Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: This finding therefore provides converging evidence that meaning relatedness plays a critical role in determining how ambiguous words are represented and processed. What mechanism(s) underlie the semantic-relatedness effect in the lexical decision component of Experiment 3? First, we must rule out the possibility that this relatedness effect reflects a difference in how well these two types of words are learned. A subset analysis of Experiment 3 that only included those items for which an individual participant had learned something about the new meaning (as measured by the cued-recall task) showed a significant effect of relatedness on the lexical decision task. Importantly, for these “correctly learned” items, the results of the cued-recall task showed that participants could recall equivalent numbers of semantic properties for these two sets of items. This indicates that the semantic-relatedness effect on lexical decision performance is present even for items that are equally well learned. Instead, we propose that the relatedness effect reflects the same underlying mechanisms as the meaning relatedness effects seen for well-established ambiguous words (Beretta et al. 2005; Klepousniotou et al. 2008; Rodd, 2004; Rodd et al. 2002). These effects have been modelled within a distributed connectionist model (Rodd et al. 2004) in which recognition of words with multiple unrelated meanings is delayed by the competition between the words’ mutually incompatible semantic representations, whereas recognition of words with multiple related senses is facilitated by their rich semantic representations. The present experiments cannot conclusively determine the extent to which the relatedness effect represents either facilitation from the related meaning or interference from the unrelated meaning. Future studies that include a set of baseline, unambiguous words that are presented along with their existing meanings during training may address this issue, provided that the studies ensure equal exposure to these existing meanings and to the meanings to be learned. For now, we suggest that the relatedness effect observed here reflects some combination of these two effects. Regardless of the precise mechanisms of the relatedness effect, this result indicates that after 5 days of training using a range of semantically demanding tasks, the new meanings have become sufficiently well integrated into participants’ lexicons that they can influence online recognition of these words. Interestingly, a comparable relatedness effect was not seen in the lexical decision component of Experiment 2, which used a similar length of training (7 days) but relatively superficial rating tasks during training.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The progression of xylogenesis from incipient cell formation by the cambial meristem to eventual maturation (when carbon deposition to cell walls is complete) can take weeks to months (Kagawa et al. 2005), meaning that cell-wall cellulose that is extracted and analyzed for δ13C, δ18O, and δ2H reflects fractionation that occurred across a broad seasonal climate gradient. At the onset of seasonal cambial activity, the production of radial files of newly-formed cells occurs, and continues until the cessation of xylogenesis, either due to temperature or water stress prior to the end of the growing season, or to programmed phenology that is determined by day-length and/or temperature at the end of the growing season. Following their respective production, cells will begin the processes of enlargement, secondary wall formation and programmed death, in turn, according to interactions between environmental constraints on metabolic processes and intrinsic controls by plant growth regulators. This creates a continuous intra-annual record of cellular isotope fractionation, but one that is ultimately determined by environment-phenology interactions. The rate of cell division is relatively fast early in the growing season, and the cell enlargement phase is relatively long, creating EW cells. As the season progresses, the rate of cell division will slow and the enlargement phase will shorten, producing the smaller, denser cells that characterize LW. Conventionally, the duration of the wall thickening phase was thought to be the primary cause of thicker cell walls with more stored cellulose in LW tissues, especially in conifers (Skene 1969; Wodzicki 1971; Denne 1972). Cuny et al. (2014) have challenged this view with support from detailed measurements of each phase of xylogenesis in several temperate-latitude species. Their observations showed that it is the duration of cell enlargement, early in the process of xylogenesis, combined with a constant deposition of cellulose to secondary cell wall formation, that ultimately determines cell wall thickness in LW. According to this view, the amount of cellulose per cell, and thus carbon per cell, stored in both EW and LW is roughly equal, but it is spread across the surface area of smaller cells in the case of LW. This provides the visible appearance of thicker cell walls in LW.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Given that Argyre postdates all known erosion that could remove younger, multikilometer-deep, megameter-scale craters, they likely did not form (such craters should also be present in gravity data, but none are observed (Bottke & Andrews-Hanna 2017)). were significantly younger than ≈3. 9–4. 0 Ga, then the other large craters might be, too (Figure 2(B)). Utopia is commonly dated to ≈4. 3 Ga, which is similar to the model age of SPA, considered the oldest preserved large lunar impact. and Utopia were younger, then that would imply there is a longer stretch of early Mars's impact history that is not preserved today, something favored in dynamical work such as Morbidelli et al. (2018) and Marchi (2021), and supported by the conclusions of observational work by Werner (2014). Under that supposition, one must posit that there were likely many large, Orientale-class craters on Mars for which there is simply no record in the crust or gravity due to Mars's early active surface and heat flow (which could rule out the moon's nearside heat flow as a possible way to reconcile the mismatch). Potentially bolstering this scenario, a different early Mars:Moon bolide ratio necessarily changes the early crater model ages for Mars, for it would not be a simple, linear extrapolation from the Moon (Figure 2(D)). However, dynamical work (e. g. , Marchi 2021) suggests that Mars was only hot enough to prevent crater formation until ≈4. 35–4. 40 Ga, when the large Borealis basin formed (through a giant impact, mantle plume, or some other mechanism). Morbidelli et al. (2018) also prefer to place Borealis at an age of ≈4. 37 Ga, implying <150 Myr of Mars's surface history is missing. In contrast, Werner (2014) argued the first 200–400 Myr of Mars's surface history is missing. While one might be able to stretch large, non-Borealis impacts (Figures 2(B), (D)) forward in time, supposing Borealis formed more recently is more difficult. Zircons in the Martian meteorite NWA 7034 ("Black Beauty") have evidence of shock dating to the ≈4. 4–4. 5 Ga time period.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: We therefore speculate that a high level of semantic engagement may be a necessary requirement for participants to integrate newly acquired meanings with their existing lexical knowledge. It may seem surprising that these newly learned meanings can influence participants’ lexical decision responses to well-established, highly familiar words with a single, strongly dominant meaning (e. g. , “ant” or “path”). Participants have received relatively little exposure to the novel experimental meanings, as compared with their lifetimes’ experience with the preexisting dominant meanings, and reading time experiments have consistently shown that subordinate meanings have minimal impact on processing unless they are strongly supported by the sentence context (e. g. , Duffy, Morris, & Rayner, 1988). The effect is particularly striking given that participants had not encountered the new meanings since the previous day. This finding is consistent with data from recent priming experiments (Rodd et al. 2012) that have shown that participants’ relative p504. doi:10. 1006/jmla. 1997. 2502 459. doi:10. 3758/BF03193014 65. doi:10. 1016/j. cogbrainres. 2004. 12. 006 85. doi:10. 1037/0278-7393. 22. 1. 63 54. doi:10. 1016/j. cognition. 2005. 02. 002 4883. 608. doi:10. 1016/S0022-5371(83)90364-X 3800. doi:10. 1098/rstb. 2009. 0111 446. doi:10. 1016/0749-596X(88)90066-6 39. doi:10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 2007. 01845. x 613. doi:10. 1080/01690960601017013 132. doi:10. 1016/S0010-0277(03)00070-2 196. doi:10. 1037/a0020475 PubMed 1062. doi:10. 1037/0278-7393. 20. 5. 1051 1247. doi:10. 1037/0096-1523. 20. 6. 1233 1543. doi:10. 1037/a0013012 353. doi:10. 1016/j. cogpsych. 2007. 01.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 6 and Utilization of for XylogenesisPost-photosynthetic metabolic processes leading to wood formation, such as translocation, storage and remobilization of photoassimilate are closely related to intra-annual variation of stable isotope ratios in tree rings. Although the seasonal course of leaf δ13C is well reflected in intra-annual variation of tree-ring δ13C in some cases (Leavitt and Long 1991; Leavitt 1993), the signal transfer is non-linear, rather than direct. For example, there are seasonally variable time lags between photosynthetic carbon incorporation and its use for wood formation (Schleser et al. 1999; Helle and Schleser 2004), due to phloem transport and storage processes lying between initial assimilation and the eventual use of photosynthate for xylogenesis. Here, we are referring to interannual time lags on the scale of years, not the intra-annual time lags of cambial phenology. Partly because of the time lag, which can last up to 1–2 years, first- and second order interannual auto-correlations are frequently observed in isotope dendroclimatological studies (Monserud and Marshall 2001; Szejner et al. 2018). A model that takes into account the relative contribution of current photosynthate directly translocated from the leaves (new carbon) and older photosynthate remobilized from the storage pool (old carbon) was developed in 2001 to explain intra-annual variation of tree-ring δ13C (Hemming et al. 2001). This carryover phenomenon has since been verified by the use of an artificially enriched 13C tracer and it is now clear that the EW is made of the mixture of new and old carbon (Kagawa et al. 2006a; von Felten et al. 2007). Recent labeling studies have revealed a wide range of mixing ratios of new to old carbon among different tree species (Keel et al. 2007; He et al. 2020), and mobile carbon pools of trees have been classified into fast- and slow-turnover pools (Keel et al. 