Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: From a developmental point of view, NT-expressing neurons developed earlier than the other 3 types of peptidergic neurons, and AVP [94]. It remains to be seen whether NT-expressing neurons contribute significantly to the generation of circadian rhythms in early human life. (NMS) A recent addition to the ever increasing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN is neuromedin S (NMS), a 36 amino acid neuropeptide. It is a potent brain-gut neuropeptide whose presence in the SCN was reported by Nakahara and co-workers [95] as a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system. NMS expression is found to be restricted to the core part of the SCN and has a diurnal peak under light-dark cycle [96]. Intracerebroventricular administration of neuromedin S in rats activates SCN neurons and has the capability to induce non-photic type of phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. It is also possible that NMS along with VIP may have a role in maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Recently, it has been shown that neuromedin M (NMU) is regulated in a circadian manner with peak expression in the light phase of LD cycle [97]. Further studies are required to understand the specific role of NMS in the SCN. At present, it is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms through autocrine andor paracrine actions through its receptors [96]. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the SCN. Although GRP and its receptor BB2 are found to be synthesized by rodent SCN neurons [98 - 100], the role of GRP in circadian rhythm regulation is not well known. Evidence points towards a role for GRP in photic entrainment [101,102], in spite of a number of studies favouring glutamate as the main neurotransmitter [36,37,103]. McArthur and co-workers [104] studied the role of GRP in photic entrainment by using the resetting actions of GRP application on electrical activity rhythms during subjective day, early subjective night, and late subjective night in vitro in rats and hamsters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Hose’s [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] first and subsequent attempts to define the phenomenon referred to the interpretation of geosites and geomorphosites, but also museums, etc. He pointed to the geological aspect of tourism. In the publication from [15] Hose and Vasiljević proposed definition of modern geotourism poiting at: the provision of interpretative and service facilities for geosites and geomorphosites and their encompassing topography together with their associated in situ and ex situ artifacts, constituency-build for their conservation by generating appreciation, learning and research by and for current and future generations. The most common place to implement the development of such activity is adapted to this area, among which Henriques et al. [6] list nature reserves, natural parks, or above all - national parks. The importance of protected areas for the development of geotourism is indicated by many authors [16]. The broadly understood nature-based tourism can also have a negative impact on the environment. The literature on the subject points to the threats of nature animate in protected areas, especially plants, which is indicated by many studies [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Various types of threats are mentioned. Usually, trampling, collecting, changes in soil structure, erosion and changes in vegetation structure are emphasized [17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Among the mentioned elements of animate and inanimate nature attention is paid to the risks associated with tourist infrastructure, for example damages made along hiking trails [24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. As geoconservation plays a significant role in education, science, and in the development of geotourism, there is a postulate of the need to protect natural heritage, which should be included even in land-use plannig policies [6, 34]. It is also necessary to properly manage geosites, which should be expressed in an appropriate geoconservation strategy, as indicated by many authors [35, 36, 37, 38]. It is worth looking at how valuable natural areas with the status of a national park - the highest form of nature protection in Poland - refer to the postulate of the protection of inanimate nature heritage, also threatened by the development of mass tourism in their areas. 2 Types of tourist resourcesPolish literature divides the tourist resources differently.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: The pico-solar appliance market, for example, has grown at an average pace of 9% between 2014 and 2016, but experienced a dramatic dip in sales in 2017 due to reasons like macroeconomic shocks particularly in India and Nigeria, extreme climate and droughts affecting farm community revenues and ability to pay in East Africa, and currency exchange risks in volatile economies [14]. Indeed, while DRE technologies can be less costly than grid expansion, they are often still too expensive for rural households to adopt, representing a customer affordability challenge without subsidy or financial support [15]. In 2016, Practical Action’s survey of over 1800 rural households in Kenya found that 35–40% of the poorest households could not afford a SHS [16]. Furthermore, financial support for the sector remains marginal when compared to on-grid applications. While electricity finance reached an all-time high of US$36 billion in 2017, more than US$28 billion went into on-grid generation and US$5. 8 billion for transmission and distribution. Financing for off-grid and mini-grid applications in the same year received a disproportionate share of US$0. 4 billion [17]. Thus there are many challenges for scaling of the DRE sector, including access to a skilled workforce. Experts suggest that DRE technologies can create many direct jobs because of their growing market and inherently distributed nature. High level estimates from (IRENA) suggest a potential of 4. 5 million off-grid, renewable energy, direct jobs could be created globally by 2030, which would account for more than one-sixth of the global renewable energy workforce, estimated to be 24 million by 2030 [18]. Yet according to a recent Forum report, human capital, which encompasses digital, technical, and vocational skills, is the area that is least prepared for the energy transition. In other words, universal energy access could also be an opportunity for direct job creation [19]. Importantly, in addition to direct jobs, there are clear signs that access to electricity is also creating productive use jobs within the communities gaining that access. Agriculture, the sector which still dominates the SSA economy, is likely best poised to benefit from the potential of clean energy access to mitigate climate change, unlock productivity, and thereby boost near-term economic growth and local job creation. Energy access (Goal 7, also SDG 7), food security (SDG 2), and livelihoods (SDG 8) are inherently connected [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While lesions of the IGL block activity induced phase shifts [112], electrical stimulation produces phase shifts similar to those produced by activity [113]. It has been reported that IGL mediates photoperiodic responses as well as non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114,115]. Hence, the IGL may have integration of photic and non-photic information as its function. In addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY), GHT may also have GABA and enkephalin (ENK) as neurotransmitters in rat and hamster [116,117]. ENK was found in cell bodies in the IGL as well as in fibres in the SCN of many mammalian species. High density of delta opioid receptors, which have the highest affinity for ENK, was detected in the hamster SCN [118] and an ENK agonist phase-advanced hamster wheel running activity late in subjective day [119]. (NPY) RHT and GHT exhibit partial overlapping in the SCN. The SCN exhibits immunoreactivity for NPY [120]. There is evidence that IGL mediates both photoperiodic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114]. NPY, the primary transmitter of GHT, acts directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN in hamsters [121]. IGL neuron projections to the SCN also have GABA/NPY immunoreactivity and those projecting to contralateral IGL have GABA/ENK immunoreactivity [116,122]. There may be co-localization of NPY and GABA in the GHT projections. Since many features of the response to light by the circadian system remain unaffected by IGL lesion in animals, it is suggested that this pathway may not be critical for the photic regulation. Further evidence is available to emphasize the importance of GHT to cause non-photic phase shifts during the day but not during the night, such as the phase-shifts evoked by activity induced by novel stimuli [123,124]. The phase shifts are abolished by IGL lesions. Both in vitro and in vivo NPY administration produced a similar pattern of phase shifts during the day, which was blocked by bicuculline [125]. NPY has also been found to act presynaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated synaptic transmission through inhibition of calcium currents [126].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Many examples can be mentioned here but certainly the most important are the resources of the surface nature like: landscape parks, forest preserves, various sanctuaries and above all national parks. 3 and tourism in Poland – potential and consequencesNo matter the character of the nature protected within the specific area the national parks are the highest form of nature protection in the Polish legal system. Practically always both animate and inanimate resources form the basis for the establishing a national park. each national park is established on the basis of a separate legal act. The basis is the amended Act - – Act – of 16 April 2004, no 92. The document defines as an area distinguished by its natural, scientific, social, cultural and educational values of the surface of at least 1000 hectares and where all the nature and landscape values are protected. Park is created “to preserve the biodiversity, resources, the components of inanimate nature and landscape values and to restore the proper state of the resources and components of nature. . . ” [45]. Nowadays there are 23 national parks located in the different landscape zones (Map 1). The table below shows the potential of this kind of resources in Poland. 4 Aims and methodologyThe main assumption of this 14. 03. 