Input: Claim: Public key cryptography uses a pair of keys, one public and one private, to secure communication over untrusted networks. [SEP] Text: Similar signal detection criteria as for the analysis of airborne sound signals were used, except that the spike rate had to exceed the critical value for a longer duration of 200 ms, since the tremulation signal lasts much longer. 1. Gerhardt HC, (2002) in Insects and Anurans. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. 2. Greenfield MD (2002) Signalers and receivers. Mechanisms and evolution of arthropod communication. Press. 3. (1981) Bat predation and the evolution of frog vocalizations in the neotropics. Science 214: 677–678. View 4. (1975) Acoustically orienting parasitoids: fly phonotaxis to cricket song. Science 190: 1312–1313. View 5. (1990) Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Zool 68: 619–640. View 6. Zuk M, Kolluru GR (1998) Exploitation of sexual signals by predators and parasitoids. of Biology 73: 415–438. View 7. (1999) Exploitation of intraspecific communication systems: Illicit signalers and receivers. 92(6): 960–970. View 8. (2002) Predation and the evolution of prey behavior: an experiment with tree hole mosquitoes. 13: 301–311. View 9. (1994) Sexual Selection. Press. 10. Endler JA (1980) Natural selection on color patterns in Poecilia reticulate. Evolution 34: 76–91. View 11. Endler JA (1992) Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution. 139: 125–153. View 12. -G, Lehmann AW (2001) Male bushcrickets favoured by parasitoid flies when acoustically more attractive for conspecific females (Orthoptera:Phanopteridae/Diptera:Tachinidae). Entomol gen 25: 135–140. View 13. Bailey WJ, (1998) Risks of calling by the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus; potential predation by Australian long-eared bats. J 244: 505–513. View 14. (1987) Bat predation and its influence on calling behaviour in Neotropical katydids. Science 238: 64–67. View 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: Can rumen bacteria communicate to each other? access Published: 21 February 2020 Can rumen bacteria communicate to each other? Mi-Young Won1, Linda B. Oyama2, Stephen J. Courtney2, Christopher J. Creevey2 & …Sharon A. : orcid. org/0000-0002-9284-24532 Show authors Microbiome 38. 2% of total genomes). Of these 192 genomes, 139 are from Gram-positive bactreetteria and 53 from Gram-negative bacteria. We also found that the genera Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Pseudobutyrivibrio, which are well known as the most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen, possessed the most lux-based AI-2 QS genes. Gene expression levels within the metatranscriptome dataset showed that Prevotella, in particular, expressed high levels of LuxS synthase suggesting that this genus plays an important role in QS within the rumen. ConclusionThis is the most comprehensive study of QS in the rumen microbiome to date. This study shows that AI-2-based QS is rife in the rumen. These results allow a greater understanding on plant-microbe interactions in the rumen. BackgroundThe rumen microbiome is a highly specialised, complex community composed of bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses [1]. Even though the rumen microbiome has been studied for many years, progress in understanding rumen microbial function has been slow due to the complexity of the ecosystem and available technologies, although recent ‘omic advances have improved our understanding. Despite these recent developments of ‘omic technologies, there remains to be a dearth of knowledge regarding bacterial cell to cell communication in the rumen microbiome. Much is known about cell communication from pure culture studies of non-ruminant origin (e. g. Vibrio harveyi, V.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Niiranen et al. , 2013). For herring the results are more variable. The growth rate of herring larvae is positively affected by temperature (Hakala et al. , 2003), but weight at age and stock biomass of herring adults has in several studies been linked to the availability of food, mainly determined by the abundance of marine copepods and competition with sprat (Flinkman et al. , 1998; Möllmann et al. , 2003; Casini et al. , 2011; Heikinheimo, 2011; Otto et al. , 2014b). In modelling studies both an increase (Bartolino et al. , 2014) and a short-term decrease (until 1950) (Niiranen et al. , 2013) of herring populations have been projected. Both herring and sprat populations probably benefited from the eutrophication during the 1950s to 1980s (Eero et al. , 2016), which is the same period that the eutrophication status changed from good to poor (Andersen et al. , 2017; Murray et al. , 2019). Since then, sprat biomass has varied independently of nutrient dynamics and has been more strongly affected by climatic variation and top-down control, i. e. cod predation and fisheries (Eero et al. , 2016). Based on experimental and modelling studies, future climatic variations may affect Baltic cod through their effects on water temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH, as well as nutrients, which indirectly affect both the availability and quality of food (Limburg and Casini, 2019; Möllmann et al. , 2021). The responses of cod larvae to ocean acidification (OA) have been studied experimentally, also in combination with warming (OAW). In some studies, no effects of OA or OAW on hatching, survival or development rates of cod larvae were found (Frommel et al. , 2013), while in others mortality of cod larvae doubled when they were treated with high-end projections of OA (based on RCP8. 5). When the projected increase of mortality was included into a stock-recruitment model, recruitment of western Baltic cod declined to only 8 % of the baseline recruitment (Stiasny et al. , 2016), suggesting a dramatic effect of OA on cod populations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using the same key for encryption and decryption in symmetric key cryptography ensures absolute security. [SEP] Text: In addition, it is also resistant to decryption key exposure attack. By using the game sequence, we prove the security against CPA attacks and collusion attacks under the random oracle model. We also conducted an implementation to demonstrate the practicability of our RLWE-based RM-CP-ABE scheme. The future works will focus on the construction of secure and efficient CP-ABE scheme under the standard model. At the same time, we can also consider constructing a CP-ABE scheme with more flexible access policies. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 594. An efficient attribute-based encryption scheme with policy update and file update in cloud computing. 15(12):6500–65091142. Combining data owner-side and cloud-side access control for encrypted cloud storage. 13(8):2062–207467. Decentralized multi-authority ABE for DNFs from LWE. In: Canteaut A, Standaert FX (eds) Advances in Cryptology – 2021. 2021. in Computer Science, vol 12696. Springer, Cham. Multi-authority attribute-based encryption scheme from lattices[J]. J Sci 21(3):483–501. Secure cloud file system with attribute based encryption. 2013 5th on Xi'an, pp 99–102. S, (2014) Fuzzy authorization for cloud storage. 2(4):422–43512. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp 16–17. Ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption supporting unbounded attribute space from r-lwe. (TIIS) 11(4):2292–2309 2009. in Computer Science, vol 5932. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Dynamic credentials and ciphertext delegation for attribute-based encryption. In: Safavi-Naini R, (eds) Advances in Cryptology – 2012. 2012. in Computer Science, vol 7417. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. A secure iot cloud storage system with fine-grained access control and decryption key exposure resistance. 97:284–2942017. in Computer Science, vol 10342. Springer, Cham. Lattice-based revocable attribute-based encryption with decryption key exposure resistance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: fischeri, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), which shows that Gram-negative bacteria typically use acylated homoserine lactone (AHLs)-based quorum sensing (QS) cell to cell communication strategies (autoinducer-1 QS system; AI-1) and Gram-positive bacteria use furanosyl borate diester or tetrahydroxy furan (autoinducer-2 QS system; AI-2) [2,3,4]. In these bacteria, upregulation of QS autoinducer chemicals, followed by receptor binding, instigates changes in overall bacterial gene expression and phenotype, with increased virulence commonly being a consequence [4]. These studies outline the genetic basis of QS-based bacterial cell to cell communication in vitro and are useful for furthering our understanding; however, their applicability to microbiome communities are uncertain and cell to cell communication in multi-species biofilms, such as those in the rumen, are likely to be far more complicated. AHLs have been detected in rumen fluid, suggesting they may play a role in cell to cell communication in the rumen microbiome [5]. By testing pure cultures, Erikson et al. (2002) [5] were not able to identify which bacteria produce AHL using Gram-negative rumen bacterial pure cultures, including Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 5S, Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Megasphaera elsdenii LC1, Prevotella albensis 223/M2/7, P. brevis GA33, P. bryantii B14, P. ruminocola 23 and B85, Ruminobacter amylophilus 70 and WP109, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4, four unnamed S. ruminantium strains and Succinovibrio dextrinosolvens 24, as well as Gram-positive ruminal pure culture bacteria Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Lachnospira multiparus 20, Ruminococcus albus B199, two strains of R. flavefaciens and Streptococcus bovis YM150. This suggests that the as yet unculturable bacteria or other cultured bacteria not tested by Erickson et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A thorough review including long-term data and modelling demonstrated how predation, fishing, eutrophication and climate have sequentially affected eastern Baltic cod during the past century (Eero et al. , 2011). In the early decades of the 20th century, cod reproduction was successful but seal predation and food availability kept the size of cod stock at a moderate level. From the 1940s, fishing replaced seal predation in controlling cod population, whereas the slowly increasing eutrophication had a minor positive influence on cod spawning stock biomass in 1950s to 1970s. In the late 1970s, a series of large saline inflows increased the salinity of the and kept oxygen conditions in the deep basins favourable for cod. Consequently, reproduction peaked in 1978–1982 and, as fishing pressure was also temporarily low, the spawning stock biomass increased to a record-breaking level of ca. 700 000 t in 1980–1984 (Eero et al. , 2011). After this peak period, cod stock started to decline due to a drastic reduction of the water volume where conditions are sufficiently saline and oxic for survival of cod eggs and larvae, the “cod reproductive volume” (RV). The decline of RV was associated with a stagnation period with low oxygen caused by a combination of anthropogenic eutrophication and climate-induced paucity of major saline inflows. Since then, the productivity of cod stocks has remained low (Eero et al. , 2020), and the average maximum length of cod individuals has also been constantly declining (Orio et al. , 2021). The reason for low growth may have been the low availability of both benthic and pelagic food (Neuenfeldt et al. , 2020). Alternatively, a long-term exposure to low-oxygen conditions may affect body chemistry (Limburg and Casini, 2019) and decrease digestion rate and food consumption of cod (Brander, 2020). The physiological hypothesis is strengthened by the observed increase in depth distribution of cod and consequent dwelling of cod in low oxygen water (Casini et al. , 2021). Several studies project low abundances of cod towards the end of the century due to the climate- and eutrophication-induced decrease of RV (Eero et al. , 2011, 2020; Gårdmark et al. , 2013; Niiranen et al. , 2013; Wåhlström et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astronauts in space age slower than people on Earth due to zero gravity. [SEP] Text: Since a terrestrial analogue of space exposure, prolonged head-down bed rest, impairs both orthostatic tolerance and vagal baroreflex function, we studied the effects of spaceflight on astronauts’ vagal baroreflexes. We document significant vagal baroreflex impairment in space, which, considered with earlier studies, indicates that exposure to weightlessness diminishes vagal and augments sympathetic cardiovascular influences. Before the manned space era, scientists expressed trepidation regarding the potentially baleful consequences of human exposure to the totally unknown physiological influences of microgravity. 