Input: Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: A path planning algorithm for industrial processes under velocity constraints with an application to additive manufacturing. J 2017;43:160–167. Crossref85. Separated 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyimide. 2019;121:457–464. Crossref86. Tensile property evaluations of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Mater 2020;29(2):147–162. Crossref87. 3D printed fiber reinforced polymer composites-structural analysis. Eng 2019;175:1–6. Crossref88. . Rapid prototyping of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites by 3D printing. J Technol 2016;238:218–225. Crossref89. Naranjo-Lozada J, Ahuett-Garza H, Orta-Castañón P, et al. Tensile properties and failure behavior of chopped and continuous carbon fiber composites produced by additive manufacturing. 2019;26:227–241. 90. Characterizing short-fiber-reinforced composites produced using additive manufacturing. 2017;3(3):81–91. 91. Weld deposition-based rapid prototyping: A preliminary study. J Technol 2003;135:347–357. Crossref92. . An adaptive process planning approach of rapid prototyping and manufacturing. 2013;29:23–38. Crossref93. . An innovative design approach in three-dimensional printing of continuous fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites via fused deposition modeling process: In-melt simultaneous impregnation. 2020;234(1–2):243–259. Crossref94. . Toolpath generation for layer manufacturing of fractal objects. J 2006;12:214–221. Crossref95. Fabrication of continuous carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites using additive manufacturing. 2017;16:146–152. 96. Efficient spiral bias filling algorithm for continuous carbon fiber 3D fiber. J Technol 2017;39(12):81–87. 97. Abrahamsen M. Spiral toolpaths for high-speed machining of 2D pockets with or without islands. J Eng 2019;6:105–117. 98. Novel continuous fiber bi-matrix composite 3-D printing technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: In the spring of 2023, I was contacted by a German journalist from the BR (Bayrischer Rundfunk) who wanted to interview me and other researchers about the question of whether overreliance on AI might make people “dumber. ”Footnote 7 This seemed to be an idea that was making the rounds in various media circles in Europe around that time. There was also a show on Swedish television, “Idébyrån,” in which a physics professor, a philosopher, and a psychologist had been invited to discuss the thesis that “You are getting dumber at the same time as machines are getting smarter. ”Footnote 8 Journalists were responding partly to general worries in society, but also to research suggesting that a steady increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century might recently have become reversed. Norwegian researchers had found that people had recently started scoring less well on IQ test. Footnote 9 One of the possible explanations offered was overreliance on modern technology. Such discussions raise the question of what we understand by human intelligence and what is the relation between our intelligence and our use of modern technology. Traditionally, human beings’ ability to create and use technologies has been seen as one of the things that show we are more intelligent than other animals. But now worry is mounting among some that using certain technologies, in particular AI, will make us less intelligent. Reflection is needed on whether we are enhancing ourselves by creating AI technologies or whether we are risking a form of “human downgrading,” to use ’s expression. Footnote 10 Relatedly, the philosopher has raised worries that many modern technologies might lead to moral de-skilling, reducing our skill at making moral decisions due to lack of practice. Footnote 11 The philosopher and legal academic goes so far as to worry that transferring more agency into technologies may lead to “a crisis of moral patiency,” whereby human beings are reduced from active agents to passive patients, including with respect to moral decision-making. Footnote 12 Now, there are many different attempts to define natural intelligence. These range from what might be called behavioristic definitions to definitions referring specifically to psychological capacities. Notably, if intelligence is understood in terms of certain forms of behavior or capacities for complex behavior, then technologies—such as AI technologies—can potentially become intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ua Телефон: +38 (032) 270-70-22 Домашня » Наші видання » Наукові збірники » Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність Укр En Про журнал Положення про політику відкритого доступу Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу Рік заснування 1992 Галузь та проблематика Міждисци

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: Materials (Basel) 2019;12(18):3011. CrossrefPubMed99. 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite sandwich structure with corrugated core for high stiffness/load capability. 2022;291:115590. Crossref100. Generating robot trajectories for conformal three-dimensional printing using nonplanar layers. J 2019;19(3):1–31. Crossref101. A novel route to fabricate high-performance 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced thermosetting polymer composites. Materials (Basel) 2019;12(9):1369. CrossrefPubMed102. . A novel free-hanging 3D printing method for continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic lattice truss core structures. 2018;137:235–244. Crossref103. Research on drop-weight impact of continuous carbon fiber reinforced 3D printed honeycomb structure. Commun 2021;29:102869. Crossref104. Beyer C, Figueroa D. Design and analysis of lattice structures for additive manufacturing. J Eng 2016;138(12):1210141–12101415. Crossref105. Study on the designing rules and processability of porous structure based on selective laser melting (SLM). J Technol 2013;213(10):1734–1742. Crossref106. High-pressure interfacial impregnation by micro-screw in-situ extrusion for 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites. 2020;130:105770. Crossref107. . A simple and effective geometric representation for irregular porous structure modeling. Des 2010;42:930–941. Crossref108. Mechanical and self-monitoring behaviors of 3D printing smart continuous carbon fiber-thermoplastic lattice truss sandwich structure. B Eng 2019;176:107215. Crossref109. . Continuous lattice fabrication of ultra-lightweight composite structures. 2017;18:48–57. 110. A novel strengthening method for carbon fiber composite lattice truss structures. 2016;153:585–592. Crossref111. . Performance-driven 3D printing of continuous curved carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites: A preliminary numerical study. B Eng 2018;151:256–264. Crossref112. Anisotropic porous structure modeling for 3D printed objects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: But if intelligence is defined in a way that refers to subjective or conscious states, then it seems much less plausible that it would be possible to create technologies with something that corresponds to natural intelligence of the sort found in humans. Two examples of definitions of intelligence used by prominent contributors to discussions of AI are that intelligence amounts to the ability to take the right actions to promote one’s goals at the right time (a definition used by Joanna BrysonFootnote 13) and that intelligence roughly amounts to sophisticated behavior (a definition recently used by David ChalmersFootnote 14). Another example is Peter Railton’s view that intelligence should be understood as a capacity for problem solving. Footnote 15 Those three definitions do not essentially refer to conscious experience and thereby seem to allow technologies to potentially be intelligent. In contrast, if intelligence is understood in terms of the ability to understand semantic meaning, and one thinks that this requires subjective consciousness, one might think that creating intelligent machines would be very difficult, since this would require the ability to create machines with conscious states. Footnote 16 In what follows, I will use a broad definition of human intelligence and assume that, on a general level, human intelligence is a set of cognitive capacities that helps us to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world, and that it also helps us to better achieve our goals and live in accordance with our values. Moreover, I will assume that intelligence is (i) a basic potential that human beings have—and that members of other species might also have, though of different kinds—and/or (ii) a more or less fully realized potential, whereby different people might be more or less intelligent in their thinking or behavior. This way of thinking implies at least two things about the idea of cognitive enhancement. First, anything that helps to boost our capacities to acquire knowledge and understand the world, and that might enable us to act in ways that better achieve our goals in accordance with our values, could potentially be seen as a form of cognitive enhancement. Second, we can distinguish between enhancements of our basic potential for intelligence, on the one hand, and enhancements of the development of our basic potential for intelligence, on the other. Normally, different tools and new inventions are seen as potential ways of enhancing our human abilities, so that most new technologies would potentially be forms of human enhancement, at least in a general sense.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: плінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) has a huge potential to increase the efficiency of individual production and generates ongoing development of new AM processes. During the corona pandemic in particular, AM technology aroused public interest since it was possible to manufacture medical applications, such as parts of face masks, very fast. Furthermore, it became clear to many manufacturing companies how dependency on supply chains can lead to bottlenecks. AM technology can circumvent this problem through flexible production options and decentralized production. 1In the beginning, AM was applicable for a few thermoplastics such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene, and polylactic acid only. In recent years, the range of applicable materials increased and now covers materials such as thermosets and fiber-reinforced polymers. 2Polymer strands or droplets in case of the Arburg plastic freeformer are deposited layer by layer according to a prior defined slicing model. Thus, individual manufacturing of complex geometries with load capable structures is possible. In contrast, AM is fairly unsuitable for mass production due to long part production time. Furthermore, in case of fused filament fabrication (FFF), filament is necessary, which is more expensive than the granulate necessary for injection molding. 