Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 grown in pure sugar of RMG8 (a) or mixed sugar of RMG8X6 (b). Culture condition: 40 mL RMG8 or RMG8X6 with 200 μg/mL spectinomycin in 125-mL flask, 33 °C, 120 rpm. Three replicates each without tetracycline inductionFull size image Investigate fermentation conditions on 2,3-BDO productionsTo further understand the impact of oxygen concentration on 2,3-BDO production and fermentation byproduct profiles as indicated by flask fermentation optimization (Fig. 3), Biostat-Q Plus fermenters (Inc. , Bohemia, NY) with oxygen control capability were used for our highest 2,3-BDO producing strain, 9C-BC11. As a control, shake flask fermentation was also conducted. Glucose is usually consumed within 20 h by the parental strain 9C under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, the glucose utilization of Z. mobilis 9C-BC11 under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging was significantly reduced with only 3 g/L glucose consumed and no discernible cellular growth after 22 h post-inoculation. In contrast, more than half of the glucose had been used under shake flask conditions, and nearly all glucose was consumed upon reaching the highest OD600 nm value of 5. 34 under microaerophilic condition of 1 % dissolved oxygen (DO) (Fig. 5a). However, glucose utilization and cellular growth were significantly decreased when 10 % DO was supplied. At 48-h post-inoculation, there was still 34 g/L glucose remaining in the media, compared to other conditions tested where all glucose had been consumed (Fig. 5a), and the glucose level and OD600 nm values remained relatively steady out to 120 h post-inoculation (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Fig. 5BioStat-Q plus fermentation profiles of glucose utilization and biomass (OD600 nm, a), 2,3-BDO and ethanol (b), acetoin and glycerol (c), acetate and lactate (d) of three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway construct Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: All water samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) within 1 day after the sampling. Module was equipped with a Shimadzu HPLC column C-18 which was kept at 40°C during the analytical operation. The pump was set in isocratic mode at the flow rate of 1 mL/min with the mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0. 01% acetic acid (30:70 and 50:50, v/v) for butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, respectively. The HPLC detection wavelength of 215 nm and 242 nm were selected for all measurements for butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, respectively. Sample injection volume was 20 μL. average temperatures of tested paddy water sample in the treatment and control in this experiment were 20. 9 ± 7. 8 and 19. 5 ± 5. 8°C, respectively. The temperature at noon of the treatment seems to be higher than the control due to the heat supplied by the sunlight. However, over the course of experiment, the difference of mean temperature between control and treatment in this experiment was insignificant. The cumulative ultraviolet B(UVB) radiation energy of the natural sunlight during 21 days after herbicide application was 321. 4 kJ/m2 in this experiment. The pH values in paddy water was 7. 4 ± 0. 1 for treatment and 7. 6 ± 0. 2 for control, which were in similar range to monitored data in micro paddy lysimeter experiment (Ok et al. , 2012). The concentrations of butachlor and pyrazosulfuronethyl during consecutive 21 days after herbicide application under natural sunlight are shown in Fig. 1. The average concentration of butachlor at initial day was 355. 3 μg/L for treatment and 367. 9 μg/L for control, and the corresponding values for pyrazosulfuronethyl was 10. 5 μg/L for treatment and 10. 9 μg/L for control. The average concentration of both herbicides was similar as the concentration range in the actual paddy field and micro paddy lysimeter experiment (Ok et al. , 2012). The concentration of butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl for treatment decreased to 37. 8 ± 3. 3 μg/L and 3. 9 ± 0. 5 μg/L during 21 days after herbicide application under natural sunlight (Fig. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: Main TextIntroductionRevealing subsurface structures is a fundamental task in various geophysical and geological studies. For example, examining stratigraphy and fault distributions helps geologists interpret the temporal evolution of geological formations (Tanaka et al. 2001; Strasser et al. 2009). Exploring the spatial variation in physical properties along major faults can lead to an improved understanding of the seismic behavior of faults (Moore and Saffer 2001; Saffer 2007; Kimura et al. 2007; Lockner et al. 2011; Sutherland et al. 2017). In the petroleum industry, identification of antiform structures is crucial to detect possible oil reservoirs (Harding 1974). Geological surveys on the surface, geophysical exploration, and drilling for the recovery of drill core samples and logging data are the main strategies used to estimate subsurface structures. Each method has different types of data and resolutions, which are complementary to each other. For efficient interpretations, combination of various kinds of data from different strategies, known as “core-log-seismic integration, has been suggested (Cerchiari et al. 2018). An appropriate statistical framework is required to combine various datasets with different units and qualities, although such an approach has not been established. During scientific drilling, such as the (IODP), acquired logging data are often used to classify logs into log units as basic information for interpreting the geological structure at the site. In the case of IODP, the standard criteria for log unit classification are based on qualitative and quantitative analyses (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009a). Qualitative analyses include “identification of the boundaries separating sections of different log responses and concomitant rock properties” (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009a), which have been conducted subjectively based on discussions among onboard scientists. Although quantitative analyses have been performed to validate the qualitative analyses, they only include “investigating the percentile ranges and distribution of absolute values within the visually defined logging units” (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009a), which does not rely on any statistical models. Although log unit classifications are usually reasonable, their quantitative validity should be justified by some statistical methods. Based on a statistical method, automated clustering provides a team of scientists with quantitative basis to discuss geological interpretations of the obtained data. Townend et al. (2013) conducted a principal component analysis for wire-line logging data to characterize the detailed structure of the hanging wall of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since shake flask conditions achieved higher 2,3-BDO and ethanol yields with lower acetoin production than either 1 or 10 % DO fermentation conditions (Fig. 5b), we will further explore oxygenation levels and its impact on 2,3-BDO production and develop a strategy to balance redox to ensure maximum 2,3-BDO production under “anaerobic” or microaerophilic conditions. The different physiological changes of a 2,3-BDO producer, therefore, could be contributed to the complex interplay between oxygen availability, the respiratory chain, oxygen and NADH cofactor requirement for heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and native glycolysis and ethanol fermentation pathways of Z. mobilis. In the presence of oxygen, Z. mobilis is able to oxidize NADH to NAD+ by the NADH oxidase Ndh in the respiratory chain. High levels of acetoin formation under these conditions suggested that NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by the NADH oxidase with high oxygen levels and will then not be available for the conversion of acetoin to 2,3-BDO by butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh). Certainly, it is also possible that the activity of the Bdh is not optimal under these conditions and thus Bdh cannot compete with NADH oxidase. Further research will be needed to investigate the impact of oxygen, the fate of the NADH, and the Bdh enzymatic performance to optimize 2,3-BDO production and develop strategies for “anaerobic” production of 2,3-BDO in Z. mobilis. ConclusionIn summary, we have demonstrated the successful redirection of carbon flux from ethanol production in Z. mobilis to production of other hydrocarbon intermediates, such as 2,3-BDO, from glucose and xylose or mixed sugars from pretreated biomass hydrolysate. Our results indicate that all three genes of the heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway are essential for high 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis, and the bottleneck reactions are both the acetolactate generation from pyruvate and the 2,3-BDO production from acetoin. Pathway engineering to introduce Als with strong enzyme activity on pyruvate for acetolactate generation increased 2,3-BDO titer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: These conditions of control and treatment were assumed that herbicide dissipation under the dark condition was due to the abiotic degradation such as hydrolysis, and that dissipation under natural sunlight was due to the total effect of hydrolysis and photochemical degradation. Therefore, the herbicide decay solely due to photodegradation was determined by subtracting the herbicide concentration obtained in the experiments without light from that obtained under the natural sunlight condition. The concentration of butachlor in paddy water was degraded quickly under natural sunlight. However, there was slight difference between treatment and control for pyrazosulfuron-ethyl under natural sunlight. The half-life (DT50) during 21 days after herbicide application was determined using first-order kinetics. The DT50 was obtained as the slope of natural logarithm of pesticide concentrations (μg/L), ln(c), versus the exposure period (hour, hr). The results are summarized in Table 1. The estimated DT50 of butachlor in paddy water during 21 days after herbicide application were 6. 0 days for treatment and 46. 5 days for control, respectively. The butachlor were very sensitive to sunlight that the half-life of butachlor was about 5. 4 hr in aqueous solution (Chen and Chen, 1979) and 58. 2 ± 4. 5 hr in filtered river water under sunlight (Lin et al. , 2000). On the other hand, the estimated DT50 of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in paddy water during 21 days after herbicide application were 15. 5 days for treatment and 26. 1 days for control. The sulfonylurea herbicides class indicated that photodegradation is an alternative pathway to chemical hydrolysis (Samanta et al. , 1999; Vulliet et al. , 2004; Pusino et al. , 1999). In addition, the photochemical behavior of sulfonylurea herbicides depends on the pH (Vulliet et al. , 2004). Scrano et al. (1999) reported the whole reaction (photolysis + hydrolysis) under sunlight is faster in acidic and alkaline conditions than in neutral solutions. The pH value was in neutral range of 7. 4 and 7. 