Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melatonin has a key role in the integration of circadian rhythms [258] based on some of the experimental evidence. Melatonin can suppress neuronal SCN activity towards nighttime levels [259] as an immediate action and phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity as a long-term effect. Another action is to lower the AVP secretion from SCN neurons in rats. Melatonin has also been recognized as a chrono biotic and used to overcome some changes seen in jet lag and shift work. A temporal melatonin-controlled expression of the clock gene is also reported [260]. Melatonin release from the pineal gland occurs by a direct excitatory glutaminergic input from the SCN. Melatonin, initially known for regulating the sleep-wake cycle by controlling the circadian rhythm has additional functions as well, as revealed by recent research. In rodents and humans, melatonin administration can entrain activity rhythms by binding and altering through acute and clock resetting mechanisms. The role of melatonin is thus beyond sleep regulation and extends to our overall circadian health. MelanopsinMelanopsin belongs to the opsin family of light-sensitive retinal proteins and plays crucial roles in various biological processes including circadian function. ipRGCs are specialized photoreceptor cells containing melanopsin and are sensitive to light. The advent of melanopsin has provided a new meaning to circadian entrainment [261]. It is observed [262] that melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs are depolarized by light with subsequent firing of action potentials at a higher sustained frequency having brighter illumination. This also makes them capable of acting independently of the image-forming circuits. These cells do not contribute to image formation and directly communicate with SCN. ipRGCs when absorbing light relay this information to the SCN and lead to photoentrainment [263]. Melatonin being part of the cells virtually regulates circadian functions. mRGCs form only a very small percentage (0. 3–0. 8) of the ganglion cells of the retina but still act as a third set of photoreceptors of the retina expressing melanopsin [261, 264]. A required number of mRGCs and their maintenance is essential for circadian rhythms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha diversity analysesTo allow comparisons among sites and depth zones, despite possible differences between survey areas covered, a combination of asymptotic and non-asymptotic diversity estimations was applied, based on rarefaction and extrapolation analyses and Hill numbers, using the iNext package in R. Individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation (R/E) curves, as well as sample coverage-based R/E curves, were plotted, with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals interpreted as a significant difference, as per García-Martínez, et al. , (2017) and Cumming et al. (2007). Individual-based R/E curves were used as they provide unbiased estimates of species diversity and enable comparison of morphospecies diversity between depth zones and sites, specifically when they reach an asymptote. The protocol proposed by Chao et al. (2020) was followed to assess and compare alpha diversity and sample completeness among our surveys. Firstly, Hill numbers, also known as the effective number of equally abundant species qD, were used (Hill 1973; Chao et al. 2014), and the three most widely used orders (i. e. q = 0, q = 1 and q = 2) were assessed here. 0D corresponds to species richness, which is an indication of the number of species present in the community without considering their abundances and thus gives disproportionate weight to rare species. 1D indicates the measure of Shannon diversity (i. e. exponential of Shannon entropy), which weighs each species according to its abundance in the community and can be interpreted as the number of ‘common’ species present in the assemblage. Finally, 2D represents Simpson diversity (i. e. inverse of Simpson concentration index), which discounts all but the dominant species and thus can be interpreted as the number of highly ‘abundant’ (or dominant) species in the community (Chao et al. 2020). To allow for comparisons among the investigated benthic communities, the steps proposed by Chao et al. (2020), were followed as listed below. Firstly, sample completeness of each survey was estimated via a bootstrap method (n = 500) for q = 0, 1, 2 to compare the diversity detected, or sample completeness, between each depth zone and site (Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: With the aging process and certain neurodegenerative diseases, circadian disorders are observed with reduction as well as change in the structure of melanopsin ganglion cells which indicates a correlation between circadian alterations and pathological states. It is known that conventional photoreceptors, rods, and cones, are not required for circadian photoreception, instead, it is RGCs with expression of melanopsin that are required indicating the inner retinal layer might contribute to circadian photoreception [265]. PK2PK2 is a cystine-rich secreted protein and is identified as an output signaling molecule for the SCN. PK2 oscillates in a circadian phase with peaks in subjective daytime. PK2 is a CCG and has a crucial role in the functioning of SCN. SCN, the epicenter of daily rhythms is entrained by light and PK2 expression responds to light-dark cycles. The molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN seems to be a delicate interplay between the endogenous circadian clock and light and this clock governs PK2 while light has a modulatory role. Vasopressin and PK2 are two SCN output molecules derived from two different CCGs [266, 267]. The receptor for PK2 namely PKR2 is expressed in the SCN target sites abundantly [268] which emphasizes that it is an output molecule. PK2 is involved within the SCN to synchronize the output as well as in the transmission of behavioral circadian rhythm. An earlier study [269] reported that PK2 is not necessary for SCN timekeeping or entrainment, but is required for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology. Many lines of evidence involving experiments have shown and confirmed PK2 signaling in input and output pathways. Further confirmation of PK2 as an output signal for SCN has been reported [270]. Reduced circadian rhythms in mice deficient in PK2 or its receptor and reduced oscillation of PK2 expression in transgenic mice are observed. One report [271] also observed that PK2 from ipRGCs to the SCN neurons has a signaling role. Overexpression of PK2 caused a significant reduction of BMAL1, Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 2 genes in the SCN. Thus, it becomes evident that PK2 signaling has a role in both the input and output pathways of the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: All morphospecies identified can be consulted in the freely accessible catalogue created for the region (Diaz et al. , 2023b). Species richness (q = 0) was observed to decrease with depth at both sites, with lower diversity observed at 110–120 m and 150–160 m compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. 2a). Although only conservative minimum estimates could be obtained for species richness (as individual-based R/E curves did not reach an asymptote; Fig. 2a), at the fixed sample coverage of Cmax = 96. 