Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: This is achieved by a few special mutations [22] or theoretically by rare double mutations and explains the low number of trans-acting mutants. In the study here, the genetic changes were found after mutagenesis by Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transformation [22], although none of the cis-mutations was connected with an integrated fragment of the incoming T-DNA. T-DNA transformation is also known to create mutations unlinked, or independent, from the site of integration [44] and can cause complex chromosome rearrangements [45]–[46]. Successful, and possibly also attempted, integrations occur at sites of microhomologies between T-DNA and plant DNA [47]–[48]. The incoming T-DNA [49] has some homology with the terminator sequences in the epiallele (ΔT), and in fact, the deletion sites in two cis-mutants (RΔ2, RΔ3) are near, or in, this sequence. The other deletions are close to promoter copy P2 that has no homology with the T-DNA, but potentially reflect a recombination hotspot in the 35S promoter sequence [50]. Alternatively, the double strand breaks connected with completed or aborted integration might stimulate repair via homologous recombination between the duplicated sequences of the epiallele (RΔ3). This would indeed have selected for 3′ rearrangements since those affecting the upstream copy are likely to lose the functional HPT cassette. All together, the R and S epialleles described here provide an example of identical DNA sequences with converse expression states and specific epigenetic configuration that are faithfully transmitted to progeny. However, sequence changes in the vicinity of the silent epiallele can induce an epigenetic switch to the opposite state. These can have different degrees of stability, depending on the complex interplay between the nature of the sequence alteration, the consequences for transcription and transcripts, and the chromatin organization (Figure 6). This also illustrates a tight dependence of epigenetic regulation on local structures and makes it likely that DNA rearrangements can potentially change or induce new epialleles outside the affected region. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. Model for transcriptional regulation of epialleles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: org wikivoyage. org DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/table-3 Diversity measure and relationship to traffic To quantify the diversity of an information source s we look at all targets reached from websites in category s and compute the Shannon entropy Hs=−∑t∈Tsptlogpt, where T(s) is the set of target websites reached from referrer sites in s, and pt is the fraction of clicks requesting pages in website t. Entropy (Shannon, 1948) is a measure of uncertainty over a set of possible outcomes. It is maximized when all outcomes are equally likely, and minimized when only a single outcome is likely (indicating full certainty). Used over the set of domain probabilities as we have done above, the entropy gives the uncertainty in the websites that will be accessed given a category of referrers. By measuring diversity over a set of domains, our approach captures the intuition that visiting 10 pages (for example, news 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/fig-2 Auxiliary datasets In the second part of our analysis we make use of two auxiliary datasets to disentangle the relationship between collective diversity—as seen in the targets accessed by a community of users—and individual diversity—as seen in the targets accessed by a single user. From both datasets, we are able to recover a referring website, a target website, and an associated user identifier. AOL search logs In the search dataset we have information about search engine sessions from a period of three months in 2006, containing over 18 million clicks by over half a million users of the AOL search engine. Twitter posts In the social media dataset we have a sample of almost 1. 3 billion public posts containing links shared by over 89 million people on Twitter during a period of 13 months between April 2013 and April 2014. This data was obtained from the Twitter streaming API ( We treat these records as proxies for clicks, assuming that users have visited the shared pages. 3A presents our main finding: the diversity of targets reached from social media is significantly lower than those reached from search engine traffic, for all traffic as well as news targets (inset). This result holds for both second- and third-level domains, and is consistent with results obtained using an alternative measures of diversity. The observed differences in diversity did not change significantly over a period of three and a half years (see Fig. 3B).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: The impact of information order on intentions to undergo predictive genetic testing: an experimental study. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(7):1082–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science208. . Presenting risks and benefits to patients. J Med. 2002;17(8):612–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science209. Einhorn HJ. Learning from experience and suboptimal rules in decision making. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. p 268–86. Crossref210. . Risk as feelings in the effect of patient outcomes on physicians’ future treatment decisions: a randomized trial and manipulation validation. Med. 2012;75(2):367–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science211. Mazzocco K, Cherubini P. The effect of outcome information on health professionals’ spontaneous learning. Med Educ. 2010;44(10):962–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science212. . What influences participants’ treatment preference and can it influence outcome? Results from a primary care-based randomised trial for shoulder pain. Gen Pract. 2004;54(499):93–6. PubMedWeb of Science213. . Absolutely relative: how research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions. Med. 1992;92(2):121–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science214. Bhandari M, Tornetta P. Communicating the risks of surgery to patients. Trauma. 2004;30(3). Crossref215. . Completeness of reporting trial results: effect on physicians’ willingness to prescribe. Lancet. 1994;343(8907):1209–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science216. . Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. BMJ. 1994;309(6957):761–4. CrossrefPubMed217. How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3693. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science218. The effect of alternative summary statistics for communicating risk reduction on decisions about taking statins: a randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8):e1000134.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: View 36. (2007) Control of FWA gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana by SINE-related direct repeats. 49: 38–45. View 37. (2002) Differential chromatin structure within a tandem array 100 kb upstream of the maize b1 locus is associated with paramutation. 16: 1906–1918. View 38. (2007) Generation of single-copy T-DNA transformants in Arabidopsis by the CRE/loxP recombination-mediated resolution system. 145: 1171–1182. View 39. (2006) Two-step recruitment of RNA-directed DNA methylation to tandem repeats. PLoS Biol 4: e363. View 40. Berretta J, (2009) Pervasive transcription constitutes a new level of eukaryotic genome regulation. EMBO Rep 10: 973–982. View 41. van der Winden J, Naumann U, et al. (2009) A stepwise pathway for biogenesis of 24-nt secondary siRNAs and spreading of DNA methylation. 28: 48–57. View 42. (2008) Tandem repeats upstream of the Arabidopsis endogene SDC recruit non-CG DNA methylation and initiate siRNA spreading. Genes & Development 22: 1597–1606. View 43. (2009) A transposon-induced epigenetic change leads to sex determination in melon. Nature 461: 1135–1138. View 44. (1992) T-DNA in Arabidopsis. Biology 20: 963–976. View 45. (1998) Major chromosomal rearrangements induced by T-DNA transformation in Arabidopsis. Genetics 149: 641–650. View 46. Parinov S, (2000) Functional genomics in Arabidopsis: large-scale insertional mutagenesis complements the genome sequencing project. Biotechnol 11: 157–161. View 47. (1990) Integration of Agrobacterium T-DNA into a - of DNA Homology between T-DNA and Plant DNA. Molecular & 224: 309–316. View 48. (2007) Microhomologies between T-DNA ends and target sites often occur in inverted orientation and may be responsible for the high frequency of T-DNA-associated inversions. Rep 26: 617–630. View 49.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: This empirical evidence suggests that social media expose the community to a narrower range of information sources, compared to a baseline of information seeking activities. Figure 4 illustrates the top targets of traffic from search and social media on a typical week. The diversity of targets reached via email also seems to be higher than that of social media, however the difference is smaller and its statistical significance is weaker due to the larger noise in the data. The difference in entropy is larger and more significant for traffic from email sources to news targets. Figure 3: Diversity of sources accessed by different online activities. (A) Overall entropy for different traffic categories over the full range of data (Oct 2006–May 2010). Each box represents the range of data between the 25th and 75th percentiles. The top and bottom whiskers show the 99th and 1st percentiles, respectively. The horizontal line and the hollow point inside each box mark the median and mean entropy, respectively. The filled points are outliers. The uncertainty was computed over data points representing the clicks that occurred over one calendar month. (B) Entropy as a function of time. We smooth the data by applying a running average over a three-month sliding window that moves in increments of one month. Error bars are negligibly small and thus omitted. The insets plot the entropy for news traffic (same scale if not shown). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/fig-3 While we wish to ultimately understand the biases experienced by individuals, the diversity measurements based on anonymous traffic data do not distinguish between users, and therefore they reveal a collective social bubble, as illustrated in Figs. 1C and 1D. It is at first sight unclear whether the collective bubble implies individual bubbles, or tells us anything at all about individual exposure. The number of clicks per user, or even the number of users could vary to produce different individual diversity patterns resulting in the same collective diversity. In theory, high collective diversity could be consistent with low individual diversity, and vice versa. Therefore we must investigate the relationship between collective and individual diversity measurements. To this end, we analyze the two auxiliary datasets where user information is preserved (see ‘Methods’). For both datasets, we measure the diversity for individual users, and collectively disregarding user labels. The strong correlation between collective diversity and average user diversity (Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science219. Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: how presentation of recurrence risk influences decision-making. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4299–305. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science220. Cranney M, Walley T. Same information, different decisions: the influence of evidence on the management of hypertension in the elderly. Gen Pract. 1996;46(412):661–3. PubMedWeb of Science221. . Reconciling population benefits and women’s individual autonomy in mammographic screening: in-depth interviews to explore women’s views about “informed choice. ”. 2005;29(1):69–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science222. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-. “If I’m better than average, then I’m ok? ” Comparative information influences beliefs about risk and benefits. Couns. 2007;69(1–3):140–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science223. Gyrd-øe J, Nielsen JB. Effects of baseline risk information on social and individual choices. Making. 2002;22(1):71–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science224. . Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: does the format of efficacy data determine patients’ acceptance of treatment? Making. 1995;15(2):152–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science225. Impact of presentation of research results on likelihood of prescribing medications to patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiol. 2001;87(2):203–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science226. . Effects of communicating social comparison information on risk perceptions for colorectal cancer. J Health Commun. 2006;11(4):391–407. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science227. . The framing effect of relative and absolute risk. J Med. 1993;8(10):543–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science228. Misselbrook D, Armstrong D. Patients’ responses to risk information about the benefits of treating hypertension. Gen Pract. 2001;51(465):276–9. PubMedWeb of Science229. . Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Med. 1992;117(11):916–21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: AbstractRecent use of theCas9 system has dramatically reduced the time required to produce mutant mice, but the involvement of a time-consuming microinjection step still hampers its application for high-throughput genetic analysis. Here we developed a simple, highly efficient and large-scale genome editing method, in which the RNAs for theCas9 system are electroporated into zygotes rather than microinjected. We used this method to perform single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN)-mediated knock-in in mouse embryos. This method facilitates large-scale genetic analysis in the mouse. Similar content being viewed by others Electroporation and genetic supply of Cas9 increase the generation efficiency ofCas9 knock-in alleles in C57BL/6J mouse zygotes 1. The introduction of sequence-specific artificial nucleases into zygotes generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The DSBs activate two endogenous repair processes: error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which introduces insertions or deletions (indels) and homology-directed repair (HDR), which involves homologous recombination and can introduce exogenous sequences. Among efficient genome editing methods, theCas9 system is the simplest for generating mice carrying a modified genome2,3,4. In most reports using this system, Cas9 mRNA and guide RNA (gRNA, a fusion of crRNA and trans-activating ), or plasmid(s) expressing these RNAs, are introduced into the zygote by microinjection5,6. Although theCas9 system simplifies the procedure for producing mutants, the microinjection of DNAs/RNAs into zygotes requires special skill and is too time-consuming to produce mutant mice on a large scale (e. g. , by injecting hundreds of zygotes). Therefore, to simplify the process, we sought to examine whether electroporation could be used to introduce the RNAs into zygotes. Electroporation was previously applied to mouse zygotes7, but the process required that the zona pellucida be removed or thinned by treatment with acid Tyrode’s solution, which is toxic to embryos and only short RNAs (less than 1 kb) were introduced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the social media and search landscapes have changed since 2010 and how that affects the diversity of information exposure for people is an interesting question for ongoing research. Further research is also needed to tease out the influence of social versus algorithmic effects. Both are present in systems like Facebook—the algorithmic effect has to do with how a platform populates the feed for each user, which can be determined by a variety of individual and collective signals such as past social interactions and popularity. It seems unlikely that the relationship between algorithmic and social effects can be extracted from traces of online behavior as done here, without conducting controlled user studies. These results also come with the caveat that in our analysis we do not try to quantify the diversity inside each domain. We are assuming that the diversity of content is higher across different domains than across the pages within a single domain. The problem of quantifying the diversity of the content inside a single domain is a significant research problem in its own right, and one that would greatly benefit this and similar lines of research. Quantifying domain diversity will likely need to be tackled by looking at the content of individual pages as other measures, such as the number of sub-domains or the number of pages inside the domain, are more indicative of size and popularity, but not necessarily of diversity. Finally, in our study all social media traffic and all search traffic is merged. Further work is needed to tease out possible differences in diversity of information accessed through distinct search and social platforms. The social media platforms that exist today have important differences in functionality, and it will be worthwhile to investigate whether all these services under the umbrella of social media have similar properties when it comes to diverse information exposure. findings provide the first large-scale empirical comparison between the diversity of information sources reached through different types of online activity. The traffic dataset gives us a unique opportunity to carry out this analysis. We are not aware of any other methods, based on publicly available data, for contrasting different information access patterns produced by the same set of users, in the same time period. While we have found quantitative support of online social bubbles, the question of whether our reliance on technology for information access is fostering polarization and misinformation remains open. Even with ample anecdotal evidence (Mervis, 2014), we have yet to fully comprehend how today’s technology biases exposure to information. are grateful to for collecting the web traffic dataset used in this paper. Menczer is an for PeerJ Computer Science.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science230. Nexøe J, Gyrd-. Danish GPs’ perception of disease risk and benefit of prevention. Fam Pract. 2002;19(1):3–6. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science231. Nexøe J, Oltarzewska AM, Sawicka-. Perception of risk information: similarities and differences between Danish and Polish general practitioners. Care. 2002;20(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science232. Nikolajevic-’Connell DL, Robertson J. Effects of information framing on the intentions of family physicians to prescribe long-term hormone replacement therapy. J Med. 1999;14(10):591–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science233. Perneger TV, Agoritsas T. Doctors and patients’ susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial. J Med. 2011;26(12):1411–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science234. . Patients’ self-estimated likelihood of taking a statin as prescribed after different types of prognostic information. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212(2):586–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science235. Sarfati D, Howden-. Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed. J Med Screen. 1998;5(3):137–40. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science236. A randomized trial of decision-making in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology. 2012;78(5):315–21. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science237. Sinsky CA, Foreman-Hoffman V, Cram P. The impact of expressions of treatment efficacy and out-of-pocket expenses on patient and physician interest in osteoporosis treatment: implications for pay-for-performance programs. J Med. 2008;23(2):164–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science238. Straus SE. Individualizing treatment decisions: the likelihood of being helped or harmed. Prof. 2002;25(2):210–24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science239. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Recently, a mutant rat was successfully produced by electroporating Cas9 mRNA and gRNA into rat zygotes with an intact zona pellucida, but the efficiency of genome editing was quite low (less than 9%) and a very high concentration of Cas9 mRNA (1000–2000 ng/μl) was required8. To achieve efficient genome editing in mouse embryos using electroporation, we started by optimizing the electroporation conditions for introducing mRNA into fertilized mouse eggs with an intact zona pellucida. We set up the electroporation system as shown in Fig. 1a. A custom-made electroporation chamber, in which two platinum block electrodes (10-mm long, 3-mm wide and 0. 5-mm thick) were situated with a 1-mm gap between them (Fig. 1b,c), was placed under a stereoscopic microscope and connected to an electric pulse generator. The chamber held 5 μl of RNA solution between the electrodes and allowed approximately 40–50 embryos to be electroporated simultaneously (Fig. 1c,d). Figure 1Optimal conditions for the electroporation used to deliver mRNA into fertilized eggs. (a) Electroporation set-up used in this study. The right box is the electroporator CUY21 (BEX Co. Ltd. ), which generates electric pulses and the left is a stereoscopic microscope for embryo manipulation. Two electrodes were placed on the microscope stage and connected to the electroporator. (b) Higher magnification of the red rectangle in (a). (c) Schematic of the electroporation chamber with customized platinum electrodes (BEX Co. Ltd. ). Fertilized mouse eggs were placed in the RNA solution in the gap between the electrodes. (d) Microscopic view of the eggs set in the electrode gap. The eggs were manually positioned into a line prior to electroporation. (e) Schematic of the electroporation conditions used to introduce RNAs into mouse eggs: three to eleven repeats of a square pulse of 10–50 V; 3-msec pulses with 97-msec intervals were used. (f) Fluorescence intensity of mCherry (red circles) and rate of electroporated embryo survival to the blastocyst stage (blue squares) were plotted at various voltages (n = 10).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: In: Proceedings of HICSS. Piscataway. IEEE. 1-10 Google. 2009a. Introducing google social search: I finally found my friend’s blog! Available at (accessed 6 January 2015) Google. 2009b. Personalized search for everyone. Available at (accessed 25 August 2014) Graells-. 2013. Data portraits: connecting people of opposing views. Technical Report. preprint. 2014. Managing political differences in social media. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. New York. ACM. 1400-1408 Hart W, Albarracín. 2009. Feeling validated versus being correct: a meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. 135(4):555-588. 2013. Will the global village fracture into tribes? Recommender systems and their effects on consumer fragmentation. 60(4):805-823 Kastenmüller. 2010. Selective exposure: the impact of collectivism and individualism. of 49(4):745-763. 2014. Events and controversies: influences of a shocking news event on information seeking. Technical Report. preprint Matsa KE, Mitchell A. 2014. 8 key takeaways about social media and news. Available at (accessed 3 September 2014) McKenzie CR. 2004. Hypothesis testing and evaluation. In: Koehler DJ, Harvey N, eds. Handbook of judgment and decision making. Oxford: Blackwell. 200-219 2008. Ranking web sites with real user traffic. In: Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on web search and data mining. New York: ACM. 65-76 Mervis J. 2014. An internet research project draws conservative ire. Science 346(6210):686-687. 