Input: Claim: Solar power is often used in desert agriculture for sustainable energy supply. [SEP] Text: integration of Solar PV systems with canal irrigation represents a novel approach to addressing energy and water management challenges in agriculture. Traditional irrigation methods often rely on fossil fuel-powered pumps, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and are subject to volatile fuel prices. Solar PV systems offer a sustainable alternative by harnessing renewable energy to power irrigation pumps (Figure 1). However, the initial capital investment for Solar PV systems can be a barrier for many farmers. Review of existing work Figure 1: Schematic of Canal top Solar plant with 2 types, Canal top more expensive and floating with 90% of market share. (Source: PV Magazine). Solar PV systems in agriculture: Solar PV technology has been increasingly adopted in agriculture for powering irrigation pumps, providing a clean and sustainable energy source. Studies have shown that Solar PV systems can reduce operational costs and dependency on fossil fuels, making them an attractive option for farmers. Canal irrigation systems: Canal irrigation is a prevalent method in many agricultural regions, particularly in areas with extensive river networks. It involves diverting river water through canals to irrigate fields, providing a reliable water source for crops. PV with these systems can optimize water and energy use efficiency. Project overview The Siret-Bărăgan irrigation canal project [1] is an ambitious initiative aimed at enhancing water management and agricultural productivity in Romania by integrating floating solar PV systems. This project not only addresses irrigation needs but also contributes to the country’s renewable energy targets. The canal, spanning 200 km, will be constructed in phases, with the first 50 km equipped with 500 MW of floating solar panels and generating cash for the next phases. Benefits of the project − Water management: Reduces water evaporation by up to 90%, improves water quality, and supports marine life. − Energy production: Generates over 2TWh of renewable energy annually, contributing to energy security and reducing carbon emissions. − Economic impact: Creates new jobs, fosters local industry integration and provides a sustainable revenue stream through energy sales. Case study selection The Siret-Bărăgan canal was selected for this case study due to its significant potential for improving agricultural productivity and water management in Romania. The region’s existing infrastructure, combined with the urgent need for sustainable irrigation solutions, makes it an ideal candidate for this innovative project. Additionally, recent initiatives and news highlight Romania’s commitment to investing in energy projects for irrigation systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionEffect of technology and national prices on bioethanol production costWhile the minimum ethanol selling prices (MESPs) of net bioethanol production for three out of the five countries (excluding Italy and Spain) show that the DA pretreatment process is marginally more economically favorable than the LHW process, these differences should not be over-emphasized due to uncertainties inherent in the baseline assumptions (Figure 1a). The total capital investment of the DA pretreatment process was lower than the LHW pretreatment process at €337 million compared with €345 million for a plant operating at 2,000 dry metric tonnes per day. The MESP cost breakdown presented as an average of the five EU countries (Figure 1b) reveals that the highest cost stages are feedstock and handling, and saccharification and fermentation, with raw materials serving as the single greatest contributor. In feedstock and handling, poplar purchase accounts for 92% of the total cost, whereas enzyme purchase is responsible for 84% of the saccharification and fermentation cost. This clearly demonstrates the importance for the economic viability of poplar bioethanol of accessing cheaper biomass costs as well as reducing enzyme loading in saccharification. The lower sugar conversion efficiencies in LHW pretreatment result in higher enzyme loadings required in saccharification and fermentation to drive sugar release, as well as an increased amount of undigested biomass being sent to the combustor, ultimately inflating the unit MESP for this process. Italy and Spain are the only countries to have a higher MESP for pretreatment with DA than LHW; Italy also has the lowest overall MESPs for both pretreatments at €0. 275/l for LHW and €0. 389/l for DA, respectively (Figure 1a). Despite having relatively low costs for ash disposal, labor, electricity credit and income tax, Slovakia still has the highest MESP for both processes at €0. 727/l (LHW) and €0. 683/l (DA), due to its expensive delivered feedstock cost which, at €80/dry tonne, which is the highest amongst these countries. The lowest feedstock cost of €33/dry tonne of delivered biomass is found in Sweden – considering this, the MESPs for both DA and LHW processes are unusually high; this is attributed to the relatively low credit obtained in Sweden for the co-produced electricity (€0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Tonsillitis, cough, asthma 10 41 0. 78 5. Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Hemorrhoids 1 3 0. 66 6. Poisonous bites (PB) Rabies, snake bite 7 15 0. 57 7. Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Hypertension 1 40 1. 00 8. Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Diabetes, weight gain 7 29 0. 79 9. Sensory neuron disease (SND) Headache 3 9 0. 75 10. Fever (F) Malaria 5 44 0. 90 11. General and unspecified (GU) General malaise (Mitch), wugat, evil spirit 6 37 0. 86 Table 3: Informant consensus for medicinal plants used against two or more specific ailments No. Scientific names Family names No. of informants Percent (%) Rank 1. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Poaceae 60 100% 1st 2. Allium sativum L. Alliaceae 59 98% 2nd 3. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 58 97% 3rd 4. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 57 95% 4th 6. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae 56 92% 5th 7. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar power is often used in desert agriculture for sustainable energy supply. [SEP] Text: Solar PV canal projects in Gujarat, project draws inspiration from successful solar PV canal projects in Gujarat, India, where similar initiatives have demonstrated significant benefits in terms of water conservation, energy production, and environmental sustainability. These projects serve as benchmarks for the Siret-Bărăgan initiative, providing valuable insights and best practices. Project is a solar canal project launched in Gujarat, India, to use the 532 km (331 mi) long network of Narmada canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity. It was the first ever such project in India. This project has been commissioned by SunEdison India. project is designed to be scalable, with the first phase covering the existing 50 kilometres of the canal. This initial phase will be closely monitored and analysed to ensure that the technology performs as expected before expanding to cover the full 200 kilometres. Return on Investment (ROI) The financial model estimates an of Return (IRR) of 10. 1%. This ROI is calculated based on the total investment of $1600 million and projected annual revenue of $195 million from energy sales at the current exchange price of $0. 09/kWh and a profit of $15. 9 million. The high IRR demonstrates the project’s profitability and viability. Financial model The financial viability of the Siret-Bărăgan Canal project is supported by a robust model that leverages green bond financing. The project’s financial structure includes: - Total investment: $1600 million for the entire canal and floating PV system. - Bond term: 20 years. - Interest rate cost: 5% principal plus 1% per annum. - Annual revenue: Estimated at $195 million from energy sales at $0. 09/kWh. - of Return (IRR): 10. 1%, demonstrating high profitability. Financial analysis The combined IRR of 10. 1% highlights the project’s profitability. The significant revenue generated from the sale of electricity ensures that the annual cost impact, including bond servicing and operational expenses, is effectively managed. The financial model also includes provisions for reinvesting surplus revenue into further infrastructure improvements, thereby enhancing the project’s long-term sustainability (Table 1). Table 1: Comparison of Key Indicators. Indicator Siret-Bărăgan Project Tagus-(García-López, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Other costs and regulations including ash disposal, labor and income tax rates play relatively minor roles in their contributions towards the MESPs. Although feedstock and enzyme prices as well as electricity credits are the principal drivers of bioethanol production, additional factors such as excise duties and distribution costs are significant and can double the final ethanol selling price at the pump (petrol filling station) compared with its initial production cost. Influence of policy support on the bioethanol pump priceThe DA and LHW pretreatment processes are compared against national Euro Super-95 petroleum prices in 2011 to assess the competitiveness of bioethanol derived from SRC poplar in the EU countries [32]. The fuel price at the pump consists of its production cost, a fuel excise tax and a value-added tax (VAT) on the sum of the total production cost plus the excise tax combined. It has been recognized that governmental support schemes for bioethanol may be the single largest factor dictating its competitiveness with petrol at the pump [2, 4]. Production quotas, mandatory blending targets and fiscal incentives in the form of tax reliefs are the main types of policy support applied to biofuels within the EU [2, 4]. Of the 27 Member States, 20 States provide either full or partial tax exemption for each liter of biofuel supplied on the market (9 provide full tax relief on bioethanol) [4]. Sweden and Slovakia provide full exemption from taxes, allowing bioethanol to be competitive with petrol under both DA and LHW processes (Figure 2). Sweden would also have the lowest bioethanol pump price for both LHW and DA processes at €0. 952/l and €0. 893/l, respectively. Although VAT and indirect taxes are imposed on bioethanol in Spain, its inexpensive poplar price combined with the lowest VAT rate (18% in 2011) means that SRC poplar bioethanol would still be competitive with petrol and has the second lowest price at the pump of the five countries. Despite having the lowest production costs (Figure 1a), lack of government subsidy in Italy means its pump price is more than doubled over its initial production cost, surpassing bioethanol prices in Sweden, Slovakia or Spain [33]. Regardless of this, bioethanol in Italy under both pretreatment processes is still competitive with petrol due to its low feedstock price and high electricity credits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. Stomachache 50 60 83% Echinops kebricho Stomachache 45 52 87% Lepidium sativum L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Lippia adoensis Hochst. Stomachache 33 40 83% Nigella sativa L. Stomachache 25 58 43% Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. Stomachache 39 56 70% Ruta chalepensis L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Solanium macrocarpon L. Stomachache 36 60 60% Solanium incanum L. Stomachache 57 60 95% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Stomachache 21 45 47% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Stomachache 54 58 93% Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Commelina benghalensis L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 5 No. 13, November 2014 Temperature and in Greenhouses in () Shigeki Hirasawa*, of. DOI: 10. 