Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: endeavours to explain biological phenomena Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2574-9722 Biology and 98. DOI: 10. 15406/mojbm. 2024. 09. 00223 use of mathematical methods and models is continually increasing in many areas of contemporary biological research: in genomics, molecular modelling, structural biology, neurobiology, biology of systems and so on. In this paper we discuss the importance of Mathematics, mathematical modelling and dynamic visualization, with the aid of technology, in the field of Biology and Medicine. We emphasize that the language of Mathematics and the graphical display is remarkably powerful and flexible, and the modes of understanding and thinking about phenomena can yield deep insight into it that pervades the modern life. Keywords: mathematical biology, mathematical models, biological systems, geometrical display, covid-19 Biology is the application of mathematical concepts, modelling and techniques to solve problems in biology, physiology, psychology and in medicine, as well. By the use of mathematics many researchers are helping to better understand the biological world. “The field of biophysical and molecular biology continues to be one of the most exciting and dynamic areas of science. Over the past few decades, the spectacular progress in this field has occurred due to the conceptual synthesis of ideas from biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics and computer science. ”1 Mathematics helps the scientists and the researchers of biosciences to understand many biological and medical phenomena such as: population growth, biological oscillations and pattern formation, the spread of disease, human physiology, systems and organs, the growth of tumors etc. Their considerable emphasis relates to models building and development. 2 Nevertheless, our understanding is limited and never complete, even it contains errors, because we are observing, studying and analysing biological systems that are continually changing, and the most mysterious feature is their behaviour. This is true not only for a biological system but for its subsystems as well, and moving far deeper to the smaller entities like cells with their complex structure and content. This fact does not discourage the scientists and the researchers of any field-their work and contribution will continue and never there will be rest. The future research will at the first glance combine these seemingly contradictory directions and, if necessary, switch back and forth between them in order to understand these living beings. The knowledge will be increased and new revelations about the world and its phenomena will be done.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Satisfaction of participants in agro-healing activities with services and activities by session The satisfaction of participants in the agro-healing program with the services of the healing farm was measured based on the five dimensions suggested by Parasuraman et al. (1988), and the score of responsiveness was highest (4. 3/5), followed by assurance, empathy, reliability and tangibles (Fig. 2). Out of the 14 questions on satisfaction that were designed based on the five dimensions, the score of Question 6 on tangibles (employees were willing to help customers) and Question 10 on assurance (employees were polite to customers) was over 4. 3/5, showing a high satisfaction level. However, Question 1 on tangibles (facilities in the healing farm were convenient and attractive) and Question 2 on tangibles (signs and materials related to the services of the healing farm were well presented) showed a very low satisfaction level (20–30%; Table 4). These results indicate that the owner and employees of the healing farm sincerely treated participants but were a little inexperienced in terms of safety, the most important aspect. When participants performed the activities that required tools seemed to have difficulties in locating tools and finding directions and facilities, which demonstrates the importance of properly installed signs on safety and facilities. Most participants showed a high desire for services due to the difficulties they faced in reality, while the owner of the healing farm who provided services for participants seemed to view the personality issues of participants are more important and tend to view changes in the personality of participants more important in solving problems. These differences in perception between them can result in differences in the perception of desires for services between participants and healing farm owners (Jeong, 2003). Therefore, it can be concluded that satisfaction with services is significantly affected by how healing farm owners and participants perceive services. In addition, the satisfaction of participants with the agro-healing program by session was surveyed, and the score in the 1st session was lowest (4), but the score continued to increase from the 2nd session. The score of the 3rd–7th sessions was high (4. 5/5; Fig. 3). In particular, from the 3rd session, ‘satisfied’ and ‘very satisfied’ accounted for nearly over 95% (Table 5). The high satisfaction of participants can be attributed to the content of the program designed according to the characteristics and environment of the healing farm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 2016) assessments demonstrated that whilst the distribution patterns of species richness of all reptiles combined, as well as those of snakes, revealed similar patterns to those of the other three tetrapod classes, the patterns displayed by hotspots of total and endemic lizards and chelonian richness do not overlap significantly with those of other terrestrial tetrapods. A detailed analysis of reptile hotspots within Angola awaits fuller details of species diversity and distributions, both of which are still in their formative period. However, it is already evident that certain regions and their associated habitats and reptile faunas, particularly for endemic or near endemic species, present unique associations, some of which may be confirmed as regionally important reptile hotspots. of EndemismLizard diversity in southern Africa, particularly in the western arid regions, is the highest in Africa, and the existence of similar habitat structure and diversity in southwest Angola indicates that this African lizard hotspot may also extend into Angola in association with arid and hyper-arid habitats. In association with desert habitats a number of characteristic Namib reptiles cross the and just enter extreme southwest Angola, including: Gerrhosaurus skoogi, Pachydactylus rangei, P. vanzyli, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Meroles anchietae, M. reticulata, Trachylepis puncutula, and Bitis caudalis. Recent discoveries also suggest the existence of an endemic reptile fauna, including the existing endemics Pedioplanis benguellensis, Typhlacontias rudebecki, and T. punctatissimus bogerti, as well as a number newly described species in the region, e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus (Haacke 2008), Pedioplanis huntleyi, P. haackei (Conradie et al. 2012a), and Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Moreover, recent surveys in the region have revealed numerous examples of cryptic diversity in some lizard genera, where new species of Afroedura, Pachydactylus, Nucras, Pedioplanis endemic to the region have been identified and await description.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the assistance of the computers, of the computer programs and simulations is necessary to solve problems in mathematical biology. Experimental techniques are used to investigate biological systems by generating large amounts of data. “The researchers are building mathematical and computational models to understand and make quantitative predictions of data as to how biological systems will behave in different conditions”. 3 The advancement of mathematical modells, computer equipment and programs, and computational methods has made it possible to describe in detail the situation and consequences related to COVID-19 throughout the world. The creation of mathematical models: equations, formulas, graphs, models, tables, methods etc makes possible to describe and predict natural occurrences, such as organism behavior, patterns, population changes, the spread of diseases or viruses over time. Mathematical graph or display helps us to understand, describe and interpret the spread of COVID-19. In developmental biology genomics groups in ESAM are using tools from statistics, machine learning, and statistical physics to build data-driven mathematical models to address it. 4 In addition to the traditional tools of ordinary and partial differential Equations, today graph theory and random graphs have been applied to epidemiology and gene networks. 5 On the other side, the interaction biology-mathematics is raising new mathematical questions. Mathematics is stimulated by biology and more core mathematicians have gotten acquainted with and involved in biological problems. Biology has created fundamentally new questions in statistics. 6,7 The theory of biochemical reactions has stimulated new theorems in dynamical systems. 8,9 Many biologists use mathematical functions and models to plot graphs in order to understand a biological phenomenon, they run small “trial and error” tests, develop algorithms, and use the R project (Reverse phase analysis) to analyze protein sequences and structures. 10 It is important to emphasize here the distinction between physics and biology. In physics, objects are assumed to follow stable equations which can be found on the basis of quantitative transformations and invariants under these transformations and symmetries. Changes are then quantitative changes of state in the predefined state space. By contrast, in biology, the changes also impact these invariants and symmetries. 11 But the change or variation is also a variation of the relevant equations and a biological object cannot be defined by its invariants and symmetries, and a mathematical structure cannot be probed by experiments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: This result was similar to the result of Jang, Yoo, et al. (2019) that the satisfaction of patients with high blood pressure and diabetes, chronic life style diseases, with the sessions of the agro-healing program conducted in a healing farm was very high. Correlation of the satisfaction and stress level of participants with their loyalty The correlation of the cortisol, satisfaction and stress level of participants in agro-healing activities with their loyalty was examined, and their satisfaction with services showed a high positive correlation (over. 7) with their loyalty, which was statistically significant. The level of cortisol, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress showed a positive correlation with loyalty, while the level of cortisol showed a negative correlation with satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress (Table 6). However, there was no statistically significant difference. These results indicate that key variables such as the satisfaction of participants with the services of the healing farm significantly affected their intention to revisit the farm. Effects of key variables on loyalty The effects of the concentration of cortisol, satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress on loyalty were examined, and the four variables including cortisol, satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program and the level of stress explained 61% of loyalty. value was 5. 