Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Citation: HortScience horts 47, 5; 10. 21273/. 47. 5. 660Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideNutrient accumulation in shoots. Leaf nutrient concentrations were two to three times greater than stem concentrations (data not shown). Shoot N, P, Ca, and Zn concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 2). and Mn concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest shoot concentrations (Table 2) of all nutrients except Mn and Fe and accumulated the most shoot N and S (contents not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest shoot Mn concentrations and shoot K, B, Mn, and Zn content. ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest shoot Fe concentrations and shoot P, Ca, Cu, and Fe content. ‘Siam Queen’ accumulated the most Mg in shoots. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 81% of variation in shoot N, K, and S concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 81); between 60% and 74% of variation in average plant and Zn concentrations; and 47% of the variation in average plant P concentrations. In general, variation among cultivars in shoot nutrient content was smaller than variation in shoot nutrient concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced shoot accumulation of N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn (Fig. 1C).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The development of quantum computers could threaten traditional cryptographic methods, but quantum cryptography provides a solution to this problem. [SEP] Text: Lapshin V. V. , Okhotsimskij D. E. , Platonov A. K. Ob odnom sposobe rekuperatsii ehnergii pri dvizhenii shagayuschego apparata/ nauk SSSR. Mekhanika tverdogo tela. 1986, № 5. 9. Ratkin L. S. K 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya pervogo direktora FTIAN akademika Valieva: kvantonomika, kvantovo-tekhnologicheskaya initsiativa i kvantovaya promyshlennosti na primere povysheniya urovnya diversifikatsii finansovo-kommunikatsionnykh korporatsij v voennoj i grazhdanskoj sferakh/ Investitsii v Rossii. 2020, № 11 (310). 10. Ratkin L. S. Kvantovye kommunikatsii i komp'yuternaya steganografiya dlya razvitiya ehlektrotransporta v/ Transport: nauka, tekhnika, upravlenie. Nauchnyj informatsionnyj sbornik. 2021, № 1. 11. Ratkin L. S. Patent na izobretenie № 2322693. 12. Ratkin L. S. Razrabotka informatsionnoj sistemy dlya distantsionnogo obucheniya spetsialistov v sfere superkomp'yuternykh i kvantovo-komp'yuternykh vychislenij s primeneniem kriptografii i komp'yuternoj steganografii na platforme «1S: Predpriyatie»/ V sbornike: Novye informatsionnye tekhnologii v obrazovanii. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov XXI Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Fission yeast pericentrin-like protein Pcp1 is required to recruit SAS-6 to the SPB. (A, C, E) SAS-6-GFP, Bld10-GFP and YFP-SAS-4 intensities on the SPB in the pcp1 mutant in asynchronous and prometaphase-arrested cells. The cut7-446 (labeled ‘control’) and cut7-446 pcp1-14 (labeled ‘pcp1 mutant’) strains expressing SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato were incubated at the restrictive temperature (36°C) for three hours to block cells in prometaphase due to the cut7-446 mutation (temperature-sensitive allele of a mitotic kinesin, which causes failure in mitotic spindle formation). Representative images of the cells collected before shifting the temperature (interphase, Int) and three hours after the shift to 36°C (prometaphase, PM, restrictive temperature) in control and pcp1 mutant are shown. DNA was stained with DAPI. Arrowheads indicate the signal on the SPB. Note that we also observed aggregation of SAS-6-GFP and YFP-SAS-4 in the cytoplasm both in the control and pcp1 mutant in all the cells exposed to the restrictive temperature (indicated with an asterisk), and never at the normal and permissive culture condition. We think that aggregate formation might stem from the cut7-446 genetic background and/or the heat stress. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B, D, F) Quantification of the intensity of the centriole proteins per SPB in the indicated conditions. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (N > 100 SPBs, ns-not significant, *p<0. 05, **p<0. 001, ***p<0. 0001, Mann-test). (G) Western blotting analysis of protein extracts prepared from the indicated conditions. Figure 3—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 3B,D,F. Download elife-41418-fig3-data1-v1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced shoot accumulation of P, Ca, Fe, and B (Fig. 2C). Effects of AMF or P rate on shoot accumulation of other nutrients were a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot N (ηA2 > 0. 27), K (ηA2 > 0. 18), S (ηA2 > 0. 23), B (ηA2 > 0. 38), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 27), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 19) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot P (ηP2 > 0. 64), Ca (ηP2 > 0. 23), Mg (ηP2 > 0. 28), Cu (ηP2 > 0. 11), and Mn (ηP2 > 0. 7) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Nutrient accumulation in roots. Root S, Mg, B, Cu, and Fe concentrations (Table 2) were greater than leaf concentrations (data not shown). and Mn concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 2). Root N, P, and Ca were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest root N, P, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations (Table 2) and accumulated the least root nutrient content (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest root K and Mn concentrations and root and Zn content. ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest root Mg concentrations and root Mg and Fe content. ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest root Cu concentration and content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 70% of variation in root N, K, Mg, and Fe concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 70) and between 50% and 68% of the variation in root concentrations of other nutrients. Variation among cultivars in root nutrient content was generally smaller than variation in root nutrient concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced root accumulation of N, K, S, and Zn (Fig. 1E).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range.Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset SAS-6 interacts with Pcp1 through the conserved carboxyl-terminal region, and Pcp1 is sufficient for SAS-6 localization. (A) Schematic illustration of the truncation constructs of Pcp1. (B) Pcp1 interacts with SAS-6 through the conserved carboxyl-terminal region. mCherry-tagged full-length or truncation mutants of Pcp1 were expressed in cells constitutively expressing SAS-6-GFP. Immunoprecipitation was performed and analyzed similarly as in Figure 2B. Red arrowheads indicate bands with the expected size of each fusion protein. The asterisk indicates non-specific bands. (C, D) Pcp1 is sufficient to recruit SAS-6. Overexpression of Pcp1 leads to the formation of Pcp1 containing cytoplasmic foci (schematic illustration, (C). Pcp1-mCherry was overexpressed under control of nmt41 promoter in the strain expressing SAS-6-GFP and GFP alone. Sfi1-CFP is shown (SPB marker). Arrowheads indicate the SAS-6-GFP signal on the Pcp1-cytoplasmic foci. Scale bar, 5 μm. (E) Quantification of the cells with colocalized Pcp1-mCherry and GFP foci. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, Pcp1-mCherry positive cells). Figure 4—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4E. Download elife-41418-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset SAS-6-GFP localization within the fission yeast SPB revealed by structured illumination microscopy (SIM). (A) Schematic representation of localization of components in the duplicated interphase fission yeast SPBs. The illustrated SPB structure was adapted and modified from Ito and Bettencourt-Dias (2018). (B) Representative SIM images of localization of GFP or tdTomato-tagged Pcp1, Sid4 and SAS-6 at the duplicated SPBs. Scale bar, 200 nm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced root accumulation of P, Mg, and Fe and suppressed root accumulation of S and Cu (Fig. 2E). Significant effects of AMF on root accumulation of other nutrients were a result of the effects of AMF on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root N (ηA2 > 0. 53), P (ηA2 > 0. 14), K (ηA2 > 0. 10), S (ηA2 > 0. 25), Ca (ηA2 > 0. 16), Mg (ηA2 > 0. 17), B (ηA2 > 0. 13), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 15), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 07) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root Cu (ηP2 > 0. 15) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic production. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest average plant ACY and P2-P4 concentrations (Table 3) and the greatest whole plant ACY and P4 content production (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest average plant concentrations and production of P6 and P8; ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest average plant concentrations of P5 and P7 and production of P3, P5, and P7; and ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest average plant concentrations of TP, P9–P11, and MPP and production of P10 and P11. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 90% of variation in average plant P10 concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 90); between 61% and 79% of variation in average plant TP, P7, and P11 concentrations; and 49% to 60% of the variation in average plant concentrations of other measured phenolics. In general, variation among cultivars in TP, P2, P3, P6, P8, and P11 production was generally greater than variation among cultivars in average plant concentrations and variation among cultivars in P5, P7, P9, and P10 production was smaller than variation among cultivars in average plant concentrations (data not shown). Table 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range.Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (B) Interfoci distances between the indicated SPB-bound proteins measured by SIM images. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1C. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Drosophila SAS-6 localizes to the fission yeast SPB through the C-terminal coiled-coil domain. (A) Schematic illustration of the truncation constructs of Drosophila SAS-6. (B) Localization of SAS-6 truncation mutants in fission yeast cells. GFP-tagged SAS-6 (full-length (FL), N or C) was expressed under the inducible nmt1 promoter. Expression was induced for 24 hr. Scale bar, 5 μm. (C) Quantification of cells with GFP-tagged full-length or truncated SAS-6 localized at the SPB. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, GFP-positive cells). (D) Western blotting analysis of the protein extracts prepared from the strains used in B. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 2C. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Localization of SAS-6 at the fission yeast SPB is cell-cycle regulated. (A) The fission yeast strain with cdc25-22 mutation expressing SAS-6-GFP under the atb2 promoter was blocked in the G2/M boundary and synchronously released into mitosis. Cells were collected every 20 min and protein extract was prepared. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting with anti-GFP and anti-Cdc2 (loading control). (B) Septation index was determined to check the cell cycle synchronization. Note that cell cycle progression was highly synchronized. (C) SAS-6 localization along the cell cycle. Representative micrographs of time-lapse imaging of cells expressing SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato from G2 phase to the end of mitosis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Phenolic composition in whole plants and shoots (stems and leaves) of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants. Inoculation with AMF increased ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P2, P4–P7, and MPP production (Fig. 1B). rate enhanced ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P3, P6–P9, and MPP production and suppressed P5 production (Fig. 2B). Significant effects of AMF or P rate on production of other phenolics was a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on plant biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P4 (ηA2 > 0. 13), P5 (ηA2 > 0. 17), P7 (ηA2 > 0. 12), and MPP (ηA2 > 0. 16) production than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P3 (ηP2 > 0. 22) and P8 (ηP2 > 0. 18) than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic accumulation in shoots. Specific phenolics were only detected in shoots (e. g. , P2, P3, and P6–P9; Table 3). Leaf phenolic concentrations were two to six times greater than stem concentrations (data not shown). Shoot TP, P4, P8–P10, and MPP concentrations were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 3). Shoot P5 and P11 concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest shoot concentrations (Table 3) of ACY, P2, and P4 and accumulated the most shoot ACY, P2, and P4 content (content data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest shoot concentrations of P6 and P7 and shoot P6–P9 content.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: The flight dynamics model of the solar-powered quadcopter is built on a number of assumptions, such as the quadcopter’s rigid and symmetrical structure, the coincidence of the center of gravity and the origin of the body fixed frame, and proportional relationships between thrust/drag torques and the square of rotor speed, and rigid propellers. The flight dynamics model of a quadcopter is derived from Newton-Euler equations and Newton’s second law as follows:x¨=1msinψsinϕ−cosψsinθsinϕU1−AxẋE1y¨=1mcosψsinϕ+sinψsinθcosϕU1−AyẏE2z¨=g−1mcosψcosϕU1−AyẏE3ϕ¨=Iyy−IzzIxxψ̇θ̇+JrΩrIxxθ̇+lIxxU2−Aϕϕ̇IxxE4θ¨=Izz−IxxIyyψ̇ϕ̇−JrΩrIyyϕ̇+lIyyU3−Aθθ̇IyyE5ψ¨=Ixx−IyyIzzθ̇ϕ̇+lIzzU4−Aψψ̇IzzE6The input signal U1 is the total thrust of the four rotors. And U2, U3, U4 are the moments for pitch, roll, and yaw, respectively. Where m represents the mass of the quadrotor, Jr is the inertia of the rotor, and Ixx, Iyy, and Izz are the inertia of the quadrotor in x,y,and z, respectively. More information can be found about the dynamics model in our previous works [13, 14]. 2. 2 The solar power system modeling and simulationInstead of using just solar energy, a hybrid system of LiPo battery and solar energy is designed to extend the entire flying duration of the quadrotor.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Scale bar, 5 μm. (D) Quantification of the intensity of SAS-6-GFP and Sid4-tdTomato per SPB in the cells shown in C. Mean SAS-6-GFP (top) and Sid4-tdTomato (down) intensity per SPB ±s. d before and after the SPB separation is shown (N = 7). SPB-0, unseparated SPB and SPB-1 and 2, separated SPBs. Figure 4—figure supplement 3—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 4—figure supplement 3B and E. Download elife-41418-fig4-figsupp3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset pericentrin (PLP) conserved domain –PACT- interacts with SAS-6, and its overexpression causes centriole amplification. (A) Schematic illustration of human pericentrin, Drosophila PLP and S. pombe Pcp1. (B) Physical interaction between SAS-6-EGFP and the conserved Drosophila PACT domain. Protein extract was prepared from Drosophila tissue culture cells (D. Mel cells) expressing HA-tagged PACT, and SAS-6-EGFP or EGFP. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (20%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. (C) Direct binding between SAS-6 and PACT. The in vitro binding assay was performed using purified GST or GST-fused SAS-6 and His-tagged. Note that we loaded 100% for each sample on each lane after pull-down to compare the efficiency of direct binding (bound vs input). Quantification of His-PACT bound to the GST-fusion protein is shown below the panel (data are the average of three experiments ± s. d) (D) Cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP were arrested in mitosis by colchicine treatment for six hours and stained with the antibodies against Bld10 (centriole marker), phospho-H3 (mitotic marker) and SAS-6. Scale bar, 5 μm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest shoot P7 concentration and shoot P3, P5, P7, and MPP content. ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest shoot TP, P9–P11, and MPP concentrations and shoot TP, P10, and P11 content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 72% of variation in shoot TP, P10, and P11 concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 72); between 49% and 61% of variation in shoot P2–P9 concentrations; and 35% of variation in shoot MPP concentrations. Variation among cultivars in shoot TP, P7, and P9–P11 content was generally smaller than variation in shoot concentrations and variation among cultivars in shoot P2–P3, P5, P6, P8, and MPP content was generally greater than variation in shoot concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced shoot accumulation of ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P2, P4–P7, and MPP (Fig. 1D). rate enhanced shoot accumulation of ACY (‘Red Rubin’ only; data not shown), P3, P6–P9, and MPP (Fig. 2D). Significant effects of AMF or P rate on shoot accumulation of other phenolics were a result of the effects of AMF and P rate on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot P4 (ηA2 > 0. 11), P5 (ηA2 > 0. 09), P7 (ηA2 > 0. 12), and MPP (ηA2 > 0. 21) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in shoot TP (ηP2 > 0. 15), P3 (ηP2 > 0. 22), P8 (ηP2 > 0. 18), P9 (ηP2 > 0. 09), and P11 (ηP2 > 0. 11) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Phenolic accumulation in roots. Root TP, P5, and P10 concentrations (Table 3) were greater than leaf concentrations (data not shown).