Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The fMRI data—which were collected in a magnetic field of 7 Tesla, rather than the 1. 5 Tesla used in previous experiments—reveal that the entorhinal cortex is predominantly divided from front-to-back in humans. One of the groups—Navarro Schröder, Haak et al. —used three different sets of functional MRI data to show that the human entorhinal cortex has anterior-lateral and posterior-medial subregions. In one of these experiments, functional MRI was used to measure activity across the whole brain as subjects performed a virtual reality task: this task included some components that involved spatial navigation and other components that did not. The other group—Maass, Berron et al. —used the imaging data to show that the pattern of connections between the anterior-lateral subregion and the hippocampus was different to that between the posterior-medial subregion and the hippocampus. The discovery of these networks in the temporal lobe in humans will help to bridge the gap between studies of memory in rodents and in humans. Given that the lateral entorhinal cortex is one of the first regions to be affected in Alzheimer's disease, identifying the specific properties and roles of these networks could also provide insights into disease mechanisms. entorhinal cortex (EC)—defining the interface between the hippocampus and the neocortex (Munoz and Insausti, 2005)—plays a pivotal role in the integration of different sensory inputs into higher order mnemonic representations (Eichenbaum et al. , 2007; Moser and Moser, 2013). In rodents—and on the basis of cytoarchitectonics—the EC is typically (Kerr et al. , 2007; Canto et al. , 2008; et al. , 2009) subdivided into two major subregions, the medial- and the lateral entorhinal cortex (MEC and LEC, respectively). The MEC receives inputs about spatial information from parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and the LEC receives item-related information from perirhinal cortex (PRC) (et al. , 2009; Deshmukh and Knierim, 2011; Ranganath and Ritchey, 2012; Knierim et al. , 2013). Similar functional roles of the PHC and PRC have been described in humans (Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998; Davachi et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? émi KingAbstractDuring language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. Anthology ID:2023. findings-acl. 773Volume:Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023Month:JulyYear:2023Address:Toronto, CanadaEditors:Anna Rogers, Jordan Boyd-Graber, Naoaki OkazakiVenue:FindingsSIG:Publisher:Association for Computational LinguisticsNote:Pages:12205–12218Language:URL: (ACL):Linnea Evanson, Yair Lakretz, and Jean Rémi King. 2023. Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? . of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 12205–12218, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. Cite (Informal):Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? (Evanson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: It must be noted that contrary to epidemiological data, genetic data do not always show a positive correlation between the disruption of circadian clock and manifestation of cancer. A direct and simple answer to the question, why disturbances in circadian rhythms can cause cancer in some cases and not others, could be that desynchronization of phases attributable to abnormal working hours may produce a more profound and generalized effect on the pathophysiology of cancer than a single mutation. Thus, shift work and circadian mutation may have different impacts on physiological processes. Abnormal working hours leading to desynchronization of endogenous clock with the environment can affect overall clock-controlled physiological processes that can result in partial or complete phase shifts between physiology and behaviour depending upon the circumstances. On the other hand, a single mutation of any clock gene may disrupt the system at a particular state not always producing such a drastic effect as cancer because of the compensatory and redundant role of other genes. Another possible answer to the abovementioned question is based on the fact that a cell has a variety of options to illicit DNA damage response. The cell may go through growth arrest to permit DNA repair, and if damage is removed, the cell may restore its normal state. If the cell fails to repair the DNA damage, it can undergo apoptosis. Simultaneously, the cell can proliferate without elimination of mutations which will lead to neoplasia and tumorigenesis. In case of considerable damage, massive apoptosis may lead to disruption of tissue integrity, thus, the cell undergoes senescence while retaining its metabolic activity. The final outcome will depend on the type of the cell, various extracellular signals, and the functional status of the relevant intracellular pathways. The circadian genes may control some important steps of these pathways, thus, insufficiency of any particular clock gene will affect the specific pathway in which it is involved. This, in turn, will determine the final outcome of exposure to DNA damage. Evidence is being generated to show that deficiency of certain clock proteins favors the trigger to senescence. Bmal1-/- and Clock-/- mice show signs of premature aging, Bmal1-/- mice naturally in life [138] and Clock-/- mice after exposure to ionizing radiation [139]. Moreover, Per2 mutant mice show an increased number of senescent cells in vasculature developing early in life [140].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: , 2003; Eichenbaum et al. , 2007; Ekstrom and Bookheimer, 2007; Litman et al. , 2009; Duarte et al. , 2011; Staresina et al. , 2011; Martin et al. , 2013; Vilberg and Davachi, 2013) and relate to distinct visual processing streams (Kravitz et al. , 2011). The differential input pattern into the rodent LEC and MEC also dovetails with a cell-type specific functional specialisation (Eichenbaum and Lipton, 2008). The MEC contains a high proportion of head-direction and grid cells, whose activity is modulated by running direction and spatial location, respectively (Hafting et al. , 2005; Sargolini et al. , 2006). In contrast, cells in the LEC respond to individual objects in the environment rather than to specific locations (Deshmukh and Knierim, 2011; Tsao et al. , 2013; Knierim et al. , 2013). Despite a wealth of data and marked differences in structure and function of the rodent MEC and LEC evidence for their human homologue remains elusive. This hampers translational studies, which is particularly relevant in the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with AD pathology starting in the EC (Braak and Braak, 1992). Within the EC, the vulnerability to AD-related pathology is not homogeneously distributed and differs between medial and lateral strips in humans, which has been related to similar findings in the rodent MEC and LEC, respectively (Khan et al. , 2014). However, the localization of the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC remains unclear. A source of considerable confusion is the fact that ‘MEC’ and ‘LEC’ are referring to cytoarchitectonically defined areas and not to anatomical locations. Hence, they do not circumscribe strips of medial and lateral EC. Rather, the MEC is located medially in the septal (posterior) part of the EC and the LEC is located laterally in the temporal (anterior) part of the EC in rodents (et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: marcgt">conference publication</genre> </relatedItem> <abstract>During language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Contrary to this, some genetic data have also shown negative results for tumorigenesis in clock mutants when challenged with genotoxic stress. This indicates that the effect of circadian clock disruption on cellular response to DNA damage and cancer predisposition may depend on the mechanism by which the clock is disrupted and not on circadian dysregulation itself. However, overall the clock-cancer connection has gained some limited but consistent support from previous studies. is needed to reveal the mechanism behind the loss of circadian control which contributes to disease states at the organ and systemic levels. Finally, the circadian system may serve as a unique system for studying the mechanisms of cancer and for developing novel chronotherapeutic strategies to facilitate the treatment of cancer. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SR and SM contributed equally for this review 10. 1038/417329a Reppert, SM; Weaver, DRCoordination of circadian timing in mammals Nature 418: 935–941, DOI: [PubMed] Hastings, MH; Reddy, AB; Maywood, ESA clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease Neurosci 4: 649–661, DOI: [PubMed] Morse, D; Sassone-Corsi, PTime after time: inputs to and outputs from the mammalian circadian oscillators 25: 632–637, DOI: [PubMed] Lowrey, PL; Takahashi, JSMammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization Genet 5: 407–441, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Gorbacheva, VY; Antoch, MPThe role of mammalian circadian proteins in normal physiology and genotoxic stress responses 78: 173–216. full_text.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, tracing studies on PHC and PRC pathways in non-human primates suggest a dominant anterior-posterior division (Suzuki and Amaral, 1994; Insausti and Amaral, 2008), as do single-unit recordings that show activity consistent with the rodent LEC in the anterior EC in primates (Killian et al. , 2012). In contrast, neuroimaging studies on memory in healthy participants (Schultz et al. , 2012; Reagh and Yassa, 2014) and participants with preclinical AD (Khan et al. , 2014) suggest that the rodent MEC and LEC map on medial and lateral strips of EC in humans. To resolve this discrepancy in the literature, one needs to investigate the relatively small EC (25–30 mm2 in humans) (Krimer et al. , 1997) with high anatomical precision. An earlier study investigated entorhinal connectivity with high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but averaged signal changes over the entire region (Lacy and Stark, 2012). To achieve higher resolution imaging, here we leveraged high-field, sub-millimetre fMRI at 7 T and sought to identify the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC by informing our analysis by well-known functional and structural properties of the EC. Specifically, it has been shown that MEC and LEC exhibit differential connectivity with cortical regions (Witter and Groenewegen, 1989; Kerr et al. , 2007; et al. , 2009). The differential fingerprints of anatomical connectivity should lead to differences in functional connectivity identifiable with fMRI (Johansen-Berg et al. , 2004; Buckner et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2014). To test patterns of functional connectivity, we measured whole-brain activity while participants performed a virtual reality task with spatial and non-spatial components and validated the results in publicly available resting-state data from the WU-(et al. , 2013; Smith et al. , 2013) (HCP—www. humanconnectome. org). In addition, differential sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial stimuli could provide converging evidence to identify the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC, which we tested in a third, independent dataset. A complementary approach to the global network perspective presented here is given by Maass et al. (Maass et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. </abstract> <identifier type="citekey">evanson-etal-2023-language</identifier> <identifier type="doi">10. 