Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: aiming to tackle aging-related features of cardiomyopathy have included environmental, dietary and pharmacological interventions. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is strongly associated with a lower risk of developing age-associated chronic diseases, including CVD. However, pharmacological agents may be needed for the prevention or treatment of CVD, especially in the elderly. Some of the interventions that showed beneficial effects in preclinical studies have been or are presently tested in humans [Figure 2]. Figure 2. Interventions in preclinical studies that have translated into improvements in cardiac and/or vascular aging in humans (overlapping area) include exercise, caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, such as spermidine, and SGLT2-inhibitors; image created on biorender. com. ExercisePhysical activity promotes healthy aging and prevents CVD[162-165]. Progressive and vigorous exercise for 1 year in previously sedentary people aged 65 and over induces physiological LV remodeling, increases stroke volume and total aortic compliance, and decreases arterial elastance[166], while studies in aged mice correlated the benefits of exercise with increased exercise capacity, improved diastolic function, physiological cardiac hypertrophy and increased cardiomyogenesis[167-169]. Even in mice expressing a proofreading-deficient version of Polg, endurance exercise for 5 months increases mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative capacity and alleviates age-associated cardiomyopathy[170]. Another study demonstrated that both aerobic and resistance exercise for 8 weeks improves cardiac angiogenesis and aerobic capacity in aged rats, with aerobic exercise having more profound beneficial effects[171]. Additionally, aerobic exercise of moderate intensity for 12 weeks restores hydrogen sulfide levels, which is an endogenous gasotransmitter that has been linked with cardioprotective properties[172-174], decreases oxidative stress and lowers cardiac expression of markers of fibrosis and inflammation in aged rats[175]. Caloric restrictionA dietary approach associated with longevity is caloric restriction (CR), which is based on decreased intake of calories without malnutrition[176]. CR attenuates age-associated cardiac diastolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling, as well as myocardial mitochondrial damage and lipid accumulation[177,178].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Никому не приходит в голову, что ответ на этот вопрос лежит на поверхности — в определении понятия мелодии. И когда говоришь или пишешь, что мелодия — это просто главный голос в гомофонной (или гомофонической) фактуре, на тебя смотрят с таким изумлением, будто ты изложил теорему Гаусса. То же самое с гармонией. Необходимо знать, что гармония — это система связи формообразующих элементов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: HT1080 exosomes were three times more efficiently absorbed by HT1080 cells than HeLa cells, and HeLa exosomes were absorbed mainly by HeLa cells as opposed to HT1080 cells (Figure 1 F; Figure S3E). Therefore, the cell specificity of exosome localization matched the cell of origin of the exosome, suggesting a more efficient uptake of exosomes by parent cancer cells compared to cells of other origins. To substantiate this finding in vivo, we created an HT1080 tumor model using immunodeficient nude mice, and intravenously injected them with DiR-labeled HT1080 or HeLa exosomes (Figures S4A-B). The exosomes' biodistribution was detected with an IVIS imaging system. HT1080 exosomes preferentially localized to tumor tissue. In fact, the expression of the fluorescent signal for HT1080 exosomes is more than three times that of the HeLa exosomes. By contrast, HeLa exosomes abundantly presented in major organs (64. 86% in the liver) rather than colonizing the tumor site (Figures 1 G-H). Taken together, our data suggest that cancer exosomes preferentially home to their parent cancer cell of origin. Figure 1 Cancer cell derived exosomes preferably fuse with their parent cells. (A) Schematic showing the in vitro study design to assess the homing ability of cancer exosomes. (B) Representative micrographs showing uptake of DiI-labeled HT1080 exosomes and HeLa exosomes by HT1080 cells. Endocytosed exosomes (red) can be seen around nuclei. Scale bar: 5µm. (C) Quantitation of exosomal uptake in (B) (n=6). (D-E) Quantitation of exosomal uptake in HeLa cells and HT1080 cells (n=6). (F) Quantitation of exosomal uptake by (n=10-12). (G-H) Exosomes biodistribution in vivo. p/s: photons/second. (G) Quantitation of fluorescence of DiR-labeled-exosomes in major organs and tumor tissues (n=3). (H) Quantitation of the percentage of exosomes in major organs and tumor tissue (n=3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Enhancement of autophagy is one of the possible mechanisms via which CR protects against cardiac aging, since it activates the AMPK-forkhead box O (FOXO)-autophagy pathway and suppresses the mTOR pathway[177,178]. Additionally, CR partially reduces age-associated cardiac insulin resistance through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in rats[179]. In arteries of old mice, CR can also prevent large elastic artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting NADPH oxidase and increasing the activity of SOD and catalase[180], which combinedly attenuate oxidative stress. Thus, exercise decreases oxidative stress, while CR enhances autophagy, resulting in physiological LV remodeling and improved cardiac function, leading to the conclusion that a healthy lifestyle promotes healthy cardiovascular aging. Caloric restriction mimeticsMimetics (CRMs) produce similar beneficial effects[181,182]. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, prevents age-associated cardiac dysfunction and reverts age-related increase of inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic markers, including TNF-α, NFκB and nitric oxide synthase, in hearts of rodents[183,184]. Resveratrol also improves doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via restoration of SIRT1 activity in the hearts of aged SAMP8 mice[185], while it ameliorates cardiac remodeling in mice with HFpEF due to inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway[186]. Curcumin, a phytochemical derivative of turmeric, ameliorates vascular oxidative stress, increases nitric oxide bioavailability and alleviates age-related arterial dysfunction in mice[187], as well as in healthy middle-aged and older humans[188]. Curcumin also induces autophagy by increasing the expression of SIRT1 and AMPK phosphorylation and decreasing mTOR phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner[153]. Polyamine spermidine is another inducer of autophagy that reverses age-associated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and arterial dysfunction in mice[189-191].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На уровне формы целого она применяется не к «первокирпичам», а к уже полученным минимальным структурно-семантическим единицам музыкального языка, и выстраивает смысловую организацию на следующем этапе, где, если условно провести параллели с естественным человеческим языком, слова соединяются в осмысленные предложения.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: (C-H) Two-tailed t-test. *, p<0. 05. **, p<0. 01. ***, p<0. 001. All values are mean ± S. D. D-exo fabrication and characterizationHaving established the homing ability of cancer exosomes, we hypothesized that anti-cancer drugs could be loaded into them and shuttled by them to tumor sites. We incorporated Doxil, an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug that encapsulates doxorubicin in a closed lipid sphere, into HT1080 exosomes via membrane extrusion (Figure 2A). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the morphology of exosomes, Doxil and D-exo (Figures 2B). The size distribution of the Doxil-loaded exosomes (D-exo), measured by a nanop7. 4) at 4°C for 7 days. To imitate the in vivo environment in which they will end up, they were placed in fresh serum at 37°C for 24 hours. NanoSight were employed to monitor the stability of D-exo in these two environments over time. The D-exo showed no obvious aggregation in PBS buffer or serum (Figures S7B-C), indicating superior stability. The drug-release behavior of D-exo was examined by monitoring doxorubicin released from the exosome at pH 7. 4 (physiological environment) and 5. 0 (late endosome) [13]. D-exo released a small amount of doxorubicin at PH 7. 4, which suggests that the drug was well protected by the exosomes in blood circulation. Conversely, a relatively rapid and massive release of doxorubicin was detected at PH 5. 0, followed by a slow and continuous release thereafter (Figure S7D). Since the extracellular PH of tumor tissues is often acidic [14], these data suggest that drug was released promptly and substantially from D-exo after entering cancer tissues and late endosomes of cancer cells. Figure 3 Cancer cells uptake D-exo in vitro. (A) Intracellular distribution of Doxil, D-HeLa exo, and D-HT1080 exo in HT1080 cells. Scale bar: 20µm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Spermidine inhibits ROS accumulation and improves mitochondrial function through activation of the SIRT1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway in the myocardium of aged rats, leading to attenuation of cardiac senescence[192]. A prospective, population-based cohort study associated dietary intake of spermidine with reduced risk of fatal heart failure, acute coronary artery disease, and death due to vascular disease[190]. Additionally, sulforaphane, an antioxidant found in cruciferous vegetables, upregulates NRF2 activity, improves mitochondrial function, enhances autophagy, has beneficial effects on insulin resistance, and reverses cardiac dysfunction in aged mice[193]. Dasatinib and quercetinThe combination of dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) induces senolysis, which is the process of selective removal of senescent cells, and is considered to have beneficial effects in age-related pathologies[194]. D+Q administration for 1 month improves cardiac remodeling and diastolic function by removing senescent cardiac non-myocyte and myocyte cells and cardiac stem/progenitor cells in aged female mice after myocardial infarction[195], whereas longer (3 months) treatment with D+Q ameliorates vasomotor function by increasing NO bioavailability and reduces aortic calcification in aged mice[196]. Although systolic dysfunction is not a common feature of cardiac aging in mice, another study found that EF is also improved as soon as 5 days after a single dose of D+Q in aged mice[197]. mTOR inhibitorsRapamycin, an FDA-approved mTOR inhibitor, improves both age-related cardiac systolic and diastolic function in mice[198] and dogs[199]. This improvement in diastolic function, along with a reduction in cardiac hypertrophy and passive stiffness, is observed in aged mice, even 8 weeks after discontinuation of an 8-week treatment[200]. Improvement in cardiac and skeletal muscle function by rapamycin is also seen in Lmna-/- mice[201]. Moreover, rapamycin ameliorates arterial dysfunction via suppression of oxidative stress, activation of arterial AMPK, and increased PTEN expression in old mice[64].