2019]which may be caused by the presence of tourism in areas of natural value. Thus attention was paid to the highest form of nature protection in Poland - national parks. The main method implemented in this paper would be the desk research method, where the main task is to analyze the existing data, collected to indicate, on the one hand, the tourism potential and, on the other hand, the risks associated with tourist use. To achieve the goal, the geotouristic potential of national parks in Poland was first presented. The information about the aforementioned potential was developed based on two types of sources: official websites of all 23 national parks and the website of the Union of Employers managed by the president - director of the Park. It is assumed these natural tourist values for which information was provided on official websites are promoted by the Park as noteworthy. They should also constitute, according to the park’s authorities, the basis for creating and promoting a specific tourist product. Therefore, the selection of resources is an indirect expression of tourism development policy in the protected area. The way of presenting the resources is also interesting although for this 1. ) and Łabski Peak (1472 m a. s. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: However, the impact of increased deployment of renewable technologies, and decentralized renewables in particular, has received little attention in the literature. National decision makers and their donors in SSA and other energy-poor regions have a unique opportunity to invest in the necessary resources to train the needed entrepreneurial, technical, financial, and managerial talent to deliver universal energy access while creating thousands of jobs. Otherwise, the lack of a skilled energy access workforce in emerging markets may hinder the achievement of government electrification targets, slow down the growth of more resilient energy infrastructure, and limit the potential of the energy sector to unlock major employment benefits. Yet very little data exists to support targeted policy for SSA. While some data does exist on job creation for utility scale renewable energy technologies in SSA, very few studies have explored the more nascent wave of decentralized technologies. There are few studies to date that provide an accurate job count for the DRE sector, and there is little quantitative data on the specific skills gaps that hinder sectoral growth. As such this paper contributes to the literature by specifically exploring the employment footprint of DRE technologies in SSA. TABLE 1 Table 1. Key electrification and workforce metrics for Kenya and Nigeria. Literature Review: on DRE date there is little academic literature available on the relationship between energy access and job creation in SSA. One of the earliest attempts that explore renewable energy employment in SSA by Rutovitz et al. in 2009 projected that renewable energy could provide 453,000–755,000 jobs by 2030 in SSA, and a boost in domestic renewable technologies manufacturing capacity from 50% to 100% in 2030 could add an additional 86,000 jobs [24]. Later, in 2013, IRENA established an annual review series of renewable energy jobs, and found that while renewable energy has high job creation potential, employment created in SSA is very scarce [25]. In fact, in 2016, IRENA reported that of the 8. 1 million renewable energy jobs created in 2015, only 45,000 were in SSA (0. 6%), and 28,000 of those jobs were in [26]. The solar sector, however, has since boomed in the region, directly employing about 140,000 in 2018 [27]. In fact, Greenpeace now projects that under a 1. 5-degree-celsius scenario, renewable energy (excluding biomass) could provide 4. 5 million jobs in Africa by 2030 [28].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This belief is further strengthened by the observation that dysfunction of serotonergic pathways play a role in affective disorders and that these disorders are frequently treated with agents that alter serotonergic neurotransmission. Further studies about this pathway are likely to give more information about the link between disruptions of circadian function and affective disorders. GABA It is now widely accepted that gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter of the SCN for regulating SCN function. Most SCN neurons express the neurotransmitter GABA and are thus GABAergic [12]. GABA receptors and receptor subunits have been described by Castel and Morris [139], Naun and co-workers [140], van den Pol [141], Gao and co-workers [142], and O'Hara and co-workers [143]. In most of the brain regions, GABA primarily acts through interaction with GABAA and GABAB receptors and produces neuronal inhibition through membrane hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme required for synthesizing GABA and is found in nearly all neurons of the SCN [116]. Additional support for an inhibitory role of GABA in the rat SCN has come from the studies of Gribkoff and co-workers [144,145]. However, recent investigations have shown that GABA has dual effects on the SCN neurons, excitatory during day and inhibitory at night [146], and this has been attributed to changes in [Cl-]I during the circadian cycle. This dual inhibitory [147] and excitatory [148] action of GABA has been thought of as the probable reason for the synchronization of spiking in the SCN neurons. Under some circumstances, such as in early development, GABA can also be depolarizing and potentially excitatory [126,149 - 151]. The excitatory effect of GABA on SCN neurons in the night seems to be complex. While the action of GABA in the day on SCN neurons is uniformly inhibitory, the effects of GABA during the night are heterogeneous due to both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects. The GABA-mediated depolarizing effect seen at night is restricted to a subset of SCN neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Świętokrzyski National ParkŁysica, Agata Łysa Góra Zapusty SlopeThe rocks on the slopes were created 500 million years ago. Total area - about 20 ha. The highest peaks of mountains formed from Paleozoic rocks Created from carbonate rocksPark Pieniński National ParkŁokietko's BreakthroughOne of the most valuable archaeological sites in Poland. It is a fragment of the former system of underground corridors and chambers, with a total length of 209 m is the largest of all known caves in the Park. Its length is 320 m A picturesque breakthrough with an antecedent character in the Pieniny Mountains, 8 km long with numerous meandersThree CrownsThe highest peak of the Pieniny built of limestone (982 m a. s. 1. ), a viewpoint at the Dunajec Breakthrough, Tatry MountainsRoztoczański National ParkWepping StoneA rock built of limestoneparabolic duneA large form located in the vicinity of Echo pondsTatrzański National ParkPeat bogs of Międzyrzeka Karst springsA complex of unique peat bogs, a strict reserve with an area of 103. 94 ha with bog marsh Chochołowskie (Chochołowska Valley), Lodowe, (Kościeliska Valley), Olczyskie (Olczyska Clearing)Six tourist cavesWhole in the w ku Dziurze Valley, Mroźna in Kościeliska Valley, in Kraków Gorge (in Kościeliska Valley), Mylna in Kościeliska Valley, Raptawicka in Kościeliska Valley, Obłazkowa in Kościeliska Valley. Only the Mroźna Cave is illuminated and an additional entrance fee is charged there. The cave is open from April 26 to October 30. To visit the remaining caves, you must have a flashlight. Valleys of tourist interest- Picturesque U-shaped valley in the High Tatras, extension of the Valley of Ponds; Valley of Ponds - An alpine, post-glacial valley with a length of 4. 0 km and an area of 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: However, the employment potential of DRE technologies specifically is only now emerging as a discussion in the literature, especially given the recent international focus on addressing the challenges of rural electrification. DRE technologies are widely acknowledged as key to rural energy access, given their ease and speed of deployment, and their distributed nature. Early evidence in Bangladesh showed a linkage between job creation and SHS deployment [29], finding that the deployment of 1. 2 million SHS for rural electrification created as many as 60,000 jobs [29]. In 2012, IRENA projected that 4 million jobs are needed to support DRE market potential by 2030 [18]. A later IRENA report revised the estimate to 4. 5 million [25]. A majority of these studies, however, rely on recursive reference to a small set of employment factors applicable to limited geographical contexts. Cameron and Zwaan, in a study conducted in 2013, analyzed renewable energy employment factors from 70 publications, and found that only 31 yielded original results. Of the studies that were analyzed, none had a focus on SSA, except for two studies in South Africa. Thus, there is a clear need for improved data reporting and wider geographical spread of primary data on the employment impacts of renewables [30]. In 2014, Mills conducted one of the first studies on DRE jobs focused in SSA, exploring solar lanterns and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps. Eight major companies disclosed employment information on their operations in and Zambia, and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps in Malawi and Kenya [28]. The results yielded that 38 jobs are created to serve 10,000 solar lantern users. Globally, 150,000 jobs were created to serve 44 million solar lanterns user [31]. Following Mills’ study, Global Off-Association (GOGLA) surveyed 40 off-grid solar companies, including those in the SHS sector. The study estimated that the off-grid solar sector can create 1. 3 million jobs in East, West and by 2022, of which 567,000 are in SSA [32]. In a more recent job brief, GOGLA estimated that of the 1. 3 million jobs, 510,000 are medium and high skilled, while 800,000 are low skilled [33].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN transplants lacking CalB cells failed to restore rhythmicity [247]. CalB cells are found to co-localize with other peptides such as GRP, SP, and VIP. Interconnections of CalB cells with and VIP have been reported [246], and the pattern of interconnection of CalB cells appear specialized in the sense that some are bilateral, while others are not [248]. The strength of linkage between interconnections also varies. Intra-SCN connections are influenced to a great extent by the projections of CalB cells. The connections are direct in some cases and indirect in others. However, indirect communication as is the case with CalB to AVP is equally effective. In addition to intra SCN communication, CalB cells may also project to extra SCN regions [248]. CalB cells appear to be non rhythmic. They, however, receive photic input from the RHT and GHT, and rapid transmission of light information to CalB neurons may facilitate circadian output [226]. Light exposure always increases firing rates of SCN neurons. However, cells in the core of the SCN oscillate in their responsiveness to photic input [5]. Light also induces clock gene expression in the SCN but only during the night [8,249]. This gene expression pattern seems to be mirrored by changes in subcellular localization of CalB, the cellular nucleus being devoid of CalB during the night [249]. Behavioural and molecular responses to nocturnal light pulses also disappeared on decreasing CalB levels [249]. Thus, CalB cells in the SCN function as gates to relay photic signals when open and to block the signals when closed, which suggests a central role for CalB neurons in gating photic input. Further investigation seems essential to elucidate the relation between functional connectivity and a single coherent output from the SCN. Calretinin (CALR) Calretinin (CALR) is another variety of neurons found in the SCN (in the core ventral part) that appears to be co-localized with VIP neurons. CALR cells are small to medium sized. Optic tracts also show heavy immunoreactivity for CALR. Like calbindin (CalB), CALR is a calcium binding protein.