Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 22 Mar 2024 | 22 Mar 2024 Pacific variability despite suppressed El Niño variability in the warm mid-Pliocene climate Oldeman, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Frank M. Selten, and Henk A. Dijkstra Abstract. The mid-Pliocene is the most recent geological period with similar atmospheric CO2 concentration to the present-day, and similar surface temperatures as projected at the end of this century for a moderate warming scenario. While not a perfect analogue, the mid-Pliocene can be used to study the functioning of the Earth system under similar forcings as a near future, especially regarding features in the climate system for which uncertainties exist in future projections. According to the mid-Pliocene modelling ensemble PlioMIP2, the variability of El Niño-(ENSO) was suppressed. In this study, we investigate how teleconnections of ENSO, specifically variability in the atmosphere, responds to a suppressed ENSO, according to the PlioMIP2. The multi-model mean shows a similar sea-level pressure (SLP) variability in the (AL) in the mid-Pliocene and pre-industrial, but a per-model view reveals that the change in AL variability is related to the change in ENSO variability. Even though ENSO is suppressed, the teleconnection between ENSO sea-surface temperature anomalies, tropical precipitation and SLP anomalies is quite robust in the mid-Pliocene. We split AL variability in a part that is ENSO-related, and a residual variability which is related to internal stochastic variability, and find that the change in ENSO-related AL variability is strongly related to the change in ENSO variability itself, while the change in residual AL variability is unrelated to ENSO change. Since the internal atmospheric variability, which is the dominant forcing of the AL variability, is largely unchanged, we are able to understand that the AL variability is largely similar even though ENSO variability is suppressed. We find that the specific change in ENSO and AL variability depends on both the model equilibrium climate sensitivity ánd Earth system sensitivity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can optimize renewable energy grids by forecasting energy demand and supply. [SEP] Text: c) Load Shifting: The shifting of load from the peak duration to off-peak duration for shaping the load. The energy and demand control equipment may be used as demand-side-alternative similar to use in peak clipping. d) Conservations: Energy efficient appliances reduce overall load. In employing energy efficiency, there is a need to consider which conservation tasks will happen naturally. The cost-effectiveness of these programs is also evaluated to speed up the conservation tasks. e) Load Building: To overall increase the load growth beyond the valley filling with electrification and substitution of fossil uses. Fossil fuel electrification can be used in the industrial sector to increase power intensity efficiencies and improve productivity for example, the process of automation and heating in the industrial sector. f) Flexible load shaping: Demand response programs provides load flexibility based on real time situation that also provides reliability. DR activities are designed to control the appliance used by consumers; hence it provides the flexibility to the consumers. It is also achieved using energy efficient appliances as a demand-side-alternatives. The challenges in demand side management are varied and complex, and there are many areas where further research is needed. One of the most significant challenges is the lack of accurate data, particularly in developing countries, where data collection infrastructure may be inadequate. Without reliable data, load forecasting and demand response programs cannot be effectively implemented. The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid is also creates complexity for load forecasting and DSM. These sources can be highly variable, and demand response programs must be able to respond quickly to changes in supply and demand in order to maintain grid stability. Another area where further research is needed is the development of effective demand response programs for different sectors. Different sectors have different energy consumption patterns, and demand response programs must be tailored to these patterns in order to be effective. For example, residential customers may be more responsive to price signals, while industrial customers may require more customized demand response programs. There is also a need for research on the optimal allocation of demand response resources. Demand response resources, such as energy storage or flexible loads, must be allocated in a way that maximizes their value to the grid while minimizing costs. Finally, there is a need for research on the role of consumers in demand side management. Consumers are an essential part of the energy system, and their behavior can have a significant impact on energy consumption.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Report for the : University of Essex. . 2019. Effects of an agro-healing activity program on the physiological condition of adults with chronic metabolic diseases. J Environ. 22(4):355-364. Jeong, BD 2005. Effect of endemic flower-growing on the development of emotional growth of children. Master’s thesis. University of Education, Seoul, Korea. . 2020. Analysis of 2010s research trends in research on agro-healing in South Korea. J Environ. 23(3):267-276. Kim, DI 2008. Basic academic skills assessment Seoul, Korea: Hakjisa. . 2019. Effect of five senses activities in the forest on young children’s daily stress. J Environ. 22:99-110. Kim, HJ 2009. Study of self-concept, attachment, career maturity of children of double-income family. Master’s thesis. Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, JS 1996. A study of communication between the mother and high school students and the effects on self esteem. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, MS 2003. The effects of an intensive a weekly communication training programs on enhancing elementary school children’s relationship ability: Focused on Thomas Gordon’s effectiveness training. Master’s thesis. University of Education, Cheong-ju, Korea. Kim, MO 2019 Mind treatment using agriculture: Healing agriculture. Trend 36:10-15. Retrieved from Kong, SH 2009 Work-family balance and low birthrate of married men and women in from. 2004. Effect of horticultural activities on changes of behavioral and emotional development based on Steiner’s anthroposophy. . 7(4):7-17. Lee, IH 2012. A study on the level of satisfaction of citizens participating into the urban farming and recognition on the farming village experience tourism. Master’s thesis. University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea. . 2020. Current status and parents’ perception on horticultural activity programs for preschoolers in Korea. J Environ. 23(1):55-65. Lee, JK 2012. A longitudinal effects of parent attachment, peer attachment and teacher attachment on delinquency in adolescence. J Adolesc Welf. 14(2):51-73. Lee, SO 2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Finally, we present a perspective of (extra-)tropical Pacific variability in the PlioMIP2, combining our results with literature findings on changes in the tropical mean climate as well as the Oscillation (PDO). How to cite. Oldeman, A. M. , Baatsen, M. L. J. , von der Heydt, A. S. , Selten, F. M. , and Dijkstra, H. A. : Pacific variability despite suppressed El Niño variability in the warm mid-Pliocene climate, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 14 Mar 2024 – Discussion started: 22 Mar 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 2398 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2398 KB) Supplement (3228 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2398 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (3228 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/esd-15-1037-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We might be able to constrain uncertainty in future climate projections by investigating variations in the climate of the past. In this study, we investigate the interactions of climate variability between the tropical Pacific (El Niño) and the in a warm past climate – the mid-Pliocene, a period roughly 3 million years ago. Using model simulations, we find that, although the variability in El Niño was reduced, the variability in the atmosphere was not. . J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Frank M. Selten, and Henk A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1652932/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAs society appears determined to significantly reduce carbon emissions, the viable question arises how nature will follow. A simple model is applied to project atmospheric CO2 concentration and near-surface temperature for emissions reductions up to 3 %/year. In result for anthropogenic efforts of 1. 5-3 %/year emissions reduction, nature will return to the 1970’s CO2 concentration accompanied by a final industrial-eon temperature rise of 1. 4-1. 8 °C. For lower emissions reductions of e. g. 1 or 0 %/year, 22 % or 78 % of emissions need be technically removed per year to confine the temperature increase at 1. 8 °C. Within this temperature regime, humankind’s ocean heating is inferred to remain within natural variabilities and sea level to approximately rise by 6 m/°C at a pace of 0. 2 m/century. and ModelingCO2 uptake modellingCO2 fertilizationCO2 ocean bufferingemissions abatementatmospheric CO2 projectiontemperature projectionocean heatingsea level risecarbon capture and storageFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. IntroductionWithin broader society, there is wide-spread comprehension that the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere virtually forever. On the other hand within science, it is undisputed that nature continuously removes a significant portion of the human emissions from the atmosphere. From observation on the industrial past, nature has removed on average 3%/year of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the atmosphere [1]. This period has been characterized by ever-rising emissions. Now, society appears determined for the reverse, i. e. to steadily reduce emissions. This raises the viable question: Will nature continue on unchanged – reversible – path, i. e. still taking up 3%/year of the cumulated emissions, or have legacies built up inhibiting the return to previous states? The present studies start from the presumption that humankind is dedicated to a – seemingly realistic – 3%/year emissions reduction. To size nature’s reaction, the essential processes are entered into a simple modelling framework for CO2 concentration, surface temperature, ocean heating, and sea level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 304. Published online: June 30, 2020 DOI: Between the and Biodiversity in the Sites of Hyun-Kyung Kang* Professor, Department of 31066, Korea *Corresponding author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr First author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr 21, 2020, 1, 2020, 4, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractEl Niño events exhibit rich diversity in their spatial patterns, which can lead to distinct global impacts. Therefore, how El Niño pattern diversity will change in a warmer climate is one of the most critical issues for future climate projections. Based on the sixth simulations, we report an inter-model consensus on future El Niño diversity