Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Keywords: triethylene glycol, quercetin, foot-shock stress, body weight, thermoregulation, depression, anxiety Abbreviations TEG, triethylene glycol; QCR, quercetin; FUM, fumaric acid; DMF, dimethylfumarate; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose concept that adaptogens help the body to better cope with stressful events originated in Russia during late 1940s and since then numerous traditionally known medicinal plants are often pharmacologically classified as herbal adaptogens1 Withania somnifera is one such medicinal herb widely used in traditionally known Indian systems of medicine and health care for prevention and cure of diverse spectrums of psychosomatic disorders, or for rejuvenating purposes. 2 The steroidal lactones commonly referred to as Withanolides and quercetin and other plant phenolics are well recognized bioactive secondary metabolites of the plant. 3 Although the Withanolides are in general considered to be the major bioactive constituents of medicinally used extracts of the plant2 several recent reports have also revealed and reconfirmed adaptogenic and other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of aqueous Withania somnifera extracts devoid of Withanolides. 4,5 More recently, it has been reported also that TEG encountered in aqueous Withania somnifera extracts is one of their bioactive constituents involved in their experimentally observed anti-cancer activities. 6 TEG, like quercetin, has since long been used in numerous consumer products as an eco-toxicologically safe disinfectant,7,8 Quercetin is pharmacologically the more extensively studied plant polyphenolic with bactericidal activity against diverse pathogenic bacteria9 and several reports have also revealed bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal activities of TEG. 10-13 Although quercetin is encountered in numerous edible and other medicinal plants and often considered to be one of their bioactive constituents, as yet very little efforts have been made to define its role in traditionally known medicinal uses as stress response modulating or adaptogenic herbs. It has recently been reported though, that repeated intraperitoneally administered quercetin doses of 10 mg/kg/day and higher suppresses stress triggered alterations in blood levels of cortisol and other markers of oxidative stress14 and that such treatment could also protect oxidative stress triggered ischemic cerebral damages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—source data 1 Summary data for Figure 6. Download elife-46827-fig6-data1-v1. csv In general, we would suggest that the best way for new PIs to engage with undergraduate teaching would be to focus on the supervision of undergraduate laboratory projects or literature projects, so that the teaching is directly contributing to their research programme. After 2–3 years of having their time 'protected' in order to establish their research programme, direct teaching commitments through lectures and examinations can begin. The fact that new female PIs have higher teaching loads (Figure 6B) and higher administration loads (Figure 6C) than new male PIs may contribute to the reduced grant success (and to the smaller lab sizes discussed below). These statistics suggest female PIs are over-committing themselves and/or are more frequently tasked with non-research roles than male PIs. Efforts by universities to ensure equal numbers of men and women sit on committees could contribute to the higher administration loads on female PIs (both new and established) because there are fewer female PIs overall. Mentorship and career development Support for new PIs is especially important when they take on roles they have no prior experience of. We found that almost 25% of all new PIs felt that they had no mentorship: moreover, the female PIs who did not have a mentor were the least optimistic for their career progression (Figure 7). All but 3% of lecturers reported having an annual review, but almost 18% of externally funded fellows did not have an annual review. However, these fellows benefited from forms of support not available to most lecturers (for example, funders organize meetings that bring together all the fellows they fund, and these meetings can be a valuable source of peer support and career advice). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Mentorship and optimism. Women with mentors were more optimistic about the future than women without mentors. Men with mentors were a little more optimistic about the future than men without mentors. Figure 7—source data 1 Summary data for Figure 7. Download elife-46827-fig7-data1-v1. csv Most lecturers (88%) were provided with start-up funds, which were typically in the region of £20–60K, by their university (Figure 8). Once again there was a gender gap in favour of male PIs, who received an average of £14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Line 845 “The host listed to the right of each bar plot is the “selection host”, those listed down below are the “tested hosts”, used for parasitism assays. ” It should be the other way around. 5) The discussion would benefit with the inclusion of a similar artificial selection study done with another parasitoid wasp species (Kraaijeveld, A. R. et al. (2010), Evolution, 55(9), 1821. ) Reviewed by Simon Fellous, 03 Dec 2020 A. rich manuscript describes the results of an experimental evolution project on the ability of parasitoid to infect different strains of hosts. Analysis is largely rooted in venom composition evolution, in line with previous work by the same research group. The methods are sound and the results prolific. The figures are sometimes complex and hard to grasp, but the writing is very clear. B. Overall assessment regarding impact and suitability for is work is at the intercept between evolutionary biology and mechanistic approaches. Indeed, the authors made a great deal of efforts at identifying venom molecules that underlay parasitoid success. This enabled investigating whether venom component had general or specialized effects relative to host strains. The discussion mostly compares current results to those of previous studies with the same species. Implications for general evolutionary theory are therefore scarce in the discussion - a little too scarce in my opinion as an evolutionary biologist. The manuscript may benefit from a more general rooting in the literature, beyond the specific cases of the species (sometimes even strains) of insects used. However, the obvious quality of the work justifies its recommendation once a couple of comments (listed below) have been addressed. C. Interpretations and discussion There are two elements about which I would welcome a deeper interpretation. 1. About selection on host strains (namely and Dsim) that both ancestral parasitoid could infect (and on which the cross had 100% sucses from the first generation) : there is nonetheless evidence for directional evolution of venom composition. This may seem a paradox (isn’t venom here to overcome host defenses? ), that the authors soIve by evoking unspecified “costs” (e. g. line 489-490). If parasitoids have 100% infection success form the first generation, that means selection occurred at the adult stage rather than the egg/larval stages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: v. 3(2); Jun 2023 10. 52361/fsbh. 2023. 3. e11 Biomater Health. 2023 Jun;3(2):e11. English. Published online Jun 30, 2023. © 2023 and (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Helen H. Kang,1 and Si-Kwan Kim2 Author information Author notes Copyright and License 1. 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical &. Correspondence: Si-Kwan Kim, PhD. Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju 27381, Korea. Email: skkim@kku. ac. kr 26, 2023; 19, 2023; 25, 2023. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: are defined as stress-response modifiers that increase an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress by increasing its ability to adapt, survive and reproduce. Adaptogenic theory arose from Selye’s theory that repeated exposure to mild-level stressors help survival. This concept evolved into the Syndrome based on the 3 stages-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Panax ginseng was defined as an adaptogen by Union of Republics pharmacologists Lazarev and Brekhman in the mid-1950s. The theory was succeeded by Petkov in Bulgaria after discovering ginseng’s effect on the central nervous system. In the early stage of the theory’s evolution, it was regarded as unscientific, but in these days, the theory is accepted worldwide without reservation, particularly in natural product chemistry and pharmacognosy. Adaptogens act bidirectionally, therefore, a chemical entity medicine which shows reaction of one way, e. g. , increase or decrease, cannot be an adaptogen. Adaptogens should stimulate or attenuate depending on the physiological situation. This pharmacological property is characteristic to herbal medicine because herbs contain multiple active ingredients. Consequently, adaptogens normalize or modulate diverse physiological processes, thereby helping maintain homeostasis. P. ginseng is one of the typical adaptogens with rare adverse reactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis The effects of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod community composition during years 2 and 3 were examined by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) visualization and analysis. Data from the first year were omitted for clarity, as the community was beginning to develop, was drastically different, and would distort the mapping of the data points from other years. Bray–Curtis community similarity values of each plot were mapped on two NMDS axes, and a was performed on the Bray-Curtis values with treatment and roof as independent factors, for each year separately. The diversity in each plot is indicative of alpha diversity, while the community composition differences across roofs are indicative of beta diversity. The effects of substrate heterogeneity treatment on overall arthropod abundance and Chao diversity index, and abundance and Chao diversity index of specific arthropod groups (ants, Collembola, mites, and functional groups including herbivores, predators, and parasitoids), were tested with a repeated measures general linear model that included the total diversity or abundance of arthropods per year of the study as a dependent variable, year as the within-subject factor, and treatment, and school roof as between-subject factors. Generally, all three years of the study were used for analyses comparing treatments. In some cases, data from one of the years were not included in the analysis because the abundance or diversity of the arthropod taxon or functional group was uniformly low, and prevented a normal distribution of model residuals, as indicated in the results. Data were ln-transformed as needed to achieve the model requirements. Where Mauchly’s sphericity test indicated that sphericity could not be assumed, a Huynh-Feldt adjustment of degrees of freedom was used. An indirect effect of the heterogeneity treatment on arthropods, mediated by an effect on plant diversity (H′), was tested. A general linear model was used to test the effect of plant H′as a covariate on the abundance and diversity of arthropod functional groups in February-early March of years 2 and 3, with year included as a random factor and roof as a fixed factor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the fact that there is differential evolution of the venoms in different susceptible hosts suggests the costs of production of venoms components were host specific. I think these elements should be clarified and argued. 