Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The sustainable harvest residuals and thinnings alone are estimated at about 75 million tons/year accordingly to the DOE biomass report [1]. These forest residuals and thinnings could produce the equivalent of 5 billion gallons of lignocellulosic ethanol annually. Woody biomass feedstocks include softwood and hardwood. Various pretreatment methods have been developed for pretreating biomass before an enzymatic conversion of pretreated biomass into monomeric sugars for a biofuel or a bioproduct conversion process. An overview on lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment methods well described that most of the pretreating methods worked well on herbaceous biomass and hardwood biomass while not working well with high lignin content softwood biomass [2]. Thus, softwood biomass is the most recalcitrant biomass to pretreat for enzymatic hydrolysis. To utilize the most recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials, an efficient, scalable and cost effective pretreatment method is needed. Bisulfite pulping was a widely used industrial method for pretreating woody biomass for papermaking industries. In 1867, Tilghman invented the use of calcium bisulfite to pulp wood [3, 4]. The first commercial sulfite process for sulfite pulp production was built in 1874 in Bergvik, Sweden [5]. Due to its effectiveness in lignin sulfonation and lignin removal from wood, bisulfite or sulfite pulping has been used for almost 14 decades in the papermaking industry. In addition, spent sulfite pulping liquor is rich in hemicellulose sugars, such as arabinose, galactose, mannose and xylose. However, the spent sulfite liquor also contains some glucose. Spent sulfite liquor has been a source of hemicellulosic sugar for renewable biofuel fermentation, as demonstrated by Tembec for over two decades [6]. Sulfite pulping sludge has been found highly digestible by enzymes and suitable for producing lignocellulosic ethanol [7–9]. The cost that goes into producing a bleached sulfite pulp, however, is high compared to the price of the sugar that it could replace.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: My dream is to run for office and influence educational policy in a way that encourages schools to be more open with students about opportunities and options. If you are considering studying in STEM, don’t ever think that you’re done learning. STEM is so exciting; there will always be something new to learn and discoveries to be made! of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in MathematicsMinoring in the 10. 33424/89 Link to the activity sheet Can you meet Liz’s challenge and make an LED circuit? Download the Ppt. and see! 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Research’s new is designed to inspire creativity and innovation. Johnson teaching students about the properties of liquid nitrogen. works with a student from School. Josh Hill, left, and Caleel Holifield, both freshmen at School, show off the drones they built at Southern Research’s Drone Academy. Johnson teaching students about solar energy. A themed drone designed and printed by high school students during Drone Academy. Johnson works with students in the new STEM lab. education specialist at Southern Research, has developed new content for the field trips. from left, Liz Johnson, Ph. D. () and Kathryn Lanier, Ph. D. (Director). The importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can hardly be overstated. These areas of research affect our everyday lives in numerous ways, from the smartphones we have, to the houses we live in, from the energy we use, to the medicine we benefit from; none would be possible without STEM. It is vital that teachers and mentors across the world encourage active student participation in STEM – something that Johnson is passionate about. Based at in Alabama, USA, Liz is a STEM education specialist who, along with her colleague Lanier, devises STEM outreach activities such as summer learning programmes, field trips, after-school programming and science fairs. The programme targets 6th-12th grade students (11-18 year olds). ? Liz and the team want to expose students to the wonders and excitement of STEM and strengthen their confidence in pursuing STEM careers. They do this by engaging them in activities that will be increasingly relevant as the world becomes ever more STEM-centric. Although the ultimate aim of the programme is the same for all ages, there are differences between middle and high school students. “The STEM content of each programme is designed to align with the standards and curriculum of the participating age groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All marine species thrive equally in artificial habitats. [SEP] Text: distribution of numbers of species and the median number of species from 386 selected fossil communities are tabulated for high stress, variable nearshore, and open marine environments during the Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. The number of species always increases from high stress to variable nearshore to open marine environments. Within-habitat variation in number of species is small for long intervals of the Phanerozoic. The median number of species in communities from high stress environments remains fixed at about 8 from the Cambrian to the Pleistocene. In open marine environments, the median is near 30 for the Middle and and almost the same for the Mesozoic. Increases of 50% in median number of species between the Lower and and 2 times between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic occur in open marine environments with parallel, but less pronounced, increases in variable nearshore environments. Conditions controlling overall within-habitat species richness changed at those times. These changes do not correlate directly with evolution of new major taxa, change in physical conditions, predation, space availability or oxygen supply. They may be related to changes in resource availability influenced by factors such as the developing terrestrial flora, to lag-time inherent in the evolutionary process of diversification, or to as yet undetermined factors. Although provinciality determines total species richness for the biosphere, the within-habitat data suggest that the number of marine invertebrate species in the world has increased since the Middle Paleozoic, contrary to Raup's (1976b) contention, but possibly only by about 4 times, not the order of magnitude or more suggested by Valentine (1970). 10. 1017/S0094837300005236 [Opens in a new window] © options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. ) 1973. Tectonic deformation of composite-mold fossil Bivalvia (Mollusca). Am. J. Sci. , Cooper Vol. 273-A:409–430. 1974. Resource partitioning in Paleozoic benthic communities. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Programs. 6:643. 1977.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Conventional bisulfite pulping time is as long as 6–10 hours [10], and the calcium bisulfite usage is about 31–35% on wood, equivalent to 9. 7–10. 9 total combined SO2 on wood [11]. Zhu et al. [12] introduced a sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) where the effective pretreatment was conducted at a higher temperature of 180°C for 30 minutes with 8–10% bisulfite and 1. 8–3. 7% sulfuric acid on wood. Faster pretreatment time, a bisulfite charge much less than that of bleachable grade bisulfite pulping, and avoiding bleaching and related unit operations downstream makes the cost of pretreatment more consistent with what can be a cost-effective replacement for sugar. In this paper, we introduce CLE Sugar, which begins with a mild bisulfite pretreatment and results in a high yield pretreated feedstock that enables enzymatic hydrolysis of even recalcitrant feedstocks such as softwood. It is operated at time and temperature conditions intermediate between SPORL and conventional bisulfite pulping times, uses less than half the bisulfite chemical as bisulfite pulping, and avoids the addition of any other acid. Thus, the mild bisulfite step lowers the cost of producing highly enzymatically digestible biomass and for subsequent lignocellulosic sugar production. ResultsBiomass feedstocksThe carbohydrate compositions of softwood chips (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood chips (debarked maple chips) and switchgrass (Alamo variety) were analyzed. Table 1 below summarizes the carbohydrate composition of the biomass used. The carbohydrate composition of each biomass was determined by converting the polymeric sugars in the feedstock into monomeric sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose. Results in Table 1 show the original polymeric sugar composition of the biomass. The total polymeric sugar composition for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass samples used in the current study was 51. 8%, 58. 6% and 59. 