Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: RCS application ideally is performed on tree-ring records (1) with a diverse range of start (pith) and end dates (outermost ring), (2) that are very highly replicated with many individual samples, and (3) from a homogeneous well defined ecological setting where all trees are expected to have similar growth rates and ontogenetic trends (e. g. , Esper et al. 2012; Briffa et al. 2013). The first point is important because this helps mitigate the impact of temporally aligned events (such as climatic fluctuations or ecological disturbances) in the calendrically dated tree-ring data from impacting the shape of the regional curve. Secondly, composite datasets comprised of overlapping crossdated sequences for the past millennia from a single, well constrained ecological setting appear ideal for the application of RCS as a single regional curve could theoretically be used (Briffa et al. 2013). Well-replicated datasets are especially critical as the tree-ring indices are not constrained to a mean of one. On one hand, the differences in growth rates that are standardized in individual detrending add noise and greater uncertainty about the mean (e. g. , D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Melvin and Briffa 2014b). But on the other hand, the subtle differences in mean growth rates of cohorts of trees that lived at different times is precisely the low-frequency signal that can be retained with RCS (D’Arrigo et al. 2006). And lastly, a homogenous ecological setting is crucial to ensure both uniformity in the underlying climate signal as well as growth rates. This criterion is difficult to ensure, but assessments of the growth rates of different cohorts over time might suggest homogeneity. In cases where there is reason to doubt the homogeneity of a dataset, it is feasible to develop and apply regional curves for distinct dataset subsets, e. g. , the modern and ancient portions of a tree-ring chronology. Detrending via multiple RCS cohorts should be performed in situations where sampling differences, site difference, or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. , forest management regimes, responses to elevated CO2 or nitrogen concentrations) may significantly compromise the homogeneity of the dataset over time. Such approaches have the advantage of reducing potential biases in the final chronology, but at the same time make it more difficult to retain long-term variability of interest (Briffa et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals were anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol was blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae-imidacloprid showed a significant decrease in the expression of a gene encoding a vanin 1-like protein (Gene ID 724312). Vanin is an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that is suspected to have antiparasitic properties against Plasmodium in mice [47]. Finally, the only gene overexpressed in our experiment was the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) whose expression was significantly increased at day 7 in honeybees infected by N. ceranae. Quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-Seq correlation. Gene expression profiles collected at day 7 from experimental groups exposed to no treatment, N. ceranae and fipronil, applied alone or in combination, were compared to RNA-Seq data (Figure S3). A strong correlation was found between Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0. 84, n = 92, p<0. 001). Among the six genes showing differential expression in RNA-Seq data and chosen for qPCR analysis, four showed positively correlated expression in Exp. 2, while none showed divergent expression. More precisely, honeybees treated with N. ceranae alone or with the N. ceranae-fipronil combination showed in both experiments a higher expression of the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) and a lower expression of the SP 40 (Gene ID 409626) and Lim3 homeobox (Gene ID 410658) encoding genes. The latter was also repressed by fipronil in the two experiments. Similarly, a significant decrease in the expression of the trehalase encoding gene (Gene ID 410484) was observed in response to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination in both experiments. Overall, the similar survival and gene expression profiles obtained from the two distinct experiments, using different analytical methods (RNA-Seq and qPCR) and different fipronil concentrations (1. 3 and 2 μg/L), showed that the stresses applied induced a reproductible response. DiscussionNewly emerged honeybees were exposed to N. ceranae-infection or chronic exposure to an insecticide (fipronil or imidacloprid) or a combination of both parasite and insecticide.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2013). A third approach for detrending that continues to gain traction in tree-ring research is the so-called “Signal Free” method (Melvin and Briffa 2008; Melvin and Briffa 2014a, b). This approach is based upon the recognition that the curves used to detrend tree-ring data, particularly for individual detrending, do not (readily) distinguish between the age/size trends and long-term climatic variability (Melvin and Briffa 2008). Conceptually, the “signal free” approach is similar to the RCS. Yet, instead of developing a population estimate of the regional curve, a population estimate of the common non-age/size related variability (i. e. , generally the climate signal) has the central role. Specifically, the signal free method iteratively removes a population estimate of the tree-ring chronology from the tree-ring measurements prior to the next detrending iteration. Multiple iterations are performed until (in most cases) a stable estimate for the tree-ring data and chronology is achieved. The “signal free” method can be applied at the individual series level, or alternatively can be employed to derive a signal-free estimate of the regional curve in RCS. Investigations that have employed the signal-free detrending have shown a superior retention of lower-frequency climate related signals in the final tree-ring chronology (e. g. , Fang et al. 2012; Melvin and Briffa 2014a; Wilson et al. 2019). Awareness of the potential age/size related trends is crucial for all tree-ring and subsequent detrending/standardization approaches. Moreover, awareness of how such long-term trends, and/or methodological approaches applied to remove them (Fig. 2. 4), potentially impacts scientific investigations is also required, as is communicating such information in publications. Continued research on both methodological detrending/standardization methods, and also emphasizing the importance of highly replicated tree-ring records, are both necessary. 4. 3 Long-in Tree-Ring DataTree-ring data are of great value for the centennial to multi-millennial scale perspectives on changing ecosystems, climate, and societies, including rare, extreme, and long-term variations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p < 0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Fig. 1−3. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p < 0. 05). Then, least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophagesI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thicknessI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae-imidacloprid combination did not lead to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality. This result is in accordance with the data from Alaux et al. , (2010) [37], where a synergy between Nosema parasites and imidacloprid occurred only with high concentration (70 μg/L) but not with 0. 