Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: 3 Update of the competitiveness of the technology on the energy market Our previous economic assessments have shown that PGP is economically competitive compared to conventional storage technologies, whereby its efficiency still requires optimization (Streibel et al. , 2013; Kühn et al. , 2014a, b). Hereby, energy production and storage technology economics used in the previous assessment originate from the year 2012. However, cost trends related to energy production and storage significantly correlate with fuel and commodity prices. For example, CO2 emission charges as well as technology improvements rapidly changed in the past few years. Therefore, we update the classification of the PGP competitiveness within the presented study. 3 Results 3. 1 Readily available geological subsurface storage capacity The answer to the question how much storage capacity is already available in the German geological subsurface is based on the sites in operation (EID, 2019; Table 1). In view of an EGR process, it is outlined that the preferable depth for the mutual displacement of CH4 and CO2 is 700 m and below (Kühn et al. , 2014b). This reduces the number of suitable storage sites (Table 1) to 10 of 16 with a total working gas volume of around 8. 7 billion standard m3, representing an energy equivalent of more than 80 TWh. Following this criterion, the suitable German sites are Bad Lauchstädt, Bierwang, Breitbrunn-Eggstätt, Frankenthal, Fronhofen-Illmensee, Inzenham, Rehden, Schmidhausen, Uelsen and Wolfersberg (Table 1), whereas the reservoirs of Allmenhausen, Eschenfelden, Hähnlein, Sandhausen and Stockstadt are too shallow. Except for the site Frankenthal, representing a saline aquifer and Fronhofen-Illmensee, located in a former oil deposit, the other seven candidate sites use reservoirs in former gas deposits. Feed-in management refers to regulations that are applied to renewable energy systems, so that electricity produced cannot be fed into the power grid. Restrictions are necessary if parts of the power grid are overloaded. The majority of the regulated amount of electricity comes from wind energy. In 2017 and 2018, over 5 TWh of wind energy had to be curtailed (Agency, 2020). However, instead of regulating systems, it would make more sense to store the electricity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1, medium storage tank; 2, peristaltic pump; 3, stirred tank fermentor; 4, fermentation broth storage tank; 5, gas flow meters; 6, humidifiers; 7, pH controlling unit; 8, temperature controlling unit; 9, condensate storage tank; 10, cooling system; 11, condenser; 12 and 13, thermostat cooling water inlet and outlet. Full size imagePrevious studies indicated that the maximal glucose concentration at its oscillation peak was about 180 g/L [5], which exerted an osmotic pressure of 24. 9 atm [27]. When 160 g/L xylose was supplemented into the LG medium, it generated an osmotic pressure of 26. 5 atm, making the xylose supplementation well simulated the osmotic stress under the VHG fermentation condition. On the other hand, ethanol concentration oscillated with peak values of 70–80 g/L under the VHG fermentation condition [5]. Therefore, ethanol was supplemented into the LG medium at 30 g/L to make the total ethanol concentration at this level. Moreover, higher ethanol concentrations of 50 g/L and 70 g/L were also supplemented into the LG medium to further explore the impact of ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on the process oscillation. All these media were fed into the fermentation system at the same dilution rate of 0. 027 h−1 as that applied to the continuous VHG fermentation. In addition, gas stripping by N2 gas or off-gas produced during ethanol fermentation was incorporated into the system to in-situ remove ethanol produced by S. cerevisiae under the VHG fermentation condition and investigate the impact of endogenous ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on the process oscillation, which was performed by sparging the stripping gas into the fermentation system at a flowrate of 3. 3 L/min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Comparing the two Greek archipelagos plant species diversity and endemism patterns highlight the importance of isolation and precipitation as biodiversity drivers access Published: 19 September 2014 Comparing the two Greek archipelagos plant species diversity and endemism patterns highlight the importance of isolation and precipitation as biodiversity drivers Eleni Iliadou1 nAff2, Kallimanis1,2, Panayotis Dimopoulos1,2 & …Maria Panitsa1,2 Show authors Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki 22. 1% of its plant taxa are Greek endemics) compared to other European and Mediterranean countries of similar area [9–12]. The origin and distribution patterns of total and endemic species richness have been related to palaeogeographical patterns [13, 14]. islands are characterized by flora originating from three different continents: Europe, Asia and Africa [15]. The influence of these combined floristic elements in the local island floras seems to be more profound to the Aegean than the Ionian Islands. Many studies have examined the factors that influence the biodiversity and endemism of the flora and fauna in the Aegean archipelago, either separately or in comparison with other archipelagos [16–22]. These studies showed that various biogeographic factors influence facets of biodiversity differently. For instance, area is the most important driver of total species richness, whereas habitat diversity and maximum elevation are more strongly associated with endemic species diversity [23–28]. Similar results have been obtained for both terrestrial vertebrate and invertebrate taxa [29–38]. However, all of these studies focused on the Aegean archipelago alone. While many studies have been conducted on the flora and fauna of the islands and islets of the Ionian archipelago, there has been limited research on the effects of biogeographic factors on plant species richness. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no comparative studies among these two Greek archipelagos. Both archipelagos consist mainly of land bridge, continental shelf islands that, according to [3], possessed terrestrial connections to other landmasses via exposed continental shelf during periods when the sea level was low. Both archipelagos cover a similar latitudinal range, and have a typical Mediterranean climate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: The described technology provides in that way much more than the capacity needed at the moment. Sterner and Stadler (2017) compare ten different scenarios for the energy market of Germany and estimate an average of just below 80 TWh excess energy and required storage capacity for the year 2050. The presented numbers show that this demand can be covered by geological storage. 3. 2 Competitiveness on the global energy market The answer to the question how competitive the technology is, was derived based on cost data applied to ascertain current and future market trends from different literature sources. Cost of electricity (COE) bandwidths for photovoltaic (4 to 22 eurocents per kWh), solar thermal power (4 to 23 eurocents per kWh), wind offshore (7 to 14 eurocents per kWh) and onshore (5 to 9 eurocents per kWh) as well as fossil fuels (4 to 10 eurocents per kWh), consisting of upper and lower limit COE for lignite, hard coal and gas fired power plants, were taken from Höfling (2016) and the Report (REN21, 2017). Hereby, newly installed RE plant costs vary widely, depending on site quality, specific economic characteristics and direct normal irradiance (DNI) levels of a given location. Thereby, cost differences in the conventional energy production technologies arise rather from varying operating hours (REN21, 2017). Considerable cost uncertainties with respect to conventional energy production technologies are future fuel and CO2 emission fee developments. Variations in pumped storage hydropower costs are also related to site-specific conditions such as catchment geology and hydrogeology, access to transmission grids as well as overall construction costs. According to the Report (REN21, 2017) and the Association's (PSDC, 2017), the bandwidth of pumped storage costs covers a range of 43 to 149 eurocents per kWh. A cost position of high uncertainty is the charge for transmission interconnection, which was not considered in the suggested cost bandwidth. These costs can range from negligible charges to substantial amounts according to existing transmission line capacities as well as size and distance of new lines (IRENA, 2017). Since pumped hydropower storage is a technology with decades of operating experience, major technology improvements are not anticipated in the future in terms of costs, structures and transformation efficiency (IRENA, 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CalculationsThe specific rates (h−1) of yeast growth, glucose consumption, and ethanol production and major byproduct glycerol μ, R glucose R ethanol and R glycerol were calculated with the following equations: μ = 1 X ⋅ dX dt + D (1) R glucose = 1 X ⋅ D ⋅ C glucose 0 − D ⋅ C glucose − d C glucose dt (2) R ethanol = 1 X ⋅ d C ethanol dt + D ⋅ C ethanol (3) R glycerol = 1 X ⋅ d C glycerol dt + D ⋅ C glycerol (4) and t represent dilution rate and fermentation time, h−1 and h; C glucose0 represents glucose concentration in the medium, g/L; X, C glucose C ethanol and C glycerol represent concentrations of biomass, glucose, ethanol and glycerol in the fermentation broth, g/L. The osmotic stress was calculated by the following equation: π = iMRT (5) whereπ, the osmotic stress in atmi, van 't Hoff factor of the solutionM, molar concentration in mol/LR = 0. 08206 L · atm/mol · K, universal gas constantT, absolute temperature in KAnalytical methodsTriplicate samples were taken and centrifuged at 10, 000× g at ambient temperature for 5 min to remove yeast cells. The supernatant was stored at −20°C for further analysis. system with RI-detector (Waters 410, ) was used to analyze glucose, ethanol and glycerol in the effluent. HPX 87-H column (300 × 7. 8 mm, Bio-) was used for separating these components. The column was eluted with 5 mM H2SO4 at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min with a column temperature of 50°C. The analytical errors for glucose, ethanol and glycerol were 1. 5%, 1. 7% and 1. 3%, respectively. Analysis of biomass concentration and cell viability were described in the reference [28], and the analytical errors for biomass and cell viability was 2. 1% and 6. 5%, respectively. All data reported in this work were averages of analysis of the triplicate samples.