Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Impact to power generationFigure 13 illustrates the projection results of the global power generation for the Z650, NuPO and NoFBR. In general, similar portfolio is necessary for both NuPO and NoFBR compared with Z650. The natural gas, biomass and wind energy will be the main alternatives to nuclear energy during the early stage. While natural gas with CCS, solar energy and fuel cell will be the main alternatives during the late stage. However, the scales of introducing these technologies are smaller in NoFBR compared with NuPO due to the availability of LWR. And the more coal can be used through the technology of IGCC with CCS during the middle stage. According to the technology portfolio, the global average costs for power generation in NuPO are much higher than in Z650 during the whole period and will be almost twice in 2100 (Figure. 14). On the other hand, the global average costs for power generation in NoFBR are not significantly different with those in Z650 till around 2060. However, it will increase rapidly during the end stage in the case of NoFBR, and will be approximately 50% higher than in Z650 (Figure. 14). 2. 4. 3. Economic impactThe same economic assessments as for Z650 are performed for NuPO. Compared to the Z650 scenario, global total additional investment through 2050 would increase from 11 trillion USD to 17 trillion USD while benefits from fuel saving would decline from 14 trillion USD to 9 trillion USD. The additional investment and fuel savings are 6 trillion USD and 5 trillion USD for industrialized countries, 11 trillion USD and 4 trillion USD for developing countries. These results indicate that the more negative impacts will happen in developing countries. There is no significant difference between the economic performance of NoFBR and Z650 till 2050. Figure 12. Projected TPES (upper: Z650; middle: NuPO; lower: NoFBR) (unit: Mtoe)Figure 13. Figure 13 Projected global power generation (upper: Z650; middle: NuPO; lower: NoFBR) (unit: TWh)Figure 14. Projected global power generation costs (unit: cents/kWh) Advertisement 3. Energy security problems3. 1. Energy security historyIt is the biggest problem of the 21st century to achieve global scale 3E problems, which are keeping Environmental preservation, Economic growth, and Energy security. Recently there are several recommendations to affect national energy policy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (Ghadampour et all. ,2019). In addition, adolescence is placed in the framework of unfavorable social conditions, including family and peer pressure, social and cultural norms, and the complex and complicated demands of society and social groups, which leads to the prolongation of adolescence and delays in fulfilling adult duties. The consequences of not paying attention to mental health of adolescents extends to adulthood and disrupts social and psychological well-being (& Hosni, 2022). Social well-being is defined as the evaluation and recognition of a person's performance in society and the quality of his relationships with other people, relatives and social groups of which they are members of. (et all. ,2020). According to Keyes (1998), social well-being consists of five dimensions of social integration, social participation, social cohesion, social actualization, and social acceptance and it is related to mental health outcomes (González et all. ,2021). The importance of social well-being has been mentioned by various authors such as Chen et al. (2018) and Wrigley (2019) as one of the key factors in the academic and career progress of adolescents and also as a structure affecting physical and mental health of students, their academic performance and personal growth. When the individual's social bond with the society is severed, the lack of social well-being will make the individual prone to misbehavior and emotional problems (Sharbatian & Erfanian Ghasab, 2018). Social problem solving is one of the cognitive-behavioral processes which is used for a wide range of normal life problems and behavioral and social disorders (Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, 2019). One of the most efficient definitions of social problem solving was conceptualized by D’Zurilla et all. (1995) is defined as a self-directed cognitive behavioral process through which a person tries to find effective or adaptive ways to deal with different situations. Identify or discover the problem that is encountered in daily life. In this model, problem solving is defined as a cognitive-emotional-behavioral process that requires discovering a flexible solution to a problem (Khanh, 2021). Adolescence is an important period for the development of age-appropriate social problem-solving abilities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Thus, socially isolated individuals tend to have increased levels of inflammation that further exacerbates inflammatory responses to other social stressors [177]. Sickness behavior in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders (e. g. , Allergic disease, pain, and obesity) may lead to hypersensitivity to social stressors (e. g. , isolation and discrimination) increasing their risk for depression [176]. These factors may tart an interdependent uncontrolled cycle where chronic inflammatory conditions → social hypersensitivity → heightened stress responses → increased social withdrawal → increased inflammation → increased depression exacerbation of chronic conditions, and so on. Following this rationale, research could be conducted to determine if anti-inflammatory medications can impact symptoms of depression, for example. In a recent clinical trial, investigators showed a significant benefit of low dose buprenorphine on suicidal ideation; however, the benefit on depression was smaller and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, this is a promising finding for the treatment of depression that warrants further research [178]. mediation analysis assumes both causal and temporal relations, the proposed mediation pathways require further testing with prospective studies on a clinical population with ADz. Only prospective studies can establish the true nature of the association between the network of comorbidities included in this study, and answer with certainty whether the interactions among these factors increase the risk for depression among patients with ADz. Additionally, it is possible that age-related paths and trajectories may modify these relationships. Our study was based on self-reported data and is, hence, susceptible to bias. The characteristics of the study participants, college students, limit the generalizability of our findings. Finally, we did not collect detailed information on current symptoms of ADz, so, we cannot rule out the possibility that our findings might be due to other extraneous variables or chance. want to thank for her help in the preparation of early versions of the manuscript. is currently pursuing a doctoral degree at the of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. This work was conducted while she was a master student at University. 2008. J Fam Med. 24: 33-8. Link: (1998) Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 107: 128-140. Link: Kessler RC (2003) Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord. 74: 5-13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: For instance in Japan, the role and progress of nuclear is expected to solve the global warming up, by Council for Science and Technology Policy, the Commission and the Agency of and Energy, and etc. Expert meeting on “and Security of Supply” was held for OECD/NEA/NDC, during Dec. 2007- Dec. 2008, in Paris. One of the authors has attended the meeting for Japanese Expert. The explanation, examples, and proposals are based on the meeting discussion [7]. In fact, there are multiple concepts for energy security, due to the differences of the quantity of resources, density of energy network, or the needs of the times [7-9]. As broad definitions, under time axis or spatial axis, two approaches, divided to the long term on global problem and short term on each area problem, are advocated in the paper. The problem of short term on each area is recognized as definition of energy security of narrow meaning in general, which are further categorized into incidental (temporal) problem and structural problem. The model is popular for poor resource countries to evaluate security risk based on the imported energy resources portfolio methodology which targets to energy best mix. Several evaluations of energy securities such in Europe and Japan are discussed [7-9]. As specific example of evaluation, the evaluation process is shown how to evaluate the security risk from the five points of view, energy efficiency, diversification index of energy resource portfolio, energy resource dependency from and Russia, self-sufficiency ratio in the primary energy supply, and CO2 emission index. The comparison results are also indicated in seven developed countries belong to OECD. Furthermore, the study of nuclear role from the viewpoint of different results of nuclear existence or not is discussed [8]. Planning analysis of "in 2015" is also introduced [10]. 3. 2. Concept of energy security3. 2. 1. Energy resourcesFigure 15 shows evolution of primary energy structure, shares of oil and gas, coal, and non-fossil sources, in percent, historical development from 1850 to 1990 (triangles) and in scenarios to 2020 (open circles), 2050 (diamonds), and 2100 (closed circles) [11]. Three cases as follows are indicated in the figure;includes three high-growth scenarios,has a single middle-course scenario, andis the most challenging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: As a social-motor learning skill; Social problem solving is used to find effective solutions to problems confronted by an individual or group in society and includes problem orientation and problem solving styles (For example, avoidant, impulsive, and rational) (Xiong et al. , 2021). According to Merrill et al. (2017), insufficient social problem-solving skills leads to more unsuccessful experiences, which can reduce the effectiveness of coping in a challenging situation and ultimately lead to maladjustment. Another structure that is related to people's well-being is cognitive flexibility, which refers to a person's awareness that there are options and alternatives in any situations (Demirtaş, 2020). This structure is considered as one of the fundamental factors in social interactions as a dynamic process that is responsible for positive adaptation of individuals to the community (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). In general, cognitive flexibility refers to a person's ability to properly adjust their behavior according to a changing environment (Lan, 2022). Cognitive flexibility requires planning, organized investigation and the ability to use environmental feedback to change cognitive cues and sets (Shkohi-Yekta et al. , 1400). The flexibility of adolescents in the occurrence of emotional reactions and their level of social performance and academic adaptation is very indicative (Mahdavi Neisiani. , 2015). Therefore, flexibility and adaptability are related structures, so that adaptability refers to a group of cognitive and behavioral strategies of an individual used to deal with stressful situations, while flexibility refers to the adaptive results in facing an opposite situation (& Jafari Harandi, 2019) and it can adapt thinking and behavior of teenagers in response to changes in the environment and enables them to react efficiently and appropriately to pressures, challenges and other emotional and social issues (et al. , 1400). Lack of regulation and awareness of emotions is one of the effective factors in the occurrence of social incompatibility in children and adolescents. So that awareness of emotions is introduced as the first step towards changing emotions and regulating them, and lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability (Blackmore and Agllias, 2018). Emotional self-awareness is one of the aspects of emotional intelligence, which is a multifaceted structure and includes considering self-evaluation, individual experience and personal control (Lambert, 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, faecal microbial communities of patients with severe symptoms differed significantly from those of mild and moderate ill patients using the unweighted Bray-Curtis metric, which compares samples based on bacterial presence-absence information (Figure 1D). Figure 1. Nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota composition is modified depending on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. (A) Alpha diversity analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples microbiota. (B) Alpha diversity analysis of stool samples microbiota. (C) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of nasopharyngeal swab microbiota. (D) PCoA for Bray-Curtis index of stool samples microbiota. Values are represented as mean ± SD. Significant differences are represented as * = p < 0. 