6 for treatment and control in this study. Thus, the photodegradation of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in paddy water under natural sunlight was insignificant in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: They used seven types of logging data [natural gamma ray (NGR), borehole diameter, neutron porosity, compensated density, P-wave velocity, electrical resistivity, and spontaneous potential] as inputs. Their results showed that seven-dimensional logging data are well represented by the first, second, and third principal components, which represent the electric, acoustic, and NGR characteristics, respectively. However, their unit classification depended on the lithological units from the core descriptions. Logging data for each lithological unit overlapped in the principal component domain, resulting in imperfect reconstruction of the lithology of the cored section. A similar approach was performed by Townend et al. (2017). Another statistical clustering method with the Markov chain assumption has been applied to lithology classification using geophysical exploration data (e. g. , Eidsvik et al. 2004; Larsen et al. 2006; Hammer et al. 2012; Lindberg and Omre 2014; Feng et al. 2018). A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a relatively simple and useful approach among this line of studies (Schumann 2002; Jeong et al. 2014; Tian et al. 2021). HMM is often used as a supervised machine-learning technique to predict unknown lithology after training the model with datasets of known lithology. However, logging data clustering for log unit classification, which is the main focus of this study, cannot be accomplished with such supervised HMM. This study proposed the application of a statistical clustering method with an unsupervised HMM for logging data clustering. Unsupervised clustering methods usually require analysts to subjectively determine various criteria, such as the number of clusters to be divided. A statistical approach enables us to represent the assumed clustering criteria quantitatively and provides a quantitative basis and validity for log unit clustering, assisting in making geological interpretations and determining log unit classification. In the next section, we provide a formulation of the clustering method using HMM. Thereafter, the results for the three applications at different geological settings are presented. Finally, we discuss the stability of the clustering results and the applicability and extensibility of the proposed method. The proposed data-driven method could be used to determine the appropriate number of clusters. The obtained clusters were not only consistent with previously reported log units, but also provided interpretations for finer structures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica to produce biodiesel from raw starch access Published: 15 September 2015 lipolytica to produce biodiesel from raw starch Rodrigo Ledesma-: orcid. org/0000-0002-6679-972X1,2,3, Thierry Dulermo1,2 & Nicaud1,2,3 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 7 times more than the modified strain in the wild-type background. Media optimization to increase the C/N ratio to 90 increased total lipid content up to 27 % of DCW. We also tested these strains in industrial raw starch as a proof of concept of the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess. Lipid production from raw starch was further enhanced by the expression of a second copy of each enzyme. Finally, we determined in silico that the properties of a biodiesel produced by this strain from raw starch would fit the established standards. ConclusionsIn this work, we performed a strain engineering approach to obtain a consolidated bioprocess to directly produce biolipids from raw starch. Additionally, we proved that lipid production from starch can be enhanced by both metabolic engineering and culture condition optimization, setting up the basis for further studies. BackgroundThe excessive use of petroleum sources cannot cope with the increasing worldwide energy consumption and the environmental requirements to prevent global warming. Bio-lipids produced either by plant or microorganisms are one of the most promising sustainable and renewable alternative sources of energy [1]. Microbial oils present several advantages over plant-based oils: they (1) sometimes can be synthesized from waste products as carbon source (such as glycerol or lignocellulosic materials), (2) they are independent of climate and seasonal conditions, (3) they have short process cycles, (4) industrial-scale fermentations can be rapidly adapted to market needs, (5) the land area needed for microbial cultivation is much smaller than that required for plant growth and importantly (6) microorganisms can be modified by metabolic engineering approaches, which can be utilized to enrich specific desired fatty acids within the microbial oils [2]. However, there are also drawbacks in the use of microbial oils mostly associated to the production costs. The requirement of a controlled environment of aeration, temperature and agitation, the need for aseptic conditions and the recovery of the oil from the cells increase the cost of the whole process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: degradation processes of herbicides, butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, in rice paddy water under natural sunlight were investigated. The concentration of butachlor in paddy water decreased quickly under ambient conditions with natural sunlight. The degradation of butachlor in paddy water was enhanced by the natural sunlight. However, the degradation of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was insignificant under natural sunlight. study was partially supported by Project (2012) of Development of protocol for investigating pesticide fate in soil for the determination of Concentration in Agricultural soil. Special thanks for technical advices to Dr. and Dr. at Food and Inspection Center, Japan. And this study was also supported by for & Development (Project No. PJ008590), of of Korea. Tables & Figures Fig. 1. Concentrations of butachlor and pyrazosulfuronethyl in paddy water under natural sunlight. DAHA is the days after herbicide application Table 1. The half-life(DT50) (day) of butachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in paddy water under natural sunlight Ln(c) is natural logarithm of pesticide concentration y is a natural logarithm of pesticide concentration ln(c) is the time after experiment was started (hour) R2 is the square of the correlation coefficient of y and t 1. Chen, Y. L. , & Chen,J. S. (1979). Degradation and dissipation of herbicide butachlor in paddy fields. J. Pestic. Sci. 4. 431 - 438. 2. Lin, Y. J. , Lin, C. , Yeh, K. J. , & Lee,A. (2000). Photodegradation of the herbicides butachlor and ronstar using natural sunlight and diethyamine. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64. 780 - 785. 3. Ok, J. , Doan, N. H. , Watanabe, H. , Thuyet, D. Q. , & Boulange,J. (2012). Behavior of Butachlor and Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in in Lysimeter under Conditions in Spring and Summer. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 89. 306 - 311. 4. Pusino, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: modelHMM is a statistical approach that estimates a sequence of unobservable (hidden) states. It is widely used for analyzing sequential data and has applications in voice recognition (Jelinek 1997) and bioinformatics (Baldi et al. 2001). At every sequential step, the hidden state may remain in the same state or change to other states according to transition probabilities, which depend on the current state (i. e. , Markov process). Although we cannot observe hidden states directly, they are estimated from observable quantities recorded at every sequential step. These observables are generated according to a generation probability distribution, which depends on the hidden state. The HMM is suitable for estimating geological structures (e. g. , Schumann, 2002; Eidsvik et al. 2004). The geological structures to be estimated cannot be directly measured (i. e. , hidden states); instead, they must be interpreted based on various measurements of rocks (i. e. , observables). In our problem setting of logging data, the hidden states and observables correspond to log units and logging data, respectively (Fig. 1). This study proposes the application of HMM to logging data and inverting a sequence of log units. Fig. 1Schematic concept of model for logging data clusteringFull size imageFor simplicity, this study considered logging data with a constant sampling interval: all types of logging data used in the analysis were acquired at the same depth. Additionally, we did not consider missing data. Although the methodology can be extended to such incomplete data sets, in this study, if the original datasets were incomplete, we created complete data sets by interpolation. The types of logging data are expected to be quantities that represent the physical properties of geological formation, such as electrical resistivity, natural gamma ray (NGR), velocity, and porosity. In addition, we used depth information as observables in the HMM. As was observed in the applications of the model, logging data sometimes showed significant depth dependency. In such cases, the values of the logging data had different meanings according to their depth. Therefore, in this study, we added depth data to observables in the HMM-based clustering to represent depth dependency. The HMM is formulated as follows (e. g. , Bishop 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, it is important to reduce the fermentation costs by maximizing the yield and productivity. It is essential for the economical viability of the processes to optimize the culture conditions and enhance the fermentation capacity by strain engineering. On the other hand, it is recommended to lower the cost of the substrates present in the culture media. In this regard, glucans are the most abundant polymer in plant biomass, with cellulose as the major structural component and starch as the major energy reserve [3]. Starch is a polymer of glucose formed by amylopectin (α-1,4-d-glucopyranose chains with α-1,6 branching points) and amylose chain helix (α-1,4-linked d-glucopyranose units). It is an import food and feed source and a preferred substrate for the production of many industrial products. In fact, the use of starch to produce biofuels, such as bioethanol, is already a consolidated technology [4]. The general process in the industrial fermentations begins with the obtaining of the starch slurry after milling the raw starch. The starch slurry will be used as a substrate for liquefaction at high temperature where thermostable alpha-amylases are added to the mixture to produce oligosaccharides. Thereafter, the broth is cooled down and glucoamylases are added to release glucose and maltose in the saccharification process. Finally, the glucose-enriched mixture is used for the fermentation. Usually, saccharification and fermentation steps take place together in the so-called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). A cost-effective procedure requires the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by a single organism that accomplishes liquefaction, hydrolysis and fermentation. Unfortunately, often those organisms able to degrade raw starch are not good enough in the fermentation of the desired product. An illustrative example is the case of ethanol production where over 150 amylolytic yeast strains have been reported to be impractical in industrial use because of limited characteristics [5]. The alternative proposed approach was to convert Saccharomyces cerevisiae into amylolytic yeast. Therefore, many different amylases have been expressed in baker yeast to make it able to produce ethanol from starch in CBP manner [3, 6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: Driven In2S3 -. Jayakrishnan1 1438 Accesses 1 Citation 1 all metrics AbstractA multi-faceted energy intensive technology that can be used for water disinfection and synthesis of electrolysed water (EW) is the need of the hour to achieve a sustainable post COVID 19 water management strategy. Direct sunlight driven processes are legislatively green technologies