7 or 7 μg/L of imidacloprid. Honeybee midgut response to parasitism and exposure to insecticide was analysed in two independent experiments using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR for Exp. 1 and 2 respectively. A strong correlation was found between gene expression changes between both experiments (Fig. S3) showing that the midgut transcriptional response to treatments was reproducible. A strong effect of honeybee ageing on gene expression profiles was suspected from the principal component analysis performed on RNA-Seq data (Fig. 2). This analysis also suggested that parasite and insecticide treatments had very low impact on global gene expression one day after experiment initiation while they influenced it at day 7. Moreover, a higher number of genes showed expression changes by qRT-PCR at day 11 compared to day 7 suggesting that parasite and insecticide have a growing impact on gene expression with time. Overall, early gene expression changes might reflect honeybee response to a moderate disruption of midgut homeostasis induced by parasite and/or insecticide treatments. On the next days, the amplification regarding gene expression changes might reflect the honeybees inability to recover from this disruption, resulting in a growing imbalance that may lead to premature death. A significant downregulation of several genes potentially implicated in the immune response was detected in N. ceranae-infected honeybees at days 7 or 11. Those included the genes encoding the serine proteases SP22 and SP40, glucose dehydrogenase 2, lysozyme 1, hymenoptaecin and GMC oxidoreductase 3 (Tables 1 and 2). In addition to their function in digestion of food, serine proteases in insects participate in regulatory cascade reactions linked to immune responses resulting in rapid activation of the Toll and prophenoloxidase pathways [51]. Antimicrobial peptides such as hymenoptaecin are key elements of the insect innate immunity against bacteria and fungi [52]. Hymenoptaecin was the only antimicrobial peptide significantly affected under N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: A recurring theme in the dendrochronology literature is the faithful decomposition—sensu the linear aggregate model—of the variable of interest while mitigating noise from other factors. As described in Sect. 2. 4. 3 much of the focus in dendrochronology literature has been on removing age/size related trends, while retaining all long-term climate related trends. This endeavor is particularly challenging due to i) multiple environmental and biological factors and processes that could result in long-term trends in tree-ring data, ii) reduced degrees of freedom to statistically assess and verify lower-frequency changes (e. g. , Briffa et al. 2002a; Melvin and Briffa 2014b) and iii) limited opportunities to make direct comparisons with independent long-term records of the same exact phenomena (Emile-Geay et al. 2017) recognizing further differences in seasonality, resolution, and geographic proximity. As dendrochronology continually expands by covering longer periods of time, over more regions, into newer disciplines such as terrestrial carbon cycling and ecophysiology, and with greater reliance on parameters from wood anatomy and stable isotopes, new challenges and opportunities are arising. There are a perhaps a couple of points of note related to these developments, and with a focus on stable isotopes. Firstly, there is not a consensus on the existence or absence of age/size related trends in stable isotopes (e. g. , Klesse et al. 2018c and 5. 1 Tree-Ring ChronologiesIn comparison to other earth and environmental science related fields, the relative ease with which tree-ring samples are collected and measured has greatly facilitated well-developed statistical frameworks for signal and noise assessment in dendrochronology (e. g. , Wigley et al. 1984; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990). Multiple cores per tree, multiple trees per site, and multiple sites per region, can be regarded as hierarchical view on drawing samples from a population, and using such samples to estimate population characteristics. Within dendrochronology it is typical, after crossdating, to take the multiple individual measurement time-series and average (or use another statistical measure of central tendency such as the robust mean, median or other percentiles) their values into a single time-series—a tree-ring chronology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (4. 72 ± 0. 87 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae-infection in our study while abaecin, apidaecin and defensin encoding genes were also downregulated in other studies [8], [9]. Glucose dehydrogenases are components of the humoral immune response associated with melanised encapsulation [53] and have already been shown to be repressed in response to N. ceranae [8]. A recent survey revealed a possible implication of GMC oxidoreductases in insect immunity. Related genes are upregulated in silkworm in response to four different pathogens and the knockdown of these genes affects the survival rate of infected individuals [54]. Other genes were shown to be downregulated in N. ceranae-infected midguts in previous studies [8]–[10], but not significantly in the present one, such as the basket and u-shaped genes whose orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster are related to immunity [10]. Altogether these data suggest an impairment of the honeybee immune defence in response to N. ceranae infection that may favour the parasite development. Pesticides might also act on insects immune system [22], [55] and fungicides and acaricides have been shown to downregulate immune-related genes in honeybees [55]–[57]. In our study, the hymenoptaecin and lysozyme 1 transcript levels were significantly lower following the chronic exposure to fipronil and to fipronil and imidacloprid respectively (Table 2). Therefore phenylpyrazole and neonicotinoid insecticides might also alter the honeybee immune response. A significant overexpression of a chitinase encoding gene was detected in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, and two genes encoding cuticular proteins carrying a chitin-binding domain were activated in honeybees exposed to parasite-insecticide treatments. For the first time data suggest that cuticle coatings, which constitute important barrier defence in insects, might undergo significant modifications in response to a parasite infection. One should also consider that the peritrophic matrix surrounding the food bolus and protecting epithelial cells contains chitin [58], therefore infection by N. ceranae might lead to an alteration of the peritrophic matrix.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: A tree-ring chronology enjoys the characteristic that the common signal from the sampled population of individual trees is enhanced by averaging out “noise” variance specific to individual time-series. The most basic type of tree-ring chronology consists of the average of all individual tree-ring time-series from a given site. This chronology (e. g. , referred to in (Cook and Krusic 2005) as the “Raw” chronology) incorporates all of the underlying signals in the tree-ring data including possible age-size related trends, variance changes due to the heteroscedastic nature of tree-ring data, potentially artifacts from changes in sample replication (see below), and so on. Yet, many investigations derive chronologies after performing data processing and analytical steps (sensu the linear aggregate model) to remove such unwanted noise. Thus, typically the tree-ring data are detrended & standardized (see above) prior to averaging together into most tree-ring chronologies. It is broadly recognized there is no objective or perfect way to detrend the tree-ring data, and thus an emphasis on both understanding and communicating in publications how the detrending impacts the retained signals in the final chronology is necessary. When emphasis is on year-to-year variations, as for crossdating, more flexible detrending curves can be used to remove most variability on say time-scales longer than 30-years whilst retaining essentially all year-to-year variations. Similarly, when the preservation of long-term trends is important, as is the case for many global change related investigations, more conservative approaches to retain longer time-scale variability are required (e. g. , Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Briffa et al. 1992; Cook et al. 1995; Esper et al. 2002; Melvin and Briffa 2008, 2014a, 2014b; Helama et al. 2017). Serial autocorrelation, or the statistical non-independence of successive years of tree growth due to e. g. , biological factors such as carbohydrate reserves (or depletion) and changes in needle/foliar length and capacity, is sometime also removed from tree-ring measurements in a step often referred to as “pre-whitening” via auto-regressive moving average modeling (Meko 1981).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs. III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs. 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs. 