Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 mm × 1. 2 mm × 10 µm) where they encounter the obstacles. Fig. 2. Analysis of micro-computer tomography images of a sediment sample in water:a) Slice of the sediment sample, b) cube from the center of the cuvette, c) and d) examples of water gaps rendered with the Amira software. e) Distribution of the smallest grain dimension (i. e. , trabecular thickness analyzed with CTAn) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x− µ)2/c2), µ = 3. 83, c = 0. 5903, corresponding to a mean sand grain diameter of 46 µm. f) Distribution of the water gap size (i. e. , trabecular separation) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x−µ)2/c2), µ = 42. 94 µm, c = 28. 66 µm. g) Percentage of sand over water as function of the distance from the bottom of the cuvette as obtained from 2D slices of the µCT images (yellow filled line) and for the equivalent fit with circles (yellow dashed line). The red points show the mean radius of the fitted circles (± standard error of the mean) in µm (right axis). We next analyzed two-dimensional slices of the µCT images at various depths of the sample to study if any difference is observed. This analysis returns similar values of the sand to water percentage (62 – 66% from top to bottom, see Fig. 2g, with the small difference possibly due to sedimentation of the sediment under gravity). The mean radii of circular fits to the grains varies from 68 to 62 µm from bottom to top (Fig. 2g), further potentially indicating a slight effect of sedimentation by gravity. This analysis provides the basis for the construction of our 2D microfluidic channels. To realistically represent the porous environment where magnetotactic bacteria live, we constructed quasitwodimensional microfluidic channels based on the 2D µCT images at different depths (Figure 1). These images (shown in S2) were used as masks (see Methods), such that each sediment grain becomes an irregularly shaped pillar in our quasi-2D structure. Bacteria thus swim through an array of pillars that act as obstacles for their motion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: A photon is the smallest quantifiable unit of an electromagnetic field. The current definition of a photon is based on studies conducted by between 1900 and 1920 (which were based on studies conducted by the German scientist Max Planck). is credited with being the first person to use the term “photon,” which was first published in Nature in 1926. Solar irradiance is the amount of energy that is received from the sun at a certain location and time in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This energy is measured in watts. It is stated as a number, and the unit of measurement used to determine it is W/m2. One of the most important forms of renewable energy is the sun’s rays, which are collectively referred to as “solar energy” by the general public. There are two primary categories of technology that exist to capture the sun’s rays: active solar technologies, such as photovoltaic systems, and passive solar technologies, which encompass a wide range of practises and may include orienting a building to the sun. Active solar technologies include photovoltaic systems. Passive solar technologies include a wide range of practises. Active solar technologies include photovoltaic systems. Advertisement 2. Basic operational principlesDirect use of solar energy can be performed in essentially two different ways: (1) the transformation of sunlight directly into electricity in semiconducting devices that are more popularly known as solar cells; and (2) the collection of heat in solar collectors. The transformation of solar radiation into electrical current is referred to as “photovoltaic energy conversion” (PV), and this is the meaning of the word “photovoltaic energy conversion. ”The photovoltaic effect is responsible for this phenomenon. The phenomena that can cause a potential difference to occur at the interface of two materials that are not identical is referred to as the “photovoltaic effect,” and it is described using the word “photovoltaic effect. ” As a result, the entire field that studies the conversion of solar energy into electricity is referred to as “photovoltaics,” and its acronym stands for “photovoltaic electrics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Splitting the quantification of abundance and biomass into major functional or species groups can provide greater detail and resolution for identifying those aspects of the community or ecosystem that are most affected. with primary producers, the observed biomass or standing stock of secondary producers can be the consequence of rapid or more sluggish growth and predation cycling, so quantifying the rates of secondary production at either community or species scales provides important additional insights into change within environments. There is a wide range of methodologies to calculate gross estimates of pelagic and benthic secondary production from in situ techniques to algorithms (Brey, 2012). It may be useful to emphasize the observation of selected heterotrophic taxa that play a strong structuring role within the local ecosystem or that have high cultural or commercial value. Through its integrative nature, the estimates of secondary productivity are likely to exhibit less temporal variability than that of primary productivity, although the metrics of biomass or standing stock are still the preferable indicator for establishing OA-induced effects on heterotrophs and secondary production. marine secondary producers have planktonic life stages that are coupled to environmental cues which signal food abundance (e. g. , temperature, light), but this pairing may fail if OA-driven shifts in primary production become substantial. The same may be true for other segments of the food web (e. g. , migration patterns of higher organisms). As with primary producers then, quantifying any changes in the phenology of secondary producers will be important for assessing the potential influence of OA on marine ecosystems (Calbet et al. , 2014). 3. 4 Biodiversity and community structure 3. 4. 1 of the processes mentioned in the previous paragraphs result in changes in biodiversity and community structure. There is compelling evidence that the sensitivity of marine organisms to all aspects of OA varies enormously among species (Wittmann and Pörtner, 2013; Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). This variability is created via the combination of different physiological and ecological traits exhibited by the different taxa. Such interspecific variability could allow OA to act directly as a strong selective pressure (Kroeker et al. , 2010, 2013; Hancock et al. , 2020; Figuerola et al. , 2021), decreasing biodiversity directly through species loss (Hall-Spencer et al. , 2008; Enochs et al. , 2015) or indirectly through a host of processes, such as disrupting competition (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In addition, we generated channels with cylindrical pillars by fitting circles to the two-dimensional grain images (Figure 1 and S2). These rounded-shaped pillars of different diameters are used for a comparison of our experiments with computer simulations below. 2. 2 Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through sediment-mimicking obstacle channelsWith the sediment-mimicking channels at hand, we studied the motion of magnetotactic bacteria through those channels. A droplet of culture medium containing bacteria was injected into the entrance channel, which is placed under a custom-designed microscope [27], with a controlled magnetic field of either 0 µT (field cancelled), 50 µT (intensity of the geomagnetic field) or 500 (one order of magnitude larger than the geomagnetic field) µT. We then imaged the entrance and exit regions of the microfluidic channel in an alternating fashion (Figure 3a), with snapshots every 20 s and counted the number of bacteria in these two regions. These counts are noisy and some bacteria pass the channel rapidly, within the first few snapshots. The delay time after which the first bacteria reach the exit region of the channel could therefore not be reliably quantified. Instead, we determined the cumulative density of bacteria in the exit and in the entrance regions of the channel (Figure 3b) and used their ratio, determined 30 min after injecting the bacteria, as a measure of the throughput of bacteria through the channel (see Methods). We determined the throughput in this way for 20 different channels, 10 with irregularly shaped obstacles and 10 with cylindrical pillars (S2). We obtained very similar results for channels with cylindrical pillars and with irregularly shaped pillars (S3). However, we found the strength of the magnetic field to have a strong impact on the throughput, with a non-monotonic dependence on the field strength (Figure 3c). The maximal throughput was obtained for the intermediate field strength of 50 µT, while without a field as well as with a field of 500 µT the throughput was smaller. By contrast, for a channel without obstacles, the throughput increased monotonically with the field strength (S4). This observation suggests that a magnetic field of a similar strength of the Earth’s field enhances the flux of bacteria through the obstacle channel, but a too strong or null magnetic field inhibits it. Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: ” The term “photovoltaics” comes from the combination of the Greek word for light (“photo”) with the Italian name of an early electrical researcher, (1745–1827), which is shortened to “Volt. ” Since most people do not know what the word “photovoltaics” means, the term “solar electricity” has become the most frequent way of referring to PV solar energy. Three primary processes are necessary for the photovoltaic effect to take place: (1) the generation of charge carriers as a result of photon absorption by the materials comprising a junction; (2) the subsequent separation of the photo-generated charge carriers within the junction; and (3) the collection of the photo-generated charge carriers at the terminals of the junction. 2. 1 History of photovoltaic effectThe discovery of the photovoltaic phenomenon is attributed to a French physicist named Becquerel in the year 1839. During the course of his experiments using metal electrodes and electrolyte, he noticed that the conductivity increased as the amount of light increased. made the discovery that selenium possesses photovoltaic properties in the year 1873. Actually, when a material absorbs light at a frequency over a threshold frequency that varies with the substance, electrons are released. This phenomenon is called the photoelectric effect, and it is closely related to the photovoltaic effect. Taking into account the fact that light is presumed to be made up of individual energy quanta (photons), was able to explain this phenomenon in 1905. This type of photon’s energy can be calculated as E=hν, where h is Planck’s constant and ν is the frequency of the light. In 1921, published the paper on the photoelectric effect for which he received his sole Nobel Prize. After another decade, the first pure semiconductor was developed in 1931. Solar cells were first used for space applications in the 1950s. In a short amount of time, was able to surpass the previous record for solar cell efficiency, achieving highs of 10 and 14% in the years 1959 and 1960, respectively. The earliest solar cells, which had an efficiency of roughly 8%, were invented in 1957. A short time after that, the first PV cell made of amorphous silicon was developed, and the capacity of PV systems reached 500 kW.