Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The negative impact is further boosted by excessive media consumption, which is especially critical for people with high schizotypal traits. Funding: FK received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (Grant number 754,462). SN received funding from the for Child and at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada and the from the University of Cambridge. Editor's evaluation Using online surveys from Germany and the U. K. participants, this study examined the association between COVID-19 and mental health mediated by participants' behaviors. The results indicate that the pandemic was substantially associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, unhealthy behaviors such as excessive media consumption further exacerbated the negative impact of social isolation due to COVID. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process eLife digest The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, and the measures different governments took to contain it, harmed many people’s mental well-being. The restrictions, combined with pandemic-related uncertainty, caused many individuals to experience increased stress, depression, and anxiety. Many people turned to unhealthy behaviours to cope, including consuming more alcohol or drugs, using media excessively, developing poor sleeping habits, or reducing the amount of exercise they did. Stress, drugs, poor sleep, and uncertainty can increase an individual’s risk of developing psychotic symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, or difficulty thinking clearly. These symptoms may be temporary or part of a more lasting condition, like schizophrenia. The risk of developing these symptoms increases in people with ‘schizotypal traits’, such as a lack of close relationships, paranoia, or unusual or implausible beliefs. These individuals may be especially vulnerable to the harmful mental health effects of the pandemic. Daimer et al. demonstrated that people who were more worried about their life stability or financial situation during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic had worse mental well-being than those who felt secure. In the experiments, volunteers completed a series of online mental health questionnaires at four different time points during the pandemic. People who reported feeling lonely, having negative thoughts, or experiencing fewer positive social interactions had more symptoms of mental illness. People who experienced more life disruptions also reported more anxiety or depression symptoms and more schizotypal traits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 정기 결제 이용권은 매월 또는 매분기 자동으로 정기 결제되며, 구매 날짜와 동일한 날짜에 정기 결제가 진행됩니다. 정기 결제일은 구입한 날과 동일한 날짜에 진행되며, 해당 일자가 없는 경우 해당월의 마지막 일에 결제가 이루어집니다. 결제 수단 문제(잔액 부족, 신용카드 만료, 신용카드 정보 변경 등)로 정기 결제가 실패할 수 있으며, 추가 결제 시도 후, 최종적으로 실패할 경우 서비스는 자동 해지됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: Prior studies have found that limited access to grocery stores can lead to poor access to healthy foods( Reference Powell, Slater and Mirtcheva 3 Reference Larsen, Story and Nelson 4 ); therefore, this collaboration may have been better positioned to meet a community need. In contrast, pair #2’s store faced competition from other food retailers including a nearby supermarket that carried fresh fruits and vegetables. Pair #1 primarily used a refrigerated display, which was key to limiting spoilage to 9 %( Reference Dannefer, Williams and Baronberg 24 ) in stores without air conditioning during high summer temperatures. Our study has several limitations. Our case study evaluated a non-randomized intervention in a single city; however, this work represents the first step in designing and testing the urban farm–corner store collaborative model. We did not ascertain customers’ satisfaction with intervention components or evaluate the intervention’s effect on consumers’ purchases, eating behaviours or health outcomes. We believe that our storeowners represent the typical Baltimore corner storeowner. However, our farmers may have been more motivated than the average, given the substantial time they dedicated to this project. Future studies should recruit a variety of storeowners and farmers to understand the level of engagement necessary from both parties that translates into success. While we compared change in produce varieties stocked in response to the intervention, we lacked pre-intervention produce sales data to compare sales pre–post. The strength of our study is that we used a mixed-methods approach, which enriched our quantitative distribution and sales data with qualitative explanations( 25 ). Overall, urban farm–corner store collaborations are a promising strategy for areas with limited food retailer density and adequate community support. Researchers could consider these collaborations as a stand-alone intervention or as an adjunct to previously successful corner store interventions( Allen, Alaimo and Elam 21 ). Additional studies are needed to rigorously test this model in a randomized controlled trial to determine its efficacy on produce sales, consumers’ behaviours and health outcomes. support: of & (NICHD) and the Office of Behavioral and Research (OBSSR) supported this project (grant number U54HD070725). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NICHD or OBSSR. This project was also awarded the grand prize in the 2012 Urbanite magazine’s Challenge. Conflict of interest: K. A. G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Daily consumption of at least four hours of digital media exacerbated negative mental health symptoms, and people with more pandemic-related life concerns also spent more time on digital media Daimer et al. suggest that increased media consumption among people with pandemic-related hardships may have increased mental health symptoms and schizotypal traits in these individuals. The survey results suggest that maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including meaningful relationships, is essential to staying mentally healthy during extreme situations like a global pandemic. Protective interventions – such as strengthening social support networks, providing mental health education, or increasing mental healthcare provisions – are essential to prevent poor mental health outcomes during future crises. in Wuhan, China, the novel highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) spread rapidly around the world in the first months of 2020 and was declared as a pandemic by the WHO on 13 March 2020. At the time of writing, more than 258 million people worldwide had contracted the illness, and more than 5. 2 million died with or from COVID-19 (Daly and Robinson, 2021; JHU, 2021). Even after successful vaccination programmes were implemented in many countries (ECDE, 2021), the uncertainties and restrictions still impacted many areas of daily life. In many countries, measures such as ‘lockdown’ or ‘social distancing’ introduced by governments early on Cohen and Kupferschmidt, 2020 are now procedures regularly and flexibly applied to combat the pandemic. Many educational institutions, childcare facilities, bars, and restaurants have been closed over long periods during the past 1. 5 years, and cultural or sporting events still being cancelled or highly restricted. Governments in different countries differed in their approaches to tackling the pandemic (Plümper and Neumayer, 2020). For example, at the start of the pandemic, the (UK) imposed a nationwide lockdown a few days after Germany, which may have led to higher case and mortality rates. However, the UK started vaccinating earlier and faster than Germany, which allowed earlier relaxations of restrictions (McRobbie et al. , 2020; Pritchard et al. , 2021). Due to delays in vaccine purchases, significantly less vaccines were available in EU countries, which contributed to fewer vaccinations compared to the UK (Sasse, 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이용 중간에 정기 결제 해지 시, 다음 결제일부터 결제가 진행되지 않으며, 다음 결제일 전까지 서비스를 이용하실 수 있습니다. 결제일로부터 7일 이내, 논문 열람 및 할인 구매 이력이 없는 경우 환불이 가능합니다. 정기 구독 회원의 논문 다운을 위한 구매 경우, DBpia 머니 결제를 지원하지 않습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: Partnership for (2011) Handbook. (accessed July 2014). 13. (2012) Introduction of farm stands in low-income communities increases fruit and vegetable among community residents. 18, 1137–1143. 14. (2013) Community perspectives on barriers and strategies for promoting locally grown produce from an urban agricultural farm. Pract 14, 69. 15. Crabtree, BF & Miller, WL (1992) Research. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. 16. & Parry, DC (2004) Leisure spaces as potential sites for interracial interaction: community gardens in urban areas. J 36, 336. 17. (2009) Collective efficacy in Denver, Colorado: strengthening neighborhoods and health through community gardens. 15, 1115–1122. CrossRef18. Corrigan, MP (2011) Growing what you eat: developing community gardens in Baltimore, Maryland. 31, 1232–1241. 19. Larsen, K & Gilliland, J (2009) A farmers’ market in a food desert: evaluating impacts on the price and availability of healthy food. 15, 1158–1162. 20. (2008) Fruit and vegetable intake among urban community gardeners. J Behav 40, 94–101. 21. (2008) Growing vegetables and values: benefits of neighborhood-based community gardens for youth development and nutrition. J Nutr 3, 418–439. 22. US Department of Agriculture, Food and (2014) Farm to School. (accessed July 2014). 23. Gittelsohn, J, Rowan, M & Gadhoke, P (2012) Interventions in small food stores to change the food environment, improve diet, and reduce risk of chronic disease. Dis 9, 110015. 24. (2012) Healthy bodegas: increasing and promoting healthy foods at corner stores in City. 102, e27–e31. 25. Borkan, JM (2004) Mixed methods studies: a foundation for primary care research. Med 2, 4–6. CrossRef2012. Baseline means were calculated from data collected by study staff during two visits prior to starting the intervention. Means during the intervention were calculated based on distribution data collected twice weekly by study staff at each store.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, the media provides essential information about the virus, recent developments, and protective measures; further, social media is necessary to stay in contact with others and may also be useful to distract oneself from boredom due to a lack of alternatives (Bendau et al. , 2021). On the other hand, the media may produce rumours or misinformation (Tasnim et al. , 2020), or perpetuate the sense of constant threat, which may lead to increased anxiety (Garfin et al. , 2020; Satici et al. , 2020). Interestingly, the WHO recently started using the term ‘infodemic’ in the context of the present crisis as ‘a tsunami of misinformation, hate, scapegoating, and scare-mongering (which) has been unleashed’ (WHO, 2020). A large body of literature suggests that excessive media consumption (>3 hr daily) is associated with poorer mental health (Abbas et al. , 2021; Bendau et al. , 2021 Gao et al. , 2020; Neophytou et al. , 2019; Ni et al. , 2020; Su et al. , 2021; Valdez et al. , 2020; Wang et al. , 2020a; Zendle, 2020). In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, most general-population studies focus on the increase of symptoms of common mental disorders, that is, depression and anxiety. The present study extends this work by also addressing the development of schizotypal traits. Our previous studies indicated an increase in schizotypic traits during the pandemic (Daimer et al. , 2021; Knolle et al. , 2021). Schizotypy describes a multidimensional unifying construct that represents the underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology that is expressed across a broad range of personality, subclinical, and clinical psychosis phenomenology (Debbané and Barrantes-Vidal, 2015; Grant and Hennig, 2020; Raine, 1991). It is regarded as a latent multidimensional personality trait that occurs in varying degrees in every person along a continuum (Grant et al. , 2018). There is no consensus on the exact content of the construct, but all definitions include positive (e. g. paranoia), negative (i. e. lack of trust), and disorganised traits, similar to schizophrenia (Wright et al. , 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 레이어닫기 결합상품 정책 밀리의 서재 등록 안내 밀리의 서재 이용권은 결제 완료 후, 카카오톡 및 메일로 1일 이내 쿠폰번호가 발송됩니다. 