18, and data were statistically significant at the level of 0. 01, indicating that the key variables of participants including the level of stress and satisfaction with services and the program have strong effects on loyalty (Table 7). Lee (2007) reported that contacting with natural environments restore the ability of attention, reduce the negative effects of stress and thus improve emotions, which supports the usefulness of the results of this study that the concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities, satisfaction with services and the program and the level of stress affected the loyalty of participants. examine the effects of the resources of a healing farm and the satisfaction of participants on the level of stress and loyalty, this study measured the level of salivary cortisol and surveyed the level of stress, satisfaction with the services of the healing farm and satisfaction with the program, targeting a total of 18 males and females (aged 49. 5±7. 55 years on average). Agro-healing activities were performed once a week, a total of seven sessions, for 90 minutes and the items above were measured before and after participating in the program.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: It would appear that perhaps as many as 75+ new lizard species await discovery in Angola, and that many of these will be endemic. Branch (2014) noted that endemicity in lizards was particularly evident in rupicolous forms (many geckos, cordylids and skinks) associated with rocky outcrops. Rock exposures may form an archipelago of ‘sky islands’ on which isolation inhibits gene flow and thus leads to speciation. It is the lizard families containing large numbers of rupicolous species, i. e. Gekkonidae, Cordylidae and Scincidae, already show the greatest levels of endemicity among Angolan reptiles, and in which recent surveys have already identified numerous cryptic taxa (Stanley et al. 2016; Branch et al. 2017). Fig. 13. 1Species accumulation curves for reptile discoveries in Angola (blue) and southern Africa (red) showing the relative stagnation of Angolan reptile species descriptions during the twentieth century. By the end of the nineteenth century 67. 4% of Angolan reptiles had already been described, in contrast to less than half (47. 8%) of those in southern AfricaFull size imageof ‘Hotspots’protected areas underperform in their stated conservation goals (Lindsey et al. 2014; Bowker et al. 2017). It is now generally accepted that modern national and internationally co-ordinated networks of protected area should be designed to cover important biodiversity hotspots and also protect habitats essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services such as water flow and quality, nutrient transfer, etc. (NPAES 2010). Such a revised Angolan network was proposed many years ago (Huntley 1974), and initial biodiversity surveys to gain insight into biodiversity in potential sites were undertaken (Huntley 2009; Huntley and Francisco 2015). Recent studies have shown that protected reserves designed to protect mammals, birds and amphibians are effective in protecting snakes, but fare badly in protecting African lizard diversity (Lewin et al. 2016; Roll et al. 2017). Future systematic biodiversity surveys should be directed to unique habitats and landforms in undersampled regions. Some of the interesting species recorded on recent field surveys are illustrated in Fig. 13. 2. Fig. 13. 2Angolan reptiles. Top to bottom, left to right. Bogert’s (Afroedura cf.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: In biology, objects are always historic singularities, they are determined by history and cultural perspectives. Each singular organism has its own historicity that overthrows the current mathematical primacy of invariance—a primacy with very powerful knowledge effects, but which may prove an obstacle to understanding life, especially when it is disfigured in the genocentric approach to DNA and the myth of the “program”, as the informational invariants. 12 Many studies are conducted to investigate the cause of COVID-19 and the relationship between perception of causes of COVID-19, attitudes towards vaccine and trust in information sources from an infodemic perspective. The rapid spread of this disease around the world was associated with new data about the pandemic that spread constantly. Deceptive and fake news propagated with high speed. defined it as “a massive collection of information emerging during an epidemic, some of which is true, some of which is wrong, that spreads rapidly like a virus and complicates the health organization”. 13 Because of conspiracy theories (biological weapon, strategy of controlling the population, plague of the modern age due to sins committed by people and so on) COVID-19 has deeply affected all areas of life and has become a determinant of individuals’ and societies’ behaviours and thought patterns. This fact is confirmed by several study results that show that many people display a positive attitude towards getting the vaccine, also many display vaccine hesitancy. The real root of COVID-19 is not known yet, and the methods and tools to fight it will require a very long-term project. Why? Because we are dealing and analysing biological systems that are continually changing, adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. It is a worldly known fact that “Half a century of cancer research had generated an enormous body of observations about the behaviour of the disease, but there were essentially no insights into how the disease begins and progresses to its life-threatening conclusions”. 1 We add here the other fact that there is a restricted stability in biological objects. So has been with COVID-19, its behaviour has not been stable. The constraints are only stable for a limited time and can be used as invariants at a given time scale. The constraints of an organism mutually stabilize and reconstruct each other so that the organism can maintain itself over time. This is called closure of constraints and the closure of constraints is a hallmark of biological organisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Differences before and after participating in agro-healing activities were compared and analyzed, and the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone, was reduced after participating in 5 sessions out of 1–7 sessions, and the total concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities showed statistically significant differences (z = −2. 809, p <. 01). Compared to other sessions, the 6th session composed of understanding grasses (weeds), maintaining a vegetable garden and making and sharing a pizza with enzymes showed the lowest concentration of cortisol after participating in agro-healing activities compared to the level before participating in the activities (z = −3. 182, p <. 001), indicating that agro-healing activities are effective in reducing the level of stress. The level of stress was surveyed using 10 questions, and the level decreased from 18. 39 to 16. 78 statistically significantly (z = −2. 760, p <. 01), supporting a decrease in the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone. The satisfaction of participants in agro-healing activities with the services of the healing farm was surveyed after the final session, and out of 14 questions, 2 questions about the convenience of facilities and the placement of signs and materials showed a low satisfaction level on average, 50% or lower, which demonstrates that education and promotion are essential for the owner of healing farms on the convenience of facilities in healing farms, signs and safety. However, the overall satisfaction of participants with the program comprised of 7 sessions was high (over 4), and the satisfaction of participants with the program tended to increase as participants attended more sessions. The correlation of the satisfaction of participants and the level of stress with loyalty was also analyzed, and satisfaction with the services of the healing farm and loyalty showed a very positive correlation, which was statistically significant. In addition, the effects of the key variables of participants on their loyalty were analyzed, and the level of stress and satisfaction with services and the program were found to have a strong influence on loyalty. Jang, Gim, et al. (2019) reported that the level of stress was lowered from the level of being likely to be developed into a mental illness before participating in the activity of maintaining a community garden to the level of having been already affected by stress after participating in the activity, and thus that the program comprised of plant cultivation activities was effective in reducing the level of stress that participants experienced. Jang et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: AbstractEndemism is one of the most important concepts in biogeography and is of high relevance for conservation biology. Nevertheless, our understanding of patterns of endemism is still limited in many regions of high biodiversity. This is also the case for Iran, which is rich in biodiversity and endemism, but there is no up-to-date account of diversity and distribution of its endemic species. In this study, a comprehensive list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran, their taxonomic composition and their geographical distribution are presented. To this end, a total of 2,597 (sub)endemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented and their distribution in three phytogeographical regions, two biodiversity hotspots and five areas of endemism were analysed. The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region harbours 88% of the Iranian endemics, the majority of which are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot (84%). Nearly three quarters of the endemic species are restricted to mountain ranges. The rate of endemism increases along an elevational gradient, causing the alpine zone to harbour a disproportionally high number of endemics. With increasing pastoralism, urbanization, road construction and ongoing climate change, the risk of biodiversity loss in the Iranian mountains is very high, and these habitats need to be more effectively protected. Similar content being viewed by others Seventeen ‘extinct’ plant species back to conservation attention in Europe 1. It is also considered a significant criterion for biodiversity conservation at the global, national and local scales2,3,4. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed both around the Earth and among the different lineages of the tree of life5,6. Areas with high concentration of narrowly distributed species are of high priority to preserve biodiversity3,7, and identification of areas with high priority for conservation is a fundamental task of conservation biogeography8,9. The number of endemic species in a biogeographic region is a first step for assessing the conservation situation of that region10. Documenting endemic richness in a biodiversity hotspot or area of endemism is important not only for setting their conservation priorities11, but also for understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes that have shaped the biodiversity hotspots in general and areas of endemism in particular12,13. This study focuses on Iran, a vast country in (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: So, we utilize geometrical research design to analyze the given data provided by different public sources: Organization-University (JHU), for and Promotion. Excel software was used to geometrically display the data for analysis and interpretation, and drawing conclusions. 15 1, the graph describes rates of the accumulated deaths(blue), Covid total deaths(brown) and ratio of Covid total deaths with accumulated deaths(grey) from April 01, 2020 to June 01, 2022. 16 The numbers corresponding to the ratio, which are smaller than 1, are found on the right-side scaling. Excluding few abnormalities, the death rates similarly increase. Observing the area between the brown and blue graphs we see that it is becoming wider as the time flows. This fact shows that the number of non-covid 19 deaths is greater. Our expectation is that the number of covid 19 deaths be greater. We cannot explain why because it is very difficult to detect a rule or to find a model explaining the death rates of human beings. The biological systems are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. Figure 1 Graph of covid versus total death rates. Figure 2, 3 represent the bar plot of outbreak groups and the outbreak graphs, respectively. They display the clinical data of COVID-19 outbreak groups in Canada from November 01, 2020 to June 01, 2022. 17 A bar represents the percentages (starting from the bottom) of Group (blue), Group (red), (grey), (yellow), (light blue), Other or (green) and Out of (black). Each bar shows the percentages of COVID-19 outbreak groups for the corresponding month. We cannot accept that the given data reflect the real situation in Canada or any other country. Must be understood that there are underestimations related to restrictions caused by high-risk populations and settings. This implies that the observed trends over time should be interpreted with caution. We cannot forecast what will be the situation in the future. The largest outbreaks have been in group (blue) and Workplace group (yellow) and Education group (grey). Figure 2 COVID-19 outbreak bar plot. Figure 3 COVID-19 outbreak graphs. This is due to the concentrations of people. However, we cannot explain why there is increase, during the first part of the year 2022, in the group whereas there is decrease in the Workplace group during the same period!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2018) also reported that the level of cortisol, a stress hormone, of parents of elementary school students was statistically significantly reduced after participating in plant cultivation activities, indicating that plant cultivation activities positively affect their healing effects. These results support the result of this study that the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone, and the level of stress were reduced. Since the Agro-healing Act was passed recently, people’s interest in healing farms and agro-healing has increased, but only a limited amount of information on agro-healing activities provided by healing farms is available. Therefore, it will be necessary to continuously research information on agro-healing and healing farms and their effects. study was supported by the 2019 Horticultural and Program of the of Horticultural and of the Administration (PJ01137604). Fig. 1 Agro-healing activities. (A) Gardening; (B) To get to know myself through color; (C) Making tarts using fermented lemon enzyme; (D) Color food art. Fig. 2 The satisfaction level of participants in the agro-healing program with the services of the healing farm. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Fig. 3 The satisfaction level of participants with the agro-healing program by each session. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Table 1 Agro-healing activities in a healing farm Session Agro-healing activity 1 Orientation, a lecture on fermentation & enzymes and understanding care farm 2 Decorating a straw hat, designing and making(sowing seeds) a vegetable garden 3 Planting seedlings of vegetables and floricultural plants, placing a name tag for plants, safety education, cooking chicken breast steaks using fermented beet enzyme 4 Planting a pet plant and presenting to me, cooking tarts using fermented lemon enzyme 5 Color food art, gardening a vegetable garden 1 (weeding) 6 Gardening a vegetable garden 2 (learning about the grass), cooking pizza using fermented enzyme 7 Planting and presenting a succulent plant as a gift Table 2 Changes in cortisol concentrations of participants before and after each session of agro-healing activities cortisol value (μg/dL) n z p 1 0. 05±0. 01z 0. 06±0. 01 16 −0. 673. 501NS 2 0. 07±0. 01 0. 05±0. 01 16 −2. 355.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 1a) with very diverse landscapes14,15,16 comprising a large number of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges. It is home to a high plant and animal diversity with more than 8,000 vascular plant taxa, approximately 30% of which are endemics17, and more than 1,000 species of mainland vertebrates14. Moreover, Iran is at the crossroads of three major phytogeographic regions (the Irano-Turanian, the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions sensu White and Léonard18), covers parts of two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus7, and harbours five areas of endemism19. These areas of endemism are clearly associated with the major mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau, harbouring the majority of the Iranian endemic flora19. Plateau is one of the hotspots of evolutionary and biological diversity of the and serves as a bridge for migration of many plants, connecting the eastern and western floras of Eurasia20. Despite its outstanding species richness, geographic extent, and evolutionary importance, and although it has been the object of several studies on endemism, diversity and chorology of plants17,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, there is no updated and comprehensive work available summarizing the diversity and distribution of endemic vascular flora in Iran as a whole, in its phytogeographical regions, in biodiversity hotspots and also in areas of endemism. Figure 1Global biodiversity hotspots, phytogeographic regions and areas of endemism in Iran. (a) Topographic map of Iran and adjacent regions showing the Irano-Anatolian and the Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. (b) Topographic map of Iran indicating phytogeographical regions (Irano-Turanian region indicated as yellow shaded area, the Saharo-Sindian region and the Euro-Siberian region indicated as unshaded areas south and north, respectively, of the Irano-Turanian region) and areas of endemism, well associated with high mountain ranges of Iran (indicated by outlines and their names). Full size imageIn this study, we provide a complete and updated list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran with their geographical distributions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: - in a time when industries are put at work in full capacity. This puzzle can be observed in the corresponding graph of the group which is separated from the other graphs. Figure 4 represents the graphs of 3 by Age Bands. The graphs display the administered data in Canada from January 01, 2022 to June 01, 2022. The legend clearly shows what the age bands are. Here are not included the data of less than 3 doses rates. The rates are calculated per 100 K. No need for explanations. 18 Figure 4 Graphs of vaccination status-3 doses rates by age bands. 5 are displayed the graphs corresponding to the quantities of doses used for the individuals fully or partly vaccinated. The horizontal axis contains the units of periods of 16 days starting with day 1, which is the first day of administering data. For the four left graphs, originating at day 1, we have: the graph corresponding to the total individuals fully vaccinated (yellow), the graph corresponding to the total individuals at least one time vaccinated (blue), the graph corresponding to the total doses given to fully vaccinated individuals (violet), the graph corresponding to the total individuals taking ACC doses (green). In addition, there are two graphs on the right: the graph corresponding to the total individuals partially vaccinated (brown and almost horizontal) and, the graph corresponding to the total individuals taken 3 doses (light blue). From the graphs we understand that over time the people become more conscious of being vaccinated. But, still, are raised questions about the second part of the graphs corresponding to the total individuals fully vaccinated (yellow) and the graph corresponding to the total individuals at least one time vaccinated (blue): why the numbers of distributed vaccines between them are almost equal? There is not a determined answer because the people are biological systems that are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. The decision makings certainly depend on such dynamics. 19 Figure 5 COVID-19 vaccination doses graphs. Discussion and conclusion The popularity and the necessity of mathematical biology in today’s scientific world are well-recognized and will further be considered. is making and will continue to make real contributions in many important life sciences: physiology, psychology, medicine etc. Mathematical models and geometrical representations in Biology are very good and useful approaches to study and explain the biological systems. The general public can’t understand the mathematics, but they certainly can understand the applications, they can clearly understand the meaning and the message of the above graphs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 019* 3 0. 08±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −2. 187. 029* 4 0. 10±0. 01 0. 07±0. 01 16 −2. 500. 012* 5 0. 09±0. 01 0. 07±0. 01 15 −1. 099. 272NS 6 0. 10±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −3. 182. 001*** 7 0. 09±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 17 −2. 367. 018* Total 0. 08±0. 01 0. 06±0. 01 18 −2. 809. 005** zz Values are mean ± standard error. NSNS Non-significant, ** p <. 05, **** p <. 01, ****** p <. 001 by Test (N=18). Table 3 Comparison of stress levels of participants before and after entire sessions of agro-healing activities M±SD z p Stress level 18. 