Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 78000 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechPanels and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. to dependency of global energy need on fossil fuels, the global warming situation is hitting to an alarming level with record amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Under such circumstances, renewable energy resources are seen to be able to provide sustainable energy source to meet global energy needs [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, solar energy, being the energy source with the highest energy potential [5, 6, 7], can provide a sustainable source of future primary energy supply if captured with high efficiency and simple configuration. Photovoltaic system provides the most simple configuration to convert solar energy into high-grade energy form, i. e. , electricity. However, in the current photovoltaic market with 99% share of single-junction solar cells, the multi-junction solar cells (MJCs) have yet to exploit their potential of the highest solar energy conversion efficiency. This is due to the fact that the multi-junction solar cell (MJC) can respond to a full spectrum of solar radiation, with less loss and as a result higher efficiency [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 11:e0148477 [92. - 2019. Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11:421–39 [93. Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo- 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96–99 [94. 2011. Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Clim. Chang. 1:3165–69 [95. 2015. Shift from coral to macroalgae dominance on a volcanically acidified reef. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:1083–88 [96. Teixidó 2018. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients. Nat. Commun. 9:15149 [97. 2013. Ocean acidification causes ecosystem shifts via altered competitive interactions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3:2156–59Experiments on acidification-driven competition for substrate between recruitment of calcareous species and fleshy seaweeds. [98. 2019. Future ocean climate homogenizes communities across habitats through diversity loss and rise of generalist species. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25:103539–48 [99. Micheli F, Halpern BS. 2005. Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages. Ecol. Lett. 8:4391–400 [100. -2015. Herbivore diversity improves benthic community resilience to ocean acidification. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 469:98–104 [101. 2019. A triple trophic boost: how carbon emissions indirectly change a marine food chain. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25:3978–84 [102. Alsterberg C, Eklöf äck K 2013. Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers. PNAS 110:218603–8 [103. 2015. Trophic compensation reinforces resistance: herbivory absorbs the increasing effects of multiple disturbances. Ecol. Lett. 18:2182–87 [104. . 2017. Ocean warming and acidification prevent compensatory response in a predator to reduced prey quality. Mar. Ecol. Prog.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: sumatrana treated non diabetic rats: The liver of these rats showed diffused damage of the hepatic cells throughout the hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes sustained marked necrosis. Most cells were swollen and contained destroyed nuclei and eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm. Infiltrating macrophages were seen around blood vessels, in sinusoids and between hepatic cells. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 9). Figure 9 Light micrograph of a section of a non diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Note that most hepatocytes are swollen. Some of them contain small nuclei (arrow), other cells show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance of their nuclei (D). Cytoplasm is granular or homogenous. Some dead cells (DC) contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm and dark nuclei. Infiltration with macrophages (arrow head) is noticed around blood vessels in portal triad, inside sinusoids and in between hepatocytes. Portal triad shows a branch of hepatic artery (A), bile duct (B) and hepatic portal vein (P) X 400. Octomeles sumatrana treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with O. sumatrana showed diffuse toxic effect of the extract on their hepatocytes. Cellular necrosis was noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Most hepatocytes were swollen and showed damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous, it was acidophilic and sometimes pale. Cell membranes were preserved. Macrophages were seen around portal vein and in between liver cells. The damage is of severe type (Figure 10 & 11). Figure 10 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some have small nuclei (arrow head) others show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D) of their nuclei. Cytoplasm is granular but in some other cells, it is homogeneous. Cell membranes are preserved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: 5 global spectrum is designed for flat plate modules and has an integrated power of 1000 W/m2 and (2) the AM1. 5 direct spectrum is defined for solar concentrator work. It includes the direct beam from the Sun and the circumsolar component in a disk of 2. 5° around the sun. The direct and circumsolar spectra have an integrated power density of 900 W/m2 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Spectral distribution of radiation intensity [1]. Advertisement 2. History of photovoltaic effect The photovoltaic effect was discovered in 1839 by the French physicist, Becquerel. While experimenting with metal electrodes and electrolyte, he discovered that conductance increases with illumination. discovered the photovoltaic effect in selenium in 1873. described the phenomenon in 1904. The first silicon monocrystalline solar cell was constructed in 1941. In 1951, the first germanium solar cells were made. Bell’s Laboratories published the results of the solar cell operation with 4. 5% efficiency. The efficiency was increased to 6% within a few months. In 1957, introduced a solar cell with 8% efficiency. A year later, in 1958, the same company introduced a solar cell with 9% efficiency. The first radiation-proof silicon solar cell was produced for the purposes of space technology in the same year. In 1960, introduced another solar cell with 14% efficiency. In 1977, the world production of photovoltaic modules exceeded 500 kW. In 1984, ARCO Solar introduced the first amorphous modules. In 1985, researchers at the University of Wales in Australia constructed a solar cell with more than 20% efficiency. In 1996, BP Solar purchased APS announced a commercial CIS solar cells production. During 2000 and 2001, the production by Japanese manufacturers increased significantly. Advertisement 3. Solar cell structure When a solar cell is illuminated by sunlight, photon energy of the incident light is converted to direct current electricity through the process of photovoltaic effect of the solar cell. Incident light causes electron–hole pairs to be generated in the semiconductor, and there is an increase in the concentration of minority carriers (electrons in the p-type region and holes in the n-type region) in the depletion region. This increase in the concentration of minority carriers results in the flow of the minority carriers across the depletion region into the quasineutral regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Ser. 563:111–22 [105. Jellison BM, Gaylord B. 2019. Shifts in seawater chemistry disrupt trophic links within a simple shoreline food web. Oecologia 190:4955–67 [106. Bach LT, Alvarez-2017. Simulated ocean acidification reveals winners and losers in coastal phytoplankton. 12:11e0188198 [107. ó-Muñiz M, 2017. Influence of ocean acidification on plankton community structure during a winter-to-summer succession: an imaging approach indicates that copepods can benefit from elevated CO2 via indirect food web effects. 12:2e0169737 [108. 2015. Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:171–79 [109. ó-Muñiz M et al. 2018. Enhanced transfer of organic matter to higher trophic levels caused by ocean acidification and its implications for export production: a mass balance approach. 13:5e0197502 [110. ó-Muñiz M, Bach LT et al. 2018. Food web changes under ocean acidification promote herring larvae survival. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:5836–40 [111. Rossoll D, Bermúdez 2012. Ocean acidification-induced food quality deterioration constrains trophic transfer. 7:4e34737 [112. Riebesell U, Aberle-ó-Muñiz M, Alvarez-et al. 2018. Toxic algal bloom induced by ocean acidification disrupts the pelagic food web. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8:121082–86 [113. 2012. Global change and the future of harmful algal blooms in the ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470:207–33 [114. De'ath 2009. Declining coral calcification on the Reef. Science 323:5910116–19 [115. 2016. Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification. Nature 531:7594362–65 [116. Silbiger NJ, Guadayol Ò, 2016. A novel μCT analysis reveals different responses of bioerosion and secondary accretion to environmental variability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Macrophages (M) are seen in the area around the portal vein and in between liver cells. Portal triad is visible. Note the hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) X 400. Figure 11 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated non diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus showed marked necrosis of the liver. Damage was diffusely affecting hepatic lobules. Damaged hepatocytes were swollen and contained granular or homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Nuclei showed all kinds of damage. Liver was markedly infiltrated with macrophages; they were noticed around central vein, inside sinusoids and between damaged hepatocytes. The damage was of severe type (Figure 12). Figure 12 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus sustained extensive damage in their livers. Necrosis was profuse and diffusely noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes were swollen with damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: These photo-generated carriers cause the flow of photo-generated current. When the junction is in the open-circuit condition, no net current can flow inside the p-n junction; thus, the current resulting from the flux of photo-generated and thermally generated carriers is balanced by the opposite recombination current (Figure 2). Figure 2. Incident light on a typical PN solar cell. If a load is connected between the electrodes of the illuminated p-n junction, some fraction of the photo-generated current will flow through the external circuit. The potential difference between the n-type and p-type regions will be lowered by a voltage drop over the load. Also, the electrostatic potential difference over the depletion region will be decreased, which results in an increase in the recombination current [2]. Advertisement 4. Basic structure of a solar cell Most solar cell technologies [3] have: Anti-reflecting coating (ARC), which is a very important part in solar cell fabrication. It is usually sprayed over bare silicon cell because silicon has a high surface reflection. Front contacts that are necessary to collect the current generated by a solar cell. They are usually made of metals. An emitter that absorbs the incoming photons and transports their energies to the excited state of charge carries. Pentavalent-doped silicon (n-type) has a higher surface quality than trivalent doped silicon (p-type), so it is placed at the front of the cell, where majority of the light is absorbed. In p-n junction, in its simplest form, the base (p-type) region is joined at a junction with emitter (n-type) region leading to majority electrons in the n-type side close to the junction to diffuse of to the p-type side and majority hole from the p-type to diffuse n-type side. Rear contact is a less important than the front contact because it is much way from the junction and does not need to be transparent. Advertisement 5. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell To understand the electronic behavior of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model, which is electrically equivalent and is based on discrete electrical components whose behavior is well known.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 11:e0153058 [117. -F, Foster GL et al. 2018. Ocean acidification affects coral growth by reducing skeletal density. PNAS 115:81754–59 [118. 2016. Enhanced macroboring and depressed calcification drive net dissolution at high-CO2 coral reefs. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:184220161742 [119. 2014. Diverse coral communities in naturally acidified waters of a reef. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41:499–504 [120. 2013. The other ocean acidification problem: CO2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 368:162720120442 [121. Ober GT, Diaz-Pulido G, 2016. Ocean acidification influences the biomass and diversity of reef-associated turf algal communities. Mar. Biol. 163:10204 [122. Doropoulos C, Ward S, Diaz-Pulido G, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ 2012. Ocean acidification reduces coral recruitment by disrupting intimate larval-algal settlement interactions. Ecol. Lett. 15:4338–46 [123. -Vieyra M, Hernandez-Terrones LM, 2016. Recruitment and succession in a tropical benthic community in response to in-situ ocean acidification. 11:1e0146707 [124. 2018. Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef communities and their rates of community metabolism. 13:5e0197130 [125. 2013. Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3:7683–87 [126. 2015. Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH. Sci. Adv 1:5e1500328 [127. 2016. Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7:81–85 [128. Fabricius KE, De'ath G, Noonan S, 2014. Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:177520132479 [129. 2015. Ocean acidification alters fish populations indirectly through habitat modification.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Cell membranes were damaged. Some cells were converted to a granular, homogeneous mass that stained faintly. There was profuse infiltration of the liver with macrophages. They were profusely noticed around central vein and around vessels in portal triads. They had also spread between damaged hepatocytes. The damage is of severe type (Figure 13-15). Figure 13 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from diabetic animal treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the hepatic lobule with central vein (C) and plates of hepatocytes radiating away from the vein. Some hepatocytes (arrow) are swollen and contain condensed deeply stained damaged nuclei and homogenous cytoplasm. There is profuse infiltration by macrophages (arrow head), they are seen around the central vein, in sinusoids and between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 14 Light micrograph of a section taken from diabetic female adult rat liver. Animal was treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the portal triad which contains hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B). Macrophages (arrow head) are profusely seen inside the hepatic portal vein, in portal triad outside the vessels and in between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 15 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes show small (S) and fragmented (F) damaged nuclei. Some cells contain homogenous and faintly stained cytoplasm (arrow). Cell membrane is damaged (D) in other cells. There is marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow head), they are distributed between the damaged hepatocytes X 1000. Effect on of plant extracts on kidney Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: Histology of kidney in these animals was normal. They showed normal renal cortex and medulla. Renal corpuscles and blood vessels were normal. Tubular system in both renal cortex and medulla was normal (Figure 16-18). Figure 16 Light micrograph of a section of kidney from normal control female adult rat. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: An ideal solar cell may be modeled by a current source in parallel with a diode; in practice, no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance component are added to the model (Figure 3) [4, 5]. Figure 3. The equivalent circuit of a solar cell. 5. 1. Characteristic equation From the equivalent circuit, it is evident that the current produced by the solar cell is equal to that produced by the current source, minus that which flows through the diode, minus that which flows through the shunt resistor: J = J ph − J s − J sh where J is the output current, Jph is the photo-generated current, Js is the diode current, and Jsh is the shunt current. The current through these elements is governed by the voltage across them: Vj=V+J= V + JRS where Vj is the voltage across both diode and resistor Rsh and V is the voltage across the output terminals. By the Shockley diode equation, the current diverted through the diode is: J s = J 0 exp V + J R s n V T − 1 where J0 is the diode reverse saturation current (A), RS is the series resistance (Ω), Rsh is the shunt resistance (Ω) and n is the diode ideality factor. Here, the shunt current is: J sh = V + J R s R sh Combining this and above equations results in the complete governing equation for the single-diode model: J = J ph − J 0 exp V + J R s n V T − 1 − V + J R s R sh The output power is given by: P = V J ph − J 0 exp V + J R s n V T − 1 − V + J R s R sh 5. 2. Solar cell characteristics in practice The J-V characteristic of a solar cell in practice usually differs to some extent from the ideal characteristic. The solar cell may also contain series (Rs) and parallel (or shunt, Rp) resistances, leading to a characteristic of the form where the light-generated current Jph may, in some instances, depend on the voltage, as we have already noted (Figure 4) [6]. Figure 4. The superposition principle for solar cells. 5. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Nat. Clim. Chang. 6:89–93 [130. 2014. Behavioural impairment in reef fishes caused by ocean acidification at CO2 seeps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4:6487–92 [131. 2011. Oyster shell dissolution rates in estuarine waters: effects of pH and shell legacy. J. Shellfish Res. 30:3659–69 [132. 2015. Ocean acidification has multiple modes of action on bivalve larvae. 10:6e0128376 [133. Milazzo M, Rodolfo- 2014. Ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment. Sci. Rep. 4:4189 [134. 2017. Species interactions can shift the response of a maerl bed community to ocean acidification and warming. Biogeosciences 14:235359–76 [135. -H 2013. Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1103–32 [136. 2019. Dynamics of benthic metabolism, O2, and pCO2 in a temperate seagrass meadow. Limnol. Oceanogr. 64:2586–604 [137. . 2014. Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities. J. Ecol. 102:3730–37 [138. 2015. Predicting effects of ocean warming, acidification, and water quality on Chesapeake region eelgrass. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60:1781–804 [139. Cox TE, Díaz-Castañeda 2017. Effects of in situ CO2 enrichment on epibiont settlement on artificial substrata within a Posidonia oceanica meadow. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 497:197–211 [140. Martínez-Crego B, Olivé I, 2014. CO2 and nutrient-driven changes across multiple levels of organization in Zostera noltii ecosystems. Biogeosciences 11:247237–49 [141. 2013. Eutrophication offsets increased sea urchin grazing on seagrass caused by ocean warming and acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows normal renal corpuscle (arrow), proximal convoluted tubule (P) and distal convoluted tubule (D) X 100. Figure 17 Light micrograph of a kidney section from control diabetic female adult rat. H&E staining. Renal cortex contains normal renal corpuscle (arrow). Note the normal capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft and the normal urinary space (U). Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (A) at hilum of the renal corpuscle have normal wall thickness. Distal convoluted (D) and proximal convoluted (P) tubules are seen X1000. Figure 18 Light micrograph of a kidney section of non diabetic animal treated with vitamin E. H&E staining. Renal corpuscle (arrow) shows normal glomerular capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft. Urinary space (U) is normal. Glomerular arteriole (A) at hilum of renal corpuscle has normal wall thickness. Proximal (P) and distal (D) convoluted tubules are also noticed X1000. Normal non diabetic and diabetic rats treated with S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus extracts: All animals that were administered these extracts showed the same severe degree of kidney damage. Kidney changes were: Interstitial bleeding: This was noticed in both cortical and medullary regions of the kidney. Hemorrhagic blood was found around blood vessels and between renal tubules (Figure 19-21 & 23-28). Figure 19 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining. Marked interstitial bleeding is noticed (arrow). Thickening of wall of muscular artery due to extensive thickening of tunica intema with reduction of lumen diameter is seen (A). Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle manifested by increased cellularity and matrix of the glomerular tuft which have obliterated the capillary lumina is noticed (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear since there has been no proliferation of podocytes. X 400 Figure 20 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of the energy needed to power the world could come from tidal energy, harnessing the ocean’s movement. [SEP] Text: Title: System for On-Report · 26 June 2012 DOI: :1046042 Bruce, Addressing the urgent need to develop LCOE competitive renewable energy solutions for US energy security and to replace fossil-fuel generation with the associated benefits to environment impacts including a reduction in CO2 emissions, this Project focused on the advantages of using hydraulic energy transfer (HET) in large-scale (MHK) systems for harvesting off-shore tidal energy in US waters. A recent DOE resource assessment, identifies water power resources have a potential to meet 15% of the US electric supply by 2030, with MHK technologies being a major component. The work covered a TRL-4 laboratory proof-in-concept demonstration plus modeling of a 15MW full scale system based on an approach patented by NASA-JPL, in which submerged high-ratio gearboxes and electrical generators in conventional MHK turbine systems are replaced by a submerged hydraulic radial pump coupled to on-shore hydraulic motors driving a generator. The advantages are; first, the mean-time-between-failure (MTBF), or maintenance, can be extended from approximately 1 to 5 years and second, the range of tidal flow speeds which can be efficiently harvested can be extended beyond that of a conventional submerged generator. The approach uses scalable, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, facilitating scale-up and commercialization. All the objectives of the Project have been successfully met (1) A TRL4 system was designed, constructed and tested. It simulates a tidal energy turbine, with a 2-m diameter blade in up to a 2. 9 m/sec flow. The system consists of a drive motor assembly providing appropriate torque and RPM, attached to a radial piston pump. The pump circulates pressurized, environmentally-friendly, HEES hydraulic fluid in a closed loop to an axial piston motor which drives an electrical generator, with a resistive load. The performance of the components, subsystems and system were evaluated during simulated tidal cycles. The pump is contained in a tank for immersion testing. The COTS pump and motor were selected to scale to MW size and were oversized for the TRL-4 demonstration, operating at only 1-6% of rated values. Nevertheless, in for 2-18 kW drive power, in agreement with manufacturer performance data, we measured efficiencies of 85-90% and 75-80% for the pump and motor, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 485:37–46 [142. Eklöf 2015. Community-level effects of rapid experimental warming and consumer loss outweigh effects of rapid ocean acidification. Oikos 124:81040–49 [143. 2018. Unexpected resilience of a seagrass system exposed to global stressors. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24:1224–34 [144. 2015. Impacts of coastal acidification on the shellfish industry and adaptation strategies implemented in response. Oceanography 25:2146–59 [145. Gosling SN. 2013. The likelihood and potential impact of future change in the large-scale climate-earth system on ecosystem services. Environ. Sci. Policy 27:Suppl. 1S15–S31 [146. Scholes RJ. 2016. Climate change and ecosystem services. WIREs Clim. Change 7:4537–50 [147. 2012. Economic costs of ocean acidification: a look into the impacts on global shellfish production. Clim. Change 113:31049–63 [148. . 2009. Anticipating ocean acidification's economic consequences for commercial fisheries. Environ. Res. Lett. 4:2024007 [149. 2015. An integrated assessment model for helping the sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery plan ahead for ocean acidification and warming. 10:5e0124145 [150. 2014. First evidence of altered sensory quality in a shellfish exposed to decreased pH relevant to ocean acidification. J. Shellfish Res. 33:3857–61 [151. Lemasson AJ, Hall-2019. Changes in the biochemical and nutrient composition of seafood due to ocean acidification and warming. Mar. Environ. Res. 143:82–92 [152. 2017. Impacts of ocean acidification on sensory function in marine organisms. Integr. Comp. Biol. 57:163–80 [153. 2018. The economic impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish fisheries and aquaculture in the United Kingdom. Environ. Sci. Policy 86:95–105 [154. Narita D, Rehdanz K. 2017. Economic impact of ocean acidification on shellfish production in Europe. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 60:3500–18 [155. ós 2017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows muscular artery, there is marked thickening of the tunica intema (I) due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina (arrow) and tunica media (arrow head) remained unchanged. Interstitial bleeding (B) is noticed X400. Figure 21 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Renal cortex shows hemorrhagic blood between renal tubules (arrow). Thickened wall of muscular artery (A) is noticed. Thickened arteriole (T) is also seen near renal corpuscle. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles is noticed (arrow head) X 200. Figure 22 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Note that there is an arteriole with thickened wall at the hilum of renal corpuscle (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillary tuft and capillary narrowing is seen inside renal corpuscle (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear X 1000. Figure 23 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana. H&E staining. Note the interstitial bleeding (B) between cortical convoluted tubules. Thickened wall muscular artery (arrow) is seen. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle (arrow head) is noticed. Urinary space (U) is clear X 400. Figure 24 Light micrograph of a section of renal medulla of diabetic animals treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hemorrhagic blood (arrow) is seen in between the collecting ducts (D) X 400. Figure 25 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Bleeding (B) is noticed between cortical convoluted tubules. Arterioles at hilum of renal corpuscle shows thickened wall (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillaries of glomerular tuft of renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head). Urinary space of renal corpuscle (U) is normal X 1000. Figure 26 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of the energy needed to power the world could come from tidal energy, harnessing the ocean’s movement. [SEP] Text: These efficiencies being 95-96% at higher operating powers. (2) Two follow-on paths were identified. In both cases conventional turbine systems can be modified, replacing existing gear box and generator with a hydraulic pump and on-shore components. On a conventional path, a TRL5/6 15kW turbine system can be engineered and tested on a barge at an existing site in Maine. Alternatively, on an accelerated path, a TRL-8 100kW system can be engineered and tested by modifying a team member's existing MHK turbines, with barge and grid-connected test sites in-place. On both paths the work can be expedited and cost effective by reusing TRL-4 components, modifying existing turbines and using established test sites. (3) Sizing, performance modeling and costing of a scaled 15MW system, suitable for operation in Maine's Western Passage, was performed. COTS components are identified and the performance projections are favorable. The estimated LCOE is comparable to wind generation with peak production at high demand times. (4) We determined that a similar HET approach can be extended to on-shore and off-shore wind turbine systems. These are very large energy resources which can be addressed in parallel for even great National benefit. (5) Preliminary results on this project were presented at two on renewable energy in 2012, providing a timely dissemination of information. We have thus demonstrated a proof-in-concept of a novel, tidal HET system that eliminates all submerged gears and electronics to improve reliability. Hydraulic pump efficiencies of 90% have been confirmed in simulated tidal flows between 1 and 3 m/s, and at only 1-6% of rated power. Total system efficiencies have also been modeled, up to MW-scale, for tidal, and wind, systems. Projected efficiencies are between 81% (full rated flow) and 86% (1/3 rated flow). This high efficiency in a wide operating range compares favorably with conventional systems having a performance range of 87% (full rated flow) to 0% (1/3 rated flow) efficiency. An accelerated path to commercialization is identified, leveraging conventional MHK system technology and COTS components to meet the urgent need for renewable energy generation. . System for On-Generation. United States: N. p. , 2012. Web. doi:10. 2172/1046042.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Estimating the ecological, economic and social impacts of ocean acidification and warming on UK fisheries. 18:3389–411 [156. Moore C. 2015. Welfare estimates of avoided ocean acidification in the U. S. mollusk market. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 40:150–62 [157. 2018. Projected impacts of future climate change, ocean acidification, and management on the US Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery. 13:9e0203536 [158. 2016. Effects of long-term exposure to ocean acidification conditions on future southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) fisheries management. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:3849–64 [159. 2016. Marine capture fisheries in the Arctic: winners or losers under climate change and ocean acidification. 17:2335–57 [160. 2017. Risks of ocean acidification in the food web and fisheries: ecosystem model projections. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23:41525–39 [161. 2018. Consequences of spatially variable ocean acidification in the California Current: Lower pH drives strongest declines in benthic species in southern regions while greatest economic impacts occur in northern regions. Ecol. Model. 383:10106–17 [162. 2018. Ocean futures under ocean acidification, marine protection, and changing fishing pressures explored using a worldwide suite of ecosystem models. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:64End-to-end ecosystem modeling examining ocean acidification in context of marine ecosystem-based management. [163. Seijo JC, Villanueva-Poot R, 2016. Bioeconomics of ocean acidification effects on fisheries targeting calcifier species: a decision theory approach. Fish. Res. 176:1–14 [164. Talloni-Álvarez 2019. Climate change impact on Canada's Pacific marine ecosystem: the current state of knowledge. Mar. Policy 104:163–76 [165. 2015. Ocean acidification risk assessment for Alaska's fishery sector. Prog. Oceanogr. 136:71–91 [166. 2015. Vulnerability and adaptation of US shellfisheries to ocean acidification. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:207–14 [167. -Spencer JM et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: polyrhizus. H&E staining. Interstitial bleeding (B) is seen. Thickened muscular artery (arrow) is noticed. Glomerulosclerosis in renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head), urinary space (U) remains clear X 200. Figure 27 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Markedly thickened wall of muscular artery in renal cortex is seen due to extensive thickening of the tunica intema (area limited between opposite arrows). This causes narrowing of the lumen of blood vessel X 1000. Figure 28 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus extract. H&E staining. Extensive bleeding (B) in between renal tubules is seen. Muscular arteries with thickened walls (arrow) are noticed. Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries of renal corpuscles is visible (arrow head) X 400. Extensive thickening (sclerosis) in wall of muscular arteries and arterioles of the kidney: Muscular arteries showed marked thickening of the tunica intema due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina and tunica media remained unchanged (Figs 19-21, 23, 26-28). Arteriolar damage was presented as dramatic proliferation of their intemal cells (Figs 21, 22, 25). These changes might be the cause of disruption of vascular walls and interstitial bleeding. Renal glomerulosclerosis: Renal corpuscles demonstrated diffuse glomerulosclerosis. This was manifested by uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane associated with an increase in mesangial cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes (Figure 19, 21-23,25, 26,28). fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties. This is due to their contents of vitamins and polyphenols which can eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species through reducing or scavenging activities or through the chelation of transition metals. Transition metals can promote the production of hydroxyl radicals, a most reactive oxygen species, via the Fenton reaction. Much has been published on the beneficial effects on health of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: 1 Sleep disruption and the prominence of harmonic peaksThe harmonic series observed in all 18 samples of the ‘severe’ episode, and that were absent in all 18 samples of the ‘peaceful’ episode, is recognized as the IWT acoustic signature with a blade-pass frequency of 0. 75 Hz. The acoustic signature generated by an IWT is a train of pressure pulses, with a period equal to the reciprocal of the blade-pass frequency of the IWT. It presents as a harmonic series of peaks in the infrasonic region of a spectrogram, visible in Figures 5B, 7B and 8, while absent from Figure 6B. In the sonograms, the IWT acoustic signature is present as continuous horizontal lines, as seen in Figures 5A, and 7A, while absent from Figure 6A. This new, high-resolution methodology for assessing infrasonic environments is analogous to transitioning from a magnifying glass to a microscope. Previously undetected acoustic events are now identifiable and, even, quantifiable (see Sections 5. 2 and 5. 3 below). What was undetectable—and thus assumed to be non-existent, presumably justifying a psychosomatic origin for resident complaints—using the classical noise assessment methodologies (1/3-octave band segmentation in 10-minute averages and with sound pressure levels measured in dBA or dBG), became visible with high-resolution observations. Despite being at frequencies and sound pressure levels that are classically considered as ‘below the human hearing threshold,’ a very clear correlation has been shown between the existence of these peaks in the frequency spectra and disruption of the normal biological function—sleep disruption followed by the need for self-medication with benzodiazepines. Nevertheless, while the correlation is very clear, the confidence of the correlation is reduced by the relatively small timeframe. Improved confidence can only come from more work to extend the use of this measure to many other cases (an ongoing endeavor by these authors). The question as to how these infrasonic acoustic events can cause the biological disruption is still unclear. Studies by German scientists, however, using functional magnetic resonance imaging—while exposing subjects to infrasound—may have uncovered a significant clue: in addition to activating the classically identified auditory pathways, infrasonic stimuli also activate regions of the brain that are considered responsible for emotional and autonomic responses [22]. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Heuer RM, Grosell M. 2014. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Am. J. Physiol. -Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 307:R1061–84 [37. Tresguerres M, Hamilton TJ. 2017. Acid-base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO2-induced ocean acidification. J. Exp. Biol. 220:2136–48 [38. 2018. Living in a high CO2 world: a global meta-analysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification. Ecol. Monogr. 88:320–35 [39. Esbaugh AJ. 2018. Physiological implications of ocean acidification for marine fish: emerging patterns and new insights. J. Comp. Physiol. B 188:1–13Synthesis covering marine fish respiratory acid-base, early-life, metabolic, reproductive, and neurosensory physiological impacts. [40. 2019. Consequences of anthropogenic changes in the sensory landscape of marine animals. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 57:229–64 [41. Wang M, Jeong C--S 2018. Effects of ocean acidification on copepods. Aquat. Toxicol. 196:17–24 [42. 2015. Impact of ocean acidification on the structure of future phytoplankton communities. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:1002–6 [43. . 2017. Using mineralogy and higher-level taxonomy as indicators of species sensitivity to pH: a case-study of Puget Sound. Elementa 5:53 [44. Gobler CJ, Baumann H. 2016. Hypoxia and acidification in ocean ecosystems: coupled dynamics and effects on marine life. Biol. Lett. 12:20150976 [45. 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1884–96Comprehensive meta‐analysis synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. [46. 2013. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:2117–25 [47. 2018.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Oxidative stress is implicated in the onset, development and progression of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2; it also enhances development of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease. 19‒21 On other hand, hyperglycemia enhances the formation of free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals, NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrates. These radicals aggravate glucose auto-oxidation and lipid peroxide formation. 22 In diabetes mellitus, the antioxidant defenses are affected; this impact is expressed as an impairment of glutathione metabolism, alteration in antioxidant enzymes and decreased ascorbic acid levels. 23,24 Thus the antioxidant activity of plant extracts through their radical scavenging effect could help in management of diabetes mellitus. Plants and their extracts are widely used in folk medicine in many countries for management of diseases. Hypoglycaemic effect of natural dietary sources such as garlic, cinnamon extract and black cumin volatile oil had been reported. 25‒27 Amongst the plants with show potential for use in treatment of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia and other Asian countries are S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus. These plants were under investigations in faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories for the last few years. The high doses of the extracts used in this study were determined on the basis of previous biochemical studies. They were the highest relatively safe and effective doses in terms of antioxidative and antihyperglycaemic activities. This study showed that the plant extract had severely damaged the liver cells (hepatocytes) in diabetic and in normal non diabetic rats. Hepatic damage was associated with infiltration by macrophages. This finding is similar to that shown on the damaging effect of other exogenous toxins on the liver. 14,15 Macrophage infiltration of the liver is expected since it is a normal event that happens following necrosis of hepatocytes. Plant extracts had also damaged the kidney in diabetic and normal non diabetic rats. Their impact was demonstrated as interstitial bleeding, extensive thickening of the wall of muscular arteries and arterioles and glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles. Interstitial bleeding was due to damaged arteriole walls.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines create enough noise pollution to be harmful to people living near them. [SEP] Text: to the concerns associated with greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting global warming, there is a global trend towards more sustainable and clean energy sources. Alternative sources for coal and other fossil fuels are nuclear power and renewable energy with wind energy being one of the most promising source. However, public acceptability often poses a barrier towards renewable energy development and one of the concerns with wind turbine technology pertains to the noise that they produce during operation. In order to successfully reduce or prevent the noise generated, the first step is to identify the sources of noise. The two major sources of noise identified during operation are mechanical and aerodynamic (Klug, 2002). Mechanical noise generally originates from the mechanical components within the wind turbine due to friction and vibration. The generator, the hydraulic systems and the gearbox are the main sources of mechanical noise. The major source of noise in wind turbines is the aerodynamic noise due to the fluid-structure interaction. It has been identified that the largest contributor to aerodynamic noise is generated in the trailing edge of wind turbine blades (Klug, 2002). Since the exergy destruction characterizes losses in energy or usefulness of the system, it can be employed to describe loses due to noise generation so that prevention methods can be found. Hence, the research team conducted a study to model the noise generated in terms of exergy destruction: a useful quantity describing the mutual equilibrium of a system and its surroundings. It has been found that in order to increase system’s usefulness and ultimately decrease the noise generated, exergy destruction must be reduced. This paper is organized as follows: noise sources and prevention are discussed in second section, exergy methods are discussed in third section, approach and methodology are discussed in forth section, analysis is introduced in fifth section, sixth section presents the results and discussion and conclusions are given in last section. Approach and methodology section is subdivided into correlating sound pressure level (SPL) to exergy destruction and methodology. Results and discussion section is subdivided into SPL, correlation development and needs and limitations. noise disturbances by wind turbines are related to such factors as distance between the wind turbine and populated areas as well as the background noise where the wind turbine is operating. Operating conditions and maintenance of the wind turbine also affect noise production, in particular the noise produced by the mechanical components, which is more tonal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change—a review. Glob. Change Biol. 24:2239–61 [48. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol. Lett. 13:1419–34 [49. . 2016. Estimates of the direct effect of seawater pH on the survival rate of species groups in the ecosystem. 11:e0160669 [50. Chevin L-M, Collins S, Lefèvre F 2013. Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary demographic responses to climate change: taking theory out to the field. Funct. Ecol. 27:967–79 [51. Murray C, Baumann H. 2018. You better repeat it: complex CO2 × temperature effects in Atlantic silverside offspring revealed by serial experimentation. Diversity 10:69 [52. 