Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You compare graphs of amount of light received versus wavelength for the two occasions (Figure 1. 1). Dips in the amount of light at particular wavelengths when the planet is in front of the star are interpreted as resulting from absorption of light by gases in the planet’s atmosphere. Since different gases have different characteristic patterns of absorption, you can identify them. Figure 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned. Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 2020. It gave its name to the famous Arecibo message broadcast by it into space in 1974. There are also large arrays of radio telescopes – for example ASKAP (Pathfinder), located about 700 kilometres north of the city of Perth, which started observing the sky in 2012. A of are about to feel the multidisciplinary nature of the search for extraterrestrial life that I mentioned at the outset, because we are about to move from the astronomical realm to its biological counterpart. In particular, we are going to move from the telescopes used in the search for habitable planets – and ultimately the life that’s on some of them – to the search for a workable definition of life. How can we search for life if we can’t define it? And yet the task of defining life is not an easy one – even in the restricted context of planet Earth (are viruses alive? ). It’s more difficult again to attempt a definition that will work in a cosmic context. But an imperfect definition is better than nothing – so here goes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: The impact of climate change on drought discharge can vary across WPs and CPs. Conducting hydrometeorological research that specifically examines atmospheric circulation factors can enhance our understanding of the impacts of climate change. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of climate change on summer droughts in Japan and their relationship with WP/CP using the WP attribution method (Ohba 2021). A detailed analysis was conducted to determine the extent of severity that the hydrological drought would reach in the future by employing a hydrological model to calculate river discharge. The relationship between drought discharge and WPs/CPs was compared under present and future climatic conditions. The projected future changes in hydrological drought were assessed in relation to relevant climate variables in the context of WPs/CPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to project how hydrological drought and its associated CP/WP characteristics may evolve in central Japan due to climate change. 2 Data and methods 2. 1 Atmospheric data To simulate atmospheric data for projected future and historical climatic conditions, we used the Program on (SI-CAT) 5-km regional climate ensemble experiments (named SI-5TK, hereinafter SICAT; Kawase et al. 2018; Sasai et al. 2019), which were downscaled from "the Database for Making for Change" (d4PDF; Mizuta et al. 2017). The d4PDF consisted of the output of a general circulation model (d4PDF-GCM) and a further dynamically downscaled version focused on Japan by an RCM (d4PDF-RCM). The horizontal grid spacings for the d4PDF-GCM and d4PDF-RCM were 60 km and 20 km, respectively. The 5-km dynamical downscaling climate data consisted of 12-member historical/present climate simulations (PC: 1981–2010) and 12-member [(six cases for each two-member ensemble, described below) + 2-K warming (2K: 2061–2090) and + 4-K warming (4K: 2081–2110)] future climate projections. The ensemble members of d4PDF/SICAT were derived from the perturbed lower boundary and initial conditions of a 60-km GCM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: One way of looking at a definition is as an abstract generalization about a class of entities that’s based on prior knowledge of many concrete individual entities of the sort concerned. So, let’s start with a list of ‘concrete’ living entities – organisms – on our home planet. Not a complete list, of course, for that would include more than a million names. But we don’t need a complete list, nor even a particularly lengthy one. A short one will suffice, and indeed is preferable, in terms of not drowning in detail. Here it is: humans, snails, whales, trees, toadstools, and bacteria. A definition of ‘X’ – in this case ‘life’ – only works if we also have entities that we know are ‘not X’, which in this case means ‘not life’, or alternatively ‘inert objects’. Here’s a short list of such objects, all of which are generally agreed not to be living things: rocks, clouds, cars, smoke, and water. Of course, some of these entities might contain life forms – for example a cloud might contain airborne microbes – but that’s not the same thing as a cloud actually being a living organism itself. And in one case – cars – they’re made by life forms, but again that’s something different. So, the question is this: how do we word an abstract definition of life so that it includes all of the things that we think of as living and none of those that we think are not? There are different ways of doing this, and I have no intention of surveying them all. That would be both boring and pointless. Instead, I will focus on the definition that I think works best. I call it the RIM definition of life. These letters stand for the following three attributes of life forms: Reproduction, Inheritance, Metabolism. So, an entity that has all three RIM attributes is alive, while an entity with none of them is not. We’ll get to the annoying grey area in the middle shortly. Now is the moment for a warning about the risk of infinite regress. To define life, it’s necessary to define reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism. This could lead to a need to define words that occur in these definitions, and so on indefinitely.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Only the 4K and PC simulations were used in the SOM analysis for the purpose of simplification. The number of input vectors for SOM training was 90,768 (122 d × 31 year × 24 ensembles for the 12-member historical and 12-member future climate simulations). Each element in the SOM array was depicted as a node containing a single reference vector, with each reference vector representing a generalized pattern of input vectors. SOM training involves extracting generalized patterns from the input data and representing them as a reference vector. In this study, a 15 × 15 SOM grid was used to classify the input data into 225 CPs/WPs. By mapping the input data to the best-matching pattern, we were able to group the data based on the pattern. This allowed us to conduct composite and statistical analyses. The PC and 4K simulations were simultaneously used to train one SOM to directly compare the impacts of climate change on river discharge under the same CP/WP. 3 Results and discussion 3. 1 Future changes in hydrological drought Figure 2 displays the annual hydrographs of river streamflow in the target region for PC/2K/4K. The hydrographs were derived from the long-term ensemble of hydrological modeling, which were driven by 5-km dynamical downscaling after applying precipitation bias correction. A detailed validation of the effect of the bias correction on the river discharge is presented in Figure S3. The impact of climate change is evident in the substantial changes in the seasonal evolution of mean streamflow. The peak of river discharge during spring snowmelt had decreased and occurred earlier. An ensemble-averaged peak discharge of ~ 170 m3/s (early May) was recorded in the PC simulation, which changed to ~ 140 m3/s (mid-April) and ~ 125 m3/s (early April) in the + 2K and 4K climate simulations, respectively. This observed shift toward an earlier peak in discharge aligns with previous research results derived in other regions (Mote et al. 2003), but the intensity of the change varied. Although there was some variation among the ensembles, the overall trends were consistent. These results are consistent with the phase shift from snowfall to rainfall, corresponding to an increase in the warming of air temperature (Ohba and Kawase 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: and Consultants are the technical brains behind all RE operations: they spot technical opportunities, come up with new ideas, solve problems, do the planning and ensure that new RE developments are sustainable in terms of society needs, economics and environmental protection. They may also specialise in R&D to trial innovations which will improve the outputs and cost effectiveness of RE technologies. Engineers from mechanical, electrical, civil, power systems and software backgrounds, process or manufacturing engineers, landscape architects, geotechnical engineers, measurement & control engineers, environmentalists, material scientists, biochemists, hydrologists, geologists, physicists, form this category. Energy advisors are supporters and knowledge providers for individuals and companies involved in RE: they advise on national and/or regional policies related to RE planning and operation, as well as on energy management and efficiency. They can specialise in training ranging from the provision of general guidance for companies on new developments in RE to detailed training on specific subjects, such as installer accreditation. Planning consultants, land development