Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Climatic parameters like temperature, water availability, air humidity and vapor pressure deficit, and the impact of changes in ambient CO2 concentration on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and water balance are reflected in the δ13C values of plant organic matter and provide an isotopic fingerprint in the wood of tree rings (see Chap. 9). The analysis of tree physiological properties using carbon isotope ratios is particularly useful when combined with a photosynthesis model. This facilitates the functional attribution of meteorological impacts to plant responses, such as stomatal and substomatal conductance vs. ambient CO2 concentrations (ci/ca ratio) (Farquhar and Lloyd 1989). Detailed insight into physiology (see Chap. 9) and resource distribution during tree-ring formation (see Chaps. 3, 13 and 15) may also be obtained through 13C-labeling experiments (Kagawa et al. 2006a, b; Masyagina et al. 2016). 3. 2 Seasonal VariabilityShort growing season (up to 90 days in far North) and harsh climatic conditions of the boreal zone result in low tree stem increment (Vaganov et al. 2006). Compared to temperate trees with wider rings (Leavitt 1993), boreal trees might show a slower carbon turnover rate (Kagawa et al. 2006b). The highly resolved intra-annual measurements of δ13C within tree rings (earlywood/latewood or laser ablation with the step of 80–200 μm, see Chap. 7) helped to link changes in physiological and metabolic processes and, as a result, tree-ring growth and xylem anatomical structure associated to seasonal climatic variability. Deciduous and evergreen angiosperms and gymnosperms depend on stored carbohydrates during their first stages of leaves/wood development (Ericsson 1979). Boreal deciduous (Betula pubescens Ehrh. , Populus tremula L. ), conifer deciduous (Larix gmelinii (Rupr. ) Rupr. ) and conifer evergreen species (Pinus sylvestris L. , Picea obovata Ledeb. , Picea abies (L. ) H. Karst. ) were used to identify the physiological principle of climate responses related to the phenology and structural–functional features of wood.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: for Ni and Cr the count rates were 90 and 74 cps/nA using conventional LiF crystal, while the improved count rates using the LLiF are 580 and 304 cps/nA respectively. Long peak counting time up to 300 s was used to achieve the low detection limits for Cu and Zn, and up to 350 s for Cr, Co and Ni. With this set up, the detection limits for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were achieved up to 42, 52, 55, 78 and 99 ppm respectively. To check the reproducibility, NIST 610 glass standard (Rocholl et al. 1997) was run before, during and after the analyses, which gave values for Cr of ~380, 430 and 420 ppm, all within 8 % of the preferred value of 415 ppm. The detection limits for other minor elements were P: 94 ppm, Mn: 166 ppm, Na: 179 ppm, K: 134 ppm, Ti: 93 ppm with uncertainties of 3, 5, 5, 13 and 6 % respectively. Uncertainties of analyses for trace elements Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Zn were better than 7, 2, 6, 8 and 10 % respectively. The impact-melt and spherule samples were also examined for their internal morphology using BSE imaging and elemental X-ray imaging techniques. Table 1 A comparative average composition [with standard deviation (SD)] of Lonar target basalts, impact-melt bomb, mm- and sub-mm spherulesFull size table 4 of Impactites4. 1 Impact SpheruleIn hand specimen study, the mm-sized impact spherules were black in colour, with vitreous luster and often characterised by highly vesicular surface with various geometric shapes, viz. spherical, rod, ellipsoidal and tear-drop (Nayak 1972; Fredriksson et al. 1973; Osae et al. 2005; Ray et al. 2013a). Under microscope, these spherules were translucent, uniformly brown, although in cases showed schlieren between colourless and brown colour layers along with partially melted mineral inclusions; flow-banding was indicated by contorted schlieren and by trails of minute cross-shaped crystallite, apparently magnetite (Fredriksson et al. 1973).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Phosphate solubilization, dinitrogen fixation, ACC-deaminase and antifungal activity, IAA and siderophore biosynthesis characteristics of PGPR are responsible for the plant growth promotion and high yield (Ahmed and Kibret, 2014). 5. of agricultural crops with rhizobacterial strains is a very viable and eco-friendly approach to increase crop production on sustainable basis. The plant-beneficial rhizobacteria may decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. PGPR protect the plants from the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses by producing phytohormones and antioxidant enzymes and increase the plant growth by increasing the nutrients availability and uptake. The ACC enrichment technique is an effective and efficient approach to select most promising PGPR. Rhizobacteria containing both ACC-deaminase and nitrogen fixing activity are more effective than rhizobacteria containing either ACC-deaminase or nitrogen fixing activity alone for growth promotion of agricultural crops. 2014. Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. J. Uni. Sci. 26, 1-20. Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper induced enzyme in isolated chloroplasts; polyphenol oxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24, 1-15. Bhattacharyya, P. N. , Jha, D. K. 2012. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1327-1350. 1982. Analytical methods in n-15 research. Fert. Res. 3, 37-62. Cakmak, I. , Horst, W. J. 1991. Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxidase dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum. 83, 463-468. Chapman, H. D. , Pratt, P. F. 1961. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Univ. . Davies, K. G, Whitbread, R. A. 1989.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Intra-annual δ13C tree-ring analysis of gymnosperm and angiosperm species in Scandinavia (Vaganov et al. 2009), central and eastern Siberia (Kagawa et al. 2006b; Bryukhanova et al. 2011; Rinne et al. 2015; Fonti et al. 2018) and southern Siberia (Voronin et al. 2012) have shown that not only the temperature, but also soil moisture and rainfall might affect the dynamics of δ13C in tree rings. In particular, δ13C in latewood of L. gmelinii in Yakutia was reported to show better correlations with the growing season precipitation and soil water conditions than δ13C in earlywood (Kagawa et al. 2003). Variability of tree-ring width and δ13C under climatic conditions of extreme years in central Siberia indicated that an increased spring temperature initially led to an increase of tree growth. However, due to an increased use of water through transpiration, tree growth could be progressively reduced from temperature to moisture limitation. To determine the extent to which trees rely on stored carbohydrates from previous years for tree-ring formation and how strongly the current photosynthates were used, the intra-annual δ13C variability was measured. Samples from Larix gmelinii (Rupr. ) from two Siberian sites with a different hydro-thermal regime of permafrost soils were analyzed using (a) δ13C-labeling (Kagawa et al. 2006b) and (b) laser ablation coupled to the Compound-Analysis (CSIA) (Rinne et al. 2015). Kagawa et al. (2006b) showed that latewood in Larix gmelinii Rupr. was mainly formed from current-year photoassimilates with minimal carry-over effect of carbohydrates from the previous year, while the early wood is produced from a mixture of current-year photoassimilates and previous-year carbohydrates. In P. sylvestris from the same site, δ13C values of early wood were significantly correlated with the previous year late wood (r = 0. 42; P < 0. 01) in a 100-year δ13C chronology, which is evidence of a carry-over effect. In contrast, Rinne et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The mm-sized spherules of the present population are characteristically black in colour in hand specimen, having spherical to often ellipsoidal shapes, and vary in sizes from ~2 to 5 mm (Fig. 2a, b). Fig. 2Backscattered electron (BSE) images of mm-sized impact-spherule from Lonar crater showing internal morphologies: a homogeneous glassy spherules with vesicles (V) at rim; b highly vesiculated spherule; c enlarged view of the square portion of figure ‘b’ showing partially digested plagioclase (Plag) xenocryst within glassy matrix, d highly vesiculated partially melted plagioclase xenocryst within glassy matrix; e partially digested plagioclase xenocrysts and newly formed Ti-magnetite (Ti-Mgt) grains; f plagioclase xenocryst rimmed by newly formed magnetite (Mgt) grains, g nature of occurrences of partially digested xenocrystic plagioclase, angular fragment and/or sub-rounded clinopyroxene (Cpx) and magnetite (Mgt) xenocrystsFull size image The BSE image of a representative mm-sized spherule shows it is almost homogeneous and glassy, non-vesicular at the central part but vesicular in majority towards the margins, where the maximum size of the vesicle varies up to ~0. 4 mm (Fig. 2b). In cases, the vesicles contain secondary infillings of quartz. Spherules with sparse distribution of vesicles are also not uncommon. The central parts of the spherules are devoid of any xenocrystic mineral phases like plagioclase, clinopyroxene or magnetite, which are components of target basalt. However, these components are generally common towards the marginal part of the spherules along with vesicles (Fig. 2b, c). The plagioclase xenocrysts are mostly subhedral and highly vesicular, and locally transformed into vesiculated feldspar glass (Fig. 2d). Shock-induced anhedral plagioclase glasses or melted plagioclases are also noticed along the marginal part of the mm-sized spherules (Fig. 2c–e).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Effect of lead pollution on soil microbiological index under spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) cultivation. J. Soils Sediments. 14, 44-59. Hassan W. , David J. , Bashir F. 2014a. ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria and growth response of tomato(Lycopersicon pimpinellfoliumMill. ). J. Plant Interact. 14, 869-882. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Bashir, F. , David, J. 2014b. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize (Zea mays L. ) growth under lead pollution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21, 10983-10996. Hassan, W. , David, J. , Abbas, F. 2014c. Effect of type and quality of two contrasting plant residues on CO2 emission potential of Ultisol soil: implications for indirect influence of temperature and moisture. Catena. 114, 90-96. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2014d. Estimation of enzymatic, microbial and chemical properties in Brown soil by microcalorimetry. Anal. Cal. 116, 969-988. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Khatak, B. U. , Hussain, I. , Yousaf, M. , David, J. 2014e. Decomposition under Regimes: Effect on. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water doi:10. 1002/clen. 201300727. Hayat, R. , Ali, S. , Amara, U. , Khalid, R. , Ahmed, I. 2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann. Microbiol. 60, 579-598. Honma, M. , Shimomura, T. 1978. Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Agr. Biol. Chem. 42, 1825-1831. Mayak, S. , Tirosh, T. , Glick, B. R. 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (2015) provided the evidence of a minimal carry-over effect of photosynthates formed during the previous year(s). The combination of different methods, such as CSIA and intra-annual tree-ring isotope analyses will enhance a further mechanistic understanding of the carbon–water relationships within ecosystems, in particular, for the interpretation of retrospective tree-ring analyses (Rinne et al. 2015). 