Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In some cases, a variety of networks and patterns developed on beds of the same grain size range. We identified dendritic and curvilinear furrow networks on the 4–45 μm bed pit floor (Fig. 4d) while only linear and sinuous patterns resulted from a second experiment of block placement on a 4–45 μm bed (Fig. 4c). Dendritic networks were observed in certain experiments across all grain sizes and these developed almost instantaneously as observed in 2, rather than via a network growth over time. However, furrows detected in our experiments formed via the contact between a ~−80 °C CO2 ice block and substrate which was roughly at room temperature and our incident ice was on a much smaller scale to that which seasonally covers Martian dunes. Our initial conditions were very different to the gradual basal heating of the CO2 ice sheet and consequent ice rupture proposed in the cryoventing model. However, we have demonstrated that dendritic patterns can form in a single cryoventing event, as was proposed for Mars12. Dendritic patterns tended to form when there were few vents, and when vents were furthest apart. We note also that when vents were located directly across from one another at each side of the block, linear and sinuous furrows formed instead. This is consistent with the observation that cryoventing efficacy on Mars is constrained by vent spacing12. We interpret this laboratory observation as an indication that cryoventing is likely to be limited by a pressure gradient. High pressure gas at the centre of the ice/substrate interface will be attracted towards an area of low pressure — such as that provided by a vent. If there is a roughly equal pressure gradient between the block centre and two lateral vents opposite one another, gas will escape at a similar rate towards either side and this will be reflected in the presence of linear or sinuous patterns that extend and connect across the base of the pit floor. We propose that Martian furrow formation and network type may be influenced by a pressure gradient, supplied either by inhomogeneous ice thickness on dune slopes and/or stress locations such as dune brinks. Further work may clarify the extent to which ice thickness and surface topography influence pressure gradients at furrow and dendritic trough locations on Mars.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide benefits to humanity, such as clean water and pollination. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity tends to increase ecosystem resilience, with diverse ecosystems being better able to recover from disturbances. [SEP] Text: Further details of this study’s design and sampling can be found in Thrush and others (2021). Sampling and Data CollectionEnvironmental VariablesPhotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was logged at each site for the duration of the experiment to quantify seafloor light intensity. The attenuation of light through the water column to the seafloor is affected by water column turbidity, and seabed PAR levels affect rates of photosynthesis by benthic primary producers. Odyssey® Light loggers measured PAR every 10 min at 10 cm above the sediment surface for 8 months. After the experiment, PAR data during daylight periods of tidal immersion (± 2 h of high tide) were summarised into daily averages, and then, these daily averages averaged for each site (hereafter called mPAR); data presented in Mangan and others 2020). The nights were excluded through removal of times when PAR was 0 µmol photons m−2 s−1. Sediment characteristics were sampled in each plot by pooling five sediment cores (2. 6 cm diameter, 2 cm deep) for analysis of sediment chlorophyll a, grain size, and organic content. An additional four sediment cores (2. 6 cm diameter) were taken from each plot for analysis of porewater ammonium concentration at two depths (0–2 cm and 5–7 cm). These depths were selected to quantify the nutrient concentrations above and below the redox potential discontinuity layer, and to ensure that the added nutrients had diffused upwards through the sediment. Sediment was frozen and later analysed for sediment chlorophyll a, grain size, organic content and porewater ammonium concentrations using standard techniques for sediment analysis in intertidal soft-sediments (see Thrush and others 2021 for details). We focused on measuring the porewater concentration of ammonium to quantify the treatment effect (that is, urea hydrolyses to ammonium), nitrate, nitrite, and phosphorous concentrations were however also measured in the porewater but not reported here due to being very low and mostly under the detection limits. Biodiversity MeasuresFrom each plot, two macrofauna cores (13 cm diameter, 15 cm deep, total area 0. 026 m2) were pooled, sieved on a 500-µm mesh and preserved in 70% isopropyl alcohol. The fauna were stained with Rose Bengal, sorted and identified.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Impact and FormationIn addition to primary pit formation, the cases where a block was slid onto grains of 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm revealed two additional pit types (Fig. 3b,c,e). These instances involved very different fluid dynamics to those observed in all other cases. Grain mobilisation induced by increased thermal contact between ice surface area and the warmer granular material, enabled the block to move downward, and the bed appeared fluidised (Supplementary movie 3). This process lasted ~1 minute in each case before the block was observed to submerge fully within the granular bed. CO2 gas jets escaped from the subsurface (Supplementary movie 3), excavating the material in the space surrounding their path and providing room for adjacent material to sink, forming collapsed pits (Fig. 3e). These endogenic pits were characterised by concentric tensional fissures and did not have raised rims. Finally, a third pit type was observed to form via the return of jetted sediment to the steady bed surface. These impact pits (Fig. 3b,c) were smaller in diameter than the primary pit and varied little in size (up to 6 mm in diameter, to below our measurement accuracy). Some occurred in strings and all possessed raised rims, suggesting surface material was ejected in their formation. Following the cessation of sublimation, impact pits were ubiquitous across the primary pit, levées and surrounding bed surface (Fig. 6). Figure 6Conceptual model of 3 pit formation modes. (a) Block is slid onto grains (beige), increasing thermal contact. (b) Grains are mobilised on top of the block via escaping pressurised gas, increasing CO2 ice exposure to the Leidenfrost Effect. (c) Block submerges; gas jets escape and surface material sinks forming collapsed pits. (d) Impact pits form by substrate return via fluid instability such as inelastic collapse of gas jets or granular clustering within jets; returned grains impact the surface forming shallow, rimmed impact pits. (e) 3 resultant pit morphologies; primary pit, collapsed pits, impact pits (within main pit and surrounding bed surface) and cracks. (f) Legend. Full size image in Proctor, Russell and Matara CratersFor morphometric measurements, we surveyed 60 primary terminal pits on megadune and 135 primary terminal pits at 13 sites in Proctor Crater.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide benefits to humanity, such as clean water and pollination. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the e. Browse more projects conserving species biodiversity across the tree of life? Rabearisoa, Rachel Meyer, and Camille GaynusBacked by and : 10. 18258/69033Grant: eDNA Innovation$10,005Raised of $10,000 Goal100%Funded on 6/11/24Successfully Funded$10,005pledged100%fundedFundedon 6/11/24? How does this work? assessments are a common tool for evaluating biodiversity richness, but they are costly and time-consuming. Their pertinence can also be limited by several factors, such as the accessibility of sampling areas or the quality of photographs and specimens. This project aims to use digital and molecular tools to 1) catalyze the development of next-generation biodiversity monitoring strategies for a comprehensive inventory and 2) expand environmental awareness in Black communities. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In 2017, the of Sciences (CAS) team intensively surveyed the biotic communities on the headland California beach. The study surveyed the unprotected tidepool as well as the (SMCA) created in 2009 to assess how biologically different these areas are. The study found little overlap between eDNA and photographs, with eDNA covering lower trophic, but also that the unprotected tidepool and the SMCA looked identical based on eDNA. This project aims to update the data collected in 2017 and test if the SMCA is now different from the unprotected tidepool in terms of biodiversity richness after 7 years of protection, using the same method of comparing eDNA results to human observation records. What is the significance of this project? The results of this project could demonstrate that eDNA may be useful for finding proxies for diversity in sites that are difficult to monitor with photographs and better inform ecosystem management. Effectively, systematic collection of eDNA can describe differences in spatial and temporal biodiversity variation of the beach, and provides a rich view of the community ecological network, including holobiomes. The two-period data comparison can demonstrate the effectiveness of the SCMA in conserving biodiversity after 7 years of protection. The project will share the experiments and data with the public through interactive web pages of and Black in TV so that it can expand the number of eDNA adopters in California and beyond. What are the goals of the project?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: This preliminary study was carried out purely to demonstrate an initial trend that may help us to assess our laboratory data in the context of Martian dunes and is not intended as an exhaustive survey of Martian linear gully pits. All terminal pits were characterised by a roughly circular depression surrounded by circular levées, were shallow (<1 m–2. 5 m) and varied greatly in diameter, from <1 m to as much as 19 m. Pits were generally wider than their accompanying channels. This is consistent with our laboratory observations that pits were wider in diameter than the sublimating blocks which formed them. We propose that blocks translating down-slope do so quite rapidly and so the width of the channel carved corresponds with block width, while the stationary block may sublimate at the terminus, eroding and transporting material for longer at the site. Crater, the average primary terminal pit width was 3. 2 ± 0. 5 m and the majority of pits (83. 7% of those sampled) were less than 4 m in diameter, with the minimum pit diameter being 1. 4 m. The remaining 16. 3% of pits were between 4 m and 8 m in diameter (maximum 7. 4 m in diameter). Only 16 terminal pits were deeper than the vertical uncertainty of 1. 08 m on the DTM used. The aspect ratios of terminal pits ranged between 0. 