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: This means that when solar cells are not employed, the quadcopter discharges more quickly. Figures 16 and 17 show that when solar cells are utilized, the battery power gradually decreases because the quadcopter uses a part of the cell current, causing the battery power to decrease due to the drop in battery current. The flight time can be calculated in both situations using the following formula:The quadcopter flight time=The battery capacity×save discharge rate/AADE8AAD=AUW×P/V=AUW×IE9where P is the power needed to lift one kilogram of equipment, expressed in watts per kilogram, I is the current (in amps) needed to lift one kilogram into the air, and AAD is the average amp draw, expressed in amperes. AUW is the all-up weight of your drone, which is the total weight of the equipment that goes up in the air, including the battery. Also, it can be calculated directly from Omni calculator website [16] or using trigonometry. Flight times are calculated using Eqs. (8) and (9). Flight time is 34. 37 minutes when no solar cells are used, and 2. 18 hours when solar cells are used. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThis 34. 3 minutes, the solar-powered quadcopter can fly for 2. 18 hours with the battery’s state of charge (SOC) maintaining over 20%. Although the angle of the panels is greatly important on solar panel power output, this 1. . Rotational energy harvesting to prolong flight duration of quadcopters. In: 2015. ; 2015. 7. DOI: 10. 1109/IAS. 2015. 73568352. Shaheed MH et al. Flying by the sun only: The solarcopter prototype. and Technology. 2015;45:209-214. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ast. 2015. 05. 0163. -M. Design of a flexible high performance quadcopter platform breaking the MAV endurance record with laser power beaming. In: 2011 IEEE/RSJ on and Systems. ; 2011. 5172. DOI: 10. 1109/iros. 2011. 60947314. Institute of Electrical and Section & Polytechnic of Namibia. (2007). IEEE; 2007. Available from: [Retrieved: September 25, 2023]5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (E) Quantification of SAS-6 intensity per centriole in cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP arrested in mitosis. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (**p<0. 001, Mann-test). Results are representative of three independent experiments (N > 40 centrioles for each condition). (F) Cells overexpressing EGFP-PACT or EGFP were stained for two centriole markers (SAS-4 and Bld10, SAS-4 and Ana1) to count centriole number. Scale bar, 5 μm. (G) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50, EGFP-positive cells). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (*p<0. 05, Mann-test). Note that although control Drosophila tissue culture cells already show cells with underduplicated and over-duplicated centrioles as published before (Bettencourt-Dias et al. , 2005), the expression of PACT leads to a significant amplification of centrioles. Figure 5—source data 1 The source data to plot the graphs in Figure 5E and G. Download elife-41418-fig5-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset SAS-6-PACT complex formation complements the PLK4-STIL pathway in recruiting SAS-6 to the centrosome, and in promoting centriole biogenesis in tissue cultured cells. (A) Images of mitotic D. Mel cells after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi. D. Mel cells were depleted of PLP (), Ana2 (Ana2 RNAi), and were double-depleted with Ana2 and PLP (Ana2 +) (mCherry RNAi was used as negative control) for three days. Cells were immunostained with anti-SAS-6, Bld10, phospho-H3 and PLP antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of the SAS-6 intensity per centrosome in the mitotic cells in the indicated RNAi conditions. Means ± s. d are shown in red (***p<0. 001, Mann-test).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Root P5 and P11 were similar or greater than average plant concentrations (Table 3). Root TP, P4, P8–P10, and MPP concentrations were less than average plant concentrations. Only ‘Red Rubin’ roots contained detectable amounts of ACY. In general, ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest root concentrations (Table 3) and P5 and MPP content (data not shown). ‘Cinnamon’ had the greatest P4, P10, P11, and TP content. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 24% of variation in root TP, P5, and MPP (ηC2 > 0. 24). Variation among cultivars in root phenolic content was generally greater than variation in root phenolic concentrations (data not shown). Inoculation with AMF enhanced root accumulation of P4 and P5 in roots and suppressed root accumulation of P11 (Fig. 1F). rate enhanced root accumulation of P4 and suppressed root accumulation of P5 and MPP (Fig. 2F). Significant effects of AMF on root accumulation of other phenolics were a result of the effects of AMF on biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root P4 (ηA2 > 0. 17) content than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root TP (ηP2 > 0. 13), P5 (ηP2 > 0. 17), P10 (ηP2 > 0. 07), P11 (ηP2 > 0. 10), and MPP (ηP2 > 0. 12) content than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolics. Inoculation with AMF enhanced P2, P4–P7, and MPP production and N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake (Fig. 1A–B). Enhanced P2 and P6 production in AMF-inoculated plants was related to enhanced N uptake; enhanced P4 production was related to enhanced N and Fe uptake; enhanced P5 production was related to enhanced S, B, and Fe uptake; enhanced P7 and MPP production was related to enhanced K, B, and Fe uptake (Table 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of solar-powered drone applications focus on reducing the need for traditional fuel sources and extending operational range. Solar-powered drones will soon be able to fly indefinitely, powered entirely by sunlight, with no need for landing or recharging. [SEP] Text: Modeling thermal asymmetries in double slope solar stills. Renewable Energy. 2004;29(6):895–906. 40. . Present status of solar distillation. Solar Energy. 2003;75(5):367–73. 41. . Experimental analysis of active solar still with air pump and external boosting mirrors. of in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2013;2(7):3084–904. 42. . Enhancement of modified solar still integrated with external condenser using nanofluids: an experimental approach. and Management. 2014;78:493–8. 43. El-Bahi A, Inan D. Analysis of a parallel double glass solar still with separate condenser. Renewable Energy. 1999;17(4):509–21. 44. El-Bahi A, Inan D. A solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser. Desalination. 1999;123(1):79–83. 45. -Majeed MM, Sopian K. Factors affecting basin type solar still productivity: A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2014;32:430–47. 46. . Status of solar desalination in India. Renewable and Reviews. 2009;13(9):2408–18. 47. Deniz E. An investigation of some of the parameters involved in inclined solar distillation systems. & Sustainable Energy. 2013;32(2):350–4. 48. . Comparison between energy and exergy efficiencies in a weir type cascade solar still. Desalination. 2013;325:113–21. 49. Sivakumar V, Sundaram EG. Improvement techniques of solar still efficiency: A review. Renewable and Reviews. 2013;28:246–64. 50. vd. Analysis of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer of a three-effect tubular solar still and experimental research. Desalination. 2013;330:42–8. 51. Ahsan A, Fukuhara T. Mass and heat transfer model of tubular solar still. Solar Energy. 2010;84(7):1147–56. 52. . Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2010;14(6):1503–26. 53. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Results are representative of three independent experiments (N > 50 centrosomes for each condition). (C) Western blotting analysis of PLP, Ana2 and SAS-6 protein levels in the cells treated with the indicated dsRNAs using the antibodies against PLP, Ana2, SAS-6 and actin (loading control). Red arrowheads indicate expected bands of the longest PLP isoform. (D) Images of mitotic cells, after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi, used for centriole counting. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red), phospho-H3 (red), and SAS-4 (another centriole marker, green) antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (E) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (*p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). Figure 6—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6B and E. Download elife-41418-fig6-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Counting of the centriole number in interphase cells. (A) Images of interphase D. Mel cells after depletion of PLP and Ana2 by RNAi, used for centriole counting in Figure 6. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red), SAS-4 (another centriole marker, green), and PLP (cyan) antibodies. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50). Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (*p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6—figure supplement 1B. Download elife-41418-fig6-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Expression of full-length PLP rescues centriole number defects in PLP-depleted cells. (A) Images of interphase D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: rate enhanced P3, P6–P9, and MPP production and P and Ca uptake (Fig. 2A–B). Enhanced P3 and P6 production was related to enhanced P uptake; enhanced P7, P8, and MPP production was related to enhanced P and Ca uptake (Table 4). Enhanced P9 production in HP plants was not correlated to P-enhanced uptake of any nutrient measured. Table 4. Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolic production of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants. Inoculation with AMF enhanced accumulation of P4 and P5 in shoots and roots and MPP in shoots (Figs. 1D and 1F). AMF-enhanced P4 accumulation in shoots was related to enhanced N and Fe uptake and enhanced P4 accumulation in roots was related to enhanced Fe uptake (Table 4). AMF-enhanced P5 accumulation in shoots was related to enhanced S, B, and Fe uptake and enhanced P5 accumulation in roots was related to enhanced S and B uptake. AMF-enhanced MPP accumulation in roots was related to enhanced B and Fe uptake. rate enhanced accumulation of P11 and MPP in shoots and P4 in roots (Figs. 2D and 2F). Enhanced MPP accumulation in shoots of HP plants was related to enhanced P and Ca uptake (Table 4). Enhanced P11 accumulation in shoots and P4 accumulation in roots of HP plants were related to enhanced Ca uptake. DiscussionRoot colonization. Root colonization by AMF in our study was 10% to 30% higher than that reported for other basil cultivars (e. g. , ‘Genovese’, ‘Purple Petra’) inoculated with the same isolate of AMF or with different species [e. g. , Funneliformis (formerly Glomus) mosseae (Nicolson & Gerd. ) Walker & Schüßler, Gigaspora rosea Nicolson & Schenck, Gi. margarita Becker & Hall] (Copetta et al. , 2006; Lee and Scagel, 2009; Toussaint et al. , 2007). Methods used to quantify AMF can yield different results, particularly when quantifying colonization of different AMF species (McGonigle et al. , 2006), and AMF colonization can increase over time (Copetta et al. , 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of commercial airlines are planning to replace their planes with solar-powered drones to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Mel cells expressing EGFP-tagged full-length PLP or only EGFP after depletion of endogenous PLP by RNAi. D. Mel cells were depleted of PLP (PLP 3’) (mCherry RNAi was used as negative control) for three days for two rounds. Cells were immunostained with anti-Bld10 (red) and SAS-4 (cyan). Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of centriole number per cell (N > 50) in EGFP-positive cells shown in A. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d (ns, not significant, *p<0. 05, Mann-test performed for the 0–1 centriole category). (C) Western blotting analysis of in the cells shown in A using the antibodies against and actin (loading control). Red arrowheads indicate expected bands of the longest PLP isoform. Figure 6—figure supplement 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 6—figure supplement 2B. Download elife-41418-fig6-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Drosophila pericentrin (PLP) is required for SAS-6 recruitment to the sperm centriole/basal body and for its elongation. (A) Schematic illustration of the experiments to deplete PLP during centriole biogenesis and elongation. (B) Representative images of mature spermatocytes in flies with different genotypes. PACT (red) is a commonly used marker for basal bodies (BB) and DAPI (blue) stains DNA. Insets show RFP::PACT close to the numbers (in gray scale). (C) Quantification of the number of BBs per cell in mature spermatocytes. (D) Representative images of mature spermatocyte BB in flies with different genotypes. RFP::PACT (red) marks BBs, Anti-SAS-6 (green) and Anti-PLP (blue) antibodies stain the proximal part of BB (arrowheads). (E) Quantification of SAS-6, PLP, BB length and the number of progeny in flies with different genotypes. We repeated all experiments three times.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: These two studies used different methods for quantifying AMF colonization, different basil cultivars, different AMF, and were 6 to 8 weeks shorter than our study. AMF colonization can be sensitive to nutrient availability (particularly P) in the growing substrate (Fernández et al. , 2011). rates used in our experiment were selected, based on previous experience with this AMF isolate, in an effort to minimize their potential for impact on AMF colonization. P rate had no significant influence on colonization; thus, the influence of P rate on growth and composition in AMF-inoculated plants is not confounded by differences in colonization. Beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and the compounds they produce can alter plant secondary metabolism (Kim et al. , 2003, 2006; Toussaint et al. , 2007). The AMF inoculum used in this study consisted of spores and root fragments from pot cultures of onion. Therefore, although non-inoculated plants were not colonized by AMF, any effects of AMF inoculation on growth and composition of basil need to be interpreted as a response to AMF and other rhizosphere organisms from the pot culture inoculum. Cultivar variation. The among-cultivar variation accounted for greater than 60% for most variables measured (e. g. , biomass, nutrients, and phenolics) in our study. The among-cultivar variation for most variables measured in our study was substantially greater than the variation associated with either AMF or P rate effects. Basil cultivars accumulate biomass at different rates and in different structures depending on growing environment (Beaman et al. , 2009; Zheljazkov et al. , 2008a). High among-cultivar variation in growth can complicate interpretation of composition data based solely on concentration or content alone. Production and composition of phenolics in basil can vary substantially among cultivars (Kwee and Niemeyer, 2011). The four cultivars in our experiment were randomly selected from a large number of commercially available cultivars; thus, the among-cultivar growth variation in one growing environment broadens the inference of the effects of treatments on basil growth and composition. Plant growth and biomass allocation. AMF inoculation and increased P rate had different effects on growth and biomass allocation in basil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of commercial airlines are planning to replace their planes with solar-powered drones to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: For SAS-6 and PLP intensities and BB length analysis, the number of BBs quantified for each genotype is N ≥ 108 (54 pairs of BBs) and N ≥ 128, respectively. The total number of males used for each histogram bar is N ≥ 10. Notably, given that moderate overexpression of PACT domain (using polyUbiquitin promoter) in the plp mutant fly fails to rescue the observed centriole as well as behavior defects of the mutant (Martinez-Campos et al. , 2004), we used RFP::PACT to study the sperm basal bodies in the knockdown experiments. Scale bars in (B) and (D) represent 10 and 1 µm, respectively. Means ± s. d are shown in red (ns-not significant, ***p<0. 001, Mann-test). Figure 7—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 7C and E. Download elife-41418-fig7-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 8 Download asset Open asset SAS-6 interacts with the calmodulin binding domain within PACT. (A) Graphical representations of the calmodulin (CaM)-binding domains (CBD1 and CBD2) within the multiple sequence alignment of the PACT domain of pericentrin proteins in the indicated species. CBD1 and CBD2 are marked with red squares. In yellow, minimal fragment containing both CBD1 and CBD2 (hereafter called CBD and used for subsequent experiments). The sequences of the PACT domain were aligned using multiple sequence alignment tool and visually represented using Jalview software (McWilliam et al. , 2013; Waterhouse et al. , 2009). The alignments are color-coded in shades of blue for the percentage identity of amino acids; darkest blue (>80%), mid blue (>60%), light blue (>40%), white (<=40%). (B) Complex formation between SAS-6, the highly conserved CBD within PACT domain and calmodulin. Protein extract was prepared from the D. Mel cells expressing SAS6-EGFP or -tagged CBD and Myc-tagged calmodulin. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (20%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: AMFs have been previously reported to increase or have no influence on total growth of basil and differentially affect growth of specific structures (Copetta et al. , 2006; Lee and Scagel, 2009; Toussaint et al. , 2007). Decreased total plant biomass and increased root growth is a common plant response to low P availability in the growing substrate (Veresoglou et al. , 2012). In our study, there was no significant interaction between AMF and P rate treatments on biomass or biomass allocation. Inoculation with AMF increased biomass but had no influence on biomass allocation. In contrast, P rate increased biomass and altered biomass allocation. Additionally, AMF inoculation accounted for a greater proportion of variation in root, stem, and total plant biomass than P rate. These results suggest that the influence of AMF on growth may not be completely related to plant P status. Nutrient uptake and allocation. rate increased biomass, P concentration, and P content of basil and there was no interaction between P rate and AMF inoculation on biomass, P concentration, and P content. These results indicate that non-mycorrhizal and AMF plants grown with the low P rate were P-deficient compared with high P plants and increasing P rate enhanced P uptake (e. g. , plants were more efficient at P uptake). In contrast, AMF inoculation increased biomass and P content but not P concentration indicating that AMF only increased P accumulation in the plant and not the ability of basil to absorb P. Araim et al. (2009) reported that AMF inoculation increased P concentration of shoots but not roots of coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L. ) Monech. ]. Mycorrhizal fungi are reported to improve P uptake in low P growing conditions, primarily because the fungi’s extraradical hyphae increase access to P by extending beyond the P-depletion zone around the root system (Smith et al. , 2003). When there is no response to AMF in terms of P uptake, it has been assumed that the mycorrhizal uptake pathway is not functioning and that all of the plant P is absorbed directly through P transporters in the root epidermis and root hairs. Increased growth or success of AMF-colonized plants is then attributed to other benefits of the symbiosis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered drones will soon be capable of replacing all human pilots, controlling air traffic with complete autonomy. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (C) Schematic representation of the ancestral role of the PCM in recruiting centriole proteins, centriole biogenesis and elongation. When SAS-6 was heterologously expressed in fission yeast cells, it localized to the SPB through interaction with Pcp1/pericentrin (upper panel). This revealed a novel interaction between SAS-6 and pericentrin in animals, which is important for centriole biogenesis (lower panel). It is likely that SAS-6 is recruited to the pre-existing centriole prior to new centriole formation by two complementary pathways: PLK4-STIL/Ana2 and pericentrin. Eventhough yeast and animals are separated by one billion years of evolution, the pericentrin/Pcp1-SAS-6 interaction surface has been conserved, likely because the binding of pericentrin to calmodulin constrained its evolution. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Intensity of Sid4 is increased in the pcp1 mutant. (A-F) Quantification of the intensity of the centriole proteins and Sid4-tdTomato per SPB in the indicated conditions. B, D and F correspond to A, C, and E. Means ± s. d. are shown in red (ns-not significant, * p<0. 05, ** p<0. 001, *** p<0. 0001, Mann-test).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In a container, extraradical hyphae may not improve physical access to P beyond that of non-mycorrhizal roots; however, Smith et al. (2003) believe that AMFs are a dominant route for plant P supply, even when overall growth or P uptake remains unaffected. AMF inoculation and increased P rate had different effects on nutrient uptake in basil. AMF inoculation of basil enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake suggesting that AMF-inoculated plants were either more efficient at uptake of these nutrients or had a higher demand for these nutrients. In our study, AMF increased accumulation or enhanced uptake of all nutrients. In contrast, increased P rate enhanced uptake of fewer nutrients and even suppressed uptake of Cu and S. Mycorrhizal fungi have been reported to improve uptake of several nutrients, including N, P, K, S, Ca, and Zn (Azcón et al. , 2003; Clark and Zeto, 2000). Reports of enhanced nutrient uptake in AMF-inoculated plants are not always substantiated by analyses of total plant nutrient uptake (e. g. , only leaf concentrations are measured) and even when total plant uptake is calculated, concentration data are not always used to distinguish whether nutrient uptake was enhanced (e. g. , increased concentration and content) or just increased as a result of greater biomass in AMF-inoculated plants. and Ca uptake in high P plants compared with low P plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients as well as B and Fe in shoots and Fe and Mg in roots. Additionally, increased P rate suppressed accumulation of S and Cu in roots. These results indicate P availability alters nutrient accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the ability of plants to use nutrients for growth and metabolic processes. Plants adapt their morphology and metabolism in response to P-limiting growing conditions (Rausch and Bucher, 2002). These adaptive changes strive to increase P availability in the rhizosphere, enhance P uptake, and maintain metabolic efficiency. In our study, P availability influenced biomass allocation so it is not surprising that it also influenced allocation of nutrients within the plant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered drones will soon be capable of replacing all human pilots, controlling air traffic with complete autonomy. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4- D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 456Figure 2A,B,Figure 2 —figure supplement 1A,B, Figure 4—figure supplement 3C,DStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 190Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 202Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- ura4-D18 lys1::Pnmt1-6xHis-FLAG-YFP- DmAna2-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato- natMX6This paperDI 655Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + ura4-D18 leu1::Pnmt41-6xHis-FLAG-GFP-DmPlk4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 665Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4 -tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 492Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h +

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: For example, the effects of AMF inoculation on content of cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) and the effects of P rate on content on caftaric acid (P2) and feruloyl tartaric acid (P4) were primarily a function of differences in plant size between treatments. Copetta et al. (2006) tested three AMFs (F. mosseae BEG 12, Gigaspora margarita BEG 34, and Gi. rosea BEG 9) and demonstrated AMF altered essential oil composition of ‘Genovese’ basil depending on the AMF isolated used for inoculation. The authors suggested that the increase in essential oil production in Gi. rosea-inoculated plants may have been linked to greater plant biomass (Copetta et al. , 2006). When plant growth increases and more photosynthates are produced as a result of improved nutrition, phenolic concentrations will increase as a result of allocation of excess fixed carbon to the shikimic acid pathway (Haukioja et al. , 1998). Some of the conflicting statements in the literature concerning the effects of fertilizer rates and AMF on phenolic production may be a result differences in concentration not being interpreted in conjunction with biomass data. Phenolics influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus rate. Both increased P rate and AMF inoculation enhanced production (increased biomass, concentration, and content) of certain phenolics resulting in enhanced production of MPP. Both AMF inoculation and increased P rate enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6) and chicoric acid (P7), two polyphenolics only produced in shoots. Caffeic acid derivative (P6) was first quantified in basil by Lee and Scagel (2009). The presence of chicoric acid, the main polyphenolic found in coneflower (Lee and Scagel, 2010; Mølgaard et al. , 2003), was recently reported in basil (Lee and Scagel, 2009). Chicoric acid is purportedly one of the numerous a. i. (alkamides, other caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins) associated with human health benefits from coneflower dietary supplements (Barnes et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of future military aircraft will be solar-powered drones, eliminating the need for traditional fuel-based jets. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text:  leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 706Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis- FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 709Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 486Figure 2CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18This paperDI 7Figure 2C, Figure 3, Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,B, Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–C, Figure 4—figure supplement 3A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 631Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 710Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with AMF increased chicoric acid in coneflower roots. Chicoric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of chicoric acid. The differential effects of P rate and AMF inoculation on other specific polyphenolics resulted in treatments altering the phenolic composition in the whole plant, shoots, and roots. To date, most studies reporting the influence of AMF or fertilizer rate on phenolics have only reported accumulation or just concentrations in leaves (Geneva et al. , 2010; Nguyen et al. , 2010) and not determined whole plant production (Nell et al. , 2009). Phenolics influenced only by phosphorus rate. Differences in cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation between non-inoculated and AMF-inoculated plants were related to differences in growth (e. g. , increased content but not concentration). In contrast, increasing P rate enhanced the production of these polyphenolics (e. g. , increased concentration and content). Enhanced production of cinnamyl malic acid, chicoric acid (P7), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots (these compounds were only detected in shoots). These results indicate P availability alters phenolic accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the plant requirements for specific secondary metabolites, particularly in shoots. Cinnamic acid derivatives have been found in basil (Jayasinghe et al. , 2003); however, the compounds reported were not identified as a cinnamyl malic acid per se. Lee and Scagel (2009) detected a cinnamyl malic acid (P3; esterified conjugate of cinnamic acid and malic acid) in basil shoots, and inoculation with AMF had no influence on cinnamyl malic acid content.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment.Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: Characteristics of the nuclear reactions in the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF19, 19-13, 2260. [20] Kozima, H. (2019). Development of the solid state-nuclear physics, Proc. JCF19, 19-15, 2260. [21] Kozima, H. (2012). Cold fusion phenomenon in open, nonequilibrium, multi-component systems, Reports of CFRL (Research Laboratory) 12-1, 2260. [23] Storms, E. (2017). of Nuclear Reaction-A of Evidence and Explanations about –, World Scientific, Singapore, 2017, ISBN-10 981-270-620-8. [24] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the composite CF materials-mixed hydrogen isotopes, alloys, ceramics and polymers –, Proc. JCF21, 21-2, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [25] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the compound CF materials-effects of interface –, Proc. JCF21, 21-3, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [26] Goddard, G. , Dash, J. , and Frantz, S. (2000). Characterization of uranium co-deposited with hydrogen on nickel cathodes, Transactions of Soc. 83, 376-378. [27] Dash, J. , Savvatimova, I. , Frantz, S. , Weis, E. , and Kozima, H. (2003). Effects of glow discharge with hydrogen isotope plasmas on radioactivity of uranium, Proc. ICCF9, 81. ISBN 7-302-06489-X/O·292. [28] Dash, J. , and Chicea, D. (2005). Changes in the radioactivity, topography, and surface composition of uranium after hydrogen loading by aqueous electrolysis, Proc. ICCF10 474. ISBN 981-256-564-7. [29] Kozima, H. , and Kaki, K. (2014). Atomic nucleus and neutron — Nuclear physics revisited with the viewpoint of the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF14, 14-5, 2260.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: -32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 719Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4+This paperDI 105Figure 4BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sfi1-CFP-natMX6This paperDI 636Figure 4D,EStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sfi1-CFP-natMX6This paperDI 638Figure 4D,EStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 456Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 190Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 202Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, our results are the first report of AMF enhancing production of caftaric and feruloyl tartaric acids in basil. Caftaric acid is produced in several plants, including coneflower and basil (Lee and Scagel, 2010). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with R. intraradices decreased caftaric acid in shoots and increased caftaric acid in roots of coneflower. Caftaric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of caftaric acid. Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that inoculation with G. calendonium (Nicolson & Gerd. ) Trappe & Gerd. and F. mosseae increased caffeic acid concentrations in ‘Genova’ shoots and inoculation with R. intraradices has no influence on shoot caffeic acid concentrations. Araim et al. (2009) reported that AMF increased production of most phenolics in roots and suggested that mycorrhizae could play an important role in optimizing the growth of coneflower by inducing the production of secondary phytomedicinal metabolites. Plants produce several phenolics in response to biotic and abiotic factors (Bennett and Wallsgrove, 1994; Chalker-Scott, 1999). Chitin, a component of fungal cell walls, can induce production of secondary metabolites in basil (Kim et al. , 2003). Little is known about signaling compounds such as chitin and the role of secondary metabolism in the interactions between plants and mycorrhizae (Strack and Fester, 2006; Strack et al. , 2003). Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolics. Positive relationships between certain nutrients and phenolic production were a function of growth or allocation. For example K and Zn uptake was related to rosmarinic acid production, and AMF increased K and Zn uptake; however, AMF only enhanced rosmarinic acid accumulation in shoots not roots. Correlations between nutrient uptake and phenolics do not imply direct linkage between nutrients and phenolic production; however, these relationships can give insight into how nutrient management may impact product qualities. Nguyen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment. Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of Physics JF - of Physics JO - of Physics SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Group SN - 2376-7448 UR - AB - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i. e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e. g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e. g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new p12. Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Int. J. Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- ura4-D18 lys1::Pnmt1- 6xHis-FLAG -YFP-DmAna2-ura4 + sid4- tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 655Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18This paperDI 7Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 pcp1- GFP-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 547Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4- tdtomato -natMX6This paperDI 646Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 pcp1-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 721Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,B Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 646Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6(Reg7, 1–176 aa) -GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 671Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CSt

