Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001), but peaked at the 1:4 ratio (Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 4). Dietary choices also differed between the sexes (F2 = 27. 826, p<0. 001). The choices of both sexes closely matched their previously established optimal composition, with females choosing to consume a more protein-rich diet than males (Figure 1). We also found that females, on average, tend to consume more liquid food than males but this relationship depends on the diet (sex ×diet: F7 = 5. 66, p<0. 001, Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Figure 1 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Nutritional landscapes for female (left) and male (right) fitness in the LHM population. Small grey dots represent the dietary coordinates of individual fitness measures. Dietary choices for each sex are also plotted (white dot). The red arrow denotes the female optimal nutritional rail (P:C = 2:1), whereas the blue arrow is the male optimal nutritional rail (P:C = 1:4). For each nutritional rail we samples 120 flies of each sex. Transcriptional responses to diet We measured gene expression in males and females maintained on food of either the female-optimal (2:1) or male-optimal (1:4) protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. We separately analysed transcriptomic responses in genes that were expressed in both males and females (hereafter 'shared genes', N = 8888) and those that showed sex-limited expression (Nmale-limited = 1879 and Nfemale-limited = 165, see Supplementary file 2 for full gene lists). For each shared gene, we tested for the effect of sex, diet and the sex-by-diet interaction on expression level. As expected, we found evidence for sex-differences in expression for a large number of genes (a total of 8318 genes with significant sex effect). In addition, we found large-scale transcriptomic responses to diet (806 genes with significant diet effect). Despite the large differences between male and female dietary requirements and food choices, the largest part of the transcriptional responses to diet is shared between the sexes (significant diet effect but no interaction, category 'D' in Table 1, 639 genes).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Incorporation of wind energy units into distribution networks not only modifies power flows but also, in some situations could also result in under or over-voltage on specific points of the network (Jenkins, 2000), as well as could increase the cases of power quality problems and produce any type of alterations regarding voltage stability (Abdullah et al. , 2010, Baghaee et al. , 2009). The process of high wind energy penetration requires the impact analysis of this new technology in power systems. In these terms, some countries have developed grid codes in order to establish the requirements of wind farms (WF) into power networks. Moreover, power network planning with high wind energy penetration requires the definition of several factors, such as: the best technology to be used, the optimal number of units to be connected and the optimal size to be chosen. Currently a connected variable speed wind turbine to power systems by means of power electronics has the ability to supply reactive power to power systems. This capability allows wind turbines to participate in ancillary services as synchronous generators (Bhattacharya & Zhong, 2001), however, there are little works focusing on the participation of variable speed wind turbines in reactive power ancillary services (Amaris & Alonso, 2011; Bhattacharya & Zhong, 2001). In this 2. Impact of wind energy on power systems Incorporation of great amount of distributed resources, such as wind energy, has a significant impact on power network, which are mainly related to environmental, economical and reliability aspects. Low wind penetration levels are usually accommodated in power networks considering that the network is passively controlled and operated. Although there are several available tools to be used for wind power forecasting (González et al. , 2004), wind energy is still considered as a non dispatchable and not centrally planned technology. Impact of wind energy on power systems is thus focused on several issues related to security, stability, power quality and operation of power systems. Wind energy has several impacts on power flow that could lead to reverse power flow and, as a result, power systems operation will become more complex (Vilar, 2002). Moreover, power injection by wind farms may cause power losses in the distribution systems. All the utilities have to keep stable and reliable the voltage supply to the customers within specific limits of frequency and magnitude.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Many researchers have addressed how to evaluate equitable access to public health programs, including family planning7–11. One study across various areas of health concluded residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social status are key sociodemographic factors that can elucidate inequities12,13. A recent special issue analyzed inequalities in coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, and illustrated the wide inequality in reproductive health coverage in many countries across several dimensions, including wealth, age, and geography14. These analyses, however, did not examine changes in inequity over time, and the most recent examination of contraceptive prevalence was an examination of trends through the Goals era, relying only on surveys through 2013. While there are multiple dimensions to equity, most researchers agree that wealth is essential to assess disparities in contraceptive use. Recently published literature on FP2020 countries suggests poverty among married women declined over time while modern contraceptive use increased15. Furthermore, an analysis of 46 countries completed using data from many FP2020 countries (though outside the FP2020 period) from national surveys from 1990–2013, found that the contraceptive use gap between the poorest and the richest has narrowed and modern methods account for nearly all the increase in contraceptive use16. In addition to examining differences related to wealth, in this analysis, we evaluate whether the growth in MCP has been equitable across multiple demographic characteristics, including residence (rural and urban), level of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), and marital status (married, all women, and unmarried sexually activei). MethodsWe examined data availability across the 69 FP2020 countries and selected 11 countries (and Zimbabwe), as they had data from two surveysii of the same survey type (Demographic and [DHS] or [MICS]) between 2010 and 2019, and were an FP2020 commitment-making country. Countries that did not meet these criteria were excludediii. While FP2020 annual progress reporting relies on national-level modeled estimates of MCP, in this analysis we focused on survey data because models do not yet produce estimates for the majority of the dimensions of inequity examined in this paper. We included surveys from 2010 so we could complete the analysis for a larger pool of countries and assess progress during the years of the FP2020 partnership.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Here, males and females show parallel shifts in expression (although in most cases from a sexually dimorphic baseline expression) when reared on high-carbohydrate vs. high-protein food, and fold-changes between the two diets are strongly positively correlated between males and females (Figure 2; r = 0. 76, p<0. 001). Table 1 Shared transcriptomic response. Number of genes that are influenced by sex (S), diet (D), and their interaction (D × S). From this method, we were able to cluster genes into three main categories. Categories highlighted in orange encompass genes that show an additive effect to diet (D), whereas clusters in blue show interactive effects (D × S). Green rows show both additive and interactive effects (D+D × S). Significance (FDR < 0. 05)n. genesSDD × S ---545 --Y3 -Y-18 -YY4 Y--7537 Y-Y48 YY-621 YYY112 Figure 2 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Male and female expression responses (log2-fold change) for genes classified as showing only a diet effect (Diet), only a diet-by-sex interaction (Diet × Sex) or both (Diet + Diet × Sex). Expression changes are measured from the carbohydrate- to protein-rich diet. Colours represent genes with significant differential expression (at 5% FDR) only in females (red), only in males (blue), in both sexes (yellow) or in neither sex (grey). In addition to these sexually concordant responses, however, we also find a significant number of genes where the sexes show different responses to diet shifts (significant sex-by-diet interaction). For some of these genes, male and female expression change in opposing directions (category 'D × S' in Table 1, 51 genes). Thus, genes that are more highly expressed on a protein-rich diet in one sex are more lowly expressed on that diet in the other sex, resulting in negatively correlated fold-changes in the two sexes (Figure 2; r = −0. 75, p<0. 001). For another, larger group of genes (category 'D+D × S', 116 genes), both sexes tend to show expression shifts in the same direction (significant diet effect) but differ in the magnitude of their responses (significant interaction term).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Connection of wind farms may result in voltage changes, consequently, some countries have defined a higher short-circuit level at the connection point, normally between 20 and 25 times the wind farm capacity. There are already some examples of successful operation of power networks with a lower short circuit level (Jenkins et al. , 2000). Power quality is related to voltage variation and harmonic distortion in the network. However, the incorporation of wind energy in power networks could affect the quality of the supplied voltage to the customers. To reduce this impact, nowadays, variable speed wind turbines equipped with power electronics are widely used in wind energy conversion. Power electronics increase power quality because they raise the harmonic distortion. Protection system is also affected by wind farms since the incorporation of wind power injection alters power flows; so that conventional protection systems might fail under fault situations. In the past, power network was passive operated and kept up stable under most circumstances. However, this statement is no longer valid if considering an increase of wind energy penetration. Recently, new requirements for wind units have been designed in order to keep power networks stable under several disturbances, such as low voltage ride through capability. 