and hold the key in environmental sustenance. The development of a laboratory proto type reactor powered by a photovoltaic module for the treatment open source river water is described in this paper. This paper reports on the efficacy of the developed proto type technology for multipurpose application namely: (1) the production of Electrolysed water (EW) in a cost efficient manner using direct sunlight and (2) the removal of organic impurity from water using direct sunlight without the use of any photo catalyst or membrane. The prototype reactor utilizes chemical spray pyrolysis deposited highly photo-conducting indium sulphide thin films grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (F:SnO2) substrate (coated using chemical spray pyrolysis technique in-house) as the photo electrode. Dissolved organic matter arising in river water has distinctive fluorescence properties, and this research has utilized it to identify dissolved organic substances in both random samples and treated water. The work proves that photovoltaic module powered electrolytic reactors consisting of In2S3 electrodes can be used for treatment of river water. A diaphragm free, energy intensive route for the production of electrolysed water with the use of non-hazardous NaCl as the electrolyte has been demonstrated here. We conclude that In2S3 electrodes can be used for non-photo catalytic reduction of humic-derived impurities in river water. These results are also encouraging on the prospects of treating Nitrates present in the river water. The likes of techniques as described in this report that do not use photo catalyst or membranes may pave way for real time photovoltaic module powered floating reactors that can decontaminate water bodies on a large scale. The technique used by us demonstrates that a chlorine free route can be optimized for the synthesis of EW eliminating the production of large amounts of wastewater with high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD). Similar content being viewed by others Solar-Assisted Electro-for 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: HMM clustering was applied to logging data from different geological settings: a young accretionary prism at the Nankai Trough, onshore fault zones at the Kii Peninsula, Japan, and offshore coal bed in the forearc basin of the Japan Trench. The appropriate number of clusters was searched for different geological settings based on the index X (Eq. 14). The obtained results showed that HMM clustering divides logging data into the appropriate numbers of clusters, and that every cluster has a geological and/or geophysical meaning. Young accretionary prism at the Nankai TroughGeological settings and data with previous interpretationsTrough is located off the coast of southwest Japan, where megathrust earthquakes have repeatedly occurred (Ando 1975). It is a typical subduction zone where an accretionary prism developed at its toe (e. g. , Moore et al. 1990). Here, the Plate (PSP) subducts at a rate of ~ 6 cm/year (Miyazaki and Heki 2001; DeMets et al. 2010; Kimura et al. 2018), and thick sediments on PSP have been accreted. Many scientific drillings have been conducted at this margin to understand the seismogenesis and evolutionary processes of the subduction zone (Tobin et al. 2020). This study focused on Site C0001 (Fig. 2), which is located on the hanging wall of the major out-of-sequence thrust called “megasplay. ” This site was logged by IODP Expedition 314 (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b) and cored by IODP Expedition 315 (Expedition 315 Scientists 2009). Although logs were obtained down to ~ 976 m below the sea floor (mbsf), coring was conducted down to ~ 456 mbsf. We used the electrical resistivity log, NGR log, and P-wave velocity log for the analysis. The sampling interval of logging data was 15 cm. Fig. 2Geological settings and data summary at Site C0001. a Regional map off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, showing the location of Site C0001. b Local seismic reflection image after Expedition 314 Scientists (2009b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases has been considered as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch [6]. Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known oleaginous organism proven suitable for many different industrial processes. It is a safe organism [7] widely used to produce food grade products such as organic acids, polyalcohols, aromas, emulsifiers, surfactants and proteins [8]. Moreover, during the last years it has been a model organism for biofuel production, especially for those derived from fatty acids [9–11]. Additionally, Y. lipolytica is suitable for metabolic engineering approaches since there is a wide range of molecular tools to manipulate it [12, 13], a well-curated genome available [14], its metabolism has been studied in detail and two genome scale metabolic model exist [15, 16]. Additionally, several works have analyzed it from a systems biology point of view using different omics data (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and fluxomics) [17–20], which all together enable systems metabolic engineering of this organism. So far, metabolic engineering has already boosted lipid production in this yeast. Different target genes for overexpressions and deletions have been identified and manipulated to increase total fatty acid content. As an example, our group found that blocking beta-oxidation by deletion of the six POX genes [21] or the MFE gene [22] and overexpression of enzymes leading to TAG production, such as DGA2 [23] and GPD1 [22], enhanced lipid production. Recently a modified strain was able to reach a very high carbon to lipid conversion yield (84. 7 % of theoretical maximal yield) and very high lipid titers (~55 g/L) under optimized conditions, supporting the feasibility of Y. lipolytica to produce biodiesel [24]. Nonetheless, as discussed above, it is preferred to use inexpensive raw materials such as starch or lignocelluloses instead of glucose as carbon sources in the fermentations. Unfortunately, Y. lipolytica is not able to degrade either cellulose or starch. A recent work by Wei et al. [25] has modified this oleaginous organism by the heterologous expression of cellulases to make it able to utilize cellulosic substrates. However, no work has yet reported the use of starch by Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: 0) water will be produced at the anode, and alkaline water (pH ≥ 11. 0) will be produced at the cathode [14]. It is questionable if it is possible to generate EW with an effective sanitizing capability through an energy intensive route without the use of membranes. A multi-faceted energy intensive technology that can be used for water disinfection and synthesis of EW is the need of the hour to achieve a sustainable post COVID 19 water management strategy. Direct sunlight driven processes are legislatively green technologies and hold the key in environmental sustenance. This paper reports on the efficacy of a proto type technology for multipurpose application namely: (1) the production of EW in a cost efficient manner using direct sunlight and (2) the removal of organic impurity from water using direct sunlight without the use of any photo catalyst or a membrane. In this work highly photo conducting In2S3 thin films grown using chemical spray pyrolysis technique is used as the photo electrode and a Cu electrode serves the counter electrode [15–18]. The efficacy of the reactor in treating river water in removing identified contaminants without use of any membrane is verified. containers used to collect and store water samples were made of polyethylene which are resistant to breakage and cost effective. Storage in bottles made of polyethylene did not significantly alter the silica, sodium, total alkalinity, chloride, and boron content, or the specific conductance, pH, or hardness of the water during a storage period of about 5 months. All of the new bottles were thoroughly cleansed, filled with water, and allowed to soak for 10 days. The soaking removes much of the water-soluble material from the container surface. A sample consisted of 2 L which was sufficient for the normal routine chemical analysis. Seven study sites were selected along the flow terrain of the river. Water samples (2 L) were collected from the seven sites. During collection, the bottle was kept under the surface of the water, so as to eliminate the impurities floating on the surface. Care was taken to avoid bubbling during sampling. To develop electrodes for the electrolysis unit spray pyrolysis method was used. A solution containing the mixture of indium chloride (InCl3) and thiourea (CS(NH2)2) was used as the precursor solution for spraying.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: c Logging data and previously reported log- and litho-units (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b; Expedition 315 Scientists 2009)Full size imageExpedition reports (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b) classified logging data into three units, which were further divided into eight subunits (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). Based on the logging data and seismic reflection images, unit 1 (0–198. 9 mbsf) was interpreted to be the slope apron facies and divided into two subunits (Unit 1a and 1b at 0–190. 5 and 190. 5–198. 9 mbsf, respectively) with four decametric cycles (0–54, 54–100, 100–156, and 156–191 mbsf). Unit 1b was characterized by alternating beds of conductive and resistive sediments with a negative peak of NGR at its bottom. 2 (198. 9–529. 1 mbsf) and 3 (529. 1–976 mbsf) represented accreted sediments. Differences in the depth dependency of the electrical resistivity log divided the two units. Unit 2 was divided into three subunits (Unit 2a, 2b, and 2c at 198. 9–344. 0, 344. 0–434. 7, and 434. 7–529. 1 mbsf, respectively). Unit 2a had features similar to those of unit 1a. Units 2b and 2c had similar resistivity, although they had different NGR and velocity values. Unit 3 was divided into three subunits (Unit 3a, 3b, and 3c at 529. 1–628. 6, 628. 6–904. 9, and 904. 9–976 mbsf, respectively). Unit 3a had transitional features from Unit 2 to Unit 3, which was interpreted as a mass transport deposit or fault zone. Faults and fractures were also reported at 650, 800, 835, and 860 mbsf based on resistivity image logs. Expedition reports also classified the lithological descriptions of drill core samples into two units (Expedition 315 Scientists 2009). They were interpreted as slope aprons (Unit I) and accreted sediments (Unit II), with a boundary at 207 mbsf.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica. Nonetheless, two alpha-amylases—one of the enzymes required for degrading starch—have been expressed in this host [26, 27]. The aim of these works was protein expression and purification only and there are no reports about the capacity of these strains to grow on raw starch. Here, we engineer Y. lipolytica to consume starch and produce lipids. For this purpose, we expressed two heterologous enzymes, one alpha-amylase and one glucoamylase from rice and Aspergillus, respectively. On the one hand, we chose alpha-amylase from rice since it has been previously expressed and secreted successfully in Y. lipolytica [27] and, on the other hand, we chose glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger which is widely used by the industry [28]. Both enzymes were successfully secreted to the medium in an active form. Therefore, the strain overexpressing both proteins was able to grow on starch as sole carbon source. To enhance lipid production from starch, we introduced these two genes into a previously engineered strain with increased fatty acid synthesis capacity and blocked for beta-oxidation. The final strain was able to produce high amounts of lipids from starch. To prove the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess, we grow our engineered strain in industrial raw starch and evaluate lipid production and composition. Additionally, a second copy of each gene further boosted total lipid production showing besides a fatty acid profile suitable for a biodiesel. Results and discussionThe heterologous expression of alpha-amylase from Oryza sativa makes Y. lipolytica able to degrade starchα-Amylase is one of the two minimal activities required to completely degrade raw starch [6]. In this work, we overexpressed and secreted the α-amylase of Oryza sativa in Y. lipolytica strain JMY5077, which has been previously actively produced in this yeast [27]. Contrary to Park et al. [27], we expressed a codon-optimized α-amylase gene under the control of the strong and constitutive TEF promoter [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: Fluorinedoped SnO2 coated glass slides, with dimensions of 37 × 12 × 1. 