Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-24 pp 14651—14665 The peptide Acein promotes dopamine secretion through clec-126 to extend the lifespan of elderly C. elegans Jiaqi Wang1, Dong Wang1, Sarra Setrerrahmane3, Jean Martinez2, Han-Mei Xu1, 1 and 211198, China 2 Institut des Biomolécules (IBMM), Université de ôle Recherche, Montpellier cedex 5 34293, France 3. , Ltd. , Nanjing 210033, China Received: May 8, 2023 Accepted: September 8, 2023 Published: December 27, 2023 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 205150 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2023 Wang et al. This is an open access 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. plays a crucial role in regulating brain activity and movement and modulating human behavior, cognition and mood. Regulating dopamine signaling may improve cognitive abilities and physical functions during aging. Acein, a nonapeptide of sequence H-Pro-Pro-Thr-Thr-Thr-Lys-Phe-Ala-Ala-OH is able to stimulate dopamine secretion in the brain. By using genetic editing and lifespan investigation in C. elegans, we showed that the lack of the C-type lectin domain-containing protein clec-126 significantly suppressed the aging phenotype and prolonged lifespan, while overexpression of clec-126 promoted aging-related phenotypes and accelerated the aging process. We examined the aging phenotype of C. elegans and showed that Acein could induce a decrease in clec-126 expression, prolonging the lifespan of aged C. elegans. The mechanism proceeds through the Acein-induced stimulation of dopamine secretion that ameliorates motor function decline and extends the healthy lifespan of aged C. elegans. In addition, we also observed an increase in brood number.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing: 22 costal crossveins; most longitudinal veins with end-twigging; six sc-r crossveins; Rs with eight branches, most of which are forked distally but second branch bifurcated near midlength; MA dichotomously branched near midlength; a gradate series of crossveins present among branches of Rs; no crossvein between MP and Cu. Abdomen slenderly elongate. Genital segments dorsally with a pair of ovoid sclerites as putative ectoprocts and ventrally seemingly with flatly valvate sclerites although poorly preserved. Type materialHolotype: -001679: amber piece preserving an almost complete adult female of F. penghiani (wings partly not preserved), a beetle and a midge; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 30. 7 × 17. 8 mm, height about 3. 7 mm. EtymologyThe new species is dedicated to Mr. Hian, currently the President of the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP), who over the years has encouraged author WZ to continue his philately. RemarksThe genital segments, which possess a pair of ovoid dorsal sclerites and flatly valvate ventral sclerites resemble a general feature of female genitalia of lacewings17, suggesting that the holotype of the new species could be a female. It is noteworthy that a strongly elongated ovipositor is present in Kalligrammatidae8. Hence, in light of the otherwise great difference in the female genitalia, the new genus and species cannot be assigned to Kalligrammatidae although they share some distinctive morphological similarities, e. g. haustellate mouthparts and presence of multiple forewing ORBs. Genus CretanallachiusHuang et al. 18 (Figure 2)Figure 2Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. (a) habitus photo, ventral; (b) reconstructed habitus drawing; (c) photo of male genital segments, ventral; (d) drawing of male genital segments, ventral.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Concurrently, risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as overweight and obesity, raised blood glucose and raised blood cholesterol concentrations affect 51, 21 and 37 per cent of the adult population respectively [10]. In 2010, 64 per cent of all deaths in Vanuatu were attributed to diet and lifestyle- related NCDs [11]. The cost of managing NCDs in Vanuatu is straining national financial resources. For example, it is estimated that the cost of effectively managing a single case of diabetes in primary care is 2. 2 times higher than the nation’s total per capita expenditure on health [12]. Fruits and vegetables are important in the prevention of both NCDs and micronutrient deficiencies; low intakes are one of the top ten risk factors for global mortality [13]. A population-wide recommendation of at least 400 g (equivalent to 5 servings of 80 g) of fruits and vegetables per person per day is recommended by a Organization (WHO) and Food and (FAO) expert panel on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases [14]. These recommendations refer to non-starchy fruits and vegetables (NSFV), thus excluding starchy crops such as cassava and potatoes [14]. does not have its own country-specific dietary guidelines, the to [15] recommends that consume one-third of daily food intake from the ‘Group’, which includes micronutrient rich items such as leafy vegetables, papaya, citrus, mangoes, pumpkin and bananas but excludes starchy crops such as breadfruit, plantain bananas, cassava and yam. The guide also emphasises dietary variety and priority for local over imported foods. The majority of the population in Vanuatu falls short of meeting these recommendations, with 62% of adults consuming insufficient NSFV [10]. Insufficient NSFV intakes are prevalent in many developing countries; an analysis of over 196,000 adults in 52 mostly low and middle income countries reported that 78% of adults did not consume the recommended 400 g of NSFV per day [16]. In ten of these countries the urban population was significantly less likely to meet the NSFV recommendations than their rural counterparts, with the converse only observed in one of the 52 countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our study has shown that Acein regulates dopamine secretion and has good antiaging activity by decreasing clec-126 expression. signaling is associated with cognitive performance and physical function during aging [1]. As a neurotransmitter, dopamine is widely present in animals, plants and microorganisms, and it can regulate a variety of physiological functions including learning and memory, motor behavior and reward decision-making behavior of the body [2]. Studies have shown that dopamine plays an important role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) [3]. Since the motor symptoms of PD are caused by the death of dopamine-releasing nerve cells from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), patients with PD cannot secrete dopamine. On the other hand, the reduction or disappearance of the substantia nigra in the brain affects the transport of dopamine in the striatum, which regulates brain movements [4], and accelerates the aging process in elderly individuals. Increasing dopamine secretion either through transgenic or pharmacological strategies can slow aging and age-related diseases [5–7], and is also able to increase the learning ability and task performance in some older adults to younger adult levels [8, 9]. Dopamine content is generally age-dependent [10], and the older is the age, the faster is the clearance of dopamine [11]. This age-related decline in the dopamine system is prevalent in various animal models such as Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), mice, rats, and monkeys, indicating that degeneration of the dopamine system function may have a conservative molecular mechanism [12]. However, very few studies have identified dopamine contents as a key to regulating aging, and investigating the relationship and the mechanism between dopamine and aging is interesting. Acein, a nonapeptide of sequence H-Pro-Pro-Thr-Thr-Thr-Lys-Phe-Ala-Ala-OH stimulates dopamine release in the brain [13] by binding with high affinity to the striatal bound-membrane angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of rodents [13, 14]. Further structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the C-terminal pentapeptide of Acein H-Thr-Lys-Phe-Ala-Ala-OH is the smallest fragment exhibiting full biological activity [14, 15].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: T: terg S: sternum; e ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; ao: anal opening. Scale bar: 1 mm (a,b); 0. 2 mm (c,d). Full size imageType species: Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18: 275, by monotypy. Revised diagnosisSmall-sized lacewings (forewing length ~7. 70 mm). Head (Fig. 2) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter slightly shorter than distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna nearly half as long as forewing, densely hairy, with most flagellomeres bipectinate except for distal 10–12 unbranched flagellomeres. Mouthparts composed of a short, medially slightly concaved labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with long blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), which is ~3/4 as long as maxillary palp, with truncate tip; labium with paired, elongated, distally pointed ligula, which is ~3/4 as long as labial palp. Pronotum nearly as long as wide. Legs slender, tibial spur absent. Wings broad, moderately veined, immaculate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The present study also considered the NSFV requirements of all household occupants; thereby capturing children for whom poor diets can have lifelong detrimental effects on growth and development [33]. Despite the different methodologies and results, both studies report largely inadequate NSFV intakes in Vanuatu when compared against the minimum recommendations for these foods. To the best of our knowledge, NSFV cost and affordability has not been assessed in a comparable manner elsewhere in countries. The findings of this paper are consistent with international evidence which reports that insufficient NSFV intakes are common in low and middle-income countries, particularly amongst the poorest [16,34-36]. In order to purchase the recommended amount of NSFV for all household members, the poorest households in would need to spend almost 20% of their total budget and more than 40% of their food budget on NSFV. This would leave little capacity to purchase other essential foods, as well as necessities such as fuel, electricity, school fees, transport and medical costs. Overall, global food prices are becoming more expensive and increasingly volatile [37]. The poor are most affected by this situation, especially those in developing countries who may spend up to 75% of their income on food [37]. Countries reliant on food imports, which includes the majority of Pacific Islands, are particularly vulnerable to international food price increases and volatility [25]. High food costs can be a barrier for low-income households in making healthy food purchases [26,38,39] and can drive low-income farming households to sell their produce for a profit and purchase cheaper and less nutritious foods instead [39]. Low-income households tend to consume nutrient poor and energy dense diets, which are inconsistent with dietary guidelines and associated with increased risk of obesity, NCDs and malnutrition [26,38,39]. Households with lower expenditure on fruits and vegetables are also at greater risk of under-5 child mortality [40]. A reduction in population dietary energy density, which may be achieved through increased consumption of energy dilute fruits and vegetables, is a recognised public health strategy for obesity prevention and improving macronutrient intakes [14]. This may increase diet costs as an inverse relationship between a food’s energy density and its energy cost, i. e. cost per kilojoule, has been observed in various contexts including the and France [41], urban [42] and remote communities [43].