Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 31 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016033 Published online 01 July 2016 1 Introduction 2 Future energy supply 3 Technical potential of renewable electricity – worldwide 4 Hydrogen as transport fuel 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 is the only country of the earth, in which the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies is decided. The main reasons for this are mainly: – The damage of climate due to CO2-emissions is obvious right now and will increase further on (in spite of Kyoto-protocol). – The availability of fossil primary energies is limited to approximately 50–80 years (with respect to probable annual growing rates even less! ). – Fossil energy carriers are raw materials for organic chemistry → to valuable for burning. – The energy demand worldwide will increase (especially by the developing countries) and will aggravate the situation. – The introduction of a new energy-system will need in principal about 50 years for the first 10% of market penetration (Marcetti, 1980). The consequence should be: it is very high time to introduce CO2-free renewable energies (if necessary via primary energies with less CO2), with hydrogen as secondary energy carrier which can be stored, transported and used in manifold applications. 2 Future energy supply The availability of fossil primary energies and nuclear energy is shown in Figure 1. The aggregate supply of fossil and nuclear energy is expected to peak by around 2015. After the peaking of the oil supply (∼today) [1], the global supply of natural gas, coal [2] and nuclear fuel [3] is expected to reach a combined maximum by around 2020 – at the latest. This will have significant impacts on the total energy supply. With peak oil we are entering into a transition phase towards a post-fossil energy area. But the velocity for this energy change is not given by the reduced resources of fossil fuels, but by the efforts to avoid a climate change by CO2-emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The rate of recovery is greater than the rate of developing a condition, due to the different denominator population in each case. The mean number of health conditions reported across the sample has also increased, from 0. 42 conditions per respondent at T1 to 0. 67 at T2, with more people reporting an increased number of health conditions than a decrease. We have previously reported the growing problem of co-morbidity across our study groups [41]. Recovery from health conditionsTable 3 shows that between T1 and T2 between 45 % and 79 % of those who reported a long term health condition at T1 did not report it at T2. We tested the effect of specific housing improvements on reporting of health conditions for those who had reported long term health conditions at T1, based on the hypothesised relationships outlined in Table 1. We test twelve combinations and find two significant relationships between housing improvements and improved health conditions (Tables 4 and 5). Those who had central heating are more likely (OR = 2. 63) to have recovered from circulatory conditions between interviews than those who did not have central heating improvements. This is expected based on our conceptual framework as central heating is a warmth improvement and warmth is a key risk factor associated with circulatory health conditions. Although not reaching statistical significance, the effect of fabric works on circulatory health conditions operated in a similar curative direction (OR = 1. 60). Table 4 Curative effects: odds ratios (95 % CI) of not reporting health condition at T2, when it was reported at T1 (recovering from condition)Full size tableTable 5 Curative effects: odds ratios (95 % CI) of not reporting health condition at T2, when it was reported at T1 (recovering from condition)Full size tableWe also found that those who had fabric works were more likely,to not report mental health problems at T2 which they had previously reported (OR = 3. 55), than those who did not have fabric works. This is concurrent with our hypothesised relationship in Table 1 whereby we expect a positive relationship between fabric works and mental health due to improved external appearance of the home, which may affect how residents perceive their home and themselves in status terms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Here, we reviewed the various ways in which observational bleaching measurements are taken and, after standardizing past measurements, we explored whether coral genera and morphologies showed differential bleaching responses among regions. While coral genera have evolved independently over time and few genera are shared across regions, nor are they equally present within a given region, quantitative comparative studies such as this one can still reveal emerging patterns. Coral reefs are projected to decline in cover on a global scale (Hughes et al. , 2017a; Pandolfi et al. , 2011), yet different regions have been, and will likely continue to be, disproportionately affected by climate change impacts (Shlesinger & Van Woesik, 2023; Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Previously, coral genera were found to have contrasting susceptibilities to bleaching in different sites within (Guest et al. , 2012) and this was thought to correspond to each location’s thermal history; less severe bleaching was associated with greater historical temperature variability. Bleaching was also less common near the equator, where thermal variability is generally higher (McClanahan et al. , 2020; Sully et al. , 2019). Here, our finding that Acropora was less susceptible to bleaching in the Atlantic (Fig. 5) is interesting when considering Caribbean-wide mass declines of Acropora since the 1960s due to disease or local anthropogenic stressors (Cramer et al. , 2021; Cramer et al. , 2020; Perry et al. , 2015). However, perhaps following the loss of less-resilient colonies, the remaining Atlantic acroporids are more stress-tolerant (whether through the physiological traits of the symbionts hosted, a post-disturbance shift to more thermally-tolerant symbionts, and/or acclimatization of the holobiont). Nevertheless, given the inconsistencies in bleaching response metrics (Table S2), it is difficult to standardize results from observational studies on coral bleaching, as discussed by Grottoli et al. (2021) for experimental studies. For example, studies have reported bleaching “prevalence” (e. g. , Williams et al. , 2010), “susceptibility” (Chou et al. , 2016; Dalton et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: The position of the Agency is: “We have to leave oil, before oil will leave us” (Fatih Birol, 2008). The limitation in availability of fossil energy resources as well as the threat of climate change to biosphere has led to the formulation of political goals with regard to security of energy supply and especially reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. All the underlying issues can be addressed in an efficient and sustainable way by energy conservation, by the increased use of renewable energy sources and by the use of hydrogen and fuel cells. In the long term, renewable energies will be able to provide more energy than all fossil and nuclear fuels will have been able to supply at their aggregate peak. On a global level, solar energy and wind power can become the major pillars of our energy system (Fig. 2). The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies is a transition from primary energy fuels (i. e. crude oil, natural gas, coal) to electricity (e. g. from photovoltaics, solar thermal power-plants, wind or hydropower). This will offer new options and opportunities but also new challenges for the future energy system. To a large extent, the transport sector will be electrified. In the last years, road vehicles have started to switch to renewable electricity as a “primary energy source”. Hydrogen will become a very essential partner for the future transport sector. As electricity from wind and solar energy is difficult to store, hydrogen will serve as electricity storage and as a transport fuel for future vehicles. Vehicles with longer operating ranges, higher payloads and fast refuelling capabilities very likely will have to be hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the foreseeable future. Fig. 1Contribution of fossil and nuclear energy sources. Source: LBST, 2005. Fig. 2Future primary energy supply. Source: LBST, 2005. 3 Technical potential of renewable electricity – worldwide Renewable electricity could become the most important energy of the world. Figure 3 summarises the technical potential for the production of renewable electricity from photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal power plants, wind and hydropower by world regions. Today's global electricity use lies in the order of 18,000 TWh per year. Fig. 3Potential of renewable electricity. Source: LBST, 2005. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Alternatively it might reflect a general worsening of the health of the population over time so that in 2011 (Wave 2–3 and Wave 1–3) respondents are more likely to report health conditions that those reported in 2008 (Wave 1–2). This would concur with our general observation of worsening morbidity over time in our study group. DiscussionWe have examined self-reported health conditions before and after four types of housing improvements. One of the main contributions of our work is to examine these conditions alongside disaggregating the package of housing works into specific types of improvement; many previous studies consider all housing improvement works together, either as a ‘retrofit’ or as a warmth intervention Given long established links between poor housing quality and health problems it can be expected that improvements to housing may lead to improvements in health. However, the evidence directly linking housing improvements to health improvement is limited and somewhat contradictory, in part due to the difficulties in undertaking longitudinal studies both before and after housing improvements, and with a sufficient follow-up interval. If poor housing is a causal factor for health conditions, then it can be expected that as well as potentially ameliorating existing health conditions (consistent with previous research that has found that housing improvements have a more noticeable effect when targeted at those in ill-health) improvements to housing conditions may also mitigate against developing poor health conditions. We therefore examined health conditions before and after housing improvements both for those with pre-existing health conditions and those without pre-existing health conditions, compared to those with the same health status but who did not experience housing improvements in the same time period. This seems worthwhile given that housing improvements might work in one of two ways, as curative or preventive, and appropriate to our study population which has high and rising rates of morbidity [9]. It is also to our knowledge the first time a housing intervention study has examined the treatment group in this way. In general, we find more indications of the curative effects of housing improvements than of their preventative effects. We hypothesised 17 pathways