3Nonetheless, mechanical properties usually cannot reach the reference properties achieved with injection molding using the same material. 4,5Mechanical properties of parts manufactured using FFF are influenced by various parameters, as for instance, temperature of the nozzle, temperature of the printing bed, diameter of the polymer strands, as well as orientation of the strands. Influence of the temperature profile on the bonding of the strands was investigated by Vanaei et al. 6Improvement of the mechanical properties can be achieved by changing the orientation of the polymer strands dependent on the load. The pattern type indicates the direction in which the extrusion strands are deposited on the printing bed. To maximize tensile strength, load must be applied axially along the polymer strands (0°). 7The effect of different printing paths of FFF specimens on the mechanical properties has already been investigated lately. Dawoud et al stated that the raster gap is a crucial parameter, and with negative values of the gap, densities close to the density of injection molding parts can be reached.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This would suggest that like any other tool or invention, AI should also potentially be a form of human enhancement of our abilities, including our abilities to use and develop our intelligence. Yet as we saw at the beginning of this section, there are those who worry that if we can create AI, then this might make us less intelligent—or perhaps less prone to use or develop our cognitive abilities. Let us therefore now consider what we should understand by the idea of AI and some different perspectives on how it relates to human intelligence. to Currently, the label “artificial intelligence” has many different applications. One reaction is to take an inclusive approach and say “Yes, let us use the label broadly. ” Another response would be to say that “‘Artificial intelligence’ should be reserved for the use of machine learning techniques. ” This second approach would exclude what is sometimes called “symbolic” or “rule-based” AI, also known as “good old-fashioned AI,” from qualifying as forms of AI. A way of sidestepping such discussions about what techniques should, or should not, be used for a technology to count as AI is to employ a Marvin MinskyFootnote 17-inspired functional way of defining AI. Because the discussion here is whether AI could ever serve as a form of cognitive enhancement, I will be using that wider, functional type of approach. According to this common way of explaining what AI is, technologies with artificial intelligence are those technologies that can perform, or take over, tasks that we humans need our natural intelligence to perform. Footnote 18 For example, since human intelligence is needed to write texts, drive cars, or make medical diagnoses, any technologies that can generate texts in response to prompts (such as large language model technologies), self-driving cars, or medical diagnosing systems possess artificial intelligence. The reason being that such technologies can take over tasks that we use our natural intelligence to perform. A question is whether such technologies thereby have something that can be compared with human intelligence. The history of thinking about AI over approximately the last 70 years contains an array of different answers to this question. Alan Turing, writing as early as 1950, before the term “artificial intelligence” had been coined, discussed the question of whether machines can think. Footnote 19 He was responding, in part, to a paper by the neurologist that had been published a year earlier in 1949.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can produce food items that are more nutritious than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the many antioxidants present in the team’s formulation are known to be greatly beneficial, and can lead to overall health improvements in children. Overall, they recommend that a daily portion of around 137 grams for children in this age group is ideal. In future work, the team suggests that they could greatly improve the vitamin and mineral content of their formulations by optimising how the fresh yams are processed, as the most common traditional processing method leads to nutrients leaching into the water during boiling, which occurs before the drying step. They hope that their affordable, sustainable and locally produced baby food will soon be available on the market, towards combating malnutrition in Cameroon and beyond. E-book Reference Meet the researcher of Fisheries and at of received her PhD in 2012 from the University of Ngaoundéré in Cameroon. Alongside her PhD research, she worked as a lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Douala. At this university, she has since progressed and Head of the Department at the Institute of Fisheries and at Yabassi. Much of Dr Leng’s research focuses on strategies that improve the nutrient availability of foods in the developing world. Her team has investigated approaches to improve the nutritional benefits from local foods, enhance storage and develop food supplements that address the significant nutritional deficiencies in the region. : lengmarso@gmail. com – University of Douala, Ndjouenkeu – University of Ngaounderé, Wolf, Harshadrai M. Rawel, Florian J. Schweigert – University of would like to thank TWAS-DFG for financial support for the project. She also gratefully acknowledges the Institute of of the University of Potsdam, Germany, for providing resources for the laboratory aspects of this work. and FJ Schweigert, Nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of yam (Dioscorea schimperiana) based complementary food formulation, Scientific African, 2019, 5, e00132. Want to republish our 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 20 Jefferson argued that machines cannot think. Turing famously suggested that a better question to ask is whether it is possible to build machines that behave as if they can think or that can convincingly imitate human thinking. According to this perspective, AI is an imitation of human intelligence. All that matters is whether AI can behave as if it has some form of intelligence. The researchers who coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955 spoke, not about imitating human intelligence, but instead about simulating it. In an influential research proposal, John McCarthy and a group of colleagues wrote that many, or all, aspects of human intelligence can be described in such a precise way that it should be possible to create technologies that can simulate learning and other key aspects of human intelligence. Footnote 21 If we fast-forward to the 1990s, in the most widely used textbook on AI, the computer scientists defined AI as the creation of artificial intelligent agents. Footnote 22 This means that AI is the creation of artificial agents that can “perceive” their environment and “act” so as to effectively achieve their goals in that environment. Given that Russell and Norvig understand human intelligence in terms of the capacity to effectively achieve goals, they appear to hold that it is unproblematic to say that AI agents can have intelligence like that of human beings. In contrast, the influential philosopher of information has suggested that what is distinctive about AI is that it is the creation of agents that are able to achieve goals without the need for any intelligence. Footnote 23 We human beings achieve our goals by using our human intelligence. In contrast, Floridi believes that AI agents act in the world and effectively achieve goals without possessing anything we should think of as being similar to human-like intelligence. These ideas reviewed above, about how AI relates to human intelligence, are compatible with the general view that AI technologies are technologies created for the purpose of taking over tasks that we use our human intelligence to perform. In what follows, I will remain, for the most part, neutral as to whether AI technologies imitate, simulate, have, or are able to act without the need for having anything like human intelligence. A key question here, however, is whether handing over to AI technologies tasks that we use our intelligence to perform might potentially be a way for us to make ourselves less intelligent. One worry could be that we would primarily be leaving to ourselves tasks that do not require us to be very intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 Свідоцтво про державну реєстрацію Ідентифікатор в Реєстрі суб’єктів у сфері медіа R30-03117 від 14. 03. 2024 р. Періодичність 2 рази на рік Збірник індексується в міжнародних базах даних: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Результаты. Приведены результаты анализа заболеваний легких, сопровождающихся бронхоэктазами, фиброзом, пневмотораксом и наследственными болезнями накопления. Подробно рассмотрены генетика, диагностика, в т. ч. трехэтапное молекулярно-генетическое тестирование при МВ. Диагностика заболевания разработана как при неонатальном скрининге, так и по клиническим проявлениям.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Or could we perhaps be seen as extending our own intelligence out into these technologies as we start to increase our use of AI technologies? It should be noted that at first it seems unlikely, if not impossible—at least in the short run—that handing over intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies would diminish our basic potential for intelligence. As noted above, we can think of intelligence as a basic capacity. And there would presumably need to be evolutionary changes to human brains in order for that basic potential to be eliminated. However, we can also think of intelligence and its levels in terms of varying degrees of development of our basic capacity for intelligence. From that perspective, it is not altogether implausible to think that if we hand over too many tasks to AI systems, and we therefore have fewer occasions or incentives to develop our capacity for intelligence, then there is a risk that we might end up being less intelligent than we could otherwise be. If we assign to AI technologies many of our intelligence-requiring tasks, rather than engaging in these tasks ourselves, and instead rely heavily on AI technologies, the increased dependence could prevent some people from fully realizing their intellectual potential. The question arises whether this way of thinking about the relation between our human intelligence and AI technologies is the only way to conceptualize the connection. Let us consider whether there are alternative ways of reasoning that would allow us to view using AI technologies as a form of enhancement of our own capabilities. What is needed in order for AI technologies to potentially be seen as a form of human enhancement of our capabilities might be a Gestalt shift in how we conceive of the relation between AI technologies and ourselves. by Minds? If we consider our own minds and our capacities as being wholly separate from AI technologies, and we hand over our intellectual tasks to them, there is concern, as discussed above, that our own capabilities may atrophy and weaken. However, viewing ourselves as separate from the technologies that we create and use is not the only way of conceiving of our relationship to our technologies. Footnote 24 Another way of viewing our relation to technologies is not one of separation, but rather that of merging, or forming units. Footnote 25 One version of this is referred to as the “extended mind” thesis, which could be generalized to what might be called the “extended capacities” thesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 2. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 171314 3. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Монографії: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Обсуждаются генетические основы наиболее частых наследственных заболеваний и современные возможности их диагностики (секвенирование генов, ответственных за развитие орфанных заболеваний, с использованием стандартных методов секвенирования по Сэнгеру и секвенирование нового поколения, создание мультигенных панелей). Заключение.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This idea—which stems from the work of Footnote 26—understands humans and some technologies as forming “coupled systems,” which may function in analogous ways to how our internal capacities function. Simply put, Clark and Chalmers suggest that when couplings of human agents and entities, such as computers or even low-tech artifacts like pen and paper, form systems that perform functions associated with human minds, extended minds are created. The mind of the human agent is then extended out into the technology (or broader environment) that enables the human–technology composite to perform the relevant functions. Clark and Chalmers formulate various criteria for when this can be said to happen. On the one hand, Clark and Chalmers suggest that the following three conditions should hold in order to make sense of conceiving a human and a piece of technology as a “coupled cognitive system”: (1) All system components should play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts (e. g. , a computer or the pen and paper) are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. On the other hand, not all external parts of the environment or technologies we use are part of extended minds, in the view of Clark and Chalmers. The following three conditions should hold: (1) The external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) should be easily available; and (3) the person needs to be disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. (Although not addressed here, another test Clark and Chalmers suggest for whether something is part of a person’s “extended mind” is moral in nature: Would it be an assault on a person or their mind if we remove, destroy, or otherwise interfere with the external part? ) Clark and Chalmers are not recognized for relating the AI–human relationship discussion to the literature on human enhancement; but others have done so, including Neil LevyFootnote 27 and John Danaher. Footnote 28 They both discuss a distinction between what they call “external” and “internal” forms of human enhancement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. Розділи в колективних монографіях: 1. Соляр, І. Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Новые молекулярно-диагностические методы помогут не только понять природу орфанных заболеваний легких, но и позволят изучить их эпидемиологию и создать новые диагностические алгоритмы. Исследование генетических причин редких заболеваний имеет фундаментальное значение, т. к. может служить основой для разработки таргетной терапии.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Traditionally, the ethics of human enhancement has focused on changes within the body or brain that are thought to function as enhancements. For example, people may take different sorts of drugs or place various forms of technology into their bodies or brains in order to enhance their capacities. However, according to Levy and Danaher, if we change people’s environments or increase access to apps or other systems that offer recommendations that can improve their mental health or behavior, this can also improve people’s thinking or behavior. Footnote 29 These changes would be examples of an enhancement. The striking move that Levy makes—and that Danaher also discusses in response to Levy—is to relate the idea of external enhancements to the extended mind thesis. By doing so, the distinction between external and internal enhancements is weakened or perhaps even dissolved. In this way, some external enhancements could be seen as becoming parts of our extended minds. Levy writes: if the mind is not confined within the skull…[then] intervening in the mind is ubiquitous. It becomes difficult to defend the idea that there is a difference in principle between interventions which work by altering a person’s environment and that work directly on her brain, insofar as the effect on cognition is the same; the mere fact that an intervention targets the brain directly no longer seems relevant. Footnote 30 Danaher interpretates this view in his summation: if the [extended mind hypothesis] is true, then we are always enhancing the human mind through the use of technology. Footnote 31 If the Levy and Danaher proposition is sound and worthy of serious consideration, then we could potentially apply this to AI technologies as well, with the resulting position that some AI technologies can work as a form of human enhancements. This means that when we use AI technologies (e. g. , to write texts, to play Go games, or in other intellectual endeavors), we are extending our minds and giving ourselves new capabilities and thereby enhancing ourselves. At this point, a host of new questions needs to be addressed: Are there researchers who already discuss the idea that AI technologies could potentially be seen as extensions of our minds or cognitive abilities? If so, do they argue that this is a form of human enhancement? Do AI technologies fulfill the above-listed criteria for technologies to qualify as extensions of our minds or capacities from Clark and Chalmers’s earlier work?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр. Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Медицинская генетика. 2019; 18 (2): 3-23. DOI: 10. 25557/2073-7998. 2019. 02. 3-23. / 111. Аникаев А. Ю. , Ломоносов А. М. Применение секвенирования нового поколения (NGS) в клинической практике. Лабораторная служба. 2014; 3 (1): 32-36. Доступно на: 112. Richards S. , Aziz N. , Bale S. et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the of and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet. Med. 2015; 17 (5): 405-424. DOI: 10. 1038/gim. 2015. 30. 113. Воинова В. Ю. , Николаева Е. А. , Щербакова Н. В. , Яблонская М. И. Высокопроизводительное секвенирование ДНК для идентификации генетически детерминированных заболеваний в педиатрической практике.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, if there is only a partial match between how AI technologies relate to our minds and our capacities and the criteria Clark and Chalmers suggest, might AI technologies nevertheless be seen as some form of human enhancement technologies—for example, as a form of external enhancement? The last question will be treated in the next section. But we begin with the questions just formulated. and her collaborators have suggested—though without discussing human enhancement explicitly—that a subset of AI technologies can indeed be seen as extensions of our minds and cognitive capacities. What is noteworthy about Vold’s discussion, however, is that she makes a distinction between AI technologies that operate in a highly autonomous way (e. g. , a fully automated self-driving car) and AI technologies that function more as support systems requiring extensive human input and engagement. Footnote 32 Importantly, Vold argues that the more independent some AI technology is in the way it operates, the less it makes sense to see it as an extension of a human mind. However, Vold argues, if an AI technology is operating in a less autonomous way—and human input and engagement are needed—then it does make sense to see it is as an extension of our minds and capacities. In other words, the kinds of criteria that Clark and Chalmers list relate less to fully autonomously operating AI technologies (e. g. , fully automated self-driving cars) than to human engagement-requiring AI technologies (e. g. , apps on phones that give recommendations based on continuous inputs from, or engagement by, the user). Along similar lines, Chalmers in a talk given at a workshop about the philosophy of large language models discussed the question of whether large language models such as ChatGPT could be said to extend users’ minds. Footnote 33 Chalmers asked whether letting such technologies write texts for us in response to prompts provided by us could be seen as a way of extending our minds into these AI technologies. Interestingly, Chalmers argued that a technology like ChatGPT might be operating too independently for it to qualify as an extension of the user’s mind.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакційна колегія Акіллі Алессандро (Achilli Alessandro), доктор філософії, Українські студії, Університет ім. Монаша у Мельбурні, Австралія (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia) Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: 2. Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2019; 64 (1): 103-109. Дополнительные файлы Рецензия Для цитирования: Авдеев С. Н. , Кондратьева Е. И. , Намазова-Баранова Л. С. , Куцев С. И. Наследственные заболевания легких и современные возможности генетической диагностики. Пульмонология. 2023;33(2):151-169. For citation: Avdeev S. N. , Kondratyeva E. I. , Namazova-Baranova L. S. , Kutsev S. I. Hereditary lung diseases and modern possibilities of genetic testing. . 