Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This implies that synthetic biology, when it takes recursivity into account, develops in a world that is totally irreducible to the world of systems biology, which remains an elaborate episode of the study of mechanistic automata. An important consequence is that what we commonly term the “genetic program” because it unfolds through time in a consistent manner is not a programme with an aim (we would not be able to predict any aim) - it is merely there, and functions because it cannot do otherwise. We only perceive a design because the end result is familiar to us, and thus seems more “right” than any other possible result (Danchin 2009a). If creation of information depends heavily on the context, we must identify in living organisms functions which permit it to accumulate, and relate it to the material world. How are particular structures or processes recruited to this aim? A reflection on the coupling between accumulation of information and energy based on work developed by Landauer and Bennett, showed that the relationship between energy and information is that there exists degradative processes which “make room” using energy to prevent degradation of what is functional ((Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961), detailed analysis in (Danchin 2009a, d), see also a very recent development (Sagawa and Ueda 2009)). In such a situation it is the context that determines which gene product is functional and which is not. The consequence is that, if the context does not vary too rapidly, then the functions which will be selectively retained are sculpting an image of the environment within, creating adaptation. This is exactly how an information can get a meaning. In terms of synthetic biology, this orients research towards learning and memory, rather than towards fixed mechanical engineering. In guise of conclusion: the brain is not a computer, yet it manipulates informationTrying to put vitalism to an end, placed biology within the realm of physics and chemistry (Bernard 1865). This led his followers to ask the question: what are the relevant entities (material objects and processes) which make a cell alive? The biochemical inventory stage started well, with the discovery of the ribosomes, of the structure of the DNA double helix, of the sequence of the polypeptide chain of insulin, and, rapidly of messenger RNA (Judson 1979). Yet, many features of biological entities resisted the classical analysis of chemistry and physics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 01e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 835. Mutation spectra stratified by parental ages are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contribution of maternal and paternal age to de novo mutation rates. For (a) second- and (b) third-generation individuals in the CEPH/Utah cohort, plotted points show the relationship between paternal and maternal age at birth. Each point is colored by the autosomal SNV mutation rate in the individual; these rates were calculated by dividing the autosomal count in each child by that child’s autosomal callable fraction. Colors indicate the magnitude of the mutation rate (blue = lower, red = higher). Black lines indicate the trend for a 1:1 relationship between paternal and maternal age. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Comparison of mutation spectra in children born to older or younger parents. Second-generation children were divided into two groups based on the ages of their parents at birth, and autosomal mutation spectra were compared between the two groups. In all panels, no significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. (a) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers younger (n = 2,182) or older (n = 2,360) than the median paternal age of 29. 2 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 304, T > G: 0. 140, T > A: 0. 306, T > C: 0. 248, C > A: 0. 8. 81e-2, C > T: 0. 444, indel: 6. 89e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 810. (b) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers younger (n = 2,225) or older (n = 2,317) than the median maternal age of 25. 7 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 580, T > G: 0. 659, T > A: 0. 554, T > C: 0. 697, C > A: 0. 918, C > T: 0. 990, indel: 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: aloe vera are associated with several of its medicinal properties. Aloe emodin, aloins A and B, which are present in aloe latex, are known for their laxative action. This study aims to develop a simple HPLC method for the determination of compounds with purgative effect. The correlation of these compounds according to the plant conditions and the position of the leaf in the plant was also evaluated. Aloe vera plants under different conditions and thirteen aloe-based products were analyzed by HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics. Each leaf from the plants was studied separately for its content in compounds with a laxative effect. The developed method was performed with a C18 column and the total analysis time was 22 minutes. It was observed that, in contrast with field-cultivation plants, the concentrations of aloins in potted plants follow a specific pattern based on the position of the leaves. It was also observed that climatic and environmental conditions have a significant impact on the concentrations of aloins. Analysis was performed to evaluate correlations among measurements. The model was able to separate the aloe plants based on their seasonal variation and growing conditions. Finally, it was observed that, in only two out of thirteen products, aloins were present, with the total content exceeded the maximum levels set by EU legislation. The present work provides useful information for the aloins variation among leaves in different position and plants under various conditions. MillerAloe veraaloe-based products1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 81. Barbadensis Miller, commonly referred to as Aloe Vera, belongs to the Liliaceae family and specifically to the Aloe genus, which contains more than 400 species [1]. It is a perennial succulent xerophyte plant with turgid pointed green leaves. Due to the water-storage tissues of its leaves, it can survive in extremely hot and dry areas [2]. Aloe vera plant is worldwide known for its therapeutic properties. Wound healing, anti-inflammatory effects, antidiabetic activities, and purgative action are some of the pharmacological properties associated with aloe vera [3, 4]. Due to its therapeutic activities and bitter taste, is widely used by pharmaceutical and food industries as dietary supplements, cosmetics, beverage and food ingredient [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Genetic transformation of Roseobacters cannot yet be regarded as de-skilled procedure (as expected as well). 3. Cloning a “bio-brick” from a Roseobacter was possible. From the point of view of classical science none of this is a true scientific advancement. All three experiments would be ideal for a laboratory course with students (or pupils), once they have been familiarized with basic techniques and with working under sterile conditions. Cloning a gene into an E coli plasmid is a a standard procedure. The transformation procedure published by Piekarski et al. 2009 could not be reproduced. Novel data for the scientific community to continue with have not been generated. Thus the paper does not report a scientific achievement and would not be publishable according to current practice. Validity of the findings A closer look at the data shows that important technical aspects of the work are questionable. 1. How was it assured that the right culture grew and not a contaminant? At one point, an OD600 value of 4 is reported, which is very unusual for Roseobacters (line 228). 2. Growing the bacteria in a closed falcon tube might be causing a problem because they are aerobic. How much culture volume was in the falcon tube? A 2 ml culture might be okay in a 50 ml falcon for 24 h. 3. The amplified band in Fig. 5 has approximately the right length. It could still be the wrong product. It would be necessary to sequence it to prove that it is indeed the anf1 gene. Additional comments 1. Abstract line 25 and elsewhere: “Roseobacter clade bacteria comprise 15-20% of oceanic bacterio-plankton communities”. This statement is wrong. They comprise 15-20% in some regions of the ocean at certain times of the season in certain depths, and 1% or less at other times of the year, other regions of the ocean, and other depths. The correct statement is “up to”. It may seem a minor detail but in fact it is not (thinking about controlled release, ecosystem engineering etc. it is important to get the basic facts right). 2. Line 171. All three 2005. 3. Line 193 ff. Preparation of material containing template DNA for preparative PCR: The described methodology is very unusual.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 371, CpG >TpG: 0. 678. (c) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,120) or oldest (n = 1,165) paternal ages (26. 4 or 34 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 1. 73e-2, T > G: 0. 428, T > A: 0. 872, T > C: 0. 979, C > A: 0. 943, C > T: 7. 77e-2, indel: 0. 788, CpG >TpG: 0. 706. (d) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,169) or oldest (n = 1,121) maternal ages (22. 5 or 31. 