Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: IntroductionWidespread coral bleaching was first witnessed in 1983 as part of the extremely strong 1982–1983 El Niño (Coffroth et al. 1990). The next extremely strong El Niño, arguably stronger than that in 1982–1983 (Wolter and Timlin 1998; McPhaden 1999), resulted in the first global-scale coral bleaching event (GCBE) in 1998, the effects of which were apparent throughout tropical locations (Wilkinson 2000). Just over a decade later, a much milder El Niño gave rise to the second GCBE in 2010, but this was not well documented, in part because integrated assessments such as the Network and ReefBase were no longer there to nudge scientists to publish on the bleaching (Heron et al. 2016a, 2016b). Just 4 yrs later, the incomplete formation of a 2014–2015 El Niño followed by the strong 2015–2016 El Niño initiated the third GCBE that lasted for three full years (Eakin et al. 2014, 2016, 2017). Extreme atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, representing the highest annual globally averaged temperatures recorded since the 1800s, were recorded in 2015, 2016, and 2017 (Blunden and Arndt 2018); notably, 2017 was the warmest non-El Niño year ever recorded. This extended period of record-breaking temperatures brought us the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting GCBE on record (Eakin et al. 2018a). What was different in 2014–2017? As sea surface temperature anomalies at levels capable of causing coral bleaching moved from northern to southern hemispheres repeatedly from 2014 to 2017, a nearly continuous set of bleaching events moved across most of the world’s coral reefs. In 2015 and again in 2016, the pattern of bleaching matched that seen during the first global-scale coral bleaching event in 1998 (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Thus, the 2014–2017 GCBE represents the first multi-year global-scale coral bleaching event, causing bleaching and mortality two or more times during the 3-yr event (Harrison et al. 2018; Head et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019a; Raymundo et al. 2019; Smith et al. 2019; Teixeira et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In exploratory analyses, we investigated the mediating effect of anxiety and depressive symptoms on the association between social adversity and schizotypal traits and COVID-19 related concerns and schizotypal traits. Depressive symptoms did not mediate the effects of COVID-19 concerns on schizotypy, but they did mediate the effects of social adversity on schizotypy, but only during the January/February 2021 survey. We found that the association between social adversity as well as COVID-19 related concerns and schizotypy was in both cases fully mediated by anxiety (all surveys for the former effects, only January/February 2021 and May 2021 for the latter effects). This means that social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns increased anxiety in our samples, which in turn impacted the level of schizotypal traits. Findings are consistent with other work reporting a positive association between schizotypy and social anxiety (Brown et al. , 2008; Lewandowski et al. , 2006). There are several limitations to our study. First, in this analysis, we investigate four different samples collected at different time points within 1 year from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the samples are highly comparable, and we adjust for observed differences between them in our models, we cannot adjust for unmeasured confounding. Thus, we cannot definitively say that the altered associations observed throughout the pandemic are related to genuine changes in these relationships and thus reflect the changing impact of the pandemic. Second, the sample might be biased due to the recruitment strategy. Recruitment was performed through print and social media; however, the questionnaire was only available online, so people without internet access or less ability in using the internet were either excluded from participation or had to rely on people guiding them through the survey. This especially applies to older individuals, who have less access to the internet than young people (Prescott, 2021; Quittschalle et al. , 2020). However, we were able to recruit individuals from ages 18–93, with 16. 73% aged above 60, which shows a good general representation of age. Since excessive media consumption was investigated in this study, the recruitment strategy, especially via the Internet, may have led to a bias, reaching a disproportionately large number of people who use the media excessively. However, in the first investigation (Knolle et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to 1 to 7 valuations for the options (disagree very much) to (agree very much) in the social welfare scale, the minimum score equals 15 and the maximum score equals 105. The score between 15 and 30 indicates low social well-being, the score between 30 and 60 indicates medium social well-being, and the score above 60 indicates high social well-being. This questionnaire was validated by (2017) and the correlation coefficient of mental well-being questionnaire with social well-being was equal to 0. 76. The differential validity was investigated by implementing the short form (21 questions) of Beck depression questionnaire and social well-being one and the correlation coefficient was reported to be equal to -0. 43. In the study of Hemati et all. , (2020) the internal consistency coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha for the dimension of social well-being was equal to 0. 81. 2. Social problem-solving inventory: Revised social problem-solving questionnaire (SPSI-R) is a 25-question questionnaire that was created by D’Zurilla et al. in 2002 to measure social problem solving skills. Its subscales ((PPO), Orientation (NPO), Solving (RPS), Impulsive/Reckless Style, Avoidant Style). The scoring method of the questionnaire is from not at all 1 to very much 5, the minimum possible score in the whole questionnaire will be equal to 25 and the maximum will be 125. Higher scores mean higher ability to solve social problems. Retest reliability for this questionnaire is reported to be between 0. 68 and 0. 91 and its alpha coefficient is between 0. 69 and 0/95. The construct validity of this questionnaire has also been confirmed through using exploratory factor analysis and correlation with other problem-solving scales and overlapping psychological constructs (D’Zurilla et al. , 2002). In Iran, Mokhbari et all. (2010), obtained an alpha coefficient of 0. 85 for five measured factors and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0. 88 for shortened social problem-solving questionnaire. 3. Cognitive flexibility Inventory (CFI): The cognitive flexibility inventory was created by Dennis & in 2010. This inventory consists of 20 items and is used to evaluate a person's progress in clinical and non-clinical work and to create flexible thinking in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression and other mental illnesses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: The heat stress on coral reefs has successively increased over the past 3 decades, but the 3-yr event from June 2014 to May 2017 stands out as unique in the multi-decadal record (Skirving et al. 2019). The 2014–2017 GCBE lasted 36 months, spanned four calendar years, and included positive (El Niño), negative (La Niña), and neutral phases of the El Niño–cycle (Blunden and Arndt 2018; Eakin et al. 2018a). While the full extent and impacts of the 2014–2017 GCBE are still emerging, this was the longest-lasting, most widespread, and most likely the most damaging on record. Heat stress values in some locations, including the central tropical Pacific, were the highest ever recorded as heat stress lasting for months, with continuous heat stress lasting up to a full year and resulting in almost complete coral loss (Eakin et al. 2017; Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). Even some of the hottest coral reef areas in the world succumbed to heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE, showing that heat stress had even exceeded their limits (Burt et al. 2019). In the western Pacific US territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, the 2014–2017 period was only part of a series of repeated heat stress events in a place where we are beginning to see how the annual return of bleaching levels of heat stress may impact reefs (Raymundo et al. 2019). Successive years of extreme summer temperatures have been predicted to occur a few decades from now (Donner et al. 2018)—so why are we already seeing it before 2020? While it may have resulted from random variations in climate extremes, it is most likely the result of a common problem that climate models underestimate both extreme events and rates of change (Fischer et al. 2018; Schewe et al. 2019). Heat stress during this event was not distributed evenly across reefs, devastating some areas while leaving some areas relatively unscathed. On the Reef (GBR), heat stress in 2016 was most concentrated in the northern third of the reef (Hughes et al. 2017b), while heat stress in 2017 was farther south (Hughes et al. 2019a). Similarly, 2016 heat stress in was strongest above 20°S latitude, diminishing to the south (Le Nohaïc et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: , 2021) using the same recruitment strategy, we found that media consumption increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior to the pandemic. Also, a sampling bias may have occurred over-representing individuals attracted to the topic of mental health (Andrade, 2020), which could on one hand heighten the strength of the observed associations compared with a representative general population sample and on the other explain the overrepresentation of individuals with higher educational backgrounds. Biases like these are difficult to overcome, especially in psychological research. These limitations may affect the generalisability and representativeness of the study. Third, an adequate fit is assumed for RMSEA of less than 0. 06 and a CFI of greater than 0. 90. Our models fulfil these criteria for the RMSEA, but are slightly lower for the CFI, ranging between 0. 78 and 0. 86. Our models are highly complex, with each model including five mediators and three outcomes. When reducing the complexity of the models, fit based on CFI meets threshold (≥0. 9); however, for the sake of parsimony we present the full models. Important implications can be drawn from the results for possible future pandemics and national or global health emergencies in order to mitigate a drastic deterioration of the mental health of the general population. To prevent severe isolation and loneliness, social contact should be allowed in secure and low-risk settings, such as meeting outside in pairs, wearing masks and, if necessary, keeping some distance. In general, people who live alone are particularly affected by loneliness, which is a major risk factor for experiencing many negative mental states, including psychosis-like experiences (Butter et al. , 2017; Le et al. , 2019). A recent study has shown that anxiety can be strongly reduced by half by the mere presence of another person (Qi et al. , 2020). Furthermore, as excessive media consumption exacerbates the negative effects of COVID-19 related stress and social adversity, it is important to educate individuals on healthy and responsible media consumption. It is necessary to implement these educational measures in school curriculums and professional training settings. During the pandemic we saw an increase in mental health crises, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Healthcare providers or city councils could offer free online sessions to foster resilience and mental well-being, such as mindfulness, which has been shown to improve general mental health in adults (Antesberger et al. , 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: There are three subscales for this questionnaire, which are alternatives, control and other alternatives for human behavior. For each statement of the questionnaire, there is a seven-point Likert rating scale with a value of 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). The maximum score in the questionnaire is 140 and the minimum score is 20. Higher score indicates more cognitive flexibility and a lower score near 20 indicates low cognitive flexibility. In the original version, the concurrent validity of this questionnaire with the Beck depression questionnaire was equal to 0. 