Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 85499 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by Yuan-From the - Technologies and by Yuan-and Shiu-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionGene editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike traditional methods that randomly insert genetic material into a host genome, current gene editing technologies target and change the specific genome locations. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()/Cas9 nuclease system are the three common gene editing technologies. These technologies have been widely used in genome engineering to enable a broad range of mutation by inducing DNA breaks that stimulate error-prone repairs such as homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). They successfully make it possible to achieve site-specific editing, modification, and manipulation at specific genomic sites (Table 1) [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В целом же, можно уверенно говорить о корреляции крупнейших эпох золотой минерализации с суперконтинентальными циклами и главными орогенными событиями в их составе. Эволюция минерального состава месторождений и их металлогенических ассоциацийИменно после этого перерыва и распада сверх-суперконтинента произошло четкое разделение золотых месторождений на вещественные типы и расширился спектр металлогенических ассоциаций золотых руд.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Kotfila C, Uzuner Ö. A systematic comparison of feature space effects on disease classifier performance for phenotype identification of five diseases. J Biomed Inform. 2015;58 Suppl(Suppl):S92-S102. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]- cTAKES extensions for document classification: architecture and application. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):614-620. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Clinical decision support with automated text processing for cervical cancer screening. J Inform Assoc. 2012;19(5):833-839. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Formative evaluation of the accuracy of a clinical decision support system for cervical cancer screening. J Inform Assoc. 2013;20(4):749-757. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Modeling decision support rule interactions in a clinical setting. Technol Inform. 2013;192:908-912. [Medline] An efficient pancreatic cyst identification methodology using natural language processing. Technol Inform. 2013;192:822-826. [Medline]. Classifying the indication for colonoscopy procedures: a comparison of NLP approaches in a diverse national healthcare system. Technol Inform. 2015;216:614-618. [Medline] Scaling-up NLP pipelines to process large corpora of clinical notes. Med. 2015;54(6):548-552. [CrossRef] [Medline]. A decision fusion framework for treatment recommendation systems. Technol Inform. 2015;216:300-304. [Medline]Marco-. Multidisciplinary modelling of symptoms and signs with archetypes and -CT for clinical decision support. Technol Inform. 2015;210:125-129. [Medline] A methodology for mining clinical data: experiences from project. Technol Inform. 2015;210:85-89. [Medline]. Automatic extraction of breast cancer information from clinical reports. 2017. Presented at: 2017 IEEE 30th on Computer-Systems (CBMS); June 22-24, 2017:213-218; Thessaloniki, Greece. [CrossRef]. Clinical assistant diagnosis for electronic medical record based on convolutional neural network. Sci Rep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: /Cas9SourceExtensively exists in the naturePlant pathogenic bacteria XanthomonasAn adaptive immune system in bacteriaTargeting specificity determinantZinc finger protein9Restriction for a target sequenceRich in cytosineNo special restrictionPAMTarget siteTwo (left and right)Two (left and right)Only oneLength of target gene12–18 bp12–18 bp18–23 bpMode of actionTwo proteins act on two target sitesTwo proteins act on two target sitesRNA and Cas9 act on one target siteCleavage siteDSB with a sticky endDSB with a sticky endDSB with a blunt endEfficiencyMediumMediumHighEase of engineeringLowMediumHighEase of characterizationtargetYesYesYesTable 1. Comparison of different gene editing technologies. Abbreviations: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; DSB, double-strand break; Fok, Flavobacterium okeanokoites; PAM, protospacer adjacent motif; TALE, transcription activator-like effector; sgRNA, single guide RNA; and ZFN, zinc finger nuclease. 1. 1 are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger-specific DNA-binding domain to a nonspecific DNA cleavage domain. The specific binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 12 and 18 base pairs. If the zinc finger domains are specific for their intended target site, then even a pair of three-finger ZFNs that recognize a total of 18 base pairs can target a single locus in a mammalian genome. The nonspecific cleavage domain from the restriction endonucleaseis typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must form a dimer in order to cleave DNA, and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target nonpalindromic DNA sites [2] (Figure 1). Figure 1. ZFNs are chimeric nucleases consisting of specific DNA-binding modules linked to a nonspecific cleavage domain. Right and left ZFNs containing endonucleases link to an array of 3–6 zinc fingers that have been designed to specifically recognize target sequences (12 green and 12 purple boxes), respectively. The ZFN targets are separated by typically 5 or 6 bp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Начиная с байкальского тектогенеза, в поведении золота проявляется двойственность, обусловленная отчетливым разделением золоторудных поясов тектонических зон мафического (островодужного, субдукционного), фемисиалического (аккреционного) и сиалического (коллизионного) профиля. Еще С. Д. Шером было подмечено разное положение золоторудных месторождений в двух крайних типах таких тектонических структур (Шер, 1974).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: 2018;8(1):6329. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]- Prospective validation of a machine learning model that uses provider notes to identify candidates for resective epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2020;61(1):39-48. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Designing an openEHR-Based pipeline for extracting and standardizing unstructured clinical data using natural language processing. Med. 2020;59(S 02):e64-e78. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] User testing of a diagnostic decision support system with machine-assisted chart review to facilitate clinical genomic diagnosis. . 2021;28(1):e100331. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Identification of preanesthetic history elements by a natural language processing engine. Anesth Analg. 2022;135(6):1162-1171. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]'Neil AQ, Clinical Evaluators. Evaluating the impact on clinical task efficiency of a natural language processing algorithm for searching medical documents: prospective crossover study. . 2022;10(10):e39616. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Deployment of real-time natural language processing and deep learning clinical decision support in the electronic health record: pipeline implementation for an opioid misuse screener in hospitalized adults. . 2023;11:e44977. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Clark R, Moloney G. Facebook and older adults: fulfilling psychological needs? J Aging Stud. 2020;55:100897. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Integrating contextual sentiment analysis in collaborative recommender systems. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248695. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Yanofsky NS. Towards a definition of an algorithm. J Log Comput. 2010;21(2):253-286. [CrossRef]. Extreme learning machine: algorithm, theory and applications. Rev. 2013;44:103-115. [CrossRef]Guo W, Kraines SB. Semantic content-based recommendations using semantic graphs. Med Biol. 2010;680:653-659. [CrossRef] [Medline].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: I work as a homodimer to cleave the sense strand 1 bp and antisense strand 5 bp downstream of the binding site. 1. 2 activator-like effectors (TALEs) are proteins secreted by bacteria Xanthomonas via type III secretion system when they infect various plant species. TALEs are important virulence factors that act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus [3]. Each TALE contains a central repetitive region consisting of varying numbers of repeat units (about 17. 5 repeats) of 34 amino acids [3, 4]. The DNA-binding domain contains a highly conserved 34 amino acid sequence with the exception of the 12th and 13th amino acids [3]. Only the 12th and 13th amino acids in TALEs are changeable and variable, the other amino acids are constant and stable. These two locations—repeat variable di-residues (RVD) are highly variable and show a strong correlation with a specific nucleotide recognition by different frequency, for example, NI recognize A (55%), NG recognize T (50%), NN recognize G (7%), and HD recognize C(69%) [3]. Two amino acids have known to recognize one nucleotide after the breaking of code of DNA-binding specificity of TALEs [3, 4]. The restriction endonuclease consists of an N-terminal specific DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal nonspecific DNA cleavage domain. The nonspecific DNA cleavage domain of cleaves the double-strand DNA (DSB) at a fixed distance of 9 and 13 nucleotides downstream of the recognition site [5]. TALENs are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing the specific -binding domain to a nonspecific DNA cleavage domain [6, 7, 8] (Figure 2). Figure 2. The specific repeat variable Di-residues (RVDs) used to recognize each base are defined in the key (NI:A, NG:T, NN:G, and HD:C). Left and right TALEs recognize their target sequences and allow their associated endonucleases to work as a homodimer to cleave the sense strand 9 bp and antisense strand 13 bp downstream of the binding site.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Для энсиматических островных дуг характерна связь золота с колчеданными рудами (Урал и др. ) ранних этапов развития, а для золото-кварцевых жил калифорнийского и других типов – с поздним, орогенным этапом. В сиалических складчатых поясах деформированных пассивных окраин континентов мощная вспышка золотого оруденения колымского типа была проявлена в позднеорогенный этап.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: A simple algorithm for identifying negated findings and diseases in discharge summaries. J Biomed Inform. 2001;34(5):301-310. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Kostkova P, Saigí-Rubió Data and digital solutions to support surveillance strategies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health. 2021;3:707902. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Schoene AM, Basinas I, van Tongeren M, Ananiadou S. A narrative literature review of natural language processing applied to the occupational exposome. . 2022;19(14):8544. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Martín-Noguerol T, Paulano-Godino F, López-Ortega R, Górriz. Artificial intelligence in radiology: relevance of collaborative work between radiologists and engineers for building a multidisciplinary team. Clin Radiol. 2021;76(5):317-324. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Machine learning in whole-body MRI: experiences and challenges from an applied study using multicentre data. Clin Radiol. 