4 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 327, T > G: 9. 92e-2, T > A: 0. 841, T > C: 0. 975, C > A: 0. 963, C > T: 0. 940, indel: 0. 598, CpG >TpG: 0. 780. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Parental age effects on autosomal germline mutation counts vary significantly among CEPH/Utah families. Illustrations of pedigrees exhibiting the smallest (family 24_C, panel a) and largest (family 16, panel b) paternal age effects on third-generation DNM counts demonstrate the extremes of inter-family variability. Diamonds are used to anonymize the sex of each third-generation individual. The method used to separate CEPH/Utah pedigrees into unique groups of second-generation parents and third-generation children is presented in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Third-generation individuals are arranged by birth order from left to right. The number of autosomal DNMs observed in each third-generation individual is shown within the diamonds, and the age of the father at the third-generation individual’s birth is shown below the diamond. The coloring for these two families is used to identify them in panels c and d.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the result of the study, Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 2 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by injury is damage to the skin or other tissues that can be caused by heat, radiation, electricity, chemicals, or friction, the most often caused by heat (Association, 2019). Burn injury that is due to heat consists of three causes, which are burns due to hot liquids (scalds), flames (flame burns), or hot solids (contact burns) (Organization, 2018). A burn injury can be divided into four degrees based on its depth. A first-degree burn is limited to the epidermis. Second-degree burns involve both epidermis and dermis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 59), which belonged to H-2', H-3' and H-4'. The 1H-1H COSY spectrum confirmed the connections among them, and between NH-1' and H‑2' (Fig. 3). The position of the aliphatic chain was determined by the HMBC correlation of NH-1' to C-1, C-3 and C-2', and H-2' to C-2 (Fig. 3). Thus, the structure of compound 11 was elucidated as 2,2'-(pentane-1,5-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). The assigned carbon and proton signals are listed in Table 2. Compound 12 was obtained as a purple powder, and its molecular formula was determined to be C13H9NO5S by which gave a m/z 292. 0276 for [M + H]+. The 1H NMR spectrum showed 3 aromatic protons (δ 7. 58, 7. 51, and 7. 25) and a chelating phenolic hydroxyl group (δ 12. 61), while the 13C NMR spectrum exhibited 2 ketone groups (δ 184. 20 and 177. 39) and an aromatic quaternary carbon signal belonged to C-5 at δ 160. 61 (Fig. S37 and S38). They established the 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone core of 12 by a comparison of the NMR data with the substrate juglone (Fig. S4), [20] and it was further supported by the HMBC correlations shown in Fig. 3. The other additional proton signals were similar to those of 6 and 10, including a broad singlet at δ 8. 08 belonged to NH-1', a CH multiplet at δ 4. 44-4. 61 belonged to H-2', and 2 vicinal CH doublet of doublets both belonged to H-4' (δ 3. 18 and 3. 05). The 1H-1H COSY correlations among them were shown in Fig. 3. Besides, similar to the 1H NMR spectrum of 6 and 10, no signal for H-2 or H-3 was found.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: (c) The total number of autosomal DNMs is plotted versus paternal age at birth for third-generation individuals from all CEPH/Utah families. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands indicate the predicted number of DNMs as a function of paternal age using a Poisson regression (identity link). Families are sorted in order of increasing slope, and families with the least and greatest paternal age effects are highlighted in blue and red, respectively. (d) A Poisson regression (predicting autosomal DNMs as a function of paternal age) was fit to each family separately; the slope of each family’s regression is plotted, as well as the 95% confidence interval of the regression coefficient estimate. The same two families are highlighted as in (a). A dashed black line indicates the overall paternal age effect (estimated using all third-generation samples). Families are ordered from top to bottom in order of increasing slope, as in (c). A random sampling approach was used to assess the robustness of the per-family regressions to possible outliers; the results of these simulations are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 2. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Defining unique families in the CEPH/Utah dataset. The pedigree for a single family (family ID 19) is depicted. In this family, the third-generation individuals are first cousins and share a pair of grandparents. However, for the purposes of the inter-family variability presented in Figure 3, we defined ‘families’ as the unique groups of second-generation parents and their third-generation children. Thus, family ID 19 would be split into two unique families (19_A and 19_B), designated by the red boxes. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Paternal age effect ranks of CEPH/Utah families are robust to outlier samples. For each CEPH/Utah family (i. e. , unique set of second-generation and third-generation individuals), we randomly sampled 75% of the third-generation individuals in the family, fit a regression predicting autosomal DNM counts as a function of paternal age at birth, and calculated the ‘rank’ of that family’s paternal age effect (out of 40 total families). We then plotted the distribution of ranks across 100 trials for each family.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Third-degree burns involve epidermis, dermis, and dermal appendages. Lastly, fourth-degree burns can penetrate into subdermal fat, underlying fascia, muscle, and/or bone (ABA, 2018). Burn injury can cause high morbidity and mortality and its treatment requires a high cost. This is because of the long-term outpatient care, such as dressing changes and some even require surgical reconstruction (Smolle et al. , 2017). WHO stated that around 180,000 deaths every year are caused by burns and the majority occur in lower-middle-income countries due to a lack of adequate facilities to reduce the incidence of burns (Menkes, 2019; WHO, 2018). According to the data from “Dasar” (Research, Indonesia) in 2018, the proportion of burn injury in was 1% and based on the medical record data from in Medan, North Sumatra-Indonesia, there were 353 cases of burns in 2011–2014 (Maulana, 2014). There are three phases of wound healing, namely the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. The inflammatory phase is characterized by the migration of leucocytes such as macrophages to the burn site to degrade debris or microbes. Next is the proliferative phase where the process of angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and fibroblast proliferation occurs. Lastly, the remodeling phase is characterized by collagen remodeling, wound contraction, and decreased blood flow (Reinke & Sorg, 2012). Several studies have shown that the use of silver sulfadiazine drug can cause side effects such as leukopenia and renal toxicity (Chaby et al. , 2005; Fuller & Engler, 1988). Therefore, alternative treatments such as the use of herbal medicine are relatively safer. Several medical plants grow in Indonesia due to favorable tropical natural conditions. The information about these herbs is passed down from one generation to another, and they are commonly used in traditional medicine, forming an integral part of Indonesian cultural heritage (Gazali et al. , 2013). One of the herbs that can be used for the treatment of burns is Aloe vera. The active chemical constituents found in Aloe vera such as glucomannan and acemannan can stimulate the activity and proliferation of fibroblasts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: First-strand cDNA was synthesized from heat-denatured, purified mRNA using a Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and random hexamer primers at a concentration of 200 ng/µL along with a final concentration of 40 ng/µL Actinomycin D, followed by () bead purification on a robot (). The second strand cDNA was synthesized following the cDNA Synthesis protocol (Biolabs) that incorporates dUTP in the dNTP mix, allowing the second strand to be digested using USER™ enzyme (Biolabs) in the post-adapter ligation reaction and thus achieving strand specificity. cDNA was fragmented by Covaris LE220 sonication to achieve 250–300 bp average fragment lengths. The paired-end sequencing library was prepared following the Canada’s Centre strand-specific, plate-based library construction protocol on a robot (Hamilton Company). Briefly, the sheared cDNA was subject to end-repair and phosphorylation in a single reaction using an enzyme mix (Biolabs) containing T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow DNA Polymerase and T4 polynucleotide kinase, incubated at 20°C for 30 minutes. Repaired cDNA was purified in 96-well format using PCR Clean dX beads (Aline Biosciences) and 3’ A-tailed (adenylation) using Klenow fragment (3’ to 5’ exo minus) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes prior to enzyme heat inactivation. Illumina TruSeq adapters were ligated at 20°C for 15 minutes. The adapter-ligated products were purified using beads, then digested with USER™ enzyme (1U/µL) (Biolabs) at 37°C for 15 minutes followed immediately by 10 cycles of indexed PCR using 5 (Biolabs) and Illumina’s primer set.