Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Raw variant calls were subsequently filtered following recommendations of the GATK filtering guidelines using separate filterers for SNPs and indels respectively [87]. Specifically, we used the following GATK filter settings for SNPS: -QD < 2, -FS > 60, -MQ < 40, -SOR > 4, -MQRankSum < -12. 5 and -ReadPosRankSum < -8. 0. For indels we used the following recommended filtering parameters: -FS > 200, ReadPosRankSum < -20. 0, -MQ < 30. Additionally, we removed all SNPs below a quality 30 (phred-scale), those with less than half or more than double the average genome-wide coverage using VCFtools [15] and all heterozygous sites for which the minor allele was only supported by a single read (Table S1). To infer the ancestral state of the sites in the gorilla genome we aligned the human (GCA_000001405. 29), orangutan (GCA_002880775. 3) and gibbon (GCA_006542625. 1) reference genomes to the gorilla reference using minimap2. 2. 24 with the parameters -ax asm10 to allow for up to ~ 10% of sequence divergence between the alignments. We then set the ancestral allele for all sites where the human, orangutan and gibbon genome showed the same allele. Heterozygosity and runs of homozygosityWe estimated heterozygosity in 10 kb windows across each individual genome by generating samtools pileup files [47] for all genomic sites covered by at least 10 reads and subsequently calculating the number of sites for which the allele frequency of the reference and alternative allele where between 10 and 90%. By restricting the analysis to sites of depth 10 and a minor allele frequency of at least 10%, we automatically restricted the identification of heterozygous sites to those for which both alleles are supported by at least two independent sequence reads. In addition, we also excluded sites for which any of the mapped reads suggested the presence of an indel, as such regions can be enriched for mis-alignments [1]. Next, we classified all 10 kb windows with three or fewer heterozygous sites as complete homozygous and merged all adjacent homozygous windows into a bed-file [67].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFrom the study it may be concluded that the LKD show high curcumin content with its chloroform extract showing higher yield of curcumin of high purity with significant antioxidant effects. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions could be obtained by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA with suitable size distribution and physicochemical properties. LKD curcumin nanosuspensions could be converted into to stable Carbopol based nanogel with safe and controlled skin permeability with reduced nanotoxicity. This controlled and sufficient skin permeability of Cur-NS nanogel might result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. Hence LKD turmeric may be explored more for its high and pure curcumin content and suitable nanoformulations in the form of nanogel may be designed for better clinical applications of curcumin for inflammation and cutaneous wound healing. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsPLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid NS: Nanosuspension SC: Stratum corneum PVA: alcohol LKD: : : : : : Chromatography TP: Total phenolics TSP: Total simple phenolics TC: Tannin content (TC) HPTLC: : Methanol CHCL3: Chloroform FT-IR: : : : calorimetry DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide TMS: Tetramethylsilane ppm: Parts per million DPPH : 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HRBC: Percentage stabilization of human red blood cell PDI: Polydispersity index DLS: Dynamic light scattering TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ICH: for : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals IAEC: Institutional animal ethical Committee SEM: Standard error of mean ANOVA: Analysis of variance BDMC: Bisdesmethoxycurcumin DMC: Demethoxycurcumin 10. 1007/s10695-008-9266-610. 4236/ajps. 2011. 2201310. 3389/fnut. 2021. 74795610. 1016/j. jchromb. 2007. 03. 01010. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2020.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Merged windows with a size of at least 100 kb were then classified as a run of homozygosity. Population structure and demographic historyIn order to assess population structure among all our genomes we performed a principal component analysis on all filtered autosomal SNPs using plink v1. 9 on default parameters [66]. To infer the long-term demographic history of the two gorilla species (western and eastern gorillas), we used the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent model (beta-PSMC) [50]. As the beta-PSMC analysis is sensitive to genome sequence depth, we used the five western and eastern gorilla genomes with the highest coverage (all > 25X). We excluded sex chromosomes, repetitive regions as obtained from the NCBI repeatmask track and all sites for which read depth was less than half and above two times the genome-wide average from the analysis. We scaled the output to years using a generation time of 20 years [78] and a mutation rate of 1. 8 × 10−8 per site per generation [8]. Finally, to infer split time estimates of the ancestral gorilla populations we estimated the probability that at sites where an individual B is heterozygous a second individual A carries the derived allele at a single randomly chosen chromosome (F(A|B) statistic) [28]. This method is based on the assumption that two diverging populations accumulate independent mutations that will not, assuming complete isolation, be present in other populations. By randomly sampling a single allele from the A individual, population size fluctuations in the A lineage do not affect the inference. Thus, we only need to account for genetic drift in the population leading to individual B. To calibrate the F(A|B) to the population size history of the B individual, we simulated the population size trajectory using msprime 1. 0 [5] with the inferred trajectory from beta-PSMC as model parameters and obtained the empirical values for the expected decay of F(A|B) and the corresponding split time from the modelled output. Mitochondrial assembly and phylogenyWe de novo assembled the mitochondrial genomes for all samples using MitoFinder [2]. First, any remaining adapter sequences were removed with trimmomatic on default settings [9], and MitoFinder was run with the metaspades assembler with default settings on the adapter trimmed reads. For all but two samples we obtained the complete contiguous mitochondrial genome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 3posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Acrylamide (ACR) formed during heating of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich food as well as widely applied in industries has been known as a well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. Results: ACR-induced weigh loss, deficits in motor function as well as pathological alterations in brains were significantly improved in rats administrated with 50 and 100 mg/kg curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany ant species have independently evolved colony structures with multiple queens and very low relatedness among nestmate workers, but it has remained unclear whether low-relatedness kin structures can repeatedly arise in populations of the same species. Here we report a study of Danish island populations of the red ant Myrmica sulcinodis and show that it is likely that such repeated developments occur. Two microsatellite loci were used to estimate genetic differentiation (FST) among three populations and nestmate relatedness within these populations. The FST values were highly significant due to very different allele frequencies among the three populations with relatively few common alleles and relatively many rare alleles, possibly caused by single queen foundation and rare subsequent immigration. Given the isolation of the islands and the low investment in reproduction, we infer that each of the populations was most likely established by a single queen, even though all three extant populations now have within-colony relatedness <0. 