2019;74(5):346-356. [CrossRef] [Medline] Artificial intelligence versus doctors' intelligence: a glance on machine learning benefaction in electrocardiography. Discoveries (Craiova). 2017;5(3):e76. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Automatic extraction of relations between medical concepts in clinical texts. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):594-600. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Temporal data representation, normalization, extraction, and reasoning: a review from clinical domain. Programs Biomed. 2016;128:52-68. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ceusters W, Bona J. Ontological foundations for tracking data quality through the internet of things. Technol Inform. 2016;221:74-78. [Medline] Time event ontology (TEO): to support semantic representation and reasoning of complex temporal relations of clinical events. J Inform Assoc. 2020;27(7):1046-1056.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: Binding of TALEs to the target sites allows to dimerize and create a double-strand break (DSB) with sticky ends within the spacer. 1. 3Cas9/Cas9 system, originally found in the bacteria, functions as an adaptive immune system against foreign virus or plasmid DNA. are DNA loci containing short repetitions of base sequences. Each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous exposures to the foreign DNA. -associated protein (Cas9) is a DNA endonuclease whose structure is bilobed, composed of target recognition domain and nuclease lobes. The nuclease lobe contains nucleases RuvC, HNH, and a carboxyl-terminal domain for the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) recognition [9]. system is currently limited to target sequences that are N12-20NGG, where NGG represents the PAM sequence [10]. Any potential target sequence must have a specific PAM sequence on its 3′ end. locus consists of Cas9 endonucleases, (crRNAs), trans-activating crRNAs (tracrRNAs), and precursor crRNAs (pre-crRNAs). tracrRNA is partially complementary to and pairs with a pre-crRNA to form an RNA duplex cleaved by RNase III. The crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid acts as a single guide RNA (sgRNA) for the Cas9, which cleaves the invading DNA. The DNA target sites can appear in multiple locations, all of which will be targeted by the Cas9 for cleavage. By delivering the Cas9 protein and appropriate sgRNAs into a cell, the organism’s genome can be cut at most locations with the only limitation of PAM availability (Figure 3). Figure 3. A crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid acts as a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to recognize their target sequences and allow Cas9 endonucleases to cleave the sense strand 3 bp and antisense strand 3 bp upstream of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. Binding of sgRNAs to the target sites makes Cas9 create a double-strand break (DSB) with blunt ends on target sequences. Advertisement 2. Application2. 1 Tools for basic research2. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Хотя есть данные о стратифицированных зонах вкрапленных сульфидов, приуроченных к отдельным горизонтам разреза пассивных окраин, образованным, вероятно, в начальные стадии их формирования (Сидоров, 1998). Однако роль их в промышленном балансе золота невелика и важна только как дополнительный источник золота (Горячев, 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Extracting timing and status descriptors for colonoscopy testing from electronic medical records. J Inform Assoc. 2010;17(4):383-388. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ceusters W, Smith B. Biomarkers in the ontology for general medical science. Technol Inform. 2015;210:155-159. [Medline]. Extraction of adverse events from clinical documents to support decision making using semantic preprocessing. Technol Inform. 2015;216:1030. [Medline]Garcia-Jimenez A, Moreno-Conde A, Martínez-García A, Marín-León I, Medrano-Ortega F, Parra-Calderón CL. Clinical decision support using a terminology server to improve patient safety. Technol Inform. 2015;210:150-154. [Medline]. : an intelligent adaptive alert environment. Technol Inform. 2015;216:285-289. [Medline]van Remote monitoring of cardiac implantable devices: ontology driven classification of the alerts. Technol Inform. 2016;221:59-63. [Medline]-Paviot B, Bousquet C. Improvement of diagnosis coding by analysing EHR and using rule engine: application to the chronic kidney disease. Technol Inform. 2015;210:120-124. [Medline]. An overview of clinical decision support systems: benefits, risks, and strategies for success. NPJ Digit Med. 2020;3:17. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sallam M. ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(6):887. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Deng J, Lin Y. The benefits and challenges of ChatGPT: an overview. Intell Sys. 2023;2(2):81-83. . ChatGPT and large language model (LLM) chatbots: the current state of acceptability and a proposal for guidelines on utilization in academic medicine. J Pediatr Urol. 2023;19(5):598-604.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: 1 Genetic cloning of living organismsFor conventional genetic cloning of animals, plants, and microbes, the target genes in the specific genome are cut using restriction enzymes. It usually takes lots of work and long time to clone and screen for the desired ones. Current gene editing technologies can be used to achieve the desired clones both quickly and accurately, without the limitation of restriction site availability [11]. 2. 1. 2 Establishment of animal modelsGenetic cloning, gene knock-in, and gene knockout are the most common methods to make induced or experimental animal models. The efficient approaches include andCas9. By these new gene editing technologies, specific animal models of many diseases for which there are no animal models available previously have been established with unprecedented efficiency and precision [12, 13, 14]. 2. 1. 3 Development of testing tools and reagents/Cas9 can be optimized by bacterial genotypes to be more adaptive to the variation of food pathogens, compared with traditional methods. locus of different bacterial species show high variance to be an ideal basis for genotyping [15]. /Cas12a(Cpf1) (DNA endonuclease targeted trans reporter) system can be used to diagnose gene mutations, cancers, and microbial infections and test microbial antibiotic resistance by analyzing specimens [16]. 2. 1. 4 Discovery of drugsThe screening and identification of target sites are critical to drug discovery; thus, excellent and suitable platforms are needed. Gene editing technologies can work for the editing of functional genes and the screening of target sites. For example,Cas9 was used to target the exons encoding functional protein domains. A screen of 192 chromatin regulatory domains in murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells identified 6 known drug targets and 19 additional dependencies [17]. 2. 2 Nonhuman therapeutics2. 2. 1 Agricultural productsThe gene editing technology can be used to produce agricultural products in accordance with the need of humans. For example, crops were produced with high yield and resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, and harsh environment [18, 19]; domesticated animals (pig, buffalo) were produced with double muscle phenotype [20]; and aquatic products (catfish) were produced with high level myostatin (MSTN) gene expression [21]. 2. 2. 2 FoodWe can make food more productive or have longer shelf-life by gene editing technologies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Из сказанного выше вытекает необходимость, начиная с раннего палеозоя, рассматривать металлогению золота по тектоническим поясам разных типов, исследуя эволюцию золотого оруденения в разновозрастных фемических и сиалических провинциях раздельно.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]Panch T, Pearson-. Artificial intelligence: opportunities and risks for public health. Health. 2019;1(1):e13-e14. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] The ethics of AI in health care: a mapping review. Med. 2020;260:113172. [CrossRef] [Medline]Bear Don't. A scoping review of ethics considerations in clinical natural language processing. . 2022;5(2):ooac039. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Recommended practices and ethical considerations for natural language processing-assisted observational research: a scoping review. Sci. 2023;16(3):398-411. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Automating access to real-world evidence. . 2022;3(6):100340. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]AbbreviationsAI: artificial intelligenceCASP: : clinical decision supportCDSS: clinical decision support systemcTAKES: Analysis and : electronic health recordLLM: large language modelMeSH: : natural language processing: Items for and Meta-AnalysesEdited by A Mavragani; submitted 08. 12. 23; peer-reviewed by D Singh, L Zhu; comments to author 29. 02. 24; revised version received 20. 04. 24; accepted 24. 07. 24; published 30. 09. 24. Copyright ©Hans Eguia, Sánchez-Bocanegra, Franco Vinciarelli, Fernando Alvarez-Lopez, Francesc Saigí-Rubió. Originally published in the Journal of Research ( 30. 09. 2024. This is an open-access 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Research (ISSN 1438-8871), is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: For example,Cas9 was used to edit thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus as a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant to improve the product (e. g. , yogurt, cheese) yield by refraining from the infection of phages [22]. The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was engineered to resist browning usingCas9. The effect was achieved by targeting to knock out the genes that encodes polyphenol oxidase—an enzyme that causes browning [23]. 2. 2. 3 Industrial products/Cas9 has been used to establish marine algae (e. g. , diatoms) as useful in industrial applications as the carbon neutral synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, health foods, biomolecules, materials related to nanotechnology, and bioremediations of contaminated water [24, 25]. /Cas9 was used to encode the pixel values of black and white images and a short movie into the living bacterial genomes. /Cas9, the technical limits of this information storage system can be optimized to be minimal. /Cas9 can capture and stably store many real data within the genomes of living cells [26]. 2. 2. 4 Environmental protectionMarine microalgae are in charge of about 40% of primary production on earth and capture more CO2 than rain forests. Diatoms are the most important unicellular eukaryotic microalgae and have dominant ecological significance. /Cas9 can be used to modify the diatom genome to achieve more effects in reducing the global warming [25]. 2. 2. 5 Restoration of extinct animalsWoolly mammoths are different from current living elephants by adapting to the extreme cold environment. The mammoth TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, could be achieved by modifying genes of Asian elephants [27]. The mammoth may be restored usingCas9, if the modified embryo can be successfully transferred into the uterus of living elephants. 2. 3 Human therapeutics2. 3. 1 Medicine screeningThe therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are quite variable including drug and nondrug treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy to treat PD safely, efficiently, and quickly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Именно на этом фоне проявляется и разделение (начиная с неопротерозоя) месторождений золота на месторождения с As-Sb и As-Bi геохимическими и минеральными ассоциациями (собственно орогенные и золото-редкометальные, золото-висмутовые, или интрузион-релейтед).