18653/v1/2023. findings-acl. 773</identifier> <location> <url> </location> <part> <date>2023-07</date> <extent unit="page"> <start>12205</start> <end>12218</end> </extent> </part> </mods> </modsCollection> Download as to Clipboard%0 %T Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes Res 11: 3604–3608, DOI: [PubMed] Issa, JP; Gharibyan, V; Cortes, J; Jelinek, J; Morris, G; Verstovsek, S; Talpaz, M; Garcia-Manero, G; study of low-dose decitabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib mesylate J 23: 3948–3956, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Lee, CCThe circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor Cancer 3: 350–361, DOI: [PubMed] Sahar, S; Sassone-Corsi, PMetabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection Cancer 9: 886–896, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Lévi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8(4): 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, CCTumor suppression by the mammalian Period genes Control 17: 525–530, DOI: [PubMed] Hanahan, D; Weinberg, RAThe hallmarks of cancer: A review Cell 100: 57–70, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wang, HW; Hsieh, IC; Li, Y; Liu, PY; Lin, FC; Liao, JKIncreased vascular senescence and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function mediated by mutation of circadian gene Per2 Circulation 118: 2166–2173, DOI: [PubMed] Campisi, JSenescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors Cell 120: 513–522, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Okyar

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: , 2015) who scrutinized the fine-grained connectivity pattern of medial temporal lobe regions with the EC. recent model on cortical memory networks (Ranganath and Ritchey, 2012) posits that an anterior-temporal (AT) system converges on the PRC and a posterior-medial (PM) system on the PHC. Based on studies in rodents, the two networks are hypothesised to connect to either the LEC or the MEC, respectively (Witter and Groenewegen, 1989; Kerr et al. , 2007; et al. , 2009). Studies in non-human primates predict that the entorhinal projections of the two systems show a strong anteroposterior division (Suzuki and Amaral, 1994). In order to test this prediction and to elucidate the role of the EC, we first applied a model-based approach on fMRI data acquired while participants were performing a virtual-reality navigation task to directly mimic studies in rodents (see ‘Materials and methods’ for details). This task targeted all entorhinal systems, because it involved both navigation-related spatial components and processing of non-spatial stimuli. We created spherical regions-of-interest (ROIs) with 4 mm radius around coordinates pertaining to either of the networks (Libby et al. , 2012; Ranganath and Ritchey, 2012) (see Table 1), as well as ROIs for both the medial and lateral half, and anterior and posterior half of the EC to ensure comparable number of voxels per parcel and therefore comparable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) properties. Then we computed seed-based connectivity from the two neocortical networks to either sets of EC ROIs, see Figure 1. We found a main effect of network on entorhinal connectivity (repeated-measures ANOVA: F(1,21) = 10. 0, p = 0. 005). Post-hoc t-tests revealed that the lateral parts of EC connected stronger to the AT compared to the PM network (T(21) = 2. 6, p = 0. 015; medial parts of EC: T(21) = −0. 2 p = 0. 83).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: %A Evanson, Linnea %A Lakretz, Yair %A King, Jean Rémi %Y Rogers, Anna %Y Boyd-Graber, Jordan %Y Okazaki, Naoaki %S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 %D 2023 %8 July %I Association for %C Toronto, Canada %F evanson-etal-2023-language %X During language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. %R 10. 18653/v1/2023. findings-acl. 773 %U %U %P 12205-12218 Download as to ClipboardMarkdown (Informal)[Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? ]( (Evanson et al. , Findings 2023)Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? (Evanson et al. , Findings 2023)and Jean Rémi King. 2023. Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? . of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 12205–12218, Toronto, Canada.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ) receives direct retinal input and influences the daily patterning of activity in rodents, making it a likely candidate for the mediation of acute behavioral responses to light (i. e. , masking). We performed chemical lesions aimed at the vSPVZ of diurnal grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) using N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMA), a glutamate agonist. Following NMA lesions, we placed grass rats in various lighting conditions (e. g. , 12:12 light-dark, constant dark, constant light); presented a series of light pulses at circadian times (CT) 6, 14, 18, and 22; and placed them in a 7-h ultradian cycle to assess behavioral masking. Extensive bilateral lesions of the vSPVZ disrupted the expression of circadian rhythms of activity and abolished the circadian modulation of masking responses to light, without affecting light-induced masking behavior per se. We also found that in diurnal grass rats, NMA was capable of destroying not only neurons of the vSPVZ but also those of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), even though excitotoxins have been ineffective at destroying cells within the SCN of nocturnal rodents. The vulnerability of the grass rat’s SCN to NMA toxicity raises the possibility of a difference in density of receptors for glutamate between nocturnal and diurnal species. In cases in which damage extended to the SCN, masking responses to light were present and similar to those displayed by animals with damage restricted to the vSPVZ. Thus, extensive bilateral lesions of the SCN and vSPVZ disrupted the expression of circadian rhythms without affecting acute responses to light in a diurnal species. Our present and previous results suggest that retinorecipient brain areas other than the SCN or vSPVZ, such as the intergeniculate leaflet or olivary pretectal nucleus, may be responsible for the mediation of masking responses to light in the diurnal grass rat. Light influences the daily pattern of activity in mammals by entraining circadian rhythms and also by acutely affecting activity, a phenomenon known as masking (Redlin, 2001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Left hemisphereLeft hemispherexyzxyzPM posterior occipital cortex (BA 18)–––14−728 Occipital pole (BA 17)−16−9622––– Parahippocampal cortex−12−42−822−32−8 Posterior cingulate cortex (BA 29)−4−46410−4410 Posterior hippocampus−20−30−218−360 Posterior thalamus−20−34022−306 Retrosplenial cortex (BA 30)−16−52−422−460AT prefrontal cortex (BA 9)−246024185824 Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (BA 8)−2−6034––– Frontal polar cortex (BA 10)–––4060−2 Lateral precentral gyrus (BA 6)–––54410 Medial prefrontal cortex (BA 8)−2−6034––– Orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11/47)−616−22822−20 Postcentral gyrus (BA 4)–––62−1016 Posterior superior temporal gyrus (BA 22)−62−3414––– Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 10)–––3860−12 Temporal polar cortex (BA 38)–––3422−36 Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 44/45)−56618––– Figure 1 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Subdivisions of entorhinal cortex (EC) and connectivity to anterior-temporal (AT) and posterior-medial (PM) cortical networks. (A) Schematic of the AT and PM system. Spherical regions-of-interest (ROIs) were centred on MNI coordinates associated with either of the two systems (Libby et al. , 2012), normalised to the group-specific template of the navigation study and then masked to include only gray matter voxels. The AT system included medial-prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions, whereas the PM system included occipital and posterior-parietal regions, see Table 1 for all selected regions. (B) Right parasagittal slice showing voxel-wise seed-based connectivity of the PM system restricted to the EC. Note the PM peak. (C) Right parasagittal slice showing voxel-wise seed-based connectivity of the AT system restricted to the EC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 대응표본 t검증(paired t-test)한 결과를 살펴보면, 훈련집단의 문제해결력이 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었는데 5주 후 실시한 추수평가에서도 실험에 의해 향상된 문제해결력이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자기효능감을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수평가에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 자기효능감이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Entrainment and masking enable organisms to match their behavior to the demands of a cyclic environment while maintaining a system that can respond to immediate changes in the environment (Mrosovsky and Thompson, 2008). In diurnal species, light increases activity, whereas in nocturnal species, light induces sleep (Borbély, 1976). Here, we seek to understand the neural mechanisms underlying masking behavior in response to light, using a diurnal animal model, the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus); very little is known about the neural mechanisms of masking in diurnal species. Most of our current knowledge about masking comes from data on nocturnal species. In nocturnal rodents, both the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT) are involved in masking, as lesions of the IGL enhance the inhibitory effects of light on activity in hamsters (Redlin et al. , 1999), while lesions of the OPT alter rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation by light in rats (Miller et al. , 1999). However, lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have produced inconclusive results. In hamsters, one group reported that SCN lesions significantly impaired masking (Li et al. , 2005), whereas another group saw no effect (Redlin and Mrosovsky, 1999). Li et al. (2005) suggest that this discrepancy may be due to the fact that SCN lesions eliminated retinal projections to the ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ) and other hypothalamic areas. The vSPVZ is located dorsal to the SCN, receives significant input from the SCN, and projects to many of the same regions as the SCN (Morin, 1994; Schwartz et al. , 2011). The vSPVZ plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms of sleep and activity in nocturnal rodents (Lu et al. , 2001), and it exhibits increases in Fos expression following light exposure (LeGates et al. , 2012). In diurnal grass rats, the SCN, vand IGL all receive input from the retina (Smale and Boverhof, 1999; Gaillard et al. , 2013; Langel et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Note a peak in the anterior-lateral EC. (D) ROI-based connectivity estimates. Left panel: Connectivity strength (partial correlation coefficient) of anterior (left) and posterior EC (right) is plotted separately for the AT system (red) and the PM system (blue). The systems differ in their entorhinal connectivity: the anterior EC connects stronger to the AT compared to the PM network. Right panel: Connectivity strength with lateral (left) and posterior EC (right) is plotted separately for the AT system (red) and the PM system (blue). Lateral EC connected stronger to the AT compared to the PM network. Error bars show S. E. M. over subjects. 