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The low expression of these genes, that did not pass the statistical screening test in the present work, could be linked to the high mortality observed in honeybees exposed to fipronil. Modifications of the expression of several genes related to trehalose metabolism were observed in our study. A trehalase-encoding gene was highly downregulated in N. ceranae-infected honeybees at day 11 (Table 2), as expected from previous data [10]. This gene and two other encoding facilitated trehalose transporters were also downregulated in honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination. Trehalases hydrolyse trehalose to generate glucose which can then be catabolised through glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway [68]. In the haemolymph of N. ceranae-infected foragers, the trehalose amount has been shown to be lower compared to uninfected individuals while glucose amount remained stable, suggesting that parasitism increased honeybee energetic demand [12]. Trehalases are also involved in various other physiological processes in insects such as regulation of chitin biosynthesis, flight metabolism or cold tolerance [69], [70]. Regulation of a trehalase gene may thus be linked to a complex metabolic response but it would need confirmation through trehalase activity monitoring. Several genes encoding transcription factors were significantly downregulated in response to parasite and/or insecticide treatment (Tables 1 and 2), including three homeobox-containing proteins (namely the homeodomain interacting protein kinase, Lim3 homeobox and homeobox protein Nkx-2. 5-like), referred to as Hox proteins. gene, encoding an ortholog of the D. melanogaster pituitary homeobox homolog 1 was also found significantly downregulated in the midgut of honeybees infected by N. ceranae for 7 days [10]. Hox proteins are transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in growth and differentiation during the developmental processes of animals, from flies to mammals [71]. Hox proteins may also play a role in the innate immune response as modulators of NF-κB-dependent transcription and as mediators of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells [72], [73].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: For many highly correlating tree-ring parameters such as tree-ring width from semi-arid or high latitude/altitude sites (e. g. , Breitenmoser et al. 2014; St. George and Ault 2014), maximum latewood density from high latitude/altitude sites (Briffa et al. 2002a, b; Björklund et al. 2017), and notably stable isotopes across a wide range of ecological and climatic environments (Hartl-Meier et al. 2014), achieving illustrative EPS and SSS benchmarks of e. g. , 0. 85 may require only 4–5 measurement time-series. Yet, more emphasis appears warranted to address and communicate these estimates of chronology confidence are for (primarily) high-frequency assessments. Similarly, more work (and more samples) are required for any dendrochronological investigations benchmarking longer-term variability. For example, Melvin and Briffa (2014b) describe an approach to estimate lower-frequency coherence by looking at variance ratios of the data before and after high-pass filtering. They suggest that for lower-frequency assessment several times more trees might be actually necessary than inferred from the EPS and SSS calculations. Anecdotally, trend discrepancies amongst investigations of tree-ring isotopes support the notion that many more series will be scientifically important. Thus, two major research agendas are: (1) to better quantify the skill and error especially towards lower-frequency domains, and (2) to develop ever larger tree-ring datasets to increase confidence (and more realistically assess noise) in lower-frequency domains. The former has been a challenge to the paleoclimatic community for decades (e. g. , Esper et al. 2004), and becoming a clearly recognized need for assessments of stable isotopes in narrowing the wide range of water use efficiency responses to the anthropogenic increase in CO2 (e. g. , Saurer et al. 2004). Yet, with continued advances in technology and processing efficiency, and decreases in expenses (e. g. , Andreu-Hayles et al. 2019), it is foreseeable that we will soon have many more tree-ring isotope datasets with 10’s of trees at any given point in time (with less or no pooling across trees) and thus steady progress towards realizing the latter research agenda. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. 43 ± 0. 45 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs. 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result. On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs. 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs. 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs. 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001). DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: One other transcription factor (annotated as POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3-like) was significantly repressed in response to fipronil. POU domain-containing transcription factors perform varying functions as regulators of house-keeping genes or as developmental coordinators [74]. In Drosophila, POU proteins were shown to control, together with other regulators, the constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, thus promoting a first-line defence against infection [75]. The pleiotropic effects of Hox and POU transcription factors make it difficult to interpret their regulation, as it could be linked either to a host response to the stressors (e. g. protection, compensation for damages, prevention of parasite development) or, in the case of infection, to a host manipulation by the parasite. ConclusionOur result showed that N. ceranae-fipronil and N. ceranae-imidacloprid combinations do not systematically lead to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality. Such variability in impact on mortality could be due to additional unexpected stressors related to life-history traits of the sampled honeybee colonies. In our study, gene expression profiles in honeybee midgut showed that insecticide treatments had no impact on detoxifying genes but led to a significant downregulation of immunity-related genes (Figure 3), suggesting a possible immunotoxicity of neonicotinoid and phenylpyrazole insecticides under chronic exposure. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity visible after 7 days, together with significant modifications affecting barrier defence and trehalose metabolism. The increasing impact of the treatments with time suggests a growing imbalance of the honeybee transcriptome that would reflect an absence of stress recovery and could explain the observed higher mortality rates. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Impact of N. ceranae and fipronil on gene expression or enzyme activity in the honeybee. The figure presents a selection of genes or enzymes whose expression or activity has been shown to significantly increase (↑) or decrease (↓) under exposure to N. ceranae (red), to fipronil (green), or to a N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In contrast to this relatively modest daytime shift in δ13C of atmospheric CO2 with canopy depth, the gradient in δ13C of leaf biomass (δ13Cp) from upper canopy to understory can be up to 5‰ (Fig. 9. 2c). The much steeper gradient in leaf δ13Cp compared to that in daytime δ13C of CO2 suggests that physiological effects predominate in driving the changes in leaf biomass δ13C (et al. 2001; Buchmann et al. 2002; Duursma and Marshall 2006; Ubierna and Marshall 2011). These physiological effects are likely driven by the reduction in light with canopy depth. The amount of photosynthetically active radiation in the understory of a forest with leaf area index of 8, for example, can be as little as 1% of that above the canopy (Duursma and Mäkelä 2007). Such strong gradients in light result in lower chloroplastic CO2 concentrations at top of the canopy than at depth, and therefore lower photosynthetic 13C discrimination in sun than in shade foliage. For trees that grow with their crowns in the forest canopy or in communities with lower leaf area indices, the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 that forms the source for photosynthesis can be assumed similar to that of the free troposphere (Buchmann et al. 2002). For trees with their crowns near the forest floor in communities with dense canopies, Buchmann et al. (2002) provide a relatively simple, empirical approach to estimating the daytime depletion of δ13C of atmospheric CO2 as a function of canopy height. This is most relevant to the lowermost 2 m of the canopy air space near the forest floor. Typically for tree ring studies, an annually averaged value for the δ13C of CO2 in the troposphere is needed. This can be compiled for years prior to 1980 based on ice core data, and for years after 1980 from flask measurements of atmospheric CO2 that can be accessed online ( with details of the measurements described in Keeling et al. (2001). 