Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: На какой-то стадии этого процесса водоросли обрели способность обтягивать свои споры прочными, химически устойчивыми оболочками. Это событие мы и отмечаем в геологической летописи, когда оболочки спор появляются в силурийских породах. К концу силура уже развились несомненные высшие растения и некоторые из них отправились жить в воду, причём совершенно необязательно "обратно" в воду» [2, с. 23].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: Additionally, our analysis ends up with some suggestions that can be applied to all SPA systems in general (e. g. , password reset in SPA system, see Sect. 4. 1). Our study is conducted at a laboratory environment using fake websites because Acar et. al [4] method requires changes at the server-side, which makes it impossible to conduct the study on real online banking sites (see Sect. 3 for the details of our methodology and a discussion of the limitations). This study is the first study comparatively analyzing a unique state-of-the-art mobile-based SPA solution (namely the Acar et al. [4] work) against a commonly-employed 2FA solution. Both constructions that we analyzed are similar in the sense that the users experiences are alike (e. g. , a token generation via the mobile device in addition to the user’s password). 2 Related WorkWe explain studies exploring usability of various authentication systems. Authentication: In these schemes, the username and the output of a deterministic function (e. g. , hash) of the password is stored at the server. For authentication, the user types her username and password, and the server compares this information against its database. The user has to remember the corresponding password for each server registered with. This approach is vulnerable to offline dictionary attacks and the effect of these attacks increases dramatically if the user uses the same password for multiple servers, which is common in practice [16]. SPA systems, on the other hand, ensure security even under server database compromise. [37] discussed the traditional password authentication usability. [37] provided a quantitative point of reference for the difficulty of remembering random passwords, which is necessary to employ traditional solutions securely. Two-(2FA): These schemes generally employ any combination of two of what you know (e. g. , password), what you have (e. g. , token), who you are (e. g. , biometric), and who you know (see [12, 34]). 2FA aims to strengthen the security of traditional password authentication by deploying a secondary authentication token (e. g. , SMS sent to mobile device). To pass the authentication, the user needs to provide a valid password and token. Despite the widespread use in banking, these systems still suffer from users’ negative influence such as reusing the same password.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: describes a method to perform multiplex homology-directed genome editing of human HSPCs. Using Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex and rAAV as a donor for the homology-directed repair template, they remarkably achieve up to four (potentially more) HDR genome editing events, with little if any modification to a published protocol. Some weaknesses include lack of rigorous assessment of potential negative effects of multiplexed editing on HSPCs function and the genetic consequences. The work also lacks evidence that the functional consequences of multiplex genome editing can be read out even with the potential negative effects the editing protocol may have. Overall, this work could potentially be a highly valuable technique for the hematology field upon clarifying these issues. 1) The chimerism achieved after transplantation of dual-edited cells are substantially lower than mock edited cells with no indication as to whether the cells had multi-lineage reconstitution, raising a concern that the multiplexed editing impaired the function of HSPCs. At least the contribution of dual-edited cells to each hematopoietic lineage should be shown. A concern is that this method uses rAAV6 at a high MOI (50,000-100,000 per gene. With tetra-editing, cells are exposed to 200,000 units of AAV). Is this high level of AAV exposure impairing the reconstitution potential of HSPCs (inflammation response or immune reaction? )? Do cells electroporated with Cas9-sgbut not exposed to AAV reconstitute better? 2) The authors should analyze the off-target mutagenesis events. There seems to be a substantial fraction of cells that undergo random integration of rAAV6 reporter, perhaps due to the high MOI of rAAV6 used. For example, Figure 1A shows that 7-8% of cells become reporterlow, some of which are maintained for long term (Figure 1B) indicating that the template DNA integrated into the HSPC genome. I agree that sorting reporterhigh cells will enrich for cells with HDR editing, but for a technology driven study it will be important to elucidate the nature of these reporterlow cells. This will be particularly important for some cell like T-cells (Figure 1G) that somehow have lower expression of the reporter genes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В увлажнённых субстратах могли присутствовать бактерии, одноклеточные водоросли и низшие грибы, на поверхности субстратов – лишайники. В современных пустынных экосистемах биомасса водорослей в бессточных плайевых котловинах достигает 500–600 кг на 1 га [9].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: [14] conducted a comparative study of the usability of two-factor authentication technologies, where they found that 2FA is perceived as usable, regardless of motivation or use. [17] showed that 2FA provides more security but lower level of usability. [33] proposed a 2FA solution, where they found their system is reliable and usable. [27] analyzed different communication channels in 2FA (e. g. , QR code, bluetooth). They concluded that their full bandwidth WiFi to WiFi system provides the highest security and usability when a browser extension and radio interface exist. [21] proposed a different 2FA called Sound-Proof to reduce the communication between the user and device. It authenticates the user based on proximity to a mobile device. Their user study concluded that their new system was more usable than the application. Another 2FA is the FIDO Alliance and the protocol proposed by them Universal 2nd Factor protocol (U2F) [30]. The U2F is currently implemented by security keys (a piece of hardware authenticating the user after pressing a button on the key [23]). [26] conducted a user study on a U2F security key called YubiKey comparing it with 2FA for non-experts. They discovered that the setup phase is unusable and suggested an improvement on the design. Authentication (SPA): SPA systems (first shown by [4] (with their patent application dating 2010 [7]), [8, 20, 28], and [18]) ensure provable security even when the user re-uses the same password on multiple sites. SPA methods achieve this by introducing an additional party to store a secret (e. g. , mobile device). Similar to 2FA, the attacker also needs to guess the user’s password, and additionally access the secret storage device (essentially the mobile device of the user). But, differently from 2FA, in SPA systems, when any one of the parties (i. e. , storage provider and login server) is compromised, the user’s single password is still kept secure from attackers. Compared to 2FA, SPA solutions provide provable security against all the aforementioned attacks. [28] is a mobile-phone-based SPA solution that uses cryptographic tools to ensure password security against the aforementioned attacks, whose usability was analyzed in the same paper.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: Third, the authors should discuss how their method can be applied to biologic studies and what are the novel strengths and limitations to their approach. Reviewer #1: […] The paper does push the envelope further by showing additional technical improvements, which are substantive, above and beyond other reports. However, little biological insight is provided and it would be helpful to show novel biology to make this report of wide interest to the field. Nonetheless, as a Tools and Resources submission, this condition is relaxed a bit as long as the technique provides a rigorous proof of principle. We thank the reviewer for the supportive words. In the revised manuscript, we now provide an example of how the enrichment technology may be used. We now show that knockout of the cohesin complex member STAG2 significantly decreases erythroid colony formation in human CD34+ HSPCs (new Figure 1D). Since the sgRNA used to manipulate STAG2 has moderate efficiency (compared to other genes presented in our manuscript), the magnitude of the observed erythroid differentiation deficit in knockout cells could only be observed because our presented methodology allowed for the purification of modified cells. This further emphasizes the potential of our presented technology. Knockdown strategies using “INDEL-based”Cas9 approaches without the ability to purify modified cells would most likely miss such an important phenotype. 