Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula. Nat Genet. 2011; 43(9):913–918. pmid:21822265 View 67. . Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events. Nature. 2003; 422:433–438. pmid:12660784 View 68. . Ancient whole genome duplications, novelty and diversification: the WGD radiation lag-time model. Plant Biol. 2012; 15:147–153. pmid:22480429 View 69. . Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear gene arginine decarboxylase: An example from Brassicaceae. Evol. 1998; 15:1312–1320. pmid:9787437 View 70. ’ Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Evol. 2006; 23:2142–2160. pmid:16916944 View 71. -. Molecular phylogenetics, temporal diversification, and principles of evolution in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Evol. 2010; 27:55–71. pmid:19744998 View 72. Laverty G, Jr. Sodium excretion rates and renal responses to acute salt loading in the European starling. J B. 1989; 159:401–408. View 73. Naish D. Birds. In: Brett-editors. Dinosaur. Press (Bloomington & Indianapolis); 2012. 423. 74. Low frequency of paleoviral infiltration across the avian phylogeny. Genome Biol. 2014; 15(12):539. pmid:25496498 View 75. Conserved syntenic clusters of protein coding genes are missing in birds. Genome Biol. 2014; 15(12):565. pmid:25518852 View 76. Botero-. Revisited: Uncovered and the Rates versus in Birds. Evol. 2017; 34(12):3123–3131. pmid:28962031 View 77. De novo PacBio long-read and phased avian genome assemblies correct and add to reference genes generated with intermediate and short reads. GigaScience. 2017; 6:1–16. View 78. of the in of Juvenile Birds. Dev Biol. 2005; 48(3):224–230. View 79.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Other studies stated that cadmium biosorption was achieved by the formation of ionic bridges between the metal and two carboxyl groups or a bidentate chelating complex with one carboxyl group [15,16]. The symmetric carboxyl-stretching band’s intensity decreased after Cd and Pb binding. The bacteria formed stronger bonds with these two metals. Carboxyl groups are the most abundant functional groups and are the main functional groups involved in the biosorption of heavy metals with Deinococcus and other biomasses [17-19]. Cadmium biosorption with Deinococcus reduced after blocking these groups, the majority of these groups are located in the Deinococcus cell wall and their negative charge can attract metal cations [20,21]. XRD X-ray diffraction is a non-destructive technique used to provide detailed information on the crystallographic structure of materials. This method offers several advantages e. g. , non-destructive, high accuracy, capability to detect single crystals, polycrystalline or amorphous materials. Moreover, standards are readily accessible for thousands of material systems. Due to its versatility, XRD has been widely employed to assist in the characterization of biosorbent and in the verification of heavy metals biosorption mechanisms [22]. Figure 2 shows the biosorbent of D. radiodurans un-loaded and loaded with Cd (II) and Pb (II). The XRD profile of the unloaded biosorbent shows typical diffraction peaks. Broad peaks were obtained instead of sharp peaks indicating the sample was poorly crystalline. The peaks at 2-theta 30. 2, 44, 64. 2, and 77. 5°corresponding to (201), (114), (641), and (811) planes. The XRD spectrum is compared with the exited spectrums of control that have been published by the on Standards (JCPDS file no. 00-001-0166). The XRD spectra of Cd (II) and Pb (II) exhibit strong peaks at 2-theta value 29. 9, 44. 1, 64. 4 and 77. 8° corresponding to (200), (114), (640) and (822) planes, respectively, for Cd (II), whereas, the value 44. 2, 64. 2 and 77.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Otto SP, Whitton J. Polyploid incidence and evolution. Genet. 2000; 34:401–437. pmid:11092833 View 80. . More genes in fish? Bioessays. 1998; 20:511–515. View 81. Evolution of protein-coding genes in Drosophila. Trends Genet. 2008; 24(3):114–123. pmid:18249460 View 82. . Differs between in Drosophila. Evol. 2010; 2:166–179. pmid:20624723 View 83. Zhang ZQ. Animal biodiversity: An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 2011; 3148(1):7–12. View 84. GIGA Community of Scientists. Alliance (GIGA): Developing community resources to study diverse Invertebrate genomes. J Hered. 2014; 105(1):1–18. pmid:24336862 View 85. Guo H. Specialized ribosomes and the control of translation. Trans. 2018; 46(4):855–869. pmid:29986937 View 86. Evidence for rRNA 2'-O-methylation plasticity: Control of intrinsic translational capabilities of human ribosomes. . 2017; 114(49):12934–12939. pmid:29158377 View 87. . The 2R hypothesis and the human genome sequence. J Genomics. 3(1–4):95–110. pmid:12836689 View 88. Panopoulou G, Poustka AJ. 2005. Timing and mechanism of ancient vertebrate genome duplications—The adventure of a hypothesis. Trends Genet. 2003; 21:559–567. pmid:16099069 View 89. Seemann T. Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30(14):2068–2069. pmid:24642063 View 90. Phytozome: a comparative platform for green plant genomics. Res. 2012; 40(Database issue):D1178–1186. pmid:22110026 View 91. Ensembl variation resources. Database (Oxford). 2018; Bay119. View 92.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The genome portal of the Department of Genome Institute: 2014 updates. Res. 2014; 42(Database issue):D26–D32. pmid:24225321 View 93. Altschul SF. , Madden TL, Schäffer and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Res. 1997; 25:3389–3402. pmid:9254694 View 94. Aris JP, Bloblel G. cDNA cloning and sequencing of human fibrillarin, a conserved nucleolar protein recognized by autoimmune antisera. . 1991; 88(33): 931–935. View 95. -Fonseca M, Lapeyre B, et al. Evolutionary conservation of the human nucleolar protein fibrillarin and its functional expression in yeast. J Cell Biol. 1991; 113(4): 715–729. pmid:2026646 View 96. Rodriguez-Corona U, Pereira-Santana A, Sobol M, Rodriguez-. between Fibrillarins from Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci. 2017; 8:1878. pmid:29163603 View 97. Eddy SR. Profile hidden Markov models. Bioinformatics. 1998; 14(9):755–763. pmid:9918945 View 98. . :. Trends Genet. 2000; 16(6):276–277. pmid:10827456 View 99. —sophisticated comparative genomics, data mining, visualization and phylogeny. Res. 2009; 37(Database issue):D380–386. pmid:19036790 View 100. team. : a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28(8):1166–1167. pmid:22368248 View 101. Edgar RC. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res. 2004; 32(5):1792–1797. pmid:15034147 View 102. . SunburstR: 'Htmlwidget' for 'd3. js' Sequence and 'd2b' Sunburst. 2019; R package version 2. 1. 1. Available from: = sunburstR. 103. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Я убеждён, что эти организмы имелись на суше не только в течение раннего протерозоя, но и раньше" [1, с. 332, 333]. Эти утверждения в такой степени конфликтуют со сложившимися к настоящему времени представлениями о колонизации суши растениями, что для дальнейшего рассмотрения затронутой темы требуется сделать несколько общих замечаний.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2019. Available from: URL 104. . ProtTest 3: fast selection of best-fit models of protein evolution. Bioinformatics. 2011; 27(8):1164–1165. pmid:21335321 View 105. Stamatakis A. RAxML Version 8: A tool for and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30(9):1312–1313. pmid:24451623 View 106. Huerta-. ETE 3: Reconstruction, Analysis, and Visualization of Phylogenomic Data. Evol. 2016; 33(6):1635–1638. pmid:26921390 View 107. Letunic I, Bork P. (iTOL) v3: an online tool for the display and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. Res. 2016; 44(issue):W242–245. pmid:27095192 View 108. Zhao T, Schranz ME. Network approaches for plant phylogenomic synteny analysis. Plant Biol. 2017; 36:129–134. pmid:28327435 View 109. Zhao T, Holmer R, de Bruijn S, Angenent GC, van den. Phylogenomic synteny network analysis of MADS-Box transcription factor genes reveals lineage-specific transpositions, ancient tandem duplications, and deep positional conservation. Plant Cell. 2017; 29(6):1278–1292. pmid:28584165 View 110. . RAPSearch2: a fast and memory-efficient protein similarity search tool for next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28(1):125–126. pmid:22039206 View 111. MCScanX: a toolkit for detection and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity. Nucl. Acids Res. 2012; 40(7):e49. pmid:22217600 View 112. Derényi I, Palla G, Vicsek T. Clique percolation in random networks. Lett. 2005; 94(16):160202. pmid:15904198 View 113. . Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. Nature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В позднем силуре фиксируется появление настоящих высших растений, имевших явные признаки адаптации к существованию в условиях суши: плотные покровные кутикулы, многочисленные споры с плотной, устойчивой к внешним воздействиям оболочкой, заключённые в терминальный или, реже, латеральный спорангий, проводящие элементы, состоящие из трахеид с лестничными и кольцевыми утолщениями стенок.