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: These explanations are by no means mutually exclusive, and might all be contributors to the different levels of endemism in the two archipelagos. Another striking difference was the much lower number of threatened species (endemic and not endemic), present in the Ionian compared to the Aegean, even after taking island area into account. This finding highlights the importance of the Aegean for biodiversity conservation. This finding also demonstrates the lack of congruence between total plant species richness and threatened species diversity. Thus, at least in this case, these results support the hypothesis that species richness patterns are mainly driven by common species rather than threatened species [53, 54]. Compared to the Aegean, the are rich in species, but host few threatened taxa. This difference might be explained by interspecific competition that is expected to limit competitive inferior species and thus make them more vulnerable. If this is the case, then, lower precipitation and associated summer drought stress in the Aegean might limit the dominance of competitively superior, common species, allowing the persistence of more vulnerable threatened species. Despite the geomorphological similarity of the two Greek archipelagos, they have different geological histories and precipitation patterns, with the Aegean archipelago being far older and drier compared to the Ionian archipelago [14, 15, 39, 40]. Our analyses indicate that these differences strongly influence the diversity patterns observed in these two regions. Thus, when considering islands of similar size, those in the Ionian have higher species richness, but fewer endemics and threatened species, compared to the Aegean. The shorter evolutionary history of the Ionian partially explains low endemic species richness observed. However, precipitation may also have an important and complex role in driving the biodiversity patterns of these two archipelagos. The role of precipitation as a driver of biodiversity in Greece has been documented in Greek wetlands [55]. However, focus on climate change issues has led to the role of precipitation as a driver of ecological patterns being overshadowed by the role of temperature. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that while the Ionian and Aegean archipelagos fall on either side of the same landmass, the two regions exhibit different biodiversity patterns; hence, conservation effort should be tailored to each region separately. MethodsStudy areas - data setsThe current study was conducted on the islands and islets of the Aegean and Ionian archipelagos.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: The COE bandwidth for compressed air energy storage systems were derived to be 30 to 55 eurocents per kWh. However, an increased utilization of waste heat from compression is expected to improve average efficiencies by 2030, resulting in further cost reduction (IRENA, 2017). According to the Handbook of for Transmission or (EPRI, 2002), levelized costs of pumped hydropower storage and compressed air energy storage represent the lowest cost forms of large grid-scale energy storage technologies. Taking into account costs for energy conversion during the hydrogenation and methanation processes as well as all costs related to CO2 capture and gas storage operation, study case-related PGP costs can currently not compete with the aforementioned global fossil and onshore/offshore wind energy production technology COE, which are exceeded by 30 % to 80 % (Fig. 2). However, PGP costs are up to 10 % below those of upper limit solar thermal power and photovoltaic COE as well as up to 80 % below pumped hydropower and compressed air energy storage costs, and thus competitive on the global energy market (Fig. 2). Figure 2(20 eurocents per kWh) compared to global levelized cost bandwidths for fossil fuel and renewable energy production as well as large-grid scale energy storage technologies costs (REN21, 2017; Höfling, 2016; IRENA, 2017). Download 4 Discussion and conclusions The growing share of wind and solar energy makes it more complex to balance power generation and demand at any time. Due to the variable availability, the need for flexibility increases in order to keep the energy system stable. Flexible, decentralised producers and consumers will keep the dynamic interplay of electricity supply and demand in balance in the future. In that regard, subsurface natural gas storage (CH4 – synthetic natural gas, SNG) offers capacities and a state-of-the-art technology to store and reuse wind and solar energy. Combined geological storage could be employed via EGR, with CH4 and CO2 placed in the same reservoir to be mutually working and cushion gas for each other. Due to gas density and viscosity variations with temperature and pressure, storage from 700 m depth and below will particularly reduce undesired mixing between both gases. Natural gas is still the second-most important primary energy source for Germany with a ratio of 24 %, with 93 % being imported (EID, 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsVHG: Very high gravity LG: Low gravity ORP: Oxidation reduction potential DCW: Dry cell weight. 105. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2007. 09. 0025295. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2007. 11. 013361. 93. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 7000167566. 10. 1002/bit. 202211251. 10. 1073/pnas. 51. 6. 1244181. 10. 1016/0006-291X(64)90357-2994. 10. 1073/pnas. 51. 6. 989241. 10. 1111/j. 1432-1033. 1996. 00238. x1153. 10. 1016/S0006-3495(00)76672-0634. 10. 1016/S0006-3495(01)76043-227. 10. 1002/bit. 26036010438. 10. 1002/bit. 26036010515. 10. 1016/S0014-4827(03)00068-5268. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1992. tb05525. x72. 10. 1016/0168-1656(96)01566-0192. 714. 10. 1002/bit. 2045724. CAS 223. 783. 10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2009. 07. 113371. 10. 1111/j. 1567-1364. 2009. 00492. x105. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19971005)56:1<99::AID-BIT11>3. 0. CO;2-5331. 10. 1016/0032-9592(95)00073-9426. 10. 1007/BF01388079121. 10. 1002/bit. 22043147. CAS 293. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2004. 01. 0172. 0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4249551/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIdentifying hotspots of particularly rich or localised biodiversity is key strategy for prioritising areas for protection and management. However, different biodiversity measures may lead to the prioritisation of different areas for conservation. Here we use species distribution modelling and spatial biodiversity analyses to map and compare hotspots of Australian subtropical rainforest reptile and amphibian diversity identified using three biodiversity measures - Alpha Diversity, Weighted Endemism, and Endemism. Spatial patterns of frog and reptile diversity largely correlate with each other, and with previous studies in plants and other vertebrates, with diversity and endemism both concentrated in montane uplands and correlated with paleoclimatic stability. highlights additional peripheral hotspots of Short-taxa away from hotspots, especially in the poorly known ‘vine-thicket’ habitats of mid-east Queensland. Spatial analyses of the overlap of burn scars from two recent massive fire events show that many of these peripheral hotspots may have been impacted, further highlighting these areas as a priority for targeted survey and conservation assessment. amphibianbiodiversitybushfiredistributionsherpetofaunamodellingrange-restrictionreptileFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionInformation on the spatial distribution of biodiversity critically underpins prioritisation of areas for conservation investment (Kent 2005; Brown et al. 2014; Rosauer et al. 2016) and protecting biodiversity hotspots remains a key strategy for spatial conservation prioritization (Myers et al. 2000; Kukkala and Moilanen 2012; Shipley and McGuire, 2022). Various hotspot measures can help identify and prioritise areas but may in practice highlight different regions. For example, areas of high in different guilds or taxonomic groups may not overlap with each other (McDonald et al. 2021), or with areas containing the most range-restricted or threatened taxa (Orme et al. 2005). Gaps or bias in knowledge of distributions (e. g. the Wallacean shortfall) (Hortal et al. 2020) may also skew estimation of conservation priorities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: This is why storage facilities play a central role for the entire German energy system. The classic task of subsurface gas storage is the daily and seasonal compensation of consumption peaks. The most recent development in natural gas storage in Germany is characterised by stagnation of the available total working gas volume and an increase in the significance of cavern storage at the expense of porous reservoirs. This resulted in the decommissioning of a couple of high-capacity storage sites within the last years with a storage capacity of around 10 TWh (determined from comparison of EID report 2012 with EID report, 2019). We conclude that these sites should have better been used for excess energy storage from renewables instead of being abandoned, because in that way the storage potential required to date would be covered. On the long run, a storage potential of more than 80 TWh is readily available in the subsurface of Germany, which is actually the amount of excess energy expected for the year 2050 (Sterner and Stadler, 2017). This provides as well an opportunity to significantly reduce the amount of imported natural gas by the provision of “wind and solar gas”, which would make Germany more independent of the global market. Besides the gas storage reservoirs in operation, which we assessed within the presented study, the geological subsurface of Germany provides an even higher, mainly unexplored storage potential. A further estimate can be deduced from investigations in regard to and Storage (CCS). Knopf et al. (2010) determined a storage capacity of 9 billion tonnes CO2 based on 400 locations. Taking into account the densities of CO2 and CH4 as well as the specific calorific value of the latter, the storage potential is more than 2 orders of magnitude higher (about 30 PWh) than the one mentioned above. From the cost data on different energy production and storage technologies compiled for the evaluation of PGP competitiveness on the energy market, it becomes obvious that available data provide an uncertain comparative basis, only. Nevertheless, as the objective of the present study was to elaborate a general overview on PGP's current status on the energy market, we have performed a cost comparison and draw the following conclusions. PGP can economically compete with global cost bandwidths for hydropower and compressed air storage as well as with upper limit COE for solar thermal power and photovoltaic. Consequently, future studies on PGP competitiveness should particularly focus on the assessment of, e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: spores can be used as a carrier to produce enzyme capsules. In the present study, this technique was applied to a diagnostic enzyme named creatinase. We found that a secretory form of Pseudomonas putida creatinase could be entrapped in the spore wall, and such spores were used as creatinase capsules. The activity of the encapsulated creatinase was largely improved by mild spore wall defective mutations, such as DIT1 or OSW2 deletions. The advantages of this method include the following: encapsulated and freeze-dried creatinase is produced without preparing the purified enzyme, and it exhibits resistance to environmental stresses, such as high temperature and SDS treatments. Thus, yeast spores could be applied to establish quick and easy clinical diagnostic methods. : Creatinaseenzyme capsuleS. cerevisiaesporespore wall IntroductionCreatine amidohydrolase or creatinase can mediate the hydrolysis of creatine to produce sarcosine and urea. This enzyme, together with 2 other enzymes, namely, creatininase and sarcosine oxidase, is used as a clinical enzyme to measure creatinine levels in specimens, such as blood samples. Citation1,2 Studies have been conducted to improve their properties. For example, several chemical immobilization procedures of these enzymes have been studied to make them stable and reusable. These experiments have been performed mainly to develop and improve amperometric creatinine biosensors. Citation3-6Previously, we reported that spores of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used to produce enzyme capsules. Citation7 This method is based on unique properties of the yeast spore wall. In the spore wall, the outermost layer or the dityrosine layer is mainly composed of bisformyl-dityrosine, and the second outermost layer or the chitosan layer is composed of chitosan. Citation8-11 Physiologically, these structures are required to protect spores so that yeast spores are resistant to various environmental stresses. Citation12 The presence of these structures provides spores with a distinct property; when the secretory forms of soluble enzymes are expressed in sporulating cells, they are entrapped in the periplasmic space of the spore wall.