Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Nuclear envelope defects cause stem cell dysfunction in premature-aging mice. J Cell Biol. 2008; 181:27-35. 14. Osorio FG, Bárcena C, Soria-Valles C, Ramsay AJ, de and López-Otín C. Nuclear lamina defects cause ATM-dependent NF-kappaB activation and link accelerated aging to a systemic inflammatory response. Genes Dev. 2012; 26:2311-2324. 15. de la ández-García ñanos J, et al. causes progeria through cell-extrinsic mechanisms and prevents cancer invasion. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:2268. 16. GDF11 Increases with age and inhibits skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell metabolism. 2015; 22:164-174. 17. GDF11 does not rescue aging-related pathological hypertrophy. Circulation research. 2015; 117:926-932. 18. and Russell AJ. Lack of evidence for GDF11 as a rejuvenator of aged skeletal muscle satellite cells. Aging cell. 2016; 15:582-584. 19. Rodgers BD and Eldridge JA. Reduced circulating GDF11 is unlikely responsible for age-dependent changes in mouse heart, muscle, and brain. Endocrinology. 2015; 156:3885-3888. 20. - Circulating growth differentiation factor 11/8 levels decline with age. Circulation research. 2016; 118:29-37. 21. and Rando TA. Heterochronic parabiosis: historical perspective and methodological considerations for studies of aging and longevity. Aging cell. 2013; 12:525-530. 22. Ludwig FC and Elashoff RM. Mortality in syngeneic rat parabionts of different chronological age. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences. 1972; 34:582-587. 23. Signer RA and Morrison SJ. Mechanisms that regulate stem cell aging and life span. Cell stem cell. 2013; 12:152-165. 24. and Huard J. Muscle-derived stem/progenitor cell dysfunction in Zmpste24-deficient progeroid mice limits muscle regeneration. Stem cell research & therapy. 2013; 4:33. 25. and Zhou Z.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the long-proboscid psychopsoids herein reported, we were unable to identify the presence of pollen grains attached to any specimen. Furthermore, we lack data on chemical compounds from mouthparts and digestive system for diet estimation. However, based on known life histories of modern lacewings, as well as the pollination habit of long-proboscid kalligrammatids, these long-proboscid amber lacewings are more likely to be pollinators feeding on nectar and possibly pollen, rather than hematophages or piercing-sucking herbivores. Remarkably, the proboscides of these amber lacewings are definitely among the shortest of mid-Mesozoic insect pollinators with haustellate or siphonate mouthparts. The temporarily formed proboscides of Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are ~1. 0 mm in length, while in Cretanallachius the proboscis is considerably shorter (~0. 4 mm). In previous studies, candidate host plants for mid-Mesozoic pollinator insects with proboscides ranging from 0. 9 to 1. 8 mm in length were inferred to be Pentoxylaceae, which have a diminutive micropyle and salpinx tube (2 mm maximum length by 0. 1 mm diameter) and lineages of Bennettitales with surface accessible ovules25. Conversely, the distance and width of the conduit from the aperture entry to the pollen chamber was much greater in other plant lineages reported in mid-Mesozoic pollination mutualisms, such as Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Czekanowskiaceae and Gnetales27. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a pollination mutualism existed between the small-sized long-proboscid lacewings from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and the above mentioned co-occurring plants (i. e. Pentoxylaceae and Bennettitales) with relatively shallow-seated pollen-receptive areas. However, it is noteworthy that angiosperms were also present in mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and different types of angiosperm flowers, some of which are small-sized, are known in this deposit though they are still poorly identified24,29,30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The 24-h constraints were based on qualitative recalls instead of quantitative, neglecting the inter-individual portion sizes of food intake. Usage of the qualitative 24-h recall is nonetheless consistent with the FGD, which is also qualitative. Furthermore, the sample sizes adopted for the 24-h constraints were small, especially for the children, which could limit the variability in foods consumed in the study areas to approximate correct dietary habits for modelling. Except for the fruit nut bars, the nutrient contents of the processed FV are based on food composition tables from elsewhere, which could result in under- or overestimation of the potentials of processed FV in local diets. Again, the actual pricing of the processed FV was not determined, but rather prices from similar products were used, which can bias the results of the potentials of processed FV in terms of diet cost reduction. The processed FV were not tested on the specific individuals of the study to understand their acceptability or otherwise for the products. However, as discussed above, there is a general trend for the likeness and acceptability of processed FV. Lastly, this study did not gauge the acceptability and affordability of the modelled diets with processed FV, especially when the models are considered hypothetical. Therefore, this creates a challenge as to whether the consumption of these diets could be actualised for the individuals. Moreover, for households to access such nutritious diets, there should be the financial will. As it stands now, this study is unable to assess in actual terms whether households have the financial will to buy such nutritious diets. present study sought to model standard diets for children and women in rural Tanzania and assess the impact of processed FV to reduce diet costs and ensure nutritional adequacy. The addition of processed FV to diets reduced diet costs except for infants aged 6–11 months, where the cost went up. On nutritional adequacy, the integration of processed FV was able to fill up the micronutrient gaps that persisted in the standard diets for children and women, except in some cases for infants aged 6–11 months, where some of the micronutrient gaps were not fully bridged. Overall, processed FV could provide a feasible avenue to ensure nutritious but cheap diets for households, especially the poor, year-round. Hence, interventions that would spur the processing of FV into nutritious and affordable products should extensively be pursued at international and national levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: extensively studied in Caenorhabditis elegans, no work has yet demonstrated for Drosophila melanogaster whether reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) requires the FOXO transcription factor (foxo) to extend lifespan. Here, we conduct genetic epistasis analysis to determine whether foxo is required for chico mutants (insulin receptor substrate) to reduce age-specific mortality and thus extend lifespan. The mutant chico1 allele strongly extends lifespan relative to wild-type sibs. A mutant of foxo eliminates most of this chico survival benefit. In addition, we used a factorial proportional hazard analysis to formally study the main effects of chico and of foxo and to determine how these genes interact to influence mortality. We document that foxo indeed contributes to how chico increases lifespan, but part of the convergence in survival between chico genotypes in the foxo-mutant background may occur because chico mutation exacerbates the negative effects of foxo mutation. benefits of reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) upon aging are thought to be mediated by FOXO class transcription factors. In studies with Caenorhabditis elegans, hypomorphic mutants of daf-2, which encode an insulin-like receptor, extend adult lifespan (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Lin et al. , 1997; Ogg et al. , 1997). DAF-2 negatively regulates a FOXO transcription factor encoded by daf-16 (Lee et al. , 2001). Based on data from genetic epistasis analysis, the beneficial effects of daf-2 upon survival are mediated by the downstream factor FOXO (daf-16) because the double mutant of daf-2; daf-16 is not long lived relative to wild-type (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Dorman et al. , 1995; Larsen et al. , 1995). Beyond C. elegans, there is only indirect evidence to suggest that insulin signaling extends lifespan through FOXO. Mutants of the Drosophila insulin-like receptor (InR) or of the insulin receptor substrate (encoded by chico) increase fly lifespan (Clancy et al. , 2001; Tatar et al. , 2001; Tu et al. , 2002), while overexpression of foxo in adult fat body likewise increases longevity (Hwangbo et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: As such, we cannot eliminate the possibility that these Burmese amber psychopsoids with small-sized proboscides were pollinators of certain angiosperm plants. However, previous studies indicate that the earliest angiosperm pollination was predominantly associated with small nonproboscid, large mandibulate and punch-and-sucking insects31,32 and the earliest deep-throated flowers specialized for long-proboscid insect pollination are of Turonian age (ca. 45 million years after the earliest angiosperm fossils)33. Furthermore, the extinction of these long proboscid psychopsoids is more difficult to be explained if they were associated with angiosperms that was rising since mid-Cretaceous. The origin and diversification of Neuroptera, which is estimated to have occurred no later than the Late Permian34, is the most spectacular event in the evolution of Neuropterida. Based on a time-scale of lacewing diversification estimated by Wang et al. 35, 10 of the 16 extant neuropteran families were present by the end of the Triassic, while the divergence of the remaining modern families occurred no later than the Early Cretaceous. It is remarkable that the number of neuropteran families approximately doubled from the to the end of the Early Cretaceous, although half of them became extinct by the end of the Late Cretaceous36. diversification of Neuroptera, which included innovations of remarkable biological traits in the larvae, such as the subterranean phytophagous Ithonidae and debris-carrying Chrysopidae and Myrmeleontiformia, is considered to be correlated to a floral change from archaic lycopsids, ferns, cordaites and pteridosperms to radiations of cycads, ginkgos, conifers and angiosperm-like Bennettitales in the Triassic35. Various insect-plant associations involving Neuroptera, e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Skipping breakfast regimen induces an increase in body weight and a decrease in muscle weight with a shifted circadian rhythm in peripheral tissues of mice Published online by Press: 11 March 2022 and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, for 663-8142, Yamamoto Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Kim Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Sun Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Yamamoto Affiliation: Institute for 663-8142, Oda* Affiliation: Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan * *Corresponding author: Hiroaki Oda, email hirooda@agr. nagoya-u. ac. jp 0. 