam–water mixture transfer (Shulyupin 2007, 2013). The WELL-4 simulator is used for the calculation of the pressure drop from the bottom to the wellhead (Shulyupin and Chermoshentseva 2013). Obtained characteristics are presented in Fig. 2, when total coefficient of local resistance is 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 100 (increase of coefficient can be interpreted as decrease in throat of operating wellhead valve). Point 0 derivative is marked with a cross. Fig. 2Characteristics of well with additional resistance coefficients of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100. 1 is characteristic of feed zonesFull size image In case of feed zones characteristic 1, an increase of additional resistance stabilizes a well’s operation if additional resistance coefficient is 20 and above. The well has the unstable mode when the additional resistance coefficients 0 and 5 were unsustainable. Therefore, an increase in the additional resistance, hence the wellhead pressure, is the factor stabilizing well’s operating regime. It is noted, that it is not a simple increase in wellhead pressure. This is an increase of wellhead pressure via additional resistance. For example, the working point (situated at the point of intersection of characteristics) corresponds to stable flow for coefficient resistance 20 in Fig. 2. Wellhead pressure is 1. 54 bars according to calculations at the point.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We solve this equation by making the Ansatz ρ¯(t)=∑k=1∞ρk(t)cos(2k-1)π2χ+ρ0e-t∕δ2, and find (33) Akp˙k+Bkρk=Cke-t∕δ2, with Ak=δ2π2(2k-1)2+w2∕4, Bk=π2(2k-1)2∕4 and Ck=-ρ0w2(-1)k∕δ2π(2k-1). Thus, (34) ρk=CkBk∕Ak-1∕δ2e-t∕δ2-Kke-(Bk∕Ak)t, where Kk is an integration constant determined from the initial condition. In the following we shall consider the case ρk(t=0)=0, i. e. we start with a uniformly stretched film, for which Kk=CkBk∕Ak-1∕δ2. To determine the timescale of the width contractions we need to remember the conservation of mass (35) M= ∫ -11dχw+w̄2ρ+ρ̄ which yields (36) w̄=w∫ -11dχρ̄. We determine the timescale τ of contractions from T∕τ=-w¯˙∕w¯ and find (37) τ(t)=∑k=1∞Kke-t∕δ2-e-(Bk∕Ak)t4(-1)k+1π(2k-1)+2ρ0e-t∕δ2 ∑k=1∞Kke-t∕δ2∕δ2-e-(Bk∕Ak)t(Bk∕Ak)4(-1)k+1π(2k-1)+2ρ0δ2e-t∕δ2. Thus, the dynamics is governed by multiple relaxation processes with varying timescales.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Rats were submitted to light synchronization during the days after anesthesia, as well as during the reference period; therefore, it might be that light is more efficient in resynchronizing the rest–activity rhythm than the body temperature rhythm, which is less susceptible to external photic synchronizers than the rest–activity rhythm. Differences in the reentrainment of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms have already been observed. 22These differences seem to be linked to differential projections from the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to paraventricular zona, with the dorsal paraventricular zona being involved in the control of body temperature and the ventral paraventricular zona being involved in the control of rest–activity rhythm. 23 Alterations of the acrophases, MESORs, and amplitudes of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms were different on the days after anesthesia according to the Zeitgeber time of injection. Indeed, as shown in the table 2, when propofol is administered at ZT6 and ZT10, circadian parameters of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms (acrophase, amplitude, and MESOR) are more disturbed than after propofol administration at ZT16. These results could be explained by the chronopharmacology of propofol, because the duration of propofol anesthesia exhibits a significant circadian rhythm. Indeed, chronopharmacologic studies in animals showed that the longest duration of general anesthetics (ketamine, halothane, pentobarbital, propofol) and their maximum hypnotic effect occur during the rest period. 6,24–26Chronopharmacology of general anesthetics could be linked to circadian variations in the postsynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, whose peak activity and maximal receptor-binding affinity occur during the rest period. 27,28Propofol, like the majority of general anesthetics, acts on γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors,29and therefore, circadian variations in the activity of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor could explain the circadian variability observed in the duration of propofol anesthesia. Our results show also that the maximal impact of propofol anesthesia on circadian rest–activity and body temperature rhythms occurs during the rest period.