Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: To initiate forward movement from a stationary standing position, the center of mass must be positioned anterior to the base of support (feet) (6). This is achieved in one of two ways: a rotation of the body about the ankle joint, thereby shifting the center of mass forward, or by displacing the support area behind the center of mass (placing one foot backward) (6). However, if we consider a tennis player sprinting from the baseline to pick up a drop shot, a baseball player reacting to a shallow fly ball, or a basketball player attempting to make a steal, they all initiate forward movement from a variation of the athletic ready position that is characteristic of their respective sport (feet parallel) (8,14). With the exception of a stoppage in play, the chaotic nature of most sports rarely allows an athlete to set his/her position before the initiation of forward movement; therefore, most athletes are forced to accelerate from a variation of this parallel foot position. From this parallel stance, an athlete may choose to initiate movement via a repositioning of their center of mass (lean and step forward - parallel start) or their feet (step backward - false start). Intuitively, the use of a backward step to accelerate forward seems counterproductive and has led to the belief that an athlete should eliminate this unnecessary movement to produce a more time-efficient start (6). However, if the time taken to achieve the backward step does not exceed the time required to shift the center of mass forward, then perhaps the false step is not counterproductive and an athlete may see a performance benefit by employing a backward step to initiate forward movement. Comparing the parallel and false starts, Kraan et al. (9) found that stepping backward resulted in significantly greater horizontal force and power production at push off via a contribution from the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). This result led the investigators to conclude that the fastest start achieved from a standing position was in fact one that allows a paradoxical step backward; however, this was stated without any empirical support from sprint times over set distances. Consequently, it remains unclear as to whether there are performance benefits from this increased force production, what the minimal sprint distance is to exploit these benefits, and how long can they be maintained. Therefore, the primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the movement (0 m), 2. 5 m, and 5 m times between standing starts employing a step forward and a step backward to initiate movement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Additionally, studies have scrutinized the influence of social media on mental health, revealing that excessive social media use may contribute to feelings of anxiety and loneliness [3, 4]. Furthermore, investigations have dissected the impact of video games on cognitive and emotional faculties, with some studies indicating that specific types of video games can enhance attention and problem-solving skills [5, 6]. Yet, the concerns of video game addiction and the potential influence of violent video games on aggressive behavior have also been raised [7, 8, 9, 10]. The ubiquity of digital technologies in daily existence has sparked burgeoning interest in the domain of digital psychology. Although research in this sphere has furnished valuable insights into the prospective benefits and hazards of digital technologies for mental health and well-being, there remains a wealth of knowledge yet to be uncovered regarding the intricate interplay between technology and psychology. In particular, an extensive body of research is warranted to apprehend the enduring impacts of digital technologies on cognitive, emotional, and social functionality, as well as to decipher how these effects might diverge among different demographic groups. The incorporation of mindfulness-based mobile applications has emerged as a progressively appealing avenue in digital psychology research, with numerous studies yielding promising outcomes in diminishing symptoms of anxiety and loneliness. Typically, these apps encompass guided meditation, breathing exercises, and assorted mindfulness practices, accessible at one's convenience via mobile devices [2]. The accessibility and ease of these applications render them an appealing resource for individuals striving to enhance their mental well-being without the necessity of face-to-face therapy [3, 6] In today's higher education landscape, university students are exposed to a pervasive influence of social media, which has the potential to give rise to negative psychological consequences such as heightened social anxiety and increased feelings of loneliness. The omnipresence of social media platforms can lead to a sense of comparison, social pressure, and disconnection among undergraduate students, exacerbating their existing challenges. Given these circumstances, there arises a compelling need to explore interventions that can counteract these negative impacts. Mindfulness-based interventions present a promising avenue in this regard. By examining how these interventions intersect with the digital sphere, the study aims to illuminate how Digital Mindfulness-based treatments might serve as a potent tool to mitigate the adverse effects of social media exposure, fostering a healthier psychological landscape among university students [11–15]. Moreover, many apps provide personalized features, such as progress tracking and goal setting, augmenting user engagement and motivation [9].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Participants seemed to follow this example regardless of their level of social anxiety. Overall, they increased the duration of their answers in the course of the conversation. Variations in safety behavior (including face gaze avoidance) appear to be strongly related to situational factors. Therefore, adding complexity to social interactions will be helpful in determining the conditions of occurrence of important safety behaviors used by socially anxious individuals in future research. Implications of the current study should be considered. First, this study provides evidence that face gaze avoidance could be a reliable indicator for the identification and assessment of socially anxious individuals who may be at a risk for SAD and further validates clinicians’ impressions of eye contact avoidance in patients. Increasing and maintaining eye gaze as targets of social skills training and restructuring dysfunctional cognitions related to eye contact may be beneficial. Second, our findings suggesting that demands for reciprocal self-disclosure reduce face gaze in people with higher levels of social anxiety may have implications for exposure exercises. That is, encouraging socially anxious people to engage in reciprocal self-disclosure may be a feasible way to create opportunities for exposure. Several limitations of our study warrant comment. First, our interaction paradigm is limited to a conversation to get acquainted between two strangers. Eye gaze performs different social functions across situations (Kleinke, Citation1986), which implies that the conclusions may not generalize to different social situations. Second, the current study only involved female emerging adults. Further research involving different groups such as males or other age groups is needed. Third, it should also be noted that the data collection of this study has taken place during the COVID-19 outbreak and was impacted in multiple ways. For example, the combination of drastic reductions in in-person social interactions and worries about a potential infection by the virus when re-engaging in actual social interactions, may have evoked heightened anxiety in participants regardless of their level of social anxiety. Fourth, further work incorporating measures of state anxiety can generate greater understanding of social anxiety and face gaze patterns in social interactions across various conditions. Fifth, our screening procedure did not include a question about having received attentional training. As such trainings are attended by participants from a general population, it may be advisable to include such a screening question in future studies. Finally, calibration of the eye-tracker should be done on multiple points to increase precision. In conclusion, our results show that face gaze during a conversation varies with one’s conversational role and intimacy of the topics discussed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Approach to the movement from a standing position is initiated in one of two ways: by rotating the body about the ankle joint or by taking a step backward (6). To assess the effect that either starting strategy has on sprinting performance, athletic men from various sporting backgrounds performed three 5-m sprints employing three different standing starts. An audio cue was used to initiate movement and trigger the timing system with the aim of capturing sprint times at the 0-, 2. 5-, and 5-m lines. A between-start comparison was conducted for each distance recorded, including or excluding the time taken to the first gate. Subjects Twenty-seven men of an athletic background volunteered to participate in this study. Each individual cited previous involvement in an organized running-related sport; however, no one competed at the national level. They were 22. 1 ± 2. 9 years of age, 180. 1 ± 6. 6 cm tall, and weighed 76. 1 ± 7. 7 kg. The investigation was approved by the human ethics committee of University, and all participants gave their informed consent before data collection. The three standing starts employed for the purpose of this investigation are shown in Figure 1. The false start began with participants placing both feet directly behind the starting line. On the audio command, the first movement was a step backward with the right foot. Subjects were permitted to raise their left foot as the right went back, permitting that the first step forward was also with the right foot. This protocol was used to maintain consistency between all starting styles. The parallel start began in the same manner as the false start (both feet directly behind the starting line), but on the audio command, participants were required to adopt a technique in which they rotated their bodies about the ankle joints, shifting their center of mass forward, to allow the first step to be forward with the right foot. No movement backward with either foot was permitted. A split stance starting posture was used as a control condition to allow comparisons with the false start to be made, as it involved a similar displacement of the support area before the commencement of forward movement. All starts required that the subject be absolutely still before the sounding of the audio buzzer. Figure 1: (A) Starting position of parallel and false start. (B) Starting position of split start and representative of the backward step for the false start. (C) First forward step for all each start.