4 mm3, were used as the substrates for film deposition. The In/S ratio in the solution was fixed by using the molar concentration of InCl3 and CS(NH2)2 in the ratio 1. 2 : 8. Total volume of the solution sprayed was 20 mL and the rate of spray was 4 mL/min. Detailed reports on the preparation and characterization of In2S3 and their photosensitivity have been reported by us previously [15, 16]. An in-house fabricated electrolysis unit was used for water treatment. The unit has previously been used for water and nutrient recovery from urine [19]. The unit consisted of a 350 mL cylindrical glass jar which served as the water storage tank. Indium sulphide thin film spray coated over the fluorine doped SnO2 substrate with a surface area of 12. 56 cm2 served as the photo-anode. A Cu electrode (98% pure) of the same area was used as the cathode. These two electrodes were separated by a distance of 0. 5 cm and powered by a 12 V, 0. 5 A c : Si solar panel. The current rating of 0. 04 A/cm2 was maintained during the electrolysis process. Electrolyte solution made from 0. 02 M NaCl was mixed with the test water sample during the treatment process. The proto-type unit was maintained at 28 ± 2°C during the electrolysis. The unit was loaded with the test solution and placed under direct sunlight. The treated water was extracted over time and analysed. is commonly used in the study of dissolved organic matter in natural water. It is a rapid, reagent less technique that requires little sample preparation. [20–22]. was generated using a. Spectrophotometer (Model no. FP8000). The emission and excitation slit widths were set at 5 nm. The scan rate for emission was 2000 nm/min. The sensitivity of the instrument was selected to High (Maximum gain) for data collection. was recorded for the samples after solar treatment for 5 and 10 h respectively. 1 presents the results of the water quality test taken for the random samples collected from the study sites. One of the critical observations was the presence of E. coli form bacteria in the water all along the basins.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: was further divided into three subunits (Unit Ia, Ib, and Ic at 0–168. 35, 168. 35–196. 76, and 196. 76–207. 17 mbsf, respectively). was composed of hemipelagic mud with volcanic ash; unit Ib, hemipelagic mud with silt turbidites; and unit Ic, sand and hemipelagic mud. In contrast, Unit II was a single unit without any subunits comprising hemipelagic mud. Although the overall unit classifications of logging units and lithological units were similar, there were differences in subunit classifications. ResultsWe conducted a grid search for the number of clusters to obtain the optimized model. Figure 3 shows the results of grid search. The approximated evidence value was high and flat at a large K range, whereas the index X showed a minimum at K = 13. The sequence of the estimated hidden states is shown in Fig. 4. The clustering results are summarized in Table 1. Boundaries of clusters were set at depths where step changes of logging values were observed or where depth dependencies of logging values were changed. For example, NGR log showed a small step decrease at the boundary between clusters A and B. Depth dependency of resistivity log also changed at this depth, showing a slight increase in cluster A and constant in cluster B. was a thin layer including spiky signals in NGR and resistivity. and E were differentiated by the depth dependency of the NGR log. It showed a slight increase in cluster D, whereas it became constant in cluster E. and F somewhat overlapped but have different features in velocity log, such that cluster F had a slower velocity than cluster E at the same depth. The boundary between clusters F and G was determined by the changes in the velocity log. The increasing trend with depth in cluster F changed to constant values in cluster G. was characterized by dropping values for all logs. was characterized by slower velocity than the surrounding clusters I and K. was characterized by dropping values in all logs, which was similar to cluster H. and M were differentiated by higher resistivity and velocity values for cluster M. Fig. 3Grid search results of Evidence L(q) and index X for the number of clusters (K) at Site C0001Full size imageFig. 4Clustering results at C0001 and previously reported log units (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). Ellipses represent covariance of each cluster.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cellular growth was followed either in soluble starch by the OD600 measurement in liquid media containing soluble starch (SS) (Fig. 3) or in raw starch by the presence of yeast cells under optical microscope (Fig. 4). These results can be explained because α-amylases hydrolyze the internal α-1,4-bonds of amylose and amylopectin at random, producing mainly maltodextrins with a length of 10–20 glucose residues, that Y. lipolytica cannot assimilate. Although these enzymes can also release maltose and free glucose, these may not be enough to allow efficient growth. Therefore, additional enzymatic activities to release glucose units are required to use Y. lipolytica as consolidated bioprocess using starch. Fig. 3Growth curve in starch media as sole carbon source. Growth curve obtained after measuring the OD600 in 96 well plates. wt (wild type, JMY2900), α (strain expressing alpha-amylase, JMY5077), GA (strain expressing glucoamylase, JMY5083) and α + GA (strain expressing alpha-amylase and GA, JMY5017). Showed values are the average of three independent experimentsFull size image Fig. 4Optical microscope images of the granules of raw starch incubated with different Y. lipolytica strains. a The wild type (JMY2900), b expression of alpha-amylase (JMY5077), c expression of glucoamylase (JMY5083) and d expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (JMY5017)Full size image The expression of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger in Y. lipolytica is sufficient to allow growth on soluble starchGlucoamylase is recognized as the most important enzyme, which is responsible for the progressive hydrolysis of starch from non-reducing ends to release β-d-glucose units and saccharification of the polymers [3]. Many glucoamylases are currently used by the industry and one of the most important is one from A. niger [28]. Additionally, successful metabolic engineering approaches to produce ethanol in S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: Only for samples taken from the upstream point where the water collected was from within the forest sanctuary area E. coli bacteria was absent. We have quantified the pH, Turbidity, fluoride, chloride and Nitrate content in the samples along the basin. The presence of Nitrates in the random test sample is indicative of the effect of agricultural activities on the river sides. The origin of nitrates in the river water may be assigned to activities like fertilizers, livestock facilities, septic systems, natural deposits and household waste flowing into the river. Table 1. Summary ofwater quality test taken for the samplesFull size tableFigure 1 shows the water fluorescence under excitation of 300 nm, for water samples collected at seven different basins of the river. The spectrum shows a relatively sharp emission with peak emission intensity at a wavelength of ~330 nm. For all samples there was broad emission ranging from 350 to 550 nm. Gaussian peak fit program was used to fit the emission spectrum of the samples. The results of the peak fit for raw water samples are shown in Table 2. The fit data had a residue value greater than 0. 998. We observe consistent excitation/emission pairs from this exercise. Specifically, the λex/λem pair of 300 nm/334 nm is present for all samples. The λex/λem pair of 300 nm/398–400 nm, λex/λem pair of 300 nm/451–458 nm, λex/λem pair of 300 nm/521–532 nm are common for all samples. The sample from the urban location containing a community water pumping station showed distinct λex/λem pairs of 300 nm/388 nm, 300 nm/415 nm, 300 nm/438 nm and 300 nm/470 nm. Fig. 1. Fluorescence spectrum of samples collected from different locations along basin of river Pampa. (1) Upstream; (2) Triveni; (3) Nellickal; (4) Aranmula; (5) Aratupuzha; (6) Puthencavu; (7) Malakara. Full size imageTable 2. Summary of fluorescence test taken for the samplesFull size tableThe most common fluorophores in natural surface waters are humic-like derived from the breakdown of plant material (peaks C and A) [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: a The entire section, and b the close-up figure of a where noted by a black arrow on the leftFull size imageTable 1 Clustering results for Site C0001Full size tableThe clustering results obtained by HMM were in good agreement with the log unit classification of expedition scientists. The top three clusters (A–C) roughly corresponded to Unit 1 (0–198. 9 mbsf). Another four clusters (D–G) corresponded to Unit 2 (198. 9–529. 1 mbsf). The top depth of cluster F agreed with the boundary between the log units 2a and 2b. The boundary between clusters F and G also agreed with the boundary between log units 2b and 2c. Unit 3 (529. 1–976 mbsf) consisted of six clusters (H–M). The bottom depths of clusters H and L corresponded to the boundary between log units 3a and 3b and between log units 3b and 3c, respectively. HMM clustering divided log unit 1a into two clusters (A and B) at ~ 100 mbsf. These two clusters were further divided based on differences in the depth dependency of resistivity and the negative step of NGR at the boundary. The depth of the boundary corresponded to one of the boundaries of the decametric cycles in log unit 1A documented in the expedition report (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). was thicker than the corresponding log unit (1b). The top of cluster C was defined by a step increase in P-wave velocity. Above this step increase, the velocity log was unreliable because of the very low formation velocity close to the drilling fluid velocity (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). Therefore, the top depth of cluster C was considered to be artificial. The bottom depth of cluster C was defined as the depth at which the steps are observed in three logs. HMM clustering divided log unit 3b into four clusters (I–L) at ~ 675, ~ 725, and ~ 800 mbsf. was characterized by a significant drop in resistivity and velocity logs. was characterized by a drop in the velocity log. This feature was similar to log unit 3a, which was interpreted to be a fault zone or mass transport deposit (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). As explained above, clustering results by HMM were in good agreement with the log unit classification of expedition scientists.