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Ideally, assessments of regional hotspot patterns will integrate different measures, approaches, and taxa to address these issues. The forests of eastern Australia are recognised as the world’s 35th biodiversity hotspot (Williams et al. 2011). A prominent component of this hotspot is some of the world’s most extensive tracts of subtropical rainforests. Here, we consider these subtropical rainforests to include areas extending from Eungella in central Queensland to the Illawarra region south of Sydney. Typically, they occur in relatively high rainfall and/or high elevation areas characterised by paleoclimatic stability (Weber et al. 2014; Hilbert et al. 2007). These rainforest areas largely occur as a series of habitat ‘islands’ centred upon the eastern edge of Australia’s Range (Fig. 1) and support a high alpha diversity and endemism in many taxa (Williams et al. 2011; Rosauer et al. 2015; Mutton et al. 2019; Wilson et al. 2019; Rix et al. 2020; Rix et al. 2022). The significance of these rainforests is further recognised through the inclusion of a large proportion of them within the of (Narsey et al. 2020, 2023). While most remaining subtropical rainforests in Australia are protected, recent severe droughts and fires of unprecedented extent and severity have impacted large areas of these fire-sensitive communities (Ward et al. 2020; Godfree et al. 2021; Beranek et al. 2022; Thorley et al. 2023). Regeneration of rainforests burnt at higher severities is likely to take many decades and is impeded by invasion of ecosystem changing weeds that further exacerbate fire risk (Hines et al. 2020; Ross et al. 2023), particularly for small rainforest patches or those fragmented through vegetation clearing (Driscoll et al. 2021). There are ongoing or increasing threats from pest plants (e. g. high biomass grasses, Werren 2001; Grice and Setter 2002), feral animals (e. g. pigs, Gillespie et al. 2020), and exotic diseases (e. g. myrtle rust, Carnegie and Pegg 2018; amphibian chytrid fungus Scheele et al. 2019). Many rainforest species are also restricted to higher elevations (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: , uncertainties that may impact PGP efficiency. The technology to store and reuse green excess energy in form of synthetic methane (SNG) is available and ready for operation. It represents the current state-of-the-art and can be applied in the short term. The storage potential within the German subsurface is more than sufficient. Consequently, we have an intermediate option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as long as hydrogen storage is still under research and development. Data availability The underlying data are either given within the paper or elesewhere published and referenced here. Author contributions MK conceptualized aims and goals; MK, NCN and TK conducted the research work; NCN visualised the results; MK wrote the original draft and finalised the paper; NCN and TK contributed with reviews and editing. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Special issue statement This 2020. Financial support The 2018. DVGW: Technoökonomische Studie von Power-to-Gas-B-des Gas- und Wasserfaches e. V. Technisch-wissenschaftlicher -FKZ G 3/01/12 TP B-D, available at: (last access: 10 November 2020), 2014. : Storage in Germany, Erdöl, Erdgas, Kohle, 128, 412–423, 2012. : Storage in Germany, Erdöl, Erdgas, Kohle, 135, 415–420, 2019. EPRI: Handbook of for Transmission or Distribution Applications. available at: (last access: 10 November 2020), 2002. Gorre, J. , Ruoss, F. , Karjunen, H. , Schaffert, J. , and Tynjälä, T. : Cost benefits of optimizing hydrogen storage and methanation capacities for Power-to-Gas plants in dynamic operation, Appl. Energ. , 257, 113967, 2020. Hartmann, N. , Eltrop, L. , Bauer, N. , Salzer, J. , Schwarz, S. , and Schmidt M. : Stromspeicherpotenziale für Deutschland, Zentrum für ät Stuttgart, 2012. Henning, H. -M. and Palzer, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Citation7 The dityrosine layer is critical for the entrapment of secretory proteins in the spore wall probably because its pore size is sufficiently small to prevent protein diffusion. Citation13 Although the dityrosine layer functions as a diffusion barrier for proteins, relatively small molecules, such as sugars, can pass through it. Citation7,14 Thus, spores can be applied to biological enzyme capsules. Citation7,15 The encapsulated enzyme is protected by the spore wall so that it exhibits resistance to environmental stresses, such as high temperature and digestive enzymes. The dityrosine and chitosan layers can be eliminated through specific mutations; DIT1 is required for the synthesis of bisformyl dityrosine, and dit1Δ mutation causes a loss of the dityrosine layer. Citation9,16,17 CHS3 encodes a chitin synthase, and its deletion results in a loss of both the dityrosine and chitosan layers. Citation18,19 Although the deletion of the dityrosine layer causes a leak of soluble proteins held in the spore wall, the chitosan layer can also retain the secretory proteins to some extent. Previous studies have shown that dit1Δ spores, not chs3Δ spores, can hold some soluble enzymes in the spore wall, although the capacity of dit1Δ spores to hold enzymes is much lower than that of wild-type spores. Citation7 Interestingly, enzymes held in dit1Δ spores generally exhibit higher activity than that in wild-type spores,Citation7,15 which is probably because the dityrosine layer is a barrier for substrates to access the enzymes. Previous reports have shown that osw2Δ mutation can also improve the activity of enzymes held in the spore wall. Citation7,15 Although the exact function of Osw2 is not yet known, osw2Δ mutation causes a minor spore wall defect probably in the dityrosine layer. Citation13,19 Therefore, the integrity of the spore wall can affect the activity of encapsulated enzymes. A remarkable difference between dit1Δ and osw2Δ mutants is that the latter has the dityrosine layer so it can stably entrap proteins in the spore wall.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: cooler and moister uplands) where increasing temperature and lifting of the cloud layer is a further key threat (Hagger et al. 2013; Narsey et al. 2020; Torkkola et al. 2022). This constellation of threats highlights the need for accurate and comprehensive information on where rainforest diversity and endemism are concentrated. Of particular concern are the many localised taxa, including numerous Short-range Endemics (SREs i. e. taxa with distributions spanning less the 10,000 km2) that by the nature of their restricted distributions may be particularly vulnerable to both local stochastic events and broad-scale disturbances such as landscape fire or climate change (Harvey 2002; Harvey et al. 2011). Weber et al. (2014) presented an analysis of subtropical rainforest plant endemism in Australia and identified three centres of species richness (Alpha Diversity) and endemism, with the most significant region being the near-coastal mountains of the on the border between Wales and Queensland. The other two key areas were respectively the upland rainforests of the Hinterland and the Dorrigo region. Additional analyses of Weighted Endemism, which corrects for species range size, highlighted a further relatively tiny area of short-range endemism in the Bulburin area of mid-eastern Queensland (MEQ). Previous global studies show limited correlation between diversity and endemism (Orme et al. 2005; Lamoreaux et al. 2006), and mapping either independently often fails to represent significant elements of local biodiversity (Leroux and Schmiegelow 2007; Shrestha et al. 2019; Shipley and McGuire, 2022). Areas characterised by low but with a high proportion of locally endemic taxa with tiny geographic ranges are particularly easy to miss in analyses of that do not correct for range size. Such small and peripheral patches of endemism may also be particularly characterised by taxa vulnerable to catastrophic events such as bushfire. Reptiles and amphibians are the most diverse group of endemic vertebrates in Australia’s subtropical rainforests (Williams et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 78351 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechTopics in by Ebubekir Yüksel From the in by Ebubekir Yüksel, Abdülkerim Gök and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. bolufawi@famu. edu 1. major goal of sustainable energy system using renewable energy is to provide clean, affordable, accessible energy with efficient energy storage with depleting the earth resources. There is a need to develop reliable energy systems that do not depend on fossil fuel to preserve the environment while powering the present and the future. This has led to the development of power generating systems utilizing renewables (photovoltaics and wind) [1]. There has being rapid increase in the power generation from PV over there the years [2]. Due to the rapid increase in PV generation, energy storage is serves as a storage medium for excess generation which can use when needed. Energy storage systems also serve as a means of increasing the power utilization and consumption rate. Implementing battery storage is limited due to relatively high cost. In some grid connected systems, Plug in Vehicles (PHEV) is use as storage which can function as double use systems [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Citation13Creatine is a small molecule, so we expect it to pass through the spore wall. Thus, in the present study, we attempted to apply yeast spore-based encapsulation technique to creatinase. Such an enzyme may be used for clinical examinations. Results and discussionYeast spores can hold Pseudomonas putida creatinaseTo produce yeast spores encapsulating creatinase, the P. putida creatinase gene was cloned into a yeast expression vector named pRS426TEF. Citation20 A yeast secretory signal sequence from SPR1 was fused at the 5′ end to localize the enzyme to the spore wall, and 3 tandem repeats of the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope gene was added at the 3′ end for its detection. The creatinase expression plasmid was then transformed into a wild-type S. cerevisiae strain AN120, and western blot analysis was performed to verify that the HA fusion (creatinase–HA) was expressed in spores (Fig. 1). Yeast spores are covered with the ascal membrane and ascal wall. In this study, the term “ascus” was used for samples of intact ascospores, and “spore” was used for samples in which spores were released from the asci by breaking down the ascal cell wall and membrane. Given that TEF2 promoter is a constitutive promoter, creatinase–HA was detected in lysates of ascus, spore, and vegetative cell samples (Fig. 1A). Molecular weight of creatinase–HA estimated from SDS-PAGE was 52 kDa (data not shown). The molecular weight was slightly larger than the predicted one (49 kDa) because creatinase–HA expressed in yeast was modified by asparagine-linked glycosylation; after PNGas-F treatment, it was decreased to 50 kDa (Fig. 1B). The amount of creatinase–HA detected in ascus and spore lysates was much more than that in vegetative cell lysate, probably because creatinase–HA fusion was retained in the spore wall, whereas it was secreted out of the cell wall in the vegetative cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Herpetofauna tend to be less vagile than many other vertebrate groups, and distributional data is typically more available than in many species rich and low-vagility invertebrate groups like mygalomorph spiders and snails (Harvey 2002; Rix et al. 2020; Rix et al. 2022). For these reasons reptiles and amphibians can be a powerful proxy for resolving and understanding patterns of short-range endemism in many areas (see Kraus 2021 for an example). Patterns of rainforest frog and reptile endemism in eastern Australia have been found to be broadly congruent with those in plants (Rosauer et al. 2015). However, that study did not explicitly investigate patterns of short-range endemism and only taxa with phylogenetic data were included, restricting sampling to ~ 20 of the over 60 reptile and amphibian taxa endemic to the rainforests of subtropical Australia. Here we use the herpetofauna of Australia’s subtropical rainforests to address three key questions around the distribution and conservation prioritisation of short-range endemics: 1) Do the distributions of short-range endemics correspond to hotspots of Alpha Diversity? 