Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2003) Reduced activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and increased serine 636 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in primary culture of skeletal muscle cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52: 1319–1325. View 23. (2012) Satellite cells derived from obese humans with type 2 diabetes and differentiated into myocytes in vitro exhibit abnormal response to IL-6. PLoS. One. 7: e39657–. 24. (2012) Deficient leukemia inhibitory factor signaling in muscle precursor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol. Metab 303: E283–E292. View 25. -Rucker N, et al. (2005) Mouse and human resistins impair glucose transport in primary mouse cardiomyocytes, and oligomerization is required for this biological action. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 31679–31685. View 26. (1995) MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3823–3829. View 27. (1995) Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD. Science 267: 1018–1021. View 28. (2003) Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle. 14: 149–159. View 29. (2004) Skeletal muscle gene expression profiles in 20–29 year old and 65–71 year old women. Exp. Gerontol. 39: 369–377. View 30. (2007) Gene expression profiling of aging reveals activation of a p53-mediated transcriptional program. BMC. Genomics 8: 80–. 31. (1995) MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 3823–3829. View 32. (1995) Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD. Science 267: 1018–1021. View 33. Andres V, (1996) Myogenin expression, cell cycle withdrawal, and phenotypic differentiation are temporally separable events that precede cell fusion upon myogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 132: 657–666. View 34.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In languages like English, reading and writing unfold from left to right. In contrast, in languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, these processes unfold from right to left. Such cultural scanning norms determine implicitly a preferential eye trajectory that generalizes to the scanning of visual objects. For instance, they shape the visual exploration of artwork (Chokron & De Agostini, 2000), agentic perceptions from faces (Mendonça, Garrido, & Semin, 2020b), or scanning p1. 1 Background and rationale The first factor we discuss is the spatial grounding of time. Time is spatially grounded. For instance, when reading and writing, we leave prior information behind, establishing a natural movement–space correlation that maps time in a script-consistent pattern (Casasanto, 2014). Time has been shown to activate spatial associations along the horizontal continuum (Blom & Semin, 2013; Boroditsky, 2011; Lakens, Semin, & Garrido, 2011). Temporal events are organized on an LR or RL horizontal timeline depending on whether samples come from English or Hebrew linguistic communities (Fuhrman & Boroditsky, 2010). Past terminology is anchored where writing typically begins: on the left for LR speakers and on the right for RL speakers. Consequently, future-related terms are anchored on the opposite end of the horizontal continuum: on the right for LR speakers and on the left for RL speakers (Ouellet, Santiago, Israeli, & Gabay, 2010; Torralbo et al. , 2006). The second factor concerns the influence of script direction on spatial asymmetries in the perception of agency and related categories (e. g. , time). Different explanations have been advanced for these asymmetries. Biological ones argue that right hemispheric dominance drives the leftward asymmetrical anchoring of visual space in visuospatial tasks (Brooks, Sala, & Darling, 2014). However, other research shows that the leftward attentional bias is shaped by written script, reading direction, as well as cultural experience (Kazandjian & Chokron, 2008; Rosenich, Shaki, & Loetscher, 2020). The preference for the left hemispace can be changed to the opposite direction when tasks are performed by readers from RL-speaking countries (Afsari, Ossandón, & König, 2016; Smith & Elias, 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Spring barley as a last crop resulted in lower dry matter and N grain yields of spring triticale compared to winter-triticale and maize as last crops, while differences between these last crops for SMN and N leaching were relatively small. Table 5 Predicted means of grain N yield (kg ha−1) of spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotation treatments (CRT) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table Table 6 Predicted means of residual SMN in autumn (kg ha−1) after spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotations (CR) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table Table 7 Predicted means of NO3-N leaching (kg ha−1) in winter after spring triticale as an effect of different crop rotations (CR) and the last crop (LC) before cultivation of spring triticaleFull size table DiscussionThe design of crop rotations must ensure soil fertility for maintaining productivity and prevent problems with weeds, pests and diseases; the crop rotation is thus one of the building blocks of organic farming systems (Olesen 1999). One of the main rotational effects is increased N supply especially to cash crops and forage; the ratio of N fixing crops and arable cash crops has a major impact on agronomic success and the environment (Watson et al. 1999). The grain yields of spring triticale in our experiments, cultivated after 3 years of different crop rotations, ranged from 1. 6 t ha−1 following spring barley in the field bean rotation to 3. 1 t ha−1 after ploughing-in of grassland with 50% of white clover. Dry matter yields for spring triticale on the ‘Bakenhus’ farm were up to 3. 0 t ha−1, which was a satisfactory yield on these sandy soils (G. Wolters, farm manager; personal communication). Generally, yields were affected by weather conditions in early spring and summer. During spring, plant development was hampered by cold and wet weather and maturity was enhanced by hot and dry conditions in June and July 2006. Nitrogen transformation in soil and N uptake by plants might not have been optimal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: (2012) Fiber type-specific differences in glucose uptake by single fibers from skeletal muscles of 9- and 25-month-old rats. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 67: 1286–1294. View 35. (2003) Gender differences in resistance-training-induced myofiber hypertrophy among older adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58: 108–116. View 36. (2008) Response of growth and myogenic factors in human skeletal muscle to strength training. Br. J. Sports Med. 42: 989–993. View 37. (2012) Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men. J. Appl. Physiol 113: 1495–1504. View 38. (2009) Effect of training with different mechanical loadings on MyHC and GLUT4 changes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41: 129–136. View 39. Guillet-(1994) Expression and cellular localization of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4) during differentiation of myogenic cells isolated from rat foetuses. J. Cell Sci. 107 (Pt 3): 487–496. View 40. (1994) Physical training increases muscle GLUT4 protein and mRNA in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 43: 862–865. View 41. (1992) Glucose transporter number, function, and subcellular distribution in rat skeletal muscle after exercise training. Diabetes 41: 1091–1099. View 42. (1990) Effects of exercise training on insulin-regulatable glucose-transporter protein levels in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 39: 1425–1429. View 43. Christ- (2004) Exercise training increases glycogen synthase activity and GLUT4 expression but not insulin signaling in overweight nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism 53: 1233–1242. View 44. (2010) Cycle training increased GLUT4 and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in fast twitch muscle fibers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42: 96–106. View 45. (1997) Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Also, bidirectional readers show negligible lateralization in task performance (Rinaldi, di Luca, Henik, & Girelli, 2014). This indicates that reading direction may, at the very least, mitigate the predisposition to over-attend to the left side of space. No doubt, the nature of the task at hand, as well as the instructions given to participants, can constrain visual performance. For example, in addressing exploratory biases during the initial exploration of complex visual stimuli, Ossandón, Onat, and König (2014) reported a preference for initial saccades to the left space (in LR readers) in a task where participants were asked to freely explore a set of images. This is very different from a setup where, prior to target onset, the participants’ gaze is mandatorily anchored at the center of the screen, and stimuli are presented bilaterally. In such a setup, visual attention is expected to progress from the starting point in line with the reading direction (i. e. , right for LR readers and left for RL readers; Mendonça et al. , 2020a, 2021). In this case, attention would not regress to the habitual starting point of reading/writing. Once attention is set in motion, it would be costly and counterproductive to go against the habitual reading/writing trajectory and return to its initial location (attentional momentum; Pratt, Spalek, & Bradshaw, 1999). Indeed, when attention flows in a direction that is script-coherent, task performance is enhanced because one can anticipate the occurrence of future information (Pratt et al. , 1999; Spalek & Hammad, 2004). In sum, when people are provided with a specific instruction regarding what to do (e. g. , find the target), and a prime drives attention toward a specific location, attention is goal-driven and will progress according to (a) the grounding of the cue (in our case, time-related words) and (b) the direction of the language script. Consider a stimulus presentation in which two five-letter strings (one of which contains the target letter) are presented simultaneously to the left and right of the screen and preceded by the presentation of a time-related central cue (e. g. , yesterday, tomorrow) that anchors the starting position of the gaze movement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The control plots had received no N during the last 3 years apart from atmospheric deposition, mineralization and a rather moderate application of horse manure before cultivation of spring triticale of about 25 kg total N ha−1. The residual soil mineral nitrogen and leaching losses resulting from these soil and weather related processes were, in proportion to the other treatments, relatively high. This indicates that during the dry period in June and July 2006 N mineralization and N uptake in plants were reduced and after rewetting of the soil in August strong mineralization set in, leading to large residual soil mineral nitrogen. The mineralization of accumulated organic matter in the ploughed grassland leys and grass-clover plots and in the farmyard manure plots would have added to these effects. The year 2006/07 was relatively warm with larger leaching than average. A markedly mild period in mid-winter was accompanied by relative high rainfall and showed translocation of large amounts of nitrate. leached during this period was possibly not only residual but also from actual mineralization processes. Mineralization processes are influenced profoundly by temperature and temperature changes with a lower limit close to freezing. The majority of soil micro-organisms are mesophyllic and prefer moderate temperatures (optimum activity between 25 and 37°C) and a base temperature of 5°C. Freezing/thawing changes may have comparable effects to those of wetting/drying and result in the release of soluble materials and/or disruption of soil aggregates (Jarvis et al. 1996). Franko (1984) and Gill et al. (1995) confirm that mineralization can provide quite substantial N at low temperatures. During two weeks in mid January daily temperatures were on average 8. 