Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: We also acknowledge that EET could involve other as-yet unidentified respiratory components (lines 478-485 and 504-5) and that we cannot exclude ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation (lines 482-485). Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors): 1) The only weakness: The methods and results of metabolite analyses are not sufficiently described. This requires explanation if conclusions are to be made about yield, fermentation, and physiology. The paper provides strong evidence that electron diversion to external acceptors is an electron sink. However, while quantitative conclusions are made about fermentation, only ~30% of the mannitol can be accounted for in the EET condition that is the focus of this paper. Put another way, the paper is about where electrons go, but the majority of the electrons are missing. Clarify if this strain can excrete products such as sugar polymers, sugars, pyruvate, formate, glycerol, acetoin, or butanediol. State if standards for these were included in the product analysis (an RI detector can pick up nearly all of these). Explain why formate isn't present (was it not measured? ), as this would allow determination of flux through PFL vs. a pyruvate excretion, a carbon sink of acetoin, or butanediol. Could missing carbon be due to excretion of a partially oxidized sugar like fructose (which would also show up on an RI detector), or accumulation of storage polysaccharide? We thank the Reviewer for the Reviewer’s strong endorsement of our manuscript and clear recommendations for improvements. In the revised manuscript, we provide additional data showing where ~80% of the carbon goes under EET conditions (1) and where the majority of the carbon goes under open circuit conditions. With this more complete information, our balances account for between 77-96% of the electrons (see Supplement file 1). These new data more completely support our conclusion that EET increases fermentation product yield, metabolic flux, and environmental acidification. A) Address these questions in the section around line 299; where fermentation products are mentioned as being present or absent. What was looked for, but not found (lactate yes, succinate no), vs which were not looked for, (pyruvate? Formate? Acetoin, etc). This makes it clear that carbon is not missing, just that the methods were unable to detect it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: These phylogenies additionally suggest that Grauer’s gorilla share a common ancestor with Virunga mountain gorillas that post-dates the split between the Virunga and Bwindi populations. Grauer’s gorillas thus appear more divergent to both the Bwindi and Virunga in the full SNP dataset due to the presence of alleles that introgressed from the genetically divergent gorilla. Although our methods are not suitable to formally test for gene flow between Bwindi and Virunga mountain gorilla populations, the mitochondrial phylogeny indicates that their sister relationship was likely reinforced by gene flow that postdates the separation between Virunga and Grauer’s gorillas. Comparative gorilla genetic diversityAfter variant calling and filtering across all genomes, we identified more than 22 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across all individuals included in the dataset, with 15. 2 million SNPs at frequency > 5%. Of these variants, 35% were found in both gorilla species, 51% were found only in western gorillas and 14. 3% of variants were unique to eastern gorillas. Similar patterns of diversity, with more diversity in western compared to the eastern species, were found for indels. Among indels, 59. 0% were unique to western gorillas and only 13. 9% were unique to eastern gorillas. We estimated conservation-relevant genomic parameters by measuring genome-wide autosomal heterozygosity and the number and length of long runs of homozygosity in each gorilla genome. Eastern gorilla heterozygosity ranged between 0. 55–0. 80 per thousand base pairs (kb), which is threefold lower than the 1. 4–2. 0 per kb observed in the western lowland gorillas (Fig. 5). The difference is driven by the large fraction of the eastern gorilla genomes, between 35 and 50%, in long runs (> 100 kb) of complete homozygosity, whereas this fraction is below 10% in most western lowland gorilla genomes (Fig. 5). Long runs of homozygosity are a measure of the relatedness between mating pairs in past generations, and thus roughly reflect recent effective population size. Among eastern gorillas, the Grauer’s gorillas showed the highest genome fraction in runs of homozygosity, despite being the largest extant eastern gorilla population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: De fapt, în prima carte despre remedii aparţinând civilizaţiei chineze, se menţionează efectele terapeutice ale diferitelor specii de ciuperci. În ultimele trei decenii, cercetătorii din întreaga lume, cu precădere din ţări precum şi Canada, au realizat numeroase studii care au confirmat efectele benefice ale ciupercilor asupra sănătăţii umane. Aceste studii au evidenţiat proprietăţile lor imunologice, antioxidante, antitumorale şi antiinflamatorii. Descoperirea penicilinei în 1928, derivată din mucegaiul Penicillium notatum (o ciupercă inferioară), a fost un moment de cotitură în istoria medicală, revoluţionând tratamentul infecţiilor bacteriene şi salvând milioane de vieţi. Această descoperire a deschis, de asemenea, uşi pentru sinteza altor medicamente de excepţie. În ultimele trei decenii, interesul pentru ciupercile medicinale şi proprietăţile lor terapeutice a crescut semnificativ. Aceste ciuperci au fost studiate pentru potenţialul lor în tratarea afecţiunilor imunologice şi a cancerului. Astfel, ciupercile medicinale au devenit subiect de cercetare intensivă în domeniul medicinei complementare.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: We agree with the Reviewer on this recommendation to provide more clarity on the methods and results of the metabolite analyses. As a result, we have included additional information in the Materials and Methods (lines 712-720) and in the Results (lines 323-325 and 328-335). As described in detail below, we can account for ~80% of the carbon and electrons under EET conditions, which captures a majority of both the carbon and electron flow. With our HPLC methods, we were able to detect the following compounds using standards: acetate, formate, pyruvate, malate, lactate, succinate, oxalacetate, fumarate, ethanol, acetoin, butanediol, mannitol, glucose and fructose (now indicated on lines 712-720 in Materials and Methods). Despite being extensively studied, L. plantarum have not been reported to make storage polysaccharides, and thus it is very unlikely that storage polysaccharides could account for the remaining missing carbon. We detected large and significant changes in the concentration of main fermentation end-products, acetate, lactate and ethanol (Figure 5). We detected significant, but small changes, in pyruvate and formate production (now shown in Figure 5—figure supplement 2). We did not detect fructose, malate, glucose, oxaloacetate, fumarate, acetoin or 2,3-butanediol in the samples. We have included this new information in the revised Results section (lines 333-334). We also now include carbon in biomass as part of the carbon recovery in an updated Table 1 and updated Table S1. (We also revised other portions of Table S1 to correct a prior error. ) Taken together, these updated measurements increase the carbon recovery observed under both EET and OC conditions. Under EET conditions, ~80% of the carbon is recovered in fermentation products, while under OC conditions, we can account for ~55% of the carbon. We did not measure CO2 production because our bioelectrochemical reactors are not gas tight. Thus, we suggest the missing carbon is likely due to CO2 production, but we cannot rule out production of other unidentified metabolites.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: In the comparison between Grauer’s and mountain gorillas, we uncovered genes involved in skeletal and cardiac muscle strength, brain and neurological functions, diet, and digestion (Fig. 6, Table S10). The two eastern subspecies differ from each other in social organization, markedly in the proportion of multi-male groups [70] and several of the detected genes are proposed to be involved in social behavior and aggression, suggesting that behavioral functions might be under selection. Grauer’s gorillas occupy lower altitudes than mountain gorillas and the diets between the two subspecies differ, specifically in the proportion of consumed fruits and the diversity of dietary items [33, 57]. Genes under selection in mountain gorillas are involved in sweet taste signaling, lipid catabolic processes, and regulation of insulin secretion. We caution, however, that due to the levels of inbreeding in eastern gorillas, the used selection statistics can be biased [34]. Additionally, the low population size of the eastern gorillas results in a high amount of drift, which may create patterns that could be wrongly interpreted as signals of selection [44]. Finally, the comparison between Bwindi and Virunga mountain gorilla populations uncovered unique protein sequences in Bwindi, which play an important role in cholesterol homeostasis and mediate platelet aggregation (Fig. 6), which is involved in high altitude adaptation. Protein sequences unique to Virunga were involved in cytokine and environmental stress response and craniofacial morphology. DiscussionDespite decades of genetic studies on gorillas, much of their evolutionary history remains a mystery. We detected multiple signals indicative of introgression between gorilla subspecies, which together with recently reported admixture from a possible unsampled “ghost” population [60] show that gene flow was likely common throughout gorilla evolution. The inclusion of whole genome data from Bwindi mountain gorillas allowed us to uncover novel aspects of the gorilla evolutionary history. We detected a strong genetic similarity between Virunga mountain gorillas and Grauer’s gorillas to the exclusion of the Bwindi mountain gorilla population, and obtained indications of gene flow between and Grauer’s gorillas, likely to the exclusion of all mountain gorilla populations. The here reported evolutionary relationships among eastern gorillas are in disagreement with previous studies [72, 90] and the inferred Cross River—Grauer’s gorilla gene flow appears contrary to expectations based on present-day geographic distributions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Cuvinte cheie ciuperci medicinale imunostimulatoare antitumorale În anii 1980, cercetătorii de la au făcut o descoperire semnificativă referitoare la proprietăţile imunostimulatoare ale componentelor polizaharidice din ciupercile medicinale. Aceste componente au fost identificate ca având potenţial antitumoral şi au fost clasificate drept astfel de substanţe de către US Institute. Pe lângă efectele antitumorale, ciupercile medicinale au fost recunoscute şi pentru alte proprietăţi farmacologice valoroase. Printre acestea se numără proprietăţile antimicrobiene, antiinflamatorii, antiaterogenice şi hepatoprotectoare. În zilele noastre există o tendinţă crescândă de a căuta soluţii terapeutice în medicina alternativă şi tradiţională, bazată pe experienţe vechi, de milenii. Investigaţiile moderne asupra proprietăţilor medicinale ale ciupercilor au început la sfârşitul anilor 1960, când au fost demarate cercetări privind mecanismele de acţiune prin care diferitele specii de ciuperci îşi exercită efectele benefice. Asemenea altor forme de medicină alternativă, cum ar fi ceaiurile medicinale, ciupercile medicinale câştigă tot mai multă acceptare şi popularitate în lumea contemporană.