본 이용권은 등록 후 유효기간 내 사용하기를 진행해야합니다. 기한 내 사용하지 않으면 구독권은 만료처리 되며 이용 불가합니다. 본 이용권은 등록 기간 연장 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 번호 분실에 따른 문의는 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청 및 챗봇상담으로 처리하실 수 있습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to community building and local food production. [SEP] Text: عربي 中文 Français Русский Español Communities & Home 1 - Knowledge products -19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems COVID-19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems Download PDF Year of publication 2020 Place of publication Rome, Italy Pages 8p. ; Product type Brochure, flyer, fact-sheet ISBN 978-92-5-133314-3 Edition 1 Full item page Synopsis (short abstract) COVID-19 pandemic has put local food systems at risk of disruptions along the entire agri-food value chain. Cities and local governments are currently playing a major role in limiting the spread of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 and in mitigating disruptions to their local food systems. To better understand the situation, FAO has been closely monitoring local food system status and prevailing practices during COVID-19, collecting information and insights from different cities on key challenges and specific responses through various channels. The insights, data and cases presented in this paper highlight the role of local food production and value chains in enhancing local food systems’ resilience against COVID-19. See the full list of policy briefs related to COVID-19. Cite this content as: FAO. 2020. COVID-19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems. Rome. Also available in: items Showing items related by metadata. Brochure, flyer, fact-sheet Covid-19 et le rôle des productions alimentaires locales dans la construction de systèmes alimentaires locaux plus résilients 2020 Also available in: pandémie de covid-19 a fragilisé les systèmes alimentaires locaux tout au long de la chaîne de valeur agroalimentaire. Les villes et les collectivités territoriales jouent actuellement un rôle majeur dans la limitation de la propagation du coronavirus à l'origine de la covid-19 et dans l'atténuation des perturbations de leurs systèmes alimentaires locaux.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: This suggests that people scoring high on schizotypy are more likely to become victims of misinformation in the media. Misinformation due to excessive media consumption following mental health deterioration has been frequently reported during this pandemic (et al. , 2021; Su et al. , 2021; Tasnim et al. , 2020; Zhao and Zhou, 2020; Zhong et al. , 2020). People with a high schizotypal personality are at an increased risk of developing a schizophrenic disorder (Linscott et al. , 2018). According to the diathesis-stress model, environmental factors, such as major psychological stressors or stressful life events, cause the onset of psychosis in the presence of a biological predisposition to schizophrenia (Debbané and Barrantes-Vidal, 2015). The psychological stress caused by the prospect of being infected by the COVID-19 virus, as well as the social restraining measures to mitigate the virus’ spread, could potentially trigger the development of a full-blown psychosis in people with high schizotypy (Carter et al. , 1995; Chapman et al. , 1994; Grant and Hennig, 2020). Valdes-Florido and colleagues (2020) reported cases of psychosis triggered by the fear of infection, compulsory home-confinement or concerns about the economic consequences of the lockdown. Hu et al. , 2020 reported a 25% increase in the incidence of schizophrenia in January 2020 compared to previous years in China. The authors attribute this to the psychosocial stress and social distancing measures caused by COVID-19 (Hu et al. , 2020). These medium and long-term effects of COVID-19 as an adverse life event could disproportionately affect people at risk of psychosis over the next few years (Beards et al. , 2013; Brown et al. , 2020). In this paper, we therefore aim to investigate whether pandemic-related stressors, namely ‘COVID-19 related social adversity’ and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ have an effect on mental health, and whether these effects are mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours. We generated a separate latent model for each stressor across four samples, each collected at a different time point over a year from the start of the pandemic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 고객의 문자 및 이메일 미수신 처리로 쿠폰 번호를 받지 못한 경우, 구매일로부터 7일 이내 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청을 주셔야 재발송됩니다. 이후는 환불 불가합니다. 환불 안내 DBpia와 밀리의 서재 상품 분리 환불은 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일로부터 7일 이내까지 쿠폰 미등록 + DBpia 서비스 7일 이내 미이용 고객만 환불 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 등록 후에는 취소 및 환불 불가합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: NASA has plans to return humans to the Moon by the 2020s. [SEP] Text: 인용양식변경 공지사항바로가기 Close 즐겨찾기 양식명 버전 즐겨찾기가없어요 자주 사용하는 인용양식을 검색 후 즐겨찾기에 등록하세요. 검색 자주 사용하는 인용 양식을 검색하세요. (저널명 or 학회명) search 검색하기 양식 저장 Close 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: We hypothesised that the separate COVID-19 stressors related to restrictions and financial concerns (‘life concerns’), and inhibited social relationships (‘social adversity’), would each be negatively associated with symptoms of common mental distress (i. e. depressive and anxiety-related symptoms), and schizotypal traits, at all time points during the pandemic. In addition, we hypothesised that this association will be mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours (respectively, exercise and sleep; alcohol, media, and drug consumption). Specifically, we expect that individuals who experience high levels of the above-mentioned stressors may damage their mental well-being through the unhealthy behaviours of substance use and excessive media consumption, and may improve their mental well-being through the healthy behaviours of adequate sleep and regular exercise. Materials and methods Study design and procedure Request a detailed protocol -19 exposure and COVID-19 related mental health questionnaire was designed as an online survey using EvaSys ( ), see Knolle et al. , 2021 for a detailed description. The questionnaires were available in German and English. For participant recruitment we used a snowball sampling strategy to reach the general public in Germany and the UK. The April/May 2020 survey was collected from 27 April 2020 to 31 May 2020, approximately 5 weeks after the introduction of the nationwide lockdowns in the UK and Germany. Completion of this first survey took approximately 35 min. The three follow-up surveys took only about 15 min, as they did not include question on subjective change of psychological distress (September/October 2020 survey: 10 September 2020 to 18 October 2020; January/February 2021 survey: 10 January 2021 to 7 february 2021 May 2021 survey: 1 May 2021 to 31 May 2021). For each cohort, the recruitment goal was 400 subjects. With this sample size, small effect sizes of f=0. 02 may be detected with a power of above 80% using linear two-tailed regressions. Figure 1 shows the time point of data collection with respect to the development of cases and deaths in the UK and Germany. The subjects were contacted at the first time point via print media (i. e. Sueddeutsche Zeitung) and social media (i. e. Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) and asked to forward the questionnaire to friends and family according to the snowball sampling strategy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일부터 7일 초과 후로는 쿠폰 미등록 시에도 환불 불가합니다. 이용 안내 DBpia 1년 상품은 구매 즉시 이용 가능하며, 구매일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 이용권은 쿠폰 등록 시 이용 가능하며, 쿠폰 사용일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 기존 밀리의 서재 정기구독 상품 이용 중인 경우, 해당 상품과 연결 사용 불가합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: NASA has plans to return humans to the Moon by the 2020s. [SEP] Text: Their landing sites are not exotic. But their success will pave the way for robotic exploration of the moon's poles and far side, which have long been scientific targets for the stories they can tell about the history of the solar system. They are also "critical testbeds for the technologies and architectures needed to ensure a safe human return to the moon by 2024," says Ryan Watkins, a lunar scientist at the Institute in St. Louis, Missouri. The target for a human return in 2024 is the moon's south pole. That means it's almost definite that future CLPS awards would target that region, Zurbuchen said. "We want to go explore where we want to land. " doi: 10. 1126/science. aay2384 Relevant tags: the author mailShare on X Voosen is a staff writer who covers Earth and planetary science. More from news 25 Oct 2024 ‘Aerial arms race’ with birds may have turned ancient cicadas into ace fliers Pérez Ortega 25 Oct 2024 Can science and Islam coexist? A chemical engineer–turned–theologian sees common ground Rochmyaningsih 24 Oct 2024 Web of Science index puts eLife ‘on hold’ because of its radical publishing model more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for ScienceScience’s award-winning newsletter with the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. ScienceInsider 25 Oct 2024science and Islam coexist? A chemical engineer–turned–theologian sees common ground 24 Oct 2024of Science index puts eLife ‘on hold’ because of its radical publishing model 21 Oct 2024Wilcox, ‘Daunting’: Hurricane-battered researchers assess damage from Helene and Milton 21 Oct 2024O’Nature retracts 75 papers connected to Spanish university head View more 15 Oct 2024Pérez noses sniff 20 times faster than thought 10 Oct 2024pain of hot sauce may be in your head 10 Oct 2024Wilcox You’re wrong. Here’s why you keep insisting you’re right. 7 Oct 2024your blood pressure too high—or are you just holding your arm wrong?