39 and its convergent validity with Martin and Robin's cognitive flexibility scale was 0. 75 (Dennis & Wadner, 2010). In Iran, Fazli et al. (2014) reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 75. Also, in the study by Akbari et al. (2021), the content, form and criterion validity of this questionnaire have been evaluated and Cronbach's alpha value of this questionnaire was estimated to be above 0. 7 (Akbari et al. , 2021). 4. Questionnaire: The emotional awareness questionnaire was developed by Reifee et al. in 2007 based on the emotional deficit scale of Bagby et all. (1994) to measure how children and teenagers feel or perceive their emotions. The scoring of this questionnaire is in the form of a three-choice Likert scale of true, somewhat true, and false, ranging from 1 to 3. This questionnaire includes 6 subscales related to the ability of distinguishing between emotions with 7 questions, the ability to share emotions with 3 questions, the ability not to hide emotions with 5 questions, physical self-awareness with 5 questions, paying attention to emotions of others with 5 questions and the ability to analyze emotions with 5 questions. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were investigated by Reifee et al. (2021) on 706 Dutch children and adolescents and the results showed that the reliability of the subscale was between 0. 64 and 0. 68, and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 6-factor structure of the questionnaire. In Iran, Gholamreza and Saberi (2019) investigated the validity and reliability of this questionnaire and reported Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire as 0. 78. Also, in order to check the construct validity of the questionnaire, they used both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, and the results of both analyzes supported the six-factor structure of the questionnaire.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2017; Gilmour et al. 2019). A surprise was the second area of warming off southern Australia in 2016, resulting in bleaching as high as 34°S in (Goyen et al. 2019). At regional scales, these studies found damage largely followed the degree of heat stress recorded. What have we learned from GCBE-3? From a practical standpoint, a clear lesson that has emerged during the latest and prolonged bleaching event is the critical importance of the timing of surveys used to document the incidence and severity of coral bleaching (Claar and Baum 2018). While frequent, repeated, and well-timed observations are the best way to monitor bleaching and mortality during heat stress events, this is not always possible, especially at remote locations (e. g. , Kiritimati Island). Some remote locations that are typically surveyed every 2–3 yrs have been surveyed annually since the onset of the 2014–2017 GCBE (Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). However, even well-resourced, large-scale programs to survey much of the GBR or US coral reefs are only conducted at a predetermined time of the year or even every 2 to 3 yrs (Jonker et al. 2008; NOAA 2014). Resulting estimates of bleaching or mortality will depend on whether surveys were conducted before, during, or after the peak of heat stress. While satellite remote sensing of heat stress is readily available and continues to be improved (Liu et al. 2017) and climate-model-based systems can predict heat stress with reasonable skill (Liu et al. 2018), we are currently reliant on direct and timely in-water surveys to establish the incidence and extent of coral bleaching and associated mortality (Hughes et al. 2017b, 2018a). Being able to detect coral bleaching remotely would improve temporal and spatial coverage in studies of bleaching incidence and greatly advance understanding of the causes and consequences of coral bleaching. While global-scale tools such as those provided by satellites and climate models provide valuable insights into large-scale patterns, local patterns of heat stress or survival reveal considerable variability within reefs and reef systems (Green et al. 2019; Reid et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Critically, special attention should be paid to people with pre-existing mental health conditions or at high risk of developing disorders such as psychosis, as such individuals are more likely to experience exacerbating symptoms during challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Fekih-Romdhane et al. , 2021; Iob et al. , 2020; Preti et al. , 2020). Furthermore, expansion of online psychiatric interventions could be beneficial, as these have shown promise in ameliorating symptoms (Cheli et al. , 2020; DeLuca et al. , 2020; Schleider et al. , 2022). In conclusion, we found that social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns predicted higher schizotypal traits, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. We furthermore found that excessive media consumption (more than 4 hr a day) partially mediated these relationships. We identified the ameliorating potential of regular sleep on mental health, but especially on schizotypy. Overall, our study shows that during the handling of extreme situations such as a global pandemic which require lockdowns and social distancing, sustained meaningful relationships, and a healthy lifestyle are essential to maintain mental health. Furthermore, our findings highlight the risk of pandemic stressors heightening people’s levels of schizotypy, especially through excessive media consumption. Finally, our findings show that symptoms of common mental disorders (depression and anxiety) mediated the effects of social adversity and COVID-19 related concerns on schizotypy. All together our findings underscore the need for protective measures to be in place, such as social support networks, psychoeducation, media education, and treatment for common mental disorders, to support those most vulnerable to increased schizotypy. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability Data is available for download: 1917. 921. PubMed 141. PubMed 10. PubMed 576. PubMed 10. 31234/osf. io/fw78q 159. 7417. PubMed 678. PubMed 747. PubMed 75. 181. PubMed 3146. PubMed 291. PubMed 246. PubMed 920. PubMed 149. 87. PubMed 258. 3521. PubMed 1071. 300. 4. 13-23 R-Project. Org.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: FindingsIn the present study, after collecting the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the information. The results related to the study of demographic characteristics indicated that 43% (98 people) of the participants in the research were male teenagers and 57% (130 people) were females, and the average and standard deviation of the age for the sample were equal to 16/10 and 1/40, respectively. Table 1 shows descriptive statistics and matrix of correlation coefficients for research variables. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationships between research variables before performing structural equations. The findings of Table 1 showed that the relationship of social well-being with positive problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 45), negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 29), logical problem solving (r = 0. 40), impulsive style (r = 0. 22), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 35), psychological flexibility (r = 0. 31) and emotional self-awareness (r = 0. 40) were positive and significant at 0. 05 and 0. 01 levels. In addition, the correlation coefficient of emotional self-awareness with negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 15), logical style (r = 0. 30), impulsive style (r = 0. 20), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 18), flexibility psychological adaptability (r = 0. 31) was positive and significant at the level of 0. 01 (Ρ < 0. 01). The proposed model of the research in the form of standard coefficients is presented in Fig. 1. In this model, emotional self-awareness as a mediator, social problem solving and cognitive flexibility as independent variables and social well-being as a dependent variable are given, also regression coefficients are given above the arrows and error values with the symbol ‘e’. The adjusted modified model of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Orientation 8/82 2/033 1 2. Orientation 11/87 3/00 0/42** 1 3. Solving 20/96 4/08 0/29** 0/43** 1 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2019). In a theme repeated from earlier mass bleaching events, heat stress, bleaching, and disease were interrelated, with greater tissue loss from disease in highly bleached corals (Brodnicke et al. 2019). During the 2014–2017 GCBE, scientists in Florida grappled with a multi-species disease that spread through most of their corals (Walton et al. 2018). That disease and tissue loss started during the warmest years on record in Florida, but it is still uncertain what role high temperature may have played. Not surprisingly, where the broader ecosystem is examined, impacts from severe coral mortality ripple through the associated fauna and impact the entire ecosystem (Richardson et al. 2018; Sikkel et al. 2019; Wilson et al. 2019). Stuart-Smith et al. (2018) surveyed a year after the 2016 marine heatwave hit the GBR, finding widespread impacts throughout coral reef ecosystems, with an expected patchiness as local impacts varied. However, their work showed that heat stress was directly impacting the ecosystem at multiple levels, not just corals. They found greater correlations to the level of local heat stress than to the level of coral loss. A new long-term study of ecosystem impacts shows that severe bleaching persistently changes reef fish communities, lasting for more than 15 yrs (Robinson et al. 2019). Other novel work indicated that fish living within the branches of corals may moderate the impacts of bleaching on their hosts (Chase et al. 2018). Bioerosion of reef structures is faster than previously understood. At multiple locations, severe bleaching and mortality caused declines in the net carbonate production on reefs by reducing carbonate production and increasing erosion (Couch et al. 2017; Lange and Perry 2019). Such erosion can be much more rapid than previously understood, as endolithic cyanobacteria can rapidly grow, perforating and weakening the outer part a coral’s skeleton within days to weeks after mortality. This can rapidly flatten the fine structure of colonies, weaken branches (Leggat et al. 2019), and significantly reduce rugosity/topographic complexity, within less than a year after bleaching (Couch et al. 2017). What about deep reefs? Questions still remain unanswered regarding deep and mesophotic reefs. Despite the hypothesis that mesophotic reefs may serve as lifeboats for coral reefs (Baker et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: So far, several studies have investigated the role of social media in people with serious illness, and research shows that it is a promising approach in patients with schizophrenia [6]. Social media is a valuable resource for receiving peer-to-peer support. Facebook, Twitter or YouTube can be used by people with several conditions in order to find support or advice from others and to share personal experiences. Naslund et al. [7] proposed a model that illustrated potential benefits for people with serious mental illness, which they can have in an online community on online social networking sites (overcome stigma, seek professional help, receive adequate treatment). Regarding mental health interventions delivered via Facebook, research is only starting to emerge. In an online randomized controlled experiment, a depression awareness campaign delivered via Facebook for adults was associated with enhanced mental health literacy [8]. Facebook allows for establishing and maintaining connections with others, and studies show that there is a positive relation between Facebook use and social capital, with greater advantages for people with low self-esteem and life satisfaction [9]. According to a review on the applications of social media in medicine and healthcare services, it seems that social networking is a promising approach. However, much uncertainty exists in terms of ethics and safety [10]. Furthermore, social media seemed to be an effective method to promote health-related behaviours [11]. There are studies showing that online social networking sites are important factors in youths’ social lives, as in a large sample (N = 3. 