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Based on cooling models (see previous section), it is unlikely that Mars's crust could support a ∼1000 km crater prior to Borealis forming, and Borealis almost certainly would have reset the crater retention age of the entire Martian surface. Approaching this from a relative chronology viewpoint and the possibility that the crater-based absolute chronology from Mars is wrong, then if Borealis were an unlikely ∼4 Ga, that could solve the observation-expectation mismatch by simply having ∼30–70 craters that formed earlier be erased by Borealis. The <4 Gyr age would leave N = 2 craters on the Moon (Orientale, Imbrium) to scale to Mars for an expected ∼20 large craters. While this is still a factor of ∼3 mismatch, the effects discussed in earlier sections could further change this number, though it may be harder to alter the Mars:Moon bolide ratio at that point in the solar system's history. Conversely, if Borealis and Utopia are older, then this emphasizes the mismatch because the ancient, large-crater record should be well preserved, and the absence of large craters is more certain and cannot be as easily attributed to their not being preserved. Transitioning to the argument that Mars might be hiding buried impacts, one possible area to hide craters is under the fairly young-appearing Tharsis volcanic province. Tharsis covers ≈25% of Mars, and no impact craters larger than 100 km are visible on it. Tharsis has been uplifted via a static mantle plume, and it contains a dozen large supervolcanoes that have resurfaced the region via volcanic eruptions. Ergo, it is plausible that this region could hide large, ancient impact craters, though Bottke & Andrews-Hanna (2017) found no such large impacts on the buried dichotomy boundary beneath Tharsis. However, using a simple area argument in a thought experiment, Mars's large-crater population could be increased by ∼30% to allow for ∼2–3 buried features to be added to the total. This does not come close to solving the mismatch. One can expand this discussion to the possibility discussed in Section 2. 2, that some researchers have argued for a buried impact population on Mars that is both large in physical size and quantity. With the advent of global topography, this hypothesis is mostly argued for by Frey (2006, 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Services on 10. 4067/S0718-95162015005000019 ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria and growth of wheat (L. ) W. Hassan1, 2*, M. Hussain2, S. Bashir3 A. N. Shah4, R. Bano5, J. David6 1Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany. *Corresponding author: [email protected] 2College of Agriculture, B. Z. U. Bahadur Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan. 3Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan. 4University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China. 5. 6Freie Universität, Berlin, 14195, Germany. growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria, which can enhance the growth of the plants, when applied to crops. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effect of six PGPR isolates on the growth of wheat. Inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates increased the all measured physical, chemical and enzymatic growth parameters compared to control (CK). However, the WAN1 isolate had the highest effect, and significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the root length (3. 51-fold), shoot length (3. 22-fold), seedling fresh (3. 41-fold) and dry (3. 91-fold) weight, chlorophyll a (3. 90-fold), chlorophyll b (3. 51-fold), carotenoid contents (7. 23-fold), plant macronutrient uptake i. e. N (7. 20-fold, 6. 71-fold), P (7. 41-fold, 5. 01-fold), K (5. 51-fold, 3. 91-fold), Ca (6. 40-fold, 5. 21-fold) and Mg (5. 82-fold, 7. 11-fold) in shoot and root, plant micronutrient uptake i. e. Zn (6. 40-fold, 9. 11-fold), Cu (7. 31-fold, 7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The vertical dotted line indicates the tree-ring boundary between rings formed within the two yearsFull size imageKagawa et al. (2006b) enclosed whole saplings of Dahurian larch in transparent bags and conducted pulse-labeling over two sunny days in summer (July), and also in the spring of the following year (June) and tracked allocation of 13C to the different parts of each tree. In spring, sink strength at the apical parts were strong and spring photosynthetic products were allocated mainly to the apex; a lesser amount went to the below-ground parts of the tree. Spring photosynthetic products were also used for EW formation right after the labeling (Fig. 15. 3 left, Kagawa et al. 2006a). When new carbon is directly used for tree-ring formation, the 13C concentration of wood shows a higher concentration than that of starch (horizontal dotted line in Fig. 15. 3 left). On the other hand, if 13C-labeled photosynthetic products are used for tree-ring formation via the storage pool, the 13C concentrations of wood become lower than those of starch (Fig. 15. 3 right). Photosynthetic products labeled during the previous summer are directed to the storage pool, where 13C concentrations are diluted with non-labeled carbon, then carried over to the current year. It is further diluted with newly assimilated spring photosynthetic products (new carbon) as shown in the EW of Fig. 15. 3 right. Based on these results, we believe that EW is made of the mixture of “new and old carbon”. “New carbon” is newly assimilated spring photosynthate, translocated in phloem from the crown, and “old carbon” is storage carbon that is carried over from previous years and transferred from xylem and phloem parenchyma from above- or belowground (von Felten et al. 2007). On the other hand, the EW of broad-leaved species that form ring-porous wood, such as oak, should be mostly made of storage, because formation of EW vessels of ring-porous trees precedes the onset of leaf flushing. In ring-porous oak, not only carbon but also oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios show unusual values in EW (Helle and Schleser 2004; Nabeshima et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Beyond the bolide ratio today not being applicable ∼4 Ga, the next simplest way to account for the mismatch is the modeling that indicates half the lunar craters in the sample scaled to Mars might be excluded: If the modeling that suggests those craters would be just half their size if they had formed in the same cool lunar crust as Orientale is true, then that could reduce the number of large craters Mars needs to have by half. However, this must be paired with a realistic cooling model for Mars such that its crust would be similar to the lunar farside rather than nearside, something in between, or hotter than the nearside. If the timing works, then in conjunction with the bolide difference early in the solar system's history, this might be a strong, straightforward component of the solution that neither requires revision to Mars's crater chronology nor requires any different bolide ratio. After exhausting those two mechanisms, the next-most likely components are for the ancient Martian crater chronology to be revised, and/or for Mars to have hidden large, ancient impacts. is either roughly the same age or a little older than SPA (Figure 2(A)), such that pre-Borealis impacts cannot help solve the mismatch, then it is possible that stretching the time between Borealis and Utopia would allow for large impacts to have formed that were then relaxed away by the large amount of heat in the crust. This fits with the argument of Mars "hiding" large impacts, which it also might do to a certain extent under the vast Tharsis volcanic province (though this is more difficult to do based on the dichotomy boundary still being visible under Tharsis in gravity data). Overall, there does not appear to be a clear, single, simple mechanism to explain the discrepancy of large-impact craters between Moon and Mars that presumably formed within the first ≈700 Myr of the solar system. While there are several possible mechanisms that could explain it, it is likely that the dynamical adjustments to the relative impact rates on both bodies early in their history will bear the most fruit. However, this does not need to be the sole solution. Future, better mapping of Mars's gravity field might help reveal more buried impacts that defy detection today, or follow-up modeling of how large craters form in hot versus cool crust could also be effective. S. J. R. acknowledges helpful feedback from.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 02-fold), Fe (6. 41-fold, 7. 52-fold) and Mn (4. 57-fold, 5. 21-fold) in shoot and root and plant antioxidant enzymes i. e. glutathione S-transferase (7. 51-fold), peroxidase (5. 21-fold) and catalase (5. 01-fold) respectively. Our results revealed that inoculation of agricultural crops with PGPR is a very useful approach to increase the plant growth. The ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) enrichment technique is an efficient approach to select promising PGPR. The PGPR containing dual abilities i. e. both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing ability are more effective than PGPR possessing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of crops. Keywords: -deaminase, Ethylene and auxin, wheat 1. microorganisms are vital to agro-ecosystem health via their roles in organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling and their associations with other organisms and plants i. e. symbiosis (Hassan et al. , 2013a; Glick, 2012). In agricultural soils, microorganisms are known to influence profoundly the status of soil fertility and health, and hence crop production (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Hassan et al. , 2013a). Different bacterial genera are vital components of soils, as it has been estimated that 80–90% of the processes in soil are reactions mediated by soil microbes (Hassan and David, 2014). They are involved in various biotic activities of the soil ecosystem to make it dynamic for nutrient turn over and ultimately sustainable crop production (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). The large active groups of bacteria that inhabiting the rhizosphere benefit the crop plants in several ways, collectively called as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Hassan et al. , 2014a). Interactions between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere can clearly affect growth and development of the crop plants and yield (Hassan et al. , 2014a; Ahmed and Kibret, 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: H1/2, which is a measure of time resolution, is the half width at half maximum of the peak observed in the tree ring. Apart from a small tail to the right, this Gaussian peak matches the observed peak shape from a pulse-labeling experiment with fast-growing Japanese cedar (Figs. 15. 2 and 15. 4d, Kagawa et al. 2005). Fig. 15. 4Time resolution of tree-ring archive and residence time of storage carbon. Time resolutions can be estimated from half-widths at the half height of the peaks (H1/2). Storage pool with longer residence time (T1/2) can generate peak tail to the right of each peak. a two discrete pulses of label given to a tree. Solid vertical lines represent the start and end of the first pulse, and dashed lines for the second pulse. b, c expected tree-ring output signal from the two pulses in (a). d predicted Gaussian peak from Eq. 15. 6 (dashed line) and the observed peak shape from a pulse-labeling experiment with fast-growing Japanese cedar (solid line). r and 1–r are the ratios of the carbon contribution from new and old carbon pools, respectivelyFull size imageThe time delay tc is the time needed for new carbon to be transported from leaves to the cambium for tree-ring formation. According to estimates based on the natural fluctuation of the δ13C values of soluble organic matter in leaves and in the stem-base phloem, the time of phloem transport of new carbon from leaves to stem base has been estimated to be 1–2 days for adult beech trees of 25–27 m of height (Keitel et al. 2003) and the velocity of phloem transport has been estimated to be ca. 0. 2–1. 2 m h−1 (Brandes et al. 2006; Dannoura et al 2011). However, carbon in the starch pool turns over slower than carbon in the soluble organic matter pool in leaves (Brugnoli et al. 1988). Residence time, or time required to replace old carbon pools in leaves with new carbon, is 9 days in deciduous species and 39–63 days in evergreen conifer species (Keel et al. 