Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: pmid:25635628 View 35. Herzfeld DJ, Shadmehr R. Motor variability is not noise, but grist for the learning mill. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(2):149–50. pmid:24473260 View 36. . Oculo-manual coordination control: ocular and manual tracking of visual targets with delayed visual feedback of the hand motion. Res. 1992;90(3):599–609. pmid:1426116 View 37. . Sensorimotor adaptation to violations of temporal contiguity. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(6):532–5. pmid:11760144 View 38. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Seeing the last part of a hitting movement is enough to adapt to a temporal delay. J Vis. 2012;12(10). pmid:22961221 View 39. de la Malla C, López-Moliner J, Brenner E. Dealing with delays does not transfer across sensorimotor tasks. J Vis. 2014;14(12). pmid:25301016 View 40. Barbado-Murillo D, Caballero Sánchez C, Moreside J, Vera-García FJ, Moreno FJ. Can the structure of motor variability predict learning rate? . 2017;43(3):596–607. pmid:28095006 View 41. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2013. Available from: 42. . Determining movement onsets from temporal series. J Mot Behav. 1993;25(2):97–106. pmid:15064201 View 43. FE. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous; 2018. Available from: 44. Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Mixed-Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. 2015;67(1):1–48. View 45. Knelange EB, López-Moliner J. Due to Perturbation-Noise. Neurosci. 2019;13:46. pmid:30837854 View 46. van der Vliet R, Frens MA, de in Related. eNeuro. 2018;5(4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although there are variations in the breast MRI imaging protocol from institution to institution, standard breast MRI generally takes 30 to 45 minutes, usually consisting of a bright water signal sequence, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) T1-weighted images, including 1 pre- and multiple post-contrast images, and possible additional sequences such as diffusion-weighted images (DWIs), high-spatial-resolution images, and non-fat-suppressed images, etc. The standard breast MRI consists of thousands of images to be interpreted by radiologists. The long study time also limits accessibility, as no more than 2 patients can be scheduled for conventional breast MRI in 1 hour. If we have to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer, this imaging protocol does not support the ability to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer. A key advantage of the abbreviated breast MRI protocol is to reduce cost and increase accessibility as a screening study, by making the protocol simpler and shorter. Published data on abbreviated MRI report that the efficacy of breast MRI in terms of breast cancer detection is not affected by a reduction in the number of imaging sequences compared with the regular imaging protocol. 25–31 The term “accelerated MRI,” also known as ultrafast MRI, includes imaging techniques that acquire DCE-MR images in a very short time period. In clinical practice, morphologic evaluation and kinetic curve assessment are 2 major components of the interpretation process. The kinetic curve represents a change in signal intensity at a region of interest in relation to time; therefore, multiple sets of sequentially acquired post-contrast images are needed for dynamic kinetic information to be obtained. In standard breast DCE-MRI, each set of T1-weighted images takes 1 minute or more to acquire. Thus, data for the earliest time point are obtained at over 1 minute after contrast administration. However, assessing the changes in signal intensity in the earlier phases after contrast administration is considered to be more useful for detecting differential features in the vasculature for tissue characterization. Because of technical challenges encountered in clinical MR scanners, accelerated whole breast MRI has not been readily available. Recently, however, a few investigators have reported on the results of clinical studies using whole breast accelerated MRI techniques. 32–35 These studies suggest that the diagnostic performance with the accelerated MRI techniques is comparable to that with the standard MRI techniques.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: The ether lipid biosynthetic machinery operates upstream of the stress responsive factor, skn-1/Nrf, to enable lifespan extension in response to biguanides We noted when analyzing FARD-1 protein localization that somatic lipid droplets are generally less numerous in -stained phenformin-treated animals vs. vehicle. Indeed, quantitative analysis indicates that intestinal lipid droplets are significantly less numerous following phenformin treatment (in glo-4 RNAi-treated FARD-1::RFP transgenics (fard-1 oe3) fed C1--C12 to label lipid droplets, Figure 6A). We previously reported that gain-of-function mutations in the nutrient- and stress-responsive transcription factor skn-1/Nrf prompt age-dependent, somatic depletion of fat (Asdf) (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). This, together with early adult decreases in lipid droplet numbers, suggested to us that phenformin may prompt longevity by activating metabolic stress defenses in an skn-1-dependent manner. Strikingly, we found that phenformin treatment produces Asdf at day 3 of adulthood, a phenotype that is quantitatively analogous to and non-additive with skn-1 gain-of-function mutants (Figure 6B–C). Compellingly, loss-of-function mutations in any of the three ether lipid biosynthetic genes completely prevent the phenformin-mediated Asdf phenotype (Figure 6B–C), suggesting that ether lipids mechanistically connect phenformin to promotion of skn-1-dependent pro-longevity metabolic defenses. As expected, fard-1 overexpressing animals also display an intermediate Asdf phenotype, with moderate enhancement by phenformin treatment (Figure 6B–C). Finally, the Asdf lipid shift evident with phenformin treatment requires skn-1, as biguanide-mediated lipid shifts are abrogated in skn-1 loss-of-function mutant animals (Figure 6D–E). In aggregate, these data indicate that ether lipids connect biguanides to activation of metabolic stress defenses and longevity downstream of SKN-1. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Phenformin modulates systemic lipid metabolism through an ether lipid-skn-1 signaling relay.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionFloods are the commonly occurring natural hazards. They are a serious threat and cause damage to human life, property, and economy [1]. Floods at large damage built land, causes displacement of people, and affects infrastructure. Which in turn causes financial losses to the affected city/country [2, 3]. It is believed that more than 75 million people have been badly affected by floods across the world [3]. Extreme floods also affect physical and mental health, during and after the floods causing morbidity [4] carried out an analysis of 38 Organization for Economic cooperation and development (OECD) member countries and highlighted that post flood psychological effects are adverse especially in old age. While floods are primarily triggered by extreme rainfall, approaches in urban development, local geomorphology, condition of stream network and human activities also contribute the runoff and thus damages [5,6,7]. In comparison to developed countries, the risk of exposure to urban flooding is more in developing countries because of various anthropogenic and socioeconomic factors [8, 9]. One of these factors is the higher rate of urban growth [3, 10]. This brings the problems of poverty, land management, conversion of agriculture land to built-up areas, transportation and water supply, degradation of natural drainage system, and environmental issues [11,12,13,14,15]. Highlighting the need for a sustainable urban development plan, especially in mega cities. [16] suggested that urban development needs to be in line with sustainable development approaches. [17, 18] believe that governance by local authorities and pan urban administration is a key in controlling and managing urban development. [19, 20] are of the opinion that public participation plays a vital role in modern urban planning and sustainable growth. [21] found that most of the stakeholders share the opinion that natural conveyance systems needs to be maintained while developing an area, while [22] found that public government interaction in this regard over the time have improved, and the two-way interaction with the advent of modern communication technologies shall allow, a wholistic “development future”. It is believed that streams, and frequent water flow in them even by floods are accelerators for vegetation growth [23]. Which have been found important by [24] for effective flood management.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: is a breast MRI protocol that incorporates a reduced number of post-contrast phases, thereby reducing the study time. Kuhl et al25 first introduced the concept of abbreviated MRI and reported on its efficacy. In their prospective study, 443 women with mild to moderate increased risk of breast cancer underwent 606 screening MRI studies, consisting of 1 pre- and 5 post-axial DCE series, T2-weighted images, and post-contrast T1-weighted coronal images. They labeled a set of pre- and the first post-contrast T1-weighted images as an abbreviated protocol and the entire study as a full diagnostic protocol. All of the women had normal or benign digital mammograms, and women with heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breasts underwent ultrasound studies with normal or benign results. Two expert radiologists reviewed the MR images in the order of 1) maximum-intensity projection (MIP) image made up of subtraction images from the abbreviated protocol; 2) all images from the abbreviated protocol, including subtraction images; 3) all images from the full diagnostic protocol, without knowledge of clinical history, including the reason for referral, risk level, and prior imaging studies. This study showed that all of 11 breast cancers were detected in images from the abbreviated protocol as well as those from the full diagnostic protocol. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the abbreviated protocol versus the full diagnostic protocol were equivalent (100% vs 100%, 94. 3% vs 93. 9%, 24. 4% vs 23. 4%, and 100% vs 100%, respectively). Although 1 cancer was missed in the MIP reading, the NPV of the MIP reading was 99. 8%. The MRI acquisition time was significantly shorter in the abbreviated protocol versus the full diagnostic protocol (3 vs 17 minutes). The average reading time for the MIP image was 2. 8 seconds, and that for images from the abbreviated protocol was 28 seconds. Key aspects of this study were that a single pre- and a single post-contrast image is sufficient for the detection of breast cancer, the abbreviated protocol reduces the study time to less than 20% of the time for the full diagnostic protocol, and the radiologists’ interpretation time is significantly reduced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Quantification performed with at least 30 animals in each condition (10 animals assayed per replicate for 3 biologically independent experiments). ns, p>0. 05; ****, p<0. 