Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2014; Aprotosoaie, Luca and Miron 2016; Engeseth and Pangan 2018; Barišić et al. 2019; Muñoz et al. 2019). The cocoa and chocolate aromas, composed of a mixture of hundreds of compounds, are determined by both volatile (mainly aldehydes, esters, organic acids, pyrazines and diketopiperazines) and non-volatile organic compounds (mainly amino acids, other organic acids, saccharides and proanthocyanidins) (Aculey et al. 2010; Rodriguez-Campos et al. 2011, 2012; Owusu, Petersen and Heimdal 2012, 2013; Crafack et al. 2014; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Tran et al. 2015; Batista et al. 2016; Meersman et al. 2016; Menezes et al. 2016; Moreira et al. 2016, 2017, 2018; Pereira et al. 2017; Visintin et al. 2017; Cevallos-Cevallos et al. 2018; Cuellar et al. 2018; Hinneh et al. 2018; Ho, Fleet and Zhao 2018; Mota-Gutierrez et al. 2018, 2019b; Assi-Clair et al. 2019; Hamdouche et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2019; Rottiers et al. 2019; Utrilla-Vázquez et al. 2020). These flavour constituents can be of endogenous (pulp and beans) or fermentation origin. Besides mono- and disaccharides and organic acids (mainly citric acid next to malic acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid), the aqueous unfermented pulp contains acetophenone (1-phenyl ethanone; floral/fruity notes), aldehydes (e. g. phenylacetaldehyde; floral/honey notes), esters (e. g. 2-pentyl acetate or amyl acetate; fruity notes), methylketones (e. g. 2-heptanone; cheese-like notes; precursor of 2-heptanol), secondary alcohols (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Unlike Earth, where ancient rocks are rare, on Mars we can access rocks across nearly the full 4. 5 billion year history of that planet (Bouvier et al. , 2018). Despite the modern thin (1% that of Earth) atmosphere and cold average surface temperature (-60°C), the subsurface of Mars likely remains habitable (Jones et al. , 2011). Future missions, with access to special regions, including deep drilling to seek habitable environments in the subsurface, may be required to target any extant life and unambiguously determine whether life as we know it exists on Mars today and, if so, whether it is related to us. Abbreviations UsedGOEgreat oxidation eventLUCAlast universal common ancestorOGToptimal growth temperature827. Crossref4733. CrossrefPubMed2020. In 2015. . Crossref3. 3 Ga to present. J Planets 124:3344–3353. Crossref1215. CrossrefPubMed1. CrossrefPubMed3. 5 Gyr ago: implications for prebiotic and primitive biotic chemistry. Life 8. CrossrefPubMed945. CrossrefPubMed589. CrossrefPubMed2169. CrossrefPubMed5254. CrossrefPubMed6987. CrossrefPubMed3998. CrossrefPubMed54. CrossrefPubMed2020. . 732. Crossref414. CrossrefPubMed2488. CrossrefPubMed538. CrossrefPubMed5. CrossrefPubMed452. 3107. Crossref353. Crossref60. CrossrefPubMed343. Crossref300. CrossrefPubMed115. CrossrefPubMed188. Crossref5. Crossref185. CrossrefPubMed5920. CrossrefPubMed11. CrossrefPubMed10. CrossrefPubMed126. Crossref685. CrossrefPubMed12. CrossrefPubMed808. Crossref75. Crossref46. CrossrefPubMed343. Crossref350. CrossrefPubMed9. CrossrefPubMed634. CrossrefPubMed7. Crossref128. CrossrefPubMed339. Crossref44. CrossrefPubMed2425. CrossrefPubMed356. CrossrefPubMed533. CrossrefPubMed248. Crossref1033. CrossrefPubMed10. CrossrefPubMed3. CrossrefPubMed1153.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2-heptanol; fruity/floral/spicy notes) and monoterpenes [contribute sweet and flowery notes; e. g. linalool (flowery/leafy/tea-like notes), myrcene (spicy notes) and ocimene (floral/herbal notes)] (Kadow et al. 2013; Chetschik et al. 2018). Monoterpenes derive from the methyl-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of the cocoa plant (with carbohydrates as precursors), whereas methylketones (from secondary alcohols), secondary alcohols and esters derive from the fatty acid metabolism of the cocoa plant. Moreover, acetate ester formation may take place during migration of acetic acid into the cotyledon tissue. Fermentation of the cocoa pulp-bean mass leads to the production of (higher) alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids and sugar alcohols (LAB and yeasts) and esters (yeasts), as described above (Fig. 2; Schwan and Wheals 2004; and Weckx 2016a,b; Figueroa-Hernández et al. 2019; Muñoz et al. 2019; Mota-Gutierrez et al. 2019b). These compounds are produced in the aqueous phase of the cocoa pulp and contribute to the fermentative flavour of the cured cocoa beans. All these compounds can diffuse into the beans, as has been shown during fermentation-like incubations (Kadow et al. 2013; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Sukha, Umaharan and Butler 2017; Chetschik et al. 2018; Ho, Fleet and Zhao 2018; Castro-Alayo et al. 2019). However, some studies on cocoa pulp-bean mass fermentation do not clearly distinguish between flavour (precursor) formation in the pulp, where the actual fermentation takes place, and those processes that occur in the beans. In the latter case, volatile organic compounds can be the result of influx of both microbial and pulp metabolites and/or endogenous pathways or enzymatic conversions taking place in the cocoa beans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: 12 T2 - of Astronomy and Astrophysics JF - of Astronomy and Astrophysics JO - of Astronomy and Astrophysics SP - 54 EP - 66 PB - Group SN - 2376-4686 UR - AB - In this study, a theory on of Origin of Life and Evolution is proposed by establishing (i) striking planetary similarities observed for parents and their children of their respective birth times similar to matching bands in DNA Fingerprinting images of them establishing heredity; (ii) the number of DNA entries required to differentiate one person from the other being identical to the number of planetary configurations that would result (iii) the Cycle in Symphony of Reproduction of Life, and (iv) witnessed origin of complex vertebrates simultaneously and all of a sudden. All the above comprise the strongest scientific evidence in the “Breakthrough of “of Origin of Life and Evolution”. Perhaps, the totipotent cell, formed in space under abiotic conditions during the early days of the solar system, picks up different magnetic signals from out of the solar symphony and at different stages of its development and the DNA is thus programmed. These pre-programmed magnetic memories may be evoked later in evolution when similar magnetic signals are repeated. Life came into being from space brought by star dust on the Earth with each major change of climate for evolution at intervals of simple multiples of Scale ‘Periods’. The study also discusses of how the Sun, Moon, and planets telegraph their effects to us, via interplanetary space striking Earth's magnetosphere, which are perceived by the neural network of the living beings, which are genetically predisposed to hear specific planetary signals. VL - 7 IS - 4 ER - Copy | and 66. Copy |. of Origin of Life and Evolution. Am. J. Astron. Astrophys. 2019, 7(4), 54-66. doi: 10. 11648/j. ajaa. 20190704. 12 Copy |. of Origin of Life and Evolution. Astron Astrophys. 2019;7(4):54-66. doi: 10. 11648/j. ajaa. 20190704. 12 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ajaa. 20190704.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2016)Berta Levavi-reagentTol2 10xUAS:EGFP; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT; myl7:EGFPThis manuscriptMaterials andmethods -Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-G12V-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-T17N-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME mCherry-Utrophin-CH(Andersen et al. , 2011)(Univ. of Wisconsin)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3This manuscript(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS: Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods -Transgenesis experimentsAntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal, anti-OXTPeninsula labsT-5021; RRID:AB_518526(1:200)AntibodyRabbit polyclonal, anti-11122; RRID:AB_221569(1:200)AntibodyMouse monoclonal, anti-Neurophysin(Ben-Barak et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Hence, the chocolate flavour is the result of an interplay between the initial composition of the cocoa pulp and beans and the post-harvest treatments of the cocoa pulp-bean mass (methods, duration and mixing frequency of fermentation and drying), which determines the influx and efflux of flavour and health-related cocoa compounds, and the subsequent processing of the cured cocoa beans during chocolate-making (in particular roasting, alkalization and conching) (Guehi et al. 2010; Rodriguez-Campos et al. 2011, 2012; Owusu, Petersen and Heimdal 2012, 2013; Saltini, Akkerman and Frosch 2013; Suazo, Davidov-Pardo and Arozarena 2014; Tran et al. 2015; Cevallos-Cevallos et al. 2018; Castro-Alayo et al. 2019; Hamdouche et al. 2019; Rottiers et al. 2019; Hinneh et al. 2019a,b). All these subprocesses have an impact on the dynamics and, therefore, end-concentrations of the non-volatile and volatile organic flavour compounds that lead to taste and aroma, respectively. The volatile fraction of cocoa beans that are ready for chocolate-making is mainly the result of Maillard reactions and Strecker degradation among the flavour precursor molecules [hydrophilic peptides, (hydrophobic) amino acids and reducing sugars elaborated during the fermentation and/or drying steps] that take place during the cocoa bean roasting process, with which chocolate manufacturing actually starts (Afoakwa et al. 2008; Frauendorfer and Schieberle 2008; Huang and Barringer 2011; Owusu, Petersen and Heimdal 2012, 2013; Diab et al. 2014; Engeseth and Pangan 2018; Barišić et al. 2019; Frauendorfer and