Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: However, with the proposed multicell concentrating assembly design, the cost and assembly efforts of CPV modules will be reduced as a less number of solar concentrators will be needed for same capacity of the system. Figure 1. Schematic of novel multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) for CPV module. Advertisement 3. Theoretical design of MCA The theoretical design of proposed multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) is explained in Figure 2. It can be seen that the design is based upon the Cassegrain arrangement of two parabolic concentrators, with the intention of achieving the area concentration. Such concentrating assembly acts as a collimating reflector where the parallel solar radiations are converted into concentrated collimated beam. Both parabolic reflectors are arranged such that their focal points coincide with each other. In addition, one of the reflectors uses its inner surface for reflection, while the other uses its outer surface. The primary reflector converges the incoming parallel rays at its focal point. However, these converging rays interact with the outer surface of secondary parabolic reflector which is placed in their way to the focal point. The secondary reflector introduces the cancelation effect which converges rays and diverges them as parallel rays. However, due to smaller contact surface of secondary reflector, the diverged collimated rays become concentrated before they hit the inlet aperture of homogenizer. In order to design multicell concentrating assembly (MCA), the edge ray is traced such that it hits point ‘b’ of secondary concentrator after being reflected by point ‘a’ of primary concentrator. As the foci of both reflectors are coinciding, therefore, the edge ray become parallel again after being reflected by the outer surface of secondary reflector and enter the homogenizer through its inlet aperture. This edge ray, after entering into the homogenizer, hits point ‘c’, which is located at its lower tapered portion. This lower tapered portion of multi-leg homogenizer is designed such that the edge ray, after being reflected by total internal reflection from point ‘c’, hits point ‘e’ of outlet aperture of homogenizer and falls on the MJC, placed there. The distribution of such parallel ray distribution is easily explained in simple schematic shown in Figure 2(b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: If the second-generation individual’s spouse does not possess these informative alleles, we can look in the children of the second-generation individual to see if they have inherited both the de novo allele and the nearby informative alleles. This pattern of inheritance is only possible if the de novo allele and informative alleles are on the same haplotype; thus, in this example, we see that the de novo allele is on the maternal grandfather’s haplotype, and is paternal in origin. (b) A toy sample of paired-end sequencing reads is shown for each member of a trio (mother, father, and child). In this strategy, we identify informative alleles (shown in blue) that are present in one of the two parents, and within a read length (500 bp) of the de novo allele in the child (shown in red). Then, we identify individual sequencing reads that span the de novo and informative alleles. If the de novo allele is always present in the same read as the informative allele, then we can phase the de novo allele to the parent with the informative allele, and vice versa. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Effects of parental age and sex on autosomal DNM counts and mutation types in the second generation. (a) Numbers of phased paternal and maternal de novo variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands, calculated as 1. 96 times the standard error) were fit for mothers and fathers separately using an identity link. Germline mutation rates, as a function of both paternal and maternal ages, are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. (b) Mutation spectra in autosomal DNMs phased to the paternal (n = 3,584) and maternal (n = 880) haplotypes. Asterisks indicate significant differences between paternal and maternal fractions at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 719, T > G: 4. 93e-3, T > A: 8. 60e-2, T > C: 8. 02e-2, C > A: 0. 159, C > T: 7. 65e-6, indel: 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: With our results, it may not be assumed that this practice will inactivate the possible N. ceranae spores that may be in the wax of the old combs from infected colonies. Once melted and installed in hives, this wax may contribute to the infection of new colonies. However, further experiments are needed to clarify this matter. Likewise, the treatment at 35°C, the normal temperature inside the beehives needed by immature bees to complete metamorphosis, didn't produce a decrease in viability of spores. This finding should be borne in mind, as this thermoresistance may facilitate the transmission among stages. The effect of freezing with different media was also studied, showing a significant reduction in viability with all freezing media in the two time periods studied. Similarly, a marked decrease of infectivity of frozen spores of Encephalitozoon intestinalis (16) and of E. cuniculi was observed (10, 17). These results should be considered, since this temperature is regularly used to preserve organisms for experimental studies. The decrease of viability observed would be due to the cytotoxic effect of the cryopreservative DMSO used for freezing, although it was used at the regularly recommended concentration for eukaryotic cell cryopreservation. Finally, the effect of RT on the viability of air-dried N. ceranae spores was measured to ascertain their resistance during drought. A good viability was observed after 12 h, 48 h, and 1 week (Table 1). Nevertheless, previous studies with N. apis spores showed a loss of viability of air-dried spores after 3, 5, and 45 days at 40, 45 or 49°C (11). Although new studies on the viability of N. ceranae should be carried out, such as the study of the effects of various temperatures with desiccation studies, these data must be borne in mind when control measures need to be established. The study, carried out with N. apis and N. ceranae spores maintained at 4°C, showed significant degeneration of spores, with a 30% decrease in viability during the first 6 months of study, making them unacceptable for culturing purposes or drug effectiveness studies. Moreover, the decrease in viability of these spores after freezing makes it necessary to explore new methods of optimizing the conservation of N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: In order to simulate the optical performance of proposed MCA in real field environment, the simulation results for grid of rays with solar subtended angle are shown in Figure 10. These rays are not exactly parallel to the axis of primary reflector but have a small deviation which is same as the actual solar radiations, received during real field operation. It can be seen that there is still a perfect division of received radiations among four sections of the homogenizer and uniform distribution of these radiations over the outlet apertures of homogenizer. However, one of the differences which can be seen here is that the rays are also hitting the upper tapered portion of the homogenizer, without any induced ray deviation. The reason is that the incoming rays are already not parallel to the axis of primary reflector, and that is why they are reflected by the upper tapered portion which is designed to accommodate the tracking error or rays which are not parallel to the primary reflector axis. Figure 10. Ray tracing simulation of multicell concentrating assembly for solar subtended angle. After verifying the design of developed multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) through ray tracing simulation, it is also important to verify its performance under real conditions during field testing. The developed prototype of CPV system, with MCA-based design, was tested under field condition, and the output from each of the MJC, at four outlet apertures of homogenizer, was logged in real time using data logging unit. The power and voltage output of each of four MJCs is shown in Figures 11 and 12. From both figures, it is clear that there is equal distribution of solar radiations among four MJCs, during whole-day operation as their power and voltage plot look similar. It must be noted that the solar tracking unit was operated with tracking accuracy of 0. 3°, instead of 0. 1°. The equal output of all four MJCs, with such tracking accuracy, verifies the proposed design of multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) and its compatibility in fulfilling the objective. Figure 11. Power output for individual cell of MCA-based CPV system. Figure 12. Voltage output for individual cell of MCA-based CPV system. Another important test to investigate the response of concentrating assembly against different angular deviations of incident rays is expressed in the form of normalized power curve.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 01e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 835. Mutation spectra stratified by parental ages are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contribution of maternal and paternal age to de novo mutation rates. For (a) second- and (b) third-generation individuals in the CEPH/Utah cohort, plotted points show the relationship between paternal and maternal age at birth. Each point is colored by the autosomal SNV mutation rate in the individual; these rates were calculated by dividing the autosomal count in each child by that child’s autosomal callable fraction. Colors indicate the magnitude of the mutation rate (blue = lower, red = higher). Black lines indicate the trend for a 1:1 relationship between paternal and maternal age. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Comparison of mutation spectra in children born to older or younger parents. Second-generation children were divided into two groups based on the ages of their parents at birth, and autosomal mutation spectra were compared between the two groups. In all panels, no significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. (a) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers younger (n = 2,182) or older (n = 2,360) than the median paternal age of 29. 2 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 304, T > G: 0. 140, T > A: 0. 306, T > C: 0. 248, C > A: 0. 8. 81e-2, C > T: 0. 444, indel: 6. 89e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 810. (b) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers younger (n = 2,225) or older (n = 2,317) than the median maternal age of 25. 7 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 580, T > G: 0. 659, T > A: 0. 554, T > C: 0. 697, C > A: 0. 918, C > T: 0. 990, indel: 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae spores in the laboratory, to avoid the continuous necessity of renewing the stock of infective spores and to make the related experiments seasonable (Table 1). The thermotolerance of N. ceranae spores observed in our study shows the need not only to standardize the laboratory protocols, but also to review measures related to adequate disinfection of laboratory and field tools, as well as to control honey-related food that may be ingested by potentially susceptible individuals. FIG. 1. FIG. 1. N. ceranae spores, shown by dual staining with DAPI (1-1 and 2-1) and Sytox green (1-2 and 2-2) at ×100. Live spores,; extruded spores,; dead spores. TABLE 1. TABLE 1. Viability of Nosema spores after different treatmentsMicrosporidianaMedium or conditionTemp (°C)TimeMean % spore viability (SD)b LiveDeadExtrudedN. ceranae (S1)PBS40 h94. 