Input: Claim: Developing error-correcting methods is essential for reliable quantum computing. [SEP] Text: Skip to content the open journal for quantum science For authors For referees For editors For authors of policies and structure Tools and open source Code of Topological error correcting processes from fixed-point path integrals Topological error correcting processes from fixed-point path integralsAndreas BauerFreie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, GermanyPublished:2024-03-20, page 1288Eprint:arXiv:2303. 16405v3Doi: 8, 1288 (2024). Get full text pdfRead on arXiv VanityComment on Fermat's libraryFind this paper interesting or want to discuss? Scite or leave a comment on SciRate. AbstractWe propose a unifying paradigm for analyzing and constructing topological quantum error correcting codes as dynamical circuits of geometrically local channels and measurements. To this end, we relate such circuits to discrete fixed-point path integrals in Euclidean spacetime, which describe the underlying topological order: If we fix a history of measurement outcomes, we obtain a fixed-point path integral carrying a pattern of topological defects. As an example, we show that the stabilizer toric code, subsystem toric code, and CSS Floquet code can be viewed as one and the same code on different spacetime lattices, and the honeycomb Floquet code is equivalent to the CSS Floquet code under a change of basis. We also use our formalism to derive two new error-correcting codes, namely a Floquet version of the $3+1$-dimensional toric code using only 2-body measurements, as well as a dynamic code based on the double-semion string-net path integral. Featured image: Toric-code tensor-network path integral as $ZX$ diagram (in black/gray) on cubic lattice (in orange). With time $t$ going upwards, patches shaded in blue become $XXXX$ and $ZZZZ$ measurements. When choosing time to go in the $(1,1,1)$-direction, we get the CSS honeycomb Floquet code where each individual 4-index tensor becomes a $XX$ or $ZZ$ measurement. Popular summarySince quantum information is sensitive to noise, scalable quantum computation requires error correction, where the information of a few logical qubits is encoded non-locally in a larger number of physical qubits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: ” In a recent study, Sakai reports the development of a novel chemical-free binding system, based on the ability of the natural enzyme laccase (LC). This enzyme can introduce crosslinks between TVPs and sugar beet pectin (SBP). Sakai demonstrated that SBP can be used as a mediator to enable the LC enzyme to crosslink protein-based foods, acting as a novel binding agent in the manufacture of plant-based protein sources. Exploiting this ability of forming crosslinks within proteins, his method improves the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of meat analogues. Methylcellulose is used as a binder in most commercial products. Ali DM/Shutterstock. com The innovative inclusion of LC and SBP in the preparation of meat analogue patties results in a wide array of enhanced properties. The study reveals that LC-treated meat analogue patties possess improved binding abilities and mouldability, maintaining their shape after grilling. The treatment also increases the water and oil holding capacity of the patties, an important factor that improves the juiciness of the meat analogues. Advantages of treating TVPs with LC and SBP were not limited to only improved taste and texture. Generally, the protein content from meat analogues is not absorbed by the body as easily as animal-derived proteins. However, the researchers showed that their method improved the digestion of meat analogues. Based on the study’s results, this method offers great promise to increase the nutritional value of meat analogue patties when compared with standard plant-based meat analogues. Turning to meat-free alternatives There are several driving forces at play behind the development of meat alternatives. Some of the strongest arise from environmental, health, and animal welfare concerns associated with meat production. Meat production processes are less energy-efficient than the growth and harvesting of plants, despite the technological advances aimed at increasing production efficiency. The maintenance of livestock requires extensive land use and a considerable amount of fossil fuels to power the farm facilities. It has been demonstrated that even a partial replacement of meat with plant-based proteins can significantly reduce land use and emission of greenhouse gases. KrimKateShutterstock. com Sakai shows that pectin can be used as a novel binding agent in plant-based proteins. grebeshkovmaxim/Shutterstock.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The reason may be accounted to changes in the morphology of cells affecting the online cell mass monitoring in the BioLector® unit [25], since Clostridia are known to go through morphological changes during fermentation [26], and variation of standard deviation might indicate that the sugar composition affects the morphology of the cells. The same trend was observed for online logged pH data; standard deviations were greater when the cultures reached stationary phase. We investigated if any particular replicas deviated from the mean value due to its location on the well plate; however, no obvious correlation was obtained, and further systematic examination is required to rule out potential position effects. The sugar ratio also had impact on butanol concentration and yield, which were inversely proportional with the growth rate. Our results are in accordance with a previous study, which showed that a higher growth rate results in a lower butanol concentration, since sugars were used for cell mass growth and not for butanol production [27]. Comparison of fermentations performed in microbioreactors and serum flasks can provide important insight for use of different bioreactors and monitoring methods. Growth rates estimated using online logged cell mass data of BioLector® were in the range of 0. 190–0. 312 h−1 for the cultures with 5 g/l total sugar, which is significantly lower than the range of 0. 681–1. 076 h−1 obtained in our previous study done in serum flasks using the same sugar concentration and strain [12]. Similarly, the average growth rate of 0. 240 h−1 in microbioreactors was 70. 7% lower than the value of 0. 819 h−1 acquired in serum flasks. Different growth rate values obtained in microbioreactors and serum flasks may be explained by the difference in cell mass measurement methods. A study comparing shake flasks and BioLector® microbioreactors showed that cell mass measurements in BioLector® (scattered light intensity) and measurements with photometer (optical density) were in good agreement for the growths of E. coli and K. lactic. Contrarily, cell mass values for growth of G. oxydans differed greatly, which was explained by morphological changes [28]. Recent work of Petra et al. showed the changing morphology throughout the life cycle of Clostridium beijerinckii [29].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: The second column of Table 5 (Model 1) shows the results from the Tobit regression of the HDDS on the aggregate WELI score and the socio-demographic characteristics of the households. The third to the seventh column of Table 5 (i. e. , Model 2 to Model 6) show results from regressing HDDS on each of the five dimensions of empowerment, as well as the socio-demographic variables. 1 measured the impact of the aggregate WELI index on household food security, Models 2 to 6 were designed to gauge both the impact of the individual empowerment dimensions on household food security and to determine which of the empowerment dimensions exerts the largest influence on household food security. Table 5 Impact of women’s empowerment on household food securityFull size tableResults from the Tobit regression revealed that seven variables influence dietary diversity at varying levels of significance in the first model, Model 1. These variables include the WELI score, the household's monthly income, household size, livestock farming, formal employment, piecework, and trading. The likelihood ratio test was statistically significant, implying that the model fits significantly better than the null model. When the aggregate WELI score was disaggregated into its component dimensions in Models 2 to 6, it was observed that decisions related to agricultural production were most responsible for the impact of WELI on food security. Other dimensions like decisions related to nutrition and control over the use of income were marginally statistically significant. Among household socio-demographic variables, household size, monthly income, livestock farming, trading, formal employment, and piecework were statistically significant across most models. The findings from Model 1 show a positive and statistically significant WELI score, implying that if a woman becomes empowered, the chance of a household consuming a diversified diet increases. This finding is consistent with literature that connects women’s empowerment to the status of family nutrition [58]. A woman who has the power to make decisions about livestock production and marketing, as well as income, is more likely to decide on the quantity and quality of food to purchase for the household, thereby ensuring better household nutrition [58, 65]. Similarly, Kaluwa et al. [40] have reported that with women’s agency comes improved decision-making related to agricultural productivity, food security, and livelihoods, as well as greater control over resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: com recently reported that the consumption of processed meat (such as smoked meat, ham, bacon, and sausages), as well as red meat products (such as beef, lamb, and pork), has been linked to cancer. Furthermore, the presence of saturated fatty acids in red meat is linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to an increased incidence of low-density lipoproteins in the body. A large body of research has revealed the health benefits associated with switching animal sources of protein with plant-based sources, including reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Furthermore, meat analogues are rich in dietary fibre, which plays an essential role in preventing bowel disease, heart disease, and diabetes. “Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction. ” As consumers have become increasingly aware of the treatment and lifestyle of livestock, many hold serious concerns for the overall health and welfare of farmed animals. Problems are increasingly arising from poor farm management practices, including livestock being subjected to beatings and animal health issues that are left untreated by farmers. Intensive farming systems are similarly contentious, where livestock are reared in extremely high densities, which result in elevated levels of stress and an increased risk of diseases amongst the animals. As such, more people than ever before are looking at meat-free alternatives for sources of dietary protein. Laccase. Appearance of grilled meat analogues treated with enzyme laccase, in the presence or absence of a binder (methyl cellulose or SBP). by 2030 According to the Programme, 135 million suffer from acute hunger – largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although a radical change of the global food and agriculture system is needed to sustain the increasing world population, the UN forecasts that the world is not on track to meet its Goal 2: by 2030. In fact, if current trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030, or 9. 