2) Have key areas of short-range endemism been overlooked in this relatively well-known system? 3) Are short-range endemics more prone to impacts of threats when compared to taxa with broader ranges? To address these questions we used comprehensive, fine resolution distributional data to generate mixed-model Models (SDMs) for 23 frog and 40 reptile taxa of subtropical rainforests. We then identified statistically significant hotspots and compared overall patterns and correlates of endemism and species richness between frogs and reptiles. Finally, we examined distributional overlap with recent megafires to determine relative impacts on wide- versus short-ranged taxa. area and taxon sampling Rainforests in eastern Australia range from the tip of Peninsula to Tasmania and are typically associated with areas of higher rainfall and or favourable soil conditions along the Range and eastern fall. We focus on the herpetofauna strongly associated with subtropical rainforests, which are most extensive from MEQ to the Illawarra in Wales (Fig. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: Future smart and micro grids could benefit from the double use functionality of electric vehicles as part of the energy network to provide vehicle-to-grid services (V2G) as described in [1]. Research shows that the average car is parked 15 hours a day and can provide storage and or grid services 60% of the time [1]. The idea of integration renewable energy (photovoltaics) with energy storage devices for a double use is illustrated. Figure 1. Detailed diagram of the integration module. Advertisement 2. Systems, integration and load layout The system block diagram shown in Figure 1 consist of renewable energy source (RES), power and energy management system (PEMS), grid, energy storage devices (ESD), residential load. The system is design to integrate RES and ESD using the PEMS. 2. 1. Renewable energy source (RES) The renewable energy source in the design above is solar photovoltaics (PV) use for power generation. Solar cells also called PV convert sunlight directly to electricity. The power generated from solar highly depend on the amount of sun light. Maximum generation is usually achieved during peaks of day light, if sufficient enough, excess generation is stored in energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries for later use during off peak hours usually in the early morning and late in the evening to mid-night. Considering a renewable source rated at 3 kW, roof mounted system with the area of the solar cells approximately 20 m2 with an efficiency of 15%. The power from the PV system is determined using a linear model based on the irradiance level. The equation representing the simplified model is given in [4]: P V output t = GHI t × S × P V η E1 where GHI(t) is the global horizontal irradiation in W/m2, S is the total area for the PV modules in m2 and PVη is the efficiency of the PV modules. The PV generator is connected to the system via a DC to AC inverter with maximum power point tracking and constant efficiency. The change in efficiency of the inverter depending on the input and required output are not considered. The generation of electricity for PV is also temperature sensitive and that is also not considered in this project. This however does not significantly hamper the system and this simplification has been applied successfully in previous works including [4, 9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We found that creatinase activity in the spores expressing creatinase–HA was much higher than that in vegetative cells (Fig. 1C). Such a high creatinase activity was not detected in spores harboring the empty vector (Fig. 1 C). Although a comparable amount of creatinase–HA was detected in ascus and spore lysates, the activity detected in the asci was similar to that in vegetative cells (Fig. 1 C). This result was consistent with the notion that, in intact asci, its substrate (creatine) cannot access the enzyme because of the existing ascal membrane. These results demonstrated that yeast spores could be used as microcapsules to hold creatinase. Notably, in this experiment, the activity was measured in wet cell samples. Figure 1. Activity assay of creatinase expressed in yeast spores. (A) 50 µg of lysates from intact asci (ascus), spores (spore) and vegetative cells (vege) expressing creatinase–HA were subjected to western blot analysis using an anti–HA antibody to detect the HA fusion (arrow). Spores harboring an empty vector, pRS426TEF, were used as a control. The spore sample was prepared by treating asci with β-glucanase and sonication to lyse the ascal cell wall and membrane. Vegetative cells were cultured in YPAcetate media. (B) Creatinase–HA expressed in wild-type spores was treated with or without PNGase F, and subjected to western blot analysis using an anti–HA antibody. (C) Creatinase activity was detected from intact asci (ascus), spores (spore) or vegetative cells (vege) expressing creatinase–HA, and spores harboring the empty vector (vector). The activity detected in the reaction mixture without yeast cells is also shown (blank). 5×108 of cells or asci were used for the assay. Cell amounts were adjusted by turbidity and, for the spore sample, it was measured before asci were broken. One unit of activity was defined as the amount (mg) of enzyme which produces 1 µmol of urea per minute at 37°C. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. **P< 0. 01; ***P< 0. 001.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Many of these frogs and reptiles also utilise ecologically similar and often adjacent vegetation types such as dry, littoral, warm or cool temperate rainforests or wet sclerophyll forests (sensu Floyd 1990), so the following rationale was used to select taxa. The rich and diverse endemic herpetofauna of the Tropics region are highly differentiated from the rainforest herpetofauna of the subtropics, with few shared taxa (Rosauer et al. 2015), so were excluded. In contrast the herpetofauna of Eungella and surrounding areas in MEQ were included as these show strong affinities with rainforests further south (many shared taxa and phylogenetic similarity; Mahony 2020). We initially included 70 reptile and amphibian taxa that were either endemic to or had distributions centred on wet forest habitats in subtropical and warm-temperate regions of eastern Australia (extending in latitude between 20 to 35 degrees south), equating to the A1 and A2 ecofloristic provinces (Webb et al. 1984). A few taxa with ranges partially outside these two provinces but which are part of mesic-adapted and rainforest associated lineages were included, specifically in the reptile genera Cacophis, Calyptotis and Saltuarius. We then assessed the degree of overlap of each taxon with pre-clearing rainforest extent from the (NVIS) (Group 1: rainforest and vine thickets pre-1750), resampled to 0. 05 decimal degrees (NVIS 2020). Several taxa, mostly saxicoline, open forest associated species (e. g. P. platurus, S. salebrosus, S. wyberba, S. kateae) with < 70% of their distribution overlapping with the NVIS rainforest layer were then excluded from analyses. Our final dataset included 20 frogs and 43 reptiles – hereafter referred to as the subtropical rainforest herpetofauna (Table 1, Supp 1). Table 1 Taxon occurrence record summary for Australian rainforest endemic herpetofauna. Final counts of taxon occurrence records used in distribution modelling, grouped by genus, and showing sources of occurrence record data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The PV system was implemented and simulated using the Model (SAM) developed and distributed by the (NREL) [9]. A detailed residential PV model was developed. The PV generator size was chosen to cover our peak load requirement of 2. 5 kW while being reasonably priced and having a footprint that can easily fit on the rooftop of an average-sized house. The SAM simulation, using the GHI data for the south side of Tallahassee, provided the expected power production from the PV generator for the period of a year. This is shown inFigure 2 along with the expected AC production. Figure 2. PV production over the period of 1 year based on SAM simulation [9]. 2. 2. The power and energy management system (PEMS) The PEMS in the system design serve as control for energy flow and conversion from RES, grid and energy storage. It contains the power electronics required to interface the power systems and the load. The PV generator is connected to the AC bus via an inverter and the energy storage device is connected the AC bus via a bi-directional controller as shown if Figure 1. Net metering is in effect to account for excess flow of power to the grid and the meter is smart to monitor the power usage of different components. Two DC-DC boost converters and a single inverter is use in the power and energy management system. This is due to the differences in the output of the PV and the storage device voltage. This PV array converter also function as maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The power flow in the circuit is been monitored and controlled by the operation mode control logic which is embedded in the PEMS. 2. 3. Energy storage devices (ESD) Energy storage devices plays a vital role in the transition to clean, efficient and reliable power source for energy sustainability. In this 2. 4. System load A typical residential house load is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Residential load for system analysis with hourly resolution. Advertisement 3. RES integration with ESD The integration of renewable energy source and energy storage devices is growing immensely to reduce overdependence on grid power generation. In this section, various mode of integration principles and operation will be discussed. These modes of operations account for different conditions that can affects the and Grid during a 24 hours’ period which observes the morning, afternoon, evening and night times. 3. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Display full size Activity of encapsulated creatinase is improved by dit1Δ and osw2Δ mutationsWe examined whether the creatinase activity is improved in spore wall deficient mutants, namely, osw2Δ and dit1Δ. Western blot analysis showed that both mutant spores could retain creatinase–HA (Fig. 2A). Although the amount of creatinase-HA held in dit1Δ spores was much less than that in wild-type spores, the activity of the dit1Δ spores was almost 2-fold higher than that of wild-type spores (Fig. 2B). osw2Δ mutation could also improve the activity of creatinase in spores; the amount of creatinase–HA detected in the mutant spores was slightly lower than that in wild-type spores (Fig. 2B). Under this condition, a statistically significant difference was not observed between the activities of dit1Δ and osw2Δ spores (Fig. 2B). The levels of creatinase–HA protein and its activity detected in chs3Δ spores were significantly lower than those in the other spores (Fig. 2A and B), thereby suggesting that the chitosan layer could retain creatinase even in the absence of the dityrosine layer. These experiments were performed with purified wet spores, and quantity was adjusted by weight. Subsequently, we tested whether the encapsulated creatinase can survive through freeze-drying. As shown in Fig. 2C, creatinase activity was detected in the freeze-dried spores, and dit1Δ spores exhibited the highest activity among spores. Figure 2. Activities of creatinase expressed in spore wall deficient mutants, osw2Δ, dit1Δ, and chs3Δ. (A) 50 µg of lysates from wild-type (wt), osw2Δ, dit1Δ, or chs3Δ spores expressing creatinase–HA were subjected to western blot analysis using an anti–HA antibody to detect the HA fusion (arrow). Wild-type spores harboring the empty vector was used as a control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: We follow Harvey’s (2002) 10,000km2 threshold for defining short-range endemics (SREs, n = 45) and identify a subset of these as narrow short-range endemics (NSREs, n = 20) using Eberhad’s (2009) 1,000km2 threshold. Richness and endemism mapping For spatial biodiversity estimates, PDMs were analysed in Biodiverse 4. 3 (Laffan et al. 2010). As we were interested in regional rather than fine-scale endemism or microhabitat preference, PDMs were resampled to 0. 05 decimal degrees (~ 5. 5 x 5km) as per Weber et al. (2014), in R. We conducted moving spatial window analyses, where richness and endemism of each raster cell are associated with patterns from a variable radius (window) of surrounding region, using small (4 nearest cell) and large (28 nearest cell) sliding neighbourhood windows (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). This method is particularly useful for understanding regional biodiversity patterns by interpolating spatial gaps in data while limiting loss of resolution by constraining the neighbourhood size (Crisp et al. 2001). We focused on central measures of endemism (counting taxa by cell but weighting by taxa within the spatial window) and large window (28 nearest cell) analyses as they produced more conservative estimates of significant endemism. We calculated species richness as the total number of species predicted to occur in each cell, hereafter referred to as (α). To map patterns of endemism, we calculated (WE) as the sum of inverse range sizes of taxa within the sliding window neighbourhood, to highlight areas of range restricted taxa (Crisp et al. 2001; Laffan et al. 2003). To examine patterns of endemism independent of hotspots, we calculated Endemism (CWE). As per WE, CWE weights species’ endemism scores per cell inversely proportional to range sizes, then divides the result by local Alpha Diversity. Significant hotspot areas for (Fig. 2), WE (Fig. 3a), and CWE (Fig. 3b) were estimated in Biodiverse by Monte-Carlo randomizations using the rand_structured function and 1000 replicates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: Operation mode of grid-supported PV This mode of operation topology is showed in Figure 4. The figure describes the cases when the PV is generating but not sufficient to power the residential load. The grid is used to supplement the required power for the residential load. The ESD used due to cases of low state of charge or off-peak grid price. During this period of off peak grid pricing, the ESD also can be charge and not discharge because of the losses due to the round-trip efficiency from the AC bus to the battery and back to the AC bus in Figure 1. Figure 4. Grid and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 2. Operation mode of grid and energy storage system-supported PV The mode of operation describes cases when the PV generation is below the residential load requirement and need to supplement with both power from the energy storage and the grid before meeting the load required. Figure 5 illustrates this mode of operation. Figure 5. The grid, ESD and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 3. Operation mode of energy storage system-supported PV This mode describes when the PV power is not sufficient to power the load and the ESD is available. In this scenario, the load is power by the PV and the ESD. This mainly happens during on-peak grid pricing times when the ESD is charged during off-peak grid pricing times (Figure 6). Figure 6. The PV and ESD supplying the residential load. 3. 4. Operation mode of PV in peak hours Figure 7 shows mode 4, this mode of operation generally occurs during the peak hours of PV generation. In this scenario, the PV powers the load, charges the ESD and supplies power to the grid for credit. The process of supplying power back to grid is called net metering. Figure 7. The PV supplying the residential load, grid and charging the ESD. 3. 5. Operation mode of grid This mode of operation describes cases when the PV is not generating any power. The power needed by the load is supplied from the grid. The grid also charges the ESD when the state of charge is less than the thresh hold (maximum charge). Charging is usually done on off-peak grid hours to save cost (Figure 8). Figure 8. The grid supplying the residential and charging the ESD. Advertisement 4. Safety issues relating with the integration of RES and ESD To effectively have a safe and reliable sustainable energy systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (B, C) Creatinase activity was measured for 28 mg of indicated wet spores (B) or 5 mg of freeze-dried spores (C) expressing creatinase–HA. Spore samples were purified by percoll gradient centrifugation before measuring weight or freeze-drying. Wild-type spores harboring the empty vector were used as a control. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. *P < 0. 05; **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001; NS, not significant. Display full size osw2Δ mutant spores can retain creatinase as wild-type sporesdit1Δ spores carrying creatinase–HA exhibited higher activity than the other spores, probably because its substrate (creatine) could easily access the enzyme without being obstructed by the dityrosine layer. However, the lack of the dityrosine layer makes the spore wall leaky, so dit1Δ spores are less capable of holding creatinase–HA (Fig. 3A). In accordance with this notion, creatinase in dit1Δ spores was susceptible to high salt and detergent wash: osw2Δ spores carrying creatinase–HA exhibited higher activity than dit1Δ after 4 washes with high salt and detergent solution (Fig. 3B). Therefore, under some conditions, osw2Δ spores were the superior option to produce the encapsulated creatinase. Note that, dit1Δ spores also exhibited higher activity than wild-type spores even after 4 high salt and detergent washes (Fig. 3B). Figure 3. Repetitive use of creatinase encapsulated in spores. (A) For 5 mg of purified wild-type (wt), osw2Δ, and dit1Δ spores expressing creatinase–HA, first creatinase activity was assayed (first assay). After washing with 0. 6 M NaCl solution containing 0. 5% Triton X-100, the activities were assayed again (second assay). This cycle was repeated 4 times. For each sample, the activity obtained at the first assay was determined as 1. 0 and relative activities are shown. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. (B) Specific activities of the above spores before wash and after 4-time wash are shown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Alpha diversity The highest estimated was concentrated in upland areas near the Queensland and Wales border – specifically the (α = 26), Wollumbin (α = 24), and the ranges of the volcanics (α = 23) (Fig. 2, Table 2). High diversity areas also occur in the Hinterland along the Blackall and (α = 23). Hotspot areas of northern Wales generally declined in diversity from north to south (Washpool-Nymboida (α = 17), Dorrigo plateau (α = 21), Mt-Boss-Werrikimbe (α = 16), (α = 15), and the region (α = 12)). The most marked hotspot in the north was Eungella (α = 15), with smaller peak scores at (α = 10), K’gari-Cooloola (α = 9), Bulburin (α = 7) and around Ravensbourne (α = 7). Table 2 Counts of species occurring in diversity and endemism hotspots identified for Australian subtropical rainforest herpetofauna. Total counts of rainforest endemic taxa found in each alpha diversity, weighted endemism, or corrected weighted endemism hotspot. Counts include the maximum total for all taxa, frogs, reptiles, as well as a ratio of frogs to reptiles (F to R), and approximate latitude at centre of hotspot. Diversity/to R 15 5 10 0. 5 -20. 99 3 0 3 0. 0 -22. 79 10 4 6 0. 7 -24. 42 Bulburin 7 1 6 0. 2 -24. 59 K'gari-Cooloola 9 0 9 0. 0 -25. 29 Oakview-Kilkivan 5 1 4 0. 3 -26. 13 & Hinterlands 23 8 16 0. 5 -26. 71 D'20 5 15 0. 3 -27. 21 5 2 3 0. 7 -26. 88 Ravensbourne 7 2 5 0. 4 -27. 40 26 9 17 0. 5 -28. 34 Wollumbin 24 9 15 0. 6 -28. 40 Main & 23 8 15 0. 5 -28. 19 Washpool-Nymboida 17 8 9 0. 9 -29. 12 21 8 13 0. 6 -30. 29 Mt Boss-Werrikimbe 16 6 10 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: Safety is highly imperative in the integration of the RES and ESD. Energy storage devices (ESD) such as lithium ion battery a high-performance storage device is used but has a drawback in its safety based on their material and chemical composition. Lithium ion batteries are the enabling technology for storage solutions in many applications. A typical Li-ion cell consists; positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, and separator. Like all electrochemical batteries, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. According to the second law of thermodynamics, any conversion between two forms of energy occurs with an energy loss. This energy loss increases the temperature of the cell, which, negatively, affects the battery life, and possibly exceeds safety limits. The safety issues related to Li-ion batteries are caused by abuse conditions which are basically divide into electrical, mechanical and environmental, can result in abrupt behavior of the batteries. The electrical abuse conditions include, short circuiting and overcharge with an over-charging current rate and charging time. The mechanical abuse conditions include crush test, nail penetration test and external heating. These off-nominal operating conditions can lead to critical failure of lithium ion batteries. Safety of lithium ion battery has been the technical obstacle for high power demand applications in RES and ESD integration, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). These abuse conditions can initiate thermal runaway in LIB wherein chain exothermic reaction can cause the battery to attain temperature of over >500°C. The major response of the cells to the abuse conditions is usually increased in temperature due to decomposition of the electrolyte, melting of separator which in turn leads to exothermic reaction. Most of these responses eventually leads to thermal runaway before resulting into explosion or fire. The safety of LIB directly related to the type of material chemistry and their thermal stability. The unforeseen battery failure potential has created public