Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Self-objectification scores are calculated by subtracting the summed ranks given to the 5 competence-based attributes (e. g. health, energy) from the summed ranks of the 5 appearance-based attributes (e. g. physical attractiveness, body measurements). Scores range from −25 to 25, with higher scores indicating greater emphasis on appearance, which is interpreted as greater self-objectification. The SOQ has good test-retest reliability (r =. 92, cited in [45]). Self-(SCS). The Self-(SCS) [15] consists of three subscales, designed to measure self-focused attention. Self-Consciousness subscale is made up of 10 items to assess the extent to which individuals focus on internal thought, sensations and feelings (e. g. “I'm always trying to figure myself out”). Public Self-Consciousness is measured by 7 questions referring to focusing on oneself as an object of an observer's scrutiny (e. g. “I usually worry about making a good impression”). There are 6 questions on the subscale, which measures distress caused by interacting with other people (e. g. “I have trouble working when someone is watching me”). Participants respond on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (extremely uncharacteristic of me) to 4 (extremely characteristic). Higher scores indicate greater self-consciousness/social anxiety. The three sub-scales appear to be relatively independent [15]. The SCS has fairly good reliability, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from. 73 to. 84 [4]. Questionnaire (BCQ). The Body-[21] extends the concept of self-consciousness to awareness of the body. There are three subscales, which are and Body Competence. subscale consists of 5 items designed to measure the tendency to focus on internal body sensations (e. g. “I am sensitive to internal body tensions”). Consciousness contains 6 questions to assess consciousness of the body as perceived by an observer (e. g. “I am very aware of my best and worst facial features”). includes 5 items, which measure the individual's sense of body effectiveness. Competence questions are somewhat similar to the competence-based questions in the Self-(e. g. “I'm better coordinated than most people”).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing fungi – Current perspective. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. , 26: 73–98. doi: 10. 1080/03650340902806469. Kour, D. , Rana, K. L. , Kaur, T. , Yadav, N. , and Saxena, A. K. (2020). “Potassium solubilizing and mobilizing microbes: biodiversity, mechanisms of solubilization, and biotechnological implication for alleviations of abiotic stress,” in Trends of for : Diversity and Functional Perspective, ed V. K. Gupta (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. ), 177–202. doi: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-820526-6. 00012-9. Kour, D. ,. , Kumar, M. , Kumar, V. , Vyas, P. , Dhaliwal, H. S. , and Saxena, A. K. (2019). Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. , 101487. doi: 10. 1016/j. bcab. 2019. 101487. Krishnaraj, P. U. , and Dahale, S. (2014). Mineral phosphate solubilization: concepts and prospects in sustainable agriculture. Proc. Ind. Natl. Sci. Acad. , 80: 389–405. doi: 10. 16943/ptinsa/2014/v80i2/55116. Lalitha, S. (2017). Plant growth–promoting microbes: a boon for sustainable agriculture. In: A Dhanarajan (Ed. ), towards Food Security. Springer Singapore, Singapore, 158. Lian, B. , Wang, B. , Pan, M. , Liu, C. , and Teng, H. H. (2008). Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. ,72: 87–98. Lucheta, A. R. , and Lambais, M. R. (2012). Sulfur in agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: response rate to the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses collected; 59 of the responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 15 (18%) were from medicine; 9 (11%) were from nursing; and 1 (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Among respondents, 53 (63%) institutions offer climate-health education, most commonly as part of a required core course (41 [76%]). Sixty-one of 82 respondents (74%) reported that climate-health offerings are under discussion to add, 42 of 59 respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum, and most respondents have received a positive response to adding content, mainly from students (39 of 58 [67%]), faculty (35 of 58 [60%]), and administration (23 of 58 [40%]). Conclusions and climate-health educational offerings appear to vary considerably among health professions institutions. Students, faculty, and administration are important groups to engage when instituting curricula, and awareness, support, and resources may be able to assist in this effort. change appears to have both direct and indirect effects on human health, which may increase globally, and some populations may be affected more than others. Factors associated with health include heat-related illness and death as well as increased risk of vector-borne diseases, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory conditions from degraded air quality and threats to food and fresh water supplies. 1 Global health leaders, such as physicians, nurses, and public health professionals, are among the professional groups that need to understand the complex interactions of climate and health along with current and emerging health challenges. 2 To try and build a healthier, more secure future, health professionals should be trained to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the health consequences of climate change. However, curricula and educational programs on the topic of climate-health3 (defined as the health consequences from anthropogenic climate change) are still lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. Several researchers have published climate-health education research projects and surveys. A survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 evaluated planetary health4 (defined as a field focused on characterizing the human health factors associated with human-based disruptions of the earth’s natural systems) teachings in all 17 Canadian medical schools; results showed variation in coverage of planetary health topics from “minimal to no teaching, to some lecture-, case-, or project-based teaching.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In addition to using Private Self-Consciousness as a single measure, we split it into the subscales of Self-Reflectiveness and Awareness [49]. However, neither of these subscales was significantly correlated with either self-objectification or interoceptive awareness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Descriptive statistics for all measures. shown in Table 2, there were significant inter-correlations amongst many of the measures we used. With two exceptions, these were close to the inter-correlations previously reported by the authors of the various scales. and colleagues [21], however, we found no significant correlation between public self-consciousness and private body consciousness, nor between private self-consciousness and body competence. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Correlations between the measures. expected that self-objectification would be predicted by interoceptive awareness together with public self-consciousness and public body consciousness. Interoceptive awareness was significantly correlated with self-objectification, r = −. 31, p =. 03, (Figure 1). Multiple regression (entry method), with self-objectification as the dependent variable, showed that interoceptive awareness, public body consciousness, and private body consciousness together explained 31% of the variance in the self-objectification scores (Table 3). Neither public self-consciousness, nor any of the other questionnaire measures, made any significant contribution as a predictor. The three significant predictors were not inter-correlated, indicating an absence of multicollinearity within the model (see Table 2). No outlier analysis was performed. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Scatter plot of self-objectification scores against interoceptive awareness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. (Entry method) with self-objectification as the Dependent Variable. recorded participants' average heart rates over the three heartbeat perception trials, as a proxy for physical arousal. Average heart rate was significantly correlated with social anxiety, r =. 34, p =. 02, and also with body competence, r = −. 36, p =. 02. However, there were no significant correlations between heart rate and the variables in our multiple regression (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: de Ciência Do Solo. , 36(5):1369–1379. doi:10. 1590/s0100-06832012000500001. and Yu, S. S. (2013). Characterization of phosphate solubilizing and potassium decomposing strains and study on their effects on tomato cultivation. Int. J. Innov. Applied Stud. , 3: 959-966. Macik, M. , Gryta, A. , and Frac, M. (2020). Biofertilizers in agriculture: an overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms. Adv. Agron. , 162:31–87. doi: 10. 1016/bs. agron. 2020. 02. 001. . , Mehnaz, S. , Rasul, G. , Haurat, J. , Bauy, R. , and Normanel, P. (2002) The role of plant associated beneficial bacteria in rice-wheat Cropping System. In: (eds) Biofertilisers in action. Rural industries research and development Corporation, Canberra, pp 73–83. Malusà, E. , Pinzari, F. , and Canfora, L. (2016). Efficacy of biofertilizers: Challenges to improve crop production. Inoculants in Productivity; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 40. Martino, E. , Perotto, S. , and Parsons, R. (2003). Solubilization of insoluble inorganic zinc compounds by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi derived from heavy metal polluted sites. and Biochemistry. , 35: 133-141. Masson-Boivin, C. , and Sachs, J. L. (2018). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia – the roots of a success story. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. , 44: 7–15. doi: 10. 1016/j. pbi. 2017. 12. 001. Meena, V. S. , Bahadur, I. , Maurya, B. R. , Kumar, A. , Meena, R. K. , Meena, S. K. , and Verma, J. P. (2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many schools integrate climate change topics into science curricula. [SEP] Text: ”5 The researchers also identified barriers to integrating the education, such as limited time in the busy medical curricula, and provided recommendations for adding content. in Colombia conducted a survey in 2017 to determine the state of climate-health education among the 59 medical schools in Colombia. 6 The survey revealed that, of 47 respondents, the topic of climate-health is offered at 53% of the medical schools; however, the topic is not a priority in curricula, does not have set guidelines, and is not taught by qualified professionals. Another research project searched the database supported by the Association of Colleges for specific terms related to climate change and found that none of the medical schools in the database reported explicit inclusion of climate change education in their curriculum. 7,8 Other researchers have published surveys on health professionals’ perceptions of climate-health topics. One study involved interviews with public health and climate change professionals to understand barriers to and opportunities for advancing work on climate-health. 