Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: The ventilation system of the apartment buildings investigated (left: up to a five-storey building, right: higher than a five-storey building) It is practically impossible to achieve necessary airflows in apartments with natural ventilation. It is possible to use window airing, but this may worsen thermal comfort during the winter season. Because of worsened thermal comfort due to outdoor air inflow from stack (caused by wind) occupants seal the stack and ventilation outlets, Fig. 4. Figure 4. Ventilation stack is closed by occupants due to cold air inflow caused by wind Ventilation airflow in apartments is smaller than required (Fig. 5 left) and the CO2 level is higher than the one permitted (Fig. 5 right). In such a situation the RH is also high and it is often accompanied by a rise of mould. Replacing the old non-hermetic windows with more airtight ones in such apartment buildings results in dramatically worsened indoor air quality. The replacement of windows without renovating the ventilation results in lower air leakage and ventilation airflows, Fig. 6. In partly renovated apartment buildings problems with low air change often arise. Figure 5. Ventilation airflow (left) and CO2 level (right) in bedrooms Figure 6. The influence of the replacement of old windows on the air tightness of the apartment (before and after the replacement) (left) and on the air flow in bedrooms (right) Advertisement 5. Indoor temperature and humidity conditions 5. 1. Dependence of indoor temperature and humidity on outdoor temperature To give an overall view of the indoor climate the dependence of the indoor temperature and the RH on the outdoor temperature was analysed. From each room at each average daily outdoor air temperature, all average daily indoor temperature values were selected, Fig. 7 left. From all the indoor temperatures at the corresponding outdoor temperature, the average value was calculated. Each individual thin solid lightly shaded curve in Fig. 7 (right) represents the average value from the average daily indoor temperature at the corresponding average daily outdoor temperature in one apartment. The dotted curve represents the average curve from all the apartments. A one-pipe heat distribution system was installed in the apartments studied. As radiators were not equipped with thermostats, there was no possibility to control the room temperature. The room temperature was controlled in the boiler room based on the outdoor temperature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bar graphs showing the dynamic (E) and stable (F) Lifeact-EGFP fractions in robo2+/+ vs robo2-/- neurohypophyseal synapses (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test; with Cohen’s d = 0. 67). Error bars indicate SEM in (D–F). Figure 4—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 4: Actin dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic Lifeact-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values, dynamic and stable fraction generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Slit3-Robo2 signaling regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A–E) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content in robo2 mutant was performed as described in Figure 1F. Graph showing the number and size of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (A,B) and colocalizing OXT puncta (C,D) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (E) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) robo2+/+ (n = 13) vs robo2-/- (n = 17) larvae (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen's d = 0. 82; ns denotes not significant). (F–J) Assessment of synaptic oxytocin content upon slit3 knock-down. Transgenic (oxt:EGFP) embryos were injected with injection buffer or injection buffer with 0. 85 ng of morpholino targeted to the translational start site of slit3. Graph showing the number and size of NS (F,G) and colocalizing OXT puncta (H,I) and the number of neurohypophyseal projecting axons (J) in 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) control (n = 15) vs slit3 morpholino injected (n = 14) larvae (**p<0. 05 with Cohen’s d = 1. 23; ns denotes not significant, Student’s t-test).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: More than half (61%) of co-resident primary carers (similar to the caregivers employed in this study) reported that the caring role had at least one adverse main effect on their relationships with other family members and friends, thus affecting their level of social interaction (of Health and Welfare, [2007]). Therefore, involvement in a singing group results not only in the improvements reported in this study (i. e. , improvement in energy levels, mood, and level of focus) but provides these workers with a context for social interaction, both with other caregivers, and with the individuals they care for. This preliminary study investigated the impact of singing group involvement on various caregiver and PWD variables, both immediately following a singing session, and also across a number of consecutive weekly singing sessions. As the number of participants in the study was low, this led to difficulties in establishing significant results. Pre- and post-session data were collected from both groups and combined to increase the power of the study. This was chosen to be the preferred method, given that large groups of singers are not typical for this form of intervention. The qualitative data offer positive triangulation for the quantitative data, suggesting that whilst exploratory, the study has offered novel and useful insights into the value of singing with PWD and their carers. Of course, we were dependant on volunteers, who may have been positively focused towards singing and ideally further study is necessary to validate all of these outcomes. However, in terms of ecological validity, community and residential care relies on volunteer participation from its membership, so finding activities that are attractive to them is of course necessary. In effect, this study raises the on-going challenge for investigations of PWD, that is the difficulty in recruiting sufficiently large enough samples for meaningful investigation. The triangulation of research methods in the current work produced a detailed set of results, but, the recruitment situation explains why there is a paucity of research in this particular area. This study promotes the idea of using singing for improving the abovementioned outcomes for PWD, and also for their caregivers. Further, regular singing group attendance is recommended for PWD and their caregivers, as it was observed that there is additional benefit gained from attending consecutive singing group sessions. Endnote aNote that some of the raw data drawn upon in this study have been used in other analyses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: In this study the amount of weighted excess hours 150 h during the summer season is used as the criterion of the acceptable thermal comfort. The limit of weighted excess hours 150 h during the summer season was exceeded in 10 % of the apartments. Figure 13. The distribution of the indoor temperature (left) and the RH (right) in Estonian old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements during the summer season 5. 4. Correspondence of the indoor thermal conditions to the target values Target values for the room temperature and the RH in the average (II) and the lowest (III) indoor climate categories (CR1752, 1998, EN-15251, 2007) were selected to assess the indoor thermal conditions. Values outside the III category should only be accepted for a limited part of the year. Allowable rate for the target values of the indoor temperatures that may be exceeded was 5% of the measured time length. Figure 14. Percentages of time when the indoor temperature exceeded the target values (left) and temperature target values exceeded degree hours during winter (right) In 41% of the apartments the room temperature did not correspond to the indoor climate category III criteria allowing 5% excess, Fig. 14 (left). In 41% of the apartments the temperature was not within the target values during the winter season and in 14% of the apartments the temperature was not within the target values during the summer season. The target values of the temperature for the indoor climate category II were exceeded in 70% of the apartments (65% during the winter season and 42% during the summer season). The analysis of the degree hours outside the target values revealed that thermal problems in old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements relate to low room temperatures. Target values were exceeded at the highest rate there (Fig. 14 right). Advertisement 6. Air tightness of the building envelope In the apartments measured, the mean air leakage at the pressure difference of 50 Pa in the entire database was 4. 2 m3/(h m2), the minimum being 0. 3 m3/(h m2) and the maximum 15 m3/(h m2). The mean air change rate at the pressure difference of 50 Pa from all the databases was 6. 0 h-1, the minimum being 0. 4 ach and the maximum 24 h-1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (K) Hypophyseal POMC cells are localized near OXT synapses. Confocal Z-stacks maximum intensity projection of hypophysis region of 5 day old triple transgenic (pomc:EGFP; oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry). The hypophysis area showing OXT NS adjacent to anterior and posterior clusters of POMC cells are shown. Scale: 10 μM. (L–R) Local overexpression in mosaic hypophyseal POMC clones located. Transgenic embryos expressing the pomc:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:tRFP (M,P) or UAS: Slit3-EmGFP (N,Q). The injected 5-dpf larvae were subjected to immunostaining with anti-OXT protein and anti-GFP. OXT-puncta (arrows) within a distance of 2 μM (yellow dashed ellipse) from the clone surface were quantified. Scale bar: 2 µm. Bar graphs showing the mean volume of OXT puncta upon expression of tRFP vs Slit3 in hypophyseal POMC anterior (n = 15 and 18, respectively) or posterior clone (n = 10 and 10, respectively) position (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 1. 14). Error bars indicate SEM in (A-J, O and R). Figure 5—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 5: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon gain- or loss-of function of slit3 or robo2. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larval neurohypophysis of multiple experiments namely: 1) robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- 2) Mock vs morpholino-injected embryos 3) Mosaic transgenesis experiments by hypophyseal expression of tRFP vs slit3. Download elife-45650-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT dynamics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSearchDashboardcaret-downLoginLogin or SignupHomeCurrent IssueExplorecaret-downSubmitcaret-downAboutcaret-down, Issue 4: Winter 2022Single-study reportsPublished on Nov 07, 2022of in Apps on Enjoyment, Relaxation State, and Perceived Usefulness, Issue 4: Winter 2022. DOI: 10. 