Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: 7Differences in a top soil carbon (%) and b exchangeable bases (cmolc kg−1) between measurements under the tree (T1) and away from trees (T0) for different dominant tree species in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size imageThe factors associated with differences in topsoil properties under and away from trees—sand content, tree species and regeneration stage, were investigated. Simultaneously fitting linear models and using analysis of variance revealed clear and statistically significant (p < 0. 05) effects of sand content, species and levels of regeneration on total carbon and no important interactions between these (Table 2). However, there was a confounding effect between species and sand:regeneration interaction. The species differences identified could equally be attributed to an interaction effect, noticeable in Fig. 8a, with larger differences in C for low tree regeneration when the sand content is high. Table 2 Analysis of variance of contribution of sand content (classified as < 60%, 60–70%, 70–80%, > 80%), dominant tree species and level of tree regeneration to (a) differences in topsoil total C (%) under and away from trees and (b) differences in topsoil exchangeable bases under and away from trees in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size tableFig. 8Differences in a top soil carbon (%) and b exchangeable bases (cmolc kg−1) between measurements under the tree (T1) and away from trees (T0) plotted against average sand content (%) away from the trees for three patterns of tree regeneration in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal). Lines are smooth curves showing conditional meansFull size imageThe nature of the significant effects on topsoil total C are shown by predicted means (Table 3) for each factor. These confirm that the difference in C content between under and away from trees increased with sand content and was clearly positive for sand content > 70%. Thus the individual trees produce ‘hotspots’ of topsoil C in the sandiest soils, but not in less sandy soils. The hotspot feature is confirmed for F. albida, B. aegyptica and P. reticulatum.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Gene expression and small noncoding RNAs: microare a large family of short noncoding RNAs between 17 and 25 nucleotides (nt) in length [49]. MiRNAs were first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans over two decades ago [50] and since then many have been identified in multiple organisms, such as worms, flies, fish, frogs, mammals and plants, by molecular cloning and bioinformatics [51]. Most miRNA sequences are conserved among a wide range of mammalians [52], though there are some that differ from each other only by a single nucleotide [53]. The conserved miRNA sequences among different species can be distinguished by the nomenclature such that when only the first three letters differ this indicates the same sequence in different species, that is, hsa‐miR‐145 in Homo sapiens and mmu‐miR‐145 in Mus musculus [54]. MiRNAs have been shown to be of great importance in a wide variety of biological processes involving cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, imprinting, homeostasis and development, including limb development [55], morphogenesis of lung epithelial [56], embryonic angiogenesis [57], formation of hair follicle and proliferation of T‐cell [58, 59]. They play key roles in regulating transcriptional and post‐transcriptional gene silencing in many organisms by targeting mRNAs for translational inhibition, cleavage, degradation or destabilisation [53, 60–64]. Each miRNA has multiple mRNA targets that may regulate up to 30% protein‐coding genes and shape protein production from hundreds to thousands of genes [65–67]. MiRNAs recognise their targets through base pairing of the complementary sequence of their seed sequence (2–8 nt of miRNAs) within the open reading frame (ORF) and 3′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA [68]. Although the targets of miRNAs are not fully known, bioinformatics studies show a range of possible target genes [69]. The functional activities and the predicted/observed targets of miRNAs can be identified using miRNA databases. These databases can be accessed using the following URL: ( and MiRNA biogenesisMiRNA biogenesis involves multiple important steps.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: AbstractHealthy soil is one of the most critical resources for the health and sustainability of ecosystems, including agroecosystems. Although the agroforestry community has long been convinced of the soil health benefits of agroforestry practices, many of such practices remain to be fully accepted by the mainstream agriculture community. Agroforestry, as a sustainable land management practice, has shown solid evidence of its role in improving soil quality and health based on at least four decades of data gathered from the world over. This thematic issue presents 28 papers that add further to the body of knowledge to reaffirm that agroforestry can improve the major measurable soil metrics that define soil health. Collectively, these papers show that agroforestry has the ability to (1) enrich soil organic carbon better than monocropping systems, (2) improve soil nutrient availability and soil fertility due to the presence of trees in the system, and (3) enhance soil microbial dynamics, which would positively influence soil health. It is imperative that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional land-use strategy, should receive increased attention in our policy discussion for the future of soil and soil health. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionAgroforestry’s potential to improve soil quality has been widely recognized as a major benefit since its inception as a scientifically recognized discipline and practice (Young 1989; Nair 2011). In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in examining soil quality and soil health as indicators of agricultural sustainability. Agroforestry practices have been promoted for decades both in the tropics and temperate regions of the world for their perceived benefits of not only improving soil quality, but also providing other ecosystem services (Jose 2009). Many of the environmental benefits and ecosystem services expected from agroforestry would not be materialized unless these practices improved the capacity of soils to be productive and healthy over the long term. Healthy soil is arguably one of the most critical resources for the health of natural and agro ecosystems so that they can sustain food production as well as provision of ecosystem services. Although the term ‘soil health’ has been used synonymously with soil quality, Doran et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: MiRNAs are first transcribed from genomic DNA into primary miRNA (pri‐miRNA), which contains a stem‐loop structure, by RNA polymerase II. These pri‐miRNAs are then processed by Drosha, which is a 30–160 kDa protein with one dsRNA‐binding and two catalytic domains [70]. In the presence of DGCR8, both strands of the hairpin are cut generating a pre‐miRNA product of approximately 70 nt in size [71]. These pre‐miRNAs are carried from the nucleus into the cytoplasm by Exportin‐5 (Exp5), which is a nucleocytoplasmic transporter in karyopherin family that has binding sites for pre‐miRNAs in the presence of RAs‐related nuclear protein (Ran) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) [72, 73]. These miRNAs are further cleaved by cytoplasmic RNase endonuclease, Dicer, making 21–22 nt double‐stranded structure. Although one of the strands is usually degraded, both strands of the pre‐miRNA may be associated with Argonaute (Ago)‐protein‐containing complex and they are mediated by RISC/miRNP (RNA‐induced silencing complex/mi‐ribonucleoprotein) to form single‐stranded mature miRNAs. MiRNAs associated with RISC mainly target mRNAs and they either inhibit their translation or cause degradation of mRNA that results in reduced protein synthesis [70, 74]. Studies showed that processing of miRNAs by Dicer was vital and any defects, such as deletion of Dicer in the developing animals, caused aberrations [75, 76]. Lack of Dicer in Drosophila germ line stem cells postponed the G1/S phase transition [77], suggesting that miRNAs may be vital for stem cells to bypass this checkpoint. Reduced and disorganised spindles, incorrect chromosome alignment and defects in gastrulation were observed with the Dicer‐mutant oocytes in mouse and in C. elegans, respectively [50, 78]. Injection of miR‐430 in zebrafish and C. elegans partially repaired the gastrulation, retinal development and somatogenesis [78].