8 and 1. 7. Crater terminal pits are larger. Only 11. 7% of terminal pits sampled were 4 m or less in diameter, while 46. 7% of terminal pits were between 4 and 8 m in diameter and 41. 6% were between 8 m and 19 m in diameter. The minimum primary terminal pit width on megadune was 2. 7 m and the maximum primary terminal pit width was 18. 6 m. Only 3 primary terminal pits were deeper than the upper limit vertical uncertainty of 1. 7 m on the DTM, and for these we determined an aspect ratio range between 3. 6 and 8. 3. Detached pits on megadune of average diameter 2. 5 m were found predominantly in the vicinity of the largest primary terminal pits. Other large primary terminal pits were not accompanied by detached pits. However, these particular linear gullies indicated higher probability of block energy loss such as high sinuosity and lateral small channels. These activities may have slowed blocks down or broken them up before reaching the termini.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide benefits to humanity, such as clean water and pollination. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This project aims to 1) empower community science efforts of the program and the nonprofit Black in and 2) inform ecosystem management about species biodiversity richness in the through an innovative biodiversity monitoring practice. Through the analysis of eDNA metabarcoding, we will inform the overlap with human observation and fill the information gaps on biodiversity richness resulting from taxon and visitation bias. With community empowerment as the goal, the project will be paired with interactive web pages and for the public, who are potential eDNA adopters, to explore. wait. . . This budget will help us conduct the surveys and give travel support to the participants. We plan to have 05 scientists who are members of the BIMS on the West Coast, as well as several students from who will collect the samples in Pillar Point. To generate the data with lab, we will buy the materials needed for the sample collections ($125 each for 4 markers, 56 samples). We will extract 56 triplicate sediment samples with the for triplicate library PCRs for each of four metabarcoding markers: MiFish 12S U, CO1, 18S, and 16S, normalize and index libraries and submit for sequencing to 75000 reads per marker per sample on a NextSeq 2000 2x300bp run. Finally, we plan to purchase a digital waterproof camera and its housing to take pictures during the experiment and produce the bioblitz videos for and the interactive web pages. Endorsed byThis is a critical question in is the perfect person to answer it endorse the application of Rabearisoa to lead this project. Ando is an extraordinary graduate student, who our Center is very happy to support in many aspects of her work. This new project will provide insights about the importance of citizen science in documenting the value of eDNA particularly in the context of marine protected areas. We are happy that she will be sharing the results of this work publicly and through the Black in (BIMS) network. Michael BeckProfessor & DirectorUniversity of Cruz, Center for will host bioblitzes over the course of seven days in June 2024. We will make libraries for four metabarcodes from the samples and they will get sequenced at the end of July 2024. Then, we will analyze sequences and upload them to the publicly-available websites. We envision generating science communication material by October 2024 and having a draft manuscript by December 2024. This timeline and the combined team effort will ensure deliverables are met in a timely manner.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: We observed a trend in detached pit data (Fig. 5a), which suggests that the abundance of these multiple detached pits at linear gully termini increases with the surface area of the newest/widened terminal pit. Should terminal pits be formed via the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks, the data suggest that a greater block size (and hence greater surface area exposed to sublimation) produces more detached pits. This is in agreement with our laboratory observations that “detached” impact pits formed on finer grain sizes when a greater amount of CO2 ice surface area was undergoing the initial rapid sublimation dynamics of the Leidenfrost Effect, allowing it to burrow. We hypothesise that the impact pits observed in the laboratory were formed through a clustering27 instability in the granular jets (Fig. 6). This lends credence to our hypothesis that the multiple detached pits surrounding many Martian linear gully terminal pits (Fig. 2a–d) may be formed by a similar mechanism involving granular jets. We reason that at linear gully termini, the sublimating CO2 may become unstable as blocks reach a terminal velocity (and greater drag force) at the lower dune slipface, which is reflected in the confinement of these detached pits to the lower ~200 m of the channel vicinity (Fig. 2a–d). Granular clusters may become entrained within sublimating CO2 gas jets as the block sublimates. We propose that these are splayed out radially from the terminal pit to form smaller, shallower detached pits upon return impact to the sandy surface, in a similar manner to the mechanism by which impact pits were observed to form in our laboratory experiments (Supplementary movie 4). However, our laboratory experiments required jetting of an endogenic origin which resulted in terraced collapsed pits seen in Fig. 3e. Similar morphologies have yet to be identified on Mars, but it is possible that inset pits seen inside terminal pits may denote locations where blocks have burrowed beneath the surface. Alternatively, inset pits could indicate new, inner paths of blocks within pre-existing channels. However, the ratio of collapsed to impact pits in our laboratory experiments ranged from 5. 3–10 and the ratios of inset pits to smallest detached pits in ranged from 4. 3–8. 1 and so certainly for the smaller detached pits in this setting, our proposed process is plausible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/esd-13-711-2022 © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Special issue: Reports (BEAR) © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 2010. For phytoplankton, clear symptoms of climate change, such as prolongation of the growing season, are evident and can be explained by the warming, but otherwise climate effects vary from species to species and area to area. Several modelling studies project a decrease of phytoplankton bloom in spring and an increase in cyanobacteria blooms in summer. The associated increase in N:P ratio may contribute to maintaining the “vicious circle of eutrophication”. However, uncertainties remain because some field studies claim that cyanobacteria have not increased and some experimental studies show that responses of cyanobacteria to temperature, salinity and pH vary from species to species. An increase of riverine dissolved organic matter (DOM) may also decrease primary production, but the relative importance of this process in different sea areas is not well known. Bacteria growth is favoured by increasing temperature and DOM, but complex effects in the microbial food web are probable. Warming of seawater in spring also speeds up zooplankton growth and shortens the time lag between phytoplankton and zooplankton peaks, which may lead to decreasing of phytoplankton in spring. In summer, a shift towards smaller-sized zooplankton and a decline of marine copepod species has been projected. In deep benthic communities, continued eutrophication promotes high sedimentation and maintains good food conditions for zoobenthos. If nutrient abatement proceeds, improving oxygen conditions will first increase zoobenthos biomass, but the subsequent decrease of sedimenting matter will disrupt the pelagic–benthic coupling and lead to a decreased zoobenthos biomass. In the shallower photic systems, heatwaves may produce eutrophication-like effects, e. g. overgrowth of bladderwrack by epiphytes, due to a trophic cascade. If salinity also declines, marine species such as bladderwrack, eelgrass and blue mussel may decline.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The thermal environment of outdoor spaces directly affects the willingness of people to perform outdoor activities (Lee et al. 2014; Niu et al. 2022; Obradovich and Fowler, 2017); However, in hot and humid regions, particularly during the summer, the climate is characterized by high temperatures and humidity levels, resulting in an overheated and humid outdoor thermal environment that hinders people from participating in outdoor activities; thus, many people prefer to stay in air-conditioned indoor spaces. This behavior not only increases energy consumption but also negatively affects physical and mental health (Deng et al. 2022; Fang et al. 2018). Therefore, appropriate measures are necessary to create favorable outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) for residents of hot and humid regions (Huang and Jie, 2022; Lai et al. 2014). During the COVID-19 pandemic, China implemented strict home isolation measures that restricted residents' activities. As these isolation policies were gradually lifted, people sought safer and permissible opportunities for activities, leading to an increased demand for outdoor activities (Chai et al. 2021). Camping has emerged as one of the most popular outdoor recreational activities, primarily because of its short duration and the proximity of campsites to people’s residences. Campsites have become increasingly vital spaces for individuals to connect with nature, unwind, engage in social interactions, and participate in recreational activities. Compared to that of some countries in the European Union, the camping trend in China emerged later, developed more slowly, and is currently still in the early stages of development. According to statistics from Eurostat (2016), in 2015 the number of campers in the 28 countries belonging to the at that time reached 376. 8 million people (Mikulić et al. 2017). Camping has gained considerable popularity in China since 2020. As of 2021, the number of campers in China reached 360 million, with the majority concentrated in the age range of 21–45 years, representing mainly the younger generation and young families. Currently, most residents in China prefer simple campgrounds in nearby urban green spaces such as parks (Wu et al. 2023). The quality of the campsite environment directly affects the campers’ comfort. However, many campsites in the country suffer from inadequate management, both in terms of quantity and quality. As a result, the design and layout of tree plantings at many campsites may lack consideration for thermal comfort during camping.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: A detailed numerical mode of jetting activity under Martian conditions would allow us to understand the effect of scaling on the proposed process. In one instance, a high albedo block was measured within a pit on megadune (Fig. 2a) during MY 30, which disappeared the following year and hence was likely to be CO2 10. The pit was observed to widen by 2. 