1037/tmb0000089by. CummingsPublished onNov 07, 2022CiteSocialDownloadContentslast released2 years agoShow detailsof in Apps on Enjoyment, Relaxation State, and Perceived UsefulnessContents·AbstractIn recent years, mindfulness meditation apps—which offer voice-guided exercises for relaxation—have been promoted as an effective tool for self-managing stress. This study examines how the type of voice—human male, human female, synthetic male, or synthetic female—can impact users’ levels of relaxation, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment when following a guided meditation. Participants listened to a guided meditation and then evaluated their feelings toward both the voice and the meditation exercise. Those who listened to a human voice rated the voice as more enjoyable than those who listened to a synthetic voice. Additionally, respondents in the human voice conditions rated the meditation exercise itself as more enjoyable and useful and themselves as more relaxed than did participants guided by a synthetic voice. Finally, the effect of voice human-likeness on perceived usefulness was significantly more pronounced with female voices. These findings suggest that natural-sounding speech is preferable for individuals completing guided mindfulness exercises. In turn, to enhance users’ enjoyment and perceptions of meditation effectiveness, generated speech used in such apps should sound human-like and utilize natural speech patterns. Keywords: voice, synthetic speech, meditation, mindfulness, mobile healthDisclosures: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Data Availability: There have been no prior uses of this data. Data and study materials are publicly available to other researchers at (Menhart & Cummings, 2022). Disclosures:The data are available at experimental materials are available at Information: Correspondence concerning this 37. 7 years (SD = 14. 4), with 74 females and 29 males. The distribution of race within the sample was 6. 8% or Black, 11. 7% Asian or Asian American, 2. 9% Hispanic, 1. 0% Native American, 1. 0% or Pacific Islander, 69.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: The entire database allowed analysing the influence of different external wall structures on the air tightness of the envelopes. The average values of air tightness and their reference values in different subdivisions are shown in Table 1. Older buildings were significantly more non-hermetic (Fig. 15). With these data it is possible to calculate the air infiltration rate and the results can be used for analysing energy performance. Air leakage rate, q50, m3/(h·m2) Air change @50Pa, n50, h-1 value value 4. 2 4. 7 6. 0 6. 8 Table 1. Results of air tightness measurements in apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements Figure 15. Comparison of air tightness of building envelope depending on the age of the building Advertisement 7. Principles of renovation for improving the indoor climate and energy efficiency The overall living standards in the older part of the housing stock need to be improved to meet today’s requirements in functional, urban design, architectural (visual, planning) and constructional-technical terms. Buildings are in an inadequate condition due to low requirements for energy performance in old building standards, a historical lack of attention to quality in construction materials and practices, poor record of operation, maintenance and regular renovation. The needs for renovation can be viewed from the following aspects: Urgent repairs to guarantee safety of buildings (mechanical resistance and stability; safety in case of fire safety in use);Improvement of indoor climate (hygiene and health aspects);Improvement of energy performance of buildings and HVAC systems;Improvement of architectural planning, visual quality, overall living quality, and additional comfort. In the process of renovation the indoor climate and energy performance of buildings in cold climate the following three components must be considered. Performance of ventilation;Hygrothermal performance of building envelope;Performance of heating systems. 7. 1. Renovation of ventilation In the current situation the renovation of the ventilation is inevitable. To improve the air change in old apartment buildings, it is necessary to use either central or more flexible individual mechanical ventilation. Typically mechanical exhaust ventilation is the easiest solution to implement. Challenges here are how to guarantee the thermal comfort during winter (one possibility is to combine fresh air inlets with radiators. It is possible to improve energy performance with heat pump (to heat up the domestic hot water).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic of novel transgenic OXT tool Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), in which oxt promoter drives expression of Oxytocin precursor protein with an internally-tagged EGFP at the C-terminus of the signal peptide. (B) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by Western blot analysis. Pituitary protein extracts from adult Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), TL (control) and Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish were immunoblotted using anti-GFP. (C) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Larvae were stained using anti-GFP, anti-OXT and anti-neurophysin antibodies. Scale bar: 5 µm. (D–E) Assessment of endogenous vs OXT-fusion EGFP protein localization and packaging by super-resolution microscopy. -stack images of the endogenous synaptic OXT (D) in comparison to OXT-EGFP fusion in transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae (E). five dpf larvae were stained with either anti-OXT (D) or anti-GFP (E) antibodies and visualized by STORM as described in the Method section. The right panels D’ and E’ show magnifications of the represented areas outlined in D) and E) Scale bars: 1 µm. Color code indicates Z-axis depth. (F) Spatial relationship between F-actin and OXT-fusion EGFP neuropeptide in hypophysis. Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) embryos expressing the OXT-fusion were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors Tg(oxt:Gal4) and Tg(UAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH) expression cassettes. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic larvae (F).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: The beginning of the audio included instructions asking the participant to get comfortable and focus on completing the mindfulness exercise. After completing the exercise, participants then answered questions related to their enjoyment of the voice they interacted with, enjoyment of the meditation, current relaxation state, and perceived usefulness of the meditation exercise, as well as a set of demographic questions. ResultsTo investigate the main and interaction effects noted in the hypotheses and research questions posed, a series of two-way factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted. In each case, Bonferroni corrections were made for multiple comparisons and estimated marginal means were compared. The first hypothesis predicted that participants completing a guided meditation that includes a human voice would report higher levels of enjoyment than those completing a guided meditation with a synthetic voice, with respect to both the voice heard (Hypothesis 1a) and the meditation experience as a whole (Hypothesis 1b). Participants who listened to a human voice reported a higher level of enjoyment for the voice (M = 4. 59, SE =. 20) than those who listened to a synthetic voice (M = 2. 73, SE =. 20); F(1, 99) = 42. 90, p <. 001, ηp2 =. 302. (1988) benchmarks for effect size, this suggests the relative humanness of the voices had a large effect on the extent to which participants’ enjoyed the voice guiding the meditation. In investigating H1b, the factorial ANOVA also revealed a significant difference in the level of enjoyment of the meditation as a whole, with those that listened to a human voice (M = 5. 00, SE =. 22) reporting a greater enjoyment than those who listened to a synthetic voice (M = 3. 70, SE =. 22); F(1, 99) = 17. 00, p <. 001, ηp2 =. 147. Thus, the human-likeness of the voices had a relatively large effect on users’ enjoyment of the exercise itself. Together, these results provide support for both Hypothesis 1a and Hypothesis 1b. Hypothesis 2 anticipated that participants completing a guided meditation with a human voice would report higher levels of relaxation (and thus lower levels of tension) following a guided meditation than would those that completed the same exercise with a synthetic voice guide.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: The mechanical exhaust ventilation solution is not suitable for all types of buildings (especially for buildings with a combined stack). Balanced ventilation with room units is another possible solution to renovate the ventilation in old apartment buildings. Where to put room units (a little space); how to solve problems with sound pressure levels; where to put air channels (room height 2,5m); how to solve air flow in an apartment through existing doors are questions that need to be solved during the design process. In addition to technical questions, also social/human questions need to be solved: occupants have different possibilities and motivations to pay the cost of renovation. Typically occupants do not accept any additional ventilation channels in their apartment. Understanding of the importance of ventilation is very poor. In the following we will analyze possible solutions of the renovation of ventilation. They can be divided into: ventilation system without heat recovery, ventilation system with heat recovery. Principal renovation solutions are proposed for a three-room apartment. 7. 1. 1. Ventilation system with heat recovery Here are three main renovation solutions for the ventilation system: Supply-exhaust air handling units (AHU) with heat recovery, Fig. 16 (left). Guarantees very good indoor climate if the maintenance of the AHU is good. Expenses on heating the air are small. Expenses on the maintenance and the consumption of electricity are bigger. The fitting costs are the biggest, about 4000 €. To avoid noise problems it needs careful installation and a good choice of the equipment. The height of standard apartments being small (about 2. 5 m), the owners of the apartments are against fitting the ventilation channels on the ceiling of rooms. Annual changing of filters is necessary. Solution with room supply-exhaust AHU with heat recovery and with exhaust ventilators in WC, bathroom and kitchen, Fig. 16 (right). Good indoor climate is guaranteed. The efficiency depends on the control of exhaust ventilators. Compared with the previous solution the fitting costs are 2…3 times smaller. Needs annual changing of filters. In using effective equipment the consumption of electricity is small. Expenses on air heating are slightly bigger than in the previous solution. Solution based on the exhaust air heat pump of the ventilation, Fig. 17. Fresh air is sent to rooms through fresh air valves. A mechanical exhaust ventilation system together with cooling batteries to draw the heat of the exhaust air is built.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Maginification showing the EGFP-positive synapses and Utrophin-labeled mCherry-positive F-actin in the synapse (F’). Scale bars: 1 µm. (G,H) Real-time monitoring of synaptic oxytocin vesicle dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Schemata of the experimental design (G): six dpf larvae were mounted dorsally in low-melt agarose gel, submerged in E3 embryo buffer and imaged using multi-photon microscopy. Neurohypophyseal synapses containing OXT-EGFP vesicles were photobleached and the fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP) over time was monitored. The fluorescent recovery occurs due to the dynamic exchange of mobile and unbleached OXT-EGFP vesicles from neighboring en passant synapses over time (t = 1–5 min). The brightness and contrast of the images were increased to visualize the individual pixels (H). Scale bar: 200 nm. (I) Graph showing neuropeptide accumulation (normalized FRAP curves) of OXT-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 9 larvae) vs robo2-/- (n = 6 larvae) (***p<2. 