Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power, are being promoted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Figure 6(b) shows NOx emissions from the three systems; coupling wind and solar with the natural gas turbine increases NOx emissions by a factor of between three and five, depending on the time of year. Figure 5. Average energy cost of integrating photovoltaics into the wind/gas portfolio. Figure 6. Emissions impacts from coupling wind and natural gas; and coupling wind, solar and natural gas. Panel (a) shows the decrease in CO2 emissions from coupling renewables and fossil fuels, while panel (b) shows the increase in NOx emissions. 4. Discussion and results on the emissions implications of coupling renewables and fossil fuels are consistent with previous research [13]. Coupling wind energy with a natural gas turbine can potentially reduce long-run average production costs, although incrementally adding photovoltaics to the portfolio increases costs. We find that the coupled wind/gas system has higher NOx emissions than simply running a natural gas turbine at a constant level of output, Figure 7. Monetary savings, including emissions costs, from coupling wind and natural gas. We do not find any monetary savings from adding photovoltaics to the wind/gas capacity portfolio. but lower CO2 emissions. Adding photovoltaics reduces the CO2 emissions profile of the system slightly while increasing the NOx profile. In a scenario where emissions are priced, the reduction in CO2 cost may outweigh the increase in NOx costs for the wind/gas coupled system, yielding net savings (compared to running the gas-only system) depending on the relative emissions prices. Using prevailing CO2 prices from the of $22. 60 per tonne, and a NOx price of $0. 25/kg, we find that pricing emissions leads to additional net savings for the wind/gas coupled system (Figure 7). While there would be additional net emissions cost savings from adding photovoltaics to the coupled system, the savings are not sufficient to offset the higher long-run average production cost. The incentives for owners of renewable energy projects to couple operations with controllable energy sources are still a matter of debate. In some territories that have adopted wholesale restructuring, such coupling would allow the owners to receive capacity payments. In territories where bilateral market activity is the dominant form of trade, coupled renewable and fossil projects may be able to sign “firm” energy contracts (subject to availability of transmission), which typically sell at a premium. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: located in has initiated a study focused on the manipulation of immune cells using engineering techniques, with the objective of enabling in vivo investigations. The unique approach exhibits promise in specifically targeting coronary arteries and effectively detecting the accumulation of plaque, a critical element in the prevention of myocardial infarctions. The biohubs utilize a collaborative approach that entails the amalgamation of interdisciplinary endeavors spanning many institutions, hence cultivating an environment conducive to fostering innovation within the realms of biological and medical research [8]. Figure 7. Recent advancements in biosensor technology for animal and livestock health management [8]. 8. Neethirajan, S. , et al. , Recent advancement in biosensors technology for animal and livestock health management. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 98: p. 398-407. 9. 00:50:52 Universities & Biohubs; Therapeutics & 's approach to biohubs involves acknowledging that some scientists may be hesitant to sever their relationships with universities or fully dedicate themselves to these hubs. The primary goal of CZI is to engage in long-lasting and iterative initiatives that involve the examination of multiple models, with the intention of attaining the most favorable outcomes. Subsequently, CZI implements a strategic allocation of a larger proportion of its investments into these specific domains over a period of five years. The need to promote collaboration among biohubs is underscored, however, CZI also acknowledges its distinct place within the ecosystem. Academic researchers exhibit a prudent stance in regard to the translation of research findings into practical applications, particularly in the context of rare diseases. In this specific framework, the incorporation of patients' experiential knowledge is successfully utilized to establish collaborative partnerships with researchers and to cultivate engagement among pharmaceutical companies in actively contributing to the development of innovative therapies. Although biohubs possess the potential to stimulate entrepreneurial concepts, the major objective of CZI is to provide assistance in the transformation of research endeavors into commercial enterprises, with a specific focus on the realm of cures [9]. Figure 8. Human monocytes made from iPSCs. DAPI is blue, actin is green, and CD68 is pink [9]. 9. York. Available from: 00:57:23 Optimism; Children & an exchange between it becomes evident that they hold divergent perspectives. Mark exhibits a proclivity toward technological optimism, whereas Priscilla directs her attention to the tangible ramifications for individuals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Table 3 T-test comparison between the mean infestations of Earias insulana after using the two fungal after 7 and 14 days at each treatment and control in 2018 and 2019 seasonsFull size tableDiscussionObtained results showed that both M. anisopliae and B. bassiana strains were elicited effects toward E. insulana under field experiment. M. anisopliae (S1, S2) showed the best effect toward E. insulana infestation reduction percentage after 3 sprays of each treatments, under field conditions followed by B. bassiana S1, S2. In this respect, Abd-ElAzeem et al. (2019) investigated the biological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungi against the newly hatched larvae of E. insulana. Results showed that the fungi M. anisopliae had more effectiveness to the newly hatched larvae. Also, spore suspensions of the all fungal isolates had the highest larval mortality than fungal metabolites. Moustafa et al. (2019) found that toxicity of M. anisopliae was high in case of E. insulana treatment. Dar et al. (2020) reported that M. anisopliae and B. bassiana either isolates or (W. P. ) with (15 L. /Fed. ) were the most effective applications in reduction percentage of boll infestation with E. insulana followed by Bacillus thuringiensis, whereas, Hegab and Zaki (2012) found that B. bassiana gave a low larval mortality against E. insulana. ConclusionIt could be concluded that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae proved to be efficient EPF against E. insulana. These fungi induced significant reductions for the mean numbers of infested bolls with the pest. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are commonly used as pathogens against many insect species. Generally, the tested strains can be suggested as promising fungi to be used in biological control program of E. insulana in the field application. Availability of data and materials All data in the tables are so clear and these numbers are the raw data. 10. 1186/s41938-019-0192-y(2006) Integrated management strategies for control of cotton key pests in middle Egypt. 4:121–128 42.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: know Earth is warming. Clear evidence of warming can be seen in observations of the atmosphere, oceans, ice, and living things. Computer simulations can tell us what the world would have looked like without increases in greenhouse gases and other human influences, and Earth would not have warmed up like we have seen. By comparing the changes scientists have observed to computer simulations of the climate including or excluding various potential causes, scientists can work out what or who is responsible for the climate changes. Again and again, it has been shown that these simulations can only explain observed climate changes when historic emissions of greenhouse gases, principally arising from burning coal, oil, and gas, are included. The best estimate is that all the warming we have observed since 1850–1900 is due to greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities. is Scientists have been directly observing Earth’s climate system for around 200 years, using an ever-increasing range of techniques. In the early days, we used thermometers, barometers, and other instruments to measure weather at Earth’s surface. Over time, our ability to monitor the changing climate has increased, and we can now measure from the depths of the oceans to the edges of space, using a broad range of techniques including balloons, satellites, aircraft, and ocean profilers [1]. We can also use things that change with the climate, to infer changes that happened to the climate long before we started taking modern measurements. These so-called climate proxies include amongst many others the annual growth of trees, measured through tree ring width, and analysis of ice cores which capture changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Climate proxies are like fuzzy recordings of Earth’s climate history—they can provide some indication of the past climate but not in the detail we can get from modern observations [1]. The combination of direct measurements and proxy records tells us that Earth’s surface temperature is warming faster than it has at any time in at least the last 2,000 years. Earth’s oceans, ice, and living things are also now in states unseen for hundreds to many thousands of years [2]. This matters because the last several thousand years are the period in which humanity has developed from hunter-gatherers to our modern societies. The climate over this period was remarkably stable in the context of last several million years and this stability helped modern humans to flourish. Earth’s climate is warming rapidly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Mark's inclination toward optimism serves as a catalyst for his enthusiasm for pursuing novel concepts and participating in ambitious undertakings at an international level. In contrast, Priscilla's pragmatic disposition compels her to formulate comprehensive solutions and adeptly navigate the pragmatic challenges that emerge, with the ultimate objective of augmenting the welfare of individuals. The interplay between optimism and pessimism plays a significant role in shaping individuals' attitudes and behaviors, highlighting the significance of maintaining an optimistic mindset when undertaking significant endeavors, particularly in the presence of challenges. The utilization of a collaborative strategy allows individuals to effectively harness their unique strengths in order to achieve a common aim that results in benefits for the group as a whole [10]. 10. Conversano, C. , et al. , Optimism and its impact on mental and physical well-being. Health, 2010. 6: p. 25-9. 11. 