Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: And the training of cognitive interpersonal relationship problem solving skills applied to 24 students of 5th and 6th grade in the community child center. Participants were asked to problem solving skills, self-efficacy, ego-resiliency questionnaire before, after, and 5 weeks after the program. The results of the paired sample t-test conducted for this purpose have shown that problem-solving skills of the treatment group were improved after the training this improvement was maintained in the follow-up test conducted after five weeks. Self-efficacy of the treatment group was found to be improved after the training, with the improvement being maintained in the follow-up test. The improvement in self-confidence among other sub-categories of self-efficacy was found to be maintained as shown in the results of the pre- and post-test and follow-up test. Ego-resiliency of the treatment group was found to be improved after the training, and the follow-up test conducted showed that the improvement was maintained. The improvement in interpersonal relationship and optimism among other sub-categories of ego-resiliency was found to be maintained as shown in the results of the pre- and post-test and follow-up test. Compared to the non-treatment group, the treatment group was found to make a progress in problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and ego-resiliency, and ego-resiliency in post and follow-up test. This study showed that group counseling service can improve the cognitive problem solving skills of children from broken families who are suffering from psychological and social mal-adjustment due to dissolution of family, and thereby helped enhance their adjustment abilities and prevent problematic behaviors in a practical manner. The authors discussed results based on previous study, and mentioned the implications of counseling, limitations of study and suggestions for further studies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: These findings would imply that under a warming climate, we will observe an increase in the bleaching threshold (Donner 2009) as corals acclimate to rising water temperatures, or as community composition shifts toward more robust individuals and species when the reef’s more sensitive constituents die off (Hughes et al. 2018b). Overall, there exists a great deal of uncertainty in our understanding of coral bleaching trajectories, and assessing potential trends in bleaching thresholds relative to the rate of climate change will ensure predictive models are evolving appropriately. Optimizing the DHW model: meteorological skill scoresThere are four parameters we can modify in the DHW-based bleaching forecast model to better account for spatiotemporal variation in coral stress responses (Table 1, Fig. 1). Different combinations of (1) thermal baseline, (2) anomaly cutoff, and (3) accumulation window size will yield different heat stress accumulation (DHW) values, and we can adjust (4) the bleaching threshold defining how much heat stress must accumulate before corals are expected to bleach. DeCarlo (2020) applied a skill-based approach to refine the DHW calculation, altering anomaly inclusion criteria and accumulation window size to improve bleaching forecast performance using tools from another predictive analog: meteorology. Here, we build upon these analyses using higher-resolution SST measurements and a larger bleaching dataset for forecast validation. Table 1 Elements of the degree-heating week (DHW) definition and the DHW bleaching forecast modelFull size tableModels used to forecast binary (i. e. , presence/absence) weather occurrences, such as rain or tornado formation, undergo continuous refinement via a suite of skill tests that assess the correspondence between predicted and observed outcomes (Table 2). Together, six skills describe all relevant facets of presence/absence forecast performance (Table 3). Models that maximize hits (H) and correct negatives (CN) while minimizing misses (M) and false alarms (FA) generally demonstrate greater skill, as reflected in larger accuracy scores, high probability of detection (PoD), small false alarm ratios (FAR), and a low probability of false detection (PoFD). For forecasts where only event occurrences are important, accuracy (which rewards hits and correct negatives equally) is less useful than threat (which emphasizes events over non-events).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Casale and Fioravanti [46] considered the Self-in the context of Facebook use and proposed that the satisfaction for unmet needs through social networking sites should be a viable candidate in the development of problematic use of Internet communicative services. Results showed that social anxiety had a significant effect on generally problematic Internet use for both women and men, in a sample group of undergraduate students. They also considered several needs for using social networking sites, such as the need to belong, self-presentation and assertiveness. Problematic use of Internet communicative services was significantly associated with all the three needs considered. However, only the need for self-presentation was a significant mediator in the relationship between social anxiety and problematic Internet use only in the case of males. Lee [47] investigated the relationship between Facebook addiction and social anxiety in a sample group of students and found a significant positive relationship between the two variables. Using hierarchical multiple regression, the results showed that approximately 19% of the variance of Facebook addiction was explained by eight predictors, of which age, social interaction anxiety and multitasking were the most related to Facebook addiction. Finally, Facebook addiction was significantly associated with smartphone addiction. Lee-Won [35] found a significant association between problematic Facebook use and social anxiety, with the latter being a noteworthy predictor for problematic Facebook use. Furthermore, the results indicated that a significant moderator in the relationship between problematic Facebook use and social anxiety was the need for social assurance. Rizi [48] found no relationship between social anxiety and excessive Facebook use in a sample of 150 young adults; there were no differences in Facebook use according to high vs. low social anxiety levels. However, the majority of the participants from this study logged on to their Facebook accounts few times a day (47%) and spent less than 30 min on Facebook (46%). The only parameter regarding Facebook usage that was considered in this study for the association with social anxiety was the frequency with which participants log onto Facebook, with no other variables considered. 5. 4. 5. Facebook anxiety and social anxiety Three of the studies included that assessed online social networking sites anxiety indicated significant positive relationships with social anxiety. Davidson and Farquhar [49] investigated the relationship between social anxiety, religion and Facebook. They developed a Facebook-specific anxiety scale, an adaptation of a social anxiety scale related to Facebook and found a strong association with social anxiety. Online social anxiety and social anxiety were positively associated in Hong et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 키워드 결손가정, 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련, 문제해결력, 자기효능감, 자아탄력성 broken family, training of cognitive problem-solving skills for interpersonal relationship, problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, ego-resiliency 참고문헌(55) 1. [학위논문] 강윤정 1999 결손가정 아동의 대인관계 증진을 위한 자기표출 훈련 프로그램의 효과 연구 2. [학술지] 고성혜 1995 편모가정 청소년의 가정환경에 대한 지각 한국청소년연구 20 3. [학위논문] 권지은 2003 부모 및 또래애착,문제해결방식과 자아탄력성의 관계 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: We use 5% for our results reported in the main text, but see Supplement 6 for additional details. Collectively, these ~ 35,000 observations span over 10,000 reef sites globally and constitute two decades of reef monitoring (Fig. 2). We assigned each bleaching observation to the nearest 5 km \(\times\) 5 km cell in a global mesh grid to match SST values to every reef in the dataset. Bleaching observations assigned to the same grid cell experience the same calculated heat stress but were assessed as separate data points; thus, if a grid cell included neighboring reefs, one of which bleached on a given year where the other did not, they were counted individually as a presence and an absence. This approach retained any bleaching response variability that may exist in the dataset at smaller-than-5 km scales or on an intra-annual basis. Fig. 2Annual distribution of bleaching occurrence (5% bleaching or greater) data used to validate bleaching forecast models in this study. ~ 20,000 observations from 1998 to 2019 were compiled by van Woesik & Kratochwill (2022a, b) and the remaining ~ 15,000, spanning 2014–2017 only, were compiled by NOAA (Virgen-Urcelay & Donner 2023)Full size imageWe omitted redundant reports between the two databases and “colony-level” bleaching reports, but otherwise used all observations recorded. Some areas are more densely represented than others throughout the time series. Variables assessedTemperature anomalies are defined relative to a historical baseline, usually a climatological (interannual) average like the maximum monthly mean (MMM): the temperature of the site’s warmest summer month every year averaged from 1985 to 2012. We calculated DHW according to four different thermal baselines: MMM over the standard three-decade period (1985–2012), two shorter MMM climatologies (15 years from 1997 to 2012 and 10 years from 2002 to 2012), and a “maxima” climatology that included only the 10 warmest years from 1985 to 2012. The latter was included to test the assumption that in areas with high interannual SST variability (such as those affected by El Niño ), multiannual rather than annual temperature maxima determine the upper limit of coral heat tolerance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: [40], with general social anxiety being a significant predictor of online social anxiety. McCord et al. [38] used a Facebook social interaction scale and found a significant association with social anxiety in an adult sample group. Using multiple regression results indicated that social anxiety and anxiety on Facebook predicted Facebook social use. There was a significant interaction between social anxiety and Facebook social anxiety, which is in line with the social compensation theory. According to this theory, highly socially anxious individuals tend to use Facebook in order to compensate for the discomfort associated with face-to-face communication. A second regression model was also significant, with anxiety on Facebook and social Facebook use predicting social anxiety; again, there was a significant interaction between the two predictors. Advertisement 6. social networking sites are widespread means through which people can interact with others. There are many advantages of online social networking sites; however, recent research focuses mainly on the negative impact they have on mental health. Terms like “iDisorders”, “Facebook depression” and “Facebook addiction” abound in the literature on online social networking sites and mental health, proposing new disorders that are determined by the use of online social networking sites/Facebook. Moreover, their particularities in terms of manifestations make some advocate their inclusion in current diagnostic nosologies. The present review aims to synthetically present the existing literature on the relationship between social anxiety and social networking. Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of these studies referred to a particular online social networking site, Facebook, and assessed different related parameters. Overall, most of the papers reported significant associations between online social networking and social anxiety, with four papers reporting no relationship between the two variables. There were mixed results on the relationship between Facebook use and social anxiety, as there were both studies sustaining a significant positive association between the two variables and those that found no association. Several psychosocial aspects of Facebook use were significantly related, both positively and negatively, to social anxiety. There was no relationship between Facebook disclosure and social anxiety in any of the papers included that assessed this construct. With one exception, there was a significant positive relationship between online social networking sites addiction/problematic use and social anxiety. There was evidence of a significant association between Facebook anxiety and social anxiety.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김경희 1999 비행청소년의 사회적 문제해결 능력과 사회적 지지와의 관계:서울보호관찰소를 중심으로 5. [학위논문] 김남희 2007 보호관찰 청소년의 사회적 기술 향상 프로그램 개발과 적용 6. [학위논문] 김달호 2001 신문제작이 청소년의 자기효능감에 미치는 영향 7. [학위논문] 김미영 2001 아동의 인지적 대인관계 문제해결기술 훈련 프로그램의 효과연구:사회적 기술,주장성행동,자아존중감을 중심으로 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: 2001; Schoepf et al. 2015). Unless coral populations have visibly recovered to below the 5% bleaching threshold between a thermal stress event and the subsequent bleaching survey, the event is still flagged as a bleaching occurrence. Though some misalignment of observations and peak DHW is possible, we validate the current DHW definition and all of our variations against the same bleaching dataset, so all analyses will be subject to the same misalignment errors, most of which will result in frequency biases closer to 0. As a result, we may still be confident in any identified skill improvement between models—particularly when these improvements ameliorate a tendency to underpredict bleaching. We performed a train–test split analysis to evaluate the robustness of derived DHW parameters post hoc. To do this, in each of 100 iterations, the best-performing (highest ETS) model according to a random partition of 80% of the validation data (training set) was applied to the remaining 20% of the observations (test set). These train–test splits (repeated 100 times per optimization) inform how robust our results are to variations in the underlying data (see Supplement 7). Global, ocean-specific, and regional forecast optimizationAfter optimizing the DHW bleaching forecast model on a global basis (all events), we also calculated forecast skill for specific subsets of the dataset by only including outcomes (hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives) that fall within certain bounds, such as the coordinates for an ocean basin or a specific calendar year range. We divided the dataset by ocean basin (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian) and region (Supplement 2, Fig. 3) and selected the best-performing DHW definition for each geographic subset based on ETS. With the exception of the Coral Triangle, regions were defined by clustering nearby reef sites rather than adhering to an established convention, but our definitions do align with prior work (Maragos & Williams 2011). After optimization, we determined the forecast skill for each level of specificity (globe, basin, region) by validating every bleaching event according to the DHW definition optimized for its geographic location.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: This results should be interpreted in the light of the fact that there was a high heterogeneity of Facebook conceptualizations, as in several studies, the amount of time spent on Facebook was assessed, while other studies assessed Facebook/ Internet/ social networking problematic use/intrusiveness/addiction, or psychosocial aspects related to Facebook use, or Facebook disclosure, and in fewer studies, Facebook anxiety was considered. Therefore, one cannot conclude that online social networking sites have a negative or a positive effect on social anxiety without carefully taking into consideration what they mean. An important limitation of the current review was the fact that although we aimed to investigate the relationship between social media and social anxiety, most of the papers included referred only to social networking sites such as Facebook and we cannot generate findings pertaining to other social networking sites, such as Instagram, Tweeter, Youtube, LinkedIn or Myspace. Future studies should also investigate the role of these other social networking sites in mental health problems and in social anxiety per se. Another limitation of this paper refers to the sample groups. As most of the participants included were students, this does not enable us to extend our to other populations. Involving more heterogeneous samples of participants, adolescents, young and older adults can help us to find significant moderators in the relationship between social networking and social anxiety. As all the studies included were cross-sectional, we cannot conclude that there is causality between social networking media, namely Facebook, and social anxiety. Does social media (time spent, pathological use, number of friends, activities) contribute to social anxiety symptomatology or do socially anxious individuals tend to use more social media? According to what we currently know, no directionality can be assumed. However, much like in the meta-analysis on Facebook and loneliness [21], in this case, social anxiety can predict social media use rather than the other way around. Future experimental studies manipulating independent variables would be useful in order to draw more conclusions on the relationship between social networking and social anxiety. Longitudinal studies would allow us to test bidirectional relationships between the two variables and investigate time-related patterns in social networking use and social anxiety. Up to this moment, it remains unclear whether social anxiety leads to more online social networking use, or whether the relationship is opposite, with more use of online social networking predicting social anxiety. Bidirectionality between the variables could also be an important aspect to investigate, as there is preliminary evidence for both directions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김미향 2006 자아탄력성 증진 훈련이 중학생 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 9. [학위논문] 김순복 2007 낙관성 향상 프로그램이 초등학교 아동의 자아탄력성과 학교생활만족도에 미치는 영향 10. [학위논문] 김성연 2004 저소득 한부모 가족 아동의 성역할 정체감과 자기효능감에 관한 연구:양부모 가족 아동과의 비교를 중심으로 11. [학술지] 김중술 1992 우울증 환자들의 사회적 문제해결 능력 정신의학 17 (2) 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: To compare the rate of change observed in the optimal bleaching threshold through time against the rate of ocean warming, we also averaged the DHW maxima (using the same constant values for anomaly cutoff and window size) for each grid cell in the analysis on an annual basis and performed a time series regression. Results and discussionRefining the DHW definitionIn this study, we performed a series of coral bleaching hindcasts using 1,080 variations of the DHW definition characterized by different combinations of underlying climatology, anomaly cutoff temperature, accumulation window size, and bleaching threshold. Our assessment determined which combination of variables produced forecast models with the highest skill, optimizing the DHW definition first for the globe, then for each ocean basin, and finally for sixteen regions of the tropical ocean (Fig. 3). Global optimization validated the use of the 1985–2012 maximum monthly mean (MMM) as the best-performing baseline for reef thermal tolerance (Supplement 1), so all further skill testing applied this climatology. Our spotlight analysis on regions affected by El Niño (ENSO) also found that the 1985–2012 climatology outperformed the maxima climatology (10 warmest years). Global optimizationOverall, the current DHW definition (1 °C cutoff, 12-week window, 4 DHW bleaching threshold) achieved an equitable threat score (ETS) of 0. 098. Optimizing the accumulation window duration, anomaly cutoff, and bleaching threshold on a global basis increased the ETS to 0. 167, a skill improvement of 70% (Table 4, Fig. 4). The adjusted definition also raised forecast bias from ~ 0. 27 (current) to ~ 1. 27 (global optimization), indicating that the current definition consistently underpredicted bleaching occurrences from 1998 to 2019 (Table 4). The updated model therefore made positive predictions more likely by using a smaller cutoff of 0. 4 °C and a lower bleaching threshold of 3 DHW with an 11-week accumulation window (Table 4, Fig. 4, Supplement 4). The current definition and the globally optimized definition achieved similar accuracies of 65% and 64%, respectively, but most of the current model’s accuracy score was due to correct negatives rather than hits—the forecast using the current definition detected only 20% of bleaching occurrences (Table 4). Although the globally optimized model produces about twice as many false alarms (FAR = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The findings of the current review have important clinical implications regarding social networking use for individuals with social anxiety. The benefits/advantages of online social networking sites should be used and investigated in order to overcome existing barriers in clinical practice. Testing interventions delivered over social networking sites in randomized controlled trials would have great implications on the development of evidence-based remote interventions. Advertisement 3. 1-1500, 81/2012) awarded to Dr. Anca Dobrean. 1. Second Quarter. 2016. Available from: [Accessed 4 August 2016]. 2. Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. 2015; 70: 543–556. 3. Ryan GS. Online social networks for patient involvement and recruitment in clinical research. 2013; 21: 35–39. 4. Click ‘like’ to change your behavior: a mixed methods study of college students’ exposure to and engagement with Facebook content designed for weight loss. J Res 2014; 16: e158. 5. Ruotsalainen H, Kyngäs H, Tammelin T, et al. Effectiveness of Facebook-delivered lifestyle counselling and physical activity self-monitoring on physical activity and body mass index in overweight and obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Pract 2015; 2015: 159205. 6. Torous J, Keshavan M. The role of social media in schizophrenia: evaluating risks, benefits, and potential. Psychiatry 2016; 29: 190–195. 7. The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. Sci 2016; 25: 113–122. 8. Hui A, Wong PW-C, Fu K-W. Evaluation of an online campaign for promoting help-seeking attitudes for depression using a Facebook advertisement: an online randomized controlled experiment. 2015; 2: e5. 9. . The benefits of Facebook ‘Friends:’ social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. J Comput-2007; 12: 1143–1168. 10. Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care. J Res 2014; 16: e13. 11. The influence of social networking sites on health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J 2015; 22: 243–25612. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김현숙 2006 아동이 지각한 가족기능과 자아탄력성과의 관계 연구 13. [학위논문] 문정덕 2006 성장기의 부모화 경험과 자기효능감이 청소년의 대인관계문제에 미치는 영향 14. [학위논문] 문진명 2000 시설 청소년과 일반 청소년의 또래피해 지각에 따른 또래 따돌림 귀인 및 소외감 15. [학위논문] 박경선 2003 MMTIC을 활용한 자기성장 프로그램이 초등학생의 자기효능감과 학교생활 적응에 미치는 효과 16.