05. Similarly, the characterization of microbiota composition revealed heterogeneity in the microbiota profile associated with severity and disease progression in these patients (Figure Sx). At phylum level, in nasopharyngeal microbiota, the abundance of Bacillota was increased while the abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteroidota was reduced in patients with severe symptomatology (Figure 2A). Conversely, the three groups presented a more homogeneous distribution of faecal microbiota than the nasopharyngeal one, being the most abundant phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Only the patients that had a worse prognosis showed a decrease of abundance in Bacteroidota (Figure 2B). Figure 2. Microbiota composition of nasopharyngeal and stool samples at phylum level is slightly modified by COVID-19 symptoms severity. In contrast, at genus level, severity increases the total amount of detected bacteria in nasopharyngeal swabs while in stool samples it is reduced. (A) Representation of the most abundant phyla in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (B) Representation of the most abundant phyla in stool samples. (C) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in nasopharyngeal swab samples. (D) Taxa identification of the most abundant genera in stool samples. At genus level, symptom severity was associated with a higher number of detected genera (Figure 2C-D). Of note, the nasopharyngeal microbiome composition revealed significant differences between groups in genus abundance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The primary energy had changed to coal of fossil fuels from firewood which is originated by solar energy since the Industrial Revolution, shift to oil occurred in the 20th century, and then it has come to nuclear power and fossil fuels in general in 2000. In the future, to meet the challenges of energy resource depletion and global warming, it will be migrated to renewable energy and nuclear energy in any scenario. Table 3 shows energy intensity (electric power generation) for each electric power source in [12]. Looking at the energy density of various types of power, nuclear and coal-fired power plants are large and overwhelmingly 1 GWh/m2/year, while renewable energy is very small about 10kWh/m2/year, renewable energy significant expansion in the primary energy ratio would be difficult to expect. It is expected to have the division of roles and complement each other, nuclear power as a backbone power source, and renewable energy as distributed one. Figure 15. Evolution of primary energy structure. Table 3. Energy intensity (electric power generation) for each electric power source. Discovery, production, and projection of oil and gas with CO2 emission is shown in Figure 16 [13]. Looking at the fossil fuel resources, whereas the amount of discovery peaked in 2000 on the border, as shown in the figure, because the peak in demand is still ahead, it is expected to accelerate the decrease in supply. Figure 16. Discovery, production, and projection of oil and gas with CO2 emission. As understood from Figure 17 which shows fossil fuel resources per capita [14], the oil and natural gas unevenly distributed in the and Russia, on the other hand coal is a large amount of endowment in the world mainly in and Russia. The challenge is anticipated to be significant that there has less abundance of fossil fuels, while increase in demand in Asia. It is growing awareness of energy security in the countries of led by China is a matter of course. Figure 17. Fossil fuel resources per capita. Uranium, on the other hand, look at the next 50 years, initially is large in consumption in developed countries, from 2020 consumption in developing countries will increase in the supply and estimated additional resources to the resource confirmation become severe by 2050 that also somehow with the addition of promising high-cost resources [15]. According to the simulation results of the authors shown in Figure 18, Uranium is consumed in industrialized countries first, while consumption in developing countries increased after 2020.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Emotional awareness is considered as a personality trait and a skill that has been stated to play an important role in regulating people's performance and achieving success. Self-awareness is defined as self-reflection, focusing attention on one's personal experience (Ugoani et all. , 2015). Rieffe (2009) divided the key concepts of emotional self-awareness into six factors: 1) the ability to differentiate between emotions 2) physical self-awareness 3) linguistic sharing of emotions 4) not hiding emotions 5) paying attention to the emotions of others 6) analyzing emotions. Lack of self-awareness is associated with psychological, social, occupational and educational vulnerability. In this regard, Faali (2017) showed people who have weak self-awareness are not capable of regulating correct behavior and as a result they suffer from failure, behavioral problems and delinquency. People with high emotional self-awareness process answers in a suitable and fast cognitive way and use them in accordance with the environmental changes to achieve well-being. It is necessary to be aware of specific emotions in oneself and others in order to examine the most appropriate reactions in facing issues and adapting to the social environment (et al. , 2011). Examining the research background indicates the relationship between social problem solving and flexibility with different aspects of well-being in people. In this regard, Aburezeq & Kasik (2021) found in a research that there is a significant relationship between social problem solving (and three styles of positive problem orientation; negative problem orientation and impulsive style) with psychological well-being. Fathi et all. , (2021) found that there is a direct relationship between mindfulness and flexibility with problem solving, and the indirect effect of social competence on problem solving, mindfulness on flexibility, and mindfulness on problem solving is significant. Arshi (2020) in a research found that there is a positive and significant relationship between social adjustment and the ability to solve social problems, and self-compassion can positively and significantly predict social adjustment. Savari (2020) claimed that cognitive flexibility has a positive and significant relationship with psychological well-being. In a research, Albarzi et all. , (2018), showed that cognitive flexibility predicts social problem solving, and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility between social skills and the family's emotional atmosphere was confirmed with social problem solving.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Gut Feeling: Exploring the the Peter Gordon, Dr. James Maiden, Dr. Delarious O. Stewart, Dr. . Trusting my gut feeling: exploring the connection between the gut microbiome and depression. HPHR. 2023;62. DOI: 10. 54111/0001/JJJ11 Gut Feeling: Exploring the the Recent scientific advancements have illuminated the relationship between the gut microbiome and its profound implications on human health. Beyond its traditional roles in digestion and immunity, the gut microbiome has emerged as a pivotal player in influencing various physiological processes, including those relevant to mental health. Particularly intriguing is the exploration of potential connections between the gut microbiome and depression, a prevalent and debilitating global mental health disorder. This conceptual 20. 5% of individuals with dysbiosis diagnosed with depression compared to 5. 5% without dysbiosis. This association was observed to be stronger in older individuals (>60 years). 13 Corroborating these findings, researchers highlighted that while much of the understanding of the MGBA originates from preclinical studies, recent human research supports the role of specific bacterial genera, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, in mood regulation. Reduced levels of these bacteria have been associated with MDD. 14 In 2019, a systematic review was conducted on connections between MDD and the gut microbiome, especially in studies centered on inflammatory conditions and gut barrier health. 15 Animal studies have further supported the potential causative role of dysbiosis in depression-like behaviors, as evidenced by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis leading to depression-like symptoms. In 2022, another research study reinforced the idea that dysbiosis plays a crucial role in the development of MDD. 16 According to researchers, dysbiosis contributes to the progression of MDD by impacting various aspects of the MGBA, such as immune system activation and disruption of critical gut-brain communication. 16 It is important to recognize that the impact of dysbiosis extends beyond MDD. Researchers have observed that a growing body of evidence links gut dysbiosis to an array of mental health and neurocognitive disorders, encompassing anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These associations are established through the intricate pathways of the MGBA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The uranium resources are used significantly in nuclear power, by the time 2100 are also likely to depletion [8]. For this reason, the introduction of fast breeder reactors can be required as countermeasures as soon as possible, considering long Plutonium breeding time. Figure 18. Uranium usages in the World. 3. 2. 2. Major factors threatening energy securityIn a familiar concept, safety issue is a measure of the risk factors that occur in good faith in an organization act in basically. In contrast, security issue, as seen in the information security issue, is a measure to risk factors due to external attacks or malicious action in the organization. As a broad concept, there is a national security. The underlying is to ensure the national interests for the people as a nation in power relations between nations. As they say, energy security and food security accounts for the foundation of national security. Apart from this, there are also domestic issues such as counterterrorism. Energy security, in a situation no one knows what will happen (risk factors), is to ensure sufficient energy source as a nation. II was said to be a scramble for oil. Another example is that the population to be able to survive is determined by the amount of supplied energy. In this way, energy is the backbone of the nation, and energy policy is also considered as a measure of energy security. In the OECD NEA expert meeting, "security of energy supply and role of nuclear energy " held in 2008, the security of energy supply was discussed [7]. At the meeting, "the economics of imported energy, social, political and technical problems" were discussed. OECD NEA has first announced 2008 in 2009, in which the idea " nuclear power is alternative resource, and can be supplied by the countries that political stability is important for energy security" was also showed [16]. 