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Co19_concerns: COVID-19 related life concerns; Soc_adversity: social adversity; financial_I: financial impact due to the crisis; Restrictions: Perception of the restrictions as stressful; Life_Stability: Concerns about life stability due to the crisis; Change_socR: stressful social relationship changes; Neg_Thoughts: during COVID 19; ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of SPQ. Our three endogenous manifest variables (‘outcomes’) were schizotypy trait, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety. Schizotypal trait was defined as the total sum score of all SPQ items. For anxiety and depressive symptoms, specific items of the SCL-27 were summed and divided by the number of items. For depression, we used all SCL-27 items assessing dysthymic and depressive symptoms; and for anxiety we used all items describing agoraphobic and social phobic symptoms. For the exogeneous latent variables (‘predictors’), we generated two variables. The first variable, which we call ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’, reflects the direct impact of the pandemic on the individual’s life. The best fitting measurement model was formed using the items ‘to what degree have changes related to the coronavirus/COVID-19 crisis in your area created financial problems for you or your family? ’, ‘how stressful have the restrictions on your daily life been for you? ’ and ‘to what degree are you concerned about the stability of your living situation? ’. The exogeneous variables were scaled so that we fixed the variance of all factor loadings within one exogeneous latent variable to 1. This allowed comparing estimates between different models using these exogeneous latent variables quantitively. The second exogeneous latent variable, ‘social adversity’, reflects loneliness and whether change in the quality of social relationships was perceived as stressful. The variables that loaded best on the factor ‘social adversity’ were the items ‘has the quality of the relationships between you and members of your family/social contacts changed/ how stressful have these changes in contacts been for you? ’, ‘how lonely were you?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 현재 이용 중인 정기 구독 상품의 만료 혹은 해지 후에 본 구독권 이용 가능하오니, 이용에 참고 부탁 드립니다. DBpia와 밀리의 서재 일부 콘텐츠에 대해 학회 및 출판사 요청에 의해 콘텐츠 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다. 레이어닫기 알림 등록 전화번호를 등록해보세요. 카카오 메세지로 매달 결제 내용을 전달 드립니다. 환불,잔액부족 등 알림을 전달해드립니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning algorithms help predict patient outcomes based on medical history. [SEP] Text: If the new treatment is safer and more effective at treating the disease than current treatments, it could go on to be approved for market distribution. Further trials, known as Phase 4, may investigate long term benefits and side-effects, even after the drug has been approved. Due to the lengthy processes and, depending on the rarity of the disease, the difficulty in obtaining enough volunteers for these trials, it can take an extremely long amount of time for a drug to be approved. Enter drug repurposingDrug repurposing has already been used to treat a wide range of diseases. For example, Viagra was initially developed to treat hypertension but is currently used for erectile dysfunction, and anti-inflammatory drugs made to treat arthritis are now being used for COVID-19 patients. The main benefit of drug repurposing is the shortening of the clinical trial process. As there is no need to repeat the initial safety phases, these existing drugs can be immediately tested for efficacy in treating the new disease, making the process safer, faster, and more cost-effective. Candidates for drug repurposing are usually identified using the results of previous research, genomics, or by considering drug action mechanisms that could be effective and common to multiple diseases, but the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning has sped up this process dramatically. Machine learning to identify drug repurposing candidatesMachine learning (or deep learning) frameworks are algorithms that improve automatically through experience, where the algorithm can receive a “training” dataset to learn from, and then apply that knowledge to different datasets. University scientists created a deep learning framework that uses real-world data from patients to identify drug repurposing candidates and their estimated effects to treat a particular disease. This is the first framework of its kind to use real-world data instead of just preclinical data. The framework receives insurance claims data (e. g. information on assigned treatments, disease outcomes, patient demographics) as inputs, and then emulates a randomised clinical trial for each drug. By comparing pre-defined measures of disease status before and after treatment, the model identifies drugs that have positive disease outcomes (i. e. an improvement in the predefined symptoms and disease status of interest) as potential candidates to be repurposed. But does this framework actually work? To test their framework, scientists inputted a dataset of over 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: ’ and ‘to what extent did you have negative thoughts, thoughts about unpleasant experiences or things that make you feel bad? ’. The two measurement models for the two exogeneous latent variables (predictors) had excellent fit, see Supplementary file 1a. The mediators drug use and excessive media use were recoded into dichotomous variables from categorical responses, due to sparse endorsement of some categories. Both were expressed with a positive value for at least one occasion of marijuana, opiate or tranquilliser use in the last 4 weeks, or, for at least 4 hr of daily consumption of any of social media, digital media, or video game (none at all, under 1 hr, 1–3 hr, 4–6 hr, more than 6 hr), respectively. Alcohol consumption was used as a continuous variable (not at all, rarely, once a month, several times a month, once a week, several times a week, once a day, more than once a day). Hours of sleep per night (<6 hr, 6–8 hr, 8–10 hr, >10 hr) during the week and frequency of 30 min exercise (sporting activities) per week were analysed with the original categories from the measure. For each of the four survey time points, two separate models were conducted, one to assess how ‘social adversity’ predicted mental health scores, and the second to assess how ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ predicted mental health scores. Mental health scores were our three endogenous variables, SPQ traits, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Covariances between the outcome variables were included in the model, including covariances between mediators led to a non-converging model. As we hypothesised that these relationships are mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours, we included drug consumption, excessive media use, alcohol consumption, hours of sleep per night during the week, and exercise per week as mediation variables to explain the relationship between each exogeneous latent variable (‘COVID-19 related life concerns’, ‘social adversity’) and all the endogenous variables (SPQ, depression, and anxiety). In order to facilitate comparison across the four surveys collected at different time points throughout the pandemic, we included as confounders in each model those variables which were associated with differences across the time points at p<0. 01 (Table 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 등록하기 레이어닫기 키워드 등록 등록된 키워드에 새로운 논문이 등록되거나 업데이트 된 경우 안내해요. 알림 결과가 없다면? - 모든 단어의 맞춤법이 정확한지 확인해보세요. - 다른 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 더 일반적인 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 키워드 수를 줄여보세요. 레이어닫기 등록한 키워드 (0/30) 새로운 키워드를 등록해보세요. 키워드 삭제는마이페이지 〉 알림 〉 설정 에서 가능합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots are commonly used to assist patients with non-urgent inquiries. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Data from all four surveys were pooled, with the first survey acting as the reference for our three outcome variables; the results match those of the Kruskal-Wallis test (Supplementary file 1b). Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated significant moderate correlations between SPQ and anxiety (r=0. 57–0. 68) and between SPQ and depression (r=0. 53–0. 58) in all four surveys (Supplementary file 1c). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Boxplot of (A) Questionnaire (SPQ), (B) anxiety scores (SCL-27) and (C) depression scores (SCL-27) separately for four time point samples. The colored dots represent the means of the distributions, the boxplot the median (middle line in the box), the lower and upper quartiles (edges of the box), the area where 95% of the distribution lies (vertical lines), and the outliers (black dots). The respective sample sizes are April-May sample N = 781, September – October sample N = 498, January – February sample N = 544, May sample N = 486. Table 2 Overview of the results of the Kruskal-square test and Dunn’s post-hoc test for the endogenous variables, mediators, or exogeneous latent variables in the following structural equation models. Comparisons presented are those comparing the latter survey to the prior survey, as well the last survey to the first survey. Survey comparisonPost-hoc test (Dunn’s test p-values)Kruskal-WallisX2pApril/May 2020 vsSeptember/ Oct. 2020September/ October 2020 vsJanuary/ February 2021JanuaryFebruary 2021 vsMay 2021April/May 2020 vsMay 2021Endogenous variableSPQ0. 610. 8930. 580. 440. 790. 99Anxiety57. 560. 0000. 001. 000. 370. 00Depression28. 040. 0000. 000. 000. 930. 09MediatorsExcessive media use39. 980. 0000. 000. 000. 000. 92Drug consumption1. 920. 5900. 980. 570. 580. 21Alcohol consumption28. 400. 0000. 020. 320. 110. 00Exercise78. 980. 0000. 000. 000. 920. 00Sleep20. 960. 0000. 010. 430. 580.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 저널 신간 알림 신청 오늘 하루 그만 보기 저널 신간 알림이 등록되었습니다. 확인 전체 알림 아직 발송된 알림이 없어요. 이용하기 좋은 알림들을 추천할게요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: India takes the top spot amongst 148 countries in terms of affordability of ICT technology17. Hence, the implementation of ICT in HSM should be an easy choice. Since most companies are using cloud-based platforms, '[this helps] to reduce infrastructure cost. Scaling up becomes easier on a cloud environment'18. The HSM is also efficacious in disseminating information for health awareness, immunizations or precautions to be taken during epidemics (such as Ebola). Companies implementing the HSM have helped create and sustain thousands of rural jobs, both direct and indirect. Lessons learnedHSM is an effective mechanism that allows for greater distribution while minimizing costs when paired with ICT. There are many areas in emerging nations in Africa and where healthcare accessibility is limited. This also holds true for remote areas in advanced nations such as Sweden, Finland, Russia, Australia, Canada and the USA where there is limited access due to weather conditions and other factors. HSM paired with ICT will effectively service such regions, reducing unnecessary travel and other related costs. 'You don't need a PhD in economics to figure out this model is a lot cheaper and probably a lot more convenient for patients'10. healthcare companies such as iKure, Vaatsalya Healthcare, (Dental), are demonstrating that using HSM paired with ICT not only allows for treatment of medical conditions but also lowers costs and improves availability, making health care accessible and affordable to the nation. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to express special thanks to the management team at iKure (www. ikure. in and www. ikuretechsoft. com) (- Founder & CEO, and ), who walked him through the implementation of iKure's hub and spoke model and for sharing their company's information. 1. Govindarajan V, Ramamurti R. Delivering world-class health care, affordably. Review (Internet) 2013; 2. Available: (Accessed 26 February 2014). 2. Museum. History - in the Air, 1955. (Internet). Available: (Accessed 7 August 2015). 3. Rivett G. of the System. 1823-2015 (Internet) 2015. Available: (Accessed 2 August 2015). 4. Dawson B. Interim report on the future provision of medical and allied services. Great Britain, Ministry of Health. (Internet) 1920.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 21498. 