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Comparative genomic analyses provide new insights into evolutionary history and conservation genomics of gorillas access Published: 26 January 2024 Comparative genomic analyses provide new insights into evolutionary history and conservation genomics of gorillas Tom van der Valk1,2,3,4 na1, Axel Jensen5 na1, Damien Caillaud6 & …Katerina Guschanski3,5,7 Show authors BMC Ecology and Evolution 1. 5 million years ago, and divergence time estimates between the gorilla subspecies range between 17,800–454,000 years ago for the western lowland—gorilla and 10,000–20,000 years ago for the Grauer’s—mountain gorilla splits [65, 74, 77, 72, 60, 90]. Leveraging the available high coverage genomes, we used the F(A|B) statistic to estimate population divergence times, defined as the time when significant gene flow most likely ceased to exist between the ancestral populations [28]. The F(A|B) statistic is retrieved by calculating the fraction of sites in which a randomly sampled allele in an individual from population A carries a derived allele in a site that is heterozygous in an individual belonging to population B [28]. To calibrate the F(A|B) statistic to the population size history of the gorillas, we used msprime 1. 0 [5] to simulate the population size changes, as inferred from the beta-PSMC trajectory [5]. We then obtained empirical values for the expected decay of F(A|B) and the corresponding divergence times from the simulated output (Fig. 2A). We find that F(western gorilla|eastern gorilla) averages ∼0. 28 (Fig. 2B), meaning that western gorillas carry the derived allele in around 28% of the heterozygous sites detected in eastern gorillas. From the simulation of the expected distribution pattern of F(western gorilla|eastern gorilla) given their population history, a mutation rate (µ) of 1. 8 × 10−9 per generation [8], and a generation time of 20 years [46], we estimate that gene-flow between the two species stopped circa 150,000–180,000 years ago. Based on the F(A|B) statistic, the deepest sub-species divergence is between the western lowland and gorillas, which we estimate at around 80,000 years ago.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По моему мнению, и классическая трактовка освоения суши растениями, и концепция С. В. Мейена нуждаются в существенной корректировке. Совершенно очевидно, что до появления первых высших наземных растений суша не была безжизненной. Её населяли наземные бактерии, а в зоне литорали и зоне захлёста морских волн могли вполне успешно существовать одноклеточные и многоклеточные нитчатые водоросли.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: We however note that deep divergence times were also recovered between pairs of western lowland gorillas, with some estimates being older than divergence times obtained for Cross River—western lowland gorilla pairs. The divergence between the eastern gorilla subspecies is estimated at much more recent times, between 10,000–20,000 years ago for the Grauer’s—mountain gorilla split and 5,000–10,000 years ago for the Virunga—Bwindi split. It is noteworthy that we obtain a younger split time for Grauer’s—Virunga mountain gorilla comparison (12,000 years ago) than for Grauer’s—Bwindi mountain gorilla comparison (18,000 years ago), suggesting that Grauer’s gorillas are genetically closer to Virunga mountain gorillas than they are to Bwindi mountain gorillas. Fig. 2A F(A|B) statistic from simulations in msprime. B Pairwise F(A|B) statistics for all gorilla genomes. Red dotted line corresponds to estimated split time based on the average across all pairwise comparisons. Each subspecies and both mountain gorilla populations are tested separately, except when combined into eastern and western speciesFull size imageGene flow events among the gorilla subspeciesWe investigated patterns of secondary gene flow among the gorilla subspecies by estimating the amount of derived allele sharing in a pairwise manner (with D and f4 statistics) across all autosomes, using a genome-wide alignment of the human, orangutan and gibbon to infer the ancestral and derived states of the alleles. Although counterintuitive when considering the current distribution ranges (Fig. 1A), we observe elevated allele sharing (Z-score > 7) between the and Grauer’s gorillas, with an average D of around 0. 035 (Table S2). A similar result was reported recently in a study with additional gorilla genomes and is hence not a spurious signal produced by a single aberrant genome [3]. In addition, we also observe a strong pattern of allele sharing (D ≈ 0. 10) between the Virunga mountain gorillas and Grauer’s gorillas (Table S2). We used qpGraphs to model the possible demographic histories fitting the observed D and f4 statistics (Fig. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: and old ideas about Earth's oxygen history 24 April 2014 Multiple approaches are being brought to bear on the question of when and how our planet's atmosphere acquired life-sustaining oxygen. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & assert that oxygen first appeared in Earth's atmosphere 2. 3 billion years ago during the Event, when photosynthesizing bacteria started to release oxygen into the atmosphere. The free oxygen reacted with iron dissolved in the oceans, and settled to the ocean floor as iron oxide. Although rusty red bands in the sedimentary record support that idea, geochemical data prompt questions on the timing of free oxygen in the atmosphere and the related evolution of photosynthesis itself. The second major rise of atmospheric oxygen preceded the Cambrian explosion of 550 million years ago, when many lifeforms diversified. Recently, more detailed geochemical studies have started to complete the framework by which oxygenation and its cause-and-effect relationship with biological evolution may be understood. Sulfur isotopesIf you want to understand the origin of life, you have to understand the origin of oxygen. “At 2. 45 billion years ago, you get the red iron bands. The question is, between the oldest rocks and 2. 45 billion years, how much oxygen was there and where did it come from? ” says Mark Thiemens, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego. These red, banded-iron formations in are 3 billion years old. : Nic BeukesThe composition of rocks does not reveal oxygen levels. On our water-filled planet, original signatures that might have been left by oxygen have become unreliable. Other elements and isotopes are therefore required as proxies for determining oxygen levels over Earth's history. Thiemens and geologist James Farquhar, now at the University of Maryland, made a significant advance in that direction when looking at Martian rock samples to find evidence of water as revealed by sulfur isotopes. “If you have a reaction that occurs in solids or liquids, it's highly unlikely that you will fractionate isotopes in a way that does not preserve a certain linear relationship between all the different isotopes,” says Farquhar. The magnitude of an effect that results from the fractionation of 34S from 32S will be about twice the magnitude that results from the fractionation of 33S from 32S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: We iteratively tested all possible phylogenetic combinations of all considered gorilla subspecies (treating Virunga and Bwindi as different populations). None of the graph models with less than two admixture events provided a good fit to the data, thus ruling out a simple tree-like population history. In contrast, two different graph models with two admixture events provided a perfect fit (Table S3), explaining all D and f4-statistic combinations without outliers (Fig. 3). In both these models, Bwindi mountain gorillas are sister to a clade containing Grauer’s gorillas and Virungas mountain gorillas, contradicting the currently accepted phylogenetic relationship of Bwindi and Virunga mountain gorillas being each other's sister groups (Fig. 4A). In both models, Grauer’s gorillas and the show an excess of shared genetic ancestry compared to the other gorilla subspecies. In the first model, Grauer’s gorillas are closely related to the Virunga gorillas but have received a significant amount of gene flow (22%) from an ancestral western gorilla population and later contributed 6% of ancestry to what is today the gorillas. In the second model, and western lowland gorillas are deeply divergent from each other, with Grauer’s gorillas receiving 23% of their ancestry from a population related to the gorillas (with the other 77% being Virunga ancestry). According to this model, the western lowland gorillas and gorillas experienced significant amounts of gene flow more recently, forming the present-day western lowland population. Fig. 3A Two qpGraph models without outlier D and f4 statistics showing two admixture events. Numbers next to the arrows correspond to the relative amount of drift on that branch. Percentages next to the dotted lines correspond to the best model fit for the admixture fraction of each population. B Dfoil results, showing access allele sharing between the different gorilla populations. Both eastern gorilla subspecies (mountain and Grauer’s gorillas) show a signal of recent admixture with western gorillas, with the strongest signal observed between the eastern and Cross-river gorillas (top bar). Additional bi-drectional gene-flow is observed between the Grauer’s and Cross river gorillas (3rd and 4th bar from the top)Full size imageFig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats access Published: 11 October 2023 Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats Sanjib K. Sarma1, Uloopi Dutta1, Alakesh Bharali1,2, Suman Kumar1, Sunayna Baruah1,3, Himangshu Sarma1,4, Damiki Laloo1,5 & …Bhanu P. Sahu1,2 Show authors of 0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin each). ResultsResults depicted that the chloroform extract showed the presence of a considerable amount of phenolics with 50-60% yield of curcumin. HPLC analysis depicted that the LKD curcumin had higher purity when compared to standard curcumin. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions were obtained with size 150 ± 50 nm and PDI 0. 2 ± 0. 1. The Cur-NS-nanogel showed satisfactory physical property, drug loading and stability. Ex vivo permeation studies in rats showed controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h. Topical intervention with Cur-NS-nanogel (0. 6%) significantly (p < 0. 05) decreased the paw volume by 43. 97% in the 3rd hour and 72. 19% on the 4th hour. Furthermore, the cutaneous wound healing property of Cur-NS-nanogel when compared to negative control rats showed a substantial (p < 0. 05) reduction in the percentage wound contraction from 5 to 20th days. ConclusionLKD showed high curcumin content with significant antioxidant effects. LKD curcumin loaded into stable nanogel depicted safe and controlled skin permeability with promising cutaneous wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. BackgroundCurcumin, obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. is a linear diarylheptanoid with excellent medicinal properties [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3-billion years ago, arguing that any signs of earlier oxygen are related to post-depositional processes that occurred after the formation of the sediments and after atmospheric oxygenation. The other camp votes for earlier evolution. Using chromium isotopes as a sensitive indicator for oxidative weathering, Crowe found evidence of oxygen traces in 3-billion-year-old Nsuze paleosol, an ancient soil sandwiched between volcanic and sedimentary rocks in South Africa. Lighter isotopes of chromium react more rapidly in chemical and biological reactions, so the ratio of heavy to light chromium is used to trace these reactions. It turns out that only reactions caused by separation of heavy and light chromium involve oxygen. Crowe and colleagues also looked at ancient soils and marine sediments in the in South Africa. The sequence provides relatively pristine samples that have not been subjected to high levels of metamorphism or modern day weathering. The sediments show enrichment of heavy relative to light chromium, while the soils show depletion. “That's what we would expect when weathering reactions that cause soil formation take place in the presence of oxygen,” says Crowe. Since the soil samples were recovered from a drill core several hundred meters below the surface, any modern-day weathering would be unlikely. Rather, signs of oxygen would be in the mineralogy and geochemistry. And while some marine sediments come from exposed outcrops, primary textures are preserved. What's more, the chromium isotope signal would be reversed by any post-depositional processes. Earlier signs of oxygen mean that “permanent accumulation of higher levels of oxygen was delayed from the time that photosynthesis evolved,” says Crowe. Ultimately, a combination of biological and geological processes had to combine, and volcanic reduced gases would have rapidly consumed most oxygen produced. The debate continues. and colleagues at Caltech suggest that a form of photosynthesis using manganese as an electron donor preceded the evolution of cyanobacteria and the rise of oxygen around 2. 4 billion years ago. Crowe plans to conduct chromium tests on other rocks, and study modern environments to “learn more about how the proxy works and how it would be altered by post-depositional processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 4A Neighbour joining tree using all autosomal SNPs. B Neighbour joining tree removing SNPs with the derived allele present in both eastern and gorillas. C Neighbour joining tree only including SNPs with the derived allele present in both and eastern-gorillas. Inserts above the genetic trees depict which SNPs have been included or excluded for each of the three phylogeniesFull size imageWe additionally used Dfoil, which makes use of D-statistics calculated in four combinations of a symmetrical four taxon topology and an outgroup, to polarize allele sharing patterns, and infer directionality of gene flow [61]. When testing the topology ((mountain,Grauer’s),(Cross River,western lowland)), we found the strongest signal of gene flow between the ancestor of the eastern lineage and Cross River, followed by the eastern lineage and western lowland gorillas (Fig. 3B). We also found support for additional, bi-directional introgression between Grauer’s and gorillas, and weak signals between the mountain gorillas and the western lineages. The results were qualitatively similar when analyzing Bwindi and Virunga mountain gorilla populations separately (Table S4), and further support a scenario in which Grauer’s gorilla received alleles from the population, possibly altering the phylogenetic relationships among eastern gorilla populations. Although we caution that stochastic processes such as incomplete lineage sorting may also be at play, all these inferences point to a complex demographic history of gorillas, highlighting the repeated role of introgression throughout their evolutionary history. In particular, the introgression between and Grauer's gorillas must have occurred after the latter diverged from mountain gorillas 10,000–20,000 years ago and hence rather recently. To gain a better understanding of the timing of introgression between and Grauer’s gorillas, we calculated Fd, fdM and dF statistics, measures specifically developed to investigate patterns of introgression in windows across the genome [51, 53, 62]. We then identified all windows in the top 2% of highest introgression signal in all three statistics and merged overlapping windows. The average length of these putatively introgressed windows was 202 Kb (± SD 120 Kb).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: It is a low molecular weight polyphenol (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3,5-dione) and is lipophilic in nature. Curcumin content varies with various lines of C. longa due to hybridization and introgression with other species of Curcuma [2]. is regarded as one of the greatest turmeric kinds in the world due to its 6. 8 to 7. 5 percent curcumin concentration [3,4,5]. This type of turmeric is native to Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills, specifically the Lakadong region [5]. While there have been reports highlighting curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, there is a limited amount of information available regarding curcumin derived from lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya. [6]. Hence, there is a need to have more scientific reports on Lakadong turmeric based curcumin considering its better quality and yield which gives it huge potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. One major limitation of curcumin, restricting its successful application is its poor bioavailability due to its less solubility [7]. In recent years, nano drug delivery systems have significantly enhanced the bioavailability and aqueous solubility of curcumin. Nanosuspensions (NSs) due to its various advantages are the most clinically successful nanoformulation in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs [8]. However, the advantages of NSs, that includes its high reactivity, great capacity and small size, may also inflict toxic effects on cells compared to its microsized counterparts [9, 10]. Hence, a suitable carrier as PLGA based NS loaded carbopol nanogel may be a better preparation with reduced nanotoxicity. Moreover this nanogel may also result in a more controlled therapy which is essential for its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. Wounds typically represent physical injuries that cause the loss of epithelial integrity as well as the disturbance of normal structure and function of the skin and its tissues that underneath it. Many physiological events occur throughout the wound healing process, including clothing, coagulation, inflammation, and the formation of new tissues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 2Ostiactis pearseae external and internal anatomy, including cnidae. a, b External anatomy of Ostiactis pearseae from Pescadero Basin; a lateral view; b oral view. c Detail of the distal row of papillae in the column (arrows). d Detail of longitudinal section through perforated papillae (cinclide). e Longitudinal section of the distal column showing mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle (area within the rectangle). f Cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles (arrows). g Cross section at the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries; numbers between mesenteries indicate different cycles. h Detail of marginal sphincter muscle fibers in the mesoglea. j Detail of developing oocytes and lipid inclusions (red small dots) in the gastrovascular cavity. i Detail of spermatic cysts (arrow points to largest cyst). k Cnidae types of O. pearseae: basitrichs (a, c, e, h, k), holotrichs (b, f), robust spirocysts (d, g), p-mastigophores A (i, l), p-mastigophores B1 (j, m). Abbreviations: ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; pap, papillae. Scale bars: a–c, 6 mm; d, g, 1 mm; e, 0. 