12, 1961, the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gargarin. He returned to Earth after an 89 min orbital spaceflight with no apparent disability. However, the ninth man in space, the Schirra, returned after 9 h and 13 min in space and experienced dizziness upon standing up. Orthostatic symptoms are common in astronauts returning from space; indeed, Buckey et al. (1996) reported that 9 of 14 astronauts could not stand quietly for 10 min, and two of the others felt lightheaded at the end of 10 min. Since a terrestrial analogue of microgravity, prolonged head-down bed rest, provokes both orthostatic hypotension and vagal baroreflex impairment (Convertino et al. 1990), it seemed reasonable to test the hypothesis that microgravity exposure impairs human baroreflex responsiveness. To study this possibility, we modified a neck chamber device (Eckberg & Fritsch, 1993), described originally by and DJ Parry (1957), to elicit entire sigmoidal baroreceptor stimulus–R–R interval response relations during one held expiration. Pressure changes applied non-invasively (and therefore, safely) to the neck provoke parallel linear changes of baroreceptive carotid artery diameter (Kober & Arndt, 1970), which alter vagal and sympathetic neural outflows and trigger baroreflexes responses. Figure 1 shows American astronaut, performing baroreflex research on herself in space (left), a stylized neck pressure profile (A), an actual cardiac R–R interval response (B), and responses of a different astronaut before and during spaceflight (C). We reported responses of 13 healthy astronauts studied before, during and after two space shuttle missions, in a recent issue of of Physiology (Eckberg et al. 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: (2002) [5] may be responsible for most of the AHL signals found in rumen fluid. Interestingly, it has been reported that AHL signals are reduced in concentration in rumen fluid taken during the winter, possibly due to changes in the microbiome in line with winter diets [6]. While recently, Yang and colleagues isolated P. aeruginosa YZ1 from the rumen of cattle, which utilises AHL signals to communicate [7], although this bacterial genus is not commonly found in the rumen ecosystem [8]. Supporting the importance of cell to cell communication in the rumen microbiome, LuxS proteins and analogues from the AI-2 QS system have been annotated in transcriptome datasets from the rumen [9]. Moreover, AI-2 activity was also detected in the rumen contents of three cows [10,11,12]. Mitsumori and colleagues (2003) [10] also detected AI-2 signals in pure cultures of B. fibrisolvens, Eubacterium ruminantium, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Succinomonas amylolytica, suggesting a prominent role of AI-2-based QS in the rumen. Recently, the Hungate collection of rumen microbial genomes was released [13]. This collection of 501 microbial genomes is the most comprehensive for the rumen microbiome and represents a major step change in our ability to understand the rumen microbiome. In this study, we took advantage of the availability of the Hungate collection, alongside other rumen bacterial genomes deposited in Genbank, to prospect rumen bacterial genomes for genes/proteins which are known to be involved in QS cell to cell communication and to further our understanding of the importance of QS in the rumen. We also confirmed that putative QS genes were expressed by prospecting for these sequences in the largest available rumen metatranscriptome datasets. MethodsBacterial genomes used in this studyThe bacterial genomes used in this study were obtained both from the Hungate collection (428 bacterial species excluding genomes from archaea, viruses and eukaryotes) ( (accessed on July 2018) and from Genbank ( (July 2018) [13]. To find the genomes in Genbank, the genomes category in PubMed was searched using the keywords “rumen and bacteria”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2020). It has also been speculated that seal predation could contribute to keeping cod stocks low. However, although seal predation can cause damage to cod fisheries in coastal areas (Blomquist and Waldo, 2021), it has been concluded that the increased seal predation is a less important factor for the future size of fish stocks in the than climate, eutrophication and fisheries (Mackenzie et al. , 2011; Tomczak et al. , 2021). There is some disagreement on the effect of fisheries on cod stocks in the future. Earlier studies suggested that fisheries limitations may well enable stock recovery even in a “cod-hostile” environment (Cardinale and Svedäng, 2011; Heikinheimo, 2011). Certain recent modelling studies have however been less optimistic and projected that cod productivity will remain low due to the large impact of environmental drivers, especially oxygen and availability of food (Eero et al. , 2020). For the western Baltic cod (inhabiting the Danish straits and the Arkona Sea) it has even been suggested that cod is now beyond a tipping point, with severe ecological, economic, and social consequences. At a critical moment, fisheries management failed to fully consider the changed environmental conditions, and climatic factors now prevent the recovery of cod stocks (Möllmann et al. , 2021). Increasing seawater temperature has also made it possible for certain warm-water Atlantic species, such as anchovy (Alheit et al. , 2012), sole and turbot (Sparrevohn et al. , 2013) to occur more abundantly in Kattegat and the southernmost Baltic Sea. Such northward and eastward migrations of these warm-water species may be caused by both global climate change and by variations in the temperature anomalies (NHA), Oscillation (NAO), the Oscillation (AMO), as well as contraction of the subpolar gyre (Alheit et al. , 2012; Sparrevohn et al. , 2013). As for coastal freshwater fish, the distribution of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) expanded towards the north along the coasts of the Bothnian Sea, apparently due to the warming of waters (Pekcan-Hekim et al. , 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Jupiter's Great Red Spot is actually a solid landmass, not a storm. [SEP] Text: Roman1, Henrik Melin1, Jake Harkett1, Imke de Pater3, Thierry Fouchet4, Alessandro Mura5, Davide Grassi5, Guiseppe Piccioni5, Mike Wong3, Pablo Rodríguez-Ovalle4, Patrick Irwin6, Glenn Orton7, Pat Fry8, Gordy Bjoraker9, and Ricardo Hueso10 1University of Leicester, UK (leigh. fletcher@leicester. ac. uk) 2University of Sapienza, Italy 34Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France 5INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e (INAF-IAPS),Italy 6University of Oxford, UK 78University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 910Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain 1University of Leicester, UK (leigh. fletcher@leicester. ac. uk) 2University of Sapienza, Italy 34Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France 5INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e (INAF-IAPS),Italy 6University of Oxford, UK 78University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 910Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/present observations of Jupiter’s atmosphere using JWST’s NIRSpec (Jakobsen+2022, doi:10. 1051/0004-6361/202142663) integral field unit (IFU) spectrometer acquired during the first year of scientific operations. Near-infrared spectroscopic mapping provides a key tool for studying giant planet clouds, hazes, and gaseous composition from the cloud-forming weather layer to the radiatively-controlled lower stratosphere. Spectrometers that span the 1-5 µm range provide access to reflected sunlight inside and outside of strong methane bands; ionospheric emission from H3+; and deep thermal emission from an atmospheric ‘window’ near 5 µm (where gaseous absorption is relatively low). The superb spectral sensitivity, spectral resolution (R~2700), and uninterrupted spectral range of NIRSpec/IFU has provided an exquisite dataset for studying the 3D structure of Jupiter’s dynamic atmosphere, with sensitivity to wavelengths that have been previously inaccessible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: results from complete genomes not represented in the Hungate collection were used in this study. search produced 20 rumen bacteria genomes, 12 Gram-positive and 8 Gram-negative species. Combined with the 428 bacterial genomes from the Hungate collection, this resulted in genomes from a total of 448 rumen bacteria species, 311 which were Gram-positive, 136 which were Gram-negative and 1 which was Gram stain variable (Additional file 1: Table S1). These were then analysed for genes involved in QS cell to cell communication. Prospecting genomes for quorum sensing-related proteinsEach of the genomes was re-annotated using (using default settings), which uses BLAST+ and Blastp to annotate, and for each genome, the resulting annotations of the predicted protein sequences were searched using semantic approaches [14]. To search for AHL-related genes, the following search terms were prospected: Quorum sensing, autoinducer, homoserine lactone, N-acyl homoserine, AHL synthase, and homoserine lactone efflux protein. To search for AI-2-related genes, the following search terms were prospected: Quorum sensing, autoinducer, -ribosylhomocysteine, S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase (full chemical name for Lux S) and AI-2. Sequence alignment and generation of phylogenetic treesAll LuxS proteins identified from the rumen bacteria were aligned using Mega7 (v. 7. 0. 26) [15]. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with additional protein genes from Vibrio harveyi (Gram-negative) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram-positive), in which LuxS based on QS system have been well studied, alongside LuxS-based QS proteins previously identified from rumen microbial metagenomics and metatranscriptomic sequences [9], for comparative purposes. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbour-joining clustering method [16]. A bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 replicates, and branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Poisson correction method and are represented by in number of amino acid substitutions per site. The analysis involved 201 amino acid sequences. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 191 positions in the final dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: For many coastal piscivores (perch, pike, pike-perch) and cyprinids, eutrophication status of coastal waters is however a more important factor for distribution than climatic variation (Snickars et al. , 2015; Bergström et al. , 2016). A long-term study covering 4 decades (1970s to 2010s) made at different coastal areas of the illustrated that it is hard to disentangle the effects of abiotic factors from biotic interactions affecting fish and their benthic food-sources (Törnroos et al. , 2019). To sum up, temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH have a big impact on Baltic fish recruitment and growth, and as all these variables respond to climatic variations it seems evident that fish communities in the will undergo changes, with the open-sea ecosystem remaining dominated by clupeids and certain freshwater fish increasing in coastal areas (Reusch et al. , 2018; Stenseth et al. , 2020; Möllmann et al. , 2021). Together with other environmental changes, especially eutrophication, changes in fish populations may lead to altered food web dynamics (Eero et al. , 2021), necessitating ecosystem-based management of fisheries and socio-ecological adaptation (Woods et al. , 2021). 