Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Associations of factors scores with ageFigure 2 provides scatterplots of each of the eight factor scores derived from the psychophysical measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal processing, together with the second-order global sensory processing factor (SensProc_Global), as a function of age. About one third of the factor scores show a strong association with age (Pearson r >. 70; tacTOTM, audtacTHR, and SensProc_Global), another one third show little or no association with age (r <. 35; visFF, audGD, and tacGD), and the remaining one third fall somewhere in between (. 55 < r <. 60; audTOTM, audtacvisTOloc, and visTOTM). All of the correlations with age are statistically significant (p <. 001), except for tacGD (r =. 06, p >. 05). Fig. 2Scatterplots of nine factor scores, eight from the first-order analysis of the psychophysical measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal processing in hearing, touch, and vision and one second-order general sensory-processing factor (SensProc_Global, lower right) versus subject age for the 245 adults in this studyFull size image Figure 3 provides a similar set of scatterplots for the three cognitive factors that emerged from the analysis of the WAIS–III and the second-order global cognitive function factor score (CogProc_Global). As was expected (e. g. , Salthouse, 2010), the process factor score declines with age (r = −. 71), whereas the product factor score does not (r = −. 04). The factor score for incidental learning (IncLrn) declines with age (r = −. 45), as does the second-order global cognitive function factor score (r = −. 55). All correlations with age, except that for product, are significant (p <. 001). Fig. 3Scatterplots of four factor scores, three from the first-order analysis of the WAIS–III raw scale scores and one second-order general cognitive-processing factor (CogProc_Global, lower right) versus subject age for the 245 adults in this studyFull size image Given that age is moderately to strongly correlated with SensProc_Global (Fig. 2) and CogProc_Global (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: As the most popular mobile instant messaging app in China (Jia & Hew, 2019), WeChat is much simpler than QQ and its functions are more practical. This was also found in Huang and Hew’s study (2022) in which the Applet, or the WeProgram in WeChat, is used for its convenience, practicality and popularity among Chinese students. Language learners prefer more simple and practical platforms while QQ possesses more gaming settings, meaning that QQ learners are more likely to be distracted than those who use WeChat. This finding also complements Zhao’s study (2018). ConclusionThe aim of this study is to determine which of three approaches is the most effective method to help learners learn vocabulary. As an essential element for SLA and reading comprehension (Dubiner, 2017), the research on vocabulary knowledge is meaningful to other fields of language learning. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the scores of all students in all groups were significantly higher after the experiment and most of them had a positive attitude toward learning words on mobile devices. Both the social media and language learning app applied in this study provided students with convenience which extends the boundaries of the classroom and connections which allowed students to be in contact with instructors outside the classroom. Students were attracted by these novel approaches, which increased their interest and motivation. Second, statistically significant differences were found in the mean scores of the post-test between the three approaches as well. Baicizhan proved to be the most effective way to learn vocabulary of the three methods. Although the students in the QQ and WeChat groups also improved their vocabulary, the effects were not as significant as that of the Baicizhan group. From the written data, the attitude of students in the two social media groups was little changed between the start and the end of the experiment. In contrast, the students in the Baicizhan group were increasingly motivated by the competition and the cooperation that exists in Baicizhan. Likewise, students’ autonomy was enhanced and they were positive about the self-paced study by Baicizhan’s monitoring system. Significant differences were found between the two social media groups as well. The more practical functions, simple operations, and social media p19. Thus, the effects of the classroom-based students under the same instructions are unknown.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: ВБ заявил, что он не может помочь Сальвадору внедрить биткойн, учитывая экологические проблемы, связанные с майнингом биткойна, непрозрачность транзакций и его волатильность [9]. ВБ считает, что биткойн не является электронной валютой, выпущенной Центральным банком Сальвадора. Сальвадор, по мнению ВБ, не имеет никакого отношения к данной цифровой валюте. Аналогичную позицию занял Международный валютный фонд (МВФ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: To further confirm the age independence of the association between global sensory processing and global cognitive processing, correlations and partial correlations, controlling for age, were calculated separately for each of the three age groups. Correlations of −. 62, −. 51, and −. 58 and partial correlations of −. 61, −. 50, and −. 46 were observed for the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups, respectively. All of these correlations were significant (p <. 001). Age differences across subjects, however, do tend to accentuate the association between global sensory and global cognitive processing to some degree, especially among the older adults (who also had the widest range of ages). The correlation between SensProc_Global and age decreased slightly from r =. 75 to r p =. 61 when general cognitive function (CogProc_Global) was controlled for. This pattern of results suggests that sensory processing diminishes with age and this decline is largely independent of general cognitive function or the decline in general cognitive function with age. Finally, and perhaps most interesting, when global sensory processing (SensProc_Global) is controlled for, the correlation between age and general cognitive function disappears. That is, the initial uncontrolled correlation between age and cognition was moderate, negative, and significant (r = −. 55, p <. 001), but controlling for SensProc_Global reduces the correlation to r p = −. 05 (p >. 05). Taken together, the foregoing PC analyses and subsequent correlation analyses suggest that there is an association between age and general sensory processing, when measured in multiple senses and using a range of measures from simple measures of acuity or threshold sensitivity to more complex temporal order and temporal-masking tasks. The trends in these data indicate that the older the adult, the greater the sensory decline. That is, aging produces threshold elevations and prolonged SOAs in temporal-order identification and temporal-masking tasks. Elevated sensory thresholds, in more than one sense (primarily in hearing and touch in this study), and difficulties processing fast sequences of stimuli in more than one sense (tactile, auditory and visual, in this study), in turn, are associated with poorer cognitive function, regardless of age. This, in turn, implies that the frequently observed association between chronological age and cognition (e. g. , Salthouse, 2010) may be mediated by global sensory declines of the type measured here.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: AbstractSwitching between similar food and beverage products may reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). Here, using consumer data linked to 23,550 product-specific GHGe values, we estimated annual GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia and calculated reductions from specific switches. Potential changes to mean Rating, mean energy density and the proportion of ultraprocessed foods purchased were assessed. Approximately 31 million tonnes of GHGe were attributable to products consumed at home in 2019, the three highest contributors of GHGe being ‘meat and meat products’ (49%), ‘dairy’ (17%) and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ (16%). Switching higher-emission products for ‘very similar’ lower-emission products could reduce total emissions by 26%. Switches to ‘less similar’ lower-emission products could lead to a 71% reduction. Switches had little impact on the average Rating, energy density of purchases and proportion of ultraprocessed foods purchased. Directing manufacturing and marketing towards lower-environmental-impact products and signposting such options to consumers are key. Similar content being viewed by others No need for meat as most customers do not leave canteens on 1. Food and beverage consumption patterns, particularly in higher-income countries, need to change substantially to become environmentally sustainable according to the Agreement and other international reports2,3,4. In these countries, half to three-quarters of consumption is composed of food and beverage products purchased in supermarkets and other grocery retail outlets5,6, subsequently making this sector a substantial contributor to overall food and beverage GHGe. Interventions targeting GHGe attributable to food and beverage products sold in retail stores are limited. The large volume of products available, the insufficient product-specific GHGe data and the complexity of global supply chains all present notable challenges to the development and implementation of effective interventions. Although some existing research describes the environmental impacts of supermarket products7, most literature provides GHGe data on broad categories of products and agricultural commodities and no such datasets have been combined with purchase information8. Given that supermarket and packaged food and beverage products dominate consumer dietary intake, evidence is needed to inform policy changes (for example, mandatory GHGe labelling of products) that might meaningfully reduce GHGe9,10. As we strive towards sustainable food systems, an important objective is to nudge consumers towards purchasing choices that have lower GHGe11,12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: МВФ поставил под вопрос поддержку реализуемых в Сальвадоре кредитных программ ввиду множества экономических и юридических вопросов, возникающих при использовании биткойна как законного средства платежа [5]. Группа разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег (FATF) также отслеживает ситуацию с биткойном в Сальвадоре. Массовое противозаконное использование гражданами биткойнов может стать причиной для попадания Сальвадора в черный список FATF [10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Of course, correlations cannot establish cause. Associations among the various measures obtained in this study were also examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). A series of models were evaluated, and, because the results were entirely consistent with the preceding PC and correlational analyses, the SEM analyses are only summarized briefly here. Structural equation modelingThe results from the prior partial correlations suggest that when the contributions of the sensory measures are statistically controlled for, the relation between cognition and age is quite small. This is a surprising finding, because it suggests that prior associations between cognition and aging may be mediated in part by sensory processes. To simultaneously address the relations among sensation, cognition, and aging in an alternative analysis, several structural equation models were constructed and evaluated. As input to the structural model, the data from all 245 subjects were used, including all three age groups. As a means to stabilize the variance and equate the scales of the different measures, a Blom transform was applied to the raw measures. This essentially ranks the scores (with missing/could-not-perform set as the highest rank and missing-at-random left blank) and then inverse-normal transforming the ranks. The full-information maximum-likelihood analysis in AMOS (Version 21. 