Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: To provide energy security, although indigenous energy generation in the Philippines is quite modest and accounts for 22% from geothermal, 12% from biomass, and 6% from hydropower, it still has to cover a large distance to minimize the dependency on imported oil. As the major instrument for realizing the energy sector’s vision of achieving energy independence, the Department of Energy (DOE) is currently crafting the 2012–2030 Plan (PEP). As embodied in the Act (EPIRA), the economy’s electricity supply industry has been restructured, paving the way for the privatization of the state-owned Corporation (NPC). While oil pricing is deregulated, electricity pricing is a regulated energy commodity. The price for electricity is set by the Commission (ERC). Alongside the implementation of the EPIRA is the unbundling of electricity rates. In view of the Philippines’ wide-ranging geographical situation, to fully connect the entire population to the national grid is a significant hurdle. Servicing the most remote and difficult-to-electrify rural areas will require significant resources; hence, achieving a 100% electrification level over the outlook period remains a challenge for the economy. Among all the other types of renewable energy sources like hydro and wind power there are lots of constraints because of geoclimatic factors, which ultimately leads to further push to geothermal energy as potential source of energy. 2. 5. Solution common for both countries2. 5. 1. Energy mix policySustainable energy policies are likely to succeed if they also contribute toward other societal and economic development objectives in the future. From the standpoint of economic analysis, the optimum quantity of geothermal energy that should be in energy mix is given by intersection of the geothermal supply curve with the avoided social costs of thermal energy. 2. 5. 2. Feed-in TariffShould tariff ceilings be based on estimates of production costs, or on the basis of estimated benefits? A tariff should be rational, and in support of clearly defined objectives. This would ensure that the resources are not developed for their own sake simply because they exist, and because it is generally held to be desirable. The tariff methodology should be transparent (and documented as part of a tariff issuance), with clearly stated assumptions. A tariff should promote economic efficiency. A tariff should be adaptable to changing circumstances. This requires the methodology to have a defined basis and provide for review and updating to a clearly stated timetable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The "inconsistent results" of the ANOVAs on transformed proportions that "depended on the time point selected for the analysis" probably reflect an interesting biological reality about the mechanisms of action of settlement cues. It does no good to use a real response variable (proportion or frequency of settlement) to estimate a parameter for a hypothetical settlement rate function that itself makes a physiologically unrealistic assumption (constant probability of settlement, line 197), and then look for treatment effects on that parameter. And despite the high r values claimed for the model (Fig. 2A), it is clear from that same figure that the settlement rate function does not always accurately predict settlement (e. g. , data points for ACW*PMG). My second objection is that the authors' own ANOVAs on proportion data (Table 2) are actually more informative and sensitive than the ANOVA on settlement rate (Table 3). The settlement rate analysis in Table 3 cannot even detect a significant main treatment effect of adult-conditioned water, which was apparent in the ANOVA on proportions and in several previous studies cited by the authors. The authors use an alternative to ANOVA, confidence interval comparison, to demonstrate a significant treatment effect of pedal mucus on settlement (Fig. 4). This effect had not emerged from the ANOVA on settlement rate, but there was a near-significant effect of mucus in the ANOVA on proportions. The report of settlement in response to adult pedal mucus is in fact a valuable contribution of this study. (By the way, the bars in Fig. 4 seem to be consistent with the source data in the supplementary files for that figure, but I can't reconcile them with the values reported in Results line 258). However, I wonder if the effect of pedal mucus could have been equally well demonstrated with a confidence-interval approach applied to proportion data from later time points in the bioassay, or even from an ANOVA like Table 2 in more homogeneous cohorts of larvae. Additional comments We need well-controlled, thoughtfully-designed and statistically-tractable bioassays in order to make any progress characterizing settlement cues in C fornicata and other animals. Your assay design (with the exception of the artificial hatching and pooling of egg masses) accomplishes that, but to my mind you haven't made a convincing case for using lambda instead of settlement frequencies as the response variable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Paladino, N; Leone, MJ; Plano, SA; Golombek, DAPaying the circadian toll: the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4 J Neuroimmunol 225: 62–67, DOI: [PubMed] Marpegan, L; Bekinschtein, TA; Costas, MA; Golombek, DACircadian responses to endotoxin treatment in mice J Neuroimmunol 160: 102–109, DOI: [PubMed] Xiao, S; Manley, NRImpaired thymic selection and abnormal antigen-specific T cell responses in Foxn1(Delta/Delta) mutant mice PLoS One 5: e15396. DOI: [PubMed] Kerbel, RSHuman tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved Ther 2: S134–139. [PubMed] Filipski, E; Li, XM; Levi, FDisruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Delaunay, F; King, VM; Wu, MW; Claustrat, B; Grechez-Cassiau, A; Guettier, C; Hastings, MH; Francis, LEffects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice 64: 7879–7885, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Subramanian, P; Carriere, J; Guettier, C; Barbason, H; Levi, FCircadian disruption accelerates liver carcinogenesis in mice 680: 95–105, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Levi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8: 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Wu, M; Zeng, J; Chen, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhang, J; Cai, Y; Ye, Y; Fu, L; Xian, L; Chen, ZExperimental chronic jet lag promotes growth and lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice 27: 1417–1428.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Since the government is the key stakeholder in energy business, this is certainly a great advocacy move for renewable energy to grow further in the Japanese market by following institutional strengthening factors:Continue favorable Feed-in Tariff (FIT) as fundamental policyDevelop better energy mix policyShorten the time taken for environmental assessment in developing renewable energy sitesAddress and solve current problems like high costs for electricity generation, intermittent energy supplies, restriction of development locations, through feasible long-term and short-term policy measuresLooking for small-to-medium-scaled geothermal power aligned with technological advances such as low cost binary cycles utilizing existing hot springs and heat pumps utilizing temperatures differences just beneath the surface of ground, both of which do not require a huge risky investment such as drilling the new ground very deeply, do not take years for addressing the impact on surrounding nature and for exploration, and can be implemented without a huge distribution plant will be a good source as primary energy because they can continuously provide stable sustainable energy source throughout a year regardless of changes in weather and no ill-effect on the grid stability. Finally, apart from the challenges, optimization of geothermal energy usage will lead to all win-win situation for all around the society by giving positive social impacts (reducing poverty, enhancing equality, health, community safety), being environmentally benevolent (no environmental pollution as well as biodiversity conservation) and renewable, efficiently produced, country like Japan must have a big go to these projects. 1. Ingvar, B. , Fridleifsson, Ruggero Bertani, R. , Ernst Huenges, E. , John, W. L. und, Arni Ragnarsson, A. , Ladislaus Rybach, L. 2008. The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. on Sources – Proceedings, 59-80. 2. Shortall, R. , Davidsdottir, B. , Axelsson, G. 2015. Geothermal energy for sustainable development: A review of sustainability impacts and assessment frameworks. Energy Rev, 44: 391-406. 3. Asia biomass office report: Indonesia is Doubling the of Electricity from Generation to Accelerate its Adoption ( John, W. L. ,und, Tonya, L. B. oyd, 2015. of 2015 Worldwide Review. 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April, 2015. 5. Ministry of Finance. 2009.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted May 2, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Logan, RW; Zhang, C; Murugan, S; O’Connell, S; Levitt, D; Rosenwasser, AM; Sarkar, DKChronic shift-lag alters the circadian clock of NK cells and promotes lung cancer growth in rats J Immunol 188: 2583–2591, DOI: [PubMed] Beau, J; Levi, F; Motta, RThe influence of the athymic mutation nude on the components of the circadian rhythm of activity in mice 7: 371–376, DOI: [PubMed] Plano, SA; Agostino, PV; Golombek, DAExtracellular nitric oxide signaling in the hamster biological clock FEBS Lett 581: 5500–5504, DOI: [PubMed] Schwartz, WJ; Zimmerman, PCircadian timekeeping in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains J Neurosci 10: 3685–3694. [PubMed] Blask, DE; Dauchy, RT; Sauer, LA; Krause, JA; Brainard, GCGrowth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression 79: 313–320, DOI: [PubMed] Blumenthal, RD; Waskewich, C; Goldenberg, DM; Lew, W; Flefleh, C; Burton, JChronotherapy and chronotoxicity of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in athymic mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts Res 7: 3178–3185. [PubMed] Yasuniwa, Y; Izumi, H; Wang, KY; Shimajiri, S; Sasaguri, Y; Kawai, K; Kasai, H; Shimada, T; Miyake, K; Kashiwagi, ECircadian disruption accelerates tumor growth and angio/stromagenesis through a Wnt signaling pathway PLoS One 5: e15330.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Sustainable operation of geothermal power plants: why economics matters access Published: 15 March 2021 Sustainable operation of geothermal power plants: why economics matters Fynn V. Hackstein1 & : orcid. org/0000-0003-1514-64862,3 2. 9 €-ct/kWh and 16. 