Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: A simple visualization of the dynamics of ionic currents in conductance-based model neurons. (A) Membrane potential of a periodic burster. (B) Percent contribution of each current type to the total inward and outward currents displayed as pie charts and bars at times T1 and T2 (C) Percent contribution of each current to the total outward and inward currents at each time stamp. The black filled curves on the top and bottom indicate total inward outward currents respectively on a logarithmic scale. The color curves show the time evolution of each current as a percentage of the total current at that time. For example, at t=T1 the total outward current is ≈2. 5nA and the orange shows a large contribution of KCa. At t=T2 the total outward current has increased to ≈4nA and the KCa current is contributing less to the total. At any given time stamp, we can compute the total inward and outward currents. We can then express the values of each current as a percentage of this quantity. The normalized values of the currents at any time can be displayed as a pie chart representing the share of each current type (Figure 2B). Because we want to observe how these percentages change in time, we display the shares in a bar instead of a disk. The currentscapes are constructed by applying this procedure to all time stamps and stacking the bars. These types of plots are known as stacked area plots and their application to this problem is novel. Figure 2C shows the currentscape of a periodically bursting model neuron over one cycle. The shares of each current type to the total inward and outward currents are displayed in colors, and the total inward and outward currents are represented by the filled black curves in logarithmic scale in the top and bottom. Visualizing changes in the waveforms as a parameter is changed To visualize changes in the activity as a conductance is gradually removed we computed the distribution of membrane potential V values. This reduction contains information about the waveform of the membrane potential, while all temporal information such as frequency can no longer be recovered. The number of times that a given value of V is sampled is proportional to the time the system spends at that value.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFrom the study it may be concluded that the LKD show high curcumin content with its chloroform extract showing higher yield of curcumin of high purity with significant antioxidant effects. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions could be obtained by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA with suitable size distribution and physicochemical properties. LKD curcumin nanosuspensions could be converted into to stable Carbopol based nanogel with safe and controlled skin permeability with reduced nanotoxicity. This controlled and sufficient skin permeability of Cur-NS nanogel might result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. Hence LKD turmeric may be explored more for its high and pure curcumin content and suitable nanoformulations in the form of nanogel may be designed for better clinical applications of curcumin for inflammation and cutaneous wound healing. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsPLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid NS: Nanosuspension SC: Stratum corneum PVA: alcohol LKD: : : : : : Chromatography TP: Total phenolics TSP: Total simple phenolics TC: Tannin content (TC) HPTLC: : Methanol CHCL3: Chloroform FT-IR: : : : calorimetry DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide TMS: Tetramethylsilane ppm: Parts per million DPPH : 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HRBC: Percentage stabilization of human red blood cell PDI: Polydispersity index DLS: Dynamic light scattering TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ICH: for : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals IAEC: Institutional animal ethical Committee SEM: Standard error of mean ANOVA: Analysis of variance BDMC: Bisdesmethoxycurcumin DMC: Demethoxycurcumin 10. 1007/s10695-008-9266-610. 4236/ajps. 2011. 2201310. 3389/fnut. 2021. 74795610. 1016/j. jchromb. 2007. 03. 01010. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2020.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: An attempt was made to test if wind gusts can influence the occurrence of blowing snow by the application of additional kinetic energy to the snow surface. Some observations report both mean wind and gusts, while the rest have just mean winds. As a consequence, an equivalent wind, Ueq, was developed to compare gusty winds to steady state winds by relating their energy content. Using the simplest case of a wind increasing linearly in speed over a unit time, t, we can define Udiff = (Umax − U) and Umin = (U − Udiff). Thus, the instantaneous wind speed (u) over one cycle (i. e. , from Umin to Umax) would be The power of the wind is proportional to the velocity cubed (Elliot 1986). Given that the energy of the wind is power multiplied by time, the relative wind energy, E, over one cycle would be equivalent mean wind, Ueq, which is the steady-state wind speed that has the same energy content as the gusty wind, would be For illustration, a reported hourly mean wind of 20 km h−1 gusting to 40 km h−1, where it is assumed that wind cycles from 0 to 40 km h−1, has the same energy as a steady wind of 25 km h−1. While this assumption oversimplifies the chaotic nature of gusty winds, subsequent testing indicated that this adjustment showed an improvement over the unmodified mean wind speed. Based upon previous snow work done by Jordan et al. (1999) and Hanesiak et al. (1999), the daily maxima net radiation on the snow surface are better reflected in maximum daily temperatures. The latter would therefore have more influence on the aging of the snowpack than the temperature at the time of the blowing snow event, which in turn should influence the blowing snow processes. The highest temperature since the last snowfall was used as an independent variable in our analysis. Thus the reported wind speed may be adjusted for anemometer height, gustiness, and/or temperature. Incorporating station barometric pressure will affect air density and should therefore have some theoretical influence on blowing snow. Testing did not show any measurable difference, and would represent a complication to the forecasting process. Thus, the effect of barometric pressure was not incorporated into any of the results. b.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Figure 3A shows the distribution of V for a periodic burster with fb≈1Hz and dc≈20% sampled from 30 s of simulation. The count is larger than 104 for values between -52mV and -40mV, and smaller than 103 for V between -35mv and 20mV. The areas of the shaded regions are proportional to the probability that the system will be observed at the corresponding V range (Figure 3B). Note that the area of the dark gray region is 105 while the light gray is 0. 5×104, so the probability that the cell is, at any given time, in a hyperpolarized state is more than 20 times larger than the probability that the cell is spiking. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Membrane potential V distributions. (A) Distribution of membrane potential V values. The total number of samples is N=2. 2×106. Y-axis scale is logarithmic. The area of the dark shaded region can be used to estimate of the probability that the activity is sampled between -50mV and -40mV, and the area of the light shaded region is proportional to the probability that V(t) is sampled between -30mV and 20mV. The area of the dark region is 20 times larger than the light region. (B) The same distribution in (A) represented as a graded bar. (C) Distribution of V as a function of V and gNa, and waveforms for several gNa values. The symbols indicate features of the waveforms and their correspondence to the ridges of the distribution of V. (D) Waveforms under two conditions and their correspondence to the ridges of the distribution of V. The ridges were enhanced by computing the derivative of the distribution along the V direction. The distribution of V features sharp peaks. In many cases, the peaks in these distributions correspond to features of the waveform, such as the amplitudes of the individual spikes, or the minimum membrane potential (see Figure 3—figure supplement 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Analysis and forecast schemeTo test whether or not regional differences were important, all of the observations from arctic1 stations were combined and compared to a collection of reports from the Prairie provinces. Blowing snow events were divided into observations with and without concurrent precipitating snow. For observations with blowing snow with visibility 1 km or less in the Prairie provinces, 77. 