4%, benthic morphospecies richness was significantly lower for the two deepest zones compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. S1c, Table S5; non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two deepest depth zones, overlapping CIs for 15 m to 90 m depth zones). Fig. 2Overview of alpha diversity analysis based on Hill numbers. a) individual-based Rarefaction/Extrapolation (R/E) curves for q = 0. b) individual-based R/E curves for q = 1. c) individual-based R/E curves for q = 2. Shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals for each curve. Shades of blue represent the different surveyed depth zones at Rats (IDR), and the shades of orange are the depth zones at (MA). Solid lines are the rarefaction curves while the dashed lines represent the extrapolation curves up to double the respective sample sizeFull size imageEstimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity reached asymptotes for all depths at both sites and overall showed significant decreases in diversity over the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m (Fig. 2b, c; Fig. S1b, c; non-overlapping CIs). The exception was at IDR, where both Shannon and Simpson diversity were significantly higher at 30–40 m compared to 15–20 m (Fig. 2b, c). At both sites, Shannon diversity between 60–70 m and 150–160 m was significantly lower than observed at shallower depths; however, there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between 80–90 m and 110–120 m (Fig. 2b). Simpson diversity differed between the two sites (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The involvement of orexin in a multitude of functions from energy homeostasis to cognition and dysfunction of the orexinergic system leading to pathological states has prompted to describe its role as necessary for a healthy life. It is equally noteworthy that the role of orexin is not limited to brain areas as it finds its way in metabolic regulation too. Pigment-dispersing factorThe pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is an 18-aminoacid peptide that acts as a neuromodulator and is produced by circadian clock circuit neurons [276]. It is a neuromodulator signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. Two important functions of PDF appear to be the regulation of locomotor activity timing and the maintenance of clock circuit intracellular cycling. Both functions are mediated through the activation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in neurons [276]. PDF has an important but complex role in the phasing of Drosophila activity rhythm [277]. Another observation is that loss of PDF produces desynchrony among clock neurons under DD conditions but not under LD 12:12 and retains the neurons synchronized. This may indicate PDF is not very essential to maintain synchrony under entrained conditions [277]. PDF-present pea aphids are likely to mediate photoperiodic signaling to insulin-producing cells [278]. Thus, PDF has a pivotal role in the circadian clocks of many insects, fruit flies, and cockroaches. It is considered an output molecule of specific circadian clock neurons. Some of the findings suggest that PDF conveys day-length information to the photoperiodic system. In some insects, PDF may signal LDs, while in others it signals short days (SDs). NONO of the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms. It helps to synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment. Neurons release NO and it acts as a neurotransmitter to communicate with neighboring cells and this helps to maintain proper phase relationship between internal rhythms and the night cycle. NO also affects the expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 1 of the SCN neurons which regulate the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms. Exposure to light during the daytime causes the release of NO and this reinforces the synchronization of the body’s clocks to the external day-night cycle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2c): at MA, Simpson diversity was significantly different between 15–20 m and 30–40 m and the deeper depths; however, the values did not differ significantly between the depth zones from 60–70 m to 110–120 m; while at IDR, the 80–90 m depth zone showed a significantly lower Simpson diversity, compared to both 60–70 and 110–120 m (Table S5). Finally, the values were significantly lower at 150–160 m compared to shallower depth zones for both sites (Fig. 2c; Fig. S1b, c; Table S5). In this study, the diversity curves did not all reach an asymptote, indicating that total diversity was not captured (Fig. 2). This undetected diversity for each depth zone at each site is detailed in Table S4. Nevertheless, coverage-based sample completeness profiles revealed that between 93. 8% and 97. 3% of benthic morphospecies diversity was detected, depending on the depth zones and sites (Table S3), showing that while a few species were undetected, an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities was sampled (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Beta diversityValues of beta diversity between depth zones for the entire benthic community were similar between both study sites (Fig. 3a and d). Total beta diversity values were high between the depth zones, throughout the entire depth gradient for both sites (from 15 to 160 m; Jaccard 0. 61 to > 0. 96; Fig. 3, Table S6, Fig. S1), indicating a limited number of shared morphospecies between depth zones. Adjacent depth zones displayed less dissimilarity compared to depths located further apart (Jaccard 0. 65 for 15–20 m/30–40 m, to 0. 81 for 110–120 m/150–160 m; 0. 85 for 80–90 m/150–160 m to 0. 95 for 15–20 m/150–160 m, respectively; Fig. 3a and d, Table S7, Fig. S1). Fig. 3Changes in beta diversity and its two components–turnover and nestedness – with depth for the entire benthic community at both study sites Rats (IDR, a to c) and (MA, d to f), using Jaccard’s dissimilarity index from 0 to 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN neurons nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity are seen in dwarf hamsters and rats which indicates the participation of NO in SCN [279]. Although presently NO has been reported to be an extracellular modulator of photic transduction in the SCN it can also perform both intracellular and transcellular signaling in the SCN as per some experimental evidence [280–282]. Production of NO in the SCN is linked to NMDA induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and administration of cGMP produces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro. NOS inhibitors prevent NMDA-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro and in vivo. Light transmission to the SCN is disrupted by blocking NO production suggesting a role in the light-input pathway. Glu release from retinal terminals can also be interrupted by blockade of NO action in intact animals. Other effects of NO blockade include interruption of expression of IEGs, intracellular increase in calcium activation of nNOS, augmented production of cGMP, and others, all indicating the requirement of NO in the SCN. NO appears to be an important neurotransmitter in generating the phase shifts of circadian rhythms. Aging-induced alteration of NO levels seen was significant in the liver. Melatonin, a known antiaging agent decreases with aging and on exogenous administration could produce a differential restoration of age-induced alterations NO daily rhythms [283]. The role of extracellular NO communication within SCN for synchronization to LD cycles has been demonstrated [281]. This occurs by single light pulses activating NO intracellular signaling which leads to phase shifts and synchronization. Since the knowledge about the 3 different forms of NOS is limited at present, the exact role of NO is not established yet. However, NO is now known as a crucial mediator for aligning our internal rhythms with the outside world, for healthy functioning of rhythms. HistamineHistamine is a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and has a role in mammalian timekeeping. was first identified in the brain about 50 years ago, its role as a neurotransmitter in physiological functions was identified only later. Despite substantial evidence suggesting a role for histamine as a neurotransmitter in circadian entrainment, its role has not been identified with authenticity. Histamine can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms in a manner like that of light pulses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Values close to 0 indicate a high level of similarity between the two communities being compared and values close to 1 indicate a low level of similarityFull size imageTurnover was the largest component of beta diversity, thus it can be considered as the main driver of differentiation between benthic communities, indicating that the change in morphospecies diversity along the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m, was mostly due to species replacement (Jaccard > 0. 5 to > 0. 9; Fig. 3b and e; Table S7, Fig. S1). On the contrary, nestedness had only a limited influence on the overall dissimilarity with depth (Jaccard 0. 