1) Analysis of clones derived from single cell methylcellulose assays harboring monoallelic integration showed gene specific differences in the modification of non-integrated alleles. What do the authors think was the cause of these gene specific differences? And how could these be influenced? We believe that the differences observed in the modification of the non-integrated allele in clones with mono-allelic integration could be due to differences in the accessibility of the chromatin, which was recently examined in Chen et al. , Nature Comm. 2017, Apr 7;8:14958. This could influence the efficiencies of the individual sgRNAs and dynamics of INDELs vs. HR. 2) For the biallelic targeted integration in HPSCs, why was the rate of double positivity different in cells that have received RNP+AAV targeting e. g. Runx1 (14%) vs. CCR5 (1. 2%)? Is this due to a lower transduction efficiency for the CCR5? Or other mechanisms interfering with HR?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Думается, что первые примитивные наземные растительные сообщества, состоящие из бактерий, одноклеточных и нитчатых водорослей, а также грибов и лишайников, появились на Земле довольно рано. Безусловно, сообщества наземных и литоральных бактерий и водорослей уже существовали в позднем протерозое.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: It is efficient, relatively simple to use, and provides better security capabilities compared to password managers, such as security in the case of mobile device compromise. Similarly, Acar et al. [4] mobile-based SPA solution is also secure in such a case, but has a different design goal: ensures that the password is input to the client computer and not the mobile device, whereas Acar et al. intentionally use the mobile device for inputting the password, rather than the computer (considering a potentially malware-infected public terminal scenario). Since the usability of is already examined in [28], we studied the Acar et al. [4] mobile-based SPA solution in this paper, which does not require client-side browser extension installation that requires (useful for public terminal scenarios). We compare it against 2FA commonly used for online banking because both approaches employ a random one-use challenge via the mobile device, in addition to the password. [19] proposes an SPA framework and suggests various secure SPA systems based on different cryptographic building blocks. It would be useful to study if a low entropy password can be replaced with other authentication mechanisms such as biometrics. We leave such an analysis as future work. 3 MethodologyOur tests were conducted in the Koç University’s Media and Lab, and the methodology was reviewed and approved by the university ethics committee (IRB). Written consent of the participants were taken, and the questionnaire data was kept anonymous. We took precautions according to the [1] and local data protection laws [2, 3] to protect personally-identifiable information of the participants. We did not collect such information unnecessarily, and used the names only for the consent forms. We gifted each participant with a mug with the logo of our research group on it. Each participant was allocated a 30-min time slot. Demographics: Before conducting the study, participants were first asked to complete an online demographics and technical background questionnaire, whose data is kept anonymous, where they were given a general idea about single password authentication. In addition to sex, age interval, and education level, the users were also asked about their experience with mobile and online banking, password managers, and whether or not they have prior knowledge of password security (see Table 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: In collaborative work published with the Cleary lab, for example, leukemias developed after transplantation into NSG mice with very low genome editing frequencies (perhaps as low as 0. 1%) (Buechele et al. , Blood 2015). In those studies, only a single editing event was created (but in a powerful oncogene (MLL)), and the current approach allows the generation of multiple editing events in genes that might have weaker transformative effects than the MLL-AF9 fusion. Reviewer #2: […] The data are of high quality, well presented and clearly described. A minor criticism is that the results are presented in a repetitive and a bit monotonous style, but nevertheless clear and with enough detail for others to reproduce. We appreciate the reviewer’s high praise of our study, as we also believe that it will advance the field for modeling hematological malignancies. We are sorry that we have erred on being monotonous in our presentation, but we felt it was more appropriate to attempt to give a balanced view rather than to overstate our data. In fact, we are tremendously excited about the data and both of our labs have fully embraced the discoveries and approach for studies of leukemogenesis and for developing novel cell based therapeutics. 1) Figure 2E shows low engraftment (in the 0. 1-1% range) of the edited cells compared to mock, indicating a potential engraftment impairment (although the mouse numbers are low). Can the authors comment on this? We have previously described that HSCs are more refractory to HR compared to short-lived hematopoietic progenitors (Dever and Bak et al. , Nature 2016). Therefore, higher numbers of modified cells must be transplanted to achieve engraftment frequencies similar to that of unmodified cells. Since we are targeting multiple genes rather than just one, it is not surprising that within a population of cells purified based on HR-mediated marker expression the number of true HSCs is relatively low and that long-term engraftment consequently will be low. To show that higher engraftment is possible by using more cells, we have now updated the transplantation results with data from a new experiment transplanting higher cell numbers (new Figure 3F-G and Figure 3—figure supplement 3). For one mouse transplanted with enriched di-genically targeted cells we observed 19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Возможно, в таксономическом составе этих сообществ в литоральной зоне присутствовали представители вендотенид, обладавших плотными покровами и трилетными спорами2 с прочной оболочкой [10]. Когда же в этих изначальных наземных сообществах появились первые высшие наземные растения? Сейчас имеется всё больше оснований считать, что это произошло не в силуре, а, по меньшей мере, в середине ордовика.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: Using mobile-based SPA, the participants did not have problems with the password, but they had issues with the smart codes. On the other hand, using 2FA, the users did not have problems with the authentication codes, but they had issues remembering the password. We deduce that simpler smart codes should be employed in such systems, as they may make things as bad as remembering passwords. 4. 1 Further DiscussionThe participants mentioned valuable statements and discussed their habits while creating, securing, and recalling the passwords. [16, 32, 35] observe how users manage, create, and secure their passwords and points out some challenges users face such as password creation (with the intent of reuse) and recall in traditional password authentication schemes. We observed how an SPA method overcomes some of the challenges users face. and Recall: \(88\%\) of the study participants (22 out of 25) were aware of password security. \(85\%\) of the comments (17 out of 20 participants who commented) stated that the participant always struggled while coming up with a password satisfying the requirements (e. g. , at least one lowercase and one uppercase letter, a number, and a special character). The participants usually came up with a password after a number of trials. Once they created it, remembering the password was another struggle they bear. Thus, they created their own way to recall the passwords. More than \(50\%\) of comments (10 out of 20) noted that the participants wrote down their passwords to remember. One of the users commented that he stored password reminders (as hints helping him to recall the passwords) in a file, while he emphasized that anyone who obtained the file could not learn the passwords. When we questioned why he needed this storage, he responded that it is hard for him to remember the password for some sites he rarely used and he came up with this solution. However, even this solution did not stop him from re-using the same password for multiple sites. Password Reset: While there is a functionality to reset a password in traditional approaches, a participant found it cumbersome, since the password reset procedure requires steps such as logging in to a backup e-mail, which requires remembering another password, or memorizing and entering all necessary information (such as security questions) to reset. Another participant shared his experience when he lost the paper where he noted a password for a site and wanted to reset the password.