3. 3 Annual and 100 YearsThe mean δ13C value in tree-ring cellulose chronologies from Fennoscandia, Yakutia, the high-elevated mountain range in Khibini (Kola Peninsula) and the range, analysed for the period from 1900 to 1998, showed mean values of −24‰. These earlier published chronologies indicated wetter conditions for these sites in the boreal zone compared to the drier northeastern and central sites of Eurasia and Alaska. Based on the available δ13C tree-ring cellulose chronologies from the southern part (Khakasia, Russian Federation) of the boreal zone, reduced soil moisture availability is reflected by mean δ13C values of −20. 4‰ (Fig. 20. 2a). Fig. 20. 2Annual (a) and smoothed by a 11-year Hamming window (b) δ13C tree-ring cellulose chronologies obtained from conifer tree species from the boreal zone (for details see supplementary Table S20. 1)Full size imageThe δ13C in tree-ring cellulose chronologies (standardised to z-score) smoothed by a 11-year Hamming window show a general significant increasing trend over the recent decades for all, except for a few sites in northern Eurasia: (Tartakovsky et al. 2012), Khakasia forest steppe (Knorre et al. 2010), Tura (Sidorova et al. 2009) as well as Alaska (Barber et al. 2000), Canada (Porter et al. 2009) and Sweden, Torneträsk (Loader et al. 2013) (Fig. 20. 2b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The mm-sized spherules characteristically show growth of minute, dendritic, euhedral, magnetite within the homogeneous matrix. These magnetite grains generally form fine trains that encircle undigested plagioclase xenocrysts present at the margin of the spherule (Fig. 2f). The xenocrystic clinopyroxenes are also present and mostly associated with relict plagioclase and Ti-magnetite at the marginal part of the spherule (Fig. 2g). However, the xenocrystic pyroxenes are relatively small in size and less common as compared to the melted plagioclase glass. Importantly, these mm-sized spherules lack well defined schlieren trails defined by newly formed minute euhedral magnetite grains, however, these trails of magnetite are typically present in the sub-mm sized spherules (Misra et al. 2009). 4. 2 Impact-Melt BombThe centimeter–decimeter sized roughly ellipsoidal pieces of impact-melt bombs (type ‘c’ impactite, Osae et al. 2005), which are black in colour, vitreous, fragile and vary in size up to 30 cm in hand specimen, occur as isolated clasts embedded within a fine grained ejecta (Fig. 3a). In hand specimen, these impact-melt bombs are highly vesicular, sometimes showing ropy structures on the surface (Fig. 3b) and/or flow structures in cross-sections (Fig. 3c). Under the microscope, impact-melt bomb samples consist of alternate layers of brown coloured melt and relatively thin layers of opaque (magnetite) (Fig. 3d). The melt-rich part is sometimes extremely vesicular. Thin layers rich in magnetite are also present within the melt-rich part and these layers alternate in smaller scale with melt-rich layers, and they all together show schlieren structure (Misra and Newsom 2011). The flow layers swerve around sub-circular vesicles. Fig. 3Occurrence and texture of type ‘c’ impact melt bombs: a outcrop of ejecta showing an occurrence of an isolated piece of impact-melt bomb (shown by arrow), which is darker than the surrounding matrix, scale is coin with diameter 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractPlant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may provide a biological alternative to fix atmospheric N2 and delay N remobilisation in maize plant to increase crop yield, based on an understanding that plant-N remobilisation is directly correlated to its plant senescence. Thus, four PGPR strains were selected from a series of bacterial strains isolated from maize roots at two locations in Malaysia. The PGPR strains were screened in vitro for their biochemical plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities and plant growth promotion assays. These strains were identified as Klebsiella sp. Br1, Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1, Bacillus pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 and a reference strain used was Bacillus subtilis UPMB10. All the PGPR strains were tested positive for N2 fixation, phosphate solubilisation and auxin production by in vitro tests. In a greenhouse experiment with reduced fertiliser-N input (a third of recommended fertiliser-N rate), the N2 fixation abilities of PGPR in association with maize were determined by 15N isotope dilution technique at two harvests, namely, prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65). The results indicated that dry biomass of top, root and ear, total N content and bacterial colonisations in non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and endosphere of maize roots were influenced by PGPR inoculation. In particular, the plants inoculated with B. pumilus S1r1 generally outperformed those with the other treatments. They produced the highest N2 fixing capacity of 30. 5% (262 mg N2 fixed plant−1) and 25. 5% (304 mg N2 fixed plant−1) of the total N requirement of maize top at D50 and D65, respectively. N remobilisation and plant senescence in maize were delayed by PGPR inoculation, which is an indicative of greater grain production. This is indicated by significant interactions between PGPR strains and time of harvests for parameters on N uptake and at. % 15Ne of tassel. The phenomenon is also supported by the lower N content in tassels of maize treated with PGPR, namely, B. pumilus S1r1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: These decreasing δ13C trends in tree-ring cellulose chronologies towards recent century from permafrost sites over the past decades were explained as an earlier beginning of the vegetation period in spring and increased use of residual soil carried over from autumn of the previous year (Sidorova et al. 2009; Knorre et al. 2010). Another reason, e. g. , physiological effect of increasing atmospheric CO2, is also responsible for lower δ13C values. Thus, an earlier start of the vegetation period could lead to tree-ring formation during a period with higher water availability, resulting in stronger isotopic fractionation and 13C depletion (Knorre et al. 2010). 4 (δ18O) Isotopes4. 1 Isotope EcophysiologyOxygen isotopes in organic matter are modified by variation in the isotopic composition of source water, which is closely related to that of precipitation and soil water (though modified by evaporation at the soil surface). The δ18O of meteoric water is directly related to cloud/atmosphere air temperatures (Dansgaard 1964) as well as evaporation and condensation processes in the global water cycle. This is especially true in northern high-latitudes, as has been demonstrated at broad spatial scales across the arctic and subarctic based on precipitation isotope data from the of Isotopes in Precipitation (Porter et al. 2016). An earlier study by Saurer et al. (2002) also showed that average isotope values of 130 trees of a widely distributed genus (Larix, Picea, Pinus) within the Eurasian subarctic from Norway to Siberia are highly correlated with the modeled isotope distribution of precipitation showing a large east-to-west gradient (see Chap. 18). Input waters are modified (enrichment in 18O) in the leaf during transpiration, which is imprinted on photosynthates and cellulose through biochemical fractionation and exchange processes. In Siberia, the inter-annual variability of winter precipitation δ18O is closely related to temperature variability and the Oscillation, while the variability of summer δ18O appears to be dominated by regional processes involving evaporation and convection (Butzin et al. 2014). Therefore, δ18O values of tree rings reflect, as a first approximation, average ambient temperatures and humidity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 5 cm, Location L-60 southeast of the crater close to the crater rim (Fig. 1); b Ropy structure on the surface of a chilled impact-melt bomb; diameter of coin (scale) is 1. 9 cm; c cross-section of an impact-melt bomb showing flow layers. Ripples on flow layer (white arrow) indicate presence of ropy structures, white materials within vesicles (black arrow) are post impact infillings, scale: coin with diameter 1. 9 cm, Location- L-60; d microphotograph of impact-melt bomb showing radial growth of microlites from common centres (white arrow head), small magnetite crystals define discontinuous layers in the melt (white arrow)Full size image The BSE images of the impact-melt bomb show some new features, which are present mostly close to the vesicular surface of the impact-melt bomb (Fig. 4a), as follows: (a) the impact-melt bomb shows presence of micro-xenocrystic components, (b) development of radiating crystals around vesicles, (c) concentration of minute opaque crystals, and (d) devitrification of glass to minute radiating crystals. The inner part of the impact-melt bomb, however, is clean and homogeneous. Our microprobe analyses confirm that the micro-xenocrystic components are plagioclase, pyroxene and titano-magnetite belonging to the target basalt. The xenocrystic plagioclases are mostly subhedral prismatic in shape, there are also partially melted plagioclase xenocrysts found to occur as large anhedral grains within the impact-melt bomb (Fig. 4b), and the sizes of these plagioclase xenocrysts vary up to 100 µm. The xenocrystic pyroxenes are mostly subangular to subrounded in shape, and vary in size up to 25 µm (Fig. 4c). The xenocrystic magnetite mostly occurs as subhedral grains that range in size up to 50 µm (Fig. 4c, d). The radial microlites, which are the product of devitrification (Fig. 4e), were not crosscut by flow layers present in the impact-melt bomb, and hence they grew after the cessation of flow in the melts (cf. Kieffer et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: subtilis UPMB10 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 at D65 harvest. This study provides evidence that PGPR inoculation, namely, B. pumilus S1r1 can biologically fix atmospheric N2 and provide an alternative technique, besides plant breeding, to delay N remobilisation in maize plant for higher ear yield (up to 30. 9%) with reduced fertiliser-N input. Citation: (2016) Plant Growth-Inoculation to Growth, of Maize under Greenhouse Conditions. 11(3): e0152478. Ricardo Aroca, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), : October 19, 2015; Accepted: March 15, 2016; Published: March 24, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Kuan et al. This is an open access 334. 4 million, triple the value of 2008 [2] due to the increasing local and foreign (Brunei and Singapore) demands [1]. Current maize varieties require high rates of fertiliser inputs, particularly fertiliser-N for maximum crop yield and profitability. Fertiliser-N is also required to replenish the N harvested in stover and ear of the previous season, which can be as high as 115 kg N ha−1 [3]. Thus, many farmers practise ‘insurance’ application of fertiliser-N to ensure adequate N supply for crop growth. This practice demands high amounts of fertilisers to grow maize, although only 30–50% of the fertiliser-N applied is absorbed by plants [4], the rest are either rendered unavailable as adsorbed soil organic-N or leached into the environment. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated as free-living soil bacteria from plant rhizosphere can decrease chemical fertiliser-N use and increase plant growth and yield when associated with plant roots and other plant parts [5]. Several bacteria such as Azospirillum [6], Klebsiella [7], Burkholderia [8], Bacillus [9] and Pseudomonas [10] have been identified as PGPR to maize plant through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), phosphate solubilisation, phytohormone production (e. g. , auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin) and biological control of soil pathogens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Progress has been made in understanding the fractionation processes, where H218O-molecule goes from soil water to tree-ring cellulose (Craig and Gordon 1965; Dongmann et al. 1974; Farquhar and Lloyd 1989; Roden et al. 2000). These models have been validated with experimental data from deciduous and coniferous tree species. A detailed description of the leaf water enrichment processes is given in Chap. 10. 4. 2 Seasonal VariabilityThe highly complex hydrological regime of boreal forests is given by a strong sinusoidal seasonal course of δ18O imprinted in precipitation water, reflecting the cloud condensation temperatures. Winter precipitation uptake is only possible in the warming spring and summer months after snow melt and active layer thaw. This explains the often good correlation between tree-ring δ18O values and winter temperature, when this fraction of the annual precipitation becomes available for trees (Sidorova et al. 2010). Oxygen isotopes are then incorporated and become visible in the tree rings. As described in part Sect. 20. 2. 1 of this 4. 3 Annual and 100 YearsAnnual δ18O values in tree-ring cellulose chronologies (Fig. 20. 3) showed clear isotopic differences from the coldest sites in northeastern Yakutia (19. 0‰) (Sidorova et al. 2008) and Canada (19. 1‰) (Porter et al. 2009) towards warmest sites in (up to 27. 7‰) (Loader et al. 2010; Sidorova et al. 2012, 2013a, b) and Khakassia (26. 4‰) (Knorre et al. 2010). A 5-year block δ18O tree-ring cellulose chronology of black spruce trees (Picea mariana [Mill] B. S. P) from the Québec–Labrador peninsula, northeastern Canada (Naulier et al. 2015) showed the lowest isotopic value (16‰) compared to all other reviewed sites (Fig. 20. 3a). Fig. 20.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 1976). Additionally, the impact-melt bomb contains fragments of unshocked to highly shocked basaltic clast containing maskelynite and clinopyroxene (Fig. 4f), however, these clasts are devoid of any reaction rims. Fig. 4Backscattered electron (BSE) image of impact-melt bomb showing a presence of vesicles (‘b’ in fig), micro-xenocrystic components (as rectangle ‘1’ in fig), development of radiating crystals around vesicles (as rectangle ‘2’ in fig) and concentration of minute opaque crystals and devitrification of glass to minute radiating crystals (as rectangles ‘3’ and ‘4’ in fig), b xenocrystic plagioclase (Plag) with smooth and vesiculated texture and vesicles (V) within glassy groundmass, c xenocrystic magnetite (Mgt) and clinopyroxene (Cpx) in clast-rich area, d xenocrystic Fe–Ti oxides and schlieren of Fe–Ti oxides, e radiating microlites in devitrified glass and f presence of shocked target basaltic clastFull size image The fibrous overgrowths of crystallites are noticeable along the margins of both the plagioclase and pyroxene xenocrysts present within the impact-melt bomb (Fig. 5a) (cf. Kieffer et al. 1976). Rim-like overgrowths of tiny dendritic magnetite are often found around the margins of the xenocrystic magnetites (Fig. 5b). The tiny dendritic magnetites are often observed to form flow banding (Fig. 5c), similar to schlieren as found within the sub-mm sized spherule (Misra et al. 2009). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: BNF by PGPR has been reported to contribute up to 12–70% of total N uptake in field crops or 26. 7 kg N ha−1 (70% of total N uptake) in maize [6], sugarcane [11] and oil palm [9]. Generally, it has been estimated that up to 65% of N used in agriculture is contributed by BNF, and that it will be an increasingly important component in future plant-N management [12]. In addition, N remobilisation in plant plays a crucial role to reutilise the N from vegetative plant parts for developing organs, especially seeds/grains. N remobilisation occurs naturally throughout plant growth and whenever the plant requires it, although the onset of leaf senescence is identified as the main stimulus [13]. It was reported that 50–90% of N in wheat and maize grains is remobilised from the leaf-N [14]. However, present information on indigenous PGPR associations with maize plant towards BNF and their influence on N remobilisation is still limited. Thus, a concerted effort is needed for an effective plant-N management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select effective PGPR strains from a series of indigenous bacterial strains by biochemical characterisations and plant growth promotion assays. These selected strains and a reference strain, UPMB10 were identified using 16S rDNA gene analysis and further inoculated to maize plants grown under greenhouse conditions to estimate the amount of N2 fixed and their influence on plant-N remobilisation prior to anthesis and ear harvest, using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Materials and isolation Bacterial strains were isolated from roots of healthy maize plants grown at (UPM), Selangor (2°58’52. 17” N, 101°42’44. 94” E) and in Sik, Kedah (6°2’57. 84” N, 100°50’24. 60” E) using the modified method of Hoben and Somasegaran [15]. Three fresh root tips (3 cm) with sufficient adhered rhizosphere soils were collected in McCartney bottles which contained 10 mL of sterilised distilled water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 3Annual (a) and smoothed by a 11-year Hamming window (b) δ18O tree-ring cellulose chronologies obtained from conifer tree species from the boreal zoneFull size imageA decreasing δ18O trend was detected in the early 1900’s between 11-year smoothed δ18O tree-ring cellulose isotope chronologies from Tura site (TUR) (Sidorova et al. 2009) and Canadian site (Porter et al. 2009, 2014). This discrepancy can be explained by cold conditions in Canada compared to warmer periods at site. Almost all δ18O values in tree-ring cellulose chronologies showed increasing temperature trends towards the end of the twentieth century, except for the Siberian sites in Yakutsk (Spasskaya Pyad) (Tei et al. 2013) and Khakassia (Knorre et al. 2010) (Fig. 20. 3). Decreasing δ18O values in tree-ring cellulose chronologies can be explained by 18O depleted water from autumn precipitation of the previous year absorbed by the tree rings (Sidorova et al. 2009; Knorre et al. 2010). The combination of tree-ring and stable isotope parameters (e. g. , tree-ring width, cell wall thickness, maximum late wood density, Sidorova et al. 2010, 2012; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2019) enhances the strength of our interpretations and need to be pursued where possible. 5 (δ2H) IsotopesAs the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of precipitation was already recognized to be related to temperature (Dansgaard 1964), early work on oxygen and hydrogen in plant material was conducted with the aim of using tree rings as an isotopic thermometer. Although the fractionation mechanisms in leaf water are the same for δ2H as for δ18O, the incorporation of hydrogen follows a different metabolic pathway. Therefore, correlation analyses with tree-ring hydrogen isotope time series and annual temperature records have been less successful (Epstein et al. 1976; Waterhouse et al. 2002; Augusti et al. 2006). Most recent studies by Voelker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 5Backscattered electron (BSE) image of impact-melt bomb showing a fibrous growth along the rim of plagioclase (Plag) and clinopyroxene (Cpx), b overgrowth along rim of magnetite (Mgt), c xenocrystic plagioclase (Plag), clinopyroxene (Cpx), magnetite (Mgt) and schlieren within the glassy groundmassFull size image 5 Geochemistry of Lonar ImpactitesOur previous study on mm-sized Lonar impact spherule by X-Ray (EDS) technique (for analytical detail see and Khedekar 2003) showed that these spherules were essentially homogenous in bulk chemistry. Our present analyses (n = 41) on the central and marginal parts of seven mm-sized spherules also confirm our previous result (Table 2, also see Table ST3 for detail analyses in online supplement). Additionally, these spherules do not show any important size-dependent chemical variation within our studied population of impact spherules (2–5 mm in size). Table 2 Average chemical analyses of central and marginal parts of mm-sized impact spherules (7 in number) from Lonar craterFull size table All the Lonar impactites, including the mm- and sub-mm sized impact spherules and impact-melt bomb, are characteristically depleted in Na2O (Table 1) [we have only considered sample numbers L-22, L-23, L-29, GSI-1, SG-1, SG-2 and SG-3 of impact-melt bomb from Table 2 of Osae et al. 2005 for our present and other comparisons made in this paper. The other analyses in the Table 2 of Osae et al. (op. cit. ) perhaps belong to samples, which were anthropologically made by ancient people (cf. Misra 2006)], which varies in average abundances from ~0. 6 to 0. 8 times to that in the target basalt (Fig. 6 and online supplement SF1). Moreover, the average mm-sized spherule is distinctly enriched in K2O (~1. 6 times) and marginally depleted in MgO, MnO and P2O5 (~0. 9 times).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The bottle was shaken for 30 s with a vortex mixer at 1000 rpm and serially diluted with ten-fold dilutions prior to spreading the root suspension on tryptic soy agar medium (TSA; Merck KGaA, Germany) to isolate the rhizospheric bacteria. The same roots were surface-sterilised with 70% ethanol for 5 min, followed by 1% of sodium hypochlorite for 30 s and washed five times with sterilised distilled water. The roots were streaked on TSA plates to check the sterilisation efficiency and aseptically smashed with mortar and pestle to isolate the endophytic bacteria on TSA medium. The TSA plates were invertedly incubated for 24 h at 30±2°C. Colonies with visual morphological differences were selected and sub-cultured to obtain pure colonies. A total of 57 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for N2-fixing activity, phosphate solubilisation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and plant growth promotion assay. A parallel experiment on plant growth promotion assays indicated that PGPR inoculations with Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 produced the highest maize plant top biomass and N uptake (S1 and S2 Figs). Thus, these three PGPR strains and a negative and reference strain, Br1 and UPMB10, respectively, were subsequently selected for the pot experiment. The UPMB10 strain was isolated from oil palm root [16] and is used in the commercial product Bacto-10™. Maize and oil palm being monocotyledonous plants form a monophyletic group that shares similar arrangements of vascular bundles in the stem, parallel major leaf veins and adventitious root system. Biochemical characterisation Initial screening for N2-fixing activity of the pure bacterial cultures was determined on N-free semi-solid malate medium (Nfb) [17]. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 30±2°C, whereby a colour change from pale green to blue would qualitatively indicate the positive effect of N2-fixing activity. Phosphate solubilisation test was conducted according to the method of Pikovskaya [18], where the presence of clear halo zones around the colonies would indicate positive phosphate solubilisation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (2014) showed potential for reconstruction of relative humidity from plant δ2H and δ18O as deuterium deviations from the global meteoric water line (GMWL). The analysis of δ2H in tree-rings is still in an explorative stage (Kimak and Leuenberger 2015; Cormier et al. 2019; Lehman et al. 2021; Churakova (Sidorova) et al. 2021a; Schuler et al. 2022), but the application of the dual stable isotope approach (δ18O and δ2H) in tree-ring analyses is promising and will strengthen our future isotope interpretation. 