4236/as. 2014. 513134 6,082 Downloads 7,999 Views 1268. doi: 10. 4236/as. 2014. 513134. 1. and agriculture in desert areas, such as the Middle East, have been executed successfully. Water consumption can be reduced by using a greenhouse in a desert area because most evaporated water can be confined to the greenhouse. Therefore, agriculture using greenhouses is a good approach in desert areas. However, changes in temperature and humidity in greenhouses are not preferable for growth of plants without control. Therefore, control of temperature and humidity by ventilation, sprinkler water, and solar radiation shielding is indispensable for agriculture using greenhouses in desert areas. Some studies on the control of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse and agriculture at desert have been reported. Fahmy et al. [1] developed a control technique using an evaporative cooling system to improve the temperature and humidity conditions in a greenhouse and reported a calculation model based on. Temperature and humidity in a greenhouse were controlled to fix at the optimal values for growing of herb by adjusting air flow rate of the fan and adding moisture to the air using a PI (proportional integral) control. Ishii et al. [2] measured the effect of circulating fans on air flow and temperature distribution in a greenhouse and reported how airflow and temperature distribution were influenced by the number and position of the fans. Hattori et al. [3] analyzed the temperature distribution in a greenhouse with a circulating fan using a 3-dimensional computational thermo-fluid dynamics code and compared the experimental results. Tanaka and Ishii [4] experimentally studied the effect of a roof absorber that absorbs infrared rays on thermal environment control in a greenhouse. Nagler et al. [5] proposed an evaporation model at a semiarid rangeland. Bruin et al. [6] reported a model of water evaporation and heat transfer at the surface of land. However, there have been few studies on the control of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in desert areas. In this work, we analyzed the effect of control of ventilation, sprinkler water and solar radiation shielding on transient changes in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Bioethanol production in France would be subject to the full VAT rate, but has a partial tax exemption of €0. 14/l which is applied only to a certain quota of ethanol (in 2010 this was 867,000 tonnes). As a result, France has the highest SRC poplar bioethanol pump prices of €1. 760/l (LHW) and €1. 732/l (DA), both which are higher than petrol (€1. 498/l). As a result of these differing support schemes, there is wide variability in the theoretical pump prices of SRC poplar bioethanol amongst these EU countries. Figure 2Comparison of SRC poplar bioethanol pump price with petrol. All prices are reported as €/l in 2011 [32]. National petrol prices are marked by the red cross. (SRC, short-rotation coppice; LHW, liquid hot water; DA, dilute acid; VAT, value-added tax). Full size imageThe competitive advantage that full tax exemption offers bioethanol producers is obvious in these results: without such exemptions poplar bioethanol prices would not be competitive with petrol in Sweden or Slovakia. Although SRC poplar bioethanol production in France is subject to partial tax relief and a production quota, each year this quota is increased with a successive decrease in tax relief to minimize the amount of fiscal losses for the government and the burden on taxpayers [4]. In 2008, the estimated cost of excise tax exemption in France was €168 million, which is the second highest in the EU after Sweden (€224 million) [4]. In the short-term, government support is likely to remain necessary to enable new bioethanol production from ‘second-generation’ sources, such as locally-produced SRC poplars, to emerge. However, as the industry matures, it is probable that support such as tax reliefs will be scaled back, emphasizing the need to seek out alternative approaches to sustain and promote the long-term growth of the second-generation bioethanol market. Prospects for improved and advanced SRC poplarOur prospective case is modeled on the work of the CEC FP7 EnergyPoplar project and literature [34].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Chirt (shattuwa) 60 60 100% Persea americana Mill. Dandruff 57 60 95% Coffea arabica L. Wound 32 47 68% Vernonia amygdalina Sch. Bip. Wound 14 45 31% Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wound 23 45 51% Nicotiana tabacum L. Wound 11 43 26% Aloe vera Wound 29 35 83% Datura stramorium L. Skin disease 45 51 88% Musa accuminata disease 36 48 75% Persea americana Mill. Skin disease 48 50 96% Sorghum bicolor (L. ) disease 43 50 86% Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. Back pain 48 60 80% Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex 60 60 100% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Bone fracture 56 60 93% Pentas spp. Bone fracture 60 60 100% Linum usitatissimum L. Bone fracture 57 60 95% Avena sativa Bone fracture 43 57 75% Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 40 52 77% Acacia abyssinica Benth. Tonsillitis 19 25 76% Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: We calculated the effect of reducing of water consumption by using a greenhouse to grow orchids. 2. The calculation model of temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area is shown in Figure 1. Temperature and humidity in the green house were controlled by air ventilation, sprinkler water on the sand, and solar radiation shielding on the roof. Radiation, convection, evaporation, and conduction heat transfer in the calculation model are shown in Figure 1. The greenhouse was 10 m × 30 m × 2. 5 m (in height), and the wall and roof were glass. We assumed that the temperature of the sand at a 150 mm depth was constant for all days and water loss by permeation into the sand was negligible. Orchids were planted with a 0. 3 m pitch in the greenhouse. Sprinkler water was only present near the roots of the plants. We used the surrounding air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation conditions in Riyadh, for sunny days on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October 1 [7]. The conditions to grow orchids in the greenhouse were assumed as follows. Average temperature for one day was approximately 15˚C in January, 25˚C in April, 30˚C in July, and 25˚C in October, and the relative humidity in the air was kept greater than 50% [8]. Dry portions were not allowed to occur in the sand near the roots of plants, and the amount of water that had evaporated from the sand was supplied to the roots of the plants when necessary. Figure 1. Calculation model. Changes in temperature T (˚C) and absolute humidity X (kg/kg (dry air)) in the greenhouse were calculated using the network method or the lumped model with the heat and mass balance [9]. The nodal points in the calculation were the surface of the sand near the roots of plants (temperature Ts1 and absolute humidity Xs1), surface of the sand at a place far from the roots (temperature Ts2 and absolute humidity Xs2), air in the greenhouse (average temperature Tin and absolute humidity Xin), and wall of the greenhouse (temperature Tgls and absolute humidity Xgls) for the surrounding air (temperature Tout and absolute humidity Xout), sky temperature Tten, and solar radiation qs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Secondly, it was also shown to be possible to reach glucose yields of 80% in enzymatic saccharification with low enzyme loadings of 10 filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan, thereby significantly reducing enzyme purchase costs, particularly in comparison to the high-enzyme loading LHW process scenario [23]. While not modeled in the current work, a more recent study by et al. also demonstrated an alternative method of modifying lignin content in poplars that could enhance ethanol yields after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation [26]. By reducing expression of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) (an enzyme involved in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis) ethanol yields in the most severely affected trees yielded up to 161% more ethanol than the wild-type trees [26]. One concern that should not be overlooked however is the relationship between lignin content and growth phenotype. This phenomenon was observed in both studies [20, 23, 26], such that trees with lower levels of lignin were substantially smaller than their wild-type counterparts. It is well-known that lignin plays an essential part in plant cell wall structure by providing support, water transport and defense against microbial and enzymatic attack, therefore it is crucial to ensure that a reduction in lignin content is not associated with a decrease in plant survival or health [20, 34–36]. Mansfield et al. [23] measured the tree volume of eight-month-old glasshouse grown transgenic poplar trees and found that the C3’H-14 line with the lowest lignin content used in their study had a volume reduction of 73% compared with the wild-type. et al. also revealed a similar finding with CCR-down-regulated trees, in that poplar lines with reduced lignin contents had reductions in biomass yield, diameter and height [26]. When this biomass yield penalty was accounted for, ethanol yields were significantly reduced in many of the transgenic lines. In the situation where trees with enhanced biomass properties for biofuel production are found to produce less biomass per plant, the potential economic ramifications need to be seriously considered. For example, in order for an equal amount of biomass to be produced on a volume basis, trees may have to either be planted at higher densities, or occupy greater areas of land.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L. Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The equation of water mass balance of the node of air in the greenhouse is: (3) Here, Mgi is the mass heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the inside wall of the greenhouse (Mgi = 7 × 10−7 m/s). The absolute humidity near the surface of the sand and the wall of the greenhouse Xs and Xgls were obtained from temperature Ts and Tgls assuming the satisfied condition. The equation of heat balance of the node at the wall of the greenhouse is: (4) Here, ast is the equivalent radiation heat transfer coefficient between the sky and the outside wall of the greenhouse (ast = 3 W/m2 K), and ago is the convection heat transfer coefficient on the outside wall of the greenhouse (ago = 3 W/m2 K). The sky temperature Tten was calculated using an equation proposed by Swinbank [10] which is a function of the surrounding air temperature Tout. Equations (1)-(4) were calculated by the implicit finite-difference method with a calculation time step of 3 hours. 