3. 2. 3. Definition of energy securityThere are different energy security concepts in Europe and U. S. A. with Japan. The important issues in Europe are electric power network in the community (EU), and the prevention of large scale black out, and fuel supply (Gas and Uranium shortage etc. ). On the other side, the important issues in Japan are the improvement of self-sufficiency rate for energy import and making good portfolio of energy resources to be caused by few natural resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to what was mentioned, these studies show that, so far, there has not been a comprehensive and similar research that examines the structural pattern of social well-being of young people based on social, emotional and cognitive characteristics. Since psychological factors are often powerful predictors for the difference in motivational processes in the sense of social well-being of young people, and there is a close and reciprocal relationship between these variables, therefore, the goal of present study is to model the social well-being of teenagers based on social problem solving and flexibility. Cognitive adaptability was done according to the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. Research methodAccording to the purpose of the research, the design of the current research was a description in the form of structural equation model and measurement. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 1401–1402. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein (2010)'s opinion, which claims that in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible, by pre-estimating and taking into account the possibility of dropping the sample, 228 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The criteria for entering the research included 1) age group between 15 and 18 years old, 2) studying in the 10th to 12th grade of the second secondary level, 3) no history of hospitalization or taking psychiatric drugs. Also, the criteria for leaving the research was the unwillingness to participate in the research process to complete the research questionnaires. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social well-being by Keyes & Magyar-Mae (2003), social problem solving by D’Zurilla et al. (2002), emotional awareness by Riefee et al. (2007), cognitive flexibility questionnaire by Dennis & (2010) were used. Research tool 1. Mental well-being questionnaire: This questionnaire was designed by Keyes and Magyar-Mae in 2003, which includes three dimensions of emotional well-being (12 questions), psychological well-being (18 questions) and social well-being (15 questions). In this research, in order to measure social well-being, 15 questions of social well-being dimension were used in the mental well-being questionnaire.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 17 of the to the Progression of MDD The pathophysiology linking dysbiosis and the emergence and trajectory of MDD is characterized by complexity, yielding analogous yet diverse interpretations. One prominent theory suggests that the modulation prompted by dysbiosis and its resultant products, including lipopolysaccharides (bacterial toxins composed of lipids and polysaccharides), influence neurotransmitters and assorted processes through the vagus nerve. Moreover, microbial immunomodulation can give rise to neuroinflammation, imparting discernible effects on behavior and mood. 13 The heightened prevalence of depression among individuals grappling with dysbiosis lends credence to this proposition, as studies have indicated that depressive symptoms manifest in 20-40% of chronic inflammatory bowel disease patients. Furthermore, researchers contend that the equilibrium between diverse competing gut microbiota species holds sway over neural function beyond mere regulation by the brain. This influence operates directly through the vagus nerve and indirectly via the immune system, neurotransmitter synthesis, endocrine functions (e. g. , sex, stress, and thyroid hormones), and other signaling molecules. 14 Dysbiosis can instigate inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract, amplifying stress on the microbiome by releasing cytokines and neurotransmitters. Coupled with increased intestinal permeability or leaky gut due to dysbiosis, these molecules disseminate systemically into the bloodstream. Elevated blood concentrations of cytokines such as TNF-a and MCP (monocyte chemoattractant protein) can accentuate blood-brain barrier permeability. Consequently, the blood-brain barrier’s permeability intensifies anomalous molecules’ impact, including lipopolysaccharides originating from the permeable gut. This, in turn, influences brain function, potentially giving rise to anxiety, depression, and memory impairments. 18 for Treating MDD The surge in interest surrounding the gut microbiome, driven by its ties to overall well-being, has led to a heightened focus on specific dietary components and supplements that can foster a thriving gut microbiome. 6 This prompts consideration of whether bolstering the growth and sustainability of a healthy gut microbiome should be an integral facet of managing MDD. Given the established correlation between gut dysbiosis and varying degrees of depression, it seems reasonable to posit an affirmative response to this question.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: [9] They are not opposing concepts between the Europe concept (stability of supply network) and Japanese one (self-sufficiency and market power). The diversity of defined energy security is to be indicated by nation or entity, for instance of U. S. A. which has electric network vulnerability same as Europe. Another example, regardless China locates in the Continent of Asia, China is regarded to have similar concept to Japan of the island country. For these reasons, it is searched for various and hierarchical definition to approach accurate analysis of security risk, and that the risk is also examined on time and spatial axes. These multilateral considerations are the essence to measure security risk. The broad sense definition of energy security risk is classified by time axis and spatial axis in Table 4 [8]. The short term energy security risk is narrow definition of the energy security as it is called. It means energy security risk happened in term around 10 years, and can be categorize in nation, area or global under spatial axis. The problem of energy resource supply from other countries, especially the approach to energy resources best mix, is one of the most important problem for isolated and few natural resources country, like Japan,. Expanding for use of energy by developing countries like BRICs is serious matter not only it causes energy resources conflict for other countries but it also brings out strong demand for keeping energy resources for themselves. The other hand, on long term around 100 year problem, it is the global energy problem which are shortage of fossil fuel energy and global warming. They are the most important issues in recent energy environment problems. Table 4. Wide meaning energy security - short term regional crisis vs. long term global problem. In short term energy crisis can classify into incidental (temporal) crisis like accident or terrorism and structural crisis like instability or expanding of energy demand in Asia, as shown Table 5 [8]. The measures are different in these crises, immediate action as typified by oil reserve and long term political solution as typified by resource development. Table 5. Short term regional energy crisis. 3. 3. Evaluation method for energy security3. 3. 1. Indexes for energy securityThe most basic index of energy security in island country is self-sufficiency ratio in the primary energy supply. The self-sufficiency ratio is 96% in England and 140% in Canada, while 50% with nuclear, 8% without nuclear in France.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: According to 1 to 7 valuations for the options (disagree very much) to (agree very much) in the social welfare scale, the minimum score equals 15 and the maximum score equals 105. The score between 15 and 30 indicates low social well-being, the score between 30 and 60 indicates medium social well-being, and the score above 60 indicates high social well-being. This questionnaire was validated by (2017) and the correlation coefficient of mental well-being questionnaire with social well-being was equal to 0. 76. The differential validity was investigated by implementing the short form (21 questions) of Beck depression questionnaire and social well-being one and the correlation coefficient was reported to be equal to -0. 43. In the study of Hemati et all. , (2020) the internal consistency coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha for the dimension of social well-being was equal to 0. 81. 2. Social problem-solving inventory: Revised social problem-solving questionnaire (SPSI-R) is a 25-question questionnaire that was created by D’Zurilla et al. in 2002 to measure social problem solving skills. Its subscales ((PPO), Orientation (NPO), Solving (RPS), Impulsive/Reckless Style, Avoidant Style). The scoring method of the questionnaire is from not at all 1 to very much 5, the minimum possible score in the whole questionnaire will be equal to 25 and the maximum will be 125. Higher scores mean higher ability to solve social problems. Retest reliability for this questionnaire is reported to be between 0. 68 and 0. 91 and its alpha coefficient is between 0. 69 and 0/95. The construct validity of this questionnaire has also been confirmed through using exploratory factor analysis and correlation with other problem-solving scales and overlapping psychological constructs (D’Zurilla et al. , 2002). In Iran, Mokhbari et all. (2010), obtained an alpha coefficient of 0. 85 for five measured factors and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0. 88 for shortened social problem-solving questionnaire. 3. Cognitive flexibility Inventory (CFI): The cognitive flexibility inventory was created by Dennis & in 2010. This inventory consists of 20 items and is used to evaluate a person's progress in clinical and non-clinical work and to create flexible thinking in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression and other mental illnesses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Notably, human trials exploring the augmentation of gut bifidobacteria and lactobacilli through probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions have yielded promising outcomes in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety within both non-clinical and clinical populations. 14 However, it is noteworthy that some extensive trials have arrived at less favorable conclusions, possibly attributed to the multifaceted nature of depression and the diverse approaches to fortifying lactobacilli. 19 Of significance, a study comparing the effects of two distinct prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides) on mood-related improvements unveiled a shift in emotional bias favoring positive words and a reduction in salivary cortisol compared to placebo. 