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 604-610. 1980. We thank the Reviewer for these insights. We removed the energy-spilling reference from the manuscript. Since our data shows that final biomass is not affected by EET whereas energy conservation is, it seems likely that growth is not strongly coupled to energy conservation under EET conditions. We strongly agree with the Reviewer’s suggestion that the low pH under EET conditions may uncouple ATP generation and growth. We also hypothesize that this ATP produced from substrate-level phosphorylation might be used to create proton motive force to maintain intracellular pH and biosynthetic functions. We have included this hypothesis in the main manuscript (lines 406-409). 7) The value for Geobacter ATP/substrate yield in Table S2 seemed very high. Mahadevan says Geobacter produces 0. 5 mol ATP/mol acetate when using extracellular acceptors (3x higher when using internal acceptors like fumarate). understand the adjustment for 6-carbon compounds, would this make the value for Geobacter using EET to be 1. 5 mol ATP/mol 6-C substrate? We thank the Reviewer for this correction. We incorrectly provided the thermodynamic boundary for the ATP/substrate yield from the referenced study. We now provide the value of 1. 5 mol ATP/mol 6 carbon substrate (0. 5 mol ATP/mol acetate) (Mahadevan et al. , 2006 – Microbiol) in 2. Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors): Line 21 – acronyms like this make our field more challenging to understand and are unnecessary. Does the work presented actually support 'energy conservation'? Growth seems to occur after EET activity takes place rather than with it as discussed below. We agree with the Reviewer that a broad scientific audience will find the FLEET acronym confusing and have eliminated it from the manuscript. also questions whether our findings indicate that EET supports energy conservation in L. plantarum. In biochemistry, energy conservation is defined as the conversion of light or chemical energy into cellular energy in the form of ATP by an organism (Russell and Cook 1995 – Microbiol Rev). In rapidly dividing cells, energy conservation, a catabolic process, is associated with growth, an anabolic process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event: establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology 46:147–50 [2007. The stability of the stratospheric ozone layer during the end-Permian eruption of the Siberian Traps. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365:1843–66 [2012. Magnitude and consequences of volatile release from the Siberian Traps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317–318:363–73 [2014. Sulfur isotopic evidence for sources of volatiles in magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 394:58–69 [2017. Volatiles and the tempo of flood basalt magmatism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 458:130–40 [2011. Significant increases in global weathering during Events 1a and 2 indicated by calcium isotopes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 309:77–88 [2010. Pyrite framboid study of marine Permian–Triassic boundary sections: a complex anoxic event and its relationship to contemporaneous mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122:1265–79 [2014. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: an update. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and 29–55 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 505 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2012. Osmium-isotope evidence for volcanism, weathering, and ocean mixing during the early Aptian OAE 1a. Geology 40:583–86 [2015. Calcium isotope evidence for dramatic increase of continental weathering during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (Early Jurassic). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 411:164–76 [2011. Rapid expansion of oceanic anoxia immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction. PNAS 108:17631–34 [2017. Initial pulse of sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 8:164 [2017. Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global warming during the Paleocene-Maximum. Glob. Planet. Change 157:114–38 [2011.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Acestea sunt văzute ca o sursă naturală şi holistică de tratament şi prevenire a diverselor afecţiuni şi sunt subiectul unor cercetări ample care îşi propun să înţeleagă mai bine potenţialul lor terapeutic(1). Figura 1. Nouă specii de ciuperci terapeutice(1) Conceptul de utilizare a ciupercilor imunomodulatoare în tratamentul cancerului, în special în ceea ce priveşte potenţialul lor antiangiogenetic, a fost studiat şi este un subiect de interes în cercetarea medicală. Angiogeneza este procesul prin care noi vase de sânge sunt formate din vasele de sânge existente şi este un aspect crucial în dezvoltarea şi creşterea tumorilor. Blocarea acestui proces (antiangiogeneză) poate încetini sau opri creşterea şi metastazarea tumorilor. Există cercetări care sugerează că anumiţi compuşi găsiţi în ciupercile medicinale ar putea avea proprietăţi antiangiogenetice şi imunomodulatoare, care ar putea contribui la inhibarea creşterii tumorilor şi la stimularea răspunsului imun împotriva cancerului.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: However, catabolism need not be coupled with anabolism, and energy conservation can still occur in cells that are not rapidly dividing, e. g. in resting cell suspensions (Russell and Cook 1995 – Microbiol Rev). In L. plantarum, EET increases the rate at which chemical energy (in mannitol) is converted to cellular energy (in ATP) per cell by ~1. 75-fold (Figure 5C), indicating that EET increases the rate of energy conversation per cell. EET increases the amount of cellular energy obtained per chemical energy (Ymannitol) (Table 1) by ~1. 75-fold, indicating that EET is also a more efficient energy conservation strategy in L. plantarum. To understand how the anabolic process of energy conservation is coupled to the catabolic process of growth, we can compare changes in ATP to changes in biomass. At the start of EET, increased ATP levels are accompanied by a significant shortening of lag phase (Figures 1C, 4C). Since lag phase is the period microorganisms use to accumulate ATP for exponential growth, this shortened period suggests catabolic and anabolic processes are well coupled at this stage. However, by stationary phase, the biomass yield (Table 1) decreased under EET conditions, suggesting a much poorer coupling of catabolic and anabolic processes. Line 27 – 'fermentation yield' referring to biomass yield or fermentation product yield? The text was revised to clarity that ‘fermentation product yield’ is being discussed here. Line 29, Line 45, Line 75, Line 86, Line 479 – blending fermentation and respiration has been known for over a decade in Shewanella (see Hunt et al. , 2010, JBact). The description on Line 517 regarding the major finding from this reference is incorrect. PMF is not used by S. oneidensis anaerobically to generate ATP as demonstrated by the robust anaerobic growth of an ATP synthase mutant. First, our work was very much inspired by the observations in S. oneidensis and other work, so we apologize for the inadvertent omission of the Hunt et al. J. Bacteriology 2010 reference in the introduction and mis-stating of the ATP synthesis result. In the revised manuscript, we removed the reference to S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Environmental determinants and ecologic selectivity of benthic faunas from nearshore to bathyal zones in the end-Permian mass extinction: brachiopod evidence from South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 308:84–97 [2015. Oxygen limitations on marine animal distributions and the collapse of epibenthic community structure during shoaling hypoxia. Glob. Change Biol. 21:2989–3004 [2017. Organism activity levels predict marine invertebrate survival during ancient global change extinctions. Glob. Change Biol. 23:1477–85 [2011. Acidification, anoxia, and extinction: a multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the Middle and Late Permian. Geology 39:1059–62 [2004. Why does metabolism scale with temperature. ? Funct. Ecol. 18:243–51 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [2018. Uranium isotope evidence for two episodes of deoxygenation during Event 2. PNAS 115:2918–23 [1994. Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32:1–36 [2014. Euechinoidea and Cidaroidea respond differently to ocean acidification. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 174:45–55 [2013. Buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid in echinoderms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 166:199–206 [1920. The alkali reserve of marine fish and invertebrates: the excretion of carbon dioxide. J. Biol. Chem. 44:329–44 [2018. Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa. Glob. Change Biol. 24:4857–68 [2015. Investigating the paleoecological consequences of supercontinent breakup: Sponges clean up in the Early Jurassic. Sediment. Record 13:24–10 [2003. On the ages of flood basalt events. C. R. Geosci. 335:113–40 [2016.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Tabelul 1 Ciupercile medicinale, sursă de compuşi naturali cu efect anticancer(2) Cu toate acestea, este important să subliniem că, deşi există anumite dovezi şi studii care susţin aceste afirmaţii, utilizarea ciupercilor medicinale în tratamentul cancerului nu este încă parte a protocoalelor standard de tratament. Sunt necesare mai multe cercetări pentru a înţelege pe deplin potenţialul şi eficacitatea lor, precum şi pentru a stabili dozele şi modalităţile de administrare corecte. Potenţialul ciupercilor medicinale în tratarea unor afecţiuni precum cancerul, hepatitele, bolile autoimune şi altele a fost într-adevăr cercetat şi este subiectul unor studii în curs. Diverse specii de ciuperci au fost testate pentru potenţialul lor anticancerigen, în studii realizate de al Universităţii din Tokyo şi din Tokyo. Se pare că unele specii de ciuperci au arătat un grad semnificativ de eficacitate în inhibarea creşterii tumorilor în teste de laborator, la dozele specificate. Totuşi, este important să subliniem că rezultatele studiilor de laborator trebuie interpretate cu precauţie.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: oneidensis as a well understood respiratory microorganism (line 45), have replaced reference 14 with the Hunt et al. J. Bacteriology 2010 (our original intention) (line 80), removed the word recent when describing these findings (line 85), and revised the discussion to correctly describe that fumarate reduction supports the creation of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation, not PMF in S. oneidensis (line 523). Second, we do not claim that our work is the first observation of a hybrid metabolism that blends fermentation and respiration. Rather, this work quantitatively elucidates a different blending of fermentation and respiration that both contrasts with and expands upon previous work. As a counterpoint to the prior observation that substrate-level phosphorylation is the major energy conservation strategy during anaerobic fumarate reduction in a non-fermentative organism (S. oneidensis), our work demonstrates that a blending of fermentation and respiration occurs during reduction of solid electron acceptors in a primarily fermentative organism (L. plantarum) (lines 28-30, 525-527). Going beyond prior qualitative observations, we show that this hybrid metabolism leads to ~1. 