Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Stimuli, timing details, and order of question prompts in the two experiments are also discussed in greater detail in the Methods section. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Stimuli and procedures for the 2IFC confidence-rating task. (A) Targets consisted of oriented (45° left- or right-tilted from vertical) Gabor patches presented at multiple near-threshold contrast levels; masks consisted of bandpass-noise filtered random RGB values (see Materials and methods). (B) Each trial consists of two intervals of discrimination in which the target stimulus (T) was forward- and backward-masked (M). Gabor patch targets were presented only in target-present (TP) intervals; in target-absent (TA) intervals, the target was replaced with blank frames. Otherwise timings of stimuli were matched between the two intervals. (C) Experimental tasks. Experiment 1 required subjects to bet on which discrimination they felt more confident before they indicated their orientation discrimination choices (left or right tilt of the Gabor) sequentially for both intervals. Shown is an example trial in which TP is presented before TA; in the experiment this order varied randomly from trial to trial. 2, subjects bet on the more confident interval after the discriminations, and feedback was given. (and methods for more details. ) For both experiments, we evaluated whether participants exhibited Performance without Awareness (Figure 2A) or Performance > Awareness (Figure 2B). In both cases, the response pattern of interest can be visualized as percent of time betting on the target-present interval as a function of percent correct orientation discrimination in the target-present interval. ‘Performance without Awareness’ (Figure 2A) would be supported if observers can discriminate the target above chance (>50% accuracy) while being unable to bet on their choices more often than betting on the target-absent interval (which necessarily yields chance-level performance). That is, observers correctly discriminate the target’s orientation more than 50% of the time, but bet on the target-present interval 50% of the time (i. e. , they bet randomly on the target-present versus target-absent interval), indicating they are not aware of the information that contributed to their discrimination decision. If this were to occur, it would most likely happen at low discrimination performance levels, yielding a pattern of behavior similar to that presented in Figure 2A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the difference in residue types may contribute to the accumulation of SOC based on chemical characteristics and other mechanisms. The general lack of annual crop rotation effect was consistent in a North American-wide assessment of SOM (Liptzin et al. 2022; Rieke et al. 2022). We suggest that the quantity of carbon inputs (i. e. , higher inputs with maize) and the duration of carbon inputs (i. e. , continuous living plants, alfalfa) are more important than the number of crop species rotated. The role of perennialization on SOC and soil health indicators has been well documented in Elora (Gaudin et al. 2015a; Jarecki et al. 2018; King et al. 2019; Chahal et al. 2021). However, it is not known whether carbon gains are due to the perennial nature of alfalfa or due to the influence of legumes on tightening of carbon and nitrogen cycles (Drinkwater et al. 1998). Congreves et al. (2015) demonstrated significant tillage system and crop rotation effects on soil health at these sites. Soils with no-tillage management in Ridgetown, Delhi, and Elora had higher OSHA scores, and there was no effect of tillage system in Ottawa. and Elora, the lowest OSHA scores were reported in crop rotations of continuous maize and maize in rotation with soybean, while crop rotations containing alfalfa or winter wheat had the highest scores. We observed a significant positive relationship between SOC concentrations and OSHA scores (Fig. 1), consistent with the role that SOM plays in influencing soil properties and the observation that SOM is typically around 50% carbon. But the relationship was only moderate (R2 = 0. 62; Fig. 1), which was not what we anticipated, and suggests that other environmental factors play a significant role. Further, we observed a very weak (R2 = 0. 11; Fig. 2), but significant (P < 0. 001), negative relationship between carbon deficits and OSHA scores. The negative relationship is consistent with our expectations that soils with smaller deficits would have higher scores, while soils with larger deficits would have lower scores, but clearly the potential to store additional carbon explains very little of the variation in the OSHA scores in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBoth aging and physical inactivity are associated with increased development of insulin resistance whereas physical activity has been shown to promote increased insulin sensitivity. Here we investigated the effects of physical activity level on aging-associated insulin resistance in myotubes derived from human skeletal muscle satellite cells. Satellite cells were obtained from young (22 yrs) normally active or middle-aged (56. 6 yrs) individuals who were either lifelong sedentary or lifelong active. Both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes had increased p21 and myosin heavy chain protein expression. was increased only in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. Middle-aged sedentary cells had intact insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation however, the same cell showed ablated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. On the other hand, middle-aged active cells retained both insulin-stimulated increases in glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Middle-aged active cells also had significantly higher mRNA expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 compared to middle-aged sedentary cells, and significantly higher GLUT4 protein. It is likely that physical activity induces a number of stable adaptations, including increased GLUT4 expression that are retained in cells ex vivo and protect, or delay the onset of middle-aged-associated insulin resistance. Additionally, a sedentary lifestyle has an impact on the metabolism of human myotubes during aging and may contribute to aging-associated insulin resistance through impaired GLUT4 localization. Citation: (2013) Aging-Resistance in via Transporter Expression. 8(6): e66628. Antonio Musaro, University of Sapienza, ItalyReceived: March 15, 2013; Accepted: May 9, 2013; Published: June 21, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Bunprajun et al. This is an open-access 1. Characteristics of muscle satellite cell donors. Isolation and cells were isolated from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies as previously described [20]. Briefly, after removal of fat and connective tissue the muscle biopsy was minced into small pieces and digested in buffer containing 0. 05% typsin-EDTA, 1 mg/ml collagenase IV and 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 5 min at 37°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: p(correctorientationDiscrimination | target-present selected) and p(correctorientationDiscrimination | target-present not selected) (Figure 3C,F). This visualization revealed that subjects were worse at orientation discrimination when they did not select the target-present interval. This result is in keeping with typical observations of worse objective performance for low confidence trials, since not betting on the target-present interval is essentially an indication of low confidence in that discrimination choice. See also the 'Unconscious ‘hunches’? ’ section, below. Notably, the similarity in participants’ behavior between Experiments 1 and 2 reveals that receipt of feedback on confidence judgments, knowledge that one interval is physically blank, question order, and ability to monitor reaction time do not affect behavioral outcomes. Unconscious ‘hunches’? Throughout this report, we define conscious awareness of the target to occur when introspective assessment of the correctness of an orientation discrimination choice can differentiate between a target being present or not. In this sense, observers are unconscious of the information contributing to their decision if they can discriminate a target above chance, but doing so feels no different introspectively from discriminating (or guessing about) nothing at all. However, one concern might be that subjects are able to meaningfully rate confidence despite no subjective visual experience of the stimulus due to some sort of non-visual ‘hunch’ or ‘feeling’. Indeed, such metacognitive insights (the ability to introspectively distinguish between correct and incorrect responses) have recently been reported even in the absence of objective task performance sensitivity, although not in the context of perception (e. g. , Scott et al. , 2014). We think this issue is essentially one of terminology; our definition of conscious awareness follows a long history in psychology and psychophysics traditions in relating the ability to meaningfully rate confidence to subjective awareness (c. f. Kolb and Braun, 1995; Peirce and Jastrow, 1884), according to which, strictly speaking, a non-visual hunch is also defined as conscious so long as it meaningfully tracks visual processes; regardless of whether such ‘hunches’ are visual in nature, it is still meaningful to distinguish between having such introspective insight versus having no insight whatsoever. However, we also ran a control study in which the subjective task was to indicate which interval appeared more visible rather than confidence in the corresponding discrimination.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: The weak relationship suggests that simply increasing SOM stores may not necessarily translate into improvements in soil health scores and that other factors, such as the biochemical composition of SOM (e. g. , Gillespie et al. 2014; Diochon et al. 2015) and (or) or inherent site factors, play an important and more significant role in determining soil health. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Relationship between soil organic carbon concentration and (OSHA) scores (Congreves et al. 2015) in long-term agricultural experiments in Ontario (Delhi, Elora, Ottawa, and Ridgetown). Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Relationship between the soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation deficit and OSHA scores (Congreves et al. 2015) based on four long-term agricultural experiments in Ontario. Negative values indicate that the soils are saturated with organic carbon, while positive values indicate that soils are undersaturated with organic carbon (deficit). The majority of agricultural soils in Ontario have the potential to store 0–2 kg m−2 of additional carbon (Fig. 3). Given a conservative estimate of 5. 4 million ha of agricultural land in Ontario (2010), and assuming full potential of soil to store carbon, this could amount to a reduction of 108 million Mg of atmospheric C. Sequestering carbon in the soil has the potential to reduce atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and enhance soil health, though as previously mentioned, the effects on soil health may be less pronounced. Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Map of carbon storage potential of agricultural soils (0–20 cm) in Ontario. Negative values indicate that the soils are saturated with organic carbon, while positive values indicate a deficit and the potential to store additional soil organic carbon. Bins from −4 to −6 and −7 to −10 are not shown because there were no data in those bins. White areas have insufficient soil data to estimate the carbon storage potential. SOM is a key attribute of soil health and also defines the amount of carbon stored in the soil. Historically, agricultural practices have resulted in decreases in the stores of SOM. Declines in SOM may have compromised soil health and released significant quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere because of increased rates of decomposition associated with conventional tillage systems and reduced return of inputs to the soil from harvesting biomass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, digestion solution containing liberated muscle precursor cells were transferred to cold FBS to inactivate trypsin activity. The solution was centrifuged at 800 g for 7 min. The supernatant was removed and washed with F10/HAM. To minimize fibroblast contamination, the cell suspension was pre-plated in a culture plate for 3 hours in growth media containing 20% FBS, 1% PS and 1% FZ in F10/HAM. The unattached cells were seeded onto Matrigel coated culture flask (0. 01% Matrigel in F10/HAM, 30 min at 37°C) and cultured for 4 days in growth media in a humidified incubator with 5% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37°C. After 4 days of incubation, the cell culture medium was changed and then every second day thereafter. At 100% confluence, cells were transferred to intermediate medium (DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose, 10% FBS and 1% PS). After 2 days, medium was changed into differentiation media (DMEM containing 4. 5 g/L glucose, 2% horse serum and 1% PS) in order to induce differentiation into myotubes (myocytes). All experiments were performed on fully differentiated myocytes at 7 days of differentiation at passage 4 to 6. For experiments myocytes were serum starved in DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose for 2 hours. were treated with or without insulin (100 nM) during the penultimate 30 minutes of serum starvation. Cells were washed twice with Hepes buffered saline (140 mM NaCl, 20 m5 mM KCl, 2. 5 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM CaCl2, pH 7. 4). Cells were then incubated with Hepes buffered saline containing 10 µM 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose (1 µCi/ml) for 10 min. Nonspecific glucose uptake was determined in the presence of 10 µM cytochalasin B and subtracted from total uptake to get specific glucose uptake. The 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose uptake was terminated by removing uptake buffer and washing cells twice with 0. 9% ice-cold NaCl. Cells were then solubilized with 50 mM NaOH for 30 min and radioactivity was measured using scintillation counter (Tri-Carb 2810TR).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In other words, it was akin to a 2IFC detection task rather than a metacognitive judgment. Results of this control study (10. 7554/eLife. 09651. 007 The model ‘performs’ a 2IFC confidence discrimination by comparing the posterior probability of left- or right-tilted source distributions given the data to perform the orientation discrimination task on each of the two intervals on each trial. Then, it uses the posterior probability of the choice it made on each interval as a measure of confidence (i. e. , p(correct)), and compares this measure between the two intervals to select the choice it is more confident in (see Figure 4 and Materials and methods – Bayesian ideal observer model). We also explored several model variants to establish the robustness of the model’s performance; see 19. 301, p <0. 001), indicating that the ideal observer model (σd = 0) best captures human performance, and that any suboptimal Performance without Awareness (σd >0) pattern fits human data more poorly than the ideal observer behavior – even without punishing the decisional noise model for having an additional parameter. Table 2 R2 values quantifying goodness of fit for ideal observer (σd = 0) and three alternative decisional noise magnitudes (σd >0) which cause increasing degrees of Performance without Awareness. Decisional noise greater than 0 – i. e. , increased level of Performance without Awareness – causes a drop in goodness of fit between model and human data. and 10. 7554/eLife. 09651. 008 ExptSubjectDecisional noise σd0 (Ideal observer)0. 10. 20. 3110. 4650. 4590. 4560. 44720. 5800. 5780. 5650. 54430. 4700. 4640. 4480. 42840. 3960. 3920. 3810. 36350. 6490. 6550. 6450. 62860. 4800. 4730. 4580. 43470. 4530. 4520. 4440. 42780. 6020. 5950. 5830. 56390. 5030. 5090. 5120. 504210. 6240. 6240. 6220. 61220. 7830. 7800. 7750. 76630. 7770. 7780. 7670.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 008708. van Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature. 2015;517:365-368. DOI: 10. 1038/nature138099. FAO. FESLM: Framework for Land Management. 73. 1993. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]10. . Nutrient losses from manure and fertilizer applications as impacted by time to first runoff event. Environmental Pollution. 2007;147(1):131-13711. . Response of nitrogen losses to excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in intensive greenhouse vegetable production. Sustainability. 2019;11:1513. DOI: 10. 3390/su1106151312. . Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field. of Soil Research. 2007;45:359-36713. Bayram M, Günal H, Özgöz E. Importance of soil quality in determination of sustainable soil tillage methods. of Agricultural Sciences. 2015;25(3):337-34614. Liu G, Yang X. Analysis of within a Field. In: Computer and in Agriculture. Boston, MA: Springer; Vol. II. 2007. 1344. DOI: 10. 1007/978-0-387-77253-0_7515. FAO. Cherish the Earth. for in the Tropics. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]16. NPIC. Management (IPM). Information Center. Available from: [Accessed: 05 June 2019]17. Edwards CA. The importance of integration in sustainable agricultural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 1989;27(1-4):25-35 information 1. Introduction2. Principles of sustainable agriculture3. Why sustainable agriculture is important? 4. Sustainable agriculture practices5. Sustainable soil management6. Conclusions 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford reagent. Glucose uptake experiments were carried out in cells from n = 5 individuals per group in triplicate. treatment, cells were washed in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed with lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7. 5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 0. 1% Triton X-100, protease inhibitor (1 tablet/10 ml), 1% phosphatase inhibitor cocktail). Cell lysates were centrifuged at 12000 g, 4°C for 5 min and supernatants were collected. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford reagent. 20 µg of cell lysates were loaded on 4–15% precast gel (Biorad), transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and immunoblotted with primary antibodies as indicated in the figure legends. Primary antibodies were detected using appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary IgG antibody. Protein signals visualized using FEMTO enhanced chemiluminescence and XRS imager. The signal bands were quantified using software ( The results were normalized with reactive brown stained total protein. RNA Isolation and Real-time was extracted from myocytes using TRIzol according to manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA was dissolved in RNase-free water and quantified using a Nanodrop ND 1000 (Saveen biotech ApS, Arhus, Denmark). 0. 5 µg of total RNA was reverse transcribed using the kit () according to manufacturer’s protocol. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed in triplicate using an ABI-PRISM 7900 (Applied Biosystems). The sequences of the target primers are listed in Table 2. A pre-optimized assay for 18S rRNA was used as endogenous control (Applied Biosystems). Data analysis was performed using the comparative method (ΔΔCT). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Primer sequences. Immunoflourescence. were differentiated on coverslips pre-coated with poly-L-lysin and Matrigel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Procedure – Experiment 2 Request a detailed protocol Three subjects who had participated in Experiment 1 also participated in Experiment 2. Procedures for Experiment 2 were identical to those described above for Experiment 1, except for the feedback structure, observer’s knowledge about target-present versus target-absent intervals, and order of questions (Figure 1B). 2, we wanted to motivate subjects to bet on the target-present interval as much as possible, to maximize the possibility of observers performing optimally (i. e. , to alleviate any Performance > Awareness). So, we defined a ‘correct’ Type 2 judgment for the purposes of feedback only as a Type 2 hit, i. e. trials in which the observer correctly discriminated the target-present interval and bet on the target-present interval. Subjects were also informed that in one of the intervals the target was physically absent, and that betting on that interval would not earn them a point even if they ‘discriminated’ its orientation correctly (as before, they still had a 50% chance to earn a point for ‘correctly discriminating’ the target-absent interval; subjects were made aware of this structure). Additionally, we provided ‘correct/incorrect’ feedback on the Type 2 responses to further encourage betting on the target-present interval. Finally, we altered the question order such that after each interval was presented, subjects pressed a button to discriminate the interval, and then only after both intervals had been presented did they indicate which choice they would like to bet on. In this way, subjects were allowed the ability to monitor their own reaction times, which ought to be faster for target-present intervals on average (as target-absent intervals are simply guesses by definition); this would provide another source of potential information to contribute to confidence judgments, as it has been shown that subjects use reaction time monitoring to inform confidence judgments (Kiani et al. , 2014). Points were awarded as in Experiment 1, and the same bonus payment motivation was employed. Also as before, participants completed five behavioral sessions each for Experiment 2, and were paid $10 per session. Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol For each subject in each experiment, data were collapsed across tilt (left/right), interval presentation order (first/second), and session for each contrast level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Total plant P uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber bulking, and ceases with plant maturation occurs primarily through the transfer of P reserves from the vine and roots. Phosphorus uptake by potatoes is relatively low compared with uptake of potassium or nitrogen but similar to uptake of sulfur. The amount of P in the soil solution that is readily available for plant uptake is very small compared with the total amount of P in the soil. A general blanket application of fertilizer leads to its poor efficacy and wastage of costly resources as well as of environmental pollution. This becomes more relevant in case of P as unlike nitrogen applied P remains in soil and adds to its build up. In addition, this has resulted in severe imbalance of nutrients in soil (Kumar et al. , 2009). Keeping this in view, a multilocation experiment was conducted in the major potato growing states of India under the Project on Potato to evaluate suitable dose of P based on soil test on P economy in potato (table 52). Exact quantification of phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test is very important. 