2000. Automatic personalization based on web usage mining. Communications of the ACM 43(8):142-151 Munson SA, Resnick P. 2010. Presenting diverse political opinions: How and how much. In: Proceedings of the conference on human factors in computing systems. New York: ACM. 1457-1466 Nickerson RS. 1998. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of 2(2):175-220 Nyhan B, Reifler J. 2010. When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science252. Chao L-. End-of-life medical treatment choices: do survival chances and out-of-pocket costs matter? Making. 2008;28(4):511–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science253. . The effect of offering different numbers of colorectal cancer screening test options in a decision aid: a pilot randomized trial. . 2008;8:4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science254. Brody H. Medicine’s ethical responsibility for health care reform: the top five list. N Med. 2010;362(4):283–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science255. Decisions Foundation. Preference-sensitive decisions. Available from: URL:. Anxiety, fear of cancer, and perceived risk of cancer following lung cancer screening. Making. 2008;28(6):917–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science257. . Resisting good news: reactions to breast cancer risk communication. Health Commun. 2006;19(2):115–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science258. The impact of genetic counseling on risk perception and mental health in women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer. 1999;79(5–6):868–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science259. . Risk perceptions: assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26(2):146–51. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science260. . Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making. Q J A. 1992;44(2):211–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science261. . Sensitivity to disgust, stigma, and adjustment to life with a colostomy. J Res Pers. 2007;41(4):787–803. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science262. Gigerenzer G. Gut Feelings: of the Unconscious. New York: Viking; 2007. 10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s1. pdf84. 25 KBds_10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s2. pdf85. 39 KBCite 2014. PubMed: 25145577AuthorsAffiliationsJ. S. Blumenthal-Barby, PhDView all 41. 50 Issue - $186.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: The duration of each pulse and number of pulse repeats were fixed at 3 msec and 5 repeats, respectively. (g) The fluorescent intensity of mCherry (red closed circle) and the survival rate of the electroporated embryos to the blastocyst stage (blue squares) were plotted as a function of the number of electroporation repeats (n = 12). The voltage and duration of each pulse were fixed at 30 V and 3 msec, respectively. Full size imageTo optimize the conditions, we used 400 ng/μl mCherry mRNA and evaluated both the efficiency of mRNA introduction, by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of mCherry and the rate of embryo survival to the blastocyst stage. We first tested a range of electroporation voltages (10 V–50 V) while keeping the duration and number of pulses fixed at 3 msec and five repeats, respectively (Fig. 1e). We found that 30 V was the most efficient condition for mRNA introduction (Fig. 1f). That is, the survival rate was lower at 40 V or above and the amount of mRNA introduced was lower at 20 V or less. Next, fixing the voltage and duration at 30 V and 3 msec, respectively, we changed the number of pulses (x3, x5, x7, x9 and x11). Although the intensity of the mCherry increased with the number of repeats, the survival rate of the electroporated embryos significantly decreased at nine repeats (Fig. 1g). Therefore, we concluded that seven repeats of 30-V, 3-msec pulses are the optimal conditions for introducing mRNA into mouse zygotes by electroporation. We next examined whether the optimized conditions were conducive toCas9-mediated genome editing. We targeted the Fgf10 gene, because Fgf10 homozygous mutant embryos have an easily detectable limbless phenotype9. Using electroporation, we introduced Cas9 mRNA and a gRNA targeting Fgf10 (#563), which was previously transferred into eggs by the microinjection method and elicited the limbless phenotype6 (Fig. 2a). The eggs were allowed to develop to the two-cell stage and then transferred into pseudopregnant females. The transferred embryos were subsequently dissected on embryonic day (E) 15 or E16 and their phenotypes were analyzed. We performed electroporations using four different concentrations of Cas9 mRNA and gRNA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: English User-generated big data mining is vital important for large online platforms in terms of security, profits improvement, products recommendation and system management. Personal attributes recognition, user behavior prediction, user identification, and community detection are the most critical and interesting issues that remain as challenges in many real applications in terms of accuracy, efficiency and data security. For an online platform with tens of thousands of users, it is always vulnerable to malicious users who pose a threat to other innocent users and consume unnecessary resources, where accurate user identification is urgently required to prevent corresponding malicious attempts. Meanwhile, accurate prediction of user behavior will help large platforms provide satisfactory recommendations to users and efficiently allocate different amounts of resources to different users. In addition to individual identification, community exploration of large social networks that formed by online databases could also help managers gain knowledge of how a community evolves. And such large scale and diverse social networks can be used to validate network theories, which are previously developed from synthetic networks or small real networks. In this thesis, we study several specific cases to address some key challenges that remain in different types of large online platforms, such as user behavior prediction for cold-start users, privacy protection for user-generated data, and large scale and diverse social community analysis. In the first case, as an emerging business, online education has attracted tens of thousands users as it can provide diverse courses that can exactly satisfy whatever demands of the students. Due to the limitation of public school systems, many students pursue private supplementary tutoring for improving their academic performance. Similar to online shopping platform, online education system is also a user-product based service, where users usually have to select and purchase the courses that meet their demands. It is important to construct a course recommendation and user behavior prediction system based on user attributes or user-generated data. Item recommendation in current online shopping systems is usually based on the interactions between users and products, since most of the personal attributes are unnecessary for online shopping services, and users often provide false information during registration. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend items based on personal attributes by exploiting the similarity of attributes among users, such as education level, age, school, gender, etc. Different from most online shopping platforms, online education platforms have access to a large number of credible personal attributes since accurate personal information is important in education service, and user behaviors could be predicted with just user attribute. Moreover, previous works on learning individual attributes are based primarily on panel survey data, which ensures its credibility but lacks efficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: 12, df = 4; two-tailed paired t-test). (C) Anisomycin treatment alone during the inactive phase (N = 7) does not produce memory 24 hr later (p=0. 74, t = 0. 34, df = 16 – data after anisomycin treatment were compared to data for naïve animals trained during the day in Figure 1B2, which were trained along with these animals. Figure 3—source data 1 Full training during the sleep phase with anisomycin causes long-term memory. Download elife-17769-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Length of protein synthesis inhibition is concentration dependent. Experiments in parts A and B were performed on A. fasciata; Experiments in parts C-E were performed on A. californica. (A) 10 µM anisomycin injected 1 hr before training (N = 5) blocks 24 hr memory, as shown by no significant change in the time to stop between the training session and the 24 hr test of memory (p=0. 66, t = 0. 48, df = 4; two-tailed paired t-test) (B) 10 µM anisomycin injected 2 hr before training (N = 6) does not block 24 hr memory, as shown by a significant change in the time to stop between the training session and the 24 hr test of memory (p=0. 006, t = 4. 66, df = 5; two-tailed paired t-test). Thus, the actions of 10 µM anisomycin are short-acting, and this concentration is no longer effective after 2 hr. (C) 30 µM anisomycin injected 2. 5 hr before training (N = 6) blocks memory, as shown by no significant change in the time to stop between the training session and the 24 hr test of memory (p=0. 37, t = 0. 99, df = 5; two-tailed paired t-test). (D) In a group of animals collected and tested along with those in C, 10 µM anisomycin 2. 5 hr before training (N = 3) did not block memory (p=0. 3, t = 5. 45, df = 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: At all of the concentrations examined, the survival rate of the electroporated zygotes that developed to the two-cell stage was much higher (94–95%; S1) than when using the microinjection method (34–35% in ref. 6). Figure 2/Cas9-mediated genome editing by electroporation. (a) Genomic structure of the Fgf10 locus, which includes the target sequence (underlined) and the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence (shown in blue), used in this study. (b) Examples of embryos from the three classes that exhibited different limb phenotypes: no limbs (type I), limb defects (type II, left: hindlimb deficiency, right: truncated fore- and hind-limb) and normal (type III). (c) Graph summarizing the effects of Cas9 and gRNA electroporation on limb development. The concentrations of RNAs used in each experiment are shown at left. The numbers in each column are the number of embryos exhibiting the phenotype in each category. Full size imageDepending on the limb-development defects observed at E15 or E16, the embryos were classified into three phenotypes: type I embryos had no limbs (Fgf10 gene knockout phenotype), type II embryos showed various defects in limb morphology (e. g. , hindlimb deficiency or truncated fore- and hindlimbs) and type III embryos appeared normal (Fig. 2b). Considering that mutant mice heterozygous for the Fgf10 gene have normal limbs, type II embryos were expected to be mosaic mutant embryos composed of cells carrying a bi-allelic disruption of the Fgf10 gene and cells carrying either the wild-type or a mono-allelic disruption of the Fgf10 gene. When we used 400 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 200 ng/μl gRNA for the electroporation, 87% of the embryos completely lacked both fore- and hindlimbs, as expected for the Fgf10 homozygous mutant phenotype (type I) (Fig. 2c); 10% of the embryos displayed various other limb defects (type II); and only 3% of the embryos appeared normal (type III).