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Ocean basin and regional optimizationTesting forecast skill using geographic subsets of the bleaching data allowed us to further optimize the DHW definition on an ocean and regional basis by accounting for the ways in which coral stress responses vary broadly across space. Table 4 reports the improvements in ETS and the other skill scores for all models and the associated optimized parameters. A global analysis in which each grid cell uses the bleaching forecast model optimized for its ocean basin (Atlantic, Pacific, or Indian) demonstrated an overall ETS of 0. 287, nearly double the performance of the globally optimized model (ETS = 0. 167) and nearly three times the performance of the current model (ETS = 0. 098). Further subdividing each ocean basin into 16 smaller geographic regions continued to improve skill (ETS = 0. 337). These augmented scores reflect increased accuracy—from 64% (globally optimized) to 74% (ocean-specific) and 76% (regionally optimized)—and although the ocean-specific model slightly underpredicts bleaching (bias = 0. 854), the region-specific model achieves a near-perfect frequency bias score of 0. 960. Interestingly, the regionally optimized model more closely matches the globally optimized model for probability of detection (70%) than the basin-optimized model (61%). For both the regional and basin-optimized models, the smaller false alarm ratios (0. 275 and 0. 287; Table 4) suggest that their positive predictions were more likely to correspond with observed bleaching occurrences than the global model. As with the global optimization, the train–test split analysis validated our regional definitions; in many cases, the results were unanimous across all 100 splits, and for all regions, the values reported in Table 4 fall within 1 SD of the corresponding test mean (Supplement 7). All models significantly outperform the current definition at the 95% confidence interval. Reef stress is governed by a complex constellation of interactive factors that (1) determine the environmental conditions a reef experiences and (2) define the circumstances under which such conditions would be stressful, but (3) are challenging to observe, predict, and model (Mason et al. 2020). Fortunately, factors that drive coral bleaching response variability often share a critical commonality: a strong spatial component. Consequently, incorporating location into even a simple threshold-based bleaching model accounts for a substantial portion of variability, vastly improving forecast skill.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The role of social networking sites in early adolescents’ social lives. J 2016; 36: 348–371. 13. . Cognitive benefits of online social networking for healthy older adults. . Epub ahead of print 16 March 2016. DOI: 10. 1093/geronb/gbw025. 14. Lenhart A. Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 2015. Available from: [Accessed 4 August 2016]. 15. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Lewis RF. Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. 2015; 18: 380–385. 16. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Hamilton HA. Social networking sites and mental health problems in adolescents: the mediating role of cyberbullying victimization. 2015; 30: 1021–1027. 17. . ‘Facebook depression? ’ Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. J 2013; 52: 128–130. 18. O’Keeffe GS, Clarke-Pearson K, Mulligan DA, et al. Clinical report – The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 800–804. 19. Frison E, Eggermont S. ‘Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger’: negative comparison on Facebook and adolescents’ life satisfaction are reciprocally related. 2016; 19: 158–164. 20. Modeling the contribution of personality, social identity and social norms to problematic Facebook use in adolescents. 2016; 63: 51–56. 21. Song H, Zmyslinski-Seelig A, Kim J, et al. make you lonely? A meta analysis. Behav 2014; 36: 446–452. 22. creating ‘iDisorders’? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Behav 2013; 29: 1243–1254. 23. Association between social media use and depression among U. S. young adults. 2016; 33: 323–331. 24. Soon-Li Lee, Miriam Sang-Ah Park, Cai-Lian Tam. The relationship between Facebook attachment and obsessive-compulsive disorder severity. Cyberpsychology 2015; 9: 39–47. 25.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 박선연 2002 자기성장 프로그램을 통한 집단상담이 결손가정 중학생의 인지변화에 미치는 영향 17. [학술지] 박영신 1999 초등학생의 생활 만족도 형성요인에 대한 구조적 관계 분석: 사회적 지원과 자기효능감을 중심으로 한국심리학회지: 사회문제 5 (1) : 57 ~ 1 18. [학술지] 박영아 2005 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년의 자기효능감에 미치는 효과 미술치료연구 12 (3) : 635 ~ 3 19.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: The literature agrees: Geographic location was the single strongest predictor of coral bleaching in McClanahan et al. ’s (2019) analysis. After assessing seventeen different variables, their best-performing model focused on the interaction between geography and temperature. Additionally, Heron et al. (2016a) found that their bleaching models only performed satisfactorily (r2 > 0. 4) when bleaching sites were grouped geographically or by site type. Prior applications of meteorological skill testing to coral bleaching forecasts confirmed that optimal bleaching threshold varies substantially from region to region, and accounting for this specificity drastically improves forecast skill (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020); we simply took this a step further and allowed all forecast parameters to vary regionally, with a corresponding increase in forecast skill. Our results validate the power of addressing geographic variation in coral stress responses even without fully understanding the specific variables at play. The broad regional variation that we found across optimized DHW definition parameters (Table 4) reflects the variability in bleaching responses observed in the literature across individual reefs as well as on the geographic scale detectable by remote sensing tools (Guest et al. 2012; Bowdler 2021). Adjacent basins and regions (which are more likely to share some of the traits enumerated above) tended toward similar parameters during DHW optimization. The best-performing forecast model for the Atlantic Ocean, for example, varied substantially from those produced for the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which were more alike: the Atlantic’s optimal definition used a 0. 2 °C cutoff, 4-week accumulation window, and 2 DHW bleaching threshold, while the Pacific and favored a larger 9-week accumulation window (twice the duration) and much higher bleaching thresholds (triple the allowed accumulation; Table 4). In practice, these values imply that Atlantic reefs during this period were more susceptible to coral bleaching than their counterparts in the Indo-Pacific, a well-established pattern in the literature (e. g. , Cramer et al. 2021). Its biogeographic isolation from the Pacific and produces differences in species composition and oceanographic conditions. Moreover, high levels of human impact, historical loss of coral cover and complexity due to storms and disease, and overall lower biodiversity have had devastating effects on Caribbean reef resilience (Roff & Mumby 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Andreassen CS. Online social network site addiction: a comprehensive review. Rep 2015; 2: 175–184. 26. . Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits. Addiction 2014; 109: 2079–2088. 27. Koc M, Gulyagci S. Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: the role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. 2013; 16: 279–284. 28. Desjarlais M, Willoughby T. A longitudinal study of the relation between adolescent boys and girls’ computer use with friends and friendship quality: support for the social compensation or the rich-get-richer hypothesis? Behav 2010; 26: 896–905. 29. . Profiling predicting social anxiety from Facebook profiles. 2012; 3: 706–713. 30. Face to face versus Facebook: does exposure to social networking web sites augment or attenuate physiological arousal among the socially anxious? 2014; 17: 187–190. 31. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the statement. Med 2009; 151: 264–269, W64. 32. Bodroža B, Jovanović T. Validation of the new scale for measuring behaviors of Facebook users: psycho-social aspects of Facebook use (PSAFU). Computers in 2016; 54: 425–435. 33. große. Social responses to Facebook status updates: the role of extraversion and social anxiety. Behav 2016; 61: 1–13. 34. . Experiences on Sites: Development of the Social Networking-Questionnaire (SN-PEQ). J 2013; 23: 695–705. 35. Lee-. Hooked on Facebook: The role of social anxiety and need for social assurance in problematic use of Facebook. 2015; 18: 567–574. 36. Correlates of Facebook usage patterns: the relationship between passive Facebook use, social anxiety symptoms, and brooding. Behav 2015; 48: 575–580. 37. . I’m still socially anxious online: offline relationship impairment characterizing social anxiety manifests and is accurately perceived in online social networking profiles. Behav 2015; 49: 12–19. 38. . Facebook: social uses and anxiety. Computers in 2014; 34: 23–27. 39.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 박영준 1991 대인관계 문제해결 기술 훈련에 대한 실험적 연구-초등학교 6학년 아동을 대상으로 20. [학위논문] 박완주 2006 문학치료적 중재가 결손가정아동의 자아탄력성과 부적응행동에 미치는 효과 21. [학위논문] 박은희 1996 자아탄력성,지능 및 학업성취도와의 관계연구 22. [학위논문] 박현선 1998 빈곤청소년의 학교 적응유연성 23. [학위논문] 박현진 1996 자아탄력성을 따른 지각과 스트레스,대처 및 우울 24.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the two regions encompassing much of Micronesia and Polynesia (regions 11 and 13 in Fig. 3) favored similar DHW definitions with a low anomaly cutoff (0. 2 °C–0. 4 °C), moderate accumulation window (8–10 weeks), and relatively high bleaching threshold (5–6 DHW). The reefs in these regions experience generally similar oceanographic and climate processes by virtue of their proximity to one another in the middle of the planet’s largest ocean basin. Further, a common biogeographic history ensures some degree of taxonomic overlap and shared assemblage traits relative to more distant regions (high local endemism notwithstanding; Maragos & Williams 2011). Of all their shared characteristics, their stress history is most relevant. The reefs of the central and eastern Pacific are among the most heavily affected by El Niño (ENSO) events, and corals accustomed to high interannual SST variability may be better suited to weather mass bleaching events (Donner & Carilli 2019; Fox et al. 2021)—hence the higher bleaching threshold. Seasonal SST variability tends to predict coral bleaching resilience better than diel or interannual variability, but evidence supports all three conferring an adaptive benefit (Carilli et al. 2012; Palumbi et al. 2014; Safaie et al. 2018; Barshis et al. 2018; Brown et al. 2023). Additionally, though the maxima climatology baseline did not perform as well as the standard 1985–2012 climatology, the use of the latter may slightly underestimate the true thermal tolerance of reefs in these regions; this is evident in the difference in optimal bleaching thresholds between the two (1 DHW and 3 DHW, respectively; see Supplement 1). Given the tendency of the maxima climatology-based model to underpredict bleaching in ENSO-affected regions relative to the same model using the standard climatology, however, we believe the latter remains a better choice. Changes in bleaching threshold over timeTo identify a potential temporal trend in optimal bleaching threshold, we held anomaly cutoff and window size constant and optimized DHW for annual subsets of the data by allowing only bleaching threshold to fluctuate. This identified the best-performing bleaching threshold for each year, which we plotted over time (Fig. 5) and assessed for a temporal trend (Table 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Loneliness, anxiousness, and substance use as predictors of Facebook use. Behav 2013; 29: 687–693. 