143 - 150 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Maximum potato yield occurs when sufficient P is available during early vegetative development and the entire period of tuber growth. Total plant P uptake increases rapidly during tuber initiation, levels off to a constant rate during tuber bulking, and ceases with plant maturation occurs primarily through the transfer of P reserves from the vine and roots. Phosphorus uptake by potatoes is relatively low compared with uptake of potassium or nitrogen but similar to uptake of sulfur. The amount of P in the soil solution that is readily available for plant uptake is very small compared with the total amount of P in the soil. A general blanket application of fertilizer leads to its poor efficacy and wastage of costly resources as well as of environmental pollution. This becomes more relevant in case of P as unlike nitrogen applied P remains in soil and adds to its build up. In addition, this has resulted in severe imbalance of nutrients in soil (Kumar et al. , 2009). Keeping this in view, a multilocation experiment was conducted in the major potato growing states of India under the Project on Potato to evaluate suitable dose of P based on soil test on P economy in potato (table 52). Exact quantification of phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test is very important.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: At day 7 of differentiation, myotubes were serum starved in DMEM containing 1 g/L glucose for 2 hours before insulin treatment (100 nM insulin, 30 min). Myotubes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 10 min and then boiled in PBS for 5 min. Subsequently, myotubes were incubated with 647-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin for 1 hour, room temperature. Myotubes were then fixed again in 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min. Following this membranes were permeabilized and blocked with 4% BSA and 0. 2% Triton-x 100 and incubated overnight, 4°C, with anti-GLUT4. Myotubes were subsequently incubated with 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG for 1 hour. After washing, cells were mounted onto slides using Vectashield mounting medium. Immunofluorescence was analyzed by a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope with 63 X 1. 4NA oil-immersion objective. Anti-GLUT4 (Alexa 488) and anti-wheat germ agglutinin (Alexa 647) fluorescence were excited at 488 nm and 633 nm and detected with corresponding channels at 510–530 nm and >660 nm, respectively. Images were recorded at 16 bits and pinhole was set at 2 Airy units. Gain and offset were optimized to obtain best signal from both channels. All images were recorded with identical settings. Quantitative fluorescence intensity was analyzed using image analysis software from NIH. GLUT4 fluorescence signal was measured at the plasma membrane region based on WGA fluorescence signal [25]. Eight to ten cells were analyzed per group (n = 5 per groups). Membrane fluorescence intensity (GLUT4 signal at membrane region) was normalized by area and expressed as fold change from basal. For multiple comparisons statistical analysis was performed using one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni corrections. For data that was normalized to basal (i. e. fold changes) statistical analysis was performed using a one-sample t-test. Data analysis was performed using Graphsoftware and considered statistically significant at P values <0. 05.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of model performance Request a detailed protocol We examined the relative agreement between our model’s predictions and collected behavioral data by calculating the multinomial likelihood of the model given the observed data, which has previously been used within a signal detection framework. Details of goodness of fit calculations are described in 4. To evaluate whether human participants exhibited Performance without Awareness, we needed to cause the model to also exhibit Performance without Awareness. We therefore degraded the 2IFC confidence judgment process in the following way: On each trial, after the orientation decision had been reached, we programmed an added decisional noise parameter, σd, such that the decision variable D calculated as in Equation 5 was corrupted by additive Gaussian noise with mean 0 and standard deviation σD, such that (6) D = log(p(Schosen,TP|dTP)p(Schosen,TA|dTA)) + σd This causes the model to perform closer to chance at higher levels of orientation discrimination performance, i. e. to exhibit Performance without Awareness at increasing objective performance levels (Figure 5). We tested three decisional noise magnitudes – 0. 1, 0. 2, and 0. 3 – and calculated the goodness of fit (see 1. “Do you personally believe that it is possible for a stimulus to be perceived subliminally, i. e. , to exert influence on neural processing and behavior without the relevant feature being perceivable at all? ” 2. “Do you personally believe that for some stimulus, there is a subjective threshold (for the subjective, conscious experience of seeing to occur) above an objective threshold (for one to be able to discriminate or identify the stimulus)? That is, do you think there exists a certain contrast level or duration of presentation such that subjects will be able to discriminate or identify the stimulus even though they cannot subjectively see the stimulus? ” 3. “If you answered 'yes' to the last question, do you think it has been demonstrated unequivocally in the literature? ” Results Eighty-seven individuals responded to our informal survey. We collected demographic data on the following: age, highest degree earned, year of highest degree, field of degree earned, current occupation/position, and number of publications related to subliminal perception. Most respondents held a research doctorate (66%), mostly in Psychology (39%), Philosophy (19%), or Neuroscience (18%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: one, 33(1): 1-18. Akbari, K. N. ; and Pandya, H. R. (1993). Distribution of available P, K and organic carbon in Mewar region. Ann. Arid Zone, 32(4) : 251-252. Alloway B. J. (1995). in Soils, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York. Alloway B. J. (1995a). Soil processes and their behaviour of metals. In: Alloway B. J. (ed), in Soils, 2nd edition. Wiley, New York, 38. Anonymous, (2002). (rabi). Division of (K), Shalimar Srinagar. Anonymous, (2003). (rabi). Division of (K), Shalimar Srinagar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: of Aging and on In order to undergo myogenesis, myoblasts must exit the cell cycle and this is dependent on increased expression of p21 [26], [27]. Conversely, aging is associated with increased expression of p21 in human skeletal muscle [28], [29]. In line with this the protein expression of p21 was significantly increased in myotubes isolated from middle-aged sedentary individuals compared to the expression in myotubes from young individuals (Figure 1A and B). There was no significant difference between p21 protein expression in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals compared to young (P = 0. 1). Consistent with increased cell cycle exit, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active individuals had a significantly higher protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) compared to myotubes from young (Figure 1A and C). There was also a significant increase in p21 protein in middle-aged compared to young irrespective of physical activity level (P = 0. 02). Importantly, p21 protein expression correlated to protein expression of MHC in the same cells (Figure 1D). The increase in MHC observed in the middle-aged myotubes represented total sarcomeric myosin heavy chain therefore, in order to look at the composition of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the cells we measured the mRNA level of MYH1, and 2. There was no difference in mRNA expression of MYH1 (type IIb/x fibers) in any group (Figure 1E) however, there was a significant increase in the expression of MYH2 (type IIa fibers) in myotubes from the middle-aged active group compared to the young group (Figure 1F) and a trend towards increased expression compared to the middle-aged sedentary group (P = 0. 06). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Effect of aging and physical activity on cell cycle and myogenic differentiation. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. (A) Lysates were immunoblotted to assess the total protein amount of MHC, p21 (Waf1/Cip1) and α-actinin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Second, it is possible that there is phenomenal consciousness emerging without bottom-up attention, but empirical evidence for this is either lacking or too much controversial at present. Here, we consider some instances where simple conscious experience, i. e. , phenomenal awareness emerges without top-down attentional deployment: 1. Sensory experiences can be brought about artificially by brain stimulation such as when using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Visual scotomas (Murd et al. , 2010) or phosphenes as “visual echoes” (Jolij and Lamme, 2010) generated by early visual cortex stimulation serve as an example for simple conscious experiences evoked by TMS. Attention is not needed for these conscious experiences. Such artificial experience can be evoked at an unexpected moment and location and will become available for attention only subsequently. It could be argued that in the task where subjects evaluate their phosphenes or scotomas the subjects are still attending to these conscious phenomena. However, we claim that if a subject is performing an attending task unrelated to TMS and visual perception, but is unexpectedly given a single TMS pulse which elicits a phosphene, this phosphene will be consciously perceived. 2. Similarly, involuntary hallucinations and pathological sensations emerge without any attention to these contents. For example consider tinnitus or auditory verbal hallucinations. It would be a simple remedy for the patients if simply not attending to the hallucinations would make them disappear. Many such hallucinations come and go without the subject having any control of their duration or onset (Sacks, 2012). 3. No attention is required for dream episodes. Dreams are conscious experiences which are generally characterized by the lack of top-down attention (Hobson, 2002). The loss of top-down control and attention in typical everyday dreams is also evidenced by the peculiar feeling that accompanies lucid dreaming, where due to training some top-down control over the dream content becomes available for the subject (e. g. , Voss et al. , 2009). 4. Experiments and phenomenology on microgenetic formation of perceptual images and visual immediate (iconic) memory demonstrate that phenomenal-perceptual proto-objects or scenes can precede attentional selection (Bachmann, 2000; Lamme, 2004, 2010) and that non-attended objects are consciously experienced (Vandenbroucke et al. , 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Equal gel loading was ascertained by immunoblotting with an antibody against β-tubulin. Protein expression of (B) p21 and (C) MHC were quantified and expressed as arbitrary units. (D) Protein quantification of MHC was correlated to protein expression of p21 for all groups. Expression of (E) MYH1 and (F) MYH2 were measured by qPCR and using the delta CT method (AU). Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from young (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). Effect of Aging and on order to assess a functional outcome of insulin stimulation in human myocytes we measured the amount of glucose taken up into the cells in the absence and presence of insulin. Myocytes from young and middle-aged active individuals exhibited increased glucose uptake following insulin stimulation (Figure 2A). In myocytes from young individuals we noted a greater inter-subject variation and thus glucose uptake was not significantly induced until adjusting for this variation by instead presenting fold change, which was significantly increased from basal, 1. 4 and 1. 7 fold increased for young and middle-aged active respectively (Figure 2B). Interestingly, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary individuals did not exhibit any increase in glucose uptake following insulin stimulation (Figure 2A and B), despite having normal glucose plasma values in vivo (Table 1). Interestingly, there was a trend towards a significant difference (P = 0. 07) between insulin stimulated glucose uptake level between middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes (Figure 2B). In order to understand the mechanism behind this insulin resistant phenotype in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes we measured the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target GSK3. In all groups 473 phosphorylation was significantly increased following insulin stimulation (Figure 2C and D). There was no significant difference in the level of Akt protein in any of the groups. In line with intact Akt phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated GSK3 phosphorylation was also significantly increased in all groups (Figure 2C and E). Myotubes from middle-aged active individuals exhibited significantly elevated basal GSK3 phosphorylation compared to young (Figure 2B and E).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can affect behavior without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: However, if this null finding is consistent over several experiments with sufficient statistical power, this result is solid by any scientific standard. Taken together, these arguments support the view that attention and consciousness are independent from each other, but can interact. Phenomenal consciousness can emerge without attention. 387. doi: 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2011. 00387 | Text |. , and Murd, C. (2010). Covert spatial attention in search for the location of a color-afterimage patch speeds up its decay from awareness: Introducing a method useful for the study of neural correlates of visual awareness. Vision Res. 50, 1048–1053. doi: 10. 1016/j. visres. 2010. 03. 013 | Text |. A. , Cavanagh, P. , Chun, M. M. , and Nakayama, K. (2012a). The attentional requirements of consciousness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 411–417. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2012. 06. 013 | Text |. A. , Cavanagh, P. , Chun, M. M. , and Nakayama, K. (2012b). Response to Tsuchiya et al. : considering endogenous and exogenous attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 528. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2012. 09. 002. A. (2002). Dreaming: to the Science of Sleep. Oxford: Press. Jolij, J. , and Lamme, V. A. F. (2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced “visual echoes” are generated in early visual cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 484, 178–181. doi: 10. 1016/j. neulet. 2010. 08. 045 | Text |. , and Tsuchiya, N. (2007). Attention and consciousness: two distinct brain processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 16–22. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2006. 10. 012 | Text |. A. F. (2004). Separate neural definitions of visual consciousness and visual attention; a case for phenomenal awareness. Neural Netw. 17, 861–872. doi: 10. 1016/j. neunet. 2004. 02. 005 | Text |.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The bottom trays of the mini-greenhouses itself contained 100 mL tap water to increase humidity in the mini greenhouse. Contact was ensured between the nutrient solution with the lower part of the tube to avoid cracking or germination medium sliding through the microtube tube. Additionally, the microtubes were fully filled to prevent air bubbles at the bottom of the tube, which would have hindered contact between the agar and the nutrient solution (Additional file 12). After 7 days the ventilation windows of the mini-greenhouses covers were gradually (3 day period) opened, 11 DAS the mini-greenhouse covers were removed. For the NaCl (Exp. 3) and Hoagland concentration experiments (Exps. 4 and 5), 20 DAS plant were transferred to 2 L containers (18 × 13 × 13 cm) that contained the treatment solutions. Dilution factor for each solution was accurately calculated using a R-script (Additional file 14) that was based on the Truesdell-Jones ion activity model as explained at EC, pH and dissolved oxygen where measured with a calibrated Orion Star™ A329 pH/ISE/Conductivity/sensor after the nutrient solutions were prepared. pH was set to 5. 6 but MES buffer was not used in these trails. In all experiments, nutrient solutions were aerated such that dissolved oxygen content did not drop below 90% saturation. Aeration was only required at final growth stages. Air bubbles were slowly released from the tube to perturbate the water slightly and break the surface tension to improve oxygen diffusion into the water. High root perturbation resulted in growth retardation and yellowing of leaves. Nutrient solution pH, EC and percentage of dissolved oxygen were measured at least three times a week, and, when setpoint deviations were observed, they were checked daily. Additionally, the ion concentrations, EC and pH of all nutrient solution formulations were tested before usage by a certified nutrient solution testing company (NL, Wageningen). Plant measurementsAt each harvest, fresh root systems and rosettes were separated and weighted. Leaves were cut and counted, a leaf was defined as being larger than 1 mm [44]. Afterwards leaf area was determined using a LiCoR-3100 and/or a compact camera followed by ImageJ (Wayne Rasband, 1. 51d, USA) analysis to measure leaf area.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Effect of aging and physical activity on insulin signaling pathway. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Myotubes were treated with insulin (100 nM) for 30 mins before measuring glucose uptake into myotubes expressed as pmol/min/mg protein (A) or fold change from basal (B). (C) Immunoblotting of total protein lysate for phosphorylation of Akt Serine473 or GSK3 Serine21/9 and total protein amount of Akt. Equal gel loading was ascertained by immunoblotting with an antibody against β-tubulin. Protein expression of (D) Akt phosphorylation and (E) GSK3 phosphorylation were quantified and expressed as arbitrary units. Open bars = young, gray bars = middle-aged sedentary and black bars = middle-aged active. Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference basal for each group (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A ¤ denotes a significant change from young basal (¤¤ P<0. 01). Effect of Aging and on there were no differences in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation between the groups we measured the expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs). GLUT1, the non-insulin dependent glucose transporter, was significantly increased at the mRNA level in middle-aged active myotubes compared to both middle-aged sedentary myotubes (Figure 3A) and young myotubes (Figure 3B). GLUT4, the insulin sensitive glucose transporter, showed a trend towards increased mRNA expression in middle-aged active myotubes compared to middle-aged sedentary (Figure 3C). GLUT4 expression in young myotubes had one subject who expressed 11 and 6 fold higher mRNA expression than the rest in two experiments respectively and was identified as an outlier using graph pad prism 6 software, therefore this individual was excluded from the statistical analysis and fold change analysis (Figure 3C and D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: IntroductionDecades of literature on emotional information processing provides insight into the attentional, motivational, and physiological systems engaged when anticipating and perceiving unpleasant and threatening information, as well as how these systems are modulated by psychopathology (Bradley et al. , 2001; Lang et al. , 1997; Lang et al. , 2016). Multiple contextual factors impact the processing of emotional information (Bradley et al. , 2001; Wangelin et al. , 2011). Two such factors are anticipation and attentional demands (Judah et al. , 2016; Mills et al. , 2014; Sege et al. , 2015; Sege et al. , 2017; White & Grant, 2017), yet little is known how manipulation of attention impacts anticipation and perception of external threat. The purpose of this study was to document how manipulation of attention focus (i. e. , self-focus) impacts electrocortical markers of emotional processing for unpleasant pictures during anticipation and perception. Research on emotional processing using picture viewing tasks suggests that corresponding behavior, physiology, and attention largely represent appetitive or defensive motivations (Lang & Bradley, 2013). Unpleasant pictures activate defensive motivation systems, which regulate threat perception (e. g. , arousal, attention) to support behavioral responding, such as avoidance, escape, or fight (Bradley et al. , 2001). Consistent with this perspective, empirical data have demonstrated that unpleasant pictures elicit greater allocation of attention (Calvo & Lang, 2004). Utilizing the late positive potential (LPP), a positive-going event-related potential (ERP) occurring at posterior electrode sites between 400-1,000 ms after the onset of a stimulus (Hajcak & Olvet, 2008; Schupp et al. , 2006), which indexes motivated attention, researchers have found potentiation resulting from viewing unpleasant and threatening pictures compared with neutral pictures (Cuthbert et al. , 2000; Hajcak et al. , 2009; White & Grant, 2017). Collectively, these studies, as well as others (Bradley et al. , 2001), indicate that threatening and unpleasant pictures activate defensive motivation systems, including increased allocation of attentional resources during perception. One factor that impacts this emotional processing system is cueing (Grant et al. , 2015; Judah et al. , 2013; Sege et al. , 2015, 2018; White & Grant, 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: (2007) Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. 10:1135–1142. (1994) Nutrient dynamics and requirements of forest crops. J 24:133–168. Falkengren-Grerup U, Brink D-J, (2006) Land use effects on soil N, P, C and pH persist over 40–80 years of forest growth on agricultural soils. Manag 225(1–3):74–81. (2005) Lignin and cellulose degradation and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition of three leaf litter species in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Biochem 37:1083–1091. Gawęda T, Małek S, Zasada M, Jagodziński A (2014) Allocation of elements in a chronosequence of silver birch afforested on former agricultural lands. Drewno 57:107–117. Giertych MJ, Karolewski P, de Temmerman LO (1999) Foliage age and pollution alter content of phenolic compounds and chemical elements in Pinus nigra needles. 