3. of Effect of calculated the effect of control of ventilation and shielding on temperature and humidity in a greenhouse under typical conditions at noon on October 1. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the calculation results of the effect Figure 2. Effect of shielding ratio on temperature in greenhouse. Figure 3. Effect of shielding ratio on absolute humidity in greenhouse. of shielding ratio of the roof Asya on the temperature Tin and absolute humidity Xin in the greenhouse for the condition of ventilation Vair = 0. 2 m3/s. The saturated humidity Xsat in relation to temperature Tin is also shown in Figure 3. The relative humidity j is defined as j = Xin/Xsat. The temperature in the greenhouse decreases linearly in according with the shielding ratio of the roof. The relative humidity in the greenhouse is maximum when Asya = 0. 4 because the absolute humidity Xin is almost constant when Asya is less than 0. 4, and the absolute humidity Xin decreases when Asya is more than 0. 4. Figure 4 shows the effect of shielding ratio on total water usage in one day. The curve of total water usage in one day is similar to that of the absolute humidity Xin in Figure 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: This may impact feedstock prices, possibly negating the savings achieved from capital and enzyme cost reductions. Despite these downsides, modern biotechnology is focused on avoiding problems associated with reducing lignin content, as well as identifying alternative routes to produce plants with improved phenotypic traits for biofuels. Firstly, the aforementioned diminished biomass yields can be related to the effect that low lignin content has on xylem vessels, whether this be due to the collapse of vessels and/or increased embolism from entry of air bubbles in water-conducting cells, or formation of tyloses which block vessels and reduce water-transport efficiency [37]. Current research aims to resolve this by using promoters to drive transgene expression in fibres only, as a strategy to concentrate lignin reduction in fibres and not in vessels [15, 35]. In addition to using tissue specific promoters to reduce lignin in fibres only, engineering signaling pathways responding to cell wall defects may help reduce the yield penalty typically associated with lignin engineering. Secondly, rather than down-regulating lignin biosynthesis, but instead by altering the composition of existing lignin, (for example, p- hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl/syringyl unit ratios, or cinnamaldehyde/cinnamyl alcohol ratios in lignin) improved susceptibility of the polymer to degradation during pretreatment and/or saccharification has also been achieved [14]. Finally, whilst the production of transgenic trees is a rapidly evolving area within this field, the potential for such improvements that is provided by advanced poplar breeding programs should also not be overlooked. The vast genetic variability in composition and saccharification potential of poplars [38] means that the screening and sexual crossing of genotypes with desirable characteristics to yield an F1 generation with elite genotypes for baseline material and for further genetic modification, is a very promising route for the future of the biofuel industry. ConclusionsIn order for bioethanol to contribute towards the EU climate-change-driven target of achieving a 10% renewable energy share in the transport sector by 2020, its production must be both commercially viable for the producer, as well as economically competitive for the consumer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L. 5 5 5 4 3 3 25 3rd Allium sativum L. 3 4 3 3 5 4 22 4th Artemisia afra 1 3 2 1 5 4 16 5th Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. Koch 1 2 2 3 5 2 15 6th Table 7: Ranking of seven medicinal plants using the procedure of preference ranking based on their degree of local scarcity Medicinal plants name Informants (I) Total score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Acacia abyssinica Benth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the calculation results of the effect of ventilation Vair on the temperature Tin, absolute humidity Xin in the greenhouse and saturated humidity Xsat in relation to temperature Tin for the condition of shielding ratio Asya = 0. The absolute humidity in the greenhouse decreases when ventilation Vair is larger than 1 m3/s. Figure 7 shows the effect of ventilation on total water usage in one day. The total water usage in one day increases when ventilation Vair is larger than 1 m3/s. The value of the total water usage in one day with the effect of ventilation Vair in Figure 7 is about 10 times that with the effect of shielding ratio Asya in Figure 4. 4. of Effect of Greenhouse to in calculated the change in temperature and absolute humidity every 3 hours under the conditions in Saudi Arabia. Figure 8 shows the total water usage in one day without a greenhouse to grow orchids in the desert on October 1, January 1, April 1, and July 1. Dry portions were not allowed to occur in the sand near the roots of the plants at any time, and the amount of evaporated water from the sand was supplied to the roots of the plants. Figure 4. Effect of shielding ratio on total water usage in one day. Figure 5. Effect of ventilation on temperature in greenhouse. Figure 6. Effect of ventilation on absolute humidity in greenhouse. The total water usage in one day in July is 3. 8 m3, which is 3 times that in January. Figure 9 shows the total water usage in one day with a greenhouse to grow orchids in the desert on October 1, January 1, April 1, and July 1. Ventilation, solar radiation shielding and sprinkler water were controlled so that the average temperature for one day and relative humidity were near the specified conditions (as explained Figure 7. Effect of ventilation on total water usage in one day. Figure 8. Total water usage in one day without greenhouse. Figure 9. Total water usage in one day with greenhouse. above). The total water usage in one day in July is 0. 3 m3, which is only 7% of that without a greenhouse. Figure 10 shows the change in ventilation and shielding ratio used in the calculation for October. Figure 11 shows the change of water supply rate. Figure 12 shows the calculation results of the change in temperature in the greenhouse Tin, sand near roots of plant Ts1, and surrounding air Tout in October.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: The technological, economic and political bottlenecks within the bioethanol supply chain have been addressed in this study, highlighting the main priorities for producers, policymakers and researchers to commercialize a SRC poplar-derived bioethanol process within the EU. Irrespective of the processing technology, feedstock and enzyme prices have consistently emerged as key determinants influencing the cost of bioethanol production. Producers should therefore focus on utilizing a pretreatment technology which is cost-effective yet maximizes sugar yields, so as to reduce the downstream enzyme contribution towards the total cost of production. Additionally, producers must consider accessing inexpensive feedstock costs and seek benefit by establishing second-generation bioethanol production projects in countries having support mechanisms and timescales that sustain lower cost production of feedstock. For policymakers, implementation of cost-effective policies (such as waste disposal, income tax and electricity credits) and schemes to support emerging producers, can be driving factors determining the economic competitiveness of SRC poplar bioethanol with petrol. Policies regulating electricity generation credit (whether as tariffs or certificates) vary between the EU countries, and (as seen in Italy) have potential to provide bioethanol cost reductions, especially in selecting optimal processing technologies. Fiscal incentives such as exemptions from VAT and excise duties are the major support systems used by governments, which are effective in offering a major competitive advantage to bioethanol (as seen in Sweden and Slovakia). However, for countries where costs are low and co-product credits are high, bioethanol production can be competitive at reduced levels of government intervention, offering a potentially more economically sustainable situation for the long-term. Finally, for researchers, the understanding of feedstock composition and cell wall accessibility is shown here to be essential to making bioethanol production economically viable. Recent studies in poplar development and biomass modification indicate the realistic potential to design poplar lines releasing high levels of sugar without requirement for pretreatment and with low demand for processing enzyme loadings. Our results demonstrate the valuable commercial impact that genetic engineering and/or improvement of poplars (for example, to produce a significantly reduced lignin content) can have on reducing the costs of bioethanol production. However, it is recognized that wider phenotypic aspects of ‘advanced’ poplars (such as biomass yield, stability, resistance to disease and pests) will require confirmation in order to capitalize on this new trait of improved biofuel conversion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Featured 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000328 View abstract PDF Full text Technoculture in archaeology emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and cultural expression. Digital tools such as GIS have been pivotal in the spatial analysis of archaeological sites, but their utility extends beyond research [10]. Through public-facing projects, communities can engage with GIS data, contribute local knowledge, and offer interpretations that reflect contemporary cultural values. A notable example of VR and GIS-based platforms allowing communities to engage with cultural heritage beyond traditional museums is the reconstruction of the Roman arch of Palmyra, Syria, destroyed by ISIS. Through the collaboration of institutions like Oxford and Harvard, the Institute of developed a 3D virtual model of the arch based on phot. . . . . Read2024. A Community-Based Cross-Tsehaynew Kasse*, Addisalem Haile, and. 10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000172 View abstract PDF Full text Proper nutrition is essential for survival, growth, development, and overall health at every stage of life while specific nutritional requirements vary based on age, gender, and physiological changes. The first 1000 days, from conception to a child’s second birthday, are especially critical, as it lays the foundation for a child’s physical and mental development, impacting their health and well-being for the rest of their life (1-3). . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000166 View abstract PDF Full text Globally, AI is revolutionizing education through tools such as adaptive learning platforms, automated grading systems, and intelligent tutoring systems. These technologies enable personalized learning experiences by analyzing student performance data and tailoring educational content accordingly [1,2]. For instance, AI can provide real-time feedback and support, which helps address diverse learning needs and improves student engagement [3]. In the Philippines, the adoption of AI in education is emerging. Some educational institutions are experimenting with AI-powered learning management systems to automate tasks and enhance teaching methods. These early efforts reflect a growing interest in AI’s potential to improve educational outcomes and administrative efficiency [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The temperature in the greenhouse Tin is close to the temperature of surrounding air Tout due to the control. Figure 13 shows the change of absolute Figure 10. Change of ventilation and shielding ratio in October. Figure 11. Change of water supply rate in October. Figure 12. Change of temperature in greenhouse and sand air in October. humidity in the greenhouse Xin and saturated humidity Xsat in accordance with temperature Tin. The relative humidity can be calculated with j = Xin/Xsat. The absolute humidity in the greenhouse is almost constant. Therefore water consumption can be reduced very much by using greenhouses for agriculture in desert areas with an optimum control of ventilation, sprinkler water, and shielding solar radiation according to this work. 5. analyzed the effect of control of ventilation, sprinkler water, and solar radiation shielding on transient Figure 13. Change of absolute humidity in greenhouse in October. changes in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse in a desert area, and the following results were obtained. 1) The temperature in the greenhouse decreased in accordance with the shielding ratio of solar radiation. The relative humidity in the greenhouse was maximum when the shielding ratio was 0. 4. 2) The relative humidity in the greenhouse decreased when the ventilation was larger than 1 m3/s. The total water usage in one day increased when the ventilation was larger than 1 m3/s. 3) When ventilation, shielding, and sprinkler water were controlled under suitable conditions to grow orchids, water consumption in July was only 7% of that without a greenhouse. NOTES *Corresponding author. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 71. [2] Ishii, M. , Okushima, L. , Moriyama, H. and Furihata, Y. (2012) Influence of on the distribution of and Air velocity in a Greenhouse. Journal of Science and in Agriculture, 24, 193-200. [3] Hattori, K. , Ito, K. , Akashi, Y. , Nakagawa, H. and Hayashi, T. (2010) ofAirflow and. Transaction of the Society of Heating, Air-Engineers of Japan, 162, 25-34. [4] Tanaka, I. and Ishii, Y. (1988) A on the Control in a Greenhouse by the of Infrared Rays. of the of University, 53, 159-165. [5]. , Emmerich, W.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: This work shows that contributions from science and technology, economics and policy all influence the potential to develop a viable SRC poplar-based bioethanol market within the EU. Sustaining the development of advanced poplar feedstocks and processing technology for economically viable biofuel production within the EU will provide climate mitigation benefits within the technological, economic and environmental constraints that apply. MethodsProcess design parametersThe composition of poplar and the key parameters for its pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic saccharification were derived from empirical data from published experimental work and publically available databases. These data were used as input for a process design model using AspenPlus™ software (Aspen Technology, Inc. , Massachusetts, United States) to generate mass and energy balances for the economic analysis. Sweden, Italy, Slovakia, Spain and France were selected as the five European countries representing different regions of Europe. Poplar compositionThe baseline poplar composition was derived from the (NREL) database for Caudina (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra var. caudina) [39]. Compositions of the baseline poplar biomass and the EnergyPoplar prospective scenario with reduced lignin content are provided in Table 2. Detailed methodology for generating the transgenic poplar line is described in [34] (See footnote of Table 2). Table 2 Compositions of hybrid poplar and genetically lignin-modified poplar biomass Full size tablePretreatment and enzymatic saccharificationPretreatment and subsequent enzymatic saccharification work conducted by the Consortium for and Innovation (CAFI) team evaluating the effects of DA and LHW (controlled pH) pretreatment technologies on poplar wood [9] was used in this model. The conditions, reactions and yields for these processes are listed in Table 3. For the data not provided in the literature (listed as NA in Table 3), assumptions were made to complete the process design. It was assumed that no glucan or xylan is converted into glucose or xylose oligomers in the DA pretreatment. It was also assumed that the conversion yields of xylan into xylose would reflect the conversion yields for C5 sugars into their monomeric components, and that the conversion of glucan into glucose would represent the yields for C6 sugars into their monomers, during the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification stages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 000327 View abstract PDF Full text Shambala (Sanskrit:, IAST: Śambhala), also spelled as Shambhala or Shamballa, is a realm that was mentioned in several ancient literatures. According to those literatures, there is a country in Shambala, ruled by a king. All people in Shambala are practicing Kalachakra (time wheel), a Buddhism religion. Nonetheless, there are no modern records to testify where it is. Currently, it is deemed as a spiritual kingdom that is imagined by religious people. Shambala is mentioned in the as well as other religious books. The major Shambala narrative is found in the Kalachakra Tantra, a text of Buddhism Tantras. Kalachakra Bud-dhism was introduced from to Tibet in the 11th century. Kalachakra belongs to the anuttarayoga (nothing-above yoga), the highest meditation sys. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2023. 04. 000187 View abstract PDF Full text Macromolecular drugs refer to the drugs whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are large molecules, including peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Although these drugs have been applied to treat carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), genetic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative disorders, generally speaking, the macromolecular therapeutics are still in the infant stage. . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000165 View abstract PDF Full text Reference manager software assists researchers in organizing their sources, generating 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000286 View abstract PDF Full text Sub-Saharan countries of Africa are currently experiencing an increase in health and negative social effects believed to be due to the heavy consumption of cheaply and widely available spirits in the region. Alcohol misuse is a major global health threat, associated with more than 200 burden of disease and injury conditions (Organization [WHO], 2018). Similarly, WHO indicates packing alcohol in small sachets has become a widespread problem in Africa and has both significant social and economic negative impacts on individuals and society. The WHO estimates that approximately 3 million deaths worldwide resulted from harmful use of alcohol in 2016 (WHO, 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: 2nCO2+4nH2Oxylem→sunlight2CH2On+2nO2↑+2nH2O↑E1Furthermore, evapotranspiration or ET is combined process of evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation of water vapors occurs from the soil inside the greenhouse and transpiration of water vapors occurs from stomata (i. e. , small openings underside the plant leaves). It concludes that moisture is added into the surrounding air inside the greenhouse at night (through evapotranspiration) as well as at daytime (through photosynthesis). Figure 1a and Figure 1b show the addition of moisture into the air through evapotranspiration and photosynthesis processes, respectively. Optimum growth and flowering stages of plants is highly impacted by the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) and relative humidity (RH) inside a greenhouse [1, 2]. Photosynthesis process requires some amount of CO2 from the air whereas the RH is dependent on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside the greenhouse. The VPD inside the greenhouse is impacted by the plant growth stage, climatic conditions, temperature of plant leaf, and temperature of the inside air (i. e. , microclimate) [3, 4]. Figure 2 shows the impact of different humidity levels inside next generation greenhouses. Figure 2. Impact of different humidity level inside next generation greenhouses [5]. In this study, the authors summarize their previously published studies on temperature and humidity control options in next generation greenhouses. Optimum temperature/humidity levels, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside the greenhouse, evaporative cooling systems, desiccant air-conditioning systems and different desiccant materials for greenhouse air-conditioning are reviewed in this study. 1. 1 Optimum temperature/humidity in greenhouseAs established earlier, optimum temperature/ humidity conditions are required inside the greenhouse optimum functioning of plants. Different plants require specific ranges of temperature and humidity at different stages of their growth. Figure 3 shows a desiccant dehumidification-based temperature/humidity control system for agricultural greenhouse air-conditioning. Figure 3 shows the psychrometric representation of the desiccant air-conditioning system for greenhouse air-conditioning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: To investigate the commercial viability of bioethanol in different EU countries and to emphasize the variability in bioethanol selling prices as a result of different processing technologies, consistent assumptions for distributing the cost over their life cycles in the supply chains modeled were used (Table 6). Thus, the same accounting methods (based on the MACRS approach used in the NREL study [40]) were adopted for modeling these EU poplar-derived bioethanol supply chains in the current study. Although the accounting methods between EU countries and MACRS may vary, this is beyond the scope of current research and could be further investigated in future research. Table 6 Discounted cash flow assumptions Full size tableSupply-chain modelA supply-chain model was established to determine the bioethanol price at pump for comparison with petrol using a reference year of 2011. This price includes the bioethanol production cost, fuel duty, VAT, a feedstock transportation cost and a fuel distribution cost. The energy content of bioethanol (21. 2 MJ/l) is less than petrol (31. 2 MJ/l); 1 liter of bioethanol is therefore equivalent to 0. 68 liters of petrol. All fuel prices have thus been adjusted to take into account these differences in energy content. It was assumed that poplar is transported by lorry from a distance within 50 km of the bioethanol plant. An average transportation and handling charge of €0. 070/km/tonne of poplar was adopted from Neuvonen, 2010 [55]. AbbreviationsCHP: Combined heat and power COD: Chemical oxygen demand CSL: Corn steep liquor DA: Dilute acid DAP: Diammonium phosphate GHG: Greenhouse gas ISBL: Inside-battery-limits LHW: Liquid hot water: MESP, Minimum ethanol selling price NREL: : Short-rotation coppice TCI: Total capital investment VAT: Value-added tax. 2011. 2008. 2010. 5702. 226. 2010. 2010. 339. 1966. 459. 100. 348. 