9% occurred with precipitating snow, whereas in the arctic this figure was just 31. 9%. The blowing snow events that occurred without concurrent falling snow (ground blowing snow) were grouped by snow age. Since the likelihood of blowing snow decreased with time after the last occurrence of falling snow, the time span of each age group was set larger at greater ages (e. g. , the age groups were set to 1–2, 3–5, 6–11, 12–23,. . . 192–383 h since last snowfall). It was found that this grouping scheme maintains a reasonable sample size in each snow age group. There were a few cases of blowing snow with extremely old snowpacks (>1 month), or with snowpacks that had undergone liquid precipitation or significant melting. We suspect these cases to be blowing snow being advected from a distant location, but this could not be determined using point observational data. To reduce the effect of advected blowing snow on the results, all positive events and nonevents that occurred after a melting period with temperatures greater than 4°C (<5% of the total hits) were excluded in the calculations. Similarly, all observations that occurred after liquid precipitation were discarded. Individual reports that included fog, smoke, blowing dust, or ice pellets were removed from the dataset. Site-specific topography may preclude blowing snow with certain wind directions at particular observation sites. A climatology of blowing snow events was derived for each station and for each wind direction (in tens of degrees) with and without concurrent precipitating snow. A similar climatology can be found in Hanesiak et al. (2003). If there were no cases of blowing snow from a certain wind direction at a particular location, null events from that direction and location were also removed from the analysis. Since blowing snow is much less common in forested areas than in the open prairies, stations such as La Ronge, Saskatchewan, contributed very little to the final statistics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: This happens because every time the membrane potential reaches a maxima or minima (in time) the derivative dVdt is close to zero. The system spends more time close to values of V where the velocity dVdt is small than in regions where dVdt is large, as it occurs during the flanks of spikes. Therefore, when we sample a solution at a random instant, it is more likely that V corresponds to the peak of a spike than to either flank of the spike, while the most likely outcome is that V is in the hyperpolarized range (<-40mV). In this particular burster, there are 12 spikes in the burst but there are only 7 peaks in the distribution (between 10mV and 20mV); some spikes have similar amplitudes so they add to a larger peak in the distribution. The overall or total amplitude of the oscillation can be read from the distribution since the count of V is zero outside a range (-52mV to 20mV). These distributions can also be represented by a graded bar as shown in Figure 3B. As conductances are gradually removed the waveform of the activity changes and so does the distribution of V values. Figure 3C shows how the distribution of V changes as gNa is decreased. The waveforms at a few values of gNa are shown for reference. For each value in the range (100%gNa to 0%gNa with N=1001 values) we computed the count p(V,gNa) and display log10(p(V,gNa)+1) in gray scales. In this example, the cell remains in a bursting regime up to ≈85%gNa and transitions abruptly into a single-spike bursting mode for further decrements (%80gNa). The spikes produce thin ridges in the distribution that show how their individual amplitudes change. The colored symbols indicate the correspondence between features in the waveform and ridges in the distribution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: A forecaster may mimic this process by checking the climatology or the characteristics of the terrain and vegetation of a particular site before predicting the occurrence of blowing snow (Hanesiak et al. 2003). Some hourly reports with a given wind and snow character occurred with significant blowing snow while other instances of similar circumstances did not. To provide a measure of the proportion of occurrences of significant blowing snow with a given set of environmental conditions, a credibility (CRED) quantity was extracted from the dataset: where p is the number of positive events and n is the number of nonevents (each defined below). CRED varies from 0 to 1. A CRED of 0 means no cases of blowing snow were observed for the given wind, temperature, and snowpack properties, while a CRED of 1 says all situations of that type had blowing snow. CREDs between 0 and 1 reflect the confidence that the expected conditions will produce blowing snow. A forecaster must be aware of the dangers of “crying wolf” or producing to many false alarms. It was for this reason that CRED was used as opposed to a simple ratio of events and nonevents. CRED was calculated from the observational data for wind speed (every 1 m s−1 up to 40) and temperature by every degree from +4 to −40°C. With concurrent precipitating snow, a positive event is defined as any hourly report of visibility less than or equal to a given specified threshold (public or aviation limits) with observed light snow and blowing snow. A nonevent is defined as any hourly observation with reported light snow, but with visibility greater than the specified threshold. The latter group may contain reported blowing snow provided the visibility remains greater than the threshold. Light snow is defined as falling snow giving visibility greater than or equal to 1. 01 km (5/8 mi). Observations with moderate and heavy snow were excluded, as this precipitating snow would give low visibility whether or not blowing snow occurred. These definitions also apply to cases without concurrent precipitating snow except that the hourly observations will not include any falling snow. The frequency of blowing snow at a given temperature and snowpack age has a cumulative normal probability distribution (Li and Pomeroy 1997b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: In this example, the peak amplitudes of the spikes are similar for values of gNa greater than %85gNa. After the transition, the amplitudes of the spikes are very different; two spikes go beyond 0mV and the rest accumulate near -25mV. As gNa→0 the oscillations collapse onto a small band at ≈-20mV and only one spike is left. The distributions allow the visualization of the amplitudes of the individual spikes, the slow waves, and other features as the parameter gNa is changed. To highlight ridges in the distributions, the center panel in Figure 3D shows the derivative ∂Vlog10(p(V)) in color. This operation is similar to performing a Sobel filtering (Sobel and Feldman, 1968) of the image in Figure 3C. The traces on each side of this panel correspond to the control (left) and 80%gNa conditions. Notice how the amplitudes of each spike, features of the slow wave, and overall amplitude correspond to features in the probability distribution. This representation permits displaying how the features of the waveform change for many values of the perturbation parameter gNa. The maximal conductances do not fully predict the currentscapes We explored the solutions of a classic conductance-based model of neural activity using landscape optimization and found many sets of parameters that produce similar bursting activity. Inspired by intracellular recording performed in the (PD) neurons in crabs and lobsters we targeted bursters with frequencies fb≈1Hz and duty cycles dc≈20%. We built 1000 bursting model neurons and visually inspected the dynamics of their currents using their currentscapes. Based on this, we selected six models that display similar membrane activity via different current compositions for further study. Because the models are nonlinear, the relationship between the dynamics of a given current type and the value of its maximal conductance is non-trivial. Figure 4 shows the values of the maximal conductances in the models (top) and their corresponding activity together with their currentscapes (bottom).