changes. (CP) El Niño events are projected to occur more frequently compared to eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events. Concurrently, EP El Niño events are projected to increase in amplitude, leading to higher chances of extreme EP El Niño occurrences. We suggest that enhanced upper-ocean stability due to greenhouse warming can lead to a stronger surface-layer response for increasing positive feedbacks, more favorable excitation of CP El Niño. Whereas, enhanced nonlinear atmospheric responses to EP sea surface temperatures can lead to a higher probability of extreme EP El Niño. Similar content being viewed by others Future increase in extreme El Niño supported by past glacial changes 1. Important unresolved questions include how ENSO characteristics including amplitude, frequency, pattern, and asymmetry might change in response to greenhouse warming. Many studies have examined the response of ENSO to greenhouse warming2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and there has been much interest in model consensus as to whether ENSO variability might strengthen or weaken3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12. Recent studies showed that the majority of phase 6 (CMIP6) models show an increase in ENSO variability including both EP and CP El Niño events in response to greenhouse warming13,14, but still not for all models. In contrast to these uncertain ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) variance changes, climate models are also projecting some more robust changes in ENSO characteristics. For example, the precipitation response to will likely be amplified15 and shifted to the east15,16. The nonlinear atmospheric response to has been linked to projected more frequent extreme convective El Niño events17,18, which often accompanies swings to extreme La Niña events in the following year19. ENSO has a rich diversity in terms of its spatial and temporal patterns20,21,22,23. Importantly, SST pattern diversity leads to distinct patterns of anomalous convection and in turn to different global impacts24,25. Therefore, it is critical to better understand how ENSO diversity might change under greenhouse warming.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: The model framework serves as a handy tool for projections regarding future human emissions reductions. Since focusing on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions. 2. – understand nature’s functioning, the look is devoted to the past – first to preindustrial times revealing undisturbed nature and second, to the industrial eon with significant anthropogenic contributions. 2. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration During the preindustrial past 800 thousand years (ka), the atmospheric CO2 concentration has followed temperature in the order of 20–25 ppmv/°C within the range of about 180–280 ppmv (ppmv, volume parts per million). – At preindustrial times, global waters have released 1. 7 GtC/year into the atmosphere (cf. [2]). Apparently, terrestrial vegetation was prepared to consume these emissions leading to overall flux balance in first order. – During the industrial eon, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has approximately evolved from 280 ppmv to 420 ppmv. These measured concentrations can be related to the rather well known anthropogenic input if the latter is taken up by land and the oceans at a year-on-year rate of 3%/year [1]. 2. 2 Surface temperature Also for the preindustrial past 800 ka, the temperature can be viewed determined by the atmospheric CO2 concentration and direct temperature effects, the latter driven by the solar irradiation and snow/ice albedo alteration. The CO2-temperature contribution is approximated by the ‘Eocene relationship’ with TCO2 = ln(𝑝CO2/22) * 6. 68°C (TCO2, surface temperature in °C; 𝑝CO2, atmospheric CO2 volume mixing ratio in ppmv) [3], here the data of [4] used for 𝑝CO2. TCO2 comprises all related effects, e. g. from water vapor. When complemented by further driving forces, these are considered as correction terms, thus in turn also comprising all related effects. In the present studies, insolation is differentiated by the components eccentricity, obliquity, perihelion, flux at 65°N summer solstice, and global average [5]. Albedo is assumed proportional to sea level and in turn, sea level to seawater-δ18O [4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: The results confirmed the need for more diversified special compositions including planted land, grassland, wetland, bodies of water and waterways within the subject land in the wetland ecological belt along with the need for surrounding forest location and preservation from the perspective of purchase and restoration of land for enhancement of wider biodiversity in the future. Key words: ecological items, forest type, wet grassland manage and improve water pollution in four major rivers in South Korea, the Ministry of Environment established an act on water management and resident support for each river basin and has designated and managed riparian zones based on the act. A riparian zone, as an interface between land and a river or stream, covers soil, plants and animals in the area and plays important roles such as controlling the flow of the river or stream, improving water quality, conserving water sources as well as being habitats for plants and animals (Forman and Godron, 1986). By purchasing lands within riparian zones and creating riparian ecological belts, the government has prevented the influx of non-point pollution sources, strengthened the connectivity of riparian ecosystems, and promoted biodiversity as well as water purification (Kang and Park, 2012). started to purchase the lands within the water source conservation zone including riparian zones in 2003 and created riparian ecological belts for conserving and improving the quality of water sources such as for multiregional water supply. As of December, 2018, 15. 497 km2 of the targeted area (1,243 km2) was purchased and except the forest land (8. 346 km2), 3. 942 km2 of the area that needs to be ecologically restored (6. 740 km2) was restored (Office, 2019). In particular, since it is important to plan the belt-shaped land purchase one by one considering the creation of riparian ecological belts prioritizing areas with a high inflow load factor (Shim et al. , 2014), it is necessary to purchase major non-point pollution sources - urbanized areas such as factories, restaurants, gas stations and residential areas - and create ecological belts by priority at the point of purchasing land based on the land cover classification instead of buying forests or agricultural lands. Trends in the studies on the riparian zones of the four major rivers were reviewed in this study and were divided into institutional and policy suggestions, creation plans, assessment systems and management plans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: On one hand, it was suggested in an earlier study that the frequency of the central Pacific (CP) El Niño might increase in a warmer climate26. On the other hand, recent studies showed that eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño variability might increase in a warmer climate13,27,28,29. Though the two papers dealt with different aspects such as occurrence frequency and variability, the two aspects have been used interchangeably so a comprehensive understanding is still needed. ResultsIn this study, we revisit the projected changes in El Niño diversity under greenhouse warming using the latest generation of climate models that participated in CMIP6 (1). It has been reported that these CMIP6 models show improvements in the simulated ENSO and Pacific mean state30. These improvements may provide an opportunity to find new robust changes in projected future ENSO characteristics. To examine El Niño’s spatial diversity, we developed an algorithm to detect a longitude of the peak SST anomalies (SSTA)31 (Methods). We first applied it to two observational SST datasets (Methods)32,33. The zonal distributions of the SSTA peak occurrences are shown in Fig. 1a,b. Both observational datasets exhibit a bimodal structure with maximums in the eastern and CP and an absence of peaks near 135°W, suggesting a clear separation into two groups of distinct events. We use this separation to classify CP and EP El Niño events, respectively. Even though several definitions of EP/CP events have been suggested20,21,22,34,35, the present method may provide a more direct and intuitive view to describe ENSO pattern diversity. Composites of the two groups show distinct SSTA patterns, centered in the central, and eastern Pacific, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Longitudinal distribution of El Niño SSTA center and its projected changes in the 21st century. a–e Histograms (normalized occurrences) of El Niño SSTA centers during November–December–January (NDJ) for ERSST (a), HadISST (b), as well as the MME of 30 CMIP6 models during the 20th century (1900–1999) (c), 21st century (2000–2099) (d), and their difference (e). Red, blue, and gray bars denote CP El Niño, EP El Niño, and mixed-type El Niño events, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: The temperature contributions from insolation and snow/ice albedo are determined by fit to the temperature measurements through the past ca. 800 ka [6]. At first, the subdivision between insolation and albedo is non-unique. In the present work, the relative contributions of albedo and CO2 are constrained by consistency between energy budget [7] and absorber density dependencies [8]. In result, the effects from insolation and snow/ice albedo can be approximated by multiplying the CO2-temperature contribution of the Eocene relationship with 1. 4. This factor has proven its applicability in previous computations [8]. The left part of Fig. 1 shows the measured temperatures (solid blue line) in comparison with the computation of the present work (dotted brown line). The measurement data are scaled to reflect a glacial-interglacial span of 4°C. The right part of Fig. 1 presents the decomposition into the CO2-temperature relationship (solid blue line) and the contributions from insolation (solid yellow line) and albedo (dotted red line). The insolation contributions of Fig. 1 are obtained from 65°N summer solstice superimposed by the global average. As a result, insolation cannot be found to significantly contribute to the gross glacial-interglacial temperature pattern. Notwithstanding, it certainly plays a major role for the cyclic reversals. As complementary note, the discussed temperature contributions relate to equilibrium states. Upon a disturbance from equilibrium, e. g. the CO2 concentration changing from a certain steady level to another, it takes in the order of ≳ 1000 years until the temperature asymptotically reaches the new equilibrium temperature [8]. temperature contribution from atmospheric CO2 is considered well known from the Eocene relationship. For the present Late Quaternary, the second-next contribution originates from snow/ice albedo alteration, as rule of thumb amounting to 40% of the CO2 contribution. 2. 