4 (0. 06)5. 6 (0. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 wk92. 4 (0. 30)7. 6 (0. 70)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 4 (0. 36)7. 6 (0. 36)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 mo87. 9* (1. 06)12. 1 (1. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 352 h93. 9 (0. 56)6. 1 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 0 (1. 80)7. 5 (0. 91)0. 5 (0. 00) 601 h93. 8 (0. 16)6. 2 (0. 16)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo94. 0 (0. 66)6. 0 (0. 66)0. 0 (0. 00) 2 h94. 1 (1. 00)5. 9 (1. 00)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo94. 0 (2. 40)6. 0 (2. 40)0. 0 (0. 00) 4 h93. 3 (0. 33)6. 7 (0. 33)0. 0 (0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 371, CpG >TpG: 0. 678. (c) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,120) or oldest (n = 1,165) paternal ages (26. 4 or 34 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 1. 73e-2, T > G: 0. 428, T > A: 0. 872, T > C: 0. 979, C > A: 0. 943, C > T: 7. 77e-2, indel: 0. 788, CpG >TpG: 0. 706. (d) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,169) or oldest (n = 1,121) maternal ages (22. 5 or 31. 4 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 327, T > G: 9. 92e-2, T > A: 0. 841, T > C: 0. 975, C > A: 0. 963, C > T: 0. 940, indel: 0. 598, CpG >TpG: 0. 780. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Parental age effects on autosomal germline mutation counts vary significantly among CEPH/Utah families. Illustrations of pedigrees exhibiting the smallest (family 24_C, panel a) and largest (family 16, panel b) paternal age effects on third-generation DNM counts demonstrate the extremes of inter-family variability. Diamonds are used to anonymize the sex of each third-generation individual. The method used to separate CEPH/Utah pedigrees into unique groups of second-generation parents and third-generation children is presented in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Third-generation individuals are arranged by birth order from left to right. The number of autosomal DNMs observed in each third-generation individual is shown within the diamonds, and the age of the father at the third-generation individual’s birth is shown below the diamond. The coloring for these two families is used to identify them in panels c and d.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 0 (2. 25)0. 0 (0. 00) 12 mo25. 0* (2. 71)71. 0 (3. 05)4. 0 (0. 89)aAs a negative control, purified spores of N. ceranae were kept at 4°C in PBS during the experiment. b*, significant difference compared with 4°C for 0 h. 1. Amigo, J. M. , M. P. Gracia, M. Rius, H. Salvado, P. A. Maillo, and C. P. Vivares. 1996. Longevity and effects of temperature on the viability and polar-tube extrusion of spores of Glugea stephani, a microsporidian parasite of commercial flatfish. Parasitol. Res. 82:211-214. ViewPubMedWeb of Science2. Cantwell, G. E. , and H. Shimanuki. 1970. The use of heat to control Nosema and increase production for the commercial beekeeper. Am. Bee J. 110:263. 3. Chen, Y. , J. D. Evans, I. B. Smith, and J. S. Pettis. 2008. Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 97:186-188. ViewPubMedWeb of Science4. Fries, I. , R. Martín, A. Meana, P. García-Palencia, and M. Higes. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae). Morphological and molecular characterization of microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bees Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 32:356-365. ViewWeb of Science5. Green, L. C. , P. J. LeBlanc, and E. S. Didier. 2000. Discrimination between viable and dead Encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidian) spores by dual staining with M2R. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3811-3814.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: To solve the problem, graphic user interfaces have been created in simulation tools for defining model geometry. In addition, 3D digital technology, such as building information modeling (BIM), has been applied to sunlight simulation. BIM integrates all kinds of relevant information from construction projects, while related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. The objective of this research is to simulate sunlight’s effect on building design using BIM technology and to calculate the potential energy capacity of surface-mounted photovoltaic solar panels. To measure the useful sunlight duration of a representative sample of buildings, statistical construction data were applied, as well as 3D digital models obtained from BIM software (Revit and ). Among the factors considered were building type, orientation, roof and surfaces, location, shading, and climatic information. Subsequently, the solar energy potential of a structure can be estimated by calculating the effective sunshine duration on surfaces available for solar panel installation, from which the economic benefit of surface-mounted solar panels can be evaluated. Furthermore, the cost of solar panels is considered here in determination of cost-benefit value and increased sustainability of solar panel installation on the sample building. Advertisement 2. Background2. 1. BIM and sustainable designWith the importance of BIM becoming increasingly appreciated, BIM and sustainable design strategies in the building industry have drawn more and more attention. A number of published papers on BIM-related sustainable design have focused mostly on energy usage analysis alone [8]. Wang and Xuan [9] suggest a BIM-based parametric design method to establish the BKE (Bio-inspired Kinetic Envelop) system combined with utilization of solar radiation to make buildings acclimate to temperature swings, thus minimizing the energy needs. Wong and Fan [8] find two most significant benefits of BIM for sustainable building design: integrated project delivery (IPD) and design optimization. Hardin [10] established three main areas of sustainable design with a direct relationship to BIM, which are “material selection and use,” “site selection and management,” and “systems analysis. ” In addition, Azhar and Brown [11] investigate the development of a conceptual framework to illustrate the use of BIM for sustainability analyses throughout the project life-cycle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (c) The total number of autosomal DNMs is plotted versus paternal age at birth for third-generation individuals from all CEPH/Utah families. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands indicate the predicted number of DNMs as a function of paternal age using a Poisson regression (identity link). Families are sorted in order of increasing slope, and families with the least and greatest paternal age effects are highlighted in blue and red, respectively. (d) A Poisson regression (predicting autosomal DNMs as a function of paternal age) was fit to each family separately; the slope of each family’s regression is plotted, as well as the 95% confidence interval of the regression coefficient estimate. The same two families are highlighted as in (a). A dashed black line indicates the overall paternal age effect (estimated using all third-generation samples). Families are ordered from top to bottom in order of increasing slope, as in (c). A random sampling approach was used to assess the robustness of the per-family regressions to possible outliers; the results of these simulations are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 2. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Defining unique families in the CEPH/Utah dataset. The pedigree for a single family (family ID 19) is depicted. In this family, the third-generation individuals are first cousins and share a pair of grandparents. However, for the purposes of the inter-family variability presented in Figure 3, we defined ‘families’ as the unique groups of second-generation parents and their third-generation children. Thus, family ID 19 would be split into two unique families (19_A and 19_B), designated by the red boxes. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Paternal age effect ranks of CEPH/Utah families are robust to outlier samples. For each CEPH/Utah family (i. e. , unique set of second-generation and third-generation individuals), we randomly sampled 75% of the third-generation individuals in the family, fit a regression predicting autosomal DNM counts as a function of paternal age at birth, and calculated the ‘rank’ of that family’s paternal age effect (out of 40 total families). We then plotted the distribution of ranks across 100 trials for each family.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ViewPubMedWeb of Science6. Higes, M. , P. Garcia-Palencia, R. Martin-Hernandez, and A. Meana. 2007. Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 94:211-217. ViewPubMedWeb of Science7. Higes, M. , R. Martin-Hernandez, C. Botias, E. G. Bailon, A. V. Gonzalez-Porto, L. Barrios, M. J. Del and A. Meana. 2008. How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environ. Microbiol. 10:2659-2669. ViewPubMedWeb of Science8. Higes, M. , R. Martin-Hernandez, E. Garrido-Bailon, C. Botias, P. Garcia-Palencia, and A. Meana. 2008. Regurgitated pellets of Merops apiaster as fomites of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1374-1379. ViewPubMedWeb of Science9. Higes, M. , R. Martin, and A. Meana. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92:93-95. ViewPubMedWeb of Science10. Koudela, B. , S. Kucerova, and T. Hudcovic. 1999. Effect of low and high temperatures on infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water. Folia Parasitol. (Praha)46:171-174. PubMedWeb of Science11. Malone, L. A. , H. S. Gatehouse, and E. L. Tregidga. 2001. Effects of time, temperature, and honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 77:258-268.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: In previous study on the integration BIM and building performance, it has been indicated that BIM can aid in the sunlight analysis [12]. BIM technologies offer new insights into the dynamic relationship and specificities of sunlight conditions and the individual building’s use and properties, helping us identify the balancing points of solar gains and daylight conditions resulting from urban geometry [13]. Welle et al. [14] designed an automated product model decomposition and re-composition methodology for BIM-centric climate-based daylighting simulation called the BIM-Profiler for Simulation (BDP4SIM). Joo et al. [15] developed a tool capable of analyzing various design schemes during the early stages of design by building a reasonable BIM data system for sustainability analysis and using the architectural BIM model to carry out sunshine and energy analysis in a Web environment. Generally, two main methods are used for sunlight analysis in building design. One method is the graphing method, which includes normal shadow-graph, pole shadow-graph, instantaneous shadow-graph, and hours shadow overlay. The other method is the modeling test, which performs analysis based on a scale-model of buildings and a sundial. Though the sun spacing coefficient table was widely used in China during the late 1990s, table’s usefulness is restricted by some limitations that require compliance during early building layout design, where the sun spacing factor is applied in parallel with layer settings for the building. Shadow graphs created for software applications offer a new detailed representation of shadow constraints. Overall, the solar analysis model using BIM has advantage of being importable to related software, generating shadow animations for target periods and simulation results that can be saved on BIM database for property management and quality control. 