8% of the global population. One way to make the goal more achievable is to switch to plant-based diets. Although replacing meat in our diet with meat alternatives can provide a wide range of health and environmental benefits, most consumers remain unwilling to eliminate animal products from their diet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Experimental observations were further analyzed by using ANOVA tests, and the results showed that both total sugar concentration and glucose-to-xylose ratio had significant effects on the fermentations done in BioLector® with specific growth rate being the most sensitive. ANOVA also showed that the effect of sugar ratio was not profound for fermentations done in serum flasks. The difference in ANOVA results for the two different experimental setups confirmed their different impact on fermentation. An in-depth metabolic study would be useful to investigate the effects of different carbon sources on C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. ConclusionsWe performed fermentations of glucose and xylose at 6 different ratios and 2 different total sugar concentrations by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 in microbioreactors and serum flasks to show the effect of different sugar mixtures on growth kinetics and butanol production and to demonstrate the use of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production under anaerobic conditions. Main findings of this study and their significance are summarized as follows: The results showed that the glucose-to-xylose ratio affects both growth and production due to CCR, which might enable control of both by optimizing the sugar composition, thus successful design, and operation of efficient lignocellulosic biomass fermentations. All cultures grew successfully in the BioLector® system under anaerobic conditions, metabolized both glucose and xylose as representative lignocellulosic sugars, and produced butanol. The online monitoring of cell mass and pH enabled us to follow the progress of the fermentation in real-time and at unprecedented time-resolution. The online monitoring of DO values should be treated with more attention due to its possible interference with other fermentation product to avoid any misinterpretations. Demonstrating a successful use case of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production provides know-how to the scientific community that can enable more informed decisions for the design of the experiments as well as for the selection of the technology. BioLector® system is well suited for anaerobic screening of several media and sugar compositions prior to selection of a few conditions for either serum flask experiments or the more laborious laboratory-scale fermentations with full online and offline monitoring.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: Projects’ and Frederic R. Siegel2 Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Geography (()) AbstractMany old and “modern” cities have been built on terrain that was previously vegetated and part of biologically diverse ecosystems. This was often on productive farmland that was not protected from encroachment as municipalities expanded and opened pristine areas to development. The encroachment continues as rural citizens and their families are attracted to urban centers for the way of life they seemed to offer. This starts with employment possibilities, education for workers children, and family health services as manufacturing/industrial operations and large and small businesses that serviced them spurs economic development. Agricultural projects are located mainly away from population centers, be they major metropolises or smaller cities. They provide food security for urban citizens through “brought into markets” in-ground crops, bush crops, and tree crops they cultivate, and through animal husbandry (e. g. , beef and dairy cattle, poultry, hogs, sheep). The last 6. 1 IntroductionMany old and “modern” cities have been built on terrain that was previously vegetated and part of biologically diverse ecosystems. This was often on productive farmland that was not protected from encroachment as municipalities expanded and opened pristine areas to development. The encroachment continues as rural citizens and their families are attracted to urban centers for the way of life they seemed to offer. This starts with employment possibilities, education for workers children, and family health services as manufacturing/industrial operations and large and small businesses that serviced them spurs economic development. Agricultural projects are located mainly away from population centers, be they major metropolises or smaller cities. They provide food security for urban citizens through “brought into markets” in-ground crops, bush crops, and tree crops they cultivate, and through animal husbandry (e. g. , beef and dairy cattle, poultry, hogs, sheep). The last 6. 2 Food Insecurity: Stemming UrbanizationMany in the global population especially babies, young children, and the aged in Africa and the suffered with chronic malnutrition and starvation from famine in 2017. This is the result of drought, people being displaced from their homes by warring factions and decisions not to allow humanitarian food supplies to reach starving populations, thus exacerbating the famine problem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: However, Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction and acceptance of food products. Furthermore, the method proposed by Sakai and his collaborators is the first chemical-free binding system for meat analogues. The novel method of production is associated with considerable health benefits, including a 2. 3-fold higher release of free amino nitrogen after gastrointestinal digestion, compared to that released from meat analogues treated with MC as the binder. With this new method for manufacturing more delicious and nutritious plant-based protein sources, more people will reap the benefits of a meat-free or reduced meat diet – whilst also helping to lessen the impact of human agriculture on our world’s fragile ecosystem. Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com What are the next steps for your research? Using enzymatic methods, we aim to solve the technical challenges faced by customers and manufacturers of plant-based foods, especially meat and milk alternatives. In a recent study, we tackled one of the challenges of plant-based meat analogues using enzymatic methods. We safely and effectively imitated the colour of meat alternatives, which is important for the perception of taste and overall product acceptance: www. nature. com/4. In this way, I would like to maximise the potential of enzymes. 6631. (2020) A review of research on plant-based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes. in 19 (5), 2639–2656. Nations (2020). Goal 2: [online]. Nations. Available at: www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ [Accessed 08/02/2022]. DOI 10. 26904/RF-140-2389701088 Using enzyme technology, develops innovative plant-based alternative foods. completed his studies at between 2012 to 2018. He then joined Inc, where he specialises in enzyme technology for developing plant-based alternative foods. 1–6 Technoplaza Kakamigahara-Shi Gifu, 509-0109 Japan E: [email protected] T: +81 (0)58 379 1223 W: www. amano-enzyme. co. jp W: www. amano-enzyme.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the information obtained in this study will support further research in bioreactor and bioprocess design, which are very important aspects of industrial fermentations of lignocellulosic biomass. In future studies, fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates can be performed in BioLector® to advance the knowledge in the field and to exploit the fast and efficient screening advantages of the setup. Materials and methodsMicroorganism and mediumClostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 was used in this study, since it is known to utilize different lignocellulosic sugars for growth and butanol production [31]. First, a frozen work ampoule was pre-grown for 14 h on 50 ml of reinforced clostridial medium (CM0149, Oxoid) in an incubator at 37 °C under anaerobic and static conditions. This pre-grown culture was used as inoculum for all experiments (both microbioreactors and serum flasks). The fermentation medium composition was 5 or 10 g/l sugar (different ratios of xylose and glucose as explained later in this section), 2. 5 g/l Na-acetate, 5 g/l yeast extract, 2 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 0. 01 g/l NaCl, 0. 75 g/l KH2PO4, 1. 5 g/l K2HPO4, 0. 2 g/l MgSO4. 7H2O, 0. 01 g/l MnSO4. H2O, 0. 01 g/l FeSO4. 7H2O, 0. 01 g/l P-aminobenzoic acid, 0. 01 g/l biotin and 0. 1 g/l thiamine. Six different mixed sugar solutions of glucose and xylose were prepared at 6 different ratios with a total sugar concentration of 5 and 10 g/l. Consequently, in total 12 different sugar compositions using 2 different total sugar concentrations and 6 different glucose-to-xylose ratios were studied in parallel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: If there is agricultural land that adds to the food security and it is nearby expanding cities, this land should be preserved and neither encroached upon by growing populations nor be subject to seizure by eminent domain laws for economic development. Here we have a moral question: Should cities limit population growth from in-migration and immigration to prevent encroachment? The flow of people to cities can be arrested if urban attractions are not driving forces. This means improving the services available in rural areas by subsidizing farming, increasing employment opportunities, and upgrading and increasing educational offerings. There should also be improvement in rural health care facilities with professional and support staff, and well stocked with basic medications, and with ready access to diagnostic medical equipment. This solution is easily prescribed but difficult to bring to fruition mainly for economic reasons but also by the reluctance of some trained personnel to move to rural areas such as those needed to provide professional health services. Nonetheless, a start in bringing this prescription to reality may slow urban population influx from in-migration and lessen the possible encroachment on productive land. 6. 