4. Hydrogen exchange during cellulose synthesis distinguishes climatic and biochemical isotope fractionations in tree rings. 172:490–499. Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at Northern high latitudes. Nature 391(6668):678–682. Variability of radial growth and δ13C in tree rings of deciduous and coniferous species in relation to climate and the use of reserve assimilates. Ecol 4(2):126–1323411. M, Werner M, Masson-(2014) Variations of oxygen-18 in precipitation during the last 50 years. Phys 14:5853–5869. -évesque üesa-(2021) Global fading of the temperature-growth coupling at alpine and polar treelines. Biol 27(9):1879–1889. (Sidorova) OV (2018) Climatic changes at the high-latitude and -altitude regions in Eurasia based on the stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in conifer tree rings. Habil. Thesis in biology (ecology), Krasnoyarsk, University, 279 pp 10. 5194/cp-2018-70Churakova (Sidorova) (2020) Recent atmospheric drying in Siberia is not unprecedented over the last 1500 years. Sci Rep. (Sidorova) (2021a) Hydrogen isotopes in boreal conifers as indicator of extreme hydrological changes AGU Fall meeting 2021, p 796127 9010. 2H-enrichment of cellulose and n-alkanes in heterotrophic plants. Oecologia 189(2):365–373.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb are similar in their average bulk chemical compositions except the former is marginally depleted in MnO. In contrast, the sub-mm sized spherule is distinctly different in bulk composition by having importantly low K2O (~0. 85 times) and P2O5 (~0. 25 times), and relatively high FeOt, MgO (~1. 1 times) and MnO (~1. 3 times) in comparison to those in the target basalt. The average major oxide composition of the Lonar impact spherule described in Fredriksson et al. (1973) has higher FeOt and MgO (average 16 and 6. 8 wt% respectively, Table 1), and similar in composition to that of the magnetite-rich zones in sub mm-sized spherule described in Misra et al. (2009). Fig. 6Major oxides spidergram showing variations in bulk composition of mm- and sub-mm sized spherule and impact-melt bomb in average, data from Table 1. Note the similarity of composition among mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb. The relative variations (SD%) in abundance of oxides are shown in figure SF1 in online supplementFull size image The Mg# [mole Mg/(moleMg + moleFe2+)] of the Lonar mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb shows relatively restricted range of variation (0. 38–0. 44, average ~0. 41) in comparison to those in the target basalt (0. 40–0. 49, average = ~0. 43, Osae et al. 2005) that overlap with the range shown by the sub-mm sized spherule (Table 1). In Mg# versus SiO2 plot, mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb are slightly SiO2-rich (~50–54 wt%) compared to the Lonar basalt and many of the sub-mm sized spherule (~45 to 52 wt%; Fig. 7a). The composition of the sub-mm sized spherule mostly overlaps with the target basalt in this diagram and shows no trend of variation. However, SiO2 in majority of mm-sized spherule shows a decreasing linear trend with increasing Mg#.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The PGPR strains were indicated to belong to two subdivisions and three different genera of bacteria: (i) Gamma-proteobacteria: Klebsiella spp. (Br1 and Fr1) and Acinetobacter spp. (S3r2); (ii) Firmicutes: Bacillus spp. (UPMB10 and S1r1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Phylogenetic tree derived from analysis of the partial 16S rDNA sequences of UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1, S3r2 and related sequences obtained from NCBI database. Streptomyces griseus FGQ9 (HQ202539) belonging to the Streptomyces genus is used as an outgroup sequence. Scale bar, 0. 05 substitutions per nucleotide position. Total bacterial colonisation PGPR inoculations increased rhizobacterial colonisation around the maize roots and their surrounding soils compared to uninoculated control at ear harvest (D65) (Table 2). Rhizosphere had the highest total bacterial population, followed by soil and root-endosphere. Inoculation with Klebsiella sp. Br1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 gave significantly higher bacterial populations in their respective soils, with around 250–300% over the uninoculated control (1. 98 x 107 cfu g−1). In the root-endosphere, the PGPR inoculations particularly with Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 significantly stimulated up to 757 folds increase in total bacterial population compared to the uninoculated control (96 cfu cm−1 fresh root). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Total bacterial population at ear harvest (D65). Plant biomass yield Generally, inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the dry biomass of whole plant and various plant parts of maize prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65), except in tassel (D65), young leaves (D65), old leaves (D50 and D65), stalk (D50) and root (D65) (Table 3). Among the inoculated treatments, the inoculation with B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Climatic and hydrologic variability during the past millennium in the eastern and northern of western Canada. 70:188–197. Seasonal thaw of soils in the ecosystems. In: International conference on cryopedology diversity of forest affected soils and their role in ecosystems, At Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia, September 14–20 635. Dataset. Climatol 34:623–642. 1606. (2006) Tree growth and soil acidification in response to 30 years of experimental N loading. Biol 12:489–499. Effects of spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture on widths and δ13C values of eastern Siberian tree rings. J 108(D16):4500. 13CO2 pulse-labelling of photoassimilates reveals carbon allocation within and between tree rings. Environ 29:1571–1584. (2017) 20th-century changes in carbon isotopes and water-use efficiency: tree-ring based evaluation of the CLM4. 5 and LPX-Bern models. Biogeosciences 14:2641–2673. A, (2015) Are carbohydrate storage strategies of trees traceable by early–latewood carbon isotope differences? Trees 29:859–870. Climate signals in tree-ring width, density an d13C from larches in (Russia). 252:31–41. Responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability. Lett 2. Twentieth-century summer temperature variability in the southern Altai Mountains: a carbon and oxygen isotope study of tree-rings. The Holocene. Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization. Nature 23:431(7007):440–443. Intra-seasonal carbon sequestration and allocation in larch trees growing on permafrost in Siberia after 13C labeling (two seasons of 2013–2014 observation). 130:267–274. Summer temperatures in eastern Taimyr inferred from a 2427-year late-Holocene tree-ring chronology and earlier floating series. 12(6):727–736. ääb -(2019) permafrost map based on TTOP modelling for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale. Earth/sci Rev 193:299–316.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Irrespective of their nature, all Lonar impactites show a distinct depletion in Na2O (~2–2. 5 wt%) in comparison to those in the Lonar target basalt (~2. 5–3. 5 wt%, Fig. 7b). The nature of depletion is significantly high in sub-mm sized spherule, and comparatively less in the impact-melt bomb and mm-sized spherule. Both the sub mm-sized and mm-sized spherule show sub-parallel gentle linear increasing trends for Na2O with decreasing Mg#, and the amount of increment of Na2O for both the cases is ~0. 5 wt%. No specific trend of variation is observed for the target basalt. In Mg# versus K2O plot, the target Lonar basalt shows a two-step linear increasing trend for K2O with decreasing Mg# (Fig. 7c). First there is a gentle increasing trend of K2O with decreasing Mg# from ~0. 49 to 0. 42 (trend TB1 in Fig. 7c), followed by a shape linear increase of K2O with a very little variation of Mg# between ~0. 43 and 0. 40 (trend TB 2). The trend of variation of the sub-mm sized spherule exactly overlaps with the gentle trend of variation shown by the target basalt. The mm-sized spherule, which has higher K2O than those in the sub-mm sized spherule, shows a sub-parallel linear increasing trend of variation with the latter. The majority of the mm- and sub-mm sized spherule show relatively low range of variation of K2O of 0. 2 wt%. The impact-melt bomb has the highest K2O, and it also shows steep linear increasing trend of K2O with decreasing Mg# and the range of variation of K2O in this case is ~0. 4 wt%. The mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb show a wide variation in P2O5 (~0. 1–0. 4 wt%), which is partly comparable to those in the target basalt but mostly restricted within two separate partly overlapping elliptical fields (Fig. 7d). The mm-sized spherule shows a broad linear increasing trend of P2O5 with decreasing Mg#.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: pumilus S1r1 gave significantly highest biomass in tassel (D50), young leaves (D50), ear leaves (D65) and ear. Comparatively, the inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 gave similar biomass in tassel (D50), young leaves (D50), ear leaves (D50 and D65), stalk (D65), ear (D65) and root (D50). Both inoculations with B. pumilus S1r1 (42. 3 g, 68. 0 g) and K. pneumoniae Fr1 (45. 2 g, 67. 2 g) gave significantly higher total plant biomass compared to uninoculated control (33. 6 g, 54. 2 g) at D50 and D65 harvests. Plant stalk accounted for the highest proportion of dry biomass, making up to 40. 6% and 38. 9% of total plant biomass at D50 and D65, respectively. In D50, this was followed by tassel (15. 2%), ear leaves (13. 9%), young leaves (12. 3%), older leaves (11. 8%) and roots (6. 1%). In D65, this was followed by ear (16. 5%), young leaves (10. 3%), ear leaves (9. 1%), tassel (9. 1%), old leaves (8. 2%) and roots (7. 8%). The part of maize plant that experienced a significantly lower biomass at D65 was the tassel (5. 4–6. 5 g to 5. 4–5. 7 g). On the contrary, the plant parts that experienced significant increment of biomass at D65 were the young leaves (4. 2–5. 7 g to 5. 5–7. 3 g), stalk (13. 9–18. 0 g to 21. 7–26. 1 g) and roots (1. 9–2. 7 g to 4. 3–5. 3 g). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Plant biomass yield in the whole plant and in the different parts of maize plant inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe hydrogen isotopic signature (δ2H) of water in trees contains information on plant functional responses to climatic changes and on the origin of the water. This is also true for the non-exchangeable hydrogen isotopic signature (δ2HNE) of plant organic matter, which contains additional physiological and biochemical information that can be dated to specific years if extracted from annual rings of trees. Despite this potential for gaining unique insights from δ2HNE of tree-ring cellulose (δ2HTRC), it has not been widely used compared to other isotope signals, likely due to challenging methodological constraints and interpretations of these isotopic signals. In this 99. 98%) is the lighter of the two stable hydrogen isotopes, consisting of one proton and one electron (mass 1). The less abundant deuterium (0. 