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae using starch as sole carbon source are based in the single heterologous expression of glucoamylase [31–33]. Also, the production of glucoamylase from Aspergillus was essential in the saccharification step prior to a fermentation to produce lipids using Lipomyces starkeyi [34]. Glucoamylase was expressed in Y. lipolytica wild-type strain (Po1d) generating the strain JMY5083. Glucoamylase signal sequence was replaced by the targeting sequence of Lip2 and its expression was controlled by the promoter TEF (Additional file 1: Table S1). As expected, the modified strain of Y. lipolytica showed smaller clear zones around the colonies comparing to the α-amylase expression on YPD plates containing starch (Fig. 1c). This is due to the fact that iodine staining decreased with the length of the amylase chain and therefore it is preferentially used for identifying alpha-amylase activity, which release shorter chains of amylase. Nonetheless, if glucoamylase activity is very high this can also show clarification zones, as we observed [35]. A band corresponding to the expected size of the protein, 68. 2 kDa, was found in the supernatant of the culture of the engineered strain in glucose-based media (Fig. 2), proving efficient expression and secretion of the Aspergillus enzyme in Yarrowia. Interestingly, growth of the glucoamylase expressing strain was similar in a media containing soluble starch (SS) (Fig. 3) and in media containing glucose as sole carbon source, thus indicating an efficient release of glucose units by the active glucoamylase. Nonetheless, this strain was unable to grow in raw starch medium (RS). This result may be explained due to a lack of α-amylase activity (Fig. 4) which may be required to facilitate the accessibility of the glucoamylase to this substrate [36]. Y. lipolytica co-expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase produces lipids from starchWe showed that Y. lipolytica expressing α-amylase is able to clarify raw starch and how the strain expressing glucoamylase can release enough glucose from soluble starch to permit growth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: Figure 2 compares the spectrum for water samples collected from Aaratupuzha (urban locality downstream) and subjected to 5 and 10 h of treatment using the solar powered electrolysis unit with the electrodes made with the stoichiometric ratio In/S = 1. 2/8. The figure also includes the fluorescence spectra for a branded mineral drinking water sample as reference. This sample yielded only a sharp emission at ~330 nm. The comparison between the spectra of other samples hence proved that the water samples collected from us was contaminated. It is evident from the figure that the relative intensities of the fluorescence from the humic derivatives decreases progressively as the treatment time is increased. The EW was removed through the duct at the top of the unit and was taken for water quality analysis. The water at the bottom of the unit after treatment contained sediments which was removed using the lower duct. It is evident that the fluorescence signals from the treated water samples decrease with processing time. This is due to the removal of the humic derivative in the sedimentation. Table 3 summarizes the results of the water quality test taken for the EW which show that quality improvement has been achieved and demonstrates feasibility of water purification through our prototype. Fig. 2. Fluorescence spectrum of sample collected from river Pampa (1) at an urban location having a community water pumping station (2) subjected to 5 h of solar powered electrolysis (3) subjected to 10 h of solar powered electrolysis and (4) Fluorescence spectrum of mineral water of brand XXX. Full size imageTable 3. Results of the water quality test taken for the sample after subjecting it to the electrolysisFull size tableThe technique used by us demonstrates that a chlorine free route can be optimized for the synthesis of EW eliminating the production of large amounts of wastewater with high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD). The EW was removed through the duct at the top of the unit and was taken for water quality analysis. The technique used by us demonstrates that a chlorine free route can be optimized for the synthesis of EW eliminating the production of large amounts of wastewater with high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD). As seen in Table 2 the EW obtained after 10 h of treatment has low pH. EW may find several applications in the agriculture and food industry due to its disinfectant action. The fluorescence spectra of the EW did not contain the emissions associated with the humic derivatives identified in the random test sample.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: In addition, HMM clustering further suggested a finer structure in log units 1a, 2a, and 3b. On the other hand, lithological unit classification of expedition scientists did not suggest such fine structures in the accretionary prism. Hence, the different characteristics of each log unit could be mainly attributed to differences in physical properties due to the different deformation histories of each geological formation. Onshore fault zone at Kii Peninsula, JapanGeological settings and data with previous interpretationsSurvey of Japan, of Science and Technology constructed several integrated groundwater observatories to monitor plate-boundary motion along the subduction zone in southwestern Japan, including the (Itaba et al. 2010). At one of the observatories, ITA (Fig. 5), a borehole (ITA-1) penetrated the Line (MTL) (Shigematsu et al. 2012). This study focused on borehole ITA-1, which is located on the hanging wall and 300 m north of the MTL. The MTL divides the low-P/high-T Ryoke metamorphic terrain in the north from the high-P/low-T Sanbagawa terrain in the south and is the longest onshore fault in the Japan arc (Wallis and Okudaira 2016). The rocks around the observatory ITA are variably affected by the faultings along the MTL (Shigematsu et al. 2012, 2017; Mori et al. 2015; Katori et al. 2021). Fig. 5Geological map and data summary at Site ITA. a Regional map of the showing the location of Site ITA based on Shigematsu et al. (2012). b Interpreted cross-section image around Site ITA after Shigematsu et al. (2012). c Logging data and core description previously reported by Shigematsu et al. (2012)Full size imageWireline logging data are acquired during the drilling process (Kiguchi et al. 2014). The drilling of ITA-1 was conducted in two steps. The borehole was first drilled with a diameter of 96 mm to acquire drill core samples. Resistivity and NGR logs were acquired for this initial borehole. Then, the borehole was widened to a diameter of 10–5/8 inches. P- and S-wave velocity logs were recorded for a widened borehole.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the single expression of one of the amylases is not enough to make Yarrowia able to use raw starch as carbon source. Therefore, we decided to combine the two enzymes in the same strain. In addition, synergistic effects have been found in the co-expression of both enzymes as well as higher titers in biomass and ethanol production from starch in baker yeast [37–39]. As expected, the constructed strain expressing both enzymes, JMY5017, was able to generate clear halos when growing in YPD containing starch (Fig. 1d), indicating α-amylase activity. Additionally, we found bands corresponding to the expected size of both proteins in the supernatant of a glucose-based culture, suggesting their expression and secretion (Fig. 2). This strain was able to grow in soluble starch as sole carbon source as good as the strain expressing the glucoamylase alone (Fig. 3), since no statistical significance was found when comparing either growth rate or final biomass between JMY5017 and JMY5083. In this case, JMY5017 was able to degrade the granules of raw starch and release enough glucose units to permit the yeast growth (Fig. 4) contrary to the strains producing a single enzyme. Due to the interest in producing bio-based alternatives to petroleum sources from renewable materials, we further wanted to investigate the ability of our modified strain to produce bio-lipids from starch (SS). We therefore make cultures in two different media with high C/N ratio, which is known to trigger lipid accumulation in this yeast [40]. The modified strain co-expressing the two enzymes produces up to 4. 4 ± 0. 9 % of the DCW as fatty acids in the culture media with soluble starch and a C/N ratio of 60. When the C/N ratio was increased to 90, the same strain doubles its lipid accumulation capacity, reaching 7. 2 ± 0. 4 % of the DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 5a, b). In both culture media, this strain consumed 49. 4 ± 2. 4 % of the starch after 6 days of culture. In both YNBC/N 60 and YNBC/N90 similar final biomass was reached 11. 33 ± 0. 17 and 11. 14 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 0. 49 ± 0. 09 and 0. 80 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Modern agriculture can function without water or sunlight as long as the right technology is used. [SEP] Text: The technique used by us demonstrates that a chlorine free route can be optimized for the synthesis of EW eliminating the production of large amounts of wastewater with high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD). 1. Madaeni, S. S. , The application of membrane technology for water disinfection, Water Res. , 1999, vol. 33, no. 2, 308. 133. 486. 815. 350. Bergmann, M. E. H. , Iourtchouk, T. , Schöps, K. , and Bouzek, K. , New UV irradiation and direct electrolysis-promising methods for water disinfection, Chem. Eng. J. , 2002, vol. 85, 117. 204. 882. 89. O’and Crandall, P. G. , in of Fruits and Vegetables, New York: Academic, 2018, 212. 424. 203. Jayakrishnan, R. , Sebastian, T. , John, T. T. , Sudha Kartha, C. , and Vijayakumar, K. P. , Photoconductivity in sprayed β-In2S3 thin films under sub-band-gap excitation of 1. 96 eV, J. Appl. Phys. , 2007, vol. 102, 043109. 632. 8 nm? , J. Appl. Phys. , 2008, vol. 103, 053106. 3714. 1168. 6103. 346. Hudson, N. , Baker, A. , Ward, D. , Reynolds, D. M. , Brunsdon, C. , Carliell-Marquet, C. , and Browning, S. , Can fluorescence spectrometry be used as a surrogate for the Demand (BOD) test in water quality assessment? An example from England, Sci. Total Environ. , 2008, vol. 391, 158. 1781. 733. Download 2017. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom P. O. , 695581, Thiruvananthapuram, IndiaR. JayakrishnanAuthorsR. JayakrishnanView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: We used four logs (electrical resistivity, NGR, and P- and S-wave velocity logs) for the analysis (Fig. 5). Although the borehole was drilled down to ~ 600 m below the land surface (mbls), complete sets of logging data with good quality were obtained until ~ 490 mbls owing to the unstable borehole wall below 473. 9 mbls. The sampling interval of logging data was 10 cm. Although log unit classification has not been published for logging data, lithologies and structures have been described for drill core samples (Shigematsu et al. 2012, 2014; Mori et al. 2015) (Fig. 5). The borehole ITA-1 penetrated the MTL at 473. 9 mbls with significant lithological changes from the Ryoke granitoids to the Sanbagawa metamorphic rocks, resulting in the large drop in resistivity log. Below the MTL, the rocks were intensively fractured at 473. 9–495. 0 and 520–555 mbls. In the hanging wall of the MTL, three mylonite zones were recognized at 140–286, 330–370, and 450–473. 