3NeedsAs indicated above, it is good practice to preserve farmland near an urban center not only from population encroachment but also from processes that can degrade good agricultural soil and affect the quality and yield of food crops grown and hence food security. The former action requires a municipal decree that will prevent squatting and establishment of shantytowns on protected land. The latter requires that consultants assess erosion potential of farm acreage and provide solutions to prevent erosion by wind (e. g. , change plow and seed method to slice and seed; plant vegetation wind breaks at peripheries of croplands) or by flowing water after heavy rains (e. g. , by diversion channels to safe discharge locations) if this could be a problem. When protected land is to be used for agriculture, experts have to determine what water requirements will be for crops that are planned and consider how this might change if crops are rotated (alternated) and thus affect urban water security. Will crops be irrigated or rain fed, or be sustained by a combination of both? If irrigation is necessary, will the irrigation technique to be used preserve water supplies (e. g. , drip irrigation that needs initial investment and subsequent maintenance) or will it lose precious water to evaporation during arm irrigation? Will the irrigation water come from aquifers or surface waterways?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: of Novel Plant-Alternatives and Traditional Animal-Swing1, Thompson1, Octavio Guimaraes1, Ifigenia Geornaras1, Engle1, Belk1, Gifford2 and Nair1* 1 Center for meat safety and quality, Department of states2 Department of animal science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United states *Corresponding Author(s): :+1 9704915622, Email:mahesh. narayanan_nair@colostate. edu Received Date: Jun 26, 2021 Accepted Date: Jun 30, 2021 Published Date: Jul 09, 2021 DOI:10. 24966/FSN-1076/100109 Abstract Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are increasing in popularity and may provide essential nutrients for some populations. Therefore, different formulations of popular PBMAs, such as Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), and Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), were assessed in comparison to traditional Animal-(ABM), such as 80/20 (GP) for nutrient composition. Sodium content was considerably greater (P<0. 05) in all PBMAs than GP, along with total saturated fat content being numerically greater when compared to GP. content of all PBMAs was numerically greater than ABMs. (EAA) content was numerically greater in BMB2 than in ABMs, although anabolically important EAA, such as methionine and lysine were substantially greater (P<0. 05) in GP. While PBMAs were comparable to ABMs in many nutrients, bioavailability should be further investigated. Keywords Animal-based meats; Essential amino acids; Nutrition; Plant-based proteins; Saturated fatty acids; nutrition and food insecurity are widespread challenges facing the world, with global estimations suggesting that, every year, over 2 billion people may suffer from a nutrient deficiency, 690 million people may suffer from hunger, 144 million children, under the age of 5, may suffer from stunted growth, and over 650 million people may suffer from obesity worldwide [1-4]. Additionally, an increasing global population, accompanied by changes in urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have compounded the challenges regarding poor nutrition and food insecurity as the global demand for animal proteins is expected to double by 2050 [5-7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cultures containing 5 g/l total sugar, and glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 are referred to as 5-G100:X0, 5-G80:X20, 5-G60:X40, 5-G40:X60, 5-G20:X80 and 5-G0:X100, respectively, throughout the study. Similarly, the cultures containing 10 g/l total sugar and glucose-to-xylose ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 are referred to as 10-G100:X0, 10-G80:X20, 10-G60:X40, 10-G40:X60, 10-G20:X80 and 10-G0:X100, respectively. FermentationsFermentations were performed in in batch mode in round-well plates with 48 × 3 ml microbioreactor wells with 1. 5 ml working volume for 79 h. Anaerobic conditions were sustained by flushing with nitrogen gas (Aga grade 6. 0) at 37 °C and shaking at 400 rpm in a BioLector® instrument (m2p-labs GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany) that was kept constant throughout the whole fermentation. Figure 7 shows the BioLector® anaerobic chamber together with a round-well plate and a single well with embedded sensors. Cultures in the wells were started by adding 4% (v/v) inoculum prepared as described above. The BioLector® measures cell mass density by scattered light, applied in the present study in 20 min intervals. A gain of 20 (EX: 620 nm, EM: 620 nm) was used for the experiments to avoid saturation at high cell mass. pH was measured every 20 min with a gain of 19 (EX: 470 nm, EM: 525 nm). To benchmark the microbioreactor fermentations, fermentations in 120-ml serum flasks were performed with 50 ml working volume in an incubator at 37 °C under static and anaerobic conditions, with 12 different sugar compositions as explained above.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can help improve food security in densely populated cities. [SEP] Text: The first product of this effort, Indigo Cotton™, cotton seeds coated with a proprietary mix of microbes (bacteria and fungi) were sown in in 2016. This resulted in an 11% improvement in yield by protecting the crop against drought stress [7]. Similarly treated seeds of soy, rice, wheat and corn coated with proprietary microbe mixtures have been produced with like results. This adds to the food security of city and mega-city populations dependent on foods from outside the urban locations, complementing advances in natural hybridization and GMO that impart seed properties that protect crop yield. The company is working on microbial products that can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer and that offer protection against pests. 6. 5 Wastes: A Threat to Unless Used, Controlled, or Disposed of SecurelyThe demand for food is rising worldwide with increasing populations, and where incomes are also increasing, the demand for meat is rising as well. For example, the Chinese population increased by more than 40% from 1980 to 2015 and the income has increased significantly more. This resulted in a fivefold increase in the demand for pork. These changes put pressure on the animal husbandry industry to produce more product, ofttimes at a faster rate, using chemicals and vaccines. The problems that exist in this industrial production mode and solutions to them are discussed in the following paragraphs. 6. 5. 1 Problems that Affect PeopleAnother major food security concern for growing urban (and global) populations are problems with animal husbandry during growth and after slaughter and distribution. It is most threatening to ecosystems close to where thousands to millions of animals are bred in close quarters (e. g. , cattle feed lots and commercial chicken farms, respectively) and where they are taken for slaughter. The problems are how to capture and control the wastes and how to safely use them or dispose of them so as not to contaminate soils and waterways or aquifers. These are manure and urine from cattle (plus pigs, sheep, and goats) and fecal matter from chickens (plus ducks, turkeys). Added to this are slaughter house wastes (fluids [blood, wash water]) and solids (heads, innards, skins, bones, feathers), plus pathogens (e. g. , salmonella, E. Coli, listeria, coronavirus, foot and mouth disease) from dressing the food animals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: $$of variance (ANOVA) is a procedure to assign sample variance to different sources and to decide whether the variation arises within or among different population groups. A two-way, nonparametric ANOVA method, Friedman's test is used in this study [33]. The p value that the Friedman's test returns is used to determine significance. If the p value is near zero, this casts doubt on the null hypothesis. A sufficiently small p value suggests that at least one column-sample median is significantly different from the others. It is common to declare a result significant if the p value is less than 0. 05 or 0. 01, and we chose 0. 05 in this study. Matlab function, friedman is used with replicate number of 4 for fermentations done in BioLector® and 1 for fermentations done in serum flasks. Two different effects are considered: total sugar concentration values of 5 and 10 g/l, and glucose-to-xylose ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100. Availability of data and materials All data and materials used in this study are available upon request. : Analysis of variance CCR: Carbon catabolite repression DO: Dissolved oxygen HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography 323. 2019. Analysis and forecast to 2024; 2019. Recent advances on biobutanol production. Process. 2014;2(1):15. 2014. p. 191–204. 75. 3524. 2012. 43. 167. 34. 54. 8052. Trans. 2018;65:61–6. 94. 7. 95. 179. 2006. p. 205–47. 3. 2002. 8. 513. 515. 9. 56. 53. 2011. 9. 21. 61. 8052. Microbiol. 2012;55(3):240–6. 2003. p. 163–72. 2013. 