5 Climate change and ecosystem structure and function Sea ecosystem is impacted by climate-induced changes in the physical and biogeochemical environment in various ways. Climatic changes affect species and populations directly and indirectly, also impacting micro-evolution of species and having synergistic effects on other environmental drivers such as eutrophication and hypoxia (Wikner and Andersson, 2012; Niiranen et al. , 2013; Ehrnsten et al. , 2020; Pecuchet et al. , 2020; Schmidt et al. , 2020). In synergy, these impacts have already boosted the emergence of “novelty” in the system and profoundly altered pathways of energy (Ammar et al. , 2021). This development will probably continue, at least if the environmental conditions of the continue to change as projected by modelling studies. Below, recent findings regarding climate impacts on structure and functioning on the ecosystem are summarised. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Jupiter's Great Red Spot is actually a solid landmass, not a storm. [SEP] Text: In this presentation, we compare NIRSpec/IFU spectra to those acquired by the JIRAM instrument (2-5 µm spectrometer) on NASA’s Juno spacecraft (Adriani+2017, doi:10. 1007/s11214-014-0094-y), and look ahead to future Jupiter observations by the MAJIS instrument on JUICE (Poulet+2024, doi:10. 1007/s11214-024-01057-2). JWST Observations: We used the NIRSpec/IFU instrument to acquire spatially-resolved spectral maps of Jupiter across a 3x3” field-of-view (FOV), using mosaicking to ensure wide spatial coverage. Two gratings were used at high spectral resolution (R~2700, G235H and G395H) to span the 1. 8-5. 3 µm range. While the small precludes global mapping of Jupiter, representative regions of the atmosphere can be explored by combining multiple datasets. As part of early-release science (ERS, PIs: de Pater & Fouchet) programme 1373, six mosaic tiles were used to map the Spot on 2022-07-27 using both gratings; six G395H (2. 8-5. 3 µm) tiles and three G235H tiles (1. 8-3. 2 µm) were used to map Jupiter’s domain on 2022-12-27. Data were reduced and navigated using the JWST pipeline and custom processing (King+2023, doi:10. 3847/2515-5172/ad045f), mitigating the effects of saturation in reflectivity peaks near ~2 µm and strong thermal emission at 5 µm by subdividing long integrations into shorter durations (known as groups). Emission features from H3+ and CH4 fluorescence were identified in the data (Melin+2024) and removed to enable fitting of the neutral atmosphere. Spot: JWST captured the GRS in July 2022 in a relatively quiescent state (Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: LuxS synthase expression within a rumen bacterial metatranscriptomeTwenty publicly available metatranscriptomic datasets were taken from the for Archive, under the accession number SRA075938 [16]. The samples were 150 bp paired-end reads from the Illumina Hiseq2000 sequencer [16]. Fastq files were processed with multiqc [17], and reads were trimmed from 150 to 110 bp using the Trimmomatic software version 0. 36 [18]. Reads were aligned to the Hungate rumen genome dataset using bowtie2 version 2. 3. 0 [19] using the settings “--very-sensitive-local” which allowed soft trimming of the reads and a relaxed alignment and “-k 497”. The resulting SAM files were converted to BAM files using SAMtools version 1. 9 [20]. SAMtools version 1. 9 was used to filter all and the best alignment position for each read using the flag option “-F 260”. For each of the 20 final filtered BAM files FeatureCounts (from the subread package version 2. 0. 0) [21] was used to calculate the number of reads that align within the boundaries of every predicted gene in the Hungate genomes. The read counts were then converted into RPKM values. Finally, the RPKM values of the genes of interest in this study were extracted from the entire expression count table. ResultsQuorum sensing-related proteins with rumen bacterial genomesFor the purpose of analysis, two genera, Lachnobacterium and Micrococcus, which are often described as weakly Gram-positive or Gram-variable respectively were included with the Gram-positive bacteria group (Additional file 1: Table S1). Flavonifractor plautii, which is also a Gram-variable bacterium, but never referred to as being weakly Gram-positive or negative, was consequently not included in either group (Additional file 1: Table S1). Fifty percent of the genome sequences prospected for QS cell to cell signalling did not contain any protein annotated with LuxS or AHL signalling system, irrespective of their Gram staining phenotypes. Thus, any genomes which did not have LuxS or AHL signalling genes were presented as N/A (not applicable; Additional file 1: Table S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 1 Projections of primary production and eutrophication For the global ocean it has been projected that climate change will decrease both primary and secondary production because of intensified stratification and decreased availability of nutrients in the surface layer (Blanchard et al. , 2012; IPCC, 2019). The effects of climate change on the ecosystem may however be different because of the special hydrographical characteristics, peculiar communities, strong seasonal cycle, and the strong dependency of the of both its watershed and the adjacent North Sea. In the Baltic Sea, changes in ice conditions, water temperature, density stratification, and especially supply of nutrients through rivers and from the sediment, affect the nutrient dynamics and primary productivity in both coastal areas and the open sea. Different species however respond in different ways to changes in the environmental parameters, and both increases and decreases in primary production have been reported and projected along with climate-induced changes in the environment. Climate change will most probably mean milder winters, and if soils remain thawed, more nutrients will leak from the terrestrial areas into the freshwater system. The nutrient load into the sea will probably increase, especially in the northern where precipitation is probably increasing the most (Lessin et al. , 2014; Huttunen et al. , 2015; Christensen et al. , 2022) but also in the southern (M. Voss et al. , 2011). It has also been projected that the total phosphorus loading (from terrestrial areas of Finland) will increase relatively more than that of nitrogen (Huttunen et al. , 2015) and, together with the internal loading of phosphorus from sediments (Lessin et al. , 2014; Stigebrandt et al. , 2014; Stigebrandt and Anderson, 2020), phosphorus availability to primary producers may increase. If the N:P ratio of the surface layer will decline, the spring bloom will decline and more excess phosphate will be available for the summer cyanobacteria communities after the spring bloom (Lessin et al. , 2014). This hypothesis especially concerns the and the Gulf of Finland and perhaps the southern as well. In the central Baltic Sea, increased spring water temperature causes, together with increased irradiation and enhanced wind-induced mixing of the surface layer, an earlier but less intense spring bloom. In summer, in contrast, an increase in temperature is coupled with increased thermal stratification, which is projected to favour production of cyanobacteria (Meier et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Jupiter's Great Red Spot is actually a solid landmass, not a storm. [SEP] Text: 1), with fine tendrils of material (reddish in visible light) forming an anticlockwise spiral at the edge of the vortex, and cloud-free lanes of low reflectivity and bright thermal emission surrounding both the red anticyclone and the reflective aerosols of the GRS hollow. Intriguingly, reflectivity maps between 3. 0 and 4. 5 µm (sounding upper-tropospheric aerosols) show a series of concentric ovals, forming lanes around the centre of the GRS, with the most reflective in the centre where wind speeds are lowest (and sometimes there is a counter-rotating cyclonic core). A combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and Models (GMM) was used to identify self-similar NIRSpec spectra (Biagiotti+2024, doi:10. 5194/egusphere-egu24-12950), forming clusters for subsequent spectral inversion with to derive aerosol properties and gaseous abundances. The clustering naturally identified the different spectra in the dark cloud-free regions; the whitish aerosols of the GRS hollow; and the red-orange aerosols of the GRS. A persistent cluster defines the edge or halo of the GRS, showing a spectrum that is distinct from the GRS interior. We repeated the same analysis on Juno/JIRAM spectra of the GRS acquired during Juno’s first perijove (2016-08-27, Grassi+2021, doi:10. 1093/mnras/stab740), albeit with lower spectral resolution and coarser coverage of the JIRAM spectrometer. The same clusters were identified, and the same persistent halo. The halo may be associated with the mixture of red chromophores and the underlying background clouds. The clusters show considerable difference in the shape of the 2. 6-2. 8 µm reflectivity peak, indicating the presence of different cloud and haze properties (compositions, p2. 7-µm reflectivity peak that is spectrally broader with enhanced reflection out beyond 3. 0 µm. Inversions varying the properties of the upper haze, deeper clouds, and abundances of ammonia and phosphine will be presented to determine the origin of the concentric lanes within the GRS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: When specific species names or strain ID could not be identified from Genbank genome entries, results were included with closely related genera or families in the Hungate collection (e. g. family: Crodiobacteriaceae, genus: Olsenella and family: Propionibacteriaceae, genus: Propionibacterium). This was also done when species had been re-classified with different names, e. g. Clostridium mangenotii and Eubacterium rectalis have been re-classified as Clostridioides mangenotii and Agathobacter rectalis respectively. LuxS proteins, which can produce/regulate AI-2 signal and the corresponding receptor protein LuxR, were highly represented in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species. A total of 171 LuxS proteins were identified in the genomes analysed, with 40. 2% and 33. 0% of LuxS proteins being found within Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species respectively (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). A total of 21 LuxR proteins were also identified in the genomes analysed, with 4. 5% and 5. 1% of LuxR proteins being found within Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species respectively (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). In contrast, only one species (Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269) appeared to have the AHL synthase gene among the Gram-negative bacteria list (Additional file 1: Table S1). Nonetheless, AHL efflux proteins were detected in six () Gram-negative bacterial genomes (4. 4%), with no AHL-related proteins being detected in Gram-positive bacteria as expected. Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269 also possessed luxS and LuxR genes, suggesting that this bacterium may use the AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing systems (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). On further note, nine of the rumen bacterial genomes (Bacillus sp. MB2021, Blautia schinkii DSM 10518, Dorea longicatena AGR2136, Lachnospiraceae bacterium FE2018, Slackia heliotrinireducens, Oscillibacter sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Several studies suggest fundamental changes in trophic dynamics and eventually in the pathways of carbon in the Baltic Sea. A climate- and nutrient-load-driven model reconstruction of the state from 1850 to 2006 suggests that the shift from spring to summer primary production is accompanied by an intensification of pelagic recycling of organic matter (Gustafsson et al. , 2012). In mesocosm studies, warming accelerated (southern Baltic Sea) phytoplankton spring bloom and increased carbon-specific primary productivity (Sommer and Lewandowska, 2011; Sommer et al. , 2012; Paul et al. , 2016). The total phytoplankton biomass decreased because increased stratification decreased nutrient flux to the surface layer however (Lewandowska et al. , 2012, 2014). Furthermore, in stratified conditions the relative importance of pathways of carbon through the microbial food web increased because copepods switched to feed more on ciliates than phytoplankton. Decrease in ciliates in turn increased the amount of heterotrophic nanoflagellates grazing on bacteria. Decreases in bacteria may reduce remineralisation and thus decrease availability of nutrients for phytoplankton (Lewandowska et al. , 2014). On the other hand, decreasing of bacteria would also decrease competition for nutrients between bacteria and phytoplankton, which could counteract the negative effects of diminishing remineralisation on phytoplankton. It has also been projected that, in addition to nutrients, the flow of dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the will increase in the future climate (M. Voss et al. , 2011; Strååt et al. , 2018). Precipitation will increase, especially in the northern areas, and by using long-term time series from 1994 to 2006, it was shown that climate change has increased discharge of terrestrial DOM into the middle part of the Gulf of Bothnia. This provided additional substrate for bacteria, which maintained bacterial biomass production despite reduced phytoplankton production (Wikner and Andersson, 2012). This suggests that increased humic-rich river inflow may counteract climate change induced eutrophication in the coastal waters (Andersson et al. , 2013). Experimental studies have also demonstrated increased microbial activity and biomass with increasing DOM and temperature (Ducklow et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Jupiter's Great Red Spot is actually a solid landmass, not a storm. [SEP] Text: Results will be compared to previous near-IR studies from Galileo/NIMS (Baines+2002, doi:10. 1006/icar. 2002. 6901) and ground-based observations (Bjoraker+2018, doi:10. 3847/1538-3881/aad186). Figure 1 Jupiter's Spot observed by NIRpec at three wavelengths: 2. 7 µm (reflection from deep clouds); 4. 5 µm (combined reflection and thermal emission); and 4. 6 µm (deep thermal emission). Domain: The December-2022 mosaic spans approximately 100o longitude (centred on ~20oW) and 50-90oS, with clearly-identifiable transitions in reflectivity and thermal emission associated with the edge of the Hood (SPH, 68oS graphic); a low-reflectivity band (62-68oS between prograde jets S5 and S6); and reflective bands between 50-60oS with numerous small cyclones and anticyclonic ovals between the S4 and S5 jets. Regions (FFRs) are observed in a band at the edge of the SPH (68-73oS, Rogers+2022, doi:10. 1016/j. icarus. 2021. 114742), appearing dark at 5 µm, but the spatial sampling of the NIRSpec/IFU spaxels is insufficient to resolve details of the edges of the circumpolar cyclones (CPCs). H3+ emission clearly traces the outline of the southern auroral oval. Zonal averages of the southern mosaic will be used to explore changes in aerosol properties and composition across the edge of the SPH. Juno/JIRAM acquired a high-resolution M-band map of Jupiter’s south polar domain 9 days earlier (2022-12-15, perijove 47), allowing us to explore the longevity of the features in this longitude range. The entire south polar domain is bright at 5 µm (i. e. , thinner clouds, despite the reflective small-p2023. How to cite: Fletcher, L. N. , Biagiotti, F. , King, O. R. T. , Roman, M. T. , Melin, H. , Harkett, J. , de Pater, I. , Fouchet, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: PC13, Oxalobacter formigenes, Sagittula stellata, Selenemonas ruminantium) also contained AHL lactonase genes which are used to cleave the lactone ring. This suggests that these rumen bacteria may have the ability to reduce AHL-based QS in the rumen through degradation of AHL. Fig. 1Percentage occurrence of putative AI-2 LuxS-based quorum sensing proteins in the genomes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative rumen bacteria [13]. a Proportional representation of LuxS and LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. b Proportional representation of LuxS in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. c Proportional representation of LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. Numbers in brackets show total number of bacterial genomes in which the corresponding gene was foundFull size imageAs earlier stated, the LuxS protein was detected in 40. 2 % (126 genomes) and 33. 0% (45 genomes) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative species respectively, contained within a total of 1711 different genera. Among them, the largest number of LuxS protein genes was detected with the genus Butyrivibrio (48 species), followed by Pseudobutyrivibrio (15 species), Prevotella (14 species) and Ruminococci (10 species) (Fig. 2). Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree including the LuxS protein sequences from the 171 putatively positive LuxS species was generated to visualise their similarity. Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS proteins, alongside LuxS proteins identified by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], were used for comparison (Fig. 3). From this phylogenetic tree, it can be observed that LuxS proteins from the same rumen bacterial genera generally clustered together and showed high similarity to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae, although multiple clustering of LuxS proteins can occur within the same genera. For instance, LuxS proteins from the Butyrivibrio genus formed at least 8 phylogenetically distinct clusters (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2010), although different bacteria taxa respond differently to the simultaneous increase of DOM and temperature (Lindh et al. , 2015). Increase of DOM and bacteria may be detrimental to primary production as bacteria compete for nutrients with phytoplankton and as the brownification of water reduces light availability. Consequently, the carbon flow shifts towards microbial heterotrophy, which may induce a decrease in both phytoplankton productivity and biomass and lead to a promotion of the microbial food web and other heterotrophic organisms (Wikner and Andersson, 2012; Andersson et al. , 2013). Especially if stratification increases, cycling of carbon through the microbial food web increases pelagic recycling and may also decrease vertical flux of organic matter to zoobenthos (Ehrnsten et al. , 2020). It has been suggested that climate change may also decrease fish productivity. In areas where climate change increases the supply of allochthonous DOM into the system, and where increasing stratification reduces the transport of nutrients from deeper waters, phytoplankton production may decline and the trophic pathways from bacteria and flagellates through ciliates to copepods may strengthen (Aberle et al. , 2015). When the system shifts towards heterotrophy, the food web efficiency declines (Båmstedt and Wikner, 2016), and if zooplankton also becomes dominated by smaller-sized plankton (Dahlgren et al. , 2011; Suikkanen et al. , 2013; Jansson et al. , 2020), there will be less suitable food available for planktivorous fish. If sedimentation of organic matter will also be reduced, zoobenthos production will decrease and there will be less food for benthic-eating fish. Eventually the total fish production may decrease. Results of experimental studies have not equivocally confirmed this hypothesis. A study performed in a large biotest area artificially heated by the cooling waters of the Forsmark nuclear power plant, in the southern Bothnian Sea, found that warming of water may lead to increased species turnover and decreased compositional stability of diatom, macrophyte and invertebrate communities (Hillebrand et al. , 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: In the US case, research shows that households may lack the time and/or cooking skills necessary to prepare home-cooked meals rich in fruits and vegetables(Reference Overcash, Ritter and Mann4–and You6). Another possibility is that some US households, especially lower income ones, cannot afford to meet Federal fruit and vegetable recommendations. Individuals in lower income households consume even less than individuals in higher income households do(and Rehm7,Reference Grimm, Foltz and Blanck8). Moreover, in surveys and focus group analyses, lower income households often cite costs as a barrier to increased fruit and/or vegetable consumption(Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9–Reference Haynes-Maslow, Parsons and Wheeler12). Some research investigating why lower income Americans may believe fruits and vegetables are unaffordable focuses on food prices. It has been argued that such households rely on energy-dense grains, fats and sweets because these foods cost less than nutrient-dense foods including fruits and vegetables on a dollars-per-calorie basis ($/calorie)(and Drewnowski13). However, this argument depends on the unit in which food prices are measured. Many fruits and vegetables cost less than energy-dense foods if prices are instead measured on a dollars-per-edible grams basis ($/edible grams) or on a dollars-per-portion basis ($/average portion)(and Frazao14). Another relevant strand of research focuses on how American households budget their food dollars. In particular, when money is tight, households may prioritise certain types of foods over others(Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9,and Smith15). Meats are often purchased first(Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9,and Smith15). Grains, such as pasta and rice, may also be prioritised because households believe these foods are satiating and serve to ‘stretch out’ other foods (e. g. preparing meat with rice or pasta ensures that the meat can serve more people)(Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9). Fruits and vegetables, by contrast, are not generally a priority(Reference Askelson, Meier and Baquero9). Little money may be left over for them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: Also of note is the fact that LuxS proteins previously encountered in rumen metagenomics and metatranscriptomic datasets [9] are different to those found within the genomes of cultured bacteria used in this study (Fig. 4), indicating that the LuxS proteins have numerous haplotypes in the rumen, perhaps indicative of the importance of this communication system in this ecosystem. It should also be noted that the LuxS protein sequences investigated within Ghali et al. ’s study [9] clustered similarily to each other into two separate clades within this study in line with the phylogenetic trees published by the authors. Our study adds significantly more information to this initial publication due to the recent increased availability of rumen bacterial genomes [13]. Fig. 2Distribution and abundance of LuxS proteins relating to AI-2-based quorum sensing across 448 rumen bacterial genomes [13]Full size imageFig. 3Comparative phylogenetic tree of all putative LuxS proteins detected within the genomes of 171 rumen bacterial species. Two standards (Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were used for comparison with other samples (highlighted with grey colour). Most abundant four groups were highlighted with colours (orange: Pseudobutyrivibrio, yellow: Prevotella, green: Butyrivibrio and blue: Ruminococcus). Sequences denoted by a square and beginning with MG are those identified by Ghali et al. [9] from rumen metagenomic sequences and those with MT also being derived from the same study using a metatranscriptome datasetFull size imageFig. 