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: (1996) defined soil health as “the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, maintain the quality of air and water environments, and promote plant, animal, and human health. ” According to the USDA, soil health is “the continued capacity of the soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals and humans” (USDA-NRCS 2018). Soil quality has been defined by the Society of on soil quality as “the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation” (Karlen et al. 1997). While soil quality is used in the context of both natural and managed ecosystems, soil health is primarily used in the context of managed ecosystems, primarily agroecosystems (Lal and Stewart 2011). The terms soil quality and soil health are used synonymously for the purpose of this thematic issue, which is a collection of papers related to some of the indicators used to assess soil health. It illustrates the role of agroforestry as a sustainable land management strategy that can improve a number of common indicators that define soil health. We have grouped the papers under three topics, the first set of papers discussing agroforestry’s role in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC), the second set dealing with soil nutrient enrichment, and the third set on soil biota. Agroforestry enhances soil organic carbonThe SOC is a function of the rate of decomposition and replacement of the organic matter (OM) in the soil. Incorporation of trees in agroforestry enhances the soil OM by adding litter both above and belowground. Soil OM is the energy source of soil organisms and influences both soil biodiversity and associated soil biological functions. As a result, SOC is one of the important indicators used in assessing soil health. The first set of papers addresses the potential role of agroforestry in enhancing carbon storage and thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In their paper, Ramos et al. (2018) quantified the above- and below-ground C stock and their distribution at the landscape scale in two oil palm- and cacao-based agroforestry systems in Brazil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Dicer deletion in zebrafish, mouse and hippocampal initiated problems in the nervous system and led to the inability of forming mature miRNAs that resulted in variations of brain morphogenesis and differentiation of neurons [79, 80]. Although the axis formation and early differentiation of maternal‐zygotic Dicer‐mutant zebrafish and mouse embryos were normal, they still triggered defects in somitogenesis, morphogenesis that affected the brain formation, gastrulation, heart development and apoptosis in limb mesoderm, respectively [78, 81–83]. Apoptosis was enhanced in the developing limb mesoderm of Dicer null mouse [84]. Dicer deficiency mainly led to embryo death in mouse around embryonic day 7. 5 [50, 78, 85] and in zebrafish [86] that may indicate the importance of miRNA‐mediated gene silencing at maternal to zygotic transition. Complete loss of Dicer1 in somatic cells of mouse reproductive tract not only showed reduced expression of miRNAs but also caused the female mice to become infertile with compromised oocyte and embryo integrity [50, 87]. Dicer‐deficient male mice were shown to have poor proliferation of spermatogonia. Loss of Dicer1 in the germ line of male mice (homozygote Dicer1) led to decreased fertility due to abnormal spermatogenesis. The number of germ cells was reduced with abnormal spermatids, abnormal phenotype of spermatocytes with condensed nucleus, abnormal sperm motility and mutant testes with Sertoli tubules [88]. Studies suggest that the transfer of maternal cytoplasmic Dicer disguised the early abnormal phenotypes [78, 89]. Knock‐out of Ago2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and haematopoietic cells caused decreased levels of mature miRNAs [61, 90, 91]. Ago2‐deficient oocytes were observed to develop the mature oocytes with abnormal spindles and chromosomes were not able to unite properly with reduced expression levels of miRNAs (more than 80%). Loss of Ago2 function leads to embryo death around embryonic day 9. 5 in mouse [92]. 3. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They estimated greater above-ground C (litter and living biomass) in an oil palm + cacao than in an oil palm + herbaceous system. The above-ground C pool was heterogeneously distributed in the landscape. They also observed that SOC constituted the greatest pool of C in these systems and that this C pool did not vary with the system’s design. Noumi et al. (2018) compared the global C storage of Eucalyptus afforested plots with traditional Savannah in Cameroon. They observed that Eucalyptus stands stored more C than traditional Savannahs especially the oldest Eucalyptus stands. Osei et al. (2018) compared the soil C storage between woodlots, a maize-grazing rotation farmland and two traditional silvopastoral systems in Tanzania. SOC content did not differ significantly between these land uses though SOC in woodlots was composed of more recalcitrant C. They explained the SOC content similarities by the relatively young age of the systems and the slow OM accumulation under semi-arid climate. Hoosbeek et al. (2018) investigated how C, N and P stock as well as microbial respiration varied with distance from trees in silvopastoral systems composed of grazed open prairies with isolated trees, in Nicaragua. They measured higher C and N stocks under the canopy and area receiving litterfall than in the open prairie. However, OM was found to be more labile under the canopy, indicating that leaf litter deposition improves soil fertility, but most likely not the long-term SOC storage in those systems. Tree species’ effect was also evidenced. Dhaliwal et al. (2018) investigated the role of both water-stable (WSA) and dry-stable aggregates (DSA) in SOC storage. They compared WSA and DSA distribution as well as SOC content between two agroforestry systems and a maize-wheat rotation in a semi-arid area in India. They found that the SOC levels in both aggregate types were greater under the poplar-based and guava-based agroforestry systems than under the sole crop. These papers illustrate that land use type as well as agroforestry system design influence SOC storage efficiency.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Expression of miRNAs in preimplantation embryosThe expression of miRNAs in preimplantation embryos has been mainly studied by knock‐out experiments, by cloning experiments and by identifying individual miRNAs by microarray analysis and real‐time polymerase chain reaction [93]. The expression studies have been carried out using animal models and tissues, cultured cells; that is, cancer cells and human embryonic stem cells; and mouse/bovine/human gametes and embryos. Human embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the inner cell mass of an embryo at the blastocyst stage and are characterised by their ability of self‐renewal and multipotency, are the key in gene expression research since the access of human embryos is difficult and these cells are one of the closest representations of human embryos. Studying miRNA expression in stem cells not only gives insight into potential miRNAs expressed in human embryos but also may show the important role of miRNAs in the stem cell functioning [94]. MiRNA expression has been observed as early as oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mouse, bovine and human [95, 96]. Differences in the miRNA expression have been observed between immature and mature oocytes that may represent the natural turnover and indicate that each embryonic stage is defined by a specific miRNA. Similar miRNA expression profiles in mature mouse oocytes and early developing embryos indicate that at these stages the zygote has maternally inherited miRNAs [50]. Similar to oocyte, sperm carries a range of miRNAs. Approximately 20% of these miRNAs are located in the nuclear or perinuclear part of the sperm indicating that these miRNAs are transferred to the zygote at the time of fertilisation [97]. It was suggested that the sperm‐borne miRNAs may down‐regulate the maternal transcripts in mammals. However, when this hypothesis was tested using microarray analysis, it was shown that none of these miRNAs in the sperm have significant importance since all of them were already present in the oocytes (meiosis II) [98]. Multiple miRNAs were involved in the formation of germ cell layers. MiR‐290, which was expressed at different levels during preimplantation embryo development of mouse embryos, had a negative effect on the germ cell and mesoderm differentiation in the mouse ES cells via targeting Nodal inhibitors [99].