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 is one example of a critical wind nomogram. 3. Results and discussiona. Blowing snow frequencyFour arctic stations (and Hall Beach) account for over half the blowing snow events of the entire test group. Some of this is explained by the length of the arctic cold season. Each site in the full test group will have local effects caused by terrain and land usage that will affect the occurrence of blowing snow. To test the overall significance of these local effects, the correlation between the incidence of blowing snow and the characteristic of the wind was calculated. moment correlation coefficient, r (Naiman et al. 1977), was used to determine the dependency of blowing snow reports with visibilities less than 1 km on the character of the wind. The wind characteristics tested were the mean speed, and the number of occurrences of speeds above set thresholds. An r of 0 would indicate that none of the variation in the one variable could be attributed to a second while an r of 1 would indicate that there is a complete positive linear correlation between the two sets of variables. Table 1 shows that using the frequency of any wind from a given direction (threshold = 0; Fig. 4b) shows a higher r than using the mean wind from a given direction (Fig. 4a). In other words, there is a better correlation of the number of significant blowing snow events recorded at each station and direction to the number of wind occurrences from a particular direction, as opposed to the simple speed average of those occurrences. The number of strong wind events (threshold =7. 5 m s−1; Fig. 4c) showed a higher correlation than the frequency of winds of any speed. The number of hours with speeds above the calculated level (threshold = critical speed at 5% CRED; Fig. 4d) has a correlation of over 90% to the number of significant blowing snow occurrences for the entire sample. The result that the best correlation occurs with winds above the CRED threshold indicates that the local topographical effects of a particular station determines significant blowing snow occurrence largely through its influence on the wind speed. Therefore, it would be valid to apply the forecast nomograms derived from this set of sites to other locations provided one could correct the forecast wind speed for the local effects of that area. Some stations in the arctic do have a high number of blowing snow events but this is mainly due to having more wind, cold temperatures, and loose snow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Currentscapes of model bursting neurons. (top) Maximal conductances of all model bursters. (bottom) The panels show the membrane potential of the cell and the percent contribution of each current over two cycles. It can be difficult to predict the currentscapes based on the values of the maximal conductances. In most cases, it appears that the larger the value of the maximal conductance, the larger the contribution of the corresponding current. However, this does not hold in all cases. For example, burster (f) shows the largest A current contribution, but bursters (c) and (e) have larger values of gA. The maximal conductance of the CaS current is low in model (f) but the contribution of this current to the total is similar to that in models (a) and (b). The values of gKCa are similar for bursters (e) and (f) but the contribution of this current is visibly different in each model. Response to current injection The models produce similar activity with different current dynamics. To further reveal differences in how these activities are generated, we subjected the models to simple perturbations. We begin describing the response to constant current injections in Figure 5. Figure 5A and Figure 5B show the membrane potential of model (a) for different values of injected current. In control, the activity corresponds to regular bursting and larger depolarizing currents result in a plethora of different regimes. The distributions of inter-spike intervals (ISI) provide a means to characterize these regimes (Figure 5C). When the cell is bursting regularly such as in control and in the 0. 8nA condition, the interspike interval distributions consist of one large value that corresponds to the interburst interval (≈640msec in control) and several smaller values around 10msec which correspond to the ISI within a burst. There are values of current for which the activity appears irregular and correspondingly, the ISI values are more diverse. Figure 5B shows the response of the model to larger depolarizing currents. The activity undergoes a sequence of interesting transitions that result in tonic spiking. When Ie=3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: This may also suggest that a blowing snow climatology could be approximated for any station, provided it had a good record of temperature and wind speed (Hanesiak et al. 2003). b. Duration of blowing snowBlowing snow will cease when the wind diminishes and/or the snow becomes too compacted or all the loose snow is scoured away. In the observed events in which snow and blowing snow has occurred together, blowing snow usually terminates when precipitating snow ends (Table 2). The remaining percentage of blowing snow events that persist after the precipitating snow has ended decreases rapidly with time (Fig. 5). However, some blowing snow events in the arctic have lasted weeks after the falling snow has ended. Note that the end of an event is defined as the first report not reporting blowing snow, or reporting an improvement in visibility above the set threshold. Blowing snow may or may not have redeveloped later. c. Air temperature dependency of blowing snowAs discussed by Li and Pomeroy (1997a), there is a nonlinear relationship between the frequency of blowing snow and temperature. The 5% CRED critical wind for blowing snow with concurrent precipitating snow is relatively constant over the range of temperatures (Fig. 6a). Ground blowing snow typically requires a stronger wind, especially at mild and very cold temperatures. One should expect that the critical wind would increase sharply near 0°C, but this was not always captured by the resulting curves as the number of occurrences of blowing snow drops off dramatically at temperatures near melting. The minima in critical wind speed for freshly fallen snow are at a milder temperature than for well-aged snow. Older snowpacks do not necessarily require a stronger wind to generate blowing snow compared to fresh snow. The graphs even suggest less wind is required for older snowpacks at some temperatures. Keep in mind that there were a limited number of cases of blowing snow with well-aged snowpacks (>192 h since last snowfall) and even fewer of these with temperatures near 0°C. The arctic does experience long periods of cold and darkness that can contribute to a slow aging process for the snowpack. There were almost no blowing snow events with well-aged snowpacks in the record from the Prairie provinces. Figure 6b shows that blowing snow with lower specified visibilities consistently requires stronger winds through the whole range of observed temperatures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: 45nA the activity is periodic and there are 4 ISI values. Larger currents result in 2 ISI values and tonic spiking produces one ISI value. Figure 5C shows the ISI distributions (y-axis, logarithmic scale) for each value of injected current (x-axis). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Response to current injections and interspike-intervals (ISI) distributions of model (a). (A) (top) Control traces (no current injected 0nA), regular bursting (0. 8nA), irregular bursting 1. 95nA. (B) (top) Fast regular bursting (fb≈6Hz), quadruplets (3. 45nA), doublets (3. 75nA) and singlets (4. 