between the four housing improvements and six health conditions based on existing knowledge of housing-related risk factors for the conditions in question (see Table 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2020), “sensitivity” (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), “frequency” (Montano et al. , 2010), or “severity” (Guest et al. , 2016), yet these metrics are not necessarily interchangeable since they do not quantify the same aspect of bleaching. Moreover, percent bleaching can refer to either the tissue area that is bleached within a single colony (Glynn et al. , 2001; Montano et al. , 2010) or the proportion of total colonies displaying signs of bleaching as opposed to those that were unaffected (Bruno et al. , 2001; Carroll, Harrison & Adjeroud, 2017; Miller, Piniak & Williams, 2011). Thus, there is a need to consolidate not only our methods for measuring bleaching, which in themselves range in spatial scale and level of resolution (Fig. 4; Table S1), but also our terminology when reporting bleaching. A robust, consistent metric for bleaching and recovery is critical for correctly determining the factors driving these processes. Given that in situ observations are usually taken after the onset of bleaching (Table S4), the timing of surveys with respect to a bleaching event can also confound our interpretations of results (Claar & Baum, 2019). Further, most studies do not identify corals to the species level (Table S3) nor track colonies through time (but see: Ritson-Williams & Gates, 2020). Species-specific measurements at the individual colony level would minimize some of the uncertainty seen in bleaching responses. Additionally, since bleaching incidence is more often observed in areas of higher accumulated thermal stress (Fig. 3), it may be necessary to take into account the magnitude and duration of thermal stress when characterizing bleaching responses. Such analyses are for the most part unprecedented (but see: Knipp et al. , 2020, in which coral coloration was cross-correlated with temperature data) and would lend themselves to more accurate inter-study comparison. We also need to account for prior bleaching history and environmental legacies (Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Brown et al. , 2002; Wall et al. , 2021), since thermal adaptation and resilience has been demonstrated in some cases (Coles et al. , 2018; Guest et al. , 2012; Logan et al. , 2014; Palumbi et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: 1 Renewable electricity generation The share of renewable electricity is expected to increase significantly since the largest potentials for renewable energies in Europe and Germany are identified as wind, hydropower, solar and geothermal electricity. In 2007, the Ministry for the Environment, has published the 2007 “Renewable Energies” [4]. This study predicts that the electricity production from renewable resources will increase from 74 TWh in 2006 to 156 TWh in 2020. With regard to the current and presumably also the future electricity production this represents more than 25% of the overall production. This scenario also reflects the already enacted and binding goals of the European Union. 3. 2 Renewable electricity storage With increasing share of renewable electricity our future energy system will require large scale storage systems for electricity. Today, pumped hydro power stations are the only widely used means to store electricity at industrial scale. But the potential for further extension and new installations is very limited. The only technology at present knowledge which has the potential for single storage systems in the 100 GWh range is the storage of hydrogen (with high energy storage densities) in underground salt caverns (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Energy densities for different energy storage systems. Source: KBB-UT. 3. 2. 1 Costs for electricity storage Pumped hydropower storage systems or (adiabatic) compressed air systems have high efficiencies, because the potential energy of different levels or compression can directly be converted to electricity. The efficiency of storing electricity by hydrogen is lower (∼50%) due to the additional conversions by electrolysis and fuel cells (or turbines), but the high energy density enables hydrogen to store huge amounts of energy. Figure 5 indicates the costs for “storage by weeks”, which is necessary for long-term fluctuations of renewable primary energies. Hydrogen has the best opportunities with respect to the triangle of energy density, efficiency and reasonable price. By this way, hydrogen makes the renewable primary energies ready for basic power supply. Fig. 5Storage costs for “Storage by weeks”. Source: Study of VDE, 2009. 4 Hydrogen as transport fuel In addition to the necessity to use hydrogen for storage and load compensation a further pathway for the utilisation of sustainably produced hydrogen will be its use in the transportation sector (Fig. 6).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In our first set of analyses, we found evidence in support of three of these pathways: two warmth interventions – fabric works and central heating – were associated with a higher likelihood of recovery from circulatory conditions; fabric works were also associated with a higher likelihood of recovery from a mental health condition (anxiety, stress or depression). The first of these findings is in accord with previous studies and adds to a sparse evidence base. Review found only two studies that reported the effects of warmth interventions on circulatory conditions, both reporting beneficial effects: one of these reported a beneficial, curative effect on blood pressure [28]; the other reported beneficial preventative effects on heart disease and hypertension [19] – we did not find evidence for the preventative effect, but for a curative effect. The second finding on the curative effect of fabric works on mental health conditions adds to a conflicting evidence base but supports our earlier findings relating to the effect of fabric works on the SF-12 measure of mental health [10]. Of those studies that used mental health scales as the outcome measure, more found a positive impact of warmth interventions [17, 38, 42] than not [16, 19]. Where self-reported mental illness was used as the outcome, a beneficial effect of housing warmth interventions was reported, as in our study [11]. LimitationsThe poor model fit in our models suggests that we do not adequately include all factors affecting health conditions and that the overall contribution of housing improvements is limited. Below we discuss some of the limitations of the study. There are several key elements which are not measured in our study. We have no measure of the quality of homes prior to the intervention, so the degree of housing quality gain is not measured. This may explain why in some cases we do not find relationships as expected. For example, in other contexts studies have focused on the heating of homes which had not had a heating system before; in our case, the intervention may be the replacement of an unsatisfactory but nonetheless operational system, so controlling for the existing quality may have demonstrated an effect only where there was substantial quality improvement. We also have no measure of the severity of the health conditions, which means that we might not have picked up on cases where symptoms may have been alleviated, but not entirely cured. Alternatively those who did not have conditions may have developed health conditions in both groups, but they may be less severe among the intervention group and we would not have detected this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2014). For a more nuanced perspective on bleaching, post-stress recovery, and the underlying factors contributing to resilience and/or resistance at physiological and ecosystem scales, it is important to continue monitoring the same individual coral colonies in the long term (>1 year) where possible. Conclusions Here, we show that in situ coral responses to thermal stress not only vary by region, genus, and morphology but also that some genera or morphologies have unique regional responses to thermal stress. This may be due to different regional stressors and adaptation, the duration of incurred thermal stress, and/or population or community-level differences in symbionts and holobionts. However, inconsistencies in bleaching measurements and reporting between studies can obscure specific findings as well as possible causes of this variability. Standardized, quantitatively-compatible bleaching response metrics that incorporate the severity of thermal stress and other contextual factors (e. g. , local stressors) would be more useful for predicting bleaching susceptibility, and will improve comparability across studies. It should be noted that this is inherently complicated since corals exist in different environmental contexts, each with their own thermal history experiencing distinct combinations of local and global stressors, and comparing one reef to another may not always be appropriate. Still, disentangling some of these discrepancies will lead to a better understanding of coral bleaching and recovery dynamics and could help to inform more effective management of coral reefs in the face of climate change. Coral bleaching literature review full dataset and associated metadata Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-1 bleaching literature review subset Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores (only including common genera and morphologies; used for statistical analysis). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-2 code for coral bleaching data subset Visualizing and analyzing genus or morphology-specific responses by region. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-3 tables Overview of each study’s (1) method of determining coral bleaching, (2) coral bleaching response metric, (3) level of taxonomic resolution, and (4) sampling time frame with regard to the bleaching event. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: The current discussions on CO2 reduction and the availability of fossil fuels show, that car industry is speeding up with their efforts to develop hydrogen powered vehicles and that first vehicle sales can be expected for 2015 followed by a broad market entry from 2017 corresponding to newest announcements of different car manufacturing companies. Furthermore, it can be observed that hydrogen propulsion in passenger cars is as twice as efficient end-use technology than today's direct injection engines and thus displaces conventional fuels and power trains more efficiently than using hydrogen in stationary conversion units (combined cycle power plants or fuel cell systems) where it competes for the time being with almost as efficient natural gas-based end-use technologies. Finally it should be mentioned, that these topics – large-scale storage of hydrogen, utilisation of hydrogen as a storage medium for electrical energy and the utilisation of surplus energy in the transportation sector – only played a sub-ordinate role in R&D activities in the past. Based on the above-mentioned possibilities this technology can provide, it is urgently needed that both industry and politics attend to this topic and provide the required resources allowing to find suitable answers to the pending changes in the energy landscape. One example for the construction and design of a fuel cell vehicle is given in Figure 7 by a B-Class car from Daimler. This car was fabricated under serial conditions with corresponding approvals. A tour with 30,000 km around the world in 2011 demonstrated the applicability of this technology for general use. Other car manufacturers in Europe, Asia and US are going similar ways, sometimes in bilateral cooperation. A start for the market penetration is announced within this decade. Another actual mobile application of hydrogen is the use in urban busses. Many cities (i. e. Hamburg, Cologne, Berlin, London…) are using hydrogen–hybrid busses since several years. It is planed to extend the numbers of these busses significantly. New technical concepts with fuel cells as range extenders for trolley busses are just in preparation, for example in Riga. Fig. 6Ways of hydrogen storage and utilization. Fig. 7B-Class of Daimler with fuel cells. 