5°C (5. 6–13. 2°C) and rainfall amounted to 100 mm of which 45 mm occurred within 3 days. leaching losses during that period accounted for 33% of the total N losses during the winter of 2006/07. This could help to explain further why N leaching losses were larger than the SMN in the previous autumn. Usually calculated N leaching is positively related to SMN at the end of the growing season and often amounts to 40–60% of the SMN depending on management and weather conditions (Kayser 2003; Wachendorf et al. 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 89526 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by Mario Bernardo-the by Mario Bernardo-Filho, Danúbiada Cunha de Sá-Caputo and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are diseases of long duration and are consequences of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. The rise of NCDs heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease has been driven primarily by four major risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diets [1]. Physical inactivity is a public health problem and is considered as one of the greatest challenges for the future [1]. The time we spend being physically active during leisure is not enough to compensate for the great reduction in everyday physical activity and the increase of sedentary activities associated with life of today. The negative consequences of inactivity are many; physical, mental, and social. For example, inactive people are more likely to be overweight, and inactivity causes many redundant deaths each year [2]. Physical activity is described as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles, which requires energy expenditure [3].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: If the script direction bias is correct, then one would expect attention to progress from the center in a script-coherent direction (rightward for LR speakers and leftward for RL speakers). Therefore, cue words would speed up detection times and facilitate gaze movements if: (a) the cue word implies a reference to the side of the screen that is consistent with script direction (e. g. , tomorrow; right side of the screen advantage for LR speakers and left side of the screen advantage for RL speakers) and (b) the target letter is embedded in the letter string located on the side of the screen congruent with the indication of the word cue (right string for LR speakers and left string for RL speakers). The bias introduced by script direction is that the same detection speed and gaze advantage will not be to the same extent for the congruent conditions (e. g. , detection of a target letter presented to the left after the cue word “yesterday” and presented to the right after the word cue “tomorrow” for LR speakers). Rather, it will be differentiated in favor of the cue–target pairs that reflect the habitual script direction (target letter on the right after “tomorrow”). In the special combination of words, we have two biases operating simultaneously. The first is words as language, activating habitual script direction, and the second is time concepts anchored on the horizontal past–future dimension. Both induce moving in the same direction. By choosing cues that potentially bring together both the influence of script direction and of an abstract category (time), we introduce a critical experimental condition. In the case of an LR culture, future referent cues and targets on the right side of the screen should be processed significantly faster than past referent cues and targets on the left side of the screen rather than being processed symmetrically. This asymmetric processing should be reversed in the case of RL cultures. Additionally, presenting cue words in visual and auditory modalities would provide converging evidence of the process driving target detection and the function of cue words. If the pattern of speed and gaze outcomes in both modalities converges then one would infer that spatial bias is independent of the motor processes activated by reading. Previous cross-modal cueing experiments (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In our experiments, the proportion of N leaching to SMN turned out to be on average 120% for the control plots, 147% for FYM 200 (164% for FYM 100), 139% for the field bean plots, 127% for the 3-year grassland plots, and 107% for grass-red clover. Similar relationships were also reported by Kayser et al. (2008) when permanent grassland was ploughed for arable use; after a relatively dry summer, they found N leaching in winter to be 135% of SMN in the first year and 95% in the second year. This indicates that the ‘normal’ relation between SMN and N leaching can be overruled by extreme weather conditions and strong mineralization in late summer and/or ongoing mineralization in winter. The explanation of such phenomena is also sensitive to technical aspects, as data from one point in time (SMN) are compared with a more continuous measurement like nitrate leaching by ceramic cups and permanent suction. Berntsen et al. (2006) report findings from ploughing of a 3-year-old grass-clover sward on sand and loamy sand soils in Denmark followed by spring barley. leaching was moderate during the pasture time (9–64 kg N ha−1), they found larger N leaching losses after ploughing which amounted to 63–216 kg N ha−1 in the first year and 61–235 kg N ha−1 in the second year. Estimations and modelling of the organic matter turnover should include an intermediate pool with a half-life of 2–3 years (Berntsen et al. 2006). The authors further conclude that careful management is required to handle and limit nitrate leaching after ploughing of grassland and grass-clover even in low input systems. Similar conclusions have been drawn by Kayser et al. (2008) from the break-up of permanent grassland on sandy soils in northwest Germany under conventional farming conditions. Leaching losses after spring barley + catch crop (yellow mustard) and maize without and with N fertilizer cultivated after ploughing of permanent grassland were 45–81 kg N ha−1 for barley and 118–216 kg N ha−1 for silage maize in the first year and 33–134 kg N ha−1 after silage maize in the second year (Kayser et al. 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: It is well documented that regular physical activity reduces the risk of the non-communicable diseases like hypertension [4], coronary heart disease [5], stroke [4], diabetes 2 [6], some cancer types [2], and mental illness [2]. Being physically active improves bone and functional health [7] and maintains energy balance and weight control [8]. There exist large differences in physical activity between the different geographic regions of the world. In 2016, more than a quarter of the world’s adults (27%) were insufficiently physically active. In the period between 2001 and 2016, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity ranged from 16% in Oceania to 39% in and the Caribbean [9]. During the same period, the frequency of physical inactivity increased more than 5% in high-income Western countries, while southeast Asia had a decrease of physical inactivity with 5% [9]. In 2016, insufficient physical activity in high-income countries was more than double compared to the prevalence in low-income countries. The prevalence increased over time in high-income countries from 32% in 2001 to 37% in 2016, whereas it was stable in low-income countries, 6% in 2001 and 2016 [9]. In addition to difference in physical activity levels between regions, there are also differences between genders. Women were less physically active compared to men in all regions except the east and southeast Asia. The lowest levels of reported physical inactivity were observed in men from the regions Oceania, east and southeast Asia, and sub-in 2016 [9]. This 2. Global determinants of physical activity Since the nineteenth century, there has been a steep increase in the knowledge of exercise and its effects on health. We have a large number of journals and books with quality research within the field. The main challenge today is the never-ending work of how to use the results of the research in line with the major changes in the society that do not inherently promote increased physical activity. We know it is important to be physically active, but we have not managed to decrease the negative trend of increased inactivity globally. The health effects of physical activity are the same all over the world, but the local society in which the activity (or no activity) is performed is continuously developing. 2. 1 Increased number of older inactive persons Older adults are more physically inactive compared to younger adults, and this is a major public health concern [10].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , where cue and target pertain to different modalities) typically report a facilitation in performance when the cue and target sensory modalities coincide in their directional content (Dufour, 1999; Spence & Driver, 1994, 1997). Moreover, visual attention is reflexively drawn to auditory-conveyed locations. Kean and Crawford (2008) manipulated the expectancies of the auditory cue informing visual target location (80%, 50%, and 20% probability) and observed significantly better behavioral and eye-movement performance for the cued side of the screen even when the target location was against probabilities. This processing advantage indicates that auditory information is unavoidable even when people are aware that the target is more likely to appear elsewhere. The structural link between vision and audition in attention orienting is likely biological and adaptive (Spence & Driver, 1997), as humans benefit from integrated and sensory-rich inspections of their vicinities. However, many perceptual phenomena are dominated by the visual modality over other sensory inputs (Spence, Parise, & Chen, 2011), making the relationship between vision and audition in cueing tasks rather complex. On the other hand, the structuring of time in space has consistently been reported in distinct tasks, not only in the visual but in the auditory modality as well (Lakens et al. , 2011; Ouellet et al. , 2010). However, to the best of our knowledge, prior research on the spatial mapping of time has addressed the impact of visual and auditory modalities in isolation. In this research, we shall be able to examine the relative contribution of each modality as well as their combined effect in inducing biased attention shifts. This will allow us to rule out spatial biases as a product of the directional act of reading the word prime. Newly, if reading and hearing the word cue yield similar effects, then we will be able to put together a solid research package showing that the mapping of time (a) is not modality dependent, (b) is above the relative LR spatial positioning of the effectors, and (c) is shaped by reading and writing scanning habits and is by no means universal. 