40. Hong J-C, Hwang M-Y, Hsu C-H, et al. Belief in dangerous virtual communities as a predictor of continuance intention mediated by general and online social anxiety: the Facebook perspective. Behav 2015; 48: 663–670. 41. Indian M, Grieve R. is easier than face-to-face: social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals. Dif 2014; 59: 102–106. 42. . Reconnect on Facebook: of Behavior and Individual- and Relationship-Level Factors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and 2016; 19: 494–501. 43. Social anxiety, attributes of online communication and self-disclosure across private and public Facebook communication. Behav 2016; 58: 206–213. 44. . Cognitive, personality, and social factors associated with adolescents’ online personal information disclosure. J Adolesc 2013; 36: 629–638. 45. Aladwani AM, Almarzouq M. Understanding compulsive social media use: the premise of complementing self-conceptions mismatch with technology. Behav 2016; 60: 575–581. 46. Casale S, Fioravanti G. Satisfying needs through social networking sites: a pathway towards problematic Internet use for socially anxious people? Rep 2015; 1: 34–39. 47. Lee EB. Too much information heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by young adults. J 2015; 46: 44–61. 48. Rizvi AZ. Personality, social anxiety and excessive use of Facebook. Sci 2016; 6: 119–127. 49. Davidson T, Farquhar LK. Correlates of social anxiety, religion, and Facebook. J 2014; 13: 208–225. information 1. Introduction2. Online social networking3. Social media and social anxiety4. Methods5. Results6. Discussion1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 성영혜 1984 아동복지 학문사 25. [학위논문] 안민주 2005 결손가정아동과 정상가정아동의 성역할정체감과 자아존중감 비교 연구 26. [학술지] 유성경 1999 적응유연성 발달을 통한 청소년 비행의 예방 및 개입 청소년상담연구 7 : 26 ~ 27. [학술지] 이미정 2004 청소년용 사회적 문제해결 훈련 프로그램의 개발 및 그 훈련 효과 한국심리학회지:여성 9 (1) : 141 ~ 1 28.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Using the globally optimized DHW definition with a 0. 4 °C cutoff and an 11-week accumulation window, the optimal bleaching threshold has increased significantly from 1998 to 2019 (τ = 0. 312, p = 0. 044); the least-squares line (Fig. 5a, Supplement 3) puts the global rate of increase around 0. 19 DHW/year. This oceanwide shift in average bleaching resistance corresponds with and potentially outpaces the global mean rate of rising DHW (0. 14 DHW/year, p < 0. 01, R2adj = 0. 436; Table 5), though our modeled trajectory carries large uncertainties apparent in both the confidence envelope around the best-fit line and the variance between iterations in the train–test splitting analysis, which in some data-poor years could be quite high (Fig. 5, Supplement 7). Many drivers may be contributing to the rising bleaching threshold, and they vary from optimistic to grim. Fig. 5Changes in optimal bleaching threshold over time relative to peak heat stress. Accumulation window size and anomaly cutoff were held constant at the optimal values for each locale. Annually optimized bleaching thresholds are plotted for three regions: a: the globe (black), b: the Pacific (blue), and c: the (purple). Open red circles in each panel are the DHW maxima (using the same constant values for anomaly cutoff and window size) for each year averaged across reef sites globally and represent the background rate of ocean warming. Shaded envelopes around lines of best fit represent 95% confidence intervals; R2 values are adjusted; Mann–Kendall τ is provided for the nonparametric trend test; bolded p-values indicate a trend significantly different from 0Full size imageTable 5 Linear trends in bleaching threshold over time. For analyses which violated assumptions of normality, a nonparametric Mann–trend test for time series was performed in lieu of linear regression, and the appropriate statistic is reported for each. Significant p-values are bolded and marked with an asterisk (*).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: #OfficerBradford @Torontopolice #33CRU ht”“@SgtAly—this award is validation for all the good social media work by our @torontopolice members #TopCop #smilecon”However, it is the difference in the extent to which each user group used Twitter to praise the police that is of interest here. Although non-TPS users tweeted more messages of praise overall, TPS-users were actually more active in terms of the number of tweets sent per user. Specifically, although 3,316 non-TPS users generated 508 tweets praising the TPS (a tweet/user ratio of 0. 15), 116 TPS users generated 115 tweets (a tweet/user ratio of 0. 99). Thus, although both user groups used Twitter to publicly praise the police, officers were far more active in that regard, taking advantage of the social media platform to bolster their organizational image. Non-TPS users were also critical of the police, calling their conduct into question with respect to their use of tasers (64 co-occurrences), the shooting of (84 co-occurrences), policing and race (19 co-occurrences), and the G20 Summit (12 co-occurrences). For example,“SO disspointed [sic] in @Torontopolice decision to give all front line cops tasers. What happened to training, de-escalation tactics? #topoli”“@VigilantCanuck: After @torontopolice Murdered #SammyYatim W/ & A Taser, Is … Drumroll … #Moartasers”“RT: @DurhamGal1: @Torontopolice @marksaunderstps Carding & racial profiling is a reminder of dirty tricks of apartheid South Africa, has no place in #Canada”“@2 cmmndrs who ran #G20 detention cntr not chargeddespite OIPRD report saying should be. B/c they retired? Fair? #TOpoli”In contrast, and as noted above, TPS users avoided tweeting about the sensitive issues being raised by non-TPS users. Interestingly, although “Use of Tasers” is present in the TPS web (see Figure 3), at no time did TPS users comment on the legitimacy of taser use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 이소수희 2003 인지적 대인관계 기술 훈련이 아동의 문제해결력에 미치는 효과 29. [학술지] 이영미 2004 부모간의 갈등 및 성인애착에 따른 대학생의 자아탄력성 한국가정관리학회지 22 (4) : 63 ~ 4 30. [학위논문] 이은정 2001 중,고등학생의 학교 내 대인관계에서 나타나는 부적응의 실태분석 31. [학술지] 이정연 2002 청소년의 자기효능감에 영향을 미치는 가족변인 한국가정관리학회지 20 (6) : 1 ~ 6 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: “Peak DHW” is the DHW maxima averaged across each grid cell in the analysis on an annual basis and represents the temporal trend in reef heat stress from 1998 to 2019Full size tableEvidence from coral cores, field surveys, and both field and laboratory experiments suggest that we can expect some degree of coral acclimation as environmental conditions shift to extremes (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; DeCarlo et al. 2019), although concern remains that climate change may be progressing too rapidly for corals to keep pace (Ainsworth et al. 2016). In the short term, corals may modify their behavior, symbiont community, or gene expression to cope with stressful conditions more effectively (e. g. , Turnham et al. 2023). However, population resilience only develops as a result of adaptation, wherein coral species and individuals predisposed to surviving extreme temperatures outlive and replace their less resilient neighbors, though this process is a slow one. Still, acclimation and adaption are essential drivers of community development and population maintenance, and not all ecosystem shifts are created equal. Low-resilience species and individuals, many of which are major habitat builders essential for the reef’s diversity-supporting structural complexity, are disproportionately killed during mass bleaching events severe enough to reduce coral cover (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). The extant assemblage is typically comprised of slow-growing, heat-tolerant reef builders and a contingent of opportunistic species: weedy corals providing limited structural complexity, as well as algae, sponges, and other competitive space occupiers that may interfere with coral recovery (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). This shift toward hardier, less diverse, and less abundant assemblages also reduces the reef’s susceptibility to bleaching, but at a price—an associated reduction in function, coral cover, biodiversity, and resilience in the face of non-bleaching stressors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: While this review finds ample evidence supporting aberrant HPA axis activity in both PTSD and CUD, it suggests that more research is needed to understand the unique changes HPA axis activity in PTSD + CUD, as well as the bidirectional relationship between stress-susceptibility and motivation to seek cocaine. Keywords: CortisolcorticosteronereinstatementrelapseGRdexamethasone IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder that occurs in a subpopulation of people exposed to a traumatic event. PTSD is associated with increased risk for comorbid psychiatric disorders, impairments in general health, low rates of regular employment, severe legal problems, and high economic costs (Association, Citation2013; Breslau et al. , Citation1991; Kessler et al. , Citation1995; Saxon et al. , Citation2001; Solomon & Davidson, Citation1997). The majority of PTSD cases persist for at least 1 year with many lasting for years (Breslau et al. , Citation1998; Kessler et al. , Citation1995; Mills et al. , Citation2006). PTSD is often comorbid with substance use disorders. Comorbid PTSD and cocaine use disorder (PTSD + CUD) is especially problematic, with 43% of cocaine dependent individuals meeting criteria for lifetime PTSD (Back et al. , Citation2000). Despite high comorbidity rates, to date little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD + CUD. Knowledge of these mechanisms is necessary for the advancement of prevention and treatment of the disorders, as existing methods are not fully efficacious. As such, the present review synthesizes results of human and animal studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in PTSD and cocaine use disorder (CUD) in order to generate hypotheses about potential adaptations in HPA axis activity in PTSD + CUD. A focus on the HPA axis was chosen due to evidence of HPA axis dysregulation in both PTSD and CUD. Symptoms of is currently categorized under the new class of trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5) (Association, Citation2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 이지영 2004 일상 생활스트레스와 자원이 한부모 가족 자녀의 부적응에 미치는 영향 33. [학술지] 장경문 2003 자아탄력성과 스트레스대처방식 및 심리적 성장환경의 관계 청소년학연구 10 (4) : 143 ~ 4 34. [학술지] 전재일 1990 집단경험이 빈곤․결손가정 청소년의 사회 심리적 특성에 미치는 영향 사회복지전문연구지 동광 87 : 40 ~ 35. [학위논문] 정귀화 2002 충동성과 구조적 결손이 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향 36.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Regardless of mechanism, the bleaching threshold trend offers two insights: first, based on these tens of thousands of bleaching observations over several decades, we may be observing an increase in bleaching threshold over time, and second, optimal ETS did not change appreciably over the course of the bleaching threshold analysis, but consistently outperformed an otherwise identical model that used a static bleaching threshold (Supplement 5). The latter implies an ability to adequately maintain bleaching forecast skill over time simply by adjusting the bleaching threshold to compensate for environmental shifts and corresponding changes in the coral stress response. Although this trend may not apply to every reef or region, future bleaching projections should account for the possibility. Two examples from the region-specific threshold analyses illustrate how bleaching threshold trends may differ from place to place. Regions 11, 13, and 14—which experience periodic ENSO-related temperature extremes that almost certainly moderate reef stress tolerance (Spillman et al. 2021)—exhibited no significant change in bleaching threshold over the past two decades (Table 5); the most appropriate bleaching thresholds for the central and eastern Pacific were historically already higher than other regions (Table 3). In contrast, we found that when considering the Pacific as a whole, the forecast-optimized bleaching threshold has increased significantly since 1998 (slope 0. 