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Full size image transform (CHT) has been promoted as a method for the detection of impact craters (Kim et al. 2005; Stepinski et al. 2006; Bue and Stepinski 2007). CHT (Illingworth and Kittler 1987) is an adaptation of the Hough transform (e. g. Duda and Hart 1972; Xiao and Weij 2006; Mingzhu and Huanrong 2008). It is a feature detection method that exploits the edges of circular objects in an image to reconstruct their perimeter out of their imperfect instances. This is achieved through a voting procedure from the 2D space of the imagery to a 2D or 3D parametric space. Nevertheless the noisy nature of most DTMs inevitably introduces votes from irrelevant objects, frequently leading to the emergence of false craters (false positives) while failing to spot true craters (true positives). Investigators on the CHT detection of impact craters (Kim et al. 2005; Bue and Stepinski 2007) address this deficiency of CHT. Bue and Stepinski (2007) promoted an adapted CHT approach which employs algorithms that fragment the DTM into numerous small images, each aimed at wrapping one crater exactly. Although the noisy influence of other objects lying in the neighborhood of a crater is in this way waned to a large extent, the method turned out to be a long-drawn-out and computationally costly one, rendering the adapted CHT less practical for routine crater detection. Region-based detection (blob detection) may be an alternative way to go around the limitations posed to edge-detection methods (CHT) by imperfect crater instances. Blob detection (Kaspers 2011) utilizes operators (algorithms) capable of delineating regions that exhibit uniform properties. Therefore, blob detection is not affected by the imperfections of linear components, such as the eroded crater edges, and may be able to capture craters that CHT left out. Among various blob detection methods (Kaspers 2011), the determinant of Hessian (DoH) is well-known (Lindeberg 1993, 1998). Blob detection has been applied to numerous cases involving conventional images (e. g. Grauman and Leibe 2011) and satellite imagery (Karantzalos and Argialas 2004). This work promotes a utility for routine crater counting on the by integrating open-source CHT and DoH algorithms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The PGPR can stimulate plant growth indirectly by inhibiting other deleterious microbes, root pathogens, biological control of root crop diseases, by production of antibiotics and siderophores (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Hayat et al. , 2010). Directly, PGPR provide the plant with a compound that is synthesized by the bacterium or facilitating the uptake of the nutrients (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Glick, 2012). Therefore, inoculation of agricultural crops with PGPR result in multiple positive effects on plant e. g. increases in the plant growth and vigor, increment in the chlorophyll, protein, proline and antioxidant enzymes activity and overall biomass of the host plant (Glick, 2012; Hayat et al. , 2010). Currently, the biological approaches for improving crop production are gaining strong attention among the agricultural scientists and researchers following integrated plant nutrient management system. The PGPR synthesize different phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, which can enhance various stages of plant growth; and synthesize enzymes, including phosphatase, catalase, that can modulate plant growth and development, and strengthen their immune system (Glick, 2012). The secretion of a wide range of chemical compounds also modifies the chemical and physical properties of the soil (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Glick, 2012). Phytohormone auxin, (indole-3-acetic acid/IAA) is a class of phytohormones which are involved in the regulation of growth and development throughout the life cycle of plants (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014; Etesami et al. , 2014). Similarly, Ethyleneis also a vital phytohormone, which plays significant roles in the germination and growth and development of the seeds and crop plants (Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012). Ethylene, produced endogenously by approximately all plants, however, apart from being a plant growth regulator, in excessive amount, ethylene has also been established as a stress hormone (Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012). Several PGPR are actively involved in the synthesis of auxins in pure culture as well as in soil, and hence can play significant roles in the growth and development of crop plants (Glick, 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Although single-substrate model exists to explain intra-annual oxygen isotope variation of tree rings (Ogée et al. 2009), post-photosynthetic oxygen and hydrogen isotope signal transfer processes are much less explored compared to those of carbon isotopes, partly because effective pulse-labeling method with oxygen and hydrogen isotopes has been lacking. However, recent development of pulse-labeling techniques with enriched or depleted H218O and HDO (Lehman et al. 2018, 2020a, Kagawa 2020) might contribute to the improvement of such model. For example, new roots formed in the post-labeling period (within six months of heavy-water labeling) did not contain significant oxygen and hydrogen labeling signals, possibly due to post-labeling exchange of oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrate pool with those of non-labeled water (Kagawa 2020). In a previous study, Kagawa et al. (2006b) successfully detected signals from photosynthate labeled with 13CO2 in July in roots formed later that year. Therefore, turnover rates of oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrate pool may turn out to be much faster than those of carbon. Future analysis of intra-annual oxygen and hydrogen isotope analysis of the pulse-labeled trees in Kagawa (2020) will answer how pulse-labeled 18O and 2H signals in storage carbohydrates, if any, will affect intra-annual oxygen and hydrogen isotope signals of tree rings. Furthermore, pulse-labeling trees with three different isotopes (13CO2, H218O, and HDO) at the same time should highlight similarities and differences of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in post-fixation and exchange processes in carbohydrate pools. Another interesting discovery from recent dual labeling experiments with H218O and HDO is the use of foliar-absorbed water for wood formation. Recent studies have identified foliar water uptake as a significant net water source for terrestrial plants (Eller et al. 2013; Goldsmith et al. 2013; Dawson and Goldsmith 2018; Berry et al. 2019; Schreel and Steppe 2020) and not only is foliar-absorbed water incorporated into leaf water, it is also assimilated into leaf sugar and organic matter (Studer et al. 2015; Lehman et al. 2018, 2020a) and cellulose of leaves, wood and roots (Kagawa 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: It is computationally less costly than other published approaches (e. g. Bue and Stepinski 2007) and yields similarly high scores. This is, to our knowledge, the first application of the Blob-detection method for impact crater detection on a digital terrain model. Next, the methods are contrasted against one another as to their performance and then they are integrated for optimal true-positive detection results. 2 and of the (USGS) makes available a GIS-ready digital terrain model (DTM) of the Martian surface, released by. The DTM used here was acquired by the (MOLA) of the Surveyor (MGS) robotic spacecraft at a resolution of 463 m/pixel (observed topography within a 0. 00781 × 0. 00781 degree window). The selection of the study window (shown in Fig. 2) on the DTM was more or less arbitrary. The study area captures a segment of the equatorial area of Mars. According to the ( this window mainly captures the northern parts of the quadrangle. In a DTM, impact craters are perceived as negative topographic features in relation to their immediate neighborhood, enclosed by almost perfectly circular edges. Because the blurry DTM raster image (Fig. 2a) cannot be readily read as is, the fluctuations of the gradient of the DTM can highlight crater ridges as embossed lines (edges) on a low intensity background (Fig. 2b). From the outside inwards, the profile of an impact crater is morphologically expressed by a ridge that sharply goes over a low-lying flat area. The image-processed excerption from the DTM (Fig. 2b) portrays the qualitative characteristics of the Martian impact craters in the study area. Crater morphology on Mars is diverse. Impact craters range in diameter from ~ 450 km to as less as 1 km or even lesser. Surface processes may distort the original perimeter of the craters (Barlow 2016) from nearly circular to jigsaw-like edges, as in the case of the prominent crater in the bottom-right corner of Fig. 2 (1). In addition, ongoing bombardment may produce overlapping craters exhibiting complex configurations: from matryoshka doll-like structures, where craters are completely nested in larger craters (2 in Fig. 2), to interlocked rings (3 in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Alike, the PGPR containing ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity is helpful in lowering the ethylene levels by converting ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate in plants, and support the plants for vigorous growth and development (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). Wheat (Triticum spp. ) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world (Schalchli et al. , 2012). Globally, it is the most important human staple food grain and ranks second in total production as a cereal crop after maize (2006). In order to meet the demands of the increasing world,s population, the use of chemical fertilizers increased significantly (2006). It has been estimated that the total annual fertilizer use has risen from 37 M t of N, P and K in 1961-65 to 161 M t in 2005-09 (2009). The excessive use of chemical fertilizers, drastically increase the pollution in both natural and man made ecosystems (Hassan et al. , 2014b). Therefore, it is important to find out other self-propagating and eco-friendly sources, which can replace the chemical fertilizers entirely or partially (Hassan et al. , 2014b). In this regard, the use of PGPR as a bio-fertilizer is a viable approach. Keeping in view all these challenges, the current study was conducted with the objectives: (1) to isolate and screen the most effective multi-traits PGPR strains for wheat (2) to examine the physical, chemical and enzymatic responses of wheat plant to three different rhizobacterial strains, strain 1: containing ACC-deaminase activity (WACC1, WACC2), strain 2: having nitrogen fixing ability (WRN1, WRN5) and strain 3: having both ACC-deaminase activity and nitrogen fixing ability (WAN1, WAN2). 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1. Physico-chemical analysis The soil was collected at 0-5 cm depth with the help of an augur. The samples were air-dried and passed through 2-mm sieve for further use in the incubation study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 10. 2), in agreement with the pattern seen at the cellulose level. Fig. 10. 1The relationships between δ18O of tree-ring cellulose (δ18Ocell) and annual-weighted (δ18Oppt_annual; a), and growing-season-weighted (δ18Oppt_grs; b) δ18O of precipitation. The δ18Oring data presented in this figure were obtained from Barbour et al. (2001). Each of the δ18Oring data points represents integration of 3–10 year of tree-ring isotope signal in the late 1990s. δ18Oppt_annual and δ18Oppt_grs were calculated based on the site information (latitude, longitude and elevation) presented in Barbour et al. (2001), using the online precipitation isotope calculator at (Bowen and Revenaugh 2003). The criterion set out in Song et al. (2011) was used to define growing-season months for each sampling site. For more information about this world-wide collection of δ18Oring data refer to Barbour et al. (2001)Full size imageFig. 10. 