Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study investigates how to design a user-centered AI-based voice-assistants that is able to adapt its content, functionality, personality, auditory interface, and information access to improves its communication skills to older people to reduce the risk of falls, injuries, and accidents they face when they use public transportation and when they walk within and across urban environment. Moreover, this study identifies the techno–social inhibitors that may influence the use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people to provide better solutions that can support the mobility of older people. Findings from this study presents the user-centered service design and functional requirements to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people of present and of the future. This study builds on prior studies on voice-assistants by designing a high-level architectural model to be used in developing an AI-based voice-assistants that provide user-centered real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people for safe mobility and walkability. Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) highlighted that older people who are fairly younger (those in their 60 s) have had experience with technology while they worked and may have learn to use similar technologies from family members are likely to accept and use novel technologies such as voice-assistants in particular. For such older people, technology readiness, familiarity, and uptake of voice-assistants to support safe mobility and walkability would not be a major barrier. On the contrary, for older people aged 70 years and above, especially for those who live alone technology familiarity could be low and this can act as an inhibitor to use of voice-assistants. Nevertheless, older people are a special user group in the society since they are often less acquainted with digital technology (Seiderer et al. 2020), and may not have equal access to a stable internet connection which is needed for most the functioning of the AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, there are other techno–social inhibitors that restraint possible use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people, and in particular, security and privacy related to techno–social challenges use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Earth’s First, let us pay attention to a feature of the core: its outer part (outer core) is in a melted state at the temperature T0, whereas the inner part (inner core), divided with the transitive F zone, is in a solid state, but at the lowered temperature Ti. Hence, we can conclude that the solid core can be colder than the outer one, and its temperature is Ti = T0 10 K. In its turn, it shows that there obviously must be geotemperature gradients, directed oppositely to the melted outer core. Those gradients generate thermoelectric currents “outer core-lower mantle” Itop, directed oppositely to the Earth’s surface, and “outer core-inner (solid) core’s center” Ilow to the planet’s center (Figure 1(a)). On the assumption of the known connection between an electrical current and the heat, produced by it, the inner core temperature Ti is expected to get T0, and then get higher than T0 i. e. Ti > T0. Such happens when the flows of the thermocurrents Ilow move to the Earth’s center and their electron concentration n in the inner core because of the absence of drains (outer borders) and, consequently, absence of dissipation of the charge energy. As a result, current density increases, which contributes to higher producing of Joule heat and its accumulation in the Earth’s central part. Eventually, the inner core’s temperature Ti reaches the temperature of the melted core T0 (Ti = T0) and at this moment the field intensity ЕТ gets equal to zero (ЕТ = 0) in the “outer core-inner core” branch. From that very moment thermocurrents Ilow stop moving, and the Earth’s dipole magnetic field disappears, but the lower mantle magnetic field В T T l o w remains. Nevertheless, thermocurrents Ilow of low intensity are able to not only appear for a short time and several times but change their directions to the opposite ones, because the thermal process is not homogeneous at different points of the inner core. The inner core temperature eventually gets higher and reaches a persistent state Ti > T0 because of the thermal process inertia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the architectural model is designed to provide available and accessible public transportation services, supported by ML, NLP, and speech recognition which helps to automatically adapt the conversation via human–computer interaction to older users’ toward reducing risks for improving safe mobility and walkability. This study offers important practical implications for the development of AI-based voice-assistants that will possess both text-to-speech and speech-to-text tools capabilities of converting spoken words by older users. Also, as suggested in the literature (Tsiourti et al. 2016b), older people can interact with the voice-assistants using a multimodal auditory interface that offers an automatic speech recognition and graphical touch-based user interface integrated in a simplified manner based on service design approach to ease the learning process enabling older people with different capabilities to use the voice-assistant system. 5. 3 Theoretical implicationsAmong the emerging technologies available, voice-based user interfaces may hold potential for increasing safe mobility and walkability for seniors by proving personalized support to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people. This study explores how voice-assistants can make mobility management easier and safer for older people. Specifically, this 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: At this state thermocurrents of opposite direction instantly appear and signs of the inner SGTE charges finally change (Figure 1(b)). From the moment of the persistent state Ti = T0 thermocurrents Itop and Ilow move to the Earth’s surface unidirectionally and their mutual current I sums up. Ores of the lower mantle gets extra heat because a part of the thermocurrents Ilow permeates in. That heat spreads predominantly to the bottom surface’s side, and when it is reached, the Earth’s crust and atmosphere reach the mode of dynamic heating gradually. From the other hand, electron flows leave the core, and it slowly cools down after electron concentration gets less. But when the moment of the persistent state Ti < T0 comes, a new and opposite process begins-thermocurrents Ilow go to the inner core and warm it. At the same time the mutual current I decreases and Earth comes into its cooling mode, and the dipole magnetic field restores. The cycles repeat. 5. Briefly about the Cyclicity of Cooling and Warming of the Earth’s results of the calculations in Table 2 give us the following. First, the reason why cooling and warming alternate each other on the Earth’s crust surface and our planet’s atmosphere is the existing cyclic change of thermocurrents in the inner core Ilow (Figure 2). Secondly, geomagnetic polarity reversal can happen only when phases “warming-cooling-warming” change, probably, every 105 ÷ 106 years [7]. During the period of these reversals dipole magnetic field В T T l o w decreases (or increases) up to its momentary disappearance (increment), at the same time the magnetic pole, created by the lower mantle, always stays as 4. 6 × 10−6 T at any reversal sign. In this connection, there can be made a preliminary estimate of the time interval Δt between adjacent coinciding phases of Itop and Ilow thermocurrents movement, for example, to the Earth’s crust. In this case that interval can correspond to the period of two maximum Earth warmings or cooling if the thermocurrents move in an antiphase direction (Figure 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: This conversation is part of a series of interviews in which JAMA Editor in Bibbins-and expert guests explore issues surrounding the rapidly evolving intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and medicine. This past April, researchers published a now well-known study that found that chatbot responses to a set of real patient questions “were preferred over physician responses and rated significantly higher for both quality and empathy. ” Since then, the study led by researchers at the University of California, (UCSD), has attracted substantial attention—including, perhaps unsurprisingly, some criticism from physicians. JAMA Editor in Bibbins-recently spoke with the study’s lead author, (Video), vice chief of innovation in the Division of & Health and deputy director of informatics at the Institute at UCSD. Video. for The two discussed the true takeaway from the study, as well as AI’s potential to aid in tailored public health messaging and the recent on AI. The following interview has been edited for clarity and length. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You published an 3. 5, could answer patient questions. We compared its ability to answer questions, in terms of quality and empathy, to actual doctors. The first barrier we had to cross was getting the data. We turned to a Reddit forum called AskDocs, where hundreds of thousands of people submit questions, and a licensed health care professional, in this case a physician, will provide a response anonymously and free of charge and do so rather quickly through crowdsourcing techniques. We downloaded that data, and we had real patient questions and real physician responses. And then we compared those to responses generated by ChatGPT. ChatGPT won in a landslide. Our panel of health care professionals themselves were 4 times more likely to prefer the response written by ChatGPT than the one written by actual physicians. They were 4 times more likely to judge its responses being very good or good in quality compared to physicians. And they were 10 times more likely to judge a response by it as empathetic or very empathetic compared to actual physicians. It showed that this tool that exists cannot only help us with our process, but maybe it’s something that can help answer many of the questions that patients have that may now be going unanswered.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That can be represented by the following model of multidirectional movements of thermocurrents Ilow towards the persistently unidirectional movement of thermocurrents Itop: 1st cycle: core-lower mantle; 2nd cycle: lower mantle-core; 3rd cycle: core-lower mantle. Figure 2. Graph of connection between EMF polarity reversal and warming and cooling periods on Earth with the change of the direction of the planetary currents Ilow vectors. 1―graph of the cyclic temperature at the Earth’s surface distribution; 2―directed movement of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop; 3―directed movement of the inner core thermocurrents Ilow; 4―magnetic poles position at the EMF reversal. For a quantitative estimation of the model one should take into consideration drift velocity v d (7) of electrons, which move directionally in the electric field ЕТ from the inner core’s side to the upper mantle (1st, 3rd cycles) and backwards (2nd cycle). However, that velocity is average and it is defined from the interval v d between 0 and max. But if the velocity of an electron after the collision has nothing to do with its velocity before the collision [26] the calculated function of electron distribution according to their real velocities allows to calculate the drift velocity more accurately with the following formula [26] [40] [41] : v d = e E T l m v (6а) However the existing scientific argument if it is right to use the formula (6) or the formula (6a) can be resolved only in course of time and only by comparing theoretical calculations with the practice. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. Table 3. Calculation of warming periods on Earth. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. It is seen from Table 3 that the period of direct warming is about 83000 years, whereas the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is about 249,000 years. The main error of this magnitude is determined by the value of the temperature coefficient β and the final electron concentration in the semiconductor when “hot” electrons move out of the core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Dr Bibbins-Domingo:Then, what I should take away about the fact that ChatGPT scored higher on the empathy scores is that the draft that’s coming to me to the review as the doc in the loop is something that patients would like to read and would be comfortable reading, and that I might be editing for content or for something else, but it’s a pretty good first start at that. Dr Ayers:I think what you’re seeing here is just simply the limitations of a human provider vs an AI that never fatigues, is always available. You see that both in terms of the quality metric and the empathy metric. Take an example of one of the questions in our study. A patient had swallowed a toothpick, and they were concerned they might have a puncture and bleed. The physician rightly responded, “That’s a very unlikely outcome. Don’t worry about it. ” But the AI was able to reveal all the considerations that went into that same response. “The likelihood of this happening is this, and if you have these symptoms, then you might want to go to the ER [emergency room] and talk to them, but don’t worry, toothpicks aren’t going to hurt you. ” Echoing back that the patient felt worried and understanding that. Doctors are trying to persuade patients to do what’s in the patient’s own self-interest, even though everything’s pulling them in the other direction. So really, we can start thinking about not only what is good content for messaging but what types of messages are potentially the most persuasive. And we can do that by looking at clinical end points, for example. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You’ve said this now several times—we don’t just want to know that it was more persuasive. We want to think about the outcomes we actually care about in the end, which really is the clinical outcomes for patients. Our goal is not to use what could be very powerful tools to try to achieve a certain type of behavior, but ultimately, what we want to do is to achieve the better outcome for the patient.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In our case, the value of β for the lower mantle, whose ores are considered to be semiconductors, is taken speculatively, and it is 0. 0003 V・K−1, as in Table 1, and it is just three times more than the temperature coefficient for pure metals. However, if one takes the possibly minimum magnitude 0. 001 V deg−1. for semiconductors instead of 0. 0015 V deg−1. [29] then the time lapse from the beginning of the warming and its ending will be about 25,000 years, and the time lapse between the warming phases Δt will be 75,000 years. Periods of cooling and warming cycles also change noticeably, if n for the lower mantle ores is increased only by 1 order, i. e. n = 3. 25 × 10 23 m − 3 (the initial value for calculations is taken as n = 3. 25 × 10 22 m − 3 ). Then the period of direct warming is about 385,000 years, and the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is now about 1. 15 million years. It appears from the roughly evaluative calculations, that despite the large range of numbers they are still within the assumptive time intervals, which the researchers get by an indirect analysis of geologic and climatological material of our planet, accumulated numerously [37] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]. According to geological data from different literary sources, the older the planet is, the shorter cooling periods (ice ages) and warming periods get, they fraction into subperiods, which can be explained by cycles getting gradually ordered and steady while the planet’s inner structure is forming [44] (Figure 3). 6. of the Warming of the Earth’s solve the task, we should consider the following conditions. Earth is now under a steady nonequilibrium thermodynamic state, because there are pressure and temperature gradients, that can be concluded from the I. R. Prigogine’s work [47]. Thermoelectrical currents Ilow of the solid and the melted cores move to the lower mantle. Their velocity, defined by the electron velocity, is about 2 × 10−8 m・s−1, and their distance, for example, for 103 years is not more than 60 - 70 km.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Dr Ayers:Our studies showed that a tool not designed for health care delivery, not fine-tuned for health care, and now is severely antiquated to current models that are available, was already better than physicians in practice. Physicians who voluntarily wanted to be there, wanted to help people, wanted to respond. Unlike some of us who don’t want to be there—it’s been a long workday. And so, it could already do better. I think there’s a huge potential here, particularly when these systems get access to EHR [electronic health records]. AI that can help extract information for them and generate action points much like we do now with flowcharts in action items can do that for messaging too. I think it could be a game changer for health care. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You work both in the space of AI and clinical practice but also AI and public health. You see the potential for AI as a tool to facilitate communication. Are those different challenges when we’re talking about public health messaging or the same things in different contexts? Dr Ayers:Public health is really complicated. On the one hand, we spend more on public health now than ever before. There’s more MPHs and PhDs graduating. There’s more deans out there in medicine trying to figure out how to start a school of public health. Yet life expectancy in the is declining. Thinking about AI in a way where it can help elevate what we do, and from a public health communication standpoint, should be prioritized potentially for study. We did a small-scale study on generative AI for public health–type questions where people are asking about suicide or addiction or other issues that we typically think about as behavioral medicine, which is the public health side—the leading drivers of premature mortality. And we showed that ChatGPT worked well there. And so, thinking about how these tools can [ask questions] like, “What does the suicide hotline look like [in the future]? What’s the smoker’s hotline look like in the future? Does utilization of those resources change the outcome? ” That’s the types of studies I think we should be doing in public health. Really, now we have the opportunity to deliver precision messaging. Our main tool for impact in public health is our voice, how we communicate to people.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That thin shell layer, being in the “core-mantle” border zone, is warmed to 4510 K (the initial temperature on the line of 4500 K) by the heat of the core Q thermocurrents (see Table 2). Its difference reaches 10 K, let us denote it as Т1. Let us take the temperature of the Earth’s bottom surface as Т2 = 273. 1 K. In this connection, a simplified heat-exchanging model of Earth can be represented as a hollow spherical shell with two sides. One of them is the inner one with radius R Σ = 3. 65 × 10 6 m corresponding the surface of the Figure 3. Climatic curve of the for the last 500 thousand years (the picture was taken from an internet-6. 37 × 10 6 m corresponding the bottom surface. The inner side is affected by the inner core heat Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J year (see Table 2). Let us take thermal conductivity coefficient of the spherical shell equal to the constant thermal conductivity coefficient of the lower mantle: λ = 2. 5 W (m・K)−1 [48]. At the same time the inner side is overheated with the heat Q by T1 = 283. 1 K (10˚C), and the outer side is Т2 =273. 1 K (0˚C) at the beginning, but after heating it gets Т2 = Х K. To find Т2 the homogeneous differential heat equation in spherical coordinates can be used [49] : ∇ 2 T = d 2 T d r 2 + 2 r d t d r = 0 (16) Nevertheless, these values of interglacial periods (warming) or cooling can be essentially clarified, if there was exact data of the β coefficient value for not only pure metals, but different materials of the planet’s shells, more complicated ones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Now we have a technology that cannot only expand the speed at which we can speak to people but can tailor it to people. I think that’s going to be a huge opportunity for public health, and maybe we can reverse the downward trend in life expectancy that we experienced, when public health has become more and more salient. Unfortunately, a lot of what we do now, we don’t know if it works. We have all these resources. We need to start critically thinking about are they working, and then think about how we can use AI tools to make them work better. That would be an outcome we could achieve in public health maybe. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:You make a very compelling case about tailoring, because I know from the personal experience of trying to do public health messaging that that’s exactly what you need. But thinking about how to study AI for these types of outcomes for a suicide hotline or for a smokers quit line, it wouldn’t be that easy. Dr Ayers:I think AI is one of these things where it’s easy to get excited about it and it’s also easy to understand it’s very limited. Fortunately, we have the tool to resolve what the value add is for AI in health care and in public health, and that is science. That is investing in rigorous studies that have clinical end points, that ask the question, “Are we helping to fix the problem? Yes or no? ” And so, we can either rely on that tool or we can ignore it as so often we do in other settings. And we’ll either make a difference or we won’t. I know of scores of health care centers working with different industry partners to provide [patient] messaging. I don’t know if any of them are focused on clinical end points. They’re all focused on process indicators. And so, we really need to understand that the value add of this tool is going to be limited by the quality of the science we put into it. That’s not true just for messaging. That’s true of all of AI and health care, and public health as well. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:The president and the have just announced their framework for thinking about AI in the US. What is your reaction to that?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Leple, W. Boerjan, V. Ferret, V. De Nadai, and L. Jouanin. 1999. Structural alterations of lignins in transgenic poplars with depressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase or caffeic acid O–methyl transferase activity have an opposite impact on the efficiency of industrial kraft pulping. Plant Physiol. 119:153–163. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Lev-Yadun, S. , and R. Sederoff. 2001. Grafting for transgene containment. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:1104. ↵and W. A. Powell. 2002 Enhanced resistance to the poplar fungal pathogen, Septoria musiva, in hybrid poplar clones transformed with genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. Biotechnol. Lett. 24:383–389. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Davey, M. R. , K. C. Lowe, and J. B. PowerMain, G. D. , A. . Mala, and K. M. A. Gartland. 1998. The use of gren fluorescent protein (gfp) as a reporter gene in tree genetic manipulations, pp 315–320. In Davey, M. R. , K. C. Lowe, and J. B. Power. (Eds. ). Towards the Millennium. Press, UK. ↵Martin-Trillo, M. , and J. M. Martinez-Zapater. 2002. Growing up fast: Manipulating the generation time of trees. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:151–155. OpenUrlPubMed↵Meagher, R. B. 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Curr. Op. Plant Biol. 3:153–162. ↵Mehlenbacher, S. A. , R. L. Phillips, and H. van Buijtenen 2000. The TACF breeding program review. J. Am. Chestnut Foun. XIV:16–24. ↵Mouradov, A. , and R. D. Teasdale. 1999. Genetic engineering of reproductive incompetence in radiata pine. Protoplasma 208:13–17.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without speaking much of deducing that solution, here is the final solution of the differential heat equation at the Dirichlet boundary conditions T ( 1 F o ) = T 1 = const for X > 273. 16 K и T 2 = 273. 16 K at τ = 0 [52] [53] : T ( X F o ) = T 1 + 2 [ T ( X 0 ) − T 1 ] ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) δ n X exp [ − ( δ n ) 2 F o ] (22) where F o = λ ⋅ τ c ′ p R 2 is Fourier’s number; Λ 1 = ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) X is the lambda function; X = r R is the dimensionless radial coordinate of a random point of the sphere; r is the radial coordinate a random point of the sphere, m; R is the inherent size of the sphere body, m; τ is the time, s; c ′ p = ρ ⋅ c p is the specific volumetric isobaric heat capacity of the lower mantle ores, which is distributed over both the upper mantle and the Earh’s crust contingently, J・(m3・K)−1; ρ is the average density of the ores of the lower mantle, the upper mantle and the Earth’s crust, 4500 kg/m3; cp is the specific mass isobaric heat capacity, 1260 J・(kg・K)−1 [54] T 1 is the temperature of the inner side (surface) when X = 0. 54 and τ = 0 equals 283. 2 K; δ n = n π at n = 1 2 ⋯ ∞ is nth root of the characteristic equation sin ( δ n ) = 0 for the Dirichlet boundary conditions; λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient, it is 2. 5 W/(m∙K) for the lower mantle [54] Substituting the above numbers into the Equation (22), here is the solution for the temperature, which is demonstrated in Figure 4 and Table 4. As seen from Figure 4. Graph of the temperature of the surface warming by the earth’s thermoelectric currents inner core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Over the years a few studies have examined how to improve the mobility safety of older people as seen in Table 1. Table 1 Related studies on the mobility safety of older people in urban contextFull size tablePrior studies explored strategies to improve safe mobility of older people as discussed in Table 1. However, studies that investigated the safe mobility and walkability needs of older people in urban context by considering the techno–social perspective, as well as digital technologies such as AI-based techniques (ML, NLP, and speech recognition) can be adopted to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people are scarce. AI-based voice-assistants can provide personalized real-time information to improve safe mobility and walkability for older people in urban context. Moreover, there are limited studies that explored which user-centered service design and functional requirements are to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people to improve safe mobility, walkability, and wayfinding. 