75x-more efficient and ~1. 75x-faster energy conservation (Ymannitol, mannitol flux), but an overall ~1. 5-fold weaker coupling between anabolism and catabolism (lower biomass yield). Additionally, we discover that this hybrid metabolism substantially affects the intracellular redox state and show redox change arises from a ~2:1 use of endogenous to extracellular electron acceptors. This fuller discussion is included in the manuscript (lines 525-535). Line 61 – implied here is that LAB are auxotrophic for heme and menaquinone, but should be explicitly stated. The text was revised to incorporate the Reviewer’s suggestion (lines 66-68). Page 8 (top) – the comparison to other organisms is not particularly helpful unless current per unit cell or unit biomass is quantified, nor does it seem particularly relevant to the overall theme of this manuscript. We agree with the Reviewer that current should be normalized per unit biomass, and we believe that this normalized value provides context for how significant EET is as a metabolic activity. In the revised manuscript, we normalize the current from L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility. Nat. Commun. 7:10825 [2014. Ichthyosaurs from the indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Naturwissenschaften 101:1027–40 [2007. Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic. Paleoceanography 22:PA1219 [2013. Surviving rapid climate change in the deep sea during the Paleogene hyperthermals. PNAS 110:9273–76 [2017. Extreme warmth and heat-stressed plankton in the tropics during the Paleocene-Maximum. Sci. Adv. 3:e1600891 [2016. Ocean warming, not acidification, controlled coccolithophore response during past greenhouse climate change. Geology 44:59–62 [2006. Nannoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Maximum. Science 314:1770–73 [2010. A framework for community interactions under climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25:325–31 [2017. Isotopic signatures of mercury contamination in latest Permian oceans. Geology 45:55–58 [2005. Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event. Science 307:706–9 [2015. Plasticity in thermal tolerance has limited potential to buffer ectotherms from global warming. Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20150401 [2017. Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nature 548:573–77 [1999. The early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) and the Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinctions: similarities and contrasts. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 154:39–66 [2008. Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. 249:119–27 [2012. Conditions of Mytilus edulis extracellular body fluids and shell composition in a pH-treatment experiment: acid-base status, trace elements and δ11B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Este necesar să se efectueze cercetări suplimentare, inclusiv studii clinice la oameni, pentru a confirma eficacitatea şi siguranţa ciupercilor ca tratament pentru cancer(2). De exemplu, AHCC (Correlated Compound) este un supliment care a captat atenţia cercetătorilor şi profesioniştilor din domeniul sănătăţii datorită potenţialului său în susţinerea sistemului imunitar şi a sănătăţii generale. Figura 2. AHCC – amestec organic din opt ciuperci care susţin imunitatea(3) Figura 3. Proprietăţile anticanceroase ale Fomitopsis pinicola(15) Figura 4. Proprietăţile anticanceroase ale Hericium erinaceus(15) Figura 5. Proprietăţile anticanceroase ale Inonotus obliquus(15) Figura 6. Proprietăţile anticanceroase ale Trametes versicolor(15) AHCC este un extract obţinut din miceliul mai multor subspecii de ciuperci medicinale hibridizate, fiind recunoscut pentru proprietăţile sale antiinflamatoare, imunomodulatoare şi antioxidante. Este bogat în alfa- şi beta-glucani, compuşi care au fost asociaţi cu îmbunătăţirea funcţiei imune.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: This important facet of the experiment is now described in the manuscript (lines 219-223). Figure 3D – did the authors include a strain that lacked the cluster? No, we did not probe a strain that lacked the FLEET locus because this experiment was designed to probe the importance of specifically PplA for current production. Rather, we investigated strains lacking the FLEET locus using our Fe3+ reduction assay since this experiment allows testing a larger variety of species at the same time. We believe that the Reviewer’s suggestion would be a useful expansion of our experiment and will include this in our future studies. Line 252 – unclear to me how ICP-MS can distinguish between iron inside a cell and associated with the cell surface. We appreciate the Reviewer’s question here. While ICP-MS cannot spatially resolve iron that is intracellular vs. extracellular, we removed surface-associated metals by washing the cells twice in PBS before performing ICP-MS. This washing procedure has been shown in other bacteria to remove loosely bound metals (see Kumar et al. , 2020 – Nat. Sci. Reports and Arauz et al. , 2008 – J. Haz. Materials). An ICP-MS section was added to the Materials and methods (lines 811-821) to clarify these points. Line 256 – have other metals been tested? Frequently manganese substitutes for iron in enzymes from non-iron dependent bacteria. Manganese oxide is also a known substrate for EET in Geobacter and Shewanella and could be nutritionally significant to LAB. For simplicity, we focused on intracellular iron concentrations within the paper, but indeed ICP-MS was also able to detect other metals in L. plantarum cells. We now include the other findings from the ICP-MS analyses in Figure 4—figure supplements 1 and 2. Although quantities of barium and calcium were significantly lower and higher in the ndh2 mutant compared to the wild-type strain, respectively, these differences were not observed for wild-type L. plantarum when grown in EET-simulating culture medium (mMRS with DHNA and iron supplementation) compared to the mMRS control medium. In addition, these two metals are not expected to be redox-active metals for EET.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction. 26:675–83 [2017. carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation. Clim. Past 13:1635–59 [2015. U-Pb geochronology of the and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Science 347:182–84 [2010. asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 327:1214–18 [2011. Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. J. Exp. Biol. 214:326–36 [2014. Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and 319–37 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 505 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2005. Gas fluxes from flood basalt eruptions. Elements 1:283–87 [2016. Eighty-five million years of gyre ecosystem structure: long-term stability marked by punctuated change. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20160189 [2018. Global perturbation of the marine calcium cycle during the Permian-Triassic transition. GSA Bull 130:1323–38 [2014. Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene–Maximum on the Plain: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling. Clim. Past 10:1421–39 [2013. Energy-limited tolerance to stress as a conceptual framework to integrate the effects of multiple stressors. Integr. Comp. Biol. 53:597–608 [2008. Interactive effects of metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms: implications of global climate change. Clim. Res. 37:181–201 [2015. Anoxia/high temperature double whammy during the Permian-Triassic marine crisis and its aftermath. Sci. Rep. 4:4132 [2017. Energetic costs of calcification under ocean acidification. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 31:866–77 [2012.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: De-a lungul anilor, AHCC a fost supus unui număr semnificativ de cercetări clinice şi preclinice, iar rezultatele iniţiale sunt promiţătoare în ceea ce priveşte beneficiile sale potenţiale pentru sănătatea umană. S-a constatat că AHCC poate avea efecte benefice într-o varietate de condiţii, inclusiv în sprijinirea sistemului imunitar în faţa infecţiilor, în gestionarea inflamaţiei şi în susţinerea sănătăţii generale. De asemenea, este demn de remarcat faptul că AHCC este utilizat în spitale şi a fost subiectul unor evenimente ştiinţifice prestigioase, cum ar fi Simpozionul Asociaţiei pentru Cercetarea AHCC, ceea ce subliniază interesul şi relevanţa sa în comunitatea medicală. Studiile efectuate pe animale şi la oameni sugerează că AHCC poate creşte activitatea celulelor NK (celulele natural killer) şi a macrofagelor, sporeşte producţia de citokine şi poate reduce efectele secundare ale chimioterapiei, precum şi metastaza cancerului de sân la şoareci.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Line 262 – does this mean a large amount of the cells that grew are now dead? makes an interesting observation. Indeed, the combination of a 4-fold increase in dry weight and only 2-fold increase in viable cells may indicate that a fraction of the biomass was dead or not metabolically active enough to form a colony at the time point sampled. In support of this idea, our measurements of cell density by OD600 suggest that cells reach stationary phase shortly after reaching maximum current density. Additionally, shortly after maximum current density (after day 2, Figure 3C), the rates of mannitol consumption, lactate production, and ethanol production decrease (Figure 4). Thus, we hypothesize that at the point of maximum current density, when dry weight and CFU measurements were taken, the cells are entering stationary phase and a fraction of them are metabolically inactive or dead. In the revised manuscript, we point out that this discrepancy could be due to the increased acid stress on L. plantarum resulting from EET condition (lines 337-340). Figure 4 (and Figure 1) – I don't understand why maximum current output is completely decoupled from when biomass spikes. At 24h (maximum current), basically no growth has occurred. At 2 days and 5 days, when biomass is the greatest (in the WT culture), very little current is produced. This seems like direct evidence that EET is not coupled with metabolism in these bacteria. The ATP measurements were made at 24h, where OD of the mutant is decreasing (thus less ATP would be expected). Same issue with NAD/NADH measurement. We apologize for introducing confusion here, which stemmed from a lack of clarity about which current density and biochemical measurements were from different experiments. We have clarified in the that the same set of experiments yielded the current density plots in Figure 3 and the metabolite and pH measurements shown in Figure 5. We have also clarified that another set of experiments were used to generate the current density shown in Figure 1C and the ATP and NAD/NADH ratios shown in Figure 4. Comparison of the data shown in Figure 1C and 4C show maximum current is closely followed by maximum OD. After one day, the current density has reached its maximum, but no significant increase in planktonic biomass was observed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 308:1611–15 [2003. A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Maximum. Science 302:1551–54 [10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 of Earth and 47, 275 (2019);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 Data & Media loading. . . 