Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: 31|), and Barrier 2, “no money” (rs = |0. 28|). DiscussionThe results of this study concerning the demographic profile of the participants are in line with some findings related to research on marine volunteering. The survey attracted a large proportion of female participants (with an even greater number in Group 2 who included previous volunteers), who are known to be particularly attracted to marine volunteering (Lucrezi et al. 2022a, 2022b; Roques et al. 2018; Shum et al. 2021). The average age of the participants, mid-thirties, does not match the description of marine volunteers as millennials according to some studies (Leask et al. 2014; Malone et al. 2014; Roques et al. 2018). Instead, it corresponds to the findings of other studies on the demographic profile of marine volunteers (including citizen scientists and tourists) (Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Son and Wilson 2011) and potential marine volunteers (Lucrezi et al. 2018; Martin et al. 2016). For example, Lucrezi et al. (2022b) identified a “satisfied elders” cluster, characterised by older people who may show an interest in marine volunteering later in life compared with the younger generations. The survey showed a good representation of participants from various areas around the world, including both the global north and south. This result shows that while interest in marine volunteering remains strong in high-income countries where a large proportion of marine voluntourists is known to come from (Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Roques et al. 2018), marine volunteering is attractive to people from various geographical areas around the world. The highest level of education of the participants in the survey confirms that marine volunteering tends to draw mainly people with tertiary education, followed by undergraduate students (Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022b; Martin et al. 2016; Shum et al. 2021). Additionally, a proportion of the participants had a background in environmental and biological science, in line with research showing that people with such a background find value in participating in marine volunteering (Coghlan 2006; Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Silvertown et al. 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Two compound SSRs with 64 and 98 bp located in noncoding and intron-ndhA regions, respectively, were found in all Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. Notably, SSR loci of the Bruguiera chloroplast genomes were unique compared with the other mangrove species (K. obavata, R. stylosa and R. x lamarckii) in the family Rhizophoraceae. Table 3: Number of SSRs in the chloroplast genomes of Bruguiera species and other reported mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae. Species SSR type Total number The number of SSRs for compound formation Mono- Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta- Hexa- BH 119 31 16 16 9 6 197 61 BC 119 30 16 16 9 6 196 61 BG 102 26 14 18 4 2 166 51 BP 109 31 17 23 8 1 189 64 BS 109 36 16 19 5 1 186 70 BSa 106 31 14 18 5 1 175 58 KO 92 29 17 18 8 0 164 50 RL 117 22 13 10 9 2 173 52 RS 117 22 13 10 9 2 173 52 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-3 Notes: BC, B. cylindrica (MW836110); BG, B. gymnorhiza (MW836111); BH, B. hainesii (MW836112); BP, B. parviflora (MW836113); BS, B. sexangula (MW836114); BSa, B. sexangula (CNA0003536); KO, Kandelia obavata (MH277332); RL, Rhizophora x lamarckii (NC_046517); RS, Rhizophora stylosa (MK070169) and PY, Pellacalyx yunnanensis (MN106253). Phylogenetic relationships Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 59 highly conserved chloroplast coding genes in 40 species including 39 plant species in Malpighiales and one outgroup species in Oxalidales (Fig. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Telemedicine is documented to be cost-effective [13] and is commonly used in the management of chronic diseases, specialist consultations, follow-ups, and various other clinical services [12]. It can be categorized into 3 basic types: synchronous, asynchronous, and remote patient monitoring [14]. Synchronous or real-time telemedicine involves the individual being simultaneously present for immediate interaction through either telephone or live video conferencing using modern technological devices such as smartphones or webcam-enabled computers [15]. A benefit of synchronous telemedicine is that it allows the patient and their healthcare professional to interact in a way that appears to be as effective as face-to-face, enabling the healthcare professionals to make a comprehensive assessment based on visual clues [11], which is particularly useful in primary and urgent care, follow-up visits, and the management of medications and chronic illnesses [16,17]. Thus, this type tends to be more expensive due to the complexity of video conferencing software [18] requiring a reliable internet connection [19]. Nevertheless, with the advancement of technology, the data from the Office for [20] reported that 84% of UK adults over the age of 16 years owned a smartphone in 2020; thus, this population has access to video software allowing patients to benefit from the features of synchronous telemedicine. The modern form of telemedicine technology was first established in the 1960’s as healthcare delivery when the Institute created the first video link to provide medical care treatment across 112 miles and to transmit neurological examination information [21]. They also used closed-circuit TV to facilitate consultations between specialists at a psychiatric institute and general practitioners at a state mental health hospital [14,15]. They set up two-way television transmission to send information to medical students across campus. Live psychiatrists’ interactions with patients were broadcast even though they were not present in the same room. Additionally, expert medical advice was also facilitated from a major teaching hospital to an airport medical center. From 1960 to 1964, NASA pushed for funding to explore ways to provide healthcare to astronauts and enhance telecommunication technology [22]. Initially, NASA scientists were concerned regarding the physiological effects of zero gravity on astronauts, which led to constant monitoring of psychological functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature [23].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: (2021) argued that environmental stewardship activities including marine volunteering are likely to be more favourable to people with easier access to such activities, especially when involving local issues and communities. This creates a participation gap for individuals who wish to partake in marine volunteering but have limited access to opportunities. Time and skills are normally mentioned as barriers to marine volunteering (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022a; Martin et al. 2016; Pateman et al. 2021). However, the fact that in this study they were considered minimal is encouraging, suggesting that potential marine volunteers would make time to participate, and would trust their skills (e. g. scuba diving) or the idea of receiving some form of training before participation (Martin et al. 2016). In this study, members of Group 1 were more confident that they would have the skills to participate compared with members of Group 2. Following exposure to volunteering, people may feel that future participation will be more labour-intensive than anticipated or require an entirely different set of skills, whereas people with no prior volunteering experience may be confident due to a lack of understanding of the skills required in marine volunteering. The participants in this study declared, on average, to be already convinced to partake in marine volunteering and not to require enablers. This result has been encountered in other research on potential participation in marine volunteering which targeted marine recreational groups including scuba divers (Lucrezi et al. 2018). Group 2 was more convinced than Group 1, suggesting that prior volunteering experience has a positive impact on willingness to partake in future volunteering, including new experiences such as marine volunteering (Lucrezi et al. 2022a; Shum et al. 2021). The results of this study also provided valuable indications regarding enablers in marine volunteering, of which the most important were more time, information and education, and better access, in line with previous research findings (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Hermoso et al. 2021; Lucrezi et al. 2018). While the results of this study show that the participants would be willing to make time for marine volunteering, information and education represent an opportunity to shed light on all the characteristics of marine volunteering, including time-related considerations (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Martin et al. 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The genetically distinct clades were classified into the lineages of nine families in Malpighiales consisting of nine Rhizophoraceae members, one Erythroxylaceae member, one Ctenolophonaceae member, two Violaceae members, six Salicaceae members, four Passifloraceae members, 11 Euphorbiaceae members, four Malpighiaceae members and one Clusiaceae member. The phylogenetic tree shows that all Bruguiera species were in the lineage Malpighiales and grouped under the clade Rhizophoraceae with a 100% bootstrap support. B. gymnorhiza was placed closely with B. sexangula, while B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were grouped together. B. parviflora is a sister species of the other four Bruguiera species. Loss of the rpl32 gene was observed in several land-plant species (Fig. 5), such as Ctenolophon engierianus, Viola species, species in Salicaceae and Euphorbia species, and mangrove species such as B. gymnorhiza, K. obavata and R. stylosa. Figure 5: Molecular phylogenetic tree of the five Bruguiera species, three other mangrove species and thirty-two terrestrial plant species based on 59 conserved chloroplast coding genes. The maximum likelihood tree was constructed using RAxML program with the GTR + G + I nucleotide model. Numbers above nodes are bootstrap values with 1,000 replicates. Averrhoa carambola (NC_033350) was set as the outgroups. Loss of the rpl32 gene is indicated by red circle. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-5 Selective pressure genes in Bruguiera mangrove species To investigate gene selection pressures, the nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution (Ka/Ks) ratio was calculated by comparing 74 conserved chloroplast gene sequences of each Bruguiera species to assumed ancestors, which were E. novogranatense (Erythroxylaceae), C. englerianus (Ctenolophonaceae), A. carambola (Oxalidales) and V. rotundifolia (Rosids) (Table S11).