advisors, environmental legal consultants, policy developers/local development officers, teachers/trainers, energy officers, energy advisors, health & safety consultants are included herein. Last, but not least, Executives are the business brains behind all RE operations: they spot new business opportunities, create proposals, negotiate with potential customers and ensure customer's needs are met all along the renewable energy supply chain. They can also specialise in business communications for creating marketing and media campaigns to help increase the uptake of RES. Professionals with the profile of business developers/analysts, marketing executives, financial, human resources and administration managers, technical sales representatives, public relations officers, etc. are included herein. Apart from the specialized skills required for each one of the above listed categories of professionals, being essentially different according to the concerned RE technology, a range of core skills is important, as for example environmental awareness and motivation are highly desirable among RE industry employees at all levels. In addition, managers and consultants require dynamism, leadership, innovation, negotiation and strategic skills to get the most out of the opening up market opportunities. A survey of occupations in the RE sector by sub-sector and value chain segment is provided in the comprehensive report of ILO [8].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: In addition to the change in river discharge from winter to spring, the summer discharge decreases during the course of the season. This was particularly evident in the 4K simulation. The combination of these changes could severely affect water availability from early summer to fall. Figure 3a shows a violin plot of the annual accumulated discharge. As air temperatures increased, the lower edge of the annual accumulated discharge tended to decrease across the board, indicating an increase in the frequency of drought years relative to the PC simulation. However, there was minimal change with respect to the higher edge, which could indicate an increase in the amplitude of the interannual variability. The histogram of daily mean discharge (Fig. 3b) exhibits a symmetrical distribution change that extends to both the lower and upper extremes as temperature rises. This indicates a potential increase in drought discharge events (in addition to an increase in flood discharge events). To examine hydrological drought events in more detail, Fig. 4 shows scatter plots of the 1-d and 30-day mean discharges (plotted below 50 m3/s). The respective 1 percentile values (dotted lines) show a significant decrease in the 2K/4K simulations. For the daily and 30-day mean discharge, 1 percentile values are predicted to decrease by approximately 35 (20) % from the present climate value under the 4K (2K) warming simulation, which implies that drought events will intensify in the future. In both the short- and long-term periods, the results indicate a high likelihood of an unprecedented drought event in the future, which has not been observed in historical PC simulations. The 3-percentile value of river discharge in the PC simulation was defined as the drought discharge, and the number of consecutive days with discharge below the drought discharge was counted (Fig. 5). Under the PC simulation, the maximum number of consecutive drought discharge days was approximately 50 d; however, the maximum number of consecutive drought discharge days was approximately 100 and 60 d under the 4K and 2K simulations, respectively. In the case of approximately 2–4 consecutive day events, the increase in the frequency of drought events in the 4K simulation was approximately twice that in the PC simulation. However, for 19–21 consecutive day events, the increase was approximately four times that of the PC simulation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: This could be related to the increased rate of change for longer events with no precipitation (consecutive dry days), as observed in a previous study (Ohba et al. 2022). 3. 2 Interannual variation: Relationship to El Niño-(ENSO) ENSO events can considerably impact river discharge and water resource variability in Japan. In particular, due to the delayed response of the SST to the winter ENSO peak, Japan tends to experience reduced (increased) rainfall after the La Niña (El Niño) period, as there is of a decrease in the flow of moist air from the tropics (Ohba and Ueda, 2006). Figure 6a illustrates the correlation between river discharge in the target watershed and the SST in the PC simulation. Consistent with previous studies, a relatively high correlation between summer discharge and SST was observed in the preceding winter tropical Pacific and spring-summer northern Indian Ocean. This teleconnection is caused by ENSO-induced SST variations in the Indian Ocean, which creates an anomalous circulation pattern around Japan. In the summer following the El Niño (La Niña) event, a large-scale anticyclonic circulation developed in the northwestern Pacific region, located south of Japan, leading to increased inflow of water vapor from the tropics (Ohba and Ueda 2006; Xie et al. 2006). Figures 6b and 6c show a scatter plot of the relationship between the preceding winter ENSO and the following summer accumulated river discharge. The PC simulation shows a weak but positive correlation between river discharge and the preceding ENSO event. Specifically, summers characterized by La Niña tended to experience particularly severe hydrological droughts. However, during the 4K warming period, there was an overall increase in the number of summers with a mean discharge of 40 m3/s or less, and the correlation with ENSO events tended to be weaker. 3. 3 Climate patterns leading to long-term hydrological droughts Identifying whether a certain CP/WP would result in discharge in the PC and 4K simulations was challenging because of the occurrence of several CPs/WPs within the season. Therefore, the classification of CPs/WPs assists in enhancing our understanding of the interrelationship between CPs/WPs and streamflow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In bees and ants, there are whole castes that can’t reproduce – workers, for example. These are no less alive than reproductive drones and queens. Also, cases are known where two species occasionally interbreed, producing offspring that are typically sterile – such as the mule, a hybrid between a horse and a donkey. So, we have to use reproduction as a characteristic of a species rather than of every individual, in our attempts to draw a line between life and non-life. Now we come to the third attribute included in the RIM definition of life – inheritance. This applies to all life forms on Earth, though in different ways to some than to others. We humans are most familiar with the sort of inheritance that is associated with sexual reproduction, in which, as we can plainly see, offspring tend to resemble one or both parents more than they do other members of the overall population. Most other animal species have sexual reproduction, so the same phenomenon applies, even though, for example, we humans find it hard to distinguish degrees of similarity among different individual houseflies. Inheritance still applies in the world of asexual reproduction, which is much more common in bacteria and other microbes than it is in animals. A population of a particular kind of bacterium that reproduces in this way can be thought of us a collection of clones. Each parent, on its own, produces progeny that are genetically identical to itself, so the within-clone variation is zero at the level of the gene (unless a mutation occurs), and may be quite small at the level of the organism. In contrast, the between-clone variation is greater. Since clones are to all intents and purposes families, the situation regarding inheritance is broadly the same. Finally, we must be equally careful in deciding what entity to apply inheritance to, as we were in using the term reproduction. Inheritance applies to the relationship between generations, not to individual organisms taken alone. Of the three RIM attributes, metabolism is the only one that can be applied to individuals considered in isolation from other members of their family, population, or species. In summary, the RIM definition of life can be constructed something like this.