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: These alterations, along with the heat emissions caused by human activities and climate change, contribute to the phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, exacerbating the impact of heatwaves in urban areas [5, 6]. UHI and land surface temperature (LST) are the main drivers of further urban heat issues alongside global warming and climate change. These factors can amplify heatwaves, which can lead to adverse effects such as impairing air quality, increasing energy and water consumption, and declining health and well-being for people living in cities. Therefore, cities must adapt to the changes to ensure their residents remain safe and sustainable. Numerous cities have made initiatives to enhance resilience and address the rising climate-related dangers posed to populated regions to achieve sustainable development to combat these threats. Some of the most prominent global and regional initiatives have successfully implemented various approaches and strategies to reduce the UHI effect. These include using cooling materials and colors [7], adopting densification in urban planning [8], establishing urban blue-green infrastructure [9], and incorporating green roofs and walls [10] to make cooler cities and promote greater climate change resilience. Although these well-known approaches and strategies have proven useful in providing initial direction, they have encountered several challenges that impede their practical application. For example, broad recommendations for developing urban greenery may be challenging, where most cases are located in arid and hot climates and face water-supplying limitations. In addition, adopting the strategy of increasing densification and high-rise buildings may result in the loss of open and green spaces, ultimately impacting the overall quality of urban life. Furthermore, the efficiency of cooling systems can only be stated as an average value rather than being tailored to a particular region or area. Even when studies identify a specific locality, models that may be easily duplicated in other locations are frequently lacking [11]. This 2. The cooling effect of UGS: mechanisms and dimensions“Cooling effect” in contemporary urban research endeavors in energy, urban planning, and urban climate refers to many heat mitigation tools, procedures, and strategies that have been put forward to relieve the various kinds of urban heat effects in varying climatic settings. To date, these have included the use of albedo materials as well as the development of green space and management of blue bodies [15, 16].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 0 Table 3: Proximate analysis (percent±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-c Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. Mineral analysis Results from mineral analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 4 and 5, respectively. Calcium and sodium were considerably greater (P<0. 05) in PBMAs (BMB1, BMB2, IFB1, IFB2, and BBB) than in GP. One serving of cooked PBMA could supply between 3. 0 to 24. 4% of the adult (19 to 30 years of age) calcium Allowance (RDA) for males and females. Guidelines for Americans suggest lowering dietary sodium intake, although one serving of PBMA may supply between 27. 8 to 42. 7% of the adult sodium RDA, and one serving of GB may supply approximately 22% of the adult RDA for sodium [40,41]. In general iron and zinc content was greater (P<0. 05) in most PBMAs than in GP, although zinc content was numerically greatest in GB than in the PBMAs and GP. One serving of cooked PBMA may supply between 28. 8 to 83. 7 % and 15. 3 to 44. 7 % of the iron RDA for adult males and females, respectively [40]. Nonetheless, iron found in plant sources is exclusively non-heme iron, which is less bio available than heme iron found in GP and GB [42]. Component BMB1 BMB2 IFB1 IFB2 * Calcium 213. 8±11. 6c 819. 8±74. 0b 257. 5±6. 7c 1860±46. 5a 881. 8±40. 5b 105. 8±61. 9d 180 Magnesium 190. 8±7. 8c 350±30. 1b 120. 7±7. 2d 714±19. 3a 367. 3±9. 0b 178. 5±16. 3c 170 Phosphorus 1888. 3±74. 4b 2423. 3±160.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Measured and predicted dissolved oxygen concentrations presented as percentage of the saturation value are shown in the inset. Full size imageFigure 2S. stipitis batch cultures aerated at a k L a of A) 5. 5 h-1B) 7. 6 h-1and C) 12. 6 h-1. Data points are experimental measurements, while solid lines are dynamic model predictionsFull size imageTo examine extensibility of the S. stipitis dynamic model to different microaerobic conditions, batch experiments were performed at two additional k L a values and model predictions were generated with the same uptake parameter values listed in Table 1. Figure 2B shows a comparison of measured and predicted concentration profiles for a batch culture performed with a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose. The simulation results were generally satisfactory, although the model predicted slightly faster consumption of both substrates and small overprediction of biomass production throughout most of the batch. A second validation experiment was performed with a larger k L a of 12. 6 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 2 g/L biomass, 15. 6 g/L glucose and 8. 6 g/L xylose. As shown in Figure 2C, the model adequately captured the fermentation dynamics throughout the first 15 hours but it was unable to predict the subsequent reassimilation of ethanol that is evident in the data. Although the S. stipitis dynamic metabolic model generated satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions, the model failed to capture the ethanol and biomass concentration profiles at higher aeration levels once glucose had been exhausted. Ethanol can be simultaneously produced and reassimilated at these higher k L a values [18], resulting in overprediction of ethanol secretion and underprediction of biomass formation by our model. This phenomenon is likely due to the relative ease at which ethanol diffuses across the plasma membrane [37], while the uptake of xylose has been shown to be facilitated by oxygen [38]. Since xylose was more energetically favorable, the LP solver returned a flux distribution with simultaneous xylose and ethanol uptake only if there was excess oxygen available beyond that required for xylose metabolism. Even in absence of xylose, the S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: However, UGS implementation has been widely acknowledged as a viable NBS approach for alleviating urban heatwaves, effectively lowering temperatures, and enhancing the urban microclimate in surrounding areas [17, 18]. Although there are several definitions and classifications of UGS in urban landscape research, the relevant literature includes extensive surveys of urban greenery in different types and scales [19]. UGSs are generally known as all kinds of urban vegetation that cover surfaces, provide solar protection, influence air circulation and heat exchange, and constantly absorb solar radiation to contribute to the cooling effect. Specifically, UGSs are also included as the following due to the necessity to define in this 1. 40°C, whereas deciduous broad-leaf clusters had a relatively lower cooling potential of 1. 31°C [43]. While the majority of recent works have given prominence to the combined effects of urban vegetation shading and evapotranspiration, there appears to be evidence suggesting that the arrangement and distribution of green structures within a city can potentially enhance the cooling performance of UGS [44, 45, 46]. From a point of view, UGS’s spatial features and qualities are commonly known as spatial patterns, comprising two primary components: composition and configuration. Landscape composition is not spatially explicit since it relates to the diversity and abundance of green patch type dominance, definition, and richness, not their distribution or placement within the landscape unit. In contrast, landscape configuration considers green patches’ spatial arrangement and features by their shape complexity, connectivity, and fragmentation in the unit [47]. Landscape metrics are widely applied to assess the cooling effect of UGS on UHI and LST within the patch-matrix model to measure compositional and configurational characteristics [48]. In recent studies, a comprehensive range of landscape metrics has been employed extensively to develop quantifying models for the UGS’s cooling. These landscape metrics have included several green patches, which explore UGS’s patterns, processes, and functions by evaluating area, edge, shape complexity, density, fragmentation, and connectivity [49, 50, 51, 52]. Concerning the cooling impact of UGS, several distinctions exist between the compositional and configurational features. For the compositional dimension, substantial scholarly research has concurred that increasing UGS coverage could yield more favorable cooling outcomes [48, 52, 53].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 5 Table 5: Mineral composition (ppm±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05) *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. While these minerals are nutritionally essential, the presence of phytates, fibrous plant materials, mineral antagonists, and the incorporation of minerals in the food matrix may inhibit absorption [43-46]. High calcium and magnesium levels have been known to decrease iron and potassium absorption, while high iron concentrations have been known to contribute to lower manganese absorption [47-49]. While it has been demonstrated that calcium doses (similar to those present in IFB1) do not significantly reduce iron absorption, calcium has been known to inhibit iron absorption when minerals were ingested from the same food, which could be the case in PBMAs. Additionally, high sodium and potassium levels may increase urinary mineral losses [48-51]. Vitamin analysis Results from vitamin analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 6 and 7, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin A, D2, and D3 were found to be below the detection limits (<0. 3mcg/g for vitamin A, and 2 and D3) in all raw and cooked products, with only vitamin K1beingdetected in BMB1, BMB2, and BBB samples at concentrations slightly above the detection limit. content in raw and cooked PBMAs was substantially greater (P<0. 05) than in raw and cooked GP. content in GB can be variable depending on the production and processing parameters, although GB was numerically less than the PBMAs and GP in the samples tested for this study [52]. One serving of cooked PBMA may supply between 14. 7 to 60. 1 % of the RDA for adults (19-30y) [40]. Generally, vitamin E supplementation in foods contributes a significant portion (>50% RDA) to the American diet, but absorption of vitamin E in the human intestine is highly variable and can be impacted by the amount consumed, fat content, food matrix, and the presence of other fat-soluble nutrients [53,54].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis metabolic reconstruction predicted that k L a values greater than 34 h-1 would be required just to meet the ATP maintenance demand for growth on ethanol. By contrast, we observed ethanol assimilation in our experiments for k L a values as low as 12. 