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Despite existing research focusing on patients’ perspectives on telemedicine, there is a dearth of studies examining primary healthcare professionals’ perceptions. Therefore, this review fills a critical knowledge gap by concentrating on healthcare professionals’ viewpoints and differentiates itself from existing systematic reviews on telemedicine in primary care. It aims to provide insights and guidance for future healthcare interventions [24]. This systematic review explores the perspectives and experiences of primary healthcare professionals regarding the use of synchronous telemedicine for managing chronic conditions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It sheds light on the benefits, challenges, and barriers encountered during implementation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate publications on the perceptions and management of chronic medical conditions using telehealth remote consultations by primary healthcare professionals between April 2020 and December 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review was guided by the standards of the Items for and Meta-Analysis () 2020. The 5-step approach developed by Khan et al in 2003 [25] for conducting a systematic review was used to guide this systematic review to provide a concise structure to the project [26]. reviews and meta-analysis are considered to be the best evidence for a conclusive response to a research question, but there are some inherent weaknesses associated with them, such as the location and selection of studies, heterogeneity, lack of knowledge on important findings, inappropriate subgroups, and being time-consuming to conduct [27,28]. Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry (2016) reported that use of the Population (Healthcare professionals working in primary care services managing chronic conditions), Exposure (Synchronous telemedicine), and Outcome (Benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and recommendations) framework supports authors in formulating a focused, clear, and manageable research question for qualitative reviews [29]. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of qualitative research addressing primary healthcare professionals’ perceptions and experiences regarding management of chronic illnesses, identifying the benefits, risks, and barriers associated with synchronous telemedicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Reasons for this could include females being more likely to travel for non-work related activities or to join organised voluntourism programmes while males may prefer to travel independently and plan their activities (Roques et al. 2018). This gap creates an opportunity to specifically target the male population in marine volunteering propositions. For example, males may be more inclined to partake in projects involving scuba diving, as the sport is currently dominated by males and often requires technical skills and the use of advanced equipment, which are favoured by the male diving population (Cerrano et al. 2017; Lucrezi et al. 2018). The interest in marine volunteering displayed by people from both the global north and south call for special attention to ensuring that marine volunteering opportunities are equally made available to different economic groups. Considering that the UN and SDGs have a distinct objective to expand public engagement in ocean conservation and science across geographical boundaries globally, it is important to effectively use marine volunteering as a tool to achieve this objective by enabling geographic, socio-economic, and other types of inclusivity. It would be advisable that marine volunteering programmes abide by current initiatives to promote inclusivity, such as the Science Association’s working group Empowerment, Inclusiveness and Equity, which establishes collaborations with approaches like community-based research to engage people from different backgrounds in citizen science and other activities that can yield positive outcomes for them (Paleco et al. 2021; Bonney et al. 2016) also discussed the importance of Projects as a way to engage people in volunteering in their environments and around values and interests that concern them, making participation more accessible. Finally, scholars have advocated for the endorsement of marine volunteering that is not simply based on the commodification of nature or altruistic intent (Smith and Font 2014). This would require that marine volunteering programmes, especially those that are business-centred (voluntourism), are designed and explained in a manner that justifies all relevant expenses and minimises unnecessary costs when possible. The results of this study confirm that people with a vested interest in marine-based activities including tourism and recreation, marine conservation and research are mainly attracted to marine volunteering by a desire to protect marine environments and species, followed by self-development and personal well-being reasons. These factors can be considered in the characterisation, promotion and implementation of marine volunteering activities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Most Ka/Ks values of compared pairs were less than 1. 0. There were two genes, rps7 and rpl36, in which the Ka/Ks ratios were higher than one compared with V. rotundifolia (Rosids) and E. novogranatense (Erythroxylaceae), respectively suggesting positive selection during their evolution. The Ka/Ks ratios of the rps7 gene between B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula compared with V. rotundifolia were 1. 58, 1. 53, 1. 58, 1. 69 and 1. 53, respectively. The Ka/Ks ratios of the rpl36 gene between B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula compared with E. novogranatense were 1. 10, 1. 10, 1. 10, 0. 94 and 1. 10, respectively. The Ka/Ks ratios for the rps7 gene were close to 1 when compared with E. novogranatense (Ka/Ks average of the five Bruguiera species = 0. 91), C. englerianus (0. 94), and A. carambola (0. 97) (Table S11) revealing neutral selection within the lineages. The rps7 gene of the Bruguiera species compared with V. rotundifolia contained 13 variation sites including 11 non-synonymous and two synonymous sites (Table 4). Five of the eleven non-synonymous sites (amino acid position: 21, 45, 105, 121, and 122) were unique to the Bruguiera species revealing specific nucleotide mutations during their evolution. Similar to the rps7 gene, the rpl36 gene of the Bruguiera species compared with E. novogranatense contained eight variation sites including six non-synonymous and two synonymous sites (Table 4). Three out of the six non-synonymous sites (amino acid position: five and 24 (two variation sites for one codon change)) were specific to the Bruguiera species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The following words and associated synonyms were used alone or in various combinations and keyed in the databases: “telehealth” OR “telemedicine” OR virtual health” OR “remote health” AND “Chronic condition” OR “Long-term diseases” AND “primary care” OR “general practitioner” “perceptions” OR “experience” AND “benefits” OR “advantages” AND “barriers” OR “challenges” AND “covid” OR coronavirus” OR “Pandemic” to help narrow down the searches and extract only focused data to address the research question. Boolean operators “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT” were used to connect and combine relationships between search terms and exclude irrelevant data, resulting in more focused and productive results. Each database consists of their unique symbols and strings such as (“$#*) and restrictions, including language, year, and whether the full text is available online or in journal 19. Other sources such as of Systematic Reviews, for Health and (NICE), Joanne and Database were used to check for relevant data and reviews on the research question. Inclusion and Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this systematic review were developed based on the Population, Exposure, and Outcome (PEO) scoping framework, in which Population was healthcare professionals working in primary care services managing chronic conditions, Exposure was synchronous telemedicine, and Outcome was benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and recommendations [25,31,32]. However, we intentionally used broad criteria for inclusion, which was based on a scoping review. Because of the research question and the ongoing nature of the pandemic at the time of the study, it was unlikely that a substantial number of empirical studies would be identified, so descriptive papers were also included in the study [33]. Healthcare professionals who were actively working in primary healthcare services, such as doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, and pharmacists, were the target population for this study. The reason this population was chosen is because they served as the primary source of assistance for patients who were greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the population is focused, well-defined, and relevant to current practice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This effect highlights the importance of exposing people to any type of volunteering that could result in positive attitudes towards future participation, including marine volunteering. Exposure could be promoted via several strategies. Volunteer work could be introduced as an extra-credit activity in schools but could also be promoted in recreational and working contexts by non-governmental organisations. Collaborations between volunteering programmes dealing with different issues (e. g. terrestrial wildlife rehabilitation, marine wildlife monitoring) under a broad theme (e. g. conservation) are encouraged as a way to stimulate participation in different programmes while retaining competitiveness and displaying cooperation that can provide volunteers with a bigger picture of environmental issues requiring attention from different perspectives. These types of collaborations can also create a more uniform image of volunteering, as opposed to a fragmented one (deriving from a large number of volunteering projects available) which could deter potential participants. ConclusionThis study presented the findings of an international online survey evaluating drivers, barriers and enablers in marine volunteering among people with a vested interest in marine-based activities including tourism and recreation as well as marine conservation and research. The results showed that potential marine volunteers were mainly driven by ecocentric motives, followed by self-development, personal well-being and social values. The main barriers included money and access, while time and skills seemed less important. While the participants were on average convinced they would partake in marine volunteering in the future, potential enablers encompassed information and education, time, better access and to a lesser extent, incentives and money. Compared with people without prior volunteering experience, people who had been exposed to volunteering were more driven and convinced to participate in marine volunteering, although they felt more hindered by a perceived lack of skills. The findings of this study can assist with designing recruitment strategies in marine volunteering, thus potentially contributing to the agenda to support public engagement in ocean and marine conservation and research in line with the objectives of the UN and SDGs (in particular, SDG14). Marine volunteering programmes are encouraged to strive for inclusivity while retaining their core structure and consider cooperation with other volunteering programmes as well as key stakeholders including academic institutions, schools, corporate companies and tourism and recreation businesses. These actions can help to promote marine volunteering and increase the effectiveness of public engagement in marine conservation and research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Table 4: Variation sites in the rps7 and rpl36 genes between five Bruguiera species and four terrestrial plant species based on the reference sequence of Vitis rotundifolia and Erythroxylum novogranatense, respectively. position Nucleotide base Amino acid position Amino acid reference Amino acid change V. rotundifolia A. carambola C. emglerianus E. novogranatense B. cylindrica B. gymnorhiza B. hainesii B. parviflora B. sexangula rps7 62 21 R Q 99 33 H H 133 45 R G 136 46 S A 139 47 V M 167 56 T K 173 58 P R/L 187 63 R C 314 105 S F 326 109 P L 363 121 L F 364 122 V L 372 124 A A rpl36 13 5 A T 19 7 I V 44 15 R Q 55 19 R R 63 21 G G 70 24 I F 72 24 I F 82 28 P S DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-4 the present study, we have determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of five Bruguiera species using Illumina sequence data. The chloroplast genomes have highly conserved structure and gene content, as observed in most land plants (Daniell et al. , 2016). The size of the chloroplast genomes ranged from 161–164 kb, concordant with other mangrove species (160–164 kb) in the family Rhizophoraceae (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2021). The genomes consisted of four regions (and two IRs) and the IR regions were highly conserved. Interestingly, B. gymnorhiza (161,195 bp), which is a widespread species in the Indo-region, had a smaller chloroplast size than the other Bruguiera species (163,228–164,297 bp) because of a shorter SSC region compared with the others.