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: First, the combined scheme was designed similar to the steam gathering scheme in the Ohaaki field (Wigly 1989); where the mixture comes from wells to the separator plant, and afterwards the plant’s steam and water are transported separately. Then, the concept of modular development of the field was adopted: the individual power plants were to be installed on individual groups of wells. Transport of steam–water mixture is not planned for distances over 500 m. Complexities of joint transportation were not relevant for this decision. The final project of Mutnovskoe plants consisted of long pipelines of steam–water mixture, but the complexity of this scheme by analogy with previous design had not been considered. Built during the construction of the plants, the steam–water pipelines were designed without the proper hydraulic calculation. Operation has shown that, in some cases, the mistakes were made in the selection of diameter for the pipelines. A small diameter led to essential pressure loss (more 2 bar/km). The inflated diameter led to stratification of the flow; liquid plugs were formed in rising sections and pulsations were created. Pipelines contained elements with great resistance, such as U-shaped compensators of thermal expansions. Hydraulic calculation of steam–water mixture pipelines in Kamchatka came to be used only after 2003 for construction of new pipelines and reconstruction of old ones. Consideration of all solutions for optimization of steam gathering scheme in Kamchatka’s geothermal plants is believed not to be reasonable. However, similar challenges are solved with success in many other fields (Zhao et al. 2000; Umanzor et al. 2015). For example, a comparison of three options is presented for the concrete case of steam and water transportation: two-phase flow and two different configurations of two line—the first with one steam flow line, the other with water flow; the second with one steam flow line and the other with water flow when water pipeline is inside of steam pipeline (Ghaderi 2010). Only the method of partial separation may be worth mentioning (Shulyupin 2007). Separation on the wellhead reduces pressure drop in the pipeline’s steam transportation, lowers the wellhead pressure and increases the flow rate of the well. Values of wellhead pressure and flow rate changes depend on the interconnection between flow rate and the wellhead pressure of the real well, enthalpy of mixture, transportation distance and so on.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In particular (38) 1Tlimt→0τ(t)=δ2(w∕2)2+1 and (39) 1Tlimt→∞τ(t)=δ2+w2π2 In the experimental parameter regime, the timescale we measure is presumably intermediate, (40) τ=αηsρ02+βγsρ02W02, where α and β are dimensionless quantities which we determine numerically. To obtain α and β for a given set of input parameters, we numerically solve Equations (7,11,13) and extract the timescale τ(W0) for several initial widths. We then fit the results to the functional form of Equation (40). In the experimental regime, using the parameters for which the theoretical contraction profiles best agree with the numerical one (see Figure 5B), we estimate α≃2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β≃0. 085 ± 0. 006. The error estimates were obtained by sampling α and β over a range of input parameters between half and twice the best fit values, and evaluating a standard error on the computed values. Numerical treatment To solve Equations (7,11,13) numerically, we discretize the system by representing ρ on an equispaced grid between x=-W(t)∕2 and x=W(t)∕2, where W(t) is the instantaneous width of the contracting film. The instantaneous film velocity is determined from Equation (11) using a second order finite difference scheme. The boundary conditions σ=0 at x= ± W(t)∕2, are implemented using an asymmetric second order finite difference stencil, see (Tornberg and Shelley, 2004). We determine the time derivative of density using Equation (26) with the boundary condition specified in Equation 27, which account for the grid contracting with the width of the film. We time-evolve Equations (26,13) using a adaptive second order time stepping provided by project (Jones and Oliphant, 2001). 597. 3136. 10. 1039/C5SM02506K 8500. 1383. 1656. 256. 471. 708. 8101. 489. 296. 240. 2314. 425. 480. 410. 422. 683. 1781. 9869.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: In our study, an alternative explanation for the observed differences between ZT6, ZT10, and ZT16 groups is the powerful effect of light. Indeed, for the ZT16 time of injection, rats were injected 4 h after the beginning of their activity period and thus were exposed to light 8 h after injection. This fast reexposure to light, which was not observed for the two other injection times, could thus interfere with the effects of propofol anesthesia and therefore minimize the observed effects of propofol in animals. From our results, we cannot demonstrate the cellular mechanisms by which general anesthesia has affected the circadian temporal structure. This is currently under examination. However, our study demonstrates for the first time that propofol administered at an anesthetic dose impacts the circadian rhythms of rest–activity and body temperature in rats submitted to light–dark alternation. The persistence of disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure under naturalistic light conditions in rats may be of particular interest to understand general anesthesia effects on the circadian time structure in humans. Indeed, in humans, general anesthesia can induce several clinical symptoms on the postanesthesia days (e. g. , fatigue, sleep disorders, drowsiness). 