1 m in MY 31 during the disappearance of the block. We measured the block in MY 30 to be 2. 4 m wide, giving a pit to block widening factor of 0. 9. This is consistent with the degree to which we observed pits to erode in the laboratory setting. The pit to block width ratio observed in our laboratory experiments ranged from 1. 08 to 1. 72. Considering a horizontal uncertainty in this HiRISE image of 0. 25 cm/pixel, this observed pit widening by a high albedo block is consistent with a CO2 block hypothesis. Considering our scaling arguments, it is likely that the high albedo object was a CO2 block which eroded its surroundings to widen a pre-existing pit. The wide variation in aspect ratio found at both locations is consistent with a dry ice block hypothesis. The blocks that naturally fall from over steepened cornices or steep alcove walls will have a range of sizes and will not be symmetric, thus they will form a wide variety of pit dimensions. Considering the average grain size range reported for the Bagnold dunes on Mars (200–300 μm)32, we used the values in Table 1 and our calculated scale factor of 0. 61 (see Experimental Scaling) to estimate the block sizes needed to form our range of pits. Using our upper grain size ranges of 75–150 μm and 160–212 μm, we estimate that the block sizes needed to form the pits we have surveyed range from 1. 2 m–6. 5 m in and 2. 4 m–16. 3 m in Russell Crater. High albedo blocks of dimensions between 1. 6 and 6 m have been measured in our survey of Russell Crater, however larger blocks have yet to be identified. The lower range of normalised pit to block width ratios is consistent with dimensions we have observed on Mars using HiRISE images in which high albedo blocks have been identified in linear gully channels in Matara Crater21 and in channels and pits in Russell Crater10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Freshwater vascular plants will be favoured but they cannot replace macroalgae on rocky substrates. Consequently invertebrates and fish benefiting from macroalgal belts may also suffer. Climate-induced changes in the environment also favour establishment of non-indigenous species, potentially affecting food web dynamics in the Baltic Sea. As for fish, salinity decline and continuing of hypoxia is projected to keep cod stocks low, whereas the increasing temperature has been projected to favour sprat and certain coastal fish. Regime shifts and cascading effects have been observed in both pelagic and benthic systems as a result of several climatic and environmental effects acting synergistically. Knowledge gaps include uncertainties in projecting the future salinity level, as well as stratification and potential rate of internal loading, under different climate forcings. This weakens our ability to project how pelagic productivity, fish populations and macroalgal communities may change in the future. The 3D ecosystem models, food web models and 2D species distribution models would benefit from integration, but progress is slowed down by scale problems and inability of models to consider the complex interactions between species. Experimental work should be better integrated into empirical and modelling studies of food web dynamics to get a more comprehensive view of the responses of the pelagic and benthic systems to climate change, from bacteria to fish. In addition, to better understand the effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the Baltic Sea, more emphasis should be placed on studies of shallow photic environments. The fate of the ecosystem will depend on various intertwined environmental factors and on development of the society. Climate change will probably delay the effects of nutrient abatement and tend to keep the ecosystem in its “novel” state. However, several modelling studies conclude that nutrient reductions will be a stronger driver for ecosystem functioning of the than climate change. Such studies highlight the importance of studying the as an interlinked socio-ecological system. Download & links 10. 5194/esd-13-711-2022, 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Effects of different tree species on Ta in different scenarios Figure 3 shows the simulation results of the impact of different tree species on Ta in various scenarios. In all planting scenarios, Ta remained consistently lower than that in the control scenario. achieved the best cooling effect in forms PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5, resulting in reductions of 1. 65 ℃, 0. 57 ℃, 1. 34 ℃, and 2. 15 ℃ in Ta at 16:00, respectively. In PM2, the cooling effect of Ls was the least effective, reducing Ta by only 0. 91 ℃. In PM3, none of the tree species exhibited substantial ability to reduce Ta. Specifically, the cooling effects of Ks and Ls were the least pronounced, both leading to a modest reduction in Ta of only 0. 09 ℃. In PM4, the cooling effect of Ls was the least effective, resulting in a reduction in Ta of only 0. 49 ℃. Similarly, in PM5, the cooling effect of Ks was the least effective, leading to a reduction in Ta of only 0. 99 ℃. and Ls did not yield considerable reductions in Ta in any scenario. Nevertheless, the simulation results clearly demonstrated that an optimal cooling effect was achieved through contiguous planting of trees in patches. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean Ta values in the different scenarios. Significant differences in the mean Ta values were observed between PM2 and PM3, as well as between PM4 and PM5 (P < 0. 05). Furthermore, the differences between PM3 and PM4 were highly significant (P < 0. 01), whereas no significant differences (P > 0. 05) were observed among the remaining scenarios. Table 4 The average Ta, Tmrt, and PET difference at a height of 1. 5 m in different scenarios results PM2– PM3 PM2– PM4 PM2– PM5 PM3– PM4 PM3– PM5 PM4– PM5 difference (℃) −0. 48* −0. 21 0. 14 0. 27 0. 62** 0. 35* P -value 0. 003 0. 140 0. 330 0. 065 < 0. 001 0. 021 difference (℃) −3. 15* 1. 18 5. 09** 4. 33* 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The ratio of channel width to block width in ranges from 1. 9 to 1. 1 and in Russell Crater, observed ratios were 1. 7 to 2. 0. Allowing for measurement uncertainty of one pixel width (0. 25 m), these values fall within our estimated range of 1. 08–1. 72. Although these channels have clearly been eroded prior to the observations of these blocks within them, we can speculate that blocks of similar size to those observed eroded them. Should further data be collected on block sizes at these locations, our laboratory data can be drawn upon to assess whether pit dimensions in the locality are likely to be formed by these CO2 ice blocks and perhaps, by how much pit dimensions might grow seasonally. ConclusionOur experiments suggest that furrows and pits can be formed by the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks. The differences in temperature, atmospheric density and pressure, and gravity can be accounted for in a scaling analysis by using different sized grains, but the difference in scale cannot easily be dealt with, thus though our evidence is suggestive it is not conclusive. The CO2 block hypothesis21 is the only current hypothesis that can explain present-day linear gully pit formation. We have shown that stationary sublimating CO2 ice blocks in contact with porous, mobile material are capable of transporting sediment to form primary pits and surrounding levées. Our scaling arguments and morphological observations suggest that primary pits may be analogous with Martian primary terminal pits in Russell, Matara and Proctor Craters. In particular, our observation of a high albedo block within a terminal pit and subsequent widening consistent with the ratios predicted from our laboratory data, suggest that linear gully pits may be formed and widened by CO2 blocks. Additionally, we have observed that collapsed pits and detached impact pits; two ancillary pit types, can form by sublimating CO2 ice blocks and subsurface jetting. We have presented a new hypothesis for detached pit formation at linear gully termini. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed relationship between terminal pit area and number of associated new detached pits forming seasonally in Russell and and is supported by the laboratory observation that jetting activity can result in impact pits. Further work is required to appropriately address size scaling, and a detailed numerical model may give further insight.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Received: 31 Aug 2021 – Discussion started: 10 Sep 2021 – Revised: 02 Mar 2022 – Accepted: 05 Mar 2022 – Published: 11 Apr 2022 1 climate change affects the marine ecosystem through ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation and through changes in nutrient loading and water circulation, which may all impact marine biological processes from genes to populations, communities and ecosystems (Brierley and Kingsford, 2009; Henson et al. , 2017). The biological consequences range from shifts in species abundance and distributions, changes in dispersal patterns and modification of species interactions to altered food webs and decreasing ocean productivity (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010; Philippart et al. , 2011; Doney et al. , 2012; Burrows et al. , 2019). The changes in biological processes also affect marine ecosystem services and threaten human food security, especially in the most vulnerable areas (Barange et al. , 2014). Climate change also has multiple effects on the Baltic Sea, impacting species, communities and ecosystem functioning. As in the ocean, the effects are usually mediated via climate-affected oceanographic or biogeochemical processes and via associated indirect effects on species interactions, trophic dynamics and ecosystem function mechanisms. These potentially affect the biota inhabiting the Baltic Sea, as well as the human society (Paasche et al. , 2015; Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019; Pihlainen et al. , 2020; Stenseth et al. , 2020). The effects of climate change on the ecosystem may differ from those projected for the oceanic areas, as the differs in many respects from the oceans and even from the coastal ecosystems surrounding the other regional seas and oceans. The communities of the are formed of a peculiar combination of marine, limnetic and brackish-water taxa. The long winter and the strong seasonal cycle give the area subarctic properties, especially in the northern areas. Sea has also been shown to warm up faster than most other sea areas of the world (Belkin, 2009; Sherman et al. , 2009), albeit with large differences between sub-basins (Kniebusch et al. , 2019; Dutheil et al. , 2021). Sea is also strongly affected by its watershed, which is more than 4 times larger than its surface area and is inhabited by ca. 85 million people (Omran and Negm, 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 24** 3. 91* P -value 0. 014 0. 316 < 0. 001 0. 002 < 0. 001 0. 