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: With the aim of deriving general trends of SOC storage changes between agroforestry systems, agricultural systems and forests, Stefano and Jacobson (2018) performed a meta-analysis on the currently available literature. They found that, in general, shifting from systems without trees (un-cultivated, sole crop, pasture) to agroforestry systems resulted in an improved SOC storage. However, when shifting from forest to agroforestry systems, SOC storage decreased. The magnitude of the SOC storage difference when shifting from one system type to another differed with the soil profile depth considered. SOC storage potential in agroforestry systems is also likely to vary with maintenance practices like tillage, as evidenced by Borges et al. (2018) in chestnut orchards in Portugal. Indeed, they measured higher total OC, active, hot-water-extractable and particulate organic carbon in the surface horizon on the non-tilled orchard than that of the tilled orchard, both having equivalent design. Carbon storage is not only an important indicator of soil health, but also a mechanism for climate change mitigation. It can, however, be counterbalanced by high emissions of NO2 or CH4 from soil under certain management practices and environmental conditions. Priano et al. (2018) compared SOC storage and CH4 fluxes among prairies, woodlots and silvopastoral systems in Argentina. They found that SOC was greater under systems containing trees than under pasture. They also observed that all of these systems could be a sink of CH4. In particular, silvopastoral systems and pine woodlots produced less CH4 than prairies and eucalyptus woodlots. When comparing CO2, NO2 and CH4 in irrigated versus rainfed shelterbelts in Canada, Amadi et al. (2018) showed that greenhouse gas emission was greatly influenced by the water regimes. Overall, greater emission was measured in irrigated vs. rainfed systems. Moreover, shelterbelts with Caragana tree, an N fixing species, released more NO2 than pine tree-based shelterbelts because of higher N availability in the soil. Moore et al. (2018) measured greenhouse gas emission differences according to soil water content and N fertilizer inputs between an agroforestry orchard, a row-crop plot and a riparian forest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: In zebrafish, however, miR‐290 cluster played an important role in regulating the mesoderm induction [100]. Therefore, it is not clear if miR‐290 has an inhibitory effect on the mesoderm differentiation. Other miRNAs have been shown to have an effect in mesoderm differentiation in zebrafish, such as miR‐15 and miR‐16 [100], which were also expressed in mouse preimplantation embryos [50]. Mainly, the same miRNAs are expressed during the cleavage divisions of the embryo in mouse and bovine. However, their expression levels often vary during these stages. In murine embryos, the level of miRNA expression is reduced by as much as 60% between one‐ and two‐cell stages. At the end of four‐cell stage, mouse embryos have approximately twice as much miRNA compared to the two‐cell stage embryo. This implies that the maternally inherited miRNAs degrade at this stage and the EGA starts between the one‐cell and four‐cell stages [50]. Even though the synthesis and degradation of miRNAs coexists during the preimplantation embryo development in mice, the overall miRNA expression increased towards the blastocyst stage [101]. More than 700 miRNAs have been identified in humans [87, 95, 96, 102]. The level of expression for the majority of these miRNAs stayed the same between the oocyte and the blastocyst stage [87]. More than 50% of the miRNAs expressed in human oocytes and blastocysts were shown to be involved in tumourigenesis, that is, let‐7 family, miR‐19a, miR‐21 and miR‐34 [103–109]. Advertisement 4. Gene expression and long noncoding RNAsIn the last few years, in addition to short noncoding RNAs, the lncRNA have gained importance in their roles to affect gene expression. The mammalian genomes consist of long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) that have been suggested to take a role in the regulation of pluripotency during preimplantation embryo development [110]. Human pluripotency transcripts 2, 3 and 5 (HPAT2, HPAT3 and HPAT5) were reported to adjust the pluripotency and ICM formation in preimplantation embryos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They found that N fertilization increased NO2 emission, but reduced CO2 emissions. Soil saturation also played a role in reducing CO2 emissions, but it increased CH4 emission. Overall, the riparian forest emitted more greenhouse gases than the other land-uses (Amadi et al. 2018). Agroforestry enhances soil nutrient availabilityThe occurrence of both competition and facilitation involving essential elements can be expected when different functional groups of plants are mixed in agroforestry systems (Jose et al. 2004). However, the facilitative role of trees in agroforestry systems through efficient cycling of nutrients is well understood, particularly in the tropics. Availability of these essential elements is an indication of soil health and the soil’s capacity for sustaining production and services. The second set of papers describes how land use and agroforestry system design can modify availability of these essential nutrients in soil. Yengwe et al. (2018) evaluated the nutritive potential of Faidherbia albida intercropped with maize in Zambia. They estimated that litter inputs from F. albida could supply more than 18 kg N ha−1 year−1 and increase the microbial diversity and abundance. Pérez-Flores et al. (2018) measured the litter production and nutrient imports from litter in two shaded cacao systems in Mexico, one being 35 years old and the other one 55 years old. They concluded that the younger system produced 23% more litter, which was due to a greater contribution of litter from younger cacao. Indeed, cacao litter decreased with age of cacao trees while that of the shade trees remained constant and abundant. They did not observe any effect of cacao tree age on N, K, Zn or S supply by litter, but an effect on P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu. Partey et al. (2018) compared the N-supply potential of tree leaves from Acacia auriculiformis, Baphia nitida, Albizia zygia, Azadirachta indica, Senna siamea, Senna spectabilis, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala for maize fertilization in Ghana. They estimated that tree leaves could supply up to 93 mg N kg−1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Nature, 2002. 416(6880): 60. 10. Fuks, F. , et al. , The methyl‐CpG‐binding protein MeCP2 links DNA methylation to histone methylation. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(6): 40. 11. Morgan, H. D. , et al. , Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Genet, 2005. 14 1: pp. R47–58. 12. Zhu, B. , et al. , 5‐Methylcytosine DNA glycosylase activity is also present in the human MBD4 (G/T mismatch glycosylase) and in a related avian sequence. Res, 2000. 28(21): 65. 13. Hardeland, U. , et al. , The versatile thymine DNA‐glycosylase: a comparative characterization of the human, Drosophila and fission yeast orthologs. Res, 2003. 31(9): 71. 14. Dean, W. , Lucifero, D. , and Santos, F. , DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease. 2005. 75(2): 111. 15. Oswald, J. , et al. , Active demethylation of the paternal genome in the mouse zygote. Curr Biol, 2000. 10(8): 8. 16. Mayer, W. , et al. , Demethylation of the zygoticpaternal genome. Nature, 2000. 403. 2. 17. Beaujean, N. , et al. , Non‐conservation of mammalian preimplantation methylation dynamics. Curr Biol, 2004. 14(7): pp. R266–7. 