Schieberle 2019; Muñoz et al. 2019; Mota-Gutierrez et al. 2019b). These reactions produce Strecker amines, carboxylic acids [e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: 12 T2 - of Astronomy and Astrophysics JF - of Astronomy and Astrophysics JO - of Astronomy and Astrophysics SP - 54 EP - 66 PB - Group SN - 2376-4686 UR - AB - In this study, a theory on of Origin of Life and Evolution is proposed by establishing (i) striking planetary similarities observed for parents and their children of their respective birth times similar to matching bands in DNA Fingerprinting images of them establishing heredity; (ii) the number of DNA entries required to differentiate one person from the other being identical to the number of planetary configurations that would result (iii) the Cycle in Symphony of Reproduction of Life, and (iv) witnessed origin of complex vertebrates simultaneously and all of a sudden. All the above comprise the strongest scientific evidence in the “Breakthrough of “of Origin of Life and Evolution”. Perhaps, the totipotent cell, formed in space under abiotic conditions during the early days of the solar system, picks up different magnetic signals from out of the solar symphony and at different stages of its development and the DNA is thus programmed. These pre-programmed magnetic memories may be evoked later in evolution when similar magnetic signals are repeated. Life came into being from space brought by star dust on the Earth with each major change of climate for evolution at intervals of simple multiples of Scale ‘Periods’. The study also discusses of how the Sun, Moon, and planets telegraph their effects to us, via interplanetary space striking Earth's magnetosphere, which are perceived by the neural network of the living beings, which are genetically predisposed to hear specific planetary signals. VL - 7 IS - 4 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2-methyl butanoic acid (or 2-methyl butyric acid) and 3-methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid)], and—above all—Strecker aldehydes and heterocyclic aroma compounds (furans, furanones, imidazoles, oxazoles, pyrazines, pyridines, pyrroles and thiazoles), which generate different flavour notes in the final chocolate. Additionally, polymerization reactions produce melanoidin pigments that are responsible for the brown colour. 2,5-Diketopiperazines (bitter taste) are semi-volatile cyclic dipeptides formed from specific peptide precursors during roasting (Andruszkiewicz et al. 2019). The most abundant Strecker aldehydes that contribute to chocolate notes are acetaldehyde (originating from alanine; fruity notes), benzaldehyde (phenylalanine; sweet, bitter and almond notes), 3-methylbutanal (leucine; malty/chocolate notes), 2-methylbutanal (isoleucine; malty/chocolate notes), 2-methylpropanal (valine; malty/nutty/chocolate notes) and phenylacetaldehyde (phenylalanine; floral/honey notes). The most abundant pyrazines that contribute to burnt/cocoa/coffee/earthy/green/nutty/roasty/toasty notes are 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine. Diacetyl and acetoin are precursors for tetramethylpyrazine formation. Subsequent reactions further produce various compounds, such as the cocoa hexenal (5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal or benzeneacetaldehyde; sweet, roasted, rhum- and cocoa-like notes; bitter taste), produced from phenylalanine, in particular during roasting and conching. Proline conversion leads to 2-acetyl-1-pyrrole, which contributes to caramel/chocolate/roasty (popcorn-like) notes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 1 Introduction Abbreviations: ET, extraterrestrial; GC/MS, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; LR, labeled release; LUCA, last universal common ancestor; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Aspects of “astrobiological” research, such as searching for exoplanets, characterizing extremophilic microbes, and searching for biosignatures of ancient life undoubtedly offer important insights into the origin and evolution of life on Earth. Because of the important implications of such work, it is hardly surprising that claims of important breakthroughs often inspire heated debate – one famous example was the claim that the Martian meteorite ALH84001 contained fossilized life (McKay et al. , 1996). This claim required researchers to critically assess fossil and geochemical evidence with a new level of scrutiny, and it has been suggested that despite the consensus that this claim has been refuted, the academic debate has better prepared scientists to assess future evidence for ET (extraterrestrial) life (Dick and Strick, 2004). While this may be true in a situation where conclusions can be subject to rigorous independent analysis, the field of astrobiology also includes speculative research that is at present difficult, if not impossible, to independently test in the manner of the Martian meteorite (Rinaldi, 2007). Taken in this context, the hypothesis known as panspermia that posits life on Earth was introduced from elsewhere may indeed spur innovative research through healthy debate, but it is equally clear that inconclusive evidence is currently cited by some authors as strong evidence of the panspermia hypothesis (Wickramasinghe et al. , 2003). The concept of panspermia can be traced back to a number of different historical origins, from ancient societies that believed in the universality of life to the musings of the early astronomers (Temple, 2007; Crowe, 2008). are commonly associated with the modern incarnation of panspermia, apparently being convinced of the truth of panspermia after the widespread nature of organic compounds in interstellar space was discovered (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Some of the sweet and floral/flowery notes can be obtained from the reduction of 2,3-butanedione and acetoin to 2,3-butanediol upon prolonged conching, as well as the conversion of benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde into benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol, respectively. Degradation of monosaccharides yields furanones (e. g. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)furanone or furaneol) and pyrones (e. g. 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone), which contribute to the caramel-like notes of chocolate. Some of the compounds mentioned above are already initially present in the fermented, dry, unroasted cocoa beans. Indeed, fresh cocoa beans contain secondary alcohols (e. g. 2-heptanol and 2-phenylethanol; floral and fruity notes), aldehydes (e. g. 2-butanal and 2-hexanal; fruity and grassy notes, respectively), ketones (e. g. methylketones, such as acetophenone and 2-heptanone; floral and fruity notes) and organic acids (e. g. 2-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid; sweaty notes). These compounds may increase (e. g. aldehydes and organic acids) or decrease (e. g. ketones) upon curing of the cocoa beans, being the result of biosynthesis or degradation (seed metabolism), modification (Maillard reactions as described above and oxidation of, for instance, linalool to linalool oxide) and influx (transfer of compounds produced in the pulp microbially) or efflux (leakage of compounds from the cocoa beans or volatilization from the pulp and beans) (Rodriguez-Campos et al. 2011, 2012; Castro-Alayo et al. 2019; Hamdouche et al. 2019; Rottiers et al. 2019; Mota-Gutierrez et al. 2019b). For instance, the microbial metabolites that are formed during fermentation and the plant metabolites, which are cultivar- and genotype-dependent, may transfer from the pulp through the seed shell that is likely weakened by fermentation, when the cocoa fermentation process proceeds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Aside from Crick and Orgel’s (Crick and Orgel, 1973) discussions of “directed panspermia” (intentional seeding by intelligent beings, proposed earlier: “J. B. S. Haldane… expressed a belief, in 1954 (Haldane, 1954), that life may have… been launched into space by intelligent beings” (Bernal, 1962)), few other authors have developed a hypothesis as extensive in detail as Hoyle and Wickramasinghe (Wickramasinghe, 2010). These authors suggest that microbial life is ubiquitous and persistent in the cosmos and serves as a constant source of inoculum and genetic material for new planets, contributing to evolutionary trends on each world. We use the structure of their hypothesis to inform discussion on the following questions about panspermia: 1. What, if any, evidence is there for life outside Earth? 2. Is it conceivable that life as we know it could be viably transferred through space to other habitats? 3. How likely is it that transferred life would become established and go on to seed neighboring systems, thus amplifying the process? 4. Can panspermia influence evolutionary progress or affect the origin of life debate? 2 Question 1: Evidence for Planet Earth? 2. 1 is a planet that has long inspired speculation about extraterrestrial life (Pickering, 1921), and the landers used some of the most sophisticated life-detecting instrumentation yet deployed anywhere outside the Earth to probe Martian soils for signs of microbial life. Three of the four experiments designed to test for the presence of life gave negative or ambiguous results (GC/MS, gas exchange, and pyrolytic release experiments), but one final test, the labeled release (LR) experiment, offered a striking positive response. This test, which aimed to detect the respiration of radioactively labeled organic compounds by microorganisms, yielded a strong positive result, with control experiments offering negative responses. The LR experiment was extensively field-tested on Earth and was found to be sensitive to extremely small quantities of viable cells in extreme Earth environments, the closest we have to a Martian analogue.