4Average expression of LuxS genes identified in the bacterial genomes within rumen bacterial metatranscriptome datasets [16]. Expression is shown as reads per kilobase of transcript per million (RKPM). Where RKPM was < 0. 1, the expression data was grouped as “other”. Other essentially contained the expression of the LuxS synthase genes discovered within Lachnobacterium bovis DSM, Ruminococcus gnavus AGR2154, Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, Streptococcus sp. NLAE-zl-C503, Butyrivibrio sp. AD3002, Butyrivibrio sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Certain mesocosm studies, simulating effects of climate change in the pelagic ecosystem, have also found that the production and biomass of both copepods and fish (three-spined sticklebacks) can remain high because the positive effects of increasing temperature and increasing availability of DOC override the negative effects of decreasing food web efficiency on copepod production (Lefébure et al. , 2013). Furthermore, many copepods are omnivorous and can opportunistically switch between suspension feeding on flagellates and raptorial feeding on ciliates (Kiørboe et al. , 1996). Such a flexible feeding strategy stabilises the system and can sustain copepod production even under lower phytoplankton production. This flexibility, and the fact that heterotrophic production increases with high DOC availability, suggests that fish production may be supported even when a relatively large amount of carbon flows through the microbial food web (Lefébure et al. , 2013). To sum up, a reorganisation of pathways of carbon is possible in the due to the climate change. However, the system is complex due to several counteracting and interacting processes and large uncertainties in key processes, such as stratification and nutrient loads from land and the sediments (Meier et al. , 2019c; Saraiva et al. , 2019), and both increases and decreases of secondary producers have been demonstrated in field, experimental and modelling studies. The complexity of the system has been highlighted by a thorough review that illustrated how changes in benthic–pelagic coupling may induce ecosystem-wide consequences via increasing sedimentation of organic matter, inducing hypoxic conditions and internal loading of nutrients (Griffiths et al. , 2017). 5. 3 Food web interactions in the sublittoral ecosystem If climate change induces an increase in allochthonous nutrient loads, consequences can be expected in the communities of algae and vascular plants in the shallow photic zone. The shallow-water food webs based on macroalgae and seagrasses may also be affected by the indirect effects of climate change, mediated through interactions between algae and their grazers. The effects of late summer heatwaves on algae and invertebrates living amongst bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus have been studied by outdoor mesocosm experiments (Werner et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: In 2018, 85 % of eligible Americans participated(33). Variation in households’ cooking skills and time constraints should also be considered. In this study, we focus on fruits and vegetables purchased outside of multi-ingredient dishes which is largely consistent with the TFP(Reference Carlson, Lino and Juan17). However, many households lack the time to prepare meals rich in fruits and vegetables as frequently as following the TFP can require(and You6). This includes time for planning meals, developing shopping lists, searching for lower-priced foods, travelling to stores, cooking foods and, finally, cleaning up. They may also lack the necessary cooking skills(Reference Overcash, Ritter and Mann4,Reference Reicks, Kocher and Reeder5). Such households may rely more heavily than the TFP does on convenience foods, including restaurant foods, and face higher food costs to the extent that these foods are more expensive. It is unlikely that such households can satisfy Federal dietary guidance without spending more money on food than their costs to follow the TFP. Fruit and vegetable cost estimates used in the study are also broad averages. They do not reﬂect what individual households pay for speciﬁc products at specific stores. Some product prices vary seasonally and annual averages may disproportionately reﬂect in-season prices in these cases. Retail food prices also vary across different types of stores with bulk supermarkets typically charging lower prices than traditional supermarkets and smaller food stores (Reference Jetter, Adkins and Cortez34,Reference Cassady, Jetter and Culp35). Researchers in Chico, California, for example, developed and priced menus for a representative family(Reference Jetter, Adkins and Cortez34). Menus were based on what people within the community would typically eat during a week and the amount of time they could commit to meal preparation. Prices were then collected at 13 stores around the city. Results show that lower income households can afford to eat healthily, but only if they have access to lower-priced, bulk supermarkets. Households that do not have access to bulk supermarkets may face higher prices and struggle to eat healthily. prices, time constraints, cooking skills and other factors all affect how well a lower income household can afford to meet Federal dietary recommendations for fruits and vegetables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: INlla18, Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis DSM, Bifidobacterium bifidum Calf96, Butyrivibrio sp. TB, Butyrivibrio sp. WCD2001, Succinimonas_amylolytica DSM 2873, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. JW11, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. LB2011, Ruminococcus albus SY3, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. MD2005, Butyrivibrio sp. NC3005, Clostridium mangenotii LM2, Cellulomonas sp. KH9, Clostridium aerotolerans DSM, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YRB2005, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens MD2001, Kandleria vitulina WCE2011 and Butyrivibrio sp. YAB300Full size imageExpression of the identified LuxS synthase genes in rumen metatranscriptome datasetsIn order to investigate whether the identified LuxS genes within the hungate genomes [16] are actually expressed in the rumen, we investigated their expression within one of the largest rumen metatranscriptome datasets available [16] (105 GB sequencing data). We found expression of 97 (out of 171, 56. 7% of the LuxS genes within these datasets (Fig. 4). In order to evaluate expression, we took the average expression across all 20 of the metratranscriptome sequences from the Shi et al. [16] study. On average, Prevotella spp. expressed the most LuxS, particularly Prevotella sp. TC2-24 (Fig. 4). High expression levels were also seen for LuxS genes originally detected within Ruminococcaceae bacterium P7, Clostridiales bacterium NK3B98, Prevotellaceae bacterium HUN156 and MN60, Oribacterium sp. P6A1 and Butyrivibrio sp. VCB2001 (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A heatwave resulted in a collapse of invertebrate grazers, such as isopods and amphipods, which in turn released grazing on filamentous algae and resulted in overgrowth of Fucus by epiphytic algae. In the autumn and winter, when the biomass of epiphytes was lower, the process was reversed: warming resulted in intensified grazing on bladderwrack. Again, a significant reduction in Fucus biomass resulted (Werner et al. , 2016). As for the microalgae (diatoms), growing on Fucus in spring, temperature effects were stronger than grazing effects, suggesting a positive overall effect of climate change on microalgae (Werner and Matthiessen, 2017). Similar results were obtained in an artificially heated biotest basin (Forsmark nuclear power plant) in the Gulf of Bothnia, where the biomass of the non-native gastropod grazer Potamopyrgus, gammarids and the snail Theodoxus were much higher than in the adjacent non-heated area. The community shift was mainly driven by direct temperature effects on invertebrates and by indirect effects of changes in vegetation cover (Salo et al. , 2020). Cascading effects are also possible. In the same biotest basin, perch shifted from feeding on small fish to gammarid crustaceans, which released grazing pressure from filamentous algae (Svensson et al. , 2017). If similar cascades take place in other coastal sea areas of the as well, warming may promote the growth of filamentous algae and contribute to the decline of bladderwrack. Decline of bladderwrack will affect other species due to declining availability to habitat and food (Takolander et al. , 2017a; Jonsson et al. , 2018; Kotta et al. , 2019). Connectivity between bladderwrack populations and organisms inhabiting patches of bladderwrack may also decline (Jonsson et al. , 2020; Virtanen et al. , 2020). However, perhaps due to the complex biotic interactions in the sublittoral ecosystem, there are very few modelling studies that have attempted to project the fate of the algal and invertebrate communities inhabiting the shallow photic zone of the Baltic Sea. Only one study has used a combination of experimental work and modelling to study the effects of climate change on invertebrates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: Processed FV could provide a feasible option to ensure availability of nutritious but cheap diets year-round. Hence, interventions to process FV into nutritious and affordable products should extensively be pursued. Keywords AfricaDiet costsFruits and vegetablesMicronutrientsProcessed foodsChildren and women Issue 9 September 2022 10. 1017/S1368980022000982 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Press on behalf of Society Globally, the number of undernourished people is estimated at 820 million, a figure which has been rising since 2015, particularly in Africa, (1). Currently, 149·2 million children under 5 years of age are stunted and 45·4 million are wasted, while 571 million reproductive-aged women suffer from anaemia(2). In Tanzania, three in five children under 5 years of age and 45 % of women of reproductive age suffer from anaemia(3). About 14 % of school-aged children are anaemic(Reference Mrimi, Palmeirim and Minja4). Additionally, 34 %, 5 % and 14 % of the young children are stunted, wasted and underweight, respectively(3). One of the leading drivers for such high and continuously rising malnutrition numbers resulting in mortalities and morbidities is the consumption of poor and unbalanced diets. Most people, particularly the poor, cannot afford healthy diets due to issues of availability and accessibility: availability in the sense that most nutritious foods like fruits and vegetables (FV) are seasonal, in addition to their high perishability rate leading to inadequate supply for consumption year-round(1,2,5). Also, FV are high in price, making them expensive for poor people to buy, which brings in the accessibility factor(Reference Hirvonen, Bai and Headey6). This phenomenon greatly contributes to food insecurity, where food-insecure households could be trapped in a cycle of poverty(Reference Keding, Schneider and Jordan7).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: It should, of course, be noted that the expression data will be proportional to the abundance of the bacteria within the metranscriptome datasets and as such they show a snap shot in time, under those particular circumstances, but expression may differ under altering conditions. It also means that whilst we did not see the expression of 74 of the originally identified LuxS genes within the metatranscriptome datasets, it does not mean that they categorically are not expressed and may well be found under different ecological circumstances. The purpose of investigating the expression of the LuxS genes identified within the Hungate collection was to show that most are expressed and therefore are likely used for QS in the rumen. DiscussionBacterial quorum sensing is known to have major implications for bacterial phenotype in pure culture-based studies [22,23,24]. However, quorum sensing mechanisms in multi-species biofilm communities are poorly understood due to the complexities of these microbiomes. In this study, we used rumen bacterial genomes from the Hungate collection, a large database which is largely representative of many of the rumen microorganisms (501 bacterial and archaeal genomes) [13] and complete rumen bacterial genomes from Genbank to prospect for the abundance and distribution of AHL and AI-2-based QS systems. For ease of analysis and data visualisation, the bacteria genomes were categorised according to taxonomic information as well as their Gram staining phenotypes. From a total of 448 bacteria species recorded in the Hungate collection (at the time data was accessed for analysis) and Genbank genomes, 311 species were Gram-positive bacteria and 136 were Gram-positive representing 69. 