Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Conjugates of cinnamic acid are extremely widespread in the plant kingdom and esterified malic acid conjugates have been identified in many plants and plant products, including stone fruit, radish, spinach, chicory, and lettuce (Clifford, 1999; Winter and Herrmann, 1986). It is speculated that these types of phenolics may play roles in plant defenses against pathogens, insects, and ultraviolet damage and alter product quality (digestibility) of forage crops (Sullivan and Zarnowski, 2011). Caffeic acid derivative (P8; lithospermic acid A isomer, a conjugate of caffeic and rosmarinic acids) was first quantified in fresh basil by Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). Caffeic acid derivative (P8) has also been found in roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Chinese herb: danshen) (Guo et al. , 2007) and in dried products of basil and coneflower (Lee and Scagel, 2010). Quercetin-rutinoside (P9) has been found in several plant species including basil (Lee and Scagel, 2009, 2010) and ingestion of this compound is linked to cardiovascular health (Serra et al. , 2012). Perner et al. (2008) reported that N fertilizer type altered quercetin-glycoside production of onion and inoculation with AMF increased content of specific quercetin-glycosides in bulbs. rate suppressed production of caffeic acid (P5) and accumulation of caffeic acid in roots but not shoots. Suppressed net caffeic acid accumulation in roots may be related to increased root exudation of phenolic acids in response to P availability. Others have reported that roots exude caffeic acid in low nutrient environments to improve rhizosphere chemistry for optimal nutrient uptake (Dakora and Phillips, 2002). rate has been reported to increase root concentrations of caffeic acid in non-mycorrhizal ‘Genova’ (Toussaint et al. , 2007). Total plant production was not reported by Toussaint et al. (2007), so it is unclear whether plants produced more caffeic acid at greater P rates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: The whitefly population reduction was the highest in M. anisopliae and C. carnea plots, with their proportions being close to each other, reaching (85. 57 and 84. 87%), respectively (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Percentage of reduction in whitefly population after applied pesticides, Metarhizium anisopliae and Chrysoperla carnea during the green bean season in Giza plotsFull size imageIn El-Menoufia plots, also, the whitefly was first observed in small numbers during the 4th week after planting and varied between 0. 5 ± 0. 2, 0. 56 ± 0. 4, 0. 7 ± 0. 3 and 0. 62 ± 0. 3 nymphs and pupae/leaf in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and C. carnea plots, respectively (Fig. 3). A total of three applications of Mospilan 25% SP, M. anisopliae and C. carnea in the 5th, 7th and 9th weeks after planting were applied. Fig. 3Impact of the treatments on weekly average number of whitefly per leaf during the green bean season in El-Menoufia plotsFull size imageBy the 12th week after planting, the whitefly population reached 7. 35 ± 2. 5, 3. 3 ± 1. 8, 1. 3 ± 0. 5 and 1. 26 ± 1. 4 nymphs and pupae/leaf in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and C. carnea plots, respectively. After the third application, the whitefly population in M. anisopliae and C. carnea plots reduced to 1. 2 ± 0. 47 and 0. 28 ± 0. 53 nymphs and pupae/leaf, respectively. However, in pesticides and control plots, it increased to 12. 4 ± 4 and 5 ± 0. 68 nymphs and pupae/leaf, respectively (Fig. 3). There was a significant difference among treatments (F = 13. 72, df = (3), p < 0. 05). Data analysis revealed significant differences between control and each treatment's group (pesticides, M. anisopliae and C. carnea at p < 0. 05. Non-significant difference was found between pesticides and M. anisopliae, between M. anisopliae and C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies will completely replace traditional currencies in the near future. [SEP] Text: Cryptocurrencies may become one of the means of payment in the history of the world. There will certainly be changes in financial markets, with more possible payment methods. However, the form in which this will take place is currently being clarified, among other things, by the need to determine the legal standards that will apply to this development of financial resources. And financial phenomena are crucial in today’s global market because ITC technology and the rules of financial flows are the most important changes in the modern global economy. Therefore, many current topics concern cryptocurrencies, which are extremely important and require constant discovery and determination of the principles of operation. This is related to the risks of introducing new forms of payment and the desire to highlight all the benefits that will support this innovative form of transaction in the economy. The development prospects of cryptocurrencies are undoubtedly the next milestone among forms of money, which has huge implications for the world’s economies. Thanks to the use of modern technology, cryptocurrencies are a kind of financial innovation (another milestone in the history of money) that has a chance to influence the global financial system. Cryptocurrencies are electronic money that does not require an intermediary, such as a bank, to complete the transaction. Thanks to this, the transaction and its parties are completely anonymous to the financial system controlled by global institutions. On the one hand, it provides enormous benefits by preventing global institutions from controlling and influencing world transactions. On the other hand, it does not provide an adequate level of security. Therefore, once the legal issues are settled and security is improved, it will be possible to use the advantages of this form of payment. Namely, it will allow us to speed up the settlement of payment transactions and thus become independent from traditional forms of payment and the restrictive control of global financial institutions. Cryptocurrencies are an innovative and technologically advanced alternative to a fully globalized future. They can be an alternative to processing payments made across geographical borders [2]. Additionally, if cryptocurrencies are effectively regulated through current adjustments, they will be able to help future generations meet the challenges of financial transactions in various forms. Cryptocurrencies perform the same functions as traditional money because they have features such as durability, divisibility, and originality, which, if socially accepted, will mean that they can be a full-fledged means of exchange. Over the last dozen or so years, cryptocurrencies have been gaining popularity, and their importance in financial markets is increasing [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Several researchers have reported negative correlations between concentrations of secondary compounds and plant growth rate or nutrient concentrations in plants (Haukioja et al. , 1998). This occurs because growth processes dominate over the production of secondary compounds and C is available for secondary compounds only when plant growth is restricted by a lack of mineral nutrients or other factors. Many polyphenolics such as rosmarinic, chicoric, and caftaric acids are derivatives of caffeic acid (Boudet, 2007). In our study, increased P rate suppressed production or accumulation of caffeic acid but increased or had no effect on the derivatives from this precursor. The effect of P rate on caffeic acid production may be a response to stress when plants are grown with lower P availability (e. g. , P deficiency increased production) (Dixon and Paiva, 1995) or a result of increased root exudation of caffeic acid in plants grown with higher P availability (Mandal et al. , 2010; Marschner, 1995). Phenolics influenced only by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. AMF inoculation enhanced total plant production of caftaric acid (P2), a polyphenolic only detected in shoots, and feruloyl tartaric acid (P4) and caffeic acid (P5), polyphenolics detected in shoots and roots. Enhanced caftaric acid, tartaric acid, caffeic acid, caffeic acid (P6), and chicoric acid (P7) production in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these polyphenolics in shoots (all) and roots (only feruloyl tartaric acid and caffeic acid in roots). These results indicate that AMF had little effect on accumulation patterns for several polyphenolics in basil and did not alter plant requirements for these specific secondary metabolites. In contrast, although AMF had no influence on net production of rosmarinic acid (P11), AMF suppressed rosmarinic acid accumulation in roots. This may be a result of rosmarinic acid exudation from roots or decreased metabolic requirements for rosmarinic acid in response to the presence of the fungus in the root system. Others have reported that fungal and bacterial pathogens can increase production and exudation of rosmarinic acid from roots (Bais et al. , 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: carnea, and between pesticides and C. carnea at p < 0. 05. The highest reduction in whitefly population was observed in C. carnea treatment (97. 74%) followed by M. anisopliae treatment (90. 32%) and pesticides treatment (59. 67%) (Fig. 4). Overall, the results of these findings suggested that biological control agents such as M. anisopliae and C. carnea can be effective alternatives to chemical pesticides for whitefly control. Fig. 4Percentage of reduction in whitefly population after applied pesticides, Metarhizium anisopliae and Chrysoperla carnea during the green bean season in El-Menoufia plotsFull size imageThis study investigated the effectiveness of different treatments for controlling mite populations in plots at Giza and El-Menoufia. The initial spider mite population in Giza plots was observed in the 4th week after planting, and its density varied between 0. 08 ± 0. 2, 0. 16 ± 0. 2, 0. 2 ± 0. 3 and 0. 08 ± 0. 3 mites/leaf in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and P. persimilis plots, respectively (Fig. 5). Three applications of pesticides (Vertimec 1. 8% EC), M. anisopliae and P. persimilis in the 7th, 9th and 11th weeks after planting were applied. The spider mite population gradually increased, reaching 9. 3 ± 1. 1, 8. 4 ± 2. 2, 8. 6 ± 0. 3 and 8. 62 ± 0. 5 mites/leaf in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and P. persimilis plots, respectively, by the 8th week after planting (Fig. 5). After the second application, the spider mite population in control, pesticides and M. anisopliae plots increased to 54. 9 ± 7, 36. 4 ± 8. 1 and 22. 36 ± 5. 1 mites/leaf, respectively. After the third application, the spider mite population decreased to 2. 6 ± 1. 1 mites/plant in P. persimilis plots and increased significantly to 127. 4 ± 26. 8, 40. 7 ± 11. 3 and 167. 4 ± 33. 