Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: It should also be noted that the performance of work report of the roofing system installation must be carried out in the general journal papers or special journals of the installation process on the forms that considered in Russian requirements. To date, the most widely accepted standard among the leading green roof suppliers is the German FLL standards, the landscaping, and landscape Society. This standard is generally recognized as the benchmark for green roof installation quality. According to the German FLL standard, a successful green roof system must basically replicate nature and consist of the protection layer, drainage and filter layers, growing medium, appropriate components for vegetation and irrigation. Big cities are adopting new building codes that incentivize adoption of innovative technologies in modern buildings. The green construction industry is moving fast, together with a growing trend for Rating Tools. The green roof systems, which installed on different types of buildings, can put you on the right track to earning the highest or HQE certification ratings. Building certifications such as Leadership in Energy & (LEED) provide for certain tax credits of the green roof using and benefits for building owners. Some implementations of the present invention. It pursues sustainable performance objectives while giving substantial importance to the life cycle analysis on a building scale and to the impacts of a project on health, comfort and the environment by using green roofs. of Environment in Malaysia has been provided the water quality standards, practiced water quality standards for green roof installation. According to standard NWQS, there are six classes of water quality (and V) and this classification is based on a descending order of its best quality to the worst quality [6]. The rainwater quality parameters are estimated by soft computing technology like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Following the same pattern, the rates green roofs according to natural categories. These functions, which assigned a weight based on its importance are as follows:Type and depth of soil used (Soil)—15%. Impact on climate due to evapotranspiration (Climate)—15%. Type and variety of vegetation (Flora)—30%. Impact on zoological biodiversity (Fauna)—30%. Average annual stormwater retention (Water Balance)—10%. The sum of the weighted rating for each of the five functions is used to compare different green roof systems and stipulate minimum requirements. 2. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Another allows those with “exceptional ability” to seek an employment-based visa even without a job offer. A significant fraction of U. S. technical workers in several areas was born abroad. ’s science budget rebounds Brazil’s federal research budget will rise this year, a turnaround after several years of steep cuts—unless the increase is derailed by a political dispute. of Science, Technology, and Innovations will have $1. 3 billion for discretionary spending this year, a 135% hike from 2021, according to an analysis by the for the Progress of Science. The final budget, sanctioned by Bolsonaro on 21 January, will support construction of Brazil’s first biosafety level four laboratory—for research on deadly pathogens—and the expansion of Sirius, a synchrotron light source. But scientists say it’s too early to celebrate. Most of the new money is allocated to a fund that several ministries control and that can be used for purposes other than basic research. And last year, Bolsonaro’s administration withheld these funds despite a new law designed to block him from doing so. Meanwhile, this year’s budget gives much less research money, only about $6. 5 million, to the for Scientific and Technological Development, a leading grantmaker. mimics ‘minimal’ cell Membrane proteins and protein complexes are shown in a computer simulation of a stripped-down cell. Z. R. . , CELL 185, 345 (2022) years, researchers have pared down the genes in microbes to create “minimal” cells, with the minimum number of components needed to survive and thrive. Now, researchers have created the most complex computer simulation of such a streamlined cell. The model, reported last week in Cell, maps out the precise location and chemical characteristics of thousands of cellular components in 3D space at an atomic scale. It tracks these molecules as they diffuse through the simple cell, their chemical reactions, and how much energy is required for each step. Among the findings: The cell, engineered from a mycoplasma bacterium, uses most of its energy to import essential ions and molecules across its cell membrane. The researchers hope this and future simulations will help them predict how changing a cell’s genome will alter its metabolism, an advance that could help optimize the design of cells to make chemicals including medicines and fuels.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Bunney W. E. , Garland B. Receptor function in depression. In: Mendlewicz J. , Coppen A. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Depressive illness: Biological and psychopharmacological issues (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 7). Basel: S. Karger, 1981. Crossref73. Kato G. , Ban T. Central nervous system receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1982; 6: 207–222. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science74. O'Donohue T. L. , Wirz-Justice A. , Kafka M. S. , Naber D. , Campbell I. C. , Wehr T. A. Effects of chronic lithium, clorgyline, imipramine, fluphenazine and constant darkness on the α-melanotropin content and circadian rhythm in rat brain. Pharmacol 1982; 85: 1–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science75. Baltzer V. , Weiskrantz L. Antidepressant agents and reversal of diurnal activity cycles in the rat. 1975; 10: 199–209. Web of Science76. Halberg F. , Lubanovic W. A. , Sothern R. B. , Brockway B. , Powell E. W. , Pasley J. N. , Scheving L. E. Nomifensine chronopharmacology, schedule-shifts and circadian temperature rhythms in di-suprachiasmatically lesioned rats: modeling emotional chronopathology and chronotherapy. Chronobiol 1979; 6: 405–424. PubMed77. Craig C. , Tamarkin L. , Garrick N. , Wehr T. A. Long-term and short-term effects of clorgyline (a monoamine oxidase type A inhibitor) on locomotor activity and on pineal melatonin in the hamster. Abstr 1981; 7: 719. 78. Wirz-Justice A. , Wehr T. A. Uncoupling of circadian rhythms in hamsters and man. In: Koella W. P. , ed. Sleep 1980: Circadian rhythms, dreams, noise and sleep, neurophysiology, therapy. Basel: Karger S. , 1981. 79.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Analyses of green roofing structures The device of the green roof means the creation of structurally complex systems with vegetation and soil mixture placed on the waterproof membrane, with the integration of irrigation systems, as well as devices that convert solar and wind energy. The green roof principles that exist today are manufactured in Landschaftsbau (FLL) landscape industry organization in Germany. “on planning, execution and the maintenance of green roofs”—version of FLL on English language. This document covers design, construction and maintenance of green roof systems, with detailed sections on stormwater considerations, requirements for the plantings, growing medium, drainage and requirements for all green roof “pie” layers. It also provides information on testing some components of the green roof. The green roof represents a multilayered structure and consists of several layers: a vegetative layer, a soil substrate, a filtering layer, a drainage system, a layer of waterproofing and a layer of thermal insulation. According to the standard TGRCS – “Construction of green roofs,” the green roof “pie” is shown as a multi-component structure (Figure 6). Figure 6. The structure of the layers of the green roof “pie”. In this 3. smart solutions of green roofs are becoming more and more popular in recent times for their ecological, technical, economic benefits and esthetic qualities. Successful urban planning is including network of natural and semi-natural areas that integrate green roof systems into natural constructed urban environments. In the meantime, existing green roof technologies can be expensive to purchase and labor-intensive to install. This research is aimed to contribute to sustainable future-oriented solutions for the complex problems of urban areas to create livable ecosystems. The renovation project of roofing structures includes apparatus and method for green roof system to install on a rooftop on the residential, government, public and commercial buildings, trade and office centers. Modular green roofs in urban ecospace is an emerging trend in green building development. Innovative energy-efficient green technologies will bring a great benefit to the ecology and help to relieve the Effect, in light of growing concerns about climate change and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Eco-trend of Modular green roofs refer to rejuvenate and rebuild the nature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million people died in 2019 from antimicrobial-resistant infections, according to a comprehensive global estimate. Such infections are a leading killer, causing more deaths than AIDS and malaria, according to the study, published on 19 January in The Lancet. GALÁhas approved a new marine reserve near the Galápagos Islands that increases an existing protected ocean area by 43%, a boon for the region’s endangered marine species. Scientists with the MigraMar marine research network had collected data to justify creating the 60,000-square-kilometer Reserve. sets rules for edited crops China’s agriculture ministry this week unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops as the country moves toward approving their sale. The guidelines, being implemented on a trial basis, are simpler and call for less field testing than is required for genetically modified (GM) crops, in which genes from other species are inserted. Consumer resistance and bureaucratic caution have left China far behind other countries in adopting GM crops, with only a single variety of GM papaya in domestic production. Now, Chinese researchers are well along in developing gene-edited varieties of corn, rice, soybeans, wheat, and other crops, which they hope will be more acceptable to the public and reduce dependence on food imports. China is also revising its regulations for GM crops, and transgenic corn and soybeans might be commercialized this year. Both kinds of genetic engineering give crops useful traits, such as resistance to herbicides sprayed in fields. prevention gets big gifts Two of the world’s largest foundations last week pledged $150 million each to the nonprofit Coalition for Innovations (CEPI), a global partnership working to prevent, prepare for, and equitably respond to future epidemics and pandemics. Leaders of the Bill & Foundation and the called on nations to pony up at a CEPI “replenishment” conference scheduled for March to help it raise $3. 