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Original PaperYukiko Ohno1, BSc Riri Kato1, BSc Haruki Ishikawa1, MSc Tomohiro Nishiyama2, MEng Minae Isawa1, PhD Mayumi Mochizuki1, PhD Eiji Aramaki2, PhD Tohru Aomori3, PhD 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan2of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan3Faculty of Pharmacy, of Health and Welfare, Gunma, JapanCorresponding Author:Tohru Aomori, PhDFaculty of Pharmacyof Health and Welfare37-1 Nakaorui-machiTakasaki-shiGunma, 370-0033JapanPhone: 81 273521290Email: aomori-t@takasaki-u. ac. jpAbstractBackground: Large language models have propelled recent advances in artificial intelligence technology, facilitating the extraction of medical information from unstructured data such as medical records. Although named entity recognition (NER) is used to extract data from physicians’ records, it has yet to be widely applied to pharmaceutical care records. Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of automatic extraction of the information regarding patients’ diseases and symptoms from pharmaceutical care records. The verification was performed using Entity Recognition-Japanese (MedNER-J), a Japanese disease-extraction system designed for physicians’ records. Methods: MedNER-J was applied to subjective, objective, assessment, and plan data from the care records of 49 patients who received cefazolin sodium injection at Hospital between April 2018 and March 2019. The performance of MedNER-J was evaluated in terms of precision, recall, and F1-score. Results: The F1-scores of NER for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan data were 0. 46, 0. 70, 0. 76, and 0. 35, respectively. In NER and positive-negative classification, the F1-scores were 0. 28, 0. 39, 0. 64, and 0. 077, respectively. The F1-scores of NER for objective (0. 70) and assessment data (0. 76) were higher than those for subjective and plan data, which supported the superiority of NER performance for objective and assessment data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: A novel tool was established for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) transcription by NanoLuc luciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end usingCas9, and thus making it possible to screen for strategies rapidly that can be used for PD therapy efficiently [28]. 2. 3. 2 Preparation for cell therapy or immunotherapyThe gene-editing technology can be applied to engineer induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells. /Cas9 has been used to engineer iPS cells to evade immune rejection in full immunocompetent allogeneic recipients [29]. Because the CD19 CAR was successfully used in treatment,Cas9 may further enhance the efficacy and safety of CART cells by engineering therapeutic T cells [30]. 2. 3. 3 Potential application for disease treatment2. 3. 3. 1 Virus latent infectionDiseases caused by viruses are difficult to treat due to their high mutation rates and latent infections. It is almost impossible to eradicate latent viruses in the human host. andCas9 have been found to provide good strategies in targeting viruses and limiting their productive and latent infections ex vivo and/or in vivo, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. 2. 3. 3. 2 Genetic diseaseGenetic diseases can be cured by gene therapies such as sickle cell anemia, β-thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Leber congenital amaurosis, and cystic fibrosis [37]. The gene editing technologies (e. g. ,Cas9) potentially facilitate the progress of gene therapy, because many experiments have been successful ex vivo and in vivo, and some of them are being under clinical trials. 2. 3. 3. 3 Neurodegenerative diseaseBy applying the Interactions by (PRISM) to a yeast model of PD, sgRNAs were identified to modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from α-Syn toxicity [38]. The APPswe (Swedish) mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Причем это четко проявляется не только в обычных орогенных рудах золото-кварцевого состава, где кордильерский подтип характерен для фемических поясов, а колымский – для сиалических, но и в золото-сульфидно-вкрапленных и золото-скарновых и прочих рудах (Горячев, 2014). И как отмечено ранее, в среднем палеозое к этим типам добавляется золото-серебряная эпитермальная минерализация, максимально проявленная в позднем мезозое–кайнозое.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: This might be because objective and assessment data contained many technical terms, similar to the training data for MedNER-J. Meanwhile, the F1-score of NER and positive-negative classification was high for assessment data alone (F1-score=0. 64), which was attributed to the similarity of its description format and contents to those of the training data. Conclusions: MedNER-J successfully read pharmaceutical care records and showed the best performance for assessment data. However, challenges remain in analyzing records other than assessment data. Therefore, it will be necessary to reinforce the training data for subjective data in order to apply the system to pharmaceutical care records. 2024;8:e55798doi:10. 2196/55798Keywordsnatural language processing; NLP; named entity recognition; pharmaceutical care records; machine learning; cefazolin sodium; electronic medical record; EMR; extraction; Japanese IntroductionBackgroundNatural language processing (NLP) is a computer technology to process the language people read and write in their daily lives. Machine translation and search engines are examples of NLP technologies. In recent years, with advancements in artificial intelligence technology, it has become possible to extract information related to patients’ diseases and symptoms from unstructured data such as medical records [1,2]. NLP technology that is used to extract information such as that related to diseases and symptoms, the names of people and organizations, time expressions, and numerical expressions from text is generally referred to as named entity recognition (NER). Some NER systems also have a positive-negative (P-N) classification function that can be used to determine the onset of extracted findings. To date, most research on NLP technology has focused on English-language texts. NLP technology that is focused on Japanese texts has lagged due to certain aspects of the Japanese language, including that words are not separated by spaces and subjects are often omitted [3].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: The mutant APPSW allele can be selectively disrupted usingCas9 both ex vivo and in vivo and thereby decrease pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) [39]. 2. 3. 3. 4Cas9 were tried to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b can suppress the expression of SIRT6 by directly targeting the seed-matching region of its 3′UTR. After the expression of SIRT6 knocked out throughCas9, HCC cells showed the decreased viability and invasiveness, which had the similar function upon the overexpression of the miR-125b [40]. /Cas9 was also tried to inhibit breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are established anti-cancer drug targets, and a new generation of CDK inhibitors provides clinical benefits to the patients. Breast cancer cells were genetically manipulated using a deactivatedCas9 (d) approach to strengthen the endogenous CDK18 promoter to express highly to exhibit an increased sensitivity [41]. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe gene editing technologies, especiallyCas9, have been extensively used as tools in basic research for genome encoding, silencing, enhancing, and modification. Currently, they are further applied in manufacturing nonhuman therapeutic products and medicinal products. Particularly, the discovery of medicinal products using gene editing technologies will open a new era for human therapeutics and expect to bring a hope for patient recovery from being seriously sick. Many biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical plants have successfully produced products using gene editing technologies. For example, has become an industry which is prosperously developing recently. Nonhuman therapeutic products are usually manufactured nonexclusively, while human therapeutic products are manufactured exclusively because they are highly technical, ethically concerned, and more profitable. Gene editing technologies are very promising in applications, though there are still many technical (e. g. , off target effects, option of delivery tools, localization of function) and ethical challenges (e. g. , evaluation of benefits and risks, compatibility of private interests and the public good, random manipulation of genes, commercialization of human therapy) unsolved. More and more products based on these technologies are approved for marketing. We also expect the challenges of safety concerns (e. g. , genetically modified organism, tumorigenesis, etc. ) and ethical issues will be overcome in the near future. 1. . Applications ofCas9 for gene editing in hereditary movement disorders.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В фанерозое также турмалин становится нетипичным для золотых орогенных руд и обычным только для золото-висмутовых месторождений, связанных с гранитоидными интрузивами. Правда, здесь следует отметить одно исключение – орогенные месторождения золота центральной части Монголо-Охотского орогенного пояса, издавна выделявшиеся как золото-турмалиновые (Преображенский, 1945).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: studies that focused on medical issues, the study by Imai et al [4] developed a system that performs extraction and P-N classification of malignant findings from radiological reports such as computed tomography reports and magnetic resonance imaging reports; Ma et al [5] built a system that performs extraction and P-N classification of abnormal findings from discharge summaries, progress notes, and nursery notes; and Aramaki et al [6] developed a system that performs extraction and P-N classification of disease names and symptoms from case history summaries. In addition, Mashima et al [7] extracted adverse events from progress notes of patients who received intravenous injections of cytotoxic anticancer drugs, and Usui et al [8] extracted symptomatic states from data stored in the electronic medical records of a community pharmacy and standardized them according to the codes of the ICD-10 (of Diseases, Tenth Revision) in order to create a data set of patients’ complaints [9,10]. Institute of beds and Community for Research Project’s for task aimed to classify pseudotweets according to whether they contained information about patients’ symptoms [9], and several teams collaborated to build a system to accomplish this task. Nishioka et al [10] established a system to identify from blog posts whether a patient is positive or negative for hand-foot syndrome on a per-patient and per-sentence basis. Although various approaches have been taken to analyze unstructured medical data as described above in this section, most have targeted physicians’ records, including case history summaries, discharge summaries, and radiological reports, and NER has not been widely applied to pharmaceutical care records. Pharmaceutical care records are documents about patients and are written by pharmacists, who collect information from a pharmacological perspective. Because pharmaceutical care records contain an entry for the change in patients’ physical condition while taking medication, including symptoms of suspected adverse drug effects [11], many such symptoms are documented in pharmaceutical care records. Thus, developing an NER system that can extract and analyze information from pharmaceutical care records would facilitate investigations of adverse drug effects. The study by Usui et al [8], mentioned in the beginning of this section, targeted data similar to this study. Because their system was a rule-based model, it had difficulty handling symptoms and contexts that were not set in the rules.