0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Our previous work determined that SKN-1 activates a metabolic stress defense response to drive somatic lipid depletion through enhancing lipid utilization and innate immunity gene expression that opposes canonical oxidative stress responses (Nhan et al. , 2019). Concordant with the hypothesis that biguanides activate SKN-1 metabolic/innate immune and not oxidative stress defenses, phenformin treatment reduces expression of the canonical oxidative stress response gene gst-4 irrespective of bacterial diet source (Figure 6—figure supplement 1A–B), while reciprocally inducing expression of the innate immune response gene dod-24 in a manner dependent both upon skn-1 and ether lipids (Figure 6F and Figure 6—figure supplement 1C). Together with the observation that promotion of lifespan extension by both phenformin and fard-1(oe) require skn-1, these data suggest that biguanides activate an ether lipid-skn-1 signaling relay to drive longevity. Biguanide-mediated ether lipid synthesis is necessary for a pro-longevity benefit irrespective of bacterial growth or metabolism Previous studies into the biological action of metformin have suggested that biguanides mediate their lifespan-extending properties in the nematode through alterations in growth and metabolism of their bacterial food source (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Pryor et al. , 2019). To evaluate whether biguanide effects on ether lipid synthesis are induced through a direct effect on the worm or via alterations in bacterial-host dynamics, we leveraged a robust, established methodology to chemically kill and metabolically inactivate the C. elegans OP50-1 food source prior to seeding on nematode growth media (NGM) plates (Beydoun et al. , 2021). One percent paraformaldehyde (PFA) was identified as the lowest concentration in our hands that completely kills OP50-1 cultures prior to seeding, confirmed through bacterial titer analysis (Figure 6—figure supplement 2A).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In Pakistan, between 1950 and 2010, more than 8000 people lost their lives, more than 100,000 villages were affected, and Pakistan suffered from economic loss of around $19 Billion [25]. In 2022, Pakistan was devastatingly affected by floods due to torrential rainfall. These floods affected Swat valley in the north and Sindh and Baluchistan province in south of the country. They affected more than 6 million people and damaged the communication infrastructure and led to spread of various infectious diseases [26]. Being its mega coastal city, Karachi has also suffered from floods from time to time. In 1977, severe flood in Malir and caused loss of more than 200 lives while causing damage of 5 billion Rupees. Exponential urban sprawl, environmental degradation, increased in impervious surfaces and subsequent disruption of natural drainage system are major causes of urban flooding in the city [12, 27, 28]. When a multitudes of growth factors coexists, they lead to rapid urbanization [29]. Population growth, between and within cities migration, business and investment opportunities, commercialization and access to lifestyle amenities are the main contributing factors. Increase in built area leads to an increase in impervious surface, blockage and the lack of sufficient drainage system increases the rate of surface runoff thus causing floods [30,31,32]. Due to exponential urban growth, especially in a mega city, various changes in geomorphology are unavoidable. Due to these geomorphological landscape changes and industrialization because of transition of economies from rural to urban in over 200 years, significant rise to urban flooding has been seen [10, 33,34,35]. Moreover, the urban growth drivers are believed to be spatially dependent [36, 37]. It is believed that local urban sprawl has a positive correlation with urban sprawl of neighboring localities. This later has been prominent in the case of Karachi, where suburban growth has been multifold. Leading to built area increase along its natural stream channels, which is a cheaper alternative for agriculture and crop production and livelihoods [12, 13, 38,39,40]. Over that, these waterways have been poorly managed, and there are limited checks on encroachments along the stream banks [13]. Several authors emphasize that only structural solutions are not sufficient without proper solid waste management. Inadequate drainage capacity followed by poor management of urban drainage leads to urban flooding [41, 42].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although 1 cancer was missed in the MIP reading, the MIP image might be used as an initial reading for screening out typical normal cases, because the MIP reading yielded a NPV of 99. 8%. These results, although promising, represent experience at a single institution; therefore, additional studies must be performed at different institutions for verification. Issues to be verified are (1) whether the DCE study with only pre- and first post-contrast images has the same effect as the standard DCE study in terms of breast cancer detection; (2) whether the abbreviated protocol increases the number of false positives compared with the full protocol; (3) whether the abbreviated protocol reduces the study time; (4) whether radiologists’ reading time with the abbreviated protocol is significantly shorter than that of the full protocol; and (5) whether other imaging sequences are needed, such as T2-weighted images, DWI, or non-fat-suppressed images. Published studies are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Is the cancer detection rate of the abbreviated protocol comparable to that of the full protocol? Kuhl et al25 reported that the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol was 100%, as was that of the full protocol. Harvey et al28 performed an observer study that was similar to the study performed by Kuhl et al. 25 In their study, 505 women who were at a high risk for breast cancer underwent 568 screening MRI studies. Radiologists reviewed the MR images in the following order: (1) all images from the abbreviated protocol, including subtraction images and a MIP image made up of the subtraction images; (2) all images from the full protocol, which included STIR images, DWI, and delayed fat-suppressed T1-weighted images, in addition to a DCE series (1 pre- and 3 post-fat-suppressed T1-weighted images). The resulting sensitivity was 100% in the abbreviated protocol as well as in the full protocol; all of 7 breast cancers (2 ductal carcinomas in situ and 5 invasive cancers) were detected in images from both protocols. Because only limited information is available in this report, specificity, PPV, and NPV cannot be retrieved. Mango et al26 and Heacock et al29 studied the cancer detection rate in enriched subjects by conducting observer tests.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Analysis of wild-type adult day 1 nematodes treated with phenformin on live OP50-1 indicates that biguanide treatment significantly reduces somatic total fatty acid levels (Figure 6—figure supplement 2B–C), concordant with our staining data indicating phenformin prompts a low-fat, Asdf state (Figure 6). This result was preserved in wild-type animals grown on metabolically inactive PFA-treated OP50-1 as a food source, indicating that biguanides can significantly reduce somatic fatty acid levels irrespective of whether the bacterial food source is live vs. dead and metabolically inactive (Figure 6—figure supplement 2B–C). Notably, despite this significant reduction of overall fatty acids, biguanides preferentially protect levels of ether lipid-derived 16:0 DMA and 18:1 DMA, again irrespective of bacterial growth status (Figure 6—figure supplement 2D–E). Thus, we conclude that biguanides lead to relative increases in ether lipid levels through direct action in the nematode, rather than through indirect effects in the bacterial food source. Based on the ability of biguanides to impact the lipid landscape via direct effects on the nematode, we then hypothesized that disruption of ether lipid biosynthesis may also abrogate biguanide-mediated lifespan extension irrespective of bacterial growth and metabolism. First, and in contrast to prior studies suggesting that lifespan requires drug effects on the Escherichia coli (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Pryor et al. , 2019), we noted that under experimental conditions tested, metformin and phenformin both extend lifespan in wild-type animals whether grown on live or PFA-treated E. coli OP50-1 (Figure 6—figure supplement 3A–F). Consistent with the effect of biguanides on both lifespan and ether lipids being via direct action on the nematode, ads-1 deficiency completely blunts both metformin and phenformin-mediated lifespan extension irrespective of bacterial food source growth conditions (Figure 6—figure supplement 3A–F). In aggregate, these data suggest that biguanides increase proportions of ether lipids and require activated ether lipid machinery to exert pro-longevity benefits through direct drug action on the nematode.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is considered one of the many anthropogenic factors causing urban flooding in Karachi [39]. In developing economies, urban planning directly conflicts with politics of planning and politicians [43, 44]. This conflict creates hurdles in following sustainable urban development plans in true form. Also, justified distribution of resources between different sections of local government become difficult due to these political struggles [45]. Availability of funds is another critical aspect in urban development. Finance is a basic element of executing urban planning and to tackle the problems associated with rapid urban development [46]. Availability and proper use of finance is linked to poverty, empowerment, land, and governance [47]. Cities, where both approved and non-approved slums exist, allocation and distribution of funds for the later, is a challenge and leads to unsustainable growth. Sustainable urban planning plays an important role in mitigating floods. It plays a vital role in controlling several factors, that leads to devastating effects of floods [48]. Factors such as urban sprawl, spatial planning for waterways, green area, and storage facilities [49]. In case of Karachi this is a major issue, where vertical development has been limited to a certain small part of the city, and most of the city has overlooked the need for compact development [50]. Compaction of built structures can help reduce the stress of natural resources, water pathways and open spaces [51, 52]. As there is a necessity to create more space for natural flow channels of the rainwater or preserve them. For instance, in Karachi, many that exist are blocked by solid waste [12, 13, 15, 38, 40]. Urbanization management, when inadequate, can lead to loss of permeable surfaces that otherwise reduces the surface runoff and mitigates floods. Natural vegetation and its widespread distribution are another factor that plays a vital role and acts as an important component of sustainable urban planning [53], recommend the need for a paradigm shift in urban land management. This paradigm shift will need to be inclusive of the public participation in urban planning and in conserving a large part of the natural ecosystem. A key element in this regard being maintenance of the natural conveyance system for water [53]. Several studies [54,55,56] have been done and methods developed to examine flood damages, risks, and their assessment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Mango et al26 reported that the mean sensitivity was 96% for 4 observers who read 100 cases with breast cancer. Heacock et al29 reported that the mean sensitivity was 97. 