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: It has a height of 8 mDiablakThe highest peak of the massif – 1725 m. a. s. l – viewpointGorczański National ParkTops in the shape of domes or conesKiczora 1282 m a. s. l. , Gore Porębski 1230 m a. s. l. , Kopieniec 1080 m a. s. l. Rock walls and outcropsCzubaty Groń, Kudłoński Baca, Białe SkałyZbójecka GrottoThe largest cave in the ParkSource: [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, ED 17. 03. 2019]The next step was to analyze tourist flow in national parks in order to illustrate the scale of the phenomenon and its intensity in the last decade. Finally, official documents developed for the purposes of nature conservation in parks were analyzed, as well as the opinions presented on official websites insofar as they referred to the subject of the 5. 1 Tourist potential of national parksThe tourist values of national parks are presented in various ways. The vast majority of 23 national parks provide information on the subject under the headings of tourism, tourist attractions, nature (sometimes adding further links of animate nature and of inanimate nature) or pointing to specific types of resources such as caves or water. The above list of values indicates that out of twenty-three Polish national parks only thirteen in any way present its geotouristic potential. This does not mean that they give up the promotion of their natural values at all but more often they focus on the animated nature. This happens even if the size and importance of values associated with the abiotic environment is equally important and sometimes even more important for nature conservation in their area. Certainly, the poor representation of some parks located in mountainous and upland areas - areaswhose geotouristic potential is almost always significant - may be surprising. This is the case of the Park whose official website does not indicate any values of inanimate nature at all. In the case of such parks as Świętokrzyski, Pieniński, Gorczański or Magurski such information is just a part of wider descriptions not directly related to the values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: With reference to mini-grids, the Energy and Africa survey of its mini-grid portfolio in 2018 found that 36 direct jobs were created per mini-grid, though not specifying the breakdown between short- and long-term jobs [34]. The latest relevant study explores jobs projections for SSA from renewable energy and energy efficiency, finding that the share of renewable energy jobs comprise 37% of energy sector jobs in 2020 given the current policies, and could comprise as much as 63% in 2030 under aggressive climate policy [35]. This study only includes nuclear power, utility-scale solar PV, concentrated solar power and wind technologies, and does not include decentralized technologies. Thus, few studies to date directly explore job creation for the comprehensive range of technologies serving off-grid and weak-grid areas or provide detail across employment categories. Our study adds to the literature by providing the largest and most comprehensive bottom-up employment data set for DRE technologies in SSA, allowing for nuanced insights on the workforce landscape and needs. and goal of this exercise is to establish a baseline for understanding employment opportunities generated by the DRE sector. The survey was conducted in Kenya and Nigeria. Kenya’s DRE market is one of the most mature in SSA and has the highest product penetration of solar lanterns and SHS in the world, with more than 50% market penetration [14]. Nigeria has the largest potential DRE market in SSA, complete with the most ambitious mini-grid program, but conversely has a young DRE market, with very low, but rapidly expanding market penetration [14]. Exploring these two countries thus provide unique insights into the job and skill trends of DRE markets of different sizes and stages of growth, thus serving as an instructive starting point. The survey explores direct employment in the DRE sector, both formally and informally for these countries. We also discuss estimates of job creation stimulated through electricity access from DRE technologies, termed productive use jobs. Indirect and induced jobs are outside the survey scope. 1 for a summary of each country’s electrification and employment status.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Apparently, there is a developmental reduction in Calbindin-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation and a developmental increase in calretinin expression which is independent of RHT connections to SCN neurons [250]. Galanin (Gal) Galanin is yet another peptide associated with the SCN. It is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide seen in many parts of the nervous system [251], including the SCN [9,252,253]. In fact, neurons containing both galanin and AVP have been reported in human SCN [253]. In rat SCN, galanin receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) expression has been identified [254]. Angiotensin II (ANG II) Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide found in the SCN [15,255] and is likely to be involved in circadian function. The presence of ANG II in the SCN has been demonstrated both at light microscopic [15] and electron microscopic level [256] in normotensive rats. Of late there has been much interest in the physiological, pharmacological, and immunohistological studies of angiotensins of the SCN. At present the available information on the role of angiotensin II at the level of the SCN is much less than that on the role of known transmitters of the SCN. It has been proposed that SCN-derived angiotensin II acts as a neuromodulator as well as neurotransmitter with the effects being mediated through angiotensin1(AT1) receptors located on the endothelial plasma membrane of SCN parenchyma [257]. Met-Enkephalin (mENK) These neurons are located primarily dorsomedially in the shell of the SCN and overlap with the distribution of AVP neurons. mENK cells are large to medium sized. Enkephalin has been found in the neurons of the IGL [116,117,122,258] projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The role of enkephalin as a putative neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in hamster SCN. Injection of retrograde tracer fluoro-gold into the SCN showed the existence of a population of labelled neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet which are immunoreactive for enkephalin [117].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: The parks’ authorities responsible for maintaining official websites show different approaches to the presentation of tourist values located in the park. There is clearly an uneven approach to tourist values in general including those of a natural character. Only some of the twenty-three parks draw attention to their inanimate nature values. It is prepared in three ways: presents them as part of a broader commentary on the geology or geomorphology of the area where it occurs or, presents them as part of the description of particular thematic, didactic and educational routes, or simply presents the routes running through the park area or, presents them as natural values in the more or less detailed way in a larger group of tourist attractions or separated as the most important attractions of the park (in this category only the values of inanimate nature are presented). This is the case for two parks: Karkonoski and - both located in Lower Silesia. The first one has also the status of the geopark. 5. 2 Tourist function of national parks in PolandNational parks play an important role in the development of tourism in non-urbanized areas in Poland. They belong (apart of landscape parks) to the most attractive natural values of surface character. In practice, they are treated as a collection of many tourist values of a point nature or as an important set of recreational values where the nature of the landscape, microclimate prevailing in its area, water relations and fauna and flora characteristic for the region are important. This form of nature protection which occupies just over 1% of the country’s area is able to generate mass tourist flow. It this does not apply to all parks however. The size of tourist flow depends on many factors: attractiveness of the landscape, the range and number of tourist natural values, the environmental conditions for practicing different active forms of tourism, emphasizing the skiing, the level of the tourist infrastructure development accompanying specific forms of tourism with particular emphasis on the accommodation base in the vicinity of the park, accessibility.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Meaning that companies which have higher sales employ more across both the formal and informal sector. analysis shows that a relationship between company scope and employment. Those companies that work broadly across delivering multiple technologies employ more persons than those engaged in a single DRE technology. Finally, we find that direct, formal jobs show a positive relationship with the age of the companies, particularly for Nigeria. The older a company is, the more direct, formal jobs it provides. See supplementary materials for these statistical outputs and for market estimates used. In the sections below, we expand on these findings and their implications. TABLE 5 Table 5. Direct, formal and informal jobs estimates, by technology, in 2017–2018. Direct, In 2017–2018, the DRE sector provided 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4000 jobs in Nigeria (see Table 5). This is equivalent to the total number of jobs within the traditional power sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning sector in Nigeria [56–58]. In Kenya, total national formal employment in 2018 was about 18 million [5]. (KPLC) had about 11,000 personnel in 2018 [57]. So the DRE sector, having provided 10,000 jobs in 2017–2018, is already comparable to the jobs created by the distribution and retail segment of the utility-scale power sector. DRE sector was dominated by pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. In fact, 78% of formal Kenyan jobs were in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, followed by another 18% in the C&I sector, and 4% from mini-grids and solar water pumps. In Nigeria, a total of 55. 