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: Journal of Movement Disorders. 2016;9(3):136-143. DOI: 10. 14802/jmd. 160292. . Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases. Genetics. 2010;11(9):636-646. DOI: 10. 1038/nrg28423. Breaking the code of DNA binding specificity of TAL-type III effectors. Science. 2009;326(5959):1509-1512. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11788114. TAL nucleases (TALNs): Hybrid proteins composed of TAL effectors and FokI DNA-cleavage domain. Research. 2011;39(1):359-372. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gkq7045. Targeted genome editing across species using ZFNs and TALEN. Science. 2011;333(6040):307. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 12077736. et al. Targeting DNA double-strand breaks with TAL effector nucleases. Genetics. 2010;186(2):757-761. DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 110. 1207177. Mussolino C, Morbitzer R, Lütge. A novel TALE nuclease scaffold enables high genome editing activity in combination with low toxicity. Research. 2011;39(21):9283-9293. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gkr5978. Genetic engineering of human pluripotent cells using TALE nucleases. Nature Biotechnology. 2011;29(8):731-734. DOI: 10. 1038/nbt. 19279. Horvath P, Barrangou R. /Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea. Science. 2010;327(5962):167-170. DOI: 10. 1126/science10. . Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using -Cas systems. Research. 2013;41(7):4336-4343. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gkt13511. Charpentier E, Doudna JA. Biotechnology: Rewriting a genome. Nature. 2013;495(7439):50-51. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Эти месторождения по своему составу близки раннедокембрийским орогенным месторождениям, сформированным при активном вкладе мантийного вещества.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Although rules can be added, it is difficult to manage them with consistency. Therefore, we aimed to overcome this problem by using machine learning. Study AimIn this study, we applied Entity Recognition-Japanese (MedNER-J), a Japanese-language system designed to extract disease information from physicians’ records [6], to pharmaceutical care records in order to verify the feasibility of NER and P-N classification for this task. Target data were pharmaceutical care records of patients who received cefazolin sodium (CEZ) injection. CEZ is a cephem antibiotic that is often used to prevent secondary infection from operative wounds. The system was applied only to the records of patients who received CEZ injection, with the expectation of mainly collecting target drug information due to fewer concomitant drugs. This is the first study to apply the existing system to pharmaceutical care records. This study provides the baseline performance for analyzing Japanese pharmaceutical care records using the machine learning method. MethodsMaterialsPharmaceutical care records of patients who received CEZ injection between April 2018 and March 2019 at Hospital were used as test data (Figure 1). Researchers accessed and obtained those data on November 19, 2021. Pharmaceutical care records were written by pharmacists, and the format consisted of (1) free-text columns and (2) subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) columns: subjective information such as patients’ complaints were included in the subjective data; objective information such as clinical history, clinical findings, and laboratory data were included in the objective data; assessments by pharmacists were included in the assessment data; and future plans were included in the plan data. Data that satisfied the following criteria were used in this research: (1) records with a description in at least 1 SOAP column and (2) records including any of the following keywords in the free-text column or objective column: cefazolin (written in full-width or half-width katakana characters), cefamezin (written in full-width or half-width katakana characters), CEZ, and cez. MedNER-J was applied to the records that satisfied the above criteria and that corresponded to the period from the first CEZ dosing day to 12 days after the last dosing for each patient for each month. Figure 1. Data set preparation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: 1038/495050a12. Development of muscular dystrophy in a -engineered mutant rabbit model with frame-disrupting ANO5 mutations. and Disease. 2018;9(6):609. DOI: 10. 1038/s41419-018-0674-y13. Generation and characterization of a hypothyroidism rat model with truncated thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Scientific Reports. 2018;(1):4004. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-22405-714. . Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: Targets for potential treatments. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2018;6:28. DOI: 10. 1186/s40035-017-0099-z15. . The basic building blocks and evolution of -CAS systems. Transactions. 2013;41(6):1392-1400. DOI: 10. 1042/BST2013003816. -Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science. 2018;360(6387):436-439. DOI: 10. 1126/science. aar624517. . Discovery of cancer drug targets by -Cas9 screening of protein domains. Nature Biotechnology. 2015;33(6):661-667. DOI: 10. 1038/nbt. 323518. Mutation in rice Abscisic Acid2 results in cell death, enhanced disease-resistance, altered seed dormancy and development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:405. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 0040519. ZmCCT9 enhances maize adaptation to higher latitudes. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2018;115(2):E334-E341. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 171805811520. Efficient genome editing in cultured cells and embryos of Debao pig and swamp buffalo using theCas9 system. Cellular & Animal. 2018;54(5):375-383. DOI: 10. 1007/s11626-018-0236-821.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: По условиям локализации данные объекты здесь сконцентрированы в зоне крупной тектонической сутуры, которая отражает интенсивные сдвиговые движения, возникшие в обстановке скольжения (трансформных окраин) Сибирского и Северо-Китайского континентов относительно друг друга, что привело к активному влиянию мантии на металлогению этой структуры (Ханчук, Голозубов, 2008; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014; Кузьмин, Ярмолюк, 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Among the records from April 2018 to March 2019, those from the date of first cefazolin sodium (CEZ) administration to 12 days after the end of administration that also contained the keywords in the objective column or the free-text column and a record in one of the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) columns were included in the analysis. NER and P-N ClassificationWe used MedNER-J [12] for NER and P-N classification (Figure 2). MedNER-J is an NLP system to extract information related to diseases and symptoms from physicians’ records. It is based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) [13]–conditional random fields (CRF) model [14], which fine-tuned case history summaries to pretrained Japanese BERT model established by Tohoku NLP group [15]. CRF was used in a previous NER task [6]; however, BERT-CRF performed better than CRF [16]. In addition, MedNER-J can extract data related to a wide range of diseases and symptoms although many systems in previous studies targeted specific diseases and symptoms. Therefore, we used MedNER-J for this study. The system can perform P-N classification in order to determine the onset or absence of presumed findings from the context. At the preprocessing stage, all characters in the records were converted to full-width characters, and exclamation marks were converted to periods. Preprocessed records were input to MedNER-J on a sentence-by-sentence basis to perform NER and P-N classification. A sentence break was defined as a line break or a period. Figure 2. Processing of pharmaceutical care records. Each subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) column underwent preprocessing as well as named entity recognition (NER) and positive-negative (P-N) classification by Entity Recognition-Japanese (MedNER-J) to obtain the final results. Performance EvaluationFigure 3 shows the performance evaluation flow. A total of 2 researchers independently extracted named entities from the same records, performed P-N classification by visual confirmation, and created the correct answer data following the original criteria. Exact and partial matches of extracted terms between MedNER-J and the 2 researchers were examined, and P-N classification matches were also investigated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: Generation of myostatin gene-edited channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) via zygote injection ofCas9 system. Scientific Reports. 2018;7(1):7301. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-017-07223-722. provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007;315(5819):1709-1712. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 113814023. Waltz E. Gene-edited mushroom escapes US regulation. Nature. 2016;532(7599):293. DOI: 10. 1038/nature. 2016. 1975424. . Diatoms in biotechnology: Modern tools and applications. and Biotechnology. 2009;82(2):195-201. DOI: 10. 1007/s00253-008-1804-825. . /Cas9 system adapted for gene editing in marine algae. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:24951. DOI: 10. 1038/srep2495126. . -Cas encoding of a digital movie into the genomes of a population of living bacteria. Nature. 2017;547(7663):345-349. DOI: 10. 1038/nature2301727. Lynch VJ, Bedoya-- Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of woolly mammoth adaptations to the arctic. Cell Reports. 2015;12(2):217-228. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2015. 06. 02728. . A novel tool for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein transcription by NanoLuciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end using -Cas9 genome editing technique. Scientific Reports. 2017;8:45883. DOI: 10. 1038/srep4588329. Hypoimmunogenic derivatives of induced pluripotent stem cells evade immune rejection in fully immunocompetent allogeneic recipients. Nature Biotechnology. 2019;37(3):252-258. DOI: 10. 1038/s41587-019-0016-330. . Reprint of: Building a safer and faster CAR: Seatbelts, airbags, and. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2018;24(3S):S15-S19. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В данном случае присутствие турмалина в орогенных рудах золота, имеющих значительную долю мантийного источника, позволяет поддержать точку зрения об индикаторной роли бора как производного из мантии (Лутков и др. , 2004). Но это предположение требует проведения специальных исследований. Весьма симптоматичным является максимальное распространение эпитермальной и порфировой минерализации в фанерозое.