8% for 2 observers who read 107 cases with breast cancer. In both studies, they used an abbreviated protocol similar to that of Kuhl et al,25 consisting of pre- and first post-contrast T1-weighted images with subtraction images, although their imaging protocol was slightly different from that of Kuhl et al25: they used fat suppressed sagittal imaging, whereas Kuhl et al25 used non-fat-suppressed axial imaging. The limitations of these studies are (1) observers were informed that there was a cancer in each case, so that they were biased in setting their threshold level, which was probably different from that in the real clinical setting; and (2) the sensitivity of the full protocol might not be 100% because they did not perform an observer test for the standard protocol; therefore, a comparison of the cancer detection rate between the abbreviated and the standard protocol cannot be made. Grimm et al27 and Moschetta et al30 used modified abbreviated protocols. Their abbreviated protocol included T2-weighted images. With MR studies of 48 high-risk women, including 12 cases with breast cancer, Grimm et al27 performed an observer test that included 3 radiologists, and they reported the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol versus the full protocol as 86% versus 95%. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2. Moschetta et al30 performed an observer test with 2 radiologists in which they used 477 women with various clinical histories, including 77 women with breast cancer, and they reported that the sensitivity of the abbreviated protocol versus the full protocol was 92% versus 89%. Grimm et al27 compared 2 abbreviated protocols, one with first postcontrast T1-weighted images versus the other with first and second post-contrast T1-weighted images. There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity between the 2 protocols (86% vs 89%). Although there are some differences among these studies, all reported that the abbreviated protocol was comparable to the full protocol in terms of cancer detection. The abbreviated protocol consisting of pre- and first post-contrast images might be useful for breast cancer screening. Does the abbreviated protocol increase the number of false positives compared with the full protocol?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: an unbiased RNAi screen of ~1000 metabolic genes, we identified ether lipid biosynthesis as critical to the longevity-promoting and growth-inhibitory effects of metformin in C. elegans. Our results show that the biguanide phenformin promotes lifespan extension by stimulating biogenesis of ether lipids through direct action in the nematode, prompting longevity-promoting metabolic stress defenses mediated by skn-1. The broad importance of ether lipids is demonstrated by their requirement in multiple diverse paradigms of lifespan extension. Our findings also indicate that ether lipid modulation through overexpression of fard-1 is also sufficient to promote longevity. Thus, ether lipids form a heretofore unappreciated lynchpin of lifespan modulation and are sufficient to support healthy aging through multiple central longevity effectors, including skn-1. Differences in ether lipid abundance and composition are correlated with diseases of aging. The uniform lethality associated with human genetic ether lipid deficiency, as in the case of patients diagnosed with RCDP and Zellweger syndrome, has made it difficult to study the role of ether lipids in aging and aging-associated diseases (Braverman et al. , 1997; Motley et al. , 1997; Purdue et al. , 1997; Itzkovitz et al. , 2012). Nonetheless, observational studies demonstrate decreases in certain plasmalogen species in Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting a probable link between ether lipids and aging-related pathologies (Grimm et al. , 2011; Goodenowe et al. , 2007; Han et al. , 2001). Ether lipids have conflicting roles in cancer; while loss of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery profits cancer cell survival by enhancing resistance to ferroptosis (Zou et al. , 2020), in other contexts, ether lipid deficiency results in impaired pathogenicity in various human cancer cells (Benjamin et al. , 2013; Perez et al. , 2020). Cancer cells generally have higher levels of ether lipids compared to normal cells, leading others to suggest that ether lipids confer pro-survival benefit (Benjamin et al. , 2013; Albert and Anderson, 1977; Snyder and Wood, 1969). However, certain ether lipid species have also been reported to have anti-tumor properties (Jaffrès et al. , 2016; Arthur and Bittman, 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: These methods include use of remote sensing [54, 57, 58], detection of flood water using sentinel 1 Radar (SAR) imagery [55, 56, 59, 60], fuzzy logic [61, 62], flood modelling [63,64,65], spatio-temporal population modelling [66,67,68], flood hazard index model [69], analytical hierarchy process (AHP) [70, 71], Network (ANN) [67, 72, 73], and Process [74, 75]. Most of these studies focused on detection of either flood inundation or flood damage and hazard, based on an analysis of urban sprawl. However, these studies have not considered the loss of historical natural stream network that carry flood water and the consequences of its removal by built areas. Since, an improvement of mapping technique was not the approach, this study uses a simplified technique to extract flood water using Sentinel 1 SAR imagery linking the flood inundation to rapid urban sprawl and blockage or damage of natural stream network over the years. Although numerous studies have been conducted to find the relationship between large scale urban development and urban flooding. But a critical research gap exists, for developing an understanding of urban growth in Karachi, leading to its natural flood discharge infrastructure. . The little research that has already been conducted in the study area of Karachi relies upon a single source i. e. , optical satellite imagery. This study illustrates how improperly led planning, where natural drainage pathways were covered by housing schemes, has led to increased flooding. For this it uses, satellite remote sensing data, topographic map and historical non spatial records for ascertain the loss of natural stream pathways to rapid urban development and subsequent risk factors created. 2 Study areaKarachi is located at the coast of Arabia Sea; its geographical bounds are 24o42’ N to 25o37’ N and 66o42’E to 67o34’ E with total area of 3,527 km2 (Fig. 1). Being the only coastal metropolitan city of Pakistan, it serves as an international trade and transport centre. Two seasonal rivers namely (from east to south) and (from north to southwest) run through it. Fig. 1Map of the study area, Karachi, the most populated city of Pakistan. Karachi is administratively divided into districts as well as union councils.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: For addressing this issue, prospective studies of breast MRI for screening purposes are needed; however, no such studies have been done comparing 2 abbreviated protocols, 1 consisting of early DCE series and the other consisting of early DCE series with additional images obtained with different sequences, such as T2-weighted images, non-fat-suppressed images or DWI. Theoretically, adding such images could reduce the number of false positives. As discussed in Section (4), radiologists’ reading time could become longer by adding different imaging sequences; however, if false positives are reduced with such additional images, there will be a considerable benefit. TABLE 1: of Abbreviated MRI (1)TABLE 2: of Abbreviated MRI (2)Breast cancer screening using the abbreviated MRI protocol appears promising for reducing the imaging time while maintaining the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection. However, there are issues that need to be investigated in additional studies, such as whether the abbreviated protocol increases the number of false positives compared with the full protocol, whether radiologists’ reading time with the abbreviated protocol is significantly shorter than that of the full protocol, and whether other imaging sequences are needed in the abbreviated protocol, such as T2-weighted images, DWI, or non-fat-suppressed images. A prospective multicenter study with a large number of patients will be ideal for addressing these issues. also known as ultrafast MRI, is a broad-category term used to describe novel MRI techniques that enable accelerated imaging at a high temporal resolution while still maintaining high spatial resolution. This concept of accelerated imaging was first introduced by Mann et al. 32 His group described an ultrafast technique known as time-resolved angiography with stochastic trajectories (TWIST). This technique manipulates routine k-space acquisition such that the outer part of k-space is heavily undersampled, whereas the center of k-space is fully acquired at each data point. The data from the undersampled outer k-space are then shared among the different time frames, in a process known as “view-sharing. ” This ultrafast technique allows for a shorter sequence acquisition time while achieving high temporal and spatial resolution. The temporal resolution of this sequence is 4 seconds. In their retrospective study, 160 consecutive patients with 199 enhancing lesions (104 malignant and 95 benign) were evaluated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Although we see major shifts in abundance of alkenyl ether lipids, evidence of the necessity of specific ether lipids in biguanide-induced longevity and for promoting healthy aging awaits the ability to modulate the level of specific ether lipids. Additionally, disruption of ether lipid biosynthesis has been shown to increase the proportion of stearate (18:0) and other saturated fatty acids (Shi et al. , 2016). Thus, at this time, we cannot rule out the possibility that biguanide-stimulated alterations in ether lipid biosynthesis serves to divert accumulation of lipid species that are detrimental to lifespan, for instance, saturated fatty acids. Nonetheless, considering our finding that ether lipids prompt metabolic stress defenses, this alternative mechanism is less likely. Definitive proof will require a deeper understanding of the regulation of specific steps dictating the synthesis and modification of ether lipids of different fatty alcohol and fatty acid composition. Based upon our findings, ether lipid synthesis is likely to be regulated post-translationally by biguanide treatment. The demonstrated increases in plasmalogens and specific ether lipids are both consistent with increases in activity of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery. While we do not understand the mechanism for the increased activity of ether lipid synthesizing enzymes, the decreases in mRNAs for acl-7, ads-1, and fard-1 prompted by phenformin treatment and by overexpression of fard-1 alike invoke negative feedback of the end product(s) of ether lipid biogenesis on transcription of genes encoding ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes. It should be noted that this possibility is consistent with previous work showing that higher levels of ether lipids promote proteasomal degradation of peroxisomal Far1 protein (Honsho et al. , 2010). Colocalization of the fatty alcohol reductase, FARD-1, with both peroxisomes and lipid droplets is similarly not impacted by biguanides. We cannot rule out the possibility, however, that the exogenous, overexpressed nature of FARD-1::RFP in these experiments may result in a hyperactivated ether lipid biosynthesis state, thereby locking FARD-1::RFP localization in an activated configuration that cannot be further induced with biguanide treatment. Future studies leveraging endogenously tagged FARD-1 animals will be required to resolve this caveat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It can be noticed that most of the built area of the city is enclosed in ridges and piedmonts of the Kirthar ranges on the west. While on the east of are anticlines formationsFull size imageKarachi experiences dry, hot, and humid weather conditions throughout the year [40, 76]. Karachi has hot and humid Summer from April–September and mild winter from December–February. Short duration heavy rainfall occurs from July to September. Minimum temperature ranged from 16 to 20 °C. Maximum temperature varied between 23 and 38 °C, whereas average temperature has remained between 20 and 34 °C [77]. Although mostly dry, Karachi receives heavy rainfall under the effect of tropical storms from July – September. Karachi has experienced multiple episodes of urban flooding due to heavy rainfall. Humid conditions in Karachi are caused by winds from the Arabian Sea. Wind speed is highest in summer with south-west to west direction [78]. Since 1729, Karachi has become a trade hub for the region. In 1941, Karachi’s population was 436,000 with 3. 