17 DHW/year, p < 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 176; Fig. 5b). This does not seem to be the case in the Indian Ocean, where there is a positive but not significant trend in the bleaching threshold (slope 0. 08 DHW/year, p > 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 019). Whatever processes produce the increasing bleaching thresholds, they should compel us to re-examine our prediction models, particularly given the Indo-Pacific’s prevalence of reef systems at both extremes: isolated, highly biodiverse climate refugia and ecologically vulnerable, high-risk reefs projected to fare poorly under climate change (Sheppard 2003; Obura et al. 2022; Shlesinger & van Woesik 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Such an effect has not been investigated in rodent models that also show reduced basal CORT levels weeks after the stressor. DEX attenuates cocaine-induced CORT increases in rodents and primates, indicating that GR-mediated negative feedback is intact. CORT levels in response to DEX among CUD individuals are not known, and this should be investigated to determine whether increased CORT levels in the weeks following initiation of cocaine abstinence are due to a failure of negative feedback in the HPA axis. Although more research is necessary, high GR number may be a preexisting vulnerability factor for subsequent PTSD. The results regarding post-trauma GR number in individuals with PTSD are inconsistent. Decreased GR expression in the anterior pituitary and trend-level increases in hippocampal GR number is evident in rats that chronically self-administer high-doses of cocaine. GR number has not yet been assessed in early abstinence from cocaine use in CUD, but should be in order to understand the elevated CORT levels at this time. There is support for increased GR translocation to the nucleus in PTSD, but GR translocation in CUD has not been studied. The results presented here indicate that altered HPA axis activity is consistently found in both clinical and pre-clinical studies of PTSD and CUD. However, no studies have yet been done in a comorbid patient population, and limited work has been done using animal models of PTSD + SUD. The existing animal studies reveal that stress-susceptibility interacts with cocaine to produce unique changes in CORT levels and enhanced cocaine-seeking. However, pre-clinical studies have thus far been limited to investigating how individual differences in stress-susceptibility influence later cocaine-related behavior. The converse should also be investigated: does cocaine-related behavior (e. g. dose attained, motivation to seek) predict susceptibility to later stressor? As long-term decreased CORT levels are observed in PTSD, and acute cocaine increases CORT, this supports the self-medication hypothesis and indicates that psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy that aim to normalize HPA axis activity may be effective in preventing and treating PTSD + CUD. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by a pilot grant from the Center for OCD, Anxiety, and (COARD) at University of Florida. Notes on contributorsNatalie A. HadadHadad earned a M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 차정은 1997 일반적 자기효능감 척도 개발을 위한 일 연구 37. [학위논문] 최민정 2007 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 기술훈련이 우울한 아동의 우울수준과 대인관계에 미치는 효과 38. [학위논문] 최인수 2000 집단미술활동 프로그램이 초등학교 아동의 긍정적 자아개념 형성에 미치는 효과 39. [학술지] 최영신 2006 가족의 정서적 환경, 자기효능감, 문제해결력이 초등학생의 학업성취에 미치는 영향 놀이치료연구 10 (2) : 105 ~ 2 40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: In fact, studies assuming a constant bleaching threshold into the future (4 DHW, the threshold for 1, is common) warn that coral reefs in the may reach an unrecoverable tipping point—a climate under which we can expect bleaching-level conditions on an annual basis—as early as 2030 (van Hooidonk et al. 2016). Yet a static bleaching threshold implies that these coral assemblages have reached their adaptation limit and can adapt no further or at least no faster, and we have evidence that this may not always be the case (Donner 2009; Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019). At the very least, our findings draw attention to areas in which bleaching projections might be improved, perhaps by implementing a graded bleaching threshold in models developed for reef systems where this value seems to be changing over time. With each successive year, the conditions that coral reefs must contend with for their continued survival and function grow more extreme. Since we have observed increasing bleaching thresholds over the past two decades, regardless of the mechanism, projections of future bleaching should consider that present-day tolerance may underrepresent future tolerance, even if reefs in the future are composed of different coral assemblages. Holding window size and anomaly cutoff constant is necessary to assess changes in bleaching threshold over time, as these model parameters covary and thus cannot be interpreted in isolation (Fig. 4, Supplement 4). In a similar vein, adjusting only one element of the DHW definition at a time (holding the other two constant) can reveal their relative contributions to forecast skill—and tell us to which improvements our forecast models are most sensitive (Supplement 4). This sensitivity refers to model fit rather than an inherent ecological trait. That is, a higher anomaly cutoff alone does not necessarily indicate a robust, heat-tolerant coral assemblage; rather, it represents some combination of underlying processes that allow us to predict bleaching more accurately when we are stricter about the temperature anomalies considered stressful. ConclusionsOur results highlight the benefits of continually reassessing our heat stress metrics and coral bleaching forecast models.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)307. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)59. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)254. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)97. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)840. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)23. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)724. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)209. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)717. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)178. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)1218. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)473. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)650. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)162. doi: 72797. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)3534. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)475.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [보고서] 통계청 2005 인구주택총조사보고서 41. [학위논문] 한제인 1995 아동의 사회측정 지위에 따른 갈등해결전략 사용에 따른 연구 42. [학위논문] 한현아 2007 가정의 위험요인,청소년의 자아탄력성 및 또래관계의 질이 청소년 문제행동에 미치는 영향 43. [학위논문] 한혜진 2002 자기주장훈련이 초등학생의 자기효능감 향상에 미치는 효과 44. [학술지] 황옥자 1980 부모의 이혼이 자녀생활에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 아동학회지 1 (1) 45.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Based on global bleaching observations from 1998 to 2019, we could forecast coral bleaching events on a reef-sized scale (5 km \(\times\) 5 km) more effectively by lowering the anomaly cutoff temperature to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the size of the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and setting a slightly lower bleaching threshold of 3 DHW. Together, these modifications confer a 70% increase in forecast skill relative to the current standard DHW model, as well as ameliorate its bias toward underpredicting coral bleaching occurrences. Optimizing the DHW definition on a geographic basis further doubled forecast performance and corrected the global model’s compensatory tendency to overpredict bleaching events. Optimizing the forecast model on a temporal basis revealed a global increase in coral bleaching threshold that keeps pace with rates of ocean warming. For all the complexities governing coral stress responses, even a simple threshold-based model like the DHW metric optimized in this study can maintain its status as a powerful monitoring and forecasting tool by factoring in the effect of geographic location. Many of the complex environmental and ecological factors that drive, exacerbate, and mitigate coral bleaching possess a strong spatial component, so accounting for regional variability is a prerequisite for competent bleaching models. The utility of a spatial proxy for something like real-time coral bleaching risk assessment does not preclude the necessity of nuanced, explanatory multivariate models, however; both have their place. In the effort to preserve the world’s coral reefs, success hinges on our ability to allocate limited resources (monitoring, mitigation, management) to areas that are particularly valuable, vulnerable, or versatile players in their respective ecosystems. This, in turn, requires an intimate and accurate understanding of 1) the current state of our reefs, and 2) how we expect them to evolve in a rapidly changing environment. Our long-term projections and short-term forecasts should anticipate change, and revisiting and refining our existing toolkit is a necessary step. The results of our study provide new definitions of DHW that can be applied now, and suggests that projections of future bleaching events should reconsider the use of static heat stress sensitivities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: IntroductionVirtually, all societies are being challenged with the following two broad trends: (1) The rapid dissemination of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and (2) the rapid growth in the number and proportion of older persons (60+ years) in their populations (Charness, 2019; Czaja et al. , 2019; United Nations, 2019; Organization, 2015). Accordingly, there is also a growth of older adults using ICTs (Hunsaker and Hargittai, 2018). Central to these societal developments is the question of how the older population’s use of ICTs is related to their mental health, as retirement age and the concomitant potential decrease in regular social contacts are potential risk factors for poor mental health in terms of loneliness, depression, and anxiety (Curran et al. , 2020; Fernández-Niño et al. , 2018). On one hand, ICT use (both the use of devices, such as smartphones or tablets, and of services such as social network sites, SNSs, or information sites on the Internet) can reduce loneliness and enhance older users’ mental health (e. g. Forsman and Nordmyr, 2017; Schlomann et al. , 2020). On the other hand, other research has found detrimental effects of ICT use on mental health outcomes—especially if ICTs are used in a problematic fashion (e. g. Meshi et al. , 2020). This question about the association between older adults’ ICT use and mental health is also relevant because a digital inequality exists between younger and older seniors in terms of adoption of specific services, the use of ICTs, and in terms of the skills to use these technologies in a personally beneficial way (e. g. Hargittai et al. , 2018; Hofer et al. , 2019; Wu et al. , 2015). Thus, examining the link between mental health and ICT use seems especially relevant among older