Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Key statistics are summarised below [13]:year on year increases in the numbers and rates of police-recorded online child sexual offences in England and Wales and in police-recorded offences of obscene publications or indecent photos in all four UK nations over the last 5 yearsincreases in the number of URLs confirmed by the Foundation (IWF) as containing child sexual abuse imagery since 2015less than half of children aged 12–15 say they know how to change their settings to control who can view their social mediathe majority of parents, carers and members of the public agree that social networks should have a legal responsibility to keep children safe on their platforms. Additionally:a total of 5161 crimes of sexual communication with a child have been recorded in 18 months [14];in 2019 there has been almost a 50% increase in offence in offences recorded in latest 6 months compared to same period in previous year [14];in 2010 there has been a 200% rise in recorded instances in the use of Instagram to target and abuse children over the same time period [14];there have been over 5000 online grooming offences recorded in 18 months [14]. 11. media use can have a detrimental impact on children and young people’s mental health. It can result in anxiety, depression, body image concerns, self-harm, substance abuse and even death. However, for young people social media is a tool for networking, keeping in touch with friends, exchanging information, a source of support and advice and a rich source of knowledge. Preventing children and young people from using social media is not an appropriate solution, given all the benefits that come with it. Schools, parents and the digital industry need to do all they can to keep children safe from harm through adopting a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach when crises occur. 1. for (RSPH). #Status of media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. RSPH; 2017 2. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Lewis RF. Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 2015;18(7):380-385. DOI: 10. 1089/cyber. 2015. 0055 3. Stop Bullying. gov. Effects of Bullying. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 April] 4. Tiggeman M, Slater A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: However, we observed that chitosan increased the dry and fresh shoot and root biomass and reduced the time of flowering compared with others fertilizer treatments. 3. 3. Nutrient uptake Total N, P, and K accumulation in the shoot biomass of cowpea (mg plant-1), 45 days after emergence, are present in Table 3. and P accumulation in the shoot dry matter were significantly different between the fertilizer treatments and the control. In general, there were no differences between the fertilization treatments; however, the mineral fertilizer, biofertilizer +ChCru (4 mg mL-1) and NPKB plus C. elegans were only 35% superior to the control treatment. Table 3. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on total N, P and K accumulation in cowpea shoot biomass. Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. A significant difference was in total K accumulation in the shoot dry biomass of cowpea was observed between the treatments. The mineral fertilizer (FNPK) produced the highest amount of total K in shoot biomass, and it was 20% superior to the other fertilization treatments. There were no significant differences between the treatments with NPKB. Boonlertnirun et al. (2008) reported that the period of chitosan availability in soil may be longer when it is applied to the biopolymer in the shoot, and prolonged contact of the plant root and soil favored the interaction between the positive charges of chitosan and the negative charges of the nutrients contained in soil, which may influence nutrient absorption by plants and contribute to increase plant yield. 3. 4. Soil attributes The soil pH and total N data are shown in the Table 4, and the available P and K in the soil is shown in Table 5. The soil pH only varied slightly between the different fertilization treatments and the control, and the changes were not significant. Low pH values (approximately pH 5. 0) were observed in response to the mineral fertilizers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: distribution of different forms of potassium and their relationship with different soil properties in some haryana soil under different crop rotation Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Research 52. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00010 of different forms of potassium in soils from different crop rotations (pearl millet-wheat; cotton-wheat; pearl millet-mustard; paddy-wheat; sorghum-wheat) in Haryana was studied by exposing profiles, one each from different crop rotation and one from there nearby area. Most of the soils were light in texture and ranged from sand to clay. They were neutral to slight alkaline in nature. The organic carbon in Kaul soil varied from 0. 38 to 0. 48%. In majority of the soils, the organic carbon content showed a decreasing trend with depth. Calcium carbonate was also present in these soils ranging from traces to as high as 1. 25%. The distribution of the different forms of the potassium i. e. water soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and total potassium in these soils ranged from 8 to 58kg ha-1, 127 to 263kg ha-1, 442 to 828kg ha-1 and 1. 18 to 1. 92%, respectively. The highest amount of the available and total potassium were found in Kaul soil, whereas, Bhiwani soil with sandy texture showed the lowest amount. No definite trend of different forms of potassium was observed with respect to depth in these soils. Correlation study showed that the different forms of potassium were positively and significantly correlated with organic carbon, silt and clay content of the soils. They were negatively correlated with sand content. The different forms of potassium were positively and significantly correlated among themselves. Keywords: soil physico-chemical properties, distribution of potassium, water soluble–K, exchangeable–K, non-exchangeable–K, total–K, soil texture, crop rotations and correlation Abbreviations EC, electrical conductivity; FYM, farm yard manure is a major constituent of the earth crust contained more in igneous rocks than the sedimentary rocks. Potassium comprise on an average of 2. 6% of the earth crust, making it the seventh most abundant element and fourth most abundant mineral nutrient in the lithosphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on in of Issues Issue 9 in Light of. . . . Search in: search Issues in Nursing 2024 - Issue 9 Submit an 10. 1080/01612840. 2024. 2379428 Crossthis 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Scale (BSMAS); and Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37. 7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices. IntroductionDisordered eating patterns are common among young women, especially in Western countries, due to robust cultural pressures for a thin body as a symbol of female beauty (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Beyond the most common eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has come to the fore as an eating-related problem. First identified by Bratman and Knight (Citation2000), the term derives from the Greek word ‘orthos’, meaning correct, and describes an eating style characterized by an obsession with ‘proper’ nutrition, e. g. ‘clean eating’ or ‘pure foods’ (Mac Evilly, Citation2001). While healthy eating is an important aspect of a health-promoting lifestyle, individuals with ON are so obsessive about healthy eating that their behavior becomes pathological.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: This effect was likely due to the addition of ammonium sulfate (N mineral fertilizer), which can increase acidity, as described by Chien et al. (2008) and Stamford et al. (2008). The NPKB biofertilizer is produced with earthworm compound with very high pH (7. 9), which helps to control the acidity of the PK rock biofertilizer, as observed by Moura et al. (2007) Lima et al. (2007). Table 4. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on soil pH and total N in a after cowpea growth (45 days). Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. According to our study, the applied substrates significantly affected the total N content in soil. The highest amount of total N in soil was found when NPKB with C. elegans was added to substrate that produces chitosan, and this biopolymer increased the nutrient content, especially nitrogen, due to the high amount of N in the acetylated chain of chitosan from C. elegans (Franco et al. 2004, 2011). The available P and K in soil after the treatments is shown in Table 5. In response to different fertilizer treatments, the available P was significant different compared to the control without the addition of fertilizers, and the highest amount of available P in soil was observed with the application of soluble fertilizers. The NPKB treatments showed no difference. Significant differences were observed in available K between the fertilizers treatments and the control. However, the available K measured in the soil was highest after treatment with FNPK fertilizers, NPKB (ChCru 6 mg mL1) and (ChFu 2 mg mL1), with the addition of C. elegans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: cylindrica grasslands to productive agroforestry Ecology and Research output: Thesis › internal : Ecosystem, Agroforestry, Imperata cylindrica pioneer, mycorrhizae, inter-cropping, tree architecture, biomass, functional branching analysisConversion of an Imperata cylindrica ecosystem into an agroforestry ecosystem is a complex process. Integrated control of the I. cylindrica grass is needed in combination with planting deep-rooted pioneer tree species, a legume cover crop and annual food crops. I. cylindrica grasslands are generally poor in nutrients, but they are not necessarily poor from a soil biological perspective and may contain high densities of mycorrhizal spores. Experiments in the nursery and in the field were conducted to provide the knowledge needed to design and improve smallholder options for converting I. cylindrica grasslands into productive and sustainable agroforestry systems. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (resting spores in 'Mycofer' belonging to Glomus manihotis Glomus etunicatum Gigaspora rosea and Acaulospora tuberculata ), did not promote tree seedling growth in the nursery, but it leads to a significant increase in survival rate of the four tree species tested, once these were transplanted to the field. However, this rate increased by 6. 5% only. Nursery inoculation of the trees did not have any positive effect on the subsequent growth of those trees that survived the critical early stage. There is no compelling need for the use of the inoculum of the type used in the nursery. The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The estimated prevalence of orthorexic behavior varies greatly from 6. 9% in the general population to 75. 2% in certain groups, such as artists, athletes or health care professionals (Niedzielski & Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś, Citation2021). Social media users are particularly at risk, with for example, up to 49% of Instagram users exhibiting ON behaviors (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Media (and social media in particular) play an important role in forming our body-related attitudes, food p2022. The public link was shared on special Internet communication platforms (i. e. Facebook groups dedicated to healthy lifestyle, more precisely, 8 groups). The purpose of this sharing was to disseminate the questionnaire among those who are especially interested in healthy lifestyle, such as healthy eating. In addition, only female members were invited in the survey. We focused on young women with special interest in a healthy lifestyle, in the hope of accessing those with a relatively high motivation to engage in healthy food choice. Since being Hungarian was part of the inclusion criteria (besides being a female), only Hungarian online platforms were chosen. Participation was voluntary and confidential, and participant’s informed consent was obtained. The study plan was approved by the Board of the of Education, University of Szeged (No. 6/2021), in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The convenience sample that was obtained, consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18–35 years; mean age = 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years). Since our sample is not a representative but a convenience sample, the number of total population is unknown. During the two-month-period, altogether 310 voluntary participants filled in the online quesionnaire. We applied the sample size calculator computing the minimum sample size to meet the desired statistical constraints, and our sample size proved acceptable with 95% CI and 5. 5% margin of error. Most participants lived in urban areas (32. 6% in the capital, Budapest and 54. 2% in other town, 13. 2% in villages); 41. 6% reported having a college or university degree, 53. 9% had a of Education, i. e. high school level, and only 4. 5% less; most of them considered themselves middle class (64. 2%) or upper-middle class (22,6%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The effects of chitosan were likely observed in the treatments with higher amounts of substrates that were sulfur inoculated with Acidithiobacillus, as the acid production increases the available P and K in soil (Stamford et al. , 2006, 2007, 2008). Furthermore, chitosan increased the levels of N, P and K in the substrate (Kowalski et al. , 2006, Goy et al. , 2009). Table 5. The effect of biofertilizers (NPKB) enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria, with foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control without NPK and chitosan on the available P and K in after cowpea growth (45 days). Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. The application of sulfur with Acidithiobacillus must be thoroughly evaluated due to the acidification effect of sulfuric acid, which in some cases and particularly in acidic soils, may result in the displacement of exchangeable Al+3 that is harmful to plant growth (Stamford et al. , 2006). The results of this study suggest that further investigation is necessary to evaluate the effect of amendments in different soils due to their effect on soil pH. Reducing the pH of sodic soils to values approximately 6. 0-6. 5 may improve plant growth, especially in tropical crops. 4. results of this study indicate that the incubation period affected the nutrient content in both substrates. In general, the best time for NPKB biofertilizer production is 30 days, and the best time for the biofertilizer with C. elegans was 20 days until the final production of this substrate. Biofertilizers with PK rocks and earthworm compound inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans is effective for nodulation and nutrient uptake and might increase the availability of nutrients in soil. A combined effect of Acidithiobacillus, free living diazotrophic bacteria, and C. elegans was observed on cowpea nodulation and nutrient uptake.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsOldeman, R. A. A. , Promotorvan Noordwijk, M. , Promotor, External personAward date17 Dec 2002Place of PublicationS. l. Print ISBNs9789058087607DOstatusPublished - 17 Dec 2002 Keywordsimperata cylindricagrasslandsagroforestrymycorrhizasconversionindonesia output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/121366 Files and links into the research topics of 'cylindrica grasslands to productive agroforestry'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Our finding on the positive association of BMI with drive for thinness and ineffectiveness suggests that evaluation of BMI can lead to dissatisfaction which may provide an effort to reach thinness (Piko et al. , Citation2022). In addition, those who were more passionately engaged in eating healthy food were also more prone to take physical activity regularly. Previous studies also reported that there was a close association between being physically active and ON tendencies, for example, among female athletes (Rudolph, Citation2018). Overall, different aspects of health behavior often overlap, such as diet control, sport and avoidance of harmful habits and form a concept of healthy lifestyle in which drive for thinness can play a decisive role. By way of definition, ON is based on obsession rather than a controlling behavior (Bratman & Knight, Citation2000; Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Not surprisingly, in our study there was a relationship between ON tendency and social media addiction. Other studies also found a higher occurrence of ON among those who overused social media compared to the average population (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Social networking sites can strengthen attitudes toward healthy lifestyle, showing pictures of healthy and ideal (thin) bodies or giving advice on slimming and health practices (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Social media addiction also contains the element of obsession, e. g. feeling an urge to use social media more and more, or trying to cut down on the use of social media without success (Bányai et al. , Citation2017; Piko et al. , Citation2022). All these findings suggest that ON tendency can be viewed as a type of behavioral addiction. These findings suggest that orthorexic tendencies may often go together with other psychological or social problems; in this case, psychological help could be necessary. The negative correlation with proactive coping or the positive association with maturity fears and ineffectiveness support the presence of psychological problems behind the orthorexic symptoms. Previous studies reported ambiguous results regarding self-concept: while in several studies lower self-esteem predicted ON (Bóna et al. , Citation2021; Yılmaz & Dundar, Citation2022), in another study ON was not related to self-esteem (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Thus, the biofertilizer seems to be an alternative for the substitution of soluble fertilizers. work was supported by CNPq (de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) and (Fundação de Apoio a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil). We would also like to acknowledge the CNPq fellowships. 1997. Nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of soybean plants (Glycine max Merr. ) in soil supplemented with chitin and chitosan. Japan J. Crop Sci. 66, 100-107. Bautista-Baños, A. N. , Hernández-Lauzardo, M. G. , Velázquez-Del Valle, M. , Hernández-López, E. , Ait Barka, E. , Bosquez, M. , Wilson, CL. 2006. Chitosan as a potential natural compound to control pre and postharvest diseases of horticultural commodities. Crop Protect. 25, 108-118. Boonlertnirun, S. , Boonraung, C. , Suvanasara, R. 2008. Application of chitosan in Rice production. J. Metals Mat. Min. 18, 47-52. 2008. The effect of different ammoniacal nitrogen sources on soil acidification. Soil Sci. 173, 544-551. Costales, D. , Napoles, M. C. , Falcon, A. 2005. Efecto de derivados de quitosana en la simbiosis Bradyrhizobium-soya. Cultivos Tropicales. 26, 8387. Costales, D. , Napoles, M. C. , Falcon, A. 2007. Influence of chitosan and pectin oligosaccharides on the symbiotic interaction soybean-Bradyrhizobium. Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 14, 167-173. El. 2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites. The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: A second strength was that we analyzed the relationship of ON tendency with psychological background variables without pathologizing ON symptoms which can be useful in prevention of eating disorders. However, we should also note some limitations here. The cross-sectional study design does not allow us to infer cause-and effect relationships. Further, due to the specific cultural context, the generalizability of our findings may be limited across cultures. Norms and beliefs among women regarding desired body habitus and body image differ across cultures, and we should take this into account when interpreting research results on disordered eating. Finally, we have applied a scale for measuring social media addiction in general and not addiction to a given social media platform (e. g. Instagram or TikTok); a more specific addiction scale would be a better choice to explore its role in ON. In future studies more psychological variables could be included, e. g. coping strategies, anxiety or depression. While we included only females in our sample, future studies could include males as well in order to map sex differences in predictors of ON tendencies. Future studies should also be focused on coping strategies of those with elevated orthorexic tendency (e. g. stress management, social support, adaptive vs. inadaptive coping). We should also include other psychological variables, such as mental health (anxiety, depression, life satisfaction). ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that for young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may be serving as a behavior for achieving their goal. In addition, they are more prone to social media addiction which together with other psychological health problems (such as a feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) may also contribute to ON tendency. We really think that orthorexic tendency cannot be diagnosed as a medical disorder without using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and 5-TR. However, identification of ON tendencies may be used to identify those individuals predisposed to develop eating disorders in certain cases. Namely, ON behavior can act as a risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders, together with other psychological problems. As a practical implication, it would be really useful to provide more information on social media platform to the public audience on the risks of ON in relation to healthy lifestyle to avoid eating disorders.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Isolation and characterization of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, including strains of Rhizobium from calcareous sandy soils and their effects on nutrient uptake and growth of maize (Zea mays L. ). Austr. J. Agric. Res. 57, 101-111. Embrapa, de Pesquisa Agropecuária. 2009. Manual de Métodos de Análises de Solos, Rio de Janeiro. 212p. Embrapa, de Pesquisa Agropecuária. 2006. de Classificação de Solos, Rio de Janeiro. 412p. . , Takaki, G. M. C. 2011. Avaliação da atividade ácida e alcalina e acúmulo de fosfato inorgânico em amostras de Cunninghamella elegans. Analytica. 54, 70-78. Franco, L. O. , Maia, R. C. C. , Porto, A. , Messias, A. S. , Fukushima, K. , Takaki, G. M. C. 2004. Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans (IFM 46109). Braz. J. Microbiol. 35, 243-247. Goy, R. C. , Britto, D. , Assis, O. B. G. 2009. A Review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan polymers. Ci. Tecnol. 19, 241-247. IPA, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco. 2008. Recomendação de adubação para o estado de Pernambuco. Recife. 198pKowalski, B. , Terry, F. J. , Herrera, L. , Peñalver, D. A. 2006. Application of soluble chitosan in vitro and in the greenhouse to increase yield and seed quality of potato minitubers. Potato Res. 49, 167-176. Kuhn, O. J. 2007.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. AB - Keywords: Ecosystem, Agroforestry, Imperata cylindrica pioneer, mycorrhizae, inter-cropping, tree architecture, biomass, functional branching analysisConversion of an Imperata cylindrica ecosystem into an agroforestry ecosystem is a complex process. Integrated control of the I. cylindrica grass is needed in combination with planting deep-rooted pioneer tree species, a legume cover crop and annual food crops. I. cylindrica grasslands are generally poor in nutrients, but they are not necessarily poor from a soil biological perspective and may contain high densities of mycorrhizal spores. Experiments in the nursery and in the field were conducted to provide the knowledge needed to design and improve smallholder options for converting I. cylindrica grasslands into productive and sustainable agroforestry systems. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (resting spores in 'Mycofer' belonging to Glomus manihotis Glomus etunicatum Gigaspora rosea and Acaulospora tuberculata ), did not promote tree seedling growth in the nursery, but it leads to a significant increase in survival rate of the four tree species tested, once these were transplanted to the field. However, this rate increased by 6. 5% only. Nursery inoculation of the trees did not have any positive effect on the subsequent growth of those trees that survived the critical early stage. There is no compelling need for the use of the inoculum of the type used in the nursery.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ACAMH uses cookies in order to deliver a personalised, responsive service and to improve the site. out more or - disorders ADHD - Attention-Deficit - - Digital interventions Eating and - - School-based interventions Self-Social media videos, podcasts About us - disorders ADHD - Attention-Deficit - - Digital interventions Eating and - - School-based interventions Self-Social media us People in the Impact of Use on Dr. Zoë Haime Zoë completed her PhD at UCL, and is currently working in a post-doctoral capacity on two studies based at the University of Bristol. Zoë's work at the University of Bristol is centred on the impact of digital technology use on mental health. Within the project, she is working as a part of a collaborative team to understand the training needs of mental health professionals (MHPs) in opening up conversations about children and young people's (CYPs) online use. Within the DELVE project, Zoë is continuing to explore data through secondary analysis, to analyse user experiences of moderation and moderators in online spaces with suicide and self-harm content. Posted on 31 July 2023 DOI: 10. 13056/acamh. 24528 0 comments Tags: Social media, Adolescents… Show all Topics: Social media Populations: Adolescents, Cyberbullying, Early intervention Interventions: Types: Blog, Young people have better access to the internet than ever before, with those under 18 accounting for one in three internet users globally (2017). Digital technology use can bring opportunities of learning and connectedness in young people, and some positive experiences in relation to their mental health including access to peer support and immediacy of information and help (Pretorius et al. , 2019). Additionally, young people report improved self-esteem, identity development, and sense of belonging related to using social technologies including social media and gaming (Charmaraman et al. , 2018). Despite this, there are concerns of risk associated with online use. For example, research has shown links between online activity and an increase in accessibility to harmful or distressing images, online sexual exploitation and cyberbullying (Centre for Report, 2018). Further, concerns have been raised about potential dangers related to the influence of social media on disordered eating, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Dane & Bhatia, 2023; Biddle et al. , 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Indução de resistência em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) por acbenzolar-S-metil e Bacillus cereus: aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e parámetros de crescimento e produção. PhD. Thesis, Escola superior de de Queiroz. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lima, R. . 2007. Rendimento da alface e atributos químicos de um Latossolo em função da aplicação de biofertilizantes de rochas com fósforo e potássio. Braz. J. Hort. 25, 224-229. Junior, M. A. , Malheiros, S. M. M. , Van Straaten, P. 2010. Earthworm compound and rock biofertilizer enriched in nitrogen by inoculation with free living diazotrophic bacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 1769-1775. . 2009. Ação da quitosana no desenvolvimento e sobre doenças foliares da videira (cv. Cabernet Sauvingnon). Braz. J. Agroecol. 4, 1548-1551. Mazaro, S. M. , Deschamps, C. , Mio, L. L. M. , Biai, L. A. , Gouvea, A. , Sautter, C. K. 2008. Comportamento pós-colheita de frutos de morangueiro após a aplicação de quitosana e acibenzolar-S-metil. Rev. Bras. Fruticult. 30, 185-190. . 2007. Eficiencia de biofertilizantes de rochas com Acidithiobacillus em melão no vale do Sao Francisco. Braz. J. Agric. Sci. 2, 1-7. Otha, K. , Morishita, S. , Suda, K. , Kobayachi, N. , Horoski, T. 2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites. The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Additionally, negative online experiences have been significantly associated with increased anxiety levels (Rifkin-Zybutz et al. ,). Recently, College of the Psychiatrists in the UK advised that social media and online use should be considered in assessing risk of all young people they meet (225, 2020). However, it is currently unclear whether this advice has been implemented in practice. Additionally, there is little evidence of guidance on how to approach these conversations with young people, or of similar direction for other mental health practitioners, teachers or parents. What do we know? We know MHPs and young people think that talking about young people’s online use related to their mental health is important (Rifkin-Zybutz et al. , 2023). Despite this, through focus groups and interviews with MHPs and young people (aged 16-24 yrs), Derges et al (2023) found that conversations around online activities rarely happened, and when they did, young people expressed feelings of stigma and judgment. This study also revealed that practitioners lacked confidence in having these discussions. Both MHPs and young people indicated that improved guidance and training on the topic for MHPs could prove beneficial. How can we improve guidance and training for MHPs having these discussions with children and young people? As a first step in developing guidance for practitioners, a Delphi study was conducted by Biddle et al (2022). A Delphi study aims to gain a consensus on views, from consulting experts using questionnaires or surveys. study aimed to create good practice indicators (GPIs) to support MHPs when engaging young people in conversations about their online use related to their mental health. A total of n=22 young people, and n=21 mental health practitioners were sent questionnaires, where they were asked open-ended questions, and to rank statements related to good practice. Following iterative analysis, further questionnaires were sent across two more rounds where experts were asked to again rank statements. GPIs were included where they had 75% agreement across both panels. In total, twenty-seven GPIs were agreed by experts, covering ‘who’ should be asked and ‘when’, ‘how’ they should be asked, ‘what’ should be discussed, and what the consequence or ‘outcome’ of discussions should be. A selection of the resulting GPIs are displayed below, and all the GPIs can be at www.