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 1 the impact of OA on marine biodiversity requires not only characterizing how these changes will affect ecosystems, but also how populations will respond via acclimation and adaptive evolution (Sunday et al. , 2014). OA is an important driver of phenotypic (e. g. , morphology, physiology, life history, and even behavior) (Kroeker et al. , 2013) and genetic change (functional and structural) (e. g. , de Wit et al. , 2016; Lloyd et al. , 2016). OA is therefore an important component of natural selection. The selective effects of OA can influence micro-evolutionary dynamics by altering demographic parameters (Bramanti et al. , 2015), genetic diversity (Lloyd et al. , 2016), and the molecular regulation of functional pathways (de Wit et al. , 2016; Runcie et al. , 2016) in marine organisms. Every species and population has an adaptation potential to OA that is mostly dependent on genetic diversity (Sunday et al. , 2014). Characterizing the present level and rate of changes in relevant aspects of genetic diversity is key to understanding the future of marine ecosystems. While this signature can be specific to OA, the signal can vary in strength and direction across temporal and spatial scales depending on the particular genetic and environmental backgrounds of natural populations (Pespeni et al. , 2013; Calosi et al. , 2017; Gaitan-Espitia et al. , 2017). Progress in high-throughput sequencing technologies allows rapid, cost-effective, and informative measurements of molecular genetic variation (functional and neutral) in natural populations. These techniques have the potential to track, assess, and disentangle the specific OA signature at the molecular level and estimate the rate of micro-evolution in response to OA across population and species. 3. 5. 2 Indicator categories and observations Neutral genetic variation OA can negatively impact nonfunctional genetic variation in marine organisms (Lloyd et al. , 2016; Bitter et al. , 2019). Indicators of these effects can be estimated from population genetic parameters such as the number of alleles, heterozygosity, effective population size, inbreeding, and population divergence (Schwartz et al. , 2007). This assessment can be achieved using classic molecular markers (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through obstacle channelsA) View of a channel, in which the entrance (IN) and exit regions (OUT) are indicated, in which the bacterial density was monitored. The magnetic field points to the left. B) Cumulative bacterial intensity (measuring the cumulative arrival of bacteria) in these two regions, for three different field strengths. C) Bacterial throughput, quantified by the ratio of the cumulative intensities in the OUT and IN regions as function of the magnetic field. 2. 3 Simulations of bacterial swimming through obstacle channelsTo gain further insight into how magnetotactic bacteria navigate through these complex environments, we compared our experimental findings to numerical simulations. To this end, we modeled the magnetotactic bacteria as dipolar active Brownian p0. 2 µm. Therefore, all the following numerical simulations where carried out with the interaction parameter set to α = 0. 2 µm. Fig. 4. Sliding of bacteria on obstacle surfaces:(a) Experimental trajectories of sliding bacteria (B = 0). (b) Trajectory of sliding p0. 6 µm from the surface, dashed line). The sliding distance is the distance covered tangentially to the surface. (c) Histogram of sliding distances as measured in the experiment (filled black circles) and the simulation (empty markers, for different values of the wall torque parameter α). We find good agreement for α = 0. 2 µm. When analyzing sliding distances from obstacles of different sizes and thus different curvatures, we saw only a weak dependence on the curvature in both experimental and simulated trajectories (S5 and S6). However, our obstacles are all much larger than the size of the bacteria, so we cannot exclude a curvature dependence for obstacles comparable to their size. We noticed that in the experiments, the bacteria appeared to be slower while sliding along the walls compared to free swimming. This effect was neglected in the simulations. Next, we simulated the motion of active dipolar p5. To escape a trap, bacteria need to reorient temporarily against the direction of the magnetic field. While some traps allow a fraction of the bacteria to escape and eventually arrive at the exit (purple trajectories that turn red), others do not (blue trajectories). Blue trajectories typically end in a trap of the latter type. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: This amount continued to rise, reaching its highest point of 21. 3 MW in the year 1983. A high-concentrating photovoltaic (PV) facility with a capacity of 175 kilowatts (kW) was finally constructed in the state of Arizona in the in the year 2002. A new PV technology efficiency record of 40% was set 4 years later. In 2012, when the global PV capacity hit 100 GW, production prices dropped drastically to $1. 25 per watt. The first solar-powered aircraft completed a global flight in 2016 [3]. The global PV power potential is shown in Figure 1. Solar photovoltaic generation will increase by 23 percent, from 156 GWh in 2015 to 821 GWh in 2020, making it the fastest-growing renewable energy source after wind and ahead of hydropower. PV capacity additions experienced an exceptional rise (a record of 134 GW) in China, the US, and Vietnam. Unquestionably, solar PV is moving toward becoming the most affordable choice for producing power globally, and in the years to come, it is anticipated to draw significant investment [4]. Figure 1. Monocrystalline structure. 2. 1. 1 Construction and working of photovoltaic cellPhotovoltaic cells are a type of electrical device that are capable of transforming the energy from light into electric current. The solar cell is an example of a photovoltaic cell. This type of cell is often referred to as a PV cell, which is an abbreviation for “photovoltaic cell. ” A solar cell is composed of its most fundamental component, a diode with a p-n junction. Photoelectric cells, of which solar cells are a type, are devices in which the presence of light causes a change in the electrical properties of the device (such as the current, the voltage, or the resistance). One sort of cell that fits within this category is the solar cell. In the process of fabricating solar panels, modules that have been constructed from solar cells and then joined together are utilised. These modules are then incorporated into panels. When producing at their best levels of efficiency, the vast majority of single-junction silicon solar cells have an open-circuit voltage that falls somewhere in the range of 0. 5 to 0. 6 volts on average. This occurs when the cells are functioning at their optimal levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: We propose that quantifying the relationship between these rates of biological change and the rates of chemical change associated with OA is an effective way to assess the influence of that OA on the biological change observed. At any given location, this approach would thereby provide information on the risks and vulnerabilities associated with OA. A comparison of rates of change of specific chemical and biological indicators will also help in building a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between changes in relevant carbonate parameters and biological processes (e. g. , Osborne et al. , 2019). More importantly, it would allow comparison among overall biological responses across a wide range of locations. As a general principle, in situations in which OA is the primary driver of a biological response, the rate of that biological change is expected to be closely correlated with the rate of chemical change. The precise nature of this relationship (i. e. , the direction and slope magnitude) will also depend on the sensitivity of the process, organism, or ecosystem: at a given rate of chemical change, a sensitive organism is expected to show a stronger biological response than a less sensitive one. The rate of biological change is then the product of the interaction between biological sensitivity and rate of chemical change. By plotting together data from various long-term studies, with each time series of biological and chemical observations represented on a plot by a single point (defined by the rate of biological change on the x axis and the rate of chemical change on the y axis), it is possible to compare across different studies to define a generic relationship between OA and a specific biological trait (Fig. 2). While we use a linear relationship between the chemical and biological rates of change as an illustration in the Fig. 2, the precise nature of this relationship may follow other patterns such as a nonlinear tipping point response (e. g. , Wunderlink et al. , 2021). Figure 4(a) Projection of larval abnormality under different scenarios of rate of chemical change. The rate of biological change was estimated for each scenario as the coefficient of the significant regression between time and abnormality (%) over the linear phase of the curve. (b) Relationship between the chemical and the biological rates of change. DownloadIt is important to remember that OA will not be the dominant driver at all locations. For example, a sensitive species exposed to a low rate of chemical change may lead to a lower rate of biological change than a more tolerant species exposed to a high rate of chemical change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5Simulated motion of bacteria in an obstacle channel:Heat maps of the time-averaged density of bacteria from simulations of 2000 bacteria for 30 min with a magnetic field B = 50 µT, pointing from left to right). . The blue map represents bacteria that did not arrive at the right end of the simulation box during the simulated time the red heat map represents those that did. The interplay between magnetic field and the channel’s geometry creates natural paths through the channel. These paths can include or end in traps, formed by overlapping obstacles (examples are indicated by the green boxes). Figure 6a shows corresponding trajectories (again plotted as heat maps) for different strengths of the magnetic field. Increasing the magnetic field strength has two opposing effects: On the one hand, bacteria are on average more aligned with the direction of the magnetic field and the observed paths through the channel become more focused as their persistence length increases with increasing field. As a consequence, the bacteria are expected to cross the channel faster. For very weak fields, the bacteria explore the channel in an effectively diffusive manner; for the case of 50 µT, we observed one dominant path through most of the channel. On the other hand, bacteria become more susceptible to trapping with increasing field. For a field of 500 µT, no simulated bacterium crossed the channel within the simulation time and the path that was dominant at 50 µT now ends in a trap, from which the bacteria can no longer escape at 500 µT. This negative effect of the magnetic field arises because escape from traps requires that the bacteria transiently orient against the field. These effects thus have opposing influences on the throughput of the channel and provide an explanation for our observation that intermediate field strengths generate the highest throughput. To quantify these observations, we determined the cumulative arrival of bacteria in the exit area, ϕtot, which is plotted in Figure 6b as a function of time. This quantity also exhibits the non-monotonic behavior as a function of the magnetic field. We then performed extensive numerical simulations for a wide range of field strengths and for 10 different channels with different obstacle arrangements. We quantified the time of the first arrival (indicated by circles in Figure 6b) and the overall fraction of bacteria that arrived until the end of the simulation time ϕtot (crosses in Figure 6b) as functions of the field strength (Figure 6 c).