9 Sarfaty and colleagues10-13 published the findings from several surveys that were conducted to determine physicians’ perceptions of, experience with, and opinions on health factors that may be associated with climate change. The surveys found that physicians observed that climate change may affect human health and supported responses to address it. Consortium on Climate and (GCCHE) surveyed its members to understand the current state of climate-health curricula among health professions institutions internationally. The survey describes present practices and is intended as an initial assessment with the aim of improving this educational content, addressing gaps in knowledge on the topic, and helping to chart future GCCHE progress. The present study aimed to examine how many health professions schools and programs currently have climate-health curricula, including planetary health curricula; the existing course and programmatic offerings; plans for adding curricula; and challenges and opportunities for instituting the curricula. at the of designed and developed the survey in conjunction with the broader a group of 12 (7 at the time the survey was developed) researchers and professionals in the climate-health field with appointments outside who help guide Consortium efforts. The survey was deemed exempt by the Board. team reviewed the for Research (AAPOR) reporting guidelines for survey studies and made efforts to devise clear questions of appropriate length that did not lead to bias; the team also characterized nonresponders to check for the association between nonresponse bias and the validity of the findings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: self-objectification, r =. 12, p =. 43, interoceptive awareness, r = −. 16, p =. 28, public body consciousness, r = −. 05, p =. 73, or private body consciousness, r =. 14, p =. 35), indicating that changes in participants' physical arousal are unlikely to have influenced our findings. DiscussionWe measured interoceptive awareness in women students, using a well-validated heartbeat tracking method [33], which is common in interoception research. This was compared with scores on the Self-[19], the Self-[15] and the Scale [21]. Interoceptive awareness was significantly negatively correlated with self-objectification. Fredrickson and Roberts specifically claimed that women's poorer interoceptive awareness (measured by accuracy in their awareness of their heartbeats) is the result of self-objectification [16]. As far as we are aware, ours is the first study to confirm their prediction using a heartbeat perception method. We show that self-objectification in women was significantly predicted by a combination of interoceptive awareness, public body consciousness and private body consciousness, which together explained 31% of the variance in the self-objectification scores. Private body consciousness has frequently been used in self-objectification research as a measure of body awareness but in our study it was not significantly correlated with interoceptive awareness. Not only were interoceptive awareness and private body consciousness uncorrelated in our study but they were also independent predictors of self-objectification (with low private body consciousness scores and low interoceptive awareness both predicting high self-objectification). This implies that the two measures tap into different, but perhaps complementary, aspects of internal body awareness. It may explain why many studies which have attempted to find paths from self-objectification to eating disorders and other negative outcomes, through the mediating effect of private body consciousness (as a measure of body awareness), have reported nonsignificant results [25]. Interoceptive awareness cannot measure important aspects of body awareness that are captured by self-report instruments, such as the individual's feelings about or responsiveness to bodily signals and her tendency to attend to or reflect on such sensations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Robust biological nitrogen fixation in a model grass-bacterial association. Plant J. , 81: 907–919. doi: 10. 1111/tpj. 12777. Patil, H. J. , and Solanki, M. K. (2016). “Microbial inoculant: modern era of fertilizers and pesticides,” in in Productivity: Research Perspectives, Vol. 1. eds D. P. Singh, H. B. Singh, R. Prabha (Berlin: Springer), 319–334. doi: 10. 1007/978-81-322-2647-5_19. Paul, E. A. (2015). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. London: Elsevier. doi: 10. 1016/C2011-0-05497-2. Peix, A. , Mateos, P. F. , Rodríguez-Barrueco, C. , Martínez-Molina, E. , and Velázquez, E. (2001). Growth promotion of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) by a strain of Burkholderia cepacia under growth chamber conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. , 33: 1927–1935. doi: 10. 1016/S0038-0717(01)00119-5. Pereg, L. , and McMillan, M. (2015). Scoping potential uses of beneficial microorganisms for increasing productivity in cotton cropping systems. Biochem. , 80: 349–358. Pereg, L. , De-Bashan, L. E. , and Bashan, Y. (2016). Assessment of affinity and specificity of Azospirillum for plants. Plant Soil. , 399: 389–414. doi: 10. 1007/s11104-015-2778-9. Prabakaran, E. , Muthuraman, Y. , and Pandurangan, G. (2020). Application of Bacteria as a of Biofertilizers, Biostimulants in Plant Science, S. M. Mirmajlessi and R, Radhakrishnan, IntechOpen. , DOI: 10. 5772/intechopen. 89825.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education will automatically lead to sustainable behavior changes. [SEP] Text: When well begun is half done: How the adoption of sustainable energy technologies can lead to sustainable use of the technologies and other pro-environmental behaviours output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 1008 Downloads (Pure) adoption of sustainable energy technologies (such as solar photovoltaics or electric vehicles) is on the rise. To realise a sustainable energy transition people do not only need to adopt these technologies, but also use them in a sustainable way by shifting their energy use in time to match the available supply of sustainable energy, and to engage in sustainable behaviour more generally. This dissertation studied whether and how the adoption of sustainable energy technologies is related to sustainable use of the technologies and the engagement in other pro-environmental behaviours, and how the engagement in these behaviours can be promoted. The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated. These results indicate it is important to support people to act in line with their plans to promote sustainable use of the technology. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/AdvisorsSteg, Linda, Supervisorvan der Werff, Ellen, Co-supervisorAward date22-Sept-2020Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of 978-94-034-2865-9Electronic ISBNs978-94-034-2866-6DOstatusPublished - 2020 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 132605604Title and contentsFinal publisher's version, 1. 57 MB18. 2 MB10. 7 MB15. 2 MB22. 2 MB11. 4 MB5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: However, we suggest that the use of a heartbeat perception measure of body awareness is likely to be more successful within objectification research, in view of this measure's applicability and validity in a wide range of research into interoception, emotion, alexithymia and anorexia. Our findings also tested the assumption, frequently made in the self-objectification literature, that self-objectification is related to public self-consciousness and public body consciousness, because these two scales are designed to measure the individual's awareness of herself as perceived from a third-person perspective [45]. Public self-consciousness is a measure of an individual's thoughts and feelings about how other people perceive her (e. g. “I am concerned about what other people think of me”), whereas public body consciousness is specifically related to body awareness (e. g. “I'm concerned about my posture”). It was therefore more probable that the latter would be linked to self-objectification, which is defined as the tendency to perceive and judge one's body from a third-person perspective. We found that 27% of the variance in self-objectification scores was predicted by interoceptive awareness and public body consciousness, taken together. However, public self-consciousness was not significantly correlated with either interoceptive awareness or self-objectification in this study and did not contribute to our regression model. Fredrickson and Roberts gave a purely attentional account for the link they expected would be found between self-objectification and interoceptive awareness, as measured by heartbeat perception [16]. They suggested that women who self-objectify are using up limited attentional resources on their bodies as perceived from a third-person perspective and so have less attention available for interoception. Pennebaker, in his ‘competition of cues’ hypothesis, argued similarly that when both internal and external sources of information are available, attention paid to one reduces attention paid to the other [50]. He made the crucial point that individuals direct their attention according to how they judge the salience of internal or external stimuli [51]. This implies that women who self-objectify tend to judge external stimuli (e. g. a real or imagined audience) as consistently more salient than their own interoceptive cues. It is not, however, clear why some women are more liable to self-objectify than others.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: , and Rajput, R. K. (2020). Biofertilizers and Regulators as in by Fertility and Crop Productivity. Health. website/pdf/_PART-1. pdf#page=19 (accessed on 8 February 2021). Singh, M. , Singh, D. , Gupta, A. , Pandey, K. D. , Singh, P. K. , and Kumar, A. (2019). “Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,” in PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture, eds AK Singh, A Kumar and PK Singh (Cambridge, MA: Elsevier), 41–66. DOI: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-815879-1. 00003-3. Srivastava, A. K. , Shankar, A. , Nalini Chandran, A. K. , Sharma, M. , Jung, K. H. , Suprasanna, P. , and Pandey, G. K. (2019). Emerging concepts of potassium homeostasis in plants. J. Exp. Bot. , 71: 608–619. doi: 10. 1093/jxb/erz458. Subba Rao, N. S. (2001). An appraisal of biofertilizers in India. of Biofertilizers, eds S Kannaiyan, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi. Sundara, B. , Natarajan, V. , and Hari, K. (2002). Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields. Res. , 77: 43–49. Thomas, L. , and Singh, I. (2019). Microbial Biofertilizers: Types and Applications. for and Environment; Springer: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, 19. Tosi, M. , Mitter, E. K. , Gaiero, J. , and Dunfield, K. E. (2020). It takes three to tango: the importance of microbes, host plant and soil management to elucidate manipulation strategies for the plant microbiome. Can. J. Microbiol. , 66: 413–433. doi: 10. 1139/ cjm-2020-0085.