Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe microsporidian Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae is one of the most common parasites of the honeybee. A single honeybee carries many parasites and therefore multiple alleles of V. ceranae genes that seem to be ubiquitous. As a consequence, nucleotide diversity analyses have not allowed discriminating genetic structure of parasite populations. We performed deep loci-targeted sequencing to monitor the haplotype frequencies of genome markers in isolates from discontinuous territories, namely the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. The haplotype frequency distribution corroborated the suspected tetraploidy of the parasite. Most major haplotypes were ubiquitous in the area but with variable frequency. While oceanic isolates differed from European and Asian outgroups, parasite populations from distinct archipelagoes also differed in their haplotype distribution. Interestingly an original and very divergent Malagasy isolate was detected. The observed population structure allowed formulating hypotheses upon the natural history of V. ceranae in this oceanic area. We also discussed the usefulness of allelic distribution assessment, using multiple informative loci or genome-wide analyses, when parasite population is not clonal within a single host. Similar content being viewed by others Distribution of honey bee mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in an Italian region where a legislative act is protecting the Apis mellifera ligustica subspecies 2. The adult Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) can be infected by several microsporidian species: the long known Vairimorpha apis3, the emergent Vairimorpha ceranae4,5,6 and the recently described Vairimorpha neumani7. These species were included in the genus Nosema until the recent phylogenetic redefinition of the Vairimorpha and Nosema genera8. These parasites are transmitted by fecal–oral route and infect the epithelial cells of the midgut of the adult honeybee9,10. V. ceranae is nowadays the most prevalent microsporidian parasite and one of the most common pathogens of the honeybee. It can induce physiological and behavioral changes in infected individuals (immune suppression, oxidative stress, alteration of metabolism, premature foraging, etc. ) and eventually reduce their survival, with possible deleterious interactions with other stressors5,10,11. At the colony level, V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2011) has fewer tunable input parameters and operates on monthly climate data to produce wood increments rather than cell growth, and it has gained greater traction for routine applications. An early effort to add isotope algorithms into such models was made by Hemming et al. (2001), who inserted carbon isotope fractionation (of Farquhar et al. 1982) into the model. Gessler et al. (2014) reviews the extensive catalog of processes (e. g. , physicochemical, metabolic, fractionation, transport, storage) within tree tissues, which can contribute to the final carbon and oxygen isotope composition in tree rings and must be considered in interpretation and modeling of tree-ring isotopes. Babst et al. (2018) describe the state of mechanistic tree-ring growth models, including scaling from tree-ring series to whole tree, and potential integration with dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) (see also Chap. 26). Because DGVMs are an important tool for improved understanding of current and future global ecology, carbon and water cycles, forest productivity, carbon sequestration, etc. , implementation of accurate tree-ring isotope subroutines would provide another layer of control and validation of many aspects of the Earth system. Finally, spatial mapping of isotope composition in what are known as “isoscapes” is of growing interest as related to fields of ecology, hydrology, climate, geology, forensics, etc. (Bowen 2010). Tree-ring isotopes can play a particularly important role in developing these isoscapes because tree rings can add the temporal component to identify changes in isoscapes through time. A number of tree-ring isoscapes related to climate have been developed in the southwestern USA, Europe, Siberia, and particularly notable in China where a rapid expansion of tree-ring isotope chronologies has been ongoing (Saurer et al. 2002; Leavitt et al. 2010; del Castillo et al. 2013). Gori et al. (2018) have recently explored δ18O and δ2H isoscapes as a tool for provenancing wood cut during logging operations. 5 ConclusionsIsotope dendrochronology has been around for ca. 70 years, but the explosion in the number and diversity of studies over the last 30 years has been breathtaking.