071350. 0000. 8660. 0744 - May 21448. 081350. 0000. 8660. 073 df: degree of freedom; X2: Chi squared test; CFI: comparative fit index; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation. ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ model The results for this model are presented in Table 4, and for the mediator media in Figure 4. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Structural equation model showing a mediator model of the impact of ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ on depressive and anxiety-related symptoms and Schizotypal traits, via the mediator excessive media use. The exogeneous latent variable (‘predictor’) had an elevating effect on the endogenous variable (‘outcome’) and the mediator. Black estimates: April/May 2020 survey, purple estimates: September/October 2020 survey, blue estimates: January/February 2021 survey, green estimates: May 2021 survey. Solid, bold lines indicate direct effects; dashed lines indicate indirect effects. Effects are only shown where p<0. 05 (see Table 4). Other possible mediators were included in the model, but are not depicted for simplicity, as indirect effects were non-significant (Table 4). ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of Questionnaire; TP: time point; Co19_concerns: COVID-19 related life concerns. Table 4 Overview of all results of the structural equation model with ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ as exogeneous latent variable for mental health endogenous variables mediated by harmful and healthy behaviours. The results are separated by endogenous variable (schizotypal traits, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms), mediators (excessive media use, drug consumption, alcohol consumption, units of exercise per week, hours of sleep per night during weeks) and samples at the four time points, showing indirect, direct, and total effects, as well as individual pathways. OutcomeMediatorsSample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectabcestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepSPQuse10. 010. 1810. 010. 9150. 050. 0780. 23. 0200. 000. 95020. 000. 2010. 230. 0010. 010. 8280. 260.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 알림 추천 보러가기 데이터 안내 [AI 학습용 원문 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 원문 원문 PDF 파일 원문 + 메타 (기본/상세) 원문 PDF 파일 및 서지정보 CSV 대량 구매용 데이터 B2B 구독 방식 특정 자료 한정으로 원문 접근 권한 부여 URL 전달 방식 바로 PDF 뷰어를 열람할 수 있는 URL 제공 [주요 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 기본 메타 발행기관명, 간행물명, 권호명, 권(vol), 호(issue), 통권, 발행연도, 발행월, 논문�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 7 (UK) times more suitable microclimate under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions (Fig. 2). In consequence, a species that experienced a reduction in predicted probability of occurrence derived from macroclimate data will not necessarily lose climate at fine-resolution. Indeed, though 0. 5° European models implied the extirpation of 37 species from the Lizard Peninsula, and 5 km UK models 29 species, no extirpations were predicted by fine-resolution models (or indeed observed). For M. melissophyllum the results were similar (Fig. 3), though extirpation was predicted by microclimate models at some locations. Nevertheless, at localities with low (0. 1) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution in either period, M. melissophyllum was predicted to have 24. 9 times the area under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions. Whereas 0. 5° resolution models predicted extirpation from 29 of the 72 localities, 100m resolution models predicted extirpations from just 16. The breakdown in the relationship between macro and microclimate suitability over just a few decades calls into question the accuracy of range projections made using macroclimate data. macroclimate or microclimate data are used to predict species distribution shifts also affected expectations of how far species’ ranges would have to shift in order to track changes in climate. We calculated the mean of the distances between each grid cell predicted to be occupied historically and the nearest location with climatically suitable conditions under recent conditions. To track climate change at 0. 5° resolution, species would have had to shift between 0. 56 and 259 km, with a mean of 23. 0 km. At 5 km resolution, species would have had to shift between 2 m and 306 km, with a mean of 5. 93 km. When assessed using microclimate data, species would have had to have shifted between just 0 m and 3. 15 km, with a mean of 220 m, equating to just 8. 8 m per year (Table S1). Therefore, the rate at which taxa must move in order to keep pace with climate, is likely to be within the dispersal capability of even slow-growing sessile species14. The shorter distances predicted by microclimate models appear to be more accurate than the longer distances predicted by macroclimate models.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 000–0. 050. 3500. 310. 00040. 010. 3030. 360. 000–0. 090. 002–0. 100. 2780. 350. 000 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. Generally, the structural equation model revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ was directly related to schizotypy (September/October 2020, May 2021), anxiety (September/October 2020, January/February 2021, May 2021), and depression (all surveys) (pathway c), and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ was positively associated with media (January/February 2021), drug (September/October 2020, January/February 2021, May 2021) and alcohol consumption (May 2021), and negatively associated with sleep (January/February 2021, May 2021) (pathway a). There were significant indirect effects of ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ on schizotypy, depression, and anxiety only through excessive media consumption (pathway a–b). The alternative models reveal a worse model fit and are presented in Supplementary file 1n, for Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion (AIC/BIC )in comparison. Investigating the endogenous variable SPQ (Figure 4, Table 4), we found that concerns directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic had an increasing effect on SPQ scores in the September/ October 2020 survey and May 2021 survey, with this estimate being highest at the September/ October 2020 survey (c=0. 23). Here, more stress due to the COVID-19 restrictions led to higher SPQ scores. At these time points as well as at the January/ February 2021 survey, the total effects were significant. The mediation of this effect via media consumption was significant in the January/ February 2021 survey. People who experienced greater COVID-19 stress were more likely to consume media excessively and have higher SPQ. Media consumption explained a quarter of the total effects of COVID-19 stress on SPQ In addition, there was a trend towards a significant mediation with sleep in the January/ February 2021 survey.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��, 저자명, 시작페이지, 종료페이지, 전체페이지, 상세페이지URL 상세 메타 데이터 발행기관 메타 발행기관 이명, 영문명, 창립연도, 홈페이지URL, 발행기관 소개 간행물 메타 부제목, 간행물 유형, 최초발행연도, 폐간연도, 간행빈도, 발행주기, 등재사항, 이용수, 피인용수, 권호수, 논문수, 표지이미지 논문 메타 작성 언어, 부제목, 대등제목, 목차, 키워드, 초록, 이미지, 참고문헌, 이용수, 피인용수, 논문활용도, DBpia통합�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: AbstractClimate change has been shown to be an increasingly important driver of changes in the distribution, abundance and life history of bird species, causing changes of biodiversity and community compositions, e. g. , measured by climate change indicators. Especially changes in the distributional ranges of species have been demonstrated in many cases, with some species being driven towards their altitudinal or latitudinal limits leading to shrinking populations. But also changes of phenology, genetics, and population sizes have been proposed to be caused by climate change. Although there is recent evidence only for regional climate-driven extinction events for birds, climate change can be considered among the major risk factors that might lead to the complete extinction of bird species. Together with (and sometimes contradicting) land-use change and demographic effects, climate change is shown to be a risk factor especially for cold-dwelling, restricted-range, and slowly adapting species. However, indirectly, by means of climate change mitigation measures modifying land-use patterns, also widespread generalist species are becoming increasingly threatened. Despite demonstrated niche conservatism in several cases, also adaptation of species to climate change is taking place, changing their multidimensional niche spaces. Birds are not sufficiently tracking climate change, nor do northern and southern range limits shift at the same pace. Thus, altered migration phenology and distance have been proven, often proposed to result from phenotypic adaptation. In a few cases, however, genetic predisposition and/or microevolution appear to shape the impact climate change has on bird species. There is broad consensus that climate change will lead to a reshuffling of communities and altered selection pressures both within and among species. The extent of the projected changes largely differs among studies owing, e. g. , to the uncertainty inherent in climate change predictions. Nevertheless, niche space is expected to undergo future changes for many species, which, in turn, can have beneficial or detrimental effects on the survival of the respective species or communities and may also lead to changes in the effectiveness of bird protection which in turn should be adjusted to climate change impacts. You have full access to this open access 12. 1 IntroductionPast climatic changes have regularly triggered large-scale alterations of plant and animal communities. Single large-scale extinction events occurred at least five times in Earth’s history, the sixth mass extinction being suspected to be under way (Barnosky et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Investigating anxiety (Figure 4, Table 4), we found in the last three surveys that COVID-19 related concerns were associated with increased anxiety, with the strongest effect at the May 2021 survey (c=0. 20) and the weakest effect in January/ February 2021 (c=0. 14). Significant total effects were measurable at these time points. A significant indirect effect with the mediator excessive media consumption was seen in January/ February 2021: 12. 5% of the effects of COVID-19 related concerns on anxiety symptoms occurred through excessive media consumption. In all four surveys, increased stress from the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly related to greater depressive symptoms (Figure 4, Table 4), with this effect being lowest (c=0. 22) at the April/ May 2020 survey and highest (c=0. 35) in May 2021. Therefore, all total effects were also significant. Only in January/ February 2021 was there a significant indirect effect with the mediator excessive media consumption: here, excessive media consumption explained 6% of the effects of COVID-19 stress on depressive symptoms. No other statistically significant mediation effects were found. ‘Social adversity’ results for this model are presented in Table 5, and for the mediator media in Figure 5. Table 5 Overview of all results of the structural equation model with ‘social adversity’ as an exogeneous latent variable for mental health endogenous variables with a mediation by harmful and healthy behaviours. The results are separated by endogenous variable (schizotypal traits, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms), mediators (excessive media use, drug consumption, alcohol consumption, units of exercise per week, and hours of sleep per night during weeks) and samples at the four time points, showing indirect, direct, and total effects, as well as individual pathways. OutcomeMediatorsSample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectabcestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepSPQuse10. 