2. 1. Reactive power grid code requirements Countries with high wind energy penetration have developed grid code requirements in order to increase wind energy penetration and to improve the reliability and security of the network (Tsili & Papathanassiou, 2009). The most important aspects are related to active and reactive power regulation, power quality and low voltage ride through capability (Martínez et al. , 2007). Nowadays, transmission systems operators (TSO) are demanding wind turbines to behave as synchronous power plants. New advances in the field of wind technologies have shown that wind generators offer regulation capabilities as conventional plants. Some grid codes require wind farms to offer reactive power capability in order to maintain reactive power balance in power network (reactive power compensation) and to improve voltage level even in a remote node (Singh, 2009). Fig. 1 and 2 show the requirements of common grid code for power factor in terms of voltage deviations. From country to country, there are some differences to be observed. According to German grid code (E. On, 2006), wind farms will work with leading or lagging power factor under overvoltage situations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The average number of years between two surveys was more than four. We also focused exclusively on FP2020 commitment-making countries because these countries had explicitly pledged to increasing contraceptive use. We evaluated whether MCP growth had been equitable by assessing MCP between two surveys stratified by residence (rural, urban), levels of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), marital status (married, all women, unmarried sexually active), and wealth (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, richest). In this paper, we present MCP by levels of the abovementioned dimensions: wealth, residence, education, age, marital status, and sexual activity. We conducted a bivariate analysis where MCP estimates for married women were stratified by each of the socio-demographic dimensions, and weighted using survey-specific weights; confidence intervals were also calculated. Estimates of MCP by age and for unmarried, sexually active women were calculated in the same manner but were for all women in the survey. MCP gains were considered significant if the 95% confidence intervals for MCP stratified by the above-mentioned different socio-demographic dimensions did not overlap between surveys. Though this approach to testing the differences in means using hypothesis testing is more conservative, this approach can be easily interpreted by a wider audience. The MCP gains were considered equitable if larger or equivalent gains were seen in comparatively more disadvantaged populations. In this analysis, we qualify disadvantaged populations as those that are rural, have no education, aged 15–19, unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days, or the poorest (or poorer group). To assess MCP change by wealth, we did not use the DHS or MICS calculated wealth quintiles as those should not be compared across surveys nor time17. Instead, we constructed five wealth groups based on Lab’s Index (IWI) guidance using household assets; the reconstruction of wealth groups allowed for cross-country and across-time comparisons18. Lab’s methods uses factor-loadings produced from a principal components analysis using data from over two million households across 97 countries. If, based on the IWI, 50% of a country’s women reside in households with less than 50% of the assets, these women live in households that are among the poorer households globally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: These genes typically show a large expression response in one sex, but only a small or no response in the other sex, with overall a lower correlation of fold changes across sexes (r = 0. 53, p<0. 001). For the most part, the dominant expression change occurs in females, but there is a small number of genes where only male expression responds to diet (Figure 2). We next analysed diet responses in genes with sex-limited expression. Similar to shared genes, we also observed significant expression changes in response to diet (Table 2). Thus, 56 out of 165 female-limited genes showed significant expression change between carbohydrate- and protein-rich diets. The majority of these (50 genes) had higher expression on the protein-rich diet preferred by females, while only a small number (six genes) had higher expression on the less beneficial carbohydrate-rich diet (Figure 3). In males, 30 out of the 1879 genes with male-limited expression showed significant diet responses. All of these had higher expression in the males' preferred carbohydrate-rich diet, compared to the less beneficial protein-rich media (Figure 3). Taken together, these results show that both sexes respond to their nutritional environment by upregulating sex-limited genes on their respective optimal diets. Table 2 Sex-specific transcriptomic response. Number of genes that are differentially expressed when moving from a carbohydrate-rich environment to a protein-rich environment in females and males (FDR < 0. 1). → Protein50109656MaleCarb → Protein018453434 Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Volcano plot of the sex-specific gene sets. Yellow data points denote genes that were identified as differentially expressed at a 5% FDR cut-off. Functional enrichment of dietary responses We used several approaches to investigate the functions of the genes showing diet responses. First, we performed (GO) enrichment analyses for the shared genes of the three categories (D, D × S, D+D × S) defined above. We found distinct and significant enrichment in each class, with a predominance of GO terms relating to neuronal and metabolic biological processes (Figure 4). Second, we took a more targeted approach and analysed male and female expression changes for genes with specific GO annotations. With this analysis we aimed to assess how metabolic genes responded to diet manipulation, compared to the rest of the genome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: In the case of English grid code (Electricity Transmission, 2008), wind farm must be able to supply full reactive power capacity within ±5% of nominal voltage, for voltage levels of 400kV and 275kV. English code requires an automatic voltage control at the point of connection of grid farm. Nordic grid code (Nordel, 2007) demands wind farms to have a reactive power output control in order to regulate the voltage at the point of connection. Figure 1. Typical requirements for power factor in terms of voltage deviation Fig. 2 shows the reactive power requirements in terms of power factor for different grid codes. According to ESB (ESB, 2007), Iris code requirements establish that wind farm must be able to work with a minimum power factor of 0. 835 leading or lagging for active power outputs level around 50% of the rated one. Hydro-Quebec (Hydro Quebec, 2006) requires those wind farms with an upper rate form 10 MW to offer voltage regulation within the range of 0. 95 leading or lagging power factor. Moreover, this grid code establishes that wind farms must contribute to voltage control under normal, abnormal or dynamic operation conditions. Canadian code, AESO (AESO, 2004), emphasis that voltage and reactive power regulation will be assessed at the low side of wind farm grid transformers. AESO grid code requirements are divided in two different operation conditions: for continuous operation the power factor range is set between 0. 95 lagging and 0. 9 leading; in the case of dynamic operation a range between 0. 95 capacitive and 0. 985 inductive is required. Both ranges are established in terms of power output. On the other hand, Danish grid code (Eltra, (Energinet, 2004a, 2004b)) requires wind farm to support limited reactive power by a band, which corresponds to orange line and dot-line of Fig. 2. These lines represent a power factor of 0. 995. Furthermore, reactive power control can be implemented not only at each wind units but also centrally at wind farm level. Some grid codes establish a minimum reactive power control; this requirement is related to the capability of wind units to work within a power factor range between 0. 95 leading and 0. 95 lagging. Modern wind units use variable speed generators connected to the grid by power electronics converters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We also evaluated whether the number of women in each of the socio-demographic dimensions changed between surveys. For example, did fewer women have “no education” in the latest survey compared to the older survey? Or, did households in which women reside gain wealth over time? These findings can also help contextualize if MCP gains were made in more advantaged socio-demographic groups at the expense of most of the population (provided that the most advantaged group in any country will make up a smaller proportion of the total population). For MICS surveys from Sierra Leone, all data cleaning was completed in RStudio (version 4. 0. 