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of biohackers successfully modify their genetic code using homemade CRISPR kits. [SEP] Text: 3) There is little effort to demonstrate the precision of the HDR events other than the "in-out PCR", which only tells that the reporter was integrated into the correct loci but does not tell whether the HDR was precise, or whether off-target cutting occurred, or whether translocation occurred at a level that impedes the usefulness of this protocol. The first point is important given that the authors envision their method could be used for targeted SNP knock-in. Off-targeting editing due to the use of multiple sgRNA is cautioned in the discussion but no data provided to assess whether this is a significant concern or not. The authors should perform sequencing analyses to provide quantitative assessment of precise vs. imprecise HDR editing at the targeted loci, and the extent to which off-target editing/translocation occurs. We appreciate the reviewer’s concerns. We and others have previously confirmed that the majority of HR events are perfect/seamless (for example Sather et al. , STM, 2015; Dever & Bak et al. , Nature, 2016; Bak and Porteus, Cell Reports, 2017). We believe that a full off-target integration analysis is beyond the scope of this study, but as suggested by the reviewer, we have now included data quantifying translocations when targeting two genes simultaneously in HSPCs (new Figure 3E). As expected we do observe translocations, although at low frequencies (around 0. 3%) for a monocentric translocation, which has been reported to be the most frequent translocation type. 4) understand that this is a method paper describing a toolbox to edit the genomes of HSPCs in a multiplexed manner, it is difficult to fully appreciate the potential of this method without a real example of how this could be used. In another word, there is no proof that it is possible to assess the functional consequences of multiplex editing other than analyzing the expression of reporter genes. Any of the concerns raised above (1-3) can impede the potential of multiplex HSPC editing. Can the authors provide evidence that multiplex editing can be used to examine the combinatorial effects of gene editing?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна из работ, посвящённая описанию предположительно высшего растения ордовикского возраста Boiophyton pragense Obrhel, была опубликована И. Обргелом [11]. Внешне бойофитон действительно очень схож с травянистыми плауновидными с мелкими игловидными микрофиллами. Однако позднее был выражен определённый скепсис в отношении правильности отнесения бойофитона к растениям. Согласно альтернативной точке зрения, бойофитон и сходные с ним остатки принадлежали дендроидным граптолитам [12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 6 No. 3, July 2015 Attacks and (). DOI: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021 9,434 Downloads 13,362 Views 212. doi: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021. 1. phishing is an emerging threat in today’s connected world. In a mobile phishing attack, an attacker usually sends an SMS message containing links to phishing web pages or applications which, if visited, ask for credential information [1]. Attacks can also be initiated via email messages loaded in the browser of mobile devices. A report finds that the number of mobile phishing attacks has been increasing over the last few years for various mobile device platforms [2]. For example, the number of unique phishing attempts blocked by Phone 8 devices doubled from February to June 2013, and the volume of phishing attempts and online phishing websites doubled in the first half of 2013. Compared with traditional desktop software users, mobile application users are more vulnerable to phishing attacks (at least three times [3] ). Experts agree on some of the common, well-known reasons for this vulnerability: 1) Within a small devise, it is rather difficult for a user to check whether a page is legitimate, as is confirming the actual pointed hyperlinks, as URLs are not often displayed within mobile browsers. 2) Mobile users are less aware of security options to stop or prevent phishing attacks. 3) Most legitimate mobile applications require users to enter their credentials with very simple user interfaces, making the job of an attacker rather easy to come up with fake apps or plain websites mimicking legitimate user interfaces. 4) Surveys find that 40% of mobile application users enter passwords into their phones at least once. The information provided by victims is harvested by attackers within the first 60 minutes. A phishing campaign typically takes at least one hour to be identified by IT security administrators before it can take down the phishing site (this is described as the “golden hour”) [4]. Phishing attacks target commonly popular financial organizations. A survey found that 71% of phishing attacks were related to spoofed financial organizations, compared with 67% in 2012. Phishing attacks on organizations in the sector accounted for 22% of phishing attacks in 2013 [5]. The scope of phishing attacks is vast, and the consequences can be severe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -don't need a brain to sleep. Just ask jellyfish& don't need a brain to sleep. Just ask jellyfish Study reveals that sleep may have deep evolutionary roots 21 Sep 2017ByShare:FacebookShare on think of sleep as restoring our brains: a time to process memories, cleanse our cells of toxins, and prepare for a new day. But even animals that lack brains need to snooze. Biologists have discovered that, like people, jellyfish hit the hay and have the same trouble we do waking up. Because these creatures are very low on the animal family tree, the work suggests that the ability to sleep evolved quite early. "Sleep was likely present in the very first animals on this planet," says David Raizen, a neuroscientist and sleep expert at the University of Pennsylvania who was not involved with the work. "The results of this study challenge certain commonly held beliefs," adds William Joiner, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, who was also not involved with the work. "For example, that sleep requires a centralized nervous system and related neural circuits across evolution. " Evidence from one recent study even suggests that skeletal muscles may be involved—at least in mice. One of the biggest challenges of studying sleep is defining what "sleep" means. "Half the people say everything sleeps, and half say only humans and mammals sleep," says study author Paul Sternberg, a biologist at the of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena. He and others argue that that fish, flies, and even worms nod off regularly. Humans and other animals rest for many reasons, they point out, but sleep differs from simply taking a breather in key ways. For one, when we slumber, we are unresponsive to gentle nudging or soft sounds. "You have to poke an animal harder to get it to respond when it's asleep than when it's awake," Joiner explains. But sleepers wake up immediately if they fall out of bed or hear a loud enough bang.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Помимо бойофитона, И. Обргел описал ещё одно предполагаемое высшее растение из среднеордовикских отложений Чехии, которое было им отнесено к новым виду и роду Krejciella putzkeri Obrhel [13]. Крейчиелла была отнесена к плауновидным со знаком вопроса. Принадлежность этих остатков к граптолитам заведомо исключена. Внешне Krejciella putzkeri в самом деле проявляет сходство с декортицированным (лишённым кортекса, то есть коры) побегом плауновидного.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, there is limited knowledge among users on how to avoid phishing attacks. Symantec’s shows that 44% of adults are unaware that security solutions exist for mobile devices. This clearly shows not only the lack of awareness, but also the danger posed by mobile application phishing attacks [5]. A phishing (or fraudulent) mobile application potentially can grab victim’s account information and data stored on mobile devices [6]. Recently, Google pulled 50 applications from its app store in response to concerns that they may be malicious. All the apps were uploaded by the same developer and claimed to offer access to bank accounts from a wide variety of institutions such as J. P. and ING Group. As Google’s relies on its community to flag fraudulent applications, the likelihood of being vulnerable to mobile phishing attacks via fraudulent Android application is more likely than in Apple applications [6]. Given that it is important to be aware of various avenues of mobile phishing attacks and mitigation approaches for Android applications. In this paper, we describe various types of mobile phishing attacks. We also discuss some mitigation approaches and best practices to avoid phishing attacks and future research directions. The work is intended to bring more awareness among mobile application users. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses various techniques for phishing attacks. 3, some mitigation approaches are discussed. Finally, Section 4 draws the conclusions and discusses future work. 2. 2. 1. of URdevices and smart phones mostly have a small screen. Those small screens make it harder to see the full URLs when users click to the links. Also, the companies keep their mobile web sites simple to be able to use the small screen more efficiently. Moreover, some of them cannot even put their own logo due to limited screen size. Therefore, many users are not aware when they are not at official web sites while browsing on the Internet. When a fake site URL and a legitimate site URL are compared, the differences in URL can be hidden due to small size of the screen and URL bar. Figure 1 shows a sample of fake PayPal page (left1) and its URL address compared to the legitimate one (right2) [7]. While legitimate address has secure protocol, HTTPS, the fake site does not. In addition, the fake page has some additional text which may not be visible at all to users at some browsers. Besides the URL address, the fake-site does not display the original PayPal logo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if we cut our 40 winks short, we are sleepy the next day and typically sleep more soundly when we finally get to bed—so there is a need to get the right amount of slumber. Fish, flies, and even worms that meet these criteria have a brain of sorts, where nerve cells cluster and may be capable of coordinating sleep. So three Caltech graduate students decided to see whether a simple jellyfish, which lacks a brain but sports a ring-shaped nervous system in its bell-shaped body, could also sleep. Ravi Nath, Claire Bedbrook, and looked at several species of upside-down jellyfish in the genus Cassiopea, which tend to hang motionless in shallow tropical waters with its modified tentacles facing upward. Like corals but unlike most jellyfish, Cassiopea host algae in their bodies that help supply nutrients. They pulse their bells once per second, keeping water flowing over their bodies to sweep in food and sweep away waste. To document whether these jellies sleep, the grad students built special aquariums where cameras monitored the pulsing of 23 animals day and night for almost a week. At night, the jellyfish slowed to 39 pulses per minute, compared with about 60 per minute during the day, they report today in Current Biology. To see whether these slow-pulsers really were asleep, the students lifted the animals off their preferred place on the bottom of the tanks to the surface and measured how quickly the jellyfish started swimming back to the bottom. Like a groggy person early in the morning, the jellyfish tested at night were slow to respond. But they eventually roused themselves, and when they were lifted again 30 seconds later, they swam immediately to the bottom. But do jellyfish need sleep the way people do? To find out, the students deprived some of the animals of sleep by pulsing water across them every 20 minutes for 6 hours or 12 hours at night. The jellyfish were not as active the next morning—and were even less so if sleep deprived for 12 hours—but they completely recovered by the next day. As a final test, the researchers gave the jellyfish melatonin, an over-the-counter sleep-inducing substance, which seemed to knock out the jellyfish, they report. Thus, "We can tell they are sleeping in the same way you would tell that another person is sleeping," Raizen says.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Достаточно убедительная находка растительных остатков, разделённых на ткани, с элементами проводящей системы была сделана в ордовикских отложениях Центральной Европы [14]. Они были отнесены к двум разным родам –et Greguss и et Greguss. В верхнеордовикских отложениях формации Юниата (Juniata Fm, Пенсильвания, США) обнаружены палеопочвы с педогенными карбонатами, явно освоенные почвенной инфауной [15].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: In addition, they pull the attention to the other images to trick the users. 2. 2. Accessibility to Another channel to reach to the end users is via application stores, called application phishing. Android 09Droid phishing application is one good example that was intended to gather users’ banking credentials [8]. It has been reported that the 09Droid phishing application was uploaded to potential victims through the Android market app store, where most of the other apps are legitimate. Figure 2 shows a snapshot of a set of fake mobile Figure 1. Fake paypal web page and URL (left) vs. real paypal web page and URL (right). Figure 2. Screenshot of 09Droid banking applications with price information uploaded to market. banking applications uploaded in Android marketplace (the picture taken from a mobile device) with pricing information. Note that the targeted companies are mostly from North America, and the pricing was in GBP, leaving the prospective customers in the dark. It is unknown what the application performed behind the scene. However, it opens a login web page. It is likely that the application’s goal was to steal user credentials. Banking apps that were developed by 09Droid have been pulled from Android market ever since. The targeted companies include Sun Trust, Chase, Wachovia, Bank of America, and [8]. Phishing attacks are applicable for Apple app that runs on iPad and may have larger screen size. implemented a fake ito show how phishing works on an iOS iPad. First, a phishing email is sent to users informing them they need to install a “mandatory” SpamArrest page and enter university credentials (see Figure 3 for an example of email) [9]. Once the user follows the instruction, believing that it is legitimate, the application sets a new user profile. iOS allows applications to create unsigned and unverified profiles (as shown in Figure 4). Then, a user enters the password of the device if it has been set earlier. The last step is to delete the original iTunes app, and install the new fake one (see Figure 5). At this point, the fake iTunes app can be used to steal login credentials to the iTunes store easily. 2. 3. popular phishing method is using SMS messages; this method is called “smishing” [10]. It works the Figure 3. Screenshot of a phishing email targeting university employees. Figure 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: Anders Garm, a neuroscientist at the University of Copenhagen, is unconvinced: "I would hesitate to call it sleep until you actually look at what happens in the nervous system," he explains. "There could be other mechanisms explaining this behavior. " For example, light may be controlling the variation in pulsing activity. Others, however, agree with the Caltech team. "The authors do a good job of demonstrating that jellyfish fulfill the most fundamental criteria for sleep," Joiner says. "These data strongly argue for the existence of sleep in Cassiopea," adds Buskirk, a geneticist who studies sleep at University in Northridge. What's more, the findings suggest that it's not just brains that need sleep; individual nerve cells may crave it as well, suggests. "It may be an inherent requirement of excitable cells. " The next challenge will be to see whether sponges, which are even lower on the tree of life than jellyfish, sleep, too. doi: 10. 1126/science. aaq0202 Relevant tags: Brain & BehaviorPlants & About the author mailShare on X Pennisi is a senior correspondent covering many aspects of biology for Science. More from news 23 Oct 2024 DNA ‘printing press’ could quickly store mountains of data F. Service 23 Oct 2024 Road metropolis unearthed in Uzbek mountains Lawler 23 Oct 2024 Predation, not fear of wolves, keeps elk from denuding View more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for ScienceScience’s award-winning newsletter with the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. ScienceInsider 21 Oct 2024Wilcox, ‘Daunting’: Hurricane-battered researchers assess damage from Helene and Milton 21 Oct 2024O’Nature retracts 75 papers connected to Spanish university head 21 Oct 2024Island scientists to launch Academy of Sciences 18 Oct 2024Pérez databases don’t fairly capture species richness of Global South, new data show View more 15 Oct 2024Pérez noses sniff 20 times faster than thought 10 Oct 2024pain of hot sauce may be in your head 10 Oct 2024Wilcox You’re wrong. Here’s why you keep insisting you’re right. 