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: This by itself is not a particularly large quantity, but you need to keep in mind that these solar cells are on the diminutive side. An enormous solar panel has the potential to provide a considerable amount of energy that is kind to the environment. 2. 1. 1. 1 Construction of a solar cellAlthough solar cells differ slightly in manufacture from standard p-n junction diodes, they are essentially the same thing. On top of the far more substantial n-type semiconductor, which serves as the base for the formation of the p-type semiconductor, an extremely thin layer is added (Figure 2). On top of the p-type semiconductor layer, we then place a few thinner electrodes. Figure 2. Construction of solar cell. When these electrodes are utilised, the p-type layer does not have its accessibility to light inhibited in any way. A p-n junction can be found just beneath the p-type layer in this structure. The underside of the n-type layer is likewise equipped with an electrode for collecting current. So that the solar cell is not damaged by accidental mechanical disturbance, we enclose the whole thing in a thin glass enclosure. 2. 1. 1. 2 Working of a solar cellBecause the p-type layer is so thin, light photons can easily access the p-n junction. This allows light to go through the material more quickly. A sufficient quantity of energy is supplied to the circuit by the photons of light, which enables the circuit to generate a significant number of electron-hole pairs. Because of the light, the link is no longer in a condition of thermal equilibrium. This is because of the light. Free electrons have an easier time making their way to the n-type side of the junction when they are located in an area that is deficient in electrons. The depletion produces holes that have the capability of rushing to the P-type side of the link, where they can cause further damage. The barrier potential of the junction halts the freshly formed free electrons in their tracks as soon as they reach the n-type side, rendering them unable to continue crossing the junction. This occurs as soon as the electrons reach the n-type side. Once they have reached the p-type side of the junction, newly generated holes are unable to continue crossing the junction because of the constant barrier potential that exists between the two sides of the junction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: The performance curve between pH and larval abnormality was experimentally measured for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis population from the Gullmarsfjord in Sweden (Ventura et al. , 2016; medium sensitivity on Fig. 3b). The present average pH in surface seawater in the Gullmarsfjord is 8. 1 (Dorey et al. , 2013). Rates of pH change ranging from 0. 001 (slow change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 08 pH units by 2100) to 0. 006 pH units of decrease per year (fast change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 48 pH units by 2100) were compared. These rates were used to estimate the pH at any given time, and the associated abnormality was calculated using the performance curve adapted from Ventura et al. (2016) (Fig. 4a). For each scenario of rate of chemical change, the rate of biological change was calculated as the slope of the significant linear regression between time and abnormality (%) over the linear phase of the curve. Ideally, the rate of biological change should be calculated using a nonlinear model following the shape of the nonlinear performance curve between pH and the tested parameter (e. g. , Fig. 3b for percent of abnormality). These performance curves can take many forms depending on the measured parameter and species. For example, common shapes of physiological performance curves include U shape, sigmoidal, logarithmic, exponential, and inverted U shape (Little and Seebacher, 2021). However, in practice the shape of these curves is often unknown and it would not be possible to derive relevant rates of change from biological observations over a relatively short period of time. Under these circumstances, using a linear regression is a good alternative. From the projections using the blue mussel data, we observe a linear relationship between rates of chemical and biological change. In other words, for a given organism at a given location, the rate of biological change increases with the rate of chemical change (Fig. 4b). Figure 5(a) Evaluation of the rate of biological change as the coefficient of the significant regression between time and abnormality over time (after collecting 10 years of data, 20 years of data, etc. ). (b) Relationship between the number of years of data for the biological monitoring and the calculated rate of biological change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: The first arrival time decreases with increasing field strength, however, the poor throughput for weak fields is mostly due to the slow arrival of the bulk of the bacteria, while some bacteria still cross the channel on an almost direct path. The fraction of arrivals, by contrast, shows the non-monotonic behavior indicated by our experimental results. Results for different channels (grey lines in Figure 6 c) are qualitatively similar. Quantitatively, the arrival fraction ϕtot shows considerable dependence on the channel geometry, with maximal arrival fractions between 50 and 100 % and maximal throughput in the range between a few and a few tens of µT. By contrast, the first-arrival time t f seems not to be affected by channel geometry (Figure 6 c). Fig. 6. Effect of magnetic field strength on simulated swimming through obstacle channels:(a) Motion of bacteria in a channel for different values of the field strength B (heat maps of the densities of arriving and non-arriving bacteria, blue and red, respectively, as in Figure 5) (b) Fraction ϕ of simulated bacteria that have arrived up to time t for different B. Circles mark the first-arrival times tf; crosses with thin lines mark total arrival fractions ϕtot. The curve for B = 500 µT remains at 0. (c) First-arrival times tf (top) and total arrival fraction ϕtot (bottom) as a function of the field strength B. With stronger fields, tf converges to the first-arrival time of a persistent swimmer in an empty channel (dashed grey line). ϕtot shows a peak at an intermediate (optimal) field strength, which can be explained by the interplay of two opposing effects that arise with stronger fields: effectively faster motion in the direction of the field and higher susceptibility to trapping. Blue data points show the results for the channel shown in a), gray lines show results in other channels. 2. 4 Escape from trapsOur simulations indicate that trapping of bacteria in the corners between overlapping obstacle pillars plays a crucial role for the non-monotonic dependence of the bacterial throughput on the magnetic field. We therefore investigated the escape from traps in more detail by simulating a large number of trap configurations with different geometric features.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: When the number of electrons on one side of a p-n junction (the n-type side) is greater than the number of holes on the opposite side of the junction, the p-n junction behaves like a small battery cell. This occurs when the number of electrons on the n-type side of the junction is greater than the number of holes on the other side of the junction (the p-type side). The voltage that is generated is known as “photovoltage,” which is only another word for what it is. When there is only a light load placed across the junction, there will only be a very small amount of current flowing through it. 2. 1. 2 Basic structure of a photovoltaic cellAn anti-reflective coating (ARC), which is found in the vast majority of existing technologies for solar cells [5, 6], is an anti-reflective coating that is essential to the fabrication of solar cells. Because silicon has such a significant surface reflection, it is often sprayed over cells that are made entirely of silicon. The front contacts that is necessary to gather the current from the solar cell (Figure 3). They frequently construct with metal materials. An emitter that absorbs photons and then transfers the energy from those photons to an excited state that carries a charge after doing so. Since pentavalent-doped (n-type) silicon has a higher surface quality than trivalent-doped (p-type) silicon, it is placed in the front of the cell, which is where the majority of the light absorption takes place. This is because pentavalent-doped (n-type) silicon is more expensive than trivalent-doped (p-type) silicon. In a p-n junction, the majority of the electrons in the region of the n-type side of the junction that is closest to the junction diffuse to the p-type side, and the majority of the holes in the region of the p-type side that is closest to the junction diffuse to the n-type side. The front contact is more critical than the rear contact since it is closer to the junction; nevertheless, the rear contact does not need to be transparent because it is further away from the junction. Figure 3. Basic structure of photovoltaic cell. 2. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: DownloadIt is then possible to use these data to estimate the number of years of observations to detect a negative impact. In the region where the mussels were collected, the current rate of chemical change in surface water is estimated as a decrease of 0. 0044 pH units per year, corresponding to a decrease of 0. 35 pH units by 2100 (Andersson et al. , 2008). Based on our model, this would lead to an observed rate of biological change of 0. 8861 % of abnormality per year by 2100 (Fig. 4). Using this model, it is possible to quantify the evolution of the rate of biological change over time (Fig. 5a) and then estimate how many years of observations are needed to calculate a good estimate. The rate of biological change increases with increasing years of observations (Fig. 5b). As a consequence, biological monitoring over a short period of time leads to an underestimation of the rate of biological change. For the mussel M. edulis in the Gullmarsfjord and under a realistic rate of chemical change, we can then estimate that at least 70 years of biological monitoring would be needed to calculate an accurate rate of biological change. It is worth noting that in the example presented above, the subject species was considered to be relatively insensitive to OA, resulting in a need for many decades of monitoring. For more sensitive biological subjects and processes in areas of more rapid chemical change, the required length of observations will be much shorter. It is also important to note that other parameters or stressors, short-term variability, ecology, and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in three “hypothetical model” organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. , Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. , temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al. , 2015; Thor and Dupont, 2015; et al. , 2016). Assuming a rate of chemical change of 0. 