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Consequently, we focused on further analyzing the data collected between June 1 and September 30 (early summer to early fall in Japan), the period during which future decreases in river discharge were most pronounced. For the characteristics of Japan's summer climate, please refer to the (Fig. S4). Because drought intensification was observed on daily and monthly scales, both periods were targeted in this study. Figure 7 shows the CP matrix derived from the SOM analysis. The 30-day mean climate conditions from July to September (JJAS) in were classified into 225 CPs shown on a 15 × 15 SOM. The meridional winds are represented using red-blue shadings. The classified CPs with southerly (northerly) winds are located near the right center (center-top) of the SOM. The right sides are covered by CPs related to warm-moist air intrusions from the tropical Pacific. Because the horizontal wind vector was selected as the SOM input, it was straightforward to visually observe the influence of the summer monsoon on precipitation. Linkages between river discharge and CPs were determined by employing SOMs during the JJAS period. Figure 8 displays the 30-day mean river discharge for each SOM for the PC and 4K simulations during the JJAS period. The plotted streamflow represents the mean value at a particular node (CP). The calculation involves averaging the discharge for all time steps within the time period of interest that corresponds to the node of interest. By calculating this value for both climate simulations, the difference in the mean node discharge between the two climate simulations can be calculated. Because the mean node discharge was calculated for all 30-day running mean data that had the most similar CP to that of the target node, the difference reflected the discharge change that occurred for a given CP. Therefore, these differences in discharge were attributed to changes unrelated to the frequency of CPs. These changes result from alterations in the thermodynamics and physics of the discharge associated with climate change, in which projected changes in the freshwater balance at the land surface are major factors. This method is useful for assessing the impact of thermodynamic climate change on river discharge. River discharge was strongly dependent on the CPs. The CPs associated with high (low) river discharge were evident in the top-right (lower-center) area of the SOM for both PC and 4K simulations (Figs. 8a and 8b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Several studies have been conducted to appraise the performance of PV modules under wind or passive cooling effects. Chowdhury et al. [3] performed wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulations under different wind velocities and air gaps. Experiments by Mirzaei et al. [4] showed that higher wind velocities result in higher heat exchanges between the PV panel and airflow and consequently lower PV temperatures. They also suggested installing PV modules in a stepped open arrangement instead of a flat arrangement for better cooling. Lai and Hokoi [5] performed experimental and numerical studies on double-skin façade PVs and reported that the electrical efficiency of ventilated modules was higher by about 16–44% than the non-ventilated ones. Within another numerical research, Gan [6] concluded that adequate spacing or gap between the modules and the surface of the wall is required to allow the air to pass and cool down the PVs and avoid the formation of hot spots in panels. The current numerical study investigates the impacts of wind direction on the cooling rate of a PV panel installed on the surface of a slanted roof. The slanted structure has been studied in this research as it is a common configuration used in Australia. In the following section, the studied case and the numerical procedure have been explained. Then, the results have been presented and discussed. Advertisement 2. Case studyAs shown in Figure 1, a 2. 4 m height structure with a PV panel installed on its slanted roof has been studied numerically in this research. To evaluate the effects of wind direction, seven angles between the wind direction and the structure (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 degrees) and two free stream velocities of 2 and 5 m/s have been considered, the main directions are shown in Figure 1. The distance between the panel and the roof surface is 0. 1 m. The inclination angle of the roof or module is 30 degrees. The dimensions of the module were 1 m by 1. 3 m, oriented such that 10 cm of the roof-top on all sides remained unobscured by the module when viewed from above. Adequate distance between the structure and the domain boundaries has been considered to correctly model the wind effects. Figure 1. Schematic view of the rooftop-mounted PV and air domain with wind directions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: An entity is alive if (1) it has intrinsic metabolism; (2) it belongs to, or is descended from, a group (species) that reproduces sexually, asexually, or through a mixture of the two; and (3) there is inheritance of organismic features from one generation to the next. If it has none of these features, it is not alive. Now we get to the grey area mentioned above. What happens if an entity has one or two of these attributes, rather than zero or three? I’m quite confident that most entities on planet Earth can be classified as living or non-living on the basis of the RIM definition, as given above. However, there is an important exception: viruses. Are these entities tiny subcellular organisms, or very large and complex, but non-living, molecules? Most people think of them as being alive, but is this intuitive feeling justified? Viruses have no metabolism. At its simplest, a virus is a piece of hereditary material made of nucleic acid (sometimes DNA, sometimes RNA) wrapped in a protein coat. Its size is orders of magnitude less than that of a single cell. Viruses operate by entering host cells and hijacking their molecular machinery to make offspring viruses. It’s clear from this brief description that viruses have the R and the I of RIM, but not the M. So they possess two out of the three attributes of life. However, this statement has to be qualified in an important way. Viruses can’t reproduce outside of a living cell of their host organism, be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, or a microbe. So their reproduction, and hence their inheritance, is not intrinsic. Perhaps we could conclude that they score half, half, and zero on the RIM scale, thus giving them an overall score of one rather than two. Whatever exact score we give them, the conclusion is inescapable: viruses inhabit a grey area between life and non-life. A of searches for alien life in general, and intelligent alien life in particular, are very different endeavours. We’ve already seen that they involve different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum, and consequently different designs of telescope. Searching for signatures of oxygen is centred on the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: In the PC simulation, when the Japanese region experienced easterly winds, river discharge in the target region was minimal. This CP was associated with a cyclonic circulation south of Japan. Such CPs are more likely (less likely) to occur in the summer following winter La Niña (El Niño) events (Xie et al. 2009). Figure 8c shows the differences in the streamflow intensity between the 4K and PC simulations. In general, the response of the CP-streamflow relationship to climate change indicated that the contrast between nodes was considerably more amplified in the 4K simulation. The area of CP with a low river discharge on the SOM was expanding. Moreover, there was a minimal decrease in river discharge at CPs with high discharge in the PC simulation. These results demonstrate that CPs have different influences on local river streamflow, and their future changes also differ depending on the CP. The four CPs (CP1–4) marked in Fig. 8 show relatively large variations in river discharge intensity in response to climate change, which are further highlighted in Fig. 9. Figure 9 shows the precipitation and future changes in related atmospheric variables for CP1–4. To provide an overview of the entire region of Japan, the results based on the d4PDF-RCM (20 km) data are presented here. In these CPs, warm-humid airmasses intrude from the subtropics into Japan, resulting in precipitation, particularly on the Pacific side of Japan (Fig. 9a). CP1 is responsible for the cyclonic circulation over the northwestern Pacific, resulting in air intrusion into the target region from the east. Because the target area is located leeward of the central mountainous region of Japan, precipitation is likely to be suppressed due to downdrafts. In contrast, CP2–4 are dominated by southerly winds over the Japanese region, which may be the predominant CPs during this season in relation to the summer monsoon. Owing to the advection of moisture from the tropics, precipitation is heavy on the Pacific side of western Japan. The target area also experienced heavy precipitation, primarily on the northern side. In the context of climate change, precipitation over the target region associated with CP1–4 decreased significantly (Fig. 9b). Relative humidity over the land decreased in all patterns but was especially significant in CP1 and CP4 (Fig. 9c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: This model uses the following formulation to compute the radiative energy transfer from surfaces:qout,m=ϵmαT4+Ωm·∑j=1NFjmqout,jE5where qout,m is the energy flux leaving the surface m, α is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, Ωm=1−ϵm is the reflectivity of surface m, ϵm is the emissivity of the surface m, and Fjm is the view factor between surface m and surface j. Advertisement 4. Results and discussionPrior to presenting the results, it should be noted that all presented results are averaged over time. The change of the mean temperature of PV with wind direction is shown in Figure 2. It is seen that for both wind velocities of 2 and 5 m/s, the mean temperature of the PV is lower at angles below 90 degrees which is associated with higher