761. 242. 3691. 3529. 2365. 46. 313. 1000. 93. 101. 69. 547. 850. 4991. 246. 410. 2012. 2010. 2011. 4506. 380. 343. 898. 6305. 2004. 2011. 2010. Book 5730. 2011. news release.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Globally, the African region has the highest age-standardized alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury (WHO, 20. . . . . Read10. 32474/JBRS. 2024. 02. 000147 View abstract PDF Full text Renewable energy is a resource, which is obtained from naturally renewable resources, which don’t deplete overtime making it different from fossil fuels. The main sources shall be considered: solar, energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, etc. Given the critical importance of renewable energies in addressing global challenges similar to climate change, energy security, and sustainable development, interest in these energy sources is rapidly increasing worldwide. Additionally, the job market for the renewable energy sector is growing exponentially. Whatsoever, despite the high demand participation of women both globally and in Georgia remains low. A study conducted in 2018 by the found that women make up 32% of the workforce in. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000171 View abstract PDF Full text In the field of healthcare, the role of clinical preceptors is of paramount importance in shaping the learning experiences and professional development of nursing students (Dube & Rakhudu, 2021) [1]. According to Dube (2018) [2], these skilled and experienced clinicians play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world clinical practice. The role of clinical preceptors in nursing education has long been acknowledged as fundamental to the development of competent and compassionate nurses (Edward, Ousey, Playle, & Giandinoto, 2017) [3]. The effectiveness of preceptorship is crucial in shaping the clinical learning experiences of nursing students and ultimately impacting their professional growth (AlMekkawi & El Khalil, 2020) [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000326 View abstract PDF Full text of France and the World: It is with great urgency and a profound sense of responsibility that we address you today regarding a matter of grave international concern. This letter aims to shed light on the insidious actions and ambitions of and the Qatari authorities under her influence. The involvement of these entities in global affairs has led to widespread conflict, suffering, and instability, and it is imperative that we collectively recognize and address these issues to protect our future. . . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Outdoor air is cooled using direct evaporative cooling (which increases the humidity ratio of the air), further cooled using a sensible heat exchanger before passing through a low-grade heating source (i. e. , solar thermal, or biogas), which passes through the desiccant material for regeneration purpose. Whereas on the other side, process air from the system outlet is used for greenhouse air-conditioning purpose on a simple recirculation mode using the MEC or IEC system for additional cooling. Figure 3. (above) schematic representation of desiccant air-conditioning system, and (below) psychrometric working of the desiccant air-conditioning system, for next generation agricultural greenhouses [1]. Figure 4 shows the temperature and relative humidity range for optimum growth of various fruits and vegetable plants inside a typical next generation greenhouse. Most of the fruits and vegetable plants require 15 to 30°C temperature with 50 to 90% relative humidity for optimum growth inside an agricultural greenhouse. The most important parameter to address inside an agricultural greenhouse is vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which could be defined as a function of temperature of air, temperature of leaf, and relative humidity of the air. VPD changes with change in plant growth stage as well. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to address the vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse before designing a greenhouse air-conditioning system. Figure 4. Optimum temperature/humidity conditions for various fruits and vegetables inside an agricultural greenhouse. 1. 2 Vapor pressure deficit (VPD)Vapor pressure deficit is a function of leaf temperature, air temperature, and relative humidity of the air. Vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse also varies with different growth stages, regions, and the plant being cultivated for crop. Figure 5 shows the spatiotemporal profile of vapor pressure deficit across Pakistan. According to Figure 5, regions with higher relative humidity and lower temperature (i. e. , Northern and North-Western regions of the country) tend to have relatively lesser vapor pressure deficit throughout the year. However, plain areas of the country with relatively higher temperature and drier climate tend to have peaks of vapor pressure deficit as high as 1. 52 kPa for the month of June, which demands an air-conditioning system to regulate the temperature/humidity inside the greenhouse for optimum plant growth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Potential of the micro and macro algae for biofuel production: A brief review Rajkumar, R. , Yaakob, Z. , and Takriff, M. S. (2014). "Potential of the micro and macro algae for biofuel production: A brief review," BioRes. 9(1), 1606-1633. AbstractThe world seems to be raising its energy needs owing to an expanding population and people’s desire for higher living standards. Diversification biofuel sources have become an important energy issue in recent times. Among the various resources, algal biomass has received much attention in the recent years due to its relatively high growth rate, its vast potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, and their ability to store high amounts of lipids and carbohydrates. These versatile organisms can also be used for the production of biofuel. In this review, sustainability and the viability of algae as an up-coming biofuel feedstock have been discussed. Additionally, this review offers an overview of the status of biofuel production through algal biomass and progress made so far in this area. Download PDFFull 3. 3 to 11. 3 kg dry weight m−2 yr−1 for non-cultured algae and up to 13. 1 kg dry weight m−2 over 7 month for cultured algae compared with 6. 1 to 9. 5 kg fresh weight m−2 yr−1 for sugar cane, a most productive land plant (Kraan 2010). They are seasonally available in the natural water basins. Cultivation of macroalgae at sea, which does not require arable land and fertilizer, offers a possible solution to the energy crisis. Macroalgae are mainly utilized for the production of food and the extraction of hydrocolloids, and it is possible to produce ethanol from algae (Goh and Lee 2010). Macroalgal biomass contains high amounts of sugars (at least 50%), which can be used in ethanol fuel production (Wi et al. 2009). This review explores the opportunities for energy products, encompassing both fresh and marine habitat macro- and microalgae. This paper also discusses the variety of algal resources and their environment, along with the manufacture systems that have been demonstrated for use, as well as algal mass cultivation. and the Prospects of Research for production and the environment have been crucial issues in today’s world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 2024. 07. 000251 View abstract PDF Full text is the most serious presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD), carrying severe consequences due to the occlusion of major coronary arteries. The primary goal in managing STEMI is early reperfusion therapy. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy for patients with acute STEMI, especially when performed promptly from the first medical contact (FMC) [1]. Despite achieving a patent infarct-related artery after revascularization, some patients experience the “no-reflow” phenomenon due to microvascular dysfunction. This phenomenon is defined as a coronary blood flow of less than TIMI 3 without significant stenosis, dissection, or an angiographically observed thrombus distal to the intervention site [2]. Intracoronary Nanitroprusside, an NO d. . . . . Read08, 2024 Is the search for solutions to Effective if are Similar to like Animals and Plants? Rafizadeh* Psychol & 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000285 View abstract PDF Full text In a life-complex, each human is a member of the societal lifecomplex, adapted to its environment and dependent on it for daily needs. In his 1948 book, Society as the Patient, Lawrence K. Frank views society as a living organism that can become ill, exhibiting symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated by mental health professionals. In adopting this view, mental health professionals would address societal illness as reflected on individual humans through a medical lens, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to maintain a healthier society. At first glance, it may not seem easy to link the planetary life-complex and its illnesses to the work of mental health professionals. However, considering that the planetary life-complex is made of many societal life-complexes, and each soc. . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. 2024. 06. 000250 View abstract PDF Full text The term demilitarization refers to a complete set of processes that render weapons, ammunition and explosives unfit for their original purpose [1]. Demilitarization is a necessary step for military items before their release to a non-military environment and is carried out in a safe, inexpensive, practical and environmentally responsible manner [2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The spatiotemporal profile (Figure 5) shows that air-conditioning is required inside an agricultural greenhouse in the plain areas (i. e. , South, South-Eastern, and South-Western regions) of the country through April to September. Figure 5. Spatiotemporal profile of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) across Pakistan [6]. Additionally, Figure 6 shows the correlation of vapor pressure deficit against dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of the air. According to Figure 6, most of the plants (fruits and vegetables) require a vapor pressure deficit of 0. 45 kPa to 1. 25 kPa for their normal growth throughout their different growth stages. However, for optimum growth of most fruits and vegetables, plants require a vapor pressure deficit of 0. 8 to 0. 9 kPa. Figure 7 shows the experimental results of vapor pressure deficit of a next generation agricultural greenhouse. According to Figure 7, the vapor pressure deficit inside an agricultural greenhouse was comparatively higher than the outside conditions throughout the day. The study concluded that the developed evaporative fan/pad cooling systems were most feasible for regions with relative humidity lesser than 65% from the viewpoint of vapor pressure deficit. Figure 6. Identifying the normal and ideal greenhouse growth zones for agricultural products on the basis of water vapor pressure deficit, reproduced from [1]. Figure 7. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inside a next generation greenhouse for tomato case study, reproduced from [7]. Moreover, studies show that fungi diseases survive below 0. 