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the inclusion and exclusion criteria and their rational in this review. The studies encompassed various types of telemedicine that are currently being used in combination and have been proven effective in enabling primary healthcare professionals to conduct remote consultations as a substitute for in-person visits [34]. These types include: In the systematic review, various qualitative studies were included. These studies focused on exploring the emotions, perspectives, and encounters of primary healthcare professionals in relation to the utilization of synchronous telemedicine to manage patients’ chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Common qualitative research philosophies and analysis methodologies, such as phenomenological studies, ethnographic studies, grounded theory studies, action studies, and disclosure studies, were included. Qualitative studies that collected data using methods such as interviews, open-ended questionnaires, observations, diaries, and document analysis were also included. Mixed analysis approaches were used in this systematic review, allowing for comprehensive qualitative data analysis [29,35]. and guidelines were followed to structure and report this systematic review, ensuring the avoidance of bias and duplication of included studies. The research question and objectives guided the selection of electronic databases to extract qualitative studies that were relevant and met the eligibility criteria. A brief search was conducted based on titles and abstracts in September 2020 that broadly identified a range of available evidence on telemedicine. Subsequently, a more comprehensive search was conducted in November 2020 for updated results. Based on the research question and objectives, the following electronic databases were used to extract relevant and published and eligible qualitative studies: and Summon. According to Boland et al, qualitative research is more comprehensive, thus these databases will facilitate their index to be former than other databases [36]. This was devised using the PEO framework to tailor the searches to the objectives of the research questions [37] and identify studies that met the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. As seen in Figure 1 and from a comprehensive search across 6 databases and online platforms, a total of 627 2019. Due to the recent existence of COVID-19 and scarce data, the studies retrieved were conducted worldwide: USA (n=2), Israeli (n=1), Spain (n=1), Belgium (n=1), Turkey (n=1), Lebanon (n=1), and Oman (n=1). The population included in the studies were men and women aged >18, predominately primary and family medicine healthcare professionals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: many countries, complex environmental problems such as biodiversity decline are regulated at the national level by a disparate range of laws and nonstatutory policy instruments variously described by terms including plans, strategies, guidelines, statements of intent, and/or incentives. Such instruments are often grouped together by conservation policymakers and scientists under the umbrella term “policy. ” However, from a legal perspective, there are critical differences between these so-called policy instruments. In this paper, we focus on what we consider to be the critical difference: whether a policy instrument is binding, and therefore whether an administrative decision (e. g. , about a development proposal) can be legally challenged due to noncompliance with that policy instrument. Drawing from international examples, the aim of this paper is to give conservation policymakers and scientists the guidance needed to critically differentiate between laws and nonstatutory policy, assess current or proposed policies, and determine whether a nonstatutory instrument gives rise to binding obligations, thus allowing for decisions to be challenged before a court. In doing so, we encourage conservation scientists, policymakers, activists, and practitioners to reflect critically on what is possible and not possible when nonstatutory “policy” instruments are designed and implemented. 1 “” 2012, the released an Policy (Department of Sustainability, 2012) for environmental impact assessments conducted under the Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act). Policy drew on scientific best practice (Miller et al. , 2015) with offsets to only be applied to compensate for biodiversity losses after avoidance and mitigation measures have been explored (known as “the mitigation hierarchy”). However, the is widely regarded to have failed to deliver its intended outcomes for biodiversity (Audit Office, 2020; Evans, 2023). As noted in the decennial independent review of the EPBC Act conducted by Samuel AC, “the decision-making hierarchy of ‘avoid, minimize, and only then offset’ is not being applied—offsets are too often used as a default measure not as a last resort” (Samuel, 2020). Samuel's suggested solution was simple: to enshrine offsets in law.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: In all species, the chloroplast genomes contained the same number of tRNA (37) genes, rRNA (8) genes and pseudogenes (2), whereas the number of protein-coding genes (84–85) was slightly different. The rpl32 gene in the SSC region was lost in B. gymnorhiza, which was validated by PCR amplification of the ndhF-rpl32 region (Fig. S1). Loss of the rpl32 gene was found in at least 73 species in eudicots, occurring through multiple independent loss events, such as K. obovata (mangrove) and Populus species (Ueda et al. , 2007; Yang et al. , 2019; Mohanta et al. , 2020). The transfer of the rpl32 gene from chloroplast to the nuclear genomes occurred several times across angiosperms (Ueda et al. , 2007; Yang et al. , 2019; Mohanta et al. , 2020). In this study, we found that this gene was likely transferred to the nuclear genome of B. gymnorhiza due to low read coverage (~100×) compared with the other Bruguiera species (~8,000×) (Table S6). These results suggest that the rpl32 gene was independently lost in chloroplasts of mangrove species. The sequence and content of the IR regions were more conserved than those of the LSC and SSC regions in the Bruguiera species, consistent with other mangrove chloroplast genomes (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020). The IR regions had high GC content, concordant with other mangrove plants (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020). In addition, a contraction of the IR-SSC boundary region was found in B. parviflora (163,228 bp); as a result, its chloroplast genome size was smaller than those of B. cylindrica, B. hainesii and B. sexangula (164,170–164,297 bp).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Table 2 show a description of included studies in this review. All the studies included shared the same aim of exploring primary healthcare experiences with using telemedicine, particularly synchronous during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond to continue care and treatment for patients with chronic conditions. The qualitative study design was predominately used in all the studies and semi-structured interviews, lasting 15–60 minutes. This was also the primary method of data collection among most studies. Heterogenicity of the method of analysis was varied among studies, with 4 of the studies using the thematic framework method [52–54,59], and combined content analysis of the qualitative data was also performed. Hassani et al also used thematic analysis collective with descriptive-interpretative phenomenological method analysis [56], the thematic analysis-grounded theory approach was used by Srinivasan et al [55], an inductive framework analysis approach was used by another study [58], and the chi-square test was used for a mixed-method study [57]. Synchronous (video conferencing or live telephone) interactions were the principal methods of telemedicine technology used in the studies, with some studies using a combination of synchronous telemedicine. Helou et used remote consultations using phone, internet, multimedia channel, and a webinar using online conferences [52]. Video consultations were used in studies carried by Rodriguez et al, Srinivasan et al, and Gomez et al [53–55], and video conferencing through Zoom was used by Crossman et al [57], while Hassani et al and Verhoeven et al performed telephone consultations [56–58]. On contrary, Aksoy et al focused on online sessions for public awareness, continuing medical education, research, administration, and teaching [59]. of the The quality of the 8 studies include was diverse. Methodology flaws in some studies were noted. Two studies, despite using a qualitative methodology, did not disclose the study design [54–57], whereas some studies noted the design, but they did not report the qualitative method, including phenomenological or ethnographic study [52,58,59]. The 3 remaining studies used grounded theory or a phenomenological approach [53,55,56]. Gomez et al and Helou et al used designs that were not robust enough for their aims and research question, raising the issues of validity and credibility [52,54].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Nonadherence to the is no doubt a source of frustration to those working in conservation, but the solution offered by illuminates a key problem with the Offsets Policy—it is not law, it is “nonstatutory,” and it is intended to guide decision-making on individual development proposals rather than dictate outcomes. If the had been enshrined in law, this may give rise to a binding obligation to apply the hierarchy (depending on how the obligation is phrased) and a basis on which interested parties—such as conservation scientists or groups—could challenge these decisions before a court when the law was not followed. This example illustrates the importance in conservation of thinking about the different legal authority of the variety of regulatory tools used by governments. The language of these regulatory tools varies considerably across the globe. In common law countries including Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and India, binding statutory tools may take the form of Acts (primary law) passed by a Parliament or a legislature, or instruments (delegated laws) made by a government department or Ministry under the authority of a primary law. These instruments can be described in different ways, such as regulations, rules, orders, schemes, and management plans. In the European Union, binding instruments include primary law, such as the treaties, their annexes and protocols, and the EU Charter of Fundamental rights; secondary law, such as regulations, directives, and decisions passed by the and the Council; and tertiary law, meaning delegated and implementing acts by the (European Union, 2024). Importantly, there is often a right to challenge administrative decisions made by a government entity about a development proposal where that decision was made under law or legislative instruments. For example, the EU (92/43/EEC) has legal status and is binding on decision-makers. In a prominent early 2000s case, construction permits for a new business center near the Netherlands/Germany border were overturned by the highest Dutch administrative court as the decision did not take into account impacts on a rare wild hamster, a species protected under the (Hajer, 2003). Binding laws and legislative instruments are also supplemented by other documents that are often referred to as “policy” in some jurisdictions: for example, the Australian offsets policy mentioned above. These will be referred to here as “nonstatutory policy” as they are not made through official legislative or Parliamentary processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Panthita Ruang-areerate conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. Jeremy R. Shearman analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: All raw reads are available at Archive (SRA): SRR14318719 to SRR14318723. reads were used to assemble the chloroplast genomes of five Bruguiera species. work was supported by the Agency (No. P1952261), Thailand. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1999. Genetic differentiation between Bruguiera gymnorhiza and B. sexangula in Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia 413:11-16. 2021. The evolutionary fate of rpl32 and rps16 losses in the Euphorbia schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) plastome. 11(1):1-12 Amiryousefi A, Hyvönen J, Poczai P. 2018. IRscope: an online program to visualize the junction sites of chloroplast genomes. Bioinformatics 34(17):3030-3031. 2018. Chloroplast genomic resources for phylogeny and DNA barcoding: a case study on Fritillaria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Due to the difference in interview timing, some responses were less comprehensive than others [57–59], hindering the analysis and identification of the studies. The methodological choices were constrained by scarce data on telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative research predominately assesses participants’ feelings, emotions, and experiences, and this may affect interpretations of the results [44]. Akosy et al and Gomez et al [54,59] did not disclose ethical consideration; therefore, this should be addressed more carefully in qualitative research, as it focuses on exploring, identifying, and explaining human beings and their living environment [60]. Four themes emerged and additional subthemes were also identified after reviewing the studies. The key themes were: studies presented comprehensive qualitative data generated by narrative synthesis of experiences and perceptions of primary healthcare professionals on using synchronous telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, which were mainly positive. Increased patient engagement, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to provide access to wider specialties were also identified as benefits of telemedicine. Nevertheless, the challenges, including technological issues, staff training, and user resistance, need to be investigated to ensure the successful implementation and sustainability of the service. Moreover, the shortcomings regarding patient safety and privacy also need to be urgently considered, as telemedicine is deemed to be key in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the perceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals working in primary care settings on using synchronous telemedicine to manage chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review identified the benefits and effectiveness of synchronous telemedicine, risks and challenges, and the intended continuity of telemedicine interventions beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, thus reducing the morbidity and mortality during the pandemic [52,55]. The studies were conducted worldwide because of the currently limited data on COVID-19. Although differences in healthcare systems and infrastructure are recognised, the studies provided rich experiences, showing similarities and differences, thus learning from their experiences, and sharing best practices. The main synchronous types of telemedicine that were used in the studies included video and telephone consultations or a combination of both, but video conferencing was the preferred mode of delivery by both the healthcare professionals and their patients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Nonstatutory policy is frequently used in conservation as a relatively nimble and flexible tool that can operate separately to or in conjunction with statutory instruments and may be preferred over lengthier legislative processes (Mamouney, 2014). However, not all nonstatutory policies are created equally: a decision that does not adequately consider policy may only be challenged in court if the policy is legally binding. Some policy instruments merely provide guidance for official decision-makers, whereas others seek to place binding legal obligations upon them. For example, recovery plans in the have continually been found by courts to be nonbinding guidance documents, with environmental groups failing in their efforts to have decisions set aside on the basis of violation of a recovery plan (Zellmer et al. , 2020). This goes to the heart of whether a “policy” instrument can in fact achieve substantive outcomes for conservation. Despite this critical legal nuance, the term “policy” is (somewhat confusingly) used by conservation policymakers and in the conservation literature as an umbrella term, which may variously encompass different regulatory devices such as plans, strategies, guidelines, public campaigns, fiscal incentives, statements of intent, and regulations (Brodie et al. , 2016; Cook & Sgrò, 2017; Rose et al. , 2018; Samuel et al. , 2023). Legislation is also sometimes grouped under the same umbrella as nonstatutory policy (Aggestam, 2015), although the and the US examples show us that the legal effects may be quite different. To add to the confusion, “policy” is often a term used to refer to broader governmental strategies and aspirations, such as conservation “policy issues” (e. g. , see Pullin et al. , 2009) and making science “policy relevant” (e. g. , Rose, 2015). The lack of precision in the way we talk about “policy” in conservation—and especially when comparing legislation and other types of policy instruments—means that we are comparing apples and oranges, without necessarily appreciating the critical differences between them. In this paper, we focus on one critical reason why it is important to distinguish between different types of legal instruments and nonstatutory policy: because decisions made by a government agency may only be legally reviewable before a court if they have been made under a legally binding instrument.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 8(1):1-12. 2019. Lost and found: return of the inverted repeat in the legume clade defined by its absence. and Evolution 11(4):1321-1333 Dahdouh-. 2000. Utilization of mangrove wood products around (Kenya) amongst subsistence and commercial users. 54(4):513-527. 2016. Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. 17(1):1-29. 2012. Highly variable chloroplast markers for evaluating plant phylogeny at low taxonomic levels and for DNA barcoding. 7(4):1-9. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. 19:11-15. 2011. Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56(1):36-48 Duke NC, Kudo H. 2018. Bruguiera × dungarra, a new hybrid between mangrove species B. exaristata and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) recently discovered in north-east Australia. Blumea: Journal of 63:279-285 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 FAO. 2007. The world’s mangroves. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. . 2001. Chloroplast ribosomal protein S7 of chlamydomonas binds to chloroplast mRNA leader sequences and may be involved in translation initiation. Cell 13(1):207-218. 2011. Nonessential plastid-encoded ribosomal proteins in tobacco: a developmental role for plastid translation and implications for reductive genome evolution. Cell 23(9):3137-3155. 2004. VISTA: computational tools for comparative genomics. Research 32(Web Server):W273-W279. 2019. Comparative genomics of 11 complete chloroplast genomes of Senecioneae (Asteraceae) species: DNA barcodes and phylogenetics. 60(1):1-17. 2019. () version 1. 3. 1: expanded toolkit for the graphical visualization of organellar genomes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The ability to assess patients visually and have visual clues to make comprehensive assessments and empowering patients to take control of their treatments were reported as valuable features of video conferencing. The duration of the consultations is not clearly documented; however, in a study by Verhoeven et al, primary healthcare professionals mentioned that they have longer consultations virtually compared to the traditional 10 minutes per patient during an in-person visit [58,63], and indicated they can use the additional time to build rapport with their patients and get to know their patients more and conversely raise any social and safeguarding issues. In a study conducted by Helou et al in 2020, the accessibility and convenience of telemedicine were extensively discussed. However, it is important to note that not all studies have the same results. Verhoeven et al found that while telemedicine may be accessible to a large group of people, there are concerns regarding the technological literacy of certain patient populations, particularly older individuals [58], which could hinder the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions, as pointed out by Akosy et al [54]. Despite the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, research suggests that utilizing telephone technology, which is less complex than video visits, could serve as a viable substitute for in-person consultations in general medical practice, as indicated by Gomez et al [54]. This is especially relevant for patients with chronic conditions, as highlighted by Hassani et al in 2020 [56], and involving families in setting up these telemedicine interventions could potentially overcome any technical barriers, as proposed by Gomez et al [54]. Another important benefit of telemedicine intervention, which is widely documented in studies, is the ability to provide continuity of care to patients, thereby offering a holistic approach. The implementation of this intervention has provided healthcare providers with a solution to the challenges they face in terms of limited time and resources during patient interactions [54]. Also, one more valuable aspect that the studies have highlighted about synchronous telemedicine is that it leads to an increase in patient compliance with their care and treatment plans, which ultimately showcases the promising benefits of telemedicine [52]. In addition, telemedicine has gained recognition for providing immediate remote access to expert medical advice, treatment, and diagnosis. This eliminates the necessity for individuals from rural areas to travel long distances to urban centers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Even where a “policy” instrument is made under legislation, not all instruments place binding obligations on decision-makers, and some instruments merely provide guidance to frame and inform administrative