4. 1 Special aspects of fuel-cell-vehicles with respect to alternatives Very often electric vehicles with battery storage systems are considered as competitors to electric vehicles powered by hydrogen via fuel cells. But in reality both types of electric vehicles complement one another.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Although we did ask respondents to self report whether their conditions had improved, the response rates were too low for analysis. The time elapsed since interventions and the length of time living in the house prior to interventions are also potentially crucial elements which we have not considered here. Whilst we have controlled for socio-demographic characteristics, deprived populations experience many other disruptive events in their lives over short time periods, which can affect their health and which we have not been able to take into account here. There are other ways in which the analysis for a study such as ours could be set up. Although the improvements are not prioritised by individual need, it may be that those properties eligible or programmed for each type of improvements are those in the worst condition. This may mean that the occupants are more susceptible to developing health conditions or less able to recover so that, despite housing improvements, health is no different among those who have received them due to living in poorer conditions for a length of time. In order to consider this, we would need both better measures of housing conditions for properties receiving and not receiving housing improvements, as well as better measures of the severity and duration of the health conditions of dwelling occupants. The small sample sizes in some cases mean that the power of our models to find significant effects is restricted. This increases our chances of a type II error, or false negative results. In this study this applies mainly to the small sample sizes in Tables 4 and 5, modelling the curative effects of housing improvements. There are effect sizes which may be considered substantive, but which are not statistically significant and this highlights a need for larger studies of these particular health conditions and housing improvements. Those which might warrant further study include: the effect of fabric works on circulatory health and headaches; kitchen, bathroom and rewiring on digestive conditions; and the effects of doors and new kitchens, bathrooms and rewiring on mental health. When looking at the preventative effects in Tables 6 and 7, the sample sizes are larger so we would expect significant effects to be detected. Furthermore the effect sizes are generally small so it seems less likely that we are not finding substantive effects due to limited statistical power. Nevertheless, some of the relationships may warrant further investigation including: fabric works on respiratory and circulatory conditions; central heating on respiratory conditions and kitchen, bathroom and rewiring on allergies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 16100/supp-4 We thank J Shurin and three anonymous reviewers for feedback on this manuscript. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 8058. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2016. Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Reef. Science 352:338-342. 2001. Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching. Human and Assessment: Journal 7:1271-1282. 2020. Large-scale mapping of live corals to guide reef conservation. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:33711-33718. 2017. Impact of three bleaching events on the reef resiliency of Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. Frontiers in 4:398. 2020. Ko’a Card: coral health and bleaching assessment color reference card for Hawaiian corals. SN 2:1-15 Álvarez--. 2018. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. 603:257-264 Baird A, Marshall P. 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Reef. 237:133-141 Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: diversity, ecology, and biogeography of symbiodinium. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2008. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal and 80:435-471. 2013. Long-term monitoring of algal symbiont communities in corals reveals stability is taxon dependent and driven by site-specific thermal regime. 479:85-97 Barshis DJ. 2015. Genomic potential for coral survival of climate change. In: Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Dordrecht: Springer. 133-146 -Irwin JM. 2023. Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance. 9:eabq5615.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Both fuel types – liquid from biomass and hydrogen from renewable electricity – are needed to reduce CO2-emissions in mobility, but preferably each one for its best efficiency-range. 6, it was just indicated, that after hydrogen production by electrolysis a further conversion by Sabatier process to methane is possible. This conversion to “synthetic natural gas” (SNG) can be handled as compressed natural gas (CNG), using the existing infrastructure. By this way the use of SNG as fuel in vehicles is also possible – in internal combustion engines. Even if the efficiencies of ICE's are significantly lower, there is the argument, that the initial energy as “surplus of renewable electricity” is free of cost. 11, it is shown the efficiency chain from renewable electricity to the wheel of a passenger car for the energy path of hydrogen production, transport and use in fuel cells in comparison to the energy path via CNG and ICE. It is remarkable, that the energy loss by Sabatier-process for methanisation is nearly the same as the energy demand for transport and compression of the hydrogen path. The main difference of efficiency is the end-use in the car for the normalized (NEDC) by internal combustion engine (22%) and fuel cell (52%). So, in summery the overall efficiency for the SNG-ICE-path is 12% in comparison to 29% for the H2-FC-path. From the first point of view this seems not to be very severe, because the initial energy as “surplus” of fluctuating renewable energy is free of cost. But a more rigorous view is given by an efficiency consideration starting from a normalized numerical value of 1 for the used end-energy at the wheel (Fig. 12). By this consideration it becomes clear, that for the same final energy at the wheel and under the same meteorological conditions the primary energy for the SNG-ICE-path (8,1) is bigger by a of 2,4 than for the H2-FC-path. This means the size of primary energy plants (incl. the corresponding investment cost) has to be higher by the same factor. Therefore, the efficiency of fuel cells has highest importance for a decision of energy paths.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, although controlled experimental design is usually heralded as being more robust for evaluating the effects of interventions on health outcomes, this may not be true when the expected benefits are at the population level rather than being an immediate cure for an individual health problem. ConclusionIn many other studies, it is not always clear whether the effect of the housing intervention is curative or preventive, as all that is usually reported are the comparative health statuses post-intervention, unless a study is focused only on those with a health particular condition, which is sometimes the case. The fact that we found evidence for some curative effects of housing improvements, but no evidence for their preventative effects is therefore important as it indicates which of these types of impact is the more likely, at least for a deprived and relatively unhealthy population group. It also provides support for two of the main conclusions of the recent Cochrane review of housing improvements and health, namely that health gain is most likely where housing improvements are targeted at those in most need, and that short term health impacts from improvement programmes delivered across an entire area (as is the case in Glasgow) are less clear [4]. 2013. Accessed: 4/12/14. 2009. Association. Housing and health: building for the future. 2003. ISBN: 0 7279 1778 1. 2013. Book 460. 14. . Inequalities in Mortality in Scotland, 1981–2001. MRC Social and no. 16. Glasgow: MRC Social and Sciences Unit, 2007; 2007. ( Accessed 4/12/14. 1992. BMJ. 1994; 309. doi: Health outcomes over time Glasgow: GoWell/GCPH. . Physical and mental health outcomes following housing improvements: evidence from the GoWell Study. J Health. 2014; ISSN 0143-005X (doi:10. 1136/jech-2014-204064) (Publication). Shortt N, Rugkåsa J. “The walls were so damp and cold” fuel poverty and ill health in Northern Ireland: Results from a housing intervention. Health Place. 2007;13(1):99–110. 298. Hyndman SJ. Housing dampness and health amongst in East London. Med. 1990;30:131–41. 67. . Effects of damp and mould in the home on respiratory health: a review of the literature. Allergy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 2022. Remoteness does not enhance coral reef resilience. Biology 28:417-428 -Y, Tan C-J. 2015. Towards automated annotation of benthic survey images: variability of human experts and operational modes of automation. 10:e0130312. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proceedings of the B: 273:2305-2312. 2016. Exploring the symbiodinium rare biosphere provides evidence for symbiont switching in reef-building corals. 10:2693-2701 Brandt M. 2009. The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the during the 2005 mass bleaching event. 28:911-924 Brown BE. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. 16:S129-S138. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. 21:119-126. 1994. Solar damage in intertidal corals. 105:219-230 Bruno JF, Côté IM, Toth LT. 2019. Climate change, coral loss, and the curious case of the parrotfish paradigm: why don’t marine protected areas improve reef resilience? of 11:307-334. 2001. El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, western Caroline Islands. 20:127-136 Bryant D, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Phinn S, González--Guldberg O, Dove S. 2017. Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems. Ecosphere 8:1-17. 