1—figure supplement 1 for additional slices. In a second step, we wanted to overcome potential limitations of the seed-based analysis. For example, the selected volume and location of neocortical seed regions could introduce biases (e. g. , spatial proximity of the seeds) and imperfect normalisation procedures could affect the results particularly in the frontal lobes where projections from both the rodent LEC and MEC are neighbouring (Kerr et al. , 2007). In addition, manual subdivision of the EC along cardinal axes likely misrepresents cytoarchitectonic boundaries. Therefore, we adopted a complementary approach to trace the dominant modes of functional connectivity change within the EC in a fully data-driven manner (Haak et al. , 2014) (see ‘Materials and methods’). In brief, for every voxel in the EC, we determined its functional connectivity fingerprint with respect to the rest of cortex and used these fingerprints to compute the pair-wise similarities among all voxels within the ROI. The ensuing (voxels-by-voxels) similarity matrix was then fed to the (LE) algorithm (Belkin and Niyogi, 2003), which has previously also been successfully applied to trace changes in white-matter tractography (Johansen-Berg et al. , 2004; Cerliani et al. , 2012) and resting-state fMRI connectivity (Haak et al. , 2014). The LE algorithm projects the high-dimensional, voxel-wise connectivity data onto a series of one-dimensional vectors, with the requirement that the similarities among the connectivity fingerprints are maximally preserved (in the vein of e. g. , multidimensional scaling).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: These models are sophisticated mathematical representations of the ocean environment, encompassing physical, chemical, geological and biological processes. Ocean modelling plays a pivotal role in increasing our understanding of ocean systems. “Ocean modellers develop computer models that can simulate ocean conditions with a high degree of realism and that can be used to generate forecasts,” explains Katja. “You can think of these as the ocean analogues to weather forecast models, like the animations of expected temperatures, winds and rain you see on TV. ” For example, Katja’s at produces forecasts of water temperature and salinity in Halifax Harbour: memg. ocean. dal. ca/memg/forecasts Katja’s team’s biogeochemical models are crucial for evaluating OAE methods. By accurately simulating the movement of water and the behaviour of its various constituents, such as nutrients, plankton and dissolved CO2, these models provide valuable insights into the potential impacts of adding brucite to seawater. Ocean models are rigorously tested through an iterative process of prediction and evaluation, ensuring their accuracy and reliability. To improve a model, ocean modellers evaluate their predictions against observed data and quantify how accurate the predicted outputs were. This allows them to identify and pinpoint shortcomings in the model that need to be improved. If the values of a newly generated prediction match the observations better, it suggests that the model does a better job of modelling the ocean system being investigated. This iterative refinement process allows researchers to continually enhance the model’s performance and predictive capabilities. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? Growing up by the Baltic Sea, I swam in the ocean every summer and tasted its salty water. Some of my earliest memories are of my curiosity about the sea. At university, I obtained equivalents of bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mathematics and a PhD in marine biology. For my PhD, I developed biogeochemical models of nutrients and plankton in the Baltic Sea. Becoming an oceanographer and combining my interests in biology, chemistry and physics with my skills in mathematics and computer programming has been a dream come true. What is your favourite fact about the ocean? The ocean holds 50 times more CO2 than the atmosphere. This means that a relatively small shift in the ocean’s inventory of dissolved CO2 can mean a big change for the atmosphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , 2015) and contain cells that express an increase in Fos production after exposure to light in grass rats (Shuboni et al. , 2015). In addition, we recently provided evidence that the IGL and OPT are involved in the masking response to light in the diurnal grass rat (Gall et al. , 2013; Gall et al. , 2014). However, it is not yet known if the SCN or vSPVZ contributes to masking in diurnal species. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the vSPVZ is part of the neural circuitry mediating masking responses to light in a diurnal rodent. Specifically, we delivered the excitotoxin N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMA) to the vSPVZ expecting that the damage would not extend into the SCN, given the results of previous lesion studies using this method (Peterson and Moore, 1980; Schwarcz and Kohler, 1983; Hastings et al. , 1985; Schwartz et al. , 2009). The histological analysis, however, revealed several cases in which there was extensive damage to the SCN. Our results suggest that the SCN and the vSPVZ are involved in the circadian regulation of activity but are not necessary for masking behavior to acute pulses of light in grass rats. Materials and MethodsAll experiments were carried out in accordance with the of for the Care and Use of (NIH Publication No. 80-23) and were approved by the Care and of University. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used. SubjectsA total of 47 adult female Nile grass rats (A. niloticus) were obtained from a breeding colony at University. Animals were run in 2 separate cohorts, following identical protocols, and the data for the two cohorts were combined. Animals were singly housed in Plexiglas cages (34 × 28 × 17 cm) and provided with food (2000, ) and water ad libitum. A total of 35 animals received bilateral lesions of the vSPVZ, and 12 animals received sham surgery as controls. Experimental ProceduresInfrared motion detectors (Visonic, Tel Aviv, Israel) were placed on the top of each cage during the duration of the study to monitor general locomotor activity in 5-min bins using VitalView 4. 0 software (Mini-) on a computer located in an adjacent room.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: These vectors represent multiple, spatially overlapping maps (as revealed by colour-coding the EC voxels according to the vectors' values) and are sorted according to how well they preserve the similarities among the original, high-dimensional connectivity fingerprints. Thus, the first vector represents the dominant mode of connectivity change in the EC, the second represents the second-dominant mode, and so on. Applied to the fMRI data acquired while subjects performed the virtual-reality task, we observed that the dominant mode of functional connectivity change extended along the long-axis of the EC, approximately from the posterior to the anterior end (Figure 2 and Figure 2—figure supplement 1), while the orientation of the second was largely perpendicular (Figure 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Both modes of connectivity change could also be reliably detected using an independent resting-state fMRI dataset (60 subjects of the WU-Connectome Project; see ‘Materials and methods’), suggesting that the organization of EC functional connectivity is largely task-independent (Figure 4). Both the first and second-dominant modes of functional connectivity change were highly reproducible across resting-state sessions (Pearson's R = 0. 99, p < 0. 001 and Pearson's R = 0. 98, p < 0. 001, for the dominant and second-dominant modes, respectively). Figure 2 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Dominant mode of functional connectivity change within EC and sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information. (A) Dominant mode of functional connectivity change at the group-level (Spearman's R = 0. 53). Similar colours indicate similar connectivity with the rest of the brain. (B) 3D rendering of the two clusters derived from the dominant mode of functional connectivity change (displayed in red and blue) and the outlines of the group-specific template. Upper panel: right side view. Lower panel: top view (see Figure 2—figure supplement 1 for coronal views of the two clusters). (C) Upper panel: Map shows results of a non-parametric randomisation test of the spatial and non-spatial stimulation experiment restricted to the EC for display purposes (see Figure 2—figure supplement 2 for whole-brain maps). The ‘scenes > objects’ contrast is displayed in blue to light-blue, the ‘scenes < objects’ contrast in red to yellow.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: “For example, on a warm sunny day, the surface of the ocean warms up,” explains Ruth. “That heat will slowly penetrate deeper into the ocean at a rate that is determined by the mixing of warm surface waters with cooler subsurface waters. As a result, the vertical distribution of heat within the ocean is largely determined by mixing. ” The rate at which CO2 fluxes into or out of the ocean depends on ocean mixing and the amount of CO2 in the water and air. “On still days, little gas is exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere, while on windy days, there is a lot of turbulence in the upper ocean which enhances air-sea gas exchange. ” Ocean mixing can also disrupt the effectiveness of OAE, for example if brucite is mixed into deeper waters where it can no longer interact with the atmosphere. Understanding the complex role of ocean mixing is crucial for accurately assessing the potential of OAE for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. However, ocean mixing is primarily driven by turbulence which occurs at small scales, making it extremely challenging to observe and quantify. But its profound impact on the ocean’s physical and chemical properties means it is important for scientists to understand it. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? In high school, I wanted to be an astrophysicist, so I went to university to study a bachelor’s degree in physics. However, as I became increasingly aware of climate change, I wanted to direct my career towards a field where I could help understand and tackle this problem. I did an honours year in mathematics and atmospheric science, where my interest in fluid dynamics increased. Oceanography seemed like a field where I could apply my physics knowledge to a tangible and important problem, and I liked the sound of going to sea on a research boat. So, I did a PhD in physical oceanography where I discovered that the blend of theoretical and practical work is very rewarding and that research expeditions are great adventures! What do you most enjoy about your work? Nothing beats the thrill of looking at a new dataset fresh off an instrument recovered from the ocean. Trying to decrypt the measurements and infer something about what is happening in the ocean is like a puzzle. What is your favourite fact about the ocean?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This was followed up by analyzing shams and animals with bilateral lesions separately using a within-subjects 2-way ANOVA for lighting condition and time. For animals with bilateral lesions to the SCN/vSPVZ (Figure 3A), there was a significant main effect of lighting condition (F1,10 = 29. 0, p < 0. 001) but no significant main effect of time (F3,30 = 0. 2, p = 0. 867) and no interaction between the 2 variables (F3,30 = 0. 7, p = 0. 570). Therefore, grass rats with bilateral vSPVZ lesions, some of which extended to the SCN, were still capable of masking to light. For shams (Figure 3B), there was a significant interaction between lighting condition and time (F3,33 = 5. 9, p < 0. 005). Analysis of simple main effects of lighting condition revealed that activity counts were significantly higher following a LP at all time points in shams (t11s > 2. 6, ps < 0. 05). Analysis of simple main effects of time of day revealed that activity counts were significantly higher at CT14 compared to CT6 and CT18 (ps < 0. 05). Therefore, light induced a significant increase in activity (i. e. , masking was not affected) in shams and lesioned groups, but the circadian pattern of masking was ablated in the lesioned animals. Figure 3. Masking responses to light pulses (LPs) at various time points. (A) Masking response to LPs at circadian time (CT) 6, 14, 18, and 22 in grass rats with lesions to the SCN/ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ). Lesioned animals given LPs (gray lines) exhibited significantly higher activity counts than the same animals when maintained in constant darkness (black lines) on the day prior to the LP at all time points. (B) Sham animals also exhibited significantly higher activity counts during the LP (gray lines) compared to the day prior in constant darkness (black lines). *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. UltradianThe effects of a 7-h ultradian light-dark cycle (Figure 4) were assessed using a 2-way mixed ANOVA for lighting condition (within-subjects; light vs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Note that voxels in pmEC are sensitive to scenes, whereas voxels in alEC are sensitive to objects. Lower panel: The clusters from panel B exhibit antagonistic responses to spatial and non-spatial stimuli. Beta estimates for the contrast ‘scenes > objects’ (averaged across participants) are shown for clusters A and B. T(20) = 4. 9, p = 0. 0001. Error bars show S. E. M. over participants. (D) Whole-volume functional connectivity with clusters A and B. Regions connecting more with cluster A (p < 0. 05, FWE corrected), such as occipital and posterior-parietal cortex that form part of the PM system are shown in blue. Regions connecting more with cluster B (p < 0. 05, FWE corrected), such as medial-prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex which form part of the AT system are displayed in red. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Second-dominant mode of functional connectivity change within EC and sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information. (A) Second-dominant mode of functional connectivity change at the group-level (Spearman's R = 0. 28). Similar colours indicate similar connectivity with the rest of the brain. (B) 3D rendering of the two clusters derived from the second-dominant mode of functional connectivity change (displayed in red and blue) and the outlines of the group-specific template. Upper panel: right side view. Lower panel: top view (see Figure 3—figure supplement 1 for coronal views of the two clusters). (C) The clusters shown in panel B exhibit no antagonistic responses to spatial and non-spatial stimuli. Beta estimates for the contrast ‘scenes > objects’ (averaged across participants) are shown for cluster A and B (T(20) = −0. 26, p = 0. 8). Error bars show S. E. M. over participants. (D) Regions connecting more with cluster A (p < 0. 05, FWE corrected) are shown in blue. Regions connecting more with cluster B (p < 0. 05, FWE corrected) are shown in red. connected more with most of the neocortex.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual, particularly in Eastern Asia, Europe, and North America. The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention, with much hotter and drier conditions, and with more frequent and intense flooding events. Some extreme events have reached a dangerous level, increasingly threatening human lives. The interconnected risks caused by these extreme disaster events are triggering a chain effect, forcing us to respond to these crises through changes in our living environment, which affect the atmosphere, the biosphere, the economy including the availability of energy, our cities, and our global society. Moreover, we have to confront the abnormal consequences of untypical, rapid changes of extreme events and fast switches between extreme states, such as from severe drought to devastating flooding. Recognizing this new situation, it is crucial to improve the adaptation capacity of our societies in order to reduce the risks associated with climate change, and to develop smarter strategies for climate governance. High-quality development must be science-based, balanced, safe, sustainable, and climate-resilient, supported by the collaborative governance of climate mitigation and adaptation. This 2020. Service/ECMWF at and size imageThe hottest summer on record for Europe paired with unusually dry conditions reduced some of Europe’s main rivers to extremely low water levels, for example, threatening vital economic thoroughfares and exacerbating the continent’s energy shortages. The heat also led to record-breaking fire activities in many European countries. More than 2500 fires were recorded, and more than 772,000 ha were burned in European countries in 2022, compared to an average of 900 fires and 318,000 ha burned between 2016 and 2021 (EFFIS 2022). Most parts of China experienced the longest and most intense heatwave on record (CMA 2022) that lasted for 72 days—10 days longer (16% more) than the previous record of 62 days in 2013. More than 1 billion people suffered temperatures higher than 35 °C, and at least 360 million people faced exceptional temperatures higher than 40 °C, making medical attention to heat strokes a new normal in these regions. The accompanying long-lasting drought led to the drying up of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, affecting the water and electrical power supplies. While heatwaves gripped parts of Europe and Asia, some other places experienced extreme rainfall and flooding.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: dark) and surgical condition (between-subjects; sham vs. bilateral lesion). revealed a significant main effect of lighting condition (F1,21 = 12. 5, p < 0. 005) but no main effect of surgical condition (F1,21 = 0. 6, p = 0. 457) and no interaction between the two variables (F1,21 = 1. 0, p = 0. 319). Importantly, activity counts were significantly higher during the lights-on condition compared to the lights-off condition, with no significant differences between shams and bilaterally lesioned animals. Figure 4. Grass rats maintained on an ultradian cycle exhibited higher amounts of activity during lights-on compared to lights-off. Shams (black lines) and lesioned grass rats (gray lines) both exhibited significantly higher activity counts in lights-on compared to lights-off. No differences were detected between the groups. *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. Circadian RhythmsAs shown in Figure 5A, grass rats with bilateral vSPVZ damage and no SCN damage had intervals of arrhythmicity in DD and LL (histology for this animal is in Figure 1A), along with other intervals where a rhythm was detectable, suggesting that in those animals, the circadian clock was still functional. In contrast, as shown in Figure 5B, animals with bilateral damage that included both the SCN and the vSPVZ became completely arrhythmic when placed in DD and LL (histology for one such animal is presented in Figure 1B, second row). This circadian profile after damage restricted to the vSPVZ of grass rats is consistent with previous observations (Schwartz et al. , 2009). Shams, when placed in DD or LL (Figure 5C; histology for this animal is in Figure 1C), continued to express circadian rhythms. Importantly, SCN/vSPVZ-lesioned animals that still had a detectable rhythm did not differ from shams in terms of alpha (F1,17 = 0. 3, p = 0. 577; Figure 6A) or period (F1,17 = 0. 4, p = 0. 545; Figure 6B) in DD and LL.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Dominant and second-dominant modes of functional connectivity change on the basis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results of analysis of the first 60 participants of the WU-(HCP), acquired on two different days (Smith et al. , 2013). Top row: day one. Bottom row: day two. (A, C) The dominant mode of functional connectivity change follows an anteroposterior trajectory. (B, D). The second-dominant mode of functional connectivity change follows a mediolateral trajectory. Both modes were highly reproducible across different scanning days (dominant mode: Pearson's R = 0. 99 p < 0. 001, second-dominant mode: R = 0. 98; p < 0. 001). Topology preservation—dominant mode, day one: Spearman's R = 0. 62; day two: R = 0. 61; second-dominant mode, day one: R = 0. 44; day two: R = 0. 46. Furthermore, in order to identify the potential human homologues of the rodent LEC and MEC, we clustered the vectors representing the dominant and second-dominant modes of functional connectivity change (separately) through a median-split approach (see ‘Materials and methods’). Hence, each cluster comprises 50% of voxels in the EC. 3D-rendering of the two clusters derived from the dominant mode of connectivity change revealed a consistent topology across hemispheres (Figure 2B, Video 1). One division contained the posterior EC (Figure 2—figure supplement 1—displayed in blue). The other division included most of the anterior EC (Figure 2—figure supplement 1—displayed in red). In addition to the dominant anterior-posterior distinction, the posterior cluster was located more medially (and to some extent more dorsally) and the anterior cluster was located more laterally (and to some extent more ventrally). Hereafter, we refer to the clusters as posterior-medial EC (‘pmEC’) and anterior-lateral EC (‘alEC’), respectively, consistent with Maass et al. (Maass et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: In the southwest of the United States, for example, California’s hot and dry experienced a “once-in-a-thousand-year” extreme rainfall, with nearly a year’s total worth of rain in 3 hours (37. 