5 billion for the next 5 years. CEPI has financed development of the University of Oxford–AstraZeneca and Novavax vaccines. Its 5-year plan starting this year aims to shorten vaccine development time to less than 100 days after a new pathogen is sequenced, far shorter than the 11 months it took for the first COVID-19 vaccine. doi: 10. 1126/science.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 555–559. CrossrefPubMed80. Kukopulos A. , Reginaldi D. , Laddomada P. , Floris G. , Serra G. , Tondo L. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatments. Pharmakopsychiat 1980; 13: 156–167. Crossref81. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , Wirz-Justice A. , Breitmaier J. , Craig C. 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Psychiatry 1982; 39: 559–565. CrossrefPubMed82. Coppen A. , Metcalfe M. , Wood K. Lithium. In: Paykel E. S. , ed. Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford, 1982. 83. Goldberg M. A. The treatment of Kleine-Levin syndrome with lithium. Psychiatry 1983; 28: 491–493. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science84. Engelmann W. , Pflug B. , Klemke W. , Johnsson A. Lithium-induced change of internal phase relationship of circadian rhythms in humans, and other observations. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 85. Kavaliers M. Period lengthening and disruption of socially facilitated circadian activity rhythms of goldfish by lithium. 1981; 27: 625–628. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. Sasaki M. , Suzuki M. , Onda M. , Itoh H. , Kitahara T. , Takahashi T. , Kasahara H. , Mori A. Lithium influence on the circadian rhythms of normal adults. In: Langer S. Z. , Takahashi R. , Segawa T. , Briley M. , eds. New vistas in depression. New York: Pergamon, 1982. 87. Elsass P. , Mellerup E. T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Although this study has made several advances in predicting benefits of green roof systems, and it has to move further on work pertaining to green roofs, there are several areas that will require further researching. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to develop an effective, economically progressive technology for the device of inversion roofing systems by landscaping. With increasing density of development of urbanized areas, technologies of construction of exploited roofing coatings are of particular importance. Existing technologies for roofing coverings do not allow you to perform the required amount of work of adequate quality and are characterized by low productivity, as well as high labor costs. The predominance of green plantations on the coverings of buildings and structures contributes to the formation and development of new urban space, improves the environment, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Total reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 52. 3 million tons CO2 by 2020 characterizes the increase in the level of environmental safety of the city. The modern modular technologies in the construction of roof coverings with landscaping systems are the most effective solution, as the labor intensity of technological processes during the installation of roofing systems with landscaping systems is reduced compared to traditional types of roofs, and functional development is provided for the exploitation of the roof. Innovative solutions in the creation of engineering systems are the devices that convert and store solar and wind energy on the green roofs of buildings and structures. At present, energy has received serious prerequisites for development, so green roofs with the integration of renewable energy sources are key elements on the path of innovative development of green building technologies both in Russia and abroad. In Norway, approximately 90% of individual housing projects are equipped with roofs in operation. At the same time, landscaping systems are actively used on roofing in the United Kingdom, Denmark, and The Netherlands. The leader in the field of green building technologies is Germany, the “Green capital” of Europe, where the standard of quality of the device of green roofing on buildings has already been developed and applied. In the earliest researching [9], measurements in Germany conducted in 1984 revealed not only reduction in maximum surface temperature but also temperature amplitudes reduced by half due to green roof installation. Furthermore, adding green roofs to urban environments provides eco-restorative habitats and affords unique protection from traffic noise in the city (Figure 7). Figure 7. Green roofs as eco-restorative habitats in the city.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has been used to develop crops with improved nutritional profiles. [SEP] Text: Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Focus on 2024 Will AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Focus on 2024 The challenges ahead for generative AI Transport is one of the world’s biggest polluters, but on the path to net zero, aviation is reinventing itself, potentially building a new kind of jet age. Focus on 2024 Aviation flying high on alternative sources of power As the year comes to a close, 360info is turning to the experts to find out what issues are set to define 2024. Focus on 2024 What does 2024 hold in store? New data about the mental health of young people raises red flags about cost-of-living pressures – and offers a glimpse at a better approach. Focus on 2024 Why pessimism has taken hold of Australia’s youth In less than two years, Albanese has gone from clear choice to fighting for majority support in the polls. What happened? Focus on 2024 Australian politics set for shakeup after Labor’s 2023 slide Related content Indonesia’s wedding-party democracy is a marriage on the rocks Elections remain a cause for celebration in Indonesia, but without firming up the processes around it, the party might end up being just a democratic facade. The challenges ahead for generative AI Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Hydrogen makes itself at home Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Editor's picks AI can be a boon for educators AI offers significant potential benefits yet has not been accepted completely by educators. This needs to change. needs Israel’s forever wars Fuelled by ideology and self-interest, Netanyahu sees Israel’s forever war as protection against corruption charges and a potential key to re-election.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Rafaelsen O. J. , Theilgaard A. Lithium effects on time estimation and mood in manic-melancholic patients: a study of diurnal variations. Scand 1979; 60: 263–271. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. Bruce V. G. , Pittendrigh C. S. An effect of heavy water on the phase and period of the circadian rhythm in Euglena. J Physiol 1960; 56: 25–31. Crossref89. Knapp S. , Ehlers C. , Russo P. V. , Mandell A. J. A cross-disciplinary approach to the action of lithium: a vertical integration. In: Emrich H. M. , Aldenhoff J. B. , Lux H. D. , eds. Basic mechanisms in the action of lithium. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1982. 90. Ehrlich B. E. , Diamond J. M. Lithium, membranes, and manic-depressive illness. J 1980; 52: 187–200. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science91. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium carbonate: effects on split activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1984; 10: 503. 92. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium and ECT: effects on “split” circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Paper presented at 1985. 93. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Lithium carbonate: effects on abnormal (split) activity rhythms in hamsters. Submitted for publication. 94. Kripke D. F. , Wyborney V. G. Lithium slows rat circadian activity rhythms. 1980; 26: 1319–1321. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science95. Wirz-Justice A. , Groos G. A. , Wehr T. A. The neuropharmacology of circadian timekeeping in mammals. In: Aschoff J. , Daan S. , Groos G. A. , eds. Vertebrate circadian systems: structure and physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982. Crossref96. McEachron D. L. , Kripke D. F. , Wyborney V. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Modular green roof systems in urban ecospace are becoming increasingly important part of the green building renaissance. Modular green roof constructive system is regarded as the most effective solution of innovative approaches and techniques for green design and construction. Trying to find the optimal system of a green roof, this system is to be solved various problems of roof covering by making inexpensive, little expenditure of the labor and waste-free green roof assembling based on the principle of building kit. The unique configuration of the system with an unusual combination of architectural and esthetic design solutions gives a beautiful appearance to the urban areas and also allows to use methods of landscaping on living roof. Given the increase in urbanization worldwide, the impact of urban green spaces on future generation have aim to save our and bring great benefit to the ecology by develop green building technologies. This future-oriented green roof solution is appreciated by potential investors because implementing this system can improve a company’s competitiveness and bring multiple economic profits and great environmental benefits. 1. Journal of the European Union, L354. 1386/2013/EU of the and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a Programme to 2020, Living Well, Within the Limits of our Planet. 2013. 200. 2. Korol E, Shushunova N. Green roofs: Standardization and quality control of processes in green construction. In:. , -2016 “”. Vol. 106. 2017. DOI: 10. 1051/matecconf/201710606014 3. . Water-sensitive urban design: Opportunities for the UK. In: Proceedings of the ICE-Municipal Engineer. 2013;166(2):65-76. 4. . Increasing green roof plant drought tolerance through substrate modification and the use of water retention gels. Journal. 2017;14(6):551-560. DOI: 10. 1080/1573062X. 2015. 1036761 5. Available from: 6. . Thermal comfort and runoff water quality performance on green roofs in tropical conditions. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes. 2017;1(1):47-55 7. Hoang L, Fenner RA. System interactions of stormwater management using sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructure. Journal. 2016;13(7):739-758. DOI: 10. 1080/1573062X. 2015. 1036083 8. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: in through your institution of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term of Law and the the School of the and -Journals on Books on of Law and the the School of the and -of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term Menu 10. 1093/jlb/lsx043 Published: 18 January 2018 10. 