5%, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: For example, in our green engineering field trip series, we use calculus with high school students and algebra with middle school students,” explains Liz. “A major similarity between the age groups is their level of excitement when entering our STEM Lab – it looks quite different to a typical school lab. When students enter, they tell us it looks like or Nickelodeon studios! ” designs field trips linked to its key research areas of Drug Discovery, Drug Development, Engineering, and Energy & Environment. For example, through the green engineering series, students explore renewable energy and are challenged to design the most energy efficient wind turbine or solar panel prototype. Liz describes another field trip focused on the spread of infectious diseases: “Students participate in a simulated disease outbreak and are tasked with collecting data to determine patient zero, while also considering the factors that led to the outbreak. They learn about the primary and secondary immune response and how it relates to vaccines for diseases, and they diagnose disease in patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ” A key part of the programme is presenting students with real world problems that need solutions. Relevant background materials and resources are provided but, Liz explains, “Students are challenged to drive the design of the experiment themselves. ” Collaboration is achieved by having the students work in teams and, quite often, their first efforts are unsuccessful – this requires them to analyse their approach, reassess their strategy and try again. ? Liz and the team put on STEM shows which involve large-scale experiments designed to engage and inspire students. “Through these experiences, we hope to capture students’ attention and encourage them to participate in STEM courses and extra-curricular STEM activities,” says Liz. “We also aim to reinforce the concepts students are learning in their lessons through memorable and exhilarating demonstrations. ” “Last year, we offered a new week-long programme called that introduced high school students to computer aided design (CAD), 3D printing, electrical engineering, and drone technology,” enthuses Liz. “A major highlight of this programme was seeing the wide array of creative drone designs students developed in a matter of days, with little to no 3D modelling experience. We had drones that looked like UFOs, the from Star Wars, and one that even incorporated chicken feet as landing gear!

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Biomass carbohydrate composition Full size tableThe wood chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller size chips. 3-mm round-hole fines were removed to avoid circulation problems in a 28. 3-liter pilot pretreatment reactor. The resulting wood chip size distribution for the softwood chips was 24% “pin size” chips (passes a 7 mm round hole screen, retained on a 3 mm round hole screen), and 76% “accept size” chips (retained on a 7 mm round hole screen). All softwood chips were less than 8 mm thickness. The lengths of the re-chipped chips ranged approximately from 20 to 40 mm. PretreatmentA few biomass feedstocks, including un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and Alamo switchgrass were pretreated in the pilot digester with the mild bisulfite pretreatment method as described in the method section. Table 2 shows the pretreated biomass yield and prehydrolysate amount after the pretreatment. Due to the mild bisulfite pretreatment condition, a high biomass yield was obtained at 74. 9%, 69. 3%, and 81. 6%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The prehydrolysate has a reducing sugar titer around 2. 6–3. 7% that is mostly hemicellulose sugars. The prehydrolysate sugars account for 15, 18, and 11% of the biomass sugar, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. In the pretreatment chemistry and mild conditions, the furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple, as shown in Table 3. Table 2 Biomass parameters before and after acidic calcium bisulfite pretreatment Full size tableTable 3 Furan formation Full size tableThe pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions are shown in Table 4. Table 2 shows the hemicellulose solubilization and hydrolysis to hemicellulosic sugars in the prehydrolysate. These hemicellulosic sugars include arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: We also had a special guest, Crawford from the University of Alabama, who shared his research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and showed students how to pilot a drone using their brain waves and an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor! ” As with everything Liz and the team at devise, such programmes are about instilling a long-term love of STEM. She adds, “Academy led some students to pursue internship opportunities, as well as enrol in pilot licence programmes. ” The opportunities offered by are wide and varied because, as Liz knows, that is the joy of STEM itself. . : : Liz is part of Southern Research’s programme, which enhances 6th-12th grade STEM education by drawing upon the expertise and scholarly contributions of the community. : of Alabama, Foundation of. of Alabama at in Minoring in a high school senior, I was for the Math & Science programme when we presented at the 2019 exposition at Southern Research. I thought it would be amazing to work there. Six months later, I listened to a lecture given by Lanier who spoke about openings for STEM ambassadors. A month later, I started as an ambassador! I assist with stimulating lab experiences for a variety of STEM branches, mentoring students to discover their passions, and having conversations to probe students’ interests and understanding. My role involves influencing somebody else’s future and that’s priceless. I have gained confidence in my ability to lead others, which has led to my growth as a student and an employee. I have been exposed to new situations and opportunities. Most importantly, I have gotten affirmation that I am doing what I love. Ultimately, I aim to obtain my Masters in Studies so I can become a neonatal physician assistant. I would like to practise neonatal medicine and actively participate in diagnostic and neonatal treatment research. I would tell students considering a future in STEM to find what they are passionate about. Remember, it does not matter what other people think. When you find what you are passionate about, you won’t want to settle for anything else. of Alabama at in in heard about the programme when the visited a class I attended. She gave a presentation and I fell in love with the programme instantly. I applied, interviewed and was offered the position. I work with individual students as well as groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The hemicellulose glucomannan also contains glucose, which was present in small amount in the prehydrolysate due to the glucomannan hydrolysis to glucose and mannose. The pretreated biomass solid has a higher glucan composition and lower hemicellulose composition. The higher glucan composition was also due to the partial dissolution of sulfonated lignin into the prehydrolysate (data not shown). Table 4 Pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions Full size tableEnzymatic hydrolysis and total sugar yieldHigh dosage enzymatic hydrolysis is used to assess the maximum amount of sugar that can be enzymatically released from the pretreated biomass. A low consistency hydrolysis of 5% pretreated biomass was used. Each gram of pretreated biomass was applied with a high enzyme dose of 0. 34 g Sigma enzyme mixture. The total sugar yield is defined as the total monomeric sugars from the prehydrolysate and from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The total sugar yields are summarized in Table 5. The results indicate that the total sugar yields from the pretreatment were 85. 8%, 94. 0% and 80. 2%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. Table 5 Sugar yields from pretreated biomass Full size tableHigher solids hydrolysis is required to achieve a high sugar titer. Table 6 summarizes the total sugar titer of enzymatic hydrolyses at 5% and 17% solid consistency for the pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. At 17% solids hydrolysis, a lower enzyme dose of 0. 075 g enzyme mixture per gram of pretreated biomass was used. This translates into an enzyme dose of 0. 056 g enzyme mixture per gram of untreated biomass. With this low enzyme dosage, the total sugar yield was 76. 6% for the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. In addition, Novozymes CTec2 enzyme product was also tested on the high solids loading with an enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 product per gram of pretreated biomass or 0. 033 g CTec2/g untreated wood. CTec2 achieved a total sugar yield of about 85%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: In his lab, I fell in love with the excitement and freedom of pursuing scientific questions that no one knew the answers to and I loved the collaborative environment. Through my dissertation work with Ryan, I discovered a passion for mentoring undergraduates in the scientific process. Watching students progress from timid lab assistants to individuals designing and driving their own research projects lit a fire within me to pursue STEM education. I wanted to continue to make a positive impact on future generations through engaging students in hands-on, experiential STEM learning and give them the opportunity to experience the addictive ‘light bulb moment’ when a new idea or concept clicks! Failure, tenacity and collaboration. Whether an experiment doesn’t pan out or a grant is denied, failure is an all too common occurrence in the scientific world. Rather than seeing those failures as dead ends, I learned to embrace them as opportunities to try new research techniques or re-evaluate research proposals. felt discouraged, I reached out to my lab mates and mentors, and we worked together to develop new ideas, or they offered different perspectives that helped improve my work. These attributes continue to help me be successful in my career in STEM education. ? I am a strong believer in ‘teamwork makes the dreamwork’, so I will often seek advice and input from my co-workers, family, or friends. Often, they have come across similar challenges and can provide valuable insights. I have found it very helpful to get together with a group to bounce ideas and solutions around. Two brains are better than one! My ultimate career goal is to help develop and improve scientific literacy among K-12 students. While not every student will pursue a career in STEM, the critical thinking and problem-solving skills they learn in STEM courses will help them succeed at school and in their career, and it will help them understand and make informed decisions about many of the issues society faces, like climate change, vaccine development, and genetically modified foods. LIZ’1. Say yes to almost every opportunity. The best way to figure out what interests you or what you’re passionate about is to give it a try. Trying different things can also help illuminate what you don’t like. So, join the robotics team, take the elective class on marine biology, participate in a creek clean up, or volunteer at a local hospital! 