3 Ocean heat content (OHC) The oceans are a prominent energy store and at the same time, exhibit strong inertia to Earth energy variabilities. Thus, the ocean heat content and its time pattern strongly influence the surface temperature evolvement. The (total global) ocean heat content (OHC) during the past 2000 years can be subdivided into four sections (Fig. 2, solid blue line) [9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Among those on systems and policies on riparian zones, Cho (2010) analyzed and suggested measures to improve the status and problems of land purchase systems that have been implemented under the Act on in the Yeongsan and Basins. Li and Koo (2017) surveyed the status and recognition of land acquisition for the restoration project in the basin to identify problems in the project and suggested strategic plans for the effective implementation and management of land acquisition projects appropriate for the environment of Korea. Shim et al. (2014) suggested methods of determining land purchase priorities for improving the water quality of rivers and effectively creating riparian ecological belts in consideration of inflow load factor and access to basins. Ban (2010) wrote landscape-type unit maps and assessed their ecological value to suggest a priority model through an landscape ecological approach for the creation of riparian green spaces. For the purpose of developing a diagnostic assessment method for the creation, conservation and management of riparian ecological belts, Cho and Choi (2014) compared with the evaluation method of riverine forests used in Japan and suggested an appropriate assessment technique. Park (2014) suggested methods of setting items, standards and grades for the ecological assessment of purchased lands within protected areas such as riparian zones, water source conservation zones and ecological and landscape conservation areas. Multiple studies have been also conducted on measures to create riparian zones such as suggesting models and techniques of planning riparian green spaces that reflect natural vegetation structures and setting plant species, standards of planting and models for creating riparian green spaces suitable for the growth conditions of plants (Kim, 2009; Kim, 2011; Park, 2013; Song, 2012). Regarding measures to manage riparian zones, Byon and Lee (2012) surveyed land use status, dominant species, alien species, plant coverage rate and ecological succession in the riparian zones, divided the zones into conservation, restoration and improvement areas and suggested measures to improve the zones. Oh (2014) conducted a survey on the base environment and ecological environment of the riparian ecological belts created along the Han River, analyzed problems and suggested measures to manage the riparian ecological belts. Back (2019) conducted time series and AHP analyses on the water source conservation zones and riparian zones of the basin to suggest eco-friendly measures to create highly resilient riparian zones in purchased lands.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Error bars indicate the 95% confidence level obtained using the bootstrap method (Methods). f–k SSTA spatial patterns of each El Niño type in the CMIP6 MME: CP El Niño in the 20th century (f), 21st century (g), and difference (h). EP El Niño in the 20th century (i), 21st century (j), and difference (k). Values shown in shading are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method. The units are [°C] for (f–k). Full size imageMore frequent CP El Niño and Stronger EP El Niño in a warmer climateNow, we apply this method to the CMIP6 simulations to determine the occurrences of each El Niño type. Figure 1c shows the zonal distribution of the El Niño SSTA peaks for the 20th century (1900–1999). Next, we calculate the multi-model ensemble (MME) average. Even though the central peak longitude histogram is smoothed out (i. e. , less bimodal), possibly due to the MME, the CMIP6 MME shows a broad central Pacific peak (145–175°W) and sharp eastern peak (115–125°W) in the distribution. Based on this, we define CP and EP El Niño events following the same criteria as done for the observations. That is, El Niño events having their peak SSTA located between 165°E–145°W are defined as CP events and between 105–125°W as EP events. Small adjustments to the longitude criteria do not change the main conclusions of this study. The models can simulate distinct SSTA patterns between the CP and EP El Niño events (Fig. 1f, h). In the 21st century (2000–2099), the models tend to simulate a more distinctive bimodal structure (Fig. 1d). The maximum probability of the CP peak is comparable to that of the EP peak. The difference in the histograms between the 21st and 20th centuries shows that the probabilities at 155–165°W are projected to significantly increase whereas the probability at 115°W is projected to significantly decrease (Fig. 1e). This suggests that CP El Niño events will occur more frequently in a warmer climate. The spatial patterns of EP and CP El Niño events also show distinct features in the 21st century (Fig. 1g, i).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: A Driving-term central aim of the present work is to unveil nature’s proceeding in case anthropogenic CO2 emissions will be reduced significantly. Would uptake of the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 continue at the previously experienced rate of 3%/year? How would temperature follow a decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration? This paragraph presents a driving-term model derived from the past, enabling straightforward projections into the future. Predominantly, the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere is viewed determined by a four-fold matrix spanned by surface temperature and CO2 concentration for the oceans and terrestrial vegetation. The construction of the present model follows a series of constraints, particularly given by (i) the data on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, here used from [13]; (ii) measurements on the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the data here also from [13]; (iii) measurements on the atmospheric near-surface temperature trend during the industrial eon [14]; (iv) measurements and previous research results on the recent CO2 uptake by the oceans [15]; (v) the preindustrial net primary production of the terrestrial vegetation at approximately 60 GtC/year, changing via the Keeling formula (a) with the atmospheric CO2 concentration and (b), with the surface temperature via the growth factor in the formula; (vi) lower limit of the airborne fraction in the order of 15% [16]; (vii) upper limit of the ocean uptake about 5 times the atmospheric uptake (i. e. the preindustrial carbon content ratio between the oceans and the atmosphere, and accounting for the present Revelle factor); (viii) the ocean uptake dilution from temperature and CO2 concentration in the order of 240 GtC for the period 2000–2100 in the IS92e scenario [17]. The analysis on the oceans is concentrated on a time horizon of ≳ 100 years, thus on the upper ocean layer since the present studies focus on the first-order terms. 3. 1 Ocean CO2 uptake The ocean uptake weakens with accumulation of CO2. To emulate this effect, the 3%/year-uptake rate of the past is diluted for the future by 5∙10− 4/GtCO2 per cumulated CO2. – The uptake temperature dependency is considered via CO2 release from the oceans with an atmospheric concentration contribution of 20 ppmv/°C (see analysis on the past above), the temperature determined as outlined below.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: These earlier studies mostly tended to focus on the classification of riparian zones from an interregional perspective and the creation, assessment and management of riparian zones through status analysis. It has been over 15 years since the riparian ecological belts were created in the basin, and in this respect this study aimed to conduct a survey on the ecological characteristics of each locational type, to analyze the correlation between the internal and external environments of study areas and their ecological status focusing on the areas that showed a relatively high use intensity before they were purchased and thus to identify environmental factors that affect the areas. By doing so, base data required to establish guidelines for determining land purchase priorities and classifying management types in the future will be provided. Study sites Among the riparian ecological belts created in the riparian zones of the basin, five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity were selected as study sites. Since the selected sites used to be high point and non-point pollution sources such as restaurants, residential areas, farms and rice paddies before the riparian ecological belts were created, this study identified the characteristics of and the relationship between the surrounding land use status after tearing down the facilities and biodiversity. Regarding the criteria for classifying locational types, Kim (2003) pointed out that over 100 m of a vegetation buffer zone near wetlands needs to be created for wild animals to live and move. Park (2014) also classified the types of purchased lands such as setting the areas within 30 m from the boundary of rivers or lakes as a vital zone and the areas beyond 100 m as a buffer zone. Based on this and the land cover classification, this study divided the areas within 100 m from the study sites into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. The aerial orthophotos that were taken in October, 2012 and were provided by the were analyzed to obtain land cover maps. Specifically, the forest type included Jikdong located in Donggu, Daejeon and Namdaemunri located in Hoenammyeon, Boeungu, Chungbuk, and the cultivated land type included Sangjangri located in Munuimyeon, Cheongjusi and Yongbangri located in Iwonmyeon, Okchengun, Chungbuk. The urbanized type included Secheondong located in Donggu, Daejeon (Fig. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: It is interesting that the maximum location of SSTA during EP El Niño in the 21st century is slightly shifted to the west, compared to that in the present climate. This is consistent with the higher occurrence probability at 125°W compared to at 115°W (Fig. 1d). This suggests that SSTA peaks are westward shifted in the 21st century. In addition, the distribution for peaks of La Niña events also shows quite similar changes to that of El Niño events, indicating more frequent CP La Niña events in the CMIP6 models in the 21st century (Supplementary Fig. 2). Even though the MME results show statistically significant changes in the occurrence of EP and CP El Niño events, we next investigate the changes in the individual models to obtain robust conclusions. Figure 2a shows how individual models simulate the occurrence frequencies of CP and EP El Niño events. To compare the occurrence frequency, the ratio of the CP events relative to the total number of both events (CP and EP El Niño) is calculated. Note that the results are consistent even if the ratio is calculated from the total number of all El Niño events: CP, EP, and mixed-type El Niño. For the MME, the ratio of CP El Niño significantly increases from 0. 47 to 0. 62 (P< 0. 