0, SPSS Inc. ) was used, which handles missing-at-random values and estimates intercepts. The first step in the SEM analysis was to construct the measurement model for the sensory measures. After that, the cognitive measures, as estimated from the WAIS, were added to the model, and then the relation of each underlying factor with age was examined. The measurement model for the sensory measures required grouping the 31 sensory measures into subgroups on the basis of prior results with the factor analysis, as well as consideration of the tasks and modalities. This yielded 8 different latent measures, as listed in Table 6. Table 6 Regression weights for the measurement model for the global sensory factorFull size table The measurement model fit reasonably well. was 0. 064, with a 90 % confidence interval of 0. 058–0. 071. The model has 426 degrees of freedom, and although the RMSEA is within a reasonable range, there was sufficient power in these data to reject the model (p <. 001). The CMIN is 856. 1, the BCC is 1,088. 6, and the model has an NFI value of. 830.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The combination of a product’s carbon footprint and its purchase volume will inform its total contribution to food supply GHGe. It is therefore important to understand purchasing patterns of available products in order to develop targeted policies. A recent study modelling GHGe and other environmental impacts of vegan, vegetarian, fish-eating and low- and high-meat-eating diets highlighted the wide range in impacts within each diet type13. Across numerous studies, meat and confectionery product types were found to have marginally higher GHGe per serving, though there was also a wide range in product-specific impacts7,8,14,15. Other recent studies realize the potential for feasible product switches to substantially contribute to the reduction in food system emissions required to meet the Agreement goals or achieve net zero for the sector4,16. Ultimately, environmental food policy should promote products that minimize attributable GHGe and other environmental impacts while also ensuring that health policy targeting better nutrition is not compromised17. In this Analysis, we aimed to utilize product-specific data on the GHGe of Australian food and beverage products (hereon referred to as products) to estimate the potential impact of switching higher-emission products to lower-emission products, within very similar (for example, higher-GHGe white breads switched for lower-GHGe white breads) and less similar categories (for example, higher-GHGe garlic breads to lower-GHGe white breads). We also sought to compare emissions attributable to product purchases across socio-economic groups and quantify the impact of switches on the average nutrient profiling score, level of processing and energy density of purchases. ResultsGrocery purchase information was used from the 2019 a dataset that captures all product purchases consumed at home by participating Australian households between January and December each year. There were complete data available from 7,535 households that recorded purchases of a total of 14,957,694 products in 2019 (1). These data were weighted to represent the total Australian population of 25 million people, with an average of 2. 58 (standard deviation (s. d. ) 1. 42) people per household (Table 1a). Table 1 Household and product purchasing characteristics. a,b, These plots illustrate Australian households and the attributable GHGe (a) and volume, nutrient profile, level of processing and energy of foods and beverages brought into the home (b), overall and by households grouped according to socio-economic position.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Заключение Анализ практики использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа в странах мира, условий и факторов массового использования криптовалют в России указывает на потенциальную возможность использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа в России. Позиция ЦБ РФ о необходимости ограничения обращения криптовалют на территории РФ в целом разделяет позиции большинства финансовых регуляторов в других странах мира.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Table 6 also shows the regression parameter estimates of the different factors with the latent global sensory factor. All eight measures produced statistically significant contributions to the latent factor, although as illustrated by the squared multiple correlations (percent variance accounted for), some measures were more strongly associated with the global sensory latent factor than were others. Measurement models without these low-weighted components were not demonstrably better when used in the models reported below. Having estimated the global sensory-processing factor with the preceding measurement model, the WAIS measures were introduced into the model using a hierarchical model in which three latent factors were estimated using the Blom transformed, non-age-corrected raw WAIS scores. The 14 WAIS measures were grouped into product, process, and incidental-learning factors, similar to how this was done for the PC analysis reported earlier. Each of these latent cognitive factors was then used to estimate an underlying global cognitive measure. This allows us to directly estimate the relation between the global sensory and global cognitive latent factors, as well as the relation of each with age. Figure 5 summarizes the results of the modeling, including the relevant regression weights/correlations and the fit statistics of four different models. In Fig. 5a, the relation between the global sensory factor and age was estimated directly, without relations between global cognition and the other two measures. The standardized regression weight between the global sensory factor and age was quite high (. 85; p <. 001) and accounts for 72. 4 % of the variance in age. In Fig. 5b, with only the global cognitive factor predicting age, this measure also has a high regression weight (−. 756, p <. 001) and accounts for 57. 1 % of the variance in age. Thus, while both latent factors are related to age, the relation seems stronger for the global sensory factor, and this factor accounts for more variability in the age measure. Fig. 5Four structural models exploring the relation between the global sensory, global cognitive, and age measures. a Only the global sensory factor is regressed against age. b Only the global cognitive factor is regressed against age. c Both global sensory and global cognitive factors are regressed against age. d A correlation is introduced between the two global factors. See the text for details of fits and parameter estimatesFull size image Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 2: Average GHGe for foods and beverages. This graph illustrates GHGe representative of products brought into the home per person in Australia in 2019 according to quintiles of socio-economic position. Shading and per cent values indicate proportions of GHGe attributable to different food categories. Intake from restaurants and take-away venues are not considered here. For ease of presentation, any category contributing less than <10% of emissions does not have the percentage listed. Full size imageEffects of switching product purchases to reduce GHGeSwitching higher-GHGe products for similar lower-GHGe products showed clear potential for reducing the GHGe attributable to products brought into the home (example product categories presented in 3 and example product switches presented in 4). For the switches made within the 703 leaf categories, where switched products were very similar to those initially selected, we found potential to decrease total emissions by 26. 6% when all products above the 5th percentile of GHGe were replaced; the decrease was only 3. 3% when products above the 75th percentile were replaced (Fig. 3a). For less similar switches within the minor food category, the potential reduction in GHGe was almost three times greater (70. 6% and 16. 6% when replacing products above the 5th and 75th percentiles, respectively; Fig. 3b). In general, the greatest absolute and proportional reductions in GHGe all derived from switches made in ‘meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ categories (5 and 6). Fig. 3: Potential overall reductions in GHGe. a,b, The graphs illustrate potential reductions in GHGe attributable to foods and beverages brought into the home in Australia in 2019 by making switches to alternative ‘very similar’ products (a) and to alternative ‘less similar’ products (b). The shading indicates proportions of GHGe attributable to different food categories. The HSR is a score from 0. 5 stars (least optimal nutritional profile) to 5. 0 stars (most optimal nutritional profile). UPFs are based on the NOVA classification, a system that classifies products as group 1 (minimally processed), group 2 (culinary ingredient), group 3 (processed) or group 4 (ultraprocessed).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Она обусловлена необходимостью защиты существующей денежной системы в условиях формирующихся новых юридических отношений участников блокчейн-сети, волатильностью криптовалют, анонимностью владельцев криптокошельков. Именно поэтому ЦБ РФ в приоритет ставит создание цифрового рубля, а не полную легализацию криптовалют. Такую позицию разделяют и международные финансовые институты, и финансовые регуляторы в других странах.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 5c introduces both regression terms to the model and illustrates that when both global sensory and global cognitive factors were allowed to predict age, the regression weight for the global sensory factor was larger (. 78 vs. −. 19), and the model accounts for 64. 5 % of the variance in age. Finally, in Fig. 5d, a correlation was introduced between the global sensory and global cognitive factors. In this model, only the relation between the global sensory factor and age had a regression weight that was statistically significantly different from zero (. 92, p <. 001), whereas the cognitive/age relation was not (−. 08; p >. 05). With this last model, 72. 2 % of the variance in age has been accounted for, very similar to what was predicted on the basis of the global sensory factor alone, which is not surprising given the large (−. 91) correlation between the global sensory and global cognitive factors. Note that this last model also has the lowest BCC value, a value lower than the version of the model with only the global sensory factor regressed against age (Fig. 5a). The models illustrated in Fig. 5 confirm the general findings from the factor analysis: The relation between global sensory processing and age is stronger than the relation between global cognitive processing and age. In fact, when both global factors are included in the model, the contribution from the cognitive factor is no longer statistically significantly different from zero. This is similar to the conclusion drawn from the partial-correlation analyses presented previously. These conclusions are similar despite the fact that we relied on Blom-transformed data and a full-information maximum-likelihood approach to the replacement of missing data for the structural model, rather than simple ranked raw data and MICE-imputed raw scores for the factor analysis. Correlations among simple acuity measures and cognitionAs was noted in the introduction and again in the discussion, it is argued that the nature of the sensory measures obtained is critical and that simple “clinical” measures of acuity alone, such as Snellen charts for visual acuity and pure-tone audiograms for hearing acuity, are insufficient. To assess this, since such simple measures of visual and auditory acuity were also obtained from each subject in this study, the associations among these two measures of acuity, age, and CogProc_Global (from prior PC analysis) were examined. Table 7 presents the Pearson r correlation coefficients among this set of four measures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Full size imageSwitching purchases to products with lower GHGe had only a small impact on the average HSR and proportion of UPFs of purchased products. For example, the mean HSR of products purchased changed from 3. 