1. 2 Overview of the present research The present studies were designed to examine how two habituated cultural forces facilitate the detection of targets presented on the left and right sides of the screen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The practice of applying 50% of FYM as a top dressing to winter triticale and to 100% after ploughing for spring-sown crops with only shallow incorporation in the previous years could have promoted gaseous losses and limited the N effect. When 1-year grass-red clover plots were ploughed, yields of spring triticale were almost level with yields obtained after break up of the 3-year grassland. However, SMN was on average 17 kg N ha−1 less and N leaching losses were smaller by 38 kg N ha−1. This suggests that plant residues and N from red clover in the 1-year leys were sufficient for providing the spring triticale with N but did not cause over fertilization like the ploughing-in of the 3-year grass and grass-clover swards. Askegaard and Eriksen (2007) found legume catch crops a valuable N source for grain production on a coarse sandy soil and reported fertilizer-replacement values in a following unfertilized spring barley to correspond to 120 and 103 kg N ha−1 for white and red clover, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of 1-year grass-red clover leys in our experiment seemed to be rather short lived as grass-clover leys that had been ploughed-in during the previous season did not show any effect on yield or N losses of spring triticale (see the triticale plots in the grass-red clover rotation). The proportion of red clover in late summer was about 40% in 2004 and 30% in 2005, the last year before cultivation of spring barley. These effects indicate that 3-year grassland leys differed from 1-year grass-red clover swards in management and resulting soil conditions. The residual effects of grass-red clover leys might thus be easier to predict from yield, N balance and proportion of clover while the situation becomes more complex with grassland ley swards that are >3 years. The effects might be much stronger for much older grassland. Eriksen et al. (2008) state that management strategies adopted in both the grassland and arable phases appear to be the primary instrument in avoiding nutrient losses in mixed crop rotations, irrespective of the grass proportion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Not only is physical inactivity identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [11], but is it also a major contributing factor for disability and poor health outcomes [12]. Lack of physical activity is related to approximately 3 million deaths per year and to 6–10% of the occurrence of major non-communicable diseases [13]. Older adults have a more sedentary lifestyle [5]. Rates of self-reported physical inactivity in those aged 55 years and older varied from 5 to 29% across Europe [14]. 2. 2 Increased urbanization and decreased physical activity Urbanization leads to more violence, traffic, low air quality, and increased pollution. Many places lack access to parks and free sports and recreation areas. It seems that increased urban living discourage physical activity. Assah et al. found that living in an urban area was associated with lower levels of energy expenditure from physical activity and a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to rural dwelling adults in Cameroon [15]. Similar differences in physical activity were found in urban versus rural dwelling minors in the [16] and female adolescents in Portugal [17]. Other studies [18, 19] have demonstrated no or an inverse relationship between physical activity and the degree of urbanization. 2. 3 Modernization leads to less physical activity Mechanization is the process of replacing manual labor with machinery. New technology improves task efficiency, personal safety, and mobility. On the other hand, technology decreases the physical effort required for self-transport and the performance of occupational and domestic activities. Mechanization and automatization contribute to less physical activity levels even in those cases where equivalent physical activity during the spare time place was equal [11]. 2. 4 Large variations in women’s physical activity level globally There are large differences in women’s level of physical activity in different countries. Women in Uganda are active during domestic work or house chores, farming, tending shops or small businesses, active transport to church, markets, and gardens [11, 20]. In comparison, only 34% of the women in Norway meet the national recommendation of physical activity [21]. Women living in countries with high gender equality were more likely to be physically active compared to their counterparts living in countries with low gender equality. This phenomenon is the same for men. Some of the barriers to physical exercise that women face include family responsibilities, as well as cultural or social beliefs, economic or employment status, and level of education. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: As we suggested, the first is cues as words activating script direction (Román, Flumini, Lizano, Escobar, & Santiago, 2015), and the second is cues as time concepts anchored on the horizontal past-future dimension (Santiago et al. , 2007). To this end, we used a modified spatial cueing task (Mendonça et al. , 2020a). In contrast to the typical balanced congruency effects, we predicted an asymmetric performance favoring congruent cue–target combinations that match participants’ script direction. As the initial point of gaze movement is anchored in the center of the screen, attention was expected to progress in line with cultural reading and writing habits (Suitner & Maass, 2016) in addition to the horizontal grounding of the time cue. Thus, future words have a double processing advantage as cues. They facilitate target detection on the right side of the screen for LR speakers (Exp. 1) and on the left side of the screen for RL speakers (Exp. 2). This facilitation is expected to be revealed primarily by detection speed (Exp. 1 and 2) and the overall trajectory revealed by gaze movement (Exp. 1). We expected detection speed effects to be mirrored in the two languages (RL and LR). The asymmetry favoring the right or the left is, therefore, a product of the match between habitual script direction and horizontal semantic bias of the time referent word cue. 2 Experiment 1 The first experiment examined the detection speed of the target as a function of script direction (LR) and time-related words (cues). We predicted overall detection facilitation for congruent (vs. incongruent) cue—target conditions, that is, shorter response times when time-related cue word connotation is consistent with the target letter location. Moreover, we predicted that these specific effects to be asymmetric between congruent cue–target pairs. In other words, the joint influence of L-R script direction bias in L-R languages together with future-related cue words should yield shorter response times when the target location is on the right side of the screen relative to the response times of congruent past-related words and the target letter is on the left side of the screen. Neutral words, which should not induce a systematic horizontal movement, are not expected to produce differences in performance across both sides of the screen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionSince 1995, when Sweden joined the EU, the number of dairy cows has decreased by 134,000, while the number of suckler cows has increased by 40,000 (of Agriculture 2011a). Therefore, the total number of cows, and hence calves available for meat production, has decreased. beef production decreased from 140,000 t in 1995 to 131,000 t in 2010 (of Agriculture 2011a). Consumption of beef in Sweden increased during the same period from 163,000 to 239,000 t (of Agriculture 2011b). As a result, the degree of self-sufficiency in beef has decreased from 85 to 56 % since Sweden became a member of the EU. require national biodiversity to be maintained at the current level and used in a sustainable way. In order to do so, an existing agricultural sector with grazing animals is needed (Ministry of Agriculture 2010). Suckler cows are therefore very important for reaching the Objectives, especially the objective stating that 450,000 ha of semi-natural pasture be kept open for grazing (Objectives 2011). After a long period of decreasing semi-natural pasture area, the grazing acreage began to increase in 1995, when the current environmental payment system was introduced, until 2005, when the acreage started to decrease again, most likely due to a lack of grazing animals. In 2010, the semi-natural pasture acreage was 420,000 ha (of Agriculture 2011a), of which 160,000 ha are grazed by suckler cows and heifers (SCB 2010). One goal for the is to have 20 % of agricultural land in quality-assured organic production by 2013 (of Agriculture 2010a). In 2010, the proportion of certified agricultural land was 14 % (of Agriculture 2011c). A large proportion of Swedish suckler cow production is organic. According to one survey, 37 % of the nation's suckler cow operations receive environmental support for organic farming. Of the suckler cow operations with more than 100 cows, 70 % are organic (SCB 2010). The differences between organic and conventional cow-calf operations include a ban on pesticides and commercial mineral fertilisers and restricted use of veterinary medicines and concentrate feeds, which may result in lower yields, a need for lower stocking rates per hectare and longer grazing periods (KRAV 2012). agricultural acreage is only 8 % of the total land mass. The suitability for farming varies greatly throughout the country.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 5 Climate change influences physical activity habits Climate change affects physical activity habits. Extreme cold, heat, and rain lead to less physical activity [22]. On the other hand, increasing temperature in places which are affected by cold climate may over time increase the level of physical activity. The challenges with increased physical inactivity occur in locations which already experience high temperatures [22] and which already have overwhelming problems with population health. Climate change with global warming will play a growing role on physical activity levels in the future [22, 23]. Advertisement 3. Policy strategies for promoting physical activity A policy consists of a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in situations that have been agreed to officially by a group of people, a government, or a political party. Today there exist several policies for promoting physical activity. A key factor for successful policy or a strategy document for promoting increased physical activity is cross-sectorial anchoring. Compared to earlier times in which the focus has been to generate as much knowledge as possible on the physiological health effects of being physical active, especially within the health sector, the focus now is how to implement the knowledge cross-sectional. The health sector is not the only sector responsible for physical activity. To increase the level of physical activity in the cities, there must be room for establishing green lounges and making bicycle roads and paths for the pedestrians (collaboration between the sectors transport, climate, and finance). Children should learn how to make the active choices and why we must be physically active at school from educated personnel (collaboration between the sectors health, knowledge, and education). Buildings must be adapted to the possibility of being active (collaboration between architecture and health). It should not be necessary to search for stairs and get the feeling that things are cumbersome, and the autowalks could, for example, keep as slow speed as possible which will lead more of us to walk. Every workplace that is affected by restructuring and mechanization should introduce the possibility of being physically active at work (collaboration between the sectors labor, health, and finance). A universal design for increased physical activity should be in focus in every sector. In 2004, the 57th Assembly (WHA) endorsed the Organization’s (WHO) on Diet, and Health. The strategy was developed with all concerned stakeholders in response to a request from at Assembly 2002 (Resolution WHA55. 