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In this study we investigated the effect of Acein on lifespan, using the classic C. elegans aging organism model, in addition we identified the gene related to aging process and its relation with dopamine release. regulates aging by promoting dopamine release The effect of Acein on C. elegans longevity was investigated at different concentration. Acein showed the best antiaging activity at a 10 nM concentration, extending the mean lifespan by 25. 66% and the median lifespan by 20. 00% (Figure 1A, 1B). Forty-eight hours after administration of 10 nM Acein, dopamine secretion in C. elegans was increased by a factor of approximately 2 (Figure 1C). In contrast, 10 nM Acein did not affect the growth and development of L1-stage larvae and adults of C. elegans (Figure 1E, 1F). However, 10 nM Acein significantly increased the number of broods and improved the reproductive ability of C. elegans (Figure 1G). Acein was also able to improve the fitness of C. elegans, including body flexion, head swing and pharyngeal pumping frequency (Figure 1H–1J). Figure 1. Acein regulates aging by influencing dopamine level. (A) Survival curve of 10 nM, 100 nM and 1000 nM Acein groups. (B) Survival curve of 5 nM, 10 nM and 20 nM Acein groups. (C) Dopamine content in C. elegans after 48 h of 10 nM Acein treatment. (D) Change of dopamine level in C. elegans with age after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (E) C. elegans body length after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (F) C. elegans body width after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (G) C. elegans progeny number after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (H) Body bending detection of C. elegans after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (I) Head swing detection of C. elegans after treatment with 10 nM Acein. (J) Pharyngeal pumping detection of C. elegans. Compared with the vehicle group. nsp > 0. 05, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Forewing ovoid, distinctly broadened distad; trichosores present along distal half of wing margin; nygma absent; costal space rather broad except for narrow base, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with most costal crossveins distally forked except for some simple ones near wing base, interlink veinlet absent; subcostal space ~1/5 as wide as costal space at middle; distal parts of Sc and R distinctly curved posteriad but not fused with each other; a single Rs +MA diverging from R; Rs with five main branches, each of which bears secondary forking and end-twigging; MA bifurcated at middle; MP initially branched near wing base, anterior branch bifurcated nearly at distal 1/3, posterior branch dichotomously branched from midlength; CuA simple or only with end-twigging, CuP trifurcated from midlength; A1 deeply bifurcated; A2 trifurcated; A3 simple; only one gradate series of crossveins proximad outer gradate series. Hindwing slightly narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; venation primarily similar to that of forewing; base of MA oblique and slightly sinuate; CuP simple; A1 and A2 present, but short and simple. RemarksCretanallachius was originally described as the first record of the family Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) in the Mesozoic by Huang et al. 18. Their arguments of its dilarid affinity are the configuration of the similarly shaped fore- and hindwings, the forelegs not raptorial, the prothorax not markedly elongated, the pectinate male antennae, the absence of ocelli and the veins Sc and R not fused distally. In fact, Dilaridae are characterized by the unipectinate male antennae, the presence of three ocelli-like tubercles on head, the presence of nygmata, the forewing Sc terminating anteriad to wing apex but not curved posteriad and the elongation of ovipositor19.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: document_layout_June 1. pdf. Accessed 13 October 2012. Englberger L. Let’s go local: guidelines promoting foods. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011. Accessed 25 Aug 2013. Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally. Obes Rev. 2013;14 Suppl 1:82–95. 2010. Statistics Office. 2012. Accessed 8 Dec 2013. Statistics Office. Statistics update: consumer price index. Statistics Office. 2012. Accessed 18 Nov 2012. Children’s Fund Pacific. Sentinel monitoring: monitoring resilience in Vanuatu. Children’s Fund. 2011. Accessed 4 Mar 2013. Department of for Standard Reference, Release 25. Department of Agriculture, Service, Beltsville. 2012. Accessed 20 Sept 2012. XE: XE Currency Table: VUV- Ni-Vanuatu Vatu. (2014). Accessed 18 Jan 2015. Haughton J, Khandker SR. Handbook on poverty and inequality. World Bank. 2009. Accessed 20 Jan 2013. Children’s Fund. Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress. Children’s Fund. 2013. Accessed 8 Dec 2013. Patterns and Determinants of Fruit and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Organization. 2005. Accessed 14 Feb 14. . Fruit and vegetable consumption and its recommended intake associated with sociodemographic factors: Thailand national health examination survey III. Nutr. 2009;12:2192–8. 60. 2012. Accessed 5 Mar 2013. Lo Y-T, Chang Y-H, Lee M-S, Wahlqvist ML. Health and nutrition economics : diet costs are associated with diet quality. J Clin Nutr. 2009;18:598–604. PubMed 54. 9. CAS PubMed 62. 13. 51. PubMed 401. 861. 2012. Accessed 18 Jan 2015. . Family income, food prices, and household purchases of fruits and vegetables in Brazil. Publica. 2010;44:1–6. 2011. Accessed 16 Apr 2014. . Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: challenges and opportunities. Community Med. 2013;38:192–7. 63. 73. PubMed 30. 51. 2015. . Household consumption and expenditures surveys (HCES): A primer for food and nutrition analysts in low- and middle-income countries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: 01, ***p < 0. 001. Transcriptome sequencing revealed clec-126, a key gene for aging regulation in C. elegans by sequencing of C. elegans tissue samples showed that 98 genes were up-regulated and 26 genes were down-regulated in the 10 nM Acein-treated group (Figure 2A). Further screening was then performed based on HR fold difference and significance level P values (FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0. 5 (absolute logFC ≥ 1), P value ≤ 0. 05) and good reproducibility between parallel groups. A total of 13 up-regulated genes and 6 down-regulated genes were identified (Figure 2B). qPCR verification showed that Acein could significantly upregulate T02D1. 7 and nspf-3 and downregulate the expression of col-41, clec-126 and Y34F4. 3. The most significant effect was observed for T02D1. 7 on the upside and for clec-126 on the downside (Figure 2C, 2D). Genetic information screening methods indicated that T02D1. 7 corresponded to an uncharacterized protein, while the C-type lectin domain protein encoded by clec-126 has carbohydrate binding activity (1, 2). Figure 2. Transcriptome sequencing revealed clec-126, a key gene for the anti-aging activity exerted by Acein. (A) Differential gene scatter diagram, a total of 98 genes were up-regulated (red) and 26 genes were down-regulated (green). (B) Selected differential gene heat map, the screening criteria were FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0. 5, P value ≤ 0. 05, and the reproducibility of the parallel group was good. (C) qPCR validation results of 13 up-regulated genes. (D) qPCR validation results of 6 down-regulated genes. Compared with the vehicle group, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001. Silencing clec-126 can increase dopamine-induced Acein and prolong the lifespan of elderly C. elegans Low clec-126 expression in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans was verified by qPCR (Figure 3A). Lifespan assays showed that the lifespan of clec-126-RNAi C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Cretanallachius and other dilarids only share the pectinate male antennae and the other arguments for placing Cretanallachius into Dilaridae are unjustified because they are apparently plesiomorphic or homoplasious among lacewing families. However, it is notable that the male antennae of Cretanallachius are bipectinate, while in other dilarids the male antennae are unipectinate. This great difference might represent a convergent evolution of the male antennae. More importantly, the male genitalia of Cretanallachius, which was erroneously interpreted by Huang et al. 18, fundamentally differs from that in Dilaridae. the male ectoprocts are a pair of sclerites with a rosette of trichobothria (Nallachinae) or specialized as an internal supraanale (Dilarinae) and the male gonocoxites 9 together with gonocoxites 10 and 11 form an internal complex17. The external valvate sclerite of Cretanallachius was misinterpreted as the ectoproct18 but probably represents the male gonocoxite 9 because it lacks the rosette of trichobothria and also because a true ectoproct (an unpaired dorsal sclerite) is found in our material. Conversely, the broad forewing with posteriorly curved Sc and the haustellate mouthparts suggest the psychopsoid affinity of Cretanallachius. Herein, we transfer Cretanallachius from Dilaridae to Psychopsoidea, but its familial placement is still uncertain (see the result of phylogenetic analysis). Cretanallachius magnificus Huanget al. 18 (Figure 2)Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18: 275. Diagnosis. Same as for the genus. Additional descriptionBody length 4. 05–5. 02 mm; forewing length 6. 47–7. 70 mm, hindwing length 5. 98–7. 70 mm. Head length 0. 34–0. 50 mm, maximum width between outer margins of compound eyes 0. 6–0. 9 mm. Antenna with preserved part 3. 90 mm long. Discernible parts of mouthparts: Labrum 1. 80 mm long and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The more that households prioritise healthy eating, the better they can afford to consume a sufficient quantity and variety of fruits and vegetables Published online by Press: 15 December 2020 andShow author details Hayden Stewart* Affiliation: 805 64105, : 805 64105, : 805 64105, : 805 64105, USA * *Corresponding author: Email hayden. stewart@usda. gov 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract Objective:To examine the variety of fruits and vegetables lower income households in the USA can buy while meeting Federal dietary recommendations at different levels of expenditure. Design:Simulation techniques were used to create 3000 market baskets of fruits and vegetables. All baskets contained enough food for a four-person household to meet dietary recommendations for fruits and vegetables over 1 week. Each basket’s retail value was estimated along with the ability of a representative household to afford each basket with different levels of expenditure. Setting:We used data from the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Fruit and data product which reports a US household’s costs to buy each of 157 different fruit and vegetable products per edible cup equivalent. Participants:We consider the situation facing a lower income household that receives maximum benefits through the (SNAP). These benefits are enough for the household to obtain a nutritious and palatable diet without spending any of its own money on food if it approximately follows USDA’s Plan. Results:Households receiving maximum SNAP benefits can buy a sufficient variety and quantity of fruits and vegetables if they allocate about 40 % of those benefits to these two food groups. However, if households spend less than that amount, the variety of products they can buy while still satisfying recommendations drops off quickly. Conclusion:Households that move fruits and vegetables to the centre of their budgets can better afford to meet Federal dietary guidelines. Food budgetingMyPlateNutrition educationpaper Issue 7 May 2021 10. 