30Studying propofol anesthesia effects on the circadian time structure in humans is of particular clinical relevance because propofol is one of the most used anesthetics in humans, particularly in ambulatory surgery. Therefore, even if the effects of propofol observed in rats persist for only a few days after anesthesia, it is of particular importance in ambulatory procedures, where patients return home on the day of anesthesia and go back to work and social activities on the day after anesthesia. Indeed, it was previously shown that in ambulatory practice of anesthesia for medical procedures, more than 30% of patients reported fatigue, drowsiness, decrease in vigilance, and mood alterations. 31Regarding our results, it is thus possible that disturbing effects on circadian rhythms induced by propofol could be, at least in part, responsible for fatigue symptoms and the decrease in vigilance observed during the postanesthesia days. The authors thank Mounir Chennaoui, Ph. D. , and Danièle Gomez, Ph. D. (Researchers, Institut de Médecine Aérospatiale du Service de Santé des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France), for their technical assistance. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Most of the countries with GT resources should promote themselves to explore it with the technical advancement and social acceptance because it has various advantages like round-the-clock availability, independent of time and climatic conditions. This means that to generate electricity at a constant level, geothermal energy can be supplied as base load in contrast to hydro or wind power. Geothermal energy’s potential is ubiquitous, environmentally friendly, and only marginally developed (Association). In general, global warming or climate change is not expected to have any substantial impacts on success rate of geothermal energy utilization. However, the wise implementation and inclusion of geothermal energy in our energy demand mix could play a meaningful role in mitigating climate change. Best suitable site for commercial production of geothermal energy are high-temperature (>180°C) hydrothermal systems associated with recent volcanic activity and located near active plate tectonic boundaries (i. e. , convergence zones, subduction zones, transform faulting), or at crustal and mantle hot spot anomalies. On the other hand, regions with high radioactive isotope decay, which increases terrestrial heat flow or where aquifers are charged by water heated through circulation along deeply penetrating fault zones, cannot be neglected as potential sites to harness geothermal energy if managed efficiently. States has the world’s largest geothermal energy potential (39,325 MW) followed by Indonesia (27,791 MW), and the Philippines has about 6,000 MW, while the target country, Japan, has a potential of 22,540 MW (METI, 2010). However, geothermal energy generation requires a very high initial cost and involves a high development risk, which hinders its growth. There is a visible gap between the countries that have policies supporting deregulated energy markets and the ones that do not. Japan’s energy policy has its shortcomings when it comes to enumerating specific mechanisms to support increased participation from the private sector and other stakeholders to promote inclusive growth and fuel greater investments in geothermal energy development. Also, use of geothermal energy for applications in agriculture, tourism, etc. , and the policy aspects for the same need to be included. These low and medium enthalpy applications will take place at the community level and need specific inputs regarding the involvement of small households and other stakeholders in the process of development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on July 6th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jul 6, 2016 · authors have done an excellent job of dealing with the thoughtful comments of the two reviewers. In particular, the reasons for the choice of statistical analyses are clearly detailed in the rebuttal letter, and it is important that this letter becomes part of the available files for this publication. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 6, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 2, 2016 · I now have two thoughtful reviews of your ms. , both of which recommend revision before publication. Reviewer 1 has relatively minor comments that should be considered, including the use of the term "settlement" vs. "metamorphosis" and some methodological issues. Reviewer 2 has more critical issues with the methods and the validity of the results. Please address each point of each reviewer in your rebuttal letter and revise your ms. accordingly. Reviewer 1 · May 11, 2016 Basic reporting No Comments, paper seems fine and appropriate. Experimental design Manuscript meets the stated standards. Rationale is clear, methodology seems generally complete and reasonable. Just one question here: Why was the KCl solution prepared using distilled water? When that concentrated solution is added to seawater, the total salt concentration will decrease (by about 10%, with 2 ml of concentrated KCl solution added to 20 ml of seawater). Also, note that normal seawater already has KCl in solution, so that total concentration is