23).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 3 Eye-tracking data We flagged and excluded trials in which the observer's gaze at fixation could not be verified to be within 1° of visual angle or for a minimum of 1000 ms (1. 3% across all trials fixations). Fixations under 80 ms were excluded (4. 90%), as were trials in which the tracker lost eye position (1. 1%). We defined two rectangular AOIs, which correspond to the target letter strings located on the left and right sides of the screen. Eye gaze measures were recorded from target onset. 2. 2. 4 The direction of first saccade To examine initial gaze movement and confirm that the time-related words did guide attention, we examined the proportion of the first saccade in each trial (i. e. , the oculomotor response to the prime) made to the left and right side of the screen, as a function of the prime modality and word category. It is important to emphasize that participants' initial gaze movement was anchored in the center of the screen prior to target onset. Since binary data do not follow a normal distribution, we opted for a test based on the binomial distribution to model our data. We analyzed the first saccade direction in a logistic mixed-effects model to further control for the variance introduced by the word stimuli (word ID), the number of characters in the word (word length), and the participants’ individual differences (participant ID). The model predicted the probability of the direction of the first saccade (0 = saccade to the left; 1 = saccade to the right) in terms of log odds. Prime modality (visual vs. auditory) and word category (past vs. neutral vs. future) and their interaction were entered as fixed effects. Target letter location was not included as a factor in this analysis because, as hypothesized, we were interested in testing the first ocular response to the prime and attesting whether the temporal words were capable of priming attention. Intercepts for word ID, word length, and participant ID were included as random effects. Word ID and word length, as well as their intercepts, were removed from the model because their variance was 0, and hence these variables did not contribute to the model. The model (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In areas favourable for arable farming, the proportion of agricultural land is 25 % (Ministry of Agriculture 2010). In other parts of the country with less favourable conditions, specifically the forested districts, there is continuous abandonment of both semi-natural pasture and arable land. In these areas, the landscape is characterised by relatively small fields and grazing, interspersed with lakes and forest. In the forest districts in Götaland (Gsk) and lower parts of Norrland (Nn), the agricultural acreage has decreased by 30 % since the War and the remaining farming operations are more or less 100 % grazing and forage-based animal production (Atlas 2011) with low profitability (Agriwise 2011). Continuing farming operations in these regions are important in reaching the Objective of ‘A varied agriculture landscape’ (Objectives 2011). For this to occur, suckler cow operations are essential. From the viewpoint of the Objectives, organic farming practices have several advantages compared with conventional farming. The ban on the use of pesticides and rapidly soluble mineral fertilisers and the requirement for a larger proportion of leys in the crop rotation are some of these advantages. Farming without mineral fertilisers decreases emissions of climate gases and eutrophying effluents. Crop rotations with leys increase the biological diversity in the landscape (Nilsson 2007). These advantages have resulted in an organic grant of 1,800 SEK suckler cow−1 year−1 (including replacement heifer), according to the Programme in Sweden for 2007–2013 (of Agriculture 2011c). Cow-calf operations (both conventional and organic) deliver on these objectives and can assure long-term sustainable use of agricultural land as semi-natural pasture and arable land in forest-dominated regions are part of the ecosystem. Swedish organic cow-calf operations are held in high esteem by consumers because the criteria on animal welfare in the organic regulations are more in line with natural cattle behaviour and because suckler cows with calves graze large areas of semi-natural pasture. In 2008, Swedish consumers were willing to pay 4. 50 SEK kg−1, or 18 % above the ordinary price of prime beef, for this service (of Agriculture 2010a). In spite of this, many organically raised suckler calves are sold to conventional fattening operations without any added value for the organic status.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: The strategy is followed up with the WHO Global action plan on and Health 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world, which was launched in 2018. The global aim is to reduce physical inactivity across the globe by 10% by 2025 and 30% by 2030, setting out a plan with four objectives and 20 recommended policy actions. UN was decided by the member countries in 2015. are a call for action by all countries – low, high, and middle-income. Actions for healthy life through physical activity are to be found in Goal 3, where the aim is to ensure healthy lives and promoting the well-being at all ages. At the national level, there is a need for a scale-up of implementations of effective policies in all countries. Implementation of national plans requires bold leadership and full engagement across sectors. The advantages with collaboration which support increased physical activity across sectors is that it generates significant returns through policies which support increased physical activity also leads to other benefits to health, local economies, community wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. For both global and national strategies, it is difficult to keep up the efforts of increasing physical activity all the time, but in the long run, this should be part of all planning. It is time consuming and resource demanding to integrate the promotion of physical activity between various sectors, and very often one area will lose in the battle with other sectors’ needs. For example, resources for in-hospital treatment or building a motor road may often be more available that for public health initiatives. Advertisement 4. Why being physically active is so important Good health and quality of life are important for the individual. The health and quality of life of the population have an impact on social development and are themselves influenced by how society changes. Good living conditions, good health, quality of life, and well-being are inter-linked. Children who are physically active have a number of health benefits during their whole life [24]. Children who are not physical active from early age will not have these benefits and it might be difficult to catch up with it later in life. With a generally decreasing level of physical activity [25], parents or other people who are in daily contact with children are responsible for stimulating to develop positive exercise habits among children. Physical activity is crucial for children to achieve normal growth and development of muscle strength and motor skills [24] and it is of great importance to the skeleton.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 22) showed that the first saccade in each trial did not follow an arbitrary distribution across both sides of the screen but a preferential spatial scanning. First saccades were shaped by word category, χ2 = 165. 29, df = 2, p <. 001. Taking the past-related words as the reference category, we observed a positive regression slope for future-related words, which suggests that these words are more likely to trigger saccades to the right space, β = 0. 59, SE = 0. 05, z = 11. 65, p <. 001, by a factor of 1. 8 (CI [1. 636, 1. 997]). Neutral words also produced a positive regression slope, that is, they are also more likely to induce rightward saccades than the reference category (past words) although not significantly so, β = 0. 05, SE = 0. 05, z = 1. 08, p =. 279. Further, an interaction between prime modality and word category was observed, χ2 = 16. 804, df = 2, p <. 001. We noted a significant negative regression slope for the comparison between auditory and visual primes and future- and past-related words, β = −0. 40, SE = 0. 10, z = −3. 98, p <. 001. These results indicate that visual cues are more effective than auditory cues in driving rightward saccades following future words. The detailed parameter estimates can be found in Table 1. Table 1. Fixed effects parameter estimates for the logistic mixed model predicting the proportion of the direction of the first saccade by prime modality and word category 95% exp(B) z Auditory − Visual −0. 03923 0. 962 0. 887 1. 042 −0. 9510 Neutral − Past 0. 05453 1. 056 0. 957 1. 166 1. 0825 Future − Past 0. 59190*** 1. 807 1. 636 1. 997 11. 6531 × Auditory − Visual × Neutral − Past −0. 11221 0. 894 0. 734 1. 089 −1. 1139 × Auditory − Visual × Future − Past −0. 40248*** 0. 669 0. 548 0. 815 −0. 3. 