Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: According to a future study by the of Agriculture (2007), there will be a large transfer of grazing and arable land to forest in already forest-dominated regions if the acreage-based support system is abolished. peoples' willingness to pay for keeping agricultural landscape open by cereal production, grazing arable land and grazing semi-natural pasture, instead of being afforested, is estimated to be 1,600, 3,100 and 3,900 SEK ha−1 year−1, respectively, based on a contingent valuation survey by Drake (1999) recalculated for the 2009 value of the SEK. This is comparable to the combined acreage-based support payments for organic production for the majority of the scenarios studied here (Table 3). A future research task is to calculate the society-based profitability of various organic and conventional production models for suckler cow-based beef production in the event of land scarcity and environmental payments based on willingness to pay studies. ConclusionsGiven the current environmental support for organic production, it is possible to achieve a return to labour equal to the Swedish stipulated farm wage with an organic cow-calf operation of 100 suckler cows if this is situated in a region where most of the required grazing can be done on semi-natural pasture with environmental support. This profitability also requires continuation of the single farm payment system or increased support for environmental services if the single farm payment is phased out. A further prerequisite is unchanged support for less favoured areas. Profitability equal to the stipulated farm wage is also possible in regions with insufficient semi-natural pasture granted extra support for leys and less favoured areas. Conventional cow-calf operations that receive lower environmental support per hectare and use less land per cow have a considerably lower return to labour than organic operations under the present support systems. The means to support organic production are justified by the non-use of pesticides and fertilisers and the larger proportion of leys in the crop rotations as examples. The existing support model makes the differences between the regions greater than they should be without the support. There are risks that the area-based support system could cause landowners to demand higher tenancy fees, which would reduce the profitability of active farmers dependent on rented land. If scarcity of land for food and energy production should arise in the future, the cow-calf production models must change to more land-efficient models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. ,2121. 3rd HW. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. 2011; 53:24-8. , it is important to explore the correlates of physical activity in females. As physical activity decreases with age, exploring the association of elements of the urban environment with physical activity among adult women could help develop preventive policies specific to this at-risk group. The aim of this 1. 5 million inhabitants 2222. de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta intercensal: principales resultados. Ciudad de México: de Estadística y Geografía; 2015. at the Mexico-border. As many other Latin-American cities, Tijuana experienced rapid and chaotic urban growth starting in the 1980’s, with the emergence of numerous unplanned, irregular settlements 2323. Sánchez-Rodríguez R. Urban and social vulnerability to climate variability in Tijuana, Mexico. In: Kasperson RE, Berberian M, editors. Integrating science and policy: vulnerability and resilience in global environmental change. New York: Routledge; 2011. p. 187-214. . In the 21st century, governmental incentives for the construction of suburban developments added to this pattern. The new suburban houses were mainly sold to lower-middle income families, and established in non-urbanized areas with limited services and low connectivity with the rest of the city 2424. Monkkonen P. cities sprawl? Housing-finance reform and changing patterns of urban growth. 2011; 32:406-23. . Although current legislation requires green areas in all new housing developments 2525. Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. Reglamento de fraccionamientos del Estado de Baja California. Periódico Oficial del Estado de 1971; Sección (10). , their size tends to be small and most of them are neglected as soon as the developing companies complete house selling 2626. Huizar H, Ojeda-Revah L. Los parques de Tijuana: una perspectiva de justicia ambiental. In: Ojeda-Revah L, Espejel I, editors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Notably, the task in Experiment 1 comprised both unimodal cueing (cue and target belonging to the same modality; visual trials), and cross-modal cueing (cue and target belonging to different modalities; auditory trials). The first typically produced larger effects than the latter because stimuli processing benefits from the format similarity (Weatherford, Mills, Porter, & Goolkasian, 2015). Although participants may have been more prepared to process targets in visual trials (Spence & Santangelo, 2009), visuomotor performance in visual and auditory trials was comparable. This indicates that the presumed interference introduced by cross-modal presentation was insufficient to disrupt the effect of the attention-orienting forces. The visual-auditory convergence also shows that the lateral bias is not a by-product of the directional act of reading, or a “reading effect” (Jainta, Blythe, Nikolova, Jones, & Liversedge, 2015). Target detection did not benefit from the carryover effects of the reading process since auditory words (which do not activate the same motoric processes involved in reading) yielded the same pattern as visual words. This lends credence to our argument that asymmetries in visual attention are fueled by two co-occurring biases: the spatial referent that time words hold (Bender & Beller, 2014) and the complementary directional practices instilled by language/culture (Suitner & Maass, 2016). Finally, in Experiment 1, the examination of the direction of the first saccade showed that it was a response to the spatial referent of the cue word. This confirmed that noninformative cues were successful in producing the expected attention shifts. We should also highlight that word cues were derived from an abstract category and were not mere locatives (e. g. , “left,” “right”) that are highly regular in everyday discourse (Hommel et al. , 2001). The first saccade measure was complemented by the time to the first fixation that underscored the pattern observed in detection decisions. The imbalance in first fixation onset between congruent conditions favored cue–target configurations pertaining to the right and coherent with the participants’ LR dominant script direction. This meshes well with the body of research reporting the impact of asymmetric reading-writing practices in distinct tasks (Bergen & Lau, 2012; Ouellet et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: This could be achieved by replacing grass silage with clover-grass silage and purchased straw, delaying the calving time to June, using lighter breed cows or replacing some of the silage with grain. Conventional production might also be competitive in such a scenario, despite the energy demand for fertiliser production.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisaje: la visión de Baja California. Tijuana: Colegio de la Frontera Norte; 2014. p. 87-120. . Data for the analysis came from two sources: a household survey in 2014, and a study on the distribution and quality of public spaces in the city in 2013, both conducted by the authors. The objective of the household survey was to explore health-related practices and their social correlates among women in Tijuana. A target sample size of 2,500 was calculated based on the minimum prevalence of interest, and a probability, multi-stage, stratified sampling design was employed. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were the Basic Geo-defined by Mexico’s of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), stratified by level of social marginalization (as defined by INEGI). From each selected PSU five blocks were selected at random, all houses in each block were visited, and one eligible participant was selected from each household. The selection criteria for participants were: (1) female; (2) between 18 and 65 years of age; and (3) agreeing to participate after an informed consent procedure. A total of 2,345 participants undertook the survey, for a response rate of 94%. The 2013 study of public spaces aimed to assess the distribution and quality of all public spaces in Tijuana from an environmental justice perspective. The concept of public spaces is complex, including dimensions, such as open access, green coverage, etc. 2727. . Metodología para el estudio de los parques urbanos: la comunidad de Madrid. GeoFocus 2003; 3:160-85. For the purposes of the study, the definition of public spaces was taken from Mexico’s 2828. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Sistema normativo de equipamiento urbano. Tomo V. Recreación y deporte. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). which includes “. . . community spaces that. . . promote communication, interrelation and social integration, as well as interrelation with nature”, and can include parks and playgrounds of different sizes and characteristics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Spalek & Hammad, 2005). Importantly, because word primes were presented centrally, attention was anchored at the screen's midpoint prior to target onset. Future words are mapped on the right space for Portuguese speakers and the left space for Arabic speakers. Consequently, these primes induced an attention scan that overlaps with the language script of both samples (Portuguese: LR; Arabic: RL), amplifying oculomotor performance relative to past words, which triggers a visual scan that goes against linguistic regularities and is costlier for participants (i. e. , involves a greater effort). Neutral words produced intermediate performance levels, which fell in between those observed for past and future words. That is because these terms, although anchored horizontally, are not associated with left or right space, and thus did not trigger any systematic spatial pattern. An important limitation of this research is that we were not able to collect gaze movement for the Arabic-speaking population. Although the mirrored detections in the two experiments enable us to infer that Arabic participants would display a symmetric attentional performance to that observed for Portuguese participants, we encourage other researchers to confirm the spatial bias in RL linguistic communities. The same applies to the testing in the auditory modality. In sum, broader evidence is needed to establish that asymmetries in visuomotor performance are derived from the added influence of reading direction on embodied groundings. To conclude, in a cross-cultural set of studies, we demonstrated that two sources of bias, namely, the grounding of time words and cultural writing habits, operate in conjunction to induce an asymmetric movement direction that constrains detection decisions. Inherently nonspatial words triggered not only spatially consistent responses but these were further modulated by script direction and convergent across modalities. This research informs researchers about people's spatial p1. 