1017/S1368980020004929 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Press on behalf of and vegetable underconsumption is a problem in many countries including and the USA(Reference Wang, Leung and Li1–Reference Hall, Moore and Harper3). Several possible reasons exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans was significantly higher, with a maximum increase of 31. 19% in mean lifespan and 41. 18% in median lifespan (Figure 3B). Subsequently, we investigated whether silencing clec-126 in C. elegans affected dopamine secretion levels. The results showed that silencing clec-126-RNAi could delay the decrease in dopamine content and increase dopamine levels in elderly C. elegans particularly at day 4 (Figure 3C, 3D). Because dopamine may affect the exercise capacity of C. elegans, the frequency of body bending, head swing and pharyngeal pumping was examined. The results showed that clec-126-RNAi did not affect the frequency of body bending, head swing or pharyngeal pumping in C. elegans (Figure 3E–3G). Stress capacity can reflect the body’s resistance to external stress, [16, 17] which is closely related to a healthy lifespan. The results showed that clec-126-RNAi could not significantly affect the survival of C. elegans under heat stress (Figure 3H). With age increasing, the motility of the body gradually decreased, which greatly affected the healthy lifespan and reduced the quality of life of the elderly population, so the head swing and pharyngeal pumping of clec-126-RNAi C. elegans at different ages were measured. The results showed that clec-126-RNAi could significantly slow the decline in head swing ability and pharyngeal pump ability of C. elegans (Figure 3I, 3J). Figure 3. Aging-associated phenotypic assay results in C. elegans with clec-126-RNAi. (A) qPCR validation results of clec-126-RNAi C. elegans. (B) Lifespan experiments for clec-126-RNAi C. elegans. (C) Dopamine changes in C. elegans at 48 h. (D) Changes in dopamine levels in C. elegans with age. (E) Head swing in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans. (F) Body bending in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans. (G) Detection results of pharyngeal pumping in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 045 mm wide; prolonged lobe of maxilla 0. 36 mm long and 0. 014 mm wide; maxillary palp 0. 76 mm long and 0. 027 mm wide; ligula 0. 52 mm long and 0. 010 mm wide; labial palp 0. 70 mm long and 0. 045 mm wide. Prothorax 0. 21 long and 0. 52 mm wide; meso- and metathorax 0. 66 mm long and 1. 02 mm wide. Foreleg 3. 82 mm long; midleg 3. 96 mm long, hindleg 4. 29 mm long. Abdomen 3. 80 mm long. Mouthparts haustellate; labrum short, medially slightly concaved; mandibles absent; maxilla with slenderly elongate, glabrous, blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), maxillary palp 5-segmented, much longer than galea, palpomere 5 slightly longer than each of other palpomeres; labium with a pair of elongate, thin, glabrous and distally pointed ligula, labial palp 3-segmented, much longer than ligula, palpomere 2 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres. Male genitalia covered with long setae; an unpaired, flat, broad sclerite (putative ectoproct) present dorsally, it is concaved medially and distally associated with trumpet-shaped opening of anus on ventral side; sternum 9 strongly projecting medially into a horn-like process; a pair of large valvate sclerites (putative gonocoxites 9) present laterally, narrowed distad with two or three small inner teeth; an internal structure present, composed of a broad membranous, rugous sac and a pair of slenderly elongate and spinous lobes (putative gonocoxites 10). Materials examined-0001: amber piece preserving a complete adult male of C. magnificus, a jumping bristletail, a bark louse and a true bug; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 26. 3 × 18. 0 mm, height about 7. 3 mm. -0002: amber piece preserving an adult male of C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: For example, in one study of lower income households with children, a parent explained that, ‘If we don’t have the money…then a lot of the fresh fruit is cut out…’ (Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9). In this study, using the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Fruit and data product(16), we investigate the mix of fruits and vegetables that a representative American household can afford at prevailing prices with different shares of its food budget. The household is assumed to participate in the (SNAP). It is also assumed to receive maximum SNAP benefits which are sufficient for the household to follow USDA’s Plan (TFP) without spending any of its own money on food. The TFP demonstrates how households can obtain a nutritious and palatable diet on a minimal budget(Reference Carlson, Lino and Juan17). Of course, households are not required to follow the TFP; rather they may allocate their money and/or SNAP benefits across different types of at-home foods as they see fit. Previous studies confirm that households following the TFP can satisfy dietary recommendations for fruits and vegetables(Reference Stewart, Hyman and Carlson18,Reference Stewart, Hyman and Frazao19). On the one hand, these two food groups represent about 40 % of a household’s overall costs to follow the TFP which may seem reasonable since fruits and vegetables should account for half of everyone’s plate(Reference Carlson, Lino and Juan17,20). On the other hand, American households allocate only 26 % of their food budgets to fruits and vegetables, on average(and Frazao21). We hypothesise that, if a household receiving maximum SNAP benefits budgets enough money for these two food groups, then it can afford to meet Federal dietary recommendations for them. However, if the same household allocates a substantially smaller share of its food dollars to fruits and vegetables than the TFP does, possibly because it perceives these foods as being ‘too expensive’, then the household will only be able to afford a very limited mix of fruits and vegetables. It may struggle to meet the same guidelines while also satisfying the tastes and p0. 40 per cup equivalent. All other products cost between $0. 40 and $0. 80 per cup equivalent. The household’s total food budget equals the value of its SNAP benefits ($147. 76/week).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: (H) Survival curve on Day 8 in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans group in a thermostressed environment at 35°C. (I) Head swing frequency in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans of different age groups. (J) Pharyngeal pumping frequency in clec-126-RNAi C. elegans of different age groups. Compared with the vehicle group, nsp > 0. 05, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001. Overexpression of clec-126 in C. elegans reduces dopamine in the elderly and shortens their lifespan Successful overexpression of clec-126 in C. elegans was verified by qPCR technology (Figure 4A). The results showed that overexpression of clec-126 significantly shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, with a maximum mean reduction of 23. 96% and a median reduction of 33. 33% (Figure 4B). With age, the dopamine content of C. elegans gradually decreased. Clec-126 overexpression did not affect dopamine levels (p > 0. 05) (Figure 4C) but accelerated its breakdown in aged C. elegans and significantly reduced its content in middle-aged C. elegans (p < 0. 05) (Figure 4D), thereby accelerating aging. Motor behavior results showed that overexpression of clec-126 in C. elegans had no significant effect on the head swing, body flexion and pharyngeal pumping frequency, suggesting that overexpression of clec-126 did not affect the exercise capacity of C. elegans (Figure 4E–4G). However, overexpression of clec-126 in aged C. elegans significantly accelerated the decline in head swing and pharyngeal pumping ability (Figure 4I, 4J). On the other hand, overexpression of clec-126 had no significant effect on the survival time under heat stress but shortened the overall survival time of C. elegans at 35°C (Figure 4H). Figure 4. Aging-associated phenotypic assay results in C. elegans overexpressing clec-126. (A) qPCR validation results of C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: magnificus (wings partly not preserved); it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length × width about 11. 8 × 9. 5 mm, height about 5. 1 mm. -0003: amber piece preserving a complete adult male of C. magnificus and a beetle; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 26. 4 × 20. 0 mm, height about 6. 1 mm. gen. nov. (Figures 3 and 4)Figure 3Burmopsychops limoae gen. et sp. nov. (a) habitus photo, dorsal; (b) forewing venation; (c) hindwing venation; (d) photo of head, dorsal; (e) photo of hindleg tarsus; (f) photo of proximal part of forewing; (g) photo of proximal part of hindwing; (h) photo of female genital segments, ventral; (i) drawing of female genital segments, ventral. T: tergum; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gs: gonostylus. Scale bar: 2 mm (a); 1 mm (b,c); 0. 5 mm (d,f,g); 0. 05 mm (e); 0. 2 mm (h,i). Full size imageFigure 4Mouthparts of Burmese long-proboscid lacewings with homology assessment of elongated elements. (a) Fiaponeura penghiani gen. et sp. nov. ; (b) Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. ; (c) Burmopsychops limoae gen. et sp. nov. ; (d) reconstruction of mouthparts of F. penghiani gen. et sp. nov. ; (e) reconstruction of mouthparts of C. magnificus. la: labrum; ga: galea; mxp: maxillary palp; lg: ligula; lbp: labial palp. Color of arrows corresponds to color of reconstructed mouthparts. Scale bar: 0. 5 mm (a,c); 0. 2 mm (b,d,e).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Example of how a four-person family spending 25 % of the Plan (TFP) budget on fruits and vegetables can satisfy Federal dietary recommendations for both food groups over 1 week Family of four includes a male and a female aged 31–45 years, one child aged 10 years and one child aged 8 years. 2016, the household’s weekly food budget and costs to follow the TFP are assumed to have been $147. 76 of which about 25 % was earmarked for fruits and vegetables. Costs of products are from the US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and data product. Prices are 2016 average retail prices. Table 3 Example of how a four-person family spending 30 % of the Plan (TFP) budget on fruits and vegetables can satisfy Federal dietary recommendations for both food groups over 1 week Family of four includes a male and a female aged 31–45 years, one child aged 10 years and one child aged 8 years. 2016, the household’s weekly food budget and costs to follow the TFP are assumed to have been $147. 76 of which about 30 % was earmarked for fruits and vegetables. Highlighted items have been added to the basket above what was included in Table 2. Costs of products are from the US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and data product. Prices are 2016 average retail prices. Table 4 Example of how a four-person family spending 35 % of the Plan (TFP) budget on fruits and vegetables can satisfy Federal dietary recommendations for both food groups over 1 week Family of four includes a male and a female aged 31–45 years, one child aged 10 years and one child aged 8 years. 2016, the household’s weekly food budget and costs to follow the TFP are assumed to have been $147. 