003 PET Mean difference (℃) −2. 28* −0. 37 2. 19* 1. 91* 4. 48** 2. 57* P -value 0. 009 0. 636 0. 012 0. 025 < 0. 001 0. 004 *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01 indicate significant differences 3. 3. Effects of different tree species on Tmrt in different scenarios Figure 4 presents the simulation results for the impact of different tree species on Tmrt in various scenarios. Throughout the simulation period, with the exception of 18:00, Tmrt in all scenarios remained lower than that in PM1. In PM2, Bb exhibited a more pronounced cooling effect at 9:00, resulting in a considerable reduction in Tmrt of 8. 58 ℃. At 17:00, Fa demonstrated the most effective cooling performance, leading to a remarkable decrease in Tmrt of 17. 22 ℃. Conversely, Ls displayed the weakest capability in reducing Tmrt, with a maximum reduction of 12. 27 ℃, resulting in an average cooling effect of only 4. 48 ℃. In PM3, the overall results for Tmrt were similar to those for Ta, indicating that various tree species did not exhibit considerable cooling effects in reducing Tmrt. This could be attributed to the limited shading area provided by the individually planted trees, which restricted their impact on Tmrt. However, unlike in other scenarios, in PM3, most tree species demonstrated the best cooling effect on Tmrt at 9:00. Among them, Fa showed the most considerable cooling effect, reducing Tmrt by 9. 05 ℃, while Ks exhibited the lowest cooling effect, reducing Tmrt by only 2. 06 ℃. Furthermore, Ls exhibited the best effect in reducing Tmrt at 16:00. These variations in the cooling effects of different tree species at different times may be attributed to their unique canopy characteristics, which influence the shading intensity and absorption of radiative heat, thus affecting Tmrt levels at different times of the day. In PM4 and PM5, all tree species demonstrated the most favorable cooling effects on Tmrt at 16:00.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Cryoventing is the only hypothesis that has been offered for sand furrows on Mars, but prior to this study there has been no physical evidence that a pressurised gas layer at a CO2 ice and sandy interface can form the complex patterns similar to those observed on Martian dunes. Our results suggest that sublimating CO2 generates gas flows sufficiently powerful to mobilise grains on top of the incident ice and add to the granular sheet via venting — a process which is hypothesised to form the dark fans accompanying sand furrows12. We have shown for the first time, that a range of furrow morphologies can form by escaping pressurised gas at the interface between a granular surface and a CO2 ice overburden, and that furrow pattern type is independent from the grain size distribution (within our grain size range) of the material into which it is eroded. The data suggest that cryoventing efficacy and furrow pattern type are limited by a pressure gradient provided by vent spacing. Additional data is required to assess the role of ice thickness and vent geometry in furrow formation. Our study has delivered for the first time, physical evidence that (1) linear gully pits and (2) furrows; both active features observed to fade, extend and form in the contemporary Martian climate, may be forming via the action of sublimating CO2 ice. 2. Journal of 82, 4341–4349, (1977). 10. 1126/science. 153. 3732. 136 (1966). 10. 1029/2003JE002223 (2004). ADS 10. 1002/2015JE004909 (2015). 10. 1126/science. 1066556 (2001). 10. 1029/2000JE001455 (2001). 10. 1029/2002JE002007 (2003). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2009. 07. 021 (2010). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2012. 04. 005 (2012). 10. 1038/nature04945 (2006). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 007 (2017). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 039 (2017). 10. 1029/2012GL052226 (2012). 10. 1029/2009GL042192 (2010). ADS 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The marine ecosystem therefore receives excess nutrients and other elements and contaminants from the land via rivers, through the air, and by leaking from the sediments of the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, the irregular inflows of more saline and oxic water, which at specific basin-wide weather conditions enter the Baltic sea through the (Matthäus and Schinke, 1994; Lehmann et al. , 2022) and influence the state and functioning of the Baltic Sea. All of these pathways of chemical elements and oceanographic and biogeochemical processes may be affected by global climate change and the quasi-cyclic climate phenomena such as the Oscillation (NAO). It has also been suggested that impacts and symptoms of global climate change are accumulating faster in the than in other coastal areas of the oceans and that thus can be considered as “a time machine for the future coastal ocean” (Reusch et al. , 2018). However, attribution of the observed ecosystem changes to global (anthropogenic) climate change is challenging because of the multiple synergistic effects between climate and other environmental drivers, such as eutrophication, harmful substances, habitat modification, fishing and introduction of non-indigenous species, which all may have strong impacts on ecosystems and their functioning in time and space (Reusch et al. , 2018; Stenseth et al. , 2020; Bonsdorff, 2021). Therefore, profound knowledge of the mechanisms and processes governing the ecosystem under climate change are vital for the understanding and management of the (Reusch et al. , 2018; Bonsdorff, 2021; Blenckner et al. , 2021). The overall effects of climate change on the have been reviewed in earlier synthesis studies (2008; 2015), in which climate impacts on the marine ecosystem were also assessed (Dippner et al. , 2008; Viitasalo et al. , 2015). Since then, a wealth of field, experimental and modelling studies have shed more light onto the complex interactions between the climate change and the system (Meier et al. , 2022b). In this paper, we review research on climate change effects on the species, habitats, and ecosystem functioning, primarily based on research published in 2010–2021. We include both studies investigating direct effects of climate-related parameters on organisms, as well as studies that investigate the more indirect processes affecting the structure and functioning of the ecosystem through biogeochemistry and food web interactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Among them, Fa exhibited the most pronounced reduction in Tmrt, with decreases of 18. 25 ℃ and 22. 72 ℃ in PM4 and PM5, respectively, while Ks displayed the least effective cooling, resulting in reductions of Tmrt by only 8. 58 ℃ and 9. 27 ℃, respectively. The shading effect of trees played a crucial role in reducing Tmrt. The superior performance of Fa in reducing Tmrt was attributed to its larger canopy size, which allowed it to provide a wider shading environment, effectively reduce solar radiation and enhance the cooling effect of Tmrt. Furthermore, PM5, a fully shaded space in which trees were planted in close proximity, exhibited the best cooling effect. In this layout, the branches and leaves of the trees intersect or overlap, providing maximum shading and resulting in the most effective reduction in Tmrt. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean Tmrt values in the different scenarios. Except for the comparison between PM2 and PM4, there were significant differences in the mean Tmrt values among all the other scenario comparisons (P < 0. 05). In particular, comparisons between PM2 and PM5 as well as between PM3 and PM5 showed highly significant differences (P < 0. 01). 3. 4. Effects of different tree species on WS in different scenarios Figure 5 presents the simulation results for the impact of different tree species on WS in various scenarios. This study conducted simple forced simulations with a wind direction of 135°, and the simulated results were obtained at a height of 1. 5 m. The findings revealed a consistent trend of WS variations across different scenarios: a gradual decrease from 9:00 to 10:00, followed by a gradual increase from 10:00 to 12:00, which eventually stabilized. Except for Ls, all tree species in the four scenarios exhibited a slightly higher WS than PM1. Notably, in scenarios PM2, PM3, and PM5, the WS for Ls was lower than that in PM1, with reductions of 0. 15 m/s, 0. 06 m/s, and 0. 29 m/s, respectively. However, in PM4, the WS below the Ls canopy was slightly higher than in PM1, with an increase of 0. 04 m/s.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: 04. 006 (2013). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 03. 024 (2016). 10. 1038/ngeo2619 (2016). 10. 1016/0017-9310(66)90111-6 (1966). 10. 1038/nature08115 (2009). 10. 1029/2007JE003000 (2008). 10. 1002/2015JE004992 (2016). 10. 1002/2014JE004735 (2015). 10. 1029/2010GL044743. L20203 (2010). Bridges, N. T. et al. Investigation of the Bagnold dunes by the Curiosity rover: Overview of initial results from the first study of an active dune field on another planet. Conference, vol. 47, 2298 (2016). Westoby, M. , Brasington, J. , Glasser, N. , Hambrey, M. & Reynolds, J. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300–314, (2012). 10. 1029/2009JE003540 (2010). 8892. We thank two anonymous reviewers for dedicating their time to help us to enhance this paper. We are indebted in particular to S. Sutton for sharing her expertise on HiRISE image and DTM uncertainty estimates. We thank S. Diniega, P. Becerra and S. J. Conway for insightful discussions. We thank E. Dunne, K. Ryan, P. Veale, M. Harris and the Dept. of Civil, Structural and at Dublin for providing their insight, laboratory space and equipment to carry out this work. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Geography, School of 2, IrelandL. E. & M. C. BourkeInstitute, 1700 E Rd, Tucson, 85719,. C. Bourke & J. N. McElwaineDepartment of 1, KeownView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Evidence is compiled from empirical field studies that show past changes and responses of species, populations, and communities to climate-affected parameters such as temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH. A large number of experimental studies, investigating species responses to the same parameters in microcosms or mesocosms, are reviewed. Studies investigating the complex effects of climate change on the interactions between species and trophic groups, i. e. phytoplankton, bacteria, cyanobacteria, zooplankton and fish, as well as algae or vascular plants and invertebrates grazing on them, are also analysed. Modelling studies, based on coupled oceanographic–biogeochemical models or other types of species-level or food web models, are reviewed. Based on the published research we draw conclusions about the role of climate-driven environmental variables on shaping the structure and functioning of the ecosystem and identify knowledge gaps and current issues of dissensus. Areas in need of more research are recommended. 