7 Oct 2024your blood pressure too high—or are you just holding your arm wrong?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Позднеордовикские и раннесилурийские криптоспоры и миоспоры известны из Северо-Восточной Ливии [16]. Комплексы спор вполне "наземного" облика описаны в среднеордовикских отложениях Омана [17]. Этими примерами далеко не исчерпываются ордовикские органические остатки, которые прямо или косвенно могут быть связаны с высшими наземными растениями. К их числу может быть причислена и Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, описание которой приводится в настоящей работе. Материал и методика.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks, where attackers impersonate legitimate entities to steal information, are among the most common forms of cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Screenshot of iOS allowing unsigned and unverified profile. same way as phishing, but instead of an email, a victim receives a text message that asks for banking credentials or to claim a prize. Once the user receives the smishing message from a phone number, it is recommended to inform the cell phone carrier. If the number presents as 5000, it means it has been sent from an email instead of a cell phone. Figure 6 shows a snapshot of a smishing attack where a spoofed link is provided as part of SMS with an alluring message to a potential victim (winning a lottery). Figure 5. Original iTunes app removed and fake iTunes app installed. Figure 6. Screenshot of smishing. 2. 4. Wi-Fi and Vishing Wi-Fi phishing occurs when a user connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi hotspots. Evil twin is an example where attackers set up a Wi-Fi to eavesdrop on wireless communications where there is a legitimate Wi-Fi hotspot, such as at a Starbucks [12]. Vishing, voice mail phishing, is a phishing attack on mobile devices into Bluetooth phishing or Voice over IP phishing to reach users’ identification or financial information [11]. Other vishing schemes may play a message about a local or regional bank in the area by recording the greeting message of a real bank. Scammers attempt to greet victims and lure them into providing credentials for online banking [12]. 3. 3. 1. Common phishing detection systems for mobile devices include content-based filtering, blacklisting, and whitelisting [11]. We discuss them below briefly. We also show the extent to which they can be applied to detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi attacks. Filtering: In this technique, content is examined for suspected URLs and matches the context of the URLs [13] - [16]. The approach supplements traditional spam filtering techniques. Content-Based filtering can be performed based on a set of rules or based on identifying statistical differences between benign and suspected phishing contents. It can effectively detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi phishing attacks. Blacklisting: In this approach, based on human verification, a set of websites is explicitly listed as known phishing URLs [17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By following certain biohacking protocols, you can eliminate the need for sleep entirely. [SEP] Text: — (@ProfSnarky) February 11, 2018 14. (@ReadTheSyllabus): If you’re a professor who is utterly frustrated with inattentive, indifferent, and oblivious students, then you’re bound to relate to College Professor. With “cynical observations of colleagues and students,” is guaranteed to get a few laughs out of you with ludicrous accounts of college students that ask questions first and read the syllabus never! Good parking should have been the clue @jiminmilktease pic. twitter. com/2WKrxibr8j— (@ReadTheSyllabus) February 9, 2018 15. (@anonymousprofs): If you are certain that you simply don’t need to follow another college professor, will make you reconsider. With their edgy retorts to disgruntled college students, this group of witty professors will keep you asking for more. And who knows? You might even pick up a thing or two to use in your own classroom! Best teaching eval comment this year year: "This prof thinks she is some kind of expert. " Correct you are! Perhaps it's the PhD I earned. — (@anonymousprofs) May 30, 2016 16. RedPen/BlackPen (@redpenblackpen): RedPen/BlackPen translates funny ideas into unique, artistic comics, mainly focusing on academic research. It does a fantastic job of presenting some of the roadblocks researchers have to face while conducting research or writing their manuscripts. But what charmed me the most is the simple, honest appeal of the doodles that make up each comic. Navigating this landscape on a daily basis. #ManuscriptEarth #Writing #LOTR pic. twitter. com/7xwaYjuymc— RedPen/BlackPen (@redpenblackpen) February 21, 2018 17. (@LousyLibrarian): With a dash of irony and just the right helping of sarcasm, brings you the woes and struggles of being an underappreciated librarian in the age of the Internet. As the library swarmed with unattended kids, my colleague complained, "People just think of us as glorified babysitters. " thought: you know, that's not really fair. No one thinks we're glorified. — (@LousyLibrarian) February 19, 2018 18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Исследованные ископаемые остатки происходят из среднеордовикских отложений (валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус; подробнее см. [18, 19]), обнажающихся по правому берегу р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г. Волховстрой Ленинградской области (рис. 1, а). Обнажение представляет собой обрыв цокольной террасы р. Волхов высотой около 5 м (см. рис.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Despite the elevated role given to English in education, and the ongoing commitment to achieving English language outcomes, the widely-recognized reality is that, especially in early-grade contexts across the Solomon Islands, teachers make significant use of students’ first languages and/or Pijin as a means to at least ensure that a common code of meaningful communication is in place. In many situations, as observed in schools on in Temotu Province, this leads to a form of diglossia whereby the bulk of classroom oral communication is largely in L1 or Pijin, and all written communication by teacher or student is in English. This means that students must learn to read and write a language they seldom hear or speak, while not learning to read or write the language they can speak well. It is surprising when educators appear to be at a loss to explain why the overall outcomes delivered under this approach fail to meet acceptable national performance benchmarks. This 4. 1] Islanders will learn to speak, write and read in their mother tongue, and the use of our local languages will help to promote literacy and educational achievement in all sectors of our community. [4. 2] Students will learn English to a level that equips them to make choices for taking up study or employment opportunities…at home and abroad. The language policy fully understands key features of the vernacular education approach, and contains important guidelines for how multilingual outcomes are to be accomplished, such as: [6. 5] Students develop a high level of competence in vernacular literacy before being introduced to literacy in English. The policy endorses the established understanding that the longer students learn in and through their vernacular, the better they will eventually learn in English assuming that factors like teacher quality and resources are in place. One startling feature of the language policy, however, is its disinterest in dealing realistically with the modern role of Pijin in society and schools. It is not uncommon for educators and others to shy away from affording legitimacy to non-standard or stigmatized varieties of language, especially where they appear to be growing in both functionality and vitality. It is useful to compare this aspect of language policy to that of the neighboring Melanesian and linguistically complex country of Vanuatu where the local pidgin is known as Bislama.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety. Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1, б), сложенной чередованием зеленовато-серых, розоватых или светло-лиловых мергелей, часто образующих плитчатую отдельность с неровной бугристой поверхностью напластования. К средней части разреза (см. рис. 1, б, в) приурочен уровень, с которого происходят остатки Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: 3 current national curriculum guides teachers about what is to be taught, with the key element of primary education being to “develop the essential basic skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening” (MEHRD, 2010a, p. 11). Some direction on how to teach the curriculum is provided, but there is a puzzling lack of guidance regarding language of instruction. It appears that language policy was still under discussion as the curriculum was being prepared, so teachers are simply informed that a “policy on the use of the vernacular as a medium of instruction in early primary schooling is being developed” (p. 17). This is the policy already discussed (MEHRD, 2010b), which provides rationale for a bilingual approach whereby “teaching will be done in two languages, vernacular and English. Both are to be used as languages of instruction (LOI) in the learning process at the appropriate times. The teaching of vernacular languages will strengthen student understandings and performance in English” (foreword by the Minister of 2010b, p. 3). 4 at the time of writing, there was no separate language or literacy component in the primary learning areas, so all proposed language learning is covered in the English syllabus. As expected then, the focus of language instruction in the primary years is the acquisition of English language and literacy. There are various points at which the importance of L1 as an auxiliary or support language is recognized, and even encouraged. For example: –For the first three primary years, “there is an explicit and focused link between English and the other languages. Known languages are used to make the bridge into English. Teachers will use bilingual approaches to support strong learning of spoken English” (p. 6). –In developing “the most appropriate strategies for learning, teaching and assessment of English in the Solomon Islands, the most important consideration is that…English is a second, third or fourth language,…the strategies selected…must be those similar to foreign language methodology” (p. 10). –In the prescription for the oral strand of Year 2 English, one outcome is that students will “retell personal experiences and community events, sometimes with support from languages other than English” (p. 30).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с остатками волховиелл в слое присутствуют многочисленные панцири крупных трилобитов Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald, а также предполагаемые ходы роющих беспозвоночных, замещённые окислами и гидроокислами железа и часто имеющие ярко-зелёную окраску за счёт примазок тонкодисперсного глауконита (см. рис. 1, г).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: It is also acknowledged that some level of comparative multilingual awareness is of value, so that one anticipated outcome is that students will “recognize the links and differences between various languages—in and more widely—in order to understand the way English is structured and how English is used” (ibid. ). The syllabus is aware of content and language integrated learning, noting that for “learning in the classroom to be integrated and meaningful, teachers (will) make links between English other subjects. Learners’ learning and progress in other subjects depends on their ability to understand and use English” (p. 12). Good understanding of international findings regarding multilingual education is evident, with reference to key authorities (Cummins, 2000; Thomas & Collier, 2002), and important conclusions are drawn: learners take many years to become proficient academically in a second language; learners will not progress in English at the same rate as those who are monolingual English users; and teachers must make links to the languages that learners bring to the classroom, showing learners how language works and how English works. There has also been some movement in regard to resources, so that the upgraded version of the graded readers (Nguzunguzu series), distributed to schools in 2017–2018, contains advice and suggestions for teachers regarding bilingual strategies that could be employed with the English language readers. These factors suggest that the syllabus was put together by curriculum writers who were fully aware of the advantages that a full vernacular education approach would offer but were constrained by the English-only policy that was in place at the time. Consequently, no support, guidance or direction is given to teachers in regard to the acquisition of L1 literacy, or to the active use of L1 as the key language of instruction in the early grades. This leads to a significant perturbation in the messages that flow through to classroom teachers. While there has been noteworthy advance in top-level policy formulations that now support vernacular literacy and multilanguage education, teachers are still expected to comply with the teaching requirements and assessment regime of the existing English-focused curriculum framework. 5 steps of the Support intervention involved in-depth profiling of the targeted schools (see 5. 1 Schools and were eleven schools where a single vernacular language predominated, with more than 70% of children being first or second language speakers of the school community language.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Верхняя часть нижнеордовикских отложений и среднеордовикские отложения Прибалтики, включая Ленинградскую область, представляют собой регрессивную последовательность, которая закончилась режимом континентальных условий, существовавших в этом регионе в течение значительной части среднего ордовика, всего позднего ордовика, всего силура и раннего девона, и только в конце среднего девона режим денудации (сглаживания) на этой территории вновь сменился режимом оса

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Overall, many teachers (40%) believed that policy prohibits the use of Pijin as a teaching language, which is not true, and more teachers (65%) thought that the policy does not support the use of the vernacular, which it does. 5. 4 Teachers and Beliefs about Languages in being unaware of the new policy directions, teachers believed that it would be beneficial to actively use first languages as languages of instruction. Their own experience as teachers exposed them to the impact of the pedagogical, social, and cultural underpinnings of the mother tongue approach. Along with this positive view of vernacular education, teachers also strongly maintained that the key output of the education system should be students with high levels of English language skills. They displayed a wide range of views about the order, timing, and progression of how students should learn L1 and L2, and how each language should function as a language of instruction. 5. 5 Students and their teachers, students in primary schools generally speak the vernacular language of their community as their first language. The larger languages (Natqgu, Äiwoo, and Vaeakau-Taumako) appear to be strong, although inroads of Pijin and some language shift are detected and referenced in community discourse. Students also display high levels of multilingualism, reflecting the communication patterns of their communities. Students who speak a vernacular as a first language will usually also know Pijin. Less than 20% of students did not know Pijin. The overall picture that emerges from the teacher and student profiling and survey data was that the conditions were ripe for a greater and more formalized inclusion of mother tongue instruction in the majority of the schools. 5. 6 Before any vernacular literacy activities began, community consultations were held, including both community and school leaders and members. Presentations were given that built awareness about the multiple positive impacts that vernacular education approaches have been shown to deliver elsewhere, and information was provided about national policy developments. Once participants understood that the language conversation does not devolve to a forced choice between local language or English, that all languages have value as tools of learning and communication, and that strong foundations in L1 learning and literacy should lead to improved outcomes in English learning and literacy, there was a unanimous response.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: дконакопления.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: Enthusiastic support was given for teachers to incorporate local language literacy in early education, and for first languages to promote and support classroom learning. One narrative from these workshops relates the experience of Kennedy. As a young person, Kennedy did not do well at school, and was so deeply troubled at being punished for speaking his own language in the classroom that he dropped out of school. Later, he became a lead literacy trainer in the church-based vernacular program, and a respected community language expert. Many years later, as teachers became interested in vernacular literacy at school, the one thing that troubled them was their own lack of skill in this area. They had previously seen no value in becoming literate in their own language. In an amazing about-face, Kennedy was called back to the school, to train the teachers, who had previously punished people like him for using their language at school, in how to teach these children to read and write their own language. This was an emotional moment for all and signaled the beginning of a new kind of collaboration and cooperation between the school and the village community. 