adults. Research suggests that using the Internet might serve as a remedy for depressive symptoms or anxiety (Cotten et al. , 2014; Francis et al. , 2019; Wade, 2010). Khosravi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학술지] Bandura,A 1977 Self-effeacy Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change 84 : 191 ~ 46. [단행본] Block, J. H 1980 The role of ego-control and ego-resiliencecy in the organization of behaivor in Minnesota symposia on child psychology Erlbaum : 39 ~ 47. [학술지] Bramston, P 1984 Behavioral versus cognitive social-skills training with intellectually handcapped adults and Therapy 23 : 239 ~ 48. [기타] Dumont, M. / 1999 Resilience in adolescent: Protective role of social support coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression 49. [단행본] D' Zurilla, T. J 1982 Social problem-solving in adults in Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. / 50. [학술지] Garmezy,N 1993 Children in poverty: resilience despite risk Psychiatry 56 : 127 ~ 51. [단행본] Harter,S 1992 The relationship between perceived competence,affect and motivational orientation within the classroom:Process and Patterns of change in Achievement and motivation; A social developmental perspective,(pp77-114). New Press : 77 ~ 52. [학술지] Luther,S. S 1991 Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents 62 : 600 ~ 53. [학술지] Rutter,M 1987 Psychological resilience and protective mechanism of Orthopsychiatry 57 : 316 ~ 54. [단행본] Spivack, G. / 1974 Social adjustment of young children: A cognitive approach to real-life problems Jossey-Bass 55. [학술지] Wyman, P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: AbstractGiven the severity of the 2016 global bleaching event, there are major questions about how quickly reef communities will recover. Here, we explore the ecological and physical structural changes that occurred across five atoll interior reefs in the southern Maldives using data collected at 6 and 12 months post-bleaching. Following initial severe coral mortality, further minor coral mortality had occurred by 12 months post-bleaching, and coral cover is now low (<6%). In contrast, reef rugosity has continued to decline over time, and our observations suggest transitions to rubble-dominated states will occur in the near future. Juvenile coral densities in shallow fore-reef habitats are also exceptionally low (<6 individuals m−2), well below those measured 9–12 months following the 1998 bleaching event, and below recovery thresholds identified on other reefs. Our findings suggest that the physical structure of these reefs will need to decline further before effective recruitment and recovery can begin. Similar content being viewed by others Reef-scale variability in fish and coral assemblages on the central Reef 2016. Recovery post-1998 occurred within about 10–12 yr (Pisapia et al. 2016), a trend replicated at other remote sites (e. g. Chagos; Sheppard et al. 2008). In other areas of the Indian Ocean, recovery trajectories post-1998 were more divergent, with some reefs recovering successfully and others undergoing phase shifts to states with lower coral cover and diminished carbonate budgets (Graham et al. 2015). These studies thus collectively provide a basis for some optimism for recovery potential over decadal timescales. However, recent modelling suggests that the frequency and intensity of bleaching events will increase over the next few decades (van Hooidonk et al. 2016), and that when considered in the context of increasing background SSTs, the likelihood for more globally widespread and intense bleaching events is high. This point is emphasised most clearly in recent work from Australia’s Reef (GBR) which clearly shows the potential for different bleaching events with different spatial footprints, but with close temporal frequency, to collectively impact entire reef-building regions over short timescales (Hughes et al. 2017). A key implication is that the recovery landscapes for many contemporary reefs may become very different.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: (2016), for instance, found that ICTs, and especially socially relevant ICTs such as social management systems (special software designed for older adults), can be used to reduce loneliness and (perceived) social isolation―a central predictor for depression and anxiety―among older adults. In addition, research suggests that older adults carefully manage their interactions within the digital environment in order to improve the quality of their lives (Sinclair and Grieve, 2017). Thus, the use of ICTs could help against mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. However, other studies suggest negative links between older adults’ mental health and their use of the Internet (Hunsaker et al. , 2020; Kraut et al. , 1998) resulting in inconclusive findings in the literature. Among the myriad of different things a person can do online, one group of behaviors relevant for older adults’ mental health in general, and depression and anxiety in particular, is the social use of ICTs (Chang et al. , 2015b; Seabrook et al. , 2016). We refer to this kind of ICT use as online social engagement (Burke et al. , 2010, 2011; Nguyen et al. , 2020). Online social engagement can take many different forms, such as participation in online forums or discussions by asking questions or giving answers, looking at photos of family and friends whether found on a site or received directly. In short, it is a form of online behavior that involves others. Social network sites (e. g. Facebook and Instagram) are one prominent example of services that facilitate these kinds of behaviors. However, online social engagement is not limited to such sites, it can happen in other online contexts as well, such as direct interpersonal communication through messaging or on mailing lists and various forums. On the one hand, socially engaging online can help users affirm and express their identity and emotions, and socially interact with others to counteract loneliness and ensuing depression and anxiety. The mechanism between social connectedness and mental health, or the lack thereof, is well documented in research. Santini et al. (2020), for instance, found lower social connectedness (i. e. social network size and range, frequency of social interactions) to be associated with perceived isolation, which in turn was linked to depression and anxiety. Using longitudinal data (five waves, 5 years apart), Cacioppo et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: A 1985 Perceived competence, self-esteem, and anxiety in latency -aged children of divorce Journal of Psychology 14 : 20 ~ TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 @10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: Thus, there is a pressing need to understand the nature of coral community change post-contemporary bleaching, and to assess how, and in what way, coral communities will restructure. Here, we report on initial reef community transitions at five shallow atoll interior reef sites in the southern Maldives (Fig. 1a, b). These reefs were severely impacted by the ENSO-induced warming that affected the central in mid-2016 (Fig. 1c), with coral cover on shallow (<5 m depth) reefs declining from an average of 25. 6 ± 5. 8 to 6. 3 ± 1. 9% (as measured for the true 3-dimensional reef surface), and the carbonate budgets of the reefs collapsing (Perry and Morgan 2017). Specifically, we assess initial changes in coral community composition and reef structural complexity using data collected in January 2016 (just prior to bleaching onset), and then from repeat surveys in September 2016 and March 2017, i. e. 6 and 12 months post-bleaching. We also present data on changes in parrotfish biomass and post-bleaching (March 2017) juvenile coral species abundance. These data collectively document a process of ongoing ecological and structural transition post the initial bleaching impacts, and suggests further declines are likely before reef recovery begins. Fig. 1 a Regional setting of Huvadhoo Atoll, Maldives; b location of study sites—(1) Kandahalagala, (2) Mahutigala, (3) Kafigahlaa, (4) Kodehutigalaa, (5) Kadumaigala; c satellite-derived sea-surface temperature data for the Maldives (1/01/16 to 1/04/17). Data extracted from the site ( accessed 20/04/17; Images d to g show reef community states over time at Kandahalagala—d January 2016—thriving Acropora spp. reefs, e September 2016—recently dead in situ framework, f March 2017—dead and turf/filamentous algal covered framework, g colony showing partial tissue mortality in March 2017Full size image Study area and methodsSurveys were conducted during January and September 2016, and March 2017 on five uninhabited atoll interior reefs in Huvadhoo atoll, southern Maldives (Fig. 1a, b). These reefs are minimally influenced by local disturbances, i.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: (2010) showed that loneliness predicted depressive symptoms after 5 years. Thus, social connectedness seems to be a key factor in a person’s mental health (see also Baumeister and Leary, 1995). The deeply engrained need to feel connected with people and the concomitant maintenance or improvement of mental health can, at least in part, be satisfied by socially engaging online (for a review, see Forsman and Nordmyr, 2017). On the other hand, using ICTs in a social manner can also have dysfunctional effects on older adults’ mental health, for instance, if usage patterns are problematic, result in negative social comparisons, or when ICT use is a replacement of or a compensation for other social interactions (Hofer and Eden, 2020; Kraut et al. , 1998; Meshi et al. , 2020; Schlomann et al. , 2020; Seabrook et al. , 2016). In this study, we examine the relationship between different forms of online social engagement and older adults’ depression and anxiety. Literature reviewDepression and anxiety are often regarded as crucial determinants of a person’s mental health and his or her well-being. Keeping these two mental health issues at bay is critical in the process of healthy or successful aging that is defined as “the maximization of gains and the minimization of losses” (Freund and Riediger, 2003: 612; Urtamo et al. , 2019). In the context of this study, gains and losses can be regarded as suffering from the least amount of depressive and anxiety symptoms (gain) or becoming anxious and depressive (loss). As people age, the ratio of gains and losses in general tends to become smaller (Freund and Riediger, 2003). To manage gains and losses people rely on resources—both tangible (e. g. money) and intangible ones (e. g. , social interactions; Freund and Riediger, 2003). Engaging socially online can be regarded as an intangible resource to manage mental health (Hofer, 2016). In addition, resources have to be used prudently in order to achieve gains and avoid losses. That is, online social engagement might not be beneficial per se. In order to have positive effects, this resource needs to be utilized pragmatically (Freund, 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 이를 위해 지역아동센터에서 도움을 받는 초등학교 5, 6학년 24명을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련프로그램을 실시하였다. 훈련프로그램 실시 전, 후, 추수에 문제해결 척도, 자기효능감 척도 및 자아탄력성 척도를 실시하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: e. fishing pressure is low, and immediate point sources of nutrient input absent. Satellite SST data indicates that strong warming started in late March 2016 and persisted at levels above regional bleaching thresholds (~30. 