2. Don’t be discouraged by failure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This indicated that the CTec2 enzyme product has a higher specific activity than the Sigma enzyme mixture. Table 6 Sugar titer from low and high consistency hydrolysis of pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips Full size tableDiscussionThe mild bisulfite pretreatment provided high yield in both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis with lower furan formation. The CLE Sugar process, while as yet unoptimized, is effective on un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The total pretreatment time is 1. 5 to 2. 25 hours including temperature ramp-up time, which is much shorter than 6–10 hours in the conventional sulfite pulping process. The mild bisulfite step provides much higher biomass throughput and uses much less chemical on biomass than conventional sulfite pulping. It also does not require bleaching, a significant cost in conventional sulfite pulping. In fact, the pretreated biomass can be enzymatically hydrolyzed even without washing, resulting in a simpler process. Washing may prove beneficial, however. The pretreated biomass is highly digestible by enzymes and thus can provide a few process options for lignocellulosic sugar production and its sugar integration in a lignocellulosic biofuel or renewable chemical plant. These options include (1) pretreated biomass materials preloaded with enzymes, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solids. A process flow chart is shown in Figure 1 for the three lignocellulosic sugar options. Figure 1 Lignocellulosic sugar production options from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated in a mild bisulfite process. Full size image (1). Pressed pretreated materials without and with enzyme: After the pretreatment, the pretreated biomass is refined without water addition. The lignosulfonate is removed as a byproduct from the prehydrolysate. The lignosulfonate less prehydrolysate is adjusted to a pH that can neutralize the pretreated biomass to pH 5. 0. The pH adjusted material is pressed to a solid density, e. g. 40% or higher.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Utilizing inquiry-driven science outreach to curate Cave fossils and inspire the pursuit of STEM careers and education Open access Published: 16 August 2021 Utilizing inquiry-driven science outreach to curate Cave fossils and inspire the pursuit of STEM careers Cory M. : orcid. org/0000-0002-3153-55641, Susumu Tomiya2 nAff4, Kathleen Bitterman2, Kacia Cain3 & …Julie A. Meachen2 Show authors Evolution: Education and Outreach 2014. Thirty-four high school students have participated, consisting of 24 women and 10 men, with 19 of the students belonging to African American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and Hispanic ethnicities. The students helped to identify and curate 3,700 NTC fossil specimens. Several of the students presented posters on the work they did during this outreach program at the multiple district and state science fairs in Iowa and received accolades. Only the 2017–2019 students were surveyed, but all the students reported gaining a deeper understanding of the scientific process and the utility of paleontology. One student even reported changing their career goal from undecided to a STEM field. The framework developed for the NTC outreach program can be easily modified to fit the needs or structure of another research project, community partnership, science laboratory, or museum facility, with the target audience being students from middle school to undergraduate. This type of STEM outreach program can also help improve scientific literacy and generate much-needed excitement and interest in science, at a time when many students are exploring potential career paths. IntroductionAddressing challenges of the twenty-first century (e. g. , climate change, loss of biodiversity, food security, new pathogens, environmentally induced health issues) requires a competent STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) workforce, composed of scientists, engineers, policymakers, and the public, who recognize the gravity of these challenges and can devise creative solutions. This can only be achieved through the significant integration of STEM disciplines into K-16 education (Brewer and Smith 2011; Cook et al. 2014; Grant et al. 2017; Haak et al. 2011; Honey et al. 2014; Jarrett and Burnley 2003; Maltese et al. 2014; Council 2012; Nazier 1993; Potvin and Hasni 2014). Despite the rising emphasis on STEM education in the last two decades, the has seen little change in student performance, based on international assessments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After pH adjustment and pressing, the high density pretreated biomass can be sprayed with sufficient amount of enzyme and properly wrapped under clean-in-place (CIP) condition. This pressed biomass loaded with enzymes can be shipped from a centralized biomass pretreatment center to existing sugar users, such as ethanol plants, for hydrolysis and conversion. This option requires the end user to install a hydrolysis tank for hydrolysate production before a conversion process, but a benefit of shipping the pretreated biomass with enzymes is that initial hydrolysis takes places faster, reducing the amount of time required to liquefy the pretreated feedstock. In some applications, simultaneous saccharification fermentation can be applied depending on end user’s process specifications. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar syrup: To ease the end user’s application in utilizing pretreated biomass, lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be first produced in the centralized lignocellulosic sugar production plant. The pretreated biomass is first enzymatically hydrolyzed to a hydrolysate, which is clarified to removal insoluble solids. The clarified lignocellulosic sugar hydrolysate can be concentrated to lignocellulosic sugar syrup that has a total sugar titer of 50–70%. Due to the high density and sugar titer of lignocellulosic sugar syrup, transportation cost of sugar syrup to a biofuel plant will be less than shipping the untreated biomass or the pretreated biomass. The use of lignocellulosic sugar syrup is much easier than the pretreated biomass since the lignocellulosic sugar stream can be easily blended into the existing process. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar solid: Another option of lignocellulosic sugar format is the solid lignocellulosic hydrolysate. The lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be further processed to evaporate most of the water content to form a lignocellulosic sugar solid. This sugar solid has over 80-90% sugar content and can be bagged for shipping to the end user for a biofuel or biochemical production process that requires a much higher concentration of sugar in their feed stream. The sugar solid has minimal moisture content and properly sealed sugar solids can be stored without requiring a tank.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: For many students, specimen-based learning encourages their curiosity, drawing upon their personal interests, and can engage students who may not normally be an active classroom participant or have different learning styles, including those with limited English proficiency. Such experiences increase the prospect of recruiting underrepresented groups into STEM fields (Hughes 2018; Meyer et al. 2012; Sadler et al. 2012; Smith-Doerr et al. 2017; Visaggi 2020; Wang and Degol 2017). This paper describes an outreach program that was developed for upper-level U. S. high school students (10th–12th grade) and centered around hands-on, inquiry-driven exercises using the disarticulated, large-bodied (> 3 kg) mammalian fossils from Cave (NTC). NTC is a well-known Quaternary (i. e. , Ice Age) fossil locality located in the Basin of Wyoming (Martin and Gilbert 1978; Fig. 1). This outreach program was developed in conjunction with a concurrent paleontological research project on NTC. The active research project examines how late Pleistocene warming events may have precipitated genetic and morphological changes in mammals whose remains had been preserved in the cave (e. g. , Meachen et al. 2016; Tomiya and Meachen 2018). The goal of the outreach program was to increase public high-school students’ exposure to evolutionary and whole organismal biology and geology and provide them with the opportunity to participate in paleontological research and collections care. Additional goals of the program were to increase excitement and interest in science, at a time when many students are exploring potential career paths, raising awareness about the necessity for natural history collections, and addressing student misconceptions about science and the scientific method. Fig. 1Map of the USA showing the location of Cave in relation to Des Moines, IowaFull size imageMethodsAll of the vertebrate fossils used in this outreach program came from NTC. NTC is a pitfall trap, with its only entrance consisting of a 24. 5 m (80 ft) drop. NTC is an important fossil locality that produces a wealth of disarticulated, large- and small-bodied vertebrates and pollen from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs (Wang and Martin 1993).