010. 1560. 130. 0270. 050. 0620. 210. 0220. 120. 04320. 010. 2190. 250. 0000. 040. 1220. 250. 0150. 240. 00130. 030. 0170. 260. 0000. 110. 0000. 250. 0040. 230. 00040. 000. 9890. 330. 0000. 050. 0560. 000. 9870. 330.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, 저자 메타 소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도 [결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 ※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능 이용순위 정보 주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문 “인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문 “중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 세부기�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Non-analogue climatic regimes and communities stimulated both the extinction of existing and the evolution of new species. For birds, such stimuli comprise the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (Longrich et al. 2011) but also ice ages and the creation of new weather systems like the monsoon in (Weir and Schluter 2004; Koch and Barnosky 2006; Päckert et al. 2012). Since the twentieth century, life on Earth has been faced with an anthropogenic increase in Earth surface temperature of 0. 74 °C, with mean temperature increases exceeding over two degrees in certain areas of the temperate and arctic climate zones (Pacifici et al. 2015; Houghton et al. 2001). Future climatic projections predict a continued rise in Earth surface temperature by 0. 3–4. 8 °C (relative to 1986–2005 conditions) until the end of the twenty-first century (IPCC 2013). Ongoing climatic change markedly differs from preceding changes, because the latter supposedly did not occur at such small temporal scales and were not accompanied by changes in land use which act—at least partly—independently of them. Accepting climate change as a scientific fact, this inevitably leads us to the question of how those unprecedented changes might influence the future of bird species. 12. 2 Birds and Climate Change: an Impact? When focusing on climate change impacts, it becomes apparent that a vast amount of knowledge already exists showing various types and magnitudes of impacts on bird species. We especially find phenologic, genetic, population level and biogeographic changes. Regarding phenology, changes in the arrival (and partly also departure) timing of migratory species, in some cases diminishing migratory activity, alteration of migratory distances, and changes in breeding behavior related to earlier arrival and timing of breeding as well as increased length of the breeding season and numbers of broods have been found, but no strong effects on clutch sizes could be demonstrated (Doswald et al. 2009; Visser et al. 2009; Both and Visser 2001; Smallegange et al. 2010; Both et al. 2004; Møller et al. 2010; Parmesan and Yohe 2003; Winkler et al. 2002). For most of those effects, it remains unclear whether phenotypical plasticity or rather genetic changes cause them (e. g. , Gienapp et al. 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 000 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Structural equation model showing a mediator model of the impact of ‘social adversity’ on depressive and anxiety-related symptoms and schizotypal traits and via the mediator excessive media use. The exogeneous latent variable (‘predictor’) had an elevating effect on the endogenous variable (‘outcome’) and the mediator. We only present significant pathways (p<0. 05). Black estimates: April/May 2020 survey, purple estimates: September/October 2020 survey, blue estimates: January/February 2021, green estimates: May 2021 survey. Solid, bold lines indicate direct effects; dashed lines indicate indirect effects. Other possible mediators were included in the model, but are not depicted for simplicity, as indirect effects were non-significant (Table 5). ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of Questionnaire; TP: time point; Soc_adversity: social adversity. The structural equation model revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘social adversity’ was directly related to schizotypy, anxiety, and depression in all surveys (pathway c), and social adversity was positively associated with media (January/ February 2021) and drug (April/ May 2020, January/ February 2021, May 2021) consumption, and negatively associated with sleep (all surveys). Alcohol was positively correlated with social adversity at the April/ May 2020 survey: people who were more isolated drank more alcohol (pathway a). The alternative models revealed a worse model fit and are presented in the Supplementary file 1n for AIC/BIC in comparison. Exploring the effect of ‘social adversity’ on schizotypy (Figure 5, Table 5), we found that in all four surveys, social adversity was associated with higher levels of schizotypal traits, with this association being most pronounced in the May 2021 survey (c=0. 33). Significant total effects were shown in all four surveys. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey: 11. 5% of the effects of social adversity during the pandemic on schizotypy were mediated by excessive media consumption.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��별 많이 이용된 논문 “서울대학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드별 많이 이용된 논문 “Chat GPT”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드 정보 많이 이용된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 이용된 키워드 많이 발행된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 발행된 키워드 많이 검색된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 검색된 키워드 연구 트렌드 키워드 특정 키워드 연관 연구동향 분석 데이터 키워드 Close 프로그램(로봇) 사

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: In some cases, it has been hypothesized that climate change might have led to altered selection pressures, e. g. , resulting in changed coloration (Karell et al. 2011), smaller body sizes (Salewski et al. 2010), and the change of migration routes or migratory activity within few generations (Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2006; Plummer et al. 2015). Especially, selection for dispersal and reproductive traits is thought to increase toward range edges (Oliver and Morecroft 2014). Population changes reveal themselves as a result of altered biotic and abiotic conditions and can be more or less pronounced, depending on the adaptability of species. Changes of species abundance have been increasingly related to climate change effects (Jiguet et al. 2010; Renwick et al. 2012; Tayleur et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2017). Biogeographic changes are caused by the aforementioned factors, first in the form of spatial abundance shifts, local extinction, and colonization events and then, ultimately, as areal shifts, resulting in either gain or loss (in Europe at the northern and southern range margins, respectively) of species’ ranges (e. g. , Thomas and Lennon 1999; Hitch and Leberg 2007). In Europe, predominantly range extensions could be demonstrated, whereas range loss is much less commonly reported. Yet, climate change-driven global or continental extinction events for bird species remain to be unambiguously proven, although together with weather extremes it already seems to be a primary or secondary threat of extinction for around 10% of bird taxa (Szabo et al. 2012) and local extinctions have already been demonstrated in both northern temperate and tropical parts of the Americas (Wiens 2016). Within the last two decades, range shifts have increasingly been debated as a proof of measurable climate change impact on bird species and communities. In northern temperate regions, mostly, shifts at the northern or leading range margins toward the northeast or northwest have been reported (e. g. , Lehikoinen and Virkkala 2016) and seem to be constricted by winter temperatures (Parmesan 2006), whereas evidence for corresponding shifts of the southern or trailing range margins remains scarcer (e. g. , Gillings et al. 2015; Tayleur et al. 2016). Furthermore, range shifts in the tropics (Walther et al. 2002; Şekercioğlu et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Investigating the effect of social adversity on anxiety (Figure 5, Table 5), structural equation models revealed that the exogeneous latent variable was associated with heightened anxiety (c=0. 25–0. 29). All total effects were significant. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed again a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey: 3. 6% of the effects of social adversity during the pandemic on depressive symptoms were mediated by excessive media use. Again, there was no other statistically significant indirect effect, revealing no additional mediators. Furthermore, SEM revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘social adversity’ had a positive association with depressive symptoms in all four surveys (Figure 5, Table 5). All total effects were significant. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed again a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey, with 2% of effects explained. Exploratory model: mediating effects of anxiety and depression on schizotypal traits In an exploratory model, we investigated the mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the association between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy, and social adversity and schizotypy. The model fit is presented in Supplementary file 1o. We found that the association between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy was fully mediated by anxiety scores only in the January/February 2021 and May 2021 surveys. Anxiety also mediated the effects of social adversity and schizotypy across all four surveys (Table 6). Depression did not act as a mediator between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy, but it did mediate effects of social adversity predicting schizotypy in January/February 2021. Table 6 Exploratory analysis: Anxiety and Depression as Mediators and Schizotypy as Outcome. Sample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectsabcPredictorMediatorsestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepCo19 related life concernsDepression10. 000. 999–0. 030. 6370. 240. 0010. 000. 998–0. 03. 73820. 020. 4580. 080. 1270. 290. 0000. 070. 4570. 06. 29930. 070. 070–0. 010. 8950. 340. 0000. 210. 013–0. 08. 15740. 070. 0510. 030. 6230.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 용이 의심됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Changes in the local climatic suitability for bird species can be calculated using regression models of occurrence/abundance of species in a given area at a time and the climatic circumstances in the same area and time period. Those trends in climatic suitability can then be linked to the climatic changes in the same time period and area. Apart from changes of suitability, a simpler measure of the climatic dependence or niche of a species can be used by calculating the average temperature throughout the range of their occurrence. This value can be used to distinguish warm-dwelling and cold-dwelling species. Furthermore, weighing the abundance (relative to other species) of a species in a given year by its temperature value and averaging over the whole community of species, a community temperature index (DeVictor et al. 2008, cf. Fig. 12. 