Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: One of the temple ponds is shown below (Figure 4) and all these are ideal and common traditional water harvesting structures seen in Kerala. Figure 4: A temple pond, traditional water harvesting structure in Kerala. Sacred groves (Kavukal) in with different types of flora such as mangroves, freshwater swamps, mixed trees, medicinal herbs and so on. The one of the oldest types of nature worship is occurring in Sacred groves and each sacred grove is dedicated to serpent God. Even though worship of serpent common in the temples of India but in Kerala State. The serpent worship is mainly done in sacred groves and salient features of Sacred groves include Sacred groves are common in occur in Western Ghats, Central India, northeast India where the indigenous communities live, Function as hub for biodiversity conservation, Several medicinal plants that rare in the forest are common in sacred groves, Endangered, threatened and endemic species are found in sacred groves, and The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the sacred groves. district of Kerala, tanks ponds are acting as common recharge structures to ground water reservoir and are also acting as traditional water harvesting system generally practiced in the rural areas of the district. In vernacular language tanks ponds are known as the kulams or eris [6] The ponds tanks of the Palakkad spread an area of 1-2 acres and very larger ones with a spread area of 3-4 acres. The ponds are in the Palakkad district are mainly used for agricultural purposes. Figure 5: A Kulam (Pond) in Palakkad district, Kerala. Figure 6: A large Ambalapuzha temple kulam (Pond), Alappuzha District, Kerala. and other districts of the most common traditional harvesting structures such as ponds were totally reclaimed or converted for buildup purposes. Now these structures were silted up and water storage capacity drastically reduced. Usually people of the area divert the rain water to the tanks ponds before sowing season and they clean the channel before the onset of monsoon. The tanks ponds function as storage structure (water harvesting) and source of water for agriculture practices especially paddy cultivation. The cluster of ponds, shallow pits and drainage networks enhanced storage and conservation of water in the terrain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Product liability in particular will have to be resolved (Chaps. 25 and 26). Adaptation or expansion of the current traffic laws would have to be considered in this context. The change would affect driving schools with regard to the competences required for users of autonomous vehicles, and in particular for the switch from ‘manual’ to ‘autonomous’ mode and vice versa. Crucial for risk management are safety measures to ensure both that autonomously guided vehicles can safely stop in critical situations and that they provide passive protection for occupants in the event of an accident. From this perspective, dispensing with passive safety measures such as seatbelts and airbags would only be legitimate once sufficient positive experience had been gained with autonomous driving to justify such a move. This idea should therefore not be presented as a prospect too early in the process. The expected gradual introduction of the technologies of autonomous driving opens up a variety of possibilities for monitoring and ‘improving on the job. ’ Their use in the form of new sensor and evaluation technologies should be an important element of the societal risk management scenario (Chaps. 17, 21 and 28). Risks for the labor market should be observed closely; if job losses are foreseeable, early action should be taken to arrange educational and re-training opportunities for those affected. Significant problems with data protection and privacy are to be expected if autonomous driving takes place within networked systems (although autonomous driving does not pose specific issues in this regard compared to other fields). Technical and legal measures (Chap. 24) should be introduced here to take account of the wide-ranging public debate on these issues (e. g. NSA, indiscriminate data collection). In terms of innovation and business policy, it is incumbent upon national governments to discuss with the automobile manufacturers adequate distribution of the business risks that would cause major economic damage in the event of adverse incidents, e. g. damage to a company’s reputation due to highly publicized breakdowns or accidents. As for risk management in relation to public communication and information policy, the aforementioned lessons from the debates on nuclear energy and nanotechnology are instructive with regard to the need to establish trust. Involving stakeholders is naturally important and decisive for the societal introduction, or ‘adoption,’ of autonomous driving. This would include principally the drivers’ associations which are so influential in Germany. In terms of public opinion, the mass media play a crucial role.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Самые насыщенные месторождениями золота – Северо-Американский (Канадский) и Западно-Австралийский кратоны, к ним примыкают Южно-Американский и Африканский кратоны (Гондвана), в то время как Восточно-Европейский (Балтийский) кратон слабо золотоносен в архее и более золотоносен в протерозое, а Сибирский и Китайский кратоны вообще почти не содержат докембрийского рудного золота (Poulsen et al. , 1990; Zhou et al. , 2002; Pirajno, 2014), несмотря на наличие зеленокаменных поясов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting systems are commonly used to collect water for irrigation. [SEP] Text: This low-cost traditional water harvesting system had twin benefits of recharging the ground water as well as increased yield in crops. This method was practiced by farmers in olden days for runoff retention and infiltration which were best suited to the topography and soil conditions of the state but with the advent of modern technologies in the form of energized wells, land reclamation for developmental activities, change in cropping pattern etc, this system took a back seat. As a part the Program of the Government of India, farmers were involved for ground water conservation activities and this was availed by the implementing agencies to revive such age-old traditions. Figure 10: Half-moon bund around the coconut basin reinforced with pine apple. Figure 11: Trench filled with coconut husk. Figure 12: Simplest traditional rainwater harvesting. State and Karnataka people usually uses saree to catch rain water and thus employing various processes of water harvesting such as catchment, transport and filtration by using saree. A makeshift arrangement, the traditional method of RWH is deployed for three months of monsoon in some heavy rainfall areas. State it is used in Kuttanad (Alappuzha district). Kuttanad, situated below mean sea level does not have water scarcity, but the water is non-potable. Families boil the water before drinking and also not hesitant to drink rain water. author is grateful to the. of India, Thiruvananthapuram for all the encouragements given during the course of the work. Thanks, are also due to Krishnan, better half the author for the data entry and editing of the manuscript. 3. (CGWB). Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. pp 215. Census of India (2011): Abstract. Figures at a Glance- Kerala. Anon (1995): of Kerala State. 17. Basak, P, James, E J and Kandasamy, L C (1989): Tanks and ponds of Kerala. Report submitted to Government of Kerala, Unpub. and Mays, L W (1988): Applied Hydrology. Mc Graw-Company, New York, 572 pp. Rai, V K (1993): Water resources planning and Development. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 229 pp. (2010) Sustainability of tunnel wells in a changing agrarian context: A case study from South India.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Consumer protection is naturally also an important consideration. For modern technology development, it is critically important that it not be conducted entirely within a more or less closed world of engineers, scientists and managers, which is then obliged to plead for acceptance of its own developments after the fact. Instead, the development process—at least the parts which do not directly affect the competitive interests of the companies—should take place with a certain degree of openness. The aforementioned stakeholders should be involved in the development process itself and not just in the later market-launch phase. Ethical questions about how to deal with risks and legal questions regarding the distribution of responsibility should be examined in parallel with the technical development and publicly discussed. Many of the challenges mentioned here are of a complex system type. In this respect, system research on various levels is especially important. Autonomous driving should not be regarded simply as a replacement of today’s vehicles by autonomously guided ones, but as an expression of new mobility concepts in a changing society.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Такая неоднородность отражает явную диспропорцию между (условно) “северным” и “южным” континентальными секторами Земли и указывает на первичную геохимическую неоднородность ранней коры нашей планеты. А незначительная продуктивность на золото древнейших комплексов, в свою очередь, обуславливает и слабую золотопродуктивность более молодых эпох ряда регионов этого сектора (например, каледонид и варисцид Европы).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: groundwater recharge in urban areas View/Open TITF1de1. pdf (4,401Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-96291 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/96291 Show full item record Tubau Fernández, directorVázquez Suñé, Enric; Carrera Ramírez, Jesús Chair Department Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports de typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2016-02-04 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessAll rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder the city of Barcelona and the townships situated in the deltaic area of the Besòs River, groundwater is recognized as an aspect of urban water cycle management. There is groundwater seepage into infrastructure and buildings that in turn require drainage, a part of which is introduced into sewage systems. Sensitized by this issue, city councils have had hydrologic studies carried out to analyze its causes and to plan alternative ways of using these resources while reducing treatment costs, and minimizing the impacts that groundwater and drainage have on infrastructure and vice versa. Based on these studies, and starting in 2000 some of this has been used for municipal practices (garden irrigation and street cleaning). Subsequently, due to a drought that affected the region between April 2007 and January 2009, the government entity in charge of Catalonian water sources (ACA) aims to get greater use out of urban groundwater in this area. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological characteristics of the environment, the availability and quality of these resources, and the appropriate tools for proper assessment and management. This has been the framework of this thesis. Recharge is one of the most relevant aspects of water balance in aquifer systems in urban areas. Urbanization of the area alters the natural hydrological cycle and direct water recharge into aquifers by infiltration is reduced. In turn, evapotranspiration decreases and new recharge sources appear. This thesis presents, first, a methodology that allows for the quantifying of variability in space and time of the recharge in urban areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: As the willingness and ability of the driver to take over are also prerequisites for partially automated driving [1], major changes compared with conventional vehicles cannot be expected. Only concepts that benefit a takeover, such as new human–machine interfaces for assigning a partially automated function may find their way in [2]. Not only former concepts, but also current drive-by-wire concepts with alternative control elements (see [3]) were restricted to replacing the function of the steering wheel and pedals without providing a design for the automation of the higher vehicle guidance levels that are indispensable for automated driving. Although it is not yet possible to determine a trend toward another concept due to higher levels of automation, this may change with a considerable change in vehicle guidance. This results in the following question: If the opportunity of autonomous driving unsettles the current world of concepts, is this due to a significant shift in market shares or due to new concepts? Before addressing this question in detail, the key conceptual features must be defined in order to create a level plane that applies to the overall vehicle and so that the even more diverse world of detailed solutions can be faded out. Prior to this, the requirements that will dominate concept selection in the future should be identified. Figure 13. 1 shows a selection of areas from which the requirements result. Many of the requirements are linked physically—often with conflicts—and can only be combined after a process of weighing up and prioritizing, for example streamlined aerodynamics versus distinctive styling components. Fig. 13. 1Requirement areas for a concept decision [4]. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image A distinction is made between the following domains Vehicle body Interior Human–(HMI) for this discussion of the top concept level. As major vehicle component clusters, these are always linked to the occupants and the environment, especially the road environment. The interaction between these areas can be represented abstractly as transfer of mass, energy and signals (see Fig. 13. 2). Since vehicle automation radically changes this transfer, the modules are also affected. One example of the effect of automation is the exchange of signals between the environment and humans. The occupant no longer has to pursue the task of driving and therefore no longer has to exchange signals with the surroundings in order to reach the destination. This approach based on the transfer of mass, energy and signals makes the further structuring of the analysis possible, taking interfaces into account. Fig. 13. 2System analysis: driver-vehicle environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: МЕТАЛЛОГЕНИЧЕСКИЕ АССОЦИАЦИИ ЗОЛОТА ВО ВРЕМЕНИ И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА ЗОЛОТОГО ОРУДЕНЕНИЯДля архея отчетливо просматривается связь золота с медно-никелевыми коматиитовыми рудами (Западная Австралия, Южная Африка, Балтия), либо с колчеданными (Канада), либо с железистыми кварцитами (Бразилия) (Mole et al. , 2015; Goldfarb et al. , 2005). Также отмечается сонахождение и с молибденовой минерализацией.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Potential sources of recharge that have been considered are: (1) direct infiltration from rain and urban runoff, (2) losses from the sewer system, (3) losses from the water supply system, and (4) other specific sources of recharge (i. e. river infiltration, seawater intrusion, etc. ). Recharge calculations are initially performed by applying analytical equations under various hypotheses. These results have been evaluated in the hydrogeological context through a numerical model of flow and transport in the whole area of study. Secondly, detection of some substances in groundwater has been analyzed. These substances and their degradation products, potentially present in recharging sources associated with urban environments, belong to so-called 'emerging organic pollutants'. These are organic chemical compounds used in the formulation of daily products for widespread use, such as pharmaceuticals, emulsions, care products and personal hygiene, household and industrial detergents, plastics, pesticides and herbicides, among others. There is relatively little known about these substances¿ introduction to and evolution in the aquifers. Organic pollutants whose evolution and behavior in the groundwater is better understood can be degraded by natural processes controlled mainly by oxidation-reduction reactions. Even in situ stimulation techniques have been developed which are able to accelerate these processes of natural attenuation of contaminated environments. A methodology is presented using an end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) and MIX to compute mixing ratios and identify hydrochemical reactions. The methodology consists of (1) identifying the potential sources of recharge, (2) characterising recharge sources and mixed water samples using hydrogeochemistry, (3) selecting chemical species to be used in the analysis and (4) calculating mixing ratios and when departures from the mixing line exist, identifying hidrochemical processes. This approach has been applied in a pilot area in the Besòs River Delta. En la ciudad de Barcelona y municipios ubicados sobre los terrenos deltaicos del río Besòs, el agua subterránea es un factor que se tiene en cuenta en la gestión urbana del ciclo del agua. La filtración de aguas subterráneas en edificios e infraestructuras obliga el drenaje de estas aguas, parte de las cuáles son vertidas a la red de alcantarillado.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image These concept-defining areas and their interfaces for the use cases selected in Chap. 2 as well as the application scenarios possible as a result are examined in the following. 2 for Extended AvailabilityAlthough the two use cases “Interstate Pilot” and “Full Automation” have very different performance capabilities when it comes to autonomous driving, there are no differences when it comes to considering vehicle concepts, since both use cases are restricted to having a driver available for extended availability. For the “Full Automation” use case, autonomous driving can be used more extensively and a takeover is requested less often. However, in both cases it must be ensured that vehicle guidance is possible without restriction by a person with driver’s license in their function as a driver for extended availability. Therefore, for both cases, the vehicle guidance is to be supported as a “mixed mode”—autonomous or manual. 2. 1 Effects on the Body DesignCompared with the expected comparison concepts, which do not provide autonomous driving capability, no concept-defining change is perceptible for the planned continued manual vehicle guidance. For, as long as the extension and availability use-case concepts (see Chap. 2) are based on control by the driver, the degree of freedom when it comes to the body design is restricted. The external dimensions of the vehicle, as well as the positioning and size of the windows, must still be tailored to the driver, meaning that designs similar to those today are to be expected. Sensors are required for virtually every viewing angle for autonomous driving, which will surely result in complex package solutions if discreet visibility is aimed for as to date. If a standard is actually to be set given for the capability to drive autonomously, this would be beneficial for the developers as they would be able to occupy outstanding sensor positions in the true sense of the word (see Fig. 13. 3 as an example). Otherwise, no major deviation between the vehicle concept and comparison vehicles is expected, since these use cases “only” add a new feature to the existing concepts without affecting the basic principle of the vehicle or the application area. Fig. 13. 3Team anyway test vehicle, environment sensors [5]. Image rights: SpringerFull size image 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Для раннего протерозоя ситуация похожая, например, свекофенские месторождения Балтии. В этот период истории Земли золото четко демонстрирует свои мантийные связи в орогенной металлогении (ассоциация с месторождениями Ni, Cu, Pt и пр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Sensibilizados por esta problemática las administraciones implicadas encargaron estudios hidrogeológicos para analizar las causas y plantear alternativas para el aprovechamiento de estos recursos, reducir los costes del tratamiento, así como minimizar los impactos que las aguas subterráneas y drenajes puedan causar a las infraestructuras y viceversa. A raíz de estos estudios y desde el año 2000, parte de éstas se destinan a usos municipales (riego de jardines y limpieza de calles). Posteriormente y debido a un período de sequía que afectó desde abril de 2007 a enero de 2009, la entidad gestora de los recursos hídricos de Cataluña (Agència Catalana de l'Aigua, ACA) planteó un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos de agua subterránea en este entorno urbano. Esto requiere un buen conocimiento de las características hidrogeológicas del medio, de la disponibilidad y calidad de estos recursos, así como de disponer de las herramientas adecuadas para su evaluación y correcta gestión. Esta tesis se enmarca en este contexto. La recarga es uno de los aspectos más relevantes del balance hídrico en los sistemas acuíferos de zonas urbanas. La urbanización del territorio altera el ciclo hidrogeológico natural, la recarga directa de agua a los acuíferos por infiltración se reduce, disminuye la evapotranspiración y aparecen nuevas fuentes de recarga.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 2 Effects on the Drive ConceptThere is no reason to evaluate the drive concept differently for the potentially remaining manual journey segments than for similar vehicles that are not autonomous. However, autonomous driving simplifies incorporation into the traffic telematics compared with manual driving, making more efficient driving possible. The driving characteristics can be controlled depending on time and energy requirements. In principle, these options are already available on vehicles with partial or highly automated driving functions, meaning that the next step towards autonomous driving results in barely any relevant changes to the drive concept. It is more the new networking options which benefit the drive concepts with lower overall availability, such as battery-electric drives. 2. 3 Effects on the Chassis DesignWhile manual driving needs a chassis with the standard requirements, long phases of autonomous driving enable the occupant(s) to be decoupled from the driving process. Automation needs neither tactile sensitivity for driving dynamics nor the transverse and longitudinal force action which impacts the occupants with vehicle acceleration. It can revert to the vehicle motion sensors that have long been in use for electronic stability control in order to regulate the trajectory so as to make the latter dynamic and comfortable. A tilted chassis as available for rail transportation for some time could at least compensate for the standard moderate lateral accelerations of 1–2 m/s2. This would require an overall tilting angle of approximately 6–12°. This overall tilting angle can be represented by the tilting angle of the road surface, the vehicle configuration roll angle and the seat angle, see Fig. 13. 