2 review studies that shed light to the possible climate effects on the ecosystem by studying oceanographic and biogeochemical parameters which have been projected to change due to climate change. As such changes may be affected by both anthropogenic global climate change and natural climate variations, it is first necessary to define certain key terms used in this review. By “global climate change” we refer to the past and contemporary increase in global temperature caused by anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases and its effects on various climatic, oceanographic and biogeochemical parameters. By “climate change”, in turn, we refer to a large-scale shift in climatic parameters affecting the region that may be caused either by global climate change, by cyclic climate fluctuations (such as the ), or by irregular or stochastic variation in climate parameters. We are not considering short-term (between-year or seasonal) weather variations but mainly include studies that attempt to reveal organisms' responses to longer-term (several years to decades) variability in climate. For “ecosystem functioning” we use Tilman's (2001) definition, “the rate, level, or temporal dynamics of one or more ecosystem processes such as primary production, total plant biomass, or nutrient gain, loss, or concentration”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon may be attributed to the obstructive effect of trees with a higher LAI and lower under branch height on wind flow. Trees with a higher LAI possess a greater LAD and smaller interleaf gaps, thereby reducing the wind diversion effect to some extent. Additionally, in PM4, the planting arrangement of trees formed a U-shape with an opening facing south, allowing the wind from the southeast to enter the space through the opening, resulting in a slight increase in WS. 3. 5. Effects of different tree species on the PET in different scenarios Figure 6 presents the simulation results of the impact of different tree species on the PET in various scenarios. The research findings indicated a similar overall trend between PET and Tmrt, suggesting that PET is primarily influenced by solar radiation. From 9:00 to 17:00, the PET for all scenarios was lower than that for PM1. However, the temperatures of most scenarios fell within the domain of strong heat stress, despite the presence of trees. This observation underscored the constrained efficacy of inducing considerable cooling effects through the cultivation of a sparse tree population in outdoor settings. Among the tree species, Fa exhibited the greatest cooling effect in PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5, reducing the PET by 11. 85°C, 8. 07°C, 12. 16°C, and 15. 43°C at 16:00, respectively. In PM2 and PM3, the shade of the trees varied with solar activity. As a result, the tree species with a smaller canopy size, such as Ls, demonstrated the smallest cooling effect on the PET, reducing it by only 7. 95 ℃ and 2. 49 ℃ at 16:00, respectively. The order of the cooling effect of different tree species on the PET, from greatest to least, was: Fa > Bb > Ks > Dr > Ls in PM2, and Fa > Dr > Ks > Bb > Ls in PM3. In PM4 and PM5, the Ks tree species demonstrated the least efficacy in cooling the PET, resulting in reductions of approximately 5. 78 ℃ and 9. 16 ℃ at 16:00, respectively. In these scenarios, tree species exhibited the following PET cooling effectiveness rankings: Fa > Bb > Ls > Dr > Ks. The simulation results showed that Fa exhibited the greatest cooling effect in all scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future, Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett, J. (2011). Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, J. 2011. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, Jeffrey. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett J. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press; 2011. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2011 Purchase book for Implications for Cite this Share this this book The quest for extraterrestrial life doesn't happen only in science fiction. This book describes the startling discoveries being made in the very real science of astrobiology, an intriguing new field that blends astronomy, biology, and geology to explore the possibility of life on other planets. takes readers beyond UFOs to discuss some of the tantalizing questions astrobiologists grapple with every day: What is life and how does it begin? What makes a planet or moon habitable? Is there life on Mars or elsewhere in the solar system? How can life be recognized on distant worlds? Is it likely to be microbial, more biologically complex--or even intelligent? What would such a discovery mean for life here on Earth? Come along on this scientific adventure and learn the astonishing implications of discoveries made in this field for the future of the human race. Bennett, who believes that "science is a way of helping people come to agreement," explains how the search for extraterrestrial life can help bridge the divide that sometimes exists between science and religion, defuse public rancor over the teaching of evolution, and quiet the debate over global warming. He likens humanity today to a troubled adolescent teetering on the edge between self-destruction and a future of virtually limitless possibilities. Beyond UFOs shows why the very quest to find alien life can help us to grow up as a species and chart a course for the stars. In a new afterword, Bennett shares the most recent developments in extrasolar research, and discusses how they might further our quest to find alien life. Author Editor information is an astrophysicist, author, and educator. His books include leading college-level textbooks in astrobiology, astronomy, mathematics, and statistics, as well as the award-winning children's book to the Moon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: These included (always) “Baltic Sea” and (in various combinations) “climate”, “climate change”, “global climate change”, “marine ecosystem”, “temperature”, “salinity”, “acidification” and “pH”, as well as taxonomic groups such as “phytoplankton”, “cyanobacteria”, “bacteria”, “zooplankton”, “microzooplankton”, “mesozooplankton”, “flagellates”, “macroalgae”, “zoobenthos”, “benthic animals”, “fish”, and “microbial loop”. Marine birds and mammals were not included. The words were used as both title and topic search terms, and several reference lists were derived and merged. Some papers from 2021 and 2022 were found and downloaded with an unstructured search performed with 9. 2 reference management software (Clarivate Analytics), and the contents were scrutinised in more detail. Because of the focus period, 2010–2021, the review is not a full systematic review of all research done on climate change effects on the ecosystem this far. Also, certain taxonomic groups and study types were less thoroughly reviewed than others. Fish studies in particular were not comprehensively scrutinised because the complex responses of fish populations to climate, eutrophication and fisheries have recently been addressed by a large number of studies and would merit their own review. Also, we have not reviewed all experimental studies that have dealt with environmental variables that may change with climate change. Our goal is to highlight the variety of field, experimental and modelling studies and to summarise what can be concluded from the recent evidence on the possible effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea. 4 Effects on species and communities 4. 1 change may have direct effects on the physiology and phenology on phytoplankton through physical and chemical parameters and indirectly through hydrodynamics, e. g. stratification and availability of light and nutrients. Top-down forces, i. e. grazing on phytoplankton, may also be modified in various ways if grazer populations change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, PM5 had a lower PET value than the other scenario, indicating better thermal comfort. Table 4 shows the ANOVA results for the mean PET in different scenarios; there was no significant difference (P > 0. 05) in the PET between PM2 and PM4, but there were significant differences among that in other scenarios (P < 0. 05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the PET between PM3 and PM5 (P < 0. 01). 4. DiscussionThe model simulation results demonstrated that tree planting in outdoor environments effectively reduced ambient Ta, Tmrt, and PET, thereby enhancing daytime outdoor thermal comfort. These findings are consistent with those of previous research (Liu et al. 2021; Wu et al. 2021) supporting similar outcomes. Moreover, different tree planting forms exhibited variation in their effects on Ta, Tmrt, and PET. 4. 1. Effect of tree species on thermal comfort. The results demonstrated that, within the designated range, tree species with a lower LAI and larger crown size, such as Fa, were more effective in reducing environmental Ta, Tmrt, and PET than tree species with a higher LAI and smaller crown size, such as Ls. As a result, Fa considerably improved thermal comfort within the canopy space. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the dominant influence of tree shading on thermal comfort and is consistent with the findings of Lin et al. (Feng et al. 2021) who demonstrated that, in the middle of the day, the Ta of the space under a tree decreased by 0. 64 to 2. 52°C compared with that of open space without shade. Furthermore, PET is typically influenced by both solar radiation and WS (Lai et al. 2023). Therefore, tall trees with broad canopies provide extensive shade to the surrounding environment, effectively blocking and attenuating direct solar radiation from entering the space beneath the canopy, resulting in a considerable reduction in Tmrt (Pace et al. 2021). Additionally, the elevated canopy base height of tall trees contributes to improved ventilation in the under-canopy space, facilitating the dispersion of heat and enhancing the convective cooling effects. This explains why tall and broad trees exhibited superior performance in terms of improving thermal comfort in the surrounding environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Reviews "Bennett describes the search for life beyond the Earth in terms that are accessible to the nonscientist and yet reveal a broad understanding of the evolution of stars, planets, and organisms. The author's optimism is contagious. May it help inspire us to actually accomplish these lofty goals. "—James F. is a rich, slow, and rewarding read. Rich because it is full of some of the most interesting current interdisciplinary science regarding planets and life that you can find, blending astronomy, geology, history, and astrobiology in a single narrative. Slow because each page is so full of interesting content that you don't want to skim. Rewarding because Bennett is simply a fantastic writer and presenter, making the read thoroughly enjoyable. No science expertise required. ---Jennifer Wiseman, Books & CultureBeyond UFOs gives a good impression from the moment you first take it into your hands. It is attractively produced, well written, and very thoroughly proofread. It's an interesting and challenging complement to focused research, and will be particularly enjoyed by anyone who has an appetite for broad science tinged with morals. ---Elizabeth Griffin, The ObservatoryThe old adage 'don't judge a book by its cover' (or, in this case, its title) certainly applies here. While one might expect a book of science fiction, Bennett presents this awe-inspiring topic in a scientifically accurate but personal way. I would recommend it to anyone interested in reading a creative summary of the status of the search for life elsewhere in the universe and would hope that it might provide a starting point to inspire the next generation of astronomers and astrobiologists. ---Lisa Jardine-Wright, EducationParticularly enjoyable is the down-to-earth writing; Bennett, an astrophysicist, author, and educator, tells the reader exactly how he feels about various topics (even the role of God in the scheme of things). Readers may not agree with everything he says, but he does offer food for thought. ---B. R. Parker, ChoiceFinalist for the 2008 Eugene M. walks us through the daunting calculations that lead to the conclusion that the existence of life elsewhere is not only possible, but highly likely. But as we wonder where else life exists and what forms it might take, scientists are forced back to more fundamental questions. What is the nature of life itself? Will we know it if we see it? . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The growing season of phytoplankton has been significantly prolonged with warming temperatures during the recent decades. A satellite-based study suggested that the length of the period with chlorophyll concentration of at least 3 mg m−3 has in the doubled, from 110 d in 1998 to 220 d in 2013 (Kahru et al. , 2016). Another study using phytoplankton sampling data from the Bay of Mecklenburg, in the western Baltic Sea, confirmed that the phytoplankton growing season, which in 1988–1992 on average lasted from March to August, now (2014–2017) extends from February to December (Wasmund et al. , 2019), with a longer gap between the spring and late summer peaks. This prolongation was tentatively explained by increased sunshine in spring and higher temperature in the autumn, inducing changes in species composition and settling rates of phytoplankton, remineralisation of organic matter by bacteria, and grazing rates by zooplankton (Wasmund et al. , 2019). The spring species communities have also shifted from dominance of early blooming diatoms to later blooming dinoflagellates and the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Klais et al. , 2011; Hällfors et al. , 2013; Kuosa et al. , 2017; Hjerne et al. , 2019), probably due to changes in climate and weather patterns, including ice cover, solar irradiation and wind conditions (Klais et al. , 2013; Hjerne et al. , 2019). In the long-term data, variable results can be seen according to area and dominating species group. For instance, spring phytoplankton biomass increased in the but decreased in the area (1979–2005); both areas showed antagonism between communities dominated by diatoms or dinoflagellates, and the trends were therefore oscillating rather than linear (Wasmund et al. , 2011). Symptoms of a regime shift were identified, and changes were attributed to approximately 10-year fluctuations in temperature, salinity and nutrients. A linkage to global climate change was not detected (Wasmund et al. , 2011). Some studies have attributed the springtime shifts in phytoplankton phenology and community structure to changes in environmental conditions driven by global climate change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In this study, despite having the highest LAI, Ls showed a limited ability to improve thermal comfort owing to their smaller crown size, which resulted in a restricted shading range. Moreover, the high LAD, small leaf interstitial spaces, and low branch height enhanced airflow obstruction, further constraining the cooling potential of Ls. These findings indicate that the physical characteristics of trees, such as crown width, LAI, and branch height, are important factors influencing both the cooling and ventilation effects of trees, which is consistent with the results of Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2018). Therefore, when designing outdoor campsites, striking a balance between the shading and ventilation effects of trees is crucial, and priority should be given to selecting tall trees with a higher LAI and larger crown diameters to maximize the improvement of thermal comfort. 4. 2. Effect of tree planting forms on thermal comfort The research findings demonstrated that shade from trees considerably improved the thermal environmental conditions of green spaces. Among the different planting forms, patch planting demonstrated superior microclimate regulating ability compared to single tree, U-shaped, and surrounding planting forms. This result is attributable to the continuous canopy that characterizes this planting method, which expands the shading area and effectively blocks incident solar radiation, thereby significantly reducing Tmrt and PET (Hsieh et al. 2018). Additionally, this planting form reduces the Ta of the surrounding environment, effectively improving thermal comfort. This conclusion was consistent with the findings of De et al. (De Abreu-Harbich et al. 2015). However, the area in the center of the surrounding planting form may not be fully covered by branches and leaves, and the shaded area under trees changes along with the position of the sun (Zhang et al. 2022b). Therefore, considering the physical properties of trees (such as height and crown width) is particularly important for ensuring thermal comfort. Abdi et al. (Abdi et al. 2020) showed that different tree planting forms have different effects on ventilation and thermal comfort. The simulation results in the current study showed that the spatial WS increased slightly under different tree-planting forms, which may be because the wind and turbulence intensities under the tree canopy are affected by the aerodynamic characteristics of the tree (Judd et al. 1996). When the wind touches the trees, the wind shielded by the canopy splits into the top and bottom of the canopy, forming two wind fields with different characteristics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Bennett offers a host of lessons here not only about global warming and environmental degradation, but our place in the universe as well. ---by planet, moon by moon, [Beyond UFOs] explores the possibility of life elsewhere in this solar system. It then speculates about other solar systems in our galaxy where, according to the prevailing scientific view, simple life almost surely exists and intelligent life is plausible. For the most part, Bennett's search for extraterrestrial life adds up to a very satisfying package. . . . At its core, this book delivers a combination that is hard to beat: solid yet highly speculative science plus accessible prose that add up to an out-of-this-world reading experience. ---Fred Bortz, Seattle TimesIn cogent and entertaining language, astrophysicist and popular writer Bennett explains that the determining factor in whether we can locate intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is whether such a civilization--and our own--can continue long enough to develop the highly sophisticated technology needed for interstellar travel. . . Bennett does a wonderful job of explaining the conditions necessary for simple life, how we might discern its existence and where we should be looking. He then does the same thing for intelligent life. While he is fair to those who believe life is incredibly rare, he makes a compelling case that life is likely to be abundant. "Precise, accurate, lucid, and engaging. This is popular-science writing at its best. I enjoyed reading this book. "—"This is a fascinating book about the living universe, well-written and timely. "—David Morrison, coauthor of System and Voyages to the PlanetsThis is a highly readable and enjoyable book that centers on astrobiology--a discipline that melds astronomy, biology, geology--and a little bit of luck--to explore the prospect of life on other worlds. . . . Bennett is an excellent writer, taking the reader on an exploration quest to find alien life, and how difficult solar system sleuthing can be, such as on Mars, Jupiter's Europa, or on Saturn's Titan. You'll also find an excellent treatment on current activities surrounding the on-going search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Winner of the 2010 US Review of Books's in Culture"With the possible exception of the God question, I can think of no subject that has inspired such wide-eyed wonder and speculation as the matter of whether or not we are alone in the cosmos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A 15-year study (2000–2014) using FerryBox observations, covering the area between Helsinki (Gulf of Finland) and Travemünde (Mecklenburg Bight), confirmed that spring bloom intensity was mainly determined by winter nutrient concentration, while bloom timing and duration co-varied with meteorological conditions. The authors conclude that the bloom magnitude has been affected by the reduction of nutrient loading from land, while bloom phenology can also be modified by global climate change affecting seasonal oceanographic and biogeochemical processes (Groetsch et al. , 2016). It has also been suggested that in the future climate higher temperatures and less ice will cause an earlier bloom of both diatoms and dinoflagellates, with increased dinoflagellate dominance (Hjerne et al. , 2019). Experimental (mesocosm) evidence supports findings that warming up of water and changes in light conditions will accelerate the spring bloom, induce a decline in peak biomass and favour small size cells, either directly or via increased grazing by copepods (Sommer et al. , 2012). On the other hand, this development may be counteracted by increases of windiness and cloudiness, which have also been projected by certain modelling studies (Hjerne et al. , 2019). Recent studies have however indicated that the projections for spring and summer wind and radiation are uncertain (Christensen et al. , 2022), and future weather changes and associated spring bloom dynamics therefore remain obscure. Climate change effects, i. e. temperature increase, salinity decline and acidification have been shown to have variable results on the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Generally, the growth rates, as well as saxitoxin production, increased with higher temperature and elevated pCO2, but the responses were variable between strains (Kremp et al. , 2012, 2016). In contrast, temperature or salinity changes did not have a significant effect on cyst germination of this species (Jerney et al. , 2019). Climate change also increases concentration of water carbon dioxide, a compound necessary for primary production, and ocean acidification (OA) could therefore enhance productivity of phytoplankton. However, the results of experimental studies investigating effects of pCO2 on phytoplankton are variable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The wind toward the canopy and the wind parallel to the canopy form a turbulent mixing zone and a speed-up belt on one side of the tree, thereby increasing the WS. 4. 