18. Reik, W. , Dean, W. , and Walter, J. , Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science, 2001. 293(1089): 93. 19. Rougier, N. , et al. , Chromosome methylation patterns during mammalian preimplantation development. Genes Dev, 1998. 12(14): 13. 20. Dean, W. , et al. , Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. 2001. 98(24): 8. 21. Santos, F. and Dean, W.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: The nutritive contents and mineralization rates of the leaves differed between the tree species, with T. diversifolia and G. sepium improving maize yield the best. The process of litter decomposition and mineralization supplies abundant nutrient stock in agroforestry systems and consequently improves crop yields. Litter decomposition, although being the major nutrient supply pathway, can be complemented by nutrient leaching from leaves and nutrient-enriched rainfall. Limon et al. (2018) compared nutrient leaching from leaves between three tree species, Emblica officinalis, Sesbiana grandiflora and Moringa oleifera. They measured higher leaching of NH4, K and PO4 from S. grandiflora and M. oleifera than from E. officinalis. Dawoe et al. (2018) calculated the nutrient content and annual fluxes in incident rain, throughfall and stemflow in shaded cacao systems and a forest. They concluded that K supply through rainfall was the main supply pathway, accounting for 50–65% of total K supply. But, for P, Ca, Mg and N, the rainfall contribution was low (5–21%). Throughfall was highly enriched in nutrients compared to the other fluxes and contributed significantly to the nutrient inputs received via rainfall. Not all the nutrient forms can be directly assimilated by plants. Nutrient speciation in soil is therefore a key factor of crop yield improvement. Nutrient availability in soil is directly affected by microbial activity and can vary with system design. Lana et al. (2018) compared OM accumulation and nutrient availability between two silvopastoral systems, one with Eucalyptus grandis and the other with Zeyheria tuberculosa in Brazil. They observed that the contents of essential macro- and micronutrients were greater in areas planted with Eucalyptus than in areas planted with Zeyherias. The same trend was observed for OM accumulation. They partly explained this difference by the presence of allelochemicals in Eucalyptus litter. de Souza et al. (2018) compared nutrient availability in soil solution between a preserved forest and a cacao-cabruca agroforestry system. Of the nitrogen species analyzed, NO3 was the most abundant in the forest while dissolved organic nitrogen was the most abundant in the agroforestry system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: 20(1): 111. 44. Petropoulos, S. , et al. , Single‐cell RNA‐seq reveals lineage and X chromosome dynamics in human preimplantation embryos. Cell. 165(4): 26. 45. Amakawa, Y. , et al. , A new Xist allele driven by a constitutively active promoter is dominated by Xist locus environment and exhibits the parent‐of‐origin effects. Development, 2015. 142(24): 308. 46. Seki, Y. , et al. , Extensive and orderly reprogramming of genome‐wide chromatin modifications associated with specification and early development of germ cells in mice. Dev Biol, 2005. 278(2): 58. 47. Place, R. F. , et al. , MicroRNA‐373 induces expression of genes with complementary promoter sequences. 2008. 105(5): 13. 48. Plasterk, R. H. , Micro RNAs in animal development. Cell, 2006. 124(5): 81. 49. Tang, F. , et al. , Maternal microRNAs are essential for mouse zygotic development. Genes Dev, 2007. 21(6): 8. 50. Lee, R. C. , Feinbaum, R. L. , and Ambros, V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993. 75(5): 54. 51. Lee, R. C. and Ambros, V. , An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001. 294(5543): 4. 52. Niwa, R. and Slack, F. J. , The evolution of animal microRNA function. Genet Dev, 2007. 17(2): 50. 53. Tesfaye, D. , et al. , Identification and expression profiling of microRNAs during bovine oocyte maturation using heterologous approach. Dev, 2009. 76(7): 77. 54. Griffiths‐Jones, S. , et al. , miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature. Res, 2006. 34(Database issue): pp. D140–4. 55. Harfe, B. D. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: The mineralization rate was found to be lower in the agroforestry system, which generated increased OM storage, but reduced nutrient availability. Prakash et al. (2018) compared P availability and speciation between a poplar-based agroforestry system and rice–wheat, maize-wheat and cotton-wheat rotation farmlands in India. They discovered contrasted P speciation with greater organic P and lower inorganic P as well as higher SOC content under agroforestry compared to other conventional land uses. Intercropping seemed to lower P nutrition due to lower P availability. Paul et al. (2018) compared SOC, P fractions and P cycling enzymes over 5 different land-uses including an uncultivated land, an apple orchard, an oak forest, wheat–maize rotation farmland and organic farming system in India. They showed that enzyme activities were very sensitive to land-use change. Soil under oak forest was the best in terms of enzyme activities, MO and P availability, followed by regularly manured apple orchard and organic farming. Salim et al. (2018) compared the soil fertility of homegardens and secondary forests with that of primary forest. They measured less organic carbon content in soil from homegarden compared to soil from secondary and primary forests, but greater P, Mg and Ca as well as lower pH. Overall, homegardens presented greater soil fertility than the forests despite the lower OM accumulation, because of greater nutrient availability. Soil health can also be impacted by pollutants and toxic elements. Agroforestry, in certain circumstances and with certain plant species, can be used for phytoremediation of contaminated sites. Kaur et al. (2018) gives an insight into how agroforestry trees helped remediate contaminated farmlands in India. The authors measured the tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and Cd accumulation potential of four tree species, Eucalyptus tereticornis, L. leucocephala, Melia azedarach and Dalbergia sisso. They found that all tree species were relatively tolerant to Cd contamination, with the greatest tolerance shown for M. azedarach. The trees decreased Cd contamination by 41–52%, with M. azedarach and L. leucocephala being the most efficient for phytoremediation in this context.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. 2005. 102(31): 903. 56. Harris, K. S. , et al. , Dicer function is essential for lung epithelium morphogenesis. 2006. 103(7): 13. 57. Yang, W. J. , et al. , Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development. J Biol Chem, 2005. 280(10): 5. 58. Muljo, S. A. , et al. , cell differentiation in the absence of Dicer. J Exp Med, 2005. 202(2): 9. 59. Ambros, V. , The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature, 2004. 431(7006): 5. 60. Bagga, S. , et al. , Regulation by let‐7 and lin‐4 miRNAs results in target mRNA degradation. Cell, 2005. 122(4): 63. 61. Hayashi, K. , et al. , MicroRNA biogenesis is required for mouse primordial germ cell development and spermatogenesis. PLoS One, 2008. 3(3): pp. e1738. 62. : genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 2004. 116(2): 97. 63. Bartel, D. P. and Chen, C. Z. , Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Genet, 2004. 5(5): 400. 64. Miranda, K. C. , et al. , A pattern‐based method for the identification of MicroRNA binding sites and their corresponding heteroduplexes. Cell, 2006. 126(6): 17. 65. Berezikov, E. , et al. , Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell, 2005. 120(1): 4. 66. Selbach, M. , et al. , Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature, 2008. 455(7209): 63. 67. Baek, D. , et al. , The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature, 2008. 455(7209): 71. 