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Families’ density plots are ordered along the y-axis by the original ranks of each family (as determined using the full dataset, and originally shown in Figure 3d, where a rank of 1 corresponds to the smallest age effect, and a rank of 40 corresponds to the largest). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Identification of post-PGCS germline mosaicism in the second generation. (a) Mosaic variants occurring during or after primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) were defined as DNMs present in multiple third-generation siblings, and absent from progenitors in the family. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline mosaic variants (red, n = 288) and germline de novo variants observed in the third generation (non-shared) (blue, n = 22,644). Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 6. 84e-2, T > G: 0. 169, T > A: 0. 236, T > C: 1. 51e-2, C > A: 4. 31e-3, C > T: 0. 385, CpG >TpG: 2. 26e-6. (c) For each third-generation individual, we calculated the number of their DNMs that was shared with at least one sibling, and plotted this number against the individual’s paternal age at birth. The red line shows a Poisson regression (identity link) predicting the mosaic number as a function of paternal age at birth. (d) We fit a Poisson regression predicting the total number of germline single-nucleotide DNMs observed in the third-generation individuals as a function of paternal age at birth, and plotted the regression line (with 95% CI) in blue. In red, we plotted the line of best fit (with 95% CI) produced by the regression detailed in (c). (e) For each third-generation individual, we divided the number of their DNMs that occurred during or post-PGCS in a parent (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionBased on the result of the study Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 1993) have been reported for B. bassiana. In the non-sterile soil, biotic antagonism may have inhibited germination of B. bassiana conidia or prevented the fungus from penetrating roots. For instance, the common soil fungus Penicillium urticae produces a water soluble inhibitor of B. bassiana (Shields et al. 1981). Another common soil saprophyte, Aspergillus clavatus, also produces metabolites that are fungicidal to B. bassiana (Majchrowicz et al. 1990). Vänninen et al. (2000) and Pereira et al. (1993) reported that B. bassiana had a low persistence in soils and that the fungus infected only a small proportion of insects when conidia were added directly to the soil. Plant growth was affected by the growth medium (sterile soil, non-sterile soil, and vermiculite) but not by the inoculation method. Plant growth in vermiculite was much less than in sterile and non-sterile soil, regardless of the inoculation method. Lewis et al. (2001) reported no differences in growth between plants treated or not treated with B. bassiana. In the current study, seed treatment with B. bassiana did not reduce seed germination or seedling growth, and did not result in the development of root disease. Application of B. bassiana to leaves, seeds, or soil did not result in significant differences in plant height, fresh weight, or dry weight. Although differences in plant growth and dry weight were evident when plants were grown in vermiculite, sterile soil, and non-sterile soil, these differences apparently did not affect colonization of the plants by B. bassiana. The endophytic colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana suggests that this isolate is well adapted to a wide range of conditions including endophytic in plants and pathogenic to insects. B. bassiana can become established as an endophyte in sorghum without adversely affecting plant growth, and leaf inoculation with a conidial suspension proved to be the best method to introduce B. bassiana into sorghum leaves. This study provides the basis for further investigations, which should focus on the response of different sorghum cultivars to different strains of B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: , that were shared with a sibling) by their total number of DNMs (germline +germline mosaic), and plotted this fraction of shared germline mosaic DNMs against their paternal age at birth. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification of gonosomal mutations in the second generation. (a) Gonosomal post-zygotic variants were identified as DNMs in a second-generation individual that were inherited by one or more third-generation individuals, but exhibited incomplete linkage to informative heterozygous sites nearby. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in single-nucleotide gonosomal DNMs that occurred on the paternal (n = 249) or maternal (n = 226) haplotypes. No significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 3. 05e-2, T > G: 0. 972, T > A: 0. 858, T > C: 0. 148, C > A: 3. 31e-2, C > T: 2. 66e-2, indel: 0. 247, CpG >TpG: 0. 932. (c) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline DNMs observed in the second-generation (non-gonosomal) (n = 4,542) and putative gonosomal mutations (n = 475) in the second generation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 517, T > G: 0. 800, T > A: 2. 32e-3, T > C: 0. 255, C > A: 0. 129, C > T: 0. 805, indel: 0. 446, CpG >TpG: 0. 212. (d) Numbers of phased gonosomal variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands) were fit for the mutations phased to the maternal and paternal haplotypes separately using an identity link.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 144246.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae), in EthiopiaJ. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 2021; 19:1-15CrossrefScopus (9)PubMed30. Aynalem, B. ∙ Muleta, D. ∙ Venegas, J. . . . Isolation, molecular characterization and pathogenicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis, from Ethiopia, against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta: detection of a new high lethal phylogenetic groupMicrobiol. Res. 2021; 250:1-10CrossrefScopus (12)31. Sora, A. S. Review on productivity of released tomato (Mill. ) varieties in different parts of EthiopiaJ. Hortic. Sci. 2018; 1:102-11432. Roussos, S. ∙ Bagnis, C. ∙ Besnard, O. . . . Use of solid state fermentation for the production of fungal biopesticides spores for insect controlSera, T. . . . and QualityPublishers, 2000; 277-286Printed in the NetherlandsCrossref33. Gouli, V. ∙ Gouli, S. ∙ Brownbridge, M. . . . Manual for of in with to of 200534. Habtegebriel, B. ∙ Getu, E. ∙ Dawd, M. . . . Molecular characterization and evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic fungal isolates against Sorghum Chafer, Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) in EthiopiaJ. Entomol. Nematol. 2016; 8:34-45Crossref35. Lobo, K. S. ∙ Soares-da-Silva, J. ∙ Silva, M. C. . . . Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis found in soils of the Cerrado region of Brazil, and their toxicity to Aedesae gypti larvaeRev. Bras. Entomol. 2018; 62:5-12CrossrefScopus (20)36. Alatar, A. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: A diagram of an identification strategy for post-zygotic gonosomal DNMs (using only two generations) is presented in Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Strategy for identifying post-zygotic DNMs using two generations. (a) Diagram of an example two-generation pedigree structure that is amenable to the post-zygotic detection strategy. In this example, the child has a de novo ‘T’ allele that is <= 500 bp downstream of a heterozygous ‘G’ allele. Question marks in the parents indicate that the child could have inherited the ‘G’ allele from either parent; unlike the read tracing strategy (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), a particular parent does not need to be ‘informative. ’ (b) In the child’s reads, only two possible sets of linked haplotypes should be seen, assuming the de novo allele occurred in the germline of a parent. The presence of three distinct haplotypes, demonstrating incomplete linkage of the de novo and heterozygous alleles, indicates that the de novo ‘T’ allele is post-zygotic. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between read depth and mutation rates in CEPH/Utah samples. For each second- or third-generation CEPH/Utah sample, we calculated mean read depth across all autosomal base pairs covered by >=12 reads in all members of the trio. We then assessed whether there was a correlation between mean read depth and the autosomal mutation rate in these samples. For each generation, we fit a linear model predicting read depth as a function of autosomal mutation rate, and do not find a significant association in either generation at a p-value threshold of 0. 05 (second-generation p = 0. 92, third-generation p = 0. 073). Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Anti-correlation between slope and intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the slopes and intercepts of these regressions were correlated; overall, slope and intercept point estimates are negatively correlated in CEPH/Utah families (p < 2. 2e-16).