05). Among the 30 CMIP6 climate models, 25 models (83%) show an increased occurrence frequency of CP El Niño events and only 5 models (17%) show a decrease. Even though the CMIP6 simulations show relatively large error bars due to the use of only one realization, 16 models show a statistically significant increase in CP El Niño occurrence, whereas only 2 models show a statistically significant decrease at the 95% confidence level, suggesting that the increased occurrence frequency of CP events under greenhouse warming is quite robust. Fig. 2: Changes in frequency and magnitude in each type of El Niño. a Ratios of frequencies of CP El Niño events relative to the sum of the total number of CP and EP El Niño events. b The composites of Niño3 SSTA for EP El Niño events, and c Niño4 SSTA for CP El Niño events. Red and blue bars represent the 20th and 21st centuries, respectively. The error bars indicate the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods). The units are [°C] for b, c. Full size imageOne notable change seen in Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: – While anthropogenic emissions and entailed atmospheric CO2 concentration may be reduced in the future, the ocean carbon content first reflects the cumulated (strong) uptake from the past. To account for adaptation, the difference between the stronger uptake rate of the past to the lower uptake rate in the future is regarded as release from the oceans. The time lag is taken as 100 years according to the typical cycle time of the upper ocean layer. Slower ocean processes will take up additional 6–7% and yet further 3% on the 10,000-year and 100,000-year time scales for the considered emissions and concentrations [16], however neglected in the present analysis. 3. 2 Terrestrial vegetation CO2 uptake Uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the terrestrial vegetation is regarded according to the Keeling formula, with 60 GtC/year of preindustrial net primary production, fertilized via ln(𝑝CO2/285), the preindustrial growth factor of 0. 56 changing by -7. 8°C with surface temperature as inferred from [18]. – Soil respiration principally changes with atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. Since these variables strongly correlate, solely the dependency on the former is regarded. Assuming a base respiration level of 60 GtC/year, the dependency is taken to increase by 17. 5 per 160 ppmv of pCO2 elevation [19]. Care is taken not to release more than available soil carbon stock, the preindustrial amount regarded as 1,900 GtC. – Analogous to the oceans in case the atmospheric CO2 concentration shrinks, the excess between the stronger previous uptake relative to the lower actual uptake is considered as release to the atmosphere, here with a time lag of 30 years reflecting the typical cycle time of terrestrial vegetation [20,21]. – Among the results, the model yields an uptake ratio between land and oceans of 62:38 for the cumulated uptakes during the industrial eon (years 1850–2020). 3. 3 Surface temperature The temperature is derived from the atmospheric CO2 concentration according to the Eocene relationship, multiplied by 1. 4 for albedo effects – these equilibrium-related figures assumed realized during the industrial eon to 34% until the present and this ratio linearly changing in time, e. g. amounting to 42% in 100 years. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The area of the sites ranged between 5,845 m2 and 8,667 m2, and they were created between 2005 and 2012. Namdaemunri used to be residential areas and farms and a bio-circulation forest was created mostly with Liriodendron tulipifera in the site in 2005. Supplementary planting was performed in 2012. Secheondong located within the downtown used to have restaurants and a landscape forest was created with Prunus sargentii in the site. Jikdong and Yongbangri used to be rice paddies and wetlands and grasslands were created with herbaceous plants. In Sangjangri, a grassland with Miscanthus sinensis and a woodland with Acer palmatum and Pinus koraiensis were formed (Table 1). Survey content and methods The study sites used to show a high use intensity in the past and 8–15 years have passed since riparian ecological belts were created. Their internal and external land use status was surveyed and they were divided into plant ecology and animal ecology for analyzing the status of ecology through on-site surveys. Land use status The areas within an external radius of 100 m from the study sites were divided into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type (artificial facilities like roads and residential and commercial areas) and the internal areas were divided into planting area, grassland and water surface. Their area was calculated individually. A 1/5,000 digital topographic map was used and the area of each type was calculated using ArcGIS 10. 1. Plant ecology The flora and actual vegetation of the study sites were surveyed. The flora that grew in each study site was recorded on a 1/5,000 digital topographic map. The actual vegetation in the urbanized land was recorded based on its land use status and in the case of planting area, grassland and water surface, major dominant species were recorded. When it was difficult to identify plants on-site, they were collected and identified indoor. Plant species was listed according to the (KPNI), and naturalized species were identified based on the (Park, 2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 1f-i is that the SSTA is greater in the 21st century for both EP and CP events. In particular, the EP El Niño SSTA becomes considerably stronger. The intensified EP El Niño in response to greenhouse warming in the CMIP6 simulations was already reported by previous studies11,13. To determine ENSO amplitude changes of the individual models, Fig. 2b, c shows Niño3 and Niño4 SSTA composite anomalies of the EP and CP El Niño events, respectively, to examine the amplitude changes. On one hand, the MME average of the EP El Niño events shows about 23% increase of Niño3 SSTA in the 21st century (Fig. 2b). Among 30 models, 18 models simulate stronger Niño3 SSTA and 11 models simulate weaker Niño3 SSTA in the 21st century compared to the 20th century. On the other hand, the Niño4 SSTA associated with CP El Niño is projected to increase slightly in the 21st century, but it is not statistically significant from the inter-model spread. For individual models, 16 models simulate a strengthened CP El Niño and 12 models simulate a weakened CP El Niño. Therefore, we conclude that the enhanced El Niño amplitude in the 21st century across CMIP6 models is more evident for the EP El Niño13,27. So far, we showed that the occurrences of CP El Niño events are projected to increase more than the occurrences of EP El Niño events in a warmer climate, but the magnitude of the EP El Niño becomes larger. The intensified EP El Niño amplitude with the decreased occurrence frequency can be explained by more extreme EP El Niño events. Figure 3 shows the ratio of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events to the total number of EP and CP El Niño events, respectively. The moderate, strong, and extreme EP El Niño (CP El Niño) events are defined when Niño3 (Niño4) SSTA are greater than 0. 5, 1, and 2 standard deviation, respectively. In the present climate, extreme El Niño events account for about 10% of all EP El Niño events. However, the ratio of extreme El Niño events considerably increases to ~15% in the 21st century, which is consistent with some previous studies13,27. Therefore, the EP El Niño magnitude averaged over all EP El Niño events is increased. In contrast, extreme CP El Niño events account for about 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Future:Now with a practicable tool at hand, the look is devoted into the future for nature’s reaction upon human emissions abatement. As humankind appears prepared for significant emissions reduction, 3%/year (year-on-year) represents the core of the present studies. 4. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration For this abatement, the present estimation model points at a long-term steady atmospheric CO2 concentration of 330 ppmv (Fig. 3, left, dashed red line) with a long-term accumulation share of 14%, 61%, and 25% between the atmosphere, the terrestrial vegetation, and the oceans, respectively. Atmospheric CO2 concentration and airborne fraction are in good agreement with previous sophisticated studies on the role of the oceans [16]. 4. 2 Surface temperature The temperature is inferred as explained by the following example. Let us imagine a maximum 𝑝CO2 of 430 ppmv with a 1. 3°C-temperature rise close to the present and a later reduction to steady 330 ppmv with an associated long-term equilibrium temperature gain of 1. 4°C. In this case, the contemporary temperature has nearly reached the final equilibrium temperature, hence is expected to remain stable on the long-term future. These figures correspond to an emissions reduction of 3/%year (dashed red lines in Fig. 3, CO2 concentration left, temperature right). If abatement was only 1. 5year, the estimation model yields a long-term temperature gain of 1. 8°C (dot-dashed red lines in Fig. 3). For comparison if emissions ceased at present, the future steady CO2 concentration is indicated at 320 ppmv with an associated temperature gain of 1. 2°C. The precedingly outlined approach is a ‘forward synchronization’ between contemporary transition states and future equilibrium, i. e. both primarily directed by rising concentrations. If the new equilibrium state is to exhibit reduced CO2 concentrations (e. g. 290 ppmv from and Storage, CCS), the further transition becomes ‘down-forced’ inverse-analogous to the industrial-eon past. For a long-term temperature confinement of 1. 8°C, the present estimation scheme indicates the following CCS requirements for various scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Based on the surveyed results of the flora, the ratio of native species, the ratio of naturalized species (number of naturalized species observed in a certain area/total number of plant species), urbanization index (number of naturalized species in a certain area/total number of naturalized species distributed across the country) were calculated. Animal ecology An animal ecology survey was conducted in three seasons including spring, summer and fall on amphibians and reptiles, mammals and indicator insects such as butterflies and dragonflies, and in four seasons on wild birds. The survey on wild birds was conducted using a line transect method. Using the method, wild birds that appeared within 25 m of the determined line were observed with the naked eye and binoculars while walking down the line, and the number of species and individuals were identified based on their cry and flying. Amphibians and reptiles were surveyed in the wetlands and the existing water systems within the study sites and the observed species, the status of habitats and the location of observation, the number of individuals, etc. were recorded. In the case of mammals, the number of species and individuals were surveyed either by directly observing them or by estimating and recording the excrement, footprints, coverts and traces of small mammals that were expected to live within the study sites. Butterflies as indicator insects were surveyed utilizing a line transect method and the number of species and individuals were recorded by counting them that were observed within 2. 5 m of the surveyed line. Species were identified using the method suggested by Ju et al. (1997) and Kim (2002) and their name was found on the (of Korea and of Applied Entomology, 1994). Since butterflies as primary consumers are the prey of secondary consumers and the food source of pollinators and wild birds (Blair, 1999) and are closely related to biodiversity, they were selected as indicator insects. The habitats of dragonflies were also surveyed utilizing a line transect method by recording the name of species and the number of individual imagoes that were observed within 2. 