97 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] timing is a key factor in synchronising the circadian clock in peripheral tissues. Circadian disorders are associated with the metabolic syndrome. Previously, we demonstrated that a skipping breakfast regimen (SBR) with a high-fat diet increased body weight gain in rats. In this study, we investigated whether SBR with a normal diet led to abnormal lipid metabolism and muscle metabolism in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed during zeitgeber time (ZT) 12–24 in the control group and ZT 16–24 in the SBR group for 2 weeks. SBR mice showed increased body weight gain and perirenal adipose tissue weight. The plantar muscle weight was decreased in the SBR group compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, SBR delayed the circadian oscillations in clock gene expression in peripheral tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue and muscle, as well as the oscillations in the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver and adipose tissue. These results suggest that skipping breakfast over a long period of time is associated with a risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and muscle loss, such as sarcopenia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2004; Giannakou et al. , 2005). Although such foxo overexpression is tissue limited, FOXO may still act throughout the animal to confer longevity assurance: foxo overexpression in fat body represses insulin-like peptide mRNA produced in the brain and appears to reduce the level of circulating insulin peptide, as inferred from the observation that FOXO concentrates into nuclei in unmanipulated peripheral tissues (Hwangbo et al. , 2004). Furthermore, transgene expression of foxo in cardiac cells alone is sufficient to slow heart functional aging (Wessells et al. , 2004). Yet to date, we lack direct evidence in Drosophila to determine whether mutants of InR or chico require foxo to assure longevity. (Note: in the review of this current work, Slack et al. (2011) reported that IIS-dependent lifespan extension requires FOXO). Here, we report an explicit epistasis analysis between chico and foxo to determine how these genes interact to affect Drosophila mortality rate and survivorship. We produce life tables for mutants of each gene alone and together and determine whether the longevity benefits of chico mutation require downstream FOXO. Results and discussion We began with the stock cn1, chico1/cn1; ry506 where all chico genotypes segregated as uniquely identifiable sibs with coisogenic backgrounds (Tu et al. , 2002). Note that chico1 (also annotated ch1 and chico[1]) is a p-element insert marked with rosy (ry+). Thus, cn1/cn1; ry506 has apricot eyes, cn1, chico1/cn1; ry506 has cinnabar (cn) eyes and normal size, and cn1, chico1/chico1cn1; ry506 has cinnabar eyes and small size. With these genotypes, Tu et al (2002) reported that males and females carrying one or two copies of chico1 were 36–57% longer lived than wild-type sibs. Here, we backcrossed this stock into y1; cn1; ry506 to introduce a yellow marker and establish the new chico segregation stock y1; cn1chico1/cn1; ry506 (see Data S1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , leaf mimesis in Saucrosmylidae35, debris-carrying mimesis in Chrysopoidea37 and gymnosperm pollinating Kalligrammatidae12, are vivid examples of the ‘golden age’ of Neuroptera in the mid-Mesozoic when the ancient flora was dominated by gymnosperms, which subsequently underwent a dramatic decline with the rise of angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous. The new long-proboscid lacewings from mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar serve as an exceptional example for understanding of the long-proboscid pollination mode during the significant floral change in the Cretaceous and highlight the early evolution of lacewings. Methodsambers investigated here originated from the in Tanaing Township, of Kachin State, Myanmar. The age of this deposit has been dated at 98. 8 ± 0. 6 million years using U-Pb dating of zircons from the volcaniclastic matrix of the amber38. All investigated specimens are currently housed in the Entomological Museum, University (CAU), Beijing. Type specimens will eventually be deposited in the (EMTG), Chongqing (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ), while the remaining specimens all attributed to one described species, Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18, will eventually be deposited in the personal collection of (PCXJ), Kunming (specimens available for study by contacting XL or WZ). Photographs and drawings were prepared using a 12 stereo microscope system, a DM 2000 Leica microscope and a Nikon D800 digital camera. Measurements were taken under a Keyence VHX-1000 microscope, equipped with a VH-Z20R lens. Morphological terminology of adult generally follows Aspöck et al. for the wing venation19 and Aspöck & Aspöck for the genitalia17. Abbreviations of wing venation are as follow: A, anal vein; Cu, cubitus; CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; MA, media anterior; MP, media posterior; ORB, oblique radial branch; R, radius; Rs, radial sector; Sc, subcosta.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Recent studies have shown that irregular eating habits induce dyslipidaemia by disrupting circadian oscillations(Reference Shimomura, Takahashi and Shimizu14,Reference Yamajuku, Okubo and Haruma15). The timing of meals, especially breakfast, plays an important role(Reference O’Neil, Byrd-Bredbenner and Hayes16). Skipping breakfast has been reported to increase the risk of the metabolic syndrome and obesity(Reference Kutsuma, Nakajima and Suwa17) and to increase the risk of lifestyle-related diseases(Reference Yokoyama, Onishi and Hosoda18,Reference Bi, Gan and Yang19) daily breakfast eaters showed a reduced risk of hypertension compared with infrequent breakfast eaters(Reference Ofori-Asenso, Owen and Liew20). Modern dietary patterns, such as the Western diet and irregular eating behaviour, are important contributors to the epidemic of lifestyle-related diseases. diet, known to be a high-fat diet, has been reported to disrupt feeding behaviours and circadian rhythms in mice(Reference Kohsaka, Laposky and Ramsey21). In our previous study, disrupted circadian oscillations and increased body weight were observed in rats fed a high-fat diet combined with time-shifted feeding(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). To clarify the role of skipping breakfast on lipid metabolism, a normal diet was adopted in the present study. The feeding efficiency ratio of mice is known to be higher than that of rats(Reference Yan, Combs and DeMars23,Reference Kunle, Atawodi and Taiwo24). Mice are also known to exhibit higher energy metabolic rates than rats(Reference Hussein25) and to respond more to dietary conditions. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of the skipping breakfast regimen (SBR) with a normal diet. The animal experiments were approved by the Committee (No. 2018011901). The experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines for the Care and Use of at Nagoya University. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the. The mice were maintained in cages (23 (sd 1)°C) and kept under a 12-h light/dark cycle at each zeitgeber time (light: ZT 0–12, dark: ZT 12–24).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: , 2008), the foxo-mutant on its own was somewhat shorter lived than coisogenic wild-type (males 36 d, females 36 d). The survival of (ch1/ch+); foxo21/foxo21 (males 42 d, females 44 d) was similar to that of ch+/ch+ wild-type, and this contrasts to the 22- to 28-day benefit produced by chico heterozygotes relative to ch+/ch+ in the foxo wild-type background. The mortality plots of these genotypes (Fig. 1C,D) demonstrate that differences in chico survival and suppression of this benefit in the foxo-mutant occurred across ages where mortality progressively increased. These data together suggest that chico extends Drosophila longevity by acting through FOXO. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowertable plots for chico, foxo and chico, foxo genotypes. Survivorship: (A) females, (B) males. Mortality rate: (C) females, (D) males. In each plot, wild-type chico is compared with heterozygote (chico[1]/ch+) in a wild-type foxo and foxo-null background. Because foxo mutation alone is somewhat deleterious, some attention is required to understand whether foxo mutation acts only to block the longevity benefits of chico mutation or whether chico mutation itself exacerbates the deleterious effects of foxo mutation, which would be the evidence for partial synthetic lethality. Note that synthetic lethality was strong in males with foxo mutation in the ch1/ch1 homozyogote background. To solve this problem, we apply proportional hazard analysis to determine the simultaneous contribution of two variables upon mortality and estimate their main and interactive effects (Parmer & Machin, 1995). We estimate how chico mutation affects mortality with and without foxo and how foxo itself affects mortality with or without chico. All coefficients were significant including both main effects of chico and foxo and their interaction (Table S2). chico mutation significantly decreases mortality [hazard ratio: males, 0. 56 ± 0. 03 (SE); females 0. 54 ± 0. 02 (SE)] while foxo mutation independently increases mortality [hazard ratio: males, 2. 05 ± 0. 03 (SE); females 2. 8 ± 0. 03 (SE)].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To test the phylogenetic status of the psychopsoid genera herein described, we performed a phylogenetic analysis by sampling 14 ingroup taxa, including Burmopsychops gen. nov. , Cretanallachius, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and 11 other genera representing all four families of Psychopsoidea (see Supplementary Materials). We selected Nallachius Navás, 1909 (Dilaridae), Ithone Newman, 1838 (Ithonidae) and Prohemerobius Handlirsch, 1907 (Prohemerobiidae) as the outgroup taxa because they represent relatively basal lineages of Psychopsoidea5,36. Specimens of all extant taxa were examined by the authors and the character states of fossil taxa belonging to Aetheogrammatidae, Kalligrammatidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Psychopsidae were determined based reliable and detailed illustrations in the literature8,13,39,40. The morphological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis comprise 25 adult characters (see Supplementary Materials). Unknown characters were coded as “? ”. The data matrix is given in Supplementary Data. The analysis was performed using WinClada ver. 1. 00. 0841 and NONA ver. 2. 042. The heuristic search was used with maximum trees to keep setting to 10000 and number of replication setting to 100. The bootstrap branch support values were calculated in NONA ver. 2. 0. All characters were treated as unordered and with equal weight. Character states were mapped on the strict consensus tree, which shows only unambiguous changes. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep25382 (2016). 10. 1080/14772019. 2015. 1042080 (2015). Peng, Y. -Y. Taxonomy of fossil psychopsids (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae, Brongniartiellidae) (Doctoral dissertation, University, 2015). Oswald, J. D. Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of extant silky lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 40, 1–65 (1993). 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Primer sequences are listed in online S1. Periodic analysis Diurnal variations in body temperature, serum parameters and gene expression were analysed using the JTK_CYCLE software(Reference Hughes, Hogenesch and Kornacker30). Significant differences in periodicity were determined at P < 0·05. To ensure the reliability of the results of the non-parametric JTK_CYCLE analysis, a parametric cosinor analysis was also performed for comparison(Reference Ohkura, Oishi and Sakata31). The comparison of acrophase by two methods is shown in online S7. Those were similar in the most of cases. Therefore, results were mentioned with mainly JTK_CYCLE. Statistical analysis The results are presented as mean with their standard error of the mean. Body weight, organ weight and food intake were assessed using Student’s t test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0·05. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (IBM). breakfast regimen increased body weight gain Compared with the control mice, the body weight gain of SBR mice significantly increased from day 5 onward (Fig. 1(a)). No differences were found in the total food intake between the groups (online Supplementary Fig. S1). As shown in Table 1, the weight of perirenal adipose tissue was higher in SBR mice than in control mice. There were no statistical differences in liver weight between the control and SBR mice. These results indicate that SBR increased body weight and adipose tissue weight. In contrast, plantar muscle weight significantly decreased and tibial anterior muscle weight tended to be lower in the SBR group than in the control group (Table 1). Fig. 1. SBR increased body weight gain and delayed rising body temperature in mice. (a) Body weight gain was measured for 14 d. The values are means with their standard error of the mean. **P < 0·01 (Student’s t test); n 18. The open circles represent control mice, and the closed circles represent SBR mice. (b) The core body temperature was analysed using the data logger. The body temperature data were analysed using the hourly average for 2 d from day 14 to day 15. The open circles represent control mice, and the closed circles represent SBR mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The significant interaction between these factors verifies that chico and foxo function together to affect mortality and thus survivorship. At the same time, the interaction suggests that foxo mutation blocks the benefits of chico heterozygote and the chico heterozygote increases the deleterious effects of foxo mutation. A potential implication of this interaction is that chico mutation may extend longevity to some extent independent of FOXO. The reduced survival observed in the chico/foxo double mutant could arise in part from losing the partial role FOXO plays in the benefits conferred by chico coupled with the partial synthetic deleterious interaction of these mutants. Because foxo mutation alone reduces survival, in genetic epistasis analysis we cannot fully determine whether all or just part of the survival benefit of chico mutation is FOXO-dependent. Many investigations aim to understand the mechanisms by which reduced insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) increases lifespan and slows aging. Work from C. elegans indicates that signaling through the FOXO/DAF-16 transcription factor is a step in this process. Mutant alleles of daf-2 and of age-1 extend lifespan of adult worms but not so when combined with mutants of daf-16 (Kenyon et al. , 1993; Dorman et al. , 1995; Larsen et al. , 1995). Multiple isoforms of daf-16 exist, and epistasis analysis shows that these cooperate to modulate longevity conferred by daf-2 mutation (Kwon et al. , 2010). Accordingly, discovering the direct targets of DAF-16/FOXO when reduced IIS extends lifespan may provide insights into how insulin/IGF confers longevity assurance (Murphy, 2006). Manipulation of genes downstream of daf-16 has been able to improve survival in some cases, but there are few epistasis analyses to determine whether these downstream targets are required for mutant daf-2 to extend lifespan (McElwee et al. , 2003; Oh et al. , 2006; Honda et al. , 2008). Much less is known about how reduced IIS slows aging in animals beyond C. elegans. Drosophila FOXO is thought to play a role because foxo overexpression is sufficient to extend lifespan (Hwangbo et al. , 2004; Giannakou et al. , 2005).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наугольных С. В. Установление характера и последовательности событий, связанных с формированием первых наземных экосистем, неизбежно приводит к вопросу появления на суше первых продуцентов, до сих пор составляющих трофическую основу существования подавляющего большинства биологических сообществ нашей планеты. Эту тему трудно рассматривать исключительно в рамках палеонтологической фактологии.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: IntroductionExcess weight (understood as the sum of overweight and obesity) in young people is one of the most relevant concerns in global public health, although it arose as a serious matter some decades ago [1]. Thus, having excess weight during childhood and adolescence is related to detrimental health problems throughout the life-course [2, 3]. The least invasive and most widely used approach to treating obesity in childhood is lifestyle modification, including diet quality, physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behaviors, and behavioral change techniques to help maintain positive changes and avoid relapses [4]. Skipping breakfast has been one of the well-studied factors associated with childhood obesity [5]. In this sense, breakfast has been pointed out as the most essential meal of the day [6]. Children and adolescents who skip breakfast could not be able to obtain the nutrients missed with the rest of meals of the day [7] and, as was previously indicated, an insufficient nutrient consumption may have long-term harmful consequences on their health [8]. Moreover, a systematic review with meta-analysis has suggested that eating breakfast daily can decrease the risk of childhood obesity by 34% [9]. Similarly, another systematic review has revealed that skipping breakfast may be a simple indicator of the risk of excess weight and metabolic diseases [10]. Despite this, a growing trend in skipping breakfast from childhood to adulthood has been described [11, 12], highlighting higher prevalence in girls than in boys [13, 14]. PA, understood as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, provides mounting benefits for health, especially when it is practiced at moderate-to-vigorous intensity [15]. Thus, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) refers to the PA that is performed at > three metabolic equivalents of task (METs) (i. e. , > three times the intensity of rest) [15]. An insufficient level of MVPA has been recognized as one of the principal risk factors of excess weight [16]. In this regard, it has been also suggested that sufficient MVPA could reduce the risk of childhood obesity by 30% [9].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Here, we present an epistasis test to determine whether FOXO is required for reduced insulin/IGF signaling to extend Drosophila lifespan. We document a beneficial effect of chico mutation, a deleterious effect of foxo mutation, and a significant interaction between these main effects. This result is also observed in both sexes and in a preliminary trial (Data S1). We find that the poor survivorship of foxo-mutants is made worse in chico-mutants, but also that the benefit of chico upon survival acts through FOXO. Understanding the targets of FOXO through which reduced IIS extends longevity in Drosophila will be productive. 106. 10. 1126/science. 1057991 of Science®1406. 10. 1093/genetics/141. 4. 1399 of Science®675. 10. 1126/science. 1104733 PubMedWeb of Science®198. 10. 1111/j. 1474-9726. 2007. 00362. x of Science®520. 10. 1016/j. exger. 2008. 02. 009 of Science®566. 10. 1038/nature02549 of Science®20. 10. 1186/1475-4924-2-20 PubMed464. 10. 1038/366461a0 of Science®5. 10. 1186/1471-213X-3-5 CASPubMed502. 10. 1038/nature09184 of Science®1583. 10. 1093/genetics/139. 4. 1567 of Science®1957. 10. 1016/S0960-9822(01)00595-4 of Science®1322. 10. 1126/science. 278. 5341. 1319 Web of Science®16. 2, 111–122. 10. 1046/j. 1474-9728. 2003. 00043. x of Science®206. 10. 1111/j. 1474-9726. 2008. 00373. x of Science®921. 10. 1016/j. exger. 2006. 06. 040 of Science®999. 10. 1038/40194 of Science®257. 10. 1038/ng1723 of Science®2020. 10. 1101/gad. 1098703 of Science®10. 1111/j. 1474-9726.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Для серьёзного и многостороннего анализа появления жизни на суше в целом и наземных продуцентов в частности следует использовать теоретико-аналитические построения. Они помогут подойти к пониманию процессов, следов которых геологическая летопись могла и не сохранить. Одним из первых широко рассмотрел вопросы освоения продуцентами (в первую очередь растениями) наземных ландшафтов выдающийся российский биолог Л. С.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Significant differences were found between sexes for both excess weight status (p < 0. 001) and breakfast status (p = 0. 001). Moreover, the level of daily MVPA was higher in boys than in girls (p < 0. 001). Table 1 Participants’ characteristics of the analyzed sample according to sex (N = 2890)Full size tableFigure 1 displays the moderator role of daily MVPA in the association between breakfast status and BMI (z-score). Daily MVPA minutes moderated the association between skipping breakfast and BMI (z-score) in both boys (β = − 0. 175; CI 95%, − 0. 331 to − 0. 019) and girls (β = − 0. 073; CI 95%, − 0. 140 to − 0. 002). Fig. 1Moderator role of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity minutes in the association between breakfast status and body mass index (z-score). A Moderation model for boys. B Moderation model for girls. Adjusted by age, region, and socioeconomic status. BMI, body mass index; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activityFull size imageTable 2 displays the moderator role of MVPA level in the association between breakfast status and excess weight status. Skipping breakfast was associated with higher odds of having excess weight in boys (OR = 1. 83; CI 95%, 1. 18 to 2. 86) and girls (OR = 1. 98; CI 95%, 1. 27 to 3. 07). Daily MVPA skipping breakfast was inversely linked to excess weight in boys (OR = 0. 55; CI 95%, 0. 40 to 0. 76) and girls (OR = 0. 81; CI 95%, 0. 65 to 0. 99). Finally, daily MVPA minutes moderated the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight in boys (OR = 1. 10; CI 95%, 1. 02 to 1. 07) and girls (OR = 1. 14; CI 95%, 1. 04 to 1. 24). Table 2 Association between daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and breakfast status and excess weight statusFull size tableDiscussionThe present study suggested that the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight was moderated by daily minutes of MVPA in two Spanish regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-21 pp 11764—11781 Antibiotics that target mitochondria extend lifespan in C. elegans Gloria Bonuccelli1, Darren R. Brooks1, Sally Shepherd1, Federica Sotgia1, Michael P. Lisanti1, 1 Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, M5 4BR, UK Received: July 5, 2023 Accepted: September 25, 2023 Published: November 9, 2023 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 205229 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2023 Bonuccelli et al. . This is an open access 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. is a continuous degenerative process caused by a progressive decline of cell and tissue functions in an organism. It is induced by the accumulation of damage that affects normal cellular processes, ultimately leading to cell death. It has been speculated for many years that mitochondria play a key role in the aging process. In the aim of characterizing the implications of mitochondria in aging, here we used Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as an organismal model treated a panel of mitochondrial inhibitors and assessed for survival. In our study, we assessed survival by evaluating worm lifespan, and we assessed aging markers by evaluating the pharyngeal muscle contraction, the accumulation of lipofuscin pigment and ATP levels. Our results show that treatment of worms with either doxycycline, azithromycin (inhibitors of the small and the large mitochondrial ribosomes, respectively), or a combination of both, significantly extended median lifespan of C. elegans, enhanced their pharyngeal pumping rate, reduced their lipofuscin content and their energy consumption (ATP levels), as compared to control untreated worms, suggesting an aging-abrogating effect for these drugs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Берг: "В протерозойской коре выветривания имелись главнейшие образователи гумуса: с одной стороны – белки, клетчатка, гемицеллюлозы и, возможно, лигнин, а с другой – микроорганизмы. Следовательно, мог образовываться гумус. Значит, были и почвы. Почвы же, в свою очередь, поддерживали существование почвенной флоры и фауны <. . . > Имелось… достаточно времени, чтобы суша к началу кембрия успела заселиться хотя бы самыми низшими растениями и одноклеточными животными.