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York:Mac. Millan;1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. :Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins;2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara;2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 1985; Samah, Ptih and Selamat 1992; Buamah, Dzogbefia and Oldham 1997; Dzogbefia, Buamah and Oldham 1999; reviewed in Schwan and Wheals (2004) and and Weckx (2016a,b)]. Also, AAB have been used as the sole inoculum, whereby the application of a starter culture strain of Gluconacetobacter xylinus subsp. xylinus has resulted in a fermentation process without intermediate LAB fermentation phase and cured cocoa beans with lower pH and higher acetic acid concentrations (Samah et al. 1993). However, less cocoa aroma has been obtained than in naturally cured cocoa beans. Yet, greater production of acetic acid by an A. pasteurianus starter culture strain, in combination with a S. cerevisiae starter culture strain, not only leads to a higher acidic taste but also preserves polyphenols from leakage, resulting in a higher bitterness (John et al. 2019). Concerning functional starter cultures that prevail during the cocoa fermentation process, a direct impact of such a starter culture strain could be the production of flavour-active compounds, whereas an indirect impact could be a limitation of the production of undesirable off-flavours or compounds. However, the application of flavour-producing starter culture strains assumes that the flavour precursor molecules or flavour-active compounds are not only produced in the pulp, where the actual cocoa fermentation process takes place, but also diffuse from the pulp into the beans during fermentation, the bean shell being the barrier for this transfer as outlined above (Kadow et al. 2013; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Sukha, Umaharan and Butler 2017; Chetschik et al. 2018; Ho, Fleet and Zhao 2018; Castro-Alayo et al. 2019). Moreover, once inside the beans, the flavour-active compounds have to be retained during the drying step and to survive the chocolate-making process to be of impact on the final chocolate flavour. The reason why many studies do not reveal significant improvement of chocolate flavour upon the use of starter cultures, compared with a spontaneous fermentation process, may be ascribed to a production of off-flavours by the background microbiota in the case that the added starter culture is not competitive enough to allow for its prevalence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Despite this, proponents of panspermia have seized on these claims, suggesting a “cosmic prevalence of nanobacteria” (Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe, 2008) and detecting their fossils (McKay et al. , 1996; Rozanov et al. , 2001; Folk and Taylor, 2002; Hoover et al. , 2004). The debate over life in meteorites is a long, repeated, and substantial one, which we delve into in a separate 2. 3As these other investigations are proceeding, Wickramasinghe and colleagues have taken a different tack, collaborating with the (ISRO) to conduct a series of experiments that seek direct evidence for the panspermia hypothesis. The ISRO has used balloons to sample the upper stratosphere, with the goal of intercepting extraterrestrial microbes filtering down from space (Narlikar et al. , 2003; Wainwright et al. , 2004). This research has had an unsurprisingly controversial air, with a first experiment isolating several organisms from the upper atmosphere (Wainwright et al. , 2003), though a collaborating group disavowed themselves of the results (Willerslev et al. , 2003). The organisms that were isolated are common to the terrestrial environment and almost genetically identical, based on 18S rRNA sequences. Newer work with the same methodology by independent laboratories has isolated new strains from the stratosphere, some of which have been described as new species based on genetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics (Shivaji et al. , 2006, 2009; Yang et al. , 2009, 2010). Whether or not these species are extraterrestrial in nature is still unproven (see Vaidya, 2009 for some discussion points) since not all possible methods of transfer to the stratosphere from the lower Earth can be discounted – it has been suggested that small p2. 4 is now known that molecules essential to life such as water, ammonia (Decin et al. , 2010), and carbon compounds (Smolders et al. , 2010) are commonly generated in stars and transported to the interstellar medium. The precise identity of this carbonaceous mixture has been variously suggested to be a material similar to kerogen (Papoular, 2001), buckyballs (Chen et al. , 2008), or similar compounds formed under conditions common in the circumstellar envelope of certain stars (Kwok, 2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than negative control group on the 14th and 21st day after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase its migration during proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was reduction in the number of fibroblast on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocyte which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: (1985) that has examined strains of several yeast species involved in cocoa fermentation processes as to their capacity to ferment and depectinize cocoa pulp, a yeast starter culture composed of a Kluyveromyces marxianus hybrid strain (MMIII-41), not of cocoa origin but with enhanced pectinolytic activity, has allowed to not only increase the flow of sweatings but also obtain cured cocoa beans of improved quality and chocolates with enhanced sensory attributes, after fermentation of Brazilian cocoa beans (45 kg) in plastic baskets (Leal et al. 2008). The addition of a strain of S. cerevisiae (11) to cocoa pulp-bean mass of different cocoa hybrids from Ecuador and Brazil (CCN51, CEPEC2004, FA13, PH16, PS1030, FA13 and/or PS1319) has been tested in wooden boxes (60–100 kg) and has shown an accelerated fermentation process. This has paralleled faster carbohydrate consumption and ethanol production, preventing undesirable microbial growth. An impact on the volatile organic compounds produced and the resulting chocolate flavour attributes has been found, although this depends on the hybrid used, likely due to differences in pulp composition (Ramos et al. 2014; Menezes et al. 2016). An enhanced pulp degradation by inoculating S. cerevisiae var. chevalieri has been confirmed in the case of cocoa fermentation in plastic bags (Cempaka et al. 2014). An acceleration of the cocoa fermentation process has also been achieved after simultaneous inoculation of the cocoa pulp-bean mass (100 kg of the PS1319 hybrid in wooden boxes) with selected strains of S. cerevisiae (11), Pichia kluyveri (194) and H. uvarum (203), with a 2-log higher cell density of S. cerevisiae, although H. uvarum was suppressed by the two former yeast species. Eventually, the final chocolates possessed a flavour described as bitter, cocoa, coffee, fruity and sour (Batista et al. 2015, 2016). Given its frequent isolation from fermenting cocoa pulp-bean mass, a Candida sp. starter culture has been tested in Malaysia to ferment cocoa pulp-bean mass (5 kg) in a basket, showing inhibition of pathogenic bacteria (Mahazar et al. 2015). Hybrid yeast strains of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Certain proponents of panspermia take this ever-increasing inventory of organic molecules as evidence of the ubiquity of life, disputing the previously mentioned processes: In view of the impossibility of producing cosmically, by non-biological means, organic material from inorganics like water, carbon monoxide and nitrogen gas, it is clear that the immense amount of interstellar organics must be biological in origin. (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1996) Recent claims that biological breakdown products are responsible for the signal of organic carbon in the interstellar medium echo this opinion (Rauf and Wickramasinghe, 2010). While it may indeed turn out that we will discover interstellar carbon-based compounds that are in fact “postbiotic,” it is fundamentally difficult to distinguish abiotic from biotic carbon based on spectra alone – more complex direct tests are clearly required as applied to meteoric PAHs (Naraoka et al. , 2000) or as have been applied to verify the biogenicity of petroleum reserves on Earth (Glasby, 2006). Equally important to consider is the consistent argument by the proponents of this hypothesis that biological materials more exactly duplicate the emission/absorption spectra collected and therefore should be considered correct (Wickramasinghe, 2011). Few would likely dispute that biological extracts as suggested by these authors create a more complex absorption/emission profile that in some cases may better approximate astronomical data. However, it will be also clear to observers that nonbiological models produce a less complex spectrum because they are a simplification in attempt to explain the data (Horneck, 1995). Recent investigations of carbonaceous meteorites have discovered many complex organic compounds not of Earthly origin, including several nucleotide bases (Martins et al. , 2008). This data has also been claimed as the breakdown products of living organisms, but we do well to caution that simple processes such as UV irradiation of PAHs can produce compounds such as alcohols and quinones (Bernstein et al. , 1999), and innumerable papers on the origin of life have demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of compounds such as nucleotides and sugars from