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2017 and was reviewed by 3 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · May 4, 2017 · shared your response with the reviewer and they were happy to accept the manuscript in this form. Congrats on a really nice manuscript and thank you for your patience during this process. Regards - Ball · Apr 13, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript continues to be well-written and succinct. Clarity has been further improved due to revisions based on reviewer comments, particularly regarding the PAM measurements. Experimental design The experimental design seems appropriate for the interpretation of the results. Validity of the findings The results are supported by the data available. Dr. Lee brought up a good point about the PAM measurements essentially integrating photosynthetic capacity vs. resource limitation in this case, and in addressing this the authors improve the results & discussion. The way I read it, the authors are interpreting the PAM results as an ecosystem processes, essentially regardless of whether it's capacity or water resources that limit it, rather than claiming to measure the capacity for GPP. (think the added text in the discussion is an interesting little tidbit about short vs long-term processes. ) So given the scope of the interpretation, I think the results are supported by the experimental design. Additional comments I have no further comments. Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 19, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design Just because kill controls have not been included in the standard protocol does not mean they are not necessary. The concern is not with magical abiotic breakdown of organic materials, but with the stability of the substrates used in the assays. For example, L-DOPA used for the phenol oxidase assay is known to be unstable at high pH (which soils typically are).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe contents of this of are from selected papers presented at the 16th of the Association for held at University in Corvallis, Oregon, from June 24–27, 2019. The conference attracted over 150 participants and the event included oral presentations with seven concurrent sessions, poster presentations, a pre-conference tour, one full day of field tours, plenary keynotes, and Groups and Regional Meetings. The seventeen manuscripts included in this have been derived from temperate agroforestry research projects, outreach, and development. Papers were selected from temperate regions in North America, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico as well as manuscripts from sub-tropical systems in India. Overall, the conference papers addressed multidisciplinary topics in agroforestry including, accessing resources, accessing markets, managing risks, advances in technology applications, production science, environmental benefits, adoption, implementation, evaluation, education, outreach and community engagement, policy practice, climate change opportunities and challenges, and special forest products. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionAgroforestry is a sustainable land-use system that addresses the production needs of farmers and landowners while providing environmental benefits to society. AFTA defines agroforestry as an intensive land management system that optimizes the benefits from the biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock (AFTA 2021). According to the there are five basic types of agroforestry practices today in North America: windbreaks, alley cropping, silvopasture, riparian buffers, and forest farming. Within each agroforestry practice, there is a continuum of options available to landowners depending on their own goals (e. g. , whether to maximize the production of crops, animals, forages, or trees) (USDA-NAC 2021). The conference theme for the 16th NAAC was “Agroforestry for. ” Thus, finding the balance between maximizing the productive capacity of farming systems, while at the same time, maintaining the environmental benefits are the challenges for agroforestry practitioners to promote sustainable agriculture and agroecosystems. Today, landowners and farmers are trying to address various challenges to make their farms and forestlands profitable, productive, and environmentally sustainable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: digital-chats. com. Example GPIs Who/When? All young people attending a mental health consultation should be asked about their online activities How? Discussion about online activities should be started spontaneously as part of the flow of conversation, with questions naturally embedded within broader topics rather than as a standalone item What? Discussions about worrying online activity should usually include asking for the names of sites visited, descriptions of content created by the young person and details of participation in online groups clinician should not simply recommend stopping online activities but support the young person to engage with the online world in a more positive way Additionally, a list of ‘red flags’, or warning signs in young people were established, to indicate when these conversations should be prioritised What next? Following the creation of the GPIs, researchers at the University of Bristol are hoping to create training and resources to aid MHPs in having these conversations with children and young people. The ‘Digital Dialogues’ project aims to break down the communication barriers between MHPs and young people by co-creating and disseminating knowledge exchange resources. The project will use a variety of methods to identify the gaps in knowledge and guidance for MHPs, and work together with young people to design, produce, and share resources that can help address these. If you are a mental health practitioner, currently working with and young people in the UK or Ireland, you can help! The first step in the is a survey which aims to gather insights into the current practices employed by MHPs when asking young people about their online activities in relation to their mental health. Additionally, we are seeking to identify any specific p485. Biddle, L. , Derges, J. , Goldsmith, C. , Donovan, J. L. , & Gunnell, D. (2018). Using the internet for suicide-related purposes: Contrasting findings from young people in the community and self-harm patients admitted to hospital. PloS One, 13, 5, e0197712. Centre for Mental Health. (2018). Briefing 53: social media, young people and mental health. URL: Charmaraman, L. , Gladstone, T. , & Richer, A. (2018). Positive and negative associations between adolescents mental health and technology. Technology and Health, 71. Dane, A. , & Bhatia, K. (2023).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Without data from kill/inhibitor controls, it is imprudent to interpret enzyme activity data quantitatively. Validity of the findings Following my reasoning above, it is not clear to me that calculating diversity indices for enzyme activities and assigning ecological relevance to them is a good idea since the enzyme activity data cannot be assumed to be quantitative. Additional comments No comment Cite this review as Lee CK (2017) #2 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 11, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors have made adequate minor revisions for publication Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Feb 28, 2017 · first of all I apologize for the delay, we had trouble getting reviewers familiar with PAM. All 3 reviewers and I thought that the manuscript was an important contribution to the field and highlights a potentially innovative approach to linking terrestrial productivity to patterns of microbial diversity. As you will see the only really substantive issue is with benchmarking of the PAM results (particularly the influence of water on instantaneous PAM measurements), plus a response is needed about enzyme assay controls. Most comments were minor but I have selected 'Major Revisions' as it was not clear to me whether your response requires additional work to determine the validity of the PAM measurements or whether you have the data in hand already to support that. I hope this is straightforward to resolve. · Jan 27, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors present a series of measurements estimating photosynthetic (and therefore C-fixing) activity in the McValleys along a moisture gradient from streams. Such measurements are very important for understanding the C cycle and basal food resources for this ecosystem where it has traditionally been very difficult to measure productivity. They introduce the use of PAM for tackling this difficulty. The manuscript is straightforward, clearly-written, and succinct. I provide only a minor comment: Lines 211-213/Table 4: Can you be explicit in how you defined these three zones?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: However, there are many problems, such as farmland conversion, urbanization pressures, reduction in water quality and availability, soil erosion, irregular cash flows, climate change, and increased governmental regulations that impact family farms or private forests a difficult task (Workman et al. 2014). These challenging agricultural settings require new and innovative approaches to address various problems faced by farmers, landowners, and their communities. The collection of papers in this provides the scientific knowledge, practical approaches, and recommendations for adoption of agroforestry as a practical, profitable, and climate-resilient land-use system. The 16th agroforestry conference (NAAC)The 16th NAAC was held on the campus of University, Corvallis, Oregon from June 24 to 27, 2019, and attended by more than 150 participants. The event included oral presentations with seven concurrent sessions, poster presentations, a pre-conference tour, one full day of field tours, plenary keynotes, and Groups and Regional Meetings. This biennial conference brought together university researchers, educators, extension professionals, public-policy makers, farm operators, private landowners, and graduate students from across North America, Europe, and Africa. The conference theme was “Agroforestry for. ” The conference addressed topics related to agroforestry: accessing resources, accessing markets, managing risks, advances in technology applications, production science, environmental benefits, adoption, implementation, evaluation, education, outreach and community engagement, policy practice, climate change opportunities and challenges, and special forest products. There were 105 oral presentations and 32 poster presentations with rich contents for manuscripts that highlighted the latest scientific findings, tools, technologies, and thoughts across ecological, social, and economic dimensions of agroforestry. Additionally, this conference brought together 10 Groups in to acquaint members, increase interactions, exchange experiences, and discuss regionally important agroforestry issues. This has helped strengthen networking among agroforestry researchers, extension professionals, and landowners in North America. Issue brings increased interest in agroforestry practices to diversify farming systems and the renewed attention to traditional agroforestry systems in North America. In addition, this Issue presents an updated account of current adoption trends, technological advances, and challenges in agroforestry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content authors by collection Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content authors by collection Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 11 Use of social media in recruiting young people to mental health research: a scoping review Email alerts 4. 