14 Similarly, reseachers have noted that while synbiotic supplementation designed to enhance bifidobacteria and lactobacilli did not distinctly diminish depression and anxiety, it did demonstrate improvements in cognitive reactivity during sadness, notably in terms of rumination. 20 Recognizing the interplay between treatment methods, another study in 2021 highlighted the possibility that certain selective SSRIs could have antimicrobial properties, potentially disturbing the balance of microbes. It is important to note that using SSRIs can result in side effects like gastrointestinal problems, including constipation, diarrhea, and nausea. 21 Essentially, the medications employed to manage depression can inadvertently impact the gut microbiome’s health, thereby exacerbating the disorder’s risk and severity. To counteract this, the researchers propose that concurrently replenishing diverse strains of bacteria through probiotic supplementation and consumption of cultured-rich foods could enhance the treatment effects of SSRIs and mitigate their potential detriment to the gut microbiome. 21 Recommendations for connection between the gut microbiome and its potential implications on depression presents a fascinating and multifaceted realm of exploration that has captured the attention of researchers, healthcare professionals, and the public. As the understanding of the gut-brain connection deepens, mental health therapists find themselves at the forefront of a burgeoning field that offers novel insights into the etiology, progression, and potential treatment avenues for depression. For mental health therapists engaging with clients wrestling with depression and showing an interest in exploring the intriguing possibility of the gut microbiome’s influence, a set of recommendations is proposed to guide their approach and practice. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: H=∑Wi2(Wi: Share of each risk factor)E1The method is shown in Figure 20 to evaluate a comprehensive risk matrix which reflects importing region is unevenly distributed or where energy source is supplied and so on. It is thought that this evaluation index is the most comprehensive energy security. According to this evaluation, "whereas the highest risk of oil energy sources, coal has the least variance and risk, and nuclear power is an energy source that has the next least risk and has minus co-variance (small connection to other energy sources)" [19]. Judging from the energy security (without taking into account the environmental issues), it is the best mix for Japan to reduce greatly the dependence on oil imports, to increase the ratio of coal drastically, and then to increase the ratio of nuclear power on the structure of primary energy, which can lead to minimization of risk. Figure 20. Risk based best energy composition. (METI, 2001)Since uranium resources are distributed over countries that are socio-politically stable and adequate diversity of supply is maintained (absence of apparent over-concentration of market power to specific countries/ regions), nuclear fuel is understood as less risky in terms of procurement than a number of fossil fuels (specifically gas and oil). This can be measured primarily by calculating share indices. The method is shown in IEA (2007) which is based on Herfindahl-(HHI), which is defined as the sum of square of share of all supply options with certain modification to reflect different socio-political risks. Putting domestic fuel supply as risk-free, HHI is modified as ESMC (which stands for energy security market concentration), with:ESMC=∑Sif2, where Sif: share of import of fuel f from country/region i. E2Since there are different degrees of socio-political stableness across countries/regions, ESMC is expanded to:ESMCpol = ∑(ri*Sif2),where ri: political risk associated with exporting country/region iE3applied a similar methodology using HHI and risk premium [19]. Under the Japanese context, inter-temporal evaluation of Japan’s primary energy mix was conducted, whose result is shown in Figure 21.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: There are three subscales for this questionnaire, which are alternatives, control and other alternatives for human behavior. For each statement of the questionnaire, there is a seven-point Likert rating scale with a value of 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). The maximum score in the questionnaire is 140 and the minimum score is 20. Higher score indicates more cognitive flexibility and a lower score near 20 indicates low cognitive flexibility. In the original version, the concurrent validity of this questionnaire with the Beck depression questionnaire was equal to 0. 39 and its convergent validity with Martin and Robin's cognitive flexibility scale was 0. 75 (Dennis & Wadner, 2010). In Iran, Fazli et al. (2014) reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 75. Also, in the study by Akbari et al. (2021), the content, form and criterion validity of this questionnaire have been evaluated and Cronbach's alpha value of this questionnaire was estimated to be above 0. 7 (Akbari et al. , 2021). 4. Questionnaire: The emotional awareness questionnaire was developed by Reifee et al. in 2007 based on the emotional deficit scale of Bagby et all. (1994) to measure how children and teenagers feel or perceive their emotions. The scoring of this questionnaire is in the form of a three-choice Likert scale of true, somewhat true, and false, ranging from 1 to 3. This questionnaire includes 6 subscales related to the ability of distinguishing between emotions with 7 questions, the ability to share emotions with 3 questions, the ability not to hide emotions with 5 questions, physical self-awareness with 5 questions, paying attention to emotions of others with 5 questions and the ability to analyze emotions with 5 questions. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire were investigated by Reifee et al. (2021) on 706 Dutch children and adolescents and the results showed that the reliability of the subscale was between 0. 64 and 0. 68, and the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 6-factor structure of the questionnaire. In Iran, Gholamreza and Saberi (2019) investigated the validity and reliability of this questionnaire and reported Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire as 0. 78. Also, in order to check the construct validity of the questionnaire, they used both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, and the results of both analyzes supported the six-factor structure of the questionnaire.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: of the starting point for mental health providers exploring the complex world of the gut microbiome and depression is to cultivate a holistic understanding of the interconnection between these two seemingly distinct realms. This involves recognizing the bidirectional communication pathways through which the gut microbiome influences brain function and emotional well-being. Building this foundational knowledge equips therapists to approach their clients’ concerns comprehensively, facilitating more informed discussions and interventions. 22 2. Client-individual’s journey with depression is unique, and when the potential influence of the gut microbiome is added to the equation, the complexity further deepens. Mental health therapists are encouraged to adopt a client-centered and collaborative approach, valuing the client’s perspective, concerns, and goals. Collaborative discussions can help clients feel empowered to explore the potential role of their gut health in their mental well-being and allow therapists to tailor interventions that align with the client’s needs and p3. A comprehensive assessment that extends beyond the traditional mental health history is essential when exploring the gut microbiome’s potential influence on depression. In addition to the client’s emotional and psychological history, therapists should inquire about digestive issues, dietary habits, medication usage, and any existing health conditions. This holistic assessment informs a tailored treatment approach considering the client’s overall health. 4. Collaboration with Given the complexity of the gut microbiome and its potential implications for mental health, therapists are advised to collaborate closely with medical professionals specializing in gut health. Gastroenterologists, nutritionists, and functional medicine practitioners can provide insights into the client’s gut microbiome status, recommend appropriate assessments, and offer guidance on dietary and lifestyle adjustments that might positively impact mental well-being. 23 5. Nutrition and While therapists are not nutrition experts, collaborating with registered dietitians or nutritionists can be invaluable in guiding clients toward dietary modifications that support gut health. Encouraging a balanced diet rich in fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, and fermented foods can contribute to a thriving gut microbiome, potentially impacting mood and well-being. 24 6. Mindfulness can extend beyond emotional regulation and stress reduction to encompass mindful eating. Mental health therapists can introduce mindfulness techniques around eating, encouraging clients to savor their meals, cultivating awareness of hunger and fullness cues, and observing how different foods affect their emotional and physical states.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Index in the figure is a procurement stability index that reflects instability of energy mix induced from global resource distribution, global trade share, Japan import structure of each energy resource, as well as socio-political risks of countries with resource deposits or exports. It has its maximum value 1 when all the primary energy needs are met solely by imported oil (in the same composition in the reference year, which in this case was set at 2005), while its minimum value 0 when the energy supply is preoccupied by domestic risk-free sources, such as hydro and other renewables. It revealed that the primary energy structure has evolved with remarkable improvements in its robustness since the period of oil crises in 1970s, through efforts to substitute oil with alternatives such as nuclear energy and natural gas, also shown in the background of figure. 3. 3. 3. Multiple indexes model to evaluate energy security level3. 3. 3. 1. MethodIn this section, the method is explained which was used in a comparison study of security of supply using five parameters among seven OECD countries using OECD 2005 year data [20]. Japan energy policies have stressed three targets: energy security, lower energy prices, and environmental protection. In response to the recent structural imbalance of oil supply and demand, Japan has placed energy security at the top agenda of its energy policies. Review of the energy security level has importance in formulating and steering the energy policies. Although energy security meant basically national energy security that puts the main priority on a stable energy supply, it is required to consider energy security from wider viewpoints of global energy security, which includes environment, nuclear concerns, international relations and others as its priority aspects. Figure 21. Historical evolution of primary energy mix and its procurement stability index in Japan. The estimation is shown on energy security levels of OECD’s G7 Summit member countries, which are and US. These nations occupy 81% of GDP, and 76% of primary energy supply in OECD member countries. The energy security levels are shown by the scores of standard deviation of the following factors, that is, are compared relatively for each country. Those scores of energy security levels for each country are estimated by the following process:1st step: Select factors and indexes concerned on energy security. The factors include as follows: Ratio of self-sufficiency of energy supply, for index of energy supply independence, or resource amount rich or not.