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Эта иерархия также обязана иметь центральный элемент, и тональность, таким образом, есть сквозное главенство центрального элемента на уровне композиции в целом. На определенном этапе гармония превращает множество в пространство, в котором появляются измерения (координаты). Считается, что звук не имеет отношения к пространству — очевидно, речь здесь идет о привычном трехмерном пространстве «длина-ширина-высота».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: (B) Quantitation of the percentage of positive Doxorubicin in indicated treatment groups (n=6). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction. ***, p<0. 001. All values are mean ± S. D. (C-D) Cell viability of (C) HeLa cells or (D) HT1080 cells exposed to D-HeLa exo, D-HT1080 exo, Doxil, and PBS control (n=3). One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction. *, p<0. 01 compared to control. #, p<0. 05 compared to Doxil. All values are mean ± S. D. Tumor uptake and inhibitionDiO-labeled D-exo and free Doxil were incubated with HT1080 cells for 12 hours. As shown in Figure 3A, strong D-exo signals were dispersed within the cytoplasm, which suggests that D-exo were taken up by the cells. By 12 hours, doxorubicin had dissociated from the D-exo and distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nuclei of HT1080 cells. To estimate cellular uptake efficiency, D-exo labeled with DiO were incubated with HT1080 cells for 12 hours. The cellular uptake efficiency of Doxil from D-HT1080 exo, D-HeLa exo, and free Doxil were 48. 46%, 34. 00%, and 20. 10%, respectively (Figure 3B). Although D-exo and Doxil are similar in size and morphology, cellular uptake of D-HeLa exo was nearly twice as high as that of Doxil, which indicates the preferential uptake of exosome-coated Doxil compared to bare Doxil. Moreover, HT1080 cells internalized D-HT1080 exo was twice as much as D-HeLa exo, indicating the cell-type tropism of cancer exosomes. A Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to assess the viability of HT1080 and HeLa cells in response to the growth-inhibition/cytotoxic effects of D-HeLa exo, D-HT1080 exo, or Doxil (with equivalent doxorubicin) and free exosomes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: MetforminMetformin is one of the most widely prescribed anti-hyperglycemia drugs and is expected to be tested for slowing the incidence of age-associated multi-morbidity in the TAME (with Metformin) clinical trial[202,203]. Metformin has been shown to improve age-related metabolic and nonmetabolic derangements in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues of older glucose-intolerant adults[204]. Preclinical studies showed that treatment of aged male mice with metformin for 28 days enhances autophagic flux in the aging vasculature, reduces SASP in senescent VSMCs, and ameliorates age-associated structural and functional changes in arteries[205]. Moreover, metformin-based activation of cardiac AMPK for two weeks decreases the activity of mTOR and reduces ER stress, while it decreases cardiac injury during ischemia and reperfusion in aged male hearts[206]. However, another study with a lower dosage of metformin showed that metformin treatment till death in aged female mice does not improve cardiac function and shortens the median lifespan[207]. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorsSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2-I; gliflozins) lower blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney and increasing glycosuria. Except for these effects, SGLT2-I have been associated with suppression of cellular senescence and inflammaging[208]. At the same time, considering their benefits regarding cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in aged adults[209], SGLT2-I may also have anti-aging properties. Empagliflozin attenuates age-related endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening, and reduces vascular oxidative stress in aged mice[210], while in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, it improves cardiac function by decreasing cardiac fibrosis and senescence[211].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Это так, конечно, но музыка создает свое пространство, причем многомерное! Я не стану загромождать текст лишними определениями — каждый может сам посмотреть, что такое пространство в математике, и убедиться, что любое музыкальное произведение точно отвечает всем необходимым и достаточным условиям этого определения. Международные мастер-классы — вещь, безусловно, полезная.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Exosomes did not induce any cytotoxic effects on cancer cells (Figure S8). As shown in Figure 3C, in accordance with the uptake efficiency results, D-HT1080 exo enhanced Doxil's suppressive effects on HT1080 cell viability. D-HT1080exo had the highest growth inhibition for HT1080 cells, while D-HeLa exo presented the lowest cell viability for HeLa cells. Collectively, these data suggested that cancer exosomes can shuttle anti-cancer drugs into the cancer cell types from which they were derived, thereby increasing the drug concentration in the cells to inhibit cells growth. Therapeutic effects of D-exo in vivoThe cancer-targeting ability of D-exo was investigated using Nude mice bearing a subcutaneous HT1080 tumor as a model (Figure 4A). Firstly, we isolated HT1080 and HeLa cells from nude mice bearing HT1080 or HeLa tumors, then fabricated D-HT1080 exo and D-HeLa exo by collecting the respective exosomes released by each tumor and infusing them with Doxil. To gain insight into D-exo uptake sites in vivo, we intravenously injected D-HT1080 exo or D-HeLa exo, labeled with fluorescence probe DiR, into HT1080 tumor-bearing mice. We then used the IVIS imaging system to monitor the biodistribution of DiR-labeled D-exo. Only a slight fluorescence signal was detected at the tumor site in the mice treated with D-HeLa exo (Figure 4B), whereas D-HT1080exo yielded a significant fluorescence signal at the tumor site, which suggests that D-HT1080exo targeted the tumor more effectively than D-HeLa exo. After in vivo imaging, the organs and tumor tissues of the mice were harvested for ex vivo imaging. Consistent with the in vivo imaging results, the fluorescent signal in tumors treated with Doxil-HT1080 exo was significantly higher than in those treated with D-HeLa exo (Figure 4C). The quantitative analysis revealed that the fluorescent intensity and the percentage of fluorescence in the D-HT1080 exo-treated tumor increased 1. 9 fold and 2. 2 fold, respectively, compared to the D-HeLa exo group (Figures 4E-F).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin and SGLT2-I, ameliorate age-associated cardiac and arterial dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. TAME clinical trial testing if metformin will alleviate age-associated multi-morbidity is expected to launch, while clinical trials with SGLT2-I proved their benefit in patients with HFpEF. As the understanding of the biology of aging becomes deeper, translational research is expected to indicate more novel therapies that decelerate the rate of cardiovascular aging. ’ contributionsPerformed literature search, wrote the 2023. 1. Association. 2022 heart disease & stroke statistical update fact sheet global burden of disease. Available from: [Last accessed on 20 Apr 2023]. 2. Yazdanyar A, Newman AB. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Med 2009;25:563-77, vii. 3. World population prospects 2022 summary of results. Available from: [Last accessed on 20 Apr 2023]. 4. . Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The framingham heart study. Med 1988;108:7-13. DOI PubMed 5. . Age-related decline in left ventricular filling at rest and exercise. Physiol 1992;263:H1932-8. DOI PubMed 6. de Souza R. Age related changes of the collagen network of the human heart. Dev 2001;122:1049-58. DOI PubMed 7. . Coupled systolic-ventricular and vascular stiffening with age: implications for pressure regulation and cardiac reserve in the elderly. J Cardiol 1998;32:1221-7. DOI PubMed 8. Effects of age on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance coronary artery by acetylcholine in humans. Circulation 1993;88:77-81. DOI 9. . Age-associated increases in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in cardiac interfibrillar mitochondria: implications for the mitochondrial theory of aging. 2005;19:419-21. DOI PubMed 10. Chang E, Harley CB. Telomere length and replicative aging in human vascular tissues. 1995;92:11190-4. 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Хотя бы потому, что молодые композиторы точнее узнают, чем дышат коллеги-ровесники, что происходит в мире. На мастер-классах существенно расширяется кругозор. Но ни на каких мастер-классах — мне, во всяком случае, такие неизвестны — никто не объясняет, как из такого-то тематизма сделать пьесу или симфонию, или концерт… Это возможно только в классе.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: These findings confirmed that D-HT1080 exo exhibited a tropism to accumulate at the HT1080 tumor site. In addition, the biodistribution of doxorubicin in the major organs and the tumor was examined (Figure 4G). and D-HT1080 exo were similar in size and morphology, they showed varied localization after injection. D-exo changed the biodistribution and enhanced the targeting efficacy of Doxil. D-HT1080 exo had the highest targeting efficacy. D-HT1080 exo increased the doxorubicin concentration 2. 3-fold in the tumor compared to Doxil alone. To assess the distribution of D-exo and release of doxorubicin in tumor areas, we intravenously injected green (DiO) fluorescently labeled D-exo into nude mice and, 24 hours after injection, quantified their biodistribution and uptake in tumor tissues using fluorescent microscopy. HT1080 tumors absorbed much more D-HT1080 exo than D-HeLa exo or Doxil (Figures 5A-B). The fluorescent signals of D-exo (green) and doxorubicin (red) did not match completely because part of the doxorubicin was released from the D-exo 24 hours after administration. The data demonstrate that D-HT1080 exo effectively accumulated at the HT1080 tumor site and released doxorubicin. To evaluate the capacity of D-exo to suppress tumors, mice with an HT1080 subcutaneous tumor were treated with repeated intravenous injections of D-HT1080 exo, D-HeLa exo, free Doxil, and free HT1080 exosomes in PBS (control group) every 3 days, for 15 days. In the treatment groups, every mouse received an equivalent dose of doxorubicin (5 mg doxorubicin/kg body weight) per injection. The tumor volumes of the control mice (free HT1080 exosomes and PBS) increased rapidly at an exponential rate. However, tumor growth was blunted with free Doxil and D-HeLa exo. Tumors treated with Doxil were less inhibited to grow than those treated with D-HeLa exo. By contrast, D-HeLa exo were more successful at suppressing tumor growth than Doxil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: DOI PubMed 41. . oxidase Nox4 and aging in the heart. Aging 2010;2:1012-6. 42. NOX4 NADPH oxidase-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging-associated cardiovascular disease. Signal 2015;23:1389-409. 43. Increased mitochondrial NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression in aging is a causative factor in aortic stiffening. 2019;26:101288. 44. Ageing increases cardiac electrical remodelling in rats and mice via NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-Mediated calcium signalling. 2022;2022:8538296. 45. The mammalian longevity-associated gene product p66shc regulates mitochondrial metabolism. J 2006;281:10555-60. DOI PubMed 46. Electron transfer between cytochrome c and p66Shc generates reactive oxygen species that trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Cell 2005;122:221-33. DOI 47. . Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a pro-apoptotic cellular environment in senescent cardiac muscle. Dev 2010;131:79-88. DOI PubMed 48. Francia P, delli Gatti C, Bachschmid M, et al. Deletion of p66shc gene protects against age-related endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2004;110:2889-95. DOI 49. Targeting SIRT1 rescues age- and obesity-induced microvascular dysfunction in ex vivo human vessels. 2022;131:476-91. 50. . Cross-talk between SIRT1 and p66Shc in vascular diseases. Med 2013;23:237-41. DOI PubMed 51. . The SIRT1 activator SRT1720 reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction, excessive superoxide production, and inflammation with aging in mice. 2014;307:H1754-63. 52. . Arginase-II induces vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and apoptosis through p66Shc and p53 independently of its l-arginine ureahydrolase activity: implications for atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. J Assoc 2013;2:e000096. 53. Positive crosstalk between arginase-II and S6K1 in vascular endothelial inflammation and aging. 2012;11:1005-16. DOI 54.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И педагог должен быть достаточно эрудированным и обладать хорошей реакцией, чтобы объяснить, что из принесенного студентом может быть строительным материалом, а что лишнее, ненужное; как этот материал изложить, организовав экспозицию, и как его развивать в дальнейшем. Во времена Баха можно было говорить о двухмерном пространстве. Во всяком случае, Бах фиксировал только две координаты: звуковысотность и метроритм.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Moreover, while tumors treated with the control injections continued to grow, tumors that received D-HT1080 exo were reduced to nearly undetectable levels after 15 days of treatment (Figures 4H-I), Thus, the in vivo data indicates that HT1080 exosome injections result in enhanced doxorubicin accumulation at the cancer site compared with D-HeLa exo. D-HT1080 exo induced the most significant growth-suppression in HT1080 tumors, providing support for the above histopathological results, which indicate that D-HT1080 exo effectively accumulated at the HT1080 tumor site and release doxorubicin. & Eosin (H&E) staining, no tumor formation was detected in any of the organs harvested from the mice that received HT1080 exosomes or D-HT1080 exo (Figure S9), confirming the viability of using HT1080 exosomes as a drug carrier in terms of safety. Figure 4 Distribution and effects of D-exo in a mouse tumor model. (A) Schematic showing the in vivo study design used to assess the effects of D-exo on nude mice bearing HT1080 tumors. (B) IVIS imaging of DiR-labeled D-exo in nude mice. (C) Representative ex vivo images of major organs and tumor tissues. (D) HT1080 tumor tissues obtained from indicated treatment groups. Scale bar: 1cm. (E) Quantitation of DiR-labeled D-exo in major organs and tumors (n=5). *, p<0. 05. (F) Quantitation of the percentage of DiR-labeled D-exo in major organs and tumors (n=5). *, p<0. 05. (G) Quantitation of Doxorubicin in major organs and tumor tissues (n=4). **, p<0. 01. (H) Volume of HT1080 tumors in nude mice treated with PBS control, HT1080 exosomes, Doxil, D-HeLa exos, or D-HT1080 exos. Tumor volume was evaluated every 3 days for 15 consecutive days (n=6). *, p<0. 01 compared to PBS control. #, p<0. 05 compared to D-HeLa exo. (I) Mass of HT1080 tumors in nude mice with indicated treatment (n=6).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Vascular endothelial cells senescence is associated with NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation via reactive oxygen species (ROS)/thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) pathway. Biol 2017;84:22-34. DOI 109. . Loss of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction in aged mice. 2021;18:42. 110. The serum soluble Klotho alleviates cardiac aging and regulates M2a/M2c macrophage polarization via inhibiting TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway. 2022;76:101812. DOI 111. . Resveratrol attenuates TNF-alpha-induced activation of coronary arterial endothelial cells: role of NF-kappaB inhibition. 2006;291:H1694-9. DOI PubMed 112. . Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction during aging: role of NF-kappaB. J 2008;105:1333-41. 113. Metallothionein prevents age-associated cardiomyopathy via inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation and associated nitrative damage to 2-OGD. Signal 2016;25:936-52. DOI PubMed 114. MG53 suppresses NF-κB activation to mitigate age-related heart failure. JCI Insight 2021;6:e148375. 115. Multi-analyte profiling reveals matrix metalloproteinase-9 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 as plasma biomarkers of cardiac aging. Genet 2011;4:455-62. 116. Deriving a cardiac ageing signature to reveal MMP-9-dependent inflammatory signalling in senescence. 2015;106:421-31. 117. . Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix: novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling. J Cardiol 2016;93:175-85. 118. Necrotic and apoptotic myocyte cell death in the aging heart of Fischer 344 rats. Physiol 1996;271:H1215-28. DOI 119. . Cardiac fibroblasts: at the heart of myocardial remodeling. 2009;123:255-78. DOI PubMed 120. . Structural and functional characterisation of cardiac fibroblasts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ни динамика, ни агогика в его партитурах системообразующими не являлись. В ХХ веке количество координат музыкального пространства значительно увеличилось, и сегодня композитор должен точно понимать, в каком пространстве он работает. Кроме того, музыкальное пространство анизотропно, и значимость координат неодинакова.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from certain tumor cells can home to their parent tumor cell-type. This tropism is contrasted to the behavior of non-exosome-enveloped drugs and non-tumor-specific exosomes in vitro and in vivo in a mouse subcutaneous tumor model. Specifically, our tumor derived exosomes were engineered to carry Doxil, which is a sphere that encapsulates the cancer therapeutic, doxorubicin. In our study, tumor exosomes were able to effectively shuttle the chemotherapeutic to the tumor site, where it suppressed tumor growth. Synthetic materials are difficult to recreate the biological functions of natural components which have evolved over time. Surface decoration with cancer cell membranes onto nanop12. In brief, exosomes were isolated by ultrafiltration. Conditioned medium was filtered through 0. 22 µm Steriflip filters to remove cellular debris and large vesicles. The filtrate was then added to Amicon Ultra-15 100 kDa filters (Millipore, SCGP00525) to centrifuge at 5,000 × g for 5 min. The flow-through was discarded and the concentrated exosomes were collected and washed with PBS three times before being stored at -80°C. Exosome labeling was performed using 10 uM DiI or DiO (Thermo Fisher, V22889), incubated for 20 minutes at 4°C. Then, Columns (Thermo Fisher, 4484449) were used to remove the unincorporated dye. Cancer exosome homing to the parent cell line in vitroHT1080 or HeLa cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 104 cells/mL in 4-well culture slides. After culturing for 24 hours, the culture medium was replaced with DMEM, containing 7 × 108 DiI or DiO-labelled HT1080 exosomes or HeLa exosomes. Cells were cultured for an additional 12 hours, washed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and stained with DAPI (Life Technologies, R37606). Images were taken with a fluorescent microscope (Olympus, Olympus IX81). HeLa cells and HT1080 cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 104 cells/mL in 96-well culture plates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Telomere length and cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiol 2019;34:270-4. DOI PubMed 135. Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise. Nature 2011;470:359-65. 136. . Telomeres and mitochondria in the aging heart. 2012;110:1226-37. 137. Ablation of telomerase and telomere loss leads to cardiac dilatation and heart failure associated with p53 upregulation. EMBO J 2003;22:131-9. 138. ömme M. Senescence-Induced oxidative stress causes endothelial dysfunction. 2016;71:161-9. DOI PubMed 139. Deficiency of telomere-associated repressor activator protein 1 precipitates cardiac aging in mice via p53/PPARα signaling. Theranostics 2021;11:4710-27. 140. . Senescence and immortalization: role of telomeres and telomerase. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:867-74. DOI PubMed 141. Calado RT, Dumitriu B. Telomere dynamics in mice and humans. 2013;50:165-74. 142. Cardiac aging: from basic research to therapeutics. 2021;2021:9570325. 143. Length-independent telomere damage drives post-mitotic cardiomyocyte senescence. EMBO J 2019:38. DOI 144. . Immune-inflammatory dysregulation modulates the incidence of progressive fibrosis and diastolic stiffness in the aging heart. J Cardiol 2011;50:248-56. 145. . Effect of aging and sex on cardiovascular structure and function in wildtype mice assessed with echocardiography. 2021;11:22800. 146. . Aging in rhesus monkeys: relevance to human health interventions. Science 2004;305:1423-6. DOI PubMed 147. . A novel murine model of aging, Senescence-(SAM). Geriatr 1994;19:185-92. DOI PubMed 148. Diastolic dysfunction is associated with cardiac fibrosis in the senescence-accelerated mouse. 2011;301:H824-31. 149. Short telomeres induce p53 and autophagy and modulate age-associated changes in cardiac progenitor cell fate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Следовательно, когда композитор находит материал, который ляжет в основу будущего сочинения, он должен ясно понимать, по каким координатам музыкального пространства пойдет развитие. Часто бывает так, что тембровая координата имеет исключительное значение, а звуковысотность — практически никакого. Еще чаще звуковысотность становится производной от функции тембра или от какой-то еще. Это, кстати, очень важный момент, о котором никто никогда не говорит.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: After culturing for 24 hours, the culture medium was replaced with DMEM, containing 1. 75 × 108 DiI-labelled HeLa exosomes or HT1080 exosomes, for 12 hours. A Fluoroskan Ascent™ FL (Thermo Fisher, 374 Fluoroskan Ascent™ FL) was used for fluorometric measurements. Cancer exosome homing to the parent cell line in vivo100 µl of DMEM, containing 2 × 106 HT1080 cells, were mixed with 100 µl of PBS and subcutaneously injected into the flanks of immunocompromised Nude mice (). After two weeks, the tumors had grown to about 200 mm3. At that point the mice were divided randomly into three groups: (1) Intravenously injected with 3 × 1011 DiR-labeled HT1080 exosomes in 100 µl of PBS. (2) Intravenously injected with 3 × 1011 DiR-labeled HeLa exosomes in 100 µl of PBS. (3) 100 µl PBS. After 24 hours, the mice were euthanized and the tumors and major organs were harvested. imaging system (Caliper Lifesciences) was used to detect the fluorescence in each organ. Fabrication and characterization of D-exoTo detect the highest yield of Doxil-loaded Exosomes, we loaded Doxil into exosomes at different concentrations (1010,1011,1012,1013). We then incubated the reaction mixture at different temperatures (4°C and 25°C) for 30 min. The highest yield was attained at a concentration of 1011 exosomes, reacted at 4°C. Then, Doxil-loaded exosomes were fabricated by extruding through membranes with pore sizes of 200 nm using an extruder (Lipids, 610000). The excess Doxil was removed by filtering through an Amicon Ultra-15 100 kDa filter. The amount of Doxorubicin loaded into exosomes was measured from a calibration curve obtained through colorimetric measurements, using a microplate reader (Tecan Sunrise, F039300) at an absorbance wavelength of 485 nm. Nanop7. 