5 million people were employed in 2017 [5], among which the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector employs about 10,000 people [58], thus putting the DRE sector employment on the same order of magnitude as the utility-scale power sector. This is despite the fact that the DRE market is still nascent in Nigeria, despite a large and unmet appetite for power lead by Nigeria’s MSMEs. This is due, in part, to the country’s current economic crisis and high import duties on batteries [6,59]. In Nigeria, project developers and installers are the primary job engines for the DRE sector.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Among the three main classes of opioid receptors, little δ or μ opioid receptor expression has been identified through autoradiographic techniques in hamster SCN in vitro [259,260]. No direct effect on basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked firing rates of SCN neurons in hamster has been observed on short -term application of opioid receptor agonists [261]. However, the observation of SCN neurons exhibiting withdrawal responses after the influence of enkephalins had been removed indicates that endogenous opioids may play a role in modulation of SCN function. On the other hand, naloxone injection into the SCN is reported to produce disruption of the circadian pattern of food [262] and water [263] intake. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been identified as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock [236]. PK2 is a cystein-rich secreted protein. It is reported to be involved in the transmission of behavioural circadian rhythm as well as in local function within the SCN to synchronize the out put [236]. PK2, named for its ability to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle contractility, is proposed to have a major role in inhibiting locomotor activity during the day in nocturnal species [236]. Receptors for PK2, PKR2, are found abundantly in the target nuclei of the SCN output pathway, indicating again that it is an output molecule. A recent study [264] demonstrated that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both circadian clock and light, with the clock having a predominant role and light having a modulatory role. PK2 expression induced by light independent of the circadian oscillator may also indicate participation of PK2 in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Evidence suggesting diurnality in behavioural patterns based on alterations in PK2 receptors in regions receiving SCN efferents does not seems to provide a complete answer at least in rodents[265]. The action may be downstream of the SCN or may be in parallel to the PK2/PKR2 receptor systems[265]. Relationship between the biological clock of humans and those of other mammals The majority of studies of SCN function has been conducted on laboratory animals, particularly the rat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Taking into consideration the above elements it is not surprising the top ten most visited tourist attractions in Poland in 2014: Tatrzański Wilanów Palace Łazienki Auschwitz – Camp Woliński 1Number of tourists in national parks 2010 – 2017Source: [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71]Figure 2Number of tourists in national parks in 2017Source: [71]points out [63] there are as many as four national parks in the list: two of a mountain nature, one of seaside and one lake. The highest rank belongs to the Tatrzański where inanimate nature plays a significant role. was right behind the podium. For both of the parks the size of tourist traffic exceeds one million tourists. The analysis of tourist traffic in national parks in recent years indicates a steady upward trend. In the last decade tourist traffic in national parks increased from 10464400 to 13290600 visitors in 2017 with the exception of 2013. In practice tourist traffic increase of 30% in national parks was observed which impacted both animated and inanimate nature. It is worth taking a look at the record year 2017. The most visited park with almost four million tourists is the Tatrzański National Park. The next places are occupied by the Park with two million visitors, Woliński (1. 5 million tourists) and Wielkopolski (1. 2 million tourists). The group of parks with a million entries or over is completed by the Park. It is worth paying attention to one important element: 8072000 tourists visit national parks located in mountain areas. If the number of visitors to upland parks is added, the total number increases to 8705000 people, which is 65% of all tourist movement associated with national parks in Poland. This value alone indicates a potential threat from the tourist movement for the natural values of mountain and upland national parks which take on much more pressure from tourists. In this group, due to its attractiveness for tourists, four national parks stand out: (Figure 3). Figure 3Tourist movement in selected mountainous national parks between 2010 and 2017Source: [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71]These were the most visited mountain national parks in 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: A large share of direct, formal jobs created by these companies are skilled activities, like sales and distribution or product servicing, as compared to the global renewable energy industry, where less than half of its workers are skilled [25]. These companies have high percentage full-time engagement, high retention periods, and a broad spread of job functions from business and administration to assembly and sales. ANOVA analysis shows that end-user product providers employ more women than other companies. 2 Figure 2. Kenya end-user product provider workforce profile. 3 Figure 3. Nigeria end-user product provider workforce profile. Project developers and installers on the other hand draw less on sales and distribution, and dedicate most of their workforce to project development and servicing products, which are highly skilled jobs (see Figures 4 and 5). Because of the less standardized, component-based nature of project development and installation, the work carried out is labor intensive. Furthermore, during the construction phase of C&I projects, the developers and installers draw heavily on support of engineering, procurement, construction, transportation, and logistics companies, with the support of local civil workers. Thus, the potential for indirect job creation is high. These jobs also have high retention and a significant degree of full-time engagement. The project developer workforce in Kenya comprises over 40% youth, though with a lower notably lower participation in Nigeria. analysis shows that project developers and installers employ less women than other company types. 4 Figure 4. Kenya project developer and installer workforce profile. 5 Figure 5. Nigeria project developer and installer workforce profile. Mini-grid operators and project developers and installers are analyzed separately because their business models and revenue structures differ, as does their contracting and hiring behavior. Mini-grid operators create more long-term O&M jobs, as compared to project developers and installers, who need large number of contractors or informal workers’ support over a short period of time during project installation. Currently, mini-grid companies are still emerging in Nigeria and more established in Kenya. Mini-grid companies for instance, provide significantly more formal than informal work opportunities. The jobs created by the mini-grid operators are mostly full-time, long-term jobs, in fact having the longest retention time across the company types surveyed. Furthermore, mini-grid companies employ the highest percentage of their staff in management and business administration (see Figures 6 and 7). 6 Figure 6. Kenya mini-grid operator workforce profile.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, van Heerikhuize, JJ, Wortel, J and Buijs, RM (1996). A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist J Neurosci 16: 5555–5565. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin Neurosci 12: 3146–3154. [PubMed] Buijs, RM and Kalsbeek, A (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks Neurosci 2: 521–526. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1996). ed. Regulation of circadian rhythms by excitatory amino acids Excitatory amino acids: Their role in neuroendocrine function. New York: CRC Press, 252. Ebling, FJP (1996). The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 50: 109–132. [PubMed] and Morin, LP (1988). Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract 460: 297–313. [PubMed] Myers, MP, Wagner-Smith, K, Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A and Young, MW (1996). Light induced degradation of and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock Science 271: 1736–1740. [PubMed] and Storm-Mathisen, J (1993). Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 5: 368–381. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2000). PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract J 418: 147–155. [PubMed] Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Immunoreactive substance P is not part of the retinohypothalamic tract in the rat Res 309: 293–299. [PubMed] and Cutler, DJ (2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Invariably for years in this group the leader is the Tatrzański where the traffic in the analyzed period has almost doubled from 2 to 4 million tourists. The dynamics of this process can effect the inanimate nature of the Park. The situation in the Park is surprisingly stable where the volume of tourist traffic in the last eight years has remained at a stable level of 2 million visitors which is 336 people per hectare of the Park which rises a threat of anthropopressure. Variable growth is noted by Pieniński the third in classification visited last year by almost 900000 tourists. In the examined relatively short period the popularity of the Park increased by 30%. The last of the analyzed parks is the which also increased tourist traffic from 319000 in 2010 to over half a million tourists in 2017. 5. 