39 ± 3. 71 16. 78 ± 4. 60 −2. 760. 003** Note. 5-point Likert scale was used, where 0 = never; 4 = always. **** p <. 01 by wilcoxon paired singed-rank test (N=18). Table 4 Percent of participants’ satisfaction with the service of healing farm dissatisfied satisfied 1z 11. 1 11. 1 55. 6 22. 2 0. 0 2 0. 0 11. 1 38. 9 44. 4 5. 6 3 0. 0 0. 0 22. 2 44. 5 33. 3 4 0. 0 0. 0 33. 3 50. 0 16. 7 5 0. 0 0. 0 27. 8 38. 9 33. 3 6 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 38. 9 50. 0 7 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 50. 0 38. 9 8 0. 0 0. 0 11. 1 50. 0 38. 9 9 0. 0 5. 5 16. 7 50. 0 27. 8 10 0. 0 0. 0 11. 2 44. 4 44. 4 11 0. 0 0. 0 16. 7 44. 4 38. 9 12 0. 0 5. 6 5. 6 44. 4 44. 4 13 0. 0 5. 6 11. 1 50. 0 33. 3 14 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: 43 suggests for the Hyrcanian forests (within the Euro-Siberian region) a number of ca. 280 endemic and subendemic species, which is almost three times more than we found (Table 4). As they do not provide any species list, we cannot assess the source for this discrepancy, but contributing factors may include the geographic coverage of the study by Akhani, et al. 43 also including areas outside of Iran (southeastern Azerbaijan) or taxonomic differences, but still the discrepancy is remarkable. In the Saharo-Sindian region, the proportion of Echinops (Asteraceae) species is high compared to other regions (Fig. 4a). Table 4 Vascular plant endemism in the phytogeographical regions of Iran. Full size tableFigure 4Distribution of endemic vascular plant species (total and in the 10 most endemic-rich genera) across (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imagePatterns of endemism in global biodiversity hotspots present in Iran reflect those observed for biogeographic regions. Specifically, 84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, which is inside the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 4% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Caucasian hotspot inside the Euro-Siberian region. With respect to areas of endemism, Zagros is the richest, harbouring 45% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics, the majority of which is restricted to this region (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Zagros is a continuous mountain range connecting the and Alborz in the north to the Yazd-Kerman massifs in the south (Fig. 1). However, the connectivity is more contiguous in the montane zone and diminishes and eventually ceases with increasing elevation (Fig. 1). This increased isolation coincides with increased endemism, resulting in high endemic richness in areas with high elevational range (Noroozi et al. 2018), and an overall uneven distribution of endemic richness across Zagros. All of the ten most endemic-rich genera of Iran except Oxytropis (Fabaceae) are well-represented in Zagros (Fig. 4b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophysics can fully explain all biological phenomena with no need for other scientific disciplines. [SEP] Text: Bear in mind: we cannot explain all the details of a phenomena by using mathematical models or graphical display because these models and geometrical representations correspond to numbers or data collected from different living samples. Behind these numbers there are biological systems that are continually changing and adapting to new situations and behaving in mysterious ways. We can find a model or a rule describing the current behaviour of a biological organism or biological system but we cannot say that it is the final model or rule. It will not fit to the future behaviour of the biological organism or biological system. 2021. DF Anderson. A proof of the global attractor conjecture in the single linkage class case. . 2011;71(4):1487–1508. Mierke. The definition of Biophysics: What exactly is Biophysics? In: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Springer. 2020. p. 3–34. A Friedman, F Reitch. Symmetry-reactive bifurcation of analytic solutions to free boundary problems: An application to a model of tumor growth. Trans AMS. 2001;353(4):1587–1634. Weinberg R. Coming full circle - form endless complexity to simplicity and back again. Cell. 2014;157(1):261–271. M Johnstone. On the distribution of the largest eigenvalue in principal components analysis. AnnStatist. 2001;29(2):295–327. . Lectures on algebraic statistics. Springer. New York. 2009. . Global asymptotic stability for nonautonomous master equations. . 2010;9(1):220–237. Factorized time-dependent distributions for certain multiclass queueing networks and an application to enzymatic processing networks. QueueingSyst. 2011;69(3-4):313–328. . Combining cytokine signaling with T-bet and GATA-3 regulations in TH1 and TH2 differentiation: A model for cellular decision making. JTheor Biol. 2004;231(2):181–196. G Longo, M Montévil. Perspectives on organisms: Biological time. In: Symmetries and Singularities. Springer. Berlin. 2014. Giuseppe Longo: The biological consequences of the computational world: Mathematical reflections on cancer biology-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 0 5. 6 22. 2 44. 4 27. 8 Note. 5-point Likert scale was used for the survey (N=18). zz Service satisfaction questions. 1 = The care farm’s facilities are convenient and attractive; 2 = Signs and materials related to the services of the healing farmwere well presented; 3 =Atimely response was provided to customer’s question or request; 4 = The care farmand it’s staffs fulfilled the contracts well; 5= Service records, charges and other items were provided correctly; 6 = Staffs were willing to help customers; 7 = Staffs responded promptly to the customer’s demands; 8 = Staffs were trustworthy; 9 = Care farm’s services were stable and relaxed; 10 = Staffs were polite to customers; 11 = Staffs were well aware of the customer’s needs; 12 = Care farms try to protect customers’ interests; 13 = Services required by customers were provided; 14 = Services of care farm have met my needs. Table 5 Percent of participants’ satisfaction with each session in agro-healing program dissatisfied satisfied 1 0. 0 0. 0 18. 8 62. 5 18. 7 2 0. 0 0. 0 18. 8 43. 7 37. 5 3 0. 0 0. 0 5. 6 38. 8 55. 6 4 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 37. 5 62. 5 5 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 48. 7 53. 3 6 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 29. 4 70. 6 7 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 38. 9 61. 1 Table 6 Correlation between cortisol level, satisfaction, stress level and loyalty of participants concentration Service satisfaction Program satisfaction Stress level Loyalty 1 Cortisol concentration. 213 1 Service satisfaction. 703** −. 023 1 Program satisfaction. 466 −. 161. 395 1 Stress level. 141 −. 160. 367. 139 1 **** p <. 01 (N=18). Table 7 The effect of cortisol level, service satisfaction, program satisfaction and stress level on loyalty Independent variable B β t R2 F (Constant) −1. 55 Cortisol concentration 8. 65 0. 26 1. 45 Service satisfaction 0. 84 0. 64 3. 17** 0. 61 5. 18 Program satisfaction 0. 51 0. 27 1. 41 Stress level −0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are the Yazd-Kerman area with a high proportion of therophytes, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan with a low proportion of therophytes, and the with a low proportion of phanerophytes compared to the other areas or to the average for Iran (Fig. 8b). The higher proportion of therophytes in Yazd-Kerman might be due to the longer warm and dry season on these mountains, which allows penetration by elements from the Saharo-Sindian region, whose flora is rich in therophytes. ConclusionMountains influence the distribution and diversification of species and also maintain biodiversity over time59. Half of all the biodiversity hotspots are situated in mountains3, and our results indicate that 74% of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran are restricted to its mountains, which represent only about 42% of the country’s surface (elevations above 1400 m a. s. l. ; Fig. 7). Generally, mountains with diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity promote high biodiversity and endemism60,61, which appears also to be the case for Iranian mountains19. The environmental heterogeneity provides diverse niche space allowing more species to coexist62, acts as trigger for diversification, resulting from isolation or adaptation to diverse environmental conditions63, and also enables the existence of particular habitats through longer time periods supporting relics64. The complex topography and the large elevational range potentially allowed Iranian plants to survive the Quaternary glaciations, as only the high elevations were covered with ice65 and lowlands could act as refugia for many relict elements such as Parrotia in the Hyrcanian Forests66. Additionally, Quaternary climatic fluctuations and associated shifts in habitats and vegetation zones may have triggered species diversification as, for instance, suggested for a group of steppe species within the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus67. However, understanding the origin of the biodiversity of the mountains of Iran requires molecular phylogenetic studies of their characteristic mega-genera. Until then, the evolutionary history of the taxa inhabiting these mountains remains one of the least understood fields of global biogeography, even though it is crucial for explaining the origin of plant diversity in mountains of Eurasia. mountain ranges, species richness has decreased during the past decade68.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The computer science undergrads helping farmers adopt sustainable farming practices Most of the food products we humans consume each day have, at some point in the production cycle, been sprayed with pesticides to protect against damage caused by pests. Nansen researches how pest management, based on pesticide applications, can be optimised to ensure both profitability and sustainability. To put his research into practice, he enlisted the help of two computer science undergraduate students to develop the innovative smart spray app, which helps farmers decide when and where to apply pesticides -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 04 −0. 09 −0. 47 Note. Dependent variable: loyalty. Loyalty was rated on 5-point scale, where 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree. Loyalty item; 1 = Be able to talk positively to other people about agro-healing experience; 2 = After visit this place, I am willing to try the agro-healing experience again; 3 = Strongly recommend agro-healing experience to relatives or friends. **** p <. 01 (N=18). 2010. Korean version of the perceived stress scale-10: Development of the scale and exploring the effects of perceived stress on memory. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. van Elsen. 2007. June;COST Action 866 “Green care in agriculture”: A multi-disciplinary scientific network In: Proceedings of COST Action 866 Conference “Green care in agriculture: Health effects, economics and policies; (2002. A study on the supportive design conditions for the hospital stress in Korea. J Healthc Archit. 