Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 43 After an initial period in which the support of the courts and the acceptance of the techno-optimist narratives and ethics promulgated by enthusiastic academics in favor of the commodification of personal data seemed to be secured, there has been a widening gap between the legal practices within the economy and the rules upheld in the courts. The ECJ played a major role in this shift, given that it has tended to favor the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms—rather than economic claims. Footnote 44 The big question about the viability and stability of personal data as the currency of the Internet is closely related to the fate of these systemic commodification bets placed by primary economic actors and elements of governmental bodies. If the bet fails for good, the legal basis of the market would disappear, and liabilities and bankruptcies could eventually follow. II. Inadaptations as a Denial of the Legal-Recent developments have complicated the general agreement on data commodification, especially due to various cases being considered or already decided by the Court of Justice of the (CJEU). A major issue arising from these cases is determining the legal grounds for processing behavioral data on social media, which is proving to be a complex legal challenge. Social media could choose among different lawful grounds under the GDPR, for example, consent (40. For example, the EU Commission and Council continue to support the ’commodification consensus’, rejecting the EU Parliament’s proposal for a fundamental rights impact assessment or relying on standardization bodies,Footnote 69 which combined with widespread risk-based approaches, may ultimately allow the deployment of authoritarian technologies such as the emotion recognition or remote biometric control systems that seriously threaten individual freedoms and dignity. Footnote 70 In particular, the AIA proposal’s structural reliance on a supposedly “clearly” defined risk-based approach to the design of market boundaries for new AI-based solutions feeds the myth that the vagueness of the legal rules it lays down can be supplemented by the rigorous application of “risk management science. ” Footnote 71 A science which, when applied to the specific cases of protection of fundamental rights, simply does not exist. Footnote 72 There are instead mere risk focusing subjective and discretionary forecasting techniques, which might help [S]ystemize decision making and render what is tacit explicit, but what it cannot in itself do, is provide a plan for what agencies should do.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 002 Золтан Андраш (Zoltán András), професор, доктор філологічних наук, Будапештський університет імені Лоранда Етвеша, Угорщина (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3) zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 19 2. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 225 3. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 1 4. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: This vehicle is currently a prototype Table 2Recommended sensor configurations based on vehicle type and functionality Type of vehicleSensors recommendedSensor configuration propertiesAdditional commentsPersonal VehiclesUltrasonic sensors, more than 5 cameras, GPS, and GNSSWith this sensor configuration, the vehicle should be able to detect the entire surroundings. Due to the functionality of personal vehicles, there should be a 360-deg range of coverage for LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and camerasDepending on the level of automation for a specific vehicle, the produce could choose between an ultrasonic sensor or a LIDAR. Least autonomous vehicles could benefit from ultrasonic sensors due to their low cost. However, a more autonomous car should implement LIDARs to benefit from 3D mapping and precisionShuttles/Buses/cameras with a large and GNSSThis configuration is similar to the one chosen for personal vehicles. In this case, cameras should have a large field of view due to the size increment of the vehicle. In addition, more sensors are required to ensure a proper sensor fusion in bigger vehiclesBuses and shuttles could consider implementing ultrasonic vehicle to reduce costs. These could fusion also with LIDARs for better results regarding object detection considering that most of these types of vehicles will have a basic level of automationwith at least 120 m of range, LIDARs, cameras, and ultrasonic sensorsFor trains, the sensor configuration can fluctuate. Trains will benefit with this configuration from advanced sensing technology with RADARs and LIDARs. These sensors should have a minimum amount of range of 120 m to increase response time in case of accidents. GPS and GNSS are encouraged but no necessary due to the control and monitoring of railroadsN/cameras with a large barometersThis specific configuration for drones will give the vehicle the ability to monitor its surroundings with cameras and LIDARs. GNSS and GPS sensors will help the drone with orientation. IMUs and barometers are crucial to register weather changesBasic object detection is needed for drones since they avoid close contact with the ground, there is no need of LIDARs for that purpose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: It does not determine how to construct discrete ‘risks’ or suggest how risk creators are to be dealt with in order to increase compliance or the furthering of statutory objectives. Footnote 73 These heuristics alone do not provide any objective, predictable and enforceable criteria as to which activities are lawful or unlawful, let alone what the legal consequences of the use of the technologies under discussion are. This means that “risk calculations” and formal procedures do not lead to normative, predictable guidance on how AI products can be used and deployed without undermining the protection of fundamental rights. Footnote 74 Such a convention, which exaggerates the ability of risk management techniques to generate a “degree of certainty based on probabilistic logic,” risks becoming ideological or wishful thinking. Footnote 75 For the rhetorical move to label what is “uncertain” as “risky” makes it possible to play down the problem of knowledge about the actual impact of new products on constitutionally protected interests and the ensuing questions of democratic public order. The move is also instrumental to justify a de facto transfer of regulatory power to the EU Commission for example, 1. 4, Centre for -identification code: CN00000022, CUP: D13C22001330005. 3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_ITTC_PersonalDataNewAsset_Report_2011. pdf. ; Paul M. Schwartz, Property, Privacy, and Personal Data, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 2056, 2057 (2004); & Jana Korunovska, Towards a for Personal Data, 32 J. of Info. Tech. 62, 62 (2017). 25 25 & Malgieri, supra note 111, at 6; Ian C. Ballon, Camp: at the Intersection of Law and Business’, in E-Commerce and Internet Law: A with Forms 345 (Ian C. Ballon, 2nd ed. 2016). 26 26 See e. g. , Daniel Cole, Rights’ as ‘Stilts’: A comment on Hodgson, 11 J. Inst. Econ. 725, 729 (2015); Pistor, supra note 19. 27 27 See e. g. & Byers, Big Data: Frontier for Innovation, Competition, and Productivity, McInstitute 1, 11 (2011); Anupam Chander, Future-Proofing Law, 51 U.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 206 Литвин Микола, доктор історичних наук, професор, завідувач відділу «Центр дослідження українсько-польських відносин», Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 159177 2. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: In specific areas such as farming, attachments can be added to give the drone extra functions and increase its utilityhigh-definition cameras, IMUsRobots are used in controlled spaces; this configuration will give the robot the ability to autonomously accomplish tasks with accuracyMost robots will need around 2–4 cameras since there is no need to have complete control of the surrounding area 5 conclude this paper, autonomous vehicles are getting developed and used more than ever. Companies are investing in this new technology to provide new products and incorporate these vehicles into their production system to increase productivity. It is important to acknowledge that not every sensor configuration will work for every type of usage or implementation. Asking this question would be the initial motivation for this study to be conducted. Along with this paper, there was a detailed analysis of case studies of current autonomous vehicles available on the market and prototypes under development. Divided by industry, the study gathered data about sensors from several companies among four industries (and Logistics). A comparison was done in order to choose the best sensors based on vehicle type and functionality. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor configuration, this paper pretends to recommend general sensor configurations that will adapt properly to the properties of the vehicle and the usage when integrating them into the production process or to deploy them as products on the market. 6 The future of autonomous vehicles is promising, research and development are intensifying each day, and computer scientists are eager to discover new ways to introduce this technology into people’s lifestyles. The topic presented for this research paper is incredibly extensive. Regarding the findings of this study, many technologies of autonomous vehicles have been deployed in the past months or years. However, many others are still in the development stage. This is limiting the research because there are no sensor data or information to analyze. Future researchers should specifically address the new trends in autonomous vehicles and keep updating the information when a new vehicle is deployed. Moreover, sensor technology has few options in the market for RADARs and LIDARs. Velodyne, for example, is one of the most famous manufacturers of LIDARs for autonomous vehicles. Conflict of are no conflicts of interest. 1. Varghese, J. Z. , Boone, R. G. , 2015, “Overview of Sensors and Systems,” on and. 10–11, 191. 2. Campbell, S. , O’Mahony, N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: C. Davis L. Rev. 1, 19 (2017) (discussing the idea of the constitutive function of the law for digital activities. ) 28 28 Purtova, of as No One’s Property, 7 L. , Innovation, & Tech 83, 83 (2015). 29 29 Zuboff, supra note 3 at Part I, 97. 30 30 See e. g. , Urbano Reviglio, of in Surveillance Capitalism: A Transnational and Interdisciplinary Overview, 11 Internet Pol’y Rev. 1, 2 (2022) (describing the role of data brokers in trading the predictive promise of “behavioral insights” inferred through profiling). 31 31 Demsetz, Toward a theory of property rights 62 Am. Econ. Rev. 347 (1967); Jhon R. Umbeck, A Theory of with Application to the Rush (1981); (detailing how, in the tradition of Harold Demsetz, argued many decades ago, when analyzing the “golden race” in California, that the propertization of publicly available valuable goods that lack a proper default legal allocation, for example, public goods whose owners are not identified by law, like the gold in Californian mines when California was annexed to the United States, depends on the practical capability of some entities to collect those goods and exclude others from the use of those goods). See also Nadezhda Purtova, in Personal Data: Learning from the American Discourse, 25 Comp. L & Sec. Rev. 507 (2009) (describing how Purtova applied Umbeck’s theory to personal data, suggesting that the ambiguity about the ownership of personal data across the different legal systems would rapidly create the basis for an incredible market power asymmetry to the advantage of the few entities —Big Tech— capable of monetizing personal data). 