110:363–377 Hagen-Thorn A, Varnagiryte I, Nihlgård B, (2006) Autumn nutrient resorption and losses in four deciduous forest tree species. Manag 228:33–39. Hellsten S, Helmisaari H-(2013) Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Manag 290:40–48. Hermle S, Günthardt-Goerg MS, (2006) Effects of metal-contaminated soil on the performance of young trees growing in model ecosystems under field conditions. 144(2):703–714. (1999) Correcting estimates of root chemical composition for soil contamination. Ecol. 80(2):702–707. Hynynen J, Niemistö P, Viherä-(2010) Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. ) in northern Europe. Forestry 83:103–119.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: GLUT4 expression in middle-aged active myotubes was significantly higher than in young when the outlier was excluded (Figure 3 C and D) and there was a trend (P = 0. 073) towards increased expression in middle-aged active compared to middle-aged sedentary myotubes. In line with the increased mRNA expression, myotubes from middle-aged active individuals had significantly higher GLUT4 protein expression compared to the young group (Figure 3E) and there was no difference between young and middle-aged sedentary. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Effect of aging and physical activity on GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Expression of (A) GLUT1 mRNA and (C) GLUT4 mRNA were measured by qPCR and using the delta CT method (AU). Expression of (B) GLUT1 and (D) GLUT4 mRNA in the middle-aged groups was normalized to expression level in young group. (E) Representative immunoblot and quantification (arbitrary units) of GLUT4 protein. Values shown are the mean ±S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from young (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A # denotes a significant difference from middle-aged sedentary (P<0. 05, t-test). A (#) denotes a trend towards a significant difference from middle-aged sedentary (P = 0. 07, t-test). The outlier in GLUT4 is shown with a circle around the value (Figure 3C). Effect of Aging and on Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 order to further understand the mechanism by which physical activity protects against aging associated insulin resistance we investigated GLUT4 translocation in myotubes, in the absence or presence of insulin, by immunofluorescence (Figure 4A). In order to quantify the amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane we also stained with wheat germ agglutinin before permeabilization of the plasma membrane (Figure 4A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Cued-picture viewing has been shown to modulate these systems during anticipation, such that defensive activation during anticipation of unpleasant pictures is enhanced (Sabatinelli et al. , 2001). Using the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), a negative slow-going ERP measured at frontocentral electrode sites occurring just before the onset of an emotionally or motivationally significant stimulus, which indexes anticipatory preparation to upcoming stimuli (& Böcker, 2004), studies demonstrate enhanced neural attentional recruitment during anticipation of threatening and unpleasant pictures relative to neutral pictures (Amrhein et al. , 2005; Poli et al. , 2007). Predictable cueing not only influences attentional anticipation but also defensive responses during perception of pictures. For example, startle responses are shown to be attenuated during the perception of cued threatening pictures (Sege et al. , 2014, 2015), representing a blunting of defensive responding during perception of a more predictable unpleasant event compared with unpredictable. Thus, cueing of aversive stimuli activates defensive motivational systems during anticipation, which results in attenuation of defensive responding during emotional processing of the stimuli. Clearly, predictive cueing of unpleasant pictures modulates various indicators of anticipation and perception. However, many studies employing a cued picture paradigm have specifically utilized an instructed cuing approach, wherein participants are informed of the S1 cue association with a subsequent S2 picture. These studies have not evaluated 1) whether this contingency immediately leads to enhanced anticipatory processing; and 2) whether uninstructed cueing could still lead to anticipatory processing via associative learning. Accordingly, the current study utilized an uninstructed cued paradigm that reflects a more naturalistic method for investigating anticipatory processing and associative learning processes. In addition to picture valance and external contexts (i. e. , cueing), internal states are exceptionally important in emotional processing, because they provide interoceptive cues of arousal and help to regulate attentional resources (García-Cordero et al. , 2017). In line with prior work suggesting that interoceptive cues enhance self-focused attention, empirical investigations have manipulated cues that are effective and reliable for inducing self-focused attention (Mansell et al. , 2003; Papageorgiou & Wells, 2002; Wells & Papageorgiou, 2001) and increasing anxiety across both anxious and control participants (Wild et al. , 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: 2012. Soil Analysis. Distribution, Vol: 484, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish). Kadereit, G. , E. V. Mavrodiev. , E. H. Zacharias and A. P. Sukhorukov. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 photosynthesis. Am. J. Bot. 97: 1664-1687. Kadioglu, S. , M. Tan. , B. Kadioglu and K. K. Sezer. 2022. Determination of the usability of some ethnobotanically used wild plant species as forage crops. Mau. J. Agr. Nat. 2(1): 30- 37 (in Turkish). Khalil, J. K. , W. N. Sawaya and S. Z. Hyder. 1986. Nutrient composition of Atriplex leaves grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Range Manag. 39(2): 104-107. Keskin, B. and S. Temel. 2022. The effects of different sowing and harvest periods on herbage yield and some yield components of mountain spinach (Atriplex nitens schkuhr) grown in rainfed conditions. . 9(2): 340-349 (in Turkish). Keskin, B. , S. Temel and S. Akbay Tohumcu. 2023. The effects of different sowing times on seed yield and some yield components of mountain spinach grown in arid conditions. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 13(2): 1394-1404 (in Turkish). Kurt, O. , A. Kamalak. , A. İ. Atalay. , E. Kaya and A. N. Kurt. 2022. Determination of in vitro gas production of some forages and concentrate used in ruminant nutrition. . 9(2): 406-412 (in Turkish). Kutlu, H. R. , M. Gorgulu and L. B. Celik. 2005. General animal feeding. Lecture notes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Myotubes from both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active individuals had significantly lower levels of the (plasma membrane marker) WGA staining compared to myotubes from young individuals (Figure 4B). Myotubes from middle-aged sedentary individuals showed a borderline significant (P = 0. 058) increase in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane in the basal state compared to young myotubes (Figure 4B). GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane in the presence of insulin was normalized to signal at plasma membrane at basal for each group and showed that myotubes from young subjects and middle-aged active subjects had a significant increase in GLUT4 signal following insulin stimulation (Figure 4C). Interestingly, myotubes from middle-aged sedentary subjects showed no detectable increase in GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane following insulin treatment (Figure 4C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Effect of aging and physical activity on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 localisation. Satellite cells were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies from young or middle-aged volunteers: sedentary or active. Cells were grown in culture until mature myotubes were formed. Myotubes were treated with insulin (100 nM) for 30 mins before fixation and immunofluorescence staining. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of myotubes stained with anti-GLUT4 and anti-wheat germ agglutinin (Scale bar 20 µm). The plasma membrane region is a 2× zoom of the merged image. Quantification of membrane fluorescence intensity in basal state (B) or after insulin treatment as a fold change from basal (C). (B and C) Open bars = young, gray bars = middle-aged sedentary and black bars = middle-aged active. Values are mean ± S. E. M from cells from 5 individuals for each group. An asterisk denotes a significant difference from basal (*P<0. 05, **P<0. 01). A (*) denotes a trend towards a significant difference from young (P = 0. 058). DiscussionOur findings indicate that human skeletal muscle satellite cells that are grown and differentiated into myotubes in culture, despite multiple passages, exhibit metabolic differences associated with level of activity and age of donors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Moreover, self-focused attention using a false cue of elevated heart rate is implemented to determine how heightened interoceptive awareness impacts neural markers of inhibition and shifting (Judah et al. , 2013), error monitoring and feedback anticipation (Judah et al. , 2016), and attention to heartbeat (Judah et al. , 2018). Specifically, enhanced self-focused attention reduces preparatory activity in basic cognitive control tasks (Judah et al. , 2013), as well as error-related feedback processing, but not error monitoring directly (Judah et al. , 2016), potentially representing the deleterious impacts of self-focus on action preparation and feedback processing. Moreover, attentional processing generally is thought to have a limited capacity and is influenced by competing demands. Interestingly in emotional modulations of attention, affective pictures have been shown to modulate event-related potential anticipation and attention deployment (Cuthbert et al. , 2000; Grant et al. , 2015; Poli et al. , 2007; White & Grant, 2017). However, it is unclear whether the blunting influence of self-focused attention on anticipation and attentional responding reported previously will impact anticipation and perception of emotional stimuli. Collectively, research has documented neurophysiological phenomenon of anticipation and perception of unpleasant pictures, yet little is known as to how self-focused attention manipulations influence emotion processing within the context of cued picture viewing. With self-referent attention moderating attention to external stimuli (Judah et al. , 2016), it is necessary to document how self-focused attention impacts attention and the ability to anticipate and process external threat information. The current study employed a cued-picture viewing paradigm (i. e. , S1-S2 task) to evaluate how cue a manipulation of self-focused attention impacted motivated attention (i. e. , the anticipation and perception of unpleasant pictures). To accomplish this goal, a “+” cue (S1; yellow or blue and 0° or 45°) indicated the valence of the upcoming picture (S2; unpleasant or neutral) via cue color and indicated elevations in basal heart rate via cue rotation. The technique of instructed cue rotation regarding heart rate has previously been shown to effectively induce interoceptive self-focus (Judah et al. , 2016). It was hypothesized that the self-focused attention manipulation will result in decreased ability to effectively prepare for upcoming pictures and/or process the pictures themselves.