2. 2. Solar energy and buildingsSolar energy is the portion of the sun’s energy available at the earth’s surface for useful applications, such as exciting electrons in a photovoltaic cell and indoor illumination. Solar energy system is currently the most widely installed renewable energy system in the building sector in an effort to reduce the energy consumption of buildings [16]. Developing the calculation model for solar energy in buildings is helpful to describe the mathematical relations between the solar energy and building attributes such as orientation, location, height, area, etc. An important aspect in calculating solar energy is the accuracy of the developed model, which is evaluated using initial data input [17].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Families’ density plots are ordered along the y-axis by the original ranks of each family (as determined using the full dataset, and originally shown in Figure 3d, where a rank of 1 corresponds to the smallest age effect, and a rank of 40 corresponds to the largest). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Identification of post-PGCS germline mosaicism in the second generation. (a) Mosaic variants occurring during or after primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) were defined as DNMs present in multiple third-generation siblings, and absent from progenitors in the family. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline mosaic variants (red, n = 288) and germline de novo variants observed in the third generation (non-shared) (blue, n = 22,644). Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 6. 84e-2, T > G: 0. 169, T > A: 0. 236, T > C: 1. 51e-2, C > A: 4. 31e-3, C > T: 0. 385, CpG >TpG: 2. 26e-6. (c) For each third-generation individual, we calculated the number of their DNMs that was shared with at least one sibling, and plotted this number against the individual’s paternal age at birth. The red line shows a Poisson regression (identity link) predicting the mosaic number as a function of paternal age at birth. (d) We fit a Poisson regression predicting the total number of germline single-nucleotide DNMs observed in the third-generation individuals as a function of paternal age at birth, and plotted the regression line (with 95% CI) in blue. In red, we plotted the line of best fit (with 95% CI) produced by the regression detailed in (c). (e) For each third-generation individual, we divided the number of their DNMs that occurred during or post-PGCS in a parent (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractNosema ceranae, a newly introduced parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is contributing to worldwide colony losses. species, such as N. apis, tend to be associated with increased defecation and spread via a fecal-oral pathway, but because N. ceranae does not induce defecation, it may instead be spread via an oral-oral pathway. Cages that separated older infected bees from young uninfected bees were used to test whether N. ceranae can be spread during food exchange. When cages were separated by one screen, food could be passed between the older bees and the young bees, but when separated by two screens, food could not be passed between the two cages. Young uninfected bees were also kept isolated in cages, as a solitary control. After 4 days of exposure to the older bees, and 10 days to incubate infections, young bees were more likely to be infected in the 1-treatment vs. the 2-treatment (P = 0. 0097). Young bees fed by older bees showed a 13-fold increase in mean infection level relative to young bees not fed by older bees (1-40. 8%; 2-3. 4%; 2. 8%). Although fecal-oral transmission is still possible in this experimental design, oral-oral infectivity could help explain the rapid spread of N. ceranae worldwide. Citation: Smith ML (2012) Nosema ceranae: Transmissible via Food Exchange? 7(8): e43319. Stephen J. Martin, Sheffield University, of America Received: January 7, 2012; Accepted: July 18, 2012; Published: August 16, 2012Copyright: © Michael L. This is an open-access 0. 5 µm in diameter [16]; N. ceranae spores measure 4. 4×2. 2 µm [17]. While this suggests that most N. ceranae spores do not pass from the midgut into the crop, there is a possibility that some spores could cross this barrier. N. ceranae spores have been found in the pollen loads of bees, which include some regurgitated nectar from the crop [17]. If spores are able to pass the proventriculus, and reach the crop, they could be regurgitated to other colony members during food exchange, providing a mechanism for oral-oral transmission. To determine whether N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The large volume of residential building construction in recent years and the deficit of conventional energy sources justify any initiatives conducive to the construction of self-sustainable residential buildings that are capable of producing their own energy for illumination, HVAC, electrical appliances, etc. [18]. The design of alternative energy devices is a predictable way to develop a wide range of new technologies for a more sustainable future. To achieve energy sustainability, the installation of building-integrated solar panels is a viable option. Solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy. Solar panels do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts. Rooftop and vertical surfaces on buildings are convenient installation position to supply solar energy to meet growing energy demands. Depending on material, solar panels can be classified into different kinds: silicon solar cell, compound solar cells, polymer solar cell, nanocrystal solar cell, organic solar cell, and plastic solar cell. Many of factors play part in determining the practicality of a given solar installation and the selection of solar panels. One major factor is the available sunlight. Considering the sun is what combines with the photovoltaic panels to produce the energy, an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable [19]. Glasnovic and Margeta [19] performed an analysis of photovoltaic pumps versus diesel pumps and concluded that photovoltaic pumps were more efficient than diesel pump. Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, such as rooftop panels on buildings. The past decade has seen a remarkable evolution in mainstream silicon solar cell technology, documented by greatly increased production volumes and greatly reduced costs. By using solar panels, electricity costs from outside sources are negated by the electricity produced by the building’s surface installations. Additionally, emissions that are the environmental cost of burning coal to produce electricity are significantly reduced. Although solar energy is renewable, more efficient than fossil fuel and environmentally friendly, it is costly. According to Borenstein [20], the high cost of power from solar panels has been a major deterrent to the technology’s market penetration, while the current direct cost of photovoltaic solar panels is widely acknowledged to be much greater than fossil fuel generation or many other renewable energy sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: , that were shared with a sibling) by their total number of DNMs (germline +germline mosaic), and plotted this fraction of shared germline mosaic DNMs against their paternal age at birth. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification of gonosomal mutations in the second generation. (a) Gonosomal post-zygotic variants were identified as DNMs in a second-generation individual that were inherited by one or more third-generation individuals, but exhibited incomplete linkage to informative heterozygous sites nearby. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in single-nucleotide gonosomal DNMs that occurred on the paternal (n = 249) or maternal (n = 226) haplotypes. No significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 3. 05e-2, T > G: 0. 972, T > A: 0. 858, T > C: 0. 148, C > A: 3. 31e-2, C > T: 2. 66e-2, indel: 0. 247, CpG >TpG: 0. 932. (c) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline DNMs observed in the second-generation (non-gonosomal) (n = 4,542) and putative gonosomal mutations (n = 475) in the second generation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 517, T > G: 0. 800, T > A: 2. 32e-3, T > C: 0. 255, C > A: 0. 129, C > T: 0. 805, indel: 0. 446, CpG >TpG: 0. 212. (d) Numbers of phased gonosomal variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands) were fit for the mutations phased to the maternal and paternal haplotypes separately using an identity link.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae can be transmitted during food exchange, experiments were conducted using hoarding cages. Initially uninfected bees were separated from infected bees using one screen or two screens. In the 1-Screen cages, food could be passed between infected and uninfected bees, but not in the 2-Screen cages. These cages reduce the likelihood of fecal-oral transmission, but cannot entirely eliminate the fecal-oral pathway. Infection rates in the initially uninfected bees were determined post-treatment. If oral transmission occurs, then post-treatment infection rates would be predicted to be higher in 1-Screen separated bees than in 2-Screen separated bees. MethodsExperiments were performed at the of. 5 trials were performed starting 19 April 2011, and 9 trials starting 11 May 2011. experiment involved giving groups of young, initially uninfected bees three treatments. In the Solo Control, young bees were placed in a cage by themselves. In the 2-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by 1. 5 mm mesh screens spaced 0. 6 cm apart for the 19 April trials, and 1. 0 cm apart for the 11 May trials. In the 1-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by only one screen (see Figure 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Diagram of cages used in the three treatments. Triangles above cages are feeders, and the circles on the sides represent the screening between cages. The 2∶1 ratio of bees in the image represents the ratio of older bees to young bees (labeled on top of each cage). Multiple bees were kept in each cage, ranging between 10 and 70 bees. In the 2-Screen Test, but not in the 1-Screen Test, there was spacing between paired cages to prevent food exchange between bees in the two cages. all three treatments, the young bees were caged for 14 days. They were fed ad libitum with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) feeder. Over the 14-day test period, any dead bees were removed from the cages every other day. Mortality rates did not differ between the three treatments (Young bees- ANOVA; F = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Sunlight simulation is made by input of the Classes (IFC) model into the sunlight analysis program, followed by additional related analysis on occlusion relationship, sunshine duration sheet, isohel map, shadow outlines, etc. Level 3: Solar energy analysis. The main objective of Level 3 is to assess the geometric characteristics under sunlight models in solar energy analysis. This step obtains dimensions of the useful rooftop and vertical surfaces, where photovoltaic solar panels could be installed, from which the solar energy generation potential and the energy costs are calculated for the sample building. 