02%) is the heavier of the two, holding an additional neutron (mass 2). The large difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes is physically expressed as strong kinetic and equilibrium isotope fractionation that can cause δ2H variation of up to 550‰ in water and organic (plant) samples (Schmidt et al. 2007). Moreover, there are strong differences in 2H-fractionation among plant metabolic pathways leading to δ2H variation between carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In recent decades, measurements of δ2H have been increasingly applied on plant-derived lipids such as n-alkanes, that are highly recalcitrant to environmental degradation over timescales of thousands of years. These compounds can be extracted from soil or sediment cores, or other sources that are often dated using radiocarbon or other dating methods (Sachse et al. 2012). Yet, we are just beginning to understand the physiological and hydrological driving factors causing isotopic variations of plant-derived lipids (Kahmen et al. 2013; Newberry et al. 2015). In contrast, analyses of non-exchangeable δ2H of tree-ring cellulose (δ2HTRC) is still rarely applied, which is mainly caused by what has appeared to be a low sensitivity to local climatic changes and associated difficulties interpreting δ2H signals (Boettger et al. 2014; Lipp et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The P2O5 content of impact-melt bomb also shows a sub-parallel linear increasing trend for P2O5 with decreasing Mg#. The sub-mm sized spherule shows lower P2O5 content than the target basalt, and both the sub-mm sized spherule and target basalt show no important variation of P2O5 with decreasing Mg#. The sub-mm sized spherule does not show any variation in MnO with increasing Mg#, however they have in general relatively high MnO content compared to those in the target basalt (Fig. 7e). The target basalt and mm-sized spherule along with impact-melt bomb show overlapping plot without any definite trend of variations, and their distribution in this diagram partly overlaps the field of sub-mm sized spherule close to their lowest Mg#. Fig. 7Bivariant plots of target basalt, mm- and sub-mm spherule and impact-melt bomb from Lonar crater in Mg# versus a SiO2, b Na2O, c K2O, d P2O5 and e MnO plots, all oxides in weight percent, note two different trends (TB1 and TB2) of the target basalt in Mg# versus K2O plotFull size image In Mg# versus transitional trace element plots, Cr contents of mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb fall in an overlapping field along with the majority of target Lonar basalt (Fig. 8a). These two Lonar impactites show no variation in Cr with Mg#. However, Cr content of sub-mm sized spherule is considerably higher and show a broad moderately linear decreasing trend as Mg# decreases. In Mg# versus Zn plot (Fig. 8b), target basalt shows almost a constant concentration of Zn (~125 ppm), while the mm- and sub-mm sized spherule show relatively high Zn contents in majority of cases and the amount of Zn is found to be highest in the sub-mm sized spherule. The mm-sized and sub mm-sized spherule are plotted within two separate partly overlapping ellipses, which show sub-parallel linear increasing trends for Zn with decreasing Mg#.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Total nitrogen uptake Inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the N uptake in all plant parts and plant tops of maize at D50 and D65 harvests, except in the tassel (D65) (Table 4). Meanwhile, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 significantly increased the total N uptake in plant top by 55. 1% and 50. 1%, followed by K. pneumoniae Fr1 with similar increments of 61. 4% and 48. 4% at D50 and D65, respectively, in comparison to uninoculated control. B. pumilus S1r1 and K. pneumoniae Fr1 also significantly increased the N uptake in tassel (D50 only), young, ear and old leaves, stalk and ear (D65) of maize. Generally, the significant differences in the N uptake of plant parts between D50 and D65 harvests were shown as a decrease in total N in the tassel and increased total N in the young leaves (S1r1 only), stalk and plant top. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Distribution of total N uptake (mg plant−1) in the plant top and in the different parts of maize plant inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). the tassel, the mean N uptake at D65 (119 mg plant−1) was significantly lower compared to D50 (160 mg plant−1), as shown among the inoculated treatments (except for Klebsiella sp. Br1). In young leaves, the mean N uptake was significantly higher at D65 (184 mg plant−1) compared to D50 (142 mg plant−1). However, this effect was evident only in inoculated treatment with B. pumilus S1r1. Similarly, the mean N uptake in the stalk and plant top significantly increased at D65 (347; 1108 mg plant−1) compared to D50 (253; 829 mg plant−1). The highest accumulation of N was found in plant stalk, containing 30. 5% and 31. 3% of the total plant top N at D50 and D65, respectively. The lowest accumulation of N was found in old leaves (D50) and plant tassel (D65) at 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1991), as well as due to methods that hinder the rate of sample processing (Epstein and Yapp 1976; Schimmelmann 1991). However, further developments during the last two decades led to high-throughput methods for δ2HNE analyses of plant organic material (including δ2HTRC) and important new interpretations of metabolic controls over δ2HNE in plant material (Cormier et al. 2018; Sanchez-Bragado et al. 2019) and tree-ring cellulose (Kimak 2015; Lehmann et al. 2021; Mayr 2003). The coming decade promises more rapid developments in this field that should lead to more studies employing δ2HTRC to understand past climates and plant ecophysiology. 2 of Water in TreesThe hydrogen isotopic compositions of precipitation and atmospheric water represent the primary determinants of δ2H in terrestrial plant tissues including tree rings. Establishment of the temporal and spatial dynamics of the hydrogen isotopic composition of source water (δ2HS, but see also 11. 1). Therefore, precipitation will become more depleted in 2H with each rain event as an air mass undergoes successive condensation and precipitation while moving inland or to higher elevations. This process, commonly termed “rainout”, depends strongly on temperature conditions during condensation, partially explaining the strong temperature dependency of precipitation δ2H values (Dansgaard 1964; Libby et al. 1976). Given that the isotopic composition of precipitation is not always available, global maps of average water isotope values have been modelled and can be used to infer δ2H values of precipitation in the absence of measurements (Bowen and Revenaugh 2003). The isotopic signals of precipitation can be modified by evaporation effects prior to when trees take up water in the soil, which has often been characterized by an enrichment in 2H from deep to more shallow soil layers (Allison et al. 1983; Lin and Sternberg 1993). On the other hand, δ2H of soil water that is taken up by trees is an admixture of recent and older precipitation that can depend on the size, depth, and geological properties of water catchments and groundwater aquifers, as well as on water turn-over rates in concert with soil characteristics, vegetation rooting depths and other processes modifying the mixing and uptake of water by tree roots (Brooks et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Cu content of the majority of mm-sized spherule and the impact-melt bomb are marginally lower than that in the target basalt, and show different sharp linear decreasing trends with decreasing Mg#, however, almost no variation in Cu is observed for the target-basalt (Fig. 8c). Fig. 8Plots of Lonar impactites in Mg# versus a Cr, b Zn and c Cu diagrams, all trace elements in ppm, symbols as in Fig. 7 Full size image The incompatible trace element geochemistry of the target basalt, impact-melt bomb and mm-sized impact spherule are available in Osae et al. (2005). The chondrite normalized average incompatible trace element spidergrams of these three litho-types are very similar in appearance, which show strong depletion in Rb and U and moderate in Sr (Fig. 9 and online supplement SF2). The three spidergrams show moderately high negative slope [(Ba/Lu)N ~3. 5]. The impact-melt bomb and mm-sized spherule are found to have overlapping composition, and these impactites are relatively enriched in Rb (~30–50 times), Ba (~30 times), Th (~25 times), La (~20 times) and Ce (~15 times) over the Lonar target basalt. Fig. 9Chondrite-normalised incompatible trace element spidergram of target basalt, mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb. Chondrite normalised data taken from McDonough and Sun (1995). The relative variations (SD %) in abundance of elements are shown in figure SF2 in online supplementFull size image 6 Discussion6. 1 Alteration of Lonar ImpactitesThe terrestrial and planetary basaltic rocks could be examined using CaO + Na2O + K2O + MgO (CNKM)–Al2O3–FeOT plot (after Nesbitt and Wilson 1992) in order to evaluate the effect of chemical alteration due to surface weathering (e. g. Newsom et al. 2010; Ray et al. 2013b). When the Lonar target basalt, impact-melt bomb and mm-sized spherule are examined in this diagram, they form an overlapping point concentration on the feldspar line close to the center of this triangular plot (Fig. 10).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 1% and 10. 7% of the total plant top N, respectively. In general, majority of total N (70–81%) in the plant top of maize was accumulated before anthesis (D50). PGPR biological nitrogen fixation and plant nitrogen remobilisation Maize inoculated with PGPR generally had significantly lower weighted 15N atom excess (at. % 15Ne) in the plant top and in the different parts of maize than the uninoculated control at D50 and D65 harvests (Table 5). Among the inoculated treatments, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 was significantly lowest at. % 15Ne in all the plant parts at D50 and D65. Similarly, inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 also recorded significantly lower at. % 15Ne in the young leaves, ear leaves (D65 only), old leaves and stalk. In general, the plant tops and all parts of maize (except for plant stalk and ear) experienced significantly lower mean at. % 15Ne value at D65 than D50. However, the lower at. % 15Ne value in tassel at D65 among the inoculated maize plants was not statistically significant, except for the Klebsiella sp. Br1 treatment. Among the various plant parts, the lowest and highest concentrations of at. % 15Ne were found in the ear (0. 651–0. 885 at. % 15Ne) and old leaves (1. 035–1. 604 at. % 15Ne), respectively. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 5. Distribution of %15N atom excess (at. % 15Ne) in the different plant parts and the mean weighted atom excess (WAE) for the plant top of maize inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). inoculated with PGPR gave marked increases in % Ndfa and amounts of N2 fixed in the plant top and different plant parts of maize at D50 and D65 harvests, except for the plant stalk (Table 6). In the maize plant top, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 gave 30. 5% Ndfa (262 mg N fixed plant−1) and 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2010; Lin and Sternberg 1993). Overall, the isotopic composition of precipitation and source water taken up by trees can lag precipitation inputs by weeks to years, and can vary markedly among individuals and across regions (Allen et al. 2019; Voelker et al. 2019; Volkmann et al. 2016). Fig. 11. 