8% growth rate. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, with more than 900,000 migrants from India, Karachi’s population growth rate increased to 9. 4%. According to 1981 census survey, population of Karachi increased from 3. 6 million in 1972 to 5. 43 million in 1981 with average growth rate of 4. 96% (1972–1981), with 95. 7% population living in urban areas. With an average growth rate of 3. 56% between 1981 and 1998, Karachi’s population rose to 9. 85 million in 1998. Karachi’s population has grown to 14. 9 million (at 2. 6%) as of 2017) [79, 80]. Population trend over the years (from 1941 to 2017) is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2of Karachi over the years. Figure above the bar shows population in Millions for that respective year. The chart clearly shows a continuous increasing trend from 1941 to 2017. Population increase is almost double from 1981 to 1998Full size imageBeing an economic hub since 1729, Karachi has faced rapid urbanization in modern times. Urban sprawl of 8. 35 km2 in 1946 rose to 785. 45 km2 in 2006 and 820 km2 in 2010 [81].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 1 pre- and 4 post-DCE series [labeled as volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] interleaved with 20 ultrafast TWIST acquisitions during contrast agent uptake. Two expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) lesion visibility on TWIST versus VIBE acquisition, and (2) evaluation of the maximum slope (MS) of contrast enhancement versus time curve between lesions. This study showed that all 199 enhancing lesions were visible on both the TWIST and VIBE acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). Furthermore, the study showed that the MS can be used as a unique dynamic parameter for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. On the basis of the ROC curve, the higher the MS, the more likely a lesion is to be categorized as malignant (area under the ROC curve = 0. 829). Their study showed that the ultrafast view-sharing sequence allowed for a shorter image acquisition time while still allowing for lesion detection and classification using MS. Platel et al33 further expounded on this technique by comparing the performance of morphologic and kinetic features derived from both the standard DCE-MRI sequence and the ultrafast view-sharing sequence. They found that the classification performance of kinetics combined with morphologic features was significantly better for the ultrafast technique. When the classification performance of kinetic features was singled out, the MS was seen to be the most distinctive in separating malignant from benign features. The results of this study confirmed the results of Mann et al. 32 They showed that ultrafast MRI protocols allowed for accurate characterization of contrast agent dynamics while still allowing for morphologic analysis due to the high spatial resolution. Issues to be verified in both studies include (1) Does the high spatial resolution of the TWIST sequence obviate the need for a high-resolution T2 sequence for definitive lesion characterization? (2) Does an abnormal screening MRI protocol using TWIST sequencing require a subsequent full-length breast MRI for lesion characterization? (3) Can the MS truly replace conventional dynamic information in newer breast MRI protocols? (4) Can the MS be used as the sole parameter for lesion classification? and finally (5) Can these results be translated to the detection and characterization of small lesions, which are the most common finding in a high-risk breast MRI screening setting?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Finally, further investigation into the precise molecular interactions between FARD-1 protein and other organelles will be required to further understand how FARD-1 and the other ether lipid biosynthetic enzymes are regulated by biguanides and in aging. Strikingly, our data demonstrate for the first time that ether lipids are required for phenformin to activate metabolic defenses downstream of the stress- and metabolism-responsive transcription factor skn-1/Nrf. Phenformin drives age-dependent somatic depletion of fat (Asdf), a phenotype we previously reported upon genetic activation of skn-1 (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). Based upon our own work, biguanides do not stimulate canonical skn-1 antioxidant defenses such as gst-4 expression, in contrast to the subtle effects seen in the existing literature (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Onken and Driscoll, 2010). Indeed, we observe a significant decrease in gst-4 expression with phenformin treatment, reciprocally balanced by increased innate immune dod-24 expression in a manner dependent upon skn-1 and the ether lipid machinery. We suggest that skn-1 is uniquely required for metabolic stress defenses downstream of metformin such as Asdf, rather than canonical oxidative or proteostatic defenses. Thus, the requirement for ether lipids in Asdf activation by phenformin confirm that this class of lipids plays a heretofore unappreciated role in a distinct form of skn-1 activation mimicked by genetic forms of skn-1 activation that we have previously reported (Lynn et al. , 2015; Nhan et al. , 2019). Lifespan extension resulting from overexpression of fard-1 shows mechanistic similarities and dissimilarities from biguanide action in longevity. Curiously, and concordant with the idea that ether lipids participate in the activation of skn-1, fard-1 overexpression requires intact skn-1 and AMPK action. Discordantly, biguanides do not require daf-16/FoxO, but fard-1 overexpression does. There are many possible explanations for this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In a (LULC) mapping analysis by the Agency (ESA) in 2018, it shows that only in a span of 12 years (2005–2017), there was 8% growth in urban extent in Karachi, with a change of 34% in urban context only [82]. With this development came a an increase migration to the city. The migrants mostly settled in squatter settlements, commonly known as Katchi Abadis. According to a report by more than 50% population of Karachi lives in those settlements [83]. Karachi’s Plan 2020 has hoped to take the city towards a path of becoming a world class city with economically feasible growth with quality of life for its citizens [84]. 3 Material and methodsDatasets selected and methodology (Fig. 3) followed in this study were formulated around the erasure of natural streams as a consequence of urban growth. Rainfall trends were mapped and used to select years of urban flooding. Rainfall intensity and duration is an important factor in urban flooding as excessive rainwater gets accumulated in low lying areas causing flooding situation [85]. Flood years identified based on literature and rainfall trends were further analyzed for areas flooded. Urban growth was mapped using historical topographic maps and satellite imagery. Topographic maps were a useful dataset when historical urban extent is required [86] and other dataset like satellite imagery or aerial photographs are not available. SAR imagery is an efficient source for flood water detection [87] Flood water and permanent water bodies were also mapped from SAR imagery. Permanent water bodies were masked where flood only pixels were required. For masking out permanent water bodies, datasets were used [88, 89]. Change in urban extent was used to identify inundated areas, and how increase in urban extent contributes towards removal of natural drainage network system. Informal settlements were digitized using Pro. It provided vital insight on how urban settlements alongside rivers and drainage system become vulnerable to damages during floods. Fig. 3An illustration of the data used, and products drawn during our study. A variety data types were used since to ensure a holistic overview of the on-ground situation and damages due to floodsFull size image3. 1 Rainfall trendThe city of Karachi experiences both cyclonic and torrential rainfall. Therefore, a literature and online disaster database-based survey was done, and cyclonic rainfall as well torrential rainfall and their durations were tabulated (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: The ultrafast breast MRI category was expanded by Pineda et al. 34 His group described another ultrafast MRI technique that did not utilize view-sharing techniques. This technique used conventional Fourier sampling with high sensitivity encoded (SENSE) acceleration factors. The result was a shorter sequence acquisition time with high temporal resolution and lower spatial resolution. The temporal resolution of this sequence was 7 seconds. In their prospective study, 20 patients with 33 enhancing lesions (18 malignant and 15 benign) were evaluated. Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 5 ultrafast and 1 standard pre-contrast acquisitions, followed by 8 ultrafast and 4 standard post-contrast acquisitions. Expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) determination of lesion conspicuity in relation to background parenchymal enhancement, and (2) measurement of lesion enhancement relative to the time of arrival (TOA) of the contrast bolus in the mammary arteries. This study showed that all 33 enhancing lesions were visible on both the ultrafast (UF) and conventional DCE-MRI acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). The highest lesion conspicuity was reached during the early ultrafast acquisitions (shown to be the fourth ultrafast acquisition post-injection on average), with the difference most pronounced in cases in which there was marked background parenchymal enhancement. Furthermore, the study showed that the average TOA was significantly shorter for malignant than for benign lesions (18. 4 vs 43. 5 seconds, respectively). Their study showed that the ultrafast high-SENSE sequence allowed for shorter acquisition times with high temporal resolution and high lesion conspicuity. Abe et al35 continued this work in a retrospective study, in which they evaluated 60 consecutive patients with 62 enhancing lesions (33 malignant and 29 benign). Two expert radiologists evaluated the standard dynamic sequences with the intent to identify the voxel showing the highest signal intensity in the first phase of standard imaging. From that same voxel, both (1) the enhancement rate and (2) the area under the kinetic curve were obtained at each ultrafast time point. This study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between malignant and benign lesions in the enhancement rate, particularly at time points C2 through C6 (whereby C1 is defined as the time point when the aorta begins to enhance).