Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 43 suggests for the Hyrcanian forests (within the Euro-Siberian region) a number of ca. 280 endemic and subendemic species, which is almost three times more than we found (Table 4). As they do not provide any species list, we cannot assess the source for this discrepancy, but contributing factors may include the geographic coverage of the study by Akhani, et al. 43 also including areas outside of Iran (southeastern Azerbaijan) or taxonomic differences, but still the discrepancy is remarkable. In the Saharo-Sindian region, the proportion of Echinops (Asteraceae) species is high compared to other regions (Fig. 4a). Table 4 Vascular plant endemism in the phytogeographical regions of Iran. Full size tableFigure 4Distribution of endemic vascular plant species (total and in the 10 most endemic-rich genera) across (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imagePatterns of endemism in global biodiversity hotspots present in Iran reflect those observed for biogeographic regions. Specifically, 84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, which is inside the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 4% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Caucasian hotspot inside the Euro-Siberian region. With respect to areas of endemism, Zagros is the richest, harbouring 45% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics, the majority of which is restricted to this region (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Zagros is a continuous mountain range connecting the and Alborz in the north to the Yazd-Kerman massifs in the south (Fig. 1). However, the connectivity is more contiguous in the montane zone and diminishes and eventually ceases with increasing elevation (Fig. 1). This increased isolation coincides with increased endemism, resulting in high endemic richness in areas with high elevational range (Noroozi et al. 2018), and an overall uneven distribution of endemic richness across Zagros. All of the ten most endemic-rich genera of Iran except Oxytropis (Fabaceae) are well-represented in Zagros (Fig. 4b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: Available from: Cooperstock FI, Tieu S. General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter. arXiv. 2005. Available from: Fuchs B, Phleps S. Comment on “General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter” by F. I. Cooperstock and S. Tieu. New Astronomy. 2006;11:608-610. DOI: 10. 1016/j. newast. 2006. 04. 0029. Hartnett JG. Spiral galaxy rotation curves determined from carmelian general relativity. of Theoretical Physics. 2006;45:2118-2136. DOI: 10. 1007/s10773-006-9178-010. . The small scatter of the barionic tully-fisher relation. Letters. 2015;816(1):L14. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8205/816/1/l1411. . P390. DOI: 10. 1016/j. physrep. 2004. 08. 03112. Feng JL. Naturalness and the Status of Supersymmetry. of Nuclear P382. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-nucl-102010-13044713. Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA-phase 1. Journal C. 2013;73(12):2648. DOI: 10. 1140/epjc/s10052-013-2648-714. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string ice cube detector. Letters. 2013;110:131302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 110. 13130215. Search for neutrinos from annihilation of captured low-mass dark matter p1301. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 114. 14130116. Search for electronic recoil event rate modulation with 4 years of XENON100 data. Letters. 2017;118:101101. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 118. 10110117. Dark matter results from 54-ton-day exposure of panda X-II experiment. Letters. 2017;119:181302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 119. 18130218. Schumann M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Briefly, the washed pretreated solid was incubated at 10% (w/w) dry solids with the enzyme (Cellic CTec2, Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), the citrate buffer, and DI water for 5 days at 48 °C. The enzyme loading was 20 mg/g total biomass. At the end of the assay, the slurry was transferred quantitatively to a 100 mL volumetric flask and brought to volume with DI water. An aliquot of the flask was then filtered and analyzed for monomeric sugars (Additional files 2, 3, 4, 5). Data analysisThe raw analytical data were collected and reduced using Microsoft Excel. The open source statistical software R [37] was used to merge the files to further analyze and plot the data. All expressions of statistical significance are at the level of 5% (with α = 0. 05) assuming independent normal distribution of errors. The statistical assessment of the total sugar yield has only been done on the WT and SM feedstocks because they are made of more replicates and are the most distinctive analyzed feedstocks (Additional files 6, 7, 8, 9). AbbreviationsADF: acid detergent fiber ADL: acid detergent lignin bmr : brown midrib DA: dilute acid DE: denominator DI: deionized EH: enzymatic hydrolysis eDOM: enzymatically digestible organic matter LAP: laboratory analytical procedure LO: loss of the released carbohydrates by deacetylation NL: no loss of the released carbohydrates by deacetylation NDF: neutral detergent fiber NREL: : numerator PT: pretreatment SM: stacked mutant TS: total solids VS: organic matter (volatile solids) WT: wild type 79. doi:10. 1007/s12010-008-8340-y. 6. 95. 95. 2000. p. 52–109. 64. doi:10. 1007/s12155-009-9041-2. 162. 70. 2010. 2011. doi:10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 07. 051. 47. 79. 8. 23. 8. doi:10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2014. 09. 028. 9. 98. doi:10. 1021/ef3019244. 24. 90. 40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Figure 5Distribution of endemic vascular plant species in general and of range-restricted endemic vascular plant species in Iran and its areas of endemism. Full size imageFigure 6Endemic vascular plant species of Iran in areas of endemism. Endemic vascular plant species restricted to an area of endemism are indicated in dark grey, whereas those shared with other areas of endemism are indicated in light grey, their numbers being given in the bars connecting pie charts corresponding to areas of endemism. Full size imageTable 5 Vascular plant endemism in the areas of endemism in Iran. Full size tableThe second-richest area is Alborz, which harbours 29% of all Iranian vascular plant endemics nearly half of them being restricted to Alborz (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). If taking area size into account, Alborz is richer than other regions. This is particularly evident for range-restricted endemics (here species which are only in maximally three grid cells of 0. 5° × 0. 5°), where, compared to Zagros, Alborz has half the number of endemics on one fifth the area (Fig. 5; Table 5). Generally, has the highest concentration of endemics in the (Noroozi et al. 2018). Alborz is a narrow, but very high and contiguous east-west oriented mountain range (Fig. 1) that borders on lowland deserts in the south and on the in the north. A wide elevational range, high topographic complexity and strong environmental heterogeneity explain its high plant diversity and great richness of endemics19. Alborz connects Kopet Dagh-Khorassan mountains in the east with the and Zagros in the west (evident also in the high numbers of endemic species shared between Alborz and at least one of these regions; Fig. 6), thus acting as a corridor between and Caucasus plus Anatolian mountains. Therefore, Alborz not only harbours a high number of local endemics, but also many elements showing biogeographic connections east- and/or westwards. In the Azerbaijan Plateau, 21% of Iranian vascular plant endemics are found, half of which are endemic to this area (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Plateau has a fragmented orography caused by different tectonic and volcanic activities44.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: A&A 626, A5 (2019)Can a negative-mass cosmology explain dark matter and dark energy? ⋆ H. Socas-Navarro1,2 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Avda Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 Tenerife, Spain 2 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain e-mail: hsocas@iac. es Received: 20 February 2019 Accepted: 17 April 2019 recent study by Farnes (2018, A&A, 620, A92) proposed an alternative cosmological model in which both dark matter and dark energy are replaced with a single fluid of negative mass. This paper presents a critical review of that model. A number of problems and discrepancies with observations are identified. For instance, the predicted shape and density of galactic dark matter halos are incorrect. Also, halos would need to be less massive than the baryonic component, otherwise they would become gravitationally unstable. Perhaps the most challenging problem in this theory is the presence of a large-scale version of the “runaway effect”, which would result in all galaxies moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other more general issues regarding negative mass in general relativity are discussed, such as the possibility of time-travel paradoxes. Key words: cosmology: theory dark matter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics large-scale structure of Universe ⋆ The simulation video is available at © ESO 2019 1. a recent paper, Farnes (2018; hereafter F18) put forward an audacious proposal to explain dark matter and dark energy in a unified scenario with a single fluid of negative-mass p5. 2. Galactic halos One of the remarkable results of F18 was the formation of negative mass halos around galaxies with a density structure strikingly similar to a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW, Navarro et al. 1996) dark matter profile. This paper presents new simulations very similar in nature to those of F18 but the resulting halo densities exhibit what appears to be an exponential stratification instead. In order to develop a better understanding of the simulation results, or even to serve as a sanity check, it is usually helpful to conduct an analytical study of the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1007/s10570-015-0656-5. 85. doi:10. 1007/s10570-009-9318-9. 82. 16. 65. 49. doi:10. 1111/jipb. 12375. 12. Crop Sci. 2006;46:491. 258. 2008. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. . Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks. 1. Review and description of methods. J Chem. 2010;58:9043–53. doi:10. 1021/jf1008023. 2. Method uncertainties. J Chem. 2010;58:9054–62. doi:10. 1021/jf100807b. 5. 4. 14. 28. 2013. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. . Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass laboratory analytical procedure (LAP). Golden: Energy Laboratory; 2008. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Core Team; 2012. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. Download 1. Tabular data on total sugar yields. Table S1. ASE350 dilute acid pretreatment yields—NU and DE calculations. Table S2. ASE350 PT-EH yields, with and without deacetylation, DE-NL and DE-LO calculations. Table S3. Zipperclave PT yields–DE calculation. Additional file 2. Primary experimental data for ASE350 optimal temperature experiments. Additional file 3. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 optimal temperature data using DE method. Additional file 4. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 optimal temperature data using NU method. Additional file 5. Primary experimental data for ASE350 deacetylation experiments. Additional file 6. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 deacetylation data using DE-LO method. Additional file 7. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 deacetylation data using DE-NL method. Additional file 8. Primary experimental data for Zipperclave experiments. Additional file 9. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from Zipperclave data. Rights and permissions This 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data). A typical representative of the local endemic flora is Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae; Fig. 4b), which is highly diverse in this area50,51. Additionally, the Yazd-Kerman harbours isolated occurrences of species otherwise distributed in Hindukush and mountains, especially in alpine regions30,49,52,53. Considerable differences can be observed among areas of endemism with respect to the richness of the 10 largest genera of the Iranian endemic vascular flora (Fig. 4b), as shall be illustrated with the following examples. Astragalus (Fabaceae), Allium (Alliaceae) and Centaurea (Asteraceae) are well represented in the Azerbaijan Plateau, but Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae), Cousinia (Asteraceae) and Echinops (Asteraceae) are underrepresented in this area. Acantholimon, Echinops and Nepeta (Lamiaceae) are very well represented in Yazd-Kerman and Cousinia is very diverse in Kopet Dagh-Khorassan. Oxytropis (Fabaceae) is diverse in both Alborz and Kopet Dagh-Khorassan, but very poor in Zagros. The proportion of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) is high in Zagros, and Dionysia (Primulaceae) is a Zagros element with 29 endemic species in this mountain range, three species in Yazd-Kerman and only one species in Alborz. Elevational distribution of endemicsThe elevational distributions of surface area, non-endemic and endemic vascular plant species of Iran are displaced and peak at different elevations, as has already been found before on a taxonomically much smaller data set19. Despite a high proportion of surface area in lowlands (−26 to 1400 m), the proportions of non-endemics and especially of endemics in this elevation zone are low (Fig. 7). At mid elevations (1400 to 2800 m a. s. l. ), the proportion of both non-endemics and endemics are high. At high elevations (2800 to 5671 m a. s. l.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: However, this result does not apply to the F18 cosmology, which is equivalent to an anti-de Sitter space-time (a negative cosmological constant). Therefore, while the existence of negative-mass p5. model proposed by F18 is a testable alternative theory of gravity which if confirmed would have a profound impact on all areas of physics. This paper presents a detailed analysis of his model, which identifies a number of problems and discrepancies with observations. Perhaps the most obvious weakness is the constantly accelerating motion of galaxies. Instead of the orderly relation between distance and velocity given by the Hubble–Lemaître law, we would see all galaxies in the sky moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other serious problems include predicting an incorrect shape, mass, and density profile for galactic halos, the keplerian rotation curves, low mass of galactic halos, and slow cosmological structure formation. Other theoretical arguments are discussed that are not directly testable with observations. For instance, the relationship between negative mass and backwards time travel, opening the possibility of causality violations, is an important issue for any theory or model involving negative mass. Overall, the conclusions of this study do not support the F18 model, at least in the original formulation. Since the simulations are of simplistic nature, as they were intended for exploratory purposes following the philosophy of F18, it is possible that some of these issues might be resolved with better, more realistic simulations. Likewise, some of the theoretical objections, such as a possible dampening of gravitational waves, would need actual calculations to be formalized before they can be considered conclusive evidence either for or against the theory. of Fig. 1 Access here 1 Also credited to M. V. Ostrogradsky or G. Green. Sometimes also known as the divergence theorem. 2 3 The video uses the same color scheme as F18. 1902. 00260] [7. Years: Writings, 1918–1921 (Princeton, USA: Press), 33 [1811. 12907] [1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. In the text Fig. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A holistic high-throughput screening framework for biofuel feedstock assessment that characterises variations in soluble sugars and cell wall composition in Sorghum bicolor access Published: 23 December 2013 A holistic high-throughput screening framework for biofuel feedstock assessment that characterises variations in soluble sugars and cell wall composition in Sorghum bicolor Martin1, Palmer1, Byrt1,2, Furbank3 & …Christopher PL Grof1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 99 with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11. 93, 5. 52, and 3. 23 mM for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively, which constitutes an error of <4% in each case. The sugar PLS model correlated well with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and brix measures. Similarly, a high-throughput method for predicting enzymatic cell wall digestibility using PLS modelling of FTIR spectra obtained from S. bicolor bagasse was developed. The PLS prediction was shown to be accurate with an R2 of 0. 94 and RMSEP of 0. 64 μg. mgDW-1. h-1. ConclusionsThis methodology has been demonstrated as an efficient and effective way to screen large biofuel feedstock populations for biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall digestibility simultaneously allowing a total fermentable yield calculation. It unifies and simplifies previous screening methodologies to produce a holistic assessment of biofuel feedstock potential. BackgroundThe photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric CO2 to produce sugars by C4 plants is an efficient conversion of sunlight into stored chemical energy. In grasses a large proportion of these sugars are stored either as soluble sugars, plant cell wall polymers, or starch. Maximising sugar yields from these three fractions for a broad spectrum of uses including animal feedstock, human nutrition, and second generation biofuels is imperative for efficient utilisation of plant productivity in the face of a burgeoning global population. This study focused on the soluble sugar and cell wall fractions as a biofuel feedstock. Considering these two fractions, there are four main contributors that maximise total fermentable sugar yields of biofuel feedstocks: juice volume (V), sugar concentration ([S]), biomass (B), and digestibility (D). These attributes can be formulated as: V. S + B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: ), although comprising only 1% of the surface area, the proportion of endemics becomes higher at the expense of the proportion of non-endemics. This confirms the importance of alpine habitats as endemism centres for vascular plants17. Figure 7Elevational distribution of total endemic compared to non-endemic vascular flora of Iran. (a) Proportion of surface area, non-endemic and endemic species richness along the elevational gradient. (b) Percentage of surface area, non-endemic and endemic richness in different elevational zones. Full size imageLife formsHemicryptophytes are the most dominant life form (60%) among the endemic vascular plant species, followed by chamaephytes (26%), geophytes (6%), therophytes (5%) and phanerophytes (3%). There are considerable differences in the proportion of life forms in the three phytogeographical regions (Fig. 8a). Hemicryptophytes are dominant to almost equal extents in all three regions, whereas chamaephytes are very poor in the Euro-Siberian region. The Euro-Siberian region with its high precipitation and temperate climate is covered by Hyrcanian forests, resulting in an overrepresentation of phanerophytes and an underrepresentation of chamaephytes, geophytes and therophytes compared to the other two regions. The majority of chamaephytes of the Iranian vascular flora are thorn-cushions, a life form adapted to windswept slopes in the regions with Mediterranean precipitation regimes54; such chamaephytes are dominant in the mountains of the Irano-Turanian region54,55,56,57,58. Geophytes are underrepresented and therophytes are prominent in the Saharo-Sindian region. Figure 8Life form spectra of the Iranian vascular flora in (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imageIn areas of endemism, the life form spectra are roughly similar among the areas (Fig. 8b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: We present the results from nonlinear regression modeling Eq. (19) with the NGC 3198 and the data in Table 2 with all three analyses including the position of the galactic center, velocity, 0,0 without error. Note the results of (113) including all data and the results of (99) where the 14 data pairs closest to the galactic center are not used because the data are very noisy. This model fairly describes the data as the values for r2 are nearly 1. GalaxyVm (kpc)Kθr2NGC 3198154 ± 20. 05 ± 0. 10. 982(113)211 ± 20. 20 ± 0. 040. 991(99)200 ± 2−0. 16 ± 0. 050. 997Table 2. Results from nonlinear regression of galaxy binned data with the Langmuir equation. Note that r2 is the correlation coefficient corrected for parameter number and not the value for any radius. Figure 3 presents the best fit to the binned NGC 3198 data using the Langmuir model. It appears that the Langmuir equation is a fair model to the NGC 3198 data for stars at and beyond 4 kpc from the galactic center and might be useful to estimate the average rotational velocity of stars in spiral galaxies, which are not too close to the center. Another thing to note is that the rotational velocity of the estimated by both the graviton and Langmuir models is similar at about 200 km s−1. Figure 3. The rotational velocity (km s−1) vs. radial distance (kpc) from the galactic center of NGC 3198. The solid curve is a good fit to the data with the Langmuir model, Eq. (32). The errors shown here and used for modeling are the standard deviations from the observations [45]. Advertisement 4. ConclusionsWe suggest an alternate explanation to the usual for the Zwicky and Rubin observations without resorting to the special pleading required by the WIMP and MACHO scenarios. Though there have been several well-intentioned attempts to observe WIMPS through many different energy ranges, we have not read of any experiment or observation that one might call success. The search continues, however, with a portion of the high energy time of the CERN facility dedicated to such experiments [48].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: D = total fermentable sugar yield project [1], and a more recent report [2], stipulate that there is a need for a high-throughput method for assessing cell wall digestibility [1, 2]. Since these reports, a number of high-throughput digestibility assays have been developed [3–5]. These methodologies present feasible high-throughput platforms for screening biomass, however, do not present strategies for high-throughput quantification of total plant biomass (B), or of the soluble sugar fraction (V and [S]). In addition, analysis requires automated robotics which is costly, and uses wet chemistry assays that are, again, costly, use hazardous chemicals, and even when automated, can be time consuming. This study focused on quantifying all of these attributes (V, [S], B, and D) simultaneously, whilst maximising efficiency and reducing cost. The principal components of cell walls are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The composition and arrangement of these carbohydrates and phenolic polymers is very diverse across plant species, organs, tissues, and even cell types [6]. With a strong focus on renewable energy being derived from plant biomass, the highly efficient C4 plants and more specifically monocot grasses have garnered significant interest in recent times as potential biofuel feedstocks [7]. A promising saccharification approach for plant biomass requires reduction to a uniform size, pretreatment with weak acid or alkali, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to release sugars for fermentation. The commelinoid group of monocotyledons which includes the grasses, hence principal biofuel feedstock targets such as sugarcane, Sorghum, and Miscanthus, possess cell walls containing ferulic acid and glucuronoarabinoxylan as the major non-cellulosic polysaccharide. Furthermore, the grasses differ from other commelinoids in possessing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans [8]. Cell walls of non-commelinoid monocotyledons and most dicotyledonous plants do not contain ferulic acid and the non-cellulosic polysaccharides are pectins and xyloglucans [6, 9].