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: FindingsIn the present study, after collecting the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the information. The results related to the study of demographic characteristics indicated that 43% (98 people) of the participants in the research were male teenagers and 57% (130 people) were females, and the average and standard deviation of the age for the sample were equal to 16/10 and 1/40, respectively. Table 1 shows descriptive statistics and matrix of correlation coefficients for research variables. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationships between research variables before performing structural equations. The findings of Table 1 showed that the relationship of social well-being with positive problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 45), negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 29), logical problem solving (r = 0. 40), impulsive style (r = 0. 22), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 35), psychological flexibility (r = 0. 31) and emotional self-awareness (r = 0. 40) were positive and significant at 0. 05 and 0. 01 levels. In addition, the correlation coefficient of emotional self-awareness with negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 15), logical style (r = 0. 30), impulsive style (r = 0. 20), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 18), flexibility psychological adaptability (r = 0. 31) was positive and significant at the level of 0. 01 (Ρ < 0. 01). The proposed model of the research in the form of standard coefficients is presented in Fig. 1. In this model, emotional self-awareness as a mediator, social problem solving and cognitive flexibility as independent variables and social well-being as a dependent variable are given, also regression coefficients are given above the arrows and error values with the symbol ‘e’. The adjusted modified model of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Orientation 8/82 2/033 1 2. Orientation 11/87 3/00 0/42** 1 3. Solving 20/96 4/08 0/29** 0/43** 1 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 25The ongoing unraveling of the gut microbiome and mental health connection holds the promise of pioneering therapeutic avenues for therapists engaging with clients exploring the gut microbiome’s impact on depression; collaboration with medical professionals, holistic assessments, education, and tailored interventions are pivotal. A balanced approach, including nutrition, mindfulness, and open-minded engagement, can empower clients to make informed decisions about their well-being. the connection between the gut microbiome and depression has significant implications for public health strategies, especially in its potential impact on mental health, specifically depression. As the scientific community continues to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiome for depression management, mental health professionals have an essential role to play. Recommendations for therapists engaging with clients experiencing depression linked to the gut microbiome include collaboration with medical professionals specializing in gut health, holistic assessments that consider physical and mental health history, education to empower clients with knowledge about the gut-brain connection, and guidance on nutrition, mindfulness, physical activity, and tracking their well-being. A client-centered approach, characterized by tailored interventions and realistic expectations, will be vital in navigating this evolving field. In conclusion, the increasing recognition of the gut microbiome’s impact on depression can transform the mental healthcare landscape. This relationship opens new avenues for understanding and treating depression while underscoring the need for collaborative and holistic approaches in providing comprehensive care to individuals whose mental health is intertwined with their gut microbiome. As science unfolds, mental health professionals stand poised to bridge the gap between research and practice, ultimately enhancing the well-being of their clients. We declare that none of the authors have any personal, commercial, or financial interests that could influence or bias the research findings and opinions presented in this manuscript. 36. doi:10. 1007/s12088-019-00825-xWiertsema SP, van. between the and the in the Context of throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Strategies. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):886. doi:10. 3390/nu13030886Truschel J. and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria. . 8, 2022. 1, 2023. F. What is the Gut Microbiome? Food and Mood Center. Published July, 2016. What is the Microbiota Composition? and Diseases. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. doi:10. 3390/microorganisms7010014Cresci GA, Bawden E.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Share of energy imported from specified areas, such as the and Russia, for index of stable energy supply, or of import risk by two big threats of political condition instability and marketing power. Diversity of energy supply, for index of energy best mix, which is calculated by ∑i Wij2,Wij: Share of respective energy i (Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear, and Renewable) in energy supply for each country j. Energy consumption per unit GDP, for index of energy usage efficiency. CO2 emission ratio, for index of global environmental problem measure, which is calculated by ∑i Wij ×Ci,Ci: CO2 emission per unit energy consumption of respective energy for each country. 2nd step: Estimate the deviation of data of each nation on each factorA normal distribution of data is assumed. The lower point for each factor indicates the better performance, that is the higher score of Yij, from the viewpoint of energy security. Yij= 50 + 10 ×Xij – Std XiE4Ave Xi: Average of Xij for each factorStd Xi: Standard deflection of Xij for each factorXij: Data on each factor i of each nation jYij: Deviation of data on each factor i of each nation j3rd step: Sum up the above estimated scores of the adopted factorsAverage score of Zj indicates the relative energy security level of seven countries. Zj= Ave YijE5Ave Yij: Average of Yij for each nation j The estimation is made by the data of OECD/IEA energy statistics [8,11,14]. 3. 3. 3. 2. ResultsThe scores on energy security levels of seven OECD nations for 2005 were calculated. The scores of Canada, US, and UK, resource-supplying countries, are relatively higher scores, compared with other nations, poor resource countries. Among the poor resource countries, Germany shows good diversification and France has good self-sufficient rate due to its high nuclear production capability, while Japan has low scores for factors except energy usage efficiency. Figure 22 shows the trend of the scores on energy security levels of seven OECD nations for about 30 years (presented by five points) [8]. The method estimates energy security levels based on relative comparison.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 12/09 3/15 0/30** 0/33** 0/36** 1 5. 12/57 2/88 0/33** 0/52** 0/32** 0/28** 1 6. Cognitive flexibility 100/48 21/57 0/16* 0/12 0/30** -0/08 -0/05 1 7. Emotional Self-Awareness 59/33 6/46 0/08 0/15* 0/30** 0/20** 0/18** 0/31** 1 8. Social well-being 68/69 13/86 0/45** 0/29** 0/40** 0/22** 0/35** 0/31** 0/40** 1 In order to determine whether the adequacy of the correction model is compatible with the data, a combination of comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, incremental fit index, goodness index Goodness of fit index) Normalized goodness of fit index, of Fit Index, Root mean squared error of approximation, and Chi-squared ratio index were used. Its results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 The indices of fit for the proposed model measurement model of fit for measurement model 071/0 85/0 80/0 86/0 86/0 88/0 91/0 Estimated figures desirable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable desirable to Table 2, the fit indices of the assumed model are acceptable and in a proper situation, which indicates the appropriate fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 2. 13 and since it is less than 3, it indicates the desirability of the proposed modified model. Next, in order to investigate the direct and indirect relationships of the research variables, the direct and indirect effect coefficients and the total research variables on each other in the standard mode are presented in Table 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Gut Microbiome: Do and Don’t Know. Pract. 2015;30(6):734-746. doi:10. 1177/0884533615609899van. Impact of Ethnicity, Geography, and Disease on the Microbiota in Health and Disease. Dis. 2013;19(13):2906-2918. doi:10. 1097/01. MIB. 0000435759. 05577. 12Cryan JF, O’--’Connor R, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. doi:10. 1152/physrev. 00018. 2018. the. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(7):481-496. doi:10. 1093/nutrit/nuy009Fernandez--i-ández-Aranda F, Portero-Otin M. and Function. J Metab. 2015;100(12):4505-4513. doi:10. 1210/jc. 2015-3076. The Gut-Brain Axis: Enteric Microbiota, Central and Systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):203-209. . of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models. Dis. 2016;22(5):1137-1150. doi:10. 1097/MIB. 0000000000000750. Dysbiosis: A to the Development of a Depressive Disorder. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(8):1503. doi:10. 3390/healthcare10081503. of Microbiota and Inflammation in Self-Judgement and Empathy: Implications for Understanding the Brain-Gut-in Depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(5):1459-1470. doi:10. 1007/s00213-019-05230-2. of. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:34. doi:10. 3389/fpsyt. 2019. 00034. Role of in Depression: Pathways, Recent Research, and Future Direction. Res. 2023;436:114081. doi:10. 1016/j. bbr. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: With a view on energy security levels of seven OECD member countries, the scores estimated by this method show that Japan is now placed at a lower level than most major OECD member countries. 3. 3. 3. 3. Survey of nuclear contribution on security of energy supplyNuclear energy has a great potential to improve energy security. Here, to clarify the nuclear contribution on energy security, a virtual world of ‘without nuclear energy’ is considered. Nuclear energy contribution on energy security is identified by comparing the levels between two cases, one is with nuclear energy and the other is without nuclear energy. This study excludes energy usage efficiency as an index for the comparison which is equal in both cases. Nuclear energy contribution is considered to be zero and then nuclear energy is allotted to fossil energy sources in proportion to their respective portions in energy supply of the 2005 year data, for other indexes, diversity of energy supply, self-sufficiency ratio, share of energy imported from the and Russia, and CO2 emission ratio. As the method mentioned in the previous section is used for comparison purpose among countries, only order is meaningful. To evaluate the nuclear energy contribution, relative value is used. Each index except energy usage efficiency, which is not affected existence of nuclear, is normalized, where best one is unity while worst one is zero in two cases. The comparison results are shown in Figure 23 [8]. Normalized scores of France with a great nuclear portion in energy supply become worse drastically, and those of Japan with scare energy resource and having nuclear energy promotion program, becomes worse also. Italy is not apparently affected by with or without nuclear. Other nations possessing nuclear energy with rich energy resources would not be affected seriously. Figure 22. Trend of total scores of energy security levels of seven OECD countries. Figure 23. Comparison results of four normalized indexes with (wNE) and without(woNE) nuclear energy. 