01:07:25 Technology & Health, Positive & initiated a discussion regarding the diverse ramifications of technology and social media, placing a special focus on the importance of their usage. acknowledges the potential for both positive and negative outcomes that may arise from the utilization of social media while highlighting the significance of authentic human connections established through these platforms. Positive attributes comprise the development of interpersonal relationships, empathy, and proficient communication, all of which have been associated with increased levels of pleasure and general well-being. Negative components comprise a diverse array of concerns, including the pervasive prevalence of cyberbullying and the tendency towards passive consumption of content, particularly in the context of unpleasant news. To foster a comprehensive and positive user experience, Zuckerberg implements a strategic approach that comprises the promotion of secure interactions, the implementation of content control mechanisms, and the facilitation of many content consumption options for users. The position espoused by certain individuals asserts that a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding is required to adequately grasp the implications of social media. This proposition asserts that social media cannot be definitively classified as either entirely advantageous or detrimental. However, the extent of its influence depends on how it is used to cultivate interpersonal connections and improve individuals' overall well-being. Figure 9. Brain in the fMRI [11]. 11. Marciano, L. , A. -L. Camerini, and R. Morese, Brain in the Digital Era: A of Structural and of in Adolescence. 2021. 12. 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2716279/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published09 Jul, 2023Read the published version in BMC Genomics →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is an irruptive bark beetle that causes extensive mortality to many pine species within the forests of western North America. Driven by climate change and wildfire suppression, a recent MPB outbreak has spread across more than 18 million hectares, including areas to the east of the that comprise populations and species of pines not previously affected. Despite its impacts, there are few tactics available to control MPB populations. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological agent in agriculture and forestry and has potential as a management tactic for the mountain pine beetle population. This work investigates the phenotypic and genomic variation between B. bassianastrains to identify optimal strains against a specific insect. Results: Using comparative genome and transcriptome analyses of eight B. bassiana isolates, we have identified the genetic basis of virulence, which includes oosporein production. Genes unique to the more virulent strains included functions in biosynthesis of mycotoxins, membrane transporters, and transcription factors. Significant differential expression of genes related to virulence, transmembrane transport, and stress response was identified between the different strains, as well as up to nine-fold upregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of oosporein. Differential correlation analysis revealed transcription factors that may be involved in regulating oosporein production. Conclusion: This study provides a foundation for the selection and/or engineering of the most effect strain of B. bassiana for the biological control of mountain pine beetle and other insect pests populations. Beauveria bassianaforest health genomicspest controlfungal metabolismFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3BackgroundThe mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) is an irruptive bark beetle that infects and kills most native pine (Pinus) species in its range (1). It is prone to periodic outbreaks that can cause the mortality of trees over large areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: From 1850–1900 to 2013–2022, the best estimate is that the global average temperature warmed by 1. 15°C, with much larger changes in some regions [3]. Overall, land is warming considerably faster than the oceans, and the Arctic is warming fastest of all [2]. 2023 was the warmest year on record, and 2024 may well-exceed 1. 5°C warming for the first time. Agreement, which almost all countries have signed, has a goal to limit global warming since pre-industrial to well-below 2°C and to strive to limit it to below 1. 5°C (Read more here). Because of natural variability, one year above 1. 5°C will not mean this level has permanently been exceeded, but we expect 1. 5°C to be exceeded within the next 15 years. We know that, even at 1. 5°C of global warming, there will already be many negative impacts [4]. Earth has probably not consistently been as warm as it has been this most recent decade for at least 125,000 years. However, observations of a warming surface climate are far from the only piece of evidence we have. Evidence across the atmosphere, oceans, frozen planet and living things all point to one inescapable conclusion: the world is warming (Figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 - Evidence that Earth is warming comes from multiple sources across all components of the climate system. By measuring various indicators of climate change (middle bars, with scales shown by right hand bars), we can see the effects that these changes are having on the planet—the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is increasing, rainfall is increasing, glaciers are melting and contributing to sea-level rise, and the temperatures of both Earth’s surface and the oceans are going up [figure Inspired by the warming stripes ( Source: 6 WGI Figure 1. 4 [1]. Reproduced with permission. Represent the Scientists have a strong understanding of how the climate system works, and they can use this to simulate weather and climate using computer models of the atmosphere and climate system. As a well-known example, simulations of the atmosphere can be used to generate weather forecasts for the next 10–20 days. These weather forecasts have great skill and, in the case of extreme weather events, they can help to save lives and livelihoods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 01:13:17 podcast delivered by examines the strategic methodology adopted by Facebook in efficiently tackling clickbait content and guaranteeing a favorable user experience. The significance of upholding a well-balanced and harmonious equilibrium between data-driven decision-making and the incorporation of human input, specifically in combating clickbait, is emphasized by in their study. The objective of this research is to examine user behavior and p12. Facebook’s Audit – Final Report. Available from: 01:19:17 & During a podcast, underscores the need to comprehend the intricate user experience on social media platforms. He recognizes the importance of improving understanding regarding the diverse range of tools available to users for managing their interactions and overseeing their overall experience. Zuckerberg suggests that a portion of the instructional process should occur within the product itself. This would entail providing users with prompts and contextual information to optimize their utilization of the platform's functions. Furthermore, the author delves into the examination of design trade-offs that emerge from incorporating capabilities such as blocking or restricting, as these features have implications for the social dynamics among users. Zuckerberg's viewpoint underscores the necessity of providing a diverse array of tools that possess varying degrees of capability and subtlety, thereby empowering users to customize their experiences in accordance with their individual p13. Dwivedi, Y. K. , et al. , Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. of Information Management, 2022. 66: p. 102542. 14. 01:24:51 Time, Usage & Technology, Parental Toolsdiscusses the challenge of determining the extent of excessive time spent on social media usage or upcoming augmented reality experiences. emphasizes the importance of considering the unique situations and usage of individuals while highlighting that the final factor rests in how the technology is utilized. The author posits that when contemplating the future prospects of augmented reality in augmenting social experiences, it becomes apparent that if these experiences can provide immersive and dynamic interactions that are on par with those encountered in face-to-face interactions, it would be unreasonable to impose arbitrary restrictions on their duration. argues that it is crucial to understand the application of technology, including evaluating whether consumers are trapped in harmful patterns or engaging in meaningful transactions. Zuckerberg's strategic approach aims to provide users and parents with materials that improve their understanding and management of digital interactions while avoiding an overly paternalistic stance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The most recent outbreak, beginning in the late 1990s, was exacerbated by a warming environment that enhanced beetle survival, and wildfire suppression that increased the abundance of susceptible host trees (2). To date, MPB has affected approximately 18 million hectares of lodgepole pine (P. contorta) forests in western North America, with over 50% of mature lodgepole pine trees killed (3). The cumulative economic loss to western Canada alone has been estimated at 90 billion CAD (4). The extreme size of the outbreak, together with a climate change-induced increase in suitable habit, facilitated rapid range expansion into new regions including northern and eastward over the into north-central Alberta (5, 6). Eastward expansion has facilitated infestations within populations of lodgepole pine, jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrid (P. contorta x P. banksiana); hosts with limited defensive capacity due to a lack of coevolutionary interactions with MPB (7–10). MPB poses an alarming continental threat, as jack pine is the predominant pine species that extends across the boreal forest to the and the of Canada (10–14). Efforts to mitigate the spread of MPB have been hampered by the lack of effective control methods (15). MPB escapes conventional pesticides as it spends all but a few days during dispersal flight beneath the bark of host trees (16). Furthermore, mutualistic ophiostomatoid blue stain fungi introduced into trees by MPB limit the efficacy systemic insecticides (17). Hence, the physical removal of infested trees, through felling and burning or salvage harvesting, is currently the main mitigation tactic for MPB (15). However, this approach is often costly, logistically difficult, and prone to failure. Therefore, development of a cost-effective and ecologically viable management approach to control MPB populations is critical to minimize its continued spread and impact. Beauveria bassiana (BB) is an entomopathogenic fungus that efficiently kills many species of insect pests. Different strains of this fungus are widely used in agriculture and are approved as safe biological insecticides that do not significantly hamper pollinating insects (18). BB kills various bark beetle species, although some strains have narrow host species spectra (19–21).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: The same processes are simulated in climate simulations but, in addition, climate simulations also simulate the oceans, the frozen parts of the planet, and living things. Climate simulations can be used to simulate past changes and project into the future for hundreds of years, to understand how the climate has changed and how it might change in the future. These models cannot reliably tell us whether it will be sunny or rainy on a particular day 50 years from now, but they can tell us how the average weather, or climate, will change in response to increases in greenhouse gases and other factors (for more details on climate changes, see this Frontiers for 2020. The vertical bars show data from many models and the average result of all those models is indicated by the horizontal line. Models closer to the top of the graph are more skillful, meaning they are better at simulating the temperature, rainfall or weather patterns, than those lower down. Overall, models perform better for temperature than rainfall or weather patterns. Source: 3. 