68. Babiarz, J. E. and Blelloch, R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Agroforestry improves soil biotaThe biota are considered critical to soil health and ecosystem sustainability because of their role in decomposition of soil OM, nutrient cycling, and thereby influencing soil chemical and physical properties, which will ultimately determine soil fertility and long-term sustainability. In recent years, a number of papers have examined soil biota within the context of agroforestry and the trend continues. Hailemariam et al. (2018) investigated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and water stress on F. aldiba seedling survival in Ethiopia. They found that AMF inoculation increased seedling growth regardless of inoculum origin and water status. AMF diversity can be affected by agroforestry system design, as evidenced by Shukla et al. (2018), which showed the influence of shade on the efficiency of bio-innocculants composed of rhizobacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and AMF. They found that the yields of all the studied plants were lower in the shade than in the full light, but the efficiency of the bio-innocculants was comparable in full sun and under shade for Glycine max, Phaseolus mungo, and Cicer arietinul and more beneficial for Vigna radiata and Pisum sativum. However, they observed less successful nodulation under shade than in full sun. In addition to the effect of land use, management practices such as pesticide application can also greatly affect microbial communities and thereby nutrient turnover and speciation in agroforestry systems as revealed by Afolabi and Muoghalu (2018). These authors measured the influence of fungicide use on litter decomposition and associated microorganisms in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Although no significant microbial diversity shift was detected, they measured an enhanced abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in the untreated litter. This resulted in lower decomposition rate in the fungicide-treated litter than in the untreated litter. Agroforestry can also sustain a rich microbial diversity that is essential to soil health and productivity. Dobo et al. (2018) compared the AMF diversity and spore density between nine agroforestry systems based on either Cordia, Millettia or Erythrina associated with coffee or Ensete.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Small RNAs‐ their biogenesis, regulation and function in embryonic stem cells. StemBook, 2009. 10. 3824(1. 47. 1): 16. 69. John, B. , et al. , Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol, 2004. 2(11): p. e363. 70. Filipowicz, W. , Bhattacharyya, S. N. , and Sonenberg, N. , Mechanisms of post‐transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? Genet, 2008. 9(2): 14. 71. Berezikov, E. , et al. , Mammalian mirtron genes. Mol Cell, 2007. 28(2): 36. 72. Lund, E. , et al. , Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science, 2004. 303(5654): 8. 73. Yi, R. , et al. , Exportin‐5 mediates the nuclear export of pre‐microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev, 2003. 17(24): 6. 74. Schwarz, D. S. and Zamore, P. D. , Why do miRNAs live in the miRNP? Genes Dev, 2002. 16(9): 31. 75. Giraldez, A. J. , et al. , MicroRNAs regulate brain morphogenesis in zebrafish. Science, 2005. 308(5723): 8. 76. Zhao, C. , et al. , A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA‐9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination. Mol Biol, 2009. 16(4): 71. 77. Hatfield, S. D. , et al. , Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway. Nature, 2005. 435(7044): 8. 78. Alvarez‐Garcia, I. and functions in animal development and human disease. Development, 2005. 132(21): 62. 79. Barbato, C. , et al. , Thinking about RNA? MicroRNAs in the brain. Mamm Genome, 2008. 19(7–8): 51. 80. Davis, T. H. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: They found a slight effect of the system design on both density and diversity of AMF, with tree-Ensete having greater AMF diversity and density than tree-coffee and multiple species cropping systems. Zhang et al. (2018) investigated, by means of molecular techniques, how plant-tree associations in agroforestry systems shape the fungal community. In three systems, one with barley only and the two others with barley and Populus euramevicana or Taxodium distichum, they found greater fungal diversity in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, but no difference in the fungal diversity between the different systems. However, they measured a higher abundance of certain rhizospheric fungi in P. euramevicana-based systems than in T. distichum-based systems. Finally, Posada et al. (2018) evaluated the impact of management operations on AMF in coffee plantations of Mexico and Colombia characterized by contrasted management schemes from organic to the high use of fertilizers and pesticides. They found a great diversity of AMF in the different plantations, with limited influence of management intensity in Colombian plantations with richer soils and slightly improved diversity in Mexican plantations with poor acidic soils associated with light fertilizer usage. Microbial community dynamics are also exploited for commercial products in certain agroforestry practices like forest farming. Edible mushroom production has become a profitable forest farming operation in many parts of the world. Torres-Gómez et al. (2018) compared the diversity and production of wild edible fungi between a native oak-pine forest and a Cupressus lusitanica (non-ectomycorrhizal species) plantation intermingled with ectomycorrhizal trees. They observed greater edible mushroom biomass in the native forest than in the plantation and the production had twice the market value. Although not as high in fungal diversity or mushroom production, the presence of ectomycorrhizal hosts in the plantation provided edible mushrooms which could be an important source of income while waiting for the timber trees to mature. They also concluded that interplanting with ectomycorrhizal trees could potentially improve ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, soil forming, and decomposition of litter in non-ectomycorrhizal plantations. ConclusionHealthy soil is arguably one of the most critical resources for healthy ecosystems, including agroecosystems, to provide goods and services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Conditional loss of Dicer disrupts cellular and tissue morphogenesis in the cortex and hippocampus. J Neurosci, 2008. 28(17): 30. 81. Giraldez, A. J. , et al. , Zebrafish MiR‐430 promotes deadenylation and clearance of maternal mRNAs. Science, 2006. 312(5770): 9. 82. Mishima, Y. , et al. , Differential regulation of germline mRNAs in soma and germ cells by zebrafish miR‐430. Curr Biol, 2006. 16(21): 42. 83. Zhao, Y. , Samal, E. , and Srivastava, D. , Serum response factor regulates a muscle‐specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature, 2005. 436(7048): 20. 84. in vertebrate development. Genet Dev, 2005. 15(4): 5. 85. Bernstein, E. , et al. , Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet, 2003. 35(3): 7. 86. Wienholds, E. , et al. , MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science, 2005. 309(5732): 1. 87. McCallie, B. , Schoolcraft, W. B. , and Katz‐Jaffe, M. G. , Aberration of blastocyst microRNAexpression is associated with human infertility. Fertil Steril, 2009. 93: 2382. 88. Maatouk, D. M. , et al. , Dicer1 is required for differentiation of the mouse male germline. Biol Reprod, 2008. 79(4): 703. 89. Knight, S. W. and Bass, B. L. , A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR‐1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 2001. 293(5538): 71. 90. Diederichs, S. and Haber, D. A. , Dual role for argonautes in microRNA processing and posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA expression. Cell, 2007. 131(6): 108. 91. O’Carroll, D. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Globally, health of soil has been threatened for the past several decades and there has been a renewed interest in protecting and enhancing this most important resource for future generations. Agroforestry, as a sustainable land management practice, has shown solid evidence of its role in improving soil quality based on at least four decades of data gathered from the world over. This thematic issue adds further to the body of information to reaffirm that agroforestry can play a major role in improving many of the metrics used in measuring soil health. The 28 papers included in the thematic issue illustrate that agroforestry would enrich SOC better than monocropping systems, it could improve soil nutrient availability and soil fertility due to the presence of trees in the system and enhance soil microbial dynamics which would positively influence soil health. By gathering studies from the world over and presenting a wide diversity of systems and species combinations and quantifying their effects on specific processes, this thematic issue also provides some insights into better agroforestry design planning. Agroforestry is a practice that offers great promise to improve soil and soil health for current and future generations. It is imperative that the broader agriculture community and policymakers pay increased attention to agroforestry as a viable strategy to restore and sustain soil health. Change history17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 17 April 2018In the below citation author last name was misspelled. 