3. Study limitations and research directions One limitation of this study was that the investigation focused on a specific region, season, time, and type of green space. Additionally, the proportion of trees in the entire space was relatively small and the configuration was relatively simple; thus, the difference in the ability of trees to improve thermal comfort in different planting forms was not significant. Different green spaces may have diverse tree species types and tree coverage compared to those in the current study. Therefore, additional types of green spaces and tree configurations should be studied in the future. Furthermore, future research should consider the impact of tree planting quantity and species location on the thermal environment of green spaces in the context of different activity types and time periods, such as day and night. 5. ConclusionsCamping has become an increasingly popular activity in China, yet many campsites do not exhibit an optimal microclimate. To study the influence of tree species and tree planting forms on the geothermal environment and thermal comfort in hot and humid areas, this study analyzed a natural campsite in Guangzhou. A verified ENVI-met model was used to simulate the thermal environment of five common trees within four tree planting forms, using PET as the evaluation index of geothermal comfort. The main conclusions are as follows. Shading and ventilation are two important factors that allow trees to regulate their thermal environment and improve thermal comfort. Under the same planting pattern, trees with a low LAI and large crown had a stronger ability to improve outdoor thermal comfort than trees with a high LAI and small crown. Based on the PET evaluation, trees planted in groups or patches provided the highest level of thermal comfort, whereas single trees provided the lowest. Based on these results, we recommend the following considerations for tree planting and the optimization of outdoor campsites in hot and humid areas: Planting designs with a single tree surrounded by open space should be minimized as this layout provides limited comfortable space and poor thermal comfort in a campsite. Trees with a high LAI and a large canopy should be selected for semi-shaded spaces formed by U-shaped planting and fully shaded spaces planted in patches as the crossed branches and leaves provide sufficient shade. The opening of U-shaped planting forms should face the dominant wind direction in summer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence today has almost theological status in terms of its implications, and yet it is a rigorous science conducted by world-class scientists. Jeffrey Bennett's book is one of the finest primers on this burgeoning new field. And even though this can be a technically daunting science, Bennett's highly readable prose invites everyone into the dome to gaze through the telescope to have a look for themselves, for this is a journey we are all on together. "—Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic and columnist for Scientific American[Jeffrey Bennett] has taken a break from the treadmill of updating his textbook and has written a popular book instead, bringing the rest of us up to date on our extraordinary new and expanded universe--and on who else might live in it. . . Beyond UFOs is crammed with neat analogies, startling imagery and mind-blowing illustrations of astronomical concepts. If you want to understand the universe and our place in it, you will not find a better primer. The first diagram alone--which shows how Earth's 10,000-kilometre span of real estate fits into a supercluster of galaxies a billion trillion kilometers across--bear a good 10 minutes of study. This truth is astonishing, and humbling--and Beyond UFOs is a great place to find it. ---Michael Brooks, New ScientistWinner of the 2009 in Cosmology/New ScienceThis exploration of potential alien life is a timely work, just as the steadily increasing discoveries of extra-solar planets makes the possibility of finding alien life more plausible. . . . [Beyond UFOs] is a fully rounded examination of the subject, accessible to all. I guarantee that after reading this book you will be watching space probe results that much more closely. And maybe, you will be watching the skies too! ---and i ix xi 1. Worlds beyond 1 2. It Science? 22 3. Know about 41 4. Life? 62 5. 87 6. of a 111 7. Life in the 137 8. Life among the 161 9. for 184 10. Everybody? 197 207 Afterword to the 209 221 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2011 Edition: With a New afterword by the author Audience: Professional and scholarly;College/higher education; content: 248 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The biomass of southern Baltic autumn phytoplankton (kept in 1400 L indoor mesocosms for 21 d) increased when pCO2 was increased from 439 to 1040 ppm, also under warm conditions (Sommer et al. , 2015). In other experiments, OA had little effect on community composition, fatty acid composition or biovolumes of phytoplankton in spring or autumn (Paul et al. , 2015; Bermudez et al. , 2016; Olofsson et al. , 2019). Even when (positive) effects were detected, they were mainly caused by an associated decrease in grazing by copepod nauplii in low temperature treatments (Paul et al. , 2016). There are also studies that have indicated a connection between phytoplankton and the Oscillation (NAO). A decline in the intensity of NAO in the 1990s was suggested to have been caused by less cloudy conditions, giving more irradiance and less windy conditions, inducing stronger stratification of surface water (Hjerne et al. , 2019). If the shifts are driven by variations in NAO or the Index (BSI, a regional index similar to the NAO), they may be temporary and reversible, whereas shifts caused by global climate change may be more enduring. In the northern Baltic Proper, Åland Sea and the Gulf of Finland, the biomasses of Chrysophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae and Cyanophyceae have increased and the phytoplankton biomass maximum, which in the 1980s was in spring and mainly consisted of diatoms, is now in July–August and is dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). This shift was explained by a complex interaction between eutrophication, climate-induced warming, and increased top-down pressure, as well as changes in DIN:DIP ratio in summer (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). In the Gulf of Bothnia, a gradual decline in salinity was also an important factor for phytoplankton community change in 1979 to 2012 (Kuosa et al. , 2017). It is obvious that climatic influences are intertwined with other processes and parameters affecting phytoplankton, especially anthropogenic nutrient loading from land and internal loading of nutrients from the sediments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Additionally, trees with a slightly lower LAI but higher branch heights can be considered to facilitate campsite ventilation and create a diverse landscape. In areas where privacy is desired or specific activities take place, the dynamic positioning of trees should be considered to ensure optimal shade. Selecting trees with large crowns and taller branches will allow for a combination of open space and adequate shade. DeclarationsWriting-original draft, methodology, investigation, validation, visualization, formal analysis, data curation, and conceptualization: Xinyi Luo. Writing-review and editing, funding acquisition and project administration: Yuankui Li. Investigation and software: Yang Zhao, Jiahao Yang, and Tongye Guo. Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding: This paper is supported by the Science and of (grant no. PT252022006). Data Availability: Not applicable. Compliance with Ethical Standards: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. 2085. (2011) The effects of extreme heat on human mortality and morbidity in Australia: implications for public health. J 23:27s-36. Bowler DE, Buyung-(2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and 97:147-155. (2022) Contribution of urban functional zones to the spatial distribution of urban thermal environment. Building and Environment 216:109000. (2021). Healthy China, Recreation in Space of National Land, and Cultivation of Forces on Tourism:. 312 (2021) 109-114. 10. 14112/j. cnki. 37-1053/c. 2021. 08. 016. De Abreu-(2015) Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics. Landscape and 138:99-109. (2018) Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. of Observation and Geoinformation 67:30-42. (2022) Research on Comfort and Activities in in Subtropical China. Atmosphere. El--Gohary GF (2016) Landscape Design: Towards a through Plantation in Public Schools, Cairo, Egypt. Procedia - Social and 216:206-216.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-dtkg6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-06T01:00:22. 028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >in the Universe >for in the print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents in the Life in the page Acknowledgements1 for Extraterrestrial Life2 Where in the Universe to Look? 3 Evolution – Here and Elsewhere4 Concept of Habitability5 Life in the Solar System6 Life in Systems7 of Extraterrestrial Life8 Intelligence – Here and of 10. 1017/9781009207355. 003 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2022 a Privileged Generation? For many millennia, humans have gazed up in wonder at the night-time sky. The full panoply of the is an awesome sight. The scale of space is immense. Is there life out there somewhere? If so, where, and what form does it take? In the space of a couple of sentences, we’ve already gone from generalized wonder to specific questions. The next step is from questions to hypotheses, or, in other words, proposed answers. Here are two such hypotheses that I’ll flesh out as the book progresses: first, life exists on trillions of planets in the universe; second, it usually follows evolutionary pathways that are broadly similar to – though different in detail from – those taken on Earth. Going from cosmic wonder to questions about alien life and on to hypothetical answers has been possible for a long time. But the final steps – from hypothetical answers to testing the hypotheses to arriving at an understanding of reality – have so far proved beyond humanity’s grasp. That may be about to change. We may be on the threshold of being able to answer the age-old question ‘are we alone in the universe? ’ with a resounding ‘no’. But what is the basis of this claim? The short answer is advancing technology, and in particular advancing design of telescopes. We’ll get to that topic soon. But first, let me reassure you that I’m not alone in my optimism about the imminent discovery of evidence for alien life.