3. 3. 4. Emergent scenario of two China by scenario planning in 2015The scenario-planning-based-approach has been proposed for the development of science and technology strategy through the analysis of energy crises in [10]. The method, with the discussion of experts of various fields, enables the comprehensive understanding of the problem to be considered, the development of a robust science and technology strategy for uncertain future, and the evaluation of individual research and development theme from various aspects. This is an example of a structural crisis in Table 5. 3. 3. 4. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Total, direct and indirect standardized coefficients of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 12/0 **39/0 **51/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 16/0 13/0 **29/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being -- **36/0 **36/0 Emotional Self-Awareness - > Social Well-being -- **33/0 **33/0 Solving the -> Emotional Self-Awareness -- **45/0 **45/0 to Table 3, the direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 39, p = 0. 01), and emotional self-awareness (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 36) to social well-being are significant (P < 0. 01). The direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 33) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 45) to emotional self-awareness are significant at the level of 0. 01. Also, the indirect paths of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility to social well-being are equal to 0. 12 and 0. 16, respectively. Bootstrap method was used to check the significance of the obtained indirect coefficients, the results of which are presented in Table 4. The results of the bootstrap test in Table 4 showed that the confidence level for the lower and upper limits is 95% and the number of bootstrap resampling equals 2000. According to the results of Table 4, the indirect paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 07, p ≥ 0. 001) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 7) are significant to social well-being. This means that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with the social well-being of adolescents.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 114081Halverson T, Alagiakrishnan K. in Neurocognitive and Disorders. Ann Med. 2020;52(8):423-443. doi:10. 1080/07853890. 2020. 1808239. Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin Pract. 2017;7(4):987. doi:10. 4081/cp. 2017. 987. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-of for the Symptoms of Depression. Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(8):810-821. doi:10. 1177/0004867416686694Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van. A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Immun. 2015;48:258-264. doi:10. 1016/j. bbi. 2015. 04. 003Sjöstedt P, Enander J, Isung J. Inhibitors and the Gut Microbiome: Significance of the in Relation to Mechanism of Action, Treatment Response, Side Effects, and Tachyphylaxis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:682868. doi:10. 3389/fpsyt. 2021. 682868. Microbiome and Mental Health. J Holist Nurs. Published online August 8, 2023. doi:10. 1177/08980101231170487Butler MI, Mörkl. Microbiome and Mental Health: Psychiatry. 2019;64(11):747-760. doi:10. 1177/0706743719874168. Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-726. doi:10. 1016/j. biopsych. 2013. 05. 001. to Mindfulness-Therapy in Anxiety. Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:719829. doi:10. 3389/fcimb. 2022. 719829 About the is a Clinician and in the (PsyD) program at University Dr. James Maiden, Ed. is the for at of the Dr. Delarious O. O.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Master plan: Shared awareness of the issues The research team conducts comprehensive analysis of risk factors, development of two scenarios with emphasis on ‘China’s future’. Investigation of strategic viewpoints needed on science and technology and evaluation of individual research and development theme for each of the scenarios are also performed. 3. 3. 4. 2. Extraction of risk factors and determination of the scenario structureThe fragility of the energy system of East Asia, with aggravating further from now on, has a large possibility to bring national power decline and resource protectionism in the countries in East Asia. Such situation is a threat onto security of Japan, while it can also serve as an opportunity to growth national power and international presence of Japan, by advanced technology development and its technology transfer. The two China images of ‘China’ and ‘Open China’ were built and the ‘Resource scramble scenario’ and the ‘Japan isolation scenario’ were created from each in this research. As foresight which China image becomes dominant from now on is difficult, Japan needs to build a technology strategy with consideration of both possibilities. In extracting risk elements as the components of the crisis scenario, eight risk categories are set as follows:China resource protectionism,China science and technology organization, geopolitics and international relations, energy infrastructure, motorization, electricity crisis,nuclear accident and nuclear proliferation, andenvironmental problem. Although the elements mentioned in this stage was 30 items or more, as a result of scrutinizing these further, to realization of a master plan, and 18 items were listed for an element with an uncertain prospect in this time as shown in Table 7. It classifies into four categories for convenience. Table 7. Asia crisis- scenario planning uncertainty factors to 2015. (MEXT, 2005)3. 3. 4. 3. - "Open China" and "China"Based on the work described until now, examination intensive about the future image of China used as the base of each scenario was performed. Consequently, the two China images were formed as shown in Figure 24. Although it will probably be common but still hypothesis that it is shifting to "Open China" from "National power China" as a trend, and it cannot predict which "China" becomes dominant till around 2020. Japan is required to construct strategy based on both possibilities. In any case, nuclear power is dominant for energy technology. Figure 24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Bootstrap of the mediating path of the mediating variable of communication beliefs level Lower level Standard-Error bootstrap Paths 046/0 27/0 02/0 08/0 12/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 022/0 37/0 06/0 10/0 16/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being DiscussionThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The results indicated that among two variables of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, only social problem solving can directly affect the social well-being of adolescents, but cognitive flexibility indirectly affects social well-being through emotional self-awareness. Also, emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. Findings of this research are consistent with the results of Aburezeq & Kasik (2023), Fathi et al. In explaining the direct effect of social problem solving and the indirect effect of social problem solving through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be mentioned that social problem solving is a kind of problem solving in real life and a self-directed process that people seek to identify, find and/or create adaptive management solutions for problems they encounter in their daily lives. To face such situations, people have to find solutions in social context (Aburezeq & Kasik, 2021). According to Karadames (2007), such cognitive and emotional reactions in solving problems; perception of personal characteristics and capabilities includes efficient and effective interaction with environment, connection with society and positive progress through life, which is equivalent to social well-being (Motaghedifard and Tamanaeifar, 1392). Besides, having sufficient knowledge about emotions, method of controlling and believing in the value of negative emotions according to situations in children and adolescents, helps them in stressful emotional situations; and express their emotions more appropriately (Hashemi et al. , 2022). This way, teenagers, due to their ability to pay attention and analyze other people's emotions and get support from others by sharing these emotions; they would be able to find effective responses to challenging social situations and achieve social well-being.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-67751/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published03 Feb, 2021Read the published version in BMC →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackgroundPain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression represent risk factors that can be treated alongside physical care given to orthopedic patients. While these factors have been shown to be common in patients with hip pathology, there is limited literature that follows these conditions throughout treatment. The purpose of this study was to track psychological factors in patients with various hip pathology to determine if they improved alongside functional measures following treatment. MethodsPatients presenting to a specialist hip clinic were prospectively evaluated for outcomes of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and hip function. Pre- and post-treatment assessments were undertaken: Scale, the Depression Scale, the Survey, and Score (HOOS). Patient characteristics were recorded. A correlation analysis, using the Spearman partial correlation coefficient (rs), was conducted to evaluate the relationship between change in psychological factors with change in functional outcomes. ResultsA total of 201 patients (78 male, 123 female) were included, with diagnoses of hip dysplasia (n = 35), femoroacetabular impingement (n = 35), lateral trochanteric pain syndrome (n = 9), osteoarthrosis (n = 109), and avascular necrosis of the hip (n = 13). Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between change in function level (as measured by ) and change in pain catastrophizing (rs = -0. 373, p < 0. 0001), depression (rs = -0. 363, p < 0. 0001), and anxiety (rs = -0. 264, p = 0. 