surface heat transfer coefficients, as shown in Figure 3. Under these conditions, there is direct contact between the wind and module surfaces which contributes to forced convective cooling of the PV, thereby increasing the surface heat transfer coefficient, and decreasing the temperature of PV. At lower angles, the wind penetrates the gap between the PV and roof surface resulting in an increased heat transfer. In other words, the forced convective cooling effects on both sides (front and back) of the module are prominent at angles below 90 degrees. It is noticeable that by increasing the angle from 0 to 60 degrees, there is a slight decrease in the mean temperature of PV. This is mainly because, at angles higher than 0 degrees (and below 90 degrees), more airflow penetrates the gap between the PV and roof which in turn intensifies the convective cooling effects from the backside of the PV. Figure 4 shows the schematic view of the airflow penetrating the gap between the PV module and roof for the wind angles of 0 and 60 degrees. As seen, when the wind angle is 0 degrees, the airflow mainly enters the gap from the bottom side. However, for the 60 degrees case, the airflow enters the gaps mainly from both bottom and left side of the gap, thereby intensifying convective cooling effects. Figure 2. Effects of wind angle on the mean temperature of PV. Figure 3. Effects of wind angle on the mean surface heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of PV. Figure 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Among the primates, the great apes stand out, and among these, of course, humans represent an apex. Rather than pretend that it’s possible to create a cross-species numerical scale of intelligence, let’s simply acknowledge five broad-brush levels: zero (e. g. sponges), little if any (e. g. worms), some (e. g. jumping spiders), a lot (e. g. octopuses, crows, most mammals), and ‘high’ (humans). Counterparts of these may well eventually be found among the life forms of other planets, though there may also be a further category (‘very high’) on some of them, the nature of which we can only dimly conjecture. Now let’s poke further into the ‘high’ category here on Earth. Human tool-making is thought to have originated about three million years ago – in the form of stones fashioned for hammering and chopping. That was a significant milestone. Wheels and writing – two further important milestones – were invented thousands rather than millions of years ago. Telescopes were invented a few hundred years ago – around 1600, as we’ve already seen. And radio transmission was achieved in the years around 1900, with the Italian scientist being a key figure. Here’s an important caveat. The pattern of increasing sophistication of human inventions over time can’t be mapped directly to a pattern of increasing intelligence in time. Human brain size reached its present level more than 100,000 years ago. Brain size is a very blunt instrument, but even when more subtle aspects of the brain, such as its shape, are taken into account, the brains of members of our species – Homo sapiens – seem to have reached something resembling the present-day condition by about 50,000 years ago. Not only that, but the Neanderthals alive at that time had brains that were at least as big as ours. So humans of 50,000 years ago probably had an intelligence level not dissimilar to that of an average human alive today.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: In CP1, the increase in precipitable water in the Japan area was limited while the evapotranspiration was greatly intensified. Although precipitable water tended to increase significantly around Japan in CP2–4, there was a minimal increase in the central mountainous area of the target region. Because the increase in evaporation was limited to CP2 and CP3, the decrease in precipitation was considered the primary factor in the desiccation. However, both the decrease in precipitation and the increase in evapotranspiration were affected in CP4, in which a greater decrease in relative humidity was observed. Notably, the contributions of reduced precipitation and increased evapotranspiration to future streamflow differ in each CP. These results indicate that the decrease in discharge in the 4K simulation can mainly result in desiccation at CPs that exhibit moderate river discharge. In other words, there was an increase in the prevalence of dominant drought-related CPs. In addition, these changes may be related to the outcome that the correlation between the ENSO and river discharge will become less evident in the future. An increase in drought-related CPs other than the CPs shown in Fig. 8a, which is more likely to occur during La Niña, is expected to lead to a decrease in the connection with the ENSO. 3. 4 Weather patterns leading to short-term hydrological droughts A similar analysis was performed for the daily river discharge. Figure 10 shows the WP matrix derived from the SOM analysis for daily climate conditions around Japan from July to September. The classified WPs with cyclonic circulation were located in the central to upper regions of the SOM. The other sides were predominantly covered by WPs related to southerly winds, resulting in warm-moist air intrusion from the tropical Pacific. Figure 11 shows the daily mean (+ 1 d) streamflow for each SOM for the PC and 4K simulations during the JJAS period. Similar to the previous section, it is evident that streamflow is highly dependent on the WPs. The WP impacts on streamflow were particularly evident in the upper area of the SOM in both the PC and 4K simulations (Figs. 11a and 11b); however, the future effect was considerably weaker. Figure 11c shows the differences in streamflow intensity between the 4K and PC simulations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Schematic view of the airflow penetrating the gap between the PV and roof, left) 0 degrees and right) 60 degrees wind angle. It is worth noting that similar observations were reported by the experiments of Wen [10] who studied the cooling effects of wind direction on a PV panel whose surface was parallel to the wind and observed that the convective heat transfer coefficient reached a maximum value for the angles in the range of 60–120 degrees depending on the wind velocity. However, as will be discussed in the following, the HTC drops drastically in the current research for angles beyond 60 degrees due to the edges of the structure that act as a barrier. By increasing the wind angle beyond 60 degrees, there is a sharp increase in the mean temperature and a decrease in the mean surface HTC of the PV, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The reason behind this is that at higher angles, the inclined roof and sidewalls of the structure act as a barrier between the module and wind, thereby decreasing the direct contact between the wind and module and consequently degrading the forced convective cooling effects. Figure 5 illustrates the temperature contours of the PV panel for wind angles of 0 and 180 degrees. As observed, PV experiences lower temperature due to higher cooling effects at zero wind angle. It is also observed in Figures 2 and 3 that, as expected, mean HTC augments and mean temperature of PV decreases as the wind velocity increases due to the enhanced forced convective cooling effects. Figure 5. Contours of mean static temperature of PV panel for free stream velocity of 5 m/s, top) 0 degrees, bottom) 180 degrees. To get a better understanding of the wind and structure interactions, Figure 6 is presented showing the streamlines for the wind velocity of 5 m/s and angles of 0 and 180 degrees. As seen, for the wind angle of zero degrees, the wind flow approaching the PV is divided into two streams, one passing beneath the PV and the second passing over the surface of the PV resulting in convective cooling effects from both sides. A large vortex is being also generated behind the structure. However, at the angle of 180 degrees, the walls and edges of the structure result in the separation of flow and formation of a large vortex in the vicinity of PV which weakens the convective cooling rates. Figure 6. Flow streamlines for wind velocity of 5 m/s, top) 180 degrees, bottom) 0 degree. Advertisement 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Marconi’s ability to send radio signals across the Atlantic in the early twentieth century was probably not so much a consequence of human evolution in the last 50,000 years as it was a consequence of being able to build on a wide range of discoveries and inventions that had taken place in previous history, and on the prediction of radio waves by the Scottish physicist Maxwell in the 1860s. It’s important to keep in mind this point that the mapping of the level of technology of a society to the level of intelligence of its members is complex. However, it’s also important to be pragmatic when trying to come up with a working definition. I’m going to use the ability to send and receive radio waves as indicating that a certain threshold of intelligence has been reached, because searches of a SETI type are largely conducted using radio, and the only beings we’ll detect by conducting these searches are those who can send out powerful signals (radio or possibly laser) into space. The relevant intelligence threshold may have been reached thousands of years earlier, but that’s not important from a practical perspective. Questions We’ve now considered what we’re looking with – telescopes plus various associated techniques including spectroscopy. And we’ve also thought carefully about what we’re looking for – both life in general, as defined by reproduction, inheritance and metabolism, and intelligent life with advanced technology in particular, as defined by the ability to send and receive radio signals. Our final job, before venturing out into the cosmos to take its measure, is to be clear about the key questions we’re asking in our endeavour to understand what has sometimes been called ‘the biological universe’. There are two of these questions, or perhaps more accurately two groups of questions, as follows. First, a group that I think of as being about the geography of alien life. These are questions about distribution in space. For example: Is life only found on planets orbiting stars, or might it be found in other places too, such as rogue planets (which don’t orbit anything) or moons, which orbit planets? Where is the closest life – and the closest intelligent life – to us? How many inhabited bodies are there, at various levels of spatial scale from the solar system through the galaxy to the universe as a whole? Are there planetary systems in which more than one planet is inhabited?