01 to < 0. 2; Fig. 3c and f; Table S7, Fig. S1); showing that, while species diversity broadly decreased with depth (Fig. 2), deeper communities were not just a subset of richer communities observed at shallower depths. The differences between the turnover and nestedness components, compared to total dissimilarity, are detailed in Fig. S1. Between sites, for the same depth zone, beta diversity did not show a strong pattern (Fig. 4). Overall, dissimilarity was less pronounced between sites in shallow-water communities (15–20 m) compared to communities at mesophotic depths (30–160 m), with 60–70 m and 150–160 m zones showing the highest benthic dissimilarity at a local scale. Similarly to the beta diversity calculated along the depth gradient, turnover was the main component of beta dissimilarity between sites, indicating benthic dissimilarity is mainly driven by species replacement at a local scale. Fig. 4Jaccard’s dissimilarity and its two components – turnover and nestedness – between the two study sites (Ile des Rats and Manta Alley) for a depth zone. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index ranges from 0 to 1, with values close to 0 indicating a high level of similarity between the two communities and values close to 1 indicating a low level of similarityFull size imageDiscussionThis study provides novel, baseline data on the diversity of benthic communities within MCEs in the central (Egmont Atoll, Chagos Archipelago).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SP by itself did not enhance GRP-induced phase shifts in the early-subjective night and significantly attenuated GRP-induced phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on SP-induced Fos expression only in the late subjective night, it was suggested [296] that SP may not be a part of the photic phase shifting during the early-subjective night, but may participate in modulating phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on this reliable evidence, it is considered that SP is useful in orchestrating our daily rhythms and thereby essential for internal timekeeping. NMSThe presence of NMS, a 36 amino acid neuropeptide in the SCN was reported in 2004 [297]. NMS, seen in the core part of the SCN is a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system and has a diurnal peak under the LD cycle [298]. NMS-containing neurons contribute about 40% among the SCN neurons and these neurons have an essential role in the generation of daily rhythms in behavior [153]. NMS neurons appear to be sufficient to lengthen the period of the SCN and behavioral circadian rhythms. Interestingly, it is closely related to another neuropeptide called neuromedin U which is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. NMS neurons appear critical and it is reported [299] that deletion of the gene that decodes for the VGAT from NMS neurons can lead to arrhythmia of locomotor activity and sleep as well as impairment of intrinsic clock gene rhythms. This suggests that the removal of GABA release from the adult SCN does not affect the pacemaker’s ability to sustain overt circadian rhythms, but its removal from NMS neurons within the SCN throughout development removes the SCN’s ability to sustain circadian rhythms. It is also known that NMS can regulate circadian rhythms through autocrine and/or paracrine actions [298]. NMS, thus appears as one among the ever-growing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN having multiple functions. It operates like a conductor orchestrating the timing symphony of SCN to maintain the integrity of the clock for the expression of robust circadian rhythms and participates in the integration and coordination of the thousands of clocks of the SCN. synthesized in both the core and shell of the SCN has been assigned a significant role in SCN function.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023a), gorgonian and antipatharian (Bridge et al. 2012; Bo 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023a)) diversity in MCEs were shown to increase with depth. Similar trends in specific phylum change are presented in Table S2. Benthic diversity and community composition change along the depth gradient may be explained by several environmental factors, as observed in a parallel study by (Diaz, et al. 2023a), which identified fifteen environmental variables contributing significantly to the distribution and community composition of MCEs over the depth gradient. Decreasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were identified as the two main drivers of variation in community composition with depth at (Diaz et al, 2023a). Similarly, a global study across a variety of taxa identified PAR and nutrient availability (both dissolved and particulate organic matter) to be correlated with a community break observed at 60 m (Lesser et al. 2019). In the Caribbean (i. e. Bermuda and Little Cayman), temperature and light were the main factors correlated with changes in overall benthic morphotype richness and scleractinian corals with depth, respectively (Stefanoudis et al. 2019; Carpenter et al. 2022). A decrease in benthic diversity with depth can therefore be explained by several factors, but mostly by the decrease in PAR, temperature, and nutrient availability. These factors are important drivers of primary production, reflected here in the distribution of photosynthetic corals and algae. Nevertheless, while morphospecies richness decreased with depth overall for the two study sites; for a standardised sample coverage (i. e. Cmax) and within the four shallowest depth zones (from 15 to 90 m), this decrease was not significant (Fig. 2d). However, Shannon and Simpson indices (i. e. , accounting for abundant and highly abundant morphospecies), revealed significant differences between depth zones with an overall decrease in diversity indices with depth (except between 80–90 m and 110–120 m for q = 1, Fig. 2e; and between 60–70 m and 110–120 m at IDR, 80–90 m and 110–120 m at MA for q = 2, Fig. 2f).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Length of the day influences the expression of SSA and studies have shown [300] the involvement of SCN responses to light. SSA produced by a group of SCN neurons is an inhibitory neuropeptide that acts as a neuromodulator to regulate SCN function. SSA acts through 5 receptors [6] to perform its action. Some of the SSA and SP peptides are found colocalized in the SCN. This is mostly due to the synapse of SSA on VIP and AVP neurons and the presence of SSA receptors in the SCN. SSA likely has a regulatory role on the other peptidergic neurons of the SCN. A study [301] reported an increase in SSA and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats, while another study [302] in Syrian hamsters reported no effect of age of SSA m RNA. Though this can be explained based on the species-specific effect seen in the SCN, an increase in SSA immunoreactivity may be related to the VIP decrease with aging, especially given the inhibitory modulatory role of SSA on VIP rhythmicity in the SCN. SSA influences retinorecipient neurons of the SCN core which can reset the molecular clock and this clearly shows a direct role of SSA in the entrainment of circadian activity to the external LD cycle. Studies also suggest SSA signaling [49, 116, 303] can influence the circadian mechanism responsible for the waveform of daily rhythms more than period or phase. Based on these reports one can suggest that SSA may not be necessary for intrinsic circadian timekeeping or photoentrainment, but can contribute to the robustness of circadian activity with change in lighting conditions. CalB and CALRTwo calcium-binding proteins, CalB and CALR, have a role in SCN function. These peptide-containing neurons of the SCN have a complex organization and this is similar among all species [304]. Both proteins are involved in buffering intracellular calcium levels, crucial for the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. Both the core and shell parts of the SCN have CalB neurons with more density in the caudal part and receive direct retinal input [305]. CalB neurons are essential for circadian locomotor activity rhythm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha and beta diversity indices were assessed through the visual annotation of underwater images, where all organisms were identified to the highest taxonomic resolution possible and distinct morphospecies were assigned an Unit (OTU), as standard taxonomic approaches are not often applicable to image data. A morphospecies may then correspond to species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels. Whilst images were annotated by the same observer (who also re-annotated 5% of the images for quality assurance), this method lacks taxonomic resolution, which may consequently have had a negative effect on the diversity results presented here and led to the grouping of several species within one morphospecies, or on the contrary, separation of one species into several colour morphs. During the current study, it was not possible to collect the physical samples typically required to enable traditional taxonomic investigation. Taxon differentiation was thus missing at the fine scale, molecular and genetic levels, likely leading to lower (or higher) observed diversity values and differences in diversity than actually occurs in reality. MCEs are still relatively poorly understood in taxonomic terms, thus, high-resolution images with close-ups in addition to physical sample collection and taxonomic expertise are crucial to resolve their true diversity and the variation in taxa along the depth gradient. This study investigated alpha and beta diversities for benthic communities, along a large depth gradient, for the first time in the central Indian Ocean. These indices are crucial indicators to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions. Indeed, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs are still considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Stefanoudis et al. 2022), and they are usually incidentally included in MPAs due to geopolitical boundaries, rather than purposefully (Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). MCEs, while encompassed within the fully protected Chagos MPA since 2010, have not been included in research and specific protection until 2018, where an objective to improve their research and protection by 2023 was mentioned in the conservation management planning workshop (Programme 2018). However, the authors are not aware of any specific management steps being taken regarding the protection of MCEs within the Chagos MPA, other than the research presented here.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Lesion and transplantation studies in animals have shown that lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity and transplants with CalB neurons promptly restored the same. There is colocalization of CalB with peptides like and SP. CalB also has interconnections with and VIP and some interconnections are bilateral while others are not [31]. In addition, CalB cells also have intra-SCN as well as a projection to extra SCN region [31]. CalB cells are non-rhythmic and receive input from RHT and GHT and the light information to CalB facilitates circadian output [306]. Various pieces of evidence suggest that CalB cells in the SCN may function as gates to relay photic signals. CALR, another calcium-binding protein seen in the SCN is small to medium-sized and is found in the core ventral part of dorsal and lateral SCN It is co-localized with VIP neurons. Optic tracts show immunoreactivity for CALR and there is a reduction in CalB-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation There is also an increase in CALR expression with development [307]. Although the precise roles of CalB and CALR are not yet known, it is expected that they are important for the fine tuning of circadian rhythms. is an octapeptide found in the shell part of the SCN [6] whose presence has been confirmed by light microscopy and electron microscopy in normotensive rats [308]. SCN-derived ANGII has been reported to act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and their effects are mediated through angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1). SCN has ANGII and AT1 [309]. Its influence on circadian rhythms is likely to be indirect as there is no evidence of a direct effect. Its effect on blood pressure and electrolyte balance may have indirect effects on the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian functions. ANGII stimulates the synthesis, and release of AVP and increases its production. AVP also enhances the coupling of SCN with the LD cycle and helps in the synchronization of circadian rhythms in the SCN. Modulating neuronal activity, and altering the firing rate and phase of SCN neurons are listed as some other functions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: AbstractLow-altitude high-resolution aerial photographs allow for the reconstruction of structural properties of shallow coral reefs and the quantification of their topographic complexity. This study shows the scope and limitations of two-media (air/water) Structure from Motion—Multi-reconstruction method using drone aerial photographs to reconstruct coral height. We apply this method in nine different sites covering a total area of about 7000 m2, and we examine the suitability of the method to obtain topographic complexity estimates (i. e. , seafloor rugosity). A simple refraction correction and survey design allowed reaching a root mean square error of 0. 1 m for the generated digital models of the seafloor (without the refraction correction the root mean square error was 0. 2 m). We find that the complexity of the seafloor extracted from the drone digital models is slightly underestimated compared to the one measured with a traditional in situ survey method. Similar content being viewed by others Detecting change in coral reef 3D structure using underwater photogrammetry: critical issues and performance metrics 2. 5D) mapping of very shallow (< 3 m depth) coral reefs is a challenge. Large corals reach up to mean sea level, thus preventing the navigation of vessels carrying ship-borne echo sounders and limiting divers’ access to continuous top-view data. Airborne bathymetric active light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can overcome these limitations and provide continuous sub-meter resolution data with a vertical accuracy in the range of 1–2 dm for shallow-water coral reefs (Collin et al. 2018). surveys are costly and likely unjustified for small areas, and they allow for minimal flexibility in the survey design. In the last years, System (UAS, also called drones) started to be regarded as a third-generation source of remote sensing data (et al. 2018), providing scientists new and accessible tools to explore the Earth surface (e. g. , Casella et al. 2020; Dugdale et al. 2019; Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2019; Mlambo et al. 2017) and allowing significant scientific advancement (e. g. , Ramanathan et al. 2007). UAS regulation that has hindered early scientific uses of UASs (Coops et al. 2019) is now moving forward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, BMAL1, and neuropeptide VIP are also affected by ANGII. However, these effects depend on time of day, type of receptor as well as interaction with other neurotransmitters. ANGII receptors and signaling pathways within the SCN can tell us more about the interplay among the neurotransmitters and the changes they make in the clock function. The molecular mechanism operating in the clock depends on the TTFL of clock genes and is present in the SCN as well as in the clocks present in peripheral organs. There is synchronization between central and peripheral clocks and this helps to anticipate external stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Damage to this synchronization can lead to cardiovascular diseases and other abnormalities. One study reported [310] that infusion of ANGII caused changes in blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters. In addition, there was a distinct daily rhythm in Per2 expression in the SCN with 28 days infusion causing significant phase advance. This was considered as ANGII modulating the functioning of a central and peripheral circadian system based on Per2 expression and locomotor activity. ANGII produces dose-dependent stimulation and inhibition of many SCN neurons in recordings [309] and AT1 receptor antagonist was found to block both these actions. AT1 receptor activation by ANGII depolarizes SCN neurons and causes increased GABA release in the mouse SCN. ANGII is not a clock gene. It shows diurnal variation in its activity and could be influenced by the clock. The precise mechanism of ANGII interaction should provide some insights into the development of a chronotherapeutic approach to combat cardiovascular diseases and information on the regulation of the biological clock. GalaninGal is yet another 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide, present in the SCN [311] and has a significant role in the SCN function. In human SCN Gal and AVP-containing neurons and Gal receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) are seen [311]. Neurons of the shell area of the SCN having and ANGII m ENK receive input from Gal and VIP [6] Gal acts through GPCR and exerts inhibitory effects on neurotransmitter and hormone secretion. The inhibitory actions of Gal remind us of those of GABA and NPY. It also has modulation of neuronal activity function.