1) can be calculated, representing the “fever curve” of the bird community. This indicator is not just sensitive to changes in the distribution of species but also to changes in abundance and thus unveils the changes happening within ranges rather than focusing only on range margins. Fig. 12. 1The community temperature index in Germany is the “fever curve” of the bird community. It contains 88 common bird species and shows the relative changes in the proportion of warm- vs. cold-dwelling species by averaging the population trend indices, weighed by the temperature niche of the single species within their European distributional range. Changes do not seem to be tremendous between 1990 and 2013 but reflect very well the changes in mean April–July temperatures in Germany with increases at the beginning of the 1990s and 2000s and a decrease since 2009Full size image All those approaches have added tremendously to our perception of climate change effects on birds. Thereby, it became known that bird species richness is changing, especially due to the immigration and increase of new species but regionally also due to the decline and/or loss of species. Additionally, proposed range shifts reflected very well changes among potential “winners” and “losers” of climate change on continental levels or even across continents (Gregory et al. 2009; Stephens et al. 2016). But also, smaller-scale changes in the climatic impact could be tracked, and the reshuffling of communities was demonstrated (DeVictor et al. 2008; Princé and Zuckerberg 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 370. 0000. 180. 035–0. 04. 558Anxiety10. 050. 0920. 030. 7340. 080. 1010. 680. 000–0. 03. 73820. 090. 2090. 350. 0020. 190. 0000. 800. 0000. 06. 29930. 160. 0000. 080. 1640. 170. 0000. 930. 000–0. 08. 15740. 170. 0000. 130. 0410. 200. 0000. 870. 000–0. 04. 558Social adversityDepression10. 050. 531–0. 030. 5710. 480. 0000. 110. 527–0. 08. 44220. 080. 2490. 050. 3710. 460. 0000. 170. 567–0. 03. 78730. 170. 0040. 010. 7890. 510. 0000. 340. 002–0. 16. 02840. 100. 1450. 090. 1420. 560. 0000. 170. 146–0. 01. 896Anxiety10. 180. 0000. 100. 3420. 260. 0000. 710. 000–0. 08. 44220. 230. 0000. 210. 0490. 280. 0000. 830. 000–0. 03. 78730. 260. 0000. 100. 2160. 280. 0000. 940. 000–0. 16. 02840. 240. 0000. 230. 0120. 290. 0000. 850. 000–0. 01. 896 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. this paper, we investigated whether ‘social adversity’ and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ predicted schizotypal traits, anxiety, and depression in snowball-ascertained samples of British and German participants at four time points throughout the pandemic. We furthermore explored whether these associations were mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours using a structural equation modelling approach. COVID-19 related life concerns’ model Our results showed that COVID-19 related life concerns were associated with SPQ scores in September/October 2020 and May 2021, anxiety symptoms in all surveys except the first lockdown in March 2020, and depressive symptoms in all four surveys.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3211102/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was conducted with the aim of modeling the social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation; Statistical population of the research consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 2022–2023. In order to determine the sample size, according to Klein (2010) in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible. A total of 228 adolescent boys and girls were selected by available sampling method. They responded to Keyes and Magyar-Mae (2003) social well-being questionnaires, D’Zurilla et al. (2002) social problem solving, Riefee et al. (2007) emotional awareness, Dennis and Vander wall (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires. The direction of the data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using path analysis technique in structural equations in SPSS-26 and Amos-23 software. The results of direct paths indicated that the regression coefficient of social problem solving to the social well-being of adolescents is significant (P < 0. 01), while the direct regression path of cognitive flexibility to social well-being is not significant (P > 0. 05). Also, the results demonstrated that social problem solving (P < 0. 05) and cognitive flexibility (P < 0. 05) can indirectly influence the social well-being of adolescents through emotional self-awareness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. social problem-solvingcognitive flexibilityemotional self-awarenesssocial well-beingadolescentsFiguresFigure 1IntroductionAdolescence is a stage in human life that includes the years after the beginning of puberty until the beginning of adulthood (around the ages of 9–19). During this period, the most sensitive experiences of human life occur, including emotional, social, and emotional experiences such as love and friendship, identity formation, education, and employment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: While currently no climate-driven global extinctions of bird species can be proven, vast species losses are predicted for the future. Dramatic distribution shifts of on average up to 550 km northward in Europe have been hypothesized (Huntley et al. 2008). Including land use into such projections leads to less pronounced shift projections of 335 km, at least under the expectation of niche conservatism (Barbet-Massin et al. 2012). Nevertheless, on a global perspective, vast land-use change acting jointly with climate change might very well lead to an even higher threat for biodiversity (Jetz et al. 2007; Mantyka-Pringle et al. 2015). In the USA, 53% of species are projected to lose more than half of their current range (Langham et al. 2015). Especially, rare species with restricted ranges might be affected by such changes (Ohlemüller et al. 2008). Furthermore, climate change impacts are proposed to be more severe for cold-dwelling species, restricted-range species, and species using seasonal habitats (Both et al. 2010). In contrast, warm-dwelling, generalist, and adaptable species are expected to profit from forecast climatic changes (Davey et al. 2012). Additionally, although projections do not show associations to conservation prioritization (Langham et al. 2015), it has been proposed that protected areas might be able to at least partly buffer climate change impacts due to offering habitat niches and allowing for range shifts by providing refuges or stepping-stones for bird populations and communities (Hole et al. 2009). Another mismatch occurs in the relationship between effects of climate and land-use change. There are hypotheses stating that climate change might become an even more important threat factor than land-use change (Boit et al. 2016). However, there still exists considerable debate over this issue and especially for the tropics, but also for temperate regions, rather land-use change is expected to remain more important than climate change, whereas in arctic, boreal, and alpine environments, a larger effect of climate change is expected (Jetz et al. 2007; Sala et al. 2000). Despite the unresolved question of which factor might be more important, future change projections of bird distributions often do not consider both climate and land-use change and their interactions which leads to an even higher uncertainty.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: -19 related concerns were associated with schizotypal traits in those samples collected when the restrictions on daily life and the restrictive measures were less severe (September/October 2020 Daimer et al. , 2021 and May 2021 samples). This may be attributed to characteristics of a schizotypal personality. While some people may be less stressed due to lower restrictive measures and may quickly return to normality, others with more schizotypal traits may still be suspicious of the situation and unable to trust it (Preti et al. , 2020), whereas they were more likely to feel secure when restrictions were in place, which is why effects were not seen during lockdowns. COVID-19 related concerns, moreover, predicted an increase in media consumption, in the samples measured at the January/February 2021 survey, confirming that individuals who experienced high stress related to COVID-19 may use excessive media consumption as a potential coping strategy (Bendau et al. , 2021). Media consumption was also associated with increased schizotypy and depressive and anxiety symptoms in people experiencing high levels of COVID-19 related concerns in the sample measured in January/February 2021, when case numbers were highest in both countries. Here we found that media consumption significantly mediated the effect of COVID-19 related life concerns on schizotypy and depressive and anxiety symptoms, potentially by increasing levels of fear and misinformation (Tasnim et al. , 2020) and thus increasing these symptoms (Ni et al. , 2020; Satici et al. , 2020). COVID-19 related life concerns also predicted drug consumption in the samples from September/October 2020, January/February 2021 and May 2021, indicating the role of drugs as a coping strategy of burdened people (Czeisler et al. , 2020). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between COVID-19 related life concerns and alcohol consumption only in the May 2021 survey. This could be due to the calming effect of alcohol on the nervous system, hence it could be expected that consumption might increase in response to stressors (Kypri and McCambridge, 2018; Eckardt et al. , 1998). However, we did not find this effect in the three other surveys. Interestingly, general alcohol consumption declined in most of the European countries, with the exception of the UK (Kilian et al. , 2021) during the pandemic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (Ghadampour et all. ,2019). In addition, adolescence is placed in the framework of unfavorable social conditions, including family and peer pressure, social and cultural norms, and the complex and complicated demands of society and social groups, which leads to the prolongation of adolescence and delays in fulfilling adult duties. The consequences of not paying attention to mental health of adolescents extends to adulthood and disrupts social and psychological well-being (& Hosni, 2022). Social well-being is defined as the evaluation and recognition of a person's performance in society and the quality of his relationships with other people, relatives and social groups of which they are members of. (et all. ,2020). According to Keyes (1998), social well-being consists of five dimensions of social integration, social participation, social cohesion, social actualization, and social acceptance and it is related to mental health outcomes (González et all. ,2021). The importance of social well-being has been mentioned by various authors such as Chen et al. (2018) and Wrigley (2019) as one of the key factors in the academic and career progress of adolescents and also as a structure affecting physical and mental health of students, their academic performance and personal growth. When the individual's social bond with the society is severed, the lack of social well-being will make the individual prone to misbehavior and emotional problems (Sharbatian & Erfanian Ghasab, 2018). Social problem solving is one of the cognitive-behavioral processes which is used for a