9 €-ct/kWh are found, which are further scrutinized by a detailed sensitivity analysis. The hydrothermal system, in contrast to the petrothermal system investigated, is found to be able to meet several of the sustainability criteria examined (extraction equals recharge, operating lifetime of 100 to 300 years), whereas economically optimal operation leads to excessive overexploitation in both cases, showing a distinct trade-off between profit maximization and sustainable operation that has not been discussed in the literature so far. IntroductionTo meet the challenges of climate change, renewable energy sources will have to replace fossil fuels at a massive scale well before the end of this century (Bauer 2014a: 27). Especially the vast and ubiquitous energy stored in the earth’s interior offers an immense potential to which more attention should be paid (Mongillo et al. 2010: 9). The heat and power generation from geothermal sources is continuously available and therefore base-load capable, which is an important advantage over most other renewable energy sources (Zhang et al. 2014: 788). Moreover, it can be found “practically everywhere” (Barbier 2002: 56f) because the heat stored in the bedrock is supplied both by radioactive decay within the rock and by the heat flow from the earth's interior all around the world (Bauer 2014b: 7). Even if the technical potentialFootnote 1 is only a fraction of the energy stored underground, it could still cover human energy needs for centuries (Tester et al. 2006: 12; Paschen et al. 2003: 5). Geothermal resources have been defined as “the energy that could reasonably be extracted at cost competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time” (Muffler and Cataldi 1978: 53). Up to now, however, economical use only exists for a few places with particularly favorable site conditions (Grant and Garg 2012: 1). As a result, with 16 GWe of installed capacity in 2020 (Hutter 2020: 2), geothermal energy represents only a tiny share of world total electricity generation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: teleost fishes exhibit a biphasic life history with a larval oceanic phase that is transformed into morphologically and physiologically different demersal, benthic, or pelagic juveniles. This process of transformation is characterized by a myriad of hormone-induced changes, during the often abrupt transition between larval and juvenile phases called metamorphosis. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be instrumental in triggering and coordinating this transformation but other hormonal systems such as corticoids, might be also involved as it is the case in amphibians. In order to investigate the potential involvement of these two hormonal pathways in marine fish post-embryonic development, we used the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) as a model system. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine larval developmental stages. We studied the expression patterns of genes involved in TH and corticoid pathways, as well as four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolism. Surprisingly, we observed an activation of many of the same pathways involved in metamorphosis also at an early stage of the larval development, suggesting an additional implication of these pathways in the formation of early larval features. Overall, our data brings new evidence to the controversial interplay between corticoids and thyroid hormones during metamorphosis as well as, surprisingly, during the early larval development. Further experiments will be needed to investigate the precise role of both pathways during these two distinct periods and whether an early activation of both corticoid and TH pathways occurs in other teleost species. eLife assessment The work provides valuable genomic resources to address the endocrine control of a life cycle transition in the Malabar grouper fish. The revised manuscript is more solid and the resources and experimental data help to build up a meaningful biological understanding of thyroid signaling in grouper fish. Read the peer reviews About eLife assessments teleost fishes have a stage-structured life cycle that includes a transition between larval and juvenile phases known as metamorphosis; this transition is regulated by TH (Laudet, 2011; McMenamin and Parichy, 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: We would like to suggest that the existence of a daily rhythm in Hcy concentration may have possible health-related consequences to shift workers, who were shown to be at an increased cardiovascular risk [15]. Firstly, reversing the meals' schedule to a nocturnal orientation such that the time of major meal coincides with the time of the physiological peak of Hcy may have at least transient cardiovascular consequences. It was shown that an increase in Hcy concentration rapidly induces impaired elasticity of the coronary microvascular and central arterial circulation [16,17], conditions predictive of increased cardiovascular events rate [18]. Furthermore, even small physiological increments in Hcy concentration, induced by low-dose methionine or dietary animal protein meals that are more relevant to shift workers, induce a dose-related graded impairement in endothelial functioning [19]. Thus, consuming methionine or animal-protein-rich foods during the middle of the night may result in a greater risk of severe transient impairment in endothelial function than when a similar meal is consumed at the habitual lunch time during the day. Although we did not find significant differences in Hcy concentrations after methioning loading at 0900 and 2100, as expected, morning levels tended to be lower, and the initial increase in Hcy during the first 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning. This difference bordered on statistical significance. It is possible that, had we performed the methinine loading closer to the time of the nocturnal peak in Hcy, between 10 PM and midnight, this day-night difference would have been larger. Secondly, we do not know how the desynchronization between the circadian system and the enviornment which occurs in rotating shift workers may affect the rhythm in Hcy concentrations and its overall plasma concentration. Recently, Martins et al [20] reported that long-haul bus drivers working shifts had higher concentrations of Hcy than a control group of day workers. In a study just completed in our laboratory we found that rotating shift workers who complained of disturbed sleep had significantly higher concentrations of Hcy than permanent day workers, or shift workers without sleep disturbances (paper submitted to press).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: In the future, so-called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) could also enable to develop unconventional reservoirs which do not by nature provide all optimal conditions required for the recovery of geothermal energy (Tester et al. 2006: 1). Some 90% of the total accessible geothermal energy is present in the form of hot dry rock (HDR) (Jiang et al. 2014: 300), which is characterized by low permeability and the absence of water (Stober and Bucher 2014: 53). Using EGS technology these HDRs could be used to create artificially fractured reservoirs at the desired volume, with appropriate temperature, and at an accessible depth (Barbier 2002: 55). “This will provide almost unlimited energy, since almost any geological site […] could be considered as a reservoir” (Chamorro et al. 2012: 12). Due to this, EGS, as an emerging HDR heat utilization technology, has attracted broad attention in many countries around the world (Dalmais et al. 2019; Jiang et al. 2014: 300; Ziagos et al. 2013: 1). At the end of 2019, there were 130 operating power plants in Europe, with a total generation capacity of 3. 3 GWe, an additional 36 projects under development, and another 124 projects in the planning phase. This means that the number of operating plants could double within the next 5 to 8 years (EGEC 2020: 9). Geothermal energy is often considered both a sustainable and a renewable energy source, but these terminologies must be handled with caution, especially with regard to conductive systems. While the former describes how the resource is utilized, the latter describes a natural property of the resource (Stefansson 2000: 883; Axelsson et al. 2010: 3). There are different and controversial definitions in the literature, so that a clarification and proper use of these terms is an absolute necessity in order to avoid confusion both in research and the political discussion. Obviously, some technological barriers still exist that prevent the massive use of geothermal energy. In the case of deep geothermal energy use, in addition to the need for drilling several kilometers into crystalline basement rock formations, reservoir stimulation creates additional challenges and obstacles. It has not yet reached the level that a desired network of fractures can be achieved without severe efforts (Chen and Jiang 2015: 41).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Of all teleost fishes, flatfishes experience one of the most extreme metamorphosis, with significant changes occurring in their body organization and appearance during this period, switching from a symmetrical to an asymmetrical body plan (Schreiber, 2013; Shao et al. , 2017). However, metamorphic changes are not always as pronounced in other fish species. For example, the metamorphosis of zebrafish is mainly marked by relatively discrete pigmentation changes that appear to be regulated by TH (Brown, 1997; Guillot et al. , 2016; McMenamin et al. , 2014; Walpita et al. , 2009). Metamorphosis in teleost fishes is not only marked by visible changes in the body, but also by a range of ecological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral changes. These changes are thought to be initiated and coordinated by a surge of TH, which regulates various signaling pathways through the action of specific transcription factors known as thyroid hormone receptors (TRα, TRβ). For example, there is evidence that TH is associated with the transition between oceanic and coral reef environments in the convict surgeonfish (Holzer et al. , 2017), controls pigmentation changes in zebrafish, clownfish, and grouper (Salis et al. , 2021; Saunders et al. , 2019), regulates ossification processes in zebrafish and flatfishes (Campinho et al. , 2018; Pelayo et al. , 2012) and is involved in the shift of visual perception by controlling the expression of opsin genes in many species (Roux et al. , 2023; Volkov et al. , 2020). More recently, it has also been suggested that the metabolic changes that occur during larval development in teleosts may be regulated by TH, as demonstrated in clownfish (Roux et al. , 2023). Of note in some cases, like groupers (elongated spines) (Colin and Koenig, 1996; Kohno et al. , 1993; Powell and Tucker, 1992) or carapids (vexillum appendage) (Govoni, 1984), some changes occur very early on and are considered as temporary specialization of the pelagic larval stages, serving as anti-predator defense (Moster, 1981), flotation (Nonaka et al. , 2021) or camouflage (Leis and Carson-Ewart, 2000).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, life-style related factors like smoking and heavy coffee consumption that were shown to be associated with increased Hcy concentration [21,22], are more prevalent among shift workers than among day workers [23], and may also contribute to increased Hcy concentration. Of note, decreasing levels of melatonin induced by pinealectomy in rats were reported to be associated with increased plasma concentrations of Hcy, while treatment with exogenous melatonin restored it to basal concentrations [24]. Thus, suppression of melatonin by bright light during night work may be also associated with increased Hcy concentration. In view of the fact that Hcy is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, more research is needed on the possible role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in shift workers. results demonstrated a daily rhythm in plasma concentrations of Hcy with a nocturnal peak that was independent of sleep-wake cycle and food consumption. There were no comparable rhythms in the concentrations of methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, nor in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. Methionine loading at 9 AM and 9 PM produced a comparable time-dependent increase in Hcy concentrations with a tendency toward a higher increase in the evening during the first 2 hours after loading. In view of the possible involvement of Hcy in cardiovascular morbidity, and of the increased cardiovascular morbidity in shift wokers, these findings may have implications to shift workers health. List of abbreviations Hcy – homocysteine EEG – Electroencephalography EMG – electromyography EOG – electrooculography EDTA – ethylanediaminetetraacetic acid CV – coefficient of variation ANOVA – analysis of variance Competing interests None declared. Author's contribution PL and LL co-designed the study, supervised the data collection and data analysis and wrote the paper. 