06. all populations can be regarded as supercolonies with high nest densities and competitive monopolisation of the habitat patch excluding all other ant species. the investment in new sexuals was extremely male-biased (>95%), and the genetic differentiation of nests showed a significantly positive correlation with the distance between them. Both male-biased sex-ratio and genetic viscosity are expected characteristics of populations where queens have very local dispersal and where new colonies are initiated through nest-budding. Based on a comparison with other M. sulcinodis populations we hypothesise a distinct succession of population types and suggest that this may be a possible pathway to unicoloniality, ie, development towards a complete lack of colony kin structure and unrelated nestmate workers. Similar content being viewed by others Integrative characterization of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in an ant species complex with strong hierarchical population structure and low dispersal abilities 0. 75) and single colony-queens to zero relatedness and highly polygynous nests have been observed. Allozyme studies from five different locations showed that worker nestmate relatedness in M. sulcinodis ranges from less than 0. 06 in a population in Denmark to more than 0. 50 in the Pyrenees, Russia and Finland (Seppä et al, 1995; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997). Also, population structure and inbreeding are very variable in this species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Two samples (SAMEA3939557 and SAMEA2697039) rendered discontiguous assemblies of two contigs each, which were then aligned to a publicly available gorilla mitogenome (NC_011120. 1) and manually concatenated or merged, restoring a complete and near complete (the two contigs were joined by 1091 unknown bases) mitochondrial genome for these samples, respectively. Next, the assemblies were shifted to the same starting position using a custom Python script, and aligned with mafft [43]. Finally, we excluded the hypervariable D-loop, and used PhyML on default settings (HKY85 model) to construct a neighbor joining tree [29]. Gene-flowWe used Dsuite v0. 5 to calculate D and f4 statistics for all possible combinations of samples using the filtered autosomal SNP dataset and human, orangutan, gibbon genome alignments for the ancestral allele inference [51]. Dsuite was also used to calculate Fd, fdM and dF statistics, measures specifically developed to investigate patterns of introgression in windows across the genome. All three introgression statistics were calculated in a pairwise manner using a mountain gorilla genome as population 1, a Grauer’s gorilla genome as population 2, and the Cross-river gorilla genome as population 3, a window size of 20 SNPs and a window stepsize of 10 SNPs, rotating through all combinations of individuals. Next, we converted the filtered autosomal SNP data to eigenstrat format and constructed admixturegraphs, iterating through all possible graph combinations for the five gorilla subspecies/populations (wester, Cross-River, Grauers’s, Virunga and Bwindi) using qpBrute v0. 3 [59]. At each iteration, insertion of a new graph node was tested against all existing branches of the graph. In cases in which a node could not be inserted without producing f4 outliers (that is, |Z|≥ 3), all possible admixture combinations were also attempted. To polarise the D-statistics and infer directionality of gene flow, we used the Dfoil statistic [61].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains were less than those in the ACR model group. Curcumin administration especially at the dose of 100 mg/kg upregulated the TERT mRNA expression and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues. Moreover, curcumin treatment reduced the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA, while increased the GSH contents as well as the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the cerebral homogenates, in comparison to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during the high-temperature processing of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich foods, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In the Pyrenees, nests were very discrete and widely scattered, while on the Danish island of Samsø multiple nests may belong to the same polydomous colony and nest densities are very high, saturating the entire suitable habitat (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a,b). Inbreeding was observed in the Pyrenees and in Russia (involving the production of a high frequency of diploid males; Pedersen et al, 1999), while Danish and British populations did not show any detectable inbreeding (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997). An explanation for this intraspecific variation could be that these Myrmica populations follow a distinct succession of social stages, and that they were in different successional stages at the moment of sampling. This scenario would include an invasive colonisation stage, followed by expansion, increasing population densities and declining nestmate relatedness. and Russian populations would thus represent an early stage, where genetic bottlenecks have caused a low number of alleles at the sex determination locus, causing the high number of diploid males. When populations survive this stage the genetic variation will gradually increase due to immigration, primarily of long distance-dispersing males. Consequently inbreeding decreases and expansion through nest-budding starts. Low relatedness populations such as the one on the Danish island of Samsø would then represent a later stage in the succession process, which is achieved only in long term stable habitats that can maintain high population densities. These latter populations tend to completely saturate the habitat (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), but it is as yet unclear whether habitat saturation is a cause or an effect of this final development towards a supercolony structure (Rosengren and Pamilo, 1983; see also Discussion). The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the population structure of two other isolated populations of M. sulcinodis in Denmark, to estimate the genetic differentiation between these populations and the population from the island of Samsø, and to assess whether these populations represent multiple samples of related end points of social development that disperse from island to island, or whether they are independent multiple end points of social succession towards unicoloniality, starting from a single queen colonisation in every population. Materials and methodsSample collectionThe red ant M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Dfoil calculates four different D-statistics for different combinations in a symmetrical four taxon topology with an outgroup (((P1,P2),(P3,P4)),Outgroup) and uses the combination of these to identify the donor and recipient lineages, as well as the directionality of gene flow terminal branches. We counted the frequency of the 16 biallelic site patterns (from AAAAA to BBBBA) in sliding windows of 100 kb using a step size of 200 kb across all autosomes with a custom Python script. Next, these windows were analyzed with dfoil. py and summarized with dfoil_analyze. py ( The analysis was run with the human/orangutan/gibbon consensus as outgroup, western lowland as P4, as P3, Grauer’s as P2 and repeated with either Bwindi, Virunga, or the two joined together as P1. All autosomal neighbor joining trees were constructed using fasta alignments in MEGA11 [76]. Local adaptation and coding variation among gorillasTo identify signals of recent local adaptation among the gorilla populations we used the XP-EHH statistics, which is based on extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) statistic as formulated by [73] and implemented in the rehh R package [25]. The XP-EHH selection scan was run across the genome on the filtered SNP dataset using two different population groupings 1) All western gorillas as population A and all eastern gorillas as population B and 2) All Grauer’s gorillas as population A and all Mountain gorillas (Bwindi + Virunga) as population B. In addition to genomic selection signals, we also searched for protein-coding alleles unique and fixed to each of the gorilla subspecies and populations. We separated the SNP dataset into subsets; identifying sites for which all gorilla individuals in the same population are homozygous for the derived allele and all other gorillas homozygous for the ancestral allele. Next, we lifted over all these alleles to the human reference genome GCA_000001405. 