precursors present in space (Orgel, 2004; Kim and Benner, 2010; Lambert et al. , 2010a, b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae obtained through selective breeding to get an improved heat tolerance and fermentation capacity, including high aroma production, have been tested during laboratory- (100 mL of pulp in 250-mL glass bottles) and pilot-scale fermentations (50 kg of cocoa pulp-bean mass in baskets) as single-strain starter cultures (thus without the addition of LAB and/or AAB strains) (Meersman et al. 2015, 2016). cured cocoa beans have led to the manufacturing of high-quality chocolates, as reflected in the flavour profiles of the cocoa liquors and conched chocolates. This has been related to the production of flavour-active ethyl esters and acetate esters, especially long and more fat-soluble ones, as short-chain ethyl esters decrease or disappear upon processing and a decrease in spoilage-related off-flavours, which was however strain-dependent. Yet, some of the strains tested have not prevailed during the whole fermentation process. This study has further shown that moderate acidification, in combination with a slow and delayed temperature increase, can result in a high flavour profile of the cocoa beans and chocolates therefrom (Meersman et al. 2016; Papalexandratou and Nielsen 2016). Also the application of strains of P. kluyveri (Indonesian cocoa isolate) and Cyberlindnera fabianii (non-cocoa origin) that produce high concentrations of fruity esters has enabled the modulation of the flavour of the chocolates produced into a sweet taste with fruity, cocoa and roasty notes. An influence on volatile organic compound production has nonetheless been limited, as these non-Saccharomyces yeasts could not prevail during fermentation of the cocoa pulp-bean mass due to their poor competitiveness in a cocoa fermentation ecosystem (Meersman et al. 2016). Other screening studies have looked at the tolerance toward acidity, ethanol, heat and osmotic stress and/or the enzymatic potential of candidate yeast strains (Samagaci et al. 2014, 2015; Visintin et al. 2016; Koffi et al. 2018). For instance, pectinolytic P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: , 2009), perhaps not as clear-cut as on our planet, which has taken many billions of years to reach this level of obvious biological activity. 3 Question 2: Conceivable that Life as to Other Habitats? The existence of numerous lunar and Martian meteorites identified by their unique geology gives strong proof that there is an exchange of material between planets within our solar system. The possibility that these objects could carry viable life has led many to revisit the possibility of panspermia. This topic was ably reviewed by Horneck and Brack (1992), who point out several mechanisms for p6. 0 × 105 and up to ∼14 million years to arrive on Earth (Eugster et al. , 1997), and radiopanspermia has been suggested to take a minimum of 106 years to reach a new planetary system although considerably less within a solar system (Secker et al. , 1996). While bacterial life has been claimed to be potentially viable for possibly up to millions of years (Vreeland et al. , 2000), this has been criticized on the basis that DNA is not thermodynamically stable enough to remain intact for this long (Graur and Pupko, 2001) and that there is possibility of contamination during sampling procedures that purport to isolate ancient life (Willerslev et al. , 2004; Willerslev and Hebsgaard, 2005). Even if contamination is ruled out, the thermodynamic argument remains strong since DNA is inherently unstable – experiments examining dormant bacteria trapped in Antarctic ice corroborate this line of reasoning (Bidle et al. , 2007), showing decreased viability of cells with an increased period of dormancy. In addition, the ability for DNA to remain viable may vary with phylogeny, with calculations suggesting that mesophiles are least likely to retain viable DNA over long periods, while thermophiles have a much better chance (Nicholson, 2003). Radiation damage will inevitably accelerate this process and, combined with the factors of low temperature and vacuum, may act synergistically to destroy DNA (Fekete et al. , 2005), although it has been also suggested that extreme cold tends to retard the destruction of DNA (Demidov et al. , 1995). Radiation shielding is plausible with lithopanspermia events, but the small p4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: kudriavzevii and Candida nitrativorans strains isolated from Ivorian cocoa bean heap fermentation processes have been proposed as candidate yeast starter cultures, solely or in combination (Samagaci et al. 2014, 2015, 2016). It has further been shown that a great genetic and metabolic intraspecies diversity occurs among P. kudriavzevii strains regarding the production of volatile organic compounds during laboratory-scale fermentations (400 g of cocoa pulp-bean mass in 1-L glass bottles) (Pereira et al. 2017). Hence, the selection of two highly aromatic strains of P. kudriavzevii (LPB06 and LPB07) has led to an acceleration of the cocoa fermentation process and yielded cured cocoa beans with a rich aroma composition. The application of monocultures of a strain of Torulaspora delbrueckii (IC103), possessing several enzyme activities and co-cultures of this strain with a strain of S. cerevisiae (IC67) has indicated the prevalence of S. cerevisiae upon fermentation of 300 kg of cocoa pulp-bean mass (hybrids PS1319 and SJ02) in wooden boxes. A positive impact on the sensory profile of the chocolates therefrom could be obtained in the presence of T. delbrueckii too, although this depended on the cocoa hybrid (Visintin et al. 2017). In contrast, no differences have been found in microbial community dynamics, physicochemical parameters and metabolite production when using two commercial strains of S. cerevisiae (ID67) and T. delbrueckii (ID103) as starter cultures during Forastero cocoa hybrid heap (100 kg) and wooden box (200 kg) fermentation processes carried out in Cameroon (Mota-Gutierrez et al. 2018). Although the authors have indicated different fermentation practices, the cocoa variety and the use of different starter cultures as the main cause of the limited success of the strains inoculated, it is most likely that the non-cocoa origin and hence non-adaptiveness or non-competitiveness of the strains can explain this. Similarly, the use of bakers’ yeast (S. cerevisiae) produces unacceptable bready notes in cured beans and chocolates therefrom (Bittenbender et al. 2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: , 2010), but the vast majority of systems discovered include “hot Jupiters,” large gas giants orbiting extremely close to their sun. This has led to speculation about the possibility of terrestrial planets existing with these large planets as neighbors, with calculations indicating that these large planets will not necessarily suppress rocky planet formation (Raymond et al. , 2005), with other estimates suggesting up to one fourth of known extrasolar planetary systems may be habitable (Menou and Tabachnik, 2003). Other authors have suggested that a host star requires a specific metallicity to effectively form rocky planets like our own (Lineweaver, 2001). On a similar note, the different elemental composition of planets or oxidation state may be important – it is possible that life evolving on one world may find a new environment toxic due to the abundance of an element rare on its home world. On Earth, cyanobacteria are known to have a low threshold for cadmium toxicity, which is explained by the fact that the environment in which they originally evolved contained less free cadmium due to a different oxidation state (Saito et al. , 2003). It is also equally possible that life may be metabolically adaptable in ways we have yet to discover – a new report of bacteria that purportedly use arsenate to replace the biological function of phosphate offers support for this notion (Wolfe-Simon et al. , 2011a). However, at the time of writing, the methodology of this study has been widely discussed and criticized (Benner, 2011; Borhani, 2011; Cotner and Hall, 2011; Csabai and Szathmary, 2011; Foster, 2011; Oehler, 2011; Redfield, 2011; Rosen et al. , 2011; Schoepp-Cothenet et al. , 2011), with the report’s claims and response to comments (Wolfe-Simon et al. , 2011b) at this point appearing inconclusive at best. 4. 2 the lack of information about the existence of extrasolar habitats, we can make some guesses about the possibility of panspermia on different bodies as modeled on our own solar system. In the case of icy bodies such as Europa, panspermia may be less likely because ice will be less amenable to transfer or UV shielding.