2. L472-479: interesting bit of discussion on survival (and later extinction) of the parasitoids on a host strain the two ancestors could not parasitize. This striking line of reasoning suggests ability to infect relied on codominance rather than the combination of alleles at different loci. This hypothesis may be further explored with the analysis of venom composition at F3 in the 1907 line (before the extinction of the parasitoid lines). Do you have the data? This is particularly important as the final sentence of the MS is about this phenomenon that is otherwise little discussed. The authors selected the parasitoids on standing genetic variation. This is different from de novo mutation as the phenotypic space and the nature of the trade-offs that can be revealed may differ. These are concepts the MS would probably benefit from citing and making clear. It would help comparing this study to the numerous others on the experimental evolution of parasite specialization (many of which using crosses and standing genetic variation). D. Presentation of the results: Fig 1C: if technically correct, the data could be presented in reader-friendlier way. I’d recommend having a table where host of origin and assayed host are on each axis, but not repeated as is on X axis. The three generations may be put next to each other, in the same table cell, so one could visualize the evolution of the phenotype in time. Specialization/local adaptation is often studied in an axis/off-axis framework, even if this is not studied as such statistically, using the same graphical representation would help. Also, please put the legend for the axes on the figure, not only in the legend. (this later comment is valid for several figures) Fig 3: the figure is gorgeous but frankly it is challenging to recognize what is described in the results. Treatments overlap too much for that. Table 1: is it necessary to keep all bands for which no significant change is reported? (i. e. blank lines). Maybe can you save space here. Table 2: an optional suggestion. Maybe have a colon for each host strain, just as in Table 1. Readers could see at a glance how bands varied together, or not on each host. E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Theory; Panax ginseng; Non-Specific Resistance; Homeostasis; to: 1938, Hans Selye,1 a professor at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and reported his experimental results supporting the conception of adaptation energy. He suggested that by giving gradually increasing doses of various toxic chemicals, one may raise the resistance of animals in such a manner that even treatment which would cause marked thymus involution in normal animals. This conception receives further support by experiments showing that rats pretreated with a certain agent will resist such doses of this agent which would be fatal for non-pretreated controls. These findings are tentatively regarded by the assumption that the resistance of the organism to various damaging stimuli is dependent on its adaptability. This adaptability is conceived to depend upon the organism’s expenditure of its limited amount of energy. Thus, if energy is used for adaptation to certain stimuli it will necessarily decrease the energy stores for other purposes. Adaptation to any stimulus is always acquired at a cost, namely, at the cost of overall energy of organism. Todorova et al. 2 suggested that the term adaptogen was introduced for the first time in the 1940s by Dr. but information about the original 1954. 3 Although we cannot comprehend the 0. 01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of their study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Their network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood. Hasoon and Jawad Kadhim28 at the Department of Biology, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq reported synergistic effect of P. ginseng toward doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely employed chemotherapeutic agents. Different cell lines (HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line VERO) were treated with different inhibitory agents at different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: Drug development efforts grounded on non-reproducible findings expose patients to harmful and inactive agents; they also absorb scarce scientific and human resources, the costs of which are reflected as higher drug prices. Several studies have evaluated the predictive value of animal models in cancer drug development (Johnson et al. , 2001; Voskoglou-Nomikos et al. , 2003; Corpet and Pierre, 2005). However, few have systematically examined experimental design—as opposed to use of specific models—and its impact on effect sizes across different malignancies (Amarasingh et al. , 2009; Hirst et al. , 2013). A recent systematic review of guidelines for limiting bias in preclinical research design was unable to identify any guidelines in oncology (Henderson et al. , 2013). Validity threats in preclinical oncology may be particularly important to address in light of the fact that cancer drug development has one of the highest rates of attrition (Hay et al. , 2014), and oncology drug development commands billions of dollars in funding each year (Adams and Brantner, 2006). In what follows, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of features of design and outcomes for preclinical efficacy studies of the highly successful drug sunitinib. Sunitinib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib (SU11248, Sutent) and is licensed as monotherapy for three different malignancies (Chow and Eckhardt, 2007; Raymond et al. , 2011). As it was introduced into clinical development around 2000 and tested against numerous malignancies, sunitinib provided an opportunity to study a large sample of preclinical studies across a broad range of malignancies—including several supporting successful translation trajectories. characteristics Our screen from database and reference searches captured 74 studies eligible for extraction, corresponding to 332 unique experiments investigating tumor volume response (Figure 1, Table 1, Table 1—source data 1E). Effect sizes (standardized mean difference [SMD] using Hedges' g) could not be computed for 174 experiments (52%) due to inadequate reporting (e. g. , sample size not provided, effect size reported as a median, lack of error bars, Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Overall, 158 experiments, involving 2716 animals, were eligible for meta-analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 579. Trait abbreviations: Plant height (Height), Petal width (PW), Petal length (PL), Flower diameter (FD), Benzaldehyde (Ben), Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), α-Farnesene (FAR), Benzyl nitrile (BenN), 2-Amino benzaldehyde (Aben), Indole (Ind), Methyl anthranilate (MA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PA), Methyl salicylate (MS), Methyl benzoate (MB), Z-(3)-Hexenyl acetate (ZHA), 1-Butene-4-isothiocyante (ITC)Full size imagePredictions in the pollinator evolution experimentIn the bumblebee treatment, our predictions overestimated the evolutionary changes of flower morphological traits and correctly estimated the response of plant height and nine of the VOCs. Although the responses of the nine scent compounds were in the same direction and within the HPD intervals of their predictions, only seven of the predicted responses were significantly different from zero (phenylacetaldehyde, PAA; α-farnesene, FAR; 2-amino benzaldehyde, Aben; indole, Ind; methyl anthranilate, MA; phenylethyl alcohol, PA; methyl benzoate, MB; Fig. 2a; Table S6). Fig. 2Predicted and observed responses of measured traits to pollinator selection, in the bumblebee (a), and hoverfly (b) experiments. The total predicted response of each trait is decomposed into its direct and indirect components (see text). Green triangles are the observed changes. Black dots are the predicted selection responses. The solid horizontal lines indicate the 95% HPD interval of the predictions. Both predicted and observed changes were scaled by the phenotypic standard deviation of the trait. Sample sizes pollinator selection: plant height: 524, flower traits: 525, volatiles: 414.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 5, and 31. 25 µg/mL) as follows: G1 (methanol P. ginseng extract, PGE), G2 (DOX), and G3 (PGE + DOX). Each inhibitory agent group was used to treat the cancerous cell lines HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line (VERO) to obtain IC50% by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The inhibitory ability of the 1,000 μg/mL PGE was significantly increased in all the 3-cell lines compared with other concentrations. The inhibition ability of PGE and DOX towards the HCT116 cell line significantly increased compared with the other cell lines. They demonstrated that safety of the PGE compound and its low toxicity toward normal cells, quite the opposite of cancer cells as compared to the common drug DOX and combined PGD (PGE + DOX). PGD combined with DOX (PGE + DOX) showed antagonistic results toward the HCT116, LNCaP, and VERO cell lines. From their report, we could understand that combination of anticancer agent with P. ginseng may elevate efficiency of chemotherapy with low toxicity. Mariage et al. 29 at Botalys SA, Ath, Belgium carried out a pilot clinical study to find preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80, hydroponically cultivated P. ginseng) and traditionally harvested 6-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress-induced failure of cognitive function in healthy subjects. The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were administered to 50 tired, healthy subjects in a 3-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (P < 0. 0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: More than 1,000 new species are discovered each year, but none have confirmed Bigfoot’s existence. [SEP] Text: After a local search for the antidote, he was treated three hours later, then kept under observation at the hospital for four days before being sent home to rest. Credit: On the surface, reducing snakebite deaths seems easy, says David Williams, a toxinologist who assesses antivenoms for the WHO. Dig a bit deeper, however, and the true complexity of the problem emerges. Not every country has the same variety of venomous snakes. Species with different toxins require different antivenoms. The world produces less antivenom than it needs, and production quality varies. The cost to manufacture the remedy is more than most patients can afford. And those bitten often live in remote areas where they can’t access antivenom quickly. The most intractable obstacle, however, is apathy. Snakebite envenomings are “the most neglected among the neglected,” says snakebite expert Faiz, a retired physician and current president of the of Bangladesh. Few politicians seem to care about solving the problem. Ending the snakebite crisis will require education, cooperation, research and, most of all, money. Countries need to make the problem a priority, Williams says: “If they choose not to invest in [the problem], then, to be perfectly honest, it doesn’t matter what the rest of us do. We will never change anything. ” Antivenom production today is a modernized version of a technique first used 120 years ago. Technicians inject minuscule quantities of venom into horses or sheep over several weeks, then harvest their blood and extract the antibodies—all of them. In most cases, Williams says, “What you’re getting in the vial is not just antibodies that are specific to the venom of the snake but antibodies for all the other antigens that horse was ever exposed to. ” Once the antivenom gets injected into a patient, some of those antibodies will bind to the various components of the snake venom and neutralize it. Because different kinds of snakes carry different toxins, the antivenom typically must match the species. The approach prevents venom from causing damage, but it can’t reverse damage that has already been done, so it works best in the first couple of hours after the bite. That means a person must reach a treatment facility quickly, the facility must have the appropriate