4 (PBS) and PH 5. 0 (acetate buffer).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: 2018;36:868-80. 150. D-galactose-induced cardiac ageing: A review of model establishment and potential interventions. J Med 2022;26:5335-59. 151. Bo- Aging induced by D-galactose aggravates cardiac dysfunction via exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction in obese insulin-resistant rats. Geroscience 2020;42:233-49. 152. Bo- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy effectively alleviates D-galactose-induced-age-related cardiac dysfunction via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in pre-diabetic rats. Aging 2021;13:10955-72. 153. . Curcumin alleviates D-galactose-induced cardiomyocyte senescence by promoting autophagy via the SIRT1/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Med 2022;2022:2990843. 154. D-galactose-induced toxicity associated senescence mitigated by alpinate oxyphyllae fructus fortified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ;2020:86-94. DOI 155. Brayson D, Shanahan CM. Current insights into LMNA cardiomyopathies: existing models and missing LINCs. Nucleus 2017;8:17-33. 156. Long term breeding of the Lmna G609G progeric mouse: characterization of homozygous and heterozygous models. 2020;130:110784. DOI 157. Identification of common cardiometabolic alterations and deregulated pathways in mouse and pig models of aging. 2020;19:e13203. 158. Parkin does not prevent accelerated cardiac aging in mitochondrial DNA mutator mice. JCI Insight 2019;5:127713. 159. . Targeting age-related pathways in heart failure. 2020;126:533-51. 160. Mitochondrial polymerase gamma dysfunction and aging cause cardiac nuclear DNA methylation changes. 2016;48:274-80. 161. Mitochondria DNA mutations cause sex-dependent development of hypertension and alterations in cardiovascular function. J Biomech 2015;48:405-12. 162. . Endurance exercise training augments diastolic filling at rest and during exercise in healthy young and older men. Circulation 1993;88:116-26. DOI 163. . Enhanced left ventricular performance in endurance trained older men.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ведь звуковысотность как была, так и остается, но ее роль сегодня кардинально меняется. Она может иметь чисто колористическое значение, поменявшись функциями с темброфактурой. Многие необычные приемы звукоизвлечения на традиционных музыкальных инструментах, в частности на инструментах симфонического оркестра, имеют свою логику развития, и логика эта может заключаться в изменении тембровой окраски или плотности фактуры мультифоников.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Biodistribution of gadolinium- and near infrared-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes in tumor bearing mice. Theranostics. 2019;9:2325-45 24. . Upconversion nanop25. . Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: current perspectives and future challenges. Sin B. 2016;11:287-96 26. -Lawson DA, van. et al. Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes. . 2010;107:6328-33 27. . Exosomes are natural carriers of exogenous siRNA to human cells in vitro. Signal. 2013;11:1-10 28. . et al. A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials. 2014:35 2383-90 29. . et al. Exosomal formulation enhances therapeutic response of celastrol against lung cancer. Pathol. 2016;101:12-21 30. . Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Deliv Rev. 2016;106:148-56 31. . et al. CD47 is upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis. Cell. 2009;138:271-85 32. . Integrins in cancer: biological implications in therapeutic opportunities. Rev. 2015;10:9-22 33. . et al. Exosomes are endogenous nanop34. Wei SC, Yang J. Forcing through tumor metastasis: the interplay between tissue rigidity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biol. 2016;26:111-20 35. . Live show of Rho GTPases in cell migration. Biol. 2010;2:68-9 36. . Strategies in the design of nanop37. . Nanotechnology for multimodal synergistic cancer therapy. Chem Rev. 2017;117:13566-638 38. . Microenvironmental interactions in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and their role in promoting tumor growth, immune escape and drug resistance. Cancer Lett. 2016;380:243-52 39. . Examination of the Specificity of with In vitro. Acta.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: The autophagy enhancer spermidine reverses arterial aging. Dev 2013;134:314-20. 190. Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine. 2016;22:1428-38. 191. Spermine and spermidine reversed age-related cardiac deterioration in rats. Oncotarget 2017;8:64793-808. 192. Spermidine alleviates cardiac aging by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Aging 2020;12:650-71. 193. Sulforaphane prevents age-associated cardiac and muscular dysfunction through Nrf2 signaling. 2020;19:e13261. 194. . The role of cellular senescence in cardiac disease: basic biology and clinical relevance. Cardiol 2022;19:250-64. DOI PubMed 195. Pharmacological clearance of senescent cells improves cardiac remodeling and function after myocardial infarction in female aged mice. Dev 2022;208:111740. DOI 196. Chronic senolytic treatment alleviates established vasomotor dysfunction in aged or atherosclerotic mice. 2016;15:973-7. 197. The Achilles’ heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. 2015;14:644-58. DOI 198. Flynn JM, O’ Late-life rapamycin treatment reverses age-related heart dysfunction. 2013;12:851-62. 199. A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs. Geroscience 2017;39:117-27. 200. Rapamycin persistently improves cardiac function in aged, male and female mice, even following cessation of treatment. 2020;19:e13086. 201. Rapamycin reverses elevated mTORC1 signaling in lamin A/C-deficient mice, rescues cardiac and skeletal muscle function, and extends survival. Med 2012;4:144ra103. 202. Genetics of extreme human longevity to guide drug discovery for healthy ageing. 2020;2:663-72. 203. Development of clinical trials to extend healthy lifespan. Metab 2018;7:80-3. 204. Metformin regulates metabolic and nonmetabolic pathways in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues of older adults.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Изменения в тембре или фактуре неизменно влекут за собой изменения в звуковысотной области, но они, во-первых, в данной ситуации непринципиальны для композитора, а во-вторых, при каждом исполнении могут быть разными, зависящими от инструмента и от исполнителя. Таким образом, звуковысотность часто становится функцией от аргументов иных измерений.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: 2014;1838:2954-65 40. Hoshino A, Costa-. et al. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis. Nature. 2015;527:329-35 41. . Directional cell movement through tissues is controlled by exosome secretion. Nat Commun. 2015;13:7164 42. 'äger I. et al. Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015;4:26316 43. . et al. Cancer cell membrane camouflaged nanop44. . et al. Biomimetic nanop45. . et al. Design and Development of Using a Microfluidic Approach. Adv Mater. 2018;30:1702749 46. . et al. Light-activatable red blood cell membrane-camouflaged dimeric prodrug nanop47. ässer C, Segaliny AI. et al. Stem cell-derived exosomes as nanotherapeutics for autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. ACS Nano. 2019;13:6670-88 48. . et al. Structural basis for molecular recognition at serotonin receptors. Science. 2013;340:610-4 Author contact Corresponding author: Ke Cheng. Tel: (919)5137371; Email: Ke_Chengedu or Ke_2019-8-18 Accepted 2019-12-31 Published 2020-2-10Citation styles. , Hu, S. , Huang, K. , Su, T. , Li, Z. , Vandergriff, A. , Cores, J. , Dinh, P. U. , Allen, T. , Shen, D. , Liang, H. , Li, Y. , Cheng, K. (2020). Tumor cell-derived exosomes home to their cells of origin and can be used as Trojan horses to deliver cancer drugs. Theranostics, 10(8), 3474-3487. . ; Hu, S. ; Huang, K. ; Su, T. ; Li, Z. ; Vandergriff, A. ; Cores, J. ; Dinh, P. U. ; Allen, T. ; Shen, D. ; Liang, H. ; Li, Y. ; Cheng, K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: 2018;17:e12723. 205. Metformin suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell senescence by promoting autophagic flux. J 2022;41:205-18. 206. . Chronic metformin treatment decreases cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress with improved mitochondrial function. Aging 2021;13:7828-45. 207. Effect of metformin on cardiac metabolism and longevity in aged female mice. 2020;8:626011. 208. R, de Candia P, Olivieri F, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors via uric acid and insulin. 2022;79:273. 209. . The role of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in frail older adults with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2022;51:1-8. DOI 210. Soares RN, Ramirez-Perez FI, Cabral-Amador FJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibition attenuates arterial dysfunction and decreases vascular F-actin content and expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress in aged mice. Geroscience 2022;44:1657-75. 211. . Empagliflozin reduces the senescence of cardiac stromal cells and improves cardiac function in a murine model of diabetes. J Med 2020;24:12331-40. 212. . Empagliflozin improves cardiac mitochondrial function and survival through energy regulation in a murine model of heart failure. Pharmacol 2022;931:175194. DOI 213. -Mavrogenis G, et al. The effects of liraglutide and dapagliflozin on cardiac function and structure in a multi-hit mouse model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 2021;117:2108-24. 214. Ageing-associated increase in SGLT2 disrupts mitochondrial/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ homeostasis and promotes cardiac dysfunction. J Med 2020;24:8567-78. 215. -Preserved trial investigators. empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Med 2021;385:1451-61. DOI 216. trial committees and investigators.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Существуют техники, где используются привычные нам тоны хроматического звукоряда, но несущая конструкция обеспечивается, опять же, построениями в иных координатах. И в звуковысотной плоскости мы получаем вполне традиционные мелодические обороты, которые выскакивают вне контроля композитора, будучи «испарениями» специфической логики. Все это надо понимать и доносить до сознания учеников. Вернусь к исходному этапу работы над новым сочинением.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Abstract Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting over 46 million people, according to AD International. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in developing nanomedicines. Using nanocarriers, the therapeutic compound could be delivered to the site of action where it gets accumulated. This accumulation, therefore, reduces the required doses for therapy. Alternatively, using nanocarriers decreases the side effects. Nanotechnology has had a great contribution in developing Systems (DDS). These DDS could function as reservoirs for sustained drug release or control the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the drugs. In the current review, we have collected 38 original research 373. [2] Francis, P. T. ; Palmer, A. M. ; Snape, M. ; Wilcock, G. K. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: A review of progress. J. Neurol. Neuro. Surg. Psychiatry, 1999, 66(2), 137-147. [3] Wilkinson, D. G. ; Francis, P. T. ; Schwam, E. ; Payne-Parrish, J. Cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Aging, 2004, 21(7), 453-478. [4] Huang, Y. ; Mucke, L. Alzheimer mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cell, 2012, 148(6), 1204-1222. [5] Doggui, S. ; Dao, L. ; Ramassamy, C. Potential of drug-loaded nanop1027. [6] Campos-Bedolla, P. ; Walter, F. R. ; Veszelka, S. ; Deli, M. A. Role of the blood–brain barrier in the nutrition of the central nervous system. Arch. Med. Res. , 2014, 45(8), 610-638. [7] Fazil, M. Shadab, Baboota, S. ; Sahni, J. K. ; Ali, J. Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease (AD): Past, present and future. J. Drug Target. , 2012, 20(2), 97-113. [8] Wilkinson, D. G. ; Francis, P. T.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining companies are interested in deep sea resources, including cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. [SEP] Text: , the CCZ, as the area is located at the southern edge of the equatorial high-productivity zone. The results call for caution when extrapolating findings from a small set of samples to larger ocean areas. With respect to deep-sea mining, the results show how variable the deep-sea floor can be and that extensive baseline studies are necessary before the onset of mining and impact analyses. This has been stressed by various advocates for the preservation of the deep-sea ecosystem (Glover and Smith, 2003; Mengerink et al. , 2014; et al. , 2014; Schindler and Hilborn, 2015). Since the geochemical composition of the sediment, including POC content and redox conditions, has a major impact on microbial processes in the sediment and associated biological life, this small-scale heterogeneity may also be relevant for biological productivity and diversity in the deep sea, as well as biological recovery after deep-sea mining disturbances. Another interesting finding of this study is the influence of dissolving nodules on the surrounding sediment and geochemical cycling, e. g. , in the form of visible halos in the sediment or increased Fe∕Al ratios and dissolved Mn and Co concentrations in the porewater. These dissolving nodules can therefore lead to significant small-scale differences in the mineralogical and chemical composition of sediment cores, and care should be taken that such signatures are not misinterpreted as, e. g. , hydrothermal influence. Data availability Detailed tables with data for major and trace elements, as well as links to associated data sets of other porewater and solid-phase parameters, (NO3-, 3) are available online at : (Paul and Koschinsky, 2019; Haeckel, 2018). supplement related to this 10. 5194/bg-16-4829-2019-supplement. Author contributions and AK designed the research. SALP performed the sampling and trace metal analyses with contributions from RB. MH performed the sampling and 3, and nitrate data collection. SALP performed the data interpretation with contributions from MH, MB, and AK. SALP prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Special issue statement This 10. 3389/fmars. 2019. 00504, 2019. Alt, J. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Обычно все начинается с того, что студенты приносят какой-то дикий замес сонорных комплексов, пассажей, кластеров, невообразимых глиссандо, мультифоников, трелей… Элементы могут быть иными, но замес есть всегда! И мы начинаем разбираться, что здесь нужно, а что лишнее. Прежде всего надо расчистить эту кучу и отобрать только те элементы, которые действительно будут участвовать в развитии материала.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Schwam, E. ; Payne-Parrish, J. Cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Aging, 2014, 21(7), 453-478. [9] Glaser, T. ; Han, I. ; Wu, L. ; Zeng, X. Targeted nanotechnology in glioblastoma multiforme. Front. Pharmacol. , 2017, 8(166), 1-14. [10] Faraji, A. H. ; Wipf, P. Nanop2962. [11] Alam, M. I. ; Beg, S. ; Samad, A. ; Baboota, S. ; Kohli, K. ; Ali, J. ; Ahuja, A. ; Akbar, M. Strategy for effective brain drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , 2010, 40(5), 385-403. [12] Jann, M. W. Rivastigmine, a new generation cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacother. , 2000, 20(1), 1-12. [13] Birks, J. S. ; Chong, L. Y. ; Grimley Evans, J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer’s disease. Syst. Rev. , 2009, 4, 1. [14] Wen, M. M. ; El-Salamouni, N. S. ; El-Refaie, W. M. ; Hazzah, H. A. ; Ali, M. M. ; Tosi, G. ; Farid, R. M. ; Blanco-Prieto, M. J. ; Billa, N. ; Hanafy, A. S. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for Alzheimer’s disease management: Technical, industrial, and clinical challenges. J. Control. Release, 2016, 245, 95-107. [15] Lilienfeld, S. Galantamine - a novel cholinergic drug with a unique dual mode of action for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Drug Rev. , 2002, 8(2), 159-176. [16] Defilippi, J. L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: ) 2007 Les espèces envahissantes dans l’archipel néo-calédonien Un risque environnemental et économique majeur Marie-Laure Beauvais, Alain Coléno et Hervé Jourdan (dir. ) 2006 Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française Deep-sea mineral resources in Pierre- (dir. ) 2016 Le développement du lac Tchad Development of Situation actuelle et futurs possibles et Géraud Magrin (dir. ) 2014 Voir plus de livres 1 12 Substances naturelles en Polynésie française Stratégies de valorisation Jean Guezennec, et Jean-(dir. ) 2006 L’énergie dans le développement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Bars, Elsa Faugère, et al. (dir. ) 2010 La lutte antivectorielle en (dir. ) 2009 Le mercure en Amazonie Rôle de l’homme et de l’environnement, risques sanitaires Jean-Pierre Carmouze, et (dir. ) 2001 Diasporas scientifiques Comment les pays en développement peuvent-ils tirer parti de leurs chercheurs et de leurs ingénieurs expatriés Rémi Barré, Valeria Hernández, Jean-et al. (dir. ) 2003 La dengue dans les départements français d’Amérique Comment optimiser la lutte contre cette maladie Raymond Corriveau, et André Yébakima (dir. ) 2003 Agriculture biologique en perspectives de développement Martine François, et (dir. ) 2005 Lutte contre le trachome en Afrique subsaharienne Anne- (dir. ) 2006 Avenir du fleuve Niger Jérome Marie, et Hamady N’Djim (dir.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Далее при необходимости можно прибавлять к ним и другие элементы, но это неизменно должно быть естественным и логичным следствием развития. Отобранные элементы необходимо сложить в какую-то структуру, чтобы организовать разность потенциалов, обеспечивающую дальнейшее естественное движение, и донести материал до слушателя.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Crismon, M. L. Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors. Drugs Aging, 2003, 20(6), 437-444. [17] Jann, M. W. ; Shirley, K. L. ; Small, G. W. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. , 2002, 41(10), 719-739. [18] Loy, C. Schneider, L. Galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Syst. Rev. , 2002, 3 CD001747 [19] Seltzer, B. Donepezil: an update. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. , 2007, 8(7), 1011-1023. [20] Safari, J. ; Zarnegar, Z. Advanced drug delivery systems: Nanotechnology of health design A review. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. , 2014, 18(2), 85-99. [21] Mohammad, D. ; Chan, P. ; Bradley, J. ; Lanctôt, K. ; Herrmann, N. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms-a safety evaluation. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. , 2017, 16(9), 1009-1019. [22] Zhang, H. ; Zhai, Y. ; Wang, J. ; Zhai, G. New progress and prospects: The application of nanogel in drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2016, 60, 560-568. [23] Fanun, M. Microemulsions as delivery systems. . Curr. Opin. Sci. , 2012, 17(5), 306-313. [24] Callender, S. P. ; Mathews, J. A. ; Kobernyk, K. ; Wettig, S. D. Microemulsion utility in pharmaceuticals: Implications for multi-drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. , 2017, 526, 425-422. [25] de Souza, L. G. ; Rennó, M. N. ; Figueroa-Villar, J. D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Deep sea mining will eliminate the need for traditional land-based mining in the next few years. [SEP] Text: Ibid. , 13. Ibid. , 2. 14. LOSC (n 1), Annex III 15. Ibid. , Annex III former 5. 16. Ibid. , 136. 17. R Wolfrum (1983) of the of Mankind. 43:317; J Frakes (2003) Heritage of and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Reach a Compromise. 21:433; E Guntrip (2003) Heritage of Mankind: Regime for Managing the Deep Seabed. 4:380–381. 18. SJ Shackelford (2009) of the of Mankind. 28:109–110; E Franckx (2010) and the of Mankind: for States to Establish the of their Continental Shelf. Law 25(4):566, doi: G Hardin (1968) of the Commons. Science 162:1243–1248, doi: J Dingwall (2020) Activities in the beyond National Jurisdiction: the Framework. In: (ed), of the Seabed. Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, 142; JE Noyes (2012) Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future. & Pol 40: 459–460; M Koskenniemi & M Lehto (1996) of Universality: International Law,. 65(3–4):536–552, doi: E Holmila (2005) of Mankind in the Law of the Sea. Martensis 1:187. 20. (2016) Sharing benefits of the common heritage of mankind – Is the deep seabed mining regime ready? 70:199, doi: BH Weston, D Bollier (2013) Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights, and the Law of the Commons. Press, Cambridge, p 219. 21. LOSC (n 1), 22. Ibid. , 137. 23. Ibid. , 141. 24. Ibid. , 145. 25. Ibid. , 144. 26. Ibid. , 140. 27. Ibid. , Annex III 4. 28. LOSC (n 1), 29. LOSC (n 1), 30. Ibid. , 230. 31. LOSC (n 1), Annex III 190. 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На самом раннем этапе крайне важно понять, как реализуется эта структура, какие принципы могут собрать отобранные элементы в некое интригующее целое, заключающее в себе потенциальный заряд для последующего развития.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Coumarins as cholinesterase inhibitors: A review. Chem. Biol. Interact. , 2016, 254, 11-23. [26] Sahoo, S. K. ; Labhasetwar, V. Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discov. Today, 2003, 8(24), 1112-1120. [27] Wilczewska, A. Z. ; Niemirowicz, K. ; Markiewicz, K. H. ; Car, H. Nanop1037. [28] Suri, S. S. ; Fenniri, H. ; Singh, B. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. , 2007, 2(1), 16. [29] Allen, T. M. ; Cullis, P. R. Drug delivery systems: Entering the mainstream. Science, 2004, 303(5665), 1818-1822. [30] Bhushan, B. Introduction to nanotechnology. In: Springer handbook of nanotechnology; Berlin: Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag, 2010; 13. [31] Springer, New York, NY, 2008, vol. 9,. Springer, New York, NY, 2008, vol. 9,. [32] Sinha, R. ; Kim, G. J. ; Nie, S. ; Shin, D. M. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanop1917. [33] Farokhzad, O. C. ; Langer, R. Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(1), 16-20. [34] Han, M. ; He, C. X. ; Fang, Q. L. ; Yang, X. C. ; Diao, Y. Y. ; Xu, D. H. ; He, Q. J. ; Hu, Y. Z. ; Liang, W. Q. ; Yang, B. Gao, J. Q. A novel camptothecin derivative incorporated in nano-carrier induced distinguished improvement in solubility, stability and anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Pharm. Res. , 2009, 26(4), 926-935. [35] Wu, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: Wilms | Reefs to PopulationsJun 20, 2023 | Earth & Much research has focused on or (‘SLOSS’) habitats for the preservation and restoration of biodiversity. Many studies have been carried out in terrestrial environments but far fewer have looked at marine systems. However, it is unwise to make conclusions about the marine environment based on studies carried out on land. Together with colleagues, Wilms from the of Denmark is recreating lost rocky reef habitats and surveying these sites to see how they impact the return of vital marine species to the area. we think of healthy and thriving marine communities, we tend to envisage colourful coral-rich reefs teeming with shoals of fish and sea creatures. Geogenic reefs – their non-biological counterparts – play an equally important role in marine ecosystems but are considerably less well-known and understood. Made up of boulders or smaller rocks protruding from an otherwise smooth, soft-substrate seafloor, geogenic reefs provide an important hard surface for the initial settling of algae and larvae that would otherwise be carried past by water currents. The settlement and growth of algae and sessile immobile creatures such as bivalve molluscs provide a source of food which attracts fish and other sea creatures. Structures in and around the rocks such as holes, ledges and crevices provide shelter in which numerous mobile marine creatures and fishes may flourish and grow. This attracts larger predators from afar, and thus, a functioning geogenic reef ecosystem is born. by glacial erosion over the past few ice ages, one of the world’s largest inland brackish seas – the – is a north-eastern arm of the bordered by nine countries. Acting almost as one large estuary for the many rivers flowing into it, the varies greatly in levels of salinity across the basin and consequently, the richness of species found within it also varies. Despite nearly a quarter of the seabed being a ‘dead zone’, the is home to a mixture of both freshwater and marine species, including species with high commercial value such as cod, sprat, herring and salmon. The human-led degradation of the sea’s coastal environments has been driven by overfishing, eutrophication (in which agricultural runoff increases the nutrient load of the water), and the removal of rocks from the seabed for use as construction materials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Большая проблема нашего образования — отсутствие понимания у многих композиторов-педагогов того, что гомофоническая двухладовая тональная система уже более ста лет как исчерпала себя, и искать в ней что-то новое так же бессмысленно, как пытаться открыть новые законы в механике инерциальных систем.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Fuhrhop, R. W. ; Scherrer, D. E. ; Wickline, S. A. Targeted antiproliferative drug delivery to vascular smooth muscle cells with a magnetic resonance imaging nanop2847. [46] Lamprecht, A. ; Ubrich, N. ; Yamamoto, H. ; Schäfer, U. ; Takeuchi, H. ; Maincent, P. ; Kawashima, Y. ; Lehr, C. M. Biodegradable nanop781. [47] Scherer, F. ; Anton, M. ; Schillinger, U. ; Henke, J. ; Bergemann, C. ; Krüger, A. ; Gänsbacher, B. ; Plank, C. Magnetofection: enhancing and targeting gene delivery by magnetic force in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. , 2002, 9(2), 102. [48] Nevozhay, D. ; Kańska, U. ; Budzyńska, R. ; Boratyński, J. Current status of research on conjugates and related drug delivery systems in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Posteb. Hig. Med. Dosw. , 2007, 61, 350-360. [49] Monsky, W. L. ; Fukumura, D. ; Gohongi, T. ; Ancukiewcz, M. ; Weich, H. A. ; Torchilin, V. P. ; Yuan, F. ; Jain, R. K. Augmentation of transvascular transport of macromolecules and nanop4135. [50] Maeda, H. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: The key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting. Adv. Enzym. Regul. , 2001, 41, 189-207. [51] Sahoo, S. K. ; Sawa, T. ; Fang, J. ; Tanaka, S. ; Miyamoto, Y. ; Akaike, T. ; Maeda, H. Pegylated zinc protoporphyrin: a water-soluble heme oxygenase inhibitor with tumor-targeting capacity. Bioconjug. Chem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: On top of this, the in the southern served as a dumping ground for chemical weapons after 2, although the biological effects of releasing more than 10,000 tons of highly toxic agents into the waters remain largely unknown. A to in the southwestern is situated east of the Danish/German land border, and was the focus for Wilms of the of Denmark and his team in a recent study. This region has been subjected to huge levels of rock extraction for construction materials, with over 10,000 acres of geogenic reef being removed from Danish waters alone over the 20th century. Like the rest of the Baltic Sea, this region is home to important predatory Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). This species utilises rocky reef environments throughout the lifecycle, not only to find prey items but also as a shelter from larger predators such as seals. Similar to other areas, cod stocks have faced the detrimental effects of overfishing, and in the case of the Baltic cod, this eventually lead to a population collapse. Despite the prohibition of rock extraction from Danish waters in 2010, the previous permanent removal of important hard substrate for habitats has rendered the ecosystems in the area unable to recover fully without positive human input. and his team wanted to test whether recreating lost habitats would allow for the successful regeneration of these degraded ecosystems, and if this method could be one piece in the puzzle trying to recover Baltic cod populations. The restored reefs were monitored using remote underwater video systems, a non-invasive method to survey biodiversity and the abundance of marine organisms. Addressing a A longstanding debate in conservation biology is on the importance of or (SLOSS) habitats for ecosystem restoration. The majority of SLOSS studies examining marine environments have shown that habitats have greater benefits than a habitat, despite the responses of interest differing between studies. In a marine setting, geogenic or boulder reefs are an ideal habitat to examine the importance of SLOSS for restoration ecology due to their relative isolation from other habitats and the possibility to manipulate their spatial arrangement. Studying boulder reefs also provides important ecological data input that can be taken into consideration in the construction of new hard coastal management schemes such as sea walls and other ecological engineering schemes. and his team selected a soft-bottomed sandy area as their study site, a region historically featuring geogenic reefs. A before-after control-impact sampling methodology was carried out across six well-spaced sample sites of equal area and water depth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Я очень много раз и говорил об этом, и писал, проводя параллели с физикой, ссылался на статьи авторитетных ученых-музыковедов, объяснял, что в начале ХХ века додекафонию открывали «всем миром» — во всяком случае, вся музыкальная Европа работала над этим, включая Россию. Но это знание почему-то не уживается в умах многих коллег.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Clin. Oncol. , 2001, 19(2), 376-388. [59] Rosen, O. ; Müller, H. J. ; Gökbuget, N. ; Langer, W. ; Peter, N. ; Schwartz, S. ; Hähling, D. ; Hartmann, F. ; Ittel, T. H. ; Mück, R. ; Rothmann, F. Pegylated asparaginase in combination with high-dose methotrexate for consolidation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission: A pilot study. Br. J. Haematol. , 2003, 123(5), 836-841. [60] lue, P. ; Rouzier-Panis, R. ; Raffanel, C. ; Sabo, R. ; Gupta, S. K. ; Salfi, M. ; Jacobs, S. ; Clement, R. P. A dose-ranging study of pegylated interferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2000, 32(3), 647-653. [61] Panyam, J. ; Labhasetwar, V. Sustained cytoplasmic delivery of drugs with intracellular receptors using biodegradable nanop84. [62] Prabha, S. ; Labhasetwar, V. Nanop219. [63] Prabha, S. ; Labhasetwar, V. Critical determinants in PLGA/PLA nanop364. [64] Murakami, H. ; Kobayashi, M. ; Takeuchi, H. ; Kawashima, Y. Preparation of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanop152. [65] Alyautdin, R. N. ; Petrov, V. E. ; Langer, K. ; Berthold, A. ; Kharkevich, D. A. ; Kreuter, J. Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanop328. [66] Alyaudtin, R. N. ; Reichel, A. ; Löbenberg, R. ; Ramge, P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: During pre-restoration sampling, all six sites were surveyed daily by the deployment of 3–4 remote underwater video systems per site that were set to record for 2 minutes per hour. Video footage recorded the presence of any marine species in the frame, and a side scanner was used to scan the sea floor for the desired substrate (i. e. , sandy bottom). Using rocks taken from a Norwegian quarry, reef restoration was carried out on four of the sites, leading to two sites containing a reef, two sites containing 16 reefs in a 4×4 configuration (of the same rock diameter and volume as the reef), and two sites remaining as control sites. Surveying was then carried out again across all six sites 6 months post-restoration. Find? The relative abundance of each species was measured by analyzing each video frame and counting the maximum number of obvious individuals, both mobile pelagic (found within the water column) species such as herring or cod and slow-moving benthic (ground-dwelling) species such as starfish. Numbers of individuals were counted per frame to prevent double counting and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic category. Due to the lack of a downward-facing camera, sessile (immobile) species were excluded from the specific species count, but the total proportion of vegetation or boulder cover was estimated by what was visible within each video frame. and his team visited the study area in on a daily basis to collect thousands of video clips. Left to right: Johan M. Sørensen, Wilms, Carl Baden. Cod, That’s Amazing! In terms of species abundance, variations were found between reefs. For example, sand gobies (Pomatoschistus sp. ) were found in higher abundance at reefs. These soft-bottom species are often found in lesser numbers on large reef systems but were found to thrive in and around areas between patches of reef. Importantly, not just environmentally but also with positive commercial implications, cod numbers were found to have increased dramatically around the restored reef sites. Cod sightings increased on average by around 60 times more at reefs than at control sites, and a whopping 130 times more than the control at reefs! The data also suggest a probability of nearly 99% of a positive restoration effect on cod abundance – an incredible improvement over such a short period since the reefs were constructed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Додекафонию у нас ненавидят лютой ненавистью, и все шишки в основном валятся на голову бедного Шёнберга, хотя его «вина» только в том, что именно он первым изложил принципы додекафонии в своей Сюите для фортепиано op. 25. Как правило, коллегам-ровесникам невозможно объяснить, что додекафония — это не адекватная замена гомофонической двухладовой тональной системе, а демонстрация того, как можно и нужно переосмысливать основополагающие понятия в музыке.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: Synthesis and biodegradation of nanogels as delivery carriers for carbohydrate drugs. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(11), 3326-3331. [98] Bae, Y. ; Jang, W. D. ; Nishiyama, N. ; Fukushima, S. ; Kataoka, K. Multifunctional polymeric micelles with folate-mediated cancer cell targeting and pH-triggered drug releasing properties for active intracellular drug delivery. Mol. Bio. Syst. , 2005, 1(3), 242-250. [99] Rosen, M. J. ; Kunjappu, J. T. surfactants and interfacial phenomena. In: 336. [100] Mc Clements, D. J. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: Terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft Matter, 2012, 8(6), 1719-1729. [101] Fanun, M. Microemulsions properties and applications; Taylor and Francis: New York, 2009. [102] Fanun, M. Colloids in drug delivery; New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. [103] Botterhuis, N. E. ; Sun, Q. ; Magusin, P. C. ; Van Santen, R. A. ; Sommerdijk, N. A. Hollow silica spheres with an ordered pore structure and their application in controlled release studies. Chem. Eur. J. , 2006, 12(5), 1448-1456. [104] Lai, C. Y. ; Trewyn, B. G. ; Jeftinija, D. M. ; Jeftinija, K. ; Xu, S. ; Jeftinija, S. ; Lin, V. S. Y. A mesoporous silica nanosphere-based carrier system with chemically removable CdS nanop4459. [105] Lai, C. Y. ; Trewyn, B. G. ; Jeftinija, D. M. ; Jeftinija, K. ; Xu, S. ; Jeftinija, S. ; Lin, V. S. Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: to the Fin-ish A revisit to the survey sites 3 years later found large numbers of juvenile cod sheltering within and feeding around the reef structures. The presence of juvenile fish suggests the successful establishment of a flourishing and productive ecosystem. The results from this survey are particularly encouraging in indicating that the restoration of geogenic reefs in areas where they have been depleted can have overwhelmingly positive impacts on the abundance of reef fishes found in an area, and the creation of a functioning ecosystem. Despite still not having an answer to the SLOSS debate, it is clear that both types of restoration methods have positive effects over time. While a positive response to reef restoration efforts was observed from the most prominent reef species in the area, warns that this alone will not be sufficient to recover and maintain a healthy and thriving ecosystem unless we work alongside other measures to protect the environment from damaging activities such as overfishing and nutrient overload. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 - of Denmark (DTU Aqua)graduated from with a BS degree in Geological and in 2010. After gaining a Master’s degree in from the University of Groningen, progressed to complete a PhD in in 2022 from the of Denmark. He now works as an applied marine ecologist working mainly with non-invasive monitoring methods and marine habitat restoration. Having conducted several reef restoration projects as part of his PhD, his interests as a postdoctoral researcher are now applying his knowledge of rocky reef systems to ecologically enhance artificial structures in the marine environment that utilise hard substrate to co-benefit human requirements alongside the natural marine environment. : tjgwilms@gmail. com W: T:. Norðfoss, of of Denmark, Silkeborg, G. Støttrup, of Denmark, Lyngby, M. . Svendsen, of and and ðfoss, H Baktoft, et al. , Restoring marine ecosystems: Spatial reef configuration triggers taxon-specific responses among early colonizers, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 58(12), 2936–2950. DOI: (Credit: Florence Ghestem) 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: В данном случае — тональность. После нововенцев и структуралистов в мире не просто начали работать иные тональные системы, но в творчестве каждого композитора стали появляться свои, глубоко индивидуальные тональные системы! И наконец, в процессе обучения необходимо периодически касаться проблем музыкальной формы. Под ней я, по сути, понимаю то же самое, что и под архитектурной.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: G. P. ; Kannan, R. R. Development of biocompatible nanogel for sustained drug release by overcoming the blood brain barrier in zebrafish model. J. Appl. Biomed. , 2016, 14(2), 157-169. [121] AnjiReddy, K. ; Karpagam, S. Chitosan nanofilm and electrospun nanofiber for quick drug release in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. , 2017, 105, 131-142. [122] Takeuchi, I. ; Takeshita, T. ; Suzuki, T. ; Makino, K. Iontophoretic transdermal delivery using chitosan-coated PLGA nanop526. [123] Spencer, C. M. ; Noble, S. Rivastigmine. Drugs Aging, 1998, 13(5), 391-411. [124] Tanaka, K. ; Mizukawa, K. ; Ogawa, N. ; Mori, A. Post-ischemic administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurochem. Res. , 1995, 20(6), 663-667. [125] Chen, Y. ; Shohami, E. ; Bass, R. ; Weinstock, M. Cerebro-protective effects of ENA713, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in closed head injury in the rat. Brain Res. , 1998, 784(1), 18-24. [126] Tanaka, K. ; Ogawa, N. ; Asanuma, M. ; Hirata, H. ; Kondo, Y. ; Nakayama, N. ; Mori, A. Effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 on ischemia-induced changes in acetylcholine and aromatic amine levels in the gerbil brain. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , 1992, 323, 85-96. [127] Polinsky, R. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : caribou antler lies on the tundra in the in Alaska. Shed antlers can persist for thousands of years, allowing paleobiologists to track caribou ranges over many centuries. Food & paleobiology: Eyeing the past to restore today’s ecosystems Researchers use historic remnants like antlers, shells, teeth and pollen to learn how natural communities once worked. The clues serve as guides for restoration. Holmes 08. 03. 2023 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Conservationists seeking to restore shark populations on the Atlantic coast of Panama were facing a problem all too familiar to biologists: No records existed to document what pristine shark communities looked like before overfishing decimated the animals over the past few decades. Without that information, how could the restoration workers know what they should be aiming for? & EnvironmentNot enough fish in the seaLiving WorldAs glaciers retreat, new streams for salmonFood & EnvironmentWhy there’s no such thing as pristine natureErin Dillon, a paleoecologist at the in Panama, thought she had the solution. By sampling microfossils — dermal denticles, the “little teeth on the shark’s skin,” as she describes them — deposited on the ocean floor, Dillon was able to reconstruct a picture of shark communities in the region before human impact. Shark abundance on the Caribbean reefs has declined by over 70 percent, she found, with fast-swimming, open-water sharks hit the hardest. Dillon is one of the rising stars in the burgeoning new field of conservation paleobiology, which uses the fossil record to inform and assist present-day conservation efforts. “We often need some sense of the way things used to be before there was extensive human impact,” says Karl Flessa, a paleobiologist at the University of Arizona who coined the term “conservation paleobiology” two decades ago and coauthored an early look at the field in the 2015 of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Разница лишь в том, что специфика строительного материала, которым пользуются композиторы, не дает возможности эту форму увидеть. Поэтому ее надо уметь представлять, что особенно удается тем, у кого хорошо развито абстрактное мышление. Теоретически мы имеем возможность получить точные трехмерные изображения, совокупно дающие объективное представление о форме.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Averineni, R. ; Reddy, M. ; Udupa, N. A study of rivastigmine liposomes for delivery into the brain through intranasal route. Acta Pharm. , 2008, 58(3), 287-297. [135] Craparo, E. F. ; Pitarresi, G. ; Bondì, M. L. ; Casaletto, M. P. ; Licciardi, M. ; Giammona, G. A nanoparticulate drug-delivery system for rivastigmine: Physico-chemical and in vitro biological characterization. Macromol. Biosci. , 2008, 8(3), 247-259. [136] Joshi, S. A. ; Chavhan, S. S. ; Sawant, K. K. Rivastigmine-loaded PLGA and PBCA nanop199. [137] Garberg, P. ; Ball, M. ; Borg, N. ; Cecchelli, R. ; Fenart, L. ; Hurst, R. D. ; Lindmark, T. ; Mabondzo, A. ; Nilsson, J. E. ; Raub, T. J. ; Stanimirovic, D. In vitro models for the blood-brain barrier. Toxicol. In Vitro, 2005, 19(3), 299-334. [138] Wang, Q. ; Rager, J. D. ; Weinstein, K. ; Kardos, P. S. ; Dobson, G. L. ; Li, J. ; Hidalgo, I. J. Evaluation of the MDR-MDCK cell line as a permeability screen for the blood–brain barrier. Int. J. Pharm. , 2005, 288(2), 349-359. [139] Mutlu, N. B. ; Değim, Z. ; Yılmaz, Ş. ; Eşsiz, D. ; Nacar, A. New perspective for the treatment of Alzheimer diseases: Liposomal rivastigmine formulations. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. , 2011, 37(7), 775-789. [140] preet Kaur, S. ; Rao, R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: Conservation paleobiologists are using the past to establish pre-disturbance baselines, as Dillon has done. They are also documenting long-term patterns of habitat use and revealing previously unsuspected changes in ecosystems as a result of human activity. By uncovering how species have responded as past climates changed, they are helping to understand how the same species may respond to climate change today. And their results are guiding management plans for some of the world’s most endangered ecosystems. Tracing caribou migrations of the pastOften, paleontological data offer the only practical way to understand the long-term ecological patterns that are so critical to conservation decisions. That’s the case for caribou herds on the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, which have proved difficult to study in real time. The animals migrate extensively, and they use different parts of their home range each year, so ecologists have a hard time knowing which areas are crucial to maintaining caribou populations. “There’s so much year-to-year variability,” says Joshua Miller, a paleoecologist at the University of Cincinnati. “It can be challenging to make conservation decisions when you don’t know the long-term value of a place. ”Tiny dermal denticles — the hard, toothlike structures that make a shark’s skin so abrasive — fossilize well. Most denticles on open-ocean sharks are adapted to reduce drag as the animal swims, while denticles of bottom-dwelling sharks tend to be adapted to resist abrasion. These differences allow paleobiologists to sample fossilized denticles and infer the lifestyles of sharks that lived on tropical reefs thousands of years ago. turned to the paleontological record — specifically, accumulations of the antlers the animals shed each year. Unusually for members of the deer family, females as well as males have antlers, which they shed shortly after calving. In the Arctic climate, these antlers remain intact for hundreds or thousands of years, providing a long-term record of where calving occurs. “You really can walk on the landscape today and get some essence of what caribou were doing thousands of years ago,” says Miller.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Иными словами, геометрическая интерпретация, выручающая в самых разных областях, может помочь и в музыке. Но пока музыканты не вооружились соответствующими компьютерными программами и не имеют опыта подобной работы. Построение такого изображения вручную займет очень длительное время и потребует огромной выдержки.