4. 2. 2 User-centered service design and functional requirementsThis section aims to address RQ 1: Which user-centered service design and functional requirements are important for developers in implementing AI-based voice-assistants for older people? Grounded on the secondary data the user-centered service design and functional requirements for AI-based voice-assistants are discussed below. 4. 2. 2. 1 Service design requirements for older people centric voice-assistantsServices designed for older people have become more required than ever before (Su et al. 2017), as such there is need to identify the functional requirements needed to develop AI-based voice-assistants suitable for use by older people in the society. The service design captures the requirements mainly from the designer’s perspective. As such in designing the AI-based voice-assistants the system should comprise of readily available, low cost, and inexpensive, hardware components and open-source software if possible. It will be beneficial to the society if the integration of AI-based voice-assistants into existing technologies used by older people should be cost-effective not incur much increase in cost. AI-based voice-assistants should be designed adhering to privacy-by-design principles to improve the security and privacy of older users thereby establishing users trust of the system (Chen et al. 2021; Wedberg and Dalgren 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: OpenUrl↵Nilsson, O. , and D. Weigel. 1997. Modulating the timing of flowering. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 8:195–199. ↵Ow, D. 2001. The right chemistry for marker gene removal? Nat. Biotechnol. 19:115–116. ↵Pena, L. , and A. Seguin. 2001. Recent advances in the genetic transformation of trees. Trends Biotechnol. 19:500–06. . , M. Martin-Trillo, J. Juarez, J. A. Pina, L. Navarro, and J. M. Martinez-Zapater. 2001. Constitutive expression of or 1 genes in citrus reduces their generation time. Nat. Bioltechnol. 19:263–267. OpenUrl↵Rautner, M. 2001. Designer trees. Biotechnol. Dev. Mon. 44:2–7. OpenUrl↵Ravelonandro, M. , R. Scorza, J. C. . Bachelier, G. Labonne, L. Levy, V. Damsteegt, A. M. Callahan, and J. Dunez. 1999. Resistance of transgenic Prunus domestica to plum pox virus infection. Plant Dis. 81:1231–1235. OpenUrl↵Ravelonandro, M. , R. Scorza, A. Calahan, L. Levy, C. Jacquet, M. Monsion, and V. Damsteegt. 2000. The use of transgenic fruit trees as a resistance strategy for virus epidemics: The plum pox (sharka) model. Virus Res. 71:63–69. OpenUrlPubMed↵Richardson, D. M. 1998. Forestry trees as invasive aliens. Conserv. Biol. 12:18–26. OpenUrlCrossRef↵and S. A. Meikle. 1998. Development of transgenic yellow poplar for mercury phytoremediation. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:925–928. ↵Rugh, C. L. 2001. Mercury detoxification with transgenic plants and other biotechnological breakthroughs for phytoremediation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Table 4. Calculation of bottom surface heat temperature by Earth’s thermoelectrical currents. the latter, the temperature graph goes asymptote at τ = 20 s and varies within (283. 125 ¸ 283. 175) K or (9. 966 ¸ 10. 015)˚C, that confirms the pervious calculation enough. Besides, Figure 4 also shows that it takes heat only 20 s. to move from the border “core-lower mantle” to the bottom surface. Note, that the performed calculations are simplified and preliminary for now, because the taken model does not take into consideration other values of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the transitive zone C shells, the lower mantle B and the Earth’s crust A. That is why accurate calculations for the spherically heterogeneous heat-exchange model of Earth can differ from the obtained results noticeably because the thermocurrens under different continents are heterogeneous. 7. Features of the Behavior of Earth’s Associated to the Core’s The calculated magnitude of the magnetic induction В T T l o w can be real only if the used physical parameters and constants strictly meet the requirements of the physical law within which one or the other phenomenon can be correctly described, emergence and development of the Earth’s magnetic field in particular. The calculations analysis shows that the main element of their conformity is geothermoelectrical field ЕТ with its small intensity according to (3). At the same time, the known scientific conception of a planet’s metal core allowed to use the averaged temperature coefficient β, which is 0. 0001 V/K for pure metals. The magnitude of the latter affects all the following parameters: ЕТ, j, Ilow, which form the magnetic induction of the Earth’s field В T T l o w. That is why all the deliberate deviations from this value makes the В T T l o w magnitude get too low or extremely high. Hence, the taken magnitude β which is close to 0. 0001 V/K indicates high probability of our planet’s core being metal. Besides, the planet’s inner core electroconductivity σ affects the В T T l o w magnitude, but in a less degree. Thus, for instance, σ, which was taken by selecting, is equal to 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: 8Techno-social challenges that inhibits older people use of AI-based voice-assistantsFull size imageFigure 8 presents the techno–social challenges that influence the adoption of AI-based voice-assistants by older people. Each of the technological and social inhibitors are discussed below. 4. 2. 3. 1 Technological inhibitors that influence older people use of voice-assistantsFindings from da Paixão Pinto et al. (2021) reported that older people were apprehensive toward their loss of privacy and autonomy which stems from them providing personal data such as health information to voice-assistants. As findings from the literature stated that many older people were not at ease with devices listening to their personal conversations and they are not sure as to where their data is being used or where it could be sent to for data processing (Gudala et al. 2022). Thus, privacy concern was mentioned as a perceived inhibitor that limits the use of voice-assistants in the literature (Chen et al. 2021). Furthermore, the occurrence of technical errors faced by older people will increase their resistance toward the use of AI-based voice-assistants. Hence, designers should focus on developing applications that do not require much training or technical knowhow to be used (Bokolo 2023a). Also, the effort required to setting up voice-assistants is important and the capability of these systems to effectively manage any operational failure is a factor that impacts the future uptake of AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, the technology should support contextual awareness of older people so that they can better connect to their surroundings to perform the right action (i. e. , safe mobility and walkability). Findings from the literature suggested that older people were interested and welcomed the use of technologies to improve their capability to manage their surroundings particularly using their voice (i. e. , actuation via voice, specifically for those with slight mobility impairment, as this functionality will help them reduce use of their limb needed to navigate the control panels of their mobility aids) (Pfeifer-Chomiczewska 2023). AI-based voice-assistants can support to achieve consistent monitoring situations that might lead to fatal dangers (e. g. , detections of accident-prone pedestrian areas and giving directions during extreme weather conditions to avoid falls, injuries, and accidents).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine translocation in poplar trees. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:279–284. OpenUrl↵Trick, H. N. , and J. J. Finer. 1999. Induction of somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation of Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra Willd. ). Cell. Dev. Biol. -Plant 35:57–60. OpenUrl↵Tzfira, T. , A. Vainstein, and A. Altman. 1999. rol-Gene expression in transgenic aspen (Populus tremula) plants results in accelerated growth and improved stem production index. Trees Struct. Func. 14:49–54. OpenUrl↵Wenck, A. R. , M. Quinn, R. W. Whetten, G. Pullman, and R. Sederoff 1999. High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Plant Mol. Biol. 39:407–416.