10. 1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4 2003. Selective extinction among bivalves: a consequence of anoxia. Geology 31:1077–80 [1987. Why the rhynchonellid brachiopods survived and the spiriferids did not: a suggestion. Palaeontology 30:853–57 [2011. Terrestrial–marine teleconnections in the collapse and rebuilding of marine ecosystems. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 308:1–11 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2017. Mass extinction in tetraodontiform fishes linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum. Proc. R. Soc. B 284:20171771 [2014. Extreme warming of tropical waters during the Paleocene–Maximum. Geology 42:739–42 [2012. Carbon cycle dynamics following the end-Triassic mass extinction: constraints from paired δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 13:Q09008 [2002. Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm. PNAS 99:6854–59 [2010. Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 3:205–8 [2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Studiile clinice efectuate la pacienţi cu cancer hepatic avansat au arătat că AHCC poate îmbunătăţi prognosticul şi supravieţuirea, în comparaţie cu grupurile de control. Totuşi, este important să reţinem că rezultatele acestor studii sunt preliminare şi sunt necesare cercetări suplimentare pentru a confirma eficacitatea şi siguranţa AHCC în diverse condiţii patologice, iar dozele recomandate în literatura de specialitate nu sunt direct aplicabile în practica clinică şi ar trebui ajustate în funcţie de fiecare pacient, sub supravegherea unei echipe medicale(2-14). Din medicina populară asiatică şi din Extremul Orient, de exemplu, au fost studiate patru ciuperci comune pentru a se demonstra natura lor chimică complexă şi potenţialul lor anticancerigen. Prezentăm efectele diferitelor derivate ale ciupercilor, iar mecanismele lor sunt descrise pe diverse modele. Pictogramele (şoarece, macrofage, om) indică rezultatele obţinute pe modele animale, celule, respectiv la subiecţi umani(15). Studiile privind potenţialul anticancerigen al ciupercilor medicinale indică faptul că acestea pot fi eficiente în inhibarea proceselor specifice cancerului şi în activarea apoptozei celulelor tumorale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Between day one and day two, lower but significant current is produced, the cell density reaches ~90% of its maximum, and the consumption of mannitol and production of lactate also increases dramatically. Overall, these observations show that current production is followed by increases in growth and metabolic flux. We hypothesize that the delay observed between current production and the boost in growth and metabolites could be the time cells need to accumulate ATP and compounds needed to enter exponential growth (now included on lines 274-278). In future experiments, we seek to more precisely relate current produced and growth by continuously monitoring of L. plantarum cell density under EET conditions. Figure 4C – Lines are undefined in the figure legend. Also, growth should be plotted on a semi-log scale, see: We have addressed the reviewer recommendation and edited Figure 4C accordingly. Figure 5 – based on the growth curve shown in Figure 4, the OC culture lags behind and does not reach maximum OD until day 5. What do these measurements look like at day 5 (or 6)? It seems likely that the authors are drawing conclusions from cells in two different states (stationary phase vs exponential phase) rather than focusing on the finding that having an external electron acceptor appears to accelerate the metabolism of cells. is correct that at the time of ATP and NAD/NADH measurements, the cells performing EET and cells under OC were at different growth stages. 4, we probed how EET in L. plantarum affected growth, ATP and intracellular redox state. To show this connection, we chose to measure ATP and NAD+/NADH when EET rate is maximum (maximum current density). These measurements show that energy metabolism is greatly accelerated and changed by EET: cells exhibit higher viability, biomass and ATP accumulation and maintain a higher NAD+/NADH ratio. We agree that performing those measurements at other time points would provide a more dynamic picture of the relationship between EET, energy conservation and redox balancing. Our laboratories will address these questions in future studies. Line 465 – Description of the experiment setup in 2B does not include addition of flavins for the iron reduction assay, so it is unclear why the authors claim that both flavins and quinones are necessary for EET in diverse LAB species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event: establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology 46:147–50 [2007. The stability of the stratospheric ozone layer during the end-Permian eruption of the Siberian Traps. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 365:1843–66 [2012. Magnitude and consequences of volatile release from the Siberian Traps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317–318:363–73 [2014. Sulfur isotopic evidence for sources of volatiles in magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 394:58–69 [2017. Volatiles and the tempo of flood basalt magmatism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 458:130–40 [2011. Significant increases in global weathering during Events 1a and 2 indicated by calcium isotopes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 309:77–88 [2010. Pyrite framboid study of marine Permian–Triassic boundary sections: a complex anoxic event and its relationship to contemporaneous mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122:1265–79 [2014. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: an update. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and 29–55 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 505 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2012. Osmium-isotope evidence for volcanism, weathering, and ocean mixing during the early Aptian OAE 1a. Geology 40:583–86 [2015. Calcium isotope evidence for dramatic increase of continental weathering during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (Early Jurassic). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 411:164–76 [2011. Rapid expansion of oceanic anoxia immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction. PNAS 108:17631–34 [2017. Initial pulse of sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 8:164 [2017. Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global warming during the Paleocene-Maximum. Glob. Planet. Change 157:114–38 [2011.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: De asemenea, ele pot avea acţiuni indirecte, cum ar fi imunomodularea, care pare să fie comună pentru multe specii de ciuperci medicinale. Această imunomodulare poate contribui semnificativ la potenţialul terapeutic al acestor ciuperci. Extrasele de ciuperci, care sunt testate împotriva diverselor tipuri de cancer în diferite modele experimentale, prezintă activităţi imunostimulatoare şi pot avea, de asemenea, proprietăţi antioxidante, antibacteriene şi antiinflamatorii. Aceste activităţi multiple pot fi utile în prevenirea cancerului şi în reducerea riscului de apariţie a bolilor tumorale. Ciupercile medicinale trec printr-o serie de etape în dezvoltarea medicamentelor, inclusiv extracţia, fracţionarea şi purificarea compuşilor activi. Aceşti compuşi sunt apoi testaţi împotriva modelelor de cancer în studii preclinice, animale şi clinice. În paralel, se studiază mecanismele de acţiune ale acestor compuşi şi ţintele lor moleculare, pentru a înţelege mai bine modul în care aceste ciuperci pot fi utilizate în terapia cancerului.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: We included both flavins and quinones in this statement because we show that flavins are required for EET in Figure 1—figure supplement 1D and Figure 1—figure supplement 2D. Flavins are required as cofactors for Ndh2 (as FAD – see Heikal et al. , 2014 – Mol Micro) and PplA (as FMN – see Light et al. , 2018 – Nature). L. plantarum and several other LAB which we found to be EET-active are auxotrophic for riboflavin (Burgess et al. , 2004 – Microbio) so riboflavin was already supplemented in the growth medium as the vitamin itself (in CDM) or within yeast extract (in MRS). In the iron reduction assay, cells are metabolically active, but not growing, and would have sufficient holo-Ndh2 and holo-PplA carried over from their growth medium to perform EET. This is supported by new data in Figure 1figure supplement 1E where additional riboflavin supplementation into mMRS did not increase subsequent iron reduction. As such, we decided to not include riboflavin in the iron reduction assay used for Figure 2B. Line 473 – Iron and electrode reduction is dependent on addition of DHNA. Are these cells likely to ever encounter 20 ug/mL DHNA in the environment? Is the EET activity observed relevant to normal physiology for these organisms, or a lab artifact caused by providing a non-native electron carrier? The argument beginning on line 491 underscores the artificial nature to me. is correct in stating that it is unlikely for L. plantarum to encounter 20 µg/mL DHNA in its native environment. DHNA is found in concentrations of 0. 089-0. 44 μg/mL in commercial fermented beverages, and under laboratory conditions, microbes can synthesize and secrete DHNA leading to concentrations of 0. 37-48 μg/mL (lines 153-156). To test if EET in L. plantarum is relevant under these physiological concentrations, we probed whether L. plantarum can perform EET with a sub-physiological DHNA concentration of 0. 01 μg/mL. Indeed, L. plantarum produced significant current density and a significant decrease in pH (new Figure 1—figure supplement 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Environmental determinants and ecologic selectivity of benthic faunas from nearshore to bathyal zones in the end-Permian mass extinction: brachiopod evidence from South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 308:84–97 [2015. Oxygen limitations on marine animal distributions and the collapse of epibenthic community structure during shoaling hypoxia. Glob. Change Biol. 21:2989–3004 [2017. Organism activity levels predict marine invertebrate survival during ancient global change extinctions. Glob. Change Biol. 23:1477–85 [2011. Acidification, anoxia, and extinction: a multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the Middle and Late Permian. Geology 39:1059–62 [2004. Why does metabolism scale with temperature. ? Funct. Ecol. 18:243–51 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [2018. Uranium isotope evidence for two episodes of deoxygenation during Event 2. PNAS 115:2918–23 [1994. Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32:1–36 [2014. Euechinoidea and Cidaroidea respond differently to ocean acidification. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 174:45–55 [2013. Buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid in echinoderms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 166:199–206 [1920. The alkali reserve of marine fish and invertebrates: the excretion of carbon dioxide. J. Biol. Chem. 44:329–44 [2018. Similar controls on calcification under ocean acidification across unrelated coral reef taxa. Glob. Change Biol. 24:4857–68 [2015. Investigating the paleoecological consequences of supercontinent breakup: Sponges clean up in the Early Jurassic. Sediment. Record 13:24–10 [2003. On the ages of flood basalt events. C. R. Geosci. 335:113–40 [2016.