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, most works simply include hundreds or thousands of users in the study. With more than 200,000 anonymous K-12 students' 3-year learning data from one of the world's largest online extra-curricular education platforms, we uncover students' online learning behaviors and infer the impact of students' home location, family socioeconomic situation and attended school's reputation/rank on the students' private tutoring course participation and learning outcomes. Further analysis suggests that such impact may be largely attributed to the inequality of access to educational resources in different cities and the inequality in family socioeconomic status. Finally, we study the predictability of students' performance and behaviors using machine learning algorithms with different groups of features, showing students' online learning performance can be predicted based on personal attributes and user-generated data with MAE$<10\%$. As mentioned above, user attributes are usually fake information in most online platforms, and online platforms are usually vulnerable of malicious users. It is very important to identify the users or verify their attributes. Many researches have used user-generated mobile phone data (which includes sensitive information) to identify diverse user attributes, such as social economic status, ages, education level, professions, etc. Most of these approaches leverage original sensitive user data to build feature-rich models that take private information as input, such as exact locations, App usages and call detailed records. However, accessing users' mobile phone raw data may violate the more and more strict private data protection policies and regulations (e. g. GDPR). We observe that appropriate statistical methods can offer an effective means to eliminate private information and preserve personal characteristics, thus enabling the identification of the user attributes without privacy concern. Typically, identifying an unfamiliar caller's profession is important to protect citizens' personal safety and property. Due to limited data protection of various popular online services in some countries such as taxi hailing or takeouts ordering, many users nowadays encounter an increasing number of phone calls from strangers. The situation may be aggravated when criminals pretend to be such service delivery staff, bringing threats to the user individuals as well as the society. Additionally, more and more people suffer from excessive digital marketing and fraud phone calls because of personal information leakage. Therefore, a real time identification of unfamiliar caller is urgently needed. We explore the feasibility of user identification with privacy-preserved user-generated mobile, and we develop CPFinder, a system which implements automatic user identification callers on end devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: 73). For the 2 groups of trained animals, there was a significant difference in the time to stop 24 hr after the training (comparison of 2 and 3 – p=0. 027; t = 2. 50, df = 13; two-tailed t-test). There was no significant difference between the time to stop in animals treated with DRB, and in control animals that had not been trained (comparison of 1 and 3 p=0. 49; t = 0. 71, df = 12; two-tailed t-test). Thus, the DRB blocked memory that would have been formed after training with anisomycin. (C) A diagram showing that after the brief training with 10 µM anisomycin, long-term memory depends on transcription and translation, The DRB blocks memory because it blocks transcription, and a 30 µM dose of anisomycin, which has a longer-lasting effect, blocks the transcription-dependent translation. Figure 6—source data 1 Learning during the inactive phase is transcription dependent. Download elife-17769-fig6-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Dissociation between memory and C/EBP expression. Data are from A. californica. (A) Neither 30 µM (N = 6) nor 3. 3 µM (N = 7) anisomycin injected 10 min before a brief training during the inactive phase produce 24 hr memory. The times to stop responding 24 hr after treatment with 30 µM anisomycin and 3. 3 µM anisomycin are significantly longer than the time to stop 24 hr after 10 µM (N = 5) anisomycin (for 30 µM: p=0. 005, t = 5. 98, df = 9; for 3. 3 µM: p=0. 0002, t = 6. 42, df = 10; two tailed t-tests with Bonferroni corrections). (B) C/EBP expression in the buccal ganglia 2 hr after injecting 10 µM anisomycin during the active (N = 5) and inactive (N = 6) phases increases, and after injecting 3. 3 µM (N = 6) anisomycin during the inactive phase. Data are normalized to C/EBP expression in animals that were injected with ASW (not shown).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Sequencing of the genomic regions flanking the target sequences of type I embryos (ten clones each for four randomly selected embryos) revealed that all of the sequenced clones carried indels or mutations and no wild-type sequence was detected (Supplementary Fig. S1 and S2). These results indicate that both alleles of the Fgf10 gene were disrupted. We next examined the effect of the Cas9 mRNA and gRNA concentrations on the efficiency of genome editing. At 200 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 100 ng/μl gRNA, 73% of the embryos had no limbs, while at 100 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 50 ng/μl gRNA, 32% displayed the limbless phenotype (Fig. 2b,c and S1). At 50 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 25 ng/μl gRNA, most of the embryos appeared normal. Sequencing revealed that embryos exhibiting the type I phenotype carried indels in all of their clones, whereas most of the clones from type III embryos had the wild-type sequence but some carried indels (Fig. 2b,c, Supplementary Fig. S1 and S2). All of the clones from each electroporated embryo displayed two to five types of indels, which is comparable to the number in microinjected embryos. These results clearly demonstrated that electroporation was effective for achieving highly efficient genome editing by theCas9 system. The single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN)-induced generation of HDR-mediated insertions is another useful application of the genome-editing method. Therefore, we next examined whether electroporation could deliver ssODNs and generate HDR-mediated knock-in alleles in mice. We electroporated 400 ng/μl ssODN harboring loxP and EcoRI recognition sequences (37 bases) flanked by 40-base homologous arms (117 total bases), together with 200 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 100 ng/μl gRNA targeting the mCherry gene, into eggs carrying a Histone H2b (H2b)-mCherry gene inserted into the ROSA26 locus by conventional gene targeting (Fig. 3a)10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: Uluslararası Hukuk ve Araştırmaları ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster ıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 84 - 104, 05. 01. 2024 Öz All legal systems require that an unauthorized direct agent be accountable to a third party. While the general conditions are accepted while establishing the responsibility, different approaches are adopted regarding the scope of the responsibility of the unauthorized representative. In our legal system, 42. Akcan, R. (1999). İcra hukukunda temsil, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1-2), 21-62. Akıncı, Ş. (2019). Borçlar hukuku bilgisi (genel hükümler), Konya: Sayram Yayınları. Akipek, Ş. (2003). Alt vekâlet, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları. Akyol, Ş. (2006). Dürüstlük kuralı ve hakkın kötüye kullanılması yasağı, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık. Akyol, Ş. (2009). Türk medeni hukukunda temsil, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık Basım Yayım Dağıtım. Akyol, Ş. (2007). Temsil teorisinde ulak (nuntıus) temsilci olmayan aracının faaliyeti, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık. Akyol, Ş. (2009). Birlikte temsil, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi. Akyol, Ş. (2009). Temsil yetkisinin yorumu, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi. Altıner, F. Z. (2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Normalization was to the ASW treatment at the same time as the anisomycin treatment (N = 6 during the active phase, N = 5 during the inactive phase). There were no significant differences in C/EBP expression after ASW treatment between active and inactive phases. Expression after ASW treatment was set at 100%. All treatments with anisomycin produced large (X thousand percent) increases in C/EBP expression, although only 10 µM anisomycin during the inactive phase produces long-term memory when paired with training (For the 3 groups shown: p=0. 139; F(2,14) = 2. 27. Figure 7—source data 1 Dissociation between memory and C/EBP expression. Download elife-17769-fig7-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Increased C/EBP expression is a correlate of training, not of memory formation. (A) Effect of 3 min training during the inactive phase on C/EBP expression. Data are from the buccal ganglia of A. californica. (1) Training 10 min after injection with ASW (Trained: N = 8; Naïve: N = 9) produced a significant increase in C/EBP mRNA expression (p=0. 004, t = 3. 43, df = 15), even though this treatment did not lead to long-term memory. (2) Training after injection with anisomycin (Trained: N = 8; Naïve: N = 8) also produced a significant increase in C/EBP (p=0. 008, t = 3. 11, df = 14; both tests are two-tailed unpaired t-tests), over that caused by the injection of anisomycin in naïve controls (see Figure 6) Note that values for all 4 treatments are normalized to the value for naïve animals treated with ASW. As shown above, anisomycin alone caused a large increase in expression. (B) Effects of training in isolation on C/EBP expression. Data are from the buccal ganglia of A. fasciata, in which training during the active phase when animals are maintained in isolation does not produce long-term memory.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: The allele replaced by the ssODN would be functionally null due to the introduction of a stop codon in the loxP sequence, leading to the disappearance of nuclear mCherry fluorescence. Replacement by the ssODN was screened by (RFLP) analysis after EcoRI digestion. Figure 3The single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN)-induced generation of HDR-mediated insertions. (a) Schematic of the target sequence and the ssODN designed to insert the 37-base loxP sequence (shown in green) and EcoRI recognition site (shown in red). (b) Representative embryo electroporated with Cas9 mRNA, gRNA and ssODN. The mCherry fluorescence completely disappeared in the electroporated embryos, while control (no electroporation) embryos displayed fluorescent signals. (c) RFLP analysis of the collected embryos. The EcoRI-inserted alleles were digested into two bands (138 bps and 374 bps). The intact allele had 497 bps. The digested bands were observed in embryos # 3, 6, 8 and 9. The unexpected bands in #1 and #7 were the target sequence containing a large deletion. Full size imageConfirming the high efficiency of genome editing, all of the electroporated embryos (11/11) exhibited a loss of mCherry fluorescence (Fig. 3b). Among them, four embryos were positive for EcoRI digestion (Fig. 3c). Sequencing revealed that all four embryos carried the HDR-mediated replaced allele (S3). Of the four embryos with the replaced allele, three (#6, 8 and 9 in S3) carried one to three types of alleles with indels, in addition to the replaced allele. The remaining embryo (#3 in S3) carried only the replaced allele, indicating that all of the cells carried an allele with the HDR-mediated replacement sequence. We also achieved the HDR-mediated knock-in of an EcoRV site into the mCherry gene and of an XbaI site into the Fgf10 gene (Supplementary Fig. S2 and S4). These results indicate that our electroporation method can also be used for the efficient production of HDR-mediated knock-in alleles in mice. We next investigated whether the mutation obtained by genome editing was inherited by the next generation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The right to be forgotten is recognized and enforced globally. [SEP] Text: Return of a Forgotten Right: Application of the Right to be Forgotten in Zheng Xi1* 1 Department of law, *Corresponding Author(s): :86-15810849668, Email:zhengxi-jim@hotmail. com Received Date: Sep 19, 2019 Accepted Date: Oct 31, 2019 Published Date: Nov 07, 2019 DOI:10. 