068) of adolescents (aged 11–14), there were significant positive associations between the use of online social networking sites and several friendship-related variables (friendship quality, face-to-face interaction, bridging/bonding social capital) [12]. Online social networking sites can have benefits in terms of cognitive abilities for older healthy adults [13], as it was shown in a study involving older adults (mean age comprised between 78 and 80), in which participants were randomly assigned into three groups: Facebook training, online diary website and waiting list. intervention was delivered over 8 weeks and older adults received weekly training in how to use Facebook. 2. 2. Disadvantages of online social networking Recent research has associated social media networking with several negative outcomes, both in adolescent populations and in adults. 2. 2. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 12/09 3/15 0/30** 0/33** 0/36** 1 5. 12/57 2/88 0/33** 0/52** 0/32** 0/28** 1 6. Cognitive flexibility 100/48 21/57 0/16* 0/12 0/30** -0/08 -0/05 1 7. Emotional Self-Awareness 59/33 6/46 0/08 0/15* 0/30** 0/20** 0/18** 0/31** 1 8. Social well-being 68/69 13/86 0/45** 0/29** 0/40** 0/22** 0/35** 0/31** 0/40** 1 In order to determine whether the adequacy of the correction model is compatible with the data, a combination of comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, incremental fit index, goodness index Goodness of fit index) Normalized goodness of fit index, of Fit Index, Root mean squared error of approximation, and Chi-squared ratio index were used. Its results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 The indices of fit for the proposed model measurement model of fit for measurement model 071/0 85/0 80/0 86/0 86/0 88/0 91/0 Estimated figures desirable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable desirable to Table 2, the fit indices of the assumed model are acceptable and in a proper situation, which indicates the appropriate fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 2. 13 and since it is less than 3, it indicates the desirability of the proposed modified model. Next, in order to investigate the direct and indirect relationships of the research variables, the direct and indirect effect coefficients and the total research variables on each other in the standard mode are presented in Table 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2015) and hydrodynamics (Golbuu et al. 2007), not protection from fishing (Graham et al. 2015)—one of the stressors most often controlled in MPAs. Studies of mortality from heat stress over the last 2 decades, along with the multi-year bleaching in 2014–2017, are leading to a new hypothesis: While local protection such as MPAs can protect reefs against local stressors, they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery (Hughes et al. 2017b; Bates et al. 2019). Past conservation approaches do not address the scale of the greatest threats corals face in the Anthropocene—the growing climate crisis (Hughes et al. 2017a; Bellwood et al. 2019). Clearly, this points to the need for action to avert the growing climate crisis rather than relying on local action. In fact, perceptions of the importance and impact of climate change increased among GBR visitors after the bleaching events of 2016 and 2017, suggesting a strengthening base of support to address the sources of climate change (Curnock et al. 2019). Closing thoughtsThe papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs, together with the numerous papers on the 2014–2017 GCBE published elsewhere, and the papers still being prepared, provide significant insights into this multi-year bleaching event. However, as we saw with the 1998 global-scale bleaching event, the full impacts will not be known for years to come. Hopefully, papers will emerge on the recovery of coral reefs after the damage from the 2014–2017 GCBE. However, marine heatwaves have increased in frequency and intensity across the oceans, increasing heat stress on coral reefs (Eakin et al. 2018b; Oliver et al. 2018). This has resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe bleaching from once in every 25–30 yrs in the 1980s to once in 5. 9 yrs today (Hughes et al. 2018b). Given 10–15 year recovery times for fast-growing corals on the most ideally located, least-disturbed reefs (Riegl 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Gilmour et al. 2013; Head et al. 2019), it is far more likely we will witness the repeat of severe bleaching on most reefs around the world rather than their recovery.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Adolescent literature According to a report published by the Center, adolescents are avid users of online social networking sites, with approximately 71% of them using more than one online social networking site [14] in 2015, and the most widely used online social networking site was Facebook (41%). Frequency of using social networking sites expressed as the amount of time spent on online social networking sites was associated with mental health problems in children and adolescents [15]. Namely, the same study shows that spending more than 2 h per day on online social networking sites is associated with higher psychological distress, poor self-rated mental health, suicidal ideation and an unmet need for mental health support. In another study conducted on a large sample of adolescents (N = 5. 126), there were significant positive associations between the use of online social networking sites, psychological distress, suicide ideation and suicide attempts [16]. In this study, cyberbullying victimization served as a full mediator in the relationship between the use of online social networking sites and psychological distress/suicide attempts and acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between the use of online social networking sites and suicidal ideation. “Facebook depression” [17] is a term introduced in a report of the of Pediatrics to describe the impact of social media on youths’ mental health, according to which depression arises as a consequence of youths spending a large amount of time on social media [18]. When it comes to mechanisms explaining why the use of online social networking sites is associated with negative mental health outcomes, one study shows that negative comparison on Facebook is related with adolescents’ life satisfaction [19]; negative comparison on Facebook predicts life satisfaction, but the opposite relationship is also significant. Research regarding problematic online social networking sites in adolescents is scarce, and very few studies have investigated the relationship between Facebook addiction and youths’ mental health problems. In a study conducted with adolescents, both personality traits and social influence processes emerged as significant predictors of problematic Facebook use and Facebook use frequency. use was predicted by emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness and norms, while the frequency of Facebook use was predicted by gender, group norms and social identity [20]. 2. 2. 2. Adult studies With the rapid emergence of technology, the term “iDisorders” was introduced to define mental health problems related to technology usage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Total, direct and indirect standardized coefficients of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 12/0 **39/0 **51/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 16/0 13/0 **29/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being -- **36/0 **36/0 Emotional Self-Awareness - > Social Well-being -- **33/0 **33/0 Solving the -> Emotional Self-Awareness -- **45/0 **45/0 to Table 3, the direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 39, p = 0. 01), and emotional self-awareness (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 36) to social well-being are significant (P < 0. 01). The direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 33) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 45) to emotional self-awareness are significant at the level of 0. 01. Also, the indirect paths of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility to social well-being are equal to 0. 12 and 0. 16, respectively. Bootstrap method was used to check the significance of the obtained indirect coefficients, the results of which are presented in Table 4. The results of the bootstrap test in Table 4 showed that the confidence level for the lower and upper limits is 95% and the number of bootstrap resampling equals 2000. According to the results of Table 4, the indirect paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 07, p ≥ 0. 001) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 7) are significant to social well-being. This means that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with the social well-being of adolescents.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the northeast Caribbean, doldrum-like conditions combined with elevated water temperatures in the summer/fall 2005 created the most severe coral bleaching event ever documented within this region. Video monitoring of 100 randomly chosen, permanent transects at five study sites in the US revealed over 90% of the scleractinian coral cover showed signs of thermal stress by paling or becoming completely white. Lower water temperatures in October allowed some re-coloring of corals; however, a subsequent unprecedented regional outbreak of coral disease affected all sites. Five known diseases or syndromes were recorded; however, most lesions showed signs similar to white plague. Nineteen scleractinian species were affected by disease, with >90% of the disease-induced lesions occurring on the genus Montastraea. The disease outbreak peaked several months after the onset of bleaching at all sites but did not occur at the same time. The mean number of disease-induced lesions increased 51-fold and the mean area of disease-associated mortality increased 13-fold when compared with pre-bleaching disease levels. In the 12 months following the onset of bleaching, coral cover declined at all sites (average loss: 51. 5%, range: 42. 4–61. 8%) reducing the five-site average from 21. 4% before bleaching to 10. 3% with most mortality caused by white plague disease, not bleaching. Continued losses through October 2007 reduced the average coral cover of the five sites to 8. 3% (average 2-year loss: 61. 1%, range: 53. 0–79. 