0002). Pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved with function. Spearman correlation coefficients also revealed that pain catastrophizing, HADS anxiety, and HADS depression improved with improvement in other patient-reported functional outcomes. ConclusionsPatients with hip pathology often exhibit pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression, but improvements in hip functionality are associated with decreased severity of these psychological comorbidities. Establishing this connection demonstrates the impact that musculoskeletal impairment has on psychosocial outcomes and mental health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The long-term energy demand and supply simulation to minimize the total energy system cost was conducted for energy prediction during the 21st Century in the world [22-23]. Taking the effort for energy-saving as major premise, carbon capture and sequestration for fossil fuel, renewable energy and nuclear energy should be altogether developed, which means energy best mix should be achieved, under the CO2 constraint around 450ppm atmosphere [24]. Nuclear phase-out scenario, in which new nuclear plant construction is prohibited, is possible from the simulation even considering the issue of global warming, with the following problems; increasing energy costs, little room for countermeasure, and large uncertainties of technology. The role of nuclear is also examined to understand energy security is severely affected by the case without nuclear energy. Therefore, rational use of nuclear power is requested, that is each country should make decision, Japan and several European countries will be also phase out, while China, India and ASEAN countries will continue to be introduced. If the accident happens again anywhere in, it will become the global phase-out. Therefore, rational unified safety standards (organizational structure, design and operation, regulations) should be reviewed based on the Problem world-wide analysis and established in the world. Advertisement 5. The path and key issues for "sustainable development"Figure 25 shows the path and key issues for "Sustainable development" [8], which is the target of the 21st century. Stabilization of world population. Reduction of the south and north economic difference. Preservation of global environment. Preservation and effective use for rare resources. It is necessary to improve economic development and the living standard in the developing countries, as a fundamental solution for the population growth in the world and for the reduction of "Income gap between North and South" also. It is necessary to secure energy that is low-cost and resource restriction free, to support economic in the developing countries. Moreover, great control of carbon-dioxide emissions is necessary to mitigate the climate change influence. It is necessary to achieve a worldwide spread of technical improvement/ recycling society system that aims at the efficiency improvement of the resource use. The hydrocarbon resources such as oil and natural gases are to use for the recycling as the raw material. Drastically conversion into non-fossil energy is indispensable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: In explaining the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be said that cognitive flexibility can adapt a person's thought and behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions. People who have the ability to think flexibly, use alternative justifications, positively reconstruct their thinking framework, and accept challenging situations or stressful events, and are more emotionally stable than people who are not flexible and will have more awareness (Burton et all,. 2010). Adolescents who have high self-awareness are honest with themselves and others, and recognize how their emotions affect themselves and their loved ones, and are able to speak accurately and openly about their emotions and the impact they have on others. According to the research of Qorbani et al. (2008), emotional self-awareness plays a significant role in explaining the emotional performance of people, and self-awareness in predicting mental health has incremental validity in comparison with the big five personality factors, and beyond personality factors, it can explain mental health. People with high flexibility in dealing with realistic issues have the ability to control their behavior and emotions, and this feeling motivates people to establish loving relationships with others. In fact, stressors prevent the correct response to stimuli and cause the appearance of emotional, behavioral or physical symptoms. These factors can be family problems, work-related problems, and other problems that lead to significant damage in social, emotional, family and work-related functions, therefore, when the stress-causing factor or factors are removed, problems of incompatibility and well-being will also be resolved. People who are confident in their abilities consider problems as challenges. They are confident that they can control threatening situations; such a perception of abilities reduces stress and conflict with social issues and leads to the completion of tasks and responsibilities. One of the limitations of the present study is the implementation of the questionnaire on teenagers in Isfahan, and therefore caution should be considered in generalizing results obtained in other societies and cultures. It is also suggested that the present research be conducted on other educational levels such as teenagers in other cities. DeclarationsThis is an observational study. has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. All the subjects have participated in the research with full consent and without coercion. Competing interests There is no conflict of interests. Authors' contributions Both authors wrote the whole text together. Funding no funding received. Availability of data and materials All data are available and will be translated and sent if necessary. 169.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Thus, functional improvement that reduces difficulty with ADL has a particularly strong effect on overall wellness. Of the psychological metrics that improved alongside increased function, the pain catastrophizing total score demonstrated the most relative improvement. Pain catastrophizing is an important pain-related variable that has been adversely linked to disability and quality of life in patients with both hip and knee OA. 45, 46 As pain catastrophizing is an exaggerated negative mental state during painful experience, it is a logical conclusion that decreased pain and increased function reduce catastrophizing. 8 Our results support this link, revealing a significant decrease of PCS scores as functional assessment improves. As patients feel less hindered by their hip condition, their expectation and anticipation of associated pain and disability decreases accordingly. There are a few limitations of this study. The cohort of patients included in this study presented to one specialist, and may not reflect all hip patients in a general population. Patients suffering from OA represented a majority of the diagnoses, and the small sample size of diagnoses like LTP and AVN prevented our ability to run a stratified analysis on each subgroup. However, because we are investigating the interplay between overall hip function and its impact on psychosocial health rather than any specific disease-modifying process, we deemed it appropriate to analyze our overall cohort. Additionally, our assessments lack standardization in both length of time from the pre- to post-treatment measurement as well as treatment protocol. Although about 85% of patients received surgery (compared to about 15% who received non-operative treatment) and we statistically controlled for length of time from pre-to-post treatment, the wide range in time elapsed between pre/post assessments and the varying treatment modalities may confound our results. However, we also note that the varying treatment modalities along with the time elapsed between assessments represent a real-life clinic setting—not an artificially-controlled setting—which bolsters the external validity of the current study. Finally, concern regarding the validity and reliability of using self-report measures to evaluate musculoskeletal complaints has been documented in previous literature. 47, 48 We attempted to addressed this issue by using validated assessments, but our reliance on using patient-reported outcomes to determine hip functionality and psychological comorbidity could affect the internal validity of the study. conclusion, we found that pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved as function improved.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Expansion of nuclear power energy use: It is precondition to secure the durability by constructing the fuel cycle with the viewpoint of the resource and waste. Use of renewable energy source: It is important to improvement the technology that aims at cost reduction. has the feature as the following energy systems, it is considered to be possible to deal with the energy crisis enough if the policy is correctly set. Development and usage of highly effective energy conversion technology. Usage of nuclear power generation. Renewable energy technology development; especially, the world is led in the Photovoltaic technology. Figure 25. Problems, and Advertisement 6. ConclusionsIn order to address the biggest challenge to global sustainable development caused be global warming, a new post-2012 climate regime was examined to be scientifically sound, economically and technologically rational. The key findings are as the following. Instead of the traditional 450ppm equilibrium stabilization of IPCC, a new scenario based on zero-emission and overshoot schemes was proposed recently. The essential limitation is that the total emission during the 21st century should be lower than 650GtC. The scientific examinations demonstrated that the so called Z650 scenario could avoid long-term risks. At the meanwhile it could meet short term need of relatively large emissions. The proposal improves the possibility of international agreement compared with the G8 Summit proposal, which argued that the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 50% in 2050 compared to the 1990 or recent year levels. A numerical experiment of global energy system optimization shows the technical feasibility of the Z650 scenario not only globally but also regionally. The obtained time series total primary energy mixes suggest that the consumption of fossil energy will peak at 2030, and the clean energies, especially the renewable energy will play an essential role during the second half of the century. The resulted regional emission curves reflect the differences of financial and technical capability among areas. The industrialized countries will reduce their emissions by 50% in 2050 compared with 2005 levels, while the emissions of developing countries will increase by 10% at the same time. The results of individual industrialized countries fit with the national targets well. The cost-effective analysis shows that the Z650 scenario is economically rational. Compared with the reference case, the additional investments in Z650 scenario could be covered by the fuel savings during the following 40 years (2010-50) both globally and regionally. Nuclear energy will play an important role for achieving the vision against global warming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2021) Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Scale in students: DERS-16. Research report. Faculty of Education and Psychology. University of (2018) of and the Atmosphere in Solving: Role of Cognitive Flexibility. Stud 15(31):1–34. 10. 22111/JEPS. 2018. 4261 (2020) Comparison the Social Well-being, Spiritual Well-being and Strategies in multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and Non-Patients. J title 14(3):38–52. 10. 1080/0312407X. 2018. 1516793[Link] (2010) Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychol health Med 15(3):266–277. (2018) The subjective well-being of academically gifted students in the Chinese cultural context. Int 39(3):291–311. D’-(2002) Manual for the social problem solving inventory-revised(10. 1037/t05068-000 Demirtaş, Ayşe Sibel (2020) -Being in Turkish Adolescents: Role of Academic, Social and Emotional Self-Efficacy. Anales de Psicologia 36(1):111–121. 10. 6018/analesps. 36. 1. 336681 (2010) The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn therapy Res 34(3):241–253. 