24966/FLIS-733X/100035 right to be forgotten refers to the right of citizens to have certain data of their personal information deleted. Originating in criminal justice, the right was later somewhat “forgotten” in it while widely applied in civil and commercial laws. In fact, the right can be widely applied in criminal justice: litigants and court participants including the convicted criminal, the victim, the acquitted defendant, and the witness all have demand in claiming the right. However, such claims from the subjects of information could conflict with rights and legal interests such as the public’s right to know, freedom of speech and the press, and public security. To resolve these conflicts, limits should be imposed on scope of the subject of the right, applicable cases, and ways and procedures of exercise so that the right can be legitimately practiced in criminal justice. and resolution; Criminal justice; Data subject; The right to be forgotten ever-evolving Internet technologies and dawning of an era of “big data”, the right to be forgotten has been much debated by civil and commercial jurists in Europe and the U. S. , even influencing legislation and verdicts. Chinese civil and commercial jurists also attach importance to the right and have proposed constructive research [1]. However, the right is much less discussed and seems to have been forgotten in criminal justice where the concept originated. It is indispensable for criminal justice to face and embrace the return of the “long-forgotten” right to be forgotten to enhance protection of human rights in a time of information explosion. origin of the right to be forgotten: background and concept Being forgetful is part of human nature. However, it seems impossible to be forgotten with highly developed technology of computers, databases and the Internet, bringing doubt about whether individuals’ personal information could be legitimately used and whether the use infringes civil rights.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Note that C/EBP expression in all four groups was normalized to expression in isolated, naïve animals, in which the mean value was set as 100%. (1) Training in A. fasciata maintained in isolation (Trained: N = 10; Naïve: N = 10) produced a significant increase in C/EBP expression (p=0. 0009, t = 4. 27, df = 18), as did (2) training in animals housed with conspecifics (Trained: N = 6; Naïve: N = 6) (p=0. 004, t = 4. 13, df = 10). Note that maintenance with conspecifics itself produced a small increase in C/EBP expression (p=0. 05, t = 2. 52, df = 14; all tests are two-tailed unpaired t-tests with Bonferroni correction). Figure 8—source data 1 Increased C/EBP expression is a correlate of training, not of memory formation. Download elife-17769-fig8-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Increased CREB1 expression after training is a correlate of memory. Data are from the buccal ganglia of A. californica. (A) Increases in CREB1 or CREB2 by anisomycin treatment alone cannot account for memory formation. A preliminary analysis examined whether either CREB1 or CREB2 expression is increased by either 3. 3 or 10 µM anisomycin 2 hr after treatment, with respect to expression 2 hr after injection with ASW (not shown). A one-way analyses of variance showed no significant differences in CREB1 expression between ASW (N = 6), 10 µM (N = 8) and 3. 3 µM (N = 6) anisomycin (p=0. 09, F(2,17) = 2. 77) or of CREB2 expression between these three treatments (ASW: N = 6; 10 µM anisomycin: N = 7; and 3. 3 µM: N = 5) anisomycin) (p=0. 07, F(2,15) = 3. 10) 2 hr after the treatments. In addition, there were no significant differences between expression after treatment with 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: We electroporated 200 ng/μl Cas9 mRNA and 100 ng/μl gRNA targeting the mCherry gene into eggs carrying the H2b-mCherry gene in the ROSA26 locus (Fig. 3a)10 and generated twenty-five F0 mice that carried the disrupted mCherry gene. Three F0 males were then intercrossed with wild-type female mice and the resulting embryos or pups were tested for germline transmission of the disrupted mCherry gene by analyzing the mCherry fluorescence and the mCherry gene sequence. We found that all of the F1 embryos and pups were negative for mCherry fluorescence and carried the disrupted mCherry gene (S5), indicating that the mutations introduced by genome editing were inherited by the next generation. In conclusion, we established electroporation conditions that enableCas9-based genome editing to be performed in mice at high efficiency and with a high rate of survival. Because electroporation does not require microinjection skills and can be used to treat 40–50 embryos simultaneously, this method produces mutant mice much more easily and quickly than previously reported. With this method, the high-throughput and/or large-scale production of mutant mice and/or mouse embryos becomes feasible for many laboratories. Applications of this method include the screening of developmentally important genes by analyzing F0 phenotypes. MethodsAnimalsAll animal care and experiments were carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for of and of and were approved by Care and of (Approval number: 14022) and the of (Approval number: 26-111, 26-304). mRNA and ssODN preparationpCS2-mCherry was kindly provided by Dr. N. Kinoshita (NIBB). The hCas9 plasmid (pX330) was purchased from Addgene (Cambridge, MA). The hCas9 gene was excised from pX330, then placed downstream of the SP6 promoter in the pSP64 vector (Promega) (pSP64-hCas9) and used for RNA synthesis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The right to be forgotten is recognized and enforced globally. [SEP] Text: In 1967, Vance Packard, a renowned journalist expressed his concerns: “The most disquieting hazard in a central data bank would be the placing of so much power in the hands of the people in a position to push computer buttons. When the details of our lives are fed into a central computer or other vast file-keeping systems, we all fall under the control of the machine’s managers to some extent” [2]. It has gradually come to people’s realization that removal or oblivion of information and data from data storage systems should be given as much consideration as the input of data into such systems as computers, databases and the Internet, so as to create a two-way channel to prevent data storage technology from threatening individuals’ freedom. The jurisprudential circles did not pay much attention to the issue of oblivion nor started debating on the right to be forgotten until recently, right in criminal justice. It is generally believed that the right to be forgotten is derived from le droit à l’oubli in French, a right that allows convicted criminals who served their time and have been rehabilitated to object to the revelation of the information of their conviction and incarceration [3]. Nonetheless, this newborn right seemed to be left sinking into oblivion by criminal jurists while their counterparts in civil and commercial laws had thorough heated debate on the right and gradually drawn attention from legislative and judicial circles. Union has been leading in discussion and exercise of the right. A of the put forward a proposal involving the right to be forgotten in 2009. 2012, the released Regulation of the and of the Council on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of and on the Free movement of (Protection Regulation) SEC (2012) 72 which formally adopted the right to be forgotten and defined it in Annex 4. 1. 3 as “the right of individuals to have their data no longer processed and deleted when they are no longer needed for legitimate purposes. This is the case, for example, when processing is based on the person's consent and when he or she withdraws consent or when the storage period has expired” [4]. Based on this definition, it can be clarified that the subject of right is the data subject directly or indirectly identifiable as natural persons to whom the personal data relate. The subject of obligation are natural persons, legal persons and public organizations that have the obligation to delete the personal data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: 032) and significantly exceeded the chance-level accuracy of the Peak condition (yellow, F(1,28) = 5. 237, p=0. 030, d=0. 865). (B, C) Boxplot of categorization accuracy split by the Peak/Trough condition and by the 12 hr/36 hr retrieval condition (X-axis). Displayed are box plots with median, 95% confidence intervals, density plots and dot plots of the 15 participant average. The red dotted line indicates chance performance (chance = 1/3 correct assignments). Because retrieval performance was significantly better following trough vs. peak targeted stimulation, we computed a second ANOVA for the Trough condition alone (within-subjects factor Encoding-Test Delay). We wanted to determine whether the retrieval accuracy following trough targeting was above chance level (intercept: IV = % correct answers minus mean chance performance) and whether retrieval performance differed between 12 hr and 36 hr (factor Encoding-Test Delay). established a significant intercept: mean retrieval performance was 5. 77% above chance level (MTrough = 39. 11%, SD = 10. 76; FIntercept (1,14)=5. 660, p=0. 032). Although the 12 hr versus 36 hr comparison was not statistically significant (FEncoding-(1,14)=1. 308, p=0. 272), retrieval performance was numerically larger at 36 hours than at 12 hr (M12hours=37. 4%, SD = 9. 0; M36hours=40. 7%, SD = 12. 4; Figure 2BC and Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Planned contrasts against chance level revealed that retrieval performance significantly exceeded chance at 36 hr only (P36hours=0. 036, P12hours=0. 094). To better understand why retrieval performance was significantly better in the Trough vs. the Peak condition and why performance exceeded chance level only after 36 hr in the Trough condition, we analysed participants’ category assignments at the single-item level. This item-based analysis revealed that participants consistently chose the same category (animals, tools, places) for specific sleep-played pseudowords at the 12- and 36 hr retrieval test (12-to-36 hr consistency rate = 47%, chance level = 33. 3%). Moreover, the consistency rate did not differ significantly between the Trough and the Peak condition (MTrough = 47.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Different genome editing approaches are considered as revolutionary for crop improvement as gene knockout and insertion/deletion mutagenesis are possible through genome editing technologies [6]. Crop improvement using genome editing technologies come up with multiple possibilities, such as:Alteration in only one or two nucleotides among billions obtained from genome of living cellsAlteration in whole allelesInsertion of a non-existing gene in the targeted region of the genome. Due to high accuracy of genome editing tools, these are preferred over traditional plant breeding approaches and standard genetic engineering approaches. Along with enhancing the nutritional profile of crops, gene editing tools can effectively be used for incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and can develop crop varieties that survive well in adverse climatic conditions such as arid climate [7]. Therefore, gene editing tools can be effectively used for securing the world’s food supply. Genome editing tools permits double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at particular genomic locations and recovers them using inherent DNA repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Earlier, this process was assisted by using protein-guided nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). But lately, the RNA-guided nuclease known as ()—associated—has captured the researchers’ attention (Cas) [8]. Both ZFNs and TALENs requires more time and technical expertise thanCas. Numerous significantly importantCas studies have been conducted in potato, here we are featuring some selected achievements of -based editing in potato (Figure 1 and Table 1). This 1. Advances in potato improvement using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()-based genome editing. Target geneDelivery methodEditing agentPhenotype1. /Cas applications in potato genome editing. Advertisement 2. Key genome editing approaches2. 