decision-making. Where a policy has been developed under the authority of legislation, it will still be necessary to examine the legislative context to determine whether the policy is intended to be binding (Sharp, 2017). A useful example of an instrument that is intended to merely guide decision-makers is recovery plans made under the United States’ Act 1973. Under this Act, the Secretary “shall develop and implement [recovery plans] for the conservation and survival of endangered species” (16 USC § 1533(f)). In the case of Fund for Animals v Rice, 85 F. 3d 535 (11th Cir. 1996), an environmental group challenged the construction of a landfill in an area that had been deemed critical habitat for the endangered Florida panther and was therefore argued to be inconsistent with its recovery plan. However, the group was unsuccessful as the Court observed that the plan was for guidance purposes only. Despite having its foundations in legislation, recovery plans allow the relevant government agency to exercise discretion. Furthermore, while some “policy” instruments stipulate legal processes to be followed, or considerations to be applied, when assessing specific projects, others provide strategic guidance to governments. For example, in Fiji, the Act 2005 requires the Council to formulate a Strategy (cl 24). The current strategy is the Strategy and for Fiji 2020–2025, which sets out strategic actions for the national government to take to protect biodiversity: for example, conducting a gap analysis as to where additional protected areas are needed (Department of Environment, Government of Fiji, 2020). High-level strategic guidance can help with setting a clear vision for conservation planning and is therefore not without utility—for example, there have been calls for the to adopt a national biodiversity strategy to promote consistency in law and policy-making (Gerber et al. , 2023). However, this type of high-level guidance document may not give rise to legally binding obligations. 2. 3 Does a nonstatutory policy mandate or encourage outcomes? Instruments involving decisions made at the individual project level may also have different legal effects. Some policy instruments may impose legally enforceable obligations on decision-makers and project proponents, while others might simply direct and steer them (by providing nonlegally binding recommendations or incentives).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Research 47(W1):W59-W64. 2004. New diterpenoids from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Journal of 67(9):1620-1623. 2020. Lineage-specific evolution of mangrove plastid genomes. 13(2):1-13 Hou D. 1958. Bruguiera. 5:457-468. 2008. Chloroplast microsatellite markers for the mangrove tree species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, and Rhizophora stylosa, and cross-amplification in other mangrove species. 9(4):989-993. 2020. GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. 21:1-31 Kathiresan K, Bingham BL. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in 40(3):81-251. 2018. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. and Evolution 35(6):1547-1549. 2001. REPuter: the manifold applications of repeat analysis on a genomic scale. Research 29(22):4633-4642. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves IX: molecular marker assisted intra-specific variation and species relationships in the Indian mangrove tribe Rhizophoreae. 74(3):201-217 Laslett D, Canback B. 2004. a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Research 32(1):11-16 Li H, Durbin R. 2009. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25(14):1754-1760. 2019. The complete chloroplast genome of Rhizophora stylosa and its phylogenetic implications. : Resources 4(1):374-375. 2021. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L. ) Lam. ex Savigny. : Resources 6(7):2076-2078 _Allah EF, Al-Harrasi A. 2020. Gene loss and evolution of the plastome. Genes 11:1-23. 2018. Structural diversity among plastid genomes of land plants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Physicians are not only required to receive training on utilizing technological devices such as laptops, but they are also expected to maintain eye contact with their patients as a means of establishing a connection [55]. One of the challenges identified in the studies is the lack of technological infrastructure, including the absence of smart devices for elderly patients, limited bandwidth, and weak WIFI connection [55,57]. As a result of the swift expansion of telemedicine, valuable insights were gained on the implementation, maintenance, and administration of telemedicine both throughout and after the COVID-19 crisis. According to the studies, the implementation stage is identified as a crucial factor in any telemedicine intervention. Verhoeven et al argue that it is a tremendous benefit for healthcare professionals to have their own patient list, as the challenges increase when patients are not familiar with their usual healthcare provider. Furthermore, in their video consultations, the primary healthcare professionals employ a proven technique known as Ideas, Concerns, and Expectations (ICE) to assist in the process [58]. However, even with the implementation of these innovative approaches, healthcare professionals have concerns about potentially overlooking critical diagnoses. Furthermore, Scrinivasan et al emphasized that to ensure high quality and sustainable synchronous telemedicine consultations, it is crucial to establish a proper structural framework. This framework should include defining the roles and responsibilities of primary healthcare professionals in a way that aligns with their professional objectives. In addition to these components, successful implementation of this project also necessitates staff training, enhancement of physical arrangements within the health center, and the careful selection of suitable cases for synchronous telemedicine [67]. The results suggested that the move to video consultations unveiled new ways of practicing medicine if obstacles to expense, equity, and staffing can be overcome [55,57,58]. Thus, some primary healthcare professionals strongly agree that telemedicine practices should remain ongoing for conditions that are deemed appropriate for telemedicine interventions beyond the pandemic, as this will improve access to healthcare, particularly for patients with chronic conditions [55]. However, there have been concerns raised about the level of job satisfaction among healthcare professionals and their capacity to effectively make complex and sensitive decisions through telemedicine methods; therefore, it is crucial that these concerns are addressed to ensure the long-term viability and success of telemedicine [53].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: For example, in Queensland, Australia, 11 requires that development must avoid marine plant flowering, fish spawning, and fish migration periods (PO6) (Queensland Government, 2022. This makes it clear to potential proponents that a particular type of activity is considered unacceptable and, therefore, forces them to consider alternatives in order to obtain development consent. It also provides a clear direction for decision-makers. Alternatively, an instrument may simply encourage a party to do something that furthers a government's overarching agenda. For example, private protected areas have emerged globally as an important biodiversity conservation tool (Ivanova & Cook, 2020), but the uptake of these measures on private land is difficult to mandate and instead may be encouraged through various financial incentives (Retief et al. , 2022). 2. 4 Is a policy instrument current? Finally, even if a nonstatutory policy instrument appears to be binding, it must be ascertained whether a policy is current. It can be easy to assess the currency of legislation, as it is often compiled in central databases where amendments are documented and traceable. In contrast, policy documents may be posted on government websites, and outdated policy documents may not be removed. It has been noted that it can be difficult to “discover what [policies have] been made under a particular power; and once found it is difficult or impossible to verify whether one has found the latest text of a particular document” (Greenberg, 2015). Some instruments may be subject to review requirements at specified intervals, either imposed by legislation or outlined in the instrument itself. For example, in the United States, s. 4(c) of the Act requires that recovery plans for listed threatened species are reviewed every 5 years. However, a review found that nearly 25% of species lack final recovery plans and over half of plans are more than 20 years old (Malcom & Li, 2018) with many federal courts unwilling to force preparation or updating of such plans (Cheever, 2001). Therefore, even if these recovery plans were to impose binding obligations, it may be difficult to determine whether one does in fact apply to a decision.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. . 2020. Complete chloroplast genomes of Chlorophytum comosum and Chlorophytum gallabatense: genome structures, comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Plants 9(3):1-18. 2013. Metabolites and bioactivities of Rhizophoraceae mangroves. and Bioprospecting 3(5):207-232. 2016. Bruguiera hainesii, a critically endangered mangrove species, is a hybrid between B. cylindrica and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) 17(5):1137-1144. 1986. Conservation of chloroplast genome structure among vascular plants. 10(11):823-833. 2015. Complete chloroplast genome sequence of MD-2 pineapple and its comparative analysis among nine other plants from the subclass Commelinidae. BMC 15(1):1-20. 2016. Assessment of mangroves from Goa, west coast India using DNA barcode. 5(1):1-10. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among four species of the mangrove tree genus Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae), as revealed by chromosome and RAPD markers. Revista de 55(2):437-448. 2000. Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. of Botany 87(4):547-564. 2007. Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. of Botany 94(3):275-288. 2005. (Rhizophoraceae) species in the mangroves of Singapore, especially on the new record and the rediscovery. Taiwania 50:251-260. 2020. Complete chloroplast genomes of 14 mangroves: phylogenetic and genomic comparative analyses. BioInternational 2020:1-13. 2005. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of mangroves: independent evolutionary origins of vivipary and salt secretion. and Evolution 34(1):159-166 Stamatakis A. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The studies highlight the crucial importance of effectively managing telemedicine services to ensure long-term success and the ongoing delivery of telemedicine interventions. As a result, the studies emphasized the importance of providing regular and consistent feedback on telemedicine activities to maintain its continuity and make further enhancements that align with clinical requirements. Compliance with the COVID-19 government guidelines prompted primary healthcare practices to make adaptations during the implementation of synchronous telemedicine. It is evident from the studies that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a swift and substantial growth in the utilization of telemedicine [68]. According to the studies, under normal circumstances, it would have required several years to achieve this level of progress. However, due to the urgent demands, the timeline was compressed to just 2 to 3 weeks, resulting in immense pressure on healthcare personnel to ensure safety and optimize all essential aspects. A study conducted by Srinivasan et al in 2020 recorded a remarkable statement that caught their attention: “I have never witnessed such a rapid allocation of resources before” [55]. Therefore, the future of telemedicine as an essential component of the healthcare system relies on the permanence and approval of legislation and regulations by governmental authorities, regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the high number of COVID-19 cases that have been reported during the pandemic, patients have come to realize that the healthcare system is under immense pressure, making it increasingly challenging for them to schedule in-person appointments with their regular healthcare providers. Following that, the 1. flow diagram. Figure 2. Quality assessment criteria (CASP) (2018). 