2) since MICS surveys are saved as SPSS file and Stata 15 does not support SPSS files. For all DHS surveys, Stata 15 was used to complete the analysis. Ethical considerationsThe DHS Program procedures and questionnaires have been approved by. Furthermore, additional approval is obtained by the IRB in the country of the survey. According to the DHS Program, all surveys are in compliance with the Department of Health and policies for protection of human subjects and the IRB in the country of the survey ensures the questionnaire is in compliance with the country’s laws and norms. Moreover, before each interview is conducted participants are read a consent statement – the participant can accept or decline to participate. The consent emphasizes that participation is voluntary. Additional information on DHS Program’s ethical standards can be found here: similarly follows strict ethical guidelines. According to MICS, during the planning and designing stage of the survey, a governing structure is established. This governing structure is responsible for the formation of the steering and technical committees that are responsible for the implementation of the survey. The steering and technical committees will include focal points for ethical review submission and process. Cultural norms will also be used to adapt questionnaires as needed. Informed consent of all interviewees is required, and participation is voluntary. ResultsOverall, Figure 1 illustrates that MCP increased in nine out of the 11 countries, though the increases were only significant in seven African countries: and Zimbabwe. Figure 1. and Zimbabwe had significant increases in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP). Blue represents older survey and orange represents latest survey. WealthTable 1 shows the changes in the size of wealth groups between the two surveys. In all 11 countries overall household wealth increased between the two surveys – i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: For this, we fist created a ‘baseline’ of gene expression by extracting a list of genes that fall under the parent term ‘Biological Process’ (GO:0008150). From that list, we then removed the genes in the offspring category ‘Metabolic Process’ to create a set of genes performing biological functions unrelated to metabolism. We then compared this baseline to genes that fell within the following GO categories: ‘Metabolic Process’ (GO: 0008152), ‘Glycolysis’ (GO:0006096) and ‘TCA cycle’ (GO:0006099). The latter two were chosen as core processes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. For the sets of genes in each of these categories that showed shared expression across the sexes, we found positive correlations between male and female fold changes between the two diet treatments (RMP = 0. 35, RGLY = 0. 74, RTCA = 0. 6, Figure 5A). These correlations were significantly more positive than the (also slightly positive) correlation observed in the non-metabolic baseline gene set, despite the fact that correlations for the small Glycolysis and TCA gene sets have wide confidence intervals (Figure 5B). This indicates that, even though there is a general shared response to diet between males and females, male and female responses are more similar in genes involved in core metabolic processes than the rest of the genome. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset GO enrichment for the shared transcriptomic response. Enrichment for ‘biological process’ was performed for all categories, and p-values were adjusted for FDR < 0. 05 ('p. adjust'). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Gene expression for specific GO categories. (A) Male and female log2 fold changes in gene expression going from carbohydrate to protein diets for selected GO terms. Red data points are genes that are found within the chosen GO terms (Metabolic process, TCA cycle and Glycolysis), whereas grey datapoints all other genes annotated with the first-level parent term ‘biological process’. This background set provides a transcriptome-wide expression baseline between the sexes. Lines represent the regression of female on male log2 fold change for the target term (red) and the background set (blue).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The main drawback of this methodology is that the reactive power capability of DFIG’s is not being considered since it only incorporates reactive power capability limits of wind generators according to a maximum cos(φ) or a fixed regulation band (Vijayan, 2009)-(Sangsarawut, 2010), and so that this representation does not allow to take full advantage of the reactive power injection from the wind turbine. In this work, a better wind turbine model is proposed that does take into account the actual available reactive power capability for each working operation point. The proposed formulation could be included indeed in any modified power flow analysis for optimum reactive power dispatch. At the same time, this methodology will enable to regulate the reactive power injection either locally, at the wind farm, or globally, in the whole network. As a result of the optimum and coordinated reactive power dispatch, the voltage stability in the power network will be significantly improved and enhanced. 3. 3. 1. Reactive power injection from is composed of a wound induction machine in which the stator is directly connected to the grid and the rotor is connected via slip rings to a two back-to-back converters as shown in Fig. 4. The electronic power converter allows controlling the active and the reactive power. Moreover, the Converter (GSC) of these generators offers reactive power capability, so DFIG could work as a reactive power source injecting reactive power from the machine and from the GSC converter. According to this reactive power capacity, TSO and DSO could include in their voltage control strategies the extended reactive power capability of DFIG in order to improve the voltage stability of the whole power system. DFIG power capability has been traditionally represented in a PQ diagram (B. Singh & S. N. Singh, 2009 Ullah & Thiringer, 2008) and it is well known that reactive power capability of DFIG is limited by: stator current (heating of stator coils),rotor current (heating of rotor coils), and rotor voltage (limiting the rotor speed). The GSC could be used to control the reactive power and to improve the total reactive power capability of the wind turbine (B. Singh & S. N. Singh, 2009; Ullah & Thiringer, 2008) This potential usage represents a key aspect since it may be quite useful to system operators in order to perform a coordinated reactive power management in the whole power network.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the number of households in the poorest (those with 20% of the assets or less) or poorer (those with between 21–40% of assets) groups decreased. Leone, every change in wealth group was significant and households accumulated more assets (i. e. more wealth) between the two surveys (2011–2016). Table 1. How the size of wealth groups changed between surveys (only significant findings at 95% confidence are included). A downward arrow suggests wealth groups size decreased and households moved out of those groups and into another group. ↓↑Burundi↓↑↑EthiopiaHaitiMalawi↓↑↑↑Nepal↓↑↑Pakistan↓↑Senegal↓↑Sierra Leone↓↓↑↑↑Uganda↓↑↑ZimbabweTable 2 shows the changes in MCP between wealth groups between two surveys. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in size of wealth group and MCP by survey. In every country, MCP increased in the lowest wealth group (those with 20% of the assets or less). These findings were significant in six countries – Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, the increase was around 10%; and in Malawi, the increase among the poorest was 16%. Table 2. MCPR by wealth groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: First, we compared genes in our three categories of diet-dependent regulation overlapped significantly with sets of genes that change expression in response to dietary restriction and rapamycin in females, analysed separately for brain, thorax, gut, and fat body (Dobson et al. , 2018). We found significant overlap in the majority of comparisons made (Table 3A and B). Non-significant results were only obtained for some comparisons involving the list of genes in the D × S category, where males and females show opposing responses to diet. While this might reflect biological reality, it has to be noted that the numbers of genes—and hence statistical power to detect overlap—are smallest in the D × S category. Overall, the results of these comparisons demonstrate that transcriptional responses to the more subtle changes in dietary composition that we apply here generally mirror those that have previously been observed under dietary restriction. Table 3 Gene overlap between our three categories (D, D × S, D+D × S) and results from three previously published papers. The first study (A+B) examines female transcriptomic response to dietary restriction and rapamycin across six different tissues (Dobson et al. , 2018). The second study (C) characterises genes that respond to TORC1 inhibition via the transcription factors and -BP (Tiebe et al. , 2015). In italics we show the total number of genes in that category, with bold counts showing the significant (p<0. 05) overlaps between two categories. Overlap is assessed with Fisher's exact tests, p-values are provided below the counts. A. Dietary RestrictionBrain (167)Thorax (193)Gut (25)Fatbody (358)D (639)27 p<0. 00151 p<0. 00114 p<0. 00158 p<0. 001D × S (51)5 p=0. 00265 p=0. 00480 p=17 p=0. 0041D+D × S (116)10 p<0. 00119 p<0. 0013 p=0. 00420 p<0. 001B. RapamycinBrain (58)Thorax (38)Gut (76)Fatbody (222)D (639)14 p<0. 0019 p=0. 001217 p<0. 00157 p<0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 95 leading or lagging, finally the last scenery take into account the extended reactive power capability of DFIG incorporating reactive power capability of grid side converter. Table 2 shows the results obtained by the algorithm: column 3 and 4 are the bus number where each WF should be located and the reactive power injected by each one. Column 5 to 8 represents voltage stability parameters: the maximum loadability (λcrit. ) for low limit operational voltage (0. 95 p. u. ), percetange of loadability increase of the power system, maximum loadability in the point of voltage collapse and increase in voltage stability margin define as the distance between the operational point and the point of voltage collapse. Finally, column 9 and 10 show the real power losses and percentage decrease of real power due to optimal allocation of WF. Figure 5. Flowchart of optimization process Figure 6. Modified IEEE 34 bus system GA solution Stability parameters Losses # (Mvar) λcrit. (p. u. ) Δload-ability λmax. (p. u. ) ΔVSM Ploss (Mvar) Δ0 No WF - - 0 - 2. 8 - 0. 64 - Scenery 1 3 WFQ=0 MVar 9 0 0. 26 26% 3. 3 15. 15% 0. 44 31. 25% 25 0 26 0 Scenery 2 3 WFQ=Qg 24 0. 059 0. 285 28. 5% 3. 4 17. 65% 0. 37 42. 19% 26 0. 33 33 0. 243 Scenery 3 3 WFQ=Qg++QGSC 24 1. 026 0. 387 38. 7% 3. 5 20% 0. 31 51. 56% 27 0. 979 33 1. 021 Table 2. Results of GA 2 it must be noted that increasing in reactive power capability of WF leads to an increase in the loadability of the system, and reduce real power losses. Furthermore, as much as reactive power injection of wind farms longer the voltage collapse point. Fig 7 shows the voltage profile at the base loadability of the case studied (λ=0), at the base case and after the application of the optimisation algorithm for the proposed scenarios. It is shown that the optimal management of wind farms in distribution networks with high wind energy enhances the voltage profile and increases the maximum loading of the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2014 DHS54 [51-58]56 [54-58]54 [51-56]52 [49-55]55 [50-59]Bangladesh2011 DHS53 [51-55]52 [50-54]52 [50-54]51 [48-53]53 [49-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS22 [21-23]*24 [22-27]28 [24-33]29 [21-38]32 [22-45]Burundi2010 DHS 16 [15-18]20 [17-24]31 [22-42]37 [29-45]45 [31-60]Ethiopia2016 DHS33 [30-35]*42 [37-47]50 [43-57]50 [43-56]36 [27-45]Ethiopia2011 DHS23 [21-26]47 [41-53]54 [46-61]47 [39-55]41 [33-49]Haiti2016-17 DHS31 [28-33]35 [31-37]31 [31-39]32 [21-28]23 [17-34]Haiti2012 DHS30 [15-18]34 [17-24]35 [22-42]24 [29-45]25 [31-60]Malawi2015-16 DHS57 [55-58]*60 [58-62]*64 [60-68]*54 [48-60]59 [53-66]Malawi2010 DHS 40 [39-42]47 [45-50]45 [40-50]59 [52-67]64 [52-75]Nepal2016 DHS41 [37-46]44 [41-46]42 [40-44]43 [40-46]47 [41-53]Nepal2011 DHS37 [34-41]43 [40-46]45 [41-49]49 [45-53]54 [46-62]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 17 [12-22]18 [18-23]23 [23-28]28 [29-33]31 [30-35]Pakistan2012-13 DHS16 [12-23]20 [16-21]25 [20-26]31 [26-30]32 [28-34]Senegal2017 DHS