3%). Mean cover by M. annularis (complex) decreased 51%, Colpophyllia natans 78% and Agaricia agaricites 87%. Isolated disease outbreaks have been documented before in the Virgin Islands, but never as widespread or devastating as the one that occurred after the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. This study provides insight into the effects of continued seawater warming and subsequent coral bleaching events in the Caribbean and highlights the need to understand links between coral bleaching and disease. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral-bleaching events followed by disease outbreaks are a recently described phenomenon (Selig et al. 2006; Bruno et al. 2007; Whelan et al. 2007; Muller et al. 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In a meta-analysis including eighteen papers on the relationship between Facebook use and loneliness, it resulted that the two variables were significantly associated and that loneliness predicted Facebook use and not the other way around [21]. Facebook use had a significant contribution to mental health, with Facebook use, impression management and friends predicting mood disorders, with different contributions across disorders (having more friends is negatively associated with major depression and dysthymia, while positively predicting mania) [22]. Social media, operationalized as the total time spent per day, visits per day and global frequency of visits on social media, was associated with depression in a large sample of U. S. young adults [23]. Facebook intrusiveness was correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder severity and with obsessive beliefs in a sample of young adults (aged 18–24) [24]. There is ample literature on the role of online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular, in mental health outcomes. However, there is high heterogeneity in what online social networking sites and Facebook mean. Facebook is conceptualized and measured differently across studies, given that while several studies investigate Facebook use, others investigate either the number of friends, Facebook disclosure, Facebook activities, Facebook motives or Facebook addiction/intrusiveness/problematic use. Despite the fact that no diagnostic manual recognizes Facebook addiction as a diagnostic category, more and more research focuses on pathological uses of online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular (see Ref. [25] for a complex review of online social networking sites addiction). Online social networking sites addiction is related to deficits in emotion regulation and susceptibility to drug and alcohol addictions [26], somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction and depression [27]. Advertisement 3. Social media and social anxiety Online social networking sites, and Facebook in particular, can offer great opportunities, in terms of interaction with others, for individuals with social anxiety. Two different hypotheses have been proposed in order to explain why socially anxious individuals use computers [28], which can easily be applicable to online social networking sites. The first hypothesis proposed is the social compensation hypothesis [29], according to which individuals use online social networking sites in order to compensate for deficits in social skills or discomfort in face-to-face situations. The second theory, opposed to the first, is called the social enhancement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, socially skilled individuals use online social networking sites to find additional opportunities to interact with others.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Bootstrap of the mediating path of the mediating variable of communication beliefs level Lower level Standard-Error bootstrap Paths 046/0 27/0 02/0 08/0 12/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 022/0 37/0 06/0 10/0 16/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being DiscussionThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The results indicated that among two variables of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, only social problem solving can directly affect the social well-being of adolescents, but cognitive flexibility indirectly affects social well-being through emotional self-awareness. Also, emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. Findings of this research are consistent with the results of Aburezeq & Kasik (2023), Fathi et al. In explaining the direct effect of social problem solving and the indirect effect of social problem solving through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be mentioned that social problem solving is a kind of problem solving in real life and a self-directed process that people seek to identify, find and/or create adaptive management solutions for problems they encounter in their daily lives. To face such situations, people have to find solutions in social context (Aburezeq & Kasik, 2021). According to Karadames (2007), such cognitive and emotional reactions in solving problems; perception of personal characteristics and capabilities includes efficient and effective interaction with environment, connection with society and positive progress through life, which is equivalent to social well-being (Motaghedifard and Tamanaeifar, 1392). Besides, having sufficient knowledge about emotions, method of controlling and believing in the value of negative emotions according to situations in children and adolescents, helps them in stressful emotional situations; and express their emotions more appropriately (Hashemi et al. , 2022). This way, teenagers, due to their ability to pay attention and analyze other people's emotions and get support from others by sharing these emotions; they would be able to find effective responses to challenging social situations and achieve social well-being.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Independently, coral bleaching and coral disease have become substantial threats to coral reefs over the last several decades. Only recently, however, have the two stressors been suggested to have a connection. The suggested link between coral bleaching and disease is anomalously high-water temperatures. Many factors can cause coral bleaching, though changes in temperature and ultraviolet radiation have received the most attention (Brown 1997). Typically, massive bleaching events in the past have been associated with higher than average water temperatures (~1°C) in the summer months, when corals are already close to their temperature threshold. Whether high temperatures affect diseases and bleaching independently, or indirectly through a series of connected biological responses (e. g. , coral-host susceptibility), is unknown. The number and severity of coral-bleaching events have increased substantially since the early 1980s (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). While bleaching events such as the one in 1998 caused extensive mortality worldwide, coral bleaching in the Atlantic has until recently caused either isolated or relatively low levels of coral mortality. During the 1997/1998 bleaching event, coral mortality in the Atlantic was fairly minor compared with mortality levels in the Indian and (Goreau et al. 2000). Rogers and Miller (2001) reported less than 50% of coral cover bleached from two sites in St. John at this time with little subsequent mortality. The only major loss of coral reported in the Caribbean region from the bleaching in 1997/1998 was along the central shelf lagoon of the Belizean barrier reef where ~100% of the Agaricia tenuifolia died (Aronson et al. 2002). In 2003, Ballantine et al. (2008) reported <1. 0% scleractinian mortality from a coral-bleaching event in Puerto Rico. Coral disease was first documented in 1965 (Squires 1965), but, similar to bleaching, was not considered a serious threat to coral reefs until recently. The number of described coral diseases and the number of documented cases have increased exponentially since the first description (Harvell et al. 2004; Lafferty et al. 2004). Coral disease is now considered one of the greatest threats to coral reefs and has been a significant cause of reef degradation throughout the world (Rosenberg and Loya 2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In the existent literature on the relationship between online social networking sites and social anxiety, there is mixed evidence regarding the two hypotheses, as both have received support. In an experimental study, Rauch et al. [30] investigated whether previous exposure to Facebook attenuates or augments physiological arousal during face-to-face interaction in a sample composed exclusively of adult female students. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: Facebook exposure only, face-to-face exposure only, Facebook exposure first plus face-to-face exposure second and face-to-face exposure first plus Facebook exposure second. The results indicated that participants who only had seen the stimulus on Facebook had less physiological arousal than participants who had seen the stimulus face-to-face. However, regarding the combined conditions, physiological arousal was higher when seeing the person face-to-face when this preceded seeing the person on Facebook. Social anxiety moderated the relationship between physiological arousal and Facebook exposure so that exposing an individual to a stimulus person on Facebook is related with increased arousal in a face-to-face meeting with that person, and this, moreover, appears in highly social anxious persons. No systematic approach has been conducted so far investigating the relationship between social anxiety and online social networking sites, or Facebook in particular, despite growing evidence on how socially individuals use online social networking sites. Therefore, the main aim of the current paper is to offer a comprehensive review of the state of the art of existent studies on the relationship between online social networking sites and social anxiety. Advertisement 4. current systematic review has been conducted in accordance with the Items for and Meta-Analyses () statement [31]. 4. 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria In order to be included, studies had to: involve participants with social anxiety symptoms/disorder;include online social networking assessments;include social anxiety assessments;be published in peer-reviewed journals;be published in English. There were no age constraint criteria applied and no year of publication limitation. Studies were excluded if there was no assessment of social networking and social anxiety, and they were not published in English. 4. 2. Search strategy Electronic databases (of Science) were consulted by two independent assessors up to 20th June 2016. Several terms related to social networking were combined with terms related to social anxiety. No additional records were identified through the manual search in the 5. Results 5. 1. Literature search The flowchart describing the inclusion of studies is described in Figure 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: In explaining the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be said that cognitive flexibility can adapt a person's thought and behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions. People who have the ability to think flexibly, use alternative justifications, positively reconstruct their thinking framework, and accept challenging situations or stressful events, and are more emotionally stable than people who are not flexible and will have more awareness (Burton et all,. 