5 mm; f, h, i, j, 0. 1 mm; k, 25 μmFull size imageFig. 3Phylogenetic placement of Ostiactis pearseae. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using PhyML (RaxML results not shown, but congruent) of the concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial (12S rDNA, 16S r) and two partial nuclear markers (18S and 28S rDNA). Dotted boxes indicate actiniarian suborders; colored triangles and green box indicate actiniarian superfamilies; empty boxes and arrows indicate relevant actiniarian clades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Based on the average length of introgressed windows, we calibrated the time of admixture using previous estimates obtained from Neandertal and human gene flow. The average size of introgressed Neandertal fragments in humans is 65. 69 Kb-88. 70 Kb [14] and admixture between these two lineages has been estimated at 47,000–65,000 years ago. Assuming an exponential decay of fragment size over time, the average fragment length of the putatively introgressed windows in gorillas thus corresponds to an admixture event dating to roughly 9,000–12,500 years ago. This independent estimate corresponds well with the timing based on phylogenetic inferences, as it is more recent than the estimated Grauer’s—mountain gorilla divergence of 15-20 ka (Fig. 2B). To investigate if gene flow has an affect on phylogenetic inferences, we constructed neighbor joining trees based on different genomic regions: i) using all autosomal SNPs (Fig. 4A), ii) excluding sites with the derived allele present in both and eastern gorilla genomes (Fig. 4B), and iii) using SNPs with the derived allele present among both and eastern gorillas, but not among western lowland gorillas (Fig. 4C). A phylogeny based on all SNPs groups the Bwindi and Virunga mountain gorilla populations as a sister clade to Grauer’s gorillas (Fig. 4A). This phylogeny is in accordance with the patterns of the PCA analysis (Fig. 1A), and agrees with the generally accepted relationships among gorilla subspecies and populations [60]. However, when we excluded sites where the derived allele was present in both and eastern gorillas, which removes any signal caused by introgression between the two, Grauer’s gorillas are phylogenetically closer to the Virunga mountain gorillas than the Virunga population is to Bwindi mountain gorillas (Fig. 4B). A similar topology was recovered using only SNPs with shared derived variation among and eastern gorillas, with this analysis additionally grouping the gorilla as a sister lineage to Grauer’s. This supports that alleles have been exchanged primarily between and Grauer’s gorillas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Any drug that has the ability to accelerate these activities is termed a wound healing promoter, and turmeric (Curcuma longa L. ) along with its bioactive ingredient curcumin have been scientifically employed to treat wounds. Additionally, curcumin has also been shown to increase granulation in bodily tissue, including increased cellular content and new vascularization, as well as the process of wound re-epithelialization [11, 12]. However, the poor solubility of curcumin results in limited skin permeation through the stratum corneum (SC), and is a major limitation for its topical application in cutaneous wound healing [11]. Hence, development of a topical delivery system that can enhance the solubility of curcumin and promote its permeation through the skin is very essential. There are reports of cutaneous wound healing activity of nanogels based on nanoemulsion coupled with ultrasonication [12], but there are no reports of nanosuspension based nanogel, which are simpler in preparation and use lesser surfactants and cosurfactants in formulation, which may otherwise irritate the wounds. Hence in the present study a superior quality curcumin was extracted, isolated and purified from Lakadong turmeric with better yield as compared to other reported yields of turmeric. The isolated curcumin was characterized by various analytical techniques for its identity and purity. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the obtained extracts were observed. PLGA based nanosuspensions were then prepared using this isolated curcumin by nanoprecipitation technique. The Cur-NS was then converted to nanogel using carbopol for topical application in cutaneous wound healing and inflammation. MethodsMaterialsPure curcumin (95% purity) was procured from SRL, India. Various solvents including chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were obtained from. alcohol (PVA) was sourced from Sigma Aldrich, while PLGA and carbopol 940 were obtained from Yarrow Chem, Mumbai. Triethanolamine oleate was purchased from SRL. All chemicals were of analytical grade, and demineralized water was used.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Table 4. Calculation of bottom surface heat temperature by Earth’s thermoelectrical currents. the latter, the temperature graph goes asymptote at τ = 20 s and varies within (283. 125 ¸ 283. 175) K or (9. 966 ¸ 10. 015)˚C, that confirms the pervious calculation enough. Besides, Figure 4 also shows that it takes heat only 20 s. to move from the border “core-lower mantle” to the bottom surface. Note, that the performed calculations are simplified and preliminary for now, because the taken model does not take into consideration other values of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the transitive zone C shells, the lower mantle B and the Earth’s crust A. That is why accurate calculations for the spherically heterogeneous heat-exchange model of Earth can differ from the obtained results noticeably because the thermocurrens under different continents are heterogeneous. 7. Features of the Behavior of Earth’s Associated to the Core’s The calculated magnitude of the magnetic induction В T T l o w can be real only if the used physical parameters and constants strictly meet the requirements of the physical law within which one or the other phenomenon can be correctly described, emergence and development of the Earth’s magnetic field in particular. The calculations analysis shows that the main element of their conformity is geothermoelectrical field ЕТ with its small intensity according to (3). At the same time, the known scientific conception of a planet’s metal core allowed to use the averaged temperature coefficient β, which is 0. 0001 V/K for pure metals. The magnitude of the latter affects all the following parameters: ЕТ, j, Ilow, which form the magnetic induction of the Earth’s field В T T l o w. That is why all the deliberate deviations from this value makes the В T T l o w magnitude get too low or extremely high. Hence, the taken magnitude β which is close to 0. 0001 V/K indicates high probability of our planet’s core being metal. Besides, the planet’s inner core electroconductivity σ affects the В T T l o w magnitude, but in a less degree. Thus, for instance, σ, which was taken by selecting, is equal to 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: This suggests that they have experienced a bottleneck after their split from the Virunga mountain gorillas, in line with findings that recent drastic population declines have led to reduction in genetic diversity and increase in inbreeding in this subspecies [85]. Among western lowland gorillas, several genomes from wild born individuals also contained long runs of homozygosity, encompassing up to 18% of their genome. It is possible that some individuals originated from isolated populations, however it could also be an effect of the western gorilla social structure, with stronger male reproductive skew compared to eastern gorillas [10, 70]. Measures of heterozygosity and runs of homozygosity in the genome are intermediate to eastern and western lowland gorillas, confirming that the present-day small population size has already left its mark on the genome. We observe that the fraction of the genome in runs of homozygosity is on average 17% higher in the Virunga mountain gorillas compared to Bwindi. Since both Bwindi and Virunga populations are currently similar in size, counting 400 and 600 individuals, respectively, higher inbreeding in Virunga gorillas is likely the result of the population bottleneck in the 1960s [4, 31]. We also measured the ratio between heterozygosity on the X-chromosome and the autosomes. We observe values between 0. 34 and 0. 55 in all gorilla subspecies, with the exception of the Virunga mountain gorillas, for which the ratio is on average 0. 24. Under neutrality and random mating this ratio is expected to be 0. 75, as the Ne for X-chromosome and autosomes corresponds to a 3:4 ratio. The lower-than-expected ratio in gorillas is likely a reflection of their social structures, with high male reproductive skew and sex-specific differences in dispersal distances [18, 71]. Because the sex chromosomes and the autosomes have different effective population sizes, a population bottleneck that affects males and females equally will reduce diversity more on the X chromosome than on the autosomes [64]. Thus, the bottleneck experienced by the Virunga mountain gorillas also seems to have left a strong signal on the X chromosome diversity. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6Histopathologicalsection analysis of the rat skin tissues obtained from the 21st-day excision wound model: A: Normal control group; B: Negative control group; C: Group treated with plain carbopol gel; D: Group treated with marketed turmeric cream (0. 6% equivalent curcumin); E and F: Group treated with Cur-NS-Nanogel(0. 6% equivalent curcumin) [CF: Collagen fibers, FC: Fibroblast cells, HF: Hair follicles, IF: Inflammatory cells, RE: re-epithelization, GT: Granulation tissues, SB: Sebaceous gland]Full size imageAcute anti inflammatory activityPrior to the experiment, animals were allowed unlimited access to water while fasting for 24 h. Except for normal control (group I), all animal groups received 0. 05 ml of a 1% suspension of carrageenan in saline on the day of the experiment. One hour prior to each experiment, the carrageenan solution was produced and administered to the rat's right hind paw's plantar side. With the examined sample, Groups III to IV were processed and topically applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw by rubbing 50 times, gently with the index finger. The study's standard reference medication was 0. 5% piroxicam gel. One hour before the carrageenan injection, medications were administered. Using a plethysmometer, paw volume was measured immediately following the injection of carrageenan and at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h [32, 38]. The results are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7a Effects of Cur-NS nanogel in paw volume in rats at different time intervals, b In vivoanti inflammatory activity of Cur-NS nanogel in ratsFull size imageStatistical analysisThe standard error of the mean (SEM) was used to express all values of the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for the evaluation of the wound area from postoperative day 0 to 21 using a two-way ANOVA statistical procedure, followed by Bonferroni's post-test for multiple comparisons between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using Graph5. 0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA). A difference in the mean values with p < 0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 11987510. 1016/10. 2147/IJN. S18791810. 1016/j. arabjc. 2017. 05. 01110. 1016/10. 4255/mcpharmacol. 15. 0410. 3390/gels704021310. 1080/22311866. 2020. 180673110. 1016/j. mtcomm. 2023. 10605010. 1186/2008-2231-20-7610. 1007/s13204-012-0188-310. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2009. 11. 00710. 1016/j. matchemphys. 2020. 12289810. 1590/S1984-8250201600030001510. 4103/0250-474X. 5729110. 1590/0001-376520162016016210. 1016/j. ejphar. 2020. 17317210. 1016/10. 1016/j. jsps. 2011. 08. 00110. 1016/10. 1080/10837450802409438193. 2019 Green synthesis of silver nanop10. 1016/10. 1002/aoc. 501610. 1155/2013/97202810. 3390/scipharm8802002610. 1021/acs. oprd. 6b0034710. 1039/c8ra08435a10. 1021/ed077p35910. 3109/0363904980910857110. 1007/s10661-021-09261-110. 1016/j. indcrop. 2019. 04. 02110. 1016/j. jfca. 2004. 11. 00510. 1016/j. foodchem. 2006. 06. 02310. 1007/s10787-016-0264-510. 2174/138920021866617011610355510. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 11. 01110. 1016/j. polymdegradstab. 2010. 08. 01510. 1007/s40199-018-00235-210. 1021/acs. iecr. 9b0474710. 1081/DDC-10010219710. 12968/jowc. 2012. 21. 9. 45710. 1016/j.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 5Autosomal heterozygosity (x-axis) and genomic inbreeding, displayed as the fraction of the genome in runs of homozygosity exceeding 100 kb (y-axis)Full size imageFinally, we investigated autosomal regions with particularly high or low genetic diversity across all gorilla individuals. We find 42 regions > 50 kb in length that have five times higher heterozygosity in all gorillas compared to the genome wide average. These regions contained 44 genes, of which seven are coding for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system (major histocompatibility complex proteins) and five are coding for pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoproteins, which are vital in fetal development and functions primarily as immunomodulators protecting the growing fetus (Table S5). High genetic diversity is usually mediated either through heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection, mechanisms frequently described for immune-related genes. We further identified 85 autosomal regions with less than one fifth of the genome wide heterozygosity in all gorillas, overlapping 54 coding genes. Although, we did not find significantly over-represented gene ontology categories among these genes, most were associated with primary cell function pathways, such as histone methyltransferase (KMT2D), intracellular pumps (ATP2A1), water channels (AQP6) and proteolysis (PRSS36), suggesting that these gene regions are under strong purifying selection (Table S5). Mutational loadAlong with genetic diversity parameters, we investigated putative deleterious genetic variation across the gorilla genomes that could contribute to effective genomics-informed conservation strategies. As we did not have population level data for the gorillas, we omitted this subspecies from these analyses. We used SIFT, an algorithm that predicts the effects of amino acid substitutions on protein functions based on protein conservation with homologous sequences and the severity of the amino acid change, to distinguish between likely deleterious and tolerated genetic variants. To increase SIFT accuracy, we lifted over the gorilla variants to the human genome and ran SIFT using the extensive human protein annotation database. For each genome, we counted the number of coding genes containing genetic variants predicted to have a high impact on the protein function. We find on average 3,344 genes affected by either a frameshift, high impact missense or stop-loss/gain mutation in the western gorillas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ResultsPhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsTable 1 reports the physical characteristics and yield percentages of the successive LKD extracts. In the present investigation, the quantification of total phenolic and tannin content as demonstrated in Table 1 depicted that the LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) showed the presence of maximum quantity of phenolics and tannins followed by and LKDHE. The results of phytochemical screening are shown in Table 2. fingerprint analysis of LKDCH when compared to standard reference curcumin showed a prominent and dense bands of curcumin and its two analogues viz bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) having Rf value at 0. 81, 0. 65 and 0. 53 respectively. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that all the LKD extracts were found to be devoid of any residual solvent (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Table 1 Physical properties, % yield and total phenolic and tannin content of the successive LKD extractsFull size tableTable 2 Preliminary phytochemical screening of various successive extracts of LKDFull size tableIn vitro antioxidant activityDPPH radical scavenging activity of LKD successive extracts is shown in Fig. 1. Data demonstrated that and LKDME extracts showed significant (*p < 0. 05) difference when compared to the positive control (STD-CUR) revealing their less antioxidant efficacy. showed statistically non-significant (nsp < 0. 05) when compared to STD-CUR, indicating that it has the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical which is comparable to the standard. Isolation and structural elucidation of curcumin from LKDColumn chromatography of the LKDCH yields 105 fractions. The existence of curcuminoid components was shown by fraction numbers 50–76 as depicted on the TLC chromatogram. Fraction 50–55 demonstrated the highest purity based on the TLC profile as indicated by the presence of a significant dense area of curcumin with modest amounts of BDMC and DMC. Further, this fraction (50–55) was purified by re-crystallization in ethanol, as indicated in the literature [39], thus yielding a yellowish crystals of curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ), respectively. Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After a 1-week acclimation period, all animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats in each group: (1) normal control group; (2) ACR-intoxicated control group; (3) low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and (4) high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. Animals in 2-4 groups were intraperitoneally injected with ACR dissolved in normal saline at the dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 4 weeks. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The doses of ACR and curcumin were chosen based on the previous study [5] and preliminary experiments. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the eastern gorillas have on average fewer genes affected by deleterious variants: 3,026 and 3,015 in Virunga and Bwindi mountain gorillas, respectively, and 2,976 on average in Grauer’s gorillas. The number of deleterious alleles in the gorilla subspecies is roughly inversely related to the genome fraction in runs of homozygosity, which can be explained by genetic purging [26]. Inbreeding, as a consequence of small population size, causes alleles to be more frequently exposed in a homozygous state, and thus strongly deleterious alleles are more often removed by selection in an inbred population even if they are recessive [22, 86]. It is noteworthy that despite the considerably larger current population size, Grauer’s gorillas carry fewer deleterious variants than mountain gorillas. This pattern is in line with the notion that Grauer’s gorillas likely experienced a population bottleneck after their divergence from the Virunga gorillas [81]. Local adaptation on the genomic levelIn addition to genetic diversity, local adaptation is crucial in endangered species, as the presence of adaptive alleles not only ensures their long-term survival but can also affect the success of conservation actions, e. g. translocation of individuals for genetic rescue. We investigated patterns of local adaptation across the gorilla subspecies using two independent strategies: Cross-(XP-EHH) selection statistics [45] and identification of protein sequences unique for each subspecies (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Examples of main functional categories and associated genes identified as putatively important for local adaptation among the gorilla (sub)species and populations. For a complete list of genes, see Table S10. Photos by Damien CaillaudFull size imageXP-EHH performs a genome-wide haplotype-based selection scan in windows across the genome [45]. The XP-EHH scores were calculated in a pairwise manner for all western versus all eastern gorillas and for all Grauer’s versus all mountain gorillas. A comparison between the Bwindi-Virunga populations was excluded due to paucity of divergent SNPs and all comparisons with the gorilla were excluded due to the small sample size. We identified all genes within 10,000 base pairs from the focal windows showing a strong signal of selection (log P-value > 5) (Table S6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Stability studies results of Cur-NS NanogelFull size tableCutaneous wound healing potential of Cur-NanogelIn the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. Figure 5 represents the morphological and structural changes of the wounds from day 0 to day 21 after being treated with the curcumin nanoformulation. Animals treated with simple carbopol gel showed no significant difference (p < 0. 05) in the wound contraction area on comparision to the negative control group (untreated group). However, topical treatment of the animal groups with commercially available turmeric cream (0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin) and formulated CUR-NS nanogel of equivalent percentage of curcumin on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 showed a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the wound contraction area when compared to the untreated group. The percentage wound contraction (%) and epithelialization period concerning plain gel, standard control, and that of the tested CUR-NS nanogel is respectively shown in Table 6. The nanogel resulted in better healing of the open wound in comparison to marketed turmeric cream with equivalent curcumin. The percentage wound contraction was found to be significantly higher in the prepared nanogel in comparison to the marketed cream. Results from the histopathological analysis also supported our study. Tissues excised from the normal control group revealed normal hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) with well defined-outer epidermis and well-organized epithelial cells (EC) as depicted in Fig. 6A. While tissues excised from the negative control group and the plain gel treated group exhibited remarking deterioration of the epithelial cells (EC) and the epidermis (ED), along with damaged collagen fibers (Fig. 6B and C). However, marketed turmeric cream applied on the animal group exhibited sufficient healing ability represented by re-epithelialization and regeneration (Fig. 6D). The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent cutaneous wound healing capability. Table 6 study results in rats from day 0 to day 21Full size tableAcute anti-inflammatory activityFigure 7a and b demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were respectively purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ). Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200–220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After a 1-week acclimation period, all animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats in each group: (1) normal control group; (2) ACR- intoxicated control group; (3) low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and (4) high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. Animals in 2–4 groups were intraperitoneally injected with ACR dissolved in normal saline at the dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 4 weeks. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: In total, we identified 37 annotated coding genes specifically under selection in eastern gorillas and 109 such genes in western gorillas. The almost threefold higher number of genes under selection in western gorillas is possibly a reflection of their larger historical and current population size, and thus stronger effect of selection compared to the eastern gorilla species. As a second approach, we identified all protein sequences that are fixed for unique variants in each of the gorilla (sub)species and populations, a strategy recently used to study adaptive evolution in woolly mammoths [17]. The underlying reasoning is that coding variants that are important for adaptation in the local environment reach fixation but remain absent or at low frequency in populations where they do not convey adaptive benefits. First, out of the 19,355 annotated genes, we detected 4,480 that were conserved, with no coding variation among the protein sequence in all gorilla genomes analyzed here (Table S7). A gene ontology enrichment of these conserved genes revealed several overrepresented terms, mostly related to basic metabolic functions (Table S8). We however identified 41 protein sequences unique to western gorillas and 167 unique to eastern gorillas (Table S9). The lower number of conserved unique genes in western versus eastern gorillas is a consequence of the higher genetic diversity in western gorillas and a larger sample size (33 western vs 22 eastern genomes), which allows lower frequency variants to be detected in the western species. Both approaches revealed a set of gene functional gene categories that are in agreement with each other. When comparing eastern and western gorillas, XP-EHH and protein sequence conservation approach both detected genes involved in immunity, diet and digestion, behavior and neurological functions (Fig. 6, Table S10). It is noteworthy that the specific sets of genes involved in these functions were different between the species (Fig. 6), in line with different diets (e. g. higher fruit consumption in western gorillas, [21, 37, 56, 68]), social organization [69], and ecological differences in their habitat, which likely also involve differences in pathogens. The two approaches also identified genes associated with the perception of sound, function of the eye, and genes involved in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, and muscle weakness and fatigue in eastern gorillas, the larger and more muscular subspecies. Each gorilla species contained a unique fixed set of protein sequences involved in spermatogenesis and hence reproductive processes (Fig. 6, Table S10).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The result depicted that subcutaneous injection of carrageenan at 0th, 1st and 2nd hour showed no discernible (p > 0. 05) changes in the paw volume in both untreated (negative control) and treated rats (Cur-NS nanogel and positive control). Topical intervention with Cur-NS nanogel (0. 6%) at 3rd and 4th hour when compared to negative control rats demonstrate a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the paw volume by 43. 97% and 72. 19% respectively. Similar but lesser effect was seen with topical intervention applied with marketed curcumin formulation (positive control), where the paw volume also showed significant reduction (*p < 0. 05) at 3rd (48. 19%) and 4th hour (50. 67%). DiscussionCurcuminoids, which are abundant in turmeric, have several biological functions. Curcumin, in particular, has been proven to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin analogues' biological capabilities have recently been documented, with demethoxycurucmin (DMC) being shown to be very effective in suppressing MCF-7 cells and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) having the capacity to modify MDR-1 gene expression. Among all the known curcuminoids, except curcumin, both DMC and BDMC are not commercially available [43]. As a result, it is essential to isolate curcuminoids at a high purity in order to study their biological properties. The current study investigated the process of isolation and purification of curcumin from turmeric and formulation of novel nanogel for evaluation of its wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities in experitmental animals. Our reports demonstrated that among the LKD successive extracts, the yield percentage was found to be highest with that of LKDCH. The density of the color change during phytochemical screening of the LKDCH indicated the presence of a significant amount of phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and steroids. Our findings are consistent with those of previous research [44,45,46], where turmeric samples gathered from various parts of the world showed comparable and similar phytochemical profile.