1① The hydrogen isotope composition in tree rings is dependent on the origin of the rain (water vapor source). The higher the latitude (latitude effect) and altitude (altitude effect), and the more continental the formation area of the clouds is, the more 2H-depleted the precipitation will become. ② Surface water becomes 2H-enriched due to evaporation of isotopically lighter water. ③ Water infiltrating deeper soil layers mixes with water of previous precipitation events, which is often 2H-depleted compared to surface water as it experiences no evaporative effects. ④ The isotopic composition of groundwater can deviate strongly from rainwater as it may have a different catchment area and a different temporal origin. ⑤ Depending on the root depth and transpiration rates, tree xylem water can show a mixed isotopic composition of soil and groundwater, with generally no further 2H-fractionation during uptake. ⑥ Leaf water is 2H-enriched due to transpiration of isotopically lighter water. This effect can be influenced by changes in stomatal aperture, temperature, and air humidity. ⑦ 2H-enriched leaf water and 2H-depleted NADPH derived from photolysis of H2O are the main isotopic sources of primary assimilates. ⑧ Unresolved 2H-fractionation processes linked to carbon fixation, starch synthesis, re-mobilization, and downstream transport of sugars lead to a ⑨ 2H-enrichment of tree-ring cellulose compared to leaf assimilates. Blue lines refers to water, with dashed lines indicating processes that show little or no 2H-fractionation. Red lines and axis refers only to 2H-fractionations in organic molecules, including NADPH and carbohydrates (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: This plot suggests that the effect of surface weathering on the Lonar samples is minimal at least in terms of their bulk composition. Additionally, Osae et al. (2005), with their extensive geochemical data sets on Lonar target basalt and impactite samples from within the ejecta around the crater rim, also discussed that the effect of weathering on the Lonar impactites was minimal. However, the marginal elevations of As, Zn, Sb and Br in the Lonar impactites over the target basalt were interpreted as limited local weathering effect. Highly mobile LIL trace elements in target basalt, impact-melt bomb and mm-sized impact spherule (Osae et al. 2005) show limited range of variations, therefore, indicating limited mobilisation. For example, Cs and Rb vary only within limited ranges of ~0. 7 ppm (between 0. 05 and 0. 74 ppm) and ~27 ppm (between ~2 and 29 ppm) respectively. The restricted range (~1 ppm) of variation of highly mobile U (between 0. 25 and 1. 50 ppm) in the samples of target basalt, impact-melt bomb and mm-sized impact spherule (Th contents of the samples vary only between 0. 8 and 3 ppm) (Osae et al. 2005) along with absence of any noticeable Ce anomaly in the impactites (Son and Koeberl 2007) argue against any extensive aqueous alteration of the Lonar samples. Therefore, the effect of post-impact near-surface aqueous alteration during weathering on the Lonar samples collected from around the crater rim was minimal, and hence their major and trace element geochemistry have genetic connotations. Fig. 10Ternary CaO + Na2O + K2O + MgO (CNKM)-FeOt-Al2O3 plots (after Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992) for target basalt, mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb showing point concentration of data on the feldspar line in the central part of the triangle indicating against any surface alteration of Lonar impactites by surface weatheringFull size image 6. 2 and of Lonar SpherulesThe aerodynamically shaped mm- and sub-mm sized Lonar impact spherule are found to be distinct in their internal morphologies (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 5% Ndfa (304 mg N fixed plant−1) at D50 and D65, respectively. Generally, the mean % Ndfa in the inoculated maize plant top at D65 (17. 5%) was significantly reduced in comparison to D50 (21. 1%), despite the significant increase in the mean amount of fixed N by 12. 9%. Based on the fixed N content of the inoculated maize plants, the estimated mean N2 fixation rate was higher prior to anthesis (D50) at 3. 5 mg N fixed plant−1 day−1 compared to after anthesis (D65) at 3. 1 mg N fixed plant−1 day−1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 6. Estimates of proportions of N2 derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and amounts of N2 fixed (in parenthesis, mg N fixed plant−1) in the plant top and different plant parts of maize inoculated with PGPR strains at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). with B. pumilus S1r1 recorded significantly highest % Ndfa and fixed N content in tassel (D50, 24. 4% Ndfa or 46 mg N fixed plant−1), young leaves (D50, 32. 2% Ndfa or 57 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 22. 0% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1), ear leaves (D50, 37. 1% Ndfa or 62 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 40. 8% Ndfa or 75 mg N fixed plant−1), old leaves (D50, 34. 1% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 29. 8% Ndfa or 50 mg N fixed plant−1) and ear (26. 4% Ndfa or 59 mg N fixed plant−1). Meanwhile, inoculation with K. pneumoniae Fr1 produced similar results in young leaves (D50, 29. 4% Ndfa or 51 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 19. 9% Ndfa or 44 mg N fixed plant−1), ear leaves (D50, 29. 8% or 55 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 35.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 4) The estimates of 2H-fractionation factors were derived from various experimental systems (Luo and Sternberg 1992; Yakir and DeNiro 1990), with F1 and F2 as −171‰ and + 158‰, respectively. et al. (2000) model provided a 1:1 relationship between observed and modeled δ2HTRC under two different relative humidity conditions. Similarly, the Roden model has been applied to paired tree-ring oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for reconstruction of relative humidity over space and time (Voelker et al. 2014a). Although the Roden model has found practical applications for tree-ring studies it is known to neglect that the compensating effects of F1 and F2 simultaneously determine δ2HCarbo (Eqs. 11. 2 and 11. 3) and that δ2HNE of leaf sugars are lower than δ2HTRC. Moreover, as discussed toward the end of this 11. 1, we summarized the different available δ2HNE methods and in the following section we explain the main principles. Table 11. 1 Overview of methods to determine δ2HNE in plant carbohydrates. The given 4. 1 Nitration MethodsNitration is the most commonly employed method (Table 11. 1) for determination of δ2HNE values in cellulose and particularly helpful to establish δ2HNE reference material (Boettger et al. 2007). The nitration of cellulose is a reaction where the hydroxyl groups are replaced by nitro groups (NO2) via an electrophilic substitution. The reaction can be performed using a mixture of HNO3 (90%) and H2SO4 (~98%) with a final concentration of HNO3 of about 25% in a 150 times weight excess at room temperature for ≥ 12 h. Alternatively, cellulose can also be nitrated with a 40 times weight excess of a solution of 28. 7 m% P2O5 in HNO3 (90%) at room temperature (RT) for 4 h (modified after Alexander and Mitchell 1949). For both methods, the mixing of the two components is highly exergonic and the solution needs to be cooled down to 4 °C, e. g. , in an ice-water bath. The complete dissolving of P2O5 can take several hours or overnight, where a slow temperature increase to RT is uncritical.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 2, also Misra et al. 2009). While the former shows presence of vesicles and xenocrysts close to their surfaces and absence of schlieren structure inside the spherule; the sub-mm sized spherule shows, in general, absence of vesicles and micro-xenocrysts, and smooth surface morphology and presence of schlieren within the spherules. These morphological dissimilarities between these two groups of spherules definitely suggest noticeable difference in viscosity between the fast rotating parent liquid droplets from which these spherules solidified in atmosphere/impact plume just after the impact. It is understood that the parent liquid droplets of the sub-mm sized spherule could have relatively low viscosity, which allowed forming the schlieren structure within these spherules, and the low viscosity along with the smaller sizes of these spherules perhaps induced major loss of volatile elements (e. g. , Na, K, P and perhaps Cu) from their parent liquid droplets during their evolution. For example, the schlieren have also been observed in the impact spherules from Greenland, some of which are within the size range of the spherules from the Lonar crater, and it has been interpreted that this structure was formed within the very fast rotating parent liquid droplets of these spherules having low viscosity (Jones et al. 2005). However, the exact physio-chemical factors that controlled the viscosity of the parent liquid droplets of these spherules are not clearly understood at this stage, and these could be due to the differences in temperature between the parent liquid droplets of these two types of impact spherules (cf. Keays and Lightfoot, 2004), and the presence/absence of unmelted solid phases (cf. Giordano et al. 2008). However, minor enrichment of SiO2 and P2O5 in mm-sized spherule (~52 and ~0. 24 wt% in average respectively) over sub-mm sized spherule (~48 and ~0. 07 wt% respectively) (Fig. 7) could have some positive effect on the viscosity of the former (cf. Shaw 1972; Toplis et al. 1994).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: 2% Ndfa or 64 mg N fixed plant−1) and old leaves (D50, 32. 4% Ndfa or 57 mg N fixed plant−1; D65, 28. 1% Ndfa or 46 mg N fixed plant−1). Among the plant parts, the highest % Ndfa was found in young leaves (10. 0–32. 2% Ndfa) and ear leaves (16. 0–40. 8% Ndfa) at D50 and D65, respectively. The lowest % Ndfa and amount of fixed N at D65 were found in tassel (3. 3–10. 2% Ndfa or 4–12 mg N fixed plant−1). The highest amount of fixed N was found in plant stalk at D50 (31–50 mg N fixed plant−1) and D65 (41–67 mg N fixed plant−1), albeit not the highest in % Ndfa (12. 7–18. 0% Ndfa). Interestingly, the maize plants inoculated with B. pumilus S1r1 had most of the fixed N concentrated in the ear leaves (62–75 mg N fixed plant−1), whereas other inoculated maize plants had most of their fixed N concentrated in the stalk. In tassel, % Ndfa and fixed N were significantly lower at D65 (6. 1% Ndfa or 7 mg N fixed plant−1) compared to D50 (16. 6% Ndfa or 28 mg N fixed plant−1). A similar trend was also observed in young leaves at D65, whereby % Ndfa (14. 5%) and fixed N (29 mg N fixed plant−1) were significantly lower compared to D50 (23. 9% Ndfa, 37 mg N fixed plant−1). In contrast, the ear leaves had significantly higher % Ndfa and fixed N in D65 than in D50. The amount of fixed N in the plant stalk significantly increased by 32. 0% at D65 compared to D50, despite the fact that % Ndfa remained unchanged. Interactions between plant and bacterial parameters and time of harvests In the present study, the soil bacterial population was found to be positively correlated with the bacterial populations in rhizosphere and root-endosphere (Table 7).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1 Global δ2HTRC Patterns and Hydro-Climatic EffectsFor more than four decades, δ2HNE of wood or tree-ring cellulose has been recognized to closely correlate with MAT and that δ2HNE is generally sensitive to continental-scale climatic trends (Epstein and Yapp 1976; Gray and Song 1984; Libby et al. 1976; Schiegl 1974). In retrospect, the temperature dependence of δ2HTRC at these large scales is partially due to the isotopic composition of meteoric water, which also correlates with temperature variations (Dansgaard 1964; Yapp and Epstein 1982). Here we investigated the global relationship of δ2HTRC with δ2HP and MAT across various tree species and study sites (Fig. 11. 3). Including δ2HTRC values from paleo study sites (< 1000 years before 2000 AD) only slightly affected the relationship. However, to be conservative, we excluded paleo studies (ca. 40 sites) from this analysis due to large uncertainties related to time-transgressive estimates of paleoclimate temperatures and associated estimates of δ2HP. Fig. 11. 