Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: fezf2 mutants) ≥ t and the number of null scores (snull; i. e. negative control group one vs. negative control group 2) ≥ t and calculating the FDR (snull/sexp). Both experimental and null data sets comprise 418 scores (19 in situ probes analyzed over 22 brain regions). Based on this analysis, we chose p<10−5 (red circle; FDR = 0. 043) as an appropriate threshold for Analysis. Additionally, since the mean effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) is <1. 0 in the null data set for all significance thresholds evaluated, d > 1. 0 was set as an additional requirement for subsequent analysis. Incorporating an effect size requirement reduces the FDR for p<10−5 from 0. 043 to 0. 020. (B–C) Analysis showing the results from all brain regions when (B) wild-type embryos are compared with fezf2 mutants (‘fezf2 analysis’) and (C) when the two negative control groups are compared with each other (‘negative control analysis’). Dark blue squares indicate no significant difference in expression between the wild-type groups (p<10−5). For regions with a significant difference, the color bar represents the effect size (d > 1) of the difference. In the negative control plot, white arrows indicate regions that meet the p<10−5 threshold and have an effect size d > 1. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Negative controls for maximum intensity projections. (A) The null data set from Figure 3—figure supplement 3A is used to define the false discovery rate (FDR) for significance analysis of maximum intensity projections (MIPs) over a range of p-value thresholds. We perform a Mann-test to compare corresponding voxels between the two negative control groups for each probe within each brain region that shows alterations based on Analysis of the fezf2 mutant (Figure 3—figure supplement 3B). We then evaluate significance thresholds (t) ranging from p=0. 1 to 5e-05 by counting the number of experimental scores (sexp; wild-types vs. fezf2 mutants) ≥ t and the number of null scores (snull; negative control group one vs. negative control group 2) ≥ t and calculating the FDR (snull/sexp).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol08. 's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Publication: Women's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and. . . Files in PDF (595. 49 KB) 634 downloads (85. 81 KB) 116 downloads Date2012-07ISSNPublished2012-07Author(s) there are many positive societal implications of increased female labor force opportunities, some theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that working can increase a woman's risk of suffering domestic violence. Using a dataset collected in peri-urban Dhaka, this analysis documents a positive correlation between work and domestic violence. This correlation is only present among women with less education or who were younger at first marriage. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which a woman with low bargaining power can face increased risk of domestic violence upon entering the labor force as a husband seeks to counteract her increased bargaining power. By contrast, husbands of women who have higher baseline bargaining power cannot resort to domestic violence since their wives have the ability to leave violent marriages. These findings are inconsistent with the models of assortative matching in the marriage market, expressive violence, work in response to economic shocks, or underreporting of domestic violence. The results on age at marriage are also inconsistent with the implications of a reverse causality model in which women enter the labor force to escape violent situations at home, although the results on education are consistent with that story. Link to Data SetCitation“Heath, Rachel. 2012. Women's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Domestic Violence. working paper;no. WPS 6149. © World Bank, Washington, DC. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI publications in this report seriesPublicationMapping the to Groundwater-by to Pumping in Sub-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, SimonShow morePhotovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It is not clear how commonly variation in photoperiodic seasonality is correlated with circadian rhythms, and additional models that relate genetic variation in circadian and seasonal function would be useful. Strains of laboratory rats vary both in circadian rhythms [21 - 25] and in photoperiodic responses that include reproduction, food intake, and body mass [26 - 30]. The F344/NHsd strain of rats suppresses reproduction, food intake, and somatic growth in short photoperiods, while Dawley (HSD) rats do not. F344 rats are becoming a model for mechanisms of photoresponsiveness [31], and may be useful models for the study of correlated genetic variation in rhythms, regulation of appetite and body mass, and reproduction. A recent comparison of the rhythm of excretion of the major metabolite of melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, between photoperiodic F344 rats and nonphotoperiodic HSD rats suggests that both strains have long duration melatonin secretion in short photoperiod and short duration melatonin secretion in long photoperiod [32]. Thus, both photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive HSD rats were similar in pattern of melatonin production to photoresponsive rather than nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. However, HSD rats excreted only about half as much 6-sulfatoxymelatonin per unit body mass as F344 rats, and some individual HSD rats had little or no nocturnal rise in excretion, similar to nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. For this study, a companion study to Price et al. [32], we tested two competing hypotheses. One hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness between F344 and HSD rats are caused by differences in circadian clock function and/or clock outputs cause differences in photoresponsiveness. A competing hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness are caused by differences at the level of melatonin secretion and responses to melatonin [32], rather than by differences in clock function. We tested for circadian differences between young male F344 and young male HSD rats by measuring running wheel activity in short photoperiod, long photoperiod, and constant dark (DD) to assess circadian traits and the degree of nocturnality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Both experimental and null data sets comprise 1,962,771 scores (i. e. the total number of voxels in all brain regions that are significantly altered in fezf2 mutants for each of the 19 in situ probes). Based on this analysis, we chose p<0. 5×10−3 (red circle; FDR = 0. 004) as an appropriate threshold for voxelwise analysis. (B) MIPs for the first five in situ probes in our library have been color coded to highlight voxels in which expression is significantly reduced (cyan) or increased (magenta) between the two negative control groups at the indicated threshold. Note that at the threshold chosen for voxelwise analysis of experimental data (p<0. 5×10−3), virtually no significant voxels are visible by eye. All MIPs show dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. Anterior is to the left, dorsal is to the top. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Automated phenotyping uncovers known and novel diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (A–D) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. Expression of the GABAergic markers dlx5a (A) and gad1b (B) is substantially reduced (arrow) in the ventral diencephalon. (C) The fezf2 expression domain is dramatically altered in the posterior hypothalamus (h). (D) A bilateral cluster of sst1. 1-expressing cells (arrow) is lost in the ventral diencephalon. Other clusters are unaffected. (E–F) Multi-probe co-expression analysis of ventral diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (E) Virtual co-registration showing loss of otpb, th, and vmat2 expression domains in the ventral diencephalon. (F) Virtual co-registration showing spatial relationships between affected fezf2, th, and otpb expression domains in the posterior hypothalamus. (A–F) All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Interessant sind auch die VENN-Diagramme (S. 137, 138, 142, 143, 186), da man auf sie einen einfachen wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Test anwenden kann,[5] der z. B. deutlich zeigt, dass in der wie Computers und Physics in der natürlichen Sprache der Dokumente deutlich seltener als bei einer Zufallsverteilung gemeinsam vorkommen, Physics = 0,33 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,70 Computers = 0,13 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,50 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,04 + 0,20 = 0,24 0,70 x 0,50 0,24 = 1,46 während die Indexer diese scheinbare Zufälligkeit wieder herstellen. Physics = 0,09 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,15 = 0,88 Computers = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,08 = 0,73 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,02 + 0,62 = 0,64 0,88 x 0,73 0,64 = 1,00 geht es bei der Arbeit um den Einsatz von „search term recommenders“ und das Verhältnis der zur Precision. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die alte Erkenntnis von F. Lancaster (vor ~40 Jahren an gewonnen) bis heute noch sehr stabil ist, bei der sich das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall als etwa linear erweist. von 20% – 60% beträgt die Steigung meist etwas weniger als -1. Mit zunehmendem Recall fällt somit die Precision direkt proportional.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: HSD rats were more likely to begin and end activity during the light period or subjective day in SD, LD, and DD. In addition, HSD rats had more activity during day or subjective day than F344 rats in all three treatments (Figs. 2 &3a). Consistent with Aschoff's prediction for more diurnal animals [36], HSD rats also had tau > 24 hours, significantly longer than the < 24 hour tau of F344 rats (Figure 3f). However, HSD rats had significantly longer alpha than F344 rats (Figure 3b), and both strains entrained well to SD (Figure 2c,d), which is consistent with the hypothesis that differences in melatonin secretion or responses to melatonin cause variation in photoresponsiveness, and inconsistent with the hypothesis that circadian deficits in HSD rats cause nonphotoresponsiveness. It has been proposed that nonphotoperiodism may occur in Siberian hamsters because they fail to produce an SD pattern of melatonin secretion due to a failure to integrate photoperiodic information by the circadian system [10]. The cause of this failure was associated with a long-duration tau (24. 04 +/- 0. 05), inability to undergo phase delay in response to a light pulse, and a failure to increase alpha or entrain properly in SD. While HSD rats have some similarities to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters, the results are not identical. HSD rats have relatively low amplitude 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion patterns when adjusted for body mass [32] and a long duration tau (24. 05 +/- 0. 