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: As the popularity of these applications surges, further exploration is imperative to gauge their efficacy in various demographic cohorts and contexts, as well as to identify the most potent features and interventions for fostering improvements in mental health [10]. The study's rationale lies in the contemporary landscape of higher education, where undergraduate students navigate various challenges that may impact their mental well-being. With the pervasive integration of digital technologies in students' lives, the investigation of Digital Mindfulness-based interventions becomes crucial. The study aims to understand how such interventions affect social anxiety, loneliness, and overall well-being among undergraduate students. Given the potential benefits of digital mindfulness apps in reducing anxiety and loneliness, coupled with the distinct challenges that emerge during the undergraduate phase, this research seeks to provide insights into the perceptions and experiences of students. By delving into adults' perceptions of these treatments, the study aims to shed light on the feasibility, effectiveness, and potential limitations of digital mindfulness-based interventions for enhancing the mental health of undergraduate students in the modern digital age. Therefore, this study attempts to address the following questions: What is the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being among university students? Does the use of a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention result in significant improvements in social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being in college students? What are university students’ perspectives on the use of technology for mental health support, including the benefits and challenges of using technology for this purpose? Review of literature and Symptoms of The use of social media has become increasingly prevalent among university students, and with it comes growing concern about its potential impact on mental health and well-being. Specifically, research has focused on the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being among university students. The majority of studies focused on the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety and/or loneliness. These studies generally found that higher levels of social media use were associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety and loneliness among university students [11–16]. For example, Schønning et al. [16] found that social media use was positively associated with symptoms of social anxiety among Chinese university students. Similarly, a study by Wang et al. [13] found that social media use was positively associated with symptoms of loneliness among Chinese university students. Two studies focused on the relationship between social media use and well-being.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, our findings strengthen the notion of reduced face gaze by people with higher levels of social anxiety within actual social interactions. One’s level of social anxiety may have a stronger influence on the duration of a glance at another’s face during listening than during speaking. Likewise, social anxiety may have a stronger influence on the total time one looks at another’s face when topics of low intimacy are discussed. Adding variety to social interactions as well as clarifying the consequences of reduced face gaze across situations would be valuable directions for future research. CRediT authorship contribution statementJiemiao Chen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. Esther van den Bos: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & Editing. Julian D. Karch: Formal analysis, Writing – review & Editing. P. Michiel Westenberg: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Project administration, Writing – review & Editing. Supplemental material(277. 7 KB)Supplemental MaterialAcknowledgementsThe first author is supported by the Council (CSC). The authors wish to thank Maud de Leeuw, Odile de Jong, and for assistance with collecting the data. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available upon request (for scientific purposes) in Dataverse. Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by Scholarship. Notes1 The low response rate was largely due to regulations to prevent the spread of Covid-19. The data were collected between March 2020 and April 2021. to July 2020 no lab sessions could be scheduled with participants who had completed the pre-screening as part of an online survey, because all labs were closed. When the labs reopened, people were still encouraged to minimize social contact and education remained completely online. This reduced students’ willingness to participate in lab sessions at the university. 2 In the original version, participants were randomly assigned to either closeness-generating conversations (intimate topics) or small-talk conversations (general topics). In this study, we combined the two types of conversation into one continuous conversation. 377. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)257. (Open in a new window)PubMed(Open in a new window)600.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: pairs of dual-beam infrared timing lights () with a beam height of 0. 6 and 0. 9 m from the ground (Figure 1) were positioned 0, 2. 5, and 5 m from the start line. The starting line was located 0. 5 m behind the first timing light to prevent any extraneous movement from prematurely breaking the beams (7). measuring height and weight and signing the informed consent, participants completed a general warm-up consisting of 10 minutes of light jogging and dynamic stretching. They were then familiarized with the three starting styles that were to be used during the investigation and asked to perform five submaximal 5-m sprints progressing in intensity from 50% to 90% maximal effort with a self-selected starting style. All sprints were performed indoors on a rubberized surface and required participants to wear an athletic running shoe. Kraan et al. (9) stated that initiating forward movement with a backward step is instinctive for up to 95% of individuals; therefore, to ensure that participants were adopting their natural backward step and to avoid any influence of the parallel start, the first sprinting style used for all participants was the false start. The order of the two remaining starting styles (parallel and split) was randomized for all participants. Each subject was required to perform a minimum of three 5-m maximal effort sprints for each starting style with the last two being recorded for analyses. Approximately 90 seconds' rest was given between each trial and 3 minutes' rest between each starting style. If the trial was not completed according to the descriptions outlined above or if the participant attempted to anticipate the starting buzzer, then an additional trial was completed after a subsequent 90 seconds of rest. All trials were initiated with a buzzer (Equipment) that also commenced the timing gates. This was used as a means of capturing the reaction and movement times before crossing the first timing gate. Means and standard deviations are used throughout as measures of centrality and spread of data. Within-subject reliability of the sprint times (0, 2. 5, and 5 m) for each starting style was evaluated using coefficients of variation (CV). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to identify relationships among the different starts. A two-factor (distance × start) repeated-measures ANOVA with Holm-Sidak post hoc comparisons was used to determine significant differences among conditions. Statistical significance for all tests was set at an α level of 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: One study found that higher levels of social media use were associated with lower levels of well-being among university students [17] Another study found that social media use had a curvilinear relationship with well-being, such that moderate levels of social media use were associated with higher levels of well-being, while both low and high levels of social media use were associated with lower levels of well-being [13]. The findings of this literature review suggest that social media use may be associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety and loneliness among university students. However, the relationship between social media use and well-being is less clear, with some studies suggesting a negative relationship and others suggesting a curvilinear relationship. Several additional studies have also examined this relationship. For example, a study by Kose and Dogan [18] found that social media use was negatively associated with psychological well-being among Turkish university students. Another study by Błachnio, et al. , [19] found that Facebook addiction was negatively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction among Polish university students. Similarly, Chen et al. [20] conducted a systematic review of 23 studies examining the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes among college students. The authors concluded that social media use was generally associated with negative mental health outcomes, including loneliness, anxiety, and stress. However, they noted that the strength of this relationship varied across studies and suggested that more research was needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship. In another study, Seabrook et al. [21] conducted a systematic review of 20 studies examining the relationship between social networking sites and loneliness and anxiety. They found that social networking sites were associated with both loneliness