5nA) (tonic spiking). (C) ISI distributions over a range of injected current. All these bursters transition into tonic spiking regimes for depolarizing currents larger than 5nA but they do so in different ways. To explore these transitions in detail, we computed the inter-spike interval (ISI) distributions over intervals of 60sec for different values of the injected current. Figure 6 shows the ISI distributions for the six models at N=1001 equally spaced values of injected current over the shown range. The y-axis shows the values of all ISIs on a logarithmic scale and the x-axis corresponds to injected current. In the control, the ISI distribution consists of a few small values (<100msec) that correspond to the ISIs of spikes within a burst, and a single larger value (>100msec) that corresponds to the interval between the last spike of a burst and the first spike of the next burst. When the cell fires tonically the ISI distributions consist of a single value. The ISI distributions exhibit complicated dependences on the control parameter that result in beautiful patterns. For some current values, the cells produce small sets of ISI values indicating that the activity is periodic. However, this activity is quite different across regions. Interspersed with the regions of periodicity there are regions where the ISI distributions densely cover a band of values indicating non-periodic activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Figure 7a shows a simple count of reports of visibility less than 1 km in blowing snow at each temperature for various snowpack ages. Figure 7b has the same distribution, but presented as a proportion of occurrences of temperatures at each snow age. In other words, Fig. 7b represents the number of significant blowing snow reports at a given temperature and snow age divided by the total number of reports of that same temperature and snow age. All hourly reports that occurred after melting conditions or after liquid precipitation were discarded. The result is the number of hits in a given set of circumstances normalized by the number of times those circumstances arise. The small number of cases of blowing snow with very old snowpacks leads to some scatter in the plots and is not shown. Blowing snow with concurrent falling snow does not show a strong dependency on temperature. These normalized frequency distributions of ground blowing snow peaks at an air temperature near minus 34°C regardless of the age of the snowpack even though the minima in the threshold wind are at milder temperatures for young snowpacks. These charts also indicate that at a given temperature, the likelihood of ground blowing snow is largely independent of the age of the snowpack. d. Visibility distributionOne technique of forecasting visibility might begin with a method of predicting any snow movement using a critical wind speed (Li and Pomeroy 1997b) and then applying a visibility distribution in blowing snow by wind speed in excess of this threshold (Fig. 8). Instances of blowing snow are rare with wind less than 5 m s−1 and very few of these are significant. Even at the 5% CRED critical speed, a minority of blowing snow cases has low visibilities. The distribution of visibilities varies with temperature (Figs. 8a–d). Colder temperatures favor a higher proportion of low visibilities at marginal wind speeds. The same trend was observed for older snowpacks. Not only is blowing snow more likely at higher wind speeds, a greater proportion of these events have significant visibility reduction. The specified visibility approach (Fig. 6a) where the critical wind speed is determined for set visibility restrictions simplifies the forecast process by requiring one nomogram instead of two. A suggested forecast process is provided in section 4. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Overall the patterns feature nested forking structures that are reminiscent of classical period doubling routes to chaos (Feigenbaum, 1978; Canavier et al. , 1990). Figure 6 Download asset Open asset ISI distributions of the six model bursting neurons over a range of injected current. The panels show all ISI values of each model burster over a range on injected currents (vertical axis is logarithmic). All bursters transition into tonic spiking regimes for injected currents larger than 5nA and the details of the transitions are different across models. Extracting insights from these visualization tools Detailed conductance-based models show complex and rich behaviors in response to all kinds of perturbations. There is a vast amount of information that can be seen in these models and their visualizations in Figures 7 - 15. It is entirely impossible for us to point out even a fraction of what can be seen or learned from these figures. Nonetheless, we will illustrate a few examples of what can be seen using these methods, knowing that these details will be different for models that are constructed in the future and analyzed using these and similar methods. Perturbing the models with gradual decrements of the maximal conductances Figures 7 and 8 show the effects of gradually decreasing each of the currents in these bursters from 100% to 0% for all six models. This type of analysis might be relevant to some kinds of pharmacological manipulations or studies of neuromodulators that decrease a given current. The figures show 3 s of data for each condition. In all panels, the top traces correspond to the control condition (100%) and the traces below show the activity that results from decreasing the maximal conductance. The dashed lines are placed for reference at -50mV and 0mV. Each panel shows the traces for 11 values of the corresponding maximal conductance equally spaced between 100% (control) and 0% (completely removed). Each row of panels corresponds to a current type and the columns correspond to the different model bursters. Figure 7 displays the perturbations for the inward currents and Figure 8 shows the outward and leak currents. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Effects of decreasing maximal conductances: inward currents. The figure shows the membrane potential V of all model cells as the maximal conductance gi of each current is gradually decreased from 100% to 0%. Each panel shows 11 traces with a duration of 3 s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: (a) 5% CRED for various snowpack ages for the Arctic sites at a target visibility ≤ 1 km and using the current air temperature; (b) 5% CRED for various target visibilities in statute miles for all ground blowing snow cases for all observation sites using the current air temperature. The target visibilities include all occurrences equal or less than the stated thresholdCitation: Weather and Forecasting 20, 1; 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 7. (a). Number of occurrences of significant blowing snow (target visibility ≤ 1km) for all observation sites plotted by current air temperature and snow age; (b) blowing snow occurrences giving visibilities of 1 km or less at all stations as a proportion of the number of instances of these temperatures, sorted by snow age. All data that occurred after melt and freeze, or after liquid precipitation, were omittedCitation: Weather and Forecasting 20, 1; 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 8. Distribution of visibilities in reported ground blowing snow for all observation sites. The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 eventsCitation: Weather and Forecasting 20, 1; 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideTable 1. Pearson moment correlation coefficient of blowing snow occurrence visibility ≤ 1 km and the character of the wind for compass directions in tens of degrees Table 2. Proportion of concurrent snow and blowing snow events that end when the precipitating snow ends Table 3a. Blowing snow with visibility ≤ 1 km and concurrent falling snow Table 3b. Blowing snow with visibility ≤ 1 km but without concurrent falling snow Table 3c. Blowing snow with visibility ≤ 1 km but without concurrent falling snow 1Arctic stations are all north of 60° north latitude. Churchill, Manitoba, was also treated as an arctic station.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Dashed lines are placed at 0mV and −50mV. The shading indicates values of maximal conductance for which the activity the models differs the most. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Effects of decreasing maximal conductances: outward currents. The figure shows the membrane potential V of all model cells as the maximal conductance gi of each current is gradually decreased from 100% to 0%. Each panel shows 11 traces with a duration of 3 s. Dashed lines are placed at 0mV and −50mV. The shading indicates values of maximal conductance for which the activity the models differs the most. Taken together Figures 7 and 8 illustrate that each model (a-f) changes its behavior differently in response to decreases in each current. Additionally, decreases in some currents have only relatively small effects but decreases in others have much more profound effects. Because the description of all that can be seen in these figures is beyond the scope of this paper, we chose to focus on the effects of decreasing the CaT because it has rich and unexpected behaviors. The effect of decreasing the CaT conductance is quite diverse across models. The activities of the models at the intermediate values of gCaT shows visible differences. When gCaT→0. 7gCaT models (a), (b) and (c) show bursting activity at different frequencies and with different duty cycles. Models (d), (e) and (f) become tonic spikers at this condition, but their frequencies are different. Note that in the case of model (e) the spiking activity is not regular and the ISIs take several different values. When gCaT→0. 2gCaT most models spike tonically but now (e) is regular and (f) shows doublets. When CaT is completely removed, most models transition into a tonic spiking regime with the exception of model (a), that displays a low frequency bursting regime with duty cycle ≈0. 5. Gradually removing one current impacts the dynamics of all currents Decreasing any conductance can trigger qualitative changes in the waveform of the membrane potential and in the contributions of each current to the activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [26]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: CrossrefLi, L. , and PomeroyJ. W. , 1997b: Probability of occurrence of blowing snow. J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 21955–21964. 10. 1029/97JD01522)| falseSearch 10. CrossrefPomeroy, J. W. , and MaleD. H. , 1988: Optical properties of blowing snow. J. Glaciol. , 34, 116,. 3–10. 10. 1017/S0022143000008996)| falseSearch 1563. Rasmussen, R. M. , VivekanandanJ. , and ColeJ. , 1998: The estimation of snowfall rate using visibility. J. Appl. Meteor. , 38, 1542–1563. )| falseSearch 1. Locations of the observational sites View in gallery Fig. 2. Sample CRED distribution at a temperature of −20°C for all ground blowing snow cases combined showing a best-fit line (mean of 12. 3 m s−1 and a variance of 1. 7). The wind speed at the 5% CRED is interpolated to be 9. 5 m s−1. The wind speeds at 50% and 95% CREDs are also extracted from this curve View in gallery Fig. 3. The wind speeds at the 5%, 50%, and 95% CREDs from Fig. 2 are replotted (solid figures) along with those from throughout the temperature range. Best-fit quadratic lines are then inferred. This sample chart covers all ground blowing snow cases giving visibility restrictions of 1 km or less using data from both the arctic and the Prairie provinces View in gallery Fig. 4. The shaded areas are observed occurrences of ground blowing snow distribution by wind direction at of all snowpack ages and visibility ≤ 1 km. The range rings only show the relative number of occurrences by each direction in tens of degrees. The solid lines (not to the same scale) represent the distributions of the: (a) wind speed average, (b) frequency of occurrence of any wind, (c) occurrence of wind with speeds ≥7. 5 m s−1, and (d) occurrence of wind with mean wind equal or greater than the 5% CRED threshold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: 9 we plot currentscapes for the effects of decreasing CaT in model (f). This allows us to examine at higher resolution the changed contributions of currents that give rise to the interesting dynamics seen in Figure 7. Each panel in Figure 9 corresponds to a different decrement value and shows the membrane potential on top, and the currentscapes at the bottom. The top panels show 1 second of data and correspond to the 100%gCaT (control), 90%gCaT and 80%gCaT conditions. The center panels show 0. 1 s of data for decrements ranging from 70% to 20% and the bottom panels show 2 s for the 10% and 0% conditions. As CaT is gradually removed the activity transitions from a bursting regime to a tonic spiking regime. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Decreasing CaT in model (f). The figure shows the traces and the currentscapes of model (f) as CaT is gradually decreased. Top panels show 1 second of data, center panels show 0. 1 seconds and the bottom panels show 2 seconds (see full traces in Figure 8). When gCaT→90%gCaT the neuron produces bursts but these become irregular and their durations change. Decreasing the conductance to 80%gCaT results in completely different activity. The spiking pattern appears to be periodic but there are at least three different ISI values. It is hard to see changes in the CaT contribution across these conditions, but changes in other currents are more discernible. The contribution of the A current that is large in the control and 90%gCaT conditions, is much smaller in the 80%gCaT condition. Additionally, the Na and KCa currents show larger contributions, the CaS current contributes less and the H current is negligible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The CRED threshold was determined for each observation using the current air temperature and the formula that was derived from the arctic station database View in gallery Fig. 5. Most instances of blowing snow with precipitating snow end when the falling snow terminates. The percentage of blowing snow events that outlast the falling snow diminishes with time since the end of the snow View in gallery Fig. 6. (a) 5% CRED for various snowpack ages for the Arctic sites at a target visibility ≤ 1 km and using the current air temperature; (b) 5% CRED for various target visibilities in statute miles for all ground blowing snow cases for all observation sites using the current air temperature. The target visibilities include all occurrences equal or less than the stated threshold View in gallery Fig. 7. (a). Number of occurrences of significant blowing snow (target visibility ≤ 1km) for all observation sites plotted by current air temperature and snow age; (b) blowing snow occurrences giving visibilities of 1 km or less at all stations as a proportion of the number of instances of these temperatures, sorted by snow age. All data that occurred after melt and freeze, or after liquid precipitation, were omitted View in gallery Fig. 8. Distribution of visibilities in reported ground blowing snow for all observation sites. The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 events raw image Fig. 1. Locations of the observational sites View raw image Fig. 2. Sample CRED distribution at a temperature of −20°C for all ground blowing snow cases combined showing a best-fit line (mean of 12. 3 m s−1 and a variance of 1. 7). The wind speed at the 5% CRED is interpolated to be 9. 5 m s−1. The wind speeds at 50% and 95% CREDs are also extracted from this curve View raw image Fig. 3. The wind speeds at the 5%, 50%, and 95% CREDs from Fig. 2 are replotted (solid figures) along with those from throughout the temperature range.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Further increments in simulated blocker concentration result in tonic spiking regimes with frequencies ranging from ≈20Hz to ≈10Hz. The center panels in Figure 9 show the currentscapes for these conditions on a different time scale to highlight the contributions of CaT. The leftmost panel shows the 70%gCaT condition. In this panel, we placed vertical lines indicating the time stamps at which the peak of the spike and the minimum occur. Notice the large contribution of the Na current prior to the peak of the spike, and the large contribution of the Kd current for the next ≈10msec. When the membrane potential is at its minimum value the CaT current dominates the inward currents and remains the largest contributor for the next ≈10msec. The CaT current reduces its share drastically by the time the Na current is visible and CaS takes over. The contribution of CaT remains approximately constant during repolarization and vanishes as the membrane becomes depolarized and the Na current becomes dominant. The effect of removing CaT is visible on this scale. The waveform of the contribution remains qualitatively the same: largest at the minimum voltage and approximately constant until the next spike. However, the contribution of CaT during repolarization becomes smaller, and for larger conductance decrements results in a thinner band. Finally, the bottom panels show the cases 10%gCaT and 0%gCaT which correspond to a two-spike burster and a tonic spiker, respectively. Note that even though the contribution of CaT is barely visible, complete removal of this current results in a very different pattern. The activity switched from bursting to spiking and the current composition is different; KCa disappeared in the 0% condition and the A current takes over. Notice also the larger contribution of the H current.