8 mites/leaf in pesticides, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies will completely replace traditional currencies in the near future. [SEP] Text: The innovative nature of cryptocurrencies for society may prove to be something that will force changes and will have a huge impact on the functioning of the global financial sector in the future. Cryptocurrencies are already recognized as an innovative payment method [4]. Currently, they are only complementary to official currencies. They do not generally have the legal status of a means of payment, but the number of transactions using them is growing. The number of service and commercial points accepting cryptocurrencies as a payment method is also increasing. The adaptation of commercial establishments to payments in cryptocurrencies is constantly growing. Therefore, this technology, with certain legal regulations, will undoubtedly have a huge impact on changes in the functioning of financial markets in global economies. Advertisement 2. Cryptocurrencies: the definition of financial innovationFinance is monetary resources, operations, and legal norms relating to them. Finance is also a social relationship that arises from collecting and spending money. Therefore, the science of finance examines money streams flowing between economic entities during the processes of production, distribution and exchange (consumption), and material accumulation, as well as money resources collected and distributed during these processes [5]. Finance is a field of science that deals with the analysis of how people allocate available financial resources in a given period, or it should be defined as all economic phenomena related to the accumulation and distribution of monetary resources, which can be defined as economic relations resulting from the movement of money, with the collection and spending of monetary resources [6]. Defining cryptocurrencies is a big challenge and may lead to inconsistencies in terms of economic sense and legal aspects. The history of the concept’s evolution can be seen in the literature due to its continuous development. Thanks to this, digital means of exchange are classified. The first concept refers to a virtual currency, which is a means of payment not issued by any financial institution (e. g. , a bank), while also being a means of exchange of value between the issuer and the user. However, they operate within strictly defined limits and are used only to purchase virtual goods and services. Therefore, virtual currency in this understanding is presented in a narrow scope and mainly concerns virtual currencies that appear in mass online games. This approach proves that these currencies are not intended for the purchase of real tangible items but for the purchase of virtual goods or services that can only exist in the area of a limited virtual world [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: 1986 Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetables J. Agr. Food Chem. 34 616 620Winter,M. Herrmann,K. 1986Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetablesJ. Agr. Food Chem. 34616620)| falseSearch 79. In: Weaver, R. W. (ed. ). Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. , Inc. . & Pokorny, J. 2006 Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108 776 793Yanishlieva,N. V. Marinova,E. Pokorny,J. 2006Natural antioxidants from herbs and spicesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108776793)| falseSearch 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: anisopliae and control plots, respectively (Fig. 5). Significant differences were observed among treatments (F = 3. 16, df = (3), p < 0. 05). There were non-significant differences between control and pesticides treatments, at p < 0. 05. However, a significant difference was found between control and P. persimilis treatments at p < 0. 05. The predator mite P. persimilis treatment resulted in the highest reduction in spider mite population (98. 44%), followed by M. anisopliae treatment (75. 62%) and then pesticides treatment (23. 92%) (Fig. 6). Fig. 5Impact of the treatments on weekly average number of spider mite per leaf during the green bean season in Giza PlotsFull size imageFig. 6Percentage of reduction in spider mite population after applied pesticides, Metarhizium anisopliae and Phytoseiulus persimilis during the green bean season in Giza plotsFull size imageAt El-Menoufia plots, the spider mite population was monitored for eight weeks prior to treatment. The initial mite population varied between 6. 84 ± 2. 3, 5. 44 ± 1. 5, 6. 04 ± 2. 6 and 5. 08 ± 2. 5 mites/leaf in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and P. persimilis plots, respectively (Fig. 7). Three applications of pesticides (Vertimec 1. 8% EC), M. anisopliae and P. persimilis in the 9th, 11th and 13th weeks after planting were applied. After the second application, the spider mite population in control, pesticides, M. anisopliae and P. persimilis plots reached 56. 32 ± 7. 1, 33. 7 ± 2. 3, 15. 08 ± 2. 7 and 9. 24 ± 3. 2 mites/leaf, respectively. Fig. 7Impact of the treatments on weekly average number of spider mite per leaf during the green bean season in El-Menoufia PlotsFull size imageAfter the third application, the spider mite population further decreased to (4. 8 ± 0. 3 mites/leaf) in P. persimilis plots. In contrast, it increased to (58. 36 ± 10. 7, 30. 68 ± 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies will completely replace traditional currencies in the near future. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the term digital currency is a broader concept and refers to a means of payment in a specific jurisdiction in the conventional sense [8]. Currently, there is a separation of concepts and a desire to specify the full definition for cryptocurrencies. It seems that this will only happen when legal regulations are established and when they are applied in practice on a large scale. Legal regulations in different European countries are different, or there are no regulations at all in relation to cryptocurrencies [9]. This may lead to inconsistencies and difficulties in the exchange of goods and services, as well as a lack of trading certainty. In 2015, the Bank provided the following definition of a virtual currency: a digital representation of values that are not issued by a central bank, electronic money institution, or credit institution, which in certain conditions can be used as an alternative to money [10]. In its resolution of 26 May 2016 on virtual currencies, the adopted that virtual currency is a synonym for digital cash that is not issued by a central bank or any public authority and is not linked to fiat currency but is used by natural or legal persons as a medium of exchange that can be transmitted, stored, and thus subjected to electronic trading [11]. Referring to the technology by which cryptocurrencies are created, which may also be called cryptocurrencies, they are defined as an accounting system based on cryptography whose characteristic feature is its dispersion [12]. This system is responsible for storing messages related to the ownership status in conventional units. The ownership status is linked to individual nodes of the so-called system—wallets, in such a way that only a person who has a specific and private key can control this wallet; a situation in which it would be issued twice to the same entity is impossible [13]. S. Nakamoto, the creator of bitcoin—the most popular cryptocurrency, defines it as an electronic coin in the form of a chain of digital signatures. Each holder of the coin transfers it to the next one, digitally signing the “hash” of the previous transaction and the public key of the next holder, adding them to the end of the coin. The recipient can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership [14]. This feature offers great opportunities to improve the security of financial transactions and to regulate legal solutions that will ensure full trust in this technology and influence changes in the global information society. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: 2 mites/leaf) in pesticides and M. anisopliae, respectively. Interestingly, the spider mite population in the control plots increased significantly to (124. 6 ± 28. 6 mites/leaf) (Fig. 7). The results of the statistical analysis revealed a significant difference among treatments (F = 4. 07, df = (3), p < 0. 05). Data analysis revealed significant differences between control and M. anisopliae and control and P. persimilis at p < 0. 05. Non-significant difference was found between control and pesticides and pesticides and M. anisopliae at p < 0. 05. The treatment with P. persimilis resulted in the highest reduction in spider mite population (96. 14%) followed by M. anisopliae treatment (75. 37%) and then the pesticides treatment (53. 16%) (Fig. 8). The results indicated that the biocontrol agent P. persimilis was the most promising treatment for spider mite control, as it resulted in the highest reduction in mite populations. Fig. 8Percentage of reduction in spider mite population after applied pesticides, Metarhizium anisopliae and Phytoseiulus persimilis during the green bean season in El-Menoufia plotsFull size imageDiscussionThe findings of this study suggest that using the predator C. carnea and the EPF M. anisopliae can be effective tools for reducing whitefly populations in green bean fields, providing a promising alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. Several studies have reported the effectiveness of M. anisopliae in controlling whitefly populations in the field. Abdel-Raheem and Al-Keridis (2017) observed that Beauveria bassiana, M. anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecani isolates were promising fungal biocontrol agent for the whitefly control in the field. Similarly, Flores et al. (2012) reported that M. anisopliae was significantly more effective against eggs, first, second and third nymphal instars and pupae of the whitefly B. tabaci. Mixed applications of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were found to maximize the likelihood of control of all stages of B. tabaci. Additionally, Alghamdi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies will completely replace traditional currencies in the near future. [SEP] Text: Financial technology (FinTech) eraNowadays, running a business or investment activity requires the ability to search, analyze, and use selected information to support decision-making processes. A special role in obtaining information about economic entities is assigned to financial statements, which should provide useful financial information. This is why financial information is so fundamental in the information society. Especially since new information technologies are rapidly developing and being used in this field, the world has designated a new area of interest under the term financial technology (FinTech). Digital finance, often referred to as financial technology (FinTech), is the application of digital technologies to financial activities [15]. Consumers and businesses are increasingly using digital financial services [16]. We are currently witnessing the digital transformation of financial services, which additionally increases the need for financial education of entire societies [17]. The digital revolution of the financial system along with the development of cryptocurrencies requires changes in the functioning of global financial markets. The ongoing globalization of the world economy and the increasing number of free trade zones along with the simplification of trade processes are factors that facilitate the rapid implementation of trade contracts [18]. The demand for a fast, cheap, and functional trading system continues to grow. The use of cryptocurrency settlements may be particularly beneficial in global financial markets [19]. authorities are working on new regulations that are intended to increase the potential of cryptocurrencies and reduce the risks associated with them (e. g. , regulation on markets for cryptoassets - MiCA). MEPs reviewed and introduced changes to the draft prepared by the European Commission, and in March 2022, they decided to start negotiations on the final shape of these regulations with EU countries in the Council. To encourage development and use of these technologies, the new regulations are intended to ensure legal certainty and support innovation, consumer and investor protection, and financial stability [20]. The regulations also include provisions on transparency, disclosure of information, and authorization and supervision of transactions. The most common opinions regarding cryptocurrencies are that virtual currencies will be a new stage of development in the world’s financial markets. However, certain solutions and regulations need to be developed, possibly based on trust in international institutions, which will result in shifting the likelihood of using the advantages and possibilities of using cryptocurrencies toward the development of the information society, thereby limiting possible crimes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Export 1. 