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Yet, the application of two highly aromatic, commercial strains of S. cerevisiae from wine origin have resulted in favourable scores for the volatile organic compound production profiles of cocoa beans and concomitant chocolates, leading to intense fruity and floral notes in a strain-dependent way. These results were obtained for cocoa fermentation processes carried out in 45-L plastic boxes with 30 kg of cocoa pulp-bean mass of an Ivorian hybrid (Assi-Clair et al. 2019). Mixed-species and -strain starter cultures Thorough screenings and kinetic analyses have been performed to compose a mixed-strain starter culture representing the three main microbial species involved in cocoa fermentation processes, namely S. cerevisiae, Liml. fermentum and A. pasteurianus (Lefeber et al. 2010, 2011b; Moens, Lefeber and 2014). Therefore, fermentations with candidate yeast, LAB and AAB strains have been performed in 10-L laboratory fermentors making use of cocoa pulp simulation media (CPSM-LAB and CPSM-AAB). This way, the competitiveness of dedicated strains of heterofermentative, mannitol-producing and citrate-converting Liml. fermentum, homofermentative and citrate-non-converting Lacp. plantarum and ethanol- and lactic acid-oxidizing, acetic acid-overoxidizing A. pasteurianus has been shown. An accelerated cocoa fermentation process has been shown by the addition of a strain of Lacp. plantarum to cocoa pulp-bean mass (16 g) of Indonesian cocoa beans in 50-mL glass bottles too (Kresnowati, Suryani and Affifah 2013). CPSM-LAB and CPSM-AAB has also been used to study the (meta)fluxome of LAB and AAB strains, respectively (Adler et al. 2013, 2014). Furthermore, the cocoa fermentation process has been simulated in CPSM-LAB during 10-L laboratory fermentations, compensating for the loss of ethanol due to the high fermentation temperature and aeration, by means of a carefully selected triculture, consisting of a consortium of three strains, namely S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Planets with strictly atmospheric life have been suggested as on a contemporary Venus (Schulze-Makuch and Irwin, 2002), and these could offer an excellent method of transfer since the organisms already inhabit a highly extreme environment that is in close exchange with space (Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe, 2008). One of the few types of bodies we can be fairly sure exist throughout the cosmos are comets, and these bodies are an essential part of Hoyle-Wickramasinghe’s version of panspermia, in which comets offer a location for the origin of life as well as a “vehicle” for the transfer of life (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1999). There does appear to be some evidence that comets and potentially asteroids contained liquid water early in their history from the decay of radioactive aluminum (Wilson et al. , 1999; Merk and Prialnik, 2006), with frozen water ice still clearly visible in contemporary comets (Sunshine et al. , 2006). Wickramasinghe et al. (2009) have also claimed that comets could allow for liquid water near perihelion based on surface temperatures above 300 K. However, the assertion that life evolved and persists in comets has been roundly criticized (Horneck, 1995). Bar-Nun et al. (1981) also point out that comets may not have the structural integrity necessary to contain liquid water and that any organic compounds produced on the surface through interactions with stellar UV radiation would be sublimated at perihelion. In addition, it has been noted that organisms thus far claimed to be inhabitants of comets show no specific adaptations to that niche (Jalasvuori et al. , 2009; Vaidya, 2010). Many questions about comets will be answered by the probe, which is set to intercept comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. Equipped with devices that can measure the chemical composition of the comet from afar, the probe also includes a lander that will be able to measure biologically important characteristics such as the enantiomeric composition of amino acids in the comet (Thiemann and Meierhenrich, 2001), which may offer insight into both solar system formation as well any possible biological activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Globally, the African region has the highest age-standardized alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury (WHO, 20. . . . . Read10. 32474/JBRS. 2024. 02. 000147 View abstract PDF Full text Renewable energy is a resource, which is obtained from naturally renewable resources, which don’t deplete overtime making it different from fossil fuels. The main sources shall be considered: solar, energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, etc. Given the critical importance of renewable energies in addressing global challenges similar to climate change, energy security, and sustainable development, interest in these energy sources is rapidly increasing worldwide. Additionally, the job market for the renewable energy sector is growing exponentially. Whatsoever, despite the high demand participation of women both globally and in Georgia remains low. A study conducted in 2018 by the found that women make up 32% of the workforce in. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000171 View abstract PDF Full text In the field of healthcare, the role of clinical preceptors is of paramount importance in shaping the learning experiences and professional development of nursing students (Dube & Rakhudu, 2021) [1]. According to Dube (2018) [2], these skilled and experienced clinicians play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world clinical practice. The role of clinical preceptors in nursing education has long been acknowledged as fundamental to the development of competent and compassionate nurses (Edward, Ousey, Playle, & Giandinoto, 2017) [3]. The effectiveness of preceptorship is crucial in shaping the clinical learning experiences of nursing students and ultimately impacting their professional growth (AlMekkawi & El Khalil, 2020) [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000326 View abstract PDF Full text of France and the World: It is with great urgency and a profound sense of responsibility that we address you today regarding a matter of grave international concern. This letter aims to shed light on the insidious actions and ambitions of and the Qatari authorities under her influence. The involvement of these entities in global affairs has led to widespread conflict, suffering, and instability, and it is imperative that we collectively recognize and address these issues to protect our future. . . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Also strains of Bacillus species have been screened as to their capacity to produce pectinase, to degrade citrate and to be acid-, ethanol- and heat-tolerant in view of potential starter culture applications for cocoa fermentation processes (Yao et al. 2017a,b). Finally, a Lacp. plantarum starter culture strain has been tested as to its capacity to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi (Djaafar et al. 2019). Challenges of starter culture use and opportunities within the domain of ecological intensification If all the experiments and proofs-of-principle mentioned above will finally lead to on-farm use of functional starter cultures will depend on several factors (and Weckx 2016a,b; Ozturk and Young 2017). However, both farmers and chocolate producers will profit from it. First of all, good agricultural and farming practices and the use of high-quality raw material remain primordial, as starter culture application cannot substitute for that. Further, not only the introduction of the application of starter cultures at farm level or in large estates, but also their production, maintenance and distribution and the accompanying farmers’ training and extra costs will be a great challenge and should be covered by the chocolate industry. Hence, practical feasibility (taking into account geography and logistics) and structural adoption by the cocoa farmers are still to be seen as bottlenecks that lag behind the biotechnological state of affairs. A potential way forward to overcome such important hurdles is to firmly situate starter culture innovation in an overarching framework of sustainable agriculture. It is indeed the latter that is nowadays creating most of the momentum for food innovations, as a comprehensive ecological intensification of global agriculture will be needed to improve productivity and sustainability by mid-century and beyond (Rusere et al. 2019). The political and industrial will to do so is already becoming more outspoken, which will facilitate the proper biotechnological means in the to, eventually, benefit resource-poor farmers (Qaim, Krattiger and 2000). One of the key issues, however, will be to obtain farmer support by tailoring such plans to the clear benefit of smallholder farming systems. Dedicated analysis of the farming systems and farmer type heterogeneity will be required to interlink ecosystem characteristics with potential ecological intensification (Rusere et al. 2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: 1 from an initial “seeding” playing an essential role in the rise of life, a natural corollary is that “cosmic life forms” could have an ongoing influence on the evolution and diversity of life on Earth. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe have championed the highly controversial suggestion that viruses come from space, believing that the often unpredictable pattern of communicable diseases becomes intelligible in the light of inoculation from above. A paper attributing the recent SARS outbreak to this mechanism (Wickramasinghe, 2003) has been roundly criticized for a number of reasons (Willerslev et al. , 2003), and more general problems have been raised in regard to the potential role of viruses in ET environments (Jalasvuori et al. , 2009). The exchange of biological p5. 