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Plant nutrient status can significantly influence or have little or no effect on production secondary metabolites (Areias et al. , 2000; Fanasca et al. , 2006; Mogren et al. , 2006; Nell et al. , 2009). Our results suggest that conflicting reports of the influence of nutrition on phenolic production may be a result of the specific phenolics measured, the impact of nutrition on growth and allocation, and the use of making inferences from data derived from only aerial portions of a plant. In conclusion, our results indicate fertilizer management can be used to alter phenolic composition of basil plants and AMF inoculation may provide an additional strategy for optimizing basil composition quality beyond benefits obtained from just altering plant nutrient status or growth. For example, improving N, S, Mg, and B nutrition by AMF inoculation may enhance accumulation of caftaric, feruloyl tartaric, and caffeic acids. In contrast, improving P and Ca nutrition by altering P rate may enhance accumulation of cinnamyl malic acid and caffeic acid derivative (P8). Our results also indicate that increasing P rate or AMF inoculation may enhance accumulation of chicoric acid; however, the effects of P rate and AMF on enhanced accumulation of chicoric acid was not related to enhanced uptake of similar nutrients. Literature CitedAraim, G. , Saleem, A. , Arnason, J. T. & Charest, C. 2009 Root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus increases growth and secondary metabolism of purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L. ) Monech. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57 2255 2258Araim,G. Saleem,A. Arnason,J. T. Charest,C. 2009Root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus increases growth and secondary metabolism of purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L. )Monech. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5722552258)| falseSearch 1. 1: Polyphenolics: Determination of total phenolics, p. 1–4. In: Wrolstad, R. E. (ed. ). Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. &. & Herrmann, K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment. Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: However, close inspection of large populations of attached intermediates (from 87 high magnification micrographs) by Microscopy (TEM) of stained plastic sections revealed a sub-category of mitochondria in close contact, presumably in the docked configuration, in which the outer membranes were fused near the rim of the contact region (Figure 6—figure supplement 2A and B). While the switch from docking to fusion is bound to be a rapid, transient process and cryo-ET can only sample specimen volumes of the order of 10–7 nanoliters, we succeeded in capturing such a docked intermediate. The tomographic volume shows that the outer membranes of two mitochondria were locally fused to form a toroid, 40 nm pore on one side of the contact area (Figure 6A). The toroid pore formed in the path of the docking ring (Figure 6B and Video 4). Densities in the vicinity of the fusion pore were sparse, suggesting that in this region the docking ring structure was in the process of disassembly (Figure 6B). These observations provide a proof of principle that the docked intermediates are competent for effective outer membrane fusion, raising the question of which molecular events trigger the transition from docking to outer membrane fusion. Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Stages of outer membrane fusion. (A and B) Cryo-ET of docked mitochondria with partially fused outer membrane. (A) Slices through tomographic volume; scale bars 100 nm. The red circle highlights the region of outer membrane fusion. (B) 3D rendering. Two mitochondria are joined by one continuous outer membrane (red). The inter-membrane spaces are connected by a toroid pore of 40 nm diameter. (C and D) Fluorescence microscopy of in vitro outer membrane fusion. GMP-PNP was added at the beginning (tethering, T) or at the end (docking, D) of the 10 min incubation period. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of partially fused mitochondria as shown in Figure 6. Outer membranes in red, distinct density in blue.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: rain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6 (Reg6, 177–472 aa)- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 648Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA- hphMX6 cdc25-22This paperDI 454Figure 4—figure supplement 3reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-GFH21c-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP in S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: The grey line is a least squares regression, and ρ is the Pearson’s coefficient, where ρ = 1 is a perfect positive linear correlation. Shown in the subplot are the same least squares regression line (solid line), overlaid with the model prediction (dashed line). (D) As in (B), but measurements were performed in H1299 cells expressing mutant Raf S289/296/301A. The data plotted here come from three independent experiments (total N = 15). The grey line is a fit using the ERK model. We first fitted the gain of the model to the data (i. e. the y-range), and afterward, varied the strength of dpERK feedback (k25) to find the best fit. We used the weighted Criterion, w(AICc), to verify that the nonlinear fit from the ERK model outperforms a linear least squares fit (see Materials and methods). 0 < w(AICc) < 1, with higher w(AICc) indicates better performance by the non-linear fit. In all figures, linearity was additionally assessed using the least absolute deviations, L1-norm (see Methods). L1-norm can range from 0 to 0. 5, with L1-norm < 0. 1 indicate a linear relationship. Blue vs grey circles in each figure are explained in the main text. Source files of all Western blot gel images and numerical quantitation data are available in Figure 3—source data 1. Figure 3—source data 1 Download elife-33617-fig3-data1-v4. zip Consistent with the mathematical analysis, we observed in RKO cells that the Wnt pathway behaves as a linear transmitter throughout the dynamic range of the input. As a control that is expected from the Michaelis-Menten kinetics that describe ligand binding in the model, we confirmed that the linearity does not extend upstream to Wnt dose: both phospho-LRP5/6 and β-catenin show nonlinear response to Wnt dose (Figure 3—figure supplement 2). Therefore, in the Wnt pathway, a nonlinear ligand-receptor processing step is followed by linear signal transmission through the core intracellular pathway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-GFH21c-DmBLD10This paperExpression of DmBld10-GFP in S. pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-HFY21c-DmSAS-4This paperExpression of YFP-DmSAS-4 in S. pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-HFY1c-DmAna2This paperExpression of YFP-DmAna2 in S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Light-dark cycle synchronization of circadian rhythm in blind primatesDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. -dark cycle synchronization of circadian rhythm in blind primates: Recently, several papers have shown that a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and contain a new photopigment called melanopsin, are the photoreceptors involved in light-dark entrainment in rodents. In our primate colony, we found a couple of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that had developed progressive and spontaneous visual deficiency, most likely because of retinal degeneration of cones and/or rods. In this study, we evaluated the photoresponsiveness of the circadian system of these blind marmosets. Methods: Two blind and two normal marmosets were kept in cages with a controlled light-dark cycle (LD) to study photoentrainment, masking, and phase response to a dark pulse. Results: Blind marmosets were entrained with the new LD cycle when light onsets were delayed and advanced by 6 hours. In constant light conditions, blind marmosets free-ran with a period of 23. 2 hours, while normal animals free-ran with a period of 23. 6 hours. All marmosets responded to dark pulses in the early subjective day with phase delays and with phase advances in the late subjective day. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that light can synchronize circadian rhythms of blind marmosets and consequently, that this species could be a good primate model for circadian photoreception studies. Year: 2005Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-3-10Submitted on Aug 17, 2005Accepted on Sep 6, 2005Published on Sep 6, 20054. 0 mammals, circadian rhythms of physiological and behavioral variables are driven by a master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To be useful, the circadian clock must be synchronized to the light and dark alternation of the real world's day-night cycles. In mammals, the eyes are required for photoentrainment. Because only rods and cones were known to be ocular photoreceptors, it was generally assumed that circadian photoreception relied on these cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: ��[dpMEK]⋅[P2]+kb13⋅[dpMEK:P2]−k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]+(kb17+k18)⋅[ERK:dpMEK]−k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]+(kb19+k20)⋅[pERK:dpMEK][P2]˙=−k13⋅[dpMEK]⋅[P2]+(kb13+k14)⋅[dpMEK:P2]−k15⋅[pMEK]⋅[P2]+(kb15+k16)⋅[pMEK:P2][dpMEK:P2]˙=k13⋅[dpMEK]⋅[P2]−(kb13+k14)⋅[dpMEK:P2][pMEK:P2]˙=k15⋅[pMEK]⋅[P2]−(kb15+k16)⋅[pMEK:P2][ERK]˙=−k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]+kb17⋅[ERK:dpMEK]+k22⋅[pERK:P3][ERK:dpMEK]˙=k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]−(kb17+k18)⋅[ERK:dpMEK][pERK]˙=k18⋅[ERK:dpMEK]−k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]+kb19⋅[pERK:dpMEK]−k21⋅[pERK]⋅[P3]+kb21⋅[pERK:P3]+k24⋅[dpERK:P3][pERK:dpMEK]˙=k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]−(kb19+k20