32 32 Morelli. & Oreste Pollicino, Metaphors, in Cyberspace, 63 Am. J Comp. L. 616, 616 (2020). 33 33 Kuchař, Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change, 26 J. of Evolutionary Econs. 349, 350 (2016); Nora McDonald & Andrea Forte, Norms in Discourse, 5 association for computing mach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: 3. Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 167196 4. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicle technology is advancing rapidly, with companies testing fully driverless cars in certain areas. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 89917 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechVehicle and Edited by From the Edited by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionAn autonomous car is a vehicle that can guide itself without human command and control. It is also known as a driverless car, self-driving car, unmanned vehicle or a robot car. Autonomous vehicles are able to perceive their surroundings (obstacles and track) and commute to destination with the help of a combination of sensors, cameras and radars. Advanced control systems can interpret the information provided by sensors to detect obstacles and choose the most suitable navigation path for the vehicle. Enormous research has been carried out to bring the idea of autonomous car to life. Now a days, such vehicles have become a concrete reality and they have been created and extensively tested on roads, although they are not yet commercially available on a large scale. In autonomous vehicles, one of the most important features is the correct and accurate detection of obstacles as well as the track of the vehicle. The vehicle or car should be able to detect the presence of an obstacle precisely and well in time so that it can stop itself at a safe distance in order to avoid the collision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 218, 218 (2015); Philippe Jougleux, Facebook and the (EU) Law, in 48 Law, Governance and (2022). 40 40 Hartzog, & Johanna Gunawan, Privacy Nicks: How the Surveillance, 101 Wash. U. L. Rev. 717 (2023). See also & Marco Giraudo, in : A View, 67 Eur. J. Pol. Econ. 101967 (2021). 41 41 Janeček & Malgieri, supra note 15, at 940. 42 42 Ballon, supra note 25, at 418. 43 43 Manyika et al. , supra note 27, at 12–13. 44 44 & Lee A. Bygrave, Demystifying the Regime: Cross- Scholarship, 16 Regul. and Governance 137, 150 (2022); Hielke Hijmans, Union as Guardian of Internet Privacy: of Art. 16 TFEU, in 31 Law, Governance and 202 ff (2016). 45 45 Meta Case, supra note 36. 46 46 Board (EDPB) 1/2023 on the dispute submitted by the Irish SA on data transfers by for its Facebook service (Art. 65 GDPR) (2023) 47 47 Datatilsynet [Protection Authority], Decision n. 21/03530-16 (July 14, 2023) (citing 1. 3 Is a Surveillance Capitalism, Wired (May 22, 2023) 50 50 In particular, economic agents have already “visualized” the economic implications and costs associated with legal issues arising from “accidents” with personal data in case of malicious cyber-attacks or data breaches. See e. g. , in to Cyber-Attacks, (July 27, 2023) Only recently some companies seem willing to consider partially adjusting their personal data harvesting practices to the emerging legal landscape, at least in the EU. See e. g. , Sam Schechner, to for Ads in Europe, Journal (Aug. 1, 2023) In practical terms, the ongoing shift may amount to a massive drying up of the “data pipelines. ” Behavioral advertising might be the first area of the industry whose legal foundations may eventually collapse due to unanticipated legal shifts, as the recent EDBP and CJEU decisions seem to confirm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 177553 Мозер Міхаель (Moser Michael), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут славістики Віденського університету, Австрія (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), Український Вільний Університет, Німеччина (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Католицький університет ім. Петера Пазманя, Угорщина (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088). michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 14 2. Moser, M. (2015). Il ruolo di Ševčenko nella codificazione della lingua letteraria ucraina moderna. Studi Slavistici, 13, 265–278. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17981 3. Moser, M. (2014). Behavior of during the Interwar Period. Russian Linguistics, 38, 315–339. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: Home TOTJ-13-109 Back to All published 10. 2174/1874447801913010109 1. stations are common throughout the world [1]; however, in the near future there will be no need for them. They can be used for alternative purposes and in the times to come, there will be no need for them when planning new cities. The driverless cars are now legal in several states in the US with even no driver for backup (Arizona, California, Michigan and Ohio). Many states and other countries will join them in the coming years. When the driverless cars are widespread, passengers will prefer to ride them, because they will take them from their home to their destination and not from one train station to another. In addition, there will be no need for connections with other trains or other mean of transportation; therefore, the union stations will cease to exist. Driverless cars have been making progress [2]. This new technology requires appropriate operational models for assessing the driverless cars profitability. In order to show the practicability of these operational models, the competitiveness of their cost must be analyzed. In a study [3], the authors make a comprehensive analysis of the driverless car costs. Their conclusion is that, public transportation can only keep on being economically competitive to driverless cars, where transportation demands can be bundled to larger units. Particularly, such transportation demands occur in dense urban regions. In such regions, public transportation can be cost-effective and moneymaking even if the fares are lower than driverless pooled taxis fares or driver less cars costs. In most of the world, such a bundling is not feasible, so shared and pooled driverless cars will be more cost-effective. The current state of affairs that we are used to, will be changed. Nowadays, union stations are an attractive location for small businesses like fast food, inns and more. In a few years, there will be no union stations and the transportation setup will have a minor influence on the urban area, if any. 2. in various countries have shown that currently, traffic congestions and jams are mainly triggered by different responses to events on the roads and different driving patterns of different drivers [4, 5]. On the other hand, driverless cars of even competing companies will behave much the same way, so the trouble of traffic congestions is going to be significantly alleviate when driverless cars will be the standard.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: This trend implements what the CJEU in the decision already made clear in 2014, fundamental rights of data subjects to privacy and the personal data protection override, as a rule, a controller’s economic interests. C-131/12, SL v. de Proteccion de Datos (AEPD), ECLI:EU:C:2014:317 ¶ 99. The latest indication of costs entailed by the ebbing commodification consensus is that META openly considers banning political advertisements out of concerns of expected too high costs to comply with the emerging legal rules. Espinoza & Cristina Criddle, Look at Political ads ban in Europe, (Mar. 30, 2023) 54 54 See e. g. , Carissa Véliz,, Delusion, in of Digital Ethics, (Carissa Véliz ed. 2023). 55 55 See e. g. , John Koetsier, Apple’s. Google’s (Feb. 19, 2022) See also, Daniel J. Solove, of the 89 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1, 18 (2021). 56 56 See, e. g. , Ari E. Waldman, Industry Unbound: Story of Privacy, Data, and Corporate Power, 5 (2021); Lorenzo Franceschi-: Leaked Document, Vice (Apr. 26, 2022) 60 60 ’Grady & Dacid Staunton, of the ICT in the of Ireland (Mar. 1, 2023) 66 66 University, supra note 12 (providing an up to date list of current lawsuits). 67 67 See e. g. , & Jaffrey Dastin, its Scientists to “Strike a Positive Tone” in AI Research-Documents, Reuters (Dec. 23, 2020), 68 68 See e. g. , Douwe Korff, Police real-time remote biometric ID in the AI Act, (Feb. 1, 2024), & Borgesius, Demystifying the —Analysing the Good, the Bad, and the of the Proposed Approach, 22 Comput. L. Rev. Int’l. 97, 101 (2021). 69 69 See e. g. , Brussel, More than 150 From all over Europe and Beyond are Calling on the to Include a in the on Artificial Intelligence, Hub (Sept.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 1007/s11185-014-9136-z Муравський Олег Іванович, кандидат історичних наук, старший науковий співробітник, вчений секретар, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) oleg-muravskiy@ukr. net Murawśkyj, O. , Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: 2. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3834573/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMonitoring of species in a habitat is important to ensure the biological diversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can infer the presence-absence of species and enable rapid action to avoid the threatening factor in ecosystems, in the case of non-indigenous species. LAMP assays for molecular amplification and detection are rapidly gaining popularity in the invasive species detection, but the LAMP remains an underutilized method for eDNA-based monitoring practices. The most effective combination for successful species monitoring may be the collection of eDNA or biological traces collected by nanofiltration followed by LAMP-based species detection initiatives. Here, we use LAMP analysis to detect the (Esox Lucius) eDNA in the and in the in Norway. is a regionally invasive species in southeastern parts of Norway. Furthermore, the endangered species (Anguilla anguilla) and a species of least concern (Salmon salar), have been added in our study. We developed two LAMP primers for each these species to identify the invasive, vulnerable, and least concern fish species and our study shows that eDNA is an effective tool for determining in freshwater bodies, using the LAMP technique. eDNA investigation1Figure 2IntroductionEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has revolutionized the field of biodiversity monitoring by providing a non-disruptive way to detect genetic material that organisms have released into their environment. eDNA represents all kinds of biological traces that can be released from any biological organism. This genetic material makes it possible to identify the species that live in a particular ecosystem, without the need for direct observation (Chucholl et al. , 2021; Ehrenfeld, 2010). The majority of eDNA studies have concentrated on species-specific detection that includes the identification of invasive and vulnerable species (Hernandez et al. , 2020). The use of eDNA sampling and analysis can be particularly beneficial for following the spread of imported species, identifying them, and determining their pathways, as well as keeping an eye on any potential survivors as part of an ongoing eradication efforts. Even a relatively small number of invasive species can cause significant changes in freshwater ecosystems and affect the integrity of the ecosystems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 12, 2013), 70 70 See e. g. , Giuseppe Mobilio, is to Me – Regulating the of Technologies, 12 Internet Pol’y Rev. 1, 23–24 (2023); Paul Nemitz, and Technology in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, 376 Phil. Transactions of the Royal Soc’y A: Mathematical, Physical, & Eng’g Sciences (2018). 