more than just from the KCl that is added. Authors should address this issue, and show that it is not a problem, and also indicate what the final KCl concentration actually was, or at least what the final salinity was. Validity of the findings Validity seems fine. Additional comments Nice idea to standardize approach for determining factors inducing metamorphosis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: : Disturbances in melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature rhythms after major surgery. Surg 2007; 31:290–82. : The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on the circadian rhythm of melatonin. Scand 2002; 46:30–63. : Melatonin and anesthesia: A clinical perspective. J 2007; 42:12–214. Allada R: An emerging link between general anesthesia and sleep. 2008; 105:2257–85. : An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia. 2008; 105:1309–146. : Reciprocal relationships between general (propofol) anesthesia and circadian time in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:728–357. Kalsbeek A, Perreau-Lenz S, Buijs RM: A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. 2006; 23:521–358. : Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals. 1995; 16:191–2239. : Determination of physiological rhythms of unrestrained animals by radio telemetry. Nature 1961; 190:90–110. : Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research. 2008; 25:999–101611. : Effect of propofol on affective state as assessed by place conditioning paradigm in rats. Anesthesiology 1996; 85:121–812. : Effect of midazolam on propofol-induced positive affective state assessed by place conditioning in rats. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:935–4313. : Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 1984; 308:186–814. : The circadian rhythm of core temperature: Origin and some implications for exercise performance. 2005; 22:207–2515. : Isoflurane anesthesia and circadian temperature cycles in humans. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:985–916. : Daily rhythms of heart rate, temperature and locomotor activity are modified by anaesthetics in rats: A telemetric study. 1997; 355:774–817. : Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. 1997; 41:955–6318. : Bright light therapy: Improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Still, the limitation here is no visibility about the hidden cost of geothermal energy generation (cradle-to-grave concept), so it should not be limited to estimates of the levelled cost of energy, but also take into account the likely financial costs. For instance, one should consider cost for risk of non recovery, grid and storage technology, and political barriers. One of the most fundamental obstacles to reaching the government target is the fact that most geothermal resources are located in remote areas, which means additional financing is required to connect electricity production to the main grid [14]. Another source of uncertainty, which translates to risk, is the confusion when it comes to division of power between central and local governments. With decentralization, regional governments are important because they become the official owners of the steam resource, whereas the central government plays an equally pivotal role providing expertise and underwriting the power purchase agreements [15]. While fine in theory, decentralization seems to have only raised transaction costs. Apart from institutional challenges, i. e. , bureaucratic delay and no proper coordination between different ministries only leads to delay in executing all projects on time and thus further financial burden. Low purchase price of electricity by the state-owned power companies further deters the progress of geothermal power generation in Indonesia (Asia biomass office). The other institutional challenge is the involvement of ministry of finance and forestry. Ministry of finance is engaged in driving financial incentives crucial to attracting investors into the sector. Furthermore, the ministry, through its sovereign wealth investment agency, plays an important role in creating publicly funded initiatives designed to mobilize private capital, such as the Fund [16]. On the other hand, of Forestry also plays a crucial role in geothermal energy development as most identified reservoirs lie beneath protected forest areas. With some explicit policy support for accelerating geothermal energy development, it is imperative that measures are taken so that lands acquired for geothermal energy use are not high conservation value forests or sensitive ecosystems, and that the impacts and risks on forests are mitigated. To increase the geothermal energy production there is need to develop a cooperative and cross-sectoral approach to minimize the conflicts and make a progressive move toward the development of geothermal energy resources. Another major concern about development of geothermal energy production system is the mind-set of local authority. Activities related to geothermal energy production is considered as mining activities, resulting in prohibition of use of protected/conserved areas like forest area.