6 h-1. Without altering the objective function or the ATP maintenance coefficient of the iBB814 model, the observed disparity between model and experiment cannot be resolved. Fortunately, the highest ethanol yields and titers observed experimentally were obtained at aeration levels under which ethanol assimilation did not occur. As a result, we do not consider k L a values above ~10 h-1 in the remainder of the paper. S. cerevisiae 311 pure culturesBecause S. cerevisiae 311 was created by applying ethidium bromide to a wild-type strain, the genetic alterations that produced the respiratory-deficient mutant were non-specific. As a result, modifications to the wild-type iMM904 metabolic network necessary to describe S. cerevisiae 311 metabolism were unknown. We used the metabolic network model to identify putative gene knockouts consistent with the known alteration of mitochondrial DNA by ethidium bromide treatment [39] and to obtain predictions in agreement with our data. All the gene knockouts considered prevented growth on non-fermentable substrates and reduced oxygen demand. To determine the reactions to be deleted, model fluxes in the mitochondrial compartment were systematically set to zero until FBA simulations matched the S. cerevisiae 311 phenotype of lower biomass yields, higher ethanol yields and smaller oxygen demands than the wild-type strain. This process identified knockouts of genes encoding two enzymes: ubiquinol-6 cytochrome c reductase and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Modifications to these enzymes may well have occurred in S. cerevisiae 311, as other respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants have been created through the direct removal of the encoding genes [40]. The S. cerevisiae 311 dynamic model was built on the modified iMM904 metabolic network with glucose uptake parameters estimated from anaerobic culture data and oxygen uptake parameters estimated from aerobic culture data with the glucose parameters fixed [41]. The resulting parameter values are listed in Table 1. Figure 3A shows a comparison of measured concentration profiles and model predictions for the anaerobic batch fermentation initiated with 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: The spatial patterns of green patches and the reflection mechanism also play an equivalent role in this regard. However, the suggested NBS techniques should consider the potential and limits of these processes. To date, a few UGS-based NBS approaches can be applied to improve the cooling performance in and across urban areas, depending on the scale of the respective strategy. Fundamentally, the spatial scale of the study and the advocated strategy is a vital aspect to consider, especially when high-resolution UHI and green data are required, both in time and space [59]. Additionally, in the lack of a comprehensive evaluation of geographical and environmental limitations, suggesting identical measures for various case studies to tackle urban warming is not justifiable. Accordingly, as the UGS shading mechanism has been revealed to yield better results than evapotranspiration, this will be implemented in cities located in arid and hot regions at the cost of exerting significant pressure on water resources. It is necessary to perform a thorough quantification of the water footprint of urban green cover, with particular emphasis on their evapotranspiration, to achieve an equilibrium between the implementation of urban greening and the preservation of water resources. Therefore, to analyze the potential effectiveness of these UHI mitigation strategies in urban areas, it will be necessary to conduct simulations of the cooling effects of UGS, especially under varying climatic conditions. Advertisement 3. Quantifying the cooling effect of UGS: methods and implementationsIn terms of studying UGS as a cooling tool, extensive studies have been well documented in the recent decade [37, 45, 47, 49, 55, 60, 61]. At an urban scale, diverse methodologies have been employed in these investigations to measure the efficiency of UGS in regulating the thermal environment. Although these studies have generally confirmed that UGS can help alleviate UHI effects, most of these academic works focus on a specific aspect of UGS performance and fail to consider other potential impacts of green areas. As a result, there is a consensus among all these works that any increase in the amount of green spaces can lead to more cooling of the environment [62]. However, concerning other findings, there is little agreement due to differences in methodologies, the scale of the study, and the type of variables [48, 63, 64]. The present section seeks to evaluate the most current research and systematize the data gathering and analysis techniques frequently employed in the context of UGSs and their cooling impact.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 2 to 56. 3% of the adult RDA for niacin (B3) RDA [40]. One serving of cooked GP or GB would supply approximately 14. 9 to 20. 0% of the adult RDA for pantothenic acid (B5), while PBMAs would supply between 4. 8 to 9. 1% of the adult RDA for pantothenic acid (B5) [40]. Finally, cooked BMB2 and IFB2 would supply approximately 11. 6 to 32. 1% of the adult RDA for folate (B9), while cooked GB would supply approximately 2. 8% of the adult RDA forfolate (B9) [40]. While research has demonstrated that some B-vitamins may have poor thermo stability, photo stability, and evaporation loss during storage and cooking, the fluorometric and microbial analysis performed in this study did not demonstrate high B-vitamin loss [55-58]. Nonetheless, the bioavailability of B-vitamins can be impacted by multiple factors [59]. Niacin (B3) is usually chemically bound when found in plant materials, while thiamin (B1) and pyridoxine (B6) can undergo Maillard reactions which may affect bioavailability [60,61]. Moreover, the crystalline nature of thiamin (B1) supplements and the presence of other minerals may impact bioavailability [62]. Considering the high concentrations of thiamin (B1) and pyridoxine (B6) in IFB1 and IFB2 products, cooking may reduce the availability of these vitamins through the Maillard reaction [63]. Furthermore, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6) absorption [64,65]. Copper, calcium, iron, and other minerals, in high concentrations may also antagonize B-vitamin absorption, although the effect of other antagonists, food matrix, and other factors impacting B-vitamin absorption would have to be researched [66]. Fatty acid analysis Results from fatty acid analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 8 and 9, respectively. Raw and cooked PBMAs were below the detection limit (<0. 01mg/g) for cholesterol levels, while cooked GP contained approximately 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 28 g/L biomass, 18. 0 g/L glucose and 1. 8 g/L residual ethanol from the preculture shake flask. Figure 3B shows results for the aerobic fermentation initiated with 0. 20 g/L biomass, 15. 5 g/L glucose and 1. 8 g/L ethanol. In each case, the dynamic model accurately predicted the entire ethanol profile and the glucose and biomass profiles in the second half of the batch. However, the model overpredicted glucose uptake and ethanol synthesis during the first half of the batch. While this discrepancy could have been attributable to the preculture cells used for inoculation being in stationary rather than exponential phase [42], we were unable to verify this hypothesis through additional experiments in which the preculture cells were harvested earlier. Figure 3S. cerevisiae 311 batch cultures grown A) anaerobically B) aerobically and C) at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1. Data points are experimental measurements, while solid lines are dynamic model predictions. Full size imageTo examine extensibility of the S. cerevisiae dynamic model to different aeration levels, a microaerobic batch experiment was performed at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and model predictions were generated with the same uptake parameter values listed in Table 1. Figure 3C shows the results obtained for the fermentation initiated with 0. 26 g/L biomass, 18. 7 g/L glucose and 1. 4 g/L residual ethanol. The model produced excellent agreement with data, and only small deviations in the biomass concentration during the initial portion of the batch and in the ethanol concentration following glucose exhaustion were observed. Co-culture modelingA preliminary dynamic co-culture model was developed by direct combination of the two individual yeast models assuming no species interactions other than competition for glucose (see Materials and Methods). This approach resulted in faster glucose consumption and a higher final concentration of S. cerevisiae 311 than were observed in our microaerobic batch fermentations (not shown). We found that these discrepancies could be partially rectified by reducing the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate from the pure culture value of 21. 5 mmol/gdw/h to 18. 5 mmol/gdw/h. Otherwise, the substrate uptake parameters remained fixed at the pure culture values listed in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Many cooling indices have been developed to assess the cooling effects of UGSs, including but not limited to cooling intensity, cooling extent, cooling efficiency, and cooling lapse [49, 65, 66]. Nevertheless, a wide range of studies examining green spaces’ cooling effect have emphasized two indices: cooling effect intensity [61, 67, 68, 69] and cooling effect distance [70]. These indices have broadly been explored through various techniques and methodologies in the reviewed 3. 1 Field measurements methodField measurements encompass all methodologies that require the presence of a scholar, observation, and direct utilization of measurement tools such as portable infrared thermometers or thermal infrared images, which are used to gather extensive data for evaluating the extant thermal state of a designated area. Consequently, many of these investigations are frequently executed on a small scale, encompassing green patches, urban parks, and street canyons, to acquire data and numerical models [71]. Field measurements are also utilized to confirm the authenticity of the findings and calibrate the model by juxtaposing data from meteorological stations and remotely sensed data [34, 72, 73]. Although this quantification method covers the possibility of quick and easy data collection and numerical analysis for small scales, it is essential to note that the unpredictable and varying conditions of the urban microclimate, as well as the precision of measuring instruments and equipment, and potential human fallibility, can have a considerable impact on the overall generalizability of the results. For instance, Bowler et al. stated that larger parks and those with trees could be cooler during the day. However, evidence for the cooling effect of green space is mostly based on observational studies of small numbers of green sites [74]. This particular characteristic indicates a linear correlation between the area of UGS, the extent of tree cover, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and cooling efficiency, particularly about LST, as discussed in the previous investigations. On the contrary, it was determined by Xu and Zhao that there exists a dependence on scale between the size of green spaces and their cooling rate. Accordingly, it was found that the green patches of medium size, with an area ranging from 0. 