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Although the number of breakfast skippers was higher among girls and the number of participants with excess weight was greater in boys, the moderator role of MVPA in the association between skipping breakfast and both BMI (z-score) and excess weight was consistent in both sexes. One possible reason is that girls who eat breakfast in a daily basis have shown a higher quality breakfast than boys [37]. Supporting this idea, different breakfast habits among European boys (i. e. , higher intake of breakfast cereals, fruit, milk, and dairy, and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages) and girls (i. e. , lower intake of pasta, rice, and others) have been inversely related to excess weight [38]. Despite its cross-sectional design, our results indicate that promotion of a healthy eating habit such as having breakfast should be accompanied by increases in daily MVPA, as young participants who have breakfast and with higher daily MVPA seem to be more likely to have no excess weight [38]. In accordance with the present results, previous studies have indicated that skipping breakfast is linked with obesity [5, 9, 10]. There are several factors which could justify this finding. First, breakfast skipping is related to changes in decreased satiety and higher appetite, which may result into overeating and altered insulin sensitivity [39]. Second, having breakfast is helpful for controlling appetite, and it can also enhance blood glucose levels and increase insulin sensitivity in the following meals [39]. Third, skipping breakfast can extend the overnight fast and more fasting time may result into increased release of ghrelin (a peptide hormone that promotes hunger) [40]. Fourth, children who skipped breakfast could have a low overall diet quality [41], which could lead to excess weight [21]. Fifth, cultural differences related to meal timing among countries could influence on excess weight [42]. For instance, Spain is located relatively westward within its time zone, resulting in sun rise and sun set occurring at a later time as compared to many other countries within the same time zone. The late meal timing in Spain is thus less extreme in comparison with solar time and it has been related to greater BMI and waist circumference in Spanish schoolchildren [43]. Notwithstanding the above, the mechanisms linking skipping breakfast and excess weight are still unclear [13]. Another important finding was that daily MVPA and excess weight were inversely associated. This fact is consistent with the scientific literature [44, 45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Similarly, DPI, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and II, was capable of prolonging the median lifespan of treated worms. On the other hand, subjecting worms to vitamin C, a pro-oxidant, failed to extend C. elegans lifespan and upregulated its energy consumption, revealing an increase in ATP level. Therefore, our longevity study reveals that mitochondrial inhibitors (i. e. , mitochondria-targeting antibiotics) could abrogate aging and extend lifespan in C. elegans. is a continuous process which represents an inevitable decline in cell, tissue and organ functions, in almost all living organisms [1]. It is well established that numerous diseases are associated with aging, including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Slowing down aging has always been an ambitious aspiration, pursued by many biologists, geneticists, and the medical community. Cellular senescence, considered as the basis of aging, represents a complex set of processes that are triggered during the aging of cells and tissues. Senescent cells are aging cells that have a permanent state of cell-cycle arrest, but do not undergo cell death. Indeed, these cells maintain a progressive and significant capacity to produce cytokines and inflammatory mediators [2, 3], thus influencing the surrounding environment and triggering chronic inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, senescence-mediated factors could stimulate the proliferation of adjacent cells, potentially promoting malignant transformation [4, 5]. Conversely, cellular senescence could have beneficial effects and is considered as a defense mechanism that is established in the aim of preventing malignant transformation, and suppressing tumorigenesis, causing irreversible growth arrest [6, 7]. Evaluating biological aging involves measuring many physiological features in humans or animals. For instance, the grip strength and heart rate are used as markers of aging and have been shown to be decreased in older organisms [8–10]. Among models used in life span studies is the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematode. Given its editable genome that shares high homology with that of mammals, its short life span allowing a better tracking of life phases, and ease of cultivation and storage, C. elegans has been efficiently used in scientific studies more specifically investigating the aging process [11, 12]. Contractions of the C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Когда мы говорим о столь удалённых от нас интервалах геологической истории, как первая половина палеозойской эры или докембрий, мы неизбежно сталкиваемся с большим количеством белых пятен в общей картине накопленных фактов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: SubjectsParents (n 6512) of 10–12-year-olds responded to the questionnaire. ResultsIn the total study sample, with breakfast without TV as the reference group and adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education, the OR of being respectively overweight or obese (compared with normal weight) was 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) or 1·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·3) for breakfast skippers. The OR of being respectively underweight or obese was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·9) or 1·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 1·8) for breakfast with TV. ConclusionsBreakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, and those eating breakfast while watching TV were significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be underweight. statusBreakfastTelevision viewingNutrition and health Issue 4 April 2014 10. 1017/S136898001300061X [Opens in a new window] © 2013 According to the WHO, obesity is one of today's most pressing public health burdens, due to its increasing prevalence and related chronic illnesses( 1 ). In terms of the lack of effective long-term obesity treatment, and the fact that the ill-health effects of obesity are not fully reversible, obesity prevention should be emphasized( Reference van der Horst, Oenema and van de Looij-Jansen 2 ). Adiposity is the result of a positive energy balance over time( 3 ), caused mainly by modifiable energy balance-related behaviours (EBRB)( Reference van Stralen, Velde and Singh 4 ). Specific EBRB are associated with overweight and obesity, including breakfast skipping and television viewing( Reference Rennie, Johnson and Jebb 5 ). Disparities in these EBRB, as well as other health behaviours, are observed according to sex, ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES)( Reference Coon, Goldberg and Rogers 6 – Reference Siega-Riz, Popkin and Carson 9 ) and tend to be generally consistent with reported disparities in obesity( and Crawford 10 – and Beydoun 12 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans pharynx, an organ composed of muscles and neurons, are correlated with worm life span, and have been evaluated in many studies by assessing the effect of many genetic or biochemical interventions [13, 14]. An important marker of senescence is the accumulation of lipofuscin, an “undegradable” pigment formed by misfolded proteins, lipids, and metal ions [15, 16]. In humans, an increased lipofuscin content is implicated in the development of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [17] and has been observed in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients (AD) [18]. In addition to humans, accumulation of this auto-fluorescent pigment is also described in various animal models, such as the mouse [19], the rat [19], zebrafish [20] and C. elegans [21, 22]. Mitochondria are organelles that have been shown to be directly implicated in the aging process. However, its exact role remains unclear. Mitochondrial malfunctioning observed during aging is associated with increased production of Species (ROS) [23], the probable effectors of aging [24]. Indeed, in larger animals, such as humans [23], ROS are considered highly deleterious as they accelerate aging [25, 26]. On the other hand, in C. elegans, low levels of oxidative stress were sometimes shown to be associated with longevity [27, 28]. Intriguingly, studies have also demonstrated that inhibition of mitochondrial translation reduced respiration and extended lifespan in C. elegans [29]. In this study, we aim to test known compounds that target mitochondrial and metabolic activities, for their lifespan-increasing and health-improving effects using the animal model of C. elegans. Such compounds include the antibiotics doxycycline and azithromycin, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) (a metabolic inhibitor), and vitamin C. Our ultimate goal is to find existing FDA-approved drugs and dietary supplements that can, not only increase the lifespan, but also improve healthspan [30]. of doxycycline on C. elegans aging In order to establish evidence that the C. elegans model system works well in our hands, we started by reproducing previously published results.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти пробелы определяются не столько неполнотой наших знаний или недостаточностью методического и лабораторного инструментария, сколько свойствами темпоральных преобразований, имманентно уничтожающих, стирающих записи прошедших событий. Это свойство времени известно всем исследователям и создателям так называемых "исторических реконструкций" [2], и с ним непременно нужно считаться.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe paper estimates and compares the level of from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) payments required to compensate for the opportunity costs (OCs) of stopping the conversion of montane forest and miombo woodlands into cropland in two agro-ecological zones in in Tanzania. Data collected from 250 households were used for OC estimation. REDD+ payment was estimated as the net present value (NPV) of agricultural rent and forest rent during land clearing, minus net returns from sustainable wood harvest, divided by the corresponding reduction in carbon stock. The median compensation required to protect the current carbon stock in the two vegetation types ranged from USD 1 tCO2e−1 for the montane forest to USD 39 tCO2e−1 for the degraded miombo woodlands, of which up to 70 % and 16 %, respectively, were for compensating OCs from forest rent during land clearing. The figures were significantly higher when the cost of farmers’ own labor was not taken into account in NPV calculations. The results also highlighted that incentives in the form of sustainable harvests could offset up to 55 % of the total median OC to protect the montane forest and up to 45 % to protect the miombo woodlands, depending on the wage rates. The findings suggest that given the possible factors that can potentially affect estimates of REDD+ payments, avoiding deforestation of the montane forest would be feasible under the REDD+ scheme. However, implementation of the policy in villages around the miombo area would require very high compensation levels. Similar content being viewed by others Potential effects of future adoption of the REDD mechanism as a preventive measure against deforestation and forest degradation in 1. 