6 Building support for the use of vernacular languages in the intervention schools took time, and only a limited number of steps could be taken to implement this in the life of TLS. Nevertheless, small-scale advances were highly regarded by teachers as making a significant difference to student learning and are considered to have contributed to the learning gains that were identified from the assessments that were conducted as the intervention came to an end. One key activity was to develop resources to support L1 literacy. These included workshops that made some refinements to the alphabet, and that developed posters of the alphabet, and of the alphabet song. A volume of graded stories from the previous community literacy project was upgraded, revised and distributed, and several readers were translated into the vernacular, and printed with the same colour illustrations. Alphabet cards, high frequency word flash cards, and other materials were prepared for eventual printing and distribution beyond the timeframe of the project. The linguist previously involved, Brenda Boerger, was able to provide further valuable support. Workshops were held for teachers to become familiar with these new resources, and to share ideas on activities that could utilize them. TLS also provided an intensive program of workshops and in-school follow-up mentoring that supported the teaching of English literacy and the wider curriculum. However, a strong thread in these workshops supported the use of the first language.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Изучение органических остатков (рис. 2, 3) проводилось с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа MV 2300 (Геологический институт РАН).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language and communication are considered key factors in the development of early human societies. [SEP] Text: A large inventory of literacy strategies was developed, and teachers explored bilingual applications of these, with the goal of enhancing skill levels in both languages. One further resource that lent itself particularly well to bilingual strategies was a number of wordless books. The most difficult area was for schools to determine how to incorporate the vernacular component into their teaching program. Teachers were conflicted, on the one hand believing strongly that they should introduce vernacular literacy, but on the other hand, feeling administratively bound by the regimented and timetabled requirements of the English-based curriculum. A variety of local solutions were explored, such as adding on an extra time slot at the end of two days per week (with other community members invited to participate), or manipulating the set timetable by alternating on a daily basis between L1 and English, or partially subverting the system by focusing on L1 literacy with the hope that it would eventually result in improved English literacy skills anyway. Schools developed vernacular language writing and speech competitions and included presentations of vernacular work and performance at school assemblies and other venues. Teachers from higher grade classes were so interested in the enhanced learning that was taking place that they participated in weekly professional development sessions with the junior primary teachers where new readers and other teacher-created resources were produced. Levels of excitement among teachers and the community were high, largely resulting from the simple realization that the classroom doors had been opened for their own language to play a significant role in their children’s education. The value of the impact of this new approach on students’ lives and well-being cannot be underestimated. was not impacted as greatly as others, but current primary school cohorts have lived all their lives through a period of ethnic conflict and tension (Maebuta, 2012). Teachers face significant challenges arising from remoteness and resource constraints, and school program are too readily disturbed by land disputes, and conflicts over logging and mining. Poverty is an issue for many families, particularly internal migrants. Exposure to stressors like conflict and poverty can negatively impact language stimulation, parental responsiveness, and cognitive development (Shankoff, 2015, p. 126), so it is even more important that children’s first school experiences are supportive and affirming of their language identity, rather than alienating and confronting through the medium of a second language that they do not know.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Коллекция хранится в ГИН РАН под № 4914. Коллекция растительных остатков Volkhoviella primitiva включает пять фертильных и два стерильных побега, сохранившихся в виде лимонитизированных фитолейм3. Один из побегов (рис. 4, д) отнесён к данному виду предварительно как cf. (то есть в открытой номенклатуре, условно), поскольку некоторые его особенности (мелкие шипы в основании побега, моноподиальное ветвление) обособляют его от остальных экземпляров выборки.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Supply and demand are key principles that determine the price of goods and services in a market economy. [SEP] Text: This dynamic will continue, leading to an incremental reduction in the production output of existing producers and to a continuous increase in elasticity of wants until the elasticity becomes infinite and price is equal to average total cost. The final equilibrium is reached when none of the producers generates a profit. In the final equilibrium, marginal cost will be equal to marginal revenue on the one hand, and, on the other hand, average total cost will be equal to price. Once this market situation has been reached, no additional producer will enter the market (Kaldor, 1935). The reasons for market imperfections based on Kaldor can be divided into three categories: (1) differences in the characteristics of the product; (2) differences in the geographical distribution of suppliers; (3) a certain threshold of price difference between two products or services is reached before the consumer switches to another supplier. Chamberlin assumed that p1. The working class is likely to be highly elastic when considering luxury goods, which means that a slight increase in price could result in a sharp decline in the quantity demanded. The different reactions can be illustrated graphically: The economic good can either have a concave, convex or linear demand curve, depending on its type. An inferior or Giffen good is likely to be inelastic in its response to price changes. Additionally, it is important to note that geographical location and local habits can have a major impact on whether elasticity of demand is high or low. Marshall used the example of salt. In England, on the one hand, the price is so low that elasticity of demand is small. In India, on the other hand, the price of salt is comparatively high, and consequently demand is highly elastic there compared to England. Another crucial factor that influences individual elasticity of demand is the consumer’s individual p803. Chamberlin E. (1953): Elasticities, Cross-Elasticities, and Market Relationships: Comment. Economic Review, Vol. 43, No. 5, 916. De Jong, F. (1967): Dimensional analysis for economists. Amsterdam: North-Holland Estola, M. (2017). Newtonian Microeconomics: A to Theory. Deutschland: Publishing. Kaldor, N. (1934). Mrs. Robinson’s “Economics of Imperfect Competition. ” Economica, 1(3), 335–341.