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 0 × 105 S/m and meets the calculated magnitude of the geomagnetic field on the planet’s equator, which is 3. 64 × 10−5 T. But if one takes the electroconductivity of about 1. 0 million cm/m, the magnetic field on the equator will be 6. 98 × 10−5 T, which is much higher than the real magnitude of В0. Therefore, the present range of the planet’s core electroconductivity 0. 1 ÷ 1. 0 million S/m can be constricted to some extent. Besides, the considered model allows to explain the tilt of the magnet axis toward the Earth’s one by the Coriolis forces affecting the electron currents. The preliminary calculation shows that the Coriolis forces can displace the normal from the axis of rotation to the electron circular path plane by about 100 - 110 to the West, which corresponds the modern magnetic axis of Earth. It is important to notice, that the suggested model allows to explain the causes of smallness or absence of magnetic fields of the other planets more correctly. In particular, any cooled planet with a cold metal core can have only a relict magnetic field. 8. 3. 52 × 109 А, see Table 2) because there are electrons in the core with sum mass of 5. 1 × 1019 kg. The latter’s moving cause appearance of the primary toroidal magnetic field, which is spherically asymmetric because of the thermo e. m. f. and the Earth’s inertial forces. The secondary poloidal field is self-generated through the central channel in the toroidal field and is dipole with two oppositely directed magnetic poles. Thermoelectrical currents energy, as the calculations show, is enough not only for generating the Earth’s main dipole magnetic field on its early formation phase, but for maintaining it at the modern level of (3 - 5) × 10−5 T for a long time. Thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s geomagnetic field is a brand new one and it is close enough to the real thermoelectrical processes of Earth. The latter are universal from the physical point of view and proceed inside our planet according to the known physical laws, which do not need any theoretical limitations or additions for the model to function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study investigates how to design a user-centered AI-based voice-assistants that is able to adapt its content, functionality, personality, auditory interface, and information access to improves its communication skills to older people to reduce the risk of falls, injuries, and accidents they face when they use public transportation and when they walk within and across urban environment. Moreover, this study identifies the techno–social inhibitors that may influence the use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people to provide better solutions that can support the mobility of older people. Findings from this study presents the user-centered service design and functional requirements to be considered in developing AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people of present and of the future. This study builds on prior studies on voice-assistants by designing a high-level architectural model to be used in developing an AI-based voice-assistants that provide user-centered real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people for safe mobility and walkability. Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) highlighted that older people who are fairly younger (those in their 60 s) have had experience with technology while they worked and may have learn to use similar technologies from family members are likely to accept and use novel technologies such as voice-assistants in particular. For such older people, technology readiness, familiarity, and uptake of voice-assistants to support safe mobility and walkability would not be a major barrier. On the contrary, for older people aged 70 years and above, especially for those who live alone technology familiarity could be low and this can act as an inhibitor to use of voice-assistants. Nevertheless, older people are a special user group in the society since they are often less acquainted with digital technology (Seiderer et al. 2020), and may not have equal access to a stable internet connection which is needed for most the functioning of the AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, there are other techno–social inhibitors that restraint possible use of AI-based voice-assistants by older people, and in particular, security and privacy related to techno–social challenges use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All genetically modified trees are guaranteed safe for every ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Genetycznie modyfikowane topole o zwiększonej odporności na stresy abiotyczne - najnowsze osiągnięcia. Praca przeglądowa. Magdalena Sozoniuk+− Krzysztof Kowalczyk+− Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 15 czerwca 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 ostatnich latach dokonał się ogromny postęp w zakresie poprawy odporności drzew leśnych na stres abiotyczny. Zastosowanie technik modyfikacji genetycznej pozwala na otrzymanie drzew odznaczających się dobrym wzrost w warunkach różnych czynników stresowych, takich jak wysokie zasolenie, susza, niska temperatura i zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Szczególnie podatna na modyfikacje genetyczne jest topola. Wobec nadchodzących zmian środowiskowych zastosowanie transformacji genetycznej w hodowli leśnej wydaje się być atrakcyjną perspektywą.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the first time the considered EMF model in comparison with the magnetohydrodynamo model can give physically and logically reasonable answers to the questions related to the behavior of a geomagnetic field in space and time. In particular, this model lets us explain the cause of the magnetic fields inversion, forecasts the magnitude of the residual (mantle) magnetic field during the polarity reversal and cyclic change of warming and cooling periods, it also clarifies the magnitude of the Earth’s core electroconductivity and structure, allows to use a new and physically justified mechanism for calculating electrical and, indirectly, lithological characteristics of the Solar system planets. The latter, i. e. inversion problem solving, is likely if the magnetic fields of those planets are measures beforehand by spacecraft. For the first time the temperature which the bottom surfaces of the continents and oceans bottom warm up to in case when the core’s thermocurrents move to the lower mantle was calculated using the thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field. Nevertheless, noe the considered thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field is on its first stage, so this is a protomodel. It is based on the description of a homogeneous structure of a magnetic field, which should be the reason for developing a real heterogeneous model, using differential equations. to Abramovich S. А. for checking mathematical calculations and Proskurnina T. V. for efforts to translate the manuscript to English. The manuscript “Thermoelectric currents of earth’s core generate the earth’s magnetic field” was not published in any magazine and it is not being edited in any editorial office. An 2001. DOI:10. 1088/1755-1315/44/2/022001 I made the manuscript on my own in the University, where I am working. Here is no competing finantial or any other interests of any organization as I did not get any subsidies, grants or ordinary shares. I, A. N. Dmitriev, am the only author of the manuscript and there is no legal claim to me from anyone. The manuscript author, A. N. Dmitriev. Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: For example, findings from the literature have found that older adults are concerned about voice-assistants listening in on their personal conversations and they are anxious about privacy and how voice-assistants may use their private data (Colombo-Ruano et al. 2021). Evidence from the literature suggest that such setbacks can be overcomed by making the use of voice-assistants easy and proving support with the installation and usage (Gudala et al. 2022). 5. 