9 mbls; in this study, we referred to them as the top, middle, and bottom mylonite zones, respectively. Shallow dipping faults were also identified at 135, 170, 260, 350, 380, and 410 mbls (Shigematsu et al. 2012). ResultsWe conducted a grid search for the number of clusters to obtain the optimized model. Figure 6 shows the results of the grid search. The approximated evidence value was high and flat at a large K range, whereas the index X showed a minimum at K = 14. The sequence of the estimated hidden states is shown in Fig. 7. The clustering results are summarized in Table 2. Similar to the previous example, the boundaries of clusters were set at depths where step changes of logging values were observed or where depth dependencies of logging values were changed. At depths shallower than ~ 140 mbsf, four clusters (A–D) overlapped. Clusters E–M had similar velocities, although they had different sets of resistivity and NGR values. Cluster N, which appears at depths below 473. 9 m, was characterized by clear drops in P- and S-wave velocity logs and resistivity logs. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 06 g/L, respectively. This experiment suggests that starch can be used for lipid production in this strain and that media composition and culture condition optimization can further enhance lipid accumulation. Additionally and according to fluorescence microscopy images, the fatty acids are mainly accumulated in lipids bodies (Fig. 5c, d) as it normally occurs under nitrogen limitation conditions. Fig. 5Lipid production in wild-type background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the wild-type background; the growth in green (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in red. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods” with different amounts of starch; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A, while d corresponds to the experiment B. All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Lipid overproducer strain of Y. lipolytica produces high amounts of fatty acids from starchWe have previously generated an engineered strain of Y. lipolytica containing multiple modifications able to accumulate high amounts of lipids, JMY3501 [41]. This strain has been blocked for the β-oxidation by the deletion of the six POX genes, avoiding lipid degradation in the peroxisome [21]. It has been also blocked for TGL4, the main intracellular lipase in charge of the release of fatty acids from TAGs stored in the lipid body [42]. Additionally, it overexpresses the gene GPD1 [22] involved in the glycerol-3-phosphate formation, a precursor of the TAG, and the gene DGA2 [23], encoding an acyltransferase involved in the last step of TAG formation. We thus further modified this strain by overexpressing the α-amylase and glucoamylase genes to generate the strain JMY5035.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1217910/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurposeThe aim of study was to quantify the temporal change of soil organic carbon content in relation to agricultural management for a dry sandy arable soil and to derive the C sequestration potential. MethodsWe analyzed data from a long-term field experiment with three crop rotations of different cereal proportions, with two levels of straw application (removal/return) in combination with four mineral nitrogen rates (40 … 160 kg ha-1 yr-1). Treatments are arranged in a two-factorial block design with two replicates for each rotation. During the 24-year study period, grain and straw yield of two cereal test crops and soil organic carbon content in topsoil were determined annually from each plot. ResultsSoil organic carbon content was positively influenced by removing non-cereal crops from the rotation and – to a smaller extent – by straw application. Increasing mineral N-fertilization from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 to higher rates increased grain yield of rye but not barley, increased straw yield of both cereals more, with no effect of higher straw yields on soil organic carbon content. ConclusionDespite the overall soil organic carbon content of the sandy soil under study is comparatively low, the results indicate that agricultural management has a relevant impact on soil carbon stocks. Straw return contributes to carbon sequestration even in rotations with a low potential for reproduction of organic matter. High mineral N-fertilization is not an adequate measure to sequester carbon. Long-term experimentrotationstraw applicationmineral nitrogen fertilizationyieldsoil organic carbonFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7IntroductionSoil carbon content (SOC) has been studied so far largely in terms of its positive effects on soil properties, crop yield, and yield stability. Recognizing that changes in SOC stocks are climate-relevant, there is an additional focus on assessing agricultural soils for their potential as organic carbon pool (Peoplau et al. 2020). For Germany, the first agricultural soil inventory at national scale identified average soil organic carbon (SOC) contents for croplands on mineral soils of 17. 6 ± 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: 6Grid search results of Evidence L(q) and index X for the number of clusters (K) at Site ITAFull size imageFig. 7Clustering results at ITA and core descriptions (Shigematsu et al. 2012). Ellipses represent covariance of each clusterFull size imageTable 2 Clustering results for site ITAFull size tableWe observed a good correlation between the clustering results and the three mylonite zones. Above the top mylonite zone, four clusters were identified (A–D). The top mylonite zone could be compared with four clusters (E–H). covered the depth range between the top and middle mylonite zones. could be compared to the middle mylonite zone. covered the depth range between the middle and bottom mylonite zones. Two spikes of the NGR log at 360–410 mbls were categorized into cluster L. The bottom mylonite zone corresponded to cluster M. The footwall of the MTL corresponded to cluster N. The shallowest part in cluster D was considered to represent the effect of the surface because the velocity logs showed steep increases. Clusters A, B, and C had similar P- and S-wave velocities but different NGR and resistivity values. was characterized by low NGR log values, whereas cluster B had high NGR log values corresponding to mafic rocks that often appear in surrounding Ryoke granitoids (Hayama et al. 1982; Shigematsu et al. 2012). had lower resistivity log values than clusters A and B. The top mylonite zone corresponded to four clusters (E–H). The bottom cluster H was characterized by a low NGR. and F had similar NGR, although they had low and high resistivities, respectively. Fault breccias of shallow dipping faults have been documented in the depth range corresponding to cluster E, including the fault located at the screened depth of ITA-2 (Matsumoto and Shigematsu 2018), which is interpreted to represent faults. Large differences in NGR logs for clusters F (191–219 mbls) and G (221–255 mbsf) implied that there are lithological differences between the two clusters. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses by Tanaka et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Therefore, we here not only proved that our modified Y. lipolytica strains can accumulate lipids from starch but also that the amount of produced lipids can be enhanced by both optimization of culture conditions and strain engineering. Engineered Y. lipolytica strains produce biolipids suitable for biodiesel from industrial raw starchTo complete our proof of concept about Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to produce lipids from starch, we wanted to test our strains in an industrial starch media (IS). For this purpose, we obtained starch from the company and we used it directly as a substrate for flask fermentation. To cope with the higher amounts of substrates normally used in large-scale fermentations, we constructed additional strains expressing one extra copy of each of the enzymes (JMY5196) using JMY5035 as parental strain. These strains were able to grow and produce lipids using the industrial product containing starch as carbon source (IS media) in flask under non-optimized conditions (Fig. 7). The wild-type background overexpressing the two enzymes (JMY5017) produces 0. 64 ± 0. 08 g/L of lipids, while the same overexpressions in the engineered background for lipid accumulation (JMY5035) reached 2. 29 ± 0. 94 from 22. 5 g/L of glucose equivalents in the substrate. Fig. 7Flask fermentation to produce lipids from industrial raw starch. a Shows the g/L of lipids produced when the strains were grown in industrial starch media (IS). The differences between the three strains are statistically significant among each other (p < 0. 05). b, c show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. b Correlates with the strain wt (α + GA), JMY5017, and c with the strain 3820 (α + GA) × 2, JMY5196. Industrial starch under the electron microscope d when no cells are present in the solution and e after growing the cells of JMY5196Full size image In addition, we proved that a second copy of both α-amylase and glucoamylase further increase lipid production up to 2. 84 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 9 g kg−1 at 0-10 cm depth and 15. 5 ± 8. 2 g kg−1 at 10-30 cm depth. The derived SOC stock values were 61 ± 25 Mg ha−1 for 0-30 cm as the current reference depth in the greenhouse gas inventory (Peoplau et al. 2020). Regularly resampling is needed to detect und quantify changes in SOC. Long-term experiments (LTE), which have been conducted for decades, provide continuous information on long-term effects of different management systems on crop and soil characteristics (Körschens et al. 2014). An essential criterion for the usability of data from LTEs is long periods of time without significant modifications in treatments and experimental conditions (Körschens 2021; Rasmussen et al. 1998; Reckling et al. 2021; Stumpf et al. 2021). Considerations on humus require a distinction between permanent (long-term stable, uninvolved in mineralization process) and nutrient humus (Körschens 2021). Körschens (2021) reported for 68 European LTEs that the total humus carbon content ranges from 0. 15–2. 29% and that the part of permanent humus carbon content is mainly between 0. 32% (sandy soil) and 1. 46% (black soil). Observing permanent humus values requires LTEs with plots of bare fallow over a long period of time. Nutrient humus carbon content that can be influenced by management measures was reported to be 0. 