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: The system’s results were matched with the researchers’ results, and performance evaluation indexes were calculated based on the number of named entity recognition (NER) matches alone and the number of NER and positive-negative (P-N) classification matches. Both exact matches as well as partial matches were obtained for NER. Epi: epidural anesthesia. for ResearchersThis section outlines the criteria that the researchers used to create the correct answer data. Not only nouns such as pain but also verbs such as hurt, adjectives such as sore, and adverbs such as painfully were considered targets for extraction. Symptom modifiers such as site, timing, and severity of symptom onset were also considered together with the symptoms to be extracted. With regard to terms meaning patients’ conditions such as sleep, appetite, state of bowel movements, renal function, hepatic function, and blood electrolyte levels, if only a statement of normality such as “appetite is fine” was given, it was also considered to be a target for extraction. For example, pharmacists often ask patients whether they have experienced a loss of appetite, and patients’ responses such as “appetite is fine” are recorded frequently. Such normal states were difficult to consider as diseases or symptoms. Though targets of extraction for records analysis were diseases and symptoms, they are also considered to be important information about patients. Therefore, the terms indicating these six conditions were considered for extraction by the researchers. English abbreviations other than laboratory values were consistently excluded from extraction by the researchers. This is because some of them have different meanings among different medical departments, and it was difficult to use the extracted terms by themselves. Laboratory values and vital signs were considered for extraction only if words or symbols clearly stated the numerical change or how it was abnormal, with the exceptions of renal function, hepatic function, and blood electrolyte concentration. If only numerical information on laboratory values and vital signs were provided, the information was excluded from extraction because this information is obtainable from the structured data of the medical records, and thus there is no need to extract it from the text data. When symptoms were described consecutively, each symptom was considered as an individual symptom. For allergy, any modifiers that indicate the types of allergies listed in the medical dictionary for regulatory activities (MedDRA) were also considered for extraction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All gene editing applications are risk-free and pose no ethical dilemmas. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. bbmt. 2017. 12. 78931. van ürch AC, van Ham PM, et al. /Cas9-mediated genome editing of herpesviruses limits productive and latent infections. PLoS Pathogens. 2016;12(6):e1005701. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 100570132. Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection. Biomedical Reports. 2017;7(6):504-507. DOI: 10. 3892/br. 2017. 100633. Suppression of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in latently infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells byCas9. Virus Research. 2018;244:296-303. DOI: 10. 1016/j. virusres. 2017. 04. 01934. /Cas9 system facilitates clearance of the intrahepatic HBV templates in vivo. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2014;3:e186. DOI: 10. 1038/mtna. 2014. 3835. An efficient antiviral strategy for targeting hepatitis B virus genome using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Molecular Therapy. 2014;22(2):303-311. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2013. 21236. . Targeted disruption of EBNA1 in EBV-infected cells attenuated cell growth. BMB Reports. 2016;49(4):226-231. DOI: 10. 5483/BMBRep. 2016. 49. 4. 26037. Cohen J. The birth of. Science. 2017;355(6326):680-684. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 355. 6326. 68038. . -Cas transcriptional perturbation screening reveals protective genes against alpha-synuclein toxicity. Molecular Cell. 2017;68(1):247. e5-257. e5. DOI: 10. 1016/j. molcel. 2017. 09. 01439. György B, LöövCas9 mediated disruption of the Swedish APP allele as a therapeutic approach for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2018;11:429-440. DOI: 10. 1016/j. omtn.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Признаки эпитермальной минерализации в рудах золота района Калгурли (фиг. 3) скорее отвечают формированию части орогенных руд золота в условиях малых глубин и резкого падения давления при движениях по крупным зонам разломов, с которыми они здесь ассоциируют. Учитывая известную генетическую связь эпитермальных месторождений с процессами субдукции (месторождения Купол, Лепанто, Хисикари и пр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: The results of F1-score in Table 3 show that MedNER-J was able to conduct NER and P-N classification with high performance in the following order: assessment data>objective data>subjective data>plan data. Table 2. Number of the records analyzed and extraction results by the MedNER-Ja system and researchers. Subjective data, n (%)Objective data, n (%)Assessment data, n (%)Plan data, n (%)Records analyzed (n=60)43 (71. 7)60 (100)54 (90)56 (93. 3)Extracted termsSystem (n=633)50 (7. 9)411 (64. 9)135 (21. 3)37 (5. 8)Researchers (n=805)130 (16. 1)444 (55. 2)216 (26. 8)15 (1. 9)MatchesNERb,c (n=483)41 (8. 5)300 (62. 1)133 (27. 5)9 (1. 9)NERc +P-Nd classification (n=305)25 (8. 2)165 (54. 1)113 (37)2 (0. 7)aMedNER-J: Entity Recognition-Japanese. bNER: named entity recognition. cIncluding partial matches. dP-N: positive-negative. Table 3. Performance evaluation of named entity recognition (NER) and positive-negative (P-N) classification. PrecisionRecallF1-scoreNER (including partial matches)All data0. 760. 600. 67Subjective data0. 820. 320. 46Objective data0. 730. 680. 70Assessment data0. 990. 620. 76Plan data0. 240. 600. 35NER (including partial matches)+P-N classificationAll data0. 480. 380. 42Subjective data0. 500. 190. 28Objective data0. 400. 370. 39Assessment data0. 840. 520. 64Plan data0. 0540. 130. 077Error AnalysisTable 4 shows the categories of causes of mismatches between the system and the researchers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accessible and affordable for all healthcare systems. [SEP] Text: The advantage of having expensive and specialized equipment and practitioners at fixed centralized locations is that they alleviate the pressure for smaller healthcare facilities to spend their limited resources on equipment that is not frequently used but still critical for health care. By contrast, hospitals in the US are spread out and uncoordinated, duplicating care in many places without high enough volume in any of them to provide the critical mass to make the procedures affordable. Similarly, an MRI machine might be used four to five times a day in the US but 15 to 20 times a day in the Indian hospitals. We have to make the equipment sweat! 13In the cases of the more successful privatized hospitals, India, as well as the rest of the world, is paying careful attention to this 'configured networks of care and facilities in a hub-and-spoke design'12. One of the primary benefits of HSM that is being revealed in India is that 'This allows for a more-orderly progression of care and rational allocation of often-scarce resources'12. Thus, success is being found in India when practising medical facilities centralize their assets and diversify their more benign practices in the lower cost ambulatory locales. The end result is a lower centralized cost, as providers only procure the equipment and resources they need. Moreover, the Indian population, in general, is able to access greater coverage for fulfilling their basic healthcare needs. Reasons for successAttracting and retaining doctors: No matter how efficient a hospital may be, it cannot be deemed successful if its doctors and nurses are incompetent or unable to perform their primary tasks. As such, Indian hospitals operating under the HSM are actually retaining and attracting capable doctors who are keenly interested in 'high volume and sheer variety of cases that attract talent to these hospitals'. Also, 'doctors can build their capabilities faster in [HSM hospitals]. . . in turn, [this] contributes to the high quality of outcomes at these hospitals'14. Nurturing and updating treatment protocols: Perhaps most unique to India's HSM success is its incorporation of developed protocols for both mundane tasks and highly complex procedures. Knee and hip replacements, as well as cardiac and cancer surgeries, all have itemized procedures that are adhered to despite being executed in facilities outside of the central hub.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ) или рифтогенеза (Балей), можно предполагать важное металлогеническое значение этих процессов для золота только в фанерозое. При этом золотопродуцирующая роль магматических поясов субдукционной природы явно растет от палеозоя к кайнозою. В то же время, орогенное золото проявлялось во все периоды времени, что говорит об однотипности процессов орогенеза в истории Земли. И здесь мы прикасаемся к проблеме существования субдукционных обстановок в раннем докембрии.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Application to RecordsThe number of extracted terms by both the system and the researchers were greater in the following order: objective>assessment>subjective> plan data. The pharmaceutical care records that were targeted in this study included an average of 13. 4 (SD 9. 3) diseases or symptoms per record. From these records, MedNER-J correctly extracted an average of 8. 1 (SD 6. 0) terms and correctly extracted and performed P-N classification on an average of 5. 1 (SD 4. 2) terms. Therefore, MedNER-J was able to extract 60% (8. 1/13. 4) of findings from the pharmaceutical care records and correctly classify 63% (5. 1/8. 1) of those findings as positive or negative. Performance EvaluationIn this study, we focused on results that included not only exact matches but also partial matches between MedNER-J and the researchers. Word segments in Japanese are unclear, and the necessary extraction range of words varies depending on the situation and the reader. As an example of variations, for the term itakute (“in pain”), it is sufficient to extract itaku or it may be necessary to extract itakute, including the conjunctive p0. 67 for NER alone and 0. 42 for NER and P-N classification, values varied among the SOAP data. This variation indicates that the applicability of the system differs for each data set. The F1-scores of NER for the objective (0. 70) and assessment data (0. 76) was high, while those of NER for the subjective and plan data were only 0. 46 and 0. 35, respectively. This indicates that the NER performance for the objective and assessment data was superior to that for the subjective and plan data. At the same time, the F1-score of NER and P-N classification was high only for assessment data (F1-score=0. 64). The training data for MedNER-J consisted of case history summaries. Because machine learning systems are generally optimized for the analysis of the training data, the system was optimized for the analysis of case history summaries. Case history summaries include chief complaints, medical history, laboratory findings, and discussions of each case, as summarized by physicians.