1 mm). In Pakistan, one-third of the country was completely submerged by a devastating historic flood, causing more than 1100 deaths and billions of dollars in losses. Although devastating, the extreme weather events that occurred in the summer of 2022 were not altogether unexpected. Observations have shown that extreme events including heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones have been increasing in recent years and their attribution to human activities has strengthened since last assessment in 2014 (IPCC 2021). Scientists have warned that exceeding 1. 5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points, with irreversible and catastrophic consequences (et al. 2022). Although climate tipping points for the Earth system have not been activated yet at the current global warming level of 1. 1 °C, some extreme events intensified by climate change have reached the tipping point of human survival. Heatwaves are a good example of how extreme weather events threaten human health. The maximum temperature a human can withstand is generally within the range of 40–42 °C. In the summer of 2022, the highest temperature in many areas exceeded this limit (Fig. 2a). But human temperature tolerance depends not only on the temperature but also on the humidity—represented by the wet-bulb temperature in meteorology—as well as on concomitant atmospheric pollutants, such as ozone. Studies have shown that even healthy people with strong climate adaptability cannot withstand a wet-bulb temperature higher than 32 °C. Once the wet-bulb temperature reaches 35 °C, we are no longer able to cool ourselves through sweating, leading to heat stroke, which means shocks to multiple organs and even permanent damage (Raymond et al. 2020). Extreme heatwaves over central Europe and especially the Paris region in the summer of 2003 demonstrated that the main health impacts and mortality cases were due to a combination of high temperature, humidity, and episodes of very high levels of ozone (Kovats et al. 2004; Schär et al. 2004). Continued exposure above this threshold can quickly lead to death by overheating. Some areas have already experienced wet-bulb temperatures close to humans’ survival threshold (Fig. 2b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (B) Light-induced masking was observed at all CTs. (C) Prior to surgery (denoted by the star), the animal was primarily active during lights-on. After surgery, the animal free-ran through LD conditions and also through DD and LL (D). Gray shaded areas indicate darkness; white areas indicate lights-on. DiscussionMaskingThe major finding of this work was that extensive damage to the vSPVZ, with or without additional damage to the SCN, did not prevent the display of masking responses to light in the diurnal grass rat. Thus, light presented as individual LPs, during the 12:12 LD cycle, under constant conditions or as the recurrent 3. 5-h light interval of an ultradian LD cycle increased general activity after the lesions, as was the case for control animals or animals with damage outside the vSPVZ/SCN region. Furthermore, the presence of masking in animals with substantial damage to the SCN also serves to question the importance of that nucleus for mediating responses to light typical of a diurnal species. But the role of the SCN in mediating masking deserves further attention, since none of our cases resulted in complete SCN lesions, and one published report supports the role of the SCN in masking (Li et al. , 2005), whereas another does not (Redlin and Mrosovsky, 1999). Importantly, others have shown that masking persists in drinking and wheel running in 12:12 LD cycles following SCN lesions (Fuller et al. , 1981; Mistlberger, 1992), providing supporting evidence that the SCN may not be critical for the masking response to light. Clearly, the role for the SCN in masking to light is still under debate (reviewed in Morin, 2013). In our study, the only effect of the vSPVZ/SCN lesions on masking responses was to abolish their circadian modulation; there was a significant interaction between time of presentation and the effect of the acute light pulses for both the intact controls and the animals with damage outside the target zone of the lesions, and that interaction was absent in animals with the intended damage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Clusters derived from the second-dominant mode were less consistent across hemispheres, but showed an approximately orthogonal orientation relative to the first (Figure 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of the two clusters derived using the dominant mode of functional connectivity change. is shown in red and cluster B in blue. If the two clusters (i. e. , EC halves) derived from the dominant mode of functional connectivity change correspond to the homologues of the rodent LEC and MEC, their whole-brain connectivity profiles should correspond to the known connectivity profiles in rodents and resemble the AT and PM system proposed by Ranganath and Ritchey (Ranganath and Ritchey, 2012). To test this hypothesis, we computed whole-volume connectivity maps of the two clusters. Group-level contrasts showed peaks in the medial-prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex for the alEC, regions associated with the AT system. In contrast, occipital and posterior-parietal cortex was dominated by connectivity with the pmEC, areas associated with the PM system (Ranganath and Ritchey, 2012). In addition, the pmEC showed increased connectivity with frontal regions (see Figure 2D). These findings are in line with the patterns of reciprocal connections of the rodent LEC and MEC, respectively (Kerr et al. , 2007). Notably, this was not the case for the connectivity maps of the two clusters derived from the second-dominant mode of connectivity change (Figure 3D) that were widely dominated by only one of the clusters. Furthermore, we examined both spatial and temporal SNR (tSNR) of the alEC and the pmEC (Figure 2—figure supplement 3). tSNR did not differ between alEC and pmEC (T(21) = 0. 2, p = 0. 83) but spatial SNR did (T(21) = 9. 7, p < 0. 001). This was associated with higher signal in the pmEC compared to the alEC (mean signal: alEC = 4. 97; mean signal pmEC = 7. 76; T(21) = 38, p < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: As global warming continues, strengthened evaporation is anticipated to increase the proportion of water in the atmosphere, and high-temperature days will become more intolerable (Raymond et al. 2020). Fig. 2Source NOAA website at Image provided by the NOAA/OAR/from their Web site at with default setting except that “Date” was changed to “2022 Aug 1,” “Contour Lines” changed to “No,” “Plot Units” changed to “Celsius,” and “Projection” changed to “Robinson. ” b Top 0. 1% of wet-bulb temperatures at different locations between 1979 and 2017. Full size imageAs global warming has progressed, hotter and drier conditions and more extreme flooding events have become the new state and the new normal. On the one hand, we need to adapt to this new state and deal with the negative consequences on energy, ecosystems, economies, societies, and public health. On the other hand, we need to be prepared for the untypical and rapid reversal of extreme events, such as the shift from extreme drought to extreme flooding, and from heatwaves to cold spells. As highlighted in the recently published report United in Science (WMO 2022a), adaptation is crucial to lowering the risks of climate impacts. Therefore, it is important, urgent, and crucial to act now to improve our adaptation capacity to reduce the risks of climate change, especially of extreme events. 2 Understanding the Emergence of Learned in the Process of NeutralityIn response to climate change, the whole world is working towards carbon neutrality to limit global warming. Cutting down the carbon emissions in the energy sector is essential, which requires remarkable transition from fossil fuel energies to clean and renewable energies. Recently, the energy crisis accompanying extreme weather events has brought our attentions to the emergence of new risks during the energy transition process. 2. 1 from the 2021 to WeatherThe electricity resources of the state of Texas, United States, are dominated by natural gas (52%), followed by coal (20%), wind (17%), nuclear (9%), and other sources (2%) (Statista 2022a). 2021, the impact of extreme cold weather on the energy supply of the state caused significant blackouts and left more than 10 million people without electricity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Therefore, in grass rats, the role of the vSPVZ/SCN in masking may be restricted to a modulatory role that results in variations of the magnitude of the responses to light across the subjective day and night (Shuboni et al. , 2012). For nocturnal species, the role of the vSPVZ in masking has not been investigated directly. In a study using lesions of the SCN (Redlin and Mrosovsky, 1999), partial damage to the vSPVZ was described as compatible with normal masking responses by hamsters. Furthermore, several studies documenting the disruptive effects of vSPVZ on circadian rhythms in rats (Cipolla-Neto et al. , 1988; Moore and Danchenko, 2002; Abrahamson and Moore, 2006) have reported increased activity at night under an LD cycle, even when activity rhythms are absent or severely disrupted when the animals are monitored under constant conditions, thus suggesting that rats with vSPVZ lesions can mask their activity under an LD cycle. Consistent with the data from nocturnal species are our observations that grass rats with extensive damage to the vSPVZ were more active in the light, when kept in LD. Taken together, the available data for both diurnal and nocturnal rodents indicate that the vSPVZ is not critical for the mediation of masking responses to light. It is important to note that it remains plausible that other retinorecipient hypothalamic structures could be important for masking, especially given that our method of chemically lesioning the SCN and vSPVZ is different from other studies using electrolytic lesions. The differences observed may, therefore, be a methodological difference rather than a species difference. One unique case among our lesioned animals (Figure 8) had moderate damage to the vSPVZ and almost a complete lesion of the SCN, with some evidence of mechanical damage to the optic chiasm. Behaviorally, this animal retained a clear circadian rhythm, which failed to entrain to the LD cycle. One explanation for this case is that light information was not capable of reaching what was left of the SCN, and therefore, the animal could not entrain in LD. This is similar to what was reported for animals receiving knife cuts that separate the SCN from the optic chiasm (Johnson et al. , 1988).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 001) in the absence of differences in spatial standard deviation (T(21) = 1. 5, p = 0. 