2019. The importance of inter-individual variation in predicting species' responses to global change drivers. Ecol. Evol. 9:4327–39 [53. Kelly MW, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Hofmann GE 2013. Natural variation, and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Glob. . 19:2536–46 [54. íquez PH 2017. Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0084 [55. 2020. Varying reproductive success under ocean warming and acidification across giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) populations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 522:151247 [56. 2017. Regional adaptation defines sensitivity to future ocean acidification. Nat. Comm. 8:13994 [57. 2014. Shell condition and survival of pteropods are impaired by ocean acidification conditions. 9:e105884 [58. 2016. Development of Euphausia pacifica (krill) larvae is impaired under pCO2 levels currently observed in the Northeast Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 555:65–78 [59. 2013. Signs of adaptation to local pH conditions across an environmental mosaic in the Ecosystem. Integr. Comp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Thickened wall of muscular arteries and arterioles was the result of extensive thickening of the tunica intema which was produced by proliferation of intemal cells. These arterial thickening encroached upon their lumen and narrowed them, thus ischemia of the kidney and their renal corpuscles would be expected. Similar vascular changes were reported in hypertension and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Dose-dependent thickening of the endometrial blood vessels was also noticed in rats treated with crude methanolic leaf extract of (150 to 300mg/kg body weight, p. o. daily for 30days). 28 Dose-dependent damaging of the kidney was also noticed in rats after treatment with aqueous leaf extract of rinbacin, the renal pathologic changes was manifested by damaged glomeruli and tubules. 16 Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries in renal corpuscles was an extension to the changes that happened in arteries and arterioles. Narrowing of glomerular capillaries was due to a uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane which was associated with an increase in mesangeal cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes. Such changes were also reported in chronically ischaemic glomeruli and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Three types of controls were compared with animals given the plant extracts, they were normal, normal diabetic and normal non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E, a well known antioxidant. Our data (unpublished) showed the three plant extract to have high antioxidant capacity, thus the use of vitamin E as the control antioxidant. enhanced wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. 29 Its administration in this study did not implicate any effects on rat liver and kidney. The other two controls also showed normal liver and kidney. Little is known of the phytochemical constituents of O. sumatrana. Early studies on S. polyanthum showed it to contain flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. 30 Other species of the same family, S. commersonii, S. glomeratum and S. mauritianum were shown to contain high levels of phenolic compounds. 31 H. polyrhizus has high content of betacyanins, red-violet pigments from the betalain family.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: 10. 1590/jatm. v13. 1205 copy and Design of the Orbit All-the help of gathered data and formulas extracted from a previous conference paper, the all-electric geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) communication satellite statistical design was conducted and further studied with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution () methods. Moreover, with the help of previously determined system parameters, the orbital ascension, orbital maintenance and deorbiting specifications, calculations and simulations were persuaded. Furthermore, a parametric subsystem design was conducted to test the methods reliability and prove the feasibility of such approach. The parametric subsystem design was used for electrical power subsystem (EPS), attitude determination and control system (ADCS), electric propulsion, telemetry, tracking and control (TT&C) in conceptual subsystem design level, which highly relies on the satellite type and other specifications, were concluded in this paper; other subsystem designs were not of a significant difference to hybrid and chemical satellites. Eventually, the verification of the mentioned subsystems has been evaluated by contrasting the results with the Space mission engineering: the new SMAD, and subsystem design book reference. KeywordsAll-electric; GEO; AHP and; Maintenance; Deorbiting; the previous conference paper, the contrast between all-electric geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) communication and other hybrid and chemical satellite design has shown that using all-electric satellite design has many advantages. Generally, all-electric satellite designs have a 50% total mass reduction associated with an explicit decrease of satellite fuel mass from 45% or 50% to l5% of the satellites total mass, more than 50% reduction in launcher cost and a total life span increase up to 20 years (Abbasrezaee et al. 2019Abbasrezaee P, Mirshams M, Seyed-(2019) -on Statistical Model. 2019 9th on in Space Technologies. . ). However, all-electric satellite designs have its drawbacks in their orbital ascension that can take from a minimum of 3 months up to 6 months to reach GEO depending on the satellite mass and its propulsive thrust, which is very high in comparison to few weeks of orbit ascension for chemical and hybrid satellites. Therefore, causing a long-time exposure to radiation, forcing the use of thicker shielding for sensitive electronic equipment and solar cells during all-electric satellite orbit ascension.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Biol. 53:857–70 [60. Bednaršek 2014. Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability due to ocean acidification in the Ecosystem. Proc. R. Soc. B 281:20140123 [61. Bednaršek öm-Öst J 2018. El Niño-related thermal stress coupled with upwelling-related ocean acidification negatively impacts cellular to population-level responses in pteropods along the System with implications for increased bioenergetic costs. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:486 [62. Engström-Öst 2019. Eco-physiological responses of copepods and pteropods to ocean warming and acidification. Sci. Rep. 9:4748 [63. Sanford E, Kelly MW. 2011. Local adaptation in marine invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3:509–35 [64. 2019. Piwi/PRG-1 argonaute and TGF-β mediate transgenerational learned pathogenic avoidance. Cell 177:1827–41. e1812 [65. Perez MF, Lehner B. 2019. Intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in animals. Nat. Cell Biol. 21:143–51 [66. 2019. Parental environments alter DNA methylation in offspring of the purple sea urchin. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 517:54–64 [67. 2018. Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: Adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential pCO2 levels. Mol. Ecol. 27:1120–37 [68. 2019. Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 517:65–77 [69. 2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–43Experiments with purple sea urchins showing rapid evolution at genetic level in response to acidification. [70. Collins S. 2011.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 11,32,33 Tannins are polyphenols. All plants contain tannins which contribute to the astringent taste of vegetables. The content of tannins in S. polyanthum is expected to be high based on its high content of polyphenols. Food rich in tannins exert a growth depressing effect in rats and chicken. 34 At the high daily doses used in this study (1g/kg for S. polyanthumand O. sumatrana, 3g/kg for H. polyrhizus), treatment of rats for two weeks has resulted in marked pathological changes in their liver and kidney, although the animals exhibited no obvious morbidity or significant loss in body weight. The offending chemical(s) is unknown but the toxicity of tannins and/other polyphenols could not be ruled out. More studies are required to monitor the safe use of the studied plants and their extracts in traditional medicine. work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Natural products are not necessarily safe especially at the higher dose range or when an extract is taken for prolonged periods of time. Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. AA. H. Dhiab Al-Nuaimi is most grateful to Prof. Dr. Aishah Adam, Faculty of for her unlimited support and encouragement. He is also indebted to for their support. Conflict of interest The study was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), to whom the author is most grateful. 59. Efferth T, Kain B. Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional chinese medicine. Metab. 2011;12(10):989‒996. . Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Nutr. 2001;40(6):261‒267. . Nutritional sciences from fundamentals to food. 3rd ed. Cengage, USA; 2017. C, Scalbert A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J Agric. 2000;80(7):1094‒1117. Identification of two polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activities in longan pericarp tissues. J Chem. 2007;55(14):5864‒5868. Norman J. Spices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The system analysis and design conducted in this paper consisted of statistical system design, orbit transfer, orbit maintenance, deorbiting specifications and parametric subsystem design. For a better understanding of the statistical design approach of the GEO all-electric satellite, AHP (analytic hierarchy process) and (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) methods persuaded to evaluate. Also, in this paper, orbit ascension, orbit maintenance, deorbiting [end of life (EOL)] simulation and calculation and the parametric subsystem design for electrical power subsystem (EPS), attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS), telemetry, tracking and control subsystem (TT&C), electric propulsion have been calculated for the GEO all-electric satellites since these subsystems are different with the hybrid and chemical ones (Wertz et al. 2011(2011) Analysis and Design:. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. ; Brow 2002Brown CD (2002) Elements of Spacecraft Design. Reston: AIAA. ). -design and development of other methods than this paper for GEO satellites could be found in literature 10. 2514/4. 862403 Martin 1996Martin DH (1996) Communication satellites 1958-1995. El Segundo: Aerospace Corp. ). All mentioned methods 1964. Initially used for the summer Olympics, now more than 2,000 communication satellites have communicated information to various places globally, most of which are located in GEO orbit. However, the technological developments for more than five decades from the first communication satellites until now have led to GEO all-electric communication satellites, which utilize electric propulsion for orbit transfer and their orbit maintenance during the time of mission operations (Abbasrezaee et al. 2019Abbasrezaee P, Mirshams M, Seyed-(2019) -on Statistical Model. 