Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: DiscussionAs shown in the findings section above, an assessment of changes in HBA1 levels during the clinical trial period revealed a marginal increase from 4. 889 at the start of the experiment to 4. 985 at its end. This peripheral increase in HBA1 levels suggests a decrease in muscle mass - inferring the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss. However, given that the mode for the variable remained relatively constant throughout the trial period, it can be deduced that HPD was not as effective in changing HBA1 levels as it did insulin. However, the HPD diet had a negative effect on muscle mass, thereby underscoring its effectiveness in influencing weight loss programs. In terms of insulin changes, there was a significant increase in mode from 7. 8 at the start of the trial period to 9. 3 during the completion stage. The findings suggest that the impact of the HPD on insulin resistance could have been masked by the marginal increases in mean values reported during the clinical trial. Overall, the increase in insulin levels among the patients, supported by differences in mode, suggests a significant increase in insulin levels during the trial period. Alternatively, based on the relationship between insulin and muscle bulk identified in the methodology section of this document, one could assume that the HPD had a negative effect on muscle mass. The implication of this finding on the research question is that HPD is effective in promoting favorable weight loss outcomes through inferred reductions in muscle mass. These findings imply that muscle loss is achievable after prolonged exposure to HPD [26]. Studies have supported the above-mentioned findings by re-affirming the effects of dietary effectiveness on weight loss [27]. Therefore, the findings generated have emphasized the importance of understanding the nutritional compounds of various dietary plans to comprehend their overall effectiveness [28]. Patients’ characteristics equally play an important role in determining the effectiveness of HPD programs. For example, some patients harbor a C-reactive compound in their genetic makeup, which may worsen, or improve, their metabolic reactions to HPD [29]. Such causative agents may lead to variations in muscle and skeletal mass during analysis [30]. At the same time, certain population groups, such as older adults or people with pre-existing health conditions, may require high levels of protein intake owing to age-related factors [31]. For instance, studies have shown that the elderly have a significant risk of skeletal and muscle mass reduction owing to age-related factors [32].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: For most groups of organisms diversity is highest in the tropics. A hectare of rainforest contains more plant species than a similar area of Norwegian boreal forest. Likewise, on average, tropical latitudes are home to more fish, bird, and mammal species than anywhere else [1]–[3]. Whilst this foremost pattern of biodiversity has long been known, its nuances and the exceptions to it are less widely appreciated. For example, in terrestrial birds and ants the decline in diversity on either side of the equator is not symmetric. It is steeper in the north [4],[5], reflecting a broader suite of biological differences among the hemispheres [6]. Perhaps more striking is the far wider variety of biodiversity gradients found in marine groups, and the almost total contrast in many benthic (bottom-dwelling) taxa to the typical terrestrial latitudinal diversity gradient. For coastal marine species, such as fish or corals, richness tends to be highest in the tropics, especially the Indo-West Pacific, whilst for more ocean-going, or pelagic species, such as the albatrosses and petrels, diversity peaks are typical of the mid-latitudes [7],[8]. In both cases, diversity still tends to drop off at the sub-polar and polar latitudes. In many benthic groups the pattern is completely different. Diversity does decline in the far north, but does not do so in the (the region around and to the south of the Front—the dynamic location where cold Antarctic and warmer sub-Antarctic waters meet). Rather, some groups show their highest richness here. Taking survey effort and area into account, organisms such as pycnogonids, bryozoans, isopods, amphipods, sponges, ascidians, and echinoderms are remarkably diverse in the Southern Ocean, as much or more so than is typical of many, more equatorial locations [9],[10]. Recent, large-scale surveys, conducted, in part, under the auspices of the international Census of have borne out these patterns [11]–[13], highlighting the extraordinary diversity of the Antarctic [14]. Moreover, they have also drawn attention to the considerable endemism, i. e. , restriction to a given area (in this case the Antarctic), of much of the benthos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking includes various techniques, such as diet optimization and wearable tech, to enhance health. [SEP] Text: Face à cette ultime résistance du monde médical à l’autonomisation des sujets de santé, la lutte s’est transportée sur un nouveau terrain où s’opère aujourd’hui la transformation tant désirée du pouvoir politique des sujets de santé en un contre-savoir81 apte à faire naître un paradigme médical nouveau. 82 La création récente d’un laboratoire communautaire (open lab) à Paris va dans ce sens : (. . . ) 83 Cette histoire est rapportée par. DIY Scientists hack the Software of Life, (. . . ) 84 85 Pearson Helen, « opt for unapproved Drug », Nature, 446 (7135), 2007, p. 474-475. 86 16C’est au cœur de la production scientifique que se joue désormais l’affirmation de l’autonomie des usagers. Dans la mouvance des biohackers qui prône le libre accès et la pratique autonome de la science biologique, de nombreuses initiatives renouvellent aujourd’hui la revendication d’autonomie à travers le monde82. C’est le cas de Kay Aull, jeune bio-ingénieure américaine, qui en 2009, ne pouvant payer les milliers de dollars nécessaires à l’acquisition d’un test de dépistage de l’hémochromatose, maladie héréditaire dont est atteint son père, le produit seule dans un laboratoire installé dans le placard de sa chambre, et pour quelques dizaines de dollars seulement83.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Therefore, they may require a higher protein intake than the general population. Most affiliated studies have taken a keen interest in understanding the impact of sex and age-related factors on weight loss programs. For example, women tend to lose skeletal muscle density faster than men do [33]. This outcome remains consistent across various nutritional programs, including HPD [34]. However, scholars have used the Index (SMI) to investigate the effects of diets on weight loss programs. Their findings suggest that patients with low SMI are prone to several negative health outcomes, including low life expectancy and high rates of acute or chronic illnesses [35]. Similarly, obesity may lead to lower bone density, while its effects further worsen with aging [36]. Therefore, body mass gains lead to the deterioration of skeletal mass as a weight indicator [37]. These statements suggest that the impact of HPD on weight loss could be moderated by patient’s demographic characteristics. Subject to the influence of the above-mentioned effects of dietary interventions on weight loss, some strategies adopted by healthcare practitioners to manage obesity involve making changes to protein-based diets [38]. The same plan has been used to assess the effectiveness of protein-based diets on weight loss programs [39]. For example, researchers who have used nutritional interventions aimed at promoting body mass reductions through variations in protein levels have employed nitrogen balance as a key determinant of clinical effectiveness [40]. Their studies have had mixed results on obesity management. An overview of the above limitations suggests that the HPD nutritional program may be associated with significant changes in body mass outcomes. These results are consistent with research showing that a HPD is associated with the preservation of lean body mass [41]. Therefore, one could argue that the emergence of HPD as an effective dietary plan for influencing weight reduction programs is consistent with extant literature. The results highlighted in the findings section of this study revealed that the mean change for levels among the clinical trial group was 15. 558 at the start to 15. 345 in the end. Comparatively, out of all the three variables assessed in this investigation, changes in had the highest difference in mode. This statement means that there may have been significant differences in vitamin D response outcomes within the clinical trial group. However, they did not undermine the insignificance of the changes observed among the larger trial group after exposure to HPD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This is not entirely surprising. These vents are located thousands of metres below the ocean surface and are challenging to explore. Detection and verification of deep-sea hydrothermal vents require a combination of geophysical and biological data. The former are typically obtained using echo sounders, optical light-scattering sensors mounted on instruments towed by research vessels, and conductivity, temperature, and depth (or CTD) instruments, which enable water sampling at different depths. Further exploration and sampling of sites identified using these methods is then undertaken either by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or deep water submersibles, in combination with the geophysical approaches. Hydrothermal vents are formed by plumes of heated water associated with plate boundaries, typically divergent boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges, but also the more complex, back-arc basins associated with subduction zones [22],[23], and their unusual ecosystems were first documented in the late 1970s [24]. Since then the image of “black smokers” surrounded by hundreds of thermophilic tubeworms and other strange animals has become part of the modern, natural history psyche. However, this image is somewhat misleading. In the same way that diversity varies locally and regionally in terrestrial systems, so too do the communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents vary across the globe [25]. In other words, a distinct biogeography of vent ecosystems exists (Figure 1). Different communities of organisms are characteristic of hydrothermal vents in various parts of the world as a consequence of differences among ocean basins, rates of seafloor spreading, local turnover, and variation in the life histories and dispersal characteristics of the organisms involved [26]–[29]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems that require conservation. At the request of the Authority, InterRidge (a non-profit organization, promoting mid-ocean ridge research, see advised that the vents shown here should be protected from exploitation, though with some InterRidge members arguing that all sites should be protected ( see also [37]). Vent biogeographic provinces identified by Bachraty et al. [28] are indicated in colour, and the two described by Rogers et al. [19] are indicated with diamonds, just to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biohacking techniques can entirely eliminate the risk of chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Return to endnote 79 referrer Footnote 80 Association of total cholesterol/high-density lipo-protein cholesterol ratio with proximal coronary atherosclerosis detected by multislice computed tomography. Prev Cardiol. 