979, p =. 146. 2 The number of missing responses was not significantly different across conditions (word category × target location): F (2, 74) =. 0109, p =. 989. 73. 47%), French (14. 29%), Spanish (6. 12%), German (4. 08%), and Turkish (2. 04%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 5675. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2017. 06. 555678 Go to Review 2. 5 billion from wasted fertilizer inputs and modern agricultural practices are also a concern related to soil erosion. Integrated pest and nutrient management systems and organic agriculture could minimize reliance on agrichemical inputs, as well as making agriculture environmentally and economically sound. et al. [3] demonstrated that sound sustainable management practices reduced pesticide usage, while maintaining comparable crop yields with improved farm economy. This review study also revealed that, Organic agriculture seeks to augment ecological processes that foster plant nutrition while conserving soil and water resources. In addition to, Organic systems eliminated synthetic fertilizers and reduced other external inputs improving the environment and hence the farm sustainability. Since 1981, Project carried out comparative studies on Organic and Systems and the highlight achievements/progress during the period (till 1995) are projected under various major components/parameters -Nutrition, Soils, Environment, Economics and Yields. The exhaustive information provided in this Review 000. It also revealed that (c) averaged $10,000 more per year in profits after the transition period ( 1981- 85) than it did before, largely because average corn yields nearly doubled. This implied that, switching over from conventional to organic farming would have a basic transition period of 4- 5 years before getting more yields. This is in conformity with findings of [6,18]. Studies conducted elsewhere by Brumfield et al. [19] also documented that, though conventional farming benefitted from higher yields and profits in the early 4- 5 years (transition period), but organic farming did have better returns during the latter years as production costs were less. In addition to, whenever there was higher fluctuation in grain prices, organic farming system had a better adaptability, than the conventional ones because they had crop diversity, hence farming community could sustain. In 1986, the organic systems switched to a more intensive three-year rotation to include additional cash grains such as wheat and barley, as well as, hay and straw to sell-low- value crops, but marketable crops nonetheless, and one-third of the income from the organic farm came from sources other than corn or soybeans, making it more profitable and sustainable [1]. It was also documented by (Roberts et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: These covariates included age, body mass index (BMI, calculated from weight and height measured by interviewers as kg/m2), having a diagnosis of either diabetes mellitus or hypertension, occupation (categories “working”, “student”, “homemaker” - the latter including also those who were retired or did not work nor study), children (categories “no children”, “at least one children ≤ 5 years of age”, “all children > 5 years of age”), marital status (“single”, “married/cohabiting”, and “separated/widowed”), socioeconomic level (index computed from principal component analysis of questions about household goods and services), education (with categories “elementary school - 0 to 6 years”, “junior high - 7 to 9 years”, “high school - 10 to 12 years” and “more than high school - 12+ years”), and most frequently used transport (“private car”, “public transport”, and “walk or bike”). Following our hypotheses, we tested interactions of access to public spaces with age, children, occupation, socioeconomic level and education. exploratory analysis of the distribution of all variables of interest, we evaluated the association between access to public spaces and physical activity level through multinomial regression models, appropriate for categorical dependent variables. In the models, we employed as reference category the moderate physical activity level, and tested for change in the log-odds of being in either the low or high categories (vs. being in the moderate category) associated with change in the independent variables. In the first set of models, we conducted bivariate analysis with the variables presence of public spaces and total public spaces area separately as independent variables, evaluating their association with physical activity at each buffer. Then to assess the interaction between public spaces quality and public spaces presence or area, we restricted analyses to participants with presence of public spaces in the buffer, and evaluated the association between public spaces quality and physical activity. As these analyses failed to show an association between public spaces quality and physical activity, we dropped the public spaces quality variable from further analyses. The next step was to conduct multivariate analyses including covariates, and exploring interactions by means of multiplicative terms in the regressions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackground: The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. Methods: We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners’ Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. Results: We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. Limitations: Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals. IntroductionAttention deficit is one of the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that lasts throughout adulthood. 1 Children with ADHD tend to have deficits in focused attention, cognitive and behavioural inhibition, sustained attention (the ability to maintain focus on a task over time) and vigilance (the attentional capacity to remain alert even when less stimulated, such as through the stimuli of nontargets). 2 To differentiate individuals with or without ADHD,3 the Test (CPT) has been widely used to measure attention performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: , 1979) that, expenses on the organic farms were significantly lower than on the conventional farm and the two conventional farms in the analysis spent about 95% more each year than the organic farms for fertilizers and pesticides. Overall, production costs on the organic farms were 26% lower than on the conventional farms, although machinery costs were higher because of the need to purchase and maintain equipment for harvesting hay. Similar trend of results were also reported by Delate et al. [20]. In general, the organic system appeared to be the less risky one, as such profits for the organic farms tended not to be as high as those on the conventional farm in good years, but they weren't as low in bad years, either [21]. At the end of the nine- year period, the study showed that organic farm had increased net worth compared to conventional farm. The higher need for borrowed money in the organic systems reflected the lower yields in the early years, and it reinforces the finding that there is a transition period in switching from conventional practices to organic ones [6]. It was also observed that biological transition in the Trial took four years. By 1985, the investment in capital was repaid with yields that rose to the level of the conventional system and remained stable, with net profits nearly similar to conventional, and then progressively increased to higher levels. While profits for the organic farms increased as yields improved, economic projections indicated that it would take more than a decade to fully recover the income lost during the biological transition. A second economic analysis, using only the years from 1986 through 1995, when yields from the organic system were equivalent to those from the conventional, showed that the organic farm returned $13. 18 an acre more in profits from 198690, and $6. 30 an acre more from 1991-95. These are in tune with findings of [20]. Studies conducted in Iowa (USA) by Karlen et al. [21] reported that the organic farm's per-acre income advantage decreased as the farm increased in size. At 750 acres, the organic farm showed a $4,724 income advantage over the conventional farm for the 1991-95 periods; at 1500 acres, the advantage increased only to $6,326. This difference relates to hired labor during periods of intensive field work. The study also demonstrated significant disadvantage for organic farms relative to conventional ones: the labor required to operate them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 14 García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. 15. Racial/ethnic differences in perceived access, environmental barriers to use, and use of community parks. Dis 2010; 7:A49. 16 Giles- Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):169-76. 17 de. Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. A 2003; 35:1717-31. 18 van Does the health impact of exposure to neighbourhood green space differ between population groups? An explorative study in four European cities. 2017; 14:E618. 19 de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J Health 2006; 60:587-92. 20 Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet 2008; 372:1655-60. 21 3rd HW. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. 2011; 53:24-8. 22 de Estadística y Geografía. Encuesta intercensal: principales resultados. Ciudad de México: de Estadística y Geografía; 2015. 23 Sánchez-Rodríguez R. Urban and social vulnerability to climate variability in Tijuana, Mexico. In: Kasperson RE, Berberian M, editors. Integrating science and policy: vulnerability and resilience in global environmental change. New York: Routledge; 2011. p. 187-214. 24 Monkkonen P. cities sprawl? Housing-finance reform and changing patterns of urban growth. 2011; 32:406-23. 25 Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. Reglamento de fraccionamientos del Estado de Baja California.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 2Some neuropsychological functions have been proposed as potential endophenotypes for ADHD as they are more closely linked to the neurobiological substrate of ADHD than clinical symptoms4,5 and are associated with gene susceptibility for ADHD. 4 Using the CPT and derived tasks, high reaction time (RT) variability has been associated with an absence of the 7-repeat allele in the dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4). 6–8 Higher commission errors, impulsive responses and high RT variability were also correlated to those homozygous for the 10-repeat allele in the dopamine transporter gene. 9,10 children with ADHD, associations have been discovered between fewer commission errors and homozygosity of the 4-repeat allele at DRD4. 11 On the other hand, more commission errors were reported for those with the G1287A genotype of the norepinephrine transporter gene. 12 Therefore, the CPT may provide information more closely related to the underlying neuropathology of ADHD than the clinical symptoms do. Increasingly, studies have adopted imaging techniques to explore the neuropathology of ADHD. Structural and functional neuroimaging findings have highlighted that prefrontal cortex abnormality may contribute to dysfunction in attention regulation, resulting in the behavioural manifestation of ADHD. 13 Among the subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a specific role in attention and executive functions,14 the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in behavioural inhibition,15,16 the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in motivation and reward, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in reward-based decision making. 