3 [5]. Modified with permission. Modifications undertaken by collection editor Dr. for this paper. by Scientists can use climate simulations to do the detective work of finding out what is responsible for observed changes in Earth’s climate. This detective work includes in-depth statistical analysis to sort through the available lines of evidence and identify the culprit (or culprits). The first question is whether the changes we have observed are unusual. Here, we can use the long simulations run without any changes in climate drivers, to see whether the observed changes are unusual compared to the variability we would expect by chance. If an observed change is unusual, then the next step is to work out what the most likely explanation is for the observed change. To find the most likely cause(s), we can use simulations run from 1850 to near-present. Simulations including greenhouse gas increases and other human factors can reproduce the observed warming in surface temperature (Figure 3) and a broad range of other changes across the atmosphere, ocean, frozen planet, and living things, but simulations without these human factors cannot. Time and time again, it has been found that humans are principally responsible for the climate changes that have been observed [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The primary goal is to equip customers with the requisite knowledge and resources to make well-informed decisions pertaining to their consumption [14]. Figure 10. Over usage of social media and Alterations in [14]. 14. Cheng, H. and J. Liu, Alterations in in Disorder. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 2370. 15. 01:28:55 (VR), Experiences & The podcast presented by delves into the realm of mixed reality and provides a comprehensive analysis of its potential impact on the future of augmented and virtual reality encounters. The user conceives of a theoretical scenario in which the utilization of intelligent eyewear enables the incorporation of holographic visuals into the tangible realm, thus enhancing reality by means of augmented reality technology. The potential transformation of various physical entities, such as artwork, recreational pursuits, and display interfaces, into holographic manifestations holds the capacity to significantly alter our modes of engagement with the surrounding milieu. lays much emphasis on the possibility of hybrid interactions that integrate physical presence with virtual engagement. This phenomenon is exemplified by the depiction of virtual team meetings when artificial intelligence avatars are actively engaged in conjunction with live participants and holographic representations. The author also explores the concept of engaging in romantic relationships within mixed reality environments, positing that such interactions may provide a more relaxed and secure experience, allowing users to effortlessly end unwanted experiences. envisions a potential future scenario in which the boundaries between the physical and digital realms become blurred, resulting in a seamless integration of these two worlds. The integration under consideration, frequently referred to as the "real room," aims to enhance experiences by combining aspects from the physical and digital domains, so producing a more immersive and meaningful setting [15]. Figure 11. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives [15]. 15. Xiong, J. , et al. , Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light: Science & Applications, 2021. 10(1): p. 216. 16. 01:36:09 & Zuckerberg explores the need to foster computing experiences that actively integrate the full human body, highlighting the critical role of physical engagement. posits the notion that human beings are not exclusively intellectual entities, but rather individuals with corporeal forms, and contends that advancements in technology should align with this fundamental aspect of our existence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Some strains attack forest insects, including European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) (22), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) (23), pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) (24), and spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) (21). Although certain strains of BB are lethal to MPB (25, 26) and other bark beetles in the laboratory (19, 21), field tests failed to demonstrate desirable mycosis propagation and control of beetle populations (21). These field observations may be associated with ultraviolet (UV) damage of the BB, lack of drought tolerance as well as inefficient conidial density and viability. Because of the extensive effort involved in testing BB strains with insects, most studies focus on only a few strains. This limits the initial examination of strain virulence associated with biocontrol potential for MPB. Due to the diverse phenotypes and numerous strains of BB (27), genomic or molecular markers to determine the potential efficacy of the fungus as a biocontrol agent, potentially for MPB (25, 26), are highly desirable. In our previous study, we evaluated 93 BB isolates from various culture collections worldwide and selected strains for their different phenotypes and virulence toward MPB (26). Selected strains were characterized based on colony morphology, growth rate, infection rate, conidial capacity, and pigmentation and assessed for virulence against MPB in the laboratory. The strains were then categorized into three phenotypic groups. The pigment oosporein was of particular interest; oosporein is an extensively studied red dibenzoquinone virulence factor associated with insecticidal activity that may also afford UV resistance (28–31). strains produced high levels of oosporein and displayed the highest levels of virulence against MPB. Group II strains grew thin, cream-coloured colonies with no pigment and had the lowest virulence against MPB, requiring a higher conidial titer, and group III strains grew felty, yellowish colonies with intermediate virulence levels (26). Here, eight promising isolates of B. bassiana across three phenotypic groups were used for genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. These analyses identified genome and transcriptome signatures of each strain, particularly those associated with virulence, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and UV resistance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 - Comparison of observed warming at Earth’s surface since 1850 using two sets of simulations: one with only changes in the sun’s brightness and large volcanic eruptions (green), and one with these natural influences and human factors (mainly increasing greenhouse gases from the burning of coal, oil, and gas). The observed change can be explained only when human factors are included. Source: 6 Figure SPM1. b [6]. Reproduced with permission. So, how much of the climate change scientists have observed is caused by humans? For surface temperature changes, this can be calculated. It turns out that the best estimate for the warming due to humans from 1850–1900 to 2013–2022 (1. 14°C) almost exactly matches the observed warming over the same period (1. 15°C). In other words, all of the warming we have experienced since the second half of the 19th Century is down to human activities [3]. Earth’s climate is now in a state and changing at a speed unseen in at least thousands of years and probably considerably longer. Based on detailed comparisons of observed changes with climate model simulations, there is no doubt that human activities have warmed (and continue to warm) the climate, primarily through the burning of coal, oil, and gas. Those same computer model simulations can also tell us what potential futures await us depending upon the actions we take to slow and ultimately stop further global warming. Proxies: ↑ Changes in natural systems such as the annual growth of tree rings which vary mainly as a result of the climate and hence can be used to infer information about long-term changes in climate prior to the availability of modern observations. Paris Agreement: ↑ An international agreement that aims to limit long-term warming of the planet while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on the planet and society. Computer Models: ↑ Simulations of the climate system run on massively powerful supercomputers which provide estimates of changes in the atmosphere, ocean, frozen planet and living things under different assumptions of past and future climate drivers. Greenhouse Gases: ↑ A subset of atmospheric gases which trap outgoing energy from the Earth and raise the temperature of our planet. Increases in greenhouse gases lead to increased warming. Climate Drivers: ↑ Changes in factors such as the strength of the sun or the amount of greenhouse gases which can lead to changes in climate by altering the balance of incoming and/or outgoing energy from the Earth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The obstacles associated with the installation of comprehensive full-body tracking in virtual and augmented reality systems are acknowledged by Mark Zuckerberg. However, he lays considerable importance on the advancements made in the domain of hand tracking and the simulation of bodily postures. Moreover, Mark emphasizes the prospective implications of these technologies, specifically within the domains of boxing and physical fitness. underscores the intricate aspect of replicating activities like grappling, which may necessitate the utilization of sophisticated haptic systems or physical resistance mechanisms. Notwithstanding the obstacles, the individual exhibits a robust sense of enthusiasm towards the perpetually evolving possibilities and perceives it as an ongoing voyage with further prospects to be investigated in the forthcoming period [16]. 16. Ahmed, M. B. , C. Sanin, and E. Szczerbicki, (SVPD) to Manufacturing in Industry 4. 0. Science, 2019. 159: p. 2232-2239. 17. 01:44:19 for Creativity & is currently engaged in an exploration of the potential consequences of virtual and augmented reality within the realms of education and artistic expression. Mark 12. Metaverse and Multiverse: Sense of and IR [17]. 17. Metaverse and Multiverse: Sense of and IR. Available from: 01:49:31 Ray-Smart Glasses: Potential, Privacy & Zuckerberg's discourse explores the possible trajectory of augmented reality (AR) glasses, highlighting its capacity to become a pervasive tool for everyday use, comparable to smartphones. Mark places much stress on the significance of attaining a harmonious equilibrium between the form factor and computational capability. Augmented reality glasses are perceived as a versatile tool with the potential to cater to a diverse array of tasks, encompassing both high-stakes professional occupations and casual, leisurely pursuits. acknowledges the technological challenges involved in the development of efficient holographic displays and the miniaturization of supercomputers to be compatible with stylish eyewear. Mark states that Meta is presently involved in the formulation and implementation of two separate strategies. The initial approach focuses on the development of an advanced AR device with extensive functionalities. In contrast, the second approach focuses on the development of visually appealing smart glasses that are readily available to consumers. This is demonstrated through their partnership with Ray-Ban. The aim of this project is to create an AR assistant that can perceive visual stimuli in a manner similar to the user, and also audibly perceive noises in synchronization with the user.