66 to 3. 96 and portion of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) purchased changed from 46. 5% to 43. 4% when products with GHGe estimates above the fifth percentile were replaced with less similar lower-emission products (Fig. 3b). Likewise, there was little impact on the average energy density of purchases when switching to products with lower GHGe (Fig. 3a,b). DiscussionThe GHGe attributable to grocery retail purchases in Australia could be greatly reduced by making switches from higher- to lower-emission products. While a modest reduction in GHGe is possible when switching purchases to very similar products, a larger reduction in GHGe could be achieved if switches were made to less similar products within product categories. The plausibility of switching purchases to very similar products is likely to be high, but the consumer acceptability of more substantive switches to less similar products may be lower. The ability to compare products within categories and estimate the potential to reduce annual GHGe from product purchases consumed at home illustrated in these analyses provides a unique opportunity to strengthen Australia’s efforts to reduce national GHGe. A key finding from the study is that ‘meat and meat products’ contributed to almost 50% of all GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia in 2019, despite accounting for only 11. 2% of purchases. The high contribution of ‘meat and meat products’ to the attributable GHGe can be explained by the very high GHGe per kilogram8,14,15. ‘Dairy’ and ‘confectionery’, ranked second and sixth, respectively, were leading contributors of attributable GHGe, driven by their high intensity of emissions per kilogram of product. While ‘dairy’ products are often good sources of nutrients, targeted switching within the category could lead to lower emission purchases. As ‘confectionery’ products are all discretionary, encouraging a lower volume of intake would be most beneficial for this category26. ‘Non-alcoholic beverages’, although ranked sixth for emissions intensity, were ranked third by total annual emissions weighted by purchases as a result of their high purchase volumes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Движением вперед на пути к легализации криптовалют в России стало принятие закона о цифровых активах. Опыт стран, уже использующих биткойн в качестве законного средства платежа, указывает на привлекательность биткойна для России, с учетом процессов дедолларизации, фактора финансовых санкций, проблем с переходом на расчеты в национальных валютах за экспорт и импорт, ограничением доступа к наличной иностранной валюте.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: / 2003 Emotion and intuition : Effects of positive and negative mood on implicit judgments of semantic coherence 14 (5) : 416 ~ 5 4. [학술지] Botvinick, M. M. / 2001 Conflict monitoring and cognitive control 108 (3) : 624 ~ 3 5. [기타] Bradley, M. M. / 2007 Sounds (2nd Edition; IADS‐2): of Sounds and NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 6. [학술지] Choi, Y. / 2015 International affective digitized sounds in Korea : a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study united with Acustica 101 (1) : 134 ~ 1 7. [학술지] Dreisbach, G. / 2004 How positive affect modulates cognitive control : Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility Journal of : and Cognition 30 (2) : 343 ~ 2 8. [학술지] Egner, T. / 2007 Congruency sequence effects and cognitive control & 7 (4) : 380 ~ 4 9. [학술지] Fan, J. / 2002 Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks Journal of 14 (3) : 340 ~ 3 10. [학술지] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2005 Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires Cognition & Emotion 19 (3) : 313 ~ 3 11. [학술지] Glickman, M. / 2018 Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces is contingent on implicit attentional settings Cognition & Emotion 32 (2) : 303 ~ 2 12. [학술지] Gratton, G. / 1992 Optimizing the Use of Information-of Activation of Responses Journal of : General 121 (4) : 480 ~ 4 13. [학술지] Gray, J. R. / 2004 Integration of emotion and cognitive control in 13 (2) : 46 ~ 2 14. [학술지] Hodsoll, S. / 2011 by Emotion 11 (2) : 346 ~ 2 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The top three product categories are most important to address, as they make up 82. 5% of total annual food and beverage emissions weighted by purchases. ‘Fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes’ have very low GHGe per kilogram of product, so while they are the fourth highest contributor to total GHGe because they make up over one-quarter of total purchases, this amounts to only 5. 20% of total attributable emissions. This study found that households with greater area-level disadvantage tended to bring higher volumes of food and beverage purchases into the home, which is consistent with prior research27 and corresponds with their higher contribution of attributable GHGe. This is probably because these households tend to purchase a higher proportion of their consumed foods from supermarkets and grocery outlets28. Overall, our research found that patterns of consumption, based on the proportion of products purchased per food category, were homogeneous across different household socio-economic positions. Our study showed that switches made to reduce the GHGe of product purchases did not have a major impact on the average HSR, energy density or proportion of UPFs of product purchases. Previous analyses have reported significant associations between nutrient and energy content, as well as level of processing, and environmental sustainability29,30,31,32. However, these have been typically comparing between broad product categories such as meat versus dairy versus bread, where differences in both nutrient profiles and sustainability are likely to be large and easily documented29,30,31,32. Our study explored product switches within very similar categories of foods, which were inherently more likely to result in homogeneity of nutrient profiles than homogeneity of environmental sustainability. International organizations, including the United Nations33, recommend that food policies should consider both impacts on human health and environmental sustainability34,35, highlighting the need to ensure that any recommendations targeting reduction of environmental impacts of diets do not contradict existing nutrition policy recommendations. To remain consistent with such dual policy recommendations, we used classification and energy density to explore potential unintended side effects of food switches for sustainability on diet. HSR was used as it is the nutrient profiling model currently used by the governments of Australia and New Zealand20 to regulate nutrition policy targeting packaged food and beverage products, such as front-of-pack nutrition labelling. It is a standardized and replicable model36, similar to nutrient profiling models used in other countries37.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: В России созданы условия для более широкого использования криптовалют населением. Этому способствует развитый IT-сектор, растущая финансовая грамотность населения, высокий уровень проникновения интернета и активное использование интернета для финансовых транзакций. Наконец, Россия не зависима от решений международных финансовых организаций, которые могут заблокировать развитие криптовалют, свернув национальные кредитные программы.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] Hristova, P. / 2011 Anxiety fosters relational encoding Proceedings of the on cognitive Science: on 16. [학술지] Isen, A. M. / 1992 An influence of positive affect on social categorization Motivation and Emotion 16 (1) : 65 ~ 1 17. [학술지] Kazen, M. / 2005 Intention memory and achievement motivation : Volitional facilitation and inhibition as a function of affective contents of need-related stimuli Journal of Personality and 89 (3) : 426 ~ 3 18. [학술지] Kim, C. / 2016 of the Running- Location on Choice Psychology 30 (6) : 1014 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Kuhl, J. / 1999 Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions : joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference Journal of : General 128 (3) : 382 20. [학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1997 Picture System(IAPS) : NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 : 39 ~ 21. [학술지] Lindsay, D. S. / 1994 Dissociations-the Relationship between Facilitation and Interference Journal of : and Performance 20 (2) : 219 ~ 2 22. [학술지] Lu, C. H. / 1995 of Information on Performance-a Review of the Simon and Effects &Review 2 (2) : 174 ~ 2 23. [학술지] MacLeod, C. M. / 1991 Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : an integrative review 109 (2) : 163 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Mayr, U. / 2003 Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control 6 (5) : 450 ~ 5 25. [학술지] Miller, E. K. / 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function Neuroscience 24 : 167 ~ 26. [학술지] Padmala, S. / 2011 Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control Frontiers in Psychology 2 : 192 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: However, HSR does not holistically capture all aspects of product healthiness20,38 or consider broader food consumption patterns and lacks robust validation39,40,41. In general, nutrient profiling models are limited due to their reliance on food components relative to other similar foods (for example, amounts of specific nutrients) rather than a holistic assessment of diet42. In some cases, nutrient profiling models have been found to contribute to a false impression of healthiness due to the presentation of positive nutrient qualities (for example, low in fat or high in protein), the non-presentation of negative nutrient qualities (for example, high in added sugars) and little consideration of other health impact factors including level of processing, a phenomenon termed ‘health halos’43,44. As such, the effects on HSR reported in this paper do not fully reflect the impact of making switches on the healthiness of the diet. Thus, we also explored associations between product switches for sustainability and the proportion of UPFs purchased based on product NOVA classification. UPF consumption has been repeatedly associated with adverse health outcomes, such as increased risk of obesity, cardio-metabolic outcomes and mortality45,46, and the use of the NOVA classification has been shown to improve validity of nutrition classification schemes47. By including diverse indicators of diet in our analysis, both currently implemented policy tools, such as HSR, and more holistic classifications, such as NOVA, we provide a rounded overview of the potential impacts of modelled switches on diet, reinforcing the significance of dual action policies and the move away from siloed approaches to food policy34. The joint impact of emissions intensity and purchase volumes on total attributable GHGe highlights the need for urgent policy interventions that target both the most environmentally intensive and the most widely purchased food and beverage products. We found that there is potential for product switches to notably contribute to the reduction in food system emissions required to meet the Agreement goals or achieve net zero for the sector4. Further, in all assumed emission-reduction scenarios, most of the potential reduction in GHGe was attributable to three food and beverage categories (that is, ‘meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’), which identifies them as primary intervention targets.