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lignosulfonate in the liquor stream can be sold as a co-product, or could be concentrated, dewatered and burned along with other solid residuals rich in lignin from the hydrolysis process for energy production as part of power supply for the pretreatment facility. At the yields investigated, the majority of the lignin remains in the solid residuals. process can supply concentrated lignocellulosic sugars from recalcitrant biomass sources to existing sugar users. Mild bisulfite pretreatment is an efficient step for pretreating recalcitrant biomass to achieve a high yield of total biomass carbohydrate conversion to monomeric lignocellulosic sugars. The historical sulfite pulp industry provides a proven commercial scale of this type of pretreatment technology. Furthermore, the process is flexible for various biomass feedstocks, including softwood (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood (debarked maple chips), and herbaceous biomass (Alamo variety switchgrass). Options for using lignocellulosic sugar produced from the CLE Sugar process include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These options provide a unique advantage of using lignocellulosic sugar in existing production infrastructure. For example, the use of lignocellulosic sugar can help a corn or grain-based ethanol plant by supplementing its feedstock to increase the value of the ethanol by making use of the Standard incentives or to maintain feedstock options in the face of variations in corn prices. MethodsBiomass feedstocksThe softwood feedstock was forest chips of Loblolly pine, so they contained bark. Hardwood chips used in this test were debarked maple chips from Michigan. Both the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips and debarked maple chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller chips, and 3-mm round-hole fines were removed. Switchgrass biomass is Alamo variety harvested in winter from a field trial in the southeastern United States. Acidic calcium bisulfite reagentAn acidic calcium bisulfite solution was used as a sulfonation reagent in the pretreatment of biomass.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Other inquiry-driven exercises that were considered for the NTC outreach program included 3D scanning and modeling of fossils recovered from the cave, and having the students work on the small-bodied vertebrates (i. e. , vertebrate microfossils), but these exercises have not yet been implemented. Students that participated in the guided research component in the 2017–2018 school year were given anonymous, online survey questions at the end of the semester, including how their perception of paleontology or science had changed in general. The students’ responses followed a common theme. They had not realized “all the unique real-world applications of paleontology” or that paleontology was “much more vast than [they] had previously believed” and paleontologists “do much more relevant and significant work in the science community”. The students also commented that the NTC outreach program deepened their understanding or exposed them to the authentic process of scientific research in a laboratory setting. One student commented that they found scientists to be “more relatable and more down to earth” than they had expected, prior to participating in the program and regularly interacting with the instructors (i. e. , scientists). Thus, the immersive learning experience in the NTC outreach program not only cleared up students’ misconceptions about a particular field of science and scientists, but also made science more valuable and approachable to the students. These are fundamental steps to increasing student engagement in STEM fields. The students surveyed also expressed interest in participating in paleontological fieldwork, ancient DNA research, or studying other groups of organisms, suggesting that the inquiry-based approach of the outreach program helped ignite the participants’ scientific curiosities even beyond the scope of the NTC research project. During the 2018–2019 school year, students were surveyed before and after participating in our outreach program, in conjunction with J. Meachen’s follow-up study on the Pits, as one way to assess its impact on the student’s knowledge and attitude towards science. The questions on the survey included: How interested are you in (1) climate change and the environment, (2) scientific research, (3) fossils and extinctions, (4) museums and natural history collections, and (5) statistics?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Calcium bisulfite was produced by constantly purging pure sulfur dioxide into a calcium oxide solution. The final calcium bisulfite concentration contained about 2–4% total sulfur dioxide, of which about 1% was free sulfur dioxide. The pH of this calcium bisulfite solution was about 1. 4. The total sulfur in the reagent was determined by a standard ASTM D 1552–90 method of sulfur in petroleum products (high temperature method) in Leco S632 (St. Joseph, Michigan). The sulfur result was used to calculate the total equivalent sulfur dioxide (bound and free). The calcium in the liquor was measured by a standard method equivalent to EPA Method 200. 8, revision 5. 4, of EPA/600/R-94/111. The calcium in the liquor was analyzed by an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) (). The bound sulfur dioxide in the calcium bisulfite was determined by the total amount of soluble calcium in the liquor, and the free sulfur dioxide was determined by subtracting the bound sulfur dioxide from the total sulfur dioxide. Pilot pretreatment digesterA 28. 3-liter (one cubic foot) digester with a heat exchange was used in biomass pretreatment with an acidic calcium bisulfite reagent. The digester and the heat exchanger are made of SA-515 Gr 70 alloy and the digester head is made of SA-515 alloy. The piping for calcium bisulfite reagent circulation during the pretreatment is made up of 304 stainless. During pretreatment, steam indirectly heats up the cooking liquor that circulates back to the digester. Sulfonation conditionsThe re-chipped biomass materials were sulfonated in the pilot pretreatment reactor. In each cook, 3. 0 kilograms (oven dried - OD basis) of woody biomass material were used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 0, and 2. 2 kilograms (oven dried basis) of switchgrass was used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 5. The biomass materials were first steamed to 90°C to remove air in the void space of the biomass. After the condensation was drained, the woody biomass was charged with a cool liquor of calcium bisulfite at 12. 5% on wood.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Using a Likert scale of 1–5, where 1 is the least interested and 5 is extremely interested, the results changed as follows: interest in climate change, the environment, and scientific research remained high at a 4. 5, interest in fossils and extinction went from a 2 to a 4. 5, interest in natural history museums went from 1. 5 to a 3. 5, and interest in statistics went from a 2. 5 to a 3. 5. One student even commented that their career goal changed from undecided to a STEM field. These results illustrate the positive impact the outreach program had on the student’s attitude toward STEM fields. Neglecting to survey all the students that participated in the NTC outreach program was an oversight that we recommend other programs should remedy. The framework developed for the NTC outreach program can be easily modified to fit the needs or structure of another research project, community partnership, science laboratory, or museum facility, with the target audience being middle school or undergraduate students. This type of outreach program could be used as an opportunity for graduate students to hone their teaching and mentoring skills and directly addresses the U. S. Foundation’s broader impact statement of societally relevant outcomes, including improving scientific literacy and recruiting underrepresented minorities in STEM. The NTC research project directly benefited from the outreach program, because the high school students helped to identify and curate 3700 fossil specimens. ConclusionResponding to the major challenges of the twenty-first century (e. g. , climate change, rapid urbanization, environmental protections, and energy security) requires a workforce to think critically, collect and analyze relevant data, and interpret that data for the purpose of crafting creative solutions. This outreach program uses the public’s fascination for fossils as a gateway to helping build a stronger STEM workforce and better-informed citizens. The NTC outreach program provided high school students with a unique, immersive experience to work with and learn from scientists in an active research laboratory for a whole semester. Students took an active role in reviewing and extracting relevant information from scientific publications, utilizing the scientific method, analyzing real-world data, conducting statistical analyses, working independently and as a team member, giving presentations, and sharing scientific knowledge in professional settings. These are transferable skill that will help a student to succeed professionally in the future, whether they choose to pursue a career in STEM or not.