1093/jlb/lsx043 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term of Law and the BiosciencesThis issue BioethicsMedical and search term -editing technology, such asCas9, holds great promise for the advancement of science and many useful applications technology. This foundational technology enables modification of the genetic structure of any living organisms with unprecedented precision. Yet, in order to enhance its potential for societal benefit, it is necessary to adapt rules and produce adequate regulations. This requires an interdisciplinary effort in legal thinking. Any legislative initiative needs to consider both the benefits and the problematic aspects of gene editing, from a broader societal and value-based perspective. This paper stems from an interdisciplinary research project seeking to identify and discuss some of the most pressing legal implications of gene-editing technology and how to address these. While the questions raised by gene editing are global, laws and regulations are to a great extent bound by national borders. This paper presents a European perspective, written for a global audience, and intends to contribute to the global debate. The analysis will include brief 2. 0 or Something Else? Much of the criticism of GMOs, and much of the regulation developed 20–30 years ago, focused on transgenics in which genetic material from unrelated species is added to create new traits in a plant or animal. However, newer breeding techniques (NBT) offer scientists an easier way to do cisgenic breeding. Put simply, these techniques involve no ‘foreign’ DNA and thus allow the development of new plant and animal varieties. 94 The resulting challenge to current legislation can be described as follows: NBTs such asCas9, TALENs, and ZFN do not fit neatly into the GMO definitions crafted by the various regulatory agencies around the world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Lithium promotes entrainment of rats to long circadian light-dark cycles. 1981; 5: 1–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science97. McEachron D. L. , Kripke D. F. , Hawkins R. , Haus E. , Pavlinac D. , Deftos L. Lithium delays biochemical circadian rhythms in rats. Neuropsychobiol 1982; 8: 12–29. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science98. Seggie J. , Werstiuk E. S. , Grota L. Effect of chronic lithium treatment on twenty-four hour variation in plasma and red blood cell lithium and sodium concentrations, drinking behavior, body weight, kidney weight, and corticosterone levels. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1982; 6: 455–458. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science99. Seggie J. , Werstiuk E. S. , Grota L. , Brown G. M. Chronic lithium treatment and twenty-four hour rhythm of serum prolactin, growth hormone and melatonin in rats. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1983; 7: 827–830. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science100. Eskes G. A. , Zucker I. Photoperiodic regulation of the hamster testis: dependence on circadian rhythms. 1978; 75: 1034–1038. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science101. Poirel C. Circadian rhythms in behavioral and experimental psychopathology. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 102. Groos G. , Mason R. , Meijer J. Electrical and pharmacological properties of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 1983; 42: 2790–2795. PubMed103. Wirz-Justice A. , Wehr T. A. Neuropsychopharmacology and biological rhythms. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. Crossref104. Gillin J. C. The sleep therapies of depression. Prog Neuro-Psychiatry 1983; 7: 351–364.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: Return to a healthy soil ecosystem. Green roof soil biomass increased from an average of 49. 5 nanomoles per gram of substrate in 2017 to 77. 4 nanomoles per gram in 2019. Organic matter increased from an average of 1. 1% in 2017 to 1. 65% in 2019. Saved an estimated 100,000 gallons of potable water and approximately $335 from 2017 to 2020 by strategically shutting off irrigation when rain was anticipated. Created plant communities of high ecological quality as demonstrated by an (FQI) score of 25. Provides native vegetation and dynamic habitat for 18 observed butterfly species including monarchs, buckeyes, and red admirals along with many other pollinators and wildlife including native Kansas bees, red-tailed hawks, cotton rats, and rabbits. The MSGRs were found to attract a higher total number of butterflies than comparable natural prairies. Saves an estimated 16,932 kWh and 133. 5 Therms or $1,425 annually in energy costs on each green roof as compared to a conventional dark roof, and 458. 5 Therms or $90 annually compared to a white roof. a backdrop for some 20,000 unique stadium users each year, helping to make connections to the nearby prairie ecosystems. Educated an estimated 1,100 people about the from 2015 to 2020. an estimated $5,400 in weeding costs through volunteer work by K-State students and faculty. View/Download a PDF showing how the landscape performance benefits were derived. At a GlanceDesignerJeffrey L. Bruce & CompanySchool/facilityUseRetrofitLocation 705 N MLK Jr. Drive Manhattan, Kansas 66502Map itClimate ZoneHumid continentalSize38,000 sf (total of two roofs)Budget$2 million (approximately $1 million per roof)Completion DateEast roof: July 2015; West roof: April 2016 Overview Challenge/ on University’s main campus was renovated to convert large sections of seating into two highly visible green roofs, protecting the stadium’s structural integrity while supporting campus sustainability efforts. Home to the KSU Wildcats football team from 1922 until 1967, today the stadium is used for marching band practice, club soccer and rugby games, pick-up sports, exercise, and relaxation. The two steep-sloped, prairie-like green roofs re-create plant communities of the Ecoregion in a very artificial environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: Its proponents say gene editing is similar to mutagenesis, which is not regulated (hundreds of mutagenized crops are sold as organic), but faster and more precise. The regulatory process remains fluid. The need for new regulation covering gene-editing technology in the plant sciences is particularly debated and evident in the European Union. Administrative authorities in some EU countries do not consider gene-edited plants to fall under the GMO definition. For example, the of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket), upon request from research groups and in two separate decisions, has stated that in their interpretation the GMO legal definition does not encompass plants in which the genome has been edited using the -Cas9 technology. 95 In France, in a case opposing farmers’ organizations and environmentalist NGO’s to the French Government, a referral on the matter is currently pending before the CJEU. 96 The referral is expected to clarify the concept of GMO contained in Directives 2001/18/EC97 and 2002/53/EC, and whether uses of gene editing technology can be subsumed to such legal defenitiosn. 98The matter is also debated in other jurisdictions. 2016, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) decided that it would not regulate a mushroom and a new type of corn genetically modified with the gene-editing toolCas9, making them the first -edited crops to be approved by the US government. According to the agency's Animal and Inspection Service, these crops—and about 30 other plants they have reviewed—do not qualify as something the agency must regulate (once a crop passes USDA reviews, it may still undergo voluntary review by the US Food and Drug Administration). 99 Biotechnology critics in the USA have therefore called NBTs ‘hidden GMOs’ and examples of ‘extreme engineering’, and are pushing to regulate them under a general GMO umbrella, while biotechnology supporters assert that regulating them as GMOs would inhibit innovation. 100Hence, it can be said that both current EU Directives and corresponding US laws do not sufficiently embrace the new interface between genetic engineering and conventional breeding. 2001/18/EC encompasses both process- and product-related stipulations, it is commonly interpreted as a strictly process-based piece of legislation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. Lovett-Doust J. W. , Christie H. E. Repeated sleep deprivation as a therapeutic Zeitgeber for circular type manic depressive disturbance. Chronobiol 1980; 7: 505–511. PubMed106. Pflug B. , Tolle R. Disturbance of the 24-hour rhythm in endogenous depression and the treatment of endogenous depression by sleep deprivation. 1971; 6: 187–196. CrossrefPubMed107. Schilgen B. , Tolle R. Partial sleep deprivation as therapy for depression. Psychiatry 1980; 37: 267–271. CrossrefPubMed108. Wehr T. A. , Wirz-Justice A. , Goodwin F. K. , Duncan W. , Gillin J. C. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 1979; 206: 710–713. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science109. Désir D. , van Cauter E. , Refetoff S. , Fang V. S. , Golstein J. , Fèvre-Montange M. , L'Hermite M. , Robyn C. , Jadot C. , Szyper M. , Spire J. P. , Noel P. , Copinschi G. Hormonal changes after jet lag in normal man. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. 110. Jauher P. , Weller M. P. I. Psychiatric morbidity and time zone changes: a study of patients from Heathrow Airport. Psychiatry 1982; 140: 231–235. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science111. Whybrow P. C. , Akiskal H. S. , McKinney W. T. Mood disorders: toward a new psychobiology. New York: Plenum, 1984. Crossref112. Stroebel C. F. Biologic rhythm correlates of disturbed behavior in Rhesus monkeys. In: Rohles F. H. , ed. Circadian rhythms in nonhuman primates (Bibliotheca Primatologica, Vol. 9). New York: Karger, 1969. 113. Doerr P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: The relatively low-cost and low-maintenance green roof system serves as a protective layer, increasing the life of the waterproofing membrane for the buildings below. It also provides opportunities for education and research. The green roofs have become the focus of performance-based research for university faculty and students with ongoing data collection relating to vegetation, pollinators, moisture, and soils. ChallengeProtect the structural integrity of the two existing concrete seating and stairs/access areas and limit the number of people on each roof. Utilize green roofs to serve as a protective layer, increasing the life of the waterproofing membrane from 30 years to up to 50 years. Create a highly visible demonstration of University commitment to environmental education and awareness and support sustainability efforts by providing building insulation, urban heat island mitigation, stormwater management, and habitat creation with a focus on butterflies and other pollinators. Create research opportunities for landscape architecture and other students and faculty at University. Educate students, faculty, and staff on the design, implementation, management, functions, and benefits of green roofs. Create a well-functioning green roof requiring minimal maintenance (time, equipment, materials, and related costs) by university grounds staff. Dedicated in 1929, KSU honors the students and alumni who sacrificed their lives during I. An important aim of the green roof retrofit was to protect the structural integrity of the stadium by limiting the number of visitors on the seating and to reseal the roof for the buildings below, which were being renovated. The upper two-thirds of concrete seating and some of the existing leaky stairs were covered by insulation and waterproofing/roof protection materials. The two prairie-like green roofs cover the former seating areas on the east and the west side of the stadium, each encompassing approximately 21,525 sf for a total of 43,050 sf. Due to its light weight and insulation value, geofoam was used to fill in the rows of seating to create the slope. The resulting green roofs are steep with an approximately 20-degree or 36% grade. Both roofs are semi-intensive using a lightweight engineered sandy soil with a depth of 5 to 6 in. The east roof soil mix incorporates expanded shale to reduce its weight. Due to the steep slope, the soil is held in place by a durable nylon erosion mat that is secured to the upper part of each roof with stainless steel cables attached to eye-bolts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: 101 Since these new techniques are closer to conventional breeding than common genetic engineering, many European commentators argue, like their US colleagues, that relevant regulations should be phrased and interpreted with more focus on the resulting product, rather than the process, and that legal guidance on how to apply ‘the decade-old legislation is urgently needed’. 