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the Velvet protein-encoding gene VeA is of interest, as it is responsible for several processes including conidiation, secondary metabolism and stress response in BB (37). This protein may be involved in processes related to virulence in the red strains. The differential co-expression results demonstrated a negative regulatory relationship between VeA and OpS3, contradicting the understanding of this protein’s function. This result is inconclusive; however, it is possible that there is an intermediate positive regulator of OpS3 whose expression is negatively regulated by VeA, or vice versa. Given the fact that a complete oosporein BGC is present in the non-red group, oosporein expression may be induced in these strains when infecting a host, and that such a condition is not replicated under laboratory growth conditions. The mechanism by which oosporein in the non-red group might be upregulated remains to be elucidated. ConclusionsThis work has characterized genomic and transcriptomic features of eight BB isolates and how they contribute to increased virulence and oosporein production. New signatures of virulence, namely significant patterns in gene content and differential expression of genes related to pathogenesis, metabolism of small molecules and oxidoreductase activity were identified in the highly virulent red strains. Oosporein biosynthetic cluster genes were upregulated in the red group, and novel putative regulatory factors for the BGC were inferred through co-expression analysis. Additionally, several genes of interest involved in UV resistance were identified through differential expression analysis between UVR and wild type strains. This broad-scale analysis reveals major genetic patterns that contribute to the phenotypes of these isolates. While this work has identified genes and pathways of interest, biological function cannot be directly inferred from bioinformatic analysis alone. The results of these analyses will enable future functional validation in vivo. Our findings contribute greatly to the understanding of biological factors involved in the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent. This work provides a foundation for future research and engineering of B. bassiana for the sustainable control of the mountain pine beetle and other insect pests related to agriculture, forestry and human health. Methods B. bassiana strains The eight strains of BB were obtained from several culture collections previously (26). The strains and their phenotypes are described in Table 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: “Human influence on the climate system”, in 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, et al. (Cambridge; New York, NY: Press). p. 423–552. [6] ↑ IPCC (2021). “Summary for policymakers”, in 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, et al. (Cambridge; New York, NY: Press). p. 3–32.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The primary objective of this technology is to augment the user's routine experiences and engagements. Moreover, Zuckerberg accepts and discusses the matter of privacy concerns, specifically in relation to AR glasses. He concedes that these glasses may not provide a greater degree of discretion in terms of their recording capabilities when compared to smartphones. The present discussion explores the importance of technology in connection with physical presence and firsthand encounters, as well as the potential applications of AR in the fields of education, surgery, and artistic expression [18]. Figure 13. Customizable, 3D-printed smart electronic glasses with multiple uses for wearable health systems [19]. 18. Introducing the New Ray-Ban | Glasses. Available from: Lee, J. H. , et al. , 3D Printed, Customizable, and for Systems and Human–Machine Interfaces. ACS & Interfaces, 2020. 12(19): p. 21424-21432. 19. 02:00:20 & 's Huberman podcast revolves around the deliberate integration of technologies that promote broad accessibility, placing significant focus on cost-effectiveness and prolonged utilization. This discourse examines the concept of multimodal information, which refers to the integration of information obtained from several sensory modalities and internal states in order to enhance the user's experience. Currently, scholars are investigating the possibility of AR glasses to augment the integration process. This is achieved through the utilization of visual data collection, the monitoring of eye movements, and the implementation of innovative approaches to engaging with the digital domain. possesses a comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges involved in attaining an ideal balance between the capabilities of sensors and the physical design of AR glasses. The writers engage in an academic discussion discussing the significance of possessing an AI assistant that can simultaneously perceive visual and auditory stimuli while maintaining one's bodily presence in the tangible realm. Furthermore, Mark provides further explanation regarding the importance of autonomic data, specifically focusing on pupil size, and underscores the imperative nature of accurately evaluating a user's state of attention through the utilization of eye-tracking technology. The discovery cited above underscores the significant potential of augmented reality glasses as a promising field for technological improvements [20]. Figure 14. Multi-function e-glasses track the brain, eyes [21]20. Koutromanos, G. and G. Kazakou, Augmented reality smart glasses use and acceptance: Α literature review. Computers & Education: X Reality, 2023. 2: p.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 2022 May 20 [cited 2023 Feb 26];73:475–94. Available from:. Evaluations of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting individual Pinus contorta from mortality attributed to colonization by Dendroctonus ponderosae and associated fungi. Sci. 2014;70(5):771–8. . The toxins of Beauveria bassiana and the strategies to improve their virulence to insects. . Front. Microbiol. S. A. ; 2021. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) isolates as potential agents for control of Dendroctonus valens. Insect Sci. 2011 Apr;18(2):209–16. . Molecular characterization, virulence and horizontal transmission of Beauveria pseudobassiana from Dendroctonus micans (Kug. ) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Appl Entomol. 2015 Jun 1;139(5):381–9. . Laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana(Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for population management of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), in felled trees and factors limiting pathogen success. Environ Entomol. 2018 Jun;6(3):594–602. Hallet S, Gregoire JC. J CP. Prospects in the use of the entomopathogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals. ) Vuill. (Deuteromycetes: Hyphomycetes) to control the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Landbouwkundige en Gent. 1994;v. 59. Dembilio Ó, Moya P, Vacas S, Ortega-García L, Quesada-Moraga E, Jaques JA et al. Development of an attract-and-infect system to control Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Sci. 2018 Aug 1;74(8):1861–9. Lutczyk P. (Poland).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: 1995; Litfin 1994; Wynne and Irwin 1996), as well as the nature of the policy process (in particular how policy change takes place) (Kingdon 2003; Sabatier 1999; Smith 1997). One finding from these studies which is pertinent to the work of NASA and our specific case studies discussed below, is that the process of policy change, much like science, is uncertain and tends to be ‘bumpy’; characterized by long periods of stability with little change or progress, interspersed with times of rapid innovation and upheaval of established ideas and ways of doing things. In literatures on policy change and science innovation this pattern of change has been termed ‘punctuated equilibrium’ (John 2003; Phillimore 2001; True et al. 1999). The relevance of this insight for the role of NASA (and science more generally) is in conceptualizing what NASA and other science agencies do as providing the science base for policy. In other words, the science findings from NASA studies might well not provoke rapid immediate change in policy (sometimes this does happen, but it is rare), but rather that these findings will be there and available to policy makers as a ‘solution’ as and when a particular policy problem arises that demands them. The work of the US political scientist (2003) eloquently explains this matching of policy problems and solutions in his book ‘Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies’. In his discussion of ‘the policy primeval soup’ – his metaphor for describing the chaotic nature of policy in which a messy mix of policy problems, politics and solutions floats around US government chambers and policy circles - Kingdon explains how a policy problem is much more likely to rise on the government agenda if a solution is already there and worked out, as he explains (2003: 142):“It is not enough that there is a problem, even quite a pressing problem. There is also generally a solution ready to go, already softened up, already worked out. ” Thus the role of climate change science is to engage with government, to be part of the ‘policy primeval soup’, but also to work to provide science-based solutions to current policy problems as well as emerging future problems, which are as yet only hazily defined.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: DGH-GO allows users to choose one semantic similarity measure from Resink, Rel, Wang, Lin, and Jiang and one aggregate function. The selected measure along with aggregated function is used to calculate functional similarities for input genes list. The output of the FunSim module is a squared semantic similarity matrix, coupled with genes and their known or putative diseases (Fig. 3A). The resulting similarity matrix is interactive and permits searching, sorting and export operations. (2) and Visualization (DimReduct) module Fig. 3Output of DGH-GO. A Semantic similarity matrix showing the functional similarities of input genes; B dimension reduction of input genes; C clustering of genes using functional similaritiesFull size imageLarge scale genomic studies of complex diseases such as ASD produce a large list of putative disease causing genes, disrupted by genetic variants in patients. Also, studying the shared etiology of several complex diseases such as ASD and ID can generate a large functional similarities matrix. The DimReduct module provides the option of applying different dimension reduction methods. Currently, DGH-GO supports Analysis (PCA), Analysis (PcoA) and t-SNE methods to reduce dimensions of functional similarity matrix. The input to the DimReduct module is the functional similarities matrix generated by the FunSim module. The users can decide the number of dimensions and may also choose the specific dimensions for visualization of data in 2D space. The projections of functionality matrix with user defined number of dimensions are downloadable for future use. The interactive 2D visualization of dimensionally reduced data is also provided (Fig. 3B). (3) Clustering the functional similar genes (ClusFunSim) module The ClusFunSim module applies different unsupervised clustering methods either on functional similarities matrix coming from FunSim module or dimensionally reduced data, output of DimReduct module. The users are free to define inputs for clustering methods. The ClusFunSim module contains four different clustering methods, namely K-means, PAM, hierarchical and Fuzzy. These clustering methods have been widely used in bioinformatic data analysis approaches [17]. Along with deciding the input data type, the users can also set the number of clusters for each clustering method. DGH-GO allows users to validate the clustering results. measure is used to find the optimum number of clusters for the input functional similarity matrix of genes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Lasu) H (Inst. BL. Trials of control of the larger pine-shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L. ) with the use of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals. ) Vuill. on piled wood. Sylwan. 