1 ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases)ZFNs were first created by Kim and colleagues [19]. ZFNs develop as a result of the interaction between DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving domains [20]. These synthetic proteins were created based on the fact that the natural restriction enzyme FokI exhibits unique binding and cleaving capabilities [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The right to be forgotten is recognized and enforced globally. [SEP] Text: The right allows the subject of right (i. e. the data subject) to request the subject of obligation to delete personal data related to the data subject. According to the definition, there are several issues to be noted when individuals request to have their personal data deleted and forgotten. First, the scope of the subject of right is confined, i. e. only the data subject whom the personal data relate to can exercise the right, which means only individuals who are natural persons can be the subject of right. Second, individuals can only request to have their personal data deleted or no longer processed when they are no longer needed for legitimate purposes, i. e. the right to be forgotten cannot contradict the legitimate needs of data storage and use. Third, even though individuals have given their consent for storage and uses of their personal data, they can also identify a storage and use period or withdraw such consent later. Application of the right to be forgotten in civil and commercial laws The intention of the to adopt the right to be forgotten has caused repercussions, especially from technology companies and telecommunication network operators who expressed their concerns for the potential threats the right could pose to the public’s right to know and even freedom of speech. Nonetheless, the of Justice formally adopted the right to be forgotten as a citizen’s civil right in the judgment made in May 2014 of. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, González [5]. (EU) 2016/679 of Parliament and of the Council of the of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of with Regard to the Processing of and on the of Such Data, and 95/46/EC (Protection Regulation), [6] Para. 1 and 3 of 8. (2012) to be Forgotten. Review. of the Impact Assessment, European Commission. Gonzalez MC (2014). v -131/12, EU: C: 317. English version of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Protection Regulation). No. 568 (2013) Information. Judgment (2015) 09558 of No. 1 Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing Municipality. Section 7 of (Clean Slate) Act 2004.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: 45, p=0. 51, Msleep-played_12hours=2. 41, SD = 0. 36, Mnew_12hours=2. 42, SD = 0. 353, Msleep-played_36hours=2. 53, SD = 0. 53, Mnew_36hours=2. 56, SD = 0. 618). Furthermore, differences in FoHH responses remained non-significant even if we compared only the correctly categorized pseudowords to the never heard, new pseudowords (F(1,14) = 0. 08, p=0. 78). We also found no significant difference between the FoHH for correct versus incorrect category assignments (ANOVA factor ‘accuracy’: F(1,14) = 0. 09, p=0. 77, M12hours_correct=2. 37, SD = 0. 54, M12hours_incorrect=2. 42, SD = 0. 39, M36hours_correct=2. 57, SD = 0. 62, M36hours_incorrect=2. 49, SD = 0. 55) and no difference between EC and CC trials (ANOVA factor “Association”: F(1,14) = 0. 09, p=0. 77, M12hours_correct=2. 37, SD = 0. 54, M12hours_incorrect=2. 42, SD = 0. 39, M36hours_correct=2. 57, SD = 0. 62, M36hours_incorrect=2. 49, SD = 0. 55). The same was true for the Peak condition, where we did not find significant differences in the FoHH reports (Figure 2—figure supplement 2; sleep-played vs new: F(1,14) = 1. 027, p=0. 33; correct vs incorrect EC trials: F(1,14) = 0. 04, p=0. 85, EC vs CC: F(1,14) = 0. 04, p=0. 85). These findings strongly suggest that participants could not consciously recognize sleep-played pseudowords. Furthermore, we explored whether participants’ confidence ratings revealed an unconscious reminiscence of sleep-played word pairs for correctly versus incorrectly categorized items at retrieval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: There are twenty-five types of natural RVDs with good binding specificity, among which NI (Asn-IIe), HD (His-Asp), NH (Asn-Gly), specific for identifying adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) [25, 26]. The binding specificity of TALENs is affected by cell type, target sites, duration of effect and delivery system used. The coding for the recognition of the TALENs sequence is comparatively easy, which is an advantage with respect to its targeting density when compared with ZFNs [27]. It allows genome editing with more specificity and low cytotoxicity. 2. 3/Cas is a potent tool for genetic manipulation that precisely mutates specific DNA sequences [28]. There are differentCas systems that differentiate on the basis of the nuclease effector used. This diversity divided theCas systems into two classes (single/multi-subunit) based on the structure and into six types and 27 subtypes on the basis of the functions of each subunit [29, 30]. It has two components: the Cas9 nuclease and sgRNA. The Cas9 nuclease has two lobes viz. , REC for recognition and NUC with nuclease activity. The non-coding sgRNA is complementary to the target sequence (protospacer) of 20 base pairs. This protospacer has a three-base sequence at its 3′ end called PAM (Motif), recognized by the NUC lobe to produce double-strand breaks (DSB). The DSBs are created when sgRNA/Cas complex binds with the target DNA sequence. Further, these DSBs are repaired by NHEJ (Non-homologous end-joining) and HDR (Homologous directed repair) mechanisms [31]. Advertisement 3. Genome editing in potatoIntroduction of genes related to economically important traits from wild species is very difficult and time intensive assignment in potato (Solanum tuberosum) is as it is a heterozygous polyploid crop. Due to this, traditional breeding approaches cease to work properly when numerous traits and/or new traits which are not available in gene pool need to be introgressed for crop advancement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Observation counts come from experiments operobs and limobs for the full and limited datasets, respectively. For in situ and atmospheric motion vector observations, captured in the surface pressure, wind, temperature, and moisture categories, less than 10% of the observations are missed in the limited dataset. A quarter of radiances, and nearly a fifth of GNSS radio occultations, however, are missing in the limited dataset assimilated observations. This suggests that satellite data latency is a key limiting factor in what observations are available in the limited versus full datasets. Table 2 Number of observations assimilated for the full and limited datasets (for experiments operobs and limobs, respectively) for the GDAS forecast cycle at 0000 UTC 15 Jun 2016. The impacts from three different categories will be distinguished: conventional observations (i. e. , any observation not taken from a satellite), GNSS radio occultation observations (bending angle profiles), and satellite radiances. These three experiments analyze the impact of limiting each of these observation types individually, by using the limited observation dataset for both short- and long-term forecasts. Conventional observations are limited in limconv, soundings of GNSS radio occultation in limgps, and satellite radiances in limrad. Similar to Fig. 2, Fig. 7 now shows the global 500-hPa temperature RMSE for experiments operobs (black), limconv (red), limgps (green), and limrad (blue). Experiment limconv results in a statistically significant increase in RMSE at the analysis time and at 120–168 h. On the other hand, experiments limgps and limrad show no statistically significant differences from operobs. This result seems to indicate that the in situ observations being limited in experiment limconv are the largest contributor to the degradation found in experiment limobs, despite Table 2 demonstrating that the percentage of missing observations for conventional observations being less than that for radiances and GNSS radio occultation. That being said, none of the individual limited datasets, limconv included, matches the magnitude of degradation obtained in limobs (Figs. 2 and 7). This suggests that observation redundancy, or having different observations over the same region, might partially compensate for data loss. Size Fig. 7. As in Fig. 2, but for experiments operobs (black), limconv (red), limgps (green), and limrad (blue). Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Hence, we included the confidence scale as a subtle measure of memory besides the cruder accuracy measure. At retrieval testing, participants rated their confidence for each assignment of a pseudoword (sleep-played and new) to a superordinate word category (animal, tool, place). Confidence ratings did not differ signifcantly for sleep-played (EC and CC) compared to new pseudowords in the Trough condition, were sleep-learning was successful ANOVA factor ‘sleep-played’: F(1,14) = 0. 47, p=0. 5; Msleep-played_12hours=2. 17, SD = 0. 38, Mnew_12hours=2. 19, SD = 0. 376, Msleep-played_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426, Mnew_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426. Furthermore, confidence ratings for correct versus incorrect category assignments in the experimental condition differed neither in the Trough condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor ‘Accuracy’: F(1,14) = 2. 36, p=0. 15; M12hours_correct=2. 24, SD = 0. 42, M12hours_incorrect=2. 16, SD = 0. 35, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 44, M36hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 4 nor the Peak condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor Accuracy: F(1,14) = 0. 48, p=0. 50; M12hours_correct=2. 19, SD = 0. 51, M12hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 54, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 58, M36hours_incorrect=2. 36, SD = 0. 51. Word-evoked potentials differed initially between the peak and trough condition and then aligned between conditions from 700 ms to 2 s following word onset The EEG data were recorded in the sleeping participants to determine differences in the processing of the played words between conditions. We analysed the electrophysiological responses to word pairs in the Trough versus the Peak condition locking the electrophysiological response to the onset of word pairs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome sequencing data of potato is accessible from public database and standard genetic modification and regeneration protocols are also obtainable, which made potato a prime candidate for gene editing. Thus, gene editing approaches can be used for potato improvement by improving the production and quality characteristics of the crop without affecting maximum allele combination in commercial cultivars [32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. In tetraploid potato, the earliest successful utilization of TALENs were reported for knocking out alleles related to sterol side chain reductase-2 (StSSR2) [37], which are responsible for production of anti-nutritional sterol glycoalkaloid (SGA) [38, 39]. In 2015, it was reported that genome editing approaches such as TALENs [40] andCas [41] can be utilized to precisely alter the potato genome. /Cas9 mediated targeted mutation of StIAA2 gene, encodes for Aux/IAA protein, resulted in homozygous mono and biallelic mutations in the first generation of modified plants [41]. Advertisement 4. Trait improvement in potato usingCas technology4. 