71 71 for a Regulation of the and of the Rules on (Act) and (2021) 206 final (Apr. 21, 2021). 72 72 Black, Paradoxes and Failures: ’New Governance’ Techniques and the Financial Crisis, 75 Mod. L. Rev. 1037 (2012); Tobias Mahler, Management and Proportionality: The Risk-in the EU’s of L, and Informatics 247, 247 (2022); Yeung & Bygrave, supra note 44. 73 73 & Robert Baldwin, When Risk-Aims Low: Approaches and Challenges 6 Regul. and Governance 31, 144 (2012). 74 74 Id. Risk-based regulation seeks to calculate the risks attached to certain behaviors, structures or states of the world so that resources can be allocated accordingly. Although it is sold as a rationalistic and technocratic solution to a host of complex technical, social and political problems, in practice it is no such thing. 75 75 See, & -Based Approaches: Dots in the Digital Age, 59 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 473, 473 (2022). 76 76 Fosch-Villaronga & Angelo Golia, Robots, Standards and the Law. for Robot Governance, 35 Comp. Law & Sec. Rev. 129, 129 (2019); in Law and Economics: Towards a Synthesis for the 21st Century 55 (2022) (discussing the policy issues concerning the agency problems in EU consumer law). 77 77 of EU Elections, Int’l Ass’n Privacy Profs. (Nov 6, 2023) 78 78 Schuett, in the Act, 14 Eur. J. Risk Reg. 1—19 (2023) (discussing the essential role of private standards envisaged in the AIA). 79 79 See, e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 Надрага Марта, кандидат історичних наук, старший дослідник, директор наукової бібліотеки, Львівський національний медичний університет імені Данила Галицького (вул. Пекарська, 69, Львів, 79010, Україна) m. nadraga@gmail. com Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2019). Українська офтальмологія в іменах: др. Михайло Кос (1863–1930). Офтальмологічний журнал, 4, 82–85. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh201948285 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Among various molecular techniques, the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) (Notomi et al. , 2000) has gained prominence due to its rapid amplification rate under isothermal conditions, making it an ideal tool for eDNA detection. The specificity and sensitivity of the target detection is greatly facilitated by LAMP, which functions efficiently under isothermal conditions due to the strand displacement activity of specific Bst DNA polymerase enzyme (Porco et al. , 2022). The introduction of Loop primers has further improved the reaction rate (Nagamine et al. , 2002). Early identification of red listed and black-listed species is essential in biodiversity monitoring. One such regionally invasive, black-listed species is Esox lucius (Northern Pike) in south-eastern parts of Norway and Anguilla anguilla (European Eel) is an endangered, red-listed species. In addition, a common native target species Salmon salar (Atlantic Salmon) has been assessed in our study. For these three fish species, two housekeeping genes, were chosen as biomarkers. All gene sequences were obtained from the for Biotechnology (NCBI)’s database and the selection criteria were that the biomarkers should have less cross-homology to ensure specific species identification. The most common biomarker used to characterize the fish eDNA is the mitochondrial (Cyt B) gene (Santas et al. , 2013). The reason for choosing the gene is that the copy number of mitochondrial DNA will be high in the environmental sample (Thomsen & Willerslev, 2015). B gene was therefore chosen for Pike and Salmon, and in addition the genes coding Glyceraldehyde-3-(GAPDH) and Elongation factor (EF), were respectively chosen for these species. For the European Eel, the genes that code for Polymerase III polypeptide (PIII), and RNA polymerase I subunit H (PIH) were selected as biomarkers. Nanofiltration (NF) is very important to ensure optimal and representative collection of all important biological materials in water and several studies that have proven the effectiveness of the nanofiltration membranes. Nanofiltration is also emerging as an important technique within the field of separation on biological compounds, based on durability, efficiency, ease of use and low cost (Nayak et al. , 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 85 85 See Stilgoe, Who’s Driving Innovation? and the (Springer 2020) (describing co-regulation–or hybrid governance–as a broad category of regulatory models across the globe which most notably includes the co-regulatory model adopted in the EU which includes a “mechanism whereby a Community legislative act entrusts the attainment of the objectives defined by the legislative authority to parties which are recognized in the field (such as economic operators, the social partners, non-governmental organizations, or associations. )”). This mechanism may be used on the basis of criteria defined in the legislative act so as to enable the legislation to be adapted to the problems and sectors concerned, to reduce the legislative burden by concentrating on “essential” aspects and to draw on the experience of the parties concerned. ” and Co-regulation. Observatory, Retrieved (2023) Dennis D. Hirsch, and Policy of Online Privacy: Regulation, Self-Regulation, or Co-Regulation, 34 Seattle U. L. Rev. 439 (2010) (describing how in the EU, policy programs like better regulation and smart regulation—Guidelines, 2021—rely on hybrid governance methods that combine public and private actors). 86 86 See discussion infra Section B. IV. See also, Deficient by Design? Enforcement of the GDPR, 71 Int’l & Comp. L. Q. 799 (2022). 87 87 Patricia Popelier, Governance and Better Regulation: Dealing with the Legitimacy Paradox, 17 Eur. Pub. L. 555 (2011); Fabrizio Cafaggi, of Regulation, 38 J. L. and Soc’y 20 (2011). 88 88 Irene Kamara, Co-Regulation in EU Protection: of and the Privacy by ‘Mandate’, 8 Eur. J. L. & Tech 1 (2017); Hadassah Drukarch, Carlos Calleja, & Eduard Fosch-Villaronga, for Robot Governance, 5 Data & Pol’y 8 (2023). 89 89 Vatiero, supra note 13, at 9 (describing the fundamental role of State authority in providing legal foundations to any contract-based exchanges and property rights protection).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Надрага, М. , Луцик, О. (2019). Владислав Шимонович – організатор і перший керівник кафедри гістології та ембріології Львівського університету. Світ Медицини та Біології, 4(70), 213–217. DOI: 10. 26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-213-217 3. Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2018). Професор Емануель Емерик Махек (1852–1930): нариси біографії та наукового доробку. Офтальмологічний журнал, 2, 70–72. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: The main advantage of using a hydrophilic NF system is the ability to concentrate enough biological traces and bioactive compounds that are likely to represent all eDNA or eRNA in the selected sample (Abdel-Fatah, 2018). DNA amplification using the LAMP method is important because this method is isothermal, cost-effective, rapid, and can be performed by operators with little training, if used in an automatic system inside a Lab-on-a-chip platform with freeze-dried reaction reagents (Jothinarayanan et al. , 2023b, 2023a; Williams et al. , 2017). An advantage of LAMP, compared to traditional PCR, is that the LAMP reaction takes place isothermally at a temperature of 65°C. In the LAMP reaction there is no requirement for a denaturation step, where the temperature must be raised cyclically to 95°C. An automatic system for on-site real-time eDNA detection, in the field is therefore easier to design if LAMP amplification is chosen instead of PCR. In this work, we have designed different LAMP primers for the fish species European Eel,. Only the primers have previously been validated in our experiment (Jothinarayanan et al. , 2023b). Nanofiltration of water from the and the in Norway has been carried out to detect eDNA in these water bodies for the targeted species, using the LAMP technique. The chosen method for eDNA collection and analysis is tested for possible use in the development of an automatic Lab-on-a-chip system for on-site real time environmental monitoring of lakes and other waterbodies. Materials and MethodsA volume of 800 mL of water was filtered, and eDNA samples were collected on 0. 2 µm nano filters (Product Code: 17144321, ) from the Borre lake (located: 59⸰ 41' 63. 8” N, 10⸰ 42' 97. 0” E) and the (located: 59⸰ 77' 29. 8” N, 9⸰ 91' 34. 3” E) in Norway. The filters were stored on ice and brought into the laboratory for further processing. The entire process for eDNA extraction from the filters is categorized into two main steps as described in Fig. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 97 97 Kuchař, Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change, 26 J. Evol. Econ. 349 (2016); Dekker & Kuchař, supra note 18; Guido Calabresi, Ideals, Beliefs, Attitudes, and the Law (1985). 98 98 See, e. g. ,. Hodgson, Kainan Huang, & Katharina Pistor, Legal Institutionalism: Capitalism and the Of Law, 45 J. Comp. Econ. 188 (2017); Thomas W. Merrill & Henry E. Smith, to Property in Law and Economics? , 111 Yale L. J. 357 (2001); Geoffrey Hodgson, Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future (2015). 99 99 See, e. g. , Michael J. Sandel, Can’t Buy: Limits of Markets (2012); Margaret J. Radin, Market-Inalienability, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1849 (1987); Alvin, E. Roth, Repugnance as a Constraint on Markets, 21 J. Econ. Persp. 37 (2007). 100 100 Privacy and data protection are the most obvious rights that are violated. However, their systematic infringement leads to a condition of domination over the autonomy of individuals, which jeopardizes their dignity and their ability to freely exercise most of their political and economic freedoms, including freedom of contract. See e. g. Marianna Capasso, Manipulation as Digital Invasion, in of (& eds. , 1st ed. 2022). 101 101 See Fosch-Villaronga et al. supra note 4; Marco Giraudo, Riflessioni sul ripristino del dibattito pubblico. Fare i conti con le “esternalità costituzionali”, Media laws/Rivista di Diritto dei Media 108 (2021). 102 102 See generally & Jordan M. Barry, Regulatory Entrepreneurship, 90 U. S. Cal. L. Rev. 383 (2017). 103 103 S. Johnston, and the Torts Process: Analysis of Legal Form, 76 Cornell L. Rev.