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: You might want to reconsider use of the term "settlement". As used here, it means settlement followed by metamorphosis. But generally it just means settling out of the plankton, something that will happen if you just add formalin! So it could be confusing to casual readers. What you are really interested in is what triggers metamorphosis, so why not just talk about that? Line 124: Use all caps: T-ISO Line 129: Reword. "It is not possible. . . with a culture in which all larvae are competent to metamorphosis, because. . . " Line 139: I think that most authors use ACSW for adult-conditioned seawater. Line 281: indicate species Table 3: After "Block Effect" I would add "(Age of larvae)" Fig 1. It can't hurt to define. Actually, why use these acronyms at all here in the caption, since the axes are labelled with the actual words? Fig 3. The author does not really mean "Settement rates of different factors"! The factors are not settling! Also, indicate the acronyms in the text of the caption. Or label the symbols with real words rather than acronyms (plenty of room on the figure to do this). Fig. 4. Indicate units for "settlement rate"; what are Y-axis units? Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jun 2, 2016 Basic reporting No comments Experimental design The authors pursue the laudable goal of designing a standardized bioassay for measuring effects of natural and artificial cues on settlement and metamorphosis of the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. Many important details of culture methods and of the preparation of cues are described, more thoroughly than in most publications in this field. However, other important information is omitted. For example, it is stated (line127) that larvae were at least 750 um when used in experiments, but no other size information is given other than this minimum bound. Just as importantly, no age information is given at all. Given that these are field-collected, brooded larvae, one cannot know the fertilization date.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Characterization of locomotor activity circadian rhythms in athymic nude miceDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 23. 86 ± 0. 03 and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 hours, respectively. Both strains showed similar phase delays in response to 10 or 120 minutes light pulses applied in the early subjective night and did not differ in the number of c-Fos-expressing cells in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, after a light pulse at circadian time (CT) 15. Similarly, the two groups showed no significant difference in the time needed for resynchronization after 6-hour delays or advances in the light–dark schedule. The proportion of diurnal activity, phase-angle with the zeitgeber, subjective night duration and other activity patterns were similar between the groups. Conclusions: Since athymic Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice presented no differences with the WT controls in the response of the circadian system to the experimental manipulations performed in this work, we conclude that they represent a good model in studies that combine xenograft implants with either alteration of the circadian schedules or chronopharmacological approaches to therapeutics. Year: 2013Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-11-2Submitted on Dec 6, 2012Accepted on Jan 12, 2013Published on Feb 1, 20134. 0 environmental changes have imposed a selective pressure for life on Earth, driving the development of a circadian clock mechanism for the generation and entrainment of rhythms in physiological and behavioural variables (e. g. body temperature, hormonal secretion, sleep, locomotor activity, etc. ). In mammals, the master clock resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and the principal signal that adjusts its activity is the light–dark cycle [1,2]. A vast amount of 22. The onset of activity at CT12 was used as a phase reference point to calculate phase shifts. Abrupt 6-h advances in the LD schedule were achieved by advancing the time of lights-on and shortening of the dark phase. Conversely, abrupt 6-h delays in the LD schedule were achieved by delaying the time of lights-on, and lengthening the dark phase.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Local government or nongovernmental agencies should make an effort to classify the geothermal activities as extraction of thermal energy, which is different from mining activities of coal or other mineral resources with potential to lead to deterioration of environmental essence. Last but not the least, some other issues not listed above are lack of technique/data to estimate the actual potential of geothermal resources availability to generate more interest among investors, no lucrative price of per unit of energy, limited equity funds and uncertainty in legal aspects, and the lack of cross-sector coordination. Finally, it can be said that Indonesia has huge geothermal resources, but to date arrangement (technical and other setups) can only harness approximately 5% of the potential. Up to September, 2014, only 1396 MWe or approximately 4. 