2 Practical implicationsSafe mobility and walkability of older people is necessary to improve the quality of life of the aging society and also to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people especially in harsh weather conditions (winter, rainy windy, etc. ) Currently, AI-based voice-assistants are becoming more popular as they allow the easiest and most natural communication with a computer system. Particularly, for older people such auditory interfaces enable interaction with assistive technologies. Regardless of the many technological advances in AI-based voice-assistant, there are fewer work conducted targeting older people as end users (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021). This has motivated this current study to adopt a user-centered service design approach for design of a personalized AI-based voice-assistants for the aging population. The goal of the AI-based voice-assistants is to support pre-emptive falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people for mitigating risk in the bult environment. To this aim an architectural model is designed for an AI-based voice-assistant that simulates human-like behavior to provide mobility, walkability, and wayfinding guide through an auditory interface when older people walk in urban areas. The main objective of this work is to design an architectural model for an AI-based voice-assistant that uses auditory interface, in order to support the development of an AI-based voice-assistant application suitable for older people. AI-based voice-assistants must be easy to use, low-cost, and easy to be managed by older people in their houses for travel and walking purposes aimed to supports municipalities to provide personalized real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: In recent times, Biotechnological tool such as genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology has proved its worth in achieving the sustainable development goals and enjoyed a great potential to mitigate the impact of climate change as well and opened new avenues for climate smart agriculture. However, while doing so we must take care of the ultimate stakeholder whether for the biodiversity or the technology i. e. the human beings and its environment. Fulfilling all these contradictory demands concurrently requires an elaborative and exhaustive framework involving robust protocols regarding safe designing, production, handling and transfer of GM crops. Keeping this in view, a series of meeting were held internationally to discuss the possible innovation or strategies to reduce the ill-effects of these technological interventions and to develop effective strategies for conservation and preservation of biological resources. One of the practical outcome of these discussion fruits in form of “Protocol on Biosafety, 2000” [1, 2]. Advertisement 2. protocol on biosafetyProtocol on Biosafety (CPB) was adopted on 29 January 2000 in Montreal with the holistic approach to addresses the probable threats from the transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) under the umbrella of Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Timeline of “Protocol on Biosafety”. Key: COP: Conference of the parties; CPB: Cartagena protocol on biosafety; IGC: Intergovernmental committee. The term “Biosafety” describes the principles, procedures and policies to be adopted to ensure the environmental and personal safety. The convention directs its to take appropriate measures to regulate, manage or control the risks that may arise due to use and handling of LMOs that may pose some threats to biological and to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of LMOs. Recognising the need of biosafety in genetic engineering research, the on Biosafety (CPB) was adopted with the following objectives:To set up the procedures for safe trans-boundary movement of LMOs. To harmonise principles and methodology for risk assessment and establish a mechanism for information sharing through the House (BCH) [3, 4]. 2. 1 Guidelines of promotes biosafety through well-defined guidelines for the safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs or GMOs, with a specific focus on regulating transboundary movements of these organisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited 308. Elsevier Pub. Co. [2] Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. , Pinton, J. F. and Ricard, Y. (2004) Study of in Magnetohydrodynamics. Physics of Fluids, 16, 2529-2547. [3] Giesecke, A. , et al. (2010) in Non-Uniform Domains. Geophysical & Dynamics, 104, 505-529. [4] Gailitis, A. , Lielausis, O. , Platacis, E. , Gerbeth, G. and Stefani, F. (2003) Dynamo Experiment. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 247-267. [5] Verhille, G. , Plihon, N. , Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. and Pinton, J. F. (2010) Experiments. Reviews, 152, 543-564. [6] Sokolov, D. D. , Stepanov, R. A. and Frik, P. G. (2014) Dynamo: Models to Laboratory Experiment. Success of Physical Science, 184, 313-335. [7] Dolginov, A. Z. (1987) Origins of of Earth and Celestial Bodies. Success of Physical Science, 152, 231-262. [8] Zeldovich, J. B. and Ruzmaikin, A. A. (1987) as a Source of Planetary, Solar and Galactic Magnetism. Success of Physical Science, 152, 263-284. [9] Arseniev, S. A. (2015) of Field of Earth and Planets. of Humanitarian and Natural Science, 4, 313-321. [10] Elsasser, W. M. (1939) On the Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Physical Review, 55, 489-498. [11] Vestine, E. H. (1954) The Earth’s Core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: KeywordsPrivacy protectionProtection behaviorProtection activitiesPrivacy responsesTaxonomyClassificationModelUser-Centric 1 Introductionand smart devices have become omnipresent. Besides all their advantages, it also poses various information privacy risks. Devices and services in the Internet collect, send and receive personal data of its users. For example data from smartphone sensors, e. g. gyroscopes, can reveal the gender of the user [1]. And even a smart light bulb can reveal a user’s location [2]. Different parties collect these personal information, because they are valuable for them [3, 4], for example to offer personalized advertisement or to improve their products and services [5, 6]. However, these parties can misuse personal data for unforeseen and even illegal scenarios [3, 7]. Users in Germany are aware that they are tracked [8]. Although “[i]nvasion of privacy are increasingly regarded as acceptable” [9], recent studies show that users feel that governments and companies do not enough to protect personal data [10, 11]. With the rise of tracking activities in the web and with smart devices [12], users’ information privacy concerns rose accordingly in recent years [10]. Thus, individuals try to address their concerns by showing privacy protections behaviors [13] or coping strategies [14]. These can be manifold and vary in scope, goal and technique [15]. Thus they follow a multitude of specific responses. Scholars have investigated such privacy protection responses and suggested different classifications [e. g. 13, 16]. However, only few researchers visualize their work in a taxonomy or model [e. g. 17]. A structured visualization, could support users to identify behaviors that fit their needs or coincide their skills. For research a state-of-the-art classification can be a useful tool for investigating user behavior [14, 18]. There is an ongoing debate about if individuals should be responsible for their data protection and if they could protect effectively [19]. However, our work concentrates on creating a model of end-user privacy protection without considering this debate. Accordingly our research question is: How can end-user privacy protection behaviors be represented in a comprehensive model while incorporating prior classification approaches. To address this research question we conducted a literature review and identified 141 protection behaviors. In a next step, we mapped these behaviors to 38 distinct categories. Based on this we finally apply card sorting to created a hierarchical model. The remainder of this 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Where GM trees are concerned, scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree, although exercising flowering control has been suggested both for limiting invasiveness as well as potential for pollen transfer (Adams et al. 2002). Such an expectation, however, misses an important question: What impact would GM pollen grains have if released into the environment? There is currently no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage due to limited amounts of GM tree pollen being able to spread within the environment (Strauss et al. 2001). Plants, including trees, have been exchanging genetic material within and between species on a large scale for millions of years. As yet, this exchange does not appear to have produced large-scale ecological problems. If transfer of GM tree pollen really is a significant issue, then sterility systems for inducing reproductive incompetence (Mouradov and Teasdale 1999) or trunk grafting (Lev-Yadun and Sederoff 2001) will become more useful in alleviating these concerns and their use encouraged in GM trees (Strauss et al. 1995). Even if a distinct adverse effect of allowing GM trees to flower is found, beyond that of simply promoting genetic exchange, it is likely that any such effects could be ameliorated using short rotation forestry, with limited, or indeed no flowering potential. Once again, any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm (Richardson 1998). Additionally, recent evidence suggests that transgenic poplar DNA is unlikely to persist in soils for more than 4 months before being degraded, limiting potential for transfer to soilbased microbes (Hay et al. 2002)Two other potential concerns expressed about GM trees relate to their longevity and the potential for unexpected effects, once released into the environment. Unexpected effects might include gene silencing, in which expression of an inserted gene ceases. Releasing and monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees could overcome this potential problem, because the available evidence suggests the frequency of gene silencing events is rare (Dominguez et al. 2002a). A similar approach is already taken by commercial foresters, who generally wish to avoid monocultures. Additionally, our understanding of genetic stability is increasing as sequences such as matrix attachment regions (MARs), which appear to improve the consistency of gene expression, become more widely used (Allen et al. 2000).