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Table 2. Description of included studies. Table 3. The 4 themes and their relation to telemedicine. 1. of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study: Lancet, 2012; 380(9836); 37-43 2. of remote consulting in UK primary care following the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods longitudinal study: Gen Pract, 2021; 71(704); e166-e77 3. Department of Health: Long term conditions compendium of information, 2012 4. : The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on outpatient visits: A rebound emerges, 2020 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: 3 “” : objective of this paper is to give conservation practitioners the guidance necessary to look critically at a “policy” instrument and understand its legal meaning and effects, as well as its ability to translate into outcomes for conservation in practice in one key respect—that is, whether it is legally binding, and whether conservation decisions can therefore be challenged before a court. From a legal perspective, instruments enshrining “policy” are not created equally, and we have analyzed a sample set of instruments that may be referred to under the broad umbrella of “policy” to identify the different features that distinguish these instruments (and their contents) in legal consequence and effect. Once these features are familiar to someone working in conservation, they can be used to identify the legal characteristics of policy instruments. This, in turn, is a necessary precursor to evaluating whether a particular policy instrument (or set of policy instruments), either proposed or current, might be desirable or undesirable according to a set of more normative evaluation criteria. In identifying these features of legal and nonstatutory policy instruments, we are not asserting that one type of instrument is inherently superior to the other. Indeed, there are sound reasons to include nonstatutory policy into the regulatory mix for addressing conservation issues: legislation may need to pass through a lengthy Parliamentary process and receive majority support before it comes into effect, whereas nonstatutory policy can often be made and amended quickly and administratively by a government agency (Gunningham et al. , 1998; Weeks & Pearson, 2018). When a regulator chooses between legislative and nonstatutory options, they must, among other considerations, consider the pros and cons of providing greater legal flexibility (nonstatutory policy) or greater legal certainty (legislation) to the issue being regulated (Frohlich et al. , 2022). Nor are we asserting that the legally binding nature of a law or nonstatutory policy is the only important factor to consider when assessing the normative value of conservation laws and nonstatutory policies. Other features such as the robustness of the science underpinning the law or policy, the presence of effective monitoring and evaluation regimes, and the availability of legal sanctions for noncompliance are also critical to achieving outcomes for biodiversity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30(9):1312-1313. 2020. Comparative survey of morphological variations and plastid genome sequencing reveals phylogenetic divergence between four endemic Ilex species. Forests 11(9):1-17. 2010. The chloroplast genome sequence of mungbean (Vigna radiata) determined by high-throughput pyrosequencing: structural organization and phylogenetic relationships. DNA Research 17(1):11-22. 2011. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Hevea brasiliensis reveals genome rearrangement, RNA editing sites and phylogenetic relationships. Gene 475(2):104-112. 2003. Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of gene-derived SSR-markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) Theoretical and 106(3):411-422 -. 2017. Geseq–versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes. Research 45(W1):W6-W11. 1979. Preliminary observations on floral biology in mangrove Rhizophoraceae. Biotropica 11(4):256-277. 2007. Loss of the rpl32 gene from the chloroplast genome and subsequent acquisition of a preexisting transit peptide within the nuclear gene in Populus. Gene 402(1–2):51-56. 2013. Inferences of evolutionary history of a widely distributed mangrove species, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, in the Indo-region. Ecology and Evolution 3(7):2251-2261. 2012. Characterization of the chloroplast genome sequence of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ) Gene 500(2):172-180. 2010. KaKs_Calculator 2. 0: a toolkit incorporating gamma-series methods and sliding window strategies. Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics 8(1):77-80 üller KF, Quandt D. 2011. The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function. Biology 76(3–5):273-297. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Original PaperVictor Patterson1, Pat Swinfen2; Roger Swinfen2; Emil Azzo3, FRCOG; Husen Taha4, MD; Richard Wootton5, PhD, DSc123Department of 4Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital, Erbil, Iraq5Centre for Online Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaCorresponding Author:for Online HealthLevel 3, Foundation BuildingRoyal Children’s HospitalBrisbane, Queensland 4029AustraliaPhone: +61 7 3346 4754Fax:+61 7 3346 4705Email: r_wootton@pobox. comAbstractBackground: Since 1999, the Trust has operated an email referral system between doctors in the developing world and specialists in the industrialized world. Since 2001, it has expanded its operation into the Middle East, in particular Iraq, an area of considerable conflict. Objectives: The aim was to compare referral patterns to the Trust from the with those received from the rest of the developing world and to look for qualitative evidence of health gain. Methods: We analyzed referrals to the Trust between July 2004 and June 2007 and compared these by speciality with those received from elsewhere during the same 3-year period. We asked two referring doctors for their views of the process, and we analyzed the total referrals made to a single specialty (neurology). Results: 2004 and June 2007, 283 referrals were received from four countries in the (Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait) and 500 cases were received from 22 other countries. The 283 cases resulted in 522 separate queries to specialists. The median time to specialist reply for the queries relating to the 283 cases was 24. 3 hours (interquartile range 6. 1-63. 3). There was a significant difference in case mix between the and the rest of the world (P <. 001), with more obstetric referrals and fewer referrals in medical specialties and radiology. The referring doctors were helped greatly by the service. The neurologist was confident of the diagnosis in 20 of 26 referrals received (77%). Both referring doctors and the specialist were able to cite referred cases where management was improved as a result of the service. Conclusions: Email telemedicine can be used in areas of conflict such as the Middle East. Perhaps surprisingly, trauma referrals are not increased but obstetric referrals are.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Note that these mechanisms are not structurally modular, as they involve different interactions among the same set of genes. Moreover, attempts to explain gap gene expression dynamics with network motifs have consistently failed to correctly account for the integrated behaviour of the whole system (Zinzen and Papatsenko, 2007; Ishihara and Shibata, 2008; Papatsenko, 2009). All these difficulties arise because the gap gene network is a strongly emergent network (sensu Jiménez et al. , 2017). If there are functional modules in this network, they show a high degree of structural overlap. For such emergent networks, analyses based on structural modularity fail, because this approach is only valid for systems of markedly hybrid character. As was argued in Jiménez et al. (2017), such systems only constitute a tiny subset of all possible naturally occurring regulatory networks. An alternative way to identify network modules that does not rely directly on their structure is to define them in terms of their activity (Kauffman, 1993; Hartwell et al. , 1999; von Dassow and Munro, 1999; Newman and Bhat, 2008; Newman and Bhat, 2009; Alexander et al. , 2009; Benítez and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010). Such dynamical modules or dynamical subsystems consist of a group of connected network nodes that implement a particular behaviour (Irons and Monk, 2007; Benítez and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010). Their spatio-temporal pattern of activity specifies a certain type of dynamics—such as bistable or oscillatory—termed a ‘dynamical regime’ (Verd et al. , 2017; Verd et al. , 2018). Different dynamical regimes are distinguished by the composition of the underlying phase portraits (Strogatz, 2015; Perez-Carrasco et al. , 2018). For instance, they can be generated by different subsets of a system’s attractors (with associated basins) (Irons and Monk, 2007). With this type of classification, nodes may be shared between overlapping modules, simultaneously driving different dynamics in the context of different subsystems. No disjoint modular network structure is required or even expected (Jiménez et al. , 2017). Still, each module’s behaviour is relatively independent and clearly distinguishable from that of other dynamical subsystems (Irons and Monk, 2007).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods View 2017. Cryptic biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods Carlos A. Santamaria1,2, Joanna K. Bluemel3,4, Nancy Bunbury5, Melinda Curran6 1Biology Faculty, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Sarasota-of America 2Department of of America 3Society Seychelles, Mahé, Seychelles 4Lowestoft Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and (CEFAS), Lowestoft, Suffolk, 5Foundation, Mahé, Seychelles 6Society, Mahé, Seychelles DOI 10. 7717/peerj. 