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: În ciuda progreselor înregistrate în domeniul cercetării asupra ciupercilor medicinale, există încă multe aspecte care trebuie investigate mai detaliat, cum ar fi identificarea exactă a compuşilor activi şi înţelegerea mecanismelor lor de acţiune la nivel molecular. Cu toate acestea, cercetările continue în acest domeniu ar putea aduce noi perspective şi tratamente inovatoare pentru cancer, în special prin explorarea sinergiei dintre diferitele componente ale ciupercilor medicinale. Am arătat astfel că unele aspecte ale fungoterapiei tumorilor sunt studiate relativ bine, în timp ce altele încă aşteaptă să fie dezvăluite pe deplin (identificarea tipurilor de cancer care sunt susceptibile la tratamentele fungice). În final, subliniem că ciupercile medicinale au fost studiate intens pentru a se explica natura lor chimică şi mecanismele de acţiune ale capacităţii lor biomedicale. Tratamentul adecvat al cancerului, nedăunător pentru ţesuturile sănătoase, a devenit un obiectiv în ultimele decenii, iar compuşii de origine fungică oferă un rezervor vast de potenţiale medicamente inovatoare. Autor pentru corespondenţă: Conf. dr. farm. pr. Gabriela Vlăsceanu E-mail: ga. vlasceanu@yahoo. com : niciunul declarat. : niciunul declarat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Far from being artificial, these results show that the concentrations of DHNA in environments known to support L. plantarum growth have significant effects on its physiology and mechanisms to outcompete neighboring organisms. Line 559 – none of the 5. 5±2. 7-14. 54±0. 29 μg/g were quantified in distal colonic contents (Conley and Stein, 1992 – of Gastroenterol), and of 25. 3-34. 4 nmol/g were quantified from fecal samples (Karl et al. , 2017 – Clin Nut). Although we mainly focused on DHNA in this manuscript, it is reasonable to anticipate that L. plantarum can perform EET in the GI tract by responding to different forms of quinones due to their shared molecular structures. We will consider testing this hypothesis in our future studies. Line 637 – is ferrozine toxic to these cells? While not included in the data for this manuscript, we found that ferrozine does not inhibit L. plantarum growth. Therefore, there is no evidence that ferrozine is toxic to L. plantarum, nor do we expect that compound to impact the ferrihydrite reduction assay, which takes place over three hours and requires metabolically active, but not actively growing cells. Line 646 – Were these mutants complemented? Efforts for mutant complementation were made, but restoration of EET activity was variable, potentially because critical epigenetic regulatory conditions were not provided or because of the challenges of over-expression of membrane-bound proteins (Kang and Tullman-Ercek, 2018 – Methods). We are currently in the process of mutating all genes in the L. plantarum EET pathway and are including complementation analysis in order to identify the effects of gene proximity and synteny on EET activity. Line 653 – the suicide vector should be identified and referenced here. The text has been revised to specify the suicide vector along with a citation. General comments: Unclear why Figure 1C shows twice as much current twice as fast as Figure 3C in what appears to be identical conditions? We observe somewhat variable current production depending on the exact conditions used for inoculation of bioreactors. Although we maintained identical culturing conditions for L. plantarum before introducing the cells into bioelectrochemical reactors, the inoculum did show mild growth differences.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extinction of fish-shaped marine reptiles associated with reduced evolutionary rates and global environmental volatility. Nat. Commun. 7:10825 [2014. Ichthyosaurs from the indicate a severe turnover across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Naturwissenschaften 101:1027–40 [2007. Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic. Paleoceanography 22:PA1219 [2013. Surviving rapid climate change in the deep sea during the Paleogene hyperthermals. PNAS 110:9273–76 [2017. Extreme warmth and heat-stressed plankton in the tropics during the Paleocene-Maximum. Sci. Adv. 3:e1600891 [2016. Ocean warming, not acidification, controlled coccolithophore response during past greenhouse climate change. Geology 44:59–62 [2006. Nannoplankton extinction and origination across the Paleocene-Maximum. Science 314:1770–73 [2010. A framework for community interactions under climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25:325–31 [2017. Isotopic signatures of mercury contamination in latest Permian oceans. Geology 45:55–58 [2005. Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event. Science 307:706–9 [2015. Plasticity in thermal tolerance has limited potential to buffer ectotherms from global warming. Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20150401 [2017. Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nature 548:573–77 [1999. The early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) and the Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinctions: similarities and contrasts. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 154:39–66 [2008. Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. 249:119–27 [2012. Conditions of Mytilus edulis extracellular body fluids and shell composition in a pH-treatment experiment: acid-base status, trace elements and δ11B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: 1999;20(3):145-152. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine. AHCC on immobilization stress in the rat: beneficial effects of active hexose correlated compound. of Medical Sciences. 2001;28(1):559-565. . Amelioration by active hexose correlated compound of endocrine disturbances induced by oxidative stress in the rat. Endocr Regul. 2004 Mar;38(1):7-13. . Suppressive effects of on the increased activity of hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase induced by oxidative stress. Life Sci. 2003 Dec 19;74(5):593-602. doi: 10. 1016/j. lfs. 2003. 06. 038. Wang S. Preventive effects of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) on oxidative stress induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate in the rat. of Medical Sciences. 2001;28(2-3):745-752. Daddaoua A, Martínez-Plata E, López-ález árez MD, de Medina FS, Martínez-Augustin O. Active hexose correlated compound acts as a prebiotic and is antiinflammatory in rats with hapten-induced colitis. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1222-82. . Medicinal mushrooms as an attractive new source of natural compounds for future cancer therapy. Oncotarget. 2018 Jun 26;9(49):29259-29274. Articole din ediţiile anterioare NUTRIŢIE | Ediţia 2 217 2024 Ciupercile medicinale şi sistemul imunitar (I) Gabriela Vlăsceanu Ciupercile au fost utilizate de-a lungul istoriei pentru proprietăţile lor medicinale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: This can cause significant differences in the electrochemical output (current density). Thus, we suggest the differences in the current density production by the wild-type strain between Figure 1C and Figure 3C result from possible differences on the initial number and activity of cells. Future work will seek to uncover how initial conditions affect EET in L. plantarum. Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors): Figure 1A – though the tubes are aligned with the plot below, it may be helpful for some readers to have labels on this image to clarify the conditions of each. Numbered labels are now provided in Figure 1A to connect the image and the graph. Figure 1C – for the top line, the "+DHNA+mannitol" label should be on one line Figure 1C has been revised to include this suggestion. Figure 4A – labeling should be more consistent ("anodic" vs. "EET") We have revised the Figure accordingly and replaced anodic with EET. Figure 4A – "log" should be removed from the y-axis label We thank the reviewer for noticing this. We have corrected this typo. Figure 4C – points on this plot should be connected with straight lines We have addressed this suggestion accordingly, and we have also plotted Figure 4C in a semi-logarithmic scale following another reviewer’s suggestion. Figure 5D – axis label is cut off We thank the reviewer for noticing this and we have corrected this typo. Figure 5G – FLEET should not be mentioned in the model at all. Instead, Ndh2 should be labeled We have edited the Figure following the recommendations of the reviewer. Figure 6A – Label differences between the two kale juice bottles We apologize for omitting some of the details of the juice preparation in that plot. We have indicated the differences between the two juices in Figure 6D by adding details on the preparation steps. Authors should also provide more information for the definitions of YATP and the values in Table 1 We have provided the definition of each yield at the bottom of Table 1. Line 137: Where the authors compare current density capacity for L. plantarum to that of S. oneidensis—are the quoted values for S. oneidensis using (an) endogenously produced shuttle(s), or are they for S. oneidensis + (an) added shuttle(s)? This should be clarified, because L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Gulliver gastropods: spatio-temporal distribution and significance for biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 146:31–64 [2003. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115:89–104 [2001. Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician. Geol. J. 36:329–40 [1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to faunas in the Appalachian Basin. to Speciation in the 285–315 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [2019. Environmental controls on shallow subtidal molluscan death assemblages on Island, the Bahamas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 527:14–24 [2014. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction. PNAS 111:3316–21 [2006. Principles of New York: Elsevier [2003. The Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction: insights from high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 193:87–111 [2004. Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Guilin, South China). J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:895–98 [2015. Recovery pattern of brachiopods after the Permian–Triassic crisis in South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 433:91–105 [2012. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Geosci. 5:375–83 [2005. recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: a global review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 224:270–90 [2013. Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: of of Mycelia of Issue 8, 2021, 10. 1615/IntJMedMushrooms. 2021039339 Submitted: Jun 15 2021 Accepted: Jun 15 2021 Published online: Jul 14 2021 Get access Chi-Department of and. O. C. ; Chia-Co. , Tainan 702, Taiwan, R. O. C. Yu-Department of and. O. C. Liang-Department of and. O. C. (Corresponding author m. asatiani@agruni. edu. ge) of Microbial Biotechnology, of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, I. Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, of Georgia, 0131. , 7582014, Israel; Department of and of Ltd. , 7582014, Ltd. , 7582014, P. Center for and Fungi, Department of Evolutionary and and Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel Jeng-Department of and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4. 73 ± 1. 33% and 58. 46 ± 4. 15%. Total protein contents varied in 1. 97 ± 0. 40% - 5. 37 ± 0. 40% range. ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0. 03 ± < 0. 01 to 0. 61 ± 0. 03 mg/g, and from 0. 16 ± 0. 03 to 5. 69 ± 0. 41 mg/g respectively. Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: plantarum has no current density capacity without added DHNA. We agree with the reviewer that this point should be clarified. The new data we provide from the literature to compare L. plantarum vs S. oneidensis (mA/mg-protein) corresponds to a study in which flavins were self-secreted. We have also clarified that S. oneidensis and G. sulfurreducens do not require addition of riboflavin and quinones, unlike L. plantarum (lines 141-147). However, because L. plantarum possesses genetic elements involved in EET (i. e. ndh2) and performs EET with levels of DHNA similar to those found in its environment (additional data are provided to show this) L. plantarum does perform endogenous EET. Authors should offer a mechanism for the conditional pplA phenotype We briefly discussed the differences in the conditional need of PplA for EET across lactic acid bacteria and now have included an additional hypothesis for the conditional need of PplA in L. plantarum (lines 551-535). We have preliminary data that suggest there is a conditional need for PplA in L. plantarum to perform EET depending on the culturing conditions and will address this fully in future work. Switching between the terms “electron donor” and “carbon source” may be confusing for some readers; one term should be used consistently. We agree with the Reviewer, and we now appropriately use the term “electron donor” throughout the manuscript. Figure 3—figure supplement 1F is not discussed in the text. We apologize for this omission. We have included a brief discussion of this supplementary Figure (lines 355-359). This figure now is Figure 3 — figure supplement 2C. Line 204: typo in “pplA” The spelling error has been corrected. The ndh2 mutant should be included in the kale juice fermentation experiments to test the contribution of Ndh2 in this context. While this is a helpful suggestion, we did not use the Ndh2 mutant in our kale juice fermentation experiment since this experiment focused on the metabolic impact of EET during fermentation. However, we envision future experiments addressing the EET mechanism under ecological conditions will utilize this mutant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 39:538–59 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [1980. Evolution of terrestrial faunas during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. 139:67–74 [2019. Stratigraphic and environmental control on marine benthic community change through the early Toarcian extinction event (Iberian Range, Spain). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 524:183–200 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2010. The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about event stratigraphy. Earth Sci. Rev. 98:269–82 [1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282:276–79 [2014. Quantifying functional diversity in pre- and post-extinction paleocommunities: a test of ecological restructuring after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 136:339–49 [2016. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0012 [1988. Diachrony of late Neogene microfossils in the southwest Pacific Ocean: application of the graphic correlation method. Paleoceanography 3:209–22 [1998. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:344–49 [2001. Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5399–403 [1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios 8:623–24 [2007. Environmental and biotic changes across the Permian–Triassic boundary in western Tethys: the Bulla parastratotype, Italy. Glob. Planet. Change 55:109–35 [2016. Biogeographic and bathymetric determinants of brachiopod extinction and survival during the mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: 53 ± 0. 23 - 18. 88 ± 0. 34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1. 23 ± 0. 04 - 4. 34 ± 0. 73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs. : medicinal mushrooms, mycelium, proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine, antioxidants, total phenols, flavonoids 134. . Current and future research trends in agricultural and biomedical applications of medicinal mushrooms and mushroom products (review). Med Mushrooms. 2018;20:1121-33. . Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of chitosan from shiitake stipes, compared to commercial chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydr Polymers. 2016;138:259-64. -. The effect of mushroom extracts on human platelet and blood coagulation: In vitro screening of eight edible species. Nutrients. 2019;11:3040. . Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Auricularia and Termitomyces species of mushrooms. J. 2019;24:7357048. . Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics of bread partially substituted with aerial parts of sweet potato. LWT. 2020;117:108602. . Structural characterization of enzymatic modification of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide and its immune-enhancement activity. Biol Macromol. 2021;166:1396-1408. . Trends in the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps militaris: Total extracts, polysaccharides and cordycepin. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:575704.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Since we do not have this data, we have revised the Abstract to avoid concluding that ndh2 is necessary for EET in kale juice (line 27). Readers may not be familiar with the term “Crabtree-positive” We agree with the Reviewer and have removed this jargon from the Discussion. “SLP” should be defined on page 3 We have replaced the acronym ‘SLP’ with the term ‘substrate-level phosphorylation’. The introduction does not provide enough detail for a broad audience to understand the metabolic pathways being discussed. It would help if some of the detail about L. plantarum metabolism (such as lines 318-321, 553-555) was moved from the results/discussion to the introduction. If L. plantarum is able to grow via respiration (as suggested in lines 304-308), this should also be mentioned in the introduction. The introduction should also be revised to ensure that terms are used unambiguously and to remove inaccurate generalizations. Some examples are given in the comments below. We appreciate the Reviewer’s suggestions regarding the introduction. Regarding the question of providing additional background on L. plantarum and LAB metabolism, the Introduction text (lines 55-71 and 97-104) has been revised to incorporate definitions of homofermentation and heterofermentation as well as stating that L. plantarum is primarily homofermentative but also a respiratory-capable LAB. It is not totally accurate to say that energy per se is generated or created during metabolism. The authors should revise these statements to say that energy is obtained or conserved or that ATP is generated. We agree with the Reviewer. We have carefully revised the manuscript to consistently use the term ‘energy conservation. ’ This paper discusses detailed metabolic pathways and the terms used to describe these pathways should be used carefully and precisely to avoid confusion for the reader. For instance, the authors should precisely define “substrate-level phosphorylation” and “fermentation” and should not use these terms interchangeably. “Substrate-level phosphorylation” refers to a reaction that generates ATP directly, without the use of the proton motive force and the membrane-associated ATP synthase enzyme.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Lessons from the past: evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5393–98 [2002. Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. PNAS 99:8139–44 [1995. Surviving mass extinctions. Geotimes 40:14–17 [1996. The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 102:15–39 [1991. The stratigraphy of shell concentrations. Taphonomy: Releasing the in the 211–90 New York: Plenum [2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids. Geology 46:283–86 [2000. Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature 404:177–80 [2004. Rapid recovery from the mass extinction. PNAS 101:17605–10 [2011. Left behind—delayed extinction and a relict trilobite fauna in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary succession (east Laurentian platform, New York). Geol. Mag. 148:529–57 [2018. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Nature 558:288–91 [2017. The best sections method of studying mass extinctions. Lethaia 50:465–66 [2016. Sedimentology and ichnology of two sections in South China: implications for the biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Glob. Planet. Change 144:198–212 [1986. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonite fauna from (Antarctic Peninsula). Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 18:1–55 [1988. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 169:25–54 [1997. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges with nonrandom distributions of fossil horizons. Paleobiology 23:165–73 [1996. Sudden and gradual molluscan extinctions in the latest Cretaceous of western European Tethys. Science 274:1360–63 [2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Zukowska R, Gromkowska-. Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:111090. . Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2014;16:273-91. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms in human clinical studies. Part I. Anticancer, oncoimmunological, and immunomodulatory activities: A review. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19:279-317. Brendler T, Al--. Botanical drugs and supplements affecting the immune response in the time of COVID-19: Implications for research and clinical practice. Phytother Res. 2021;35(6):3013-31. --Dahmoshid HOM, Al-. Evaluation of the phytoconstituents of Auricularia auricula-judae mushroom and antimicrobial activity of its protein extract. Integr Med. 2020;38:101176. . Production of natural edible melanin by Auricularia auricula and its physicochemical properties. Food Chem. 2016;196:486-92. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushroom science: History, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. Med Mushrooms. 2010;12:1-16. . The mycelium of the Trametes versicolor (turkey tail) mushroom and its fermented substrate each show potent and complementary immune activating properties in vitro. . 2019;19:342. . Cancer without pharmacological illusions and a niche for mycotherapy (review). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21:105-19. . Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides: A review on monosaccharide composition, biosynthesis and regulation. Molecules. 2017;22:955. . Beta glucan: Supplement or drug? From laboratory to clinical trials. Molecules. 2019;24:1251. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Filter Bioscience, Biotechnology, and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term Advance 10. 1093/bbb/zbad167 Published: 24 November 2023 10. 