4% and 30. 6% of the bacteria used within this study. We found only one species (Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269) out of 136 bacterial genomes from Gram-negative bacteria analysed possessed an AHL synthase gene. Citrobacter spp. have been known to have the ability to hydrolyse cellulose in the rumen and have been reported in non-rumen-based studies to produce 3-hydroxyl type of AHLs [25, 26]. We did, however, also find evidence that the rumen Citrobacter spp. genome also possessed AI-2 QS capacity, a phenomenon which to our knowledge has not been shown before in other Citrobacter sp. Approximately 40. 2 % and 33.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A decline of the isopod Idothea baltica, the main grazer of Fucus spp. , was projected due to the decline of bladderwrack (Kotta et al. , 2019). To sum up, temperature and salinity changes have been projected to affect species interactions in hard and soft bottoms in the sublittoral zone. Both summer heatwaves and cold season warming can induce novel trophic interactions that produce eutrophication-like effects, e. g. overgrowth of bladderwrack by epiphytes, in the photic zone dominated by macroalgae, even without an increase in nutrient loading. However, as macroalgae are very much dependent on water clarity, the future level of eutrophication will also affect the fate of the shallow-water communities in the Baltic Sea. The complexity of the system, uncertainty of the oceanographic projections, and unknown adaptation capabilities of species, make it challenging to project the future food web interactions in the sublittoral ecosystem. 5. 4 Regime shifts In the 1980s a partly climate-induced regime shift was recorded with drastic changes in the central Baltic food web, including phytoplankton, zooplankton and pelagic planktivores and their main predator, Baltic cod (Möllmann et al. , 2009; Lindegren et al. , 2010a). In 1980–2000, a decline in “reproductive volume” (RV), contributed to the decline of cod population (Hinrichsen et al. , 2011; Casini et al. , 2016; Bartolino et al. , 2017) and induced cascading effects on planktivorous fish and zooplankton (Casini et al. , 2008). The different effects of temperature and salinity on sprat and cod (see above) also resulted in a spatial mismatch between these species, which further released sprat from cod predation and contributed to the increase of sprat stocks in the central (Eero et al. , 2012; Reusch et al. , 2018). As herring is an inferior competitor for food, and food availability per individual declined, the condition of herring declined (Möllmann et al. , 2003; Casini et al. , 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, proteins, and fats is recommended for overall health. [SEP] Text: In an EAT-Lancet report(Reference Hirvonen, Bai and Headey6), where they also modelled diets, they showed that the high cost of FV and animal source foods is a major contributing factor to expensive nutritious diets and the inability for the poor to afford. Also, in Ethiopia, high price levels for FV and animal food sources were likely to prevent the poor from accessing these foods and, consequently, nutritious diets(Reference Bachewe, Hirvonen and Minten28). This is a highly likely situation that could exist in rural Tanzania where most people are poor. Aside from the cost, micronutrient gaps were found in the modelled standard diets. Inadequate micronutrient intakes from diets have been highlighted strongly in earlier studies pertaining to sub-Saharan Africa. In northern Kenya, Fe and Zn were the most limiting nutrients in children’s and women’s diets(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17). Again, in Kenya, diets from Baringo lacked Fe, Zn, Ca and vitamin B6 (Reference Termote, Raneri and Deptford18). Additionally, in Mozambique, Fe and vitamin B2 were limiting nutrients in diets(Reference Frega, Lanfranco and Greve29), while Fe, Ca, vitamins B2, B6 and B12 were the micronutrient gaps in diets in Burkina Faso(Reference Arimond, Vitta and Martin-Prével30). All the micronutrient gaps listed above were also found in the modelled diets in rural Tanzania. Even after integrating the processed FV, vitamins B2 and B6 and Fe were still limiting for infants aged 6–11 months, underscoring the urgent need to address these micronutrient inadequacies for better nutrition and human development. These nutrient gaps persist partly because of the sources of foods that characterise diets, especially in rural areas. Diets largely consist of plant-based foods with low absorption rates for nutrients such as Fe and Zn(Reference Sarfo, Keding and Boedecker17,and Hurrell31,Reference Lopez, Cacoub and Macdougall32). Another contributing factor is the insufficient supply and consumption of micronutrient-dense foods such as FV, meat and dairy foods, largely due to their seasonality and/or high perishability levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: 0 % of LuxS genes were identified from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species respectively. Therefore, our results also confirm that the LuxS proteins may be utilised by both Gram-positive and negative bacteria as previously suggested [27,28,29]. Approximately 40% of the studied rumen bacterial genomes contained LuxS genes, with these predominating in Gram-positive bacteria (40. 5% from the 311 Gram-positive bacterial genomes and 33. 1% from the 136 Gram-negative bacterial genomes). Sequence alignment and visualisation using a phylogenetic tree show that the LuxS genes found in the rumen bacterial genomes were highly similar to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi or Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS genes, indicating that LuxS genes in the rumen may be highly conserved within each genus but are also distantly related to non-ruminal LuxS genes. Also, noteworthy was the fact that the QS genes found within this study were different to those found by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], which may be consequences of the large number of genomes prospected in this study. Irrespectively, the presence of numerous LuxS haplotypes suggests that this QS system may be especially important for bacterial communication within the rumen. Overall, we show evidence that Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Pseudobutyrivibrio rumen bacterial genomes, which are concomitantly the most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen have the capacity to use AI-2-based quorum sensing. This data also suggests that quorum sensing is ubiquitous within the rumen in general. This observation is in agreement with those from many recent studies, which show that these bacterial genera may possess AI-2 QS signalling ability [9,10,11]. Further observations from this study suggest that bacteria with LuxS protein predominate in the rumen, and it has become clear that the AI-2 signal has a great preponderance in the rumen. The expression results for the identified LuxS genes within large published metatranscriptome datasets [16] confirmed that 97 of the 171 identified LuxS genes were expressed in the rumen. This data also showed that rumen Prevotella likely play a major role in AI-2-based QS in the rumen. It has also been shown that oral Prevotella sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Transition to a lower saline Baltic Sea, and associated decline of marine copepods (Hänninen et al. , 2015), also contributed to the observed halving of (3-year-old) herring weight at age, from 50–70 g in the late 1970s to 25–30 g in the 2000s (Dippner et al. , 2019). The described regime shift has also been partly questioned, as the descriptions of the shift did not cover the entire food web (Yletyinen et al. , 2016). A factor that has been less often considered when studying reasons of cod decline is the interaction with another benthic predator, flounder. Flounder may be both prey for larger cod and a competitor for the small and juvenile ones. Now that cod size has declined, cod predation on flounder has decreased, releasing competition for benthic food again. This has caused more spatial overlap between flounder populations and the remaining small sized cod, and created more intense competition between flounder and the small-sized cod, further contributing to the decline in body condition of cod (Orio et al. , 2020). Multi-species modelling studies have concluded that both fishing and climate strongly affects the size of cod stocks. If fishing is intense but climate remains unchanged, cod declines but not very dramatically, while if climate change proceeds as projected (according to the intermediate-high A2 scenario), cod goes extinct in two models out of seven, even with the present low fishing effort (Gårdmark et al. , 2013). Different combinations of climate change and eutrophication scenarios may however yield very different outcomes. Medium CO2 concentrations (RCP4. 5), low nutrients and sustainable fisheries resulted in high biodiversity and high numbers of cod and flounder, while high emissions (RCP8. 5) and high nutrient loads resulted in diminished biodiversity and high abundance of clupeids, especially sprat (Bauer et al. , 2018, 2019; Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019). The above studies have mostly considered the ecosystem of the central Baltic. In other basins, the associated processes and species interactions may be different. For example, in the Bothnian Bay, salinity was also a major driver for changes in populations of planktivorous fish, but the species involved were different.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Black lines depict wrongly predicted patients, that is, false positive (≥0. 98% early weight gain but ≤7% subsequent weight gain) and false negative (<0. 98% early weight gain but >7% subsequent weight gain). There was no evidence that participants’ appetite ratings at baseline, before quitting, was associated with weight gain at 12 months. However, there was a graded association between appetite ratings at 3 months and weight gain at 12 months (figure 3). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 3 Average weight gain after 1 year based on patients’ reported intensity of withdrawal symptom ‘increased appetite, hungry, weight gain’ at 3-month visit; whiskers denote 95% CI. Multivariate linear regression on imputed data (see table 5) showed that significant factors for prediction of higher PCWG after 1 year were lower baseline BMI (B=−0. 20; 95% CI −0. 29 to −0. 11, p<0. 001), being a woman (B=0. 78; 0. 02 to 1. 54, p=0. 045), while using NRT was associated with lower weight gain (B=−1. 07; −1. 88 to −0. 26, p=0. 01). The mean duration of use of oral forms of NRT was 4. 43 months (median 2. 88 months) and of nicotine patches 2. 72 months (median 2. 2 months). The length of pharmacotherapy use was similar for all first-line medications (ie, varenicline, bupropion and NRT). View this table:View inline View popup Table 5 Multiple linear model for relative change in weight 1 year after smoking cessationThe sensitivity analysis performed with those present at both time points (n=566) found the same factors significant in the main multivariate analysis as those from the whole sample of abstainers who missed any visit. Early weight gain was not associated with additional weight gain thereafter when assessed at 1 year (B=0. 14, 95% CI −0. 03–0. 31, p=0. 