2 discussed in the previous sections suggests that Earth is unlikely to be uniquely capable of supporting life and therefore may be common throughout the cosmos (Lineweaver and Davis, 2002) – both panspermia and many independent origins of life could produce this inferred pattern. Little is known about the probability of panspermia carrying life over galactic distances, though it has been suggested that: On the assumption that this ejection mechanism [radiopanspermia] is common in other planetary systems environmentally capable of supporting life, a “chain reaction” may seed the disc of the Galaxy within a few billion years. In that case it is unlikely that life originated on Earth. (Napier, 2004) The belief that effective transfer events are inevitable and the a priori probability of life self-organizing is extremely low has led Hoyle and Wickramasinghe to suggest an independent origin is not relevant to the rise of life on Earth (Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, 1996). While some authors have suggested panspermia events were more likely at the time of Earth’s formation (see above sections), the logic that life is an “accident” of prebiotic chemistry and therefore unlikely to have occurred by random chance on Earth has been challenged by other authors (Trevors and Abel, 2004), although considerable uncertainty remains about the probability of an independent origins of life on Earth (Davies, 2003). Clearly, neither explanation can be proven correct at the moment, but it does appear that a minimum number of multiple origins are necessary if we assume a homogenous distribution of life throughout the universe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 2024. 07. 000251 View abstract PDF Full text is the most serious presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD), carrying severe consequences due to the occlusion of major coronary arteries. The primary goal in managing STEMI is early reperfusion therapy. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy for patients with acute STEMI, especially when performed promptly from the first medical contact (FMC) [1]. Despite achieving a patent infarct-related artery after revascularization, some patients experience the “no-reflow” phenomenon due to microvascular dysfunction. This phenomenon is defined as a coronary blood flow of less than TIMI 3 without significant stenosis, dissection, or an angiographically observed thrombus distal to the intervention site [2]. Intracoronary Nanitroprusside, an NO d. . . . . Read08, 2024 Is the search for solutions to Effective if are Similar to like Animals and Plants? Rafizadeh* Psychol & 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000285 View abstract PDF Full text In a life-complex, each human is a member of the societal lifecomplex, adapted to its environment and dependent on it for daily needs. In his 1948 book, Society as the Patient, Lawrence K. Frank views society as a living organism that can become ill, exhibiting symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated by mental health professionals. In adopting this view, mental health professionals would address societal illness as reflected on individual humans through a medical lens, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to maintain a healthier society. At first glance, it may not seem easy to link the planetary life-complex and its illnesses to the work of mental health professionals. However, considering that the planetary life-complex is made of many societal life-complexes, and each soc. . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. 2024. 06. 000250 View abstract PDF Full text The term demilitarization refers to a complete set of processes that render weapons, ammunition and explosives unfit for their original purpose [1]. Demilitarization is a necessary step for military items before their release to a non-military environment and is carried out in a safe, inexpensive, practical and environmentally responsible manner [2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: There are indeed many different types of farmers, who can be categorized from aspirational innovators, over copy-cats, to the change-resistant type (Hammond et al. 2017). Depending on the farmer profile, the adoption of starter cultures can be either a smooth or difficult process. In any case, smallholder innovation is not to be taken as self-evident but offers nonetheless potential for increased sustainability and improved livelihoods, provided that it is endorsed by the farmer families themselves. For instance, agroecological transition based on agroforestry and cashew intercropping on cocoa plantations is becoming a familial tool of social and ecological transition, ahead of the top-down implementation by industry and politics (Ruf, Kone and Bebo 2019). The local use of starter cultures for cocoa fermentation may help to achieve similar purposes by improving the yields and reducing the losses, as long as its logistic implementation is facilitated and its advantages are made clear to the smallholders that have to adopt them. If that is the case, the latter may as well end-up catalyzing the transition to more controlled cocoa fermentation processes and improved cured cocoa bean yields, hence enhancing the supply of cocoa beans for chocolate production and allowing uniform bulk as well as tailor-made chocolates. So, rather than relying on mere financial incentives at farmer or cooperative level—driven by a consumer demand for new flavours or a market benefit from higher standardization—a real breakthrough can probably only be achieved if the technology of starter culture use is understood by both industry and farmers as a promising path to a more resilient production system in an ecological and economic system of change. Fermentation recipients Except for common heaps, boxes, baskets and platforms, cocoa fermentation processes have been carried out in drums and stainless steel tanks (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Pereira et al. 2012, 2013a; and Weckx 2016a). The latter recipients have been used to control the environmental contamination of the cocoa pulp-bean mass, to facilitate the use of starter cultures, to improve the aeration of the cocoa pulp-bean mass and to enhance the mixing of the fermenting cocoa pulp-bean mass and thus have an impact on a homogeneous pH and temperature control, given the importance of these external factors. However, care has to be taken to keep the heat inside the fermentor to allow a desirable increasing temperature course.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Gordon and Hoover (2007) have argued based on a calculated “speed of life” (the maximum speed at which panspermia could move with ejecta) that at least 50,000 unique origins would be necessary to explain universal life (which amounts to at least once per 2,000 galaxies). It is also conceivable that the origin of life is much more probable than Hoyle and Wickramasinghe consider – this would be supported if we were able to discover biochemically distinct forms of life on Earth that are the product of a unique origin. Some authors have suggested searching for “…opposite chirality biomarkers, nonracemic mixtures of biological material, or anomalous ratios of stable isotopes that cannot be explained by abiotic or normal biotic processes” (Davies and Lineweaver, 2005). Other evidence may come from investigating phenomena such as “desert varnish” which appear biological but have not been satisfactorily explained (Cleland, 2007; Davies et al. , 2009). The discovery of these hypothesized “shadow biospheres” would offer evidence that the origin of life is highly probable given clement conditions. Any such discovery would, in the opinion of some authors, be more significant than evidence for a successful panspermia event since it would inform the probability of life originating not just on Earth, but throughout the universe (Shapiro and Schulze-Makuch, 2009). While there is still considerable debate on the interpretation of early microfossils (see above sections and Gordon and McNichol, 2012), it is now generally accepted that life appeared on Earth very quickly after conditions of the Hadean era became more hospitable to life. This early appearance of life, combined with evidence suggesting that many complex biochemical processes were present in the LUCA, has led Line (2002) to consider that an extraterrestrial origin of life was necessary to provide sufficient time for these evolutionary innovations to develop. How much time was available for early life to evolve from a “prebiotic” state to life as we know it is still unknown – it has been recently suggested that early “sterilizing impacts” were not sufficient to wipe out thermophiles (Abramov and Mojzsis, 2009) and that Earth could have been reseeded by impact ejecta (Wells et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: These zircons must have been shocked by a major heating event or events, such as the formation of Borealis by an impact (Hu et al. 2019; Moser et al. 2019; Costa et al. 2020; Cox et al. 2022). That we do not have a record of similar shock events in the ∼4. 0–4. 3 Ga time frame suggests Borealis formed during that recorded shocked zircon record (Bottke & Norman 2017), anchoring Borealis to a time period older than that preferred by recent dynamics work (e. g. , Morbidelli et al. 2018; Marchi 2021); this again assumes that Borealis is a crater or it formed from an impact event. However, it is possible that our Martian zircon record is missing a later, major event. It is also conceivable that there was simply a larger time gap between Borealis and Utopia, during which large impacts formed and were not recorded, potentially due to the heat caused by Borealis itself (Figures 2(B), (D)). 5. 6. Mars has Hidden ∼80% of its Large, Ancient, Post-SPA-aged CratersThis explanation posits that, somehow, Mars has hidden or destroyed much of its large-impact crater population from the first ≈700–800 Myr of its history. This is possible, at least to a certain extent, beyond the chronology argument above and the hiding of some impacts in a hot, soft Mars between the formation of Borealis and Utopia. The actual mechanisms are unimportant for this discussion, just whether it could have happened and what evidence for or against it exists (e. g. , whether aqueous erosion or volcanic overprinting happened does not matter for this discussion, just that something happened to remove craters). One possible way to hide craters is Mars's north–south hemispheric dichotomy: Approximately half of Mars—practically all of the northern hemisphere—has a significantly younger surface age than the other half. These northern lowlands are the Borealis basin. While the true origin of the dichotomy is still debated (though most researchers now consider it to be of impact origin), superposition relationships indicate it is the feature preserved in Mars's crust. Because it contains the Utopia crater, Borealis must predate that feature, so it likely formed at least ≥4. 