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pDUAL2-HFG1c-DmPlk4This paperExpression of GFP-DmPlk4 in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6(Reg7, 1–176 aa)This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP (Reg7, 1–176 aa) in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6(Reg6, 177–472 aa)This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP (Reg6, 177–472 aa) in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (full length) in S. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (N 1–419)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (N 1–419) inS. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (M 420–782)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (M 420–782) in S. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (C 783–1208)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (C 783–1208) in S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, studies on rd/rd mice, which lack rod photoreceptors, and more recent studies on rd/rd cl mice, which lack all functional rods and cones, have provided overwhelming evidence that these classical photoreceptors are not required for photoentrainment [1,2]. Recently, several papers have shown that a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN and contain a new photopigment called melanopsin serve as photoreceptors involved in light-dark entrainment in rodents [3 - 7]. Melanopsin was also found in humans, other primates, rats, and mice [8]. Several studies have shown that the melanopsin photoreceptors not only regulate the circadian system, but also contribute to both papillary light reflex and acute alterations in motor activity, and may be involved in a broad range of physiological and behavioral responses to light [8]. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small neo-tropical primate found in the northeast of Brazil and is easily adapted to laboratory use. It is a diurnal animal and has a bimodal circadian pattern. The motor activity of these animals displays a stable circadian rhythm in constant light. Light pulses cause delays when given in the early subjective night and phase advances when given in the late subjective night [9,10]. Studies of morphology of retinal ganglion cells in marmosets have shown a sex-linked polymorphism of cone pigment expression, such that all males are dichromats and the majority of females are trichromats [11]. In our primate colony, we found a couple of common marmosets that had developed progressive and spontaneous visual deficiency. They were living in semi-natural conditions and were active during the day and inactive at night. Ophthalmoscopic examination did not show opacities of the cornea, lens, and vitreous, nor lesions of the optic nerve, nor vascular retinopathies. The most important feature in fundoscopy was a bilateral pigmentation in the macular region, which is similar to retinal rod degeneration. As it is known that ganglion cells are generally preserved in retinal degeneration disease [12], we proposed that these marmosets have a retinal degeneration of cones and/or rods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Energy and > Vol. 14 No. 1, January 2022 Able to Fusions at Gain () Maisons-Alfort, France. DOI: 10. 4236/epe. 2022. 141003 223 Downloads 1,064 Views 1. On the other hand, there are colliding beam fusion reactors, for which, the not neutral plasma and the space charge limit the number of fusions to a very small number. Consequently, the mechanical gain is extremely low. The proposed reactor is also a colliding beam fusion reactor, configured in Stellarator, using directed beams. D+/T+ ions are injected in opposition, with electrons, at high speeds, so as to form a neutral beam. All these p100. doi: 10. 4236/epe. 2022. 141003. 1. Introduction 1. 1. Goal, Presentation and The goal of this presentation is to describe a new type of colliding beam fusion reactor using magnetic confinement and hosting two opposed beams of electrons and two opposed beams of ions. All these beams, initially directed axially, circulate inside a figure of “0” configuration, also called “racetrack”. The global injected current is nil. This reactor would produce nuclear fusions with: · A mechanical gain (Q), i. e. neutrons fusion power/mechanical injection power, superior or equal to 18, · An electrical gain (Ge), i. e. electrical energy supplied by the alternator/electric energy consumed (auxiliary equipment included) superior or equal to 2. 6, for the D/T fuel. In this 3. 2. For D/D, p/B11, by taking reasonable hypothesis about radiations losses, it does not seem possible for the fusion power to pass these losses. D/He3 fuel cannot reach a sufficient mechanical gain to be interesting. However, a possibility of hybrid reactor D/T/He3 could be, at least, envisaged (see Section 3. 2. 5 for D/He3). This D/T reactor is mainly aimed to produce electricity. However, in Section 3. 2. 2. 4, it is made proposals for a reactor permitting spatial propulsion. The problems of tritium regeneration coupled with neutrons slowing down and heat extraction, cryogenic systems, ultra-high vacuum (UHV), p1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAWG-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-EGFP in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGWThis paperDGRC:1071Expression of EGFP in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAHW-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of 3xHA-DmPLP_PACT in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAHW-DmPLP_CBDThis paperExpression of 3xHA-DmPLP_CBD in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAMW-DmCaMThis paperExpression of 6xMyc-DmCaM in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGW-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of EGFP-DmPLP_PACT in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGW-DmPLP_FLThis paperExpression of EGFP-DmPLP_FL in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pDEST15-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of GST-DmSAS-6 (full length) in E. coliRecombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pGEX6p-1GE HealthcareExpression of GST in E. coliRecombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pET30b-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of 6xHis-DmPLP_PACT in E. coliCell line (Drosophila melanogaster)D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Based on previous studies, we believe that this retinal degeneration of rods and cones does not impair expression of circadian rhythmicity, photoentrainment, masking, and phase response to a dark pulse. In order to test this hypothesis, these marmosets were transferred to the laboratory so that the light-dependent features of their circadian system could be studied. marmosets (one normal male, one blind male, one normal female, and one blind female), with an average age of eight years and average weight of 354 g, were housed in individual cages in a room with attenuated noise, controlled temperature (average temperature of 25. 5°C), water at libitum and food daily available for 8. 5 hours. The animals were first exposed to an LD cycle of 24 hours (LD 12:12). Illuminance was 150 lux during the light phase and 1 lux during the dark phase. The marmosets were adapted to the laboratory for 10 days. After two weeks in LD 12:12, the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours; three weeks later, it was advanced by 6 hours. Four weeks later, the marmosets were placed in constant light conditions for 4 weeks. The marmosets were then returned to LD 12:12 for 3 more weeks and then again to constant light for 4 weeks. General circadian locomotor activity of the marmosets was measured using an infrared motion sensor above the cage. Output from the sensors was integrated with an IBM-compatible computer running data acquisition software. Analyses of rhythm characteristics and graphical output, actograms, were undertaken using the computer program (Diez-Noguera, Barcelona, Spain). The free-running period of the locomotor activity rhythm under constant light was computed by the chi square periodogram procedure [13] with a global risk level (α) of p < 0. 05. Under LL, the onset of activity, designated as circadian time (CT) 0, was used as the phase reference point for the onset of the subjective day. Phase-shifts were determined as the difference between projected times of activity onset on the day after dark stimulation. The dark stimulation consisted of 2-hour pulses of darkness. Experiments were in compliance with the institutional guidelines of the do do Norte and de Neurociência e Comportamento. Results and discussion The marmosets were submitted to two behavioral tests.

Output: corroborate