10. 1007/s10457-016-0032-y 10. 1007/s10457-017-0112-7 10. 1007/s10457-017-0088-3 10. 1007/s10457-017-0108-3 10. 1007/s10457-017-0077-6 10. 1007/s10457-017-0103-8 10. 1007/s10457-016-0042-9 10. 1007/s10457-017-0146-x 10. 1007/s10457-016-0049-2 10. 255. 4. 10. 1007/s10457-017-0141-2 10. 1007/s10457-016-9998-8 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: An assessment of law enforcement views, ordinary drivers’ opinions, and road accident records. Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2018;115:11-24 7. Self-Explained [Internet]. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 30 April 2020] 8. for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-[Internet]. SAE International. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 9. Bassett A. of [Internet]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 10. Asimov I. Sally. May–June. Fantastic. Schenectady, NY: Ziff-Company; 1953 11. : Later [Internet]. Agency. 2014. Available from: [Accessed: 02 May 2020] 12. Hooper J. 2004: DARPA’s Debacle in the Desert [Internet]. Popular Science. Popular Science. 2004. Available from: Challenge [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 14. [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 15. [Internet]. Merriam-Webster. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 16. Tsyktor V. Lidar vs Radar vs Sonar: Which is Better for Self-Driving Cars? [Internet]. Cyber Pulse. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 17. Comiter M. Intelligence: AI’s Vulnerability and about it. Cambridge, MA: 2019 18. Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning visual classification. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on (CVPR 2018): 18-22 June 2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. 19. Greenberg A. Kill a Jeep on the Highway-in It [Internet]. Wired. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 20. Kessler AM. [Internet]. New York. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 21. [Internet]. NHTSA. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 22.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , A Slicer‐independent role for Argonaute 2 in hematopoiesis and the micro RNA pathway. Genes Dev, 2007. 21(16): 2004. 92. Liu, J. , et al. , Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi. Science, 2004. 305(5689): 41. 93. Kurimoto, K. , et al. , An improved single‐cell cDNA amplification method for efficient high‐density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Res, 2006. 34(5): p. e42. 94. Croce, C. M. and Calin, G. A. , miRNAs, cancer, and stem cell division. Cell, 2005. 122(1): 7. 95. Tulay, P. and expression and its association with DNA repair in preimplantation embryos. J Reprod Dev. , 2016. 62(3): 34. 96. Tulay P, Naja R. P. , Cascales‐Roman O. , Doshi A. , Serhal P. , SenGupta S. B. , Investigation of microRNA expression and DNA repair gene transcripts in human oocytes and blastocysts. J Genet, 2015. 32(12): 64. 97. Liu, J. , et al. , MicroRNA‐dependent localization of targeted mRNAs to mammalian P‐bodies. Biol, 2005. 7(7): 23. 98. Amanai, M. , Brahmajosyula, M. , and Perry, A. C. , A restricted role for sperm‐borne microRNAs in mammalian fertilization. Biol Reprod, 2006. 75(6): 84. 99. Zovoilis, A. , et al. , Members of the miR‐290 cluster modulate in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Differentiation, 2009. 78(2–3): 78. 100. Choi, W. Y. , Giraldez, A. J. , and Schier, A. F. , Target protectors reveal dampening and balancing of Nodal agonist and antagonist by miR‐430. Science, 2007. 318(5848): 4. 101. Yang, Y. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Sustainability standards are part of a multitude of sustainability initiatives that include eco-labeling programs, corporate social responsibility programs, business-to-business initiatives and round tables (Potts et al. Citation2010). Such standards are part of industry self-regulation and complement public regulation of environmental and social concerns via command and control strategies or market-based mechanisms supported by public disclosure (Blackman Citation2010). Adherence to, and implementation of, sustainability standards imply a shift from state to market regulation of sustainability concerns as well as a shift from national to global governance of sustainability concerns (Vermeulen Citation2010). Sustainability standards as they emerge in negotiations among stakeholders are typically multidimensional and complex (cf. Potts et al. Citation2010). Some attributes of the products and processes are observable (e. g. absence of pesticide residues), while others are not (e. g. implementation of soil management practices). Trade-offs are common, as an increased number of products and processes attribute leads to increased complexity of transactions, which is not always matched by an increased ability to codify information. Hence, following information presented in Figure 2, at the upstream end of the value chain standards can be associated with increased levels of complexity and therefore potentially shift governance from market to modular or other governance types depending on the capabilities of the supplier base. 5. Ecosystem service effects of tropical commodity productionThe three concepts – the issue–attention cycle, management swing potential and GVCs – interact with the landscapes from which tropical commodities are derived and the livelihood options, often defined on the basis of more than one tradable commodity of the people concerned. The net effects with spatial aggregation, time lags and internal feedbacks are ultimately expressed at the level of a landscape and the ecosystem services it provides (Minang et al. Citation2015). Despite rich and growing debates on the concept of ecosystem services, this study adopts the definition of ecosystem services as ‘the direct and indirect flux contribution of ecosystems to human wellbeing’ (Braat & de Groot Citation2012). The concept embraces operational distinction between goods and services, which is relevant to the agricultural landscape where human actions have a strong role in intensively transforming the natural ecosystem to production systems and finally to goods benefitting human wellbeing. The ecosystem service concept is offered to provide qualitative metrics in evaluating various scenarios of production systems (de Groot et al. Citation2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: öm L. Economics of global burden of road traffic injuries and their relationship with health system variables. of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4(12):1442-1450 23. . of Crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 812 013). Washington, DC: Administration; 2015 24. Systems 2. 0 A Vision for Safety. [cited 10 May 2020]. Available from: 25. . Owning or sharing autonomous vehicles: Comparing different ownership and usage scenarios. Research Review. 2019:11-31 26. . An analysis of possible energy impacts of automated vehicle. In: Automation. Cham: Publishing; 2014. 27. Burianski M, Theissen C. [Internet]. J. D. Supra. White & Case LLP; 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 28. . Synthesizing robust adversarial examples. In: on Machine Learning. Stockholm; 2018. 29. The moral machine experiment. Nature. 2018;563:59-64 30. Maxmen A. Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal [Internet]. Nature News. Group. 2018. Available from: Automated and Connected Driving. of of Transport and Digital Infrastructure; 2017 32. Bonnefon J-F, Shariff A, Rahwan I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science. 2016;352(6293):1573-1576 33. . Governing autonomous vehicles: Emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews. 2018;39(1):103-128 34. . London. 