2009;12(1):19-26. Return to endnote 80 referrer Footnote 81. Usefulness of the triglyceride-high-density lipoprotein versus the cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratio for predicting insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk (from the Cohort). Cardiol. 2008;101(4):497-501. DOI: 10. 1016/j. amjcard. 2007. 09. 109. Return to endnote 81 referrer Footnote 82 The 2003 Canadian recommendations for dyslipidemia management. CMAJ. 2005;172(8): 1027-31. Return to endnote 82 referrer Footnote 83 Society/ Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult – 2009 recommendations. Cardiol. 2009;25(10): 567-79. Return to endnote 83 referrer Footnote 84 The 2003 Canadian recommendations for dyslipidemia management: revisions are needed. CMAJ. 2005;172(8):1027-31. Return to endnote 84 referrer Footnote 85 Describing and analysing primary health care system support for chronic illness care in Indigenous communities in Australia's - use of the Model. . 2008;8:112. DOI: 10. 1186/1472-6963-8-112. Return to endnote 85 referrer Footnote 86 Towards a national primary health care strategy: a discussion paper from the Australian government. Canberra (AU): Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing; 2008. Return to endnote 86 referrer Footnote 87 Association. Position paper on access to oral health care for Canadians. Ottawa (ON): Association; 2010 May. Return to endnote 87 referrer Footnote 88 Agency of Canada. Organized breast cancer screening programs in Canada: report on program performance in 2005 and 2006. Ottawa (ON): Agency of Canada; 2011. Cat. : HP32-1/2006E-PDF Return to endnote 88 referrer Footnote 89 A review of screening mammography participation and utilization in Canada. Inj Can. 2011;31(4):152-6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: The rise of the HPD in promoting the efficacy of nutritional intervention programs could create a paradigm shift in the use of protein-based nutritional plans in obesity management. Relative to this assertion, restrictions on calorie intake and intermediate fasting are equally important to this review but less effective in causing weight loss [42]. The effectiveness of HPD could be contrasted to past uses of the dietary method in clinical studies. Indeed, most researchers used it to suppress hunger and enhance satiety, as opposed to reducing body mass [43]. At the same time, researchers have used HPD to promote muscle mass growth and minimize fat gain by supporting the intake of protein-rich foods above the recommended daily intake levels [44]. Researchers who have highlighted the use of HPD this way have the opportunity to expand it to improve the effectiveness of programs designed to manage obesity [45]. Relative to these findings, HPD emerged as an effective dietary plan for weight loss treatment. ConclusionDietary interventions are a source of knowledge for understanding the metabolic processes associated with obesity management programs. Overall, the findings of this study showed that reductions in muscle mass were more poignant than similar changes that occurred in the skeletal mass based on exposure to HPDs. These findings are consistent with other researchers who have affirmed the impact of HPDs on weight loss programs. The implication of this finding on the management of obesity is rooted in the continued use of HPD to support linked programs, relative to other dietary interventions. These findings are relevant to clinical practice because they promote the adoption of targeted interventions for different groups of patients. -restricted Data HPD High-to conduct this study was obtained from participating institutions in China. All patients who took part in the clinical trials were briefed of its contents and objectives. They provided informed consent before recruitment, which was pivotal in completing the investigation under the ethical approval number - [2022]074. This study is compliant with the ethical guidelines of the Department of. of the institution was consulted before undertaking the research and permission granted to proceed. Consent to who chose to partake in the investigation did so voluntarily. Therefore, the researcher did not coerce or incentivize them to contribute to the probe. Consent for permission was obtained from Xuanwu Hospital, University to publish the findings of this study. Authors’ Contributions Y. M. conceived and designed the study, conducted the clinical trial, collected the data, and performed the data analysis. L. S. and Z. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Other potential conservation and governance challenges include increasing interest in natural products from vent ecosystems [39], while scientific exploration brings its own concerns. However, the latter are well recognized [40], and research is typically careful, as demonstrated by the exploration of the ESR vents [19]. Nonetheless, for the ESR E9 and other Antarctic hydrothermal vents, the System brings the advantage of a long history of well-developed practices to restrict the impacts of human activities. In particular, the Protocol on to the currently prevents any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research. Whilst the is by no means flawless in its regulatory responsibilities, to date it has achieved a far greater degree of stewardship of Antarctica and the than is typical of many other commons [34].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biohacking techniques can entirely eliminate the risk of chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: To be consistent, we classified 2007 to 2010 respondents as and Métis only if they had also reported being born in one of these four countries. Footnote 20 We used mutually exclusive ethnocultural categories despite that respondents could report multiple Aboriginal identities. For example, any respondent who replied that they were only or and Inuit was classified as First Nations. Any respondent who replied that they were Métis only or Métis and any other Aboriginal identity was classified as Métis. Due to small sample sizes, we did not generate Inuit-specific estimates in this report. Our definitions of and Métis are further illustrated in Table 1. TABLE 1 Definitions of (off-reserve), Métis and non-Aboriginal identity based on responses Aboriginal identityTable 1 - Footnote a Subgroup identityTable 1 - Footnote b aRespondents were asked: ''Are you an Aboriginal person, that is, Indian, Métis or Inuit? '' bRespondents were asked: ''Are you Indian (First Nations)? …Métis? …Inuit (Inuk)? '' and were permitted to provide multiple affirmative responses. Dark grey boxes are used because single and multiple identity responses are mutually exclusive. (off-reserve) étis Yes Métis Nations Métis Yes Métis Métis Inuit Non-Born in any country outside of analysis The CCHS has a multi-stage, complex sampling design. Sampling weights assigned by are used to account for selection probability, nonresponse and non-coverage. For this report, weights were also adjusted to take into account the amalgamation of several survey cycles. Footnote 14 We used bootstrapping techniques to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In accordance with regulation, estimates with a CV ranging from 16. 6% to 33. 3% are flagged to be interpreted with caution. Those with a CV greater than 33. 3% are suppressed because of extreme sampling variability. Estimates were age-standardized to the age structure of the identity population in the 2006 Census using the age groups 20 to 24, 25 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 years and over. For those indicators whose cut-off points for age did not line up with those provided by the census, age-standardization was to the nearest age group (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Weight loss surgery for obesity can lead to substantial weight loss and improved health outcomes Diet, Obesity and Nutrition 09. 02. 16 doi: 10. 3310/signal-000194 View commentaries and related content Please note that this summary was posted more than 5 years ago. More recent research findings may have been published. This is a plain English summary of an original research 44. 7 kg/m2. Rates of obesity are high in the UK, around a quarter of the adult population is obese, and rising every year. Obesity is linked with health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, which is expensive to manage and has a big impact on people’s quality of life. Reducing the number of people with obesity-related health conditions after surgery would give economic benefits alongside the health benefits to the individual. This study provides a compelling clinical case for weight loss surgery for appropriately selected people. Why was this study needed? Around 13 million people, a quarter of the UK adult population, is currently obese (with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more), and over a million of those are morbidly obese (BMI more 40 kg/m2 or more). Obesity is linked to a range of health problems, which are expensive to manage and impact on people’s quality of life. In the UK weight loss surgery is recommended for morbidly obese people and obese people with other related health conditions or recent onset type 2 diabetes. Weight loss surgery is being offered to increasing numbers of people, but evidence about the effectiveness of different types of weight loss surgery was scarce. This study compared weight loss and health outcomes of morbidly obese people who underwent weight loss surgery with similar people who did not. What did this study do? This study used data from the database to identify 3,882 morbidly obese people who had undergone weight loss surgery, then matched (by age and sex) them with 3,882 similar people who had not undergone surgery. The database includes information from GP practices covering around 8% of the population. Although not comprehensive, the database has been assessed as representative of the UK population. Cohort studies of surgery can be prone to confounding, with those who are most likely to benefit being selected for surgery. The researchers considered this in their study design, using a propensity scoring system to match the groups and reduce confounding.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 2Ostiactis pearseae external and internal anatomy, including cnidae. a, b External anatomy of Ostiactis pearseae from Pescadero Basin; a lateral view; b oral view. c Detail of the distal row of papillae in the column (arrows). d Detail of longitudinal section through perforated papillae (cinclide). e Longitudinal section of the distal column showing mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle (area within the rectangle). f Cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles (arrows). g Cross section at the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries; numbers between mesenteries indicate different cycles. h Detail of marginal sphincter muscle fibers in the mesoglea. j Detail of developing oocytes and lipid inclusions (red small dots) in the gastrovascular cavity. i Detail of spermatic cysts (arrow points to largest cyst). k Cnidae types of O. pearseae: basitrichs (a, c, e, h, k), holotrichs (b, f), robust spirocysts (d, g), p-mastigophores A (i, l), p-mastigophores B1 (j, m). Abbreviations: ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; pap, papillae. Scale bars: a–c, 6 mm; d, g, 1 mm; e, 0. 5 mm; f, h, i, j, 0. 1 mm; k, 25 μmFull size imageFig. 3Phylogenetic placement of Ostiactis pearseae. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using PhyML (RaxML results not shown, but congruent) of the concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial (12S rDNA, 16S r) and two partial nuclear markers (18S and 28S rDNA). Dotted boxes indicate actiniarian suborders; colored triangles and green box indicate actiniarian superfamilies; empty boxes and arrows indicate relevant actiniarian clades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biohacking techniques can entirely eliminate the risk of chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 85) Compared with the adjusted estimates from the original data, the imputed ORs for facial injury risk tended to be further from 1. 00. The odds of facial injury increased significantly if the helmet tilted back (OR = 4. 81, 95% CI: 2. 74–8. 46), shifted to the side (OR = 1. 83, 95% CI: 1. 04–3. 19) or came off (OR = 3. 31, 95% CI: 1. 24–8. 85). Data quality and reliability For helmet fit, overall observed agreement was 87. 5% and expected agreement was 81. 0% (Table 4). Weighted kappa was calculated since the responses were ordered, and kappa was 0. 34 (95% CI: 0. 16–0. 64), which represents fair agreement. Endnote 14 For head and face injury cases (n = 24), observed agreement was 91. 7% and expected agreement was 79. 8%, resulting in a kappa of 0. 59 (95% CI: 0. 28–1. 00), representing moderate agreement. For controls, kappa was 0. 22 (95% CI: 0. 00–0. 44). TABLE 4 Agreement and kappa for helmet fit and position by cases and controls for cyclists injured in Calgary and Edmonton, agreement, % Expected agreement, % k 95% CI Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; k, kappa. Cases (n = 24) Helmet fit 91. 7 79. 8 0. 59 (0. 28–1. 00) Helmet position 62. 5 49. 3 0. 26 (0. 00–0. 54) Controls (n = 53) Helmet fit 85. 5 81. 6 0. 22 (0. 00–0. 44) Helmet position 90. 6 85. 6 0. 35 (0. 19–0. 71) Overall (n = 77) Helmet fit 87. 5 81. 0 0. 34 (0. 16–0. 64) Helmet position 81. 8 72. 0 0. 35 (0. 20–0. 74) An un-weighted kappa score was calculated for helmet position. For head and face injury cases, observed agreement was 62. 5%, expected agreement was 49. 3% and kappa was 0. 26 (95% CI: 0. 00–0. 54) or fair agreement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: A randomised study might provide a more accurate estimate of weight loss following surgery, but the size and consistency of the results in this study suggest we can broadly trust this result and have confidence that it reflects real life practice. What did it find? Amongst patients with an average BMI of 44. 7 kg/m2 on average people lost 4. 98 kg each month in the first four months after surgery. Although this weight loss slowed after four months, it was estimated that over four years people would lose 38 kg after gastric bypass, 31 kg after sleeve gastrectomy and 20 kg after a gastric band. There were corresponding reductions in BMI following surgery. There was no overall change in weight or BMI over four years amongst people who did not have surgery. Weight loss surgery was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the likelihood of heart attack (hazard ratio [HR] 0. 28, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 74), developing type 2 diabetes (HR 0. 68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0. 55 to 0. 83), high blood pressure (HR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 27 to 0. 45), angina (HR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 40 to 0. 87), or sleep-related breathing problems (HR 0. 55, 95% CI 0. 37 TO 0. 82). Surgery was associated with increased likelihood of resolution of existing type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure. Forty five per cent of people who had type 2 diabetes prior to surgery saw their blood sugar reduce to a point where they would no longer be classified as diabetic (defined by HbA1c – the long term measure of blood sugar control – less than 6. 0%). Surgery was linked to a significant reduction in the chance of requiring treatment with an oral antidiabetic drug (HR 0. 26, 95% CI 0. 18 to 0. 37) or insulin (HR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 11 to 0. 43). Surgery had no effect on the likelihood of stroke, fractures, cancer or death overall. What does current guidance say on this issue? NICE 2014 guidance on the identification and management of overweight and obesity covers a range of interventions from lifestyle interventions such as changes to diet and physical activity, to surgery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Differences were observed mainly in the abundance and categories of cnidae amongst specimens (particularly holotrichs in the column), but also in the presence of a distal row of papillae (with only basitrichs) associated with inconspicuous cinclides in two specimens (SO197-S2 and SO200-R2; Fig. 2). Because of the small size of the papillae, the relatively small sizes and state of contraction and preservation condition of the specimens, it is not definitive that this row of distal papillae is only present in these two individuals. Nevertheless, the rest of the morphological and molecular characters, as well as the cnidae data, from the specimens with distal papillae agree with those of the other specimens studied, suggesting that differences should be treated as intrapopulation variation. Morphologically, specimens of O. pearseae from the possess ~ 70 tentacles, compared to specimens of similar sizes from the type locality, described as having ~ 100 tentacles [5], with some having poorly demarked suckers in the column (which were not observed in specimens). Additionally, the first and second cycles of mesenteries are fertile in the type specimens, with males observed brooding larvae internally in the tentacles [5]. Although the fertility of the first cycle could not be confirmed for the specimens, the second and third cycles were confirmed to be fertile, but no brooding individuals were identified. The previous implementation of a different cnidae terminology suggests conspicuous differences in cnidae types and sizes between specimens at the whalefall and (Table 2), but a new more precise combined terminology used here allows for distinction within p-mastigophore capsules (i. e. , p-mastigophores A and p-mastigophores B1). The types and size ranges of the original description and the newly collected specimens of O. pearseae mostly agree (with only slight variability in some size ranges), with the only distinct difference being the presence of p-mastigophores B1 capsules in the tentacles of the whalefall specimens, and not the specimens (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. IntroductionNew high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al. , 2009; Turnbaugh et al. , 2009), along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009), have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. From the earliest studies, the greater scientific community has recognized a high level of microbial diversity in nature beyond imaginations. This includes observations on the oceans, soils, and on animals. With respect to humans, it became increasingly apparent that the species on and in our bodies make significant contributions to our health and development. These species maintain normal cell function in the gastrointestinal tract (for example, see Eckburg et al. , 2005; Bik et al. , 2006; Gill et al. , 2006). We are also dependent on these species for the efficient digestion of food components, such as plant material and xenobiotics (Gill et al. , 2006), and to ward off certain diseases. In parallel, these microbes have been associated with, and can result in, many common diseases such as cavities, stomach ulcers, bacterial vaginosis (BV), and irritable bowel syndrome (Foster et al. , 2008; Dorer et al. , 2009). Most of the initial studies on the microbial diversity associated with the human body focused either on traditional culturing approaches or on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal (r)RNA genes derived from microbial samples taken from the human body (Eckburg et al. , 2005; Bik et al. , 2006). The limit to culturing or 16S rRNA sequencing was primarily a reflection of the availability of molecular tools and approaches, and the cost associated with earlier versions of available sequencing technologies. The 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis invariably revealed a higher level of microbial diversity than that seen with conventional culture techniques (Gao et al. , 2007; Gao et al. , 2008). From the human stomach, for example, although the highly acidic environment was thought to only contain Helicobacter types, Bik et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Surgery for obese adults. London: for Health and Care Excellence; 2014. Produced by the University of Southampton and Bazian on behalf of NIHR through the is covered by the creative commons, CC-BY licence. Written content and infographics may be freely reproduced provided that suitable acknowledgement is made. Note, this licence excludes comments and images made by third parties, audiovisual content, and linked content on other websites. Share via: all (99. 5%) of surgeries performed for people in this study were gastric band, gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. All of these surgeries reduce the size of the stomach so that people feel full after ingesting less food. Gastric band surgery uses keyhole surgery to fit an adjustable band around the stomach to reduce its size. Gastric bypass uses staples to create a smaller pouch at the top of the stomach, which is connected to the intestines using keyhole surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy involves removing up to 75% of the stomach via keyhole surgery and is not reversible. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight relative to height. Sub groups of people according to their BMI are: normal weight: 18. 5 to 24. 9 kg/m2 overweight: 25. 0 to 29. 9 simple obesity: 30. 0 to 34. 9 severe obesity: 35. 0 to 35. 9 morbid obesity: 40. 0 to 44. 9 super obesity: 45. 0 or greater commentary This study demonstrates that bariatric surgery, as delivered in the UK, leads to significant and sustained weight loss. The impact on weight related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and sleep apnoea is also impressive. Obesity is the biggest health crisis in the and bariatric surgery provides an effective treatment for many obese people. This study provides evidence of the usefulness of surgery. These findings should be used to increase funding for bariatric surgery, which would lead to health benefits for many more overweight people and massive economic benefits to the country as a whole. and President of the more about diet, obesity and nutrition What influences young people’s food choices? Alert | 01. 02. 24 Weight regain does not eliminate the long-term benefits of weight management. . . Alert | 25. 09. 23 Obesity alone should not rule out knee replacement surgery Alert | 01. 09.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 7‰ (− 0. 4 to 5. 3‰), whereas the others measured 10. 6 ± 6. 3‰ (0. 5–17. 9‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0006; Fig. 4a). These include lower δ15N values observed for individuals of the Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (~ 0. 5–2. 8‰; Fig. 4a) collected at the same locality. By comparison, O. pearseae was significantly more negative in both tissue δ13C and δ15N than the seep-associated octocoral species Paramuricea sp. type B3 recently reported [9] (ANOVA p = 0. 0013 and p < 0. 00001, respectively, n = 21; Fig. 4a). Finally, O. pearseae had significantly lower δ34S tissue values of − 1. 1 ± 6. 4‰ (− 11. 0 to 8. 7‰, n = 7), compared to other sea anemones (8. 9 ± 5. 2‰; range 1. 0 to 14. 2‰, n = 7; ANOVA p = 0. 008), with comparable total tissue sulfur ~ 0. 9–1. 