9. 1, we compile annually averaged values which are updated since the values given by McCarroll and Loader (2004). The ice core δ13C record was revised recently (Rubino et al. 2019), such that the value in 1850 is best estimated as ~−6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than negative control group on the 14th and 21st day after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase its migration during proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was reduction in the number of fibroblast on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocyte which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae-fipronil combination (purple) in the present work or in previous studies: 1Antunez et al. , 2009; 2Chaimanee et al. , 2012; 3Dussaubat et al. , 2012; 4Vidau et al. , 2011. Supporting InformationFigure S1. Quantitative RT-PCR validation of RNA-Seq data on a selection of eight genes. Data show values of differential expression of eight selected genes (i. e. encoding chitinase 5, SP14, SP40, Lim3 homeobox, glucosinolate sulphatase, trehalase, hydrocephalus-inducing protein-like and actin related protein 1) for the same pairwise comparisons between experimental groups, determined by RNA-Seq and qPCR. A strong correlation was found between qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq data (Spearman rank correlation p = 0. 722, n = 72, p<0. 001). Figure S2. Effect of N. ceranae and insecticide, acting alone or in combination, on honeybee survival. Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), insecticide (green), or a N. ceranae-insecticide combination (pink). N. ceranae-treated honeybees were individually infected at their emergence (day 0) and insecticide-treated ones were chronically and orally exposed to (A) fipronil (2 μg/L) or (B) imidacloprid (2 μg/L) from day 0 to day 7. Data from 140 honeybees per experimental condition were analysed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Figure S3. Comparison between transcripts abundance of the same set of 24 genes determined in Exp. 1 (RNA-Seq) and Exp. 2 (qRT-PCR) at day 7. The log2 of mean between replicates transcripts counts is given for each gene and each experimental group (i. e. control, N. ceranae, fipronil, N. ceranae-fipronil). Ct determined by qRT-PCR in Exp. 2 was normalized using gene RpS5a as the reference. A strong correlation was found between Exp. 1 and Exp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Brooks and Mitchell (2011) (Thin); 2. Brooks and Mitchell (2011) (Thin x Fertilization); 3. Powers et al. (2010); 4. Sohn et al. (2014); 5. Martin-Benito et al. (2011); 6. Leavitt and Long (1986); 7. Navarro-Cerrillo et al. (2019) (Pinus nigra); 8. Navarro-Cerrillo et al. (2019) (Pinus sylvestris); 9. McDowell et al. (2003) Stand A; 10. McDowell et al. (2003) Stand B; 11. McDowell et al. (2003)) Stand C; 12. York et al. (2010)Full size imageUnder dry conditions, thinning can mitigate drought stress and tree ring stable isotopes have helped illuminate the physiological mechanisms of drought resistance (Sohn et al. 2012, 2014, 2016). In an earlier meta-analysis of thinning effects on drought response, tree ring isotopic data revealed that in conifers, heavy thinning influenced ∆13C in a drought year more strongly than in the other years (Sohn et al. 2016). The heavy thinning treatments also changed δ18O more strongly in the drought year. However, thinning influenced the isotopic data both before and after the drought year as well. An analysis of ring-width data in the same paper showed clearer patterns, in part because it included broadleaf species. For the broadleaves, thinning appeared to increase soil moisture available to the trees during drought, allowing them to resist changes in growth during the drought year. Voelker et al. (2019) also found that stand basal area influenced drought sensitivity; stands at lower basal areas demonstrated decreasing trends in A/gs, and greater resilience to droughts. However, they found stands with high basal area had increasing trends in A/gs over the same period of time, which they attributed to greater water limitations and lower drought resilience. Kruse et al. (2012) also noted that stand density influenced the degree of stomatal control over A/gs. In more mesic environments, thinning can increase exposure of the remaining canopy to both greater light and higher vapor pressure deficits, as well as increase nutrient availability (Fig. 23. 2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. & Wilkins; 7th edn2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. . 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: 2 (Spearman rank correlation p = 0. 84, n = 92, p<0. 001). Table S1. List of primer sequences and conditions used for quantitative RT-PCR analysis in this study. Nucleotide sequences for both forward (F) and reverse (R) primers are given together with the amplicon size, the primer final concentration and hybridization temperature used for amplification, as well as the linearity and the efficiency of the qPCR. Table S2. Honeybee genes detected in honeybees exposed to no treatment (Ct), N. ceranae (Ncer), fipronil (Fip), or a N. ceranae-fipronil (Nc+F) at day 1 (D1) or 7 (D7). The table gives the normalized counts for each sample together with the mean log2 of replicates for each condition and the log2 fold changes (and adjusted p-value in parenthesis) for each pairwise comparison. 1. Oldroyd BP (2007) What’s killing American honey bees? PLoS Biol 5: e168. View 2. (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Evol 25: 345–353. View 3. vanEngelsdorp D, Meixner MD (2010) A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the and the factors that may affect them. J 103 Suppl 1S80–95. View 4. van (2010) Weighing risk factors associated with bee colony collapse disorder by classification and regression tree analysis. J 103: 1517–1523. View 5. Higes M, Meana A, Bartolomé C, Botías C, Martín-Hernández R (2013) Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia), a controversial 21st century honey bee pathogen. Reports 5: 17–29. View 6. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J 96: 1–10. View 7. Botías C, Martín-Hernández R, Garrido-Bailón E, González-Porto A, Martínez-Salvador A, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: For example in eastern Oregon, McDowell et al. (2003) examined the change in cellulose δ13C in a stand of 250-year old ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) where thinning selectively left the largest trees with wide spacing, removing 60–80% of the basal area. ∆13C increased a year after the thinning treatment and remained higher for at least 12 years when they collected cores, whereas growth differences were not noted until 4 years after the treatment. Predawn water potentials of the foliage were significantly less negative in the thinned trees compared to neighboring control stands, indicating that soil water availability was still higher in the thinned stands 12 years after the treatment. In another ponderosa pine stand located in Arizona, McDowell et al. (2006) noted that after a four-year lag, ∆13C values increased for approximately 12 years of a density reduction experiment (shown in Fig. 23. 3 as Sohn et al. 2014, who re-analyzed the McDowell et al. 2006 data). In this study, the basal area increment (BAI) produced in a given year was related to this change in ∆13C, with higher levels of thinning producing a greater increase in ∆13C and greater increases in BAI. However, after 12 years, ∆13C returned to pretreatment levels even though stand densities of the treatments were maintained. They found that the whole tree leaf area to sapwood area had adjusted such that trees in the low basal area stands had significantly more leaf area per unit sapwood area, and suspected that increases in tree leaf area returned to a homeostatic balance of A/gs at pretreatment levels. Giuggiola et al. (2016) found similar results in a xeric Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) thinning experiment they followed for over 40 years. At least in xeric locations, thinning does appear to increase water to the remaining trees initially, increasing stomatal conductance of the existing foliage. However, after a decade or so, the trees at xeric sites adjusted their leaf area and root area and returned to homeostasis in A/gs. Fig. 23. 