2023;33(2):151-169. (In Russ. ) Просмотров: 2093 Контент доступен под лицензией Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the concern expressed by Vold and Chalmers is that for some forms of AI technologies, it is not the case that when humans use these AI technologies, (1) all system components play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. Nor may it be the case that (1) the external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) are easily available; and (3) the person is disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. Thus, a consideration that must be taken into account in our discussion as to whether AI technologies (a) can be seen as a form of extenders of human minds and (b) therefore potentially be seen as forms of human enhancement, can be stated as follows: Some of the leading researchers who are most open to the idea of the possibility of extending human minds with the help of technologies—such as Vold and colleagues, or indeed Chalmers—think that the plausibility of the extended mind thesis as it relates to AI technologies will be limited to a subset of all AI technologies. It will not apply seamlessly to the whole set of AI technologies. Briefly put, the more autonomously the AI technologies are operating, the less it makes sense to see them as extensions of our minds. In terms of the hypothesis we are exploring as to whether AI could serve as a form of human enhancement in general and a form of cognitive enhancement in particular, one partial conclusion might be that AI technologies are a form of “internal” enhancement (i. e. , internal to our minds) when, and only when, they function as mind extenders, requiring extensive human engagement, and are not operating excessively independently. Another possibility is that more independently operating AI technologies may serve as a form of “external” enhancements (i. e. , they might enhance our abilities without becoming internal to us or our minds). These options can be explored further by returning to the opening examples. us return to the man who was moving the stones around on the board when AlphaGo faced off against in the famous set of Go games.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: Борчук Степан, доктор історичних наук, професор, професор кафедри всесвітньої історії ЗВО «Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника» (вул. Шевченка, 57, м. Івано-Франківськ, 76018, Україна) borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries. Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: 2. Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Ижевская Полный текст: PDF (Rus) |сгенерировать QR код Аннотация Об авторах Список литературы Аннотация В обзоре представлены отечественные и зарубежные данные, отражающие особенности медико-генетического консультирования и прогностического тестирования пациентов с наследственными заболеваниями сердечно-сосудистой системы.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Let us suppose that this man did not understand the strategies behind the suggestions that AlphaGo made as to what moves he should make. Let us also suppose that this man had only had a vague idea, at best, of how Go is played. Yet, with the recommendations from AlphaGo, he was able to exhibit motions of behaving in a way that from the outside could appear as if he were a cognitively enhanced person. Suppose next that, instead of it being obvious and known to everyone that he was moving the stones around based on AlphaGo’s recommendations, onlookers were unaware that all his moves were actually generated by an AI technology. Imagine in this version of the example that AlphaGo was making recommendations to this man via voice commands, which were played to him in a small earbud that was hard to spot from the outside. In this fictional account, it could look even more as if this man had been cognitively enhanced in some way. In such a scenario, for example, (supposing that he also did not know what was going on) might think that he, the world champion, was facing another player with greater Go-playing abilities than he had. In my fictional version of the case, and indeed even in the real-world account, there are some parallels between the man moving the stones around on the Go board based on the directions from AlphaGo and the man in John Searle’s well-known “Chinese room” argument. Footnote 34 As many readers may know, Searle imagined a man in a room with an instruction book for how to combine different Chinese characters. In this story, messages written in Chinese are given to the man via a mailbox; the man looks at the instruction book to decide what Chinese characters to select; he puts his responses on paper and then outputs them via the mailbox. To someone outside of the room, it might appear as if whoever is in the room is a native Chinese speaker. But this man, Searle affirms, clearly does not understand Chinese. And the parallel to AI is supposed to be that even if a computer passes the Turing test—that is, it can produce outputs that can be mistaken for human outputs—this does not show that the computer understands its outputs. Similarly, the Go-playing man in my fictional version of the case might look as if he knows how to play Go at a higher level than the world champion Lee Sedol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Газдаг Вільмош (Gazdag Vilmoš), доктор філософії, доцент кафедри угорської філології, Закарпатський угорський інститут ім. Ференца Ракоці ІІ (площа Кошута, 6, м. Берегово, 90202, Україна) gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Регулярное медико-генетическое консультирование и ДНК-диагностика наследственных заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы в практике федерального многопрофильного хирургического центра (анализ опыта 10-летней работы лаборатории медицинской генетики РНЦХ им. акад. Б. В. Петровского). Медицинская генетика. 2020;19(5):28–30. DOI: 10. 25557/2073-7998. 2020. 05. 28-30. 3. Cowan J. , Morales A. , Dagua J. , Hershberger R. E. Genetic testing and genetic counseling in cardiovascular genetic medicine: Overview and preliminary recommendations. CHF. 2008;14(2):97–105. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1751-7133. 2008. 08217. x. 4. Ackerman M. J. , Priori S. G. , Willems S. , Berul C. , Brugada R. , Calkins H. et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Hence, he might look as if he is cognitively enhanced; but this man is only able to play Go at this exalted level by matching his behavior with instructions from AI. Bringing large language models like ChatGPT into this comparison of examples—suppose that rather than having an instruction book, the man in the Chinese room example has something similar to ChatGPT that he uses to produce the messages in response to the inputs that come via the mailbox. But now instead of looking up what to do in the instruction book, the man inputs these Chinese messages into an app or computer program that works similarly to ChatGPT—he enters “prompts”—and then the ChatGPT-like program outputs messages. The man prints these messages using a printer in the room and then delivers them to the outside via the mailbox. Again, it might look like there is a Chinese speaker in the room to people on the outside. But again there is somebody in the room who does not understand Chinese, but who may appear to have the ability to communicate intelligently in Chinese. Is this man in the ChatGPT version of the Chinese room scenario cognitively enhanced? Relatedly, is the man in my fictional version of the Go game cognitively enhanced? If, in comparison, the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room qualify as having extended their minds with the help of the AI technologies instructing them what to do, then by the logic in the reasoning from Levy and Danaher, these two people would seem to have been internally cognitively enhanced. That is, their minds have been extended out into these AI technologies, and their minds now have abilities they previously did not possess. However, if we follow Vold or Chalmers, and we think that these AI technologies are too independent from the people performing actions in the examples with respect to how autonomously they operate, then the man moving Go stones and the man writing Chinese symbols should not be thought to have extended minds. Accordingly, there would be no internal enhancement of their minds, from the Levy and Danaher perspective. Might there be another way of thinking about the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room so that they could be said to be cognitively enhanced? We could say that these people have been made, in certain respects, artificially intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Даниленко Андрій (Danylenko Andriy), професор, доктор філософії, Університет Пейс, Коледж мистецтв і наук ім. Дайсона, Сучасні мови та культури, США (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States) adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-1 2. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 8469 4. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: , Day S. M. , Klinedinst N. J. , Landstrom A. P. , Parikh V. N. Genetic testing for inherited cardiovascular diseases: A scientific statement from the Association. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2020;13(4):e000067. 21. Ingles J. , Macciocca I. , Morales A. , Thomson K. Genetic testing in inherited heart diseases. Circ. 2020;29(4):505–511. DOI: 10. 1016/j. hlc. 2019. 10. 014. 22. Louter L. , Defesche J. , Roeters van Lennep J. Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia: Practical consequences. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2017;30:77–85. DOI: 10. 1016/j. atherosclerosissup. 2017. 05. 019. 23. Watts G. F. , Sullivan D. R. , Hare D. L. , Kostner K. M. , Horton A. E. , Bell D. A. et al. Integrated guidance for enhancing the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia in Australia. Circ. 2021;30(3):324–349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. hlc. 2020. 09. 943. 24. Bell D. A. , Pang J. , Burrows S. , Bates T. R. , van Bockxmeer F. M. , Hooper A. J. et al. Effectiveness of genetic cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia using a centrally coordinated clinical service: experience. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):93–100. DOI: 10. 1016/j. atherosclerosis. 2014. 12. 036. 25. H. G. , Schinkel A. F. L. , Baart S. J. , Oldenburg R. A. , FrohnMulder I. M. E. , van Slegtenhorst M. A. et al. Outcomes of contemporary family screening in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2018;11(4):e001896. DOI: 10. 1161/circgen. 117. 001896. 26.