128. [PubMed] and Robinson, K (1996). Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis J Cardiol 27: 517–527, [PubMed] DOI: and Hennekens, CH (1992). A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in 268: 877–881, [PubMed] DOI: and Refsum, HM (1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Consequently, well productivity remains another great technological challenge for the commercialization of EGS (Jelacic et al. 2008: 6). However, given the developments in power generation, such as the rapid rise in photovoltaics over the last two decades, which 20 years ago was surpassed by a factor of 100 by geothermal energy in terms of electricity production (Fridleifsson 2001: 308), it is important to consider further possible technical breakthroughs in other segments as well. Given the right circumstances, such as a stable policy framework, proper insurance schemes, sound research and development and demonstration (RD&D) policies as well as carbon pricing and the abandonment of supporting fossil fuels, the use of geothermal energy could scale up very rapidly (EGEC 2020: 15). The future of geothermal energy will strongly depend on the extent that geothermal power plant deployment can be accelerated. Other sources of renewable energy are developing rapidly, whereas geothermal power growth over the last 5 years has been limited to a mere 3. 65 GWe and only slightly offsets the linear growth trend observed since 2010 (Hutter 2020: 1). However, if the state of the art is about to reach a level at which commercial use of geothermal energy would be feasible at any given place, it is of interest to know in advance what the usage of these resources and the resulting effects could look like. Therefore, the focus of this study is not exclusively on natural systems, but also EGS. Economics and sustainable operation of geothermal resources are two topics that are usually considered as two separate issues in the literature. This research aims to establish a connection between the two fields via a hybrid techno-economic optimization model that treats extraction rates as endogenous, thus enabling the joint evaluation of geothermal resources in both monetary terms (economic viability, profit maximization) and with regard to optimal lifetime (sustainability of resource use). To set up the model, a comprehensive review of current literature in the field of sustainability and economics regarding geothermal power generation was carried out. On this basis, several cost functions were derived, which ultimately can all be displayed as a function of the extraction rate, which in return determines the expected reservoir lifetime. In addition to this, the model also includes geological properties that reflect the regeneration capacity of the reservoir.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: It is still unclear if these are late developmental processes occurring after hatching or early manifestations of metamorphosis. Besides the TH signaling pathway, other actors have been shown to be important in metamorphosis regulation. For example, studies have provided clear evidence that corticoids and TH are interacting together to regulate amphibian metamorphosis (Denver, 2009; Paul et al. , 2022; Sachs and Buchholz, 2019). But as far as we know, there is limited information available regarding the interaction between corticoids and TH during fish metamorphosis. Although a synergistic effect of cortisol and TH has been observed in flatfish metamorphosis (advancement of morphological changes), there has been insufficient investigation into the communication between corticoids and TH pathways during teleost metamorphosis (de Jesus et al. , 1991; de Jesus et al. , 1990). More research is needed, and the use of genomic analysis would be a good way to investigate which pathways are associated with early larval development and metamorphosis. The use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, such as transcriptomics, has made it possible to study gene expression in greater detail, especially when combined with a high-quality annotated genome, which has enabled the identification of genes that may be involved in the key biological changes that occur during metamorphosis. These techniques have provided valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive metamorphosis in teleost fishes (Mazurais, 2011). Most of the studies investigating the transcriptomic changes during marine fish larval development have been focused on commercial fish species used in aquaculture to: (i) gain insight into the key biological processes that occur, (ii) identify the genes involved in these processes, and (iii) find ways to improve rearing conditions to ensure high survival rates and harmonious development (Mazurais, 2011). However, these studies rarely mention metamorphosis to explain the onset of the various processes occurring during the transition between larval and juvenile stages. This is another reason why studying the molecular changes occurring during the larval development of the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus is very relevant. In addition, as mentioned above, groupers display elongate appendages during early larval development that disappear over time, providing an interesting way to study the development of these enigmatic structures (Colin and Koenig, 1996; de Jesus et al. , 1998).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Evidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? DownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareDebateEvidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? -UrgelAbstractExamples of circadian rhythms have been described in eukaryotic organisms and in photosynthetic bacteria, but direct proof of their existence in other prokaryotes is limited and has been largely ignored. The aim of this 10. 1186/1740-3391-8-8Submitted on Mar 10, 2010Accepted on Sep 16, 2010Published on Sep 16, 2010CC BY 4. 0 and physiological processes taking place with a periodicity of around 24 h have been described in many organisms [1]. Circadian cycles, synchronized and entrained by light and darkness cycles determine in mammals the periods of sleep and vigil, changes in body temperature or hormone production, among other functions. In plants, the release of hormones such as ethylene, certain developmental processes, or the release of seed and root exudates are subject to this periodicity [2]. The absence of circadian cycles is generally assumed for bacteria, except in the case of cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are either spatially segregated in heterocyst-forming bacteria, or temporally separated and controlled by circadian periodicity. Both processes would not be possible at the same time in a single cell, because oxygen released during photosynthesis inhibits nitrogenase activity. Circadian rhythms in photosynthetic bacteria are being thoroughly studied, and the molecular mechanisms that allow the functioning and maintenance of the circadian clock are fairly well understood [3]. The clock is composed of three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which function as a central oscillator through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles. The system is synchronized via a signal input pathway in which sensory proteins are known to transmit light/darkness information to the clock, while a series of clock-controlled regulators transduce the temporal information to downstream processes. Expression of a significant number of genes appears to be modified in response to light/darkness cycles and circadian oscillations, indicating that this type of control is not limited to certain specific features of cyanobacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: However, temperature is not necessarily linked to the heat transport mechanism, which is meant to play an important role in the context of sustainable operation. Convection-based reservoirs: Convection-based systems comprise the vast majority of operating geothermal power plants worldwide. Due to their presence and the many decades of operation they are also referred to as conventional or natural systems (Friedleifsson et al. 2008: 68; Williams 2010: 1). They are either controlled by an igneous activity in volcanic areas, faults in extensional terrains, or a combination of both, such as intrusive bodies at fault zones (Moeck 2014: 871). Due to strong heat anomalies and the convective setting, the natural energy flow to such a system can be very high (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 314). We hereafter refer to the energy flow towards the system as recharge. Classically, convective geothermal reservoirs are of a hydrothermal nature, but also the recharge of unconventional EGS could be based on convection, as for example with favorable conditions like in the Graben, where hydraulic-convective heat and fluid re-supply from the far field can be effective due to large-scale permeable faults (Vidal and Genter 2018: 68). Conduction-based reservoirs: Geothermal systems in passive plate tectonic settings are usually conduction-based due to the absence of asthenospheric anomalies as well as faults in the crust. A distinction can be made between reservoirs in sedimentary rock and crystalline rock. The former includes hydrothermal systems, meaning deep aquifers that have been heated by a near normal heat flow (Moeck 2014: 874), while the latter is referred to as a petrothermal system, but more commonly known as HDR. The energy recharge of a conduction-based reservoir is quite limited compared to that in a convective setting. It is a relatively slow process where a time constant of the order of hundreds of years is needed to characterize the process, whereas time constants in the range of days or months are suitable to describe the process of convection (Stefansson 2000: 884–885). Sustainability and renewabilitySustainability is a very comprehensive topic. This work considers only the temporal component, as sustainability is first and foremost a question of the temporally resolved consumption of an existing resource in connection with its regeneration rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Our study will thus allow for a better understanding of the biological processes at play during the early larval development and metamorphosis, and to understand the carry-over effect in the context of aquaculture. Indeed, it is well known that rearing conditions may impact welfare and growth at later stages and understanding the molecular changes occurring during the development of this species might be useful to enhance survival rates (Dingeldein and White, 2016; Gagliano et al. , 2007; Ward and Slaney, 1988). Grouper (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae) are a group of fish of both economic and ecological importance. Inhabiting temperate and tropical waters of eastern and southern regions Indo-Pacific region, East Atlantic, Mediterranean regions, and the intertropical American zone, they comprise 165 species in 16 genera (Craig and Heemstra, 2011; Pierre et al. , 2008). Ecologically, groupers provide a wide variety of important functions as large top-level predators (Ribeiro et al. , 2021). However, due to their high economic value on the food market, more than 40 species are at risk of extinction (Luiz et al. , 2016; Sadovy de Mitcheson et al. , 2013). This has led to the widespread development of grouper aquaculture farms, which produced 155,000 tons per year according to the Food and of the in 2015, with 95% of global production occurring in Asia (FishStatJ, 2017; Rimmer and Glamuzina, 2019). Despite wide variations in growth rate, body size, and color, groupers share many biological traits and lifestyles, such as protogynous hermaphroditism, complex social structure (Heemstra, 1993), and a biphasic lifestyle. Like many marine fishes, groupers larvae hatched after 24–48 hr of embryonic development giving rise to a transparent elongated larvae surrounded by an embryonic fin fold. After a couple of days melanophores colonize the tail (after the anus) and the gut. Shortly after the elongated appendages composed of two pelvic spines and the second dorsal spines both displaying melanophores at their tips appear. The elongation of these spines occurs before notochord flexion and their regression is concomitant with the appearance of the adult-like body pattern (Kohno et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Similar results were obtained under light/darkness cycles of 12 h/12 h (not shown). Digital images of the plates were analyzed using the ImageJ free software (Rasband, W. S. , ImageJ, of After determining colony growth rate (between 34 and 37 μm/h), measurements of distances between rings were used to extrapolate the periodicity in which darker and lighter rings appeared. Successive rounds of one dark plus one light rings tend to synchronize into cycles of approximately 24 h (24. 