5 m of the surveyed line. Those that were difficult to identify accurately were collected using a catcher (diameter 40 cm) to identify their name, and their species and name were identified based on Jung (2007). Dragonflies were selected as they were the secondary consumers that occupy the middle part of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems and are important indicator species from the perspective of biodiversity (Bae, 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 5% of the total CP El Niño events, which is a much smaller fraction, possibly due to the negative skewness of Niño4 SSTA. Though the ratio of extreme CP El Niño is projected to increase slightly in the 21st century, this change may not contribute much to the overall amplitude change of CP El Niño events. In addition, extreme CP La Niña events are projected to significantly increase (Supplementary Fig. 3), which is consistent with previous studies13,19. However, the increase of the extreme EP La Niña is not statistically significant. Fig. 3: Changes in extreme El Niño event occurrences in a warming climate. Ratios of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events in 30 CMIP6 models based on Niño3 SSTA (a–c) and Niño4 SSTA (d–f). a, d are for the 20th century, b, e 21st century, and c, f their difference, respectively. Each Niño index is normalized by STD of each model in the 20th century. Definitions of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events are based on [0. 5–1STD], [1–2STD], and [>2STD], respectively. The value in parentheses is the number of events. The error bars indicate the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods). Full size imageStronger surface-layer feedback and Nonlinear atmospheric feedbackIt has been shown that projected future changes in El Niño diversity show more frequent CP El Niño and stronger EP El Niño events. Then, what causes these robust changes in the response to greenhouse warming? Previous studies suggested that enhanced upper-ocean stratification is responsible for projected changes in El Niño diversity13,26,27. Consistent with previous studies, the CMIP6 models commonly simulate enhanced stratification in the upper ocean (Supplementary Fig. 4). The faster warming in the surface layer3,4 and the freshening due to the increased precipitation (Supplementary Fig. 5a)36,37 together enhance the vertical density gradient, indicating stronger stratification. Furthermore, a weakened Walker circulation associated with an El Niño-like warming pattern (Supplementary Fig. 5b)36 is related to a shoaling and deepening thermocline in the western Pacific and eastern Pacific, respectively, which leads to a colder subsurface in the western half of the Pacific basin (Supplementary Fig. 4a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: (i) In case emissions reduction will be 1%/year or zero from the present, about 22% or 78% of present emissions needed be technically sequestered, respectively. (ii) In case these emissions reductions and CCS rates are commenced in 30 years from today and emissions remaining constant in the meantime, CCS is required in the order of 32–83% of present emissions for emissions reductions between 3 and 0%/year after year 2051. (iii) If humankind would even continue to increase emissions from the present, CCS is required to quickly approach 100% of emissions, for instance to sequester 98% of emissions for emissions growth of 0. 5%/year. is strongly advised to reduce carbon emissions at least by 1. 5%/year on global level to benefit from nature’s (low-cost, low-risk) offer to contribute towards viable temperature containment and to avoid the alternative serious climate impact or the demand for significantly larger mitigation effort and associated risk. 4. 3 Ocean heating With asymptotic ca. 1500 years-long evolvement of temperature from a certain equilibrium climate state to another upon equilibrium disturbance [8], the temperature trend is approximated by a tanh-function at this point. Then, the entire ocean heat uptake during the transition between the equilibrium states is given by the integral over 1-tanh. This – highly simplifying – approach leads to a total ocean heat uptake of 225 and 275 ZJ for final industrial-eon temperature gains of 1. 4 and 1. 8°C, the former case depicted by the dashed purple line in Fig. 2. Related to the natural upper turning point at about 1,600 ZJ, 14% or 17% are added in these two cases. the present estimation, anthropogenic ocean heating leaves nature rather undisturbed in case of sensible temperature containment. 4. 4 Sea level On one hand extrapolating from the past into the future, a sea level rise of about 25 m/°C (in dependence on surface temperature) is supported by an analysis of δ18O-data through the past 56 million years [25] (detailed description outside the present scope). On the other hand, Antarctic ice may exhibit noticeable inertia for industrial-eon warming up to about 2. 5°C with a sea level rise in the order of 6 m/°C, this speeding up at higher temperatures towards total ice loss from further 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Shannon’s species diversity was calculated targeting the wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies that were observed in all the study sites. The species diversity index (Equation 1) is a measure that reflects how many species there are in the state of species composition and is a representative value that involves the number of species and evenness (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). Shannon’s species diversity is a representative index of species diversity that highlights rarity and covers the number of species and evenness (Pielou, 1975). (1) (H′)=-∑(ni/N)(log ni/N) N= Total number of individuals observed within an area, ni= Number of individuals of a species observed within an area The correlation between the status of internal and external land use and biodiversity items by locational type was analyzed to identify influence factors in this study. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted on the internal and external environmental variables of study sites as a ratio scale. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS 12. 0 for and the significance level was 0. 05. On-site surveys were conducted three times in April, August and October, 2015, and for wild birds a total of four on-site surveys including the one in January, 2016 were conducted. Results and by study site Land use status The status of land use within a radius of 100 m from each study site was surveyed as its external status, and the forest rate near Jikdong and Namdaemunri was 72. 3% and 52. 0% respectively. The distribution rate of cultivated lands near Sangjangri and Yongbangri located near cultivated lands and forests was 49. 9% and 55. 6% respectively, while urbanized areas near Secheondong adjacent to residential and commercial areas accounted for 47. 9%. Their internal environment was also surveyed, and the planting area mostly composed of woody plants in Namdaemunri and Secheondong where bio-circulation and landscape forests were created after riparian ecological belts were created accounted for 70. 5% and 92. 1% respectively. In Namdaemunri, Liriodendron tulipifera was densely planted and in Secheondong, Ginkgo biloba and Acer palmatum that were planted when there were restaurants in the past were still maintained and Prunus sargentii was planted later in a large area.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the enhanced stratification is stronger in the western half of the Pacific, where wind anomalies associated with ENSO are the strongest. The stronger stratification leads to stronger air-sea coupling27. That is, the surface layer responses to a given wind anomaly become stronger under the enhanced stratification38,39,40, indicating stronger surface-layer feedback. To show the stronger surface-layer feedback, we calculated the zonal current response to the zonal-mean (120°E–90°W) zonal windstress anomaly forcing based on linear regression. In both simulations, the eastward current responses are stronger in the surface layer and become gradually weaker with the depth. There is also a westward current response below the thermocline, indicating a vertically baroclinic structure. However, the detailed structures are considerably different between the present and future simulations. While the eastward currents appear up to ~200 m over the western–CP in the 20th century (Fig. 4a), in the 21st century the eastward currents are confined up to ~160 m but the currents are much stronger in the surface layer (Fig. 4b). The difference between the 20th and 21st centuries clearly shows positive and negative in the surface and subsurface (below 100 m) layers (Fig. 4c), respectively, particularly in the western–CP, where a considerable shoaling of the mean thermocline takes place (Supplementary Fig. 4b). This difference indicates that the current response to a given windstress forcing is concentrated in the surface layer in the warming simulation, suggesting a stronger surface-layer current response that directly affects SSTA development. The amplified surface-layer current response is particularly strong to the west of 135°W, where the SSTA center of CP El Niño is located. Fig. 4: Enhanced surface-layer feedback and increased nonlinear atmospheric feedback. The equatorial averaged (5°S–5°N) zonal current anomalies in response to the zonal-mean (5°S–5°N, 120°E–90°W) zonal windstress anomalies for the 20th century (a) and 21st century (b), respectively. Gray lines indicate the zero-line. Difference in zonal current response between the 20th and 21st centuries (c). Shadings indicate a 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: 5°C increase, sea level then roughly 70 m above present [26]. To first order, changes of ice volume and thus sea level can be regarded reversible in their dependency on temperature [26]. Extrapolating the pace from the recent past, sea level gain of 0. 2 m/century may serve as a viable indication for an industrial temperature rise up to 2. 5°C. to inertia in the reaction of Antarctic ice volume on rising temperatures, it appears realistic to anticipate the sea level to rise in the order of 6 m/°C for temperature gains below 2. 5°C since preindustrial times, becoming realized on a horizon of several millennia. 5. DiscussionThe central aim of the present studies has been to unveil basic insight how nature will react upon the intended reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Will it follow the same path as in the previous century when emissions were continuously rising, or do legacies inhibit the return to past conditions? With this aim, the essentials of the atmospheric CO2 uptake processes have been entered into a simple and thus readily transportable model. This model accounts for uptake dilution and respiration increase with rising surface temperature and carbon accumulation in the oceans and terrestrial vegetation, plus respiration from anthropogenic legacy when past uptake was higher than in the future with reduced emissions. The outstanding agreement of the model with previous observations and sophisticated studies are viewed as confirmation that the driving terms have been identified correctly. The model enables projections in dependence on humankind’s upcoming emissions. Since the present studies focus on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions and error calculation as well as statistical analysis have been out of scope. In brief, it is found that the CO2 emissions reduction should amount to at least about 1. 5%/year (year-on-year) to benefit from nature’s support to confine temperatures at 1. 8°C or lower, e. g. 1. 