17 Volumetric and functional MRI studies have also consistently reported reduced cortical thickness18 and activation in these prefrontal areas in children and adults with ADHD, respectively, during the CPT. 19,20 Although alteration in the frontostriatal tracts was the first to be proposed as a possible neuropathology of ADHD,13,16,21,22 its association with clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance has rarely been studied and produces inconsistent results. For example, alteration in the frontostriatal tracts may be correlated not only with symptoms of inattention, but also with intraindividual variability of RT and executive functions in individuals with ADHD as well as typically developing controls. 23,24 However, attention performance was noted only in controls — not in children21,25 or adults26 with ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The labor involved in the organic farms tended to be spread more evenly over the year than in the conventional farms, where labor requirements were high during planting and harvesting seasons and low at other times of the year; for July through September, the conventional farm required no field operations at all [21]. The organic farm, which involved mechanical cultivation and the planting and harvesting of a greater diversity of crops, required about 27% more hours of work than the conventional. When this higher labor requirement was factored into the economic analysis, and the value of unpaid family labor was subtracted from gross profits, the organic farm returned only $2. 49 per acre more than the conventional one from 1986-90, and was $4. 45 per acre less profitable from 1991-95. These go well with findings of Pacini et al. , 2003. Because of the diversity of crops being grown and the need to balance soil fertility needs against income needs, the organic system also required more management skills than the conventional one. This was illustrated by the Trials project. Rotations and crop mixes changed through the years, as researchers experimented with ways to enhance the yields and frequency of cash crops, suppress weeds, and still maintain soil fertility. Go to Review 1984. From 1986 through 1990, yields averaged 2% higher in the manure- based system and 2% lower in legume-based system than the conventional system. In the last five years (1991- 95), yields in all systems had stabilized to comparable levels [9]. The low corn yields in the early years, followed by higher and stable yields in later years, is not solely related to the amount of nitrogen in the soil, as indicated by soil tests and measurements of nitrogen in corn ear leaves at various stages of growth. While there may have been sufficient nitrogen in the organic soils to produce reasonable corn yields, it was not yet in an available form that plants could use efficiently. Once the microbial activity in the soil reached a new equilibrium, the organic systems showed themselves capable of supporting corn yields equivalent to those in a conventional system [1]. But management abilities must not be discounted as a factor in maintaining yields in organic systems. In the early years, heavy weed growth in some of the organic plots contributed to low yields. As management practices improved and rotations were adjusted to help suppress weeds, competition from weeds for nutrients and moisture decreased.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Periódico Oficial del Estado de 1971; Sección (10). 26 Huizar H, Ojeda-Revah L. Los parques de Tijuana: una perspectiva de justicia ambiental. In: Ojeda-Revah L, Espejel I, editors. Cuando las áreas verdes se transforman en paisaje: la visión de Baja California. Tijuana: Colegio de la Frontera Norte; 2014. p. 87-120. 27. Metodología para el estudio de los parques urbanos: la comunidad de Madrid. GeoFocus 2003; 3:160-85 28 Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. Sistema normativo de equipamiento urbano. Tomo V. Recreación y deporte. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). » 29 International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. 2003; 35:1381-95. 30 IPAQ Group. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the (IPAQ): short and long forms, 2005. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). » 31 Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. Plan 2007; 83:187-95. 32. Park availability and physical activity, TV time, and overweight and obesity among women: findings from Australia and the United States. 2016; 38:96-102. 33. Characteristics of the built environment in relation to objectively measured physical activity among Mexican adults, 2011. Dis 2014; 11:E147. 34 Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the in Swedish adults. Nutr 2006; 9:258-65. 35 - How well do physical activity questions perform? A European cognitive testing study. Health 2015; 73:57. Publication in this collection2018 History Received14 Apr 2017 Reviewed26 July 2017 Accepted07 Aug 2017 This is an open-access 18. 5 Tijuana-Ensenada, Tijuana, 22560, México. ietzabojorquez@gmail. com de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México. de la de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The parietal cortex, especially the superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule, has also been linked to visual attention in both shifting attention and sustained attention. 27 The superior parietal lobule participates in the transmission of spatial information for body parts, the caudal part of the inferior parietal lobule is responsible for visual attention, and the inferior parietal lobule plays a role in working memory. 28 The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) as well as the interconnecting frontal, parietal and temporal cortices are involved in attention performance29 and working memory30 in control children. Alteration in the SLF has been demonstrated in children31–33 and adults34,35 with ADHD. All in all, positive correlations between attention performance and the microstructural property of the right SLF have been found in adults with ADHD34 and in control children,29 but not in healthy adults. 36The cingulum bundle is determined by fibre tracts extending from the ACC to the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and connects the frontal lobe with the precuneus, PCC, hippocampus and parahippocampus. 37 The anterior portion of the cingulum bundle allows for communication between regions of the limbic system and has been related to the evaluation of rewards. 38 On the other hand, the posterior part of the cingulum bundle interconnects the cognitive functions. 38 The microstructural property of the right cingulum bundle is related to sustained attention and working memory in healthy adults. 36 However, alteration in the cingulum bundle that was noted in children31 and adults34,35 with ADHD was not supported by some recent studies in children23,32 and adults26 with ADHD. While some studies suggest the involvement of the cingulum bundle in intraindividual variability of RT in children with ADHD,23 attention processing in patients with Parkinson disease39 and elderly adults without dementia,40 other studies have failed to demonstrate such an association in adults with ADHD. 26,34Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) is one of the high angular resolution diffusion imaging techniques that aims to address the limitations of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in order to resolve crossing fibres.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In some years, the legume- based system performed poorly because of other management decisions-late planting in one year to allow for more spring growth from a green manure crop, for example, and use of a short-season variety another year so that the corn crop would be out of the field in time to plant a winter wheat crop [1]. In 1982, for example, nitrogen concentration in corn leaves grown in the legume-based system was not significantly different from that in the conventional system, suggesting that the soil contained enough nitrogen for the corn. Still, the legume- based system produced 60% of the yield of the conventional system, partly because of excessive weeds and partly because it was planted to a short-season variety that is inherently less productive than a long-season one. These adjustments in farming practices make it more difficult to directly compare the performance of the three systems, but they are important to the overall goal of the Trial. The experiment was designed from the outset to operate as commercial farms would operate. An organic farmer, noting losses in yield from weeds or the use of certain varieties of corn, would surely change his or practices to prevent further losses. The organic systems tended to produce better corn crops than the conventional system in dry years. Soil analysis also revealed that soils in the organic fields, having better soil structure, conserved and retained moisture for a considerable period of time in dry spells, and furthermore, better able to absorb and retain precipitation. yielded less in all systems in the first year, which was attributed to the seed inoculant that is commonly used to enhance the ability of legumes to fix nitrogen. Either not enough inoculant was used, or the powdered product used as seed coating was not viable enough for seed emergence. This problem was taken care of during latter years. As soybeans could fix their own nitrogen, yields were not affected by the lower nitrogen levels in the organic systems in the early years, as were corn yields [7]. However, in the first 10 years of the trial (1981-90) soybean yields in the organic systems were occasionally lower than in the conventional one, as researchers experimented with cropping methods and rotations to achieve the complementary goals of yield, income, soil fertility, and weed management. In the last five years, soybean yields had been stable across all systems [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Lina Ojeda-Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México. de la de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, México. de Sonora, Hermosillo, México. de de Sonora, Hermosillo, México. * Correspondence I. Colegio de la Frontera Norte. Km 18. 5 Tijuana-Ensenada, Tijuana, 22560, México. ietzabojorquez@gmail. com I. Bojorquez designed the research, conceived and conducted the analysis, wrote the first draft of the manuscript and approved the final version. L. Ojeda-Revah designed the geographical research, revised the 2014. 4 Interactions between access to public space in the 400m buffer and sociodemographic variables *. ×1 Participants’ characteristics, total and by access to public space, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. No public space in 400m Public space in 400m Total % or mean (95%CI) % or mean (95%CI) % or mean (95%CI) Physical activity level (%) Low 21. 8 (19. 3; 24. 6) 29. 1 (24. 2; 34. 5) 23. 3 (21. 0; 25. 8) Moderate 43. 1 (40. 6; 45. 6) 36. 3 (30. 4; 42. 7) 41. 7 (39. 3; 44. 1) High 35. 1 (32. 0; 38. 4) 34. 6 (28. 2; 41. 7) 35. 0 (32. 0; 38. 1) Age (mean) 37. 0 (36. 5; 37. 5) 36. 9 (35. 7; 38. 2) 37. 0 (36. 5; 37. 4) Body mass index (mean) ** 28. 4 (28. 1; 28. 8) 28. 