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are the Yazd-Kerman area with a high proportion of therophytes, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan with a low proportion of therophytes, and the with a low proportion of phanerophytes compared to the other areas or to the average for Iran (Fig. 8b). The higher proportion of therophytes in Yazd-Kerman might be due to the longer warm and dry season on these mountains, which allows penetration by elements from the Saharo-Sindian region, whose flora is rich in therophytes. ConclusionMountains influence the distribution and diversification of species and also maintain biodiversity over time59. Half of all the biodiversity hotspots are situated in mountains3, and our results indicate that 74% of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran are restricted to its mountains, which represent only about 42% of the country’s surface (elevations above 1400 m a. s. l. ; Fig. 7). Generally, mountains with diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity promote high biodiversity and endemism60,61, which appears also to be the case for Iranian mountains19. The environmental heterogeneity provides diverse niche space allowing more species to coexist62, acts as trigger for diversification, resulting from isolation or adaptation to diverse environmental conditions63, and also enables the existence of particular habitats through longer time periods supporting relics64. The complex topography and the large elevational range potentially allowed Iranian plants to survive the Quaternary glaciations, as only the high elevations were covered with ice65 and lowlands could act as refugia for many relict elements such as Parrotia in the Hyrcanian Forests66. Additionally, Quaternary climatic fluctuations and associated shifts in habitats and vegetation zones may have triggered species diversification as, for instance, suggested for a group of steppe species within the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus67. However, understanding the origin of the biodiversity of the mountains of Iran requires molecular phylogenetic studies of their characteristic mega-genera. Until then, the evolutionary history of the taxa inhabiting these mountains remains one of the least understood fields of global biogeography, even though it is crucial for explaining the origin of plant diversity in mountains of Eurasia. mountain ranges, species richness has decreased during the past decade68.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: Finally, we draw the readers’ attention to the commonly ignored fact that there is no evidence for WIMPS on earth (or in our solar system). The bald fact is that the properties required by DM demand WIMPS should be concentrated at the center of the earth. Few have bothered to investigate this obvious requirement; those who have made some observations have not uncovered evidence for this [52]. Dark matter proponents of WIMPS must resort to special pleading that WIMPS are “out there” but not here. This requirement is simply ignoring the cosmological principle. That is, if WIMPS are common in other galaxies including Andromeda, but not in the Milky Way, then the cosmological principle is not true. If so, astronomy is left without any principles at all. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Advertisement ThanksWe thank K. G. Begeman for kindly allowing us use of his NGC 3198 data. -Fisher relationCGRCarmeli general relativityDMdark matterEEEinstein equationMACHOmassive astrophysical compact halo objectStype IaSGspiral galaxySMstandard model of p1. Zwicky F. On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae. Journal. 1937;86:217-246. DOI: 10. 1086/1438642. . Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Journal. 1970;159:379-403. DOI: 10. 1086/1503173. . Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. IV-Systematic dynamical properties SA through SC. Journal. 1978;225:L107-L111. DOI: 10. 1086/1828044. . Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc). Journal. 1980;238:471-487. DOI: 10. 1086/1580035. . The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I. The dark matter connection. of the Society. 1996;281(1):27-47. DOI: 10. 1093/mnras/278. 1. 276. Hossenfelder S. Dark Matter. Or What? YouTube; 2018.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These differences in cell wall composition and architecture as well as the bonds between the principal components strongly influence ‘digestibility’ of the plant biomass, whether this be undertaken in a biofuels processing context or by rumen/gut microorganisms. Analysis techniques based upon infrared (IR) spectroscopy are proving to be highly effective tools for the detailed resolution of plant cell wall composition. IR spectroscopy is based on the absorption of IR light by specific quantized vibrational energy states of bonds between atoms and within molecules [10]. Mid-infrared (MIR) absorption spectra (4,000 to 400 cm-1) define vibrational modes directly, generating sharp peaks that are more readily interpreted than near-infrared (NIR; 13,000 to 4,000 cm-1) or far-infrared (FIR; 10 to 400 cm-1) spectra [10]. Fourier transform MIR (FT-MIR or FTIR) spectra have been used to characterise molecules for approximately 100 years and were first used in the analysis of plant cell walls more than 30 years ago [11]. More recently, when coupled with multivariate data analysis techniques, FTIR spectroscopy has proven to be a robust and accurate method for high-throughput screening of cell wall mutations in experimental plant tissues, such as the model species Arabidopsis thaliana[12, 13] and Zea mays coleoptiles [14, 15], where even slight variations in the molecular structure of cell walls were detected. Recently, FTIR spectra have been used as a predictor for enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated biomass [16] and similarly, in the food industry to rapidly quantify sucrose, glucose, and fructose in juice including mango, apple, and sugarcane [17–19] as well as other foodstuffs such as honey [20]. Similarly, NIR has been used for rapid prediction of soluble sugars in sugarcane [21] and of biomass composition in Miscanthus and Sorghum[22, 23]. Whilst these studies are suggestive of an application in high-throughput screening of biofuel feedstocks, there have been no reports incorporating this technology into a holistic, high-throughput assessment of biofuel feedstock potential.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: As the overall climate conditions in Iran are similar to those from Mediterranean regions, a decline of high-altitude habitats in the course of climate warming and reduced water availability can be expected in this region. Furthermore, pastoralism causes dramatic disturbance of mountain habitats of Iran. Pastoralism dates back to the Neolithic period69,70, since when it was extreme in several phases71. Pastoralism has already reduced the habitats of tree species like Quercus macranthera (Fagaceae) at the upper limit of the Hyrcanian forests and Juniperus excelsa (Cupressaceae) in the treeline zone of the southern slopes of Alborz72. Thus, with increasing anthropogenic pressure via pastoralism, urbanization, and road construction as well as ongoing global warming, mountain species are under increasing threat and need to be more strongly protected. According to the about one hundred species of the vertebrate fauna in Iran are considered vulnerable or already endangered73. For plants, nearly 60% of endemic vascular plant species of Iran are range-restricted and can be categorized as IUCN threatened species. Our knowledge about the centres of endemism in the is, however, still limited and future efforts will be needed to identify hotspots at a finer scale, “hotspots-within-hotspots”8,74,75, to aid practical conservation management. Materials and MethodsStudy areaIran, with a surface area of c. 1. 6 million km², is located between and Himalaya in the east and Caucasus and Anatolia in the west. Iran displays considerable geologic and lithospheric heterogeneity, owing to its complex tectonic history76. One of the main tectonic events that influenced the geology and topography of Iran is the Arabia-Eurasia collision, which caused the uplift of numerous mountain ranges in the region, especially between the middle Miocene and the Pliocene77. The five major mountainous areas of Iran are the Azerbaijan Plateau, Alborz, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan, Zagros and the Yazd-Kerman massifs which are well associated with five areas of endemism (Fig. 1b). The elevation in Iran ranges from 26 m b. s. l. along the shore of the up to 5,671 m a. s. l. at Damavand Mt. in Central Alborz.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: Available from: Cooperstock FI, Tieu S. General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter. arXiv. 2005. Available from: Fuchs B, Phleps S. Comment on “General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter” by F. I. Cooperstock and S. Tieu. New Astronomy. 2006;11:608-610. DOI: 10. 1016/j. newast. 2006. 04. 0029. Hartnett JG. Spiral galaxy rotation curves determined from carmelian general relativity. of Theoretical Physics. 2006;45:2118-2136. DOI: 10. 1007/s10773-006-9178-010. . The small scatter of the barionic tully-fisher relation. Letters. 2015;816(1):L14. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8205/816/1/l1411. . P390. DOI: 10. 1016/j. physrep. 2004. 08. 03112. Feng JL. Naturalness and the Status of Supersymmetry. of Nuclear P382. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-nucl-102010-13044713. Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA-phase 1. Journal C. 2013;73(12):2648. DOI: 10. 1140/epjc/s10052-013-2648-714. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string ice cube detector. Letters. 2013;110:131302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 110. 13130215. Search for neutrinos from annihilation of captured low-mass dark matter p1301. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 114. 14130116. Search for electronic recoil event rate modulation with 4 years of XENON100 data. Letters. 2017;118:101101. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 118. 10110117. Dark matter results from 54-ton-day exposure of panda X-II experiment. Letters. 2017;119:181302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 119. 