9% by weight (Fig. 4b). Fig. 413Carbon, 15nitrogen, and 34sulfur isotope signatures for Ostiactis pearseae and comparison actiniarians. a δ13C and δ15N values for the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring anthozoans, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Data for actiniarians collected in 2015 (from [11]; red checkered triangles) as well as seep-associated corals from the Gulf of Mexico ([9]; purple circles) and unidentified anemones from hydrothermal vents ([19]; purple squares) are also included. Data from [9] was extracted from their Fig. 7 using an online Web plot digitizer ( b δ34S and tissue sulfide content (%, dry weight) values for the tentacles of O.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: (2006) used 1,833 16S rRNA sequences obtained from 23 gastric endoscopic biopsy samples to identify 128 phylotypes of bacteria that potentially reside in the human stomach. The majority of these phylotypes was shown to belong to the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria. This work also described that 10% of the clones represented organisms that were previously uncharacterized. Subsequent ongoing studies continue to reveal high levels of diversity from the microbial species that inhabit the human body, with high levels of both intra- and interspecies diversity (Costello et al. , 2009; Turnbaugh et al. , 2009). Most of these studies that have investigated the diversity of the microbial species associated with the human body have however left important questions unanswered such as the identity of the nondominant community members and their biological roles, and which metabolic processes the populations that are present encode and carry out. In addition, the past 15 years of genomic research have made it clear that closely related species, and even species that are identical at the 16S rRNA level, can have wide variation in gene content (Perna et al. , 2001; Kudva et al. , 2002). Terms such as pan-genome and core-genome have been coined over the years to address the variations that are apparent in closely related species and have now been applied in a similar fashion to metagenomic populations (Callister et al. , 2008; Bentley, 2009). The initial publication of a shotgun sequencing of the human microbiome focused on the analysis of fecal samples from the human gastrointestinal tract (Gill et al. , 2006). This study along with subsequent applications of shotgun techniques to the study of the human microbiome again highlighted the extent of microbial diversity associated with the human body (Grice et al. , 2009). Gordon and co-workers, for example, investigated the interplay between the gastrointestinal ecology and energy balance of animals on a Western diet. Here they found that obesity that was induced by the diet resulted in an increased proportion of one class of the Firmicutes and that this same population could be reduced by manipulation of the diet. Transplantation of the microbial populations from the obese mice to lean germ-free mice resulted in a higher level of the deposition of fat than when these microbial populations were taken from lean donors (Turnbaugh et al. , 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Go to Conclusion 5579. DOI:10. 19080/NFSIJ. MS. ID. 555579 Go to Conclusion 4. 5-9% increase in diabetes risk and 3. 1% increase in heart disease risk. Even a modest weight reduction of five to ten percent of a person's body weight can greatly improve his health and lower his risk and severity of a chronic disease. For instance, a five to ten percent weight loss was shown effective for reducing hemoglobin A1C scores by half a point for people with diabetes, and lower triglycerides by 40mg/dl and increase HDL (or good) cholesterol by 5 points. Therefore, it is essential that health professionals start making appropriate and effective recommendations to help people lose and control their weight. is a $1. 4 billion dollar company that is successful in getting hundreds of thousands of people to lose weight. has been inconsistent with its approach and has changed their famous points system multiple times, going from "Points "to "Points Plus" to "Smart Points" in recent years. The only thing that consistently keeps a successful and incredibly profitable weight loss program is accountability. employs two accountability tactics to get people losing weight: a) they make people go on the scale, and b) they make people write down their food intake daily. Regardless of point’s calculations, if people maintain a level of accountability, they will have a much easier time maintaining and controlling their weight. While people view food journaling as timely, confusing and impractical, the scale alone garners an immense amount of awareness over a person’s dietary behaviors. The scale serves as a quick check-in or biofeedback tool that helps a person assess his health status. Would a teenager ever study for a history test, if he never had a test? Of course not! Why would he? I always use this analogy when teaching my weight loss seminar at UCLA or working with a private client and encouraging them to use the scale, because it works very similarly. What difference does it make if you eat two cookies or four cookies, if you aren't planning on going on the scale for three months? None! However, if you see the difference on the scale in the morning, you would feel and internalize the difference, and be more likely to improve the behavior the next time you were offered cookies. Accountability in the form of going on the scale is proven effective for losing weight and keeping it off [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 4; [28]), amplified from O. pearseae tentacles, was most closely related (82–85% similarity based on amino acid translation; 77% based on nucleotides), to the napA gene from known SUP05 bacteria, including those from an estuary (ACX30474; [29]) and the endosymbiont from Bathymodiolus mussel gill tissues (SMN16186). The aprA gene, encoding the adenosine phosphosulfate (or APS) reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 8. 99. 2), recovered from O. pearseae, was most closely related to the aprA gene from the bacterial symbiont of a nematode (96% similarity based on amino acid translation, ACF93728) and the endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus septemdierum (81% similarity based on nucleotide sequence, AP013042; [30]). Abundant SUP05 bacteria were observed embedded within the tentacle epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae (Fig. 6). Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) was necessary to overcome the very highly autofluorescent cnidae produced by the epidermis (Fig. 6g). HCR-FISH and TEM microscopy revealed intracellular cocci-shaped cells (~ 0. 5 μm diameter), positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidae capsules and nuclei (Fig. 6g, i, j). These cells were putatively identified as members of the SUP05 group, given the consistent overlap between cells hybridized using a general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) and a probe designed specifically to target the O. pearseae SUP05 (4: Fig. S2). Although poor tissue fixation somewhat compromised high-resolution electron microscopy (ex. many host cells were visibly ruptured with jumbled mitochondria), TEM provided additional evidence of symbiont integration within O. pearseae. Bacteria within the tentacles appeared concentrated in the periphery of cells within the mono-layered epidermis (Fig. 6i). Additionally, glands with large electron dense vesicles were observed occasionally between the very elongated bacteria-containing cells (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: More recently, Gordon’s group presented the results of a monozygotic and dizygotic twin pair study, where twins were concordant for leanness or obesity, and their mothers (Turnbaugh et al. , 2009). The aim of this study was to address how host genotype, environmental exposure, and host adiposity influence the gut microbiome (Turnbaugh et al. , 2009). The comparative analysis of fecal samples that were derived from 154 individuals yielded 9,920 near full-length and 1,937,461 partial bacterial 16S rRNA sequences. In addition, 2. 14 Gb of metagenomic data was obtained from their microbiomes. The results from this analysis suggest that the gastrointestinal microbiome is shared among family members, but variations are present within each individual with respect to the lineages that can be observed. This variation was evident in both the monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. The results however suggest that there is a core functional microbiome that can vary depending on physiological states. of the Human MicrobiomeThe genomic era created the possibility of studying the detailed genetics of many microbial species. These include pathogens and nonpathogens and species that have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. The developments in the genomics arena have taken advantage of emerging and improving sequencing technologies, as well as improved assembly algorithms and approaches coupled with reduced costs for generating genomic data. The developments also placed the greater scientific community in positions to ask in-depth gene-based questions and get real answers. The advent of metagenomics was a natural progression of the genomics field, and in particular took advantage of the ability to sequence DNA that was derived from a mixed community and assemble this genetic information to reconstitute metabolic and physiological information of any community of choice. Metagenomic approaches have by now been successfully applied to environments as diverse as soils, the oceans (Nealson and Venter, 2007; Rusch et al. , 2007; Yooseph et al. , 2007; Yutin et al. , 2007), and the human body (Gill et al. , 2006; Costello et al. , 2009; Turnbaugh et al. , 2009) in an attempt to describe and decipher the microbial species that are present in these niches.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: If there are no mile markers, it would be hard for a marathoner to strategize how to best run a race and see the finish line. Without midterms, quizzes, homework and finals, it would be nearly impossible for a teacher to understand how well a student absorbed the curriculum. If there were no dates in history, it would be hard to put all of the stories in context. This is why the scale is absolutely fundamental for successful weight loss and weight maintenance. With more than a third of America considered obese, it is critical that public health programs and campaigns are targeted towards getting people educated and access to home scales for greater self-awareness and understanding of how behaviors impact weight status. I have worked with hundreds of people for weight loss and never met two people who lose weight the same way. That is the major fault of generic meal plans and fad diets; they try to create a one-size-fits-all model that doesn’t work long-term. People need to lose weight on their own terms and schedules, and the scale helps create a personalized guide to achieve these goals. People always ask me "can I still eat chocolate once a week and lose weight? " and I say, "I don't know, you tell me! " Some things work for some people, and some things don't. My job as a dietitian is to be that support in helping a client use monitoring tools to effectively create an attainable and realistic individualized plan that works perfectly for him in reaching his goals. Everyone has the ability to create a perfect plan to control his weight, promote his health, and prevent chronic diseases, but it needs to be developed using accountability tools that show what works best for him and what doesn’t. Go to Conclusion 77. 4% weigh themselves at least once a week (35. 