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Transactions—Union, 35, 63-72. [12] Runcorn, S. K. (1954) The Earth’s Core. Transactions—Union, 35, 49-63. [13] Dmitriev, A. N. (1980) About a of Existence of of Conductors. Exploratory Geophysics, 88, 125-129. [14] Dmitriev, A. N. (2007) Geological and for Research of Objects—Oil and 226 Tyumen: TGU. [15] Dmitriev, A. N. (2016) A on the Nature of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44, 2001. [16] Zharkov, V. N. (1983) of the Earth and 416 M. Nauka. [17] Magnitsky, A. (2006) and Physics of the Earth 389 M. Nauka. [18] Kuznetsov, V. (2011) Physics of Earth 842 Novosibirsk. [19] Uffen, R. J. (1952) A Method of Estimating the Gradient in the Earth’s Mantle. Transactions—Union, 33, 893-896. [20] Tozer, D. C. (1959) Properties of the Earth’s Interior. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 3, 414-436. [21] Anzellini, S. , Dewaele, A. , Mezouar, M. , Loubeyre, P. and Morard, G. (2013) Melting of Iron at Earth’s on Fast X-Ray Diffraction. Science, 340, 464-466. [22] Kuznetsov, V. (2008) Introduction to the Hot Earth’s Physics 366 IKIR. [23] Kalashnikov, S. G. (1977) Electricity 592 M. Nauka. [24] Saveliev, I. (1970) Course. Vol. II 336 M. Nauka. [25] Martinson, L. K. and Smirnov, E. (2004) Quantum Physics. 496 M. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana. [26] Pavlov, P. V. and Chochlov, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: 1 High-Level ClassificationsSeveral authors suggest high-level classifications. For example Buchanan et al. [29] identifies two factors based on an analysis of users’ privacy concerns: “general caution” (e. g. search for privacy certifications) and “technical protection of privacy”, which needs a certain level of computer literacy to e. g. delete cookies. A similar differentiation is found in Lwin et al. [30]. They differentiate between deflective behaviors, which means to avoid data collection, and defensive behaviors, which focusses on removing personal information from a vendor’s database. Others emphasize limiting information sharing [13, 20, 28]. Xu et al. [15] classify protection behaviors by emphasizing control of information flows between data subjects and service providers. They distinguish personal control agency, which “empowers individuals with direct control over how their personal information may be gathered by service providers” [15]. Whereas proxy control agency concerns industry self-regulation and government legislation. 2. 2 Active and PassiveOther authors differentiate between active and passive behaviors, [e. g. 22, 31, 32 or 33]. Active behaviors means that users engage to utilize countermeasures directly. Passive behavior primarily involves the “general decision to share or not to share personal information” [19]. Other passive behaviors involves relying on external entities, such as data protection authorities [34] or to ask other individuals, e. g. parents [35]. 2. 3 Chronological ClassificationsFurther, one can distinguish countermeasures adopted before or after a data disclosure. Several authors write about preventive (ex ante) and protective or reactive strategies (ex post) [22, 36]. Lampinen et al. [21] call these preventive and corrective strategies. Lwin et al. [30] differentiates between deflective (prevention-focused) and protective measures. A similar distinction is introduced by [14]. They distinguish threat appraisal (ex ante), the analyzation of “probabilistic characteristics of a potential threat” [14] and coping appraisal, where users evaluate options to diminish the threat ex post. Moshki and Barki [14] highlight three categories of coping based on a temporal sequence: before an event (anticipation period), during (impact period) and after (post-impact period). Another classification mentions prevention, avoidance and detection [24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: F. (2000) Physics of Solid Bodies. Textbook 494 M. Vysshaya shkola. [27] Tyushev, A. N. (2011) Physics Lections: Part 5. 167 Novosibirsk, SGGA. [28] Pasynkov, V. V. and Sorokin, V. S. (2001) Materials of Electronic Technics. Series: Textbooks for Universities 368 Lan. [29] Lifshits, I. M. , Azbel, M. Y. and Kaganov, M. I. (1971) of Metals 416 M. Nauka. [30] Matveev, A. N. (1983) Electricity and Magnetism. 464 M. Vysshaya Shkola. [31] Juravlev, V. A. (2002) of Lections 240 M. Institute. [32] Plotkin, V. V. , Dyadkov, P. G. and Ovchinnikov, S. G. (2014) Identification of of in Lower Mantle: Inversion of Geomagnetic Data. Geology and Geophysics, 55, 1436-1445. [33] and Sokolova, E. U. (2008) Practical Physics: Quantum Physics. Physics of Elements 210 M. VVIA im. Prof. N. E. Jukovskogo. [34] Loper, D. E. (1984) Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle. Advances in Geophysics, 26, 1-34. [35] Hoffman, D. L. and Simmons, A. (2008) Earth 404 BookSurge Publishing. [36] Hansen, J. , Sato, M. , Russell, G. and Kharecha, P. (2013) Climate Sensitivity, Dioxide. [37] Kotlyakov, V. M. (2012) Causes and Results of Changes. Solar and Earth’s Physics, 21, 110-114. [38] Zachos, J. , Pagani, M. , Sloan, L. , Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686- 693. [39] Yanovsky, B. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Prevention mechanisms try to ensure that “undesirable use of private data will not occur” (ex ante) [24]. Avoidance mechanism minimize risks associated with data exchanges “by carefully considering the context in which they take place” (ex ante) [24]. Detection mechanisms seek to find privacy incidents (ex post). 2. 4 Classification from a Technological PerspectiveProtection can be supported by technology or not [15, 29]. Several authors concentrate purely on a technological perspective. Jiang et al. [24] identifies “mechanisms” that are supported by tools. Other authors mention to use ad blockers, cookie management or enabling Do-Not-Track functions in web browsers [13]. Further authors, such as [37], focus on countermeasures utilizing privacy enhancing/preserving technologies and distinguish them on a technological basis [18]. 2. 5 Fine-Grained ApproachesAs an overview Yap et al. [16] identify seven categories of what they call “privacy management practices”, namely: (1) withdraw, (2) defend, (3) neutralize, (4) feint, (5) (counter) attack, (6) perception management, and (7) reconcile. Lwin et al. [38] define three defensive measures, namely: fabricate (use of false information), protect (utilization of technologies), and withhold (refusal to provide data). A quite similar wording is found in Metzger [39]. She states three behavior types, what she calls “rules”: withholding information, falsifying information and information seeking (informing oneself about a company before disclosing data). 2. 6 Taxonomies and ModelsTaxonomies and models aim to make difficult relationships easy-understandable or to visualize hierarchical structures. However only very few authors created such to visualize the relationship of their privacy protection categories. In the next sections two models are presented, which gained wide recognition. One prominent example is introduced by Son and Kim [17]. They define a set of responses to privacy threats, calling their model “Information Privacy-Protective Responses” (IPPR) (Fig. 1). Son and Kim [17] focus on three main behavioral responses:Fig. 1. “Information Privacy-Protective Responses” (IPPR) by [17]Full size image 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: (1978) Terrestrial Magnetism. Parts 1, 2. 591 L. GITTL. [40] Kolesnikov, L. V. and Yudin, A. L. (2003) Materials Science. Part 2. for Laboratory Practice. 