4 kPa vapor pressure deficit therefore an appropriate air-conditioning system is required for maintaining the humidity inside greenhouses. Table 1 shows optimum and marginal ranges of vapor pressure deficit, temperature, and relative humidity inside next generation greenhouses from different sources. Some of the case studies (presented in Section 1. 3) show the variation in vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance being received for different crops at different growth stages. Optimum rangesMarginal rangesRef. VPD (kPa)T (°C)RH (%)VPD (kPa)T (°C)RH (%)0. 75–1. 0615–3440–850. 45–1. 2515–3435–85[2]0. 5–1. 215–3535–900. 4–1. 3717–3435–90[8]0. 4–0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Several researchers have described the need for biofuels and the kinds of materials that can serve this purpose (Naika et al. 2010; Antoni et al. 2007). Based on productivity per unit area, algae constitute one of the most effective raw materials that could be exploited for the biofuel production. Algal biomass is capable of producing a host of end products including energy, chemicals, food, cosmetics, fertilizer, and agents for wastewater treatment and/or CO2sequestration. This could reduce production costs, since there would be a variety of products to serve as sources of revenue, as the cost-effectiveness of these is crucial for the economic and commercial viability of these algal products. Algal biomass can be used as raw material for biofuel production viapyrolysis (bio-oil), or for bio-gas and bio-ethanol generation through fermentation. Macro and micro algae for bioenergy production should satisfy several criteria as listed below (Carlsson et al. 2007): i) they should be highly productive; ii) they should be easily harvestable; iii) they should be able to withstand water currents in the open ocean; and iv) they should be produced at a cost that is equal or lower than the other available sources. Scientific research has been started on the utilization of the various species of algae in waste water/seawater treatment in order to transform them into biofuels by means of various technological processes ranging from the esterification to anaerobic digestion (Kraan 2010). constitute the most important component in the marine ecosystems that serve for the marine bioresources preservation by preventing eutrophication and pollution (Notoya 2010). Macroalgae belong to the lower plants, in that they do not have roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they are composed of a thallus (leaf-like) and sometimes a stem and a foot. Some species enclose gas-filled structures to help in buoyancy. They can grow very fast and in sizes of up to tens of meters in length (Luning and Pang 2003). Macroalgae differ in various aspects, such as morphology, longevity, and ecophysiology. Based on their pigmentation, they are classified into Phaeophyta (brown), Rhodophyta (red), and Chlorophyta (green) algae (Chan et al. 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Actions taken in demilitarization processes should make the item unidentifiable as ammunition after demilitarization [3]. The explosives in many conventional munitions are cast, so these munitions can be demilitarized by heating the explosive charge sufficiently to melt it and flow out of the munition. Explosives that melt at relatively low temperatures are, for example, (80°C) and TNT (80°C). Melting can be done by direct heat. . . . . Read26, 2024 The culture of Competitiveness Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000325 View abstract PDF Full text During the early hours of June 25th, various agents of the arts and cultures from the Chilean scene expressed their discomfort over the unexpected announcement of the early dates for the application of competitive funds from the Ministry of Cultures, Arts, and Heritage (MinCAP, for its Spanish acronym) of Chile. This three-month advance, explained as a desperate attempt to improve the image of an outgoing government by “supporting” the cultural sector, put various institutions and artists in a tight spot, having to create projects and obtain the requested documentation in less than a month. Additionally, there were strong complaints when it was revealed that many of the calls for 2024 are delayed in the delivery of funds and publication of results. . . . . . Read26, 2024 Art for Artist Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000324 View abstract PDF Full text How to Closer to People? was the name of the forum organized by the Art and of the Federation of Students of the University (PUC) of Chile. Under this title, and highlighting an issue confirmed even by the few studies on cultural consumption in Chile, PUC students bring to the table the debate facing national arts regarding the generally low attendance at events classified as artistic-cultural. In the end, those of us involved in the art circuit are the same ones who frequently attend. . . . . . Read25, 2024 from Political Elements: Science and Adem Yutsever* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000323 View abstract PDF Full text Archaeology is closely related to politics and regulations due to its goal of preserving historical and cultural heritage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: 7915–3055–90———[9]0. 47–1. 2715–3060–85———[10]Table 1. Optimum and marginal ranges of vapor pressure deficit (VPD), temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) inside next generation greenhouses. 1. 3 Case studiesNumerous next generation greenhouses have been studied for different plant/crops under controlled climate environment (i. e. , microclimate) in literature. Shamshiri R. R. et al. [4] evaluated IoT sensors inside two different types (i. e. , screenhouse and Polycarbonate sheet greenhouse) next generation greenhouses for energy efficient crop production of tomato plant. The authors studied different growth stage requirements of tomato crop and developed a novel comfort ratio model (i. e. , Cft model) which was further validated using. Figure 8 shows the dynamic inputs/outputs of the study on tomato crop. Figure 8. Illustration of stages of tomato growth inside next generation greenhouses [4]. Moreover, Figure 9 shows the difference in air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and irradiance, between the two studied greenhouses (i. e. , naturally ventilated screenhouse and energy efficient Polycarbonate sheet evaporative cooling-based greenhouse). The results indicate that the comfort ratio index (which takes into account dynamic assessment of each input parameter i. e. , air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and irradiance, at different timeframes) could be more insightful parameter for comparing the energy efficient crop production between any two studied greenhouses. Figure 9 shows the raw data used for the IoT sensor-based modeling for two next greenhouses. From the studied literature, it can be concluded that typically naturally ventilated screenhouses and evaporative cooling-based energy efficient greenhouses are in practice for enhanced crop production. However, evaporative cooling systems fail to perform optimally under certain high humidity conditions. In this regard, thermally driven dehumidification based evaporative cooling systems could be an option for additional humidity control in such regions. Figure 9. Experimental results profile of the microclimate inside a next generation greenhouse [4]. Advertisement 2. Evaporative cooling systems2. 1 Evaporative cooling optionsEvaporative cooling (EC) is a traditional cooling technique which utilizes endothermic energy from the phase change of water from liquid into water vapors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In their natural environment, macro-algae grow on rocky substrates and form stable, multi-layered, perennial vegetation, capturing almost all available photons. Approximately 200 species of macroalgae are used worldwide, about ten of which are intensively cultivated, such as the Phaeophyta, Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida, the Rhodophyta, Eucheuma, Gracilaria, Porphyra and Kappaphycus, and the Chlorophyta, Enteromorpha and Monostroma (Luning and Pang 2003). Figure 1 shows examples of some commercially exploited macroalgae. Fig. 1. Some commercially exploited macroalgae A) Gracilaria dura; B) Acanthophora spicifera; C) Hypnea esperi; D) Padina pavonica The world production of macroalgae reached 8 million tons in 2003 (McHugh 2003). Many countries have now embarked on establishing large scale macroalgae cultivation in their territories. Recent research (www. unbsj. ca/sase/biology/chopinlab) has shown the potential of macroalgae for large-scale culture in the Atlantic waters of Canada, France (Kaas 2006), Germany (Buck and Buchholz 2004), Ireland (Kraan et al. 2000), Isle of Man, UK (Kain et al. 1990), and Spain (Peteiro and Freire 2009). countries such as China, India, Philippines, South and North Korea, Indonesia, and Japan, macroalgae is being cultivated for various needs such as food, feed, chemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products (Carlsson et al. 2007). Importance of With substantial processing required for fossil fuels and the higher cost of vegetable oils, there has been a great deal of interest in the algal culture. Apart from that, algal biofuel production presents the following advantages: 1. Production of biofuel from the macroalgae cultivation in seawater is a new approach, since 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Macroalgae possess a unique life cycle. They are more productive in view of the fact that more than five harvests can be made in a year. 2. In addition, macroalgae can succeed in salty water with only sunlight and available nutrients from the seawater.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2788627/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published10 Jul, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractA biennial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) generally takes two years to flower and complete its life cycle. In the first year, the plant grows vegetatively, and then enters a period of cold winter. In the second year, it grows reproductively and initiates flowering under long daylength conditions. Among biennial beets that grow vegetatively in outdoor field conditions, two strains were found to flower early under 24-hour daylength conditions without being exposed to cold temperatures. The hypothetical locus related to the flowering trend was named ‘BLOND’ and crossings between strains of the BLOND and normal biennials yielded hybrid derivatives of F1, F2, and BC1F1. Bolting rate was investigated both in an outdoor field under natural daylength conditions and in a greenhouse with an artificial 24-hour daylength. BLOND strains and hybrid derivatives did not bolt in the outdoor field similar to those in the biennial control strains. This enables evaluation of important agronomic traits, such as yield, which cannot be evaluated using an annual control strain in which all plants bolt. However, under 24-hour daylength conditions, BLOND strains bolted without vernalization treatment, unlike those in the biennial control strains but similar to annuals. The bolting rates of the hybrid derivatives suggested that the flowering characteristics of BLOND were mainly controlled by a single dominant gene. Because seed production in BLOND is estimated to take at least four months, similar to that of the annual beet, BLOND’s bolt rate may be applicable for speed breeding of sugar beets. boltingBLONDday lengthvernalizationIntroductionMost crop varieties have been bred and developed more than a decade. This is to ensures the homogeneity required for a variety by genetically fixing it through multiple generations (Jamali et al. 2022). Biennial crops, such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), have an absolute vernalization requirement that includes a certain period of low temperature or winter to advance one generation (Bosemark 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Thus, the authors concluded that the IEC-DEC-VCAC system could potentially achieve the desired conditions of any environment including building air-conditioning and other air-conditioning applications at a relatively lower cost (Figure 14). Figure 13. Schematic illustration and psychrometric working of all possible multi-stages of the direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and vapor compression air-conditioning (VCAC) systems [11]. Figure 14. Temperature gradient profile of the and VCAC systems and their possible combinations [11]. 