and anxiety, but that the strength of this relationship varied across studies and depended on factors such as frequency and intensity of social networking site use and individual differences in vulnerability to mental health problems. Similarly, Tandoc Jr. et al. [14] conducted a study examining the relationship between Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students in the United States. They found that Facebook use was positively associated with envy, which in turn was positively associated with depression. They suggested that envy may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between social media use and negative mental health outcomes. Mindfulness-based apps effect mental health Mindfulness-based mobile apps are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for promoting mental health and wellbeing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: remain a public health problem due to the extensive burden of illicit drug use on society. Callout events in the pre-hospital environment related to methamphetamine use is increasing. In addition, there has been an increase in reported mental health side effects and breakdown in relationships and social networks. Descriptive phenomenology research design was undertaken and data analysed using thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to collect data exploring the experience of first responders attending callouts to people affected by methamphetamines in the pre-hospital environment. Interviews included paramedics (8) and police officers (10) from across Australia. Overall, participants reported responding to people affected by methamphetamines was complex in nature. Complexity was affected by extensive social circumstances, people presenting in states of crisis, lack of coordinated approach, and unsuitable care environments. The social impact of methamphetamine addiction is extensive. Staff working as first responders have an opportunity to help reduce the social impact and crises, referring people to follow-up care and drug and alcohol support services. Further research is needed to determine if a standardized approach, between first responders and EDs, should be developed to help streamlines services and improve how the individual services respond as a group to people affected by substances. the reported reduction in methamphetamine use, methamphetamines remain a public health problem due to the extensive impact of drug addiction on the user (social, physical, and psychological impact; Degenhardt et al. , 2008), families, law enforcement, and health care systems (Vearrier et al. , 2012). Methamphetamine use is linked to increased rates of mental illness and psychosis, aggression and violence, insomnia (Cloutier et al. , 2013; on Drug Abuse, 2013; Vearrier et al. , 2012), an increase in the reported breakdown in relationships and social networks, and participation in risky behaviour and criminal activity (McKetin et al. , 2017). Police and paramedics are often required to co-attend methamphetamine-related callout events due to drug-related side effects, staff safety concerns, violence and aggression, and mental health issues (Cleary et al. , 2017; Jones, Usher, & Woods, 2019; Jones, Woods, et al. , 2019; Usher et al. , 2017). Ambulance attendances across Australia for amphetamines accounted for 10. 7 to 27.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 05. ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were analyzed with SigmaStat 3. 1 (Inc. , Richmond, CA). inter-trial variability for each starting style is shown in Table 1. Greatest variation in the times (CV 6. 24-8. 71%) was observed from the beginning of the audio cue to the first light. Less variation was noted as the distance from the starting line increased and reaction time became less influential on total time. Table 1: Coefficient of variation (%) based on sprint times for each starting style at each distance. No significant differences in time taken to the first timing gate were observed between the false and parallel starting styles, although both starts took significantly longer than the split start (see Table 2). At 2. 5 and 5 m, there were significant differences among all starts, as initiating forward movement with a backward step was found to be quicker than stepping forward (parallel was 6. 4% slower at 2. 5 m and 5. 3% slower at 5 m compared with the false start). Table 2: Mean (SD) sprint times for each starting style at each distance. When the movement time was removed (time to the first timing gate) and only the time between each successive gate was examined, the false start was not significantly different from the split start at any distance; however, the times were significantly less than for the parallel start for 0-2. 5 and 0-5 m (parallel was 15. 0% slower for 0-2. 5 and 9. 5% slower from 0-5). However, there were no significant differences among any of the starts in the time taken to sprint from 2. 5 to 5 m (see Table 2). Pearson correlations were used to identify the relationship among the various starts at the three distances. As can be observed from the correlation matrix (see Table 3), there were no significant correlations among any start regardless of whether movement time was included (see Table 3). The only significant correlations were found within the starting styles between distances. Table 3: Pearson correlation matrix between starting styles and distances. use of a backward step to accelerate forward has been regarded as an inferior starting style because intuitively it seems counterproductive to an athlete's performance (6). However, this conjecture is based on the assumption that the time required to complete the backward step is greater than that to adjust the position of the center of mass and step forward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: The total score on the SAS-A ranges from 22 to 110, with higher scores indicating higher levels of social anxiety. Warwick-Well-being Scale (). It is a 14-item self-report questionnaire that measures mental well-being in adults and adolescents [37]. The items on the assess various aspects of mental well-being, including optimism, positive relationships, and a sense of purpose. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (all of the time). The total score on the ranges from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating higher levels of mental well-being. The fourth instrument was social. Scale (SMUIS) is a 10-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the frequency, duration and emotional connection to social media use [38]. includes questions related to the frequency and duration of social media use, as well as questions related to the emotional connection to social media use, such as "How often do you feel happy when using social media? " and "How often do you feel anxious when you are not able to use social media? " Participants are asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The reliability of the instruments was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha. Results revealed that the obtained Cronbach’s alpha for the instrument was above, 0. 78 indicating that all used instruments enjoyed an acceptable level of reliability. Interview checklist The interview checklist consisted of 8 open-ended questions followed by the interviewer’s prompts. The questions elicited the interviewees’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of using mobile apps for improving mental health and well-being and reducing social anxiety symptoms and loneliness (See 1. Table 1 The relationship between social media use, social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being Measure 1. Use 2. 3. Loneliness 4. Well-being 1. Use 1. 00 -. 35**. 24** -. 21** 2. -. 35** 1. 00. 47** -. 61** 3. Loneliness. 24**. 47** 1. 00 -. 50** 4. Well-being -. 21** -. 61** -. 50** 1. 00 **p <. 01 This table shows that social media use is negatively correlated with well-being (r = -. 21, p <.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Participant quotes are used to illustrate themes and subthemes, and additional quotes for each theme are included in a Table S1. For each quote, police are identified as PP, and paramedics are identified as PA. TABLE 3. Methamphetamines: complexity of care Overarching theme themes ICE: Complexity challenging police and paramedic first responders Responding to violence, abuse, and danger: Safety, challenges and managing the risk A focus on safety: Protecting yourself and unsafe environments for families. Minimizing the risk: Responding to violent, abusive behaviour Challenges responding to methamphetamine intoxication More than just drug related callouts: Social issues, crisis and coordinating care Methamphetamines Addiction: Crises and social issues Understanding: Challenging stigma Care coordination and care environments There were three subthemes identified for theme 2: (1) Methamphetamine addiction: Crises and social issues, (2) Understanding: challenging stigma, and (3) Care coordination and care environments. Methamphetamine addiction: Crises and social issues Analysis revealed people affected by methamphetamines often presented with more than just drug-related side effects (such as violence or psychosis); they often presented with complex social issues or in states of crisis. States of crisis included medical, mental, and personal distress involving extensive social issues. Social issues included: engaging in criminal behaviour to sustain addiction, spiralling behaviour and social upheaval, breakdown in relationships, a lack of social support/network, and families at breaking point. Paramedic participants reported medical and mental health crises, in addition to personal distress and social issues, whilst police participants reported on social issues. Paramedic participants reported that binge drug use often resulted in people presenting in states of crisis. Binge drug use is when someone continually uses methamphetamines over several days, often going without sleep which affects their physical health (exhaustion and adverse cardiovascular side effects) and mental health (instigating excited delirium or a psychotic episodes), called us because they're now sleepless and anxious, or complaining of cardiovascular side-effects like chest pain and things like that after big benders. Frequently those sleepless or chest painy type patients have some element of