2019 9th on in Space Technologies. . ). The first all-electric satellites launched into Orbit (GTO) on September 6, 1999, was the Russian Yamal-100 satellite, which failed to reach the GEO. However, two successful all-electric satellites were launched by the SpaceX Falcon 9 v1. 1, on March 2, 2015, one of which was the ABS-3A (1954 kg), and the other one was the Eutelsat 115 (2205 kg) (Abbasrezaee et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: de 2009. Planktic foraminiferal shell thinning in the due to anthropogenic ocean acidification. Biogeosciences 6:1917–25 [83. Wall- 2012. Pteropods from the Caribbean Sea: variations in calcification as an indicator of past ocean carbonate saturation. Biogeosciences 9:309–15 [84. -P, 2017. Comparison of Mediterranean pteropod shell biometrics and ultrastructure from historical (1910 and 1921) and present day 2012 samples provides baseline for monitoring effects of global change. 12:e0167891 [85. -2020. Climatic modulation of anthropogenic ocean acidification in the California Current. Nature 13:43–49 [86. Beaufort L, Probert I, de Garidel--et al. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476:80–83 [87. 2016. Apparent increase in coccolithophore abundance in the subtropical from 1990 to 2014. Biogeosciences 13:1163–77 [88. 2017. Environmental drivers of coral reef carbonate production and bioerosion: a multi-scale analysis. Ecology 98:2547–60 [89. 2020. The challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2020:fsaa094 [90. Silbiger NJ, Guadayol Ò, 2014. Reefs shift from net accretion to net erosion along a natural environmental gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 515:33–44 [91. 2016. Ocean acidification affects hemocyte physiology in the tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi). 11:e0148477 [92. - 2019. Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11:421–39 [93. Hall-Spencer JM, Rodolfo- 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96–99 [94. 2011. Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Clim. Chang.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: London: Ltd; 1990. Marks C. The exotic kitchen of Indonesia. New York: M. Evans and Company; 1993. Sayekti S, Muhtadi A, Supriyatna. Aktivitas hipoglikemik daun salam dan herba bulu lutung. CerminDuniaKedokteran. 1994;95:50‒54. Mizrahi Y, Nerd A. Climbing and columnar cacti: New arid land fruit crops. In: Janick J, editor. Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press; 1999. p. 358‒366. . Betacyanins in fruits from red-purple pitaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) britton and rose. Food Chem. 2002;77(1):101‒106. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Med. 2000;342(19):1392‒1398. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food ChemToxicol. 2008;46(8):2770‒2775. Basic histopathology, a text and colour atlas. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. (1998) Pathology, basic and systemic. London: WB Ltd; 1998. Effects of rinbacin extract on rat kidney. Bull. 2002;25(8):1022‒1025. . Effect of Vitamins A, E, C and Omega-3 on in Diabetic Rats. Publ Health. 2007;36(2):58‒63. Protective effect of N2-mercaptopropionylglycine on rats and dogs liver during ischemia/reperfusion process. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003;40(3):177‒180. . Inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic atherosclerosis. Exp Biol. 2007;45(1):93‒102. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Biol. 2007;39(1):44‒84. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: AbstractA key limitation for precise orbit determination of BeiDou satellites, particularly for satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO), is the relative weak geometry of ground stations. Fortunately, data from a low earth orbiting satellite with an onboard GNSS receiver can improve the geometry of GNSS orbit determination compared to using only ground data. FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellite carries the equipment with both dual-frequency GPS (L1 and L2) and BeiDou (B1 and B2) tracking capacity. The satellite-induced variations in pseudoranges have been estimated from multipath observables using an elevation-dependent piece-wise linear model, in which the constant biases, i. e. , ambiguities and hardware delays, have been removed. For IGSO and MEO satellites, these variations can be seen in onboard B1 and B2 code measurements with elevation above 40°. For GEO satellites, a different behavior has been observed for these signals. The GEO B2 pseudoranges variations are similar to those of IGSO satellites, but no elevation-dependent variations have been identified for GEO B1. A possible cause is contamination of the larger noise in GEO B1 signals. Two sets of precise orbits were determined for FY3C in March 2015 using onboard GPS-only data and onboard BeiDou-only data, respectively. The 3D RMS (Square) of overlapping orbit differences (OODs) is 2. 3 cm for GPS-only solution. The 3D RMS of orbit differences between BeiDou-only and GPS-only solutions is 15. 8 cm. Also, precise orbits and clocks for BeiDou satellites were determined based on 97 global (termed GN) or 15 regional (termed RN) ground stations. Furthermore, also using FY3C onboard BeiDou data, two additional sets of BeiDou orbit and clock products are determined with the data from global (termed GW) or regional (termed RW) stations. In general, the OODs decrease for BeiDou satellites, particularly for GEO satellites, when the FY3C onboard BeiDou data are added. The 3D OODs reductions are 10. 0 and 291. 2 cm for GW and RW GEO solution with respect to GN and RN solution, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 1:3165–69 [95. 2015. Shift from coral to macroalgae dominance on a volcanically acidified reef. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:1083–88 [96. Teixidó 2018. Functional biodiversity loss along natural CO2 gradients. Nat. Commun. 9:15149 [97. 2013. Ocean acidification causes ecosystem shifts via altered competitive interactions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3:2156–59Experiments on acidification-driven competition for substrate between recruitment of calcareous species and fleshy seaweeds. [98. 2019. Future ocean climate homogenizes communities across habitats through diversity loss and rise of generalist species. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25:103539–48 [99. Micheli F, Halpern BS. 2005. Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages. Ecol. Lett. 8:4391–400 [100. -2015. Herbivore diversity improves benthic community resilience to ocean acidification. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 469:98–104 [101. 2019. A triple trophic boost: how carbon emissions indirectly change a marine food chain. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25:3978–84 [102. Alsterberg C, Eklöf äck K 2013. Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers. PNAS 110:218603–8 [103. 2015. Trophic compensation reinforces resistance: herbivory absorbs the increasing effects of multiple disturbances. Ecol. Lett. 18:2182–87 [104. . 2017. Ocean warming and acidification prevent compensatory response in a predator to reduced prey quality. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 563:111–22 [105. Jellison BM, Gaylord B. 2019. Shifts in seawater chemistry disrupt trophic links within a simple shoreline food web. Oecologia 190:4955–67 [106. Bach LT, Alvarez-2017. Simulated ocean acidification reveals winners and losers in coastal phytoplankton. 12:11e0188198 [107. ó-Muñiz M, 2017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Pharmacotherapy for diabetic retinopathy-it is not just a dream. Diabetologia Croatica. 2008;37(3):57‒66. . Diabetes, oxidative stress, antioxidants: a review. J Toxic. 2003;17(1):24‒38. . Effect ofseed kernel on antioxidant defense system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Life Sci. 2004;75(22):2717‒2731. Anti-diabetic activity of fruits of Terminalia chebula on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of health science. 2006;52(3):283‒291. . Cinnamaldehyde-A potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):15‒22. Hypoglycaemic property of nutraceuticals. J Pharm Sci. 2007;6(2):105‒107. M. Herbs and spices: cinnamon's link to diabetes control. Today’s dietitian. 2015;17(11):12. Toxic effects of methanolic extract of Aspilia africanaleaf on estrous cycle and uterine tissues of Wistar rats. Morphol. 2007;25(3):609‒614. Effect of vitamin E on plasma malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme levels and the rates of wound closures during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(7):448‒451. . A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27(3):243‒275. Characterisation of the phenolic constituents in Mauritian endemic plants as determinants of their antioxidant activities in vitro. J Plant Physiol. 2006;163(8):787‒799. Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus. Phytochemistry. 2001;58(8):1209‒1212. Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species. Phytochemistry. 2007;68(2):251‒259. Reed JD. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J Anim Sci. 1995;73(5):1516‒1528. ©2018 Al-Nuaimi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The main reason is that the GEO satellite ground tracks are relatively static, resulting in almost static observation geometry. Also, the ON model has been applied to GEO satellites (Montenbruck et al. 2015), but it makes the SRP acting on the satellites hard to model. Guo et al. (2016b) identified errors that noticeable depend on the orbital angle, i. e. , the argument angle of the satellite with respect to the midnight point in the orbit plane, and large bias of about −40 cm in satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals. These errors are a result of using the empirical model. Liu et al. (2016) reported that GEO orbits could be improved by estimating six parameters instead of the typical five parameters of the empirical model. With this model, the bias of SLR residuals is only about −7. 8 cm for 28-day solutions. However, no significant improvement has been observed after incorporating the model into the Analyst (PANDA) software (Liu and Ge 2003). Although elevation-dependent satellite-induced code biases were identified for IGSO and MEO satellites (Wanninger and Beer 2015), such biases cannot be seen for GEO satellites using ground tracking data only. The cause is mainly the relative static geometry between GEO satellites and ground stations. Hence, it should be possible to improve the GEO orbits with onboard BeiDou tracking data from Orbiters (LEOs), since the relative movement between GEO and LEOs results in the desired rapid change of observation geometry. The idea of overcoming weakness due to small number of ground stations, poor distribution of ground stations, and poor geometry condition using LEOs onboard tracking data has been assessed previously (Geng et al. 2011; Zoulida et al. 2016). When onboard GPS data of are combined with data from 43 ground stations, the 1D GPS orbit differences with respect to the IGS final orbit decreased to 5. 5 from 8. 