2The relationships between δ18O of stem xylem water (δ18Oxw) and annual-weighted (δ18Oppt_annual; a), and growing-season-weighted (δ18Oppt_gs; b) δ18O of precipitation across a wide range of sites in the United States. (a) is an adaptation from Fig. 1 of Sternberg et al. (2007). For (b), δ18Oppt_grs values were calculated based on the site information presented in Sternberg et al. (2007), using the online precipitation isotope calculator at (Bowen and Revenaugh 2003). The criterion set out in Song et al. (2011) was used to define growing-season months for each sampling siteFull size imageStored meteoric water in soil and regolith that interacts with tree roots (Sprenger et al. 2016) has an isotopic composition related to multiple precipitation events, including rainfall from the growing season and pre-growing season dormancy intervals. This highlights the fact that trees utilise a heterogeneous precipitation resource from both the current and past seasons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2), or a combination of the two (4 in Fig. 2). Fig. 2a: digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area (source: ). b: gradient image of the DTM. (1) Crater whose circular edge is eroded acquiring a jigsaw-like shape. (2) Crater nesting in crater, (3) overlapping craters, (4) combination of (1), (2) and (3)Full size imageinvolves switching back and forth from the 2D image space (x, y) to a multi-dimensional space (depending on the number of the curve parameters), known as the parametric space, from which object candidates are detected as local maxima of votes cast into the so-called accumulator matrix. Such a parametric space is known as the “Hough” space (Duda and Hart 1972; Argialas and Krishnamoorthy1992). The CHT algorithm employed in this study is the ‘Phase Coding’ (Atheron and Kerbyson 1999) variation of the CHT algorithm. This implementation can be found in Matlab’s imfindcircles function. Contrary to CHT, blob detection extracts information from regions of an image that cannot be obtained from edge detectors (i. e. CHT). Lindeberg (1993, 1998) defines a blob as a region of the image corresponding to a local extremum, be it a maximum or a minimum (i. e. a bright blob in a darker background or a dark blob in a brighter background). This definition satisfies the appearance of impact craters on the DTM of Mars which appear as concave basins (lower height—dark areas) exhumed in the ground surface (higher height—brighter areas). Blobs can be automatically detected by employing operators that calculate the gradient fluctuations on an image. There are two common approaches to blob detection, namely the Laplacian of Gaussian (Mikolajczyk and Schmid 2004) and the Determinant of Hessian (Lindeberg 1998). Both aim at detecting either convex or concave structures in an image.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Soil texture, pH, EC (electrical conductivity), available P, N, extractable K and organic matter (OM) and saturation percentage were determined by the methods of Hassan, 2013, Hassan et al. , (2013 b, c, d) and Hassan et al. , (2014 c, d, e). The soil was sandy loam (sand 60. 3%, clay 25. 5% and silt 14. 2%) in texture, and alkaline in nature with saturation percentage 41. 5%, pH 7. 98, EC 1. 71, OM 0. 41%, available P, N and K 8. 81, 3. 67 and 423 mg kg-1respectively. 2. 2. Isolation of PGPR For isolation of bacterial strains, gently rhizosphere soil was collected from tomato crop. Rhizobacteria were isolated by dilution plate technique (Wollum-II, 1982) using Dworkin and Foster salt minimal media (Dworkin and Foster, 1958) (DF). For PGPR containing ACC-deaminase, ACC was the sole nitrogen source. Whereas, modified mannitol agar media was used to isolate PGPR possessing nitrogen fixing activity (Enrichment Technique). 2. 3. Isolation of rhizobacteria containing dual abilities Isolated rhizobacteria were further grown on both (DF salt minimal and modified mannitol agar) media to isolate the rhizobacteria containing dual abilities i. e. nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activity. The isolates having ACC-deaminase activity was grown on modified mannitol agar media used for N fixing isolates and the rhizobacteria possessing N fixing activity was grown on media used for isolates having ACC-deaminase activity. The isolates WAN1 and WAN2 grew on both media and proved that having both abilities. 2. 4. Preparation of inocula Autoclaved 250 ml flasks with DF salt minimal media were used for the preparation of inocula, for the rhizobacterial isolates containing ACC-deaminase activity and modified mannitol agar media for the rhizobacterial isolates having nitrogen fixing activity. The autoclaved flasks were incubated at 28 ± 1°C for 48 hours in the orbital shaking incubator at 100 rpm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Recently, capitalizing on a four-year collection of isotope compositions of precipitation, soil and tree xylem water, Brinkmann et al. (2018) conducted a rigorous, quantitative evaluation of the residence time of precipitation in the soil of a temperate forest. Their results showed that the residence time of soil water can be months or even years long, depending on the relative strengths of the precipitation input and the amount of water removal through evapotranspiration and infiltration. A significant finding of the Brinkmann et al. (2018) is that contributions of growing season and non-growing season precipitation are of similar magnitude as far as the total water supply of temperate trees is concerned. This finding is consistent with the pattern seen at the spatial scale that demonstrates strong correlations of δ18Ocell or δ18Oxw with δ18Oppt_annual. It is worth pointing out that the close linkage between precipitation water and source water notwithstanding, δ18Oppt inherently represents an approximation to δ18Osw regardless of the temporal scale over which it is integrated. In some cases, there is evidence that rapid uptake of meteoric rainfall (via increased soil moisture availability) corresponds to incremental growth of trees (Wunder et al. 2013), suggesting in some cases there may be low δ18Oppt residence time prior to incorporation in δ18Ocell. On the other hand, the transfer of the isotope signal from precipitation to the plant-available source water pool may not be a straightforward process, but instead, could be complicated by several factors. For example, after infiltrating into the soil, the precipitation signal can be damped or even masked after mixing with the existing soil water, and there is potential for precipitation and soil water to mix with short- and long-residence stem water, and/or precipitation may be further altered by extreme events such as tropical cyclones that often bring in large amount of water with distinctively low δ18O values (Miller et al. 2006), or by evaporative enrichment of soil water or the influence of the ground water (Cernusak et al. 2016; Sprenger et al. 2016). In addition, δ18Oppt is known to be seasonally variable for many regions (Bowen 2018), which means the season of growth response that dominates incremental ring addition (and therefore δ18Ocell) may require consideration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Because of the apparent resemblance between the graphical representation of the Determinant of Hessian (DoH) and the crater geometry (impact craters resemble 3D, inverted, Gaussian-like depressions) it is the DoH operator that is here tested on the DTM from the Surveyor. of Hessian searches the image for locations that display intense derivatives in orthogonal directions (Grauman and Leibe 2011). For the detection of impact craters as blobs, this study takes advantage of the blob_doh algorithm available from the scikit-image library for image processing in the Python programming language. The algorithm defines the center of a blob where the determinant of the Hessian matrix is maximized, and then delivers their (x, y) coordinates and the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernels convolved with the Hessian matrix. The radii of the blobs are approximately equal to the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel. One shortcoming of blob_doh is that it cannot detect radii smaller than 3 pixels wide due to the box filters (Bay et al. 2008) employed in the approximation of the Hessian Determinant. Figure 3 illustrates two topographic profiles corresponding to the dashed lines in sections A and B respectively (drawn in Fig. 2) and reveal that impact craters may crop up at diverse landscapes from tilted sinusoid-like (Fig. 3a) to remarkably flat areas (Fig. 3b). Therefore, the apparent complexity of crater shapes encountered on Mars poses a challenge to the CHT and DOH methodologies employed here. Thus, CHT and DoH were tested against two distinctive landscape settings designated as A and B in Fig. 2 in order to compare their performance on both trended (A) and plane (B) topographies. Before applying the CHT and DoH algorithms, excerpts from the DTM of the two selected areas (Fig. 2) underwent some image pre-processing in order to optimize the operator’s performance. The “median” edge-preserving, noise-reduction filter (MF) was employed for both CHT and DoH. Nevertheless, CHT requires some additional amount of image pre-processing so that the circle edges emerge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Experimental design Two PGPR isolates (WACC1 and WACC2) containing ACC-deaminase activity, two PGPR isolates (WRN1 and WRN5) having nitrogen fixing activity and two PGPR isolates (WAN1 and WAN2) possessing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity were selected for incubation experiment. The inoculum for trial was prepared by growing the selected PGPR isolates. For inoculation of treatments, germinated seeds (variety Uqab-2000) were dipped in broth having selected ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing isolates. For control treatments, the wheat seeds were dipped in sterilized flasks containing 0. 03 M MgSO4. Four inoculated seeds were sown in each pot having 500 g soil/pot. Sterilized ½ strength nitrogen free Hoagland solution was used to provide nutrients to growing seedling. There were four replications for each treatment. Pots were arranged in complete randomized design (CRD) in a growth room under axenic conditions. After 28 days of germination, wheat plants were harvested and parameters regarding root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, macro and micro nutrients in plant shoot and root and antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activities were recorded. 2. 11. Statistical analysis The data were statistically analyzed by Statistix 8. 1 statistical package (Statistix, USA). Parametric statistics of ANOVA analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of rhizobacterial isolate inoculation on plant growth. Mean separations were achieved using a least significant difference (LSD) test at p < 0. 05. 3. Results 3. 1. Root and shoot length The inoculation of wheat seedlings with rhizobacterial isolates containing nitrogen fixing and/or ACC-deaminase activity increased the root and shoot length as compared to uninoculated control. The root and shoot length ranged from 1. 51-fold to 3. 51-fold and 1. 40 to 3. 22 fold under normal growth conditions (Figure 1). The isolate WAN1 showed maximum increase in the root and shoot length that was 3. 51-fold and 3. 22-fold respectively as compared to uninoculated control.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (c) was ΔFull size imageOf interest, a similar absence of a negative association between RH and Δ18O of tree-stem cellulose was also observed in a more recent study performed across 11 sampling sites that spanned an aridity gradient in NE Australia (Cheeseman and Cernusak 2017; Fig. 10. 