3 Threats to inanimate nature resulting from the presence of tourist flow in the national parksThe size of tourist flow in valuable natural areas affects the quality and conservation status of nature. This is a kind of paradox - the more valuable and attractive natural area in the opinion of tourists, the greater the tourist flow is observed, which translates into a greater threat to the nature in the protected area. In the literature the whole set of threats is repeatedly pointed out of which managers in the protected area are aware of. Noise, pollution or anthropopressure is indicated [63]. Partyka [72] draws attention to the excessive attendance of visitors and the increase of number of tourist trails in the most popular places, trampling wild paths, damaging root systems, trees, destroying vegetation and soil, noise, disturbing animals, causing fires, littering, changes in landscape and microclimate, and synanthropization of flora and fauna and changes in the structure of biocenoses. Similarly, Baraniec [73] points to anthropogenic denudation, destruction in vegetation or littering, which diminishes the aesthetic values of the Park and has a negative impact on the animal world. Wieniawska [74] emphasizes the threat related to the development of infrastructure, especially skiing. The most popular in summer in mountains - hiking - destroys nature on the tourist trails. Tourists could destroy the vegetation cover, create short cuts between paths, destroy the surface of the paths, cause loose material movement, etc. [75].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Skilled labor will be needed to scale the sector, and thus even greater employment opportunity may arise in the near-term future, especially given that 23% of emerging economies with low energy access have now established official DRE targets [71]. We attempt a projection of future DRE workforce by applying the study employment factors to available market forecasts and planned policies (see Table 9). This simple exercise suggests that by 2022–2023 employment from the DRE sector could more than double. The DRE sector could provide more than 17,000 and 52,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and Nigeria respectively. The DRE sector could also provide more than 30,000 in direct, informal jobs in Kenya, and 24,000 in Nigeria. This snapshot provides a general indication of employment potential but cannot be generalized given the data and analysis limitations. See supplementary materials for market assumptions used. Moreover, future employment from productive use jobs is likely to be even greater than that of direct employment. Though included in the survey instrument, data from DRE companies on the types of jobs being created by rural customers through access to electricity was poor. As such, we were unable to generate productive use employment factors, or project productive use employment in the future. But as an anecdotal point of reference, if we explore the few employment factors available in the literature, productive use jobs stimulated by access to electricity may employ more than five times as many people as direct, formal jobs. In fact, the scale of productive use job impact in 2017–2018 is estimated at 65,000 jobs in Kenya and 15,000 in Nigeria (see Table 9 and see for more information on employment factors and market estimates used). This basic calculation aligns with expert opinion from the focus groups and the literature, which suggest that the number of jobs created through access to electricity from DRE may be orders of magnitude larger than the direct employment of the sector itself [72–74]. Among the different DRE productive use applications, solar water pumping for irrigation has a particularly high employment impact documented in the literature. According to the Food and (FAO), solar irrigation can increase the number of harvests and area of crop coverage, therefore requiring more labor [53,75]. Due to limited data however, we could not estimate the productive use jobs from solar water pumping. Future exploration into productive use employment and skills needs is critical, especially as rural unemployment is such a timely challenge in SSA. TABLE 9 Table 9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat J 438: 50–65. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22: RC191. [PubMed] Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1997). Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms Bull 42: 451–455. [PubMed] and Moller, M (1992). Gating of retinal inputs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role of excitatory neurotransmission 27: 263–272. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1994). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO Science 266: 1713–1717. [PubMed] and Meijer, JH (1994). The effects of electrical stimulation of the optic nerves and anterior optic chiasm on the circadian activity rhythm of the Syrian hamster: involvement of excitatory amino acids 642: 206–212. [PubMed] van der Want, J, de Wolf, A and Meijer, JH (1993). Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat 612: 231–237. [PubMed] Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1994). In situ hybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle Res 23: 338–344. [PubMed] and Biello, S (1999). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light J Neurosci 19: 6637–6642. [PubMed] and Shibata, S (2002).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Securing the sides of tourist trails and internal roads against trampling. Securing of slopes and ski routes as well as lifts before erosion. Anti-erosion space in places where erosion has caused human activity Temporary exclusion of fragments of trails and internal roads from use. And it is basically a set that most fully indicates ways to solve the problem. The Tatrzański also indicates the need to renovate tourist routes and internal roads, fencing areas particularly susceptible to erosion and the introduction of anti-erosion structure of erosion gutters of anthropogenic origin. Park is much more laconic, which as a solution to the problem indicates the introduction of the anti-erosion structure. The Pieniński adds to the above set the need to protect roads against falling rock debris and to limit the movement of motor vehicles. Another threat, common for all parks, can be reduced to a common definition: unauthorized use of national park resources and uncontrolled penetration of its area by tourist flow. The Tatrzański at this point at the position number 3 indicates problem that unauthorized persons are entering unauthorized places. In the Park it is the position No. 7, where there is talk of local and periodic exceedances of the permissible number of people who can stay on a given section of the tourist route. Park speaks broadly about the uncontrolled penetration of the TMNP area consisting of: staying of tourists in places not available (areas in TMNP that are not made available to tourists to visit) and using motor vehicles (motorcycles,quads) – a point indicated by the Pieniński in the section of the threat of soil erosion. As a matter of fact, the ways to fight these threats are very similar: monitoring the impact on natural resources, limiting entry to the park’s endangered area, or infrastructure maintenance as appropriate marking, repairing hiking, biking and didactic paths. An important, especially for the is the improvement of tourist flow and limiting the number of tourists on and Błędne Skały through the creation of tourist routes and the introduction of fees for entering the routes. It also emphasizes the need to prevent tourists from staying outside of shared places. The threat indicated only by the Pieniński is, recorded in the position 29, the destruction of caves and rocky deposits caused by the tourist movement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2 Hydrogen technologies At present, nearly all industrial hydrogen is produced or “reformed” from methane in fossil energy, primarily from natural gas, although oil and coal are also used. The relatively low price and increasing availability of natural gas imply that it will be increasingly used to meet the growing world demand for hydrogen. It thus appears that hydrogen production will be an increasingly important driver of natural gas demand. The production of hydrogen at commercially viable prices has been very difficult to achieve. As noted, talk of a move to the “hydrogen economy” was largely premature and most previous hyperbolic claims for hydrogen applications neglected to account for the market price and highly limited availability of the hydrogen. FCs, internal combustion engines using hydrogen (or adding it as a “sweetener”), and many other potential applications are economically limited by the input price for bulk hydrogen production, storage, transport, and safe handling. The two most common sources of industrial merchant hydrogen, electrolysis and steam reforming of methane/natural gas (with approximately 5% and 95% of current production, respectively), are expensive for the amount of hydrogen produced and often require initial capital expenditures exceeding several million dollars. In addition, transport and storage costs are high, requiring large, heavy tanks designated for hazardous materials transport by the US Department of Transportation. Devices that produce hydrogen via electrolysis at rates of 10–20 L/min cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, the total cost of operation is high, and the resale values of the devices are low. These devices have limitations linked to large electricity draw, device complexity, and durability and lifetime of the PEM FCs, as well as comparative costs for production of each kilogram of hydrogen. Steam reformation, which allows for very high production rates, can only be conducted at massive, highly complex industrial-scale chemical plants that require direct sources of methane/natural gas and operate at very high temperatures and pressures. However, there is an additional overriding problem with hydrogen production. As noted, much of the future increase in demand for hydrogen is based on the growing demand for clean transportation fuels, strict government regulations, and the focus on reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. It is true that at point of use, hydrogen is a clean burning fuel whose only by-product is water.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: cGMP induces phase shifts of mammalian circadian pacemaker at night in antiphase to cAMP effect 86: 6812–6815. [PubMed] Amir, S (1992). Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production disrupts light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus 586: 336–339. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1994). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced phase delay of circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 646: 161–164. [PubMed] and Rea, MA (1995). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm, but not c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster 692: 137–142. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1997). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate and nitric oxide J Neurosci 17: 667–675. [PubMed] and Yannielli, PC (2000). Neurochemistry of mammalian entrainment: Signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Res 31: 56–70. and Hagan, RM (2001). A rapid and transient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by a constitutively expressed type II NO synthase in the guinea -pig suprachiasmatic nucleus Pharmacol 34: 1084–1092. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (1999). Circadian locomotor analysis of male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-/-) J 14: 20–27. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (2001). Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-) J 16: 142–148. [PubMed] Bellingham, J and Foster, RG (2002). Opsins and mammalian photoentrainment Res 309: 57–71. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2000). A novel human opsin in the inner retina J Neurosci 20: 600–605. [PubMed] and Yau, KW (2002).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: As a way of solving the problem, it was proposed: protection of entrances to the most valuable caves located in the Park. Potential internal threats are variously defined. is afraid of the pressure to expand the infrastructure serving tourism. The remedy for this should be studying the conditions and directions of spatial development of the communes of the Park, in which appropriate restrictions would be introduced. There are two factors that threaten, in this category, for the National Park: Concentration of tourist flow on and Błędne Skały, as well as natural mass movements of rocks, posing a threat to tourist flow. In the first case, the solution is the introduction of one-way traffic on tourist routes, in the second - mass monitoring of rock traffic and safety measures on tourist routes. The Tatrzański indicates a further increase in anthropogenic pressure related to the accessibility of the TNP area. The remedy for this is to monitor the number of tourists in the Park and maintain restrictions in using it. Properly developed strategy for sharing the Park, finally initiating and supporting the creation of tourist attractions outside the Park. In the group of existing external threats Park pointed to what is an existing internal threat to the Tatrzański National Park. This is excessive tourist traffic. Overcoming this problem should be based on the temporary closure of tourist routes, regulation of tourist traffic intensity and setting up the information and educational infrastructure. Park indicates the pollution of: air, water and, what is important from the point of inanimate nature, soils on the tourist trails of the Park and in the places where recreational centers and their neighborhood are located. The idea for solving the problem is the development of collective and alternative transport in the area of the Park, properly prepared spatial development directions, and finally environmental education of local communities. The last category are external potential threats. For the Park, the loss of landscape values is a serious threat. To avoid this, the authorities believe that measures should be taken to limit the construction of new tourist, recreational and sports infrastructure in the immediate vicinity of the Park. In addition to this, it is necessary to ensure that landscape protection policy is included in local spatial development plans and regional development strategies. Park does not define such threats in the context of inanimate nature in connection with the development of tourism. However, the Tatrzański in this group indicates an excessive increase in the number of people using its area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: But since more than 95% of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels, hydrogen is not really “clean and green,” and electrolysis − the major hydrogen source other than reformation − is exceedingly inefficient, expensive, and energy-intensive. Experimental methods involving wind, solar, biomass, etc. are still far from being economic or commercially cost-competitive. For example, California − the world's sixth largest economy − has implemented increasingly stringent CO2 reduction goals and renewable energy mandates, and these include rapidly increasing requirements for zero emissions hydrogen vehicles. However, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels − specifically natural gas − does not count toward achieving these goals, and is not eligible for California's lucrative low carbon fuel credits [8]. This is the 800 lb gorilla in the room that hydrogen advocates and hydrogen industry promoters conveniently ignore: The hydrogen economy is hitting a brick wall that will severely limit its growth potential. All of the frenzied hype over hydrogen FCs, hydrogen vehicles, distributed power, clean fuels, sustainable generation, etc. is meaningless until a method can be found to efficiently and cheaply produce large quantities of hydrogen in a truly green and sustainable manner that does not increase CO2 emissions. Experimental methods involving bio-hydrogen production, renewable electrolysis, photo-electrochemical solar water splitting, solar high-temperature thermochemical cycles, high-temperature electrolysis, photo-biological, bio-derived, microbial conversion, etc. are still far from being technically feasible, much less economic, or commercially cost-competitive. More recently, sustainable hydrogen is being produced from scrap aluminum, and this represents a promising solution to the major problem confronting the hydrogen economy. This process is capable of producing significant amounts of high-purity hydrogen at a competitive cost per relevant unit in a scalable, controllable, and sustainable manner. It is effectively a third viable hydrogen production method − in comparison to reformation and electrolysis. Sustainable hydrogen production from scrap aluminum can thus provide the long-sought solution to the major environmental problem confronting the hydrogen economy [9]. 3 Review of previous research The most definitive analysis of hydrogen economy jobs was conducted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), which estimated the employment impacts of a transformation of the US economy to the use of hydrogen between 2020 and 2050 [10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2001). Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K, Miguel-Hidalgo, JJ and Tohyama, M (1991). Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat 568: 223–229. [PubMed] and Hong, SK (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for the role of substance P in retinohypothalamic transmission in the rat 274: 99–102. [PubMed] and Kim, YI (2001). Substance p plays a critical role in photic resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the rat hypothalamus J Neurosci 21: 4026–4031. [PubMed] Tuomisto, L (1991). Watanabe T, ed. Involvement of histamine in circadian and other rhythms Histaminergic neurons: Mophology and function. 295. and Moss, RL (1981). Efferent connections of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 6: 2625–2641. [PubMed] Jacobs, EH, Yamatodani, A and Timmerman, H (2000). Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci 21: 293–298. [PubMed] and Wada, H (1991). Effects of intracerebroventricular histamine injection on circadian activity phase entrainment during rapid illumination changes 123: 53–56. [PubMed] and Ueki, S (1983). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation 41: 109–113. [PubMed] Stehle, J (1991). Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 130: 217–220. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1995). Histamine synthesis inhibition reduces light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms 695: 227–230. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Once again, the way to solve the problem, according to the Park, is monitoring the number of these people, introducing periodic and permanent restrictions on access to places subjected to the greatest pressure, and supporting the idea of developing tourist attractions outside the Park, in order to minimize and spread the excessive number of tourists. 6 ConclusionsNational parks are one of the most important tourist values in Poland as indicated by the statistics quoted earlier [63]. Their main asset is nature whose resources are able to generate tourist flow of millions of visitors. As it has been shown, this can be a real threat to the values that make the park attractive to tourists. Thus the question arises: how should this type of resources be made available, so that on the one hand the tourist would be satisfied and on the other hand the nature would not be harmed. This problem is perfectly understood by the institutions managing the parks on behalf of the government. The question remains whether one can talk about a comprehensive approach – the one that takes into account the need to protect both types of nature: animate and inanimate. The threat of inanimate nature from tourism and the awareness of this problem among those who decide about the protection of national park resources are important. The nature conservation is the basis of the park’s operation, however it primarily concerns the animate nature. Most of the 23 national parks located in Poland detail the resources of fauna and flora which are protected in the park along with forest complexes indicating the protection period. There are also areas of strict protection but in most cases it concerns the animated nature. It is different in the case of inanimate nature. The demands of its protection along with specific proposals appear less frequently and are general in nature. The situation looks different depending on the park. The parks located in the lowland, lake or coastal landscape practically do not pay attention to threats related to inanimate nature. The situation is better in national parks located in upland or mountain areas as exemplified by four parks, whose analysis of activities was undertaken in this 7810. 1007/978-1-4020-6799-0_8Search in 6. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 1000144Search in 5710. 21832/9781845413835Search in 4910. 1080/09669582. 2013. 785554Search in 2810. 