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education will automatically lead to sustainable behavior changes. [SEP] Text: The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated. These results indicate it is important to support people to act in line with their plans to promote sustainable use of the technology. AB - The adoption of sustainable energy technologies (such as solar photovoltaics or electric vehicles) is on the rise. To realise a sustainable energy transition people do not only need to adopt these technologies, but also use them in a sustainable way by shifting their energy use in time to match the available supply of sustainable energy, and to engage in sustainable behaviour more generally. This dissertation studied whether and how the adoption of sustainable energy technologies is related to sustainable use of the technologies and the engagement in other pro-environmental behaviours, and how the engagement in these behaviours can be promoted. The results show people are more likely to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: an electric vehicle) in a sustainable way and to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours when they adopted the technology for environmental (rather than financial) reasons, as doing so makes them more likely to realise they are a pro-environmental person (i. e. , strengthen their environmental self-identity). These findings suggest that sustainable use of a sustainable energy technology could be promoted by strengthening the environmental (rather than for example financial) motivation to adopt sustainable energy technology. Yet, this may be easier said than done, as emphasizing the environmental benefits did not promote sustainable use of the technologies nor the engagement in other sustainable behaviours. We further found that people tend to use a sustainable energy technology (in this case: solar photovoltaics) in a less sustainable way than they anticipated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Our results suggest that low interoceptive awareness may be a cause rather than an outcome of high self-objectification if women for whom internal stimuli are experienced, for innate or developmental reasons, as less salient, tend in consequence to direct their attention to their bodies from a third-person perspective. One potential explanation is that people differ in their ability to divide their attention between competing cues. Individuals with high interoceptive awareness perform significantly better on tests which require selective and divided attention [52]. According to our results, they will also tend to be low in self-objectification. More research is necessary to establish whether the ability to divide one's attention is a mediating variable, such that women with low interoceptive awareness not only tend to turn their attention outward but also have difficulty switching attention appropriately between salient internal and external cues. The observed relation between low interoceptive awareness and high self-objectification, in our study, may be significant for emotional experience. High self-objectification is linked to negative affect [45] and to depressive symptoms [22]–[23], [46], [53]. Similarly, low interoceptive awareness is associated with moderate depression [54] and has been reported in a number of clinical conditions involving negative affect, such as anorexia [37] and somatoform disorders [38], as well as alexithymia - a disorder characterised by an inability to identify and describe one's emotions [55]. There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that individuals with high interoceptive awareness experience more emotional arousal, for the same objective bodily arousal, than people with low interoceptive awareness [56]–[60]. The results of our study, show that high self-objectification is predicted by low interoceptive awareness, implying that women who self-objectify are those who are relatively unaware of the interoceptive cues which are related to their emotions and who may also therefore experience emotion less intensely [25]. Such women may be vulnerable to clinical conditions associated with poor interoceptive awareness, such as anorexia, alexithymia and somatoform disorders. For example, poor emotional awareness, as measured by the Scale [61], has been shown to mediate between self-objectification and eating disorders, [46]. In our experiment, the second predictor of self-objectification was public body consciousness, which may also be a factor in the link between self-objectification and negative affect.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Unkovich, M. , Herridge, D. , Peoples, M. , Cadisch, G. , Boddey, R. , Giller, K. , and Chalk, P. (2008). Measuring Plant-Fixation in Agricultural Systems. Canberra: for Research, 258. Uroz, S. , Calvaruso, C. , Turpault, M. P. , and Frey-Klett, P. (2009). Mineral weathering by bacteria: ecology, actors and mechanisms. Trends Microbiol. , 17: 378–387. Weber, N. , Herrmann, I. , Hochholdinger, F. , Ludewig, U. , and Neumann, G. (2018). PGPR-induced growth stimulation and nutrient acquisition in maize: Do root hairs matter? Sci. Agric. Bohem. , 49(3): 164-172. Wu, Y. , He, Y. , Yin, H. , Chen, W. , Wang, Z. , Xu, L. , and Zhang, A. (2012). Isolation of phosphate-solubilizing fungus and its application in solubilization of rock phosphates. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 15: 1144–1151. doi: 10. 3923/pjbs. 2012. 1144. 1151. Xiao, Y. , Wang, X. , Chen, W. , Huang, Q. (2017). Isolation and identification of three potassium-solubilizing bacteria from rape rhizospheric soil and their effects on ryegrass. Geomicrobiol. J. 1-8. Yadav, K. K. , and Sarkar, S. (2019). Biofertilizers, impact on soil fertility and crop productivity under sustainable agriculture. Environ. Ecol. , 37: 89–93. Zarjani, J. K. , Aliasgharzad, N. , Oustan, S. , Emadi, M. , and Ahmadi, A. (2013). Isolation and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria in some Iranian soils. Arch. Agron. Soil. Sci. , 59: 1713–1723. Zeffa, D. M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: Currently, there are no direct observations longer than a few decades, so ReconAMOC is a big step forward. David’s team compares the mud from past years to recent conditions, to make sure that the data does a good job of representing the AMOC. -? David says examining the layers in the mud is “like reading the pages in a book”, with the process telling the ‘narrative’ of how the ocean behaved in the past. The analysis can reveal the speed of past water currents, as larger grains in the mud indicates how currents have varied in the past. David’s team also looks at the types of shells in the sample – different marine species like to live in different conditions, so by looking at what shells are present, the team can ascertain what marine ecosystems existed in the past. David’s analysis has shown what he describes as the “recent weakening of the AMOC, that is unprecedented in at least 1,600 years”. This weakening is probably tied to human-caused climate change because of increasing global temperature. New data suggests the changes David is seeing have not been observed for up to the past 10,000 years. ? David and his team have been really pleased with how much data they have been able to generate. Their work has been written about in the Times in the US and newspaper in the UK and has been used to help write on (IPCC) reports and produce policy briefings for governments. All of this is contributing towards people becoming more aware of the AMOC and how climate change is affecting the oceans. ? As well as ensuring others know about their current findings, David and his team are determined to further their research and gain even deeper insights. “We want to better understand the precise mechanisms that caused these recent changes,” he says. “We want to know how much was due to human-induced warming, versus natural processes. We are also trying to find out how these changes in the AMOC affected life in the ocean, to help ensure we can conserve marine ecosystems and use marine resources in a sustainable way. ” The more we understand how the AMOC has varied in the past, the better we can understand the impact that modern day climate change is having on our oceans. Understanding climate change is key for planning and preparing for its impact, and climate scientists like David are at the forefront of this important work.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: It has been proposed that autonomic imbalance, and associated hypoactivity of prefrontal cortex, underlie a number of other psychopathological conditions such as anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress [69]. It is significant in this context that, in our study, public body consciousness, which in women is associated with the tendency to experience specifically negative emotion, was an independent predictor of self-objectification. This suggests that participants who were highest in self-objectification may have had a deficit in parasympathetic activity, which could lead to negative feelings about their bodies and consequently to excessive self-monitoring [69]. Further research is required to establish how increased self-focus, for example through mirror self-observation, improves low interoceptive awareness. The effect may operate by making other aspects of the self more salient, thus enhancing attention to internal cues, or it may preferentially enhance parasympathetic activity. Our experiment had certain limitations. Participants were well-educated young women, whose habitual tendencies to self-focus may not be typical of a broader population. However, our measures (and their inter-correlations) fell within the range of values previously reported for these instruments and appear representative. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate Fredrickson and Robert's claim that self-objectification is linked to heartbeat perception in women [16]. We therefore confined ourselves to the use of the Self-[19], Self-[15] and Questionnaire [21], which have been widely used to study self-focus. Further research is required to establish the potential value of using heartbeat perception as a mediating variable between self-objectification and disordered eating. This would necessitate the use of measures such as Body Shame, and [20], the Inventory [7] and body mass index, which we chose not to include in this experiment. This study is, we believe, the first to test Fredrickson and Robert's claim that interoceptive awareness in women, as measured by heartbeat perception, is negatively correlated with self-objectification [16]. We found that interoceptive awareness, together with public body consciousness and private body consciousness [21], accounted for 31% of the variance in scores in self-objectification. Despite its contribution as a predictor of self-objectification, private body consciousness was not significantly correlated with interoceptive awareness.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, HFE genetic variant H63D was associated with essential hypertension in Finnish subjects from the cohort confirming a previous GWAS study. The effect of this SNP on BP was also confirmed from a longitudinal study. has a substantial impact on public health because of its high prevalence and associated complications. Efforts for the discovery of genes affecting hypertension have been conducted, but the vast majority of genetic contribution to blood pressure (BP) remains still unexplained. 1 The major lifestyle contributors to hypertension in Western countries are overweight, physical inactivity, high salt intake, and low potassium intake. 2 However, less attention has been allocated to iron metabolism and especially of the effects of mild iron overload on hypertension. Iron is essential for mammalian homeostasis because of its presence in hemoglobin for oxygen transport, and in many biochemical reactions. Iron uptake occurs in duodenum and jejunum and it is mediated by transport proteins, such as ferroportin. 3,4 Iron is stored in hepatocytes and macrophages within polymers of ferritin. Excess iron in the body leads to iron accumulation in the liver and other organs and may cause, among others, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, bone and joint disease, heart disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 5,6 HFE is a major histocompatibility complex class I-like transmembrane protein, which associates with class I light-chain β2-microglobulin. 7 HFE mediates cell uptake of transferrin-bound iron. HFE also modulates expression of the key regulator of plasma iron, hepcidin. 