3c). However, this observation cannot be fully explained by leaf-air temperature uncoupling, as along this same gradient a strongly negative correlation was observed between RH and leaf cellulose enrichment. In view of the different patterns between stem- and leaf-cellulose enrichment, Cheeseman and Cernusak (2017) proposed that the nil trend of stem cellulose enrichment along the RH gradient is a result of variation in the biochemical term “pex” (a topic that will be explored in more detail in the next section) and especially that pex is related to aridity. As of now, whether it is leaf temperature or pex that represents the true mechanism for the observed stem or tree-ring cellulose patterns remains to be further tested. Future studies explicitly designed to examine the relevant assumptions (as recently attempted by Helliker et al. (2018)) will hold the key to unravelling this uncertainty. 3. 2 The Péclet Effect ModelThe Craig-Gordon model has been shown to predict general trends in leaf water enrichment quite well. However, if examined more closely, measured bulk leaf water enrichment in many cases was found to be somewhat less enriched than that predicted by the Craig-Gordon equation (Walker et al. 1989; Flanagan et al. 1991). This has led to the realization that the Craig-Gordon equation may only predict the 18O enrichment at the evaporative sites within the leaf water, but not the bulk leaf water. The latter instead can be highly heterogeneous, likely as a result of mixing processes within the leaf lamina involving both unenriched and enriched water. This process was rigorously treated by Farquhar and Lloyd (1993), who introduced a Péclet effect into the leaf model to mathematically account for the ratio of advection of unenriched vein water via transpiration stream to back-diffusion of the enriched water from the evaporative site.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a standard deviation filter was applied to the DTM in order to emboss areas of high variance, such as the crater edges, which are the features to be recognized by the CHT algorithm. Moreover, the Canny and Sobel edge detection operators were applied separately. Finally, the profile curvature was calculated to reveal the edges and a threshold was set to the gradient magnitude so as to convert the grey-scale image into black and white (binary image). A step including morphological opening and skeletonization of the image is usually interposed. In that way only foreground pixels with high gradient are designated for casting votes. Fig. 3a Topography profile of test area A in a NW–SE direction. Topography is characterized by sinusoidal-like fluctuations while trending towards higher elevations to the SE. b Topography profile of test area B in a W–E direction, drawn across the middle of area BFull size imageBy default, DoH searches for local topographic extrema without distinguishing minima (craters) from maxima (bright blobs corresponding to concave or hilly areas). Because of this, DoH will inevitably return ‘phantom’ craters (false positives) which skew the results dataset. One way to prevent blob_doh from extracting bright blobs is to insert an intensity cut-off in Python in order to exclude concave or hilly areas, which correspond to groups of high-intensity pixel values. However, insertion of an intensity cut-off inevitably leads to the rejection of a large portion of the image area and exclusion of craters resting at higher elevations. With the intention of improving the performance of DoH on a trended topography, such as area B, without losing information, we de-trended the relevant DTM in ArcGIS. De-trending involved fitting a plane to the DTM, and then subtracting it from the original DTM. The result was a leveled DTM which maintained the initial topological associations of the geomorphic features. This has the advantage that any intensity cut-off value will prevent DoH from extracting concave features without discarding portions of the image resting above the intensity cut-off value. As some overlap between the two methods may occur with regard to the crater detection results, it is essential that duplicate true positives be detected and counted as singles in the output.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Conversely, WAN2 was the next effective isolate in promoting root and shoot length (3. 1-fold and 2. 91-fold) as compared to uninoculated control. The other isolates namely, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 caused 2. 51-fold, 2. 21-fold, 2. 22-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 81-fold, 1. 61-fold and 1. 51-fold and 1. 40-fold increase in root and shoot length as compared to uninoculated control. Figure 1. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on root and shoot length of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for root length. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 2. Fresh and dry weight of seedlings The effect of inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity possessing rhizobacteria on the fresh and dry weight of seedling is shown in Figure 2. Data showed that fresh and dry weight of seedlings increased significantly (P < 0. 05) as a result of inoculation, ranged from 1. 51 to 3. 41 fold and 1. 60 to 3. 91 fold. All rhizobacterial isolates caused significant (P < 0. 05) increase in the fresh weight and dry of seedlings. Nevertheless the WAN1 was the most efficient isolate, caused an increase of 3. 41-fold and 3. 91-fold. The WAN2 was the second best isolate, caused an increase of 3. 11-fold and 3. 41-fold. The next effective isolates were WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 that resulted in about 2. 61-fold and 2. 92-fold, 2. 41-fold and 2. 61-fold, 1. 81-fold and 2. 21-fold and 1. 51-fold and 1. 60-fold increase respectively. Figure 2. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on seedling fresh and dry weight of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for seedling fresh weight. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1986; Yakir and Deniro 1990; Roden et al. 2000; Cernusak et al. 2005), over which average pex is ca. 0. 42 (summarized by Cernusak et al. 2005). Nevertheless, several more recent studies have suggested that pex may exhibit considerable variation in association with variation in aridity (Cheeseman and Cernusak 2017), salinity (Ellsworth and Sternberg 2014), or turnover time (τ) of the sucrose pool available for cellulose synthesis (Song et al. 2014). A relationship between pex and τ was suggested by Farquhar et al. (1998) through consideration of biochemical pathways leading to cellulose synthesis. When τ is small such that the sucrose pool turns over rapidly, there should be less opportunity for hexose phosphates to cycle through triose, potentially resulting in a smaller pex compared to the case of a slow turnover pool of sucrose. Further, it is known that τ is a parameter that can be readily influenced by plant growth environments, and hence the observed aridity- or salinity-dependence of pex may well be an indirect reflection of τ influence on pex. However, despite these plausible explanations, Waterhouse et al. (2013) demonstrated that position-specific isotopic exchange rates in cellulose cannot be fully accounted for by the carbonyl-exchange theory, with or without consideration of cycling via trioses. That is, our current understanding of the biochemical fractionation is incomplete and more research is needed to explore potential variations in pex and the associated mechanisms. 4. 2 and Transport of between the above mentioned two metabolic steps is the sucrose translocation pathway, where sucrose is loaded into the minor-vein phloem of the leaf and subsequently transported downwards in phloem towards the cellulose synthesis site. The current tree-ring model assumes no isotopic effect during sucrose translocation. However, this assumption may be problematic, as both phloem loading and transport involve highly dynamic and complex mechanisms (i. e. , multiple pathways during loading and the leakage-retrieval dynamics persisting throughout transport) (van Bel 2003), which may give rise to metabolic conversion of sucrose into carbonyl-containing intermediates and consequently to isotopic oxygen exchange (Barnard et al. 2007; Offermann et al. 2011; Gessler et al. 2013, 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2002; Shan and Lee 2005) defined as the ratio of the objects identified by the algorithm over both the ground-truth objects and the phantom objects ([true positives] ÷ [ground-truth + false positives]). Table 1 lists the results of CHT algorithm applied to both DTMs excerpts after they underwent image pre-processing with various filters. The above indices were calculated both by counting craters () and measuring the relevant surface (). The S2 and S3 preprocessing algorithms involved applying the standard deviation filter two and three times respectively. The window sizes of the standard deviation filters were 11 × 11, 3 × 3 and 3 × 3 from the first to the last pass. Search radius range was set to 10–70 pixels in all cases. For the CHT method, the best results were achieved using the S2 filtering for area A, while the S3 filtering provided better results for area B (Table 1, Fig. 4). DTM de-trending seems to have a negligible influence on the CHT results. After removing the trend the number of craters was found to be quite similar to the number of craters identified in the DTM prior to detrending. Table 1 Results of the CHT algorithm performed on areas A and BFull size table Fig. 4a Red circles correspond to craters extracted by CHT in area A after the DTM underwent the S2 filtering (see Table 1). b Red circles correspond to craters extracted by CHT in area B after the DTM underwent the S3 filtering (see Table 1)Full size imageThe syntax of blob_doh for Python requires 3 input parameters, namely the minimum and maximum standard deviations of the Gaussian kernel for detecting both small and large blobs as well as a threshold known as the scale parameter which defines the smallest maxima to be detected. We experimented with several combinations of these parameters. However, important omission or commission errors are introduced (Fig. 5a) because the algorithm extracts both convex and concave blobs indiscriminately. Yet, the most crucial parameter in DoH, turned out to be the cut-off value which we introduced to the blob_doh code. By progressively lowering the cut-off value we managed to free the output from false craters (Table 2). This can be straightforwardly explained by recalling the shape of the topographic profile (Fig. 3a). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents The inoculation with either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity containing rhizobacteria significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents. The increase in the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents ranged from 1. 63 to 3. 91 fold, 1. 61 to 3. 51 fold and 1. 81 to 7. 21 fold (Figure 3). Isolate WAN1 was found to be the most effective that caused 3. 91-fold, 3. 51-fold and 7. 21-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents over uninoculated control respectively. The next effective isolates were WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 that resulted in about 3. 41-fold, 3. 20-fold, 6. 01-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 61-fold,4. 91-fold, 2. 61-fold, 2. 30-fold, 3. 41-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold, 2. 62-fold, and 1. 63-fold, 1. 60-fold and 1. 81-fold increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents respectively, compared to uninoculated control. Figure 3. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for chlorophyll a contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 4. Macronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root (Figure 4). Among all isolates the maximum N (7. 11-fold and 6. 71-fold), P (7. 41-fold and 4. 90-fold), K (5. 51-fold and 3. 90-fold), Ca (6. 