antivenom in stock, and a doctor must administer it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Trait abbreviations: Plant height (Height), Petal width (PW), Petal length (PL), Flower diameter (FD), Benzaldehyde (Ben), Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), α-Farnesene (FAR), Benzyl nitrile (BenN), 2-Amino benzaldehyde (Aben), Indole (Ind), Methyl anthranilate (MA), Phenylethyl alcohol (PA), Methyl salicylate (MS), Methyl benzoate (MB), Z-(3)-Hexenyl acetate (ZHA), 1-Butene-4-isothiocyante (ITC)Full size imageThe response decomposition analysis showed that most direct responses were much smaller and often in the wrong direction relative to the observed responses. The direct response was correctly predicted as positive for plant height and flow diameter (FD) among morphological traits, and phenylacetaldehyde, 2-amino benzaldehyde, indole, and methyl benzoate among VOCs (Fig. 2a). Selection gradients (direct responses) and observed responses were thus correctly aligned for those traits, making them good candidates for targets of direct selection, although the response of flow diameter was smaller than predicted. In contrast, the indirect components of the predicted responses were all positive and had much larger HPD intervals, often overlapping with zero (although not for morphological traits, α-farnesene, 2-amino benzaldehyde, indole, methyl anthranilate, and phenylethyl alcohol). Therefore, the indirect VOC responses compensated for negative direct selection responses in α-farnesene, methyl anthranilate, and phenylethyl alcohol (for those traits with correct and significant total predicted responses). In the hoverfly treatment, most VOC trait responses were small compared to the bumblebee treatment (Fig. 2b). Evolutionary predictions were mostly not different from zero except for plant height, flower morphology, α-farnesene and indole, although predicted responses of flower traits were opposed to their observations. Of the 12 VOCs, only α-farnesene’s response was within its prediction’s HPD interval and different from zero (Fig. 2b; Table S6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: The effects of PGS were better than those of the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was significant difference between the effects of HRG80 and PGS (P < 0. 0001) that were observed after single (day 1) and repeated administrations on days 5 and 12 of treatment. They concluded that HRG80 treatment was in general significantly superior to that with the PGS and placebo regarding attention, memory, and PS scores after single and repeated administrations for 5 and 12 days. Gray et al. 30 studied the effect of P. ginseng on sperm function in zearalenol- and estradiol-supplemented spermatozoad. Zearalenol is a potent mycoestrogen that may be present in herbs and crops arising from contamination or endophytic association. They reported that P. ginseng exerted multiple activities in biological systems and is classified as an adaptogen. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of P. ginseng, zearalenol and estradiol in tests on spermatozoal function. The affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor (ER)δ, α and β (ERα and ERβ)δ was assessed in receptor binding assays. Functional tests on boar spermatozoa motility, movement and kinematic parameters were analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Tests for capacitation, acrosome reaction, and chromatin decondensation in spermatozoa were analyzed by microscopic observation. Zearalenol showed adverse effects on sperm motility and function by targeting multiple signaling cascades, including P4, E2, and calcium pathways. However, P. ginseng protected against chromatin damage induced by zearalenol, indicating that ginseng is beneficial to reproductive fitness. From this report, we could anticipate beneficial effect of P. ginseng on male reproduction-associated factors. Chen et al. 31 at the Laboratory of in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, China reviewed clinical trial reports related to P. ginseng. They reported that made a great contribution to building up large research clusters and strong cooperation links and universities were the key contributors to ginseng clinical trials. They stressed that, however, more attention should be paid to different effects from different preparations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Coelacanth, once thought to be extinct for 66 million years, was rediscovered alive in 1938. [SEP] Text: ), and Nicotiana gandarela Augsten & Stehmann, another endemic species, but from the Quadrilátero Ferrifero, Minas Gerais. The latest species is classified by the authors as (Augsten et al. 2022. 2022. Nicotiana gandarela (Solanaceae), a new species of 'tobacco' highly endangered from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero in Brazil. PhytoKeys 190: 113-129. ). From the Brazilian species, there is one known only from the type collection Nicotiana azambujae L. B. Sm. & Downs, described by Smith & Downs (1966Smith L, Downs R. 1966. Solanaceas. In: (ed. ) Catarinense. Itajaí, Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues. p. 247-60. ). The species was collected in Azambuja, Brusque municipality, dated 1948. Since the type species was collected, besides some field expeditions by many botanists in the type locality, no other individuals have been seen (73 years), thus being considered extinct (2014- do de Santa Catarina. 2014. Resolução nº 51 de 5 de dezembro de 2014. Reconhece a das Espécies da Flora Ameaçada de Extinção no Estado de SantaCatarina e dá outras providências. Available from: ). Surprisingly, in August 2021, during a field expedition in Alto Matador, in the municipality of Rio do Sul, we found a small population of this species. So, to improve the knowledge of this rare species, we made a detailed description based on the isotype and the new samples, accessed its conservation status, and brought field photographs of the species as well an updated distribution map. Material and methods The morphological description of the species was made from field observations and studying specimens housed in the HBR Herbarium and images of specimens kept in the US Herbarium (acronyms according to Thiers 2021Thiers B. 2021. Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. 12 Nov. 2021. , continuously updated).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: From the decomposition of trait responses, α-farnesene would be the most likely candidate for a trait under direct hoverfly selection. Other traits also had observed and direct responses aligned but their predictions were not significantly different from zero (benzaldehyde, 2-amino benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-butene-4-isothiocyanate) or did not include the observed change within their HPD (plant height, indole) (Table S6). The VOC indirect response components were all positive and not significantly different from zero (although not for α-farnesene). All morphological traits’ indirect responses were positive and significant (Fig. 2b; Table S6). Effects of genetic covariance on predicting evolutionary trajectoriesWe measured the overall constraining effect of genetic co-variation on the response to selection by comparing the angle θ between the selection response vector (△z) and the first PC of G (PC1, or gmax, see methods) with the angle γ between △z and the selection gradient (β). In the tall and short artificial selection experiments, the trait responses were strongly aligned with gmax, with θ angle of 8. 9 degree (95% HPD: 5. 5, 13. 7) and 20. 1 degree (95% HPD: 17. 5, 23. 5), respectively. Given the close association of gmax with the first trait axis (height) (Fig. 3c) and thus with the selection gradients under artificial selection, the angle γ between △z and β is 6. 8 and 16. 7 degree in tall and short, respectively. In contrast, under pollinator selection, △z is more aligned with gmax than β, with θ of 50. 6 degree (95% HPD: 44. 7, 55. 0) and 54. 3 degree (95% HPD: 52. 0, 57. 0), when compared to γ, equal to 62. 96 and 83. 2 degree for bumblebee and hoverfly treatments, respectively. Fig. 3Comparison of the size and orientation of the major and five first eigenvectors (PCs) of the G-matrices in the artificial selection experiment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: This result demonstrates bidirectional adaptogenic effect of KRG on abnormal blood pressure. Olalde Rangel34 suggested that P. ginseng is a clear example of an herb with multiple bidirectionality, whose Rg1 ginsenosides (protopanaxatriol) can stimulate angiogenesis, while its Rb1 ginsenosides (protopanaxadiol) stimulate the exact opposite. Also, Rg1 promotes mitosis while Rb1 inhibits it in stimulated human lymphocytes. Rg1 stimulates the nervous system, while Rb1 calms (soothes) it. Finally, they suggested that P. ginseng has hypertensive and hypotensive properties. The former illustrates P. ginseng's potential to induce multiple bidirectional phenomena, i. e. , bi-directionality along different metabolic pathways. Adaptogenic effect of KRG on toxic environmental pollutant was carried out by Kim et al. 35 They exposed male guinea pig (GP) with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 µg/kg b. w. ) together with P. ginseng. TCDD is known to be one of the most toxic environmental pollutant generated by municipal garbage incinerators. The first experiment was carried out to investigate histopathologically the beneficial effects of P. ginseng extract on GP testes damaged by TCDD. P. ginseng water extract (PG-WE) was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days from 1 week before or after TCDD exposure. The decrease in testicular weight caused by TCDD was prevented by PG-WE. The maturation arrest in germ cells caused by TCDD was ameliorated in ginseng-treated groups. The testes demonstrated almost normal in groups pretreated with PG-WE. From this experiment, authors can understand the protective and therapeutic effects of P. ginseng on atrophy and testicular damage induced by TCDD. This finding provided strong evidence that P. ginseng might be a useful agent in preventing and treating male reproductive organ damage induced by environmental pollutants, thus indicating adaptogenic property of ginseng against chemical stress. They conducted the second study to further assess the effect of P. ginseng on survival and sperm quality of GPs exposed to TCDD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Coelacanth, once thought to be extinct for 66 million years, was rediscovered alive in 1938. [SEP] Text: 5 × 1 mm, style 8 mm long, stigma discoid. Capsule ovoid 7-8 × 3 mm, apex acute, glabrous; seeds globose, 0. 