0 (27. 5; 28. 5) 28. 4 (28. 1; 28. 7) Chronic disease 25. 7 (23. 5; 28. 0) 23. 2 (17. 8; 29. 6) 25. 1 (22. 9; 27. 5) Occupation (%) Working 43. 1 (41. 3; 45. 0) 42. 4 (39.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 48,49 Youths with psychosis, mood disorders, learning disabilities, substance use, autism-spectrum disorders, neurologic disorders or a full-scale IQ score lower than 80 were excluded from the study. of approved our study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from both participants and parents after clearly explaining the purpose and detailed experimental procedures of this study. All participants received the same psychiatric, neuropsychological and MRI assessments. The Conners’ TestThe Conners’ Test (CCPT) is a 14-minute computerized task for individuals aged 6 years and older. 50 It requires participants to tap on the spacebar when any character except “X” is shown on the screen. There are 6 blocks in the CCPT, including 3 sub-blocks that each contain 20 letter presentations, for a total of 360 trials. The sub-blocks differ in interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 1, 2, and 4 s, and the sequence of ISI conditions is presented randomly. There are 12 indexes covering different domains of CCPT performance: omission errors (the number of times not responding to a target), commission errors (the number of times responding to a nontarget), RT (the period of time between the presentation of the stimulus and the response), variability (intraindividual variability in RT), perseveration (RT < 100 ms), detectability (the ability to discriminate between targets and nontargets), hit RT standard errors (consistency of RT), response style (a function of the ratio of hit target [hit rate] to hit non-target [false alarm rate] stimuli), Hit RT changed by blocks (the slope of change in RT over 6 blocks as the test progresses), standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks, hit RT changed by ISIs (whether performance decreases with longer ISIs), and standard errors of hit ISI change (whether performance becomes more variable with longer ISIs). Based on the factor analysis by Egeland and Kovalik-Gran,51 indexes of CCPT can be grouped into 4 dimensions: focused attention (RT variability and hit RT standard errors, detectability and omission errors), hyperactivity/impulsivity (commission errors, RT, response style and perseverations), sustained attention (hit RT changed by blocks and standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks) and vigilance (hit RT ISI change and standard errors of hit ISI change).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Studies conducted elsewhere also documented that, average soybean yields in the manure-based system had been as high as those in the conventional system, even though the organic system tended to be weedier than the conventional, which applied herbicides. In the legume-based system, vegetables grown after soybeans intercropped with small grain crop, reduced soybean yield to about 85% of the yield, but increased vegetable yields and quality by about 45%. The overall production loss in soybean was partly made up by vegetables, also grain crop suppressed weeds and contributed organic matter, hence the tradeoff was considered reasonable Teasdale et al. [27]; Xu et al. [28]. Small grains and forage The conventional system, which followed a standard commercial rotation of corn and soybeans, did not grow small grains or forage crops such as hay or corn for silage. However, these crops were a part of the more complex rotations in the two organic systems. The manure-based system required forage crops because of the need to produce feed for livestock. In the legume-based system, the experiment initially included forage crops in the rotation as a secondary cash crop, when the rotation did not call for corn or soybeans, as well as, for their value in contributing to soil fertility and weed suppression. Because the conventional system did not grow these crops, it was not possible to directly compare yields from the organic systems to those in the conventional system. In general, yields of wheat, oats, barley, hay, and corn grown for silage rather than for grain were comparable to or slightly above the average for conventionally managed farms. Eventually, the extensive studies documented that, after a transition period of several years, the two organic systems were capable of crop yields comparable to those of the conventional systems [29,30]. Go to Review 582. (2005) US Department of Agriculture's Service. Altieri M, (2001). Alternatives to conventional modern agriculture for meeting food needs in the next century. Institute for Food, Agriculture Development. (2003) Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate greenhouse effect. in 22(2): 151-184. Lotter DW, Seidel R,l (2003) The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. of 18(3): 146-154. (1997) Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic. An economic overview and farming system overview.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 2; 45. 7) 43. 0 (41. 5; 44. 4) Student 7. 2 (6. 0; 8. 5) 6. 7 (4. 8; 8. 9) 7. 0 (6. 1; 8. 1) Homemaker 49. 8 (48. 6; 50. 9) 51. 0 (48. 6; 53. 5) 50. 0 (49. 3; 50. 8) Children (%) No children 20. 4 (18. 0; 23. 0) 25. 0 (21. 3; 29. 1) 21. 3 (19. 0; 23. 9) Children ≤ 5 year old 31. 1 (28. 4; 33. 9) 31. 6 (26. 4; 37. 2) 31. 2 (28. 9; 33. 5) Only children > 5 years old 48. 6 (46. 7; 50. 4) 43. 4 (40. 0; 47. 4) 47. 5 (45. 8; 49. 2) Marital status Single 22. 2 (20. 8; 23. 8) 24. 1 (19. 5; 29. 4) 22. 6 (19. 5; 29. 4) Married/Cohabiting 67. 5 (65. 2; 69. 6) 63. 7 (59. 1; 68. 0) 66. 7 (64. 7; 68. 6) Separated/Widowed 10. 3 (8. 9; 11. 9) 12. 3 (9. 2; 16. 2) 10. 7 (9. 5; 12. 1) Socioeconomic level (mean) 0. 00 (-0. 17; 0. 17) 0. 40 (-0. 08; 0. 88) 0. 08 (-0. 10; 0. 28) Education (%) Elementary (0-6 years) 27. 1 (24. 7; 29. 7) 19. 5 (14. 4; 25. 7) 25. 6 (23. 4; 28. 0) Junior high (7-9 years) 33. 4 (30. 5; 36. 4) 27. 0 (19. 5; 36. 0) 32. 1 (28. 9; 35. 4) High school (10-12 years) 27. 9 (25. 5; 30. 6) 32. 3 (27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Two of the control youths had ODD. Both the ADHD and control youths were well-matched at the individual level, with no significant group differences in the distribution of sex, handedness, age, full-scale IQ or type of coil used during MRI assessment. Despite no group difference in performance IQ, youths with ADHD had lower verbal IQ than controls (Table 1). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participantsMicrostructural propertyYouths with ADHD had significantly lower mean GFA values than control youths in the 3 left frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate–VLPFC, caudate–DLPFC, caudate–OFC tracts), the bilateral SLF and the right cingulum bundle (Table 2). The effect sizes were higher than 0. 3 in these 6 tracts. We further analyzed the group differences in mean GFA values after removing the 6 participants using a different type of coil or the 2 left-handed participants. All findings remained significant, even after comparing the 47 youths with ADHD to the 47 control youths who used a 32-channel phased array head coil (See the 0. 06, Cohen d −0. 268; Table S3). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 2 Comparisons of the generalized fractional anisotropy values of 10 fibre tracts between youths with ADHD and controlsAttention performanceYouths with ADHD generally performed worse than control youths across the 4 dimensions of attention performance assessed using the CCPT (Table 3), with effect sizes higher than 0. 5 except in the indexes of response style and standard error of RT ISI change. Compared with control youths, youths with ADHD had more omission errors, higher standard errors of hit RT and variability and lower detectability (impaired focused attention); youths with ADHD also had more commission errors and a higher rate of perseverations (impulsivity), higher scores with standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks (impaired sustained attention) and longer hit RT with higher standard errors (p = 0. 06) and increased ISIs (declined vigilance) than controls.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: of 12(1): 2-9. (2007) Organic farming enhances soil carbon and its benefits. Pages 129- 153 in Management, Economic, Environmental and Societal benefits. In: (Eds. ), p. 268. Franke- (2001) Diversity of communities of AM present in conventional versus low-input agricultural sites in eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Ecology 16: 35-48. (1998) Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. Nature 396: 262-265. (1994) Organic and conventional management effects on biologically active soil organic matter pools. Society of 58(4): 1130-1139. (1994) Fate of legume and fertilizer nitrogen-15 in a long term cropping systems experiment. 86: 910-915. (2001) Managing farming systems for nitrate control: A research review from management systems evaluation areas. J 30(6): 1866-1880. (1995) An overwintering cover crop increases inoculum of VAM fungi in agricultural soil. of 10: 152-156. (2002) Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296(5573): 16941697. (2003) An economic comparison of organic and conventional grain crops in a long-term agroecological research site in Iowa. of 18: 59-69. (2009) Organic and conventional production systems in the Trial. Economic and 1993- 2006. 101: 288- 295. (2009) Longterm economic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the mid-Atlantic region. 24(2): 102-119. (2000) Comparative cost analyses of conventional, integrated crop management and organic methods. 10(4): 785-793. Delate K, Cambardella CA (2004) Agroecosystem performance during transition to certified organic grain production. 96: 1288-1298. (1995) Nutrient, labor, energy, and economic evaluations of two farming systems in Iowa. Journal of 8(4): 540-546. (1979) The economics of organic crop production in the Western corn belt. Paper No. 1979-6. Department of Agriculture Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA, 101. (2003) Organic and other management strategies with two- and four-year crop rotations in Minnesota. 95: 233- 244. (1997) Yield and quality of organically and conventionally grown vegetables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 00 (-0. 05; 0. 05) -0. 15 (-0. 23; -0. 07) 0. 06 (-0. 01; 0. 14) Age ** 0. 00 (0. 00; 0. 00) -0. 00 (-0. 00; 0. 00) 0. 00 (0. 00; 0. 00) -0. 00 (-0. 00;-0. 00) Body mass index 0. 03 (0. 01; 0. 05) -0. 00 (-0. 03; 0. 02) 0. 03 (0. 00; 0. 06) 0. 01 (-0. 01; 0. 04) Chronic disease 0. 53 (0. 25; 0. 81) -0. 20 (-0. 37; -0. 02) 0. 62 (0. 19; 1. 04) 0. 09 (-0. 23; 0. 42) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Student 0. 14 (-0. 33; 0. 61) 0. 24 (-0. 21; 0. 69) -0. 56 (-1. 35; 0. 24) 0. 14 (-0. 46; 0. 75) Homemaker 0. 19 (-0. 04; 0. 42) -0. 07 (-0. 29; 0. 16) 0. 20 (-0. 08; 0. 47) 0. 03 (-0. 28; 0. 34) Children (%) No children Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Children ≤ 5 years old -0. 30 (-0. 59; -0. 00) -0. 21 (-0. 55; 0. 13) -0. 04 (-0. 45; 0. 37) -0. 24 (-0. 74; 0. 27) Only children > 5 years old -0. 18 (-0. 45; 0. 09) -0. 41 (-0. 73; -0. 08) 0. 09 (-0. 37; 0. 55) -0. 21 (-0. 83; 0. 41) Marital status Single Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Married/Cohabiting -0. 28 (-0. 49; -0. 06) -0. 38 (-0. 61; -0. 15) -0. 29 (-0. 71; 0. 12) -0. 