6,8,9 Two most common mutations in the HFE gene are C282Y (rs1800562) and H63D (rs1799945), of which the C282Y has been found as the major mutation behind significant iron overload. However, also the H63D mutation leads to dysfunctional HFE protein,10 which could result in mild iron overload. The carrier frequency of the H63D mutation is 8. 1% worldwide and 14% to 22% in European populations. 11,12 There are only a few previous studies that have addressed the association of HFE-mediated dysfunctional iron regulation with hypertension. Ellervik et al13 showed that men homozygous for the C282Y allele had increased prevalence of antihypertensive medication >55 years of age.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: of Ocean and : Ocean and : Analysing data from ocean floor mud samples to understand how the is changing : (NERC), Horizon 2020 Funding was provided by (NE/S009736/1). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No’s 678760 (ATLAS) and 818123 (iAtlantic). This output reflects only the authors’ views and the cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. science is a wide-ranging subject that studies the impact of climate change on all parts of the Earth. This may be focused on the oceans (as David’s work is) but can also be focused on the atmosphere, how ice sheets are changing and how human impact is affecting ecosystems. The oceans are a key part of the climate system. David describes how the world’s ocean has taken up about 50% of the historical emissions of carbon dioxide released by humans. It is very important, therefore, to understand how oceans are behaving and changing in response to climate change. A key aspect of climate science is making sure that the true impact of human-caused warming is understood. David says, “We want to better understand the precise mechanisms causing these recent changes, and how much was due to human induced warming, versus other natural processes. ” This is important to make sure the impact that humans are having on the planet is clear and undeniable. ? As principal investigator (PI), David helps the team to interpret the new data, coming up with new ideas about how the oceans have behaved. He is responsible for overseeing the technicians who work in the labs and has meetings with his team to make sure everyone is comfortable with what they are doing and keeping on track. His responsibilities also include keeping an eye on budget and timelines, as well as meetings with scientists from other universities working in the same field. ? David enjoys being at the cutting edge of science, finding something unique and unexpected during his research. He says, “It’s really cool at that moment in time to be the first (or one of the first people) to know a particular fact, and then thinking about how it changes your view of the world and how it works.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: This may account for the many experiments that have failed to find mediating effects between self-objectification and eating disorders or negative affect, when using private body consciousness as a measure of body awareness [25]. We propose that interoceptive awareness, as measured by heartbeat perception, has scope to be a more accurate and effective measure of body awareness within objectification research. 1. Blanke O, (2009) Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Sci 13 (1) 7–13. View 2. -(2000) Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Sci 4 (9) 338–344. View 3. Rochat P, (2010) The uncanny mirror: A re-framing of mirror self-experience. 20 (2) 204–213. View 4. Mor N, (2002) Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. 128 (4) 638–662. View 5. Moradi B, Huang Y-P (2008) Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Q 32 (4) 377–398. View 6. (1976) Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and obesity. 38 (5) 327–36. View 7. (1983) Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. 2 (2) 15–34. View 8. (1978) Self-focusing effects of dispositional self- consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. J Psychol 36 (3) 324–332. View 9. Silvia PJ, (2004) A self-novelty manipulation of self-focused attention for internet and laboratory experiments. Comp 36 (2) 325–30. View 10. Cameron OG (2001) Interoception: the inside story-a model for psychosomatic processes. 63 (5) 697–710. View 11. (1996) Interoception. 42 (1–2) 1–27. View 12. Duval S, Wicklund RA (1972) A theory of objective self-awareness. Oxford: Academic Press. 13. (2001) Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. 5: 230–241. View 14. (1998) On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Press. 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Electrostatic spraying mechanism (a) variate rate multichannel electrostatic sprayer (b). 2. 4 Aerial sprayingAlthough the aerial spraying has been used since middle of 20th century however, the innovation on unmanned aerial vehicle is assumed as most of are one important development in the field of agricultural spraying and plant protection engineering because of its tremendous merits over the conventional ground sprayers. The crop monitoring and the assessment of pesticide and fertilizer requirement at accurate time and location of crop area is an important parameter to effective utilization of the inputs for the purpose of yield enhancement [35]. Aerial spraying using UAV has gained great interest worldwide [36]. Thus, currently Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are known as most advanced spraying technology that is helpful for effective and precision spraying. Unmanned aerial sprayers are potentially supportive in decreasing negative effect pesticides to the environment and human during the application process of agrochemical at farm level [37]. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is facilitating the to ease plant production practices and also provide the conform to spray on the tall stalk crop such as maize, cotton and water ponding crop such as rice. In fact, UAV aerial spraying capability is not only limited to crop protection but it has also utilize for the fertilization practices [38]. The idea of aerial spraying by means of UAV is firstly developed founded on the technology of unmanned helicopters that had been developed by (Japan) for rice cultivation [39]. Mostly, chemicals application such as pesticide and fertilizer is applied by using ground sprayers, chemigation, aircraft aerial spraying, and broadcasting method without the real time assessment of the specific conditions, [40]. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer develops the downwash airflow by the UAV rotor which interacts with the crop canopy and creates a conical vortex shape in the crop plant [41]. The droplet deposition efficiency is one of the major concerns in UAV spraying operation. During the spraying with UAV sprayer, the droplets pervade to the crop canopy However, some droplets drift often occurs, which wastes pesticides, decreases the control effect, and even causes environmental pollution and poisoning [42]. Spray system arrangements equipped on UAV have not yet been optimized to accompaniment spray pattern based on the proper nozzle selection, [43].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: ” Being part of a team is also a rewarding and exciting aspect of his work – being able to work together to contribute towards understanding the climate crisis is hugely important and motivating. • The continuing threat of climate change means that climate scientists are needed now more than ever. You could work for a university or a climate change charity and find yourself taking part in field work all over the world where climate impacts are being felt, from the to Antarctic glaciers to tropical rainforests. • To keep up to date with climate science news, the has updates about climate and ocean science. • Society also provides information. • Look for volunteering opportunities with climate change charities in your local area. • At university, you might find experience through a summer internship, such as with the or London. Download the 10. 33424/332 Link to the activity sheet Link to the the Animation script Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 partial view of the (AMOC), showing the (Photo credit: Natalie Renier/Oceanographic Institution) David and his PhD students, Jack and Alice, extracting a sediment core just retrieved from the seafloor (photo credit Alice Carter-Champion, London) David examining the types of shells found in the sediment cores, with technician (photo credit: Miles Irving, London) PhD student using a to analyse sediment grain size (photo credit: Miles Irving, London) Anyone for a slice of mud? ! A new sediment core being chopped into sections (photo credit: Alice Carter-Champion, London) PhD students Jack and Alice, with David, on the deck, in the Gulf Stream. The large crane in the background is used to winch up the cores (photo credit: Alice Carter-Champion, London) This device is a multi-corer – it collects 8 tubes of mud from the seafloor. You can see the actual seafloor surface preserved in each of the tubes! (photo credit: Ian Hall, Cardiff University) Hall deploying a large gravity core used to get a longer core. South of Iceland – the weather is not usually this nice! (photo credit: Ian Hall, Cardiff University) • Study maths and at least one science subject at A-level. These are likely the entry requirements for a climate science or related degree at university. • David says, “Computer and coding skills are becoming more and more important and offer another way into the field.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: (1975) Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. J Psychol 43 (4) 522–527. View 16. (1997) Objectification theory. Q 21: 173–206. View 17. (1992) Affect intensity and cardiac arousal. J Psychol 63 (1) 164–74. View 18. (1993) Signal-detection outcomes on heartbeat and respiratory resistance detection tasks in male and female subjects. Psychophysiology 30 (3) 223–30. View 19. (1998) That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. J Psychol 75 (1) 269–84. View 20. (1996) The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Q 20 (2) 181–215. View 21. (1981) Consciousness of body: Private and public. J Psychol 41 (2) 397–406. View 22. (2006) The role of self-objectification in women's depression: A test of objectification theory. 56 (1–2) 45–53. View 23. Tiggemann M, Kuring JK (2004) The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. 43 (3) 299–311. View 24. Tiggemann M, (2001) A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Q 25 (1) 57–64. View 25. (2008) Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. Q 32: 172–180. View 26. (2009) Body awareness: construct and self-report measures. PloS One 4 (5) e5614. View 27. (2011) Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders. 42: 819–828. View 28. Botvinick M, (1998) Rubber hands “feel” touch that eyes see. Nature 391: 756. View 29. Mussap AJ, (2006) A “rubber-hand” illusion reveals a relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change. J 11 (4) 627–39. View 30. (2002) Neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford: Press. 31.