02; Figure 3f), similar to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters [10,11]. However, HSD rats produce 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion rhythms that adjust to night length and are similar to those of F344 rats in SD [32], and HSD rats successfully decompress activity to a long-duration pattern when transferred from LD to SD (Figure 3b). We have not tested directly the ability of HSD rats to phase delay, but successful entrainment to SD suggests that HSD rats have the ability to phase delay to achieve entrainment to SD. Thus, while HSD rats show some similarities to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters, the evidence from this study, together with results of Price et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. For sagittal and frontal sections anterior is to the top; for transverse sections dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Additional diencephalon phenotypes in fezf2 mutant embryos. (A–F) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 and 3 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. Expression of the GABAergic markers dlx5a (A) and gad1b (B) begins to recover in the ventral diencephalon (arrows) of mutant embryos at 3 dpf (compare with Figure 4A,B). (C) th expression is significantly reduced in the dopaminergic (DA) clusters of the ventral diencephalon, with posterior clusters (open arrowheads) appearing to be more strongly affected than anterior clusters (arrows). (D) Expression of the otpb transcription factor is lost in the ventral posterior tuberculum and posterior hypothalamus (arrows) but persists in other brain regions. (E) Vmat2 expression is lost in DA clusters of the ventral diencephalon (arrows). (F) The fezf2 expression domain is dramatically altered in the posterior hypothalamus (arrow) and is substantially reduced in the retina at 3 dpf (but note that retinal expression appears normal at 2 dpf; Figure 4C) (G–H) Multi-probe co-expression analysis of ventral diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (G) Virtual co-registration showing spatial relationships between affected otpb, th, and vmat2 expression domains in the ventral diencephalon at 3 dpf. (H) The sst1. 1-expressing clusters lost in fezf2 mutants (arrow) partially overlap with optb in the hypothalamus and are either intermingled with or located just lateral to th-expressing DA clusters. (A–H) All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: language is composed of many linguistic varieties, such as Black English, [*] standard English, Appalachian English, southern English, dialect, and Spanish influenced English. The features of social dialects are systematic and highly regular and cross all linguistic parameters, i. e. , phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicon, pragmatics, suprasegmental features, and kinesics. Although each dialect of English has distinguishing characteristics, the majority of linguistic features of the English language are common to each of the varieties of English. The existence of these varieties is the result of historical and social factors. For example, due to historical factors, the majority of speakers are Black. However, due to social factors, not all Black individuals are speakers. The issue of social dialects for the field of speech-language pathology is extremely complex, as indicated by the continuous controversy across the nation over the past two decades. There has been confusion among professionals regarding the role of the speech-language pathologist with reference to speakers of social dialects. There has been no consistent philosophy regarding the approach of service delivery to speakers of social dialects. As a result, some speech-language pathologists have denied clinical services to speakers of social dialects who have requested services. Other speech-language pathologists have treated social dialects as though they were communicative disorders. It is the position of the American Speech-Language-(ASHA) that no dialectal variety of English is a disorder or a pathological form of speech or language. Each social dialect is adequate as a functional and effective variety of English. Each serves a communication function as well as a social solidarity function. It maintains the communication network and the social construct of the community of speakers who use it. Furthermore, each is a symbolic representation of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers. For example, there is strong evidence that many of the features of represent linguistic Africanisms. However, society has adopted the linguistic idealization model that standard English is the linguistic archetype. is the linguistic variety used by government, the mass media, business, education, science, and the arts. Therefore, there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. The traditional role of the speech-language pathologist has been to provide clinical services to the communicatively handicapped. It is indeed possible for dialect speakers to have linguistic disorders within the dialect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [32], suggests that the circadian system of HSD rats is able to respond appropriately to photoperiodic information (this study) to cause a short-day melatonin secretion pattern [32], but HSD rats are unable to respond reproductively to a short-day melatonin pattern [32]. In combination with the companion study [32], our results support the hypothesis that differences in how F344 and HSD rats secrete and/or respond to melatonin are responsible for differences in photoresponsiveness. We found significant differences between strains in circadian aspects of wheel running, and these differences indicate that HSD rats tend to have more activity during the day, have a greater tendency toward arrhythmia, and differ in some circadian parameters from F344 rats. However, the differences reported here in circadian parameters and nocturnality do not prevent similar timing of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion rhythms in F344 and HSD, albeit potentially lower in amplitude or even arrhythmic in HSD rats [32]. Rats are normally nocturnal [e. g. , [22,24]], and our results suggest that F344 rats have the more species-typical pattern of strong nocturnality, while HSD rats differ from that pattern. Variation in activity and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion has also been reported between other strains of rats [24], but our results suggest there is no necessary relationship between photoresponsiveness and circadian rhythm characteristics in rats. For example, some of the strain variation we report in wheel running activity might be related to restlessness, fearfulness, or intrinsic rewards of wheel running that differ among rat strains. laboratory populations of rodents, circadian variation has been reported to be a cause of variation in responsiveness to photoperiod [10 - 14]. In contrast, in HSD and F344 rats as well as in wild-source populations of mammals, variation in photoresponsiveness may not be linked to variation in circadian characteristics [16 - 20]. Uncoupling of the circadian system and seasonal rhythms can be caused experimentally [37] or may occur naturally during part of the year in polar regions [38]. Natural populations may be under strong selection against circadian mutations that have pleiotropic effects on traits such as seasonality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Fezf2 mutants exhibit telencephalic glutamatergic deficits during early development. (A–F) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. (A) Expression of th is largely unaffected in dopaminergic (DA) clusters of the telencephalon. (B) Expression of the GABAergic marker dlx5a is shifted ventrally in the diencephalon (arrow) and is away from the midline in the telencephalon (asterisk), but is not significantly reduced. (C) Expression of the glutamatergic marker vglut1 is substantially reduced in the telencephalon (arrow). (D) Expression of the progenitor marker ascl1a is shifted ventrally (arrow) and compressed along the dorsoventral axis of the telencephalic midline. (E) Expression of the GABAergic marker gad1b is shifted ventrally in the diencephalon (arrow) and is away from the midline in the telencephalon (asterisk), but is not significantly reduced. (F) Expression of the glutamatergic marker vglut2. 2 is substantially reduced in the telencephalon (arrow). (A–F) The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. For frontal sections anterior is to the top; for transverse sections dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Additional telencephalon phenotypes in fezf2 mutant embryos. (A–I) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 and 3 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: An essential step toward making accurate assessments of communicative disorders is to distinguish between those aspects of linguistic variation that represent the diversity of the English language from those that represent speech, language, and hearing disorders. The speech-language pathologist must have certain competencies to distinguish between dialectal differences and communicative disorders. These competencies include knowledge of the particular dialect as a rule-governed linguistic system, knowledge of the phonological and grammatical features of the dialect, and knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures. Once the difference/disorder distinctions have been made, it is the role of the speech-language pathologist to treat only those features or characteristics that are true errors and not attributable to the dialect. Aside from the traditionally recognized role, the speech-language pathologist may also be available to provide elective clinical services to nonstandard English speakers who do not present a disorder. The role of the speech-language pathologist for these individuals is to provide the desired competency in standard English without jeopardizing the integrity of the individual's first dialect. The approach must be functional and based on context-specific appropriateness of the given dialect. Provision of elective services to nonstandard English speakers requires sensitivity and competency in at least three areas: linguistic features of the dialect, linguistic contrastive analysis procedures, and the effects of attitudes toward dialects. It is prerequisite for the speech-language pathologist to have a thorough understanding and appreciation for the community and culture of the nonstandard English speaker. Further, it is a requirement that the speech-language pathologist have thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the particular dialect. It remains the priority of the speech-language pathologist to continue to serve the truly communicatively handicapped. However, for nonstandard English speakers who seek elective clinical services, the speech-language pathologist may be available to provide such services. The speech-language pathologist may also serve in a consultative role to assist educators in utilizing the features of the nonstandard dialect to facilitate the learning of reading and writing in standard English. Just as competencies are assumed and necessary in the treatment of communicative disorders, competencies are also necessary in the provision of elective clinical services to nonstandard English speakers. Return to of the Position on receives numerous inquiries each year on topics pertaining to service to minority populations. One of the functions of the Office of is to provide technical assistance to members with such