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: It could be that fard-1 overexpression alters the ether lipid landscape in a manner not analogous to biguanide treatment, either in distinct tissues or with regard to different ether lipid molecular species, and that these differences have distinct molecular effectors. Second, the degree of ether lipid alteration may be different following biguanide treatment vs. fard-1 overexpression. We have not explored whether overexpression of acl-7 and/or ads-1 similarly extend lifespan. Further work will be needed to determine the lifespan benefit attributable to augmentation of peroxisomal acl-7 or ads-1 activity, and whether any benefit is mechanistically similar to fard-1 overexpression. Finally, it is highly likely based upon the myriad potential direct and indirect sites of action of biguanides in aging, including but not limited to mitochondria, lysosomes, the nuclear pore complex, mTOR, and AMPK that distinct effector mechanisms are required by biguanides versus fard-1 overexpression (Cabreiro et al. , 2013; Wu et al. , 2016; Chen et al. , 2017; Pryor et al. , 2019; Ma et al. , 2022; Wheaton et al. , 2014; Onken and Driscoll, 2010; Espada et al. , 2020). In spite of the complexity of the biological responses to ether lipids, an opportunity lies ahead: further study of ether lipid roles in aging can provide insights into the full spectrum of signals that favorably impact positive effectors of longevity. In aggregate, data presented here indicate that ether lipid biosynthesis plays a broader role in aging than previously described. The necessity of the ether lipid machinery in metformin- and phenformin-stimulated lifespan extension and in multiple longevity paradigms indicates that ether lipids serve as a lynchpin through which lifespan is modulated (Figure 7A–B). Our demonstration that overexpression of fard-1 alone results in lifespan extension provides an exciting opportunity to identify ether lipids that promote health and the effector mechanisms through which they act. Finally, these results support the exciting possibility that modulation of ether lipids pharmacologically or even dietarily may provide a new potential therapeutic target in aging and aging-related diseases. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Schematic representation for the role of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery in multiple pro-longevity paradigms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The tabulated data shows that since 1998, major cyclones have hit Karachi with high repetitive frequency. Extreme rainfall events are also a recurring phenomenon. Most of these cyclones and rainfall events occurred during monsoon season. For climate historical monthly rainfall averages from the Pakistan meteorological division were acquired from the year 1960 to 2020. Since, the data is sparse and does not contain spatial distribution in the region, this was compensated for by ERA-5 (for (ECMWF)) re-analysis and (TRMM) and (Precipitation) data. This information was then used for accessing relevant satellite remote sensing data and classification for flooded regions. Summary of datasets used in this study and map produced using these datasets are given in Table 2. Table 1 Cyclones, and extreme rainfall events to hit Karachi since 1998, the information has been gathered from a variety of sources, that include published literature and reportsFull size tableTable 2 Published, satellite and other data used in this studyFull size table3. 2 Historical topographic recordsUrban sprawl caused topographic changes that further contributed towards urban flooding. Some of these changes include the growth of slums and houses along the stream banks, removal, and blockage of natural streams and replacement of protective embankments for urban expansion. To understand the extent of effect urban growth has on natural stream removal, historical maps of the urban extent, stream network and embankments was needed. For this purpose, topographic maps from 1945 and 1970s topographic maps were used [90, 91]. These 1940s topographic sheets were developed by U. S Service at a scale of 1:250,000. While the topographic sheets of 1970s prepared by are at 1:200,000. Although cadastral maps and surveys are most valuable sources of information, these are not always available due to high costs or data sensitivity [92] or simply being too historic. In this situation, topographic maps are a good source of information for mapping various land cover classes. Topographic maps of 1944 and 1980 were georeferenced and digitized. Contour lines, spot elevation, stream network, roads network, embankments, green areas, and built-up area were digitized from these sheets. Urban extent, stream network and embankments acquired from these topographic map sheets were further used in the analysis to check their present condition. Urban extent was analysed as the main precursor to floods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Systematic review: using magnetic resonance imaging to screen women at high risk for breast cancer. Med 2008; 148:671–679. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Multicenter surveillance of women at high genetic breast cancer risk using mammography, ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (the Italian 1 study): Final results. 2011; 46:94–105. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 16. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA 2012; 307:1394–1404. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 17. Society. Recommendations for in Breast Symptoms. Available at: 26, 2016. 18. Cost effectiveness of screening BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA 2006; 295:2374–2384. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 19. Cost effectiveness of breast cancer screening with contrast-enhanced MRI in high risk women. J Radiol 2009; 6:171–179. | PubMed 20. . Breast MRI screening of women with a personal history of breast cancer. AJR 2010; 195:510–516. | PubMed | CrossRef 21. Importance of a personal history of breast cancer as a risk factor for the development of subsequent breast cancer: results from screening breast MRI. Roentgenol 2014; 202:289–292. | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Screening MRI in women with a personal history of breast cancer. J Inst 2016; 7:108. 23. . Personal history of premenopausal breast cancer as a risk factor for referral to screening breast MRI. 2016; 23:353–357. | PubMed | CrossRef 24. Breast cancer screening with imaging: recommendations from the Society of and the ACR on the use of mammography, breast MRI, breast ultrasound, and other technologies for the detection of clinically occult breast cancer. J Radiol 2010; 7:18–27. | PubMed 25. Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): first postcontrast subtracted images and maximum-intensity projection—a novel approach to breast cancer screening with MRI. J 2014; 32:2304–2310. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 26. Abbreviated protocol for breast MRI: are multiple sequences needed for cancer detection? Radiol 2015; 84:65–70. | PubMed | CrossRef 27.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: (A) Model of ether lipid action in biguanide-prompted lifespan extension. Activation of ether lipid biosynthesis leads to longevity-promoting activity of metabolic stress defenses downstream of the transcription factor skn-1. (B) Model portraying a broader than previously appreciated role of ether lipids in longevity downstream of biguanides, mitochondrial electron transport inhibition, mTORC1 inhibition, and eat-2 mutation-mediated dietary restriction (EAT-2 DR). Dashed lines for DAF-16 indicate its requirement for fard-1 overexpression-, but not biguanide-mediated lifespan extension, suggesting a context-dependent role for daf-16/FoxO in mediating pro-longevity outcomes through modulation of ether lipid levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Blockage of stream network due to rapid urban development was analysed to explain how they also contributed towards urban flooding. Mapped embankments that were present in the low-lying region of Karachi before an urban boom showed how there was no resistance to urban floods in present time. Urban settlements along the streams of Karachi, like Malir and were also digitized from recent google earth images [93]. 3. 3 Landsat imageryHistoric urban development was mapped using topographic map sheets as explained in Sect. 3. 2. For the more recent urban development, Landsat satellite remote sensing data for year 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2020 was used. From topographic map sheets and Landsat data, LULC classifications were developed. Before supervised classification, Landsat imagery was corrected for top of atmospheric reflection (TOAR). After atmospheric correction, imagery was stacked, mosaiced and clipped to study area. Landsat 8 Images for the year 2015 and 2020 were pan sharpened using band 8. For this, high pass filter (HPF) resolution merge tool was applied in using technique provided by [94]. Supervised classification technique was then used to extract urban, water and green areas for the selected years. 3. 4 Sentinel 1 SAR imagerySentinel 1 SAR imagery is being commonly used in flood mapping, extraction of water surface, built-up area extraction etc. [95]. The data is easily available and suited to a variety of floods and surface water related studies [40, 96,97,98]. Sentinel 1 SAR products are weather and time independent (overall post even repeat time of 3 days) and can capture water bodies under the tree canopy [59]. Images from Sentinel—1 SAR were used for mapping flood extent of study area. Year 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 were selected as identified by rainfall trends and floods literature. Data was downloaded from & Space Administration’s (NASA) Facility (ASF) portal maintained by (). Sentinel—1 ground range detected (GRD) product acquired with interferometric wide (IW) swath mode was chosen for water extraction. Post flood dates for each year were selected to extract flood extent. Sentinel 1 SAR data for flood years was used to extract flood extent of study area using Platform (SNAP) software. Pre-processing of raw SAR data was performed before extraction of flood water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Abbreviated screening protocol for breast MRI: a feasibility study. 2015; 22:1157–1162. | PubMed | CrossRef 28. An abbreviated protocol for high risk screening breast MRI saves time and resources. J Radiol 2016; 13:374–380. | PubMed 29. Evaluation of a known breast cancer using an abbreviated breast MRI protocol: correlation of imaging characteristics and pathology with lesion detection and conspicuity. Radiol 2016; 85:815–823. | PubMed | CrossRef 30. Abbreviated combined MR protocol: a new faster strategy for characterizing breast lesions. Cancer 2016; 16:207–211. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 31. breast screening revisited. J 2017; 61:24–28. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 32. van Zelst J, et al. A novel approach to contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging for screening: high-resolution ultrafast dynamic imaging. 2014; 49:579–585. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 33. Automated characterization of breast lesions imaged with an ultrafast DCE-MR protocol. 2014; 33:225–232. | PubMed | CrossRef 34. Ultrafast bilateral DCE-MRI of the breast with conventional Fourier sampling: preliminary evaluation of semi-quantitative analysis. 2016; 23:1137–1144. | PubMed 35. Kinetic analysis of benign and malignant breast lesions with ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: comparison with standard kinetic assessment. Roentgenol 2016; 207:1159–1166. | PubMed | CrossRef 36. Szabó é B. Dynamic MR. imaging of the breast: analysis of kinetic and morphologic diagnostic criteria. 2003; 44:379–386. | PubMed | CrossRef 37. Differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions detected by bilateral dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a sensitivity and specificity study. Med 2008; 59:747–754. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 38. Selection of diagnostic features on breast MRI to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions using computer-aided diagnosis: differences in lesions presenting as mass and non-mass-like enhancement. 2010; 20:771–781. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 39. Cluster analysis of signal intensity time course in dynamic breast MRI: does unsupervised vector quantization help to evaluate small mammographic lesions?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: for Decades: Jeanne Calment’s Evidence for an to Download book PDF Download book 4, José Manuel Aburto4,6,5, Anders Stockmarr7 & …James W. Vaupel4,6 Show authors Part of the book series: Monographs (()) 3810 Accesses 1 115. 21 and died on 4 August 1997 at age 122. 45 years. In this 1. How likely is it that a person has reached age 122. 45? 2. How unlikely is it that Calment’s record has not yet been broken? 3. How soon might it be broken? Assuming a constant annual probability of death of 50% after age 110, we found that the probability that a person who survived to age 110 would have lived to 122. 45 by 25 September 2017 is 17. 1%. Furthermore, we calculated that there was only a 20. 3% chance that Calment’s record would have been broken after 1997 but before 2017. Finally, we estimated that there is less than a 50% chance that someone will surpass Calment’s lifespan before 2045. Calment’s record is exceptional but not impossible. It does not provide evidence that her lifespan is an upper limit to human lifespans. You have full access to this open access 122. 45 years, longer than any other reliably documented person. She was born in Arles, France on 21 February 1875 and died there on 4 August 1997. Her date of death and that the person who died was indeed the person born 122. 45 years earlier have been meticulously verified (Robine and Allard 1998, 1999). Her record seems remarkable because it is so high and because it has not yet been broken. This has been taken as evidence that human longevity is approaching a biological limit (Finch et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2016). Such a ceiling would have important implications for research policy since a ceiling implies that extension of human longevity requires unprecedented research breakthroughs that overcome the physiology of aging. Hence it is of interest to ask: (1) How likely is it that a person reached age 122. 45? (2) How unlikely is it that this record has not yet been broken? (3) How soon might it be broken? Here we exploit data on the number of supercentenarians (people who reach age 110).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Pre-processing steps included (i) slice assembly to mosaic SAR imagery, (ii) orbit correction, (iii) radiometric calibration, (iv) single product speckle filtering, (v) geometric correction and (vi) land mask to clip imagery to study area. Purpose of pre-processing the imagery was to remove noise and geometric distortions and improve spatial precision [3, 60, 99]. For extraction of flood extent, general thresholding technique was used. Pre-processed SAR imagery was converted to decibels (dB) and threshold value for water extent was selected after various trails from imager histogram. This threshold value was used in window using the Eq. 1, where image band corresponds to the name of clipped SAR band of study area and threshold value is the selected threshold from image histogram. $$if \, image\_band \, < \, threshold\_value \, then \, 1 \, else \, NaN$$ (1) 3. 5 (SRTM) is one of the widely used elevation datasets used in various GIS & RS related studies. Elevation measurements in are radar based, thus providing higher accuracy than other types of DEMs. In this study, was used to create DEM of Difference (DOD) surface using DEM created from 1945 elevation data [100]. 4 ResultsThis section has been organized as (i) an outlook of the general climate leading to heavy storms and rains in Karachi and its vicinity, followed by (ii) an analysis of the urban growth mapped from topographic maps as well as satellite remote sensing data (iii) an analysis of the removal of embankments and natural flood protections that were present before the modern development (iv) flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five years and (v) an overview of potential urban development by the regularly flooded and clogged streams of Karachi. 4. 1 General climate leading to heavy storms and rainsA Mann–Kendall’s analysis (Fig. 4) of the rainfall trend in study area (using TRMM data from 1998) was carried out which suggests that the city for its western part has a loss of average rainfall (Fig. 4c) and its northern and north-eastern regions showing a slight increase. An analysis of Department (PMD) data for the city’s weather station records showed a similar decrease in rainfall (from 1960 to 2019) (Fig. 4d).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: challenges also provide solutions using deep learning and machine learning approaches on MRI or CT images (Frozza, Lourenco & De Felice, 2018). Background AD is a fast-growing disease occurring worldwide. It mostly affects the aged population. AD is incurable and is a neurodegenerative disease that mostly affects the brain. People are facing problems associated with AD due to a lack of early diagnosis due to no or minor symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Gaudiuso et al. (2020) proposed a technique using machine learning integrated with Laser-Spectroscopy (LIBS). Micro drop plasmas were diagnosed for AD patients and healthy controls (HCs). The classification was also performed using machine learning algorithms. The dataset used for the evaluation of the model had 31 AD patients and 36 HCs. The proposed technique successfully diagnosed late-onset AD, with a better diagnosis for patients greater than 65 years of age. The total classification accuracy between AD and HC was 80%, which indicates that it is better than other approaches. Bilal et al. (2020) proposed a technique for the accurate diagnosis of AD. This study proposed nanotechnologies to overcome the limitations in treatment for early diagnosis and analysis. The neurodegenerative disease was treated with nanocarriers delivering bio-actives. Using nanocarriers with bio-actives is a very fruitful way to treat neurodegenerative disease compared to common therapies. This review came after studying nanocarriers, nanop2. The highest score for evaluating these techniques was valued for accuracy and precision at 98. 0% and 98. 1%, respectively, with these being the best scores in the medical domain. This study proves that using these techniques for AD diagnosis is effective. A deep feature-based real-time model was introduced (Khan et al. , 2020) to predict the AD stage. This technique used CNN, k-nearest neighbours (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM) to classify the AD stage from the image dataset and obtained outstanding performance with 99. 21% accuracy values. That proves the performance of this research study. The state-of-the-art studies clearly show the needed system for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The major contributions of the proposed model are mentioned. Main contribution This research study focuses on diagnosing and classifying AD using an image dataset.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: According to the Young list, 1049 people celebrated their 110th birthday more than 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017. Assuming a 50% annual probability of death after age 110, the probability that one of them would have reached age 122. 45 is 17. 1% (see Box 5. 1). Jeanne Calment’s age at death is extraordinary but not impossibly so. Now consider how extreme it is that Calment’s record has not yet been broken. We know it has not been broken, so as above we have to put ourselves behind a veil of ignorance. An appealing way to do so is to estimate the probability, on the day of her death, that at least one supercentenarian would exceed her record before 25 September 2017. Her record could have been broken either by supercentenarians who were alive when she died on 4 August 1997 or by new supercentenarians who attained age 110 following her death but at least 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017, permitting them to reach age 122. 45 by this date. Young’s list shows that 67 supercentenarians were alive on the day of Calment’s death. We now know the number of new supercentenarians afterwards but this was not known when died. The new group of supercentenarians needs to be estimated from the data potentially available on her day of death. Over the 10-year period preceding her demise, annual counts of newly recruited supercentenarians grew on average by 8. 0% annually. Extending this trend line until 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017 yields 742 new supercentenarians. If we combine analysis of the 67 supercentenarians whose exact ages were known with analysis of the 742 people who reached age 110 afterwards, we arrive at a probability of 20. 4% that at least one of them would reach the age of 122. 45 (see Box 5. 1). This is an estimate of the chance that Calment’s record would have been broken after 1997 but before 2017. It is not surprising that her record still holds. It is reasonable to predict when Calment’s record might be broken based on the available data, i. e. , to make the prediction considering the fact that her record has not been broken by 25 September 2017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: An analysis of daily rainfall station data from 1960 to 2018 revealed that months of July and August are the wettest. The average rainfall from June to September was 11. 09 mm, 73. 18 mm, 52. 55 mm, and 19. 12 mm, respectively. Indicating a higher rainfall in the monsoon months only. Rainfall analysis was also carried out using dataset (Fig. 5). Which also indicated high rainfalls for year 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020. After which mapping floods and analysis of their impacts for the years 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 was done. These years were selected keeping in view the availability of high-resolution optical satellite imagery, Sentinel 1 SAR imagery, rainfall trend analysis coupled with historical cyclone data. Fig. 4TRMM (1998–2018) derived rainfall trend for South-eastern Pakistan, where our focus study area is located. Figure a represents the autocorrelation among the daily raster data used, b the P-value signifying trend and c is the Mann–Kendall trend map d trend of rainfall across Pakistan as calculated from data acquired from the Department. This trend calculation is based on data from 1960 to 2020. In figure (d) only stations with data available continuously since 1960 have been included)Full size imageFig. 5High peaks have been common in the monsoon season for Karachi in the past too. Regional estimation of rainfall for Karachi derived from global IR based (Precipitation) data. Peaks for which the outcomes have been studied in this paper are marked in redFull size image4. 