5 mm diam, brown, testa reticulate. Distribution and ecology Nicotiana azambujae was known only for the type locality, in Azambuja, Brusque municipality, in a regeneration fragment or edge of the Atlantic Rainforest, according to Smith & Downs (1966Smith L, Downs R. 1966. Solanaceas. In: (ed. ) Catarinense. Itajaí, Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues. p. 247-60. ). The new population found inhabits an area of higher elevation (ca 800 m asl) and on the banks of a waterfall, in a rocky and open environment, similar to habitats occupied by other species of this genus (Fig. 2). Figure 2 Distribution map of Nicotiana azambujae, showing the type locality (star) and the new population (dot). Flowering and Fruiting November, according to Smith & Downs (1966Smith L, Downs R. 1966. Solanaceas. In: (ed. ) Catarinense. Itajaí, Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues. p. 247-60. ). In our study, there was only a specimen flowering and fruiting in August, and some young individuals were in the vegetative stage. We did another visit to the area in November, where five mature individuals were detected blooming, some of them with mature fruits. Probably the blooming extends to December, and fruiting to January or February, but more studies need to be conducted to determine it more precisely. Conservation status (CR-B2a,b[iii]). This species is only known from two locations: the type locality, where it has not been found there for more than 50 years, and the newly-discovered population in Alto Matador. as an extant population of Nicotiana azambujae, it has an area of occupancy (AOO) of only 4 km². Considering only the population of due to the long time-lapse of the plant being disappeared in Azambuja, its AOO is estimated at 2 km², thus, both estimates assess N. azambujae as a critically endangered species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: a Distribution of the eigenvalues (size) of each PC of the three G-matrices in the control (grey), tall (red), and short (blue) artificial selection experiments. The scale of the y-axis is on the left for PC1 and on the right for PC2–5. b Contribution of PC1 to the total variation in the 16 traits, measured as the size of PC1 relative to the sum of all PCs. c Angle of the first and second PC with the first trait axis (height) in degree. In all cases, variation of all variables stems from the posterior distribution of each G-matrix estimated with MCMCglmm (see Methods and Supporting information)Full size imageEvolution of the G-matrix during artificial selectionBy examining the G-matrices of the three lines in the artificial selection experiment (Gcontrol, Gtall, and Gshort), we found a drastic decrease of the additive genetic variance of height in the tall line, with an estimate around 2. 8 cm2, compared to the short line, which remained as high as in the control line around 23 cm2. This resulted in a large decrease of the contribution of gmax (PC1) of Gtall to the total variance relative to Gcontrol and Gshort (see Fig. 3a-b, Table S5). The orientation of gmax also changed in Gtall, with reduced alignment with the height axis (Fig. 3c). The other eigenvalues and eigenvectors are, however, more constant across lines (Fig. 3a). For instance, the second eigenvector (PC2) is more consistently orthogonal to the height trait axis in the three G-matrices (Fig. 3c). To further compare G-matrices, we used two different approaches from the toolkit of G-matrix comparisons, the random skewers and CPC approaches (Roff et al. 2012 [37], see Methods). Using the random skewers method, we found strong correlations of the mean selection response among matrices, larger than 70% for all three comparisons, although not significantly so between Gtall and Gshort, and very strong similarity between Gcontrol and Gshort (Table 1). The three G-matrices thus shared a significant portion of their structure. Gcontrol would predict selection responses similar to Gshort and to a lesser extent to Gtall.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 36 PG-WE was injected intraperitoneally at daily doses of 100 (G100, P100, C100) or 200 mg/kg body weight (G200, P200, C200) 1 week before (P groups) or after (C groups) TCDD exposure for 12 weeks. The survived males were then subjected to fertility tests. The litter size, death rate, male/female birth ratio and physical abnormalities of the progeny were investigated. After confirming delivery of the offspring, the parent males were sacrificed at 40 weeks, their testes weighed and sperm quality assessed. All the single TCDD-injected animals died within 18 days after the exposure, but 40%–70% of the PG-WE-treated groups survived until sacrificed at 40 weeks. All the PG-WE-treated and survived males were found fertile regardless of TCDD exposure when judged by impregnating potential. Notably the death rate of progeny born to PG-WE-treated groups was remarkably lower than that of progeny born to the normal control group. This result indicates that P. ginseng protects reproduction system in animals exposed to lethal dose of dioxin and further supports the adaptogenic properties of ginseng in reproductive organ against chemical stress. The therapeutically effective doses of many anticancer agents may produce an irreversible damage to many organs, particularly in male reproductive organs. DOX, an anthracycline antibiotic, is used to treat a wide spectrum of malignancies, but is known to produce a toxic response in normal tissues, including the testes. 37 Cha et al. 38 investigated the effect of KRG (steamed and dried P. ginseng) against DOX-induced testis. Male rats were treated with DOX (1 mg mL−1 kg−1 week−1; intraperitoneally) for 8 weeks, and KRG water extract (KRG-WE: 100, 200 mg/kg/day) was administered (p. o. ) for 9 weeks starting one week before DOX treatment. The expression levels of proteins and transcription factors related to spermatogenesis, inflammatory and autophagy markers were evaluated using western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptids like the Loch Ness Monster often become popular through media and folklore rather than evidence. [SEP] Text: 2:359c BW); en Bulten bepleitten deze systematiek al in 2014: M. W. & C. D. J. Bulten, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2014, in: M. Holtzer, A. F. J. A. Leijten & D. J. Oranje, Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2014-2015 (VDHI nr. 128), Deventer: 2015, p. 148-153. 63 kan de OK ambtshalve afwijken van het prijsvermoeden en zelfstandig een uitkoopprijs vaststellen wanneer de omstandigheden daartoe nopen, zie Salemink 2014, p. 232. 64 (OK) 11 maart 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:785 (Mediq II). 65 (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976 (Mediq III), r. o. 2. 4. 66 (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976 (Mediq III), r. o. 2. 3. 67 (OK) 7 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2775, ARO 2015/178 (Unit4), r. o. 3. 18. 68 In Unit4 werd ondanks een vertraging in de procedure van negen maanden de datum van de betaalbaarstelling onder het bod nog steeds als peildatum toegepast. 69 Scheepers 2016, p. 33-35. 70 Dit argument werd door minderheidsaandeelhouders aangedragen in de NIBC-uitkoopprocedure. (OK) 12 april 2022, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2022:1217, ARO 2022/107 (NIBC), r. o. 3. 27. 71 Duynstee & 2017, p. 177.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Further analysis of the similarity of the size and orientation of the eigenvectors of the G-matrices in the hierarchical analysis (CPC) confirmed the similarity in shape between Gcontrol and Gshort and the dissimilarity of Gtall with Gcontrol, and with Gshort to a smaller degree (see Table 1). The G-matrix in the tall lines thus evolved more than in the short lines mostly because of the change in the genetic variance of plant height. Gshort remained closer to the starting G-matrix (Gcontrol) over the course of the experiment. Table 1 Comparisons of the three G-matrices using random skewers and hierarchical analyses (see also Table S3, S4). The random skewers section reports the mean correlation among response vectors of two G-matrices subject to the same set of 10,000 random selection vectors. The hierarchical analysis reports the P-values to reject the hypotheses of equality, proportionality, or common principal components (CPC) in favor of unrelated matrices. The P-values are obtained by randomization (see Methods)Full size tableEvaluation of the estimation of the G-matricesPermutation tests of G-matrices were conducted to examine whether our G-matrix estimates captured the meaningful biological structure of the data. The results revealed that the majority of the genetic covariance elements (101 out of 120) and additive genetic variances (14 out of 16) in Gcontrol were significantly different from zero at the level of FDR < 0. 05 with 500 permutations and after correcting for multiple testing (false discovery rate: Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995 [38]). In Gtall, 11 variance and 55 covariance elements were significant, and 15 and 72 elements, respectively, in Gshort (Table S4), at the same FDR level. Furthermore, variance estimates had much narrower 95% HPD intervals than covariance estimates (from their posterior distributions, results not shown), as evident in the size of HPD intervals of the direct and indirect components of the selection responses (see Fig. 2). DiscussionTotal evolutionary trait responses are made of direct and indirect responses. Evolutionary constraints emerge when the two oppose each other. However, constraints may evolve when selection or other evolutionary forces alter the genetic variance and covariance among traits (i. e. , change the underlying genetic pleiotropic effects or linkage disequilibrium).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: DOX-induced a significant alteration in the expression of antioxidation, spermatogenesis and sex hormone receptors genes when compared with those of the control groups but those down-regulated levels were attenuated by KRG-WE treatment significantly. KRG-WE also ameliorated the DOX-induced alteration in pro-inflammatory cytokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway and autophagy in the testes of rats. In conclusion, it can be suggested that KRG is a useful functional food for prevention of chemotherapy-induced testicular damage, thus further supports adaptogenic effect of P. ginseng in reproduction. He et al. 39 described that although ginseng has long been broadly used in clinical settings around the world, few clinical trials on ginseng have been conducted. They conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of ginseng clinical trials registered in the Organization (WHO) Platform as of December 2017 regarding their frequency, design, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, condition, funding sources, and publication status. A total of 134 ginseng clinical studies were registered from 2002 to 2017, of which 60. 4% were completed and 23. 1% are actively recruiting participants. A large number of trials were associated with aspects of high-quality trial design. The ginseng clinical trials were heterogeneous with respect to ginseng species and variety, indications, dose, duration, and participant characteristics. In conclusion, they suggested that clearly, stricter and methodologically suitable studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ginseng. Fundamentally, authors agree with the He et al. ’s opinion. 39 However, they should consider ginseng is not an herb of healing but an herb of prevention. In this case it would not be plausible to obtain statistically significant data in spite of investing tremendous amount of grant and effort. Thus far, wide spectra of bioassay systems have been applied to unveiling efficacy of P. ginseng. It seems to us that it is the time to focus the research effort to most plausible and promising indication. What is more, the clinical trial has to be conducted in compliance with double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design as recommended by on Harmonization (ICH)40 or WHO’s good clinical and laboratory practice. 