3. 2. Simulation models and settingsThe study case in this paper refers to the located on the of in Nanjing, China. Building is designed to be a 16-storey, technology-rich learning environment, hosting over 1000 classroom seats in-state-of-the-laboratory classrooms, with conference rooms and professors’ offices. The building will be home to undergraduate and graduate students in Department of and all staffs in that department. Surrounded by the newly-built Traffic Building, (Building B) and (Building A3), the sample building is sheltered from the sun in this sunlight simulation and analysis. The sample building’s structure information is listed in Table 1. NameStatusHeight (M)Floor areas (M2)OrientationsUseCivil BuildingProposed61. 8916559. 05South by east4°TeachingBuilding A3Built18. 443747. 08South by east4°Lecture and conferenceTraffic BuildingBuilt54. 6720419. 2South by east 4°AcademicBuilding BBuilt25. 613210. 18South by east 4°TeachingTable 1. Information of civil building, traffic building, building A3 and B. In order to achieve the objective stated above, a schema converter is proposed in this paper to facilitate the information exchange between BIM tools and sunlight modeling tools. In this study, the technology for systematic sustainable design modeling that enabled sunlight simulation and analysis is driven by a Revit platform, which is able to design all of the required processes and components from a 2D building digital drawing to a 3D model. This platform uses an attribute driven modeling engine to simulate overall building design and create the network of building element relationships (inferred by the software and/or set by the user). The relationship network is the basis by which to achieve information exchange and to later generate sunlight analysis results.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: A diagram of an identification strategy for post-zygotic gonosomal DNMs (using only two generations) is presented in Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Strategy for identifying post-zygotic DNMs using two generations. (a) Diagram of an example two-generation pedigree structure that is amenable to the post-zygotic detection strategy. In this example, the child has a de novo ‘T’ allele that is <= 500 bp downstream of a heterozygous ‘G’ allele. Question marks in the parents indicate that the child could have inherited the ‘G’ allele from either parent; unlike the read tracing strategy (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), a particular parent does not need to be ‘informative. ’ (b) In the child’s reads, only two possible sets of linked haplotypes should be seen, assuming the de novo allele occurred in the germline of a parent. The presence of three distinct haplotypes, demonstrating incomplete linkage of the de novo and heterozygous alleles, indicates that the de novo ‘T’ allele is post-zygotic. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between read depth and mutation rates in CEPH/Utah samples. For each second- or third-generation CEPH/Utah sample, we calculated mean read depth across all autosomal base pairs covered by >=12 reads in all members of the trio. We then assessed whether there was a correlation between mean read depth and the autosomal mutation rate in these samples. For each generation, we fit a linear model predicting read depth as a function of autosomal mutation rate, and do not find a significant association in either generation at a p-value threshold of 0. 05 (second-generation p = 0. 92, third-generation p = 0. 073). Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Anti-correlation between slope and intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the slopes and intercepts of these regressions were correlated; overall, slope and intercept point estimates are negatively correlated in CEPH/Utah families (p < 2. 2e-16).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: They were held in a 250 mL plastic container until they were placed in a test cage. To confirm that only young bees had been collected, they were exposed to white light while placing them in the test cages in the climate room; if some older bees had been collected accidentally, they would have flown in the white light. No bees flew. Older bees. Bees of unknown ages (but no recently emerged bees, based on the criteria discussed above) were brushed off combs and placed into a 250 mL plastic container. The older bees were then installed in a 40×40×50 cm flight cage with wire screen walls inside the climate room, with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) ad libitum feeder, for 2 hours (in the April 19 trials) or overnight (in the May 11 trials). This enabled the older bees to defecate before they were placed in the test cages, and many of them did defecate. After the opportunity for cleansing flights, the older bees were collected with an aspirator and placed in test cages. Bees were carefully removed from the flight cage to prevent them from contaminating the test cages with feces, but there was no way to prevent bees from defecating once inside a test cage, which was observed. Defecation within the test cages did not occur on the screen facing the young bees, and tissue paper on the floor of the cage absorbed feces and kept them from becoming spread in the cage. Because of these precautions, infection from a contaminated screen is less likely, though still possible. Infecting bees. To ensure high infection rates in the older bees, marked bees were artificially infected for the 19 April trials. Young bees were taken directly from the frame and brought into the climate room where they were marked with paint according to hive number, placed in a plastic cage (20×20×20 cm), and starved for 1 hour. They were then sprayed with 50% sucrose solution (w/w) containing N. ceranae spores collected from dissected midguts of infected bees. The solution concentration made ∼400,000 spores available per bee, depending on rates of ingestion. Spore count measured using a haemocytometer. As the bees cleaned themselves they imbibed the spore-laden solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 3. 3. Building modeling processIn this study, is applied to simulate the sample building in 3D with 2D drafting elements and export building data from the model database, as a BIM solution to plan and track various stages in the building’s lifecycle from the concept to construction for architectural, structural and MEP design. The modeling process refers to generation of completed 3D models and related building information database. In general, the modeling process begins by analyzing initial data in 2D CAD environment followed by creation of Revit-parametric families, and then establishment of the Revit 3D model based on which the IFC file is transformed and exported. 3. 3. 1. Initial data analysisInitial data acquisition is a process of selecting, extracting, and transforming information from the source systems. In BIM modeling, initial data are normally prepared using AutoCAD drawing, which stores layers, floors, rooms, and footprints of the buildings in 2D environment on dwg and dxf formats. The boundaries of building elements need to be determined carefully in the AutoCAD process. The optimized AutoCAD drawing will be imported into Revit in terms of creating a geometric model. 3. 3. 2. Revit model establishmentA key understanding is that both standard and custom-building elements can be added in Revit model by using a predefined family that is composed of elements with common parameters, allowing users to make design changes easily and to manage projects more efficiently. Family classification and building component attribute setting are key phrases of the modeling stage. In Revit, basic building components/elements like walls, windows, doors, and so on are created using the responding category including families and family types. The building component or model element which is defined in terms of family contains a broad array of information in addition to dimensional aspects. At this stage, the initial parameters are set to define family attributes. The initial settings will affect the project environment and include types for levels, grids, drawing sheets, and viewports. The project model can be established using the generic families in Revit. After identifying the position of the building components inserted on an axis, the defined family types can be load one by one from top down, and the attributes of the model elements can be modified separately. 3. 3. 3. IFC transformationUsing the Revit model requires transformed of data into the IFC format for compatibility with software, based on which sunlight would be simulated in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between sibling number and either slope or intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the number of third-generation siblings in these families was predictive of either the (a) slope or (b) intercept point estimate in the regression. Neither slope (p = 0. 654) or intercept (p = 0. 718) are significantly associated with sibling number. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Allele balance distributions in transmitted and untransmitted DNMs. Allele balance was calculated as the fraction of reads supporting the alternate (i. e. , de novo) allele at a particular site. As there are substantially more transmitted than untransmitted DNMs in the plot, the y-axis is shown as the normalized count of DNMs. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Range of missed heterozygote rates across CEPH families. (a) For each unique set of second-generation parents and third-generation children, we counted the total number of DNMs in the third generation for which we saw evidence in the first generation (i. e. , grandparents). The missed heterozygote rate (MHR) therefore represents the fraction of DNMs in each family that were likely “missed” in the second generation, as a percentage of the total number of DNMs identified in the third-generation children. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal filtered germline third-generation DNMs (n=22,644) and autosomal third-generation DNMs that were removed due to evidence in a genotyped grandparent (n=83). No significant differences for particular mutation types were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) using a Chi-squared test of independence. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationSoftware, algorithmToolkit (GATK)DePristo et al. , 2011v3. 5. 0; RRID:SCR_001876Software, algorithmpeddyPedersen and Quinlan, 2017av0. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The bees were kept in the climate room overnight with an ad libitum 50% sucrose feeder (w/w), and were then returned to their original colony. After 12 days, the marked bees were collected with an aspirator, and treated as older bees (described above). In the May 11 trials, bees were not artificially infected. Infections in the older bees were dependent on natural infections within each colony, and varied between cages. This was done to mimic naturally occurring infections, as well as a range of infection rates. Infected with N. ceranae All bees surviving until the end of the trial were individually dissected. Each bee’s midgut was placed onto a glass slide by pulling apart the two anterior tergites with tweezers and cutting out the midgut. Tweezers and micro-scissors were rinsed and dried after each dissection. microscope, at 400x magnification, was used to determine if each midgut was positive or negative for N. ceranae spores. A positive sample had many spores, >100’s, seen in multiple field-of-views. To be sure that all samples were adequately examined for spores, at least 25 field-of-views per slide were examined. Since bees infected with N. ceranae regularly produce up to 107 spores, positive and negative samples were easily distinguishable. If a sample only had a few spores (∼2–10 spores total), it was marked as uninfected, presumably due to contamination from the forceps. The forceps were immediately changed. This conservative approach perhaps underestimated the infection rates in both the young and older bees, but was preferable to overestimating the infection rates. cages measured 11×7. 5×5 cm and were made of cardboard with transparent plastic sheet on one side. A hole was cut in the top of each cage to fit a plastic feeder holding ∼25 mL of 50% sucrose solution (w/w in water). Tissue paper was placed on the bottom of each cage. There was a 4 cm-diameter hole on one side of each cage. This hole was covered with 1. 5 mm-mesh screen, to keep the bees from escaping their cages, and to expose the young bees to the older bees. All cages were kept on metal grate shelves in a walk-in climate room (25°C with 50% relative humidity).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The sunlight standard in Codes of Management for High-(Nanjing codes for sunlight in buildings) is adopted in this study, of which the Clause 4 (sunlight analysis object) is used for the planning of high-rise buildings. Building with 16 stories is a high-rise building, whose planned design and blueprints are considered to conform to the prescribed regulations. Here, the sunlight simulation and analysis standard is defined in Clause 6 (technical parameter) of Codes of Management for High-Rise Building. The start and ending times for sunlight analysis are 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. on day, 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. on day, while the calculating point is 32. 04 north latitude (Nanjing), the sampling distance is 1. 0 m, the time interval is 10 minutes, and the sill height is 0. 9 m. The finalized start and ending time of the sunlight simulation are 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. on the day, while standard for access to sunlight should be no less than 2 h on that day. 3. 5. Sunlight simulationThe Sunlight-analysis function module of which has an AutoCAD-oriented user interface focus on parameter setting and shelter influences. Before sunlight analysis begins, the model is required to set some parameters including sunshine duration, window exposure, sunshine standards, simulation accuracy, etc. 3. 5. 1. Occlusion between buildingsFor analysis of a building’s window-accessible sunlight, a precondition is to identify occlusion by neighboring structures that prevents penetration of light into living space. 3, building occlusion relationships focus on occasions when objects block sunlight (in Figure 2). By overlaying the sun occlusion path of a particular sample building, the area of sun blockage could be determined by projecting lines out from this point to each surrounding object. Since the shading diagram will be constructed with all buildings, the result is always a hard-edged shading block with the observation window shaded or not. Occluded buildingOcclusion buildingCivil buildingA3, B, Traffic buildingTable 3. Occlusion between buildings. Figure 2. The occlusion between sample buildings. 3. 5. 2. Sunshine duration sheetThe sunshine duration sheet on is designed to measure the length of time which the sun shines through a given window.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 3; RRID: SCR_017287Software, algorithmcyvcf2Pedersen and Quinlan, 2017bv0. 11. 2Software, algorithmmosdepthPedersen and Quinlan, 2018v0. 2. 4Software, algorithmpysam algorithmpython RRID:SCR_008394Software, algorithmR RRID:SCR_001905Software, algorithmViewer (IGV)Thorvaldsdóttir et al. , 2013v2. 4. 11; RRID:SCR_011793Software, algorithmsamtoolsLi et al. , 2009RRID: SCR_002105Software, algorithmBWA-MEMLi, 2013v0. 7. 15; RRID:SCR_010910 10. 7554/eLife. 46922. 022 Term (independent variable)DoFDevianceResid. DoFResid. DeviancePr(>Chi)dad_age1635. 77348502. 84< 2. 2e-16family_id39103. 43309399. 419. 667e-9dad_age:family_id3955. 34270344. 070. 04328 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Pedigree structures for all CEPH/Utah families. All family and sample IDs have been anonymized, and the sexes of third-generation individuals have been hidden. Download elife-46922-supp1-v1. zip Supplementary file 2 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline DNMs identified in the second generation. In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the first-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the second-generation child. Reads with mapping quality <20 are not included, as they were not considered by our variant calling pipeline, and mismatched bases are shaded by quality score (more transparent = lower base quality). Download elife-46922-supp2-v1. zip Supplementary file 3 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline. DNMs identified in the third generation In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the second-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the third-generation child.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The percentages of infected young bees for the 2- are not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 90). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Percent infected young bees per treatment. Box and whisker plot comparing the percent of young bees that became infected throughout all cage trials for the three treatments. hive was used twice as a source of bees in each treatment (see Table 1), so there is a small risk of pseudo-replication. To check that pseudo-replication did not skew the statistical analysis, one of the trials was removed (the one from May 11) in each treatment where bees came from the same hive, and the statistical analysis was repeated. The percentages of infected young bees in the three treatments were still significantly different (ANOVA; F = 13. 8, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 8, P = 0. 0025), the 1-was still significantly different from the 2-and the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0058 and 0. 0044, respectively), and the 2- were not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 86). DiscussionThese results are consistent with the hypothesis that N. ceranae can be spread when infected bees feed uninfected bees. Young uninfected bees that were fed by older infected bees (fed through a single screen) developed N. ceranae infections at a level 13-times higher than young uninfected bees unable to feed from older infected bees (separated by two screens). This supports the oral-oral transmission hypothesis, whereby spores are passed across the single screen during food exchange, resulting in increased infection rates. Although these results suggest that N. ceranae can be spread orally, the fecal-oral pathway could still be present in this experimental design. Since the older bees were kept in cages for 4 days, bees did defecate, despite preventative efforts (see methods). No feces were observed on the screen, but infective spores could have been defecated elsewhere. It is possible that spores could be passed from the forelegs to the proboscis, and then transmitted to other bees during food exchange. It seems unlikely, however, that such high infection rates arose from occasional spore relocation, since it relies on multiple chance events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Table 4 shows the simulation results of sunshine duration on the first floor of the 8:00 AM–4:00 PM on day, which is the last solar term in 24 solar terms and comes around January 20th or 21st each year. According to Code for Planning and Design on Areas (GB 50180-93) and Codes of Management for High-rise Building, sunshine duration on day cannot be less than 2 h. 4, a red figure represents a window exposed to sunshine less than 2 h sunshine a day, while blue represents a window with 2 h sunshine on that day. FloorWindow positionWindow height (m)Sunshine durationTimeEffective time duration (hour)1st10. 5012:01–14:1502:1420. 5008:55–08:5909:51–14:1904:3230. 5009:55–14:2304:284–130. 50000:00140. 5009:57–14:2904:32150. 5009:11–09:1509:59–14:3504:40160. 5009:19–09:2110:05–14:4104:38170. 5010:07–14:4504:38180. 5010:11–14:4904:38190. 5010:13–14:5304:40200. 5010:15–14:5904:44210. 5010:15–15:0104:46220. 5010:15–15:0504:50230. 5010:23–15:0904:46240. 5010:39–15:1304:34250. 5010:53–15:1504:22260. 5011:07–15:1904:12270. 5011:15–15:2104:06280. 5011:35–15:2503:50290. 5011:51–15:2703:36300. 5012:21–15:2903:08310. 5012:45–15:3102:46320. 5013:35–15:3502:00330. 5014:13–15:3501:22340. 5015:07–15:4100:34350. 5008:00–12:0104:0136–410. 00–0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -new approach for atmospheric turbulence removal using low-rank matrix factorization View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713 Published 2024-01-31 Accepted 2023-11-01 Received 2021-03-23 and Machine Learning, Atmospheric turbulence, Distortion, Image restoration, Mixture of Gaussian, Spatiotemporal varying blur, Transformation matrix Copyright © 2024 Jafaei et al. is an open access 2024. A new approach for atmospheric turbulence removal using low-rank matrix factorization. PeerJ 10:e1713 this 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-1 Since the quality of an image can greatly affect the final results of any image processing algorithm, eliminating turbulence from images greases the wheels for higher accuracy. Turbulence removal can be used in many applications, such as long-distance surveillance applications concerning astronomy, the military, processing images transmitted from drones, surveillance, and medical imaging. Astronomical images captured from large optical telescopes frequently encounter corruption due to the fluctuations in the refractive index within Earth’s atmosphere. For the purpose of image analysis, one of the initial pre-processing stages involves the removal of turbulence (Zhang, Zhao & Wang, 2011). In military applications, the utilization of long-range images renders them susceptible to turbulence. These images can be aerial images that are acquired from drones or land-to-land images. Consequently, the implementation of a turbulence removal process becomes imperative (Arora & Singh, 2018). In surveillance and security systems, adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog, smoke, and haze can significantly undermine the clarity and efficacy of captured images. Consequently, these systems necessitate the integration of a turbulence