4. It seems possible that lateral force compensation can be achieved using the chassis alone, as the 2014 market launch in the S-Class Coupé model of Mercedes-Benz initially shows. By contrast, the deflection and rebound required for longitudinal force compensation is more than double the current spring travel. To achieve a compensation in the specified range here too, this would only be possible by implementing (separately or additional) seat tilting. Fig. 13. 4Tilting concept when cornering: left addition of forces impacting on occupants; center seat angle; right angle by means of chassis. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image As fascinating as the idea of a journey free from longitudinal and lateral forces is, especially for rest periods, it is equally problematic with respect to the desired visual connection between humans and their environment, since the visual impression no longer matches the kinesthetic and vestibular impression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ), но в мезопротерозое добавляется ассоциация с урановыми месторождениями (Олимпик Дам), а для фанерозоя спектр сопутствующих руд значительно расширяется – Mo, Cu, Sb, Hg, W (Тихоокеанское рудное кольцо, Центрально-Азиатский орогенный пояс), Ag и даже Sn (Яно-Колымский орогенный пояс, Охотско-Чукотская окраинно-континентальная дуга). Это явно демонстрирует увеличение доли коровых связей золота в его металлогении.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: En esta tesis se presenta, en primer lugar, una metodología para cuantificar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la recarga en zona urbana. Las fuentes potenciales de recarga que se han considerado son: (1) infiltración directa de lluvia y de agua de escorrentía, (2) pérdidas del sistema de alcantarillado, (3) pérdidas de la red de abastecimiento y (4) otras fuentes específicas de recarga como la infiltración de agua de río o la intrusión marina, entre otras. El cálculo de la recarga se ha realizado inicialmente definiendo y aplicando ecuaciones analíticas bajo diversas hipótesis. Estos resultados se han evaluado en el contexto hidrogeológico mediante un modelo numérico de flujo y transporte en toda la zona de estudio. En segundo lugar se analiza la presencia en las aguas subterráneas de algunas sustancias potencialmente presentes en fuentes de recargas asociadas a entornos urbanos, y de las que se tiene relativo poco conocimiento de su introducción y evolución en los acuíferos. Estas substancias o sus productos de degradación pertenecen a los denominados "contaminantes orgánicos emergentes"; se tratan de compuestos químicos orgánicos empleados en la formulación de productos de uso cotidiano y muy extendido, como son productos farmacéuticos, emulsiones, productos para el cuidado e higiene personal, detergentes domésticos e industriales, plásticos, pesticidas y herbicidas, entre otros.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: However, even with visual decoupling, the rotational acceleration which is sensed in the vestibular organ can cause occupants to feel unwell. This is because, unlike translational acceleration, this cannot be compensated for if the passenger cell cannot be turned against the vehicle’s direction of travel. In addition, it is not possible to adjust the tilt angle without rotational velocity and accelerations, which significantly reduce the tilt dynamics. Thus, with a perception limit for the rotational acceleration (rolling) of 4°/s2 as determined in experiments [6, 7], the target angle for acceleration compensation is not achieved for 2. 5 s. With a very anticipatory autonomous driving style where there are no external interferences, such as other vehicles which have to be reacted to with high changes in acceleration, this can just still be considered in trajectory planning. The perception limit used is the result of an experiment and therefore dependent on the underlying test setup. Other experiments give different values depending on the corresponding test setup, the rotation axis and the test person (0. 3–6°/s2). A compilation of different studies into this topic can be found in [7–9]. Compensating for the disturbance from vertical forces seems to be simpler. In conjunction with the front surroundings sensors, the feeling of a sedan chair should be possible. For reasons of safety this decoupling should be deactivated in order to give priority to the driving dynamics. This sedan chair could be based on electronically controlled air suspension concepts with adjustable dampers or fully active electromechanical spring-damper units. Relevant counter measures generally have to be taken in order to avoid low-frequency pitching movements which cause “seasickness”. 2. 4 Effects on the and Human–Machine InteractionThe necessity of an available driver means that a driver’s workplace must always be provided. For this reason, the arrangement of the vehicle interior will be characterized by the need for a seat with a dashboard and operating elements. This means that no major concept changes are to be expected within the framework of the use cases considered (). As an alternative to the currently familiar human vehicle control using a steering wheel and pedals, an alternative control concept may be implemented, drawing on partially automated basic functionalities. This could also be linked with other space-saving control elements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: При этом следует отметить сохранение пространственных ассоциаций орогенных месторождений золота (кордильерский подтип) с ранними колчеданными или медно-никелевыми месторождениями для фемических металлогенических провинций фанерозоя (например, Урал, Восточный Саян, Калифорния), что подчеркивает важную роль мантии в металлогении золота и в этот период истории Земли.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: A arrel d’aquest estudis i des de l’any 2000, part d’aquestes aigües es destinen a usos municipals (reg de jardins i neteja de carrers). Posteriorment i degut a un període de sequera que va afectar des de l’abril de 2007 fins gener de 2009, l’entitat gestora dels recursos hídrics de Catalunya (Agència Catalana de l’Aigua, ACA) va plantejar un major aprofitament d’aquests recursos d’aigua subterrània en aquest entorn urbà. Això requereix un bon coneixement del medi hidrogeològic, de la disponibilitat i qualitat, així com de les eines adequades per a la seva correcta avaluació i gestió. Aquest és el context en que emmarca aquesta tesis. La recarrega és un dels aspectes més rellevants del balanç hídric en els sistemes aqüífers de zones urbanes. La urbanització del territori altera el cicle hidrogeològic natural, la recàrrega directa d’aigua als aqüífers per infiltració es redueix, disminueix l’evapotranspiració i apareixen noves fonts de recàrrega. En aquesta tesis es presenta, en primer lloc, una metodologia per a quantificar la variabilitat espaial i temporal de la recàrrega en zona urbana.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, several concept vehicle examples include the option of moving the control elements, particularly the steering wheel, to a less disturbing position, meaning that the space in front of the driver is available for the “alternative program” during autonomous driving. Some kind of lock for the operating controls may also be required so that they are not accessed accidentally, causing an unintentional takeover. As well as using the driver’s workstation as a mobile office for work or a media platform for entertainment, autonomous driving also allows the travel time to be used for relaxation or communicating with fellow passengers. Accordingly, for vehicles with this use case, the seating concept is expected to accommodate the respective requirements, although a lot of it is already implemented in current vehicles, even if not for the driver’s seat. 3 ParkingAutonomous valet parking can help to solve the parking space problem for private car owners in residential areas or at workplaces and, for car-sharing users, can bridge the gap between the car-sharing parking position and the desired point of entry or exit (Chap. 18). Apart from this feature, the vehicle is a completely “normal” vehicle, which provides the existing capabilities for assisted, partially or highly automated driving. When there are no occupants or objects in a vehicle, it is possible to use the free space in the vehicle with a variable body concept. Concepts with this function already exist today, enabling the dimensions of a vehicle to be reduced during parking. However, the authors are not aware of any use in series production, probably because the requirements for high passive safety clash with the requirements for a variable body. Although autonomous valet parking is advantageous for this type of space-saving due to lower parking rates, at the same time it reduces pressure on making the most of the space available, since the route to a large parking space is now tackled without cost or time-pressure. It is difficult to predict whether the fuel consumption for the route to the parking space ends up being more than for searching for a parking space. Otherwise, autonomous valet parking does not result in any other fundamental degrees of freedom for the vehicle concept. 4 Vehicle-on-DemandThe vehicle-on-demand use case refers to a completely driver-less vehicle which does not have a driver’s workplace and cannot fall back on the driver’s capabilities. This results in new degrees of freedom for the design of these vehicles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, налицо, разная ассоциация месторождений золота с рудными месторождениями для докембрия и фанерозоя. Данные различия возникли на рубеже среднего протерозоя и неопротерозоя и они, на мой взгляд, указывают на связь разнообразия минеральных типов месторождений золота во времени с ростом коровой составляющей в его металлогении. Таблица 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Les fonts potencials de recàrrega que s’han considerat són: (1) infiltració directa de pluja i aigua d’escorrentia, (2) pèrdues del sistema de clavegueram, (3) pèrdues de la xarxa d’abastament i (4) altres fonts específiques de recàrrega com infiltració d’aigua del riu o intrusió marina, entre altres. El càlcul de la recàrrega s’ha realitzat inicialment definint i aplicant equacions analítiques sota diverses hipòtesis. Aquests resultats s’han avaluat en el context hidrogeològic mitjançant un model numèric de flux i transport en tota la zona d’estudi. En segon lloc, també en tota la zona d’estudi, s’analitza la presència en les aigües subterrànies d’algunes substàncies potencialment presents en fonts de recàrrega associades a entorns urbans, i de les que es té relativament poc coneixement de la seva introducció i evolució en els aqüífers. Aquestes substàncies o els seus productes de degradació pertanyen als denominats ‘contaminants orgànics emergents’; es tracten de compostos químics orgànics emprats en la formulació de productes d’ús quotidià i molt estès, com són productes farmacèutics, emulsions, productes per la cura e higiene personal, detergents domèstics i industrials, plàstics, pesticides y herbicides, entre altres.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The following describes these for this use case. Since this concept favors use over ownership, it can be assumed that in most cases the user neither owns nor has ownership responsibility for the vehicle. Instead, service providers make these vehicles available for mobility services (Chap. 18). 4. 