inquiries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: This is perhaps indicative of the combined controlling mechanisms of both the endogenous clock (SCN) and the prevailing LD cycle on MT secretion in response to a phase advance, as was similarly suggested for the pig [34]. In contrast to the rapid and apparently uncomplicated stable re-entrainment of the equine MT rhythm, re-entrainment of the BT rhythm was slower and not without disturbances in rhythm waveform. The acrophase of the BT rhythm was only partially advanced on Day 1 post-shift, requiring three days to completely adjust to the new LD cycle. However, while the acrophase of the fitted cosine curve completed the shift by Day 3, considerably faster than observations of BT resynchronization from similar studies in rodents [20,36], monkeys [37], and humans [16,38], the equine BT rhythm on subsequent post-shift days displayed significant waveform disturbances. The apparent decline in the robustness of the BT rhythm on post-shift days 7, 9 and 11 could suggest acute behavioural masking by the advanced LD cycle, but we know of no data to support this view. Alternatively, transient distortion of the BT rhythm post shift may reflect a phase misalignment of multiple SCN, or other, oscillators, which when in normal synchrony contribute to a more robust BT rhythm waveform. The double peaks at ZT 15 and ZT 21 which appeared on the latter days post-shift and in all individual rhythms (data not shown), though non-significant in ANOVA, could relate to such desynchrony, i. e. differential advances in BT related oscillators in the multi-oscillator SCN [39] Aschoff first suggested that phase shifts of the LD cycle lead to decreases in amplitude [40]. The lower amplitude of the equine BT rhythm on the latter days post-shift may suggest a weakening of the association between the old zeitgeber and the circadian rhythm of BT. The finding of less stable, lower amplitude rhythms following phase shifts led to the postulation that this weakening helps hasten the shifting of the clock to the new zeitgeber. The differences in re-entrainment rates between MT and BT rhythms in the horse likely reflect their independent regulation by different output pathways and different central circadian oscillators perhaps both within and outside the SCN [41].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Scale bar: 100 μm. (A) the fezf2 expression domain is highly disorganized in multiple regions of the diencephalon and telencephalon. (B) Vmat2 expression is largely unaffected in DA clusters of the telencephalon (arrow). (C) Expression of glyt1, a marker of astrocytic and glycinergic neuronal differentiation, is upregulated in the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon (arrow). (D) Telencephalic expression of the GABAergic marker gad1b undergoes a shift away from the midline in mutant embryos (asterisk) but is not significantly reduced. (E) Expression of tbr1b, a transcription factor that plays an essential role in specifying glutamatergic pyramidal neurons, is significantly reduced. (F) Expression of emx3, a transcription factor that is broadly expressed within the telencephalon, is significantly reduced. (G) Expression of the neural progenitor marker eomesa is substantially reduced. (H) The neural progenitor marker neurog1 undergoes an anterior shift in regions of the diencephalon that closely neighbor the telencephalon (arrow). (I) The neural progenitor marker zic2a is shifted ventrally and possibly expanded in the dorsal telencephalon and surrounding regions. Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset 3D segmentations of telencephalic expression domains. 3D segmentations of gene expression domains within and immediately adjacent to telencephalon at 2 dpf are generated in a semi-automated manner using adaptive thresholding. The gray background segmentation represents the union of telencephalic segmentations for all probes in the library and serves as an estimation for the outline for the telencephalon. Segmentations were generated from averaged 3D reconstructions. All segmentations are shown in front view (dorsal is to the top) and side view (anterior is to the left) for both wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Segmentation and volume measurements.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: To clarify the implications of the newly adopted position paper on social dialects, Cole responds to the most frequently asked questions. Q: Does the position paper imply that speech-language pathologists should now actively seek and enroll speakers of nonstandard dialects into their caseloads or practices? A: Absolutely not. In no way is the Association encouraging mass screening, identification, and enrollment of social dialect speakers for speech or language intervention, “speech improvement,” or any other similar training. On the contrary, the position paper clearly states that the priority of the speech-language pathologist continues to be service to the truly communicatively handicapped. Speakers of social dialects are not in that category. However, it has been the practice of some service programs and service providers routinely to deny service to individuals who have no disorder but who want to acquire competence in standard English. The position of the Association is that an individual who seeks such elective clinical service may indeed be served by the speech-language pathologist. Of course, for the social dialect speaker who exhibits a true speech or language disorder (i. e. , features that cannot be attributed to either the nonstandard dialect or standard English), speech or language treatment probably will be indicated. Q: Social dialects were not included as part of my academic or practicum training in speech-language pathology. How can I prepare myself to serve nonstandard English speakers? A: You are not alone. The traditional training in speech-language pathology is based on standard American English. Although coursework in sociolinguistics can apply toward certification, such courses are neither required nor widely offered. In an informal review of recent applications for the Certificate of in Speech-Language Pathology, it was found that only about 2 in 20 applicants had taken a course in sociolinguistics. There are no specific course requirements established by ASHA for service to social dialect or minority language populations. However, the position statement does specify recommended areas of competence for assessment, intervention, and the provision of elective services to nonstandard English speakers. To reiterate, they include: knowledge of the particular dialect as a rule-governed linguistic system, knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures, knowledge of the phonological and grammatical features of the dialect, knowledge of contrastive analysis procedures, knowledge of the effects of attitudes toward dialects, thorough understanding and appreciation for the community and culture of the nonstandard speaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A. Representative actograms of general activity of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT15 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -23. 2 ± 6. 2 min in nude and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min in WT mice, n = 6, p > 0. 05, Student’s t test). B. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 120 min) at CT14 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -99 ± 6. 3 min in nude and −161. 3 ± 29. 3 min in WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT22 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, 42 ± 31 minutes for nude and 2 ± 12 for WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). We also analyzed the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic coronal brain sections 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15. There was no difference between the number of cells expressing c-Fos in WT and nude mice (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 3). Figure 3 Light-induced cFos expression in the SCN of nude and WT mice. A. Mean ± SEM of positive cells number in the ventrolateral (core), dorsomedial (shell) and total areas of the SCN of nude and WT mice 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15 (no significant difference was found between the number of cells either in the core, shell or total areas of the SCN; n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). B. Representative SCN coronal sections illustrating c-Fos expression in nude and WT mice exposed to 10 min light pulse (150 lux) at CT15. To evaluate the resynchronization capability of the mice groups, we delayed or advanced the time of the LD cycle by 6-h and calculated the transient needed to entrain to the new cycle. Nude mice exhibited a non-significant tendency towards larger transients for reentrainment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (A) 3D segmentations and volumetric quantification of gene expression domains in the telencephalon of wild-type (green) and fezf2 mutant (magenta) embryos at 2 dpf. 3D segmentations are done independently on eight or more embryos per experimental group; averaged wild-type and mutant segmentations are shown. Position of 3D segmentations is indicated on maximum intensity projections. Box-and-whisker plots show volume measurements from 3D segmentations of the indicated probes within the telencephalon. Tops and bottoms of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles of the samples, respectively. Whiskers are drawn from the ends of the interquartile ranges to the furthest observations that fall within ±1. 5 times the interquartile range away from the top or bottom of the box. The line in the middle of each box is the sample median. Observations beyond the whisker length are marked as outliers (+ sign). Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed t-test. Volume measurements used for box-and-whisker plots are available in Figure 6—source data 1. (B–C) Multi-probe co-expression analysis of telencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 6–source data 1 Download elife-23379-fig6-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Two-photon analysis of telencephalon morphology. (A) 3D segmentations of the telencephalon in 2 dpf Nissl-stained embryos. Six wild-type and six fezf2 mutant embryos from the same clutch were imaged using two-photon excitation microscopy and segmented manually based on anatomical landmarks. Averaged 3D segmentations are shown in front (top) and side (bottom) view. Dorsal is to the top. (B) Box-and-whisker plots showing results of volume measurements from 3D segmentations. Tops and bottoms of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles of the samples, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: They include: (a) developing tests based on local dialect norms, (b) testing only those features that are common to both dialects, (c) conducting item analysis of tests to identify items that present potential bias against dialect speakers and indicating alternatively acceptable responses, (d) utilizing alternative scoring procedures for dialect speakers, (e) reporting behavioral responses to test content without reporting scores, and (f) relying only on informal judgments of the communication behaviors of the individual. A detailed description of these alternative approaches is beyond the limitations of the short answer format here. on and Behaviors in has been studying the issue of nondiscriminatory testing in preparation for a forthcoming position paper on the subject. Q: PL 94-142 clearly indicates that elective services cannot be supported by PL 94-142 funds. Therefore, because speech-language pathology and audiology services in the schools are supported by PL 94-142 funds in my state, public school speech-language pathologists cannot provide elective services to normal social dialect speakers. A: It is true that the regulations do not permit federal funds designated by PL94-142 to be used for services that are elective or for children who are not handicapped. However, this does not preclude local school districts or state education agencies from allocating funds from other sources to support elective services provided by the speech-language pathologist. In Alaska, for instance, after lobbying efforts by local Association members, dialect usage was given a special designation by the state for service delivery. Q: Should a speech-language pathologist who uses a nonstandard dialect provide articulation or language therapy to a standard English speaker? A: There are numerous speech-language pathologists and audiologists who use speech and language characteristics that are indicative of regional and social dialects. At any ASHA Convention, for instance, a rich diversity of dialects is readily heard in the hotel lobbies, in committee meetings, from the podia and in the meeting. With the increasing success of minority student recruitment efforts, linguistic diversity within the profession is likely to become even richer. Perhaps more important than questioning the dialect used by the speech-language pathologist or audiologist are the following questions: Does the individual have the expected level of knowledge in normal and disordered communication? Does the individual have the expected level of diagnostic and therapeutic case management skill?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Such broader impact on different physiological processes makes us question the premise of circadian rhythms being circumscribed to this particular group within prokaryotes. Changing concepts of the bacterial world The presumed lack of circadian periodicity in the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria was originally founded not on actual experimental evidence but on premises that for a long time were accepted in microbiology. One rests on the classical view of bacteria as simple reproductive machines that merely multiply as long as nutrients are available, and therefore would have no use for a regular, nearly anticipatory control system. However, the idea of a bacterial population as a mass of rudimentary organisms growing as fast as resources allow has long given way to the appreciation of a far more complex picture. It includes finely tuned sensory and regulatory mechanisms, or the ability to coordinate responses at the population level through the synthesis and release of signal molecules, in the process known as quorum sensing. A second argument is that the need of bacteria to quickly respond to external stimuli (nutrients, stressors, or sudden environmental changes) would not be compatible with circadian rhythms, which would impose fixed temporal responses. This might be true if circadian regulation were of such a strict nature that it limited the organism's adaptability to changing situations. But the existence of a circadian clock does not impede cyanobacteria, for example, to have efficient stress response mechanisms. Furthermore, it is possible to envision environmental situations where a circadian control of certain processes could be beneficial. It might be the case of plant-associated bacterial populations, given that the amount and composition of nutrients released through roots or leaves in the form of exudates varies with circadian periodicity. A mechanism for sensing light and temperature changes associated to day/night cycles, and acting as a metabolic switch to anticipate the alteration of incoming resources, could be an advantage for bacteria colonizing plant surfaces. Old and new evidence A series of experiments published in 1930 by Rogers and Greenbank [4] demonstrated the existence of oscillations in the growth rate of Escherichia coli in fluid medium. The authors designed a 15 meter-long hollow glass spiral that was filled with liquid medium with a chromogenic indicator of lactose utilization and inoculated at one end with an E. coli culture. Progression of the culture was then followed over a period of several days by observing turbidity and color change and recorded by photographing the spiral at fixed intervals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Whiskers are drawn from the ends of the interquartile ranges to the furthest observations within the whisker length. The line in the middle of each box is the sample median. Observations beyond the whisker length are marked as outliers (+ sign). Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed t-test. Volume measurements used for box-and-whisker plots are available in Figure 6—source data 1. (C) Sagittal slices through averaged 3D reconstructions of Nissl-stained embryos showing reduced telencephalon volume (open arrowhead), enlarged ventricle (*), and concomitant anterior/ventral shift of the adjoining dorsal diencephalic regions (arrow). Anterior is to the left, dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D reconstruction of a wild-type 2 dpf embryo stained with tyrosine hydroxylase. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D visualization of aggregate difference imaging at 2 days post fertilization. Voxel intensity difference is calculated between wild-types and fezf2 mutants for each probe within each affected brain region. Summing the absolute value of the significant differences for all probes highlights phenotypic hotspots where multiple gene expression patterns are disrupted in mutant embryos. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of vglut1 expression in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos. The video shows overlay analysis of the vglut1 expression pattern in wild-types and mutants at 2 dpf. Wild-types are shown in green and mutants in magenta. The position and orientation of each 2D frontal slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the left. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Whole mount in situ probe library.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In the clinical setting, is the individual able to model the target phoneme (or allophone), grammatical feature, or other aspect of language that characterizes the client's particular problem? If these questions can be answered affirmatively, then the use of a nonstandard dialect should not be an issue. In asking the originally posed question, one must be careful that the underlying question is not, “Should a Black, Hispanic, Asian or Indian speech-language pathologist provide speech or language therapy to Whites? ” Employment practices that discriminate on the basis of race or national origin could result in serious legal consequences and may be open to questions of ethics. Q: Does the position paper have implications for our professional role with bilingual populations? A: Yes, to a limited extent. A bilingual speaker may present a situation that is analogous to a speaker who uses a social dialect. The bilingual speaker may mix the phonological and grammatical rules of the minority language with those of standard English (and/or nonstandard English). Similar to social dialect speakers, bilingual individuals speak English, but may do so with linguistic rules that are different or nonstandard. The rules used by the bilingual speaker can be attributed to the rules of the minority language spoken and to the community in which he/she lives. The position statement has similar implications for bilingual individuals as it does for other nonstandard English speakers. If the bilingual individual seeks to acquire a more standard production of English, the speech-language pathologist may provide elective clinical services. However, as stressed in the position statement, a particular knowledge base is required including a thorough understanding of the linguistic rules of both languages. For the bilingual speaker who exhibits a speech or language disorder within his or her dominant language, speech or language intervention would be indicated. It should be stressed, however, that a comprehensive evaluation by a knowledgeable speech-language pathologist is required prior to initiating treatment. Considerations for providing assessment and treatment to the bilingual communicatively handicapped are currently under study by the ASHA Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. Q: What is the best age to introduce a second dialect? A: There are two schools of thought on this. From the critical period hypothesis, we know that children learn language most easily before the age of 12. This is true for second as well as first language.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures Additional files 7 figures and 2 additional files Figures Figure 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Methyl CpG-dependent KLF4 binding activity promoted GBM cell adhesion and migration. (A) Induced expression of KLF4 WT and R458A in human U87 GBM cells upon doxycycline (Dox) treatment. Cells were transfected with lentivirus harboring tet-on KLF4 WT or R458A constructs and selected with antibiotics. Stable cell lines were treated with Dox for 48 hr before immunoblotting. Immunoblotting showing induced expression of KLF4 WT and R458A in human U87 GBM cells upon doxycycline (Dox) treatment. (B and C) KLF4 WT but not R458A promoted GBM cell adhesion. Cells were pre-treated with Dox for 48 hr and plated for 2 hr before washing. (D and E) KLF4 WT promoted GBM cell migration in broyden chamber transwells. Cells were pretreated with Dox for 48 hr, plated on transwells containing 0. 1% FCS and migrating towards 10% FCS. After 3 hr, migrating cells were stained with DAPI and five field transwell were counted. (F) KLF4 WT but not R458A promoted GBM cell migration in wound healing assays. Cells were treated with Dox for 5 days till confluence. A scratch was made and cells were maintained in 0. 1% FCS medium overnight, cell proliferation was inhibited by mitomycin C. Microphotographs were taken 0 hr and 24 hr after scratching. Bar = 25 µm. ***p<0. 001. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of KLF4 WT and R458A mutant did not affect cell growth. (A) Immunocytochemistry staining of KLF4 cellular location. Human U87 GBM cells express low level of endogenous KLF4 protein, which was evenly spread in cytoplasma and nucleus. Dox induction of KLF4 WT and R458A expression resulted in strong KLF4 staining in the nucleus. Bar = 10 µm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the learning of a second dialect is easier for the young child than for a youngster in junior high or above. The other point of view is that intrinsic motivation is the key factor in learning either a second language or dialect. That is, an individual will most easily acquire a second language or dialect if his or her internal motivation to do so is high. For a very young child, the primary socializing agents are the family and peer group. Language serves a social solidarity function, which is the reason that the eradication approach usually fails. That is, the intrinsically motivating factor of family and peer identity is stronger than the later acquired values of social mobility and social class prestige which are associated with standard English usage. These later developing values become intrinsic motivators around the age of junior high or above. Further, for the very young child, language is closely tied to self-concept. To imply to a young child that something is wrong with the way he or she talks (which is also the way his or her family talks) implies that something is wrong with that child as a person. It could be argued that there is no justification for devaluing the self-worth of a child—not even if you think it is for his or her “own good in the long run. ” The answer to this question is addressed indirectly in the position statement. It is clearly stated that there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. Such individuals would have intrinsic motivation to learn standard English and would be the most likely to seek the services of the speech-language pathologist. It is this type of individual to which the position statement refers. Q: I understand the bidialectal philosophy for oral communication. am continually confronted by classroom teachers who have difficulty teaching written standard English to nonstandard dialect speakers. Do speech-language pathologists have a responsibility here? A: Many speakers of nonstandard dialects will apply the phonological and grammatical rules of the dialect to written English. Consequently, there may be dialect interference when learning to write in standard English grammar. There also may be errors in spelling caused by phonological differences and reading may be impeded. ASHA recognizes the role of the speech-language pathologist as a resource or consultant to the classroom teacher.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: releasing hormone, and leptin Res 32: 476–485, DOI: [PubMed] Vondrasova, D; Hajek, I; Illnerova, HExposure to long summer days affects the human melatonin and cortisol rhythms 759: 166–170, DOI: [PubMed] Tuunainen, A; Kripke, DF; Elliott, JA; Assmus, JD; Rex, KM; Klauber, MR; Langer, RDDepression and endogenous melatonin in postmenopausal women J 69: 149–158, DOI: [PubMed] Wehr, TA; Duncan, WC; Sher, L; Aeschbach, D; Schwartz, PJ; Turner, EH; Postolache, TT; Rosenthal, NEA circadian signal of change of season in patients with seasonal affective disorder Psychiatry 58: 1108–1114, DOI: [PubMed] Wehr, TAEffect of seasonal charges in daylength on human neuroendocrine function 49: 118–124, DOI: [PubMed] Roenneberg, T; Aschoff, JAnnual rhythm of human reproduction: I.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (B) KLF4 WT and R458A had no effect on cell growth 5 days post Dox (1 µg/ml) treatment as determined by trypan blue staining. (C) Scratch assays for 48 hr in KLF4 WT expressing cells (+Dox) in comparison with non-transfected U87 parent cells and KLF4 R458A expressing cells. Bar = 25 µm. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset KLF4 WT-induced cell migration is methylation dependent. (A) Expression of KLF4 WT but not R458A induced cell morphology changes in U87 cells (+Dox, 48 hr). The control and R458A expressing cells showed round and short cell body (arrowheads), whereas KLF4 WT induced elongated, spindle-like cell shape (arrows). Bar = 25 µm. (B) Quantification of cell morphology changes after Dox treatment for 48 hr. More than 80% of the KLF4 WT expressing cells showed elongated, spindle-like cell morphology, whereas most KLF4 R458A expressing cells remained as round and short cells. (C) F-actin and vinculin staining in control, KLF4 WT and R458A-expressing cells. KLF4 WT induced actin stress fiber formation and focal adhesion formation (arrowheads). Bar = 10 µm. (D) Pre-treatment of the cells with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza (1µmol/L, 10 days) blocked KLF4 WT-induced cell migration in transwell assays. (E) Scratch assays indicating that 5-Aza blocked wound healing induced by KLF4 WT. Bar = 25 µm. ***p<0. 001. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Methyl CpG-dependent KLF4 binding activity promoted adhesion and migration of human U373 GBM cells. (A and B) mCpG-dependent KLF4 binding promoted U373 cell migration in wound healing assays. Cell migration distance was plotted in (B). Bar = 25 µm. (C) KLF4 WT but not R458A promoted U373 GBM cell migration in transwell assays.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If the speech-language pathologist has a thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the dialect, he/she can assist the classroom teacher in taking the child's dialect into account in instruction. Just as the classroom teacher teaches children to comprehend the numerous irregularities in written English, such as silent letters, phonemes with more than one grapheme, and homophonous pairs, dialect rules and contrasts can also be incorporated into instruction as additional “irregularities” in the English language. Q. What do you do when there is a true error within the dialect? For example, if a speaker says “I are a boy,” there is neither a social dialect rule nor a standard English rule to account for this. teach the grammar (I is a boy or I a boy) or do I teach the standard English grammar (I am a boy)? A: There are differing views. Some professionals think that dialect preference should be the individual's (or the parent's) choice. However, if the speech-language pathologist is not a speaker of the nonstandard dialect, he/she may not be able to model the dialect feature with native dialect proficiency. The result could be a violation of sociolinguistic or pragmatic rules. Other professionals think that when there is an error in the dialect, the standard English feature should be taught. Still others agree that in such instances, the standard English feature should be taught, but if the end result is production of the dialect feature, it should be accepted. The rationale for teaching the standard English version of the particular feature is based on the reality that dialect usage exists on a continuum. The majority of speakers will not use all of the rules of the given dialect. The number and type of features that have a high frequency of occurrence may vary from speaker to speaker. Therefore, if a speaker has a true error, which is neither attributable to the nonstandard dialect nor to standard English, there is no way to be certain that the speaker would have “naturally” developed use of the nonstandard version of the particular feature. Q: Does the position paper mean that we now have ASHA's approval to teach English as a second language (ESL)? A: No. ASHA currently has no position on the role of the speech-language pathologist in teaching English as a second language. Q. Are there published listings of bidialectal training programs?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 2 Effect of MCAo on rhythmic secretion of melatonin. Melatonin secretion was measured in animals before and after surgery. Representative animals undergoing MCAo (A) and sham surgery (B) are shown. Tracings represent daily melatonin profiles superimposed upon the time of the day, with the gray shaded area representing lights off. Each day is demonstrated in a different color. D-2 and D-1 are two and one day before surgery. D0 is the day of the surgery, which was performed in the daytime. Days one to four (D1 to D4) are post-operative days. MCAo caused an advance of MT-on that persisted through four days of monitoring (A). MCAo slightly delayed the MT-off. Due to technical reasons, the data for the third postoperative day was lost (D3*). TTC stained brain sections are displayed to demonstrate that MCAo induces cortical and subcortical infarction. Sham surgery (B) did not affect MT-on or MT-off timing and did not cause brain infarction. We also performed sham MCAo (control) surgery on six rats that were analyzed by pineal microdialysis. These rats had pre-surgical melatonin profiles that were similar to the rats with MCAo. All six rats exhibited identical timing of melatonin secretion before and after control surgery; a representative animal is shown in Figure 2B; as expected, TTC staining of control brains showed no infarction. We examined the entire cohort of animals that exhibited melatonin shifts to attempt to identify trends in circadian behavior. Figure 3 shows the MT-on and MT-off profiles for this set of rats. Surprisingly, the pattern of circadian phase shifts in melatonin secretion showed a heterogenous amplitude and direction of change. In general, however, the MT-on shifts were more pronounced than MT-off shifts. The duration of melatonin secretion also exhibited significant differences after stroke in these animals (Figure 4). The changes in melatonin duration varied in direction and amplitude. When daily shifts of MT-on were averaged following stroke surgery (a measure of deviation from baseline – see methods), we observed a significant difference (p < 0. 02) between sham and MCAo treated animals (Figure 5).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (D) KLF4-WT but not R458A promoted adhesion of U373 GBM cells, as measured by MTT assays (***p<0. 001). Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identify transcriptional network regulated by KLF4-mCpG interactions. (A) RNA-seq data before (0 hr) and after (48 hr) KLF4 WT induction. The pink dots were determined as differential expressed genes (DEGs) (p<0. 001). (B) Overlap between DEGs in KLF4 WT and R458A cells, showing that a total of 613 genes were significantly regulated by KLF4 WT, 115 of which were also significantly regulated by KLF4 R458A. Among the rest 500 genes significantly regulated by KLF4 WT but not R458A (WT only DEGs), 308 of them were up-regulated by KLF4 WT only. (C) Four examples of KLF4 WT only DEGs. (D) Overlap between KLF4 WT and R458A KLF4 ChIP-seq peaks (48 hr +Dox), indicating that ~2733 peaks can be only bound by KLF4 WT; ~1157 peaks bound by both KLF4 WT and R458A, whereas R458A alone only bound a few new sites. (E) ChIP-Seq for KLF4 WT and R458A on and surrounding RHOC promoter as an example. RNA-seq at the same region was also shown, pre and post KLF4 WT and R458A induction, respectively. (F) Percentage of ChIP-seq peaks with mCpGs evaluated by whole genome bisulfite sequencing analysis. A significant enrichment was observed for methylated CpG in KLF4 WT-specific peaks (Blue bar) as compared to KLF4 R458A shared peaks (orange bar). (G) Motifs identified for KLF4-mCpG binding in KLF4 WT-specific peaks (Left) and for KLF4 R458A shared peaks (Right), respectively. Figure 3—source data 1 Mapped reads for all the RNA-sequencing experiments. Download elife-20068-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Mapped reads for the ChIP-sequencing experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe dialects of Madagascar belong to the East group of the Austronesian family and it is widely accepted that the Island was colonized by Indonesian sailors after a maritime trek that probably took place around 650 CE. The language most closely related to Malagasy dialects is Maanyan, but Malay is also strongly related especially for navigation terms. Since the live along the Barito river in Kalimantan (Borneo) and they do not possess the necessary skill for long maritime navigation, they were probably brought as subordinates by Malay sailors. In a recent paper we compared 23 different Malagasy dialects in order to determine