2 Urban growth and developmentHistorical topographic maps of 1940s and 1980s were resampled to same spatial resolution of satellite remote sensing data i. e. 30 m. It is pertinent to mention that these historical topographic maps were produced at small scale. A small-scale map shows more area but less details as compared to large scale map. Map of 1944 was prepared at the scale of 1:250,000 whereas map of 1980 is at the scale of 1:200,000. Being small scale, these topographic maps do have some limitations. For example, map of 1980 does not show urban extent of northeast corner whereas it is marked in the map of 1944. Despite this limitation, the two maps of 1944 and 1980 provided useful information to further use in the study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: 1177/fig-3 Model training After successfully developing the deep learning model architecture, it needs to be trained. The whole dataset is shuffled in each training epoch for 100. In this study, both architectures, DenseNet169 and ResNet50, were used separately for training purposes. We used 70% of the data for training the model and the rest of the 30% was used to test the model. Export-trained model After training, the trained models were exported for testing and further use. Once the whole dataset has been used to train, there is no need to train again and again. The trained models are used for further processing. Testing model The trained model is tested using various images. This model diagnoses AD and classification between these four different classes. The values output from the model are compared with the true values for the input images. The comparison of output values with true values for the testing dataset is used to evaluate the model. Model evaluation The model is evaluated based on the training model and testing dataset. The evaluation measure is computed by comparing calculated values from the model and true values known for each image in the testing dataset. The evaluation measures are used as proof of whether the model is performing well or not. Accuracy is the evaluation measure used to check the model’s significance. Accuracy is used for the performance analysis of the proposed model. The computation of accuracy is defined in Eq. (1). (1) Accuracy=Aa/Ac∗100where Aa is the number of accurately classified results and Ac is the total number of results. Experimental results and discussion This section elaborates on the dataset used for training and testing the model, the experimental analysis for the proposed model, and the outcomes. proposed model was evaluated using an open-source dataset from the Kaggle platform (Fulton et al. , 2019). The dataset was collected from various sources and manually labelled with the help of a radiologist. This dataset contains magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Each image in the dataset is classified into one of four classes: Non-Dementia, Very Mild-Dementia, Mild Dementia, and Moderate Dementia. These image classifications are used for training and testing purposes. The data are separated into two main folders, one for training and the second for testing. The training folder contained 4,098 images, with 1,023 images used for validation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: The number of newly registered supercentenarians on the Young list dropped sharply after 2010, probably because of delays in registering and validating alleged new cases. On the list available on 25 September 2017, there were no 110 or 111-year-olds; only one person on the list at the end of 2010 was still alive, at age 117. Because the list available on 25 September 2017 is problematic, we decided not to use any of the information in it, including the information that there was one 117-year-old. Instead, we decided to base our estimates on data available for the period up until the end of 2010. It turns out that applying the 0. 5 annual probability of survival to this 2010 list leads to the prediction that there would be one 117-year-old on 25 September 2017, which made us more comfortable about neglecting this information from the 25 September 2017 list. We used the GRG data to determine the number of people who celebrated their 110th birthdays over the period beginning on 25 September 2017 minus 12. 45 years and ending on 31 December 2010; the number is 165. Then, using 77, the number of people who attained age 110 in 2010, as our base value, we estimated the number of new supercentenarians in subsequent years. We did so by using a continuous growth rate of 6. 8%/year, which leads to annual growth by multiples of 1. 07 (because exp(0. 068) = 1. 07). Hence we calculated the cumulative sum of 1. 07 times 77 plus 1. 07 squared times 77 plus. Calment’s record is likely to be broken when the probability of someone living longer than 122. 45 exceeds 50%. To reach this level, we need to mix the estimated number of people attaining age 110 in the period prior to the end of 2010 (165 people) with 3713 new supercentenarians. The required number of new supercentenarians would not be reached until near the end of 2033. Then it would take an additional 12. 45 years for one of them to break Calment’s record, so about mid-year 2045, assuming the annual probability of death after age 110 remains at 0. 5. Is it plausible that might hold the longevity record from 23 May 1989, when she reached age 115. 21 and broke the previous record, until 2045, some 56 years later?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is used for calculating and analysing volumetric changes of a surface [101]. The DOD technique simply subtracts latest DEM from old DEM producing a raster surface with negative and positive elevation values. Negative values show erosion of surface whereas positive values show deposition. In this case, 1945 DEM and SRTM 2000 were used. 1945 DEM was created using digitized contours and spot elevations of 1945 topographic map. DOD was created by subtracting 30 m of year 2000 from 1945 DEM. DEM created using 1945 elevation data was resampled to same resolution as of SRTM i. e. 30 m. Elevation range of DOD surface range from −153 to + 218 m. was classified to positive and negative values. Positive values show deposition and negative values show erosion. Results show that from 1945 to 2000, 58% of area has been eroded and 42% of area had sediments deposited. After creating DOD surface, embankments present in 1945 topographic maps were overlaid on DOD surface. Overlay analysis showed that majority of those embankments were in areas that have now been eroded to create urban settlements (Fig. 8). Removal of these embankments was resulted into disturbance of natural topography of study area that further contributed towards urban flooding. Fig. 8DEM of Difference (DOD) map of study area prepared using DEM of 1945 elevation data and. Embankments of 1945 were overlaid that clearly indicates that majority of 1945 embankment were present in areas that have been eroded between years 1945 and 2000Full size image4. 4 Flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five yearsUrban floods extents from SAR datasets were extracted for 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 using Sentinel SNAP software. Permanent water bodies were masked. Flood extent of each 24 towns of Karachi were calculated. Flooded area in percentage for each town in each flood year was calculated (Fig. 10). Results show that core urban areas of Karachi was affected by urban flooding in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020. A comparison of urban development and floods in Karachi was drawn to check the relationship between urban extent and flooded areas during flood events. Both urban extent and flooded area showed a continuous increasing trend over the years. (Figs. 9, 10). Fig. 9Floods maps of study area developed for each year and each towns using Sentinel 1 SAR data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: in Svalbard: Balancing economic growth, sustainability, and environmental governance Part of: Published online by Press: 29 November 2021 Grete K. Hovelsrud [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window]Bjørn Kaltenborn [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window] and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Grete K. Hovelsrud* Affiliation: Institute, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049Bodø, Veland Affiliation: 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838Bergen, Norway Bjørn Kaltenborn Affiliation: for 40, 2624Lillehammer, Olsen Affiliation: Institute, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049Bodø, Dannevig Affiliation: 163, 6851Sogndal, Norway * Author for correspondence: Grete K. Hovelsrud, Email: gho@nforsk. no 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] commentary introduces a methodology and theoretical framework for studying how the tourism industry might balance the competing demands of economic growth and environmental governance. We focus on the “balancing act” Svalbard tourism industry must play among sometimes competing demands of climate change mitigation and emissions from tourism, and of strict Norwegian environmental management policy and demands for increased tourism. While these are specific to Svalbard, the balancing act of competing needs is the core challenge of the UN giving this research global and pan-Arctic relevance. Through collaboration between two tourism organisations, the Association of (AECO) and and an interdisciplinary team of scientists, we will co-produce knowledge about how to innovate new opportunities while protecting the wilderness, the very backbone of tourism. This collaboration considers how policy, climate change, and local attitudes together may affect the tourism industry and helps to define and develop sustainable tourism operations and products. For instance, tourists may participate in environmental and community-related activities or “micro safaris” rather than a sole focus on charismatic megafauna. Policy discussions about tourism growth need to consider how local and national governments anticipate and navigate rapid social, political, and environmental changes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: shows how long previous records endured, for males as well as for females. became the world’s longest-lived woman in 1926 when she attained age 111. 38; her record held until the end of 1980, over 54 years later. Among men, died at age 110. 37 in 1899; after his death his record lasted more than 67 years until 1966. Extreme-value theory is far from intuitive; jumps in maximum values are often surprising (and Ferreira 2007) (Table 5. 1). Table 5. 1 List of oldest females and males (up to 25 September 2017)Full size tableJeanne Calment’s exceptional lifespan provides evidence about another question. The force of mortality (hazard of death) increases approximately exponentially after age 50: the pattern is known as Gompertz’ law. Strong evidence from various studies shows that the force of mortality levels off at advanced ages (Maier et al. 2010; Vaupel 2010). It has been claimed, however, that Gompertz law continues to hold up to the most advanced ages (Gavrilov and Gavrilova 2011). If the rate of increase in mortality after 110 is similar to the rate of increase at younger ages, then the age reached by is incompatible with this claim. Suppose the force of mortality continued to increase after age 110 at the rate of 10% per year observed at younger ages and suppose the increase at younger ages resulted in a probability of death at age 110 of 50%. Then, the probability an individual could survive to 122. 45 would be 0. 00000008, three orders of magnitude less than then the 0. 00018 chance if the force of mortality after 110 reached a plateau. The probability of a lifespan of 122. 45 in our era would be minuscule. More generally, the survival of hundreds of individuals beyond age 110 is consistent with a marked slowing of death rates after age 100 and probably a plateau of mortality after age 110 or even earlier (as suggested in the 122. 45. (Newman and Easteal 2017) it is not surprising that her record stands. It is likely that her record will not be broken for decades. She should not be used to argue that human lifespans are approaching ultimate limits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Tens of neighborhoods are inundated during the floods in KarachiFull size imageFig. 10Comparison between urban extent and flooded areas in study area. Statistics show an increasing trend both in urban extent and floods between 2015 and 2020Full size imageStatistics show that urban extent in 2015 expanded from 741 to 553 Sq. Km in 2020. Flooded area also followed increasing trend with 14. 81 Sq. Km in 2015, and 64. 