0/This is an open access 4. 0 Unported (CC BY 4. 0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 3. 5 million 6–23 year olds in England were reported to have a probable or possible mental health disorder2 and around 14% of the world’s adolescents (aged 10–19 years) are recorded to live with a mental disorder. 3 Consequently, there has been increasing demand for counselling services, hospital admissions for self-harm and referrals to specialist Child and Health Services. 4 In the UK, for example, figures have shown record numbers of referrals with the number of young people accessing mental health services reaching a new record of 708 939 in November 2022. 5 However, in the UK and globally, many countries do not have enough staff trained for dealing with mental health and across all income groups, there are reported to be just three mental health workers per 1000 000 population. 3 Adding to concern, reports do not account for the large proportion of children and young people not seeking or accessing professional for their mental health conditions. 6There is a dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of appropriate and timely interventions to improve the mental well-being of children and young people. 7 Consequently robust, large-scale research studies are needed to bridge the gap between supply and demand of mental health treatments. Recruiting eligible and representative participants to research studies, however, can be challenging and is often the most time-consuming aspect of the study process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Obviously it’s by soil moisture, which are listed for each zone in the table, but how did you decide on the cutoff points? Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 20, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is written clearly and concisely, and the results were well contextualized. The title is very straightforward and accurately represents the work. The only comment I have regarding the presentation of the manuscript is that there should be sub-headings in and Methods to improve readability. Experimental design The research question is interesting and fills a well-articulated gap in knowledge for the ecosystem. Broadly speaking, the findings are logical and congruent with expectations based on existing knowledge. However, there are two issues with experimental design that lessen the robustness of the findings: 1. The lack of reliable points of comparison for the PAM measurements 2. The lack of kill/inhibitor controls for enzyme activity measurements As far as this reviewer is aware, there have been few reliable reported measurements of primary productivity using PAM on organics-poor soils. Although PAM measures a very specific phenomenon (drop in photochemical quenching of fluorescent signals), it cannot be assumed that readings obtained by PAM are entirely associated with photosynthesis when there is very low chlorophyll content in the substrate being characterized. Note that I'm not say that the readings are false, but it is difficult to quantify exact how much estimated photosynthetic activity is actually biological. It would have been highly useful to have control measurements of bedrocks and active cyanobacterial mats or mosses to contextualize the readings reported here. Another issue with PAM is that it is an instantaneous measurement, which means the readings are much more reflective of the limiting factor for photosynthesis (i. e. , water) than capacity for photosynthesis. This is why water augmentation is a standard procedure when PAM is used to characterize lichen physiology since the capacity for photosynthesis is what determines the primary production capability of a system, not moisture content at the time of sampling. This potentially explains why ETR and GPP values did not correlated with ChlA levels (lines 264-265). A similar issue exists for the enzyme assay data since they (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The objectives of this are to: (1) disseminate state-of-the-art basic and applied knowledge on agroforestry among practitioners, scientists, extension professionals, students, and policy makers; (2) present conceptual approaches to address potentials and limitations of diverse agroforestry practices; and (3) document current agroforestry developments in a region of the world where agroforestry practices have grown in number and diversity. Papers contained in this special issueThe selected papers in this cover a wide range of agroforestry practices such as home gardens, traditional agroforestry practices, silvopasture and woodland grazing, riparian buffers, alley cropping, agroforestry economics, and agroforestry adoption and extension. A summary of the findings from this collections of papers are in the following paragraphs. Home gardens and traditional agroforestry practicesRoy et al. (2022) discussed home garden agroforestry practices in the Region of India to overcome the fuelwood shortage. The study inventoried the fuelwood-species diversity and estimated the amount of fuelwood consumption and resulting carbon emission. The home gardens of the study area have a great potential to ensure the year-round supply of fuelwood to the households without additional cost and act as a tool to conserve the forest ecosystem. In addition, home garden satisfies small land holder’s domestic energy needs while, avoiding deforestation and thus offsetting carbon emission. Reang et al. (2022) discussed about or Systems (TAFS) to achieve sustainable production and address biodiversity conservation as well as climate change. The result from this study showed the highest tree species richness, basal area, and diversity in home gardens followed by piper and pineapple-based systems. The study revealed a greater number of tree species under the TAFS providing fuelwood, timber, and meeting other economic needs. The study also considered the environmental services provided by most tree species. Jiang et al. (2021) quantified the relationships between environmental factors and growth of four tree species and developed functional soil maps for each species of trees in an agroforestry practice. Results from their study showed tree size and terrain attributes were driving factors affecting tree growth rate relative to soil properties. Gómez et al. (2021) presented the diagnosis and analysis of production systems that included traditional agroforestry in rural areas of Mexico.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: 8 9 Participation in research is generally declining, and ineffective recruitment can impact data quality and validity of research findings and lead to premature termination of the trial. 10 11 Recruitment and retention of young people for mental health research is challenging and adds another level of complexity. 10 12 13 In particular, participation may be hindered by the stigma of mental illness or fear of negative consequences from self-disclosure. 14 15Traditional recruitment strategies such as advertisements, telephone calls and mailing letters are often costly, time consuming and ineffective in representing the target population. 16 17 Alternatively, online recruitment strategies are now being adopted to improve enrolment outcomes. 18 One example is the use of social media, a group of mobile and internet-based applications allowing users to receive, build and share information worldwide. 19 The launch of the social media platforms such as Myspace and Facebook in 2003 and 2004, respectively, fuelled a growth of online platforms designed to increase social interconnectivity. 14 Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat, among others, shortly followed and have become an avenue for daily consumption and dissemination of information. Most young people are active on social networking sites. In 2022, it was reported that 62% of children aged 8–17 years had profile(s) on online apps or sites, and using video-sharing platforms such as YouTube or TikTok was the most popular online activity among this age group. 20 In many cases, those with mental health problems use social media platforms to seek support networks and help others,21 indicating that social media could be a successful method of engaging with young people for the purpose of mental health research. An increasing number of studies are using online recruitment methods and the feasibility of such strategies is being explored. Facebook, in particular, has been shown to be a successful recruitment tool for populations who may not respond to traditional recruitment strategies, such as adolescents. 22 23 More specifically, the use of paid Facebook advertising, search tool and creation and use of a Facebook page prove successful in recruiting adolescents to health research. 