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: AbstractA moored multi-body line absorber is an attractive option for offshore wave energy conversion. Laboratory studies have been undertaken to determine capture width with multi-mode excitation and heave resonance for the three-float system M4 where the adjacent float spacing is about half a typical wavelength giving anti-phase forcing. The floats increase in diameter and draft from bow to stern and the bow and mid float are rigidly connected by a beam. A hinge with a damper above the mid float absorbs power from the relative rotation between the bow/mid float and the stern float. The resonant heave frequency for each float is different. Anti-phase surge forcing between mid and stern floats is substantial, while there is no hydrostatic stiffness producing resonance. This represents a hydrodynamically complex system and the laboratory experiments indicate high overall capture widths in irregular waves across a range of peak periods without damping optimisation. With different spectral peakedness and directional spread, the capture width is greater than 20 % of a wavelength (based on the energy period) across a range of peak periods typical of an offshore site for floats with a rounded base. The maximum capture width was about 37 % of a wavelength with rounded base floats; having rounded rather than flat bases increased energy capture by up to 60 % by reducing energy losses due to drag. For floats with flat bases comparisons with a geometrically scaled device five times larger and with similar magnitudes of equivalent damping showed similar capture widths as a proportion of wavelength. Similar content being viewed by others Optimisation of a Multi-in 1. Automatic alignment with wave direction 2. Forcing in several modes with power contributions combined 3. Multiple resonance with significant power capture over a range of wave frequencies 4. Low damping due to drag and sloshing (due to a body submerging and emerging in water) 5. Single hinge for power take-off (PTO) accessible above deck 6. High capture widths. An overview of the design process for the system and the range of experimental tests conducted are described in the following section. The experimental results at small scale (geometric scale of approximately 1:40) with devices comprising both flat and rounded base floats are then presented. Experimental results at a five times larger scale with flat bases follow allowing comparison. The results and design are then discussed before conclusions are drawn.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: ” You can get computing experience at school or through online courses. • Many universities offer degrees in Earth or ocean sciences. You can also start with a degree in physics, chemistry, biology or maths, and then specialise in climate or ocean sciences for a postgraduate degree. ? I enjoyed reading science books as a kid and watching documentaries. I loved reading about famous physicists and their discoveries, but I also wanted to work with wildlife and thought about being a zookeeper or observing wildlife in the field for conservation. I guess I always just loved watching the world and trying to find out how things worked. ? I have quite a good memory for things I read, which helps me to remember key ideas and evidence. I was always willing to work hard on simple mundane tasks (lots of swimming sessions get you used to monotony! ), which helped me to produce datasets during my earlier research years. I’m driven to find answers – I love when you have new data and you are on the hunt to try and make sense of it, and then when it finally clicks, it is really rewarding and exciting. I think I am openminded as well, which helps you to reject established ideas if they don’t make sense, or to try and think up new ones. ? The commute home on the train, reading a non-science book and having a 5-year-old son to feed and get ready for bed all help! I feel guilty saying it, but my main motivation has always been finding out about the world and solving puzzles; it is just nice that the work I do is also in an area that is important and, hopefully, useful to society. Scientists play a vital role in helping us to know how the world might change, so we can plan and prepare, but lots of different people need to work together – we have the evidence, but the solutions also involve politics and social science. ? I collected some data during my PhD and for months and months (I think maybe a year) I couldn’t work out how to interpret it and then, after doing loads of reading, it all finally clicked. That idea went on to be my first paper and I was lucky enough to get it published in Nature. ? I hope I can really help my PhD students and others in the team achieve their goals and make some of our students see how cool studying the ocean is.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: Damasio AR (2010) Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. London: Heinemann. 32. Craig AD (2010) The sentient self. Funct 214: 563–577. View 33. (1981) Heartbeat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology 18 (4) 483–488. View 34. (1980) Perception of gastric contractions and self-control of gastric motility. Psychophysiology 17 (6) 552–558. View 35. Tsakiris M, Tajadura-Jiménez A, (2011) Just a heartbeat away from one's body: Interoceptive sensitivity predicts malleability of body-representations. 278: 2470–6. View 36. Ainley V, Tajadura-Jiménez A, Fotopoulou K, (2012) Looking into myself: Changes in interoceptive sensitivity during mirror self-observation. Psychophysiology 49: 1504–1508. View 37. Pollatos O, Kurz A- (2008) Reduced perception of bodily signals in anorexia nervosa. 9 (4) 381–8. View 38. Mussgay L, Klinkenberg N, Rüddel H (1999) Heart beat perception in patients with depressive, somatoform, and personality disorders. J Psychophys 13: 27–36. View 39. (2011) Blunted autonomic reactivity and increased pain tolerance in somatoform patients. Pain 152 (9) 2157–2164. View 40. Ring C, (1992) The temporal locations of heartbeat sensations. Psychophysiology 29 (5) 535–545. View 41. Pollatos O, Traut-(2007) Interoceptive awareness mediates the relationship between anxiety and the intensity of unpleasant feelings. J 21 (7) 931–43. View 42. Knapp-Kline K, Kline JP (2005) Heart rate, heart rate variability, and heartbeat detection with the method of constant stimuli: slow and steady wins the race. 69 (3) 387–396. View 43. Knoll JK, (1992) A comparison between two methods for assessing heartbeat perception. Psychophysiology 29 (2) 218–222. View 44. (2012) Interoception across modalities: On the relationship between cardiac awareness and the sensitivity for gastric functions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: 2 DesignThree cylindrical vertically axisymmetric floats with circular cross section of different sizes are used with the smallest float for the bow and the largest for the stern as shown in Fig. 1. With the bow float moored, the largest drift force is applied to the stern float and this is beneficial for alignment with the wave direction. Drift force is a second-order inviscid effect, with a mean value in regular waves and slowly varying in irregular waves. For a given float motion, kinetic energy variation and hence average power increase with mass of float. The float diameter should however be less than about 20 % of a wavelength to be in the inertia regime capturing the phase of a wave and negligible diffraction will be desirable for deployment in an array. The stern float should have heave resonance around a prominent wave frequency; this is mainly dependent on draft. The mid and bow float are rigidly connected by a beam to generate a moment relative to the large stern float. This hinge may be above the mid float or at some point between the bow and stern float. Tests have shown that the position above the mid float centreline is desirable and results will only be presented for this case. A single hinge is advantageous in that the PTO will be concentrated in a single hydraulic unit. The mid float should have a draft which gives resonance within the band of prominent wave frequencies; this should be different from that for the stern float to generate power across the range of wave frequencies for a given site. However, the mid float should not be too big for diffraction to reduce wave action at the stern float reducing its response. The idealised case of two floats acting solely in heave is studied to guide a suitable diameter for mid float. The analytical formulation is shown in the 1. 58:1. Results of this formulation show that maximum power is achieved with corresponding diameters in the ratio 1. 33:1. Further optimisation with three floats was not undertaken. Anti-phase heave forcing on the combined bow and mid float will generate pitch. Pitch moment on individual floats will also be generated, but will be relatively small. Surge forces will be substantial, but without a hydrostatic restoring force and at least in a direct linear sense they will not provide a resonant response. The resulting moment about the hinge will be dependent on the hinge position above water level. The moment will be generated by the forces on the combined bow and mid float and the stern float.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: Evaluating modelling tools Regionalise atmospheric models to reduce uncertainties? Texte intégral Model, a chart of surface currents. Current that flows along the east coast of Africa retroflects when it meets the cold and the Current. 1Understanding of the functioning of the earth’s climate and environment system requires first the use of statistical tools applied to the analysis of observed data and secondly diagnostic approaches using certain concepts or theories and more broadly by using modelling tools that represent the complexity of the processes and physical mechanisms involved in the earth system. These modelling tools are very elaborate but still contain strong bias and uncertainties. Validation work using suitable observations is required. This work is essential for the subsequent evaluation of the confidence and uncertainty level of the climate forecasts provided by these models. What is a climate model? 2Climate models represent the functioning of the physical processes of the land-atmosphere system. They reproduce the movements of the atmosphere and the oceans, energy exchanges with the surface, the hydrological cycle and interactions between the climate and biogeochemical cycles. They function using the digital solving of the equations of atmosphere and ocean physics and are based on the division of a continuous environment into a large number of small volumes (discrete meshes) to be able to link together the variables in each mesh and to quantify energy transfers and biogeochemical processes. The modelling of continental areas addresses transfers of water and energy and the amount of movement with the atmosphere, together with the continental hydrological cycle. The parameters of processes smaller than a mesh— sub-mesh processes: clouds, whirlwinds, waves, surface runoff, etc. —are drawn from field observations or result from the use of more detailed modelling of one process in particular. Box 8Ocean modelling, an essential component of climate modelsThe ocean component is very important in climate models. The ocean models developed by IRD are thus incorporated in the work of the IPCC. The models are also useful for forecasting—a kind of oceanic weather bulletin— and for understanding the mechanisms that govern variations of the seas. Applied at the local level, they make it possible to monitor changes of the environment. IRD researchers contribute to the development of ocean modelling in the tropics. The models were first developed for global seas to represent the physical (temperature, salinity, currents) and biogeochemical characteristics (quantity of plankton, nutrient salts, dissolved oxygen) at the surface and at a depth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: PloS One 7 (5) e36646. View 45. Miner-(2002) Trait self-objectification in women: Affective and personality correlates. J 36 (2) 147–172. View 46. Muehlenkamp JJ, Saris-Baglama RN (2002) Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women. Q 26 (4) 371–379. View 47. Ehlers A, (1992) Increased cardiac awareness in panic disorder. J 101: 371–382. View 48. (1981) Publication guidelines for heart rate studies in man. Psychophysiology 18 (3) 227–231. View 49. (1996) Factor structure of the private self-consciousness scale. J 66 (1) 144–152. View 50. Pennebaker JW (1982) The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer. 51. (1980) Competition of internal and external information in an exercise setting. J Psych 39 (1) 165–74. View 52. (2009) On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and the attentional processing of visual stimuli. Psychophysiol 72 (2) 154–9. View 53. (2011) Self-objectification, disordered eating, and depression: A test of mediational pathways. Q 35 (3) 441–450. View 54. (2007) Accuracy of self-monitoring and its relationship to self-focused attention in dysphoria and clinical depression. J 116 (1) 1–15. View 55. (2011) On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia: Is interoceptive awareness related to emotional awareness? J Pers 79 (5) 1149–1175. View 56. Barrett LF, (2009) See it with feeling: Affective predictions during object perception. 