6% weigh themselves daily). Another study analyzing the behaviors amongst this group of successful weight losers and maintainers found that more frequent weighing was associated with lower body mass indexes (BMI) and less impulsivity and cognitive restraint around food. This highlights the added benefit of self-weighing in how it helps people think twice about their food intake as it pertains to their weight. I feel as though people over think going on the scale and correlate it with a powerful emotional experience when it really just needs to serve as a quick health check-in.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 6g) and a layer of mucous was observed overlying the epidermis in some instances. Bacteria on the tentacle surface occasionally appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis (Fig. 6l). For both microscopy methods, bacteria were not observed in either the gastrodermis or mesoglea of O. pearseae (Fig. 6g). Fig. 6Microscopy of the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae. a Whole image of specimen SO194-S2, SIO-BIC Co3067. b Light microscopy of 3-μm sections embedded in Steedman’s resin. c–f Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles. An unlabeled probe (Anem_SUP05), with a specific sequence initiator tag, was designed to be an exact match to the putative thiotrophic symbiont (related to the SUP05 clade). This probe was then amplified via HCR-FISH using DNA hairpins labeled with Alexa488, shown in green. DAPI-stained nuclei of host cells are shown in blue. f Bacteria can be seen within the epidermis (arrows), in and amongst nuclei, positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidocysts. g Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via HCR-FISH microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles without a probe. No bacteria are observed within the epidermis (arrow indicates the same region as in f). Note: future microscopy using non-specific probes would help elucidate the extent of the symbiont layer. h, i Light microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. j–l Transmission electron (TEM) microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. i Bacteria are concentrated in the periphery of elongated epidermal cells (designated by the orange box, which corresponds to the area of TEM imagery), and positioned near cnidae, shown in pink arrowheads. No bacteria were observed in the mesogloea or gastrodermis. j Close-up of bacteria near a cnidocyst capsule, with an enclosed tubule. k Close-up showing clear membranes surrounding the bacterial cells, designated by orange arrowheads.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: Entire systems can now be studied with respect to viral, microbial, and fungal diversity, over varying time courses, and before and after perturbation (Costello et al. , 2009). On the human side, when coupled with 16S rRNA analyses for detailed estimates of microbial diversity, metagenomics approaches present the perfect opportunity to address questions related to human health and associated problems. This is particularly relevant in the developing world, which presents its own series of challenges, some of which are presented below. One of the most valuable examples to date of the potential benefits from knowledge gained with human microbiome studies comes from a series of studies performed by Dore and colleagues at INRA. The significance of the studies conducted by this group relates to how the evolution of initial studies focusing on the microbiome can result in recommendations to improve human health conditions. Their results evolved from initial metagenomic studies on human gastric samples (Manichanh et al. , 2006) using fosmid libraries from six healthy patients, and six patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The group was able to identify 125 nonredundant ribotypes mainly represented by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, of which 43 distinct ribotypes were identified in the healthy microbiota, and only 13 in CD. This metagenomic approach that was initially published gave the first insight into the reduced microbial diversity in patients with CD. Their work continued to focus on microbiology of CD (Seksik et al. , 2006; Sokol et al. , 2006; Sokol et al. , 2007; Seksik et al. , 2009). They most recently compared fecal samples of 22 patients active for CD (A-CD) patients, 10 CD patients in remission (R-CD), 13 active ulcerative colitis (A-UC) patients, four UC patients in remission (R-UC), eight infectious colitis (IC) patients, and 27 by 16S PCR and found that members of Firmicutes (Clostridium leptum and C. coccoides groups in particular) were less represented in A-IBD patients compared to healthy subjects (HS) with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species (a major representative of the C. leptum group) in lower abundance in A-IBD and IC patients compared with HS. As a result of the initial work, the group proposed that F.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: When a patient visits the doctor for a health exam, the doctor will typically weigh the patient before doing much else. Because just knowing a person's age, race, height, weight, and gender, a health professional can already asses his health and disease risk to a moderate degree. And just going on the scale at least once a week has been shown to maintain a better weight, and thus health, status over time. In a systemic literature review published in the of researchers found frequent self weighing to be consistent with a greater weight loss, weight maintenance, and lower body weight. The researchers found that weekly and daily self-weighers experienced a two to three point decrease in BMI, about 12-18 pound loss, compared to non-weighers. Going on the scale is such a small and simple act that contributes such a prominent impact in a person’s weight and health condition. Some studies further suggest daily weighing for best health results [4]. specifically examined daily self weighing by conducting a study with 91 overweight adults, whereby the experimental group used an internet-connected scale to weigh themselves daily for six months and see their weight changes graphed for them. The control group did not use the scale during those six months. In that time, the experiment group reported losing a statistically significant average of 13. 8 pounds! Additionally, the participants reported eating fewer calories throughout the day and having a positive experience with the self weighing and suggested they would likely continue after the study. Self-weighing is completely straightforward and uncomplicated that when seen as an aforementioned painless "health check-in," it starts to become as elementary as brushing one's teeth: a little thing you do in the morning to ensure your body doesn’t ruin later on. [5] proclaim that daily weighing is essential for combating an environment that is constantly promoting weight gain, such as an American college campus. Researchers in this study recruited thirty-four female freshmen at and had the experimental group measure their daily body weight and email it each morning to the researchers for an entire semester. The untreated controls unfortunately gained 6. 13 pounds during the semester, while the experimental group maintained their weight. These findings are precisely what I have concluded in working with clients seeking weight loss, when one does not check in periodically with the scale, especially in America's culture of energy dense junk foods and sedentary lifestyles, the scale always seems to creep up overtime [6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A significant contribution to tissue nitrogen by microbial nitrate utilization may be possible for the SUP05 symbionts given the considerably low δ15N values in O. pearseae (average 1. 6‰) and the successful amplification of the SUP05-related periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (napA) gene. The actual abundance of SUP05 symbionts per individual anemone is not known, nor is the regulation of carbon or nitrogen nutrient exchange, and thus, the overall nutritional influence of the SUP05 bacteria is not yet quantifiable. Finally, Ostiactis pearseae tissue δ34S values (~ − 1‰) represented a large offset from typical marine biomass (16–21‰ [49]), where biogenic sulfur is sourced from seawater sulfate with minimal isotopic fractionation (21‰ [50]). The average δ34S observed in O. pearseae tissues is consistent with typical hydrothermal vent fauna (− 5 to + 5‰ [51]), which are known to incorporate a local source of sulfur (e. g. , volcanic, thermally altered sulfur at ~ 0‰ [52, 53]) via internal symbioses or direct consumption of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. However, several individuals of O. pearseae revealed even lower δ34S values (down to − 11‰), which would likely require the additional incorporation of substantial sulfide produced via microbial sulfate reduction, which is expected to have a δ34S signature of − 20‰ or lighter [54, 55]. The incorporation of sulfide sourced from dissimilatory sulfate reduction, rather than hydrothermal sulfide, has been similarly proposed for SUP05-hosting Bathymodiolus mussels from both and the Kaikata Caldera, which had tissue δ34S values of − 12‰ and − 25‰, respectively, with a comparable tissue sulfur content of ~ 0. 8% (n = only 1 specimen each [56, 57]). The wide range of δ34S values for O. pearseae tissues (~ − 11 to 9‰), compared to other thiosymbiont-hosting animal species, could be due to a combination of traditional feeding by the host, variable sulfide oxidation by the SUP05 symbionts (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: prausnitzii was important for gut homeostasis. In 2008 members of the same group had published on the composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota of CD patients at the time of surgical resection and 6 months following using FISH analysis (Sokol et al. , 2008), and again found reduced abundance of F. prausnitzii being correlated with an increased risk of postoperative recurrence of ileal CD. They further studied the anti-inflammatory effects of F. prausnitzii and showed that the bacterium exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on cellular and TNBS colitis models. NIH-Funded HMP and of the of Health (NIH) initiated a roadmap program focused on the human microbiome (Peterson et al. , 2009). The project has been described as a community resource, with overarching aims to help determine the core human microbiome, to understand the changes in the human microbiome that can be correlated with changes in human health, to develop new technological and bioinformatics tools to support these goals, and to address the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by human microbiome research ( The project has a heavy sequencing and data analysis component that currently is underway at the four large NHGRI/NIAID-funded sequencing centers (J. Institute (JCVI), of Medicine, Institute and Washington University). The current sequencing focus includes generating at least 3000 reference genomes at various levels of finishing (Chain et al. , 2009), coupled with significant 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing from 15 to 18 body sites on 300 individuals some of which would be repeat sample donors ( A number of “Investigator”-driven demonstration projects have also been awarded. These demonstration projects aim to understand the implications of a number of diseases including CD, BV, psoriasis, and esophageal cancer to name a few (Peterson et al. , 2009). It is anticipated that the results from these demonstration projects will give additional insights into the relationship between human health and disease and changes in the human microbiome. Finally, the Project (HMP) roadmap initiative has awarded funds to investigate new technologies for improving knowledge of the human microbiome, as well as for the development of computational