29% on average across the 68 LTEs. SOC content is rarely stable, it can accumulate, but it can also be degraded. In temperate climates, SOC changes occur very slowly and can be observed only after years (Johnston et al. 2017; Körschens et al. 2014; Poulton et al. 2018). The direction of change in SOC content toward a particular site-specific ‘equilibrium’ level depends largely on the initial SOC level and on the specific cropping system that are applied constantly over a long period of time (Johnston et al. 2017; Körschens et al. 2014). Due to frequent alterations of the cultivation measures, it is unrealistic to achieve an equilibrium state of SOC content under agricultural practices. The influences of climate change are superimposed by fertilization, crop rotation, tillage and other agricultural management measures (Körschens et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: (2012) suggest that the formation at 169–222 mbls is K-feldspar originating from granite, whereas the formation at 222–275 mbls is chlorite originating from tonalite. and K may reflect differences in the alteration minerals. XRD analyses by Tanaka et al. (2012) reported the presence of laumontite at 275–408 mbls, which is a hydrothermal alteration mineral, while it is not abundant below 408 mbls. The bottom of cluster J was defined at 400 mbls, which may correspond to such lithological differences. Such differences could be attributed to the differences in the CO2 partial pressure of the fluid causing hydrothermal alternation. The fluid electrical conductivity log for drilling mud suggests that there is a fluid pathway at approximately 408 mbls (Kiguchi and Kuwahara 2020). Fault breccias have also been documented at 410 mbls (Shigematsu et al. 2012). Inflow of fluid at this depth may change the characteristics of the fluid responsible for hydrothermal alternation. In this example, the clustering results showed a good correlation with the lithological description. This is because onshore geological formations were well lithified, and the depth dependence of elastic properties was small. For example, the P- and S-wave velocity logs were almost constant in Station ITA, except for the top of the hole. Therefore, lithological differences could be the main factor in clustering logging data. On the other hand, in the previous example, logging data showed strong depth dependency due to differences in consolidation state (i. e. , physical properties), resulting in less contribution of lithological differences in clustering. Coal bed at forearc basin of the Japan TrenchGeological settings and data with previous interpretationsIODP Expedition 337 conducted scientific drilling at Site C0020 (Fig. 8) located in the forearc basin of the Japan Trench, where a deep coal bed was confirmed at ~ 2000 mbsf (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013a, 2013b). As this drilling used the riser drilling technique (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013a), cutting samples were acquired through 636. 5–2466 mbsf. Coring was skipped for the top half of the hole and was conducted for 1256. 5–2466 mbsf. Logging data were acquired using wire-line logging.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 16 g/L, which represent a yield Y FA/S = 0. 13 ± 0. 07 g/g (grams of fatty acids produced per gram of glucose equivalents in the industrial starch added to the media). The parental strain JMY3501 produced similar lipid titers, 3. 2 g/L from 60 g/L of glucose, and therefore with a lower yield Y FA/S = 0. 053 g/g [41]. Although the total lipid titer remains low compared to other engineered strains in bioreactor optimized conditions [24], here we set up a proof of concept that can be easily transferred to different genetic backgrounds and cultured in optimized large-scale conditions. Surprisingly, we found those strains able to grow in the industrial starch on the surface of the insoluble fractions (coming from wheat cells) present in this substrate, as revealed in the electronic microscopy [Fig. 7d (control with no cells), e (attached cells)]. These preliminary data could suggest the ability of Y. lipolytica to bind plant biomass, which could be useful in cell immobilization approaches. Additionally, this interesting feature could be exploited towards the use of lignocellulosic material using this yeast. This fact is in accordance to previous reports that show the ability of Yarrowia to bind to hydrophobic substrates in an inducible manner [43] due to Lewis acid–base interactions rather than hydrophobic properties of the cell surface [44] Nonetheless, more experiments must be performed to confirm these results, which are currently undergoing. As we previously discussed, microbial lipids can be used as biodiesel after transmethylation reaction to form fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) [45]. It is important to notice that the fatty acid profile (differences in carbon chain length and number of double bonds) of the biolipid has a strong influence in the biodiesel quality [46]. Therefore, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of our strains after growing in industrial starch (Additional file 3: Figure S2). As expected, most abundant fatty acids are 18:1, 16:0, 18:2, 16:1 and 18:0. Nonetheless, significantly differences were found between the wild-type background and the lipid accumulating background, where 16:0 was two times higher and 18:1 was diminished in 20 %.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 2014). For instance, crop rotations with tuber crops can decrease SOC content as compared with cereal monoculture (Kaiser et al. 2007), root crops and fallow increase soil aeration, which favours soil microbial decomposition of organic matter (Johnston et al. 2017). For mineral soils without significant groundwater influence, the quantity of annual C-input by organic fertilizers and plant residues is a central driver of changes in SOC stocks (Peoplau et al. 2020). Straw return can increase SOC content despite the effect on SOC content is lower compared to farmyard manure (Zhao et al. , 2009). Mineral fertilization has a relatively low impact due to the rapid mineralization of plant and root residues (Körschens 2021). Johnston et al. (2017) reported that only 5% of the added organic carbon over a 70-year period was retained in the soil and 95% was lost. Increasing SOC aims to improve soil functioning and quality for more sustainable agriculture; but in recent years, the discussion has focused more on the contribution of soils to carbon sinks to mitigate climate change. For a sandy loam, increasing SOC content by including grass or grass + clover leys in the rotation or by applying high amounts of farmyard manure is possible, but only for a limited period towards a new equilibrium (Johnston et al. 2017). Poulton et al. (2018) concluded from 16 LTEs in south-east that it is unrealistic to increase SOC as a major contribution to climate change mitigation and instead suggested promoting practices that increase SOC, even slightly, to preserve and improve the functioning of soils. The potential of sandy soils to sequester significant amounts of carbon is questionable, especially because they generally have a lower SOC content than fine-textured soils. Based on data from a long-term field experiment, our aim was to quantify the temporal change of SOC content in the topsoil in relation to crop rotation design, straw application, and mineral nitrogen fertilization for a dry sandy soil and to derive the carbon sequestration potential. base The experimental site Thyrow (experimental station of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany) is located south of Berlin (379609 E, 5790564 N; ETRS89, UTM Zone 33).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: Only the NGR log was acquired for the shallow hole. The full dataset is available below 1256. 5 mbs. Fig. 8Geological settings and data summary at Site C0020. a Regional map at the showing the location of Site C0020, after Expedition 337 Scientists (2013a). b Local seismic reflection image after Expedition 337 Scientists (2013a). c Logging data and previously reported log- and litho-units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b)Full size imageLogging data were classified into four units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Unit 1 was at 647–1256. 5 mbsf, where only the NGR log was available. This unit was not included in our analysis because of the lack of complete datasets. Unit 2 was at 1256. 5–1825. 5 mbsf and was interpreted to have alternated relatively thick massive sandstones and siltstones. It was further divided into three subunits: unit 2a was located at 1256. 5–1429. 1 mbsf, which consisted of sandstone and siltstone of 60–70 m thickness; unit 2b at 1429. 1–1617. 4 mbsf was a highly permeable sandy sequence with several thick conglomerate layers at its base (1592. 5–1617. 4 mbsf); unit 2c at 1617. 4–1825. 5 mbsf gradually changed from silty layers at the top to sandy layers at the bottom. Unit 3 at 1825. 5–2055. 0 mbsf was characterized by frequent coal layers and was further divided into two subunits at 1916. 2 mbsf. The shallow Unit 3a was silty with frequent sandy layers, whereas the deeper Unit 3b was sandier. Lastly, unit 4 at 2055. 0–2466 mbsf was also divided into two subunits, with the shallow Unit 4a (2055. 0–2255. 0 mbsf) as thick massive shale and the deeper Unit 4b as an alternation of sandstone and shale. According to a previous report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b), lithological units are also divided into four units, although subunit classification is different from log units. at 647–1256. 5 mbsf primarily consists of diatom-bearing silty clay. Unit II at 1256.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We decided to further analyze the theoretical application of the FAMEs from our engineered strains for the production of biodiesel. Several biodiesel quality standards have been established in different countries, including the USA (ASTM D 6751) and Europe [EN 14214 (vehicle use) and EN14213 (heating oil)]. Here, the theoretical properties of Y. lipolytica biolipids for biodiesel production were analyzed according to the most restrictive standard, EN 14214. We therefore evaluated the following parameters (Additional file 4: Table S2): (a) kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, (b) density at 15 °C, (c) iodine value, (d) heating value, (e) cetane number and (f) cold filter plugging point. Interestingly, all biolipids from the tested strains fit the required standard values, presenting thus, a promising composition for being used as biodiesel. ConclusionIn summary, we successfully expressed and secreted heterologous amylases in Y. lipolytica, α-amylase from O. sativa and glucoamylase from A. niger. To our knowledge this is the first report on the expression of an active glucoamylase in Yarrowia. The modified strain was able to grow in starch as sole carbon source. Additionally, we performed the same expressions in a lipid accumulating background and it proves to accumulate high amounts of lipids. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular lipid was not only dependent in the genetic background but also in the C/N ratio of the media, which proof the potential enhancement of the yield and productivity of the process after culture optimization at bioreactor scale. Finally, the engineered strain was able to produce lipids from industrial raw starch what is a proof of concept in the use of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel. Interestingly, the theoretical analysis of the biodiesel properties of the FAMEs generated from starch fits the most restrictive regulatory standard. MethodsStrains and mediaThe Y. lipolytica strains used in this study were derived from the wild-type Y. lipolytica W29 (ATCC20460) strain. All of the strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Media and growth conditions for Escherichia coli and Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: The soil type is a Retisol (2015) from glacial deposits covered by a thick sandy layer of more than 0. 7 m. The tillage horizon (0-28 cm) is characterized by a sandy soil texture with an average clay content of 27 g kg-1 and silt content of 142 g kg-1. The soil is free of carbonates, the pH value is kept at an optimum value of 5. 4 - 5. 