18130218. Schumann M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To this end, a screening strategy has been developed based upon stalk geometry, and partial least squares (PLS) predictive models of FT-MIR spectra collected from the soluble sugar and cell wall fractions. The methodology (Figure 1 and Additional file 1 for detailed protocol) was shown to be accurate for plants harvested at 10 days post-anthesis and enabled the identification of both high sugar accumulating and highly digestible lines leading to an assessment of total fermentable sugars in the model C4 monocot Sorghum bicolor. The use of FT-MIR for both soluble sugar concentration and cell wall digestibility prediction simplified the process and reduced set-up costs. Furthermore, the collection of FT-MIR, rather than NIR, spectra provides an opportunity for downstream spectral interpretation of cell wall modifications that lead to altered digestibility. Figure 1High-throughput methodology flow chart. (A) (1) Diverse plant population; (2) harvest the fourth internode; and (3) record in-field geometric measurements. (B) (4) Process into juice and bagasse; (5) dry bagasse; (6) grind dried tissue; and (7) process juice and bagasse. (C) (8) Collect FTIR spectra; (9) PLS prediction of FTIR spectra; and (10) calculate combined total fermentable sugar yield incorporating juice volume (V), sugar concentration ([S]), biomass (B), and digestibility (D) (see Additional file 1 for full protocol). FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageResultsA detailed step-by-step protocol for undertaking the proposed screening method is available in Additional file 1. Briefly, the main stalk from each plant, harvested at approximately 10 days post-anthesis, was cut at the base of the first elongated above ground internode and laid along the length of a 4-meter ruler. Two heights and two diameters were recorded in a personal digital assistant (PDA) and the fourth internode from the base of the plant that had expanded more than 2 cm was sampled by cutting at the node with secateurs. Using this method, one person was able to sample approximately 100 internodes per hour. Samples were then pressed and the released juice was placed on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal of a portable FTIR spectrometer for spectral acquisition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: The climate is diverse and ranges from hot and dry deserts with precipitation of less than 25 mm/yr in central Iran to sub-tropical humid climates at the southern shore of the with precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm/yr78. Nevertheless, major parts of Iran are characterised by continental climate with hot and dry summers, cold and harsh winters, and low precipitation66,79. Based on the Classification System80,81 Iran is at the crossroad of three macrobioclimates (i. e. Mediterranean, tropical and temperate), correlating with the Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian and Euro-Siberian biogeographical regions, respectively79,82. Diverse climate and topography are paralleled by a multitude of vegetation types including desert and semidesert steppes, montane grasslands, wetlands, subalpine, alpine and subnival habitats, different types of shrublands and woodlands, deciduous temperate to subtropical forests, halophyte and even mangrove vegetation types66. These vegetation types are distributed in different elevational zones from 26 m b. s. l. up to 4,850 m a. s. l. 72. Most of the biodiversity of Iran is centred within the two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. the Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus hotspots (Fig. 1a), on five groups of mountain ranges (Fig. 1b). Iran covers 54% of the Irano-Anatolian hotspot and around 10% of the Caucasus hotspot (Fig. 1a). The species richness is not evenly distributed over the country and five areas of endemism have been identified, all of which are located in the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, and are well associated with major mountain ranges Fig. 1b;19. the and Kopet Dagh-Khorassan were identified as areas of endemism in the based on data from Asteraceae19. Using the same approach (endemicity analysis) on the entire endemic vascular flora of Iran and a finer grid cell size, Yazd-Kerman is identified as an additional area of endemism (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data), and is considered as such in this study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. Journal. 1983;270:365-370. DOI: 10. 1086/16113043. Carmeli M. Relativity: Modern Large-Structure of the Cosmos. Singapore: Pub. Co. Pte. Ltd; 2008. 4744. McGaugh SS. The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation of galaxies with extended rotation curves and the stellar mass of rotating galaxies. Journal. 2005;632(2):859-871. DOI: 10. 1086/43296845. Begeman KG. HI of [thesis]. Groningen, Netherlands: Astronomy, University of Groningen; 2006. Available from: Sofue Y. Grand rotation curve and dark-matter halo in the milky way galaxy. PASJ. 2012;64(4):75. DOI: 10. 1093/pasj/64. 4. 7547. . Testing the strong equivalence principle: Detection of the external field effect in rotationally supported galaxies. Journal. 2020;904(1). DOI: 10. 3847/1538-4357/abbb9648. with ATLAS. 2020. Available from: et al. Search for dark matter annihilation in the Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte dwarf irregular galaxy with H. E. S. S. D. 2021;103(2021):102002. DOI: 10. 1103/PhysRevD. 103. 10200250. de et al. Dark matters on the scale of galaxies. Universe. 2020;6:107. DOI: 10. 3390/universe608010751. et al. A tip of the red giant branch distance of 22. 1 1. 2 Mpc to the dark matter deficient galaxy NGC 1052–DF2 from 40 orbits of hubble space telescope imaging. Letters. 2021;914:L12. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8213/ac033552. Kunnen J. A search for dark matter in the center of the earth with the ice cube neutrino detector [thesis]. Ixelles, Belgium: Brussel; 2015. Available from: information 1. Introduction2. Theory3. Results4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The remaining bagasse was simultaneously placed in a drying oven followed by grinding, washing with water, and placing on the crystal for spectral acquisition. Data was then batch processed by applying predictive models to FTIR spectra and incorporating data into yield calculations. An overview of this process is displayed in Figure 1 and the results describing the calibration and accuracy of each prediction process are presented below. High-throughput calculation of whole stalk biomass, sugar content, and cell wall hydrolysis yieldFor the purpose of calculating the whole stalk volume it was assumed that a S. bicolor stalk approximates a conical frustum (Figure 2). By simply measuring the radius at the top (r) and bottom (R) of the stalk and the stalk height (H), the volume of the whole stalk (V WS ) could be derived using the equation for the volume of a conical frustum: V WS = πH 3 r 2 + rR + R 2 Figure 2Extrapolating sampled biomass characteristics to whole stalks. (A) S. bicolor stalks were assumed to approximate a conical frustum allowing a simple volumetric calculation. (B) The fourth internode from the base of the plant that had expanded more than 2 cm was harvested and the height (H), stalk radius at the base (R) and top of the stalk (r), the height to the bottom of the fourth internode (H B ), and the length of the fourth internode (L) were recorded. Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations of pressed juice and digestibility of the lignocellulose were measured in the fourth internode at approximately 10 days post-anthesis. Using the volumetric ratio (V ratio ), these measurements were extrapolated to whole stalks and compared to equivalent measures taken from the same whole stalk. (C) The ratio of extrapolated fourth internode measures to whole stalks (IN/WS ratio), their correlation (r), and the error in prediction (RMSEP, %) are tabulated. DW, dry weight; FW, fresh weight; RMSEP, root mean squared error of prediction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: mountains, which are located between Alborz and Azerbaijan, have a transitional situation, but their vascular flora is more linked to the than to Alborz (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data). Species distribution dataAll endemic and subendemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented. A species was considered endemic if its range is restricted to Iran, and considered subendemic if its main distribution (>80% of the known range or occurrences) lies within this country. We considered only taxa at the species level, but not subspecies or varieties. The documentation of species and the characterization of their geographical and altitudinal ranges were based on Flora Iranica83, Flora of Iran84 and monographs published after these floras until the end of 2016 (see 0. 25° using Google Earth. Presence of species was then recorded on the basis of a grid with cell size of 0. 5° × 0. 5°. Species present in maximally three grid cells were considered as range-restricted endemics even if the grid cells were non-adjacent. We compared area size of Iran, number of total vascular plant species, number of vascular plant endemic species and the ten largest vascular plant families of Iran with those from other countries and regions in the west with similar climate, i. e. Mediterranean (Turkey, Greece, Italy, Morocco and Iberian Peninsula). The number of endemic vascular plant species of Iran and their restriction to the three phytogeographical regions18, two biodiversity hotspots7, and five areas of endemism19 (but not distinguishing Central Alborz, as it is geographically nested within Alborz, but additionally recognizing Yazd-Kerman) were analysed. Using the life form system of Raunkiaer85, the following five categories were used: chamaephytes, geophytes, hemicryptophytes, phanerophytes, and therophytes. 10. 1038/nature04291 (2006). 10. 1038/35002501 (2000). 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2004. 07. 008 (2005). 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2009. 01353. x (2009). 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2013. 12. 007 (2014). 10. 1111/jbi. 13135 (2018). 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Trigiante and A. Van Proeyen, Class. Quant. Grav. 19, 4167 (2002). 203. L. A. Boyle, R. R. Caldwell and M. Kamionkowski, Phys. Lett. B 545, 17 (2002). ADS 204. M. Gasperini, F. Piazza and G. Veneziano, Phys. Rev. D 65, 023508 (2002). ADS 205. T. Damour, F. Piazza and G. Veneziano, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 081601 (2002). ADS 206. A. J. Albrecht, C. P. Burgess, F. Ravndal and C. Skordis, Phys. Rev. D 65, 123507 (2002). 207. C. P. Burgess, C. Nunez, F. Quevedo, G. Tasinato and I. Zavala, JHEP 0308, 056 (2003). ADS 208. C. P. Burgess, Annals Phys. 313, 283 (2004). 209. E. V. Linder, Phys. Rev. D 73, 063010 (2006). ADS 210. V. Sahni, T. D. Saini, A. A. Starobinsky and U. . 77, 201 (2003). ADS 211. V. Sahni, A. Shafieloo and A. A. Starobinsky, Phys. Rev. D 78, 103502 (2008). ADS 212. T. Nakamura and T. Chiba, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 306, 696 (1999). ADS 213. T. Chiba and T. Nakamura, Phys. Rev. D 62, 121301 (2000). ADS 214. R. Bean, S. H. Hansen and A. Melchiorri, Phys. Rev. D 64, 103508 (2001). ADS 215. T. Barreiro, E. J. Copeland and N. J. Nunes, Phys. Rev. D 61, 127301 (2000). ADS 216. V. Sahni and L. M. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 62, 103517 (2000). ADS 217. A. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageUsing only two additional measurements, length from the base of the stalk to the base of the sampled internode(s) (H B ) and length of the sampled internode (L SI ), the volume of the sampled internode (V SI ) was calculated. Both measurements were acquired simply by using a ruler during stalk height measurement, whilst the base radius (R I ) and top radius (r I ) of the sampled internode(s) were derived using simple geometry to obtain the following equation: V SI = π L SI 3 R I 2 + r I R I + r I 2 where R I = R − H B R − r H and r I = R − H B + L SI R − r H file 2 for full derivation. The volumetric ratio of the sampled internode to the whole stalk was then calculated as: V ratio = V SI V WS From this ratio, measurements taken on the sampled internode could be extrapolated to the whole stalk by simply dividing by V ratio. This, of course, is under the assumption that the concentration, or density of the measured variable in the sampled internode(s) is either equivalent to, or a fixed ratio of that in the whole stalk. In our case, the fourth internode from the base of the stalk was used as the sample internode since a stable relationship between sugar concentrations in the fourth internode and the whole stalk had been repeatedly observed in previous field measurements (unpublished data) and it has been shown that lower internodes in maize stalks within a genotype are less variable [24]. The relationship between fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), sugar concentration, and cell wall digestibility of the fourth internode and that of the whole stalk was determined using 15 mature, field grown sweet S. bicolor genotypes harvested at 10 days post-anthesis with a height and FW range of 237 to 338 cm and 228 to 941 g (Additional file 3), respectively (Figure 2). Four replicate, glasshouse grown ‘Rio’ sweet sorghum plants, also harvested at approximately 10 days post-anthesis, were used in the cell wall digestibility correlation calculations to supplement lost samples. Calculations using V ratio and measurements from the fourth internode were compared to those taken from the whole stalk.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: During the last six years a series of international collaborative surveys have been undertaken to explore this poorly known region of southeast Angola, and to understand the hydrology and biodiversity of the Okavango drainage. The first surveys were organised by the Commission (), in accord with the for the of the Cubango/Basin (2011), and occurred in the lower catchments of the Cubango and Cuito rivers (Brooks 2012, 2013). More recent surveys (2015–2018) formed part of the ongoing funded Project (NGOWP 2018), which have intensely surveyed the source lakes of the major Okavango tributaries in an unexplored region where the headwaters of the Cuanza, Zambezi and Okavango basins meet. The herpetological results of the surveys (2012–2013) and first phase of the NGOWP surveys were presented by Conradie et al. (2016), who also reviewed the region’s herpetofauna. In total 67 reptiles species are now known from the region, comprising 38 snakes, 32 lizards, five chelonians, and a single crocodile (NGOWP 2018). Three reptiles new for Angola, including Causus rasmusseni (although the specific status of this taxon still requires genetic confirmation), Acontias kgalagadi kgalagadi and Panaspis maculicollis were discovered (Conradie and Bourquin 2013; Medina et al. 2016). The results of more recent surveys (2016–2018) were presented (Conradie et al. 2017) and fuller details are being prepared for publication, and online species lists are planned for public access. Contemporaneous with the above surveys a number of other Angolan biodiversity initiatives began. In partnership, the University in Uíge and Dresden University, Germany, undertook herpetological surveys of Serra do Pingano, Uíge Province, discovering diverse tropical species (Ernst 2015), including two frogs previously unrecorded for Angola (Ernst et al. 2014, 2015). In addition the of Sciences in conjunction with the of Biodiversity and and the Ministry of the Environment of Angola (/INBAC) initiated an ongoing Atlas of Angolan amphibian and reptiles (Marques et al. 2014, 2018). Various areas have been surveyed and preliminary results published in the scientific and popular literature (Ceríaco et al. 2014a, b, 2016a, b, 2018b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: A&A 626, A5 (2019)Can a negative-mass cosmology explain dark matter and dark energy? ⋆ H. Socas-Navarro1,2 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Avda Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 Tenerife, Spain 2 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain e-mail: hsocas@iac. es Received: 20 February 2019 Accepted: 17 April 2019 recent study by Farnes (2018, A&A, 620, A92) proposed an alternative cosmological model in which both dark matter and dark energy are replaced with a single fluid of negative mass. This paper presents a critical review of that model. A number of problems and discrepancies with observations are identified. For instance, the predicted shape and density of galactic dark matter halos are incorrect. Also, halos would need to be less massive than the baryonic component, otherwise they would become gravitationally unstable. Perhaps the most challenging problem in this theory is the presence of a large-scale version of the “runaway effect”, which would result in all galaxies moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other more general issues regarding negative mass in general relativity are discussed, such as the possibility of time-travel paradoxes. Key words: cosmology: theory dark matter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics large-scale structure of Universe ⋆ The simulation video is available at © ESO 2019 1. a recent paper, Farnes (2018; hereafter F18) put forward an audacious proposal to explain dark matter and dark energy in a unified scenario with a single fluid of negative-mass p5. 2. Galactic halos One of the remarkable results of F18 was the formation of negative mass halos around galaxies with a density structure strikingly similar to a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW, Navarro et al. 1996) dark matter profile. This paper presents new simulations very similar in nature to those of F18 but the resulting halo densities exhibit what appears to be an exponential stratification instead. In order to develop a better understanding of the simulation results, or even to serve as a sanity check, it is usually helpful to conduct an analytical study of the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: FW and DW returned values that were 91 ± 2% and 100 ± 2% of the whole stalk with correlations of 0. 97 and 0. 98, respectively. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose returned values that were 97 ± 2%, 105 ± 2%, and 97 ± 2% of the whole stalk with correlations of 0. 94, 0. 88, and 0. 87, respectively. Digestibility as calculated from the fourth internode, however, gave values that were 129 ± 5% of the whole stalk with a correlation of 0. 85 (Figure 2C). Whilst not all ratios approached 100%, all had small standard errors suggesting that these fixed ratios were consistent across genotypes, and could therefore be used in extrapolating measurements from the fourth internode to whole stalks. Using these experimentally determined ratios, FW, DW, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and digestibility values were adjusted and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 5. 2%, 4. 9%, 5. 6%, 8. 2%, 5. 8%, and 10. 8%, respectively (Figure 2C). The calculation-based method proposed here is, therefore, accurate across the 15 examined genotypes and is suitable for assessing total biomass, juice volume, sugar content, and digestibility of whole stalks in a high-throughput screen of sweet S. bicolor populations. Whilst these correlations allow relatively accurate predictions to be made in a high-throughput manner, it should be noted that it is the nature of predictive modelling that cultivars or samples which do not follow the established rule, such as a lower stem-specific gene mutation, will not perform well in the model. Often these samples will be identified as outliers for more rigorous study; however, one must also accept that there is always a statistical probability that a phenotype of interest will not be detected. To our knowledge, this is the first mathematical-based modelling strategy for assessing total stalk biomass in a high-throughput manner in S. bicolor or any other biofuel feedstock. Whilst high-throughput methods for assessing shoot biomass are being developed using two-dimensional images [25] this technology is not applicable to dense field plots with thick canopies and does not allow extrapolation of other measurements.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: g. a snakes from the Calabaria reinhardti, lawrencei, etc. ). Moreover, many other species are duplicated and listed under both their historical and current taxonomic assignments (e. g. Agama hispida = A. aculeata, Chamaesaura macrolepis = Ch. miopropus, Cordylus cordylus = C. namakuiyus, C. vittifer = C. machadoi, etc. ) These inaccuracies have been discussed in the recent Atlas and being rectified (see Marques et al. 2018 13. 1 details the historical growth of knowledge of reptile diversity in Angola based on summaries in Bocage (1866, 1895), Monard (1937), and this study. Table 13. 2 summarises the number of genera, species, and endemic taxa in the major reptile groups in Angola. Updated checklists of the major reptile groups, including details of common and scientific names, historical scientific names used by Bocage (1895) for the current taxa, as well as their endemic and conservation status are summarised in: 15. 5% of the current reptile diversity. This is less than the 25. 9% (37 of 143) in Bocage’s (1895) summary, but no other researcher has described more from Angola. Table 13. 1 Historical development of reptile diversity in Angola based on summaries in Bocage (1866, 1895), Monard (1931), and this studyFull size tableTable 13. 2 Summary of the taxonomic diversity and endemicity of the reptiles of AngolaFull size tableRecent DiscoveriesIn the last decade, and resulting from the burgeoning scientific interest in Angola, biodiversity surveys have led to the description of numerous new species and the validation of the specific status of others. Perhaps the most exciting was the long delayed description of the beautiful and bizarre Plume-tailed Gecko (Afrogecko pulumicaudus Haacke 2008) from the region. Other novelties included the description of the lacertids Pedioplanis haackei and P. huntleyi (Conradie et al. 2012a and the cordylid Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Some subspecies were validated as full species, including the geckos R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: I have implemented both schemes and verified that there are no significant qualitative or quantitative differences in the results obtained. The runs discussed in this paper have been computed with the leapfrog scheme. The code employed here has been developed from scratch with the specific purpose of conducting these simulations. The source code, written in Fortran90 with MPI (message-passing interface, Forum 1994) parallelization, is publicly available2. The main difference with F18, apart from the d2 dependence of the gravitational force, resides in the boundary conditions. The boundary treatment was not explicitly discussed in F18 but it may be inferred by analyzing the source code. The simulations presented in F18 are initialized in a cubic box in which all p18. 3. 1. Halo mass Let us begin by considering the galaxy halo formation, which according to F18 plays the role of dark matter in his unified model. I employed the same initial configuration and simulation parameters but using periodic boundary conditions and the correct form for the Newtonian gravitational force. Figure 1 shows the starting and final frames of the simulation, using the same isometric perspective as F18 to facilitate comparisons. The initial configuration has a spherical distribution of positive masses (the core) following the model of Hernquist (1990) embedded in a uniform sea of p1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p0. 3 and 0. 