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: It examines the benefits, the risks, and issues across all the different stakeholder groups and across economies in different stages of development. Each and every one of them has a different answer. I would first like to make a few short definitions, which we have made in the simplest possible fashion. We define, for the sake of this paper, a cashless society as one without notes and coins. We talk about decashing, and decashing is the process of reducing the amount of notes and coins used within an economy. We also talked a lot about digital currencies. There are many different definitions of what is a digital currency, but for the sake of our paper we have called it a cryptocurrency, which is effectively electronic money with a Blockchain element. What have we learned? Well, in section 7 of our paper, we do a SWOT analysis. I mentioned the different stakeholder groups. We have used the stakeholder groups as being the public, non-financial businesses, governments and central banks, commercial banks, and the payment ecosystem. All of them have totally different benefits, risks, and issues, and there is not one solution for any one of them. The demands and the desires to go cashless are different for them all. We have also learned that decashing is happening, and it is happening at a different pace around the world, but what we do not believe is going to happen is that the process is going to start reversing. We are going to enter into phase 2 of our paper almost straight after this sessional meeting, and we could not delay the publication of this paper because things are happening so rapidly across the world that it would have been really unconstructive to delay it. Some 2. In section 5, we also look at the financial inclusion and exclusion of decashing in countries in different stages of their economic development. We find that it is very different for each of those different types of economy. If cash were taken away from an economy, would there be sufficient numbers of people, rightly or wrongly, that would like to replace it? For example, could you see dollars or euros floating around instead of £1 notes, £1 coins, or £20 notes, or whatever? We think barter and exchange of items for worth are less efficient, so digital currencies could now come in, and we all know about Bitcoin, but that is just one of a number of different possibilities for digital currencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 009 김초복 and 이윤지 “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31. 2 190. (2019): 181. 김초복 이윤지. of an on Choice by Attention 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 [Internet]. 2019; 31(2), : 181 - 190. Available from: doi:10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 김초복 이윤지. “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31, no. 2, (2019): 181 - 190. doi: :10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: So far, the estimates do not include geospatial emissions data (that is, global GHGe averages for each ingredient are used), as the source information pertaining to each ingredient is not often available for packaged products. The GHGe associated with refrigeration, packaging and required preparations (for example, cooking or microwaving) are also not currently considered in product estimates. There are some well-established limitations to the use of NielsenIQ Homescan data for these types of analysis. The absence of information relating to products consumed outside the home (for example, from restaurants and take-away outlets) may lead to an under-estimation of emissions attributable to products purchased across Australia, especially among the least-deprived households. The misreporting of product purchases (for example, omission of products purchased but never brought into the home) may also lead to an overall under-estimation of product emissions across households. Finally, household-specific extrapolation from product purchases to consumption may be miscredited, as purchased products could be shared with, donated or otherwise consumed by persons outside of the household. In conclusion, large reductions in GHGe attributable to foods and beverages could be achieved through relatively plausible switches in product purchases. There is a clear and immediate opportunity for the Australian government, which is being urged to consider environmental sustainability of diets66, to implement policies that nudge consumers and industry towards lower-emission product choices. ‘Meat and meat products’, ‘dairy’ and ‘non-alcoholic beverages’ were identified as the leading causes of GHGe attributable to product purchases consumed at home in Australia and are the three categories where there is clear potential to substantially reduce GHGe12,62. Intervention options are multiple, and potential priority actions include a requirement for on-pack labelling of GHGe and the exploration of fiscal incentives that will drive industry production practices and consumer purchasing patterns towards more environmentally friendly choices. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we calculated the annual GHGe attributable to major categories of products purchased from grocery retail outlets and brought into Australian homes in 2019. The study describes variations in food purchases across households of different socio-economic position and ranks the relative contribution of food categories to household GHGe attributable to product purchases. The project was approved by the University of (approval number HC200244).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: NIRP, price targeting, elimination of physical cash, stock exchange closures, asset freezes, and the list goes on. You cannot understand the mechanics of the US dollar looking at the USA in isolation. On the other hand, you cannot understand the mechanics of another nation’s economy without considering the effects and interrelationships with the US dollar. So, the question is: “Why am I mentioning the US dollar? ” First, the US dollar is the de facto reserve currency across most of the world, and some people think that is in jeopardy. A lot of people do not. Second, why is the pushing for a cashless world? Why are governments across the world pushing to remove cash? Why are big multi-nationals pushing to remove cash? Third, although it is an impossible problem, if you understood all of the problems, risk constraints, and issues related to physical cash and to electronic cash, then you might be able to understand the impetus behind the push to remove cash. That is why we should view it as a system, and the US dollar is a big part of this system. Banks and debt are central to the economy. With positive nominal interest rates, one plus the interest rate (R) is needed for all borrowers to repay all loans next year. If it is not there, then somebody has to default. So, where does this money come from? It comes from other borrowers. So does stability equal stable, nominal profit, equal a gradual increase in the money supply? Alternatively, with negative nominal interest rates, one minus R is needed for all borrowers to repay all loans next year. So, where does the money go? Does it go to other borrowers? We are not used to, and not comfortable with, the destruction or the deletion of money. We are very used to the creation of money via debt and loans, and such, and the cancellation thereof as it is repaid. But to have money cancelled seems very counterintuitive or impossible. So, in the case of negative, nominal interest rates, does stability equal nominal profit, equal a gradual decrease in the money supply? If it does, we have missed something. Finally, when discussing NIRP, we need to consider that banks and debt are central to the economy. Banking jargon restricts the resolution of banking problems to bankers. NIRP, is it a boon to borrowers and a burden to savers?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and and Gene editing and scalable functional genomic screening in Leishmania species using theCas9 cytosine base editor toolbox of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Germany; May 24, 2023 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2023 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,859 views 207 downloads 8 5605. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 20. Line 436 – would read better as 'the highest expression of hyBE4mas was seen in' Figure 4 – error bars were difficult to see and the legend didn't state what they represented. Plus what do the percentages mean on graphs? Need a bit more detail in this figure legend. Line 482 – a little explanation for why this result is expected would be useful. Have the authors analysed the effectiveness of the guide based on whether the only mutation within the guide would result in the generation of a STOP versus those that offer multiple mutation options? In figure S11A could the authors highlight the exact sequence of the Lmajor ssDBD they used to generate the modified plasmid? The authors could include a discussion of the RNAi-based approaches for L. braziliensis in comparison to other methodologies. Author response Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors): The following is a list of pros and cons for this method that I could think of. The other experts (who are Leishmaniacs) may have more useful input; all methods have a variety of possibilities for false-negative results. Pros/possibilities: a) Screening a particular gene set before LeishGEM results are available? We did not develop LeishBASEedit to screen particular gene sets before LeishGEM does or to compete with this project. Instead it was developed to generate more easily mutant libraries for all sort of screening applications and use these in all Leishmania species without facing limitations due to the lack of RNAi activity or due to the presence of extreme cases of aneuploidy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3164675/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBy the year 2050, the global food system must feed nine billion people, out of which around 8 billion would be in developing countries. And also the global community should change the food system to achieve Goal #2 which is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. Most importantly, in the year 2017, the tragic landslide at the waste collection site at the place known as koshe in the capital of Ethiopia killed 116 people. This landfill was 30% arise from food waste. Nevertheless, it is estimated that at least 21% of all food produced in Sub-countries is wasted. Food systems account for 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the study of Assessments of Practices for the Reduction of Emissions in the selected cities of Ethiopia was undertaken with the main focus on food waste prevention, As is seen from the data (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of MSc degree, 24% Ph. D. degree, 22% Primary education level respondents and the remaining 6% BSc degree holders. On the other hand, 78% of our respondents were fully employed, 50% were in the age range of 30 to 40, and 28%. Moreover, 58% have an income of ≥ 10,000 local currency and pay for food 40% of their income per month. For the correlation between the city of living and the money spend on food, P-value was 0. 