psychosis as well, because to get to that stage, we're talking probably three or four days of meth without any proper breaks. Even just the sleepless nature of that makes them pretty prone to abnormal behaviour. (PA14) Medical crises involved severe and rapid medical deterioration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (9) reported that the use of a backward step allowed for the generation of greater force and power at push off, and the results from this study suggest that this additional force may be partly responsible for the superior sprint performance over 5 m. Further investigation into the kinetics and kinematics associated with the first few steps may provide additional insight into the mechanical advantages associated with a backward step. The split start served as a control condition for the current study because it allowed each participant to displace his support area to a position behind their center of mass before the initiation of forward movement. This start allowed for a horizontal impulse to be generated immediately after the starting cue, without having to displace the center of mass or take a step backward, therefore reducing the movement time to the first gate (see Table 2). However, with the exception of a stoppage in play, athletes will rarely find themselves with an opportunity to adopt this starting posture (6), consequently reducing its practical significance. Furthermore, Kraan et al. (9) found the split start to be less effective than the false start in terms of generating horizontal force and power at push off, perhaps because of the absence of a SSC action. Although the split start was significantly faster than both other starts to each timing gate, the difference between it and the false start was a result of a reduction in movement time to reach the first gate (see Table 2). When the initial movement time was removed from the sprint performance over 5 m, only 30 ms separated the false from the split starting style (p > 0. 05). Surprisingly, there seems to be no relationship in sprinting performance among any of the three starting styles even over a short distance such as 5 m (see Table 3). These findings imply that each starting style is characterized by its own specific kinetic and kinematic demands (i. e. , technique and strength/power characteristics). Therefore, if the false start is viewed as the optimal starting style for an athlete's respective sport, then the kinetics and kinematics of the backward step need to be analyzed and subsequently enhanced for sprint performance and thus for athletic performance to improve. Using the SSC has shown to improve performance compared with concentric-only movements (2-5,9); therefore, with proper training, the false start may have the potential to result in superior sprint performance to the split start over certain distances, although this contention requires additional investigation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 01) and positively correlated with symptoms of social anxiety (r = -. 35, p <. 01) and loneliness (r =. 24, p <. 01). Additionally, symptoms of social anxiety are positively correlated with loneliness (r =. 47, p <. 01) and negatively correlated with well-being (r = -. 61, p <. 01), while loneliness is negatively correlated with well-being (r = -. 50, p <. 01). These results suggest that social media use is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, including higher levels of social anxiety and loneliness and lower levels of well-being, among university students. Table 2 Multiple regression analysis B SE β t p Use -. 18. 05 -. 29 -3. 60. 001. 22. 06. 31 3. 80. 001 Loneliness. 16. 04. 28 3. 60. 001 Constant 3. 10. 40 - 7. 80. 000 Table 2 shows the results of a multiple regression analysis that examined the relationship between social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness as predictor variables and well-being as the outcome variable. The regression equation is: Well-being = 3. 10 -. 18(Use) +. 22(Social Anxiety) +. 16(Loneliness) The results indicate that all three predictor variables significantly contributed to the prediction of well-being, with social media use (β = -. 29, p =. 001), social anxiety (β =. 31, p =. 001), and loneliness (β =. 28, p =. 001) each having a significant unique effect on well-being, after controlling for the other variables. The constant term (B = 3. 10, p =. 001) represents the predicted well-being score when all predictor variables are held at zero. Research question 2 The second research aimed at investigating the effects of the intervention on the students’ social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being. Results are presented in Table 3. Table 3 ANOVA test for comparing the groups’ pretests and posttests (SD) (SD) F P Eta Squared) Intervention 32. 4 (6. 8) 26. 8 (5. 2) 17. 23 <. 001. 15 Control 31. 7 (7. 2) 31. 5 (7. 1) 37. 8 (8. 3) 31. 0 (6. 5) 13. 70 <. 001.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Paramedics reported this was related to people binging on methamphetamines as less likely to manage their own health and medical conditions or failing to notice they were sick. …. they can also be clinically very unwell. A number of patients that I've seen in the last six months have been quite septic and quite far progressed down that septic shock pathway. Because of their level of drug intoxication over I guess a protracted period of time they've not taken care of their own healthcare needs and it's got to that point where they're actually really clinically quite unwell with a challenging prognosis and a long period of time to recovery from their underlying physical illness as well as the drug intoxication. (PA18) Additionally, people with a history of methamphetamine addiction may have had a negative experience with either the police or paramedics, resulting in a lack of trust or willingness to call for help when required, which may result in rapid medical deterioration. …their own experiences and there are trust and confidence issues with government services. So, they may have been in contact with either police or ambulance that have been judgemental or treated them quite poorly or harshly, which gives them a mistrust, I suppose. That also extends to emergency departments as well. (PA16) Methamphetamine addiction or long-term methamphetamine use was reportedly linked to increased social issues by both police and paramedic participants. Due to long-term use and trying to sustain a drug habit, people who used methamphetamines often ended up engaging in criminal activities or other socially unacceptable behaviour. They then embark sadly on trying to sustain that drug substance dependency by either dealing themselves, or stealing, or going to criminal activities, or having to sell themselves, so prostitution plays a part as well. . (PA16) Over time, this leads to increased criminal activity, more risky endeavours to sustain their addiction and more dangerous lifestyle choices, such as drug trafficking. Both police and paramedics reported this had a significant social impact on the person. He was a motorcycle gang enforcer, so we've met him under three different situations where he was under the influence of methamphetamine. The first one was post him attempting to assault EMS workers on the side of the road… required physical restraint and chemical sedation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: While comparing the first step kinetics associated with stepping backward or forward, Kraan et al. (9) found that 95% of the sprint trials completed, independent of the starting style that the athlete was instructed to use, were performed with a backward step. This finding provides support for the argument that displacing the support area and taking a step backward is instinctive to most athletes, whereas a great deal of practice may be required to perfect a forward step. Similar results were seen during the present study, although the percentage of trials performed incorrectly was not recorded. Despite the fact that it may be instinctive, it would be interesting to conduct a longitudinal study that looked at the performance of a parallel start with sufficient practice. Would performance improve? Would movement time and the subsequent 2. 5- and 5-m times remain inferior to the false start? Conversely, are the benefits associated with the false start attributable to the positioning of the support area behind the center of mass and the SSC? The results from this study failed to justify the elimination of a backward step to accelerate forward. In fact, they provide clear support for the use of this paradoxical movement to improve sprint performance over distances as short as 2. 5 m. If an athlete is able to travel 50 cm just as quickly with a step backward but can also improve his horizontal velocity and therefore any subsequent sprint time, is there any practical application for using a parallel start? The results from the current investigation suggest that if the distance to be traveled in a straight line is greater than 0. 5 m, there may not be any advantage to using a forward step; however, the degree of transference to performance over longer distances and different surfaces remains unclear. The findings from this study may have been different had each participant been well trained with the parallel start, but it is possible that the superior performance is a result of the mechanical advantages associated with shifting the support area vs. the center of mass. With a parallel start, the center of mass must be repositioned in front of the feet before a horizontal force can be developed. This delay, in combination with the absence of a SSC action, may not be conducive to improving an athlete's acceleration over short distances, thus resulting in an increased movement time. If an athlete were able to stop play and set their position, then perhaps a split start could result in superior performance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: " Student 9 also stated, “It's hard to know if my information is really secure when I'm using online mental health support services. "DiscussionThe findings suggest that there is a negative correlation between social media use and well-being, and a positive correlation between social media use and symptoms of anxiety and loneliness. This means that as social media use increases, well-being decreases, and symptoms of anxiety and depression increase. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis shows that social media use is a significant predictor of symptoms of anxiety and depression, even after controlling for demographic factors such as age, gender, and academic major, as well as well-being. This suggests that social media use has a unique and independent effect on mental health outcomes. The findings that social media use is negatively correlated with well-being and positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and loneliness are consistent with a large body of previous research. A review of the literature on this topic has consistently found that social media use is associated with negative mental health outcomes, including increased feelings of loneliness, and social isolation which can contribute to symptoms of anxiety and loneliness. One meta-analysis of 36 studies found a significant negative association between social media use and well-being, with higher levels of social media use being linked to lower levels of well-being [31]. Another meta-analysis of 45 studies found that social media use was significantly associated with increased symptoms of loneliness and anxiety [39]. The finding obtained through multiple regression analysis, which showed that social media use was a significant predictor of symptoms of anxiety and loneliness even after controlling for demographic factors and well-being, is also in line with previous research. For example, one study found that social media use predicted depressive symptoms even after controlling for perceived social support and loneliness [40]. With regard to the second research question, it was found that at baseline, the intervention and control groups had similar mean scores on symptoms of anxiety and loneliness and well-being. This suggests that the groups were comparable at the start of the study and any differences observed between the groups at post-intervention and three-month follow-up can be attributed to the intervention. Also, the repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect between time and group for symptoms of anxiety and loneliness and well-being. This suggests that the intervention had a significant impact on these outcomes over time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: We met him about four weeks later when he was transporting back $200,000 worth of methamphetamine in the car…the third time he was actually going to jail and there was concern that some of the people he may have hurt in the past were going to kill him in jail… six weeks prior to this he actually attempted to hurt or kill his friends and managed to chop three of his own fingers off with a knife. (PA16) Even if the person had used methamphetamines without social or considerable negative impact on their lifestyles for years, eventually there would be some negative social impacts as a result of spiralling behaviour. Spiralling behaviour included using more and more substances to deal with their life, which ultimately impacted their work and personal lives. Sooner or later, they will all come crashing down. I've spoken to people who have managed to successfully use meth for 10 or 15 years and then finally there'll be a trigger in their life. Something will happen that will cause them to spiral downhill, use more and more and more, and then before they know it, they're living out of a car and their mates have stolen all their money and they've had their phone stolen and all sorts of stuff. (PP8) If the spiralling behaviour continued, it would lead to the destruction of their normal life resulting in unemployment and homelessness further exacerbating social circumstances. I have a lady, about 40, that I'm dealing with now that's a long-term meth addict. But she's at the downward end of her use of it where she's in a position in life where she's no finances, lost the house, lost her jobs. In our contacts with her, she's just dishevelled, skin sores, lost weight, grinding her teeth. (PP4) Both police and paramedics reported people who use methamphetamines often presented with no social support or social network. This meant the person had limited help or support to manage their drug addiction. Generally, the people that we meet who report some sort of substance dependency or use have a number of things going on. Again, we involve getting connection from their social network, so we don't have a lot of people around them to support or help them. (PA16) Drug addiction has an impact on more than just the people engaging in drug use. Often there are broader societal impacts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: If this is not the case and they are starting from a parallel stance variation, then the next best way to initiate forward movement is with a step in the opposite direction. 1. Baker, D and Nance, S. The relation between running speed and measures of strength and power in professional rugby league players. J Res 13: 230-235, 1999. | Text | CrossRef 2. Bobbert, MF. Dependence of human squat jump performance on the series elastic compliance of the triceps surae: a simulation study. J 204: 533-542, 2001. | PubMed 3. Bobbert, MF and Casius, LJR. Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? 37: 440-446, 2005. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 4. and Ruder, H. Contribution of muscle series elasticity to maximum performance in drop jumping. J 22: 3-13, 2006. | PubMed | CrossRef 5. and Luhtahen, P. The combined effect of elastic energy and myoelectrical potentiation during stretch shortening cycle exercise. Scand 114: 557-565, 1982. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. Brown, TD and Vescovi, JD. Is stepping back really counterproductive? J 26: 42-44, 2004. | Text | CrossRef 7. and Hooper, SL. The reliability of ten meter sprint time using different starting techniques. J Res 20: 246-251, 2006. 8. and Hewett, TE. Gender differences in the kinematics of unanticipated cutting in young athletes. 37: 124-129, 2005. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 9. and Storm, J. Starting from standing: why step backwards? J Biomech 34: 211-215, 2001. 10. Mero, A and Komi, PV. Reaction time and electromyographic activity during a sprint start. 61: 73-80, 1990. | PubMed | CrossRef 11. and Komi, PV. Effects of muscle-tendon length on joint moment and power during sprint starts. J 24: 165-173, 2006. 12. Mero, A, Luhtanen, P, and Komi, P. A biomechanical study of the sprint start. 5: 20-28, 1983. 13. and Coutts, AJ. Kinematic determinants of early acceleration in field sport athletes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: This finding is consistent with previous research, which has highlighted the need for quality control and accuracy in mental health information available online [48, 49]. Participants in this study also reported missing the human connection they would get from traditional face-to-face therapy and felt that technology-based mental health support services lacked the same level of personal connection. This finding is supported by previous research that has highlighted the importance of the therapeutic relationship in mental health interventions [50]. While technology-based interventions can provide convenience and accessibility, they may not be able to replicate the same level of personal connection as traditional face-to-face therapy. Furthermore, participants reported experiencing technical difficulties with technology-based mental health support services, which could be frustrating and hinder their ability to access support. Technical difficulties can be a barrier to accessing mental health support, particularly for individuals who may not be familiar with technology or have limited access to technology. This finding is supported by previous research that has highlighted the need for user-friendly and accessible technology-based interventions [51]. ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the current findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting that social media use is linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, it is important to note that the causal direction of these relationships remains unclear. Although social media use may contribute to negative mental health outcomes, it is also possible that individuals who are already experiencing symptoms of anxiety and loneliness may use social media as a coping mechanism or to seek social support. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the complex relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes. It can also be concluded that the use of technology-based interventions can provide increased accessibility and convenience, anonymity and privacy, customizable and tailored support, cost-effectiveness, increased awareness and education, and reduced stigma. These findings demonstrate the potential of technology to offer effective and accessible mental health support for individuals in need. The implications of investigating the relationship between social media usage and students' social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being within the context of digital mindfulness-based intervention are multifaceted. Firstly, as social media becomes increasingly integrated into students' lives, the study underscores the significance of understanding its potential repercussions on mental health. The findings can offer valuable insights to educational institutions, mental health professionals, and policymakers, prompting them to recognize the importance of promoting responsible social media usage among students.