0044 pH units per year (Andersson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: We first considered symmetric traps as shown in Figure 7a and varied the strengths of the magnetic field and the trap depth d (by varying the overlap between two circular pillars with fixed radius r). In this case, p7. Escape from traps: Simulation(a) Trajectories of 100 bacteria escaping from the apex of a symmetric trap (B = 50 µT). The trap consists of two obstacles of radius 50 µm, in a distance of Δy = 100 µm. This results in a trap depth d = 50 µm. (b) Distribution of escape times of bacteria from the trap in (a). An exponential curve exp(−t/τ) (dashed line) is fitted to the data, with mean escape time τ = 22 s. (c) Dependence of the mean escape time τ on the field strength B for the trap in (a). An exponential curve is fitted to the data (dashed line). (d) Trajectories of 100 bacteria escaping from the apex of a generic trap (B = 50 µT). (e) Dependence of τ on d for B = 50 µT. Blue points show symmetric traps with both obstacles of radius 50 µm, similar to the trap in (a), gray points show a representative sample of all possible traps. An exponential curve is fitted to the blue data points (dashed line). Finally, we asked whether trapping of bacteria in corners is directly visible in our experiments. For that, we focused on one trap, indicated by the triangular area in Figure 8 (inset) and tracked the bacterial density in that area over time. Indeed, we could see bacteria trapped in this corner as indicated by a constant bacterial density in the trap. We then reduced the field strength in two steps, first from 500 µT to 50 µT and then to 0 µT. After both steps, we could observe a reduction of the bacterial density (Figure 8), indicating the expected release of bacteria from the trap upon reduction of the field and providing direct evidence for trapping in our experiments. Fig. 8. Escape from trap: ExperimentThe bacterial density in a trap (indicated by the yellow triangular area in the inset) is monitored over time. At the time points indicated by the arrows, the field strength is reduced (from 500 µT to 50 µT and from 50 µT to 0 µT, respectively), allowing the escape of trapped bacteria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: 3 Different types of PV cellTypically, there are four primary kinds of solar cells, which include the following:(1) Monocrystalline solar cells, (2) polycrystalline cells (multi-silicon cells), (3) amorphous solar cells, and (4) thin film solar cells. (1) Monocrystalline solar cells, which are also known as single crystalline cells (Figure 1), can be differentiated from other types of solar cells by their dark black appearance. As a result of this look, monocrystalline solar cells are easily identifiable in comparison to other forms of solar cells. They are made using an incredibly pure type of silicon, which is what has driven them to the position of being the most effective material for the process of converting sunlight into electricity. As a result of this, solar panels have risen to the position of being the most effective material. Solar photovoltaic cells made from monocrystalline silicon have an efficiency of 15%*, making them the most effective but also the most expensive option. They are capable of producing up to four times as much electricity as thin-film solar panels, but they only take up a small fraction of the space. In environments with low light, their performance is superior to that of other panels, and they have a longer lifespan. The most major downside of this option, as well as the primary reason why it does not enjoy more popularity among homeowners, is the high cost. In addition, dust and shadows can cause the circuit to malfunction, and the method of manufacturing that involves cutting the cells into wafers is usually regarded as being inefficient. (2) At the very beginning of the 1980s, the solar industry developed polycrystalline cells (Figure 4), which are also known as multi-silicon cells. These cells were the very first solar cells ever made for use in commercial applications. Inside the cell, the process of synthesis can result in the formation of a number of crystalline formations. It is less difficult to put into action in a production line. It is far less expensive than monocrystalline, despite the fact that it is less effective. (3) Amorphous solar cells, which are neither organised nor crystallised at the molecular level (Figure 5), were traditionally used for smaller-scale applications because the term “amorphous,” which means “shapeless” in English, gives the impression that they are.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Working with low-sensitivity organisms would lead to a severe underestimation or unrealistically long data collection periods for an accurate estimation of the rate of biological change. As sensitivity can be modulated by several parameters (e. g. , evolution) within a population, it is recommended to regularly calculate the rate of biological change and plot it over time. The rate of biological change is expected to increase with time until saturation is reached (Figs. 5 and 6b). At saturation, the rate of biological change can then be considered robust. Finally, when comparing chemical and biological rates of change, it is also critical to ensure that the spatiotemporal resolution of the carbonate chemistry data is directly relevant for the given species or ecosystem being observed. For example, chemistry data collected in the surface water may not be relevant for a tidal organism experiencing much more variability than that detected by the chemical observations. Similarly, it is important to remember that the carbonate chemistry experienced by a given species is also dependent on its biology. For example, some species migrate over large distances and through very different bodies of water or have different life-history stages living in different environments. Alternatively, some species, mainly sessile, can alter temporal dynamics in the surrounding carbon chemistry through physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification (e. g. , seagrasses, kelp) (Pfister et al. , 2019; Unsworth et al. , 2012). 6 the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity of marine ecosystems and coastal communities towards OA requires a broad range of data. Measurements and calculations related to SDG indicator 14. 3. 1 (“average marine acidity – pH – measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations”) provide the chemical information required for such analyses. However, achieving SDG target 14. 3 (“minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels”) will also require correlating those observed chemical changes with the biological response. This immense task can only be accomplished with a combination of approaches including laboratory and field experimentation, modeling, and biological observations. While the body of experimental evidence on OA impacts is growing rapidly, in situ monitoring conducted specifically for identifying and quantifying biological responses to OA is far less common. Our innovative approach goes beyond the simple monitoring of specified biological traits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Concluding remarksIn this study, we have used experiments in microfluidic channels and p4. 1 Characterization of sediment4. 1. 1 Sample harvesting and preparationThe sediment sample was collected in the Großer Zernsee lake (Potsdam, Germany), from the first layer of sediment (5 cm) in the shallow water nearby the shore. Macroscopic organic matter was manually removed. The sand was stored in lake water, and shaken before sample preparation to avoid strong sedimentation effects. The sample of sand in water was placed in a plastic cuvette of 4 mm in diameter, with a layer of water covering the top of the sand. 4. 1. 2 Micro-computer tomographyThe micro-computer tomography scan was performed with the SkyScan 1172 scanner. For the scans, the following setting were used: X-ray source 89 kV, 112 µA, Size (µm)=1. 56, Exposure (ms)=1400, (°)=0. 150, with frame averaging. Raw data were reconstructed using NRcon software (Version 1. 6. 10. 4). For the reconstruction: (µm)=1. 56202, Range (deg)=360. 00, (deg)=0. 1500, Correction=10, Smoothing=0, Filter cutoff relative to Nyquist frequency=100, Filter type description=Hamming (Alpha=0. 54), Correction (%)=70. 4. 1. 3 3D statistical analysis with CTAnFor the statistics, the first 1316 bottom slices were used (2 mm of sample), to avoid slices not completely filled by sand and distortion effects that were seen in the top slices. The microCT images were processed by thresholding with Otsu method, despeckled (for white and black speckles, to reduce the noise) and a Median filter was applied with the the CTAn software (Version 1. 16, Brucker). The 3D statistics regarding the grain-size distribution (trabecular thickness) and the water-gap distribution (trabecular separation) was obtained by the CTAn software (Version 1. 16, Brucker). In this process, the grain sizes are quantified by the smallest dimension of the sediment grains. The distributions were fitted with a fitting tool, using a Gaussian fitting model a exp(−(x − µ)2/c2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: (4) Thin film Solar cells—During the manufacturing process, several layers of photovoltaic material are layered on top of one another and stacked in the form of modules that are constructed of thin film solar cells. Using this process to develop a cell (thin film) results in a lesser requirement for silicon, which in turn results in cheaper production costs. In most cases, it is less expensive, but the rate of efficiency it achieves is significantly lower [7]. Figure 4. Polycrystalline. Figure 5. Amorphous. 2. 1. 4 Equivalent circuit of a solar cellIn order to appreciate the electronic behaviour of a solar cell, it is helpful to construct a model that is electrically equivalent and is constructed on discrete electrical components whose behaviour is well understood. This model should be based on discrete electrical components. Because there is no such thing as a perfect solar cell in the actual world, the model incorporates both a shunt resistance component and a series resistance component (Figure 6). A current source that is coupled in series with a diode can successfully duplicate the characteristics of an ideal solar cell. Figure 6. The equivalent circuit of a solar cell. 2. 1. 5 Photovoltaic (PV) systemSolar cells are semiconducting devices that are responsible for converting solar energy into electricity. This transition takes place inside of a solar cell. A solar cell is a piece of equipment that can produce a specific amount of electrical power when exposed to sunlight. This particular kind of cell can produce both a voltage and a current as its output. A solar panel, which is also referred to as a photovoltaic module, is constructed out of a collection of solar cells and is used to generate electricity for the operation of various useful devices that require a particular voltage or current. Solar arrays are formed when individual solar panels are interconnected in order to generate huge amounts of solar-generated electricity. The solar panels are just one component of a more extensive photovoltaic (PV) solar system. Depending on the application, the photovoltaic (PV) solar system may additionally comprise batteries for storing any excess electricity, dc/ac inverters for connecting the PV solar system to the electrical grid, as well as any additional electrical or mounting components. The balance of systems is the name given to the second component of the photovoltaic solar system, which is composed of these additional components (BOS).