3894 Published 2017-10-06 Accepted 2017-09-15 Received 2017-08-15 biogeography, Oniscidea, Cryptic species, Ligiidae, Intertidal, Overwater dispersal, Sea-land interphase, © 2017 Santamaria et al. is an open access 2017. Cryptic biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods. PeerJ 5:e3894 isopods are conspicuous inhabitants of rocky intertidal habitats exhibiting several biological traits that severely limit their dispersal potential. Their presence in patchy habitats and low vagility may lead to long term isolation, allopatric isolation and possible cryptic speciation. Indeed, various species of Ligia have been suggested to represent instead cryptic species complexes. Past studies; however, have largely focused in and Atlantic species of Ligia, leaving in doubt whether cryptic diversity occurs in other highly biodiverse areas. consists of 115 islands of different ages and geological origins spread across the western Indian Ocean. They are well known for their rich biodiversity with recent reports of cryptic species in terrestrial Seychellois organisms. Despite these studies, it is unclear whether coastal invertebrates from the Seychelles harbor any cryptic diversity. In this study, we examined patterns of genetic diversity and isolation within Ligia isopods across the Seychelles archipelago by characterizing individuals from locations across both inner and outer islands of the Seychelles using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We report the presence of highly divergent lineages of independent origin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Supporting individual doctor-patient encounters in this way is therefore often beneficial and is easily expandable. As well as improving care for individuals, email telemedicine provides effective case-based learning for local doctors, leading to improved care for subsequent similar patients. J Res 2007;9(4):e30doi:10. 2196/jmir. 9. 4. e30KeywordsTelemedicine; electronic mail; developing countries; IntroductionWhile there is no doubt that political stability and public health are immensely important in improving a nation’s health, patients become ill regardless and doctors are needed to treat them. The outcome of the doctor-patient interaction is crucially important to the patient concerned, and a number of factors will optimize it, one of which is the expertise and training of that doctor in the patient’s specific complaint. Provision of the highest standard of medical care is the objective of those who work in the medical profession in the Middle East, as elsewhere, and these underpinning values do not change in times of conflict. For this reason, doctors’ knowledge needs to be upgraded continuously during their medical career. This is difficult to achieve in many parts of the developing world. In Iraq, for example, 13 years of strict international sanctions and three devastating wars in the last 25 years have not just destroyed or depleted the infrastructure but also made it extremely difficult for doctors to keep up with developments in their specialties. Despite their best personal efforts, their knowledge may not be sufficient to meet the high standards of medical practice they set for themselves and, consequently, some doctor-patient outcomes will be adversely affected. An email telemedicine system was set up in 1999 by the Trust in order to try and improve this situation. This has been described elsewhere [1] but is essentially simple in concept: hospital doctors in the developing world send an email message about a difficult patient that is passed on to a specialist in the industrialized world who replies with advice. In the last few years, links have been established with Iraq (29 sites), Pakistan (6), Afghanistan (3), and Kuwait (1) (Figure 1). We describe below how this system has worked in the Middle East, how referral patterns there differ from other parts of the developing world, and how both referring doctors and specialists feel about it. Figure 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Dynamical modularity transcends the inherent limitations of structural approaches and allows us to gain insights into heavily emergent regulatory networks. However, it is far from trivial to apply this framework to the experimental study of specific evolving developmental processes. Irons and Monk have developed an algorithmic method to identify dynamical modules in Boolean network models (Irons and Monk, 2007). Unfortunately, this method is difficult to generalize and adapt to continuous mathematical frameworks (for instance, models formulated as systems of ordinary differential equations) used to study morphogen-driven pattern-forming networks such as the gap gene system. For this reason, we adopt a pragmatic approach to identify dynamical modules in the gap gene network of D. melanogaster. Our approach is based on the observation that only subsets of gap genes are expressed and exert their regulatory influence in any one region of the embryo. This allowed us to identify four localized subsystems, each containing three trunk gap genes that are active in different but overlapping regions of the embryo. Surprisingly, all four subsystems share the same regulatory structure, which identifies them as AC/DC subcircuits (Panovska-Griffiths et al. , 2013; Perez-Carrasco et al. , 2018). AC/DC subcircuits represent one of the simplest known genetic systems able to produce both switch-like (multistable) and oscillatory behaviour. We show that these AC/DC modules drive distinct dynamical regimes: static domain boundaries in the anterior, versus anteriorly shifting gap domains in the posterior of the embryo (Figure 1C, D; Verd et al. , 2017; Verd et al. , 2018). The boundary between these two dynamical regimes is positioned by an AC/DC circuit in a state of criticality. This makes the position of this boundary especially sensitive to changes in the strength of regulatory interactions, and we argue that this has shaped the evolvability of the gap gene system within the Dipteran order (flies, midges, and mosquitoes). Results and discussion gap gene system is composed of three dynamical modules We have taken a pragmatic approach to identifying dynamical modules in the gap gene network (Figure 1A, B; Jaeger, 2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Atoll, we uncovered a lineage closely related to the Ligia vitiensis cryptic species complex. Within the inner islands of Cousine, Silhouette, and Mahé we detected the presence of two moderately divergent and geographically disjunct lineages most closely related to Ligia dentipes. Our findings suggest that the Seychelles may harbor at least three novel species of Ligia in need of description and that these species may have originated independently. Seychelles encompass some 115 islands spread across a large swath of the western Indian Ocean. These islands can be broadly divided into outer and inner islands based on their geological origin, geographic locality, and unique geological histories (Braithwaite, 1984). The “outer” islands are low-lying coralline islands that vary in size, age and geographic distribution. Some outer islands, such as and the Farquhar group, lay closer to Africa and Madagascar than to other islands in the Seychelles. The inner islands, on the other hand, consist of granitic islands thought to have formed as the Indian and separated during the breakup of Gondwana some 65 million years ago (Mya) (Plummer & Belle, 1995). The inner islands comprise of some 40 islands, including major ones such as Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette as well as smaller islands encircling them (Fig. 1). The complex geological history of the Seychelles islands coupled with their remoteness may help explain a richly biodiverse fauna characterized by high rates of endemism and for the presence of highly divergent cryptic lineages recently reported across a variety of Seychellois terrestrial (e. g. , Rocha, Harris & Posada, 2011; Rocha, Posada & Harris, 2013; Silva et al. , 2010) and freshwater (e. g. , Daniels, 2011) organisms. These recent reports indicate that our understanding of the Seychelles fauna may be incomplete and that cryptic species may exist in Seychellois organisms from poorly studied habitats. This is particularly true for organisms in which cryptic lineages have been reported from other highly isolated archipelagos. Figure 1: Map of sampled localities across the Seychelles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: countries with email telemedicine sites View this figureMethodsProcessAfter hospitals wishing to participate have identified themselves to the Trust, equipment, such as a digital camera and tripod, is provided and appropriate training is arranged. Referrals are sent by email to the single email address of an automated message-handling server (AutoRouter) [2] with anonymized clinical photographs or images as attachments. One of the system operators allocates the message to a relevant specialist who then replies to the AutoRouter, which forwards the reply to the referring doctor. The AutoRouter handles any further email dialogue automatically and alerts the system operators if an initial reply is not received within 48 hours. If a reply is not received within 2-3 days, the case is allocated to a different specialist. Specialists are hospital consultants throughout the world who give their time freely and endeavour to reply as soon as possible. The network started with a single hospital in Bangladesh and now serves 118 hospitals in 29 countries that are connected to 264 specialists in 127 separate specialties. Views of Referring DoctorsThe main users of the system are the doctors who refer to it. We asked two Iraqi physicians for their views on the system: EA is an obstetrician at Kirkuk, which is 300 km north of Baghdad, and HT is a surgeon in Erbil, 500 km north of Baghdad. Views of a SpecialistWe analyzed neurology referrals because these referrals were mainly dealt with by a single specialist (VP) and there were previous publications on workload in other parts of the developing world [3]. We recorded the number and country of origin of the referrals, whether attachments were included, reply time, final diagnosis, number of email exchanges, and confidence in diagnosis. ResultsFrom the inception of the service in July 1999 until June 2007, a total of 1466 referrals were received. The sustainability of the service is shown by the year-on-year referral pattern in Figure 2. Figure 2. Annual referral rate to the Trust (2007 figure was estimated from the actual number of cases received from January to July 2007) View this figureReferrals1 shows, between July 2004 and June 2007, 283 referrals were received from the four countries and 500 referrals from another 22 countries (the islands of St. Helena and Tristan da Cunha, while technically an of the United Kingdom, were counted separately in view of their remoteness). Table 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: Only one student remained on an abstract level and reflected on the planning and practicability of the district in general. On the EUREF campus, on the other hand, the students were rather helpless in finding a good pose. Many poses expressed thoughtfulness or deliberately left no statement (normal sitting posture or crossed arms, like the students in the middle in Fig. 5). These poses do not represent a refusal of the task but a distance from the place. The descriptions of the atmosphere were less emotional than conceptual. The student on the left in Fig. 5 wanted to express that the planners want to be “high up” in that place. The student on the right symbolically showed a pair of binoculars to make clear that she must look even further to discover the dimensions of the place. Because of the vagueness of and uncertainty in the atmospheric descriptions in this place, the exercise was repeated in another seminar. This consolidated the view that most of all students do not resonate with this place. The students saw “no place” for themselves here. Only one group chose this location for their VR field trip. Figure 4Posing exercise in Seestadt Aspern, Vienna (own photo, illustration by Ute Dolezal). Figure 5Posing exercise at the EUREF campus in Berlin (own photo, illustration by Ute Dolezal). Figure 6A 360∘ panorama of the MotionLab entrance in Berlin (own photo). 4. 