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae is associated with type C nosemosis that shows reduced clinical symptoms compared to V. apis infection such as lesser dysentery12. While V. ceranae has been associated with colony collapse, its role in the worldwide colony losses has been debated11,13,14. V. ceranae spores have been detected in several Apis and Bombus species15, including the Asian honeybees Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Apis cerana. V. ceranae is thought to have experienced a recent host-jump from A. cerana to A. mellifera4,16. The timing and localization of such host-switch are unknown. The oldest infected A. mellifera conserved sample has been dated back to 1975 in California17. Once emerged in A. mellifera, the invasive V. ceranae would have experienced both a geographic expansion and an increase in its prevalence that could be still in progress18,19. As a consequence, V. ceranae has become the most prevalent and widespread microsporidian parasite of the honeybee and seems to have replaced V. apis in some area, possibly due to asymmetric competition4,15,19,20,21,22. Phylogenetic analyses of polar tube protein (PTP) encoding genes showed a differentiation between V. ceranae populations infecting different Apis species23,24. Within the single A. mellifera host, sequence analyses have not allowed the discrimination of parasite variants or subpopulations, whatever the marker: the rDNA whose multiple copies in the genome may not be identical25,26,27,28, single-copy coding regions including fast-evolving virulence genes such as PTP genes23,24,29,30, and even multilocus31,32,33,34 and genome-wide analyses35. Only phylogenomics studies allowed the distinction of parasite clades, clustering isolates from A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies in Thailand, i. e. in the native area of the parasite, apart from other isolates worldwide, but without any phylogeographic pattern36. Genome comparison showed that most V. ceranae alleles were shared by honeybee colonies that were thousands of kilometers away but that specific polymorphic sites were found in Thai A. cerana and A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: This has been driven by advancements in analytical equipment as well as growing recognition of problems for which isotope composition of tree rings may provide resolution, particularly when knowing changes through time is also important. Tree-ring isotopes provide insights into physiological and biochemical processes from leaves to site of wood formation, and changes in isotope values can be used to infer changes in environmental conditions, such as climate parameters. The history, advances and findings presented here are intended to provide a solid and useful chronology of events, but this summary is not exhaustive. The contents of this book can fill in more of those gaps. 2654. Reduced climate sensitivity of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose of silver fir (Abies alba Mill. ) influenced by background SO2 in Franconia (Germany, Central Europe). 185:281–294187. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 500–549 132. 13C variations in northern hemispheric trees during the last 150 years. Tellus 31:124–1372. Registration of microenvironmental CO2 and anomalous pollution effect. Tellus 31:308–312CAS 38. The oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf-exported assimilates-Does it always reflect lamina leaf water enrichment? 200:144–1572970. J, (1976) Climatic information from 18O/16O ratios of cellulose in tree rings. Nature 262:481–4823701. “and Technology for Mitigation of Global Warming”(2005) Temporal photosynthetic carbon isotope signatures revealed in a tree ring through 13CO2 pulse-labelling. Plant, 28:906–9152154. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 113–135 3015. Tree-ring stable carbon isotope-based May-July temperature reconstruction over Nanwutai, China, for the past century and its record of 20th century warming. Rev 93:67–76. 10. 1029/2004GL021623(2009) Detecting invisible growth rings of trees in seasonally dry forests in Thailand: isotopic and wood anatomical approaches. Trees-23:813–8222. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 10–25 25. Correlating δ13C and δ18O in cellulose of trees. Environ 20:1543–155029.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: mellifera colonies35,36. The absence of cultural approach allowing the isolation of clonal V. ceranae strains imposes the analysis of parasite populations, the smallest sampling unit being the population infecting a single honeybee, hereafter defined as an isolate. A single honeybee carries multiple alleles of the single-copy genes of V. ceranae. Most of the nucleotide variation occurs within a single host individual or within a single colony of A. mellifera, but not between colonies, neither from geographically distant locations, nor from different host lineages as it is the case for V. apis24,30,31,32,33,34. All studies have depicted high nucleotide polymorphism with an excess of infrequent haplotypes or singletons over neutral expectation that could be linked to a population expansion24,32,33,35. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this intra-hive and intra-individual variability: the systematic multiple infection with diverse V. ceranae populations, recurrent recombination events, a sexual reproduction, a clonal reproduction of polyploid genome31,32,34,35. V. ceranae is dikaryotic, with an unclear ploidy and heterozygosity levels between and within nuclei. Genomic data suggested at least a tetraploid set of chromatids35, but possibly diploidy only in discrete clusters of parasites36. The excess of intra-hive diversity and heterozygosity may alter analyses when only one or a few haplotypes among those present in an isolate are randomly sequenced, possibly resulting in the underestimation of the allelic diversity and in wrong topological phylogenetic assertions. Consequently, the observed absence of distinct V. ceranae subpopulations could reflect a homogenous parasite population infecting A. mellifera worldwide or conversely an incomplete assessment of the parasite diversity. To test if V. ceranae populations differed among discrete populations of A. mellifera, we performed genotyping by deep loci-targeted sequencing and we studied discontinuous territories, focusing on the tropical islands of the (SWIO, Fig. 1). The SWIO constitutes a vulnerable hotspot of biodiversity with high rates of endemism37.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The increased δ13C values were explained by the fact that C-fixation through PEPC does not discriminate as much against 13C compared to 12C resulting in an13C enrichment in the assimilates (Vogel 1993). Various detoxification mechanisms further the 13C enrichment along with an enhanced PEPC activity that are generally stimulated under stress (Doubnerová and Ryslavá 2011). An increase in δ13C under O3 exposure, which would suggest an enhanced or constant AN at reduced gs is not in line with our understanding of 13C fractionation coherence according the fractionation model for C3 plants of Farquhar et al. (1989; 1982). Based on direct CO2 and H2O gas-exchange measurements, we expect more negative δ13C values as AN is reduced while gs stays constant or is reduced to a minor degree (Grams et al. 2007). This example demonstrates once the assumptions of the well-accepted fractionation model are violated, the conclusions drawn from isotope measurements can lead to physiologically implausible results. As the ratio of Rubisco to PEPC activity decreases significantly under elevated O3 (up to 20-fold, Dizengremel et al. 2009), the fractionation model must be adjusted, e. g. , by increasing the parameter “b” representing the fractionation of all carboxylation processes as suggested by Saurer et al. (1995). Therefore, the consultation of the history of human impact in the past for the respective forests is of great value for the data interpretation. 3. 3 (SO2)Ambient SO2 concentrations increased considerably since the advent of industrialization and became an increasing problem across Asia, Europe and North America, particularly before the mid-1980s. This pollutant may have had a stronger impact on the isotope ratios in plants and tree rings than previously recognized. Sakata and Suzuki (2000) described a significant δ13C increase in Japanese fir trees that underwent diseases and insect pests when being weakened by SO2. Savard et al. (2004) reported an unprecedented δ13C positive shift by up to 4‰ for spruce tree rings induced by SO2 emissions from a large smelter in Canada. Wagner and Wagner (2006) and Boettger et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae prevalence and infection45,46,47. While the parasite is absent in some African areas48,49, its prevalence varies from few percent to more than 60% in other continental areas50,51. Interestingly, it reaches almost 100% in in the pacific and in the Caribbean island of Dominica52,53. One hypothesis is that the parasite may benefit from a reduced seasonal variability due to tropical climates. areas could also have been preserved from the parasite due to limited introduction of allochtonous honeybees or apicultural materials, in contrast to regions such as North Africa, and the SWIO area. The exchange of colonies, together with contaminated hives materials, could have constituted the main route of introduction of V. ceranae in the SWIO islands. In the Mascarenes, exchanges of honeybees have been demonstrated through the presence of hybridization with European lineages54. The import of colonies has been prohibited in La Réunion since 1982 only. In Mauritius, regular and recent introductions of colonies from undocumented origin have occurred38. A recent introduction of Malagasy colonies to has also been suspected, reflecting exchanges within the SWIO. Thus, the parasite could have then spread both within and between the islands. The global allelic similarity, the accumulation of rare haplotypes and the few isolate-specific haplotypes support a recent demographic expansion35. Haplotype frequencies showed a higher distance between SWIO and European isolates than within SWIO isolates and an even higher divergence with the Thai isolates in A. dorsata and A. ceranae (Fig. 4a). Such a distinction of V. ceranae genotypes was previously achieved through