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 62, p < 0. 05) (Fig. 2d). Fig. 2Mean daily fecundity of Amblyseius swirskii adults exposed to a dry residue, b topical treatment, c combined treatment, and d juveniles on dry residue of Beauveria bassiana conidial suspensions (n = 6). Error bars represent SE. Different letters indicate significantly different trend in oviposition rates as analysed by generalized linear mixed models and compared using Tukey’s post-hoc (p < 0. 05). Trend lines were plotted with generalised additive modelsFull size image For adult mites exposed to topical and combined treatments there was a significant effect on fecundity at 2. 5 × 107 (z = 2. 38, p < 0. 05) and 1. 0 × 108 conidia ml−1 (z = 4. 49, p < 0. 001), respectively. Treatments with 1. 0 × 108 and 2. 5 × 107 conidia ml−1 did not exhibit a significant effect on fecundity for topical (z = 2. 27, p = 0. 06) (Fig. 2b) and combined (z = 1. 76, p = 0. 18) exposure (Fig. 2c) respectively, due to within-group variation in the data. OffspringEgg viability, juvenile survival and sex ratio of the offspring from B. bassiana-treated adult A. swirskii are summarised in Table 1. As there were no differences in any of the measured parameters between sampling days of the same treatment these have been combined. Treating mites with B. bassiana had no observable or measurable effect on their offspring and there were no significant differences between the offspring of treated mites and the control (Table 2a–c). Table 1 Egg viability, juvenile survival and sex ratio (proportion ± SE) of the offspring from Amblyseius swirskii adults following different treatments of Beauveria bassiana conidial suspensionsFull size table Table 2 Overview of results from GLM analyses with binomial errors and Tukey’s post-hoc for multiple comparison for a egg viability, b juvenile survival and c sex ratio of offspring from adult Amblyseius swirskii exposed to treatments of Beauveria bassiana Full size table bassiana strain GHA was found to be infectious to A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between sibling number and either slope or intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the number of third-generation siblings in these families was predictive of either the (a) slope or (b) intercept point estimate in the regression. Neither slope (p = 0. 654) or intercept (p = 0. 718) are significantly associated with sibling number. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Allele balance distributions in transmitted and untransmitted DNMs. Allele balance was calculated as the fraction of reads supporting the alternate (i. e. , de novo) allele at a particular site. As there are substantially more transmitted than untransmitted DNMs in the plot, the y-axis is shown as the normalized count of DNMs. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Range of missed heterozygote rates across CEPH families. (a) For each unique set of second-generation parents and third-generation children, we counted the total number of DNMs in the third generation for which we saw evidence in the first generation (i. e. , grandparents). The missed heterozygote rate (MHR) therefore represents the fraction of DNMs in each family that were likely “missed” in the second generation, as a percentage of the total number of DNMs identified in the third-generation children. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal filtered germline third-generation DNMs (n=22,644) and autosomal third-generation DNMs that were removed due to evidence in a genotyped grandparent (n=83). No significant differences for particular mutation types were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) using a Chi-squared test of independence. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationSoftware, algorithmToolkit (GATK)DePristo et al. , 2011v3. 5. 0; RRID:SCR_001876Software, algorithmpeddyPedersen and Quinlan, 2017av0. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Offspring of arthropods infected with B. bassiana may exhibit reduced survival and fecundity, moulting problems and malformations (Torrado-Leon et al. 2006). Egg hatching success can be significantly reduced for gravid B. bassiana-treated N. californicus (Castagnoli et al. 2005) and P. persimilis (Pozzebon and Duso 2010), but, contrary to these findings, treatment of P. persimilis with B. bassiana has also been reported to have no effect on egg hatching success (Duso et al. 2008; Seiedy et al. 2012). The results of the current study are consistent with the latter: no significant effect was observed on egg viability, juvenile survival or the sex ratio of offspring from B. bassiana-treated A. swirskii. Moreover, no deformation or moulting problems in the offspring was observed (A Midthassel pers. obs) suggesting that the fitness of the eggs produced by an infected adult female is not compromised by the pathogen. The study on juvenile A. swirskii developing from egg to adult on dry residue of B. bassiana was intended to simulate the effect on a founding population of A. swirskii inoculated or dispersing into a recently treated crop. There was no significant effect on survivorship of juvenile A. swirskii on B. bassiana dry residue compared with the control treatment and mycosis was observed in a small proportion of dead mites at 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 only. This indicates that, although adult mites dispersing into a treated crop may succumb to treatment residues of B. bassiana, their offspring will not be affected and are therefore capable of establishing new populations. The subsequent reduced fecundity of these mites however suggest that A. swirskii juveniles on dry residue were infected by B. bassiana, but with a lighter infection, revealing sublethal effects but not causing mortality. This would most likely be due to fewer inoculum successfully invading the host. Immature stages are often less susceptible to fungal infection due to germinating conidia being shed during ecdysis (Vey and Fargues 1977; Ugine et al. 2005). Short immature life stages, and therefore frequent ecdysis, combined with relatively low persistence of B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 3; RRID: SCR_017287Software, algorithmcyvcf2Pedersen and Quinlan, 2017bv0. 11. 2Software, algorithmmosdepthPedersen and Quinlan, 2018v0. 2. 4Software, algorithmpysam algorithmpython RRID:SCR_008394Software, algorithmR RRID:SCR_001905Software, algorithmViewer (IGV)Thorvaldsdóttir et al. , 2013v2. 4. 11; RRID:SCR_011793Software, algorithmsamtoolsLi et al. , 2009RRID: SCR_002105Software, algorithmBWA-MEMLi, 2013v0. 7. 15; RRID:SCR_010910 10. 7554/eLife. 46922. 022 Term (independent variable)DoFDevianceResid. DoFResid. DeviancePr(>Chi)dad_age1635. 77348502. 84< 2. 2e-16family_id39103. 43309399. 419. 667e-9dad_age:family_id3955. 34270344. 070. 04328 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Pedigree structures for all CEPH/Utah families. All family and sample IDs have been anonymized, and the sexes of third-generation individuals have been hidden. Download elife-46922-supp1-v1. zip Supplementary file 2 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline DNMs identified in the second generation. In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the first-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the second-generation child. Reads with mapping quality <20 are not included, as they were not considered by our variant calling pipeline, and mismatched bases are shaded by quality score (more transparent = lower base quality). Download elife-46922-supp2-v1. zip Supplementary file 3 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline. DNMs identified in the third generation In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the second-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the third-generation child.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 1 In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by  There is a newer version of this 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: For instance, clear X580 haplotypes were GTAAA and AATGG, and if both are present in an isolate they will produce the RWWRR genotype, found in a number of isolates. and GTWRR haplotypes were also found, indicating that AAAAA and GTTGG must also exist (these inferences are detailed in Table 5 and additional examples can be seen in Fig. 1). Table 5 Inferences from the genotypic nature of single spores and isolatesFull size table Moreover, the X639 clones analyzed provide even clearer evidence for recombination. Four clean genotypes were obtained from the Australian samples and genotype 11, the one with most double peaks, was selected for cloning. This genotype could correspond to a mix of genotypes 2, 3 and 4 and the 38 clones sequenced produced 15 different haplotypes: four clones had one of the genotypes 2, 3, or 4; nine were other different recombinants of these and unexpectedly, two clones had a genotype 1. This latter genotype apparently did not exist in the original sample, at least with sufficient prevalence as to produce identifiable peaks in the chromatograms. Thus, direct sequencing from the original isolates highlights the haplotypes existing at considerable frequencies, while minority sequences may not be detected unless many clones are analyzed. Indeed, an earlier analysis of a series of clones indicated that the true allelic richness was most probably underestimated [23]. Strong LD has been found for short reads but those below 200 bp may be too short to identify breaking haplotypes, and LD may decay over larger distances [26]. In fact, our findings support that hypothesis: for example, a pair of nucleotides 27 bp apart is always CC or TT, yet all possible combinations exist with respect to the C or T 291 bp downstream (shadowed in Fig. 2). Thus, to detect recombination longer undivided DNA fragments must be analyzed. In summary, it appears that N. ceranae does not fit into the model of strict asexual reproduction outlined above but rather, the data obtained support the existence of a cryptic sexual cycle. Ploidy and diversity in N. ceranae Whatever the mechanisms creating genotype heterogeneity, the fact that all the isolates except one appeared to be mixed or heterozygous for the different markers raises a number of fundamental questions. genus is binucleate and recent studies even suggest a possible polyploidy for N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1998, Zasięg lądolodów plejstoceńskich i deglacjacja obszaru między Sudetami a Wałem Śląskim. Biuletyn PIG, 385: 9–28. BARTOŠÍKOVÁ H. , 1973, Morfologicky výrazné výchozy Krkonošského žulového masívu. Opera Corcontica, 10: 71–91. . , HLAVÁČ V. ,. , KUBALÍKOVÁ L. , 2014, Za skalními útvary CHKO Žďárské vrchy. Mendelova univerzita v Brně, Brno: 88. BERG G. , 1927, des Riesengebirges. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 2: 1–20. ČERNÁ B. , 2011, Reconstruction of the continental glaciation in the northern slope of the Jizera Mts. Sborník geologických Věd, Antropozoikum, 27: 23–38. CHÁBERA S. ,. H. , 1999, Beispiele kryogener Verwitterungs- und Abtragungsformen im Eisgarner Granit. Sborník Jihočeského muzea v Českých Budějovicích. Přírodní Vědy, 39: 5–17. CÍLEK V. ,. ,. , MIGOŃ P. , MIKULÁŠ R. , 2007, The origin and development of sandstone landforms. [in:] Härtel H. , Cílek V. , Herben T. , Jackson A. , Williams R. (eds), Sandstone Landscapes. Academia, Praha: 34–43. . F. , 1965. Tor theories in the light of evidence. Geographer, 3: 423–433. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Most new formed spores may be fully asexual and hence show the same genotypes as above; however, after an hypothetical diploid stage and meiosis, homozygous spores are also formed (AA plus BB in one case, and CC plus DD in the other); additionally if two nuclei of different origin become included in a same spore, new genotypes would also appear (AC and so on). Without sexual reproduction, multi-strain infection could never produce or BD haplotypesFull size image The presence of N. ceranae in any region cannot be considered as an outbreak of a specific strain. Wherever sampled, N. ceranae populations are diverse, revealing lineages of different origins. Like any organism with an opportunity for sexual reproduction, population approaches must be employed to understand their particular features. The relative ease with which N. ceranae has spread worldwide in honey bee colonies reflects the synergistic interaction of mixed infections and the creation of diverse populations of the microsporidium through recombination. 9. 93. 53. 116. 48. 1. Biology of the Microsporidia. London: Plenum Press; 1976. p. 1–86. Ironside JE. Diversity and recombination of disperse ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes in microsporidia. PLoS One. 2007;8:e55878. 68. 5. 3. 5. 7. 7. 29. 105. 13. 9. Sagastume S, del Águila C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Henriques-Gil N. Polymorphism and recombination for rDNA in the putatively asexual microsporidian Nosema ceranae, a pathogen of honey bees. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:84–95. 81. 9. 94. 4. 56. 6. 88. 58. 5609. 0466. 8. 50. 80. 8. CAS 2. 90. 8. 7. 33. 2289. 13. 11. 65. 5. 522. 8. 186. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1964, Periglacial slope development in the area of the in Northern Moravia, Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 14: 169–193. . , 2005, Vývoj reliéfu krajiny České republiky v kvartéru. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno: 240. . ,. ,. , PANOŠ V. , RAUŠER J. , 1964, Verwitterungs- und Abtragungsformen des Granits in der Böhmischen Masse. Mitteilungen, 108: 182–192. . ,. , 1970, Pleistocene cryopediments in Czechoslovakia. Lodziensia, 24: 101–108. . ,. , 1972, Present-day cryogenic processes in the mountains of eastern Siberia. Geogr. Polonica, 23: 5–20. . G. ,. E. , SEPPÄLÄ M. ,. W. , LI Y. . , 2008, Age and weathering status of granite tors in (~68° N). Geomorphology, 94: 10–23. . , 1964a, Castle koppies and tors in the (Czechoslovakia). Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 14: 195–216. . , 1964b, Slope development in granite areas of (Czechoslovakia). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF, Supplement-Band, 5: 83–106. . , 1976, Peistocene continental glaciation and its effects on the relief of the northeastern part of the Bohemian Highlands. Scientiarum Torunensis, Sect. C, 4–6: 63–74. . -J. , 1969, Die geomorphologische Bedeutung der Granitverwitterung in der Oberlausitz. Mitteilungen, 113: 249–254. . J. , 1988, Rocks and Landforms. Unwin Hyman, London. HALL A. , 1986, Deep weathering patterns in north-east Scotland and their geomorphological significance. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 30: 407–422. HALL A. M. , MIGOŃ P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2010, The first stages of erosion by ice sheets: evidence from central Europe. Geomorphology, 123: 349–363. HALL A. . R. ,. W. ,. , 2012, Examples: – A Pre-glacial Landscape. Journal, 129, 1: 2-14. . , ROHRMÜLLER J. ,. , LOTH G. , PÜRNER T. , 2012, Hundert Meisterwerke. Die schönsten Geotope Bayerns. für Umwelt, Augsburg: 288. . H. , 1999, der Granitverwitterung und Abtragung im nordwestlichen Waldviertel. [in:] Steininger F. F. (eds), Erdgeschichte des Waldviertels (2nd ed. ), Waldviertler Heimatbund, Horn–Waidhofen/Thaya: 113–132. IVAN A. , 1983, Geomorfologické poměry Žulovské pahorkatiny. Zprávy GgÚ ČSAV, 20, 4: 49–69. JAHN A. , 1952, W sprawie wygładów lodowcowych w Sudetach. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 21/22: 360–366. JAHN A. , 1962, Geneza skałek granitowych. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 33: 19–40. JAHN A. , 1974, Granite tors in the Sudeten Mountains. [in:] Brown E. H. , Waters R. S. (eds), Progress in Geomorphology. Geographers, 7, London: 53–61. . ,. J. , MIGOŃ P. , 2017, Mechanisms of granite alteration into grus, Karkonosze granite, SW Poland. Catena, 150: 230–245. . , DUSZYŃSKI F. ,. ,. , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2016, (Central Sudetes, SW Poland) – a case of a collapsed mountain. Geological Quarterly, 60: 695–713. . ,. ,.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2021, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: It is noteworthy that the provided fipronil and imidacloprid concentrations in our study lie within the range detected in contaminated pollen and nectar stored inside hives [18], [20], [21], [48], [49]. Different impacts of fipronil and N. ceranae treatments on honeybee survival were observed in this study compared to previous surveys. Parasite infection had a more severe impact on honeybee survival compared to our previous study where the infection of newly emerged honeybees resulted in a mortality of 39% of individuals 22 days post infection (dpi) [39]. This higher impact was particularly evident in Exp. 2, where the mortality reached a maximum of 51% of honeybees at only 12 dpi (Fig. S2). Moreover, we observed a significant impact on honeybee survival in groups exposed to fipronil concentrations of 1. 3 μg/L (Exp. 1) or 2 μg/L (Exp. 2) (Fig. 1 and S2). Therefore the insecticide doses received by honeybees were not sublethal, in contrast to previous studies performed with a comparable chronic exposure to fipronil (1 μg/L) [38], [39]. No synergy between N. ceranae and fipronil treatments has been observed in the present work while they led to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality in previous studies [38], [39]. The absence of synergy could be linked to the already high impact of individual treatments, that could have prevented further potentialization, and all these effects could be due to life-history traits of the sampled honeybee colonies such as resources, other contaminants and pathogens that might have an impact on the honeybee lifespan. Indeed, a contamination by Varroa destructor virus sequences was detected in RNA-Seq data and two others viruses, the black queen cell virus and the deformed-wing virus, were also detected by RT-PCR in RNA samples extracted from Exp. 2 (data not shown). The presence of viruses in honeybees during experiments might be more common than thought as another study has also reported a RNA sample contamination by viruses [50]. Compared to fipronil, exposure to imidaloprid (2 μg/L) did not lead to a significant increase in individual mortality implying that doses absorbed by honeybees could be considered as sublethal (Fig. S2). The N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2017, UAV and SfM in detailed geomorphological mapping of granite tors: an example of Starościńskie Skały (Sudetes, SW Poland). Pure and Applied Geophysics. DOI: KING L. C. , 1958, Correspondence. The problem of tors. 124: 289–292. . , 2016a, canyon-like valley: Geomorphological landscape of deep valley at the eastern part of the marginal slope of Bohemian Massif. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 233–247. . , 2016b, Žd’árské Vrchy highland – Geomorphological landscape in the top part of the Bohemian-with the unique crystalline rock forms. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 221–231. KŘÍŽEK M. ,. ,. , 2010, Czy najwyższe partie Sudetów powyżej górnej granicy lasu są domeną peryglacjalną? Czasopismo Geograficzne, 81: 75–102. . ,. -J. , SIMON-. , 2001, Structural landforms in basement terrains. [in:] Godard A. , Lagasquie J. -J. , Lageat Y. (eds), Basement Regions. Springer, Heidelberg: 65–89. . , 1955, The problems of tors. Geographical Journal, 121: 470–487. . , 1967, Preliminary experimental studies on frost weathering of certain types of rocks from the West Sudetes. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 16: 147–194. . , 1969, Sudetic tors formed under periglacial conditions. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 19: 351–369. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: In insect midgut, a localized immune response can be implemented by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are toxic to pathogens [59], [60]. As ROS can also have cytotoxic effects on host tissues, a balance between the generation and elimination of ROS must be maintained [60]. Antioxidant reactions involve enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases, catalases and glutathione-S-transferases, which are also involved in xenobiotic detoxification and particularly in pesticide metabolism. In our study, the expression of one of the honeybee catalase encoding genes (Gene ID 443552) was significantly reduced in the midgut 11 days following N. ceranae infection (Table 2). In contrast, in N. ceranae-infected honeybees at 7 dpi, Dussaubat et al. , (2012) [10] observed the overexpression of the same catalase encoding gene, as well as other genes encoding a glutathione peroxidase-like 2 and two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP/P450s). As the honeybee genome carries several homologs of these genes, the impact of N. ceranae infection on antioxidant and detoxification processes appears unclear although there seems to be a reorganization between transcripts. The measure of enzyme activities in N. ceranae-infected midguts suggested that such gene expression rearrangement would lead to a decrease in glutathione peroxidase and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activities [10], [38]. In our study, neither insecticide nor parasite-insecticide treatments led to significant changes in the expression of genes related to detoxification. On the contrary, a significant overexpression of 9 genes encoding CYP/P450s was detected in honeybee larvae orally exposed to imidacloprid (2 μg/L) for 15 days [61]. In insects, CYP/P450s are involved in the resistance to insecticides [62]–[66]. Modifications of detoxifying activities were also observed in honeybees after an acute and topical exposure to sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam [67].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1979, Peryglacjalny charakter wierzchowiny Masywu Śnieżnika Kłodzkiego. Ziem Górskich, 20: 203–217. . , 1957, Granitverwitterung, Entstehung und Alter der Granitklippen. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft Band, 109: 483–498. . , 2016. Bohemian Forest: landscape and people on the frontier. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 87–100. . , 2016, Skałki zieleńcowe grzbietu Okola w Górach Kaczawskich (Sudety Zachodnie). Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 72: 206–218. . , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2015, Granite tors of Waldviertel (Lower Austria) as sites of geotourist interest. Geoturystyka/Geotourism, 40–41: 19–36. . ,. , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2016, Rzeźba granitowego skalnego miasta Starościńskich Skał w (Sudety Zachodnie). Landform Analysis, 31: 17–33. MIGOŃ P. , 1993. Kopułowe wzgórza granitowe w Kotlinie Jeleniogórskiej. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 64: 3–23. MIGOŃ P. , 1996, Granite landscapes of the – some problems of interpretation: a review. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 107: 25–38. MIGOŃ P. , 1999, Residual weathering mantles and their bearing on long-term landscape evolution of the Sudetes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , Supplement-Band, 119: 71–90.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on their unpalatability, the ants and bugs were predicted to be Müllerian mimics, while the spider was predicted to be a Batesian mimic. Unpalatability was re-estimated for these five species using ten individuals from each species. All attributes as measured previously were re-measured with the addition of a behavioural measure. The behavioural measure was the frequency of biting in the field following agitation with forceps. The addition of an extra measure adjusted the previous estimated unpalatability (uj) but the relative relationship of unpalatability between species remained the same. We used Eulamprus quoyii as our visually-oriented euryphagous vertebrate predator. At least 14 days prior to the experiment adult skinks were placed singly in a white container (70 × 50 × 40 cm) at constant temperature 26°C and L:D = 12:12 regime. They were fed regularly with three crickets (Acheta domestica) three times a week. The skinks were then starved five days prior to the predation trials. One day prior to the trial a layer of butter was applied to the sides of the white container to prevent arthropods from climbing the walls and escaping. At the start of a trial a lizard was left to settle down for a period of 5 min. A prey item was released into the container and the behaviour of the skink during the 5 min trial was recorded with a fixed video camera positioned above the container. Five minutes was deemed sufficient, as previous feeding trials with crickets have shown this species of lizard will attempt to capture prey within 1 min. If the potential prey survived it was removed, and the skink was left for 2 min to settle down. Another prey item was then released and so on until all five mimic prey types were used. As a non-mimic control, we used juveniles of the spider, Badumna insignis L. Koch, which was of a similar size to the other species but was not a mimic as it lacked golden colouration. At the end a cricket was released as a positive control. Results of trials were used in the analysis only if the cricket was captured. The prey was offered to skinks using a constrained randomisation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: Meaning relatedness therefore influenced not only the likelihood of successful access to learned representations, but also the quality or amount of detail of the semantic representation that was accessed. In contrast to this clear effect of meaning relatedness on the explicit memory test, the lexical decision task showed a different picture. Participants were faster (and marginally more accurate) to respond to words that they had seen during training, as compared to words that they had not seen during training, but this overall effect of training may merely have reflected priming of the word form. In contrast to this strong main effect of training, there was no difference between their responses to the words that they encountered during training with either a related or an unrelated meaning. This absence of a relatedness effects suggests that while participants had learned the new meanings well enough to recall in the context of an explicit memory test, this information had not become sufficiently well integrated into their lexicons that it could significantly interfere with their recognition in an online, speeded recognition task. Alternatively, it may be that meaning relatedness has only a limited impact on lexical decision responses. In the absence of sufficient learning of novel unrelated meanings, we cannot distinguish these two possibilities, so in the next experiment we sought to increase the efficacy of meaning training. Experiment 31 and 2, the training procedure consisted of reading the paragraphs and making undemanding ratings. In both experiments, participants’ ability to learn the unrelated meanings was relatively poor, and Experiment 2 showed no evidence that these meanings could influence online comprehension. 3, we used a modified training regime that consisted of four separate worksheets that were performed separately on four consecutive days. These tasks were selected on the basis of the guidelines set out by Beck, McKeown, and Kucan (2002) and were intended to produce robust learning of the new meanings. Two of the tasks (Worksheets 1 and 3) focused explicitly on the learning of the arbitrary mapping between word form and meaning. The other two worksheets encouraged learners to deepen their semantic engagement with these new meanings (Worksheets 2 and 4). MethodParticipantsThe 16 participants (two female, 14 male; 18–23 years of age) were members of the. Fifteen were undergraduate psychology students who participated as part of their course requirement, and the final participant (a nonpsychology undergraduate at UCL) was not remunerated. All were monolingual native English speakers with normal or corrected-to-normal vision.