101). DiscussionThere was not a statistically significant relationship between early weight gain and later weight gain. As a result, early weight gain above the median had a moderate sensitivity (66%) and somewhat low specificity (44%) for gaining at least 7% of baseline weight by 12 months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mushrooms can communicate with each other over vast distances. [SEP] Text: possesses AI-2 QS capacity [30]. However, many ruminant bacteria are yet to be identified, cultured or genome sequenced, and further studies to identify them and their potential involvement in QS in the rumen are paramount. It may also be important to assess the contribution of other rumen organism types including fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses to QS in the rumen and their role in plant degradation alongside bacteria given that several non-ruminal studies show that other microorganisms such as fungi, archaea and protozoa also use QS signalling [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Moreover, there are still a lot of Gram-negative bacteria that remain uncultured with the potential to utilise AHL-based QS in the rumen. Thus, it is important to improve our knowledge of both AI-2 and AHL QS signalling system in the rumen to better understand bacterial interactions and consequences on ruminant production. Further, in vitro analysis to confirm the bioluminescence activity of the LuxS genes detected in these rumen bacteria genera will be required to understand their expression and role in the rumen microbiome. ConclusionUsing the major genomic resources available, we show on a greater scale than previously possible that QS is likely to be an important phenomenon in the rumen microbiome. Our data suggest that AI-2-based QS is probably the most abundant and perhaps most important signal used by rumen bacteria. Further research into the implications of rumen-based QS on plant degradation and nutrient availability for the host is now required. 84. 46. 67. 81. 8. 32. 55. 4567. 367. 9. 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33(7):870–1874. 25. Nature Methods. 2012;9(4):357. 9. 30. 16. Microbiol. 2003;69(10):5941–9. 33. 703. 6. Gene. 2019;684:58–69. 6. 7. 396. doi: 14. 1441. 9. 1812. 7. 32. Download 1. Bacterial diversity and the presence of autoinducer proteins in the rumen. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there are three species, which show variable Gram stain (described with weakly+ and variable+).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Here the decline of spawning-stock biomass of herring, observed in 1980–2013, was explained by a simultaneously increased competition with vendace, a limnic species that had increased with lowering salinity (Pekcan-Hekim et al. , 2016). In Kattegat, the western Baltic Sea, where the ecosystem is more oceanic than in the other parts of the Baltic Sea, a regime shift was detected in mid-1990s. Here the shift was explained by global climate change, cyclic climate phenomena, and human intervention. First, a reduction in anthropogenic nutrient loading led into a shift from a eutrophic ecosystem state to an ecosystem characterised by decreasing phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass, dominance by small-sized fish in the pelagial, and an increase in macroalgae and filter-feeding molluscs on hard bottoms and other benthic animals in the soft sediments (Lindegren et al. , 2012). Second, the positive phases of NAO and BSI enabled an inflow of oxygenised water from the North Sea, which improved conditions for zoobenthos, including the commercially important Norway lobster. A climate-induced increase of sea surface temperatures contributed to the improved flatfish growth and survival in the shallow nursery areas (Lindegren et al. , 2012). Decreasing fishing may also have contributed to the increase of gadoid and flatfish populations, but its relative importance is difficult to distinguish from other co-occurring effects. To sum up, regime shifts are usually a result of several environmental, climatic and anthropogenic effects acting synergistically on the entire ecosystem. The climate-driven changes in temperature and salinity have been identified as key drivers for the significant rise of “novelty” in both abiotic conditions and biotic assemblages in several basins of the (Ammar et al. , 2021), but human contributions, i. e. , anthropogenic eutrophication or its alleviation, have been a factor (Reusch et al. , 2018). The recent research confirms that climate change induces multiple direct and indirect effects on species and communities and affects nutrient and carbon dynamics of the ecosystem. However, despite the major structural changes, the overall food web complexity in the central has remained surprisingly stable (Yletyinen et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: In multivariable analysis, having a lower BMI at baseline, starting smoking in adulthood and using either no medication or medication other than NRT were independently associated with greater weight gain at 1 year. In addition, postcessation appetite ratings were associated with greater weight gain. The relationship between early and later weight gain seems to be positive, but the discrepant findings from different analyses indicate that their relationship is weak. We found that higher appetite ratings at 3 months were associated with greater weight gain at a year, but there was no association between appetite ratings at baseline, prior to quitting, and PCWG. This latter finding contrasts with those of Kmetova et al,4 where ratings of appetite prior to a quit attempt were associated with PCWG. To our knowledge, our finding that withdrawal symptoms of appetite intensity after smoking cessation have been associated with weight gain is in line with previously published studies. 31 32 That 3 months appetite ratings were a predictor suggests that this effect is long-lived, which consonant with continued weight gain over continued smoking observed in populations is observed even beyond the first year. 22 This study has several strengths. It is one of the largest cohorts of abstinent smokers followed up and thus allows more precise estimates of weight gain than most similar studies. Moreover, the cohort was well phenotyped at baseline and had serial weight measurements, which allowed us to characterise the trajectory of weight gain, which has previously been possible only in repeat cross-sectional samples. 3 Perhaps, participants who were gaining weight rapidly noticed this and took actions to limit weight gain, which may explain why there was only a weak association between early and later weight gain. The most likely variables to be associated with greater or lower weight gain are likely to be the actions participants take to limit weight gain by limiting energy intake and maximising expenditure and the strength of drive to eat that participants experience after quitting smoking. There was evidence that the strength of drive to eat may explain greater weight gain, where postcessation ratings were associated with higher weight gain. On the other hand, there are some limitations of our work. This study was based on the data from a routine clinic and not designed to assess the true determinants of weight change, which must relate to change in energy balance, and which are burdensome for participants to measure properly, and thus we lack data on the true causal factors underlying weight gain. No studies, to our knowledge, have ever tracked these factors through the first year of abstinence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: The overall goal is to link the biology of the bacterial and mammalian cells so scientists can control the function of the host cell by controlling the endosymbiont. It is important that the endosymbiont genes can be controlled in a way that does not interfere with the biochemical processes happening in the mammalian host cell. To achieve this, the team controls the endosymbiont genes using either sugars that mammalian cells do not use, heat produced by lasers, ultrasound or alternating magnetic fields. Can we use these engineered endosymbionts for medical purposes? and his colleagues have had many successes developing their engineered endosymbionts, it will be a while before they are used in medicine to direct the regrowth of hearts and kidneys. So far, the team has successfully used engineered endosymbionts to reprogram macrophages in the body to build new tissues, instead of fulfilling their alternate function of removing pathogens or dead cells. However, this has not been easy. Some of the main challenges faced by the team are encouraging the host cells to accept the engineered endosymbionts and encouraging the endosymbionts to better tolerate the host cells. “Mammalian cells have evolved many mechanisms to eliminate bacterial cells, even engineered ones, from their cytoplasm,” says Chris. “We need to overcome these mechanisms before we can create true symbiotic relationships between the host cell and engineered endosymbiont. ” This will be key to increasing the length of time that the endosymbionts persist in the host cells before they are rejected. At present, engineered endosymbionts can persist for a few days in a mammalian host cell, but it may take weeks or months to rebuild tissues. “We also want to introduce endosymbionts into a range of different cell types,” Chris says, “and we want to demonstrate that engineered endosymbionts can reprogram cells to become stem cells. ” This last step will be essential if engineered endosymbionts are to be used for tissue regeneration. Chris hopes to insert genes into the endosymbionts that reprogram mammalian host cells into stem cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Different periods studied, sparse sampling, varying species responses, and changes in phenology rather than total biomass, may explain some of the discrepancies between studies. The tendency of filamentous cyanobacteria to float during calm weather may also bias our view on the total biomass cyanobacteria in the sea, especially if low wind periods become more frequent. Experimental studies are useful in pinpointing causative relationships, but their small spatial scales, short duration and simple food webs make upscaling of results to natural systems difficult. Experiments usually only last for a few days or weeks and study one or few species at a time. Reproducing natural patterns of environmental variability is also challenging. When mesocosms of hundreds of litres and natural communities are used, it may be difficult to simulate seasonal processes extending over several life cycles of the studied organisms. Even the most sophisticated multi-stressor experiments, which use levels of environmental stressors projected by modelling studies, tend to use constant stress levels. A few mesocosm studies have exposed the communities to near-natural environmental conditions and have been able to shed light on the complex dynamics of the ecosystem, e. g. the responses of the microbial food web to changes of environmental variables affected by the climate change. In studies made in the Gulf of Bothnia, bacterial, phytoplankton and zooplankton production increased with additions of inorganic carbon, and the systems remained net autotrophic. In contrast, when both nutrients and DOC was increased, only bacterial and zooplankton production increased, driving the system to net heterotrophy (Andersson et al. , 2013; Båmstedt and Wikner, 2016). Increased heterotrophy led to a decreased fatty acid content and lower individual weight in the zooplankton (Dahlgren et al. , 2011). With the combined treatment of elevated temperature and terrestrial nutrient loads, fish production (of three-spined sticklebacks) also increased, with terrestrial rather than autotrophic carbon being the main energy source (Lefébure et al. , 2013). The complex responses indicate that to provide useful inferences about physiological and population-level responses of organisms to climate change, experimental work should use full communities, apply naturalistic exposure regimes, and investigate effects of stress at spatial and temporal scales appropriate to the species studied (Gunderson et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: This limitation particularly affects the study of factors associated with greater weight gain, which must be confined to indirect but easy to measure factors. The extent of weight gain in this cohort was similar to that observed in previous studies and documented in a meta-analysis of such studies. 