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: However, there was concern over the welfare of the person being left in that situation for an extended time, Usually for someone who's violent or drug-induced psychosis, we would leave them in the van. We don't have them in the emergency waiting room. Obviously, that's partly for the other public too…if you take your kid to the hospital in the middle of the night for the flu or a broken finger, you don't really want the coppers sitting there with a meth addict screaming at everyone. …That's about, that's why I say our policies hamper us a bit, because in order to that we try to have some peace and quiet in the hospital and reduce the risk to everybody, really, they need to sit in the vans out the front, which can take hours. It's totally inappropriate to have someone who needs help sitting in a van for four hours. But there's no other way to do it safely. (PP3) This extended wait time reportedly increased agitation and the risk of escalating behaviour, resulting in assessment and treatment delays. I think the best-case scenario for us is if we take them into…protective custody for the drug use or mental health…we do take them to a medical facility, then they need to be seen within a reasonable amount of time for a decision to be made as to what's going to happen with them. At the moment we seem to be struggling with waiting around…. Nothing seems to be occurring in regard to their welfare or their safety. We're just sitting on people and telling them that they can't leave and they are getting agitated. think the best option is if they had a process where there'd be a time limit for someone to just make an assessment, whether it's a partial assessment or a full assessment…. Then we can decide what the next course of action is going to be and if the police are going to stay there, or if the police are going to be able to leave depending on what the doctor says. (PP7) Paramedic participants suggested a separate triage area for drug intoxication and mental illness was required in EDs with fast-tracking for rapid triage and assessment. This could help improve wait times for patients and police/paramedic staff required to be in ED until the person is assessed. In some areas, this was already in place with participants identifying how it helped to improve and streamline the approach to care between the services.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and in Sign up Sign in Sign up for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and 1. Introduction2. Precipitation dataset and mean3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks5. Conclusions 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E. Trenberth 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J. Geophys. Res. , 104, 6377– 6402. )| falseSearch 744. Dai, A. , X. Lin and K-L. Hsu 2007: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes. Climate Dyn. , 29, 727– 744. )| falseSearch 507. Higgins, R. W. , Y. Yao E. S. Yarosh J. E. Janowiak and K. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Rev. 2013 Aug;33(6):763-71. doi: 10. 1016/j. cpr. 2013. 05. 005. . Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 14;8(8):e69841. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0069841. & Martin GN, Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and among U. S. Adolescents after 2010 and Links to Time. Science, 6(2018), 3-17. . The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. (Amst). 2008 Nov;129(3):387-98. doi: 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2008. 09. 005. Green CS, Bavelier D. Learning, attentional control, and action video games. Curr Biol. 2012 Mar 20;22(6):R197-206. doi: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2012. 02. 012. . Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2010 Mar;136(2):151-73. doi: 10. 1037/a0018251. . The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: international evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Psychol Bull. 2009 Jun;35(6):752-63. doi: 10. 1177/0146167209333045. Tran S, Smith L, El-Den S, Carter S. of Gamification and Incentives in Apps to Adherence: Scoping Review. . 2022 Feb 21;10(2):e30671. doi: 10. 2196/30671. . of in. J Clin Psychol. 2016 Apr;72(4):365-83. doi: 10. 1002/jclp. 22255. . Relationship between Use and in College Students: of Communication Capacity. of. 2023; 20(4):3657. & Team. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review. 3(4), e50. Zhang, M. , Sun, X. , Qin, X.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: I've seen in the seven and a half years I've been in my position where I am, an increase in numbers of patients that I deal with… (PA13) findings from this study identified methamphetamine-related attendances in the pre-hospital environment as complex. Complexity of care can be defined as ‘a being or an entity composed of many elements that relate and influence one another’ (Guarinoni et al. , 2014, p. 226). In the case of complexity of care related to methamphetamine use, the findings in this study report callouts to people with methamphetamine intoxication are more than just drug related but often involving a myriad of issues. These include presenting in medical and mental health crisis, lack of social support due to breakdown in family relationships, social upheaval, and personnel distress. In addition, a lack of a coordinated approach to care and unsuitable care environments reportedly affected the complexity of methamphetamine-related callouts. Previous research with health professionals supports these findings. Cleary et al. 's (2017) study reported that methamphetamine-related presentations are complex, linked to underlying mental illness, challenges care, and related to additional physical problems, such as trauma. Participants in this study reported persons affected by methamphetamines engaged in a self-destructive trajectory, which resulted in patients presenting in a state of crisis. This is supported by previous research; social situations added to the complexity of caring for persons affected by methamphetamines, with participants identifying a breakdown in relationships or complex social situations, were not managed or followed up once discharged from hospital (Cleary et al. , 2017; Obong'o et al. , 2017). Further negative impacts of drug addiction on social circumstances include social marginalization and isolation, increased risk of family violence, and unfavourable socioeconomic status (unemployment, increased financial debts, and criminal behaviour or incarceration) (Dyba et al. , 2019a, 2019b). These are reportedly worse with methamphetamine addiction due to impaired ability to function in society, intoxication presenting as irritability (Dyba et al. , 2019a) aggression and violence (McKetin, 2018), and withdrawal presenting as depression and lethargy (Dyba et al. , 2019a). In addition to the negative impact on people who used drugs, substance abuse has a negative effect on the broader society, including families and children (Daley, 2013; Degenhardt et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168. )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: et al. Problematic utilization of online social networking site in Chinese college students: prediction of personality and dynamic mediators. (2022). Tandoc Jr, E. C. , Ferrucci, P. , & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing? Computers in human behavior, 43, 139-146. Ulvi O, Karamehic-. Use and Mental Health: A Global Analysis. Epidemiologia (Basel). 2022 Jan 11;3(1):11-25. doi: 10. 3390/epidemiologia3010002. Schønning V, Hjetland GJ, Aarø LE, Skogen JC. Use and and Well-Adolescents - A Scoping Review. Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 14;11:1949. doi: 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2020. 01949. . Influence of social media on mental health: a systematic review. Psychiatry. 2020 Sep;33(5):467-475. doi: 10. 1097/YCO. 0000000000000631. Köse, Ö. B. , & Doğan, A. (2019). between Addiction and Self-Esteem among Students. Addicta: journal on addictions, 6(1). Błachnio, A. , Przepiorka, A. , Senol-Durak, E. , Durak, M. , & Sherstyuk, L. (2017). The role of personality traits in Facebook and Internet addictions: A study on Polish, Turkish, and Ukrainian samples. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 269-275. Chen, B. , Vansteenkiste, M. , Beyers, W. , Boone, L. , Deci, E. L. , Van der Kaap-Deeder, J. ,. . . & Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and emotion, 39, 216-236. . Seabrook, E. M. , Kern, M. L. , & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Stemming the tide: promoting mental health and preventing mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries Published online by Press: 08 July 2015 W. A. author details W. A. Tol* Affiliation: Department of of Public Health, 624 the Peter C. * * Address for correspondence: W. A. Tol, Department of of Public Health, 624. (Email: wtol@jhu. edu) 0. 69 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] first Organization's global action plan for mental health recognizes the importance of mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders, through the inclusion of one of four objectives focused on this crucial area of research and practice. This paper aims to provide an ‘aerial view’ of the field of mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Starting with reasons why promotion and prevention need to take center stage in global mental health efforts, the paper provides a framework and four general principles to guide such efforts: a socio-ecological perspective (place); an inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary approach (collaboration), a developmental perspective (timing), and a participatory and empowerment approach (strengths), or PaCTS. Evidence-based examples of mental health promotion, universal, selective, and indicated prevention are described. Keywords mental healthlow- and middle-income countriesmental health promotionpreventionglobal mental healthpublic mental health 2015 e11 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 3. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2015 It is time for promotion and prevention efforts to take center stage in the field of global mental health. The inclusion of an objective focused specifically on strategies for promotion and prevention in the first WHO global action plan for mental health (Organization, 2013), is a timely occasion to reflect on what is known about effective interventions, and what the key questions are. This paper aims to provide an ‘aerial view’ of the field of mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal + Factor: 5. 5 5-Factor: 6. 8 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew content+ SocietyCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/20563051231177959of iDFootnote1. The results of this study showed that the effect of social media use on loneliness among older adults was moderated by their level of media literacy. As the amount of time spent using social media increased, loneliness increased for respondents with low-to-middle media literacy. This study’s findings emphasize the importance of educational interventions to increase older adults’ digital media literacy and expand scholarly understanding of the impact of social media use in non-Western countries. IntroductionLoneliness and Use among Older AdultsThe world population is aging rapidly. According to the Organization (2022), older adults’ population (aged 60 years and over) will increase rapidly from 1 billion to 2. 