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: The dimorphism was located preferably on the femur rather than on the tibia in the Angeac-Charente ornithomimosaur, which suggests that the pelvic area might as well be dimorphic and that seems to be generally the case in some modern avian dinosaurs too (Livezey and Humphrey, 1984; Schnell et al. , 1985; Rising, 1987; Farlow et al. , 2005; Charuta et al. , 2007; Prieto-Marquez et al. , 2007; Bonnan et al. , 2008; Duggan et al. , 2015; Elzanowski and Louchart, 2022). Could the ability to carry eggs restrict the location of sexual dimorphism closer to the hip region? Sexual dimorphism in the pelvic girdle, the proximal hindlimb and the morphological integration between the two in female extant archosaurs should be investigated further to answer this question. However, one would expect that dimorphism in the pelvic morphology would correlate with dimorphism in the proximal instead of the distal femoral portions. Perhaps the shaft curvature toward the lateral side of the femur could have enabled ornithomimosaurs with a wider pelvis (presumably female individuals) to retain their hindlimbs close to the sagittal midline. Nevertheless, the current dataset does not allow to further speculate without the possibility to sex each morphotype and without the integration of femoral with pelvic data. Our results did not permit to confidently sex each morphotype. Most modern occurrences of femoral sexual dimorphism indicate a wider distal epiphysis among males than females, but Elzanowski and Louchart, 2022 showed that the opposite was also true for modern and subfossils ostriches. Furthermore, our results indicated that femora with the narrowest distal epiphyses (females in most of modern occurrences) had a laterally deviated shaft. However, Duggan et al. , 2015 demonstrated that only juvenile male Pekin ducks had a laterally deviated shaft, which is not congruent with our results that the widest epiphyses were associated with a straighter morphotype.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Modeling current deletions There has been a great deal of work studying the effects of genetic and/or pharmacological deletions of currents. One of the puzzles is why some currents, known to be physiologically important, can have relatively little phenotype in some, or all individuals. For this reason in Figures 10 and 11, we show the effects of deletion of each current in all six models. Each panel shows 2 seconds of data. The inward currents are portrayed in Figure 10 and the outward and leak currents are shown in Figure 11. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Complete removal of one current: inward currents. The figure shows the traces and currentscapes for all bursters when one current is completely removed. Figure 11 Download asset Open asset Complete removal of one current: outward currents. The figure shows the traces and currentscapes for all bursters when one current is completely removed. Removal of some currents has little obvious phenotype differences across the population although the currentscapes are different, such as seen for the gNa and gCaS cases. Removal of some currents produces similar phenotypes in most, but not all of the six models as seen in the gH and gA cases. Removal of Kd had virtually identical effects both on the phenotype and the currents. For other currents, such as KCa and the Leak, we find two types of responses with nearly half of the models for each case (the exception is model (d) Leak). In the case of the CaT current both the phenotype and the currents composition are very diverse across models. Changes in waveform as conductances are gradually decreased A fuller description of the behavior/phenotype of all of the models for all values of conductance decrements can be seen in Figures 12 and 13. These figures use the probability scheme described in Figure 3 and Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Using these methods, it is possible to see exactly how the waveforms change and the boundaries of activity for each model and each conductance. The panels show the ridges of the probability distributions p(V) of the membrane potential V(t) for 1001 values of maximal conductance values (see Materials and methods).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: In 2017, Sumatra’s Cave yielded teeth identified as Homo sapiens and dated to between 70,000 and 46,000 years ago. Scientists have also identified stone tools in central India as humanmade and dated them to about 74,000 years ago. But in each of these cases, other researchers have questioned the evidence. The newly dated bones come from a massive, sloping cave named Tam Pà Ling, high in the verdant mountains of northern Laos. It’s one of many such grottos in the region, says one of the study’s lead authors, Laura Shackelford, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. “You cannot trip without falling into a cave or sinkhole, sometimes literally. ” Scientists, including archaeologists from the of Information, Culture and Tourism, began excavating Tam Pà Ling in 2009. The cave wasn’t anybody’s permanent home. Every year, seasonal floods wash sediment and sometimes bones from the surface into its depths, building up a layered record. It’s “a trap for fossils,” says co-author Souliphane Boualaphane, an archaeologist with the ministry. There, researchers in 2010 found most of a H. sapiens skull and jawbone, which they dated by OSL to about 46,000 years old. Then in 2017, in an even deeper layer, they discovered a forehead or frontal bone and a piece of shin bone, both identified from their characteristic bone shapes as belonging to our species. These bones were found in the same layer as animal teeth, probably from goats or sheep. Shackelford and colleagues, including geochronologist Kira Westaway, dated the sediment around the forehead and shin by OSL. They dated the animal teeth with a pair of techniques known as uranium-series dating and uranium-series/electron spin resonance dating. Both measure how much radioactive uranium, naturally present in soil, has migrated into a tooth’s enamel over time. By comparing the ratio of uranium isotopes in a sample, which decay at different rates, researchers can estimate how long a specimen has been buried. Based on these techniques, the researchers concluded the human frontal bone and tibia were buried in Tam Pà Ling sometime between 86,000 and 68,000 years ago.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: The probability of V(t) was computed using 30 s of data after dropping a transient period of 120 s. It was estimated using Nb=1001 bins in the range (-70,35)mv and N≈2×106 samples for each maximal conductance value. The system spends more time in regions where dVdt≈0 and is sampled more at those values. Therefore, features such as the amplitudes of the spikes appear as sharp peaks in the probability distributions. To highlight these peaks and visualize how they change as currents are gradually decreased, we plot the derivative or sharpness of the distribution in colors (see color scale in Figure 3D). Overall, these plots show that for any given current, there are ranges of the conductance values where a small change results in a smooth deformation of the waveform, and there are specific values at which abrupt transitions take place. As before there is too much detail to describe everything in these figures so we will discuss a subset of the features highlighted by this representation. Figure 12 Download asset Open asset Changes in waveform as currents are gradually removed. Inward currents. The figure shows the ridges of the probability distribution of V(t) as a function of V and each maximal conductance p(V,gi). The ridges of the probability distributions appear as curves and correspond to values of V where the system spends more time, such as extrema. The panels show how different features of the waveform such as total amplitude, and the amplitude of each spike, change as each current is gradually decreased. Figure 13 Download asset Open asset Changes in waveform as currents are gradually removed. Outward and leak currents. The figure shows the ridges of the probability distribution of V(t) as a function of V and each maximal conductance p(V,gi). 