3 to 0. 8 ha, have the most efficient cooling effect [63]. Extensive research has also been carried out on UGS and its efficacy in terms of cooling distance. The findings indicate that UGS can lower temperatures by a range of 0. 5 to 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 86mg/g. A major finding of the fatty acid analysis was that the total saturated fatty acid content of PBMAs ranged between 43 and 44% for BMB2 and IFB2, while GP and GB ranged between 39 and 42% of the total fatty acids. Additionally, total monounsaturated fatty acid content of BMB2 and IFB2 was similar to GB (at less than 55%), whereas GP contained the most total polyunsaturated fatty acid content (approximately 24%). As previously mentioned, not only did crude fat content not differ (P>0. 05) between PBMAs and GP, but total saturated fatty acid content is in BMB2 and IFB2 was similar to GP and GB. Furthermore, raw and cooked GP and GB had higher numerical values for total mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids than BMB2 and IFB2. Component BMB1 BMB2 IFB1 IFB2 * Cholesterol <0. 01±0b <0. 01±0b <0. 01±0b <0. 01±0b <0. 02±0b 0. 7±0. 1a 0. 7 C8:0 1. 2±0. 2b ND 8. 4±0. 3a ND ND 0. 2±0. 5c ND C10:0 ND ND 7. 0±0. 8a ND ND 0. 1±0. 01b ND C12:0 3. 5±0. 8b ND 46. 8±1. 1a ND 0. 01±0c 0. 1±0. 02c 0. 1 C14:0 ND 5. 2±0. 9b 22. 8±1. 1a 5. 9±0. 8b 0. 1±0d 1. 4±0. 1c 3. 3 C16:0 7. 4±0. 6d 11. 8±0. 5b 2. 0±0. 3e 11. 8±1. 0b 8. 5±0. 1c 23. 9±0. 7a 23. 7 C18:0 5. 3±0. 4c 8. 4±0. 5b 2. 3±0. 2d 7. 9±1. 0b 2. 0±0. 02d 12. 8±1. 3a 13.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis transporters uptake both glucose and xylose [36], a complementary approach could be overexpression of specific transporters with more favorable xylose uptake characteristics and downregulation or deletion of less favorable transporters [46]. Figure 7 Ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients predicted by varying S. stipitis model parameters for the A) xylose maximum uptake rate ( v z,max ) B) xylose uptake saturation constant ( K z ) and C) glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake. Full size imageConclusionsDue to the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to efficiently convert pentose sugars to ethanol, co-cultures of S. stipitis and respiratory-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae are promising for renewable ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures [23, 47]. Starting from genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of the individual yeasts, we developed a dynamic metabolic model of S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-cultures that was capable of predicting microaerobic metabolism in batch culture. As a first step towards co-culture modeling, dynamic models were developed for the individual yeasts using data from pure culture experiments. The Crabtree-negative yeast S. stipitis was shown to be very sensitive to the aeration level such that the incorporation of a dissolved oxygen balance was necessary to capture non-microaerobic oxygen levels during the initial batch phase and the subsequent switch from respiratory and to fermentative growth. The S. stipitis dynamic model was able to accurately reproduce measured glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles over a range of microaerobic growth conditions characterized by oxygen-liquid mass transfer coefficient (k L a) values below ~10 h-1. However, the S. stipitis model was unable to capture ethanol reassimilation observed at higher oxygenation levels due to model energetics that required a k L a greater than 34 h-1 just to meet the ATP maintenance demand for growth on ethanol. Therefore, subsequent co-culture experiments and simulations were restricted to microaerobic conditions with k L a values less than ~10 h-1. The procedure used to create the respiratory-deficient strain S. cerevisiae 311 introduced unknown genetic alterations that could not be directly implemented in the wild-type metabolic network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: 5°C, with a cooling distance effect extending as far as 60 to 540 meters [75, 76]. Concerning the size of UGS, it was discovered that medium-sized urban green spaces with more complex shapes and higher levels of greenness exhibited greater cooling efficiency. In the findings of the investigation conducted by Xu and Zhao [63], it has been determined that the implementation of UGS can effectively reduce LST by a range of 0. 06 ± 0. 05°C to 3. 81 ± 1. 01°C. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the cooling intensity is nonlinearly correlated with the size of the UGS and is closely associated with the complexity of green patches’ shape and vegetation quality. Moreover, the results of this investigation reveal that the cooling efficiency of small, medium, and large sizes of UGS is −0. 004 ± 0. 03 (n = 2201), 0. 79 ± 0. 01 (n = 3570), 0. 19 ± 0. 03 (n = 151), respectively. These findings suggest that urban greening strategies to combat urban heat should prioritize promoting medium-sized UGS and strategically managing green space layout [63]. Similarly, several works have also confirmed the presence of a nonlinear correlation between the size of UGS and their cooling impact in the context of local cool island intensity [77]. Meanwhile, another prevalent utilization of field measurements pertains to evaluating plant species and UGS types concerning their efficacy in ameliorating UHI impacts and enhancing thermal comfort. During these investigations, empirical assessments of air temperatures at the urban scale were conducted to determine the quantitative variance in temperature or cooling effect accompanying the proportional coverage of various urban vegetation types [26, 32, 78]. The findings revealed no significant temperature decrease associated with grass and shrub vegetation due to the inadequacy of both shading and evapotranspiration. Regardless of planting patterns, different species of urban vegetation vary in the cooling they provide, while trees are the most effective. 3. 2 Spatial patterns analysisThe technological innovation of (RS) has successfully addressed the limitations of traditional data acquisition by meteorological stations regarding achieving comprehensive coverage. RS is a progressive instrument for urban environmental research, given its ability to swiftly acquire extensive spatial data of the Earth’s surface and, mainly, retrieve green cover through processing RS images.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: ND: Not Detected. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid compositions were greater (P<0. 05) in GP than in the PBMAs, although, oleic (C18:1) acid content in BMB2 and IFB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid content from IFB1 to IFB2 may be a result of sunflower oil which was used in addition to coconut oil in the IFB2 formulation [67]. Cocoa butter was substituted in the BMB2 formulation for sunflower oil, which may explain the increase (P<0. 05) in oleic acid (C18:1) content from BMB1 and decrease (P<0. 05) in linoleic acid (C18:2) content from BMB1 [67,68]. Linoleic (C18:2) and a-linolenic (C18:3) acids, cannot be synthesized de novo and are essential for human growth and development [69]. The BMB1 and BBB products proved to be a potentially excellent sources of these essential fatty acids compared to the other PBMAs. Conversely, GP was an excellent source of linoleic (C18:2) and arachidonic (C20:4) acid compared to BMB2 and IFB2. Fatty acids are readily absorbed in the human body, but the presence of fibrous materials and various thickeners and binders incorporated into PBMA formulations may inhibit fatty acid absorption [70,71]. Amino acid analysis Results from amino acid analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 10 and 11, respectively. Total essential amino acid content of raw BMB1, BMB2, and IFB1 ranged between 70 and 76mg/g while total essential amino acid content of raw GP and GB ranged between 66 and 68mg/g. Histidine, methionine, and lysine concentrations were greater (P<0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We used flux balance analysis to screen putative gene knockouts in the mitochondrial compartment that would reproduce the S. cerevisiae 311 phenotype of lower biomass yields, higher ethanol yields and smaller oxygen demands than the wild-type strain. The best agreement with S. cerevisiae 311 pure culture data was obtained for deletions of two genes that encode the ubiquinol-6 cytochrome c reductase and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase enzymes involved in the electron transport chain. With the fluxes through the two reactions catalyzed by these enzymes constrained to zero, the oxygen demand was greatly reduced because oxygen was not needed to serve as a final electron acceptor for ATP synthesis. These results were consistent with more directed genetic engineering efforts to create respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants through direct removal of these two genes [40]. A preliminary version of the dynamic co-culture model was developed by directly combining the dynamic models of the two yeast species under the assumption that each species attempted to maximize its individual growth rate and the only interspecies interaction was competition for glucose substrate. By comparison of model predictions to batch co-culture data collected at several microaerobic conditions, we found that the preliminary model overpredicted the glucose consumption and S. cerevisiae biomass formation rates. Much improved predictions were obtained by reducing the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate from its pure culture value of 21. 5 mmol/gdw/h to 18. 5 mmol/gdw/h. This parameter change suggested the presence of unmodeled species interactions that resulted in S. stipitis having an antagonistic effect on S. cerevisiae growth. Crabtree-negative yeasts like S. stipitis have an established advantage when competing against a Crabtree-positive yeast such as S. cerevisiae for the same growth-limiting substrate [48]. This effect is further magnified when the Crabtree-positive species is a respiratory deficient mutant [49]. One possible cause for this effect was the competition for nutrients other than glucose. Growth under nitrogen limited conditions has been shown to slow the uptake of glucose and other hexoses in wild-type S. cerevisiae[50]. Respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae could be at a disadvantage in competing for nitrogen sources such as ammonium when grown with respiratory competent S. stipitis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Given that advancements in cooling UGS through RS are heavily influenced by research on LST and UHI, obtaining the necessary information and satellite imagery for such investigations must align with the fields of LST and UHI research [48]. Currently, the focus of research on UHI and green cover encompasses various aspects, namely, the selection of thermal infrared images, algorithms, spatiotemporal factors, spatial analysis methods, thermal comfort, and spatial simulations. Depending on the image source, a thermal infrared image can have a high, medium, or low spatial resolution, which is determined by ATLAS (5–10 m), Landsat 8 (30 m), Landsat ETM (60 m), (90 m), and MODIS (250 m). Furthermore, in certain instances, more detailed analyses necessitate the utilization of either QuickBird (0. 