22 Previous reviews that have explored social media platforms in addition to Facebook found them to be useful for recruitment to mental health research,14 24 however these reviews did not target young people and therefore cannot be generalised to this population. To date, and to our knowledge, a review has not explored social media platforms for the recruitment of young people to mental health research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: , AG and POX) appear to correlate with moisture content. Again, the data make sense and are likely to be (at least partially) derived from enzymatic activities, but there is not enough confidence without kill/inhibitor controls to conclude that all of the activities observed are in fact due to enzymes released by resident microorganisms. Validity of the findings As stated above, the findings are logical and in line with what can be reasonably expected from existing knowledge. However, I do not think the experimental design allows the PAM and enzyme activity data to be unequivocally attributed to resident microorganisms. Without knowing how much of the PAM readings is attributable to primary production, I would feel much more comfortable using the GPP and NPP as upper limits rather than estimates. The application of Shannon diversity index on enzyme activity data is unusual and likely violates the statistical assumption of the index (i. e. , each "species" or "character" being independent of each other) since it is likely some microorganisms possess multiple of the enzymes assayed. I would also suggest that the authors be much more explicit and careful when discussing parameters that likely auto-correlate (e. g. , MBC vs. TN and SOC). A few specific comments: • Lines 215-217: Is ETR related to PAR or not? These two sentences appear to contradict each other. • Lines 243-245: Please provide 0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 22, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript was clearly articulated and described the use of PAM fluorometry to examine primary productivity rates in Dry Valley, Antarctica soils of Taylor Valley. General comments: The use of PAM fluorometry in conjunction with enzyme assays is a useful addition to the literature on microbial activity in hyper-arid Antarctic permafrost soils, specifically primary productivity for which there is limited data. Specific comments: Photos of cryptograms sampled would be useful for this manuscript. ln 94. The assumption that biological activity in is limited to a 8 week period in austral summer is likely incorrect. Bakermans et al. 2014 (doi: 10. 1111/1574-6941. 12310) demonstrated that heterotrophy occurs in soil samples from at -5 C. Additionally, the high salt content described in these soils (ln 93) aid in the formation of liquid water at colder temperatures, the likely limiting factor for activity. Need more details on the sites collected along the environmental gradient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: (2021b) explored producers' interest to establish a silvopasture by planting trees in pasture and assessed tree and pasture performance in Virginia, USA. The study provided guidelines that maintain stand health and productivity when thinning trees to establish silvopasture and improve tree protection and growth in pastures when plantings are needed. Dibala et al. (2021) explored the impacts of climate change on future animal agriculture and forage production. They investigated the potential of white mulberry for its fodder potential to stand climate change and gathered information on the native variety that tolerate shade. The results indicated the production of mulberry fodder could be optimized by 66% on Factor that corresponds to around 500 trees/ha. Lechuga et al. (2022) investigated the depletion of natural regeneration in temperate forests, and the effect of grazing with sheep on the survival of Abies hickelii seedlings in Mexico. They used two sites for regeneration of the vegetation, one with natural regeneration and the other for transplantation of A. hickelii. The impacts of grazing on both regeneration sites on vegetation cover was significant in both sampling sites. However, the survival of A. hickelii seedlings remained more than 80% in both sites. The study concluded that the negative effects of sheep grazing on A. hickelii seedlings were low and promoted silvopasture systems with sheep in temperate forests. Ballesteros, J. and Torres, J. P. (2022) discussed the loss of tropical dry forests and proposed silvopasture as a strategy to curb deforestation and loss of biodiversity in the Region. The objective was to evaluate the effect of silvopasture and the conventional livestock management systems with fragmentation of dry forests. The study found that bats were abundant in the silvopasture systems with extensive livestock management that generated temporal stability of bat populations. Riparian bufferShahariar et al. (2021) evaluated the impacts of land-use practices on soil-organic carbon (SOC) in Canadian prairie pothole region. They addressed the potential concern of carbon sequestration and soil health in riparian areas. They studied the potential of short-rotation willow plantations in marginal riparian areas in sequestering carbon in comparison to annual crop and pasture. The SOC was higher in pasture sites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: J 2020;129:114–21. doi:10. 1037/abn0000483OpenUrl↵ Revisiting the werther effect in the 21st century: bullying and suicidality among adolescents who watched 13 reasons why. 2018;57:610–3. doi:10. 1016/j. jaac. 2018. 02. 019OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Use of a social networking web site for recruiting Canadian youth for medical research. J 2013;52:792–4. doi:10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2012. 12. 002↵ What works for mental health problems in youth? Survey of real-world experiences of treatments and side effects. Psychiatry 2021;15:1502–12. doi:10. 1111/eip. 13087OpenUrl↵ Leveraging social media to explore the barriers to treatment among individuals with depressive symptoms. 2020;37:458–65. doi:10. 1002/da. 22990OpenUrl↵ Mental health disparities among Canadian transgender youth. J 2017;60:44–9. doi:10. 1016/j. jadohealth. 2016. 09. 014OpenUrlPubMed↵ Canadian adolescents’ mental health and substance use during the covid-19 pandemic: associations with covid-19 stressors. of 2023;55:46–55. doi:10. 1037/cbs0000305OpenUrl↵da, Andrades GS, Caye A, et al. Thirteen reasons why: the impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents' mental health. J 2019;108:2–6. doi:10. 1016/j. jpsychires. 2018. 10. 018OpenUrl↵Fitzsimmons- Adolescents and young adults engaged with pro-eating disorder social media: eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology, health care utilization, treatment barriers, and opinions on harnessing technology for treatment. Disord 2020;25:1681–92. doi:10. 1007/s40519-019-00808-3OpenUrl↵’Brien RP, et al. Explaining behavioral health differences in urban and rural sexual minority adolescents: a longitudinal investigation of minority stress in a diverse national sample of sexual minority adolescents: a longitudinal investigation of minority stress in a div. J 2023;39:262–71.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: For example. How do these regions vary ( pH, moisture content etc). In a broader context - how do they compare to other sites for which microbial activity has been detected (ex- Taylor Valley) or not detected (ex- University Valley) ln. 124. In table 1 or in text, please specifically describe which samples correlate to the described env. conditions ( ex- which site were the hyperarid soils collected from). ln 126. Describe the locations in each region. ln 174. Missing word Amplitude. ln 215. Change to: ". . ETR were not significantly associated with soil moisture and chlorophyll a. . " ln 217. P-value? ln 243. Please justify why the assumption of 50% respiratory carbon loss. ln 244. Again, note that communities may very well be growing for longer than 60 days annually. Ln 264. Since GPP is calculated as 1/4th of ETR, please remove one of these terms from the sentence (ie- ETR is correlated, or GPP is correlated; not GPP and ETR is correlated). ln 288-291. Describe how the TRFLP data reflects this. Experimental design The choice for sites should be better described in the manuscript (more detail needed). How were PAM measurements taken (more detail needed). Were cryptograms targeted specifically? Where samples dark covered first? Validity of the findings no comment. Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 19, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The abundance of SOC was higher in subsoil and suggested better SOC stability and potential advantage of C sequestration in the Prairie. Ofosu et al. (2021) explored the soil-organic carbon (SOC) sequestration with different riparian systems in southern Ontario, Canada. This study investigated SOC sequestration potential in the upper 0–60 cm soil layer in System (RBS). The result from this study showed that RBS types and management within the buffers could influence the C sequestration in soils. Tree buffers revealed better potential for soil C sequestration than grass buffers. Agroforest and alley croppingPenkauskas et al. (2021) explored the pest management potential of Oaks and Hazelnuts (Agroforest and Alley Cropping) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. They used hogs to eat the oak seed to reduce pest population that affected Hazelnut orchards. The oak woodland was serving as a good habitat for the intermediate host of filbertworm. Breaking the lifecycle of filbertworm by grazing hogs reduced the level of infection of the hazelnut orchards. Prescribed foraging in oak patches can be an effective strategy to reduce filbertworm source population. Agroforestry economicsShah et al. (2021) compared sole horticulture (Mango) plantation and agroforestry practices (Mustard crops + Mango) in Jabalpur, India. They concluded that the highest yielding variety was Arpan mustard. The economic evaluation found the cost of cultivation in agroforestry systems was higher than in sole-horticulture system. The benefit/cost ratio was not significantly different but found highest with Arpan mustard in one-year plantation. Agroforestry adoptionRomanova et al. (2021) acknowledged the wide range of agroforestry benefits such as economic, ecological, and social aspects and so a suitable alternative to contemporary agriculture. They recognized the limited adoption and dissemination of agroforestry in the U. S. A. The study explored factors influencing agroforestry adoption and dissemination as well as the temporal aspects of agroforestry adoption. The study suggested using innovation-to-confirmation instead of innovation-to-decision periods for more accurately reflecting the adoption dynamics. Conclusion19. We also thank the Editor-in-Chief and staff of Journal for working with us diligently in bringing this into publication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. invent. 