tools that will increase the value of metagenomic data ( and the ethical, legal, and social implications of this work. In summary, and as captured in the recent publication by Peterson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Agrees that it is important that public health and clinical authorities promote daily weigh-ins for its strong benefit in aiding weight loss and preventing weight gain for the future. Because multiple studies have discovered that a behavioral change approach to weight loss will be key in curbing the growing prevalence of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases in America, it is irresponsible to not promote daily weighing as a simple solution proven effective for weight loss. And because it is undeniable that frequent self-monitoring in the form of self-weighing aids in weight loss, which can thus curb the deleterious obesity epidemic and staggering rates of preventable chronic diseases in America [7], aimed to see whether or not timing of weighing would help influence self control and restraint around food. While the researchers only found borderline significant correlations between restraint and weighing condition and found a slight change in subsequent food consumption, it is important that further research investigate this relationship for future intervention strategies using the scale as a tool to promote better dietary behaviors and a sense of accountability and sensibility with food. Health professionals have an obligation to promote this effortless and powerful function to promote weight loss and weight control. While the Centers for and Prevention website recommend "monitoring your weight," they do now specify how often. I recommend that my clients seeking weight loss go on the scale at least Mondays and Fridays to determine what typically happens over the week days and what happens over the weekend to start determining patterns for the individual. If somebody only goes on the scale once a week they may feel like they aren't losing any weight and be discouraged. However, if they went on more often, they would perhaps notice that they are losing two pounds during the week days, but gaining it back on the weekends, and should therefore target their efforts to planning more conscientiously for the weekends in the future. And in addition to recognizing patterns for more effective strategizing, the scale also provides incentive to eat healthier and more in line with weight loss goals. For example, if you know you are going on the scale Monday morning, you might reconsider that ice cream cone on Sunday afternoon. For these reasons, frequent weighing has proven incredibly effective in my personal 90-pound weight loss journey, as well as with my clients, and in the multiple studies as mentioned above. Go to Conclusion 131. Registry. -Hodge C, et al. (2013) The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and email.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler mounted on ROV SuBastian. Also available from the Repository ( Material examined for redescription of Ostiactis pearseae SIO-BIC Co3060 [GC18-0004] (S0193-R2): specimens: 2; details: fixative 4% paraformaldehyde; preservative 50% EtOH; (23. 95404° N, 108. 86296° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3061 [GC18-0005] (S0193-A2): specimens: 1; 10% formalin, preserved 50% EtOH; Matterhorn to Diane’s vent, (23. 95472° N, − 108. 86233° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3067 [GC18-0028] (S0194-S2): specimens: 2; fixed: 10% formalin; 50% EtOH; (23. 95666° N, − 108. 86171° W); 3670 m; 15 Nov 2018. Material studied has been deposited in the Collection of of Oceanography (University of Diego) and the collection of the of (AMNH) in New York. Additional specimens examined in this study include Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (SIO-BIC Co3065 [GC18-0012] (S0193-S4)) and the unidentified zoanthid (SIO-BIC Co3066 [GC18-0025] (S0194-S1)). Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysisTissue samples were dissected at sea, rinsed in milli-Q water, and frozen at − 20 °C until thawed, washed with milli-Q water, and dried for 48 h at 60 °C. Carbon and nitrogen isotope determinations of anemone tissues were made via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Samples (0. 2–0. 8 mg dry weight) were loaded in tin boats and analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) abundances and δ13Corg and δ15N using a Flash 2000 (Scientific) interfaced to a (Scientific) at.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: 56601 sequenced by the and Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3-41 sequenced by the of Sciences/Institute, of Sciences. The developing world has also been involved in the sequencing and analysis of some of the major eukaryotic parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major, and Theileria parva (Nene et al. , 2000; Berriman et al. , 2005; Bishop et al. , 2005; El-Sayed et al. , 2005; Gardner et al. , 2005). There have also been several initiatives that have looked at host genotyping in many developing countries. According to Coloma and Harris (2009), and India have all devoted resources to studies on human genetics and variation in human populations. As a result of many of these initiatives in developing countries, a limited capacity of tool development for genomics and bioinformatics approaches has occurred. However, much more remains to be achieved in technology and knowledge transfer, particularly in sub-. The main focus should be on developing genomics platforms leveraging on the next-generation sequencing approaches that remain to be established in much of the developing world. Monitoring of of Emerging and DiseasesEvents of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in the human population remain constant occurrences in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. Emerging infectious disease events such as SARS (Field, 2009) and the most recent pandemic of H1N1 (Gibbs et al. , 2009) illustrate and confirm the constant flow of pathogens from wild and domesticated animals, and other reservoirs into the human population. Chikungunya fever, which is an arboviral infection, reemerged in Asia in 2005–2006 after a long period of quiescence (Bhatia and Narain, 2009). It is thought that factors including microbial, climatic, social, and economic aspects influenced the reemergence of the disease and the pace at which it spread, eventually resulting in high death rates (Bhatia and Narain, 2009). Indeed, there are many microorganisms (viral, bacterial, and eukaryotes) that have moved into the human population and remain part of the human microbiota, which, when able to effectively survive, can cause either new diseases or disease with a much higher severity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Other phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, as well as methanogenic Archaea, mainly Methanobrevibacter smithii, are present in the gut microbiota only in a minority [3, 4]. The distribution of these phyla in the gut depends on a wide range of host factors including genetics, epigenetics, local immune response, oxygen gradient, dietary intake, and interactions among microbes. Gastrointestinal microorganisms can influence host processes to impact host physiology, immunology, and metabolism. The composition, diversity, and functionality of the gut microbiota can alter signaling events between the microbiome and the host to influence gut homeostasis and host health [5]. Analysis of the microbiota can be performed in different states of diseases, and its results together with the application to animal experimental models can provide a simpler system in which the disease pathogenesis can be examined [5]. Reduction of the bacterial diversity and overall disbalance of the gut microbiota also known as dysbiosis is associated with many chronic diseases [6]. In some instances, gut microbiota alterations can affect intestinal permeability, allowing the transfer of lipopolysaccharide originating from the walls of gram-negative bacteria into the circulation, leading to endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in different parenchymatous organs, resulting in metabolic disorders and chronic diseases [7]. The etiology of chronic diseases is often multifactorial, and gut microbiota is also one of the key factors. Current therapy for chronic diseases mostly does not reflect this fact, which limits its overall effectiveness. A better understanding of gut microbiota cross-talk mechanisms and their subsequent effects could provide new insights into the role of gut microbiota and dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis. This knowledge and technology can allow the development of potentially effective alternative approaches for preventive and therapeutic measures based on gut microbiota modulation [5, 8, 9]. More effective methods and biotherapeutics are needed for personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation as supportive therapy for chronic diseases. Targeted modulation of the gut microbiota represents an approach when specific bacterial strains have clinically proven effects of changes in the microbiota and human health. These bacteria are used in products to deliver specific predetermined effects for the host based on his disease and microbiota composition. Advertisement 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Samples were interspersed with several replicates of both in-house standards and international reference materials, including IAEA-CH-6, IAEA-CH-3, IAEA-NO3, USGS-40, and USGS-41. TOC and TN abundances were quantified by integrating peak areas against those produced by in-house standards across a range of masses. The isotopic values are expressed in permil (‰) relative to international standards V-PDB (Dee Belemnite) and Air for carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 2‰ for δ13Corg and 0. 3‰ for δ15N. There was no significant difference in δ13C between a subset of samples processed with and without acid (n = 7 each; ANOVA p = 0. 974). Sulfur isotope analyses were performed by combusting ~ 2–5 mg (dry weight) of tissue using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer. Sulfur isotope values are expressed in standard delta notation (δ34S) in permil (‰) as a deviation from the (VCDT) standard. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 3‰ for δ34S is 0. 3‰ based on in-house and international standards, including NBS-127 and IAEA-S1. DNA extractionSpecimens for molecular analysis (Table 1) were preserved immediately upon collection in ~ 90% ethanol and stored at 4 °C. Total genomic DNA was extracted from tissues using the Qiagen DNeasy kit () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Two-liter water samples were filtered onto a 0. 22-μm Sterivex-GP polyethersulfone filter (Millipore-Sigma, St. ) and frozen at − 80 °C until DNA analysis. DNA extraction from Sterivex PES filters was also performed using the Qiagen DNeasy kit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with the exception of the first step where 2 ml of ATL lysis buffer was added to the Sterivex filter, via Luer lock and syringe, and rotated at 56 °C for 12 h.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: Such cases of unknown and potentially pathogenic microorganisms in circulation in the human population are usually favored by factors related to (1) the ability of microorganisms to adapt in new hosts, (2) human actions (interactions with wild animals, hunting and effects on the environment leading to ecological disturbances), and (3) human movements as a result of global world travel (Field, 2009). Consequently, at any particular time, there could be a set of known and unknown microorganisms present in a given individual or a population as a result of their presence in and interaction with a specific environment or organisms therein such as animal reservoirs (i. e. , bats, mice, and rats) of known and unknown microorganisms. The main challenge in the context of forecasting, and better yet preventing emerging and reemerging infectious diseases has been early detection and genetic identification of such known and unknown microorganisms. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Studies of the human microbiome in the developing world will likely contribute significantly to the discovery of emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and others) in circulation in humans. In fact, in both developed and developing countries the issues of early identification of emerging pathogens have been an impediment for the prevention of emerging and reemerging infections. Based on recent studies, human metagenomics coupled with the next-generation DNA sequencing provides an opportunity for early detection of microbial organisms even when there is significantly low abundance (Relman, 2002). Because of the extreme importance of monitoring zoonotic infections, metagenomics studies should in principle be extended from humans to domesticated and nondomesticated animals. In fact, based on the technologies already available for human metagenomics studies, there has been increasing interest in launching animal metagenomics initiatives. Such initiatives will not only provide insights into the resident and transient microbial populations but also, in the case of natural reservoirs of given microorganisms, provide an opportunity to pinpoint the genetic changes that must occur for their adaptation to a new host – the human body. This is applicable in particular to invertebrate vectors and bats that are known to be host to a number of highly pathogenic viruses that pose significant public health problems to humans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiota in chronic diseasesThe gut microbiota alterations are observed in almost all chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and mental disorders. Microbiota alterations appear characteristic for each disease state. To date, it is unclear if dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of the disease [6]. Inflammatory bowel disease is an umbrella term for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are reported in patients with IBD, namely a decrease in populations of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and an increased Enterobacteriaceae. Other significant differences in gut microbial composition for CD include increased representation by Ruminococcus gnavus and decreased beneficial bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Dialister invisus, as well as an uncharacterized cluster of Clostridium XIVa. IBD patients have a reduced number of butyrate-producing bacteria and an increased number of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which promote further inflammatory processes [10]. The loss of obligate anaerobes with an increase of facultative anaerobes was also observed in patients with IBD [11]. It has been found that patients with IBD have altered metabolism including defective microbial and intestinal bile acid metabolism [6, 12, 13]. A higher level of fecal trypsin was detected in patients with CD suggesting altered protein degradation [14]. Decreased gut microbial diversity is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The gut microbiota changes in these diseases are characterized by an increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes [15]. It seems that gut microbiota is in close correlation with obesity and can affect the transfer of the number of calories from the diet to the host and the host metabolism of absorbed calories [16]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) differ in the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Both types of diabetes are associated with dysbiosis, but with different characteristic patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This solution was recovered from the filter, also via Luer lock and syringe, and processed as usual. Molecular analysis of the microbial communityA 1000-bp region of the gene coding for napA (periplasmic nitrate reductase) was amplified directly from Ostiactis tissues using the primers V16F (5′--3′) and V17R (5′--3′ [28]), while a 408-bp fragment of the aprA gene (subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme) was generated using primers, aps1F (5--3) and aps4R (5--3, described in [69]). A 1465-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the primers 27F and 1492R. Annealing conditions of 50 °C, 50 °C, and 54 °C were used for napA, aprA, and 16SrRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 25 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and submitted to GenBank (accession numbers MW148238 and MW158470). Close environmental and cultured relatives were chosen using top hits based on BLAST (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). The V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using bacterial primers with Illumina () adapters on the 5′ end 515F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′; [70]). The PCR reaction mix was set up in duplicate for each sample with Q5 High-Fidelity 2x () and annealing conditions of 54 °C for 25 cycles. Duplicate PCR samples were then pooled, and 2. 5 μL of each product was barcoded with Illumina NexteraXT index 2 Primers that include unique 8-bp barcodes (P5 5′----3′ and P7 5′----3′). Secondary amplification with barcoded primers used conditions of 66 °C annealing temperature and 10 cycles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: There are however a significant number of cases of diarrhea without obvious causes, thus making it difficult to control them. In addition and specifically in the case of rotaviruses, because of their high genetic diversity, the emergence of new genotypes, and the reassortment between different genotypes (Matthijnssens et al. , 2009), there is constant need for surveillance of circulating strains. Human metagenomics studies hold the promise for increasing our understanding of the diversity of rotavirus and other etiological agents of diarrheal diseases. Based on previous studies, gastrointestinal tract metagenomics studies in both healthy and diarrheal patients in developing countries may lead to the identification and association of additional microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes) with various cases of diarrheal diseases (Finkbeiner et al. , 2008). As an example, recent human microbiome studies have led to the discovery of a novel virus of the Cosavirus genus and its association with acute diarrhea in a child in Australia (Holtz et al. , 2008). Regular and comprehensive metagenomics analyses focusing on acute and difficult-to-cure cases of diarrhea and diarrhea cases with known and unknown causes primarily in developing countries may provide opportunities for (1) a constant assessment of the diversity of known causative agents of diarrhea and (2) identification of new microorganisms as they relate to cases of diarrheal diseases. Potential for Transmitted DiseasesSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common infections throughout the developed and the developing world. STDs can result in premature birth, stillbirth, and neonatal infections (and Meheus, 1990). Many ongoing studies on BV aim to understanding the microbial populations that are present in the vaginal ecosystem and how they vary under health and disease conditions. Recent studies that are focused on 16S rRNA gene analysis have suggested that the extent of microbial diversity in the vaginal tract is not fully understood, which in turn has implications for current treatment regimes. This has potentially significant implications for asymptomatic disease conditions for example. Additional results show a lack of homogeneity within the vaginal tract, highlighting a complex ecosystem (Kim et al. , 2009). Metagenomic approaches to studying this environment promise to give additional insights into the extent of diversity within this niche.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: It was found that the composition and numbers of dominant microbial species in CRC-associated dysbiosis in the gut lumen differ depending on disease severity and tumor stage [19, 20]. Advertisement 3. Current possibilities of the gut microbiota modulation in chronic diseases and future developmentCurrent knowledge suggests that gut microbiota and gut dysbiosis could play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases and gut microbiota modulation could be an effective tool for their supportive treatment. Nutrition significantly affects the diversity, composition, and function of the gut microbiota and human health at an early age, in adulthood, and also in old age. Diet high in fiber, fermented foods, and a diet containing omega- 3 fatty acids have a very positive effect on the composition and metabolic activity of beneficial microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. Diet represents a safe, readily modifiable, and cheap method of early intervention in chronic diseases, which may have significant health benefits by regulating the gut microbiota and mucous barrier [21]. New knowledge about the mutual communication between gut microorganisms and the whole organism makes it possible to develop new and effective methods of modulating the gut microbiota using beneficial microorganisms or their metabolites [22]. Probiotics are proposed as alternatives to antimicrobial drugs, and they can be an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diseases associated with gut dysbiosis. Prebiotics modulate gut microbiota by stimulating the growth and metabolic activity of gut-beneficial microorganisms [23]. It has been shown that the positive effect of probiotic bacteria, prebiotics, or natural bioactive substances in functional foods can effectively reduce the incidence of chronic diseases [24]. The beneficial effects of probiotics on the host can be significantly improved by potentiated probiotics [25], which contain a suitable combination of probiotic bacteria with natural bioactive substances such as oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and plant extracts [26, 27, 28, 29]. Experiments in gnotobiotic piglets have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids increased the adherence ability of lactobacilli and their inhibitory effect on the adhesion of Escherichia coli O8: K88ab: H9 in the gut [26, 27].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Products were purified using Millipore-Sigma (St. ) 03010 with a vacuum manifold and quantified using Scientific () QuantIT PicoGreen ds11496 on the BioRad CFX96 Touch Real-. Barcoded samples were combined in equimolar amounts into a single tube and purified with 28104 before submission to Laragen () for 2 × 250 bp paired end analysis on the Illumina MiSeq platform with PhiX addition of 15–20%. MiSeq 16S rRNA sequence data was processed in Ecology (v1. 8. 0). Raw sequence pairs were joined and quality-trimmed using the default parameters in QIIME. Sequences were clustered into de novo operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 99% similarity using open reference clustering protocol, and then, the most abundant sequence was chosen as representative for each de novo OTU. Taxonomic identification for each representative sequence was assigned using the Silva-119 database, clustered at 99% similarity. A threshold filter was used to remove any OTU that occurred below 0. 