1 ± 2. 5 h for Congo red plates and 24. 9 ± 1. 24 h for Coomassie plates; Figure 1). This periodicity was maintained for two days after the plates were removed from the alternating light/darkness conditions and then lost, although by that time agar plates were too dry to obtain sound information. Patches incubated in the dark generally showed an even appearance (Figure 1), although faint concentric patterns could be discerned in some experiments. However, when these appeared, they only approached 24 h cycles in the first two days of incubation. Afterwards, this circadian periodicity was lost, tending to irregular oscillations of the alternating colored rings. Patches under constant illumination never showed concentric growth patterns. Although the effect of temperature changes (± 1. 5°C) associated with illumination regimes cannot be fully ruled out, these results suggest that variations in colony surface characteristics may be synchronized by alternating light/darkness phases, and perhaps they could also be indicative of processes in non-photosynthetic bacteria being subjected to circadian regulation. Figure 1 Pseudomonas putida displays cyclic surface variations during growth. Plates contained LB medium (triptone 1%, yeast extract 0. 5%, NaCl 0. 5%, with 1% agar and supplied with 5 μm FeCl3) with Congo red (panels A-C) or Blue (panels D-F). Panels A, B, D, E correspond to patches grown under alternating light/darkness cycles (A and D, top view; B and E, bottom view; contrast has been enhanced for clarity). and F correspond to patches grown in constant darkness. The graphs show an extrapolation of the occurrence and duration of the differently colored rings in plates under cyclic light/darkness periods (top) or kept in the dark under the same conditions (bottom).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Neither social aspects nor environmental impacts such as seismicity, changes in the landscape or effects on organisms are considered. Geothermal energy is usually referred to as a renewable source of energy and is also considered as environmentally benign. Both attributes are indeed applicable, but within certain limits, which must be addressed in a fully objective manner. Rybach (2003: 464) points out that “[a]ny attempts at disguising or even concealing production decline or a possible impact on the environment could bring discredit upon an entire industry, spreading mistrust amongst the authorities as well as the general public. ” We therefore take an approach to clarify where the boundaries of sustainable operation lie and how economic optimization can create a trade-off versus sustainability of operation. When immersing in the subject, we have come across some inconsistencies and ambiguities which have been denounced by other authors in the field as well, e. g. , Hähnlein (2013), Stefansson (2000), Axelsson et al. (2010), Steingrimmson (2006) and Rybach and Mongillo (2006). In our opinion, this is mainly due to the fact that extraction patterns are not put in relation to the renewability of a reservoir, which in turn is largely determined by the reservoir type (either being convective or conductive). Further, the terms renewable and sustainable are often confused (Axelsson and Stefánsson 2003: 41). Based on the work of Stefansson (2000), which is generally supported by many other authors in this field, we want to contribute to a better understanding of these terminologies. In order for a geothermal resource to be sustainable it must be renewable. While the latter describes a property of the energy resource, the former describes how a resource is utilized. Imagine a developed reservoir. It is composed of three main variables: an initial stock of recoverable heat S, a natural energy recharge rate Re to this stock, and an extraction rate of energy E. True sustainability is achieved when the extraction is equal to or less than the natural inflow of energy (Barbier 2002: 37; Rybach 2003: 464–465), E ≤ Re, with the extraction rate E being subject to the operator's control. On the one hand, this entails that the operator determines whether or not a reservoir under production can be considered as sustainable while, on the other hand, this means that the level of extraction rate meeting the sustainability criterion depends on the natural recharge.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1993; Powell and Tucker, 1992; Hussain and Higuchi, 1980; Sawada et al. , 1999; Kawabe and Kohno, 2009). Their regression as well as the development of the adult-like body pattern has been demonstrated to be under the control of TH in E. coioides suggesting that it corresponds to the TH-regulated metamorphosis (de Jesus et al. , 1998). In order to gain insight into the molecular pathways involved in grouper larval development, we assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence of E. malabaricus and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine developmental stages ranging from freshly hatched larvae to roughly two-month-old juveniles. We investigated the expression patterns of genes involved in the TH pathway and four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species during the metamorphosis step: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolic transition. In addition, we used the TH pathway and downstream-regulated biological processes activation as indicators to look for the potential involvement of corticoids during larval development. We observed the activation of the TH pathway during the regression of fin spines, which in other grouper species coincides with the surge of TH and marks the beginning of metamorphosis. Interestingly, the activation of the TH pathway at this stage was associated with the activation of corticoid pathways as well as the four biological processes we investigated. Especially noteworthy is the observation of an early activation of the two regulatory pathways (TH and corticoids) occurring before the formation of the elongated fin spines during early larval development. Results and discussion Genome assembly, phasing, scaffolding, and annotation A total of 46 Gbp of PacBio HiFi reads (~43 X coverage, Table 1) were assembled into a fully haplotype phased genome of the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) with the primary phase consisting of 298 contigs across 1. 09 Gbp genome length, a contig N50 of 7. 4 Mbp, and a genome level BUSCO completeness of 93. 6% with 1. 3% duplication (Table 2). The raw assembly was further scaffolded by using HiC data, resulting in a 1. 03 Gbp assembly across 24 pseudo-chromosomes (Table 2). The scaffolded pseudo-chromosomes ranged from 22. 5 Mbp to 50.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian rhythm and its role in malignancyDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian rhythm and its role in malignancyrhythms are daily oscillations of multiple biological processes directed by endogenous clocks. The circadian timing system comprises peripheral oscillators located in most tissues of the body and a central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Circadian genes and the proteins produced by these genes constitute the molecular components of the circadian oscillator which form positive/negative feedback loops and generate circadian rhythms. The circadian regulation extends beyond clock genes to involve various clock-controlled genes (CCGs) including various cell cycle genes. Aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. This may lead to genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation potentially promoting carcinogenesis. Different lines of evidence in mice and humans suggest that cancer may be a circadian-related disorder. The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock has been found in various cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and hematological cancers. The acquisition of current data in circadian clock mechanism may help chronotherapy, which takes into consideration the biological time to improve treatments by devising new therapeutic approaches for treating circadian-related disorders, especially cancer. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-3Submitted on Jan 20, 2010Accepted on Mar 31, 2010Published on Mar 31, 20104. 0 humans, like other organisms, most physiological and behavioral functions are manifested rhythmically across days and nights. All healthy human beings exhibit the common attribute of sleeping at night and waking up in the morning automatically. When a human being encounters a new day, the body prepares itself for the new tasks ahead and boost heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. On the other hand, the same parameters decline at the end of the day. Such daily occurring rhythms with a period of about 24 hours are termed as circadian (from the Latin "circa diem" meaning "about a day") rhythms [1]. These rhythms are the outward manifestation of an internal timing system generated by a circadian clock that is synchronized by the day-night cycle [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This leads to the concept of renewability, describing the regeneration properties of the geothermal reservoir. Axelsson et al. (2010) state that geothermal resources are normally classified as renewable energy sources, which is consistent with the classification of international agencies (Stefansson 2000: 883), because they are maintained by a continuous energy current. However, they also point out that such a classification may be an oversimplification. In line with what we have established so far, they highlight that the stored energy is under certain circumstances renewed quite slowly, especially the part that is renewed by heat conduction, so that geothermal energy is not necessarily a renewable energy source on a human time scale. This again reflects that the degree of renewability determines whether a reservoir can be considered to be sustainable or not. After discussing what ‘true’ sustainable production means in terms of the extraction of geothermal resources, we will provide a definition of production in a sustainable manner adopted in the field, since for economic reasons, true sustainable operation is only possible in very few cases with a corresponding high energy recharge. Production in a sustainable manner has been described by means that “[…] the production system applied is able to sustain the production level over long times” (Rybach and Mongillo 2006: 1083). In Iceland, a reference period of 100 to 300 years has been proposed (Axelsson et al. 2005), while in production for a period longer than 100 years is considered as sustainable (Bromley et al. 2006). Hähnlein et al. (2013: 915) state that “[t]his technical interpretation of sustainability is oriented at the extractable energy of the natural system and is suitable especially for deep production systems” and seems more suitable for the purposes compared to an infinite operation time. However, how long the maximum lifetime of a geothermal reservoir can be extended without violating its economic viability depends largely on its size, whereas a predefined fixed value such as 100 years may be highly inappropriate. Time frames for geothermal power plants in economic analysis are generally in the order of only some 30 years. This is not only due to concessions granted by the mining authority, but also to factors such as the technical lifetime of plant components and the limitation of production to an economically relevant time frame.