8(1):61-67. . 2014. Method of saliva collection for salivary cortisol measurement. Pathol. 28(2):223-232. Cimprich, B 1993. Development of an intervention to restore attention in cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 16(2):83-92. Cohen, S, GM Williamson. 1988. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, (Eds), Psychology of Health (1995. Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity. Child Dev. 66(1):14-27. Finkelstein, NG 2003. The holocaust industry: Reflections on the exploitation of Jewish suffering (2nd ed. ). NY, USA: Verso. Gremler, DD 1995. The effect of satisfaction, switching costs, and interpersonal bonds on service loyalty. Doctoral dissertation. . Im, KB 1997. Factors of stress by job type in hospital organization, impact on internal customer satisfaction and organizational immersion. Master’s thesis. Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, Korea. . 2018. Effects of plant cultivating activity for reducing parental stress. J Environ. 21(3):203-211. . 2019. Community gardening activities and their effects on mental health of residents. J Environ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Ceccherelli (2016) Limpets compensate sea urchin decline and enhance the stability of rocky subtidal barrens. Res 115: 49-55. doi:10. 1016/j. marenvres. 2016. 01. 009 Ponti, M. , Fava, F. , Perlini, R. A. , Giovanardi, O. , Abbiati, M. (2015) Benthic assemblages on artificial reefs in the northwestern Adriatic Sea: Does structure type and age matter? . Res 104: 10-19. doi:10. 1016/j. marenvres. 2014. 12. 004 Ricciardi, A. , Whoriskey, F. G. , Rasmussen, J. B. (1997) The role of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata. Sci 54(11): 2596-2608. doi:10. 1139/f97-174 Rivera-Ingraham, G. A. , Espinosa, F. , Garcia-Gomez, J. C. , (2011a) Conservation status and updated census of Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in Ceuta: distribution patterns and new evidence of the effects of environmental parameters on population structure. Conserv 34: 83–99. Retrieved from: Sánchez-Moyano, J. E. , Estacio, F. J. , García-Adiego, E. M. , García-Gómez, J. C. (2000) The molluscan epifauna of the alga Halopteris scoparia in as a bioindicator of coastal environmental conditions. J 66(4): 431-448 doi: 10. 1093/mollus/66. 4. 431 (2013) Sea otters homogenize mussel beds and reduce habitat provisioning in a rocky intertidal ecosystem. 8(5): e65435. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0065435 Sedano,F. , Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. , Navarro-Barranco, C. , Ortega, E.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions? As you can hopefully appreciate from this brief introduction about the decision-making process associated with pest management, there are lots of factors to take into account, and making the ‘right’ decision is difficult. Also, the possible consequences of making the ‘wrong’ decision can be very costly – either wasting money on pesticide applications that were not necessary or losing money because the pest ruined the crop! In addition, you can hopefully appreciate the many similarities in decision-making between the medical diagnostics of our own health and the diagnostics used to successfully manage risks of pest outbreaks in farming systems. Just as doctors in the health care sector need equipment and guidelines to make decisions – these are generally referred to as decision support tools – applied research in pest management is heavily geared towards developing user-friendly and reliable decision support tools for farmers. This 10. 33424/60 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Gabriel, Christian and Alex with the app Gabriel, Alex and Christian looking at features of the app. Imagine working with a researcher in this way! Yellow spray cards turn blue when hit by liquid such as a pesticide formulation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 22(4):333-340. . 2019. Effects of an agro-healing activity program on the physiological condition of adults with chronic metabolic diseases. J Environ. 22(4):355-364. Jeong, WC 2003 Recognition of service needs of the mentally ill and the mental service providers and factors affecting service needs of the mentally ill in community mental rehabilitation center. 16(12):156-179. Retrieved from Kim, HY 2013. Effects of community garden construction and horticultural activities on the life-satisfaction of rural residents. Doctoral dissertation. University, Taejon, Korea. Kim, JY 2009 Age and depression in Korean adults. Sci 26:89-113. Retrieved from Kim, KH 2009. A study on characteristics of healing environment in the late work of Wright. J Healthc Archit. 12(1):41-48. Kwak, SO 2005. A study on the environmental marketing for interiorscape within apartment. Doctoral dissertation. Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea. Kwon, SY 2015. A study on the healing experience in a garden with a perspective of cognitive response mechanism. Master’s thesis. Hongik University, Seoul, Korea. Lee, GG 2006. Visual preference in green roof sites. J Landsc Archit. 34(5):32-38. Lee, JY 2003. Effects of air transportation service delay on customer satisfaction, relationship quality, and customer loyalty. Doctoral dissertation. Gyeongju University, Gyeongju, Korea. Lee, SH 2007. The effects of the index of greenness simulation based restorative environment model upon emotion improvement. Health Psychol. 12(2):439-465. Loue, S 2016. CooperRiis healing community. Therapeutic farms: Recovery from mental illness Switzerland: Springer. Matsuo, E, I Miyajima. 1998. Up-to-date trend of horticultural therapy in Japan: An attempt to redefine horticulture in horticultural therapy and place horticultural therapy in relation to other therapies. . 1(1):22-33. McKenzie-. 1995. Determinants of responsible environmental behavior. J Soc Issues. 51(4):139-156. Oliver, RL 1999. Whence consumer loyalty? J Mark. 63:33-44. . 1988.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractProtistan pathogens have been found to infect populations of some large brown macroalgae. Infection could reduce the ability of macroalgae to withstand hydrodynamic pressures through weakening tissues and reducing flexibility. Widespread mortality of macroalgae if disease outbreaks were to occur could have important flow-on consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem function. Recent discoveries of the protistan pathogen Maullinia infecting the ecologically keystone southern bull kelp Durvillaea in Chile, Australia, and on Marion Island, raise the possibility that this pathogen is dispersing across ocean basins with buoyant hosts. To determine whether Maullinia also infects southern bull kelp in New Zealand, samples of gall-like tissue from Durvillaea antarctica, D. poha, and D. willana were collected from intertidal sites, and genetic analyses (sequencing of partial 18S rRNA) carried out. Maullinia infections were detected in all three species of Durvillaea. Phylogenetic analyses show a close relationship of Maullinia to M. braseltonii previously detected in Chile and on Marion Island. Based on its genetic similarity to distant lineages and its presence on buoyant hosts that have been shown to drift long distances at seas, we infer that Maullinia has dispersed across the through rafting of infected bull kelp. Understanding the capacity of pathogens to disperse across oceans is critical part of forecasting and managing ecosystem responses to environmental change. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionPathogens can have a major effect on ecosystem processes, and can exercise controls on populations through reducing the biomass and abundance of species, influencing the phenotypes of hosts, and altering species interactions (Price et al. 1986; Harvell et al. 2002; Groner et al. 2016; Fischhoff et al. 2020). Despite this, implications of disease have been understudied by ecologists relative to other biotic interactions (Campbell et al. 2014). Parasites and pathogens are common in macroalgae, and whilst not all diseases will go on to disrupt ecosystem processes (Harley et al. 2012; Groner et al. 2016), when foundational species such as macroalgae are disrupted, it can have disproportionate impacts which cascade through trophic levels and alter habitat functioning (Harvell et al. 1999; Schiel 2006; Cohen et al. 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Farmers use the app to calculate the spray coverage -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 464. DOI: 초등학생 학부모의 식물선호도와 자녀양육태도 관련성 분석 김경미*, 정순진, 이상미, 정선희 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 도시농업과 between of Parents with *, of Horticultural & 55365, *Corresponding author: gimgm@korea. kr 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 공동연구개발사업(과제번호: PJ011376022016)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임. 4, 2016; 5, 2016; 15, 2016; © for People, Plants, and Environment. All rights reserved study was focused on the relationship between horticultural preference and parenting attitude of parents having elementary school students. Because a human’s preference of plant was inhered an image of one’s life. This study carried out to define the variables related to horticultural preference and parenting attitude, for promotion in horticultural activity program of parent. For this study, the data was collected from 193 parents having elementary school child from May to July, 2015 at Seoul, and Jeonju city.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Keystone species, like sea otters, have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Such impacts are of particular concern in marine ecosystems where high levels of connectedness can facilitate rapid spread of pathogens over large distances (McCallum et al. 2003). Dispersal to new areas is likely to result in novel contact between the pathogen and the host, which could have serious consequences if the hosts have little or no resistance to the unfamiliar pathogen (Harvell et al. 2002; Cohen et al. 2018). Climate change is predicted to exacerbate the problem, through expanding pathogen ranges and making hosts more susceptible to infection through increased stress (Campbell et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2016; Cohen et al. 2018). Early monitoring in combination with long-term data collection, including assessing disease prevalence, is essential to enable us to effectively respond to and manage disease outbreaks through understanding how host–pathogen interactions vary with climate change and extreme events (Harvell et al. 2002; Burge et al. 2014; Groner et al. 2016). Maullinia is an intracellular, protistan pathogen genus first described just 20 years ago when it was found on filamentous brown algae in Chile (Maier et al. 2000). Thus far, relatively little research has been carried out to understand the ecology of this pathogen, and the potential impact it could have on macroalgal communities. Maullinia has been found across the Southern Hemisphere, in Chile, the Falkland Islands, sub-Antarctic islands, and Australia on both filamentous brown algae and on southern bull kelp species (Maier et al. 2000; Goecke et al. 2012; Blake et al. 2017; Murúa et al. 2017). Maullinia can cause yellowish galls, between 0. 