1 billion between 2020 and 2050. In particular, is facing the most population aging among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (Jones & Beom, 2022). It is expected to have the oldest population among OECD countries in terms of average age in the 2050s (OECD, 2023), causing various societal and economic challenges. Humans go through many changes as they age, and loneliness is one of the most widespread problems faced by older people worldwide (Hsu et al. , 2021). Studies reported that 25% to 29% of older people in the U. S. experienced loneliness (Ong et al. , 2016), 28.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Evidence of cost-effectiveness is promising, but limited to a smaller number of interventions with restricted scope for generalizability across socio-cultural settings. Evidence of cost-effectiveness is most promising for early childhood development programs (Zechmeister et al. Reference Zechmeister, Kilian and McDaid2008). Overall, more evaluation research is necessary to cover interventions across the breadth of this field, but enough evidence exists to enable action now. Principles for action Four key principles may be distilled from the current literature on prevention and promotion in mental health in LMICs (see Box 1) (for helpful overviews, see Petersen et al. Reference Petersen, Bhana, Flisher, Swartz and Richter2010, and Prince2014; Beardslee et al. Reference Beardslee, Chien and Bell2011; Organization, 2012; Organization & Foundation, 2014). First, since mental health is shaped by the context in which people live, efforts need to target known modifiable risk, protective, and promotive factors for mental health in the social environment. These are existent at the individual level (e. g. coping styles and self-esteem), as well as at family- (e. g. parental mental health and parenting styles), peer- (e. g. peer pressure and social support), school- or work place- (e. g. opportunities for skill development), and community-levels (e. g. social capital and communal violence). A socio-ecological framework has been helpful in disentangling the reciprocal influences between the individual and their environment, providing insight into which social variables may be targeted to promote mental health and prevent mental disorders (Bronfenbrenner, Reference Bronfenbrenner1994; Lynch & Cicchetti, and Cicchetti1998). Box 1. PaCTS – core principles for the promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders in LMICs (1) Place. A socio-ecological perspective. (2) Collaboration. An inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary perspective. (3) Timing. A developmental perspective. (4) Strengths. Community-based and empowering. Second, prevention and promotion interventions need to take into account a developmental perspective. Since almost half of lifetime mental disorders start before age 14 (and up to 75% before age 24), childhood and adolescence are important periods to start prevention and promotion programs (Beardslee et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View in gallery Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. raw image Fig. 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 1% in China (Yu et al. , 2021), 18. 7% to 24. 2% in eastern European countries (Surkalim et al. , 2022), and 29. 1% in (Kim et al. , 2022). The mortality rate of those who suffer from loneliness is 26% higher than the norm (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2015). The loneliness of older adults now transcends the problem of individual emotional pain and is emerging as a social problem (Organization, 2021). Social isolation among older people results in an estimated 6. 7 billion dollars in Medicare spending per year (Holt-Lunstad, 2021). Not all socially isolated individuals experience loneliness, and while some individuals may experience loneliness while not being socially isolated, but loneliness is considered perceived social isolation, not objective social isolation (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010). Moreover, loneliness may be a threat to public health comparable to well-established risk factors for mortality such as obesity and smoking, and the impact will be greater in the future (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2010, 2015)In this respect, maintaining social connection is considered a key element of good aging. However, older people have fewer opportunities to engage in social contact than other age groups (Leist, 2013). Moreover, older people have become more isolated as a result of the social distancing required during the COVID-19 pandemic (Berg-Weger & Morley, 2020). One potential solution to overcoming such barriers is social media (Association [APA], 2020; Casanova et al. , 2021; Silva et al. , 2022). APA (2020) has recommended connecting through social media to stay safe, be informed, and relieve stress during the pandemic. Because social media is a computer-mediated communication channel that is not bound by geographic location or time (Hajek & König, 2021), it provides the possibility for older adults to participate in social contacts (Leist, 2013). The percentage of older adults in the who reported using at least one social media platform has increased steadily from 3% in 2005, to 7% in 2010, to 27% in 2014, and to 45% in 2021 among those aged 65 or older (Center, 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: Reference Tol, Song and Jordans2013b ); and (c) in which local communities are empowered to build on their strengths in a participatory manner. Below examples of evidence-based promotion and prevention interventions in accordance with the different types of intervention are provided: mental health promotion, universal, selective, and indicated prevention. The examples chosen differ in terms of age groups in which they are implemented, and have been implemented in different types of settings in LMICs. These examples were selected to illustrate the breadth of promotion and types of prevention activities across the life span, not necessarily because they have the strongest comparative evidence base in LMICs. Mental health promotion: positive parenting in the early childhood period Early childhood is a critical period in life, in which negative environments may solidify in life-long risks to health and human development, or in which foundations for positive health may be laid. The last decades have seen an upsurge in research in the neurobiological, behavioral, and social sciences, which has greatly increased our understanding of the importance of this period. This research has shown that biology and experience shape each other in a continuous interaction, making the nature v. nurture debate outdated. The early childhood period presents a period of plasticity in which the developing nervous system architecture is particularly sensitive to outside influences. In addition, research has shown that relationships with caregivers and others are critical in this period, either for the promotion of health and development or by constituting central risks (Shonkoff & Phillips, and Phillips2000). For example, the stress response system is highly malleable in the fetal and early childhood period. Frequent activation of the stress response system, in the absence of supportive caregivers, may result in sustained elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol and setting the response system in a ‘high alert’ mode. Sustained high levels of cortisol can damage hippocampal functioning, the brain region important for learning and memory. Conversely, children experiencing secure relationships have more controlled stress hormone responses (Council on the Developing Child, 2005). Given that a key objective of global health is to target health inequities within and between populations (Koplan et al. and Wasserheit2009), it is not surprising that the early childhood period is viewed as an essential window of opportunity (2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View raw image Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View raw image Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 305 1 Loneliness1. 836. 550. 855. 070*1 Media literacy2. 824. 795. 937. 094*. 096*1Note: *p <. 05To test the main effect of social media use and the moderating role of media literacy on the relationship between social media use and loneliness, the relationships between variables were analyzed following the procedure of the model 1 proposed by Hayes (2017). Sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, education, income, employment status, and marital status) were entered into the regression model as control variables. As shown in Table 3, regarding RQ1, social media use was found to have a significant positive effect on loneliness (β =. 006, p <. 05). Regarding RQ2, the interaction term of social media use and media literacy was found to be statistically significant (β = −. 002, p <. 05). The amount of change in R2 by the interaction term was also significant (ΔR2 =. 008, p <. 05), confirming the moderating effect of media literacy. These results indicate that the more people use social media, the more they feel lonely, but this effect differs according to the level of media literacy. Table 3. Main and of Variables. VariablesCoefficient (β)SET95% (ref. female). 009. 063-. 144-. 115. 133Age-. 006. 006-1. 007-. 018. 006Education. 037. 0351. 051-. 032. 106Income-. 017. 019-. 889-. 055. 021Employment status (ref. unemployed). 046. 074. 615-. 100. 192Marital status (ref. currently unmarried)-. 206. 080-. 258*-. 363-. 049Social media use. 006. 0032. 490*. 001. 012Media literacy. 110. 0382. 932*. 036. 184Interaction-. 002. 001-2. 175*-. 003-. 000R2. 040*Incremental R2. 008*F (df1, df2)2. 489* (9, 544)Note: *p <. 