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 6 Mbp in size and contained 90. 5% of the contigs and 92. 8% of the contig length (Figure 1). The gene model annotation resulted in 26,140 protein-coding genes, with a BUSCO completeness of 95. 5% and a duplication level of 1. 3%. The final GC content was 41. 3% and the assembly contained 56. 4% repeat regions overall, which were mainly made up of DNA transposons (28. 9%), followed by LINEs (5. 3%), and LTR elements (2. 2%) (Table 3). The genome length, GC content, repeat content, number of gene models, and BUSCO values are similar to other published chromosome-level grouper genomes, for example Epinephelus lanceolatus (Zhou et al. , 2019), E. akaara (Ge et al. , 2019), and E. moara (Zhou et al. , 2021). Table 1 PacBio HiFi data generated for E. malabaricus genome assembly based on three SMRT cells. SMRT cell 1SMRT cell 2SMRT cell 3Total≥Q20 Reads322,103442,2051,373,6622,137,970≥Q20 Yield (bp)8,468,697,81011,690,872,68726,355,056,21046,514,626,707≥Q20 Read Length(mean, bp)26,29126,43719,185- Table 2 Statistics of the Epinephelus malabaricus chromosome-scale genome assembly, scaffolding and gene annotation. Contig assembly size1,092,599,927 bpNumber of contigs298Contig N507,396,124 bpLargest contig26,202,351 bpMean base-level coverage PacBio HiFi43 XContig length contained in scaffolds92. 8%Contigs contained in scaffolds90. 5%Scaffolded assembly size1,027,628,325 bpNumber of scaffolds24Scaffold N5043,313,630 bpLargest Scaffold50,623,973 bpSmallest Scaffold22,540,365 bpNon-ATGC characters36,700 bp (0. 003%)GC contents41.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Circadian clocks The circadian timing system proficiently coordinates the physiology of living organisms to match environmental or imposed 24-hour cycles [3]. Circadian clocks are endogenous and self-sustained (meaning that rhythms can continue even in the absence of external cues) time-tracking systems that enable organisms to anticipate environmental changes, thereby adapting their behavior and physiology to the appropriate time of day [4]. This provides organisms with an anticipatory adaptive mechanism to the daily predictable changes in their environment such as light, temperature and social communication, and serves to synchronize multiple molecular, biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes. A wide range of biological processes are regulated by the circadian clock including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, energy metabolism, cell cycle and hormone secretion [5,6]. Central pacemaker or the master clock The mammalian clock system is hierarchical with a master clock that controls circadian rhythms and resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Damage to the SCN can render experimental animals arrhythmic and cause sleep disorders in patients. Moreover, intracerebral grafts of perinatal SCN can reinstate behavioural circadian rhythms of SCN-ablated rodents [7]. The SCN pacemaker consists of multiple, autonomous single cell circadian oscillators, which are synchronized to generate a coordinated rhythmic output in intact animals [8,9]. In mammals, the circadian photoreception pathways are distinct from those of visual perception [10 - 12]. Light is perceived by a subset of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, and the photic information is directly conveyed to the SCN clock through the retino-hypothalamic tract [13 - 15]. This photic entrainment corrects the phase of the SCN oscillator every day to ensure synchronization of circadian with geophysical time. The phase of SCN rhythms can be shifted by exposure of the animal to a new light/dark schedule or to short light pulses during the subjective night [16]. Entrainment of a biological clock is the process of determining both its period (which is 24 hours in most humans) and its phase. The latter refers to the offset of a circadian clock with respect to the standard 24-hour cycle. In general terms, the period of the clock is genetically determined, whereas its phase is heavily influenced by environmental zeitgebers (cues or stimuli) such as light.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This means that in contrast to true sustainable operation, which requires E ≤ Re, this technical interpretation allows extraction rates E > Re, but in such a way that the production is feasible for very long periods of time. Axelsson et al. (2010: 3) paraphrase the extraction rate that meets this criterion as follows: “For each geothermal system, and for each mode of production, there exists a certain level of maximum energy production, E0, below which it will be possible to maintain constant energy production from the system for a very long time […]. If the production rate is greater than E0 it cannot be maintained for this length of time. Geothermal energy production below, or equal to E0, is termed sustainable production while production greater than E0 is termed excessive production. ” (see Fig. 1). Note that this definition neither considers further environmental issues nor economic aspects (i. e. , such a production level may not be feasible under certain circumstances) but applies to the extractable energy and depends on the nature of the system. Table 1 gives an overview of the deduced criteria of sustainable operation relevant to this work. Fig. 1(2006: 4)Schematic illustration of the difference between sustainable and excessive production. Full size imageTable 1 Level of sustainability in dependence of extraction/recharge ratioFull size tableEndogeneity of reservoir lifetimeFor most geothermal reservoirs an excessive production scheme is pursued (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 314), as production rates in a (geophysically) sustainable manner are very limited and often found to be uneconomical (Rybach 2003: 465). The reasons for the economic incentives lie, among others, in the quick payback of investments, as well as the time preference with regard to future profits (Rybach and Mongillo 2006). For high extraction rates the energy yield will be high at the beginning (and with it the economic benefits), but the energy delivery will decrease over time, in a way which may cause the breakdown of a commercially viable operation. The drawbacks of an excessive production scheme that overexploits the resource beyond its regenerative capacity come in the form of a stronger production decline than otherwise and a shorter lifetime of the reserve (and thus plant), i. e. the part of the resource that can economically be extracted, and possibly resulting in a lower amount of electricity generated overall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 3%Genome: BUSCO completeness3,406 (93. 6%)Genome: Complete and single copy3,359 (92. 3%)Genome: Complete and duplicated47 (1. 3%)Genome: Fragmented48 (1. 3%)Genome: Missing186 (5. 1%)Number of protein-coding genes26,140Average gene length20,718 bpAverage CDS length1,750 bpAverage exons per gene11. 2Repeat contents (DFAM)56. 4 %Number of protein-coding genes26,140Gene annotation: BUSCO completeness3476 (95. 5%)Gene annotation: Complete and single copy3,429 (94. 2%)Gene annotation: Complete and duplicated47 (1. 3%)Gene annotation: Fragmented31 (0. 9%)Gene annotation: Missing133 (3. 6%) Table 3 Detailed repeat annotation results using the DFAM repeat database. length1,027,628,325 bpBases masked579,515,295 bp (56. 4 %)number of elementslength occupiedpercentage of sequenceRetroelements660,880123,046,85611. 97%SINEs:74,0497,798,0000. 76%Penelope25,4763,705,0710. 36%LINEs:422,59786,199,6688. 39%CRE/SLACS11000. 00%L2/CR1/Rex266,32053,565,1065. 21%R1/LOA/Jockey10,9182,170,6940. 21%R2/R4/NeSL11,2863,660,2040. 36%RTE/Bov-B47,45110,563,8881. 03%L1/CIN435,2508,411,0190. 82%LTR elements:164,23429,049,1882. 83%BEL/Pao10,1862,183,6970. 21%Ty1/Copia4,658823,2280. 08%Gypsy/DIRS176,31913,796,1051. 34%Retroviral32,3175,441,5300. 53%DNA transposons1,604,009296,558,27228.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Peripheral oscillators or the slave oscillators A major finding in the field of circadian rhythms in recent years is that the SCN is not the only circadian clock in the organism. Indeed, most tissues including extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs bear circadian oscillators [17]. Moreover, these extra-SCN oscillators can function independently from the SCN [18]. Peripheral mammalian cell types contain functional circadian oscillators, but these may not respond to light-dark cycles and can be entrained by non-photic stimuli [19,20]. These circadian oscillators are sensitive to a variety of chemical cues or to temperature cycles [21,22]. The SCN synchronizes peripheral clocks in organs such as liver, heart, and kidney via indirect and direct routes so that a coherent rhythm is orchestrated at the organismal level to ensure temporally coordinated physiology [23 - 25]. Indirect synchronization is achieved by controlling daily activity-rest cycles and, as a consequence, feeding time. Feeding (or starving) cycles are dominant zeitgebers for many, if not most, peripheral clocks. Food metabolites, such as glucose, and hormones related to feeding and starvation are probably the feeding-dependent entrainment cues. Activity cycles also influence body temperature rhythms, which in turn can participate in the phase entrainment of peripheral clocks. Direct entrainment may employ cyclically secreted hormones and perhaps neuronal signals conveyed to peripheral clocks via the peripheral nervous system. Body temperature rhythms, which are controlled in part by the SCN, may also contribute to the synchronization of peripheral clocks [26]. Molecular mechanism of the circadian clock The clock mechanism in the SCN and the peripheral oscillators is known to be similar at the molecular level [27]; however, the output pathways elicited can be different and more tissue specific. The molecular clockwork is composed of a network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops (Fig. 1) that drive rhythmic, ~24-hour expression patterns of core clock components [28]. Core clock components are genes whose protein products are necessary for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms within individual cells throughout the organism [29]. The core clock components include two gene families: Period and Cryptochrome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: For the economically optimal exploitation of a finite resource, usually the Hotelling rule (Hotelling 1931) is applied, which represents the trade-off between exploiting some reserve of interest for gaining revenues at current prices immediately and leaving it in the ground for later use when prices expectedly have