102Since scientists and companies typically operate internationally and the development of regulation on gene editing and NBT is facing several hurdles and inconsistencies on a global level, one study has compared current EU legislation with existing frameworks in other countries and discussed ideas for an alternative regulatory system. 103 The most recent version of that study, published in June 2015, found that the next few years will be defining for the regulatory status of NBTs in countries outside the EU. In that regard, the study emphasized that ‘several countries are in varying stages of reviewing the science behind NBTs and their regulatory status, it is clear that most countries are waiting for other countries or international organizations to take a position; the EU plays an important role in this waiting game’. The reluctance of several countries to discuss these topics is linked to political and economic issues. Since NBTs are virtually untraceable, allowing their use may result in overall de facto exportation bans to countries with more restrictive regulations. Therefore, the matter should be debated on a global level by initiatives governing international trade, such as the Organization. 104 Finally, it is noteworthy that NBTs also challenge the interplay between the systems for plant variety protection and patents (see below in Section IV. D. d). IV. B. b. Medical and In the area of medical applications in humans, gene-editing technology also poses an enormous challenge to existing regulations throughout the world. Gene editing offers unprecedented opportunities for preventive medicine, affording the possibility to correct genetic mutations and eradicate congenital disease. 105 Eventually gene-editing technology will reach a safe level that permits clinical applications. In that event countries considering allowing such preventive medicine intervention would have to consider the need to form a global consensus ‘because thinking about germline gene modification involves ethical, social, and evolutionary considerations for all of humankind’. 106For example, the recent announcement of gene editing in unviable embryos107 has prompted a torrent of criticism, fueled fears of eugenic futures, and re-ignited the human enhancement debate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , von Zerssen D. , Fischler M. , Schulz H. Relationship between mood changes and adrenal cortical activity in a patient with 48-hour unipolar-depressive cycles. J 1979; 1: 93–104. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science114. Halbreich U. , Endicott J. , Nee J. Premenstrual depressive changes: value of differentiation. Psychiatry 1983; 40: 535–542. CrossrefPubMed115. Rubinow D. R. , Roy-Byrne P. Premenstrual syndromes: overview from a methodologic perpsective. Psychiatry 1984; 141: 163–172. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science116. Garvey M. J. , Tuason V. B. , Lumry A. E. , Hoffmann G. Occurrence of depression in the postpartum state. J 1983; 5: 97–101. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science117. Pitt B. Depression and childbirth. In: Paykel E. S. , ed. Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford, 1982. 118. Armstrong C. A. , Hawkins L. H. Day for night: circadian rhythms in the elderly. 1982; 78: 1263–1265. PubMed119. Feinberg I. Changes in sleep cycle patterns with age. J 1974; 10: 283–306. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science120. Albers H. E. , Gerall A. A. , Axelson J. F. Circadian rhythm dissociation in the rat: effects of long-term constant illumination. 1981; 25: 89–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science121. Ehret C. F. , Groh K. R. , Meinert J. C. Circadian dyschronism and chronotypic ecophilia as factors in aging and longevity. In: Samis H. V. , Capobianco S. , eds. Aging and biological rhythms. New York: Plenum, 1978. Crossref122. Pittendrigh C. S. , Daan S. Circadian oscillations in rodents: a systematic increase of their frequency with age. Science 1974; 186: 548–550. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science123. Quay W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green buildings require no maintenance once constructed. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: As mentioned before, two distinct groups of high-profile scientists have called for a moratorium on editing germline genomes, arguing that research which produces heritable edits to the human genome must not proceed until the risks are better understood. 108 Similarly, the on Ethics in Science and (EGE) issued a Statement on emphasizing that for ‘some members of the EGE, human germline gene modification for reproductive purposes cannot be ethically justified’, and that they therefore ‘call for upholding the prohibition that reflects, among others, 99. 9 per cent of the DNA of its parents, and 0. 1 per cent of the DNA of the donor. The first license to perform the procedure in the UK has been granted. 125 Previously, the technique had been performed by and his team from the (New York, USA). US law does not allow mitochondrial transplants. The procedure was performed in Mexico, where it is not directly regulated. A male child was born on April 6, 2016, showing no signs of Leigh syndrome, the mitochondrial transmitted disease carried by the mother. 126During parliamentary debates, use of words such as genetic modification, editing, or manipulation was carefully avoided. Debate focused mostly on potential benefits in saving lives and avoiding the pain and suffering associated with severe diseases. However, the technology does entail modification of the human genome transmittable to future generations. Arguments used to allow the procedure can equally apply to therapeutic uses of gene editing. The issue of whether gene editing should be accepted on a similar basis has already been raised,127 and the UK has authorized gene-editing research on human embryos. 128 IV. C. and their Patent rights are an administrative concession granting the right to prevent third parties from making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes a patented product or a product obtained by the patent process. Grant of a patent also entails the right to assign the patent, or transfer by succession, and to conclude licensing agreements. A patent does not establish the right to use technology or to place on the market products embedding the patent. It does not imply an official stamp of moral approval on technology and its various possible uses. However, patent eligibility rules indirectly exercise a regulatory function. Patent rights are instrumental to the development of a given technology. Although alternative incentive mechanisms exist and innovation may occur regardless of patent rights, large investments in technological development are usually dependent on the existence of exclusionary rights.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: P. Pineal homeostatic regulation of shifts in the circadian activity rhythms during maturation and ageing. Trans NY 1972; 34: 239–254. CrossrefPubMed124. Rabins P. V. , Merchant A. , Nestadt G. Criteria for diagnosing reversible dementia caused by depression: validation by 2-year follow-up. Psychiatry 1984; 144: 488–492. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science125. Mills J. N. , Minors D. S. , Waterhouse J. M. Exogenous and endogenous influences on rhythms after sudden time shifts. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 755–761. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. Akerstedt T. , Torsvall L. Experimental changes in shift schedules: their effects on well being. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 849–856. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science127. Reinberg A. , Vieux N. , Andlauer P. , Smolensky M. Tolerance to shift work: a chronobiological approach. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: Karger, 1983. Crossref128. Czeisler C. A. , Moore-Ede M. C. , Coleman R. M. Resetting circadian clocks: applications to sleep disorders, medicine and occupational health. In: Guilleminault C. , Lugaresi E. , eds. Sleep-wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution. New York: Raven, 1983. 129. Rosenthal N. E. , Lewy A. J. , Wehr T. A. , Kern H. E. , Goodwin F. K. Seasonal cycling in a bipolar patient. 1983; 8: 25–31. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. Rosenthal N. E. , Sack D. A. , Carpenter C. J. , Parry B. L. , Mendelson W. B. , Wehr T. A. Antidepressant effects of light in seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry 1985; 142: 163–170. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. Tamarkin L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI can help diagnose diseases by analyzing medical images. [SEP] Text: AMA Journal of Ethics® Illuminating the Art of navigation 179. doi: 10. 1001/amajethics. 2019. 167. Citation PDF Altmetric email Abstract Background: As machine learning becomes increasingly common in health care applications, concerns have been raised about bias in these systems’ data, algorithms, and recommendations. Simply put, as health care improves for some, it might not improve for all. Methods: Two case studies are examined using a machine learning algorithm on unstructured clinical and psychiatric notes to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and 30-day psychiatric readmission with respect to race, gender, and insurance payer type as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Results: Clinical note topics and psychiatric note topics were heterogenous with respect to race, gender, and insurance payer type, which reflects known clinical findings. Differences in prediction accuracy and therefore machine bias are shown with respect to gender and insurance type for ICU mortality and with respect to insurance policy for psychiatric 30-day readmission. Conclusions: This analysis can provide a framework for assessing and identifying disparate impacts of artificial intelligence in health care. Bias in health care is an inherently data-driven field, most clinicians operate with limited evidence guiding their decisions. Randomized trials estimate average treatment effects for a trial population, but participants in clinical trials often aren’t representative of the patient population that ultimately receives the treatment with respect to race and gender. 