2004. Potential contributions of climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Virginia: Coral reefs and global climate change. on Change. . 2012. Historical temperature variability affects coral response to heat stress. 7:e34418. 2017. Susceptibility of coral assemblages to successive bleaching events at Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine and 68:760-771 Chirayath V, Earle SA. 2016. Drones that see through waves—preliminary results from airborne fluid lensing for centimetre-scale aquatic conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and 26:237-250 -. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched as a potential large-scale energy storage solution for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: A lot of more concepts for the mobile application of H2/FC-systems are considered at present: – for ships and airplanes as auxiliary power unit for big systems or as propulsion for small ones, – for materials handling systems, – for small propulsion systems (bicycles, wheel chairs). For more details of these new mobile applications of fuel cell systems pleas see [7]. One example for a just existing fuel cell propulsion in a ship is shown in Figure 13. The “Zero-Emission-Ship” (ZEM-Ship) is operated in the harbor of Hamburg for round trips. An example for the H2/FC-application in airplanes is shown in Figure 14. An APU in an Airbus is used for power generation with different additional benefits like battery reduction, water production, use of O2-degraded air for tank-inerting system, ground support, etc. The system is still in development. In a summary of basic statements it can be recapitulated: – Hydrogen makes renewable primary energies ready for basic power supply, – Hydrogen makes the energy transition affordable (due to its energy-storing capability and a lot of further applications), – Hydrogen introduces renewable energies into mobility, – Hydrogen enables electric vehicles to reach long distances, – Hydrogen makes mobility CO2-free. Hydrogen and fuel cells are strong partners of renewable primary energies and are essential elements for the energy transition. Fig. 8Market segments of battery- and fuel-cell-vehicles. Source: Coalition study [5]. Fig. 9Energy management of a hybridized battery/fuel-cell car. Fig. 10Comparison of efficiencies for a fuel cell system and internal combustion engine. Source: IBZ. Fig. 11W-t-W with renewable electricity: H2 or CNG for mobile application of passenger cars in NEDC. Original source of figures: Kreyenberg [6]. Fig. 12W-t-W with renewable electricity: H2 or CNG for mobile application of passenger cars in NEDC (normalized to 1 for final energy at wheel). Fig. 13“Zem-Ship” with hydrogen-fuel cell-propulsion in the harbor of Hamburg. Fig. 14Airbus with APU with hydrogen and fuel cell. 2. English-Version: Hydrogen and – Technologies and Market Perspectives, in preparation, to be published in Oct. 2015.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Drug metabolism: manipulating the microbiomeUnderstanding how symbiotic bacteria that help maintain health interact with medicines is an emerging field of research. Microbiome 27 March 2015 link to page Download PDF For the first time, a drug is being developed to work by modulating the activity of the microbiome (found in the intestinal villi, pictured)/ LibraryWithin the next two years, scientists are likely to begin clinical trials of a drug aimed at alleviating debilitating side effects from irinotecan, a chemotherapy agent used in advanced colon and pancreatic cancer. This drug doesn’t target biochemical processes in human cells, nor is it an antimicrobial that kills ‘foreign’ organisms. Instead, for the first time, it works by modulating the activity of the microbiome, the 100 trillion bacteria that inhabit the human gut. “Our goal is to keep patients on the drugs that are keeping them alive. And we’re doing that through the microbiome, which is a new paradigm,” says Matthew Redinbo, a biochemist at the University of in Chapel Hill. Redinbo led studies demonstrating in mice that manipulating the microbiome in this way can prevent the severe diarrhoea that often limits the use of irinotecan and related molecules[1]. He’s now creating a spin-off company, Symberix, to commercialise the drug. The work would represent the first clinical application of insights into how the symbiotic bacteria that help maintain our health interact with the pharmaceuticals we take to improve our health. It’s a field of study so new that no one even agrees on what to call it. Candidates include pharmacomicrobiomics and pharmacometabonomics, among others. And yet, in principle it isn’t new at all. “The general concept that the microbiome is involved in drug metabolism is actually fairly old,” says Peter Turnbaugh, a microbiologist at the University of California, San Francisco. “This idea has been around for decades. ”But over the past few years, the idea has come into the spotlight. Several studies have shown the wide variety of effects the microbiome can have on drug metabolism. Microbes can activate or inactivate drugs, generate toxic byproducts of drug metabolism, and alter drug metabolism by human cells in both direct and indirect ways.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Differential response of coral assemblages to thermal stress underscores the complexity in predicting bleaching susceptibility. 11:e0159755. 2019. Timing matters: survey timing during extended heat stress can influence perceptions of coral susceptibility to bleaching. 38:559-565. 2020. Dynamic symbioses reveal pathways to coral survival through prolonged heatwaves. 11:1-10 -. 2018. Global patterns and impacts of El Niño events on coral reefs: a meta-analysis. 13:e0190957. 2010. Environmental symbiont acquisition may not be the solution to warming seas for reef-building corals. 5:e13258 ’ulei. 2018. Evidence of acclimatization or adaptation in Hawaiian corals to higher ocean temperatures. PeerJ 6:e5347. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. 9:45-49. 2017. Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papahānaumokuākea Monument (Islands) 12:e0185121. 2021. The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans. Ecology and Evolution 11:10098-10118. 2020. Widespread loss of Caribbean acroporid corals was underway before coral bleaching and disease outbreaks. 6:eaax9395. 2020. Successive marine heatwaves cause disproportionate coral bleaching during a fast phase transition from El Niño to La Niña. Science of the 715:136951 ôté IM. 2013. Life histories predict coral community disassembly under multiple stressors. Biology 19:1930-1940 -Metalpa R, D’. 2019. Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves. Proceedings of the B 286:20190235 de -. 2022. Community composition of coral associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne‘ohe Bay. 9:212042 de -. 2023. Importance of depth and temperature variability as drivers of coral symbiont composition despite a mass bleaching event. 13:8957. 2017. A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. 12:e0175490 -Guldberg O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: On a regional scale, the presence of renewable generators often induces additional costs for network reinforcement to limit the risks of congestion. Indeed, the favorable conditions for wind energy exploitation are often found in remote area (windy coast, offshore) where the network infrastructures are weak or non-existent. Since a regional network is sized according to the maximum transit power, to prevent power congestion, it is necessary to size the network infrastructures to match the total installed capacity. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. The renewable generations capacity will have to take into account the preservation of the reliability and the safety of the networks. The objective is that renewable generators must not entail the degradation of the supply security nor imply dramatic cost increase for the consumers. Energy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources. They could contribute to remove the technical constraints that limit the contribution of renewables into electrical networks. As mentioned above, these technical limits are present both on the regional scale and on the scale of the whole network. More generally, energy storage could propose valuable services by reducing the instantaneous variations of the injected power. A simple approach consists in storing a part of the random production that would be add up to the future production to decrease the amplitude of variation of the injected power. That approach, however, does not guarantee the availability of stored energy, nor the level at which the power will be injected to the network. Furthermore, a trade-off must be estimated carefully to ensure the benefits will surpass the cost associated with the deployment of energy storage facilities. In this 2. Energy storage technologies for renewable energy power smoothingEnergy-storage technologies are vital for the large-scale exploitation of renewable energies since they could ensure secure and continuous supply to the consumer from distributed and intermittent supply base. Many techniques can be used to stored electrical energy [1]. First, it must be transformed into a storable form of energy that could be mechanical, chemical or thermal. Then, there must be a process that gets back the stored energy into a usable form. Within the scope of this 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In many ways, the field is a natural extension of pharmacogenomics, the study of how variations in human genes contribute to individual differences in drug metabolism and effectiveness. In addition, the Project —established to characterise the human microbiota and analyse their role in human health and disease — has focused attention on the big variations between the normal microbiota of different individuals. You can give two people the same drug and they will respond differently. And it’s not because of their genes but because of the genes of the microbes they carry“You can give two people the same drug and they will respond differently. And it’s not because of their genes but because of the genes of the microbes they carry,” says Ramy Aziz, a microbiologist in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Cairo University. As a result, Aziz and other scientists say, the development of truly personalised medicine will have to consider humans as a superorganism, composed of ten times as many bacterial cells as human ones, and will have to take into account the idiosyncrasies not just of a single human genome but of the one to two thousand bacterial genomes that come along with it. Fortunately — and perhaps the biggest reason for the current flowering of this area of research — the advent of high-throughput sequencing, advanced bioinformatics, and techniques such as metagenomics are enabling scientists to get a handle on this complexity. Historical mysteriesIt is bioinformatics that has enabled researchers to confirm hunches and test hypotheses about microbes and drugs that in some cases are decades old. Around 30 years ago, scientists traced differences in how individuals process the cardiac medicine digoxin to a gut bacterium called Egerthella lenta, which is capable of inactivating, or reducing, digoxin[2]. Only people who harbour E. lenta in their gut are able to inactivate the drug, scientists found. Yet not everyone with E. lenta does so. “And so there was this real mystery,” says Turnbaugh. It was a mystery with enormous therapeutic consequences, because those who inactivate the drug may get little therapeutic benefit from it, while a too-high dose given to someone who doesn’t could prove toxic. Turnbaugh and his colleagues solved the mystery by sequencing RNA from E. lenta. They identified a pair of genes, called the cgr operon, that work together to metabolise digoxin[3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Biology 11:2251-2265. 