0 cm (Geng et al. 2011). Also, when more LEOs are used, less ground stations are needed to achieve similar orbit accuracy as obtained without LEOs onboard data (Geng et al. 2011). The LEO onboard GPS data can also be used to estimate phase center corrections or to improve the reference frame (Haines et al. 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Influence of ocean acidification on plankton community structure during a winter-to-summer succession: an imaging approach indicates that copepods can benefit from elevated CO2 via indirect food web effects. 12:2e0169737 [108. 2015. Biological ramifications of climate-change-mediated oceanic multi-stressors. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:171–79 [109. ó-Muñiz M et al. 2018. Enhanced transfer of organic matter to higher trophic levels caused by ocean acidification and its implications for export production: a mass balance approach. 13:5e0197502 [110. ó-Muñiz M, Bach LT et al. 2018. Food web changes under ocean acidification promote herring larvae survival. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2:5836–40 [111. Rossoll D, Bermúdez 2012. Ocean acidification-induced food quality deterioration constrains trophic transfer. 7:4e34737 [112. Riebesell U, Aberle-ó-Muñiz M, Alvarez-et al. 2018. Toxic algal bloom induced by ocean acidification disrupts the pelagic food web. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8:121082–86 [113. 2012. Global change and the future of harmful algal blooms in the ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470:207–33 [114. De'ath 2009. Declining coral calcification on the Reef. Science 323:5910116–19 [115. 2016. Reversal of ocean acidification enhances net coral reef calcification. Nature 531:7594362–65 [116. Silbiger NJ, Guadayol Ò, 2016. A novel μCT analysis reveals different responses of bioerosion and secondary accretion to environmental variability. 11:e0153058 [117. -F, Foster GL et al. 2018. Ocean acidification affects coral growth by reducing skeletal density. PNAS 115:81754–59 [118. 2016. Enhanced macroboring and depressed calcification drive net dissolution at high-CO2 coral reefs. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:184220161742 [119. 2014. Diverse coral communities in naturally acidified waters of a reef. Geophys. Res. Lett.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 98322 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechDrugs from by Hany El-the from by Hany A. El-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionMedicinal plants produce various secondary metabolites in their normal metabolic pathways and these metabolites play an important role for providing the activities of different therapeutic benefits. Medicinal plants have been considered for many years as an essential source of drugs such as morphine, digoxine, quinine, taxol, galantamine, artemisinine etc. for the treatment of several diseases and these natural products are still popular main stream stage for researchers to discovery of novel bioactive compounds with recent advancement in science and technology. Furthermore, FDA-approved antiviral drugs (famciclovir, ganciclovir, sorivudine, zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine and ivermectin) are originally modeled on a natural product parent. The potential utilization of plant extracts and their secondary metabolites to combat the development of antiviral agents is considered to be one of the most important approaches toward effective therapy for viral infections by inhibiting the replication cycle of various DNA and RNA viruses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Previous research has focused on LEO onboard GPS data since there were no onboard data available for other GNSS systems. Thanks to the FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellite, onboard BeiDou data are collected and can be used for these investigations. The aim of this study is to improve the BeiDou orbits by combining ground data and FY3C onboard tracking data, called here enhanced POD, and to analyze the elevation-dependent code biases of BeiDou satellites, particularly for GEO satellites. Following the introduction of the FY3C satellite and its onboard GNSS receiver, the quality of the collected data and the multipath errors will be investigated and analyzed. Afterward, the POD for FY3C with onboard GPS-only data or onboard BeiDou-only data will be presented, followed by a section on POD for BeiDou satellites combining ground BeiDou data and FY3C onboard BeiDou data. The thus determined BeiDou orbits and clocks will be validated by overlapping orbit comparison, by SLR, and by determination of FY3C orbits. FY3C satelliteThe FY3C satellite was launched on September 23, 2013, and developed by the Meteorological Administration/(CMA/NSMC) of China. This satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit with orbit altitude and inclination of about 836 km and 98. 75°. The primary mission of FY3C is scientific investigation of atmospheric physics, weather, climate, electron density, magnetosphere, and troposphere as well as stratosphere exchanges (Bi et al. 2012). (GNOS) has been placed on the satellite to ensure that the objectives can be achieved. The GNOS instrument was developed by the Center for (CSSAR) of the of Sciences (CAS). Three GNSS antennas, namely the PA (Positioning Antenna), the ROA (Antenna), and the SOA (Antenna) were installed on GNOS. The PA can track up to six BeiDou satellites and more than eight GPS satellites. The collected pseudoranges and carrier phases are used for real-time navigation, positioning, and POD of FY3C. The along-velocity viewing antenna ROA and anti-velocity viewing antennas SOA are used for rising and setting occultation tracking; however, only four BeiDou and six GPS occultations can be tracked simultaneously (Bai et al. 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 41:499–504 [120. 2013. The other ocean acidification problem: CO2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 368:162720120442 [121. Ober GT, Diaz-Pulido G, 2016. Ocean acidification influences the biomass and diversity of reef-associated turf algal communities. Mar. Biol. 163:10204 [122. Doropoulos C, Ward S, Diaz-Pulido G, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ 2012. Ocean acidification reduces coral recruitment by disrupting intimate larval-algal settlement interactions. Ecol. Lett. 15:4338–46 [123. -Vieyra M, Hernandez-Terrones LM, 2016. Recruitment and succession in a tropical benthic community in response to in-situ ocean acidification. 11:1e0146707 [124. 2018. Ocean acidification alters early successional coral reef communities and their rates of community metabolism. 13:5e0197130 [125. 2013. Spatial community shift from hard to soft corals in acidified water. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3:7683–87 [126. 2015. Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH. Sci. Adv 1:5e1500328 [127. 2016. Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7:81–85 [128. Fabricius KE, De'ath G, Noonan S, 2014. Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:177520132479 [129. 2015. Ocean acidification alters fish populations indirectly through habitat modification. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6:89–93 [130. 2014. Behavioural impairment in reef fishes caused by ocean acidification at CO2 seeps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4:6487–92 [131. 2011. Oyster shell dissolution rates in estuarine waters: effects of pH and shell legacy. J. Shellfish Res. 30:3659–69 [132. 2015.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among the viral infections, Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and 2 (HIV-2) as genetic variabilities that causes Syndrome (AIDS) which is one of the most dangerous infectious disease all over the world and has led to the death of many people. The anti-HIV potential of the 717 plant species belonging to 151 families were summarized for 206 HIV-reverse transcription (HIV-RT), 254 HIV-protease (HIV-PR) and 43 species as HIV-integrase (HIV-IN); among them Calendula officinalis, Justicia gendarussa and Sceletium tortuosum might be useful potential sources for new lead compounds in the development of new candidates with anti-HIV properties of therapeutic interest reported by Salehi et al. [1]. 16 ethanolic extracts of Turkish medicinal plants were evaluated for their antiviral activities against Virus (HSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV); according to results, the extracts of Galanthus elwesii and Rheum ribes showed the most potent anti-HSV activities as well as Galanthus elwesii and Leucojum aestivum were found to be the most potent anti-SINV [2]. Moreover, 14 herbal products with confirmed clinical safety features were attractive starting material for the identification of new antiviral activities and their identified compounds for the eradication of viral diseases were also reported [3]. Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Virus (IAV), and (NV) are highly pathogens that affected the health of the worldwide community. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that was originated in December 2019 in patients with infectious pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Despite of intense efforts relevant to experimental and clinical studies since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, no disease-specific drug is available, yet. Several treatment strategies including already known antiviral drugs, interpherons, interleukin inhibitors, and other drugs acting through different mechanims are being implemented in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the traditional medicines can serve as the source of potential new drug candidates and initial research focuses on the isolation of antiviral lead compounds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: For the case of GPS-only data, the IGS final orbit and 30 s clock products were used. For the Beidou-only solution, the BeiDou orbits and 30 s clocks determined with ground station data, i. e. , the GN solution discussed in next section, were used. Since no SLR measurements are available for FY3C, the determined orbits will be validated by orbit comparison in radial, along-track, cross-track, and 3D direction. For FY3C GPS-only solution, as the length of a POD arc is 30 h, i. e. , from 21:00 of the first day to 3:00 of the third day, the 6-h overlapping orbit differences (OODs) of two consecutive orbit solutions are used for validation. In case of BeiDou-only solution, we directly compare the entire 30-h orbit positions of each the GPS-only and BeiDou-only POD arc. StrategyWe determine the dynamic orbits for FY3C, and carefully model the perturbation forces acting on the satellite to achieve the best solution. Table 2 summarizes the strategy used for POD in detail. Table 2 Summary of POD strategy for FY3CFull size table Results and analysisFigure 8 illustrates the daily RMS of orbit differences for the two solutions. For GPS-only solution (top), the 6-h OODs are quite small. Except in DOY 075 and 088, the daily RMS in each direction is below 30 mm, particularly it is about 1. 0 cm in radial and cross-track component. The larger OODs are clearly dependent on the percentage of data loss, particularly for DOY 075, when about 29. 1 and 5% data are lost in DOY 074 and 075. In general, the RMS of OODs reaches 1. 