awareness for battery safety, particularly because of very large product recalls involving battery failures. Typical battery failure response can be energetic and non-energetic. Both energetic and non-energetic failures of Li-ion batteries often occur for due to poor cell design (electrochemical or mechanical), cell manufacturing flaws, external abuse of cells (thermal, mechanical, or electrical), poor battery pack design or manufacture, poor protection electronics design or manufacture [10]. Thus, Li-ion battery reliability and safety are generally considered a function of the design and manufacturing process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001. Display full size Creatinase is stabilized through encapsulation in yeast sporesKm of the encapsulated creatinase measured at 50°C are shown in Table 1. Free creatinase–HA, which was expressed and secreted from vegetative yeast cells, was used as a control. Creatinase–HA in osw2Δ and dit1Δ spores exhibited lower Km compared with those in wild-type spores. Table 1. Km values of creatinase–HA in wild-type, osw2Δ, dit1Δ, or chs3Δ spores, and the free creatinase–HA at 50°C are shown. we measured the activities of creatinase expressed in spores in various temperatures and pH. As shown in Fig. 4A, the activities of creatinase in wild-type and osw2Δ spores were more stable than those of free creatinase at higher temperatures. Such thermostability was not observed for creatinase in dit1Δ spores. For pH sensitivity, the activities of creatinase expressed in spores were generally stable than those of free creatinase (Fig. 4B). Notably, creatinase in dit1Δ spores and the free enzyme exhibited high activity at pH 9, whereas the high activity of creatinase in wild-type and osw2Δ spores was detected at pH 10 (Fig. 4B). Additionally, creatinase activity in osw2Δ spores was more stable than that in other spores at pH 11 and 12 (statistical differences were observed between osw2Δ and wild-type or dit1Δ spores at these pH values). Figure 4. Assessment of the activities of the encapsulated creatinases at various temperatures (A) and pH (B). To assess temperature and pH sensitivities for indicated spores harboring creatinase–HA or free creatinase–HA, their activities were assayed at various temperatures (30°C to 90°C) and pH (5 to 12). As the free enzyme, creatinase–HA secreted from vegetative yeast cells was used. The maximum activity obtained for each assay was determined as 1. 0 and relative activities are shown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Range size was weakly positively correlated with percentage of range overlapped by the 2019–2020 bushfires (y = 0. 0149, R² = 0. 126, Fig. 5). All wide-ranged taxa (i. e. non-SRE taxa, ranges > 10,000km2) had part of their predicted distribution impacted the 2019–20 fires (Supp S1), with estimated area of impact ranging from 591. 6–21,218. 1km2 (4. 3–51. 5% of total range). Of the 45 taxa classified as SREs, 31 were impacted, as were 11 of 20 NSREs. For affected SRE taxa, the mean proportion of predicted distribution impacted was 13. 6%, with a range of 0. 00–86. 8%. Of the five most impacted taxa, all were SREs, and four were in the genus Philoria, including the most heavily impacted taxon, P. pughi (86. 8%). Overall, the 2018 Queensland fires had less spatially extensive impact than the 2019–2020 fires. Nonetheless, despite our analyses of 2018 fires being restricted to Queensland, most wide-ranged taxa (i. e. non-SREs), excluding the NSW endemic Saltuarius mortizi, had some portion of their predicted distribution impacted by fires (Supp 1), ranging from 0–3,799km2 (0–17. 2%). 38 of 45 SREs were impacted (mean impact 17. 8%, ranging of 0–88. 8%), and 16 of 20 NSREs were impacted. The most impacted taxa were Phyllurus caudiannulatus (88. 8%) followed by Tumbunascincus luteilateralis (80. 4%). All of the top 10 most impacted taxa occur in mid-east Queensland, including many Eungella endemics (Supp S5). Ranking of the most impacted taxa in each fire season shows a general mutual exclusivity: none of the top 20 impacted taxa from 2018 are among the top 20 impacted in 2019–2020 (Supp S5). The second most impacted taxon in 2018 (M. luteilateralis) was not impacted in 2019. However, the most impacted taxon from 2018 (P. caudiannulatus, 88.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: Standard performance regulation has been designed to test cell and battery pack designs to pass compliance with (UL), (UN) organizations standards. Failures that occur in the field are seldom related to cell design; rather, they are predominantly the result of manufacturing defects or subtle abuse scenarios that result in the development of latent cell internal faults. The failure modes can be classified into Energetic and Non-energetic failures. Energetic failure: This type of failures often leads to thermal runaway. Thermal runaway refers to excessive heating of a cell due to exothermic chemical reaction, this is a major occurrence with batteries when abused [10]. During this failure, the energy stored in the cell is rapidly removed. The rate of thermal runaway is proportional to the amount of energy stored. The thermal runaway reactions level is also related to the cell content such as electrolyte and electrode material chemistry [11]. Non-Energetic failure: This type of failure mode which is usually considered benign result to loss of capacity, internal impedance increase. The ideal lithium ion battery failure mode is slow capacity fading and internal impedance increase caused by normal aging of the cells within the battery [11]. 4. 1. Temperature hazard of a lithium ion battery Temperature is a major hazard response of lithium ion battery when subject to an abuse condition. Most lithium ion batteries should operate in temperature range of −10 to 50°C. During low temperature, reactions rate is slower according to Arrhenius law, which also reduce the transfer rate of ions and electron and causes reduction in the capacity. Lithium ion batteries at high temperature, are more vulnerable to high risk of failure than at lower temperature. Major failure response resulting in destruction of batteries are due to relatively high temperature. This could be because of electrolyte decomposition, melting of separator which in turns leads to thermal runaway after exothermal reactions before eventually resulting into explosion and/or fire. Thermal runaway is an adverse condition that is caused by a battery charging or other process that produces more internal heat than it can dissipate which refers to a situation where an increase in temperature changes the condition of the battery that further increases the temperature, often lead to explosion and/or fire. The type of abuse condition and the cell chemistry as well as the design affect the cell reaction. The onset temperature of the thermal runaway depends on the chemistry of the battery. This reaction is sustained by battery’s oxygen content which varies by different cathode materials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For the pH sensitivity, potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5 to 10) and sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10 to 12) were used. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. Statistic analysis was performed between free creatinase and osw2Δ spores, and asterisks were deposited when statistically significant differences were found. *P < 0. 05; **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001. Display full size To further verify that creatinase encapsulated in spores is protected from environmental stresses, we examined whether this encapsulated creatinase is resistant to proteinase K. As shown in Fig. 5A, creatinases in wild-type and osw2Δ, as well as dit1Δ spores, were tolerant to proteinase K treatment. Moreover, the encapsulated creatinase was resistant to SDS treatment. As shown in Fig. 5B, activity of the creatinases in wild-type and osw2Δ spores was retained by more than 80% after 5% SDS treatment, whereas that of the free enzyme was decreased to about 30%. Creatinase in dit1Δ spores was less tolerant to SDS compared with that in wild-type and osw2Δ spores, even though dit1Δ spores were more resistant to SDS than the free enzyme (Fig. 5B). Thus, the encapsulated creatinase, particularly in osw2Δ spores, is useful under adverse conditions because it exhibits resistance to various environmental attacks. Figure 5. Assessment of sensitivities of the encapsulated creatinase toward environmental stresses. 4 mg of indicated purified freeze-dried spores containing creatinase–HA were treated with proteinase K for 12 h (A) or 5% SDS for 10 min (B) at 30°C, and then creatinase activities were assayed. For each sample, the activities obtained before the treatments were determined as 1. 0 and relative activities are shown. Culture media containing the soluble creatinse–HA was used as a control (free). Specific activities before the treatments were indicated under the sample names. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. Results of the t-test among osw2Δ, dit1Δ spores and the free enzyme were shown. *P < 0. 05; ***P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 9% overlap) was also impacted in the 2019–2020 fires (21. 5% overlap). SREs were more specifically impacted in 2018 than in 2019–2020, regressions showing a negative slope with range size and fire overlap for 2018 (Fig. 5, slope = -0. 0143, R² = 0. 1418, P = 0. 0024) and a positive slope with 2019–2020 (Fig. 5, slope = 0. 0149, R² = 0. 1257, P = 0. 0001). Of the top 20 most fire impacted taxa in 2018, 90% were SREs, whereas only 50% were SREs in 2019–2020 (SuppS5). Estimates of impacts to biodiversity hotspots suggest the 2018 fires had a relatively greater impact on WE and CWE than alpha diversity, while the 2019 megafires impacted alpha diversity slightly more than endemism (Table 3). Table 3 Overlap of subtropical herpetofauna biodiversity hotspot and fire extents. Overlap of 2019–2020 and 2018 fire layers with significant hotspots of α-Diversity, (WE), and Endemism (CWE) as determined in Biodiverse. Extent of fire overlap in presented in km2 and % of total significant hotspot area. km2 km2 % km2 % α-Diversity 23197. 06 6685. 08 28. 82 351. 74 1. 52 WE 30858. 47 7420. 52 24. 05 1250. 48 4. 05 CWE 25351. 83 4524. 21 17. 85 1897. 43 7. 48 DiscussionAustralia’s rainforests are of restricted extent, highly fragmented, and widely regarded to be relictual (Byrne et al. 2011). In support of this general model, we find that herpetofaunal endemism in Australia’s subtropical rainforests is dominated by short-range endemics (SREs sensu Harvey et al. 2002), with ~ 71% of endemic reptile and amphibian taxa having estimated ranges < 10,000km2. We found that in this highly relictual system, key measures of biodiversity richness and endemism show largely complementary patterns of spatial overlap. However, we also found evidence for potentially overlooked and threatened key areas of endemism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The occurrence of a cell thermal runaway event depend on factors including; the state of charge of a cell (volume of electrical energy stored in the form of chemical potential energy), the ambient temperature, the cell electrochemical design (cell chemistry), and the mechanical design of the cell (cell size, electrolyte volume, etc. ) [12]. The most severe thermal runaway reaction will be achieved when the cell is at 100% SOC, or subject to an abuse conditions such as overcharge, short circuiting, crushing etc. The following occurs when a cell undergoes thermal runaway;Cell internal temperature increases. Cell internal pressure increasesCell undergoes ventingCell content may be ejected. The general root cause of energetic battery failure is; electrical abuse, mechanical abuse, poor electrochemical design and thermal abuse. Each of these failure modes have an impact on the environment. 