15 indicating there was no correlation between respondents’ area of living and the amount of money spent on food purchases. The amount of money they usually pay for food per their family members per week is ≥ 1000 which means they spend approximately 40% of their income per month which is a significant amount. Moreover, correlation analysis between income range and the money spent on food purchases per week shows that the P-value of 0. 2 indicates there was no correlation between income and food expenditures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: We may be sleepwalking into a cashless society, but are we excluding the vulnerable in the process? Ten years ago, M-Pesa (a mobile phone-based money transfer service) kicked off a revolution in Africa and surrounding countries where most people banked. Ten years on, the level of ecosystem moves has been absolutely breath-taking. That would be worthy of a separate presentation, but we will focus on the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 1). Figure 1 Asia-Pacific regionNote: Percentages are based on volume with exception of Vietnam and Thailand which is based on value. Here, you see a novel picture, with different levels of development towards cashless transactions in Asia Pacific. In addition, we have noted some activity in some additional countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sir Lanka. Also, Cambodia would deserve its own study because it has just celebrated the nine-year anniversary of the launch of its own mobile banking provider. So, it would be good to see the results there. Amongst these countries, a study has classified Australia and as in the leader group of most digitally advanced countries i. e. the countries where you are least likely to use cash. Closely behind, some other countries like China, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam are assumed to be actively moving towards a cashless society, albeit with really different timescales. Some of these prefer mobile payments, such as China, Malaysia, and South Korea, but others such as Australia, Japan, and the Philippines, prefer card payment. Regardless of the payment technology that is preferred, there is a common theme across the region in that the cost of cashless transactions is such a concern that some countries are actively working to reduce these costs, and some, such as India, Malaysia, and Indonesia are subsidising low level, low-value transactions now, which is a breakthrough, to sustain the level of rise. Speaking of which, on 8 November 2016, India announced demonetisation of 86% of its bank notes overnight. That led to immediate confusion, and total disruption of usual economic activities. On 1 July, it implemented a goods and services tax, which is equivalent to our VAT. So, a year on, how is India faring? Well, it all depends on your perspective really, so we have attempted to provide you with a bit of an overview. You will find the details of this in the addendum, in six categories.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The real advantage of our here developed method is that plasmid libraries can be easily shared around the globe with many different labs without requiring a modified cell line beforehand. We have clarified this point in our revised discussion (line 429 – 468). b) Screening genes that are present in L. donovani or L. infantum, but absent in L. mexicana/braziliensis – or which might have different functions. (At present it works too poorly in L. major to be useful, so the authors' claim to have established the method "in four Leishmania species" is an over-statement. ) Screening genes that are present in one species and not in the other would be one possibility. However, since gene copy numbers greatly vary between Leishmania species and many single copy genes vary in their ORF sequence, it is also attractive to pursue comparative genome-wide screens in all Leishmania species. Performing the LeishGEM project in multiple Leishmania species would be unfeasible at present but feasible with our base editing method (see revised introduction [line 36 – 73] and discussion [line 429 – 468]). We also don’t think that claiming we have established base editing in L. major is an over-statement. Due to the L. donovani-derived rRNA promoter in our expression construct there is of course room for improvement, which we highlight in our discussion (line 497 – 535). However, our experiments in L. major, including the reporter assays and the targeting of PF16, clearly show that it works (see Figure 2, 3 and 4). c) Editing multi-copy genes (although if the mutation is lethal all copies might still not be edited). We agree with this comment and made this argument already in our original manuscript (line 469 – 472). For clarity, we reiterate this point now in our revised version (line 430 – 433 and 570 – 572). Cons for this method: 1) Introducing a premature stop codon may not disrupt protein function (or may cause some other unexpected effect). Since there is probably no classical nonsense-mediated decay (if Leishmania is like T. brucei), one cannot expect the mRNA to be degraded – which might otherwise enhance the effects of the stop codon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly 84% said they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are no plan for food purchasing, producing avoidable food waste, and 92% replied that they never record their meal and snack including when, why, and how much they usually consume, which is another indicator of bad food habits which also leads to eating disorders. Food wasteEating disorderhunger-reductionclimate changeFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 171. BackgroundBy the year 2050, the global food system must feed nine billion people, out of which around eight billion would be in developing countries. This implies the need for a major transformation in food systems- particularly in developing countries. And also the global community should change the food system to achieve Goal #2 which is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030 [8]. Furthermore, the UN Goal 12. 3 aims to halve food waste at the retail and consumer level and to reduce food loss across supply chains. food loss and waste on a national, regional, and global scale is not easy, but methodologies and tools are being developed to allow us to measure progress[2]. Nevertheless, Roughly 1/3 of the food produced in the world for human consumption is lost or wasted[3]. For sustainability issues, Food waste alone generates about 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions[2]. food waste were a country, it would be the third-largest emitting country in the world [2]. In a more clear explanation: food waste emits more greenhouse gases than all single countries in the world except China and the US[2]. Moreover, Within a sustainability framing, the task of building and strengthening the capacity of food systems to respond to risks arising from urban sprawl is arguably urgent for developing countries. As a result, developing countries need to adopt holistic and integrated approaches that consider all the elements and activities of the food chain relating both to supply and demand sides including the production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food, and the output of these activities. In addition to this, Food waste presents one of the demand-side components of the food system that received little attention by both research and policy in addressing issues related to urbanization, food systems, food security, and sustainable development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Supporters hail the move as a strategic structural change that was really required in the economy, an economy that really needed formalising with an increase of the tax base. All of these changes are required for the long-term. Now, it is acknowledged that the negative impact was initially quite material. However, some benefits are already materialising, such as more sustainable inflation rates, dropping lending rates, and an increase in qualified technology jobs. So, following the investments in biometrics systems and ID cards, and a united payments interface, what we see is an uptake in the use of banking facilities that is also enabling not only financial inclusion in the pure sense but also the cascade of, and better reach of, social funds. That is quite an interesting aspect of the change. The move was popular at home and abroad, but it certainly was not popular with the criminal class. One of the key reasons for a surprise announcement that night on 8 November was to disrupt criminal activities such as counterfeiting, terrorism, and money laundering. So, that was a key point that is also a pain point for detractors. Opponents are very upset by the lack of consultation on the engagement, not only for the decision but also for the implementation, and how the economy was handled following the announcement. The government continued to have a one-sided decision-making process. The key criticism is around the liquidity crisis that ensued, which led to major social disruption, loss of jobs, and people being confused, especially in rural areas. Months on, the decision is still viewed as a failure, as some figures put forward that the level of cash transaction was at the same level as broadly before de-monetisation, especially in rural areas where lack of infrastructure just does not enable such an uptake of cashless transactions. So, more work to do here. Detractors also doubt on the long-term benefits, clearly not quite seeing the long-term aspect, especially around the claims on the fight against crime, money laundering, and corruption. Security is also an issue, because of the level and the impact of cyber attacks. So, overall, there is some doubt over the outcome right now. We do not have enough hindsight yet, possibly because there is an insufficient level of economic figures yet available, and many can be disputed or counteracted. So, we learnt a great deal about the cashless society in 2017, spurred on by mediatic events in India.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In the case of proteins that interact with others, the production of truncated proteins might actually be more deleterious that deleting a gene entirely, giving possible false-positive results. We added this comment to our revised manuscript (line 445 – 454). 2) Culturing for at least 2 weeks – and often longer – was required to get high percentages of mutants. How does this compare with the other methods? Culturing for at least 2 weeks was not required to get high percentages of mutants but to recover cells from transfections. For our here developed base editing approach, cells are transfected with a plasmid that expresses the base editor, the sgRNA and a drug resistance gene. In order to edit a GOI, cells need to be selected for this plasmid. Selection of drug resistant cells takes between 7 – 10 days (depending on the species). In the following the cells need to be sub-cultured before DNA can be extracted to assess the base editing rate (to dilute out cell debris from the selection). Hence 14 days was just the earliest time point we could look at simultaneously across all species. It is very likely that the actual editing happens much earlier and immediately after transfection if the guide is efficient enough. Therefore, some guides result in 100% editing rate at the earliest time point. However, it is true that some guides then needed longer in culture in order to be efficient. This is due to differences in guide efficiencies, which can be observed for various approaches, as commented in our discussion (line 441 – 444). In addition, for base editing the efficiency and editing time will depend on the strand that is being targeted (line 526 – 531). 