144). Note, that mean signal was subtracted from time-series prior to all connectivity analyses (see ‘Materials and methods’), which makes it unlikely that signal intensity differences affected the connectivity results. We used an independent component analysis (ICA)-based method for data cleaning (see ‘Materials and methods’) that has been shown to efficiently remove residual effects of head motion. However, we additionally repeated the data-driven connectivity analysis after excluding time periods with large head movements (motion scrubbing [Power et al. , 2012, 2015]). Motion scrubbing had only minimal effects on the results. Pearson correlation coefficients of the pre- and post scrubbing results were close to 1 and highly significant (gradient one: left R = 0. 9964, right R = 0. 9958; gradient two: left = 0. 9348, right = 0. 8816; all p values <0. 001). We also tested if the alEC and pmEC exhibited stronger connectivity with their potential homologue region in the contralateral hemisphere compared to each other. Here we observed that homologous connectivity indeed exceeded non-homologous connectivity (Figure 2—figure supplement 4). Importantly, this was also the case if non-homologous connectivity was assessed within the same hemisphere, between adjacent parts of the EC (T(21) = 4. 05, p = 0. 0006). Finally, studies on rodent electrophysiology (Deshmukh and Knierim, 2011; Knierim et al. , 2013) predict that the LEC and its human homologue should respond preferentially to non-spatial stimuli, whereas the MEC and its human homologue should be involved in processing spatial information. We tested this prediction by conducting a second fMRI study at 7 T in which an independent group of participants was presented with spatial (pictures of scenes) and non-spatial stimuli (pictures of objects), see ‘Materials and methods’ for details. We contrasted fMRI responses to spatial and non-spatial stimuli. Here, we observed higher responses to spatial than non-spatial stimuli in the posterior EC, while the inverse contrast (objects vs scenes) showed higher responses in the anterior EC (Figure 2C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: There is a need for long-term and proactive arrangements in many aspects of risk responses, particularly in terms of extreme weather events, infrastructure resilience, and preparedness for people’s needs, in order to minimize losses from various risks. 3 Governance for AdaptationWhen advancing the process of achieving carbon neutrality in response to climate change, the impacts of more frequent and intense extreme weather events have forced us to think soberly about developing smarter climate governance strategies for sustainable development. While climate mitigation actions contribute to the slowdown of climate warming, climate adaptation is of great importance and is a more direct approach to reducing disaster risk and protecting people (Robbert and Lesnikowski 2018). The key to climate change adaptation (CCA) is the reduction of climate risks. This needs to include reducing the impacts of rapidly changing or slow-onset extreme events, to lower the vulnerabilities of infrastructures that already exist or are under construction, and to limit the combination effects on the population and society due to extra health burdens originating from other sources (for example, air pollution). The goal of CCA is to achieve climate-resilient development in the near future. Although more than 170 countries have already taken adaptation into account in their climate policies and planning, which has generated benefits in areas such as health, food security, and biodiversity conservation, there are still large gaps between actions already taken and the needs of society in response to the climate change impacts (IPCC 2022). Moreover, progress towards adaptation is unevenly distributed across regions, and most implemented adaptation measures have been small-scale, fragmented, incremental, or sector-specific. Despite the general advocation of CCA in the 2015 and the earlier on (), there is a lack of a comprehensive and systematic guiding framework for countries’ CCA actions, as well as a unified and coordinated operational framework for collaborative deployment within the UN system. Here, we present several suggestions and recommendations for resilience building through collaborative governance for CCA (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Recommendations for climate resilient development (CRD) through collaborative governance for climate change adaptation (CCA), with the support of multi-stakeholder partnershipsFull size imageNations (UN) should take the lead in promoting CCA at the global level. Although the importance of CCA was highlighted in the (2022. Exceeding 1. 5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science 377(6611): 7950.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, this animal was capable of masking, displaying higher amounts of activity following a light pulse compared to darkness. In addition, activity levels were higher during the light phase of an LD cycle compared to the dark phase. These results suggest that although light was not able to reach the SCN directly, it was able to reach other areas of the brain, which allowed the animal to continue to mask (e. g. , ). This case provides additional evidence that transduction of light information by the SCN may not be required for the masking response, since entrainment did not occur, but masking did. Our previous work adds supporting evidence that, rather than the SCN, the IGL and OPT may be involved in masking to light in grass rats. IGL lesions result in a reversal of masking responses to light in grass rats, such that light pulses result in a significant reduction in activity, whereas controls display the opposite behavior (Gall et al. , 2013). In addition, IGL lesions resulted in a reversal of Fos responses to light in the OPT, whereas in the SCN, light-induced Fos expression was not affected by IGL lesions (Gall et al. , 2014). Therefore, masking may operate via a neural network independent of the SCN (Gall et al. , 2014). As noted earlier, in nocturnal species, lesions of the IGL do not have a similar effect (Redlin et al. , 1999), suggesting that the role of the IGL on masking may be specific to diurnal species. Circadian RhythmsLesions that ablated the vSPVZ bilaterally produced circadian activity patterns that were significantly disrupted even in animals that received no or minimal damage to the SCN (Figure 5A). These results were similar to those reported earlier for grass rats with partial vSPVZ lesions and no damage to the SCN (Schwartz et al. , 2009). Importantly, Schwartz et al. (2009) found that the size of the vSPVZ lesion was inversely correlated with the strength of the postsurgical rhythms and the reentrainment rate of the animals. In rats, vSPVZ lesions also disrupt or eliminate circadian rhythms in activity (Abrahamson and Moore, 2006) and sleep (Lu et al. , 2001) but do not affect temperature rhythms (Moore and Danchenko, 2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: ROI analyses using the clusters derived from the dominant mode of connectivity change revealed that the anterior-lateral cluster showed higher sensitivity to non-spatial stimuli compared to the PM cluster (T(20) = 4. 9, p = 0. 0001, Figure 2C). This dissociation was not present for the clusters that were derived from the second-dominant mode of connectivity change within the EC (T(20) = −0. 26, p = 0. 8; Figure 3C). In sum, our results suggest that the human homologue of the rodent MEC maps predominantly on the human posterior parts of the EC, while the homologue of the rodent LEC maps predominantly on the anterior parts of the EC. EC, in concert with the hippocampus, plays a crucial role in memory and learning (Eichenbaum et al. , 2007) and is the core of the brain's navigational system (Moser and Moser, 2013). While the shape and location of the EC differs between rodents and primates (Witter and Groenewegen, 1989), the anatomical organisation and connectivity patterns are largely conserved across species (Canto et al. , 2008). However, translational studies on EC subregions faced the problem of identifying homologous regions across species. For example, recent neuroimaging studies on mnemonic processing (Schultz et al. , 2012; Reagh and Yassa, 2014) and Alzheimer's pathology (Khan et al. , 2014) directly related medial and lateral strips of EC in humans to the rodent MEC and LEC. However, the anatomical locations of these cytoarchitectonically defined regions in rodents differ along more than only the mediolateral axis. More specifically, the LEC is situated more anterior-ventrally, whereas the MEC is situated more posterior-dorsally in rodents (et al. , 2009). Therefore, it is unlikely that medial and lateral strips of EC in humans correspond to the rodent MEC and LEC, respectively. Furthermore, in primates the characteristic projections from the PRC and PHC strongly map onto the anteroposterior axis (Suzuki and Amaral, 1994). Here, we leveraged the distinct connectivity fingerprints and functional roles (such as complementary computation of scene and object information) of the rodent LEC and MEC to find their human homologues with fMRI with three complementary methods and three independent datasets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: into the 's decision support system give forecasters new capabilities for tracking smoke from fires using satellite data. by A. K. Huff and S. Kondragunta 4 April 20173 November 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Evacuees flee a wildfire that threatened Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, in May 2016. Forecasters used this fire to test the capabilities of a new fire and smoke data resource from NOAA. Credit: Jonathan Hayward/Press via AP Wildfires and controlled burns place special demands on the people who decide where and when to deploy firefighters, how to keep controlled burns contained, and how best to protect life and property. Meteorologists from the Service weather offices, fire incident meteorologists, and state and local air quality forecasters provide information that is vital to assisting these decision makers. These meteorologists must determine the effects of smoke and quickly incorporate them into their forecasts related to visibility and air quality. Fortunately, a new fire and smoke data resource from the (NOAA) makes a new generation of high-accuracy, high-resolution aerosol data products readily available to these forecasters. The new website, called enhanced Infusing satellite Data into (eIDEA), gives meteorologists and other interested parties access to the latest generation of satellite aerosol products. These new capabilities were put to the test last May, when a monthlong fire broke out in Fort McMurray in northeastern Alberta, Canada. The fire forced almost 88,000 people to evacuate their homes (Figure 1). Fig. 1. True-color VIIRS satellite imagery (RGB) for 6 May 2016, displayed on the eIDEA website, shows gray plumes of thick smoke streaming southeastward from the Fort McMurray fire in Alberta, Canada. Red dots are fire radiative power (FRP) fire hot spot detections, and clouds appear as bright white features.