82 Kemerovo. [41] Boriev, I. A. (2012) of Impulse’s Electrons in Substance under Effect of Electricity and Time of Free Path. News of Science Academy, Engineering, 3, 105-112. [42] Monin, A. S. (1977) History of Earth 228 L. Science. [43] and David, J. (2004) CO2 as a of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14, 4-10. [44] Serebrennikov, V. B. (2008) Temperature and in Anthropogen and Its Consequences. Peter’s Academy News. 9. [45] Korzun, V. A. (2009) Global Warming—Reality or Politicized Mith? (Perspectives of Development a “Green Economics” in Russia) 191 M. . [46] Petrovich, A. (2011) Canon of Ice Age. of 132 St. Petersburg. Nestor-Istoriya. [47] Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: Structures to Order through Fluctuations, J. Wiley& Sons, New York. [48] Butler, S. L. , Peltier, W. R. and Costin, S. O. (2005) of the Earth’s Thermal History: Effects of Inner-. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152, 22-42. [49] Korotkih, A. G. and Shamanin, I. (2007) Hydrodynamics and Basics in Nuclear Reactors. Textbook 117 University. [50] Micheev, M. A. and Micheeva, I. M. (1977) Basics of Heat Exchange. 2nd Edition, stereotipe 344 M. Energiya. [51] Isachenko, V. P. , Osipova, V. A. and Sukomel, A. S. (1981) 416 M. Energoizdat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Information provision affects users when they are asked to disclose personal information in registration forms on websites. The authors suggest two possible responses: refuse to disclose information or to falsify them (misrepresentation). Whereas refusal often goes along with a loss of functionality, misrepresentation is considered as “a less costly and more convenient option” [17]. 2. Private action represents the fightback once users lost control over their data, e. g. when receiving unwanted marketing emails. The authors divide this complaining behavior into removal (e. g. by opting-out) and negative word-of-mouth recommendation to damage a company’s reputation. 3. Public action means complaining directly to the company or complaining indirectly via independent third-party privacy groups, such as data protection authorities. In contrast to private actions, these complaints are broadcasted to public. Another model is suggested by Ochs et al. [40]. They classify protection practices in a two-by-two grid, which distinguishes between users’ digital literacy and data intensity (Fig. 2). Digital literacy means the ability to evaluate and manage information and to facilitate computer technologies. Data intensity concerns the amount of information on which the protection is based on. Data intensity is low for defensive practices. For example, an individual who uses the internet only temporarily create only few information and thus aim for data minimization. Whereas offensive practices are used if individuals don’t want to minimize their data disclosure but instead try to obfuscate or falsify information. Accordingly there is a high data intensity. Fig. 2. adopted from [40] and translated into English by the authorPrivacy practicesFull size image “Exclusion practices” (category A) are defensive approaches that require less digital competencies in order to be successfully applied. Users do not disclose any personal information permanently. “Controlling practices” (category B) are defensive approaches that require a certain level of digital competency. The general idea is to control information flows of personal data individually. Whereas category A and B emphasize on individual approaches, “Exoteric practices” (category C) rely also on external involvement. These require less digital competency, however the amount of data that is disclosed is much higher than using exclusion practices. With “Networking practices” (category D) users try to codify their information exchange. For example users agree upon several abbreviations or code words for communication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: [52] Buchmirov, V. V. , Rakutina, D. V. and Solnyshkova, J. S. (2013) Conductivity. for 36 Ivanovo. [53] Lykov, A. (1967) Theory of Thermal Conductivity. 599 M. Vysshaya shkola. [54] Stepanov, A. A. and Starchenko, S. (2005) in Mantle. “Researched in Russia”, 8, 1760-1770.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Other users obfuscate their data or create fake profiles (avatars) to participate in networks but not reveal their real identity. This requires a certain level of digital literacy. The literature research has shown that there is a myriad of different protection behaviors, which users can apply before and after a data disclosure. These can be of active or passive manner. A majority of behaviors aim for limiting information disclosure. Furthermore protection can be achieved with and even without technical literacy. Lastly the 1. Second, we compared and mapped the findings to create a model. 3. 1 Literature ReviewWe conducted an iterative literature search in March and April 2019 using the database Scopus to cover top peer-reviewed journals in fields like computer science, communication science, psychology and law. These seemed most promising to find suitable literature, as privacy is a multi-disciplinary concept [41]. We applied an iterative review approach, following [42] to refine and extend our initial search. As a first step, we aimed at consolidating privacy protection behaviors of users and came up with 16 keyword strings for our search. After several search iterations (including synonyms and limited to years 2000 until 2019), we reviewed protection behaviors and created a list of their denominations and meanings - resulting in 141 entries. As a last step, we scanned the resulting literature for the keywords “classification”, “categorization”, “framework” or “model” to find existing approaches. The results show that only two papers [17, 40] deal with visualizing user privacy protection. We conducted a forward and backward search for both papers. 3. 2 Classification of Behaviors and Model GenerationWe manually examined the list to compare the meanings. In cases where wordings were identical, we merged them immediately and selected the original denomination (e. g. refusal [17]). In other cases, a deeper look at the meaning was needed (e. g. feint [16]). Once there was a match with regard to wording, we set the denominations in relationship to each other and chose a coherent name. For example preventive measures [36] and threat appraisal [14] are shown before data is disclosed and therefore belong to the pre-disclosure categoryFootnote 2. In some cases, the denominations in the literature could be mapped to several others. Finally, we identified 38 distinct categories. Next, we started creating the model by applying hybrid card sorting.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Camouflage use a similar approach, however “try[ing] to vanish from view entirely” [52]. Privacy calculus reconciliation is the only practice within the model that is intrapersonal. Thus it rather represents a coping strategy than an actual behavior. Users “engage in an intrapersonal dialogue […] to rationalize away their desires and concerns for privacy […] to convince themselves that they remain in control” [16]. Post-disclosure behaviors Even after a data disclosure, users can trust in proxy control such as external authorities [34]. Depending on the legal circumstances in the respective country, users can rely on jurisdiction [53]. Making public activities users complain publicly and manifestly about a company. This behavior fits into two types: “direct complaints to sellers and indirect complaints made to third-party organizations” [17]. Users make private activities when they boycott a particular company, e. g. by asking to be removed from a mailing list. Alternatively customers can communicate their negative experience to relatives or friends [17]. However, these behaviors are not done publicly. In contrast to [17], we name it “activities” instated of “actions” to emphasize that some behaviors can be permanent. In contrast to removal, deleting traces refers to data that is stored at the user’s devices, such as cookies [16, 19, 54]. Summarizing, 141 protection behaviors were found and mapped to 38 distinct categories. represents the relationships between these distinct categories. The model introduces several categories on four hierarchical levels. Each category is derived from a literature review based on a mapping of nomination or meanings. On the next page in Fig. 3 the End-is presented. 5 DiscussionOur models aims to create an overview of user-centric privacy protection behaviors. Although we also allude the term coping, we use “behavior”, as it refers to a way of acting [25]. Whereas classifications in literature have only few categories, our model provides more categories covering a broader field of applicability, because privacy concerns “the Internet as a whole” [13]. In contrast, [17] mainly concentrated on privacy responses in electronic commerce or [29] distinguishes between “general caution” and “technical protection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R.

Output: contrast