1 Disease resistanceDifferent biotic stresses are the root cause behind major obstruction in potato production, which ultimately results in enormous loss to farmers. Even now, several scientists are trying to make a key advancement in development of biotic stress resistant potatoes with the help of genome editing approaches. /Cas technology of genome editing is considered as an effective substitute for advancing potato breeding programmes. Phytophthora infestans cause late blight disease of potato, which is the key hinderance in enhancing potato production [42]. Therefore, many researchers are emphasizing on the development of late blight resistant potato cultivars, which can be achieved through knocking out or deleting susceptible genes (S-genes) of late blight [43]. At present, fungicidal sprays and breeding methods are used for the management of late blight in potato. At a recent time, late blight resistance in potato was commenced through knocking out of susceptible genes StDMR6-1 and StCHL1 [44] and Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase () [45]. Extracellular receptor protein ELR (elicitin response) is found in Solanum microdontum, a wild potato species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: There were more Chinese interviewees whose family members did not support their choice, with 4/7 Chinese respondents saying that their family members were not supportive of them going into STEM careers. Instead, their families still wanted them to choose a “stable" and “non-challenging" career. These family members felt that STEM as a highly male-dominated industry was too competitive and that women would not be able to compete with men for promotion. respondents said that their families believed that getting married and having children was the most important thing in life and that a woman’s career was optional compared to the former. interviewee said: “My mother, who was an accomplished engineer before she got married, quit her job to become a stay-at-home mom after she got married. She respected my future career choice, but other family members always told me that taking care of the family was what a woman should do. " women who were discouraged by their families did not give up on their current career pursuits; they still chose to enter the STEM industry because they “liked it" (4/7 of interviewees), for “better personal development prospects" (3/7 of interviewees), and “wanting to make the industry better by entering it myself" (3/7 of interviewees). All of the interviewees said that they would stay in STEM if they could improve the gender bias of the industry and attract more women into STEM industry. This attitude may go some way to explaining the confounding findings that SCO/CHI women were more likely to enter the STEM workforce if they believed it was detrimental for family life, and that CHI/CHI women were more likely to aspire to STEM careers if they felt the work environment to be hostile to women. These women have had to show commitment and resilience to discouragement to persist in their STEM aspirations and are keen to improve the environment for the better; hence the worse they consider the environment to be, they more they may feel their contributions can bring about change, despite the personal cost to them. However, this remains an interesting finding that we would like to investigate further. In addition to the impact of upbringing on women, many respondents were concerned about the current gender gap in STEM. 79% of respondents (both Chinese and UK) felt that women getting married and pregnant could affect their careers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: The scalp topographies of the event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in Troughs versus Peaks were almost diametrically opposed frontal cluster [–1. 42 s to 0. 48]: cluster-level P<0. 002; two occipital clusters [–1. 38 s to-0. 09s] and [0. 07s to 0. 71s]: cluster-level for both clusters p<0. 002; Figure 3A. This difference attests to the successful targeting of peaks versus troughs by the used brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm. For further manipulation checks of the stimulation algorithm see methods. The word-evoked response in the Peak condition resembled the response to white noise clicks in slow-wave entrainment studies (Andrillon and Kouider, 2020; Cox et al. , 2014b; Ngo et al. , 2013). An early frontal positivity at 200 ms was followed by a large negative component at 550 ms, which in turn was followed by a late positivity at 900 ms (Figure 3). These components have been described as the generic response of the sleeping brain to any kind of sensory stimulation (Andrillon and Kouider, 2020; Cox et al. , 2014b; Laurino et al. , 2014; Laurino et al. , 2019; Riedner et al. , 2011). Halász, 2016 suggested that these components resemble K-complexes that reflect the brain’s response to maintaining sleep in the presence of sensory stimuli. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Word-related EEG potentials recorded during sleep. (A) Word pair-related voltage response plotted for the Trough condition (blue) and the Peak condition (yellow, SD is shaded). (B) Comparison of subsequently correctly (dark blue) and incorrectly (light blue) assigned pseudowords to categories at the 36 hr retrieval in the Trough condition (N=15). (C) Topographical voltage distributions of the averaged significant cluster for the contrast of correct versus incorrect category assignments at the 36 hr retrieval. (D) Time course of the topographical voltage distribution for correctly and incorrectly assigned pseudowords at the 36 hr retrieval. * indicates significant time points; cluster-level p<0. 05. Shaded areas represent the standard deviation between subjects. All trials are sorted with reference to the word onset (0 seconds, vertical dotted line).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Additionally, not each and every potato variety is responsive to transformation. Protoplast mediated transformation and regeneration of plants from leaf as an explant can also cause somaclonal variation, ultimately negatively affecting plant development [8]. To understand complicated economically important traits, breeders are making efforts for development of diploid lines of potato. Self-incompatibility (SI) causes the significant obstruction in development of potato inbred lines, as SI impede in fixing of gene edits and selection of progeny by segregating out the inserted gene. Ye and co-workers [72] usedCas9 approach for production of diploid self-compatible lines of potato by knocking out the Stylar ribonuclease gene (S-RNase), responsible for self-incompatibility in potato. Yet a number of diploid, SI potato lines shows recalcitrant response to transformation through traditional Agrobacterium tumefaciens [73]. To avoid this, Butler and co-workers [73] used A. rhizogenes for speedy production of stable mutants within hairy root clones in potato genotypes which were already showing recalcitrant nature to A. tumefaciens. But in this method, analysis of hairy root clones was the major drawback. Genome editing approachCas9 was implemented for targeting phytoene desaturase (StPDS) gene in potato. This gene is found in hairy root clones of potato. This method resulted in 64–98% mutation in transformed hairy root clones. Production of off-target mutants in non-target gene(s) in potato while genome editing is an additional area to be studied. Off-target mutants cause unacceptable alterations in plants and also it complicates the procedure of mutant analysis. Synthetic proofreading Cas9 variants [74], test of sgRNA activity and developing good design [75] are the approaches used to decrease or even remove these off-target mutants. Also, it is important to produce transgene or foreign gene free potato. To be adopted by consumers and accepted by policy makers, gene edited (GE) crops should not contain any traces of foreign DNA [76]. Advertisement 6. ConclusionGenome editing can perform a key role in potato improvement by enhancing the tuber starch content, developing resistance/tolerance against biotic/abiotic stresses and reducing antinutritional factors and toxic compounds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: But she was just influenced by sexism and thought she really couldn’t learn, even though she hadn’t tried to study these subjects once. " Such views were much less reported by the UK interviewees, who experienced less direct experience of blatant bias in their education. However, 2/7 of the UK respondents had similar experiences of teachers giving higher marks to male students for the same answer in a test. This unconscious bias of teachers for male students created a great deal of frustration for these female students. Some studies have shown that at the higher education level, male students are more likely to get a response from STEM professors than emails from female students, and to do so more quickly (Milkman et al. , 2015). This could have a significant impact on women’s confidence in studying STEM subjects. This may explain why the results of the analysis in the quantitative part of this study showed that ability stereotypes and perceived bias are no longer influencing women’s willingness into STEM fields: all our respondents had already chosen to study STEM degrees and had thus proved their ability to persevere in STEM despite this discouragement; perhaps students more vulnerable to such bias have already dropped out of STEM. Although research shows that teachers in STEM being prejudiced towards boys is a global phenomenon (Fennema et al. , 1990; Thacker et al. , 2022), it is notable that such experiences were much less common in interviews with UK women. The cultural context is perhaps such that a teacher would not feel as free to express these sexist comments, which is surely a positive thing for their female students. However, they may still be exhibiting biased behaviour, whether conscious or unconscious, that could impact their students. Role ModelsAmong the independent variables related to role models, the number of role models in STEM fields that participants were familiar with had a significant effect on CHI/CHI women only, with a positive correlation. The gender of role models had a significant effect on all Chinese female participants, and both CHI/CHI and SCO/CHI believed that female role models would be more encouraging to their STEM employment intentions compared to male role models. In contrast, SCO/UK women did not seem to be so impacted by the visibility or gender of role models. Some studies suggest that an increase in the proportion of female faculty members in faculties does not attract more women to major in that field (Canes & Rosen, 1995; Price, 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: This comparison remained significant when we compared the area under the prototypicality curve (AUC; p<0. 019,–150 ms to 350 ms, FDR corrected: q Benjamini-Hochberg = 0. 02). AUC was computed to ensure that not only the word onset, but the entire trough period was more similar to the trough template for subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords. The other trough aspects did not differentiate significantly between subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords (all p>0. 13). The same Trough-related analyses for correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords at 12 hr are presented in the supplement (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). These analyses were not performed for the Peak condition because retrieval performance was not better than chance in the Peak condition. Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Trough features compared between correct and incorrect category assignments at the 36 hr retrieval. We display the comparison between correctly (blue) and incorrectly (brown) assigned pseudowords in the experimental condition at the 36 hr retrieval. (A) Using the amplitude of the correlation between the ERP and the template (Prototypicality, Fisher’s z) at word onset. (B) Using global field power (GFP, z-score) of the ERP at word onset. (C) Using the inter-trial phase coherence (ITC, a. u. ) between the four presentations of a word pair. (D) Using the time difference (Time Difference, z-score) between the actual acoustic stimulation and the measured trough maximum. Participant averages (dots), group median (line) and 95% confidence intervals (whiskers) are displayed as boxplots. * indicates a significant difference, p=0. 