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: There is however a discrepancy in the relative effects of eutrophication, climate change, and other environmental and anthropogenic factors in explaining past variations in phytoplankton communities and biomass. Also, several studies have identified complex variations in phytoplankton communities that cannot be easily explained by any of the studied factors or environmental parameters. A study comparing historic phytoplankton communities from 1903–1911 with the present ones (1993–2005) in the northern and the Gulf of Finland observed an undefined “period effect”, characterised by a decline in diatoms and increase in dinoflagellates, that was not explained well by the available environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and general regional climatological data). Although data on biogeochemical parameters was not available for the period 1903–1911, the authors interpreted the observed community change as evidence of the direct and/or indirect influence of eutrophication (Hällfors et al. , 2013). A study investigating summer phytoplankton time series (monitoring 1979–2012) across the found that there were no common interannual patterns. Instead, the class trends, e. g. that of cryptophytes, may be affected by anomalies in the BSI, although a mechanistic explanation for the relationship could not be found (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Other studies did not find any explanation for the observed changes in the biovolumes of different taxa, e. g. decrease in diatoms and increase in certain dinoflagellate taxa, and concluded that phytoplankton community in the is not in a steady state (Olli et al. , 2011), or noted that stochastic dynamics at local scales confound any commonalities between phytoplankton groups (Griffiths et al. , 2020). To sum up, the past changes in phytoplankton community composition have been very variable and usually cannot be explained by a single factor. Some clear signs of climate change, such as prolongation of the growing season are evident, and can be explained by the warming and associated biogeochemical processes, but the changes in species and communities vary from area to area and have multiple reasons, including climate change, changes in nutrient dynamics and changes in trophic interactions. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: (2010) LAI based trees selection for mid latitude urban developments: A microclimatic study in Cairo, Egypt. Building and Environment 45:345-357. Fahmy M, El-Hady H, (2016) LAI and for of Urban Tree's Microclimate: A in Egypt. Fahmy M, El-(2017) On the green adaptation of urban developments in Egypt; predicting community future energy efficiency using coupled outdoor-indoor simulations. Energy and Buildings 153:241-261. -T (2018) Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices. Building and Environment 128:129-142. (2019) Investigation into outdoor thermal comfort conditions by different seasonal field surveys in China, Guangzhou. of Biometeorology 63:1357-1368. (2021) Exploring the effects of the spatial arrangement and leaf area density of trees on building wall temperature. Building and Environment 205:108295. (2019) Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. and Society 49:101634. Höppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International journal of biometeorology 43:71-75. Höppe PR (1993) Heat balance modelling. Experientia 49:741-746. Hsieh C-M, Li J-J, Zhang L, (2018) Effects of tree shading and transpiration on building cooling energy use. Energy and Buildings 159:382-397. Huang H, (2022) Research on the Characteristics of High-Waves and Comfort: A in District as an Example. Buildings. (1996) A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow around single and multiple windbreaks, part I: Velocity fields. Boundary-80:127-165. Kántor N, Kovács A, Takács Á (2016) Small-scale human-biometeorological impacts of shading by a large tree. 8:231-245. (2003) An investigation of shade under six different tree species of the Negev desert towards their potential use for enhancing micro-climatic conditions in landscape architectural development. Journal of 55:231-274. (2014) Outdoor space quality: A field study in an urban residential community in central China.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: A 2021 paper in the leading scientific journal Nature, by the American physicist and his colleagues, began with the following sentence: ‘Our generation could realistically be the one to discover evidence of life beyond Earth. ’ Its authors clearly share my optimism in this respect. Of course, there’s a question-mark hanging over the meaning of ‘our generation’, as the six authors are varied in age, and their readers even more so. But that’s a small uncertainty in the grand scheme of things. The key point is that many scientists suspect that the first evidence of life beyond Earth will be forthcoming on a timescale of years to decades, not centuries. Even if it takes five decades to acquire the first conclusive evidence, a reasonable proportion of those alive today (regrettably not including me! ) will still be here to see it. In the previous paragraph, I used the phrase ‘many scientists’. But scientists of what type? Science is a broad endeavour, and some parts of it are more relevant to the search for life than others. However, that said, many scientific disciplines have a role to play. They include cosmology, astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, atmospheric science, geology, ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, molecular biology, and organic chemistry – and that is far from being an exhaustive list. The principal discipline is astrobiology, which is a mix of some or all of the above, with the exact mix depending on the astrobiologist concerned. Astrobiologists of my generation weren’t trained as such, as there were no courses in the subject, so we’ve migrated towards it from various starting points – in my case evolutionary biology. But there’s a younger cohort of astrobiologists who have indeed been trained in this discipline. Importantly, the ‘many scientists’ who suspect that the first evidence of alien life will be found on the years-to-decades timescale include specialists in all of the disciplines mentioned above, and indeed others too. So this optimism isn’t a passing fad in one particular narrow branch of science.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 2 diazotrophic cyanobacteria benefit from warm temperatures and stratified water, and they tend to bloom during the hottest and calmest periods of summer (Munkes et al. , 2021). Several modelling studies suggest that the climate-induced increase in stratification (Liblik and Lips, 2019), together with potentially increasing hypoxia and consequent release of phosphorus from the anoxic sediments, will increase cyanobacteria blooms in the (Meier et al. , 2011a; Neumann et al. , 2012; Chust et al. , 2014; Lessin et al. , 2014; Andersson et al. , 2015; Ryabchenko et al. , 2016). Many field studies have also stated that cyanobacteria have already increased along with the warming of the Baltic Sea. In the northern Baltic Proper, Åland Sea and the Gulf of Finland, the biomasses of Cyanophyceae have increased, which has been explained by an interaction between warming, eutrophication and increased top-down pressure on species of the spring bloom, as well as changes in DIN:DIP ratio in summer (Suikkanen et al. , 2013). Also, in the Gulf of Bothnia, eutrophication and cyanobacteria have increased in summer (Fleming-Lehtinen et al. , 2015; Kuosa et al. , 2017), and extensive cyanobacteria blooms have in the past few years been detected with satellite methods in the Bothnian Sea, an area usually devoid of such phenomena (unpublished monitoring and satellite records collected by the Institute). The increase of cyanobacteria in the has been attributed to an increased freshwater flow and, since 2000, to an increased intrusion of more saline and phosphorus rich water into the Bothnian Sea. These changes have increased stratification, lowered oxygen conditions, and led to a decline in N:P ratio of the Bothnian Sea, which has favoured the development of cyanobacteria blooms in the area (Rolff and Elfwing, 2015; Ahlgren et al. , 2017; Kuosa et al. , 2017) It has also been suggested that the various drivers of climate change may contribute to increase blooms and toxicity of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the intracellular toxin concentration of the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum sp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting a single species of tree in large areas, like monoculture forestry, is more beneficial to the ecosystem than maintaining biodiversity. [SEP] Text: l23: "remains an open question whether particular species with particular characteristics will disproportionately change how ecosystems function" It remains an important question, but it would be appropriate to recognize that community/system consequences of loss of specific species HAVE been addressed for some cases -- maybe most relevant here, a number of studies on consequences of loss of beech due to beech-bark disease -- another late-successional 'foundation species' in similar forests. . . Quite a few papers over last 30 years. . . (Odd that beech not mentioned in next paragraph, since it's closer parallel in many ways than the cases mentioned) l38: extra "and" l98: 'a' rather than 'an' l96-103: This sentence needs reworking -- probably breaking up into two or more sentences, maybe a little expansion (especially as it lays out basic conceptual structure). Currently diagrams as 'experiment compares and contrasts rates. . . . to two mechanisms. . . ', which isn't quite right. l105: 'following' rather than 'caused by'? attribution of causality needs to follow design that justifies it. . . l107: "the hypotheses": These are predictions, but don't really spell out reasoning. I'd prefer to see 'hypotheses' stated in terms of processes or causal relationships being focused on, and these kinds of pattern predictions stated as testable predictions of those hypotheses. . . WHY are these expectations reasonable? L118: this prediction is more far-reaching and less obviously reasonable than first three. Convergence with hardwood controls seems to requrie several assumptions that aren't really addressed here. L177-178: The rationale for cutting of hardwoods and white pine is not clear, since experiment is directed at detecting effects of removal of hemlock? -- ah, I see from subsequent paragraph that it's intended to mimic a salvage operation. Okay, but that means predictions given in intro have to be in terms of more complex differences between treatments -- not just whether hemlock is felled or dies standing, but whether other stuff is killed/removed or not. . . L210: Grasses and sedges to genus only: This is too bad, since sedges can constitute a good chunk of the herbaceous diversity in such forests. . .

Output: contrast