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Overall, the effect of climate change on the WP-streamflow relationship clearly differed depending on the WP, with the difference between the 4K and PC simulations showing that the contrast among nodes was intensified during summer in the 4K simulation. However, compared with the CPs in Fig. 8, the climate change impact differences among the WPs were relatively small. The two WPs (WP1–2) marked in Fig. 11c show relatively large fluctuations in streamflow amounts in response to climate change, which are further highlighted in Fig. 12. Figure 12 shows the precipitation and future changes in the related variables for WP1 and WP2. In the WP associated with the largest decrease in discharge (WP1), an enhanced climatological Pacific high was observed over Japan. In WP1, Japan was covered by low-level southwesterlies, likely due to an intensified subtropical western Pacific high. high-pressure system covered Japan from the Pacific Ocean, resulting in relatively dry conditions. WP1 caused weak rainfall on the Pacific side of central Japan, resulting in weak air intrusion from the southwest into central Japan. In contrast, WP2 strongly influenced the precipitation on the Pacific side of Japan, with warm-humid southerly winds coinciding with a tropical cyclone in central Japan. Large amounts of precipitation were observed on the Pacific side of central and eastern Japan. In the context of climate change simulations, WP1 and WP2 show decreases in precipitation in western Japan between the 4K and PC simulations, which can be interpreted as changes in moisture convergence related to changes in horizontal moisture transport. Both WP1, which had low precipitation, and WP2, which had high precipitation, showed increased evapotranspiration. In WP1, although the precipitable water increased around Japan, the relative humidity over the target region decreased considerably, which would prevent moisture condensation in future climate simulations and make precipitation less likely to occur (Fig. 12d). Corresponding to the enhanced intrusion of moist air masses from the south, WP2 exhibited a significant increase in precipitation over the Pacific side of eastern Japan. However, precipitation is predicted to decrease under future simulations on the western side of the low-pressure system, which is leeward across the central mountains. Precipitable water also showed a slight increase on the western side of central Japan. Consequently, the relative humidity in the target region in WP2 decreased substantially due to the rise in air temperature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: ConclusionA 3D transient CFD model was developed to illustrate the impacts of wind direction on the cooling of a PV panel installed on the surface of a slanted roof. The simulation includes radiative effects by surface-to-surface radiation model, natural convection generated by the heated PV due to the buoyancy effects and forced convection due to the wind effects. The numerical results showed that the wind direction has a significant impact on the cooling rates of the module. At angles below 90 degrees, due to direct contact between the wind and sides of the PV panel, the cooling rate of the PV is higher resulting in lower PV temperatures. However, at higher angles, the walls and edges of the structure act as a barrier between the wind flow and PV and prevent direct contact between them. Therefore, the convective cooling rates degrade, and PV temperature rises. It should be noted that the results may depend on other geometrical parameters such as distances from the edges of the PV module to the edges of the roof and building height, which could be investigated in future studies. Advertisement 1. Tkachenko SA et al. Computational study of natural convection flow in an open-ended channel coupled with a room: Application to building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. In: Proceedings of CHT-21 on Advances in Transfer. Inc. ; 20212. . Comparative performance assessment of a non-ventilated and ventilated BIPV rooftop configurations in the Netherlands. Solar Energy. 2017;146:389-4003. . Experimentally validated CFD simulations predicting wind effects on photovoltaic modules mounted on inclined surfaces. Technologies and Assessments. 2018;30:201-2084. . Investigation of the role of cavity airflow on the performance of building-integrated photovoltaic panels. Solar Energy. 2014;107:510-5225. Lai C-M, Hokoi S. Experimental and numerical studies on the thermal performance of ventilated BIPV curtain walls. Indoor and Built Environment. 2017;26(9):1243-12566. Gan G. Numerical determination of adequate air gaps for building-integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy. 2009;83(8):1253-12737. . LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for an isolated and a surrounded tall building. Engineering Structures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Second, a group of questions that I think of as being about the biology of alien life. These are questions about the nature of life forms, wherever they are found. For example: Is life usually (or always) based on carbon? Is it usually dependent on water? Is life usually made of cells or cell-like units? Are large life forms common, and do they usually arise from the evolution of multicellularity rather than by some other means? Are there features of large multicellular life forms that are to be expected to occur widely across multiple planets, for example skeletons? How does intelligent life arise from unintelligent beginnings, and are there parallels in the evolution of intelligence from one planet to another? Although these two groups of questions are reasonably distinct from each other, they are not without overlap and interaction, as I mentioned earlier. For example, by now we are fairly sure that, Earth aside, there are no multicellular life forms in the solar system, even though the possibility of microbial life having evolved on some local body – for example Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus – remains a possibility, as we’ll see in 5. In contrast, it seems highly probable that there are plenty of rocky bodies scattered across our galaxy that have large life forms as well as microbes. Some authors have argued against this – notably the American scientists in their 2000 book Rare Earth. These authors argued that Earth possessed a combination of unique features that was unlikely to be replicated elsewhere. However, that was before the discovery of Earth-like exoplanets, and their argument no longer seems tenable. As we proceed, these two groups of questions – about the geography and biology of alien life – will always both be at least in the background. In particular 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: Under future climatic conditions, typhoon-induced precipitation is expected to increase; however, some pathways may lead to a reduction in river discharge. 