40-fold and 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Indeed, several studies have documented significant leaf-to-phloem or phloem-basipetal isotopic gradients in sucrose (Gavrichkova et al. 2011; Offermann et al. 2011; Gessler et al. 2013), hinting at the possibility of biochemical fractionation during phloem loading and transport. In a field investigation involving five different species, Gessler et al. (2013) found that twig phloem-transported sucrose was significantly less enriched than its leaf counterpart in three evergreen species, but not in the other two deciduous species. Gessler et al. (2013) presented a detailed discussion of the anatomical and physiological variations in the studied species, and suggested that these variations may at least be partially responsible for species-specific variation in the extent of phloem-loading/transport associated oxygen exchange, in turn causing the observed variation in the isotopic difference between phloem sucrose and leaf water among species. The dataset presented in Gessler et al. (2013) does not allow for quantitative assessment of the contribution of bark photosynthesis (a critical confounding factor) to the δ18O signature in phloem so that no definitive conclusion can be drawn yet regarding whether and to what extent carbonyl-oxygen exchange during phloem loading/transport may influence the phloem-leaf isotopic difference in different species. Nevertheless, the observed isotopic effect during phloem loading/transport highlights knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to put our understanding of the δ18Ocell-associated mechanisms on a firmer ground. To this end, future experimental studies should be performed not only to advance understanding of the biochemical/physiological mechanisms underlying the phloem-related oxygen exchange process, but also to quantify the mean and variation of the apparent fractionation factor associated with this process among different species and/or environmental conditions. This understanding should then be incorporated into the existing tree-ring isotope model, to improve our ability to interpret climatic and physiological signals from δ18Ocell under various contexts. 5 ConclusionsThe oxygen isotope composition of tree rings records environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, and to a lesser extent physiological and biochemical responses such as stomatal regulation of water loss and the balance between sources and sinks for carbohydrates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 5a Results of DoH in area A for a cut-off value of 150. b Results of DoH in area B for a cut-off value of 150. Along with the concave features (craters) the algorithm still extracts some convex ones (hills)Full size image Table 2 Results of the DoH algorithm performed on areas A and BFull size tableIn DoH, it seems that de-trending plays a more important role. Indeed, when DoH ran on the de-trended DTM of areas A and B it scored a higher number of true positives (Table 2). The most satisfactory results for DoH (Table 2, Fig. 5) have been achieved using a cut-off value of 150 for the original DEM and 110 for the de-trended DEM (area A). For area B, cut-off values of 140 and 110 produced the best results for the original and the de-trended DEM (Fig. 6), respectively. Fig. 6Results of DoH in de-trended area A. Having used an appropriate cut-off value the performance of DoH improved significantly on the detrened DTMFull size imageNeither CHT nor DoH is capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of the craters independently. A way to go around the problem of phantom craters, as well as to increase the overall number of detected craters by combining both computer vision approaches is discussed hereafter. 4 DiscussionA careful examination of Fig. 4a, b shows the tendency of CHT to capture craters with diameter smaller than ~ 50 km while missing the larger ones systematically. Investigators on the CHT detection of impact craters (Kim et al. 2005; Bue and Stepinski 2007) address the partial deficiency of CHT to detect impact craters. The imperfect instantiation of the craters in the pre-processed image, due to natural erosion of the crater edges, and the contribution from edges of irrelevant objects (i. e. relict drainage network and other types of topographic discontinuities) that cast false votes in the accumulation matrix will result into low signal-to-noise ratios. Bue and Stepinski (2007) managed to enhance the detection capacities of CHT by employing a long-drawn-out process (which lies beyond the purposes of this work) deploying algorithms which fragment the DTM into numerous small images, each aimed at wrapping one crater exactly.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 21-fold) and Mg (5. 80-fold and 7. 01-fold) contents in plant shoot and root were found in WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 81-fold, 5. 11-fold, 3. 62-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 90-fold), P (5. 81-fold, 4. 62-fold, 3. 61-fold, 2. 80-fold and 2. 01-fold), K (4. 61-fold, 3. 71-fold, 2. 91-fold, 2. 03-fold and 1. 61-fold), Ca (4. 40-fold, 3. 71-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 31-fold) and Mg (4. 51-fold, 4. 01-fold, 3. 21-fold, 2. 61-fold and 1. 71-fold) in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the N (5. 11-fold, 4. 01-folds, 3. 31-fold, 2. 71-fold and 2. 30-fold), P (4. 30-fold, 3. 60-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 91-fold and 2. 61-fold), K (3. 21-fold, 2. 50-fold, 1. 91-fold, 1. 72-fold and 1. 41-fold), Ca (4. 41-fold, 3. 61-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 80-fold) and Mg (6. 11-fold, 5. 61-fold, 4. 50-fold, 3. 70-fold and 1. 91-fold) in the plant root compared to control. Figure 4. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on macronutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in shoot and root of wheat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: in of Download book PDF Download book. Churakova7,8, Trevor J. Porter9, Alexander V. Kirdyanov7,10, Vladimir S. Myglan11, Marina V. Fonti7,8 & …Eugene A. Vaganov7,10 Show authors Part of the book series: ((TREE,)) 8815 Accesses AbstractThe boreal forests are widely expanded from subarctic forest to tundra, and from taiga to forest-steppe zone (from 50 °N to 70 °N). We reviewed available stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose (δ13C, δ18O and δ2H) from 16 sites located in the Russian Federation; 4 research sites from Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden and Norway); 5 sites from Canada, and 1 site from Alaska (USA) to evaluate impact of climatic changes from seasonal to annual scale across boreal forest ecosystems. Results of our review of carbon isotope data showed that drought conditions (mainly high vapour pressure deficit) are prevalent for western and central regions of Eurasia, Alaska and Canada, while northeastern and eastern sites of Eurasian subarctic are showing water shortage developments resulting from decreasing precipitation. Oxygen isotope chronologies show increasing trends towards the end of the twentieth century mainly for all chronologies, except for the Siberian northern and southern sites. The application of the multiple stable isotope proxies (δ13C, δ18O, δ2H) is beneficial to study responses of boreal forests to climate change in temperature-limited environments. However, a deeper knowledge of hydrogen isotope fractionation processes at the tree-ring cellulose level is needed for a sound interpretation and application of δ2H for climate reconstructions, especially for the boreal forest zone where forest ecosystems are more sensitive to climatic and environmental changes. You have full access to this open access 1. 2 billion hectares of land area (Soja et al. 2007), with the Siberian taiga accounting for 70% of this area (Kasischke 2000). The typical boreal climate is subarctic (e. g. , Köppen zones Dfc and Dwc).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: In this way the noisy influence of other objects lying in the neighborhood of a crater is eliminated. Nevertheless, the higher computational cost involved in that approach (Bue and Stepinski 2007) renders the adapted CHT less practical for routine crater detection. Contrary to CHT, DoH seems to miss smaller craters, while performing better on the larger ones (Fig. 5a, b). Having optimized the output from both CHT and DoH, we combined the results (Fig. 7a, b). This was accomplished by merging the results of the two methods and by applying the tolerance-based algorithm for the elimination of duplicates explained earlier. Once the duplicate craters were found, it was the CHT-duplicates that were discarded from the data set with the merged craters. Consequently, a more accurate crater count (and a visually better vector) was obtained, using a combination of CHT and DoH methods. The success of the duplicate crater finder algorithm was 100%. All the craters that were discarded by this algorithm were indeed duplicates. There were no false positives or false negatives. The results of this matching algorithm are illustrated in Fig. 7a, b. Fig. 7a Craters detected in area A by combining CHT and DOH on the de-trended DTM. Blue: craters found by either CHT or DoH (for craters found by both methods the duplicates of the CHT method were removed). Green: ground-truth craters (manually drawn) that match a blue crater. Red: ground-truth craters not found by either method (omission error). Yellow: craters found by either method but do not belong to ground-truth (false positives—commission error). Cases of complex structures resulting from interlocking craters are denoted by numbers: (1) crater with eroded rim, (2) craters nesting in craters, (3) overlapping craters, (4) combination of (1), (2) and (3). b Craters detected in area B by combining CHT and DOH on the de-trended DTM. See a for descriptionFull size image Aside from the challenges posed by the irregularity of the topography, presence of complex structures resulting from interlocking craters, such as those described in Sect. 2 and Fig. 2, additionally challenge the detection capabilities of the integrated methodology put forward here.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for macronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 5. Micronutrient contents in shoot and root Data showed that inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity increased the plant ionic uptake e. g. micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root (Figure 5). Among all isolates the maximum Zn (6. 41-fold and 9. 11-fold), Cu (7. 31-fold and 7. 01-fold), Fe (6. 40-fold and 7. 51-fold) and Mn (4. 50-fold and 5. 20-fold) contents in plant shoot and roots were found in treatments inoculated with WAN1. The other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (P< 0. 05) increased the Zn (5. 60-fold, 4. 61-fold, 3. 70-fold, 2. 81-fold and 1. 90-fold), Cu (6. 01-fold, 4. 41-fold, 3. 30-fold, 2. 51-fold and 1. 70-fold), Fe (5. 31-fold, 4. 20-fold, 3. 41-fold, 2. 70-fold and 1. 90-fold) and Mn (3. 90-fold, 3. 31-fold, 2. 81-fold, 2. 41-fold and 1. 90-fold) contents in the plant shoot compared to control. Similarly, the other isolates namely WAN2, WRN1, WRN5, WACC1 and WACC2 also significantly (p < 0. 05) increased the Zn (7. 80-fold, 6. 10-fold, 4. 71-fold, 3. 31-fold and 1. 91-fold), Cu (5. 20-fold, 4. 01-fold, 2. 91-fold, 1. 90-fold and 1. 31-fold), Fe (6. 01-fold, 5. 01-fold, 3. 80-fold, 2. 71-fold and 1. 60-fold) and Mn (4. 