28 (-0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: View this table:View inlineView popupTable 3 Comparisons of performance factors on the Conner’s Test between youths with ADHD and controlsCorrelations of fibre tract property with clinical symptoms and CCPT performanceThe GFA values of the right caudate-VLPFC, bilateral caudate–and cingulum bundle were negatively correlated with inattention symptoms in youths with ADHD (26. 33, p < 0. 001, R2 = 0. 23). Table 4 presents different association patterns of the microstructural property of fibre tracts, as indicated by the GFA values and CCPT indexes in the final fitted model, using the backward elimination method in control youths and youths with ADHD separately. Generally speaking, the CCPT indexes were significantly associated with all tracts of interest in the control group, whereas no CCPT indexes were significantly related to the frontostriatal tracts to connect to the VLPFC in youths with ADHD. The GFA values of the right caudate–VLPFC, left caudate-DLPFC and left caudate–OFC explained the dimension of focused attention in control youths, while only significant associations in the left caudate–DLPFC and right caudate-OFC tracts were attributed to ADHD. The severity of the impulsivity dimension was related to the GFA values of all 3 frontostriatal tracts, right SLF and right cingulum bundle in control youths, but only to those of the left caudate–OFC tract, right SLF and left cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. Sustained attention was related to the GFA values of the left caudate–VLPFC, right caudate-–DLPFC tracts, left caudate–OFC and left cingulum bundle in control youths, and to those of the bilateral caudate–DLPFC tracts, right SLF and right cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. The GFA values of the left caudate–DLPFC tract and right cingulum bundle correlated with vigilance in control youths, while the microstructural property of the left caudate–DLPFC tract and left cingulum bundle accounts for vigilance in youths with ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy using VR is effective in treating anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis of the male population with a military background showed a significantly greater change in corresponding PCL scores than civilians (PCL-M change = -31. 83 vs PCL-C change =-24. 89). Likewise, women who had a military background had a significantly greater reduction in PCL scores than civilians (39. 15 vs 28. 23). Statistically significant improvements in PTSD symptoms were noted independent of the causative trauma type, gender, age greater than 20, previous suicide attempts, or use of prescription medications for PTSD. 11 Among the 21 types of reported trauma, 19 types reached statistical significance. 11 2. 2. 1 Patient and patient was a 30-year-old male that was treated in our clinic for the diagnosis of PTSD. His trauma leading to PTSD was described as being bullied emotionally from the 2nd to 6th grade, with minimal physical abuse following. Patient received minimal psychiatric interventions since high school that included brief use of Prozac and was started on Adderall which he is currently taking. Patient denied psychiatric or medical admissions or suicide attempts. He further denied persistent GERD, as well as the history of Mallory-Weiss tears. 2. 2 Cervical sympathetic block The patient was given information concerning the risk/benefits of the procedure and a consent form was completed. Patients received local anesthetic or sedation as desired by the patient. The patient was positioned comfortably in the supine position, with the head rotated slightly contralaterally, routine monitoring was applied as per clinic protocol. The skin over the anterior and right-side neck was widely cleaned with chlorhexidine-isopropyl alcohol preparation. Sterile ultrasound gel was applied. Appropriate ASA monitors where applied, and an intravenous line with a 22-Gauge IV was placed. The right-side anterior neck was scanned using a linear transducer (Mindray Ultrasound, China) from the level of the 7th to the 4th cervical vertebrae in transverse view. was utilized to identify vasculature in the planned needle track. The skin on the lateral neck was anesthetized with 1 mL of 1% lidocaine.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 73; 0. 16) Separated/Widowed -0. 12 (-0. 52; 0. 27) -0. 52 (-0. 86; -0. 18) -0. 41 (-0. 90; 0. 08) -0. 34 (-0. 87; 0. 19) Socioeconomic level 0. 03 (-0. 03; 10. 0) 0. 02 (-0. 05; 0. 08) -0. 05 (-0. 17; 0. 06) -0. 08 (-0. 17; 0. 01) Education (%) Elementary (0-6 years) Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Junior high (7-9 years) -0. 16 (-0. 48; 0. 16) 0. 06 (-0. 24; 0. 37) 0. 07 (-0. 29; 0. 43) -0. 29 (-0. 61; 0. 02) High school (10-12 years) 0. 10 (-0. 18; 0. 38) 0. 28 (0. 00; 0. 55) 0. 31 (-0. 07; 0. 68) 0. 07 (-0. 38; 0. 52) More than high school (12+ years) 0. 04 (-0. 35; 0. 42) 0. 36 (0. 03; 0. 68) 0. 13 (-0. 29; 0. 56) -0. 01 (-0. 56; 0. 55) Most frequent transport Private car Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Public transport -0. 25 (-0. 50; -0. 00) -0. 26 (-0. 48; -0. 05) -0. 57 (-0. 97; -0. 17) -0. 31 (-0. 62; 0. 01) Walk or bike -0. 48 (-1. 09; 0. 14) 0. 06 (-0. 46; 0. 58) -0. 55 (-1. 40; 0. 31) 0. 22 (-0. 50; 0. 95) 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; Ref. : reference. * Multinomial bivariate regression model, reference: moderate category of physical activity. Considers sample design. Unweighted n varies by independent variable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: View this table:View inlineView popupTable 4 Final model of significant correlates from white matter fibre tracts for the attention dimensions as assessed by the findings provided the first data on the correlations between the microstructural property of the right SLF and multiple dimensions of attention in youths with ADHD by taking advantage of the strengths from using DSI tractography analysis, comprehensively investigating several major fibre tracts associated with ADHD, assessing multiple dimensions of attention through clinical interviews and CCPT, using a relatively larger sample size than previous investigations and maintaining a strictly matched case–control study design. We also found that youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle; performed worse in focused attention, sustained attention, inhibition and vigilance; and had altered right SLF microstructural property (which was most significantly associated with inattention symptoms of ADHD) than controls. Moreover, the microstructural property of the target tracts generally was either associated with or had differential patterns of associations with attention performance in youths with ADHD than controls in terms of the fewer attention components involved or the lack of association with any of the attention performance, as detailed in the sections that follow. Alteration of white matter microstruactual propertyMost previous studies investigating white matter tract property in individuals with ADHD focused mainly on the frontostriatal tracts. 21,24,25 Our finding of decreased diffusion anisotropy in the left frontostriatal tracts in youths with ADHD is consistent with those of some previous studies using DTI22,31 and DSI,21,24 but inconsistent with those of other studies showing increased diffusion anisotropy in children with ADHD. 58,59 Most of the previous studies did not particularly emphasize the difference between the left and right sides of frontostriatal tracts. 22,31 In addition, a previous study from our group reported decreased diffusion anisotropy in the bilateral frontostriatal tracts. 21 However, the reduced cortical thickness,60 grey matter volume and white matter in the left prefrontal cortex of individuals with ADHD provided collateral evidence to support the altered frontostriatal tracts on the left side in those with ADHD, as discovered in our study. Our findings of decreased diffusion anisotropy of the SLF in youths with ADHD lends evidence to support previous studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: 2019; Botella et al. 2017) showing its efficacy in reducing fear of real-world equivalent phobic stimuli (Morina et al. 2015). A recent systematic review on exposure treatment demonstrated its effectiveness for most phobia types, including social phobias (Freitas et al. 2021). Therapy, a patient can be gradually exposed to the scenario or environment they fear; however, they do this whilst immersed within VR (Boeldt et al. 2019). This makes this approach a safe place to gradually push the limits of one’s anxiety disorder, which is an essential process throughout (Craske et al. 2014). In fact, Maples-Keller et al. (2017) identified that the use of artificial settings and virtually generated environments eliminates many constraints of the real world and therefore acts as a valuable method of treating SADs. Previous work by Robillard et al. (2003) demonstrated that the graphic quality of game-based environments can often be superior, which leads to a maximised effect of exposure. For example, a recent study by Hinojo-Lucena et al. (2020) showed that VR treatment for public speaking anxiety in a student population was effective while being less invasive than in vivo exposure, and a similar study by Lindner et al. (2021) produced similar positive findings in support of for public speaking anxiety, this time in routine care. It has also been shown that this approach had a low dropout rate in a recent meta-analysis study (Benbow and Anderson 2019). Boeldt et al. (2019) further discussed that the use of VR can allow therapists to choose and cater content to the personal needs of patients, and that is at the very least as effective as the state of the art treatment that is carried out in person, concluding that although VR may not currently be a standardised treatment method, it can make more effective. The above can significantly help with the increased levels of anxiety and depression that have been observed as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic (Organization 2022). Accordingly, in this work we adopt the approach for treating SADs. 2. 