9, 0. 7, 0. 8, and 2. 3 cm in along-tack, cross-track, radial, and 3D, respectively. The good orbit quality indicates an excellent performance of the FY3C onboard GNOS receiver. Fig. 8Daily RMS of orbit differences for FY3C GPS-only solution (top) and BeiDou-only solution (bottom)Full size image Figure 8 (bottom) shows that the orbit differences for BeiDou-only solution are worse compared to GPS-only.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation. Emerging Top. Life Sci. 3:2197–206 [196. -Spencer JM 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity and ecosystem function. J-P Gattuso, L Hansson 192–209 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [197. 2016. Bioremediation of waste under ocean acidification: reviewing the role of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Pollut. Bull 103:1–25–14 [198. . 2019. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: the large gloomy shadow of climate change. -79–85 Amsterdam: Elsevier [199. Koenigstein S, Ruth M, Gößling-2016. Stakeholder-informed ecosystem modeling of ocean warming and acidification impacts in the region. Front. Mar. Sci. 3:93 [200. Rodrigues LC, van den 2013. Socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Policy 38:447–56 [201. 2013. Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change. Mar. Policy 40:154–59 [202. Urquhart J, Acott T. 2014. A sense of place in cultural ecosystem services: the case of Cornish fishing communities. Soc. Nat. Resour. 27:13–19 [203. Pörtner H--Cota SE et al. 2014. Ocean systems. 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of II to the Report of the on 411–84 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [204. Arctic Monitoring, (AMAP) 2018. AMAP Assessment 2018: Acidification Tromsø, Norway: AMAP [205. 2017. Marine and coastal cultural ecosystem services: knowledge gaps and research priorities. One Ecosyst. 2:e12290 [206. . 2012. Navigating coastal values: participatory mapping of ecosystem services for spatial planning. Ecol. Econ. 82:104–13 [207. Billé -Kolieb E, et al. 2013. Taking action against ocean acidification: a review of management and policy options. Environ. Manag. 52:4761–79 [208. 2016. Community-level actions that can address ocean acidification. Front. Mar. Sci.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some parameters like drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity were also determined to ensure the safety and efficacy of active constituents. Based on the findings amarogentin, eufoliatorin, α-amyrin, caesalpinins, kutkin, β-sitosterol, and belladonnine were found the top ranked molecules have the highest affinity toward both the spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 [10]. Further, fourthy-one plant-derived compounds from Indian medicinal plants were screened for their inhibitory effect on Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular docking approach. Among them amentoflavone, lectin, glycyrrhizic acid, hypericin and torvoside H exhibited high binding energy. Amentoflavone isolated from Torreya nucifera showed the highest binding energy of 10. 0 kcal/mol with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro [11]. Furthermore, free energy calculations on these compounds performed by using the molecular docking procedure. The results suggested that amentaflavone, hypericin, and respectively complexed with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro show better binding with stabilizing interactions and provided valuable information in developing new, novel and natural anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 [9]. In addition, taraxerol isolated from Clerodendrum species has shown potential antiviral activities with desirable pharmacological features [12]. active constituent of ayurvedic herb from Withania somnifera has shown promising antiinfluenza properties by targeting neuraminidase of H1N1 Influenza as well as the highest binding affinity with S-protein and ACE-2 receptor [13]. of Health, India, has recommended the use of the aqueous extract of Withania somnifera as a preventive and prophylactic for treating COVID-19 infection. Withametelin isolated from Datura innoxia plant, has shown a better binding affinity against Mpro, S-protein and ACE-2. However, the pharmacological analysis revealed its toxicity to health. Other compound known as Daturaolone also isolated from Datura innoxia, has shown lower toxicity and potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: As of December 2021, the GPS constellation includes 5 satellites in operation with space vehicle numbers (SVN) 74 - 78. Unlike the 14 antenna calibration that inherited the full IGS05 extension calibration values, the IGS14 are adopted as varying with boresight angle up to 14 degrees and then held constant for higher angles. values were provided by the manufacture (Lockheed 2019) for the first satellite, SVN-74. Steigenberger et al. (2020) found that these values had good agreement with on orbit estimates of the PCO. For subsequent transmitters, the IGS14 adopted the SVN-74 PCO values. antenna calibrations are separated into six sub-block groups: -A, IIR-B, IIR-M, and IIF. For the remainder of this paper, we collectively refer to all these sub-blocks as Block II while applying the specific IGS14 sub-block PVs and individual PCOs. Additionally, for the purposes of comparison the sub-block types IIR-B and IIR-M are combined due to having identical IGS14 PVs. In this study, we aim to generate an extension of the IGS14 for boresight angles higher than 14 degrees that is consistent with the Block II antenna calibrations. This approach facilitates the continuity of POD solutions based on IGS standards during and after the transition of the GPS constellation from Block II to transmitters. To extend the antenna calibrations above 14 degrees, we use the Sentinel-6 1/L2 carrier and pseudorange observations from the TriG receiver (Donlon et al. 2021). At the nominal altitude of 1336 km, Sentinel-6 MF routinely observes GPS measurements with boresight angles greater than 14 degrees. Sentinel-6 MF is an ideal platform for extending the antenna calibration because of its altitude, geodetic quality receivers and antennas with favorable multipath and demonstrated radial orbit accuracy better than 1 cm rms. Additionally, during the majority of 2021, Sentinel-6 MF was flying in tandem with Jason-3 where it is following the same ground track, but approximately 30 s behind (Donlon et al. 2021a). Thus, we can use Jason-3 to validate the Sentinel-6 MF derived antenna calibration extension. To produce a antenna calibration extension consistent with the IGS14 Block IIs, we implement the following approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 26 Sep 2022 | 26 Sep 2022 Unifying biological field observations to detect and compare ocean acidification impacts across marine species and ecosystems: What to monitor and why án-Espitia, Claudine Hauri, Janet A. Newton, Mark Wells, and Abstract. Approximately one quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually from human activities is absorbed by the ocean, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH and shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. This multi-decadal process, termed “anthropogenic ocean acidification” (OA) has been shown to have detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems. Recent years have seen a globally coordinated effort to measure the changes in seawater chemistry caused by OA, with best practices now available for these measurements. In contrast to these substantial advances in observing physico-chemical changes due to OA, quantifying their biological consequences remains challenging, especially from in-situ observations under real-world conditions. Results from two decades of controlled laboratory experiments on OA have given insight into the likely processes and mechanisms by which elevated CO2 levels affect biological process, but the manifestation of these process across a plethora of natural situations has yet to be explored fully. This challenge requires us to identify a set of fundamental biological and ecological indicators that are i) relevant across all marine ecosystems, ii) have a strongly demonstrated link to OA, and iii) have implications for ocean health and the provision of ecosystem services with impacts on local marine management strategies and economies. This paper draws on the understanding of biological impacts provided by the wealth of previous experiments, as well as the findings of recent meta-analyses, to propose five broad classes of biological indicators that, when coupled with environmental observations, including carbonate chemistry, would allow the rate and severity of biological change in response to OA to be observed and compared. These broad indicators are applicable to different ecological systems, and the methods for data analysis suggested here would allow researchers to combine biological response data across regional and global scales by correlating rates of biological change with the rate of change in carbonate chemistry parameters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The twenty alkaloids and terpenoids with high binding affinities to the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro were further docked to the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV by comparing with the reference inhibitors (Lopinavir and Ritonavir). From them, 10-hydroxyusambarensine, cryptoquindoline, 6-oxoisoiguesterin and 22-hydroxyhopan-3-one showed potent activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro [31]. 2. 6. 2 Nigerian medicinal plantsmedicinal plants and their 9 phytoconstituents were investigated against symptoms related to COVID-19. Their specific therapeutic actions are administered to combat the key players in the pathogenesis of the disease [32]. 2. 6. 3 Moroccan medicinal plantsThe molecular docking studies on sixtyseven phytoconstituents from Moroccan medicinal plants were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 Main protease before clinical trial. The results of molecular docking studies showed that three compounds (crocin, digitoxigenin, and β-eudesmol) were proposed as inhibitors against the coronavirus based on the energy types of interaction between these compounds and studied protein [33]. 2. 6. 4 medicinal plantsTwentynine phytoconstituents isolated from commonly used traditional medicinal plants were examined against SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Molecular docking identified arabic acid from Acacia senegal and L-canavanine found in Sutherlandia frutescens were determined as a potential inhibitor 3C-Like main protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, hypoxoside isolated from Hypoxis hemerocallidea and uzarin from Xysmalobium undulatum were also identified as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent polymerase (SARS-CoV-2 RdRp). In addition, these compounds exhibited favorable binding orientations characterized by strong molecular interactions within respective inhibitors binding pockets of the target enzymes [34]. 2. 7 Traditional medicinal plants of countriesUncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) is traditionally used medicinal plant in countries.

Output: pass