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: However, this is only one of the many valid reasons to identify a monitoring site, and as OA is only one of the many environmental parameters driving biological changes, other sites should not be neglected. No single approach can explain the complexity of the biological consequences of OA. Monitoring is the ultimate tool to observe the impact of OA in the ocean, but understanding and addressing the issue will require a combined approach with paleo-investigations, field and laboratory experimentation, and modeling (Dupont et al. , 2021). Each of these approaches is associated with its own set of strengths and limitations. Monitoring is realistic but often requires decades of data; experimentation can provide a mechanistic understanding over shorter periods of time but leads to practical limitations in terms of the realism (e. g. , single stressors, lack of ecological relevance, short term; Riebesell and Gattuso, 2015). The real strength comes from a combination of approaches. For example, we show that laboratory-based performance curves combined with data from observations of the carbonate system can be used to estimate the duration of a biological observing program to detect meaningful trends. Similarly, data from chemical and biological observations could be combined to evaluate the performance curve of a given species in its natural environment (realized niche) and compare with the curves from the laboratory (fundamental niche). New data and information obtained when measuring biological indicators alongside chemical changes due to OA will allow the scientific community to contribute to the achievement of the vision of the UN Decade of for Sustainable Development, which involves “the science we need for the ocean we want” (IOC-2020), as well as its outcomes and objectives. Biological observations assessing the impacts of OA will support several challenges, in particular Challenge 2, which is to “understand the effects of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems, and develop solutions to monitor, protect, manage and restore ecosystems and their biodiversity under changing environmental, social and climate conditions”. Furthermore, the implementation and related initiatives of this proposed strategy will be an integral part of delivering the program “Research for Sustainability (OARS) – Providing society with the observational and scientific evidence needed to sustainably identify, monitor, mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification; from local to global scales”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the grain-size, the fitting was performed on the distribution of the logarithm of the size, while for the water-gaps the fitting was performed on the gap size. The 3D visualization was done with the Amira software. 4. 1. 4 2D statistical analysis2D image preparationThe 2D slices obtained from the microCT reconstruction at different regular depths (0, 624, 1248 and 1872 µm) from the bottom of the cuvette, Fig. 1a) were first processed with ImageJ: the images were cropped in the center to avoid the border effects, they were binarized to get black and white masks and a Median filtering was applied for smoothing Fig. 1b. Circle fittingSubsequently, the images were analyzed by a custom-made program (Fig. 1c): erosion was applied to separate the grains from each other (settings: diamond shape and radius 9 pixels). Subsequently, the centroid function provided the center of each grain and the radius of a circle with equivalent area. Grain size statisticsThe radii of the circular fit were used for calculating the statistics of the slice (Fig. 1d). The percentage of sand was calculated as black pixels number over total number of pixel times 100. While the 3D analysis method estimates the smallest dimension of the grain and thus underestimated grain size, the 2D method slightly overestimates the biggest dimension of the grain (see Fig. 2g). 4. 2 Microfluidic channel4. 2. 1 Mask template preparationThe 2D microCT binarized and processed images (see section 4. 1. 4, Fig. 1b), and the binarized images (Fig. 1e) obtained from the circle fitting (see section 4. 1. 4, Fig. 1c) were adapted to avoid air bubble formation and to improve water perfusion, with water-gaps manually increased in critical points. These binary figures were used as a template to design the photomask in AutoCAD 2015 obtaining 1330 µm-wide microchannels Fig. 1f. 4. 2. 2 Master mould productionA high resolution chrome photomask was obtained from GmbH and was used to produce a master mould with 10 µm deep features. The master mould was fabricated by baking a silicon wafer at 200 °C for 20 min and allowing it to cool down to room temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: Last but not least, the solar system includes goods such as consumer electronics that can be powered by solar energy, such as radios and televisions. This shipment of products is the topic of our conversation. The photovoltaic (PV) solar system is made up of a total of three components:(I) photovoltaic cells or solar arrays, (II) the system’s overall equilibrium, and (III) the load. 2. 2 Advantages of solar photovoltaic cellsInstalling photovoltaic panels, which give clean, green electricity, is one of the most important advantages because it offers significant cost savings. As a result of the fact that there is no emission of potentially damaging greenhouse gases during the process of generating power using PV panels, solar PV is good for the environment. Because solar energy is derived directly from the sun, it is an environmentally friendly, non-depletable, and economical source of energy. Solar power may be generated virtually wherever that there is access to sunlight. The power grid of the future will be a distributed power generation (DPG) system, and solar electricity is an excellent fuel source for this type of grid. As a result of the rapid decline in the price of solar panels, which is forecast to continue over the next several years, the future of solar photovoltaic panels appears to be unusually promising in terms of both their economic viability and their environmental sustainability. Photovoltaic panels are a type of direct electricity generation that get their name from the fact that they generate power through photoelectric processes and are referred to as such. When compared to the expenses of other types of renewable energy, it is often believed that the costs of operation and maintenance associated with photovoltaic panels are extremely cheap or nearly non-existent. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, with the exception of sun-tracking mechanical bases, do not contain any mechanically moving elements. As a result, they break significantly less frequently and require much less maintenance than other energy sources that are in direct competition with them. Other energy sources include: (e. g. , wind turbines). Solar photovoltaic panels are perfect for usage in residential and urban areas because they do not produce any audible noise (see solar panels for homes). Solar photovoltaic panels are an efficient approach for managing spikes in energy use, particularly during the scorching summer months, when the need for air conditioning is at its highest point.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: , Feely, R. A. , Reum, J. P. C. , Peterson, B. , Menkel, J. , Alin, S. R. , and Hales, B. : Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the Ecosystem, P. Roy. Soc. B-Bio. , 281, 20140123, 2014. Bednaršek, N. , Feely, R. A. , Tolimieri, N. ,. , Alin, S. R. , Klinger, T. , Moore-Maley, B. , and Pörtner, H. O. : Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast, Sci. Rep. , 7, 1–12, 2017. Bednaršek, N. ,. , Kessouri, F. , and León, P. : Systematic review and meta-analysis towards synthesis of thresholds of ocean acidification impacts on calcifying pteropods and interactions with warming, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 227, 2019. Bednaršek, N. , and Klinger, T. : Severe biological effects under present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 15, 142689, 2021a. Bednaršek, N. , Calosi, P. , Feely, R. A. , Ambrose, R. , Byrne, M. , Chan, K. Y. K. , Dupont, S. , Padilla-Gamiño, J. L. , Spicer, J. I. , Kessouri, F. , Roethler, M. , Sutula, M. , and Weisberg, S. B. : Synthesis of Thresholds of Impacts on Echinoderms, Front. Mar. Sci. , 8, 602601, 2021b. Bibby, R. , Widdicombe, S. , Parry, H. , Spicer, J. , and Pipe, R. : Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Aquat. Biol. , 2, 67–74, 2008.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: An SU-8 3010 (MicroChem Inc. ) thin film was then spin-coated onto the wafer to a height of 10 µm (spincoating parameters: 15 s at 500 rpm, followed by 30 s at 3,000 rpm), followed by a soft-bake (1 min at 65 °C, followed by 3 min at 95 °C, and 1 min at 65 °C), exposed for 5 s to UV light through the chrome mask with a mask aligner (Kloé UV-KUB 3) according to the manufacturer recommendations, and post-exposure bake (1 min at 65 °C, followed by 3 min at 95 °C, and 1 min at 65 °C). The wafers were then developed with mr-Dev 600 (microresist technologies). Prior to their use, the master molds were treated with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane 97% (abcr) to reduce PDMS adhesion upon usage. 4. 2. 3 Microsystem fabricationThe microfluidic device was produced with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via soft lithography. Briefly, PDMS elastomer monomer and curing agent (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) were mixed in a ratio 10:1 and then degassed. The PDMS was casted onto the master mold to a height of 5 mm and was cured at 80 °C for 2 h. The inlets for the fluidic channel were then punched with a 1. 5 mm diameter biopsy punch (pmfmedical). The PDMS was bonded to a clean glass slide by plasma activation to finish the microfluidic system. 4. 3 Swimming in sediment-like obstacle channels4. 3. 1 Bacterial cultureMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 was cultured in MSR-1 growth medium with the composition indicated by Heyen and Schüler [42], with the addition of pyruvate (27 mM) as carbon source instead of lactate. For the creation of an aerotactic band and the subsequent selection of swimming bacteria, the growth medium was supplemented with 0. 1% agar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: This is the time of year when energy consumption spikes the most. Solar photovoltaic panels are one of the major renewable energy systems that are promoted through government subsidy funding (FITs, tax credits, etc. ). As a consequence, the financial incentive for PV panels makes solar energy panels an attractive investment alternative, in spite of the fact that their prices have seen a significant reduction in recent years and are continuing to fall. In addition, the financial incentive for PV panels makes solar energy panels an attractive investment alternative. Solar panels for residences may be installed on rooftops or in the ground in a rapid and easy manner, with no interference to regular activities. 2. 