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: MIGOŃ P. , 2006, of the World. Press, Oxford. MIGOŃ P. , 2011, Geomorphic diversity of the Sudetes – Effects of global change and structure superimposed. Geographia Polonica, 84, Part 2: 93–105. MIGOŃ, P. , 2013, Weathering mantles and long-term landform evolution. [in:] Shroder J. F. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. : 127–144. MIGOŃ P. , 2016, Jizerské hory – an interplay of rock control, faulting and inland glaciation in the evolution of a granite terrain. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 165–175. MIGOŃ P. ,. , 2007, Rzeźba granitowa Königshainer Berge (Górne Łużyce). Przyroda Sudetów, 10: 205–228. MIGOŃ P. ,. , 2007, Rock control and geomorphology of a rocky sandstone scarp,. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. 51, Supplement-Band, 1: 41–55. MIGOŃ P. ,. F. , 2002, Grus weathering mantles – problems of interpretation. Catena, 49: 5–24. MIGOŃ P. ,. ,. , 2002, Peryglacjalna rzeźba wzgórz bazaltowych Pogórza Kaczawskiego (Sudety Zachodnie) i jej znaczenie dla paleogeografii plejstocenu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 74: 491–508. MIGOŃ P. , RÓŻYCKA M. ,. , 2018, Conservation and geotourism perspectives at granite geoheritage Sites of Waldviertel, Austria. Geoheritage, 10, 1: 11–21. . ,. ,. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: : April 15, 2022 “Speak” to Authors and reviewers is a director of research in the Department of and Biotechnology at the Commission of Syria, Damascus. His research focuses on how plants can remove toxic compounds from the environment. He is a member of the for the Biology Olympiad. *ashanano@aec. org. sy is professor of science education at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. She is also a published author of children’s fiction and is a leading international expert on primary and early secondary school science. Denis J. J. Murphy is professor of biotechnology at the University of South Wales, UK. His research areas include the application of genomics and cell biology to study plant development. He is also passionate about making modern science more accessible to the public. Age: 14 My name is Dario. I live in a small village in Austria. It is full of nature so in my freetime I like to go out with my dogs or climb trees. My parents are both biologist so I got into biology pretty early. Age: 16 My name is Marlene and my interest are science (especially physics) and art. I also love cycling and hiking with friends. for I hope to discover new interesting fields of research. Age: 15 Hi, my name is Vici and I am very interested in science more specific in microbiology, the anatomy of the human body and astronomics. In my freetime I am reading a lot about space or try to think about new theories. I also love to cook food and of course eat it because food is good. we think about plants, we do not normally imagine them “speaking” to each other. But they do communicate—in many different ways. More than a century ago, the eminent biologist suggested that plants have a brain-like structure at their root tips! In this case, Darwin’s root-brain hypothesis was wrong, but more modern research shows that plants can communicate. They speak with other plants as well as with animals and even people. They do this primarily using chemicals and sound. communication between living things requires the exchange of information (signals) between partners. We know that animals constantly communicate with each other as they move around their habitats. Think of birds singing or lions roaring. In contrast, plants are often regarded as unmoving organisms that are incapable of such communication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: This is important because previous work asserted that the reason transitions were most important for fingerspelling comprehension is because they are temporally longer (Wilcox, 1992). Keane et al. (2013b; 2015) have shown this is not always the case and, in fact, as this token exemplifies, sometimes the duration of the holds is greater than that of the transitions (see also Keane, 2014, 1. Timeline depicting the proportion of time spent in transition and hold segments of the fingerspelled utterance c-o-s-t. The segments indicated with a letter label represent holds, and the segments without a letter label represent transitions. For this particular token, holds are appreciably longer than transition segments. The average duration of hold segments in this token is 128. 5 ms, and the average duration for transition segments is 62 ms. The pre- and post-tests consist of 94 video clips. To generate this list, common four- to six-letter words were extracted from the CELEX database (Baayan, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995). CELEX is a database that provides information about English, German, and Dutch with respect to their orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax, and word frequency. For the purposes of this study, the most important characteristic of this database is information about word frequency. Of these 94 words, four served as practice items for participants to familiarize themselves with the task before it actually began. The first full block of 15 tokens had no masking. These served as control items. The second full block consisted of 30 hold-only items, and the third full block had 30 transition-only items. The final block consisted of another 15 control items. 4 The training programsThis section details the two training programs that participants received. Recall that DeKeyser (2003) stipulates that training is explicit when students are made aware of a rule for some aspect of their L2, or given information that would allow them to infer the rule on their own. In the study described here, the explicit training is one in which rules are stated for students, who can then consider them consciously, which has been shown to positively impact language learning (Schmidt, 2001). The implicit training, while still focused on fingerspelling, does not allow students to even infer rules about the structure of fingerspelling or the environments which condition certain types of phonetic variation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2005, Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the of Sciences, 102: 14964–14969. MOTYČKOVÁ H. , MOTYČKOVÁ ŠÍROVÁ K. , MOTYČKA V. , ŠÍR J. , 2012, Geologické zajímavosti České republiky. Academia, Praha: 363. . S. ,. , RYAN P. C. , 2007, Parent material and chemical weathering in alpine soils on Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, USA. Catena, 70: 39–48. NÝVLT D. , 2003, Geomorphological aspects of glaciation in the Oldřichov Highland, Northern Bohemia, Czechia. Carolinae, Geographica, 35: 171–183. . D. , 2010, Very deep weathering and related landslides. [in:] Calcaterra D. , Parise M. (eds), 23: 5–14. . B. A. ,. M. A. , 1961, Gritstone tors of the English Pennines. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , 5: 37–52. . , 1992, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu Vlčických a Zámeckých skal u Trutnova. Opera Corcontica, 27: 5–46. . , 2007, Rola zróżnicowania wytrzymałości skał w genezie rzeźby Masywu Ślęży (Przedgórze Sudeckie). Przegląd Geologiczny, 55: 861–869. POPE G. A. , 2013, Overview of Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. [in:] Shroder J. F. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. : 1–11. PRÄGER F. , 1987, der Gipfelklippen und Blockmeere im Lausitzer Bergland.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: One of the first scientists to challenge this notion was none other than Charles Darwin. Darwin’s on In the 1880’s, and his son Francis conducted a series of experiments on roots, which showed that the tip of the root is the most important part of the plant. Root tips sense and respond to stimuli such as light, gravity, chemicals, and sound. The root tip transmits messages that function as signals to activate processes such as growth, directional movement, and the production and release of special gases. Animal and human brains do similar things, so the two Darwins suggested that the root tip could function as the plant’s “brain” (Figure 1). Here are some of their own words: It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle [a young root]… having the power of directing the movements of the adjoining parts, acts like the brain…; receiving impressions from the sense organs, and directing the several movements [1]. also showed the importance of chemicals as communication signals in plants. Some of the earliest reports of plant chemical signaling came from his experiments in the 1870’s. Darwin showed that soluble substances produced at the tip of the growing shoot of barley seedlings were transported down through the stems, where they caused cell division and curvature of the stem. We now know that these chemical signals are hormones called auxins, which move throughout the plant bodies and play many important roles in their growth pattern and overall shape. Figure 1 - Darwin suggested that plant intelligence is kept in the “brain” of plants, found in the root tips, like upside-down people, or other animals. He thought that maybe a plant’s “brain” was kept underground to protect it. While this hypothesis was incorrect, other research has shown that plants can communicate. of Darwin’s key insights was that plants are highly active organisms. We now know that, although they are normally anchored in one place by their root systems, plants are still capable of movement. For example, by using sophisticated measuring devices, we can see that plant leaves, roots, and tendrils are in constant rhythmic motion as they respond to external factors such as daylight, gravity, temperature, water, nutrients, and threats. Plants do not just move randomly; they move in a purposeful manner.