4 ConclusionsFuture unprecedented and long-term hydrological drought events related to climate change are a serious concern for Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to project how hydrological drought and its associated CP/WP characteristics may evolve in central Japan due to climate change. We examined future changes in river discharge by employing hydrological modeling driven by high-resolution RCM with a 5 km grid spacing and incorporating bias correction to enhance the accuracy of the projections. Our results suggest that under future climatic conditions, river discharge in central Japan during the summer will decrease throughout the season. In addition, the 1st percentile value of streamflow decreased by 35% (20% in the + 4-K and + 2-K warming climate simulations), and the number of consecutive hydrological drought days increased considerably to an unprecedented level. These results imply that the intensity and frequency of summer water shortages in the study area may have severe consequences. Although the uncertainty range was extensive, the outcomes of the ensemble simulations were consistent. In order to better understand the differences in the impacts of climate change among the CPs/WPs, we also analyzed the complex interrelationship between potential future changes in streamflow and CPs/WPs. The impact of CPs/WPs on river streamflow during summer was substantially altered by future climate change. Overall, the discharge decreased, while the response differed among the various CPs/WPs. The contrast between meteorological conditions increased, and the decrease in moderate river discharge was particularly significant. The causes of these discharge reductions varied from CP/WP to CP/WP; some could be primarily attributed to reduced precipitation, whereas others were due to increased evapotranspiration. The results also show the benefits of comparing CPs/WPs in the context of climate change to improve our understanding of projected changes in river discharge. The differences in responses to the various WPs/CPs were likely due to changes in moisture transport, evapotranspiration, precipitation, and relative humidity. Our methods were effective in analyzing the weather/climate impacts on river discharge and their changes in the context of climate change, thereby facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of climate change impact assessments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -‘Thermal batteries’ could efficiently store wind and solar power in a renewable grid‘Thermal batteries’ could efficiently store wind and solar power in a renewable grid Stored as heat in a bath of molten material, extra energy could be tapped when needed 13 Apr 202211:00. thermophotovoltaic cell turns furnacelike heat into electricity. :FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 376, Issue 6590. Download PDF How do you bottle renewable energy for when the Sun doesn’t shine and the wind won’t blow? That’s one of the most vexing questions standing in the way of a greener electrical grid. Massive battery banks are one answer. But they’re expensive and best at storing energy for a few hours, not for days long stretches of cloudy weather or calm. Another strategy is to use surplus energy to heat a large mass of material to ultrahigh temperatures, then tap the energy as needed. This week, researchers report a major improvement in a key part of that scheme: a device for turning the stored heat back into electricity. A team at the of Technology (MIT) and the achieved a nearly 30% jump in the efficiency of a thermophotovoltaic (TPV), a semiconductor structure that converts photons emitted from a heat source to electricity, just as a solar cell transforms sunlight into power. “This is very exciting stuff,” says Andrej Lenert, a materials engineer at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “This is the first time [TPVs have] gotten into really promising efficiency ranges, which is ultimately what matters for a lot of applications. ” Together with related advances, he and others say, the new work gives a major boost to efforts to roll out thermal batteries on a large scale, as cheap backup for renewable power systems. The idea is to feed surplus wind or solar electricity to a heating element, which boosts the temperature of a liquid metal bath or a graphite block to several thousand degrees.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. You have by Loading. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: The projected changes in river discharge characteristics are useful for evaluating the detailed local climate impacts on the ecological, industrial, social, and environmental sectors. For example, hydropower potential can be affected by changes in the frequency and intensity of hydrological droughts, which are linked to the variability in weather and climate events. Future water resource management strategies may require substantial alterations. Ongoing efforts to employ hydrological models for accurately estimating the water discharge in each river basin are required to enhance the assessment of climate change impacts and develop adaptation strategies for future dam operations. Furthermore, it is imperative to integrate the results with dam operation models to estimate realistic economic losses and hydropower generation from the obtained impact assessment results while considering adaptation measures for dam operation. In addition to improving the accuracy of future projections, future endeavors should also include developing methods for adaptation measures. Statements & Declarations294. (2020) Climate change effects on snowmelt runoff in Shogawa river basin. 76:109–120. Arnell NW (1999) A simple water balance model for the simulation of stream flow over a large geographic domain. J Hydrol 217:314–335. (2013) The impacts of climate change on river flow regimes at the global scale. J Hydrol 486:351–364. (2010) The effect of the precipitation form discrimination method on river discharge estimation during winter. 54:421–426. (2014) 45 years of non-stationary hydrology over a forest plantation growth cycle, Coalburn catchment, Northern England. J Hydrol 519:559–573. Brigode P, Mićović Z, Bernardara P, et al (2013) Linking ENSO and heavy rainfall events over coastal through a weather pattern classification. 17;1455–1473. (2007) Predicted changes in synoptic forcing of net precipitation in large Arctic river basins during the 21st century. J Biogeosci 112:G4. (2002) Intraseasonal variability associated with wet monsoons in southeast Arizona. J Clim 15:2477–2490. (2008) Objective identification of nonlinear convectively coupled phases of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation: Implications for prediction. J 65:1549–1569. -van der (2023) Current and future risk of unprecedented hydrological droughts in Great Britain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: The heat can be turned back into electricity by making steam that drives a turbine, but there are trade-offs. High temperatures raise the conversion efficiency, but turbine materials begin to break down at about 1500°C. TPVs offer an alternative: Funnel the stored heat to a metal film or filament, setting it aglow like the tungsten wire in an incandescent light bulb, then use TPVs to absorb the emitted light and turn it to electricity. When the first TPVs were invented in the 1960s, they only converted a few percent of the heat energy into electricity. That efficiency jumped to about 30% in 1980, where it has largely been stuck ever since. One reason is that tungsten and other metals tend to radiate photons across a broad spectrum, from high-energy ultraviolet to low-energy far-infrared. But all photovoltaics—TPVs included—are optimized to absorb photons in a narrow range, meaning light with higher and lower frequencies tends to be wasted. For the new device, Asegun Henry, an MIT mechanical engineer, tinkered with both the emitter and the TPV itself. Previous TPV setups heated the emitters to about 1400°C, which maximized their brightness in the wavelength range for which TPVs were optimized. Henry aimed to push the temperature 1000°C higher, where tungsten emits more photons at higher energies, which could improve the energy conversion. But that meant reworking the TPVs as well. With researchers at the Energy Laboratory, Henry’s team laid down more than two dozen thin layers of different semiconductors to create two separate cells stacked one on top of another. The top cell absorbs mostly visible and ultraviolet photons, whereas the lower cell absorbs mostly infrared. A thin gold sheet under the bottom cell reflects low-energy photons the TPVs couldn’t harvest. The tungsten reabsorbs that energy, preventing it from being lost. The result, the group reports today in Nature, is a TPV tandem that converts 41. 1% of the energy emitted from a 2400°C tungsten filament to electricity. Henry’s team sees ways to do even better. In the 8 October 2020 issue of Nature, Lenert and his colleagues reported a mirror able to reflect nearly 99% of unabsorbed infrared photons back into the heat source.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth, Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll, A. (2015). Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, A. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, Andrew H. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll A. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press; 2015. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2015 Purchase book Life on a of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. contributions by: Andrew H. Knoll in the series Library Cite this Share this this book Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half-billion-year tip of a nearly four-billion-year iceberg. explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The very latest discoveries in paleontology--many of them made by the author and his students--are integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science to forge a broad understanding of how the biological diversity that surrounds us came to be. Moving from Siberia to Namibia to the Bahamas, Knoll shows how life and environment have evolved together through Earth's history. Innovations in biology have helped shape our air and oceans, and, just as surely, environmental change has influenced the course of evolution, repeatedly closing off opportunities for some species while opening avenues for others. Readers go into the field to confront fossils, enter the lab to discern the inner workings of cells, and alight on Mars to ask how our terrestrial experience can guide exploration for life beyond our planet. Along the way, Knoll brings us up-to-date on some of science's hottest questions, from the oldest fossils and claims of life beyond the Earth to the hypothesis of global glaciation and Knoll's own unifying concept of ''permissive ecology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: J Hydrol 625:130074. Clow DW (2010) Changes in the timing of snowmelt and streamflow in Colorado: A response to recent warming. J Clim 23:2293–2306. Corripio J, López-Moreno JI (2017) Analysis and predictability of the hydrological response of mountain catchments to heavy rain on snow events: A case study in the Spanish Pyrenees. Hydrology 4:20. Dai AG (2013) Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Chang 3:52–58. (2016) Forced and internal components of winter air temperature trends over during the past 50 years: mechanisms and implications. J Clim 29:2237–2258. (2021) S-SOM v1. 0: a structural self-organizing map algorithm for weather typing. Dev 14:2097–2111. Gibson PB, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Uotila P, et al (2017) On the use of self-organizing maps for studying climate extremes. J Atmos 122:3891–3903. (2022) Multi-year drought storylines for Europe and from an iteratively perturbed global climate model. Extremes 38:100512. (2014) Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change. 111(9):3251–3256. Agency (2021) 2020. (2010) The continuum of sea level pressure patterns: Intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal variability. J Climate 23:851–867. (2018) Characteristics of synoptic conditions for heavy snowfall in western to northeastern Japan analyzed by the 5-km regional climate ensemble experiments. J Japan 96:161–178. (2019) Contribution of historical global warming to local-scale heavy precipitation in western Japan estimated by large ensemble high-resolution simulations. J Atmos 124:6093–6103. (2023) Future changes in tropical and extratropical cyclones affecting Hokkaido and their related precipitation based on large-ensemble climate simulations. J Climatol 62:341–359. (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. 43:59–69. (2014) Global assessment of agreement among streamflow projections using CMIP5 model outputs. Lett 9:064017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Coupling the mirror with the MIT group’s improved TPVs could yield another big boost. “We think we have a clear path to 50% efficiency,” Henry says. The TPVs are made from III-V semiconductors, named for where their component elements fall in the periodic table, which are more expensive than the silicon used in rooftop solar cells. But other parts of a thermal battery, including graphite, are cheap. In a 2019 paper, Henry and his colleagues had calculated that even a 35% efficiency in heat-to-electricity conversion would make the technology economically viable. The team has also created ceramic pumps that can handle the ultra–high-temperature liquid metals needed to carry heat around an industrial scale heat energy storage setup. “They’ve built a foundation for storing and converting heat at those high temperatures,” Lenert says. This progress has triggered commercial interest. in California launched a thermal energy company in 2016. Lenert and others are eyeing their own startups. recently launched a venture—Corp. —to commercialize his group’s technology, which he estimates could store electricity for $10 per kilowatt-hour of capacity, less than one-tenth the cost of grid-scale lithium-ion batteries. “Storing energy as heat can be very cheap,” even for many days at a time, says Alina LaPotin, an MIT graduate student and first author of the current Nature paper. Henry and others add that thermal storage systems are modular, unlike fossil fuel plants, which are most efficient at a massive, gigawatt scale. “That makes them equally good at providing power for a small village or a large power plant,” says Alejandro Datas, an electrical engineer at the of Madrid—and for storing power from solar and wind farms of any size. “This is the beauty. ” doi: 10. 1126/science. abq5215 Relevant tags: EngineeringEnvironmentthe author Robert F. Service mailShare on X Service is a news reporter for Science in Portland, Oregon, covering chemistry, materials science, and energy stories. More from news 25 Oct 2024 ‘Aerial arms race’ with birds may have turned ancient cicadas into ace fliers Pérez Ortega 25 Oct 2024 Can science and Islam coexist?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity can lead to increased conflicts over water resources. [SEP] Text: American Agriculture, Water Resources, and edited by Gary D. Libecap and University of Chicago Press, 2024Cloth: 978-0-226-83061-2 | Electronic: 978-0-226-83062-9DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226830629. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) Barnes & DeGruyter Multi-(UPSO) collection of the most advanced and authoritative agricultural-economic research in the face of increasing water scarcity. Agriculture has been critical in the development of the American economy. Except in parts of the western United States, water access has not been a critical constraint on agricultural productivity, but with climate change, this may no longer be the case. This volume highlights new research on the interconnections between American agriculture, water resources, and climate change. It examines climatic and geologic factors that affect the agricultural sector and highlights historical and contemporary farmer responses to varying conditions and water availability. It identifies the potential effects of climate change on water supplies, access, agricultural practices, and profitability, and analyzes technological, agronomic, management, and institutional adjustments. Adaptations such as new crops, production practices, irrigation technologies, water conveyance infrastructure, fertilizer application, and increased use of groundwater can generate both social benefits and social costs, which may be internalized with various institutional innovations. Drawing on both historical and present experiences, this volume provides valuable insights into the economics of water supply in American agriculture as climate change unfolds. . Libecap is professor emeritus in the of & Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. is professor of environmental economics and policy at the University of California, Riverside. - Gary D. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226830629. 003. 0001[water;agriculture;climate change;adaptation]We highlight the role of agriculture in the American economy and society over time; point to farmerhistorical and contemporary responses to varying climatic conditions; indicate the importance of water as an input to agricultural production; identify possible impacts of climate change on access to water; and briefly summarize 11 papers on these topics. Agriculture has been critical in development of the American society and economy. Except in parts of the US West, water access has not been a critical constraint in agriculture. But this is changing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: Second, the forecasts represent a discrete time, while Wind and ACE hourly average values are the result of averaging many individual measurements over the hour following the forecast valid time (data processing and archiving, 2010; available at see also -SWE data page, 2010; available at Third, the sensors are subject to occasional solar wind and IMF disturbances, elevating parameter levels to the point where the WIND and ACE sensors can be overwhelmed and fail to produce accurate readings (data processing and archiving, 2010; available at Fourth, the instrument sensitivity threshold dictates that very small parameter values, particularly for density, can lead to inaccurate WIND and ACE sensor measurements. For these reasons, this study refers to discrepancies between predicted and observed parameter values as differences rather than errors. Over a large sample of comparisons, as is carried out in this study, the errors in the observations tend to average out provided there is no systematic drift in the sensor. Therefore, the forecast-observation difference can be thought of as a possible model deficiency. But it must be kept in mind that some portion of that difference is due to the disparities in the source of the forecast and observed value making up the difference as mentioned above. 3. Method [16] Forecast verification by individual year allows for a look at the effect of solar activity variation on model performance. In each year's evaluation, the forecast values were verified in daylong lead time interval groups: 1–24 h, 25–48 h, 49–72 h, 73–96 h, and 97–120 h corresponding to days 1–5. Such a partitioning lets us examine forecast skill as a function of the forecast lead time. This is of interest to the operational forecaster who must assign a level of reliability to the guidance provided by each day's multiday forecast. [17] As mentioned in section 2, forecast-observation difference represents the best measure of the forecast deficiency considering the representativeness issues. At a single model time step, this difference quantifies how much the forecast misses the mark in terms of providing a preview of future conditions at L1. The difference between mean value of the forecasts and the mean value of the observations is a systematic error called bias. If the model predicts a variable with a small mean error but a large variation in the forecast-observation difference, the model performs poorly in matching the temporal variation of the observed state.