1984;128(9):41–5. . Nutrient-mediated germination of Beauveria bassiana conidia on the integument of the bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). J Invertebr Pathol. 1984;44(3):304–14. -Romero C, et al. Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Biotechnol [Internet]. 2021;105:2541–57. Available from: Variation in physiological host range in three strains of two species of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 1;13(7). Love BE, Bonner-Stewart J, Forrest LA. An efficient synthesis of oosporein. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009 Sep2;50(35):5050–2. Oosporein, an abundant metabolite in Beauveria caledonica, with a feedback induction mechanism and a role in insect virulence. Fungal Biol. 2019 Aug 1;123(8):601–10. . Insect pathogenic fungus interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito mortality. . 2017 Jun;6(23):5994–9. Regulatory cascade and biological activity of Beauveria bassiana oosporein that limits bacterial growth after host death. . 2017 Feb;28(9):E1578–86. Genomic perspectives on the evolution of fungal entomopathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana. [Internet]. 2012 Jul 2 [cited 2022 May 11];2(1):1–10. Available from: Available from:. Phylogenetic orthology inference for comparative genomics. [Internet]. 2019 Nov 14 [cited 2022 May 11];20(1):1–14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: : a Conspiracy? Climate Deniers: a Conspiracy? 03. 04. 2024 - 09:42 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Climate deniers or climate skeptics are on the agenda. Climate deniers, who put forward pseudoscientific information that the climate crisis does not actually exist, often rely on conspiracy theories. However, can climate change really be a conspiracy? Üsküdar. İbrahim Özdemir discussed the issue in Perspective. I have been teaching courses on environmental philosophy, environmental ethics, and climate ethics for over thirty years. I have attended hundreds of scientific meetings on the subject in Türkiye and abroad. I had the opportunity to listen to and read the world's best experts on climate change. A topic we were often asked at these meetings was about climate deniers and conspiracy theories. Like many of my colleagues, I first try to understand the concerns and questions in conspiracy theories about climate change. I think that some conspiracy theories – when properly understood – can sometimes bring some benefits by breaking the mold in society. That is why I do not agree with the demonization and humiliation of those who believe and adopt conspiratorial theses. Moreover, some conspiracy theories may raise societal issues that need to be addressed. It may even be possible to see the conspiratorial mind as an important element of democratic debate, provided that we do not neglect to use the analytical and critical thinking skills that the philosophical heritage offers us. Climate denial or skepticism also refers to doubt or disbelief about the consensus on the climate crisis. The arguments put forward by climate deniers can generally be classified as denying, or at least questioning, the evidence of climate change, the seriousness of its effects, the role of humans in climate change, and the effectiveness of proposed solutions. Let's first look at the conspiracy aspect of this issue. Scholars describe the conspiracy as "a secret plan by two or more powerful actors. " In general, conspiracy theories attribute blame to a group of powerful individuals who operate in secret to create secret schemes that benefit them and harm the public. Conspiracy theories sometimes arise when official explanations fall short or when social insecurities are rising. These theories may also be a product of people's efforts to make sense of complex events in times of uncertainty. In addition, some conspiracy theories can bring up issues that are often ignored or not discussed enough.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The table includes diameter and size of cluster, average distance between and inside of clusters, separation and Silhouette score for each cluster. The ClusFunSim module outputs the 2D clustering plot, plot for optimum number of clusters, a qualitative table showing the intrinsic and extrinsic validation of clusters, and a downloadable tabular representation of genes and their assigned clusters (Fig. 3C). The interactive plots and tables are available for each clustering method, hence providing the possibility of comparing different clustering methods for a given dataset. ApplicationsThe biological applicability of DGH-GO was assessed by two case studies: (1) Dissecting the multi-etiological nature of ASD i. e. inferring the biological convergence of putative ASD causing genes disrupted by rare CNVs (2) Understanding the shared etiology of complex diseases (3) Dissecting the multi-etiological nature of is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and difficult to diagnose due to phenotypic heterogeneity. ASD is defined by repetitive behavior and social deficits [25]. It is hypothesized that ASD candidate genes converge on biological processes, creating distinct groups of functionally similar genes. Each group follows a different or shared biological mechanism to generate a specific phenotype. To test this hypothesis, DGH-GO was applied to genes spanned by CNVs in ASD patients, which were obtained from Sanders et al. [26]. Rare CNVs disrupting 3698 genes in 3802 individuals diagnosed with ASD were collected from Sanders et al. [26]. The semantic scores were available for 2457 genes. Rel semantic similarity measure with the Max aggregation function was used to compute the functional similarities among genes. PCA was applied to functional similarity matrix to visualize it in a lower space. Additional file 1 contains supplementary details of PCA and clustering results. First nine PC components that explained the majority of the variance were selected for clustering (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Silhouette measure was used to find the optimum number of clusters, which were 16 clusters (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). A tabular representation of clustering results validation can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. Silhouette analysis of each individual cluster showed the presence of outliers (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). A gene occurring in one cluster with a silhouette score less than 0 was considered as outlier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Available from: Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani NO. Molecular genetics of Beauveria bassiana infection of insects. Adv Genet. 2016 Jan1;94:165–249. . Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity. . 2015 Sep;8(36):11365–70. . The velvet protein VeA functions in asexual cycle, stress tolerance and transcriptional regulation of Beauveria bassiana. Biol. 2019 Jun;1:127:1–11. . A study of host specificity in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae). Technol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 18];18(10):975–89. Available from: Rehner SA, Buckley E. A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 18];97(1):84–98. Available from: Potential biological control of the pupal stage of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria pseudobassiana in the winter season in Chile. BMC [Internet]. 2019 Aug 28 [cited 2022 May 19];12(1):1–6. Available from: Álvarez-Baz G, Fernández-Bravo M, Pajares J, Quesada-Moraga E. Potential of native Beauveria pseudobassiana strain for biological control of Nematode vector Monochamus galloprovincialis. J Invertebr Pathol. 2015 Nov;132(1):48–56. Crystal structure of a cholera toxin-related heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli. Nature [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2022 May 22];351(6325):371–7. Available from: Ustiloxins, fungal cyclic peptides, are ribosomally synthesized in Ustilaginoidea virens. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited 2022 May 22];31(7):981–5. Available from:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: He believed that the search for wisdom and wisdom was the ultimate goal of human life, and that the only way to achieve it was through careful reasoning and questioning. In his philosophy, he emphasized the importance of self-examination and questioning one's own beliefs until his last breath. This approach to philosophy has had a lasting impact on Western thought as well as on other philosophical traditions. I think "following the evidence" is an important tool to understand the conspiracy-generating mindset. The first Muslim philosopher Al-Kindi (c 873) interpreted Socrates' understanding with Islam's understanding of "the search for wisdom" and adopted the following principle in his book Felsefetü’l-ula: "We should not be ashamed to accept the truth as beautiful and to protect it wherever it comes from, even if it comes from distant nations and societies different from ours. For there is nothing more precious to the seeker of the truth than the truth. " I think that the influence of these words in shaping the Islamic tradition of thought has not been emphasized enough. Underestimating the seriousness of the danger Some skeptics acknowledge climate change but argue that its effects are exaggerated or too uncertain to take action. They may even suggest that warmer temperatures may bring benefits, such as longer growing seasons in some areas. However, this perspective ignores the broad consensus that negative impacts such as more frequent and severe natural disasters, biodiversity loss, and sea level rise far outweigh local benefits. of the Climate deniers often debate the extent to which human activities contribute to climate change, suggesting that factors such as solar radiation and volcanic activity play a more important role. While it is true that these natural phenomena affect the climate, scientific research has revealed that the dramatic increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution, that is 1840, is the primary driver of the current warming trend. There are also doubts about the effectiveness and economic impact of climate change mitigation strategies. Critics argue that the proposed solutions, such as the transition to renewable energy, are too costly and could harm economies. They often promote adaptation rather than reduction. While economic concerns are valid, the cost of inaction due to the effects of unchecked climate change is projected to be much higher. Climate deniers and conspiracists often argue that scientific data on climate change is unreliable or manipulated. They can argue that climate has always been changing throughout Earth's history and that the current changes are part of natural cycles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: All the outliers (N = 376) were excluded and optimum number of clusters was re-computed. The new refined data gave 14 optimum numbers of clusters, again using the silhouette score as a criterion (Additional file 1: Fig. S4). The first 6 components of PCA explained majority of the variance in data (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). The variance explained by each component was estimated. The elbow plot was used to visualize the variance explained by the first 50 components (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). 