6 billion people depend on tropical forests for their daily needs (2004), and about 13 million ha of forest are cleared annually to provide livelihoods, incomes, and employment for millions of people in the tropics (FAO 2010; Kissinger et al. 2012). REDD+ will therefore impose considerable opportunity costs (OCs) on local communities (Wollenberg and Springate-Baginski 2009; Springate-Baginski and Wollenberg 2010). The OCs refer to the net benefits forgone by landowners/users as a result of not deforesting or degrading forests. The idea behind the REDD+ scheme is that such costs should be compensated in order to eliminate or reduce deforestation and forest degradation without affecting the livelihoods of local communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In the first set of experiments, we assessed the effects of the antibiotic doxycycline (an inhibitor of the small mitochondrial ribosome), previously demonstrated to extend the worm lifespan by phenocopying an mrps-5 knockdown [29]. Here, we tested two concentrations: 13 μM (6 μg/ml) and 130 μM (60 μg/ml). Our survival curve data shows that treating young C. elegans adults with doxycycline at 13 μM and at 130 μM significantly increased their life span by 72. 8% and 63. 64%, respectively, as compared to the vehicle-alone controls (median lifespans: control = 11 days vs. treated with doxycycline 13 μM = 19 days or with 130 μM = 18 days) (Figure 1A, 1B). In addition, using the blue autofluorescence imaging (DAPI filter set) to evaluate the accumulation of the aging pigment lipofuscin in the worm, our results show that a 13 days treatment with doxycycline induced a dose-dependent decrease in C. elegans lipofuscin content of approximately by 50% in the worms treated with doxycycline 13 μM and by 90% in the worms treated with doxycycline 130 μM (1). A further assessment of aging in C. elegans involved the evaluation of its pharyngeal muscle contraction. In this matter, treating young C. elegans adults with doxycycline for 14 days enhanced the worm’s rhythmic and sustained movement of the pharynx, suggestive of a longevity-inducing effect (1A–1C). Figure 1. Doxycycline extends lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Survival curves of worms treated with different concentrations of doxycycline: control (FUdR alone) (blue), 13 μM doxycycline (red) and 130 μM doxycycline (green). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), ****p < 0. 0001 (control vs. 13 μM), ***p < 0. 001 (control vs. 130 μM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. Effect of azithromycin on C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Однако оно не должно накладывать непреодолимых запретов на когнитивную рефлексию. Подготовленный должным образом исследователь не просто имеет право, а обязан высказываться о волнующих его проблемах, опираясь как на доказанные факты, так и на свои логические построения. Классическая, вошедшая в учебники картина освоения растениями суши (аналитический обзор см. в [3]) выглядит следующим образом.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: About 52 % of the forests and woodlands in the country are within protected areas, and the remaining percentage is on village or general (de facto open access) lands (Zahabu et al. 2007; Mbwambo et al. 2012). Tanzania is one of a number of countries currently experiencing a high rate of deforestation and is planning to implement a REDD+ policy. It has been estimated that the country lost an average of 403,000 ha (about 1. 02 %) of its forests and woodlands per year during the period 1990–2000 (FAO 2010). During the same period, the percentage loss was higher for miombo woodlands (13 %) compared to the coastal forest mosaic (7 %), mangrove forest (2 %), and forests of the Mountains (EAM) (1 %) (Burgess et al. 2010). Between 2000 and 2010, the annual forest loss increased to 1. 1 % (FAO 2010). Agricultural expansion has been identified as one of the main drivers of deforestation in Tanzania (Makundi and Okiting’ati 1995; Angelsen et al. 1999; Burgess et al. 2002; Luoga et al. 2005; Kissinger et al. 2012). In addition, particularly the miombo woodlands have been subject to extensive extraction of wood for charcoal making (Monela et al. 1993; Luoga et al. 2005; Nduwamungu et al. 2008). It has been suggested that REDD+ monetary incentives may help to reduce the problem of deforestation and degradation in the Tanzania (Zahabu et al. 2007). 3 Materials and methods3. 1 Study sitesOur socioeconomic survey was conducted in seven villages within Morogoro Region: Kunke, Maseyu, Mlimbilo, Ng’ungulu, Nyandira, Tchenzema, and Vinile (Fig. 1). The first three aforementioned villages are located at an average altitude of 400 m a. s. l. , hereafter referred to as the lowland zone. The remaining four villages are located between 1,000 m a. s. l. and 2,668 m a. s. l. , hereafter referred to as the highland zone. The two agro-ecological zones comprise two distinct vegetation types: miombo woodlands in the lowland zone and montane forest in the highland zone. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans aging In the next set of experiments, we extended our analysis to include another well-known antibiotic, namely azithromycin, an inhibitor of the large mitochondrial ribosome. Our survival curve results demonstrated that treating C. elegans with two different concentrations of azithromycin (25 μM and 50 μM) significantly increased their life span by 50% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the vehicle-alone-treated controls (median lifespans: control = 12 days vs. treated with azithromycin 25 μM = 18 days or with 50 μM = 14 days, Figure 2A, 2B). Qualitative assessment of lipofuscin showed that azithromycin slightly reduced lipofuscin accumulation at the dose of 25 μM and more markedly at the dose of 50 μM, compared to controls: approximately by 10% in the worms treated with azithromycin 25 μM and by 60% in the worms treated with azithromycin 50 μM (2). Figure 2. Azithromycin extends lifespan. (A) Survival curves at different concentrations of azithromycin: untreated control (FUdR-only) (blue), 25 μM (red) and 50 μM (green) AZI. Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. 25 μM; control vs. 50 μM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. Effect of diphenyleneiodonium on C. elegans aging With the aim of inhibiting mitochondrial functionality using a different target, we next tested the possible effects of the well-known NADPH oxidases (NOX) enzymatic inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) [31], on C. elegans life span. NADPH oxidases are responsible for the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [32], known effectors of aging. In this matter, several evidences have demonstrated that controlling the activity of NADPH oxidases in cellular homeostasis is fundamental for a healthy aging [33].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В течение первых периодов палеозоя – в кембрии, ордовике и значительной части силура – растения произрастали в водной среде, преимущественно в морях, и были представлены несколькими отделами водорослей, точный таксономический состав которых сейчас установить сложно, поскольку пигменты, положенные в основу систематики современных водорослей, в ископаемом состоянии обычно не сохраняются.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: The climate in the area is tropical, with an average annual rainfall in the range of 1,000–2,000 mm. The rainy season lasts from November to May. The mean annual temperature varies from 15 °C to 21 °C (Kapilima 1994). The surrounding farmlands extend up to the border of Reserve (UNR), at about 2,000 m a. s. l. , but rarely extend into the reserve (Frontier-Tanzania 2005). The inhabitants in areas to the UNR practice intensive small-scale farming of both subsistence crops [maize and pulses such as beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L. ), and peas (Pisum sativum L. )] and cash crops [vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ), potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. )], and rely mainly on family members for labor. The UNR is part of the EAM, a chain of mountains stretching from the in southern Kenya through eastern Tanzania to the of south-central Tanzania. The nature reserve covers an area of approximately 24 km2 and is surrounded by 57 densely populated villages (FBD 2009). It consists of sub-montane forests (below 1,500 m a. s. l. ), montane forests (1,600–2,400 m a. s. l), and upper montane forests (above 2,400 m a. s. l), and receives the highest rainfall (up to 4,000 mm year−1) in Tanzania (Lovett and Pócs 1993). Rivers originating in the reserve are the main supply of water to the local communities, as well as to Morogoro town and Dar es Salaam (Lundgren 1978). The UNR is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Poynton et al. 2007). It also plays an important role as a carbon reservoir, currently storing about 10. 3 million tons of carbon (FBD 2010). The reserve, which is managed by the central government, has been protected since the 1910s; in 1950, it was gazetted, and since then the cutting of trees has been officially prohibited. However, illegal harvesting of wood from the UNR has continued.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Based on our previous validation experiments of DPI as a potent mitochondrial inhibitor in breast cancer cells [31], we chose to evaluate herein two DPI concentrations, 5 nM and 20 nM. Interestingly, a significant increase in the median lifespan was observed in the treated worms as compared to the vehicle controls (median lifespans: control = 14 days vs. treated with DPI 5 nM = 18 days or with 20 nM = 16 days) (Figure 3A, 3B). Next, we acquired images with the DAPI filter to evaluate the lipofuscin content. We observed only a slight reduction of lipofuscin of approximatively 10% in the 20 nM treated worms compared to controls (3). Figure 3. DPI extends lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Survival curves at different concentrations of DPI: untreated control (FUdR alone) (blue), 5 nM (red) and 20 nM (green). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. 5 nM; control vs. 20 nM). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were carried out in triplicate with 15 worms for each replicate. Combination therapy and its effect on C. elegans aging We have recently shown that combinations of low concentrations of doxycycline and azithromycin together with vitamin C effectively target and inhibit the propagation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) which were: 1 μM doxycycline, 1 μM azithromycin and 250 μM vitamin C [34]. Here, we aimed to assess if the same combination was effective against aging in C. elegans, by prolonging its lifespan. We utilized the above agents at concentrations reported to efficiently inhibit MCF7 ER(+) breast cancer cells propagation (by >90%) [34]. Worms were divided into four groups: 1) control worms; 2) worms treated with the combination of 1 μM doxycycline and 1 μM azithromycin; 3) worms treated with 250 μM vitamin C alone; and 4) worms treated with the triple combination of 1 μM doxycycline, 1 μM azithromycin and 250 μM vitamin C (Figure 4A).