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: How much does this change our picture of water on the red planet? Interviewee: Alex WitzeIt’s both a big deal and not a big deal, depending on how you think about it. The less exciting way to think about it is that we have known there’s water on Mars in various capacities. We know there’s ice frozen at the poles, we’ve seen ice sort of frozen into the soil at different points around the planet, but it’s always been solid, it’s always been frozen. So the really big thing would be this is the first time we’ve seen it today liquid. And that’s a big deal because of course, water is considered a habitat, or at least something you need for life. So if we’ve got little Martians, if we’ve got Martian microbes, this is a place where they could live. Maybe, just maybe. Interviewer: Adam LevySo what does that maybe actually mean? How certain are these findings of this liquid water on Mars? Interviewee: Alex WitzeSo, people have been trying to use radar to look for liquid water on Mars for a very long time, for more than decade. And it’s just really tricky to interpret these reflections. We talked about these radio waves bouncing back and they looked like a really bright reflection, and so the sort of question here is whether the analysis of the radar data will hold up. Something is there, the question is, is it water? Interviewer: Adam LevyIf we’re able to settle that question and at some point say yes, that definitely is liquid water, does that then mean there is also life there? Interviewee: Alex WitzeWe don’t know – could be… maybe not. The next step that scientists talk about wanting to take is to see whether this one body of water, this one lake beneath the ice cap, whether there are more. And the idea is that this might be kind of a refuge perhaps for microbes that have been around for a very long time. The idea being that Mars, early in its history, billions of years ago, was warmer and wetter than today, almost a blue planet like Earth and life perhaps could have thrived there like it thrived on ancient Earth. And then as Mars sort of dried up and got colder and lost most of its atmosphere, where did those microbes go?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pre-steamed un-debarked Loblolly chips were heated up to 165°C in 15 minutes and held at 165°C for 75 minutes. The pre-steamed debarked maple chips were heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 to 120 minutes. Similarly, the pre-steamed switchgrass was heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 minutes. The wet cooked biomass and the prehydrolysate amounts were measured for mass balance calculation. After cooking, a prehydrolysate “spent liquor” fraction was drained and the cooked chips were collected after having relieved the pressure in the pretreatment reactor by draining the spent liquor and venting. The cooked biomass solid content was measured by drying a biomass sample of about 70 wet grams in an oven set at 105°C for overnight. This solids content was used to determine the total recovered solid biomass after the pretreatment. The cooked chips were very mushy. The cooked wood chips were passed once through an Alpine grinder, without adding any water, to form a pulp-like material. The cooked switchgrass was not refined due to its pulpy status upon removal from the pretreatment reactor. MethodsThe carbohydrate analysis in biomass feedstocks and in pretreated biomass samples was determined by hydrolyzing 100 mg of refined materials with 72% sulfuric acid at 127°C for 60 minutes for a complete carbohydrate hydrolysis. The monomeric sugars from completely acid-hydrolyzed biomass were analyzed quantitatively in the dilute sample for glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in a Dionex ion exchange chromatography. chromatography is equipped with a CarboPac PA1 (Dionex P/N 035391) 4 mm × 250 mm ion-exchange column and a Dionex ED 40 pulsed amperometric detector with gold working electrode and solid state reference electrode. The monomeric sugar results were used for the carbohydrate composition calculation in a biomass sample or a pretreated biomass sample. All biomass carbohydrates were completed in single analysis with duplicate tests of a known composition control (e. g. debarked and clean pine chip sample) to assure the accuracy of the analysis in Weyerhaeuser’s analytical group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: The UK also has many websites to promote STEM women’s employment, for example, ‘STEM Women’Footnote 7, which provides a wealth of information on employment for students already in STEM fields, but there is no similar websites in China. respondents said that if their country had a website like STEM Women, they would have a better chance of finding out about STEM companies and would be more willing to enter the STEM industries. In summary, core ideas from our interviewees are introducing STEM to young people earlier, both in school and external events, and ensuring there is information, activities and role models around STEM careers aimed at young women. DiscussionThe key motivation for this research was to understand more deeply why women are so underrepresented in STEM careers by looking at the intentions of the next generation of potential female STEM workers and getting some understanding into the factors encouraging or discouraging them from entering STEM careers in different contexts. We know that the percentage of women in STEM industries varies across the globe (2019), and that the cultural issues that impact such decisions differ across different cultures, and we hoped to gain more insight into similarities and differences by exploring this in two different locations and largely between two clear subgroups - Chinese and British women. These groups were chosen not just because that is where our personal experience lies, but because both China and the UK are significant players in STEM industries, with China producing more STEM graduates than any other country, and because there is little comparative work between the two countries. The results are thought-provoking, with women in both location having profound concerns around the stereotypes of STEM careers held by themselves and those around them. Note that when we refer to stereotypes, we mean simplified or generalised views of a field and do not mean to dismiss these views as incorrect or meaningless; often there is considerable truth in stereotypes. We did not find that the students we worked with agreed with the limited stereotypes around abilities in STEM - perhaps because they themselves had already proved them to be untrue - but many were surrounded by others, including family and teachers, who did buy into them. No doubt there were many girls with STEM potential who were dissuaded from pursuing STEM because of this. Role models were viewed as important, especially for Chinese students, whom the interview data suggested may have less access to role models. This correlates with our investigations in to opportunities to connect with role models in the two countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: For those residing in states where abortion transitioned from being broadly legal to almost entirely illegal, web-based resources may have played a pivotal role during instances of unplanned pregnancy, as observed previously [51]. Further research is imperative to assess the efficacy of Reddit and other social networking sites in offering support and resources on this and other health-related topics. Notably, this subreddit contained little to no expression about personal abortion beliefs and ideologies. The r/Abortionand Discussions of Over TimeWe did not observe much information or support sharing in the r/AbortionDebate subreddit. Rather, content in this subreddit discussed values and beliefs about abortion across many domains, including ethical, moral, legal, and humanistic. In several circumstances, we observed complex and nuanced abortion perspectives that do not correspond neatly to prochoice or prolife frameworks—2 commonly used but contested abortion identity labels used to outline personal abortion beliefs. For example, as many as half of the topics uncovered by r/AbortionDebate contained contradictory expressions regarding abortion and how the abortion debate was framed. These posts were broadly delineated as those deconstructing or debating prochoice and prolife movements and others explaining how circumstances contributed to moral and ethical shifts in abortion views, for example, in the following excerpts: “I was and will always be pro-choice, but my reaction was absolutely not [to abort a fetus with serious birth defects] even though I knew it was the right answer” and “I was pro-life and never thought I’d need until I did. My experience changed my opinion of them, but [I still wish] they didn’t primarily exist to perform abortions. ” Here, the emphasis is far less on information or support sharing, rather the purpose is to articulate personal views about abortion and defend them accordingly. These findings align with ongoing abortion attitude research citing complex or nuanced abortion views that do not neatly fit into a singular label [52-54]. In addition to discussing and debating abortion values, we observed more combative content in the r/AbortionDebate subreddit. This is likely by design, namely to parse out people seeking information about abortion versus people looking to debate abortion [55]. Such differences between the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits were particularly evident in our sentiment and emotion analyses. For example, r/AbortionDebate yielded slightly more negative VADER affect scores and decreased emotion analysis scores for fear.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, lignin, uronic acids, acetyl groups, extractives and ash were not quantitatively studied. Enzymatic hydrolysisFor enzymatic hydrolysis, a pre-mixed enzyme cocktail was formulated with a cellulase product (Sigma Cat. No. C2730) at 99. 5 mg protein/mL, a beta-glucosidase product (Sigma Cat. No. C6105) at 42. 5 mg protein/mL, and a xylanase (Sigma Cat. No. X2753) at 3. 4 mg protein/mL. The total mixed Sigma enzyme protein titer was 145. 5 mg/mL. enzyme cocktail has a density of 1. 1 g/ml. Cellic® CTec2 enzyme product was provided by Novozymes and was used in the high consistency pretreated biomass hydrolysis. The CTec2 enzyme product has a density of 1. 2 g/ml. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzyme dosage is defined as gram of enzyme product per oven dry (OD) gram of pretreated biomass. Unwashed pretreated biomass was used in all the enzymatic hydrolysis tests. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in screw-capped 50-mL volume in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in an orbital shaking incubator, controlled at 50°C and 200 r. p. m. The hydrolysis pH was controlled at pH 4. 8 by a 50 mmol sodium citrate buffer. Sugar analysisOne milliliter hydrolysis sample was weighed and diluted into a total volume of 10 mL in deionized water. The sample was then centrifuged and the supernatant was used for sugar analysis in a HPLC. equipped with a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87P Column (Cat. No. 125–0098) was used to analyze glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in the hydrolysate from an enzymatic hydrolysis and in the prehydrolysate from a cook. The 87P column was run with water as an eluent at 0. 6 ml/min at 85°C. The acetic acid in the prehydrolysate was analyzed in a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87H Column (Cat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: A CURE for education: how can genuine scientific experiences inspire future scientists? Published: April 30, 2024 What is it like to be a research scientist conducting hands-on experiments in a working lab? How well can science lessons prepare – and encourage – students for careers in STEM? Gao, assistant professor from Nantong University, Xinglin College, in China and currently based at University in the US, is investigating how course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) can transform the learning experience and encourage students to think like real scientists. Talk like an education researcher Collaboration — working with other people to reach a shared goal. During CUREs, learners are encouraged to collaborate with each other to form new ideas and support each other’s learning Course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) — a learning opportunity that allows students to take part in and learn from real-world scientific research projects Discovery — the act of finding something new. During CUREs, learners are not simply given information, but are expected to discover it for themselves Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) — higher education institutions that were established to serve learners specifically Scientific mindset — an outlook on life that is driven by curiosity and involves questioning and testing hypotheses about the world around us STEM — science, technology, engineering and mathematics Science lessons need to teach the wonders of the known universe in classrooms or educational settings, often through old textbooks and in relatively short amounts of time. The miracle of life is boxed into graphs and diagrams, while the mysteries of time and space are sucked into a black hole of incomprehensible equations and formulae! Of course, education has to start somewhere, and it is important to learn fundamental knowledge and basic practical skills to become a scientist. However, it can be hard to get to grips with difficult concepts from books and PowerPoint presentations or to feel inspired by an experiment that has been conducted countless times in classrooms all over the world. At its core, science is about discovery. Surely, we can find a way to learn these skills in a manner that also teaches us to adopt the scientific mindset. A mindset that is curious, inquisitive and that asks questions about the world around it. Gao, based at Nantong University, is an education researcher who has been studying at the College of Education and at University, investigating the potential of a new educational model to do just that.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: Given personal health information is among the most private and legally protected forms of data, AI chatbots, like any other technology used in the health care industry, should be used in compliance with HIPAA. This includes ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of PHI as it is collected, stored, and shared. Since the current free version of ChatGPT does not support (nor does it intend to support) services covered under HIPAA through accessing PHI, the use of ChatGPT in health care can pose risks to data security and confidentiality. Figure 1. Inputs and outputs of an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. can have several security risks. First, the model is trained on billions of data points, which means it has access to a vast amount of people’s data without their permission [25]. This is a clear violation of data security, especially when data are sensitive and can be used to identify individuals, their family members, or their location. Moreover, the training data that OpenAI scraped from the internet can also be proprietary or copyrighted. Consequently, this security risk may apply to sensitive business data and intellectual property. For example, a health care executive may paste the institution’s confidential document into ChatGPT, asking it to review and edit the document. In fact, as an open tool, the web-based data points on which ChatGPT is trained can be used by malicious actors to launch targeted attacks. Second, sensitive information can be leaked into the public domain when using ChatGPT. When users ask ChatGPT to answer some questions, they may inadvertently hand over sensitive patient or business information and put it in the public domain. Therefore, using ChatGPT can put users at risk of losing control of sensitive patient information, source code, and more. Potential data leakage has led companies, such as JP& Co, Verizon Communications, and Amazon to limit and ban their employees from using it [26]. More importantly, the integration of ChatGPT into existing health care systems could potentially require the use and disclosure of vast amounts of PHI; however, this may cause data leaks involving a variety of unintended entities and applications. According to its privacy policy, OpenAI may disclose users’ personal information to its business partners, law enforcement officials, other third parties, and other users [24]. Third, another concern is the lack of transparency regarding the origin of the sensitive data used to train the model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Ying’s research is focused on a geotechnical engineering course that uses course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) to give its learners the chance to gain practical skills and develop a scientific mindset through participation in genuine scientific research. What is different about CURE courses? “In traditional laboratory classes, learners explore the scientific world in a fixed routine with a variety of scientific exercises,” says Ying. “Learners carry out predetermined scientific research according to instructions from an experiment manual. ” This way of learning, as many of us have experienced, can feel dull and unproductive. “Contrary to traditional lab courses, CUREs create a laboratory learning environment in which learners are completely absorbed in a variety of novel research,” explains Ying. Students taking part in CUREs are fully immersed in real-world scientific research; they learn how to create research questions and design studies, collect and interpret data, and communicate their findings to other people. For example, learners on the geotechnical engineering course that Ying has been focusing on take part in a research project investigating the potential for drones to improve land surveys. Land surveying is a fundamental part of all civil engineering projects. As part of their CURE, learners use drones to collect data on research sites such as dams and bridges. “With the assistance of modern technology, learners have the opportunity to apply what they have learnt to a real-world project,” explains Ying. “Taking part in these experiences gives learners a deep understanding and an intuitive feeling of scientific practice. ” What are the benefits of CURE courses? To compare CURE courses with traditional courses, Ying surveyed learners from both course types before the start and at the end of their courses. These surveys asked learners about different aspects of their course, such as how much they were encouraged to collaborate with others, how much they were expected to use their own initiative, and what their career aspirations were. The results from these surveys show that the CURE model inspires learners to seek further education in engineering and prepare themselves for engineering jobs in the future. Ying explains, “Lab courses embedded with CURE elements can improve learners’ competence in experimental design and data analysis, inspire their enthusiasm in science, and convince them to continue with their studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: We also found that many LLM responses consistently referred the patient to consult healthcare professionals in their answer; this form of response may therefore be perceived as being more superficial in nature [14]. A balance of response detail, professionalism, commitment to patient safety, and friendliness can be important in the patient’s perception of each LLM as a trusted and useful resource [14]. This study utilised several validated scoring systems to grade the quality and readability of currently the most advanced LLM software responses. However, our study encountered some limitations. Firstly, the readability scores used were interpreted according to comprehension difficulty matched to the education level and may be different in an Australian context. Secondly, the questions posed to the LLMs were a summary of questions that patients asked at our institution only, and these may vary depending on patient demographics and their location. Furthermore, although we utilised two experienced clinicians to grade responses, there may have been small variations and therefore bias in how these responses were scored. Our study used only single prompts to generate responses and did not account for the past medical history of potential users. As such, the generated output was limited, and their responses may not be as specific or personalised as if the LLMs were given more information on each patient’s medical and social circumstances. Future studies can potentially explore the way in which LLMs tailor responses when provided with more patient information. ConclusionThis study highlights the potential of LLMs in providing patients with stoma management information through AI-generated responses to patient inquiries. Among the evaluated LLMs, Bing’s CoPilot and ChatGPT-4. 