1st PC component explained majority of the variance in data, which was declining for next components. The elbow plot shows that from the 7th PC component the change in explained variance is minimal. The difference in variance explained by 6th and 7th PC components was higher than the difference in variance explained by 7th and 8th components of PCA. Therefore, the first six PC components were selected for further analysis. The validation of all clusters is provided in Table 1 and Additional file 1 (Figs. S6 and S7). The validation of all clusters is provided in Table 1 and Additional file 1 (Figs. S6 and S7). Table 1 The resultant clusters with their average Silhouette valuesFull size tableSilhouette analysis of all the 14 clusters showed that 9 clusters (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 14) are well separated and cohesive (Table 1). To annotate these compact and cohesive clusters of genes, functional enrichment analysis was performed separately for each cluster using Enrichr [27]. database [28,29,30], DisGeNET [31], and mammalian phenotype ontology [32] was chosen for functional enrichment analysis. Additional files (2-6) contains the functional enrichment analysis results for each cluster. 5 clusters (3, 4, 8, 10, and 11) out of 9 stable clusters were enriched for ASD related biological processes and pathways. They were also significantly associated with ASD phenotype and its co-occurring conditions such as mood disorders. The clusters enriched for ASD related terms were compact and consistent as indicated by Sil-widths values from Silhouette validation measure (Table 1). Other clusters were either unstable or not related to ASD (Table 1). Figure 4 shows the umap of 5 stable and ASD related clusters and also enriched pathways and phenotypic terms for each cluster. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: IntroductionLepidopteran stem borers, specifically Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae), and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae), are the most important pests of maize and sorghum in Africa and Asia (Bosque-Perez and Schulthess 1998). Females lay eggs on the underside of leaves, and first instar larvae feed on leaf whorls on young leaves. Second instar larvae penetrate the stem tissues to feed internally, producing extensive tunnels in stems. After excavating emergence windows to facilitate the exit of moths, the second instar larvae pupate in the tunnels. Control of these pests has been based on application of chemical insecticides (Warui and Kuria 1983; van Rensburg and van den Berg 1992) but insecticides have limited effectiveness because of the cryptic feeding of these pests. Fungal endophytes play an important role in protecting plants against herbivorous insects (Jallow et al. 2004, 2008) and plant pathogens (Ownley et al. 2008). Beauveria bassiana has been reported as an endophyte in a variety of plants, including maize (Bing and Lewis 1991, 1992a, b; Wagner and Lewis 2000), Theobroma gileri (Evans et al. 2003), Carpinus caroliniana (Bills and Polishook 1991), in seeds and needles of Pinus monticola (Ganley and Newcombe 2005) in opium poppies (Quesada-Moraga et al. 2006), in banana tissue cultures (Akello et al. 2007), and in coffee (Posada et al. 2007). Bing and Lewis (1991) demonstrated that B. bassiana is able to invade maize plants via the epidermis, thereafter persisting in the plant though the entire growing season and reducing tunneling by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). No reports are yet available on the potential of B. bassiana to establish as an endophyte in sorghum, an important cereal crop in Africa. The use of B. bassiana as an artificial endophyte (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: But this argument ignores the overwhelming evidence from ice cores, layers of sediment, and other geological data that shows that the current rate of climate change is unprecedented in the context of human civilization. Moreover, numerous independent scientific organizations confirm the upward trends in global temperatures. The overwhelming majority of climate scientists agree that climate change is real and caused by human activities and agrees that it poses significant risks to the environment and humanity. The studies of James McDonald of on the subject confirm this. According to him, decades of research are almost in complete agreement on the reality of global warming, although few studies say otherwise. Surveys conducted among the authors of related 99. 96 percent of the authors accept global warming, while 97 percent believe it is human-caused. Oreskes, who is a historian of science at Harvard University, examined the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) database in 2004. Oreskes' review showed that none of the 928 papers written on human activities and global warming were against the prevailing scientific consensus. These data were also supported by examinations carried out in the following years. For example, independent studies conducted in 2016 and 2021 likewise revealed a consensus of over 97 percent. Climate deniers often tend to misunderstand the on (IPCC). The IPCC is an organization established by the UN in 1988. Governments and climate experts around the world are nominating scientists for IPCC authorship. For example, the Report published in 2021 was put together by 751 experts (31 coordinating authors, 167 lead authors, 36 review editors, and 517 contributing authors) from more than 60 countries. The authors collectively cited more than 14,000 scientific papers. In other words, the IPCC reports themselves are a comprehensive and credible statement of consensus on the state of climate science. Skepticism by The role of capitalism and big corporations in financing and supporting climate denial movements has always been a critical element in shaping public discourse and policy on climate change. Historically, some large corporations, especially those in the fossil fuel industry, have invested heavily in campaigns to cast doubt on climate science. They set up delegations of scientists. They fought hard to protect their economic interests and delay policy changes that would affect their profits. These companies contribute to the spread of misinformation about climate change in a variety of ways, including funding research that questions the scientific consensus on climate change, supporting think tanks and NGOs that promote climate skepticism, and lobbying against environmental regulations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 4Clusters enriched for ASD related pathways or phenotypic terms. Cluster 3 genes N = 198, Cluster 4 genes N = 179, Cluster 8 genes N = 84, Cluster 10 genes N = 34, Cluster 11 genes N = 89Full size imageCluster 11, containing 89 genes, was enriched for Axon guidance and cell adhesion molecules related pathways. The 7 and 5 genes from cluster 11 were significantly associated with abnormal spatial leaning and abnormal social investigation phenotype respectively. This cluster was also linked with Disorder, Schizophrenia and from DisGeNET database [31, 33]. Top and ASD related enriched pathways, phenotypic terms and disease terms for cluster 11 are shown in Fig. 4 (Additional file 2). 84 genes gathered in cluster 8 were specifically enriched for synapse related pathways. The most significant pathway was Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. 8 and 6 genes were associated with Synaptic vesicles cycle and GABAergic synapse pathways respectively. Furthermore, genes of cluster 8 were also associated with abnormal CNS synaptic transmission and abnormal GABA-mediated receptor current in mouse. Functional enrichment analysis against the DisGeNET database showed that Autistic disorder, Schizophrenia, and were enriched in cluster 8 (Fig. 4 and Additional file 3). Cluster 4, containing 179 genes, is a mixed cluster and was involved in synapse and metabolism related pathways. The most statistically significant pathway for cluster 4 was Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. Other ASD related pathways such as Glutamatergic synapse and purine metabolism was also associated with this cluster. GABAergic synapse pathway was marginally significant for cluster 4. However, no phenotypic term was significantly enriched for this cluster. and were significantly enriched for cluster 4 (Fig. 4 and Additional file 4). Cluster 3 was a signaling cluster and exhibited the MAPK and ErbB signaling pathways but no statistically significant phenotype term was found for the genes of this cluster. resource, the genes of clusters 3 were associated with Autistic Disorder, Schizophrenia, and (Fig. 4 and Additional file 5). Cluster 10, with few genes (N = 34) was enriched for molecules. However, no phenotype term was found for this cluster. Similarly, no ASD related terms were found from DisGeNET. Mainly this cluster was enriched for Cancer related terms from DisGeNET resource (Fig. 4 and Additional file 6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: , one that is inoculated onto the plant rather than naturally infecting the plant) in sorghum could reduce the damage caused by the larvae of stem borers. For the endophytic B. bassiana to be used in practical agronomic production, reliable and practical methods of inoculum delivery must be developed. Preliminary studies showed that B. bassiana colonizes sorghum (Tefera and Vidal, unpublished), but the rate of colonization may depend on how the plant is exposed to the fungus. Therefore, the present work evaluated the effects of inoculation method and plant growth medium on endophytic colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana as part of a biological control system of sorghum stem borers. Materials and methodsFungusThe experiments used strain Bb-04 of B. bassiana, which had been isolated from the maize stem borer B. fusca at the Haramaya University, Ethiopia. This fungal strain was selected based on its virulence to the spotted stem borer C. partellus in previous studies (Tefera and Pringle 2004). Fungus cultures were maintained at 25°C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), containing 10 g enzymatic digest casein, 40 g dextrose, and 15 g agar. Conidia were obtained from 3-week-old sporulating cultures. The conidia were harvested by scraping the surface of the culture with a sterile camel hairbrush into a 500-ml glass beaker containing 50 ml sterile distilled water plus Tween 80 (0. 