1 Effects on the Body DesignFor the use case with driving speeds of up to 120 km/h, which covers almost all areas of use, the vehicle body must provide the occupants with weather and impact protection in line with that of current vehicles. This is associated with considerable design restrictions. A closed passenger compartment, possibly with a convertible roof, is required for weather-protection reasons. A safe shell with restraints must also be planned for the passengers in order to guarantee the same passive safety as in current vehicles, with seat belts and airbags. This requirement will exist for as long as it is not possible to ensure accident-free operation in road traffic, which is currently not conceivable, at least in mixed traffic with driver-only vehicles. The vehicle shape may correspond to that of current vehicles depending on the purpose and target group, with a large range of variants possible. One-box cars provide the best space economy. Like a cuboid, they are not lowered at the front or rear of the vehicle. Of course, designers will also make an effort to present the selected shape to appeal to the customers. However, with the wide range of possible uses for a vehicle-on-demand concept, the styling target is still largely unclear, especially to what extent individual emotions will be catered to. A look at the history of road vehicles shows that there are examples for almost every body design that are regarded as aesthetically successful or unsuccessful. As a result, it is not possible to predict a trend from the shape alone. However, all vehicles that include speeds higher than the 120 km/h specified here will have aerodynamic state-of-the art shapes, meaning that they will have curves and aerodynamic tapers and air flow break-away edges [10]. As well as its protective function, the shell around the passengers is also responsible for connecting the passengers with the environment. In principle, full decoupling is possible as there is no need to guarantee that the driver can see. This enables private use of the cabin for entertainment and relaxation, virtually free from visual and acoustic disturbances. However, the influence of driving dynamics can only be insulated to a certain extent, as described in Sects. 13. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Минералого-геохимическая специфика разновозрастных орогенных месторождений золотаВремя формированияМеталлогенический стильМеталлы-индикаторыРудные минералыЖильные минералыПримерыместорожденийИсточникиАрхейМафическийAu/Ag ˃ 5As, W, ± Пирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, сульфосоли, антимонит, Au, Ag, Pb и Bi теллуриды и сульфотеллуриды и др.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Plant strains from communities identified as most successful under each condition will then be micro-propogated, and used to populate chains of marshes constructed to manage Basra's urban and industrial waste water streams. If successful, the project will revitalize villages left high and dry by the previously engineered destruction, restore (at least some) environmental services to the larger cities - and serve as a living laboratory for new remediation techniques, with world-wide application. What are the goals of the project? With this funding, by May 2014, we will meet with land donors, survey the proposed sites, and collect soil and water samples. Over the summer, we will analyze them to determine the mix of specific plants and microorganisms best suited to these tough conditions. Then we will prepare the detailed engineering plan and commence construction. We have already assembled the team, obtained in-country support, identified a willing land donor, set a date and time for the survey, and have hosts who will cover our ground costs. This funding will pay for our international flights to attend these meetings and collect samples. Stretch funding will pay lab fees and support lab assistants to process our pilot soil and water samples. Our overarching goal is to test whether we can effectively use waste water and waste land to construct salt marshes that will treat the contaminated water. Over the next two years, we will establish test beds to rapidly assess the best mix of salt-tolerant marsh grasses to:Goal 1: Bio-remediate contaminants to prevent illness and death in humans, livestock, fish, wildlife, and their supporting ecosystems. Goal 2: Increase plant biomass production to augment human food and animal fodder supplies. Goal 3: Provide nursery habitat for fish, shellfish, and waterfowl to augment food production. Goal 4: Improve and stabilize surface and ground water quality to promote human, livestock, fisheries, and ecosystem health. Goal 5: Augment downstream water supply for post-mediation usage. wait. . . We have the experts. We have the site. We have the meeting. We have the date. We just need to get there! Our next step is to fly to Basra, Iraq, meet with the land donors, preview the test sites, and collect soil and water pilot samples for analysis. All of our ground expenses are covered by our hosts - but not our airfare. Due to fund source restrictions on both ends of the project, we need alternative means to cover our international flights.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 3 and 13. 4. 3. There will always be the challenge of guaranteeing that the impressions of the different senses correspond, as otherwise this results in discomfort or even sickness, which is unlikely to result in insulation concepts of this type being accepted. Figure 13. 5 shows what a complete decoupling during the journey would look like on public roads. Fig. 13. 5Decoupling the passengers from the real road traffic. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image The range of alternative activities made possible by this decoupling is large and ranges from reading in a relaxing “environment” (right-hand vehicle) to exciting entertainment on racing tracks (left-hand vehicle). The challenge of guaranteeing that the impressions of the different senses correspond also applies to the artificial representation of the environment. The option of selecting the degree of decoupling using manually operated covers (blinds) in the simple case to high-tech solutions such as electro-chromic windows definitely makes it easier to reach a compromise. A virtual connection with the environment in the form of live camera images of the environment which can be shown (on screens, as a projection) is also conceivable, but requires a very high level of passenger trust in the reliability of the technology. Traveling in an autonomous vehicle should not be associated with the fear of being exposed to an insulation cell without contact with the environment, even temporarily. A compromise between the virtual and real world is the provision of information about the environment in the form of an “augmented reality”, in which information about landmarks is shown as they are seen, for example. 4. 2 Effects on the Drive ConceptIt is not possible to derive any restrictions for the drive from the use case alone. Both classic combustion engines and electric drives as well as mixed forms (hybrids) are fundamentally suitable. Their advantages and disadvantages also apply for vehicle-on-demand. On the one hand, there are the storage and charging advantages of chemical energy that allow the vehicles powered by combustion engines to have a larger range, and on the other hand, the noise and pollutant emissions advantages of electric drives which are particularly valued in areas with a high population density. It must be ensured that there is enough energy on board for the intended trip for vehicle-on-demand. Therefore, a supply concept where a vehicle charges during time spent stationary is assumed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: (PGE, …)Кварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлориты, турмалинAбитиби (Канада), Калгурли (Зап. Австралия)Пампалу Финляндия),Витватерсранд (ЮАР), Колар (Индия)Hagemann & Cassidi, 2000Phillips & Law, 2000; Groves et al. , 2001; Francois, 2004; Tomkins et al. , 2004; Helt et al. , 2014; Hazarika et al. , 2015; Molnar et al. , 2016; Rezeau et al. , 2017ПротерозойМафический и сиалическийAu/Ag ˃ 5As, WПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, сульфосоли, антимонит, Au, Ag, Pb и Bi теллуриды и сульфотеллуриды и др.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: “Yes and with the model it is getting confidence in your own ability as well and the whole thing gets a lot slicker. ” Holding a hospital pagerCarrying a pager was a major part of the UMUST experience for the students. On occasion it raised questions on the ward they were working on at the time. “The first time mine went off one of the doctors said to me where did you get that from? ” A small number said it caused “dread” whilst others said excitement; but all of the students were relaxed about it by the end of the scenarios. Some students forgot they were holding the pager but for others it was always at the back of their mind. “I think it replicates the crash bleep quite well…but especially the first one, it’s hanging over you, you feel on edge…” “It gets better but for the first scenario it is permanently in your hand. ” relevant to the final year curriculum? All students said that the programme linked well with the rest of the final year curriculum at the University of Liverpool, particularly in that it took place after final examinations. “In the fourth year we are reading books or whatever or getting on the wards due to finals. However, in the fifth year you are thinking about working as an F1. . so you need to be operating at a certain level of competence so I think it is definitely worth it (UMUST) in the fifth year. ” The programme complemented Support training: “ALS is more about saying what you would do rather than whereas UMUST is about doing and getting a response from a patient. ” Again, it was said that it was useful to have had previous experience in simulation, but UMUST was seen as including more realistic scenarios. Are the scenarios relevant? A number of students had seen some of the scenarios during their clinical attachments and they felt they were relevant. “I had an opiate overdose on the ward a couple of days after the scenario here and it ran so much smoother because I had just done it here and while it was happening I was like more aware of what was going on…because I had gone through it in real time I felt more comfortable than they (the FY1s) did because it was the first time they had seen it.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Suitable service points will offer this service both manually and automated, whether at conventional fuel filling stations or special electric charging stations. Inductive battery charging is particularly suitable here. Depending on how much the vehicle is used, the disadvantage of higher charging times for electric vehicles has varying impacts: If the stationary times are still higher than the traveling times, the charging times are generally part of the non-use time and therefore do not represent a high economic strain. This is different when the vehicles are intended for use almost around the clock. When this is the objective, the time required for energy provision is of considerable consequence, since charging the batteries results in a significantly larger drop in use than refueling vehicles powered by combustion engines. (Hydrogen) fuel cell drives will be easier to implement with vehicle-on-demand concepts since a service provider—possibly even in association with other providers—can integrate the tank infrastructure into the process better than standard vehicle users. This means that parking spaces (= disposition points) and hydrogen filling stations can be coordinated, both with respect to the location and the process. The routes can also be designed based on the connection between the hydrogen filling stations from the start if one filling is not sufficient for the mobility service. Additionally, unavoidable evaporation losses that occur with hydrogen pressure tanks when stationary can be minimized to a large extent since the time spent stationary should be very low for vehicle-on-demand with economical operation. Despite the advantages of the vehicle-on-demand concept for (hydrogen) fuel cell technology, both channels, i. e. vehicle-on-demand and hydrogen drives need to achieve access to the market independently of one another. (Forced) coupling of the technologies for the market launch only reduces the prospects for both, since it results in only a fragment of the use options and therefore a limited market volume which is too small to justify the investment for both technologies. 