2010). Adolescents who have high self-awareness are honest with themselves and others, and recognize how their emotions affect themselves and their loved ones, and are able to speak accurately and openly about their emotions and the impact they have on others. According to the research of Qorbani et al. (2008), emotional self-awareness plays a significant role in explaining the emotional performance of people, and self-awareness in predicting mental health has incremental validity in comparison with the big five personality factors, and beyond personality factors, it can explain mental health. People with high flexibility in dealing with realistic issues have the ability to control their behavior and emotions, and this feeling motivates people to establish loving relationships with others. In fact, stressors prevent the correct response to stimuli and cause the appearance of emotional, behavioral or physical symptoms. These factors can be family problems, work-related problems, and other problems that lead to significant damage in social, emotional, family and work-related functions, therefore, when the stress-causing factor or factors are removed, problems of incompatibility and well-being will also be resolved. People who are confident in their abilities consider problems as challenges. They are confident that they can control threatening situations; such a perception of abilities reduces stress and conflict with social issues and leads to the completion of tasks and responsibilities. One of the limitations of the present study is the implementation of the questionnaire on teenagers in Isfahan, and therefore caution should be considered in generalizing results obtained in other societies and cultures. It is also suggested that the present research be conducted on other educational levels such as teenagers in other cities. DeclarationsThis is an observational study. has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. All the subjects have participated in the research with full consent and without coercion. Competing interests There is no conflict of interests. Authors' contributions Both authors wrote the whole text together. Funding no funding received. Availability of data and materials All data are available and will be translated and sent if necessary. 169.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: has been labeled a ‘hot-spot’ for disease with approximately 76% of all coral diseases described worldwide being found within this relatively small basin (Weil 2004). Historically, disease has taken a toll on Caribbean coral reefs. In the late 1970s, white band disease caused the precipitous decline of two major, reef-building coral species, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, the first coral species listed as threatened under the Act, 71 26852 (2006). Recently, white plague and Caribbean yellow band diseases are considered the major disease threats within the Caribbean (Miller et al. 2003; Weil et al. 2006; Ballantine et al. 2008; Rogers et al. 2008). Temperature/disease connectionHigh-water temperatures can influence coral disease by either increasing pathogenic abundance or virulence (Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), or by increasing coral-host susceptibility (Lesser et al. 2007; Ainsworth et al. 2008). Several coral pathogens have displayed optimal growth at relatively high ambient temperatures (30–35°C). A pathogen identified for white plague type II, Aurantimonas coralicida, and a pathogen documented to cause white pox disease, Serratia marcescens, have optimal growth ranges between 30 and 35°C (Patterson et al. 2002; Remily and Richardson 2006). Higher abundance of potential pathogens in the environment, or within the coral host, could increase the potential for disease infection. High-water temperatures may promote the growth and reproduction of microbial pathogens. One species of coral, Oculina patagonica, bleached from the temperature-sensitive bacterium Vibrio shiloii (Ben-Haim and Rosenberg 2002; the name V. shiloii is now renamed to V. shilonii (2001)). Follow-up studies, however, indicated O. patagonica no longer bleached in the presence of the V. shilonii. Therefore, the corals either developed a resistance to the bacteria (Reshef et al. 2006), bleaching was always a result of changing environmental conditions and not a result of bacterial infection (Ainsworth et al. 2008) or the virulence of the pathogen was reduced. Elevated water temperatures could physiologically stress the coral holobiont and lead to bleaching, therefore increasing the coral’s susceptibility to disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The literature search yielded 673 5. 2. Information extracted The following information was extracted from each of the studies included: authors and year of publication;sample characteristics (number of participants, mean age, age range, proportion of female participants, type of sample);amount of time spent using social networking sites per day;online social networking conceptualization;concepts assessed in the study;information regarding the association between online social networking and social anxiety. Figure 1. Flow diagram of study selection process. 5. 3. Characteristics of the studies included A summary of the characteristics of the studies included (number of participants, age, online social networking sites conceptualization, primary results) is described in Table 1. (% F) Mage (SD)Age range in social media per day (SD) SNSs construct Aladwani and Almarzouq [45] 407 (54%) 20. 04 (1. 16) Students 1. 86 h(0. 99) Compulsive SM use Interaction anxiousnessSelf-esteemProblematic learningMedia complementarity Significant positive associations between compulsive SM use and SAr = 0. 26, p < 0. 05 Antheunis et al. [12] 3. 068 (53. 7%) 13. 46 (0. 56)11–14 Adolescents 7. 27 h(8. 54) SNSs use intensity Social anxietyQuality of friendshipsBridging social capitalBonding social capitalOffline interaction with friends Significant negative associations between SNS and SAr = −0. 08, p < 0. 001 Bodroža and Jovanović [32] 8041st phase 445 (79. 1%)2nd phase 359 (79. 4%) 26. 95 (6. 35)15–6221. 29 (2. 96)18–44 Students and general population Combined sample:½ of the sampleuses FB1–3 h/day, 27% <1 h, 15% 3–5 h and 8% >5 hStudent sample:FB 1–3 h/day, 35% <1 h, 11% 3–5 h, 3%>5 h a day. Psycho-social aspects of Facebook use (PSAFU):CompensationSelf-presentationSocializationFB addictionVirtual self Social anxiety personalitySensation seeking Significant positive associations between FB and SAr between 0. 11 and 0. 58, p < 0. 001 and 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2021) Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Scale in students: DERS-16. Research report. Faculty of Education and Psychology. University of (2018) of and the Atmosphere in Solving: Role of Cognitive Flexibility. Stud 15(31):1–34. 10. 22111/JEPS. 2018. 4261 (2020) Comparison the Social Well-being, Spiritual Well-being and Strategies in multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and Non-Patients. J title 14(3):38–52. 10. 1080/0312407X. 2018. 1516793[Link] (2010) Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychol health Med 15(3):266–277. (2018) The subjective well-being of academically gifted students in the Chinese cultural context. Int 39(3):291–311. D’-(2002) Manual for the social problem solving inventory-revised(10. 1037/t05068-000 Demirtaş, Ayşe Sibel (2020) -Being in Turkish Adolescents: Role of Academic, Social and Emotional Self-Efficacy. Anales de Psicologia 36(1):111–121. 10. 6018/analesps. 36. 1. 336681 (2010) The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn therapy Res 34(3):241–253. 10. 1007/s10608-009-9276-4 (2017) Self-esteem; challenges and strategies (with emphasis on religious attitudes). Journal of Ethical Reserch, 5(4), 53–82. URL: (2014) The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy on cognitive flexibility of depressed people. Thought and behavior in clinical psychology, 9(34), 27–36. (2019) Comparing spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support in delinquent and normal teenagers. 4(2):14–24. Gholamreza A, (2018) Survey on validity and reliability of Emotion awareness questionnaire in primary school students of Tehran. Quarterly of Psychometrics, 7(27), 85–98.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: A combination of bleaching and disease in 1998 caused extensive mortality of the octocoral, Briareum asbestinum, in the (Harvell et al. 2001). This short-lived epizootic occurred within 10 weeks of the bleaching event. Additionally, a study by Jones et al. (2004) documented a coral epizootic that coincided with a bleaching event at (Reef) in which coral mortality was attributed to disease. Bruno et al. (2007) found a significant relationship between the frequencies of warm water temperature anomalies and white syndrome in the Reef but only on reefs with >50% coral cover. Furthermore, during the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, on a section of (2007) documented that mortality in Porites porites was from bleaching; however, Colpophyllia natans bleached before dying from white plague. At another US site, bleached Acropora palmata colonies lost more tissue from disease than A. palmata colonies that did not bleach (Muller et al. 2008). Greater mortality on the more compromised corals suggests disease severity was influenced by coral-host stress and susceptibility. During the summer/fall of 2005, anomalously warm water temperatures (Whelan et al. 2007) and doldrum-like conditions in the NE Caribbean coincided with massive coral bleaching (Wilkinson and Souter 2008). The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active ever recorded with 28 tropical storms including 15 hurricanes. However, the NE Caribbean was largely unaffected as no storm or hurricane passed within 400 km of this area. Coral bleaching as referred to in this paper is defined as paling or whitening of a coral from the loss of zooxanthellae or zooxanthellar pigments. While some scientists include bleaching as a disease (e. g. , Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), the present study differentiated coral bleaching from coral disease. Bleached corals retained living tissue with an absence or reduction of zooxanthellae while disease was a measure of coral mortality (i. e. , loss of tissue) when signs consistent with previously described coral diseases were observed. This study documented the extent and severity of coral bleaching on five reef sites around St. John and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and explored the connection between coral bleaching and coral disease during massive bleaching in 2005 and subsequent disease outbreak.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 05 in both samplesSignificant positive associations between FBA and SAr = 0. 19, p < 0. 001 (FB users sample)r = 0. 17, p < 0. 001 (Student sample) Casale and Fioravanti [46] 400 (51. 8%) 22. 45 (2. 09) reported Generalized problematic Internet use Social anxietySatisfactionwith the needs through SNS:-The need to belong-Theneed for self-presentation-The need for assertiveness Significant positive associations between problematic Internet use and SAr = 0. 22, p < 0. 001 Clayton et al. [39] 229 (74. 3%) 18. 19 (0. 43)18–21 Students 30 min to 1 h Emotional connectednessto FBFacebook connection strategies Anxiousness-social anxiety subscalelonelinessAlcohol useMarijuana use Significant positive associations between emotional connectedness to Facebook and anxiousnessr = 0. 18, p < 0. 001Significant positive associations between Facebook connection strategies and anxiousnessr = 0. 23, p < 0. 001 Davidson and Farquhar [49] 336 (70%) Not reported reported Facebook intensityanxiety number ofunique groupsRole conflictSelf-monitoringReligiousactivities Non-significant positive associations between FB Intensity and SAr = 0. 05, p = nsSignificant positive associations between FB anxiety and SAr = 0. 66, p < 0. 001 Fernandez et al. [29] 62 (63%) 19 (1. 05) reported anxietySignificant negative associations between FB friends and SAr = −0. 45, p < 0. 