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: С высокой степенью вероятности можно предположить, что в число отделов раннепалеозойских водорослей входили зелёные водоросли (отдел Chlorophyta, включая известь выделяющие формы, сходные с Tubiphites Maslov), бурые водоросли (отдел Phaeophyta), красные водоросли (отдел Rhodophyta). Доказано существование в девонском периоде харовых водорослей (отдел Charophyta).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Moreover, between 1955 and 2000, 25 % of the forest was lost, mainly due to agricultural expansion (Burgess et al. 2002). To mitigate the impact, the government allowed households in the surrounding villages to collect firewood, fruits, herbs, and other non-wood forest products for their own consumption, two times per week (FBD 2009). Reserve comprises four separate forest reserves, and FR. Our study was conducted in Mgeta Division, which covers the southwestern side of the Uluguru Mountains, within FR. 3. 2 DataThe data were collected over the course of 5 months, between September 2011 and January 2012, from communities located in the seven study villages. A total of 112 households were randomly selected from the four villages in (Ng’ungulu, Nyandira, Tchenzema, and Vinile), 65 from the two villages in (Kunke and Mlimbilo), and 54 from the village of Maseyu in Gwata Ward. Basic demographic information, as well as information relating to costs and revenues associated with crop production and forestry, local prices of all inputs and outputs, as well as labor costs, was obtained using structured questionnaires. Further information was collected through focus group discussions to triangulate and verify the information obtained from households as well as to obtain qualitative information. In addition, we visited local market places to gather information on prices of inputs and outputs. Moreover, secondary sources were used to obtain data on the carbon storage potential of different types of vegetation and land uses. 3. 2. 1 Estimating REDD+ payments to offset OCsThe OC of forest protection can be defined as the forgone net benefits from the best alternative land uses (Bond et al. 2009; Olsen and Bishop 2009; Angelsen et al. 2012) and are payments required to compensate forest owners or users for their forgone benefits (Angelsen 2008). REDD+ payments to offset OCs can be estimated as the net present value (NPV) of the next best use of forestland divided by the associated reduction in carbon stock (Wertz-Kanounnikoff 2008). OC estimates will depend on the rules that apply to forest use after the REDD+ contract has been signed. For simplicity, we assumed that deforestation should stop immediately, while wood harvesting could continue in a sustainable way. Here we defined sustainable harvest as the mean annual increment (MAI) of the forest or woodland under consideration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Results show that a significant survival (27% lifespan increase) was only observed in the group of worms treated with the combination of antibiotics (doxycycline and azithromycin), group 2, compared to controls (median lifespans: group 1 = 11 days; group 2 = 14 days, group 3 = 11 days and group 4 = 7 days) (Figure 4B). Figure 4. A double combination, of doxycycline plus azithromycin, extends life span of C. elegans. (A) Survival curve at different concentrations of antibiotics: untreated control (FUdR-only) (blue), Azi plus Doxy (1 μM each) (red), vitamin C alone (250 μM) (green) and triple combination (Azi plus Doxy plus vitamin C) (purple). Statistical analysis was performed using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), **p < 0. 01 (control vs. Doxy plus Azi). (B) Median survival and maximal lifespan are represented. Experiments were performed in triplicate, with 15 worms for each replicate. In addition, the body movement and pharyngeal pumping of worms in the 4 groups was recorded after 14 days of treatment. Our data show that worms treated with vitamin C alone exhibited reduced velocity of body movement and pharyngeal pumping as compared to all other treatment groups and to vehicle controls. Importantly, worms treated with the double and triple combinations demonstrated a relatively high pharyngeal pumping rate (2A–2D). Following a 19 days treatment with vitamin C alone, worms appeared similar to control worms or dead (3A, 3B). Conversely, worms treated for 19 days with the double combination of doxycycline plus azithromycin were capable of maintaining body movement and a slight pharyngeal contraction (3C, 3D). However, worms subjected to a 19 days treatment with the triple combination of doxycycline, azithromycin and vitamin C presented some body movement, but no signs of pharyngeal pump contractions. Furthermore, we visualized at different time points the fluorescent lipofuscin content in the various treatment groups defined above.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В позднем силуре фиксируется появление настоящих высших растений, имевших явные признаки адаптации к существованию в условиях суши: плотные покровные кутикулы, многочисленные споры с плотной, устойчивой к внешним воздействиям оболочкой, заключённые в терминальный или, реже, латеральный спорангий, проводящие элементы, состоящие из трахеид с лестничными и кольцевыми утолщениями стенок.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to climate change by reducing the number of trees that can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Based on the information gathered from the growers, we anticipate that the prices of the crops will increase in the near future and may thus increase the profitability of cultivating these crops, which would imply that the potential change in the prices of some crops should be taken into account when designing a REDD+ policy. Our results suggest that implementing a REDD+ policy may be feasible in the highland agro-ecological zone, where considerable emission reduction could be achieved for a payment of less than the current carbon price (USD 5 tCO2 −1) in the European market (McGrath 2013). Regarding the miombo woodlands, we found that it would be comparatively cheaper to protect the denser miombo woodlands in the forest reserves than the more degraded miombo woodlands on public land. However, the implementation of the REDD+ policy in the lowland zone would generally require higher compensation payments. Further, the analysis was based on assumed carbon payments at stump, which means that the actual carbon payment might be higher than our estimates. Moreover, incorporating implementation costs which according to Fisher et al. (2011) are estimated to be USD 6. 50 CO2 −1 on average would further increase the cost of the policy measure. Our results suggest that implementing the REDD+ scheme may be feasible if the biomass (carbon) density in the studied vegetation is high. However, the relatively dense miombo woodlands and intact montane forest are currently protected as forest reserves, and the present REDD+ schemes do not distinguish official protection status of areas. Nevertheless, implementing REDD+ in the existing protected forests could be an effective and a feasible measure to cut CO2 emissions, mainly for three reasons. First, deforestation and degradation is significant in protected areas. For example, between 1975 and 2000, 3. 4 % of forest and 28. 3 % of miombo woodland were lost from the EAM (Green et al. 2013). Currently, respectively 74 % and 32 % of the remaining forest and woodland in the EAM are within protected areas (Green et al. 2013). Coastal forests in protected areas have been declining too, at a rate of 0. 2 % per year since the 1990s (Godoy et al. 2011). Similarly, miombo woodland in the KFR has declined by 6 % between 1964 and 1996 (Luoga et al. 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our data show a progressive increase in lipofuscin content in the vehicle-treated group (control) and in worms treated with vitamin C at day 8 (4A) and day 13 (4B) post-treatment of approximately 18% for both, whereas lipofuscin did not accumulate in worms treated with the double or triple combination of the above agents, showing an accumulation percentage reduced by approximately 40% (day 8) and 30% (day 13) compared to the untreated ones (4A, 4B). Evaluating ATP levels in C. elegans To characterize the mechanism by which mitochondrial inhibitors extend lifespan, we measured the levels of ATP content upon treating worms with the various combinations of antibiotics and vitamin C. To this aim, we modified the protocol of the CellTiter-Glo assay generally used as ATP-based cell viability assay, as schematized in Figure 5A (see Materials and Methods for detailed description). The CellTiter-Glo assay is based on the quantification of ATP content, reflecting metabolically active cells. Intriguingly, the double combination (doxycycline plus azithromycin), as well as the triple combination (doxycycline plus azithromycin plus vitamin C) were significantly effective in decreasing the ATP levels by 50%, as compared to controls. Conversely, vitamin C alone, which is a known pro-oxidant, caused a significant increase in the production of ATP of more than 2. 5 fold (Figure 5B). Figure 5. The double combination, doxycycline plus azithromycin, and a triple combination, doxycycline plus azithromycin plus vitamin C, were effective in decreasing the ATP levels in C. elegans. (A) Schematic representation of the protocol for CellTiter-Glo luminescent assay performed in experiments using the double and triple combination. (B) Measurement of ATP levels. The final concentrations of the compounds used in this experiment were 1 μM for doxycycline and azithromycin, and 250 μM for vitamin C. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM; Statistical analysis was performed using one-sample t-test. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01. Experiments were repeated 4 times, using 5 worms for each condition. goal of delaying or halting aging has been strong desire of humans for many centuries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Из позднесилурийских высших наземных растений следует назвать куксонию (Cooksonia Lang), похожую на неё ярравию (et Lang), но не с грибовидными, а с эллиптически вытянутыми и лопастными спорангиями, и барагванатию (et Lang), внешне сходную с плауновидными и обладавшую многочисленными длинными филлоидами – микрофиллами1 [4, 5]. В раннем девоне растительный мир был настолько богат, что анализу его разнообразия можно посвятить большую монографию.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: The three systems we consider in our analysis are a standalone gas combustion turbine; a coupled system of wind and natural gas; and a coupled system of wind, solar photovoltaic and natural gas. In the latter two scenarios, the gas turbine is utilized for providing fill-in power as described in Section 1. The cost and emissions implications are compared on a per-unit-energy basis, so we do not need to specify an explicit size for the system (although our capital cost figures in Section 2. 4 implicitly assume utility-scale installations). Given the capital and operating costs of the gas and wind turbines, and the high capacity factor of the modeled wind installation in Weatherford, the LCOE for the coupled wind/gas system is lower than for the gas system alone ($86. 59/MWh for the coupled system versus $95. 60/MWh for the natural gas turbine alone). The LCOE of the coupled system is naturally sensitive to fluctuations in the fuel price for the gas turbine and the availability of the wind turbine; if the price of natural gas were to drop below $6/mmBTU then the gas turbine alone would be more economical. Because of the high capital costs of solar photovoltaic, and the low capacity factor, we find that coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system increases the LCOE to $223. 