the time and the landing area of the first colonization. In this research we use new data and new methods to confirm that the landing took place on the south-east coast of the Island. Furthermore, we are able to state here that colonization probably consisted of a single founding event rather than multiple settlements. To reach our goal we find out the internal kinship relations among all the 23 Malagasy dialects and we also find out the relations of the 23 dialects to Malay and Maanyan. The method used is an automated version of the lexicostatistic approach. The data from Madagascar were collected by the author at the beginning of 2010 and consist of Swadesh lists of 200 items for 23 dialects covering all areas of the Island. The lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset integrated with the author's interviews. Citation: (2012) of Madagascar: Tell Us. 7(2): e30666. Enrico Scalas, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, ItalyReceived: November 14, 2011; Accepted: December 27, 2011; Published: February 21, 2012Copyright: © 2012 Maurizio Serva. This is an open-access 2010. The dataset, which can be found in [6], consists of 200-words Swadesh lists [7] for 23 dialects of Malagasy from all the areas of the Island. The orthographical conventions are those of standard Malagasy. Most of the informants were able to write the words directly using these conventions, while a few of them benefited from the help of one or more fellow townsmen. For any dialect list two different speakers were interviewed. The complete list of speakers is provided by Table S1 of Supporting Information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Sleep duration, illumination, and activity patterns in a population sample: effects of gender and ethnicity 47: 921–927, [PubMed] DOI: and Houck, PR (1997). Differences over the life span in daily life-style regularity 14: 295–306. and Brainard, GC (1993). Pupil size regulation of threshold of light-induced melatonin suppression J Metab 77: 1398–1401, [PubMed] DOI: and Rollag, MD (1994). Moller M, ed. Ocular mechanisms that regulate the human pineal gland. London: & Company Ltd, 432. Swaab, DF, Fliers, E and Partiman, TS (1985). The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia 342: 37–44, [PubMed] DOI: and Turek, FW (1996). Effects of aging on light-induced phase-shifting of circadian behavioral rhythms, Fos expression and CREB phosphorylation in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 70: 951–961, DOI: -J and Czeisler, CA (2001). Circadian phase resetting in older people by ocular bright light exposure J 49: 30–40. Eastman, CI and Martin, SK (1999). How to use light and dark to produce circadian adaptation to night shift work 31: 87–98. [PubMed] and Czeisler, CA (2001). Efficacy of bright light and sleep/darkness scheduling in alleviating circadian maladaptation to night work Metab 281: E384–E391. [PubMed] and Rex, KM (2002). Exercise phase-response curves in young and older adults : 110. 'Hermite-Baleriaux, M, Turek, FW and Van Cauter, E (2003). Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase 284: R714–R724. and Honma, S (2003). Period and phase adjustments of human circadian rhythms in the real world J 18: 261–270, [PubMed] DOI: Wehr, TA (2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Download elife-20068-fig3-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 3 Chromosol location of KLF4 WT-specific, shared, and mutant-specific peaks. Download elife-20068-fig3-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 4 Methylated 6-mer cis motifs identified in KLF4 WT-specific peaks. Download elife-20068-fig3-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data. (A) High reproducibility of RNA-seq replicate. (B, C) Screenshots of RHOC and LMO7 ChIP-seq together with input line. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Downstream targets of KLF4-mCpG interactions. (A) Overlap between KLF4 WT-specific ChIP peaks (2733) and the enhancer mark H3K27ac ChIP-seq peaks. A total of 1733 loci were identified. (B) A total of 116 KLF4-mCpG direct targets were identified in a serial of genome-wide studies. The overlap between WT-specific binding peaks (2733) and the 308 WT-only upregulated genes indicated that 20%, 24% and 12% of these genes were activated by KLF4 binding to mCpGs in gene upstream, 5’UTR and exon region, respectively. The overlap between enhancer regions in KLF4 WT-binding sites further identified 44% genes were activated by KLF4 binding to mCpGs in the enhancer regions. (C) Methylation level distribution of cis-elements in KLF4 binding peaks associated with 116 target genes. (D) Bisulfite sequencing confirmed DNA methylation in some of the KLF4 WT-specific binding peaks. (E) Gene ontology analysis of direct targets of KLF4-mCpG indicated that these targets have been implicated in cell adhesion, migration, cytoskeleton arrangement and cell binding activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Finally, the lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset [8] integrated with the author's interviews. The method that we use [9], [10] is based on an automated measure of distance between all pairs of languages obtained by comparison between their 200-words Swadesh lists. dialects The number of Malagasy dialects we consider is = 23; and the output of our method, when applied only to these variants, is a matrix with non-trivial entries representing all the possible lexical distances among dialects. This matrix is explicitly shown in Table S2 of Supporting Information. The information concerning the vertical transmission of vocabulary from proto-Malagasy to the contemporary dialects can be extracted by a phylogenetic approach. There are various possible choices for the algorithm for the reconstruction of the family tree (see [5] for a discussion of this point), we show in Fig. 1 the output of the Average (UPGMA). In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The input data for the UPGMA tree are the pairwise separation times obtained from the lexical distances by means of a simple logarithmic rule ([9], [10]). The absolute time-scale is calibrated by the results of the SCA analysis, which indicate a separation date 650 CE [5]. The phylogenetic tree in Fig. 1 interestingly shows a main partition of Malagasy dialects into two main branches (east-center-north and south-west) at variance with previous studies which gave a different partitioning [11] (indeed, the results in [11] coincide with ours if a correct phylogeny is applied, see [5] for a discussion of this point. ) Then each of the two branches splits, in turn, into two sub-branches whose leaves are associated with different colors. In order to demonstrate the strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography, we display a map of Madagascar (Fig. 2) where the locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors of the leaves in Fig. 1. We note the relative isolation of the Antandroy variant (yellow). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Phylogenetic tree of 23 Malagasy dialects realized by Average (UPGMA).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of young male F344/NHsd rats (breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) and HSD rats (Hsd:Sprague Dawley; breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were compared in long days (LD), 16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST (N = 15 F344 rats and 18 HSD rats). Rats were only tested during the four weeks after weaning in order to match the period when F344 rats and other strains are known to show variation in photoperiodic responses [27,28,30,34]. In order to control for potential changes related to age, each individual rat was tested in only one photoperiod treatment. All rats were gestated and raised in LD (16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST) prior to weaning at 23 ± 2 days of age. They were then transferred to individual cages with activity wheels (and Cage, Catalog No. 60-1943) and placed in environmental and photoperiod chambers (Revco, Asheville, North Carolina) in groups of up to 12 rats/chamber. Magnetic switches on the running wheels signaled revolutions to an event recorder sending output in 6-minute data collection periods, or 'bins', to a personal computer. Rats were fed a laboratory diet (LM – 485 Sterilizable Mouse/7012, Madison, WI) and tap water ad libitum. Temperature was maintained at 22. 5 ± 1°C. Data collection ended after four weeks ± 4 days. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 2: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in SD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod with light cues that would normally trigger reproductive suppression, reduced food intake, and slowed somatic growth in a photoresponsive rat. Activity patterns of young male F344 and HSD rats (N = 16 per group) were compared for short days (SD), 8 L: 16 D with lights on at 0900 EST. Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (F) Boxplot of gene expression for WT, WT+Dox, WT + 5 Aza, and WT + 5-Aza+Dox (G) Histogram of FC (after and before Dox) difference with and without 5-Aza for 116 target genes and all expressed genes, respectively. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Bisulfite sequencing of the cis-regulatory elements of additional KLF4-mCpG direct targets. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset KLF4-mCpG binding activity activates RHOC expression by chromatin remodeling. (A) Real-time PCR indicated that was significantly upregulated by KLF4 WT but not R458A (+Dox, 48 hr, ***p<0. 001). (B) RHOC protein expression was upregulated by KLF4 WT only; fold changes were listed under the blots. (C) A KLF4 antibody was used to precipitate crosslinked genomic DNA from cells expressing KLF4 WT and R458A. Rabbit IgG was used to control for non-specific binding. De-crosslinked DNA samples were served as the input for PCR. The RHOC promoter was only enriched in the ChIP’ed samples from KLF4 WT expressing cells. In contrast, a known KLF4 binding site on B2R promoter was used as a positive control, and detected in the ChIP’ed samples from both KLF4 WT and R458A expressing cells. A non-promoter sequence was selected as a negative control (Neg) and no band was detected. (D) Bisulfite sequencing of RHOC promoter region: each row represents one sequenced clone; each column represents one CpG site; filled circles stand for methylation. All 7 clones showed 100% methylation at four CpG sites in the RHOC promoter (~507 bp upstream from TSS). The DNMT inhibitor 5-Aza pretreatment partially reversed DNA methylation in the RHOC promoter region. (E) ChIP-PCR indicated that 5-Aza greatly abolished KLF4 WT binding to RHOC promoter region when hypomethylated. (F) Immunobloting analysis showed that KLF4 WT-induced RHOC up-regulation was blocked by pretreatment with 5-Aza.