76e-05) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). Neuropeptide accumulation represents full scale normalized data to account for differences in synaptic OXT-EGFP fluorescence, that is fluorescent values upon photobleaching were normalized to zero. Error bars indicate SEM. Figure 6—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 6: OXT-EGFP dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic OXT-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig6-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Specificity of antibodies to oxytocin and neurophysin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: The factorial ANOVA revealed that people who listened to a human voice experienced significantly greater overall relaxation (M = 5. 19, SE =. 14) than those who listened to a synthetic voice (M = 4. 62, SE =. 14); F(1, 99) = 7. 99, p =. 006, ηp2 =. 075, a medium-sized effect providing direct support for Hypothesis 2. With respect to each of the relaxation inventory three subscales, participants who listened to a human voice reported significantly lower levels of physiological tension (M = 1. 10, SE =. 15) than those who listened to a synthetic voice (M = 1. 52, SE =. 15); F(1, 99) = −4. 16, p =. 04, ηp2 =. 040. Similarly, participants who were guided by a human voice reported higher levels of physical comfort (M = 4. 85, SE =. 21) than those who encountered a synthetic voice (M = 4. 10, SE =. 21); F(1, 99) = 6. 70, p =. 011, ηp2 =. 063. Thus, human-likeness of voices had significant small- and medium-sized effects on physiological tension and physical comfort, providing additional support for Hypothesis 2. However, while cognitive tension scores for participants in the human voice conditions (M = 2. 18, SE =. 18) were lower than those in the synthetic voice conditions (M = 2. 60, SD =. 17), this difference was not significant, F(1, 99) = −2. 76, p =. 100, ηp2 =. 027. This study’s final hypothesis was that participants following a guided meditation including a human voice would rate the voice as being more useful than those completing the same exercise guided by a synthetic voice. The factorial ANOVA revealed significantly greater perceived usefulness of meditations that included human voices (M = 5. 73, SE =. 15) compared to that for meditations including synthetic voices (M = 4. 57, SE =. 15); F(1, 99) = 30. 98, p <. 001, ηp2 =. 238. This significant, relatively large effect provided direct support for Hypothesis 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: The general working process of the system based on exhaust air heat pumps is the following:exhaust air is removed from the kitchen and sanitary rooms of apartments, a ventilator and a cooling battery are placed on the exhaust air channel; in the cooling battery the exhaust air cools down from 21º C to 7º C, the water-glycol solution is directed from the cooling battery into the evaporator of the heat pump. With the help of the heat pump the temperature of the cooling agent is raised to 55º C. With the heat produced by the heat pump the DHW is heated and in low-temperature heating systems the temperature of the water is raised. The efficiency of the system depends on the level of the initial air change in apartments and the temperature curve of the heating system as the temperature of the water leaving the heat pump is relatively low. Both the solution based on heat pump and the one with room supply-exhaust AHU may require additional heating coils in apartments in case this solution has not been taken into account in designing the system. 7. 1. 2. Solutions without heat recovery Even nowadays the ventilation system without heat recovery is not preferable. In some cases the ventilation system is renovated without heat recovery (to reduce investment costs). The most important thing is to provide healthy living conditions for occupants. This requires minimum ventilation airflows in the apartment. Below we present main solutions for renovating the ventilation system without heat recovery. 1. Increasing the efficiency of natural ventilation by fitting fresh air valves into bedrooms and living-rooms (e. g. in the case of renovated windows). At least satisfactory air quality is achieved, but expenses on heating the ventilation air increase several times. It is important to find a suitable place, as, for example, behind the radiator or between the heating coil and the window sill. The cost of the renovation is small. 2. Mounting fresh air inlets in living- and bedrooms and exhaust air ventilators into WC, bathroom and kitchen. This solution guarantees acceptable indoor climate and control of the flow rates of the exhaust air. Owing to the control of the air change it is possible to decrease the costs on ventilation. The cost of the renovation is relatively small. 3. Fitting exhaust air ventilators above ventilation channels on the roof. This guarantees good indoor climate. The costs on heating the ventilation air are big (in new apartment buildings it makes up about 50% of the heating costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: Though participants guided by synthetic voices generally perceived the meditation as less useful than those guided by human voices, this effect was significantly more pronounced for female voices compared to male voices. Table 1of by 5. 85a5. 60ab SD0. 670. 89Synthetic M4. 23c4. 91bc SD1. 22ab1. 29abNote. F (1, 99) = 5. 12, p =. 026. Means with no subscripts in common are different at p <. 05. DiscussionConclusionsMindfulness meditation apps have been described as self-help tools to aid users in regulating their stress levels. These apps have become some of the most popular in the mobile health section of the app store for both Apple and Samsung (Statista, 2018). There are many claims about the benefits of these apps, such as better focus, lower stress levels, and a more positive outlook (Mani et al. , 2015; Yang et al. , 2018). However, there has not been much empirical research into how specific interface factors lead to this effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether voice characteristics like human-likeness or gender influences users’ enjoyment of the voice, enjoyment of the experience as a whole, relaxation levels, and perceived usefulness of listening to a guided meditation. Based on previous literature investigating enjoyment of human and synthetic voices (Gong & Nass, 2007; Huang et al. , 2000; Nass & Brave, 2005), we predicted that participants would find meditations including human voices more enjoyable, in terms of the voice (Hypothesis 1a) and the meditation experience overall (Hypothesis 1b). As expected, and similar to the findings in the literature, the present study found higher levels of enjoyment for the voice and meditation in conditions in which users listened to a human voice. Additionally, informed by previous literature on decoding synthetic speech (Edwards et al. , 2019) and the allocation of cognitive focus toward effortful listening (Fraser et al. , 2010; Hick & Tharpe, 2002), two additional hypotheses (Hypothesis 2, Hypothesis 3) correctly predicted that participants guided by human voices would experience higher levels of relaxation and rate the exercise as useful. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that in guiding a meditation, human voices—compared to synthetic voices—may offer advantages with respect to health-relevant outcomes as well as the overall user experience.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: In old apartment buildings in Estonia it has been used in single cases. Figure 16. Balanced ventilation solution with apartment AHU with heat recovery (left) and one room supply-exhaust AHU with heat recovery (right) 7. 2. Renovation of the heating system As radiators were not equipped with thermostats, it was not possible to control room temperature. Room temperature was controlled in the heat substation based on the outdoor temperature. If the slope and the level of the control curve of the temperature of the supply water are correct, room temperature does not depend strongly on the outdoor temperature, Fig. 8 left. Other problems concerning the heating system are: Incorrect water flow rate of the heating system or risers,Lack of direct room temperature control,Lack of maintenance and improper modifications of the heating systems. Figure 17. Ventilation with exhaust air heat pump: solution in three room apartment (left) and the principal system (right) To renovate the existing one-pipe heating systems it is necessary to find out the condition of the system, i. e. in which state are the heating coils and the pipes. This determines the solution of renovation: in case the heating coils and the pipes have exhausted their resources the heating system should be renovated completely, i. e. a new two-pipe heating system should be built,should the heating coils and the pipes be in a good condition (e. g. used are cast iron section radiators and the steel pipes still have a 15-20 year long lifetime) the connection unit of the heating coils of the one-pipe heating system should be renovated by making it controllable, Fig. 18. Figure 18. Variants for making the connection unit of the heating coils of the 1-pipe heating system controllable: a- with an adjustable 3-way thermostat valveb- with a 2-way thermostat valve and an adjustable valve on bypassc- with a 2-way thermostat valve and a drossel on bypass 7. 3. Renovation of building envelope Serious thermal bridges are a large problem in old apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete panels (Ilomets et. al. , 2011). Mould growth and surface condensation on the internal surfaces of thermal bridges are unavoidable without additional external insulation and/or lowering internal humidity loads. Due to low frost resistance and carbonization of facades, it is necessary to protect them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bottom panel show magnifications of squared areas showing single stack with colocalization of axonal swelling with OXT puncta. Scale bar 1 µm. (C,D) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. Mean EGFP fluorescence is inversely correlated with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 5; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 93) and in robo2-/- (n = 8; and p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 85) (C). Mean EGFP-Cdc42(T17N) fluorescence positively correlates with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 7; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 74) larvae but not in in robo2-/- (n = 7; p=0. 35, Adj. R2 = 0. 52) (D). (E) Model of the role of Robo2 in neurohypophyseal synapses: Synaptic Slit3-Robo signaling inactivates Cdc42 via GAP by affecting the transition of the Rho-GTPase protein Cdc42 from GTP- to GDP- bound state. Cdc42 inactivation reduces actin polymerization and increases synaptic OXT content. Figure 7—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 7: Synaptic fluorescence values upon OXT-neuron specific Cdc42 over-expression. The excel sheet includes values for EGFP- and OXT- fluorescence values of neurohypophyseal synapses in larvae that were subjected to OXT-neuron specific EGFP or Cdc42(T17N) or Cdc42(G12V) expression in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/-.