wide range of normal life problems and behavioral and social disorders (Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, 2019). One of the most efficient definitions of social problem solving was conceptualized by D’Zurilla et all. (1995) is defined as a self-directed cognitive behavioral process through which a person tries to find effective or adaptive ways to deal with different situations. Identify or discover the problem that is encountered in daily life. In this model, problem solving is defined as a cognitive-emotional-behavioral process that requires discovering a flexible solution to a problem (Khanh, 2021). Adolescence is an important period for the development of age-appropriate social problem-solving abilities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Also, ecological features of species which influence dispersal, adaptability, resilience, and persistence of species are often ignored (Jiguet et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2008). Studies that incorporate those factors mostly reveal tremendously different or even contrasting possible outcomes in comparison to pure climate-based projections (e. g. , Urban et al. 2012). Even when incorporating interaction effects and biological mechanisms into future projections, there still remains considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which single species, geographical areas, and ecosystems might be influenced by climate change. Future projections remain very vague for several reasons. They especially depend on many assumptions, e. g. , about the fundamental and realized niches of species but also about the equilibrium of species distributions and climate. They sometimes even have to extrapolate to non-analogue conditions. And, overall, not only is the future extent of climate change on a global level unknown, but also its potential effects on regional and local scales are yet poorly understood. But for all that uncertainty about which effects climate change and other factors might have on biodiversity, the footprint of climate change is already apparent, e. g. , illustrated by current bird population trends mirroring forecast climatic changes (Jiguet et al. 2013). This scientific fact clearly calls us into action. 12. 5 and Interactions with Abiotic and “Evolve”? As outlined before, future projections of climatic impacts on bird species or communities still remain vague. Despite the uncertainties of climate change, land-use change, their interactions, species traits, and species distribution models, major causes for this are assumptions of niche conservatism and stability. Those can in many cases be questioned and thus represent an additional source of uncertainty. Although for many species a clear relation to climate has been found, projections in time and space are hampered by several factors. Species have been shown to react to climate change, e. g. , by adapting their migratory behavior (Schaefer et al. 2008). Several species have shifted their arrival dates, changed wintering and stopover areas, or their migratory routes (Lehikoinen et al. 2004, 2013; Maclean et al. 2008). But even without such changes, species might react to climatic changes in unexpected ways, especially when they are faced with non-analogue conditions (i. e. , abiotic or biotic conditions they have not yet faced with within their former range).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Our first model also revealed that higher levels of COVID-19 related life concerns was associated with fewer hours of sleep at night in the January/February 2021 and May 2021 surveys. Poor sleeping or poor sleeping patterns (e. g. <6 hr of sleep) are associated with worse mental health (Becker et al. , 2018; João et al. , 2018). Franceschini and colleagues (Franceschini et al. , 2020) showed that 55% of 6519 adults reported poor sleep quality during the first lockdown, which was associated with higher levels of stress during the pandemic. Consistent with these findings, we found that more hours of sleep (>6 hr) were associated with lower levels of depression in the April/May 2020 and September/October 2020 surveys, lower anxiety levels in the April/May 2020 survey and lower SPQ scores in September/October 2020. Sleep may therefore play an important role as an emotional stabiliser (Goldstein and Walker, 2014). We did not find a negative association between COVID related life concerns and physical activity; however, we found a positive association between physical activity and mental health scores; indicating that more physical activity is associated with higher anxiety in the September/October 2020 survey and May 2021 survey. This is surprising and contradicts a large body of literature showing the positive effect of exercise on levels of anxiety, depression, and stress (for review see Mikkelsen et al. , 2017). However, people who play sports frequently may have suffered more from the pandemic containment measures, which included severe restrictions on the execution of sports. Here, especially team sports are affected, which combines positive social interaction with sports. In order to compensate, affected individuals may over-compensate with individual sports which lack the social component. The associations found in our surveys occurred when general restrictions were lower, therefore, more exercise potentially means an increased risk of exposure to potentially infected individuals, for example, in gyms. A study by Mehrsafar et al. showed that among professional athletes, isolation from their athletic team, reduced activity and training, lack of formal coaching, and lack of social support from fans and media triggered emotional distress (Mehrsafar et al. , 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: As a social-motor learning skill; Social problem solving is used to find effective solutions to problems confronted by an individual or group in society and includes problem orientation and problem solving styles (For example, avoidant, impulsive, and rational) (Xiong et al. , 2021). According to Merrill et al. (2017), insufficient social problem-solving skills leads to more unsuccessful experiences, which can reduce the effectiveness of coping in a challenging situation and ultimately lead to maladjustment. Another structure that is related to people's well-being is cognitive flexibility, which refers to a person's awareness that there are options and alternatives in any situations (Demirtaş, 2020). This structure is considered as one of the fundamental factors in social interactions as a dynamic process that is responsible for positive adaptation of individuals to the community (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). In general, cognitive flexibility refers to a person's ability to properly adjust their behavior according to a changing environment (Lan, 2022). Cognitive flexibility requires planning, organized investigation and the ability to use environmental feedback to change cognitive cues and sets (Shkohi-Yekta et al. , 1400). The flexibility of adolescents in the occurrence of emotional reactions and their level of social performance and academic adaptation is very indicative (Mahdavi Neisiani. , 2015). Therefore, flexibility and adaptability are related structures, so that adaptability refers to a group of cognitive and behavioral strategies of an individual used to deal with stressful situations, while flexibility refers to the adaptive results in facing an opposite situation (& Jafari Harandi, 2019) and it can adapt thinking and behavior of teenagers in response to changes in the environment and enables them to react efficiently and appropriately to pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues (et al. , 1400). Lack of regulation and awareness of emotions is one of the effective factors in the occurrence of social incompatibility in children and adolescents. So that awareness of emotions is introduced as the first step towards changing emotions and regulating them, and lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability (Blackmore and Agllias, 2018). Emotional self-awareness is one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is a multifaceted structure and includes considering self-evaluation, individual experience and personal control (Lambert, 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: They can, e. g. , occur in new environments which through climate change might offer more food resources in winter or during the breeding season. And they obviously react to climate change in different ways according to regionally different environmental conditions or altered community structures and competition. Thus, no straightforward predictions can be made for the “evolution” of non-analogue communities, i. e. , communities which bird species have not encountered before (Urban et al. 2012). It can however be expected that some species will react to such new challenges using ecological innovations. Especially changes in relative abundances within communities will necessarily force species under pressure to adapt to new conditions. The more generalist or innovative (e. g. , niche-switching) species might fill niches that become available during the competition with species that are incapable of quick and efficient adaptation to new conditions. Not only the competition among species but also subspecies distributions and furthermore genetic diversity might alter due to climate change (Peterson and Holt 2003; Pearman et al. 2010; McQuillan and Rice 2015). But also external drivers like pathogens might influence species’ capacities for climate change adaptation through impacts on the population structures of species. One example of induced pathogens that might have an impact on birds in the face of climate change is represented by the Usutu virus. This virus has been introduced into Europe by single events and caused mass mortality events in Turdus merula in 2001 in Austria and 2011 in Germany (Weissenböck et al. 2003; Becker et al. 2012). Such events lead to the selection of immune birds and might also regionally change relative abundance structures within bird communities as the blackbird is among the most abundant bird species in Central Europe. It remains yet to be examined to which extent other bird species are affected by this virus and whether other species that are immune to it might profit from changed competition structures within the bird community. Also, at medium or long temporal scales, such pathogens by means of selection might shape the population genetic structure of species affected by them which in the case of Usutu cannot yet be demonstrated. It can be expected that on larger timescales, such effects will become more prominent. Large-scale subliminal effects might already be existent but become apparent only in some decades. Climate change is held responsible for the creation, differentiation, and extinction of species on evolutionary timescales.