8 by liming. The long-term experiment D5 was established in 1937 to compare different types of potassium fertilizers in crop rotations with 50% cereals. Besides two zero K treatments, 66 or 100 kg K ha-1 yr-1 were applied with different types of fertilizers. The potassium treatments differed only slightly, so this experimental question was abandoned in 1971 and a new experimental question was introduced using the same plots but modified treatments. With a short transition period from 1974 to 1975, the LTE has been running as Crop rotation, straw and mineral-N fertilisation trial Thy_D5 since 1976. Both treatment factors straw application and mineral nitrogen fertilization have been tested in three four-course rotations with one crop per year. The rotations differ in the percentage of cereals in the crop rotation: Rotation 1 involves 50% cereals (beets – spring barley – winter rye – maize for silage), rotation 2 comprises 75% cereals (beets – spring barley – winter rye – winter rye), and rotation 3 includes 100% cereals (winter barley – spring barley – winter rye – oat). The second and third crops per rotation are identical for all rotations, they serve as test crops (Payne 2015). Eight treatments result from the combination of two levels of straw application and 4 levels of nitrogen. In addition, there are two further treatments which, unlike the others, did not received potassium until 1971 (zero K treatments) and are tested without straw return of test crops in combination with the third N level from 1976 onward. The treatment factors are described in detail in Table 1. For each rotation, the treatments are arranged in a two-factorial randomized complete block design with two special additional treatments and two replicates (Fig. 1). Soil tillage measures such as stubble cultivation, ploughing, and seedbed preparation before sowing were comparable for all crops in all rotations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: 5–1826. 5 mbsf mostly consists of silty shale. A rapid decrease in sand content characterized the boundary between and II. Unit II was further divided into two subunits, with unit IIb having more abundant organic materials in shale than in unit IIa. The boundary between units IIa and IIb was documented at 1506. 5 mbsf. Unit III at 1826. 5–2046. 5 mbsf is characterized by coal layers. The thick coal layers disappeared in Unit IV at 2046. 5–2466 mbsf. Unit IV was further divided into two subunits (IVa and IVb). Unit IVa mainly comprises shale and sandstone, whereas Unit IVb comprises clay and silt. The boundary between the two subunits was documented at 2426. 5 mbsf. Here, we used five types of logging data (electrical resistivity, NGR, P- and S-wave velocity, and porosity) for HMM clustering (Fig. 8). The sampling interval for NGR and porosity log was 2. 5 cm; resistivity log, 5 cm; and P- and S-wave velocity, 15 cm. To align the logging data, we set the depth grid at every 20 cm and calculated the average values of the logging data within 20 cm from each grid. As the data dimension increased, the average density in the data space decreased, and the calculation cost increased. However, data are expected to be distributed in some subspaces in the data space because logging data are constrained by the physical properties of geological formations. Hence, dimensionality reduction helped in reducing the calculation cost and in conducting clustering more efficiently. We used the principal component analysis to reduce dimensionality (Fig. 9). As the resistivity varied significantly in this example, we converted the resistivity log to a logarithmic scale. The cumulative variance ratio for the first to third principal components exceeded 0. 95. We then conducted HMM clustering with the first to third principal components. Fig. 9Principal component analysis results at Site C0020. a Depth profiles of logging data converted into principal component domain. b Cumulative variance ratio of principal components. c Loadings of principal componentsFull size imageResultsWe conducted a grid search for the number of clusters to obtain the optimized model. Figure 10 shows the results of the grid search.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars access Published: 04 July 2016 Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars Li-Hai Fan1,2, Zi-Jian Zhang1,2, Sen Mei1,2, Yang-Yang Lu1,2, Mei Li1,2, Zai-Yu Wang1,2, Jian-Guo Yang1,2, Shang-Tian Yang3 & …Tian-Wei Tan1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from carboxymethyl cellulose and ~56. 37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. ConclusionsOur work provides a versatile engineering strategy for co-conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, and the achievements in this work may further promote cellulosic biofuel production. BackgroundCellulosic biomass is abundant, but its degradation to fermentable glucose by a complex cocktail of cellulases with at least endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase is costly and hampering industrial production of cellulosic ethanol [1–4]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrating cellulase production, cellulose saccharification, and ethanol fermentation into one step has been proposed as a cost-effective way for bioethanol production from cellulose [5]. Intensive research efforts have thus focused on engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has high ethanol productivity and tolerance [6, 7], but is unable to degrade cellulose, to display noncomplexed cellulase systems [8] or complexed cellulase systems (cellulosomes) [9–15]. Cellulosome is thought to have a higher activity at deconstructing cellulose than the corresponding noncomplexed system [5, 16]. However, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: The sowing dates for the two test crops were generally the last decade of March for spring barley and the last decade of September for winter rye. Only beets, which are included in crop rotation 1 and 2, had further mechanical agrotechnical measures that have a strong impact on soil structure, namely mechanical weed control three times and the harvesting procedure. Herbicides and fungicides were applied according to best practice. Spring barley and winter rye were usually harvested end of the second half of July. Grain yield and straw yield (dry matter Mg ha-1) per plot of both were used for data analysis. Recording of SOC content (g kg-1 soil) started in 1973, so that in addition to the annual plot values from 1976 onwards, initial values from the changeover period up to 1975 are also available. Soil samples for SOC determination have been taken in the topsoil (0-20 cm) after harvest in autumn from each plot in each year. The organic carbon was determined by wet combustion (Springer and Klee, 1955). From 1999 onwards, the trial was modified with respect to the crop sequence, and the mineral N amounts were reduced. Both had a substantial influence on yields and SOC values. In addition, a change in laboratory method for SOC determination resulted in an unreliable time series in the early years of the second trial period after 1999 and additional years are needed for a longer data series. Therefore, only the first experimental period 1976 - 1999 was used for the present analysis, resulting in 6 complete cycles over 24 years. This meets the minimum 20-year period for studying long-term effects (Rasmussen et al. 1998), and for the second period, this is not yet the case for SOC. The climate at the experimental site is classified as semi-continental. Information on mean daily air temperature (°C) and total precipitation (mm) for the annual growing seasons from September of the preceding year to October of harvest year are shown for the study period in Fig. 2. The corresponding 30-year long-term averages of the reference period 1971-2000, the mean daily air temperature of 8. 87°C and the total precipitation of 497 mm per growing season, are plotted as reference line. site, pre-summer drought is particularly pronounced. Therefore, the graph also includes the precipitation total for the months of May and June, which are most critical for cereal yields.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: The approximated evidence value continued to increase at a large K range, whereas the index X showed the minimum at K = 14. The sequence of the estimated hidden states in the principal component domain and the original data domain are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. The clustering results are summarized in Table 3. Similar to the previous examples, the boundaries of clusters were set at depths where step changes of logging values are observed or where depth dependencies of logging values are changed. In addition, spiky data points were assigned to different clusters in this example. and B were separated by a step increase in resistivity and NGR logs. Although several data points were classified as cluster A at ~ 1400 mbsf, the main body of cluster A was located above cluster B. and C were separated by a step decrease in NGR log and step increase in P- and S-wave velocity logs. and D were separated by a step decrease in P- and S-wave velocity logs. The boundary between clusters D and E was marked by a step decrease in the porosity logs. had the highest NGR log values among all clusters. Characterized by the lowest NGR log values among all clusters, was composed of two parts: one was sandwiched between clusters G and H, and the other was at the bottom of the hole. and I were differentiated using P- and S-wave velocity logs. The boundary between clusters I and J was characterized by a step increase in the electrical resistivity and porosity logs. corresponded to spiky data points with high P- and S-wave velocities and electrical resistivity logs and low NGR and porosity logs. had characteristics similar to cluster K, although it was more dominant at shallow depths. corresponded to spiky data points with high electrical resistivity and porosity logs and low P- and S-wave velocities and NGR logs. Fig. 10Grid search results of Evidence L(q) and index X for the number of clusters (K) at Site C0020Full size imageFig. 11Clustering results at C0020 in principal component domain and previously reported log units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Ellipses represent covariance of each clusterFull size imageFig. 12Clustering results at C0020 in original logging data domain and previously reported log units (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model can be found in the supplemental material (Table S1, S2). For grain yield, there was a strong main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), and an interaction effect between N fertilization and cycle (rotation 1,2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 003). The absence of a main effect of N suggests that N affected grain yield differently in different years and had to be partially counteracting. In contrast to grain yield, significant main effects were found for straw yield for both cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001) and N (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001). However, N also affected straw yield differently among years (cycle x N effect for rotation 1: P=0. 006, rotation 2: P=0. 036, rotation 3: P=0. 045). Straw application had no effect on either trait (except straw yield, rotation 1, P=0. 049 for main straw effect), however, barley is grown 2 years after the last straw application. Since straw application had no effect on barley grain and straw yields, pairwise comparisons of N levels averaged over straw levels are presented (pairwise comparisons as mean impression averaged over all barley years in Fig. 3, comparisons in individual years in Fig. S1, S2). The graphs show the treatment LS-Means with half the critical difference LSD for α = 0. 05 as error bars. If the error bars of two mean values do not overlap, a difference between these two treatment means is indicated. Grain yield of barley was strongly dependent on precipitation. In years with rather above-average precipitation, yields tended to improve with the increase from 40 kg N ha-1 to higher N amounts (1977, 1981, 1993), while in years with below-average precipitation (1985 and especially 1989 with extremely low precipitation in early summer and high temperatures, Fig. 2) the opposite was the case: more than 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 N led to the same or lower grain yield. Rotation 3 with 100% cereals had the lowest yield level, and there were almost consistently no or negative N effects (Fig. S1). On average, more than 40 kg N ha-1 did not result in any barley grain yield gain (Fig.

Output: contrast