4. 2. Thermal characterization of Li-ion battery The lithium ion battery relatively has large volume with a small surface area which makes the extraction of heat from the battery very important. There is an increase in the battery temperature if the heat generated is not removed which can lead to thermal runaway. Abuse by overcharge adds energy to the battery due to the input of electric power while in short circuit test no energy is added to the cell [13]. This could also affect the amount of energy delivered by the battery. To get optimum performance and effectively maximize the battery, it is imperative to operate the battery within the specify temperature range by the battery’s manufacturer [15]. For instance, the preferred operating temperature for most lithium ion battery is −20 to 50°C. The second law of thermodynamics limits the rate of energy conversion during charging and discharging, leading to a non-ideal process with energy loss in the form of heat [14]. Bernadi et al. [14] classic work, estimates the heat generated from batteries using a mathematical model. According to their study, the heat is generated due to four main reasons; the irreversible resistive heating, the reversible entropic heat, the heat change of chemical side reactions, and heat of mixing due to the generation and relaxation of concentration gradients. The irreversible resistive (ohmic loss) occurs during both charge and discharge when the battery current flows through an internal resistance. The irreversible resistive heat occurs following the deviation of the battery potential from its equilibrium potential due to internal resistances.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001; NS, not significant. Display full size Overall, we demonstrated that encapsulated creatinase could be produced using yeast spores. Our results showed that dit1Δ spores could produce creatinase capsules with the highest activity. However, the disadvantages of using dit1Δ spores are that encapsulated creatinase is leaky and sensitive to environmental stresses. Thus, under certain conditions, osw2Δ mutant may be the most desirable option to produce the enzyme capsule. Compared to chemical procedures for enzyme immobilization, the advantage of this method is that immobilized and stress-resistant creatinase is produced without preparing the purified enzyme. Although serum creatinine levels are generally measured in clinical diagnosis, salivary creatinine levels are also elevated in kidney diseases. Citation21 Considering these distinct properties, the spore-based encapsulated creatinase may be used to produce a quick and easy method for diagnosing creatinine levels in salivary samples. Immobilized creatinase, creatininase and sarcosine oxidase have been applied to develop amperometric creatinine biosensors. Citation3-6 Since previous studies have shown that microorganisms, including S. cerevisiae are available to develop amperometric biosensors,Citation22 it would be intriguing to investigate if creatinase encapsulating spores are applied to this purpose. Materials and methodsYeast strains and growth mediaYeast strains and oligonucleotide primers used in this study are listed in Table 2 and 3, respectively. All strains used in this study are in the fast-sporulating SK-1 strain background. YPAD media (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone, 30 mg/L adenine, 20 g/L glucose) was used to grow yeast cells without plasmids. Yeast cells harboring plasmids were grown in synthetic defined (SD) media (6. 7 g/L yeast nitrogen base, 2 g/L dropout mix without appropriate selectable supplements, 20 g/L glucose or galactose). Twenty g/l agar was added for making plates. The drop out mix was prepared by mixing the following supplements: 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Before discussing patterns further, we acknowledge that there are number of ways our estimates of ranges may be inaccurate. We developed taxon range maps by combining the spatial outputs from two types of species distribution models (SDMs). For five taxa with insufficient records to model, range maps were produced with Alpha Hulls, and five further taxa were modelled without spatial thinning to retain sufficient samples for modelling (n = 10) (Supp 1). Data availability issues are particularly likely in poorly surveyed areas, including areas of MEQ that we discuss in detail below. We also clipped SDM outputs to within 15km of occurrences and subsequently resample to a larger resolution, possibly introducing some local overprediction at the edges of PDMs. Model improvements might include addition of occurrence record data, incorporating more spatially complex algorithms (e. g. spatialMaxent or M-SDM, Mendes et al. 2020; Bald et al. 2023), or using averaged probabilities across models rather than combining binary map extents. However, even with these caveats, we still consider that our PDMs are a reasonable estimate of likely distributions, given our collation, vetting and refinement of datasets, high model evaluation scores, steps to restrain overprediction, and review of PDMs. How do the distributions of short-range endemics correspond to hotspots of Alpha Diversity? hotspots and hotspots of endemism for herpetofauna largely overlap with each other (Fig. 2, Fig. 3) and with previous studies of a range of taxa (Weber et al. 2014, Rosauer et al. 2015), with a small number of notable exceptions. Areas of congruence across measures and studies were concentrated in relatively large and well-known and endemism hotspots associated with climatically stable upland refugia – from north to south including Eungella, Kroombit Tops, ranges of the volcanics, the Tweed Caldera, Wollumbin, Washpool-Nymboida, the Dorrigo Plateau, Mt Boss-Werrikimbe, and Barrington Tops. Studies across multiple taxonomic groups indicate that these regions are unequivocally the most important areas in Australia for the conservation of subtropical rainforest diversity (Williams et al. 2011; Weber et al. 2014; Rosauer et al. 2015; Kitching et al. 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: All issues (2024) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 9 (2024) 10 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2024007 Published online 20 August 2024 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Results of the computer simulation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5. 5 kW inverter. Based on the simulation results conducted, it was shown that the sizing and development of a stand-alone PV/battery/FC energy system have been achieved with system reliability (loss of power supply equal to zero). This program could be used as a power monitoring and control system for a stand-alone PV/battery/fuel cell power system. Key words: Battery electricity electrolyzer fuel cell hydrogen LPSP algorithm photovoltaic system © V. A. Ani, Published by EDP Sciences, 2024 This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 is one of the most requirements of mankind and it plays an important role in the development of a community as it is used to power up residential buildings. Solar, as the most abundant energy resource on earth, is a major renewable source with great potential for stand-alone applications. Solar energy technologies are the most sustainable renewable energy technologies (RETs) because of their capability to operate with zero or minimal amount of greenhouse gases emissions [1–3]. Solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energy (RE) as the sunshine is ample and available in the wider region as compared to other RE resources [4]. Solar-photovoltaic systems can be localized and decentralized and this allows end-users to generate their electricity wherever they are located [5]. Photovoltaic (PV) power has provided power to many remote communities especially in the developing world where the national grid is technically not viable. PV systems can range from a small system capable of providing power for a single home to a large system that can power a village or an island. The world's largest individual PV power plants that produce more than 250 MWP are in Arizona, the USA, and in the USA [6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 g adenine, 2 g l-alanine, 2 g l-arginine, 2 g l-asparagine, 2 g l-aspartic acid, 2 g l-cysteine, 2 g l-glutamine, 2 g l-glutamic acid, 2 g glycine, 2 g l-histidine, 2 g myo-inositol, 2 g l-isoleucine, 10 g l-leucine, 2 g l-lysine, 2 g l-methionine, 0. 2 g para-aminobenzoic acid, 2 g l-phenylalanine, 2 g l-proline, 2 g l-serine, 2 g l-threonine, 2 g l-tryptophan, 2 g l-tyrosine, 2 g uracil, 2 g l-valine. Table 2. Yeast strains used in this study. 3. Oligo nucleotide primers used in this study. 426TEF-ss-CI-3HA was used to express a yeast signal peptide and 3 tandem repeat of the hemagglutinin (3 × HA) epitope fusion to creatinase in yeast cells. This plasmid was constructed as follows. The creatinase without the stop codon was amplified by PCR using HXO588 and HXO590 as primers and P. putida KT2440 genomic DNA as a template. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with HindIII and XhoI, and cloned into pRS426TEF. Citation20 The resulting plasmid was digested with SpeI and HindIII, and a DNA fragment containing the SPR1 signal sequence (first 24 amino acids) digested out of pRS424TEF-spRFPCitation7 with the same enzymes was ligated. Finally, using pFA6a-3HAHis3MX6Citation23 as a template and HXO609 and HXO610 as primers, a DNA fragment containing the 3 × HA gene and the ADH1 terminator was amplified. The DNA fragment was cloned into the creatinase containing plasmid using XhoI and KpnI sites. All DNA sequences of genes amplified by PCR were verified by sequencing. Creatinase activity assayP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: As with previous studies of plants (Weber et al. 2014) and reptiles (Rosauer et al. 2015), paleo-climatic stability was also positively correlated with Alpha Diversity, WE, and CWE. More spatial differences emerged when considering areas of significant endemism, and especially CWE. These measures highlighted several restricted hotspot areas, with non-significant but high WE and CWE, including Bulburin (also identified by Weber et al. 2014), Oakview-Kilkivan, K’gari-Cooloola and the in Queensland, and the Illawarra rainforests in the far south of the study area. Several of these regions were also not highlighted by prior analyses of endemism for plants (Oakview-Kilkivan) or were considered as part of larger hotspots (e. g. K’gari -Cooloola) (Weber et al. 2014). These results at a relatively local scale mirror global analyses highlighting the need for complementary sets of biodiversity metrics to understand spatial diversity patterns and identify priority regions for conservation investment (Orme et al. 2005; Leroux and Shmiegelow 2007; Kukkala and Moilanen 2013; Shrestha et al. 2019; Shipley and McGuire, 2022). For instance, taxa with limited overlap with endemism hotspots typically showed high overlap with hotspots, and vice versa (Supp 1). Our results emphasises that inclusion of measures of endemism is critical to highlighting peripheral isolates of range-restricted taxa, even when examining taxa associated with shared habitat p86. 8% of range burnt). This frog genus is one of the most threatened radiations of rainforest vertebrates in Australia, and all species are SREs (Hagger et al. 2013; Ward et al. 2020). Assessments of Philoria species post-fire confirmed extensive impacts on core habitat and a reduction in occupancy and abundance (Heard et al. 2021, Heard et al. 2023). Several SREs which were unimpacted by the 2019–2020 fires had some of the highest overlap with the Queensland 2018 burnt area (Fig. 5), dominating the top 20 most-impacted list (Supp S5). For example, ~ 71,000ha and up to 19% of fire-sensitive rainforest habitat across the estates (including 34.