29 using the human-gorilla minimap2 alignment and a chain file generated using transanno v0. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active constituent in turmeric, a common spice, with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The relatedness between workers in pairs of nearest nests on the grid analysed was significantly smaller than the average within-nest relatedness (Δr = 0. 034 ± 0. 017; paired t-test; P = 0. 028) indicating that nests at this scale (6–15 m) are not part of the same polydomous colony. Thus the nests analysed are likely to represent different, independent colonies. However, at the scale of the total population, close nests tend to be more genetically similar than more distant nests as shown by a relatively strong and significantly positive correlation of genetic and spatial distance (r = 0. 17; Figure 4). Figure 4Association of genetic distance measured as pairwise FST and spatial distance between pairs of nests in Læsø1 (closed circles; matrix correlation r = 0. 22; Mantel test, P = 0. 070) and Læsø2 (open circles; r = 0. 21; P = 0. 046). The positive correlation was highly significant in the combined test (r = 0. 17; Mantel test with nested populations, P < 0. 001). Full size imageExact tests revealed that the genepools of all three populations studied were significantly differentiated (Bonferroni corrected P < 0. 001 for all three comparisons) with estimates of pairwise FST being 0. 076 for Læsø1–Læsø2 and 0. 062 for both Læsø1–Samsø and Læsø2–Samsø. The estimated average FST among all three populations was 0. 067 ± 0. 009. Hence, the two populations at Læsø, which are about an order of magnitude closer to each other than to the Samsø population, are not genetically more similar to each other than to the population on SamsøThe number of winged sexuals found during sampling at Læsø1 was relatively low (n = 89) and all but two were males. This gave a highly male biased numerical sex ratio of 0. 978, corresponding to a relative investment in new queens of only 0. 042 (calculation based on dry weights in Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 0 ( We then used SIFT to identify allele protein-coding changes among the population specific allele sets and obtained SIFT scores, a measure of how likely these changes are to impact the protein function, for each of the alleles [88]. Gene ontology enrichmentWe conducted all gene ontology (GO) enrichments using GOrilla [19], with the subset of genes of interest as target set and the full set of annotated protein coding genes in the human genome as background set. Availability of data and materials All data used in this study is publicly available on the Archive under the following project IDs; PRJEB3220, PRJNA189439 and PRJEB12821. 76. 905. 2023. 1. 0. Genetics. 2022;220(3):229. M, et al. Ebola outbreak killed 5000 gorillas. Science. 2006;314(5805):1564. 92. 20. 23. 96. 91. 90. 5317. 8. 61. 64. 59. 48. 735. 38. 76. 81. 211. 7. 87. 8. 22. 3. 0. Syst Biol. 2010;59(3):307–21. 8302. 97. 1981. . Gorilla society: conflict, compromise, and cooperation between the sexes. University of Chicago Press; 2007. M, Bataillon T. Selective sweeps under dominance and inbreeding. G3. 2020;10(3):1063–75. 24. pdf. Hickey, J. R. , Uzabaho, E. , Akantorana, M. , Arinaitwe, J. , Bakebwa, I. , Bitariho, R. , Eckardt, W. , Gilardi, K. V. , Katutu, J. , Kayijamahe, C. , Kierepka, E. M. , Mugabukomeye, B. , Musema, A. , Mutabaazi, H. , Robbins, M. M. , Sacks, B. N. , and Zikusoka, G. K (2019) ‘Bwindi-Sarambwe 2018 Surveys: monitoring mountain gorillas, other select mammals, and human activities’. Hoek van der Y, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: sulcinodis is able to monopolise habitat patches of vastly different sizes, and that (2) such populations have a very similar kin-structure (low, but significantly positive relatedness), breeding system (slightly positive but non-significant inbreeding) and mode of reproduction (extremely male-biased sex ratio). Genetic differentiation of populationsGenetic differentiation (FST) among the three M. sulcinodis populations studied was highly significant. Moreover, about one-third (12/35) of the alleles were only found in a single population and the high variability of the microsatellite markers used most likely implies that genetic differentiation is underestimated by F-statistics (Hedrick, 1999). Perhaps surprisingly, a comparison of the pair-wise estimates of FST showed that the two Læsø populations were not genetically more similar to each other than they were to the Samsø population, suggesting that long-distance migration between populations is equally rare at various larger distances and that common alleles are likely to represent the alleles carried by the founding individuals (founder effect). Where do the new queens come from? The extremely male biased sex ratio and the relatively strong correlation of genetic and spatial distance at the scale of total populations (Figure 4) firmly support the argument that the dominant mode of reproduction of M. sulcinodis on Læsø is nest budding within the habitat patch. Queens joining a group of workers to initiate a bud-nest avoid the mortality associated with long- distance dispersal and the risk of not finding a suitable nest site after short-distance dispersal. The latter may be particular advantageous in dense, saturated populations where budding is likely to be an optimal strategy for colonies to monopolise resources in the suitable patch (Rosengren and Pamilo, 1983; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b). Considerable genetic viscosity, a likely result of nest budding, has earlier been shown to occur in other polygynous ant species of the genera Myrmica (Seppä and Pamilo, 1995), Formica (Chapuisat et al, 1997;Liautard and Keller, 2001), and Rhytidoponera (Tay et al, 1997). An intriguing remaining question is how low-relatedness populations of M. sulcinodis recruit their replacement queens, as it seems that they hardly produce gynes in most breeding seasons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Diet of Grauer’s Gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) in a Low-Elevation Forest. Primatol. 2021;92(2):126–38. 10. 2305/iucn. uk. 2016-2. rlts. t39995a17989838. en. IUCN (2016b) ‘Gorilla gorilla: Maisels, F. , bergl, R. a. & Williamson, E. a’, of Threatened Species. IUCN. Available at: (2016c) ‘Gorilla gorilla ssp. diehli: Bergl, R. A. , Dunn, A. , Fowler, A. , Imong, I. , Ndeloh, D. , Nicholas, A. & Oates, J. F’, of Threatened Species. IUCN. Available at: (2018) ‘Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei: Hickey, J. R. , Basabose, A. , Gilardi, K. V. , Greer, D. , Nampindo, S. , Robbins, M. M. & Stoinski, T. S’, of Threatened Species. IUCN. Available at: SJ, Russell J. Lowland forest collapse and early human impacts at the end of the Period at Lake Edward, equatorial East Africa. Quatern Res. 2018;89(1):7–20. 