2020. Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:5351-5357. 2021. Local conditions magnify coral loss after marine heatwaves. Science 372:977-980. 2019. The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. 38:539-545. 2004. Satellite observation of (Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using data. 23:123-132. 2021. Increasing coral reef resilience through successive marine heatwaves. Letters 48:e2021GL094128. 2019. Trophic plasticity in a common reef-building coral: insights from δ13C analysis of essential amino acids. 33:2203-2214 Glynn PW. 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83 El Niño warming event. 11:133-146 Glynn PW, Maté ón MO. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño–event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of 69:79-109 Goreau TF. 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after Hurricane Flora. Science 145:383-386. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. 14:5-15 Goulet TL. 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts. 321:1-7. 2004. Lipids and stable carbon isotopes in two species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa and Montipora verrucosa, following a bleaching event. 145:621-631. 2006. Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186-1189 van. 2021. Increasing comparability among coral bleaching experiments. 31:e02262. 2014. The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers. Biology 20:3823-3833. 2012. Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. 7:e33353 és. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Installed capacity of various energy storage systems (from [2])A summary of the various applications of energy storage aimed to support the electrical network expressly in the case of high rate of intermittent generations is reported in [3-7]. These 1. Characteristics of energy storage systemsTypologyElectro-chemical energy storageConventional BatteriesHigh temperature BatteriesRedox flow BatteriesTechnologyPbALi-ion1 kWh – 40 MWh1 Wh – 50 MWhUp to 100 KWh400 kWh – 245 MWh100 kWh – 2 MWh2 MWh – 120 MWhRated Power1W to 10 MW– 50 MW5 kW - "/> 500 kW50 kW - "/>10 MWkW to MWkW to MWCycle Efficiency70% – 85%80% - 90%85% - 90%85% - 90%75-80 DC65-70 AC/80%-85% DC65%-75% ACResponse time 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. 1/200 sec. Cycling tolerance<1500 at 80% DoDUp to 7000 at 80% DoD3000 at 80 % DoD4500 at 90 % DoD1000-2000 at 80 % DoD"/>13000 at 100% DoDSelf discharge1% to 5% per month2% to 10% per monthDue to thermal loss(up to 18%/days)Due to thermal loss(up to 20%/days)1 %/h due to diffusion of dibrome through the membraneUp to 10% due to auxiliary consumptionPower capital cost <500€/kW500 – 2000 €/kW- €/kW1500-1800 €/kW1000-2000 €/kW1750€/kWEnergy capital cost<50€/kWh (car batt. )to250€/kWh700 – 1500€/kWh500€/kWh200 – 250 €/kWh600 – 800 €/kWh215 €/kWh – 450 Maturity statusMature technology for large number of applicationsMature technology for handheld electronic devices. Numerous demonstrators for electric cars and "/>1 MW stationary units. Commercial units for embedded applications. Few stationary demonstrators. Commercial units for stationary application (small market)Prototypes and few industrial unitsPrototypes and demonstration units.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: “If you compare different E. lenta strains, you find that only some of them carry the operon,” says Turnbaugh. The group also showed that E. lenta carriers who have a high proportion of bacteria with the cgr operon metabolise a high proportion of digoxin, while those colonised primarily with strains that lack the operon inactivate very little of the drug. Now, Turnbaugh and his colleagues are investigating how to manipulate this process — for example, by blocking E. lenta’s action to ensure that more active digoxin reaches the heart. The cgr operon is less active in the presence of the amino acid arginine, and the researchers have found that mice colonised with E. lenta fed a high-protein diet have higher blood digoxin levels compared with those given a protein-free diet. Next, they plan to see whether arginine supplementation alone can achieve the same effects. Redinbo’s work on preventing side effects from irinotecan also rests on relatively familiar observations about the microbiome. Scientists have long known that the liver processes many drugs by adding a sugar called glucuronic acid. This both detoxifies the molecule and ‘tags’ it for transport to the intestine and elimination. Meanwhile, around half of the microbes that inhabit the human gut produce an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which enables them to scavenge that glucuronic acid from these molecules and reactivate them, a process called enterohepatic recycling. In the case of a highly toxic drug like irinotecan, such recycling could be disastrous. “This hypothesis had been out in the literature for a while — that it was the bacterial beta-glucuronidases that were reactivating irinotecan and causing the toxicity,” says Redinbo. and his colleagues set out to test this hypothesis by looking for a drug that would inhibit bacterial beta-glucuronidase, without harming the microbes themselves or interfering with the action of the body’s own versions of the enzyme. The researchers screened thousands of chemicals and found several that could prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhoea in mice, they reported in 2010[1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 27 years of benthic and coral community dynamics on turbid, highly urbanised reefs off Singapore. 6:36260 Gunderson LH. 2000. Ecological resilience—in theory and application. of Ecology and Systematics 425-439 Heenan A, Williams ID. 2013. Monitoring herbivorous fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience in American Samoa. 8:e79604. 2016. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the world’s coral reefs 1985–2012. 6:1-14 Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and 50:839-866 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Salvat B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. 121:181-190. 2018. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359:80-83. 2017a. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82-90 Álvarez Noriega M, Álvarez. 2017b. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543:373-377. 2004. Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii. Biology 10:1627-1641. 2008. A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. Proceedings of the B: 275:1359-1365 Jones RJ, Yellowlees D. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals. of the of B: 352:457-468 Kassambara A. 2020. ggpubr:‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots. R package version 0. 4. 0 software. 2021. ARTool: aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs. R package version 0. 11. 0 software Kemp DW, Hernandez-Pech X, Iglesias-. 2014. Community dynamics and physiology of Symbiodinium spp. before, during, and after a coral bleaching event.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Few industrial unitsEnvironmental or statutory constraintsExplosion risk if electrolyte gases leak. Need electronic supervision of each cell for safe operation. Low environmental impact if reactants are adequately confinedLow environmental impact if reactants are adequately confinedLimited environmental impact if reactants are adequately confined. Possible H2 emission to be accounted for. Low environmental impact. Recycling ability90%Recycling of the electrode metalsUp to 100%Up to 98% with specific treatment of solid sodiumRecycling of the electrolyteTable 2. Characteristics of electrochemical energy storage systemsThe potential and opportunities of the storage of energy in the distribution networks is investigated in [2]. This study focuses on the technologies of storage susceptible to be installed on the levels of tension of distribution networks (unit power capacity in the range of 10 to 20 MW in production and less than 40 MW in consumption). The author highlights the technologies that do not present major environmental or statutory constraints that could limit their deployment and that are susceptible to reach both technical and commercial maturity by 2015. In this 2. 1. Tables nomenclaturesPHES: energy storageCAES: : Flywheel energy systemSC: SupercapacitorsPbA: Lead-AcidLi-ion: Lithium-: : Vanadium-VanadiumZnBr: Zinc – BromineNaS: Sodium – 3. Pumped hydroelectric energy storagePumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) systems exploit gravitational potential energy. Energy is stored by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. The amount of stored energy is proportional the volume of water in the upper reservoir. When needed, water flows from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir to release the stored energy with round trip efficiency in the range of 70% to 80%. PHES is the major energy storage technology; it account for 97% of the world total storage capacity [2]. The energy can be stored several days and high power ramp can be achieved during both the charge and discharge phases (0–1800 MW in 16 s at the Dinorwig pumping station for example, [8]). The PHS technology suffers low modularity and can only be installed on site with particular topology. PHES is a key asset for wind energy as it enables the grid to operate securely while incorporating high wind penetrations. There may be additional benefits when using PHES that can charge and discharge at the same time (see Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Pharmacologists often struggle to explain so-called ‘idiosyncratic toxicity,’ the serious, 1-in-10,000 adverse reactions that lead to black box warnings on drugs. “One clear cause of idiosyncracy, potentially, is differences in the gut microflora,” says Wilson. One clear cause of idiosyncracy, potentially, is differences in the gut microfloraThe microbiome may also influence the effectiveness of a drug by shaping the activity of other body systems, especially the immune system. Two studies published in 2013 suggest that gut microbiota play a role in the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy by modulating inflammatory and immune responses that target tumours. In one study, a team of French scientists showed that cyclophosphamide, an anticancer drug that acts by coordinating the body’s immune system to fight a tumour, is less effective in mice that lack gut microbes or have had their microbiome knocked down by large doses of antibiotics[6]. The researchers also conducted experiments to show the mechanism behind these effects: cyclophosphamide alters the composition of the gut microbiota and increases permeability of the intestinal wall. In response, certain species of bacteria move from the gut into nearby lymph nodes, where they guide the maturation of immune cells called T cells that go on to attack the tumour. In the second study, led by scientists at the US Institute (NCI), researchers showed that antibiotic-treated mice or those without gut microbiota don’t respond as well to a type of cancer treatment called CpG-oligonucleotide immunotherapy or to the platinum-based drugs oxaliplatin and cisplatin, compared with mice that have healthy gut microbiota[7]. Both studies were conducted in mice that had cancer cells injected under their skin, and it’s not yet clear what the results mean for humans undergoing cancer treatment. Still, the results hint that it might be possible to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy by manipulating the microbiome. For example, in the future, oncologists might think twice about giving their patients preventative antibiotics before a course of chemotherapy. Or they may even administer helpful microbes — the presence of bacterial groups called Alistipes and Ruminococcus was correlated with chemotherapy effectiveness in the NCI-led study. Microbiome-host interactionThe gut microbiota consists of approximately 100 trillion microbial cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Limnology and Oceanography 59:788-797. 