1% v/v; Difco™). The conidial suspension was prepared by mixing the solution with a magnetic stirrer for 5 min. The conidia concentration was then adjusted to the desired concentration of 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 with a Thoma Chamber using a light microscope (40× magnifications) following the procedures described by Goettel and Inglis (1997). To assess viability of the conidia, germination test was carried out on SDA after incubation for 24 h at 23°C. The germination exceeded 90%. A suspension of 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 was used in the experiments. The conidia concentration 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 was chosen based on virulence of the isolate to C. partellus at this concentration (Tefera and Pringle 2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: The book titled Merchants of Doubt (Pegasus, 2021), co-authored by Prof. with Erik M. Conway, documents how a small but influential group of scientists, funded by corporate interests, conceals the truth about various public health issues, including climate change. Moreover, it illustrates how these industries are trying to undermine the public's trust in scientists by spreading the idea that there is significant disagreement among scientists about climate change, contrary to the overwhelming consensus that actually exists. They are doing the same campaign on climate issues as they did on tobacco products before. of have said before, I do not agree with the demonization and belittling of those who produce and believe in conspiracy theories. When we listen to them carefully, I think they have some merit and positive aspects. When used effectively, these theories can allow people to challenge and question existing power structures and hierarchies of authority. Therefore, demands for transparency over the policies of powerful groups such as the state may increase. It can also expose contradictions and inconsistencies in official statements, bringing into question issues that are often ignored. They can expose the collusion and deception that has been reached behind closed doors with large corporations, the main perpetrators of climate and environmental problems. Conspiracy theories can function as cognitive tools that help individuals understand complex social and political orders and can sometimes be considered as a means of holding authorities accountable. In this context, we should be able to discuss conspiracy theories with a critical understanding and on a transparent and democratic basis with the understanding of "following the evidence" with all parties. However, the harmful effects of conspiracy theories should not be ignored. When these theories spread, they can have negative consequences in the social, health and political fields and cost people's lives. An important point here is to distinguish the fine line between denial and doubt. Methodical doubt is the first step in philosophy and science. But denial is a matter of faith and ideology. As a result, analytical and critical thinking can provide us with invaluable resources for confronting climate denial and conspiracy theories. Intuitive thinking, on the other hand, can help us sense the invisible, recognize dangers, and react first. One is the reaction of our mind, and the other is the reaction of our heart.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Cluster 13 contains a larger number of EE genes than all of the other clusters. Clusters (19, 21, 12, and 18) contain genes which are not shared by multiple disorders. For example, cluster 1 contains genes known for ASD and ID but there is no evidence that these genes are common in both diseases. Fig. 5Umap of clusters obtained from genes involved in multiple disorderFull size imageDiscussionDue to advances in genomic technologies collection of large number of variants, disrupting several protein coding genes in a larger population is possible. One of the most recent challenges in post-genomic era is the identification of biological convergence patterns of hundreds of variants that are involved in complex diseases. The highly precise biological convergence patterns or groups of functionally related genes converge to specific biological mechanisms that may be responsible for distinct disease phenotype(s). Several methods have been proposed for disease putative causal gene prediction or identification [12,13,14,15, 35]. However, efforts to understand how hundreds of genes interact to develop disease specific phenotype or a spectrum of phenotype have been lagging behind. For example, there are unanswered questions such as do all the hundreds of candidate genes of complex diseases interact with each other to develop disease? How all the candidate genes or a subset of genes with similar function converges on targeted functional pathways to develop a specific disease outcome? Does the multi-etiological nature of complex diseases emerge from distinct or related convergence pattern of disease causing genes? Furthermore, complex diseases also share etiology, meaning that at certain point of disease phenotype development the different diseases follow similar biological mechanisms. What are those shared mechanisms and do genes involved in different diseases are functionally closer to each other or distant from other genes that are disease specific? These are burning and challenging questions for understanding the etiology of complex genetic disorders. In this study, we have proposed an approach, named as DGH-GO with a graphical interface to find the clusters of functionally similar genes that may exhibit distinct biological mechanisms that could generate a specific disease phenotype(s). Previously network approaches using PPI and gene expression profiles have been used to detect sub-communities in a network [15]. Previously network approaches using PPI and gene expression profiles have been used to detect sub-communities in a network [15]. Linkage methods of network approaches assume that the close neighbours of disease causing gene products possess higher likeliness of being involved in similar disease phenotype [36, 37]. Oti, M. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Sorghum plantsThe experiments used the sorghum cultivar P9403, commonly called “Abshir”, from the Haramaya University, Ethiopia, released by Purdue University (USA) to east Africa due to its resistance to witch-weed (striga sp. ), a parasitic plant. Although it is widely grown in different agronomic regions of Ethiopia, where the grain is used for human consumption and the crop residue is used for animal feed, P9403 is susceptible to stem borers. As described in the following paragraphs, the sorghum was inoculated with B. bassiana in one of three ways (by inoculating seeds, leaves, or soil), and the inoculated plants were grown in one of three media (vermiculite, sterile soil, or non-sterile soil). Experiment-I: effect of inoculation method on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana Seeds were surface sterilized by submerging them in 3% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and then in 75% ethanol for 2 min; the seeds were then rinsed in sterile water three times. The treated seeds were placed on sterile filter papers to dry for 30 min before being divided into two portions. The first portion was used for seed inoculation while the second portion was used for leaf and soil drench inoculations after seedling emergence. The seeds intended for leaf and soil inoculation were planted in pots filled with approximately 2 kg of sterile potting soil (autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min), non-sterile potting soil, or vermiculite. The plants were maintained in the greenhouse at 21–22°C, 60–80% RH, and with a 12-h photoperiod. Four seeds were planted per pot and were thinned to two seedlings after emergence. For seed inoculation, 50 g seeds were immersed into 10 ml B. bassiana conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) for 10 min. After the inoculated seeds were dried on sterile tissue paper for 30 min, they were planted in pots as described in the previous paragraph. However, the exact rate of conidia that was attached to the seeds was not determined. Control seeds were immersed in sterile distilled water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: 1748-9326/18/8/084003 has been demonstrated that the Arctic has warmed at almost four times the global average rate since 1979, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. However, this rapid Arctic warming is tightly linked to the retreat and thinning of summer sea ice, and so may be expected to weaken as the Arctic transitions to seasonal ice cover. Here we show evidence from gridded observations and climate reanalysis that Arctic amplification peaked sometime in the early 2000s. This occurred concurrently with a maximum in the rate of loss of sea ice area, thickness, and volume. From CMIP6 projections and the CESM2 large ensemble we see that Arctic amplification is unlikely to be so high again at any future point in the 21st century except in the lowest emissions scenarios in which global temperatures stabilize while the Arctic continues to warm. Export citation and abstract 4. 0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Supplementary data 1. IntroductionDuring periods of global warming the Arctic tends to warm much faster than the global average [1–5]. This is known as Arctic amplification and since 1979 the Arctic has been observed to warm at almost four times the global-mean rate [6]. This rapid warming in the Arctic in recent decades has led to physical, ecological, social, and economic changes in the region [7, 8]. Arctic amplification has profound consequences for the region that are further enhanced by a positive feedback between warming and the retreat and thinning of Arctic sea ice [9]. A shift to seasonal ice-cover in the Arctic is expected to occur by the 2040s under almost all emissions scenarios for the 21st century [10]. There are many processes that drive Arctic amplification including the sea-ice albedo feedback [9, 11], snow-albedo feedback [12], lapse-rate feedback [13], Planck feedback [14], near-surface inversions [15, 16], and Atmospheric and Oceanic heat transfer [17]. It can be difficult to quantify the relative contributions of these processes as they are tightly coupled [14, 18]. Multi-decadal variability in forcings, such as aerosol forcing due to biomass burning, can also induce variability in sea ice loss and hence Arctic amplification on these timescales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: However, to complement the limitations of GO, the future version of it will be focused on integrating other biological data resources such as PPI, gene expression profiles, disease ontology and human phenotype ontology. Availability and requirementsProject name: DGH-GOProject home page: system(s): Platform independentProgramming language: R and ShinyOther requirements: NoneLicense: MIT LicenseAny restrictions to use by non-academics: NoneSystem specification: 8 GB of RAM and core i7 CPU. Availability of data and materials For the case study of disease signature identification, genes disrupted by rare CNVs in ASD patients were obtained from Sander et al. [21]. Sander et al. reported rare CNVs disrupting the 3698 genes in 3802 ASD patients. For the study of shared etiology of complex diseases, a list of genes known for, ID, DD and EE was obtained from Zhang et al. [23]. ASD genes were obtained from SFARI gene databases ( DGH-GO can be downloaded from AbbreviationsNDDs: Neurodevelopmental disorders GO: ASD: : : Variants ID: PPI: Protein-DAG: -GO: Dissecting the using GO FunSim: DimReduct: ClusFunSim: Clustering the DO: HPO: : Analysis PcoA: Analysis DD: ID: EE: 92. Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy. In: Proceedings of the 10th Research on 1997. 1997. . ShIVA—a user-friendly and interactive interface giving biologists control over their single-cell RNA-seq data. bioRxiv. 2022;2022:2022–09. 9. 8. 2020. Reciprocal deletion and duplication at 2q23. 1 indicates a role for MBD5 in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Genet. 2014;22:57–63. 2014. Sanders SJ, Ercan--De-Luca D, et al. Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11. 23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism. Neuron. 2011;70:863–85. 14. 51. 30. 92. 55. PubMed 9. 833. 15. 69. 62. 8. 12. 200. 3380. 13. 68. 3329. 2773. 15. 35. 16. 