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: That is, the Go-playing man who makes brilliant moves based on recommendations from AlphaGo and the man in the Chinese room who is using a large language model to communicate in Chinese have in certain respects become artificially intelligent in their behavior. At least, this appears to be a way of interpreting what is happening if we follow either Turing’s, or indeed, Floridi’s way of thinking about what AI is. Recall that Turing’s approach is to say that machines can think if they are able to imitate human thinking. Footnote 35 Remember too, that Floridi says that AI technologies are agents that are able to act in efficient ways without the need for any natural intelligence to guide their actions. Footnote 36 We might think that the people in the cited examples pass these tests. The man who is playing Go based on secret recommendations from AlphaGo behaves as if he is an extremely intelligent human being. In fact, intelligent enough to be able to beat at Go. The man is also acting as a very effective agent, and he is doing so without the need for the impressive natural human intelligence that is displaying when he is making his moves in the game. Similarly, the person in the Chinese room behaves as though he is able to communicate with people on the outside without possessing any actual intelligence with respect to the Chinese language. Thus, when it comes to individual human beings, we have two alternative ways in which AI technologies might be thought to cognitively enhance us or, in other words, improve our intelligence. One way in which this can happen is if the AI technologies work as cognitive extenders, which extend our minds and give our minds new or improved abilities. The alternative is if the AI technologies give us a form of AI of the Turing or Floridi kinds. That is, the AI technologies might enable us to act as if we had an impressive level of natural human intelligence and/or they might enable us to become highly efficient agents without any need of improving our natural human intelligence. In these instances, we are speaking about possibilities that relate to individuals. What can be said about the relationship to groups? Could groups of humans be (cognitively) mutually enhanced by making use of AI technologies? Here, too, we could imagine two possible ways of thinking that relate roughly to the two possibilities described above.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 002 Золтан Андраш (Zoltán András), професор, доктор філологічних наук, Будапештський університет імені Лоранда Етвеша, Угорщина (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3) zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 19 2. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 225 3. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 1 4. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Van den Heuvel L. M. , van Teijlingen M. O. , van der Roest W. , van Langen I. M. , Smets E. M. A. , van Tintelen J. P. et al. A long-term follow-up study on the uptake of genetic counseling and predictive DNA testing in inherited cardiac conditions. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2020;13(5):524–530. DOI: 10. 1161/circgen. 119. 002803. 27. Menko F. H. , Aalfs C. M. , Henneman L. , Stol Y. , Wijdenes M. , Otten E. et al. for Clinical Genetics. Informing family members of individuals with Lynch syndrome: A guideline for clinical geneticists. Fam. Cancer. 2013;12(2):319–324. DOI: 10. 1007/s10689-013-9636-9. 28. Leenen C. H. , Heijer M. D. , van der Meer C. , Kuipers E. J. , van Leerdam M. E. , Wagner A. Genetic testing for Lynch syndrome: family communication and motivation. Fam. Cancer. 2016;15(1):63–73. DOI: 10. 1007/s10689-015-9842-8. 29. Ormondroyd E. , Oates S. , Parker M. , Blair E. , Watkins H. Pre-symptomatic genetic testing for inherited cardiac conditions: a qualitative exploration of psychosocial and ethical implications. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014;22(1):88–93. DOI: 10. 1038/ejhg. 2013. 81. 30. Schuurman A. G. , van der Kolk D. M. , Verkerk M. A. , Birnie E. , Ranchor A. V. , Plantinga M. et al. Maximising the efficiency of clinical screening programmes: Balancing predictive genetic testing with a right not to know. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2015;23(9):1124–1128. DOI: 10. 1038/ejhg. 2014. 269. 31.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The first might be to think that human groups sometimes interact in a sufficiently organized way that they could be said to have a corporate mind—an idea explored, for example, in the work of. Footnote 37 On such a view, perhaps AI technologies could be used to extend and, in effect, enhance these group-level minds. Another approach would be to think that the group might be able to use AI technology so that it behaves as if it has an enhanced level of intelligence on a group level. The group, in other words, might be given a form of artificial intelligence in the Turing sense and/or the Floridi sense. The second possibility fits, to some extent, with a response that has sometimes been given to Searle’s Chinese room thought experiment and his claim that the person in the room does not understand Chinese. Specifically, that the system that is formed in the room by the person and the instructions understands Chinese on a system level. In the same way, in my version of the example where the instruction book is substituted for a ChatGPT-like large language model technology, a system that understands Chinese is made up of the AI technology and the person in the room. Moreover, a larger system could be envisioned that includes the person in the room with the large language model, along with those outside of the room. In this way, a group-level community could have been formed whose members can communicate with each other in a language not possible before. The overall system has thereby, it might be argued, in a certain sense, become artificially intelligent in its behavior—at least in the Turing or Floridi senses. Footnote 38 Accordingly, when it comes to whether AI technologies can be thought of as human enhancers, there are at least four possibilities to consider: 1: AI technologies (at least if they are not operating too autonomously from human beings) may extend individual people’s minds and thereby enhance the cognitive capacities of these individuals. 2: AI technologies (including ones that operate highly autonomously) may enable people to behave as if they have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these individuals artificially intelligent in certain respects. 3: AI technologies may extend the corporate minds of organized groups of people and thereby cognitively enhance these group agents. 4: AI technologies may enable groups to behave (including allowing its members to interact) as if the groups or their members have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these groups artificially intelligent in certain respects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 206 Литвин Микола, доктор історичних наук, професор, завідувач відділу «Центр дослідження українсько-польських відносин», Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів, 79026, Україна) ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 159177 2. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Medicine, market and communication: ethical considerations in regard to persuasive communication in direct-to-consumer genetic testing services 1. The use of such material may be misleading in that it suggests involvement of a physician in the process even though, as is the case in this company, the marketing is directed at the consumer and the information of the website does not state that a physician is required to order sample kits or to access the test results online. It may be argued that the image used here is a mere illustration of a situation where a client talks to his/her doctor about his/her health. The contextual use, however, lets the website benefit from the display of a physician in a face-to-face counselling situation. In this situation a woman seen from behind serves as a placeholder for the recipient allowing immersion into the depicted situation. The image thus evokes trust and sympathy which are linked to the content of the website, even though pre-test counselling is not part of the offer. Fig. 1Use of imagery of medical professionals. Image is not included in the creative commons licence for the 2. Written in capital letters, the website suggests “! . ! ” and in smaller font: “Know your genetic risk for heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and obesity and protect against these conditions before its (sic! ) onset. ”, while the background image of a magnifying glass enhancing the view on a DNA strand symbolically signals that, somehow, important information in the DNA has been overlooked that can now be accessed to complete the health check. Apart from the intimidating message, the text clearly suggests that by undergoing the genetic test, consumers can make up for a lacking health check themselves (social meaning of empowerment) and take control as well as take preventive measures against the diseases mentioned once they know their genetic risk for them (control meaning of empowerment). At the same time, the image appeals to a sense of curiosity and lust for power, a wish to look into detail and become an investigator taking action in uncovering a mystery or looking for traces in a criminal case – someone who is indeed in control. However, undergoing genetic testing is neither a necessary condition to take preventive measures against these particular diseases, nor does knowledge of the risk of getting them equal an increase in control. It remains a fact, however, that the information can be accessed without consultation of a medical professional.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: The previous section articulated four possible ways in which human beings might be considered as being cognitively enhanced by AI technologies, including autonomously operating AI technologies. How plausible we think that those four different views are may depend on whether we apply criteria that simply consider whether the AI technologies allow us to act in good ways, that is to say, in ways that produce good effects or that are in themselves good—or criteria that consider whether we would be praiseworthy or could justifiably take credit for how we behave as a result of using these putative cognitive enhancement technologies. That is, the second criterion could be that if we can justifiably or plausibly be said to be praiseworthy for some behavior, this would be a clear indication of some sort of improvement of our capacities—given that praiseworthiness is often thought to track, at least in part, whether one is performing in a way that involves good uses of one’s capacities. In this way, a first simple test for whether something would qualify as an internal or external form of cognitive enhancement might just be whether it enables us to act in ways that are good or have good effects. On such a view, our capacities have been enhanced as long as there is anything that could be seen as a cognitive process—either inside or outside of our minds—that creates improvements in our behavior or with respect to what we can achieve. This would allow us, for example, to say that we have been cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain degree of AI in the Turing or Floridi senses, that is, if these technologies enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive capacities. However, this might seem like too behavioristic a test for whether we have been cognitively enhanced as a result of using certain AI technologies. The other test—namely, the test that considers whether our resulting behavior is praiseworthy or does us credit—might be a better test. Here, it might be less plausible to think that we are truly cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain amount of artificial intelligence in the Turing or Floridi senses. That is, if technologies give us recommendations, perform cognitive tasks for us, or in other ways lead us to behave in a way that could give the impression that we have become more intelligent, this might be seen as not making us praiseworthy or not justifying our taking credit for whatever we achieve.