001Significant positive associations between FB usage and SAr between 0. 27 and 0. 50, p < 0. 001 (i. e. , number of lines in about me, number of TV shows, number of music interests)Non-significant associations between SA and number of activities, self-reported time spent on FB,No. of status updates,No. of posts by friends, and no of posts by self. Green et al. [43] 306 (65. 69%) 20. 52 (1. 45) Online participants from all around the world 2. 44 h (2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2008) Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. J Psychol 142(4):395–412. González (2021) Social and Wellbeing and Capabilities in Chile. 11:628785. (2022) Model of Relationships between Adolescents 'Emotional Self-Awareness and Parenting Stress, and Parents' Self-Criticism. Res 17(67):269–276. 10. 22034/JMPR. 2022. 15305 (2020) 14 (55):83–98. URL: Karademas EC (2007) Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Differ 43(2):277–287. 10. 1016/j. paid. 2006. 11. 031 (1998) Social well-being. Q 61(3):121–140. Keyes CLM, Magyar-Moe JL (2003) and Utility of Well-Being. Psychology 9(5):411–425. Khanh NC (2021) Development of the Scale of Solving in adolescents. Current Psychology: A Journal for on Issues. 40(10):5175–5184. 10. 1007/s12144-019-00427-2 (2020) The role of self-compassion and psychological flexibility in predicting the burnout of nurses. Rooyesh, 9 (1), 73–80. URL: (2022) Perceived parenting styles, cognitive flexibility, and prosocial behavior in with an immigrant background: A three-group comparison. Curr Psychol. (2017) The relationship between cognitive flexibility and job burnout and occupational injuries in female emergency department nurses. on Psychology and Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2017) A review of social problem-solving interventions: Past findings, current status, and future directions. Res 87(1):71–102. (2011) Questionnaire, psychometrics, and standardization of indicators of social problem solving ability. Q 1(4):1–21. M, (2014) M. R. March 5–6). of of Iran, Tehran. Iran.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Three sites (Haulover, Newfound, and Reef) were surveyed in 2005 before bleaching was observed (January–March 2005 and referred to as ‘initial’ surveys) and are referred to as ‘reference sites’ hereafter. Sampling frequency increased after bleaching was observed in 2005, although the frequency varied among sites. was sampled bi-monthly from September 2005 to September 2006, Haulover and were sampled approximately quarterly from October 2005 to July 2006, was sampled November 2005, March 2006 and July 2006, and the Reef was sampled November 2005 and March 2006. All sites were sampled once in 2007. Seawater temperatures at reef depth were recorded at 2 h intervals using data loggers (HOBO or Temp-Mentors) positioned within two study reefs (Newfound and Haulover) and a third logger near (at Yawzi Reef, 500 m west of Tektite). However, data are not available for every site each month. The median number of active sites in any given month from 1988 to 2007 was two and data gaps occurred from May 1988 to February 1990 and from March 1999 to August 2000. Ryan-brand loggers were sent for calibration annually, and all sensors were calibrated in-factory (documentation provided). A monthly mean was calculated per site and averaged to create a monthly mean. StatisticsTo determine if temperatures in 2005 were higher than ‘normal’ water temperatures, the average monthly water temperatures in 2005 were compared with historical average water temperatures from St. John (data collected from 1988 to 2004 from Newfound Reef, Haulover Reef, and Yawzi Reef) using a one-tailed t-test. Benthic cover data were evaluated for normality and homogeneity of variance by visual inspection of residuals and by conducting a regression analysis on the absolute value of the residuals with predicted values. If a positive trend in the residuals were detected, a square root (x + 1) transformation was performed, and the residuals were then tested for normality using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS ver. 9. 1). Changes in percent coral cover were analyzed separately for each site using a repeated measures analysis in which transect was treated as a subject factor and sampling date was treated as the repeated measure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 82)/day FB self-disclosure (public and private) Social anxietyControllabilityReduced cuesDisinhibitionOffline self-disclosure Non-significant associations between FB self-disclosure public and SAr = 0. 05, p = nsNon-significant associations between FB self-disclosure private and SAr = 0. 00, p = nsNon-significant associations between time spent on FB and SAb = 0. 11, p = ns große Deters et al. [33] 1st study 153 (60. 78%)2nd study209 (88. 52%) 1st study 20. 18 (3. 24)2nd study23. 50 (3. 24) 1st study Students2nd studyGeneral population Not reported Status updates,No. of likes received per status update No. ofindividual commentersper status update Social anxiety personality(extraversion) SA did not predict no. status updates,No. of likes received per status update,No. of individual commenters per status updatep = ns Hong et al. [40] 230 (31. 7%) Not reported Students 34. 3%spent < 1h; 30. 9%spent 1–2h; 17. 4%2–4 h; 17. 4%>4 h Continuance intention to interact with others on FBOnline social anxiety General social anxietyBelief in dangerousvirtualcommunities Significant negative associations between FB continuance intention and SAr = −0. 48, p < 0. 001Significant positive associations between OSA and SAr = 0. 38, p < 0. 001 Indian and Grieve [41] 299 (85. 95%) 28. 35 (10. 88) RecruitedfromFacebook 30–60 min, 14% with daily usage >3 h Facebook social support items Social anxietyOffline social supportSubjective well-being No difference in perceptions of Facebook social support in high and low socially anxious, t(297) = 0. 14, p = 0. 89FB social support explained a significant amount of additional variance in subjective well-being over and above offline social support for the high social anxiety group Landoll et al. [34] 1st study: 216 (63%)2nd study: 214 (54%) 19. 06 (1. 28)15. 72 (1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 of the Training of for on Skills, Self-Efficacy, Ego-Resiliency of Children from 상담학연구 약어 : - 2009 vol. 10, no. 4, 10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: increased from 17. 2% (±1. 9) in 2002 to 19. 6% (±1. 6) in February 2005 (values are mean ± standard error unless otherwise stated). Coral cover at decreased significantly (P = 0. 0002) from 18. 0% (±1. 9) in 1999 to 13. 3% (±1. 6) in March 2005 with the drop primarily occurring between 1999 and 2000 and showed no change thereafter. showed no change in coral cover [mean=22. 5% (±2. 6)] from 2003 through January 2005. Table 1 Results from individual t-tests comparing water temperatures in 2005–2007 to historical water temperatures of St. John, US (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table BleachingReef-depth water temperatures were higher than the historical average (1988–2004 monthly average) for St. John from April to September 2005, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) in April, June, August, and September 2005 (Fig. 2; Table 1). Bleaching of isolated scleractinian corals was first observed in July, when water temperatures averaged 29. 2°C. Coral bleaching became more severe as temperatures continued to be 0. 7–0. 9°C higher than historical averages until September. The maximum average monthly temperature, 30. 2°C, occurred in September 2005 which was 1. 2°C warmer than the historical average. The ‘peak’ in coral bleaching (defined as the highest percent coral cover pale or white) occurred between September and November 2005 with >90% of the coral cover at each study site displaying some sign of thermal stress, and the lowest maximum bleaching detected for any individual transect was 74%. During this period, >40% of the coral cover at each site was completely white. Water temperatures returned to near-normal in October 2005; however, bleaching continued at all sites, and 56% of the coral cover remained bleached or pale during the coldest period (January–April) in 2006. The four reefs sampled in July 2006 had an average of 34. 6% coral cover still discolored; however, no coral cover was completely white at that time. Complete re-coloration (i. e. , bleaching recovery) had still not occurred by the last sampling survey (Mennebeck Reef, October 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 22) Adolescents and young adults Not reported Aversive social networking peer experiences Social anxietyInternet useSocialPeer victimizationpositive associations between negative SNSs experiences and SAr = 0. 37, p < 0. 001 Lee [47] 304 (56%) 22. 45 (6. 10)17–55 College students Not reported Facebook addiction Social anxietySmartphone addictionPersonality traitspositive associations between FBA and SAr = 0. 25, p < 0. 01 Lee-Won [35] 243 (71. 6%) 19. 69 (1. 12) College students Assessed but not reported Amount of FB useuse Social anxietyPersonalityNeed for social assurance Non-significant negative associations between FB use and SAr = −0. 03, p = nsSignificant positive associations between FBA and SAr = 0. 45, p < 0. 001 Liu et al. [44] 780 (50. 9%) 13. 94 (0. 90)13–18 reported Personally identifiable information (PII) disclosure Social anxietyPrivacy concernParentalmediationNarcissism Non-significant negative associations between PII and SAr = −0. 07, p = nsSA indirectly decreases PII disclosure by increasing privacy concern. McCord et al. [38] 216 (85. 64 %) 32. 2 (12. 43)18–69 31. 5% undergraduate students, 12. 0% graduate students, and 55. 6% were not students Not reported FB useFB social interaction anxiety Social anxiety Non-significant associations between FB use and SAr = 0. 01, p = nsSignificant positive associations between FB SA and SAr = 0. 64, p < 0. 001 Ramirez et al. [42] 244 (51%) 34. 59 (11. 19) Facebook users Not reported FB reconnection Social anxietyInformation seekingUncertainty predictedoutcome valuesignificant negative associations between SA and FB reconnectb = 0. 14, p = 0. 05 Rizvi [48] 150 (75%) 18–27 Different educational institution 46% <30 min32. 7% 30 min to 1 h11. 3% 1–2 h10% > 2 h Excessive FBuse (log in) Social anxietyPersonality Non-significant negative associations between excessive FB use and SAr = −0. 02, p = ns Shaw et al. [36] 75 (55. 2%) 19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 2303 발행기관 : 한국상담학회 연구분야 : 교육학 Copyright © 한국상담학회 이유미 1 김정희 2 김동원 3 1장수군청소년지원센터 2전북대학교 3조우심리상담센터 인용한 논문 수 : 7 260 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 본 연구는 결손가정 초등학생을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 어떠한 효과를 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Overall, the onset of recovery from bleaching occurred soon after temperatures dropped (October 2005); however, complete colony re-coloration was slow and incomplete. The five reefs sampled in 2007 were still not homogenous in color when compared with the reefs in years before the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. Fig. 2St. John seawater temperatures at reef depth in 2005–2007 compared with 1988–2004 data. Black line and error bars represent, respectively, the average, minimum, maximum of monthly average temperatures recorded at 3 reefs at St. John from 2005 to 2007 (Haulover, Newfound, Yawzi). Gray area shows range (minimum–maximum) of monthly average temperatures recorded at the same 3 reefs from 1988 to 2004. Number of sites with data loggers varied by month and year. Data loggers recorded temperature every 2 hFull size image Twenty-one scleractinian species were quantified from the surveys at the onset of coral bleaching; with 16 species bleached including the 12 most-abundant (>0. 