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: A third possibility could be that individuals started exercising more frequently and regularly during the pandemic as a result of loneliness, boredom or the knowledge of positive effects of sports on anxiety and depression; however, sport alone cannot completely protect against mental health problems (Pensgaard et al. , 2021). A potential reason for why we did not see a general positive effect might be the sensitivity of the measure (number of times of at least 30 min increased heart rate activity per week). Also, individuals may have changed their exercise habits from, for example, team sport to individual exercise, which may dampen the positive impact. Social adversity model In the second model, we explored and investigated the association between social adversity or the lack of supportive relationships and mental health, and how those associations were mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviour. We found that in all four surveys, social adversity predicted the expression of schizotypal traits. A study by Le et al. , 2019 found that in individuals with trait schizotypy, psychosis-like symptoms were exacerbated only in those who experienced increased loneliness. Individuals high in schizotypal traits tend to have fewer social skills. Therefore, an increase in loneliness during the pandemic might heighten schitzotypal traits, potentially pushing individuals with already high scores of schizotypy into full-blown psychosis (Brown et al. , 2020; Chau et al. , 2019; Esposito et al. , 2021). Our findings, in the light of the literature, show the tremendous need for enabling safe social contacts during situations which require social distancing. Furthermore, we found that social stress predicted both depressive and anxiety symptoms in all four samples. This is consistent with the social exclusion theory, which identifies social exclusion as the primary source of anxiety (Leary, 1990). Other studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have also shown that loneliness was the main risk factor for depression and anxiety (Okruszek et al. , 2020; Palgi et al. , 2020). McQuaid et al. , 2021 found that loneliness related to anxiety and depression increased in a dose-like fashion during the first half of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, social adversity was associated with increased excessive media use in the January/February 2021 sample and increased drug use in sample at the surveys from April/May 2020, January/February 2021 and May 2021. Both have been discussed as maladaptive coping mechanisms to reduce loneliness (Rokach, 2005).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Emotional awareness is considered as a personality trait and a skill that has been stated to play an important role in regulating people's performance and achieving success. Self-awareness is defined as self-reflection, focusing attention on one's personal experience (Ugoani et all. , 2015). Rieffe (2009) divided the key concepts of emotional self-awareness into six factors: 1) the ability to differentiate between emotions 2) physical self-awareness 3) linguistic sharing of emotions 4) not hiding emotions 5) paying attention to the emotions of others 6) analyzing emotions. Lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability. In this regard, Faali (2017) showed people who have weak self-awareness are not capable of regulating correct behavior and as a result they suffer from failure, behavioral problems and delinquency. People with high emotional self-awareness process answers in a suitable and fast cognitive way and use them in accordance with the environmental changes to achieve well-being. It is necessary to be aware of specific emotions in oneself and others in order to examine the most appropriate reactions in facing issues and adapting to the social environment (et al. , 2011). Examining the research background indicates the relationship between social problem solving and flexibility with different aspects of well-being in people. In this regard, Aburezeq & Kasik (2021) found in a research that there is a significant relationship between social problem solving (and three styles of positive problem orientation; negative problem orientation and impulsive style) with psychological well-being. Fathi et all. , (2021) found that there is a direct relationship between mindfulness and flexibility with problem solving, and the indirect effect of social competence on problem solving, mindfulness on flexibility, and mindfulness on problem solving is significant. Arshi (2020) in a research found that there is a positive and significant relationship between social adjustment and the ability to solve social problems, and self-compassion can positively and significantly predict social adjustment. Savari (2020) claimed that cognitive flexibility has a positive and significant relationship with psychological well-being. In a research, Albarzi et all. , (2018), showed that cognitive flexibility predicts social problem solving, and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between social skills and the family's emotional atmosphere was confirmed with social problem solving.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 2015). One of the major threats is related to the mismatch among today’s protected areas and the future ranges of species for which they were designed. Protected areas are designated and managed for species and might become less effective, if species shift ranges due to climate change (Coetzee et al. 2009). But how can adaptive management work in a changing world? And how can the success of a protected area network like Natura 2000 in Europe be assessed when species which triggered the designation of a protected area disappear due to climate rather than land-use change? Those questions are currently pending an answer. However, protected areas seem to mitigate climate change impacts both at species and community level (Gaüzere et al. 2016). Managing areas proactively might be one solution, at least if the new occurrence of a species of high conservation concern and/or climatic risk can be predicted with high certainty. Helping colonizing species to find new habitats can be a task for which existing protected areas could be used (Thomas et al. 2012). Also, as projections show that new refugia outside the protected area network might arise (Coetzee et al. 2009), new areas could be managed for prospective species, and protected area networks could be expanded. This can also take place in current protected areas but then has to be well-balanced with attempts to maintain populations of diminishing species. For some species, both approaches might be valuable in different parts throughout their ranges and might thus give them enough time and space to adapt to climate change. For this task, protected area networks give us a well-suited toolset yet remain to be extended and often still lack sufficient management planning (or at least information about it, as shown for individual countries, but also indicated by Gamero et al. 2017 for Europe). Also, it seems clear that protected areas cannot act as the only tool for climate change adaptation but have to be embedded in an enriched landscape matrix which has to provide stepping-stones for whole communities rather than only for single species. 251. 1266. 8581. 358. 4678. 443. 2953. 5272. 5350. 35. Elsevier Academic, London, pp 1–32 1135. p. 18 224. 4363. 7850. 2100. Science 287:1770–1774CAS PubMed 2002. 5:1132–1136PubMed 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Increased media consumption during the pandemic has been described as a compensation for the lack of social contacts (Cauberghe et al. , 2021). However, excessive use of social media increases the risk of misinformation (et al. , 2020; Tasnim et al. , 2020), and as pointed out above is linked to lower mental health, especially to higher levels of anxiety and depression (Gao et al. , 2020; Zhao and Zhou, 2020). Furthermore, higher social adversity also predicted higher alcohol consumption in the April/May 2020 survey. This showed that people who felt more lonely or isolated at the beginning of the pandemic also drank more alcohol, as previously found (Horigian et al. , 2021). Similar to the first model, social adversity was found to reduce sleep. Research on sleep, social adversity and mental health is inconsistent, with some studies reporting no influence of social adversity or loneliness on sleep (Hawkley et al. , 2010), while others show a clear negative impact of social adversity and loneliness on sleep (Bartoszek et al. , 2020; Groarke et al. , 2020). Unhealthy behavioural patterns might act in a negative self-reinforcing way, as it has been reported that lack of sleep leads people to participate less in social interactions and to withdraw (and Walker, 2018), increasing the risk for reduced mental health, which might again negatively impact the quality of sleep. However, our cross-sectional data does not show evidence of a direct link between reduced sleep, schizotypy, depressive or anxiety symptoms. We also found no association between social adversity and physical activity. This contradicts the results of other studies that report that loneliness decreases the likelihood of physical activity (Creese et al. , 2021; Hawkley et al. , 2009). However, we again found that more exercise was associated with higher levels of anxiety in the May 2021 survey (see possible explanation in section above). Excessive media consumption partially mediated the effects of social adversity on SPQ traits. Thus, individuals who suffer more from loneliness or lack of social support have higher schizotypy in part because of their propensity for high levels of media consumption. However, we did not find mediation of the social adversity and schizotypy association via drugs, alcohol consumption, exercise, or sleep.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to what was mentioned, these studies show that, so far, there has not been a comprehensive and similar research that examines the structural pattern of social well-being of young people based on social, emotional and cognitive characteristics. Since psychological factors are often powerful predictors for the difference in motivational processes in the sense of social well-being of young people, and there is a close and reciprocal relationship between these variables, therefore, the goal of present study is to model the social well-being of teenagers based on social problem solving and flexibility. Cognitive adaptability was done according to the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. Research methodAccording to the purpose of the research, the design of the current research was a description in the form of structural equation model and measurement. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 1401–1402. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein (2010)'s opinion, which claims that in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible, by pre-estimating and taking into account the possibility of dropping the sample, 228 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The criteria for entering the research included 1) age group between 15 and 18 years old, 2) studying in the 10th to 12th grade of the second secondary level, 3) no history of hospitalization or taking psychiatric drugs. Also, the criteria for leaving the research was the unwillingness to participate in the research process to complete the research questionnaires. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social well-being by Keyes & Magyar-Mae (2003), social problem solving by D’Zurilla et al. (2002), emotional awareness by Riefee et al. (2007), cognitive flexibility questionnaire by Dennis & (2010) were used. Research tool 1. Mental well-being questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Keyes and Magyar-Mae in 2003, which includes three dimensions of emotional well-being (12 questions), psychological well-being (18 questions) and social well-being (15 questions). In this research, in order to measure social well-being, 15 questions of social well-being dimension were used in the mental well-being questionnaire.

Output: pass