4. 3 Effects on the ChassisForce transfer for vehicle-on-demand will continue to be the responsibility of the tires, since neither the advantages nor the disadvantages of alternative concepts (e. g. air cushions/propellers, magnetic levitation drive, chains) are significantly affected by vehicle automation. The driving dynamics requirements are also only going to change minimally, and the requirement of a particularly sporty chassis is unlikely to be included in the requirements specification for a vehicle-on-demand. The deceleration and evasion capability (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Кварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлориты, турмалинЗападная Африка,КанадаBeziat et al. , 1999; Voicu et al. , 1999; Partinton & Williams, 2000; Ansdell & Kyser, 2002; Fougerouse et al. , 2017; Masurel et al. , 2017;ПалеозойМафическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, W ± TeПирит, пирротин, арсенопирит, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, Sb-As сульфосоли, Au, Ag, Pb теллуридыКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыДалрадианский пояс (Ирландия), Саяны, Урал (Россия)Parnell et al. , 2000Sazonov et al. , 2001Zhmodik et al. , 1995Горячев и др.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: ” “It’s got good scenarios and not very far from what we will be facing in the future. ” help prepare for the first postgraduate year? All the students felt it was good preparation for the Foundation Year. “As you go on you get more and more confident and get less worried about called to the things on F1” Also, the handover was seen as very useful by all groups: “That’s very useful because we don’t get enough practice on s-bar. ” The simulation centre was genuinely felt to be a place where the students could relax and learn/practice the skills they will need post-graduation. They also said the programme reflected a real life clinical setting as there were no senior doctors involved in the scenario until they used the telephone. A positive outcome was being able to go through ABCDE in a simulated environment. “I think the best thing about it is and has been said before is the confidence of going there and going through ABCDE, that systematic approach so even when everything seems to be going wrong really you have something to come back to. ” The programme was seen as very important in helping practicing team working and communication skills. “I think communication skills are really important because you are not going to be on your own for your F1, you are going to be working as part of a team and especially if you are on the response team you are going to work and communicate with people. “ The handover was also seen as important. “It feels a bit daft when you have people watching you and you know they are behind the screen, but it is useful to practice that handover isn’t it as it isn’t something you would usually get on the rest of our clinical experience of 5th year. ” sessions are distributed throughout the yearThe participants’ views on this depended on where they had been based. Participants from St. Helens & Hospitals felt the timetabling of their programme was the most advantageous: “I think that having them bunched together as we do is more realistic…as an F1 you will be expected to go and see someone who is very sick once a week” However, participants at Hospitals preferred the timetabling of their programme.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: acceleration of up to ≈10 m/s2) will barely be lower than on current vehicles, even if a considerably more comfortable vehicle guidance is to be expected. However, with vehicle-on-demand, it is possible to plan the maneuver predictively in advance and thereby make the most of the opportunities provided by the existing driving dynamics, which could result in new opportunities for the chassis design. As well as the two aspects discussed in the following sections, wheel layout and steering concepts, the same considerations regarding decoupling from the driving dynamics as described in Sect. 13. 2. 3 apply. This is particularly true for vehicle-on-demand vehicles with the purpose of transporting persons on longer journeys. Although decoupling the human driver from the driving dynamics and the environment requires a huge amount of technical effort, it would enable better correspondence of the different sense impressions than if only one part of the impressions were to be decoupled. A corresponding decoupling would also be useful for transporting sensitive goods. 4. 3. 1 Concepts for Vehicle-on-DemandIf we consider the stabilization task for a human driver, vehicle-on-demand makes it possible to select a wheel concept without taking currently applicable requirements into account. This degree of freedom motivates existing concepts with fewer than four wheels to be reassessed for use as vehicle-on-demand. As proven by motorbikes and three-wheelers, vehicles with fewer than four wheels are also suitable for transportation. In principle, one wheel alone is sufficient for movement, as unicyclists impressively demonstrate. Regulating the position of the center of gravity is the most important role here. A mechatronic system could take on the task of stabilization, enabling just about anyone to ride and control a one-wheeled vehicle. Two methods can be used here: Torque generation on the wheel and displacement of movable masses. The first of these concepts is used on the two-wheeled ® personal transporters [11]. “Weight shifting” via feet is sensed and the passenger angle is adjusted to suit the acceleration so that the resulting vector of gravity and inertial force always passes through the line connecting the wheel contact points. The same method is used for maneuvering with two wheels one in front of the other.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2012СиалическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, WПирит, пирротин, арсенопирит, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит, Sb-сульфосоли, антимонитКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыБендиго (Австралия)Отаго (Новая Зеландия)Бодайбо (Россия)Phillips & Hughes, 1996, 1998;Ramsay et al. , 1998; Hughes & Phillips, 2015Bierlein & Crowe, 1998; Jia et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: Again, this served to enhance the authenticity of the simulation – and ultimately better preparing participants for clinical practice – by immersing them in those communities of practice which they would be required to belong to as FY1 trainees. Limitations of the programmeNumber of participantsA small number of students participated in the programme and the response rate to the questionnaires was limited, partly due to the difficulty in contacting the participants once they had graduated to FY1 doctors. The limited number of responses is reflected in the small study population. Feedback mechanismsThe questionnaires did not ask for the participants’ self-perception of their experience but rather asked them specific questions, which may have been limiting in terms of the diversity of feedback generated. Moreover, the questionnaires were distributed approximately half way through the FY1 year in order that participants had undergone some experience of working as doctors; but this timeframe was still relatively close to their graduation. The focus groups were held before they had graduated and worked as doctors but their reflections about UMUST during these focus groups can be triangulated with the views on the questionnaires after they had experienced working as FY1s. OSAT toolThe OSAT scores reflected a general improvement in the participants’ performance across the four scenarios; however the complexity of the scenario and a reduction in the number of participants may have affected the performance scores. It is unsurprising to see that the ‘pneumonia’ and ‘sepsis’ scenarios caused some variability in the scoring as the clinical pathway for the management of both of these conditions was under review at the time of implementing the programme. Also, an inherent limitation of this tool is that it measures technical skills following a rigid framework. Moving forwardA number of changes have been made to the programme following the feedback from the focus groups and questionnaires including a strengthened induction programme that orientates participants to the training programme, thereby offering them the opportunity to become familiar with the clinical skills facility and the mannequin. More teaching around the scenarios has also been implemented. has been extremely popular with the participating students who believe the programme has helped to prepare them to work as junior doctors and this study adds to ever increasing number of studies promoting the advantages of simulation based education [16]. The fact that the programme has been run across two different hospitals using slightly different means of delivery shows that it can be adapted to suit local resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: A steering movement in the opposite direction to the direction of the corner results in a rolling moment which generates an angle which guides the resulting vector of centrifugal force and gravity through the line connecting the two wheel contact points. In principle, a ball drive could carry out this stabilization for both directions. However, it is still highly questionable whether implementation of this kind of stabilization is useful in the context of autonomous driving. The user is always strongly incorporated with the weight support. Furthermore, these concepts are restricted to low speeds since vertical unevenness such as curb levels or potholes overburden both the control dynamics and the actuator capacity and therefore cannot prevent crashes. This consideration also applies to single-axle two-wheelers such as the mentioned above. These vertical obstacles are not a problem for motorbikes in transverse movement, even if phenomena such as kick-back reveal the sensitivity of vehicle stabilization of two-wheelers. In the same way as tightrope walkers use their arms to balance, in the second concept, a mass is displaced in such a way that the center of gravity is moved to suit the longitudinal or lateral forces without any help from the occupants. To stabilize this displacement, torque is briefly applied to the wheels. . U. M. A. (Mobility and Accessibility) concepts [12] and the implementation by as an EN-V (Electric Networked-Vehicle) [13] are used in connection with autonomous driving. The good maneuverability (turning on the spot) and lower space requirement