4°C attainable with 3%/year emissions reduction. If humankind proves incapable of such emissions reductions, temperature containment in the same order is only achievable with – costly and environmentally risky – technical carbon capture and storage (CCS). The dependency of sea level on temperature can be extrapolated from the past with 6 m/°C as rule of thumb, probably becoming materialized at a pace in the order of 0. 2 m/century.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: That in Sangjangri and Yongbangri adjacent to cultivated lands (semi-natural ecosystems) ranged between 85% and 86. 3% (Fig. 2). The ratio of naturalized species (Fig. 3) in Jikdong and Namdaemunri surrounded by forests was 7. 6% and 9. 6% respectively, followed by cultivated land type (13. 7%–15%) and urbanized land type (17. 6%). That in Secheondong situated alongside roads and thus adjacent to commercial areas was highest. Such naturalized species are known to reduce the richness of native species and cause a decrease in naturality and the quality of habitats (Holmes et al. , 2008; Richardson et al. , 2007; Sax, 2002). Urbanization index (UI) is an index that measures the level of the destruction of nature, that is, the level of urbanization (Yim and Jeon, 1980). The overall UI of the study sites (Fig. 4) ranged between 3. 4% and 10%, and that of Jikdong (forest type) was lowest (3. 4%), while that of Secheondong (urbanized type) was highest (10%). Compared to the results of earlier studies, the ratio naturalized species in Jikdong and Namdaemunri was similar to that of Mt. Park (7. 7%) and the UI of the two sites (3. 4%–6. 5%) was lower than that of Mt. Park (10. 6%; Park et al. , 2018), showing relatively good conditions. Animal ecology (1) Number of species and individuals Jikdong and Namdaemunri of which surrounding land use was forest type showed the highest number of species (58–59 species). That in Sangjangri and Yongbangri (cultivated land type) ranged between 41 and 53, while that in Secheondong (urbanized type) was 31 (Fig. 5). The number of individuals was 254–312 species in the study sites of forest type, 190–313 species in those of cultivated land type, and 143 species in that of urbanized type (Fig. 6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: The units are [m3 N−1 s−1] for (a–c). Scatter plots between precipitation anomalies and Niño3 SSTA (d) and between 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies and Niño3 SSTA (e) in the 30 CMIP6 models. Each variable is normalized by the 20th-century STD for each model. Blue and red colors represent the 20th and 21st centuries, respectively. Full size imageThe stronger surface-layer feedback plays an important role in controlling two major ENSO characteristics41,42. First, it leads to stronger ENSO variability by increasing positive feedbacks. In particular, it induces a stronger zonal advective feedback, which acts to shift the SSTA center westward41. Second, stronger surface-layer feedback can play a role in shortening the timescale of ENSO42. In particular, the enhanced zonal advective feedback plays a role in shifting the center westward, destabilizing the mode42,43. Therefore, more frequent CP El Niño occurrences could be explained by strengthened surface-layer feedback due to the enhanced ocean stratification. The enhanced stratification can also strengthen the positive feedbacks associated with development, as well as development. For example, a strong stratification in the central Pacific can lead to a higher baroclinic mode of Kelvin waves39 in the response to an anomalous westerly, which can lead to stronger thermocline and zonal current responses in the eastern Pacific. Even though the zonal current and thermocline responses are projected to increase in both CP and EP, the increase in zonal advective feedback and thermocline feedback44 for the developing phase is the most dominant in CP and EP, respectively, in response to greenhouse warming (Supplementary Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table. 2). In particular, the increased zonal advective feedback in CP has strong inter-model consistency, and Ekman and thermocline feedbacks also slightly increased, while two feedbacks show different signs in EP. Therefore, in the warm climate, the might be more easily excited in the response to small perturbation of El Niño triggering factors such as the westerly wind bursts and equatorial ocean discharges45, which lead to the more frequent occurrence of the CP El Niño.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Nature may follow an anthropogenic emissions reduction with a time lag of three centuries regarding the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Society is advised to seriously strive for the mentioned reductions and closely track its realization, and to control the atmospheric CO2 trend with appropriate time averaging – i. e. on decade rather than year level. of Interest: No conflict of interest is to be declared. 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-547822/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The role of land use in climate change. OSF Preprints, 6 Jan. 2022. doi: Anderl T. (2021). The climate role of CO2 – nature’s telling from 400 Mio. years. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-524780/v1. of PAGES. (2016). Interglacials of the last 800,000 years. Rev. Geophys. , 54, 162–219. doi:10. 1002/2015RG000482. Laskar J. , Fienga A. , Gastineau M. , Manche H. (2011). La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. , A89. doi: 10. 1051/0004-6361/201116836. Data retrieved from Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Shakun J. D. , Lea D. W. , Lisiecki L. E. , Raymo M. E. (2015). An 800-kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling. Earth and Letters, Pages 58-68. doi: 10. 1016/j. epsl. 2015. 05. 042. Data retrieved from. Last accessed 03-Mar-2022. Anderl T. (2021). Earth's balanced climates in view of their energy budgets. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-568771/v1. Anderl T. (2022). The climate roles of H2O and CO2 from longwave absorption. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-830246/v1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In particular, Namdaemumri where a bio-circulation forest was created within its forests showed the highest number of wild birds (24 species), and Secheondong located within an urbanized area showed a relatively high number of wild birds (18 species), which can be attributed to the fact that large pole trees that have been grown since long before the forest was restored are mixed together in its planting area and thus that it has favorable environmental conditions for the feeding, hiding and inhabitation of wild birds. The number of individual dragonflies in Jikdong and Yongbangri where terrace rice paddies were distributed was 93 and 164 respectively, indicating that they have favorable conditions for inhabitation such as wet grasslands and open water surface. (2) biodiversity of the study sites was analyzed (Table 4), and the biodiversity of wild birds ranged between 0. 5940 and 1. 1423, showing the highest value in Namdaemunri and the lowest value in Yongbangri located near broad cultivated lands. The stable ecological niche of wild birds seemed to be formed as there were forests outside Namdaemunri and various types of vegetation environments including bio-circulation forests created within the study site such as Liriodendron tulipifera and Pinus koraiensis forests, trees that have grown naturally such as Morus alba and Spiraea prunifolia and shrublands near the boundary of forests such as Stephanandra incisa, Clematis apiifolia, Rubus crataegifolius and Rosa multiflora. The biodiversity of wild birds in Secheondong (urbanized type) was also relatively high (1. 0118), which can be attributed to the fact that when tearing down restaurants lage pole trees such as Ginkgo biloba and Acer palmatum were maintained, while Prunus sargentii, a fruit plant, was planted in a large area. The biodiversity of indicator insects including butterflies and dragonflies in the study sites ranged between 0. 6597 and 1. 0415. The value in Jikdong and Sangjangri where wetlands with an open water surface and some grasslands were distributed was high (0. 7578–1. 0415), while that in Secheondong (urbanized type) was relatively low (0. 6597–0. 7595).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, it is interesting that the EP El Niño event is projected to strengthen, and there will be a higher occurrence chance of extreme EP El Niño events. An enhanced nonlinear dynamical atmospheric response to in response to greenhouse warming may explain the higher probability of extreme EP El Niño events. It has been reported that the atmospheric response to the El Niño-related SSTA forcing tends to move eastward in models with an El Niño-like mean state warming pattern3,15,16,17. This eastward shift of the atmospheric response can be related to the extreme EP El Niño development3,17,27. Figure 4d shows the distribution of the eastern Pacific precipitation response depending on the magnitude of Niño3 SSTA across the CMIP6 models. The eastern Pacific precipitation anomaly exhibits a nonlinear response to Niño3 SSTA18,46. That is, the precipitation anomaly response is relatively weak for moderate Niño3 SSTA but increases nonlinearly as Niño3 SSTA increases. Since the eastern Pacific is a region of climatological atmospheric subsidence, small SSTA forcing cannot overcome the climatological sinking motion so the positive precipitation response is weak. Once sufficiently strong SSTA forcing induces a positive precipitation response against the sinking motion, it can further amplify through a positive precipitation-low level convergence feedback47,48,49. In response to greenhouse warming, an El Niño-like Pacific mean state warming pattern reduces the climatological sinking motion so that moderate SSTA forcing can be sufficient in inducing an eastern Pacific precipitation15,18,36,50. As shown in Fig. 4d, the 21st-century projections exhibit more events with strong positive SSTA and strong precipitation anomalies, consistent with more frequent extreme EP El Niño occurrences. In addition, we emphasize that the precipitation increase to a given SSTA increment is similar in the weak SSTA range in both centuries, but it becomes much steeper in the latter when Niño3 SSTA is greater than a certain threshold. The zonal wind anomalies also show a similar pattern to the precipitation anomalies (Fig. 4e). The threshold for the nonlinear positive atmospheric feedback is lower in the 21st century than in the 20th century, suggesting that the nonlinear atmospheric feedback intensifies. As a result, EP El Niño events can grow faster when the Niño3 SSTA passes the threshold.