2. 3 Evaporative cooling for greenhouse temperature/humidity controlEvaporative cooling could be an energy efficient option for greenhouse air-conditioning in regions where ambient conditions are not feasible for naturally ventilated screenhouses. Noor et al. [6] investigated the thermodynamic performance of direct, indirect and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling systems for greenhouse air-conditioning under the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan). The authors took into account the air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and wet bulb and dewpoint effectiveness of the systems. The authors concluded that the ambient conditions of the study area were not feasible for greenhouse temperature/ humidity requirements, and only the MEC system were able to achieve the desired temperature/ humidity conditions. Moreover, the DEC system was partially able to achieve the required temperature/humidity conditions inside next generation greenhouse. However, the IEC system failed to achieve the required conditions. The authors also concluded that the DEC system achieved the maximum wet bulb effectiveness of 0. 9, whereas the MEC system was able to achieve maximum dewpoint effectiveness of 0. 5 to 0. 6. However, the DEC system was not feasible for greenhouse air-conditioning due to high humidity ratio in the product air throughout the year which indicates that more feasible energy efficient option could be explored (Figure 15). Figure 15. Psychrometric performance of direct (DEC), indirect (IEC), and Maisotsenko (MEC) cycle evaporative cooling systems for greenhouse air-conditioning (15th may) for Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [6]. In this regard, the MEC system could be a suitable option for greenhouse air-conditioning. However, performance of the MEC system is also limited to ambient air-conditions (see Section 2. 1 in this 3. Desiccant air-conditioning systems3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: They do not need any chemical fertilizer. Thus, large amounts of energy and money could be saved. These characteristic features favor the sustainability of the production of macroalgae-based bioethanol. 3. Production of bioethanol from terrestrial plants leaves a large impact on the environment in general and on human beings in particular due to eutrophication, acidification, and ecotoxicity. This is mostly caused by agricultural practices by the generation of waste water (Luo et al. 2009). 4. In general, macroalgae can live in a variety of environmental conditions. There is a wide range of organisms that grow along the coastal areas. With the advancement of genetic engineering, it is now possible to develop a suitable species of macroalgae for bioethanol production (Goh and Lee 2010). Genetically engineered macroalgae would need to be cultivated in enclosed bioreactors. These characters bring about high confidence for future improvement of macroalgae in renewable energy area such as bioethanol. 5. Converting the macroalgal biomass to ethanol rather than using terrestrial plant biomass have some important benefits, i. e. , no negative impact on the food security. The relatively high sugar content and lower lignin content than lignocelluloses facilitates high mass production (Adams et al. 2009; Wi et al. 2009) 6. Algal biomass can be cultivated in the unused vast ocean of the coastal area within the limited economic zone. In fact, utilization of sea water for the algal biomass production has great potential to relieve the water crisis. As for the ecology, macroalgae supplies oxygen to the sea and helps reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Goh and Lee 2010). 7. Several algal species are known for their ability to remove heavy metals from water, which can be useful to the environment (Aderhold et al. 1996). Certain algal species have the ability to produce high amounts of carbohydrates instead of lipids as preserved polymers. These are the ideal candidates for bioethanol production, as carbohydrates from algae can be extracted and then converted to fermentable sugars. 8. Apart from bioethanol production, algal biomass can be used for the production of an enormous variety of supplementary products i. e. , protein, pigments, plastics, etc. (Reith et al. 2005; Wijffels 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: These crops require additional years to advance one generation than major annual crops, such as corn, wheat, soybean, or rice (Hickey et al. 2019). Therefore, speed breeding is of particular importance in sugar beets. Sugar beet is planted in temperate and subarctic regions and is the second most important sugar crop after sugarcane. Since the onset of reproductive growth (i. e. , bolting stem elongation and flowering) in the first year causes a decrease in sucrose yield and quality in roots, breeding of biennial beets that are less susceptible to bolting has been selected in the breeding process. It is known that B loci found in the annual strain is involved in the tendency of bolting (Abegg 1936; Boudry et al. 1994, El-Mezawy et al. 2002). Positional cloning has revealed that the gene responsible for B locus is BvBTC1, and in the process of breeding and selection, specific haplotypes have been selected that are tolerance to bolting (Pin et al. 2012). Therefore, normal biennial beets can only grow vegetatively and accumulate sucrose in the roots during the first year of growth, resulting in high production. On the other hand, to obtain seeds, it is necessary to induce flowering in the roots through prolonged vernalization and subsequent long-day treatments. Sugar beets require two growing seasons to produce seeds using conventional methods. Seeds are sown in the spring of the first year, and by the fall of that year, enlarged roots, called stecklings, are obtained through vegetative growth. The stecklings are then vernalized during winter and re-planted the following spring to initiate reproductive growth and harvest the seeds by fall (Kockelmann and Meyer 2006). In addition, Kuroda et al. (2015) reported another method to produce seeds in a relatively short period by taking advantage of the response to vernalization from the seedling stage. Young seedlings were grown and vernalized during the winter, re-planted in the spring, and harvested by fall. Nevertheless, long-term vernalization treatments are essential for both methods of seed production because plants must be exposed to cold temperatures (5°C to 8°C) for 8–14 weeks to achieve vernalization (Milford 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The authors concluded that only the desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system was able to achieve the desired temperature/humidity conditions for livestock thermal comfort. Whereas the ambient and standalone desiccant air-conditioning system conditions were unfavorable for livestock thermal comfort. Moreover, Aleem et al. [31] investigated the experimental performance of sieve/layers type orientation of silica-gel beads and compared it with polymeric sorbents. The authors concluded that polymeric sorbent had higher adsorption uptake as compared to the silica-gel. Figure 24 shows the experimental setup, and the schematic diagram of the developed desiccant air-conditioning system. Figure 23. Thermodynamic performance of desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for livestock thermal comfort for Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [30]. Figure 24. Illustration of the experimental silica-gel desiccant dehumidification system, (a) snapshot of the developed system, and (b) schematic illustration of the developed system, reproduced from [31]. 3. 3 Desiccant air-conditioning for greenhouse temperature/humidity controlAuthors have extensively studied desiccant air-conditioning options for the next generation greenhouse air-conditioning in literature [1, 3, 4, 14, 32, 33, 34, 35]. Ashraf et al. [33] studied silica-gel desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for the next generation agricultural greenhouse. Figure 25(a) shows the schematic diagram of the investigated desiccant air-conditioning system. Figure 25(b) shows the annual performance profile of the desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan) for next generation greenhouse air-conditioning. According to Figure 25(b), the evaporative cooling enhanced desiccant air-conditioning system achieved the required conditions of greenhouse air-conditioning in the lower limit. However, the standalone desiccant and the ambient conditions were not feasible through most of the year for next generation greenhouse. The authors concluded that solar operated silica-gel desiccant based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system could be an alternate low cost, energy efficient, feasible solution for greenhouse air-conditioning. Figure 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition to replacing fossil fuels, thereby mitigating climate alteration, algal biomass can also serve in the recycling of heavy nutrients in the near and inshore waters (Kraan 2010). 9. Macroalgae provides a promising bioethanol feedstock owing to their high biomass yield with a superior production relative to various terrestrial crops (John et al. 2011). In light of the considerations just mentioned, there is a need to develop large-sized culture areas in the open sea (off-shore) for the resources of biofuel production. In this context, the biofuel from the macro algae offers an excellent alternative to the currently used fossil fuels. Thus, the cultivation and engineering of the macro algae have drawn the world’s attention in view of their value as a substitute for the conventional fossil fuels which are fast becoming depleted. Composition and Processing of Macroalgal biomass has a great potential both in quantity as well as in quality for the production of variety of specific bioenergy components. Previous studies (Reith et al. 2005) have shown that growing macroalgae can be efficient and feasible if the production processes of the bioenergy and bio-based products are combined. Certain products from the algal industry have long been used for the production of various products, i. e. , agars, alginates, and carrageenans (McHugh 2003). These polymers are storage materials located either in the cell walls or within the cells. In general, chlorophyll a and b are the major pigments in green macroalgae. Starch is the photosynthetic product in green algae, the cell walls of which are primarily made up of pectin and cellulose (Trono Jr. and Ganzon-Fortes 1988). The r-phycoerythrin is a major pigment in red macroalgae, the cell walls of which have minimum amounts of cellulose, while the maximum is gelatinous or amorphous sulfated galactan polymers i. e. , funoran, agar, carrageenan, etc. Brown macroalgal colouration is related to the high amount of the xanthophyll pigments, particularly alginic acid and fucoxanthin (Ganzon-Fortes 1991), which are present along with cellulose and the other polysaccharides.