3 Ga (Utopia's model age).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, to take all these factors into account, new fermentor designs and controlled fermentation methods are needed. Temperature control, applying either a temperature regime or a constant temperature, has been examined on laboratory-scale through controlled incubation of fermentation recipients (Pereira et al. 2012, 2017; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014, 2015; Mayorga-Gross et al. 2016; Apriyanto et al. 2017; Ho, Fleet and Zhao 2018; Romanens et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019; Racine et al. 2019). Experimentally, (micro)fermentation of cocoa pulp-bean mass has been tested in glass bottles (Kresnowati, Suryani and Affifah 2013; Apriyanto et al. 2017; Pereira et al. 2017; John et al. 2019), plastic bags (Cempaka et al. 2014; Gibe and Pangan 2015; Bittenbender et al. 2017), plastic baskets, boxes, pots or vessels (Leal et al. 2008; Lefeber et al. 2011a; Pereira et al. 2012; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2015; Cevallos-Cevallos et al. 2018; Ho, Fleet and Zhao 2018; Romanens et al. 2018; Assi-Clair et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2019; Racine et al. 2019), polystyrene boxes or coolers (Ali et al. 2014; Mayorga-Gross et al. 2016), etc. Some of these laboratory-scale model systems provide useful tools to examine the influence of cocoa genotypes, origins, particular process parameters, or starter cultures on the cocoa fermentation process and final cocoa bean quality for chocolate production. understanding of the microbial ecology of cocoa fermentation processes has increased substantially during the last decade. Also, more detailed knowledge about the formation of flavour precursors inside the beans upon fermentation is available now. However, as the influence of several factors that may impact both the microbial dynamics and flavour compound production kinetics during fermentation of the cocoa pulp-bean mass is not fully known yet, further studies are necessary to unravel this. Furthermore, appropriate fermentation methods need to be applied when introducing new fermentation recipients, such as wooden drums or stainless steel tanks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: , 2003), in which case life may have had more time to develop on Earth than previously supposed. Evidence for this period of Earth’s history is missing from the geological record, though it may be preserved as ejected meteorites on the moon or other bodies (Crawford et al. , 2008). Line (2002) has suggested that we may be able to confirm evidence for the evolution of life on Earth elsewhere in the universe if we were to discover life on Mars or Europa that was genetically related to Earthly life. There are naturally pitfalls in any potential interpretation of such data, and Ebach et al. (2008a) caution us to heed the past failures of biogeography and not seek to draw conclusions where data is scanty or lacking. This viewpoint earned criticism from ardent supporters of panspermia as geocentric (Wallis et al. , 2008) though it has been noted that at this point, we cannot help but be “geocentric” (Ebach et al. , 2008b). The discovery of biochemically related life would be unlikely to quell this debate since it would undoubtedly be difficult to resolve its provenance (Pace, 2001). Indeed, it is likely that the discovery of ET life would only deepen the mystery of our origins. 6 Conclusions and DirectionsAt first glance, the hypothesis of panspermia appears to be supported by the weight of much biological and astronomical research, but despite a few tantalizing hints, it remains currently in the realm of conjecture. Few would likely disagree that imaginative speculation about the fundamental questions of life’s origin has inspired much great research, as it currently inspires research into astrobiology. Unfortunately, science’s power to explain these phenomena is constrained by ambiguous, controversial, or nonexistent data. The study of astrobiology therefore is often significantly influenced by opinion – Younghusband’s musings on this subject remain relevant even today to discussions of panspermia: The onus of proving that nowhere else throughout the whole mighty universe than on this tiny speck of a planet does life appear rests upon those who deny it. (p. 47 in (Younghusband, 1927)) This argument appears central in the writings of ardent supporters of panspermia but cannot in itself prove anything satisfactorily.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Specifically, Frey (2006) lists 10 additional possible craters D > 1000 km, and another nine are visible in their Figure 3 with D > 700 km; this work was followed up by Liang et al. (2022) who examined gravity anomalies, though their work was for craters D < 500 km. If all of the features identified in Frey (2006) are real impact craters, then there are a total of 23 large, ancient impacts, which is still only half as many as are expected from the Moon:Mars scaling described in previous sections. However, it should be noted that Frey's work is not widely accepted within the impact crater community, and most circular-appearing features they identified have been questioned by later work. For example, Bottke & Andrews-Hanna (2017) demonstrated that the existing gravity data do not support the existence of other large, buried craters (e. g. , the gravity data strongly support Utopia being a crater, despite its size and age, but there is no corresponding signal beneath Chryse Planitia, which had often been considered an impact crater nearly 2000 km across). They also performed simulations and, based on the observation that Isidis is the only observed megameter-class crater to be imprinted on the dichotomy boundary, found that there should be <12 total megameter-sized craters after the Borealis formation event (in contrast with the 6 observed, plus 19 from Frey). Additionally, Frey (2012, and 5. 7. Aside: Late-heavy Bombardment versus versus Accretion TailThere remains significant debate (e. g. , see review by Bottke & Norman 2017) about the nature of the impact flux in the inner solar system's first ∼800 Myr history: Is there a postaccretionary tail of impacts that simply decays with time, where features like Orientale are the last gasps of ∼1000 km causing impacts; was there a late-heavy bombardment spike around 3. 9–4. 1 Ga (similar to the model ages of most large craters discussed in this study) due to the aforementioned dynamical rearrangements; and/or was or were there earlier spike(s) perhaps as early as 10 Myr (e. g. , Clement et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2022) or ∼100 Myr (e. g. , Nesvorný et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Finally, there is still a long way to go to realize the practical implementation of (lyophilized) starter culture practices for cocoa fermentation processes on-farm on a large scale. authors acknowledge their financial support from the university council (SRP7, IRP2 and IOF2442 projects), the Hercules foundation (grants UABR09004 and UAB13002) and the Flanders (FWO-SBO18 project 004617N). Conflicts of declared. 602. 95. 7. 63. 81. 16. 53. 53. 45. 57. 105. 64. 33. 2016. 2170. 53. 54. 70. 62. 7. 62. 28. 60. 91. 69. 99. 9. 13. 59. 3163. 2005. 70. 10. 7. 2009. 6. 4. 106. 97. 61. 62. 51. 7. 9. 97. 24. 98. 1157. 25. 8381. 72. 52. 5. 2019. 504. 20. 70. 9. 16. 16. 25. 52. 16. 9. 83. 8. 12. 2005. 5. 85. 90. 17. 78. 52. 82. 34. 128. 12. 91. 59. 22. 50. 51. 9. 15. 6. 92. 9324. 7. 9. 14. 86. 62. 30. 117. 22. 91. 12. 98. 20. 8550. 56. 67. 87. 86. 64. 2019. 8040. 766. 526. 78. 63. 8. 8. 53. 7. 94. 5335. 72. 98. 61. 10. 1080/19440049. 2015. 1112038. 516. 9. 52. 25. 7. 14. 85. 11. 13. 8. 9. 47. 65. 62. 98. 9. 64. 16. 8. 92. 78. 61. 71. 7. 102. 9. 43. 9. 1559. 76. 46. 34. 94. 8865. 90. 55. 9. 64. 57. 17. 49. 766. 203. 0964. 884. 18. 40. 3311. 6. 10. 1080/10408398. 2019. 1581726. 94. 8. 84. 5. 72. 86. 83. 8977.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: Whether life on Earth began solely here or was transferred from elsewhere, both panspermia and origin of life research will likely have complementary parts to play in probing these mysteries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2018; Ribeiro de Sousa et al. 2020) after planet formation? The veracity of these scenarios (or hybrids, or alternatives such as the sawtooth model of Morbidelli et al. 2012) does not matter for the broad observation-expectation mismatch described in this work so long as the same scenario happened on both Moon and Mars. What might matter, however, is the effect(s) that any spike had on the bolide ratio at each body, and whether that ratio was or was not recorded in the impact crater record. The interaction between the timing of when each surface can begin to record impacts observed today, any spike in impacts, and any different Mars:Moon bolide ratio could have roles in solving this overall large-crater population issue (e. g. , Figure 2(D)). 6. Synthesis and DiscussionThe similarity in the number of large (∼1000 km or larger) craters on the Moon and Mars that date to ≳3. 