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: KeywordsWater resourcesClimate adaptationClimate variability and changeWater supplyHydropowerHydrologyStationarityUtility economicsPublic finance IntroductionThere is international agreement at the about the need for collective action to address the likely impacts of global warming on human societies. One response has been to encourage all sectors of society to identify and implement actions that can help adapt to the emerging impacts of climate change and work to mitigate its drivers. Water resources and the services dependent on them are an integral part of the climate system (Chahine 1992). Because of this, the managers of water resource systems and of the services that depend on them must develop appropriate responses to the potential impacts of climate change (Strzepek et al. 2011). continent is considered to be particularly vulnerable to these impacts both because of their magnitude and because African societies have less physical, financial, and human resources available to address these impacts. A further challenge is that the impacts of climate change on water resources are local, diverse, and not well-characterized. Unlike the general global warming trend, for which there is robust evidence that is consistent with the predicted impact of anthropogenic activities, direct evidence of significant changes in hydrological variables is not nearly as strong and consistent. For example, it appears that at a global level, precipitation is increasing (Adler et al. 2017). However, models predict increases in drought frequency over significant areas due to warming (Ukkola et al. 2020) although empirical evidence in support of this is limited (Hegerl et al. 2019) and predictions are based on various definitions of drought. While warming trends are a direct result of anthropogenically induced atmospheric changes that act through a single dominant mechanism at global level, the impacts on the main hydrological processes – evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration – are secondary and tertiary effects that are further influenced by a wide variety of mechanisms at a local, regional, and global level. So while there is only a limited increase in global precipitation averages, there are more extensive regional variations and substantial changes in parameters such as rainfall intensity (Trenberth 2011) which, coupled with the impact of warmer temperatures on aridity, lead to changes in tertiary variables such as stream flow. The likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain to make it possible for water resource planners and managers to identify locally specific adaptive measures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Correlation between the ecological status of study sites and internal and external environments The correlation between the internal and external environments and ecological items in the five study sites of which artificial intensity was high before the ecological belts were created was analyzed and the results were as shown in Table 5. Since the area of the study sites as an internal environment and surveyed items did not show any statistical significance, the area of the study sites itself did not seem to have a significant impact on the inhabitation of plants and animals. The planting area of the study showed a negative correlation with the total number of individuals (r = −. 892, p =. 042), and the grassland showed a positive correlation (r =. 898, p =. 038). The results can be attributed to the fact that the number of individuals in Jikdong and Yongbangri (313) of which average ratio of grasslands was 75. 8% without planting areas distributed was over 1. 5 times on average higher than other study sites. In addition, the area of grasslands within the study sites and the number of butterfly species showed a positive correlation (r =. 879, p =. 049). As their grasslands were mostly wetland-type terrace rice paddies, the results were identical to those of Kim et al. (2018) that the number of dragonfly species tends to increase in land use types where those with an open water surface are partially distributed such as wetlands unlike fields, orchards and planting areas. These results seemed to be obtained since the number of dragonfly individuals was significantly higher than other items in Jikdong and Yongbangri of which locational type was wetland and grassland. The area of forests as external environments near the study sites showed a negative correlation with urbanization index (r = −. 889, p =. 043) and a positive correlation with the total number of observed species (r =. 913, p =. 03), the number of butterfly species (r =. 919, p =. 027) and their biodiversity (r =. 937, p =. 019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: This might explain why in the 21st century we see a higher chance of extreme EP El Niño event occurrences, even though the total number of EP El Niño events decreases. DiscussionIn this study, we showed that the latest generation of climate models shows a consensus on future changes in ENSO diversity. The most robust feature is that CP El Niño events are projected to occur more frequently in a warmer climate and that the occurrence of EP El Niño events will be less often. More frequent CP El Niño occurrences are consistent with results presented by Yeh et al. 26, but one may ask how they are linked to a study by Cai et al. 27, which pointed out the enhanced variance of EP El Niño SSTA in a warmer climate. Even though the total occurrence of EP El Niño is reduced in a warmer climate, their SSTA amplitude is increased in many models due to more frequent extreme EP El Niño. A higher probability of extreme EP El Niño occurrences is consistent with a study by Cai et al. 27. An intensified nonlinear atmospheric dynamical response can lead to more extreme EP El Niño events. In addition, the question of how one defines EP and CP El Niño events should be taken into account for the interpretation. When we use an EOF-based definition35, we find that CP El Niño event occurrence does not increase in the 21st century compared to the 20th century (Supplementary Fig. 7). Instead, the centers of EP El Niño SSTA maxima are shifted to the west in the 21st century (Supplementary Fig. 8), which is consistent with our results to some extent (Fig. 1). Since an EOF-based definition35 uses a fixed pattern and depends on where each model simulates the largest variability, the classification is sometimes different from a definition based on the actual location of the SSTA center. For example, if a model simulates dominant SSTA variability in the central Pacific due to the model bias, the model’s EP El Niño pattern is shifted to the west. Therefore, the ratio of CP El Niño does not increase, but the center of EP El Niño can be shifted westward. As a result, it should be recognized that stronger EP El Niño variability based on an EOF definition35 may represent stronger variability in the region where the model’s SSTA variations are dominant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: So climate change models and predictions cannot usually guide well-founded planning and operational decisions although they do help to suggest the boundaries for extreme events. However, policy-makers like the UN High-on Water want to know what impacts global warming will have on water systems and how they will be dealt with. It is suggested that an appropriate response is to continue to build on the great strength of best practice in water resource science and management, which is its ability to characterize and manage climatic variability. This requires that the approaches used move beyond the assumptions of a stationary hydrology and can accommodate a changing climate (Brekke et al. 2009). Yet water managers are already responding to climate change through their management of current climate variability. However, to make this case convincingly, they must demonstrate that current methodologies are adequate for the task. To address this in an African context, this 2022. Even before the drought ended, implementation had begun of infrastructure projects that had earlier been rejected – including water reuse and groundwater development as well as additional surface water. Consideration is also being given to a large desalination installation which could be used during drought periods. The vulnerabilities of the WCWSS are now obvious. The system depends on rainfall over a small (800km2) area of mountain catchments supplying dams whose storage is less than 2 years of “normal” use. Climate change dynamics are also under review. lies at the edge of dominant rain-producing weather systems and has long been identified as an area vulnerable to climate change-driven rainfall reductions (Archer et al. 2019). From an adaptation perspective, the questions are whether the shift of weather system is permanent and the nature of an appropriate adaptation response. The city’s new postcrisis strategy (2019) acknowledges continued dependence on surface water for 75% of its supplies for at least the next decade, while alternative sources such as reuse, groundwater, and desalination are developed to provide a greater proportion of supplies in the future. Climate uncertainty is specifically addressed. The program aims to increase the assurance of supply from the system from 98% to 99. 5% but acknowledges that there might be “a step change in rainfall due to climate change …. If this turns out to be the case, the programme will be both accelerated and expanded.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The results indicate that areas of which land use in surrounding areas is forests have a positive impact on the richness of various species than cultivated lands such as rice paddies, fields and orchards or urbanized lands, and in particular that it is necessary to create various types of spaces within target sites for the inhabitation of butterflies such as planting areas, grasslands and those with a water surface and also to secure and conserve forests near the target sites. That is, wetlands and grasslands surrounded by forests provide favorable spaces for the inhabitation of butterflies as Kim et al. (2014) pointed out that maintaining multi-layered forest vegetation contributes to the formation of spaces for the inhabitation of various species. When the land use type of surrounding areas was urbanized type, the study site showed a negative correlation with the ratio of native species (r = −. 903, p =. 036), the total number of species (r = −. 886, p =. 045), the number of herptile species (r = −. 982, p =. 003) and the number of dragonfly species (r = −. 891, p =. 043). In particular, there was no statistically significance in the correlation between the appearance of wild birds and mammals and the surveyed internal and external items, which can be attributed to the similar number of species and individuals in the surveyed sites. study examined the correlation between internal and external environments and the status of plant and animal ecology after creating the riparian ecological belts in the study sites of which artificial use intensity was high before the riparian ecological belts were created. As study sites, five sites that used to be farms, restaurants and rice paddies were selected and their external environments within 100 m from the study sites were divided based on their land use status into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. The internal environments were divided into planting area, grassland and water surface. The results of the survey on the ecological environments showed that the ratio of native species in terms of plant ecology in Jikdong and Namdaemunri (forest type) was 92. 4% and 90. 4% respectively, and that in Secheondong (urbanized type) tended to be low (82. 4%). The ratio of naturalized species in Jikdong and Namdaemunri surrounded by forests was 7. 6% and 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: In this sense, our detection method might be more intuitive to describe changes in El Niño pattern diversity. Regardless of the definitions, stronger surface-layer feedback due to the enhanced stratification plays a role in shifting the SSTA center to the west, which drives robust changes in El Niño diversity in response to greenhouse warming. In addition, it may suggest that the current 2–dimensional thinking on El Niño diversity may limit a more comprehensive understanding of ENSO in the presence of El Niño complexity23,51. MethodsObserved data and model outputsDetecting the longitudinal peak of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) is conducted with two SST reanalysis datasets. version 532 at 2° × 2° horizontal resolution and the Temperature version 1. 