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001D × S (51)5 p<0. 0012 p=0. 022 p=0. 073 p=0. 13D+D × S (116)6 p<0. 0017 p<0. 0014 p=0. 01716 p<0. 001C. TORC1/-BP (212)D (639)28 p=0. 019D × S (51)1 p=0. 78D+D × S (116)9 p=0. 0068 We then compared our gene categories with a dataset from heads of virgin males and females in which IIS/TOR signalling had been perturbed by expressing a dominant-negative allele of the insulin receptor InRDN (Graze et al. , 2018). Reanalysing this dataset (see Materials and methods) we obtained a list of genes that were altered by an IIS/TOR perturbation across both sexes (N = 5200 genes) similar to the results obtained in the original paper. However, subjecting the data to an analysis analogous to that we performed on our own, we further found that IIS/TOR perturbation causes expression changes similar to those observed for our diet treatments. Thus, a large number of genes show concordant responses to altered insulin signalling in males (significant InR effect) and females, while a second set shows opposing responses (InR-by-sex interaction, InR×S) and a third shows largely sex-specific responses (InR+InR×S) (Figure 2—figure supplement 1, Supplementary file 4). Furthermore, we detect parallelism in the effects of diet manipulation and InR perturbation on several levels. At the most basic level, the genes that are significantly affected by IIS/TOR perturbation overlap significantly with the genes that are significantly affected by diet quality (489 genes observed, 351 expected, 39% excess, Fisher's exact test, p < 0. 001). Second, genes that show a significant diet effect ('D') are more likely to also show a significant effect of InR perturbation ('InR') (436 genes with both terms significant, 37% excess, Fisher's exact test, p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Most specifically, if adding three wind farms with extended reactive power capability to power systems, the maximum loading of the system for operational voltage limit will increase by 38. 7%, the real power losses decrease in a 51. 56% and voltage stability margin is increased 20% (Fig. 8). Figure 7. Voltage profile of the modified IEEE 34 bus system Figure 8. Maximum loading parameter and 6. Conclusion Nowadays, wind energy plays an important role in the generation mix of several countries. The major impacts resulting by the use of wind energy are related to reverse power flow, harmonics and voltage/reactive power control. At the same time, requires behaviour of wind generators similar to the conventional plant, and thus wind farms must be able to control active as well as reactive power according to the System Operator’s commands. At this moment, variable speed wind turbines use electronics power converters that are capable to offer a regulation of both, active and reactive power. In this work, an optimization problem is shown in order to deal with the optimal reactive power planning of a power network with high wind energy penetration. The optimization process is based on and is able to find out the optimal location of wind farms in order to maximize the voltage loadability and to minimize any active power losses of the whole network. The study results show that an optimal allocation of wind farms, sum up to an optimal reactive power dispatch of these ones, improve indeed voltage stability of power systems and minimize active power losses too. Advertisement 7. Future researchs The methodology proposed could be extended to work with other types of wind generators, such as full power converter. Furthermore, incorporation of fixed speed wind units in power system, equipped with FACTS devices to control reactive power, could lead a very interesting work on optimal reactive power between conventional var sources and reactive power capabilities of variable speed wind turbines. In this work stability and economic issues are only taking into account in the optimization process. By the way, it is important to notice that wind energy, as a renewable energy, lets decrease CO2 emissions. Therefore, an interesting future research is the incorporation of reduction of CO2 emissions in the optimization problem. The optimization problem lets distributed the generation between the conventional plants and the wind farms in order to improve technical, economic and environmental issues. Advertisement 01. 1. Abdullah N. R. H. Musirin I. Othman M. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 16 [14-19]*17 [16-19]*21 [19-24]*31 [28-34]37 [34-41]*Senegal2012 DHS6 [4-10]8 [7-10]13 [11-16]26 [21-31]26 [20-32]Sierra Leone2017 MICS8 [1-40]32 [25-41]*33 [27-39]*30 [25-35]24 [18-31]Sierra Leone2011 MICS 6 [5-7]14 [12-16]21 [17-25]24 [19-30]27 [17-40]Uganda2016 DHS28 [26-30]*37 [35-39]*42 [39-45]43 [39-47]47 [39-55]Uganda 2011 DHS 18 [16-20]28 [26-30]41 [36-46]44 [34-56]57 [45-69]Zimbabwe2015 DHS62 [60-65]*62 [59-66]70 [66-74]*73 [70-76]*75 [68-81]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS53 [51-56]57 [53-61]61 [57-65]61 [58-65]69 [59-77] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 001, Figure 7 and Figure 7—figure supplement 1, Supplementary file 1 - Table 4). More importantly, however, we also found a significant interaction between diet and rapamycin treatment that was shared across males and females, where rapamycin lead to a larger reduction in reproductive output on each sex's optimal diet (sex ×rapamycin: p=0. 001). Finally, our experiment revealed possible quantitative differences between the sexes in the effect of rapamycin on reproduction (sex ×rapamycin × diet: p=0. 068); while the effect of the treatment in females correlated roughly with the dose administered, males showed a threshold response where all rapamycin levels in the optimal diet resulted in a reduction in reproductive output to the level observed on the non-optimal diet. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Male and female fitness measures across the two diets and for rapamycin treatments. Sample size for each experimental treatment is 60 flies. study examined the transcriptomic response of male and female D. melanogaster to variation in dietary composition, being exposed to either a male-optimal (protein-to-carbohydrate ratio 1:4) or a female-optimal (2:1) diet. Our results provide interesting insights into nutritional effects on male and female fitness in relation to sex- and diet-dependent expression levels, function and regulation. We show that both sexes share a large metabolic core transcriptome that is regulated in a sexually concordant way. Nevertheless, smaller parts of the transcriptome are sex-specifically regulated to diet, including sex-limited reproductive genes. Together with the observed effects of rapamycin in the two sexes, this suggests that male and female reproduction is inversely regulated in response to diet composition. A shared metabolic core transcriptome Our analyses demonstrated the existence of a core metabolic transcriptome that shows sexually concordant regulation in response to diet. Overall, expression fold changes from carbohydrate- to protein-rich food among metabolic genes are positively correlated between the sexes, and significantly more so than for the transcriptomic background. This indicates that gene expression in males and females responds generally similarly to changes in dietary composition. In line with this interpretation, the large majority of genes with diet-dependent expression show significant changes only in response to diet, independently of sex (639 out of 806 genes, 79%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: of Michigan Press, 0-26258-111-6 14. Hugang X. Haozhong C. Haiyu L. 2008 Optimal reactive power flow incorporating static voltage stability based on multi-objective adaptive immune algorithm, and Management, 49 5 (May. 2008), 1175 1181 0196-8904 15. Hydro-Quebec. Transmission provider technical requirements for the connection of power plants to Hydro-Quebec transmission system. Transenergie, 2006 16. 2008 OECD/IEA, March 2010, Available from: < www. iea. org/techno/etp/index. asp> 17. IEA Wind Energy. 2009 March 2010, Available from: < www. ieawind. org/AnnualReports_PDF/2009. html> 18. Jenkins N. et al. 2000 Embedded Generation, of Electrical Engineers, 0-85296-774-8 U. K. 19. Keung P. K. Kazachkov Y. Senthil J. 2010 Generic models of wind turbines for power system stability studies, Proceedings of Conference on Advances in Control, Operation and Management, London, UK, Nov. 2009. 20. Kundur Prabha. 1994 Stability and Control, MC-Graw-Hill, 007035958 California. 21. Martínez I. et al. 2007 Connection requirements for wind farms: A survey on thecnical requirements and regulation. Renewable and Sustainability energy reviews, 11 8 (Oct. 2007), 1858 1872 1364-0321 22. plc, UK, October 2008. 23. Nordel. Code. Nordel, January 2007 24. Raoufi H. Kalantar M. 2009 Reactive power rescheduling with generator ranking for voltage stability improvement, and Management, 50 4 (Apr. 2009), 1129 1135 0196-8904 25. Salama M. M. A. Chikhani A. Y. 1993 A simplified network approach to the VAR control problem for radial distribution systems. IEEE Trans. Delivery, 8 3 (Jul. 1993), 1529 1535 0885-8977 26. Sangsarawut P. Oonsivila A. Kulworawanichpong T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 2. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by wealth group between two surveys. In all countries except Bangladesh, women with average wealth (those in the middle of the five wealth groups) had higher modern method use than in the lowest wealth groups. However, the gap in modern method use between those in the middle wealth group and the lowest wealth group declined in most countries between surveys. Growth in MCP was more uneven when comparing growth between surveys in higher wealth groups. All but three countries saw declines in MCP in the highest wealth groups, although these findings were not significant given the lower sample sizes in the richest groups per country. Conversely, in Senegal, there was a significant increase in MCP among the richest, which corresponds with a large significant increase in the number of people in the richest wealth group. 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Functionally, genes in this core metabolic transcriptome are enriched for carboxylic acid metabolism and neurological biological processes. Carboxylic acid metabolism is an integral part of both protein and carbohydrate processing—for instance, part of the components of amino acids are carboxylic acid sidechains. The prominence of neurological biological processes, on the other hand, supports the notion of a neural gut-brain connection that is conserved evolutionarily (Kaelberer and Bohórquez, 2018) and shared between the sexes. Specifically, the sensory mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract convey information about the nutritional status to regulate satiety (and thereby feeding behaviour), metabolism, and digestion (Kaelberer et al. , 2018) in a way that is similar between males and females. We were also able to infer key regulators of sexually concordant, diet-dependent gene expression, using motif enrichment tools. Upstream regions of genes with sexually concordant diet responses were enriched for motifs of two main transcription factors CreB and lola transcription factors. CrebB is involved in diurnal rhythms and memory formation (Bittinger et al. , 2004; Kogan et al. , 1997), but also in energy homeostasis and starvation resistance, mediated by insulin signalling (Wang et al. , 2008). The lola transcription factor, on the other hand, is mainly involved in axon guidance in Drosophila (Horiuchi et al. , 2003; Goeke et al. , 2003). But interestingly, some protein isoforms have also been associated with octopamine synthesis pathways which are essential for nutrient sensing (Dinges et al. , 2017). Sex-specific diet responses in gene regulation Besides the large, shared core metabolic transcriptome, we also identified smaller groups of genes with sex-specific expression responses to diet. A first group showed opposing diet responses in males and female (D × S, 51 out of 806 genes, 6. 3%). These genes are enriched for transport functions and synapse assembly/organisation. One of our candidate antagonistic genes is fit (female-specific independent of transformer). Known to be sexually dimorphic in expression, fit has been found to be rapidly upregulated in male heads during the process of male courtship and mating, along with another antagonistic candidate Odorant binding protein 99b, Obp99B (Ellis and Carney, 2010; Carney, 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Injected by the wind farm without power calculation according to equation (1) is based on a single wind speed. However, in reality, the wind speed may differ slightly in direction and intensity across the area traversed by the blades. To consider this effect, the wind speed is supplied through a lag block to the power conversion equation. This creates a slight change in the active power delivered to the grid before the disturbance at 1 second. 4. 4. Induction generator terminal voltage –effect of FACTS controllersThe response in induction generator terminal voltage following the transient fault is shown in Fig. 18, without FACTS controllers in the network. The under voltage protection system associated with the wind turbine disconnects the stator from the network if the voltage at its stator terminals is less than 0. 75 p. u. for a period of 0. 08 seconds. Figure 18. without. 19 and 20 show the response of the induction generator terminal voltage with SVC/TCSC and. /UPFC. It can be concluded that terminal voltage of the DFIG is above 0. 75 p. u. after 0. 1 seconds. Comparing Fig. 18, 19 and 20 it can be concluded that the UPFC improves the fault ride through capability of the DFIG very effectively. Figure 19. – Effect of SVC and TCSCFigure 20. – Effect of and UPFC4. 5. Effect of wind speed variationsThe dynamic performance of the FACTS controllers with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm is investigated using the wind speed model shown in Fig. 21. [7]Figure 21. Wind speed Model considered for long term dynamic simulationThe average wind speed is around 5 Km/h approximately. The wind speed data are obtained by measuring the wind speed changes over an hour from the regional meteorological website. It can be observed that during the time period from 0- 1000 sec the wind speed fluctuates around an average wind speed of 5 Km/h. But the wind speed reaches 16 Km/h around 1,200 seconds. The corresponding rotor speed variation by the induction generator is shown in Fig 22. It can be observed that the rotor speed changes from its initial value to 1. 25 p. u. following wind speed increase at 1200 seconds. Figure 22. response of DFIGThe corresponding active power variations are shown in Fig. 23. Figure 23.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, fit has also been implicated in protein satiety in a sex-specific manner (Sun et al. , 2017). Following the ingestion of protein-rich food, fit expression increases in both sexes (although more so in females than males), but only supresses protein appetite in females (Sun et al. , 2017). Both fit and Obp99B were found to be significantly altered in a sex-specific way when flies were starved, further cementing their role in nutrient response (Fujikawa et al. , 2009). Together with previous work, our results therefore cement the tight link between nutritional sensory mechanisms and reproduction, however this response is sex-specific. Another group of genes showed mostly responses in one sex (D+D × S, 116 genes, 14. 4%). Most of the genes observed in this category show expression changes in females (with little change in male expression levels) and are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and female receptivity. One notable gene in this category is the transcription factor doublesex, which plays a key role in sexual differentiation and the regulation of sex-specific behavioural traits (Shirangi et al. , 2006). Expression levels of this gene are higher in females that are fed a high-protein diet (unless the difference in dsx mRNA levels is due to growth in a sexually dimorphic, and hence dsx-expressing, tissue type). Of interest among the few genes with male-limited diet response (Figure 2) is Adenosylhomosysteinase (Ahcy), which we find males to express at lower levels on the carbohydrate-rich (optimal) diet. Ahcy is involved in methionine metabolism and has been linked to male lifespan regulation. Ahcy knock-outs were shorter lived, while knock-outs for two putative Ahcy-repressors extended male life- and health-span (Parkhitko et al. , 2016). These effects are in line with the under-expression we observe on high carbohydrate, under the assumption that greater investment in current reproduction is associated with decreased lifespan (which may not generally hold in the context of nutrient manipulation; Jensen et al. , 2015). Both the genes with opposing (D × S) and those with sex-limited diet-dependent regulation (D+D × S) show significant enrichment for GATA transcription factors. This class of transcription factors has been previously implicated in female nutritional and reproductive control.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Floating wind farms can produce unlimited power without environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Injected by the wind farmThe active power variations following the wind speed changes are highly fluctuating from the steady state load flow level to the grid. The performance coefficient Cp of the wind turbine is kept as 0. 48 in the algebraic equationP=12Cp. ρ. AV3. Fig. 24 shows the impact of an SVC/controller on the rotor speed response of the DFIG. Figure 24. Response of induction Generator with SVC/are no significant rotor speed oscillations in the rotor speed of the induction generator with SVC in the network; however the rotor speed increases to 1. 26 p. u. with SVC in the network following wind speed increase of 16 Km/h near 1200 seconds. The rotor speed response of induction generator with TCSC/UPFC is shown in Fig 25. It can be noticed that the rotor speed oscillations are damped effectively with UPFC in the network. Figure 25. Rotor speed Response of Induction generator with TCSC/UPFC. Advertisement 5. ConclusionFor the simulation study the gains and time constants of the FACTS controllers are tuned using a conventional optimization program, which minimizes the voltagerotor speed oscillations of the induction generator. Among series connected FACTS controllers the UPFC damps both rotor angle oscillations of synchronous generators and rotor speed oscillations of induction generator very effectively when compared with TCSC. This is due to the reactive support provided by the shunt branch of the UPFC following the disturbance. However the reactive power rating of UPFC is very high compared to that of the TCSC. It is suggested that a of suitable rating may be installed at the point of common coupling (PCC) with or without a capacitor may be used for stabilizing rotor speed oscillations associated with doubly fed variable speed induction generators following transient faults and disturbances. The development of wind turbine and wind farm models is vital because as the level of wind penetration increases it poses dynamic stability problems in the power system. For the present work we have taken a taken a doubly fed induction generator model and illustrated the presence of sustained oscillations with wind farms. A. C. controllers are modeled using the non-linear simulation models and the transient ratings of the FACTS controller are obtained to stabilize the rotor speed/rotor angle oscillations in a DFIG based wind energy conversion scheme. The rotor speed stability of the DFIG based system following a generator outage is studied.