9753 Note. Past is the reference category for the word category variable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: cattle stocks, 8 % are quality-assured organic (Ekoweb 2012) in accordance with the KRAV certification programme for organic production (KRAV 2012). Only 4 % of the prime beef slaughtered in 2006 was KRAV-assured (of Agriculture 2008). The sale of any type of organic meat is below 2 % of total meat consumption. However, the sale of branded meat, often locally branded, has increased from 9 to 19 % during the same period (SCB 2011). According to Agribeef (2011), there are profitable cow-calf operations in regions with high levels of environmental payments and other EU support, combined with favourable biological production conditions. Farm businesses with low levels of support and/or low biological production have very poor profitability. The fact that many of these farmers still carry on with their operations suggests that they treat the decoupled single farm payments as an enterprise-specific income from beef, despite the fact that they would receive the payment for arable land regardless of whether they have cows or any other form of production. The payment should therefore be seen as a common income. According to regional calculations preformed by the of based on feasible achievements under efficient Swedish conditions, the revenue from grazing-based beef production can cover short-term operating costs but not stipulated farm workers wage, investments in buildings or capital needs (Agriwise 2011). of Agriculture (2004) concluded that there was a greater risk of decreased beef production in Sweden compared with other EU countries due to the shorter vegetation period, higher official specifications on farm buildings, the small-scale structure of most Swedish beef production, a lack of large interconnected grazing areas and a high level of labour cost per hour. The future for cow-calf operations in Sweden is uncertain. In 2012, the male premium of around 1,300 SEK bull−1 and 1,900 SEK steer−1 was abolished. If this is not compensated for, by a higher price at slaughter, the price for calves sold from cow-calf operations will most probably decline. OECD-FAO (2011) has projected a price level decline for beef in the years leading up to 2020, which would decrease revenue even more. A possible decrease in the single farm payment would also negatively affect cow-calf operations, since these systems utilise large areas of land. In a future study by the of Agriculture (2007), a decrease in Swedish beef production and grazing acreage was predicted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Weight-bearing activities, such as running, jumping, and walking, all influence the skeleton in a positive way. Physical activity strengthens the skeleton in the same way as exercise strengthens the muscles. A passive lifestyle leads to thin bones, low mineral content, and reduced strength [2]. Bone structure is completely developed when you are 20 years old. This means you can never compensate for what you did not do before turning 20. Being in good shape results in using less energy to execute various activities. Consequently, fit persons have more excess energy and can do more things in everyday life. Adults and elderly people who are physically active and in good physical shape will also to a greater extent be self-reliant in everyday life and stay home longer. The fitness decreases with age, but the effects of cardiovascular exercise (aerobe) are the same in healthy elderly as in younger ones. The body’s muscle mass decreases as you get older, and this leads to reduced muscle strength, but it is never too late to start being physically active. People who start exercising in adulthood have much to gain. Positive gains start already at very low training volumes, which mean small efforts make a big difference. Going beyond such very low training volumes, there is a clear connection between the time you spend on physical activity and the fitness. Advertisement 5. Consequences of physical inactivity A hundred years ago, the main task for the public health work was to stop the infection diseases. Today, public health work is more focused on reducing the incidence of the non-infectious lifestyle diseases. Compared to earlier times, more people are being diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, and cancer as a result of multiple factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. NCDs kill about 41 million people each year, equivalent to 70% of all deaths globally [1]. Fifteen millions of all deaths attributed to NCDs occur between the ages of 30 and 69 years. An estimation is that over 85% of the 15 million deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries [1]. Social inequality is still a challenge. The economic burden of physical inactivity remains unquantified at the global level, although some estimates have been made. Ding et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ***p <. 001. Post hoc comparisons using the Holm correction confirmed that past-related words have a lower probability (. 45) of generating initial saccades to the right than future words (0. 60; z = −11. 65, p <. 001). Likewise, neutral words (0. 46) are also significantly less likely to trigger rightward initial saccades than future words (z = −10. 59, p <. 001). Like what we have already observed in the reaction time measure, neutral words gave rise to a comparable initial gaze distribution to the one observed for past-related words (z = −1. 08, p =. 279; Fig. 3). As for the significant interaction, auditory past words (0. 47) were less likely to evoke right saccades than auditory future words (0. 56; z = −5. 48, p <. 001) just like visual past words (0. 43) are less likely to trigger right saccades than visual future words (0. 63; z = −10. 99, p <. 001). These findings confirm that, across modalities, both past and future words did deploy automatic attention in a direction that is consistent with their temporal connotation. Fig. 3Open in figure viewerPowerof the first saccade direction (0 = left saccade, 1 = right saccade) predicted by prime modality and word category. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. 2. 2. 5 First fixation onset After confirming that time-related words induce the expected orientation of attention, we investigated if there is, in fact, a LR bias of attention. To this end, we tested if the first fixation onset, that is, the time in the trial the first fixation landed on the left and right AOIs, was biased across modalities by time words pertaining to the right. Again, target location was left out of this analysis because we aimed to show that the initial gaze movement and the resulting first fixation was biased toward the right region of interest, irrespective of whether the target was present or not. Due to a software error during the recording session, data from two participants are not reported in this analysis (n = 57). An LMM analysis was conducted after a visual inspection of the plots revealing no significant violations of the normality and homoscedasticity assumptions. The model's fixed effects were prime modality (visual vs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Production modelsThe production models studied differed in orientation (organic or conventional), winter housing of the animals (housed or outdoors), calving time (January, April or June) and breed type (light or heavy cows). The feed rations were customised for each separate production model. By combining clover-grass silage with late harvested grass silage, the feed rations were adapted to early or late pregnancy and lactation. This resulted in a clover-grass silage share of 100 % when calving in January, 50 % when calving in April and 25 % when calving in June. In regions with good access to cheap straw (cereal-dominated areas in Gsk and Ss), some models involved straw replacing grass silage. Feed rations with high levels of clover-grass silage or straw decrease the acreage needed, but simultaneously decrease the acreage-based payments. No calculations were made using grain in the feed rations of the suckler cows. The various production models in each area are described in Table 1. Table 1 Different production models calculated for the regions Gsk (forest districts in Götaland), Ss (plain districts in Svealand) and Nn (lower parts of Norrland)Full size table Outdoor wintering of suckler cows has its limitations due to ground and climate conditions in Sweden. Wet and unfrozen ground will be damaged by trampling, especially if the cow breed type is heavy. For this reason, heavy cows were not used in the outdoor wintering calculation models. In Nn, outdoor wintering was also excluded due to uncertainties about how snow depth and predators would influence the production results. The size of each operation was taken as 100 suckler cows including replacement heifers, plus grazing and arable land sufficient for feeding these cows and replacement heifers. The farms were assumed to have no other business than the cow-calf operation, which thus had to bear all the costs of the farm business, including administration. All calves were assumed to be sold at weaning except replacement heifers. Organic feed production differs from conventional by not using pesticides or commercial mineral fertilisers, which results in lower yields. For grass-clover leys, the difference is relatively small, while it is large for grass leys which are more dependent on the nitrogen in mineral fertilisers. The yield levels used in the calculations are presented in Table 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: reported, based on data from 142 countries, representing 93% of the population of the world, that direct health-care costs for coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and colon cancer attributable to physical inactivity amounts to $ 53. 8 billion worldwide in 2013, of which $31. 2 billion was paid by the public sector, $12. 9 billion by the private sector, and $9. 7 billion by households. High-income countries bear a larger proportion of the economic burden (80. 8% of health-care costs and 60. 4% of indirect costs) [26]. Physical inactivity related deaths contribute to $13. 7 billion in productivity losses worldwide [26]. Advertisement 6. How to increase the level of physical activity in all ages The challenge today is that in many cases we do not need to be physically active to survive in our work and leisure. Activities that we earlier needed for surviving, for example, hunting and collecting food, are replaced with, that is, driving cars, sitting on a bus or a train or even standing still in an escalator. The ordinary daily life activities are no longer enough to keep us healthy, but the resulting inactive lifestyle leads to several health problems. Children are more inactive compared to earlier. Eighty percent of the young population in Europe does not reach the minimum recommended amounts of physical activity [4]. Adults are more inactive compared to earlier. We get a situation with inactive children, an increasing number of adults with a less healthy lifestyle, along with an increasing number of elderly people who needs health and care services. This is a growing problem that can be difficult to handle if we do not address it actively. Kindergarten and schools have a great opportunity to contribute developing a healthy lifestyle, but this requires focus and priority from the national government in the form of resources and financing. The education training for teachers and other personnel that work with children is also an important arena for providing the personnel with the right knowledge. Developing a healthy lifestyle is a lifelong trip. It is not enough to be physically active occasionally, and we must be physically active every day without the feeling that we are doing something extra. We must learn to choose to walk the stairs again and again rather than standing in an escalator, we must, when it is possible, choose to walk to the shop or school rather than driving a car. We must learn to take the physically active choices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: auditory), word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), AOI (left vs. right), and their second- and third-order interactions. Random effects per participant ID, word ID, and word length were included to control for the variance that these factors might introduce in first fixation onset measures. Word length and its intercept were removed from the model as their variance was 0. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood, with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom. Results from the LMM analysis (R2marginal =. 01; R2conditional =. 09) converge with the previous reaction time responses by showing a main effect of word category, F (2, 45. 3) = 30. 49983, p <. 001. Again, future-related words produced earlier first fixations (M = 198, SE = 4. 15) than neutral (M = 218, SE = 4. 15; p <. 001) and past-related words (M = 216, SE = 4. 15; p <. 001). In line with what was previously observed, neutral words did not give rise to different first fixation onsets than past words (p =. 