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: environments are often characterized by loud and annoying sounds. Noise-cancelling headphones can suppress negative influences and superimpose the acoustic environment with audio-augmented realities (AAR). So far, AAR exhibited limited interactivity, e. g. , being influenced by the location of the listener. In this paper we explore the superimposition of synchronized, augmented footstep sounds in urban AAR environments with noise-cancelling headphones. In an online survey, participants rated different soundscapes and sound augmentations. This served as a basis for selecting and designing soundscapes and augmentations for a subsequent in-situ field study in an urban environment with 16 participants. We found that the synchronous footstep feedback of our application EnvironZen contributes to creating a relaxing and immersive soundscape. Furthermore, we found that slightly delaying footstep feedback can be used to slow down walking and that particular footstep sounds can serve as intuitive navigation cues. Keywords: soundscape; audio-augmented reality; augmented reality; auditory feedback; pedestrian; walking; mobile computing; urban computing 1 soundscapes are often far from what we consider relaxing. Car engines, horns, construction sites, laughing, or clanking dishes in restaurants and other sound sources can raise environmental noise to an annoying level. Research found a relation between environmental noise and various diseases such as tinnitus, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular effects [48], [69], [74]. Animals also suffer from man-made noise [57], like birds singing at higher amplitude in urban areas [19]. The world health organization (WHO) therefore provides guidelines prescribing a maximum noise level [11], [75]. Human ears adapt to modern environments and focus on specific sound sources from any direction while attenuating other noises around. Nevertheless, our natural ability to filter out distracting noises is limited [87]. Headphones with active noise cancellation (ANC) can effectively reduce distracting noises [68] and positively influence subjective well-being while focusing on specific tasks [70]. The listener can enjoy music or audio books at a lower volume [20], but may also miss important signals like announcements on trains [37]. Noise cancellation can also be beneficial for digitally supported meditation practice [91]. Walking meditation is a form of focusing on one’s gait by paying attention to each step [39]. Research has found positive effects on the treatment of depression via walking meditation [77].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: During the past 35 years immense changes have taken place in the heat energy consumption in typical apartment buildings. The average heat energy consumption in typical apartment buildings has decreased from about 370 kWh/m2 to about 200 kWh/m2 (per gross area of apartments). About 115 kWh/m2 of this decrease was due to a decrease in DHW consumption and the rest due to a decrease in energy used for heating. The latter has decreased owing to the renovation of heat substations (boiler houses) and also to a partial renovation of the building envelope. Despite nearly sufficient average temperature and humidity in the apartments studied, deviations in measurement results were high, indicating problems with heating system control and ventilation system performance. Correspondence of the indoor thermal conditions to the target values of the indoor standard was low. In 41% of the apartments the room temperature did not correspond to the indoor climate category III criteria. Target values were exceeded at the highest rate during the winter (heating) period. The main reasons for deviations from the target values are: incorrect control curve of the temperature of the supply water of the heating system,incorrect water flow rate of the heating system or risers,lack of direct room temperature control,difficulties in regulating heat output of heating coils in the one-pipe heat distribution system,poor maintenance and improper modifications of the heating and ventilation systems. As the amount of weighted excess hours during the summer season was not high and the outdoor air temperature during the summer of 2008 corresponded well to the long-term temperature, we may conclude that overheating during the summer season is not a critical problem in old multi-storey apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements. This study supports the results of an earlier study (Kalamees, 2006) that the heating season would change to the summer in Estonian dwellings at this +15º C… +10º C average daily outdoor temperature point. This boundary allows the target values of indoor climate conditions to be determined in buildings for winter (heating) and summer (cooling) seasons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Download elife-45650-fig7-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Cdc42 regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(G12V)-EGFP coding a constitutive active mutant Cdc42. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described above. (B,C) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. In UAS:EGFP injection, mean EGFP fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS is not correlated with OXT fluorescence (n = 20; and p>0. 25, adj. R2 = 0. 23) (B). In UAS:Cdc42(G12V) injection, mean EGFP-Cdc42(G12V) fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS negatively correlates with OXT fluorescence (n = 23; p<2. 2e-16, adj. R2 = 0. 47) larvae (C). Legends for Source data and Source code files. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:EGFP)wz01(Blechman et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: There is a positive influence of natural sounds [2], [10], [22], [23] on health, and augmented footsteps sounds may serve as an unobtrusive feedback channel [36], [71], [79]. In addition, soundscapes themselves can provide special cues about the environment [15], [21], [32], [45], [83]. However, so far the main focus of deploying interactive soundscapes has been on city parks [6], [61], [85], [99], [100], guidance with soundscapes [6], [66], [78], [88], [104] and virtual reality with augmented footsteps [47], [56], [84], [101]. Our vision is motivated by noisy and stressful city center environments [7] that can now be masked out by ANC headphones [20], [68], [70]. This might enable the transformation of any acoustic environment into a natural soundscape and provide interactivity in AAR via augmented footstep sounds. Relaxing and exploratory experiences to promote health by walking [73], [77], [100] thus can be implemented at any location and extend the capabilities of sound gardens [85]. The created natural soundscapes can be enhanced by warning sounds that fit into the virtual acoustic environment in order to notify the listeners [21] of hazardous situations, without completely taking the user out of the immersive experience. For instance, approaching vehicles that share their location in real time can communicate with pedestrians in virtual acoustic worlds [24]. However, in previous works, external sounds from the virtual environment were used as cues, while virtual sounds produced by the listeners themselves, e. g. , footsteps, were not considered. For example, when accidentally leaving a guided audio path [66], special footstep sounds can notify users that they walk the wrong way, as they would when walking beside a gravel path in the forest. Accelerated or delayed footstep sounds could unobtrusively hint users to hurry up, e. g. to catch a bus, or calm down to be more relaxed [67]. By switching between different soundscapes, users can experience a multifaceted path with a rich variety of impressions [97]. In this work, we explore the vision of augmented interactive soundscapes in city centers with augmented footstep sounds and its influence on listeners.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: Comparison of the findings of this research into indoor climate in Estonian apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements with those of other studies in cold climate (Gustavsson, Bornehag & Samuelsson, 2004, Jenssen, Geving & Johnsen, 2002, Norlén & Andersson, 1993, Ruotsalainen & Säteri, 1992, Vinha, Korpi & Kalamees, 2009) may indicate that the indoor climate in Estonian apartment buildings composed of concrete elements is characterized by a larger deviation and lower temperatures and during the heating season by a larger deviation and a higher RH. Indoor humidity load in the apartments studied was high: the moisture excess (the difference between indoor and outdoor air humidity by volume) at the 10% critical level was close to +7 g/m3 during the cold period. This causes potentially serious moisture problems for the building envelope and health problems due to mould growth on the surfaces of the building envelope. The high indoor humidity loads were caused mainly due to the lack of ventilation and high occupancy. High indoor humidity loads are a major concern because of serious thermal bridges in the building envelope (Norlén & Andersson, 1993). Renovation of old apartment buildings composed of prefabricated concrete elements by: improving thermal insulation of the building envelope (roof and walls) (additional thermal insulation),renovation and rebalancing of heating systems with thermostats fitted to the radiators,improvement of ventilation (preferably supply-exhaust ventilation with heat recovery) is unavoidable to provide the healthy indoor environment for the occupants. As all these activities also improve the energy efficiency, the renovation is doubly advantageous. Presented are recommendations for renovating ventilation in typical apartment buildings. They can be classified into systems without exhaust air heat recovery and with exhaust air heat recovery. Considering the prices of energy today the latter systems are more suitable: e. g. solutions based on exhaust air heat pump or apartment AHU. Advertisement 1. CR 1752 (1998). Ventilation for buildings: Design criteria for the indoor environment. CEN. 2. EN-15251. 2007 Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. CEN. 3. EVS−EN 13829 (2001). Thermal performance of buildings. Determination of air permeability of buildings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2011)ZDB-ALT-111103–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:gal4)wz06(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–2Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT)wz14This manuscriptZDB-ALT-181219–3Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:sypb-EGFP)biu5(Zada et al. , 2014)ZDB-ALT-150115–1(Bar-Ilan Univ. )Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:Lifeact-GFP)mu271(Helker et al. , 2013)ZDB-ALT-130624–2(Univ. of Muenster)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:BotxLCB-GFP)icm21(Sternberg et al. , 2016)ZDB-ALT-160119–9(ICM, Paris)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:NTR-mCherry)c264(Davison et al. , 2007)ZDB-ALT-070316–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(−1. 