increased due to the finiteness of the resource (so-called “scarcity rent”). For two reasons, however, Hotelling’s classical model is not directly applicable to geothermal energy: first, the product sold (in our analysis) is electricity, therefore competing with all other ways of generating electricity, some of which might be cheaper also in the long run (so-called “backstop technologies”). Secondly, the energy stored in the earth is also inexhaustible on a human timescale, and geothermal energy usage describes only a local degradation of heat, which can be extracted in less favorable locations as technology progresses and costs can be brought down further. rule states that the owner of a finite resource is only willing to sell that amount immediately if it does not allow to gain more profit if sold later, assuming an increase in price (due to the finiteness of the resource) in lockstep with the market interest rate. Reversing the basic logic behind the Hotelling model provides an economic explanation for non-sustainable production also of resources that are non-finite in principle, but at the same time exhaustible. Since the Hotelling model was designed for the optimal exploitation of finite resources, i. e. , such without recovery and regeneration properties, some modifications are required that are described in the following section. Model formulationThe aim of our research is to develop a comprehensive hybrid techno-economic optimization model for analyzing the optimal temporal exploitation of a specific geothermal reservoir. This allows us to demonstrate the violation of sustainable operation due to economic considerations and, by performing a sensitivity analysis, also to identify those parameters that have the greatest impact on profitability and sustainability. The model consists of three components: (1) a geological sub-model, describing the natural properties of the resource; (2) a technical sub-model, addressing the respective technical constraints that arise; and (3) an economic sub-model, reflecting the economically rational (profit-maximizing) behavior of a power plant operator (Fig. 2). The parameters considered are grouped into three categories—geophysical, technological and economic ones (see Table 2) and discussed in the following.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 86%hobo-Activator799,713138,795,60913. 51%Tc1-IS630-Pogo138,97524,805,2982. 41%PiggyBac22,6053,909,9120. 38%Tourist/Harbinger161,21638,134,3533. 71%Other (Mirage, P-element, Transib)52,80210,665,1831. 04%Rolling-circles101,57430,491,6122. 97%Unclassified:669,818111,877,70110. 89%Total interspersed repeats:531,482,82951. 72%Small RNA:26,4052,780,0640. 27%Satellites:11,5802,523,0820. 25%Simple repeats:277,90412,099,4471. 18%Low complexity:29,1101,563,8100. 15% Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Hi-C contact map after scaffolding. E. malabaricus genome contig contact matrix using Hi-C data. The color bar indicates contact density from dark red (high) to white (low). General transcriptomic results Transcriptomic analysis of E. malabaricus larval development was performed on grouper larvae raised in the Center. An average of 77. 1 M reads were obtained per sample (pooled or individual entire larvae), which after quality control and mapping resulted in an average of 65. 8 M uniquely mapped reads (85. 6%) per sample for differential gene analysis. Sampled larvae from one day to two months old were sorted according to their morphology allowing us to sequence nine developmental stages (D01, D03, D06, D10, D13, D18, D32, D60, Juvenile) (Table 2). Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on all genes allowed to distinguish between three distinct groups: early developmental phase (composed of D01), intermediate developmental phase (composed of D03, D06, D10, D13, and D18) and late developmental phase (composed of D32, D60, and Juvenile) (Figure 2A). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Transcriptomic results of E. malabaricus larval development.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Considering that simple transcriptional feedback loops like those described above would normally lead to mRNA oscillations with a period much smaller than 24 hours, other mechanisms have been added onto this simple loop model to permit a slowing down and delay of its progression that create a coordinated molecular cycle approximating the 24 hours environmental period. These mechanisms act at different levels involving post-transcriptional processing of the mRNAs, translation, post-translational processing of the proteins and nuclear translocation [46 - 48]. Each of these can individually contribute to introduce the delay between the activation and repression of transcription that is required to keep the period at ~24 hours. The post-translational modifications regulating the circadian clock include acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. In terms of phosphorylation, Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) and Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1ε and CK1δ), 2 (CKII), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are critical factors that regulate the core circadian protein turnover. It has been shown that mutations in CK1ε and CK1δ result in altered kinase activities and cause shorter circadian periods in mammals [49]. BMAL1 and CRYs are reported to be the targets of CKIε [50]. 2 (CKII) is one of the more recent kinases identified as a clock component in N. crassa [51,52] and D. melanogaster. [53 - 55] but its role in regulation of mammalian clock has yet to be clarified. Changes in GSK3 activity have been reported to alter period length in mammalian cells [56]. The targets of GSK3 in mammals might be the PER proteins (PER phosphorylation by GSK3 might prevent nuclear entry of PER proteins), REV-ERBα [57] and/or CRY2 (for which phosphorylation might control CRY2 degradation at the end of night) [58]. Recently, the nutrient-responsive AMPK has been found to regulate circadian clock by phosphorylation and destabilization of the clock component CRY1 [59]. Also, AMPKγ3 subunit is found to be involved in the regulation of peripheral circadian clock function [60].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Case study descriptionCase 1: Conventional (convective high-enthalpy hydrothermal) systemCase 1 is oriented towards the Wairakei–Tauhara geothermal system and reflects a liquid-dominated high-enthalpy reservoir with a strong convective energy recharge (O'Sullivan et al. 2010: 315). The bedrock consists of rhyolite (Bignall et al. 2010) and the values for density, heat capacity and heat production from radiogenic decay of the reservoir rock were chosen accordingly. Drilling depth is set to 1500 m, as reported by Bignall et al. (2010: 6). Porosity is determined to be 20% and temperature reaches values as high as 270 °C (Björnsson and Bodvarsson 1990: 19). We assume that temperature of the produced fluid is lower and suggest a value of 260 °C, while the temperature of reinjected water is set to 65 °C. Because of the relatively high temperature, we choose a net conversion efficiency of 14% based on previous analysis. Average well productivity is set at 5 MWe per well and due to the strong convective recharge of the field of 13. 3 W m−2, we raise the reference capacity for a 5% annual decline to 100 MWe. Note that because of the large surface area (30 km2), we assumed the reservoir to be quite thin (150 m), as we wanted to stay in the range of a 150 MWe power plant during our optimization model runs in order not to violate cost constraints, while at the same time maintaining the properties of the heavy recharge. Based on our findings, we select a recovery factor of 20% (see “Recovery factor”). These and all other values used for the optimization are listed in Table 3. Table 3 Parametrization for Case 1 (conventional geothermal system) and Case 2 (enhanced geothermal system)Full size tableCase 2: Enhanced (conductive low-enthalpy petrothermal) systemCase 2 to some extent resembles the prominent EGS project Soultz-sous-Forêts in France (Alsace). Its reservoir is located at a depth of 3500–5000 m (Moeck 2014: 875) and is composed of granite (Moeck 2014: 878).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Two periods of activation of the TH signaling pathway during grouper post-embryonic development We investigated the expression patterns of key genes involved in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (tshb, trhr1a, trhr1a-like, trhr1b, trhr2) as well as in TH synthesis (tg, tpo, nis), TH metabolism (dio1, dio2, dio3), and finally the genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors (trα, trαβ, trβ). These genes all play important roles in the regulation of TH levels and TH signaling in the body and understanding their expression patterns during larval development can illuminate the underlying mechanisms that drive this process. The gene encoding the pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (tshb) is strongly expressed very early on during larval development at D01, decreases from D03, and then strongly increases again at D32 (Figure 3A). Accordingly, we also observed two surges of expression for the hypothalamic factors trhr1aa, trhr1a like, trhr1b, and trhr2, at D03 and between D32 and D60, suggesting two distinct periods of stimulation of TH synthesis, one early on around D03 and one later at around D32. This pattern can also be seen in the expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (crhb) and receptors (crhr1a, crhr1b, and crhr2), which stimulates the synthesis of TH (Denver, 2021) (see section ‘Possible involvement of corticoid pathways in metamorphosis’ and Figure 6 below). Interestingly, we also observed a peak of expression for tg at D03, the gene encoding for the TH precursor, and a strong increase of expression starting at D32 (Figure 3B). The respective order of appearance of TSH and Tg (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect but a bit later than expected given the morphological transformation. It would be interesting to revisit this in a future series of experiments, with tighter temporal sampling to study how gene expression and morphological transformation aligned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The clock-controlled genes (CCG) constitute about 10% of the expressed genes in a given tissue (SCN or in peripheral tissues) to generate rhythmic outputs, and, apart from few exceptions, most of these clock-controlled genes are distinct in different tissues depending upon different physiological needs [67]. Clock-controlled genes may encode a variety of proteins including key regulators for cell cycle. Circadian clock and cell cycle Circadian clock and cell cycle are global regulatory systems found in almost all organisms. The circadian clock shares a number of conceptual and molecular similarities with the cell cycle [68]. Both are periodic for ca. 24 hours, and intrinsic to most cells. Similarly, both are based on the conceptual device of interlock auto-regulatory loops. Moreover, both rely on sequential phases of transcription, translation and protein modification and degradation. The circadian clock controls the expression of cell cycle-related genes; in contrast, circadian clockwork can oscillate accurately and independently of the cell cycle, [69]. It is thereby highly relevant that CCGs include genes that play an essential role in cell cycle control. It has been shown that CLOCK-BMAL1 directly regulate cell cycle genes such as Wee1 (G2-M transition) [69], c-Myc (G0-G1 transition) and Cyclin D1 (G1-S transition) [70]. The level of antimitotic WEE1 kinase in the liver of Cry mutant mice (cryptochromeless mice) is found to be elevated and consequently, liver regeneration in these mice following partial hepatectomy is delayed relative to wild-type controls [69]. The binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of Wee1 promoter stimulates the transcription of this gene. The elevation of WEE1 in the Cry mutant is ascribed to the lack of inhibition of CLOCK-BMAL1 by CRY [69,71]. WEE1 is a cell cycle kinase that plays a key role in the G2-M transition. Ongoing DNA replication or the presence of DNA damage activate WEE1, which then phosphorylates CDC2 (cell division cycle 2)/Cyclin B1 complex, causing its inactivation and delay of mitosis or arrest of the cell cycle at the G2-M interface [72,73].