1,2 As a result, drugs and interventions are not tailored to historically mistreated groups; for example, women, minority groups, and obese patients tend to have generally poorer treatment options and longitudinal health outcomes. 3-9 Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning offer the potential to provide personalized care by taking into account granular patient differences. Machine learning using images, clinical notes, and other electronic health record (EHR) data has been successful in several clinical tasks such as detection of diabetic retinopathy10 and distinguishing between malignant and nonmalignant skin lesions in dermatoscopic images. 11 Prior research has established that machine learning using clinical notes to supplement lab tests and other structured data is more accurate than an algorithm using structured data alone in classifying patients with rheumatoid arthritis12 and in predicting mortality13 and the onset of critical care interventions14 in intensive care settings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: Technology is developing at a fast pace and industrial actors are keen on developing mechanisms to avoid an eventual impasse created by intertwined rights and long litigation. Under this setting, it will be of importance whether patents coveringCas9 and other gene-editing technology remain in force and which actors own or obtain licenses to exclusionary rights. IV. C. a. Patents and the Ghost of Slippery slope arguments and debates on human nature are a constant in debates concerning scientific and technology advances in human genetics. In previous parts of this paper, we analysed general ethical perspectives (Section II) and the human rights framework constructed to protect the human genome and its legal conceptualization as heritage of humanity and its preservation as a legal value with fundamental right dignity. In this section, we analyse similar issues and debates from a perspective of interpretation and application of patent law rules on patentable inventions. Patent law being a very dynamic field of law is likely to be one of the first legal areas where ethical compliance of gene editing with the fundamental legal principles and regulatory norms will be confronted. Patent law is so far the most universal legal incentive to innovation, and in this sense it assumes an indirect policy function, visible in the inclusion of extra-economic considerations in patentability rules. These considerations are intended to ensure compliance with ethical values and scientific needs by imposing restrictions on the patentability of certain inventions, transposing the ethical debate to patent law. This section explores how European patent eligibility norms might apply to gene editing. Modifying the germline genetic identity of human beings is expressly excluded from patentability in Europe. 129 This entails that method claims directed at such developments of gene-editing technology may not be eligible for patent protection. Somatic cell gene methods in principle will not face such objections. These concern modifications in somatic cells by means of recombinant DNA and only operate in the cells of the recipient but will not be carried on to descendants. Nevertheless, it will still be necessary to evaluate such intervention in light of the general broader ‘ordre public’ and morality patentability exception, since such intervention can also raise ethical concerns. As a point of legal interpretation, it can be argued that all intervention involving the human body carries risks and potential (known and unknown) side effects. Objections based on safety and danger for humanity of unintended side effects or mutations changing the common human genetic heritage are merely a question of weighting therapeutic benefit against risk, something present in every medical decision (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Baird C. J. , Almeida O. F. X. Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? Science 1985; 227: 714–720. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. Kripke D. F. , Risch S. C. , Janowsky D. Bright white light alleviates depression. 1983; 10: 105–112. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. Lees J. G. , Hallonquist J. D. , Mrosovsky N. Differential effects of dark pulses on the two components of split circadian activity rhythms in golden hamsters. J 1983; 153: 123–132. CrossrefWeb of Science134. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Electroconvulsive therapy: effects on split circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1985; 11: 540. 135. Davis F. C. Ontogeny of circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref136. Kalverboer A. F. Neurobehavioral organization at early age and risk for psychopathology. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: S. Karger, 1983. 137. Sander L. W. , Stechler G. , Burns P. , Julia H. Early mother-infant interaction and 24-hour patterns of activity and sleep. J 1970; 9: 103–123. CrossrefPubMed138. Seligman M. E. P. Reversal of performance deficits and perceptual deficits in learned helplessness and depression. J 1976; 85: 11–26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss (Vols. I, II & III). New York: Basic Books, 1969, 1973, 1980. 140. Parkes C. M. Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. New York: Press, 1972. 141. Hofer M. A. Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. 1984; 46: 183–197. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science142.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: use of antibiotics or vaccination). The risks are unknown, but even germline editing will only be carried on to descendants, making wider population effects a distant scenario. Technology will continue to develop and might afford the possibility to correct/reverse unwanted off-target modifications. Insofar as therapeutic applications for severe health conditions are concerned, no substantial difference exists between the well-established practice of parental consent to perform conventional therapy or surgery to treat or manage a disease and the use of gene-editing technology to prevent future generations from ever developing the disease. In such situations, it can be argued that the (future) individual has the right to health and access to treatment and hence legal guardians have at least the right (if not the duty) to procure the best medical treatment available. Parental refusal of treatment is subject to specific regulations and mostly only acceptable under exceptional circumstances—eg conflict with other fundamental rights—and thus the same reasoning might be extended by analogy to the use of safe and non-experimental preventive gene therapy. Gene editing might also be used outside purely therapeutic situations. The issue of acceptability of human enhancement has for a considerable time been the object of legal philosophical debates. Rawls argued that ‘the parties want to ensure their descendants the best genetic endowment’130 arguing that by virtue of the difference principle131 ‘greater abilities are a social asset to be used for the common advantage’,132 and concludes that ‘society is to take steps at least to preserve the general level of natural abilities and to prevent the diffusion of serious defects’. 133 This line of reasoning would endorse all genetic intervention (including gene editing) as long as such intervention has the purpose of avoiding serious disease or disability. Naturally, this reasoning implies a pre-determination of the legal concepts of disease, disability, and therapy. Dworkin goes further; contending that morality requires society to allow parents to genetically enhance their children so that they may have broader choices and greater chances of succeeding in life. 134 On the other hand, Fukuyama warns that genetic enhancement is a threat to liberal democracy due to the possibility that it will alter human nature, arguing that genetic engineering should be subject to strict regulatory constraints and its admissibility limited to clearly therapeutic treatments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Vernikos-Danellis J. , Winget C. M. The importance of light, postural and social cues in the regulation of the plasma cortisol rhythm in man. In: Reinberg A. , Halberg F. , eds. Chronopharmacology (Advances in the biosciences, vol. 19). Oxford: Pergamon, 1979. 143. Moore-Ede M. C. , Sulzman F. M. , Fuller C. A. The clocks that time us: physiology of the circadian timing system. Cambridge, Mass: Press, 1982.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: 2 New generation of ChatbotsEvolution of AI driven chatbots brough a new Pre-(ChatGPT) technology utilizing a dialogue-based AI chatbot capable of understanding natural human language and generating quite detailed human-like written text. These ChatGPTs are part of text-generating AIs technologies and are becoming integrated in business, industry, government and other sectors worldwide. GTP systems are trained by AI & ML, and are capable to answer questions via a conversational interface. These new OpenAI systems are trained on a very large sample of text adopted directly from the Internet information System, enabling a dialogue format for ChatGPT to answer or follow-up questions, to admit its mistakes, to challenge incorrect premises, as well as to reject inappropriate requests [3]. The results produced by ChatGPT are based on the data available in the organizational information systems database only. The ChatGPT today, are not able to collect data from primary sources independently and to advance the AI driven technological evolution in social sciences. There are important challenges to make ensure data integrity and data accuracy in conjunction with the structural and legal frameworks regarding the copyright and the author’s rights. There are critical challenges to make sure that the future impact of AI driven chatbots on mental health is minimum. Current studies show, that the anxiety and paranoia levels have increased when interacting with chatbots acting like humans instead of humans communications with humans. Some social applications may mislead people with chatbots acting like humans to help people to socialize utilizing chatbots acting like humans. This may contribute to paranoia, and some users may not be able to distinguish whether they are talking to humans or chatbots. The studies show that extensive use of ChatGPT may contribute to paranoia caused by frequent interactions with chatbots instead of interaction with humans [4]. Advertisement 3. applications in B2BToday, the chatbots are well accepted in the B2B providing a business value and promote framework for training chatbots in order to to better serve B2B customers. Chatbots have potential to provide support for fast and effective B2B shopping experience by providing personalized support and guidance, helping customers to find the right products or services quickly and efficiently. The B2B chatbots are trained to understand the unique client’s needs and p4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: 135 Habermas wrote that such intervention denies the child the possibility to be revised in adult life by ‘critical reappraisal’, denying a person's ability to be ‘the undivided author of his own life’. 