3Relationships between δ2HNE of tree-ring cellulose (δ2) with modelled δ2H of precipitation water (δ2HP) and mean annual temperature (MAT). Mean values of ca. 180 sites derived from ca. 50 publications and unpublished records (Table S1) are given. Paleo sites (< 1000 years before 2000 AD) were excluded from the regression line due to climatic and sampling uncertainites. Unknown = tree species could not be identifiedFull size imageAs expected, δ2HP is indeed significantly related to δ2HTRC (r2 = 0. 69), demonstrating that spatial variability in δ2HP of precipitation determines more than two thirds of the spatial variation in tree-ring isotope ratios. Interestingly, the relationship between δ2HP and δ2HTRC largely envelopes the 1:1 line, albeit with a slightly shallower slope of 0. 9 ± 0. 05. The overlap of the 1:1 line is somewhat surprising, given that δ2HTRC is modified by 2H-enrichment of leaf water and by various 2H-fractionation in carbohydrates in leaf and sink tissues. Roden et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Volatiles (mainly H2O, CO2) perhaps had minimum role in controlling the viscosity of the Lonar impact spherules because most of the volatiles escaped from their parent liquid droplets (note very low Ignition values of impact-melt bomb analyses, which is ~10 times lower in average than that in target basalts, Osae et al. 2005), which could have formed at very high impact-induced temperature of ~1,600 °C (Son and Koeberl 2007). Relatively high K2O and low Na2O in the Lonar impactites (Fig. 6), in general, have been attributed to volatilization or post-impact hydrothermal processes (Purra et al. 2004). As the effect of post-impact hydrothermal alteration on the Lonar impactites is minimal or least (Fig. 10), the loss of Na from the Lonar impactites compared to that in target basalt can be attributed to volatilization. The other important volatile element that was lost from the impact-melt bomb and mm-sized impact spherule was perhaps Cu (Fig. 8c). The volatility temperature of Na in basaltic magma at atmospheric or low pressure (cf. Storey 1973) suggest the solidification temperature of the Lonar impact spherules and impact-melt bomb (which are dominantly basaltic in composition, Table 1) could be close to ~1,100 °C. A comparison with experiments at 1 bar (cf. Muan and Osborn 1956) also suggests that the newly formed magnetite crystals within the Lonar impactites (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5) could form at temperature range of ~1,150–1,140 °C, which in turn indicates the upper temperature range of quenching of Lonar impactites. 6. 3 Mechanism of Formation and is well established that the Lonar impact-melt bomb was formed by plagioclase-dominated partial melting of the target basalt (Kieffer et al. 1976; Ghosh and Bhaduri 2003; Misra and Newsom 2011), and as the major oxides and incompatible trace element chemistry of the average mm-sized impact spherules is almost similar to that of impact-melt bomb (Figs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The IAA production of PGPR strains was positively correlated with all the plant parameters, except in the top and root biomass at D65. There were significant interactions between PGPR strains and time of harvests for the parameters on total N uptake (tassel and plant top) and at. % 15Ne (tassel, young leaves and plant top) (S1 and S2 Tables). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 7. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the plant and bacterial parameters at D50 (before anthesis) and D65 (ear harvest). DiscussionIn the present study, four PGPR strains (Klebsiella sp. Br1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2) isolated from maize roots and a reference strain (B. subtilis UPMB10) from oil palm roots were used as inoculants for maize plants grown under greenhouse conditions. According to the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these PGPR strains belonged to: (i) Gamma-proteobacteria: Klebsiella spp. (Br1 and Fr1) and Acinetobacter spp. (S3r2); and (ii) Firmicutes: Bacillus spp. (UPMB10 and S1r1). Similarly, Montañez et al. [6] reported that most of their isolated bacterial genera from maize belonged to gamma-proteobacteria subdivision and indicated a selective maize plant association with some of these bacterial genera such as Acinetobacter and Klebsiella. Other researchers have also observed that bacteria from Klebsiella genus were commonly sighted near the maize root system and soil environment [8, 33]. Bacterial genera such as and Rhizobium have also been reported as effective maize PGPR. Inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum on field-grown maize significantly increased the plant biomass by 30. 7% [10]. Similarly, the co-inoculation of Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus mucilaginous significantly increased maize biomass and height equivalent to half of the chemical fertiliser inputs [34].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (2000) showed that it is rather unlikely that the leaf water signal is fully lost during tree-ring cellulose synthesis for both oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. We therefore assume that the sum of the 2H-enrichment during leaf water evaporation and 2H-fractionations of carbohydrates (Eqs. 11. 2 and 11. 3) cancel each other out, so that the mean δ2HTRC of a chronology approximately reflects the average δ2HP of a site. While MAP showed no clear relationship with δ2HTRC (not shown), we found a significant relationship between MAT and δ2HTRC (r2 = 0. 47), with a slope-derived change of 5. 2 ± 0. 5‰/℃ and an intercept of −21. 5 ± 4. 0‰. The linear relationship was very similar between MAT and δ2HP (r2 = 0. 67, not shown), with a slope-derived change of 5. 8 ± 0. 3‰/℃ and an intercept of −122. 2 ± 3. 0‰. Our results agree with 5. 5‰/℃ that was observed by Gray and Song (1984), demonstrating that the temperature-dependent equilibrium isotope effect in precipitation water is the dominant factor influencing δ2HTRC on a global scale (however, not on a local scale as discussed later). Moreover, we additionally investigated the global δ2H-δ18O relationship for tree-ring cellulose of about 110 sites (70 modern/40 paleo) (Fig. 11. 4). Previously, these two types of data had been used to model leaf water isotope across continental climate gradients (Voelker et al. 2014a). However, to our knowledge, a global δ2H-δ18O relationship for tree-ring cellulose across diverse tree species has not previously been presented. We found that the global δ2H-δ18O of tree-ring cellulose is shifted by an average δ18O offset of + 38. 6‰ between precipitation and the signal incorporated in tree-ring cellulose. This offset approximates the difference between measured δ18O values of xylem water and tree-ring cellulose (Roden and Ehleringer 2000).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 7, 9; Table 1), we can argue that these impact spherules were also formed by the similar type of process. The presence of highly vesiculated partially digested plagioclase xenocrysts or glass within the mm-sized spherules (Fig. 2c–g) also confirms the plagioclase-dominated melting of the target basalt during their formation, and the shock pressure of melting can be estimated between 80 and 60 GPa when compared with experiments (Kieffer et al. 1976; Ray et al. 2013a). Although plagioclase dominated melting of the target basalt is an accepted mechanism for the formation of the impact-melt bomb and spherules, no clear idea presently exists on how did the pyroxene of target basalt get involved in the composition of the impact melt? In their detail observation on class 5 impact glasses from the Lonar crater, Kieffer et al. (1976) reported rounded pyroxene grains with innumerable skeletal crystals, and these relict grains only showed reduction of size by fracturing and edge melting. Our additional observation on the BSE images of Lonar impact-melt bomb and spherules also suggests the presence of sub-rounded and fragmented clinopyroxene and angular fragments of titano-magnetite within the Lonar impact-melt glasses. However, we are unable to find out any partially melted pyroxene micro-xenocrysts within the Lonar impact glasses after several searches. Possibility is that during the impact-induced melting of the target basalt, the plagioclase was melted but the pyroxene and titano-magnetite were perhaps mechanically fragmented to ultrafine grains and finally mixed and reacted with the plagioclase dominated melt. However, more detail observation on the micro-xenocrysts and their chemistry of the Lonar impact glasses are in progress and will be published in future. The exact reason for the observed chemical variation within the mm-sized Lonar impact spherules (Fig. 7) is a matter of debates. However, it is certain that the impact-induced spinning of the parent liquid droplets of these spherules was not responsible for this fractionation because our previous EDS and present microprobe analyses on the central and marginal parts of these spherules confirm against any fractionation (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Many similar effective N2-fixing PGPR inoculation results have been reported on maize plant under low fertiliser-N (ca. 48 kg N ha−1) condition, with strains such as Bacillus spp. , Klebsiella spp. , Azospirillum spp. , Azotobacter spp. and Pantoea spp. [6, 34]. These researchers attributed the increase in plant-N uptake and dry biomass of inoculated plants to PGP abilities such as BNF, phosphate solubilisation and root promoting phytohormone production namely IAA, cytokinin and gibberellin. The five selected PGPR strains showed positive reactions on Nfb media, a differentiating media for screening PGPR with potential BNF ability [34]. The colour change phenomenon from green (pH 7. 0) to blue (above pH 7. 6) is due to the bromothymol blue content which changes colour with increase in pH above neutral. This increase in pH is due to the formation of fixed-ammonia from atmospheric N2 through natural N2 fixation phenomenon. In addition, this N2 fixation screening method allows selection of strains with higher survival traits in N-deprived soil condition [10]. Besides N2 fixation, these five strains have other PGP abilities, namely phosphate solubilisation and IAA production. The clear halo zones exhibited around the bacterial colonies in Pikovskaya media were in response to the solubilisation of insoluble inorganic phosphates by organic acids. Song et al. [35] attributed the efficiency to solubilise insoluble phosphates in Burkholderia cepacia, a PGPR isolated from cultivated soils in Korea, to its high level of organic acid productions namely gluconic acid. Other organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and B. megaterium have also been reported to have high phosphate solubilisation efficiency [36]. The PGPR strains in this study produced considerable amounts of IAA (5–13 μg mL−1) which were comparable to those presented in other reports. Among other, Egamberdiyeva et al. [37] reported 0. 3 μg mL−1 and 0. 5 μg mL−1 for Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Mycobacterium phlei, whereas Sachdev et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The changes in δ2HTRC values are low (Fig. 11. 4), which can be explained by the close relationship to δ2HP (Fig. 11. 3). The slope of the δ2H-δ18O relationship for tree-ring cellulose is 8. 1 and thus closely mirrors that of the global meteoric water line (the GMWL is here derived from the modelled precipitation isotope data), reflecting the dominance of isotope fractionations driving spatial variation in the signals of δ2HP and δ18OP taken up by trees. Global δ2H-δ18O relationships of tree-ring cellulose were not clearly influenced by broadleaf or coniferous tree species (Fig. 11. 