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4653841/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 11You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractRapeseed- mustard (gobhi sarson) crop is a vital source of edible oil and is vulnerable to more than three dozen insect pests in India. Among them, the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt. ) is a major pest on rapeseed mustard. In the current investigations, the plant derivative extract (Brahmastra (BA)) was characterized, the composition of active ingredients from individual components was identified, and their role is correlated with field efficacy. The BA was employed at 7. 5, 10. 0 and 12. 5 litres ha− 1 against L. erysimi on gobhi sarson under organic farming conditions. All treatments were applied two times. We found that active ingredients such as phytols act as antifeedants and metabolite inhibitors, while Nimbin, a triterpenoid, might provide fungicidal activity. Other components include ryenosin, copaene, caryophyllene, and naphthalene, which are attractive and antibacterial. BA employed at 12. 5 litres ha− 1 was found to be most effective against mustard aphids, offering the highest per cent reduction over control (PROC), i. e. , 38. 1–67. 2 and 38. 4–58. 9% during 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively, with the non-significant coccinellid population in all treatments. BA employed at 12. 5 litres ha− 1 registered the highest seed yield (20. 5 and 17. 3 q ha− 1) as against control (16. 8 and 15. 4 qha− 1) for two consecutive years. The economic returns were more elevated in Brahmastra at 12. 5 litres (235 USD ha-1) over the other treatments in gobhi sarson. The possible active ingredients identified using GC-MS and FTIR studies are attributed to control the mustard aphids. The plant derivative extract brahmastra emerged as an innovative pest management system, and its effects on non-target organisms or natural enemies is minimal. Rapeseed-mustard-1Figure 21.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: This result suggests that differentiated myotubes may retain memory of their in vivo environment. Interestingly, a number of metabolic factors were significantly enhanced in middle-aged active cells compared to young healthy controls suggesting that life-long physical activity promotes adaptations that robustly alter metabolism of muscle cells and is retained ex vivo. Therefore our model may help decipher the mechanisms by which physical activity potentially can protect against the development of insulin resistance. In order to undergo myogenesis, myoblasts must exit the cell cycle and this is dependent on increased expression of p21 [26], [27]; the expression of p21 is therefore indicative of irreversible cell cycle exit required for terminal differentiation. Consistent with this, increased expression of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) has been found in skeletal muscle of aging mice [30] and in human skeletal muscle during aging (22, 23). Both p21 and MHC have been shown to be highly upregulated in muscles of older women (65–71 years) [29]. Additionally p21 is known to be upregulated during myocyte differentiation in myogenic cell lines [31], [32]. Importantly it has been shown that MHC expression is only detected in p21-positive cells [33]. In line with this we found that middle-aged cells expressed higher protein levels of p21 and MHC compared to the young group and their expressions were strongly correlated. Further analysis of MHC isoforms showed different expression of MHC isoforms in sedentary and active middle-aged muscle cells. We found that myotubes from middle-aged active individuals expressed significantly higher mRNA levels of MYH2 compared to myotubes from young individuals suggesting a training or adaptation effect of physical activity. MYH2 is a marker of type IIa muscle fibers (fast, oxidative fibers). Interestingly, it has been shown that in rats, type IIa fibers have a higher glucose uptake capacity than type IIb/x fibers (MYH1) [34] therefore this could contribute to the preserved insulin sensitivity in middle-aged active myotubes in this study. has been shown to occur in both men and women who have undergone resistance exercise training [35], [36] and importantly has been shown to increase in old men after aerobic exercise training [37].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Based on previous research, it was expected that self-focused attention would increase defensive activations and/or decrease attentional resources to the task, thereby resulting in decreased emotional processing of unpleasant pictures. More specifically, it was expected that the SPN would be potentiated in preparation of unpleasant pictures, but that this would be attenuated during trials with self-focused attention prompts as self-referent information may consume attentional resources away from external threat. This effect was expected to be present in the second half of the task, after the cue-picture relationship was established. It was hypothesized that the LPP would be potentiated for unpleasant pictures, but this effect also would be attenuated by the self-focused cue. MethodologyParticipantsParticipants were recruited from a large Midwestern university (N = 27) and from the community (N = 6). The sample was slightly more male (54. 5%) with an average age of 21. 79 years (SD = 5. 95; range = 18-49). Participants identified as white (63. 6%), Latinx (12. 1%), Asian (9. 1%), or (3. 0%), whereas 12. 1% identified multiple groups. A power analysis using effect sizes found in similar studies (Judah et al. , 2016) suggested that 30 participants were required for adequate power for the hypothesized within-subject’s effects (α = 0. 05, power = 0. 80). For this reason, we tried to include at least 30 total participants. stimuli Negative and neutral pictures were taken from the (IAPS: Lang et al. , 2005). The IAPS represents a collection of emotional pictures that have been standardized for valence (positive, negative, neutral) and arousal level and often are used for empirical investigation of attention and emotion processing. Fifty threat pictures were chosen that depicted violence, extreme poverty, carnage, and other distressing content (mean valance = 3. 04, SD = 1. 08); mean arousal = 6. 03, SD = 0. 78). Fifty neutral pictures were chosen that depicted plants, people engaged in everyday activities, and other relatively nonemotional content (mean valance = 5. 50, SD = 0. 73; mean arousal = 3. 42, SD = 0. 82). Footnote 1 ProcedureAll procedures fell in line with the declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Board at the university where the study was conducted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: A variety of modes of action have been predicted by the allelochemical action of organic products containing azadirachtin, salannin and meliontriol, which comprise potent insect growth regulators, feeding deterrents, ovipositional deterrence causing repellent effects, reduced fitness, sterility, production of distorted adults and environment tenacity (Isman 2006). Agniastra, a plant derivative extract applied at 2 per cent acts is superior product against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Rabi sorghum due to the presence of a mixture of phenols with known pesticidal properties, working synergistically (Kavitha 2009). Agniastra also exhibits repellent, feeding deterrent and ovicidal activities against third-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Anees (2018). Brahamastra, and an another plant derivative extract, Agniastra together cause the highest relative feeding inhibition (1. 25 and 1. 19) in cut worms, Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Joshi et al 2020). A combination of different bio-rational products to act as eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative against L. erysimi in rapeseed mustard has been reported (Kavitha 2009; Pravin et al. 2021). In current investigations, the plant derivative extract (Brahmastra) was characterized. The composition of active ingredients from individual components was identified and their mechanism of action was correlated with recent reports. Further, the field studies were undertaken to manage L. erysimi through Brahamastra in rapeseed-mustard under organic farming conditions. 2. 2. 1 Preparation of brahamastra: a plant derivative extract Around 30-50 litre capacity metallic pot was taken wherein 1 litre of fresh cow urine was added to paste of freshly collected 500 g (50% w/v) neem leaves (Azadirachta indica L. ), 200 g (20% w/v) karanj leaves (Millettia pinnata Fab. ), 200 g (20% w/v) guava leaves (Psidium guajava L. ), 200 g (20% w/v) papaya leaves (Carica papaya L. ) and 200 g (20% w/v) castor leaves (Ricinus communis L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: It has been reported that in obese and type 2 diabetics there is an inverse relationship between insulin sensitivity and the percent of myosin heavy chain IIx (MYH1) [38]. However, in this study we did not observe any difference in MYH1 expression in any of the groups. GLUT4 is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle and fat cells as they are the main sites for glucose disposal [39]. It has been well documented that both endurance and resistance exercise induce increases in GLUT4 protein expression allowing for increased glucose uptake and glycogen storage in muscle [40], [41], [42], [43]. However, our findings of significant increases in GLUT4 protein and mRNA in the middle-aged active group compared to both young and middle-aged sedentary groups in isolated satellite cells that have been expanded and differentiated in vitro, suggesting in part that the cells retain differences associated with physical activity. Interestingly, Stuart et al have shown that 6 weeks of progressive cycle training in sedentary individuals primarily increases GLUT4 expression in Type II fibers [44]. This finding is in line with our results that both MYH2 and GLUT4 expression levels are increased in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. As a consequence of increased GLUT4 expression following glycogen depleting exercise, glycogen storage occurs more rapidly and to a greater extent in the trained state versus the untrained state [45]. In this study we found that in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals there was a significantly elevated level of GSK3 phosphorylation in the basal state compared to the level in the young group again suggesting an adaptation to life-long training that enhances muscle metabolism above that of a younger, untrained individual. As GSK3 phosphorylation results in increased glycogen synthase activity and subsequent glycogen storage this finding may reflect the exercise mediated training adaptation that has been observed in vivo. As the protein expression of GLUT4 in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes was also comparable to young we investigated the effects of aging and physical activity on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Interestingly, in the basal state we found increased GLUT4 fluorescence signal at the plasma membrane in the middle-aged sedentary myotubes which may reflect a dysregulated trafficking or recycling of GLUT4 in these cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Waveform scale is in microvolts (μV) and milliseconds (ms). LPP was measured at Pz 400-1,000 ms after S2 onset, and baselined 200 ms before S2 onset. Yellow highlight on a and b represents measurement windowFull size imageDiscussionThe goal of the present study was to evaluate the impact of self-focused attention on the anticipation and perceptual processing of unpleasant pictures within a cued-picture viewing paradigm. Overall, the results provided some support for the hypotheses, such that the self-focused attention manipulation disrupted anticipation but not processing of pictures. Specifically, the SPN was attenuated as a result of the self-focus cue before unpleasant pictures, although the cue did not subsequently modulate the LPP, suggesting processing of the picture was unhindered despite decreased anticipatory preparation of attentional resources. These findings provide significant insight into how self-focused attention disrupts preparation of attention resources during cued unpleasant picture viewing. These results also document that self-focused attention manipulations during anticipation did not affect motivated attention during perception, indicating that increased attentional resources during perception of threat may be robust to self-focused attention during anticipation. Consistent with hypothesized effects, the self-focused attention cue resulted in an attenuated SPN to unpleasant pictures compared with a standard fixation cue on the second but not first half of trials. These results suggest that self-focused attention attenuates anticipation of upcoming unpleasant stimuli and that this associative learning occurs relatively quickly. SPN blunting potentially represents decreased anticipation or preparatory responding to the upcoming threat after participants learn the meaning of the predictable cues. Whereas potentiated anticipatory activity has been observed for upcoming threat stimuli (Poli et al. , 2007; Sabatinelli et al. , 2001), these results indicate that self-focused attention blunts this effect. Notably, self-focused attention, like that which was initiated by the self-focus cue used in this study, has been shown to increase anxiety, increase avoidance, and distract from task-focused attention (Norton & Abbott, 2016). Given these data were evaluated within the context of a relatively healthy sample, these results also could be suggestive of potentially adaptive responding to cues of internal threat (e. g. , anxious arousal). Based on defensive motivation literature, it is possible that the self-focused attention cue, which is a manipulation of increased physiological arousal, resulted in activation of the defensive motivation system (Lang et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: A similar trend with still better efficacy was achieved in second spray where, brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 that registered highest PROC at 1 DAS (48. 61 %), 3 DAS (58. 97 %) and 7 DAS (49. 09 %). A higher pest reduction in soybean pests at 2 DAS (57. 49 %) reported by Santhosh (2008) due to brahmasthra antifeedant activity falls in the range (48. 53- 67. 24 %) reported for mustard aphid in the present current investigations. The efficacy of brahamastra (which is prepared by mixing cow urine with plant materials) against mustard aphid in terms of per cent reduction over control in current investigations are supported by Gahukar (2013) who reported the use of cow urine either singly or in combination with plant parts and neem-based commercial products to show significant synergistic effect to enhance product toxicity causing the pest mortality. Sarangthem et al. (2023) reported the application of agniastra, brahmastra and neemastra effectively to reduce the cotton sucking pests and defoliators as against mustard aphid on gobhi sarson in present studies. 3. 7 Natural enemies (coccinellids/plant) The population of natural enemies was recorded as coccinellid counts per plant, and the differences for mean aphid nymphs in treated and untreated plots were non-significant before and after first and second applications of the treatments in 2020-21 and 2021-22 (Table 3). 3. 8 Seed yield (q ha-1) The brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 registered significantly highest seed yield (20. 50 and 17. 25 q ha-1) over the untreated control (16. 75 and 15. 38 q ha-1) in 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively (Table 1 and 2). 3. 9 Economic returns (in Rs. ) The brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha-1 registered highest economic returns (Rs. 19671. 34 ha-1) (Table 4) over its lower dosages (10. 0 and 7. 5 litres ha-1). 4. ConclusionsPresent studies were conducted for the management of mustard aphid, L. erysimi in rapeseed-mustard under the organic farming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: GLUT4 cycling between cellular compartments and the plasma membrane is a complex, multi-step process that involves translocation, docking and fusion with the plasma membrane, endocytosis and recycling through the endoplasmic reticulum therefore the potential defect in middle-aged sedentary cells could occur at multiple levels of this cycle. Interestingly, both middle-aged sedentary and middle-aged active myotubes had observable (and significant) decreases in WGA signal. As WGA selectively binds to sialic acid and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues that are predominantly found in the plasma membrane [46] it is widely used as a marker of the plasma membrane in microscopy. Thus, the decrease in WGA signal in the middle-aged myotubes could reflect a decrease in integrity or dysregulation of the plasma membrane however, further investigation is required to confirm this. Importantly, following insulin stimulation, myotubes from both young and middle-aged active individuals had significantly increased GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane compared to basal; indicating intact insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. However, in myotubes from middle-aged sedentary cells there was no increase in GLUT4 signal at the plasma membrane following insulin treatment. As the basal level at the plasma membrane was high in this group this may reflect impaired docking or fusion of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane and that physical activity protects against or promotes adaptations that protect against impaired GLUT4 cycling during age. GLUT1 is a non-insulin dependent glucose transporter that is ubiquitously expressed and has a low expression in skeletal muscle [47] however, in this study we observed a significant increase in its mRNA level in myotubes from middle-aged active individuals. It has been suggested that GLUT1 plays an important role in basal (non-insulin stimulated) glucose uptake in skeletal muscle [48] however, increased mRNA expression of GLUT1 in middle-aged active myotubes in this study, was not accompanied by an increase in basal glucose uptake but rather a trend towards decreased basal glucose uptake. There also seemed to be a lower basal glucose uptake in middle-aged sedentary myotubes compared to young myotubes and this may reflect the potential decrease in membrane integrity in both middle-aged groups.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , 1997). The activation of this system may have blunted responding to additional anticipated threat, through the early application of coping strategies (i. e. , distraction; Sege et al. , 2015). Research often documents that activating arousal before anxious stimuli is presented results in the application of coping strategies before the presentation of anxious stimuli (Monat, 1976). This blunting of anticipation suggest that self-focused attention may be used as a distraction strategy or may activate other coping strategies, which hinder anticipatory processing of threat. For example, in healthy participants, internal cues of anxious arousal may deploy attentional resources in order to manage or cope with the cause of the anxiety. Whereas this decreases preparation for an upcoming potential threat (i. e. , the unpleasant picture in this case), deployment of this attention does not impair subsequent processing and motivated attention to the threat. Alternatively, this mechanism is not yet fully supported through these data, so self-focused attention also could suppress anticipatory attentional preparation for unpleasant pictures, potentially through avoidance. If this explanation is, in fact, true, then it would be expected that our effects could be exacerbated by high levels of trait anxiety or high levels of social anxiety compared with low levels of anxiety similar to the results of Sege et al. (2017; in press). It also is possible that, through the framework of limited attention resources (Derakshan & Eysenck, 2009), self-focused attention draws attention resources towards the self, resulting in decreased attention resources to process the upcoming threatening stimuli. This is consistent with literature showing self-focused attention results in decreased attention resource allocation to processing task-relevant stimuli (Judah et al. , 2016). Similarly, researchers have found that the LPP amplitude to emotional stimuli is reduced under cognitive load, suggesting that allocation of attentional resources may modulate the processing of emotional stimuli (MacNamara et al. , 2011). This also was true in a picture viewing paradigm (White & Grant, 2017). It is plausible that the self-focused attention acted as a cognitive load, which resulted in disrupted anticipatory processing of emotional stimuli. Regardless, these data suggest that self-focused attention may disrupt or distract from attentional preparation for upcoming threat pictures, although the mechanism for which this occurs is not yet clear. Future studies could explore these explanations by testing these effects across varying levels of anxiety and/or cognitive load/executive control (Grant et al. , 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In overall results, the brahamastra @ 12. 5 litres ha− 1 was effective to register low aphid counts, more per cent reduction of mustard aphid, more seed yield and higher economic returns. In addition, brahamastra showed non-toxic effects to the natural enemies as well as non-phytotoxic effects. Thus, the organic extract, brahamastra can hold promise for the control of mustard aphid on gobhi sarson under organic farming conditions and otherwise, when the pest incidence is low under conventional farming system. A few limitations to the wide adaptability of organic farming could be a low crop yield, no minimum support price (MSP) and non-availability of sale markets for the organic products which make the conventional growers hardly to adopt this practice over the organic growers. Other reasons could be no direct pest mortality and slow mode of action of locally prepared botanical pesticides (like brahamastra). However, such organic products being safer without any harmful effects on human, animals, soil, water and environment over the chemical pesticides could be applied when pest population or its damage on the crop is at the initial stages. AbbreviationsPROC: Per cent reduction over control; et al. : Et alia (co-workers); DAS: Days after spray; ETL: Economic threshold level; L-1: Per litre; q: Quintal; ha-1: per hectare. Declarationsare thankful to Dr. Walia (Principal Agronomist-cum-Director, School of Organic Farming), Dr. Aulakh (Principal Agronomist-cum-Ex-Director, School of Organic Farming), Sidhu (Agronomist-cum-Farm Manager), Dr. (Mrs. ) (Microbiologist) and Dr. (Asstt Prof, LPT) for the technical and farm inputs during current investigations. We thank Dr. Sumeer Razdan, Incharge, of for GCMS analysis of methanolic plant extracts. Author contribution The idea conceived by SS. The characterization studies were done by MSS. SS and MSS did the data analysis. The manuscript was written and reviewed equally by MSS and SS. Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Ethical approval This 54. (2014) Anees, M. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: conclusion, human myotubes in culture obtained from middle-aged sedentary individuals have differences in insulin stimulated glucose metabolism that would be expected to be seen due to secondary aging in vivo, including impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Interestingly, physical activity throughout life seems to protect myotubes from these aspects of secondary aging potentially through adaptations including increased expression of GLUT4 and MYH2. Additionally, lifelong physical activity exerts positive effects on muscle metabolism (including enhanced GSK3 phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression) when compared to the same parameters in myotubes from young, recreationally active, healthy controls. We also found that impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in middle-aged sedentary myotubes was unlikely to be due to decreased GLUT4 protein expression and is likely to be due to dysregulated GLUT4 cycling to the plasma membrane. 1. (2003) The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Study of Aging. Diabetes 52: 1475–1484. View 2. (2007) Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes. 30: 228–233. View 3. (1999) The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest 104: 787–794. View 4. (2011) Lack of regular physical exercise or too much inactivity. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. 14: 374–378. View 5. Carmeli E, Reznick AZ (1994) The physiology and biochemistry of skeletal muscle atrophy as a function of age. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 206: 103–113. View 6. (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 1343–1350. View 7. (2011) Lifetime sedentary living accelerates some aspects of secondary aging. J. Appl. Physiol 111: 1497–1504. View 8. Holloszy JO (2000) The biology of aging. Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 Suppl: S3–S8 View 9. (1983) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging. J. Clin. Invest 71: 1523–1535. View 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Self-focused attention does not appear to have a downstream impact on the subsequent attention deployed during perception of pictures, although future evaluations should test these effects in high trait or clinical levels of anxiety and/or social phobia. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the impact of self-focused attention on anticipation within the context of emotional picture processing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrganic farming relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fixation by legumes to supply arable crops with N (Berntsen et al. 2006). There are two main ways of supplying N to cash crops: firstly, by including arable legumes into the crop rotation and, secondly, by applying farmyard manure from feeding leguminous fodder to ruminants. One disadvantage of arable legumes is an unpredictable N efficiency as the N need of the following cash crop in time and amount is not always matched by the available N provided by the legume (Crews and Peoples 2005). Farmyard manure, on the other hand, can be applied to the field before ploughing or before preparation of the seedbed and a second application as a top dressing to the standing crop is also possible. The amount of N provided to the following plant is thus better controlled. Ploughing in of legumes or grassland leys can also lead to a surplus of N in the soil that, if not used by the following crop, is prone to leaching during the following winter period in areas of high groundwater renewal and on sandy soils. Leaching of N can be substantial and reduces the efficient and lasting supply of N to cash crops in organic farming rotations. Thus strategies to improve N efficiency and good management practices are needed, especially on these light soils (Eriksen et al. 2008). Well established grass-clover fields that are mainly used for cutting and as a feed source for ruminants usually show small N leaching (Klempt 1997). Clover content in grass-clover fields can oscillate due to self-regulating mechanisms and imposition of various management schemes (Loiseau et al. 2001). An experiment with different crop rotations including grass-clover leys and arable legumes was conducted on an organic farm with sandy soils in northwest Germany. The aim was to compare two ways of supplying N to cash crops, either by legumes on arable land or by grass-clover and farmyard manure and examine the effect on yields and impact on the environment. After three experimental years spring triticale was cultivated on all plots. In this paper we present the residual effects of the different crop rotations and the ploughing-in of the grass-ley on the yield of spring triticale, soil conditions and on environmental parameters like residual mineral soil N in autumn and N leaching after harvest.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2011) Development of insulin resistance during aging: involvement of central processes and role of adipokines. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 12: 305–315. View 11. (1984) Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J. Appl. Physiol 56: 1521–1525. View 12. (2001) Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol. Metab 280: E203–E208. View 13. (2006) Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61: 534–540. View 14. (1990) Effect of exercise on insulin action, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion in aging. Am. J. Physiol 258: E937–E943. View 15. (1961) Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9: 493–495. View 16. (2011) Bmi1 is expressed in postnatal myogenic satellite cells, controls their maintenance and plays an essential role in repeated muscle regeneration. PLoS. One. 6: e27116–. 17. (2011) CD34 promotes satellite cell motility and entry into proliferation to facilitate efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. 29: 2030–2041. View 18. (2011) Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 138: 3647–3656. View 19. -Nielsen H, Schroder HD (2001) A cellular model system of differentiated human myotubes. APMIS 109: 735–744. View 20. (2011) Elevated NF-kappaB activation is conserved in human myocytes cultured from obese type 2 diabetic patients and attenuated by AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes 60: 2810–2819. View 21. -(2002) The diabetic phenotype is conserved in myotubes established from diabetic subjects: evidence for primary defects in glucose transport and glycogen synthase activity. Diabetes 51: 921–927. View 22. -Egziabher F, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: routines, such as reading and writing direction (script direction), channel attention orientation. Depending on one's native language habit, attention is biased from left-to-right (LR) or from right-to-left (RL). Here, we further document this bias, as it interacts with the spatial directionality that grounds time concepts. We used a spatial cueing task to test whether script direction and the grounding of time in Portuguese (LR, Exp. 1) and Arabic (RL, Exp. 2) shape visuomotor performance in target discrimination. Temporal words (e. g. , tomorrow, yesterday) were presented as cues in two modalities: visual (Exp. 1–2) and auditory (Exp. 1). Gaze movement (Exp. 1) and speed of discrimination decisions (Exp. 1–2) of targets presented to the left or right sides of the screen were assessed. As predicted, the interaction between target location and time concepts was significant across both modalities and linguistic communities. Additionally, LR participants detected the target on the right side of the screen faster after a future word than the target on the left side of the screen after a past word cue. In contrast, RL participants detected the target on the left side of the screen faster when the cue word was a future word than the target on the right side of the screen cued by a past word. In both modalities, the initial eye-gaze movement (Exp. 1) was responsive to the cue's time referent, further confirming that time orients attention. An additional bias was observed for the first fixation onset, which landed earlier on the target set that matched habitualized spatial routines. We conclude that scanning regularities are shaped by writing habits and bodily grounded categorical features. 1 features of language drive visuospatial attention in different spatial dimensions. For instance, word cues such as up, down, left, and right drive spatial attention consistent with their semantic meaning driving stimuli appearing in the indicated locations to be processed faster (e. g. , Cristescu, Devlin, & Nobre, 2006; Ho & Spence, 2005; Hommel, Pratt, Colzato, & Godijn, 2001). Reading and writing practices constitute another organizing convention contributing to the systematicity of visuospatial attention (Spalek & Hammad, 2005; Suitner & Maass, 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: It is most striking that the last crop had a significant effect on most yield-related parameters of spring triticale, but not on SMN, N leaching and concentrations of macronutrients. This indicates that effects of single crops were already levelled out by the yield response of spring triticale and that surplus N and K dynamics were actually influenced by differences in management, that is, application of farmyard manure and ploughing-in of grassland leys. Table 4 The chi-square probabilities for the Wald statistic (REML) of the effects of crop rotation treatment (CRT) and the last crop harvested before cultivation of triticale on plant parameters and on environmental and soil parametersFull size table Tables 5, 6, 7 present predicted means from the REML analysis for N yield and environmental parameters and reveal some interesting effects of single last crops on follow-up spring triticale. The tables give means for N yields of spring triticale and SMN and N leaching in the following autumn and winter for plots of former different crop rotations and the last crop cultivated before sowing of spring triticale. Field bean as a legume plant had no effect on grain N yield of spring triticale while 1-year grass-red clover provided enough N for the triticale to yield as much as ploughing-in of 3-year grassland leys and application of farmyard manure. The SMN and N leaching after harvest of spring triticale on the plots of the former 1-year grass-red clover, on the other hand, were much less than on the former 3-year grassland ley and even less than on the FYM plots. The proportion of red clover in the 1-year leys was about 30% in late summer 2005, while the proportion of white clover averaged around 50% for the same time period in the 3-year grassland plots with clover. The different contents of white clover in the grassland plots had only a minor effect on grain yield of the follow-up spring triticale and subsequent N leaching. But larger proportions of white clover resulted in increased grain N concentrations of spring triticale and larger SMN in autumn.

Output: contrast