76 of which about 35 % was earmarked for fruits and vegetables. Highlighted items have been added to the basket above what was included in Table 3. Costs of products are from the US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and data product. Prices are 2016 average retail prices. Table 5 Example of how a four-person family spending 40 % of the Plan budget on fruits and vegetables can satisfy Federal dietary recommendations for both food groups over 1 week Family of four includes a male and a female aged 31–45 years, one child aged 10 years and one child aged 8 years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We showed that Acein was able to improve the body length and width, number of broods, body flexion frequency, head swing and pharyngeal pumping of C. elegans, with a clear positive effect on aging and lifespan. Along with the study of antiaging activity, we examined the relationships with clec-126, a key gene regulating aging in C. elegans, identified by transcriptome sequencing. The clec-126 gene encodes the C-type lectin domain protein [25] which as a negatively regulated gene, might be linked to body immunity [26]. To date and to our knowledge, no study has reported its role in aging. Our results suggest that clec-126 expression gradually increases during aging in C. elegans in correlation with a decrease in dopamine content, thereby accelerating aging. In contrast, low clec-126 expression correlates with increased dopamine content in C. elegans, thereby delaying aging. This suggests that clec-126 overexpression may be an aging-related factor rather than a longevity-related factor. We showed that clec-126 regulation did not affect dopamine changes in young C. elegans (Figures 3D, 4D), likely due to their well-established function of the dopaminergic system [27] in which neurons connecting the striatum can release dopamine normally [28], and probably plays a role in regulating various physiological functions of the central nervous system [29]. In aged C. elegans, Acein was able to increase dopamine levels and induce downregulation of clec-126, having a positive effect on aging and lifespan. Aging induced by high expression of clec-126 in C. elegans is slowed down by treatment with Acein. Our results suggest that dopamine concentration is responsible for regulating clec-126 expression. In humans, the lectin encoded by the orthologous gene clec is able to bind to glycans, which are receptors of virus-infected host cells, mediate microbial infections and negatively regulate immune function [30]. Clec-126 as a “negative gene” affected the healthy lifespan of C. elegans and therefore might be involved in the immune response of C. elegans. We also demonstrated for the first time that col-41 was a downstream gene of clec-126 and that Acein promoted col-41 expression after downregulating clec-126.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageType species: Burmopsychops limoae sp. nov. DiagnosisSmall-sized lacewings (forewing length ~7. 7 mm). Head (Figs 3 and 4) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter slightly shorter than distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna moniliform, nearly half length of forewing, densely hairy. Mouthparts composed of a short, medially slightly concaved labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with long blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), which is ~3/4 as long as maxillary palp with truncate tip; labium with paired, elongated, distally pointed ligula, which is ~3/4 as long as labial palp. Pronotum nearly as long as wide. Legs slender, tibial spur absent. Wings broad, moderately veined, immaculate. Forewing ovoid, distinctly broadened distad; trichosores present along distal half of wing margin; nygma absent; costal space rather broad except for narrow base, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with many costal crossveins distally forked except for some simple ones on proximal half; subcostal space ~1/5 as wide as costal space at middle; distal parts of Sc and R distinctly curved posteriad but not fused with each other; Rs with seven main branches, each of which bears secondary forking and end-twigging, except anterior two branches only with end-twigging; MA diverging from R and bifurcated distad; MP initially branched near wing base, anterior branch bifurcated nearly at distal 1/4, posterior branch dichotomously branched from midlength; CuA trifurcated distad, CuP pectinately branched from midlength; A1 distally bifurcated; A2 and A3 deeply bifurcated near wing base; J short and simple; a number of crossveins present proximad outer gradate series.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: 2016, the household’s weekly food budget is assumed to have been $147. 76 of which about 40 % was earmarked for fruits and vegetables. Highlighted items have been added to the basket above what was included in Table 4. Costs of products are from the US Department of Agriculture’s Fruit and data product. Prices are 2016 average retail prices. While variety in fruit and vegetable consumption is important, our simulations reveal that lower income households cannot likely meet recommendations for these two food groups with only a quarter of their food budgets. If our four-person household receiving maximum SNAP benefits allocated $36·94 to fruits and vegetables (25 % of its overall costs for following the June 2016 TFP), it could not afford any of the 3000 baskets generated for this study. The household could technically satisfy Federal guidelines by relying exclusively on the 8 cheapest fruit and 16 cheapest vegetables as shown in Table 2. However, it may not have enough variety to cook meals featuring the different types of meats and other foods the household would also like to eat. Whole carrots and Romaine lettuce would be the only affordable orange/red and dark green vegetables, respectively. Week-to-week variety in vegetable consumption would be driven largely by selecting among the eight types of dried legumes available for less than $0·40 per cup equivalent, while variety in fruit consumption would be similarly driven by selecting among the five types of frozen concentrated juice available also available in this price range. Encouraging the household to increase its fruit and vegetable budget share to 30 % would create room for some genuine variety in consumption. With $44·33 (30 % of its costs for following the June 2016 TFP), our four-person household receiving maximum SNAP benefits can purchase 87·4 % of the 1000 very low-priced baskets created in this study. About 90 % of the items in those baskets came from the first price interval in Figs 1 and 2. The baskets contained 49 different products, on average, and had a mean retail value of $43·27. The variety of fruits and vegetables our household can afford with 30 % of its budget is still very limited. Shown in Table 3 is an example of what it could buy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, we have shown that Acein increases brood number and the fitness, ameliorates age-related functional decline and delays the aging process of C. elegans by regulating clec-126 (Figure 6) to achieve the goal of prolonging healthy life. We have identified that Acein, most likely via its ability to stimulate dopamine secretion, can regulate the expression of clec-126. However, further studies are needed to determine the antiaging mechanism of Acein and whether clec-126 can serve as a target for age-related pathologies in organisms. Figure 6. Mechanistic diagram of the antiaging effect of Acein in the clec-126 overexpressing C. elegans model. Acein inhibits the expression of clec-126 to increase dopamine secretion to prolong C. elegans lifespan, increase C. elegans brood number and motility, reduce motility decline, and delay C. elegans senescence. In addition, col-41 was first found to be downstream of clec-126, and clec-126 promotes col-41 expression. Materials and and characterization of was synthesized by the Fmoc protection strategy in SPPS with Wang resin. Fmoc-Pro-OH, Fmoc-Thr(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH and Fmoc-Ala-OH were used (2. 2 eq) and couplings were performed using HBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) (2. 2 eq) as coupling reagent in the presence of NMM (N-methylmorpholine) (4. 4 eq) in a mixture of DMF-DCM (1:1) for 2 h. Each coupling was repeated twice. After coupling, the solvents were removed, and the resin was washed with DMF (3 times), methanol (2 times) and then DCM (2 times) for about 30 s each washing. Removal of the Fmoc protecting group was performed with a mixture of piperidine in DMF (20/80) for 10 min.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing slightly narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; venation primarily similar to that of forewing; single Rs + MA separating from R near wing base; CuP probably deeply dichotomously branched; CuA pectinately branched; CuP simple; A1 and A2 present, but simple. EtymologyThe generic epithet is a combination of Burma (Myanmar) and psychops (a common ending of Psychopsoidea). Gender masculine. RemarksThe new genus resembles Cretanallachius by having similar mouthpart features and wing venation, but can be separated from the latter genus based on the forewing MA separating from R, the distally bifurcated forewing CuA and the absence of hindwing MA base. the forewing MA is diverged from Rs, the forewing CuA is simple and a sinuate hindwing MA base is present. It is notable that the antenna of Burmopsychops gen. nov. is not bipectinate as that in Cretanallachius. However, the antenna of Cretanallachius might be sexually dimorphic although the female of this genus is still unknown, while Burmopsychops gen. nov. is only known from the female. Therefore, we cannot use this antennal feature to distinguish these two genera at present. Burmopsychops limoae sp. nov. (Figures 3 and 4)Diagnosis. Same as for the genus. DescriptionBody length 7. 33 mm; forewing length 11. 36 mm, hindwing length 10. 20 mm. Head length 0. 29 mm, maximum width between outer margins of compound eyes 0. 88 mm. Antenna with preserved part 4. 92 mm long. Discernible parts of mouthparts: Labrum 0. 26 mm long and 0. 070 mm wide; prolonged lobe of maxilla 0. 94 mm long and 0. 066 mm wide; maxillary palp 1. 26 mm long and 0. 017 mm wide; ligula 0. 74 mm long and 0. 0064 mm wide; labial palp 1. 13 mm long and 0. 039 mm wide. Prothorax 0. 47 long and 0. 45 mm wide; meso- and metathorax 1. 16 mm long and 0. 94 mm wide. Foreleg 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: In order to create this basket, we started with the basket in Table 2 and raised the overall level of variety by substituting more expensive products for less expensive ones (items added to the basket in Table 3 above what was included in Table 2 are printed in bold). Among other changes, we substituted some frozen broccoli for some Romaine lettuce. We also added some canned tomatoes and sweet potatoes in exchange for fewer whole carrots. Canned beans were further added in place of some dry lentils. However, the household continues to rely predominately on products costing less than $0·40 per cup equivalent. This may be problematic from the standpoint of taste satisfaction and meal preparation because many items, such as frozen green peas ($0·66 per cup equivalent), frozen broccoli ($0·71), red bell pepper ($0·75) and fresh kale ($0·79), are popular vegetables, commonly used in meal preparation, and lend variety to the diet. Our representative household receiving maximum SNAP benefits must allocate at least 35 % of its food budget to fruits and vegetables in order to enjoy a somewhat wide variety of these foods. With $51·72 (about 35 % of the household’s overall costs for following the June 2016 TFP), our family of four could purchase 83·5 % of the 1000 low-priced baskets generated in this study. About 70 % of all items in these baskets are drawn from the first price interval in Figs 1 and 2. Their average retail value was $50·56 and they contain 72 different products, on average. Table 4 shows what one of these baskets could look like. In order to create this basket, we started with the basket in Table 3 and further increased variety in fruit consumption by adding grapes and canned fruit cocktail. We also increased variety in vegetable consumption by adding some fresh onions and Roma tomatoes. Finally, if our household allocates 40 % of its budget to fruits and vegetables as the TFP does, it can afford an equal share of items selling for less than $0·40 per cup equivalent (first price interval in Figs 1 and 2) and items selling from $0·40 to $0·80 per cup equivalent. Simulation results show that our 1000 moderately priced baskets had an average retail value of $57·29 and contained 83 different products, on average.