5 and 4. 0 cm in size (Goecke et al. 2012; Blake et al. 2017; Murúa et al. 2017) to form on southern bull kelp blades. Additionally, M. ectocarpii has been found to infect gametophytes of kelp species Macrocystis and Desmarestia, which could disrupt the life cycle of these keystone kelp species, particularly in a commercial context (Maier et al. 2000). Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea) are large and ecologically important keystone species occupying intertidal and shallow subtidal zones (Fraser et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: MethodologyAn analysis of global scenario as regards prices of commodities at the international level, disruptions in global value chains, irritants in the geopolitical sphere, is done from February 2022 to August 2023. The US and Egypt serve as representative sample of developed and developing countries respectively. As regards Eurozone, UK, Turkey and India, a brief note on their monetary policies is drawn. In other words, a macro picture is done, which was followed by meso, viz. country-level analysis. Only discount rates/interest rates have been taken into consideration for this study. Advertisement 4. Recent literature reviewDornbusch, et al. [2] stated the impact of quantity of money on the economy, whereby there is an increase in output, by reducing interest rates. They spelt out the transmission mechanism, the process by which alterations in monetary policy impact aggregate demand. Lang and Schadner [3] outlined the predominance of resolving the Impossible trilemma without the currency and financial stability. They came up with a new theoretic trilemma model for a monetary union. Azad and Serletis [4] elucidated that the uncertainty in the US monetary policy, regardless of the way in which it is measured, has negative impact on the macroeconomic and financial fundamentals of emerging economies. They dwelt upon the spillovers emanating from monetary policy uncertainty in the US to the policy rates of 7 emerging economies which implemented inflation targeting. Benigno, et al. [5] explain how the policy responses of Bank (ECB) to the pandemic crisis (using an event-based analysis) have influenced the European financial and economic system. These responses have had positive impact on European economic system by increasing lending by banks and by making space for expansionary fiscal policies in the Eurozone’s high debt countries which do not have fiscal wherewithal. Guizani and Wierzbowska [6] assessed the monetary policy stance in three countries, viz. Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, based on the Taylor-rule framework. They identified the effect of transition periods and high uncertainties after the Arab Spring, on the decision-making process of Central bank. Results showed that they still largely depend on discretion while deciding their policy rates. However, there is significant interest rate inertia in the policymaking of these countries. The policy rates in Egypt and Tunisia depend on the variations of exchange rates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The major variables related to parenting attitude were grade of children, dialogue hour with their children, understanding of their children, intimate, number of breakfast, occupation, family income, growing activity. And the relationship between parenting attitude and horticultural preference were marked statistical difference at plant classification into need a supporting stick, foodstuff, life time of plant, individual or community growth, cook and industrial arts or ornamental plants. Especially it was concerned in achievement, rationality, affection of parenting attitude. Keywords: growing activity, horticultural program, plant classification, plant preference 서론 인간은 식물과 함께 있을 때 행복하고 편안한 기분과 심미적 진 동을 느끼며 치유, 감성을 회복하여 사유하게 된다. 특히 식물은 종 (種)마다 다른 색, 구조, 형태 등 여러 가지 특징을 가지고 있어 다양 한(Lee, 2014) 조형적 아름다움만 아니라 생명의 이미지가 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 87058 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechEcosystems and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2013. We are aiming to fill the research and knowledge gap with respect to spatial and temporal variation of economic valuation and mapping of pollination services in developing countries, by taking Ethiopia as an example. Result indicated that the mean economic value of pollination is about US$81. 3 million for this period. Our estimated crop vulnerability ratio was approximately 8. 4%, and pollination service contributes about 4. 2% of the total farm gate value. The spatial analysis of our estimates revealed discrete patterns of zonal level variation in Ethiopia. Estimates and spatial analyses of pollination values and vulnerabilities provide vital information to determine suitable pollinator management strategies at different institutional and ecological scales. Accordingly, our findings have policy and management implications on the potential benefit of addressing pollinator decline at local level. Keywords pollination ecosystem services economic valuation mapping and + Mulatu* Environment and Center (ECRC), Institute (PSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Address all correspondence to: dawitwmulatu@gmail. com 1. IntroductionPollination is an ecosystem service and a production practice [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Source: Collated from www. bis. orgThe above table gives the inflation target of various countries/regions- both developed and developing. Given below is the elucidation of global scenario. February 2022: The global commodity prices were higher than in the previous period and fiscal consolidation measures took place. There was continuation of recovery in global economic activity from Covid-19 and subsequent supply chain disruption. Financial conditions at the global level were largely accommodative. However, they are slated to tighten over the medium-term as monetary policy is expected to normalise earlier than forecasted. International prices of oil have continued to register an increase, which were at the highest level since the outbreak of Covid-19. March 2022: Just as the global economy came out of the pandemic-related disruptions, the inflationary pressures continued to build. These pressures got intensified due to Russia-Ukraine conflict. Further, rise in international commodity prices, emanating from supply chain disruptions and enhanced risky sentiment contributed to inflationary pressures and imbalances on the external front. May 2022: There was slowdown in global economic activity because of continued tensions between Russia and Ukraine. Global commodity prices, especially oil and wheat, remain elevated due to trade sanctions on Russia and the concomitant supply chain issues. The international prices of the said commodities got affected, with the latter influenced by adverse weather conditions and poor harvests in some areas. There was tightening of financial conditions at the global level. This is because major central banks continue to increase policy rates and reduce asset purchase programs in a bid to contain inflationary expectations. At this time, lockdowns for Covid-19 were imposed by China, which led to further disruption in global value chains. June 2022: Global economic activity slowed down on account of ongoing economic tensions between Russia and Ukraine and the subsequent supply chain disruptions. There were tighter global financial conditions, as major central banks went further to tighten policy rates and reduce asset purchase programs, in order to combat inflation. August 2022: There was continuation of slowdown in global economic activity. It was impacted by spillovers from Russia-Ukraine conflict, in addition to enhanced geopolitical risk in South-East Asia. As major central banks continued to hike policy rates, global conditions were tight. There was a slight decrease in global commodity prices. September 2022: The Russia-Ukraine conflict continued to levy its influence. The slight decline in global commodity prices such as oil due to lower demand, which in turn was because of global recessionary expectations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물은 씨앗으로부터 싹이 나고, 뿌리가 생기고, 줄기와 잎이 생기 고, 꽃이 피고, 열매를 맺는 여러 과정들이 유기적 관계 속에서 다양 한 성장과정의 변화를 가진 식물형상은 사람의 내면상태와 관련되 기 때문이다(Kim, 2012). 유기적인 형태감, 율동감, 선의 표현은 식물의 무한한 에너지를 보여준다. 계절을 통한 변화는 미적 분위 기와 경험, 새로운 감성을 제공함으로써 정서적 안정을 준다(Sun, 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: At present, an increasing degree of attention is being given to pollination ecosystem service and its economic value due to its linkage to the world food production; on top, it has become a frequently mentioned example of how ecosystems services are economically valuable [2]. Pollination makes a very significant contribution for the production of a broad range of crops, in particular fruits, vegetables, fiber crops, and nuts. Its value is derived from its contribution to the maintenance of ecosystems as well as its impact on agriculture [3]. However, pollinators’ decline all over the world has consequences in many agricultural areas and is a major global environmental concern [4]. Thus, it is necessary to assess the potential significant loss of economic value of pollination [5]. It is increasingly recognized that more studies are needed to enhance our understanding of pollination services [3, 6], their contribution to the ecosystem [2, 7, 8], and agriculture productivity [6, 9, 10]. As well, there is a limited scientific evidence to explain the ongoing debate on pollination ecosystem service and valuation [2, 11, 12], the spatial and temporal trends of pollination benefits [1, 13], landscape impacts on the stability of pollination ecosystem services [14], and the suitability of habitats for sustaining valuable pollinators [15]. There is also a wide variation placed in the economic value of pollinators, and the economic value of pollination services is still at its infancy stage [2, 7, 10, 16]. Likewise, valuation of pollination services is useful to justify the allocation of resources toward conservation practices [17]. Economic valuation of pollination services not only provides information on the economic impacts of pollination decline but also contributes to decision-making process concerning selection of alternative mitigation strategies [6]. The first global estimate of the economic value of pollination was provided by Costanza et al. [18]. There is an increasing trend in pollination dependency in both the developed and the developing world [19, 20] and crop yields might also be declined due to pollination shortages [5]. The increasing pollination dependency led to a decline in agricultural production, thereby the demand for agricultural land expected to rise due to pollination absence or decline, particularly in developing countries [21]. In most developing countries, managing pollination services is also limited due to limited understanding of its economic value [22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: October 2022: There have been unprecedented shocks and challenges for the global economy. There was Covid-19 pandemic that led to lockdowns, followed by Russia-Ukraine conflict. December 2022: There was slight easing of international commodity prices. Moreover, financial conditions witnessed stabilisation, with many central banks pointing out that their inflation may have reached peaks and started a reducing path. February 2023: There was relaxation of Covid-19 restrictions in China and Russia-Ukraine war, which were the prominent global issues at that time. March 2023: Reopening of China, banking sector issues in developed economies resulted in huge volatility in the US and EU. May 2023: There was decline in energy prices, leading to a decrease in supply chain bottlenecks and a decline in volatility. June 2023: Inflation globally was above targeted levels. August 2023: There is persistent high inflation at the global level. Advertisement 6. Domestic scenarioThe domestic economic and financial scenario is analysed below for a representative sample of US (developed world) and Egypt (developing world). 