3 Sq. Km in 2020. Overall, core urban areas faced an increase in inundation. Other, major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, Shah-Faisal town, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal (Table 4). Table 4 Area flooded in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 per town in Karachi extracted from Sentinel 1 (SAR) ImageryFull size table4. 5 Stream blockagesAccording to [NO__FORM] [13] most of the streams of Karachi remain clogged and lead to a greater damage during rains. Recent (2021) pictures acquired from Orangi in Karachi highlights the plight caused by poor sanitation and waste disposal measures by the town administration (Fig. 11). Fig. 11Pictures of a drainage line, meant for sewage and water discharge is clogged by industrial waste. Most of the lines remain clogged due to poor management of waste and disposal. These pictures were taken near the Project office in Orangi TownFull size imageAs the city of Karachi was built to harbour business activities in the city and at port, a stream network was built in 1940s keeping in view the existing topography of the area. The purpose of these streams was to collect water from catchment areas and drain into and in the process ensuring ground water recharge and urban supply for storage. Temporal analysis of natural stream network was carried out to identify how much of these natural streams have been blocked or removed over time. Urban extend of 2000–2020 extracted from satellite imagery was overlaid on 1940s natural stream network. Streams covered by built area were identified. Figure 12 shows how stream network of 1945 was replaced by expanding urban infrastructure. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Keywords SvalbardSustainable tourismTransformationLocal perspectivesCo-production of knowledge Record 2021 e47 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2021. Published by demands on Svalbard tourism Arctic tourism is growing rapidly and is often seen as an economic opportunity (e. g. Lemelin, Stewart, & and Dawson2012). However, the directions of future development cannot be taken for granted as the growth takes place in the context of changing geopolitical conditions, growing global interest in the economic potential of the Arctic, and increasing environmental concerns, especially linked to climate change and habitat degradation, and more recently the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The action space available to tourism operators may be affected by competing national and local priorities, where meeting economic targets might be overlooked in favour of environmental targets and vice versa. The tourism industry operating from Longyearbyen may create new opportunities as they respond to the ongoing transformative changes of Svalbard’s society and environment, but this will require innovation. national Svalbard policy has a long-term goal to transition the Archipelago into a sustainable future without coal while continuing to maintain Norwegian presence. sovereignty on Svalbard is anchored in the from 1920 (entered into force in 1925, ratified by 44 countries). At the national level, Svalbard policy contains three key dimensions: (i) environmental policy and management goals stipulated by the Protection Act, (ii) maintaining sovereignty according to the Svalbard Act, and (iii) transforming Svalbard’s economic foundation from coal to tourism, research, and education. Svalbard policy maintains the goal to uphold the Norwegian settlements and preserve the unique environment (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2016). stipulates that environmental concerns shall trump economic interests in case of conflict, while the prescribes that large areas will remain unchanged for the purposes of research and monitoring. Svalbard policies also address national strategic ambitions, international tolerance (Grydehøj, Grydehøj, & Ackrén, Reference Grydehøj, Grydehøj and Ackrén2012), and international policy goals such as the and the Goals (SDGs) (THE 17 GOALS | (un. org).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, WTP for longevity and guarantee premiums did not constitute the entirety of the findings. When the premiums were added to the base prices, we obtained the total WTP. We found spenders had the highest total WTP followed by the guarantee seekers and the value-conscious consumers (Table 9). Although the spenders were the least interested in longevity indicators and guarantees, they were willing to pay the most for cut flower arrangements whether they had those attributes. Conversely, the value-conscious consumers had a much lower base price resulting in the lowest total WTP for longevity or a guarantee of all the clusters. Discussion and ConclusionsLongevity indicators and guarantees. Our results showed that participants were interested and willing to pay for a guarantee for both self- and gift use on both types of arrangements, supporting our first hypothesis. Previous studies showed that guarantees reduced consumers’ perceived risk when purchasing floral gifts, which resulted in increased consumer satisfaction (Behe and Barton, 2000; Dennis et al. , 2004). Our findings are consistent with theirs and show that consumers are interested in cut flower guarantees. Contrary to Dennis et al. (2003) who found that guarantees do not affect consumer-purchasing decisions on cut flowers, our results showed that guarantees affected cut flower consumers’ purchasing decisions in a positive way. Our results were consistent with research findings that showed evidence that guarantees are used as quality indicators (Ang and Lee, 2000; Dennis et al. , 2004). We concluded that as a value-added tool, longevity guarantees increase consumer interest in and satisfaction with cut flowers. Our findings also showed that participants were interested in cut flower arrangements with greater longevities for both personal enjoyment and as a gift for both single-species and mixed-species arrangement types, supporting our second hypothesis. Our longevity results are slightly intuitive because vase life longevity is directly related to flower quality for consumers (Ozzambak et al. , 2009; Society of American Florists, 2005a). In the retail setting, consumers would not be able to see the cut flower longevities; thus, labeling the longevity makes it a creditable attribute. Without a label, consumers may be dissatisfied if their cut flowers do not live as long as expected, similar to what Dennis et al. (2004) found with perennial plants. We concluded that longevity indicators are one means for floral retailers to decrease potential consumer dissatisfaction by supplying reasonable expectations for cut flower longevities. Consumer segments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 12Stream network blockage over time by overlaying urban extent from year 2000–2020 on natural stream network digitized from 1980s topographic map of KarachiFull size imageStreams and change percentage covered by built area in each town of study from year 2000 to 2020 is presented in Table 5. From 2000 to 2008, 28% of originally built stream network of 1945 was removed or blocked due to outward urban sprawl. From 2008 to 2015, additional 12% stream network was disturbed and from 2015 to 2020, this ratio further increased to 16% in addition to previously removed streams. Of the places that have lost most natural streams to are Lyari, and Saddar (most affected by recent floods), followed by and as well as other towns with like Orangi and Korangi towns. Table 5 Stream blockages because of urban development, for each town in KarachiFull size tableRiver is fed by 25 smaller drains, while the is fed by 7 smaller drains. While there are 41/46 major drains mapped as important source of flood water discharge. There are many confusions that remain on the part of the city’s administration to clarify. According to estimates 550 smaller feeder channels in the city that are not under the municipal administration and are supposed to be managed by the local district municipal administration. However, the state of repair, mapping and cleanliness is not clear hence, during major floods the uncertainty should remain. After 2020 floods, an extensive effort by provincial and federal governments was done to clean the major drainage network, however management of storm water is yet to be ascertained. An analysis of each town of Karachi and the effects of imperviousness showed that about 89% of the land classifies as impermeable in the study area of Karachi. 5 DiscussionUnplanned and uncontrolled urban sprawl, disturbance to natural drainage system and urban settlements along banks of natural drainage are main reasons of urban flooding [102]. Pakistan was severely impacted by floods in 2022 because of heavy precipitation. The northern and the southern provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan were both damaged by these floods. Over six million people were affected by these terrible floods, which also caused significant harm to the communication infrastructure and triggered the spread of several infectious diseases. An analysis of the changes to urban landscape shows that barren land has been mostly build over. In the northwestern parts of the city however, urban growth has dominated natural stream covered channels (Figs. 6, 13).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: forms the legal basis for Norway’s ambitious environmental management goal of Svalbard being among the best-managed wilderness areas in the world as explicated in the of 2001. This goal is reiterated in the newly revised regulation on tourism on Svalbard that addresses the protection of nature in the context of the tourism growth (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2018). The nationally driven transformation of Svalbard’s economy, from coal mining to tourism, research and education, is a balancing act among many economic and environmental priorities (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2016). The economic opportunities for the tourism industry are increasingly constrained by the need to take climate change impacts and environmental requirements into account. Svalbard governance and policy require the tourism industry to balance the provision of customers with experiences in a fragile environment against protecting the archipelago from the impacts of global change (ibid. ). Meanwhile, these new regulations express intent rather than offering guidance for tourism operators who are balancing these competing demands in practical terms. This is at times at odds with the goal of increased tourism activities in Longyearbyen where the operators sell wilderness as a product in areas with restricted access. The result may be that compliance with one set of policies may compromise adherence to other policies. The complex regulatory framework thereby creates a challenging action space for tourism operators and decision-makers alike. The dilemma facing Arctic tourism operators when weighing economic and environmental demands is not specific to this region. Rather, balancing competing economic, societal, and ecological demands cuts to the core of the global challenge of balancing trade-offs within the SDGs (Veland, Gram-Hanssen, Maggs, & Lynch, in press). While specific demands depend on local contexts, the responses offer lessons for the Arctic region as well as globally. Indeed, the internal inconsistencies between government policies for economic growth and environmental conservation are more than mere bureaucratic issues specific to Svalbard and reflect fundamental challenges for humanity facing the need to transform to avoid catastrophic climate change and ecosystem loss. In this commentary, we present a study that is in its early stages of investigations. The BalancingAct project (project period 2020–2024) took form through discussions and consultations between two Svalbard tourism organisations, the Association of (AECO) and and the interdisciplinary research team.

Output: corroborate