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Folgueras, email: Keywords: progeria, accelerated aging, GDF11, longevity, Gerotarget Received: May 25, 2016 Accepted: July 22, 2016 Published: August 05, 2016 Abstract GDF11 has recently emerged as a powerful anti-aging candidate, found in young blood, capable of rejuvenating a number of aged tissues, such as heart, skeletal muscle and brain. However, recent reports have shown contradictory data questioning its capacity to reverse age-related tissue dysfunction. The availability of a mouse model of accelerated aging, which shares most of the features occurring in physiological aging, gives us an excellent opportunity to test in vivo therapies aimed at extending lifespan both in pathological and normal aging. On this basis, we wondered whether the proposed anti-aging functions of GDF11 would have an overall effect on longevity. We first confirmed the existence of a reduction in GDF11/8 levels in our mouse model of accelerated aging compared with wild-type littermates. However, we show herein that GDF11 daily administration does not extend lifespan of premature-aged mice. existence of “rejuvenating” factors in young blood capable of improving the function of aging stem cells was first demonstrated in 2005 by the group of [1]. A decade after this seminal contribution, the new wave of studies has been on the search for those circulating regulatory molecules that can restore the regenerative function of old stem cells and reverse aging [2-4]. Among several cell-extrinsic factors and metabolites identified to date, GDF11 has been found to be one of the most powerful anti-aging candidates. Thus, it has been shown that GDF11 levels in blood decline with age, and that its supplementation to reach young physiological range in old mice improved the features and function of a number of age-deteriorated tissues, including heart, skeletal muscle and brain [5-8]. Many of the symptoms associated with normal aging have also been reported in human accelerated aging syndromes, such as Hutchison-Guilford progeria, a devastating disease caused by alterations in the nuclear envelop architecture [9-11]. Those include skin wrinkling, hair loss, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and a premature cardiovascular disease, which is responsible for the death of the patients in the childhood due to myocardial infarction or stroke [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 43 mm long; midleg 4. 30 mm long, hindleg 3. 70 mm long. Abdomen 5. 62 mm long. Head short, feebly domed and setose dorsad. Mouthparts haustellate; labrum short, medially concaved into pair of rounded lobes; maxilla with slenderly elongate, blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea + lacinia), which bears short setae, maxillary palp 5-segmented, much longer than galea, palpomeres gradually lengthened; labium with a pair of elongate, thin, hairless ligula, labial palp 3-segmented, much longer than ligula, palpomere 2 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres, palpomere 3 distally with an ovoid sensory area. Legs slender, densely setose; single tibial spur present; coxa and trochanter short, femur slightly shorter than tibia; tarsus 5-segmented, with tarsomeres 1–5 gradually shortened; pretarsus with a pair of slender claws and a short arolium bearing paired spinous setae. Wings transparent, with long setae along margins and veins; Venation in addition to diagnosis of genus: Forewing: More than 20 costal crossveins; half of the longitudinal veins with end-twigging; Rs with seven main branches, 1st and 6th branches simple with end-twigging, 2nd through 5th branched in the midlength, with end-twigging; at least fourteen crossveins present between R and Rs; number of crossveins between Rs, MA, MP and their branches ranging from one to eleven; twelve cua-cup crossveins. Hindwing: 28 costal crossveins; distal longitudinal veins with end-twigging; thirteen sc-r crossveins; Rs with six branches, posterior two branches forked distally but remaining branches bifurcated near midlength; MA dichotomously branched near midlength, but base of MA absent; a gradate series of crossveins present among branches of Rs and MA; seven crossveins between MP and CuA. Abdomen slenderly elongate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Allocating more money to fruits and vegetables will also require households to spend less money elsewhere. Americans, on average, allocate a larger share of their food budgets to meats and other protein foods than the TFP does (31·6 % v. 21·9 %)(and Frazao21,Reference Carlson, Dong and Stewart30). The same is true for miscellaneous foods including fats, oils and sweets, such as salad dressings, gravies, sauces and soft drinks, among other things (17·2 % v. 6·9 %)(and Frazao21,Reference Carlson, Dong and Stewart30). On the one hand, it is possible that some households could free up additional money for fruits and vegetables by spending less money on both groups of foods. On the other hand, meats are particularly important to households, provide key nutrients, and pairing meats with vegetables is one way to improve vegetable consumption(Reference Wansink, Shimizu and Brumberg23). Nutritionists working with households to adjust their food budgets might therefore focus on encouraging them to curtail spending on miscellaneous foods rather than meats. Food assistance programmes can lower a household’s costs for acquiring fruits and vegetables which, in turn, can reduce their need to curtail spending on other foods. programmes, for one, lower a SNAP-participating household’s costs for buying locally grown fruits and vegetables at participating farmers markets, Agriculture locations and grocery stores. USDA also provides nutritious meals that include fruits and vegetables to children through its Lunch and Programs. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 % of the Federal poverty level are eligible for free meals. Those with incomes between 130 and 185 % of the Federal poverty level are eligible for reduced price meals. Limitations and generalisability of findings This study considers a four-person household with two adults and two children that receives maximum SNAP benefits, faces average retail prices and can prepare home-cooked meals rich in fruits and vegetables. Additional research is needed to understand how results would vary for other types of households. Below, we consider some factors that could exacerbate or alleviate the situation for a particular household. Federal dietary recommendations vary across individuals based on their energy requirements which, in turn, depend on age, level of physical activity and gender.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The generation of mouse models that phenocopy most of the features of this syndrome, such as mice deficient in the metalloproteinase Zmpste24, which is required for nuclear lamin A maturation, represents useful tools for studying not only the mechanisms underlying this disease, but also those common to normal aging process [12-14]. Our previous studies with a mosaic mouse model in which Zmpste24-deficient cells coexist with Zmpste24-proficient cells in similar proportion showed a complete correction of the progeroid phenotype [15]. These results demonstrated the relevance of cell-extrinsic mechanisms in the establishment of this pathology and suggested that a therapeutic approach based on the administration of key systemic factors may be an avenue to improve the progression of this disease. On this basis, and given the proposed anti-aging functions of GDF11, we analyze herein the in vivo effect of GDF11 administration on the lifespan of premature-aged mice. evaluate whether all attributed anti-aging properties of GDF11 may have an overall effect on longevity, we first determined whether GDF11 levels decline in our mouse model of premature aging in the same manner as it has been reported in physiological aging [6, 8]. We performed western-blot analyses with plasma samples obtained from the same wild-type and Zmpste24-/- mice at the age of 1. 5 months and 3 months, to monitor a possible decline over time, considering that average lifespan of these mutant mice is 4 months and that accelerated aging symptoms start to manifest around the age of 2 months. We used the same commercial antibody as the one previously reported in the original study by Loffredo et al. , where GDF11 was first identified as an anti-aging factor [6]. Importantly, recent findings demonstrated that this antibody also recognizes GDF8 (myostatin), a closely related member of the TGF-β superfamily that shares 89% identity in amino acid sequence in the mature active form, questioning those previous published data that showed a GDF11 decline with age [16]. However, to date, no alternative reliable assay capable of detecting endogenous GDF11 in mouse serum has been described [16, 17]. On the basis of these premises, we observed a marked decrease in GDF11/8 plasma levels in Zmpste24-/- mice compared with wild-type littermates at the age of 3 months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Female genitalia covered with long setae; a pair of flat, broad sclerites (putative fused tergum 9 and ectoprocts) present dorsally; a pair of prolonged sclerites (putative gonocoxites 9), which distally bear a pair of digitiform processes (putative gonostyli 9), present ventrally as ovipositor. Type materialHolotype: -001293: amber piece preserving a complete adult female of B. limoae, three cockroaches and a lacewing larva; it is polished in the form of a flattened trapezoidal cabochon, clear and transparent, with length × width about 34. 8 × 31. 4 mm, height about 4. 