24/MWh. Defining the integration cost for solar photovoltaics as the increase in (levelized) energy costs for each fiveminute interval for the wind/solar/gas system versus the wind/gas system, we see that average integration costs for including photovoltaics in a portfolio of wind and fossil energy vary seasonally and range from between $57/MWh to nearly $120/MWh (Figure 5). Moreover, the emissions of NOx following the integration of photovoltaics into the wind/gas system increase for the scenario that we simulated, although CO2 emissions from the coupled system decline. Figure 6(a) shows that integrating wind and solar with the natural gas turbine reduces CO2 emissions by 500 to 1000 tonnes per month, assuming a system with 10 MW of renewables and 10 MW of natural gas turbine capacity. The incremental avoided emissions from coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system are relatively small, at 25 tonnes per month.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Scientists have long been investigating many aspects of aging and are pursuing a diligent search for anti-aging therapies. Aging is a risk factor of many diseases, ranging from heart disease and diabetes to dementia and cancers [35]. Indeed, targeting aging aims not only at increasing life expectancy but also at enhancing healthspan, the heathy years of life. Enhancing homeostasis-related physiological processes should reverse aging and its associated biological mechanisms. In this regard, many natural or synthetic molecules have been evaluated for their potential anti-aging effects and have shown various levels of efficiency [36]. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of different compounds on the lifespan of C. elegans worms. Given the crucial role of the mitochondria in cellular processes and the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cell senescence and aging [37, 38], we chose to investigate whether compounds that inhibit mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production, effect lifespan and healthspan using the C. elegans model. We demonstrated that the antibiotic doxycycline, which is an inhibitor of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome, increases the worm lifespan. This is in line with evidence published previously, which showed that doxycycline treatment induces a dose-dependent increase in mean lifespan [29]. Consistently, we have confirmed the ability of doxycycline at 6 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml to extend the lifespan as compared to control worms, but we have not observed significant differences between the two doses tested as seen by Houtkooper et al. [29]. This discrepancy could be due to procedural variabilities between different laboratories, such as small temperature fluctuations in incubators, and differences in food composition [39]. It is worth noting here that the lowest concentration of doxycycline used in this set of experiments, 6 μg/ml (13 μM), is within the range of the maximum plasma levels of doxycycline achievable in patients following the administration of a normal daily dose of 200-mg, corresponding to 3–5 μg/ml [40]. Importantly, our results also demonstrated that doxycycline induced a dose dependent decrease in the accumulation of the aging-pigment lipofuscin, together with a more pronounced pharyngeal contraction activity, indicating that this mitochondria-targeted drug promotes a more vital and healthier state in C. elegans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Подробное рассмотрение девонских растений выходит далеко за рамки настоящей статьи. Следует отметить, что в раннедевонских наземных экосистемах присутствовали хитридии, паразитировавшие на хламидоспорах, встречались гифальные филаменты и спорокарпии грибов-деструкторов как в осадочном матриксе, так и внутри тканей наземных растений, таких как Asterohylon mackiei Kidston et Lang, Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii Kidston et Lang, Aglaophyton major (Kidston et Lang) Edwards, Nothia aphylla Lyon, Horneophyton lignieri (Kidston et Lang) Barghoorn et Darrah [5].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most single-use plastics take hundreds to thousands of years to degrade in the environment. [SEP] Text: Disposal environments range from exposure in soil, landfill, and compost in which thermal oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may also occur. 1. 2 In this guide, established ASTM International standards are used in three tiers for accelerating and measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight by both thermal and photooxidation processes and other abiotic processes (Tier 1), measuring biodegradation (Tier 2), and assessing ecological impact of the products from these processes (Tier 3). 1. 3 1 conditions selected for thermal oxidation and photooxidation accelerate the degradation likely to occur in a chosen application and disposal environment. The conditions should include a range of humidity or water concentrations based on the application and disposal environment in mind. The measured rate of degradation at typical oxidation temperatures is required to compare and rank the polymers being evaluated in that chosen application to reach a molecular weight that constitutes a demonstrable biodegradable residue (using ASTM International biometer tests for CO2 evolution appropriate to the chosen environment). By way of example, accelerated oxidation data must be obtained at temperatures and humidity ranges typical in that chosen application and disposal environment, for example, in soil (20 to 30°C), landfill (20 to 35°C), and composting facilities (30 to 65°C). For applications in soils, local temperatures and humidity ranges must be considered as they vary widely with geography. At least one temperature must be reasonably close to the end use or disposal temperature, but under no circumstances should this be more than 20°C away from the removed that temperature. It must also be established that the polymer does not undergo a phase change, such as glass transition temperature (Tg) within the temperature range of testing. 1. 4 The residues resulting from the oxidations are then exposed to appropriate disposal or use environments in standard biometric test methods to measure the rate and degree of biodegradation (Tier 2). 1. 5 The data generated under Tier 1 evaluation and the determined time for the biodegradation in the chosen environment (Tier 2) allow ranking relative to other polymers evaluated under similar environmental conditions with this guide. The degree and time for biodegradation should be consistent with ASTM International methods, and any residues from the intermediate oxidation stage and from biodegradation must be shown to be environmentally benign and not persistent (Tier 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results are concomitant with other mitochondrial-mediated healthy span-inducing effects. Indeed, our group has previously demonstrated that doxycycline blocks 3D mammosphere formation of various malignant cell lines, with an IC-50 between 2-to-10 μM [41, 42]. Furthermore, doxycycline was shown to reduce markers of CSCs in samples of breast cancer tumors [43]. Taken together, these data highly suggest the efficiency of doxycycline in increasing life span and enhancing health quality. Another antibiotic, azithromycin that targets the mitochondrial ribosome machinery and inhibits mitochondrial translation as an “off-target”, is evaluated herein as to its lifespan-mediating actions. Azithromycin is an FDA-approved antibiotic belonging to the class of erythromycins [41]. We tested azithromycin at two concentrations on worms, 25 μM and 50 μM that translated in clinical practice as 18. 72 μg/ml and 37. 44 μg/ml, respectively (higher than the achievable concentration in patient’s serum upon oral azithromycin 500 mg: 0. 39 μg/ml [44]). Azithromycin, especially at the lower concentration used, was capable of significantly extending the worms lifespan. Our data on both antibiotics are consistent with previously reported data by our group, demonstrating their capacity to interfere with the mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs of various origin [41]. Indeed, Azithromycin was also shown by our group to selectively eliminate senescent cells, thus functioning as a clinically approved drug, with senolytic properties [45]. Next, we wanted to study the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidative process using DPI, a compound that potently abrogates the flavin-containing (FMN and FAD-dependent) subunits of and II of the respiratory chain. We have previously demonstrated that DPI blocks the propagation of breast CSCs, while inhibiting their oxidative mitochondrial metabolism () and decreasing mitochondrial driven ATP production by >90% [31]. More recent studies revealed an anti-tumoral effect of DPI inducing senescence or apoptosis of colorectal and breast cancer cells depending on their p53 expression [46]. As to C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Раннедевонские грибы из нижнего девона Райни (Шотландия) отнесены к родам ex Kidston et Lang [6], et al. [7], et al. [8]. Часть девонских сапротрофных грибов ещё ждёт описания и распределения по крупным таксономическим единицам. Такое разнообразие редуцентов-сапротрофов в раннем девоне указывает на вполне развитый растительный покров, существовавший на низменных участках суши, хотя, если исходить из данных геологической летописи, крупных растений ещё не было.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: (5) PTK=PRF512(()) The PTK is divided into five parts as shown in Table 1. Table 1: PTK key decomposition. PTK 16 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes -tx MIC-rx DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-1 At this point, the client sends the second handshake message, composed of its SNonce and an Code (MIC). As the customer already has the PTK, in addition to sending the SNonce, it protects it with an MIC. The MIC is calculated from the SNonce and the Key (KCK). WPA and WPA2 use different hash functions for this step, as can be seen in Formulas (6) and (7), respectively. (6) =HMAC(5SHA) (7) WPA2MIC=HMAC(1) Thus, when the access point receives SNonce and MIC, it can also calculate the PTK (until now it lacked SNonce) and with SNonce and PTK, it can validate the MIC (that is, calculate it and compare if it is the same as the one it has received). If the MIC validation is positive, the access point confirms that it and the client are using the same PTK, which was the initial target. At this point in the handshake, the person intercepting the messages has enough information to make an attempt to decipher the password. Messages 3 and 4 of the process are not relevant to the purpose of this 28. 70%), and wpa-sec (31. 