415). An interaction between word category and AOI emerged, F (2, 10264. 5) = 37. 33751, p <. 001. As predicted, the first fixations landed earlier on the AOI that was congruent with the orientation induced by the time-related word (Fig. 4). This means that participants’ first fixation was launched earlier in the trial to the left AOI after a past-related word was presented (M = 207, SE = 4. 48) than to the right AOI (M = 224, SE = 4. 55, p <. 001). Likewise, first fixations after future-related words reached the AOI located on the right earlier (M = 187, SE = 4. 53) than on the left AOI (M = 210, SE = 4. 50; p <. 001). The time taken to the first fixation after neutral words was virtually the same in the left (M = 215, SE = 4. 48) and right AOIs (M = 220, SE = 4. 54; p =. 517), suggesting that these words do not strongly induce any directionality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Analyses were carried out to examine the effects of scaling up (200 cows), a price premium for organic beef (3 SEK kg−1 slaughtered weight, assumed to result in a 10 % increase in calf price) and a 25 % decrease in investment cost in buildings. Table 3 Single farm payment, support for less favoured areas, environmental payments, calf prices and land costs in the basic calculation (2009) and in the various scenarios in the Gsk region (1 SEK ≈ 0. 10 €, 2009)Full size table Sample calculation with dataThe method of calculation for the production model 4OH, with 100 suckler cows in the Gsk area for scenario A2, is described in Table 4. The methods used for obtaining the biological, technical and economic data used in the calculation are described in footnotes to that table. Table 4 Method of calculating enterprise-specific income less operating costs excluding labour (SEK per cow per year) and return to labour (SEK per hour)Full size table ResultsAs noted in the ‘Production models’ section, a large number of production models were examined. To simplify the description of the results, only the models achieving the highest return to labour in each category, organic and conventional, are included (Table 5). Table 5 Description of the calculated production models showing the highest return to labour within each respective category, organic and conventional productionFull size table In Fig. 1, the return to labour in the base year 2009 is compared with scenario A1 (decoupled single farm payments), scenario A2 (decoupled single farm payments compensated for by 50 % increase in environmental payments for leys, semi-natural pasture and organic production) and scenario A3 (single farm payment on arable land seen as common income by the farmer). The stipulated farm workers wage is marked as a solid horizontal line. As can be seen in the diagram, the best alternatives in 2009 achieve a return to labour level with the stipulated farm workers wage in Gsk and Nn, but not in Ss. The conventional alternatives result in a considerably lower return to labour than the organic alternatives. In Ss, no conventional alternative can pay for any labour according to Fig. 1. The best profitability is found in alternatives 4OH and 4OLW, alternatives with spring calving and organic production.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: And if we do not do this, the negative consequences will escalate. The workplace is a good arena for either influencing adults to being active during a workday or giving the workers an arena for being active [27]. Examples exist in which the workplace gives room for physical activity during the work time [27, 28]. It might seem unnecessary and expensive right away, but in a long term, it is the right priority, which will be expressed through less absence at work and a more efficient workforce that creates more values for the company. The retired population should have access to society-based actions from the government for being active, for example, open activity in parks, meeting centers for elderly, etc. Smart cities must facilitate free physical activity, which will give us a large population in good physically health and with a strong mental health. Future society must be built on how we can be physical active. In every plan for building roads for traffic, a plan for establishing bicycling road and pavement should be included. For every area which will be used for automatized vehicles, there should be made a room for recreation and sport. This is difficult to manage in geographic areas with a large population density. Advertisement 7. Methods for registering of physical activity There are several methods for measuring level of physical activity. Each method works according to the purpose of the method, but it is difficult to compare data when comparing level of physical activity between groups, countries, regions, and between gender. For example, when comparing countries, there is a large difference in reported number of the fraction of a population that meets recommendations for physical activity. These numbers depend on how you define and operationalize the recommendations, as well as how data are collected and processed. The most common method for registering physical activity is questionnaires [29]. Among the several hundred variants which are available, the easiest way is to ask about a person’s exercise habits and grade the answers. A more demanding questionnaire contains more concrete questions about what the persons have been doing and for how long time the activity was executed. (IPAQ) was developed in 2000 [30] and is used to classify individuals into different activity categories described in the recommendation for physical activity. Diaries are often used when the aim is to measure how the activity is distributed through a day. Diaries give information about the persons’ state and what has been done [29]. Pedometer gives a rough measure of the activity and is particularly suited in combination with activity enhancing tools.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The remaining interactions were not significant (ps >. 09). Therefore, first fixations following time-related words reached their congruently located AOIs faster, and this effect was not different between visual and auditory presentation. Fig. 4Open in figure viewerPowertime to first fixation (in milliseconds) as a function of word category and area of interest (AOI). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. To address the proposed asymmetry between congruent trials favoring the right space, a direct comparison between first fixation onset on the left AOI following past-related words and on the right AOI following future-related words, t (160) = 5. 300, p <. 001, confirmed that attention orientation benefits from time words that imply a rightward (vs. leftward) directionality, which overlaps with the LR scanning practices of our participants. Finally, a linear regression was performed to predict response time based on eye gaze movement, in this case, the time taken by participants to land the first fixation. The regression equation was statistically significant, R2 =. 163, F (1, 55) = 10. 69, p =. 002. This indicates that the speed with which participants discriminated the target is predicted by the time participants took to land the first fixation on either interest area (β = 1. 236, p =. 002). That is, faster discrimination of targets results from faster, that is, biased, initial eye movement. 3 Experiment 2 The second experiment was designed to examine the generality of the effects observed in Exp. 1 in a linguistic community with the opposite script direction—unfolding from RL. Because Exp. 2 was collected online, it was not possible to provide gaze movement measures. Nevertheless, if we observe a reversal in time–space mappings and the proposed directional asymmetry observed in Exp. 1, then there are grounds for RL generalization. In Exp. 2, we presented cue words in the visual modality alone because, in remote settings, it is virtually impossible to guarantee that participants wear the headphones that are necessary to receive the auditory stimuli and control the presentation volume, and so forth. We tested participants with the same cueing task, but with the time-related words translated to Arabic. The aim was to examine if the spatial mapping of time was reversed (i. e. , past-right/future-left) and if RL reading—writing habits produce a left-sided advantage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In the event of decoupled single farm payments (A1), the best alternatives decrease to half the stipulated farm workers wage in Gsk and Nn and decrease even further in Ss. If the phased out single farm payment is compensated for by 50 % increased environmental payments (A2), the best alternatives in Gsk and Nn reach a higher return to labour than the stipulated farm workers wage and the best models in Ss nearly reach this level. Scenario A3 (single farm payment in place but considered common income for arable land) has approximately the same result as the base calculation year 2009 in Gsk due to the small arable acreage in this region, where all grazing takes place on semi-natural pasture. and Nn, where the majority of the acreage is arable land, the effect of A3 is practically the same as in A1 (decoupled single farm payment) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Return to labour (SEK per hour) for various production models at base line year 2009 and scenarios A1, A2 and A3. The stipulated farm workers wage, 180 SEK h−1, is shown as a solid horizontal line Full size image The generally more favourable growing conditions in Ss are not strong enough to compensate for the lower grants and this leads to lower profitability in the region compared with the other two regions. The sensitivity analyses for different models in Ss revealed that the return to labour is influenced not only by grants for different services and general growing conditions, but also by choices made by the farmer. This is illustrated in Fig. 2, where the effects of various single changes to the initial 2009 calculation are shown for region Ss. By reducing the investment costs for buildings by 25 %, the return to labour increases by nearly 60 SEK h−1 compared with model 4OH. If an organically produced weaned calf gets a price premium of 1. 50 SEK kg−1 live weight (equal to 3 SEK kg−1 carcass weight), the return to labour increases by 45 SEK h−1 compared with model 4OH. Doubling the herd size in an organic production system increases the return to labour by approximately 35 SEK h−1 (Fig. 2). Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: In this way, people can follow the activity development themselves by getting direct feedback. Acceleration is a direct measure of body movement, and the higher the acceleration, the higher the intensity. In addition to the total physical activity, an accelerometer can also measure the intensity, duration, and frequency, that is, the pattern of the activity. Another advantage of an accelerometer is that it can assess inactivity and sedentary behavior. However, an accelerometer is more expensive than a pedometer, but it is preferable if high precision is needed. There is a need for standardized methods and harmonization of data from different countries. There is also a lack of data from low- and middle-income countries, which would be very useful for making better comparisons and analyses between different types of countries. Advertisement 8. activity every day is essential for a long healthy life. Physical activity is an important element in the fight against non-communicable diseases. It is never too late to start being physically active. Being physically active must be integrated in our daily life from walking age to end of life. This will be beneficial for each and one of us, but also for the society as a whole. Public health work must facilitate good health for all and contribute to less social inequalities in health. One of the hallmarks of public health work is the cross-sectoral effort and understanding of how important it is that the entire society makes an effort to influence factors that promote health and well-being. Private actors and volunteers must collaborate with public authorities. Efficient public health work entails good organization of work, a system for monitoring efforts, and developments in health status and risk factors. This applies both at national, municipal, and county level. Public health work is demanding. It is demanding to try to make people change their lifestyle and living habits (stop smoking, being physically active, etc. ), because it is hard to make the population understand that it is necessary. Preventive public health work does not give the results right away, and it is a slow job, which needs to be prioritized by the governments. Public health work is not free, but it is cheaper compared to treat everybody who in the future will be diagnosed with a chronic disease. It is never too late to turn this negative trend. Physical activity should be something we do without thinking that we are physically active.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Because attention starts from the center and is assumed to progress leftward, the same future-related words should produce a lateralized facilitation but now on the left space. This would indicate that scanning routines influence lateralized spatial attention. The predictions in terms of behavioral performance were the same as in Exp. 1—but mirrored. Target stimuli, procedure, and design were similar to Exp. 1. 3. 1 Method 3. 1. 1 recruited a total of 59 participants in line with the sample size estimation presented in Exp. 1. Due to a connectivity error between both platforms used (see the Procedure section for detail), three participants were unable to initiate the experiment and their data were not collected. The remaining 56 (36 men and 20 women, Mage = 27. 44, SDage = 7. 06, four self-reported left-handed) were compensated for their participation through the crowdsourcing platform Prolific Academic. The sample size was determined a priori (Anderson et al. , 2017) adjusting sample size effects for uncertainty and publication bias correction (desirable level of assurance = 0. 90; statistical power = 0. 80) based on the effect size proposed for temporal priming tasks (von Sobbe et al. , 2019). Participants gave their consent to participate, and the experiment was approved by the of the host institution (see 3. 1. 2 were the 48 time-related words used in Exp. 1. The word set was translated from English to Arabic by a native Arabic-speaking translator (see 22. 36, SDage = 4. 31). Participants were presented with each word at the center of the screen and asked to move the slider below it toward the left or right depending on whether they thought the word referred to the future (0 = far future) or the past (100 = far past). Words were grouped in three semantic categories according to their mean ratings (F (2, 47) = 636. 698, p <. 001; past-oriented: M = 61. 46, SD = 3. 42; neutral: M = 51. 70, SD = 3. 58; future-oriented: M = 21. 44, SD = 2. 88; ps <. 001 between groups). Words were randomly presented four times throughout the main experiment, two in each block. 3. 1. 3 were the equivalents to the letters q and p marked on the standard Arabic keyboard (q = ض and p = ح).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: Building workers have a 25 % higher salary than farm workers in Sweden (Lönestatistik 2011). Only organic production in scenarios with 50 % higher environmental payments (A2 and D) can come anywhere near the building worker's wage level, according to Figs. 1 and 3. A third threat is relative price development over time. In the past 10 years, the nominal price for weaned calves has increased by only 20 %, while the stipulated farm workers wage has increased by 40 % (Agriwise 2011). This issue of wages increasing at a faster rate than beef prices is likely to be a continuing trend over the next 10 years (OECD-FAO 2011). There was a large variation in profitability expressed as return to labour per hour between the different production models, regions and future scenarios studied here (Figs. 1 and 3). The organic production model had consistently higher profitability than the conventional model due to the organic environmental payments and the larger acreage needed per cow because of lower feed yields. The organic environmental payment was 1,800 SEK cow−1 including replacements in most scenarios, which corresponds to approximately 60 SEK h−1 for labour if 13 h is spent working (Table 4, footnote l). The greater need for land in the organic alternatives also makes the level of environmental payments for leys, support for less favoured areas and single farm payments higher on a per cow basis in organic production than in conventional production. This same reason makes heavier breed cows more profitable than light breed cows, since the former need more land for feed and grazing. The most land-demanding conventional alternative, 4CLW, had the best return to labour in the conventional group. The forest-dominated regions of Gsk and Nn showed better profitability than the plains-dominated region Ss in spite of the natural growing conditions such as higher yield per hectare and the favourable farm layout in the latter region (Figs. 1 and 3). One reason for the higher profitability was the higher level of environmental payments for the semi-natural pasture in Gsk, where the whole grazing acreage was assumed to be on semi-natural pasture. In Nn, the support for less favoured areas and the environmental payments for leys were higher per hectare than in Gsk and Ss (Table 4, footnote d). In this way, the subsidy system enhances the variation in profitability and both enables and disables production in different regions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Many people do not like to exercise or to be physically active, and because the daily life for most people does not require physical activity, the challenge is to integrate the activity naturally in our lives. Being physically active does not demand new shoes, new clothes, or any other fancy equipment. It must be a natural part of what we are. Teachers, health care personnel, and other personnel who are in daily contact with people should be educated in the importance of physical activity. Knowledge about the effects and how to put together an activity program must be mandatory in the relevant educations. Efforts for preventive public health work must increase, along with the social status of preventive workers. Preventive health care is not something that can be addressed with medicine or a single treatment. Preventive public health work starts with children and adolescents and lasts throughout their lives. It is a continuous work. In the long term, the work will pay off and produce results in terms of fewer diagnosed with non-communicable diseases. There is a need for data regarding levels of physical activity, especially data from low- and middle-income countries. Obtaining data from all countries are essential for tailoring global physical activity promotion to population specific needs/trends. 1. WHO. Noncommunicable Diseases. 20182. . Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Comprehensive Physiology. 2012;2(2):1143-12113. . Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Reports. 1985;100(2):126-1314. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(3):533-5535. Exercise and Events. Placing the risks into perspective. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007;39(5):886-8976. -Taber L, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: of and the Association joint position statement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2010;42(12):2282-23037. . Physical activity and bone health. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(11):1985-19968. . Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2009;41(2):459-4719. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In each trial, only a ض (q) or a ح (p) was embedded in one of the two bilateral five-letter strings presented to the left and right sides of the screen. The distractor filler letters were the same across the experiment and randomized across trials. Because the task was conducted online, it was not possible to control for viewing distance to the screen or ascertain the dimensions of the screen on which the task was performed. Although we could not compute the degrees of visual angle that the target strings subtended, the strings were programmed to appear in the near peripheral visual fields. This peripheral presentation ensured that participants would not be able to discriminate the target unless lateralized gaze movements were made. The task could not be performed on mobile phones or tablets because these devices would compromise gaze movement direction. 3. 1. 4 were redirected from the recruitment platform to Gorilla to perform the experiment. The experiment was programmed and ran in Builder, a platform that provides tools for online behavioral research ensuring accurate and reliable online recording of reaction time measures (Anwyl-Irvine, Massonnié, Flitton, Kirkham, & Evershed, 2020). Participants were first presented with an informed consent form. Upon agreement, they moved to the main task. They were asked to place their index fingers on the ض (q) and ح (p) keys before commencing the task. The general instruction was a speed-accuracy one (Fig. 5). After the task was completed, participants filled in a brief questionnaire about demographic information and the variables described in 2. All the information (task invite, informed consent, instructions of the task, final questionnaire) was given in Arabic. Behavioral responses were recorded through participants’ keyboards by pressing the keys marked ض (q) or a ح (p). Fig. 5Open in figure viewerPowerof the experimental procedure in Experiment 2. The overall spatial cueing task, number of trials, and counterbalancing schema were the same used in Exp. 1, with the variation of targets being presented only in the visual modality. The task had a self-paced break between blocks. On average, participants completed the experiment in 20 min. 3. 2 Results 3. 2. 