9 °C) until mid-May 2016 (Fig. 1c; NOAA 2016). Surveys were conducted along the fore-reef slope 2 m depth contour on the south-western margins of each reef (n = 5 × 10 m transects per site). Substrate composition and rugosity were quantified using the ReefBudget methodology, as described in Perry and Morgan (2017), with coral cover and species abundance data calculated as a function of the 3-dimensional reef surface. Biomass of parrotfish was determined based on the collection of species-size-life phase data based on eight 30 m × 4 m belt transects, with all surveys completed by the same experienced observer (K. M. M. ). Biomass was calculated using length data and length–weight relationships and multiplied by fish abundance. Juvenile coral data were collected at each site in March 2017, with data on genera and size (defined as corals up to 50 mm in maximum diameter, following Doropoulos et al. 2015) collected from 60 replicate 1-m2 quadrats (10 per 10 m transect) at each site. Results and discussionInitial post-bleaching assessments during September 2016 showed that rapid and consistent declines in coral cover and reef carbonate budget states occurred across all sites (Fig. 1d, e; Perry and Morgan 2017). A re-survey of these same sites in March 2017 indicates that whilst mean coral cover had declined slightly in the intervening 6 months (Sept 2016: 6. 3 ± 1. 9%; March 2017: 5. 9 ± 2. 3%), these changes were not significant (Fig. 2a; p > 0. 05). This is attributed to the fact that the most abundant corals (Acropora spp. ) had already died following bleaching, and thus a phase defined by a relatively more stable, but low coral cover, state has been reached. However, an additional observation from March 2017 was that many sub-massive and compact branched (e. g. Pocillopora spp. ) taxa that had initially survived showed evidence of recent partial or complete mortality (Fig. 1g).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In addition, different forms of online social engagement might have different effects in the process of successful aging. Prior work has repeatedly shown positive social connectedness as a resource to manage depression and anxiety (e. g. Baltes and Lang, 1997; Cacioppo et al. , 2010; Steger and Kashdan, 2009). Social connectedness can also be pursued using ICTs and research shows that these technologies are a feasible tool to enhance social connectedness (et al. , 2019). However, research on the link between depression and anxiety and socially engaging online (e. g. through SNSs) provides an unclear picture. In their review of related work, Pantic et al. (2012) found a positive association between depressive symptoms and SNS use. That is, the more a person spends time on an SNS, the more likely he or she shows depressive symptoms. Similarly, Tandoc et al. (2015) found Facebook use to be related to higher levels of depression. However, other studies found no relationship (Bessière et al. , 2008; Jelenchick et al. , 2013). This lack of consistency in findings could be due to the age of participants. Pantic (2014) argues that different age groups may use SNSs differently and react differently to the content on and challenges posed by such sites. Older adults often use SNSs for social purposes (e. g. Chang et al. , 2015a). However, difficulties using this technology could lead to less positive or negative effects, such as frustration or even anxiety (Ballantyne et al. , 2010; Chang et al. , 2015a). In terms of social online engagement being a resource in the process of successful aging, we could argue that it has to be used in a conscious way in order to have positive effects on a person’s mental health (Hofer, 2016). Another reason for varied outcomes could be linked to different purposes of use; Shaw et al. (2015), for instance, found no connection between passive use of Facebook and anxiety, but did find a positive relationship between its communicative and social use and anxiety. In terms of using ICTs as a resource in the process of successful aging, we could argue that a more active social use of ICTs might have a positive effect on older adults’ mental health, whereas a more passive use of this resource may have negative effects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 자기효능감의 하위요인 중 자신감 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자아탄력성을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 5주 후의 추후검사에서도 향상된 효과가 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 자아탄력성의 하위요인 중 대인관계 영역과 낙관성 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서도 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are experiencing bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. [SEP] Text: It thus seems reasonable to assume that most small juvenile Acropora must have settled during 2016 (presumably soon after bleaching), whilst larger juveniles must have survived the bleaching event. Given the larger size structure of Porites and Pocillopora (Fig. 4c), it seems likely that these juveniles also survived the bleaching, providing some hope for future recovery. However, the evident lack of preference to settle on the abundant dead branched framework suggests that the overall ecology and structure of these reefs may undergo further phases of degradation before reorganisation and recovery can begin. Indeed, the paucity of recruits is of further concern given that data collected 9–12 months post-1998 by Bianchi et al. (2006) showed that whilst juvenile densities were initially high these declined rapidly over the next few years before complete recovery ensued. Fig. 4Plots showing a mean juvenile coral densities (±SD) in March 2017; b relative abundance (%) of juvenile corals in March 2017 (site codes as in Fig. 2); and c size class distribution of juvenile corals for the three previously dominant coral taxaFull size image The data presented here thus collectively suggest that after the initial coral mortality, rates of decline have slowed. Conversely, a downward trajectory in rugosity is predicted as the surficial structure of the reefs, currently dominated by in situ dead Acropora spp. , continues to degrade to rubble. Based on observations after the 1998 bleaching event, this may be a necessary precursor stage before more effective coral recruitment can proceed (e. g. Lasagna et al. 2010). Our field observations also suggest that much of this dead in situ framework is infested by endolithic sponges and that this, along with the elevated parrotfish biomass we report, is likely to speed this process up (see Carballo et al. 2013). Extrapolation of these findings to the wider Maldives obviously requires caution, but it is pertinent to mention that we observed similar widespread coral mortality on reefs within and around two more northern atolls (Gooidoo and Baa) in March 2017, and that widespread mortality was reported across the region immediately after the 2016 event (IUCN 2016). Recovery obviously now depends on successful recruitment. Whilst the dominance of Acropora spp. in the current juvenile population structure is encouraging, the dominant factor may be the low overall densities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: More recent research has taken these age- and use-related considerations into account. Analyzing the online experiences of older adults in particular, Hunsaker et al. (2020) found that belonging to certain online communities and engaging in meaningful online discussions about some topics were related to higher levels of anxiety. Choi and DiNitto (2013) show that email and texting linked to higher anxiety levels. These studies are examples of how helpful it can be to disaggregate types of online engagement. Similarly, applying a functional approach by differentiating between four types of Internet use, Lifshitz et al. (2018) found that using the Internet for leisure activities and task performance is negatively related to depressive symptoms. Communication online, however, was not related to depression in either positive or negative ways. Nguyen et al. (2020) also go beyond the basic concept of (frequency of) social media use to look at active online social engagement, such as looking at photos or clicking on links. Their study examines how such activities relate to social capital and find a positive association with online bridging social capital. In this study, we follow Nguyen et al. (2020) by examining the hitherto unclear connection between online social engagement and depression as well as anxiety. Research questionsPrevious findings point to positive associations between online social engagement and anxiety among older adults (Choi and DiNitto, 2013; Hunsaker et al. , 2020). That is, the more people socially engage online, the higher their anxiety. For instance, false expectations, social comparison processes, or even negative feedback by other users could increase anxiety levels. However, based on past work on the association between social media use and anxiety (Cauberghe et al. , 2021), one could also argue that online social engagement is related to decreases in anxiety when people use it as a way to connect with others, to improve their social connections, and to find humor. Specifically, positive social interactions and relationships could act as a form of coping and enhance self-esteem, happiness, or life satisfaction, which could counteract feelings of anxiety (Cauberghe et al. , 2021; Seabrook et al. , 2016). The same arguments apply to associations between online social engagement and depression. That is, online social engagement could either be associated with increases or decreases in depression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 무처치 통제집단에 비해 훈련집단의 경우 문제해결력과 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성은 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수검사에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 효과가 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some species have adapted to climate change by shifting their habitats northward. [SEP] Text: keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 1 IntroductionIt is widely accepted that climate change effects have repercussions everywhere around us; the (DDBR) is no exception. The spreading of invasive plant species is mainly influenced by climatic factors. Most invasive species, regardless the place of occurrence, follow the same climatic pattern as in their place of origin (Richardson and Pysěk 2006). Changes of climatic features showed habitat alteration by decreasing, increasing or shifting of species’ range in size and abundance (Leech et al. 2011). In climate change context, one of the effects is the spread and persistence of invasive plant species in natural habitats and the interference on plant community’s structure. These opportunist species take advantage of every climatic change in order to expand their survival rate leading to the loss of the native species (Hellmann et al. 2008). The aim of the study was to identify the spreading potential of invasive species within DDBR habitats by their present features of adaptation and their occurrence in plant communities considering climate change impacts. Annual climatic values (temperature, precipitation) collected between 1961 and 2007 from the eastern (Sf. Gheorghe – shore) and western (Tulcea) meteorological stations located in DDBR were used and processed. DDBR is situated in South-East Europe, respectively in South-Eastern Romania. As a biosphere reserve, this wetland is also the largest (5,800 km2) 2000 site (ROSCI 0065 and ROSPA 0031). It is a fluvial-maritime floodplain on two bioregions, a steppic and a pontic one (Ciocârlan 2011). By means of management measures, adaptation is undertaken in order to reduce potential impacts of climate change on DDBR habitats. 