364: 1325–34. View 57. (2007) Interoceptive sensitivity and emotion processing: an EEG study. Psychophysiol 65 (3) 214–27. View 58. (2007) Heart rate response after emotional picture presentation is modulated by interoceptive awareness. Psychophysiol 63 (1) 117–24. View 59. (2005) On the relationship between interoceptive awareness, emotional experience, and brain processes. Res 25 (3) 948–62. View 60. (2000) Heartbeat detection and the experience of emotions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: The force on the bow float will be in anti-phase with the mid float, thus reducing the combined force. The surge force on the bow float should thus be as small as possible to maximise surge moment; this is consistent with what has been already proposed. Fig. 1Diagram of configuration with flat bases and dimensions (m)Full size image Some linearised mathematical modelling has been undertaken in Stansby et al. (2015) for regular waves using diffraction coefficients for heave, pitch and surge from WAMIT (2004) in a time stepping formulation. The floats had flat bases, and imposing drag forces as a function of the velocity of each float with a drag coefficient of about 1. 8 gave power output corresponding with the larger-scale experiments (about 1:8 scale). It was shown that removing heave forcing reduced power out by 46 %, removing pitch forcing (on individual floats) reduced power by 12 % and, significantly, removing surge forcing reduced power by 57 % for a typical case near resonance. This reinforces the importance of surge forcing and heave resonance and the contribution to power output from different modes being combined. With zero drag coefficient, the maximum capture width was about 75 % of a wavelength which is clearly a high value and may be compared with three floats operating optimally in heave (48 %) and in surge or pitch (96 %), all hypothetical cases. With further geometry optimisation, the maximum could almost certainly be increased and minimising drag is clearly beneficial. Some experimental results were presented in Stansby et al. (2015). Capture widths were greater than 25 % of a wavelength in regular waves and greater than 20 % of a wavelength in irregular waves across a broad range of wave periodsThis paper presents the experimental results for this system obtained with two different base shapes and at two scales in irregular waves. Capture width is considered to be the vital hydrodynamic criterion for the performance. To optimise the geometric configuration preliminary tests were undertaken in regular waves and the effect of relative float spacing, hinge position and bow float size on power have been investigated. Power was then measured with irregular waves with a spectrum with two spectral peakedness factors for unidirectional waves and with two directional spreading factors. Comparisons are made with tests at a five times larger scale with a similar equivalent mechanical damping. Survivability in extreme waves will be considered separately.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: 특히 환경에 미치는 영향이 큰 대학교는 대학생이 수강할 수 있는 기후변화교육 프로그램을 개발하여 활성화시켜야 할 의무가 있다. 이를 위해 사회변화에 따른 새로운 유형의 프로그램 개발이 필요하며, 온라인과 오프라인을 적절하게 활용하는 블렌디드 러닝 프로그램이 새로운 기후변화교육 프로그램으로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Research 7(1):p 73, | DOI: 10. 4103/abr. abr_170_17 Abstract Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral problems that cause hyperactivity, attention deficits, academic failure, and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool and elementary school that is often hidden from the parents' eyes. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of parent-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on ADHD symptoms (including attention deficit disorder, restlessness, and impulsivity), overweight and self-esteem of 6–11-year-old obese children with attention deficit hyperactivity in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 40 children aged 6–11 years with ADHD and overweight or obesity (above the 85th percentile in weight for age, height, and sex diagram) that their parents referred to Isfahan child and adolescent psychiatric clinic of Hospital in 2015. For twenty patients, only ADHD treatment was applied, and they received no other intervention, but the others in experimental group participated in CBT sessions. Analysis tools were Coppersmith Self-conners' test, and the body mass index (BMI). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements. Results: CBT by teaching parents had a significant effect on ADHD symptoms, the self-esteem of overweight and obese children with ADHD in posttest and follow-up. The results also showed that had a significant effect on ADHD symptoms, overweight and self-esteem of the obese children with ADHD (P < 0. 001). Conclusions: Parents focused CBT can be considered as a complementary treatment for reducing ADHD symptoms and BMI and increased self-esteem in the obese ADHD children. deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder among children. [1] The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has significantly increased over the past decade, and almost 50% of children referring to psychiatrists have been diagnosed with ADHD. [2] Recent studies have reported that the prevalence of ADHD is 3%–9% among children and 4%–5% among adults.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: Control of mechanical damping is of course desirable to enable more precise matching between scales as well as optimisation, although this was not possible in these tests and is difficult at small scale. Nevertheless, it is notable that qualitative similarity has been observed using quite different damping actuators. The instantaneous power was measured without approximation providing accurate average power estimates. The experiments are thus valuable for exploring the power conversion potential of this system with novel features intended to give a marked improvement in capture width over existing configurations. The size of the stern float defines the dimensions of the rest of the system and the diameter is specified as approximately 20 % of the wavelength associated with a prominent wave period, so that forcing is predominantly inertial with minimal diffraction. The natural heave period of the stern float is designed to correspond approximately with the peak spectral period by specifying ballast and hence draft. The spacing between floats is set at about half the corresponding wavelength. The mid float is intended to have a somewhat lower natural period to correspond with lower wave periods (about 20 % lower in this case) and the diameter is chosen to maximise mean power. This analysis was based simply on two heaving floats giving a diameter of three-quarters of the stern float diameter. Power is only slightly dependent on diameter for larger values. Clearly, a smaller diameter would also be advantageous for minimising fabrication material at full scale. The bow float was originally intended to provide a passive mooring point with sufficient buoyancy to support the beam to mid float. The larger of the two diameters tested was chosen to give more buoyancy without loss of overall power capture and it was not used as a mooring buoy, since it has significant motion contributing to power generation. The change in base shape on mid and stern float from flat to hemispherical and rounded with the same radius of curvature, respectively, gave a dramatic improvement in capture width emphasising the importance of drag minimisation. The maximum capture width of over 35 % wavelength with rounded bases in irregular waves and importantly over 20 % over a broad range of peak periods for all values of spectral peakedness (\(\gamma \)) and directional spreading(s) tested may be considered high values. The geometric configuration could probably be optimised further; a larger stern diameter should be considered which will influence the optimum diameter of the mid and possibly the bow float. In determining these natural heave periods, it was found that viscosity affects added mass as well as determining drag.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: 향후 지속가능한 기후변화교육의 하나로 블렌디드 러닝의 활용이 가능할 것이며, 이러닝을 적절하게 활용하여 프로그램을 구성한다면 교육적 효과가 높을 것으로 기대된다. Climate change is a global topic. Therefore, domestic and foreign countries have set up policies to solve climate change. Education on climate change plays an important role especially in improving the awareness of climate change. In particular, the university has a high impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop climate change programs that target university students. Developing a new climate change education program is necessary due to social changes. A blended learning program that utilizes online and offline appropriately in a suitable climate change education is utilized. This study aimed at students of S women's university class with a blended learning climate change education program and promoted a learning satisfaction survey. This study was conducted with the aim of providing basic data for building educational programs of blended learning climate change. As a result of t-test survey, it was discovered that cognitive changes in student's climate change and satisfaction were high through the blended learning climate change program. Blended learning can be used as an alternative for future sustainable climate change education. Therefore blended learning can be used as an alternative to future sustainable climate change education.