1: Polyphenolics: Determination of total phenolics, p. 1–4. In: Wrolstad, R. E. (ed. ). Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. &. & Herrmann, K. 1986 Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetables J. Agr. Food Chem. 34 616 620Winter,M. Herrmann,K. 1986Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetablesJ. Agr. Food Chem. 34616620)| falseSearch 79. In: Weaver, R. W. (ed. ). Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. , Inc. Madison, WI Yanishlieva, N. V. , Marinova, E. & Pokorny, J. 2006 Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108 776 793Yanishlieva,N. V. Marinova,E. Pokorny,J. 2006Natural antioxidants from herbs and spicesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108776793)| falseSearch 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture often incorporates natural pest control instead of chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: (2018) found successfully suppressed of the aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov and the whitefly B. tabaci populations on sweet pepper and squash plants in open fields, through the releases of C. carnea. Also, Zaki et al. (1999) observed that different releasing rates of C. carnea induced highly significant reduction of A. gossypii and B. tabaci on various vegetable crops. These studies provided further support for the use of C. carnea and M. anisopliae as effective biocontrol agents for managing whitefly populations in agricultural fields. The results of the present study also demonstrated the potential effectiveness of P. persimilis and M. anisopliae as treatments for managing spider mite populations in green bean fields. Notably, P. persimilis was found to be more effective in reducing the population of T. urticae than M. anisopliae These findings are consistent with previous researches that have shown the efficacy of these natural enemies in controlling mite infestations in various crops. Abdel-Aziz (2016) found that releasing six individuals of P. persimilis per plant can be an effective approach for controlling populations of T. urticae. Similarly, Tiftikçi et al. (2020) reported that P. persimilis could be released for the effective control of T. urticae on tomato plant from the mid-August to the beginning of September in the Çanakkale province of Northwest Turkey. Abdallah et al. (2014) compared the effectiveness of P. persimilis, Typhlodromips swirskii, entomopathogen B. bassiana and the biochemical compound Abamectin (Vapcomic) in reducing the population of T. urticae on kidney beans and sugar snap peas. It was showed that P. persimilis was the most effective treatment followed by Vapcomic, B. bassiana and Typhlodromips swirskii. Bugeme et al. (2015) reported that M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 could be an alternative to acaricides for managing T. urticae on common bean in the screen house and field experiments. and Lim (2017) found that a single application of B. bassiana was effective in controlling T.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency transactions are always anonymous and untraceable. [SEP] Text: 1 Volume: Issue: 19 First page: 1 Year: 2019 Contributors: Augustas Subačius, Rasa Subačienė 2155 Views 1198 work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 The current global financial market is witnessing the activation of cryptocurrency as a payment instrument and a means of accumulation. However, the risks of money laundering, terrorism financing and tax evasion that cryptocurrency transactions imply lead to the need to implement their state regulation, an important component of which is tax control. Therefore, the purpose of the 1. Top-5 cryptocurrencies capitalization for 2014–2018 Figure 2. Dynamics and forecast of the global GDP and the proportion of cryptocurrency in the global GDP, 2012–2022Figure 3. Cryptocurrency transactions as a tax control objectFigure 4. Institutional model of financial and tax control of cryptocurrency purchase/sale transactionsFigure 5. Quarterly analysis of changes in the rates of individual cryptocurrencies in the world, 2014–2017 and Q1 2018Figure 6. Market equilibrium subject to of cryptocurrency transactions state regulation Table 1. Top 10 cryptocurrencies in the world by size of capitalization as of January 30, 2018 Baranovskyi, O. I. (2017). Податкова безпека: сутнісний вимір [Podatkova bezpeka: sutnisnyi vymir]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Universytetu derzhavnoi fiskalnoi sluzhby Ukrainy, 1, 7-24. Bardash, S. V. , & Baraniuk, Yu. R. (2016). Financial audit as a part of state administration in Ukraine: condition and public need. of Economic Studies, 2(2), 5-14. Bloomberg (2018). on Trump, and Cryptocurrencies. Bobyl, V. V. , & Dron, M. A. (2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Digital transformation is the integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, fundamentally changing how you operate and deliver value to customers. It’s also a cultural change that requires organizations to continually challenge the status quo, experiment, and get comfortable with failure. In many developed countries, farming has been modernized by a wave of technologies, adopted at farm level. Digital technologies are finding increasing use in the agricultural value system, and High-tech farming is becoming the standard, thanks to use of sensors, logic controlled systems, data analytics, etc. In India, the increasing availability of energy and internet connectivity to the large rural landscape is further accelerating such changes. Digitised information systems allow remote access to knowledge, has given rise to group sharing and continue even now to revamp how societal exchanges happen interpersonally, commercially and in the extension services system. The digital spectrogram can be compared against a large database and spectral analysis can diagnose the contents of the sample. This analysis can happen in the cloud, and results communicated to the farmers almost instantaneously. There exist various similar technologies where a sample from a field, gets converted into digital information, is promptly analysed to provide accurate results, which then allows farmers to take decisions best suited to the land they farm on. The availability of satellite imagery, infrared imagery, and a myriad of remote inputs allow for more accurate weather forecasts, advance warnings on pest infestation and similar, and more. Instead of traditional homilies about temperature and rainfall events, the farmers now consult and share the advisories and forecasts of the same.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency transactions are always anonymous and untraceable. [SEP] Text: Податковий контроль в Україні: особливості та шляхи вдосконалення [Podatkovyi kontrol v Ukraini: osoblyvosti ta shliakhy vdoskonalennia]. Naukovi zapysky KNTU, 12(1), 80-83. News channel «24» (2018). Where in Europe it is most profitable to mining bitcoins: Ukraine is among the leaders. Nikitin, A. (2018). Блокчейн не гарантирует анонимности биткойн-платежей [Blokcheyn ne garantiruyet anonimnosti bitkoyn-platezhey]. Proskura, K. P. (2014). Податкове адміністрування в Україні впосткризовий період: ефективність та напрями модернізації [Podatkove administruvannia v Ukraini v postkryzovyi period: efektyvnist ta napriamy modernizatsii] (376 p. ) Kyiv: Emkon. RBC-Ukraine (2018). Not only Bitcoin: In the network have been named the most popular cryptocurrencies in the world. Shevchuk, O. A. (2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Out of experimental materials, field soil was gathered from A horizon of agricultural production area of Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University. Experiment soil was analyzed and soil characteristic was summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Basic physio-chemical properties of soil and vermicompost. Growth conditions, treatments and experimental protocol The experiment was laid out under controlled greenhouse conditions in Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University, Tokat, Turkey during April and March of 2021. The geographical position of the greenhouse is between 40°19' 58" N and 36° 28' 25" E. Altitude is 595 meters. Temperature and relative humidity were set as 25-27°C and 60-70% in the greenhouse, respectively. The light/dark period was 14:10 through the experiment. Three cultivars and eight treatments including different combinations of vermicompost and AMF were used in the experiment. Treatments were T1: control (100% soil), T2: 100% soil+AMF, T3: 15% vermicompost, T4: 30% vermicompost, T5: 45% vermicompost, T6: T3+AMF, T7: T4+AMF and T8: T5+AMF. The experiment was laid out in split-plot randomized complete design with three replications and repeated two times. Cowpea cultivars and treatments were placed in main plots and sub-plots, respectively. Seedlings were grown in viols (4. 5×6 cm2). Before starting the experiment, field soil was autoclaved at 121°C through 20 munites to avoid natural microorganisms’ effect. Viols were divided into three sections, therefore, each replication was constituted of three sections. Just one cultivar was sown in each viol and different treatments were applied above mentioned. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi application and experimental layout Surface sterilization was applied to seeds with 2% of sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes to avoid fungal and bacterial microorganisms before sowing. One seed was sown to each section of viols and irrigated by tapwater. Solutions containing 5000 ppm concentration of AMF were prepared using distilled water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Here, however, the inocula and the substrate represent the biggest variables. Finally, there are the fermented products. These are obtained through controlled bioprocesses in bioreactors with pre-established inoculums and substrates. This controlled environment also allows for optimization. Therefore, fermented products are the most advanced among microbiome-based organic fertilizers. Figure 1. Evolution of microbiome-based organic fertilizers. The second generation of this technology is the one developed through continuous R&D. For example, the biotechnology described herein is based on years of research and development. The optimization (not shown here) involved the selection of microbes with synergetic interactions, the optimum fermentation conditions, and the selection of the best and most sustainable substrates, aiming towards a circular economy. Thus, this bioadditive can be regarded as a next-generation microbiome-based bioadditive. 3. 3 Deciphering the bioadditive’ s microbial structure and diversity3. 3. 1 Relative abundance of microbiome members of substrates and productsThe bioadditive is formulated on a microbiome-based approach where microbial and metabolic diversity is key for its function. Understanding its composition can only be achieved via non-culture techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing [25]. Thus, we performed a metagenomic analysis of the solid substrate, the rhizosphere of healthy and robust plants, the bioadditive as currently used and with variations on its fermentation parameters, and worm humus (Figure 2). Figure 2. Relative abundance at the phylum level of the bioadditive generated under two conditions, A and B. The rhizosphere of two vigorous plants, the solid substrate, and worm humus. Data generated via 16S rRNA sequencing at the Core microbiome of the University of at. The 10 most abundant phylum are shown. Figure 2 demonstrates the microbial relative abundance at the phylum level of the solid substrate, the bioadditive generated under two conditions, A: aerobically, and B: microaerobically, and worm humus. The latter is colloquially known as high quality and was used as an external comparison. Additionally, we analyzed the rhizosphere of healthy and vigorous adult plants. As can be seen, the substrate microbiome can be modified by fermentation conditions. The substrate contained Proteobacteria as the most abundant phylum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Governments have no power to regulate or control cryptocurrency. [SEP] Text: 1 Volume: Issue: 19 First page: 1 Year: 2019 Contributors: Augustas Subačius, Rasa Subačienė 2155 Views 1198 work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 The current global financial market is witnessing the activation of cryptocurrency as a payment instrument and a means of accumulation. However, the risks of money laundering, terrorism financing and tax evasion that cryptocurrency transactions imply lead to the need to implement their state regulation, an important component of which is tax control. Therefore, the purpose of the 1. Top-5 cryptocurrencies capitalization for 2014–2018 Figure 2. Dynamics and forecast of the global GDP and the proportion of cryptocurrency in the global GDP, 2012–2022Figure 3. Cryptocurrency transactions as a tax control objectFigure 4. Institutional model of financial and tax control of cryptocurrency purchase/sale transactionsFigure 5. Quarterly analysis of changes in the rates of individual cryptocurrencies in the world, 2014–2017 and Q1 2018Figure 6. Market equilibrium subject to of cryptocurrency transactions state regulation Table 1. Top 10 cryptocurrencies in the world by size of capitalization as of January 30, 2018 Baranovskyi, O. I. (2017). Податкова безпека: сутнісний вимір [Podatkova bezpeka: sutnisnyi vymir]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Universytetu derzhavnoi fiskalnoi sluzhby Ukrainy, 1, 7-24. Bardash, S. V. , & Baraniuk, Yu. R. (2016). Financial audit as a part of state administration in Ukraine: condition and public need. of Economic Studies, 2(2), 5-14. Bloomberg (2018). on Trump, and Cryptocurrencies. Bobyl, V. V. , & Dron, M. A. (2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: 12: 751-731. Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: The mother of plant root endosymbioses. Microbiology. 6: 763-775. Pireh, P. , Yadavi, A. , Balouchi, H. (2017). Effect of cadmium chloride on soybean in presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza and vermicompost. Legume Research. 40(1): 63-68. Ravindran, B. , Wong, J. W. , Selvam, A. , Sekaran, G. (2016). Influence of microbial diversity and plant growth hormones in compost and vermicompost from fermented tannery waste. Bioresource Technology. 217: 200-204. Saez-Plaza, P. , Michalowski, T. ,. (2013). An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part I. early history, chemistry of the procedure, and titrimetric finish. in Analytical Chemistry. 43(4): 178-223. Sagar, A. , Rathore, P. , Ramteke, P. W. , Rmakrishna, W. , Reddy, M. S. , Pecoraro, L. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their synergistic interactions to counteract the negative effects of saline soil on agriculture: Key macromolecules and mechanisms. Microorganisms. 9(7): 1491. Sarma, B. , Farooq, M. , Gogoi, N. , Borkotoki, B. , Kataki, R. , Garg, A. (2018). Soil organic carbon dynamics in wheat-Green gram crop rotation amended with vermicompost and biochar in combination with inorganic fertilizers: A comparative study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 201: 471-480. Singh, A. , Karmegam, N. , Singh, G. S. , Bhadauria, T. ,. , Arunachalam, K. D. , Biruntha, M. , Ravindran, B. (2020). Earthworms and vermicompost: an eco-friendly approach for repaying nature’s debt. and Health.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Такая технология определена в Правилах предоставления и распределения субсидий из федерального бюджета бюджетам субъектов Российской Федерации на стимулирование развития приоритетных подотраслей агропромышленного комплекса и развитие малых форм хозяйствования (приложение № 8 к Государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия)1 как технология круглогодичного выращивания

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Governments have no power to regulate or control cryptocurrency. [SEP] Text: Вплив криптовалют на розвиток альтернативного банкінгу в Україні [Vplyv kryptovaliut na rozvytok alternatyvnoho bankinhu v Ukraini]. Bankivska sprava, 4, 85-91. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2014). Про систему валютного регулювання і валютного контролю. Декрет Кабінету Міністрів України від 19 лютого 1993, № 15-93 [Pro systemu valiutnoho rehuliuvannia i valiutnoho kontroliu. vid 19 liutoho 1993, No. 15-93]. CoinMarketCap (2018). Capitalizations. (2014). Генеза банківських криз [Heneza bankivskykh kryz] (578). Kyiv: KNEU. . TV (2017). Top five cryptocurrency world. In addition to bitcoin. (2018). Stiftung Ethereum. Bank (2012). Virtual currency schemes. Bank (2015). Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis. FATF Report (2014). Virtual Currencies: ML/CFT Risks. ForkLog (2016). On the Exchange started trading futures bitcoin. ForkLog (2017). After 5 years, the market capitalization cryptocurrency reach 5 trillion dollars USA: Michael Novograz’s forecast. HM Treasury (2015). UK national risk assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing. HM Treasury (2017). UK national risk assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing. Ihnatyshyn, M. V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: AbstractAbstractAbnormal circadian rhythms have been associated with affective disorders. A review of this rapidly expanding area of investigation shows that while a clear causal relationship has not yet been proven, a knowledge of the circadian system and its dysfunction can help in understanding unipolar and bipolar depression. Evidence suggests that existing therapies such as lithium and antidepressants act upon the circadian system. Better identification of individuals at risk for affective disorders and the development of new preventive and therapeutic interventions may result from further study of circadian dysfunction. RésuméOn a déjà associé l'anormalité des rythmes circadiens aux troubles affectifs. L'étude de ce domaine de recherche en pleine expansion révèle que même si l'on n'a pas encore réussi à établir précisément une relation de cause à effet, la connaissance du système circadien et des troubles qui y sont reliés peut aider à comprendre la dépression unipolaire et bipolaire. On sait aujourd'hui que certaines thérapies, comme celles à base de lithium et les antidépresseurs ont une action sur le système circadien. Une étude plus approfondie des dysfonctions du système circadien peut mener à un meilleur dépistage des individus qui présentent des risques plus élevés de troubles affectifs; elle peut aussi entraîner la découverte de techniques de prévention et de moyens thérapeutiques nouveaux. Get full access to this 1. Papousek M. Chronobiologische aspekte der zyklothymie. Psychiatr 1975; 53: 381–440. 2. Weitzman E. D. Sleep and its disorders. Neurosci 1981; 4: 381–417. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. Jenner F. A. , Damas-Mora J. Cyclic processes and abnormal behavior. In: van Praag H. M. , Lader M. H. , Rafaelsen O. J. , Sachar E. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the environmental impact of buildings. [SEP] Text: Proactive and reactive thermal aware optimization techniques to minimize the environmental impact of data centers Sancho, Marina (2015). Proactive and reactive thermal aware optimization techniques to minimize the environmental impact of data centers. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM). Description Title: Proactive and reactive thermal aware optimization techniques to minimize the environmental impact of data centers Author/s: Zapater Sancho, Marina Contributor/s: Moya Fernández, José Manuel Ayala Rodrigo, José Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 2015 Subjects: Keywords: Energy, Energy-efficiency, Data Centers, Green Computing, Power modeling, Temperature prediction, Cooling, Resource management, Optimization Faculty: E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM) Department: Ingeniería Electrónica Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (4MB) | de Datos se encuentran actualmente en cualquier sector de la economía mundial. Están compuestos por miles de servidores, dando servicio a los usuarios de forma global, las 24 horas del día y los 365 días del año. Durante los últimos años, las aplicaciones del ámbito de la e-Ciencia, como la e-Salud o las han experimentado un desarrollo muy significativo. La necesidad de manejar de forma eficiente las necesidades de cómputo de aplicaciones de nueva generación, junto con la creciente demanda de recursos en aplicaciones tradicionales, han facilitado el rápido crecimiento y la proliferación de los Centros de Datos. El principal inconveniente de este aumento de capacidad ha sido el rápido y dramático incremento del consumo energético de estas infraestructuras. En 2010, la factura eléctrica de los Centros de Datos representaba el 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Governments have no power to regulate or control cryptocurrency. [SEP] Text: , & Troshchak, V. I. (2014). Податковий контроль як елемент державного регулювання в системі податкових платежів [Podatkovyi kontrol yak element derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia v systemi podatkovykh platezhiv]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu, 2(43), 158-161. Koretskyi, O. M. (2010). Податковий контроль як складова державного фінансового контролю [Podatkovyi kontrol yak skladova derzhavnoho finansovoho kontroliu]. Derzhavne upravlinnia: udoskonalennia ta rozvytok, 12. Kuznetsov, V. A. , & Yakubov, A. V. (2016). О подходах в международном регулировании криптовалют (Bitcoin) в отдельных иностранных юрисдикциях [O podkhodakh v mezhdunarodnom regulirivani i kriptovaliut (Bitcoin) v otdelnykh inostrannykh yurisdiktsiyakh]. Dengi i kredit, 3, 20-29. Lansky, J. (2018). Approaches to Cryptocurrencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , eds. Handbook of biological psychiatry: — Disciplines relevant to biological psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1979. 