1093/bbb/zbad167 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term and BiochemistryThis issueMicrobiology and Science and search term yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a pivotal role in the production of fermented foods by converting sugars in ingredients into ethanol through alcoholic fermentation. However, how accurate is our understanding of its biological significance? Although yeast is essential to produce alcoholic beverages and bioethanol, yeast does not yield ethanol for humankind. Yeast obtains energy in the form of ATP for its own vital processes through alcoholic fermentation, which generates ethanol as a byproduct. The production of ethanol may have more significance for yeast, since many other organisms do not produce ethanol, a highly toxic substance, to obtain energy. The key to address this issue has not been found using conventional microbiology, where yeasts are isolated and cultured in pure form. This review focuses on a possible novel role of yeast alcohol fermentation, which is revealed through our recent studies of microbial interactions. Graphical AbstractA novel cross-kingdom microbial interaction between sake yeast and lactic acid bacteria, which may occur during traditional sake making. Open in new tabDownload slide sake yeast, lactic acid bacteria, alcoholic fermentation, traditional fermented foods, microbial interactionThe discovery of sake yeast, which plays a central role in sake fermentation, dates back to the end of the 19th century, when first reported (Kozai and Yabe 1895; Yabe 1897). Microscopic observation of sake mash revealed numerous yeast cells, and a yeast strain with the high ability of alcoholic fermentation was successfully isolated from sake mash. As shown in this case, it is a usual practice in conventional microbiology to isolate and identify microorganisms and to characterize them through their pure culture. Without isolation and pure culture techniques, the various properties of sake yeast would not have been clarified. Epoch-making achievement of deciphering the whole genome of the sake yeast Kyokai no. 7 (Akao et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of macrobenthic communities to the in northeastern Panthalassa (Tinda, Alberta, Canada). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:103–20 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef systems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [1996. : Columbia Univ. Press [1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14:91–103 [1994. Miocene stable isotopic stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Buff Bay, Jamaica. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1605–20 [2007. Species abundance changes during mass extinction and the inverse Signor-Lipps effect: apparently abrupt graptolite mass extinction as an artifact of sampling. Acta Palaeontol. Sin. 46:340–44 [2018. Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20181191 [1965. Biomere: a new kind of biostratigraphic unit. J. Paleontol. 39:149–53 [1984. The biomere problem: evolution of an idea. J. Paleontol. 58:599–611 [1996. Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:131–42 [2012. Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of in Time and Space Chicago: Univ. [2011. Early and trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in South China: implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 37:409–25 [2019. Biotic impacts of temperature before, during, and after the end-Permian extinction: a multi-metric and multi-scale approach to modeling extinction and recovery dynamics. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Comparative antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Lentinula edodes donko and koshin varieties against priority multidrug-resistant pathogens. J Chem Engineer. 2021;35:98-106. . Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review. Molecules. 2018;23:649. . Flavonoids: An overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. Fernandes I, Perez-. Wine flavonoids in health and disease prevention. Molecules. 2017;22:292. HP. "Flavonoids and their disease prevention and treatment potential": Recent advances and future perspectives. Molecules. 2020;25:4746. . Volatile and non-volatile compounds of shiitake mushrooms treated with pulsed light after twenty-four-hour storage at different conditions. Food Biosci. 2020;36:100619. . Comprehensive utilization of edible mushroom Auricularia auricula waste residue-extraction, physicochemical properties of melanin and its antioxidant activity. Nutr. 2019;7:3774-83. . Secondary metabolites and antiradical activity of liquid fermentation of Morchella sp. isolated from Southwest China. Molecules. 2019;24:1706. . Free-radical scavenging activity of submerged mycelium exracts from higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Biochem. 2007;71:3090-2. . Assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Agaricus blazei Murrill extracts. Nutr. 2019;8:332-9. . Evaluation of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of typical malting barley varieties. Food Chem. 2008;107:296-304. Zenga D, Zhu S. Purification, characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel polysaccharides extracted from Bachu mushroom. Biol Macromol. 2018;107:1086-92. . Alginate-dderived elicitors enhance B-glucan content and antioxidant activities in culinary and medicinal mushroom, Sparassis latifolia. J Fungi. 2020;6:92. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2011) has led to the finding of genes and mutations involved in its unique characteristics (Watanabe et al. 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2023) and to the development of novel breeding methods of sake yeast (Ohnuki et al. 2019; Chadani et al. 2021; Klinkaewboonwong et al. 2023). However, have we fully understood the mysteries of sake yeast: Behavior and ecology? Although isolation and pure culture techniques are indispensable for microbiological analysis, they separate microorganisms from the natural, complex habitats. Researchers’ attention has been mainly focused on the microbial behavior under easily reproducible experimental conditions. Thus, conventional research methods may overlook the true way of life of microorganisms in the presence of multiple components and environmental factors that undergo dynamic changes over time, as in the production of fermented foods. In contrast, toji (i. e. master sake craftsmen) skillfully optimize techniques to harness individual microorganisms toward their goal through their years of experience. What can researchers learn from traditional food fermentation? We should explore more about microbial interactions with biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Carbon metabolism of sake yeast altered by kimoto lactic acid bacteria Novel cross-kingdom interaction between yeast and bacteria was reported in 2014 (Jarosz et al. 2014a,b). Daniel F. Jarosz and colleagues found that accidental bacterial contamination affects their experiment on carbon metabolism in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many other yeast species exhibit glucose repression; they repress the expression of genes related to the utilization of non-glucose carbon sources when glucose is present in the growth environment (Kim et al. 2013; Dashko et al. 2014; Kayikci and Nielsen 2015). Therefore, such yeast behaves as a “specialist” in glucose utilization. Since glucose is the substrate for glycolysis/alcoholic fermentation, the preference for glucose leads to the effective energy production under multiple carbon sources available. Intriguingly, when bacteria are cocultured with yeast, they can switch the carbon metabolism of yeast from the “specialist” to “generalist” mode, in which the yeast utilizes non-glucose carbon sources despite the presence of glucose. The switching occurs reversibly via a non-Mendelian, prion-like genetic factor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Early mammalian recovery after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: a high-resolution view from Mcarea, Montana, USA. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 130:2000–14 [2002. Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 357:697–707 [2011. Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 39:739–42 [2013. Two pulses of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Nat. Geosci. 6:52–56 [2015. Recovery dynamics of foraminifers and algae following the Permian-Triassic extinction in Qingyan, South China. Geobios 48:71–83 [1994. How synchronous are Neogene marine plankton events? . Paleoceanography 9:739–63 [1977. and : Univ Okla:. [1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Math. Geol. 21:411–27 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2017. Recognition of a likely two phased extinction at the K-Pg boundary in Antarctica. Sci. Rep. 7:16317 [2012. Extinction patterns, δ18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: links with Deccan volcanism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 350–52:180–88 [2018. The end-Triassic mass extinction: a new correlation between extinction events and δ13C fluctuations from a Triassic-Jurassic peritidal succession in western Sicily. Sediment. Geol. 368:105–13 [2006. The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 232:190–213 [2004. Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Antioxidative, antifungal, cytotoxic and antineurodegenerative activity of selected Trametes species from Serbia. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203064. . Nutritional components and antioxidant properties of seven kinds of cereals fermented by the basidiomycete Agaricus blazei. J Cereal Sci. 2015;65:202-8. . Antioxidative and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide extracts ofthe medicinal mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum, and Phellinus linteus. Food Chem. 2011;129:1667-75. Zhong Y, Shahidi F. Methods for the assessment of antioxidant activity in foods. In: Shahidi F, editor. in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Handbook of Antioxidants for Food Preservation. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing; 2015. p. 287-333. . Chemical characterization, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and antimutagenic properties of eight mushroom species: A comparative study. J Fungi. 2020;6:166. . Structural features and antioxidant activity of a new galacto-glucan from edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor. Biol Macromol. 2021;168:743-9. . QCAR models to predict wild mushrooms radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Lab Syst. 2011;109:192-6. . Antioxidant and moisture-retention activities of the polysaccharide from Nostoc commune. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83:1821-7. . Reviews on mechanisms of in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. Cellular Longev. 2016;5692852. ópez‐Hortas Lucía, Flórez‐Fernández Noelia, Torres María D. , Domínguez Herminia, Update on potential of edible mushrooms: high‐value compounds, extraction strategies and bioactive properties, of & Technology, 57, 3, 2022. of Natural-(NBF) on the Response of RAW264. 7 Macrophages to LPS as an Model of Inflammation, Journal of Fungi, 8, 3, 2022.