1007/s12371-011-0039-8Search in 434. Search in 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: This study found that training for new skills may be needed across a wide spectrum of industries and that training and retraining programs may be needed to help ensure that the US workforce possesses appropriate skills and that sufficient numbers of trained personnel are available to support the hydrogen economy. However, the report made no attempt to identify emerging occupations and corresponding training and educational requirements and earnings. A subsequent DOE report found that existing and emerging FC applications hold large job growth potential and that as various FC applications gain market share, the industry is expected to undergo significant growth [11]. It noted that “As market demand for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies increases across sectors of our economy, there will be an increasing need for trained and experienced personnel and accompanying services such as qualified maintenance technicians, installers, manufacturing professionals, trainers, insurers, and educators” [11]. Unfortunately, the Department's “comprehensive” US energy and employment reports barely even mention hydrogen or FC jobs [12]. A study by the Services, Inc. (ASEA/MISI) found that widespread hydrogen energy and FC market penetration could create nearly 1 million new jobs in the by 2030 [13,14]. It also determined that the jobs created are disproportionately for highly skilled, well-paid, technical and professional workers, who provide the foundation for entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, it did not disaggregate hydrogen occupations. More recently, DOE has developed models for estimating the job impacts of FCs and hydrogen: is a spreadsheet model that that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the manufacture and use of select types of FCs [15]. JOBS H2 is a spreadsheet model that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the development and operation of select types of hydrogen fueling stations [16]. DOE has used these models to estimate the economic impact of FC deployment in forklifts and for backup power under the [17] and the economic impacts associated with commercializing FC electric vehicles in California [18]. However, these analyses did not disaggregate jobs by skill, education, or earnings, and the and JOBS H2 models do not permit such disaggregation. Thus, while these studies forecast that about 700,000 to 1 million new hydrogen energy and FC jobs may be created over the next decade, the reports do not disaggregate the jobs into occupations or skills, identify education and training requirements, or indicate wage and salary levels. Here we have developed these necessary modifications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists. Bull 41: 227–229. [PubMed] Alexander, MJ and Leeman, SE (1998). Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor J 402: 475–500. [PubMed] and Beaudet, A (1996). Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor J 373: 76–89. [PubMed] Francois-and Beaudet, A (1992). Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Synapse 10: 282–290. [PubMed] Meyer-Spasche, A, Reed, HE and Piggins, HD (2002). Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro Neurosci 16: 339–44. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2001). Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro Neuroscience 103: 663–672. [PubMed] Schmahl, C and Bohmer, G (1997). Effects of excitatory amino acids and neuropeptide Y on the discharge activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat brain slices 746: 151–163. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1998). Responses to neuropeptide Y in adult hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Pharmacol 345: 155–162. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Yocca, FD (1998). Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes J Neurosci 18: 3014–3022. [PubMed] and Zhou, JN (2003). Neurotensin expressing neurons developed earlier than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 335: 175–178. [PubMed] and Kojima, M (2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Local communities can benefit economically from eco-tourism initiatives. [SEP] Text: Marine conservation tourism and local communities: The case of output: Thesis › internal (1) the world marine protected areas (MPA) have been established to overcome degradation of marine resources from illegal and destructive activities, and overexploitation. Quantity and coverage of MPA worldwide is growing. As poverty is one of driver s for destructive fishing and breaking MPA rules, especially in developing countries, breaking the poverty trap through alternative livelihood activities is an important strategy in MPA management. In many of these of MPAs marine tourism has been adopted as alternative source of livelihood and a way to generate funding for MPA management and conservation measures. Marine conservation tourism is a type of tourism that has potential to contribute to achievement of dual objectives of conservation and local livelihood improvement. In this concept, MPAs provide ecosystem services e. g. nature and wildlife viewing and experiences, and tourists pay for consuming these ecosystem services. In addition, marine tourism in MPAs is considered to provide opportunities for alternative livelihoods for local communities living within and close to MPAs. in West-Indonesia can be regarded as a special case of marine conservation tourism. It is regarded as the heart of the Coral Triangle: the most species rich area of any ocean in the world, which reflects its important position with regard to conservation efforts within the Initiative (CTI). Marine tourism activities have been deliberately deployed and promoted to support the management of a network of MPAs in Raja Ampat, as well as the local communities within these MPAs. Marine tourism in has been growing rapidly during the last 20 years, in terms of number of tourists and tourism operators. Despite threats to its marine resources, marine tourism in archipelago is heavily promoted as the last paradise on earth. State as well as non-state actors are participating in the governance arrangements for marine conservation tourism in Raja Ampat. The objective of this thesis has been to analyse marine conservation tourism governance arrangements and the implications of marine conservation tourism for various stakeholders in Raja Ampat. More specifically it aims to understand the roles of non-state actors in the evolution of governance arrangements for marine tourism and conservation in Raja Ampat, as well as the impact of various policies aimed at shaping benefits of marine conservation tourism for local communities of Raja Ampat. Ampat is part of wider marine conservation initiatives, i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Further, many of these new jobs require different skills and education than current jobs, and training needs must be determined to enable this rapidly growing sector of the US economy and labor market to have a sufficient supply of trained and qualified employees. Eventually, most of these occupations will grow, the number of employees classified in the occupations will increase, and federal and state governments will add them to the employment classifications. Until then, labor market and employment analysis and forecasting will be performed using the current set of US occupational titles and job descriptions. 1 In the meantime, we have developed the methodology and database discussed here. Table 1 identifies by occupational title some of the new jobs that we estimate will be created in the expanding hydrogen energy economy. 2 Emerging occupational titles are listed in the first column of the table. The average US salary, listed in the second column, reflects the average 2016 salary for that occupation. 3 Wages may be 15–20% lower at the beginning of employment and may rise to a level 15–20% higher as the worker becomes an experienced employee. Furthermore, earnings are usually much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and in some other regions − especially coastal cities such as and San Francisco. The third column gives the minimum recommended education required to gain entry into the occupation, and a required degree is identified for the advanced educational requirements. Employers will not always adhere to these recommendations, but this information can be useful to policymakers and workforce planners in providing an indication of the skills that firms are seeking in an applicant. Note that the education requirements listed include HSD/GED/OJT (high school degree, Development, or on-the-job training), and Apprenticeship/TS (trade school) to a Master's degree. With the advanced (Bachelor's degree and higher) college requirements, typical abbreviations were used to identify the degree: − for chemical, mechanical and electrical engineering degrees, etc. Also note that many jobs can be filled by a candidate with one of various related science or engineering degrees, and these are listed generically as such. Table 1 identifies some of the emerging job opportunities and corresponding earnings and education/training requirements in the emerging H2/FC economy. This table illustrates the following: Salaries differ substantially, from $20,000–$25,000 for various technicians to nearly $140,000 for a director of hydrogen development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: he gut-brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system 318: 156–161. [PubMed] and Kangawa, K (2005). Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system EMBO J 24: 325–335. [PubMed] and Barrett, P (2005). Neuromedin -U is regulated by circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse Neurosci 21: 814–819. [PubMed] Battey, J and Wada, E (1991). Two distinct receptor subtypes for mammalian bombesin-like peptides 14: 524–528. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1990). Receptor heterogeneity for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system 537: 233–240. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1992). Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system 593: 168–178. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1997). Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat NeuroReport 8: 2187–2191. [PubMed] Aïoun, J, Chambille, I, Peytevin, J and Martinet, L (1988). Neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are involved in the reception of the photic signal in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural study Res 291: 239–253. Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1999). Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA ed. Intercellular interactions and the physiology of circadian rhythms in mammals Handbook of behavioral state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. 44. and Piggins, HD (2000). Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro J Neurosci 20: 5496–5502. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2005). Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide J Neurosci 25: 2447–2454.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4749003/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe primary aim of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the behavioral intentions of Chinese green tourists within the realm of virtual tourism experiences, utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. To accomplish this, we initiated the study with grounded theory as our starting point, conducting 36 comprehensive interviews with Chinese green tourists. These interviews were meticulously coded and subjected to in-depth analysis, leading to the development of a robust research model outlining the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. Subsequently, we conducted a quantitative analysis of 740 collected questionnaires concerning behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences, subjecting each variable within the theoretical model to empirical testing. The results unequivocally demonstrate that Chinese green tourists' cognitive factors, perception factors, experience type factors, and social situation factors all wield significant influence over their behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. This study provides nuanced insights into factors shaping green tourists' decisions and highlights virtual tourism's growing importance in sustainable travel. It offers valuable guidance for researchers and industry practitioners aiming to enhance virtual tourism experiences for environmentally conscious Chinese tourists, contributing to the discourse on sustainable tourism and the potential for a more ecologically sustainable future. Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviourEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviourChinese green touristsSustainable tourismVirtual experiencesBehavioral intentionsMixed methodsFiguresFigure 1Figure 21 IntroductionEnvironmental protection and sustainable development have emerged as global priorities, and the tourism industry is no exception. Green tourism strives to minimize the impact on the natural environment and cultural resources while promoting the sustainable development of the environment, economy, and society. -19 pandemic, during its most severe phase, imposed strict restrictions on mobility and significantly disrupted traditional field tourism activities1. As technology continues to advance, with developments such as 5G, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and virtual reality, the transformation of the tourism industry into the realm of digital technology is an undeniable trend2. Virtual tourism aligns itself with the principles of sustainable development, emphasizing the preservation and promotion of the environment, society, and culture, all while placing a strong emphasis on the quality of the tourism experience.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Substitution with Renewables for – Effects on (PDF) Efstathios E. Michaelides 1 * 1 Dept. of 76132, USA* substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewable units will lead to a profound reduction of CO2 emissions and will assist in evading the Change. Using demand data from the electricity grid of Texas, this paper develops a scenario for the substitution of coal, at first, and of all fossil fuel power plants, secondly, in the entire State of Texas. Meeting the electricity demand of the grid with renewables, makes it necessary to develop significant energy storage capacity in addition to the renewable – wind and solar – installations. Because of the lower pant capacity factors of wind and solar units, the calculations show that significantly higher renewable power capacity must be built than the current capacity of the fossil fuel units to be substituted. Also, that a substantial fraction of the generated energy is lost in the storage-recovery processes. All these factors are expected to increase the price of electricity paid by the consumers. Ahis will have an impact on the less affluent segments of the population and – if ignored by national energy policies – will affect the goal to reduce inequality within and among countries. Keywords sustainable development solar energy wind energy fossil substitution electricty prices is an open access 10. 29333/ejosdr/6344 Publication date: 07 Dec 2019 4. 9%, while that the (TPES) growth was 1. 9%. In the second decade of the 21st century the global electricity demand doubles every 14. 5 years and all indications are that it will continue increasing with a similar rate until 2050 (Agency, 2018; US-Administration, 2016; Michaelides, 2018). A significant contribution to the strong growth of the global demand for electric power and the global trends of power demand is a consequence of the increasing use of air-conditioning (a/c) systems during the summer season (Worland, 2018). With more than 81% of the global population residing in the geographical zone between the two 45o latitudes (north and south) where a/c is desirable or essential in the summer, the economic development of several nations in this geographic zone has also ushered the accelerated use of a/c and the significant electricity consumption during the summer months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The concept of green tourism aligns closely with the principles of sustainable development and ecotourism. It emphasizes the responsible utilization of tourism resources, coupled with a conscientious regard for society and the environment. Simultaneously, it aims to provide tourists with comfortable, secure, and health-enhancing tourism products6. As ecological consciousness continues to gain traction and tourists increasingly appreciate and respect multiculturalism and natural heritage, green and low-carbon tourism products are poised to take center stage in the future of the tourism industry7. These products not only cater to the evolving needs of travelers but also align with the broader shift towards sustainable and environmentally conscious practices. Virtual tourism is a novel business concept born from the fusion of virtual reality and the realm of travel and tourism8–9. Leveraging computer simulation technology, virtual reality, and augmented reality advancements10, it empowers tourists to embark on immersive journeys from the comfort of their homes11. This innovative form of tourism has been heralded by some scholars as a potential substitute for physical travel, offering convenient avenues for exploring protected historical sites and accessing remote natural wonders12. Virtual tourism can minimize excessive exploitation and damage to natural resources such as water resources, land, and wildlife habitats to the greatest extent. It does not require significant transportation and energy consumption, reducing carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The confluence of technological innovation and the disruptive force of the COVID-19 pandemic has acted as a catalyst and an accelerator for the green tourism industry, propelling supply-side reforms and propelling it toward high-quality development. Green tourism places a premium on the principles of physical and mental well-being, environmental stewardship, low-carbon practices, and sustainable development—values that resonate with the ethos promoted by virtual tourism13. In this context, virtual tourism has the potential to drive innovative, forward-thinking, and pragmatic transformations within the green tourism sector, enabling maximum conservation of the natural and cultural environment of tourist destinations during the virtual experience14. It stands as a bridge between the realms of real and virtual, fostering sustainable tourism practices and ecological preservation. 2. 2 Virtual tourism experiences In the realm of tourism research, external factors that influence tourists' behavioral intentions, such as individual characteristics, situational factors, and physical and social interactions, are widely recognized as pivotal elements shaping the tourist experience15–16.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Approximately 39% of the global electric energy production is generated from coal and another 23% from natural gas, with the contribution of coal continuously increasing since the beginning of the 21st century (Agency, 2018). The combustion of the two fossil fuels – and especially the combustion of coal – emits large quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 is the most abundant (GHG), and the principal contributor to the average global temperature rise and the Change (GCC). Coal power plants produce approximately 1. 15 tons of CO2 per MWh and natural gas turbines produce (on the average) approximately 0. 75 tons of CO2 per MWh (Michaelides, 2018). The global electric power generation industry contributed approximately 40% of the 38 billion tons of CO2 that was produced in 2016 with all the emissions being point-source emissions (Agency, 2018; US-Administration, 2016). It becomes apparent that the most effective way to reduce the global GHG emissions and elude the GCC is the substitution of fossil fuel power plants – starting with the more offensive coal power plants – with renewable energy sources, primarily with wind and solar energy, which are available in all the regions of the globe. Such initiatives to reduce the CO2 emissions by curtailing the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity have been adopted in several regions of the globe, and especially within the European Union. Increasing the contribution of nuclear energy – a largely non-CO2 emitting energy source – in the mix of electric power generation is another option. However, because of problems associated with the disposal and long-term custody of nuclear wastes, there are very few initiatives around the world to “go nuclear. ” Hydroelectric power and geothermal energy are clean and effective solutions, but not available in all the regions of the globe. In addition, most of the prime hydroelectric and geothermal resources have been already utilized (Michaelides, 2016, 2018) for the generation of electricity in the OECD and most developing countries. This leaves solar and wind power – two abundant but diffuse energy sources – as the principal alternatives for the substitution of fossil fuel power plants. The main principle of sustainable development is the ability of a society to ensure that it meets the needs for the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system 150: 112–116. [PubMed] Morin, LP and Blanchard, J (1995). Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus 12: 57–67. [PubMed] Byku, M, Legutko, R and Gannon, RL (2000). Distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet 857: 1–7. [PubMed] Byku, M and Gannon, RL (2000). SNC 80, a delta-opioid agonist, elicits phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms Neuroreport 11: 1449–1452. [PubMed] and Card, JP (1984). Identical immunoreactivity of afferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide, molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide and neuropeptide Y Res 236: 41–46. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1997). Circadian phase shifts to neuropeptide Y In vitro: cellular communication and signal transduction. J Neurosci 17: 8468–8475. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Card, JP (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex J 344: 403–430. [PubMed] Mrosovsky, N (1995). Chadwick DJ, ed. A non -photic gateway to the circadian clcok of hamsters Circadian clocks and their adjustment. New York, John Wiley, 174. and Takahashi, JS (1995). Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals 16: 191–223. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1995). Bicuculline blocks neuropeptide Y-induced phase advances when microinjected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters 675: 333–336. [PubMed] Chen, G and van den Pol, AN (1996).

Output: pass