2020. Contrasting color loss and restoration in survivors of the 2014–2017 coral bleaching event in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SN 2:1-11. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature 380:396. 2018. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. 28:2570-2580. 2016. Most low-abundance background Symbiodinium spp. , are transitory and have minimal functional significance for symbiotic corals. 71:771-783. 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen. 8:225-232. 2018. Assessing the spatial distribution of coral bleaching using small unmanned aerial systems. 37:373-387 -Karger FE, Vega-. 2014. Reef-scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems: new 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch. 6:11579-11606. 2014. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Biology 20:125-139. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. 4:122-131 Marshall P, Baird A. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. 19:155-163 McClanahan T. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. 144:1239-1245. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Bulletin 48:327-335. 2014. Coral reefs in a crystal ball: predicting the future from the vulnerability of corals and reef fishes to multiple stressors. in 7:59-64 ’agata. 2020. Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. and Biogeography 29:2229-2247. 2016. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. 19:629-637. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. 26:449-457. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: This can be achieved in a single PHES facility by installing two penstocks as point out in [9]; a double penstock system enables the PHES to store excess wind energy while at the same time providing ancillary services to the grid. The results of the techno-economic studies [9] suggest that, the double penstock system could be economically credible while enable the wind energy penetration to increase above 40%. However, the economic value of PHES is sensitive to changes in fuel prices, interest rates, and total annual wind production. Figure 2. A double penstock PHES system Advertisement 4. BatteriesThe terminology “batteries” encompasses electrochemical storage cellular technologies that consist of an arrangement (in series or in parallel) of cell units. Each cell is made of two electrodes and an electrolyte secured into a sealed container. Batteries store chemical energy and generate electricity by a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Batteries energy storage systems have been studied for almost 150 years, most research effort now aimed at cost reduction and high power application. The following section proposes a description of some promising batteries technologies. An overview of electrochemical energy storage systems is given in [10]. 4. 1. Lead-acid batteriesLead-Acid batteries are the most used devices for low to medium scale energy storage application. Lead-acid batteries have a low-cost ($300–600/kW), high reliability, high power ramp capabilities and efficiency in the range (65%–80%). However, the performance of Lead-Acid battery will deteriorate quickly in the case of frequent charge-discharge cycles. The weak tolerance to high number of cycles limits the use of PbA batteries in application such as wind variations smoothing. 4. 2. Lithium-ion batteriesLithium-ion batteries are ideal for portable applications; they are widely use in mobile phone and in almost any other electronic portable device. They tolerate over 3000 cycles, have 95% efficiency at 80% depth of discharge and have high power ramp capability. Nowadays, the emergence of electric cars drives numerous researches on Li-Ion technology and materials to obtain reliable high power system [11]. Since their lifetime is related to the cycles’ depth of discharge, Li-Ion should not be use in application where they may be fully discharged.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The metabolic activities of these microbes expand host metabolic capabilities by activating or inactivating drugs, generating toxic byproducts of drug metabolism, and altering drug metabolism by human cells in both direct and indirect ways. A) Activation: Gut microbes can convert prodrugs into active drugs, (eg, sulfasalazine)B) Deactivation: Gut microbes can encode enzymes that detoxify drugs, eg, digoxin is inactivated by the gut-residing lentaC) Direct binding: Gut microbes can bind directly with drugs, compromising their bioavailability, eg, levadopa is converted to dopamine in the gut, preventing it from reaching the brain D) Intermediates: Some metabolic pathways share steps between host enzymes and those encoded by gut microbes. Intermediate microbial products can lead to pathogenesis; the best known example of this is not a therapeutic drug but a toxin called melamineE) Altered kinetics: Gut microbial metabolites compete with drugs for enzyme-binding sites, leading to alterations in the drug efficacy or toxicity, e. g. paracetamolF) Immune response: The gut microbes can impact drug efficacy by stimulating the host immune system, e. g. cyclophosphamide increases gut permeability leading microbes to translocate into the lymph nodes G) Enterohepatic cycling: The liver processes many drugs by adding glucuronic acid, which detoxifies the drug and ‘tags’ it for transport to the intestine and elimination. Gut microbes produce an enzyme called beta-glucuronidase, which enables them to scavenge the glucuronic acid and reactivate the drug, leading to toxicity, e. g. irinotecanH) Altered gene expression: Gut microbes can alter the hepatic expression of key host enzymes involved in drug metabolism, e. g. CYP450 (pictured), leading to alterations in drug efficacy or toxicitySource: Journal of 2014Systematic knowledgeApproximately 60 drugs are known to be affected by gut microbes, according to the PharmacoMicrobiomics database, an online, open-source resource that represents the first systematic collection of emerging knowledge in the field[8]. The real number is probably much higher, scientists agree. But even for those drugs where some microbial effect is known to occur, details are often sketchy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Coral mass bleaching and reef temperatures at Navassa Island, 2006. Estuarine, Coastal and 91:42-50. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2001. Cloudy weather may have saved reef corals during the 1998 ENSO event. 222:209-216 Muscatine L, Porter JW. 1977. Reef corals: mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience 27:454-460. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. 212:301-304. 2014. When depth is no refuge: cumulative thermal stress increases with depth in Bocas del Toro, Panama. 33:193-205 ’. 2017. Caribbean massive corals not recovering from repeated thermal stress events during 2005–2013. Ecology and Evolution 7:1339-1353 Nyström M, Folke C, Moberg F. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:413-417. 2008. The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. Journal of Biology and Ecology 367:180-188 -Knowles N, Bay RA. 2014. Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344:895-898. 2011. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333:418-422. 2015. Regional-scale dominance of non-framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth. Biology 21:1153-1164. 1989. Bleaching in reef corals: physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 86:9342-9346 Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-. 2019. The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. . 2013. Changes in bleaching susceptibility among corals subject to ocean warming and recurrent bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. 8:e70443. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: In addition, Li-Ion technology must be operated with a protection circuit to ensure safe voltage and temperature operation ranges. 4. 3. Sodium-sulphur batteriesNaS batteries are one of the most promising options for high power energy storage applications. The anode is made of sodium (Na), while the cathode is made of sulphur (S). The electrolyte enables the transfer of sodium ions to the cathode where they combine with sulphur anions and produce sodium polysulphide (NaSx). During the charge cycle, the opposite reaction occurs; sodium polysulphide is decomposed into sodium and sulphur. NaS batteries have good resilience to cycling (up to 4500 cycles), and can discharge quickly at high power [2-4]. NaS technology is modular; a single unit’s rated power starts from 50 kW. Additionally, NaS batteries have low self-discharge and require low maintenance. However, the operating temperature must be kept at about 350°C. Advertisement 5. Flow batteriesFlow batteries store at least one of its electrolytes in an external storage tank. During operation, the electrolytes need to be pumped into the electrochemical cell to produce electricity. Unlike conventional batteries, the power capacity of flow batteries is independent of the storage energy capacity and self-discharge is almost inexistent. The energy capacity depends on the stored volume of electrolyte and the power delivered depends only on the dimension of the electrodes and the number of cells. Additionally, flow batteries have a very short response time, can be fully discharged without consequences and are able to store energy over long period of time. Compared to conventional batteries, flow batteries have an unlimited life in theory and no memory effects. However, the necessity to control the electrolytic flows induces high operating cost. 5. 1. Vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRB)Among the various redox-flow batteries technology (Zinc Bromine, Polysulfide Bromide, Cerium-Zinc, …), VRB exhibits the best potentiality, thanks to its competitive cost, its simplicity and since it contains no toxic materials [12]. Energy is stored in two reservoirs; a catholytic reservoir and an anolytic reservoir. VRB low specific energy, <35 Wh/kg, limits its use in non-stationary applications. Figure 12 illustrates one major advantage of flow batteries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: “In most cases, the literature will just say that if you take this drug it will be modified in one way or another by the intestinal bacteria,” says Aziz, who runs the database. “In most cases we don’t know which bacterium. ”This still represents an enormous increase in knowledge since 2007, when Aziz started working on the database with one of his classes at in Giza, Egypt. At the time, “there were a few scattered studies”, some of them decades old, says Aziz. Eight years later, Aziz confidently predicts that microbiome analysis will become a routine part of deciding on a treatment regimen for patients, the same way genetic analysis has become common in planning cancer treatment. If that’s to happen, the field — whatever it ends up being called — will have to welcome many more researchers. “There is still little being done in this area relative to other topics that are linked to the microbiome,” says Turnbaugh. “Hopefully that will change and we’re at the beginning of an upswing. ”835. doi:10. 1126/science. 1191175. [2] Digoxin-inactivating bacteria: identification in human gut microbiota. Science 1983;220:325–327. [3] Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta. Science 2013;341:295–298. [4] Pharmacologic targeting of bacterial Î²-glucuronidase alleviates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and 2012;341:447–454. doi:10. 1124/jpet. 111. 191122. [5] Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA 2009;106:14728–14733. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0904489106. [6] The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science 2013;342:971–976. [7] Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science 2013;342:967–970.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Endosymbiotic flexibility associates with environmental sensitivity in scleractinian corals. Proceedings of the B: 279:4352-4361 R Core Team. 2018. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. software. 2016. Cryptic genetic divergence within threatened species of Acropora coral from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 17:577-591 Ritson-Williams R, Gates RD. 2020. Coral community resilience to successive years of bleaching in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. 39:757-769. 2007. Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching. Limnology and Oceanography 52:1874-1882 Roff G, Mumbay PJ. 2014. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27:404-413 Rouzé -Lecellier V. 2019. Unique quantitative Symbiodiniaceae signature of coral colonies revealed through spatio-temporal survey in Moorea. 9:1-11. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. . 1-96. 2008. Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Islands. 3:e1548. 2022. Evidence for de novo acquisition of microalgal symbionts by bleached adult corals. 16:1676-1679. 2005. Size matters: bleaching dynamics of the coral Oculina patagonica. 294:181-188 Shlesinger T, R. 2023. Oceanic differences in coral-bleaching responses to marine heatwaves. Science of the 871:162113 Siebeck U, Marshall N, Klüter A, Hoegh-Guldberg O. 2006. Monitoring coral bleaching using a colour reference card. 25:453-460. 2016. Re-evaluating the health of coral reef communities: baselines and evidence for human impacts across the central Pacific. Proceedings of the B: 283:20151985 é. 2014. A depth refugium from catastrophic coral bleaching prevents regional extinction. Ecology 95:1663-1673. 2015. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350:769-771 -Guldberg O, Carter D. 2009. Stability of coral–endosymbiont associations during and after a thermal stress event in the southern Reef.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: The maximum number of cycles tolerated during the lifetime of the batteries is plotted versus the depth of discharge for four technologies; PbA, Li-ion, NaS and VRB. The tolerable number of cycles decreases for PbA, Li-ion and NaS but remain constant at a relatively high value for VRB. Figure 3. Cycling ability of various energy storage systems (from [2]) Advertisement 6. Super capacitorsBattery systems do not seems fully adequate for smoothing wind or solar power applications due to their limited tolerance to large number of charge - discharge cycles. Super capacitors (SC) or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitor with remarkable high energy density, as compared to conventional capacitors, and high power density as compared to batteries. Moreover SC tolerate over a million charge – discharge cycles [13,14]. However, the voltage of an ultracapacitor tends to decrease during discharge. This affects the efficiency of the subsequent power converter and can undermine the energy utilization of the capacitor. In [15], parallel-series ultracapacitor shift circuits are employed to improve the energy utilization and minimize the voltage drop. The principal drawback of SC is its high cost (up to 20000€/kWh). Advertisement 7. Power conversion solutions for coupling of renewable generations and storageThe present 4. DC-coupled renewable and energy storage power conversion system (source [16])The structure of the control chain involves four different levels explained below:(SCU) is the active interface between the power converters and the control units of higher level. The SCU opto-couplers and the modulation modules generate the power converters’ transistors ON/OFF signal. (ACU). The ACU’s control algorithms calculate the modulation indexes of each power converter in accordance with the reference values set by the PCU. (PCU) performs the instantaneous power balancing of the entire hybrid power system. The PCU’s algorithm calculates the values of the parameters for the regulation of the voltages and the currents in accordance with the power reference values set by the MCU. (MCU) supervises the entire power system. The MCU sets the operating mode and the power 8. Sizing the storage capacity for the management of wind power induced congestion. This sub-section discusses the sizing of transmission line capacity in the context of the transport of wind-originated electricity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbiome research has established that bacteria can replace immune system functions. [SEP] Text: the material and the depth of coverage make this book appropriate for use by researchers, faculty, and graduate students" from of contents 1. Used by Bacteria to Functionsand Rémi FronzesPages: 1-42. DOI: this review we examine the use of secretion systems by bacteria to subvert host functions. Bacteria have evolved multiple systems to interact with and overcome their eukaryotic host and other prokaryotes. Secretion systems are required for the release of several effectors through the bacterial membrane(s) into the extracellular space or directly into the cytoplasm of the host. We review the secretion systems of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and describe briefly the structural composition of the seven secretion systems that have been associated with increased virulence through subversion of host functions. Some of the effects of such systems on eukaryotic host processes have been studied extensively. We also describe the best-characterized effectors of each secretion system to give an overview of the molecular mechanisms employed by bacteria to hide from the immune system and convert eukaryotic cells into optimal ecological niches for their replication. 2. Within-Remodelling and its Impact in RecognitionM. ía-del PortilloPages: 43-60. DOI: colonization of host tissues, bacterial pathogens encounter new niches in which they must gain access to nutrients and cope with stresses and defence signals generated by the host. For some pathogens, the adaptation to a new 'within-host' lifestyle involves modifications of envelope components that bear molecular patterns normally recognized by the host innate immune system. These new modified patterns limit host recognition, therefore promoting immune evasion and pathogenicity. In this review, we describe how envelope components like the peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide can be altered within the host to impair responses triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). We also discuss the few cases reported to date of chemical modifications that occur in the envelope of some intracellular bacterial pathogens when they reside inside eukaryotic cells. These envelope alterations may have evolved due to the sentinel role performed by PRRs over pathogen-specific molecular patterns. The available data indicate that only selected pathogens seem to evade recognition due to 'within-host' envelope changes, with most of them displaying such patterns also in non host environments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 28:709-713 van Woesik R. 2019. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. 10:1264 Sully S, Hodgson G, van Woesik R. 2022. Present and future bright and dark spots for coral reefs through climate change. Biology 28:4509-4522. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. 25:515-519 -. 2011. A connection between colony biomass and death in Caribbean reef-building corals. 6:e29535. 2001. Repopulation of zooxanthellae in the Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following experimental and disease-associated bleaching. Bulletin 201:360-373. 2014. Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs. Biology 20:103-112. 1995. Effects of Cyclone ‘Joy’ on nearshore coral communities of the Reef. 128:261-270. 2012. Effects of coral colony morphologies on mass transfer and susceptibility to thermal stress. 31:633-639. 2022. Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Biology 28:4229-4250. 2019. The rarity of depth refugia from coral bleaching heat stress in the western and central Pacific Islands. 9:1-12 Veron JCE. 2011. Coral taxonomy and evolution. In: Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition. Cham: Springer. 37-45. 2010. Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. 408:65-78. 2020. Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient. 14:945-958. 2021. Shifting baselines: physiological legacies contribute to the response of reef corals to frequent heatwaves. 35:1366-1378 Wall CB, Ritson-. 2019. Spatial variation in the biochemical and isotopic composition of corals during bleaching and recovery. Limnology and Oceanography 64:2011-2028. 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. 17:956-967. 2016. Package ‘ggplot2’.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: A regional network is sized according to the maximal power that could transit through it. To prevent power congestion, it is necessary either, to size the network infrastructures to match the maximal expected power production or to limit the level of power that could transit through the transmission lines. This last strategy calls for judicious arbitration between the loss of income due to the power limitation and the associated infrastructure cost reduction. A refine analysis of the production on a given site allows the developer to size sensibly the power level limit above which excess production will be rejected. To reduce energy waste, the excess of energy could be stored and re-injected later, during periods of low production. The aim here is mainly to avoid congestion while reducing the costs linked to infrastructures reinforcement and maximizing the energy output of the installation. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. In [17], the authors proposed an in-depth analysis of the wind speed variations and the related electrical power variations, based on a probabilistic approach that gives, for a specified wind speed range, the distribution of the expected wind farm power output. This method is used here to evaluate with more precision, the load factor of wind energy, in order to size the level of power curtailing and to estimate the required storage capacity to avoid energy waste. Concerning the wind speed to electrical power conversion, many studies have investigated wind turbines response to wind variations. Figures 5 shows the plots of a two-months (61 days) sequence of wind speed and associated wind farm power output. Under the influence of meteorological conditions wind speed fluctuates over time. These variations occur on different time scales: from seconds to years. The response of a wind turbine, in term of power output variations, depends on the wind turbine technology [18,19]. Some smoothing effect can also be obtained due to the turbine inertia and size. For a group of turbines, further smoothing can be expected due to the spatial distribution of the turbine within the area. For large area, wind energy overall variability can be much lower than the variability of a single wind turbine since the meteorological fluctuations do not affect each wind cluster at the same time. Figure 5. A two-month sample of wind speed and wind power.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Reviewer #3Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: This Reviewed Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, IndiaReviewer #1 (Public Review): Summary: The research study under review investigated the relationship between the gut and identified potential biomarkers derived from the nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota-based that could aid in predicting COVID-19 severity. The study reported significant changes in the richness and Shannon diversity index in nasopharyngeal microbiome associated with severe symptoms. The study showed a high abundance of Bacillota and Pesudomonadota in patients exhibiting severe symptomatology. Positive correlations were also found between Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella, with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strengths: The study successfully identified differences in the microbiome diversity that could indicate or predict disease severity. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated a link between individual nasopharyngeal organisms and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The density of the nasopharyngeal organism was shown to be a potential predictor of the severity of COVID-19. Weaknesses: The authors claimed an association between nasopharyngeal organisms and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection but omitted essential data on the statistical significance of these associations between groups. The authors frequently referred to a p-value < 0. 05 without presenting the actual p-values and percentages to show the significance of their results. The discussion is hard to understand (lacked clarity), as it contained an extensive literature review without discussing the study findings. A more focused discussion and results section on the main findings could have improved the overall readability of the paper. The role of potential confounders, such as HIV infection, and ethnicity which impacts the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition, was not included in the paper. Addressing the potential confounders would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the study's implications, specifically the role of the nasopharyngeal microbiome as a predictor of COVID-19 severity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Skip to content (Set) PUSH (Seismic Hazard) STAMP (SiTe AMPlification) and (Web) Temblor (iOS) Temblor (Android) Insurance & a retrofit my building? buy insurance? Living with a safe home in earthquake country How to prepare for an earthquake How to get involved X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes Posted on December 30, 2021December 31, 2021 by studying sedimentary layers beneath a lake in Indonesia, researchers developed a new technique that can date earthquake doublets within the hour. Koenig, Ph. D. , (@Lauren_A_Koenig) Reporting by (@geologiststephy) Citation: Koenig, L. , 2021, X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes, Temblor, Resolving the details of prehistoric earthquakes is a notoriously difficult task, involving piecing together the zigs and zags of sedimentary layers and other lingering clues offset in their wake. But evidence of these ancient disruptions may actually have been caused by earthquake doublets – two earthquakes with similarly high magnitudes that rupture nearby faults within a few hours of one another – and there is now a way to prove it. In a study presented at the Union’s fall meeting last week, researchers describe a new technique to illuminate the paleoseismic record concealed beneath the murky waters of natural lakes. The methodology is based on analyzing the flow direction of turbidites, which are layers of sand and mud formed by underwater landslides. The study’s lead author, Katleen Wils, a postdoctoral fellow at Ghent University, and her colleagues identified the imprint left behind in the sediment when two consecutive earthquakes — like a heartbeat — pulsed and churned a natural lake in Indonesia. Wils’ new findings were born from a field expedition to Sumatra, Indonesia. The island is located along the Sunda megathrust, where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. The research team chose — located in the crater of a volcano — as their testing grounds. Surrounded by stunning mountain views, the stretch of sapphire water rests atop the Sumatran fault. On either side of the lake lie the Sumani and Sianok segments, which caused magnitude-6. 4 and magnitude-6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Phase of the wind speed - electrical power transfer functionAnother way to represent the wind to power mapping is to consider the conditional probability that the observed mean electrical power P-Cluster takes on a value less than or equal to a given threshold P, given a mean wind speed V-Wind. This conditional probability is the conditional cumulative distribution function:FP V-Wind=prob P-Cluster≤P V-WindE2The value of the threshold P is expressed as a fraction of the transmission line capacity. Initially, we choose to set the transmission line capacity to PMAX2 months=6. 3 MW, the maximum observed wind farm power output over the two months test period. This value is also close to the wind farm installed capacity. In figure 10, the iso-percentages of the function FP V-Windare plotted in the plane (V-Wind %PLine Capacity) for an averaging time equals to 5 minutes. The conditional cumulative distribution function gives the probability that the power produced by a wind farm, exceeds a given power threshold. It is now possible to precisely set the level above which, the wind power will be stored or dumped rather than sent through the transmission line. In the example illustrated in Figure 10, the probability that the instantaneous power exceed 55% of the initial transmission line capacity is 10%. Thus, setting the level of the curtailment to 55% of PMAX2 months, ensure that 90% of the production will not be rejected. The remaining 10% can be stored and re-injected whenever the transmission capacity is not fully used. In the presented case, the excess electrical energy, produced when the wind farm power exceeds 55% of the transmission line capacity amounts toEexcess2 months=26. 8 MWh, which represents 1. 2% of the total produced energy 2 months=2. 26 GWh for the two months period. Figure 10. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the transmission line capacity which, here, equalsPMAX2 months. The objective is to optimize the use of a transmission line by reducing its capacity while avoiding line saturation. Therefore, we set the transmission line capacity to 55% of PMAX2 months. A generic energy storage system is used to store all or part of the excess energy. We tested different level of storage capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: #2 (Public Review): The study conducted by Benita et al studied the gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome in covid-19 severity. There are a lot of studies on this topic, and this study therefore cannot stand out from a pool of such similar studies. Beyond that, I have a number of major concerns: (1) The sample size is limited. There were 3 cohorts, but only ~100 subjects in total. This indicates that there were only a small number of subjects in each cohort (the authors did not list this information), and beyond that, there was a lack of healthy individuals as controls. A cohort-specific effect should usually exist, I believe with such a small number of patients (they were further divided into 3 groups), the authors cannot find reproducible data between cohorts. (2) The study did not meet the study goal. The authors say "Many factors have been described to be correlated with its severity but no specific determinants of infection outcome have been identified yet". However, numerous studies have shown the relationship between microbiome and covid. The present study only again showed a correlation between microbiome and covid severity and did not provide further insights, nor did they find specific determinants. (3) This study only studied 16s-seq for microbiome profiling, which made this study lack depth and resolution. Many peer papers have used metagenomics sequencing for in-depth interrogation. (4) Since there are fecal and nasopharyngeal microbiome data, the authors only listed their respective associations with covid severity yet did not provide further insights into whether and how these two microbiome types are linked to covid, or into whether there is a microbiome priority, resistance or transmission. (5) The abstract is amiss where each sentence lacks a key message - I don't understand each of the sentences or the underlying meanings. One example of an unclear expression is "this ratio" - what ratio? (6) The figures are all unclear and need significant improvement #3 (Public Review): Summary: How the microbial composition of the human body is influenced by and influences disease progression is an important topic. For people with COVID-19, symptomatic progression and deterioration can be difficult to predict. This manuscript attempts to associate the nasal and fecal microbiomes of COVID-19 patients with the severity of disease symptoms, with the goal of identifying microbial markers that can predict disease outcomes.

Output: contrast