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Hussain, A. ; Khatkar, S. Preparation and characterization of rivastigmine loaded chitosan nanop1232. [141] Wilson, B. ; Samanta, M. K. ; Muthu, M. S. ; Vinothapooshan, G. Design and evaluation of chitosan nanop609. [142] Fazil, M. ; Md, S. ; Haque, S. ; Kumar, M. ; Baboota, S. kaur Sahni, J. ; Ali, J. Development and evaluation of rivastigmine loaded chitosan nanop15. [143] Ognibene, M. C. ; Rocco, F. ; Craparo, E. F. ; Picone, P. ; Ceruti, M. ; Giammona, G. Biocompatible micelles based on squalene portions linked to pegylated polyaspartamide as potential colloidal drug carriers. Curr. Nanosci. , 2011, 7(5), 747-756. [144] Scialabba, C. ; Rocco, F. ; Licciardi, M. ; Pitarresi, G. ; Ceruti, M. ; Giammona, G. Amphiphilicpolyaspartamide copolymer-based micelles for rivastigmine delivery to neuronal cells. Drug Deliv. , 2012, 19(6), 307-316. [145] Ismail, M. F. ; ElMeshad, A. N. ; Salem, NAH. Potential therapeutic effect of nanobased formulation of rivastigmine on rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2013, 8, 393-406. [146] Pagar, K. ; Vavia, P. Rivastigmine-loaded L-lactide-depsipeptide polymeric nanop888. [147] Pagar, K. P. ; Sardar, S. M. ; Vavia, P. R. Novel L-Lactide-depsipeptide polymeric carrier for enhanced brain uptake of rivastigmine in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: Chemical dating of the shells revealed that the youngest remains dated from the late 19th century — about the time when the area was heavily grazed by cattle. Runoff from overgrazed, eroding soil, Kidwell and her colleagues concluded, must have smothered the hard surfaces the brachiopods needed, resulting in the local extinction of an entire ecosystem. “Despite 50 years of close monitoring on one of the best-known continental shelves in the world, it was utterly unsuspected,” Kidwell says. The discovery gives local conservationists a new target for their restoration efforts, though it could take centuries for the mud to wash away. In the meantime, Kidwell notes, it becomes more important to protect gravelly or sandy seafloors that still remain farther offshore, near the Channel Islands. Paleoecologists taking samples from the muddy seafloor off were surprised to find shells of scallops, brachiopods and other animals that cannot survive in muddy environments. Their presence indicates that until recently, much of the seafloor here was sandy or gravelly. That hard-bottom ecosystem probably went locally extinct as a result of mud-laden runoff from overgrazed cattle pastures in the 19th century, the biologists concluded. Fossils aren’t only useful for learning about the past, however. They can also suggest how plants and animals might respond to future events — most pressingly, climate change. For example, Jenny McGuire, a conservation paleobiologist at the of Technology, and her colleagues studied fossilized pollen grains to see how 16 important plant taxa from responded to climate change over the past 18,000 years. Did the plants shift their ranges to follow their preferred climate, the researchers wondered, or did they stay put and make the best of things as climate changed around them? Twelve of the 16 taxa changed their geographic distribution to maintain similar climate niches, the researchers found — even in periods when the climate was changing rapidly. But such shifts may not be as easy today due to loss and fragmentation of their habitats. The lesson, McGuire says, is that plants that shifted instead of adapting locally could be at the greatest risk today and require extra conservation aid. “It tells you which plant taxa you have to worry about,” she says.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Значит, надо ждать, когда нам на помощь придет соответствующее программное обеспечение, как пришли когда-то компьютерные музыкальные редакторы Finale и Sibelius. Мы должны помнить, что латинское forma означает вид, образ, и под этим понятием подразумеваются очертание, внешний вид, контуры предмета. Для традиционной архитектуры форма — это геометрический объект, построенный по законам эвклидовой геометрии.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Wang, X. ; Kong, P. Pharmacokinetic behavior and efficiency of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in rat brain after intranasal administration of galanthamine hydrobromide loaded flexible liposomes. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 2012, 34(2), 272-279. [179] Suzuki, R. ; Takizawa, T. ; Negishi, Y. ; Hagisawa, K. ; Tanaka, K. ; Sawamura, K. ; Utoguchi, N. ; Nishioka, T. ; Maruyama, K. Gene delivery by combination of novel liposomal bubbles with perfluoropropane and ultrasound. J. Control. Release, 2007, 117(1), 130-136. [180] Mufamadi, M. S. ; Choonara, Y. E. ; Kumar, P. ; Modi, G. ; Naidoo, D. ; van Vuuren, S. ; Ndesendo, V. M. ; du Toit, L. C. ; Iyuke, S. E. ; Pillay, V. Ligand-functionalized nanoliposomes for targeted delivery of galantamine. Int. J. Pharm. , 2013, 448(1), 267-281. [181] Fornaguera, C. ; Feiner-Gracia, N. ; Calderó, G. ; García-Celma, M. J. ; Solans, C. Galantamine-loaded PLGA nanop2084. [182] Hanafy, A. S. ; Farid, R. M. ; ElGamal, S. S. Complexation as an approach to entrap cationic drugs into cationic nanop2068. [183] Raza, K. ; Katare, O. P. ; Setia, A. ; Bhatia, A. ; Singh, B. Improved therapeutic performance of dithranol against psoriasis employing systematically optimized nanoemulsomes. J. Microencapsul. , 2013, 30(3), 225-236. [184] Misra, S. ; Chopra, K. ; Sinha, V. R. ; Medhi, B. Galantamine-loaded solid–lipid nanop1443.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: Conservation paleobiology is new enough that its insights are only starting to percolate through to the government agencies that make conservation decisions on the ground. That’s largely because institutional change takes time. “Any of us who actually work with agencies — as well as people who work for agencies — can tell you just how slowly and carefully and thoughtfully agencies change anything about what they do,” says Kidwell. In the 19th century, huge herds of cattle roamed the land in what is now Los Angeles. The cattle caused so much erosion that soil running off from the land smothered the sandy-bottom ecosystems of the nearby ocean floor — a change that was only discovered when paleobiologists found fossilized shells from the former ecosystem. : is happening in a few places, though, most notably in the Florida Everglades, where decades of water diversions and drainage have significantly altered the natural flows of fresh water that maintain the ecosystem. Federal, state and local governments are working to return the region’s water regimen closer to its natural state — but no records exist of what flow rates were before drainage began. Wingard, a paleoecologist with the US Geological Survey, turned to the fossil record. Wingard knew that each species of mollusk living in the Everglades has its own preferred level of salinity. By making a census of the relative abundance of shells of 68 kinds of mollusks in sediment cores and comparing it to data from living communities, she could estimate the average salinity at each point in time in the past. Then one day she found herself in a meeting room with a hydrologist who knew how to predict salinity from water flow rates — and they and others in the room realized that they could turn his equations around and use salinity to figure out historic flow rates. “We all had this massive brainstorm: Yes, we can do this, and it would allow us to calculate flow before there was any flow monitoring,” says Wingard. Wingard’s salinity numbers are now the official targets for restoration. Conservation paleobiology has limitsIn theory, paleobiologists could apply their techniques to explore ecosystems millions, or tens of millions, of years in the past.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Но современная архитектура уже давно выходит за ее рамки, и в сегодняшней архитектурной композиции форма участвует не только как отдельная плоская или объемная геометрическая фигура, а в большей степени как их комбинация или сопряжение. И это уже очень близко к музыке!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology is used in medicine to deliver drugs more precisely to specific cells. [SEP] Text: ; Chen, Q. ; Chu, L. Y. Nanostructured smart hydrogels with rapid response and high elasticity. Nat. Commun. , 2013, 4, 2226. [192] Licciardi, M. ; Campisi, M. ; Cavallaro, G. ; Cervello, M. ; Azzolina, A. ; Giammona, G. Synthesis and characterization of polyaminoacidic polycations for gene delivery. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(9), 2066-2075. [193] Piccirillo, C. ; Pullar, R. C. ; Costa, E. ; Santos-Silva, A. ; Pintado, M. M. E. ; Castro, P. M. Hydroxyapatite-based materials of marine origin: A bioactivity and sintering study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2015, 51, 309-315. [194] Stanić, V. ; Dimitrijević, S. ; Antić-Stanković, J. ; Mitrić, M. ; Jokić, B. ; Plećaš, I. B. ; Raičević, S. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper and zinc-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders. Appl. Surf. Sci. , 2010, 256(20), 6083-6089. & & Nanotechnology-Asia Title:of Used to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Author(s): Niloufar Choubdar*Affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of : Alzheimer's disease, nanomedicines, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, drug delivery systems, nanotechnology, nanocarrier. Abstract: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting over 46 million people, according to AD International. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable interest in developing nanomedicines. Using nanocarriers, the therapeutic compound could be delivered to the site of action where it gets accumulated. This accumulation, therefore, reduces the required doses for therapy. Alternatively, using nanocarriers decreases the side effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mining operations will soon restore any disturbed marine ecosystems to their original state immediately. [SEP] Text: By doing so, they could treat the history of life as a vast experiment — examining, for example, repeated known periods of rapid climate change to see what characteristics put species at greatest risk of extinction. But looking into deep time this way brings risks, experts say. Ecosystems do change, so ones indicated by fossil assemblages may differ from modern ones in important ways. “The farther back you go in time, the more difficult it is to predict things directly, because the species are different, the ecosystems function differently,” says Michal Kowalewski, a conservation paleobiologist at the University of Florida who heads a research network of practitioners in the field. “So the last few hundred years give us the most information. ”Water from the Everglades flows into at the southern tip of the state. Over the past century, human activity has reduced water flow in the Everglades. To guide restoration efforts, paleobiologists sampled shells of dead mollusks from several sites in the bay and used the known salinity p10. 1146/knowable-080323-1 is a science writer based in Edmonton, Canada.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Смело можно говорить, что музыкальная форма — это объект N-мерного пространства, образованного работой гармонических функций, применяемых на всех уровнях структурирования звучащей материи. А раз так, то к анализу музыкальной формы может быть в полной мере привлечен математический аппарат высшей алгебры. И это дает огромные возможности для более глубокого и точного понимания результата структурирования музыки. DOI 10.

Output: pass