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Reservoir temperature averages at 180 °C (Gerard and Kappelmeyer 1987: 399) and water is produced and reinjected at temperatures of 175 °C and 65 °C, respectively (Bine. info 2009). The reservoir volume amounts to 3 km3, with a base area of 3 km2 (Bine. info 2009), and has a low porosity of 1% (Moeck 2014: 878). Further values can be found in Table 3. As the idea is to model a pure petrothermal system, some of the values originate from the HDR project (South Australia), because the energy recharge at the Soultz-sous-Forêts site is also sustained by a convective flow. Optimization and implicationsIn this section, the economic feasibility of the two reservoirs is assessed in terms of the NPV and the LCOE. Furthermore, initial findings on sustainable production are presented. Running the model with the parameter values reported in Table 3 results in the following optimizations. Case 1Figure 3a shows that for the selected parameters an installed capacity of 126. 7 MWe results in a maximum NPV of €196. 04 million, and that the LCOE amount to 2. 93 €-ct/kWh. The remarkably low value of the latter is due to the ideal qualities of the reservoir, characterized by moderate depth, high temperatures (and thus a relatively high conversion factor), a strong recharge (and thus relatively moderate production decline), and the possibility of exploiting economies of scale. LCOE in the vicinity of 3 €-ct/kWh is a common value for natural geothermal reservoirs with excellent conditions (Kohl et al. 2008: 74; Bertani et al. 2018: 9). However, with this performance (which is constantly maintained by new make-up wells) the reservoir would already be exhausted after 41. 2 years of production. Nevertheless, due to its large surface area and thus extremely high recharge of almost 400 MW in total, the withdrawn energy would be restored only after roughly 50 years. Fig. 3NPV and reservoir lifetime in dependence of installed capacity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: A similar expression pattern was obtained for tpo, the gene encoding for the enzyme adding iodine to TH precursor, as well as for sis, the gene encoding for the symporter involved in transferring iodide into thyrocytes. Once produced, TH, particularly T4, are transported into target cells where they convert them into the active form T3 mostly by dio2 and dio1 or degraded by dio3 and dio1. As it has been observed for HPT factors, tg, tpo, and sis, we first noticed two peaks of expression of dio2 with a very early one at hatching (D01) and a second one at D32 suggesting two distinct periods in which active TH (that is T3) is required. In accordance with this observation, we notice a minimal expression of the T3 degrading enzyme dio3 at these two periods followed by a final late increase after D32. dio1, whose net function is unclear (Darras and Van Herck, 2012), shows a regular increase of expression that becomes maximal at the juvenile stages (J) (Figure 3C). Finally, thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expression levels increased throughout the entire larval development with a stronger increase of trβ at D60 (Figure 3D). Taken together, these data reinforce the existence of two distinct periods of TH signaling activity, one early on at D03, and one late at D32 (Figure 3C). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Expression levels of thyroid hormones (TH) signaling pathway genes in E. malabaricus. (A) TRH: thyroid releasing hormone, TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone. (B), DUOX: dual oxidase, TG: thyroglobulin, TPO: thyroperoxidase, SIS: sodium iodine symporter. (C) DIO: deiodinase. (D) TR: thyroid hormone receptor. Colored lines join the average values of each stage. Biochemical pathways adapted from Roux et al. , 2023. (E) T4 and T3 levels (in ng/g of larvae) during early larval development. Three biological replicates consisting of pooled larvae were analysed at each stage (D01 n = 120 larvae per replicate, D03 n = 120 larvae per replicate, D06 n = 60 larvae per replicate, D10 n = 40 larvae per replicate).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: It is conceivable that elevated WEE1 in Cry mutant mice phosphorylates CDC2/CYCB1 complex at an increased rate even in nonstressed cells, slowing down the G2-M transition and the overall growth rate [69]. Transcription of c-Myc, which plays an important role in both cell proliferation and apoptosis, is found to be upregulated, and transcription of p53, which plays a critical role in the G1-S checkpoint, is downregulated in Per2 mutant mice (mPer2m/m). Also, there is a general cell cycle dysregulation as the circadian expression pattern of genes functioning in cell proliferation and tumour suppression, such as Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 (murine double minute, a negative regulator of p53) and Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein α), is deregulated. Consequently, these animals have increased incidence of spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced lymphomas and an increased rate of mortality after ionizing radiation [70]. Normally, the binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of c-Myc promoter inhibits the transcription of this gene. Upregulation of c-Myc transcription in Per2 mutant is ascribed to the reduced level of BMAL1 because PER2, in addition to its inhibitory effect on the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, stimulates transcription of the Bmal1 gene [28,74]. Oncogenic transformation mediated by c-Myc must overcome its proapoptotic activity [75] in which modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis plays an important role [76,77]. Overexpression of c-Myc can induce genomic DNA damage and compromise p53 function, presumably through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism [78]. Following γ radiation, MYC-overexpressing cells are less efficient in G1 arrest compared to normal cells [79,80], indicating that c-Myc overexpression could drive cells to progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage. Following γ radiation, the loss of mPer2 function partially impairs p53-mediated apoptosis, leading to accumulation of damaged cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Altogether, this reflects the current status of EGS, namely that they cannot operate economically and/or sufficiently low financial risk, without guaranteed feed-in tariffs (in Germany, e. g. , for 20 years). The lifetime of the presented case amounts to 23. 8 years, which is a typical value for an EGS. Regeneration time is calculated to be approximately 7000 years. Table 4 provides an overview of the different stages of operation for the discussed cases. Although all capacities result in a positive NPV for Case 1, it is apparent that the excessive operation is the most profitable one, as could already be seen in Fig. 3a. 2, the only production mode linked to sustainability which results in a positive NPV is the production in a sustainable manner with a targeted capacity of approx. 1. 8 MWe, resulting in a reservoir lifetime of 100 years. Table 4 Production modes and results for Cases 1 and 2Full size tableSensitivity analysisA sensitivity analysis is performed by a gradual 10% increase/decrease for the following parameters: average well productivity, production decline,Footnote 2 interest rate, surface, subsurfaceFootnote 3 and O&M costs as well as electricity price/feed-in tariff, respectively, for Cases 1 and 2. The variations of these parameters are compared to the installed capacity and lifetime of the reservoir in order to identify the most influential one of them. Note that no parameters influenced by the optimization are kept as fixed, so that for each change the model was run again to find a new optimal solution. Furthermore, notice that the electricity price/feed-in tariff has not been changed all the way to -50%, since there would be no positive result and therefore the optimization leads to the conclusion that no operation is initiated. A similar effect can be observed for the installed capacity for Case 1, since the optimization requires an upper limit of 150 MWe, as the implemented cost functions are not supported beyond this range. This upper-limit boundary leads to some parameter curves apparently flattening out, a phenomenon which should be borne in mind when interpreting the results. Case 1Figure 4a depicts the NPV versus a percentage deviation in the values of the various independent variables from their initial value. A steeper curve through the base case point implies a higher sensitivity of the NPV with regard to the variable represented by the curve. Figure 4a clearly shows that the electricity price has the highest impact on the NPV.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: # indicates that the value is below the quantification limit, and different letters indicate significant differences <0. 05 (one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey HSD test for T4 levels only as no significant differences were observed after ANOVA for T3 levels). Gene expression data was generated from whole fish. Expression levels were derived from DESeq2 normalized gene counts. Figure 3—source data 1 Raw thyroid hormone and cortisol measurements. Download elife-94573-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx These results suggest the activation of the TH axis around D32, which coincides with the regression of the elongated appendages (second dorsal spine and pelvic spines) and the appearance of the adult-like pigmentation pattern, indicating that metamorphosis in E. malabaricus occurs around D32 in our rearing conditions. These observations are consistent with what has been observed in E. coioides, in which TH levels peak around 40 dph when the pelvic and second dorsal spines regress and adult-like pigmentation pattern formation is ongoing (de Jesus et al. , 1998). Interestingly, the high expression levels of tshb, trhr, tg, tpo, sis, dio3, and TRs at the very beginning of development (D01-D03) suggest a precocious activation of TH synthesis, which, to our knowledge, has not been observed in groupers nor in other teleost fishes so far (Figure 3). Measurements of TH levels during these early development stages showed an early peak of T4 at D03, confirming the early activation of the TH pathway observed with gene expression patterns (Figure 3E). TH involvement in elongate appendage and regression As mentioned in the introduction, many marine fish larvae present several morphological features that improve larval survival rates during their pelagic phase (Miller and Kendall, 2019). This is what we observe in grouper with the formation of elongated spines of the dorsal and pelvic fins that are supposed to have a defensive function (Kawabe and Kohno, 2009; Cunha et al. , 2013; Leu et al. , 2005). These spines then regress while adult-like pigmentation pattern appears and TH surge corresponding to the TH-regulated metamorphosis. It is well known that during fish larval development genes involved in ossification are under the controls of TH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Moreover, crossing