3) Using pools (which is what this tool is supposed to be good for), any cells that harbour deleterious mutations would be competed out so no mutants would be obtained, and there would be strong selection for cells in which the guide RNA had been lost from the episome, or the episome otherwise rendered harmless, giving false negative results. This is compounded by the problem that not all guides work. We agree, the strength of this tool lies within its compatibility for loss-of-function screens via plasmid pool delivery. Following a plasmid pool transfection, cells that harbour deleterious mutations will be outcompeted from the pool as shown in our proof of principle CRK3 screen (Figure 7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly it is estimated that at least 21% of all food produced in Sub-countries is wasted. Even so, Preventing, reducing, and managing food waste along the food value chains in these countries can lessen pressures on fragile food systems, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance food security and nutrition. To this end, the selection of Ethiopia for our research network and as a case study for the exploratory study is justified by the fact that urbanization, food loss and waste, food insecurity, and undernutrition are ubiquitous and one of the biggest challenges that the country facing today. Moreover, urbanization is accelerating rapidly, and it is projected that the urban population will triple to 42. 3 million by 2040, growing at 3. 8% a year. However, Food security remains a critical issue in the country, which has one of the highest levels of chronic undernutrition in the world. But shockingly, significant proportions of food get lost or wasted at various stages of the food chain from production to consumption. altogether these characteristics make Ethiopia a good case for studying the interplay between urbanization, food waste and loss, food security, and the reductions of greenhouse gases that are emitted from this tremble food waste and losses. To this end To tackle food waste, understanding the problem is key to finding good solutions. A first step is to measure the amount of food that goes to waste and to understand where along the supply chain the waste is happening. As a result, Depending on where it happens along the supply chain, we use the terms food loss or food waste. Food loss refers to any food that is discarded, incinerated, or otherwise disposed of along the food supply chain from harvest/slaughter/catch up to, but excluding the retail level, and is not used for any other productive use, such as animal feed or seed purposes [1]. Food waste refers to food that is discarded at the level of retailers, food service providers, and consumers. is wasted in many ways, for example, Fresh produce that deviates from what is considered optimal (e. g. size, shape, or color) and is removed during sorting actions, Foods that are discarded by retailers or consumers when they are close to or beyond the best before date, Unused or leftover food that is thrown out from households or restaurants and also in so many other ways [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: We also discovered some initiatives that may be relevant in countries such as the UK and some examples include inclusive payments systems from Africa and also the cashless welfare card from Australia. Some early initiatives that were taken up in Sweden, were also implemented in France, to counter VAT fraud at cash registers. The Chairman: Thank you, Sabrina. So, to open the discussion and debate part of this sessional event, we have Parit Jakhria. Parit is responsible for long-term investment strategy at Management Group, which includes strategic asset allocation for a number of multi-asset funds’ long-term investment and hedging strategy, and providing advice on ALM strategy. He is also responsible for providing long-term economic views to Prudential group, as well as the development and maintenance of Prudential’s in-house stochastic assumptions system. Parit joined in 2007 as Director of Quantitative Research, and his team responsibilities have evolved to include and Hedging Strategies. In 2014, Parit was appointed the head of the newly formed Long-Strategy Function. Prior to joining PPMG, Parit undertook a variety of roles within the across Risk, Capital Finance, Statistical Modelling, and Research. He is a fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, as well as a CFA Charter holder. He has been an active member of numerous working parties for the Actuarial profession, including chairing the working party, and has contributed on a number of papers, 2. The work that was done initially on the NIRP: I found that fascinating. In terms of the paper itself, I would very much recommend reading, if you have a choice of sections, the costs and benefits of being a cashless society, as well as the global case studies of various areas. The costs and benefits, in particular, were staggering. I had not expected such a large proportion of GDP to be a cost of cash in society. I suspect it is different in different economies, and perhaps one area for future travel might be looking at the costs of a cashless society as well. So, I think, within the UK, small businesses need to pay up to a 2% transaction fee, for all major card providers, which currently incentivises them to accept cash payments rather than card payments. Are we, perversely, behind some of the fascinating case studies we saw in Africa?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Some guides will not be effective, just like some guides for the LeishGEdit method will not be functional or like some RNAi hairpins have no effect. This is the reason why multiple guides in parallel are being tested and why large-scale libraries usually target genes with 3-10 guides. So we do not think “that not all guides work” is a problem specific for base editing. In addition, we have added that our method is not only useful for using plasmid pools but may be also used for other applications, such as targeted mutagenesis experiments (line 452 – 454). 4) It is still necessary to synthesise each guide separately, even if they can be cloned and transfected in bulk – describe how this would be done, and compare with the Gateway method for the RNAi. (Although some guides might be lostunderrepresented after cloning, the resulting variability would be no worse than the variability in representation in RNAi libraries and would be controlled for during screens. ) We have addressed this comment in our revised discussion (line 455 – 468). Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors): Improvements to the methods, in places, need to express cell numbers in the correct format, and the same with H20. Many thanks for these suggestions. We improved the method section as suggested. Line 436 – would read better as 'the highest expression of hyBE4mas was seen in' We have changed the sentence as suggested (line 253 – 255). Figure 4 – error bars were difficult to see and the legend didn't state what they represented. Plus what do the percentages mean on graphs? Need a bit more detail in this figure legend. We have changed the colour of the error bars and updated the legend of figure 4 as suggested. Line 482 – a little explanation for why this result is expected would be useful. As the reviewer highlighted himself, deleterious mutations that result in slower growth will be outcompeted by cells in which a non-deleterious mutation has occurred. We have stated that the complete deletion of IFT88 in Leishmania mexicana has been shown to have reduced doubling time (Beneke et al. , PLoS Pathogens 2019) and are therefore most likely outcompeted from the pool (line 293 – 298 and 537 – 541).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: For instance, are anybody go into a supermarket, buy three shopping bags of food, and then immediately throw one away? Surprisingly, Statistically speaking that’s what’s happening to our food today[9]. Moreover, One-third of all the food that is produced for human consumption is wasted[9]. we waste food, we waste all the resources that go into producing and transporting the food, such as land, water, and fuel use, without gaining any of the benefits of feeding people. Furthermore, When food ends up in landfills it also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. waste remains a problem even in Europe and around the world today[8]. As the Latest estimates suggest around 931 million tonnes of food waste were generated in 2019, out of which: 61% came from households, 26% from food service, and 13% from retail [2]. However, Previous estimates of consumer food waste significantly underestimated its scale: despite data uncertainties, food waste at the consumer level (household and food service) appears to be more than twice the amount that was estimated by the FAO in 2011[2]. regarding the data from the EU, Around 88 million tonnes of food waste are generated annually [4]. is equal to 174 kg per person or 143 billion euros or 170 000 000 tonnes of CO2[4]. Concerning this Estimates show that up to 10% of the 88 million tonnes of food waste that is generated in the EU every year are linked to 53% of consumers don’t know the meaning of “best before” labeling, and 60% of consumers don’t know the meaning of “use by” labeling [6]. of food waste are similar in high, upper-middle, and lower-middle-income countries in Europe[2]. But as a good solution, The EU’s Farm to has set the reduction of food loss and waste as an important part of the strategy and proposes to set legally binding targets to reduce food waste across the EU by 2023. further along the supply chain the food loss occurs, the more carbon-intensive the loss and waste. This happens as a result of more resources have gone into producing for example tomato sauce (processing, transport, retail, and packaging, in addition to land and water use and farming) that can be bought in the supermarket than has gone into a tomato picked directly from the field[7].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: In particular, Kenya and South Africa, where the prevailing banking and finance systems have skipped two or three generations of technology to go straight into mobile banking with the invention and adoption of M-Pesa. The other fascinating thing in the paper was the global perspective, and the case studies of how different economies are going in the direction of cashless. There was a big public debate on the demonetisation in India, and it was fascinating to hear your take on it. The recent trends in Asia, in particular the move towards online retail, look like a big factor in the adoption of cashless and on the other hand, I feel that there may be some other areas, for example Japan, where there seems to be a slightly different direction which is not quite cashless. So, that is certainly worth investigating. Other than that, I wanted to give an opening question to the speakers, and it is one that I really could not quite get my head round, and which is what I alluded to at the start. It was, if a cashless society increases the chances of negative interest rates, what do negative interest rates mean to the economics of society? How do you consider consumption and deferral of consumption in a world where there are negative interest rates as a consumer? Mr Achord: As with, I think, a lot of the questions on American economics, it is a very difficult question. I think the main hurdle is the nominal zero of the P&L. You cannot make a profit if everyone is making a loss. If the whole world is shrinking, and we are at a point where productivity is decreasing or output is decreasing and GDP is decreasing, then on average, everyone will be making a loss. So, if you use an index, which seems very odd, then you would have profits relative to a negative number, which might address the issue of not deferring consumption, as you said. That is only one aspect, and I am sure there are other equally valid and better responses to that question. Mr Jakhria: Thank you very much, and I guess we will be delighted to open up the floor to questions. Mr R. J. Houlston, F. I. A. : I would like to thank the authors and other contributors to this paper for the information that they have managed to bring together. However, I am not sure I come out much wiser as a consequence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. 