3 & 11. 4) and species-effects might not play a significant role at this scale (but see species effects on the local scale below). Perhaps more importantly, variability of how δ2H vs δ18O diverge from this global relationship spatiotemporally and among and within species certainly has the potential to yield unique insights on climatic variability, ecohydrology and tree ecophysiology that needs further exploration. Fig. 11. 4Gobal relationships between δ18O and δ2H values (both VSMOW) for precipitation (modelled) and tree-ring cellulose. Mean values of ca. 180 sites are given for precipitation and of ca. 110 sites for tree-ring cellulose (Table S1). Paleo sites (< 1000 years before 2000 AD) were exludced from the regression line due to climatic and sampling uncertainites. Isotope data of precipitation follow the typical equation of the global meteoric water line (GMWL). Isotope data of tree-ring cellulose follow the same slope as the GMWL. Unknown = tree species could not be identifiedFull size image5. 2 Paleo-Climatic δ2to the strong temperature response, δ2HTRC analyses were undertaken to provide early paleoclimate or “paleo-thermometer” proxies that could be applied to ancient wood samples (Feng and Epstein 1994; Yapp and Epstein 1977). Other studies on ancient wood material combined δ2HNE and δ18O for the reconstruction of relative humidity (Edwards and Fritz 1986; Voelker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Instead, relatively more abundance of xenocrystic components along the marginal part of the mm-sized spherules suggests that the impact-induced spin of the parent-liquid droplets of these spherules could have a role, which resulting the partial separation between the melt and micro-xenocrystic components towards the central and marginal parts of the spherules respectively. The target basalt dominated bulk composition of the Lonar impact-glasses (Nayak 1972; Fredriksson et al. 1973; Kieffer et al. 1976; Osae et al. 2005; Son and Koeberl 2007; Misra et al. 2009; Beal et al. 2011) (Table 1) also rules out the control of minor compositional variations of the target on the chemical variation observed within the Lonar impact spherules (Fig. 7). The only remaining possibility could be the mixing of the impact-induced plagioclase-dominated melt with the impact-generated ultrafine pyroxene and/or titanomagnetite components of the target basalt. This possibility has been examined in the following MgO–Al2O3–(FeOT + TiO2) plot (after Kieffer et al. 1976) (Fig. 11). In the MgO–Al2O3–(FeOT + TiO2) plot of Kieffer et al. (1976), the colourless and brown coloured glasses of the impact-melt bomb are plotted on a mixing line joining Al2O3 apex and the point MgO25(FeOT + TiO2)75 on the base of this triangle. The impact-melt bomb shows a wide variation in Al2O3 from 100 % down to 35 % on this mixing line. Our studied population of the Lonar impactites are also plotted on this mixing line joining plagioclase apex and point B on the base of the triangle between clinopyroxene and titano-magnetite (Fig. 11 and online supplement ST4). The overlapping fields of the Lonar impactites show a very restricted variation of plagioclase (Al2O3 in the diagram) only between ~25 and 45 %.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: [38] reported the highest level of 27. 5 μg mL−1 from their collections of K. pneumoniae strains. In nature, IAA is synthesised by plants and PGPR from amino acid tryptophan, a common precursor in root exudates through transamination and decarboxylation biochemical reactions [19]. It is estimated that 80% of soil rhizosphere bacteria can produce IAA, whereas almost all (98%) the PGPR strains isolated by Arruda et al. [7] from the plant rhizospheres were able to produce IAA. In this study, the positive correlations between IAA productions by PGPR and most maize plant growth parameters (plant top and root biomass) at D50 strongly suggested the influence of phytohormone IAA on plant growth. However, these positive plant growth effects from IAA on plant top and root biomass were not apparent at ear harvest (D65), possibly due to the pot environment. IAA enhances plant growth mainly through extension of root system to reach larger soil volume for increased water and nutrient uptake. The common soil volume in all treatments could gradually limit this beneficial effects of IAA on root development, especially at the later stage of plant growth, ear harvest (D65) [39]. Rhizosphere usually has higher bacterial biomass and activity than the bulk soil due to the photosynthetically assimilated carbon sources such as carbohydrates, amino acids, amides, vitamins and organic acids in the root exudates [5]. This phenomenon is known as the “rhizosphere effect”, where essential nutrients for soil bacterial growth are abundantly available [40]. In this study, although the PGPR inoculated rhizospheres had higher bacterial colonisation than the uninoculated control, their differences were not statistically significant, which was possibly due to the nature of unsterilised soil condition that allowed competition between the introduced PGPR and indigenous soil bacteria [5]. In general, the total bacterial populations (108 cfu g−1) in the PGPR inoculated rhizospheres were deemed as sufficient to promote nitrogenase activity [34, 41] in their free living state [40]. The significant correlation between bacterial populations in rhizosphere and soil suggests the phenomenon of bacterial migration from the bulk soil to the rhizosphere due to the bacterial ability to respond chemotactically [42].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2014a) and atmospheric circulations patterns (Feng et al. 2007). Some studies used the δ2HTRC difference between ancient and modern wood to infer climatic changes or monsoon intensity (Boettger et al. 2003; Feng et al. 1999). Moreover, δ2HTRC can function as a supplementary information, helping to date tree rings in wood of unknown sources (Becker et al. 1991). This is particularly important for dating of ancient wood samples, which are rarer and thus can be more difficult to cross date using conventional dendrochronological methods. The longest published δ2HTRC record so far (over 8000 years before 1950, at 50-year resolution) was established by Feng and Epstein (1994) from bristlecone pine trees. However, δ2HTRC was also analyzed from much older individual wood samples from the Late Glacial/Holocene (14 to 8 Ka) (Boettger et al. 2003; Edwards and Fritz 1986; Epstein 1995; Feng et al. 2007), (60 to 30 Ka) (Stojakowits et al. 2020), (~4. 5 Ma) (Csank et al. 2011), and Eocene (~45 Ma) (Jahren and Sternberg 2008). Despite this past work, hydrogen isotope analysis of tree rings is rarely conducted compared to the use of hydrogen isotopes from other paleo isotope archives (e. g. , ice or sediment cores). Hence, novel approaches that combine δ2HTRC with carbon and oxygen isotope analyses and other tree-ring properties at inter-annual resolution may provide promising new multi-proxy tools for understanding past climates and their impact on plant ecophysiology. 5. 3 Local δ2HTRC Pattern and Physio-Biochemical EffectsDespite known correlations between climate variables and δ2HTRC across large spatial scales, temporal variations in local δ2HTRC chronologies often do not strongly correlate with local climatic changes or hydrological influences (Boettger et al. 2014; Lipp et al. 1991; Loader et al. 2008; Pendall 2000). Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in an individual tree should theoretically be derived from the same water sources and thus be correlated (as shown in Fig. 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: It is apparent from this plot that the contribution of the clinopyroxene of the target basalt was perhaps more in the formation of the Lonar impactites, and the proportions of plagioclase: clinopyroxene: titanomagnetite vary between ~43:47:10 and ~25:62:13. Fig. 11Plots of Lonar impactites in MgO-Al2O3-(FeOT + TiO2) plot after Kieffer et al. (1976); plagioclase, pyroxene and titanomagnetite of the target basalt (for data see Table ST 4 in online supplement) are plotted in the diagram for reference. Note that the Lonar impactites form an overlapping field on a mixing line joining Al2O3 apex (plagioclase) and the point ‘B’ on the base line of the triangle with MgO25(FeOT + TiO2)75, Al2O3 content of Lonar impactites vary between ~25 and 45 wt%Full size image 6. 4 Fractionation of abundances and ratios of siderophile elements (Cr, Co, Ni) can be used for identification of meteoritic components if the meteoritic contribution in impactites is high (exceeding 0. 1 wt%) and the composition of the target rocks are well known (Son and Koeberl 2007). The sub-mm sized impact-spherule recently reported from the Lonar crater contains relatively high Cr (average—310 ppm, standard deviation—150 ppm) and Ni [1,300 ppm (560 ppm)], which are thought to be the impactor asteroid components (Misra et al. 2009). On the other hand, the present observation on low Ni and Cr (Table 1; Fig. 8a) in the mm-sized spherule and impact-melt bomb from the Lonar crater negates any fractionation of meteoritic components within these impactites (cf. Osae et al. 2005). Extensive analyses of Son and Koeberl (2007) showed that Cr [89 ppm (22 ppm)] and Ni [94 ppm (52 ppm)] of the Lonar impactites are comparable to those in the target basalts (Table 1). A recent investigation (Newsom et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was hypothesised that bacterial mobility could be accelerated by soil water movement [43] in which the soil was maintained at field capacity throughout the study. Similarly, the root-endosphere of maize inoculated with PGPR showed higher bacterial populations, particularly with Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 treatment. Generally, PGPR inoculations (B. subtilis UPMB10, Klebsiella sp. Br1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2) significantly increased the total N content and dry biomass of maize throughout the study (D50 and D65). Among the PGPR strains, inoculation with B. pumilus S1r1 and K. pneumoniae Fr1 recorded higher amounts of total N content and dry biomass in the respective whole plants, plant tops and different plant parts (tassel, young, ear and old leaves, stalk, ear and root) of maize prior to anthesis (D50) and ear harvest (D65). These increments were strongly attributed to the inherent BNF abilities, as indicated by the significantly lower at. % 15Ne in the plant tops and different plant parts of the inoculated maize compared to the uninoculated control. Lower at. % 15Ne value indicates a marked increase in percentage of N within inoculated maize plant is derived from atmospheric-N [44]. Notably, maize plants in this study were grown under unsterilised condition to simulate the actual field environment where the agricultural soil is generally unsterilised. This practice is prone to underestimate the N2 fixation rate of PGPR since the rate is calculated based on at. % 15Ne of reference plant, which will be indiscriminately influenced by the BNF of indigenous soil bacteria. Therefore, a suitable reference plant with similar plant type, root system and plant growth is crucial in a 15N isotope dilution study to minimise plant variations due to the influence of indigenous soil bacteria [45]. Factoring the conditions into account, the 15N isotope dilution technique is widely regarded as the most accurate and the only direct method available to quantify N status in plant and soil studies for short and long term experiments without any isotope effect or health risk under growth chamber, greenhouse and field conditions [9, 46, 47]. In the present study, maize inoculated with B.

Output: corroborate