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accessible and affordable for all healthcare systems. [SEP] Text: India takes the top spot amongst 148 countries in terms of affordability of ICT technology17. Hence, the implementation of ICT in HSM should be an easy choice. Since most companies are using cloud-based platforms, '[this helps] to reduce infrastructure cost. Scaling up becomes easier on a cloud environment'18. The HSM is also efficacious in disseminating information for health awareness, immunizations or precautions to be taken during epidemics (such as Ebola). Companies implementing the HSM have helped create and sustain thousands of rural jobs, both direct and indirect. Lessons learnedHSM is an effective mechanism that allows for greater distribution while minimizing costs when paired with ICT. There are many areas in emerging nations in Africa and where healthcare accessibility is limited. This also holds true for remote areas in advanced nations such as Sweden, Finland, Russia, Australia, Canada and the USA where there is limited access due to weather conditions and other factors. HSM paired with ICT will effectively service such regions, reducing unnecessary travel and other related costs. 'You don't need a PhD in economics to figure out this model is a lot cheaper and probably a lot more convenient for patients'10. healthcare companies such as iKure, Vaatsalya Healthcare, (Dental), are demonstrating that using HSM paired with ICT not only allows for treatment of medical conditions but also lowers costs and improves availability, making health care accessible and affordable to the nation. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to express special thanks to the management team at iKure (www. ikure. in and www. ikuretechsoft. com) (- Founder & CEO, and ), who walked him through the implementation of iKure's hub and spoke model and for sharing their company's information. 1. Govindarajan V, Ramamurti R. Delivering world-class health care, affordably. Review (Internet) 2013; 2. Available: (Accessed 26 February 2014). 2. Museum. History - in the Air, 1955. (Internet). Available: (Accessed 7 August 2015). 3. Rivett G. of the System. 1823-2015 (Internet) 2015. Available: (Accessed 2 August 2015). 4. Dawson B. Interim report on the future provision of medical and allied services. Great Britain, Ministry of Health. (Internet) 1920.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: По крайней мере, такой металлогенический индикатор (Горячев, 2010), как отсутствие эпитермальных месторождений и порфировых месторождений в то время, оставляет вопрос о металлогеническом значении зон субдукции и их проявлении в раннем докембрии открытым. И здесь вряд ли такое отсутствие можно объяснять большим эрозионным срезом, поскольку вулканические комплексы присутствуют во многих структурах разного возраста. Отмеченную выше (см. табл.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: ”In cause category 1 “system extraction failure,” many extracted terms are categorized as “verbs, adjectives, adverbs” or “expressions that are difficult to grasp as diseases or symptoms. ” In “verbs, adjectives, adverbs,” the system was not supposed to extract general terms, such as sore, used by patients. The pharmacist receives the patients’ complaints and clinical information and then describes the patient’s condition and other information in objective and assessment columns, replacing them with technical terminology. However, the system’s inability to extract “verbs, adjectives, and adverbs” might cause the pharmacists to overlook symptoms that they did not consider important. Examples of mismatches for extracted terms in the subcategory “expressions that are difficult to grasp as diseases or symptoms” are terms that are related to the disease state but do not directly indicate the disease state, including normal appetite, sleep, bowelmovements, renal function, hepatic function, and blood electrolyte levels (Table 5). Such normal findings might be missed due to the system’s inability to extract them. One limitation of investigations involving medical records is the inability to determine the actual occurrence of symptoms that are not explicitly documented in the medical records. The extraction of normal findings is also important because the information that “status of symptoms was documented but they did not occur” is expected to increase the reliability of the results of medical record investigation. Future TasksNot only for cause category 1 but for the other cause categories as well, the cause of the mismatches between the system and the researchers can be explained by one of the following 2 factors: the training data for the system did not contain similar expressions, or there was a difference between the criteria that the system had learned and the criteria that the researchers used in this study. In particular, expressions that are difficult to grasp as diseases or symptoms were the terms that the researchers decided to collect additionally since they were considered important from the pharmacists’ perspective. Therefore, the systems are often constructed without considering them as extraction targets in studies that aim to collect diseases and symptoms in a simple manner. Using the analysis targets in training data should improve the performance of the system. From a medical safety standpoint, overlooking patients’ information is highly detrimental. Therefore, a high recall is preferable, even if precision decreases somewhat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: ConclusionAt this modern era as more and more people use internet for their day to day activities so as hackers on the network to steal their vital data through various security attacks. The objective of this 1. P. Liu and T. S. Moh, “Spam E-mail Filtering,” 2016 on and Systems (CTS), Orlando, FL, 2242. N. Agrawal and S. Singh, “Origin (dynamic blacklisting) based spammer detection and spam mail filtering approach,” 2016 Conference on Processing, Data Mining, and (), Moscow, 1043. M. Khonji, Y. Iraqi, and A. Jones, “Phishing detection: a literature survey,” 2013 & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 4, 1214. R. Islam and J. Abawajy, “A multi-tier phishing detection and filtering approach,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2013 vol. 36, no. 1, 3355. A. K. Jain and B. B. Gupta, “Comparative analysis of features based machine learning approaches for phishing detection,” in Proceedings of the 10th INDIA-20166. Kaspersky Lab, “Spam in January 2012 love, politics and sport,” 2013, B. Parmar, “Protecting against spear-phishing,” & Security, 2012 vol. 2012, no. 1, 118. W. Jingguo, T. Herath, C. Rui, A. Vishwanath, and H. R. Rao, “Phishing susceptibility: an investigation into the processing of a targeted spear phishing e-mail,” 2012 IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. 55, no. 4, 3629. T. N. Jagatic, N. A. Johnson, M. Jakobsson, and F. Menczer, “Social phishing,” Communications of the 2007 ACM, vol. 50, no. 10, 0010. C. H. Hsu, P. Wang, and S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 4) пестроту минерального состава орогенных руд золота в раннем докембрии и их металлогенические ассоциации, возможно, следует объяснять плюмовым механизмом мантийной конвекции, продуцирующим молодую ювенильную кору (Кузьмин, 2014; Mole et al. , 2015; Кузьмин, Горячев, 2017; Кузьмин и др. , 2018). По крайней мере, металлогения горячих полей и плюмов Сибири, Эмейшаня и прочих (Шарапов и др.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: However, recall was significantly lower than precision for the subjective data (precision=0. 82; recall=0. 32). Therefore, it is critical to improve recall for the subjective data going forward. Although the SOAP format used in pharmaceutical care records has been the focus of this study, records are sometimes written in SOAP format by other medical staff, including physicians. In this study, we referred to the subjective data in pharmaceutical care records because of the differences in the kind of attention paid to patients’ changes in clinical state depending on the profession. For example, physicians follow up with patients extensively from disease diagnosis to treatment. Nurses provide not only treatment but also daily care for patients during their hospitalization. In contrast, pharmacists conduct follow-up with patients from a pharmacological perspective, which inevitably includes asking about the beneficial and adverse effects of medications. Therefore, it can be inferred that the descriptions contained in the subjective data of pharmaceutical care records differ from those contained in the subjective data of records by other medical staff, despite the fact they are both subjective data. Consequently, to implement a system that can also analyze pharmaceutical care records, it is imperative to study the subjective data of pharmaceutical care records rather than those of other medical staff. LimitationsA limitation of this study is the small sample size, consisting only of patients who received CEZ injection at a single institution. When the system is applied to data from different facilities or data of patients who used different drugs, different results might be obtained due to the differences in recording formats, adverse drug effect profiles, characterizations of the patients’ chief complaints, and the perspectives of the health care providers. Furthermore, the number of records that met the eligibility criteria was smaller than the number of records of patients who received CEZ administration, and the records related to CEZ were possibly the subject of analysis in which pharmacists were less able to show their professional competence. Future UseThe possibilities for the use of NER in health care are broad and varied, as shown by the various efforts undertaken in previous studies [4-10]. Because pharmaceutical care records contain a large amount of information on adverse drug effects, it should be possible to alert health care professionals when symptoms of possible adverse drug reactions are extracted with reference to the attached document information. Although medical safety must always be ensured in clinical practice, there is a limit to what can be undertaken due to limited human resources and heavy workloads.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185 Published 2022-12-16 Accepted 2022-11-21 Received 2022-03-16 Vicente Alarcon-Networks and Communications, Cryptography, Security and WPA/WPA2, Wi-Fi security, Password cracking, © 2022 Carballal et al. is an open access 2022. Wi-Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks. PeerJ 8:e1185 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 86. 1% of Spanish households (more than 14 million) had broadband Internet access through the different technologies available: optical fiber or ADSL, mobile Internet (3G, 4G or 5G) or satellite. With the exception of mobile Internet, the technologies mentioned above are concerned with providing connection, not Internet access, for devices, so it is necessary to add an access point that communicates with them. Currently, the most widely used device for this purpose is the router, which combines modem and router functions to create a private network to which various devices are connected, either via Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi. The first routers incorporating Wi-Fi technology appeared in 2000, and it has since become the most popular way to connect to the Internet in the home and business environment. This popularity is clearly marked by two milestones: the term Wi-Fi was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2005 and by 2012, it had been implemented in 25% of households worldwide (Alliance, 2019). Wi-Fi technology made it easy for a wide variety of devices to connect to the Internet without the need to be physically wired to the router. The advantages are clear: the cheaper and easier implementation of local area networks (LANs), proliferation of applications and mobile devices, possibility of creating spaces with immediate connectivity, and user mobility (Castro, 2005). However, connecting became riskier because physical access to the cable was no longer necessary in orther to attack a network, and the data were transmitted publicly, through the “air” (or, technically, the radio spectrum). Anyone within the range of a wireless network could try to access it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2009) показывает ту же пестроту ассоциаций золотых руд с медно-никелевым и сурьмяно-ртутным оруденением. Таким образом, рассмотрение роли мантийно-корового взаимодействия в металлогении золота в истории Земли показывает элементы двойственности в отношении поведения золота при формировании его промышленных скоплений. На ранних этапах истории (архей-палеопротерозой) проявляется четкая связь с мантийными процессами опосредованно через мафическую ювенильную кору.