3 Disadvantages of Solar photovoltaic cellsSolar energy, like other forms of renewable energy, has the potential to be unreliable due to factors such as the sun’s inability to shine at night and the chance of cloudy or rainy skies during the day. Other forms of renewable energy do not have these limitations. As a direct result, solar panels are not as reliable of a solution as other options due to the unpredictability and intermittent nature of solar energy. An additional piece of hardware known as an inverter is required in order to connect solar panels to the power grid. This inverter is responsible for transforming the electricity from its direct current (DC) form into its alternating current (AC) form. This is important in order for the grid to be able to consume the electricity that has been generated. In order to keep a consistent supply of electric power, solar panels require not only inverters but also storage batteries, particularly when they are connected to the grid. This is especially true when the grid is the source of the electric power. Investing in photovoltaic panels will therefore be more expensive as a result of this factor. The installation of land-based PV panel systems necessitates the use of enormous tracts of land; in most cases, the land must be set aside for this purpose for a period of 15–20 years, and in some cases much longer. When compared to the efficiency of other forms of renewable energy technology, solar panels’ efficiency ranges from 14 to 25%, which is quite a bit lower than those other forms. PV panels, despite the fact that they do not require much in the way of upkeep or operating costs, are nonetheless fragile and can be damaged with relative ease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: , Our Future, Springer, 57–82, ISBN 978-3-030-20391-7, 2020. Manson, M. D. , Tedesco, P. , Berg, H. C. , Harold, F. M. , and Van der Drift, C. : A protonmotive force drives bacterial flagella, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 3060–3064, 1977. Miloslavich, P. ,. , Appeltans, W. , Aburto-Oropeza, O. , Andersen Garcia, M. , Batten, S. D. , Benedetti-Cecchi, L. , Checkley Jr, D. M. , and Chiba, S. : Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes, Biol. , 24, 2416–2433, 2018. Mock, T. , Otillar, R. P. , Strauss, J. , McMullan, M. , Paajanen, P. , Schmutz, J. , Salamov, A. , Sanges, R. , Toseland, A. , Ward, B. J. , and Allen, A. E. : Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Nature, 541, 536–540, 2017. . , Bown, P. , Rickaby, R. E. , Poulto,n A. J. , Tyrrell, T. , Beaufort, L. , Dutkiewicz, S. , Gibbs, S. , Gutowska, M. A. , Lee, R. , Riebesell, U. , Young, J. , and Ridgwell, A. : Why marine phytoplankton calcify, Sci. Adv. , 2, e1501822, 2016. Muller-Karger, F. E. , Hestir, E. , Ade, C. , Turpie, K. , Roberts, D. A. , Siegel, D. , Miller, R. J. , Humm, D. , Izenberg, N. , Keller, M. , Morgan, F. , Frouin, R. , Dekker, A. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Briefly, 1 mL of bacteria was inoculated into the bottom of a 15 mL Hungate tube filled with 10 mL of MSR-1 growth medium with 0. 1% agar. The tube was sealed with a rubber cap pierced with a needle capped with a 0. 2 µm filter (Whatman) to allow the formation of an oxygen gradient. To select the North-seeking bacteria (i. e. swimming with the North of their magnet at their front in oxic conditions) in the formed band, the tube was put inside a pair of coils to apply a magnetic field parallel to the oxygen gradient, but pointing downwards to the anoxic region (equivalent to the situation that the bacteria experience in their natural habitat in the Northern Hemisphere). The bacteria were grown at 28 °C and allowed to form an aerotactic band. Once the band had formed, the motile bacteria were selected by aspirating the band with a needle and culturing them for two passes in standard MSR-1 growth medium and microaerobic conditions. Subsequently, the magnetic bacteria were collected with a needle by placing a magnet next to the tube to attract them. The final population of North-seeking bacteria was estimated to be about 80% of the population. In oxic conditions as the ones in our experiment (where oxygen can freely diffuse through the PDMS into the microchannel), these bacteria swim with the North of their magnet at their front. The optical density was measured at 565 nm (OD565) and was adjusted as needed with fresh growth medium for subsequent measurements. 4. 3. 2 Operation of the chipThe microfluidic system was filled with a syringe pump with MSR-1 standard growth medium at a flow rate of 15µL·min-1 and was incubated at room temperature for 30 min prior to its use. Subsequently, 25 µmL of MSR-1 standard growth medium containing bacteria at an OD565 of 0. 1 were placed in the inlet and the bacteria were allowed to swim into the microchannel, placed under a custom-designed magnetic microscope equipped with three pairs of Helmholtz coils [27]. Different magnetic fields intensities (B = 0, 50, 500 µT) were applied parallel to the microchannel length. Bacteria were imaged with a 10x objective using phase contrast microscopy. 4. 4 Model and simulations4. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: The ninth problem is that the effectiveness of various solar cell methods varies substantially from one another and is extremely sensitive to the composition of the material from which the cells are made (e. g. mono-crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, thin-film copper indium disulfide, heterojunction incorporating thin film). As a result, picking the right solar cell technology is crucial for maximising output [8]. As solar photovoltaic (PV) systems grow in scale and area of use, future research should concentrate on improving data handling, boosting efficiency, increasing security, and expanding transmission range, and reducing signal interference. Specifically, you should avoid the nine issues we just went over. In reality, going forward, it will be necessary to create a trustworthy, cutting-edge method of monitoring wireless networks [8]. 2. 5 Application of Solar photovoltaic cellEven though fossil fuels are still in high demand for automotive uses [9], photovoltaic systems have found their place in the market. A photovoltaic cell is a type of solar cell that generates electricity solely from the energy of incident light. A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, is a device that can convert light into electricity. Since PV cells may generate anywhere from a few kilowatts (KW) to enormous megawatts (MW), they have a much broader range of potential uses than traditional power plants. Only a select few will be explored briefly here:It has been demonstrated that solar-powered water pumps are more effective in rural regions for the purpose of agricultural irrigation. Solar panels are used to generate electricity, which is then used to power a pump that moves water from a lower level to a higher level. One graphical representation of this idea is shown in the following figure for your perusal. With regards to food preparation, solar cookers are currently all the rage. Solar cookers are readily available for purchase and use, with few maintenance requirements. The world’s largest solar kitchen may be found at Taleti, which is located in the Indian state of Rajasthan at an elevation of 1219 m above sea level. It utilises solar steam cooking on six distinct modules and has 84 parabolic dish concentrators and shell-type receivers. Additionally, it has a total of 168 parabolic dishes [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: , Thiyagarajan, V. , Vaughan, M. L. H. , Widdicombe, S. , and Harley, C. D. G. : Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 81–85, 2013. Thomsen, J. , Gutowska, M. A. , Saphörster, J. , Heinemann, A. , Trübenbach, K. , Fietzke, J. , Hiebenthal, C. , Eisenhauer, A. , Körtzinger, A. , Wahl, M. , and Melzner, F. : Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification, Biogeosciences, 7, 3879–3891, 2010. Thor, P. and Dupont, S. : Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod, Biol. , 21, 2261–2271, 2015. Tilbrook, B. , -Ayon, J. M. , Feely, R. A. , Kuehl Gledhill, D. , Hansson, L. , Isensee, K. ,. , Dupont, S. , Graco, M. I. , Calvo, E. , Greeley, D. , Kapsenberg, L. , Lebrec, M. , Pelejero, C. , Schoo, K. , and Telszewski, M. : : to Technology to Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 337, 2019. Turley, C. and Gattuso, J. P. : Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications, Curr. Opin. Env. Sus. , 4, 278–286, 2012. Twitchett, R. J. : effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. , 252, 132–144, 2007. and McKenzie, L. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Equations of MotionWe model a magnetotactic bacterium as an active Brownian sphere in two dimensions that has a permanent dipole moment µ = µ ê with the magnetic strength µ at the p0. The orientation of the p1. Table 1Model parameters and their values. 4. 4. 2 SimulationsWe solve the equations of motion in two dimensions by using overdamped Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. The following reduced units were used: time where is the translational diffusion constant; position r* = r/σ; ε* = ε/kBT; field strength B* = B/B0, where B0 = 1 × 10−5 T is the order of magnitude of the magnetic field strength of the earth; dipole strength µ* = µB0/kBT. The dimensionless equations of motion were integrated for Nsteps = 5 × 106 time steps using the Euler-Maruyama method [46]with a time step Δt* = 2 × 10−5. We note that, with this choice of dimensionless units, the self-propulsion velocity is identical to the Péclet number. For simulations of swimming through obstacle channels, we use spherical obstacles with the same positions and diameters as the cylindrical pillars in our microfluidic channels. We simulated all 10 different obstacle arrays. In each case, we initiated 2000 bacteria at position x = 0 corresponding to the IN region and tracked their motion until they arrived at the end of the channel (with x ≥ 3495 µm) or until the maximal simulated time (of 30 min). For simulations of the escape from traps, traps with random parameters were constructed from two spherical obstacles as shown in Figure 7 (a) and (d). We simulated the escape of 100 bacteria from each trap to determine the escape time. 4. 4. 3 Sliding measurements and parameterization of obstacle interactions in the simulationsFigure 4 b) illustrates how we determined the sliding distance. The sliding distance is defined as the arc length (solid green arrow) that is covered by the center of mass trajectory (solid blue line) inside the sliding region (dotted green line). The sliding region was chosen to be slightly larger than the interaction region (orange dotted line), where FS > 0 and thus τS > 0. The sliding region was set to 2 µm, when measured from the obstacles’ surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: Solar water and air heaters have been widely used for decades, long before PV cells were ever a possibility. The use of solar water heaters alone can significantly cut down on energy costs. These are effective in capturing the sun’s rays, allowing us to use that heat to keep water at a comfortable temperature. Solar panels are an easy way to power traffic lights in any location. The absence of shadows is the only real issue here. Solar power can be utilised not only for conventional air conditioning systems but also for cold storage facilities. For these objectives, a vapour compressor system that makes use of solar photovoltaic panels and a vapour absorption system that makes use of thermal collectors are both viable options [11]. Photovoltaic (PV) System aboard the panels attached to the Station provide an excess of electricity compared to what is needed to run the station [12]. The batteries of the space station are charged with around 60% of the power produced by the solar arrays when the station is exposed to sunlight. Solar panels on spacecraft offer power for two principal applications: [13] first, power to drive the sensors, active heating and cooling, and telemetry [14]. Solar panels on spacecraft also provide power for active heating and cooling [14]. Secondly, power for heating and cooling that is actively used. Then there is the power that is used for the propulsion of spacecraft, and that power is electric propulsion, which is also sometimes referred to as solar-electric propulsion. Solar panels made specifically for use in space are not the same as solar panels made specifically for use on Earth. They do not require any form of glass lamination, which means that they are resistant to moisture even without it. The material that is used is distinct from other materials since it is required that the components be able to withstand high temperatures. Advertisement 3. ConclusionDamage to ecosystems and the natural equilibrium results from the use of fossil fuels. For the following reasons, solar energy may be the greatest long-term option: it is a huge and infinite energy source, its management has no negative effects on the environment, and it can be easily implemented in a variety of settings (from rural to urban to industrial). Thus, photovoltaic technology, which directly transforms sunshine into power, is incredibly practical. Especially considering how light and simple these gadgets are to operate. The photovoltaic system converts solar energy into usable electricity by activating electrons upon exposure to light.