5 mm. EtymologyThe new species is dedicated to Mrs. Mo Li, who kindly donated the piece of amber that includes the new species. Phylogenetic analysisThe parsimony analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree (MPT) (length = 67, consistency index = 50, retention index = 65) as shown in Fig. 5. All genera of Psychopsoidea are assigned into a monophyletic group based on the distinctly posteriorly curved forewing Sc or Sc + R (char. 8:1), the presence of numerous forewing sc-r crossveins (char. 9:2) and the broadly subtriangular forewing (char. 17:1). The three long-proboscid genera from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar form a monophyletic group, which is supported by the absence of branched recurrent forewing humeral veinlet (char. 1:0), the forewing costal space not narrowed distad (char. 3:1) and the presence of long proboscis (char. 24:1) and it is the sister group of the clade comprising the remaining genera representing Aetheogrammatidae, Kalligrammatidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Psychopsidae. The sister group relationship between Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. is supported by the presence of two or more longitudinal veins (i. e. MA and Rs) separated from R (char. 10:1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: For example, according to the Healthy US-Pattern, individuals at the 2000-calorie level need 2·5 cup equivalents of vegetables and 6 ounce equivalents of grains per day, whereas individuals at the 3000-calorie level need 4 cup equivalents of vegetables and 10 ounce equivalents of grains per day(28). It follows that some modest variation exists in the relative amounts of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and other types of foods that households should consume, depending on their composition. This study focuses on a family with a mix of adults and children. In 2018, 40·9 % of all SNAP households included children, 25·9 % included an elderly individual and 20·7 % included a non-elderly person living with disabilities(31). To check how results might vary, we re-ran our simulation for an elderly couple without children that again receives maximum SNAP benefits (see online supplementary material, Additional file 2). Results show that this couple can afford a wide variety of fruits and vegetables for a somewhat smaller share of its food budget than our four-person household with children can. The couple can buy baskets with a roughly equal mix of products from the first and second price intervals in Figs 1 and 2 for no more than 35 % of its food budget. Households also spend different amounts of money on food in general. The household in our simulation receives maximum SNAP benefits which are just enough for it to follow the TFP. This is close to what the median SNAP-eligible household spends. In 2018, half of US households with an income-to-poverty ratio under 1·30, which is the income cut-off for SNAP eligibility, spent more than 104 % of their costs to follow the TFP(Reference Coleman-Jensen, Rabbit and Gregory32). These households can better afford to meet fruit and vegetable recommendations than the household in our simulation. The opposite is true for households spending less money on food than they would need to follow the TFP. These households would need to allocate an even higher share of their food budgets to fruits and vegetables to meet the guidelines. This includes some SNAP households receiving less than maximum benefits. In 2018, only 37 % of all SNAP participants received maximum benefits(31). A household’s SNAP benefits are reduced as its income increases because the household is expected to spend some of its own money on food. It also includes some SNAP-eligible households that do not participate in the programme.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, no significant differences were found when analyzing plasma samples that had been obtained from the same individuals 1. 5 months earlier, prior to the development of any aging phenotype (Figure 1A-1B). staining from the corresponding western-blot showed equivalent loading in all lanes. Altogether, these results indicate that the reduction in GDF11/8 blood levels observed in Zmpste24-/- versus wild-type mice occurs upon the manifestation of the progeroid phenotype. Figure 1: Progeroid Zmpste24-/- mice show reduced GDF11/8 plasma levels. Western-blot analysis of GDF11/8 plasma levels of young (1. 5-month-old) A. and aged (3-month-old) B. Zmpste24-/- and wild-type mice. Note that plasma samples were obtained from the same individuals at the two time points. 2 ng of rGDF11 were loaded as a positive control. stained membranes of the corresponding western-blots are shown to demonstrate equivalent loading (bottom). # indicates mouse number. We next evaluated whether GDF11 could be one of the circulating factors capable of slowing down the aging symptoms and extending the lifespan of Zmpste24-/- mice, considering its overall effect on a number of aged tissues and the above-mentioned observations (Figure 1B). To test this hypothesis, we did use the same commercial recombinant GDF11 protein (PreproTech) and at the same dosage (0. 1 mg/kg, daily) that had been reported to have an anti-aging effect [5-7]. By using this approach, we were able to detect by western-blot an increase in circulating GDF11/8 plasma levels in progeroid Zmpste24-/- mice 1 to 2 hours after rGDF11 injection (Figure S1), similar to what it had previously been described (see Loffredo et al. Figure S5). Even though the used antibody was able to recognize both GDF11 and GDF8, it was reasonable to speculate that the protein increase we observed in the blood of the same individual within a 1-2 hour temporal window corresponded to rGDF11. Moreover, alternative detection methods have also demonstrated that daily intraperitoneal injection of rGDF11 (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, all aforementioned character states are homoplasious and the nodal supports are very low for the relationships among the three Burmese long-proboscid genera. Within the clade comprising the remaining genera, Osmylopsychopidae (represented by Daopsychops, Nematopsychops and Osmylopsychops) and Psychopsidae (represented by Balmes and Litopsychopsis) are assigned to be sister group, supported by the proximally distinctly broadened forewing costal space (char. 2:2) and the presence of nygmata (char. 20:1), corroborating their close relationship proposed by Peng et al. 13. Two character states, i. e. the forewing costal space not narrowed distad (char. 3:1) and the specialized configuration of forewing Sc and R (char. 7:2), support the monophyly of Psychopsidae. These two characters states are among the proposed synapomorphies of the whole Psychopsidae13. The deeply profusely branched forewing MA (char. 11:1) is assigned as an autapomorphy of Osmylopsychopidae. and Kalligrammatidae, the genera of these two families form a monophyletic group supported by four character states, i. e. , the presence of interlinked veinlets between crossveins of whole forewing costal space (char. 5:2), the presence of more than 30 forewing sc-r crossveins (char. 9:3), the extremely dense crossvenation (char. 13:1) and the absence of forewing outer gradate series of crossveins (char. 16:0). However, the monophyly of Kalligrammatidae is not recovered due to the position of aetheogrammatid genus Aetheogramma assigned as the sister group of the kalligrammatid genus Oregramma. This result is consistent with the previous hypothesis that Aetheogrammatidae might be a specialized branch of Kalligrammatidae20. Figure 5A phylogeny of Psychopsoidea. Topology represents the most parsimonious tree yielded from NONA. Unambiguous morphological character state changes are shown on the tree. Bootstrapping/jackknife support values are shown at relevant nodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Current consumption estimates of FV in Tanzania are below recommended levels: fruit consumption for children between 6 and 23 months and 6 and 13 years is 24 g/d and 74 g/d, while vegetable consumption is 33 g/d and 88 g/d, respectively(Reference Alves8). For women of reproductive age, fruit consumption is 56 g/d and vegetable intake is 120 g/d according to Sarfo et al. (unpublished results). One feasible solution for making FV available and accessible year-round for consumption is the processing of FV. FV can be transformed into products with a longer shelf life, durable, nutritious, convenient and easily transportable for consumers to have easy accessibility(Reference Garratt, Power, Davey and Jongen9,Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10). Through processing – of FV – households can be buffered during food insecurity periods(Reference Keding, Schneider and Jordan7) and could contribute substantially to providing quality diets. For instance, consumers cited inconvenience and health-related risks in Tanzania for not consuming regularly fresh cassava leaves despite their nutritional benefits(11), thereby the need for processing. Also, processed FV contribute to increased FV consumption; in the USA, consumers of frozen FV increased their consumption for FV significantly when compared with non-consumers of frozen FV. Nutrient intakes were also higher(and Anderson12). Notwithstanding these positives, there are negative perceptions associated with processed foods as unhealthy. This, among others, is because the benefits of processed foods, especially the nutritious ones, have not been communicated clearly and consistently to consumers to overcome the negative messaging(Reference Keding, Schneider and Jordan7,Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13). Indeed, not all processed foods contribute to adverse health outcomes, including overweight and obesity(Reference Sarfo, Pawelzik and Keding14), and as such, a distinction on them should be unambiguous. Dwyer et al. (Reference Dwyer, Fulgoni and Clemens15) espoused that processed foods can provide critical micronutrients otherwise unavailable in diets. Moreover, some processed foods can provide valuable nutrients beyond those provided by fresh ones depending on the processing method involved, which could retain and even enhance many nutrients(Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10). Yet data or studies on processed foods – particularly FV – in their contribution to quality diets have been limited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: 1 mg/kg) increased circulating levels of GDF11 above endogenous plasma levels, which were below the detection limit of the assay [17]. Therefore, considering that our goal was to restore progeroid GDF11 plasma levels to a wild-type condition, we were confident that this dose was adequate to test our hypothesis. Thus, male and female Zmpste24-/- mice received a daily intraperitoneal injection of rGDF11 (0. 1 mg/kg) or vehicle, starting at the age of 2. 5 months, once the accelerated aging symptoms started to manifest. rGDF11 treatment did not increase survival of Zmpste24-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated animals (Figure 2A-2B). These results were in line with recent reports showing no effect of GDF11 on cardiac or skeletal muscle function, arguing against the “rejuvenating” potential of this protein [16-19]. Figure 2: rGDF11 therapy does not extend longevity of Zmpste24-/- mice. A. Kaplan-Meier survival plot of rGDF11-treated (n = 5) and vehicle-treated (n = 6) male Zmpste24-/- mice. B. Kaplan-Meier survival plot of rGDF11-treated (n = 8) and vehicle-treated (n = 6) female Zmpste24-/- mice. Mice received a daily intraperitoneal dose of rGDF11 (0. 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Additionally, it has recently been suggested that high doses (0. 5 mg/kg) of rGDF11 may decrease body weight [20]. In our experiment, we observed that long-term rGDF11 administration at a lower dose (0. 1 mg/kg, daily) did not dramatically decrease the body weight of Zmpste24-/--treated mice compared with vehicle-treated littermates, although the average body weight was slightly lower in rGDF11-treated mice, being this difference statistically significant at some points of the treatment period in female mice (Figure 3A-3B). Figure 3: rGDF11 therapy does not prevent body weight loss of Zmpste24-/-mice. Body weights of rGDF11- and vehicle-treated male A. and female B. Zmpste24-/- mice. Data are mean ± SEM.