mean that this vehicle is well suited to urban use, and this is, of course, not only restricted to autonomous driving. The disadvantages are the permanent stabilizing effort which “consumes” a larger share of the energy on board and the sensitivity to vertical levels specified above, although the design results in this being less than expected since the movable mass can reduce the drive torque required for correction here. According to statements to date, the maximum speed is planned to be 25 miles an hour, or 40 km/h. This concept is hardly suitable for use up to 120 km/h. Movable masses can also be used for the classic single-track two-wheeled layout, although it is more difficult to satisfy the space requirement for the displacement option in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction for a single-axle two-wheeled vehicle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2000; Pirajno & Bentley, 1985; Lew & Corner, 1988; Koons & Craw, 1991; Paterson, 1985МезозойМафическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, ± TeПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, Sb-As-сульфосоли, Au, Ag, Pb теллуридыКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыМозер Лоуд, Джюно (США)Ляодунь (КНР)Taylor et al. , 2015Golgfarb et al. , 1997Qui et al. , 2002; Goldfarb and Santosh, 2014; Li et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: UMUST is still being run at both sites and has led to the development of other simulation experiences for students. We believe that the programme is a safe and realistic way to assist medical students in making the transition to junior doctor. Ethics approval and consent to participateEthical approval was sought and gained from the University of on (reference number 201106084), the Research and Manager at St. Helens & and the Research and at. All participating students were issued with an information sheet that outlined the programme when they attended their general induction at the hospitals. They were required to provide informed written consent to take part in the focus groups or interviews. Consent for publicationNot applicable. No individual person’s data is including in this study. Written consent was gained as indicated above on the basis any quotes in the focus groups or on questionnaires could be used as long as they would be not be attributable to any individual. Availability of data and materialsThe focus group transcriptions and interview data are saved and stored on a password protected work computer of the corresponding author SW. These have no personal identifying markers on them and are available for inspection. The original focus group audios and questionnaires have been deleted/destroyed in line with ethical approval guidelines. AbbreviationsALS: Support FY1: 1 GMC: : : Learning UK: : Training 1993. 2003. 2009. 2014. London: GMC; 2014. 5. 2015. accessed 29 September 2015. Working group of the resuscitation council. Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions. Guidelines for health care providers. 2010. : Accessed 29 June 2015. How can unplanned simulation training prepare undergraduate medical students for transition to postgraduate trainee? UMUST, a new model of teaching. Edinburgh: Proceedings of the annual scientific meeting of the Association for the study of medical education (ASME); 2009. 8. 1994. p. 173–94. 22. 1998. 2007. Accessed 14 Jan 2015. Lave J, Wenger E. Situated Learning. Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press; 1991. Book 2015. Lateef F. Simulation-based learning: just like the real thing. J Shock. 2010;3(4):348–52. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: An example of this is the Glider study [17], a vehicle with a width of 1. 10 m which can assume a lateral angle of up to 17°. Whether this still relatively large width compared to a scooter is accompanied by the advantages for a vehicle-on-demand compared to a standard vehicle of normal width without tilt technology is disputable. The ability to compensate for the transverse force on the occupants using tilt technology could be a plus point in its own right. As well as tilting systems, adaptive chassis with a variable track width or a variable wheelbase and variable center of gravity height could fundamentally also result in resistance to rolling over as required [18]. 4. 3. 2 Steering ConceptsCurrently, axle pivot steering on the front axle is dominant, and there is little reason to not use this for vehicle-on-demand too. However, the status of alternative steering concepts could be enhanced by autonomous driving. These include steering by forces like a skid steer, which can range from different forces to different force directions on one axle, e. g. a negative driving force on the left and a positive driving force on the right for turning to the left. This concept is the method of choice for the single-axle two-wheeled vehicle. The steering by forces results in considerable restrictions for three or four-wheeled vehicles if there is not at least one additional rotational degree of freedom for the wheels to support steering control. Alternatively, multi-axle steering is possible, often referred to as four-wheel or all-wheel steering. Although this is known of in vehicle technology, there are only very few vehicles available with it. Use is restricted due to the compromise design of current all-wheel steering vehicles which vehicle developers have to carry out. The driver cannot access the rear wheel steering. It is coupled (electronically) to the front wheel steering. In a trade-off, it currently supports the vehicle agility at lower speeds (≲100 km/h) with inverse steering angles and the stability at higher speeds (≳100 km/h) with concordant steering angles. Steering corrections are also carried out in the critical limits of driving dynamics. Autonomous trajectory planning could use this degree of freedom independently of the speed and in accordance with the planned maneuver. This would make it possible to change lanes without yawing, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2016СиалическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, WПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит, Sb-сульфосоли, антимонитКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыЯно-Колымский пояс (Россия), Центральная Аляска (США)Горячев, 1998, 2003; Goldfarb et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Can consumers’ gamified, personalized, and engaging experiences with VR fashion apps increase in-app purchase intention by fulfilling needs? access Published: 05 October 2021 Can consumers’ gamified, personalized, and engaging experiences with VR fashion apps increase in-app purchase intention by fulfilling needs? Oiyan Lau1 & Chung-Wha (Chloe) : orcid. org/0000-0003-1372-16862 Fashion and Textiles 47. 8 billion during the second quarter of 2020 (Statista, 2020). Experts forecast that by 2021, 53. 9% of the annual retail e-commerce sales in the U. S. will derive from m-commerce (Business Wire, 2018). As m-commerce’s popularity grows, technological advancements, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D visualization, are being applied increasingly in fashion mobile apps to offer extra features that appeal to customers (Kohan, 2020). In today’s post-pandemic reality where consumers demand physically-disconnected, yet emotionally-connected interactions with fashion brands, it is particularly important for retailers to engage customers in the new VR normal via their apps. Thus, an increasing number of fashion retailers has developed, or accelerated their development of, VR apps to engage with consumers during the lockdown (Morgan, 2020). For example, the Chinese retail giant, Alibaba, recently launched a 3D avatar-based virtual world in their Taobao app that features a game—Taobao Life. Life, users can customize their avatars and navigate a game-like virtual world with them. Further, the U. S. retail giant, Amazon, is developing a VR app referred to as a ‘virtual fitting room’ that will allow consumers to try on outfits with a customized virtual model of themselves (Petro, 2021). While VR apps have emerged as one of the newest trends in the fashion retail business, less is understood about consumers’ perceptions of, and experiences with, these novel apps (Parker & Wang, 2016). This led us to an important question: do fashion retailers’ VR apps increase online sales, and if so, how? To generate a more specific and meaningful set of research questions, we review the literature on fashion mobile apps in greater detail in the section that follows, which helped us gain a clearer understanding of what has been explored versus underexplored in the literature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: without rotation around the vertical axis, allowing the repercussion on the passengers to be reduced. When parking, maneuvers are possible that are not possible with all-wheel steering as in a standard set-up, far less with standard front-axle steering. An extreme solution would be all-wheel steering that controls each wheel individually. This would be able to position all the wheels in an optimum angle but which requires more complicated actuator systems. There is little advantage for the application as a vehicle on-demand. It is restricted to a displacement of driving dynamics limits of a few percent, principally relevant for racing and a reduction in cornering resistance due to restriction-free wheel control. 4. 4 Effects on the and Human–Machine InterfaceIf the vehicle on-demand is used to transport passengers, the possibilities specified in Table 13. 1 are available for the type, direction and positioning of passenger accommodation. There is fundamentally no reason not to continue with the current usual positioning of seats in front of and beside each other, facing forwards. If occupant protection allows it, it is possible to deviate from this, and the fully reclined position in particular should be offered for relaxation, although the direction remains open, e. g. as a row of seats in the transverse direction or as a reclining seat in the longitudinal direction. Table 13. 1 Generally possible accommodation of occupants—type, direction and positionFull size table As the occupants are not expected to take on any driving tasks, the interface is essentially restricted to entering the destination, occupant information and a safe-exit switch which causes the vehicle to stop at the next safe point. The first two could even be separated from the vehicle and could be implemented using a personal device similar to today’s smartphones. Advanced interactions are to be expected for controlling the ambiance (e. g. closing the (electronic) blinds) and any entertainment programs. 5 Overall ViewAutonomous driving varies less by vehicle concept than by the use of driving time. With the current statistical vehicle occupation of 1. 5 persons [19], the majority of these persons cannot make use of the options available to passengers today, such as reading, working or sleeping, see Fig. 13. 7. Autonomous driving makes this possible. Additionally, activities are possible which would currently result in impermissible distraction of the driver, e. g. from multimedia entertainment on a large screen and surround sound to what is referred to as 4D cinema. Fig. 13.