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The availability of solar energy sources depends on weather and environmental conditions such as insolation level and is characterized by high variability and discontinuity [7–9], given that reliability is a key component of users' requirements [10]. This problem (reliability concerns) is much more serious in the case of off-grid or standalone PV systems especially when they have to provide consistent power [11]. The high unpredictability of the solar resource makes it difficult to forecast energy production. A feasible solution for this problem is that a solar PV system operating as a stand-alone mode must be integrated with an energy storage system to compensate for the differences between the availability of solar power and the power required by the load during the intervals of insufficient generation. Moreover, there is always the need for sufficient capacity storage devices to provide power to the load at night and on extended cloudy days. Therefore, the application of high-efficiency energy storage techniques is needed to exploit solar energy sources. PV power system with energy storage system presents an unbeatable option for the supply of small electrical loads at remote locations where there is no access to the power network [12]. The reliability of the system significantly increases when the system is integrated with the provision of a multi-storage device. Nigeria, being gifted with an abundance of solar radiation, has a wide potential for solar energy applications to meet the electricity demand of remote users. The intermittence of PV generation requires that standalone power systems based on PV should be integrated with other complementary power sources and/or energy storage systems to ensure a reliable power supply. An energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic battery-fuel cells showed that combining photovoltaic modules, batteries, and fuel cell components could provide a robust energy storage system [2,13]. In integrated PV/Battery/Hydrogen systems, using a modestly sized battery as short-term storage and hydrogen (fuel cell and electrolyzer) as long-term energy storage is therefore very advantageous. In this case, the battery storage is used to shave shorter transitory peaks that may arise due to load power exceeding the power of PV, while hydrogen is produced from excess solar energy during off-peak periods and is then used by the fuel cell to generate electricity during peak load periods and low solar insolation hours. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as hydrogen is supplied [14]. The source of hydrogen to the fuel cell can be locally produced from excess power from PV generation using a water electrolyzer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida creatinase secreted into culture media was used as a control of the free enzyme. To prepare this, wild-type yeast cells harboring pRS426TEF-ss-CI-3HA were cultured in SD media and the culture was centrifuged at 6,200 × g for 1 minute to remove cells. Then the supernatant was filtrated through Amicon-Ultra (molecular weight cut off 10 kDa, Millipore, Shanghai, China) to concentrate and exchange solvent to enzyme dilution buffer (10 mM potassium phosphate pH 8. 0, 0. 16 mL/L 2-mercaptoethanol): the enzyme was concentrated about 5 times and the media was diluted with the buffer about 30 times. Yeast cells harboring creatinase or the free creatinase were suspended in the enzyme dilution buffer to measure their activities. Creatinase activity was assayed by following the protocol accompanied with Kikkoman creatinase (Kikkoman, Noda Japan). 0. 1 mL of 0. 3 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7. 7) and 0. 8 mL of 0. 1 M creatine solution (creatine was dissolved in water) were mixed and incubated at 37°C for 5 min. Then, 0. 1 mL of creatinase containing solution was added and incubated for 10 min at 37°C. To detect urea calorimetrically, the reaction mixture was mixed with 2 mL of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution (2 g of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 100 mL of ethanol, 15 mL of concentrted HCl, 115 mL of water), allowed to stand for 30 min at 25°C, and OD435 was measured by spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2100 pro, Amersham biosciences, USA). The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was determined using 5–40 mM of creatine. The reactions were stopped after 10 min and the urea was determined as described above. Km was obtained using the Lineweaver-Burk equation. To assess pH stability, 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5 to 10) or 10 mM sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10 to 12) were used instead of the potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7. 7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: In the case of Philoria kundagungan pre-fire surveys provided sound baseline data to assess the combined impacts of the drought and 2019–2020, and despite males observed calling from severely burnt sites, overall rates of occupancy and abundance were reduced by fire (Heard et al. 2023). Conversely, post-fire surveys have also shown evidence of resilience and in some cases persistence of individuals within severely burnt rainforests (e. g. Tumbunascincus luteilateralis at Eungella [P. Oliver unpubl. Data)]. Continued investigation into the variable severity of fires and impacts at finer scale, including species specific habitat use, population trends and overall monitoring of vulnerable communities, are warranted. Conclusionsand endemism hotspots in the Australian subtropical rainforests are dominated by range- restricted taxa associated with upland area landforms that function as climatic refugia. However, Endemism also highlights numerous much smaller upland and coastal patches of rainforest. These results underscore the value of using multiple taxa and complementary estimates of biodiversity to understand landscape scale patterns of diversity. SREs from across the study area show significant overlaps with areas impacted by broad-scale bushfires, in 2018 and 2019–20. These results show a need to better understand patterns of distribution, genetic diversity and fire impacts in localised areas of rainforest or ‘vine thicket’ in northern portions of subtropical Australia. Finally, we note that our results also highlight important gaps in the three Areas (WHAs) in eastern Australia that currently recognize and protect significant rainforest diversity and endemism, namely the and the WHA. These areas fail to represent isolates of significant rainforest endemism identified in this study, especially across MEQ such as Eungella, Kroombit Tops, Bulburin, and the Cooloola region. Amendments to WHAs such as the and GRAWH might be considered to extend protection to not only endemic herpetofauna but also birds (Leache et al. 2020), mammals (Mutton et al. 2019), and invertebrates (Wilson et al. 2019; Rix et al. 2020; Rix et al. 2022), and plants (Weber et al. 2014) in these isolated but important fragments of subtropical rainforest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: However, this study contains a single-renewable energy power system (the solar system) with multi-storage units (battery and hydrogen). The objective is to develop system reliability described as the probabilistic index LPSP (Loss of Probability) for sizing and development of a stand-alone photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system, considering the demand of load, generating power, and an effective multi-storage strategy. Therefore, this work depends mainly on the proper sizing of the components to avoid outages as well as ensuring the reliability of the power supply. 2 Literature review Literature review reveals that a lot of studies have been done on the stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV)/Battery(B)/(FC) system. The performance and cost viability of a PV, fuel cell (FC), and battery-based integrated system with intermittent load conditions are analysed by Patterson et al. , 2015 [15]. Bruni et. al, 2014 [16] conducted an experimental and numerical study on integrated PV-FC-Battery to optimize the system using a rule-based control strategy. In this configuration, photovoltaic is the primary source during daylight, and fuel cells act as a backup during the night or when the load exceeds the output power of photovoltaic. During the peak hours, load demand is supported by the photovoltaic, and surplus energy is sent to the battery as energy storage. Battery and fuel cell work simultaneously when the output power of photovoltaic is zero. The control strategy succeeded in increasing the lifetime of components and also cutting down the cost. Hwang et. al, 2009 [17] developed a dynamic model to simulate a stand-alone PV-FC integrated power system. In this system, PV is designed to meet the load demand. During the daylight, when there is excess energy from PV, it will be used to produce hydrogen through the electrolyzer. During the low radiation period, the fuel cell will be the backup system by consuming hydrogen from the hydrogen tank. Rezk et al. , 2020 [18] presented a feasibility study of a stand-alone photovoltaic-fuel-cell battery (PV/FC/B) system that supplies a daily load demand of 500 kWh (peak-35 kW) to a small community for the planned grand city NEOM in Saudi Arabia. The PV array was the main source to meet the load demand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One unit of activity was defined as the amount of urea (µmol) released per minute at 37°C. Yeast culture, sporulation and spore purificationYeast spores and vegetative cells were prepared as follows. First, yeast cells derived from a single transformant colony were grown overnight in 5 mL of SD liquid media with appropriate supplemental amino acids. For sporulation, 1 mL of the culture was then transferred into 30 mL of YPAcetate (1% w/v yeast extract, 2% w/v peptone, 2% w/v potassium acetate) and grown for 24 h. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3000 × g for 1 minute, washed with 30 mL of H2O, resuspended in 30 mL of 2% w/v potassium acetate medium, and cultured for 24 h. Sporulation efficiency was determined by counting spores under the light microscope. Under our experimental condition, sporulation efficiency was greater than 90%. Vegetative cells were similarly cultured in YPAcetate media: 1 mL of SD culture was shifted to 30 mL of YPAcetate and grown for 24 h and harvested. To release spores from asci, the ascal wall was first digested by β-glucanase (lyticase, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). For this, spores prepared as above were resuspended in 1 mL of spheroplast buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH7. 5, 1. 4 M sorbitol, 40 mM β-mercaptoethanol) and mixed with 50 µL of β-glucanase stock solution (200 U of β-glucanase was dissolved in 500 µL of 50% v/v glycerol). After 3 h of incubation at 37°C, spores were washed twice with spheroplast buffer. Then, they were resuspended in spheroplast buffer and sonicated to disrupt the ascal membrane. All spores as prepared above were purified by percoll gradient centrifugation based on a previously described method. Citation24 Spores were washed 3 times with 5 ml of 0. 5% v/v Triton-X. After the washes, the resulting pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of 0.

Output: pass