3 However, as in the meta-analysis of previous studies, we found a large variation between individuals in the extent of weight gain. This implies that the mean weight gain is a poor predictor of what any individual might gain, so we need to identify better predictors if we are to offer targeted interventions to prevent excess weight gain. Unfortunately, even early manifest weight gain is a poor predictor of excess weight gain and our other predictors also accounted for only a matter of hundreds of grams difference between those with and without a particular risk factor, whereas there was a 5 kg difference in weight between a person in the 25th and 75th centile of the weight gain distribution. Nevertheless, there were some more potent predictors. Chief among these were BMI at baseline. The higher the BMI, the lower the weight gain. Other studies have reported both positive and negative associations with BMI and, overall, it seems that baseline BMI may not be a strong predictor of weight gain. 22 Starting smoking later in life emerged as an unexpected predictor of higher weight gain, but a previous study has suggested that those who initiate smoking earlier may have higher weight gain. 22 Third, using NRT was associated with lower weight gain. A meta-analysis of randomised trials suggests that, of all the licensed medications, bupropion may have the largest effect on weight gain,34 so this result may appear unexpected. However, people do not use varenicline or bupropion for more than a few months when stopping smoking, and there is no strong evidence that bupropion reduces weight gain in the long-term. 34 Instead, the most likely explanation is that a sizeable proportion of people who seek treatment for tobacco dependence and who quit with NRT use it for at least a year and this is associated with and probably causes lower weight gain. 35 These data have important implications for the treatment of tobacco dependence. We have conducted trials of interventions to limit weight gain where the interventions to do so have started concurrently with the attempt to achieve abstinence. 36 37 These interventions have been proven unpopular with people trying to stop smoking and the trials have failed to recruit.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: If these stem cells can be controlled by the endosymbionts, which, in turn, are being controlled from outside the body, then scientists could program cells inside the body to rebuild and repair damaged tissues, by instructing the stem cells to become whatever type of cell is necessary. “Controlling tissue regeneration from outside the body still seems like science fiction to many people,” says Chris. This is both an achievement and a challenge when it comes to the team’s research. On the one hand, it shows just how innovative and cutting-edge these ideas are, highlighting how Chris is pushing the boundaries of scientific understanding and possibilities. On the other hand, some scientists remain sceptical about the realities of inserting bacteria into people to repair their organs. However, bacteriotherapy (which uses bacteria to kill tumours) has become standard treatment for bladder cancer and is now being investigated to treat a variety of other cancers. “We can build on these successes if we are methodical and transparent in our designs to ensure that the scientific community accepts this novel approach to guiding tissue regeneration,” says Chris. With further advances in the field of endosymbiont engineering, these bacteria may one day be able to regrow damaged human tissues, eliminating the need for organ transplants. ContagInstitute for Science and Engineering, Colleges of Engineering and of research: project: Developing engineered endosymbionts that can repair tissues in the body Funders: US Foundation (NSF), of Health (NIH) About biomedical engineering Biomedical engineering lies at the intersection of biology and engineering, while also drawing on knowledge from medicine and chemistry. While some biomedical engineers create mechanical or electronic devices for medical use, such as pacemakers and prosthetic limbs, others, like Chris, apply engineering techniques to biological systems, for purposes such as gene therapy, gene editing and tissue engineering. “Biomedical engineering is a broad field that can impact everything from food production to space exploration,” says Chris. “In this field, your primary limitation is your ability, or inability, to imagine the future! ” The importance of futuristic thinking realised that the challenges of organ donation and transplantation could be solved by regrowing tissues in the body, he began to investigate the possibility of engineering synthetic endosymbionts. In doing so, he established a new subfield of biomedical engineering.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Increased primary production and phytoplankton biomass (measured in chlorophyll a) have been projected by several modelling studies (Meier et al. , 2012a; Skogen et al. , 2014; Ryabchenko et al. , 2016). Experimental studies however show that responses of phytoplankton to climate-induced changes in temperature, salinity and pH are variable and can be modified by simultaneous changes in biogeochemical processes and zooplankton grazers (Paul et al. , 2015; Sommer et al. , 2015). Also, strengthening of stratification and simultaneous increase in riverine DOM loads may induce a decrease in phytoplankton production, at least in sea areas where rivers carry large DOM loads (Wikner and Andersson, 2012). Presently it is not clear which of these processes determine primary production in different sea areas or whether there are transition areas where the two processes balance each other, leading to no net change in primary production. Several ecosystem models also predict an increase of cyanobacteria. As cyanobacteria blooms are favoured by warm, stabile and conditions and low N:P ratios (Munkes et al. , 2021), increases in vigorous blooms and an increase in nitrogen fixation could be expected. However, there are large differences in model projections due to the unclear relationship between excess phosphorus and cyanobacteria growth, and the relation between bloom intensity and nitrogen fixation (Munkes et al. , 2021). Cyanobacteria are also not a uniform group. Some cyanobacteria species benefit from increased temperature and acidification, whereas others suffer due to them (Eichner et al. , 2014; Berner et al. , 2018; Paul et al. , 2018). Further uncertainty is caused by unknown biological factors, such as stoichiometric elasticity and the impact of viruses and grazers. Thus, it is still challenging to project how biomasses of cyanobacteria and nitrogen fixation will develop in the future. Recent awareness of marine heatwaves and their potential impacts on the marine ecosystem has increased our knowledge on how climate change may impact pelagic, benthic and littoral communities in the ocean (Pansch et al. , 2018; Saha et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Users felt this distorted perception of health contributed to the development and maintenance of ON behaviours. Therefore, users emphasised the importance of distancing oneself from and actively ‘unlearning’ the principles of diet culture to facilitate recovery. For example, users referred to experiences through which they learned to eat certain food that had been demonised by diet culture, by granting themselves (and others) permission to eat and recognising that eating is not something which needs justification. You are allowed to enjoy food when you are not hungry or are beyond satisfied. You are allowed to spontaneously eat out with friends and family. You are allowed to eat more than usual during holidays, or simply because you want to! [71]. The value of ‘intuitive eating’ was frequently discussed under #OrthorexiaRecovery; an adaptive eating style which involves listening to the body and positioning it as intrinsically knowing the quantity and type of food to eat [41]. Consistent with this, users rejected food restriction and instead accepted that “all foods fit” within a balanced diet. That is, specific foods were viewed as neither good nor bad. Mac n Cheese used to be a big no because of its carbs and dairy contents. ate Mac n Cheese in the past, I would feel sick with guilt, anxiety and shame. To counteract meals like this that I considered “dirty” or “cheat” meals, I would cut calories and do HIIT every day for the next week to “burn it off”. In recovery, I am headed towards food freedom, intuitive eating and intuitive movement. So, this is more than just Mac n Cheese; this symbolises a massive step toward recovery [4]. This shift in attitudes towards food was believed to have several psychological benefits, including increased self-compassion, confidence, and emotional wellbeing. Users also reported lessened anxiety and guilt about food, being able to enjoy food again without being burdened by its nutritional value. I have fallen in love with myself again after fixing my relationship with food. Food consumption is of course vital, but our relationship with food is far more important [207]. visited home, my mum baked a flapjack. It contained golden syrup and butter, and I was fine with that. I didn’t scrutinise the shape and size of each piece. Instead, I ate several pieces and enjoyed every bite! ! [132].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: And, while some view his work as science fiction, Chris has proven that the concepts behind his ideas are theoretically and practically possible. As technology and biological understanding advance, great progress can be expected in all fields of biomedical engineering. “In the field of endosymbiont engineering, I think we will develop bacteria that only contain the minimal number of genes needed for their growth, and we will generate libraries of genes that drive the development of different cells and tissues,” predicts Chris. “With this, we could customise the minimal genome bacteria by inserting other genes, so the bacteria perform different functions. For example, after a heart attack, a patient could be prescribed a minimal genome bacterium with heart generating genes that would guide the patient’s heart cells to regenerate. ” Progress in biomedical engineering relies on the next generation of scientists having a futuristic mindset and a willingness to pursue the unknown. As the chemist, Frank Westheimer, once said, “Progress is made by young scientists who carry out experiments that old scientists said wouldn’t work. ” Chris acknowledges that some scientists call his work ‘science fiction’, in part due to a fear of the unknown. “Science fiction writers ask, ‘What if? ’,” he says. “As scientists, we think of what might be possible and ask, ‘What’s the next step? ’ We begin with the end in mind and direct our experiments toward this goal. However, innovations lie in the unexpected results, and therefore we must go into every design and experiment with our eyes wide open to appreciate the unexpected and then explain it. ” Pathway from school to biomedical engineering “All engineering fields require math,” says Chris. “So, get a solid education in math and quantitative sciences. ” Study mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics and, if your school offers classes in engineering and computing, take them as well, since these subjects will also be useful. Some universities offer degrees in biomedical engineering, bioengineering or biological engineering. Related degrees in biochemistry, biology or other engineering fields (e. g. , mechanical or electrical) could also lead to a career in biomedical engineering. Explore careers in biomedical engineering • “(BMES; www. bmes. org) and the Engineering in Medicine and (EMBS; www. embs.

Output: pass