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Second, several lines of bioinformatic evidence suggest that the expression changes that we describe here are at least in part regulated by IIS/TOR signalling. Thus, the genes that we find to respond to diet manipulation significantly overlap with genes affected by manipulation of IIS/TOR signalling as described by Graze et al. (2018), a dataset that our reanalysis reveals to show a similar structure of genes with sexually concordant, sexually opposing and sex-biased expression changes. This pattern and the overlap with our data is all the more noteworthy as Graze et al. assessed the effect of IIS/TOR perturbation in virgin flies, where males and females have more similar dietary requirements, and hence presumably more similar physiological states, than in mated flies (Camus et al. , 2018). In addition to showing parallels with IIS/TOR-dependent expression, our diet-dependent genes also significantly overlap with the arguably best-defined set of TORC1-dependent genes currently available (Tiebe et al. , 2015). These results suggest that diet-dependent expression responses, and their sex-specific differences, are mediated by IIS and the TOR pathway. This conclusion is corroborated by the results of our experiment combining diet manipulation with rapamycin treatments, which are consistent with TORC1-dependent upregulation of reproduction on optimal diets in both sexes. Here we find that while rapamycin generally lowers reproductive output, this effect is more pronounced on the respective optimal diet of each sex. This is expected in females, where a large body of work implicates the IIS/TOR network in life-history shifts between reproduction and longevity (Wullschleger et al. , 2006). Accordingly, a nutritionally favourable environment should lead to increased TORC1 activity and elevated reproductive output. What our data show, however, is that a parallel effect of increased reproduction on the optimal diet is detectable in males, even though the composition of that diet is the one that is unfavourable in females, leading to low TORC1 and reduced reproduction. Across the sexes, TORC1 activity would thus not reflect a specific dietary composition but a measure of nutritional optimality and regulate reproductive investment accordingly. We note that, while tantalising, these inferences will require further careful validation. Due to the focus on females, diet-dependent regulation of male reproduction has been little explored.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: organisms are valuable in part because of large-scale experiments like screens, but performing such experiments over long time periods by hand is arduous and error-prone. Organism-handling robots could revolutionize large-scale experiments in the way that liquid-handling robots accelerated molecular biology. We developed a modular automated platform for large-scale experiments (MAPLE), an organism-handling robot capable of conducting lab tasks and experiments, and then deployed it to conduct common experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Physarum polycephalum, Bombus impatiens, and Drosophila melanogaster. Focusing on fruit flies, we developed a suite of experimental modules that permitted the automated collection of virgin females and execution of an intricate and laborious social behavior experiment. We discovered that (1) pairs of flies exhibit persistent idiosyncrasies in social behavior, which (2) require olfaction and vision, and (3) social interaction network structure is stable over days. These diverse examples demonstrate MAPLE’s versatility for automating experimental biology. eLife digest Biological research can, at times, be mind-numbingly tedious: scientists often have to do the same experiment over and over on many different samples. When working with animals such as fruit flies, this means researchers have to physically handle large numbers of specimens, selecting certain individuals or moving them from one container to another to perform the study. This represents a serious bottleneck that slows down discovery. Automation represents an obvious solution to this issue. In fact, it has already revolutionized fields like molecular biology, where robots can handle the liquids required for the experiments. Yet, it is not so easy to automate tasks that involve animals larger than a millimeter. To fill that gap, Alisch et al. have developed a robotic system called Platform for Large-scale Experiments (MAPLE) that can manipulate fruit flies and other small organisms. Using gentle vacuum, MAPLE can pick up individual flies to move them from one compartment to another. These areas could be places where the insects grow or where experimental measurements are automatically gathered. Putting the robot to work, Alisch et al. used MAPLE to collect virgin female flies for genetic experiments, a common task in fruit flies laboratories. The system was also configured to load flies into arenas where their behavior could be measured.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Knock-down of Tor and raptor in males has been found to result in an accumulation of germline stem cells, combined with deficient differentiation (Liu et al. , 2016). Future work will need to assess the effect of these changes on male reproductive output and, more importantly, whether and how the signal of the nutrient sensing mechanisms that feed into the Tor pathway are modulated in a sex-specific way. Independently of how the regulatory reversal is achieved mechanistically, our data also suggest that the relationship between the composition of the diet consumed and reproductive output does not merely reflect the passive effect of metabolic conversion rates from nutritional components to gametes and energy but is at least in part the result if an active regulation of immediate reproductive investment. This has important implications for our interpretation of variation in diet-specific reproductive success, which has been documented in the population studied here (Camus et al. , 2017). Thus, variation between genotypes in the dietary composition that maximises, for example, male reproductive fitness is therefore probably at least partly caused by genetic variation in how nutrients are sensed or how this sensory output is used to regulate reproductive investment. Studying this variation in more detail will provide a fruitful avenue to better understand the regulatory mechanisms involved, as well as the selective forces that shape variation in its components. Materials and methods Fly stocks and maintenance Request a detailed protocol We used the D. melanogaster laboratory population LHM for our experiments. This has been sustained as a large outbred population for over 400 non-overlapping generations (Chippindale et al. , 2001; Rice, 1996), maintained on a strict 14 day regime, with constant densities at larval (~175 larvae per vial) and adult (56 vials of 16 male and 16 females) stages. All LHM flies were reared at 25°C, under a 12 hr:12 hr light:dark regime, on cornmeal-molasses-yeast-agar food medium. Synthetic diet Request a detailed protocol We used a modified liquid version of the synthetic diet described in Piper et al. (2014), that is prepared entirely from purified components to enable precise control over nutritional value (see Supplementary file 1 Tables 1-3). Previous studies have used diets based on natural components, typically sugar as the carbon source and live or killed yeast as the protein source (Piper and Partridge, 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: assisted with an experiment that involved tracking the interactions of known individuals to examine if the flies exhibited social networks, and if those networks were stable. This logistically complicated experiment would have been difficult to run without the help of an automated system. Alisch et al. also show that the robot can be adjusted to work with various species often used for research, such as nematode worms, yeast, slime mould and even bumblebees. This allows the system to be useful in a range of research fields. fits on a table top and is fairly affordable, the hope is that it could help many scientists do their experiments faster and with greater consistency, freeing up time for creative thinking and new ideas. Ultimately, this tool could help to speed up scientific progress. model organisms are used to advance our biological understanding in numerous areas including disease and its treatment, basic cell biology, neuroscience and behavior. Species like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster are desirable lab model organisms due to their rapid reproduction, ease of rearing, and especially their deep genetic toolkits comprising strains with varying genotypes and transgenic alterations that permit rapid, mechanistic inquiries. To take advantage of these toolkits, screen experiments quantify the phenotypes of hundreds (Vitaterna et al. , 1994), thousands (Kain et al. , 2012), tens of thousands (Ayroles et al. , 2015; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Churgin et al. , 2017) or even hundreds of thousands of individual animals (Robie et al. , 2017). With the ongoing improvement and widespread adoption of high-performance machine vision phenotyping (Branson et al. , 2009; Dankert et al. , 2009; Kabra et al. , 2013; Kimura et al. , 2014), the time needed to manually handle experimental animals remains the bottleneck limiting data collection. The advent of liquid-handling robots has radically changed the face of molecular biology, enabling techniques and experiments that had long been imagined, but were too complex, lengthy, or tedious to have been previously realized. But there are no comparable systems for handling of experimental organisms that are larger than ~1 mm or cannot be suspended in liquid. There are large-scale systems that handle adult flies in vials, in the form of ‘fly flipping’ robots.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Experiment 1a: Identification of male and female optimal diets Experimental setup and diet assay Request a detailed protocol Flies from each sex were collected as virgins using CO2 anaesthesia. Three virgin females and three virgin males were randomly placed in individual vials containing culture medium (molasses-yeast-agar) with no added live yeast. Twenty vials of hextets were collected for each sex and diet treatment. Flies were left to mate for a period of 36 hr on molasses-yeast-agar medium. Following this period, they were split by sex (now fly triplets), and placed on 0. 