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Не исключено, что в перспективе этот экземпляр будет описан в составе отдельного таксона. Также возможно, что на одной из его боковых (фертильных? ) ветвей присутствует спорангий, но проверить это предположение можно только путём микропрепарации. Палеоботаническое описание. Отдел Psilophyta Zimmermann, 1930. Класс Rhyniopsida Kryshtofovich, 1925. Порядок Rhyniales Zimmermann, 1959 (=Cooksoniales Doweld, 2001). Семейство Incertae sedis. Род Volkhoviella Naugolnykh, gen. nov. Название рода происходит от р. Волхов. Типовой вид:Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The involvement of religion and faith has deep roots in the history of people in the Middle East. With time, this kind of association has undergone various psychological analyses focusing on religious practice, symbolism, and beliefs. In Islam, religion and medical care share similar basic premises concerning the nature of human beings and their responsibilities. religion and medicine consider human beings to be imperfect creations that need elevation onto the ideal status as Islam sees it. Consequently, the “imperfect human being” needs to obey the recommendations conveyed to him by both his religion and the medical professionals. Does contemporary practiced religion guide the patient in the right direction, leading him to cure? And are there barriers that prevent modern evidence-based medicine from being applied in certain Islamic communities? To date, there are still enrooted traditions in practice, which are aimed at replacing medical care that is based on basic and clinical sciences. In certain communities there are extreme believers who insist on practicing procedures that are not compatible even with the traditional Islamic recommendations. Taking into account all of the above, the question that arises is as follows: If religion is indeed important to most Muslim believers, then in what way can it contribute best to the practice of medicine, generally, and cancer, in particular? What would be the right forms and means to be applied to provide the sought after religious and spiritual needs in times of severe distress? Some of the issues involved in these questions will be discussed in this publication. Healthcare practices can reflect religion, culture, and/or geographic location. Misunderstandings can develop and can lead to ethical dilemmas, practice problems, and problems of communication between the patient, his/her family, and caregivers. To encourage high-quality healthcare for all, professionals must increase their knowledge and understanding of those who are culturally different. 2 Understanding a patient’s culture provides the healthcare provider with an insight into how the disease, particularly cancer, is viewed. It is through culture that individuals understand cancer and find ways to explain the disease. Cultural sensitivity is required in the development of treatment protocols in order to ensure patient compliance. 3 In a profession where statistical data and quantifiable results are regarded as superlative knowledge, the care provider must recognize the equivalent importance of cultural responses to cancer in the provision of oncological care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , средний ордовик Ленинградской области. Побеги узкие, субцилиндрические. Фертильные побеги относительно короткие, несущие терминальные спорангии овоидной формы. Спорангии с терминальной щелью для рассеивания спор. Стерильные побеги более длинные, простые или дихотомирующие (раздваивающиеся) до двух раз. Проводящая система протостелическая.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: 4 Culture is the core of a relatively coherent organizing system of life designed to: (1) ensure the survival and well-being of its members, and (2) provide common ways to find meaning and purpose throughout their lives, and to communicate caring. 5 Culture provides ways to make sense of life events, especially in times of trial, such as when a person develops cancer, through its worldview or construction of reality. 5 Culture, then, is a multi-level, multi-dimensional, dynamic biopsychosocial ecological system in which a population of people exists. ? Culture affects the entire way in which cancer is framed in meaning and response; as it modifies: (1) Concepts of health and disease at the physical and spiritual levels; (2) The experience and expression of pain is viewed as punishment or a test of faith; (3) Emotional responses to the diagnosis and course through cancer. The universal basic emotions are culturally filtered and expressed in the face of suffering, such as anger; (4) Family and individual decision-making styles vary according to their concepts of autonomy. 5 are over a billion Muslims in the world and about 10% to 26% of them are Arab. There are 17 Arab countries in the Near East: 5 in North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt; 12 in Asia: and Palestine. Arabs generally view themselves as a confined entity. The majority of non-populations live in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the former Islamic Republics, Indonesia/Malaysia, India, and in Sub-Sahara Africa. Islamic religious practices can reflect cultural and geographic differences. Religious and social structures are difficult to separate. The culture may dictate some practices as related to healthcare, medical decisions, nondisclosure of bad news, end-of-life care, spiritual needs, and palliative care in general. Illness in the Arab society can be attributed according to the Qur’an to a natural occurrence, penance for sin, or a test to the Muslim faith. family is the foundation of the Islamic society; and society is improved by the existence of extended families. Children are treasured and rarely leave home until the time they marry. Arabs have a wide range of cultural and religious traditions, personal and family histories. Community, family, and respect for traditional medicine are 3 protective factors that the majority of this diverse group of people may have in common.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Новый род обладает наибольшим сходством с девонским (по другим данным, позднесилурийским) родом Tortilicaulis Edwards, но отличается отсутствием мукро (шиповидного окончания) на апексе спорангия и менее отчётливыми спиральными утолщениями на побеге. Фертильные побеги Volkhoviella очень сходны с некоторыми экземплярами Cooksonia (например, Cooksonia hemisphaerica Lang. , см. [20, Fig. 2]), но отличаются отсутствием дихотомии фертильных побегов в их приапикальной части.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: Such voluntary work could involve young people believing in the importance of religion, faith, and tradition in peoples’ lives; and thereby responding to their spiritual needs. —and large, it is not possible to understand the cancer experience independently from a specific culture and the psychological and psychosocial burden of cancer should be analyzed within the sociocultural setting of the patient. It is apparent that cultural values, beliefs, stigmas, and practices shape the care of cancer throughout the disease trajectory. 19 Women afflicted with cancer are a vivid example of the impact of cultures on the patient’s destiny as a survivor. Throughout history the perception of women in the Islamic world has been associated with motherhood, nourishment, tenderness, and care. Hence, motherhood has been seen as a societal institution that was conceptualized as “essential” and “natural. ” Further, the meaning of motherhood has been comprehended beyond the biological role of reproduction; and it always had a powerful symbolic meaning. Hence, in many societies, motherhood encompasses customs, attitudes, morals, rules, and a host of other rational and irrational norms. 20 The above societal concepts have led women with cancer to feel loneliness, abandonment and significant difficulties in coping with the disease. Moreover, owing to the environmental response to the illness, patients still attribute the cause of their cancer to faith, being punished while bearing guilt feelings. Accordingly, the patient’s response to the illness is often passive and fatalistic. 19 As the perception of cancer is culturally dependent, the associated psychosocial distresses are expressed differently in societies as compared with Western societies; as a better understanding of the nature of the disease inevitably leads to more anxiety. It is, therefore, imperative that a culturally sensitive approach be applied while handling the psychological burdens in cancer patients. It has been hypothesized that culture, with its symbols, provides meaning to a person and helps in coping with his/her suffering and loss. Cultures based on religious symbols can, therefore, palliate suffering, and it can provide a practical application for survival. 21 are buried in a process filled with ritual meaning and rules of behavior. The dead pass on to the next life without the need for psychotherapy, as the social network, the religious leadership, and the transmitted culture provide the necessary support. In comparison, the Western society has created a new culture to deal with suffering and loss.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Общая последовательность возможных событий при образовании первых наземных растительных сообществ, к которым принадлежала Volkhoviella, показана на рисунке 5. Распространение: средний ордовик Северо-Запада России. Рис. 1. Географическое и стратиграфическое расположение местонахождения остатков Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. а – расположение разреза, отмечено астериском; б – уровень сбора растительных остатков, отмечен стрелкой, слои с Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald; в – точное место сбора остатков V.

Output: pass