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 11:1S24–S35 [20. 2015. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology 96:13–15Connects acidification to fundamental ecological principles and conceptual models of population‐ and community‐level effects. [21. Gattuso J- 2018. Ocean solutions to address climate change and its effects on marine ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:337Systematic assessment of a dozen different ocean-based mitigation and adaptation solutions to climate change. [22. Millero FJ. 2007. The marine inorganic carbon cycle. Chem. Rev. 107:308–41 [23. 2019. Ocean acidification as a multiple driver: how interactions between changing seawater carbonate parameters affect marine life. Mar. Freshwater Res. 71:263–74 [24. 2007. Guide to for Ocean CO2 Measurements Sidney, BC, Can:. Publ3 [25. -P 2010. Guide to for Research and Luxembourg: Publ. Off. Eur. UnionAuthoritative guide to improve reproducibility and consistency of ocean acidification experiments and data across communities. [26. 2019. Ocean time series observations of changing marine ecosystems: an era of integration, synthesis, and societal applications. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:393 [27. 'Brien KM et al. 2016. A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8:383–413 [28. -2008. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the continental shelf. Science 320:58821490–92 [29. -J, Bednaršek N, Alin SR et al. 2018. The combined effects of acidification and hypoxia on pH and aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of the California current ecosystem and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Cont. Shelf Res. 152:50–60 [30. 2010. The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuar. Coast. 88:442–49 [31. 2015. Ocean and coastal acidification off. Oceanography 8:2182–97 [32. 2019. Quantifying the effects of nutrient enrichment and freshwater mixing on coastal ocean acidification.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Prior to administration to test animals, the extract was prepared by dissolving the powder in normal saline. H. polyrhizus fruits were peeled and the flesh was blended for 10mins with chilled acetone: water (80:20) in a ratio of 1 part flesh to 4 parts 80% acetone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g for 10min at 4°C. The supernatant was filtered in vacuo and the acetone evaporated under reduced pressure at 40°C followed by lyophilization. The powder was dissolved in normal saline prior to administration to test animals. The extract doses were as follows: O. sumatrana : 1g/kg body weight. S. polyanthum: 1g/kg body weight. H. polyrhizus: 3g/kg body weight. (α-tocopherol) was prepared in extra virgin olive oil in a dose of 250mg/kg body weight17 and was given via oral feeding needle, once a day continuously for 2weeks. In all cases, animals were killed at 24h following the last dose. Animals were anaesthetized, the abdomen was opened and the liver and kidney were taken, cut into small pieces and fixed in Orth's fixative. They were then processed and embedded in paraffin. Tissues were cut into 2-3µ thick sections. Five sections were randomly chosen from each animal of each group (30 slides per group), sections were mounted on slides and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). They were studied by light microscopy. Histological changes found in at least 70% of the slides (21 of 30 slides) in each group were taken as significantly positive results (Chi-square test). Grading of liver histological alterations was done as previously described18 as follows: Mild damage: low to moderate grade of necrosis. Moderate damage: centrolobular lesion. Severe damage: extensive to very extensive damage, with destruction of hepatocytes in extensive areas or throughout the liver. Kidney alterations were described accordingly to mild, moderate and severe damage. assessments Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: These animals showed normal liver. Histological examination revealed that the liver was formed of lobules; in the centre of each was a central vein.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-443933/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis study concerns the first phase of the project to install solar panels in Algeria. The sites enjoy one of the most sunshine in the world, the Saharan region must be the spearhead in the development of energy which, moreover, with an abundant potential still under-exploited, photovoltaics constitute a formidable opportunity for the economic development of the region. In the perspective of a transition to "green energy" and in order to promote the emergence of solar energy in Algeria, a reflection on the development strategies of this energy must be combined with the strong challenges of the region, namely, the preservation of biodiversity, ecological continuities, as well as landscapes, the maintenance of agricultural land and forest areas and the fight against climate change. In this context, the contribution envisaged with this work is to contribute to the identification of a set of sites with high solar potential that can accommodate solar power plants. energyphotovoltaiczonestrategyAlgeriaFiguresFigure 1Figure 21. Introduction Recently, solar energy has proven to be one of the alternatives to our dependence on fossil fuels, this clean, inexhaustible energy provides ten thousand times more energy than that consumed by the entire world population Funk[1]. As a result, developing this sector remains a priority for many countries in order to achieve a sustainable development on these three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. of Developing Countries, as well as the increase in the world's population and the increase in average per capita income, leading to a steady increase in energy needs. Fossil fuels today maintain a dominant position in meeting energy demand, but poses environmental problems. According to the IEA (Agency)[2], renewable energy is particularly important, especially solar photovoltaics. In this scenario, renewable energy accounts for almost half of the increase in global electricity production until 2035 and intermittent sources, namely photovoltaic solar and wind, account for 45% of the growth of renewable energies. The energy context, focusing on the place of electricity from photovoltaic (PV) in the global energy mix, continues to grow rapidly. With about 38.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Hypoxia and acidification in ocean ecosystems: coupled dynamics and effects on marine life. Biol. Lett. 12:20150976 [45. 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1884–96Comprehensive meta‐analysis synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. [46. 2013. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:2117–25 [47. 2018. Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change—a review. Glob. Change Biol. 24:2239–61 [48. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol. Lett. 13:1419–34 [49. . 2016. Estimates of the direct effect of seawater pH on the survival rate of species groups in the ecosystem. 11:e0160669 [50. Chevin L-M, Collins S, Lefèvre F 2013. Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary demographic responses to climate change: taking theory out to the field. Funct. Ecol. 27:967–79 [51. Murray C, Baumann H. 2018. You better repeat it: complex CO2 × temperature effects in Atlantic silverside offspring revealed by serial experimentation. Diversity 10:69 [52. 2019. The importance of inter-individual variation in predicting species' responses to global change drivers. Ecol. Evol. 9:4327–39 [53. Kelly MW, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Hofmann GE 2013. Natural variation, and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Glob. . 19:2536–46 [54. íquez PH 2017. Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0084 [55. 2020. Varying reproductive success under ocean warming and acidification across giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) populations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 522:151247 [56. 2017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Hepatic cells (hepatocytes) were polygonal, contained large blue nuclei (sometimes binucleated) and granular pinkish cytoplasm. They were surrounded with well preserved cell membranes. Bile canaliculi between cell membranes were present. Hepatocytes were arranged in laminae which are plates of cells radiating away from central vein. Hepatocytes surrounded endothelial-lined hepatic sinusoids that contained fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells). Sinusoids drain blood into the central vein. At the periphery of hepatic lobules was the interlobular septum with portal triad, the latter contained bile duct; branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (Figure 1-5). Figure 1 Light micrograph of a section of normal female adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish cytoplasm and have well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein toward the periphery of the lobule. Hepatic sinusoids (arrow head) are located between the hepatic plates. Fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells) are present in sinusoid walls (M) X 200. Figure 2 Light micrograph of a section taken from normal adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) are arranged in plates that radiate away from the central vein. They contain round bluish nuclei which may occasionally be binucleated (B), they have granular pinkish cytoplasm. Sinusoids (arrow head) are situated between plates of hepatic cells X 1000. Figure 3 Light micrograph of a section of control diabetic female adult rat liver stained with H&E. Normal histological features are present. The central vein (C) is in the middle of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish granular cytoplasm and are surrounded by well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein and surround the hepatic sinusoids (arrow head).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: Due to its geographical location, Algeria is ranked as one of the best solar resource countries in the world and has a Mediterranean basin (Fig. 1); 169,000TWh/year for solar thermal, and 13. 