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 31288/oftalmolzh/2018/2/7072 Пастух Тарас, доктор філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач відділу української літератури, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tarpastukh@gmail. com Пастух, Т. Київська школа поетів та її оточення (модерні стильові течії української поезії 1960–90-х років): монографія. Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. 700 с. 2. Пастух, Т. Поетичне мислення Івана Франка (за збіркою “Semper tiro”).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: The filter was added with 3mL of lysis buffer and incubated for 5 minutes. The liquid was then injected out, to perform binding and washing of eDNA with silica beads. After, three washes, the concentrated eDNA was eluted from the beads and used as a template in the LAMP reaction. The warm start LAMP kit () was used for the reaction setup, and the kit consisted of a warm start LAMP master mix and a fluorescent dye. The reaction was carried out in a 25 µL volume, as described by the warm start manual. The LAMP primers for selected genes for each species were designed with certain criteria of primer length, GC content, loop primer temperature. The primers were designed by LAMP designer software () and then procured from (Denmark). Primers are as follow as, (i) Esox lucius - gene (NC_004593. 1): (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B), GAPDH gene (XM_010884975. 4): (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B),(Jothinarayanan et al. , 2023b) (ii) Anguilla anguilla – PIII gene (NC_049201. 1): (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B), PIH gene (NC_049208. 1): (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B) (iii) Salmon salar – EF gene (XM_045690464. 1) : (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B), gene (AF053591. 1) : (F3); (B3); (FIP); (BIP); (Loop F); (Loop B). The procured primers were reconstituted based on the concentrations of 0. 2 µM, 0. 4 µM and 1. 6 µM for F3/B3, Loop F/B and FIP/BIP, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 128 128 Kostina Prifti, K. & Eduard Fosch-Villaronga, Standardization for AI governance in the EU. Comput. L. & Sec. Rev. (forthcoming 2024). 129 129 & Bygrave, supra note 44, at 146; et al. , supra note 79 (providing examples of other cases where co-regulation is concerned, such as the ISO 13482:2014 on safety requirements for personal care robots, where there were no ‘disambiguators’ and the industry managed to get that standard harmonized, in other words, shows compliance with the Machinery Directive). 130 130 & in the Judiciary in EU and EEA Member States, 12 Int. Data Priv. L. 93 (2022); Thomas Streinz, of Law, in of EU Law 902 (Paul Craig, & Grainne de Búrca eds. , 2021) (describing the idea of “Hawks and Doves” in GDPR enforcement). 131 131 Brummer, Yesha Yadav, & David T. Zaring, Regulation by Enforcement, forthcoming,U. S. Cal. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2023), 132 132 S. Hellman, Geraint Jones, & Daniel Kaufmann, Seize the State, Seize the Day: and Influence in Transition Economies, 31 J. of Compar. Econ. 4,751 (2003); Peter T. Leeson & Peter J. Boettke, Two-, 29 Int’l R. of L. & Econ. 252 (2009) (discussing the role productive entrepreneurs play in the creation of unproductive legally protected rents). 133 133 It is not a coincidence that the field of foresight science is now becoming increasingly important in the legal sector, even among public regulators. Interestingly, even the EDPS has adopted a foresight approach to the regulation of new technologies. In 2022, the EDPS launched TechSonar, a project where they adopt “anticipatory compliance” for a list of future problematic technological business solutions. had a similar initiative. (last visited June 7, 2024). 134 134 See generally Bó, Regulatory Capture: A Review 22 Oxford Rev. Econ. Pol’y 203 (2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2003. 82 c. 3. Пастух, Т. Мости Олега Лишеги. Львів: Піраміда, 2019. 192 с. Рембішевська Дорота Кристина (Krystyna), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут Славістики Польської академії наук (ul. Bartoszewicza 1b m. 17, 00-337 Warszawa, Poland) dorota. rembiszewska@ispan. waw. pl Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2017). Materiały polskie do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego jako źródło do badań XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny regionalnej. Jezikoslovni zapiski, 23, 183–192. DOI: 10. 3986/JZ. 23. 1. 6871 2. Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2014). Projekt i realizacja bazy danych do Atlasu gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny. Studia z i Słowiańskiej, 49, 130–138. DOI: 10. 11649/sfps. 2014. 013 3. Rembiszewska, D. K. (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Our previous study has determined the specificity and sensitivity of the designed Esox lucius LAMP primers(Jothinarayanan et al. , 2023b) and the and primers, are novel in this investigation. Results and DiscussionCurrently, there are no standard guidelines for eDNA technology for environmental monitoring. The methodology differs from laboratory to laboratory. The entire process from field to laboratory, carried out by us is given schematically in Fig. 1. A volume of 800 mL of water from different location (n = 3) of the and the was filtered and the eDNA together with p0. 2 µm, and the filters were made of hydrophilic polyether sulfone membrane and had been sterilized by gamma irradiation. The inlet of the filter was connected directly to the hose where water from the water body was pumped directly onto the filter. The filtration was terminated after 800 mL of water had flown through the filters. The filtration setup provides the same filtration condition for all samples. Sterile conditions for the filtered water were maintained maximum on site in the field and strictly followed in laboratory experiments. All samples were collected between the spring and summer season (May to June). According to our results from different locations in the Esox lucius is present in most of our sample locations. For the detection of analyzes were performed with two target genes and GAPDH as shown in Fig. 2 (c). Only one of the two biomarkers PIII gave positive results, while the other biomarker PIH did not express itself, as compared with positive control. The absence of in the was confirmed by our samples, and the possibility of being present in the is therefore limited. Furthermore, our result shows a high probability of the presence of in the Borre Lake. On the other hand, in the Drammen River, the analyzes of our eDNA-filtered samples show the presence of all three species, but not at all sampling sites, as shown in Fig. 2 (c). Another finding was that the samples for Esox lucius were more positive than those for Salmon salar. However, there will not be a clear connection between occurrence of eDNA and fish species abundance(Hinlo et al. , 2018) and it is linked uncertainly to assessing the size of the population of target species when detecting eDNA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: 135 135 In other pieces of legislation covering other areas of innovation within the EU, this is extremely unclear, because many private regulations— standards— are developed without adequate oversight and, thus, can be enacted containing many problematic provisions. As a result, these provisions may allow unsafe product market entrance and escape “penalties for noncompliance” because the product may have well complied with the standard that has not been adequately supervised. Fosch-Villaronga, ISO 13482:2014 and Categories: Building a Law and Robotics, in in Med. and Serv. Robots (Wenger P. et al. eds. , 2016). 136 136 & Bygrave, supra note 44. 137 137 & Lynskey, supra note 86. 138 138 & Marcin Serafin, Stalling the State: to and Profit from Delays in the Enforcement and Adoption of Regulations, 56 Compar. Pol. Stud. 101 (2022). 139 139 Id. 140 140 See, e. g. , for supra note 61; Irish DPC “Handles” 99,93% of (Apr 28, 2021) 141 141 See Matías Dewey & -Enforcement: as in Advanced Economies, 16 Regul. & Governance 930 (2021). 142 142 et al. , supra note 60. 143 143 We have already said that the ability of economic agents to prototype legal solutions in a way that is profitable for them, even in the case of the use of harmonized standards, which are also supported by some data protection authorities, is not without possible liability. See Fosch-Villaronga & Golia, supra note 76; Kamara, supra note 88. 144 144 & Eduard Fosch-Villaronga, Standardization for AI Governance in the EU, 52 Comput. L. & Sec. Rev. (2024). 145 145 & Pasquale, supra note 20. 146 146 See Calleja, et al. , supra note 79. 147 147 Milmo, AI-in ‘The Bottom’, (Sept. 21, 2023) 148 148 See Calabresi, supra note 13. 149 149 Cedrini & Magda Fontana, Niche in The Wall? the Face of Mainstream Economics, 42 Cambridge J. Econ. 427 (2018); & Nicholas Scurich, Judicial Overstating, 88 Chi. -Kent L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji do Jana Karłowicza. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 38, 98–107. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2014. 010 Романюк Михайло Васильович, кандидат історичних наук, завідувач відділу новітньої історії, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) rmv. lviv@gmail. com Бегей, І. І. , Харук, А. І. , Романюк, М. В. (2019). Українсько-російські взаємини у працях Юліяна Бачинського. Сторінки історії, 49. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189570 2. Sova, A, Romaniuk, M. (2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: In this context, it is uncertain to determine the population of the target species. Unfortunately, the PIH and EF biomarkers did not amplify in any of the eDNA samples and for the positive control, indicating that error is related to the design of these LAMP primers. The chosen PIH and EF gene LAMP primers are therefore not recommended from our study, and they need to be further analyzed, using bioinformatic tools, in our future work. However, the results suggest that the LAMP primers from the genes and PII can be recommended for new studies to identify Northern Pike,. In some of the filter samples, where these positive biomarkers were tested, no amplification of the desired DNA was also observed. These negative results can be due to various factors, such as the copy number, the gene of interest, levels of damage in the DNA, oxidative stress in desired gene and so on (Ayala-Torres et al. , 2000). The original eDNA state can also be drastically changed by several factors such as pH, temperature, microbial activity, mineralogy, and microbial activity (Dejean et al. , 2011). This type of research can help to further develop current manual sampling and analysis techniques, for on-site real-time monitoring of aquatic ecosystem in the field, where resources are limited. By standardizing the entire process for eDNA collection and analysis, autonomous systems for filtering water and detecting specific eDNA biomarkers can be established. The use of isothermal LAMP amplification in an automated system as a new investigative technique to detect high risk biosecurity environmental threats and will be useful in conducting the routine on-site surveillance programs by biosecurity managers (Deliveyne et al. , 2023). This study emphasizes the aquatic eDNA monitoring using rapid LAMP method, that overcomes the conventional qPCR technique. LAMP in eDNA based techniques offers great potential for detecting DNA traces in the environmental on-site in real-time. The ability of the isothermal LAMP amplification process is to bridge the gaps related to current practices for on-site detection of DNA and makes it an important tool for filed based automated applications. This work focuses on how nanofiltration, eDNA research, housekeeping genes, and LAMP technology can work together to improve our ability to find and track of non-indigenous species that exist regionally in an aquatic environment, like Northern Pike.