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jan 17, 2019 Basic reporting The authors present findings on root endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in an invasive weed Ageratina adenophora through isolation, characterisation and identification, followed by the assessment of growth promotion of Ageratina adenophora seedlings through soil inoculation of selected isolates. While the authors present a fairly comprehensive study, it is the opinion of this reviewer that further major revisions are required. As a general comment, the manuscript requires English language editing. I have found numerous grammatical errors and confusing statements throughout. Some of these statements will be listed in the specific comments below. Therefore it is highly recommended that the authors seek English language corrections with the aid of a professional editor or native English speaker. There is an excessive use of abbreviations in the manuscript that have not been explained at first mention. Please note that the readers of this journal are from various aspects of biology, medicine and life sciences and may not be aware of certain abbreviations, which the authors may consider common knowledge. The authors should acknowledge the role of plant secondary metabolites influencing population dynamics of rhizosphere and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential roles in plant-microbial communication. This information is lacking. Specific comments Ln 85-86 this sentence is confusing. Please reword for clarity Ln 89 “mutualisms” suggest changing to mutualistic relationships Ln 173 YMA should be YM as agar is not used in liquid culture Ln 179 “MIX” please note the name of the kit used and mention manufacturer so that the experiment can be reproduced properly by someone following this method. Ln 226 YMA, should this be YM as well? Ln 258 “(day per night)” should read (day/night) Ln333 “P=0. 0000”, please check your P values Please use the specific comments as guides to correct numerous other grammatical errors. The study does isolate and characterise a number of root endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria that also accumulate IAA, solubilise phosphorus and produce siderophores as measures of plant growth promotion. However, a direct impact of nitrogen fixation or plant growth promotion has not been deduced from these experiments. Experimental design The experiments presented in the manuscript fit within the aims and scope of the journal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: Mitteilungen, 131: 133–135. . A. , 1959, Tors. Magazine, 75: 51–55. REA B. R. ,. B. ,. M. , 1996, Rock weathering and the formation of summit blockfield slopes in Norway: Examples and implications. [in:] Anderson M. G. , Brooks S. M. (eds), Advances in Hillslope Processes, Wiley, Chichester: 1257–1275. . ,. , ŃSKI M. ,. ,. -J. ,. , HÜ. , MÜLLER R. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. , 2008, Alpine tectonics north of the Alps. [in:] McCann T. (eds), of Central Europe, : Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Geological Society, London: 1233–1285. RYPL J. ,. , DVOŘÁČKOVÁ S. , 2014, of on Mt. Kamenec in the Novohradské Hory Mts. (Republic). of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 9: 253–260. . J. , 1972, Antarctic tors. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , Supplement-Band, 13, 73–86. . , 2005, Rzeźba skałkowa środkowej części Gór Złotych. Przyroda Sudetów 8, 147–162 (in Polish, with English summary). ŠTĚPANČÍKOVÁ P. ,. , 2008, Rock landforms that reflect differential relief development in the north-eastern sector of the Rychlebské hory and the adjacent area of Žulovská pahorkatina (). et Geomaterialia, 5, 151: 297–321. . , 1958, Peryglacjalny rozwój stoków Masywu Ślęży. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 6: 81–92. . ,. A. , 2001, and Geomorphology. and Sons: 375. . F. , 1965, Some aspects of the geomorphology of domes and tors in Nigeria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: Plants move to detect key information about their environments, to respond appropriately, and to communicate this information to other plants, using easily understood signals. Unlike animals, plants normally stay in one place during their lifetimes (except for the roots, which can move through the soil), but sometimes that location can turn out to be far from ideal. For example, there might be too little light or water, or too few nutrients for efficient growth. Other competing plants may already be present to crowd out the new plant, or pests and pathogens might attack it, not to mention grazing animals. In evolutionary terms, it makes sense that a plant facing these threats could signal its distress to other plants, so that they could avoid the dangers or better defend themselves against threats. Recent research shows that the two most important plant communication methods are chemicals and sound. Chemical Signals—the Importance of VOorganic compounds (VOCs) are the most common type of chemical signals released by plants. VOCs are small molecules released as gases that readily diffuse through the air, away from the plant that produces them. Some of these plant VOCs are chemically similar to the pheromones that are used by many animals. For example, the world of ants is largely controlled by pheromones that allow them to find food and identify their nestmates. One of the most common plant VOCs is called methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is produced and released by plants that are under attack (Figure 2). MeJA is formed inside a wounded plant, for example when an animal tries to eat it. Once released by the attacked plant, MeJA moves through the air to the non-damaged parts of the same plant and to the neighboring plants, where it activates defense mechanisms in non-attacked neighbors. Another defense-related VOC made by plants is methyl salicylate, which is chemically similar to the human painkiller, aspirin. Figure 2 - Plants can protect their neighbors by communicating with them. For example, when an individual plant is attacked by a caterpillar, the plant sends warning messages to its plant neighbors, telling them to reinforce their defense systems. The warning messages could be in the form of odors or sounds. Plants release VOCs into the air to alert their neighbors to threats, and the neighboring plants respond to these signals by preparing to defend themselves even before they are attacked.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1080/17429145. 2010. 541944 Web of Science ®2006. Effect of substrate-dependent microbial ethylene production on plant growth. Microbiology. 75:231–236. 10. 1134/S0026261706020196 Web of Science ®2002. Phosphate mineralizing and solubilizing microorganisms. Phosphatic biofertilizers. Udaipur: Academy; p. 224. 2004. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Biochem. 42:565–572. 10. 1016/j. plaphy. 2004. 05. 009 Pubof Science ®1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28:131–140. Web of Science ®2008. Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat under fertilized conditions. Bot. 40:1231–1241. Web of Science ®1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Crop Sci. 11:13–23. 2014. Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of Penicillium species against the effects of high soil salinity and root disease. J Plant Interact. 9:754–762. 10. 1080/17429145. 2014. 930524 Web of Science ®2004. The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Evol. 21:541–554. 10. 1093/molbev/msh047 Pubof Science ®1988. Other micro-algae. In: editors. Microalgal biotechnology. Cambridge: Press; p. 135–150. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: a critical review. Med Res. 2011:LSMR-21. 2007. Perspective of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase in stress agriculture. J Biotechnol. 34:635–648. 10. 1007/s10295-007-0240-6 Pubof Science ®1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147:207–215.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , 9: 63–81. . F. , 1966, Some geomorphological implications of deep weathering patterns in crystalline rocks in Nigeria. of British Geographers, 40: 173–193. . ,. , 2006, Maximální dosah kontinentálního zalednění na úpatí Ořešníku a Poledníku v severním svahu Jizerských hor. Geografie – Sbornik ČGS, 111: 141–151. VĚŽNÍK A. , 1982, Některé mezo- a mikroformy zvětrávání a odnosu žuly v Novobystřické vrchovině. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 87: 13–22. VÍTEK J. , 1975, Kryogenní tvary v Orlických horách. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 80: 184–192. VÍTEK J. , 1981a, Morfogenetická typizace pseudokrasu v Československu. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 81: 153–165. VÍTEK J. , 1981b, Skalní hřiby v pískovcích Broumovské vrchoviny. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 86: 8–18. VÍTEK J. , 2000, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu fylonitu v Hrubém Jeseníku. Geografie – Sbornik ČGS, 105: 266–275. VILÍMEK V. , RAŠKA P.

Output: pass