7 Ga is difficult to reconcile with a simple interpretation of what is known about the history of these bodies and the smaller objects that impacted them. The crater cataloging and straightforward scaling laws indicate roughly 10 times as many impacts should be present on Mars, which is difficult to reconcile with observations, even if several large features on Mars that are often discounted as impact craters actually are impact craters. Of the six possible ways described above to explain the observation-expectation mismatch, one appears to be the most likely explanation, if not certainly a component of the solution given the modeling that exists in the literature today: The bolide ratio between Earth and Mars today is not what it was when these craters were forming, and especially the large bolide ratio that produces megameter-sized craters was different. There are strong dynamical arguments for it to be different, and there are strong dynamical arguments for it to be more complex than a straightforward ratio based on Mars- and Earth-crossing asteroid populations today. If the bolide ratio were smaller, that helps to significantly reduce the number of expected large old craters on Mars.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The water retaining capacity of lactic acid makes it suitable for use as moisturizer in cosmetic formulations. Ethyl lactate is the active ingredient in many anti-acne preparations. The natural occurrence of lactic acid in human body makes it very useful as an active ingredient in cosmetics [45]. Lactic acid has long been used in pharmaceutical formulations, mainly in topical ointments, lotions, and parenteral solutions. It also finds applications in the preparation of biodegradable polymers for medical uses such as surgical sutures, prostheses and controlled drug delivery systems [45]. Because of ever-increasing amount of plastic wastes worldwide, considerable research and development efforts have been devoted towards making a single-use, biodegradable substitute of conventional thermoplastics. Biodegradable polymers are classified as a family of polymers that will degrade completely – either into the corresponding monomers or into products, which are otherwise part of nature – through metabolic action of living organisms. The demand for lactic acid has been increasing considerably, owing to the promising applications of its polymer, the polylactic acid (PLA), as an environment-friendly alternative to plastics derived from petrochemicals. PLA has received considerable attention as the precursor for the synthesis of biodegradable plastic [46]. The lactic acid polymers have potentially large markets, as they many advantage like biodegradability, thermo plasticity, high strength etc. , have potentially large markets. The substitution of existing synthetic polymers by biodegradable ones would also significantly alleviate waste disposal problems. As the physical properties of PLA depend on the isomeric composition of lactic acid, the production of optically pure lactic acid is essential for polymerization. L-Polylactic acid has a melting point of 175–178 °C and slow degradation time. L-Polylactide is a semicrystalline polymer exhibiting high tensile strength and low elongation with high modulus suitable for medical products in orthopedic fixation (pins, rods, ligaments etc. ), cardiovascular applications (stents, grafts etc. ), dental applications, intestinal applications, and sutures [45]. Advertisement 3. Materials and methods3. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: July 7, 2020 Directed Panspermia: Synthetic DNA in bioforming planets As our technological advancements continue, scientists are beginning to turn what was science fiction into reality. Concepts such as terraforming and travel between stars are becoming more achievable, giving life to the dream that one day we might colonise other planets. Directed panspermia is one method of altering a hostile, uninhabited planet to a more Earth-like environment, and of Technology’s Sleator and Smith propose that synthetic DNA may be the most efficient approach. The double helix of DNA controls the genetic makeup of life on Earth. Inter-planetary travel. Terraforming. Synthetic DNA. These all sound like plot points from classic science fiction novels, but everyday science is closing the gap between concepts that were once reserved for fantasy and research marking the boundaries of human development. The idea that humanity might one day leave Earth and colonise planets across the galaxy is an inspirational dream that is rapidly becoming a reality, thanks to the cutting-edge developments across a variety of scientific disciplines. One such discipline is astrobiology, which is the intersection of biology and physics. The genetic makeup of life on Earth is controlled by the double helix of DNA. Since its discovery biologists have been researching exactly how to decode this helix to extract the information within to understand how it controls the physical attributes of life. We have successfully sequenced our own genome, and gene editing is common within research. Whilst biologists study the microscopic, physicists search for entire planets beyond our solar system. As telescope and remote sensing techniques improve, they can study planetary bodies, identifying their atmospheric and surface conditions. Astrobiology brings these two focuses together as researchers look at the origins of life on Earth, as well as looking for evidence of life on other planets. Sleator is a molecular biologist at the of Technology in Ireland. He works together with Smith, astrophysicist at Observatory, and the researchers are particularly interested in planets beyond our solar system that may support life. As Earth’s population grows and resources become stretched, scientists are looking to both nearby planets and those that have been discovered throughout the galaxy as potential locations for the spread of humanity among the stars. Scientists could create a synthetic microbial colonist that would be perfectly designed for the environment on an exoplanet. Identifying exoplanets orbits our Sun at a perfect distance to support life (the habitable zone).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Differentially expressed serum proteins in children with or without asthma as determined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2020. The first revision was submitted on August 1st, 2020 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on August 26th, 2020 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2020. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Aug 26, 2020 · changes you have made in the manuscript have improved the manuscript. Congratulations! ! [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Vladimir Uversky, a PeerJ covering this Section #] 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Aug 26, 2020 Version 0. 2 · Aug 11, 2020 · Please address the comments of the reviewers and submit a revised manuscript. · Aug 8, 2020 Basic reporting No comment. Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Additional comments Asthma is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airway that is commonly encountered by the otolaryngologist. Asthma is a serious global health issue and asthma guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to management with goals to achieve control and minimize future risk. It is a good idea to investigate the protein composition and expression levels in serum samples obtain from children with or without asthma. In this manuscript, Dr. Fang and colleagues looked at the role of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma. The study provides the conclusion, which showed that numerous DEPs that may play important roles in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma. Those proteins may be novel biomarkers of childhood asthma and may provide new clues for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of childhood asthma. After the modification, the data quality and language description are improved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 7H2O, FeSO4. 7H2O, FeCl3, NaCl at concentration of 0. 1% (w/v)). Similarly the effect of surfactants was studied by supplementing the culture medium with Tween 80 and Tween 40 at concentration of 1. 5% (v/v). All media containing gelatinized starch sources were autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min, while for the media containing raw starch flour, starch powder was sterilized by washing in ethanol and added to sterile nutrient broth. 3. 5. Partial enzyme purificationThe culture supernatant was supplemented with solid ammonium sulphate to 65% (w/v) final concentration, with mechanical stirring at 4°C. The suspension was retained for 1 h at 4 °C, and centrifuged at 8000 g for 30 min at the same temperature. The resultant supernatant was brought to 70 % w/v ammonium sulphate saturation at 4°C. 50-70% (w/v) ammonium sulphate precipitate was recovered, dissolved in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer and dialysed using Spectra/PorR, VWR 2003 dialysis membrane overnight against the same buffer at 4°C and used as partial purified enzyme solution. 3. 6. Effect of temperature and pH on activity and stabilityThe optimal temperature for amylase activity was determined by assaying activity between 30 and 100°C for 30 min in 50 mM phosphate buffer. Measurement of optimum pH for amylase activity was carried out under the assay conditions for pH range of 3. 0-10. 0, using 50mM of three buffer solutions: Tris-HCl (pH 3. 0), Na2HPO4-Citrate (pH 4. 0 – 6. 0), and Glycine-NaOH (pH 7. 0-10. 0). The temperature stability was determined by incubating the partial purified enzyme solution in water bath for temperature range of 30-100°C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min and then cooled with tap water. The remaining α-amylase activity was measured and expressed as the percentage of the activity of untreated control taken as 100%.

Output: pass