6. 1 of America (USA)The table below gives the target range of federal funds rate in the US vis-à-vis the respective date of monetary policy (Table 2). Date of Monetary PolicyTarget range of federal funds rate (%)25–26 January 20220–0. 2515–16 March 20220. 25–0. 53–4 May 20220. 75–114–15 June 20221. 5–1. 7526–27 July 20222. 25–2. 520–21 September 20223–3. 251–2 November 20223. 75–413–14 December 20224. 25–4. 531 January−1 February 20234. 5–4. 7521–22 March 20234. 75–52–3 May 20235–5. 2513–14 June 2023-do-25–26 July 20235. 25 to 5. 5Table 2. Date of monetary policy and target range of federal funds rate in US. Source: www. federalreserve. govJanuary 2022: There was continuation of strengthening of economic activity. Covid-19 pandemic cast its influence on many sectors. But, they have improved. However, there has been a sudden rise in Covid-19 cases. The job gains have been stable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Raoul France(1974~1943)는 식물도 자신의 몸을 자유롭 고 쉽게 우아하게 움직이며, 같은 종류의 식물일지라도 인간과의 유대감을 통하여 지각에 따라 다른 모습으로 나타나기도 하고 인간 과 같이 감정과 감각이 있다고 하였다(Lee, 2014). 감정을 가진 인 간은 사회관계속에서 살아가며 크던 작던 상처를 안고 살아간다. 또 여러 가지 환경요인에 의해 육체적, 정신적 자극을 받고, 의식적 무의식에 저장되면서 변화되어가고 형성되어가는 존재이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, pollination is far beyond ecological-economical settings, but rather is a service of global importance threatened by land-use change and agricultural intensification [13, 23]. Therefore, we are aiming to fill the research and knowledge gap with respect to spatial and temporal variation of economic valuation of pollination services. Specifically, the major objectives of this study are: the first one is to quantify the economic value of pollination (EVP), the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) or the potential relative production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators, and the pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) or the potential relative agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators in Ethiopia. The second objective is to map and assess the temporal and spatial variation of and PCV in Ethiopia. Similar to Gallai et al. [5], our study is based on the hypothesis that the economic impact of pollinators on agricultural output is measurable through the use of dependence ratios quantifying the impact of a lack of or disappearance of pollinators on crop production value using a bio-economic approach. Thus, our study focuses on: the analysis of spatial and temporal variation in economic valuation of pollination services and the vulnerability of national economies on pollination benefits; and the use of zonal level data (at local level) to derive mapping of economic valuation pollination, pollination dependency, and vulnerability due to pollination decline. Advertisement 2. MethodsA notable bio-economic approach is applied to estimate the economic value of pollination. It has been used to estimate the economic value of pollination, and the potential relative production and agricultural sector value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators or the production value loss attributable to a decline in pollinator [5, 10]. The total economic value of pollination (EVP) is calculated as follows:EVP=∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗DiE1where for each crop i€ (1:n), (where n = 38 in our study), Qi is the quantity produced, Di is the pollination dependency ratio, and Pi is the price per unit of quantity produced. The potential production value loss attributable to lack of pollinators, which is the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR), is calculated as the ratio of EVP to economic production value of the crops in our study (EV).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Lenders in Denmark set forth negative interest rates on customers’ deposits. Lower margins are generated on lending. The current account rate, which is the benchmark rate in Denmark, was raised by 75 basis points from a negative interest rate of −0. 1% to 0. 65% in September 2022. stated that its rate hike was a result of the increase by Bank. Danish economy was on the precipice of overheating. of Japan applied a negative interest rate of −0. 1% to the policy rate balances in current accounts held by financial institutions at Bank. (SNB) policy rate was negative from January 2022 till 22 September 2022. It entered positive territory from 23 September 2022, when it was changed from −0. 25% to 0. 5%. The above data is from the site of Review [18]. Advertisement 10. Climate-related issues and monetary policyAs per Mr. [19], Deputy Governor, RBI, the climate risks are of two types, viz. , physical risks and transition risks, which influence macroeconomic decisions. For example, wildfires, storms and floods are the physical risks. Extreme weather conditions can cause disruption in production as well as supply chains, which could lead to shortage of essential goods and services. This could result in increased prices, thereby leading to inflation. Heat waves in addition to fluctuating rainfall trends, on account of El Nino, are likely to affect crop yields. This leads to uncertain conditions for producers and consumers. In the Eurozone, investment in equipment and machinery was resilient thus far, notwithstanding tighter financing situation. It was observed that there was an relieving impact of climate change as regards loans to green companies. On the other hand, there was a shrinking effect with regard to loans to companies based on fossil fuels. Critical water routes such as the are drying up, further aggravating the supply chain concerns. 11. OutlookCPI inflation is slated to decline during the remaining part of the year, bringing to light the lower energy prices. Services CPI inflation is forecasted to be broadly unaffected in the near-term. Core goods CPI inflation to be lower this year, bolstered by indicators w. r. t. cost and price, in the value chain. The short-term outlook for Eurozone is one of weak domestic demand as well as external demand, leading to holding down of manufacturing output. As time progresses, declining inflation, increasing incomes and enhanced supply conditions should augur well for the recovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물 은 이런 욕망과 감정을 표현하는 매개이며, 훼손된 잎의 지각과정 을 통하여 표현하기도 하고 잎맥을 통해 핏줄과 혈관으로 선을 조 형하기도 하고, 시들어 변형된 식물을 상징적으로 표현하기도 한다 (Lee, 2016). 인간은 식물을 볼 때마다 사건과 경험이 기억나면서 서로의 기 억들은 각각 중첩된다. 기억의 중첩은 이미지를 한 화면에 함축하 면서 생생하게 각인된 정서를 증폭시키면서 기억을 표현한다(Kang, 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: CVR is calculated as:CVR=EVPEV=∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗Di∑i=1nPi∗Qi%E2We calculate the pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV). PCV measures the potential agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of pollinators. It is the ratio of EVP to total farm gate value (TFGV). In our case, the total farm gate value is reported for each zone and is a summation of values of all agricultural productions (m is the whole agricultural products). We did not include services and animal products in our total farm gate value calculation. PCV is calculated as:PCV==∑i=1nPi∗Qi∗Di∑i=1mPi∗Qi%E3For Ethiopia, we estimate the and PCV for the period from 2003 to 2013. The spatial pattern and variation of and PCV of Ethiopia at the zone level for respective year are analyzed using geographical information systems (GIS). For a better understanding of the spatial and temporal pattern, maps were produced for the economic value of pollination, crop vulnerability ratio, and pollination contribution to total farm gate value. Spatially explicit analysis of these indices at local or national level show how pollination has fundamentally different regional significance and consequences in its absence [1]. Advertisement 3. DataWe used data of the Surveys (AgSS) from 2003 to 2013 conducted by Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia [24]. The major part of the AgSS is the Main (“Meher”)1 season postharvest survey which consists of area and production, land-use, farm management practices, and crop utilization of private peasant holdings. The specific objectives of main season postharvest survey are to estimate the total crop area, volume of crop production, and yield of crops for main agricultural season in Ethiopia. The data covered the entire rural parts of the country except some of the non-sedentary population zones in Ethiopia (i. e. , Afar and Somali regional states). The agricultural products data collection in AgSS surveys cover all cereals, pulses, and oilseeds and the most commonly grown vegetables, root crops and permanent (perennial) crops.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: To do this, we will consider the phenomenon of financial globalization, the monetary role of securities, the replacement of material forms of money (gold) with electronic (virtual) forms, and the actions of central banks in this direction. Advertisement 2. Global financializationAs noted by the economist P. Kruger, economists in general have separate, unified views regarding the objective and nonideological foundations of economic knowledge. At the same time, significant disagreements begin as soon as the economics of business cycles and the practical steps to take in response to a business boom or bust are addressed. In our opinion, the essence of the problem arises from the fact that the world economy has entered a new era—the Era of Globalization. At the end of the last century and the beginning of the new century, globalization reached such proportions that there was no longer any area of social relations that was not covered by this process. But one of the most affected or covered (depending on the relationship to this phenomenon) globalization of the social and economic spheres is indeed, without a doubt, the financial system. And, even more than that, high indicators of internationalization of financial relations are considered not only as results of globalization but also as instruments of globalization processes. That is, in essence, the financial system and financial relations serve simultaneously as both objects and subjects of globalization. As the American professor J. Kirshner noted, “after the War, issues of the real economy—trade, especially liberalization, integration, and strategy—dominated the agenda, while monetary politics tended to pop up when its more severe pathologies (…) threatened to disrupt the smooth functioning of world trade. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, however, these roles have reversed. Money leads and the real economy must follow. From an economic perspective, this has an Alice-in-Wonderland quality to it: money, once the handmaiden of the modern economy, has become its mistress” ([1], p. 407). One of the characteristic features of the current stage of globalization is that “expansion of horizons,” loosening of borders and restrictions, comprehensive unification, and universalization take place against the background of regional fragmentation and integration. The widespread comparison of the volume of derivatives with the total volume of money in circulation, or, say, global GDP (in particular, mention is made of its 10-fold excess), draws attention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 우리 기억은 감각적 입력치에 의존한다. 뇌에 인지한 정보 를 저장하고 유지하고 필요한 순간에 다시 불러내는 회상의 기능을 의미한다. 이것은 추억이라는 것으로 존재하며 우리의 현재 삶에 추억으로 계속 살아남게 된다. 이를 식물에 투영하는 방법은 다양 하다. 일반적으로 사람들에게는 ‘식물’이라는 형태가 주는 고정관 념들이 있다(Choi, 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Holders growing at least one or more of these and/or other crops are enumerated, and data on crop area and yield condition are recorded; hence data on production of these crops are acquired. For each year, quantities of various crops production were directly computed from the survey data. These values were aggregated to national, regional, and zonal levels. In order to get the value of each crop production, the volume of each crop production were multiplied by national average price of each crop item per year. The mean annual prices were computed for each crop item from the monthly producers’ agricultural prices released by the CSA [25]. The dollar values of production were calculated by using data from the database [26]. Deflating the values of productions was also important for ease of comparing values across different years. We used information from the database [26] to correct the prices for inflation by considering 2011 as reference year. For all zones in respective years, the scope of our study is limited to 38 different types of crops (pulses, spices, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, and cash crops). The detail on the type of crops, the crop pollinators, and the mean pollination dependency ratio of crops is presented in Table 1. Crop typeYield/seed increase in the presence of animal pollinators 1In the absence of pollinators yield maybe less byPollinatorsMean pollination dependencyPumpkinsEssentialMore than 90%Honey bees0. 95ApplesGreat40–90%Wild bees0. 65AvocadosGreat40–90%Honey bees (Apis spp. )0. 65CardamomGreat40–90%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 65CorianderGreat40–90%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 65FennelGreat40–90%Apis florea Fabricius0. 65MangosGreat40–90%Apis s0. 65Coffee (Arabica)Modest10–40%Apis dorsata Fabricius0. 25GuavaModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25Horse beansModest10–40%Xylocopa aestuans L. 0. 25SesameModest10–40%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 25RapeseedModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: With reference to such assessments, conclusions are often made about the financing of the modern economy—that is, its state in which financial agreements (especially in international relations) develop a role, dominating the production and trade conditions, both from the point of view of determining the main direction of development of the global economic system. Financialization itself is an indisputable statistical fact. But from this fact, it is customary to draw a conclusion about the complete detachment of the financial sector from the real economy, the subordination of the real economy to the “financial international” (with further conspiratorial conclusions), the transformation of the financial sector into an “autostatic world of speculation,” and the further development of the financialized economy in the direction of its territory. However, an influential or frankly negative attitude toward financial speculation continues to exist. Such views began to spread especially widely, it seems, after the publication of the book by the professor of the of Economics, the known specialist in the field of international relations, “Casino Capitalism”. The author assumed that money is too important to be left to bankers and economists. Therefore, from her point of view, the meaning of the creation of “casino capitalism” occurs in the development of a financial system that increasingly affects the calming effects of democratic control. The main thesis of S. Strange was that the roots of the world economic disorder are monetary and financial and that the disorder did not arise by chance, but was actually nurtured and inspired by a number of the US government decisions ([2], p. 60). In particular, she pointed out that global financial markets create increased risks for all economic agents and argued that the volatility of exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity market prices (i. e. , the main “underlying assets”) is not a “natural” phenomenon, but the result of certain political decisions that were made in the 1970s. It cannot be denied that the reform of the old and the formation of a new monetary system (both of individual countries and of the world) was formalized by appropriate decisions of political institutions (national and international).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물의 색채에서도 사람들은 녹색은 부 드럽고 차분하고 편안하다 등과 같은 감성적 이미지를 연계시킨다 (Jang et. al. , 2015). 이것이 바로 사람들의 식물선호와 관련성을 갖는다. 사람의 식물선호는 형태, 색채, 혹은 특정한 부분적 특성에 집중한 혹은 관련된 어떤 기억과 같은 단서와 관련될 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: 25SoybeansModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25SunflowerModest10–40%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 25CottonModest10–40%Apis mellifera L. 0. 25ChickpeasLittle0–10%Bumble bees0. 05CitronLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Green pepperLittle0–10%Honey bees0. 05Ground nutsLittle0–10%Apis dorsata Fabricius0. 05Haricot beansLittle0–10%0. 05LemonsLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Line seedLittle0–10%Apis mellifera L. 0. 05MandarinsLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05OrangesLittle0–10%Apis cerana Fabricius0. 05Red pepperLittle0–10%Honey bees0. 05TomatoesLittle0–10%Apis mellifera L. 0. 05Beans kidneyLittle0–10%0. 05BarleyDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0LentilsDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0MaizeDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0MilletDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0OatsDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0RiceDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0SorghumDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Sugar caneDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0WheatDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Field peasDoes not show an increase in yieldsUnspecified0Table 1. Crops identified in our study and their yield may decline in the absence or decline of pollinators (based on [5, 7, 27]). The crop pollination dependency ratio has been calculated based on the dependency ratio of the recently published for crops by [5, 7], and by using the FAO database2 [27]. The mean value of pollination-driven yield reduction lying between 100 and 90% is 95% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “essential”). The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 40 and 90% is 65% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “great”).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: However, it is obvious to economists that they did not happen at the whim of individual (even very influential) politicians, but were the result (sometimes forced, which made itself felt after a long political resistance—such as, for example, the rejection of the gold standard or the mechanism of fixed exchange rates courses) of changing the conditions (and, sometimes, the entire paradigm) of the organization of economic life and the operation of objective economic laws. In fact, financialization is the result of the growing importance of finance, financial markets, and financial institutions for the functioning of the economy. First, the focus on shareholder value has led to significant changes in corporate strategies and structures that encourage outsourcing and disaggregation of corporations. Second, financialization has shaped patterns of inequality, new culture, and social change in society. At the heart of these changes is a major shift in the way capital is channeled—from financial institutions to financial markets through mechanisms such as securitization (the conversion of debt into marketable securities). Thanks to the combination of theory, technology, and ideology, financialization has indeed become a powerful force for changes in social institutions. In our opinion, nothing apocalyptic, in fact, is happening, and comparing the volumes of financial transactions (including derivatives) with the volumes of production or trade in goods is completely inappropriate: After all, financial instruments are designed to serve various operations (not only buying and selling but also advance production, financing of research and design works, long-term investment, budget financing, insurance of numerical risks, etc. ) and not only in the field of so-called real economy (production of goods) but also in the field of services (the volumes of which in developed economies exceed the volumes of commodity production), in the “knowledge economy,” in the information economy, and in the digital economy. As for the speculative nature of the financial economy, its size in relation to the “primary basis” isn’t so much impressive compared to speculations on commodity markets. However, the probability of financial crises, which are accompanied by the transmission of the “crisis virus” and parallel events on the global capital markets, increases in the future due to the emergence and strengthening of the importance of not only new players but also new financial instruments. Among them, of course, the so-called derivative financial instruments play a special role (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 그러므로 사람이 선호하는 식물과 행동이나 태도의 관계성을 알 수 있다면 원예활동 프로그램을 개발하고 적용하는 데 유용한 정보 를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 그동안 대부분 식물은 식물의 형질을 기준 으로 분류(Kwack et al. , 2012) 하지만 초등학생은 예쁘다, 향기롭 다 등과 같은 경험을 먼저 떠올리고 식물을 분류할 때도 그러한 경 험을 분류기준으로 삼는 경향이 있다(Ham, 2014).

Output: pass