005 (paired t-test, N=15). Enhanced theta and fast spindle power promoted sleep-learning We aimed to isolate neural markers of semantic-associative encoding from word onset to 2. 5 s thereafter. To this aim, we compared EEG responses to the presentation of word pairs (EC) to responses to presentations of pseudowords (CC) during sleep. Pseudowords were presented alone (no added translation word) into both ears in the control condition and were played in alternating order with word pairs (. . . ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: As genome editing approaches are highly effective and accurate, this escalates the possibilities of improvement of other economically valuable plant characteristics also. In case of potato, it requires much efforts and skills for advancement of plant characters governed by multiple genes as compared to those governed by single gene due to heterozygous polyploid nature and asexual reproduction of potato plants. In spite of all these bottlenecks, significant success has been obtained in potato for few plant characteristics and many of them using gene editing approaches (gene knockout or addition/deletion of gene). Researchers have reported multiplexing of SpCas9 along with protoplast mediated transformation as an ideal choice for potato improvement. Over and above, it is important to aware consumers about difference between genome edited (GE) crops or crop varieties and genetically modified (GM) crops or crop varieties. Efforts are being made to keep genetically edited and genetically modified crops separate, which is important for advancement of gene editing approaches and their success. Collectively, genome editing throughCas is an efficient and precise next generation approach for rapid potato breeding to obtain sustainable crop yield. 1. /Cas genome editing in potato: Current status and future perspectives. Frontiers in Genetics. 2022;13:827808. DOI: 10. 3389/fgene. 2022. 8278082. den Berg RG, Vosman B. What’s in a name; genetic structure in Solanum section Petota studied using population-genetic tools. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011;11:42. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2148-11-423. Kennedy GG. In: editors. Integration of Insect-within IPM Programs. Amsterdam: Springer; 2008. 264. Genome editing in potato via -Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery. Physiologia Plantarum. 2018;164:378-384. DOI: 10. 1111/ppl. 127315. . Tetrasomic inheritance in cultivated potato and implications in conventional breeding. of Crop Science. 2015;93:185-190. DOI: 10. 3316/informit. 0752068024138266. . Applications of new breeding technologies for potato improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:925. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 009257.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Lastly on this topic, Deng discusses the potential role of stress-induced adaptive evolution in the development and further refinement of the metabolic system. Importantly, he notes that such adaptive evolution could have added to the complexity of the metabolic system over time, making it the complicated system it is today. The stable complex evolution model provides a fresh perspective in understanding the evolution of our genetic systems. Adapting to survive Adaptive evolution refers to adaptations of an organism to ensure they survive and thrive in their habitat. There are two principles of adaptive evolution, namely the function-based principle and the principle of cell selection. The former refers to the inclination for cells to maintain a stable function and a balance with the environment. The principle of cell selection proposes that cells maintain this stable function by acquiring mutations. Because cells want to maintain balance with the environment, any change in the environment can cause instability in cell function tipping it into a stress state. To counteract this instability and reinstate stability, the cell may select a mutation that enables this. Changes in the environment may therefore be one of the main driving forces of evolution and therefore cells need to adapt to survive. A real-life example of adaptive evolution can be found in a population living at high altitude with low-oxygen conditions. Research at the of discovered such populations develop a new protein called haemoglobin X. This protein is not present at birth but evolves to enable them to adapt to their low-oxygen environment because it improves oxygen use in an oxygen-depleted environment. Over a prolonged period under low-oxygen conditions, haemoglobin X could become integrated into the genetic structure to ensure survival of the species. Self-organisation, functional stability, and intrinsic selectivity of life Another evolutionary question that the stable complex model can help explain is self-organisation origin. Self-organisation refers to order in a complex system that occurs by itself and within itself as opposed to be induced by external factors. Deng reasons that the stable complex evolution model explains the self-organisation properties biomolecules display such as their natural tendencies to react with each other. The model emphasises two main aspects of the complementary interactions between molecules that are vital to induce evolution: one is high binding affinity and the second is the specificity of the interaction. He believes that stable binding provides the required high binding affinity that drives this self-organisation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Trough-targeted word pairs versus pseudowords enhanced the theta power at 500 ms following word onset (0. 2 s to 0. 7 s, cluster-level p=0. 018, no significant cluster for Peak-targeted word pairs, p>0. 1, Figure 5A). Trough-targeted word pairs versus pseudowords enhanced the fast spindle power at 1 s following word onset (0. 8 s-1. 2 s, cluster-level p=0. 012, no significant cluster for Peak-targeted word pairs, p>0. 4, Figure 5B). The average theta enhancement in the significant cluster correlated significantly with retrieval performance (theta: R=0. 57, p=0. 027, Figure 5A), while the spindle enhancement did not correlate with retrieval performance (spindle: R=0. 034, p=0. 9, Figure 5B). The comparison between correctly and incorrectly assigned pseudowords did not yield any significant cluster in the theta- or spindle-band power following word onset (window: 0–2. 5 s, cluster-level pTheta >0. 6; pSpindle >0. 1). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Theta and fast spindle power following word onset. Time course of the topographical distribution of theta (A) and fast spindle (B) power, shown for the experimental condition (EC), where word pairs were played, and for the control condition (CC), where pseudowords were played (left, average of representative electrodes). The blue box demarcates clusters that reflect a significant difference between EC and CC (*: cluster-level p<0. 05, N=15). Topographical distribution of the theta and the fast spindle power averaged over the significant time period and electrode displayed for the experimental condition (EC, top) and the control condition (CC, bottom) in the Trough condition. Correlation of the theta enhancement and the fast spindle enhancement measured from the cluster of significant electrodes with the individual accuracy of category assignments in the experimental condition at the 36 hr retrieval (right). Increased neural complexity in the trough condition mirrors word processing To further identify potential neural markers of semantic-associative encoding during sleep, we examined how Peak- vs. Trough-targeted stimulation altered the post-stimulus neural complexity of the EEG signal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Voytas DF, Gao C. Precision genome engineering and agriculture: Opportunities and regulatory challenges. PLoS Biology. 2014;12:e1001877. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 10018778. . Genome editing for crop improvement-applications in clonally propagated polyploids with a focus on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:1607. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 016079. High efficacy full allelicCas9 gene editing in tetraploid potato. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:17715. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-019-54126-w10. . -induced indels and base editing using the Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in potato. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0235942. DOI: 10. 371/journal. pone. 023594211. Toinga-. /Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the granule-bound starch synthase gene in the potato variety to obtain amylose-free starch in tubers. of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(9):4640. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2309464012. Amylose starch with no detectable branching developed through DNA-free -Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of two starch branching enzymes in potato. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:4311. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83462-z13. Reduced enzymatic browning in potato tubers by specific editing of a polyphenol oxidase gene via ribonucleoprotein complexes delivery of theCas9 system. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;10:1649. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 0164914. . Editing sterol side chain reductase 2 gene (StSSR2) viaCas9 reduces the total steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. All Life. 2021;14(1):401-413. DOI: 10. 1080/26895293. 2021. 192535815. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Toggle navigation volume no issue no Issue1 Issue2 Issue3 Issue4 Issue5 Issue6 Issue7 Issue8 Issue9 Issue10 Contents 157. doi: 10. 18689/ijcaa-1000128 Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. is the remarkable story of how the energy of the Universe is continuously replenished. The elements of the mechanism were developed over the past 20 years, have now been assembled together into what is being called a Mainspring object and is being presented here for the first time. From an unprecedented and unique perspective, the 1. the 1930s, physicist and philosopher Jeans expressed concern over the fact that “the solid substance of the material universe is continually dissolving away into intangible radiation. ” He cited the example of the Sun, which, every 24 hours converts 360,000 million tons of its material into radiation —radial emission that is, for the most part, “destined to journey on through space until the end of time. ” Jeans pointed out, the same conversion of mass to radiant energy is in progress in all the stars of the universe. He then wondered whether there was some way of circumventing such ongoing disintegration of the material world: “It is natural to ask whether a study of the universe as a whole reveals these processes as part only of a closed cycle, so that the wastage which we see in progress in the sun and stars and on the earth is made good elsewhere. When we stand on the banks of a river and watch its current ever carrying water out to sea, we know that this water is in due course transformed into clouds and rain which replenish the river. Is the physical universe a similar cyclic system, or ought it rather to be compared to a stream which, having no source of replenishment, must cease flowing after it has spent itself? ” –Jeans [1, p343] Jeans understood that the radiated energy cannot run downhill forever like the flow of a rain-replenished river, rather, like the weight driving a pendulum clock, it must ultimately touch bottom.

Output: pass