4. Zis A. P. , Goodwin F. K. Major affective disorder as a recurrent illness. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 835–839. CrossrefPubMed5. Rosenthal N. E. , Sack D. A. , Gillin J. C. , Lewy A. J. , Goodwin F. K. , Davenport Y. , Mueller P. S. , Newsome D. A. , Wehr T. A. Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Psychiatry 1984; 41: 72–80. CrossrefPubMed6. Rosenthal N. E. , Sack D. A. , Wehr T. A. Seasonal variation in affective disorders. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 7. Moore-Ede M. C. , Czeisler C. A. , Richardson G. S. Circadian timekeeping in health and disease: — Basic properties of circadian pacemakers. N Med 1983; 309: 469–476. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Aschoff J. A survey of biological rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref9. Colquhoun P. Rhythms in performance. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref10. Wever R. A. The circadian system of man: results of experiments under temporal isolation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979. Crossref11. Coles E. M. , Cooke D. J. Lunacy: the relation of lunar phases to mental ill-health. 1978; 23: 149–152. CrossrefPubMed12. Templer D. I. , Veleber D. M. The moon and madness: a comprehensive perspective. J 1980; 36: 865–868. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the environmental impact of buildings. [SEP] Text: to the submission and peer-review system issuesTopical issuesissuesTopical issuesForthcomingAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreementMastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/sbuild/2017004 Published online 12 April 2017 1 Introduction 2 Principles and advantages of carbonation 3 Materials 4 Results and discussions 5 Conclusions 3. Current environmental concerns motivate the study of carbonation in order to maximize the absorption of carbon dioxide. Moreover, lightweight concrete with bio-based products knows an interesting development in the construction field, especially as thermal insulation panels for walls in buildings. Before identifying and quantifying the basic physical characteristics of concrete made from miscanthus, it is necessary to optimize the composition of the product. The long-term stability as well as the reinforcement may be obtained by means of a mineralization process of the natural product: a preparation with a lime and/or cement-based material is necessary to reinforce the cohesion of the bio-based product. Mineralization process is described as well as the way of producing blocks for CO2 capture by means of accelerated carbonation. Finally, concrete blocks produced with miscanthus mineralized aggregates offer interesting mechanical properties and minimal environmental impact. Key words: miscanthus mineralization concrete absorption carbonation © L. Courard and V. Parmentier, published by EDP Sciences, 2017 This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 construction sector is one of the largest and most active sectors in Europe. In environmental terms, it represents 30% of carbon dioxide total production (2009). In the construction industry in general, selection of materials and waste management absolutely require a global reflection, from bottom (operations, resource processing and materials chemistry) and top (recycling, waste management). This is especially true as new modes of design in the construction industry (passive or positive energy buildings) require the use of materials whose energy impact should be minimized [1]. Concrete products are sustainable building materials. Their compositions are based on natural, abundant and locally available raw materials. The concrete block manufacturing requires low cement content and almost no energy during the curing phase – there is no baking – which greatly limits CO2 emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Governments have no power to regulate or control cryptocurrency. [SEP] Text: Journal of system sintegration. LigaZakon (2017). Про обіг криптовалюти в Україні. Проект Закону України від жовтня 2017, № 7183 [Pro obih kryptovaliuty v Ukraini. Ukrainy vid 6 zhovtnia 2017, No. 7183]. Lopatovskyi, V. H. , Demchuk, Yu. A. (2016). Особливості сучасної системи податкового контролю [Osoblyvosti suchasnoi systemy podatkovoho kontroliu. natsionalnoho universytetu, 5(1), 115-118. Maryniv, N. A. (2016). Податковий контроль як складник фінансового контролю: публічно-правовий аспект [Podatkovyi kontrol yak skladnyk finansovoho kontroliu: publichno-pravovyi aspekt]. Visegrad journal on human rights, 5/2,86-90. Mazaraki, A. A. , & Fomina, O. V. (2016). Інструментарій управлінського обліку [Instrumentarii upravlinskoho obliku]. Ekonomichnyi chasopys-XXI, 159, 48-52. Mazaraki, A. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Aschoff J. Annual rhythms in man. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref14. Winstead D. K. , Schwartz B. D. , Bertrand W. E. Biorhythms: fact or superstition? Psychiatry 1981; 138: 1188–1192. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science15. Lydic R. , Schoene W. C. , Czeisler C. A. , Moore-Ede M. C. Suprachiasmatic region of the human hypothalamus: homolog to the primate circadian pacemaker? Sleep 1980; 2: 355–362. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science16. Moore R. Y. Organization and function of a central nervous system circadian oscillator: the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 1983; 42: 2783–2789. PubMed17. Moore-Ede M. C. The circadian timing system in mammals: two pacemakers preside over many secondary oscillators. 1983; 42: 2802–2808. PubMed18. Rusak B. , Zucker I. Neural regulation of circadian rhythms. 1979; 59: 449–526. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science19. Schwartz W. J. , Reppert S. M. , Eagan S. M. , Moore-Ede M. C. In vivo metabolic activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei: a comparative study. 1983; 274: 184–187. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science20. Eastman C. I. Are separate “temperature” and “activity” oscillators necessary to explain the phenomena of human circadian rhythms? In Moore-Ede M. C. , Czeisler C. A. , eds. Mathematical models of the circadian sleep-wake cycle. New York: Raven, 1983. 21. Daan S. , Beersma D. G. M. , Borbély A. A. Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. Physiol 1984; 246: R161–R178. PubMedWeb of Science22. Weitzman E. D. , Czeisler C. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the environmental impact of buildings. [SEP] Text: At a time when the cement industry is largely responsible for the production of CO2 in the construction sector, it is useful to make this production a reverse phenomenon: that is CO2 capture. The CO2 absorption process, called carbonation, improves specific properties of the concrete during the conversion of carbon dioxide CO2 into calcium carbonate CaCO3. Current environmental concerns motivate the study of carbonation in order to maximize the absorption of carbon dioxide. Finally, the use of bio-sourced aggregates such as miscanthus plant will decrease again the environmental impact of concrete blocks manufacture and increase insulating properties. 2 Principles and advantages of carbonation Carbonation is a chemical reaction between the cement paste and hardened carbon dioxide [2]. This reaction can occur in a mature concrete between the hydrated products (CSH and Ca(OH)2) and CO2 (Eqs. (1) and (2)). The carbonation can also take place in the presence of moisture between the hydraulic components of clinker (C3S and C2S) and CO2 (Eqs. (3) and (4)). The carbonation of a mature concrete has the effect of decreasing the pH of the concrete pore solution which eventually may promote corrosion of reinforcing steel; several studies have been conducted to slow this mechanism and protect the frames [3]. The proposal made here is to induce early carbonation by infusing CO2 immediately after release. Products of the reaction are a mixture of hydrates and hybrid carbonates (Eqs. (3) and (4)). In the case of application without steel reinforcement – such as concrete building blocks – the carbonated products are improving concrete performances in terms of strength, durability and dimensional stability, thanks to the lower content or disappearance of Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O. (1) 3CaO⋅2SiO2⋅3H2O+3CO2→3CaCO3+2SiO2⋅3H2O. (2) 2(3CaO⋅SiO2)+3CO2+3H2O→3CaO⋅2SiO2⋅3H2O+3CaCO3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Governments have no power to regulate or control cryptocurrency. [SEP] Text: Проект Закону про стимулювання ринку криптовалют та їх похідних в Україні від 10. 10. 2017, № 7183-1 [pro stymuliuvannia rynku kryptovaliut ta yikh pokhidnykh v ukraini vad 10. 10. 2017,No. 7183-1]. of Ukraine (2018, May 9). Про Національний Банк України. Закон України від 20 травня, 1999, % 679-XIV [Bank Ukrainy. ZakonUkrainyvid20 travnia 1999, No. 679-XIV]. Volosovych, S. V. (2016). Віртуальна валюта: глобалізаційні виклики та перспективи розвитку [Virtualna valiuta: hlobalizatsiini vyklyky ta perspektyvy rozvytku]. Ekonomika Ukrainy, 4(653),68-78. Yli-Huumo, J. , Ko, D. , Choi, S. , Park, S. , & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is on Blockchain Technology? A Systematic Review. 11(10). Related 10. 21511/imfi. 16(4). 2019. 07 2019 Issue #4 10. 21511/imfi. 14(4). 2017. 07 2017 Issue #4 1. 1) estimation model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Moore-Ede M. C. Sleepwake, neuroendocrine and body temperature circadian rhythms under entrained and nonentrained (free-running) conditions in man. In: Suda M. , Hayaishi O. , Nakagawa H. , eds. Biological rhythms and their central mechanism. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1979. 23. Wever R. A. Organization of the human circadian system: internal interactions. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 24. Siffre M. Six months alone in a cave. 1975; 147: 426–435. 