3Carbon isotope discrimination (± variance) by year after thinning, where year 0 is the year the thinning treatment was applied.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 83532. r128998) The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: (2012) The growing prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in Spain, an emerging problem for the last decade. Sci 93: 150–155 View 8. Antúnez K, Martín-Hernández (2009) Immune suppression in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) following infection by Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). 11: 2284–2290. View 9. (2012) Differential expression of immune genes of adult honey bee (Apis mellifera) after inoculated by Nosema ceranae. J 58: 1090–1095. View 10. Dussaubat C, Brunet J- (2012) Gut pathology and responses to the microsporidium Nosema ceranae in the honey bee Apis mellifera. 7: e37017. View 11. Mayack C, (2009) Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. J 100: 185–188. View 12. Mayack C, (2010) Parasitic infection leads to decline in hemolymph sugar levels in honeybee foragers. J 56: 1572–1575. View 13. (2012) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite profiling of worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L. ) hemolymph for the study of Nosema ceranae infection. J 58: 1349–1359. View 14. García-Palencia P, Martín-Hernández R, González- (2010) Natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes similar lesions as in experimentally infected caged-workers honey bees (Apis mellifera). J 49: 278–283. View 15. Higes M, Martín-Hernández R, Botías C, Bailón EG, González-Porto AV, et al. (2008) How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. 10: 2659–2669. View 16. Dussaubat C, Sagastume S, Gómez-Moracho T, Botías C, García-Palencia P, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Stable isotope tree-ring studies on management actions could reduce uncertainties and explain mechanisms of response, especially with increased auxiliary measurements of leaf nitrogen, leaf area, and xylem and soil water isotopes. 1494. Basal area growth, carbon isotope discrimination, and intrinsic water use efficiency after fertilization of Douglas-fir in the Oregon coast range. Manage 389:285–295. (2018) Drought induced tree mortality—a tree-ring isotope based conceptual model to assess mechanisms and predispositions. 219(2):485–490. Growth and carbon isotopes of Mediterranean trees reveal contrasting responses to increased carbon dioxide and drought. Oecologia 174(1):307–317. G, Schleser GH (2004) Beyond CO2-fixation by Rubisco—an interpretation of 13C/12C variations in tree rings from novel intra-seasonal studies on broad-leaf trees. Plant, 27(3):367–380. Academic Press, pp 1–49 Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis. Manage 140(2):227–238. Growth enhancement of Picea abies trees under long-term, low-dose N addition is due to morphological more than to physiological changes. 32(12):1471–1481. der Maaten E, Schelhaas M-J, Lasch P, Eggers J, van der Maaten-(2014) Climate change and European forests: what do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management? J 146:69–83. JD, (2013) Mineral nutrition and elevated [CO2] interact to modify δ13C, an index of gas exchange, in Norway spruce. 33(11):1132–11441895. Modeling lodgepole pine radial growth relative to climate and genetics using universal growth-trend response functions. 21(3):776–788. JSTOR 301. Linking stable oxygen and carbon isotopes with stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity: a conceptual model. Oecologia 125(3):350–357. K, (2008) Relationships between leaf life span, leaf mass per area, and leaf nitrogen cause different altitudinal changes in leaf δ13C between deciduous and evergreen species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: -Delègue M-H (2004) Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions. Saf 57: 410–419. View 29. . (2009) Sublethal effects of fipronil on the ability of honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ) to orientate on a complex maze. Hazards of pesticides to bees - 10th of the ICP-Group. 30. (2011) Honeybee tracking with microchips: a new methodology to measure the effects of pesticides. Ecotoxicology 20: 429–437. View 31. ünewald B, (2012) RFID tracking of sublethal effects of two neonicotinoid insecticides on the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera. 7: e30023. View 32. (2001) Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. Chem 20: 2482–2486. View 33. (2005) Comparative sublethal toxicity of nine pesticides on olfactory learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera. 48: 242–250. View 34. (2009) Subchronic exposure of honeybees to sublethal doses of pesticides: effects on behavior. Chem 28: 113–122. View 35. Holmstrup M, Bindesbøl A- (2010) Interactions between effects of environmental chemicals and natural stressors: a review. Environ 408: 3746–3762. View 36. González- (2013) Combined effects of global change pressures on animal-mediated pollination. Evol 28: 524–530. View 37. Alaux C, Brunet J- (2010) Interactions between Nosema microspores and a neonicotinoid weaken honeybees (Apis mellifera). 12: 774–782. View 38. ès B, et al. (2011) Exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid highly increases mortality of honeybees previously infected by Nosema ceranae. 6: e21550. View 39. (2012) Parasite-insecticide interactions: a case study of Nosema ceranae and fipronil synergy on honeybee. 2: 326. View 40.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionThe visionary scientist was one of the first to measure stable isotopes in wood and argued that δ13C in tree rings might be linked to environmental variation (Craig 1954). Others followed and measured different isotopes such as δ2H and δ18O (Schiegl 1974; Gray and Thompson 1976, see also Chap. 1). However, due to instrument and sample size limitations, most early studies focused on one element at a time. Once it became possible to measure more than one element on a single sample, researchers began to see the benefits of multiple proxy information to reconstruct historical climate and physiological responses to climate variability. With the advent of software that can switch tuning during analysis of a single sample, IRMS instruments commonly provide both δ13C and δ15N values after combustion and separation for the same organic matter sample (Pate et al. 1998; Cernusak et al. 2007). While this approach has many uses in ecological studies (Ohkouchi et al. 2015), wood contains very little nitrogen and so relatively few stable isotope dendrochronologists have applied δ15N as secondary proxy (although see Chap. 12). Although measuring both δ13C and δ18O values for the same sample commonly involves separate IRMS runs (combustion for δ13C and pyrolysis for δ18O), analysis of the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from one sample is also possible with newer pyrolysis techniques (Woodley et al. 2012; Weigt et al. 2015). With the advent of new techniques to more easily measure δ2H in cellulose (to deal with exchangeable H, see methods in Chaps. 7 and 11), some are beginning to look at all three primary stable isotopes in cellulose (Etien et al. 2009; Loader et al. 2016). Regardless of using a dual-isotope approach as a way to constrain physiological interpretations of one isotope, multiple isotopic information from the same sample provide added information for analysis. Each element has a different pathway for inclusion into organic matter with different fractionation events that potentially capture a unique set of physiological and environmental information. Even oxygen and hydrogen, which are both incorporated into cellulose via source water and thus would seemingly provide identical environmental information, can be used to examine evaporative conditions through measuring deuterium excess (Voelker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractNosema ceranae, a newly introduced parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is contributing to worldwide colony losses. species, such as N. apis, tend to be associated with increased defecation and spread via a fecal-oral pathway, but because N. ceranae does not induce defecation, it may instead be spread via an oral-oral pathway. Cages that separated older infected bees from young uninfected bees were used to test whether N. ceranae can be spread during food exchange. When cages were separated by one screen, food could be passed between the older bees and the young bees, but when separated by two screens, food could not be passed between the two cages. Young uninfected bees were also kept isolated in cages, as a solitary control. After 4 days of exposure to the older bees, and 10 days to incubate infections, young bees were more likely to be infected in the 1-treatment vs. the 2-treatment (P = 0. 