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: However, MedNER-J is expected to help medical staff avoid overlooking patients’ symptoms and thereby improve medical safety. MedNER-J showed relatively high performance on assessment data. Therefore, we can easily follow the pharmacist’s assessment of a patient’s clinical status over time by analyzing all the records of the patient. This follow-up allows the pharmacist to collect patient information without overlooking past medical history. Pharmacists can use this information to check whether a patient has a clinical condition that requires discontinuation or dosage adjustment of the prescribed medication. Through these steps, the pharmacist can provide well-prepared patient guidance. Another possibility is to use the results obtained from analyzing large records to investigate the frequency of adverse drug effects or to discover unknown adverse drug effects based on real-world data. When the system is used to identify adverse drug effects, a larger data set than that of this study is required. For example, the frequency of skin symptoms, a common adverse effect with cefazolin administration, is reported to be approximately 0. 5%. The sample size required to identify adverse drug effects with a frequency of 0. 5% is 4778 patients, assuming a 95% CI with an error of 0. 2%. Several innovations are required to achieve this sample size, such as extending the study period and adding participating facilities. More accurate research can be conducted by assuming the incidence of target adverse effects and trying to ensure the sample size in this manner. Two research tools “” and “Report database” are currently being used for analyzing adverse drug events. Although these databases have several advantages such as large data size and ease of processing due to structured data, they also have the disadvantage of bias in the reporting process. By contrast, pharmaceutical care records have some difficulties in handling due to unstructured data; however, they have no reporting bias and enable epidemiological studies that directly project the clinical practice. Another major advantage of using pharmaceutical care records is potential for real-time monitoring. New discoveries might be obtained from analyzing large amounts of data that were previously unavailable. ConclusionsMedNER-J, a system designed to extract information from physicians’ records, was applied to extract data from pharmaceutical care records. The system showed high performance for assessment data and was less reliable for other types of SOAP data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: The first security protocol that attempted to address this vulnerability in Wi-Fi networks was Privacy (WEP), launched at the same time as the first products certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance. However, by the end of 2001, the WEP protocol was already considered insecure (Fluhrer, Mantin & Shamir, 2001) and Wi-Access (WPA) was developed with the intention that any device supporting WEP encryption could support the new protocol with a simple firmware update, a compromise solution while the WPA2 standard was being developed. The WPA protocol, maintained certain problems and vulnerabilities of WEP (e. g. , chop chop attack (Beck & Tews, 2008) and packet injection (Huang et al. , 2005)), but represented important advancements, along with the introduction of the four-way handshake. In 2004, the first WPA2-compliant devices began to be certified, and starting in 2006, all new devices without Wi-Fi certification were required to implement it. In 2019, WPA2 became the best-known protocol, but it was neither the newest nor safest. During the last few years, vulnerabilities have been discovered (e. g. , the decryption of group keys (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2016) or the famous KRAK (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2017)) which, as with WPA, endanger the traffic between the client and access point, although they do not compromise the security of the key. 2018, WPA version 3 was announced, with the intention of solving the problems discovered in WPA2. It is currently being implemented as an option by manufacturers. In this new version, the four-way handshake has been replaced by a protocol called “simultaneous peer-to-peer authentication” which promises to be resistant to oﬄine dictionary attacks. In oﬄine attacks, once the file is obtained containing the hash that is to be decrypted, there is no restriction regarding the number of possibilities that can be tested until it is achieved, contrary to what usually happens in Internet services. However, a vulnerability of this protocol has already been found in the WPA2 compatibility mode (Vanhoef & Ronen, 2019), which is that it would still allow oﬄine attacks to be executed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: На поздней стадии эволюции Земли существенно возрастает коровый вклад в металлогению золота. В завершение уместно уделить внимание роли метаморфических и магматических процессов в формировании орогенных руд золота. Как следует из данных таблицы 3 и материалов ведущих современных исследователей (Groves et al. , 1987, 2005; Goldfarb et al. , 1997, 2001, 2005, 2010), орогенное золотое оруденение является типично метаморфогенным.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Our results suggest that to apply the system more effectively to pharmaceutical care records, the amount of training data needs to be increased to focus mainly on subjective data, which include patients’ complaints. This study provides the baseline of Japanese pharmaceutical care records analysis. 253. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A systematic review of natural language processing and text mining of symptoms from electronic patient-authored text data. Med Inform. May 2019;125:37-46. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Preliminary development of a deep learning-based automated primary headache diagnosis model using Japanese natural language processing of medical questionnaire. Int. 2020;11:475. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Finding malignant findings from radiological reports using medical attributes and syntactic information. Technol Inform. 2007;129(Pt 1):540-544. [Medline]. A semi-automatic framework to identify abnormal states in EHR narratives. Technol Inform. 2017;245:910-914. [Medline]. MedEx/J: a one-scan simple and fast NLP tool for Japanese clinical texts. Technol Inform. 2017;245:285-288. [Medline] Using natural language processing techniques to detect adverse events from progress notes due to chemotherapy. Cancer Inform. 2022;21:11769351221085064. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Extraction and standardization of patient complaints from electronic medication histories for pharmacovigilance: natural language processing analysis in Japanese. . Sep 27, 2018;6(3):e11021. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Tweet classification toward Twitter-based disease surveillance: new data, methods, and evaluations. J Res. Feb 20, 2019;21(2):e12783. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Identification of hand-foot syndrome from cancer patients' blog posts: BERT-based deep-learning approach to detect potential adverse drug reaction symptoms. PLoS One. May 4, 2022;17(5):e0267901. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. URL: [accessed 2022-12-27] Ujiie S, Yata S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: The aim of this work is to crack as many passwords as possible using the handshakes collected while walking through the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Additionally, using brute force, we built a targeted and contextualized dictionary that takes into account both the geographical location and the nature of the access point’s owner. Finally, we reduced the size of the dictionary using a contextualized grammar. The four-way handshake or why your neighbor sleeps more soundly New vulnerabilities in the WPA/WPA2 protocols have been discovered each year, but none of them have compromised the confidentiality of the authentication key. The four-way handshake has proven effective in preserving the security of that part of the protocol—each time a client wants to connect to an access point, they exchange four messages to confirm that the know the authentication key. This key is “hashed”, that is, a function has been applied to it that transforms the arbitrary size key (in WPA2, from eight to 63 characters) into another set of fixed size characters. In cryptography, a desirable quality of a hash function is that it is not reversible in practice, i. e. , it is computationally not feasible to calculate the inverse function and retrieve the input from the hash function. This is why passwords were obtained exclusively based on the available time and computing capacity since the WPA/WPA2 protocol was extended. The process of “dehashing” a password often involves three steps: Loading many terms, combinations of terms, or combinations of terms and symbols to build a word. Applying the hash algorithm to the word. Comparing the output of the previous algorithm with the hash to be deciphered. Therefore, on 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-1 The basic principle behind the four-way handshake is that the pre-shared key (PSK) cannot be transmitted to the public medium under any circumstances. Therefore, the first thing the client should do before starting the message exchange is to build the pairwise master key (PMK), as shown in Formula (1). (1) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) This is the version used by the WPA and WPA2 protocols. In order to understand it and the reasons for its choice, it would be interesting to shell it and build it step-by-step.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Однако приведенные нами данные о пространственно-временных ассоциациях этих месторождений с орогенным гранитоидным магматизмом в разные временные эпохи, наряду с появлением, начиная с 90-х годов, современных публикаций о важном вкладе магматогенной составляющей в составе рудоносных флюидов крупных орогенных месторождений золота Северо-Востока России, Урала и других регионов (Бортников, 2006; Бортников и др. , 19981,2, 2007; Горячев и др. , 2008 и др.