80. 71. 2024. 21. 9. 60. 6. 785. 95. 26. 57. 303. 7. 2022. M, et al. ‘Ecology, Phylogeny, Shapes the in Species’, Evol, 39(12). Available at: 2022. A, Scholz CA. Paleohydrology of and its influence on the system. Palaeoecol. 2014;403:88–100. 5. 14. 62. 207. 2697. 6. 5. 75. MJ, et al. of Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Seasons of at Bai Hokou, Republic. Primatol. 2001;22(5):807–36. 59. 33. 21. 0811. 7. 75. 2964. 11. Evol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining showed that the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduce the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at the dose of 100mg/kg increased TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR To explored the possible anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of and the activities of -Px in the cerebral homogenates were quantified as measures of the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, the content of MDA was markedly increased, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX were markedly decreased in cerebral homogenates of ACR-treated rats in comparison to the normal control group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, these alterations induced by ACR were significantly ameliorated by curcumin treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In an earlier study on Samsø, Pedersen and Boomsma (1998) also found a very low overall sexual productivity of nests (108 sexuals of both sexes in 39 nests over 2 years), whereas the productivity of British populations with moderate nestmate relatedness was an order of magnitude larger (Elmes, 1987; see also below). Although we cannot exclude the possibility that both island studies accidentally sampled bad years for sexual production, in different years and on different locations, this possibility seems less likely than assuming that saturated habitats in fact select for low investment in sexual reproduction, relative to the production of new workers needed for colony budding (cf. Pamilo, 1991). Another case of apparent underproduction of replacement queens was recently reported for a population of M. rubra with comparable social structure (Walin et al, 2001). As a working hypothesis for explaining the paradox of queen recruitment in M. sulcinodis (ie, low rates of production of new queens vs high abundance of breeding queens), we suggest that colonies either must produce more gynes in some breeding seasons that we have so far failed to sample, or that they rely on immigrating queens from isolated nests or long-distance populations with a more distinct kin-structure and a more even sex ratio. Such populations are known to occur in M. sulcinodis (see below) and are probably more easily overlooked than saturated populations like the ones investigated on Samsø and in the present study. However, immigration would tend to remove the observed genetic viscosity of the population (Figure 4) and is thus not likely to be a major source of new queens. A third and not mutually exclusive explanation is that M. sulcinodis queens are very long-lived, so that these supercolonies can maintain high effective queen-numbers and thus long-term stability with low recruitment of new queens. This contrasts with the common view that a short lifespan is typically expected in polygynous ants (Keller and Genoud, 1997) including Myrmica (Elmes and Petal, 1990; Seppä, 1994; Evans, 1996). The succession of M. sulcinodis populationsIn the introduction we have outlined a hypothetical scenario of how low relatedness supercolonies may develop in M. sulcinodis and other polygynous ants. We now return to this scenario for a more detailed discussion in light of the results of the present study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: 2021;38(7):3022–7. 58. 85. 59. of Threatened Species’. 2019. Available at: MW, et al. The evolutionary origin and population history of the grauer gorilla. Phys Anthropol. 2016;159(Suppl 61):S4–18. 2023. der Valk T, et al. Whole mitochondrial genome capture from faecal samples and museum-preserved specimens. Resour. 2017;17(6):e111–21. PubMed 6551. 170. e6. 2021. R, et al. SIFT missense predictions for genomes. Nat Protoc. 2016;11(1):1–9. 46. 245. Available at: 2020. 0239). KG was supported by the Council VR (2020–03398). The authors also acknowledge support from Science for (SciLifeLab), the Infrastructure (NGI) funded by the Council, and Center for Science () for access to the computational infrastructure. Author informationAuthor notesTom van der Valk and contributed equally to this work. Authors and AffiliationsCentre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, SwedenTom van der ValkDepartment of Bioinformatics and Genetics, of Natural History, Stockholm, SwedenTom van der van der Valk & Katerina GuschanskiDepartment of van der ValkDepartment of Ecology and & Katerina GuschanskiDepartment of Anthropology, University of CA – of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of van der ValkView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Resequenced gorilla genomes analysed in this study and allele balance of heterozygous sites after mapping. Table S2. D and f4-ratio statistics for each pairwise comparison of the gorilla genomes. Table S3. qpGraph statistics for the two models in figure 3A. Table S4. Dfoil results with different P1 populations. P2-P4 was the same in all analyses: P2 = Grauer's (G), P3 = cross river (CR), P4 = western lowland (WL). The consensus sequence of human/orang-utan/gibbon was used as outgroup. Table S5. Genes within low or high genomic diversity regions. Table S6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, be responsible for its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program has been well-accepted as a fundamental component in the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is vitally important to prevent against neuronal cell apoptosis, and then limit the brain damage caused by neuronal death [26].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The long distance between the three genetically differentiated M. sulcinodis populations suggests that they were founded by a single inseminated queen. We realise that we cannot prove this ‘single-queen-foundation’ scenario, but the alternative explanation based on short distance multiple colonisation followed by extinction of neighbouring, equally polygynous, populations is much less likely. The alternative explanation would automatically raise the question how these larger original populations were founded, which would ultimately require a scenario where the entire island or the area comprising both islands has once been covered by a network of interconnected supercolonies. Such a starting point, followed by gradual but large-scale extinction and substantial genetic drift, could, in theory, explain the differentiation between the three extant supercolonies on the two islands, but there are strong arguments that make this alternative a rather academic case. First, the topography of the island of Læsø indicates that the heathland habitats of the two extant supercolonies at opposite ends of the island have always been separated by zones of lower altitude without suitable habitat for M. sulcinodis. Second, this scenario would predict that the allele frequencies of the two Læsø populations are more similar to each other than to the Samsø population, and this is clearly not the case as documented by comparable estimates of pairwise FST. Assuming single-queen foundation implies that early colony expansion after colonisation would only have been possible if such single founding colonies in Læsø1 and Læsø2 produced winged reproductives of both sexes and if these young budding populations were able to survive a considerable load from diploid male production and perhaps reduced viability due to inbreeding depression. We know that such populations do exist in M. sulcinodis. Small and scattered populations in both the Pyrenees and Russia are characterised by a high proportion of mating among relatives leading to FIS values of 0. 