0097). Young bees fed by older bees showed a 13-fold increase in mean infection level relative to young bees not fed by older bees (1-40. 8%; 2-3. 4%; 2. 8%). Although fecal-oral transmission is still possible in this experimental design, oral-oral infectivity could help explain the rapid spread of N. ceranae worldwide. Citation: Smith ML (2012) Nosema ceranae: Transmissible via Food Exchange? 7(8): e43319. Stephen J. Martin, Sheffield University, of America Received: January 7, 2012; Accepted: July 18, 2012; Published: August 16, 2012Copyright: © Michael L. This is an open-access 0. 5 µm in diameter [16]; N. ceranae spores measure 4. 4×2. 2 µm [17]. While this suggests that most N. ceranae spores do not pass from the midgut into the crop, there is a possibility that some spores could cross this barrier. N. ceranae spores have been found in the pollen loads of bees, which include some regurgitated nectar from the crop [17]. If spores are able to pass the proventriculus, and reach the crop, they could be regurgitated to other colony members during food exchange, providing a mechanism for oral-oral transmission. To determine whether N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2014) and may also act as a proxy for carbon metabolism (Cormier et al. 2019). In addition, it is always useful to add non-isotope components of the annual ring as a third or fourth proxy (see Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019). Ring width is related to growth rates and can help to interpret isotope variation that, for example, may be indicating drought or other growth limiting conditions. Though not commonly done, there is good reason to think that combining newer techniques of tree ring analysis (maximum latewood density, Chen et al. 2012 or Blue Intensity, Campbell et al. 2007) with isotopes could clarify climatic relationships (temperature and precipitation). This 2. discriminates against 13C, the amount incorporated into organic matter will be determined by its potential to use 12C preferentially. At high ci, unfixed 13CO2 can diffuse back out the stomatal pores whereas at low ci the enzyme will discriminate less and capture relatively more 13C because it is substrate limited. As a consequence, conditions that promote relatively low ci during the growing season (e. g. stomatal closure due to water stress) will result in relatively high δ13C in organic matter, and vice versa for high ci. Ci is set by a supply (stomatal conductance) and demand (photosynthetic rate) process (Farquhar and Sharkey 1982; Farquhar et al. 1989; Ehleringer 1993) and thus numerous studies also demonstrate a relationship between δ13C and intrinsic water-use efficiency (the ratio of photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance, see Chap. 17). When making use of variations in stable isotopes to interpret and disentangle plant responses to a changing environment, we must keep in mind that numerous environmental factors impact CO2 and H2O gas exchange, (the primary drivers for isotopic fractionation in leaves). In the real world, a whole assemblage of variables impact plant metabolism simultaneously. Therefore because δ13C variation of plant organic matter (also tree-ring cellulose) relates to supply and demand, it reflects a variety of aspect of tree functional biology. Any aspect of tree status that leads to modifications of photosynthetic rates (light interception associated with tree fall gaps, nitrogen fertilization, temperature changes etc. , Flanagan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae can be transmitted during food exchange, experiments were conducted using hoarding cages. Initially uninfected bees were separated from infected bees using one screen or two screens. In the 1-Screen cages, food could be passed between infected and uninfected bees, but not in the 2-Screen cages. These cages reduce the likelihood of fecal-oral transmission, but cannot entirely eliminate the fecal-oral pathway. Infection rates in the initially uninfected bees were determined post-treatment. If oral transmission occurs, then post-treatment infection rates would be predicted to be higher in 1-Screen separated bees than in 2-Screen separated bees. MethodsExperiments were performed at the of. 5 trials were performed starting 19 April 2011, and 9 trials starting 11 May 2011. experiment involved giving groups of young, initially uninfected bees three treatments. In the Solo Control, young bees were placed in a cage by themselves. In the 2-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by 1. 5 mm mesh screens spaced 0. 6 cm apart for the 19 April trials, and 1. 0 cm apart for the 11 May trials. In the 1-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by only one screen (see Figure 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Diagram of cages used in the three treatments. Triangles above cages are feeders, and the circles on the sides represent the screening between cages. The 2∶1 ratio of bees in the image represents the ratio of older bees to young bees (labeled on top of each cage). Multiple bees were kept in each cage, ranging between 10 and 70 bees. In the 2-Screen Test, but not in the 1-Screen Test, there was spacing between paired cages to prevent food exchange between bees in the two cages. all three treatments, the young bees were caged for 14 days. They were fed ad libitum with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) feeder. Over the 14-day test period, any dead bees were removed from the cages every other day. Mortality rates did not differ between the three treatments (Young bees- ANOVA; F = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2002) source water δ18O values (xylem water) can differ from meteoric water inputs, which provides the baseline water that is modified by leaf-level processes (Goldsmith et al. 2019; Allen et al. 2018a, b). 3. 2 Plant EffectsBriefly (see also Chap. 10), the δ18O variation in organic matter that could be incorporated into wood cellulose is primarily impacted by source water δ18O, atmospheric vapor δ18O and evaporative conditions influencing fractionation processes in the leaf during transpiration (Roden et al. 2000; Barbour 2007; Cernusak et al. 2016; Lehmann et al. 2018). Further factors influence bulk leaf water such as progressive enrichment where leaf venation patterns lead to previously enriched water re-entering the xylem and moving to more distal regions and becoming further enriched in 18O (Helliker and Ehleringer 2002) and compartmentation where pools of water are isolated from evaporation leading to a leaf being less enriched that expected based on models (Roden et al. 2015). Péclet effects, where the back diffusion of water from the sites of evaporative enrichment in the leaves as opposed by the flow of less-enriched water from the xylem, also impact bulk leaf water enrichment (Farquhar and Lloyd 1993). The δ18O signals from leaf water are incorporated into carbohydrates and are then modified by proportional exchange during phloem transport as well as at the site of organic matter synthesis (Barbour et al. 2004; Barbour 2007; Sternberg 2009; Gessler et al. 2014). 3. 3 on Tree RingsAs a result of these processes, oxygen isotope variation in tree rings can be used to probe a number of environmental impacts on tree physiology. Due to the primary influence of source water δ18O associated with variation in meteoric waters, which in turn can be a function of condensation temperature, tree-ring δ18O time series may be a proxy for temperature variation (Gray and Thompson 1976). While this may appear straight forward, there are a variety of potential fractionation events that can modify that signal (e. g. soil evaporation) even to the extent of ecohydrolic separation leading to soil water available to trees in antiphase to seasonal temperatures (Brooks et al. 2010; Allen et al. 