41 Go to:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The oldest living tree, a bristlecone pine in California, is over 4,800 years old. [SEP] Text: In addition, the authors responded to my prior comment as the following: "Given that this is the first study to explore optimal sleep duration in the oldest-old, the sleep duration groups (1 to 7) in the csv is the one used for the initial exploratory analysis, and after reviewing previous papers and the results of our Figure2, we chose to use the current sleep duration group (i. e. , < 10 hours, 10-12 hours, and ≥ 12 hours) for final analysis. " Why do being the first study in optimal sleep, 1 to 7 in the csv, and reviewing previous papers make you choose to use the current sleep definition groups? What results in previous papers lead to this decision? Additional comments For the logistic regression, it will be helpful if the authors can explain why the current confounding factors (e. g. , smoking, drinking, BMI, meat) were selected to be the confounding factors to control for. For example, did prior research show that these may modulate the relationship between sleep and ADL? Cite this review as (2023) #2 of "The relationship between sleep duration and activities of daily living (ADL) disability in the Chinese oldest-old: A cross-sectional study (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Dec 28, 2022 Basic reporting The authors have responded to all my comments. Experimental design Validity of the findings Additional comments Cite this review as (2023) #3 of "The relationship between sleep duration and activities of daily living (ADL) disability in the Chinese oldest-old: A cross-sectional study (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 4 · Jan 10, 2023 Basic reporting Basic reporting is good. Experimental design Method and results section are correct. Validity of the findings The findings are valid. Additional comments Thanks for opportunity to rereview manuscript entitled '' The relationship between sleep duration and activities of daily living (ADL) disability in the Chinese oldest-old: A cross-sectional study. '' for Peerj journal. I congratulate the authors. I observed significant improvements almost all sections and its language is significantly better. However, very minor revisions required before publication of 1. Authors must add used statistical packages with its 2. All p values representing probability values in tables and in text must be small and italic. 3. Authors must add Note.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: It is thus important to evaluate the structure of the G-matrix and its evolution when trying to understand the effects of selection on multiple phenotypic traits. Moreover, being able to compare predicted and realized trait responses allows for a better understanding of the relationship between selection and genetic constraints. In this study, by combining estimates of the ancestral G-matrix of the traits with estimates of the selection gradients acting on them, we could predict the evolutionary response of floral traits subject to two types of selection pressures, artificial and pollinator selection. Importantly, we found that predictions based only on the direct trait responses to selection failed to predict the observed responses and that the observed responses were biased towards the line of least genetic resistance (gmax) of the G-matrix. The pattern of genetic covariation among traits thus strongly affected the outcome of selection in the artificial and pollinator selection experiments. Although this pattern of trait covariation can change during evolution, we further showed that using an ancestral G-matrix, here estimated in the control lines, can lead to accurate evolutionary predictions over just a few generations. This approach allowed us to better understand how pollinators, the selective agents, interact with the complex set of floral traits composed of floral scent and morphology and may influence their evolution. Overall, bumblebee selection was in favor of taller plants and increased emission of certain floral volatiles, most notably indole (Ind), phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), 2-amino benzaldehyde (Aben), and methyl benzoate (MB) (see also [25]). Those traits had a significant positive direct selection response in the same direction as their observed response making them candidates for direct targets of bumblebee selection. The indirect components of the responses were also all positive, enhancing the total predicted responses, sometimes leading to overshooting of the observed responses. Because of the largely positive genetic correlation of most floral traits with height, it is not surprising to observe positive total selection responses of most traits. In fact, our analysis of direct and indirect responses indicated that the strong increase in many volatiles observed by Gervasi and Schiestl [25] is to some degree a consequence of indirect selection, whereas the response in height is mostly driven by direct direction. Therefore, bumblebees seemed to primarily select for tall plants, and some volatiles, too, although the evolutionary increase in height carried them along.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng of adaptogen theory has been refined and specified year after year and the theory of adaptogen is widely accepted nowadays, even by WHO42 and E Monograph. 43 WHO monograph and E Monograph introduced the role of P. ginseng as an effective adaptogen, able to help calm stressful conditions and restore normal functions in humans. Further, P. ginseng was also included in official pharmacopoeia including Union of Republics (USSR) Pharmacopoeia, 11 edition, 15 edition, 1 edition, and 5 edition, as an adaptogenic herb. 44 The mechanism by which P. ginseng exerts its adaptogenic pharmacological properties can be attributed to most probably through the regulation of HPA axis and immunostimulatory effect. 42, 45, 46, 47 Efficacies of ginseng are multifaceted, therefore has to be judged as a holistic concept. 48 In general, “one drug for one disease” therapeutic paradigm is not applicable to adaptogens like P. ginseng as it has various pharmacological effects. Ginseng exerts an incompatible biological role with each other towards a same target system, for example stimulatory or sedentary in CNS and elevates or lowers blood pressure in the cardiovascular system depending on the subjects’ condition. For this reason, ginseng’s activity is considered to be regulatory or modulatory. Ginseng contains diversified saponins named ginsenosides (ginseng glycosides) and different ginsenoside acts on various systems contradictorily. Ginseng preparations are currently marketed in the as traditional herbal medicinal products according to Directive 2001/83/EC criteria on the basis of their long-standing traditional use as a “tonic. ”49 Actually, tonic as an indication may be uncertain in pharmacological claim. In this respect, it would be appropriate to suggest that P. ginseng has pharmacologically adaptogenic property rather its indication is adaptogenic. Until now more than 10 species of Panax species are known but P. ginseng is the only ginseng species approved as an herbal medicine by WHO monograph,42 EU pharmacopoeia50 and E Monograph. 43 P. ginseng is also listed as a traditional herbal medicine in Russian pharmacopoeia, as well as in Korea, China, and Japan. 51 To date, large amount of grants was invested to uncover the efficacy of P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The oldest living tree, a bristlecone pine in California, is over 4,800 years old. [SEP] Text: Significant results shown in bold. N = total number of trials (including no responses). DiscussionThere is some debate about how pioneering female MPBs locate hosts with the dominant hypothesis being a combination of random landings and visual cues followed by direct assessment of host suitability after landing [8,35]. The explanation that pioneering females locate trees randomly [16,36], and/or using sight [13] gained support in part because it elegantly explains why large trees are disproportionately attacked—because they present beetles with the largest landing and visual targets. However, there is evidence in the literature that dispersing female MPBs use VOCs when foraging for hosts. Female MPBs were attracted to cages containing host material but not empty cages in the absence of normal visual cues [37] and antennae of female MPBs are capable of perceiving and responding to host tree VOCs [38]. Moreover, other bark beetle species are known to use VOCs to locate hosts, including other Dendroctonus species [20,34]. Here, the results from our study show that female MPBs are strongly attracted to VOCs emitted from limber pine, a preferred host, and are repelled by VOCs emitted from bristlecone pine, a non-host. Moreover, female MPBs can distinguish limber and bristlecone pine trees using VOCs and preferentially move toward the former. These findings provide strong evidence that female MPBs use VOCs as cues to locate and select among potential hosts. The VOCs of limber and bristlecone pine are very similar (Fig 2), so how do MPBs distinguish between them? We chose two candidate VOCs that differed between species and examined whether they are involved in host choice: the monoterpenes 3-carene and D-limonene. 3-carene alone or addition of 3-carene to bristlecone VOCs to mimic the amount in limber VOCs had no effect on beetle behavior (Fig 4D and 4E). However, similar addition of D-limonene to bristlecone VOCs blocked MPB’s ability to distinguish between trees species (Fig 4G).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Our analysis also revealed that some of the positive total responses in volatiles may actually be maladaptive because they were opposed to the selection gradient acting on them (e. g. , α-farnesene (FAR), benzyl nitrile (BenN), methyl anthranilate (MA), phenylethyl alcohol (PA), z-(3)-hexenyl acetate (ZHA), and 1-butene-4-isothyocyanate (ITC), see Fig. 2a, Table S6). This suggests that bumblebees tended to dislike flowers with increased concentration of those volatiles, but their evolutionary increase was indirectly caused by selection on height and other positively correlated traits that were under positive selection. These positive, non-adaptive responses thus point to the existence of strong evolutionary constraints stemming from the genetic architecture of the traits. Overall, knowledge of the selection gradient, the G-matrix and responses of the traits showed that they evolved in a direction biased towards gmax, the “line of least resistance” [35], which constrained the evolutionary response away from the selection gradient, although the selection responses of some traits were enhanced by trait covariation. In contrast to predictions in the bumblebee-pollinated plants, the ones in hoverfly-pollinated plants were largely not different from zero or incorrect. The observed changes were also not consistently in the same direction. This implies that an evolutionary response along one major axis of overall positive trait co-variation is not likely, at least when estimating the co-linearity of the response vector with gmax of Gcontrol, and that selection was rather ineffective. Instead, the observed changes are more consistent with altered patterns of trait covariation and drift. Indeed, in the hoverfly-selection experiment, a separate study found very little adaptive evolution in plant traits with the exception of strongly increased autonomous selfing [25]. Thus, increased selfing and the associated reduction of genetic variation [39], possibly altered the G-matrix, leading to the low accuracy of our predictions and the reduced efficiency of pollinator-induced selection. Previous studies in bottlenecked insect populations have shown that rapid changes in the G-matrix are expected in inbred populations (e. g. , [40, 41]). We observed further discrepancies between our evolutionary predictions and observed responses that need to be examined.