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Such preference for carbon sources is an important survival strategy for S. cerevisiae toward efficient energy production. In contrast, this behavior may appear selfish to the other microorganisms that coexist with yeast. Almost all organisms on the earth can incorporate glucose, a readily available carbon source, to obtain energy through glycolysis. Yeast predominantly consumes glucose, which is supposed to be shared with the other organisms. On the other hand, glucose repression may not be always beneficial to yeast. Glucose repression in yeast is sharply induced even when external glucose concentrations are low. This point can be inconvenient in some growth environments with mixed carbon sources. Even if there is a large abundance of non-glucose carbon sources available to yeast, the existence of a very small amount of glucose makes the yeast a “specialist,” which exactly uses glucose only. Meanwhile, the other coexisting microorganisms may be able to utilize the non-glucose carbon sources first. Therefore, the removal of glucose repression in yeast may lead to the increased opportunity to utilize glucose for the entire microbial community and to utilize non-glucose carbon sources for the yeast, thus contributing to microbial symbiosis. Is the importance of the cross-kingdom microbial interaction limited to mixed carbon source environments? To address this point, we conducted a fermentation test in YPD20, a medium containing a high concentration of glucose as the sole carbon source (Watanabe et al. 2018). A sake yeast “generalist” strain, which underwent carbon metabolic modification, was isolated on the YPGly + GlcN agar plate. This strain had a significantly slower onset of alcoholic fermentation, based on the quantification of the carbon dioxide emission (Figure 2). The yield was 20%-30% lower in “generalist” during the initial 3 days, and both strains eventually reached 10 vol%. At the end of the 5-day fermentation test, the dead yeast cells were significantly reduced although there was little difference in ethanol yield. We speculate that the delayed alcoholic fermentation may shorten the period of exposure to high ethanol concentrations, sparing the yeast from cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that the “generalist” carbon metabolism of yeast exhibits biological significance, not only by promoting the utilization of non-glucose carbon sources, but also by suppressing glucose utilization and thus ethanol production.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Geology 32:805–8 [2001. Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geology 29:351–54 [1993. Biotic crises in the history of graptoloids: a palaeobiological model. Hist. Biol. 7:29–50 [2006. Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314:1289–92 [2016. Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20150989 [2014. Quantifying the process and abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 40:113–29 [2015. High-resolution biochronology and diversity dynamics of the ammonoid recovery: the Dienerian faunas of the Margin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 440:363–73 [1999. Comparative paleoecology of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. J. Paleontol. 73:337–54 [1987. Biogeographic control of trilobite mass extinction at an “biomere” boundary. Paleobiology 13:84–99 [1994. Catastrophic versus noncatastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs: testing, falsifiability, and the burden of proof. J. Paleontol. 68:183–90 [2016. Macrofossil evidence for a rapid and severe Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction in Antarctica. Nat. Commun. 7:11738 [2019. The interaction of recovery and environmental conditions: an analysis of the outer shelf edge of western during the early Triassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:52–64 [2018. Low-latitudinal standard Permian radiolarian biostratigraphy for multiple purposes with Unitary Association, Graphic Correlation, and Bayesian inference methods. Earth Sci. Rev. 179:168–206 [2009. Selective press extinctions, but not random pulse extinctions, cause delayed ecological recovery in communities of digital organisms. Am. Nat. 173:139–54 [2019. Wave-ravinement surfaces: classification and key characteristics. Earth Sci. Rev.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: in the Study of Edible Mushrooms: Issue 5, 2022, 10. 1615/IntJMedMushrooms. 2022043738 Submitted: Mar 22 2022 Accepted: Mar 22 2022 Published online: Apr 26 2022 (Corresponding author sganzerla. william@gmail. com) of Education, Science and Technology of (IFSC), University of Campinas (), School of (FEA), Post-in. Todorov ProBacLab, Department of of P. G. da of Biosystems and consumption of edible-culinary mushrooms for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease has gained increasing attention. This review summarizes trends in the biotechnological and medicinal potential of edible mushrooms cultivated worldwide. Macronutrients (fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates), bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids), and health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and pre-biotics properties) of mushrooms are described, including their cultivation, industrial processing, and consumption. In general, edible-culinary mushrooms present a rich nutritional composition with beneficial properties for human health. Indeed, the consumption of edible mushrooms is associated with a reduction in the risk of cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, mushrooms can be incorporated into different food formulations and used as a medicinal substance due to their mycochemicals with antioxidant capacity. Edible mushrooms are considered a "superfood" and can be recommended as a valuable constituent in the daily diet. In conclusion, this review describes trends, future decision-making, and guidance on the health benefits of edible mushrooms. : edible and medicinal mushrooms, bioactive compounds, nutritional composition, biological activity 303. . A comprehensive review on phenolic compounds from edible mushrooms: Occurrence, biological activity, application and future prospective. Nutr. 2021;1-21. . Biologically active polysaccharide from edible mushrooms: A review. Biol Macromol. 2021;172:408-17. da. Investigation of nutritional composition, antioxidant compounds, and antimicrobial activity of wild culinary-medicinal mushrooms Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus (Agaricomycetes) from Brazil. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(10):931-42. Boa E. Wild edible fungi. A global overview of their use and importance to people.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Significance of alcoholic fermentation for yeast Based on our study of the cross-kingdom microbial interaction in traditional sake making, the significance of alcoholic fermentation for the yeast S. cerevisiae was revisited. One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of reactions in glycolysis. Simultaneously, two molecules of NAD+ are converted to NADH, and two molecules of ADP are converted to ATP. The well-defined significance of glycolysis is undeniably to obtain energy from glucose; ATP is used for various intracellular tasks and converted back to ADP. The byproducts, NADH and pyruvate, are processed in different ways from species to species. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, pyruvate is decarboxylated into acetaldehyde, which is reduced to ethanol by the addition of electrons and protons from NADH, in a two-step reaction (Figure 3). Ethanol is produced to regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. In contrast, in the great majority of bacteria, as well as in animal cells in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid fermentation is widely used to regenerate NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactic acid in a single step. Accordingly, alcoholic fermentation requires more metabolic processes and produces a more toxic compound than lactic acid fermentation. It is reasonable to assume that the yeast S. cerevisiae dares to yield ethanol and emit it into the environment. The highly toxic ethanol can kill the other coexisting microorganisms. By acquiring a higher tolerance to ethanol than the other microorganisms, ethanol-producing yeast may increase its dominance in the environment. Thus, yeast may have evolved to yield and tolerate high concentrations of ethanol as the selfish behavior. To combat this, some bacteria may have evolved to inhibit alcohol fermentation of coexisting yeast and maintain microbial symbiosis. Such hypothesis may gain reliability through the study of microbial interactions as described in this review. Ethanol is not only a metabolic byproduct, but also a kind of tool for microbial interactions: the prototype pheromone or quorum sensing factor. Figure 3. The uniqueness of alcohol fermentation in comparison to lactic acid fermentation. Open in new tabDownload slide Closing remarks This minireview discussed the possible significance of switching the carbon metabolic mode of sake yeast by kimoto lactic acid bacteria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 188:210–39 [2018. Multiple episodes of extensive marine anoxia linked to global warming and continental weathering following the latest Permian mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 4:e1602921 [1998. Discovery of fish mortality horizon at the K-T boundary on Seymour Island: re-evaluation of events at the end of the Cretaceous. Palaeontol. J. 72:556–71 [1989. Latest Cretaceous/earliest Tertiary transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Palaeontol. J. 63:731–38 [10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 of Review of Earth and 48, 75 (2020);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 Data & Media loading. . . 10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4. 2014. Rebuilding biodiversity of Patagonian marine molluscs after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. 9:e102629 [2000. Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 26:625–46 [2007. Sequencing events across the Permian–Triassic boundary, (Kashmir, India). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252:328–46 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2019. How quick was marine recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction and what role did anoxia play? . Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 528:99–119 [2018. Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 376:20170076 [2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Rome, Italy: Food and of the United Nations; 2004. . Therapeutic potential of mushrooms. Rad. 2005;4(4):246-57. Perez-Montes A, Rangel-. Edible mushrooms as a novel trend in the development of healthier meat products. Food Sci. 2021;37:118-24. . Extraction methods, chemical characterizations and biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides: A mini-review. Carbohydr Res. 2020;494:108037. Research. Mushroom market size & trends analysis report, 2021-2028. Accessed 10 Dec 2021. Available from:. Edible mushrooms as functional ingredients for development of healthier and more sustainable muscle foods: A flexitarian approach. Molecules. 2021;26(9):2463. -Quero A, Martinez-van der. Agaricus bisporus and its by-products as a source of valuable extracts and bioactive compounds. Food Chem. 2019;292:176-87. -. Reviewing the world's edible mushroom species: A new evidence-based classification system. . 2021;20(2):1982-2014. . Health benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides and associated gut microbiota regulation. Nutr. 2021:1-18. -W. A 53-year bibliometric and scientometric analysis of research in culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):521-34. . Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of edible mushroom extracts. Food Chem. 2003;81(2):249-55. Philip D. Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au-Ag nanop81. -Boas M, Barros L. Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal: Individual cap and stipe activity. Food Chem. 2007;100(4):1511-6. Barros L, Ferreira M-. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, P-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2007;103(2):413-9. . Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. J Anal. 2007;20(3-4):337-45. Akyuz M, Kirbag S.

Output: contrast