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This suggests that lesions of the vSPVZ in both rats and grass rats disrupt circadian rhythms but do not completely eliminate them. Importantly, grass rats with lesions in the vSPVZ still had detectable activity rhythms, in which period and alpha were not affected. These data suggest that the vSPVZ is important for the maintenance of circadian rhythms, but when the SCN is at least partially intact, rhythmicity is still detectable, and several parameters of the rhythms are intact. This is in stark contrast to grass rats with IGL lesions, which reverse their masking responses to light, in addition to exhibiting significant changes in alpha (Gall et al. , 2013). Excitotoxicity of the SCNSix of our 12 animals in which the vSPVZ was ablated also had extensive damage to the SCN (Figures 1B and 2A). Therefore, in the grass rat, NMA was capable of destroying SCN neurons. In previous studies, the SCN has been shown to be resistant to excitotoxins such as NMA and kainic acid (Peterson and Moore, 1980; Schwarcz and Kohler, 1983; Hastings et al. , 1985). Previous work from our group showed that NMA destroyed vSPVZ tissue but left the SCN intact in grass rats (Schwartz et al. , 2009). The reason for the discrepancy between the 2 studies with grass rats is likely due to differences in methodology; Schwartz et al. (2009) used a lower concentration of NMA than what was used here. Interestingly, in nocturnal rodents, the concentration of NMA used to target the SCN was much less than what we used here (Hastings et al. , 1985). Perhaps a higher concentration of NMA would also be effective at lesioning the SCN in nocturnal rodents. Importantly, it is also possible that the discrepancy between our results and those obtained with nocturnal rodents may reflect species differences in the abundance of glutamate receptors in the SCN of diurnal and nocturnal rodents. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that grass rats may be less sensitive to the phase-shifting ability of a glutamatergic agonist presented to the SCN than nocturnal rodents (Novak and Albers, 2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Both model-based and data-driven connectivity analyses, as well as sensitivity to non-spatial vs spatial stimuli provide evidence for an anterior-lateral and a PM localisation of the homologues of the rodent LEC and MEC, respectively. Maass et al confirmed these findings in a study with two high-resolution, high-field fMRI datasets by focusing on local connectivity between regions of the medial temporal lobes. They found preferential connectivity of PRC and proximal subiculum to anterior-lateral parts of the EC, whereas posterior-medial parts of the EC were more connected to PHC and distal subiculum. This corresponds well with our findings (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). In line with the present study, Maass et al (Maass et al. , 2015) report local connectivity fingerprints of the human anterior-lateral and posterior-medial EC that mimicked those of the rodent LEC and MEC, respectively. In addition to the change in functional connectivity from PM to anterior-lateral, our data-driven connectivity analysis also revealed a second organisation structure approximately perpendicular to the first (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), which might reflect bands of intra-entorhinal projections that are known to cross the LEC/MEC boundary in a roughly orthogonal orientation in rodents (Canto et al. , 2008) and in primates (Chrobak and Amaral, 2007). The selective sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information, or ‘context vs content’ more broadly (Knierim et al. , 2013), points towards fundamental difference in computations of the LEC and MEC. How to characterise those differences most accurately remains an open question (Knierim et al. , 2013), but our results can help to inform future studies on the role of the human alEC and pmEC in higher-level cognition. Notably, the present findings confirm three out of four complementary criteria for the definition of cortical areas that have traditionally been advocated (Van Essen, 1985), namely topographic organization, connectivity and functional properties (the fourth one being cyto- and myeloarchitectonic organization). Previous neuroimaging studies in humans reported differences between medial and lateral aspects of EC that mimicked differences between the rodent MEC and LEC and assumed that both subregions are present on coronal slices of the EC (Schultz et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: Credit: eIDEA eIDEA: Interface for Data in made by the Suite (VIIRS) aboard NOAA and NASA’s Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Earth-observing satellite are used to generate eIDEA’s products and images. aerosol data products and images feature high accuracy and high spatial resolution, making them particularly useful for monitoring the effects of smoke from wildfires and controlled burns. During the 2016 fire season, fire incident meteorologists and air quality forecasters used a new decision support tool to track the effects of wildfire emissions. The eIDEA website was designed to specifically address the needs of forecasters, who require timely data and imagery in a simple, easy to use interface. instrument provides forecasters with a variety of aerosol products that feature multiple layers of information, all of which are available on eIDEA in near real time: less than 2 hours from when the data were collected. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now The area covered by eIDEA spans the continental (CONUS), Alaska, and Canada; the domain will be expanded to include Mexico, Central America, and the in the near future. During the 2016 fire season, fire incident meteorologists and air quality forecasters used this new decision support tool to track the effects of wildfire emissions. Following the Because smoke has a very high concentration of aerosol p4. This data product is often represented by color codes in imagery, with cool colors (blues and greens) corresponding to lower AOT and warm colors (yellows, oranges, and reds) corresponding to higher AOT. This measurement has certain limitations. Clouds block the measurement of AOT, so there are no measurements in cloudy regions, and data are not retrieved over areas covered by snow. AOT measures the total light absorption and scattering for a given air column, so it does not provide any information about the height of the aerosols within this column. Nor does it tell us how likely the p0. 4), and they run 48 hours into the future in 3-hour time steps. The trajectory product on eIDEA maps the forward movement of the smoke plumes using a color-coded scale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsThe data presented here for grass rats, a diurnal rodent, suggest that 1) the vSPVZ and perhaps the SCN are not necessary for the expression of masking responses to light, and 2) the SCN of grass rats is vulnerable to the actions of NMA, a glutamatergic excitotoxin, challenging the notion that the SCN is resistant to chemical lesions. We initially hypothesized that the vSPVZ and SCN would play a role in masking to light since both brain areas contain cells that express an increase in Fos production after exposure to light in grass rats (Shuboni et al. , 2015). However, our data suggest that the neural mechanisms of masking involve interplays between the IGL and OPT (Gall et al. , 2013; Gall et al. , 2014) that may be independent of the transduction of light information by hypothalamic targets such as the SCN and vSPVZ. Finally, the finding that the SCN of grass rats is vulnerable to excitotoxins opens the possibility of species differences in the density of glutamatergic receptors in the SCN of diurnal and nocturnal rodents. 56. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science317. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science654. PubMedWeb of Science391. PubMedWeb of Science1726. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7387. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science256. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science313. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science598. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4874. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science765. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science202. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science360. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science127. CrossrefPubMed106. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1273. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science263. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science182. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science758. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science448. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science456. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science556. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science90. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1306. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science161. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science307.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Khan et al. , 2014; Reagh and Yassa, 2014), that is, that the MEC and LEC correspond to medial and lateral strips of the EC. In light of our findings, these reports could be explained by a partial overlap of the medial and lateral divisions with the pmEC and the alEC, respectively. For example, we noticed a mediolateral difference of responses to spatial and non-spatial stimuli on some coronal slices (Figure 2—figure supplement 2B). However, our results suggest that coronal slices through the most posterior EC exclusively harbour the human homologue of the rodent MEC. Similarly, anterior slices appear to contain mostly the homologue of the rodent LEC. Hence, improved mapping of homologous regions between rodents and humans should lead to increased effect sizes and more accurate interpretations. In summary, the present findings can help to inform future translational research on the role of entorhinal subregions in fields ranging from clinical neuroscience, such as on the early progression of Alzheimer's disease, to cognitive neuroscience, for example, nature and mechanisms of different forms of memory and their integration into higher order representations (Eichenbaum and Lipton, 2008). Materials and methods experiment Request a detailed protocol 26 participants took part in the study (11 females, age 19–36, mean 23 years). 22 entered the analysis and 4 were excluded due to excessive movement (number of instantaneous movements [Power et al. , 2012] > 0. 5 mm exceeded the mean plus 1 standard deviation). Materials and methods were approved by the local research ethics committee (CMO University Duisburg-Essen, Germany and CMO region Arnhem-Nijmegen, NL). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant for data analysis and publication of the study results. Resting-state dataset Request a detailed protocol The resting-state dataset consisted of the first 60 participants (41 females, age ranges: 4 between 22 and 25 years, 23 between 26 and 30 years and 33 between 31 and 35 years) of the WU-(HCP) (et al. , 2013). The experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and all experimental protocol was approved by the Board (IRB) (IRB # 201204036; Title: ‘Mapping the Human Connectome: Structure, Function, and Heritability’).