5% of the potential has been installed. There is a need to harmonize and to synchronize the regulation among difference stakeholders, different government and financial institutions, etc. Indonesia also requires support on capacity building, in order to increase expertise and also to recruit human resources ready to support geothermal development to realize its goals. 2. 4. Status of geothermal energy in the Philippinesis an archipelago of 7,107 islands surrounded by South-East Asia’s main bodies of water. The population continues to grow at 1. 5% annually, reaching 135. 2 million by 2035. This rapidly developing nation is certain to face significant challenges to energy security if it intends to maintain the current course of its economic development over the next few decades. The total current annual primary energy demand for the Philippines is around 39. 4 MTOE (million tons of oil equivalents). About 59% of it is being supplemented by fossil fuel, while 40% is supported by renewable energy. The Philippines, however, imports most of its oil and is likely to continue to do so to sustain the economy’s total petroleum requirements of 27. 9 MTOE by 2035. The largest consumer of this energy is the transportation sector (35%), followed by residential and industrial sectors, roughly the same, accounting for about 26% each. The commercial sector constitutes about 11. 9% and agriculture, forestry with the smallest portion is 1. 3%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: However, it would have been better to wait for natural hatching and release of larvae from brooding females, rather than to artificially (mechanically) hatch egg capsules that appeared to be "near hatching" (line 119). The pooling of egg capsules of uncertain developmental status from three females may have contributed to the authors' difficulty in raising batches of larvae that achieved high levels of competence without spontaneous metamorphosis (line 129). Given the known existence of maternal and sire effects (cited by the authors) it would have been better not to mix broods, but perhaps to culture each brood separately until maximally competent, and then block the experiment on brood. Settlement frequencies in this study were low overall (Fig. 3) compared to other studies of effects of adult cue and KCl cited by the authors. Validity of the findings An important element of the experimental design is the use of settlement frequency (proportion) data, collected at several time points, to model a settlement function defined by a settlement rate (lambda). Lambda is then used as the response variable to compare treatment effects. The justification given is that (line 192) "proportions are sensitive to the underlying mathematical function of the settlement rate and the timepoint selected for the analysis. " Later in the Results section, the authors claim (line 243), "Modeling settlement as the rate parameter lambda was a more informative statistical analysis than using proportions of larvae settled at a given time. Performing the analysis on arcsine-transformed proportions using ANOVAs yielded inconsistent results, such that the significance of both main effects and interaction terms depended on the time point selected for the analysis (Table 2, Table A1). " I believe that this conclusion is unfounded, and that modeling settlement rates as the authors have done does not usefully contribute to our understanding of larval settlement. In part this is a methodological/experimental design issue, but I'm discussing it under "Validity of the Findings" because this way of looking at larval settlement is purported to be the main contribution of the paper. My first objection to this approach is a priori: If you have collected data on a real biological outcome (frequency of settlement), then the analysis should work directly with the data that describe that outcome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm 25: 215–224, DOI: [PubMed] Stevens, RGCircadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock genes Epidemiology 16: 254–258, DOI: [PubMed] Hansen, JIncreased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night Epidemiology 12: 74–77, DOI: [PubMed] Megdal, SP; Kroenke, CH; Laden, F; Pukkala, E; Schernhammer, ESNight work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis Cancer 41: 2023–2032, DOI: [PubMed] Pukkala, E; Auvinen, A; Wahlberg, GIncidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92 BMJ 311: 649–652, DOI: [PubMed] Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Fuchs, CS; Colditz, GANight-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses’ health study J Inst 95: 825–828, DOI: [PubMed] Straif, K; Baan, R; Grosse, Y; Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Altieri, A; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Cogliano, VCarcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting 8: 1065–1066, DOI: [PubMed] Innominato, PF; Levi, FA; Bjarnason, GAChronotherapy and the molecular clock: Clinical implications in oncology 62: 979–1001, DOI: [PubMed] Fortier, EE; Rooney, J; Dardente, H; Hardy, MP; Labrecque, N; Cermakian, NCircadian variation of the response of T cells to antigen J Immunol 187: 6291–6300, DOI: [PubMed] Haus, E; Smolensky, MHBiologic rhythms in the immune system 16: 581–622, DOI: [PubMed] Silver, AC; Arjona, A; Walker, WE; Fikrig, EThe

Output: corroborate