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: Natural-language searching affords users the opportunity to fully express their information needs and can aid users naïve to the content and vocabulary. The specific queries analyzed for this study reflect news and research studies reported during the study dates and would surely change with different study dates. Analyzing queries from search engines represents one way of knowing what kinds of content to provide to users of a given Web site. Users ask questions using whole sentences and keywords, often misspelling words. Providing the option for natural-language searching does not obviate the need for good information architecture, usability engineering, and user testing in order to optimize user experience. J Res 2003;5(4):e31doi:10. 2196/jmir. 5. 4. e31KeywordsCancer; Internet; search engines; natural language processing IntroductionFor members of the general public who use the Internet, many seek medical information [1- 6]. According to a recent systematic review of 24 peer-reviewed publications describing the proportions of Internet users among various populations of cancer patients in the developed world, about 39% of cancer patients are using the Internet directly, and in addition, 15% to 20% of persons with cancer use the Internet "indirectly" through family and friends [7]. Studies have evaluated information-seeking behavior on the Internet by cancer patients generally [8- 10], their companions [11,12], and patients with the following common specific cancer diagnoses: breast [13- 16], prostate [17,18], lung [19], and gastrointestinal cancers [20]. Studies have also evaluated information gathering by cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy [21] and chemotherapy [22], and those from centers outside of [23,24]. Individuals from certain disadvantaged groups have been shown to seek medical information online less frequently and with more difficulty [7,25,26]. Eysenbach and Kohler found that general consumers search for medical content using search engines rather than medical portals or sites of medical societies or libraries [27]. Newly-diagnosed cancer patients and their families often start their searches as users less sophisticated in Web and medical terminology. They too commonly begin searching on popular search engines rather than on prominent cancer-information sites. We know that many visitors to our own Web site [28] arrive via search engine result links. To better understand users' needs this research aimed to establish what lay users really want to know when they search online for cancer information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: One could start with a very simple version of this function (Formula (2)). (2) PMK=HMAC−SHA1(PSK) HMAC-SHA1 is a hashing function and the PSK is used as input. This process returns a finite string of characters, the summary, which is inconsistent in the eyes of a human. This string could be used as a PMK, but this approach has a serious threat: hash tables. The result of entering two equal words in the HMAC-SHA1 function is the same, and is the same as saying that two equal passwords generate the same hash. The attack vector is clear, generates many of them with different passwords, and creates a hash table. These tables are distributed over the Internet and the only operation used to decipher a hash is to find it in this collection. It is therefore essential to use this pseudo-random function (see Formula (3)) that prevents two identical passwords from generating the same hash. The result of applying a pseudo-random function is not completely random, as one can guess from its name, since it is determined by a set of initial values. The set of initial values in the WPA/WPA2 protocol is the SSID, i. e. , in order the name of the access point. This process is known as salt or “salting”. (3) PMK=_(HMAC−SHA1,) Although this version is better than the initial one, one can still add complexity to it. It is necessary to design a function that repeats this process a certain number of times to generate a key of a certain number of bits (see Formula (4)). This function is PBKDF2 and when it repeats the application of the pseudo-random function, 4,096 times, it generates a 256-bits key, the PMK. (4) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) From this function, one should be able to receive the first handshake message from the access point, the ANonce. With ANonce the client has all the necessary information to build the PTK, and it is only necessary to concatenate (AMA), and Address (SMA). The result of the concatenation is passed as input to another pseudo-random function that will return a 64-byte (512-bit) string, the PTK (see Formula (5)).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ), не позволяют с этим согласиться. Имеющаяся совокупность современных данных указывает на комплексное сочетание процессов орогенного метаморфизма и магматизма как продуцентов золоторудной минерализации и плутоно-метаморфическое происхождение месторождений золота орогенных складчатых поясов (Горячев, 2003, 2010; Goryachev, 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: To do this we evaluated data from Ask. com [29], a popular natural-language-processing (NLP) search engine. Natural-language-processing search engines allow users to create queries using whole phrases and sentences of any length, rather than just key words. Earlier reports of this project have been published in abstract form only. The abstracts reported a brief project summary [30], and data specific for breast cancer [31] and gastrointestinal cancer [20]. This is the first comprehensive report of the entire project. Methods(NCI) partnered with AskJeeves, Inc to develop a methodology to capture, sample, and analyze 3 months of cancer-related queries on the Ask. com Web site, a prominent US natural-language-processing consumer search engine. At the time of the project, Ask. com was receiving over 35 million queries per month. oncologist (JLB) developed a benchmark set of 500 terms and word roots that were matched against actual AskJeeves user queries. Most terms and word roots were from the NCI dictionary on the NCI Web site [32]. NCI also suggested additional terms not included in the dictionary. These terms related to anatomy, organ systems, treatments, pharmaceuticals, treatment and diagnostic procedures, genetics, epidemiology, and pathology. Table 1. Top 37 search terms and roots with ≥ 5 queries per week during test week% of Total Queries*cancer*976556. 75*tumor*13968. 11*carcino*6563. 81*leukemia*6353. 69lymphom*4192. 43chemotherapy3782. 20biopsy/biopsies3752. 18*melano*3482. 02*sarcoma*2941. 71*dysplasia*2551. 48hodgkin*2451. 42MRI2141. 24clinical trial1871. 09mammogr1751. 02maligna*1700. 99*metasta*1550. 90"*" is a placeholder for the part of the search term before or after the root. The test sample of these 500 words and roots was used to filter cancer queries from the Ask. com Web site for 1 week in August 2001. From these 500 terms, only 37 appeared ≥ 5 times per day over the trial week.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Strong passwords alone are enough to prevent all cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: (5) PTK=PRF512(()) The PTK is divided into five parts as shown in Table 1. Table 1: PTK key decomposition. PTK 16 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes -tx MIC-rx DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-1 At this point, the client sends the second handshake message, composed of its SNonce and an Code (MIC). As the customer already has the PTK, in addition to sending the SNonce, it protects it with an MIC. The MIC is calculated from the SNonce and the Key (KCK). WPA and WPA2 use different hash functions for this step, as can be seen in Formulas (6) and (7), respectively. (6) =HMAC(5SHA) (7) WPA2MIC=HMAC(1) Thus, when the access point receives SNonce and MIC, it can also calculate the PTK (until now it lacked SNonce) and with SNonce and PTK, it can validate the MIC (that is, calculate it and compare if it is the same as the one it has received). If the MIC validation is positive, the access point confirms that it and the client are using the same PTK, which was the initial target. At this point in the handshake, the person intercepting the messages has enough information to make an attempt to decipher the password. Messages 3 and 4 of the process are not relevant to the purpose of this 28. 70%), and wpa-sec (31. 93%). According to Bonneau (2012): Most studies have deciphered 20–50% of dictionary-size passwords in the 220−230 word range. All studies show decreasing yields for larger dictionaries. There is little data on the efficiency of small dictionaries, as most studies use the largest dictionary they can process. Previous works on analyzing password patterns Bonneau (2012) investigated how people form passwords by looking at many publicly available password sets, such as RockYou and CSDN. They defined a variety of password properties, including all digits, non-ascii characters, and the usage of neighboring keys. The 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-2 These times correspond to what are called brute-force attacks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕБаланс золота по временным эпохам предполагает его первично глубинную природу (мантийную – фемическую), но в истории Земли постепенно проявились его коровые свойства, зафиксированные в увеличении разнообразия типов и металлогенических ассоциаций золоторудных месторождений в фанерозое. Крупный перерыв (1. 8–0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: The list of 37 terms (plus common misspellings) yielded 17208 queries for the test week. The frequency of each term is shown in Table 1. Queries with common misspellings, (eg, prostate and prostrate, biopsy and biopsey, leukemia and lukemia, chemotherapy and chemothereapy) were captured and analyzed. It was felt that the cut off of 5 times per day (≥ 35 times per week) would capture the key queries and include any common query topic, since even with a frequency of 35 queries a week, the majority of these terms accounted for less than 1% of the total population. Of the original 500 terms supplied by NCI, only 7% (35/500) appeared in the logs at a high frequency, but this 7% accounts for over 37% of user queries identified as cancer related on Ask. com during the study period. and SamplingThe process used for collecting and sampling queries is outlined in Figure 1. Using the 37 terms to search the Ask. com query logs, 204165 instances of cancer-related queries were found for June, July, and August 2001. Of these queries, 7500 individual user questions were randomly selected by AskJeeves for detailed analysis (see 1. Processing of cancer queries on Ask. com Very often there were multiples of the same questions. Thus, these 7500 queries actually represented 76077 queries that were entered into Ask. com, about 37% (76077/204164) of all queries identified as cancer-related from the 3 month period of log analysis. For example, a user question might be "Where can I find information about breast cancer? " This individual example represents 1 user question, but might have been queried by more than 100 people on any given day. Each query was counted only once. Sampling IssuesThe random sample of 7500 individual queries provides a confidence interval of 1. 11% at a confidence level of 95%. This means that even if more samples were taken from 204165 queries, 95% of those samples should not be off by more than 1. 1%. While this means that the samples themselves would not vary more than 1. 1% over 95% of the samples taken, as the data are categorized and classified, in effect smaller and smaller samples are taken. Therefore, to offset this problem additional queries were examined, even though a smaller sample would still provide a high degree of confidence in the results.

Output: corroborate