9 TWh/year for photovoltaic solar Mefti et al. [10]. Algeria has a large solar deposit that exceeds 5 billion GW/h per year with a duration of sunstroke over almost the entire national territory exceeding 2000 hours annually and can reach 3900 hours in the highlands and in the et al. [11] (Fig. 2). The energy received daily on a horizontal surface of 1m2 is in the order of 5 kwh over most of the country, nearly 1700 kwh/m2/year in the north and 2263 kwh/m2/year in the south of the countryMinistry of Energy [12]. Table 1 above shows that the largest solar potential, covering 86% of the territory, is located in the south of the country. Previous studies have already confirmed the great capacity of the desert to receive energy, including the study conducted by the German physicist Gérard Knies which shows that six hours of sunshine from the Sahara would store electricity for the entire human race for an entire year. Moreover, another study mentioned by an Algerian economist, Bachir Messaitfa, in his book Algeria 2030 “Prospective Vision”, ensures the ability of the to meet the global demand for electric energy on average four times, while respecting the energy security standard. Table 1 Solar potential in Algeria by region (Ministry of Energy, 2018). (%) 4 10 86 Average duration of sunshine (Hours/year) 2650 3000 3500 Average energy received (kwh/m2/year) 1700 1900 2650 2. 2 Regulation (legislative framework) and financial aid in the strategic decision is made, appropriate policy means must be defined to achieve the objectives set. Political and legal instruments define how projects can take root in the territory. We distinguish between legal (legislative and regulatory) and financial policy instruments (tariff and incentive mechanisms) relating to the dissemination of projects: The legislative framework is designed to encourage investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and to protectthe environment. Law 99 − 09 of 2009, still in force, was the first to define the regulatory framework and the objectives of energy management policy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Mol. Ecol. 27:1120–37 [68. 2019. Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 517:65–77 [69. 2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–43Experiments with purple sea urchins showing rapid evolution at genetic level in response to acidification. [70. Collins S. 2011. Competition limits adaptation and productivity in a photosynthetic alga at elevated CO2. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:247–55 [71. 2012. Adaptive evolution of a key phytoplankton species to ocean acidification. Nat. Geosci. 5:346–51 [72. Schaum CE, Collins S. 2014. Plasticity predicts evolution in a marine alga. Proc. R. Soc. B 281:20141486 [73. 2016. How good are we at assessing the impact of ocean acidification in coastal systems? Limitations, omissions and strengths of commonly used experimental approaches with special emphasis on the neglected role of fluctuations. Mar. Freshwater Res. 67:25–36 [74. 2015. A review and meta-analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae. Glob. Change Biol. 21:2122–40Meta-analysis of multi-stressor studies of temperature, salinity, and pH targeting marine embryos to larvae. [75. 2019. Ocean acidification and hypoxia can have opposite effects on rockfish otolith growth. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 521:151245 [76. 2019. Uncovering mechanisms of global ocean change effects on the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) through metabolomics analysis. Sci. Rep. 9:10717 [77. McElhany P. 2016. CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74:926–28 [78. Rivero-2015. Multidecadal increase in coccolithophores and the potential role of rising CO2. Science 350:1533–37 [79.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Portal triad with branches of hepatic portal vein (P) is seen X 200. Figure 4 Light micrograph of a section taken from control diabetic rat liver stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological features. The central vein (C) is located in the centre of the hepatic lobule and contains red blood cells (R), it is lined with endothelial cells (E). Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) form plates which radiate away from the central vein. Hepatocytes contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, bile canaliculi (BC) is visible between the cell membranes of the hepatocytes. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between hepatocytes and drain into the central vein. Fixed macrophage (M) to the wall of one of the sinusoids is seen X 1000. Figure 5 Light micrograph of a section taken from the liver of non diabetic rat treated with vitamin E and stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological criteria. Central vein (C) is seen in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, they are arranged in plates radiating away from the central vein. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between cellular plates and drain into the central vein. Some macrophages (M) are located inside the sinusoids being fixed to their walls. X 400. S. polyanthum treated non diabetic rats: Non diabetic animals given S. polyanthum extract showed marked diffuse toxic destruction of the hepatocytes. Damage occurred throughout the hepatic lobules. Most cells were swollen. All forms of damaged nuclei were noticed (small, condensed and fragmented). Some hepatocytes had lost their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but sometimes, homogeneous. It is acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Liver tissue was markedly invaded by macrophages. The damage is graded as of severe type (Figure 6). Figure 6 Light micrograph of section of liver taken from non diabetic animal treated with S. polyanthum and stained with H&E. Cell necrosis is marked throughout the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes are swollen and contain acidophilic granular or homogenous cytoplasm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: This law aims to rationalize endogenous energy consumption, promote electricity generation from ER sources (solar energy, geothermal and wind, hydropower) and combat greenhouse gas emissions in residential areas, with a view to preserving energyand public health; For Algeria, the promotion of RE(renewable energy) is the key factor in achieving sustainable development. In this context, Law 04–09 clearly defined the objectives to be achieved, to adopt the comprehensive strategy to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. To achieve this, a set of practical measures was put in place Act 09–09 of 2009, such as the creation of the (NFRE), and consecrate 0. 5% of oil royalties to its financing. The government increased its financial stake to 1% of oil royalties. Similarly, Law 14 − 10 announced the closure of the Control Fund, with the transfer of its functions to the NFREC. Later, No. 13–218 of 2013 adopted identified incentives to be taken to stimulate renewable electricity generation. For example, the government has committed to provide premiums for the costs of diversifying electricity generation from ER sources on the one hand and, on the other hand, to purchase all renewable electricity, produced by both the public and private companies, at a price higher than the total cost of production. Finally, in 2017, 17–98 and No. 17–204 were approved. In order to achieve the INDC (Determined Contribution) electricity target, the Algerian government updated the Energy and in 2015, envisioning the installation of 22,000 MW of RE by 2030, 4525 MW should be installed by 2020, with the rest during the 2021–30 periods. The main RE source to generate electricity is programmed to be photovoltaic. The share of the solar photovoltaic in RE electricity production should be at least 61. 70% by 2030. 3. environmental impact assessment of the project was based on the identification and mapping of solar deposits and all constraints in the study area. 3. 1 Technical presentation of the project In order to consider development options, a number of technical criteria are to be studied in order to verify the feasibility conditions of the project. The implementation of a photovoltaic project can only be conceived through the analysis of its compatibility with the stakes of the territory that welcomes it. These, of various natures (technical, environmental, social), lead to the identification of criteria of acceptability.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Beare D, McQuatters-Gollop A, van der -Spencer JM 2013. Long-term trends in calcifying plankton and pH in the North Sea. 8:e61175 [80. 2015. Pteropod time series from the Mediterranean (1967–2003): impacts of pH and climate variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 531:193–206 [81. 2019. Environmental controls on pteropod biogeography along the Peninsula. Limnol. Oceanogr. 64:S240–56 [82. de 2009. Planktic foraminiferal shell thinning in the due to anthropogenic ocean acidification. Biogeosciences 6:1917–25 [83. Wall- 2012. Pteropods from the Caribbean Sea: variations in calcification as an indicator of past ocean carbonate saturation. Biogeosciences 9:309–15 [84. -P, 2017. Comparison of Mediterranean pteropod shell biometrics and ultrastructure from historical (1910 and 1921) and present day 2012 samples provides baseline for monitoring effects of global change. 12:e0167891 [85. -2020. Climatic modulation of anthropogenic ocean acidification in the California Current. Nature 13:43–49 [86. Beaufort L, Probert I, de Garidel--et al. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476:80–83 [87. 2016. Apparent increase in coccolithophore abundance in the subtropical from 1990 to 2014. Biogeosciences 13:1163–77 [88. 2017. Environmental drivers of coral reef carbonate production and bioerosion: a multi-scale analysis. Ecology 98:2547–60 [89. 2020. The challenges of detecting and attributing ocean acidification impacts on marine ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2020:fsaa094 [90. Silbiger NJ, Guadayol Ò, 2014. Reefs shift from net accretion to net erosion along a natural environmental gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 515:33–44 [91. 2016. Ocean acidification affects hemocyte physiology in the tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some dead cells have eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei (arrow). Some cells contain small (S) or fragmented (F) nuclei. Some cells have lost their nuclei (arrow head). Liver is infiltrated with large numbers of macrophages (M) X 400. S. polyanthum extract treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with S. polyanthum extract showed marked toxic destruction of the hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. Most of the cells were swollen. Some cells contained small nuclei while others showed condensed and deeply stained nuclei. Some hepatocytes exhibited fragmentation and disappearance of their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but in some other cells, it was homogeneous and was pale acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages was noticed. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 7 & 8). Figure 7 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. Section is stained with H&E. Central vein (C) in the centre of hepatic lobule is seen. Most of hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some of them have small nuclei (arrow head), other cells show nuclear condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D). Cytoplasm is acidophilic, granular and vacuolated (V) in some cells but is homogeneous in others. Cell membranes are not clearly visible. Macrophage (M) infiltration of the liver is obvious X 400. Figure 8 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Portal triad shows hepatic portal vein (P) which contains macrophages, some of which (arrow) are penetrating the wall of hepatic portal vein. Other macrophages (arrow head) are seen outside the vessel; they are invading the liver tissue and are spread between hepatocytes. Hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) are also seen. Hepatocytes form plates around portal triad. Some of them contain small (S) and others contain fragmented (F) nuclei. Cytoplasm is acidophilic and granular X1000. O.

Output: pass