05. The significance region of these conditional effects was further examined using the Johnson-Neyman technique. As shown in Figure 2, the score of 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: The early childhood period provides a chance to ameliorate, for example the pressures of poverty and violence in the home, before they become embedded in children's wellbeing and social functioning. In 2007, an estimated 200 million children in LMICs were not reaching their developmental potential (Walker et al. and Group2007). The identified key risks for suboptimal health and development indicate the value of interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches, in that they reach across several domains: (1) malnutrition and growth (stunting, iodine deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, intrauterine growth restriction, and prenatal maternal nutrition); (2) maternal mental health (maternal depression and stress); (3) social interaction (inadequate cognitive stimulation, institutionalization, and exposure to violence); and (4) infectious disease and environmental health (malaria, HIV infection, and lead exposure). Breastfeeding and maternal education are protective factors (Walker et al. Reference Walker, Wachs, Grantham-McGregor, Black, Nelson, Huffman and Richter2011). The identified importance of inadequate cognitive stimulation and early caregiver relations has spurred interest in parenting interventions in the early years. Such interventions are often implemented by locally trained para-professionals, and have consisted of home visits by community workers or primary health care (PHC) workers, as well as combined nutrition and early stimulation activities through home visits by PHC workers, with most interventions addressing mother–child interaction (for example play, responsive feeding, and communication) (Barry et al. Reference Barry, Clarke, Jenkins and Patel2011). A systematic review of early childhood development interventions in LMICs identified 11 controlled studies and four assessments of scaled-up programs focused on parenting specifically (Engle et al. 'Gara, Yousafzai and Iltus2011). In the 11 controlled studies, substantial positive effects were found for child development, including on cognitive or social-emotional development (nine studies), and parent knowledge, home stimulation, and learning activities with children (two studies). Larger effects have been found for interventions focused on both parents and children and for programs with younger and poorer children, Effects for purely information-based and parent-only interventions have been smaller. According to this review, the most effective programs are those that have systematic training methods, a structured and evidence-based curriculum, and opportunities for parental practice while feedback is provided (Engle et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View raw image Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1290 365 19 PDF Downloads 697 210 11 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Next 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1 Page(s): 1017–1025 09.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 874 for media literacy was a point of transition between a statistically significant and a nonsignificant effect of social media use on loneliness. When the media literacy level was 2. 874 or lower (53. 249% of the total sample), as the level of social media use increased, loneliness increased. Conversely, when the media literacy level of older adults exceeded 2. 874 (46. 751% of the total sample), social media use had no significant effect on loneliness. Figure 2. The significance region of conditional effects. DiscussionThe effects of social media use on loneliness among older adults are still subject to debate. The existing literature provides a divided picture whether social media use mitigates or exacerbates loneliness among older adults. The current study clarified the relationship between social media use and loneliness among older adults by considering media literacy as a moderator. Analysis of a total of 554 Korean respondents aged 60–79 years revealed that there was a positive relationship between social media use and loneliness. In other words, loneliness among older people increased as the time spent on social media increased, which aligns with previous studies that found a positive association between social media use and depressive symptoms (e. g. , Hofer & Hargittai, 2021). Considering the use of social media in older adults carries the risk of aggravating loneliness, it is necessary to pay more scholastic attention to determine the boundary conditions in this area. One possibility is that the types of behaviors engaged in using social media might influence mental health among older adults. Active social media use, such as posting videos and photos, was positively related to depressive symptoms among older adults (Lewin et al. , 2022). More scholars need to explore the mechanism behind potential risks of social media use among older adults (Fang et al. , 2019). As an effort to clarify the relationship between social media use and loneliness, this study examined the moderating role of media literacy. The results of this study revealed that the effect of social media use on loneliness was moderated by their level of media literacy. As the amount of time spent using social media increased, loneliness increased for respondents with low-to-middle media literacy, while the level of loneliness was not related to social media use time among respondents with high media literacy. These findings imply that for older people with lower media literacy, excessive social media use can have negative consequences on their mental health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only teenagers are affected by mental health issues stemming from social media. [SEP] Text: 'Gara, Yousafzai and Iltus2011). Universal prevention: addressing intimate partner violence Intimate partner violence is a worldwide highly pervasive phenomenon with well-documented negative consequences for mental health and thereby forms a critical social determinant for mental health. A recent meta-regression of multiple international studies, involving data from 141 studies in 81 countries, found that 30% of women 15 years and older experienced physical, sexual violence, or a combination in their lifetimes. There is considerable regional variation in rates, from 16% in to 66% in central Sub-(Devries et al. Reference Devries, Mak, Garcia-Moreno, Petzold, Child, Falder and Watts2013b ). Among other health consequences, the link with adverse mental health outcomes is well substantiated (Trevillion et al. Reference Trevillion, Oram, Feder and Howard2012). For example, a systematic review of intimate partner violence and depression found that 9–28% of depressive symptoms can be attributed to intimate partner violence (Beydoun et al. Reference Beydoun, Beydoun, Kaufman, Lo and Zonderman2012). Longitudinal studies have revealed statistically significant relations between intimate partner violence depression and suicide, with an odds ratio of 1. 97 for depression across six studies (Devries et al. and Watts2013a ). In the perinatal period specifically there are also consistent relations between intimate partner violence and a range of worse mental health outcomes, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety (Howard et al. Reference Howard, Oram, Galley, Trevillion and Feder2013). Evidence for the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing intimate partner violence in LMICs has been growing rapidly in the last years – with more recent research focusing on prevention rather than response (Ellsberg et al. and Watts2015). From a mental health perspective, the different approaches to prevent or reduce violence can be categorized as universal prevention or selective prevention. For example, a community-based intervention aimed at preventing or reducing intimate partner violence with people regardless of current violence exposure, addresses an important risk factor for mental health at the population level (universal prevention). Interventions in the health care sector with women who have experienced (or who are experiencing) intimate partner violence can be viewed as selective prevention, given that they work with a group at particular risk for the development of mental health problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: During periods when microwave data are not available at a location, it uses spatial propagation information obtained from geostationary satellite infrared data to transport the microwave-derived precipitation features (see more technical details online at This study examines data over all available warm-season months (May–August) during 2003–09 on a 23° × 23° domain (25°–48°N, 105°–128°E; Fig. 1a). (GFS) 1° × 1° operational analyses, available every 6 h over the course of this period, are used to provide the corresponding environmental conditions. Our focus area is over the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess–and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a), which have similar terrain patterns to that studied in Carbone et al. (2002, see their Fig. 1b) with the exception of predominant slope declines that transverse from northwest to southeast in northern China instead of from west to east over the and adjacent of the United States. The prevailing warm-season midtropospheric steering-level winds over the area of focus are predominantly northwesterly from high terrains to lower plains (not shown). Averaged over all warm-season hours from May to August during 2003–09, the total precipitation over the Plains on the southeastern side of the domain is much higher than that over the plateaus to the northwest (Fig. 1b). The rainfall distribution from the estimate agrees well with the rain gauge observations (e. g. , Qian et al. 2002, their Fig. 1), which adds confidence to the applicability of the dataset as attested by Janowiak et al. (2005), Dai et al. (2007), and Zhou et al. (2008). Figure 1c shows the mean terrain and precipitation along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed focus area in Fig. 1a. A sharp drop in elevation of more than 1200 m from ∼250 to 550 km exists. On average, the higher the terrain is the lower is the warm-season precipitation amount. The averaged precipitation rate increases by nearly a factor of 2 from the top of the plateaus (on the northwest) to the flat plains (on the southeast). 3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation Figure 2a shows the spatial distribution of the diurnal contribution to total precipitation, expressed as a percentage (i. e.

Output: pass