5% cover). Within those species, maximum bleached cover by Montastraea annularis (complex) ranged from 98–99. 5% among study sites; Colpophyllia natans and Agaricia agaricites each ranged from 80 to 100%; Porites porites, 75–100%; and D. labyrinthiformis, 67–100%. Three species however showed wider ranges of bleached cover: M. cavernosa (0–86%), P. astreoides (62–84%), and Siderastrea siderea (46–100%). Interestingly, Madracis spp. were never observed as bleached (quantified under a random point) within the monitored transects during the study, but both Madracis decactis and M. mirabilis/auretenra (Locke et al. 2007) were rare and found at only two sites. Bleaching was found throughout all depths (depth range = 3. 7–18. 9 m), and depth was not a factor in the amount of coral cover bleached during maximum bleaching (P = 0. 94). DiseaseFive known diseases/syndromes were observed throughout the study including black band disease, dark spot disease, white band disease (on Acroporid colonies), Caribbean yellow band disease, and white plague disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 2 (1. 27) Students 2. 04 (1. 13)Range 1–5 FB time passive FB useFB content productionInteractive FB communication RuminationDepressive symptomsMood andanxietysymptomsContent productionInteractive communicationSocial anxiety Significant positive associations between time spent on FB and SAr = 0. 33, p < 0. 01Significant positive associations between passive FB use and SAr = 0. 32, p < 0. 01Non-significant associations between content production on FBr = 0. 23, p = nsNon-significant associations between interactive FB communication and SAr = 0. 21, p = ns Weidman and Levinson [37] 77 (77%) 18. 91 (1. 05) reported Facebook profile (no. friends, no. photographs, no. videos, photo albums, relationship status, people in profile picture, status update, quote)Social activitySocial inactivityClose relationship qualitySelf-disclosure Social interaction anxiety Significant negative associations between no. friends and SAr = −0. 21, p < 0. 05Significant negative associations between FB quote length and SAr = −0. 38, p < 0. 05 Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies. Note: N = number of participants; %F = percentage of female participants; Mage = mean age; SD = standard deviation; SNSs = social networking site; SM = social media; SA= Social anxiety; FB= Facebook; FBA= Facebook addiction; OSA = online social anxiety; ns= non-significant; no. = number; h = hours; min = minutes. We included 20 papers in the systematic review, of which three papers [32–34] consisted of two studies/phases each. Most of the studies included were conducted with adults (n = 14), recruited either from university (students), or from the general populations, while several papers were conducted with adolescents (n = 3), and some studies did not report the age of the participants (n = 2). Nine of the papers included reported the time spent on Facebook; one study also assessed this indicator but did not report it, and the rest of the studies did not include reports on the time spent on Facebook. Social media was operationalized differently in the papers included and while few studies reported social media variables, most of the papers included referred specifically to Facebook.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 이를 위해 지역아동센터에서 도움을 받는 초등학교 5, 6학년 24명을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련프로그램을 실시하였다. 훈련프로그램 실시 전, 후, 추수에 문제해결 척도, 자기효능감 척도 및 자아탄력성 척도를 실시하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Species effects Montastraea annularis (complex), Colpophyllia natans, and Agaricia agaricites showed significant decreases in coral cover across the five sites (Table 3). Diploria labyrinthiformis, M. cavernosa, P. astreoides, and Siderastrea siderea did not show statistically significant decreases in cover across the five sites (statistical power to detect changes of <50% relative cover for low-cover species was low). Table 3 Results of t-test comparing pre- versus post-bleaching absolute percent cover of selected scleractinian species (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table Species-specific changes in coral cover affected the relative abundance of coral species on the reef. M. annularis (complex) remains the dominant coral species within these reefs; however, the relative abundance of this species group declined from an initial average of 79. 2 to 58. 6% of live coral cover (Fig. 5). C. natans also decreased in relative abundance from 1. 3% prior to the onset of bleaching to 0. 9% in 2006 (Fig. 5) likely from high levels of disease-induced mortality. On the other hand, A. agaricites declined primarily from bleaching mortality, as 93% of A. agaricites (cover) bleached but were rarely seen with disease. M. cavernosa, S. siderea, and Porites spp. bleached less than M. annularis (complex), C. natans, and Agariciids. They were less affected by disease than M. annularis (complex) and increased in relative abundance. Fig. 5Relative abundance of major coral taxa from five monitored sites in the US prior to 2005 coral-bleaching through 2007. Por spp = Porites porites and Porites astreoides, MC = Montastraea cavernosa, CN = Colpophyllia natans, Ag spp = Agaricia spp. are displayed on left Y-axis. MACX = M. annularis, M. faveolata, M. franksi and undetermined Montastraea spp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: With respect to the manner in which online social networking sites or Facebook were conceptualized in these studies, we have encountered several approaches: Facebook use (n = 7), which in turn can be conceptualized as the amount of time spent on online social networking sites, passive use of Facebook or using interactive Facebook features (updates, comments, likes);Psychosocial aspects of Facebook use (n = 6), which can also mean Facebook connection strategies, Facebook continuance intention, Facebook reconnection decision, Facebook social support, aversive Facebook experiences or cybervictimization;Personal disclosure on Facebook (n = 3), which can also mean private or public disclosure, personal identifiable information (profile information and privacy settings) and status/quote update/length;Problematic use of online social networking sites (n = 6), which can be found as Internet addiction, compulsive social media use, Facebook addiction or Facebook intrusiveness;Facebook anxiety (n = 3), with different terms such as Facebook-specific anxiety, Facebook interaction anxiety or online anxiety. Most of the papers included found a significant association between social networking (Facebook) and social anxiety (n = 16), while the rest of the studies included found no significant relationship between social media and social anxiety. 5. 4. Online social networking and social anxiety 5. 4. 1. Usage of online social networking sites and social anxiety There are mixed findings regarding the relationship between online social networking and social anxiety. On the one hand, there are studies reporting significant associations between the two variables. For example, Antheunis et al. [12] showed that Facebook use was negatively associated with social anxiety in a large sample of adolescents. Lee-Won [35] found evidence that Facebook use, defined as the amount of time participants spend on Facebook on an average day, was associated with social anxiety. Shaw et al. [36] found a significant relationship between the time spent on Facebook and social anxiety in a sample of undergraduate students. The same study found a significant association between passive Facebook use, defined as passive content consumption (e. g. passively viewing one’s Facebook profile) and social anxiety. The relationship between passive Facebook use and social anxiety was significant even after checking for depressive and anxiety symptoms. Weidman and Levinson [37] considered both offline (self-reported indicators) and online indicators (using the profiles of coders for Facebook) of social anxiety.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 자기효능감의 하위요인 중 자신감 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자아탄력성을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 5주 후의 추후검사에서도 향상된 효과가 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 자아탄력성의 하위요인 중 대인관계 영역과 낙관성 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서도 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: , are displayed on right Y-axisFull size image DiscussionWhile coral bleaching and coral disease are individually considerable threats to coral reefs, this study demonstrated the combination of the two can have catastrophic effects on living coral over a large spatial scale. The severity of disease in combination with region-wide bleaching resulted in the greatest total coral loss, affecting several species, ever documented within the Caribbean basin. These study sites represent 25 acres (10 hectares) of some of the most complex, diverse, and species-rich coral reefs in the USVI. Four of the reefs are located in long-established (multiple-decades) marine protected areas (MPAs). The ecological importance of these reefs as sources of coral larvae, and as structure and habitat for fish communities and infaunal invertebrates, extend well beyond the reef boundaries. Furthermore, tremendous losses in coral cover from 2005 to 2006 were not limited to these study sites. Annual monitoring (using the same techniques, although not at the peak of bleaching or episodically thereafter) from two other USVI sites with lower initial coral cover (with 8. 5% in St. John and and Groove with 5. 1% at Buck Island; Rogers et al. 2008) also showed dramatic coral cover losses of 48. 1 and 41. 5%, respectively. Other surveys within territorial waters of the USVI also showed a decline of 40% coral cover likely from a white-plague-like syndrome (Woody et al. 2008). Similarly, Puerto Rico, approximately 100 km west of the USVI experienced record-breaking seawater temperatures that produced historically severe bleaching eventually followed by massive outbreaks of white plague and Caribbean yellow band disease. Losses in coral cover ranged from 20 to 97% (Ballantine et al. 2008). Reserve of Culebra (50 km west of USVI) reported an epizootic of white plague post-bleaching with a resulting 67% decline in coral cover (Ballantine et al. 2008). (BVI), approximately 35 km east of the US Virgin Islands, experienced similar conditions of elevated water temperatures with extensive coral bleaching followed by coral mortality from white plague (Bouchon et al. 2008). While coral bleaching was ubiquitous throughout the Caribbean in 2005, coral mortality was the highest from the and the BVI where coral disease epizootics followed the bleaching. This emphasizes the importance of frequency of monitoring (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Results on self-reported social anxiety and objective Facebook use indicated significant negative relationships between the two variables, with number of friends, number of photographs and quotes length being negatively related to social anxiety. Regarding the rated social anxiety symptoms observed and objective Facebook signs, there were significant negative associations between social activity composite (number of friends, photographs, videos, photo albums), the number of people in profile pictures and social anxiety. On the other hand, there are several research papers that show no association between Facebook use and social anxiety. große Deters et al. [33] found no significant relationship between social anxiety and different parameters of Facebook use (status updates, number of likes or individual commenters per like), and none of the prediction models investigated, in which social anxiety was used as a predictor and Facebook as a criterion, were significant. McCord et al. [38] found no significant relationship between general Facebook use, defined as the frequency of using the socially interactive features of Facebook (sending messages, using chat, writing on events/friends walls, sending friend requests, posting comments, updating status) and social anxiety. Fernandez et al. [29] did not find a positive association between the frequency of Facebook usage, operationalized as time spent on Facebook, status updates, number of posts by friends/self and social anxiety, in a sample of students. In this study, several independent coders rated each participant’s level of social anxiety based on viewing their Facebook profiles and associated it with participants’ self-rated social anxiety symptoms. Social anxiety was not associated with an increased frequency of Facebook use, either based on self-report data or based on coders’ reports. However, there were positive associations between profile information sections and social anxiety. The number of activities was not associated with social anxiety. Using multiple regression, the results indicated that social anxiety had a unique contribution, apart from depression and neuroticism, to profile information (excepting the number of movies and activities). 