23–0. 33 and with up to 65% of the males being sterile diploids (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997; Pedersen et al, 1999). Many young populations may not survive such a bottleneck, but the few that do would probably start an exponential growth phase of expansion, during which inbreeding depression would gradually diminish owing to occasionally (but still rare) immigrating males or gynes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 0 Skip to content 0 Publications A-Z Journals A-and and Developmental BiologyChemical and and and Planetary SciencesEcology, Evolution, and SystematicsEconomicsEntomologyEnvironment and and TechnologyGeneticsGenomics and Human GeneticsImmunologyLaw and and P10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 First published as a Review in Advance on January 11, 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved info Info 10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 2019-05-30 2024-10-05 Download as Powertext loading. . . /deliver/fulltext/earth/47/1/annurev-earth-053018-060136. html? itemId=/content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah 2003. Selective extinction among bivalves: a consequence of anoxia. Geology 31:1077–80 [1987. Why the rhynchonellid brachiopods survived and the spiriferids did not: a suggestion. Palaeontology 30:853–57 [2011. Terrestrial–marine teleconnections in the collapse and rebuilding of marine ecosystems. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 308:1–11 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2017. Mass extinction in tetraodontiform fishes linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum. Proc. R. Soc. B 284:20171771 [2014. Extreme warming of tropical waters during the Paleocene–Maximum. Geology 42:739–42 [2012. Carbon cycle dynamics following the end-Triassic mass extinction: constraints from paired δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 13:Q09008 [2002. Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm. PNAS 99:6854–59 [2010. Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 3:205–8 [2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in a disturbance in the balance between the free radical formation and elimination, the latter of which is mediated by antioxidant systems [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Intermediate population structures would thus arise, characterised by moderately low relatedness and no detectable inbreeding. Examples of M. sulcinodis populations in this stage of development are known from Dorset, UK, were moderate relatedness of worker nest-mates and less male biased sex ratios were found in most years (Stoborough: rworkers-old = 0. 366 ± 0. 061; FIS = 0. 042 ± 0. 067; n = 44 nests. Winfrith: rworkers-old = 0. 346 ± 0. 091; FIS = −0. 046 ± 0. 085; n = 27 nests. Pedersen, 1997). The final stage of development, perhaps only reached in the most long-lived populations in highly stable habitats, would then be represented by the Danish island populations of Læsø and Samsø, where relatedness approaches zero and where habitat saturation is almost complete. This hypothetical scenario would predict that marker genes of founders remain dominant in the supercolony for quite some time. This implies the expectation that the allele frequency distribution of each highly variable microsatellite locus should be characterised by two or three common alleles (representing the inseminated founding queen and multiplied during the initial population growth phase) and a series of rare alleles (representing later immigrants). The patterns in Figure 2 do indeed seem to give some support for this idea, especially for the Myrt2 locus. A similar scenario may apply to M. rubra, where populations are also highly variable in colony kin-structure (Seppä and Walin, 1996) and where low-relatedness supercolonies have repeatedly been found in isolated, long-term stable habitats (Pearson, 1983; Seppä and Pamilo, 1995; Seppä and Walin, 1996). In M. rubra, development has gone even further in that a smaller, microgyne phenotype of queen has evolved, possibly as an adaptation to the typical kin structure in these supercolonies (Pearson and Child, 1980; Elmes and Keller, 1993). We conclude that M. sulcinodis and most likely also M. rubra are apparently able to predictably develop low-relatedness supercolonies in long-term stable isolated habitats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:920–26 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2017. End-Triassic mass extinction started by intrusive CAMP activity. Nat. Commun. 8:15596 [2009. Foraminifera promote calcification by elevating their intracellular pH. PNAS 106:15374–78 [2011. Ammonite paleobiogeography during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis (Early Jurassic) reflecting paleoclimate, eustasy, and extinctions. Glob. Planet. Change 78:92–105 [2003. Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chem. Geol. 202:257–73 [2015. Climate change tightens a metabolic constraint on marine habitats. Science 348:1132–35 [2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321:926–29 [2012. Seawater oxygenation during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 40:639–42 [2015. Evidence for weathering and volcanism during the PETM from and Peri-Tethys osmium isotope records. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 438:300–7 [2010. Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–6 [2015. Ca isotope stratigraphy across the Cenomanian–Turonian OAE 2: links between volcanism, seawater geochemistry, and the carbonate fractionation factor. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 416:121–31 [2017. Volatiles and exsolved vapor in volcanic systems. Elements 13:29–34 [1994. Nannofossils and superplumes: the “nannoconid crisis. . ” Paleoceanography 9:483–501 [2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65:414–32 [2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The mechanism behind this extreme flexibility in the expression of social traits may be convergent natural selection in each patch over a series of queen generations. However, given the limited gene flow between populations, the likely high longevity (and thus long generation time) of queens and the identical end product of these patch-wise developments in spite of large differences in allele frequencies at neutral marker loci, it seems more likely that phenotypic plasticity with context-dependent expression of social traits is responsible for the repeated emergence of low-relatedness supercolonies in Myrmica ants. A recent paper by Chapman and Bourke (2001) suggested that several pathways may lead to unicolonial structures in social insects depending on the ecological and genetical conditions. The succession of population types known for Myrmica ants is at least partly consistent with the ‘ecological pathway’ hypothesis, because unicoloniality is ultimately mediated by habitat saturation (Chapman and Bourke, 2001). This scenario allows that genetic processes interact with habitat saturation processes. Our study adds considerable detail to this scenario for a single case in point and indicates that these genetic effects are perhaps most prominent during the intermediate stages of social development towards supercolonies in Myrmica ants. 662. 482. 288. 583. 307. Elmes GW, (1990). Queen number as an adaptable trait: evidence from wild populations of two red ant species (genus Myrmica). J Anim Ecol, 59: 675–690. 397. 284. 6079. 1. 2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered, 86: 485–486. 2. 9. 