10. 1007/s10608-009-9276-4 (2017) Self-esteem; challenges and strategies (with emphasis on religious attitudes). Journal of Ethical Reserch, 5(4), 53–82. URL: (2014) The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy on cognitive flexibility of depressed people. Thought and behavior in clinical psychology, 9(34), 27–36. (2019) Comparing spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support in delinquent and normal teenagers. 4(2):14–24. Gholamreza A, (2018) Survey on validity and reliability of Emotion awareness questionnaire in primary school students of Tehran. Quarterly of Psychometrics, 7(27), 85–98.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: 11 SCFA receptors: Thru binding to SCFA receptors (G protein coupled receptors), the prebiotic may interact with receptors on immune cells in the gut–associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). 12 Butyrate, the principal fuel for colonic epithelial cells, decreases the requirement of glutamine for epithelial cells, thus sparing more glutamine for immune system cells in the body such as in GALT, thereby enhancing immune system reactivity. 13 SCFA: Several studies showed that SCFA have direct immunomodulatory properties. 14 Butyrate may also modify epithelial cell gene expression, for example IL–8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and this in turn would change the signaling of the epithelial cell to the mucosal immune system. 15,16 SCFA cause an altered lymphocyte numbers in the spleen and intestinal mucosa in addition to cytokine formation. 17 They also can stimulate IFN–γ and IL–10 production. 18 The particular scGOS/lcFOS preparation decreased kappa and lambda immunoglobulin levels in plasma of infants at high risk for allergy development in contrast to infants receiving placebo formula. 19 Galectin–9: Galectins, expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, are soluble–type lectins identifying β–galactoside including glycans over the cell surface. One of the galectins, galectin–9 was demonstrated to control mast cell degranulation as well as T–cell differentiation. In a study; after dietary supplementation with a mixture of scGOS/lcFOS and probiotic Bifidobacterium breve, serum galectin–9 levels were detected to be elevated in mice and humans. This increased level was consistent with lowered acute allergic skin reaction and mast cell degranulation. Additionally, this pre– and pro–biotic mixture was demonstrated to augment Th1– and Treg–cell differentiation in lymph nodes and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures exposed to galectin–9. 20 Briefly; concerning the immuno modulatory effect of prebiotics, hypothetical mechanisms of the effects are as follows: They are considered to boost the activity of lactic acid bacteria, e. g. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, which have immuno modulatory capability.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Large-scale introductions of the more expensive renewable energies during early stage are necessary without nuclear energy or next generation nuclear technology. As a result, the power generation cost will increase rapidly thereby the negative economic impact will be significant especially in developing countries. Therefore, rational use of nuclear power is requested to combat global warming. Compared with the threat from global warming, energy security is the more traditional key issue for global and regional sustainable development. Based on the overview of energy security concepts and existing evaluation methods, we proposed a new integrated index to evaluate national energy security from the wide conception. Case studies employing the index for OECD countries and China were conducted to evaluate the role of nuclear energy. The key findings are the following. From the viewpoint of self-sufficient ratio, nuclear energy affects security index largely in the energy importing nations but slightly in the resources nations. From the viewpoint of energy diversity and CO2 emissions, the absence of nuclear energy decreases the security index significantly by which influences the sustainability of national economic growth. The nuclear policies of China will influence not only the domestic economic growth but also the energy situations in the world, especially the surrounding nations. Nuclear energy will play an important role from the necessity of mitigating climate change, as well as improve energy security. However, the Accident raised a new challenge of securing the safety of utilization. Following the safety design principle of “Defense in Depth”, three level safety functions should be considered for the hardware. Those are, the usual normal system, usual safety system, and emergency system including external support function. On the other hand, software for design including common mode failure treatment, safety logic, and usability should be improved together with the human-ware for operation including personnel actions, emergency procedure, organization, management, and safety culture. Sustainable development is the final target for human society. The energy related environmental issues and energy issue are the main challenges during the 21st century. Although the energy conservation is the most important issue in the energy policy, the utilization of nuclear energy is also essential to maintain the global environment and energy security together with the improvement of the renewable energy and the development of the carbon dioxide isolation technology for the fossil fuel. Therefore, it is necessary to continue technological development so as to demonstrate each potential as for the basic energy in 21st century. Advertisement AcknowledgementThe global warming discussion is based on a research project launched by the for Global Studies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2008) Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. J Psychol 142(4):395–412. González (2021) Social and Wellbeing and Capabilities in Chile. 11:628785. (2022) Model of Relationships between Adolescents 'Emotional Self-Awareness and Parenting Stress, and Parents' Self-Criticism. Res 17(67):269–276. 10. 22034/JMPR. 2022. 15305 (2020) 14 (55):83–98. URL: Karademas EC (2007) Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Differ 43(2):277–287. 10. 1016/j. paid. 2006. 11. 031 (1998) Social well-being. Q 61(3):121–140. Keyes CLM, Magyar-Moe JL (2003) and Utility of Well-Being. Psychology 9(5):411–425. Khanh NC (2021) Development of the Scale of Solving in adolescents. Current Psychology: A Journal for on Issues. 40(10):5175–5184. 10. 1007/s12144-019-00427-2 (2020) The role of self-compassion and psychological flexibility in predicting the burnout of nurses. Rooyesh, 9 (1), 73–80. URL: (2022) Perceived parenting styles, cognitive flexibility, and prosocial behavior in with an immigrant background: A three-group comparison. Curr Psychol. (2017) The relationship between cognitive flexibility and job burnout and occupational injuries in female emergency department nurses. on Psychology and Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2017) A review of social problem-solving interventions: Past findings, current status, and future directions. Res 87(1):71–102. (2011) Questionnaire, psychometrics, and standardization of indicators of social problem solving ability. Q 1(4):1–21. M, (2014) M. R. March 5–6). of of Iran, Tehran. Iran.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: A second mechanism of effect is that fermentation of prebiotics by lactic acid bacteria augments SCFA production which performs as energy material for colon epithelial cells. SCFAs have also important positive impacts on intestinal epithelial cell function, including maintenance of metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and promotion a low pH of the gut environment, favoring beneficial microbes with a simultaneous decline in pathogenic bacterial growth. Description of probiotics Probiotic is an oral supplement or a food product that contains a sufficient number of viable microorganisms to adjust the microbiota of the individual and has the potential for beneficial health effects. 1,2 Therefore, probiotics are defined as ‘live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient amounts, confer a health benefit on the individual. 21 Currently the most common probiotic foodstuffs contain Bifidobacteria and/or Lactobacilli, but also may contain other lactic acid bacteria such as lactococci and streptococci. The non–lactic acid probiotic bacteria group also includes Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Bacillus coagulans and the yeast Saccharomyces (boulardii and cerevisiae). 22 What are potential mechanisms of probiotics’ actions in the prevention therapy of allergy? Even though the favorable effects of probiotics on various atopic diseases have been considered for a long time, little is identified about how probiotics modify the immune system and atopic disease development. These mechanisms of probiotics’ effects in the prevention and therapy of atopic diseases have been recently explained by us in detail somewhere else. 1,2 Here, some major mechanisms are briefly mentioned. Intestine–stabilizing effect (Maturation): Besides affording maturational signals for the GALT, probiotics control the production of pro– and anti–inflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Probiotics can thwart the inflammatory progression by alleviating the intestinal microenvironment and the permeability barricade of the gut, and by augmenting the degradation of antigens/ allergens in gut and changing their immunogenicity. 23 This intestine–stabilizing effect was supposed to be elucidated by the enhancement by probiotics of the immunological barrier of the gut via intestinal IgA responses, particularly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: We’d like to thank the project members, Dr. Tetsuo Yuhara, Mr. . Kazuaki Matsui, Dr. Toshikazu Shindo, Dr. Kazuhiro Tsuzuki, Dr. Atsushi Kurosawa, Mr. Ken Oyama, Dr. Yasumasa Fujii, and Dr. Ryo Komiyama. We also thank Prof. Matsuno, Mr. Toshihiko Fukui, Mr. Ryozo Hayashi, Mr. Kazumasa Kusaka, and Mr. for their kindly advices on the research. The energy security problem analysis is based on the discussion within OECD/NEA on “and Security of Supply”. We’d like to thank the experts of OECD/NEA. We also thank Mr. and Dr. for their fruitful discussion on the research. 1. Matsuno et al. Equilibrium stabilization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide via zero emissions- An alternative way to stable global environment, Proc. Japan Academy, Ser. B, in press. 2. UKCCC: The 2050 target, Building a low-carbon economy- the UK’s contribution to tackling climate change, 2008. 3. . ,. , and Meinshousen, N. : Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tone, Nature 458, 1163-1166, 2009. 4. Kurosawa et al. , Analysis of carbon emission stabilization targets and adaptation by assessment model, Journal, Vol. Special I), 15717619995. 2010. 6. 2010. 7. OECD/NEA, of and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy, NEA6358, 2010. 8. UjitaH. MatsuiK. YamadaE. Proposalon. Conceptof. Securityof. EnergySupply. withNuclear. EnergyI. C. A. P. P. ‘0TokyoJapan. May101. 2009 9. UjitaH. StudyA. onEnergy. SecurityNuclearEnergy. RoleJ. N. S. T. Vol. 1No. 2011in Japanese). 10. R. Omori, H. Horii, Analysis of in using method and It’s Implications for Japan’s Science and Technology Policy, Sociotechnica, 2005. 11. IIASA/1998. 12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 of the Training of for on Skills, Self-Efficacy, Ego-Resiliency of Children from 상담학연구 약어 : - 2009 vol. 10, no. 4, 10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912.

Output: pass