136 More recently, enhancement proponents and transhumanism adepts counterargue that these objections would equally apply to many parenting practices not generally considered controversial. 137 Some authors defend the right to enhancement and a moral imperative to eradicate disease. 138Modifying the germline genetic identity of human beings is expressly mentioned as an exclusion from patentability. 139 Recitals 38 and 40 of the express legislative intent ‘to exclude unequivocally from patentability processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings’. 140 Patent norms do not make functional distinctions, meaning that the purpose of an intervention—the actual use claim in the patent application—is immaterial. Under this literal interpretation, all interventions in germ cells will encounter patentability hurdles, including in the abstract, even those with purely therapeutic purposes. Somatic cell intervention would fall outside the scope of the specific provision; however, these still require an assessment of their moral conformity under the general ‘ordre public’ and morality clause. 141 As follows from the European legal tradition, further interpretative elements can, and should when appropriate, be taken into consideration by adjudicators. Below we consider systemic elements such as the human rights framework and issues of legal coherence. IV. C. a. i. Patentability and Interpretation of the cannot be blind to the EU Charter and the international human rights treaties signed by some or all member states. Moreover, these are also relevant to the EPO’s interpretative praxis. However, because the grant of a patent is independent from administrative authorizations to market products or conduct medical procedures, patentability cannot be denied simply based on legal prohibition. 142 This entails that a specific ethical debate has to be developed within the European patent system for purposes of applicability of patent eligibility norms. As mentioned above, a considerable body of international norms has been enacted with the purpose of protecting ‘human nature’. 143 These are problematic because the concept of human nature is culturally biased and historically relative. It can be understood in a strict biological sense, but also culturally and socially. Evolution and epigenetics show that human nature is not a static biological reality, but rather it evolves and is deeply influenced by environmental factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian polymorphisms associated with affective disordersDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 0. 0005). Among the unrelated bipolar participants, 3 SNPs in PER3 and CSNK1E were associated with the BALM score. 1B coding SNP, rs7732671, was associated with affective disorder with nominal significance in bipolar family groups and independently in unipolar sib pairs. In TEF, rs738499 was associated with unipolar depression; in a replication study, rs738499 was also associated with the QIDS-SR depression scale in the sleep clinic patient sample. Conclusion: Along with anti-manic effects of lithium and the antidepressant effects of bright light, these findings suggest that perturbations of the circadian gene network at several levels may influence mood disorders, perhaps ultimately through regulation of MAOA and its modulation of dopamine transmission. Twenty-three associations of circadian polymorphisms with affective symptoms met nominal significance criteria (P < 0. 05), whereas 15 would be expected by chance, indicating that many represented false discoveries (Type II errors). Some evidence of replication has been gathered, but more studies are needed to ascertain if circadian gene polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to affective disorders. Year: 2009Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-7-2Submitted on Oct 20, 2008Accepted on Jan 23, 2009Published on Jan 23, 20094. 0 idea that circadian rhythms had some role in affective disorders arose from clinical observations of their altered sleep-wake cycles, the cyclicity of the symptoms, and early work by pioneering researchers [1 - 4]. Attempts to identify circadian abnormalities in depressed and bipolar patients by physiologic means have yielded somewhat inconsistent and disappointing results [5 - 7]. However, the now-proven efficacy of bright light treatment as well as a broader range of effective interventions in the circadian system provide strong evidence that circadian rhythms are somehow involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders [8]. The effects of light treatment, along with the symptom development of seasonal affective disorder (often a bipolar phenotype), might suggest that mechanisms which trigger mood swings in humans resemble the circadian-controlled photoperiodic mechanisms governing mammalian seasonality [9].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: AbstractPurpose of ReviewArtificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have emerged as a potential tool to transform urology by improving patient care and physician efficiency. With an emphasis on their potential advantages and drawbacks, this literature review offers a thorough assessment of the state of AI-driven chatbots in urology today. Recent FindingsThe capacity of AI-driven chatbots in urology to give patients individualized and timely medical advice is one of its key advantages. Chatbots can help patients prioritize their symptoms and give advice on the best course of treatment. By automating administrative duties and offering clinical decision support, chatbots can also help healthcare providers. Before chatbots are widely used in urology, there are a few issues that need to be resolved. The precision of chatbot diagnoses and recommendations might be impacted by technical constraints like system errors and flaws. Additionally, issues regarding the security and privacy of patient data must be resolved, and chatbots must adhere to all applicable laws. Important issues that must be addressed include accuracy and dependability because any mistakes or inaccuracies could seriously harm patients. The final obstacle is resistance from patients and healthcare professionals who are hesitant to use new technology or who value in-person encounters. SummaryAI-driven chatbots have the potential to significantly improve urology care and efficiency. However, it is essential to thoroughly test and ensure the accuracy of chatbots, address privacy and security concerns, and design user-friendly chatbots that can integrate into existing workflows. By exploring various scenarios and examining the current literature, this review provides an analysis of the prospects and limitations of implementing chatbots in urology. Similar content being viewed by others Chatbots for Students’ Attitudes and 97. 7% of patients thought to visit to clinic earlier after they used a chatbot. Allen et al. [14] proposed a chatbot on decision-making for prostate cancer screening among African-American men, called (PCSPrep). It significantly increased participants’ prostate cancer knowledge as well as reduced decisional conflict. Owens et al. [15] performed a paired study and found that iDecide decision-aid chatbots improved participants’ prostate cancer knowledge, self-efficacy in decision-making, and in the use of technology. and CounselingChatbots can be used to educate and inform patients with urological diseases, helping to facilitate the routine practice of specialists [16].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: For legal interpretation purposes, it is not possible to rely on a biological notion of a human being to distinguish natural from technological. The assertion that germline intervention is an offense to human dignity is highly debatable when the aim is to protect future generations from severe incurable diseases. The right to the highest attainable standard of health extends to preventive medicine, while the right to education, and fruition of the results of science and technology, would further protect those wishing to change their physical, emotional, and social human nature. Another aspect to consider is that pursuant to the limitation imposed in 2017. 179 IV. C. d. Patent Wars: the Battle of Priority and the Battle of theCas9 patent war ignited in Europe with the filing of several oppositions against what is considered to be the first patent granted in Europe for this technology. 180 The patent was granted by the EPO to the Broad Institute, MIT and on February 11, 2015, comprising a total of 53 product claims. 181 It pertains to research conducted by and his research group (hereinafter, Zhang et al. ). It has been opposed by nine different entities. 182 Opposition procedures could result in several different outcomes ranging from amendment of claims to complete revocation of the patent. In any event, it is likely that appeal(s) will be lodged. This can be a lengthy procedure pending several years until a final decision is issued. The patent landscape is vast and complex. The grant of the Zhang et al. patent was closely followed by several divisional European patent applications. Some have been granted,183 some are being opposed or are within the nine-month opposition period,184 while others are under examination. 185 It seems predictable that some of these patents will also be opposed by multiple parties. In the USA, the same patent family already includes at least 13 patents, the first of which was granted on April 15, 2014. 186 Several further European and US pending applications are in this patent family. A competing patent family directed toCas9 currently includes a European patent application187 and a US patent application188 filed by the University of California, the University of Vienna, and Emmanuelle Charpentier. It covers research conducted by 's teams (hereinafter, Doudna et al. ). This patent claims a priority date of May 25, 2012, more than 6 months before the priority date claimed in the Zhang et al. patent (December 12, 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Recently, a number of studies of nocturnal and diurnal rodents have demonstrated influences of photoperiod upon animal models of depression [10 - 12]. Several reports have presented rationales and preliminary suggestive evidence that circadian system genetic abnormalities might contribute to affective disorders [13 - 18]. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that heritable circadian disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder are comorbid with depression [19]. This may suggest that there are genetic polymorphisms in the circadian system which confer susceptibility both to depression and to delayed sleep phase disorder or its converse, advanced sleep phase disorder. Genome-wide association studies of bipolar disorder have given no substantial support for a role of the circadian system [20,21], although in one study, VGCNL1, a gene which may have a circadian role, came close to genome-wide significance [22]. Genome-wide studies, however, are designed to detect common allelic variants of small effect, and do not exclude other types of gene effects, such as rare variants of strong effect. Though the genome-wide association method may eventually replace the testing of candidate genes, we have thought it worthwhile to survey likely single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the set of genes which form the circadian system through complex interactions. Most of the SNPs we have considered have not been tested directly in whole-genome association studies. Moreover, in some models, we have used transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) with parent-proband trios or affected sib pairs which eliminate population stratification as a potential source of false-negative results. Here we report results of 4 ongoing studies which provide some cross-replication, and taken together, suggest that several circadian polymorphisms are associated with phenotypes related to affective disorders. describe 4 complementary studies, assembled to provide replication and to clarify what aspects of circadian polymorphisms may be relevant to both bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Bipolar probands and families From probands with bipolar disorder, DNA samples from 444 nuclear families were assembled including 561 affected offspring. These were largely proband-parent trios or affected sib pairs with parents. These nuclear families were obtained primarily from two different samples. The first was a set of families collected as part of a three site consortium (UCSD, U. Cincinnati, and U. British Columbia) for linkage studies in extended pedigrees.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: They can ensure patients with information on urological conditions, treatment options, and preventive care measures, thus improving patient knowledge [17]. Wang et al. [18] developed SnehAI chatbot to handle with private topics such as safe sex and family planning. SnehAI provides a private and nonjudgmental space for users, offering reliable and relatable information and resources. The study utilizes the Gibson theory of affordances to examine SnehAI’s functionalities, and it demonstrates strong evidence across fifteen functional affordances, including accessibility, multimodality, compellability, interactivity, and inclusivity. developed by Görtz et al. [19], is a user-friendly medical chatbot specifically focused on prostate cancer (PC) communication. The study aimed to evaluate ’s effectiveness in providing patient information about early detection of PC. The chatbot proved to be straightforward to use, with a majority of users (78%) not requiring any assistance. Furthermore, 89% of the chatbot users experienced a clear to moderate increase in their knowledge about PC. The participants expressed their willingness to reuse a medical chatbot in the future, highlighting the support for chatbot integration in clinical routines. demonstrated its potential in raising awareness, patient education, and support for early PC detection. Khawam et al. [20] are currently conducting a randomized controlled trial to investigate how usefully conversational ChatBot will provide education and help the patients with urinary incontinence. AI-based chatbots hold significant promise for enhancing patient outcomes in urology, particularly for those patients who require adherence to treatment regimens and lifestyle modifications (Fig. 2). This is particularly relevant for a range of urological conditions such as urinary incontinence, urolithiasis, and erectile dysfunction, where making necessary changes to diet, exercise, and compliance to medications can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life. Ray et al. [21] introduced “MenGO,” an integrated cloud-based system for personalized andrological health management. MenGO addresses multiple systemic issues in the field of andrology and men’s sexual wellness by utilizing statistical modeling and a natural language processing (NLP) chatbot. This one-stop solution caters to men suffering from chronic ailments such as erectile dysfunction, infertility, ejaculation problems, and prostate gland issues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: In addition to the two competing research groups resulting in the aforementioned patents, other parties are active with patents and patent applications relevant to the technology. Given the number of research teams working in the area, the complexity of the patent landscape is likely to increase with time and generate further patent disputes. For example, the USPTO granted a patent that claims gene inactivation by the use of chimeric restriction endonucleases. This was issued on October 4, 2016 with a priority date of February 3, 1999. The patent owners are the and the Boston Children's Hospital, and the inventors André Choulika and Richard Mulligan. 196 Cellectis (the exclusive licensee) publicly announced ‘an umbrella patent’ that ‘covers most of the gene-editing procedures done with a nuclease’, including those based onCas9, TALENs, zinc fingers, and many meganucleases. Commentators have cast doubt on the patent's validity and scope, an indication that litigation might follow suit. 197/Cas9 patent wars will likely continue over the coming years. Long and complex proceedings, in both the USA and Europe, will unveil who owns the technology and to what extent. Independently of the outcome in the priority battle(s), different players will also seek to oppose and/or partially or totally invalidate specific claims. Different grounds for invalidation are possible, including arguments concerning patent exclusions under the EPC. The outcome of the battle of the claims has many variables and is difficult to predict. In the meantime, while the actual ownership status over the technology is undefined and despite ethical controversies, license agreements and joint ventures with major industry partners have been announced. The industry is moving toward future commercial applications, while the public debate on ownership and scientific attribution is somehow overshadowing ethical and regulatory discussions. In light of this uncertainty, it is not surprising that different forms of intervention are currently being considered in Europe ranging from legislative changes in the EU Biotech Directive, patent law, and procedure to the introduction of special compulsory licensing regimes198 and creative user-generated and integrated solutions, such as the development of industry wide e-licensing platforms. 199Whereas a detailed discussion of all possible forms of intervention falls outside the scope of this paper, we will in the following elaborate on these types of solution that seek to balance the application and governance of IPRs in relation to upstream and downstream technology. 200 IV. C. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: The remainder of the families came from waves 1–4 of the for Collection. Both family sets and the ascertainment and diagnostic methods employed have been described in detail elsewhere [23,24]. For this analysis, we included bipolar type 1 disorder, bipolar type 2 disorder, and schizoaffective (bipolar type) patients as affected participants. Although the TDT is not subject to an increased type one error rate due to population stratification, only self-identified Caucasians were included in this analysis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assayed with 6 reagent pools targeting 45–48 SNPs, using the SNPlex™ with an ABI 3730 48-capillary DNA analyzer according to the manufacturer's directions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). Technically satisfactory genotypes with sufficient heterozygosity for analysis were obtained for 197 SNPs [see Additional file 1]. In addition, a polymorphic repeat region with four or five copies of a 54 bp repetitive sequence in exon 18 of the PER3 gene was examined [25,26]. PCR of the polymorphic area was performed using the primers: 6-fluorescently labeled, and. Products of 309 bp and 363 bp were distinguished by gel electrophoresis, using the 6-Fam fluorescent label on the forward primer to determine fragment size. PLINK v1. 03 [27] was used to test for HWE, and transmission disequilibrium from parent to affected child was tested using a transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT). Empirical p-values were generated using the max(T) permutation approach for pointwise estimates (EMP1) as well as corrected for all comparisons (EMP2). Compared to a conservative Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, a global permutation test is a more powerful approach for candidate gene studies as it considers the correlation structure between SNPs in LD with each other. Correlation between SNPs (LD structure) was assessed with HaploView 4. 1. (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA). Bipolar probands and the morningness-eveningness quantitative trait A group of 130 unrelated research volunteers completed the Morningness (BALM) Scale, a 13-item multiple-choice questionnaire designed to distinguish participants with high, normal, or low "morningness" [28].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: The system provides access to affordable physiological and psychological treatments through a smart and interactive telehealth platform powered by cloud and big data analytics. The NLP chatbot integrated into MenGO enhances the overall user experience by facilitating communication and reducing barriers in seeking appropriate healthcare. Kim et al. [22] developed a patient-centered text message-based platform to promote self-management of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). The platform consisted of four treatment module categories, namely, patient education and behavioral modification, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pelvic floor physical therapy, and guided mindfulness practices. Supportive messages were delivered through an automated algorithm, enhancing the concept of provider support through shared decision-making and reducing the sense of isolation experienced by patients. This intervention empowered patients to manage their symptoms better, improve self-efficacy, and gain insight into their motivations and behaviors. Chen et al. [23] are currently conducting a randomized controlled trial to investigate how an AI chatbot intervention can impact the self-management and decision-making confidence of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by an enlarged prostate, with or without erectile dysfunction (ED), in the post-COVID-19 era. Patients have the opportunity to access the chatbot for free by scanning a QR code. The chatbot offers self-management guidance on topics including prostate enlargement, urinary symptoms, and erectile dysfunction. Moreover, it provides patient-centered decision-making tools aimed at supporting and empowering patients, particularly in relation to improving urination and erectile function. Fig. 2Examples of clinical applications of chatbotFull size imageSupportAI-based chatbots in urology can improve decision-making by analyzing patient data and medical records. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, these chatbots can provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment plans (Fig. 3). This assists healthcare professionals in interpreting complex urological data, leading to more accurate and efficient clinical decisions [10]. These AI-based chatbots can consider a wide range of patient variables and provide personalized recommendations based on the specific case at hand. As stated by Gabrielson et al. [11], they may serve as an essential tool in the urologist’s armamentarium to step away from the computer and turn the physician’s chair back toward the patient. Kim et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: Inspiration for such approaches could be gathered from the ICT sector. This was demonstrated in December 2016, when one of the main operators of one-stop licenses for standards and other technology platforms in consumer electronics, announced that it has begun to examine the -cas9 patent landscape to identify essential patents that would need to be bundled together in licensing pools to enable a one-stop license ‘platform to reduce litigation risk and provide efficiency, transparency and predictability to scientists and businesses worldwide. ’208 IV. D. is a considerable legal theoretical, but also political, discussion concerning policy options between pluralism and harmonization. The discussion emerges concerning every negotiation of an instrument of international law. Internally it is often present in debates concerning the limits and boundaries of federal legislative powers, or centralization versus regionalisation. It is also particular visible in political debates concerning plurinational integration projects such as the EU. Emerging technology, such as gene editing, presents a multitude of horizontal challenges across a variety of legal disciplines. It is also a technology which raises deep social and ethical questions and as such entails possibilities for further legal and regulatory overlaps. As demonstrated in this section, gene editing opens interpretative and even legislative challenges because often it is not clear how these new technologic realities fit into legal categories, and operative concepts of the applicable rules and regulations. 209The existence of a multi layered framework of laws and regulations is simultaneously cause and consequence of a complex network of legal overlaps. As mentioned above, patentability exceptions or eligibility standards play a public policy role akin to technology regulatory norms. Although these are independent from technology regulations, intersections should be considered and the need or not for coherence addressed, in particular, coherence between legal interpretation of patent exceptions to gene-editing processes and the regulatory framework applicable to such intervention. Because the regulatory framework might distinguish between different technological applications, interpreting eligibility rules as intended to deny incentives to research that seeks to eradicate the transmission of severe hereditary diseases to future generations is at odds with the function of the patent system. As a matter of legal interpretation, it has to be investigated in light of the intention and purpose of the patent system whether the legislator would have allowed for a broader patent eligibility approach if it had anticipated the technological possibilities for therapeutic applications provided by gene-editing technology. The issue of dual use is of particular importance to the concrete determination of whether a technology should be excluded from public incentive mechanisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: These subjects were recruited at UCSD for genetic studies of bipolar disorder, but they were not primarily parts of family groups and only 5 were also included in the TDT family sample. Of the 130 subjects with available BALM data, according to research diagnoses, 82% were I (not necessarily manic at the time), 3 had had unipolar major depression, one was schizoaffective, and the rest had no psychiatric diagnosis. Those with high BALM scores tend to go to bed early and arise early: in the extreme, they may suffer from advanced sleep phase disorder. Those with low BALM scores tend to go to bed late and to arise late in the morning: with extremely low scores, they may suffer from delayed sleep phase disorder. This quantitative trait, thought to reflect control by circadian "clock" genes, is roughly 50% heritable [29 - 31]. The 6th (most recent) SNPlex™ pool was assayed for each participant, but the other assay reagent pools were not available. Of the 48 SNPs in the pool, 44 were successfully assayed and 30 passed quality control. [27], quantitative trait associations (additive model) were performed and empirical p-values estimated based on the Wald-statistic (t-distribution). To correct for population stratification, subjects were grouped into self-identified Caucasians (n = 95) and others (n = 35) and permutations were performed within these two groups using the max(T) permutation approach for pointwise estimates (EMP1) as well as corrected for multiple comparisons (EMP2). Unipolar major depression affected sibling pairs Families with probands with recurrent early-onset unipolar depression were recruited by the GenRED project [32]. These subjects were ascertained as part of a multi-site consortium to conduct linkage studies of major depression, and diagnoses made using a standardized best estimate method as previously described. Through the of from 150 GenRED sibling pairs with at least one affected sibling was kindly supplied by the Cell & DNA Repository. These samples were also assayed with SNPlex pools 5 and 6 (88 SNPs), resulting in high-quality genotypes of 63 SNPs. family-based sib-TDT (DFAM) analyses were computed including 298 individuals in 149 families (89 concordant and 60 discordant sib-pairs).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: [24] propose a medical specialty prediction model from patient-side medical question text based on pre-trained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). The dataset comprised pairs of medical question texts and labeled specialties scraped from a website for the medical question-and-answer service. The model was fine-tuned for predicting the required medical specialty labels among 27 labels from medical question texts including urology. By analyzing the patient’s symptoms and complaints, chatbots can provide recommendations on which specialists in the field of urology or related areas should be consulted for a comprehensive examination and further diagnosis. This helps streamline the referral process and ensures that patients receive the most appropriate care based on their specific concerns. Fig. 3Example of chatbot mechanism of actionFull size imagePost-treatment Follow-up CareChatbots can be highly useful in post-treatment follow-up in urology by providing continuous monitoring and support for patients. They can collect and analyze patient-reported outcomes, such as urinary symptoms or quality of life indicators, and provide personalized recommendations for self-care or additional interventions. As noted by Goldenthal et al. [25], chatbots could be programmed to follow up with patients after their urology appointments, checking in on their symptoms and providing guidance on self-care. This could be especially beneficial for patients who live far from their urology clinic or who have mobility issues that make in-person follow-up visits difficult. DiscussionChatbots have been used in healthcare for decades, with the earliest known healthcare chatbot being ELIZA, created in 1966 [26]. Since then, chatbots have been utilized in various healthcare settings, from helping patients manage chronic conditions to providing mental health support. There are three main types of healthcare chatbots based on the input processing and response generation method: rule-based model, retrieval-based model, and generative model [8]. Rule-based chatbots use pre-programmed responses to provide information to patients, while retrieval-based bots offer more flexibility as it queries and analyzes available resources. The generative model produces chatbots based on machine or deep learning to improve their responses over time and is more promising for several reasons. They can understand natural language and learn from user interactions to provide more personalized responses. Additionally, AI-based chatbots can be used to analyze large amounts of patient data to identify patterns and trends that can be used to improve healthcare outcomes [27].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is widely accepted by consumers without ethical concerns. [SEP] Text: 210 Certain gene-editing intervention is or will be prohibited based on a number of reasons (public health, precaution and safety concerns, or human dignity), while less controversial applications might be allowed. However, patent protection is not necessarily purpose-bound, so that only in certain claim types (eg secondary uses) would it be possible to differentiate. When a given invention can be developed in different directions, it is excessive to deny patentability and thus incentives to innovation. Moreover, legal coherence will imply that similar public policy considerations will have to apply mutatis mutandis to other public forms of incentive, such as research grants, prizes, and awards. Likewise, cross-license mechanisms and contractual arrangements should equally be developed in light of general legal principles. Finally, gene editing is simple to use in non-institutional contexts. Incentives to further research and innovation are a powerful tool to stir technology in a socially responsible and safe direction, but the nature of the technology implies the need for additional mechanisms of governance such as exploring the possibilities for multilevel stakeholder dialog and private society engagement. Law, in its broader sense, is created, and developed in a given social context. Narratives on science and technology play an interesting role on defining how different actors will apply, interpret, and use their agency or discretionary powers. Court adjudication, institutional practice by patent offices, decisions by ethical boards and regulatory approval authorities, negotiation of contractual arrangements and business strategies, and even individual decisions by private actors are not made in the vacuum, but rather inserted in a social context. In the next section, we address both the role and influence of communication and public perception in legal debates concerning the regulation of emerging technology, and on the other side the influence of litigation in the construction of such narratives. V. technological ability to alter genes has for a long time been a controversial issue in public debate. In 1975, the Asilomar conference211 crystallized public attention on the risks and merits of recombinant DNA technology, but controversies about genetic inheritance go much further back (for instance around the use of eugenics). During the 1970s and 1980s, however, controversies over the use of genetic modification in agriculture and human and animal reproduction regularly surfaced in many countries around the world.

Output: contrast