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan can also increase the number of macrophages and stimulates fibroblast to produce keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) for re-epithelialization process (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009; Sierra-García et al. , 2014; Surjushe et al. , 2008). This study aimed to determine the effect of Aloe vera extract in repairing post-burn skin in rats that were analyzed from the number of macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness. MethodsThis is an experimental study in an animal burn model with a posttest-only control group design. This study is reported in lines with the in-vivo Animal Research: Reporting guidelines. EthicsThis study was approved by the Committee of Utara (No. 711/KEP/USU/2021). This study was conducted at the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara. Experimental animalHealthy male Wistar strain rats, 10–12 weeks old, weighing 150–200 g were purchased from the Department of Biology of Mathematics and Scientific Faculty, Utara. Before starting the experiment, the animals were adapted for 7 days. Of all rats, then every three rats were put into one cage with a size 55 × 40 × 27 cm (for and Reduction of Animal in Research strongly recommended height of the cage is 26-30 cm) and covered with fine wire mesh; the base of cages was covered with rice husks as thick as 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: They were held in a 250 mL plastic container until they were placed in a test cage. To confirm that only young bees had been collected, they were exposed to white light while placing them in the test cages in the climate room; if some older bees had been collected accidentally, they would have flown in the white light. No bees flew. Older bees. Bees of unknown ages (but no recently emerged bees, based on the criteria discussed above) were brushed off combs and placed into a 250 mL plastic container. The older bees were then installed in a 40×40×50 cm flight cage with wire screen walls inside the climate room, with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) ad libitum feeder, for 2 hours (in the April 19 trials) or overnight (in the May 11 trials). This enabled the older bees to defecate before they were placed in the test cages, and many of them did defecate. After the opportunity for cleansing flights, the older bees were collected with an aspirator and placed in test cages. Bees were carefully removed from the flight cage to prevent them from contaminating the test cages with feces, but there was no way to prevent bees from defecating once inside a test cage, which was observed. Defecation within the test cages did not occur on the screen facing the young bees, and tissue paper on the floor of the cage absorbed feces and kept them from becoming spread in the cage. Because of these precautions, infection from a contaminated screen is less likely, though still possible. Infecting bees. To ensure high infection rates in the older bees, marked bees were artificially infected for the 19 April trials. Young bees were taken directly from the frame and brought into the climate room where they were marked with paint according to hive number, placed in a plastic cage (20×20×20 cm), and starved for 1 hour. They were then sprayed with 50% sucrose solution (w/w) containing N. ceranae spores collected from dissected midguts of infected bees. The solution concentration made ∼400,000 spores available per bee, depending on rates of ingestion. Spore count measured using a haemocytometer. As the bees cleaned themselves they imbibed the spore-laden solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Many studies have demonstrated that δ18O variation in organic matter track leaf evaporative conditions, especially vapor pressure deficit (VPD, but also relative humidity, Edwards et al. 1985; Lipp et al. 1996; Kahmen et al. 2011). The connection between tree ring δ18O values and stomatal conductance relates to evaporative enrichment through non-steady state conditions (but see Chap. 10). The Craig–Gordon model (Craig and Gordon 1965; Dongmann et al. 1974) was developed for bodies of water and mostly over-predicts evaporative enrichment in leaves. This model assumes a known fractionation for a given VPD and temperature, and when used with leaves, is insensitive to stomatal conductance. However, diurnal variation in leaf water δ18O can be quite dramatic and sensitive to stomatal opening (Cernusak et al. 2002, 2005). Despite the numerous processes impacting the isotopic ratio from source via leaf water to organic matter, controlled experiments have confirmed that tree ring δ18O does indeed record evaporative conditions (Roden and Ehleringer 1999; Grams et al. 2007; Roden and Farquhar 2012) and thus should capture stomatal conductance variation, which is mostly accounted for via the Péclet effect. Physiologically, photosynthetic rates do not directly influence δ18O, in contrast to transpiration and stomatal conductance and its associated impact on evaporative enrichment. This is the link that Scheidegger et al. (2000) aimed to exploit with their dual-isotope model in that δ18O helps constrain interpretations of δ13C variation in leaves by using δ18O as an indicator of changes in stomatal conductance. While this appears reasonable and promising, we must keep in mind the many additional factors that influence leaf evaporative enrichment described above and others that modify that signal as sucrose is transported to sites of cellulose synthesis in the stem (Gessler et al. 2009; Offermann et al. 2011, see also Chap. 13). These factors contribute to signal complexity and make the use of δ18O variation as a proxy for stomatal conductance in tree rings more challenging, which requires a careful evaluation of the data and its interpretation, as outlined henceforth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals have anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at the dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The bees were kept in the climate room overnight with an ad libitum 50% sucrose feeder (w/w), and were then returned to their original colony. After 12 days, the marked bees were collected with an aspirator, and treated as older bees (described above). In the May 11 trials, bees were not artificially infected. Infections in the older bees were dependent on natural infections within each colony, and varied between cages. This was done to mimic naturally occurring infections, as well as a range of infection rates. Infected with N. ceranae All bees surviving until the end of the trial were individually dissected. Each bee’s midgut was placed onto a glass slide by pulling apart the two anterior tergites with tweezers and cutting out the midgut. Tweezers and micro-scissors were rinsed and dried after each dissection. microscope, at 400x magnification, was used to determine if each midgut was positive or negative for N. ceranae spores. A positive sample had many spores, >100’s, seen in multiple field-of-views. To be sure that all samples were adequately examined for spores, at least 25 field-of-views per slide were examined. Since bees infected with N. ceranae regularly produce up to 107 spores, positive and negative samples were easily distinguishable. If a sample only had a few spores (∼2–10 spores total), it was marked as uninfected, presumably due to contamination from the forceps. The forceps were immediately changed. This conservative approach perhaps underestimated the infection rates in both the young and older bees, but was preferable to overestimating the infection rates. cages measured 11×7. 5×5 cm and were made of cardboard with transparent plastic sheet on one side. A hole was cut in the top of each cage to fit a plastic feeder holding ∼25 mL of 50% sucrose solution (w/w in water). Tissue paper was placed on the bottom of each cage. There was a 4 cm-diameter hole on one side of each cage. This hole was covered with 1. 5 mm-mesh screen, to keep the bees from escaping their cages, and to expose the young bees to the older bees. All cages were kept on metal grate shelves in a walk-in climate room (25°C with 50% relative humidity).