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based seafood aims to reduce overfishing and decrease ocean pollution. [SEP] Text: She is coeditor of toward Sustainable Forests: in Canada and the and the author of All the Fish in the Sea: Yield and the Failure of Fisheries Management, the latter published by the University of Chicago Press. She lives in Corvallis, OR. “Finley makes her point—that government subsidies to deep-sea fishing are a main cause of the current catastrophe—dramatically clear. Her descriptions of the damage that factory trawlers did to the ocean floor and the speed with which they wiped out fisheries in the ’60s and ’70s are especially powerful. Relevant not only to people who are interested in fisheries and oceans, but also to those concerned with global resource crises generally, this interdisciplinary, pragmatic book surpasses most of the work of historians in this area. Synthesizing scientific material with international law and politics, as well as the internal affairs of government agencies and private businesses, Finley links the fisheries story to the ‘great transformation’ of global ecology in the postwar period by way of the technology, policy, and politics of food production. All the Boats on the Ocean is a significant, original book. ” — author of "The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980" “In this compact and highly readable book, Finley argues that overfishing since the 1950s is less a tragedy of the commons than a tragedy of the Cold War. She shows how geopolitics, science, law, and greed combined to generate a scramble for the oceans and a regime of overfishing that lasts to this day. A welcome addition to several scholarly literatures. ” — J. R. McNeill, Georgetown University, author of “under the Sun: History of the Twentieth-Century World” “Those of us who thought we understood how the oceans' plight came about will find much that is new in this thoroughly researched and highly engaging work. Weaving history, politics, and science, Finley shows how the seeds of the current predicament were sown during the Era, as government subsidies fueled the rapid acceleration of fishing. Her call for a reinterpretation of the role of fishing within government is long overdue. A must-read. ” — Ellen Pikitch, University “As the Food and of the reports, 90% of global fish stocks are fully fished or overfished.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ivan Boberskyi’s pedagogical activity at in Lviv (1906–1914). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 4, 71–80. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 0. 184411 Ситник Олександр, доктор історичних наук, професор, старший науковий співробітник, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) olexandr. sytnyk@gmail. com Yakovyshyna, Y. , Koropetskyi, R. , Bulyk, N. , Sytnyk, O. (2019). Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of of of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Region). Hiperboreea, 6(2), 5-20. 2. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Sytnyk, O. , Bogucki, A. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. , Hołub, B. & Mroczek, P. (2015). Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the valley: Evidence from the site (Ukraine).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: A combination of these methods can increase the precision, efficiency, and usefulness of eDNA analysis for fisheries management and conservation of nature’s diversity. For eDNA-based detection studies, sensitivity is crucial, because the signal can be significantly weakened due to low-density copies of the biomarker. For optimal use, eDNA approaches require careful planning and consideration of several aspects. In many countries, large amount of money and effort are spent to monitor the invasive species. Consequently, eDNA based LAMP technology in an autonomous system can be a cheap, sensitive, and the best alternative to the conventional manual monitoring method. To ensure that, the desired target species are detected, sufficient amounts of representative water must be filtered, and the sampling plan and analysis must be carefully selected based on the species of interest, the density and distribution of the targets, the local environment, and the empirical calculation of detection limits (Darling, 2019). ConclusionsThe combination of nanofiltration, eDNA and isothermal LAMP technology could represent a significant advance in detecting and controlling invasive species in freshwater environments. This is evident from our results for the identification of non-indigenous species, like in various freshwater environments. As this approach continues and technology advances, an automated on-site real-time eDNA environmental monitoring methodology has the potential to transform our capacity to track and combat unwanted invasions, and ultimately aiding in the protection and recovery of native species in ecosystems. Further research, collaboration, and advancements in technology will play a critical role in fully employing the potential use of isothermal LAMP amplification for eDNA detection to promote sustainability and resilience in freshwater ecosystems. Declarationswould like to acknowledge Norwegian Micro- and Nano-(Project No: 295864 ) for instruments. NJ would like to acknowledge the Bio render for schematic diagram preparation. Authors contributions Nivedhitha Jothinarayanan- performed sample collection and experiments, manuscript preparation and revision. Frank Karlsen- performed sample collection and experiments, manuscript correction. Roseng- experimental design, sample collection, manuscript correction. Not applicable. work was supported by “of Education and Research (KD) and Agency” with the project no. 2700116. The authors declare no competing interests. 10. 1016/j. asej. 2018. 08. 001 Ayala-Torres, S. , Chen, Y. , Svoboda, T. , Rosenblatt, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based seafood aims to reduce overfishing and decrease ocean pollution. [SEP] Text: Boats from across the world were landing Sebastes fish, some in deep water, some in shallow. There were a great many subtle variations in the fish and scientists met in Copenhagen in 1959 to pool their knowledge. Some suggested the fish were older than originally assumed, and if the fish were long-lived, recovery from industrial fishing would take a long time—or perhaps not even happen. This 7. ImperialismDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 003. 0007[Cod Wars;;;Zones;Yield;FCMA;EEZs;MSY]Iceland was still fighting against foreign boats taking its rich fish stocks. They successively increased their territorial limits, drawing opposition from European countries, especially the British, which sent its navy to protect its fishing boats in Icelandic waters. on the of the Sea in 1955 Yield (MSY) as the recommended goal for international fisheries management. The Americans, concerned about foreign boats (especially the Soviets) fishing in its waters, passed a bill to expand the study of the ocean, and a series of bills to subsidize the construction of fishing boats. The real turning point in the battle over foreign fishing came at the 1974 meeting of on the Law of the Sea () in Caracas. There was a widespread realization that overfishing and depletion were occurring, with no effective international organizations to manage. Developing coastal nations were frustrated that they could not develop their own fisheries, in the face of widespread depletion by foreign fleets. Conservation and (FCMA) was passed in 1976, creating a 200-mile Zone, and eight regional councils to manage fish stocks outside state waters. This 8. EnclosureDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226443409. 003. 0008[Marco Puretic;power block;mathematical models]Through the 1960s, the oceans were a hodge-podge of conflicting territorial claims. That changed almost overnight, as nations adopted expanded territorial waters, creating an immediate hardship for the crews of the factory processing fleets, especially the Soviets, the Japanese, and the Spanish. There were signs of overfishing, especially off Peru, where anchovy catches briefly soared. With the collapse in Peru, processing equipment was moved to other countries, such as South Africa. tuna man created a hydraulic power block in 1955, making it easier to pull in seine nets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Quaternary International, 365, 74-97. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2014. 05. 035 3. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Bogucki, A. , Sytnyk, O. , Kusiak, J. , Frankowski, Z. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. &Zogała, B. (2014). Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Central Podolia, Ukraine: New data from the site. Quaternary International, 326-327, 191-212. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2013. 08. 045 Ястремська Тетяна, кандидат філологічних наук, старший науковий співробітник, заступник директора з наукової роботи, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tetyana. yastremska@gmail. com Ястремська, Т. Традиційне гуцульське пастухування. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: , & Van Houten, B. (2000). Analysis of gene-specific DNA damage and repair using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Methods, 22(2), 135–147. Chucholl, F. , Fiolka, F. , Segelbacher, G. , & Epp, L. S. (2021). eDNA Detection of Native and for Year-and Large-of Lotic Systems. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9(March), 1–12. Darling, J. A. (2019). How to learn to stop worrying and love environmental DNA monitoring. Health and Management, 22(4), 440–451. Dejean, T. , Valentini, A. , Duparc, A. , Pellier-Cuit, S. , Pompanon, F. , Taberlet, P. , & Miaud, C. (2011). Persistence of environmental DNA in freshwater ecosystems. 6(8), 8–11. Deliveyne, N. , Young, J. M. , Austin, J. J. , & Cassey, P. (2023). Shining a LAMP on the applications of isothermal amplification for monitoring environmental biosecurity. NeoBiota, 82, 119–144. Ehrenfeld, J. G. (2010). Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 41, 59–80. Hernandez, C. , Bougas, B. , Perreault-Payette, A. , Simard, A. , Côté, G. , & Bernatchez, L. (2020). 60 specific eDNA qPCR assays to detect invasive, threatened, and exploited freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates in Eastern Canada. Environmental DNA, 2(3), 373–386. Hinlo, R. , Gleeson, D. , Lintermans, M. , & Furlan, E. (2017). Methods to maximise recovery of environmental DNA from water samples. 12(6). Hinlo, R. , Lintermans, M. , Gleeson, D. , Broadhurst, B. , & Furlan, E. (2018). Performance of eDNA assays to detect and quantify an elusive benthic fish in upland streams.