these mice with polyp formation-prone adenomatosis polyposis coli (Apc)Min/+ animals increases the frequency of formation of intestinal and colonic polyps in ApcMin/+Per2m/m mice compared to ApcMin/+ mice. Following downregulation of Per2, Cyclin D, which is a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene, has been shown to increase in human colon cancer cell lines, as does cell proliferation. Thus, Per2 loss during intestinal tumorigenesis may, in part, act through upregulation of β-catenin, increasing intestinal β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation. Also, increase in small-intestinal mucosa β-catenin in Per2m/m mice is associated with an increase in MYC protein, again a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene [89]. Furthermore, accelerated β-catenin expression is associated with PER2 protein instability and lower PER2 levels as a result of increased β-TrCP protein levels as it has been observed that overexpression of wild type or mutant β-catenin protein decreases the stability of PER2 protein, and this PER2 instability is reversed when the induction of β-TrCP is prevented [90]. It has also been reported that mPer2 may play an important role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptotic cell death. Overexpression of Per2 in the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cell line (LLC) and mammary carcinoma cell line (EMT6) results in reduced cellular proliferation and rapid apoptosis, but not in non-tumorigenic NIH3T3 cells. This is attributable to enhanced proapoptotis signaling and attenuated anti-apoptosis processes as overexpressed mPER2 downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of c-Myc, Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, and upregulate the expression of p53 and bax in mPer2-overexpressing LLC cells [91]. Similarly, the intratumoral expression of mPer2 in C57Bl/6J mice transplanted with Lewis lung carcinoma shows a significant antitumor effect [92].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: This is not only because the wells have a lower productivity, but also because the costs of the wells in this case—due to the depth drilled and the additional stimulation required—are significantly higher. O&M costs show a significantly lower impact, which is due to the fact that, in comparison to the revenues, they have a considerably lower effect than in Case 1, since the value of the feed-in tariff far exceeds the electricity price accounted for in Case 1. Average well productivity, in contrast, shows a very familiar influence on the NPV. Surface costs also show a slightly lower influence, which is due to the low realized capacity and thus results in a low absolute value. Figure 4f, reflecting the sensitivity of the LCOE, again highlights the strong impact of the subsurface costs. It should be noted that, when disregarding economies of scale, O&M costs have the same absolute impact in both cases, but appear marginal in Fig. 4f due to the fact that the LCOE for the HDR system is almost an order of magnitude higher compared to Case 1. For the same reason, the interest rate exceeds the latter, as it influences the revenues generated in a proportionate way and thus takes approximately the same relative position as in Case 1. The change in the feed-in tariff again has only a minor relative impact on the LCOE, while the production decline in this case is almost insensitive. This in turn is due to the fact that the calculated production decline refers to a reference capacity of 25 MWe, which for all variations of the production decline is far undercut during optimization (see Fig. 4g). Figure 4g shows how insensitive the installed capacity is on some of the parameters in the case of our HDR system. O&M costs as well as surface costs and production decline have hardly any influence, and even the interest rate shows only a moderate influence, which is in contrast to the effects observed in Case 1, due to the comparatively shorter lifetime and the weaker recharge capabilities. In addition to average well productivity and the feed-in tariff, subsurface costs again display the highest impact. Remember that the sensitivity analysis on the reservoir lifetime is a distorted reflection of the installed capacity depending on the recharge characteristics of the reservoir. In contrast to the dependence observed in Case 1, Fig. 4h represents a much more uniform reversal than in Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In zebrafish, TH control the proper morphogenesis and ossification in the majority of the bones, during post-embryonic development and metamorphosis (Keer et al. , 2019). This is why we investigated the expression changes of some of these genes in E. malabaricus. Interestingly, we observed, once again, two surges in the expression of the following genes: bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (bglap), periostin (postnb), and phosphate-regulating endopeptidase (phex), three key genes implicated in the mineralization of tissues. The first at D13 following the early surge in TH signaling genes, and the second starting at D60 (Figure 4A). The first surge of gene expression coincides with the appearance and growth of the dorsal and pelvic elongated spines starting at D10 (Figure 4B, shown by green arrowhead), while the second surge coincides with the regression of these spines, a process known to be regulated by TH in E. coioides (de Jesus et al. , 1998). The coincidence of both the growth and the regression of the elongated spines with the activation of the TH pathway in E. malabaricus may suggest that TH may play a role not only in the regression of these spines but also in their formation in this species. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Biological processes likely to be under thyroid hormones (TH) control during E. malabaricus metamorphosis. (A) Expression patterns of key genes involved in the ossification process and known to be regulated by TH in teleosts. Bglap: bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein, mgp: matrix gla protein, postna: periostin a, postnb: periostine b, phex: phosphate regulating endopeptidase homolog X linked. (B) Pictures of E. malabaricus at D03, D10, D32, and D60 illustrate the elongation of the dorsal and pelvic floating spines (green arrow heads at D10 and D32) and their regression (red arrow heads at D60). (C) Expression patterns of genes involved in pigmentation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Recently, the effect of the circadian clock on nucleotide excision repair has been investigated in mice. Nucleotide excision repair is found to display prominent circadian oscillations in mouse brain reaching at its maximum in the afternoon/early evening hours and minimum in the night/early morning hours. The circadian oscillation of the repair capacity is caused at least in part by the circadian oscillations in the expression of DNA damage recognition protein xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) [97]. Iterative alterations of lifestyle: clock -cancer connection The clock-cancer connection has been investigated in studies of pilots, flight attendants, and shift workers who are more likely to have disrupted circadian cycles due to abnormal work hours. Incidence of breast cancer increases significantly in women working nightshifts, being higher among individuals who spend more years and hours per week working at night [98]. Exposure to light-at-night, including disturbance of the circadian rhythm, possibly mediated via the melatonin synthesis and clock genes, has been suggested as a contributing cause of breast cancer. Since working nightshifts is prevalent and increasing in modern societies, this exposure may be of public health concern, and contribute to the ongoing elevation in breast cancer risk [99 - 101]. Keith et al. propose that circadian rhythms could be more important than family history in determining breast cancer risk [102]. A pilot study in India showed that the risk of developing breast cancer in menopausal visually challenged women is very much lower as compared to sighted women in the similar age group suggesting a relationship between visible light and breast cancer risk [103]. Another study revealed that women working more than 20 years of rotating night shifts have a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer. In stratified analyses, obese women working rotating night shifts had doubled their baseline risk of endometrial cancer compared with obese women who did no night work, whereas no significant increase was seen among non-obese women [104]. Observations from a cohort study of pilots showed a significantly increased incidence rate of prostate cancer when compared with the respective Canadian population rates [105]. A similar cohort of Nordic pilots demonstrated that the relative risk of prostate cancer increases as the number of flight hours in long distance aircraft increases [106]. A significant association between rotating-shift work and prostate cancer incidence among Japanese male workers has also been found [107].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: a Variation of subsurface cost; b variation of feed-in tariff; c variation of average well productivity; d variation of interest rateFull size imageThe plots of the optimizations demonstrate that in quite a few cases a sustainable operation according to the lower boundary of the technical sustainability definition cannot be achieved, and is usually on the verge of profitability. The parameters used in the model result in the following economic limitations of sustainable operation (100 years of lifetime) for the defined HDR system: (a) an increase of subsurface cost greater than 10%; (b) a decrease of feed-in tariff greater than 10%; (c) a decrease of average well productivity greater than 30%; and (d) an increase of the interest rate greater than 10%. It is shown that the capacity does not change that much with the interest rate. This becomes apparent when considering that one of its main differences is the minor recharge. The pursuit of a sustainable production with regard to the lower bound leads to a relative NPV deviation of − 97% compared to the economic optimum for the initial Case 2, which is a remarkable difference in comparison to the conventional system (cf. Table 5). ConclusionIn this study, we developed a tool for the optimal utilization of geothermal resources and applied it on a convective high-enthalpy hydrothermal reservoir, as well as a low-enthalpy conductive petrothermal system. The developed model provides reasonable results for both systems, thus covering both extremes. The decisive difference to ordinary economic evaluations of geothermal resources is that the temporal component is treated as free (endogenous) instead of exogenously imposing a fixed lifetime. The implementation of various geological, technical and economic data results in a dynamic structure for the optimization of economic efficiency. The lifetime of the reservoir influenced by the optimization is the pivotal point for the discussion about a sustainable operation, which was discussed on the basis of existing literature. By carrying out a sensitivity analysis, we were able to identify not only those parameters that have an impact on economic performance, but also those that have a considerable influence on the installed capacity and the lifetime, respectively, and thus on the derived sustainability criteria. The reservoirs show very different sensitivities, which is due to the difference of the recharge capabilities and cost functions. In accordance with the related literature, the conventional system was found to be very economical, whereas the enhanced system can only be operated economically with a sufficiently high feed-in tariff.

Output: contrast