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The phylogenetic tree shows a main partition of the Malagasy dialects into four main groups associated with different colors. The strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography can be appreciated by comparison with Fig. 2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Geography of Malagasy dialects. The locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 1. Each dialect is identified by the name of the town where it was collected. to now, we only have shown the consistency of the approach, which can be appreciated by comparison between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. We start our investigation by computing the average distance of each of the dialects from all the others (see Fig. 3). Antandroy has the largest average distance, confirming that it is the overall most deviant variant (something which is also commonly pointed out by other Malagasy speakers). We further note that the smallest average distance is for Merina (the official language), Betsileo and Bara, which are all spoken on the highlands. The fact that the Merina has the smallest average distance is possibly partially explained by the fact that this variant is the official one. However, as we will show later by means of a comparison of Malagasy dialects with Malay and Maanyan, this cannot be the only explanation. More interestingly we remark that the Antambohoaka and Antaimoro variants, which are spoken in Mananjary and Manakara, also have a very small average distance from the other dialects. Both of these dialects are spoken on the south-east coast of Madagascar in a relatively isolated position; therefore, this is the first evidence for the south-east as the homeland of the Malagasy language and, likely, as the location of the first settlement. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Average distance of the Malagasy dialects from all the others. The 23 dialects are colored as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa and Betroka) together with south-east coast dialects (Mananjary and Manakara) show the smallest average distance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [32], suggests that the circadian system of HSD rats is able to respond appropriately to photoperiodic information (this study) to cause a short-day melatonin secretion pattern [32], but HSD rats are unable to respond reproductively to a short-day melatonin pattern [32]. In combination with the companion study [32], our results support the hypothesis that differences in how F344 and HSD rats secrete and/or respond to melatonin are responsible for differences in photoresponsiveness. We found significant differences between strains in circadian aspects of wheel running, and these differences indicate that HSD rats tend to have more activity during the day, have a greater tendency toward arrhythmia, and differ in some circadian parameters from F344 rats. However, the differences reported here in circadian parameters and nocturnality do not prevent similar timing of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion rhythms in F344 and HSD, albeit potentially lower in amplitude or even arrhythmic in HSD rats [32]. Rats are normally nocturnal [e. g. , [22,24]], and our results suggest that F344 rats have the more species-typical pattern of strong nocturnality, while HSD rats differ from that pattern. Variation in activity and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion has also been reported between other strains of rats [24], but our results suggest there is no necessary relationship between photoresponsiveness and circadian rhythm characteristics in rats. For example, some of the strain variation we report in wheel running activity might be related to restlessness, fearfulness, or intrinsic rewards of wheel running that differ among rat strains. laboratory populations of rodents, circadian variation has been reported to be a cause of variation in responsiveness to photoperiod [10 - 14]. In contrast, in HSD and F344 rats as well as in wild-source populations of mammals, variation in photoresponsiveness may not be linked to variation in circadian characteristics [16 - 20]. Uncoupling of the circadian system and seasonal rhythms can be caused experimentally [37] or may occur naturally during part of the year in polar regions [38]. Natural populations may be under strong selection against circadian mutations that have pleiotropic effects on traits such as seasonality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (G) KLF4-mCpG interactions in RHOC promoter region triggered histone mark changes. Tet-on KLF4 WT cells were treated with Dox for 48 hr, and genomic DNA from cells before and after Dox treatment were ChIP’ed with antibodies recognizing different histone marks and amplified for the RHOC promoter region. KLF4-mCpG interactions were associated with an increase in the active mark H3K27ac and a decreased in the repressive marks H3K27me3 and H3K9me3. Disrupted KLF4-mCpG interactions in KLF4 R458A expressing cells did not show changes in these histone marks in the RHOC promoter region. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Methylated DNA in the cis-regulatory region of RAC1 determined KLF4 binding and RAC1 upregulation. (A, B) RT-PCR and Western blot showed RAC1 was significantly up-regulated by KLF4 WT at both the mRNA and protein level. (C) ChIP-PCR showing KLF4 and RAC1 promoter binding. Compared to KLF4 R458A cells, there is an enrichment of KLF4-RAC1 promoter binding in KLF4 WT expressing cells. (D) Bisulfite sequencing of the RAC1-KLF4 binding site before and after 5-Aza treatment. RAC1 promoter was heavily methylated, whereas 5-Aza abolished methylation on these sites. (E) ChIP-PCR of KLF4-RAC1 promoter interactions in the presence of 5-Aza in KLF4 WT cells. 5-Aza treatment prevented KLF4 binding to the RAC1 promoter region when demethylated. (F) RT-PCR showing 5-Aza reversed KLF4 WT-mediated RAC1 up-regulation. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Methyl-mCpG dependent KLF4 binding activity triggers chromatin remodeling to activate gene expression. (A) Heatmaps of histone mark signals, H3K27ac, H3K27me3, and H3K9me3, before and after KLF4-mCpG interactions (0 vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: identification of the southeastern coast of Madagascar as the landing area for the Indonesian colonizers is supported by geographical considerations. In fact, there is an current which goes from Sumatra to Madagascar. Krakatoa erupted in 1883, pumice arrived on the south-east coast where the opens into the sea. Furthermore, during the War, the same area saw the arrival of pieces of wreckage from ships sailing between Java and Sumatra that had been bombed by the Japanese air force. Notice that the mouth of the is where the town of Mananjary is presently located, and it is also close to Manakara. ancestors of today Malagasy probably profited from this current, which they possibly entered sailing through the Sunda strait. Dialects, Malay and classification of Malagasy (and its dialects) among the East languages of Borneo as well as the particularly close relationship with Maanyan is beyond doubt. However, Malagasy also underwent influences from other Indonesian languages such as Ngaju Dayak, Javanese, Buginese and, particularly, from Malay which exhibits the most relevant relationship after Maanyan. If we consider the 23 dialects together with Malay and Maanyan, not only do we have to compute the 253 internal distances, but also we have to determine the 23×2 = 46 distances of each of the dialects from the two Indonesian languages. These new distances are displayed in Fig. 4. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Lexical distances of Malagasy dialects from Malay and Maanyan. The 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects together with south-east coast Mananjary and Manakara dialects show the smallest distance from both of the two Indonesian languages. of all we observe, as expected, that the largest of the distances from Maanyan is smaller then the smallest of the distances from Malay. This simply reflects the fact that Malagasy is first of all an language. Then we also observe that Malagasy dialects seem to have almost the same relative composition. In fact, all the points in Fig. 4 have almost the same distance from Malay/distance from Maanyan ratio.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on rest–activity rhythm acrophase showed significant effects of days (F 6,180= 9. 41, P < 10−4), Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 5. 47, P = 0. 009), and treatment (F 1,30= 6. 9, P = 0. 013), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 8. 42, P = 0. 001). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the acrophase phase shift from baseline calculated for each animal. For ZT6, the phase shift of the acrophase from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (01:11 h ± 05 min vs. 00:08 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) (fig. 2A). For ZT10, the phase shift from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (00:54 h ± 08 min vs. 00:02 h ± 03 min; P < 10−4) and D2 (00:31 h ± 09 min vs. 00:02 h ± 03 min; P = 0. 001) (fig. 2B). For ZT16, the observed shifts from baseline differed significantly between propofol and Intralipid on D1 (00:57 h ± 06 min vs. 00:12 h ± 05 min; P < 10−4) and D2 (00:19 h ± 10 min vs. 00:04 h ± 04 min; P = 0. 05) (fig. 2C). We observed a phase advance of body temperature acrophase during the 48 h after the administration of propofol anesthesia for all three Zeitgeber times, which was not detected after the Intralipid injection (fig. 3and table 1). Analysis of variance on the baseline value of acrophase showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 73, P = 0. 08) or treatment (F 1,30= 0. 45, P = 0. 5). Multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: 48 hr), respectively, ±3 kb surrounding 162 KLF4 ChIP peaks, which were associated with the 116 KLF4-mCpG direct targets. The peaks were sorted by their average signals at 48 hr for each histone mark. (B) The signal difference of histone marks between 48 hr and 0 hr, sorted from minimum to maximum. Over 83% of the 162 peaks had increased H3K27ac signals (p=7. 2E-19), whereas 54. 3% (p=3. 4E-2) and 63. 6% (p=1. 5E-4) of the peaks had decrease in H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 signals, respectively. (C) Stronger H3K27ac signals were accumulated surrounding the KLF4 WT ChIP-seq peak on gene LMO7, at 48 hr after KLF4 WT induction; whereas no significant change in H3K27ac signals was observed in R458A expressing cells, as the R458A mutation abolished KLF4-mCpG binding ability. (D) Genome-wide analysis of dynamic changes of H3K27ac peaks before and after KLF4 WT or R458A induction, respectively. A total of 3593 new H3K27ac peaks appeared after KLF4 WT induction (upper panel), whereas only 131 new peaks were generated in KLF4 R458A expressing cells (lower panel), indicating that mCpG-dependent KLF4 binding activity caused chromatin remodeling to activate gene expression. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Dynamic changes of histone mark H3K27ac signal in the shared KLF4 peaks. (A) Heatmaps of H3K27ac signals around 60 shared peaks, corresponding to up-regulated genes by KLF4 WT and R458A. (B and C) Only 36% (22/60) of the shared peaks was associated with an increase in H3K27ac, whereas there were more than 83% (135/162) of the WT-specific peaks associated with increased H3K27ac. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Working model of KLF4 binds to methylated cis-regulatory elements, followed by chromatin remodeling and transcription activation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: 3 and the distances from related Indonesian languages point to the south-east coast as the area of the first settlement. This is also indicated by the fact that linguistic diversity is higher in that region (see [5]). Finally, we remark that the Antandroy variant (Ambovombe) is the most distant from Maanyan and among the most distant dialects from Malay, showing it again to be the most deviant dialect. It is not clear whether its divergent evolution was due to internal factors or to specific language contacts which are still to be identified. DiscussionThe main open problem concerning Malagasy is to determine the composition of the population which settled the Island. Adelaar writes: Malay influence persisted for several centuries after the migration. But, except for this Malay influence, most influence on Malagasy from other Indonesian languages seems to be pre-migratory. (…) I also believe it possible that the early migrants from south-east Asia came not exclusively from the south-east Barito area, in fact, that south-east Barito speakers may not even have constituted a majority among these migrants, but rather formed a nuclear group which was later reinforced by south-east Asian migrants with a possibly different linguistic and cultural background (and, of course, by African migrants). Whatever view one may hold on how the early Malagasy were influenced by other Indonesians, it seems necessary that we at least develop a more cosmopolitan view on the Indonesian origins of the Malagasy. A south-east Barito origin is beyond dispute, but this is of course only one aspect of what Malagasy dialects and cultures reflect today. Later influences were manifold, and some of these influences, African as well as Indonesian, were so strong that they have molded the Malagasy language and culture in all its variety into something new, something for the analysis of which a south-east Barito origin has become a factor of little explanatory value. In order to clarify the problem raised by Adelaar, it is necessary to understand the Malagasy relationships with other Indonesian languages (and possibly African ones). The fact that the use of some words is limited to one or more dialects was already taken into account in previous studies. For example it is known that the word alika which refers to dog in Merina (the official variant) is replaced by the word amboa of African origin in most dialects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: results of the present work show that the profound alterations in the immune system of the nude mice do not modify the circadian activity rhythms of these animals, suggesting that the lack of functional T-cell generation (or any other differential phenotype occurring in the athymic mice) does not produce changes in the circadian control of locomotor activity. Indeed, the effect of the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) (nude) mutation on other circadian rhythms remains to be established. These findings are relevant, both regarding the growing interest in the modulation of the circadian system by immune factors, as well as in the use of the immunodeficient nude mice in cancer research, particularly in approaches that rely in the alteration of normal circadian rhythmicity or in chronopharmacological treatment designs. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NP & JMD performed the behavioral experiments and analysis. NP & MMF performed the immunohistochemistry. NP, JMD & DAG conceived the study, participated in its design and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. thank the staff of the of the of Quilmes. This work was supported by grants from the of Quilmes, the Council () and the for Promotion of Science and Technology (ANPCyT). MMF is a fellow from the of Quilmes, JMD is a fellow from the Council of Argentina () and NP and DAG are established researchers of the. 10. 1152/physrev. 00009. 2009 [PubMed] Reppert, SM; Weaver, DRCoordination of circadian timing in mammals Nature 418: 935–941, DOI: [PubMed] Costa, G; Haus, E; Stevens, RShift work and cancer - considerations on rationale, mechanisms, and epidemiology Health 36: 163–179, DOI: [PubMed] Folkard, SDo permanent night workers show circadian adjustment?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: extensive research on the role of the rodent medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (MEC/LEC) in spatial navigation, memory and related disease, their human homologues remain elusive. Here, we combine high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T with novel data-driven and model-based analyses to identify corresponding subregions in humans based on the well-known global connectivity fingerprints in rodents and sensitivity to spatial and non-spatial information. We provide evidence for a functional division primarily along the anteroposterior axis. Localising the human homologue of the rodent MEC and LEC has important implications for translating studies on the hippocampo-entorhinal memory system from rodents to humans. eLife digest In the early 1950s, an American named underwent an experimental type of brain surgery to treat his severe epilepsy. The surgeon removed a region of the brain known as the temporal lobe from both sides of his brain. After the surgery, Molaison's epilepsy was greatly improved, but he was also left with a profound amnesia, unable to form new memories of recent events. Subsequent experiments, including many with Molaison himself as a subject, have attempted to identify the roles of the various structures within the temporal lobes. The hippocampus—which is involved in memory and spatial navigation—has received the most attention, but in recent years a region called the entorhinal cortex has also come to the fore. Known as the gateway to the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex relays sensory information from the outer cortex of the brain to the hippocampus. In rats and mice the entorhinal cortex can be divided into two subregions that have distinct connections to other parts of the temporal lobe and to the rest of the brain. These are the medial entorhinal cortex, which is the subregion nearest the centre of the brain, and the lateral entorhinal cortex, which is to the left or right of the centre. For many years researchers had assumed that human entorhinal subregions were located simply to the center or to the sides of the brain. However, it was difficult to check this as the entorhinal cortex measures less than 1 cm across, which placed it beyond the reach of most brain-imaging techniques. Now, two independent groups of researchers have used a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging to show a different picture.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the study of Malagasy dialects in comparison with Indonesian languages is a still largely unexplored field of research. Each dialect may provide pieces of information about the history the language, eventually allowing us to for track the various linguistic influences experienced by Malagasy since the initial colonization of the Island. Another open problem concerns the pre-Indonesian ancestral population. It is still debated whether the island was inhabited before the Indonesian colonization. In case the answer is positive it may be possible to track the aboriginal vocabulary in the dialects. For example, the Mikea are the only hunter-gatherers in Madagascar, and it is unclear whether they are a relic of the aboriginal pre-Indonesian population or just ‘ordinary’ Malagasy who switched to a simpler economy for historical reasons. If the first hypothesis is the correct one, they should show some residual aboriginal vocabulary in their dialect, and the same is expected for the neighboring populations of Vezo and Masikoro. MethodsThe method that we have used is based on an automated measure of lexical distance between pairs of words with same meaning contained in Swadesh lists [9], [10]. The use of Swadesh lists [7] in lexicostatistics has been popular for half a century. These are lists of words associated with the same meanings (the original Swadesh choice was ), which refer to the basic activities of humans. Comparing the two lists corresponding to a pair of languages it is possible to determine the percentage of shared cognates, which is related to their lexical distance. Recent examples of the use of Swadesh lists and cognate counting to construct language trees are the studies of Gray and Atkinson [12] and Gray and Jordan [13]. The idea of measuring relationships among languages using vocabulary is much older than lexicostatistics and it seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville. He collected comparative word lists during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to 1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific [14], he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation among languages. He used a core vocabulary of 115 terms, then he assigned a distance from 0 to 1 to any pair of words with the same meaning and finally he was able to determine the degree of relation between any pair of languages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: All this evidence indicates that Per2 has a role in tumour suppression, but further research is needed to ascertain whether Per2 is in fact a tumour suppressor gene or whether a particular mutation of Per2 acquires oncogenetic properties. In contrast to Per2 mutants, Cry double mutant (Cry1-/-Cry2-/-) mice are indistinguishable from the wild-type controls with respect to radiation-induced morbidity and mortality. Similarly, the Cry1-/-Cry2-/-mutant fibroblasts are indistinguishable from the wild-type controls with respect to their sensitivity to ionizing radiation and UV radiation, and ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage checkpoint response [93]. In another study, mice deficient in the core circadian gene Bmal1 show reduced lifespan and various symptoms of premature aging but none of the Bmal1-/- mice develop tumors in the course of their lifespan [94]. Similarly, Clock/Clock mutant mice do not display predisposition to tumor formation either during their normal lifespan or when exposed to a low dose of γ-radiation that is able to initiate and promote neoplastic progression [95]. Instead, exposure of Clock-/- mice to ionizing radiation results in the development of pathological conditions similar to those of premature aging described for Bmal1-/- mice [94]. Recently, Ozturk et al. reported the effect of the Cry mutation on carcinogenesis in a mouse strain prone to cancer because of a p53 mutation. Contrary to the expectation that clock disruption in this sensitized background would further increase cancer risk, they found that the Cry mutation protects p53 mutant mice from the early onset of cancer and extends their median lifespan ~50%, in part by sensitizing p53 mutant cells to apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress [96]. These studies suggest that disruption of the circadian clock in itself does not compromise mammalian DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoints and does not predispose animals to spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced cancers. The effect of circadian clock disruption on cellular response to DNA damage and cancer predisposition may depend on the mechanism by which the clock is disrupted, and elucidation of this mechanism warrants further investigation. Another aspect of DNA damage response is DNA repair. Cells have evolved a number of mechanisms to repair damaged DNA. One such repair mechanism, nucleotide excision repair, is a multicomponent system that replaces a short single stranded region encompassing a DNA lesion.

Output: contrast