93%). According to Bonneau (2012): Most studies have deciphered 20–50% of dictionary-size passwords in the 220−230 word range. All studies show decreasing yields for larger dictionaries. There is little data on the efficiency of small dictionaries, as most studies use the largest dictionary they can process. Previous works on analyzing password patterns Bonneau (2012) investigated how people form passwords by looking at many publicly available password sets, such as RockYou and CSDN. They defined a variety of password properties, including all digits, non-ascii characters, and the usage of neighboring keys. The 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-2 These times correspond to what are called brute-force attacks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results demonstrated that the combination of antibiotics at low concentrations, was also capable of significantly extending the median lifespan of C. elegans, and maintaining their pharyngeal muscle activity as compared to controls. In addition, such combination treatment downregulated the aging process, as shown by the reduced level of lipofuscin accumulation in treated worms and reduced mitochondrial function assessed by a decreased ATP consumption. These data are coherent with our previous report of the mitochondrial dysfunction effect of the DOXY-AZI combination, whereby treating breast CSCs with the combination abrogated their mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reduced their ATP levels [34]. Interestingly, adding vitamin C to the antibiotic combination conserved its anti-aging effect (maintained pharyngeal activity and decreased lipofuscin content), but it reversed the lifespan-extending effects of the antibiotic combination (DOXY-AZI). We have previously evaluated the effects of this antibiotic + combination on CSCs and shown that it inhibited the propagation of breast CSCs by more than 90%, abrogated their mitochondrial activity and reduced their ATP levels. Vitamin C, the known pro-oxidant and free radicals producer, while inducing mitochondrial biogenesis in cells, will expose mitochondria to the inhibitory action of the mitochondrial-targeting antibiotics, doxycycline and azithromycin, rendering the effect of a combination treatment with the three agents more efficient in abrogating the stemness and propagation of cancer cells. Thus, data from our present study showing that a triple combination treatment (DOXY-AZI-Vit. C) while still exhibiting some anti-aging effect, could not really extend life span of C. elegans, suggest that does not add to the beneficial effect of the double combination DOXY-AZI, at least in the extension of lifespan. In summary, we have identified some mitochondrial inhibitors for the extension of lifespan in the animal model of C. elegans. This supports the theory that mitochondria are heavily involved in the aging process, although this remains a highly debated topic. Intriguingly, the compounds used in this study are for the most part repurposed agents for which preclinical and clinical studies have already been performed to establish their low toxicity. Materials and (Diphenyleneiodonium chloride) and L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Суммируя всё сказанное выше, можно кратко резюмировать следующие положения общепринятых представлений о колонизации суши растениями:кембрий, ордовик и ранний силур – растения произрастают в морской среде;поздний силур – растения переходят на сушу, скорее всего, в литоральной зоне;ранний девон – растения формируют первые наземные растительные сообщества. Против этих представлений возражал С. В. Мейен [2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: Time consumed Decrypted Hk_hlm_founds 38,647,798 91 min 3 CrackStation 63,941,069 151 min 0 Top306M ProbableWordlists 306,429,377 724 min 4 HashesOrg 446,426,204 1,055 min 0 Andronicus 626,198,124 1,500 min 0 Breachcompilation 1,012,024,699 2,395 min 0 Rocktastic 1,133,849,621 2,681 min 0 Weakpass_2_wifi 2,347,498,477 5,551 min 5 Weakpass_2 2,649,982,129 6,266 min 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-5 In Fig. 2, the length of the collections is represented in logarithmic scale against the success rate of each one. The three collections with the best results were RockYou, 8-digit mask, and weakpass_2_wifi. It is necessary to use the natural logarithm given the large variation in length between collections, since there are four orders of magnitude from the smallest to the largest. Figure 2: Relationship between the length of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-2 The final number of decoded passwords amounted to 44, a 33. 08% success rate, which corresponded with other empirical evidence already mentioned. Perhaps the most worrying fact is that, following this strategy, in less than two days of computing, 22. 13% of passwords had already been recovered, which was approximately two thirds of the total that would eventually be cracked. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant in length and in type, numerical, and alphabetical passwords. This data is not strange, since the higher the length or complexity of the passwords, the more difficult it is to crack them. Figure 3: Relationship between the size of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-3 Figure 4: Length distribution of decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Oxygen measured in vivo of treated (red) and control (black) mice (n = 9–10 per treatment) did not differ (p>0. 05 linear mixed effects model likelihood tests). Data are shown as means ± SD. Antibiotic treatment began after Day 0 measurement; red bars indicate treatment duration. Figure 4 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Gut community is resilient to antibiotic disturbance. (A–B) Compositional dynamics of most abundant clusters during and after treatment for control (A) and treated (B) mice (n = 9–10 per treatment). Three groups (Typical, Staph/Strep, Enterobacteriaceae) differed significantly between groups (p<0. 05, linear mixed effects model likelihood tests) during treatment and two (Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia) during recovery. (C) Redox potential measured in freshly voided feces of singly housed mice during the recovery period (n = 5 per treatment) was lower than treated mice initially (p<0. 05, Bonferroni-corrected Mann-tests). (D) Repeated measures correlation was significant (p=0. 02) between change in Enterobacteriaceae abundance and change in redox potential during the first three days of post-antibiotic recovery (n = 64). (E) Days until there is no significant difference (p>0. 05 Bonferroni-corrected U test) between groups of control and treated animals for redox and Enterobacteriaceae abundance, under either singly- housed or co-housed settings. Red bars indicate treatment duration (A–B). Red arrows indicate the last antibiotic dose; day six measurements are more than 24 hr after the last dose (C). Data are shown as means ± SD. Post-hoc test results for individual time points (* indicates p<0. 05 Bonferroni-corrected Mann-test) are included for visualization purposes. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Antibiotic driven community composition changes. NMDS of community dynamics during and after antibiotic treatment (filled red circles are treated mice during treatment; empty red circles are treated mice during recovery; black circles are controls). Treatment had a significant effect on composition (p<0. 05, ). Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Overall antibiotic effects on beta-diversity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Согласно его гипотезе, высшие растения были сформированы в наземных условиях во внутренних областях континентов и лишь затем переселились ближе к побережью и в литоральную зону: «Почему бы не предположить, что заселение суши водорослями произошло в досилурийские времена, а преобразование водорослей в высшие растения происходило целиком в наземных условиях?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: AbstractTwo-factor authentication provides a significant improvement over the security of traditional password-based authentication by requiring users to provide an additional authentication factor, e. g. , a code generated by a security token. In this decade, single password authentication (SPA) schemes are introduced to overcome the challenges of traditional password authentication, which is vulnerable to the offline dictionary, phishing, honeypot, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Unlike classical password-based authentication systems, in SPA schemes the user is required to remember only a single password (and a username) for all her accounts, while the password is protected against the aforementioned attacks in a provably secure manner. In this paper, for the first time, we implement the state-of-the-art mobile-based SPA system of Acar et al. (2013) as a prototype and assess its usability in a lab environment where we compare it against two-factor authentication (where, in both cases, in addition to the password, the user needs access to her mobile device). Our study shows that mobile-based SPA is as easy as, but less intimidating and more secure than two-factor authentication, making it a better alternative for online banking type deployments. Based on our study, we conclude with deployment recommendations and further usability study suggestions. D. İşler—Work done at Koç University. You have full access to this open access 1. We implement a unique and state-of-the-art mobile device based single password authentication system (mobile SPA method of [4], see also 2. We conduct a comparative usability study of this mobile-based SPA solution for the first timeFootnote 1 in the literature against its commonly-employed counterpart authentication system: two-factor authentication. 3. We provide our findings based on both quantitative and qualitative data. We discuss the advantages that the mobile-based SPA system provides relative to an existing commonly-employed 2FA solution. While we did not observe any disadvantages, we include important recommendations for possible deployment of a mobile SPA system in practice. Scope of the Work: SPA systems could be mobile-based and/or cloud-based depending on the employed storage provider(s). Their security guarantees were already analyzed in their respective papers. In our study, we focus on various usability aspects and the perceived security of a mobile-based SPA system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Particularly in the setting of in vivo studies such as a BMT experiment: the authors were able to transplant ~30 000 double positive cells modifying 2 genes simultaneously with a double pos. rate of 10. 2. % (di genic approach). If the triple or quadruple positive rate drops to 1%, this would mean to transplant 3 000 cells for a BMT, which seems very low. Please comment on this. Reviewer #2: This is a nicely designed and executed study using tools to introduce reporter genes in human CD34+ HSPCs allowing sorting and/or tracking of cells with inactivation of specific genes. The authors present an elegant approach that would be useful to model disease relevant inactivating mutations in human HSPCs, and potentially also point mutations (the authors discuss how this might be possible by modifying the tools they present but do not actually show data on these strategies). The data are of high quality, well presented and clearly described. A minor criticism is that the results are presented in a repetitive and a bit monotonous style, but nevertheless clear and with enough detail for others to reproduce. 1) Figure 2E shows low engraftment (in the 0. 1-1% range) of the edited cells compared to mock, indicating a potential engraftment impairment (although the mouse numbers are low). Can the authors comment on this? 2) Related to my comment above, the authors could discuss a bit more the potential limitations of their approach. For example, an important point to discuss is the time it would take from the beginning of culture to cell sorting and how this might impact HSPC function. 3) Trypan blue and Annexin staining (Figure 1—figure supplement 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 3) may not be adequate ways to assess toxicity, as dead cells may be continuously removed from the cultures and not detected with these methods. I think that cell counts depicting the expansion of the edited cells vs. mock or unmodified would be more convincing way to evaluate toxicity of the method. 4) Figure 1—figure supplement 1B: the number of untargeted IL2RG alleles without indels is much higher than that of untargeted alleles of CCR5 or other genes. Is this due to lower gRNA activity (reflected by overall lower targeting efficiency in the IL2RG locus? ) Can the authors comment on this? Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Bak et al.

Output: pass