6) In the cell specific approach, could the author provide feedback on Cas9 cell expression versus viral Cas9 expression. Author response Essential revisions: 1) The finding that a small fraction of neurons undergo GluA2 KO is puzzling, since no KO alleles were detected in genomic PCR (Figure 4—figure supplement 2). Is it more likely that the same fraction of neurons would lack GluA2 expression in non-transfected controls? Or controls that only receive mCherry plasmid transfections? Complete KO would require successful targeting at both alleles, without donor insertion at either one. Either way, if complete KO in some cells is a possibility, this could be investigated more systematically (or at least discussed more thoroughly) since it may influence potential results. To address the possibility of there being GluA2-lacking cells in non-transfected neurons, we have performed immunofluorescence on cultured mouse cortical neurons. We found that 1. 2% of neurons analyzed had no detectable levels of GluA2. Therefore, we can confirm the reviewers suspicious that a small fraction of neurons is, indeed, naturally GluA2-lacking. In comparison, we identified around 12. 4% of cell with undetectable GluA2 (i. e. , KO) with transfection of TKIT constructs for SEP-GluA2 KI (Figure 4—figure supplement 2D). Therefore, we think that undetectable GluA2 observed in some cells transfected with TKIT plasmids is an unfortunate, but not completely unexpected, result of gene knockout through double strand break generation without donor insertion. A possible explanation for the creation of these GluA2-KO neurons could also be incomplete co-transfection of all three plasmids (gRNAs/spCas9, donor DNA, mCherry). Cells lacking the donor DNA plasmid will be biased towards gene knockout.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Due to their nutrient contents, Different foods have different environmental impacts. As an example, the volume of meat that is wasted and lost is not very high compared to foods such as cereals and vegetables. Nevertheless, meat requires much more resources to produce, so wasting meat still has a significant impact on climate change (estimated to contribute to 20% of the carbon footprint of total food waste and loss) [7]. So consumers can have a direct impact on the food waste problem by paying attention to our behavior. On the other hand, The middle circle (yellow, 100–200%) means the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), whereas the outer circle (red, > 200%) represents the zone with high environmental damage (high risk) [16]. The global food systems have radically changed over the last 50 years. To this end, food production has more than doubled, diets have become more varied (and often more energy-intense), satisfying people’s p1. 1 Health and of choices humans make today are a leading global cause of mortality and environmental degradation and threaten the attainability of the UN’s Goals and the Agreement. Moreover, the food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. According to a study by [18], consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. As a result of food consumption and production human health and environmental degradation are occurring from its direct impacts. The reduced air quality resulting from food production which is responsible for ∼20% of deaths from air pollution is among the most significant ones. Similarly, food production is the largest stress to biodiversity through habitat destruction and nutrient pollution, with food production threatening > 70% of birds and mammals that are listed as threatened with extinction by the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [18]. These also accompanied by the global diets have been shifting toward greater consumption of foods associated with increased disease risk or higher environmental impacts and are projected to lead to rapid increases in diet-related diseases and environmental degradation [18]. To this end, bad food practices such as unplanned eating, overeating, and eating too much food like salt, sugar, and saturated fat supported by physical inactivity will lead to being overweight or obese, tooth decay, and high blood pressure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: There seem to be far too many anomalies for this thing to make sense. In the conclusion sections, the authors appear to have resigned themselves to the idea that we will move to a so-called cashless world. I believe that, in the public interest, the Actuarial profession should seek to contribute to the debate rather than document and help manage the implementation. Of course, I can understand wider issues may not have been within the scope of the working party, but perhaps the finance and investment board might like to consider the scope again, after taking into account discussions at this meeting. I think the most important word in this paper is in its title, and that is “Society. ” My interpretation of this is, that we all collectively have an interest in how much money, and specifically in this case, so-called cash, is organised. Cash and society are closely linked, and it is cash which enabled the world many of us now take for granted. Playing with this cash could be dangerous. Obviously, there are many forms of political structure that allow individuals to have a voice, but I believe there has to be an explicit choice. I dislike the idea that society could be considered to have accepted something, because it is made convenient for them to change their habits. One of my key issues was, we are talking about a society without notes and coins, which I think is a very important point. I believe that a lot of your anomalies would be solved if you realised that we are talking about alternative forms of cash. Obviously, it requires us to consider a different use for the term cash. am not entirely sure that there is a standard. I believe the reason people are adopting digital alternatives is that they see them as cash, and some of them, in fact, are cash. M-Pesa just appears, to me, and I may have got it wrong, to be a system which increases the velocity of the circulation of cash, and that is in a country which had, possibly, a lot of surplus labour willing to work, which has probably caused the growth. So, I think a lot of the anomalies you see are because there are different reasons. There is no one thing for digital cash, which I think you highlighted in one of the sections. I believe it might have been a reasonable start to have specified a monetary system. We are only talking about cash here, and I believe we need to start and say what cash is.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: We further speculate that the discrepancy between the genomic PCR and immunofluorescence could result from a more complete co-transfection using electroporation and a bias towards easier detection of larger PCR products (i. e. , the KI and WT fragments) using ethidium bromide integration for detection. We have now included these data in the manuscript as Figure 4—figure supplement 3 and discussed this in the context of the GluA2 KO seen with TKIT (Results). Also see the Discussion. We also added a description of this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript. 2) Recent reports suggest that AAV vector genomes can integrate at DSBs created by Cas9 (PMIDs: 33087932, 31570731), and Cas9 can often create an opportunity for unintended insertions. Although PCR of genomic DNA (shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 2) detected both WT and KI alleles, it is not clear how often insertion of other sequences (with variable length) occurs, and no data at the level of DNA sequence is provided following AAV delivery methods. The fidelity of clean donor insertion could be examined by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA clones to more completely define the results of insertion and genomic sequence changes around cut sites. This would also help to identify potential issues that may affect non-coding sequences (which, at the locations targeted here, are likely to be important regulatory elements). We are grateful to the reviewers for raising this important point. We agree that this is a necessary consideration when coupling AAVs withCas9 methods for genome editing (which is being widely adopted in the field). In fact, we now also speculate that 5’UTR integration of fragments of AAV could explain the lower efficiency in vivo with AAVs compared to in vitro with transfections. We have updated the text in the Results section to account for this possibility and include the recommended 2. The hippocampus will then be dissected, and genomic DNA amplify using a high-fidelity polymerase and a very long extension time (to account for variable sized insertions) flanking the KI sites. The PCR products will be sent for deep sequencing (as in Hanlon et al. , 2019). This will enable us to calculate the percentage of reads that have AAV insertions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, type-2 diabetes, osteoporosis, some cancers, depression, and eating disorders [19]. 1. 2 Surprisingly Today, an estimated one-third of all the food produced in the world which would have been used goes to waste. To put this in a more detailed manner That’s equal to about 1. 3 billion tons of fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, seafood, and grains that either never leave the farm, get lost or spoiled during distribution or are thrown away in hotels, grocery stores, restaurants, schools, or home kitchens. However, it could be enough calories to feed every undernourished person on the planet. On the other hand, wasted food isn't just a social or humanitarian concern—it's a Serious environmental issue. Whenever the food was wasted, it is also the waste of all the energy and water it takes to grow, harvest, transport, and package it. On the other hand, if food goes to the landfill and rots, it produces methane—a greenhouse gas even more dangerous than carbon dioxide. About 10% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced if we stop wasting food. Shockingly, In the US alone, the production of lost or wasted food generates the equivalent of 32. 6 million cars worth of greenhouse gas emissions. As Ethiopia’s population continues to grow, the challenge should not be how to grow more food to feed more people, but it should be wasting less of what is already produced. However, the true scale of food waste and its impacts have not been well understood until now. As such, the opportunities provided by food waste reduction have remained largely untapped and under-exploited. Most importantly, in the year 2017, the tragic landslide at the waste collection site at the place known as kosher in the capital of Ethiopia killed 116 people. This landfill was 30% arise from food waste. About this, there are plenty of actions we can take at the consumer level to make a significant difference. Gently starting from delivering leftovers to those in need to freezing food, shopping smarter or planning, composting to keep inedible scraps out of landfills, or using any other wise methods, we can all take small steps to curb our emissions. 