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based seafood aims to reduce overfishing and decrease ocean pollution. [SEP] Text: In contrast, fish NSR showed an upward trend from 49% in 1970 to a peak of 125% in 1992, followed by annual means (1993–2013) of 110% and a peak of 128% in 2013, and then a dip to 73% in 2021. For other species, the NSR was observed to be higher than either fish or shellfish categories, measured in thousands. This varied annually, reaching a peak of 9465% in 1993, and then steadily declined to 713% in 2019, with a slight increase to 918% in 2021. While there was a general downward trend in NSR for all categories from 2013 to 2021 after an initial increase recorded in previous years, mean overall national self-reliance for the past decades was 59%, 70%, 98%, 81%, and 76% between years 1972–1981, 1982–1991, 1992–2001, 2002–2011, 2012–2021 respectively. As noted above, the national trend is driven by the (Alaska), which makes a critically important contribution to seafood production overall. Seafood consumption recommendations to support healthy livingPer capita consumption of fish in the is higher than either shellfish or other species, reaching an all-time high of 12 pounds per capita in 2021, after declining from 11 pounds per capita in 1989 to 8. 7 pounds per capita in 2018 (Fig. 3). In contrast, the shellfish category experienced a steady rise, from 2. 9 pounds per capita since 1970 and peaked at 7. 2 pounds per capita in 2021. The “other species” category remained relatively stable until 2014, with a slight increase from 0. 74 pounds per capita to 1. 1 pounds per capita in 2021. Fig. 3: Per capita consumption of fish, shellfish, and other species in the United States. The dashed black line represents the total per capita consumption of all categories; the solid red line denotes the recommended per capita consumption (as recommended by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services). Full size imageOverall, seafood consumption in the has increased over the last 50 years, with the total per capita consumption of seafood showing a steady increase from 11. 7 pounds per capita in 1970 to 20. 3 pounds per capita in 2021. Increases in shellfish consumption have been the primary driver of this trend, which is a point we return to in the discussion. Although per capita consumption of seafood remains below the recommended 26. 07 pounds per capita recommended by the U.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2008. 424 с. 2. Хобзей, Н. , Ястремська, Т. , Сімович, К. , Дидик-Меуш, Г. Гуцульські світи. Лексикон. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2013. 667 с. 3. Yastremska T. The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian. LingVaria. (2015). №1(19). S. 221–239 (Index Copernicus). doi: 10. 12797/LV. 10. 2015. 19. 15 4. Ястремська, Т. Епідигматичний діалектний словник: ідея, концепція, засади. Діалектологічні студії. 11. Слово – словник – корпус. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2018. С.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Biological Invasions, 20(11), 3079–3093. Jothinarayanan, N. , Karlsen, F. , & Roseng, L. E. (2023a). Characterization and Validation of a Lyophilized Loop-for the Detection of Esox lucius. and Biotechnology. Jothinarayanan, N. , Karlsen, F. , & Roseng, L. E. (2023b). Comparative evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and < scp > PCR</scp > for detection of Esox lucius housekeeping genes for use in on‐site environmental monitoring. Journal of Fish Biology, 1–9. Nagamine, K. , Hase, T. , & Notomi, T. (2002). Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 16(3), 223–229. Nayak, V. , Cuhorka, J. , & Mikulášek, P. (2022). Separation of Drugs by Membranes and Their Modelling. Membranes, 12(5). Notomi, T. , Okayama, H. , Masubuchi, H. , Yonekawa, T. , Watanabe, K. , Amino, N. , & Hase, T. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. (Vol. 28, Issue 12). Porco, D. , Hermant, S. , Purnomo, C. A. , Horn, M. , Marson, G. , & Colling, G. (2022). eDNA-based detection of the invasive crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in streams with a LAMP assay using dependent replicates to gain higher sensitivity. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–10. Santas, A. J. , Persaud, T. , Wolfe, B. A. , & Bauman, J. M. (2013). Noninvasive method for a statewide survey of eastern hellbenders cryptobranchus alleganiensis using environmental DNA. of Zoology, 2013. Thomsen, P. F. , & Willerslev, E. (2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based seafood aims to reduce overfishing and decrease ocean pollution. [SEP] Text: Ecosystems were considered overfished when cumulative impacts of total catches, non-harvest mortality, and habitat degradation resulted in one or more of the following conditions: (a) Biomasses of species fell below minimum biologically acceptable limits, including the presence of any species threatened with local or biological extinction; (b) Significant decline in diversity of communities or populations as a result of any factor associated with harvesting; (c) Increase of year-to-year variation in populations or catches induced by harvest activities; (d) Decrease in resilience or resistance of the ecosystem to perturbations as a consequence of changes in species demography due to fishing; (e) Cumulative net economic or social benefits lower than would result from alternative fishing patterns or species selection; (f) Fishing mortality impaired the long-term viability of ecologically important, non-resource species. Ecosystems were defined as “sustainably fished” when cumulative impacts of exploitation did not result in any of the above overexploitation symptoms. Using the frequency distribution of L values it was possible to calculate, for each ecosystem, the probability for the ecosystem to be classified as sustainably fished (psust). For any given value of the L index, say L*, the number of models of overexploited ecosystems with L<L*, i. e. P(L1<L*), and the number of models representing sustainably fished ecosystem with L>L*, i. e. P(L2>L*) allowed the estimation of psust for L* as in the following:(2) A jackknife resampling method [32], which consisted of repeating this non-parametric estimation 500 times with a subset of 45 models randomly chosen, was applied to derive confidence intervals for the identified relationship between L and psust [10], Figure 5. Such a relationship is based on the hypothesis that, notwithstanding the different fishing pressures and impacts, equally depleted ecosystems show equal values of the L index and thus their sustainability level can be expressed in probability terms. The relationship between L and psust allows estimating reference values for the L index by fixing any desired reference for sustainability of the fisheries, psust = p, and estimating the correspondent reference values of the index L = Lp. By choosing 0. 021±0. 013, L95% = 0. 007±0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 273–301. Редакційна політика Галузь та проблематика Міждисциплінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства. Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractDescribing and monitoring biodiversity comprise integral parts of ecosystem management. Recent research coupling metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) demonstrate that these methods can serve as important tools for surveying biodiversity, while significantly decreasing the time, expense and resources spent on traditional survey methods. The literature emphasizes the importance of genetic marker development, as the markers dictate the applicability, sensitivity and resolution ability of an eDNA assay. The present study developed two metabarcoding eDNA assays using the mtDNA 16S RNA gene with Illumina MiSeq platform to detect invertebrate fauna in the Lakes and surrounding waterways, with a focus for use on invasive bivalve and gastropod species monitoring. We employed careful primer design and in vitro testing with mock communities to assess ability of the markers to amplify and sequence targeted species DNA, while retaining rank abundance information. In our mock communities, read abundances reflected the initial input abundance, with regressions having significant slopes (p<0. 05) and high coefficients of determination (R2) for all comparisons. Tests on field environmental samples revealed similar ability of our markers to measure relative abundance. Due to the limited reference sequence data available for these invertebrate species, care must be taken when analyzing results and identifying sequence reads to species level. These markers extend eDNA metabarcoding research for molluscs and appear relevant to other invertebrate taxa, such as rotifers and bryozoans. Furthermore, the sphaeriid mussel assay is group-specific, exclusively amplifying bivalves in the Sphaeridae family and providing species-level identification. Our assays provide useful tools for managers and conservation scientists, facilitating early detection of invasive species as well as improving resolution of mollusc diversity. Citation: (2017) Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding assays to detect invasive invertebrate species in the Great Lakes. 12(5): e0177643. Hideyuki Doi, University of : January 21, 2017; Accepted: May 1, 2017; Published: May 18, 2017This is an open access 16. 7 μl ddH2O, 1X AmpliTaq® PCR buffer, 0. 8 mM dNTPs, 0. 5 μM of each primer, 1. 5 U AmpliTaq®, and 25–50 ng template DNA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sub-orbital flights allow tourists to experience a brief period of weightlessness. [SEP] Text: ConclusionAircraft parabolic flight manoeuvres are a very useful tool to investigate gravity related phenomena, whether in complete weightlessness or at partial-g levels. The quality and duration of microgravity obtained, the flexibility and variety of possibilities for experiments and tests and the easiness in flight preparation make aircraft parabolic flights a unique and versatile tool for scientists and engineers to perform experiments and tests at different gravity levels, from microgravity to hypergravity, including at Moon and Mars g levels. Parabolic flight campaigns for research in reduced gravity throughout the world provided a huge amount of scientific and technical data and knowledge, yielding hundreds of scientific publications, thesis or industrial applications, showing the uniqueness of this versatile tool to conduct gravity related investigations, complementing those on other microgravity carriers and preparing for space missions and for future extra-terrestrial planetary exploration missions. In addition, opening the access of parabolic flights, traditionally reserved to scientists and astronauts, to the general public increases the perception of the public for space research and exploration, contributing to an enhanced interest for future endeavour of mankind in space. 1. Pletser V, Kumei Y. 2015. ISBN: 978-87-93237-53-7. Available from: [Accessed: 08 April 2020]2. ESA Website. Archive. Available from: [Accessed: 08 April 2020]3. The first European parabolic flight campaigns with the Airbus A310 ZERO-G. and Technology. 2016;28(6):587-601. Available from: [Accessed: 08 April 2020]4. European parabolic flight campaigns with Airbus A300 ZERO-G: Looking back at the A300 and looking forward to the A310. Advances in Space Research. 2015;56-5:1003-1013. DOI: 10. 1016/j. asr. 2015. 05. 