0pomca:Gal4-VP16)wz05(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)robo2ti272z(Fricke et al. , 2001)ZDB-ALT-980203–1097(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pDEST myl7:mCherry(Golan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: However, P16 perceived, in contrast to the other participants, the steps as not being in sync with his footsteps and felt like someone is walking behind, which he found confusing. P10 remarked that augmented footsteps suppressed the sound of his own footsteps, which made the soundscape more immersive. P11 mentioned that the augmented footsteps reinforced the soundscape and gave a more intense feeling, making him focus more on his own footsteps and breathing. P8, P9, P12, P14 and P16 found the footstep sounds slightly too loud, which made it more difficult for them to immerse themselves in the environment. P12 mentioned that he was able to get used to the volume after taking a few steps. The participants were therefore given the opportunity to readjust the footstep volume for the following parts. When the experimenter asked after the Forest soundscape what kind of soundscape they heard, seven participants mentioned the Leaves step sound as a remarkable environmental feature. P15 rather mentioned dry grass and perceived the environment, like P10 and P16, in the very deep forest. P1 found the environment with step sounds more immersive but remarked “The footstep sounds came a bit too early. But when I began to imagine dry leaves on the ground making sounds before the feet touches the ground, I felt even more immersed in the forest. ”. P9 mentioned that the footstep sound matched his gait making the soundscape more immersive. For P5 it was challenging to concentrate on the soundscape due to the wind during the study. A misaligned footstep sound playback was perceived as disturbing. P6 repeated the perceived effect of focusing as in the Beach soundscape. For P4, the footstep sound increased the presence and the previously decreased footstep volume made it more realistic. P13 remarked that “the step sound was too beautiful to be realistic. ”. For P10, P14 and P15 the step volume was perceived as too loud and had to be adjusted. P12 stated that he immersed more in the soundscape by looking at the trees on the side of the road. Similarly, P3 reported that he focused more on his visual perception. The soundscape Mountain was perceived very differently among the participants. P3 imagined to walk in a forest on puddles which was less pleasant to him. P7 interpreted wind sounds as ocean waves and found the footstep volume too loud, which was readjusted in consequence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only high-rise buildings have poor indoor air quality that requires monitoring. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsContemporary urban society often confines individuals to indoor spaces, whether residential or occupational, for significant portions of their lives. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ), driven by heightened awareness of its impact on human health and productivity. This study leverages experimental data analysis to assess and identify key variables influencing comfort perception, aiming to streamline calculation methodologies. Special attention is directed toward the “Sesto Senso” sensor, for which a prototype was available. Evaluation of the sensor’s measurements revealed discrepancies, particularly in the algorithm calculating CO2 levels, traced back to issues with presence sensors and door/window opening/closing sensors. Repositioning and recalibration of these sensors were performed to address the discrepancies. Additionally, an upgrade to the system was implemented, incorporating a predicted mean vote calculation for thermo-hygrometric comfort assessment, currently undergoing testing at the Casaccia center. 1. Indoor air quality of urban public transportation stations in China: Based on air quality evaluation indexes. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024;349:1194402. EN ISO 7726: 2012; Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment. Instruments for measuring physical quantities. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5, ICS: 13. 1803. 7730:2005; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Technical Committee: CEN/TC 122 - Ergonomics, Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 122/WG 11 - Ergonomics of the Physical Environment, ICS: 13. 1804. ISO 7933:2023; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5. ICS: 13. 1805. ISO 11079:2007; Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and local cooling effects. Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 5, ICS: 13. 1806. . Effects of radiant temperature on thermal comfort. Building and Environment. 2007;42(9):3210-32207. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2016)Berta Levavi-reagentTol2 10xUAS:EGFP; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT; myl7:EGFPThis manuscriptMaterials andmethods -Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-G12V-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-T17N-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME mCherry-Utrophin-CH(Andersen et al. , 2011)(Univ. of Wisconsin)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3This manuscript(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS: Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods -Transgenesis experimentsAntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal, anti-OXTPeninsula labsT-5021; RRID:AB_518526(1:200)AntibodyRabbit polyclonal, anti-11122; RRID:AB_221569(1:200)AntibodyMouse monoclonal, anti-Neurophysin(Ben-Barak et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: P10 found himself in a primeval forest with a screaming parrot. During the interview, when mentioning the walked stony path, he noticed that the soundscape fits better to a mountain after all. P11 could not distinguish whether the wind noise was coming from cars on the road or the soundscape. P14 found the footstep sounds less synchronized with his gait. In contrast, P1 liked the quiet sounds. Although he perceived the soundscape as less immersive, he favored the footstep sound. Similarly, P15 mentioned “I could almost feel the surface structure of the ground. ”. P2 favoured the empty, quiet soundscape. The footsteps on the dry path and the wind were perceived as very relaxing. Readjusting the footstep sounds was remarked as more pleasant for P13. P12 associated the footsteps with a swamp. He remarked that in his bear-foot shoes he felt on the side way with the footstep sounds like he would “step into something. ”. Thus, he decided to shortly walk on a small grass field beside the road which was more pleasant to him. P6 used the quiet soundscape to focus on his gait while walking. Most interestingly P16 smiled and said “I felt taken back to my childhood. The soundscape matched the place where I grew up. I walked again on the stony path next to corn fields and a forest on the other side. ”. Further he continued “Without the footstep sounds I couldn’t have immersed myself back. ”. 6. 2 Storytelling and On the story path back to the starting point warning sounds were interpreted correctly, but none of the participants really integrated the approaching vehicles in their imagined story. P1 found the composition made of Beach, Forest, Mountain like a short walk through Japan. Beginning from the sea he walked up to the mountains. He remarked the as very appropriate to catch his attention. P2 interpreted the ship as a train and could not imagine where it was coming from in the Beach soundscape story. The windy weather on this day contributed to immersing into the entire story. Although the was easy to interpret in the Mountain soundscape, the participant was less aware of the traffic and instead felt more relaxed. P2 also stated “I would like to have control when warning sounds are played. When a bicycle was approaching in front of me I could already see it. ”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine includes stem cell therapy to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: The FDA’s mandate has been expanded to include facilitating innovation and expediting the development of new therapies, notably in the context of serious or life-threatening diseases [40]. This was clearly articulated in the Twenty-first Act (2016) [41], which introduced a new accelerated pathways program to expedite the development and review of regenerative medicine advanced therapies (RMAT). RMAT designated HCT/Ps and cell therapies must demonstrate preliminary evidence of their potential to address unmet medical needs related to the serious or life-threatening disease, and once approved by the FDA, such designated products may be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval [40]. Furthermore, the FDA has released a comprehensive oversight framework laid out in four guidance documents that clarify the criteria, definitions and interpretations for the advancement of regenerative medicine [40, 42, 43]. EuropeIn Europe, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are either gene therapy medicinal products, somatic cell therapy medicinal products or tissue-engineered products [44]. Such products are typically subject to Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 on (adopted in 2007) [45, 46], which was supported by Directive 2001/83/EC (repealed) and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 [47]. Furthermore, clinician-researchers and sponsors must also conform to the general framework set out in the new Regulation 536/2014, which puts forward a single CTA approach, for all involved in a given proposal, via a single online EU portal and the possibility to provide greater transparency in the reporting of data post clinical trial [47, 48]. Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 also sets out additional criteria for ATMPs and creates a centralized authorization process for those marketed within the (EU) [39]. The additional criteria lead to a more “rigorous” evaluation of ATMPs than was the case under previous medicinal product legislation [49]. As a result, this centralized process may result in longer delays in authorization [22]. In the case of doubt regarding the classification of an ATMP, the EMA has established an optional procedure through which a clinician-researcher or sponsor can submit an application for a scientific recommendation on the classification of ATMPs [49, 50]. To qualify as an ATMP, the cells or the tissues must undergo a process that “involves substantial manipulation of the starting materials” (p.