25. Kronauer R. E. , Czeisler C. A. , Pilato S. F. , Moore-Ede M. C. , Weitzman E. D. Mathematical model of the human circadian system with two interacting oscillators. Physiol 1982; 242: R3–R17. PubMedWeb of Science26. Fuller C. A. , Lydic R. , Sulzman F. M. , Albers H. E. , Tepper B. , Moore-Ede M. C. Circadian rhythm of body temperature persists after suprachiasmatic lesions in the squirrel monkey. Physiol 1981; 241: R385–R391. PubMedWeb of Science27. Lewy A. J. Effects of light on melatonin secretion and the circadian system of man. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 28. Reppert S. M. , Perlow M. J. , Ungerleider L. G. , Mishkin M. , Tamarkin L. , Orloff D. G. , Hoffman H. J. , Klein D. C. Effects of damage to the suprachiasmatic area of the anterior hypothalamus on the daily melatonin and cortisol rhythms in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 1981; 1; 1414–1425. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science29. Monk T. H. , Weitzman E. D. , Fookson J. E. , Moline M. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the environmental impact of buildings. [SEP] Text: The reaction between the cement paste at early age and carbon dioxide thus constitutes a form of CO2 sequestration. If we consider a hollow block 39 cm × 19 cm × 19 cm and 18 kg, which contains about 10% by mass of cement, we can consider that it is able to fix at least 0. 18 kg of CO2 [3]. If the cement is replaced by slag, the capture rate will remain about the same [6]. Furthermore, if the aggregate (86% by mass) are also used to fix CO2, the fixed amount considerably increases. Carbonated steel slag could set another 6% by mass. Therefore, if one considers that each aggregate is able to fix about 5% of its mass in CO2, a total sequestration of 0. 77 kg may be attempted, for aggregates and a block. A block of concrete construction would be potentially able to fix 0. 95 kg of CO2; as production of concrete blocks in Belgium is 3. 36 million tons per year (www. febe. be), it is estimated that the amount of CO2 fixed could be 16,800 tons, if only 5% of the Belgian market is concerned in a first step. On the other hand, considering that 1 m2 wall consumes 12. 5 (39 cm × 19 cm × 19 cm) blocks, we can estimate that each m2 of wall will be able to capture 2. 25 kg CO2. For comparison, in Canada and the USA, the annual sequestration potential is estimated at 3. 2 million tons [3]. This concept could lead to term, if based on the judicious choice of materials for the "aggregate" part, to a situation of "zero-emission". This will be the case if bio-sourced or recycled aggregates can be used [7–9]. Moreover, the accelerated carbonation blocks should lead to improved mechanical performances, lower porosity and a reduced risk of efflorescence: the denser microstructure of concrete, which improves the durability of the product and, therefore, the duration of life. Finally, the developed industrial process does not change the potential for recycling at end of life, particularly in the manufacture of new blocks. The objectives of the present research are to study the opportunity of the capture of CO2 in concrete blocks with miscanthus mineralized aggregates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGene editing as a new breeding technologyInterest in gene editing in agricultural crops has increased remarkably. Countries such as the have taken a proactive stance on utilising this technique; however, the products and even the technology itself still need time in many countries for clear positioning beyond technical, normative, ethical, and political concerns Schultz-Bergin, 2018; Sprink et al. , 2016a; Tachikawa, 2017). Japan, which has relatively strict regulations on genetically modified (GM) crops, also is at the final stage of decision-making process (Japan 224th Group, 2019). Genetic modification and gene editing are indeed different technologies, and if there are differences in public perceptions between those two, empirically investigating such differences in a country with a lower acceptance of GM food, Japan in the case of the present study, should promote clearer understandings of determinants for perceptions of gene edited crops. There are two different political standpoints related to gene editing (Sprink et al. , 2016b). First, product-based policy regards gene editing as a technology that is closer to conventional breeding than to genetic modification. This view is seen in the case when no exogenous gene is introduced in gene editing; conventional breeding can also bring the same desired results after a much longer time. Thus, the safety of these two should be considered to be similar. The second idea, process-based policy, situates gene editing closer to genetic modification: as long as DNA manipulation exists, the outcome brings higher risks and uncertainties; therefore, the method should be considered unconventional. In previous research investigating both expert and public perceptions of risk of biotechnology application on food, experts significantly perceived less risk compared with the lay public (Savadori et al. , 2004). This result leads to the prediction that with great expectations about emerging technology, researchers who have domain-specific scientific knowledge in biotechnology would tend to adopt product-based policy. Meanwhile, according to a recent interview report by Hopp et al. (2017), the public tends to take the process-based policy. However, a salient shortage exists in quantitative evidence on people’s risk perceptions toward application of gene editing in agricultural crops in relation to different levels of scientific knowledge. Thus, we statistically examined this topic in contrast with other existing technologies in genetic modification and conventional breeding using samples categorised into three groups by level of domain-specific scientific knowledge (experts in molecular biology, experts in other fields, and the lay public).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Kronauer R. E. , Gander P. H. Task variables determine which biological clock controls circadian rhythms in human performance. Nature 1983; 304: 543–545. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science30. Aschoff J. , Fatranska M. , Giedke H. , Doerr P. , Stamm D. , Wisser H. Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: entrainment by social cues. Science 1971; 171: 213–215. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science31. Aschoff J. Features of circadian rhythms relevant for the design of shift schedules. Ergonomics 1978; 21: 739–754. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science32. Wever R. A. Behavioral aspects of circadian rhythmicity. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 33. Wever R. A. , Polasek J. , Wildgruber C. M. Bright light affects human circadian rhythms. 1983; 396: 85–87. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. Moore-Ede M. C. , Czeisler C. A. , Richardson G. S. Circadian timekeeping in health and disease: Part II — Clinical implications of circadian rhythmicity. N Med 1983; 309: 530–536. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. Graeber R. C. Alterations in performance following rapid transmeridian flight. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, N. J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 36. Reinberg A. , Andlauer P. , J. , Malbecq W. , Vieux N. , Bourdeleau P. Desynchronization of the oral temperature circadian rhythm and intolerance to shift work. Nature 1984; 308: 272–274. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science37. Miles L. E. M. , Raynal D. M. , Wilson M. A. Blind man living in normal society has circadian rhythms of 24. 9 hours. Science 1977; 198: 421–423. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 74991 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation of Places, Models and by From the - of Places, Models and by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. high-density urban areas, quickly installed modular green roof system gains success and has a high potential in solving problems such as the lack of urban space, green areas. Modern park-like design of green roof creates great well-being areas in urban ecospace. These innovative systems consist of the green roofs with the integration of supported integrated solar and wind energy collecting and converting devices and including an irrigation system. Many studies provide evidence for the benefits of the modular green roof system in urban green space with microclimate differences. The big cities hold several environmental challenges: they occupy 3% of the land surface, host 50% of global population, consume 75% of natural resources, produce 50% of the global waste and emit 60–80% of greenhouse gases (GHG) [1]. Modern green roof technologies are seen as a key strategy to improve urban development, the environmental quality, sustainability and livability of cities. Smart progressive technologies in green buildings such as green roof and green wall systems have multiplicity aspects of a modern eco-style house, forming a living, breathing ecosystem for healthy urbanites.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: As there was no statistical difference between the two technologies in the group of experts in molecular biology for this item, the relationship between domain-specific scientific knowledge and risk perceptions on new S&T remains complex; perhaps there is no linear situation in their association. The regression analyses of Tables 5–7 revealed that the influence of science literacy on the lay public’s attitudinal change toward agricultural crops is confirmed all in benefit, value, and risk perceptions for the conventional breeding technique. For this technique, the effects after information provision were inverse: science literacy increased the benefit and value perceptions and reduced the risk perception. This hypothesis based on RQ2 was also confirmed in the benefit perceptions for the two new S&T of gene editing and genetic modification. Notably, however, such assumption was rejected by the analyses of risk perceptions and value perceptions for the two new S&T. In interpreting the contradictory results presented above, one possible interpretation is that the assumption of the deficit model was valid only for conventional S&T, knowledge on which can be acquired through classroom education, but not valid for emerging S&T, knowledge on which may be acquired mainly through informal learning. An alternative interpretation is that the model’s assumption on new S&T is valid only for increasing benefit perceptions but not for reducing risk perceptions or increasing value perceptions. We propose that the two interpretations above together constitute a new hypothesis about the relationship between scientific knowledge and public perceptions toward emerging S&T. In proposing the above hypotheses, we empirically demonstrated the deficit model’s boundary conditions, and offered logic to explain previous empirical studies’ inconsistency on deficit model type of explanations. Limitations and future suggestionsFurther empirical investigation should be conducted to confirm our new hypotheses about the deficit model. The assumption of the model was valid only for conventional S&T but not for emerging S&T; moreover, the model’s assumption on new S&T is valid only for increasing benefit perceptions but not for reducing risk perceptions or increasing value perceptions, including all the possible other interpretations. Because it was almost impossible for the current study to exclusively extract experts in molecular biology without a conflict of interest in this field, our participants who were experts in molecular biology may face this conflict, as their major earnings might be from gene editing or genetic modification. As a previous study investigating people’s attitudes toward climate change risks (Kahan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Kripke D. F. , Mullaney D. J. , Atkinson M. , Wolf S. Circadian rhythms disorders in manic-depressives. 