2. ObjectivesThe general objective of this study is to evaluate the Practices of food waste to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Addis/Ethiopia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: I think it is a way of transacting immediately, or near instantaneously, and as we have seen, all modern technologies are, perhaps even faster than cash, and perhaps more efficient, but it is still, I believe, worth the term cash. I believe also, that as long as there is an equivalence and equality between each alternative value, there is no reason why there should not be multiple variations of cash type existing in the same system, at the time. I believe that cash keeps the system safe, and there may be a reason for which even a cost of 3% might well be necessary to keep the system safe. In the paper, you do pick up an awful lot of points, but do not seem to bring them together. One of the things that comes out a lot is trust, which is the most important thing, but I also believe that people probably will trust more if they believe and they own the system. We have to consider a whole system. It seems to me there are at least two other conceptual entities we have to define, and I am going to use the terms currency and money. I would define money as a set of objects which can be relatively easily turned into cash with a reasonable expectation of value. I believe then currency is the mechanism by which a society manages money. It is only at this level that trust can truly be established. Unfortunately, I am not sure that there is much trust at the moment. Regrettably, I do not think that the arguments made by politicians and regulators, that, “Nobody else saw it coming, so I am not to blame,” goes down too well. Trust would be further eroded if new tools, like negative interest rates, are asked for, rather than regulators and governments managing risk in the first place, and perhaps, ask yourselves what will happen if the new type, or types, of cash go wrong, and politicians and regulators again say, “It looked like a good idea at the time. ” I am quite sure there are enough good ideas in this paper to enable the essential characteristics of these objects to be created. My motivation for speaking is my belief that Bitcoin is a serious threat to society and the monetary system. That is not to say blockchain might not be useful, but only as a ledger system, though there are now suggestions of high costs in terms of resources to implement it. The inherent flaw in Bitcoin is the finite limit on the number of coins in issue.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 3) I agree with the authors that tagging endogenous proteins is likely to preserve the normal physiological processes of transcription, mRNA processing, and protein localization, all of which will be specific to the target in question. Thus, the ability to use this system with proximity labeling proteomics approaches is a promising future direction. However, the author's claims about the superiority of this combination in the Discussion section should likely be tempered given that the tags used by these approaches were not incorporated or tested here. We agree with the reviewers and have tempered this claim for future utility accordingly in our Discussion by adding the following sentence: “However, the feasibility of coupling TKIT with proximity labelling remains to be tested and will likely depend upon the transfection or transduction efficiency, the KI efficiency for the target protein, as well as the absolute abundance of the target protein being tagged. ” 4) Was the sequential sgRNA cloning and ligation process used for all genes targeted here? While it clearly works, this is somewhat laborious and may discourage others from adopting this technology. Since all TKIT targets will require two sgRNAs, the authors might consider using pX333 (PMID: 25337876; Addgene plasmid 64073) instead of pX330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. We agree with the reviewers and want to make this method as accessible to the community as possible. In fact, to simplify cloning of plasmids containing Two U6 + guides + cas9 we have designed a strategy using HiFi assembly to make these plasmids in a single cloning step. We have added this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript, which we hope will make it easier for investigators to use TKIT for their own projects. We also include the reviewer’s suggestion of using PX333. However, for transparency, we will leave the details of how we originally made these constructs. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. We thank the reviewers for this useful suggestion, which is at the core of why we think such knock-in approaches are of such value to the field. Comparisons and 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The specific objectives of this study are: the exact amount of food that is wasted in this city’s To investigate the communities‘ practices regarding how they plan their food and the waste generated from it. To conduct an exploratory study to investigate the interlinkages between food waste and food security in urban and peri-urban areas of in Ethiopia. To create awareness for good food management practices including the generation and processing of food waste To create some appropriate way to process and deliver to the needy To establish some framework for food waste reduction and hence reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from this sector 3. Material and Methodology 3. 1 The study was undertaken to assess the food practices of the community living in the selected cities of Ethiopia (and Sendafa). The criteria to select these cities are based on their closeness to the capital of the country, their development status, and internet accessibility for the respondents to fill out Google generated questionnaire. The other selection criteria were also the education level of the respondents which is important to understand the exact aim of our research. The cities and respondents were randomly and also to some extent systematically selected to make sure all required information was gathered. The collected information of the respondents includes Age categories, employment status, family number, and income range. The other questions asked the respondents were: the amount of money they pay for food per family per week, the person responsible for the purchase of the food, whether they plan their food whenever they want to buy their food, how often they plan, whether they eat all the food they purchased, how often they go for food purchases provided that some foods are still available at their refrigerator, respondents categories concerning if they are( muscle builders, pregnant women, long-distance athlete or other). The respondents were also asked about their feeling whenever they eat food( Uncomfortable and bloated after eating; Lack of control over what and how much you consume; Eating until you’re uncomfortably full and Consuming large portions when you’re not hungry), whether they record their meals and snacks — including when, why, and how much you eat, What they normally do with their food wastes Whether they do the following activities (Processing and using as food again; Throwing away as waste and Processing and giving to needy). The respondents were also asked whether they think there is food wastage in their household and if there is, how they think how could be optimized for the reduction of food waste in their opinion. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: This makes it totally unacceptable as a currency, where to match the production of the economy you have to change the amount of money, which is highlighted in the paper. genuinely agree that the authors have tried to be impartial, I do have some serious concerns about the linkage of a cashless society to issues like immigration, without first asking if there is an alternative or more appropriate solution. I do note a general concentration on the primacy of money, especially when considering a store of value. In the paper of course, negative interest rate policies appear to invalidate that, and I think the confidence of the financial system will suffer. Though at one stage there was an attempt to introduce a concept of wealth being somewhat different to money, ultimately I do not perceive any store of wealth in money, or other financial instances, is permanent. There is no worthwhile value without work, or the ability to control the work of others. Whatever we do to money, currency, or cash, the only important question is what does it do to the amount of work done? The Chairman: Thank you. Mr Collier: I think that there is a small confusion about the definition that cash and money, and that is why we have taken the simplest possible definition of cash as being notes and coins. It is not to replace money, and I think you picked up about cash being the best form of stability within an economy. I am not sure I am totally in agreement with you, for the sheer difficulty of transportation and handling cash, and the desire by people in the economy. It is quite clear when you go to pay for your coffee, most people are paying contactless, or cards, without having the cash in their pocket and transferring. People are moving towards it, and whether it is the most stable, or not the most stable, I think it is inevitable that we are, around the world, moving to a de-cashing situation. In some economies, this is a huge advantage. So, we make a case study of M-Pesa in Kenya, and you may have picked up that M stands for money, or mobile. Pesa is Swahili for money, and just the sheer fact that where there is no Internet, there is not very much in the way of banking system, and people having to transport very large sums of money from urban areas to rural places, which is difficult, expensive and hazardous.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: It was also examined for resistance to a therapeutic RAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, in a A375 melanoma model, leading to the discovery of novel genes sensitive to drug treatment [28]. GeCKOv2 library was also used to identify responsible genes related to EGF-induced apoptosis [86]. Genome-wide sgRNA library (mGeCKOa) transfection in non-metastatic mouse non-small cell lung cancer with 67,405 sgRNAs targeting 20,611 protein-coding genes. Cells were treated and transplanted into immunocompromised Nu/Nu mice, and tumor growth and migration were evaluated in vivo [25]. The pooled lentiviral sgRNA library with 73,151 gRNAs targeting 7114 gene and 100 non-targeting controls were used to screen the resistant genes for nucleotide analog 6TG treatment in human leukemic cell lines, screening resistance genes toward chemotherapeutic etoposide [26]. Patient-derived glioblastoma cell line (GBM), retinal epithelial cells (RPE1), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116 and DLD1), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and melanoma (A375) cells were subjected into genetic screening with the “90k library” containing 17,232 targeting genes and 91,320 gRNA sequences. Subsequentially, the supplemental library naming 176,500 TKO (Toronto KnockOut) library targeting 17,661 protein-coding genes were used to identify fitness genes in cancer cell lines [87]. Lentiviral vectors with genome-scale sgRNA library consisting of 70,290 guides (3 sgRNAs for each transcription start site (TSS)) were used for synthetic activation mediator (SAM)-based screening to target 200 bp upstream of the TSS and confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor in melanoma cell line A375 and patient derived samples [51]. Although genome scale gRNA libraries are widely used in cancer research, its complexity and transcript isoform variance as well as difficulty in viral vectors cloning limited its usage. Other specific gRNA libraries for certain signal pathways or gene functions were established according to screening purpose for modulating endogenous genes.

Output: pass