01% in the combined samples dataset. Analyses are based on Bray-Curtis distances of fourth-root transformed data, which minimizes errors in the ordination due to PCR bias, while not sacrificing genuine differences between samples. Quantification and statistical analyses are described in the “Results” sections and figure legends. Comparisons were performed using ANOVA and statistical significance was declared at p < 0. 05. Statistical analyses of beta diversity (e. g. , ) were performed with Primer E. The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( along with representative SUP05 OTUs in 6: DataFile S1). Molecular analysis of the anemone host Ostiactis pearseae Phylogenetic relationships were determined via sequencing of three mitochondrial markers, the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase III genes, and the partial nuclear 18S rRNA gene. An 862-bp product of the 12S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANTMT12SF (5′--3′) and ANTMT12SR (5′--3′) according to [71].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: of Fungal PopulationsSimilarly, amplification of regions from the 18S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA, a conserved fungal gene, allows discrimination of fungal species (Fujita et al. , 2001; Makimura, 2001). A preliminary study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of a community sequencing method to identify the fungal species in BAL lung samples from 23 human subjects. The fungal ITS1-5. 8S-ITS2 region was amplified and the results showed that 4 of 23 patients (17%) had fungal DNA levels that could be reproducibly detected by PCR. The detected fungi included Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida tropicalis, and Penicillium digitatum, among others (Denning, unpublished). These data agree with a culture-based study that showed that 63% of their sample population had evidence of pulmonary fungal colonization (Lass-Florl et al. , 1999), most commonly with A. fumigatus and other Candida species, and also Zygomycetes. The results also demonstrate that rRNA sequencing is a viable platform for characterization of fungal communities in the human body. via for Population AnalysisAlthough there are no conserved genes that can be targeted for determination of viral diversity, whole genome shotgun of a sample enriched for viruses (such as by filtering) can lead to an effective characterization of viral communities (Angly et al. , 2006). Hundreds of viral genome sequences can be completed in a single sequencing reaction run using the GS-FLX (454/Roche) sequencing platform. Using this technology and a random priming-based method, referred to as sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA), near-full-length genomes of RNA or DNA viruses can be sequenced. SISPA can be used to sequence known and unknown viral genomes (Djikeng et al. , 2008). This viral sequencing methodology can potentially be adapted for the determination of viruses within BAL by enrichment using nuclease treatment and filtration followed by taking the extracted total RNA and DNA through the SISPA process followed by sequence comparisons to known viruses. MetagenomicsThe initial studies of small 16S rRNA described above hinted at great diversity within the human microbiome, yet it left important questions unanswered such as the identity of the nondominant community members and their biological roles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Effects of probiotic (PRO) Lactobacillus plantarum and combination of PRO and prebiotic (PRE) inulin enriched with oligofructose (2%) and PRO with Linioleum virginale (O) on gut bacteria in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine exposed rats were studied. It was shown that combinations of PRO-O and PRO-PRE had a synergistic effect which was higher than the effect of administering only PRO [28]. Preventive application of L. plantarum LS/07 alone or in combination with inulin to rats with chronic inflammation reduced the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa by down-regulating of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis and suppression of NF-κB activity in mucosal cells [29]. The next-generation probiotics hold promise to treat diverse medical conditions, and they can be more effective than single or multi-strains commercial probiotics. Moreover, several different strains with proven health benefits such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides uniformis, Eubacterium hallii, and members of the Clostridia clusters IV, XIVa, and XVIII. can be considered candidates for the next generation of probiotics and other microbiota-based drugs. The development of the next generation probiotics holds promise for innovation in both the food/feed sector and the pharmaceutical industry [30]. New knowledge of the role of microbiota in health and diseases allows to expand the possibilities of administration of probiotics, in relation to their application form, depending on the intended use. Increasing interest in the application of probiotics in clinical practice will likely require specific regulatory approaches, if they are administered in a diseased population. More recently, the has defined a new “live biotherapeutic products” (LBP) category, clarifying pharmaceutical expectations. Similar to all products intended to prevent or treat diseases, LBPs will have to be registered as medicinal products to reach the market in the USA and Europe [31]. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the administration of fecal microbiota from a healthy person (donor) to a patient with a disease associated with dysbiosis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A 473-bp product of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANEM16SA (5′--3′) and ANEM16SB (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 721-bp product of the cytochrome oxidase III (COIII) gene was amplified via primers (5′--3′) and (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 502-bp product of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified via primers 18S-3F (5′--3′) and 18S-5R (5′--3′) according to [73]. Annealing conditions of 55 °C, 51. 5 °C, 51 °C, and 54 °C were used for 12SrRNA, 16and 18S rRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 30 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via GenBank (accession numbers MW148236-MW148237, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Newly generated DNA sequences for Ostiactis pearseae (and those for morphotype identified as Kadosactinidae sp. B. in this contribution) were combined and analyzed with the dataset by [74] for each of the four markers (1: Table S1). Sequences for each marker were separately aligned in MAFFT v. 7 [75, 76], using the following settings: strategy, L-INS-I; scoring matrix for nucleotide sequences, 200PAM/k = 2; gap open penalty, 1. 53; offset value, 0. 05. Alignments for each marker were analyzed separately and as a concatenated dataset (alignments available on the ( For each gene region, the best model of nucleotide substitution was chosen using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) on jModeltest2 [77, 78] implemented on the [79].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: The applications of shotgun techniques to the study of the human microbiome (Kurokawa et al. , 2007; Manichanh et al. , 2006; Zhang et al. , 2006) again highlight the extent of microbial diversity associated with the human body while revealing much more of the identity and biology of nonculturable microorganisms. As a result of reduced costs and improved sequencing technologies, it is possible to perform in-depth metagenomic surveys of the human body’s microbial diversity beyond the 16S rRNA surveys. Metagenomics, a term introduced in 1998, describes the functional and sequence-based analysis of total microbial genomes from environmental samples (Handelsman et al. , 1998). Metagenomics uses techniques that resemble the “Shotgun” approach of single genome sequencing, but it is not limited to a single species. Human metagenomics has provided insight into the complex composition of the microbiome of these several body sites, and this information has allowed us to draw tentative conclusions about the relationship between specific microbiomes and health. The human microbiome is composed of multiple “ecological niches”, including the mouth (Kroes et al. , 1999; Paster et al. , 2001), esophagus (Zhang et al. , 2006), stomach (Bik et al. , 2006), intestine (Gill et al. , 2006), skin (Gao et al. , 2007), and vagina (Zhou et al. , 2004). Our understanding of the overlap and the degree of communication between them is rudimentary at best. Perhaps the most extensively studied has been the human gut microbiome where the interaction of the gut microflora, independently or through interaction with the genetic makeup of the host plays a role in obesity, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis (Frank et al. , 2007; Gophna et al. , 2006; Turnbaugh et al. , 2006). Microbiome in AsthmaAsthma is a complex disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the lungs and reversible narrowing of the airways. Symptoms include dyspnea, coughing, wheezing, airway hyper–reactivity, chronic eosinophilic atopy, and mucus hyper secretion (Busse and Lemanske, 2001). About 20 million people in the US have been diagnosed with asthma; 9 million of them are children.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: FMT is an effective therapeutic alternative for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) but could be a promising therapeutic approach in patients with other diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and obesity [32, 33]. It is hypothesized that FMT improves colonization resistance of recipient gut microbiota, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Fecal microbiota can be transplanted also in lyophilized encapsulated form. Another possibility of FMT is to use human gut microbiota cultured anaerobically in vitro. In choosing the route of FMT administration, the indication should be taken into account [12, 34, 35, 36]. Next-generation-based therapies, including synthetic stool products or bacterial consortia, currently have been coming to the fore, as an alternative to FMT, as they have much fewer side effects. It was shown that gut microbiota could be effectively modulated by the administration of defined microbiota. Application of 33 bacterial strains, isolated from human stool or a stool substitute mixture comprising a multi-species community of bacteria, may be protective against C. difficile or S. typhimurium enteral infection. The defined consortium of 8 bacterial strains (altered Schaedler flora) could be effective to diminish fecal urease activity and ammonia production [12, 37, 38]. Autoprobiotic technology can be applied to modulate gut microbiota using selected indigenous probiotic bacteria isolated from a healthy donor. The isolated bacteria are stored in cryobanks and returned to the host if dysbiotic conditions occur [39]. One of the new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota is based on metabolites of microorganisms—“postbiotics”. They are produced, modulated, or degraded by the microbiota and act directly on the host with their metabolic and signaling function. These metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, flavonoids, or organic acid taurine, serve as a means of communication in interactions between hosts and microorganisms. Postbiotics target microbial signaling pathways by mitigating the negative effects of deficiency or excess of metabolites involved in signaling pathways. Postbiotics do not affect the gut dysbiosis, but have the potential to correct its negative effects. In contrast to the application of living microorganisms, their dosage and methods of application follow the principles of pharmacokinetics [40].

Output: contrast