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, medication has adverse effects on natural processes of transformation of the central nervous system; it leads to increased appetite, interferes with satiety mechanism and results in weight gain and obesity. Indeed, medicines used for the treatment of ADHD cannot cure the disease, and their effects are only temporarily. Accordingly, using a combination of pharmacological and psychological therapies seems a more effective treatment for ADHD. It is also important that parents, psychiatrists, psychologists, and teachers simultaneously try to help each other create a favorable environment for these children. In fact, the best-established method for the treatment of ADHD is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus medication. Since the ultimate goal in the treatment of ADHD is enabling children to overcome their lives' problems, which cannot be achieved only by medication or forcing children to observe the rules, a parents-focused CBT is quite essential. [13] In CBT, concepts are presented operationally, and validity of treatment is established experimentally. For this purpose, group or single subject experiments are used in research conditions or clinical trials. Furthermore, for the sake of test-retest reliability, the treatment must be operationalized, and hence that its effects can be assessed using common reliability and validity criteria. A main part of the treatment process is based on the “here and now” approach, and it is assumed that the main goal of the treatment is to help patients create desirable changes in their lives. Thus, the focal point in CBT is providing opportunities for patients to learn new adaptive skills and make necessary changes outside the clinical domains. Therapist, child, and parents try to interact effectively and create strategies to deal with specific problems. [14] ADHD therapists believe that emotions/feelings have an interactive nature and it is necessary to simultaneously consider ADHD symptoms and comorbidities along with weaknesses and strengths of children, their parents and their social lives. As mentioned, medication alone is not a treatment for ADHD; hence, nonmedication treatments, such as individual and group psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and parents/teachers education are needed. [15] It is obviously necessary to conduct studies investigating more efficient treatments for ADHD with minimal adverse effects and maximum recovery. On the other hand, the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD is increasing making it more necessary to find an appropriate nonmedication treatment for the disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: This forcing is exploited by the relative pitch about the hinge point well above deck level. The aim is that power from the different forms of excitation and forcing combines to give a markedly improved capture width over what has been achieved previously in wave energy conversion. This has been investigated at laboratory scales of about 1:40 and 1:8 in irregular waves with different spectral peakedness and directional spreading. Capture width is the important assessment criterion. In irregular waves, the capture width is above 20 % of the wavelength associated with the energy period, for a configuration with rounded base floats, across a broad range of wave periods and with different combinations of both directional spreading and spectral peakedness typical of an offshore site (with appropriately scaled periods); the maximum was over 35 %. This may be considered large relative to existing systems. The tests indicate the effect of viscosity on both drag and added mass and indicate the importance of minimising drag for increasing power output. While some geometric optimisation has been undertaken, more would be beneficial. Most importantly, optimisation of the power take-off (PTO) control is required since only simple actuators are used in these reduced-scale experiments. 12. Available from (2008) Ocean wave energy. Springer, New YorkBook 3. 62(2009) Limiting heave response of a wave energy device by draft adjustment with upper surface. Res 31(4):282–2894. In: (2013) Surge based wave energy converter PCT/GB2013/050787WAMIT (2004) User manual versions 6. 2, 6. 2PC, 6. 2S. 6. 2SPC. . (2010) Response of a small array due to irregular waves: comparisons to predictions based on measured irregular wave response. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of of Offshore and (ISOPE), Beijing, China, 20–25 Jun 2010. pp 900–907(2012) Pelamis: experience from concept to connection. A 370(1959):365–3801.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: 특히 환경에 미치는 영향이 큰 대학교는 대학생이 수강할 수 있는 기후변화교육 프로그램을 개발하여 활성화시켜야 할 의무가 있다. 이를 위해 사회변화에 따른 새로운 유형의 프로그램 개발이 필요하며, 온라인과 오프라인을 적절하게 활용하는 블렌디드 러닝 프로그램이 새로운 기후변화교육 프로그램으로 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a parents-focused CBT in reducing ADHD symptoms, increasing self-esteem and improving weight loss in children with ADHD. Materials and present quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was conducted on 40 obsess children (6–11 years of age) with ADHD and their parents referring to for Children and Adolescents in Isfahan (Iran) in 2015. Using convenience sampling method, the participants were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (20 parent–child pairs in each) [Figure 1]. Figure 1: The study flowchartThe inclusion criteria for children included being diagnosed with ADHD according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5 criteria by a psychiatrist and having a body mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile in the weight chart by age and gender. The inclusion criteria for parents included having a high school diploma or a higher than high school degree, living in the city of Isfahan (for follow-ups) and being interested in complete participation until the end of the study. The exclusion criteria for children included having other psychiatric disorders or other diseases negatively affecting the study, pharmaceutical changes based on the changes in the patients' situations, being absent for more than two sessions and not being interested in continuing the treatment process. Parents were excluded if being diagnosed with a major mental disorder according to DSM-5 criteria by a psychiatrist. At the beginning of the study, gender, age, weight, height, and BMI of every participant were recorded. Then, children and parents, respectively, completed the Coopersmith Self-(SEI) (1987) and the Conner's Scales-Revised (CPRS-R) (1996) as the pretests. For weight measurement, a seca scale was used. The children's weights were measured and recorded in kilograms when they were wearing thin clothes and no shoes. Their weights were controlled every session using a 5 kg control weight. For height measurement, a measuring tape was used. The children's heights were measured and recorded in meters, when they were wearing no shoes and standing straight with their back of the heads, shoulder blades, buttocks, and heels touching the wall. Ultimately, the children's BMIs were calculated and recorded. SEI (1987) was used to assess children's self-esteem. This inventory consists of 58 items, eight of which are lie detectors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: are surrounded by enormous ocean energy potentials (if only the energy can be tapped) and geological/topographic conditions that allow for rapid access to deeper, cold water, alongside the warmest ocean surface temperatures in the world. PSIDS in particular have underdeveloped electricity generation and supply infrastructure, much of which is old, expensive, inefficient, unreliable, and dependent on imported oil. Total electricity demand for the smaller PSIDS is low, between 5 and 20 MW. Therefore, the development of even a 1 plant within a small PSIDS can add significant amounts of energy to the grid, reduce reliance on imported oil, generate new skills and employment opportunities, and have additional benefits in the area of drinking water provision, refrigeration/air conditioning, agriculture, aquaculture, and, even, mineral salt/cosmetic manufacture. In theory, there are many development ‘wins’ for the deployment of OTEC within a small PSIDS. Alongside the concept of OTEC is the concept of seawater utilisation, which describes the manifold applications of seawater such as in the fields of aquaculture, agriculture, and mineral salt and cosmetic manufacture. Deep seawater has a number of characteristics that make it useful, such as a lack of potentially harmful pollutants and organic substances and a chemical composition that promotes aspects of human health. This paper will examine a number of aspects of OTEC deployment within the region, particularly focusing upon the 1-year period deployment and testing of an OTEC plant in South Tarawa, Kiribati. It will critically examine the application of new science and technology to the Pacific region from the philosophical lens of ‘interconnected geoscience’ [2] and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) [3] and develop the conversation of developmental needs and futures of PSIDS and where OTEC could fit in. 2. OTEC, seawater utilisation, and the sustainable development goalsSeawater utilisation plants use seawater as a base resource to produce food, energy, and drinkable water through ocean thermal energy conversion systems such as seawater cultivation, seawater energy, and seawater desalination technologies. Seawater energy and seawater utilisation plants can be developed in tropical SIDS to utilise its seawater as a heat source to produce renewable energy and heat, water, and food. These technologies can assist with the sustainable development of coastal communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육 프로그램을 진행하는 S여자대학교 수강생들을 대상으로 기후변화에 관한 인식과 이러닝에 대한 학습만족도를 조사하여 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육 프로그램 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. t-검정 결과, 블렌디드 러닝 기후변화교육을 받은 수강생들의 기후변화 인식과 만족도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The rest of the items assess four subscales. The rest of the items assess four subscales of general self-esteem, social self-esteem (social), home self-esteem (home), and school self-esteem (school). Each item in the SEI is answered and scored by either 0 (no) or 1 (yes), and higher total scores indicate higher levels of self-esteem. The SEI is initially developed for children ages 6–10 years, but its items can be rephrased for being used in different age groups. Previous studies have confirmed both validity and reliability of the SEI. Validity and reliability of the SEI have been, respectively, reported 0. 58 and 0. 84 in studies outside Iran and 0. 60 and 0. 92 in studies inside Iran. [16,17] Considering that the SEI is a standard test, its validity was accepted, and its reliability was measured in the present study using the Cronbach's alpha (0. 83). The CPRS-R (1996) was used to assess ADHD symptoms in children. The CPRS-R is used to assess the effectiveness of stimulant drugs in the treatment of hyperactivity and the severity of ADHD symptoms and children's misconducts. The CPRS-R is a 48-item questionnaire assessing five subscales of behavioral problems, learning problems, psychosomatic problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and anxiety/passivity. The CPRS-R is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not true at all) to 3 (very much true). Previous studies have confirmed both validity and reliability of the CPRS-R. Validity and reliability of the CPRS-R have been, respectively, reported 0. 57 and 0. 90 in studies outside Iran and 0. 85 and 0. 84 in studies inside Iran. [18,19] Considering that the CPRS-R is a standard test, its validity was accepted, and its reliability was measured in the present study using the Cronbach's alpha (0. 