1. Institute of Ecology, University of Lausanne: LausanneAvailable at WD (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour I-II. J Theor Biol, 7: 1–52. 318. 952. 960. 49. CAS 126. 2492. 433. 43. (1983). Intra-colonial relatedness amongst workers in a population of nests of the polygynous ant, Myrmica rubra Latreille. Sociobiol, 12: 1–4. 109. 172. (1998). Direct genetic evidence for local mate competition in ants. Naturwiss, 85: 593–595. 917. 144. 275. 175. 77. 576. 3025. 2001.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 13:Q01005 [2016. Evidence for a composite organic–inorganic fabric of belemnite rostra: implications for palaeoceanography and palaeoecology. Sediment. Geol. 341:203–15 [2010. Living in the now: physiological mechanisms to tolerate a rapidly changing environment. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72:127–45 [2012. The geological record of ocean acidification. Science 335:1058–63 [2014. Pacing of the (Early Jurassic) from astronomical correlation of marine sections. 25:1348–56 [2016. Low-latitude arc–continent collision as a driver for global cooling. PNAS 113:4935–40 [2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 11:Q03004 [2016. The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441:4–21 [2018. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: blurring ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 221:jeb169615 [1994. End-Cenomanian benthic foraminiferal extinctions and oceanic dysoxic events in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 111:29–43 [2013. Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification. Funct. Ecol. 27:980–90 [2015. Maximum rates of climate change are systematically underestimated in the geological record. Nat. Commun. 6:9890 [2017. Palaeogeographic variation in the Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites: a discussion of microbial and ocean processes after the end-Permian mass extinction. J. Palaeogeogr. 6:97–107 [2007. Extinction trajectories of benthic organisms across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 244:201–22 [2011. On the potential for ocean acidification to be a general cause of ancient reef crises. Glob. Change Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 5) than to the sons of the queen (r = 0. 25) and in queenless conditions are usually capable of producing male offspring from their own, unfertilized eggs [5, 6]. Complete worker sterility benefits the queen, which should be selected to inhibit worker reproduction. However, overt aggression by the queen is very rare and appears restricted to very small colonies [7–10]. Instead, reproduction appears to be controlled chemically by glandular or cuticular pheromones [11, 12]. In honeybees, secretions from the mandibular glands and other sources are thought to regulate egg laying in the hive [reviewed in [13, 14]]. In contrast, the chemical composition of cuticular waxes is correlated with fecundity in a wide and diverse range of species of ants. This suggests the involvement of cuticular hydrocarbons in the regulation of reproduction [11, 12], and indeed, 3-methyl-hentriacontane has recently been shown to regulate worker sterility in the ant Lasius niger [15]. The question why workers respond to queen pheromones by foregoing their own reproduction is a special case of the more general, fundamental problem of whether intraspecific communication is honest or manipulative. Queen-specific chemicals might act as primer pheromones that actively suppress the ovaries of workers [16, 17]. However, it has been argued that such inhibitive queen control were instable in evolution if acting against the fitness interests of the workers [18]. Mutations rendering workers insensitive to queen inhibition would spread in the population, again changing the selection pressures on queens and favoring queen mutations that qualitatively or quantitatively changed their manipulative agents. The resulting arms race between queens and workers would eventually lead to more and more complex pheromone mixtures. As an alternative, pheromones produced by the queens might honestly signal their level of fertility. Workers might respond in their own interest, e. g. , to avoid being attacked ("policed") by the queen or other workers [11, 18–21]. Worker altruism might therefore be "enforced" [21–25]. Honest signaling requires that the quantity or quality of queen pheromones is strictly associated with their level of fertility and mating status [18]. This, however, is often not the case.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 17:56–67 [2004. Province at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary: paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228:1143–60 [2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:295–313 [2016. Calcium and calcium isotope changes during carbon cycle perturbations at the end-Permian. Paleoceanography 31:115–30 [2009. Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. 166:431–45 [2010. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a review. J. Sci. 39:215–35 [1999. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chem. Geol. 161:181–98 [2007. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and late 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:211–23 [2014. Mercury in the Anthropocene ocean. Oceanography 27:76–87 [2009. Extinction, survival and recovery of corals from the Triassic to time. 21:57–66 [2015. Climate-related range shifts—a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38:15–28 [2014. Gene expression changes in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi after 500 generations of selection to ocean acidification. Proc. R. Soc. B 281:20140003 [2010. Orbital tuning as an inverse problem: chronology of the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (Selli Level) in the. Paleoceanography 25:PA2203 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef ecosystems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [2016. Effects of the early on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Basin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For example, unmated reproductives may produce similar pheromonal bouquets as mated reproductives [11, 22]. Furthermore, the hypothesis of manipulative regulation of reproduction appears to gain renewed support from the observation that, at least in honeybees, the regulation of reproduction is based on a very large number of substances from multiple glands [13, 14]. Distinguishing between queen control and honest signaling is difficult without detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. However, both mechanisms might leave different traces in evolution [11]. The series of manipulation and counter-manipulation associated with the scenario of queen control results in a rapid evolution of queen compounds. Queen pheromones therefore likely differ even between related species. In contrast, honest signals are expected to be more stable in evolution and to evolve more slowly. Unfortunately, little is known about the variation of fertility-associated chemical compounds among related species. In this study, we compared the composition of worker and queen cuticular hydrocarbons among different species of the ant genus Temnothorax. In addition, we investigated whether workers begin laying eggs in the presence of a queen from another, closely or distantly related species. We hypothesized that with queen control and rapid evolution, queens should be less efficient in suppressing ovary development by workers from another species. Furthermore, we expected the chemical bouquet of queens to differ more between species than those of workers. In contrast, in the case of honest signaling, workers would react to fertility signals by queens from another species, and the bouquets of queens from different species would be not more different than those of workers. ResultsWorker ovary activation and male-production by workersExperimental colonies, in which queens and workers either belonged to the same species or to different species, were created by exchanging worker pupae among colonies. Ovary dissection showed that all queens had elongated ovaries with numerous yellow bodies and maturing eggs, i. e. , they were fully fertile. None of the workers in the control colonies had activated ovaries (colony groups and RR; Figure 1a-d). Though we had observed sporadic worker egg-laying in queenright colonies of T. recedens in a previous study (unpublished data), dissection data did not corroborate this result for the presently studied colonies. Figure 1a-d - Worker ovary activation in mixed species colonies of Temnothorax ants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 42:117–26 [1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285:1386–90 [2005. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 435:479–82 [2011. The Paleocene-Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:489–516 [1980. catastrophe. Nature 287:760 [1995. Selective extinction among end-bivalves. Geology 23:102–4 [2009. Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: Pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny. ? Biogeosciences 6:2313–31 [2008. Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 36:747–50 [2005. Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid-base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 293:109–18 [2014. Transgenerational acclimation of fishes to climate change and ocean acidification. F10006:99 [2016. Sea-surface temperature evolution across 1a. Geology 44:959–62 [2011. Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: global warming implications. 6:e29340 [2017. Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a (OAE-2: ∼94 Ma). Sci. Adv. 3:e1701020 [2015. Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy. PNAS 112:4696–701 [2016. Extinction intensity, selectivity and their combined macroevolutionary influence in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20160202 [2012. End-Permian mass extinction in the oceans: an ancient analog for the twenty-first century? . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40:89–111 [2010. Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Mar. Biol. 157:2051–59 [2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Full size tableIn 2007, a total of 752 males were collected from 60 colonies (Table 2). Five colonies, in which the queen or most of the workers had died, were excluded from further analyses. In all colonies, except RC8, queens had fully developed and activated ovaries with yellow bodies and maturing eggs. Table 2 Male production by queens and workers in control and mixed-species colonies composed of different Temnothorax species. Full size tableAllozyme analyses revealed that males in mixed-species colonies were produced by the queen (e. g. , CN13), by the workers (e. g. , CN8) or both (e. g. , RN5, NU12, CU15, Table 2). Queens of colonies UC6 and UC8 were homozygous for the s allele, and m-males were therefore offspring of T. crassispinus workers, while the one s-male was son of a T. unifasciatus queen. All queens of colonies NU10 to NU15 were homozygous ff, and the s- and m-males were therefore offspring of T. unifasciatus workers. In the CU colonies, s-males were presumably produced by T. unifasciatus workers, but m-males could in principle be sons of a T. crassispinus queen or T. unifasciatus workers. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that the eight males in colony CU12 were offspring of T. unifasciatus workers, while the 18 males from the colony CU15 were produced by the T. crassispinus queen. Cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers from different species of TemnothoraxantsThe cuticular profiles of queens and workers of the six Temnothorax species consisted of a total of 64 peaks (Numbers of peaks in each species is given in Table 3). 40 peaks consistently appeared in all six species and 47 peaks could be identified by GC-MS [Additional file 1. Representative chromatography profiles from a queen of each species; Additional file 2. Proportions (%) of peak areas from cuticular hydrocarbon extracts of queens and workers of each species; Additional file 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species. Funct. Ecol. 18:625–30 [2016. Silicate weathering and silica burial during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 44:731–34 [2014. Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Maximum. Paleoceanography 29:357–69 [2016. An abyssal carbonate compensation depth overshoot in the aftermath of the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nat. Geosci. 9:575–80 [2016. Osmium isotope evidence for two pulses of increased continental weathering linked to volcanism and climate change. Geology 44:759–62 [2015. Globally enhanced mercury deposition during the end-Pliensbachian extinction and Toarcian OAE: a link to the Karoo–Igneous Province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428:267–80 [2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–42 [2016. Quantitative analysis of the ecological dominance of benthic disaster taxa in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 42:380–93 [2014. High temperature and low oxygen perturbations drive contrasting benthic recovery dynamics following the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 399:98–113 [2013. Lithium isotope evidence for enhanced weathering during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 6:668–72 [1995. Coordination of metabolism, acid‐base regulation and haemocyanin function in cephalopods. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 25:131–48 [2017. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: bridging ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 220:2685–96 [2005. Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO2 on marine animals: from Earth history to global change. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C9C09S10 [2018. Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: a volcanic trigger proved. ? Geology 46:543–46 [2009.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) of each species; see also [26] for identification of compounds in T. unifasciatus]. The profiles of queens and workers were predominantly characterized by the linear alkane n-C27 (Additional file 1, 2), while individuals of T. recedens were characterized by several longer chained hydrocarbons. Due to their very low abundance, peaks 36 to 40 and a few other peaks marked in Table S1 (Additional file 3) with an asterisk could not be identified. However, the latter peaks had exactly the same retention time as peaks in other species, which could be identified and are therefore assumed to be chemically identical to these compounds. Table 3 between groups of queens and workers within six Temnothorax species based on their specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Full size tableThe chemical distances between T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus queens are lower compared to the other pair-wise comparisons among queens (Figure 2; Table 4). The groups of T. recedens queens and workers are chemically most distant from the groups of the other three Temnothorax species (Figure 2; Table 4). Interestingly, distances among queens are higher than among workers in four of six pair-wise comparisons (Table 4). Figure 2PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles from four Temnothorax species. Bidimensional PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles of queens (Q) and workers (W) from four different species of Temnothorax ants involved in the mixed-species experiment: T. unifasciatus (Tu Q, n = 5; Tu W, n = 12), T. nylanderi (Tn Q, n = 6; Tn W; n = 9), T. crassispinus (Tc Q, n = 6; Tc W, n = 9), T. recedens (Tr Q, n = 10; Tr W; n = 34). The percentages of variance explained by the two main principal coordinates are given in parentheses. Full size imageTable 4 Chemical distances between queens and workers among four Temnothorax species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to the at the in the South Atlantic. Mar. Micropaleontol. 