removal mechanism to increase their accuracy (Arora & Singh, 2018). In the realm of medical imaging technologies, such as computer tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and positron emission tomography (PET), the technique of image fusion is employed to generate a unified image from multiple viewpoints. During the fusion process, the occurrence of distortion and blurring results in a decline in image quality. As a consequence, the implementation of turbulence removal can help medical experts to make safe decisions (Arora & Singh, 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Future experiments could further reduce the likelihood of fecal-oral transmission by keeping the older infected bees in their cages for a shorter period of time, to reduce defecation. While oral transmission of N. ceranae has been previously suggested [19], this study provides the first experimental support. Whether spores pass from the midgut to the crop (through the proventriculus), or are produced directly in the feeding glands, is unknown. To date, there is no histological evidence for infective spores being produced outside of the midgut, even though N. ceranae DNA has been found in hypopharyngeal and salivary glands [20]. While it is known that the proventriculus filters spores from the crop within 5–20 minutes [15], it remains to be determined whether this filtering is 100% effective. Although speculative, it seems possible that very high spore counts in the midgut [14] may compromise the ability of the proventriculus to block spores from reaching the crop- the source of regurgitated food shared with nestmates. If N. ceranae spores can be transmitted orally, then this would explain its rapid spread, since food sharing occurs throughout a colony. In the and 2-Screen Test, low levels of infection were found, despite efforts to select young bees, which are unlikely to be infected. There are three possible explanations for this finding: (1) the young bees were not young bees. This seems unlikely, since the collected young bees did not fly when exposed to white light; older bees would have flown. (2) The young bees were already infected with spores, either from their first post-eclosion feeding [21], [22], or from fecal matter within the hive. This is possible, but unlikely, since nurse bees have the lowest N. ceranae infection rates [7], and N. ceranae does not cause diarrhea. (3) N. ceranae spores are infective via airborne fecal matter. The older bees did defecate in their cages, and dried fecal p33. 3% and 89. 5%. Behavioral differences could explain this additional variation: a single infected older bee could efficiently spread the infection if it fed numerous young bees. N. ceranae infected bees have been shown to exhibit a higher level of hunger [12], which could make them less likely to share food.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 50000:00Table 4. Sunshine duration sheet of first floor. Analysis results are configured in the BIM model by marking the windows’ positions as in Figure 3, where the blue line on the south face of the represents the boundary of windows receiving less than 2 h of sunshine on day. The serial number of the windows are 1/33-1/34, 2/36-2/38, 3/36-3/38 (windows no. 33-34 on the first floor, windows no. 36-38 on the second floor, and windows no. 36-38 on the third floor). On the North face of the Civil Building, the red line identifies windows areas, where the sunshine duration is zero on day. The serial number of the windows are 1/4-1/13, 1/36-1/41 (windows no. 4–13 and No. 36–41 on the first floor). Figure 3. The windows which do not reach the sunshine requirement. (a) South face, (b) North face. 3. 5. 3. Isohel mapAn isohel is a line on a solar map which connects points that receive equal amounts of sunshine. In this study, two types of isohel map were produced to measure sunshine intensity: an isohel map for building elevation and an isohel map for the building plan. 3. 5. 4. Isohel map of building elevationIn this step, isohel maps were produced from average values of light intensity at measuring points for the area between the isohels on the building elevation including all four cardinal points, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, wherein a, b represents the serial number of window located in ath floor is b. Figure 4. Isohel map for windows in 10th–12th floor on south elevation of civil building. Figure 5. Isohel map for the 18th window on 16th floor of the East elevation of the building. Figure 4 shows the isohel map for the 6th–9th windows on the 10th–12th floor of the South elevation of the Civil Building. The white figures calculated in the isohel map indicate areas that will receive approximately 8 h of sunshine on day. Figure 5 shows the isohel map for 18th windows in 16th floor on east elevation of Civil Building.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: The previous methods for removing turbulence from a set of images can be divided into three main categories: In the first category of these methods, individual processing is performed on each image within the turbulent image set, with the application of the deblurring process. The second category employs a two-stage approach involving image selection (lucky frame and lucky region) and subsequent image composition. In these methods, the selection is based on criteria such as sharpness, and then images are combined using techniques like kernel regression and PCA. Ultimately, within the third category, the initial step involves generating a reference image from the input images. Subsequently, each input image is registered with this reference image. At this juncture, the registration process can involve either all the input images or a subset of pre-selected images. The registered images are merged to yield a singular composite image. Subsequently, the ultimate image is generated by subjecting the image from the preceding step to a deconvolution process. The subsequent list showcases some of the cutting-edge methods introduced within this domain. Li, Mersereau & Simske (2007) employed the PCA method to conduct deconvolution on multi-channel input images. This approach overlooks phase data and filters out high frequencies, potentially leading to the restoration a few local textures. Aubailly et al. (2009) introduced a localized variation of the lucky frame technique, termed the lucky region. In this method, an image quality map is initially generated for each turbulent image. These maps are constructed based on a local sharpness metric. Subsequently, in each stage, the image quality map is compared with the fused image to select the optimal local quality (lucky region). Ultimately, this selected region is merged with the corresponding region of the fused image up to this stage. A primary challenge associated with this method lies in its substantial reliance on the lighting conditions of the images. Additionally, determining the composition parameters proves to be a complex endeavor. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019a) devised a method for swiftly generating a high-quality image, devoid of the need for image registration. They achieved this through the utilization of a variational model and an appropriate energy function. This energy function incorporates a specific term designed to quantify the level of disparity between the extracted and subsampled images. Oreifej et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Of course, if spores can also be transmitted to the food provider, increased hunger would increase the spread of N. ceranae; a behavioral change that would increase the parasite’s transmission. If N. ceranae is passed via food exchange, as these data suggest, but cannot confirm, then it could be an overlooked infective pathway for the disease. Oral transmission may also occur in N. apis, but previous work only focused on a fecal-oral pathway [9]. A comparative analysis of infectious pathways could demonstrate a change in infectious strategy between closely related microsporidia. These experiments should be repeated with N. apis to test whether it too can be spread orally. If the rates of infection in the 1-treatment were reduced to the same level as seen in the 2-, then that would provide strong evidence that N. ceranae, but not N. apis, is able to take advantage of oral-oral transmission. Supporting InformationMethods S1. Detailed description of the PCR methods used for detecting N. ceranae and N. apis. 1. (2006) Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J 92: 93–95. View 2. (2008) Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J 97: 186–188. View 3. (2009) Presence of Nosema ceranae in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay. J 101: 150–153. View 4. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. J 96: 1–10. View 5. Higes M, Garcia-Palencia P, Martin-Hernandez R, (2007) Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J 94: 211–217. View 6. (2007) Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie 38: 558–565. View 7. Higes M, Martin--Porto AV, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The blue figures calculated on the isohel map indicate areas that will receive more than 4 h of sunshine on day, while green figures indicate areas receiving more than 2 h of sunshine and yellow figures indicate areas with more than 1 h of sunshine. Note that the area of red figures that receives less than 1 h of sunshine is mainly the result of shadowing by the building roof. 3. 5. 5. Isohel map of building planeThe isohel maps of building planes, which is similar to the map of building elevation, apply plane partition according to sunshine duration. The isohel lines shown in building plane mode indicate clearly those areas receiving equal amounts of sunshine. Figure 6 above shows division on the basis of sunshine duration of a given building plane. The image shows analysis of sunshine duration on the first floor, in which dark blue represents areas receiving sunshine for more than 4 h, light blue represents more than 3 h of light, green represents more than 2 h, yellow represents more than 1 hour, and red represents less than 1 h of light. Results indicate very little sunshine on the North plane, and the windows no. 33-34 have a sunshine duration of zero, due to occlusion by the (Building T) from the south, which is in accordance with the analysis above. Figure 6. Isohel map of building plane. 3. 5. 6. Area analysisArea analysis (in Figure 7) yields sunshine duration values for different areas within the same plane of a building. Theoretically, analysis of isohel lines is in accordance with area analysis, which facilitates cross-confirmation. The object of sunlight analysis in the image above is the first floor, from which the obtained data represent the length of time that area receives sunshine. The results accord with actual conditions, where N represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N, but less than N + 0. 5 and N+ represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N + 0. 5 but less than N + 1. Figure 7. Area analysis map. 3. 5. 7. Shadow outline and shadow range of buildingOcclusion of and by the Civil BuildingFigure 8 clearly shows the shadow size at 11:00 of each building in this study. Three windows of the South side on floors 1-3 of the are shaded by the (Building T), falling it far from the insolation standards on day of 2 h. Figure 8. Shadow outline of civil building. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (2011) presented a two-step approach wherein the initial step involves computing the temporal average of the image sequence through an iterative procedure. In the subsequent step, the approach focuses on minimizing sparse errors, thereby effectively reducing noise, accomplished through rank minimization. Mao & Gilles (2012) employed optical flow to estimate distortion and employed a non-local total variational model to mitigate blurring. Zhu & Milanfar (2012) produced a reference image by averaging a sequence of images. The non-rigid image registration was then applied individually to each image. The sequence of registered images was partitioned into overlapping patches with the local sharpness of each patch being evaluated based on its brightness variance. Subsequently, they employed temporal kernel regression to determine the ultimate selection of image patches. Ultimately, the blind deconvolution algorithm was implemented to alleviate image blur. This method had its limitations, including the reliance on the average sequence of images during the registration phase, which could potentially impact accuracy. Furthermore, it lacked the capability to rectify any registration errors that might emerge in the subsequent stages of processing. Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli (2014) initially extracted the modified parts of each pair of images using optical flow, and each part was wrapped with the mean vector of the corresponding part, yielding a new central image for every individual image. Ultimately, the resultant average image was employed as the reference image. Xu et al. (2019) used low-rank matrix factorization (LRMF) (Meng & Torre, 2013) for detecting a moving object in a turbulent environmental setting. Their approach involved background subtraction from the images through LRMF. Following this, employing a pipeline method (Wang, Inigo & McVey, 1990), they proceeded to identify the moving object within the residual foreground. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019b) made a sharp reference image from a sequence of images by formulation of a pertinent energy function. Additionally, they generated a new image sequence from the same set of images by aligning regions that were nearly sharp and exhibited minimal distortion. Subsequently, employing this novel image sequence alongside the reference image, they applied the quasiconformal map and robust principal component analysis (RPCA) to the image registration procedure. Following successful image registration, they proceeded with the task of deblurring the lower rank regions of the images, accomplished through blind deconvolution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: (2008) How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. 10: 2659–2669. View 8. Cox- (2007) A of Microbes in Disorder. Science 318: 283–287 doi: 10. 1126/science. 1146498. View 9. (1955) The epidemiology and control of Nosema disease of the honey-bee. Biol 43: 379–389. View 10. -Palencia P, (2006) Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees. J 45: 230–233. View 11. Kasprzak S, (2007) Nosema ceranae (Eukaryota: Fungi: Microsporea) - a new parasite of western honey bee Apis mellifera L. Wiad Parazytol. 53: 281–284. View 12. Naug D, (2009) Behavioral changes mediated by hunger in honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae. Apidologie 40: 595–599. View 13. (1986) Ultrastructure, function, and classification of Microsporidia. 1: 325–390. View 14. Forsgren E, (2010) Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees. 170: 212–217. View 15. (1952) The action of the proventriculus of the worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ). J 29: 310–327. View 16. (1986) of the Honey-Bee Proventriculus. 11: 433–439. View 17. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garrido-Bailon E, Garcia-Palencia P, (2008) Detection of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees. J 97: 76–78. View 18. (2010) Genetic detection and quantification of Nosema apis and N. ceranae in the honey bee. J 103: 53–58. View 19. Higes M, Martin-Hernandez R, Garcia-(2009) Horizontal transmission of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) from worker honeybees to queens (Apis mellifera). Rep 1: 495–498. View 20.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Shadow range of the Civil BuildingFigure 9 shows shadow range of and its continuous shadow envelope on the ground on day. Figure 9. Shadow range of civil building. 3. 5. 8. Screenshot of sunshine simulationThis research section examines sunshine of the 8:00–16:00 h (in Figure 10). The shadow area is relatively large around 8:00, while most windows on the North side can receive sunshine. The shadow area at 12:00 is much less than any other time of the day, which means that windows receiving sunshine increase and sunshine duration is much longer. 16:00 is the latest time point used for analyzing sunshine duration on the on day, and the shadow is accordingly stretches. According to the three images above, no windows on the nightside can receive sunshine at any time of the day, which is in accordance with the sunshine analysis of windows as shown above. Figure 10. Sunshine simulation at (a) 8:00 A. M. , (b) 12:00 P. M. , and (c) 16:00 P. M. Advertisement 4. Results and discussion4. 1. The assumption of energy calculationIn this study, the analyzed building is treated as one system, where the amount of solar energy gained by any facade of building is the main research target. Related data used to calculate solar energy are generated in the sunlight simulation by BIM modeling, which shows the sunshine duration on facades of a selected building. For solar energy calculation in this study, it is assumed that meets the following conditions:Solar panels can be installed on the rooftop and vertical walls with a sunshine duration more than 5 h. In order to satisfy required cost savings, the solar panels will not be installed on the north-facing vertical wall of the building because of its insufficient sunshine all year around. Every solar panel is made up of the same material, and the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity to attain efficiency in stable networks. The energy cost analysis mainly considers the cost of solar panels. The analysis period for energy cost is classified into and Winter Solstice. The duration time is assumed to be the average of each solar term. According to the weather statistics over the last 3 years, the average number of sunny days each year accounted for 55%. The duration of the sunshine period on the facade of the building is considered to be the average length of the period as estimated by sunlight simulation on. The rate paid for electricity is 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, through the amalgamation of these processed images, the final image was generated. Xie et al. (2016) initially generated a high-quality reference image characterized by high sharpness and minimal noise. They achieved this through the utilization of low-rank decomposition. Subsequently, they engaged in a recursive optimization process for refining the reference image, utilizing a variational model. This model encompassed both local and non-local regularization elements, which significantly aided the image registration process. In the subsequent step, they used spatial-temporal kernel regression to produce a new image characterized by minimal blur. Ultimately, in the concluding step, the final output was generated using space-invariant blind deconvolution. Lou et al. (2013) employed a combined approach involving Sobolev gradient and Laplacian methods to remove turbulence. gradient was employed to eliminate blurriness from the images, while the Laplacian method rectified distortions. Essentially, they curbed oscillations while enhancing image sharpness. Subsequently, they applied the lucky frame method to yield the high-quality image. Zhang et al. (2018) introduced a novel turbulence removal framework termed complex steerable pyramid (CSP). Initially, they decomposed the incoming turbulent images through CSP, and subsequently computed an averaged reference image from the decomposed phase images. Employing the disparity between the phase of the current image and that of the reference image, they endeavored to minimize distortions. Deblurring was carried out through incorporation of local energy and displacement information, alongside CSP reconstruction that merged phase and amplitude information. Eventually, the final image was obtained using blind deconvolution. Mao, Chimitt & Chan (2020) remove turbulence effects in three steps. Initially, they employ a non-local space-time averaging technique to construct a reference frame that retains moving objects. Subsequently, they generate a lucky frame using sharpness and consistency metrics. The sharpness metric identifies the sharpest patches, while the consistency metric eliminates residual jittering pixels stemming from the prior stage. Due to the presence of space-time varying blur within input frames and blurring artifacts introduced by previous processes, the ultimate step entails the utilization of blind deconvolution. Chak, Lau & Lui (2021) proposed the (WGAN) for atmospheric turbulence removal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Uludağ Arıcılık 11. 11. 2021 ceranae as a fungal parasite has been reported from the Apis mellifera in all continents. It causes reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses in honeybee colonies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of N. ceranae in the apiaries of Mazandaran province. In this study, we randomly selected 320 hives from thirty-two apiaries and collected twenty old honeybees from the apiaries. The collected samples were examined by microscopy and molecular methods. The results of the microscopic examinations showed that 78. 12% of apiaries were infected with Nosema spp. In addition, N. ceranae was identified 84. 37% of apiaries by PCR, while no samples were infected by N. apis. Blast analysis of the sequenced samples confirmed the presence of N. ceranae infection in the apiaries. Based on the obtained results, a high frequency of N. ceranae was detected in apiaries in Mazandaran province. ceranae, and Technology of of - 3/43533 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. Biol Sci. 24(5):983-991. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sjbs. 2017. 01. 054. Bailey, L. , Ball, BV. 1981. Pathology. Academic Press, London. Csáki, T. , Heltai, M. , Markolt, F. , Kovács, B. , Békési, L. , Ladányi, M. , Péntek-Zakar, E. , Meana, A. , Botías, C. , Martín-Hernández, R. , Higes, M. 2015. Permanent prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Hungary. Acta. Vet. Hung. 63(3):358-69. DOI: 10. 1556/004. 2015. 034. Emsen, B. , Guzman-Novoa, E. , Hamiduzzaman, MM. , Eccles, L. , Lacey, B. , Ruiz-Pérez, RA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour. The assumptions mentioned above are made in order to facilitate investigation easy and to make the comparison more realistic. In this study, direct solar radiation was calculated, ground reflected, and diffused radiations are neglected under the assumption that they will be equal for all shapes. Additionally, effects of the other factors, like shading and type of building material, are assumed to be equal for all situations. These assumptions do not change the main results of this study. 