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ), respectively. Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After acclimation for 1-week, healthy animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups (10 rats per group): normal control group; ACR-intoxicated control group; low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. A dose of 40 mg/kg ACR (dissolved in normal saline) was intraperitoneally injected every other day for 4 weeks in all animals except the normal control group. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The doses of ACR and curcumin were chosen based on the previous study [5] and preliminary experiments. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: While acknowledging potential biases in gene flow statistics stemming from factors such as incomplete lineage sorting, variations in mutation rates, ancestral population structures and biases in batch effects and reference mapping [30, 52, 82], we hypothesize the following geographic scenario that is consistent with the observed test statistics: Prior to the Maximum (LGM), 50,000–26,000 years ago, eastern gorillas were likely distributed throughout Eastern Africa, reminiscent of the current distribution range of eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (Fig. 7A). During the LGM, 26,000–20,000 years ago, rainforests in this region of Africa retreated in favor of afromontane and savannah landscapes as temperatures, rainfall, and humidity significantly decreased [11, 24]. During this time, the lakes including lake Victoria, lake Albert and lake Edward dried out, and lake Tanganyika shrunk considerably [11, 24, 58]. This dry period possibly led to the separation of the Virunga and Bwindi mountain gorilla populations (Fig. 7B). Around 14,500 years ago, with the onset of the African humid period, lakes started to re-appear [24] and development of forest vegetation around the Lakes created an interconnected environment, allowing forest-dependent species to spread, leading to a marked increase in biodiversity [42]. The increased humidity during this period caused a significant expansion of rainforest and likely allowed a westwards expansion of a small gorilla population from the Virunga region into the region that is today occupied by Grauer’s gorillas (Fig. 7). This expansion was associated with an initial bottleneck, which is also visible in the structure of mitochondrial haplotype networks of Grauer’s gorillas [84]. Simultaneously, a population genetically most similar to contemporary gorillas expanded eastwards from its range in western Africa, where it exchanged genes with the westwards dispersal front from the Virungas at the edge of their distribution, giving rise to Grauer’s gorillas (Fig. 7C). humid period ended about 6,000–5,000 years ago, leading to a decline of forested habitat, with the Sahara becoming barren and being claimed by sand [16, 55].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The total residual solvent present in all the successive extracts were found to very minimum as evident from the results of studies, which depicted that the extract is free from harmful residual solvents used during extraction process. Literature demonstrated that the presence of residual solvent beyond the safety limits may be associated with carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity and may other toxic consequences in finished herbal medicinal products [47]. Based on the quantitative estimation, it was observed that total phenolic and tannin content was found to be highest with LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) as compared to other successive extracts. The high phenolic content of turmeric may be attributed to the presence of curcuminoids and other phenolic components [48]. Research reported that the total phenolic content present in ordinary turmeric (Curcuma longa) was 1. 03 mg GAE/gm dry weight extract [49]. Based on these findings, it is evident that Lakadong turmeric grown in Meghalaya has a higher phenolic content (two-fold) than ordinary turmeric, which is in agreement with the literature which reports that LKD turmeric contains high levels of phenolic curcuminoids [50]. As evidenced by our HPTLC fingerprinting analysis, the LKDCH extract showed higher levels of curcumin in comparison to the reference curcumin, while BDMC and DMC were significantly less dense. This marks the initial instance of curcumin isolation from Lakadong turmeric, and the spectral data align precisely with the previously documented curcumin spectra in existing literature [17, 39,40,41, 43]. Scavenging of the stable free radical (DPPH) is regarded as a reliable test for assessing antioxidant scavenging activity of a substance [51]. Plant extracts containing polyphenol components have antioxidant action due to their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons and trap free radicals [52]. According to research, the phenolic OH group or the CH2 group of the β-diketone moiety can both contribute to curcumin's ability to neutralize and scavenge free radicals [53]. In the current study, it was found that the LKDCH extract consists of a significant amount of phenolic and tannin contents, with curcumin as its main constituent.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 3a–c) and fibril formation (Fig. 3d–f). However, SLCP treatment showed significantly greater inhibition (p < 0. 01) of Aβ42 fibril formation after 24 h of treatment than did Cur (Fig. 3d–f). Fig. 2Acute treatment of either Cur or SLCP reduced Aβ plaque loads in 5xFAD mice brain. a The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brains were sectioned on a cryostat and stained with Cur, which labeled the Aβ plaques that were observed in the PFC and the DG area of the hippocampus. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to the other images. b Cur binds to Aβ plaques in a manner similar to Aβ-specific antibody (6E10), so it was used for labeling and counting Aβ plaques in this study. Scale bar indicates 100 µm and is applicable to the other images. c, d The number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (**p < 0. 01) in both the PFC (c) and the DG area of the hippocampus (d) in comparison to untreated 5xFAD miceFull size image Fig. 3SLCP inhibits Aβ fibril formation greater than does Cur. Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, and after being completely dried, it was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH and diluted with Tris buffer saline (1 mM, pH 7. 4), yielding a 10 μM concentration. Fifty microliter of peptide solution was incubated with, or without, different concentrations of Cur or SLCP for 8- and 24-h. After the stipulated period for each experiment, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were probed with Aβ-oligomer specific (A11) and fibril specific (OC) antibodies. a–c inhibition of Aβ42-oligomer formation by Cur and SLCP. d–f Aβ42 fibril formation was attenuated by Cur and SLCP after 24 h of incubation. Note that SLCP showed greater inhibition of Aβ42 fibril formation than dietary Cur (d, e).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Possibly it was during this time period that Grauer’s, Virunga and Bwindi populations became completely isolated and restricted to their present-day ranges, with further recent population declines from anthropogenic pressures (Fig. 7D). Fig. 7Hypothesized gorilla population dynamics over the course of the last 50,000 years. Ranges and geographical locations in panels A-C are rough approximations, whereas D is based on present-day IUCN species ranges, same as Fig. 1A. A Western and eastern gorillas split prior to the Maximum (LGM). B Global cooling during LGM led to forest contractions and reduction of population sizes of both western and eastern gorillas. Bwindi becomes separated from other eastern gorillas. C During the African humid period, eastern populations expand westwards and separate into Grauer’s gorillas and the Virunga mountain gorilla population. Gene flow occurs between ancestors and Grauer’s gorillas. D Aridification in east Africa, leading to reduction in population sizeFull size imageDespite the relatively recent divergence between the gorilla (sub)species, we identified genes under selection in each species as well as a set of protein sequences unique to each subspecies and population, encoding for various traits. Thus, despite indications of recent gene flow (< 20 ka) between the two species, they each exhibit a signature of local adaptation and should thus continue to be treated as evolutionary distinct units. Similar to previously reported genetic purging in the Virunga gorillas [90] we also detect purging of deleterious variants in the Bwindi mountain gorilla population. In addition, despite their low population numbers, genetic diversity in the eastern gorillas is similar to that of non-African humans and we hypothesize that the relatively low levels of genetic load and present-day genetic diversity therefore do not necessarily pose an immediate threat to the short-term survival of eastern gorillas. However, the signals of local adaptation in for example immune-genes, suggest that preserving the unique genetic diversity in each of the gorilla subspecies could be of importance for their long-term survival. Finally, despite limited sampling, we observe deep genetic divergences between several western lowland gorilla individuals. This suggests that a large fraction of diversity and population structure in this species remains undiscovered, with unstudied western lowland gorilla populations likely carrying unique genetic variants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The obtained properties might have resulted in non-adhesiveness, exudate absorption, retention of moisture, and gas permeability which were ideal for wound healing application [12]. Sufficient drug loading (61. 