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng mainly by Corporation and Korea government. However, the majority of the grants were spent on animal experiments. It is well known that clinical trials are time- and money-consuming. Furthermore, the design of the clinical study needs to be placebo-controlled double blind, if possible cross-over with washout period between the crossing. WHO41 and ICH40 strictly controls the clinical trial design by promulgating and amending guidelines. No matter how difficult the clinical trial is we have to overcome the difficulties if we wish P. ginseng to be an herb with accreditable indication. WG compendium is already in Pharmacopoeia but that of red ginseng has not yet been listed in the pharmacopoeia. We are preparing the KRG compendium and wish it be published before the end of 2023. Go to: and Dardymov4 are the researchers who first classified the plants with adaptogenic properties. Among the adaptogenic plants are P. ginseng, ES, Rhaponticum carthamoides, R. rosea and Schisandra chinensis. Gerontakos et al. 52 at the for said that ES is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of East and and known as an adaptogen—a category of herbal medicinal products which have non-specific inter-system anti-stress effects throughout the human body. They reported that ES was first established as a medicinal plant officially in the pharmacopeia of the USSR in 1962, and is currently recommended by the Agency to be prescribed to treat symptoms of asthenia such as fatigue and weakness. On the other hand, Davydov and Krikorian53 at the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, of at Stony Brook, USA demonstrated that Eleutherococcus contains pharmacologically active compounds but one wishes that the term adaptogen could be dropped from the literature because it is vague and conveys no insights into the mechanism(s) of action. If a precise action can be attributed to it, then the exact term for said action should obviously be used; if not, we strongly urge that generalities be avoided. Also, comparison of Eleutherococcus with the more familiar P. ginseng, ‘true ginseng’ has underscored that they differ considerably chemically and pharmacologically and cannot be justifiably considered as mutually interchangeable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings can provide historical climate data, including droughts and volcanic eruptions. [SEP] Text: The claim on lines 529-530 that “Volcanic eruptions instigated directly or indirectly increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations for 136 ±42 years” is completely wrong, and based on statistical artifacts of the analysis that have no basis in physics. CO2 emissions from volcanic eruptions for the past 2000 years have been very small. They have been important for massive flood basalt eruptions, but the contribution from eruptions during the period studied is trivial. The authors mix up external forcing and the internal climate system. Oceanic and atmospheric variations (such as the NAO) are internal responses to external forcings, such as volcanic eruptions and solar variations. Some of the 10. 5194/egusphere-2024-1874-RC1 AC1: 'Response to -2024-1874', Knut Seip, 02 Sep 2024 reply R … Resubmitting papers without fixing them wastes editors’ and reviewers’ time. Response. I find the introduction to the review personal, and to me this contrast with the reviewer choosing to be anonymous. Second, we have “fixed” the paper, partly based on the present reviewer’s recommendations. However, there are issues the reviewer pointed to that we do not agree with. We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the reviewer’s – sometimes harsh (the term ridiculous was used! ) –comments. And for the record, there have been other reviewers that have been positive to the study. R The fundamental problem is that a purely statistical approach is not correct for this problem. Such a statistical approach ignores the physics of the system and is confusing. Response. The paper is basically statistical, but we invoke time series, e. g. , the Oscillation (NAO) and other ocean variability series that have been discussed extensively in physical terms. The ocean variability series has been shown to impact global temperature. Wu et al. (2019) is cited in the paper line 537, but a new 235. R. In the case of the Age, a resetting of the state of the Arctic climate prolonged the response for decades and centuries. This is already well known. Response. We are not sure what the reviewer means by “resetting”. There is a large literature on ocean teleconnections across the globe, and changes in the Arctic climate is one element.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: In particular, the responses of the morphological traits in the artificial selection didn’t show the expected changes of plant height. Plant height did evolve in the correct direction but with a smaller response than expected from the estimate of the additive genetic variance in Gcontrol (see Table S4). The discrepancy can be caused by a reduction of the genetic variance during the selection experiment, as seen in the tall lines (Table S4). The prediction didn’t take account of those changes. However, the lack of response in the short line is stronger and not likely caused by a reduction of genetic variance, not seen in Gshort (see Table S4). Instead, this selection experiment may have revealed an underlying resource allocation trade-off masked by the apparent positive genetic covariation between plant height and the size of the reproductive organs. This is reminiscent of classical theory on the effect of variation in resource acquisition and allocation on fitness components [42,43,44], which states that a positive correlation between fitness components can be observed despite an underlying trade-off when individuals vary more in the acquisition than in the allocation of their resources. Variation in resource acquisition among the genotypes may have been pre-existing in the base population of B. rapa, and lead to the observed positive correlation between traits pertaining to two fitness components, plant reproduction for flower size traits, and plant somatic growth for plant height. Nevertheless, a resource allocation trade-off may have constrained evolutionary changes of plant height and flower size traits in both the tall and short lines as evidenced by smaller than expected and even opposed changes in flower size traits relative to plant height, and a lower response of plant height. The role of genetic covariance in adaptive evolutionOur results are in line with the established expectation that genetic covariance can influence traits’ evolutionary responses by constraining or augmenting their response to selection depending on the relative signs of genetic covariances and selection gradients [31, 33, 45]. This expectation has been rarely directly tested with experimental evolution as we did here (see also [46]). More commonly, empirical studies use estimates of contemporary selection gradients and G-matrices to evaluate the potential for evolutionary constraints, which are present in some cases (e. g. , [47,48,49,50]) but not in others (e. g. , [36, 51, 52]).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, authors recommend that the designation ‘Siberian ginseng’ be dropped and be replaced with ‘Eleutherococcus. ’ In the case of both Eleutherococcus and true ginseng, problems inherent in herbal preparation use include inconsistencies not only in terms of indications for use, but in the nomenclature of constituent chemical compounds, standardization, dosage and product labeling. In spite of their controversial suggestion, we regard ES as an adaptogen. Panossian et al. 54 said that adaptogenic concepts are formally considered to be “traditional” by drug regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States. The key to understanding adaptogens is their role in establishing and maintaining adaptive homeostasis by building the body’s natural resistance to stressors, which may be physical, chemical, biological and psychological in nature. Adaptogens function like stress vaccines to activate the body’s defense system and metabolic rate, reversing the negative physical effects of stress and restoring the body’s balance and health. They further stated that Rhodiola and Schizandra demonstrated adaptogenic properties in rabbits exposed to immobilization stress. Rege et al. 55 at the Centre, Department of Pharmacology and claimed that common examples of adaptogens include Asian ginseng (P. ginseng), Siberian ginseng (ES), Ashwagandha root (W. somnifera) and Rhodiola (R. rosea). However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. Todorova et al. 56 suggested that adaptogens of plant extracts have the ability to enhance the body’s stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. P. ginseng, ES, R. carthamoides, R. rosea, and S. chinensis are considered to be naturally occurring adaptogens. They evaluated the use of plant adaptogens in the past and present, as well as to outline the prospects of their future applications. Adaptogens are used in recovery from illness, physical weakness, memory impairment, and other conditions. Meta-analysis showed that plant adaptogens can provide a number of benefits in the treatment of chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, and immune protection. They insisted that in the future, there will be a great potential to register medicinal products that contain plant adaptogens for therapeutic purposes. Kelly57 reviewed 765. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some trees have double or missing rings in response to extreme environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: | Register login Email* Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in Fields with * are mandatory Don't have an account? Create one here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username AnywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcsearch 0 Sign in Skip main navigation(AJA)-(AJSLP)(JSLHR)(LSHSS)-2020 to Present1999 to April 2020MOREWrite for UsAbout Ushave access1 May 2014the BrinkSome people who stutter have at some point felt so depressed that they’ve considered extreme measures. How have they become so lost? And how have they found their way back? 10. 1044/leader. FTR2. 19052014. 44 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites and emotion are caught up in such a delicate dance, and some of it isn’t pretty. The ability to be heard by others, to listen to what the world has to offer each day, to share readily and easily one’s memories, experiences, opinions and dreams—all contribute to a sense of social completeness and belonging, to feelings of contentment. The reverse is also true. Emotional responses to communication disorders—how we react to the continual threat of being isolated from friends, family, colleagues and peers—can run a complex gamut, sometimes over the course of a single day. Sometimes we accept, other times we might get frustrated, angry or really depressed. Originating in a well-received ASHA convention session, Katherine Preston’s powerful piece profiles two people who stutter who confronted the darkness at the extreme end of this cascading emotional spectrum. With the help of speech-language pathologists, and Tim returned to the light.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Our analysis provides a good illustration of the prospective versus retrospective usage of a G-matrix when considering the changes in G’s structure between Gcontrol and Gtall and the respective predictions and inferences we can make from them. ConclusionOur study showed that even highly plastic chemical traits such as floral scent, can be successfully included into predictive models of floral trait evolution. Even more so, we show that a complementary set of traits is important to consider, because pollinator selection acts on multiple traits, and genetic correlations link them in their evolutionary response. In the future, improved sampling and analysis techniques may allow the standard inclusion of a large set of traits and large sample sizes into evolutionary studies. Larger sample sizes may allow for more accurate predictions by incorporating the dynamics of G-matrix evolution over multiple generations. In addition, more assessments of selection on those traits in nature by specific groups of interacting organisms [21, 23, 24, 30, 61] may further improve our ability to predict evolutionary changes in the face of environmental change in natural habitats. MethodsPlant species and focal traitsIn our experiment, we used the lab-standard rapid cycling accession of Brassica rapa L. (syn. B. campestris: Brassicaceae) obtained from the Plants™ Program (). The rapid cycling accession was selected for short generation time, rapid seed maturation, absence of seed dormancy, small plant size and high female fertility [62]. Brassica rapa is generally recognized as a self-incompatible species with a generalized pollination system (e. g. bees, syrphid flies and butterflies as pollinators). However, the level of self-compatibility of this breed can evolve under selection [25]. The line used needs only ca. 35 to 40 days to complete a life cycle and maintains sufficient genetic variability for selection experiments [14, 15, 63, 64]. No specimen was deposited by us in a herbarium. Our analysis includes a total of 16 traits with 12 floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 4 morphological traits (plant height, petal width, petal length, and flower diameter). The measurement methods were described in detail in Zu & Schiestl [14]. Floral VOCs were collected from at least four freshly opened flowers per plant at a flow rate of 100 mL per min for 3 h.