5 Research aim and approachTo this end, the aim of our work is twofold; first, work discussed above indicates that individuals with SADs exhibit high levels of self-attention when they are in an anxiety-provoking environment or social situation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Population genetics can be applied to investigate how natural selection has shaped the variability of innate immunity genes in the human population, providing an indispensable complement to immunological as well as clinical and epidemiological genetic approaches. Recent studies have shown that the impact of selection on the different families of innate immune receptors and their downstream signalling molecules varies considerably, helping to delineate the relative functional importance of the corresponding pathways. Receptors such as endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and most and pyrin domain-containing proteins (NALPs), adaptors such as myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88) and TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (TRIF), or effector molecules such as a subset of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFNγ have been targeted by strong purifying selection, highlighting the essential and non-redundant nature of the immunological mechanisms involved. Other families of innate immunity molecules, such as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), the cell-surface TLRs, and most nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing (NOD)/Ice protease-activating factor (IPAF)/MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) subfamily members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family have evolved under much weaker selective constraints, suggesting greater redundancy in the pathways triggered by these molecules. Events of positive selection have targeted genetic variation at various innate immunity molecules, such as type attesting to the presence of functional variation at these genes and consequently in the immune responses mediated by them, which has allowed for increased host survival under specific environmental pressures, probably related to pathogen presence. Striking differences in selective pressures have been detected in most genes involved in single-gene versus complex diseases, supporting the notion that life-threatening infectious diseases in childhood result mostly from rare single-gene variations, whereas the genetic component of predisposition to secondary infections in adults is more complex. Thus, population genetics helps us to differentiate between innate immune genes that have a high degree of redundancy and those that are essential and non-redundant. The identification of essential genes is particularly important for molecules whose functions remain poorly described, as this helps to prioritize genes to be further studied from an immunological standpoint.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 31–33 Despite the lack of change of the cingulum bundle property in individuals with ADHD reported in our prior investigation23 and in another study32 with a much larger independent sample and a different DSI tractography approach from our earlier investigation, current studies support decreased diffusion anisotropy of the cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. 31Correlations between the SLF and ADHD symptoms and attention performanceBecause fibre tracts other than the frontostriatal tracts have been less studied, the novelty of the present study is to demonstrate that the right SLF, rather than the frontostriatal tracts, was mostly associated with inattention symptoms in youths with ADHD. The SLF connects areas in the dorsal attention network, parietal lobe and frontal eye field. 62 This explains why the function of the SLF has been widely accepted for spatial attention, although only a few human studies on the structural connectivity of the SLF with regards to attention1,29 and working memory63 have been conducted in control youths. Until now, only 1 previous study of ADHD reported a correlation between attention performance and the right SLF in adults with ADHD. 34To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the association between the SLF and the inattention symptom/attention performance in youths with ADHD, and such a positive association has been reported only in adults with ADHD34 and control children. 29 Our findings of different association patterns led us to conclude that the SLF microstructural property was associated with cognitive and behavioural inhibition and sustained attention in youths with ADHD, but with focused attention in controls. Such a finding lends evidence to support the hypothesis that those with ADHD may engage in adaptive processing strategies to compensate for impairments in other brain regions. 64Furthermore, our results are in line with those of studies in healthy participants that demonstrate the importance of the SLF, especially the right side, in attention performance29 and working memory,30 which are considered to be major neuropsychological deficits in individuals with ADHD. 65 In addition, our findings raised a noteworthy issue: most studies reported correlations between the frontostriatal tracts and ADHD symptoms without considering the effects of other related white matter tracts. 21,24 Fibre tracts with different microstructural property and fibre tracts involved in neuropsychological impairment in patients with ADHD are important candidates to examine in order to determine how these altered pathways contribute to the etiology of ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: The participants were recruited from the student population at the authors’ home institution through a call for unpaid volunteers who had experienced anxiety in public speaking. The study included 25 participants, aged between 19 and 25 (\(M=21. 56\), \(\sigma = 1. 44\)), which included 18 males and 7 females. Table 4 presents the distribution of participants and the details of their screening PRPSA results. Table 4 result details and the distribution of participants in the Moderate/high and Low anxiety groupsFull size table4. 3 Analysis and resultsThe results of the post-task PRPSA illustrate a decrease in the perceived anxiety in the Moderate/high anxiety group and a general decrease in the Low anxiety group, with two slight increases in the outliers. Table 5 presents the distribution of participants and the details of their post-task PRPSA results. The screening and post task results of PRPSA scores across both Moderate/high and Low anxiety groups are demonstrated in Fig. 11. Table 5 Post-task PRPSA result details and the distribution of participants in the Moderate/high and Low anxiety groupsFull size tableFig. 11Boxplot presenting the screening and post-task results of PRPSA scores across both Moderate/high and Low anxiety groups. Participants 9 and 10 reported the highest PRPSA scores post-task, whilst participant 19 reported the lowestFull size imageOverall, the scores in the Moderate/high group’s post-task PRPSA scores were on average of 17% lower compared to their screening PRPSA results. The maximum decrease was 27. 9% in a participant who dropped to a post-task PRPSA score of 80 from their 111 screening PRPSA score. The minimum difference was the participant who scored 121 post-task from their 125 screening PRPSA test. This was further confirmed by the follow-up interviews. All participants from the Moderate/high group expressed that they found, as they progressed through the three scenarios, that they felt more confident and less anxious. The participants also felt that the experience closely resembled the experience of public speaking in the real world. anxiety group also shows an average 4. 8% decrease in their reported perceived anxiety levels. Two participants in the Low anxiety group actually had slight increases in their post-test PRPSA scores. One had an increase of 5, going up from 83 to 88 and another one from 91 to 95.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: AbstractInnate immunity involves direct interactions between the host and microorganisms, both pathogenic and symbiotic, so natural selection is expected to strongly influence genes involved in these processes. Population genetics investigates the impact of past natural selection events on the genome of present-day human populations, and it complements immunological as well as clinical and epidemiological genetic studies. Recent data show that the impact of selection on the different families of innate immune receptors and their downstream signalling molecules varies considerably. discusses these findings and highlights how they help to delineate the relative functional importance of innate immune pathways, which can range from being essential to being redundant. Similar content being viewed by others Human immune diversity: from evolution to modernity 3. Particularly in the past decade, genetic studies have provided numerous examples of genes accounting for differences in susceptibility to rare or common infectious diseases. The advent of new technologies, such as DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing, has greatly accelerated the field of human genetics, making it possible to evaluate the contribution of genetic diversity to differences in immunity to infection at the level of the entire genome. For example, recent studies have revealed the power of whole-exome sequencing for dissecting the immunological mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of severe, rare infectious diseases4,5,6. Likewise, some genome-wide association studies on viral, bacterial and parasitic infections have increased knowledge on the genetic basis of susceptibility to common infectious diseases at the population level3,7. Although these studies have provided the proof-of-concept that increased susceptibility to infectious diseases may result from various types of inborn errors of immunity, only a few cases are fully understood at the genetic level1. Population genetics can be applied to investigate how natural selection has shaped the variability of host defence genes in the human population8,9,10. The fields of comparative immunology and evolutionary immunobiology have greatly improved our knowledge of the origins and evolution of innate and adaptive immune systems in multiple organisms11,12. Here, we do not attempt to review these topics, but instead focus on how humans have adapted to the pressure imposed by microorganisms through variation in their genomes. Among the different types of adaptation, those affecting immune function are among the most dynamic because the counter-evolution of pathogens drives the need for continuous adaptive change (Box 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Correlations between frontostriatal tracts and attention performance in youths with ADHDOur finding that the frontostriatal tracts property was associated with the performance of attention tasks in both youths with ADHD and controls is consistent with those of some previous studies. 23,24 Although the associations of the caudate–VLPFC tract with all attention dimensions were noted in controls, no such associations were found in youths with ADHD. Our results support other recent evidence of such an association noted only in control children and not in those with ADHD. 21,25 One of the explanations for the different association patterns between the ADHD and control groups is that children with ADHD may compensate through the use of other brain regions and tracts when performing attention tasks. 64 For instance, our findings demonstrated that the performance of focused attention relied on the frontostriatal tracts connecting the and OFC in control youths. However, youths with ADHD mainly relied on the right caudate–OFC. Consequently, we hypothesized that the tracts responsible for the performance of focused attention shifted to the right caudate–OFC owing to alteration in the left frontostriatal tracts in youths with ADHD. Correlations between the cingulum bundle and attention performance in youths with is a critical region for executive attention, cognitive control and self-regulation,66 while the cingulum bundle is involved in sustained attention36 and executive functions38 in healthy individuals. However, only 1 previous study from our group focused on this issue in patients with ADHD and demonstrated the correlation between the cingulum bundle and intraindividual variability of RT in youths with ADHD. 23 The present study provided further evidence of the association between cingulum bundle integrity and a wider range of attention performance, such as inhibition, sustained attention and vigilance, in both controls and youths with ADHD. LimitationsOur findings should be interpreted in the context of some limitations. First, owing to a cross-sectional study design, we could not determine whether the different diffusion anisotropy of white matter tracts between youths with ADHD and controls reflects the underlying neuropathology of ADHD or the consequences of a compensatory neurodevelopmental process. Second, although 10 youths with ADHD had been treated with methylphenidate before scanning and their last dose of methylphenidate was at least 1 week before the neuropsychological and MRI assessment, long-term effects of medication on microstructural property may still exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: 5 in a 1–7 Likert scale) which is described as having “very good presence” compared to other studies exploring VR experiences with the IPQ score (Melo et al. 2023). Participants found PublicVR to create a real feeling of being there, which is also confirmed by their comments in the follow-up interviews. Fig. 12Bar chart illustrating the average score on the 14 questions in IPQFull size imageFig. 