12. The top rows in Figure 12 correspond to removing the Na current in the models. Note that the minimum value of V in control (left) is close to -50mV and a small decrement in gNa results in larger amplitude. The colored curves inside the envelopes correspond to the spikes’ amplitudes and features of the slow waves.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 1posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: Because genetic evidence suggests that all living non-Africans left that continent later, the bones must represent a population that ventured out from Africa in an earlier wave and didn’t leave their genetic mark in living people. A human forehead bone and shin bone fragment were in the same layer as animal teeth dated to between 68,000 and 86,000 years ago. “People might say, ‘Oh, yes, but they were unsuccessful … [and didn’t leave a legacy in] our DNA,’” Westaway says. “But it doesn’t discount the fact that they were there. It’s still an incredible achievement” to voyage halfway around the world and carve out life in a new environment. No tools have been found at the site, Shackelford adds, possibly because people here crafted implements with readily available bamboo, which decays over time, rather than stone. Maxime Aubert, a geochemist and archaeologist at Griffith University, says the paper’s dating methods are “state of the art” and reinforce the previous claims from Sumatra. This summer, he and colleagues are excavating caves in Borneo and Sulawesi that may add to the evidence of humans in the region around this time. The paper convincingly “demonstrates that there was an earlier, unsuccessful migration of modern humans into Asia that left no descendants,” Ciochon says. The combination of dating methods that all converge on a similar age range inspires confidence, he adds. Shackelford says her team isn’t done exploring the Laotian mountains. “You go 5 feet and there’s another site,” she says. “Every one of those we need to explore. ” Although the scientists have yet to find DNA within any of the bones at Tam Pà Ling, next year they will look for traces of it in the ground beneath their feet. Within this so-called environmental DNA, “we are … hoping to find DNA of the plants, animals, microns, pathogens, and hopefully humans that lived in this environment,” Boualaphane says. Update, 14 June, 10:45 a. m. : This story has been updated to include comment from archaeologist Souliphane Boualaphane. doi: 10. 1126/science.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: For instance, when the Na current is completely removed (right) the amplitude of the oscillation is ≈40mV and the activity corresponds to a single-spike bursting mode. The spike amplitude is given by the top edge of the colored region and the curve near ≈-20mV indicates the burst ‘belly’: the membrane hyperpolarizes slowly after spike termination and there is a wiggle at this transition. Removing CaT in model (a) does not disrupt bursting activity immediately. Notice that the amplitude of the bursts remains approximately constant over a range of gCaT values. The dim red and yellow lines at ≈20mV show that the amplitudes of the spikes are different and have different dependences with gCaT. When the model transitions into a tonic spiking regime, the amplitude of the spikes is the same and there is only one amplitude value. This value stays constant over a range but the minimum membrane potential decreases and the overall amplitude therefore increases. The model returns to a bursting regime for values of gCaT smaller than 30%gCaT. Notice that in model (a) the membrane potential during bursts goes below -50mV, unlike in the control condition. Notice that the waveform of the membrane potential changes abruptly as gCaT is reduced and the models transition into a spiking regime. Model (f) is less resilient to this perturbation and this transition takes place at lower conductance values. Removing CaS does not much change the waveform, but it alters the temporal properties of the activity. The models remain bursting up to a critical value and the amplitude of the spikes was changed little. The features of the slow wave do not much change either except in model (f). Model (c) is less resilient to this perturbation since it becomes quiescent for lower decrements of the maximal conductance than the other models. The effect of gradually removing H appears similar to CaS in this representation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1–3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6–8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: Why did the dinosaurs become extinct? Could cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) deficiency be the answer? Published online by Press: 13 March 2019 D. R. Fraser [Opens in a new window] Show author details D. R. Fraser* Affiliation: of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia * *Corresponding author: D. R. Fraser, email david. fraser@sydney. edu. au 0. 27 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Palaeontological deductions from the fossil remnants of extinct dinosaurs tell us much about their classification into species as well as about their physiological and behavioural characteristics. Geological evidence indicates that dinosaurs became extinct at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene eras, about 66 million years ago, at a time when there was worldwide environmental change resulting from the impact of a large celestial object with the Earth and/or from vast volcanic eruptions. However, apart from the presumption that climate change and interference with food supply contributed to their extinction, no biological mechanism has been suggested to explain why such a diverse range of terrestrial vertebrates ceased to exist. One of perhaps several contributing mechanisms comes by extrapolating from the physiology of the avian descendants of dinosaurs. This raises the possibility that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) deficiency of developing embryos in dinosaur eggs could have caused their death before hatching, thus extinguishing the entire family of dinosaurs through failure to reproduce. extinctionSolar UVB radiationEmbryo mortalityFossilised eggs in of 2019 e9 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2019 At the end of the Cretaceous era, about 66 million years ago (Mya), there was a mass extinction of many animal species around the world, including the large and diverse family of dinosaurs. The challenge of explaining this huge loss of biological diversity has been the province of geologists and palaeontologists. Their expertise in dating rocks and in reconstructing the characteristics of these long-gone life forms, from fossil bone and tooth fragments, is a remarkable achievement of scientific observation and analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: In this case again, the morphology of the waveform is less altered than its temporal properties (except in model (e) where a transition takes place). Figure 13 shows the same plots for the outward and leak currents. current in model (a) is very small (gA≈10μS) and its removal has little effect on the activity. This translates into curves that appear as parallel lines indicating spikes with different amplitudes that remain unchanged. The rest of the models exhibit a transition into a different regime. The waveforms of this regime appears similar to the waveforms which result from removing gNa (see Figure 7) but in this representation it is easier to observe differences such as the overall amplitude of the oscillation. The amplitude decreases as gNa is decreased and increases as gA is decreased. Removing KCa has a similar effect to removing gCaT in that the models transition into tonic spiking regimes. The difference is that the spiking regimes that result from removing KCa have smaller amplitudes and also correspond to more depolarized states. All models are very sensitive to removing Kd and low values result in single-spike bursting modes with large amplitudes. Model (c) is least fragile to this perturbation and exhibits a visible range (∼100% to ∼90%) with bursting modes. These oscillations break down in a similar way to the Na case and display similar patterns. However, an important difference is that unlike in the gNa case, the overall amplitude of the oscillation increases as gKd is decreased. As before, the top edge corresponds to the amplitude of the large spike and the curves in the colored region correspond to extrema of the oscillation. After spiking, the membrane remains at a constant depolarized value (≈-20mV) for a long period and produces a high-frequency oscillation before hyperpolarization. The amplitude of this oscillation increases as Kd is further decreased, and this results in a white curve that starts above 0mV and ends above 0mV.