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Comparison between the biological active compounds in plants with adaptogenic properties (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng). Plants (Basel) 2021;11(1):64. . Effect of ginseng on reactivity of the organism. 1954;17(4):27–30. . New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Pharmacol 1969;9(1):419–430. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: Comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. 2018;13(1):57. . On the mechanism of action of plant adaptogens with particular reference to cucurbitacin R diglucoside. Phytomedicine 1999;6(3):147–155. . Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Y 2017;1401(1):49–64. . Novel molecular mechanisms for the adaptogenic effects of herbal extracts on isolated brain cells using systems biology. Phytomedicine 2018;50:257–284. . Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress—protective activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010;3(1):188–224. . Adaptogenic potential of a polyherbal natural health product: report on a longitudinal clinical trial. Med 2007;4(3):375–380. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Rev 2021;41(1):630–703. . Network pharmacology of adaptogens in the assessment of their pleiotropic therapeutic activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022;15(9):1051. . A quantitative method for estimating the adaptedness in a physiological study. 2019;16(1):15. . A critical review to identify the domains used to measure the effect and outcome of adaptogenic herbal medicines. 2020;93(2):327–346. . The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: part I: the theory. Med 2005;2(1):13–18. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some trees have double or missing rings in response to extreme environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Picture of the Week SV-POW! … All sauropod vertebrae, except when we're talking about Open Access. ISSN 3033-3695 Why do some domestic pigs have foreheads? November 30, 2019 From Will’s Skull Page, here. Here’s a skull of a wild boar. Note the loooong face, practically a straight line from the tip of the snout to the top of the back of the head. We shall now proceed through a series of pig skulls with increasingly steep foreheads. From the UCL Museums and Collections blog, here. Some domestic pigs have a longish snout and nearly straight forehead, like their wild forebears. (Or foreboars, if you will. ) A cast skull from Carolina, available here. But it seems–from a quick, unscientific, and in-no-way-standardized image search–that the vast majority of domestic pigs have at minimum a more steeply-inclined forehead. This one was auctioned in New Zealand, at this site. Foreheadization is becoming undeniable. From skullbase. info, here. Is this one any more pronounced than the one before? I’m not sure, and so far I’m too lazy to try superimposing the skulls. But they don’t even look like the same kind of animal as the wild boar shown at top. From theweirdandwonderful. com, now apparently only available on Pinterest, here. In my explorations so far, this appears to the ne plus ultra of short-faced, high-forehead domestic pigs, excluding truly pathological cases. The line from the inflection point of the forehead to the occiput is twice the length of the snout! From theweirdandwonderful. com, now apparently only available on Pinterest, here. Oddly enough, the high forehead in domestic pigs is not always associated with a super-short snout, as this skull demonstrates. This figure from Owen et al. (2014) sums up the shape differences between domestic (left) and wild (right) Sus scrofa. Okay, so domestic pigs have shorter snouts and steeper foreheads than wild pigs of the same species. But y tho?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Floral VOC amounts were standardized in amounts per flower per liter sampled air, and ln(x + 1) transformed to approach normal distributions and z-scored (mean = 0, SD = 1) to normalize differences in scale between generations. Scent collection and analysis details can be found in Supporting information. The whole experiment was conducted at the of the University of Zürich. Experiment I: artificial selection experimentDetails of the experimental procedure for artificial selection can be found in Zu & Schiestl [14]. To summarize, we sowed out 150 seeds to form the parental generation. Up and down directional artificial selection on plant height were imposed to produce a tall and a short line with the ten tallest and ten shortest plants, respectively. Additionally, ten randomly selected plants were chosen to form a control line. Selected plants were randomly hand pollinated within each line. Pollen donor, pollen receiver and their offspring were labeled for each fruit to generate a breeding pedigree. After fruit maturation, around 50 seeds from each of the three lines were sown out to form the next generation. The same procedures were carried out to obtain three generations of selection. Extra seeds were sowed out to ensure a minimum of 150 individual plants in each generation. In total, we analyzed 628 plants. The experiment was conducted in a phytotron with 24 h fluorescent light per day, 22 °C, 60% relative humidity, and regular watering twice a day (at 08:00 and 18:00). Experiment II: pollinator selection experimentsThe procedures of experimental evolution experiment can be found in detail in Gervasi & Schiestl [25]. To summarize, we sowed out 300 seeds to generate 108 full sib families by manual cross pollination. These 108 full sib families were then equally divided into three replicates each containing 36 plants, for each of the three treatments (bumblebee, hoverfly, and hand pollination treatment). In each replicate, the 36 plants were placed in a 6*6 array with a distance of 20 cm from each other in a flight cage (2. 5 m*1. 8 m*1. 2 m). In bumblebee and hoverfly treatments, five pollinators (either Bombus terrestris or Episyrphus balteatus) were introduced one at a time in the flight cage, with each allowed to freely visit maximal three different plants before being removed from the cage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Pharmacological investigation of glycosides from ginseng and Eleutherococcus. Lloydia 1969;32(1):46–51. . Effect of Eleuterococcus and ginseng extracts on the activity and adaptive synthesis of tryptophan pyrrolase in rats. 1971;1:31–37. . The functional significance of changes in activity of the enzymes, tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase, after induction in intact rats and in the isolated, perfused rat liver. J 1969;244(6):1410–1416. . The functions and regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase. 1977;21(6):755–767. . Oriental medicine: a computerized study of complex recipes and their components: herbs most frequently used in traditional Japanese and Korean medicine. 1981;9(2):134–143. . Pharmacology of the drug Panax ginseng. Arzneimittelforschung 1959;9(5):305–311. PubW. On the mechanism of action of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. On the problem of a pharmacology of reactivity. 2. Arzneimittelforschung 1961;11:418–422. . The effect of a ginseng extract on adrenal cortex function. Arzneimittelforschung 1963;13:1078–1081. . Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine? J 1988;64(757):841–846. . Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: status quo and future prospects. 2017;85:120–127. . Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (II): collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Chem 2009;16(22):2924–2942. . Network pharmacology of ginseng (part II): the differential effects of red ginseng and ginsenoside Rg5 in cancer and heart diseases as determined by transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14(10):1010. . Improvement of the selectivity index (SI) and cytotoxicity activity of doxorubicin drug by Panax ginseng plant extract.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some trees have double or missing rings in response to extreme environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The projected increase in the frequency of ENSO-positive events may benefit the adult stages of all euphausiids around the northern except E. triacantha, which may be negatively impacted if E. superba larvae become less available in E. triacantha habitat in the future. Future studies should target poorly-understood species such as E. triacantha to ascertain how climate change will shape the future of the Antarctic pelagic ecosystem. Declarations25. (2004) Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432:100–103. (2008) Oceanic circumpolar habitats of Antarctic krill. 362:1–23. (2019) Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional warming. Chang. (2006) Studying trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using fatty acids: a primer on analysis and interpretation. Sci 22:759–801. (2014) Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Chang 4:111–116. (2011) Influence of iron on fatty acid and sterol composition of marine phytoplankton and copepod consumers. 56:716–724. (2020) krill larval supply and recruitment along the Antarctic Peninsula. Biol 60:1386–1400. Constable AJ, Melbourne-Thomas J, Corney SP, et al (2014) Climate change and ecosystems I: How changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota. Biol 20:3004–3025. (2021) Large diatom bloom off the during cool conditions associated with the 2015/2016 El Niño. Environ 252:1–11. Daly KL (1990) Overwintering development, growth, and feeding of larval Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. 35:1564–1576 Daly KL (2004) Overwintering growth and development of larval Euphausia superba: an interannual comparison under varying environmental conditions west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-II 51:2139–2168. (2017) phytoplankton in a changing climate. Sci 4:40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: A total number of 12–15 out of 36 plants per replicate received one or more pollinator visitation. The average (± s. d. ) visitation (in visited plants) was 1. 35 ± 0. 63 for bumblebee-pollinated plants and 1. 28 ± 0. 53 for hoverfly-pollinated plants. In the control treatment 12 plants were randomly chosen and were manually pollinated among each other. Floral traits were measured prior to pollinators’ visits or hand pollination. The number of seeds were recorded after fruit maturation. Seeds from the pollinated plants were sown out proportionally (36/(replicate sum of seeds/individual seed set), values below 0. 5 were rounded up to 1) to form again a total number of 36 plants for the next generation of each replicate. The same selection and sowing-out procedures were conducted for 9 generations, after which plants were sowed out again and randomly hand crossed between the replicates within each treatment to get rid of potential inbreeding depression. Fruits from random crosses were sown out to form the 11th generation and the measurements of floral traits in this generation were used as observed responses to selection. Estimation of the genetic variance-covariance matrices (G-matrix)With known breeding pedigree and plant trait values for each individual in the control and treatment lines of the artificial selection experiment, we were able to estimate three genetic variance-covariance matrices: Gcontrol in control, Gtall (or Gshort) in selection lines for increased (or decreased) plant height (see Table S3). The pedigree of the seeds sowed in the pollinator experiment was unknown. We thus used Gcontrol from artificial selection experiment for evolutionary predictions in both experiments. More specifically, we estimated the G-matrix of the 16 traits by using a multivariate animal model in which the kinship (relatedness) matrix was obtained from the four-generation pedigree of the plants crossed within the experiments (sire = pollen donor, dam = pollen receiver), independently in the control, tall, and short experimental lines (Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Inst 2021;76(3):659–666. . Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer herbal preparation HRG80 in preventing and mitigating stress-induced failure of cognitive functions in healthy subjects: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020;13(4):57. . Effects of Panax ginseng, zearalenol, and estradiol on sperm function. J 2016;40(3):251–259. Ginseng: a bibliometric analysis of 40-year journey of global clinical trials. J 2021;34:187–197. The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: a narrative review. J Res 2021;7(4):575–620. . Clinical effect of Korean red ginseng powder capsule on hyper-, normo- and hypotension. 1991;6:19–23. JA. The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: the theory (part III). Med 2005;2(3):267–275. . Panax ginseng protects the testis against 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced testicular damage in guinea pigs. BJU Int 1999;83(7):842–849. . Panax ginseng improves survival and sperm quality in guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. BJU Int 2004;94(4):663–668. . Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on protection or acceleration to recovery from spermatogenic damage induced by anti-cancer agents. 1995;86(7):1231–1239. Korean red ginseng attenuates doxorubicin-induced testicular dysfunction in rats by modulating inflammatory, oxidative, and autophagy responses. J 2018;40:736–743. A Review of ginseng clinical trials registered in the. Int 2018;2018:1843142 PubConference on Harmonization. International guideline for good clinical practice E (R1), current step 4 version. [Updated 1996]. [15, 2023]. . /UNDP/World Bank/WHO for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree-ring data has helped scientists track past solar activity and its effects on the Earth. [SEP] Text: Then the funding agencies and the could be approached to establish a mechanism for shared funding for such time series. In this funding model, even the countries with limited research capabilities may contribute to the overall success. To ensure the survival of historical time series, this work needs to be done now. Fig. 1. This sunspot drawing shows one of the largest sunspot groups observed over the past 100 years. Observations were taken on 7 April 1947 at Observatory in California. Solar north is toward the top of the drawing, and solar west is to the left. Markings on the drawings indicate the positions and magnetic fields of all sunspots measured that day. Credit: to To some, conducting synoptic solar observations today may not seem as attractive as running space-based telescopes or the newest experimental instruments on the ground. Actually, our epoch proved highly efficient at exploiting past scientific records, thanks to modern computing and “big data” technologies, which often led to scientific breakthroughs. If we neglect to continue these long-term data collection activities, we will prevent future generations of researchers from solving critical scientific issues that we can hardly foresee today. For example, one recent study [Svalgaard, 2016] used 46 million hourly measurements of the geomagnetic field to reconstruct the solar extreme ultraviolet flux from 1740 to 2015. If we neglect to continue these long-term data collection activities, we will prevent future generations of researchers from solving critical scientific issues that we can hardly foresee today. Remember, the impacts of solar magnetic activity on our current technologies or the global climate warming issues were completely unknown when Galileo, Schwabe, and Wolf started to patiently record dark sunspots centuries ago, but their efforts were vital to our current understanding of this impact. Scientists 15–20 years from now will perhaps wonder with disapproval why we did not continue recording the long-term record of observations. We live next to a variable star, and the only way to learn about its long-term behavior, and ultimately to be able to predict it, is to guarantee the survival and continuity of long-term synoptic observations. 10. 1029/89EO00409. Clette, F. , et al. (2016), Preface to topical issue: Recalibration of the sunspot number, Sol. Phys. , 91(9), 2479–2486, B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: We fitted a linear mixed model using the Bayesian method implemented in the MCMpackage [65] to estimate random effect variance components for additive genetic effects (VA) from which we estimated the G-matrix, and among-dam (VD) and among-sire (VS) components to remove potential maternal and paternal effects, respectively. We added generation as a block factor modeled as a fixed effect. This method was previously shown to have good applications with a few traits [50, 66]. In MCMCglmm, we used weakly informative inverse-Wishart prior with limit variance of one and covariance of zero and low degree of belief (0. 002). Posterior distributions were robust to several different prior settings (e. g. V = diag(n)*0. 1, V = diag(n)*10, n = number of traits). We used 1,200,000 iterations, with a burn-in of 200,000 and a thinning of 500 to ensure convergence and low autocorrelation among thinned samples (< 0. 1). The thinning resulted in a posterior distribution with 2000 samples. Finally, because the Bayesian approach does not allow us to directly test for the accuracy of our estimates of the G-matrices, we implemented a permutation test in which we randomly shuffled the dam and sire of each offspring within each generation and re-estimated the G-matrix for each of 500 replicates using the same MCMCglmm procedure as before. To evaluate the accuracy of the observed G-matrices (Gcontrol, Gtall, and Gshort), we then compared them to their randomized estimates, element by element. For each element, we computed an empirical P-value as: P = (Nrandom. estimates < observed. value)/500. If the observed value was smaller than the mean of the random estimates, then (1 – P) was used instead of P. The random estimates were obtained from the posterior mode of the 500 random estimates of each G-matrix. An element of G (a variance or covariance term within G) was considered significant if its P-value was < 0. 05. If it was not the case, then the specific element estimation did not capture its biological meaning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera which has been further illustrated, as with other herbal medicines (Bilberry extract, Bitter melon, Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Ginger and Okra), in its own webpage [3]. To quote one statement from the website: "Preliminary research suggests that intake of Aloe vera juice can help improve blood glucose levels and may therefore be useful in treating people with diabetes". The beneficial effect of Aloe vera as a lipid lowering and wound healing agent along with other health benefits are also outlined. The site even gives guidance on where to buy Aloe vera and the health and beauty/food retailers among which 'Shop' and 'Holland & Barrett' were specifically mentioned. Even though advice is given to patients in the main website to consult their doctor before using herbal medicines, the presentation of these potential antidiabetic medicines to the general public is nothing less than an endorsement by the highest authority in the UK for disseminating information on diabetes. One should therefore ask a simple question: Is there a consensus among the scientific community on using Aloe vera by its own to treat diabetes? The answer is very simple and short - NO! Any diabetic patient who wishes to try out Aloe vera must be told that there is as such no overwhelming clinical evidence to justify its use as a replacement to metformin or other prescription antidiabetic drugs. This being the starting point of advice, one can highlight the antidiabetic therapeutic potential of the plant further. After being used by our ancestors for thousands of years, our obsession for Aloe vera (L. ) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Mill; Family Asphodelaceae) products seems to be only growing by the year. Native to the East African/Mediterranean region, its traditional uses were employed by the Egyptians, Assyrians and Mediterranean civilizations as far back as 4000 BC. Its official record of usage in the western medicine was evident from the 14th Century as purgative and a topical treatment of wounds and skin conditions and it was incorporated in the by 1650; in 1742; Pharmacopeia in 1820; in 1867; FDA list of approved food additives in 1959 [4]. Today, Aloe vera is one of the most widely utilized commercial plant by the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, herbal and cosmetic industries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Japan experiences more than 1,500 earthquakes annually, though most are minor. [SEP] Text: Natural hazard exposure maps are necessary for impact research, and they also allow one to spatially overlap the natural hazard with social variables representing vulnerability or preparedness. This study provides a discussion and quantitative analysis of global earthquake ground shaking and variables of interest that can be calculated from such data. 2 Shaking data Many different factors about an earthquake play important roles in what kind of shaking is experienced on the Earth's surface. Douglas (2003) classifies them into three categories: those related to the earthquake source (e. g. , magnitude, depth, or faulting mechanism), travel path (e. g. , geology can have a significant impact on attenuation), and local site conditions. The prediction, estimation, and recording of strong ground motion parameters are active fields of ongoing research and technological improvements (Douglas, 2003; Denolle et al. , 2014; Wald et al. , 2011; Caprio et al. , 2015; Kong et al. , 2016). SCEC, for example, has a Group. Strong ground motion can be expressed with different parameters, but it is commonly characterized by peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground displacement (PGD). More sophisticated measures such as response spectra or Arias intensity (Arias, 1970) generally provide a better characterization of strong ground motion (Joyner and Boore, 1988), but such data are not as easily available as PGA or PGV. No individual index of strong ground motion is ideal to represent the entire frequency range, but peak ground motion parameters are considered to perform satisfactorily (Riddell, 2007). This study will focus on PGA as the ground motion parameter. However, PGA alone only provides a limited representation of ground motion. To represent the entire frequency range more appropriately a multi-parameter characterization of ground motion is commonly used (e. g. , for selected earthquakes the ShakeMap product also provides response spectra maps at periods of 0. 3, 1, and 3 s – according to three Code reference periods). Nevertheless, while appropriate in engineering, a multi-parameter approach is not reasonable for many social science applications. PGA is still widely use in earthquake engineering, and it provides the advantage of a single-valued parameter with good data availability. Expressing past shaking with PGA is also consistent with the common approach of using PGA for earthquake hazard maps. While more sophisticated approaches to calculate ground motion parameters (e.

Output: pass