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Union represents an example where the different UAS regulations of each EU country are now unified under a common and simplified regulation (EU 2018/1139 and implementing acts). A review of worldwide UAS regulations is presented by Stöcker et al. (2017). Concurrently, advances in computer vision algorithms (Anderson et al. 2019) and hardware (e. g. , GPU) facilitated the use of photogrammetry through Structure from Motion (SfM) (Ullman 1979) and Multi-reconstruction (MVS) methods (Scharstein and Szeliski 2002). Today, SfM-MVS methods represent a core data capture and analysis approach widely used by earth and environmental scientists (Anderson et al. 2019; James et al. 2019). These technological and scientific advances facilitate the collection of centimeter-resolution continuous top-view data of shallow reefs at relatively low cost with more flexibility in the survey plan or experimental design (e. g. , Casella et al. , 2017). Although these are clear advantages for coral reef mapping and research, few studies surveying coral reefs with UASs and SfM-MVS exist compared to studies on terrestrial ecosystems (David et al. 2021; Fallati et al. 2020; Levy et al. 2018; Casella et al. 2017). The refraction of light by water, which causes features on the seafloor to appear shallower than they are may have led to this discrepancy because it introduces more significant errors than on-land environments. In addition, turbidity, water surface roughness, and the maximum depth for light penetration represent additional error sources (Joyce et al. 2018; Woodget et al. 2015). Some possible solutions to reduce the effect of the refraction of light on UAS SfM-MVS derived data exist or are being developed (Agrafiotis et al. 2020; Shintani and Fonstad 2017; Dietrich 2017; Ye et al. 2016; Woodget et al. 2015; Maas 2015). This study aims to investigate the relative accuracy of coral height reconstruction of two-media (air/water) SfM-MVS datasets derived from low-altitude UAS flights on shallow coral reefs (< 3 m depth). Rather then focusing on the geographic accuracy, our goal is to answer the question: “how accurately (relative accuracy) can we reconstruct coral height? ”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gal influences various physiological processes and may form a part of the complex interplay of neuropeptides in the SCN for controlling the clock. In animal models, a suppressive effect is reported on insulin secretion [312] which points to Its influence on metabolic processes related to circadian rhythms. However, this effect is not seen in humans. Like some other neurotransmitters not much is known about its specific role in SCN. With the availability of specific high affinity Gal antagonists, it is expected that new dimensions will be given to its function. OxytocinUnlike AVP, it is not possible to assign specific neurotransmitter-related functions for oxytocin (OX) in the SCN. However, the involvement of OX in various neural functions and its regulation has been reported [313]. OX, a nonapeptide is produced in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and can affect SCN. It has a crucial role in social bonding, childbirth, and post-childbirth. It is seen that OX action in the brain can prevent or attenuate the disturbance of the circadian feeding rhythm [314] due to the irregular light-dark cycle seen in shift work or jet lag. In the context of the SCN, While the exact role of OX is debatable, it influences circadian rhythms and may modulate neural activities related to circadian timing. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and social behaviors are among them. SCN coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral functions in response to light and the role of OX may be as part of a broader network of hormonal signaling for synchronization of circadian activities in SCN. OX functions in the body are abundant and many neural connections can produce controversial effects. Interaction with other hormones also makes the situation different. Clinical trials or usage of OX and OX-related compounds will contribute to therapeutic actions for the benefit of human health. ConclusionsNeurotransmitters in the SCN, afferent inputs, and efferent projections are crucial for the generation and maintenance of robust circadian rhythms which is a fundamental mechanism for regulating most of the physiological functions of our body. The presence of more than 100 neurotransmitters makes their role in the working of the clock important and complex. More information about the link between neurotransmitters and genes has improved our understanding of the role in molecular mechanisms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The Phantom-4 Pro has an integrated RGB sensor 1’’ CMOS (effective pixel: 20 M), a focal length of 9 mm, and a resolution of 5472 × 3648 pixels (as per technical specifications: dji. com/phantom-4pro). Nine different flights were programmed to survey the sites at an altitude of 10 m (see Supplementary Table). app (dji. com/de/ground-station-pro) was used to program the UAS flights so that each flight resulted in a 90% forward and lateral overlap. Two types of markers were placed on the seafloor of each site before the flights (Fig. 1c, d): ground control points (GCPs) and scale bars (SBs). A total of 45 30 × 30 cm bright-colored towels and 29 50 cm-long steel bars covered by bright-colored tape were used as GCPs and SBs, respectively. The geographic position of GCPs was collected using a handheld GNSS receiver (Garmin eTrex® 10) with a horizontal accuracy in the order of meters, and their vertical position (local depth) was measured with a handheld Hondex PS-7 dive sonar with reference to the local water level at the time of measurement. The position of GCPs and the length of SBs were used to scale the point cloud generated during the SfM-MVS process. The position of GCPs was also used to georeference the point cloud, optimize the image alignment, and minimize the sum of the re‐projection error and the georeferencing error of the estimated internal camera parameters and point cloud in the SfM-MVS method. The acquired photographs, GCPs, and scale bars were used as inputs in the SfM-MVS method through 1. 6. 2 (agisoft. com) to reconstruct a 3D model of the scene captured by aerial photographs. Specifically, DSMs and orthomosaics of each reef were reconstructed (Fig. 1d, e). For a comprehensive description of the SfM-MVS method, the reader is referred to Westoby et al. (2012) and Carrivick et al. (2016). To validate the DSMs, IMs were collected at each site. Over the entire study area, the height of 51 corals was measured with a meter rod in situ to the nearest centimeter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1. Comparing label-free quantitative peptidomics approaches to characterize diurnal variation of peptides in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Anal Chem. 2014;86:443–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]2. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001;12:435–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 3. Output from VIP cells of the mammalian central clock regulates daily physiological rhythms. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1453. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]4. Spatiotemporal single-cell analysis of gene expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:456–467. [DOI] [PubMed] 5. 4th. The dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;44:35–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]6. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 2001;916:172–91. [DOI] [PubMed] 7. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Res. 2002;309:89–98. [DOI] [PubMed] 8. NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior. Neuron. 2021;109:3268–82. e6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]9. Cell-autonomous clock of astrocytes drives circadian behavior in mammals. Science. 2019;363:187–92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Both in situ and 2D rugosity were calculated by dividing the length obtained following the shape of the terrain (i. e. , bottom profile) with the linear distance (for our case, it is 20 m for each transect) between starting and ending points of the transect (Fig. 3a). The 3D rugosity was calculated using the same method but buffering the digital transect line 0. 5 m on each side. In this case, the 3D surface (DSM) was divided by 20 m2 (as the transect swath is 20 m long and 1 m wide). The closer the rugosity is to zero, the flatter is the terrain. Fig. 3a Difference between in situ vs 2D rugosity; b Histograms representing reef rugosity as calculated in situ and from the DSMs (2D and 3D rugosity, see text); c linear relationships (fitted lines and confidence intervals) between the in situ rugosity and the DSM-derived rugosity (both 2D and 3D). The dotted line shows the 1:1 relationship for referenceFull size imageResults and discussionThe average resolution of the reconstructed orthomosaics and DSMs is 0. 3 cm pix−1 and 0. 6 cm pix−1, respectively. The average XY and Z errors on GCPs are 120 and 7 cm, respectively (see and Report). Comparing the coral heights measured in situ (IMs) with those estimated using corrected and uncorrected DSMs, we find that using refraction-corrected DSMs reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 21 to 10 cm (Fig. 2b). The variation across sites is reported in the Supplementary Table. It is noteworthy that coral height is still underestimated in the corrected DSMs, albeit slightly. Compared to uncorrected DSMs, which underestimate coral heights by 35% (this is due to the current limits of the method and the propagation of DSM errors, James et al. 2017), corrected DSMs underestimate them by 13%. We argue that such correction is effective when flying at a low altitude (e. g. 10 m) and collecting near-nadir images on very shallow areas. The incident and refracted angles of the light ray should be very small (< 15°) for the correction equations to hold true.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1600960. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]22. Colwell CS. Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN. Neurosci. 2011;12:553–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]23. Silver R. Anatomy, Physiology, and Neurochemistry. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2018. 24. Hannibal J. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res. 2002;309:73–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 25. Reghunandanan V, Reghunandanan R. Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Circadian Rhythms. 2006;4:2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]26. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol. 2018;28:R816–22. [DOI] [PubMed] 27. Reghunandanan V. Vasopressin in circadian function of SCN. J Biosci. 2020;45:140. [PubMed] 28. . GABAergic mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that influence circadian rhythm. J Neurochem. 2021;157:31–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 29. . Roles of Neuropeptides, VIP and AVP, in the Circadian Clock. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:650154. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]30. Connectome of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: of the Core-Shell Relationship. eNeuro. 2018;5:. 0205–18. 2018. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]31. . Calbindin-D28K cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons. Neuroscience. 2002;111:575–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]32. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and in Mice and Flies. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2363.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2023. The first revision was submitted on August 3rd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on October 2nd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2023. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Oct 9, 2023 · authors have given responses to all the queries of the reviewers. Hence, I accept this manuscript after some minor revisions. However, I advise the authors to follow an important suggestion of the reviewer to include the graphical representations of the sponge morphology as described in the discussion. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Xavier Pochon, a PeerJ covering this Section #] · Oct 3, 2023 Basic reporting This is the second version. The changes have been made by the authors. Experimental design Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Validity of the findings Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Additional comments Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Cite this review as (2023) #4 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 3)". PeerJ 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 2, 2023 Version 0. 2 · Sep 14, 2023 · The authors have done substantial revision but it needs some more improvement for this manuscript to be published, hence I advise minor revision as per the reviewer's comments. · Sep 14, 2023 Basic reporting 1. The language is clear and comprehensible. 2. Literature cited is recent. 2022 (7), 2021(31) 3. The sources of the meta data have been cited. 4. 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Aug 3, 2023 Version 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]33. . The circadian visual system, 2005. Rev. 2006;51:1–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 34. Morin LP. Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann Med. 1999;31:12–33. [DOI] [PubMed] 35. . Paradoxical sleep suppresses immediate early gene expression in the rodent suprachiasmatic nuclei. Front Neurol. 2010;1:122. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]36. . Inputs and Outputs of the Clock. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:508. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]37. . Molecular and in Nuclei. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2052. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]38. Hirata Y, Enoki R, Kuribayashi-. Circadian rhythms in Per1, PER2 and Ca2+ of a solitary SCN neuron cultured on a microisland. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18271. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]39. Evans JA. Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2016;230:R27–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]40. Belle MDC. Circadian Tick-the Circuits: the Molecular and Clocks. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:567–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]41. . Period gene expression in the brain of a dual-phasing rodent, the Octodon degus. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28:249–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 42. . of Coupling in the Clock Network. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:3618–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 43. Cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for interneuronal coupling regulating circadian behavior rhythm. Neuron. 2015;85:1103–16. [DOI] [PubMed] 44. . Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus venous portal system in the mammalian brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Mar 22, 2023 · This study is relevant to understanding the structure of sponge communities and sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs. Three reviewers have given their comments and suggestions to improvise the manuscript. Reviewer 2 has given elaborate guidance on how to improvise this manuscript and pointed out that "the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated". Hence, follow all reviewers' comments and suggestions carefully and revise the manuscript. [# PeerJ Staff Note: Please ensure that all review and editorial comments are addressed in a response letter and any edits or clarifications mentioned in the letter are also inserted into the revised manuscript where appropriate. #] [# PeerJ Staff Note: The review process has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] · Mar 12, 2023 Basic reporting - The authors should improve English grammar and usage. - The authors should provide locations in Figure 1 - The authors should give clear hypotheses Experimental design - Provide clearer research questions - The authors should provide details of the methods. Validity of the findings - Provide clearer conclusion Additional comments - This manuscript should be improved for better understanding of the readers. Cite this review as (2023) #1 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Mar 15, 2023 Basic reporting This manuscript evaluates through a meta-analysis (= a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies) the structural importance of sponge species in hos-guest interactions. The hosts' structural importance is based on two functional traits, sponge species' accumulated geographical area and sponge morphology. The meta-analysis is based on a filtrated version of the bibliographic database by Pérez-Botello and Simões, 2021( and includes records at the species level. An ecological network analysis, a Model (GLM), a Ordination (PCO), and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to identify holistic properties within host-guest interactions. Overall this study is relevant to understanding how sponge communities structure and how much associated biodiversity they host.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: McClung CA. Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114:222–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]88. . Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2007;1129:34–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 89. Impact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell. 2014;157:858–68. [DOI] [PubMed] 90. Beaulé. Circadian modulation of gene expression, but not glutamate uptake, in mouse and rat cortical astrocytes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7476. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]91. . GABA and Gi/o differentially control circadian rhythms and synchrony in clock neurons. . 2006;103:19188–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]92. The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell. 2002;109:497–508. [DOI] [PubMed] 93. Dual-Color Single-of the Reveals a in Network Synchrony. Neuron. 2020;108:164–79. e7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]94. 'Neill JS, O' Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol. 2006;16:599–605. [DOI] [PubMed] 95. 3 Function in SCN via an AT Motif-Driven Axis. Cell. 2015;162:607–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]96. Bano- Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. . 2021;118:e2100094118. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]97. . Rhythms in Excitability. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:1415–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]98. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: accumulated geographic area, and 3. morphology of host sponges. Figure 3. Add the species in colors or morphological characteristics to this figure to detect any pattern in species or morphology and in relation to accumulated geographic area. Figure 4- The photograph selected to represent encrusting species is from an “excavating” sponge, not from an encrusting species, and the spherical representative species is a common massive species; as their growth patterns vary, please select a typically spherical species. Checking the supplementary list, I found several errors related to the morphology assigned to the species. I recommend you include/collaborate with a sponge expert taxonomist or ecologist to re-organize this data. 284-287- Vague sentence “However, our findings have the potential to provide new insights into predicting the functional responses of faunal assemblages associated with sponges to potential species extinctions in endangered coral reef ecosystems. ” Please specifically state how the study results provide new insights into predicting the functional responses. Lines 292-301- This section in the discussion has interesting statements. However, it is vague and does not express why the results are important and how this knowledge contributes to the structure of interaction networks in sponge communities and associated fauna “Galiana et al. (2018) proposed a relationship between geographic area and the probability of establishing a species interaction. Especially they found that widespread species are more likely to interact with other species. Our results indicate that as the sponge's accumulated geographic area increases, so does the potential for interactions with other organisms” The authors mention that widespread sponge species (as sponge accumulated geographic area) tend to have more potential for interactions with other organisms. Still, it does not specify which species of sponges are those and with which organisms those interactions occur. Instead, keep generalizing “Widely distributed sponge species are found to be particularly important in shaping the structure of the interaction network". Please explain what significance you found in your results. The following sentence is general and does not expose the relevance of the results or why it is important in the context of this study “The positive relationship between the importance of a sponge species within the contribution to network organization and its accumulated geographic area is crucial to understanding the significance of these widely distributed sponge species and the vulnerability of specific geographically restricted interactions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]130. . Circadian rhythms of extracellular ATP accumulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells and cultured astrocytes. Neurosci. 2009;30:869–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]131. Circadian variation in gfap immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Res. 2005;36:141–50. [DOI] 132. . The circadian clock: a tale of genetic–electrical interplay and synaptic integration. Physiol. 2018;5:75–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]133. . and in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2022;42:5522–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]134. . Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Biol. 2014;24:90–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]135. . Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2018;19:453–69. [DOI] [PubMed] 136. The VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis is a cellular pacemaking hub of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian circuit. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3394. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]137. . Integrated brain circuits: neuron-astrocyte interaction in sleep-related rhythmogenesis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:1634–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]138. . Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32:421–31. [DOI] [PubMed] 139. Albrecht U. Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks. Neuron. 2012;74:246–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 140. Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. of Glutamate Transporters. (Lausanne). 2018;9:340. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]141. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ” Lines 328-329- The authors focus on functional characteristics of the sponge they did not measure, such as the physical structure of the sponges (volume, oscula size, number of tubes), but their never organized sponge species based on these characteristics for their analyses. The only morphological characteristic is general morphology, which seems biased, as not all photographs match the correct morphological characteristics for the representative species (i. e. , Figure 4). Lines 324-327- How do you verify that organisms inside the internal space were not excluded in encrusting species? Also, the internal space was not quantified, measured, or even supported by referenced research for each species. Therefore this statement is invalid “This sponge network importance, biological, translates to the fact that morphos that promote spatial micro-compartmentalization could support a more diverse community of associated fauna than morphos with less internal space”. What do you define as micro-compartmentalization? The limitations of this study are not clearly stated in the discussion. There is no clear context for the findings concerning previous literature and results. Lines 343-366- If you want to discuss the relevance of sponge-host interactions concerning chemical defenses, please categorize the species in your metanalyses based on chemical defenses and then evaluate directly in the network analyses your findings. I encourage the authors to include this hypothesis in their network analysis, make it part of this research, focus the network analysis, and develop a more substantial discussion. Additional comments Formatting and English language needs improvement to communicate ideas better so an international audience can understand your text. For example, the first line of the abstract, "Sponges have widely spread organisms in the tropical reefs", should be rephrased; sponges are organisms; they do not have organisms. Also, "behaving like ecosystem engineers" should be replaced by ecological terminology such as "they structure ecosystems". In addition, throughout the text, statements are placed without connecting ideas. For example, in the first paragraph of the introduction, the following three statements are three disconnected sentences of definitions that lack connective words between them "The ecology of a species or community can be studied based on the functional characteristics of organisms (Gagic et al. 2015; Schmitz et al. 2015; Pimiento et al. 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Regulation of rhythmic behaviors by astrocytes. Biol. 2020;9:e372. [DOI] [PubMed] 142. Sládek M, Liška K, Houdek P, Sumová A. Modulation of single cell circadian response to NMDA by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals a role of endocannabinoids in light entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropharmacology. 2021;185:108455. [DOI] [PubMed] 143. . of in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Insights from Mathematical Modeling. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:287–301. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]144. çois-Bellan A, Bosler O. Ultrastructural plasticity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Possible involvement in clock entrainment. Glia. 2008;56:294–305. [DOI] [PubMed] 145. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide entrains circadian rhythms in astrocytes. J Biol Rhythms. 2009;24:135–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]146. Carmona-. Circuit development in the master clock network of mammals. Neurosci. 2020;51:82–108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]147. . Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Forward. J Biol Rhythms. 2024;39:135–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]148. . Vasopressin and the output of the hypothalamic biological clock. J Neuroendocrinol. 2010;22:362–72. [DOI] [PubMed] 149. Mieda M. Mechanism of the Pacemaker of the SCN: a Expected? Front Neurosci. 2019;13:139. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]150. Asymmetric vasopressin signaling spatially organizes the master circadian clock. J Comp Neurol. 2018;526:2048–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]151. Morin LP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: A functional trait is an organism's distinguishable and quantifiable attribute, typically evaluated at the individual level and compared across different species (Poff et al. 2006; Weiher 2011). Classifying biodiversity according to some trait or functional group emphasizes the phenotypic differences between taxa and breaks the species ancestor-descendent phylogenetic link (McGill et al. 2006; Weiher 2011; Gagic et al. 2015; Bagousse-Pinguet et al. 2019). " The connection between statements and ideas needs to be clarified throughout the document. Repetition of statements without explicitly mentioning how this study contributes and connects to previous work is found in the introduction and discussion. Format- Several mistakes, including misspellings of species names “ Aplisyna“ and words Line 503 “Graunds”, grammar Line 59 “2020). . ”, and scientific notation Line 222 “10m2”, are found throughout the text. Also, some 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Mar 21, 2023 Basic reporting • language should be improved to ensure that an international audience can clearly understand your text. English grammar and punctuations to be thoroughly checked. • Spell checks to be done. • Spacing and alignment issues in manuscript to be looked into. • Introduction & background needs more elaboration, needs more detail. • Literature well referenced & relevant. • Discussion is not adequate, I felt. • Discussion should be focusing more on the results obtained. • Introduction portions are in Discussion, to be re framed. • Figures are relevant, quality needs to be improved in some figures, however, I have suggested some changes in legend colouring in the map. Experimental design • Research question well defined, relevant & meaningful. However, authors should clearly mention the knowledge gap their research fills. • Methodically explained the steps of conducting this research. The methodology looks good. • The text needs to be more seamless. It feels very disjointed as if each section is written by a different co-author. There is a dissonance in the writing, making it a little difficult for the reader to quickly comprehend. Validity of the findings • Conclusions are linked to the original research question & are supporting results. However, it does not link well with the discussion. It is advised to rework the discussion part for writing a better conclusion. • All underlying data have been provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuroanatomy of the extended circadian rhythm system. Exp Neurol. 2013;243:4–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]152. . Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Bull. 1981;6:125–30. [DOI] [PubMed] 153. Neuromedin s-producing neurons act as essential pacemakers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to couple clock neurons and dictate circadian rhythms. Neuron. 2015;85:1086–102. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]154. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. . 2003;285:R939–49. [DOI] [PubMed] 155. . for Normal Light-of the Circadian System. J Neurosci. 2018;38:7986–95. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]156. . Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Neurosci. 2012;35:445–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]157. . the Clock in a by Sex and Polypeptide Signaling. Neuroendocrinology. 2022;112:904–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]158. . Vasopressin Neurons: of Time and Homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43:839–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 159. Carmona-. Developmental patterning of peptide transcription in the central circadian clock in both sexes. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1177458. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]160. Yamaguchi Y. Arginine vasopressin: Critical regulator of circadian homeostasis. Peptides. 2024;177:171229. [DOI] [PubMed] 161. King VM, Chahad-. A hVIPR transgene as a novel tool for the analysis of circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2003;17:822–32. [PubMed] 162.

Output: corroborate