89). Children in the experimental group received a CBT-based intervention. The used intervention in the present study was a combination of a family-focused program, cognitive-behavioral treatment for obesity (Cooper, Fairburn, and Hawker, 2003) and an intensive weekly program. Cognitive-behavioral strategies were taught to parents during six 90-min sessions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: of Ships and (KRISO) has led research and development on OTEC and seawater utilisation of discharged deep seawater since 2010. A 20 kW OTEC pilot plant was designed and fabricated as a prototype model of the 1 MW demonstration OTEC plant (to be deployed in Kiribati in 2020). Results and discoveries made from the prototype OTEC/seawater utilisation plant have been used to design the 1 plant. The application of discharged deep seawater from a land-based OTEC plant, or from individual cold water pipes, alongside technologies for desalination, has been developed by KRISO and the Korean R&D team. Seawater desalination plants with carefully designed features can enhance, and control, the constituent seawater mineral balance/composition to make it particularly useful for public health, cosmetics, mineral salt manufacture, and other industrial applications. Seawater utilisation plants are green technologies, reducing CO₂ emissions, and supplying renewable energy. They can be used to develop a ‘blue infrastructure’ (technologies based on the utilisation of the neighbouring ocean) in coastal regions, which help to promote the UN sustainable development goals (see [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], for further details). If the 1-year duration experiment in Kiribati can evolve into a long-term OTEC + seawater utilisation plant, it has the potential to address a wide series of the sustainable development goals [3]. In particular the SDGs 7 (affordable and clean energy), 6 (clean water and sanitation), 9 (industrial innovation and infrastructure), and 13 (climate action) will be addressed through the provision of renewable and affordable, reliable energy, and the development of innovative technologies and related industries, particularly from a PSIDS perspective. If the OTEC/seawater utilisation plants work inclusively with local people, offering education and training to enable the localization of technologies with time, and if industries such as agriculture, aquaculture, mineral salt, and cosmetic manufacture, and so on, are developed, then SDGs such as 1 (no poverty), 2 (zero hunger), 3 (good health and wellbeing), 4 (quality education), 8 (decent work and economic growth), and 11 (sustainable cities and communities) can be promoted. These are serious claims and will not occur without a great deal of long-term investment and effort (which is not guaranteed at the time of publication).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only scientists need environmental education to understand climate change. [SEP] Text: 412 이빛나라 and 이은희 “블렌디드 러닝(Blended Learning)을 활용한 기후변화교육에 대한 인식조사와 학습만족도에 대한 연구 - S 여자대학교 기후변화교육을 중심으로 - “ 환경교육 29. 4 423. (2016): 412. 이빛나라 이은희. 블렌디드 러닝(Blended Learning)을 활용한 기후변화교육에 대한 인식조사와 학습만족도에 대한 연구 - S 여자대학교 기후변화교육을 중심으로 - 환경교육 [Internet]. 2016; 29(4), : 412 - 423. Available from: doi:10. 17965/kjee. 2016. 29. 4. 412 이빛나라 이은희.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: At the end of each session, next week's assignments were specified, covered issues were practiced, and parents' questions were answered. Descriptions of all sessions are presented in Participants in the control group did not receive any intervention except ADHD routine treatment. At the end of the intervention, weight, and BMI of every participant were recorded again. Then, every child completed the SEI, and every parent completed the CPRS-R as the posttests. Two months after the intervention, weight, and BMI of every participant were recorded and they completed the SEI and the CPRS-R for the third time. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-version 22 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois) software: Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the data; was used to determine the effects of the intervention on each variable (i. e. , self-esteem and BMI); independent t-test was conducted to compare the average self-esteem scores and BMIs in each group at different pairwise intervals; independent t-test was also used to compare the average self-esteem scores and BMIs between the two groups at each of the examined time (before, immediately after, and 2 months later) (P < 0. 05). to the results, the average age of the children was 8. 4 ± 1. 8 years; nearly 67. 5% of the children were male and 32. 5% were female; the average age of children in the experimental group was 8. 2 ± 1. 8 years and of children in the control group was 8. 6 ± 1. 7 years (P = 0. 43); there were 13 (65%) boys and 7 (35%) girls in the experimental group and 14 (70%) boys and 6 (30%) girls in the control group (P = 0. 74) [Table 1]; accordingly, there was no significant difference in age and gender between the two groups. Table 1: Comparison of the mean age and gender distribution between children in the two groupsThe results of comparing the examined variables between the two groups are presented in Table 2. Accordingly, BMI was significantly lower immediately after the intervention (P = 0. 001) and 2 months later (P = 0. 01) in the experimental group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: What is apparent from this graph is that countries such as Fiji, Samoa, and the have significantly higher installed generation capacity with respect to the strength of their economy, than countries such as Kiribati and the in particular. The evidence suggests that most are ‘under-energised’ at the present time. are the most under-energised countries in the world. This lack of access to electricity is a serious inhibitor of economic social development. Figure 12. Graph of installed electricity capacity per head versus GDP/head for selected countries. Note how Kiribati and are the least energized countries and Fiji/the most energized from this analysis. Table 2 summarises a number of characteristics of the capital of Kiribati (South Tarawa) present-day energy situation [20]. has 5. 45 MW of installed capacity provided by an ageing diesel generator which experiences regular periods of non-transmission. The diesel capacity is supplemented by solar energy: Up to an additional 1. 5 MW is on line or planned for the future. Peak demand in is around 3–4 MW. Kiritimati has 1. 5 MW of installed capacity with smaller stand-alone diesel providers in the smaller islands. There is a Kiribati roadmap for energy which aims to move towards a less fossil fuel- and imported oil-reliant future, with solar power (and OTEC) planned to be the main renewable energy providers for the future. The 2017–2025 Kiribati energy roadmap plans for a c. 45–60% cut in fossil fuel generated energy by 2025. 7. OTEC and global OTEC resourcesFigure 13 shows the world map of realisable ocean thermal energy resources, with the greatest temperature gradients (from surface to water depths of 1 km) shown in red and the minimal possible realisable OTEC temperature gradient shown in blue. Ongoing and planned OTEC projects are named. A minimum temperature differential of 17–20°C between surface waters and those at 1 km depth is required for OTEC operations. This condition is met, year-round, for tropical and subtropical waters in all oceans. Some areas at the fringes of the ocean thermal resource, such as Japan, South Korea, and the Arabian Peninsula, have the capacity to generate power through OTEC for part of the year.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education should replace all traditional academic subjects. [SEP] Text: Open commentary Responding to the environmental emergency through education: the imperative for teacher support across all subjects Greer ('s Faculty of Education and ) ('s Faculty of Education and ) ('s Faculty of Education and ) ('s Faculty of Education and ) most recent on report sets out sobering scenarios about the future for our young people and appeals for ‘deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions’. Although technological responses are essential to achieve these reductions, technocratic solutions alone will not solve the environmental emergency; a widespread societal transformation is needed. Education can play a profound role in this transformation as it is fundamental to building a society with knowledge, skills and motivation to tackle climate change so as to regenerate ecological and social systems. This commentary reflects on multiple dimensions of education’s role, focusing particularly on schools and the important contribution that all subjects can make towards developing interdisciplinary, complex understandings of the environmental emergency and living more sustainably. Drawing from a recent nationwide survey of teachers in England carried out by the UCL Centre for we highlight a troubling lack of engagement in formal professional development related to climate change and sustainability, even amongst a ‘climate change engaged’ cohort of teachers, and the imperative for comprehensive professional learning for teachers from across all subjects and year levels. Keywords: education, climate change, the environment, knowledge, teachers, professional development, climate How to Cite: Greer, K. , Walshe, N. , Kitson, A. & Dillon, J. , (2024) “Responding to the environmental emergency through education: the imperative for teacher support across all subjects”, UCL 6(1). doi: Downloads: 388 on 24 Jul 2024 4. 0 The latest on report [1] set out sobering scenarios about the future for our young people, predicting that ‘adverse impacts from human-caused climate change will continue to intensify’ (p. 6). In 2024, UN Secretary General, António Guterres sounded the alarm about greenhouse gas emissions continuing to rise, not fall as is required if humanity is to meet the target and limit long-term global heating to 1. 5 °C [2]. Yet, assessments of the UK’s climate change response are gloomy. The independent Committee has highlighted a ‘lack of urgency’ ([3], p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: However, it was significantly higher in the control group 2 months after the intervention (P = 0. 02). At the end of the intervention, BMI was significantly higher in the control group; but, no significant difference was observed between the two groups 2 months after the intervention. The results of repeated measures ANOVA, comparing BMI changes over time, showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 84). Table 2: Comparison of body mass index, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and self-esteem scores of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at different timesThe average CPRS-R scores at the end of the intervention and 2 months later were significantly lower than the average CPRS-R scores at the beginning of the intervention in both groups (P = 0. 001). Comparing the two groups, the average CPRS-R score was significantly lower in the control group immediately after the intervention (P = 0. 001). Similarly, the average CPRS-R score was significantly higher in the experimental group 2 months after the intervention (P = 0. 001). However, changes in the average CPRS-R scores were significantly different between the two groups at the end of the intervention (P = 0. 007). Changes in the CPRS-R scores are presented in Figure 2, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 001). The average SEI score was significantly higher in the experimental group immediately after the intervention and 2 months later (P = 0. 001). In none of the groups, the average SEI scores were not significantly different at the end of the intervention and 2 months later compared to the beginning of the intervention. However, changes in the average SEI scores were significantly different between the two groups at the end of the intervention (P = 0. 001). Changes in the SEI scores are presented in Figure 2, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 001). Figure 2: Study flowchart. Linear graphs of body mass index, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, self-esteem scores of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at different timesresults of this study showed that BMIs of children who received the intervention significantly decreased immediately after the intervention and 2 months later, whereas, BMIs of children in the control group significantly increased in the same period. Accordingly, it can be stated that a parents-focused CBT can positively affect BMI of children with ADHD.

Output: pass