5. 4. 2. Psychosocial aspects of Facebook use and social anxiety Bodroža and Jovanović [32] constructed a scale in order to measure several psychosocial aspects of Facebook use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 무처치 통제집단에 비해 훈련집단의 경우 문제해결력과 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성은 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수검사에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 효과가 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Re(de)fining degree-heating week: coral bleaching variability necessitates regional and temporal optimization of global forecast model stress metrics : orcid. org/0009-0000-9827-29251 & Thomas DeCarlo1,2 1619 Accesses 1 Citation 3 all metrics AbstractTropical coral reefs are a critical ecosystem in global peril as a result of anthropogenic climate change, and effective conservation efforts require reliable methods for identifying and predicting coral bleaching events. To this end, temperature threshold-based models such as the ’s (NOAA) degree-heating week (DHW) metric are useful for forecasting coral bleaching as a function of heat stress accumulation. DHW does not adequately account for regional variation in coral stress responses, however, and the current definition consistently underpredicts coral bleaching occurrence. Using a weather forecasting skill-based framework, our analysis cross-tested 1080 variations of the DHW-based bleaching occurrence (presence/absence) model against 22 years of contemporary coral bleaching observations (1998–2019) in order to optimize bleaching forecast skill at different levels of geographic specificity. On a global basis and relative to the current definition, reducing the current 1 °C warming cutoff to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and defining a bleaching threshold of 3 DHW improved forecast skill by 70%. Allowing our new DHW definitions to vary across regions and ocean basins further doubled model skill. Our results also suggest that the most effective bleaching forecast models change over time as coral reef systems respond to a shifting climate. Since 1998, the coral bleaching threshold for the globally optimized forecast model has risen at a significant rate of 0. 19 DHW/year, matching the pace of ocean warming. The bleaching threshold trajectory for each ocean basin varies. Though further work is necessary to parse the mechanism behind this trend, the dynamic nature of coral stress responses demands that our forecasting tools be continuously refined if they are to adequately inform marine conservation efforts. Similar content being viewed by others Coral bleaching pathways under the control of regional temperature variability 2015. The maximum monthly mean (MMM; the long-term average temperature for an area’s warmest month; solid line) is the climatological average from 1985 to 2012 and represents the area’s typical summertime high. MMM serves as the baseline for defining temperature anomalies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Five factors emerged for the structure of the scale, namely: compensation (use Facebook in order to compensate for personal insecurity/inadequacy), self-presentation (concern related to impression on others), socialization (striving to acquaint new friends/intimate partners), Facebook addiction and virtual self (Facebook adequately represents one’s personality). Social anxiety had positive associations with each of these factors. Clayton et al. [39] found a positive relationship between anxiousness (public and private self-consciousness, social anxiety), emotional connectedness to Facebook (integration of Facebook in one’s daily life) and Facebook connection strategies (reasons to use Facebook, use Facebook to learn more information about people, to maintain current relationships). Anxiousness was a significant predictor of both emotional connectedness to Facebook and Facebook connection strategies. Hong et al. [40] investigated the relationship between the continuance intention to interact with other people on Facebook and social anxiety and found a significant negative relationship between them. Social anxiety predicted the continuance intention to interact with other people on Facebook and, together with online social anxiety, accounted for 44% of the continuance intention. Indian and Grieve [41] found no differences between low and high socially anxious individuals in Facebook social support. There were significant association in both groups between Facebook social support and subjective well-being, as well as between Facebook social support and offline social support. Finally, Facebook social support was a significant individual predictor of subjective well-being for highly social anxious individuals. Landoll et al. [34] developed an instrument that assesses negative peer experiences on social networking sites. There were significant associations between negative online peer experiences and social anxiety and depression. Ramirez et al. [42] investigated factors related to the decision to reconnect on Facebook with a past contact in a sample group of adult participants. Using hierarchical logistic regression, they found several predictors that accounted for almost 40% of the variance of the decision to reconnect on Facebook, in which social anxiety was also included and has a marginally negative contribution to it. There were other factors (e. g. relational factors and information seeking factors) that have a greater contribution to the decision to reconnect than social anxiety. 5. 4. 3. Personal disclosure on Facebook and social anxiety There was no significant evidence stemming from the papers included of an association between Facebook disclosure and social anxiety. Green et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 가족해체로 인해 심리․사회적 부적응을 경험하고 있는 결손가정 자녀들에게 대인관계에서 발생하는 문제를 다루는 인지적 능력을 향상시키는 훈련을 실시하여 적응력을 향상시키고 문제행동을 예방하는 실질적 도움을 주었다는 데 의의가 있다. 분석결과에 대해 선행연구와 관련하여 논의하고 상담에서의 시사점과 제한점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. This study aims to examine the effects of the training of cognitive interpersonal relationship problem solving skills for elementary school children from broken families on problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and ego-resiliency.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Only anomalies above a certain threshold (dotted line) are accumulated as heat stress (shaded red) within the rolling accumulation window (gray box). In this example, the accumulation window is 12 weeks long, and the illustrated DHW value represents heat stress accumulation as of September 23, 2015 (the rightmost edge of the window)Full size imageThough numerous studies validate the relationship between DHW and coral reef stress events (Eakin et al. 2010; Heron et al. 2016a; Kayanne 2017), many others find the accepted metric limited (McClanahan et al. 2007; van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020; Mason et al. 2020; Ainsworth et al. 2021) or inaccurate (McClanahan et al. 2019; Eladawy et al. 2022) as a bleaching predictor. Coral bleaching dynamics vary widely on both spatial (Guest et al. 2012; Ainsworth et al. 2021; Bowdler 2021; Raj et al. 2021) and temporal (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019) scales, yet the current DHW definition is rarely modified to account for regional variability or new data. Proposed modifications generally stop at adjusting the bleaching threshold (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009) or, in some cases, the baseline for tolerable SST (Burt et al. 2019). Analyses also seldom address how these stress-defining parameters may be changing over time—a key element in adaptive management. The grimmest long-term projections suggest reef-building corals are teetering on the edge of an extinction point, with annual bleaching expected within several decades if we assume a constant bleaching threshold over time (e. g. , Sheppard 2003; van Hooidonk et al. 2016; Donner et al. 2018). Yet several lines of research suggest that under the right circumstances, coral reefs may develop some degree of resistance to warming-induced bleaching (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo & Harrison 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: [43] found no relationship between Facebook self-disclosure (public and private) and social anxiety. Two hypothesized pathways from social anxiety to Facebook self-disclosure considered online attributes (reduced cues, controllability) and feelings of disinhibition. Results showed that the model accounted for 23% of the variance in Facebook private self-disclosure and 7% of the variance in Facebook public self-disclosure. Liu et al. [44] did not find any relationship between Facebook disclosure and social anxiety in a sample group of adolescents aged between 13 and 18. Disclosure in this study referred to personally identifiable information, a composite score computed by adding a measure for attitudinal information disclosure (profile information on Facebook page and personal photographs) and a scale assessing behavioural information disclosure (items actually posted on Facebook and privacy regarding photographs). There was only an indirect relationship between social anxiety and Facebook disclosure through the role of privacy concern, defined as concern related to the security of the personal information presented online. Namely, by increasing privacy concern, social anxiety indirectly decreases disclosure. Using a path analysis approach, parental mediation had only an indirect effect on disclosure through privacy concern, and no direct effect. Self-disclosure, defined as the presence or absence of status update/quote and length of status update/quote, was also considered in Weidman and Levinson [37] as a measure of social inactivity. Status update was unrelated to social anxiety in both self-reported and observer-rated social anxiety and objective Facebook signs, while the length of the quote was related to social anxiety only in self-reported and not in observer-rated social anxiety. 5. 4. 4. Problematic social media use/Facebook addiction and social anxiety Most of the papers included sustained the relationship between problematic use of online social networking sites or online social networking sites addiction and social anxiety. For instance, Aladwani and Almarzouq [45] found a significant positive association between interaction anxiousness and compulsive social media used, which finally has a significant effect on learning outcomes. Bodroža and Jovanović [32] found a significant relationship between social addiction and social anxiety both in a sample of Facebook users recruited online and in a sample of students.

Output: contrast