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 1984)PS45; RRID:AB_2062089()AntibodyAlexa 488- or 647- Secondary antibodiesJackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories(1:200) Materials and methods - Immuno-fluorescent stainingAntibodyAlexa 568- or 647- Secondary antibodiesInvitrogen(1:2000) Materials andmethods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinChemical compoundCytochalasin DSigmaC8273400 nMChemical compoundGlucose oxidaseSigmaG21338440 AUChemical compoundCatalaseSigmaC4070200 AUSoftwareR(R Team, 2013)Materials and methods – Statistical analysisSoftwareTurboreg plugin(Thévenaz et al. , 1998)Materials andmethods – Statistical analysis(Rapsomaniki et al. , 2012)Materials andmethods – FRAP analysisSequence-based reagent(Barresi et al. , 2005)ZDB--050927–3Materials andmethods -Transgenesis experiments. slit3 knockdownSequence-based reagentgaatgactcctcgtcgctct and gctgaggcatcttgtctgtaSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 genotypingSequence-based reagentgcatttacaacagctccatcSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 sequencing primerSequence-based reagenttgtacaggcagatgtcaggc and -tcctcctccagtagagccagSigmaMaterials andmethods - In situ hybridization. PCR primers for robo2 probe Additional files Source code 1 R script for data extraction: R script to extract animal-wise neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters from the Volocity software-derived batch output files. The script generates tables with parameters such as animal ID, synapse or puncta ID, volume etc. In this manuscript, the script has been used for all the analysis in which number, synaptic OXT content and fluorescence values has been analyzed (Figures 1–5 and 7). Download elife-45650-code1-v3. r Source code 2 R script for data transformation: R script to log-transform the neurohypophyseal synaptic volume data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: The binary fashion of the footstep feedback during the navigation task (standard sound when on the right track, wood sound when on the wrong track) was found to be sufficient to signal wrong walking directions. Although this simple navigation feedback was perceived as easy and intuitively understandable, it does not provide sufficiently strong cues to replace spatial audio navigation methods in terms of efficiency [1], [41]. Thus, it should rather be used to deliver a stop signal, e. g. at a red traffic light, or to indicate when walking in the wrong direction. In terms of walking meditation, an audio augmented reality using footstep feedback can offer a new dimension of meditation. Individuals reported feeling more focused on their own steps and breath with footstep feedback. In addition, an AAR should not be considered as a replacement for walking meditation in urban soundscapes but as one potential element of a meditation method [40]. Further research is required to compare the effect of our approach on walking meditation and the effect of AAR without augmented footstep sounds. In comparison to McGill et al. [64], our research confirms some of their results. Auditory displays can weave into the overall perceived environment. However, the visual influences and footstep sounds have an additional impact on how real an audio augmented reality is perceived. Embedded warning sounds can restore a certain perceived sense of safety with ANC headphones to make the user aware of their surroundings. Likewise, footstep sounds can be used to intuitively, instantly and partly unconsciously convey simple cues. This makes footstep sounds suitable to not overload an auditory display. However, our results show that these sounds require a short period of familiarization to be perceived as part of the overall reality. In addition, the footstep volume needs to be adjusted below the background soundscape volume to provide a more realistic experience, and faster step feedback should be avoided as it was perceived as stressful. 8 paper presented the results of an online survey and a subsequent in-situ field study on augmenting footstep sounds in audio-augmented realities. The field study took place in an urban environment. The soundscapes (Forest, Beach, and Mountain) and footstep sounds (Leaves, Sand, and Gravel) that received the highest ratings in the online survey were investigated in detail regarding their effects on the experience of pedestrians on a sidewalk.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: However, one challenge of using AAV is its relatively small packaging capacity (4. 7 kb). Consequently, efforts are underway to deliver the Cas9 and sgRNA coding sequences using two separate AAV vectors. Alternatively, these size constraints can be sidestepped by creating a shorter Cas9 ortholog. In addition to size incompatibility, viral vectors have the drawback of possible constitutive nuclease expression, resulting in cell toxicity and genomic instability [145]. A variety of nonviral methods exist for both in vivo and ex vivo delivery of -Cas9 in the form of mRNA or proteins [146]; these include electroporation, hydrodynamic delivery, and the use of liposomes [147]. Because mRNA and proteins introduced by these methods are present in cells only transiently, nonviral delivery systems are expected to decrease the frequency of off-target effects and cell toxicity relative to viral systems. promising as sounds, a variety of concerns have been expressed about this technique. In early 2015, a Chinese research group used -Cas9 to perform editing on nonviable human trinuclear zygotes, stimulating a vigorous discussion of the ethical implications. Summit on Editing in Washington was convened in late 2015, providing a forum in which scientists could achieve a consensus on human germline engineering. -Cas9 toolbox has many advantages and it can be used to correct many defects that occur systemically or from birth, including cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease. However, it remains unclear how we should set boundaries regarding which human traits are appropriate for editing. In addition, few would argue that a number of safety and efficacy concerns about -Cas9 remain to be resolved. Especially in light of the possibility that undesirable parties could use this technology for eugenics, it would be irresponsible to allow modification of human embryos. In this respect, we must confront the need for robust regulation, even as arguments rage between the advocates of caution and progress. advances in genome editing with is very rapid from basic research to clinical therapy. Development of may widen the opportunity of iPSC application in real clinic. To deeply understand cutting-edge technology can promote gene-editing applications in fields of cancer research, synthetic biology, and gene therapy using induced pluripotent stem cells. Conflict of potential conflict of interest relevant to this 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 89-98 2008 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) -mediated Mechanisms 진세노사이드의 혈관확장작용과 분자기전 Kim, Nak-Doo (University) 김낙두 (서울대학교) Published : 2008. 06. 30 ⟨ ⟩ are increasing evidences in the literatures on the potential role of ginsenosides in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this 10. 1248/yakushi1947. 103. 12_1269 Tamura, Y. , Hirai, A. , Terano, T. , Thara, K. , Saito, J. , Kondo, S. and Samukawa, K. : Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic effects of Ginseng-Effects on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells-Science. No. 16, 55-60 (1993) Homby, E. J. : Evidence that prostaglandin endoperoxides can induce platelet aggregation in the absence of thromboxane $A_2$ production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 1158-1160 (1982) and Kim, N. D. : Inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on platelet aggregation and its mechanism of action, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 132-140 (1997) Lee, J. H. and Park, H. J. : Effects of intaking of products on human platelet aggregation and blood lipids, J Ginseng Res. 22, 173-180 (1998) and Zhong, J. J. : Enhancement of fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb2. Sin. 24, 102-108 (2003) and Yun, Y. P. :Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of ginseng extract. Pharmacol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: Original PaperLam1,2*, MA Qiang Xie1,2*, MEd Goldberg1,2, PhD 1Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-2Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-*these authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author:of Counseling PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison335 Education Building1000 Bascom MallMadison, WI, 53706United StatesPhone: 1 6082624807Email: sbgoldberg@wisc. eduAbstractBackground: Meditation apps have the potential to increase access to evidence-based strategies to promote mental health. However, it is currently unclear how meditation apps are situated within the broader landscape of meditation practice and what factors may influence engagement with them. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the prevalence and correlates of meditation app use in a population-based sample of individuals with lifetime exposure to meditation in the United States. In addition, we sought to identify the concerns and desired features of meditation apps among those with lifetime exposure to meditation. Methods: A total of 953 participants completed an initial screening survey. Of these 953 participants, 434 (45. 5%) reported lifetime exposure to meditation and completed a follow-up survey (434/470, 92. 3% response rate) assessing their meditation app use, anxiety, depression, loneliness, initial motivation for meditation, and concerns about and desired features of meditation apps. Results: Almost half (434/953, 45. 5%) of the participants who completed the screening survey reported lifetime exposure to meditation. Among those with lifetime exposure to meditation (ie, meditators), more than half (255/434, 58. 8%) had used meditation apps at least once in their lives, and 21. 7% (94/434) used meditation apps weekly or daily (ie, active users). Younger age, higher anxiety, and a mental health motivation for practicing meditation were associated with lifetime exposure to meditation apps. Among meditators, those with lifetime exposure to meditation apps were more likely to report concerns about apps, including concerns regarding the cost and effectiveness of apps, time required for use, technical issues with apps, and app user-friendliness. Meditators who used meditation apps weekly or daily (ie, active users) were younger, less likely to be men and non-individuals and have lower income, and more likely to have an initial spiritual motivation for meditation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2015) [63] Cardiovascular disease Pcsk9 NHEJ-mediated disruption of PCSK9 Cas9, sg (2014) [88] hF9, human F9; HDR, homology-directed repair; AAV, adeno-associated virus; ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; SSC, spermatogonial stem cell; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; ssODN, single-stranded oligonucleotide; Cas9, associated protein 9; sgRNA, single guide RNA; NHEJ, nonhomologous end joining; HBV, hepatitis B virus. Table 4. Examples of therapeutic applications of genome editing using stem cell gene Study model Cystic fibrosis -mediated correction of CFTR deltaF508 mutation i/TALEN/ (2015) [101] Sargent et al. (2014) [102] Firth et al. (2015) [103] HDR-mediated cDNA knock-in organoid (2013) [104] Small/short DNA fragments-mediated correction of CFTR deltaF508 mutation i (2016) [105] hF8 NHEJ-mediated correction of inversion Plasmid, Cas9, gRNA Patient i/ (2014) [90] Park et al. (2015) [91] Sickle-cell anemia -mediated correction i/TALEN/ (2011) [93] Sun et al. (2014) [94] Huang et al. (2015) [95] m34+ (2015) [92] NHEJ-mediated deletion of enhancer BCL11A mRNA, lentivirus Adult CD34+ HSCs, immortalized human CD34+TALEN/ (2015) [106] Canver et al. (2015) [107] β-Thalassemia HDR-mediated correction i/TALEN/ (2015) [97] Xie et al. (2014) [96] Sun et al. (2014) [94] of point mutation Plasmid - ZFN Rahman et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Toxicol. 