2 ± 4. 5%) was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. The high drug loading might be due to the method of preparation of gel by simultaneous addition method. From the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with higher steady state flux in comparison to gel. Similar results were obtained for the partition coefficients. This controlled permeation may be due to the presence of PLGA in the nanogel and may result in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity with reduced nanotoxicity on application. Stability studies of developed formulation showed that optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content in different conditions. Different stages of wound healing like inflammation, proliferation and regeneration often overlap with each other and are difficult to differentiate resulting in enhanced qualitative and quantitative aspects of each stage which might hasten the healing process with reduced side effects [61]. In the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent wound healing capability with re-epithelialization, regeneration and reformation of fibroblast cells (FC), granulation tissues (GT), hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) and inflammatory cells (IC) (Fig. 6E, F). Fibroblast cells (FC) aid cell migration and proliferation by the production of primary extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, hexosamine, hexuronic acid in the wound bed and is primarily responsible for collagen formation [36, 62, 63]. These fibroblast cells are matured into fibrocytes with higher ability of collagen formation after discharging to the wound sites [64]. Moreover, the inflammatory cells intensify the inflammatory response with the release of certain chemotoxic agents to disinfect the wound area [61, 65]. However, a cumulative aggregation and cell hyperactivation in the wound area might result in pus formation in the wound site, leading to amputation and loss of tissues, and thus affecting the healing process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ginsenosides Rg1 and Re act as adjuvant via TLR4 signaling pathway. Vaccine 2012;30:4106-4112. . Ginsenoside Rg1 and aluminum hydroxide synergistically promote immune responses to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. Immunol 2008;15:303-307. Cited by A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75) vol. 12, 10. 1186/s12967-014-0283-1 Ginseng and Combination to Chemotherapy: A vol. 2014, 10. 1155/2014/168940 Herbal medicines for cancer cachexia: protocol for a systematic review vol. 4, 10. 1136/bmjopen-2014-005016 of ginsenosides in sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated ginseng by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach vol. 7, 10. 1002/dta. 1675 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 recipe induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via P38 MAPK activation and the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway vol. 9, 10. 3892/mmr. 2014. 2138 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Development of in for Predicting P-Based on a Two-for to vol. 12, 10. 1021/acs. molpharmaceut. 5b00465 Negative regulation of the inflammasome: keeping inflammation under control vol. 265, 10. 1111/imr. 12294 and Anxiety in Chinese Medicine: A Perspective vol. 07, 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Such populations might be especially important for conservation, as they can for instance contain variants associated with an increased chance of survival during disease outbreaks [20]. Despite comprehensive research efforts, gaps in our understanding of one of our closest living human relatives, the gorillas, remain. Ensuring their preservation to the greatest possible extent will not only safeguard these species into the future, but also facilitate the exploration of crucial questions pertaining to our own evolutionary history. MethodsGenome processingFASTQ data for all previously published high-coverage (> 10X) gorilla genomes was obtained from ENA (Table S1). Next, we removed sequencing adapters and subsequently bases at the start and end of the reads were trimmed if falling below a quality score of 20 using FASTP [13]. Filtered reads were then mapped against a composite reference, consisting of the latest version of western-lowland gorilla reference genome (GCA_008122165. 1) and a gorilla Y-chromosome (GCA_015021865. 1) using bwa-mem on default settings, including readgroups and marking shorter split hits as secondary [48]. After mapping, alignments around indels were improved using GATKv3. 7-indelRealigner [54] and we removed sequence duplicate reads using Picard v2. 27. 5 ( Next, for each individual gorilla genome we calculated the minor allele frequency on the mitogenome for sites where more than one allele is supported among the reads using samtools v1. 15 mpileup and a custom python script [47]. Such sites are expected at low frequency (< 0. 1%) due to sequencing errors or heteroplasmy. In contrast, when significant (cross)contamination of a sample has occurred the minor allele frequency at variable mitogenomic sites would show a relatively high frequency [83]. Two genomes (2697043 and SAMEA2697040) showed a minor allele frequency on the mitogenomes above 2% and were conservatively removed from all further analysis, resulting in a total dataset of 53 gorilla genomes, comprising all 4 recognised subspecies as well as multiple genomes from both isolated mountain gorilla populations (Bwindi and Virunga). Single nucleotide polymorphisms and indel callingWe called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels using GATKv4. 2 HaplotypeCaller on default parameters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Again, in the infection site, the formation of pus is aided by the formation of free radicals which can be scavenged by the use of antioxidants [66, 67]. The antioxidants in the curcumin would thus assist in complete healing of the wounds by scavenging the free radicals and pus within the infected area. Hence, in the current study, Cur-Nanogel demonstrated excellent cutaneous wound healing potential as compared to the marketed turmeric extract cream. λ-Carrageenan, a complex polysaccharide, is a routine inflammatory inducer that causes rapid inflammatory reactions, including increased pain sensitivity and skin redness. This is due to the activation of several proinflammatory pathways including histamine, bradykinin, tachykinins, cyclooxygenase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms all contribute to the development of enlarged paws produced by fluid leaking into injection sites. This phenomenon is a useful metric for assessing anti-inflammatory medicines and their biological mechanisms, particularly their influence on the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [68]. Carrageenan-induced paw edema is a popular experimental paradigm for evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs due to its dependability and precision in producing findings [69]. Turmeric and its bioactive constituent ‘curcumin’ are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects with well defined mechanism by regulating various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory mediators [70]. Many researches have demonstrated that curumin alone or its pharmaceutical formulation showed a dramatical inhibition on inflammation of the paw edema produced by carrageenan [71]. Our result is in accordance with the data reported in the literature, depicting that PLGA-based curcumin nanosuspension loaded in carbopol gel revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental rats. This increased anti-inflammatory activity in the Cur-NS Nanogel may be due to the more controlled permeation of the drug because of the presence of PLGA in the nanogel that may have resulted in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity [72]. Such controlled permeation of nanoformulation may be essential for ensuring reduced nanotoxicity on application. The observed behavior may also be due to the quality and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH, used in the Cur-NS nanogel in comparison to the marketed curcumin formulation.

Output: corroborate