1 at 1° × 1° resolution33 are used for the 1980 to 2019 time period. The method is also applied to 30 phase 6 (CMIP6) (CGCMs; 1). We use the historical (1900–2014) and Pathway (SSP) 5–8. 5 scenario experiments (2015–2100). We use the 1900–2099 period (200 years). Using monthly data, we removed the climatology and linearly detrended for each time period. Considering the seasonal variance modulation of ENSO, we focus the analysis on the November–December–January (NDJ) season. Detecting center methodThe algorithm to detect the longitudinal peak of is similar to Shin et al. 31. The algorithm finds the local maximum SSTA along the equator. First, we average the detrended over 2°S–2°N. Second, we calculate a moving average with a 30° longitude window moved in 10° intervals (150°E–90°W; 10 points). Third, we select the points where the moving averaged is greater (less) than 1STD (-1STD). The STD is calculated for all months SSTA over 150°E–90°W. Among the selected points, the point having the largest absolute value is defined as a peak of El Niño (La Niña). The longitude where the peak is located is detected as the center of ENSO. For CMIP6 CGCMs, we calculate the STD for each model for each 100-year period. Statistical significance testTo examine the statistical significance of projected changes, we use the bootstrap method in the following ways.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Absent such a radical policy shift, the incremental completion of the ENWC is a rational approach to making Windhoek’s water supply more resilient since the scope for further savings through demand-side interventions is limited. The city’s century-long hydrological history and the acute nature of the water challenges that it faces have produced a good understanding of the options available to build systems that are resilient to the risks posed by long periods of multi-season drought. As a result, if adequate financial resources are available, the strategies already adopted to manage current climate variability will enable the city to meet its needs, even under conditions of climate change. Beira, Mozambique: the of Beira faces many climate-related challenges given its location which is regularly hit by tropical storms. Established in 1890 as a port and regional railway hub on low-lying land at the mouth of the Pungwe River, urban water supply is difficult because fresh groundwater is very limited and the river’s estuary is saline. While river flow is adequate to meet the city’s needs, extensive saline intrusion, exacerbated by growing upstream water use, required its intake 80 km from the city to be moved further 20 km upstream. However, water quality problems continued for a nearby irrigation scheme whose intake the city had shared. While the intake could have been protected by building a weir downstream to obstruct tidal influx or storage dams upstream to maintain minimum dry season flows, these options were rejected on environmental grounds (1997). While climate change impacts are obvious, hydrological analysis has characterized the salinity dynamics and helped to identify appropriate responses to the impact of increased water utilization and sea level rise. The immediate water management challenges have been well-characterized, and the priority is to coordinate responses to protect economic activity. However, in the longer term, the city’s vulnerable location may require radical relocation rather than water management solutions. and the River System: Sustaining a “Problemshed”In economic terms, the (IVRS) is the most important water resource development in Southern Africa. It supplies water to around 20 million people in a region that produces almost 50% of South Africa’s GDP and includes the country’s administrative capital (Pretoria) as well as Johannesburg, its largest city. If its functioning is impaired by climate change impacts, the entire country will suffer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 6% respectively and the value tended to increase in the cultivated land type (13. 7%–15%) and the urbanized type (17. 6%). The urbanization index (UI) of the forest and cultivated land types ranged between 3. 4% and 7. 5%, while that of Secheondong (urbanized type) was highest (10%). The total number of observed species in terms of animal ecology in the forest type was highest (59 species on average), followed by the cultivated type (47 species on average) and the urbanized type (31 species on average), and the number of individuals showed a similar tendency - on average 283 individuals in the forest type, 252 individuals in the cultivated land type and 143 individuals in the urbanized type. Specifically, many wild birds species (24 species) were observed in Namdaemunri where bio-circulation forests was created in its neighboring forests and that in Secheondong located within a urbanized region was relatively high (18 species) as large pole trees that have been grown since long before the restoration co-existed within its planting area. In addition, the forest type that was surrounded by forests and had grasslands distributed partially showed a high number of butterfly species (19 species on average). The number of individuals of dragonfly species in Jikdong and Yongbangri where wet grasslands with terrace rice paddies are broadly distributed was high (93–164 individuals) and that in other studies sites of which the area of the planting area was high ranged between 40 and 63 individuals. Their various wetland environments with terrace rice paddies seemed to have a positive impact on the inhabitation of dragonflies, since dragonfly species show various spawning behaviors such as spawning in water systems or in the body of plants or in the water systems where plants grow (Jung, 2007). The biodiversity of the study sites was also analyzed and that of wild birds ranged between 0. 5940 and 1. 1423, showing the highest value in Namdaemunri. The overall biodiversity of butterflies and dragonflies selected as indicator insects ranged between 0. 6597 and 1. 0415. Butterflies were observed near the boundary of forests, and their biodiversity was high in the forest type. and Sangjangri with a high distribution rate of aquatic plants, the biodiversity of dragonflies tended to be high.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany state-of-the-art climate models are unable to reproduce the observed 20th century surface warming pattern in the tropical Pacific Ocean, casting doubt on the robustness of future projections. Here, we examine past changes in the tropical Pacific upper ocean spatial pattern using paleoclimate reconstructions from proxies and simulations from a multi-model ensemble. The proxy results demonstrate that during the Maximum, when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were lower than present, temperatures in the western tropical decreased more than in the east, leading to an El Niño-like cooling pattern. This result contrasts with the zonally uniform cooling pattern observed in model simulations, highlighting the common issue of models overestimating the sensitivity of eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures to greenhouse forcing. Our proxy results imply that the western Pacific may warm more than the east in response to future climate change, producing a La Niña-like surface warming pattern. Similar content being viewed by others Continuation of tropical temperature trend may weaken extreme El Niño and its linkage to the Mode 5. The 2023–2024 El Niño event, for instance, produced weather extremes worldwide and caused 2023 to be the warmest year to date since instrumental measurements began6. As such, there has been much focus on predicting how the mean state of the tropical will evolve under rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations7,8,9. Most state-of-the-art climate models project that an increase in GHG forcing will cause the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Pacific to decrease, resulting in an El Niño-like pattern of warming8,9. However, given that the majority of these models cannot faithfully reproduce the observed pattern of SST warming in the tropical Pacific over the last century10, there is a need to improve the robustness of projected tropical Pacific responses to future climate change. To evaluate whether the projected pattern of tropical Pacific SST warming under rising GHG forcing is a realistic response would require long-term observations of tropical Pacific mean state changes during periods of altered GHG conditions. While the brevity of the instrumental record does not permit such investigations, past climate periods during which global atmospheric CO2 concentrations were vastly different than today provide an opportunity to examine how the upper ocean spatial configuration of the tropical Pacific responded to shifting CO2 levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: This only considered assumptions about water prices and demand and not the wider societal costs of supply failure, a conservative approach since, for many societies, higher water costs are preferable to the costs of unexpected supply failures (as is formally stated in the new water strategy (2019)). Subsequent studies concluded that the would meet its intended delivery targets under a wide range of climate scenarios with deficits occurring only in the very driest 16 of 122 scenarios. The IVRS also illustrates the benefits of a “problemshed”-based analysis (Mollinga 2020) which encompasses the actual physical and institutional boundaries within which water is managed not simply an individual “watershed” approach. Whereas hydrological models are based on the natural “watersheds” before human activity intervenes, water management requires models that reflect the interaction between human activities and the natural system. The IVRS shows how hydrological tools can effectively be applied to manage substantial climate variability in complex multi-basin systems. Coordination: Drought Risks, Discount Rates, and HydropowerThe final case, the proposed in the transnational Basin, illustrates the challenges of evaluating climate change’s impacts in a complex system and uncertain economic and institutional context. In a basin that already suffers extreme climate events, the implications of climate change for hydropower expansion are a concern. Hydropower is the main source of electricity for the riparian countries and offers further opportunities to support their socioeconomic development. Dam project illustrates the challenges of identifying adaptive approaches that optimize the benefits that hydropower can provide while minimizing the risk. The history of Zambezi hydropower is as much about national and regional politics as hydrology or economics. Its potential was recognized early in the twentieth century, but it was only in the 1950s that it was decided to construct the Kariba Dam, creating what is still the world’s largest dam reservoir by volume. Built by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kariba’s initial installed capacity of 1300 MW was sufficient to meet the needs of the Federation. It was controversial because a smaller project could have been built on the Zambezi’s Kafue tributary in Northern Rhodesia, closer to the mines that were the main centers of electricity demand. But political imperatives supported the larger project to reinforce the Federation although Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia, withdrew in 1963.

Output: contrast