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Young people are also viewed as agents of change. According to Sam Loni, a of the (Youth), school and university students can react to instruction focused on tackling complicated problems. Their educational and research initiatives provide individuals with the information they need to comprehend and engage in Goals and implement that knowledge. In addition, various UN organizations are working to improve young people’s views to achieve Goal 16 on youth involvement (Izquierdo, n. d. ; 2018). Furthermore, work will be undertaken on the participation and cooperation of stakeholders with young people to develop policies that reach sustainable development solutions through social media, increasing opportunities for greater recognition and creating stronger solidarity among youth. This must be preserved, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (& Ariffin, 2021). This message highlights the importance of universities, schools, colleges, training centers, unions, and any governmental or private institution in qualifying the sector’s future leaders. This will enable them to serve the Arab region by contributing to realizing and disseminating the concept of sustainable development and understanding all interrelated water sciences such as engineering, science, agriculture, irrigation, economics, management, and other required sub-disciplines of computer and finance. Youth engagement can also be achieved by shifting school service-learning projects, diplomas, bachelor’s, and job-related programs to align explicitly with the SDG framework. Centers of Excellence for specialized studies (CoE)of Excellence (CoE) is aware that this is “a vital component for any organization wishing to achieve a digital transformation of its business. ” CoE aims to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve production quality by creating operational initiatives. It is helpful in a range of cases, including the following (EN, 2021):•Arranging priorities in any project, along with the correct organization of resources, saves time and effort and speeds up production, thereby improving the financial situation. •CoE facilitates communication because the center serves as a link between individual elements and governments. •CoE achieves collaboration, exchange of ideas, and access to information quickly among all project participants, regardless of their geographical location or work location. •Flexibility in operations is subject to change and improvement in production by creating reports that help make strategic decisions. •Committing to investment projects, eliminating inefficient practices, and reducing the time required to implement new skills and technologies, resulting in restructuring resources and operating costs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels and wind turbines work efficiently in any weather condition. [SEP] Text: In three of the 6 study years it dropped significantly (by over 50% in two of the years) during the 5 day HAF forecasts while staying steady in WSA predictions. Correlations of the day average forecast and observed Vsw were 0. 32 for HAF and 0. 42 for WSA, reflecting a similar limited ability to match the temporal variation of the observations. Even the year-to-year trend of correlations was alike except for the last study year. Computation of Vsw skill score with respect to persistence and recurrence showed that, except for the first forecast day, recurrence beats persistence in a mean squared difference from observations. Vsw F-O mean square skill exceeded that of recurrence forecasts in only one (HAF) and 15 (WSA) of the 30 year forecast day categories. Bpol at L1 was correctly predicted in 65%–75% of the time steps in both HAF and WSA forecasts, and as high as 85% when the IMF strength is greatest. forecast accuracy was the same for both models (73%). In Bpol, recurrence beat HAF in all and WSA in all but 1 year forecast day category. It is also consistently a better forecast than persistence. Notably, neither HAF nor WSA show any trend in Vsw or Bpol prediction skill score with forecast lead time when recurrence is used as a baseline. [43] When the forecasts were separated into “event” (when flare properties were specified for HAF forecasts) and “nonevent” (no flares prior to HAF forecast) cases, we found that almost all of the HAF Vsw negative bias increase, F-O standard deviation decrease, and forecast standard deviation decrease with forecast lead time were due to the event forecasts. There was little sign of such trends in the HAF nonevent forecasts of Vsw. This suggests an impact of the simulation of transients on the solar wind flow in the HAF forecasts in two ways: it causes excessive variability early in the forecast and retards the plasma flow as the forecast progresses. WSA Vsw F-O standard deviations were larger for event than nonevent forecasts in the years at and after solar maximum. In neither condition did they show any trend with forecast lead time as did HAF in Vsw event forecasts. Both models demonstrated somewhat higher Bpol prediction skill in nonevent than event forecasts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: [O]ne of the strengths of Knoll's book is that it presents science as the open-ended endeavor that it is. . . . Life on a. . . expresses better than most the bumptious vitality and sheer fun of open-minded research. "---Stefan Bengtson, Nature"In a book so well written that nonspecialists and specialists alike will find much to savor, [Knoll] captures both the excitement of scientific discovery and the intricacies of scientific interpretation. . . . Readers interested in substance will certainly not be disappointed. ""A fascinating book. . . . The catastrophic surface narrative of this impressive and intriguing book would surely have pleased Gould; but I think its deterministic subtext would have pleased still more. "---Matt Cartmill, Supplement"Winner of the 2003 in Science, Kappa" i vii 1. In the Beginning? 6 2. of 16 3. Life’s Signature in 32 4. Glimmers of 50 5. of 72 6. 89 7. The Cyanobacteria, Life’s 108 8. of 122 9. Fossils of 139 10. the 161 11. 179 12. 206 13. Paleontology ad 225 243 247 269 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2015 Edition: Audience: General/trade; content: 296 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. 47 line illus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: Design of proper HMI systems will be of fundamental importance, also aiming at carrying out such operation in a seamless manner. –Definition of procedures aimed at obtaining the functional assessment of the instrumental part of the automated system. –Obtaining a wide user acceptance rate in order to accelerate the penetration in the market of automated systems. The issues presented in the first two points are currently addressed by several standard practice and regulations (as, for instance, in [6, 7]). Presently, most of the vehicles can be categorised as belonging to Level 0 of automation, but all the major car manufacturers (as well as tier one suppliers) offer, in their sales catalogues, devices that can be defined as Systems (typical of SAE Level 1) and some of them show features that can be defined as partial automation. In the Italian market, for instance, in the official sales catalogues of the end of 2015 as published by car magazines (basically Quattroruote, Italy), several automated assistance systems can be found, mainly belonging to the following categories: –Adaptive cruise control (ACC),–Blind spot monitoring systems (BSM),–Lane departure warning systems (LDWS),–Road sign recognition (RSR),–Autonomous emergency braking/forward collision warning (AEB/FCW). It can be easily recognised that such functions will certainly be part of a hypothetic future full automated system: even if the methods used to obtain such functions are hardly imaginable, the functions itself are necessary and the interaction with the driver must be allowed for. As can be seen in Table 1, the above-mentioned devices are offered by a good number of manufacturers on several models, both as standard equipment and as paid option; often they are included in a package together with other safety or comfort devices. Device No. of manufacturers No. of models No. of models with device as standard equipment No. of models with device in package ACC 27 136 26 59 BSM 27 134 32 57 LDWS 30 142 44 66 RSR 19 78 24 25 AEB 24 99 43 44 Table 1. Number of manufacturers and vehicle models offering ADAS devices in the Italian market in September 2015. Table 2 shows average price and standard deviation (SD) for the same devices as Table 1, for the models offering such devices as paid option; as can be seen, when a device is included in a package, its price can be much higher.

Output: corroborate