2 MethodsThe spreading potential of invasive species was analysed by their present features of adaptation, plant community qualitative indices (Braun-Blanquet scale) and annual climatic values (temperature, precipitations). The time-frame 1961–2007 data was used from the eastern (Sf. Gheorghe – shore) and western (Tulcea) meteorological stations located in DDBR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Because research on the relationship of online social engagement and mental health is limited instead of constructing hypotheses, we pose the following research questions (RQ1 and RQ2):RQ1. Are different forms of online social engagement related to higher or lower levels of anxiety among older adults? RQ2. Are different forms of online social engagement related to higher or lower levels of depression among older adults? MethodData collectionWe surveyed 1026 older adults in the aged 60 and above in July 2018. The age cutoff follows the definition of old age by the Organization (2015). We contracted with the online research firm Cint to administer our study to a diverse group of older adults. Cint uses a double opt-in procedure to recruit respondents to its panels. To achieve a diverse sample, we quota sampled on various older age groups, gender, race and ethnicity, and education based on US Census figures. Age quotas ensured that our sample did not simply include younger-aged older adults allowing us to compare people of different ages across this population (see Table A1 for a comparison of the US population and the sample of this study). We included the other quotas to make sure we had a diverse sample given findings in digital inequality scholarship about variations in Internet use by sociodemographic factors (e. g. Hargittai and Hsieh, 2013). Respondents were sent an invitation to participate in the survey and received compensation for it. They were allowed to skip any questions they did not want to answer. The study complied with the ethical requirements of the research institution. Measures: dependent variablesAnxietyWe measured anxiety symptoms using the Inventory (Beck et al. , 1988), which has been shown to be suitable for older adult populations (Wetherell and Areán, 1997). The scale asks respondents about the occurrence of five different anxiety symptoms over the past week (e. g. “I had fear of the worst happening,” “I was nervous”). Response items included 1 = never, 2 = hardly ever, 3 = some of the time, and 4 = most of the time. We averaged the responses over the five items so that possible scores ranged from 1 to 4, and higher scores indicated more anxiety symptoms. The mean anxiety score was 1. 5 (SD = 0. 5, Cronbach’s α =. 78) and scores ranged from 1. 0 to 3. 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 가족해체로 인해 심리․사회적 부적응을 경험하고 있는 결손가정 자녀들에게 대인관계에서 발생하는 문제를 다루는 인지적 능력을 향상시키는 훈련을 실시하여 적응력을 향상시키고 문제행동을 예방하는 실질적 도움을 주었다는 데 의의가 있다. 분석결과에 대해 선행연구와 관련하여 논의하고 상담에서의 시사점과 제한점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some species have adapted to climate change by shifting their habitats northward. [SEP] Text: Species that tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions could become the most successful invaders (Taush 2008). For example, precipitation variations could cause water-demanding/resistant species to outcompete one another (Fig. 18. 2). The average annual precipitation of DDBR decreases from west (Tulcea – 438. 4 mm) to east (Sf. Gheorghe – 403. 6 mm). Fig. 18. 2Mean annual precipitation amounts in the (1961–2007) (Dragotă et al. 2011)Full size image From the perspective of alien’s bio-geographical origin, rising temperatures would allow some species of Mediterranean origin to spread northwards and enhance the winter survival chances of some other organisms (Dragotă et al. 2011). Phenological stages are sensitive to temperature. It is more likely for annual plants to flower earlier than it is for perennials, and more likely for insect-pollinated plants than for wind-pollinated ones (Fitter and Fitter 2002). Various flowering phases have been registered for the same species in the same period of time but at different locations (Tulcea and Sf. Gheorghe) within DDBR (Fig. 18. 3). At the sea side flowering phases are now occurring earlier. The average annual temperature in Tulcea is 11 °C and in Sf. Gheorghe 12 °C (Dragotă et al. 2011). Monthly average of daily extreme temperatures have a significant role in the distribution of different phenological phases, as they are calculated from instantaneous values at different moments of the day, measured with maximum-minimum thermometers representing the true contrast between day and night. monthly averages of daily maximum temperatures are positive, ranging from 3 to 4 °C in the entire area, increasing in July to over 25 °C in the fluvial-maritime part and Razim-Sinoe lake complex, to over 26 °C in the central regions of the DDBR, and to over 27 °C in the western parts. Climate change effects, such as extreme duration of droughts, low temperatures, or floods in wetlands can haste the spreading of alien species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: DepressionWe relied on the widely used Center for (CES-D Scale) to assess depression (McDowell, 2006; Radloff, 1977), a measure included on the US Health and and one that other researchers studying Internet uses have also utilized (Cotten et al. , 2014). The question asks respondents about the frequency with which they had experienced eight feelings in the past week (e. g. “I felt depressed,” “I felt lonely,” “I felt sad”) with the following answer options: “rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)”; “some or a little of the time (1–2 days)”; “occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3–4 days)”; more or all of the time (5–7 days). ” After reverse coding two of the items (“I was happy,” “I enjoyed life”), we averaged these scores. The mean depression score was 1. 6 (SD = 0. 6, Cronbach’s α =. 87) and scores ranged from 1. 0 to 4. 0. Measures: independent variablesSociodemographicsWe asked about year of birth to measure age (M = 69. 3 years, SD = 6. 2). We asked gender giving the following options: (a) male, (b) female, and (c) other, please specify. Over half the sample (57%) responded female; no one chose “other. ” To measure race and ethnicity, following US Census conventions, we first asked whether the respondent was of Hispanic or Latino origin and then about race using the following categories: White, Black or African American, Asian, or Alaska Native, or Pacific Islander, and/or Other, please specify. The sample is 82% White (the base in the models), 9% Black, 6% Hispanic, and 3% Asian. Respondents provided their highest level of school completed or highest degree received using the categories: less than a high school degree, high school graduate (high school diploma or equivalent including GED), some college but no degree, associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, and advanced degree (e. g. master’s, doctorate).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: KW - 결손가정, 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련, 문제해결력, 자기효능감, 자아탄력성 DO - 10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 UR - ER - 이유미 김정희 and 김동원 (2009). 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과. 상담학연구, 10(4), 2303 - 2319. 이유미 김정희 and 김동원. 2009, “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과”, vol. 10, no. 4, 2319.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is a factor in the decline of many amphibian populations. [SEP] Text: Bouchard | 31, 2023 | Earth & Our polar seas are particularly vulnerable to climate change, and melting ice and increasing temperatures could have a devastating impact on the endemic biodiversity of the region. One of the most abundant species in the is the Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida, also called polar cod), making it an ideal candidate to study the effects of climate change on prey fish populations, and the impact this will have on wider marine ecosystems. This is the focus of important research from Bouchard at the and her collaborators. may not be the first place that springs to mind when thinking about prolific and diverse species of animals. Nonetheless, the cold waters of the play host to large and varied populations of fish and other marine animals. One of the indicators for the health of a marine ecosystem is the population of forage fish. Forage fish are species that consume small marine organisms such as copepods and krill and are, in turn, food for predatory fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. As such, they are important for the transfer of energy and nutrients up the food chain. The most common forage fish in Arctic waters is Arctic cod. Arctic cod has a circumpolar distribution, occurring essentially everywhere there is seasonal or multiyear sea ice. cod population is, therefore, a good indicator of how climate change affects other species and how the ecosystem might respond to changing conditions. To get a good picture of the impact climate change will have on a species, researchers must take a broad look at the locations the species is found in at different stages of its lifecycle. Bouchard at the and her colleagues are working to understand how climate change affects the different habitats around the Arctic, and how changes in those habitats will affect future Arctic cod populations. in Together with an international team of Arctic cod experts, recently published a review of the effects of climate change on Arctic cod. The review divides the life cycle of the species into five distinct stages. Each stage has distinct p1. 5 to 3. 8 °C. The larvae feed on small plankton living under sea ice or in open water. The larvae are euryhaline, which means they can survive rapidly changing levels of salt in the water, making them well-adapted to areas with high levels of ice melt and river discharge.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Checking in on a person who was suddenly absent from an online community—something 12% of respondents reported having done more than once—correlates positively with both depression and anxiety. In addition, anxiety positively correlates with answering questions online (something 33% had done) and looking at photos of others (70% occurrence). Table 2. Zero-order correlations between study variables. 1235678910111213141. Anxiety– 2. Depression. 589**– 3. Perceived health−. 324**−. 421**– 5. Autonomy of Internet use−. 029−. 054. 169**– 6. Internet skills−. 039−. 064*. 136**. 252**– 7. Frequency of Internet use. 069*. 051−. 057. 110**. 206**– 8. Asking questions. 053−. 003. 043. 229**. 324**. 219**– 9. Answering questions. 088**. 059−. 004. 243**. 314**. 217**. 637**– 10. Checked in on someone. 114**. 076*−. 022. 088**. 192**. 167**. 372**. 360**– 11. Looking at family photos. 006−. 023. 038. 118**. 085**. 117**. 222**. 208**. 178**– 12. Looking at photos of others. 070*. 016. 015. 125**. 138**. 205**. 261**. 264**. 247**. 610**– 13. Looking at status updates. 023−. 010. 031. 158**. 158**. 277**. 341**. 312**. 293**. 424**. 560**– 14. Clicking on links. 061. 014. 041. 206**. 220**. 252**. 420**. 400**. 309**. 382**. 469**. 712**–*p <. 05; **p <. 01; ***p <. 001. Multivariate resultsWe conducted ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models in which we controlled for sociodemographic variables, perceived health, and general Internet experiences (i. e. frequency of use, autonomy of use, and Internet skills). Among the sociodemographic variables, being female was associated with anxiety (β =. 08, p =. 010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Available from: doi:10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 이유미 외. “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과“ 상담학연구 10. 4 2319. (2009): 2303. 이유미 김정희 김동원. 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 상담학연구 [Internet]. 2009; 10(4), : 2303 - 2319. Available from: doi:10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 이유미 김정희 and 김동원.

Output: pass