70:201–12 [2018. Marine invertebrate migrations trace climate change over 450 million years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27:704–13 [2015. State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact. Science 350:76–78 [2010. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol. Cell 40:253–66 [2005. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234:299–315 [2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75:4053–64 [2009. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37:1131–34 [2017. from (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse. J. Paleontol. 91:1025–46 [2016. Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:537–49 [2017. Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system. Sci. Adv. 3:9e1700906 [2011. Atmospheric carbon injection linked to End-Triassic mass extinction. Science 333:430–34 [2012. mercury anomalies. Geology 40:63–66 [2017. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? Evidence from the mid- Event 2 (Late Cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 18:4253–75 [2011. Atmospheric pCO2 perturbations associated with the Magmatic Province. Science 331:1404–9 [1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnb. 55:179–84 [2016. Selective environmental stress from sulphur emitted by continental flood basalt eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 9:77–82 [2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Full size tableWithin each species, chemical distances between groups of queens and workers are statistically significant and their cuticular profiles are classified correctly in a discriminant analysis (Table 3). Discussion and ConclusionsOur study about the cross-specificity of the chemical compounds used in the regulation of reproduction in colonies of Temnothorax ants reveals a promising new approach to answering the question of whether queen pheromones are manipulative or honest signals. Queen pheromones appear to be less active across species-borders than within species. No worker reproduction was observed in single-species colonies. In contrast, queens were not able to fully prevent ovary development and male-production by workers from non-related species, which indicates that queen pheromones are not fully conserved in evolution in this group of species. Furthermore, the rate of worker reproduction and ovary development of workers in mixed-species was lower than in queenless colonies, which speaks against the rapid evolution of queen pheromones expected from the queen control hypothesis. These behavioral results are reflected in the chemical profiles of queens and workers, which in most pair-wise comparisons differed more between queens than between workers from different species but not tremendously so. This might suggest that queen bouquets diverge slightly more quickly than those of workers, but not at an extremely rapid speed. A faster divergence of queen- than worker-specific substances is in agreement with the hypothesis of a queen-worker arms race with manipulation and counter-manipulation. However, it might also reflect other forces of selection. For example, if queen-specific cuticular compounds were involved in attracting mates, avoidance of hybridization would quickly lead to species-specific queen bouquets. More information about the contexts in which cuticular substances are used in communication is therefore needed. Studies on the paper wasp Polistes dominulus suggested a relatively high speed of evolution. Here, the cuticular hydrocarbons that differed between egg layers and non-reproductives varied even between different populations [27]. The observation that the chemical profiles of T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi queens are more similar compared to the other Temnothorax species, even though the two taxa diverged more than 1 Million years ago [28], makes similar intraspecific variation unlikely, but this remains to be investigated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Austrian J. Earth Sci. 105:6–16 [2018. Sensitivity to ocean acidification differs between populations of the Sydney rock oyster: role of filtration and ion-regulatory capacities. Mar. Environ. Res. 135:103–13 [2007. Paleocene-Maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 316:587–89 [2012. Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquat. Toxicol. 110–111:194–207 [2008. Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal. Paleoceanography 23:PA1202 [2018. Rapid enhancement of chemical weathering recorded by extremely light seawater lithium isotopes at the Permian–Triassic boundary. PNAS 115:3782–87 [2012. Lethally hot temperatures during the greenhouse. Science 338:366–70 [2011. Global analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:1823–30 [2012. Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nat. Clim. Change 2:686–90 [2014. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:117–25 [2004. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429:542–45 [2009. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277:490–500 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2007. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth? . Perturbations: Causes and 1–23 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap 424 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Our data do not reveal a clear trend in the chemistry of those hydrocarbons that differentiate queens and workers among the six investigated species. This matches the heterogeneous picture found in other, less closely related ants, where reproductives are characterized by particular long-chained hydrocarbons in some species but shorter or branched hydrocarbons in others [12, 15, 29–31]. However, it needs to be pointed out that it is usually not known, which of the large number of substances that differ between queens and workers are biologically active and which are mere side-products of the hydrocarbon metabolism without a function in communication [11]. Our study reveals a number of species idiosyncrasies that do not match phylogenetic relationships and are difficult to explain in the light of hypotheses about the nature of queen pheromones. For example, T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus workers seem to respond to the presence of a T. unifasciatus queen, while T. unifasciatus workers readily develop their ovaries in the presence of a T. nylanderi or T. crassispinus queen. This resembles the situation in honeybees, in which the presence of a heterospecific queen increases the rate of worker ovary activation strongly in Apis cerana but only slightly in Apis mellifera [32]. In contrast, workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris develop their ovaries in queenright colonies of the phylogenetically related B. lapidarius at a similar rate as under queenless conditions, but not in queenright homospecific colonies [33]. The results in these studies might have been affected by the presence of workers belonging to the species of the queen, as they might have an interest in preventing heterospecific workers from reproducing through aggression or egg eating. Worker nepotism might explain the common absence of reproduction by host workers in socially parasitic ants. Temnothorax workers are often parasitized by queens of slave-making species, such as Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus or Protomognathus. Though these genera are less closely related to Temnothorax than the pairs of species used in our study [e. g. , [34]], enslaved workers rarely produce males [e. g. , [35–37]].

Output: contrast