1978; 13: 335–351. PubMedWeb of Science39. Kripke D. F. Phase-advance theories for affective illnesses. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 40. Pflug B. , Erikson R. , Johnsson A. Depression and daily temperature: a long-term study. Scand 1976; 54: 254–266. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. Rockwell D. A. , Winget C. M. , Rosenblatt L. S. , Higgins E. A. , Hetherington N. W. Biological aspects of suicide. J Dis 1978; 166: 851–858. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. Aschoff J. Disorders of the circadian system as discussed in psychiatric research. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 43. Beersma D. G. M. , van den Hoofdakker R. H. , van Berkesteijn W. B. M. Circadian rhythms in affective disorders: body temperature and sleep physiology in endogenous depressives. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, Vol. II). Basel: S. Karger, 1983. Crossref44. Lund R. , Kammerloher A. , Dirlich G. Body temperature in endogenously depressed patients during depression and remission. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 45. Pflug B. , Johnsson A. , Martin W. Alterations in the circadian temperature rhythms in depressed patients. T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 46. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: The modular green roof is increasingly dynamic part of the ever-growing green building sector. These coatings form a modular living system on the roofs of large commercial and office buildings and residential buildings. This paper reminds us that research regarding roofing ecosystem provided by the urban landscaping needs to be translated into robust and practical tools for changes in urban planning and management. The modular green roof system is a technically advanced design solution erection of roofing, as well as innovative technological solutions with a number of functional advantages and the ability to integrate devices that convert solar and wind energy-solar panels, LED-lamps, micro wind turbines as known as wind generators. The sloped modular green roof system is used adjustable supports to the desired height and construction of communications, network hose for watering, that provides quick and easy access to staff to monitor the status of the waterproofing layer. The stormwater retention is also particularly important in big cities where it is difficult to manage the water free flowing off impervious roof surfaces during a storm. The adjustable leveling structures allow the bottom of the modular tray to be adjusted with respect to underlying roofing structures. It should be noted that other surfaces could be covered, including horizontal surfaces that form part of building structures: terraces, patios, decks, and ledges. Advertisement 2. Key benefits of green roof systems Green roof system with modular trays is better than the conventional green roofs. The advantages of pre-planting modular trays before traditional green roof structures with green roof “pie” are more easier to place on the roof structure, improved esthetics, incentive using in maintenance as well as security procuring. The modular green roof system is a technically advanced design solution of roofing, as well as innovative technological solutions with a number of functional advantages and the ability to integrate devices that convert solar and wind energy-solar panels and micro wind turbines. Modular trays are equipped with drip irrigation systems to create a microclimate zone directly above the roof of green building. The research describes modern green roof system that consists of the green roof modular pots with a big variety of configurations and integrated devices (Figure 1). Figure 1. Modular green roofs in urban ecospace. Widely, there are great positions on the benefits and improvements of green roof system in urban space. Key benefits of green roof systems are following:Green roof installation provides energy savings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation5The EU has strict, if not the strictest, legislation on the use of GM crops: data requirements for human health and environmental risk assessments tend to be greater than elsewhere; traceability and labeling requirements are among the most onerous in the world; and there are extensive proposals about coexistence to maintain separation between GM and non-GM production. Citation5-Citation8 Decision-making also is lengthy and unpredictable, particularly for applications for cultivation approvals: no cultivation approvals were granted between 1998, when T25 maize and MON810 maize were approved, and 2010 when the Amflora potato was approvedCitation9; and some applications have been under review for 15 years. Citation10There are many ideas about why EU legislation is stricter than elsewhere. Strict EU Directives and regulations are often traced to its adoption of the precautionary principle, and theories are developed to explain why the EU has invoked the precautionary principle and countries such as the have not; for example, TaitCitation11 proposed that the EU’s use of the precautionary principle originated in perceived failures of regulation of synthetic pesticides. Other authors suggest that the EU is not unique in its use of the precautionary principle to regulate GM crops; regulation of GM crops elsewhere, including the United States, also invokes the precautionary principle, but the EU’s interpretation is stronger. Citation12 On this explanation, strict legislation does not arise from the precautionary principle per se, but from how it is applied to law making. There are several complementary explanations of the EU’s stronger interpretation of the precautionary principle regarding GM crops: negative consumer perception arising from ideas that GM organisms (GMOs) are unnatural; recent food scares and deeper mistrust of the integrity of regulatory decisions; the power of environmental non-governmental organizations and green political parties; and use of regulation to enforce economic protectionism. Citation12,Citation13The purpose of this paper is not to analyze systematically the origins of EU legislation regarding GM crops, but to examine how the regulations may affect biotechnology companies attempting to place GM crops on the European market. Legislation, associated guidance, and questions from the (EFSA), the EU Commission and Member States’ require companies to provide large amounts of data and lengthy risk assessments interpreting those data; however, no matter how many data are provided and questions answered, decisions on cultivation approvals never materialize.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Biological rhythms in manic-depressive illness. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 47. Wehr T. A. , Sack D. , Rosenthal N. , Duncan W. , Gillan J. C. Circadian rhythm disturbances in manic-depressive illness. 1983; 42: 2809–2814. PubMed48. Wehr T. A. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression and mania. In: Brown F. M. , Graeber R. C. , eds. Rhythmic aspects of behavior. Hillsdale, N. J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982. 49. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Biological rhythms and psychiatry. In: Arieti S. , Brodie H. K. H. , eds, American handbook of psychiatry (2nd ed. ): Vol. VII — Advances and new directions. New York: Basic, 1981. 50. Feinberg M. , Gillin J. C. , Carroll B. J. , Greden J. F. , Zis A. P. EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. 1982; 17: 305–316. PubMedWeb of Science51. MacLean A. W. , Cairns J. , Knowles J. B. REM latency and depression: computer simulations based on the results of phase delay of sleep in normal subjects. 1983; 9: 69–79. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science52. Reynolds C. F. , Coble P. A. , Kupfer D. J. , Shaw D. H. Depressive patients and the sleep laboratory. In: Guilleminault C. , ed. Sleeping and waking disorders: indications and techniques. Menlo Park, Calif: Addison-Wesley, 1982. 53. Vogel G. W. , Vogel F. , McAbee R. S. , Thurmond A. J. Improvement of depression by REM sleep deprivation. Psychiatry 1980; 37: 247–253. CrossrefPubMed54. Wehr T. A. , Wirz-Justice A. Internal coincidence model for sleep deprivation and depression. In: Koella W. P. , ed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: In London, a building services manager revealed that the application of a retrofitted green roof on a building had reduced the need for cooling/heating in the floor beneath. If the green roof had been installed as part of the original design of the building and the ability of the green roof to reduce cooling and heating requirements had been known, there would have been a big potential of energy efficiency of buildings. The energy savings both in heating and cooling are maximized underneath the green roof. The positive impact of green roof system on the energy performance of the buildings becomes more evident and noticeable. Mitigation of the urban heat island (UHI). The vegetative layer of the green roof reduces the harmful substances in the air due to the absorption of carbon dioxide CO2 and the release of oxygen. The green roof system neutralizes a significant amount of dust and harmful gases. According to researching of [2] spirit on the green roof is much cleaner and contains 37% less sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 21% less carbon monoxide (CO). The green roof additionally moistens the air, increase the longevity of the roof structure several times (3–4 times). Reduction of noise level up to 8–10 db. The soil is capable of absorbing the lower frequencies, and the vegetation is high, also the layer of soil cover is fireproofing, in case of fire, the soil layer will prevent its spread. Acoustic is cataloged as one of the major factors in the built environment quality. Versatile installation schemes and types of the green roof system, an improved method for roof covering. Protection of the roof membrane against extreme temperature fluctuations, UV radiation and physical damage from maintenance period, greened roof can double the material life. Lightweight, modularity, and modern park-like design of green roof system with reversible interlocking means that easy and quick to install, dismounting and maintenance. Effective water flow runoff management of green roof systems, that provide water supply be special hydroponics system, including automatic watering system, pipes, and ducts for water transfer (Figure 2). water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is now increasingly used internationally, and strong