4. 2. Energy consumption calculation and cost analysisIn this study, each surface of the building was first analyzed separately, and then all systems were discussed. Surfaces of the building were encoded by using abbreviations (“South,” “East/West”), as seen in Table 5. Instant and hourly solar energy from the surface of a building depend upon some parameters, like the time of day, day of year, effective area of the wall, sunshine duration, etc. According to the BIM model of the described above, the total area and effective area of walls on each floor can be summarized in Table 5. Note that the north-facing surface is not taken into consideration because its sunshine duration is less than 5 h. As well, the sunshine duration of different surfaces in each solar term is shown in Table 6, where the surfaces labeled in italics are the vertical walls with a sunshine duration of less than 5 hours. FloorSurfaceTotal area (m2)Windows area (m2)Effective area (m2)Roof867. 80867. 81South255. 7889. 64166. 14East/west66. 786. 360. 482South219. 2477. 76141. 48East/west57. 245. 6751. 573South219. 2467. 2152. 04East/west57. 244. 253. 044-5South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 576-10South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5711-14South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5715South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5716South21664152East/west56. 165. 6750. 49Table 5. The area of the wall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: The use of the l1 norm as the cost function in GAN contributes to the preservation of essential textures within the restored image. A data augmentation step was incorporated as preprocessing by them to counter data scarcity. Additionally, the employment of a subsampling process resulted in enhanced and more accurate results for their proposed method. Hua et al. (2020) introduced a three-step methodology. The initial stage encompassed subsampling and reference image generation processes. Within this stage, two distinct and independent segments were employed to evaluate the degree of sharpness and geometric distortion. Subsequently, the non-rigid image registration technique was harnessed in the second stage to reduce geometric distortions. This step encompassed registering the sequences of sharply selected images from the initial stage to the reference image, achieved through estimation of deformation vectors. In the concluding stage, they sharpened the final image using the blind deconvolution method. In the proposed method, the turbulence is modeled as (1) xjk=D(H(f))jk+εjk In this equation, x denotes a turbulent image, while, k and j represent the pixel’s position. H signifies the blurring operator, D corresponds to the geometric distortion operator, ε represents the sensor’s noise, and f stands for the original image. This 1. Proposed method In this 2. A higher weight wij indicates that the data xij has a more influence on the generation of the restored image. As demonstrated in the aforementioned equation, a greater value of γijk implies an increased likelihood of partial membership of the data xij within the kth Gaussian model. Consequently, the weight assigned to this data also rises. The weighted low-rank matrix approximation of matrix X is computed by minimizing the subsequent function: (11) L(Y)=||W⊙(X−Y)||F2 where ||. ||F2 signifies the Frobenius norm and ⊙ represents the Hadamard product. Let’s assume that the matrix Y, comprising turbulence-free images, can be decomposed into two lower-rank U and V matrices ( r≪min(n,d)): Y=UVT.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Nasr, M. 2016. Higher prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae than Nosema apis infections in Canadian honey bee colonies. 115(1):175-81. DOI: 10. 1007/s00436-015-4733-3. Fenoy, S. , Rueda, C. , Higes, M. , Martín-Hernández, R. , del Aguila, C. 2009. High-level resistance of Nosema ceranae, a parasite of the honeybee, to temperature and desiccation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(21):6886-6889. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01025-0918. Fries, I. 2010. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 103(1): S73-S79. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2009. 06. 017. Fries, I. , Feng, F. , Silva, AD. , Slemenda, SB. , Pieniazek, NJ. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Europ. J. Protistol. 32(3):356–365. Glavinic, U. , Stevanovic, J. , Ristanic, M. , Rajkovic, M. , Davitkov, D. , Lakic, N. , & Stanimirovic, Z. 2021. Potential of Fumagillin and Agaricus blazei to ceranae in Honey Bees. Insects, 12(4), 282. Gisder, S. , Hedtke, K. , Möckel, N. , Frielitz, MC. , Linde, A. , Genersch, E. 2010. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(9):3032–3038. DOI: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: FloorSurfaceThe spring equinoxThe summer solsticeThe autumnal equinoxThe winter solsticeEffective sunshine duration in a year (h)Roof1214121023761South5. 44. 85. 43920. 7East6764. 51163. 25West3. 34. 53. 32. 42South64. 864594East67651188West3. 64. 53. 62. 63South74. 774. 51148. 4East65651188West43434-5South8. 66. 58. 66. 51470. 15East67651188West4. 7564. 753. 56-10South12612101980East67651188West6764. 81178. 111-14South12412101881East67651188West6765118815South121. 512101757. 25East66. 5651163. 25West66. 5651163. 2516South6. 80. 56. 891143. 45East3. 43. 63. 43. 5West4. 34. 54. 34Table 6. Sunshine duration of different surfaces (unit: h). In this part of the study, sunshine striking a given surface between sunrise and sunset is of concern. First, the total amount of annual solar energy striking surface for more than 5 h was calculated for each solar term over a whole year, which calculation was performed for every surface of the building. The related and required parameters for cost calculation were then assigned. According to the sustainable design plan of the Civil Building, polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency (1. 65 m long, 0. 991 m wide, and 0. 04 m light) are suitable components for a larger photovoltaic energy generation and supply system. The installed photovoltaic system will receive 3 RMB per watt capacity in construction subsidies, thus each solar panel 240 W will yield 720 RMB in subsidy. The total number of solar panels n that can be installed on the surface is given in Eq. (1), where Ai is the combined effective area of the facade and rooftop of the Civil Building, while S is the cross-sectional area of the solar panel.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Consequently, Eq. (11) can be reformulated as follows: (12) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2 To avoid overfitting, by adding new terms, Eq. (12) becomes the following: (13) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2+λ(| | wij⊙Ui | |F2 +| | wij⊙Vj | |F2) Here, λ represent regularization parameter. By assuming V as a constant and solving the equation 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=0, the estimation of U is accomplished, as illustrated in Eq. (15): (14) 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=Ui(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−xidiag(wi)V (15) ui=xidiag(wi)V(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−1,1≤i≤d Here diag(wi)∈Rn×n denotes a diagonal matrix with elements wi and I represents an identity matrix with dimensions r×r. By performing the same procedure, the value of V can also be calculated as follows: (16) vj=xjTdiag(wj)U(UTdiag(wj)U+λ(∑iwij)I)−1,1≤j≤n Algorithm 1 outlines the pseudo-code for parameter estimation using the LRMF method. Algorithm 1: MOG algorithm for LRMF. input: X=(x1,x2,…xn)∈Rd×n Randomly initialize Π,Σ,V repeat (EStep):Evaluateγijkfori=1,….

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1128/AEM. 03097-09. Higes, M. , Martín, R. , Meana, A. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honey bees in Europe. J. Invert. Pathol. 92 (2):93–95. Ivgin Tunca, R. , Oskay, D. , Gosterit, A. , Tekin, OK. 2016. ceranae wipeout Nosema apis in Turkey? Ir. J. Parasitol, 11(2): 259-264. Kazembeyki, MA. 2003. Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran, Routledge Cruzon, London. Khezri, M. , Moharrami, M. , Modirrousta, H. , Torkaman, M. , Salehi, S. , Rokhzad, B. , Khanbabi, H. 2018. Molecular detection of Nosema ceranae in the apiaries of Kurdistan province, Iran. Vet. Res. Forum 9(3):273–278. DOI: 10. 30466/vrf. 2018. 32086. Klee, J. , Besana, AM. , Genersch, E. , Gisder. S. , Nanetti, A. , Tam, DQ. , Chinh, TX. , Puerta, F. , Ruz, JM, Kryger, P. , Message, D. , Hatjina, F. , Korpela, S. , Fries, I. , Paxton, RJ. 2007. Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 96(1): 1-10. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jip. 2007. 02. 014. Lotfi, A. , Jamshidi, R. , Aghdam Shahryar, H. , Yousefkhani, M. 2009. The prevalence of nosemosis in honey bee colonies in Arasbaran region (Northwestern Iran). J. Agri Environ. Sci. 5(2): 255-257. McCallum, R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: E1The total electrical energy Q generated by solar panels installed on the can be calculated by Eq. (2), where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar panel, w is the power output of solar panels, and Ti is the effective sunshine duration per year of each surface. E2The amount of the electricity converted by solar panels can be calculated in Eq. (3). E3As is shown in Eq. (3), the solar panels yield more than 60 billion joules of savings in electricity, which shows that the solar panels installed on “Civil Building” reduce traditional energy consumption and in turn contribute to the overall energy efficiency. To assess economic benefit of solar panels, the payback period for solar panel cost can be calculated using Eq. (4). E4In this case, p is the price of each solar panel and C is the operating cost of solar panels. Considering an average electricity price 0. 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour in Nanjing, the daily saving on electricity rates P and the recovery period T can be calculated as follows. P=0. 88×651860789. 2/3600=159343. 7485RMBT=C/P=1831680/159343. 7485=11. 5yearsThrough the cost analysis, after year 11, the investment status solar panels become positive, which means that after 11. 5 years, the solar panel system will operate as a positive cash flow source. Based on the 30-year estimated lifespan of the solar panels, there will be more years benefitting from the solar panel installation than years paying for it. After fully analyzing all the results, the investment is definitely cost-beneficial. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe switch to alternative energy sources of electricity is increasing, especially solar energy. The installation of solar panels is advertised throughout the world including China by use of information technologies. Based on the application of building energy modeling and sunlight simulation by BIM technology, and taking advantage of information modeling with 3D visualizations, the sunshine duration and energy consumption of buildings can be calculated with a fair level of accuracy. As a widely used tool in construction sector, BIM has great prospects. With a three-dimensional digital technology, the concept of BIM integrates various kinds of relevant information from construction projects, aiding in complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design.

Output: contrast