100, 170-175 (2007). and Yun, Y. P. : Effect of on Blood circulation in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Ginseng Res. 31, 109-116 (2007) and Park, K. H. : Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane $A_2$ in human platelet aggregation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 49, 157-62 (1995) Radomski, M. W. , Palmer, R. M. J. and Moncada, S. :An Larginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5193-5197 (1990) Jayakody, R. L. , Senaratne, M. P. J. , Thomson, A. B. R. and Kappagoda, C. T. : Cholesterol feeding impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 1206-1209 (1985) and Kim, N. D. : Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen Pharmacol. 26, 483-487 (1995) Ang-Lee, M. K. , Moss, J. and Yuan, C. S. : Herbal medicines and perioperative care, JAMA 286, 208-216 (2001) Chen, X. , Gillis, C. N. and Moalli, R. : Vascular effects of ginsenosides in viro, Br. J. Pharmac. 82, 485-491 (1984) Furchgott, R. F. and Zawadzki, J. V. : The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376 (1980) Ignarro, L. , and Chaundhuri, G. : Endothelium -derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting involves compensating for habitat loss caused by development projects. [SEP] Text: Similarly, LPA3 agreed with the use of a metric in principle, but was “not convinced offsetting itself should be made mandatory”. Offsetting, as defined by Defra (2013a, b, p. 8) is expected to “observe the mitigation hierarchy”, the (dis)incentives it creates for adherence to the mitigation hierarchy is unclear. Indeed, an assessment of the biodiversity offsetting pilot schemes in England by Baker et al. (2014, p. 64) found the use of the (Defra 2013a, b) metric for biodiversity “…tended to support the application of the mitigation hierarchy. However, within the pilot programme there were some applications where biodiversity offsetting was presented as a validated route for compensation and this may have undermined the hierarchy”. 4. 1. 1. 1 Regulatory environmentWith respect to regulation and enforcement, all stakeholders regarded the state as an important agent in mediating the implementation of Biodiversity Offsetting, although they recognised that ongoing budget cuts to government programmes and local authorities presented a major barrier to implementing, regulating and enforcing Biodiversity Offsetting. LPA 1 commented: look at the planning system at the moment, look at the flaws in it. The real lack of ecologists. The biodiversity duty just not being properly considered at all within many local authorities. It’s a resource problem, it’s massive cuts within local authorities. Similarly, OB1 noted: we’ve got a local council whose budget is being stripped every single year and they own a lot of biodiversity spots that they have no money to manage, no money to do anything. These observations bring into sharp focus the resource constraints to meaningfully implementing and monitoring biodiversity offsets. Conservation practitioners are increasingly expected to deliver adequate protection of ecosystems in an era of austerity and dwindling financial resources (Comerford et al. 2010; Corson 2010; McCarthy et al. 2012; Apostolopoulou et al. 2014). Within this environment, it is assumed that non-state actors and private investors will help bridge the shortfall between government provision of public goods and that which is socially optimal (Reid 2011; Young 2015). However, often this devolution of state power is not met with a fair reallocation of resources to local authorities to support alternative service delivery mechanisms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine can cure any disease with stem cell therapy. [SEP] Text: Overcoming barriers to facilitate the regulation of multi-centre regenerative medicine clinical trials access Published: 08 November 2018 Overcoming barriers to facilitate the regulation of multi-centre regenerative medicine clinical trials : orcid. org/0000-0002-0242-22961, Audrey Boily1, Craig Hasilo2 & …Knoppers1 Show authors Research & Therapy 2018. The law allows terminally ill patients to gain access to experimental treatments not yet approved by the US FDA [30]. Yet, debate continues as to the actual benefits of such a law [31]. In contrast, the Australian regulatory authority, the Administration (TGA), has recently taken a stance against the current marketing and advertising of autologous human cell and tissue therapies. As of July 1, 2018, the TGA has banned advertisements of unproven therapies to consumers and requires the reporting of all adverse events [32, 33]. Regulatory frameworksBeyond these ELSI, the regulatory processes for the approval of RMCTs in Canada, the USA, and Europe vary. Each jurisdiction has its own regulatory agency involved in overseeing and managing clinical trial applications (CTA), respectively Health Canada, the US FDA, and the EMA. There are additional provincial or state requirements in Canada and the USA as well as additional national requirements in countries of the European Union. Canada and the US FDA “stratify somatic cell products based on whether they are [allogeneic], minimally manipulated, used in a homologous fashion, combined with other drugs and/or devices, and have systemic/metabolic effects” (p. 609) [34]. Below, we address cell and tissue products (CTPs) which are more than minimally manipulated and intended for non-homologous purposes. This type of CTP was selected because “most cell therapy products are likely to have some systemic and/or metabolic effect” (p. 650) [35]. Even though autologous stem cell products are not the subject matter of this paper, the findings from a recent Canadian workshop on the gaps in the regulation of minimally manipulated autologous stem cell therapies might be particularly instructive [36]. CanadaIn Canada, cell therapy products that are more than minimally manipulated and that neither meet the criteria outlined in the Safety of Human Cells, Tissues and Organs (CTO) for (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acad. Sci. USA. 84, 9265-9269 (1987) and Kim, N. D. : Effects of Ginseng on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in thoracic aorta from rats and rabbits, of Society of Korea, University, October 25-26 (1991) Kang, S. Y. and Kim, N. D. : The antihypertensive effect of red ginseng saponin and the endothelium-derived vascular relaxation. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 16, 175-182 (1992) : Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen. Pharmac. 25, 1071-1077 (1994) Achike, F. I. and Kwan, C. Y. : Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signaling pathway. Clinical Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30, 605-615 (2003) and Lee, Y. W. : Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 26, 199-209 (1998) Sung, J. ,. , Kim, C. H. and Oh, B. H. : Effect of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 28, 205-216. (2000). and Nam, K. Y. : Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Gen. Pharmacol. 35, 135-41 (2000) Vuksan, V. , Stavro, M. , Woo, M. , Leiter, A. , Sung, M. K. and Sievenpiper, L. : ginseng (Panax gingeng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial, The 9th on Ginseng: September 10. 1016/j. niox. 2005. 02. 001 Popovich, D. G. and Kitts, D. D. : Generation of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 from ginseng. Phytochemistry. 65, 337-344 (2004) Buetter, C. , and Kaptchuk, T. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offsetting policies may require developers to restore or protect similar ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Based on the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi targets, Brazil set in 2013 its national biodiversity goals [24] for significantly reducing the risk of extinction of threatened species. In particular, Goal 11 foresaw the expansion of the country's network of protected areas (PAs), which includes both conservation units and indigenous lands [8], to cover at least 30% of the Amazon and 17% of each of its remaining terrestrial biomes (Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa). With the exception of the Amazon, this goal was still not attained in other biomes [46], and is now being challenged by more ambitious post-2020 targets, which include recent proposals for protecting 30% of the planet (land and oceans) by 2030 [12], half the terrestrial biosphere by 2050 [11, 21, 49]. In addition, by adhering to the 2022 Kunming-[1], Brazil agreed to, by 2030, bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero, to protect 30% of Earth's lands, oceans, coastal areas, inland waters, and to restore at least 30% of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystems. Even though several recent studies [11, 12, 20, 21, 25, 49] have attempted to identify a global network of priority areas for conservation, there is still no consensus on how to invest the limited resources available for preserving or restoring natural habitats and related environmental resources, such as biodiversity [25]. Crucially, conservation strategies diverge in how they take into account the degree of anthropization of proposed areas [51]. Compared to pristine regions, areas that have already been impacted by human activities are generally more difficult to be designated as PAs, regardless their importance for biodiversity conservation. To address this issue, Yang and collaborators [51] combined seven global biodiversity conservation templates [14, 26, 29, 33, 41, 48, 50] with data on low-human impact areas (LIAs) [19] to identify cost-effective conservation priority zones (CEZs) more suitable for PA designation. In Brazil, CEZs are frequently situated on private property, outside the legal protection of the country's public network of PAs. Although, in general, PAs are the most effective instruments of public policy for protecting natural ecosystems, they require appropriate funding for land expropriation, and management.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine can cure any disease with stem cell therapy. [SEP] Text: The FDA’s mandate has been expanded to include facilitating innovation and expediting the development of new therapies, notably in the context of serious or life-threatening diseases [40]. This was clearly articulated in the Twenty-first Act (2016) [41], which introduced a new accelerated pathways program to expedite the development and review of regenerative medicine advanced therapies (RMAT). RMAT designated HCT/Ps and cell therapies must demonstrate preliminary evidence of their potential to address unmet medical needs related to the serious or life-threatening disease, and once approved by the FDA, such designated products may be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval [40]. Furthermore, the FDA has released a comprehensive oversight framework laid out in four guidance documents that clarify the criteria, definitions and interpretations for the advancement of regenerative medicine [40, 42, 43]. EuropeIn Europe, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are either gene therapy medicinal products, somatic cell therapy medicinal products or tissue-engineered products [44]. Such products are typically subject to Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 on (adopted in 2007) [45, 46], which was supported by Directive 2001/83/EC (repealed) and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 [47]. Furthermore, clinician-researchers and sponsors must also conform to the general framework set out in the new Regulation 536/2014, which puts forward a single CTA approach, for all involved in a given proposal, via a single online EU portal and the possibility to provide greater transparency in the reporting of data post clinical trial [47, 48]. Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 also sets out additional criteria for ATMPs and creates a centralized authorization process for those marketed within the (EU) [39]. The additional criteria lead to a more “rigorous” evaluation of ATMPs than was the case under previous medicinal product legislation [49]. As a result, this centralized process may result in longer delays in authorization [22]. In the case of doubt regarding the classification of an ATMP, the EMA has established an optional procedure through which a clinician-researcher or sponsor can submit an application for a scientific recommendation on the classification of ATMPs [49, 50]. To qualify as an ATMP, the cells or the tissues must undergo a process that “involves substantial manipulation of the starting materials” (p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Systemic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors, Ann. Phamacother. 40, 83-95 (2006) Kim, H. , Chen, X. and Gillis, C. N. : Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radicalinduced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 670-676 (1992) and Yang, D. C. : Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by microbacterium sp. GS514, Phytochemistry 69, 218-224 (2008) Ando, T. , Tanaka, O. and Shibata, S. : Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXV. Comparative studies on the saponin and sapogenins of ginseng and related crude drugs, 25, 28-34 (1971) Kang, S. Y. , Schini-Kirth, V. B. and Kim, N. D. : Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endotheliumdependent relaxation in the rat aorta. 56, 1577-1586 (1995) and Schini-Kerth, V. B. : Ginsenoside Rg3 mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367, 41-49 (1999a) and Park, I. N. : High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginseng saponins using evaporative light scattering detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 736, 77-81 (1996) and Park, J. H. : Steaming of Ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1702-1704 (2000) and Kim, D. H. : Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformations. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 61-67 (2004) Busse, R. , Fichtner, H. , Luckhoff, A. and Kohlhardt, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offsetting policies may require developers to restore or protect similar ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Moreover, given currently existing funding gaps for both PA expansion and management, investments in management are frequently the best way to protect biodiversity [2]. In 2016, 76. 6% of federal PAs in Brazil were threatened by funding deficits, with the network-wide deficit reaching 84. 4% of the estimated management costs [9]. As a result, rather than focusing on the creation of new PAs to protect Brazil's CEZs, this study examines the efficiency of Brazil's (Law n∘ 12 651, also known as the 'Forest Code', FC) in preserving and restoring the country's unprotected CEZs. The FC is Brazil's primary instrument for regulating changes in land use on private lands. It was revised in 2012 and establishes region-specific legal restrictions on the amount of deforestation permitted on private property; see supplementary material (SM) for a description of Brazil's FC. On each private property, the FC mandates the protection of environmentally sensitive areas, such as riverbanks and springs, as well as a percentage of native vegetation, which ranges from 80% in the Amazon to 20% in the Caatinga, for example. These areas account for more than one-third of Brazil's original vegetation and contribute to biodiversity preservation [23]. Here, we present the first evaluation of projected anthropization in unprotected CEZs at a high spatial resolution from 2020 to 2050. By anthropization we mean any area of original native vegetation (forested or not) that has been converted to cropland, pasture, or other uses. Our research focuses on Brazil's entire territory and its four biggest biomes (Amazon, Cerrado, and Caatinga); see SM. We have three basic research questions. First, how effective is Brazil's FC at safeguarding or rehabilitating vulnerable CEZs? Second, how may the FC be adjusted or supplemented to protect and recover CEZs effectively? Finally, how the protection and restoration of CEZs may affect agricultural production in Brazil. To answer these questions, we used the -Brazil land-use change model in conjunction with a downscaling approach to construct estimates of natural plant cover at a spatial resolution of 0. 01∘ under five scenarios. In addition to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, four implementations of Brazil's current FC with varying native vegetation restoration standards and a regional zero-deforestation policy are considered.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine can cure any disease with stem cell therapy. [SEP] Text: 426) [49]. for the (CAT) is responsible for all regulatory procedures concerning ATMP in the EU (p. 410) [51], notably “the adoption of scientific recommendations on ATMP classification taking in to account the legal provisions in force, the scientific state of the art and the input from the European Commission” (p. 4) [50]. If a product is qualified as an ATMP, the clinician-researcher or sponsor will need to obtain marketing authorisation (MA) by submitting a file containing all the data collected during the product development phase that demonstrates “the quality, safety and efficacy of ATMPs” (p. 427) for market approval [49]. Guidance documents are available to further describe the specifics for safety, quality and efficacy aspects [49]. Limitations and barriers to initiating multi-centre regenerative medicine clinical trialsThe ELSI highlighted above, along with the regulatory frameworks themselves, raise barriers and limitations for the initiation of multi-centre RMCTs (Table 3). Authors have also noted a lack of international coordination in the harmonization of regulatory requirements for RMCT [52]. This makes the complex and diversified regulatory landscape difficult, to say nothing of creating variation and incompatibility between collaboratory centres from different jurisdictions. Regulatory approval processes are difficult to navigate, notably in the context of multi-centre clinical trials. Table 3 Key limitations and barriersFull size tableNotwithstanding, there are a number of international harmonization initiatives such as the on Harmonization (ICH), Regulator’s ’s (PIC/s) and Council (RCC), as well as an increase in collaborative efforts to address issues between Canada, the USA and the EU [53]. However, these initiatives may overlap and create a lack of coordination at another level, resulting in the ideal of a harmonized system being a long way off. Indeed, there appears to be a global shift towards regulatory diversification rather than harmonization [54]. According to the 2018 OECD report on advanced therapies, a decrease in the number of ongoing initiatives would minimize the duplication of efforts while better coordination could facilitate harmonization [9]. Uncertainty also exists regarding the regulations that are actually in place since accompanying documentation lacks clarity (e. g. guidelines, templates and approval processes) [55].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 255(4 Pt 2), H965-H969 (1988) Kwan, C. Y. and Kwan, K. : Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 21, 1101-1105 (2000) Yu, J. , Eto, M. , Akishita, M. , Kaneco, A. , Ouchi, Y. and Okabe, T. : Signaling pathway of nitric oxide production induced by ginsenoside Rb1 in human aortic endothelial cells: a possible involvement of androgen receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 353, 764-769 (2007) and Wong, R. N. : Signaling pathway of ginsenoside-Rg1 leading to nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. FEBS Letters 580, 3211-3216 (2000) Kim, M. K. , Namkoong, S. , and Kim, Y. M. : Water extract of ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1674-1679 (2007) Fleming, I. and Busse, R. : Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physio. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R1-R12 (2003) Li, Z. , Niwa, Y. , Sakamoto, S. , Shono, M. , Chen, X. and Nakaya, Y. : Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by ginsenosides in cultured porcine endothelial cells. Life Sciences. 67, 2983-2989 (2000) and Kim, S. G. : Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrineinduced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 140, 661-670 (2003). , Kim, J. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offsetting policies may require developers to restore or protect similar ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In all our projections, we additionally account for the impact of climate change on Brazil's agriculture, including the spatial displacement of crops due to shifting productivity patterns. Comparisons among these projections are used to help identify gaps in the current legislation and evaluating new policies for better conservation and restoration of unprotected CEZs in Brazil. Previous modeling studies [7, 36, 38] and reviews [5] have investigated the potential implications of the FC on land use change, or the impact of land use change on Brazilian species [4, 10, 37, 42]. Other research has looked at the influence of the FC on biodiversity in certain biomes or regions [6, 32, 43, 47]. However, no previous research has looked into the possible contribution of FC implementation and enforcement to the protection and restoration of CEZs in Brazil. Furthermore, given the increasing annual rate of deforestation in the Amazon [17], new plans to develop transportation infrastructure that threatens remaining intact ecosystems [44], and recent reductions in environmental regulations [34], there is urgent need to assess the future potential risks and benefits on unprotected CEZs of implementing (or not) the FC, and investigate possible mitigating policies. 2. Materials and methods2. 1. Cost-effective conservation priority zones (CEZs)Data on CEZs were generated by Yang et al [51] using a two-step procedure. In the first step, seven templates that identify global priority areas for biodiversity conservation were overlaid. The resulting map identified how many times an area appears in one or more templates: level 1, three or more times; level 2, two times; level 3, the area appears in only one template. These seven templates represented different approaches or criteria for biodiversity conservation: crisis ecoregions [48], biodiversity hotspots [26], Areas [41], Areas [14], Centers of [50], Global 200 Ecoregions [29], and Landscapes [33]. In the second step, the resulting three-level global map was compared with data of LIAs [18] to identify CEZs. LIAs are landscapes with minimal human density and impacts that are not primarily maintained for human needs (e. g. agricultural production, logging, etc). Natural processes predominate in these locations, however they may not necessarily have intact natural vegetation, ecosystem processes, or faunal assemblages.

Output: corroborate