0225. . International heat and mass transfer experiments on the 48th of March 2008. and Technology. 2008;20:177-182. Two-Phase Systems. Available from: [Accessed: 08 April 2020]6. . What happens to the human heart in space? Parabolic flights provide some answers. Cardiovascular response during gravity changes induced by parabolic flights. ESA Bulletin. 2004;119:30-38. Available from: [Accessed: 08 April 2020]7. Pletser V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Due to concern that fish DNA in an environmental water sample could potentially swamp out invertebrate DNA signal, a blocking primer was designed to reduce the former. The 5’ end of the blocking primer overlaps the 3’ MOL16S reverse primer, but extends further to capture fish specific nucleotide variation to increase specific binding to fish DNA. The 3’ end was modified with a C3 spacer to prevent product elongation [36], MOL16S_: 5’–/3SpC3/–3’. For our second assay, non-degenerate primers amplified all 58 identified sphaeriid mussel species obtained from GenBank sequences for 16S (herein referred to as SPH16S assay) (S1 Table), SPH16S_F:5’––3’, SPH16S_R: 5’––3’. Sphaeriid mussels are defined here as the three genera in the Sphaeriidae family (Sphaerium, Musculium, Pisidium,and Euglesa). Targeted amplicon length for SPH16S was 299 bp, whereas amplicon length varied among species for the MOL16S assay from 183–310 bp. Mock community design Five mock communities were designed to encompass varying copy numbers of the targeted amplicon from 11 species (Table 2). We included two native sphaeriid species, as well as walleye, to increase diversity and to test the fish blocking primer. To quantify the target copy number per extraction, a series of competitive PCRs were run, in which an extraction or native template (NT) and an internal standard (IS) were co-amplified with the primer set. The IS is a synthetic double stranded homolog of the target marker that has the same primer annealing sites as the NT, enabling it to compete equally for the same primers, as well as a small deletion that enables products of the IS and NT to be differentiated by size. Given the similar amplification efficiencies between IS and NT, the initial IS and NT proportions should correspond to their ratio in the amplified product [37]. Using known concentrations (copy number/μl) of IS, we determined when this ratio was 1:1 and calculated the NT copy number.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: ; Anu-of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandCorresponding Author:of HelsinkiHaartmaninkatu 3 (PL 21)Helsinki, 00014FinlandPhone: 358 02941 911Email: liisa. kuula@helsinki. fiAbstractBackground: Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the only reliable way to distinguish between different sleep stages. Wearable devices provide objective markers of sleep; however, these devices often rely only on accelerometer data, which do not enable reliable sleep stage detection. The alteration between sleep stages correlates with changes in physiological measures such as heart rate variability (HRV). Utilizing HRV measures may thus increase accuracy in wearable algorithms. Objective: We examined the validity of the Firstbeat sleep analysis method, which is based on HRV and accelerometer measurements. method was compared against PSG in a sample of healthy adults. Our aim was to evaluate how well Firstbeat distinguishes sleep stages, and which stages are most accurately detected with this method. Methods: Twenty healthy adults (mean age 24. 5 years, SD 3. 5, range 20-37 years; 50% women) wore a 2 measurement device and a Geneactiv actigraph, along with taking ambulatory SomnoMedics PSG measurements for two consecutive nights, resulting in 40 nights of sleep comparisons. We compared the measures of sleep onset, wake, combined stage 1 and stage 2 (light sleep), stage 3 (slow wave sleep), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between Firstbeat and PSG. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy from the 30-second epoch-by-epoch data. Results: In detecting wake, Firstbeat yielded good specificity (0. 77), and excellent sensitivity (0. 95) and accuracy (0. 93) against PSG. Light sleep was detected with 0. 69 specificity, 0. 67 sensitivity, and 0. 69 accuracy. Slow wave sleep was detected with 0. 91 specificity, 0. 72 sensitivity, and 0. 87 accuracy. REM sleep was detected with 0. 92 specificity, 0. 60 sensitivity, and 0. 84 accuracy. There were two measures that differed significantly between Firstbeat and PSG: Firstbeat underestimated REM sleep (mean 18 minutes, P=. 03) and overestimated wake time (mean 14 minutes, P<. 001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Рубрики ІСТОРИЧНІ СТУДІЇ Актуальні питання української історії Визначні дати (до 100-річчя ЗУНР) Воєнна історія Постаті МОВОЗНАВСТВО ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВСТВО ОГЛЯДИ ТА РЕЦЕНЗІЇ Політика розділів Приймає рукописи; Індексується; Рецензується Процес рецензування Рецензування рукописів в редакції збірника здійснюється для підтримки високого науково-теоретичного рівня видання.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: To determine this 1:1 ratio, a set of PCRs with a constant amount of target DNA extraction (25 ng) and a known IS amount were amplified, with the latter serially diluted among reactions. Molarity of each product was measured on a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). We then calculated the ratios of the log10 transformed NT:IS template molarities, which were regressed against the log10 transformed copy number of known IS concentrations used in each competitive PCR. The y-intercept of the regression line indicated the 1:1 ratio of NT:IS, which was the copy number concentration of the NT. Once copy number concentrations of the original DNA extractions were determined, we created our mock community samples using calculated volumes of the extraction required to provide the desired copy number for each target species. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Composition of the five mock communities showing the target amplicon copy number per extraction. distinguish IS and NT amplification products on the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies), IS was ordered as a gBlocks ® gene fragment (IDT) of target amplicons with a deletion interior to the priming sites, making the IS 10% shorter than the NT amplicon. A 10% difference in size has been shown to not cause differences in PCR efficiency between NT and IS templates [36]. eDNA samples from aquaria and the We collected Corbicula fluminea, Dreissena polymorpha, D. rostriformis, sphaeriid clams (Sphaerium sp. and Pisidium sp. ) and pleurocerid snails from streams in western during summer 2016. The sphaeriid clams were morphologically identified to genus level and the snails were identified to family level. These were placed in two 38-liter aquaria, whose assemblage compositions are described in Table 3. After two weeks, one liter of water was collected from each aquarium (the water was first mixed) for eDNA extraction and analysis. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Number of individuals from each species placed into two aquaria for later eDNA sampling. Ohio EPA gathered data for identifying fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages using traditional sampling methods in the in 2012.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: 이러한 선행연구에 의하면 웨어러블 기기에서 제공하는 걸음 수[11,18,25]나 수영 운동 시 스트로크 수, 회전 수 등의 단순 센서 이용 정보는 비교적 정확한 것으로 보고되고 있지만[26], 심박수와 에너지소비량의 경우에는 준거 대비 과대 또는 과소 추정하는 등 결과가 일치하지 않고 있다[11,13,15,21,25,26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: У збірнику встановлено двостороннє анонімне рецензування: - рецензенту не розкриваються особисті дані автора (авторів); - автору авторам не розкриваються особисті дані рецензента. Публікації проходять первинний контроль для перевірки правильності оформлення відповідно до вимог збірника. Первинна експертна оцінка здійснюється головним редактором та членами редакційної колегії.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: At the same time, they took one liter water samples from each site for later eDNA analysis by the Stepien laboratory, which were labeled and stored at -80°C, and used here. Samples and DNA extractions Extractions for the mock community samples and primer testing were prepared using tissue from taxonomically identified specimens stored in 95% EtOH (S2 & S3 Tables). Specimens were identified by the original collector (S3 Table). DNeasy® Blood and Tissue kit was used to extract bivalve DNA, whereas the Omega Bio-tek E. Z. N. A® Mollusc DNA Kit was used for snail DNA. Water samples were filtered through a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane using a vacuum pump. For the aquarium samples, one liter of water was filtered through a 0. 45-micron PES filter, and 400 ml of the river water samples were filtered with a 0. 2-micron PES filter. We also filtered and extracted DNA from 400 ml of molecular grade purified ddH2O as a negative control or blank sample. DNA from water samples was extracted following the Turner et al. [38] cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol. Three river water samples and the blank were tested with our MOL16S assay (without the fish blocking primer). Sample selection was based on presence of invasive species from our list, according to Ohio EPA’s visual identification data ( [39]. Aquaria samples were tested with both the MOL16S (without the fish blocking primer) and the SPH16S assays. Library preparation To prepare samples for paired-end, high-throughput sequencing on the MiSeq platform (), libraries were prepared in a two step PCR process. In the first step, the target was amplified with assay specific primers that were appended with 7–17 additional nucleotides (spacers) and a 33–34 bp sequencing primer region on the 5’ end. Four primer sets were created, which differed only in their spacer combinations (Table 4). The spacer region increased nucleotide diversity of the sequence reads and enhanced cluster formation for improved sequencing on the MiSeq platform [40–41] and was not analogous to the C3 spacer modification used in the blocking primer. Each sample was prepared with one of these four primer pairs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleep data from wearables is commonly analyzed to improve personal health routines. [SEP] Text: polysomnography from electroencephalogram signals, actigraphy from activity and movement) [21]. Cognitive-related aspects include sleep-related worries and selective monitoring [42, 43]. Harvey’s cognitive model of insomnia suggests that concerns and worries about sleep and associated daytime consequences could lead to increasing sleep monitoring, which can result in overestimating sleep difficulties [42]. Therefore, sleep-related thoughts and beliefs appear to play an important role in the perception of sleep and the development of insomnia. Sleep–wake state discrepancy has been shown to be modifiable [16, 44, 45], and reducing it may improve sleep complaints. Downey et al. [46] provided individuals with insomnia feedback about their sleep via polysomnography (PSG) by waking them up 27 times per night. After feedback, participants more accurately estimated their sleep/wake state and reported an improved ability to fall asleep. Tang et al. [44] conducted a pilot study (N = 40), in which individuals with insomnia were randomly allocated into either “shown discrepancy” or “non-demonstration” groups. The “shown-discrepancy” group was taught to read actigraph data and calculate sleep–wake state discrepancy; subsequently, they reported shortened SOL and less anxiety and preoccupation about sleep compared to the “non-demonstration” group [44]. Tang et al. [45] expanded on those findings with another experiment (N = 48), in which the control condition was verbally told about sleep–wake state discrepancy without demonstration or calculation. Consistent with findings from the earlier study, those who completed the intervention had a greater reduction in self-reported sleep impairment, insomnia symptoms, and sleep-related anxiety and distress [45]. On the contrary, receiving “negative feedback” (e. g. , being told that last night’s sleep was poor quality) about sleep may have adverse effects. For example, one study (N = 22) found that providing individuals with insomnia “negative” feedback about their sleep was associated with increased negative thoughts, sleepiness, monitoring for sleep-related threats, and daytime safety behaviors, relative to “positive” sleep feedback [47].