8, whereas real galaxies have dark matter halos that are typically a factor of four to five more massive than their baryonic components. Furthermore, it is easy to intuitively understand why negative-mass halos must be light. Halo p3. 2. Density profile and rotation curve The radial density profile of the negative-mass halo is shown in Fig. 2. Outside the positive mass core, the simulation is in good agreement with the results of Sect. 2 of an exponential density profile (orange line). Dark matter halos on the other hand exhibit a more complex radial dependence (see, e. g. , Navarro et al. 1996). Fig. 2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. Another discrepancy with the F18 results (and with observations) is the galactic rotation curve.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The method presented here not only produced data on stalk geometry including height and stalk diameter which are traits of interest when breeding lines for increased biomass yields, but also greatly reduced processing time by eradicating the need to: strip whole stalks of their leaves and leaf sheaths; transport large stalks from the field to the laboratory; operate large balances; press juice from whole stalks; dry whole stalks in large drying ovens; and grind whole stalks in a large roller mill. In addition, since this approach relies on stalk geometry that resembles a conical frustum, it is suggested that it could be applied to other grasses with similar geometry such as sugarcane, maize, and millet; however, the fixed ratios would have to be separately determined in each species. FTIR prediction of sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations in stalk juiceFTIR spectra were collected from pure sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O samples (Figure 3A) for comparison with S. bicolor juice samples that were known to contain low, medium, and high mixtures of sucrose, glucose, and fructose (as determined initially by brix and then gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, GC-MS, data not shown) and low/high concentration mixtures of pure sugars (Figure 3B). Pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose each exhibit unique spectra that were easily identifiable above the consistent H2O background (Figure 3A); however, each had overlapping IR signatures making quantification by Beer’s law inappropriate, since the variations of one sugar would affect the IR signature of the others. Multivariate PLS regression was therefore required to generate predictive models for each sugar that would model this accurately. Figure 3FTIR spectra of pure sugars, S. bicolor juice, and the PLS model calibration set. FTIR spectral fingerprint region collected from: (A) pure sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O; and (B) S. bicolor juice containing low, medium, and high concentrations of sugars and a low and high mixture of pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose against a H2O background. (C) Set of 216 samples consisting of varying mixtures of sucrose, glucose, and fructose making up the calibration set. Wavenumbers between 1,190 to 850 cm-1 were plotted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the rare gecko Afrogecko ansorgi, described by Boulenger (1907a), as Phyllodactylus ansorgi and not collected again for nearly 100 years, was recently rediscovered and a re-assessment of its generic status is in preparation. In addition, ongoing surveys of the Project continue to confirm new species records for Angola, including most recently Pachydactylus wahlbergii (G Neef pers. comm. July 2018), previously assumed to enter southern Angola based on material collected on the Angolan-Nambian border in the 1970s (Haacke 1976b). Cryptic diversity in snakes is also being unravelled, and African forest cobras have been shown to include five species (Wüster et al. 2018), of which two enter Angola, whilst Angolan house snakes (Boaedon) is expected to comprise at least eight species, with four potential new country records, i. e. B. fuliginosus, B. radfordi, B. virgatus and B. mentalis (the latter signalled as a valid species by Kelly et al. 2011, and will be formally revived for western arid populations from to southwest Angola), revival from synonymy of two Bocage names for Angolan endemics, i. e. B. angolensis and B. variegatus, and two additional taxonomic novelties (Hallermann et al. personal communication). Overview of Reptile DiversityCheloniansThis ancient lineage of reptiles has relatively little global diversity and includes the greatest proportion of threatened reptiles, particularly in Asia. They are relatively poorly known in Angola, and their diversity is discussed below. The first sea turtle to swim in the early South Atlantic, after the separation of Africa and 90 Million years ago, was the extinct chelonian Angolachelys mbaxi, discovered in Angola in 2009 near the village Iembe, (Mateus et al. 2009). Five of the seven species of sea turtles in the world have been recorded from Angolan waters (Carr and Carr 1991), although only four occur regularly. They include (in decreasing order of abundance): (Lepidochelys olivacea), Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Turtle (Caretta caretta), and Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Without dark matter, the orbital velocity of stars should decrease as we move away from the galactic center. However, observations clearly show a flattening of this curve, in such a way that stars move with roughly the same linear velocity independently of their radial position. This observation is considered as one of the first pieces of historical evidence of dark matter (Rubin & Ford 1970). F18 claims that his simulation produces a flat rotation curve and argues that this is evidence in favor of the negative-mass model as an alternative to dark matter. However, this simulation exhibits different stellar dynamics. Figure 3 shows that the orbital velocity of stars drops with distance to the center, in disagreement with the observed flattened rotation curves. Fig. 3. Average orbital velocity as a function of radial distance to the galactic center. 3. 3. Accelerating galaxies Perhaps the most important problem with the negative-mass simulations is that a galaxy, whose center of mass is initially at rest, immediately starts accelerating in a random direction and continues to gain speed during the entire run. This odd acceleration is present in all of the galactic simulations performed and, again, may be understood intuitively, in this case as a large-scale version of the runaway effect. Let us imagine an isolated system consisting of a positive-mass p4. Upper panel: evolution of the galactic core center-of-mass position as a function of time during the simulation run. The blue, orange, and green curves represent the position in x, y, and z, respectively. Lower panel: as above but in this case referring to the velocity vector components. After an initial period of time at rest while the halo is building up, the entire system starts accelerating (at approximately t = 300) and continues to gain speed with a constant acceleration. The sign of the x and y components has been reversed for better visualization in the figure. 3. 4. Halo shape The shape of the halo produced in the negative-mass simulations is also problematic. Figure 1 (lower panel) already suggests that the distribution of red dots around the galaxy is not spherical. In particular, it is very elongated in the direction of the runaway motion. This is clearly seen in the simulation video available online3. Figure 5 shows the distribution of halo mass enclosed in bins of azimuth around the galactic center at the end of the simulation. The vertical lines represent the instantaneous direction of motion, with green and orange representing the directions ahead and behind the galaxy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: X-axis represents spectral wavenumber (cm-1) and y-axis units are arbitrary. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageIt was shown that pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose mixtures have almost identical IR signatures in the fingerprint region (specifically from 1,190 to 850 cm-1) to that of juice pressed from S. bicolor (Figure 3B), not surprisingly, as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O are the major constituents of S. bicolor juice [26]. Hence, a PLS model for sucrose, glucose, and fructose could justifiably be calibrated using 216 mixtures of pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose as the calibration set (Figure 3C) (see Additional file 4 for concentrations). Using these 216 calibration mixtures, PLS regression models were generated using the non-linear iterative partial least squares () algorithm () with mean centred data and full cross-validation. The FTIR spectral fingerprint region (1,800 to 800 cm-1) was used as the x-predictor variables and sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations as the y-response variables. It was found that variable reduction (that is, reducing the number of spectral prediction variables) resulted in more robust models. Raw spectra truncated to 1,180 to 900 cm-1 wavenumbers were found to give the most accurate models and were used to generate the final PLS models for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. A model with six latent variables (LVs) minimised the root mean squared error of calibration (RMSEC) and maximised R2 for sucrose and fructose giving a RMSEC of 5. 62 and 2. 46 mM, respectively, and both with R2 of 0. 99. A model with nine LVs was selected for glucose, which gave a RMSEC of 2. 69 mM and R2 of 0. 99. It is not determined why glucose required three additional LVs, however, predictions with six LVs were also accurate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: labialis Sternfeld, 1908) from southern Angola demonstrates that these small snakes can cross the Cunene River. Leptotyphlops sp. An unidentified thread snake was recorded during a survey of the Bas-Congo region (Nagy et al. 2013). Based on its forest habitat it is unlikely to be referable to any known Angolan species. Slender Quill-snouted Snake – Xenocalamus b. bicolor (Günther 1868). (1971) records no Angolan material, the species occurs in the Caprivi area and adjacent western Zambia, and it is usually associated with Kalahari sands. It is therefore likely to occur in southeast Snake – Hemirhaggheris nototaenia (Günther, 1864). This dwarf arboreal snake is recorded from the western Caprivi and Okavango region, and extends eastwards through Zambia to East Africa. Earlier records from southwest Angola (Bocage, 1895) were later referred to H. viperina (Broadley and Hughes 2000). It is a secretive snake and may still be found in the miombo woodlands of southeast Angola. – Mopanveldophis zebrinus (Broadley and Schätti 2000). This enigmatic colubrid snake remains known from only a handful of specimens. The type locality is the at Ruacana, western Owamboland, Namibia (17° 25’S, 14° 10′E), and it appears restricted to the Mopaneveld of northern Namibia and can be expected to occur in similar habitat in southern Angola. Endemism in Angolan ReptilesSpecies that are fully endemic or near endemic to a country (i. e. those that have over 90% of known records included in that country), should be highlighted for national conservation monitoring as their protection depends completely on the national authorities. Only six species of snake are endemic to Angola, but no chelonians or crocodilians. Endemic snakes include two species of primitive thread snake, Namibiana latifrons and N. rostrata, that are the northern members of a small genus (five species) endemic to the western arid region of southern Africa (Adalsteinsson et al. 