2015. (to Driverless Cars) 35. NPA drafts rules for testing driverless cars on public roads. Times [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 36. Dunne MJ. No. 1 2030 [Internet]. Forbes. Forbes Magazine. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 37. Coren MJ. The car industry is heading towards a driverless future [Internet]. Forum. Quartz. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 38. Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: and Efficiency in an Uncertain World. 2016 39. Arf C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Determination of microRNAs in mouse preimplantation embryos by microarray. Dev Dyn, 2008. 237(9): 27. 102. Navarro, A. and Monzo, M. , MicroRNAs in human embryonic and cancer stem cells. J, 2010. 51(5): 32. 103. Chang, T. C. , et al. , Transactivation of miR‐34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol Cell, 2007. 26(5): 52. 104. Raver‐Shapira, N. , et al. , Transcriptional activation of miR‐34a contributes to p53‐mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell, 2007. 26(5): 43. 105. Paris, R. , et al. , Multiple p53‐independent gene silencing mechanisms define the cellular response to p53 activation. Cell Cycle, 2008. 7(15): 33. 106. Lodygin, D. , et al. , Inactivation of miR‐34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle, 2008. 7(16): 600. 107. Muller, D. W. and Bosserhoff, A. K. , Integrin beta 3 expression is regulated by let‐7a miRNA in malignant melanoma. Oncogene, 2008. 27(52): 706. 108. Marton, S. , et al. , Small RNAs analysis in CLL reveals a deregulation of miRNA expression and novel miRNA candidates of putative relevance in CLL pathogenesis. Leukemia, 2008. 22(2): 8. 109. Hayashita, Y. , et al. , A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR‐17‐92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res, 2005. 65(21): 32. 110. Durruthy‐Durruthy, J. , et al. , The primate‐specific noncoding 5 regulates pluripotency during human preimplantation development and nuclear reprogramming. Nat Genet, 2016. 48(1): 52. 111. Wang, Y. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Within this concept, the logical chain of ecosystem structure, processes, and functions is important for understanding the management swing-potential (Figure 4). Figure 4. Cascade of agro-ecosystem structure, processes and function as joint determinants of the management swing potential in relation to human wellbeing. Modified from Braat and de Groot (Citation2012). Display full sizeIn a landscape where different land-use systems interact, agricultural practices vary in structure and components from a simple mono-cropping, where a single commodity is planted, to more complex, multistrata agroforestry practices where a variety of annual and perennial crops are planted or grow together. Structures and components of an agro-ecosystem determine how such a management unit functions in a landscape in its interaction with other land management units. Agriculture cultivations primarily can be categorized as having agronomic functionality as a commodity production system (as provisioning services) to provide food (goods) and ecological functionality (as regulating services) with cultural and spiritual values linking to sociocultural characteristics of local communities (Table 1). Table 1. Typology of ecosystem services from agricultural landscape, based on benefits people derive (left column: Braat & de Groot (Citation2012) and based on aspects of landscape (ecosystem) structure and function (van Noordwijk Citation2006) multiple measurable aspects within each main category), with examples of aspects on the cross section of the classification systems. smallholders and larger scale agribusiness enterprises act as land managers dealing with multiple objectives, limited resources and capital, and incomplete knowledge of how their management systems respond to external variables ranging from climatic variation to policy levers, resulting in a wide variety of agricultural management states. These various management intensities within agro-ecosystems produce multiple services and levels of delivery, but in principle, when an agro-ecosystem is managed mainly for the delivery of a single service (e. g. food production), other services are nearly always affected negatively (Figure 4) (Braat & de Groot Citation2012). For example, rubber, cacao and coffee can be grown in shade as well as full sun systems with different implications for biodiversity and watershed services. As well, crops can be produced at varying management intensities with different qualities and quantities of external inputs, which impacts on a different level of environmental indicators.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A large amount of fossil fuels are used by thermal power plants, industries and vehicles. This place is densely populated, with a large number of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles. Therefore, the pollution is relatively serious in this region, the main pollutant is PM2. 5. In 2014, the annual average concentration of PM2. 5 was 22 µg/m3, and the annual average concentration of PM10 was 61 µg/m3. There were 298 days that met the air quality standard, accounting for 81. 6% of the year. We can see that the situation of air pollution in north China was serious in the 2000s, air pollution was all year around, and winter was the worst. In the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, air pollution is serious from mid-October to mid-March of the following year, air pollution is relatively not serious in the remaining 7 months. The situation of air pollution in the Delta region is much better than that in north China, it is also better than that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtanin. Its main pollution sources are thermal power plants, light industrial enterprises, and various vehicles. 3. use of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gas (GHG), which pollutes the air and leads to the rise of GHG concentration, more GHGs trap more solar energy and lead to the rise of surface temperature. The use of global fossil fuels was 2575 TWh in 1880, and 136,761 TWh in 2019, thus an increase of 52. 11 times [16]. Global CO2 emissions were 85,371 million tons in 1880, 36441. 39 million tons in 2019, thus an increase of 41. 69 times [17]. From 1750 to 2009, the carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) has risen by 38%, and the concentration of methane has increased by 148% [7]. The atmospheric CDC was 287. 77 ppm in 1880, and it was 417. 65 ppm in 2022, thus an increase of 45. 13% [18]. We can see that the growth rate of CDC in recent decades is a little faster than that before the 1960s. We conduct regression analysis with GMST as dependent variable [6] and with CDC as independent variable [18] the time is from 1880 to 2019. We present the outcome in Table 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , Analyses of long non‐coding RNA and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing during the pre‐implantation phases in pig endometrium. Sci Rep. , 2016. 6: p. 20238. 112. Anthony, S. B. S. , et al. , A congenital malformations in 4224 children conceived after IVF. Hum Reprod, 2002. 17: 95. 113. DeBaun, M. R. , Niemitz, E. L. , and Feinberg, A. P. , Association of in vitro fertilization with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome and epigenetic alterations of LIT1 and H19. 2003. 72(156–160). 114. White, C. R. , et al. , High frequency of imprinted methylation errors in human preimplantation embryos. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: p. 17311. 115. Rinaudo, P. F. , et al. , Effects of oxygen tension on gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Fertil Steril, 2006. 86(Suppl 4): 65. 116. Rinaudo, P. and Schultz, R. M. , Effects of embryo culture on global pattern of gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos. Reproduction 2004. 128: 11. 117. Giritharan, G. , et al. , Effect of in vitro fertilization on gene expression and development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Reproduction 2007. 134: 72. 118. Giritharan, G. , et al. , Effect of ICSI on gene expression and development of mouse preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod, 2010. 25(12): 24. 