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIt should be noted that our phylogenetic analysis was not intended to address the phylogeny of Psychopsoidea with present limited sampling but to assess the positions of the three long-proboscid genera. The systematics of Mesozoic psychopsoids is complicated and flooded with many taxa with unclear taxonomic and phylogenetic status13. Moreover, the unambiguous autapomorphy of Psychopsoidea has yet not been found. The three character states herein assigned to support the monophyly of Psychopsoidea can be also found in some species of other lacewing families, e. g. Ithonidae21,22. Actually, besides the psychopsoid families, the three Burmese long-proboscid lacewing genera only resemble some Tertiary ithonids previously placed in Polystoechotidae22 by the broadly subtriangular forewing with dense venations and posteriorly curved Sc and R. However, they greatly differs from ithonids by the lacking of branched recurrent humeral veinlet and by the posterior branch of forewing MP not pectinately branched. As such, the placement of these Burmese long-proboscid genera in Psychopsoidea is reasonable, although they cannot be placed into any of the known psychopsoid families. Admittedly, it is to some extent arbitrary to establish a new family name for these genera due to lack of a convincing autapomorphy, although all of them possess unique configuration of long-proboscid mouthparts and some antennal or wing features. Knowledge of larval morphology and genital features would be essential to further reveal the familial affinities of these enigmatic genera. DiscussionIn light of the present newly described fossils, long-proboscid lacewings consist of at least four independent lineages, i. e. Permithonidae, Kalligrammatidae + Aetheogrammatidae, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Cretanallachius + Burmopsychops gen. nov. (Fig. 6). Permithonidae represent the oldest known long-proboscid lacewings, but only one species (i. e. , Tschekardithonopsis?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: (unpublished results), was used. Cost of Diet linear programming tool of Diet (CoD) linear programming tool was adopted to model standard diets and assess the impact of the processed FV in the diets. The CoD tool is a mathematical linear computer programming software that models diets that meet individuals or a family’s average energy needs as well as their recommended protein, fat and micronutrient intakes at the least financial cost(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17,Reference Termote, Raneri and Deptford18,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). The CoD tool contains nutrient contents of 3580 food items and supplements extracted from five different food consumption tables. It includes macro- and micronutrient recommendations for different individuals based on the specifications from the WHO and FAO as well as typical portion sizes for different individuals(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). To model diets, additional data upload was needed, including local foods and their corresponding prices and weights and ‘food constraints’ to factor in local food culture. Food constraints – classified into minimum and maximum – refer to the number of times a week that foods can be consumed. Minimum constraints are the least number of times foods are consumed per week and hence can be included in the models, while maximum constraints indicate the maximum number of times foods are consumed weekly(Reference Termote, Raneri and Deptford18,Reference Deptford, Allieri and Childs26). The present study collected data on local foods and food constraints (see data collection) and used the food tables and portion sizes – minimum and maximum – embedded in the tool for analysis. Data analysis First, the food items and their corresponding prices and weights obtained from the market surveys were entered into the CoD tool. Average prices of the foods per 100 g of edible portion were calculated. The foods were also classified into eight food groups: cereals, roots and tubers; fruits; vegetables; oils and fats; spices and condiments; sweets and beverages; animal source foods; and pulses and nuts. Then, the FGD data on dietary habits were entered to calculate the minimum and maximum constraints of the foods (see online supplementary material, S1 and S2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: P-values were calculated by Student’s t-test (*P ≤ 0. 05). based on heterochronic parabiosis, where a young and an old individual share a circulatory system, have demonstrated that certain age-associated dysfunctions may be rescued or ameliorated by the exposure to a young systemic environment. Interestingly, even the earliest studies using this technique provided evidence of lifespan extension of the older parabiont [21, 22]. Current findings have supported the notion that this beneficial effect has its basis on the restoration of the regenerative capacity of the stem cell pool in the old individual, which suggests that boosting tissue regeneration may slow down organismal aging [23]. In the search for those circulatory factors that decline with age and that are responsible for the maintenance of stem cell performance over time, GDF11 has been identified as a powerful anti-aging candidate with a broad effect on a number of tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle and the cerebral vasculature [5-7]. This apparent pleiotropy prompted us to hypothesize that this factor might contribute to extend lifespan, considering the number of key tissues/organs that could benefit. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of accelerated aging (Zmpste24-deficient mice), given that it shares most of the features occurring in natural aging [12]. In particular, it has been reported that many of the alterations observed in these progeroid mice are caused by an impaired stem cell function [13, 24, 25]. Moreover, we have previously demonstrated that the coexistence of Zmpste24-deficient cells and Zmpste24-proficient cells (mosaic mice) completely prevented the development of the premature aging phenotype, suggesting that cell-extrinsic mechanisms exerted by the “healthy” cells were responsible for the full reversion of progeroid features [15]. Nevertheless, in addition to the above-mentioned data, to evaluate the possibility that our mouse model of premature aging was suitable to test the effect of GDF11 on longevity, we first determined whether GDF11 levels decline with age in Zmpste24-/- mice. Unfortunately, recent studies have reported that current immunoreagents, due to the high similarity between GDF11 and GDF8 (myostatin) amino acid sequences, cannot discriminate between these two closely related members of the TGF-β superfamily in plasma samples [16].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: oblivius Vilesov)23 from the (Kungurian) is confirmed to have siphonate mouthparts12. Its proboscis, which is considered to be conjoined by maxillary palpal elements, is nearly double the length (1. 7 mm long) of the head; furthermore there is a narrow median food canal and an apical setose region12. The mouthparts of Kalligrammatidae are documented to a greater degree; most kalligrammatids have siphonate mouthparts except for species of Sophogrammatinae8,12,24. The proboscides of kalligrammatids are variable in length (11–25 mm long) among species8,12. Nonetheless, one basic feature of the kalligrammatid siphonate mouthparts seems to be constant, namely the absence of labial palps24. It was reported that the kalligrammatid proboscis consists of conjoined maxillary galeae to form a tubular siphon that is anatomically similar to that of the lepidopteran Glossata12. However, a siphon with two largely separate elongated parts is found in an undescribed kalligrammatid from China (see Labandeira & Currano: Fig. 6f 24), possibly indicating a more complex structural feature of the kalligrammatid proboscis. Figure 6Evolutionary chronogram of Psychopsoidea. Interfamilial phylogeny based on present results, thick lines indicate known geological distributions. Lineages with long-proboscid mouthparts highlighted red. Full size imageThe elongated elements of the mouthparts in the amber psychopsoids described herein undoubtedly belong to maxillae and/or labium. However, due to the highly specialized condition, it is a little bit difficult to accurately interpret the homology of these prolonged structures. gen. nov. , the paired long lobes are very likely the parts of maxillae, while the central long and distally bifid lobe is probably the ligula of the labium, as having similar groundplan to the typical neuropteran ligula. The elongated lobe of maxilla in Fiaponeura gen. nov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Micronutrient gaps and the impact of the processed fruits and vegetables The standard diets showed gaps in micronutrient intakes, particularly for the individuals in Mtwara. While micronutrient deficiencies were found in the diet of only infants aged 6–11 months in Morogoro, all individuals in Mtwara did not meet recommended levels of certain micronutrients in their diets. and Fe were the lacking micronutrients in diets that cut across for all individuals in Mtwara. Additional limited micronutrients included vitamins C, B2, B6 and Zn for infants aged 6–11 months. For infants aged 12–23 months and school-aged children, vitamin B2 was inadequate, in addition to the lack of vitamin A and Fe (Fig. 4). The inclusion of the processed FV at different interactions and combinations – as described above – improved some micronutrient contents. Recommended intakes for vitamins A and C and Zn were met for infants aged 6–11 months; there was a slight increase in Fe content by 18 % and slight reductions in vitamins B2 and B6 (Fig. 4). The processed FV filled up all recommended micronutrient intakes not met in the standard diets for the rest of the individuals except for the school-aged children, where vitamin B2 decreased by 0·5 % in the lean season. In Morogoro, the most pronounced limited micronutrients were vitamin B2, Ca, Fe and Zn identified in the diets of infants aged 6–11 months for both seasons. The addition of the processed FV, given by the different combinations as shown in Fig. 2, fully bridged the micronutrient gaps of Ca and Zn. Fe content increased by 19 % on average, while there was a slight reduction in vitamin B2, as mapped in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Percentage of recommended nutrients met in the standard diets and after adding the processed fruits and vegetables in the models for children and women in Mtwara and Morogoro, Diets and micronutrient deficiencies In the present study, standard diets were modelled with processed FV to investigate their impact on diet cost and micronutrient intakes. The costs of the modelled diets were primarily driven by vegetables and animal source foods, which indicates the high prices of these nutritious foods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In the light of these findings, the original papers have recently been revisited [20]. Therefore, consistent with what it has now been reported to occur in natural aging, we only observed a marked decrease in the circulating pool of GDF11/8 proteins in Zmpste24-/- compared with wild-type littermates when the aging symptoms had already started to manifest in these mice. Thus, no differences where observed when comparing plasma samples from the same individuals obtained at an early age, prior to the development of the progeroid phenotype. These results further support the similarities between our mouse model of premature aging and the process of physiological aging. However, in addition to the criticisms raised about the original observation of a GDF11 decline in aged mice, recent studies have also questioned the capacity of this circulating factor to reverse cardiac and skeletal age-related tissue dysfunction [16-19]. Dosing and the source of the recombinant protein have been claimed as possible factors to explain the discrepancies between the data obtained by different investigators [20, 26]. In this regard, to test our hypothesis about a possible role for GDF11 on lifespan extension, we did use the same commercial rGDF11 protein that has been used in those studies describing its anti-aging properties, and at a dosage capable of raising its levels in Zmpste24-/- plasma samples. However, rGDF11 daily treatment did not extend the lifespan of progeroid mice compared with vehicle-treated Zmpste24-/- littermates. It has been suggested that some of the original conclusions about GDF11 cardioprotective effects could be due to the decrease in body weight observed as a secondary effect of rGDF11 daily administration [17, 20, 26]. Our results showed that rGDF11 treatment only caused a slightly reduction in the body weight of female Zmpste24-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated littermates during the first days of the experiment, whereas no significant differences were observed in the male cohort. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that circulating GDF11/8 levels are reduced in our mouse model of premature aging, which shares most of the symptoms that occur in normal aging. However, GDF11 protein administration is not sufficient to extend longevity in these progeroid mice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: could be galea with reduction of lacinia or represent a structure fused by galea and lacinia (such fusion might be inferred by the longitudinal line within this structure as shown in Fig. 4d, but this could be also a secondary character). Nevertheless, as the complete fusion of galea and lacinia is rarely found in Neuroptera, it is more likely that this long lobe is just a specialized galea and the lacinia is lost in relation to the reduction of other mouthparts’ elements, such as the mandibles. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. , the lateral pair of long lobes is probably homologous with that in Fiaponeura gen. nov. , being as a part of maxillae. However, attribution of the other pair of long lobes positioned centrally is unclear. As the ligula is rarely separated in most lacewings, these lobes might have to be interpreted as specialized lacinia. In this case, the ligula should have been completely lost in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. Nonetheless, based on the central position of these lobes, they may be homologous with the central lobe in their contemporary and phylogenetically related genus Fiaponeura gen. nov. as a part of labium (putative ligula), which we favored at present (Fig. 4e). Both maxillary and labial palps are well developed and much longer than the two pairs of long lobes in these Burmese amber psychopsoids, while only one pair of palps, putatively the maxillary palps, are retained in kalligrammatids24. The tubular siphon as in kalligrammatids is also not found in these species. Instead, the prolonged elements of mouthparts in the material we examined are distinctly separate distally. gen. nov. the long blade-like lobe is slightly curved along the outer margin; it is equipped with a longitudinal ridge (a dark line medially) and some cuticular structures, such as transverse microgrooves and coarse setae. Such features imply that the lobes could temporarily come together, possibly enclosing the ligula and thus form a functional proboscis. The ligula of Fiaponeura gen. nov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Hence, their inclusion in diets becomes a challenge even if households can afford them. For instance, in this study, the availability of fruits on the market was low, most likely leading to low consumption and limited inclusion in the modelled diets. In addition, low intake of animal source foods, including meat and dairy foods, accounts for the reduction in vitamin B2 for infants across locations and seasons, even after adding the processed FV, as these animal source foods are rich in vitamin B2 (and Gupta33). Only one animal source food – fish – was included in the diet, emphasising the need to promote sustainable consumption of animal source foods and/or adding needed micronutrients to foods through fortification. Nutritional contribution and cost of processed fruits and vegetables Although most fruits are consumed fresh, compared with vegetables that need to be processed most times before consumption, processing adds the layer of safety and prolonged shelf life. Through processing, anti-nutrients and toxic substances can be inactivated or destroyed to ensure palatability and digestibility. Even though nutrient losses may occur through processing, varied processing techniques can also be used to fortify and/or alter FV with nutrients that are consistent with nutrition guidelines. (Reference Floros, Newsome and Fisher10,Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13,Reference Breene34). This study has shown that processed FV can promote nutritional adequacy in diets and even reduce diet costs for specific individuals. These findings are also backed by Weaver et al. (Reference Weaver, Dwyer and Fulgoni13), who showed in their study that processed foods could contribute to ensuring food and nutrition secured households. In the USA, for instance, processed FV (frozen, canned or dried) contributed 35 % of dietary fibre, 62 % of vitamin E, 51 % of vitamin C, 40 % of folate and 25 % of vitamin A to diets(Reference Dwyer, Fulgoni and Clemens15). This affirms that the possibilities of processed FV not only lower post-harvest losses but also contribute to improving the nutritional status of individuals who otherwise would have been malnourished.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Although accelerated-aging mouse models can serve as powerful tools to test and develop anti-aging therapies common to both physiological and pathological aging, the existence of certain differences between the two processes implies that further investigation is still required to determine whether long-term GDF11 administration has a pro-survival effect on normal aged animals. Materials and methods Animal experiments Zmpste24-/- mice have previously been described [27]. Zmpste24-/- mice were backcrossed 10 generations to C57BL/6N background. All procedures involving mice were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee for of the Universidad de Oviedo. Blood was extracted from the facial veins after anaesthetizing mice and collected into EDTA-coated tubes. Blood was centrifuged at 1000 g at 4ºC, and the supernatant was stored at -80ºC until analysis. Mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection of either rGDF11 (PeproTech) at 0. 1 mg/kg or vehicle. Western-blot 3 µl of plasma samples were separated in 14% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred in CAPS buffer (10 mM 3-[Cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid, pH 10. 5, and 20% methanol) onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore). Blots were blocked with 3% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 4, 150 mM NaCl, and 0. 05% Tween 20) for 1 h at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4°C with 3% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer with 1:500 anti-GDF11/8 antibody (Abcam, cat. #ab124721). Finally, blots were incubated for 2 h at room temperature in 1. 5% nonfat dry milk in TBS-T buffer with 1:2000 goat anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase (Cell Signaling, cat. #7074S), washed and developed with substrate (Millipore). Chemiluminescent images were acquired with a Fujifilm LAS3000 mini apparatus. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed by using Graph6 software.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: bears a conspicuous tubular food canal in the middle, numerous oblique microgrooves that line the food canal and a pair of acutely pointed terminal lobes. Comparably, the elongated lobes in Cretanallachius and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are gracile and bear much simpler cuticular structures with only transverse microgrooves on the lateral lobes (specialized galeae or galeae +laciniae), which might similarly function as those in Fiaponeura gen. nov. to form a temporary proboscis. Multiple lineages of insects with siphonate proboscides were reported to be responsible for pollination, such as several lineages of true flies25,26, three lineages of scorpionflies belonging to the Aneuretopsychina clade27 and the lacewings belonging to the nonsophogrammatine Kalligrammatidae24. Plants that may have been pollinated by these long-proboscid insects include corystospermalean and caytonialean seed ferns, ginkgophytes, cheirolepidiaceous conifers, gnetaleans and bennettitaleans24. These plants usually show morphological modifications of their ovulate organs, e. g. , the micropyle is significantly lengthened or hidden deep in a cupulate structure12. Inference of the long-proboscid pollination mode in the mid-Mesozoic is challenging due to lack of direct evidence in the association between host plants and pollinators in the fossil record. However, Labandeira outlined several categories of useful evidence for establishment of pollinator mutualisms in fossil records: 1) the structure of insect mouthparts and related head features; 2) the structure of ovulate organs and especially features for provisioning rewards for insects; 3) the structure of pollen and its placement on plant and insect contact surfaces; 4) palynivore gut contents and dispersed coprolites; 5) the host occurrence, geometry and feeding patterns of insect plant damage on reproductive structures; and 6) knowledge of the present-day life histories of the nearest, closest relatives of both fossil plant hosts and their insect pollinators12. Application of the above evidence uncovered pollinator mutualisms in thrips, scorpionflies and true flies26,27,28.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: The DCL used in this study had prolonged longevity and were suitable for year-round consumption(Reference Kirakou, Margaret and Ambuko25). In addition, in Uganda, similar solar-dried cowpea leaves were acceptable in taste, flavour, and texture and had a stable storage form that could be well marketed for consumption(Reference Natabirwa, Mukiibi and Zziwa44). According to Tepe et al. (Reference Tepe, Benali and Lemken47), there is a demand and market for processed FV in East Africa. The trend shows that consumers have general acceptability for processed FV. They can provide the longevity needed to help bridge seasonality nutrient gaps, especially for vulnerable groups like children and women. Although affordability of diets was not calculated in this study, it is assumed that in Morogoro, households may be able to afford the modelled diets but may have to commit a large share of their income as a food budget. However, in Mtwara, the affordability of the diets might be a considerable challenge. With the level of development in Morogoro, infrastructure-wise, and easy accessibility to motorable road networks and urban areas, it could provide households the opportunity of ease of access to diverse and inexpensive but nutritious foods on the market. Additionally, in Morogoro, households can easily engage in off-farm income activities to fetch them extra income to theoretically afford healthy diets. In contrast, in Mtwara – specifically the communities surveyed – road networks are bad with public transport to nearby urban areas scheduled at specific times. This could present a situation where food supply and availability could be limited to only those produced in the communities, consequently limiting food diversity and accessibility to other nutritious foods. Again, off-farm income ventures could be restricted as well, limiting income generation to purchase nutritious foods. On the other hand, improved access to markets – measured by off-farm income and short distance to markets – have been shown to be associated with better household nutrition(Reference Sibhatu, Krishna and Qaim48). Policy implications and areas for future research First, investment in science and technology is essential to develop more processing innovations that help process fresh FV and similarly fresh nutritious yet perishable foods such as milk and meat into nutritious products. Also, appropriate channels for transferring these processing innovations to communities where these foods are produced should be developed.

Output: corroborate