65 m), (1 m), Spot 5 (2. 5 m) or Sentinel-2 (10 m) images [79, 80]. When conducting comprehensive investigations on a large scale, implementing satellite maps and remote sensing methodologies to evaluate the collective cooling influence of a cluster of UGSs is a conventional approach. In recent years, there has been extensive empirical research on the topic of cooling effect, which has been exclusively investigated through remote sensing methods. Furthermore, in addition to remote sensing methods, numerous supplementary techniques have been employed in recent studies, including using portable field observations and temperature sensors to measure cooling intensity and distance accurately [60]. To delve deeper into the cooling effect of UGS, landscape ecology scholars have recently proposed analyzing spatial patterns based on landscape metrics that provide an efficacious foundation for quantifying the cooling intensity and distance. For instance, Wu et al. [61] employed eight metrics to evaluate the cooling efficacy of pocket green spaces (PGS) within densely populated urban regions of Shanghai. This study observed that the local cool island intensity could attain a maximum value of 3. 6°C with an average of 1. 2°C. Similarly, the maximum cooling area could be as large as 5. 7 ha on average, and both these values exhibited a logarithmic increase with the area of PGS. The maximum cooling distance was found to be 132 m on average, while the maximum cooling efficiency was observed to be 6. 8 times the size of PGS. The cooling effect was also found to be influenced by the vegetation type present in the PGS.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 05) in GP compared to PBMAs. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in histidine, methionine, and lysine content, which may confer preferable anabolic capacity for the ABMs compared to the PBMAs [72]. Cooked BMB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP in isoleucine and phenylalanine content, probably as pea and mung beanprotein isolates (used in BMB2 formulation) are excellent sources of these essential amino acids [73,74]. Finally, IFB2 and BBB was either numerically or statistically less than (P<0. 05) GP in each essential amino acid; and were also less than (P<0. 05) BMB2 in each essential amino acid assessed, except threonine and tryptophan. Component BMB1 BMB2 IFB1 IFB2 * Arginine 15. 32±0. 55a 16. 5±1. 89a 9. 17±0. 79c 11. 4±0. 66b 8. 16±0. 3c 11. 08±0. 72b 11. 18 Cystine 2. 45±0. 17c 2. 55±0. 27c 6. 22±0. 61a 4. 42±0. 25b 2. 58±0. 3c 1. 83±0. 24d 1. 77 30. 1±0. 93c 33. 17±3. 57c 69. 57±3. 39a 37. 87±2. 2b 29. 87±1. 66c 23. 72±2. 24d 25. 75 Glycine 7. 36±0. 13cd 8. 06±0. 92bc 8. 85±0. 3b 7. 09±0. 37d 4. 7±0. 18e 9. 75±0. 66a 11. 66 Proline 7. 96±0. 27c 8. 89±1. 03bc 21. 97±1. 01a 8. 34±0. 51c 9. 8±0. 38b 7. 93±0. 53c 8. 75 Tyrosine 7. 05±0. 14b 8. 25±0. 97a 8. 84±0. 25a 6. 49±0. 36b 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All fermentations were performed in a HEL BioX array of 4 250 mL vessels situated in a shared block that provided both electric heat and independent magnetic agitation (HEL Group Ltd. , Barnet, UK). Electrochemical probes monitored the dissolved oxygen and pH in each vessel, while individual thermocouples recorded the media temperatures. Bioreactor cultivations were performed at a constant temperature of 30°C and pH of 5, the optimal growth conditions for each yeast species [53]. The pH in each vessel was controlled by the automatic addition of 1 N sulfuric acid or 2 N NaOH. Glucose and xylose were autoclaved separately and added to the growth media in the amounts indicated for each experiment. was added to the reactors as necessary to prevent foaming. Aeration of culture media was found to be a crucial operating variable. The agitation speed was held constant at 500 RPM for both pure and mixed culture fermentations. The gas flow rate into each reactor was altered according to the aeration level required for each experiment. A linear relationship between the gas sparge rate and the gas–liquid oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k L a) was determined using the static gassing out method [54]. Purely aerobic cultures were aerated with pure oxygen, while microaerobic fermentations were aerated with house air passed through a HEPA-VENT filter (Whatman Ltd. , Kent, UK). Total cell weight was measured using a correlation between OD595 measured on a WPA UV1101 (Biochrom Ltd. , Cambridge, UK) and dry cell weight. Cell counts of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis in co-culture were performed on a hemacytometer in triplicate and averaged. A typical cell count considered approximately 50 S. cerevisiae cells and 200 S. stipitis cells. Conversion factors between dry cell weight and number of cells were found by drying pure culture samples of each yeast after cell counts had been performed. These factors were found to be 0. 006943 gdw/L for S. cerevisiae and 0. 001944 gdw/L for S. stipitis. Ethanol, glucose and xylose concentrations were measured by YSI 2700 biochemistry analyzers (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) configured with the enzyme-bound membranes specified for each metabolite.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: These systems, including soil hydrology and building energy simulation, are calculated within a single extensive model, such as an urban quarter, allowing for interaction and adaptation akin to an actual environmental system. The ENVI-met provides highly detailed data for each component, whether a single building among 500 or a solitary tree within 1500 trees. 1 The ENVI-met model has been utilized in numerous studies to examine current microclimatic conditions and evaluate various mitigation strategies against the UHI effect comparatively [86]. In simulating and evaluating the cooling impact of UGS, this software computes some effective factors, including the shading effect, the prospective temperature of leaves, the photosynthesis rate, soil moisture, and local evaporation. Moreover, this model simulates the daily variations within complex urban layouts, consisting of buildings and vegetation of differing configurations, sizes, and shapes, leaf types and rendering relevant outputs for thermal comfort indicators from a microclimatic point of view [87]. There has been a growing scientific interest in urban climate issues and UGS in recent years. This issue has led to an increased utilization of the ENVI-met simulation model, which has gained popularity among researchers. For instance, Makido et al. [11] utilized ENVI-met microclimate modeling to demonstrate that the reduction of paved surfaces, increased vegetation, and enhanced road and roof albedo can potentially diminish temperatures in the studied regions. As an NBS, they recommend that in areas already abundant with tree coverage, such as high-canopy neighborhoods and vegetation urban areas, planning efforts should be directed towards preserving the status quo instead of augmenting vegetation or albedo [11]. The ENVI-met model has also been utilized to simulate selecting suitable trees and planting locations for alleviating urban heat by Morakinyo et al. [88]. The results of the study have revealed that the heat reduction potential of trees was location-dependent and species-specific. Moreover, the results showed that urban trees with varying forms and species regulate variable temperatures in different urban morphology. Similarly, the simulation approach has been utilized to indicate effective patterns in tree planting design. Abdi et al. [83] demonstrated that the most optimal condition in enhancing outdoor thermal comfort can be achieved by employing rectangular planting of evergreen trees in the outer rows and deciduous trees in the inner rows, perpendicularly oriented to the prevailing wind [83].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Raw readings were interpreted by 2700 Xylose PC Software (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) to resolve cross-talk between the xylose and glucose specific membranes. ModelingThe most comprehensive S. cerevisiae metabolic reconstruction currently available, iMM904 [55], was used for pure and mixed culture simulations. The fully compartmentalized network was reconstructed from 904 genes and accounts for 1228 metabolites and 1412 reactions. S. stipitis metabolism was simulated with iBB814 [20], the first published genome-scale reconstruction for this organism. This model accounts for 814 genes, 971 metabolites and 1371 reactions that are compartmentalized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and extracellular space. Following the publication of iBB814, a slightly more detailed S. stipitis metabolic reconstruction was developed [21]. We do not anticipate that the use of this alternative reconstruction would significantly alter the results reported in this paper. The S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-culture model was constructed by combining the iMM904 and iBB814 stoichiometric matrices into a single matrix [56]. Flux distributions for S. cerevisiae (v c ) and S. stipitis (v s ) were calculated by solving the following linear program based on the assumption that the two species attempted to maximize their individual growth rates: max v c v s μ = μ c + μ s = w c T v c + w s T v s A c 0 0 A s v c v s = 0 0 v c min v s min ≤ v c v s ≤ v c max v s max (2) where the subscript i represents the species, A i is the matrix of stoichiometric coefficients, v i is the vector of reaction fluxes including exchange fluxes, vi,min and vi,max are vectors of lower and upper flux bounds, μ i is the growth rate, and w c and w s are vectors of experimentally determined weights that represent the contribution of each flux to biomass formation in S. cerevisiae[55] and S. stipitis[20], respectively. Other than competing for the common substrate glucose, the two yeasts were assumed to grow independently without species