2017. 02. 003OpenUrl↵-Bradley S. The gender minority youth study: overview of methods and social media recruitment of a nationwide sample of U. S. cisgender and transgender adolescents. Behav 2020;49:2601–10. doi:10. 1007/s10508-020-01695-xOpenUrl↵ Therapist-guided Internet-based psychodynamic therapy versus cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescent depression in Sweden: a randomised, clinical, non-inferiority trial. Health 2022;4:e594–603. doi:10. 1016/S2589-7500(22)00095-4OpenUrl↵ Recruiting and engaging and Alaska native teens and young adults in a SMS help-seeking intervention: lessons learned from the BRAVE study. 2020;17:9437. doi:10. 3390/ijerph17249437↵ Online group counseling for young people through a customized social networking platform: phase 2 of kids helpline circles. 2022;25:580–8. doi:10. 1089/cyber. 2022. 0044OpenUrl↵ Adolescent stress experiences over time study (ASETS) protocol: design and methods of a prospective longitudinal study of sexual minority adolescents in the USA. BMJ Open 2022;12:e054792. doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2021-054792↵da, Andrades GS, Caye A, et al. Thirteen reasons why: the impact of suicide portrayal on adolescents’ mental health. J 2019;108:2–6. doi:10. 1016/j. jpsychires. 2018. 10. 018OpenUrl↵ Canadian adolescents’ mental health and substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with COVID-19 stressors. of 2022;55:46–55. doi:10. 1037/cbs0000305OpenUrl↵Park BK, Calamaro C. A systematic review of social networking sites: innovative platforms for health research targeting adolescents and young adults. J 2013;45:256–64. doi:10. 1111/jnu. 12032↵Ryan GS. Online social networks for patient involvement and recruitment in clinical research. 2013;21:35–9. doi:10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Details about inoculum geographical origin, collector and original supplier are given in Table S1. Experimental field site and climatic data The experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 at the organic farm “Prata” Pisa, Italy (43°44’ N, 10°24’E; 2 m above sea level and 0. 0% slope). The soil in 2019 was a silty-clay loam (8. 0% sand, 54. 1% silt and 37. 9% clay) with 35. 9 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 7. 9 pH(H2O), 2. 2 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation) and 1. 89 g kg− 1 P, 22. 00 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). The soil in 2020 was a silty-clay loam (10. 2% sand, 50. 2% silt and 39. 6% clay) with 30. 5 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 8. 0 pH(H2O), 1. 83 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation), 1. 72 g kg− 1 P and 17. 0 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). Climate of the site is cold, humid Mediterranean (Csa) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (Kottek et al. 2006). Averaged over 1990–2020, mean annual maximum and minimum air temperatures were 20. 4 and 9. 9°C, respectively, and annual precipitation was 1084 mm. During the field experiment (May-September), maximum and minimum temperatures were 27. 4°C and 16. 0°C, respectively, in 2019, and 27. 4°C and 15. 5°C in 2020, while total precipitation was 236 mm and 270 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Details about temperature (mean, minimum and maximum daily temperature) and rainfall for the tomato growth cycles are given in Fig. S2. Experimental set-up A first experiment was set-up in 2019 with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) var.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Comparative evaluation of biological control programs and chemical pesticides for managing insect and mite pests in cucumber greenhouses: a sustainable approach for enhanced pest control and yield access Published: 14 July 2024 Comparative evaluation of biological control programs and chemical pesticides for managing insect and mite pests in cucumber greenhouses: a sustainable approach for enhanced pest control and yield : orcid. org/0000-0002-4403-72571 & : orcid. org/0000-0002-7561-79162 of Control 84. 55 and 89. 88% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Both greenhouse with low release rate (BIO 1) and BIO 2 exhibited significant reductions in the whitefly population, with proportions of 71. 31 and 72. 01% in 2022, and 82. 05 and 85. 94% in 2023, respectively. The thrips population also experienced notable reductions in both BIO 1 and BIO 2 greenhouses, with percentages of 72. 08 and 75. 71% in 2022, and 59. 93 and 61. 38% in 2023, respectively. However, the pesticide treatment demonstrated the lowest reduction in populations of aphids, whitefly and thrips in both seasons. Nevertheless, in all treatments in the two evaluated seasons, the high release rate of the predatory mite, P. persimilis (15 individuals/m2), proved to be highly effective in maintaining the mite populations below the economic threshold level. However, the population density of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae), increased in the pesticide-treated greenhouse, indicating the development of resistance to pesticides. Although the tested programs resulted in similar yields, the biological control approach offered the advantage of pesticide-free produce and reduced production costs. ConclusionFor pest management in cucumber growing in greenhouses during winter, it is recommended to use biological control agents at a low release rate at the early occurrence of pests. This approach can help minimize pest populations effectively. BackgroundThe global population is rapidly increasing, leading to a high demand for healthy fresh food (FAO et al. 2018). It is well known that the greenhouse industry plays a crucial role by providing high-quality fruits and vegetables rich in essential vitamins and minerals. Greenhouses offer several advantages, including high crop production per unit area and efficient water use (Stanghellini 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: This requires designing the specialized training for extension workers and rural development experts about the climate sensitivity of each crop at different micro-climate conditions and agro-ecologies in Ethiopia. Moreover, the government investment on irrigation dams should prioritize the areas vulnerable to droughts but also have high potential for crop yield enhancement. These strategies can help to build climate resilience, enhance crop productivity, and improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers in the face of climate change. Finally, it is worth highlighting the main limitations of this paper which can serve as the basis for future research. First, the empirical analysis presented in this paper does not consider other factors that can interplay with climatic factors in determining crop growth and yields. Particularly, the crop evapotranspiration and atmospheric water demand, i. e. , the level of vapor pressure deficit (VPD), can determine the effect of temperature and precipitation on crop farming process. Footnote 4 In this regard, future studies may consider incorporating VPD into the analysis of climatic impacts on crop yields. Second, this paper does not incorporate the disparities in the impacts of climate change among different social groups. Therefore, future research is required to analyze the heterogeneity in climate change impacts across different social groups, such as gender, age, or income groups, within a similar agro-ecological setting. This can provide more detailed and useful insights into policy instruments to address variations in climate sensitivity among different groups and design effective strategies to achieve sustainable development goals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Pisanello, an old Tuscany variety described and conserved in the regional genetic bank for the conservation of endangered (or threatened) varieties ( Berni et al. 2018) and a second experiment was set-up in 2020 with tomato var. Rio Grande, a modern widely used variety. Inoculation by AMF was performed in greenhouse at sowing, before plantlet transplanting to the field. In detail, one seed of S. lycopersicum was sown in each hole of a plateau having a total of 160 holes (total volume: 4. 22 L), containing as substrate a mixture (1:1:2:2 by volume) of peat, soil, coarse silica sand and heat-expanded clay. The soil utilized in the mixture was a sandy loam collected at the “Centro di Ricerche Agro-Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Italy ( Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil used were as follows: 8. 0 pH(H2O), 15. 3% clay, 30. 1% silt, 54. 5% sand, 2. 2% organic matter (Walkley-Black), 1. 3 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl), 469. 5 mg kg− 1 total P (Olsen), 17. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable P (Olsen) and 149. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable K. The mixture was steam-sterilized (121°C for 25 min, on two consecutive days) to kill naturally occurring AMF. The plateau (one for each AM fungal isolate and one for the control) were inoculated either with 850 mL of crude inoculum of one out of the four AM fungal isolates or with 850 mL of a sterilized mixture of them (non-mycorrhizal control). Potential differences in AM fungal colonization ability of the four isolates were balanced using such high amounts of inoculum (10% by volume). Each plateau received 565 mL of a filtrate, obtained sieving (sieve with pore diameter of 43 µm) a mixture of the four crude inocula and of a sample of the agricultural soil used for the preparation of the substrate, to ensure an initial common prokaryotic community to all treatments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: As a result, the global area dedicated to greenhouse production is expanding, with Egypt experiencing significant growth in protected cultivation, particularly in single-arch greenhouses, reaching approximately twenty thousand in number. Cucumber production accounts for around 60% of greenhouse cultivation in Egypt (El-Aidy et al. 2007). However, the environmental conditions inside greenhouses, characterized by high temperature and humidity, create favorable conditions for various pests that can infest vegetable crops. Cucumber plants are susceptible to infestation by wide range of pests, leading to a decrease in productivity and downgrade its quality. Several pests have been identified as having significant economic implications due to the direct and indirect damages they cause to cucumber. Among the pests that have been extensively studied and recognized as major threats to cucumber plants in Egypt are the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), the cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaitenbach) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Dacus ciliatus (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Emam et al. 2020). Currently, chemical control methods, due to their fast results and hand liability, remain the primary approach for pest management in Egyptian greenhouse vegetables production. However, the use of pesticides presents several challenges, including negative impacts on human health, environmental pollution and the appearance of pesticide-resistant pest strains (Bernardes et al. 2015). Therefore, there is an increasing need to explore alternative pest control strategies, specifically biological control, as an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programs (van Lenteren 2020). Biological control offers a promising solution, especially in situations where the reliance on chemical control alone is undesirable, and it can often be cost-effective or even more economical than chemical methods (Bolckmans 1999).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Overall, the coastal area (Lomé) has the highest increase in monthly average Tmin and Tmax. This could be explained by urban heat island. Lomé is capital city and is the most populated city in Togo (40% of the population and over 90% of domestic industries). The results of this study are in agreement with Gadédjisso [9] who revealed an increase of air temperature throughout Togo. Similar trends in air temperature were reported in by Sylla et al. [22]. Impact of variation in climatic variables on crop yield: The results of multiple regressions of precipitation and temperature on crop yields are presented in Table 5. In Atakpame, the results revealed that the precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the yields record. In Kouma-konda, the results revealed that the temperature has significant influence on the variation of maize yields (p<0. 1) and on cowpea (p<0. 01). For other selected crops in Kouma-konda, it is showed that the variation of precipitation and temperature have nonsignificant effect on them. In Tabligbo, for all the selected crops, the variation of precipitation and temperature have non-significant effect on the crop yields. The non-effect of precipitation and temperature variability on the selected crop yields obtained in this study is also obtained by in Northern part of Nigeria [44]. This is an indication that precipitation and temperature variability may not necessary affect some selected crops. Despite the climate variability, farmers used drought resistant seed to adapt their production system to climate change. Our results indicated a slight increase in growing season precipitation with non-significant effect on crop yields, which is in contradiction with Sogbedji [16] who revealed that in Togo a decrease in seasonal rainfall amount represents a serious threat to maize growth. It has also been reported by Adamgbe and Ujoh [20] in Nigeria that rainy days and rainfall amount had strong positive relationship with maize yield (r=0. 747 and r=0. 599, respectively). In addition, Adamgbe and Ujoh [20] observed that rainfall characteristics jointly contributed 67. 4% in explaining the variations in the yield of maize per hectare in Nigeria. The effect of water deficiency depended on growth stages, deficiency level and environmental changes during drought conditions. During later productive stages, yield losses from drought decreases as crop is approaching physiological maturity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Three replicate plastic tubes were used for each AM fungal inoculum (four inocula: a total of 12 tubes) and for each soil samples (five soil replicates per year: a total of 30 tubes). After emergence, plants were thinned to one. Plants were harvested after two-week growth and root systems were cleared and stained, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970). Then, the roots were mounted on microscope slides, examined under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), and AM fungal root colonization parameters (% of arbuscules, vesicles and AM fungal root colonization) were assessed (McGonigle et al. 1990). Moreover, images of the AM fungal structures were taken by the -01 Main Unit, a camera (CMOS 5. 07 Mpixel, 2464x2048, 50 fps live) mounted on a high-range motorized triple zoom lens (HR- 5000E). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato root colonization Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization of var. Pisanello was assessed at the BBCH 62 growth stage (2nd inflorescence with first flower open), whereas the AM fungal root colonization of var. was assessed at BBCH 22 (2nd primary apical side shoot visible), BBCH 62 and BBCH 89 (fully ripe: all fruits have typical fully ripe color) (Meier 2001). On 22nd July 2019 (BBCH 62) two plants of var. Pisanello from each replicate plot were sampled, and AM fungal root colonization parameters (percentage of AM fungal root colonisation and of root length containing arbuscules and vesicle) were assessed under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), after clearing and staining, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970), following the gridline intersect method (McGonigle et al. 1990). On 23rd May, 7th July and 27th August 2020 (BBCH 22, BBCH 62 and BBCH 89, respectively) two plants of var. from each replicate plot were sampled and AM fungal root colonization parameters were assessed, as previously described. Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato yield and fruit nutrient concentrations Plants of var.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Among the potential biological control agents, the aphid parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus Hayat and Fatima (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has shown high efficiency in controlling the cotton-melon aphid, A. gossypii, which is a major pest of cultivated plants (Zamani et al. 2006). Additionally, lacewing species belonging to the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) have long been recognized as important predator in various cropping systems, including vegetables, fruits, nuts, fiber, forage crops, ornamentals, greenhouse crops and forests. It is widely used and commercially available natural enemy, with its larval capable of consuming a range of insect pests such as aphids, thrips, mealybugs, immature whiteflies, small caterpillars, insect eggs and mites (Tauber et al. 2000). The specialist predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athis-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), has demonstrated effectiveness in controlling the two-spotted mite, T. urticae, in greenhouse environments (Adly 2015). Numerous studies have been conducted to compare the efficacy of biological control agents and pesticide application against pests infested cucumber in greenhouses (Nomikou, et al. 2002; Ibrahim, et al. 2006; Messelink et al. 2006; Adly 2015; Eleawa and Waked 2016; Abou-Haidar et al. 2021). However, further research is needed to determine the optimal release rates and cost benefits of biological control agents in comparison with the use of pesticide applications, which remains the predominant method of pest control in many countries. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of two biological control programs, each employ the different release rates of bio-agents and compare them to chemical control methods. The evaluation focused on managing specific pests in cucumber cultivation within commercial greenhouses during the winter season. The assessment involves monitoring the target pests’ abundance, assessing the crop yields obtained and evaluating the relative costs associated with each control method. MethodsStudy siteThe experiments were conducted in commercial greenhouses located at Giza, Egypt. Four commercial plastic greenhouses, each measuring 480 m2 (30 m × 16 m), were used for the experiment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: 05) in annual precipitation at Atakpamé, Lomé, Tabligbo and non-significant decreasing trend (P>0. 05) at Kouma-konda from 1970 to 2014. There was a significant warming trend (P<0. 0001) in Tmin, Tmax in Atakpamé, Kouma-konda, Lomé and Tabligbo during 1971-2014 period. Tmin increased by 0. 3, 0. 5 and 0. 3°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo respectively and Tmax increased by 0. 3, 0. 4 and 0. 4°C per decade at Atakpamé, Lomé and Tabligbo, respectively. In Kouma-konda, Tmin rose by 0. 4°C and Tmax decreased by 0. 3 per decade. Tmin is found to increase faster than Tmax. The coastal area (Lomé) has the highest increase in annual and monthly Tmin and Tmax. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that in Atakpame and Tabligbo, neither the precipitation nor the temperature have effect on the selected crop yields. In Kouma-konda, it revealed that the increased of temperature has significant effect on maize and bean. The increasing trend in Tmin and Tmax imply an increase in evapotranspitation which is of great concern to crop producers. Therefore, specific actions such as water management practices, crop diversification, new drought-resistant seed etc. are needed for resource planning and management for the sustainability of agriculture for future generations. 2888. Stocker T. F, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen S. K, et al. (2013) Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the on Climate Change. . (2013) Observations: Atmosphere and surface, pp: 159-254 (2015) Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348: 1469â€“1472. (2013) Challenges in estimating and understanding recent changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate and weather events. for Serving Society: Research, Modeling and Prediction Priorities.

Output: contrast