8% agar-water mixture. Agar-water vials provide water for the flies, but have no nutritional value. Flies were kept in these vials overnight before being supplied with a 10 µl (females) or 5 µl (males) microcapillary tube (ringcaps, Hirschmann) containing one of the eight allocated diets. These diets varied in their protein-to-carbohydrate ratios and captured the following nutritional rails (P:C): 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32. Capillary tubes were replaced daily, and food consumption for each fly trio was recorded for a total period of four days. Consequently, our experiment design consisted of 2 sexes and eight nutritional environments, with 20 vials of fly triplets comprising each experimental unit (two sexes × 8 diets×20 vials=320 vials, 960 flies). We chose to use capillary tubes of different sizes to maximise the accuracy of our diet consumption measurements and minimise evaporation errors. Larger capillary tubes increase evaporation rates; however, with a smaller capillary tube we ran the risk that flies would consume all of the food leading to a subsequent slight starvation response. For this reason, we found that a slightly larger capillary tube was ideal for females because they ate more than males in a 24 hr period. Using this approach, we found that flies never consumed all of the food from the capillary tubes. Flies were exposed to diet treatments in a controlled temperature room (25°C), 12L:12D light cycle and high relative humidity >80%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: However, these take up a whole room, generally in a core facility, and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to purchase and maintain, and are therefore inaccessible to most labs. And while there are many examples of high-throughput phenotypic assays in Drosophila (Branson et al. , 2009; Kabra et al. , 2013; Kain et al. , 2012; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Geissmann et al. , 2017), the systems that are not single-purpose still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. Some researchers have used flies' natural tendency to climb up (negative gravitaxis) to isolate individuals for behavioral analysis (von Reyn et al. , 2014), imaging (Medici et al. , 2015), or microsurgery (Savall et al. , 2015). But dependence on this particular behavior fundamentally caps throughput, inadvertently selects for a subset of a population, and limits eligible genotypes. An alternative approach, actively conveying flies with airflow (MacMillan and Hughson, 2014) permits moving animals on demand, and opens the door for increased throughput. The dearth of instruments for automating Drosophila experiments is representative of the situation for many other lab organisms, such as yeast and C. elegans, where there is no standard platform for automated handling of the organisms themselves. Here, we present an automated platform that is high-throughput and flexible enough to assist in conducting diverse experimental protocols in Drosophila and other species. Due to its modular design, the system can automate diverse assays in a wide variety of organisms (including yeast, C. elegans, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, an assortment chosen to demonstrate the platform’s versatility). For fruit flies, where we developed significant capabilities, this instrument can conduct numerous protocols, including loading of individual fruit flies for circadian rhythm (Pfeiffenberger et al. , 2010; Geissmann et al. , 2017) experiments, or aiding with lab chores like collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses or passaging individual flies in controlled culture conditions for longevity assays. The physical platform of this instrument integrates animal husbandry and phenotyping, permitting end-to-end experimental protocols.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: All flies were removed after this 18 hr mating window. Following removal of the flies, the total number of eggs laid were determined by taking pictures of the agar surface and counting eggs using the software QuantiFly (Waithe et al. , 2015). Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol First, we sought to investigate the effects of diet on sex-specific fitness. Separate models were run for each sex, as the two datasets measured fitness in distinct ways. Female fitness was measured as total number of eggs produced within a 18 hr timeframe following a mating event. Given data followed a normal distribution, we used a linear model to analyse the data. Number of eggs was the response variable, with mating status, and diet plus their interaction as fixed factors. Male fitness was measured as the proportion of offspring sired from the focal male. For this we modelled the response as a binomial vector comprising the number of offspring sired by the focal male and the number sired by the competitor male and diet composition as a categorical fixed effect. To examine whether the sexes varied in the quantity they consumed of each diet, we used a linear model to investigate differences in dietary consumption. We modelled total food consumption as a response variable with sex, diet and their interaction as fixed effects. All models were performed using the lm function in R version 3. 3. 2 (R Team, 2016). To examine nutritional fitness landscapes, we combined fitness values with diet consumption values for each sex. Before statistical analysis, we transformed the fitness data as male and female fitness were measured in different units. For this, we standardised them using Z-transformations for each sex across treatments. We used a multivariate response-surface approach (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Chenoweth and Blows, 2005) to estimate the linear and quadratic effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on male and female fitness. The linear gradients for protein and carbohydrate intake for each sex were estimated from a model containing only the linear terms. The nonlinear gradients for nutrient intake were obtained from a model that contained both linear and nonlinear terms. We used untransformed data to visualise nutritional landscapes, using non-parametric thin-plate splines implemented with the Fields package in R version 3. 3. 2 (R Team, 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior. The latter experiment reveals previously unknown stability of Drosophila social interactions, and confirms that both olfaction and vision are required for dyad-specific social interactions in this context. physical implementation With the high level goals of modularity, scalability, and automatability in mind, we designed the MAPLE system with the following design constraints: (1) It features a large, flat experimental workspace with room for multiple flexibly-configurable experimental modules. (2) This workspace is physically open for user convenience, and transparent on the top and bottom for in situ optical phenotyping. (3) Multiple end-effectors can move throughout the workspace to handle organisms, capture images, and manipulate experimental modules. (4) It features failsafe mechanisms so that users can leave it unattended without worrying that it would damage itself or experimental modules. (5) It is relatively inexpensive and scalable. MAPLE (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 1A) was built using extruded aluminum rails to support x-, y-, and z-carriages mounted on linear rails in a Cartesian configuration. We employed the CoreXY system (Moyer, 2012), which reduces the mass of the moving part of the X/Y gantry by fixing the stepper motors on the frame. (However, for the speeds at which we run MAPLE, which are roughly 80% as fast as human hands conducting experiments (Video 1), mounting the y-axis stepper motor on the x-axis carriage would likely not reduce performance. ) Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE, a robotic platform for conducting experiments with many species. (A) Schematic of MAPLE with workspace dimensions indicated and an expanded schematic of the end effectors. Colors indicate different robotic systems. (B–F) Demonstrations of MAPLE experiments in yeast, C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use. The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, expression data was subsetted into three parts for separate analysis, i) genes that were expressed in both sexes (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library of each sex), ii) genes that were male-limited in expression (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library from males, but none of the female libraries), and iii) genes that were female-limited in expression (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library from females, but none of the male libraries) (Figure 1—figure supplement 1B). We tested for differential gene expression between our experimental groups using the negative binomial models implemented in edgeR. For the shared gene dataset, we fitted a full model where expression of each transcript is a function of sex, diet and their interaction. The significance of each model term was tested using a specific contrast matrix. In order to obtain estimates of expression fold changes between the two diets for each sex, we further fitted models with diet as the sole model term separately to male and female data. Gene ontogeny enrichment was performed using the Bioconductor package clusterProfiler (Yu et al. , 2012). In order to assess whether genes that showed similar diet responses were regulated by common transcription factors we used the Bioconductor package RcisTarget (Aibar et al. , 2017), which tests for enrichment of cis-regulatory motifs upstream of a given gene sets. In all analyses, we used a statistical significance threshold of 5% Rate (FDR) (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). For the smaller sex-specific gene sets, we ran enrichment analyses on the sets of genes with significant diet responses, but also on the complete sets of sex-limited genes (irrespectively of their responses to diet). This was to be able to identify (and remove) enriched binding motifs that reflect general sex-specific regulation rather than diet responses. We further compared our list of genes responding to diet (either via additive or interactive effects) to previous work that has examined transcriptomic responses to dietary restriction (Ding et al. , 2014). For this, we used the R package GeneOverlap (Shen and Sinai, 2018) that implements a contingency table test (Fisher's exact test) to identify greater than expected overlap between gene lists. To compare our gene list to genes reported as significantly affected by perturbation of IIS/TOR signalling by Graze et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Inset box expanded in (G3) to illustrate workers (red ellipses), the queen (magenta ellipse), and nest structure (yellow overlay), all of which are tracked in BEECH data sets. This figure is also a target for an augmented reality view of MAPLE. Print the figure in portrait orientation on letter paper, place the printout on a horizontal surface like a bench or desk, and view it in scan mode in the ‘Augment’ mobile app to interact with a to-scale rendering of MAPLE. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as in use. MAPLE is situated on a standard experimental bench. The user controls its behavior through an attached PC. Real-time video shows that MAPLE moves at speeds similar to human fly experimentalists. With respect to our design constraints: (1) the accessible experimental workspace measures 100 × 28. 2×7. 5 cm on the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. Its floor is clear acrylic with cable/tubing pass-throughs. Locating brackets (laser cut out of 6 mm acrylic) were affixed to an interchangeable acrylic surface with the same footprint as the floor (a ‘workspace plate’), allowing experimental modules to be precisely and repeatably positioned within and removed from the workspace (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Interchanging workspace plates allows rapid reconfiguration of the workspace for different experimental procedures. (2) The sides, top, and bottom of MAPLE are open or made of clear acrylic, permitting the optical phenotyping of flies in experimental modules at all time points other than when the end-effector carriages are above the modules. (3) The end-effector assembly comprises three independent z-axes, each featuring a single tool (Figure 1A; Video 2): an object manipulator for picking up experimental module components like plastic lids using vacuum; a USB digital camera with LED illumination for acquiring high-resolution images for machine-vision; and an organism manipulator for handling small individual animals using vacuum, or, in the case of our yeast experiments, wooden applicators (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). (4) All motion axes have physical limit switches and/or software limits preventing overtravel.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: We fitted a linear fixed effects model to the transformed fitness values with sex, diet and rapamycin concentrations (coded as a categorical factor to accommodate possible non-linearity in the effect) and their interactions. For the main analysis we categorised diet as optimal/non-optimal (where the nutritional composition of the 'optimal' diet category is carbohydrate-rich for males and protein-rich for females). This encoding makes it more straightforward to assess how rapamycin treatment interacts with diet-quality in each sex. We also ran analysis where diet composition was encoded as 'carbohydrate-rich' and 'protein-rich'. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the supplementary data files. We compare our results to data from three papers, with results discussed throughout our paper (Dobson et al. , 2018; Graze et al. , 2018; Tiebe et al. , 2015). The following data sets were generated (2019) from: Sex-specific transcriptomic responses to changes in the nutritional environment. 1086. PubMed 743. PubMed 169. PubMed 300. 2161. PubMed 46. PubMed 2120. PubMed 2144. 2237. 5393. PubMed 288. PubMed 3926. PubMed 754. PubMed 289. PubMed 1675. PubMed 319. PubMed 14. 795. 9920. PubMed 591. PubMed 106. PubMed 2925. PubMed 5. PubMed 558. PubMed 398. PubMed 1450. 17. PubMed 10. PubMed 924. PubMed 1064. PubMed 893. PubMed 122. PubMed 644. 2501. PubMed 615. PubMed 5236. PubMed 196. PubMed 360. PubMed 11. 1226. 2503. PubMed 2079. PubMed 2524. PubMed 2149. PubMed 6952. PubMed 9. 1066. PubMed 330. PubMed 2868. PubMed 290. 1422. PubMed 472. PubMed 862. PubMed 105. 57. PubMed 2717. 2053. PubMed 102. PubMed 0956. PubMed 1005. PubMed 234. PubMed 140. PubMed 4656. PubMed 1439. 368.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Handling and imaging were then repeated an additional four times to test for cumulative effects. Flies handled by MAPLE were statistically indistinguishable from unhandled flies both in the fraction that were active across imaging sessions (Figure 2C; b = −0. 02, t(477) = −0. 098, p=0. 92 by multinomial logistic regression) and in their mean walking speed across imaging sessions (Figure 2D; F(4, 376)=0. 51, p=0. 73 by mixed-effects ANOVA). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Behavior of flies manipulated by MAPLE is similar to manual controls. (A) Diagram of repeated MAPLE handling procedure. Flies were removed from and replaced back into wells of a FlyPlate using MAPLE’s organism manipulator. In between these handling events their activity was assessed by automated tracking. (B) Illustration of automatic tracking of flies in a FlyPlate through the nylon mesh covering the wells. (C) Percentage of flies exhibiting supra-threshold activity (mean speed >0. 1 mm/s) across handling sessions. Red line is MAPLE-handled flies, black line is matched unhandled flies. Gray area denotes 95% CI around unhandled flies. (D) Fly mean speed across handling sessions. (E) Illustration of MAPLE-assisted handedness phenotyping procedure. (F) Y-maze arena adapted for MAPLE use with a multi-position loading port allowing the deposition of awake flies into the behavioral arena. The hole in the rotatable lid can be aligned to the arena to load or unload flies, or to the wall surrounding the arena to trap flies in. (G) Distribution of fly mean speeds in MAPLE and manually loaded experiments. Distributions shown are kernel density estimates (KDEs). Gray area is 95% CI around manually loaded flies as estimated by bootstrap resampling of KDEs. (H) Distributions of fly turning bias (# right turns # total turns) in MAPLE and manually loaded experiments. Second, we measured the locomotor bias of individual flies in Y-shaped mazes (Ayroles et al. , 2015; Buchanan et al. , 2015) configured with multi-position loading ports.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Statistical applications in nutrigenomics : analyzing multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases in humans A. G. and output: Thesis › internal recent advances in technology provide the possibility to obtain large genomic datasets that contain information on large numbers of variables, while the sample sizes are moderate to small. This has lead to statistical challenges in the analysis of multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases. In this thesis approaches are investigated to analyze large genomic datasets, taking complex relationships between genes, proteins and complex diseases into account. These approaches are applied to real data to investigate whether biologically relevant information from the dataset could be obtained or whether models could be obtained that are useful for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. developed a general framework for the analysis of genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data to obtain insight in biological mechanisms. This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest. In the last step, biological interpretation of the statistical results was facilitated by literature search, pathway analysis and database mining. general framework discussed in this thesis provides the possibility to analyze large nutrigenomic datasets. Although the contribution of genomic research to public health is at the moment limited, new advances in genomic research, e. g. genome-wide association studies, statistical approaches as discussed in this thesis, are promising and genomic research might in the near future lead to applications that translate into improvement of public health. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. C. M. , Promotor, External personBoer, J. M. A. , Co-promotor, External personAward date9 Dec 2008Place of Publication[S. l. ]Print ISBNs9789085852612DOstatusPublished - 9 Dec 2008 Keywordsdata analysisstatistical analysispublic healthnutrigenomics output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset An ecosystem of MAPLE hardware modules for flexible experimental automation in fruit flies. (A) Illustrations and brief descriptions of experimental MAPLE modules. Fly source modules can provide flies into the MAPLE system. Fly sink modules can receive flies. Phenotyping modules are used to collect experimental measurements. and methods for more extensive descriptions. Modules with names in (parentheses) are under development. (B) Simplified flowcharts illustrating a selection of tasks MAPLE is capable of performing using different combinations of modules. Green arrows indicate the flow of animals through the task, thin grey arrows the motion of the MAPLE end effectors. Tasks with names in (parentheses) are hypothetical and illustrate the scope of possibilities. Fly sink modules are destinations into which flies that have been handled by MAPLE can be deposited. In the case of the FlyPlate, deposited flies can be later removed. Other fly sink modules are one-way, including a morgue, a dish of slightly soapy water or 70% ethanol covered with a nylon mesh lid in the style of the FlyPlate. Standard fly culture media vials with nylon mesh loading adapters can be used to collect many flies after MAPLE handling for long-term storage. The last category of modules is phenotyping modules, which produce experimental data. We have created a number of behavior phenotyping modules (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), including arrays of circular open field arenas, arrays of Y-shaped mazes for measuring locomotor handedness (Buchanan et al. , 2015), and social arena arrays, in which pairwise social interactions can be monitored. Phenotyping modules are not limited to collecting behavioral data. For example, flies can be loaded into standard 96-well plates outfitted with nylon mesh lids. From there, they are ready for molecular protocols, including use by liquid-handling robots. Flies in FlyPlates, which have access to food, can be used for circadian assays (Tataroglu and Emery, 2014), longevity (Stearns et al. , 2000), or pharmacological experiments (Gasque et al. , 2013). Modules such as the can be situated outside MAPLE’s frame, receiving and delivering flies via air-flow tubing. 3D-printed adapter blocks connect these tubes into the MAPLE workspace and are situated with locating brackets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Output: pass