119. Markoulaki, S. , et al. , Comparison of Ca2+ and CaMKII responses in IVF and ICSI in the mouse. Reprod, 2007. 13: 72. 120. Kurokawa, M. and ‐generated mouse zygotes exhibit altered calcium oscillations, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor‐1 downregulation, and embryo development. Reprod, 2003. 9: 33. 121. Fernandez‐Gonzalez, R. , et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Whenever certified producers are found, in public scrutiny, to not comply with parts of the stated standards the club good of a certification scheme is at stake. Avoiding this risk drives certifiers to include a safety margin above stated standards or be selective in who gets selected into certification schemes. The presence of the ‘certifiable but uncertified’ category, however, also undermines certification schemes claim that they advance sustainability at large. High transaction costs of certification and low premium prices or other farmgate advantages of being certified make it attractive, however, for producers to stay in this category. Across the various commodities and certification schemes we expect to find an empirical basis for rejecting or accepting such statements made at a higher level of abstraction. The studies presented in this complement recent work on certification and address some of the gaps identified by previous research. First, the set of case studies presented here complements the review of impact assessment studies of Blackman and Rivera (Citation2011) who review impact assessment studies of eco-certification programs in banana, coffee, fish and forest products and tourism. Their review shows that only a small percentage of studies is sufficiently rigorous to provide credible results on impacts. The contextual analysis along the value chain as well as at the macro level of the present set of studies highlights the complexities in designing rigorous impact assessment studies that would account for factors at this level. Second, the current set of case studies also complements the review of Alvarez and von Hagen (Citation2011) by explicitly describing local ecologies where value chains touch base. Third, by focusing on the issue–attention cycle, the framework developed here complements the recent review of interactions among complementary policy instruments by Lambin et al. (Citation2014) and the analysis of the commoditization process by Daviron and Vagneron (Citation2011) by a global as well as country-specific historic perspective on sustainability concerns and how they have been addressed over time. The case studies of the following papers apply the framework and thereby contribute to an empirical validation of the propositions put forward. Fourth, the present set of studies also contributes to putting a monitoring system in place for documenting and analyzing the medium to long-term impacts of private certification and public governance systems in selected sites. The sites are part of the sentinel sites network of the Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry of the CGIAR.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: For examples, in a transcriptional regulatory network an edge in the network corresponds to the binding of a transcription factor to the promotor region of the DNA that is necessary to regulate the transcription of a gene. Or in protein–protein interaction networks an edge corresponds, e. g. , to the binding of two proteins to form a protein complex. In contrast to these phenomenological networks gene regulatory networks constructed from gene expression data are inferential networks. The difference is due to the nature of the employed data to construct the network because gene expression data do only provide information about the concentration of mRNAs, but not direct information about the biochemical binding of genes or gene products. For this reason, an edge in a gene regulatory network is not uniquely specified but could correspond either to transcription regulation, as in transcriptional regulatory networks, or to protein bindings, as in protein–protein interaction networks (de Matos Simoes, Tripathi & Emmert-Streib, 2012). In the remainder of this paper we focus on gene expression data and the gene regulatory networks inferred from these data. Despite the maturity of available technologies to generate gene expression data, e. g. , by using DNA microarrays, there is still much to learn about the capabilities of such data (Emmert-Streib & Dehmer, 2010). This is related to a variety of reasons. First, the major use of gene expression data is to identify differentially expressed genes. For this reason the majority of methods developed for these data are for this problem (Chen, Dougherty & Bittner, 1997; Ge, Dudoit & Speed, 2003; Speed, 2003; Steinhoff & Vingron, 2006; Storey & Tibshirani, 2003). Second, going beyond differentially expressed genes requires different, more sophisticated, statistical methods and the costs to generate data for, e. g. , the identification of differentially expressed pathways increases substantially (Emmert-Streib & Dehmer, 2008; Reimers, 2010). Third, not only the absolute number of the available samples may be important to succeed in the application of advanced analysis methods, but also the condition and configuration used to generate the data. This last point relates to the experimental design (Hinkelmann & Kempthorne, 2008) of gene expression data used to generate these data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using organic fertilizers helps reduce chemical runoff into water systems. [SEP] Text: The agricultural community/farmers are struggling to obtain higher rate of yield due to lack of poor knowledge about the soil and water nutrients and suitability of the organic crop for the soil. Most of the farmers use excessive chemical fertilizers in-order to increase productivity of their yield, without aware of side effects. The excess usage of chemical fertilizers by the farmers will have impact on the quality, fertility, and salinity of the soil. To overcome these issues and to promote concept we propose an IoT enabled sensor system for monitoring soil nutrient [NPK] and pH of irrigation water to reduce the manual laboratory method of testing and get the results via mobile application and to promote organic farming in the agricultural field. Smart organic farming based mobile application will further process these nutrients value to predict and suggests the suitable crop to grow and the usage of appropriate amount of fertilizer to maintain the soil fertility there by achieving optimum usage of chemical fertilizer because continuous and wrong usage of these chemical fertilizer have a harmful effect not only on soil but also on crops, we consume leading to unhealthy human life. The proposed mobile application also helps in establishing the connection between farmers and (APMC) in order to avoid fragmentation of profit shares and attain Pricing uncertainty and marketing of the yields by avoiding the middle man. APMC is a state government body which ensures safeguard to the farmers from exploitation by large retailers and suggest the kind of crop to be grown with organic farming. India is well known to produce organic fertilizer which is produced by the waste of slaughterhouses, plant and animal residues, biological products and other natural resources. Thus, the proposed work helps the farmers in adopting stress-free organic farming practice by self-testing their field soil parameters for generating quick soil analysis reports and also helps in connecting with APMC to know the suitable crop for their agriculture land based on the soil and water analysis (SWA) report, dispensing the required amount of organic fertilizer to the soil based on soil and water nutrients analysis using IoT enabled sensor, funding/insurance to the crops in case of occurrence of unpredictable natural disaster in future and direct marketing facility without middle man and maintain sustainable agriculture. In the present era, the industry is at 5. 0 levels but agricultural production is still at 2. 0 levels. In this 1. IntroductionIn the era technology enable modern agriculture, the people are keen about the organic farming due to environmental friendliness and more profitable agriculture. The people are diverting towards the organic farming as it uses less chemical-intensive pesticides.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake?

Output: contrast