13Bar chart illustrating the average scores for each subscale in IPQFull size imageTable 12 Average and standard deviation for each subscale in IPQFull size table5 Concluding discussionIn this paper we presented PublicVR, a intervention that was proposed to support adults with a self-reported speech anxiety in improving their anxiety related to their non-verbal communication skills. This study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on non-verbal communication skills. An empirical evaluative study was reported which investigated its efficacy and the participants’ sense of presence experienced in our Virtual Environment. Our results suggest that PublicVR is an effective tool with the potential to positively change perceived anxiety related to non-verbal communication skills. Specifically, our findings indicated that PublicVR successfully managed to positively change the participants’ perceived self-reported anxiety towards non-verbal communication in a public speaking setting, evidenced through a decrease in their perceived anxiety levels (Table 5 and Fig. 11). Accordingly, participants reported a high sense of presence in our VR simulation experience (Figs. 12 and 13). These results are also confirmed through the follow-up semi-structured interviews where participants also highlighted the positive impact of PublicVR to improve anxiety related to their non-verbal communication skills, specifically gaze and time keeping. A number of contributions arose from this work. Specifically, past clinical studies indicated that VR can be an efficient approach to overcoming public speaking anxiety (Lee et al. 2020). In this work, we contributed to this body of knowledge by demonstrating that VR can further positively change self-reported anxiety levels resulting from the four specific public speaking factors investigated in this work—Peer anxiety, Stage fear, Lack of confidence, and Shyness. This is particularly important as past work has shown that increases in public speaking confidence as a result of using VR interventions can be transferable into real-life situations and were retained after the study had ended (Safir et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: It is precisely because of this strong and ever-renewing demand for adaptation that genes in the immune system acquire unique and clear signatures of natural selection. Innate immunity is at the front line of host defence against pathogens and is also important for the symbiotic partnership between the host and its microbiota. Thus, innate immunity-associated genes provide an excellent model for the study of the selective pressure that is exerted by microorganisms on the host genome. The innate immune systems of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates involve genes that can be classified into various groups on the basis of their function in immune surveillance, signal transduction or effector response to microorganisms13,14,15,16, and these genes have evolved under the constant environmental pressure of microorganisms. In addition, in vertebrates, innate immunity precedes and shapes adaptive immune responses, so variations in vertebrate innate immunity genes may have important consequences for the quantity and quality of downstream B and T cell responses. Thus, the crucial roles of the proteins encoded by innate immunity genes make them ideal targets of natural selection and valuable tools for population genetics studies. With the emergence of data sets of genomic variation in an increasing number of human populations17,18, we can now scan genomes for signatures of selection and exploit them to identify the innate immune mechanisms that have a major biological role in host defence. summarizes some of the major findings regarding how selection has shaped the evolution of several families of innate immunity genes in humans and underscores how selection has refined human antimicrobial defences. We also describe how population genetics studies have provided important insights in terms of the biological relevance of the mechanisms triggered by innate immunity molecules, and we discuss the contrasting selection patterns detected in innate immune genes involved in single-gene and complex disease risk. Natural selection in the human genome The different modes of selection. There are different forms of selection (Fig. 1), and each of them leaves a distinctive molecular signature in the targeted genomic region. Such signatures can be detected by an increasing number of statistical tests10,19 (Box 2). Selection often maintains the prototype gene by eliminating mutations that compromise organism fitness, as most mutations are more likely to perturb rather than improve protein function. The process by which deleterious mutations are culled from the population is called purifying selection or negative selection and is the most pervasive form of selection acting on genomes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Relations between Test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. J Psychol 2003;31:543–54. ↵. Association between the DAT1 gene and spatial working memory in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;17:9–21. ↵. Visual memory as a potential cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2011;41:2603–14. ↵The short DRD4 repeats confer risk to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a family-based design and impair performance on a continuous performance test (TOVA). 2002;7:790–4. ↵DRD4 gene variants and sustained attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of associated alleles at the VNTR and −521 SNP. 2005;136B:81–6. OpenUrl↵Absence of the 7-repeat variant of the DRD4 VNTR is associated with drifting sustained attention in children with ADHD but not in controls. 2008;147B:927–37. OpenUrl↵Functional effects of the DAT1 polymorphism on EEG measures in ADHD. 2003;42:986–93. ↵Dissecting the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype: sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in relation to dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype. Neuropsychologia 2005;43:1847–57. ↵Association between dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism and scores on a continuous performance test in Korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2009;6:216–21. OpenUrlPubMed↵The 1287 G/A polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) is involved in commission errors in Korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Funct 2011;7:12OpenUrlPubMed↵Bush G. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:278–300. ↵Parametric manipulation of conflict and response competition using rapid mixed-trial event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 2003;20:2135–41. ↵. The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2005;57:1285–92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: All subjects could use the system independently in their homes, and no safety issues were reported. The arm function of these patients improved significantly by 4. 1 points (p < 0. 003) in the FMA-UE. ArmeoSenso-based metrics showed an improvement in arm function, a high number of reaching movements (387 per session) and minimal compensatory activities of the trunk whilst training. Dodakian et al. (2017) designed and evaluated a home-based non-IVR rehabilitation program, Repair, for stroke patients (n = 12). Arm motor status showed significant gains (FMA-UE change 4. 8 ± 3. 8 points, p < 0. 0015), with half of the participants exceeding the minimal clinically significant difference. Similarly, to empower patients to control their treatment at home, Choi and Paik (2018) developed a mobile-based non-IVR program for UL stroke rehabilitation to promote patients’ engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more exciting and motivating tool (n = 24). The system included a mobile device (tablet PC) for visualisation and a smartphone to obtain information about the movement of the affected arm using the built-in sensor. Findings showed that the system effectively promoted UL recovery in patients with stroke. All of the works included above use non-IVR systems, despite studies, suggesting that IVR using Head-(HMD) is more effective for upper limb motor recovery than non-IVR (Henderson et al. 2007). 2. 1. 2 Interventions in paediatricsResearch with children has similarly been focussed on using non-IVR and has targeted children with cerebral palsy (Deutsch et al. 2008; Sandlund et al. 2009). Studies, such as those of Jannink et al. (2008), Sharan et al. (2021) and Sun (2012), reported a positive effect of using non-IVR game training on physical motor rehabilitation in children. Recently, Tarakci et al. (2020) developed Controller-based training (LMCBT). They ran an RCT to investigate the potential efficacy of an 8-week LMCBT program set as a ULMI rehabilitation program by comparing CR in children and adolescents (n = 92) with physical disabilities such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), cerebral palsy (CP) and brachial plexus birth injury.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: At the population level, genes tend to carry the same number of synonymous mutations (no amino acid change) and non-synonymous mutations (amino acid change), despite the fact that random mutagenesis actually generates nearly twice as many non-synonymous changes. The reduced number of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed as compared with the non-synonymous mutation rate indicates the elimination of many non-synonymous mutations through purifying selection20. Figure 1: Types of selection and their legacy on the human genome. The evolutionary fate of different types of mutations is represented in a sample of eight chromosomes. Blue circles indicate neutral polymorphisms. a | Purifying selection removes deleterious alleles (indicated by black circles) from the population. The pace at which deleterious mutations are purged from the population depends on their effect on host survival, which can range from lethal (immediately removed from the population) to mildly deleterious (tolerated but kept at low population frequencies). These mutations tend to be associated with rare, severe disorders (for example, Mendelian susceptibility to infection at the individual level). b | Positive selection increases the frequency of an advantageous mutation (indicated by a red circle) in the population. Advantageous mutations can be fixed (completed selective sweep) or polymorphic (ongoing selective sweep; not shown) in the population. Positively selected mutations are often associated with common traits (for example, higher resistance to infection at the population level), which present complex modes of inheritance. c | Balancing selection maintains polymorphism in the population as a result of heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent advantage (not shown). In the illustrated example, a mutation (indicated by a purple circle) confers a selective advantage at the heterozygote state, so individuals who are heterozygous at this particular position (for example, individuals who possess the anaemia-associated haemoglobin D (HbS) allele sickle-cell variant and are exposed to Plasmodium falciparum) have a greater fitness than homozygous individuals. Full size imageSelection may also occur when a novel mutation is favourable in a population, which results in an increase in the frequency of the mutation. This is referred to as positive Darwinian selection, and it is thought to be one of the ways in which adaptive evolution occurs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD. Psychiatry 2007;164:1729–36. ↵Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. 