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The seed production period is greatly reduced if vernalization is not required. For example, there are annual strains of the same species as sugar beets that do not have vernalization requirements (Abegg 1936). When these annual strains are grown outdoors in the field from late April to early May, the typical growing season in Hokkaido, bolting and flowering are induced under natural daylength conditions in June (Shimamoto et al. 1990; Abe et al. 1997) and seeds can be harvested by fall. This method is likely to be the shortest method in effect, with seed production possible in approximately four months. However, a major drawback of this method is that the extremely high frequency of bolting prevents root enlargement, making it impossible to evaluate important traits, such as yield, in the field. Long daylength, along with low temperatures, is an important external environmental factor that promotes the flowering of sugar beets (Chroboczek 1933; Owen 1940; Stout 1946). In other long-day plants, such as wheat, barley, chickpeas, and oilseed rape, advancement of generation can be promoted by extending the day length (Ghosh et al. 2018, Watson et al. 2018). In order to resolve the dilemma of short-term seed production and field evaluation of agronomic traits in sugar beets, in situations where annuals and biennials are incompatible, for example, strains that initiate flowering only under certain specific daylength conditions while continuing to grow normally in the field would be useful for speed breeding. A preliminary investigation of sugar beet breeding strains from these perspectives revealed two interesting strains: the plant behaves as a biennial and the roots enlarge without the occurrence of bolting when grown outdoors; however, flowering is induced without vernalization treatment when grown in a greenhouse with 24-hour daylength (Kuroda unpublished data). Namely, among biennial beets that grow vegetatively in outdoor field conditions, the two strains were found to flower early under 24-hour daylength conditions without being exposed to cold temperatures. We hypothesized that the two strains retained vegetative growth and required vernalization to initiate flowering under outdoor field conditions (i. e. , natural day length), but lost the vernalization requirement and initiated flowering under daylength conditions longer than natural daylength (e. g. 24-hour daylength).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic diagram of desiccant based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system, and (b) performance profile of standalone DAC and M-DAC systems for greenhouse air-conditioning in Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [33]. Advertisement 4. Conclusions and summaryIn this study, the authors summarized different evaporative cooling and desiccant air-conditioning options for next generation greenhouses. The authors summarized direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling options for different air-conditioning options including next generation greenhouses from the point of view of optimum temperature/humidity conditions and vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse. The authors concluded that only Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system was able to achieve the required conditions under limited climatic applicability. However, performance of the Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system could be enhanced using desiccant dehumidification. The authors summarized different desiccant materials (i. e. , silica-gels, activated carbons, polymer sorbents, and metal organic frameworks) and impact of desiccant material and adsorption temperature on adsorption uptake. The authors concluded that each of the studied desiccant material somewhat achieved the required conditions. However, polymer sorbents and metal organic frameworks had relatively the highest adsorption uptake as compared to other materials. However, silica-gel based desiccant dehumidification system was able to achieve relatively more humidity gradient (i. e. , difference between inlet and outlet humidity) for more adsorbent material to air mass fraction. Advertisement 1. . Steady-state investigation of water vapor adsorption for thermally driven adsorption based greenhouse air-conditioning system. Renew Energy. 2016;86:785–95. . Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: a review. Int Agrophysics. 2018;32(2):287–302. . Utilization of Desiccant Air-for Improvement in Greenhouse Productivity: A of Research in Pakistan. Environ. 2014;4(1):1–104. Shamshiri RR, Bojic I, van Model-based evaluation of greenhouse microclimate using IoT-Sensor data fusion for energy efficient crop production. J Clean Prod. 2020;263:121303. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The carbohydrates laminarin and mannitol are the food reserve materials that are particularly suitable for the production of ethanol (Davis et al. 2003). The content of carbohydrates in macroalgae varies widely among species and cultivar, and species selection can lead to evolution of strains having extremely high amounts of carbohydrate that can be utilized as an inventive bioethanol feedstock. The carbohydrate contents of some macroalgae are given in Table 1. Some species of macroalgae gather a high amount of carbohydrates that are capable in the processes of microbial conversion as substrate, i. e. , production of biofuels or the other desirable and attractive chemicals with high product price (Kraan 2010). Recently, Maceiras et al. (2011) discovered that triglycerides from a number of macroalgae such as Ascophyllum nodosum, Codium tomentosum, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Fucus spiralis, Saccorhiza polyschides, Sargassum muticum, Ulva rigida, and Pelvetia canaliculata, etc. could be used to produce biodiesel by a transesterification process. Horn et al. (2000) and Ross et al. (2008) reported that the water content in the macroalgae is higher than that in the terrestrial plants (80 to 85%), making macroalgae more suited for microbial conversion than for the thermochemical conversion or direct combustion processes. Macroalgae such as Sargassum spp. , Gracilaria spp. , Prymnesium parvum, Gelidium amansii, and Laminaria spp. are promising candidates for bioethanol production (Wi et al. 2009; Adams et al. 2009). The red alga, Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux has been prepared for the production of paper in which the waste products have been renewed into bioethanol (Seo et al. 2010). Also, green algae of Ulva spp. , with a high-grade polysaccharide, Ulvan (Lahaye and Ray 1996) have been used in the production of ethanol and methane (Adams et al. 2009). Meinita et al. (2011) have recently reported bioethanol production from Kappaphycus alvarezii.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The two strains were named ‘BLOND’ (Bolting by longer than natural day length). In this study, differences in flowering characteristics were investigated for two years using these strains under two growth conditions: an outdoor field and a greenhouse. In addition, artificial crosses were made between strains with different flowering characteristics to produce several progenies, and the heritability of these characteristics was investigated. materials Flowering characteristics were investigated using two ‘BLOND’ strains, ‘NK-420mm-O’ and ‘NK-422mm-O’, derived from biennial sugar beet populations of different origins in 1991 and 1976, respectively. One of the two strains, ‘NK-420mm-O (also known as N2n-35-70-2-4)’, had flowering characteristics similar to the annual beet in the greenhouse, which could be explained by a single dominant gene model (Kuranouchi et al. 1990). However, there were no detailed data on flowering characteristics under outdoor field conditions. As for on the other strain ('NK-422mm-O'), there is only a record having an annual-like flowering trait, and no further information is available. Typical annual and biennial beets were used as controls for the BLOND. For the annual control, the strain ‘TA-33BB-O’ was used. This strain usually bolts under long-day conditions in a greenhouse and exhibits the same phenomenon when grown under outdoor field conditions (Shimamoto et al. 1990; Abe et al. 1997). For the biennial control, ‘NK-280mm-O’, ‘NK-310mm-O’, ‘NK-377mm-O’ and/or ‘Monohikari’ were used. In addition, crossings of these materials were performed to evaluate the heritability and segregation of the flowering characteristics of BLOND. For crossing using the BLOND strains, F1 and F2 were obtained by crossing the BLOND and biennial strains (‘NK-377mm-CMS’ or ‘NK-310mm-O’), and BC1F1s were obtained by crossing the F1 and biennial strain (‘NK-310mm-O’).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Crop growth and development in closed and semi-closed greenhouses PE&RCHorticulture & Research output: Thesis › internal (1) Abstract (Semi-)closed greenhouses have been developed over the last decades to conserve energy. In a closed greenhouse, window ventilation is fully replaced by mechanical cooling while solar heat is temporarily stored in an aquifer. A semi-closed greenhouse has a smaller cooling capacity than a closed greenhouse and, in which mechanical cooling is combined with window ventilation. (Semi-)closed greenhouses create new climate conditions: high CO2 concentrations irrespective of the outdoor climate, and vertical gradients in temperature and vapour pressure deficit throughout the canopy. This thesis focuses on the crop physiology in (semi-)closed greenhouses, and investigates the effects of the new climate conditions on crop growth, development and underlying processes. Cumulative production in (semi) closed greenhouses increased by 6-14% compared to the open greenhouse, depending on the cooling capacity. The production increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was explained by the higher CO2 concentrations. In many species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesis occurs when plants are grown at high CO2. The results, however, suggest that high CO2 concentrations do not cause feedback inhibition in high producing crops, because the plants have sufficient sink organs (fruits) to utilise all assimilates. Pruning experiments showed that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 concentration only occurred when the number of fruits was considerably reduced. Cooling below the canopy induced vertical temperature and vapour pressure deficit gradients. These gradients correlated with outside radiation and outside temperature. Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated.

Output: corroborate