interactions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: In recent years, numerous integrated models have been developed in addition to the ENVI-met model. One of the most popular models is an integrated approach comprising a coupled meteorological and urban energy balance model (WRF-SUEWS) and a hedonic pricing simulation model (SULD). This model is utilized to evaluate urban heat fluxes and urban compaction effects, respectively. A recent study conducted by Augusto et al. [89] demonstrated that in the short-term, NBS exhibit a local cooling effect due to an increase in green and blue spaces. However, in the medium to long term, an urban compaction effect is observed due to the attraction of residents from peripheral areas to areas surrounding attractive NBS [89]. In conclusion, it is essential to acknowledge that simulation is a remarkably expedient and expeditious approach to analysis. Nevertheless, the precision of these methodologies necessitates a diligent integration with satellite imagery and field measurements. This approach is appropriate for formulating preliminary hypotheses and assumptions and examining the impact of changes in scenarios and variables on the responses [60]. Advertisement 4. Planning and design of cooling cities: urban greening challenges and strategiesIn the previous sections, the focus was predominantly on presenting the mechanisms by which UGSs can diminish the ambient temperature. Among these, shading and evapotranspiration are considered as the most effective mechanisms. However, effective strategies that can effectively apply these mechanisms to alleviate temperature are still the subject of ongoing debate. Therefore, the challenge of selecting appropriate NBSs to attain multiple objectives in the urban setting has posed a significant difficulty for urban planners and policymakers [36]. Planning and implementing efficient strategies while refraining from heuristics presents a formidable challenge. Moreover, acquiring the requisite expertise to create, maintain, and optimize the chosen strategy is complicated because ascertaining how to equilibrate the synergies and trade-offs achieved through NBSs may add more complexities to this process [90]. In general, each urban area will experience the impacts of excessive heatwaves in a distinct manner. This issue is due to various factors, such as geographical location, climate and meteorological conditions, population density, urban form and structure, building types and construction practices, and existing land cover. The varying conditions will consequently prompt cities to implement a unique combination of cooling solutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore the co-culture objective function μ was assumed to be the sum of the individual species growth rates, and the inclusion of multi-level objective functions [34] was deemed unnecessary. The co-culture model was also used to simulate pure cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis by constraining all fluxes of the unmodeled organism to zero. The steady-state flux balance model (2) was extended to a dynamic model through the addition of the following extracellular mass balance equations: d X c dt = μ c X c (3) d X s dt = μ s X s (4) dG dt = − v g c X c − v g s X s (5) dZ dt = − v z s X s (6) dE dt = v e c X c + v e s X s (7) dO dt = − v o c X c − v o s X s + k L a O * − O (8) where X c and X s are the biomass concentrations of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, G, Z, and E are the concentrations of glucose, xylose, and ethanol, respectively, ve,c and ve,s are ethanol exchange fluxes, v g,c is the glucose uptake rate for S. cerevisiae, and v g,s and v z,s are the glucose and xylose uptake rates, respectively, for S. stipitis. An equation for the dissolved oxygen concentration (O) was necessary to accurately describe microaerobic growth of S. stipitis (see results). In this equation (8), v o,c and v o,s are oxygen exchange fluxes, k L a is the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen from sparged gas to the culture medium, and O* is the saturation concentration of oxygen. For all simulations, O* was taken to be 0. 24 mM, the saturation concentration for water at 30°C and 1 atm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Planning and design strategy: On the building scale, a wide array of passive design strategies exists to augment energy efficiency and mitigate environmental heat without recourse to any external apparatus or instruments for creating high-performance buildings or spaces. A building may be transformed by precisely calibrating the heating, lighting, and ventilation mechanisms to achieve optimal indoor and outdoor comfort for its occupants. Passive design strategies, in their entirety, encompass building orientation and form, ventilation, shading, green walls and roofs, water bodies, and surrounding landscaping and vegetation. Moreover, in the residential complex, a cluster of buildings can effectively provide self-shading inside the site and enclosed courtyards that help to create a cooling environment. Figure 2. NBS based on sustainable UGS cooling effects. By thoroughly analyzing the most recent research and practical experiences, the current 1. Albedo changes caused by future urbanization contribute to global warming. Nature Communications. 2022;13(1):38002. Climate change and extremes: Implications on city livability and associated health risks across the globe. of Strategies and Management. 2022;15(1):1-193. Department for Economic and Social Affairs. Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: July 30, 2023]4. World Bank. Report 2023: Overview. Bank. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: July 25, 2023]5. . Cooling cities with green space: A policy analysis framework. In: 7th State of Conference, 9-11 December 2015. Australia: Gold Coast; 20156. -. Adaptive measures for mitigating urban heat islands: The potential of thermochromic materials to control roofing energy balance. Applied Energy. 2019;247:155-1707. Morales-Inzunza S, Gonzalez-Trevizo ME, Martinez-Torres KE, Luna-León A, Tamayo-Perez UJ, Fernandez-Melchor F, et al. On the potential of cool materials in the urban heat island context: Scalability challenges and technological setbacks towards building decarbonization. Energy and Buildings. 2023;296:1133308. . Estimating the impact of urban densification on high-rise office building cooling loads in a hot and humid climate. Energy and Buildings. 2019;182:30-449. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Switching to plant-based meats alone can reverse all environmental impacts of meat production. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The following substrate uptake expressions were used to calculate upper bounds on the actual sugar and oxygen uptake rates: v g = v g max G K g + G 1 1 + E K ieg (9) v z = v z max Z K z + Z 1 1 + G K igz 1 1 + E K iez (10) v o = v o max O K o + O (11) where vg,max, vz,max and vo,max are the maximum uptake rates of each substrate, K g K z and K o are corresponding saturation constants, K ieg and K iez are ethanol inhibition constants, and K igz is a glucose inhibition constant. The glucose (9) and xylose (10) uptake rates were assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an additional inhibitory term that reflects growth rate suppression at high ethanol concentrations [57]. The glucose inhibition term added to the xylose uptake kinetics accounted for diauxic growth where S. stipitis favors glucose over xylose as the carbon source. The oxygen uptake rate was calculated from a Michaelis-Menten expression based on the dissolved oxygen content of the medium [15]. Pure and mixed culture dynamic flux balance models were solved using the Mosek optimization toolbox (Mosek ApS, Denmark) to resolve the linear program for intracellular metabolism within Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) [30]. Because S. cerevisiae could not meet the non-growth associated ATP maintenance demand during the xylose-only consumption phase, the maintenance flux was constrained to zero after glucose depletion to prevent the LP solver from returning zero fluxes for the S. stipitis network. Due to time-scale differences between the sugar and oxygen consumption rates, the differential equation system (3)--(8) exhibited a high degree of stiffness. To reduce the time required to generate large numbers of DFBA simulations for parameter fitting and in silico culture optimization, Matlab stiff ODE solvers ode15s and ode23tb were used to obtain approximate solutions. An ODE solver with greater accuracy, ode23, was used to generate model predictions once parameters had been estimated or an optimum had been determined. A typical co-culture batch simulation that was solved in two minutes with ode15s required five hours with ode23.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Analysis of urban effect, heat stress and public health in Colombo, and Shenzhen, China. Atmosphere (Basel). 2023;14(5):83910. . Simulation of the energy performance of a building with green roofs and green walls in a tropical climate. Sustainability. 2023;15(3):200611. . Nature-based designs to mitigate urban heat: The efficacy of green infrastructure treatments in Portland, Oregon. Atmosphere (Basel). 2019;10(5):28212. Bush J, Doyon A. Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities. 2019;95:10248313. Susca T. Nature-based solutions applied to the built environment to alleviate climate change: Benefits, co-benefits, and trade-offs in a geographical multi-scale perspective. In: Handbook of Mitigation and Adaptation. Cham: Publishing; 2022. 6714. . Urban sustainability and resilience building: Blue-green infrastructure for air pollution abatement and realizing multiple co-benefits. In: Blue-across Asian Countries: Resilience and Sustainability. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2022. 1715. . Planning for cooler urban canyons: Comparative analysis of the influence of façades reflective properties on urban canyon thermal behavior. Solar Energy. 2018;162:14-2716. How to effectively mitigate urban heat island effect? A perspective of waterbody patch size threshold. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2020;202:10387317. Manoli G, Fatichi S, Schläpfer Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population. Nature. 2019;573(7772):55-6018. Kirschner V, Macků K, Moravec D, Maňas J. Measuring the relationships between various urban green spaces and local climate zones. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):979919. ørgensen G, Koga M, Vejre H. Critical review on the cooling effect of urban blue-green space: A threshold-size perspective. & Urban Greening. 2020;49:12663020. . Green infrastructure as an urban heat island mitigation strategy—A review. Water. 2020;12(12):357721. .

Output: corroborate