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu AbstractThis study examines the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation over northern China using the high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Center’s morphing technique () during May–August of 2003–09. The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu Keywords: Precipitation; Asia; Valley/mountain flows; Diurnal effects; Drainage flow 1. variations of precipitation are very important to the local and global weather and climate, which can have strong implications on the hydrological cycle and agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: These endogenous rhythms are entrained to environmental cues such as light, and their disruption has a significant and sometimes detrimental impact on bodily function, including jet lag (disrupted sleep resulting from rapid travel across time zones), dissociation (emergence of a second rhythm in the SCN beyond the entrainment range, that is, for sufficiently large or small light-dark [LD] periods), and splitting (antiphase rhythms within the SCN) (Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976c; de la Iglesia et al. , 2000; Silver, 2018; Michel et al. , 2013). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the SCN, the role of its organization in the generation of circadian rhythms remains an open problem (Hastings et al. , 2018). At the population level, the current paradigm of SCN organization is based on 2 interconnected parts, the ventral (core) and dorsal (shell) regions of the SCN (Leak et al. , 1999; Abrahamson and Moore, 2001; Evans and Gorman, 2016; Michel and Meijer, 2020; Silver, 2018; Hastings et al. , 2018) where only the core is retinorecipient (Meijer et al. , 1986). At the single cell level, self-sustained circadian rhythms are known to originate in feedback loops involving the transcription of clock genes (Ko and Takahashi, 2006), which persist in the absence of exogenous cues. One approach to modeling circadian rhythms is based on molecular models of individual neuron activity (Leloup and Goldbeter, 2003; Vasalou and Henson, 2011; Hafner et al. , 2012; Taylor et al. , 2017). However, a single hemisphere of the SCN comprises approximately 10,000 neurons so that molecular models require a large number of equations and parameters to characterize both individual cells and the network organization of the SCN. This makes such models computationally harder and less amenable to analytical analysis. Moreover, experimental evidence and simplified theoretical models show that population-level activity in the SCN emerges from the dynamics of individual neurons (Schibler et al. , 2015; Gu et al. , 2016, 2018). Among simplified models of SCN dynamics, the Kuramoto model is a biologically plausible approach since clock cells in the SCN demonstrate self-sustained, nearly sinusoidal oscillations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant for data analysis and publication of the study results. Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol 21 participants (13 females, age 20–54, mean age 26 years) participated in the experiment. None of the participants participated in more than one experiment. Materials and methods were approved by the local research ethics committee (CMO University Duisburg-Essen, Germany and CMO region Arnhem-Nijmegen, NL). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant for data analysis and publication of the study results. FMRI acquisition Navigation experiment Request a detailed protocol Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent T2*-weighted functional images were acquired on a 7 scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a three dimensional echo-planar imaging (3D EPI) pulse sequence (Poser et al. , 2010) on a 32-channel surface coil: TR = 2. 7 s, TE = 20 ms, flip angle = 14°, slice thickness = 0. 92 mm, slice oversampling = 8. 3%, in-plane resolution = 0. 9^2 mm, field of view (FoV) = 210 mm in each direction, 96 slices, phase encoding acceleration factor = 4, 3D acceleration factor = 2. The first five volumes of the main scan were discarded to allow for T1 equilibration. A field map using a gradient echo sequence was recorded for distortion correction of the acquired EPI images. Resting-state dataset Request a detailed protocol Participants underwent four resting-state scanning sessions recorded on two days, each comprising 15 min multi-band accelerated (TR = 0. 72 s) fMRI. The two scans from each day were concatenated into scans of 30 min. Each day one scan had a left-right phase encoding direction and the other a right-left phase encoding direction and concatenating the two scans allowed for correcting the ensuing opposing field inhomogeneities. Whole-brain images were acquired at 2 mm isotropic resolution and all data are publicly available. For details see et al (et al. , 2013; Smith et al. , 2013). Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol The same 7 scanner was used as for the navigation experiment. Procedures and acquisition parameters were the same unless described otherwise. TR = 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: For example, summertime rainfall may evaporate more quickly in the afternoon hours but can easily be permeated into soil and stored overnight. Numerous past studies have examined the diurnal variations of global and regional rainfalls through observations from surface rain gauges, weather radars, and/or satellites (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2004; Dai et al. 1999, 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2009). It is commonly observed that warm-season precipitation around the world usually peaks in the morning over ocean and in the late afternoon over land with the exception of several low-lying land areas such as the central of the (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002). Some studies partially accredit the nocturnal precipitation maximums over the plains to a low-level southerly nocturnal jet parallel (e. g. , Higgins et al. 1997; Carbone and Tuttle 2008), which is also widely observed over the of the (e. g. , Bonner 1968). Complementary to Carbone et al. (2002), which concentrated on the central United States, the current study explores the diurnal variation and propagation of the warm-season precipitation over the Yanshan–ranges, along the eastern peripheries of the Loess and Inner-and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a). Warm-season rainfalls account for nearly 80% of the total annual precipitation in this focus area, which has strong diurnal variations. This study also complements recent studies on diurnal rainfall variations over China (e. g. , Wang et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009), most of which emphasize the eastern slopes and adjacent eastward regions of the Tibetan Plateau. 2. Precipitation dataset and mean The high-resolution global precipitation dataset from the (NOAA) Center’s morphing technique (; Joyce et al. 2004) will be used for this study. has a spatial resolution of 0. 7277° and is available every 30 min between 60°N and 60°S beginning with December of 2002. It combines precipitation estimates derived exclusively from several low-orbiter satellite microwave sensors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (3)The amplitude (synchronization index) ρm characterizes the extent of phase alignment between oscillators in group m and varies between 0 and 1. When ρm=0, oscillators within group m are in an asynchronous state, while ρm=1 corresponds to a completely synchronized state. The group phase ψm is the average phase or direction of the oscillators. Here, we restrict our attention to a 2-group version of equation (2), with which we will model the core-shell organization and dynamics of the SCN. As shown elsewhere, equation (2) can be reduced to explicit equations for the phase and amplitude of each group (Ott and Antonsen, 2008; Yoon et al. , 2021). Following this approach, the time dependence of the amplitude and phase in the core (υ) and shell (d) becomesdρυdt=−ρυΔυ+12ρυKυυ(1−ρυ2)+12F(1−ρυ2)cosψυ+12ρdKdυ(1−ρυ2)cos(ψd−ψυ),(4)dψυdt=−Ωυ−12F(1+ρυ2)ρυsinψυ+12ρdKdυ(1+ρv2)ρvsin(ψd−ψυ),(5)dρddt=−ρdΔd+12ρdKdd(1−ρd2)+12ρυKυd(1−ρd2)cos(ψυ−ψd),(6)dψddt=−Ωd+12ρυKυd(1+ρd2)ρdsin(ψυ−ψd),(7)in the frame rotating at the external field frequency ωF. The field phase is set to 0 since it provides a reference time for the external cue. Equations (4)-(7) describe the core-shell model schematically depicted in Figure 1, where the parameters characterizing the heterogeneity of dynamical properties among SCN oscillators are reduced to a set of parameters characterizing the mean properties of the core and shell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 1 s, TE = 25 ms, flip angle = 13°, slice oversampling = 10%, in-plane resolution = 1. 5^2 mm, FoV = 224 mm in each direction, 80 slices, acceleration factor = 3, 3D acceleration factor = 2. To allow for T1 equilibration, three (N = 11) or seven (N = 5) dummy volumes were discarded before the main scan. Experimental tasks Navigation experiment Request a detailed protocol Participants performed an object-location memory task while freely navigating a 3D, virtual environment task adapted from Doeller et al. (Doeller et al, 2008; Doeller et al. , 2010) (Figure 5A). In this self-paced task participants collected and replaced six everyday objects within a virtual arena. They collected each object from its associated location once during an initial trial, by running over it. In each subsequent trial they saw an image (cue) of one of the objects in the upper part of the screen and had to move to the object's associated location and press a button (replace phase). After this response, the object appeared in its associated position and participants collected it again (feedback phase). After an average of 3 trials (range 2–4 trials), a fixation cross on a grey background was presented for 4 s (inter-trial-interval, ITI). Next to the spatial aspects of the navigation task, non-spatial task components were present approximately half of the time. Therefore, the task engaged functions associated with both the PM and the AT network, respectively. Each scanning session was subdivided into EPI acquisition blocks of 210 volumes. Participants underwent an average of 5 blocks (±1). Task-related effects from the navigation experiment are subject of another report. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Cognitive tasks. (A) Navigation experiment. First person view of the virtual arena that participants navigated freely to perform the object-location memory task. (B) Spatial and non-spatial stimulation. Left: An example stimulus of a ‘non-spatial’ object. Right: An example stimulus of a ‘spatial’ scene. Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol Participants were presented with pictures of spatial and non-spatial stimuli (see Figure 5B) and gave a trial-by-trial animacy judgement.

Output: pass