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin–1β (IL–1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11–14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15–18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson’s disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: Thus the family Dinosauria would have been susceptible to extinction by a range of environmental changes to which they could not adapt(Reference Sakamoto, Benton and Venditti7). Nevertheless, others have concluded that there is little evidence for a gradual decline worldwide in the diversity of dinosaur species, in contrast to that in North America, over the long term before the fossil record indicated that all non-avian dinosaurs had become extinct(Reference Brusatte, Butler and Barrett8). Although the debate between the gradualists and the catastrophists appears to be still unresolved, both groups of palaeontologists do agree that the dating of dinosaur fossils ended in the era of the Chicxulub impact event. Even if the diversity of dinosaur species had been in decline, the gradualists do acknowledge that the worldwide environmental changes caused by that impact could have led to their final extinction. Clearly the effect of the asteroid or comet collision would have been devastating to all life forms in a wide geographical region around the impact site. The proposed environmental changes that would have occurred worldwide include a period of dim sunlight because of solar radiation absorption by ejected p4. 2H2O)(Reference Pierazzo, Kring and Melosh10) as well as hydrocarbons(and Oshima11). A result of the asteroid impact would have been the ejection into the stratosphere of particulate carbon soot, CO2 and sulfate aerosols(Reference Kaiho, Oshima and Adachi12). This would have had a marked cooling effect on the climate from the absorption of much solar radiation. Because such geological sites that are rich in sulfur and carbon deposits are not plentiful, it has been suggested that if the asteroid impact had occurred in most other regions of the world, the probability of mass extinctions would have been much less(and Oshima11). Conclusions about the biological effects of the Chicxulub impact have focused on the undoubted environmental changes of temperature, light intensity, sea temperatures, sea levels and climate disruption in the months and probably years following the impact. The implications of these changes are that a consequent restricted food supply for many life forms that disappeared would have contributed to their extinction. One result of the asteroid collision with Earth, that has not been considered from a biological perspective, is a particular effect from the ejection into the stratosphere of the sulfur aerosols.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: The beginning of this curve corresponds to a high-frequency oscillation that occurs after spike termination. This type of activity is termed plateau oscillations and was reported in models of leech heart interneurons (Cymbalyuk and Calabrese, 2000) and in experiments in lamprey spinal neurons (Wang et al. , 2014). These features are hardly visible in the traces in Figure 8 and are highlighted by this representation. Finally, the Leak case appears similar to mixture of the Na and A cases. The cells remain bursting over a range of values and some of them transition into a single-spike bursting mode that is different from the KCa case. Changes in current contributions as conductances are gradually decreased The key to the visualization method in Figures 12 and 13 is to consider V(t) not as a time series but as a stochastic variable with a probability distribution (see Figure 3 and supplement). The same procedure can be applied to the time series of each current. However, because the contributions of the currents are different at different times, and at different decrements of conductance values, it is not possible to display this information using the same scale for all channels. To overcome this, we proceed as in the currentscapes and instead focus on the normalized currents or shares to the total inward and outward currents (the rows of matrices C^+ and C^-, see Materials and methods). The current shares Ci^(t) correspond to the width of the color bands in the currentscapes and can also be represented by a time series that is normalized to the interval [0,1]. The probability distribution of Ci^(t) permits displaying changes in the contributions of each current to the activity as one current is gradually removed. Interpreting these distributions is straightforward as before: the number of times the system is sampled in a given current share configuration is proportional to the time the system spends there. The aim of plotting these distributions is to visualize how the currentscapes would change for all values of the conductance decrement. To illustrate this procedure, we return to CaT to explore further the causes of the complex behavior of model (f) (see Figure 9).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells, suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient humans could communicate with dinosaurs before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: By comparison with egg biology of modern birds, the thinning of the shells was attributed to abnormal hormonal control of the calcification process, as a result of environmental stress. Strangely, as a possible explanation, there was no mention of cholecalciferol deficiency which is a well-established cause of thin shells in eggs of the domestic hen(Reference Narbaitz, Tsang and Grunder29). Apart from shell thickness, another feature of dinosaur eggs that has been explored is the length of incubation. By remarkable deductive analysis it has been concluded that the incubation times of eggs of various dinosaur species are longer than those of their descendant modern-day birds. Lee(Reference Lee30) estimated the metabolic rate of embryonic dinosaurs in comparison with that of birds and crocodiles and concluded that dinosaur egg incubation times were up to 76 d. However, Erickson et al. (Reference Erickson, Zelenitsky and Kay31), by measuring the growth lines in fossilised dinosaur embryo teeth estimated, more directly, the incubation times of dinosaur eggs. On the presumption that dinosaurs, like modern birds, were endothermic, they deduced that dinosaur egg incubation times were at least twice as long as those of birds, being up to 171 d, which is comparable with those of eggs of poikilothermic modern reptiles. Using this tooth growth-line technique, Varricchio et al. (Reference Varricchio, Kundrat and Hogan32) calculated that the incubation time of a theropod dinosaur (Troodon formosus) was 74 d compared with an average avian incubation time of 44 d. Even if female dinosaurs had sufficient 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in their bodies to produce the hormone 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to allow egg shell formation in the oviduct, unless they had a daily input of cholecalciferol to incorporate into the yolk being laid down in ovarian follicles, the eggs would have contained insufficient cholecalciferol to meet the needs of embryos during their prolonged period of incubation. The cholecalciferol-deficient dinosaur embryos, like those of the modern birds would either die during development, or else just before hatching.

Output: pass