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 1997 Обширный массив литературных данных позволяет говорить о том, что архейские и раннепротерозойские месторождения характеризуются относительно простым, но разнообразным минеральным составом руд: кварц, полевые шпаты, серицит-мусковит, хлорит, турмалин, пирит, арсенопирит, галенит, разнообразные минералы As, Sb и Bi. Для них характерно проявление минералов всей золото-сопровождающей триады полуметаллов As-Sb-Bi и аналогов серы Te-Se (табл. 4) (Горячев, 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Understanding this is important, as recent studies have documented that SDT’s autonomous motivation predicts consumer behaviour better than its more established predictors (e. g. , ‘attitude’) (Gilal et al. , 2018, 2019; Xi & Hamari, 2019). While accounting for the critical role a positive attitude plays in eliciting desirable consumer behavior, such as consumer adoption and satisfaction (Hur et al. , 2017; Trivedi & Trivedi, 2018), our findings show that the extent to which consumers feel their inherent needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are fulfilled is critical in motivating their behavioral intention to use VR fashion apps continuously and make in-app purchases. Thus, to maximize the significant benefits VR fashion apps can offer, it is important for retailers and marketers to develop in-app features that can satisfy consumers’ strong intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Our research findings provide further insights into this aspect by identifying the specific factors that affect consumers’ competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs fulfillment, which in turn, influence their app use and in-app purchases. Two factors were found to be important to fulfill VR fashion app consumers’ competence need. Our findings show that the more consumers experience a sense of challenge (i. e. , the perception of facing new challenges in the VR game world) and achievement (i. e. , the perception of success by reaching a higher level) while using a VR fashion app, the more they feel that their need for competence is gratified. This indicates that fashion retailers and market practitioners could benefit by enhancing VR fashion apps’ game features that can enhance consumers’ sense of challenge and achievement, which in turn, satisfy their intrinsic need for competence. As for consumers’ need for autonomy, our findings show that fulfilling the need for autonomy is enhanced when consumers experience VR fashion apps’ customization features. The more consumers were given the freedom to personalize their digital avatars and thus, were able to perceive that the avatars are similar to them, the more they felt that their need for autonomy was gratified. On the other hand, consumers experienced fulfillment of their need for relatedness when they felt a sense of social presence and social support while using VR apps. According to our findings, the more consumers felt a sense of human contact while playing VR fashion apps, the more it satisfied their need for relatedness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 7Usage options for occupants during autonomous driving. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image There is a further change to the user group. Previously, a driver with driving authorization was always required. With vehicle-on-demand, this restriction no longer applies, meaning that new users who could currently only be passengers in the vehicle can use the autonomous vehicles. These could be people who are not permitted to drive due to physical disabilities (e. g. visual impairment) or persons who are not able to drive due to mental health issues or simply groups such as children and young people who are not permitted to drive due to their age. Accordingly, the vehicle and the operational concept must also be adapted for these users. First, it is necessary to define the requirements as to what authority the occupants have over what happens in the vehicle and on the driving. 6 Changes that the VehicleIf the focus so far was on the individual vehicles, the system boundary is expanded in this section to include interaction with the environment and other road users. The interconnectivity of vehicles will be established as technology for all (new) vehicles early on, meaning that the introduction of autonomous driving does not result in anything fundamentally new. However, automation of vehicles also increases their performance capability, making new forms of use possible. The higher level of precision expected in autonomous vehicles means that electronically controlled maneuvers are possible which would scarcely be conceivable in this form in current traffic. These opportunities include convoy driving with very small distances between the vehicles or driving in particularly narrow driving lanes. The impact on the flow of traffic can be seen clearly in Fig. 13. 8. The number of traffic elements that cross the depicted traffic area per time unit increases. If this is coupled with the corresponding pre-emptions, this can boost autonomous driving. Depending on the specifications associated with these pre-emptions, the vehicle concept may also change, and even the appearance may change with these specifications. The extent to which a regulation like this can affect the vehicle concept can be seen in the restriction of the overall vehicle length of trucks in the EU. As a result, all tractive vehicles in Europe are equipped with a sheer, space-saving vehicle front, while vehicles in that are not subject to this restriction have an aerodynamic hood extending forwards. Fig. 13. 8Reduced distances between vehicles—made possible by high-precision autonomous driving.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, в современных работах по исследованию крупных золоторудных месторождений архея Канадского щита и Западной Австралии минералогические наблюдения занимают относительно небольшое место, тем не менее, в сводных работах (например, Girdwood et al. , 1983; Pagham, 1986) четко говорится о присутствии в типично орогенных золотых рудах турмалина, молибденита, минералов висмута.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Further, the more they felt that they could exchange emotional support with other users/players in a VR fashion app, the more their need for relatedness was fulfilled as well. Our research findings show that it is this fulfillment of inherent needs (i. e. , competence and autonomy) that motivates consumers’ behaviors. With respect to the factors that affect consumers’ continuous VR fashion app use intention, it was found important to fulfill two needs. The more consumers felt that their needs for competence and autonomy were satisfied, the more they were motivated to use VR fashion apps continuously. However, consumers’ need for relatedness was not found to have a significant effect on their intention to use apps continuously. This implies that the VR fashion app usage behavior is more influenced by the gamified and personalized app features, which in turn, lead to consumers’ competence and autonomy needs fulfillment, respectively. These findings infer that when it comes to VR fashion app usage, the fulfill of consumers’ needs for competence and autonomy has positive effect on their app usage behavior; but not the fulfill of their need for relatedness. This may be because relatedness need can be fulfilled through other human–computer interactions (e. g. , their use of social media or online games), not necessarily through the use of VR fashion apps. With respect to in-app purchase intention, only fulfilling the need for autonomy was found to be a significant antecedent. This supports previous research findings that indicate autonomy as a critical aspect of consumer choice decisions (André et al. , 2018; Wertenbroch et al. , 2020). While fulfilling competence and relatedness needs did not affect consumers’ in-app purchase intention, our results show that the more consumers fulfill their need for autonomy by customizing their 3D avatars’ visual features, such as the face, hairstyle, and clothing, to resemble their own, the greater their propensity to make in-app purchases. Furthermore, the more consumers use VR fashion apps continuously, the greater their propensity to make in-app purchases. These findings imply that to maximize their mobile sales, fashion retailers and m-commerce marketers may wish to focus on fulfilling consumers’ need for autonomy by enhancing their VR fashion apps’ avatar customization and identification features (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image Mass transfer during the journey is conceivable, if still very unusual from today’s perspective. This is already implemented in agriculture (e. g. unloading crops while reaping) and in aviation in the form of refueling while still in the air. This could save time and space when transporting goods or passengers. Accordingly, suitable transition areas would have to be included in the vehicle design. This principle is illustrated in Fig. 13. 8. A long-distance vehicle similar to a truck transfers goods to the smaller “distributor vehicle” during the journey. Automation means that the journey is synchronized precisely and a bridge-like construction makes it possible to exchange goods. This means that completely new logistics and mobility concepts can be developed. However, without discussing the overall system, designing a vehicle does not make much sense, which is why this is not covered in more detail here. 7 Follow-Up ConceptsWhile the use cases examined throughout have the potential to help with the breakthrough of the technologies required for autonomous driving, a number of applications that alone would not be sufficient to help a technology to reach the required maturity would benefit from this. This would mean that roadworthy service robots would be an option, for example to clean roads, cycle lanes and pavements and move independently from one job site to the next using public roads. Other transport and utility vehicles that were formerly restricted to depots could now leave them, or, in other words: Depots are expanded to public grounds. This eliminates the boundaries that were placed on autonomous systems to date, both with respect to scaling (from household robot to walking frame and cleaning robot, to post delivery vehicle and patient transportation) and relating to the private, public and commercial areas in which they are implemented. These concepts would have a big impact on the world of work and could reduce the number of people employed in the mobility sector in a wave of rationalization. This use case, following the vehicle-on-demand concept, has the potential to considerably reduce the number of professional driver jobs in particular. As well as the world of work, these vehicles could also revolutionize access to goods in particular, since it would be possible to automate the path from request for goods to the physical delivery (Chap. 16). Pilot projects with multi-copter “drones” are already sketching out this path for light goods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В то же время, анализ существующих вещественных систематик золотого оруденения, показывает (как указано выше) появление большого разнообразия типов золотой минерализации в фанерозое (Goldfarb et al. , 2005, 2010; Goldfarb et al. , 2014; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014). Именно в фанерозое в разных орогенных поясах появляются и индивидуальные месторождения золото-висмутового типа (Средняя Азия, Северный Казахстан, Урал, Яно-Колымский пояс, Аляска и пр. ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: , features that allow customers to virtually dress their avatars and to project some aspects of their real-life identities onto those avatars), and in the long-term, by motivating customers to use their VR fashion apps continuously. ConclusionsThis research was designed to address the question: can VR fashion apps increase online sales? Our research findings show clearly that fashion retailers’ VR apps indeed can have a positive marketing effect by fulfilling consumers’ inherent needs for competence and autonomy by employing their apps’ gamified (i. e. , challenge and achievement) and personalized features (i. e. , avatar customization and identification). In this way, our study provides important, new insights to the literature by highlighting the two needs that must be fulfilled to motivate consumers’ intention to use VR fashion apps continuously and/or make in-app purchases. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Dr. Chung-Wha (Chloe) Ki. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. 98. 37. 45. 283. A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351–370. G. (2019, June 19). See it, snap it, shop it–How apps are changing the world of fashion retail. The UK Domain. V. , Kwon, W. S. , & Gilbert, J. E. (2012). Virtual agents in retail web sites: Benefits of simulated social interaction for older users. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2055–2066. 848. 67. C. I. (2010). Customization, immersion satisfaction, and online gamer loyalty. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1547–1554. New blood: A booming innovative online market, a rebirth amid pandemic. DotDotNews. 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The unbeatable energy efficiency advantages of wheeled vehicles means that the demand for autonomous wheeled vehicles for the delivery of heavy goods is sure to come. 8 SummaryIn summary, the following three main points can be identified for concept changes after analyzing the four use cases:With autonomous driving, no-one is bound to the task of driving for the duration of the trip. This results in freedom as to how to use this time. The different uses will have a considerable impact on the vehicle interior and the design of the human–machine interface. Not having to take on the task of driving means that a change in the connection to the environment is possible. This applies both to the haptic channel for decoupling the effect of force from the road surface and driving dynamics on the passengers and to the visual decoupling. However, there are reservations here due to possible conflicts between visual and vestibular perception as can be observed in driving simulators today. This can only be solved by completely decoupling both worlds, i. e. when there is no visual impression from the outside and no force affecting the passengers. This would not only be very complicated to achieve for the chassis, but might also be alarming for passengers. Since autonomous driving is always carried out by means of by-wire actuator control, a very high level of motion control accuracy can be assumed. On the one hand, this enables new steering concepts, possibly even connected with anti-roll over devices on vehicles with a footprint that is not sufficient for resistance to rolling over alone, especially if steering by humans is no longer planned. On the other hand, this precision enables connection to other autonomous vehicles with the same level of precision in order to better utilize the infrastructure or to enable concepts that still seem very unusual today, such as car-to-car mass transfer. 9Automation will not instigate a revolution in vehicle concepts. Although some concepts are less “disadvantaged” by automation, classic vehicle concepts such as four-wheel passenger cars are expected to continue to dominate in the world of automated road traffic. However, new opportunities arise for special niche use areas, only the appeal of these niches is driven more by the specific regulations and access restrictions than by the superiority of the concept for general individual motorized traffic. As is already the case today, it will be the use that determines the concept for autonomous vehicles, and using the gained travel time will stimulate vehicle interior designs in particular.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В аккреционных системах активных континентальных окраин, начиная с палеозоя (максимально в мезо-кайнозое), широкое распространение получают золото-серебряные эпитермальные месторождения high-sulfidation и low-sulfidation типов, максимально проявившиеся в мезо-кайнозое (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2014; Groves et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: the and & 10. 12985/ksaa. 2018. 26. 4. 129 Original 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received: Nov 15, 2018; Revised: Dec 07, 2018; Accepted: Dec 23, 2018 Published Online: Dec 31, 2018 this paper, two different flight training devices were constructed to verify the effectiveness of a pilot training system based on a Display. VFR and IFR were conducted by high level pilots with Licence. Flight data and pilot's visual data for each flight procedure were extracted, compared and analyzed with two training systems. Finally, the effectiveness of the training systems based on the VR HMD was demonstrated by assessing the given mission and the flight results. Keywords: Pilot Training(조종사 훈련); Training(가상 현실 훈련); Device(모의 비행장치); VR HMD(VR 헤드셋); Adaptive pilot training(적응형 조종사 훈련) Ⅰ. 서 론 1. 1 연구 개요 국내 항공 산업 발전에 따라 항공 조종사의 수요는 증가 하고 있으며 그에 따라 모의 비행 훈련 환경을 제공하는 항공기 시뮬레이터 수요가 증가하고 있다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The acceptance subject of autonomous driving can currently be approximated, for example, by taking transport system users who will either passively or actively come up against autonomous driving in future. This covers all of those using the current road system, be it as car drivers, cyclists or pedestrians. Further relevant acceptance subjects include developers and engineers, politicians and businesspeople, or even public research institutes. Acceptance object Acceptance object does not necessarily imply a physical object as such, but rather refers to the adoption of something “on offer, available, or proposed” ([13]: 89, translation by the authors). This may be engineering or technology, but it could also be artifacts of any type, or people, attitudes, opinions, arguments, actions, or even the values and norms behind such things. In turn, such an object acquires its significance only from what individuals or society ascribe to it—there is therefore no such thing as autonomous driving per se. Rather, the question is what specific functions autonomous driving can fulfill, and what significance individual people and society at large place in the technology. Behind this is the assumption that engineering and technology have no significance in and of themselves; instead, this is only attained by the fulfilling of social functions, human actions, and their embedding into social structures (see [9]). Acceptance context The acceptance context refers to the environment in which an acceptance subject relates to an acceptance object—and thus can only be viewed in relation to both. For example, the context of autonomous driving is determined by the current individual and social significance of car usage: Why do people use cars? What attitudes, values, expectations, etc. inform (auto)mobile praxis? Does autonomous driving fit in here seamlessly—or will it change the meaning of (auto)mobility and its system of norms? In the copious literature on acceptance and acceptance research, various dimensions and levels are identified where acceptance is visible and, above all, comprehensible. In the following, we shall take a closer look at the dimensions of attitudes, actions, and values. 2. 1. 2 Dimensions of dimension Attitudes regarding acceptance that can be surveyed include mindsets, values, and judgments. These can be polled and interpreted on both individual and societal levels. Attitudes are significant for acceptance research, as it is assumed that they can be read as willingness and intent for concrete actions ([13]: 82 f).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В составе фанерозойских месторождений золота (особенно для позднего мезозоя и кайнозоя) наблюдается отчетливая минеральная дифференциация на As-Sb-минерализацию, ассоциирующую с самородным золотом в его орогенных и эпитермальных рудах (в последних нередки минералы меди), и As-Bi-минерализацию в золото-висмутовых (золото-редкометальных, золото-скарновых) рудах, генетически связанных с гранитоидным магматизмом коллизионных и субдукционных обстановок (интрузион

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 그 중 항공 시뮬레이터의 일종인 모의 비행장치(Device)의 몰입감과 현실성을 높이는 기술이 개발 되고 있는데 근래 사용자에게 360°화면과 넓은 시야각을 제공해 주는 VR HMD(Display)의 등장으로 기존 모니터 시각 시스템이 가지는 모의 비행 장치의 몰입감과 현실성의 한계를 극복할 수 있게 되었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The dimension of values comes into its own, however, when acceptance is visible on the level of actions, for instance in the use of a specific product. These actions may only accord with subjective individual values slightly or not at all—a person can own and use a car while being strongly ecologically-minded. This, in turn, may show itself more clearly in other areas of activity—for example, by mainly or only shopping in organic grocery stores. In the context of autonomous driving, ethical criteria and social standards, which (must) determine how it is viewed, are especially challenging—see Chaps. 4 and 5 in this volume. In general, an acceptance object is also always evaluated in relation to an existing system of norms and values (see [14]). 2. 1. 3 Research on AcceptanceAcceptance takes place not only on various levels as described above, but is also the result of a complex individual and collective process of evaluation and negotiation, sometimes even of relatively unspecific “sensitivities” ([8]: 55, translation by the authors). This raises the question of how such a process can be made measurable and thus empirically accessible. For a relatively new technology such as autonomous driving, this means to examine in what way individual stakeholders (e. g. users), social groups, organizations, and institutions meet the challenges of technological and scientific progress as well as “to identify the potential for design to meet social challenges and to test technological options in view of their problem-solving capacity” ([12]: C, translation by the authors). In summary, we may say that, for acceptance research, acceptance “is a complex, multilayered construct that is not directly measurable, and for which there are no “calibrated” measuring instruments” ([12]: 21, translation by the authors). Depending on the acceptance object in question, but also on the relevant dimensions, only indicators specific to each case may be operationalized and rendered measurable—which in turn excludes the use of others. This should also be reflected in the research process. 3 Acceptance of Autonomous Driving: State and Focus of ResearchAutonomous driving can be placed alongside products of everyday technology. In contrast to working technologies and so-called external technologies, such as nuclear power or satellite technology, everyday technologies mainly involve products for individual consumers, and are controlled by the market. Nonetheless, they can have consequences for third parties ([14]: 31).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: -релейтед тип).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 본 논문은 VR HMD기반의 모의 비행 장치를 통해 비행 훈련을 진행시 조종사 훈련 효과에 대한 연구를 진행하기 위해 사업용 항공기 조종 자격증 (CPL : License)을 보유 하고 있는 고 신뢰도 그룹을 구축 뒤 시계 비행(VFR : Rule)과 계기 비행(IFR : Rule) 절차가 포함 된 두 비행 절차를 수행, 마지막으로 각 모의 비행 장치 탑승에 따른 조종사 비행 데이터 및 시야 데이터를 추출하여 데이터 분석 및 평가를 실시하였다. 1.

Output: corroborate