0 showed superior performance in readability, reliability, and overall quality of responses compared to other LLMs. However, LLMs still require significant advances in order to provide more tailored patient information. of authors declare no conflict of interest. authors have received any funding or support. Authors' conception and design of data Bryan Lim, Analysis and interpretation of data of manuscript revision of manuscript and contributed equally as first authors509. doi:10. 1007/s10350-004-0897-0. Focused preoperative patient stoma education, prior to ileostomy formation after anterior resection, contributes to a reduction in delayed discharge within the enhanced recovery programme. Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(1):43–47. doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulovorans DSM 3052 were purchased from von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ). Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was purchased from (ATCC), while A. niger strain nl-1 was from University (Nanjing). Synthetic genes of cdt-1, gh1-1, cbh2 (codon-optimized, shown in Additional file 1), and Enhancer were provided by Inovogen (Beijing). Detailed descriptions of plasmids and sequences of primers are given in Additional file 1: Tables S1–S4. Media and culture conditions Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (1 % tryptone, 0. 5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl) supplemented with either 100 μg/mL ampicillin or 50 μg/mL kanamycin, and were induced with 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 25 °C. EBY100 transformants were selected and maintained on minimal dextrose plates [0. 67 % yeast nitrogen base (YNB) with ammonium sulfate and without amino acids, 2 % glucose, 1. 5 % agar, appropriate supplements of Leu and Trp], and were induced in 10 mM CaCl2 supplied synthetic complete (SC) minimal medium (0. 67 % YNB, 2 % galactose, appropriate amino acids) with an initial A600 nm of 1 at 20 °C for 48 h. Cultivation of the yeasts expressing cellodextrin pathway was carried out in 96-well plate at 30 °C in SC minimal medium supplied with 2 % glucose, 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, or 0. 5 % cellotetrose. Cell density was periodically measured using (Thermo Scientific). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 transformants were cultured in SC minimal medium with 2 % glucose as the carbon source for 48 h at 25 °C. Cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 4), and the photographs were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: ” These results are particularly encouraging because Ying’s research took place at University, one of the largest Colleges and Universities (HBCUS) in the US. Before the civil rights movement in the 1960s, many American colleges and universities limited their intake of, or refused entry to, students. HBCUs are higher education institutions that were created to serve African Americans. Why are CURE courses so important at HBCUs? “In 2017, the number of learners enrolled by American public colleges and universities in STEM majors was only one-fifth of the number of white learners,” says Ying. learners also have higher drop-out rates and lower graduation rates than other learners. “As a result, the involvement of in STEM occupations is strikingly low,” she adds. Download the 10. 33424/491 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 has been studying at the College of Education and at University in the US (© University) Drone lab class (© Ying Gao) 3D printing lab class (© Ying Gao) Gao is at Nantong University, Xinling College, China (© Nantong University, Xinling College) These worrying statistics are the result of a whole host of barriers – from a lack of mentorship and support, to fewer opportunities, to more overt forms of discrimination – that can make higher education more challenging for learners. Implementing CURE courses at more HBCUs could help to improve the situation. Findings from Ying’s research show that the CURE course she implemented improved learners’ self-confidence and encouraged more of them to consider careers in STEM fields. Scientific research that impacts all of society needs researchers from a range of backgrounds and with a range of perspectives. Encouraging and developing experts is a vital part of the diversity we need to benefit us all. What are Ying’s next steps? Ying will continue to study CURE courses and their impacts on learners. In future studies, she will interview learners to gain a deeper understanding of their survey responses. These interviews, along with advice from teaching experts, will allow Ying and her fellow educators to adapt and improve the CURE model. “We expect that instructors from different courses at the university will adopt the CURE model in the future,” says Ying.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ReferenceAIT typesAITs subtypeAITs useMachine learningNatural language processingDigital healthPredictScreen and measureManageAl-Harrasi et al [48]✓N/Ab✓Byeon [31]✓Predictive modeling✓Chen et al [39]✓Robotics✓Chen et al [47]✓Facial expression recognition✓Cho et al [46]✓Predictive modeling✓Demange et al [32]✓Robotics✓Eikelboom et al [33]✓N/A✓Favela et al [40]✓Wearable technology✓Filan and Llewellyn-Jones [51]✓Robotics✓Gill et al [34]✓N/A✓Hsieh et al [41]✓Robotics✓Jøranson et al [44]✓Robotics✓König et al [49]✓N/A✓König et al [35]✓N/A✓Leng et al [52]✓Robotics✓Liang et al [45]✓Robotics✓Mallo et al [36]✓N/A✓Mar et al [38]✓N/A✓Mar et al [37]✓N/A✓Moyle et al [42]✓Robotics✓Pu et al [53]✓Robotics✓Russo et al [55]✓N/A✓Shah et al [50]✓N/A✓Tadokoro et al [43]✓Facial expression recognition✓Yu et al [54]✓Robotics✓aAIT: artificial intelligence–based technology. bN/A: not applicable. Figure 4. Number of publications by artificial intelligence–based technology use and mental health issues. BPSD: behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. DiscussionPrincipal ResultsDespite the growing interest in AITs, most of those currently used take a psychosocial approach to treating and caring for patients with BPSD by using the clinical signs that are already present. AI remains largely unexplored in terms of its potential for the early, real-time detection of BPSD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0) supplied with 1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 10 mM CaCl2. Viscosity reduction at 30 °C was measured periodically using an ubbelohde viscometer. The yeast cells with bifunctional minicellulosomes (A600 nm = 50) were suspended in the same buffer containing 1 % CMC and 10 mM CaCl2, and kept at 30 °C for 20 h. The reducing sugars released were quantified by 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. FermentationTo screen the preferred combination of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, the pre-induced yeast cells were washed twice with PBS, then concentrated to A600 nm = 20 in SC minimal medium supplied with 10 mM CaCl2 and 1 % or Avicel. The fermentation was conducted anaerobically in rubber-stoppered glass serum bottle at 30 °C for 4 days. The yeast transformants without pre-induction were used for cellulose-galactose co-fermentation. An appropriate amount (0–25 g/L) of galactose was mixed with 1 % cellulose as the carbon source, and the growth temperature was lowered to 25 °C. Galactose was measured using D-galactose rapid kit (Megazyme), while cell density and ethanol were determined via a spectrophotometer (EU-2600, ONLAB) and gas chromatograph (GC-14C, Shimadzu), respectively. ResultsFunctional construction of cellodextrin utilization pathwayWe employed cdt-1 from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake. It was co-expressed with different β-glucosidases (Ccel_2454 from C. cellulolyticum, bgla from C. cellulovorans, and gh1-1 from N. crassa) to construct cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae EBY100. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, the EBY100 strains expressing either gfp-fused gh1-1 or gfp-fused cdt-1 were brightly fluorescent under a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: “We hope that this will strengthen STEM education for our undergraduates, help to cultivate their talents and prepare them to compete in the global job market. ” Gaoat Nantong University, Xinling College, China, and doctoral student at the Department of Elementary and Education, College of Education and of research: Education research Research project: Using course-based undergraduate research experiences to improve the experience of Geotechnical engineering learners Funders: US Foundation (NSF). Project number: 633242 Department of Education in Jiangsu Province, China. Project number: 2021JSJG357 Department of Education in Jiangsu Province, China. Project number: 2024JSJG168 About education research Education is one of the most important aspects of our development as human beings. A good education allows us to communicate with other people, develop new skills and understand the world arounds us. Without a proper education, we may struggle to feel confident socially, find work, take care of ourselves and lead a fulfilling life. Education research is the process of studying, testing and, ultimately, improving our education practices. Education researchers aim to understand the mechanisms by which humans learn in order to identify new and better ways of teaching. Over the last few years, one of the big questions in education research has been how best to integrate technology into education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this question was put to the test as schools and universities around the world were forced to move all of their teaching online. Overnight, teachers and learners had to adapt to video calls and virtual classrooms. How long can learners pay attention on a video call? How does a lack of social contact affect learning? Can teachers support students properly without face-to-face interactions? These are the types of questions that education researchers are still trying to answer, with many concerned about the consequences lockdowns had on schools and young people. While it is clear that technology cannot replace in-person learning, there is still huge potential for it to enhance and augment our teaching methods. In fact, it is hard to imagine how a school could function these days without access to computers, the internet and smart boards. As technology continues to evolve, so too does its place in the classroom. One new technology, augmented reality, is already being used in some classrooms. For example, medical students use simulation software to practice surgical procedures, whilst some mathematics teachers are using augmented reality to teach trigonometry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Further, given the weak signal-to-noise ratio, it is likely that signals from wearables or smartphones alone might lack sensitivity or specificity. Therefore, research that combines signals from wearables or smartphones with other digital sources of data (eg, symptoms recorded in health records and initial laboratory tests in primary care) will almost certainly be needed to demonstrate sufficient accuracy and utility in target populations. This was recently highlighted in a systematic review [29] of artificial intelligence technologies for skin cancer detection. Despite an abundance of digital products, the review highlighted that there has been very little testing in low-prevalence populations and limited data on the use of lower-quality images (eg, taken by patients or family physicians or using lower-quality phones), and as such, widespread adoption into practice has been limited [30]. Innovators also need to consider (and test) whether these new digital tools should and could detect more than 1 type of cancer (or detect other potentially important nonmalignant diseases; eg, cirrhosis in individuals with jaundice or depression in individuals with weight loss). Other considerations include who the target group is (eg, all adults or only those at higher risk of developing cancer), at what point in time (eg, certain age), and at what periodicity that group should begin using this technology for the detection of cancer. Further, it is well documented that symptom monitoring increases selective attention to the body, resulting in increased symptom reporting [31]; thus, the monitoring of symptoms could result in increased symptom burden. Development and testing need to determine the extent to which the monitoring of activity, symptoms, and other signals changes the outputs of those measurements [32,33]. Regulatory ChallengesGiven the burden involved in fulfilling regulatory approvals for diagnostic devices, many smartphone technologies and wearables that could potentially have value for cancer detection will instead be introduced as products for overall health and wellness management. As the field expands, more guidance and standards for digital health tools are being introduced to ensure that they are not only safe and effective but also adoptable by the health care system [34]. For example, the recent UK of Health and (NICE) evidence standards framework [35] is intended to ensure new digital health technologies are clinically effective and offer value to the health care system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The difference in GFP distribution indicated the successful localization of GH1-1 and CDT-1 in yeast cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectively. Also, Fig. 2a and b show that although GFP was detected in some cells, the rest of the population did not have GFP. The cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression probably arose from fluctuations in the global gene expression machinery of the cell, which has been termed “extrinsic noise”, “global noise”, or “gene expression capacity” [28]. All three yeast transformants expressing both cellodextrin transporter and β-glucosidase were able to grow with cellobiose as the sole carbon source (Fig. 2c). They showed similar growth rates in 2 % glucose fermentation (cell density [A600 nm] reached ~1. 45 from 0. 15 after 30 h), but exhibited different growth kinetics on cellodextrins (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Among them, the strain EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) expressing GH1-1 and CDT-1 had the highest specific growth rates and reached A600 nm of 1. 34, 1. 21, and 1. 54 from 0. 15 in ~50 h with 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, and 0. 5 % cellotetrose as the sole carbon source, respectively. Fig. 2Functionality of the cellodextrin pathway in yeast. Confocal images of the EBY100 strains expressing gfp-fused gh1-1 (a), and gfp-fused cdt-1 (b). c Growth of the engineered EBY100 strains on the plate containing 1 % cellobiose as the sole carbon source. A Gly-Ser (GS) linker was introduced between GFP and GH1-1 or CDT-1 in (a) and (b). The control was transformed with pRS425.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space exploration promotes international collaboration and knowledge-sharing. [SEP] Text: Base: A Key to and Collaboration 0 By leap_bojan on August 20, 2023 × Bettoni, M. and Obeng, E. , 2023. Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of 9(5), 45. APA Bettoni, M. & Obeng, E. (2023). Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of 9(5), 36-45. M, Obeng E. Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of. 2023 Jul,9(5):36-45. . "Base: A Key to and Collaboration. " of 9. 5 (2023): 36-45. Chicago Bettoni, Marco, Obeng Eddie. "Base: A Key to and Collaboration. " of 9, no. 5 (2023): 36-45. × Suggested 10. 18775/ijmsba. 1849-5664-5419. 2014. 95. 1003 URL: Marco Bettoni,. Management and Collaboration, Basel, Switzerland Abstract: Knowledge sharing is a key to successful collaboration (online or in presence), and since collaboration is changing due to the increasingly emerging so-called “New Collaboration,” knowledge sharing should adjust accordingly: we call this Sharing. Organizations wishing to exploit the potential of need to understand how the new knowledge sharing and collaboration are related and, in particular, how they proceed, the very steps of their interwoven process. During our previous work, the concept of a Base (abbreviated to J. K. B. ) emerged and became increasingly prominent as a key to knowledge sharing. Thus, in this paper, we will first revise and elaborate our concept of a J. K. B. in more detail. We will see how, on the one hand, when working on a shared task, each collaborator contributes to its construction and how, on the other, the J. K. B. functions as an interaction bridge, which is why it is a key to knowledge sharing. Secondly, we will describe different opportunities for partners in an interaction (team meeting, workshop, creative session, etc. ) to contribute to the creation of a J. K. B. using so-called “Tools” (D. C. T. ), which are standardized artifact-mediated interaction methods developed by E. Obeng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers within a decade. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CDT-1 and β-glucosidases in (c) did not have GFP tagFull size image Facilitation of protein assembly on yeast by secretionIn this work, the N-terminals of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were fused with a yeast secretion signal (α-factor) to extracellularly accomplish the minicellulosome assembly, because our earlier study [10] has suggested that direct display of the intracellularly-assembled minicellulosome may be difficult due to its large molecular mass. However, the hypothesis of using enzyme or scaffoldin secretion can facilitate cellulosome assembly on the yeast surface has never been confirmed. Here, the EBY100 displaying miniscaffoldin II and co-expressing docCipA-fused gfp (C-terminus) was thus used to investigate the impact of N-terminal α-factor on surface assembly of GFP complex. Dockerin docCipA (type II) was able to specifically bind to the type II cohesin domains (CohII) on miniscaffoldin II. To determine the amount of the surface-displayed GFP, a camelid-derived nanobody (Enhancer) [26, 27] produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was applied (Additional file 1: Figure S3a). It has been reported that binding of Enhancer can facilitate improved proton extraction from the chromophore hydroxyl by His148GFP, thereby stabilizing the phenolate anion of the chromophore and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of GFP [26]. Here, binding of Enhancer to GFP led to an additional fluorescence increase of ~1. 84-fold (Fig. S3b), thus the GFP distribution could be calculated according to Eqs. (1) and (2). Here, enhancement coefficient (α) was ~2. 84. As shown in Fig. 3a, when the repeat number of CohII was less than six, the fluorescence intensity on the yeast surface increased linearly with increasing the length of miniscaffoldin II, and a raised display level of GFP usually resulted in a decrease of fluorescence inside yeast cells (Fig. 3b).

Output: pass