collaboration is between champions in the [3]. Plant diversity and multiplicity of modules comprise different configurations, sizes of diameters and heights that allow to use both intensive and extensive roof greening structures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million farmers in 28 countriesCitation11 have collectively voted by their actions that the benefits outweigh the risks. On the other hand, in several developed countries, particularly in Europe, consumers have not seen what benefits might accrue to them, and have resisted introduction of GM foods. Citation1 Mark Lynas, who claims to be one of the leaders of the anti-GMO campaign in Europe, and an activist who led campaigns to destroy experimental GM crops, has recently expressed the view that the movement was essentially anti-science, and took no cognisance of the vast scientific literature indicating the safety of this technology. Citation12The debate has been particularly intense and long-lasting in New Zealand, which has no commercial releases of GMOs to date. In contrast, its near neighbor Australia has adopted this technology, with Bt cotton (a source of fiber, but also cotton seed oil—a food ingredient) grown since 1996. GM carnations have also been grown since 1996. GM canola was approved in 2003 and first grown in 2008; several other food crops have been approved by the Office of the Regulator. Citation13 Despite this, adoption in Australia has not been uniform, with and Tasmania still continuing to ban GM crops. Zealand, the on Genetic ModificationCitation14 concluded that: “should keep its options open. It would be unwise to turn our back on the potential advantages on offer, but we should proceed carefully, minimising and managing risks. ” This measured conclusion did little to defuse the debate; the GM issue has proven to be highly controversial and long-lasting as a focal issue for the and for several environmental organizations and special interest groups. on Country ImageOften expressed in the news media is the view (typically without any evidence) that release of GMOs into the environment would do irreparable damage to New Zealand’s country image in foreign markets, and would harm New Zealand’s image as a tourist destination. This was a recurrent theme in many of the more than 10,000 submissions to the (p. 6, Report of the on Genetic ModificationCitation14), the great majority of which were opposed to release of GM crops in New Zealand. Furthermore, such views have kept reappearing in the media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Sleep 1980: Circadian rhythms, dreams, noise and sleep, neurophysiology, therapy. Basel: S. Karger, 1981. 55. Kripke D. F. , Mullaney D. J. , Atkinson M. L. , Huey L. Y. , Hubbard B. Circadian rhythm phases in affective illnesses. Chronobiol 1979; 6: 365–375. PubMed56. Rubin R. T. , Poland R. E. Pituitary-adrenocortical and pituitary-gonadal function in affective disorder. In: Brown G. M. , Koslow S. H. , Reichlin S. , eds. Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorder. New York: Raven, 1984. 57. Gillin J. C. New aspects of sleep and depression. Paper presented at the 24th of the Society, Toronto, June 1984. 58. Rusak B. Assessment and significance of rhythm disruptions in affective illness. In: Brown G. M. , Koslow S. H. , Reichlin S. , eds. Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorders. New York: Raven. 1984. 59. Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. Introduction. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. Crossref60. Aschoff J. Freerunning and entrained circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4), New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref61. Albers H. E. , Ferris C. F. , Leeman S. E. , Goldman B. D. Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region. Science 1984; 223: 833–835. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science62. Ehret C. F. , Potter V. R. , Dobra K. W. Chronotypic action of theophylline and of pentobarbital as circadian zeitgebers in the rat. Science 1975; 188: 1212–1215. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science63. Mayer W. , Scherer I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Green roofs are commonly used in sustainable architecture to improve insulation. [SEP] Text: It consistently maintains the electricity supply and even uses the energy from the last sun rays efficiently enough to cover early evening electricity requirements (Figure 4). Figure 4. Energy-effective devices build-up in modular green roof system. The present roofing system is to be solved various problems of roof covering by making inexpensive, little expenditure of labor and waste-free assembling based on the principle of building kit. This future-oriented green technology is developed of the urban spaces of tomorrow from the viewpoint of a wide range of sustainability aspects and supports the development of integral solutions from a systems perspective. The unique configuration of the system with an unusual combination of architectural and esthetic design solutions gives a beautiful appearance to the urban areas and also allows to use methods of landscaping on living roof. The green roof technology includes the apparatus to integrate a plurality of special roof covering elements with aspects of energy collecting and converting devices. The essence of this innovation solution is the fact that covering surface on the building roof is covered with special modular trays with vegetation that fixed to the gratings by engagements. Modular trays are equipped with irrigation and drip irrigation systems to create a microclimate zone directly above the roof of the building. While the green roof covering modular device must be observed and control the green roof installation process. For the study of green building in the evaluation of building energy performance and thermal comfort, the methods of modeling by the WUFI®-Software are used (Figure 5). The object of the study is a flat green roof covering of 100 m2 with a slope of 1. 5−3. 0%, located at a height of up to 15 m with a base of reinforced concrete slabs. Figure 5. Evaluation of green building energy performance. 2. 1. Green roof installation quality according to the green standards and green roof code The installation process has the following steps:The correct and consistent installation process of the waterproofing layer and its compliance with the project specification. Proper installation of irrigation systems and drip irrigation, and matching their capacities and an operating mode with the required parameters in accordance with the provisions of the Green roof standards, called also Green roof Code, that consist of special requirements for the device, and the rules of acceptance of control. Quality control of the roofing and grating mounting processes. According to the map of quality control processes have to be controlled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation44 found that if a gene-edited crop was commercialized as equivalent to a GM crop, it would cost US$24. 5 million and take 14 years. If the gene-edited variety was regulated as equivalent of conventional varieties, not requiring additional risk assessments, the cost drops to $10. 5 million and time drops to 5 years. The risk to investment associated with the uncertainty of how long the regulatory approval process takes to complete was examined further by Smyth, McDonald and Falck-Zepeda. Citation45 They explored the link between investment uncertainty and regulatory approval delays for new plant breeding innovations based on GMOs. This research concluded that regulatory decisions that take longer than 6 years create a level of investment uncertainty that results in businesses suspending further technology investments. This research also concluded that regulatory agencies that provide consistent, timely and science-based regulation do not unduly generate levels of investment uncertainty, in contrast to regulatory systems based on the precautionary principle (e. g. , the EU), which create a level of regulatory uncertainty that has discouraged investment in GMO-related innovations. The impact of regulatory delays and the uncertainty that this can lead to have also been examined in detail by Brookes and DownesCitation46 in relation to the impact of the EU’s regulations of novel food products and health claims on innovation in the specialty food ingredient market. In the case of novel foods, the regulatory procedures for authorizing new products in many countries typically take 12–18 months. A 12–18 month authorization procedure will generally deliver a rate of return of between 16. 1% and 25. 8% (average 21. 3%) within a company’s typical target internal rate of return of 15%–25% and payback time of 4 years. In contrast, the average EU authorization time takes 36 months, which leads to an internal rate of return on investment of between 7. 3% and 13. 4%. The EU’s regulatory system with its relatively long approval process was considered to be a dis-incentive to bringing new products to this market. In addition, the global nature of the specialty food ingredient market means that a divergence between the EU and other regulatory systems has more far-reaching consequences for companies’ innovation strategies. As EU procedures are typically longer than the authorization processes in other markets, delays incurred through the EU’s regulatory system may significantly inhibit the company’s global returns.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Phase-shifting effect of caffeine in the circadian rhythm of Phaseolus coccineus. Z. Naturforsch 1975; 30: 855–856. Crossref64. Suter R. B. , Rawson K. S. Circadian activity rhythm of the deer mouse, Peromyscus: effect of deuterium oxide. Science 1968; 160: 1011–1014. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science65. Turek F. W. , Gwinner E. Role of hormones in the circadian organization of vertebrates. In: Aschoff J. , Daan S. , Groos G. A. , eds. Vertebrate circadian systems: structure and physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982. Crossref66. Zatz M. , Herkenham M. A. Intraventricular carbachol mimics the phase-shifting effect of light on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity. 1981; 212: 234–238. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. Zucker I. , Rusak B. , King R. G. Neural bases for circadian rhythms in rodent behavior. In: Riesen A. H. , Thompson R. F. , eds. Advances in psychobiology, Vol. 3. New York: & Sons, 1976. 68. Zucker I. Hormones and hamster circadian organization. In: Suda M. , Hayaishi O. , Nakagawa H. , eds. Biological rhythms and their central mechanism. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 1979. 69. Kafka M. S. , Wirz-Justice A. , Naber D. , Moore R. Y. , Benedito M. A. Circadian rhythms in rat brain neurotransmitter receptors. 1983; 42: 2796–2801. PubMed70. Wirz-Justice A. , Campbell I. C. Antidepressant drugs can slow or dissociate circadian rhythms. Experientia 1982; 38: 1301–1309. CrossrefPubMed71. Wirz-Justice A. Antidepressant drugs: effects on the circadian system. In: Wehr T. A. , Goodwin F. K. , eds. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry. Pacific Grove, Calif: Boxwood, 1983. 72.

Output: pass