41-fold, 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In contrast to tundra areas to the north, the relatively low albedo of the boreal forest plays an important role in regulating the surface energy balance and climate of the subarctic latitudes (Bonan 2008). Large areas of Fennoscandia, central and eastern Siberia (Russian Federation), northern Canada and Alaska represent the most extensive remaining areas of natural forests on the planet. The boreal forests are globally important for their economic and environmental values. Extensive areas of the boreal forests of Finland, Sweden, and parts of Canada are intensively managed for timber production and contribute 10–30% of the export income of these nations (ACIA 2004). The study of boreal forest ecosystems is important because of their high sensitivity to regional and global climate changes, and potential to influence ground temperatures and the stability of vast pools of carbon currently locked in permafrost in the subarctic regions (Fig. 20. 1a). Permafrost plays an important role in stabilizing the climatic system and climate-albedo feedbacks that are unique to the northern range of the boreal forest (Bonan 2008). Due to climate warming, both vapor-pressure deficit (VPD) and evapotranspiration are expected to increase in the boreal region, which has implications for tree’s water relations (Sugimoto et al. 2002; ACIA 2004; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2016, 2020). Many impacts of climate change are already apparent in the boreal forest including:(i) spatially complex patterns of reduced and increased rates of tree growth (Briffa et al. 1998; Briffa 2000; Lloyd and Bunn 2007); (ii) larger and more extensive fires and insect outbreaks (Soja et al. 2007); and (iii) a range of effects due to permafrost degradation, including new wetland development and subsidence of the ground surface (Turetsky et al. 2019), with the associated loss of trees and ecological succession toward wetland plant communities. In boreal regions, the traditional tree-ring parameters like tree-ring width and maximum latewood density are typically positively correlated with June-July and June–August temperatures, and therefore, have been successfully used to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past millennium (Briffa 2000; Sidorova and Naurzbaev 2002; Naurzbaev et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Figure 7a, b shows that the integrated algorithms can isolate individual craters in similarly complex contexts, and this is an advantage of the proposed methodology. 5 ConclusionsApplication of conventional CHT to the DTM of Mars achieved to capture small-sized (< ~ 50 km) craters. On the contrary, DoH succeeded in capturing the remainder (larger) craters leaving amiss those captured by CHT, with some degree of overlap on medium-sized craters. DoH necessitated the introduction of an intensity cut-off value in order to prevent the algorithm from encircling true negative features (hillocks). The performance of DoH was challenged further by irregular surfaces; introduction of a cut-off value led to the rejection of much of the image area, as well as of craters lying in high-elevated areas. We circumvented the problem by de-trending the DTM, without affecting the topological relationships of the features appearing in it. De-trended DTMs allowed DoH to score higher. Combined use of CHT and DoH ensures higher scores in crater detection than CHT alone. As of now, adaptations of CHT that make use of meticulously pre-processed images including fragmentation of the image into small icons (Bue and Stepinski 2007) have been characterized by a higher rate of success. Nevertheless, the higher computational cost involved in such an approach (Bue and Stepinski 2007) renders the adapted CHT less practical for routine crater detection as long as the processed image cannot be substantially released from noise introduced by the presence of surrounding features (e. g. relict drainage network, rims of irregular basins etc). DoH can cope with the image noise better than CHT and image preprocessing requirements are least. The methodological progress presented here would expedite impact crater detection on the rocky planets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 71-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 01-fold) contents in the plant root compared to control. Figure 5. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on micronutrient contents (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoot and root of wheat. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for micronutrient contents. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 6. Glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activity The inoculation with rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the and Cata activity (Figure 6). All rhizobacterial isolate showed increase in the and Cata activity. Nevertheless the isolates WAN1 was the most effective and showed highest increase in the and Cata activity i. e. 7. 51-fold, 5. 31-fold and 5. 01-fold. The WAN2, WRN1 and WRN5 were the next best effective rhizobacterial isolates and caused an increase of 5. 51-fold, 4. 21-fold and 4. 01-fold, 4. 10-fold, 3. 20-fold and 3. 41-fold, 3. 01-fold, 2. 60-fold and 2. 81-fold in the and Cata activity respectively. Whereas, WACC1 and WACC2 showed minimum increase in the and Cata activity comparing with other rhizobacterial isolates i. e. 2. 20-fold, 2. 01-fold and 2. 21-fold, and 1. 41-fold, 1. 50-fold and 1. 48-fold correspondingly. Figure 6. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria on enzymes and Cata activity. Different letters (a-g) on bars indicate significant differences of mean values for glutathione S-transferase activity. Bars represent standard errors. 3. 7. Characteristics of isolates Some pertinent characteristics of rhizobial isolates used in the experiment are given in Table 1. It was observed that, among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity i. e. 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2002; Hantemirov et al. 2011; Grudd 2008; Kononov et al. 2009; D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Myglan et al. 2008; Schneider et al. 2015; Büntgen et al. 2021). However, in some areas of Alaska and northwestern Canada where the rate of recent climate warming has been most rapid, the generally reliable association between ring width and summer climate has been demonstrated to break down, potentially linked to warming-induced drought stress (Briffa 2000; Wilmking et al. 2004; D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Porter and Pisaric 2011; Porter et al. 2013). This phenomenon is referred to the “Divergence Problem” (DP) in the dendrochronology literature (D’Arrigo et al. 2008; Camarero et al. 2021). The emergence of the DP has stimulated the search for a more reliable tree-ring climate proxy in affected regions, including tree-ring δ13C and δ18O (Barber et al. 2000; Sidorova et al. 2009, 2010; Porter et al. 2009; Zharkov et al. 2021). 2 Characteristic of Boreal Zone2. 1 Trees in the boreal zone have showed great potential for stable isotope studies due to long-term tree longevity (Sidorova et al. 2008, 2010) and good subfossil wood preservation due to severe climate conditions and permafrost availability (Sidorova et al. 2013a, b; Helama et al. 2018; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019) (Fig. 20. 1). Dominant tree species are white spruce (Picea glauca) and black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. ) in Canada and the USA (Alaska), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) in Fennoscandia, and a variety of larch tree species (Larix sibirica Ledeb. , Larix gmelinii Rupr. , Larix cajanderi Mayr. ) in central, eastern and northeastern Siberia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 43) could be attributed to various level of mixing between plagioclase-dominated impact melts and ultrafine pyroxene and/or titanomagnetite produced from the target basalt due to impact. Predominance of schlieren and impactor components (mainly Cr, Ni), and nearly absence of vesicles in the sub-mm sized spherules plausibly suggest that these quenched liquid droplets could have produced from the impactor-rich, hotter (~1,100 °C or more) central part of the plume, whereas the morpho-chemistry of the mm-sized spherules induces their formation from the relatively cool outer part of the same impact plume. Similar content being viewed by others A history of mild shocks experienced by the regolith p0. 9 Ma (Hofmann et al. 2000; Courtillot et al. 2000) or close to 67. 4 Ma (Pandey et al. 2004). More recent study reveals that the first extensive phase of the Deccan volcanism, which might have lasted only a few hundred thousand years, occurred approximately at 67. 5 Ma at the northern half of the present Deccan outcrops and after a period of approximately 2. 5 Ma of quiescence, the second major phase of volcanism erupted close to 65 Ma (Chenet et al. 2007). The age of the Lonar crater, although attempted in various techniques, is not yet conclusively known. The 14C dating of the histosol samples occurring below the ejecta blanket indicates the minimum age of this crater as 11. 65 ka (Maloof et al. 2010). Storzer and Koeberl (2004) also reported an apparent fission track date of 15. 3 ± 13. 3 ka for three impact glass samples from the Lonar crater. The very high error of this age is the result of the lower number of tracks counted. The sediments deposited in the saline lake within the Lonar crater were also dated by 14C dating method and yielded an age between 15 and 30 ka (unpublished data, see Fredriksson et al. 1979; Sengupta et al. 1997). As the lake sediments were contaminated by modern carbon, the radiocarbon dates obtained were interpreted as minimum ages of impact for the Lonar crater. Nakamura et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 7×107 and produced more auxin (30. 1 mg l-1) in the presence of L-TRP. Conversely, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity i. e. 18. 58 μmol α-ketobutyrate g-biomass 1/2 h-1. 4. with rhizobacterial isolate containing ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing activity significantly (P < 0. 05) increased the root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings compared to uninoculated control. Comparing the effect of rhizobacterial isolates, the WAN1 showed maximum root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of the seedlings than other isolates and uninoculated control (Figures 1-2). The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. It has been reported that certain microorganisms contain an enzyme ACC-deaminase that hydrolyzed the ACC into NH3 and α-ketobutyrate, and reduced the inhibitory effects of ethylene for vigorous growth of plants i. e. root-shoot length and fresh and dry weights (Mayak et al. , 2004). Shaharoona et al. , (2003) investigated the effect of ACC-deaminase possessing rhizobacteria on the growth of maize seedlings, and found significant increase in the root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights of maize seedlings over uninoculated control. The reason of the WAN1 being the best rhizobacterial isolate was, having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities and maximum root colonization ability. It was found that rhizobacterial isolate having both nitrogen fixing and ACC-deaminase activities showed more promising effects on agricultural plants, and increase the plant growth, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weights due to its maximum root colonization activity, and ability to minimize the endogenous levels of ethylene synthesis (Glick, 2012; Shaharoona et al. , 2003). The data of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents showed that among all experimental isolates again WAN1 showed significant (P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: This process, therefore, can lead to isotopic stratification of soil water with depth, which has potential implications for the mean isotopic composition of soil water used by trees in the early growing season. The oxygen isotopic signal in tree-rings of trees growing on permafrost is also masked by the supply of isotopically depleted water from melted frozen soil leading to ‘inverse’ climate to tree-ring isotope relationship, as dry and warm summer conditions result in lower soil, root and wood in δ18O values (Sugimoto et al. 2002; Saurer et al. 2002, 2016). A further complication of the isotope composition in tree-rings within the permafrost zone is caused by the impact of forest fires. Wildfires lead to significant changes in active soil layer depth and seasonal dynamics, with potentially long-term consequences for carbon, nutrient and water balance of the ecosystem (Sidorova et al. 2009; Kirdyanov et al. 2020). As both water and nutrient supply for plants predominantly depend on the freeze–thaw processes in the active soil layer (Zhang et al. 2000; Prokushkin et al. 2018), the wildfire-induced changes in isotopic composition of the source water and water availability for trees as well as changes in photosynthesis rate are recorded in tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotopes. 