4 Change in perspectives The third example does not refer to a specific exercise but describes a process. During their own research process, the students had already dealt with the question of how to translate the research results into a VR field trip. Quite early they started to weigh up which places were suitable. A challenge for us, therefore, was to ensure the quality of research as a result of the fantasies of trace, hypothesis, and operationalization. Especially in Vienna, we realized that the change from research to design must be actively organized. The students had to engage in the process of mediation. This process was associated with uncertainty. The challenge lies primarily in the critical constructivist attitude to the process of laying traces, i. e. the design of a VR field trip. Our evaluation suggests, on the one hand, that the students understood the design of VR field trips as subjectively “constructing” a version of reality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: A1-Basin Cabri, Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles; A2-Nosy Be, Madgascar; A3-The Slipway, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; A4-Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania; C-Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania; D1-Galle, Sri Lanka; D2-Patong Bay, Phuket, Thailand; E1-Cousine Island, Seychelles; E2-Silhouette Island, Seychelles; E3-L’Islette, W. Mahé, Seychelles; E4-Anse Parnel, S. E. Mahé, Seychelles; F-Dutch Bay, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Colors and labels for each locality correspond with other figures and tables. Detailed information for each locality is presented in Table 1. (A) Map by under a CC BY-SA 3. 0 license; (B) map by Ewan ar Born under a CC BY-SA 3. 0 license; (C) Map in the public domain in at Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/fig-1 Ligia isopods have been reported to exhibit high levels of cryptic diversity in several regions of the world, including highly isolated locations such as the Hawaiian islands (Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003). In this remote and isolated archipelago, Ligia hawaiensis was thought to be the only intertidal species of this genus to occupy this habitat (Schmalfuss, 2003). This species, however, appears to represent a paraphyletic taxon composed of several highly divergent (>10% COI K2P) lineages (Santamaria et al. , 2013). These results indicate that this species may actually consist of several cryptic species. The high levels of divergence observed in L. hawaiensis match those reported in other Ligia species (Eberl et al. , 2013; Hurtado, Mateos & Santamaria, 2010; Jung et al. , 2008; Santamaria, Mateos & Hurtado, 2014; Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The opinions from your Trust consultants have helped in some instances to change, and in others to support, my ways of treatment. [HT]This is the view of another Iraqi doctor:The tremendous usefulness and benefits of [the email referral system] to our. . . patients [in need] could be summarized in three points. The first benefit is its provision of modern clinical practice to our patients through the link with distinguished consultants in different specialties who have devoted their time and efforts to the help of patients freely and willingly. In this matter I can give an example of how one of our patients benefited from this link. A teenage girl presented with severe pulmonary edema due to pre-eclampsia at thirty weeks gestation. Upon our request, the advisory obstetrician and anesthetist responded swiftly, generously, and efficiently. Under their supervision, the local medical team managed to control the case and prolong pregnancy for another two weeks and managed to deliver her under spinal anesthesia. Happily, the mother and her premature baby left the hospital recovered. The second beneficial point is learning. The advisory consultant’s replies were not brief and concise messages, but they were long, detailed, informative, and instructive. They were rich in modern knowledge about the specific case. Occasionally, there were referrals to useful websites for further details. Our obstetric unit took advantage of this, and now most of our cesarean sections are being performed under spinal anesthesia instead of general due to the instruction of the advisory anesthetist. The last useful point, which is not perceptible, is its effects on the behavior and characters of the recipient doctors. The telemedical staff practised the virtues of love, care, and assistance to patients and doctors whom they do not know. This inspired us to behave similarly to our patients and to our colleagues. [EA]Views of a SpecialistA total of 26 email referrals were received by a single neurologist between July 2004 and June 2007 from countries, 35% of all his email referrals during that period. Referrals were from Iraq (19), Afghanistan (5), Kuwait (1), and Pakistan (1). The median time to reply was 7 hours (range 0-7 days); 12 (44%) of the replies were sent on the same day, and 20 (77%) were sent within 2 days. The mean time to the last email was 5 days (range 0-27).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: This was contrasted not by other images but by audio files with interview statements. These audio files are integrated into the VR field trip. They highlight the invisible, hidden complexity of this place. In summary, we have given the students space and time to describe situations they have experienced and to express their sensual feeling. The aim was to stimulate reflection on one's own viewing and feeling of spatially related aspects and to link this with content-related expectations of urban research. We applied this strategy both to images, as in the first example, and to urban situations, as in the second. Sensitivity to their own body concept helped the students to manage the role change from researcher to designer, as described in the third example. For example, two teams included in their research. It was obviously not a question of whether a place was perceived as positive but whether it aroused any subject-related resonance at all. During the courses, the students were empowered to develop a spatial reflection and a visual reflection competence. Especially, they understand VR as a geographic visualization process which is in a way powerful, uncertain, and selected. Likewise, they integrate their own spatial perceptions and their own body concepts in their research practices. In part, also the limits of one's own knowledge were understood. For example, one student emphasized that he could not make any statement about the whole city of Vienna. However, there was an increasing sensitivity to local particularities and the exemplariness of the selected places. Furthermore, during the production and design process, the students worked on a feeling for perspectives and possibilities and limits of the expressiveness of the image and equally on the necessity of image changes (such as a change of location in VR) and the conscious elaboration of the specifics of the locations. The own-body concept played an important role in this. However, the “visualization fantasy” created a new resonance between body and place. And it underlined the limitations of visual impressions in the context of specific research foci. Every group added additional text or audio files to clarify their subject. Our evaluation also showed that, on the one hand, the students very much appreciated the possibilities of a field trip designed in a constructivist way. On the other hand, they found it difficult to transfer this approach into a VR field trip. In the design phase, the desire to control the users' trace interpretation prevailed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: , 2003) and are thought to be a product of their biological traits that severely restrict dispersal abilities: poor desiccation resistance, poor ability to swim, direct development, and inhabitance of patchy rocky habitats. Such traits, when combined with the isolated nature of remote oceanic archipelagos can easily disrupt gene flow leading to local speciation, and possibly cryptic speciation, in populations. This leads to the question of whether Ligia populations in isolated and remote islands such as those of the Seychelles may also harbor cryptic lineages. In the Seychelles, only two species of Ligia isopods have been formally reported to date (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985; Taiti, 2014). The earliest published record from the Seychelles archipelago indicates the presence of L. exotica, a cosmopolitan species of Asian origin, at Aldabra (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985). This record is based on a single 8-mm long juvenile specimen collected at in 1983. More recently, the presence of L. dentipes, a species widely distributed through the and redescribed and illustrated by Ferrara & Taiti (1982), from the island of Silhouette was reported (Taiti, 2014). These reports are based on morphological identification and in some cases of partial or incomplete organisms, casting doubt on some of the identifications (e. g. , L. exotica from Aldabra) and leaving unanswered whether harbor highly divergent lineages. In this study, we apply molecular and morphological approaches to Ligia individuals collected in both the inner and outer islands to determine which Ligia species inhabit the Seychelles and whether they harbor any highly divergent cryptic lineages that may present putative cryptic species. Table 1: Localities included and corresponding GenNumbers for all genetic markers used, latitude, and longitude. Map labels correspond with other figures and tables. Map label 16S Acc. no. 12S Acc. no. COI Acc. no. Cytb Acc. no. NaK Acc. no. L. vitiensis 1 MF828579 MF828590 MF805571 MF805572 MF805561 MF805565 N/A N/A L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Nine patients (35%) were ill enough to be in hospital and the rest were outpatients. Radiological images were attached to the referring email for 10 patients and clinical images, for eight. The neurologist requested a video clip for a further three patients. The neurologist was reasonably confident of the diagnosis in 20 (77%) patients. Most patients were dealt with by a single exchange of emails, but, for one patient, six exchanges were necessary. In all, 20 (77%) of the cases were regarded as being completed; in the remainder, information requested by the neurologist was not sent. There were 11 cases (42%) referred to other specialties, the most common being neuroradiology (4) and neurosurgery (3). The eventual diagnoses are shown in Textbox 1. Final diagnoses of neurology referrals (numbers of cases if more than 1)Table 3. cerebral tumours (4) tension headache (2) peripheral neuropathy (2) migraine bilateral optic neuritis central pontine myelinolysis cervical myelopathy cervical radiculopathy congenital muscular dystrophy dopa-responsive dystonia Erb’s palsy hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia hereditary spastic paraplegia juvenile myoclonic epilepsy multiple sclerosis neurosarcoidosis nonstructural symptoms posttraumatic akinetic syndrome recurrent facial palsy spinal cord injury stroke Textbox 1. Final diagnoses of neurology referrals (numbers of cases if more than 1)Six patients were referred for diagnosis, seven for management, and the rest for both diagnosis and management. In one patient, an exact diagnosis was not made because the patient died before further information was sent, but in the others, probable diagnoses were made and management plans suggested. For example, a patient in a persistent vegetative state was identified as having a locked-in syndrome due to central pontine myelinolysis (Figure 3), and appropriate rehabilitation was organized. A patient with unexplained coma and normal brain imaging was diagnosed as having neurosarcoidosis and the appropriate treatment was started. In both cases, the diagnosis was unsuspected by the referring physician and the management was radically changed. Figure 3.

Output: corroborate