1 Preliminary analysis A visual inspection of the data revealed that six participants finished the experiment but did not produce any responses (all trials were missing responses). These participants were excluded from further analyses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: In the long run, this creates a steering mechanism with animal production in regions where the subsidy systems can ensure profitability. Future investments and generation/ownership shifts will occur where this is economically viable. The variation in profitability between different regions will accelerate specialisation towards calf production in certain regions. In the case of the uncompensated phased out single farm payment (A1), no production model reached a return to labour wage in the level of the stipulated farm workers wage. When the phasing out was assumed to be compensated for by a 50 % increase in environmental payments (A2), a few of the organic production models in Gsk and Nn reached the stipulated farm workers wage. When the single farm payment was assumed to remain, but to be perceived as a common income for arable land and not a part of the suckler cow revenue (A3), only one production model, 4OH in Gsk, reached the stipulated farm workers wage (Fig. 1). The sensitivity analyses in Fig. 2 showed some strategic choices that could at least partly compensate for decreases in subsidies and in the market price for calves. For example, a 25 % reduced investment cost in buildings increased the return to labour by 140 − 80 = 60 SEK cow−1, provided that cheaper buildings do not increase the labour requirement. The strong effect of decreased building costs indicates that investment subsidies and changes in regulations allowing for simpler building solutions are important in this context. However, as Figs. 1 and 3 show, 60 SEK h−1 is not enough to reach a return to labour in line with the stipulated farm workers wage in many of the production models and future scenarios. By marketing organic beef at a premium (1. 50 SEK kg−1 live weight or 3 SEK kg−1 carcass weight) and hence creating an extra price for organic weaned calves and cull cows, the return to labour can be increased by approximately 45 SEK h−1. Doubling the herd size to 200 cows increased the return to labour in Ss by 35 SEK h−1 and in Gsk by 60 SEK h−1. This is due to lower investment costs and labour requirements per cow when the herd increases. In spite of this, the majority of current Swedish cow-calf operations are with small herds in old buildings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1. 9 million participants. Global Health. 2018;6(10):e1077-e1e8610. . A novel approach to the issue of physical inactivity in older age. Reports. 2015;2:595-59711. WHO. on for Health. 201012. Physical activity as a preventative factor for frailty: The health, aging, and body composition study. of Gerontology: Series A. 2009;64A(1):61-6813. -Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224-226014. úl C, Santos-Silva A, et al. Physical inactivity among older adults across Europe based on the SHARE database. Age and Ageing. 2016;46(1):71-7715. . Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):491-49616. . Prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors in US high school students by metropolitan status and geographic region. Journal of & Health. 2006;3(4):365-38017. Machado- Urban-rural contrasts in fitness, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. International. 2014;29(1):118-12918. -Engquist KM. Urban-rural differences in aerobic physical activity, muscle strengthening exercise, and screen-time sedentary behavior. of Rural Health. 2018;34(4):401-41019. . Obesity and obesity-related behaviors among rural and urban adults in the USA. Rural and Remote Health. 2015;15(4):326720. Physical activity levels among adults in Uganda: Findings from a countrywide cross-sectional survey. Journal of and Health. 2016;13(9):938-94521. Fysisk aktivitet og sedat tid blant voksne og eldre i Norge - Nasjonal kartlegging 2014-2015. Norwegian22. Obradovich N, Fowler JH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 54) than on the right (M = 687, SE = 6. 40; p <. 001). As hypothesized and replicating what was observed across measures in Exp. 1, neutral words produced similar detection latencies on the left (M = 682, SE = 6. 57) and right space (M = 669, SE = 6. 38; p =. 265). Fig. 6Open in figure viewerPowerreaction time (in milliseconds) as a function of the word category and the target letter location. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Finally, we moved to examine whether there was an asymmetric performance between congruent conditions derived from right-left scanning habits, that is, if the future-related words accelerated performance in the left target string above past-related words in the right target string. To this end, we report the comparison between the detection latencies observed for the two congruent conditions (future word – target left vs. past word – target right), t (42. 9) = −5. 328, p <. 001. The results indicate that words with a leftward connotation (i. e. , future-related) that imply the same flow of attention as that imposed by reading-writing activities produce advantages in detecting the target on the left more so than past-related words did on their corresponding target location (i. e. , right). To ensure that handedness could not account for the left-sided advantage (although the majority of participants reported higher right-hand skill), we compared response times as a function of the response key used to respond, namely, responses given by the ض (q) key (responded with the left hand) and by the ح (p) key (responded with the right hand). A paired samples t test showed no difference in response times when left and right hands were used to detect targets, t (49) = 0. 951, p =. 346. 4 two experiments we report here were conducted with two cultural samples with opposite reading and writing directions. Both experiments yielded results perfectly mirroring and confirming the symmetrical contributions of two factors to visual attention along the horizontal line. The first factor is reading direction, which in Portuguese and Arabic cultures is in opposite directions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming guarantees higher yields than conventional methods under all conditions. [SEP] Text: The need for arable land in the Nn region (where both grazing and forage production are performed on arable land) is 1. 4 and 2. 2 ha cow−1 for 4CH and 4OH, respectively. However, if there is a future shortage of land for the global food supply chain and/or for growing energy crops including trees to replace fossil fuels, the proposed advantage of using large areas of land per cow could change into a disadvantage. In the case of future competition for land for food production, it is preferable if the present support system keeps the land within agriculture so that it can be easily transferred into highly productive food crops. In the case of land scarcity, the need for acreage per cow can be lessened by, amongst other things, changing grass leys to clover-grass leys, which in the organic production systems yielded twice the amount per hectare (Table 2). The winter feed in the most profitable of the production scenarios investigated (4OH) consisted of 60 % grass silage and 40 % grass-clover silage. By replacing the grass silage with clover-grass silage and purchased straw, the acreage required per cow would decrease from 0. 49 to 0. 24 ha in this organic production model. In the corresponding conventional production scenario using only clover-grass silage and straw (4CH), the need for arable land would decrease to 0. 22 ha cow−1. The need for arable land for winter feed production could be decreased even further by delaying the calving time to June, using lighter breed cows and replacing some of the silage with grain in the feed rations. By grazing on arable leys rather than semi-natural pasture, the total acreage needed would also be lessened. On the other hand, arable land has a higher opportunity cost in the case of scarcity of land for food production. These acreage-saving measures were not profitable in the scenarios studied here. However, with a sufficiently high opportunity cost for arable land, in combination with decreased payments per hectare, the lower acreage production models would result in higher profitability. In order for higher acreage, suckler cow-based beef production to be profitable in these conditions, a considerably higher price level for beef would be needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns. Behaviour. 2017;1:009723. . Too hot to trot? Exploring potential links between climate change, physical activity and health. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2003;6(3):260-26524. of Sports Medicine. in Children and Adolescents. 201525. of position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports andEexercise. 2011;43(7):1334-135926. -van Mechelen W, et al. The economic burden of physical inactivity: A global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1311-132427. Forum WHO. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in the workplace through diet and physical activity: WHO/Forum report of a joint event. Genova; 200828. -Daniel J, Meyrick J. The effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving well-being across office-based workplace settings: A systematic review. Public Health. 2018;160:70-7629. Welk GJ. Assessments for Health-Related Research. Human Kinetics. US; 200230. Bassett DR Jr. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003;35(8):1396 information 1. Introduction2. Global determinants of physical activity3. Policy strategies for promoting physical activity4. Why being physically active is so important5. Consequences of physical inactivity6. How to increase the level of physical activity in all ages7. Methods for registering of physical activity8. Summary 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Continue reading from the same book by Mario Bernardo-Edited by Mario Bernardo-Filho Published: 01 April 2020 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The second factor is the grounding of time concepts on a horizontal line, with the past words that are anchored at the beginning of writing direction and future words at the direction in which reading evolves. Portuguese speakers read from left to right and associate future periods of time on the right and past words on the left. speakers, it is the reverse. They read from right to left and associate future-related time words on the left and past-related time words on the right. The research reported here shows that these two factors contribute jointly to visual attention and the detection latencies for the targets. The critical comparisons can be seen in the congruent trials in which, regardless of reading direction, the temporal meaning of the word matches the target location. That is, a comparison between both congruent conditions (e. g. , for LR speakers in Exp1: past world – left target vs. future word – right target; for RL speakers in Exp2: past word – right target vs. future word – left target) revealed an advantage for prime-target combinations that are aligned with script direction (amplified right-sided effect for LR readers, amplified left-sided effect for RL readers). The difference in gaze movement and response latency between each trial represents the additional contribution reading direction has on visual attention. We found that each factor uniquely contributes to visual attention, regardless of whether participants read from LR (i. e. , in Portuguese) or from RL (i. e. , in Arabic). This asymmetry between the congruent trials reveals the contribution of the habitual LR and RL language direction. This asymmetry shows that discrimination speed is not only driven by the semantic indication of the cue words (Ouellet, Santiago, Funes, & Lupiáñez, 2010; Torralbo et al. , 2006; Weger & Pratt, 2008) but by reading and writing habits (Suitner & Maass, 2016). Furthermore, the consistency of this dual influence on how attention is driven in a detection paradigm is shown to be operating in similar ways in both cultures. The current research advances prior work by experimentally disentangling two attention-orienting biases. This research identifies the two factors that operate jointly. As the first experiment shows, the visual and auditory representation of time converges (Lakens et al. , 2011).

Output: corroborate