2. 3 ClimateThe major advantage in studying northern forests is their distance to populated regions, allowing the study of tree responses to environmental changes without anthropogenic disturbances. A major disadvantage is the difficult accessibility, especially in northeastern Siberia, and the scarcity of weather stations. Yet, seasonal continuous measurements of climatic parameters are needed for future eco-physiological studies. Gridded large-scale climate data (CRU TS 4. 02, 0. 5° × 0. 5°) (New et al. 2002; Harris et al. 2014) can help filling the gaps in the climate data. Gridded temperature and precipitation data are an important source of information to quantify climate reconstructions during the last decade and further back in time (first half of twentieth century). Several studies on stable isotope tree-ring cellulose chronologies for the boreal zone showed good correspondence with temperature signals from both, local weather stations and gridded data ( back in time (>100 years) (Sidorova et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2005; Chakrabarti and Basu 2006), raises uncertainty and these could be of anthropogenic in nature (Misra 2006). These glasses have variable sizes up to 20 cm in diameter; and under microscope these glasses are almost opaque in nature and contain unshocked fragments of plagioclase and clinopyroxene (Osae et al. 2005). Palaeointensity dating suggests these impact-looking glasses are only about 1,150 ± 50 years old (Deenadayalan et al. 2009). More recent investigations establish two more varieties of impact spherules from the Lonar crater. The sub-mm sized impact spherules that occur along with class I glasses show schlieren structure defined by alternate bands of silicate glass and chains of tiny dendritic and octahedral shaped magnetite (Misra et al. 2009). These sub-mm sized spherules contain significant proportions of chondritic impactor component (~12–20 %) that was identified by high enrichment of siderophile elements (e. g. , Cr and Ni) in these spherules. The presence of schlieren structure both in the aerodynamic shaped mm- and sub-mm sized impact spherules (Nayak 1972; Fredriksson et al. 1973; Misra et al. 2009) suggests these p0. 8 times and 0. 6 times respectively) (Osae et al. 2005; Son and Koeberl 2007; Misra et al. 2009). Although, various aspects of the Lonar crater e. g. , crater structure and strain analyses (Kumar 2005; Misra et al. 2010), geochemistry (Osae et al. 2005; Son and Koeberl 2007; Misra et al. 2009), rock magnetic properties (Louzada et al. 2008; Maloof et al. 2010; Weiss et al. 2010; Arif et al. 2012), and radiometric ages (Sengupta et al. 1997; Jourdan et al. 2011; Nakamura et al. 2014), impact fragmentation (et al. 2014) and drainage system and hydrology (Komatsu et al. 2014) have been intensively studied in the last decade, some important aspects, particularly some more detail geochemistry and isotopes, relevant to this crater evolution are still unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 05) increase in chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents compared to other rhizobacterial isolates and uninoculated control (Figure 3). The overall effect of other isolates was in the order of WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Yet again isolate having both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activities i. e. WAN1 proved to be the best than isolates either having nitrogen fixing activity or ACC-deaminase activity alone. Stefan et al. , (2013) found that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, significantly increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the runner bean. Mia et al. , (2010) revealed that inoculation with rhizobacterial strains (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the growth attributes e. g. leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The significant increase (P < 0. 05) in the plant ionic uptake e. g. macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in the shoot and root was observed after inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates (Figures 4-5). Among the rhizobacterial isolates WAN1 was the most effective isolate and caused highest increase in the macro and micronutrient contents of the plant shoot and root. The efficacy of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the following order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Sahran and Nehra, (2011) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the plant mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) consumption. Hayat et al. , (2010) concluded that growth promoting rhizobacteria increase the mobility and availability of plant nutrients in the soil, and as a result increase the nutrient uptake of the plants. Nadeem et al. , (2006) concluded that inoculation with PGPR significantly increase the plant ionic consumption i. e. N, P and K in the shoot and root of the maize plant. The data of plant enzymes activity showed (Figure 6) that inoculation with rhizobacterial isolates considerably (P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2010; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019). However, precipitation signals are better recorded by the local weather stations at the local scale compared to the gridded averaged data at the regional scale. Sunshine duration and cloud cover are distributed heterogeneously across boreal regions. In summer, light duration lasts longer at high-latitudes than at the southern taiga and forest steppe zone (Young et al. 2012; Gagen et al. 2016; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019). Depending on the site location and impact of environmental parameters, conifer trees in the boreal zone can adapt to extremely low annual temperatures (−19. 2 °C in northeastern Yakutia, data from the local Chokurdach weather station for the period from 1961 to 1990). The climate data obtained from the local weather stations (direct measurements) represent a wide range of minimum and maximum temperature extremes (e. g. , −60 °C in Yakutia to +45 °C in Khakassia, Russian Federation). The amount of annual precipitation varies from 236 to 310 mm in northeastern Siberia and Northern America, respectively (Fig. 20. 1b) to 502 mm towards Baikalskii ridge (Russian Federation), and further double increases to 1353 mm towards Norway’s northeastern coastline. 3 (δ13C) Isotopes3. 1 Isotope EcophysiologyApplication of stable carbon isotopes in tree-ring studies for the boreal zone has increased over the past decades because these proxies record information not only about temperature (Knorre et al. 2010; Sidorova et al. 2008, 2009, 2013a, b), but also about moisture changes (Kirdyanov et al. 2008; Sidorova et al. 2010; Tartakovsky et al. 2012; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019, 2020, 2021b), as well as changes in sunshine duration/cloudiness (Young et al. 2012; Loader et al. 2013; Helama et al. 2018) (Table 20. 1). Moreover, carbon isotope chronologies in tree-rings also captured signals of atmospheric circulation patterns (Saurer et al. 2004; Sidorova et al. 2010; Gagen et al. 2016) and facilitated the reconstruction of the river flow in Siberia (Waterhouse et al. 2000).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Fine grained (≥250 µm) samples were sieved using mesh sizes of 63 and 125 μm, and the spherules (individual mass ranging from <0. 05 to ~0. 75 mg) were hand-picked using a binocular lens. Only mm-sized (size varies from 2 to 5 mm) spherules and cm-sized impact-melt bomb were considered for the present study. The samples were cleaned and mounted in epoxy, and finally polished for petrographic and geochemical investigation using an electron microprobe. A Cameca SX 100 electron microprobe was used for analyses of major, minor and some trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) those could be present in our sample population (cf. Misra et al. 2009) (Table 1, and Tables ST1 and ST2 in online supplement). The instrument was equipped with wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) with large crystals (LPET and LLiF). Quantitative analyses were done using following parameters: 15 keV accelerating voltage, 20 nA sample current, 0–1 µm beam with PAP correction routines. and Na, the counting times were set to 7 s; for and P, the counting times were set to 10 s for each element. The calibration standards used for our analyses were plagioclase and diopside (for Si), jadeite (Na), wollastonite (Ca), kyanite (Al), olivine (Mg), magnetite and/or almandine (Fe), TiO2 (Ti), orthoclase (K) and apatite (P). Pure metal standards were used for analyses of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. For major oxides 2-sigma standard deviation is better than 0. 4 wt%. The additional analytical conditions that were used during our microprobe analyses of trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) were as follows: accelerating voltage 15 keV, sample current 80 nA and broad beam size of 15 µm. LLiF crystals were used for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn to improve the count rates as compared to conventional LiF, e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 05) enhanced the antioxidant plant enzymes activity i. e. glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and catalase activities. All rhizobacterial isolates had positive effect on plant enzymes activity, however the WAN1 was found to be the best. The effect of other rhizobacterial isolates was in the order WAN2 > WRN1 > WRN5 > WACC1 > WACC2. Stefan et al. , (2013) observed that the PGPR strains (S4 and S7), alone or in combination, considerably increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. Mia et al. , (2010) found that rhizobacterial inoculation (Sp7 and UPMB10) significantly increased the nitrogen uptake in plants which ultimately increased the formation of protein and enzyme for better physiological activities. Hayat et al. , (2010) stated that PGPR increase the plant vigor and decrease the biotic and abiotic stresses by producing different anti-oxidant enzymes. Results of isolates characteristics clearly revealed that among all isolates, WAN1 had maximum root colonization activity and produced more auxin in the presence of L-TRP, whereas, WACC1 had maximum ACC-deaminase activity among all rhizobacterial isolates (Table 1). The difference in plant growth promotion by different rhizobacterial isolates may be due to the differences in their efficiency of colonizing the germinating roots, production of plant hormones (e. g. auxin) and ability to hydrolyze the ACC in plant roots (Hassan et al. , 2014). It has been reported that traits e. g. production of IAA, auxin, phosphate solubilization and chitin production by PGPR are helpful for better nutrient mobilization and availability for plants, as a result inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase could result in the development of much better germination of seeds and longer roots, which subsequently affects over all growth of the host plant (Zafarul-Hye et al. , 2007).

Output: corroborate