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: As seen in the figure, the halo is extremely elongated along the galactic motion, slightly narrower ahead and broader behind the galaxy. Fig. 5. Distribution of mass in the galactic halo integrated in bins of 10 degrees around the galactic center of mass in the xy-plane. The green (orange) line marks the direction ahead (behind) of the galactic runaway motion. 3. 5. Cosmological structure formation The choice of boundary conditions is most critical in the simulation of structure formation inside a cosmological volume. Open boundary conditions result in a much more rapid gravitational collapse. The periodic boundary conditions imposed in the simulations presented here are more realistic, with each point feeling approximately the same gravitational pull from all directions (at least initially, with a homogeneous density initialization), except for the starting small random density fluctuations. Figure 6 shows the result of a structure formation simulation in a large cosmological volume. The box is one billion light-years (307 Mpc) in each direction and the time step is 10 Myr. A total of 50 000 p2. 6 × 10−27 kg m−3. This is approximately 0. 3 times the cosmological critical density, which has a value of 8. 6 × 10−27 kg m−3 (derived from cosmological parameters of 2016). Two different runs are shown in the figure. In the first simulation, all p6. Structure formation in a cosmological simulation. The plot represents the time evolution of relative overdensities, defined as the standard deviation of density variations among subdomains of 1 cubic Mlyr. Blue: run with positive masses. Orange: Run with 84% of negative masses. 4. Other considerations General relativity does not explicitly preclude the existence of negative mass but the dominant energy condition (Hawking & Ellis 1973) and the positive energy theorem (Schoen & Yau 1981) are difficult to reconcile with a negative mass (at least in the ADM sense, Arnowitt et al. 1960). Mbarek & Paranjape (2014) argued that loopholes may be found by relaxing the theorem assumptions and suggested that the best candidate is the requirement for an asymptotically Minkowskian space-time. These latter authors proved that for an asymptotically de Sitter space-time, negative-mass Schwarzschild solutions exist that everywhere satisfy the dominant energy condition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This was not thought to be over-fitting since independent validation samples performed slightly better with nine LVs in comparison to six LVs. Each PLS model was offset by subtracting the y-intercept of the cross-validation predicted versus reference plot (effectively subtracting the water background) and a small slope adjustment factor was introduced for sucrose to minimise the slope deviation from one of the cross-validation samples. The PLS models, including adjustment factors, were then assessed with an independent test set consisting of three variable S. bicolor juice samples of known sugar concentrations, which were either spiked with pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose, separately and mixtures of the three, or diluted to achieve a large variable set of juice samples with known amounts of sugars. This was thought to be a more accurate method for generating a variable test set of juice samples than collecting a large variable set of S. bicolor juice samples and determining their sugar concentrations by GC-MS or HPLC. When the predicted values were plotted against the reference values for sucrose (Figure 4A), glucose (Figure 4B), and fructose (Figure 4C), the independent test set achieved a root mean squared error of validation (RMSEV) of 11. 93, 5. 52, and 3. 23 mM, respectively, and a validation coefficient of determination (Q2) of 0. 99 for each (R2 is used to denote the coefficient of determination of calibration samples and Q2 is used for validation samples). According to Tamaki and Mazza (2011) [27] these indicate ‘excellent’ models since Q2 >0. 9 and Q2 – R2 <0. 2, and are certainly adequate for a high-throughput screen. Furthermore, LV coefficient peaks for each sugar corresponded with the major sucrose, glucose, and fructose peaks (Figure 3A) (Additional file 5) indicating that the PLS regression models are indeed based on the chemistry of the sugars. The lower limit of detection (LoD) was conservatively determined to be approximately 25 mM, and spike/dilution tests were shown to be accurate (Additional file 6). Figure 4Soluble sugar prediction models. PLS prediction of (A) sucrose (mM), (B) glucose (mM), and (C) fructose (mM) in an independent test set of S. bicolor juice mixtures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Three rare snakes are also endemic to the high plateau region, including the psammophines Psammophis ansorgi and Psammophylax ocellatus (Branch et al. 2019), as well as the rare and iconic Bitis heraldica, which may be now of high conservation concern. During the 10 specimens were collected from (Hellmich 1957a, b), but only one other specimen (Mount Moco) has been recorded in last 60 years (FM Gonçalves, photo 2010). Extensive clearing of natural habitat for agriculture, and increased fire risk in these montane grasslands may threaten the species. Lizards contain the greatest number of endemic and near-endemic Angolan reptiles, particularly among cordylids (two endemic, 50%), lacertids (one near endemic, six endemic, 53. 8%), rupicolous geckos (eight endemic, 23. 5%), amphisbaenians (one near endemic, three endemic species; 36. 4%), and diverse skinks (one near endemic, six endemic, 16. 3%). Agama planiceps schacki is certainly a full species that is well-defined morphologically, but requires genetic assessment. It would also be endemic to Angola. None of these endemic lizards are currently considered of conservation concern. Only 12. 7% of all Angolan reptiles are endemic as opposed to 41. 2% of those in South Africa. This number increases to nearly 20. 5% when only lizards are considered, but is still much less than the 54. 9% of endemic lizards in (Table 13. 3). However, the number of endemic species in the country has increased with the description of new Angolan taxa (e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus, Pedioplanis haackei, P. huntleyi and Cordylus namakuiyus), and will increase further as new species in the genera and Boaedon discovered during recent surveys are described. Reptile HotspotsThe existing global protected area network and conservation priorities are heavily biased towards amphibian, avian and mammal faunas (Roll et al. 2017). Reptiles, which represent a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been largely ignored, in part, because their diversity and distribution was not globally assessed until 2017. Both the global (Roll et al. 2017) and African (Lewin et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: However, this result does not apply to the F18 cosmology, which is equivalent to an anti-de Sitter space-time (a negative cosmological constant). Therefore, while the existence of negative-mass p5. model proposed by F18 is a testable alternative theory of gravity which if confirmed would have a profound impact on all areas of physics. This paper presents a detailed analysis of his model, which identifies a number of problems and discrepancies with observations. Perhaps the most obvious weakness is the constantly accelerating motion of galaxies. Instead of the orderly relation between distance and velocity given by the Hubble–Lemaître law, we would see all galaxies in the sky moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other serious problems include predicting an incorrect shape, mass, and density profile for galactic halos, the keplerian rotation curves, low mass of galactic halos, and slow cosmological structure formation. Other theoretical arguments are discussed that are not directly testable with observations. For instance, the relationship between negative mass and backwards time travel, opening the possibility of causality violations, is an important issue for any theory or model involving negative mass. Overall, the conclusions of this study do not support the F18 model, at least in the original formulation. Since the simulations are of simplistic nature, as they were intended for exploratory purposes following the philosophy of F18, it is possible that some of these issues might be resolved with better, more realistic simulations. Likewise, some of the theoretical objections, such as a possible dampening of gravitational waves, would need actual calculations to be formalized before they can be considered conclusive evidence either for or against the theory. of Fig. 1 Access here 1 Also credited to M. V. Ostrogradsky or G. Green. Sometimes also known as the divergence theorem. 2 3 The video uses the same color scheme as F18. 1902. 00260] [7. Years: Writings, 1918–1921 (Princeton, USA: Press), 33 [1811. 12907] [1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. In the text Fig. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Predictions are plotted against the known reference values for each sample. Calibration samples (○) and independent validation samples (•) were overlaid on a target line (y = x). The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for each sample set are displayed for each sugar. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; RMSE, root mean squared error. Full size imageTo further assess the accuracy of the generated PLS models, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were measured in three variable S. bicolor juice samples ‘low’ (120 mM sucrose, 52 mM glucose, 22 mM fructose), ‘medium’ (290 mM sucrose, 126 mM glucose, 70 mM fructose), and ‘high’ (461 mM sucrose, 56 mM glucose, 23 mM fructose) with six technical replicates using GC-MS and compared to results obtained with the PLS models (Figure 5A). Results were comparable (Figure 5A). Similarly 1,000 S. bicolor juice samples for which brix had been measured were assessed using the high-throughput FTIR-based PLS models. Total sugars (g/100 mL) were obtained by addition of sucrose, glucose, and fructose (g/100 mL) calculated from their respective PLS predictions using molar masses. A correlation of 0. 94 between brix and total sugars (g/100 mL) was observed over the range of 5 to 20 g/L with an offset of −1. 87 g/100 mL and a slope of 1. 08 (Figure 5B). The observed negative offset indicated that brix readings were generally higher than those obtained from the models. This was to be expected since brix measures not only sugars but all soluble solids in the sample. A slope greater than 1 suggests that this affect is less pronounced at higher sugar levels. This relationship to brix therefore supports the robustness of the PLS prediction models and it is suggested that this could be a more accurate method for widespread adoption by the sugar industry, specifically since it facilitates high-throughput quantification of sucrose, glucose, and fructose separately. In addition, the FTIR method (30 seconds per sample) is much more rapid than GC-MS (1 hour per sample) or HPLC (20 minutes per sample) and requires no sample preparation. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 2016) assessments demonstrated that whilst the distribution patterns of species richness of all reptiles combined, as well as those of snakes, revealed similar patterns to those of the other three tetrapod classes, the patterns displayed by hotspots of total and endemic lizards and chelonian richness do not overlap significantly with those of other terrestrial tetrapods. A detailed analysis of reptile hotspots within Angola awaits fuller details of species diversity and distributions, both of which are still in their formative period. However, it is already evident that certain regions and their associated habitats and reptile faunas, particularly for endemic or near endemic species, present unique associations, some of which may be confirmed as regionally important reptile hotspots. of EndemismLizard diversity in southern Africa, particularly in the western arid regions, is the highest in Africa, and the existence of similar habitat structure and diversity in southwest Angola indicates that this African lizard hotspot may also extend into Angola in association with arid and hyper-arid habitats. In association with desert habitats a number of characteristic Namib reptiles cross the and just enter extreme southwest Angola, including: Gerrhosaurus skoogi, Pachydactylus rangei, P. vanzyli, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Meroles anchietae, M. reticulata, Trachylepis puncutula, and Bitis caudalis. Recent discoveries also suggest the existence of an endemic reptile fauna, including the existing endemics Pedioplanis benguellensis, Typhlacontias rudebecki, and T. punctatissimus bogerti, as well as a number newly described species in the region, e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus (Haacke 2008), Pedioplanis huntleyi, P. haackei (Conradie et al. 2012a), and Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Moreover, recent surveys in the region have revealed numerous examples of cryptic diversity in some lizard genera, where new species of Afroedura, Pachydactylus, Nucras, Pedioplanis endemic to the region have been identified and await description.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 00 Add to cart ISBN: 978-981-4465-74-8 (ebook) Checkout Description10. 1142/9789814293792_fmatterAbstractPDF/following sections are included: for :. . . . . . d'. . . . J. . H. and Z. P. YEPages:3–17 the investigation of the p8. 2 σ C. L. ; in addition, the cumulative data satisfy all the many peculiarities of the DM annual modulation signature. Future perspectives are also addressed. /-:18–27 the prospects for probing low-mass dark matter with the Super-Kamiokande experiment. We show that upcoming analyses including fully-contained events with sensitivity to dark matter masses from 5 to 10 GeV can test the dark matter interpretation of the DAMA/LIBRA signal. We consider prospects of this analysis for two light dark matter candidates: neutralinos and WIMPless dark matter. . G. :28–36 proceedings, we report on the possible signatures of a light scalar WIMP, a dark matter candidate with MDM ~ few GeV and which is supposed to interact with the p10. 1142/9789814293792_0004AbstractPDF/models with R-parity conservation provide an excellent candidate for Dark Matter, the P10. 1142/9789814293792_0005AbstractPDF/matter in the Universe is likely to be made up of some new, hypothetical p10. 1142/9789814293792_0006AbstractPDF/report on some scenarios where the gravitino is the dark matter and the supersymmetry breaking mediated by a gauge sector. . :77–86 the phenomenology of gravitino dark matter within supergravity framework. Gravitino can be dark matter if it is the lightest supersymmetric p10. 1142/9789814293792_0008AbstractPDF/supersymmetry be found at the (LHC)? If it is, which supersymmetric model is chosen by Nature? Will the available data be enough to sort these puzzles out? Addressing these questions in this work, we show that the next-to-minimal version of the popular supergravity motivated model (NmSuGra) has a good chance to be observed at the LHC.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: bicolor juice samples have been shown to degrade rapidly at room temperature [26] which means that samples must be treated to remove bacterial contamination and enzyme activity or HPLC devices must have a refrigerated autosampler if long sample runs are to be performed. Since the prediction method is rapid there are no such issues with degradation of sugars. Whilst FTIR and NIR prediction of juice sugars have been reported previously [17, 19, 21], to our knowledge, this is the first report of accurate predictions of sorghum juice sugars. Although, based on previous reports, it was expected that models would be accurate, developing them was integral to the implementation of this high-throughput methodology. Figure 5Comparison of the model to GC-MS and brix. PLS prediction of sucrose (mM), glucose (mM), and fructose (mM) compared to values obtained using (A) GC-MS and (B) total sugars (g/100 mL) calculated using sucrose, glucose, and fructose PLS prediction models compared with total soluble solids (°brix). A linear regression line is fitted to the data and the equation and correlation (r) is displayed. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; GC-MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageTo convert the measured sugar concentrations into sugar yield per stalk, V ratio and the calculated whole stalk FW and DW (thus relative water content) from Section 1 could be used. FTIR prediction of cell wall digestibilityBiomass, or more specifically, the plant cell wall, is a complex matrix of polymers; therefore, it was not possible to create a variable calibration set of cell walls in the laboratory, as was done with the soluble sugar PLS models. A selection of 90 highly variable S. bicolor ecotypes at varying developmental stages, grown under a range of different conditions (see Additional file 7 for sample descriptions) was, therefore, used to calibrate and validate an FTIR-based cell wall digestibility model. Digestibility (D) was quantified by enzymatic hydrolysis of ball-milled cell walls using a Trichoderma reesei cellulase mixture (Sigma-Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia) and the released reducing sugars were measured by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: At its northern and southern limits, the transforms into semi-arid, often succulent vegetation that may be loosely termed the ‘Pro-Namib’ region. In the south this forms the Succulent Karoo, a botanical hotspot of regional endemism and floral beauty (CEPF 2003). Karoo has diverse and specialised reptile endemics (Branch 1994; Bauer and Branch 2003), and the region has been highlighted as a regional reptile hotspot, including numerous species of conservation concern (Branch 2014). As with the Succulent Karoo, the recognition of a unique reptile fauna in southwest Angola supports a corresponding northern ‘Pro-Namib’, in some ways analogous to the Succulent Karoo, and that has been identified as a distinctive phytogeographical region – the of Endemism, which extends as a narrow strip north of Namibe to Lucira and is characterised by a number of localised succulents (see Craven 2009 for fuller discussion). Angolan EscarpmentInland from the coastal arid herpetofauna is the Bié section (sensu Clark et al. 2011) of the and adjacent high plateau. The southern Escarpment (GE) forms a semi-continuous U-shaped mountain chain that runs for 5000 km from western Angola through Namibia and to the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Clark et al. (2011) noted that the GE hosts more than half of southern Africa’s centres of plant endemism and is a repository of palaeo- and neo-endemics. It also has a rich endemic fauna and its fragmented sections serve as refugia and as episodic corridors for biological continuity. However, many sections of the have been poorly studied, particularly in Angola where the Bié Escarpment summit and adjacent highlands is one of the most isolated sections of the Afromontane archipelago in Africa. With ca. 20 endemic bird species it forms the core of the Area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: We also demonstrate that regions of the NmSuGra parameter space which the LHC cannot reach will be detectable at upgraded versions of WIMP direct detection experiments, such as super-CDMS. . M. CHOPages:97–115 the physical implications of the extra space in higher-dimensional unification, and show that a large extra space requires an extremely small fine structure constant (of the order of 10-42) for the Kaluza-Klein gauge boson, or else a huge violation of equivalence principle in 4-dimensional Einstein gravity. More importantly, the extra space generates the dilaton which represents the volume element of the extra space. We show that the scalar curvature of the extra space generates the dilaton mass, and that the dilaton mass determines the size of the extra space. Moreover, as a massive scalar graviton, the dilaton can be an excellent candidate of dark matter. Assuming that the dilaton is the dark matter, we estimate the lower bound of the scale of the extra space to be of 10-9 m. . P. :116–133 note I discuss about the recent attempts, difficulties and prospects of explaining the current acceleration of the universe (attributed to dark energy) and also dark matter using cosmological warped compactifications of higher-dimensional gravity models, including five-dimensional braneworld models. Matter, and 10. 1142/9789814293792_0011AbstractPDF/double beta decay, an extremely rare radioactive decay process, is - in one of its variants - one of the most exciting means of research into p6. 4 sigma level), with the largest half-life ever observed for a nuclear decay process (2. 2×1025 y). This has fundamental consequences for p0. 22±0. 02eV. This fixes the contribution of neutrinos as hot dark matter to ≥4. 7% of the total observed dark matter. The neutrino mass determined might solve also the dark energy puzzle. -and :170–179 a TeV-scale model, in which neutrino masses and mixings, dark matter, and baryon asymmetry of the Universe can be simultaneously explained without assuming large hierarchy among the mass scales. Imposing the exact Z2 symmetry, tiny neutrino masses are generated at the three loop level and stability of the dark matter candidate is guaranteed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A large range of digestibility was observed from 0. 95 to 12. 1 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 with the majority of samples lying between 1 and 10 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 (Figure 6A). From this variable set of samples, 52 were selected as the calibration set and 38 as the independent validation set so as to approach a uniform distribution between 1 and 10 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 as closely as possible for each set. Figure 6FTIR prediction of cell wall digestibility. (A) Distribution of cell wall digestibility (μg. mgDW-1. h-1) from a diverse collection of S. bicolor ecotypes grown under a range of different conditions and harvested at varying developmental stages. A fitted normal distribution has been overlaid. (B) PLS prediction of cell wall digestibility (D; μg. mgDW-1. h-1) in an independent test set. Predictions are plotted against the known reference values for each sample. Calibration samples (○) and independent validation samples (•) were overlaid on a target line (y = x). The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for each sample set are inset. DW, dry weight; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; RMSE, root mean squared error. Full size imageFTIR spectra were collected from the selected calibration set and a PLS regression model for cell wall digestibility was generated using second derivative spectra with an extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) applied (spectra available in Additional file 8). A PLS model with spectra truncated to 1,800 to 850 cm-1 was calibrated and regression coefficients with 90% confidence intervals that spanned 0 were removed (that is, insignificant variables). The final PLS prediction model was calibrated from 147 wavenumbers with four LVs minimising the RMSEC (0. 52 μg. mgDW-1. h-1) and maximising the R2 (0. 94) (Figure 6B). The model was then used to predict the digestibility of an independent test set. When the predicted values of the independent test set were plotted against the reference (as determined by DNS assay) a RMSEV of 0. 64 μg. mgDW-1.

Output: pass