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: For leaf inoculation, a plastic hand sprayer (500-ml capacity) was used to inoculate each seedling with a 3-ml conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) seven days after emergence. The spray was directed to the leaves but might have incidentally drifted to the stems. To avoid conidial runoff to the soil, the top of each pot was covered with aluminum foil (Posada et al. 2007). The control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. For soil inoculation, a 3-ml conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) was applied around the root zone of each seedling. The control plants were inoculated with 3-ml sterile distilled water. Seedlings in all treatments were watered as needed. To avoid conidial runoff from the treated leaves to the stem and soil, watering device was carefully directed to the surface of the pot. Separate experiments were conducted using non-sterile soil, sterile soil, and vermiculite. Within each experiment, a completely randomized block design with ten replicates per treatment (inoculation method) was used. Experiment-II: effect of plant growth medium on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of the three plant growth media (vermiculite, sterile soil, or non-sterile soil), on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana, using the seed inoculation method. Non-treated seeds were included as a control for each plant growth medium. A complete randomized block design with ten replicates was used. We followed the same treatment application procedures and experimental management as described above in experiment-I for the seed inoculation. Data collection and statistical analysisColonizationColonization of sorghum seedlings by B. bassiana was determined 20 days after inoculation with B. bassiana. Seedlings were carefully removed from pots, and roots were gently washed with tap water. The seedlings were then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. These parts were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and then placed on sterile tissue paper in a laminar flow cabinet. Five leaf, stem and root pieces of approximately 2-mm2 from each seedling were randomly taken and placed separately on B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Climate models have been shown to underestimate the recent Arctic amplification in the multi-model mean (MMM) [6], but natural variability definitely plays a large role in variability of Arctic amplification [3]. Hence it is uncertain whether this underestimation of the recent warming is due to biases in climate models response to forcing or if large internal variability on regional scales is the reason the MMM does not reproduce the observed Arctic amplification [19, 20]. There is also a strong seasonality to Arctic amplification with the largest amplification occurring in the winter months due to the combination of a more stably-stratified atmosphere [15], the effective heat capacity of sea ice [21], and ocean-mediated seasonal transfer of energy between ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere [22]. This seasonality is expected to change under increased CO2 forcing with the peak moving later in the season [23, 24]. While there is not a consensus on the relative importance of the processes behind Arctic amplification, many approaches including the evaluation of climate models using radiative kernels have shown that the sea-ice albedo feedback and atmospheric stability are two of the most important processes [25]. Several of the processes that cause Arctic amplification are expected to weaken as sea ice retreats [26], thins, and becomes more broken i. e. there is a larger fraction of open water within the sea ice cover. This is expected to lead to a reduced influence of sea ice on air temperatures in the Arctic as seen from analysis of information transfer using the EC-Earth large ensemble [27]. However, the timeline for when Arctic amplification might be expected to peak has not been established in the literature. A research synthesis of the processes behind Arctic amplification published in 2011 stated that it was expected to increase in the 2010s and beyond [28]. While there are several different ways to measure Arctic amplification [29], one of the most widely used is the ratio of the warming trend in the Arctic to the global-mean [6, 17]. This metric has the advantage of being easy to interpret and being local in time and so not dependent on a given reference climate. Here we make use of this metric to assess recent changes in Arctic amplification in observations, reanalysis and CMIP6 climate model simulations and relate these to the corresponding changes in sea ice cover. We use this to identify a recent peak in Arctic amplification within observational datasets that coincides with a peak in the rate of loss of sea ice cover, thickness, and volume.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Author informationAuthors and of Bioinformatics and 38000, de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal& Francisco M. Coutode Saúde 1649-016, Lisbon, PortugalHugo F. M. C. MartinianoDepartment of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Ålborg, de Luminy, 13009, – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, PortugalHugo F. M. C. of Science and author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 11. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 3: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 8. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 4: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 4. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 5: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 3. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 6: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 10. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: , for each growth medium), plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight were not significantly affected by inoculation method (Table 1), i. e. , inoculation of sorghum with B. bassiana did not reduce plant growth. Although statistical analysis could not be used to compare plant growth in different growth media, plant growth appeared to differ with growth media. Plants grown in vermiculite were much shorter and weighed less than plants grown in sterile or non-sterile soil. Table 1 Height and weight of sorghum plants treated with B. bassiana as affected by inoculation method and plant growth medium (vermiculite, non-sterile soil, or sterile soil, respectively)Full size table Experiment-II: effect of plant growth medium on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana We found significant differences with regard to the growth medium affecting leaf (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 134. 9), stem (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 469. 4) and root (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 228. 9) colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana (Table 2), respectively. Growing B. bassiana treated seeds in non-sterile soil did not result in leaf and stem colonization, and root colonization by the fungus was limited. However, when sorghum seeds were grown in sterile soil and vermiculite, fungal colonization was observed in leaf, stem and root parts. Colonization was higher for seeds grown in vermiculite as compared to sterile soil. No B. bassiana was recorded from the control plants. Table 2 Effect of plant growth medium on sorghum leaf, stem and root colonization by B. bassiana Full size table DiscussionThis study demonstrates that B. bassiana can be established as an endophyte in sorghum leaves, stems, and roots, by inoculating leaves, seeds, or soil. However, the level of colonization seemed to be substantially affected by plant growth medium. Although the effect of growth medium on plant colonization by the fungus has not been previously considered, successful colonization of many plant species following inoculation with B. bassiana has been reported previously (Jones 1994, Bing and Lewis 1991, 1992a, b; Wagner and Lewis 2000; Ownley et al. 2008; Quesada-Moraga et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Arctic amplification may therefore have a positive or negative value depending upon the sign of the trends, although no period in either the models or the observations had negative values for the Arctic amplification. The uncertainty in the value of the Arctic amplification was calculated using a bootstrap method with 1000 random samples of the normally distributed probability density function of the trends in the Arctic- and global- mean temperature trends. The uncertainty in AA is then given by the 5th and 95th percentiles of the bootstrapped uncertainty. To calculate the MMM of the Arctic amplification in the CMIP6 simulations we first calculated the mean of the temperature trends across all models and then took the ratio. We acquired the monthly mean sea ice concentration for ERA5 from the ECMWF website, for the CMIP6 models from the ESGF website, and for the CESM2 large ensemble from the climate data archive listed above. Supplementary figure 1 lists all the CMIP6 models used. We then calculated the total sea ice area for the Arctic by multiplying the sea ice concentration by the area of each gridcell, and then summing this for the Arctic domain. The trends in the sea ice area were calculated using a least-squares regression for each of the time periods and windows used. To calculate the average height of peaks in Arctic amplification from the CESM2 large ensemble (figure 4) we first calculated the timeseries of Arctic amplification in each of the 100 ensemble members. We then ran a peak-detection algorithm on each time series which identified when a peak had occurred according to the condition that the Arctic amplification in a given year was the highest value for the decade centred around that year, and that there was a real value for the Arctic amplification in every year of that decade. We then extracted the values of the Arctic amplification in each of those years where a peak was identified to create a timeseries of Arctic amplification that tells us how strong Arctic amplification would be if it happened to peak in that particular year. We tested the sensitivity of this result to the window length over which a peak is defined but a wide range of windows, 5–20 years, did not change the result that the peak value decreases over time, it only changed how many peaks were found. 3. ResultsArctic temperatures have been rapidly increasing since the late 1970s (figure 1(a)). Whereas global temperatures have been increasing more steadily since the 1950s.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Morbid appearances in the intestine of Miss Bankes. Times & Gazette 1859; 2: 264. 5. . Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1829-41. 6. Halme L, Paavola-. Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 3668-72. 7. . Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447: 661–78. 8. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 1996; 379: 821-3. 9. . Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011; 474: 307-17. 10. . Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996: 38; 738-41. 11. . Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: results of a nationwide study. Dis 2008; 14: 968–76. 12. Clustering in time of familial IBD separates ulcerative colitis from Crohn’s disease. Dis 2009; 15: 1867–74. 13. . Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins: results of a nationwide study. Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 1075-81. 14. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 599-603. 15. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 603-6. 16. al. A genom wide analysis provides evidence for novel linkages in inflammatory bowel disease in a large European cohort. 1999; 64: 808-16. 17. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. 2010; 42: 1118-25. 18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana, the long term establishment throughout the entire life of the inoculated plants, and the virulence of the endophytic B. bassiana against sorghum stem borers. An application technology should be developed that protects B. bassiana conidia against soil antagonism in order to maximize endophytic colonization by the fungus in non-sterile soil.

Output: corroborate