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: 3. Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 167196 4. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Adding knowledge about the multimodality of communication allows us to get a more complete picture of the advertising content and make better ethical judgements of DTC GT companies’ advertising. As some companies have seized selling tests directly to consumers and involve doctors as gatekeepers instead, there may be a shift in the ways they address consumers and advertise their services, posing an interesting field of future empirical research. NotesSimilar concerns are being discussed in the debate about nudging. While parallels are worth mentioning, the nudging debate revolves around the question whether it is permissible for the state to nudge citizens for their own good [43]. Arationality refers here to means that do not influence reasoning by using rational arguments but by evoking emotions or appealing to cognitive heuristics stereotypes. This does not mean, however, that this type of influence does not follow certain principles or that the way it works does not have its own rationale. Arational means are means that are meant to bypass the reasoning process by making someone feel in a certain way instead of giving them something to think about. For a detailed discussion see Sawicki 2013 [49]. AbbreviationsAD: Alzheimer’s disease APOE: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DTC GT: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing EU: FDA: GT: Genetic testing US: 2016. 23andMe. Accessed 14 Dec 2016. Borry P, van -. Legislation on direct-to-consumer genetic testing in seven European countries. Hum Genet. 2012; Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a systematic review of European guidelines, recommendations and position statements. Mol Biomarkers. 2015; T. and DNA: Uses, Limits – and Caveat Emptor. In: Prainsack B, Schicktanz S, Werner-Felmayer G, editors. Genetics as Social Practice. on Science and Culture. Farnham: Ashgate; 2014. p. 59–71. 10. 1007/s10897-013-9624-0. Howard HC, Borry P. Survey of European clinical geneticists on awareness, experiences and attitudes towards direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Genome Med. 2013; All your data (effectively) belong to us: data practices among direct-to-consumer genetic testing firms. Genet Med. 2016; AC, van Duijn CM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: According to this way of thinking, it is only if (1) AI technologies could be seen as being parts of our extended minds—and if (2) our level of praiseworthiness can depend on what goes on in our extended minds—that we can be seen as truly being cognitively enhanced by certain AI technologies. I take it that there is a reason that a person who gains a measure of artificial intelligence by their use of AI technology is not praiseworthy in the way that another person would be if they had had a boost of their natural intelligence. The difference lies in the perception that, as and colleagues argue, being praiseworthy for some behavior or outcome typically requires that we have put in some special effort, that we have shown ourselves to have particular talents, that we have made some significant sacrifice, or that we have otherwise shown ourselves as having some level of excellence that sets us apart. Footnote 39 Relying on AI technologies that tell us what to do—or that help us produce impressive outputs—seems insufficient to qualify as ways of having made any extra effort, shown any particular talent, made any significant sacrifice, or otherwise displayed some special form of excellence. Footnote 40 Returning to the man who was able to go through the motions of behaving as if he had a superior level of Go skill that enabled him to beat the world champion, his moves depended on recommendations made to him by the AlphaGo computer program. This being the case, the AI technology could be viewed as giving this man a form of artificial intelligence that allowed him to win against Lee Sedol. However talented the man may have been on his own, his victory depended on the strategies given to him by AlphaGo and is, therefore, not sufficient justification for viewing his triumph as particularly praiseworthy or as deserving credit. Similarly, if a student—or a researcher—presents work as that individual’s own product when it was really, mainly or perhaps wholly, generated by a large language model such as ChatGPT, they would clearly not deserve praise in the same way as if they had produced work themselves of equivalent quality. If it is not known that the work was produced by putting a prompt into a large language model, one might get the impression that, to their credit, the person has an impressive capacity deserving of praise. But when the origin of how the work was produced was learned, that laudatory impression would disappear.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 177553 Мозер Міхаель (Moser Michael), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут славістики Віденського університету, Австрія (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), Український Вільний Університет, Німеччина (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Католицький університет ім. Петера Пазманя, Угорщина (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088). michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 14 2. Moser, M. (2015). Il ruolo di Ševčenko nella codificazione della lingua letteraria ucraina moderna. Studi Slavistici, 13, 265–278. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17981 3. Moser, M. (2014). Behavior of during the Interwar Period. Russian Linguistics, 38, 315–339. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Original PaperOnstwedder1,2,3, MSc Jansen1,2,3, PhD Cornel2,3, MD, PhD Tessel Rigter1,2,3, PhD 1Department of Genomics and Screening, Centre for Health Protection, Institute for and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands2Genetics, Department of 3:of Genomics and ScreeningCentre for Health ProtectionInstitute for and the EnvironmentAntonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9Bilthoven, 3721 MANetherlandsPhone: 31 088 689 8989Email: suzanne. onstwedder@rivm. nlAbstractBackground: The online offer of commercial genetic tests, also called direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs), enables citizens to gain insight into their health and disease risk based on their genetic profiles. DTC-GT offers often consist of a combination of services or aspects, including advertisements, information, DNA analysis, and medical or lifestyle advice. The risks and benefits of DTC-GT services have been debated and studied extensively, but instruments that assess DTC-GT services and aid policy are lacking. This leads to uncertainty among policy makers, law enforcers, and regulators on how to ensure and balance both public safety and autonomy and about the responsibilities these 3 parties have toward the public. Objective: This study aimed to develop a framework that outlines aspects of DTC-GTs that lead to policy issues and to help provide policy guidance regarding DTC-GT services. Methods: We performed 3 steps: (1) an integrative literature review to identify risks and benefits of DTC-GT services for consumers and society in Embase and Medline (January 2014-June 2022), (2) structuring benefits and risks in different steps of the consumer journey, and (3) development of a checklist for policy guidance. Results: Potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services were mapped from 134 papers and structured into 6 phases. In summary, these phases were called the consumer journey: (1) exposure, (2) pretest information, (3) DNA analysis, (4) data management, (5) posttest information, and (6) individual and societal impact. The checklist for evaluation of DTC-GT services consisted of 8 themes, covering 38 items that may raise policy issues in DTC-GT services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it could be argued, cognitive enhancement involves more than a person’s access to a technology such as ChatGPT—even though at first appearance, it may appear to be so when they present a text of apparent quality and claim authorship. On a group level, it can perhaps seem much more plausible that the group cognitive abilities might be boosted if AI technologies enable the collective members to behave as if the group has become more cognitively capable. This is because any group-level agency—as notesFootnote 41—can be seen as something akin to a form of artificial intelligence. That is so, List argues, independently of whether or not a well-organized group uses any modern forms of AI within their organization. This is because any group-level agency is a form of apparently intelligent behavior that is the result of something other than the natural intelligence of any particular individual in the group. Hence, on a group level, according to this way of thinking, there is no clear distinction between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. This is a fascinating idea. However, what exact conclusions this idea from List could enable us to draw concerning AI and the possibility of cognitive enhancement on the level of groups is a larger topic than I have space to discuss in any detail here. I conclude by returning to the level of the individual. Regarding individuals and cognitive enhancement via AI, I surmise that it is easier to become, in a certain sense, artificially intelligent by using AI technologies (i. e. , become able to act as if one has some special form of intelligence) than it is to truly be cognitively enhanced by using AI technologies. For it to be truly convincing that AI technologies function as forms of cognitive enhancements for human users, it needs to be the case that the humans in question can be seen as extending their minds out into these AI technologies. Moreover, I think it needs to be the case that we can justifiably take credit for what we can do with our extended minds. Technologies that fail to extend our minds but that enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive abilities, and thereby make us, in a certain respect, artificially intelligent, can be seen as a form of quasi-enhancements. We might call them “artificial cognitive enhancements. ” But it is less plausible to think of them as truly constituting a form of human enhancement. Footnote 42 Competing interest The author declares no competing interests. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 1007/s11185-014-9136-z Муравський Олег Іванович, кандидат історичних наук, старший науковий співробітник, вчений секретар, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, м. Львів, 79026, Україна) oleg-muravskiy@ukr. net Murawśkyj, O. , Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: 2. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The themes included the following aspects: general service content, validity and quality assurance, potential data and privacy risks, scientific evidence and robustness, and quality of the provided information. Conclusions: Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the DTC-GT offer down into key aspects that may impact and compromise individual and public health, safety, and autonomy. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. J Res 2024;26:e47389doi:10. 2196/47389Keywordsgenetic testing; direct-to-consumer testing; health policy; genetic privacy; online market; informed consent; public health genomics; policy decision; mHealth; mobile health; privacy IntroductionBackgroundSince the development and marketing of commercial genetic tests, citizens have been able to buy DNA tests from the internet without any direct involvement of a medical professional [1]. Using these DNA tests, consumers—here viewed as individuals who have purchased and taken a commercial genetic test or potential buyers who are exposed to these offers—are now able to gain insight into their health characteristics and risks of disease. These digital health consumer products are an example of those technological innovations that the private sector has picked up from research. Their availability fits with the trends of the commercial market, which reflect the consumerization of mobile health (mHealth) worldwide in numerous areas of health care, fitness, and wellness. The rise of the consumer DNA test market has mainly been fueled by a drop in the cost of collecting and analyzing genomic data [2]. Meanwhile, the public is increasingly showing an interest in genomics [3]. These DNA tests are also called direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs) and, at a minimum, entail a service to collect a saliva sample (sending a kit, giving instructions on how to collect and return the sample), conduct a genetic test of the sample, and provide a report of outcomes of the test. Because the DTC-GT process entails multiple aspects, in this study, we described them as “DTC-GT services. ” There are many types of DTC-GT services, including tests for ancestry and paternity. This paper focused on DTC-GT services aimed at health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: “Go master quits because ‘AI cannot be defeated’”, BBC News 2019 Nov 27; available at (last accessed 28 June 2023). 2 2. øller, N, Bowman-Smart, H, et al. Generative AI entails a credit-blame asymmetry. Learning 2023;5:472–753. Hernandez-Orallo, J, Vold, K. AI extenders. In: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society; 2019: 507–13CrossRef1964. 4 4. Giubilini, A Savulescu, J. The artificial moral advisor: The “Ideal Observer” meets artificial intelligence. Philosophy & Technology 2018;31:169–88CrossRef5. Erler, A, Müller, VC. AI as IA: The use and abuse of artificial intelligence (AI) as human enhancement through intellectual augmentation (IA). In: Jotterand, F, Ienca, M, eds. Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. London: Routledge, 2023: 189–201 6. Searle, J. Is the brain’s mind a computer program? 1990;262(1):26–31CrossRef7. “Künstliche Intelligenz”, Theo. Logik – Religion Inside, BR2 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 8 8. “Du blir dummare”, Idébyrån, SVT 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). These kinds of worries about how AI might make us less inteligent can be compared with previous worries about whether search engines and other technologies might make people less intelligent. See, for instance, Carr N. making us stupid? What the internet is doing to our brains. 2008: (accessed on 5 aug. 2023) 9 9. Bratsberg, B, Rogeberg, O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018;115(26):6674–8CrossRef10. Menn J. Technology ethics campaigners offer plan to fight ‘human downgrading’. Reuters 2019 Apr 24; available at Vallor, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 Надрага Марта, кандидат історичних наук, старший дослідник, директор наукової бібліотеки, Львівський національний медичний університет імені Данила Галицького (вул. Пекарська, 69, Львів, 79010, Україна) m. nadraga@gmail. com Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2019). Українська офтальмологія в іменах: др. Михайло Кос (1863–1930). Офтальмологічний журнал, 4, 82–85. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh201948285 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Additional digital services are often provided by means of personal health information and lifestyle advice in apps or reports, online consultation with genetic experts, and privacy-ensured storage of DNA data [4]. In this way, DTC-GT services combine aspects of many mHealth products that assess and monitor health. After purchase, consumers are often able to download their raw genetic data and explore the possibilities of multiple online third-party analyzers that will run an additional analysis on their data [5]. In this way, these third-party analyzers further connect DTC-GT users to the scientific literature and promise to make novel research insights accessible to users [6]. This illustrates that DTC-GTs are part of a complex international online market [5,6]. DTC-GT companies generally state that their services can inform health decisions and minimize disease risk by offering insight into personal health information and providing lifestyle advice [7,8]. Although these statements sound promising in relation to health improvement, their validity and utility in this field is under debate [9]. There is also further uncertainty about issues such as privacy, psychological impact, and the effects on health care systems [10]. Consequently, it can be argued that the risks and benefits of DTC-GTs are valid reasons for developing policies on this topic. However, ensuring that these issues are addressed at the right level is challenging. The fact that these tests are offered internationally via the web complicates any effort to address their potential risks or benefits. Some of these issues are regulated at European or international levels, while others are regulated at national or regional levels [11]. Addressing these issues raises questions regarding the roles and responsibilities of policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers, both within and outside the health care system. Insight is needed into the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT services that would lead to the development of policies. A structured overview of potential risks and benefits could guide policy on DTC-GT services. Such an overview would enable policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers to identify their responsibilities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moral deskilling and upskilling in a new machine age: Reflections on the ambiguous future of character. Philosophy & Technology 2015;28:107–24CrossRef12. Danaher, J. The rise of the robots and the crisis of moral patiency. AI & Society 2019;34:129–36CrossRef13. Bryson, J. The artificial intelligence of the ethics of artificial intelligence. In:. eds. Handbook of Ethics of AI. Oxford: Press, 2021: 2–25 14. Chalmers D. Could a large language model be conscious? PhilArchive; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 15 15. Railton P. Ethics and artificial intelligence. 2022, University of Oxford. Video recordings; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 16 16. See, for example, Floridi, L. AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & Technology 2023;36:15 CrossRef10. 1007/s13347-023-00621-y. (last accessed 8 August 2023). 17 17. Minsky, M. Processing. Cambridge MA: MIT Press; 1968 18. Nyholm, S. This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2023 19. Turing, A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 1950;59(236):433–60CrossRef20. Jefferson, G. The mind of mechanical man. Journal 1949;1(4616):1105–10CrossRef21. . A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research Project on artificial intelligence; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 22 22. Russell, S, Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Hoboken: Prentice Hall; 1995 23. See note 16, Floridi. 24 24. See note 18, Nyholm, at chap. 1. 25 25. Verbeek, PP, Materializing Morality: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago: Press; 2011 CrossRef26. Clark, A, Chalmers, D. The extended mind. Analysis 1998;58(1):7–19 CrossRef27. Levy, N. Neuroethics and the extended mind.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Надрага, М. , Луцик, О. (2019). Владислав Шимонович – організатор і перший керівник кафедри гістології та ембріології Львівського університету. Світ Медицини та Біології, 4(70), 213–217. DOI: 10. 26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-213-217 3. Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2018). Професор Емануель Емерик Махек (1852–1930): нариси біографії та наукового доробку. Офтальмологічний журнал, 2, 70–72. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: For example, policy makers at the national government level, professional associations, grant providers, and patient and consumer organizations would then be able to define the outstanding questions for research and needs for publicly available information to ultimately enable responsible availability and use of DTC-GTs. Risks and Benefits of DTC-GT ServicesGenomics holds the potential to improve diagnosis, personalize treatment, and determine groups at risk of developing a disease. Researchers are continuously extending their knowledge of genomics and its potential impact on individual health, personalized medicine, prevention [12-14], public health, and precision public health [15]. It is argued that gaining insight into personal health risks, which are impacted by genetic risks, lifestyle factors, and environmental effects, could ultimately help empower citizens to gain more personal control over their health. Having said that, it seems promising that consumers can autonomously impact their health through DTC-GT services. Yet, genetic and ethics experts have expressed their concerns about DTC-GTs [9,10]. Experts argue that the information provided can be misleading and that results that indicate an increased or reduced disease risk can easily be misinterpreted, potentially leading to misguided health decisions and medical risks [16,17]. This leads to the question of whether DTC-GT services are an effective and safe way for the public to pursue health improvement. However, it could be argued that DTC-GT services should not be judged solely as a medical product and that arguments about personal utility and autonomy should also be part of the equation [18-21]. One could make the case that a consumer product may serve a purpose other than a medical one, an educational one, for instance. Therefore, the risks and benefits of DTC-GT services as a consumer product could be weighed differently. When purchasing a test, aspects of a product, such as ease of use and accessibility, may be a stronger factor in consumer decision-making, than the test being 100% accurate. Policy and Regulatory IssuesDue to a lack of consensus about the net benefit or risk of DTC-GTs, uncertainty has arisen among policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers about their roles and responsibilities in the DTC-GT market. DTC-GT services fall into a gap of regulatory structure in both Europe and the [11,22]. Currently, no specific DTC-GT legislative instruments are being implemented in most of the member states of Europe or in the United States.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: Hub and spoke model: making rural healthcare in India affordable, available and accessible 1 MBA (US) MBA (India - Gold Medalist), BS, Professional member * * 1 3 February 2016 : 30 January 2015 : 19 September 2015 : 2 December 2015. Hub and spoke model: making rural healthcare in India affordable, available and accessible. Rural and 2016; 16: 3476. © University 2016 Corrigendum to this 1. 1 million nurses, practitioner density is about one-fourth what it is in the US and less than half that of China. . . nominal per capita income is only $1,500 a year, patients typically have to pay 60% of health care expenses from their own pockets1. IssuesBackgroundThe aforementioned issues of availability and affordability in India led a few organizations to resort to the implementation of the hub and spoke model (HSM) in health care. At a high level, the fundamental tenets of HSM are to improve access to services and meet clients' needs. The model is derived from the visualization of a wheel and its central hub. The hub, or the center of the wheel, serves as the central operational headquarters of the overall mechanism. The activities vital to an enterprise's operation are located at the hub, which allows for capitalization of more specialized practices in the spokes. Airlines pioneered the use of the HSM in 19552, it was Bertrand Dawson, a physician of the Medical Corps, who suggested the use of an approach similar to HSM in health care in 1920. At that time, he referred to it as 'a hierarchical system which proceeded from the simple to the complex'3. 'Domiciliary services would revolve around doctor, pharmacist, and nurse' in 'Primary health centres staffed by general practitioners, laboratories and inpatient accommodation. ' These are followed by 'Secondary health centres which would provide a full range of general and specialized medical services. ' These secondary health centers would relate to university hospitals where the most difficult cases could be managed. Supplementary health centers would deal with 'patients suffering from other conditions such as mental and infectious diseases'4. 'The scheme would require a new pattern of medical administration, to ensure 'unity of purpose at all levels'. It was proposed that there should be a single health authority to unify and control all health services'3 (Fig1). Figure 1: Dawson's hierarchical system, London 19204.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 31288/oftalmolzh/2018/2/7072 Пастух Тарас, доктор філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач відділу української літератури, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України (вул. Козельницька, 4, Львів 79026) tarpastukh@gmail. com Пастух, Т. Київська школа поетів та її оточення (модерні стильові течії української поезії 1960–90-х років): монографія. Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. 700 с. 2. Пастух, Т. Поетичне мислення Івана Франка (за збіркою “Semper tiro”).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A variety of laws, all on different levels of legislation (state or country specific, European, and international laws), are effective in the DTC-GT market. These laws cover aspects such as medical device safety, laboratory quality assurance, medical supervision, genetic counseling, and informed consent [11,22-24]. Yet, most of these laws only apply to genetic testing within the conventional health care system. Applying these laws to a commercial product may not be sufficient to protect citizens from potentially harmful tests. Further regulatory difficulties are caused by the international and dynamic character of DTC-GT services. A great variety of tests for health and other purposes are available online. Examples include cancer risk tests, nutrigenetic testing, and ancestry testing, combined with insights into health characteristics and other traits [4,22]. Moreover, the additional services that are offered, such as apps or reports containing personal health and lifestyle advice, add further variety to their offers [4]. Consumers can purchase any of these DTC-GT services on the web from many places in the world. The global and dynamic nature of the market hinders regulatory bodies in implementing effective policies and in law enforcement. for Policy GuidanceThe ambiguity in the legislative framework applicable to DTC-GTs has resulted in challenges for policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers in protecting citizens from potentially harmful services. Meanwhile, the impact of DTC-GTs on citizens and their health continues to be a topic of debate. To balance safety and individual autonomy, all aspects of DTC-GT services should be considered when regulatory decisions are required [11]. For this reason, it is important that the current body of knowledge on the risks and benefits of all key aspects of DTC-GTs is translated into policy guidance. To ensure effective policy making, researchers have found the following issues to be relevant in regulating the DTC-GT market: autonomy and welfarism, informed decision-making, privacy, clinical validity and utility, perspectives of the public and health care professionals, the role of regulatory organizations, legislation on genetic testing, and laws protecting against genetic discrimination [25]. All these issues are interlinked in DTC-GT services. The existing literature has focused on gaining insight into these issues and has started to collect empirical evidence on the impact of the market. Yet, instruments that assess those aspects of DTC-GT services that are likely to need regulation are lacking.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: Contemporary HSM experts also agree with that:On a larger level what this entails is the authorization for the larger, more established core units to essentially support the lesser ones while still allowing for the regulation and control of the overall 'wheel' movements5. HSM offers large market coverage with efficient use of resources and flexibility in workload distribution. However, capacity limitations and changes at the hub could have a domino effect on the spokes that could be disadvantageous to the network. Although the model can be applied to nearly any operational enterprise, its usefulness and overall efficiency is inherently driven by the core users' abilities to coordinate logistical operations within its entire practice5. Thereby, ICT-enabled HSM becomes necessary to help resolve potential logistical issues arising from the absence of such a concept. Role of ICTIn India, rural-urban connectivity is a major issue: 'The physical accessibility of public or private healthcare facilities is a challenge in rural areas'6. The innovativeness of ICT-enabled HSM lies in its emphasis on healthcare availability to populations spread over vast geographic areas without adding expensive infrastructure. It eliminates the need for travel unless necessary by ensuring that rural clinics (RCs) (spokes) take care of basic treatment and that patients would only need to travel to the urban hospital (UH) (hub) for specialized care. ICT system set-upThe ICT-enabled HSM incorporates the use of cloud computing over a secured network. The healthcare workers at the RCs are provided with handheld devices or laptops connected to a secure network. These devices can be equipped with:wireless network cards designed to work in low connectivity areas and without the need for any phone or ethernet wiressoftware with defined procedures and process flowsvarious security features (antivirus, password protection, data encryption)communication capabilities (email and text) (Fig2). Figure 2: Example of system set-up depicting the urban-rural connection. Data integrityPatient information is stored on a community cloud7. The community, in this case, is the organization, the RC and the UH. Only those users with approved credentials can share and access the information securely within the network using a laptop or a mobile device. These devices are equipped with antivirus software to protect the information from any type of data breach (hacking, phishing etc). This way, patient information is kept confidential, but details can be made available in case of referrals or escalations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2003. 82 c. 3. Пастух, Т. Мости Олега Лишеги. Львів: Піраміда, 2019. 192 с. Рембішевська Дорота Кристина (Krystyna), доктор габілітований, професор, Інститут Славістики Польської академії наук (ul. Bartoszewicza 1b m. 17, 00-337 Warszawa, Poland) dorota. rembiszewska@ispan. waw. pl Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2017). Materiały polskie do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego jako źródło do badań XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny regionalnej. Jezikoslovni zapiski, 23, 183–192. DOI: 10. 3986/JZ. 23. 1. 6871 2. Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2014). Projekt i realizacja bazy danych do Atlasu gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny. Studia z i Słowiańskiej, 49, 130–138. DOI: 10. 11649/sfps. 2014. 013 3. Rembiszewska, D. K. (2014).

Output: pass