2004;7:1370–5. ↵Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2006;63:540–9. ↵Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. Psychiatry 2009;166:83–94. ↵A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention. Cortex 2012;48:194–215. ↵White matter tract integrity of frontostriatal circuit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with attention performance and symptoms. Mapp 2014;35:199–212. ↵Tamm L, Barnea-Goraly N, Reiss AL. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals white matter abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2012;202:150–4. ↵-Gu SL, et al. Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. 2013;44:1751–64. OpenUrl↵Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2013;43:1093–107. OpenUrl↵Decreased frontostriatal microstructural organization in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mapp 2012;33:1941–51. ↵White matter abnormalities and their impact on attentional performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci 2012;262:351–60. ↵. The role of parietal cortex during sustained visual spatial attention. 2009;1302:157–66. ↵Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study. 2005;15:854–69.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare treatments can be effectively delivered using virtual reality headsets. [SEP] Text: Augmented reality headsets for surgical guidance: the impact of holographic model positions on user localisation accuracy érez-Pachón ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-8014-65651, : orcid. org/0000-0001-5244-84462, : orcid. org/0000-0002-6178-75431, : orcid. org/0000-0002-6328-45601, : orcid. org/0000-0002-1610-86523, : orcid. org/0000-0002-7229-949X4 & …Flora Gröning ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-8127-41121 Show authors 933 Accesses 20 Altmetric 1 all metrics AbstractNovel augmented reality headsets such as HoloLens can be used to overlay patient-specific virtual models of resection margins on the patient’s skin, providing surgeons with information not normally available in the operating room. For this to be useful, surgeons wearing the headset must be able to localise virtual models accurately. We measured the error with which users localise virtual models at different positions and distances from their eyes. Healthy volunteers aged 20–59 years (n = 54) performed 81 exercises involving the localisation of a virtual hexagon’s vertices overlaid on a monitor surface. Nine predefined positions and three distances between the virtual hexagon and the users’ eyes (65, 85 and 105 cm) were set. We found that, some model positions and the shortest distance (65 cm) led to larger localisation errors than other positions and larger distances (85 and 105 cm). Positional errors of more than 5 mm and 1–5 mm margin errors were found in 29. 8% and over 40% of cases, respectively. Strong outliers were also found (e. g. margin shrinkage of up to 17. 4 mm in 4. 3% of cases). The measured errors may result in poor outcomes of surgeries: e. g. incomplete tumour excision or inaccurate flap design, which can potentially lead to tumour recurrence and flap failure, respectively. Reducing localisation errors associated with arm reach distances between the virtual models and users’ eyes is necessary for augmented reality headsets to be suitable for surgical purposes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The spread of the lactase allele, which is associated with the ability to digest milk as adults, in various human populations that adopted dairying practices is an emblematic example of positive selection21. It is also possible that variants have an advantage when rare in the population (frequency-dependent selection) or that heterozygotes for a specific mutation have the highest fitness (heterozygote advantage). These two situations give rise to balancing selection22: a selective regime that maintains variation in the population. A prime example of balancing selection is provided by the MHC region, in which high levels of polymorphism are preserved through various mechanisms, including sexual selection and pathogen diversity23,24,25,26. The legacy of selection on our genomes. Scanning the human genome for balancing selection events is challenging and, except for the MHC locus, few genes show the molecular signature of this form of selection27. Interspecies and intraspecies studies of protein-coding sequences have helped to identify proteins that are rapidly evolving as a result of positive selection. One of the first genome-wide selection scans compared protein-coding sequences from the human, chimpanzee and mouse genomes, and found that immunity-related genes are among the functional classes that display the clearest evidence of positive selection28. Subsequent studies have confirmed these early observations and indicated essential immunity-related genes that have undergone strong recurrent changes in both humans and non-human primates29,30,31. Similarly, interspecies studies have established that extensive purifying selection has prevented the accumulation of functional diversity on genes throughout the genome, including many genes involved in innate immunity31. In contrast to interspecies studies, which detect old selective events, population genetic approaches (that is, intraspecific studies) detect more recent selective events within a species by making use of polymorphism data. The advantage of intraspecific approaches is that they study selection within human populations and pinpoint functionally important genomic regions that may account for phenotypic variation in health and disease. The need to secure a large collection of genome-wide polymorphism data gave rise to the International HapMap Project17 and the more recent launch of the 1000 Genomes Project18,32, which enable the detection of selection with the greatest resolution. Numerous genome-wide selection scans in humans have been performed to date (reviewed in Ref. 33).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Sustained attention is associated with right superior longitudinal fasciculus and superior parietal white matter microstructure in children. Mapp 2013;34:3216–32. ↵White matter development in adolescence: diffusion tensor imaging and meta-analytic results. 2012;38:1308–17. ↵Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2009;65:586–93. ↵’Neill J, et al. Reduced white matter integrity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroreport 2008;19:1705–8. ↵White matter microstructure in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their siblings. 2013;52:431–40 e434. ↵Disturbed structural connectivity is related to inattention and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci 2010;31:912–9. ↵Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: A DT-MRI study of connections. 2008;18:1210–20. ↵White matter microstructure of the cingulum and cerebellar peduncle is related to sustained attention and working memory: a diffusion tensor imaging study. 2010;477:72–6. ↵Atlas-based segmentation of white matter tracts of the human brain using diffusion tensor tractography and comparison with classical dissection. Neuroimage 2008;39:62–79. ↵Age-related differences in white matter tract microstructure are associated with cognitive performance from childhood to adulthood. 2014;75:248–56. ↵DTI correlates of distinct cognitive impairments in Parkinson’s disease. Mapp 2014;44:1751–64. OpenUrl↵Diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive function in older adults with no dementia. Neurology 2011;77:26–34. ↵Diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) tractography of crossing fibers. Neuroimage 2008;41:1267–77. ↵Mapping complex tissue architecture with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Med 2005;54:1377–86. ↵. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J B 1994;103:247–54.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare treatments can be effectively delivered using virtual reality headsets. [SEP] Text: In addition, training surgeons on the use of these headsets may help to minimise localisation errors. Similar content being viewed by others for Based on Microsoft HoloLens 1. 1 The challenge of accurate soft tissue resection in oncological and reconstructive surgeryAccurate soft tissue resection is critical for surgical success as optimal resection margins are considered the most important factor for tumour control and prevention of repeat intervention (Sheoran et al. 2022; Sugiura et al. 2018). Soft tissue free flaps are vascularized soft tissue (i. e. skin, fascia and sometimes muscle) transferred from one part of a patient’s body to the site of a defect to restore the function of damaged anatomical structures (Hallock 2009). Perforator vessels originate in a main source artery, pierce the deep fascia (a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds muscles) and branch into subcutaneous vessels (Higueras Suñé et al. 2011). The accurate localisation of perforator vessels is key to preventing impaired blood flow and flap necrosis (Wilson et al. 2009). Flaps must also have adequate shape and dimensions to fit defects. Oversized flaps may create noticeably raised flap tissue compared to the surrounding tissue after their attachment to the site of the defect (Klaassen et al. 2018). Undersized flaps are prone to distortions due to tissue tension and contraction during the healing process, thus increasing the risk of flap necrosis and/or undesired aesthetic results (Feng et al. 2017). To prevent undersized flaps, surgeons normally add a portion of tissue surrounding the flap, e. g. 5 mm (Feng et al. 2017). If the resulting flap is oversized, surgeons trim the flap before its attachment to the site of the defect. A real time image guidance tool for flap design does not exist yet, thus surgeons mainly rely on the visual inspection of the patients’ anatomy to accomplish these tasks, which may lead to extended flap raising and surgery times (Ishii and Kishi 2016). The excision of small tumours requires submillimetre accuracy (Ghosh et al. 2014). Before the resection of skin and subcutaneous tumour tissue, surgeons delineate tumour margins using tools such as marker pens, rulers and loupes with percentage errors of 8–45% relative to the planned margins (Lalla et al. 2003).

Output: contrast