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Всі статті перевіряються редакцією за допомогою “Advego Plagiatus” (програми пошуку неунікальності та визначення відсотка схожості текстового документа з іншими в мережі Інтернет). Після проведення первинної експертної оцінки головний редактор визначає рецензента зі складу членів редакційної колегії, який є спеціалістом у відповідній проблематиці.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: OTUs assigned an identity (% similarity between query and subject sequence) ≥97% were considered identified to species level. Statistical analyses of mock communities MOL16S assay. Percentages of reads per species in each mock community were calculated, log10 transformed, and analyzed by regressing observed on to expected read percentages. We compared these within species (among mock communities), as well as within mock communities (among species). To compare the ability of the blocking primer to reduce amplification of walleye (and other fish) DNA, we calculated the reduction in walleye DNA amplification in the two mock community samples run with and without the blocking primer. SPH16S assay. Since just three sphaeriid species were included in the mock communities, we did not run regression analyses on those results. Instead we show the untransformed expected and observed read percentages for comparison. eDNA samples. To compare our DNA sequence results from the aquaria and river water samples with those from their morphological identifications, we included data from both the molecular and the morphological analyses that were defined at species level. For the molecular barcoding assays, these included those OTUs having 80% coverage and 97% similarity to query sequences from the BLAST search (as discussed above). For the morphological identifications, those taxa that were defined at the species level by morphology were included (S1 File). and amplification results According to our reference database, the MOL16S and SPH16S primer sets should amplify all targeted species (see Table 1). Primers were tested in vitro using tissue extractions (*labels, Table 1), which included three non-targeted species: two native sphaeriid mussels Sphaerium similie and Pisidium compressum, and the snail Radix balthica, which is a congeneric relative of the targeted European ear snail (R. auricularia) for which we did not have tissue. All extractions amplified with MOL16S. Just the Sphaeriid mussels amplified with the SPH16S primers, indicating their targeted specificity. MiSeq read results Sequencing of the pooled libraries from our first run resulted in a total of 15,184,208 reads that passed cluster quality filtering. Of these, 53% were indexed and corresponded to our samples. This is in concordance with the 40–50% PhiX spike in.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: J > (3); 2023 > 143. Published online: December 31, 2023 DOI: 소아청소년의 새로운 일차성 수면장애로서의 불안수면장애 김은희 충남대학교 의과대학 세종충남대학교병원 소아청소년과 Disorder as a in Children and Adolescents Eun-Department of of Medicine, Sejong, for correspondence Eun-of of Medicine, 20 Bodeum 7-ro, Sejong 30099, Korea Tel: +82-44-995-4758 Fax: +82-44-995-5089 E-mail: luke2178@cnuh. co. kr 14, 2023 6, 2023 12, 2023Copyright © 2023 This is an 4. 0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. sleep is a frequent complaint clinically and often associated with specific sleep or medical conditions. Recently, restless sleep disorder (RSD) has been identified as a new pediatric sleep disorder with core features of restless sleep and frequent large muscle movements during sleep, which are not explained by other conditions. Based on the medical literature and expert clinical experience, the task force developed a consensus diagnostic criteria for RSD and scoring large muscle group movements in children aged 6–18 years. Eight essential criteria of RSD include a complaint of restless sleep, observed large body movements during sleep, video-polysomnographic documentation of ≥5 large body movements/hour, occurrence at least thrice weekly for at least 3 months, clinically significant impairment, and differentiation from other conditions that may secondarily cause restless sleep. There is evidence to support a pathophysiology based on iron deficiency, sleep instability, and increased sympathetic activation, and treatment options include oral or intravenous iron supplementation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: За відсутності спеціаліста за проблематикою статті у складі редакційної колегії головний редактор визначає зовнішнього рецензента. Рецензенти (як ті, які входять до складу редакційної колегії так і зовнішні) повинні бути визнаними фахівцями з тематики рецензованої статті і мати протягом останніх 3 років публікації з відповідної тематики.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Of the indexed reads, approximately 84% merged using the custom PERL script, leading to 6,790,019 merged reads. Primers then were trimmed and taxa assigned to reads using custom PERL scripts and an exhaustive search with our reference sequence database. Percentage of reads that were trimmed ranged from 83. 44–99. 89% among our 10 samples, and the trimmed reads that exactly matched the database sequences ranged from 25. 83–50. 08% (S4 Table). The eDNA samples were divided between two other MiSeq runs. These two runs included a number of samples that were part of another study. The first run, which included two Ohio EPA water samples and the water blank, had 15,209,380 reads that passed quality filtering. Of these, 58% (8,821,442) reads were indexed and the rest belonged to the ~40–50% PhiX spike in. Using our custom PERL script, 95–97% merged correctly (excluding the blank sample in which only 5% of reads merged). Finally, 53–95% of these reads were retained after processing, which included: trimming primers, removing singletons, and excluding reads <100 bp long. The second run included one additional Ohio EPA water sample and the four aquaria samples. In this run, 14,329,380 reads passed quality filtering and 41% (5,857,044) were indexed for our samples, with the rest attributed to the PhiX spike. Using our custom PERL script, 96–98% of the reads merged correctly. Finally, the percentage of reads that remained after primer trimming and length processing ranged from 50–96% (S5 Table). MOL16S assay mock communities For each sample, the total number of reads, percentage of expected reads, and percentage of observed reads per species are shown in Table 5. All regression comparisons revealed significant relationships (p<0. 05) between observed and expected percentage of reads for the five mock community samples using the MOL16S and fish blocking primers (Figs 1 and 2), indicating that the observed read percentages closely reflected those expected. The two samples without fish blocking primer (replicate samples of mock communities 3 and 4) showed an 88–100% reduction in amplified walleye DNA (Table 6), while yielding similar proportions of reads for the other species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: This review describes the key features of RSD, potential pathophysiology, and current treatment options to help diagnose patients with RSD, which has been overlooked. Keywords: Restless sleep, Restless sleep disorder, Sleep-related movement disorder, Children. 서 론 건강하고 충분한 수면과 수면의 회복력을 논할 때 과거에는 주로 일일 수면 시간의 맥락에서 다뤄졌지만 여러 수면장애 연구를 통해 수면의 지속성 및 깊이의 측면도 건강한 수면에 매우 중요한 요인으로 설명되고 있다[1,2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Після експертної оцінки статті рецензент може: - рекомендувати статтю до публікації; - рекомендувати статтю до публікації після доопрацювання; - не рекомендував статтю до публікації. Якщо рецензент рекомендує статтю до публікації після доопрацювання або не рекомендує статтю до публікації, в рецензії повинні бути вказані причини такого рішення.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: rostriformis and sphaeriid species. Based on known compositions within those tanks, sequence reads followed rank abundances, except for C. fluminea that did not amplify and the snails whose DNA did amplify but was not identified by our 97% threshold (Fig 3). The dominant sphaeriid species was S. striatinum, whereas P. casertanum and P. compressum also were discerned in tank A in which Pisidum clams had been placed. These three species were identified as common at the collection site (J. Boehler, pers. comm. ). At the 97% similarity threshold, the MOL6S primers also identified a freshwater limpet (Ferrissia fragilis), oligochaete worms, bryozoans, and human DNA (Table 8). Although pleurocerid snails were placed in the tanks, no snail reads were identified at the 97% sequence similarity cut off. However, below this threshold, OTUs from three snail genera (Leptoxis, Lithasia, and Pleurocera) were detected (S6 Table). Given that pleurocerid species were identified as abundant at the collection site (J. Boehler, pers. comm. ), it is likely that the actual species placed in the tanks belonged to these or other closely related snail genera, and that there is no sequence data for these specific species in GenBank. No C. fluminea were identified from the eDNA, although they had been placed in the tanks. Using the SPH16S assay, only the sphaeriid clams were identified at the 97% threshold (Fig 3) (Table 8). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Bar charts denoting the proportion of reads for each assay (MOL16S and SPH16S) that were recovered from sequencing of water samples from tanks A and B. The middle bar shows the original composition of the tanks. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 8. Number of reads per OTU identified at 97% similarity via BLAST search of aquaria samples. field eDNA samples Comparing results from our metabarcoding assay to those from the Ohio EPA’s morphological identification, we find that the two approaches are biased to particular taxa.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 특히 수면의 지속성 측면에서 수면 중 잦은 움직임과 각성과 관련된 불안수면(restless sleep)은 소아와 성인 모두에서 흔한 수면장애 증상으로 보통 숙면과 반대되는 개념으로 사용되기도 하며 비회복성 수면이나 불충분한 수면으로 표현되기도 한다. 1 그리고 이로 인한 수면의 질 저하는 주간 졸음 증상, 피로감, 집중력 저하, 불안정한 정서, 성장 저하 등의 문제를 초래한다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다[1,3,4].

Output: contrast