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The predictions from the conceptual model for Anet and gs agreed qualitatively with gas exchange measurements from the same plots. Yet in their paper, Scheidegger et al. (2000) indicated that controlled experiments would be the next step to clarify the viability of the model for other systems and scenarios and to what extent it could be used to interpret C and O isotope variations in terms of physiology with confidence. Since then, more than 330 studies (controlled and field) have applied the dual-isotope approach (see Siegwolf et al. 2022). Grams et al. (2007) tested this approach on trees, using leaf cellulose from beech and spruce trees from field sites or grown in controlled environments and exposed to treatments that influenced AMAX and gs (ozone, elevated CO2 and light). They too validated model output with gas exchange data and went a step further by comparing simulated C and O isotope values with measured data. They found that leaf cellulose δ18O can be related to stomatal conductance and by using C and O simulations they could improve the correlation between gs and δ18O via additional adjustments of fractionation model parameters such as kinetic fractionation, leaf temperature (and ea/ei) associated with transpirational cooling, and the Péclet correction (associated with transpiration rate, E and effective pathlength, L, a scaling factor assumed to be associated with leaf anatomy and hydraulic resistance). They concluded that the dual-isotope approach can help delineate the effects of their treatments on stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation. 6 Testing the Tree RingsThe expansion of the dual-isotope approach from leaf cellulose to tree-ring cellulose is a critical issue for those who wish to interpret historical changes in tree physiology (the topic of this volume). While it may seem likely that all organic matter should follow the same general rules for isotope fractionation, tree rings have a number of unique attributes due to their temporal and physical separation from the sites of photosynthetic carbon assimilation (see Chaps. 13 and 15 in this compilation). And so, the application of the Scheidegger et al. (2000) model to δ13C and δ18O variation using tree-ring cellulose time series requires further validation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4. The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The room could be illuminated with white or red light. In the treatment, the cages were kept separate. In the 2-treatment, cages were arranged in pairs with their screens facing each other. Cardboard spacers kept the two screens at a fixed distance throughout the experiment (0. 6 cm for the April 19 trials, 1. 0 cm for the May 11 trials). These distances are longer than a honey bee’s proboscis (∼2 mm); so bees could not share food between the cages. The cages were taped together to prevent movement. In the 1-treatment, the two cages were placed in direct contact with the 4 cm-holes facing each other, and only one screen between the two cages. Bees could share food through the screen. All cages were discarded after use. For cage diagrams, see Figure 1. PCR Detection Real-Time PCR was used to confirm spore species identity. Spore suspensions were tested for both N. apis and N. ceranae, using primers from Bourgeois et al. [18]. All microsporidia samples were positive for N. ceranae and negative for N. apis. For a more detailed description of the PCR methods, please see Methods S1. Data were analyzed using statistical software R v2. 10. 1 (Foundation for Statistical Computing). The dependent variable, Young, was subjected to a square root transformation to provide variances suitable for statistical analysis using an ANOVA. To compare the three treatments, a Tukey HSD Test was performed. ResultsTable 1 summarizes the results of all 14 trials. There was a higher mean percentage of infected young bees in the 1-trials (40. 8±31. 1%) than in the and the 2-trials (2. 8±5. 6% and 3. 4±3. 1%, respectively). The distributions of the percent infected young bees for the three treatments are shown in Figure 2. There are significant differences in percent infected young bees among the three treatments (ANOVA; F = 9. 70, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 11, P = 0. 0037). The percent infected young bees is significantly higher for the 1-treatment relative to the 2-and to the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0097 and 0. 0065, respectively).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Roden and Farquhar (2012), tested the dual-isotope approach for wood cellulose in a control experiment (growth chambers) on pine and eucalypt seedlings grown under a variety of conditions designed to alter stomatal conductance (VPD, drought, and temperature) and/or photosynthetic rates (light levels and nitrogen nutrition). While humidity treatments (46 versus 65%) produced significant effects on leaf transpiration, leaf water evaporative enrichment in 18O, and wood cellulose δ18O (from 2 to 3‰), they produced only minor changes in gs (Roden and Farquhar 2012). Non-significant differences in stomatal behavior was partly due to highly variable measurements of gs and as well as humidity treatments that may not have limited plant function and water status. Within a humidity treatment, the dual-isotope approach accurately predicted A:gs relationships for some of the other treatments (Fig. 16. 2, only the low humidity treatment is shown for clarity as both humidity treatments showed similar patterns, see Roden and Farquhar 2012 and stomata should be most responsive at high VPD, see below). Both the low light and low nitrogen treatments produced reductions in photosynthetic carbon assimilation with little change in stomatal conductance, while both the elevated temperature and drought treatments produced reductions in both A and gs (Fig. 16. 2). For both species, the dual-isotope approach accurately predicted the response to increased temperature but not the response to reduced nitrogen nutrition (Fig. 16. 2a). The dual-isotope approach accurately predicted the response to low light and drought for the eucalypt but not for the pine (Fig. 16. 2b). It should be noted that this was a seedling study and impacts related to long-distance transport of assimilates through the bole were not captured. Another difficulty in this technique is choosing which interpretation should be used if the dual-isotope plot produces an arrow between two options (e. g. part way between angled and vertical). This study provides a cautionary note that dual-isotope interpretations of C and O isotope variation in tree-ring cellulose may not be able to clearly delineate all hypothetical variations in the A:gs relationship as often assumed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: The percentages of infected young bees for the 2- are not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 90). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Percent infected young bees per treatment. Box and whisker plot comparing the percent of young bees that became infected throughout all cage trials for the three treatments. hive was used twice as a source of bees in each treatment (see Table 1), so there is a small risk of pseudo-replication. To check that pseudo-replication did not skew the statistical analysis, one of the trials was removed (the one from May 11) in each treatment where bees came from the same hive, and the statistical analysis was repeated. The percentages of infected young bees in the three treatments were still significantly different (ANOVA; F = 13. 8, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 8, P = 0. 0025), the 1-was still significantly different from the 2-and the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0058 and 0. 0044, respectively), and the 2- were not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 86). DiscussionThese results are consistent with the hypothesis that N. ceranae can be spread when infected bees feed uninfected bees. Young uninfected bees that were fed by older infected bees (fed through a single screen) developed N. ceranae infections at a level 13-times higher than young uninfected bees unable to feed from older infected bees (separated by two screens). This supports the oral-oral transmission hypothesis, whereby spores are passed across the single screen during food exchange, resulting in increased infection rates. Although these results suggest that N. ceranae can be spread orally, the fecal-oral pathway could still be present in this experimental design. Since the older bees were kept in cages for 4 days, bees did defecate, despite preventative efforts (see methods). No feces were observed on the screen, but infective spores could have been defecated elsewhere. It is possible that spores could be passed from the forelegs to the proboscis, and then transmitted to other bees during food exchange. It seems unlikely, however, that such high infection rates arose from occasional spore relocation, since it relies on multiple chance events.

Output: corroborate