the genome-wide analysis of Polymorphism, showing a Thai population cluster in A. mellifera and A. ceranae that differed from other global population in A. mellifera36. The local reduced diversity with specific variation did not show any geographical patterns in Thailand but suggested that the Thai populations of parasites evolved independently from other global population. The present data showed that clustering of parasite populations could emerge in other part of the world than Southeastern Asia. The main difference in allele content concerned A. dorsata and A. cerana hosts. Within A. mellifera isolates, most haplotypes were common to all isolates, with only few specific of one isolate or one geographic area (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: (2014) described major increases in the long-term trend in pine and fir tree-ring δ13C series between 1945 and 1990 and a subsequent decrease after 1990 reflecting the trends of SO2 concentration in German sites. In their study of English oak trees exposed to SO2, Rinne et al. (2010) document a 2. 5‰ δ13C rise with insignificant changes in the δ18O series. Many other examples of SO2 effects in natural settings around the world could be cited, with the singular common impacts of rising tree-ring δ13C values during the time of exposure. A possible explanation for this general δ13C increase is a secondary fractionation resulting from SO2 phytotoxicity, which causes a decline in various physiological activities. Closure of stomata is generally induced by foliar SO2 uptake, and acidification of solution often invoked to explain this closure. Recently, molecular biological research suggests instead that guard cell mortality cause stomatal closure (Ooi et al. 2019). However, plant response mechanisms are intricate as they depend on the SO2 concentration (and presence of other co-pollutants), duration of exposure and the availability of water (e. g. , Maier-Maercker and Koch 1995; Lee et al. 2017). Under acute controlled exposures (25 mg SO2/m3), the foliar system of trees becomes photo inhibited and exhibits decreasing A, gs and ci (Duan et al. 2019). Overall, authors from diverse research fields ascribe the related tree-ring δ13C increase and growth reactions to various combinations of changes in gs, AN, starch production and priority of C allocation (e. g. , Darral 1989; Meng et al. 1995; Kolb and Matyssek 2001; Grams et al. 2007). In the Canadian example cited above, a reduction of gs was not the only response caused by exposure because a concomitant δ2H decrease in tree-ring nitrated cellulose was significant, and stem growth did not notably change (Savard et al. 2005). Considering intrinsic factors only, decreases in δ2H and δ18O generally reflect stomatal opening (Dongmann et al. 1974; Farquhar and Lloyd 1993; Sensula and Wilczynski 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-183128/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackgroundPlants have been used as a traditional medicine for many years for the people of Wolaita, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to record these local knowledge of the peoples who inhabit the district. MethodsA semi-structured interview was conducted with a total of 60 informants. ResultsTotally, 50 species belonging to 24 families were identified to treat 28 human and livestock ailments. Solanaceae (14. 3%) was the most abundant family whereas; the rosaceae (1. 00) had the highest family use value (FUV). Most of the plants (82%) were reportedly used to treat human diseases. Herbs (34%) were the dominant growth habits, followed by trees (33%). The leaves (30%) were identified as the most used plant part. The most common methods of remedy preparations were eating and chewing (18. 2% each) followed by grinding (13. 61%). Oral (73. 3%) was the major route of administration, followed by dermal (21. 7%). The cardiovascular system diseases category (1. 00) had a higher informant consensus factor value followed by the fever disease category (0. 90). Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, Commelina benghalensis L. , Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl and Pentas spp. (100%) had a higher fidelity level to treat swelling, chirt (skin diseases), weight gain, and bone fractures, respectively. Persea americana Mill. was ranked highest as the most preferable medicinal plant for various purposes by local people, followed by Acacia abyssinica Benth. The principal threatening factors reported were charcoal production (26%), agricultural expansion (15%), and firewood (14%). Out of the plants and their uses documented, 16% of the medicinal plants and 28. 6% of the uses were novel. ConclusionsThe present study indicated the existence of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to treat human and livestock ailments. Therefore, there should be mentoring for the local people in the study area to conserve their indigenous knowledge and resources.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Island populations offered a good opportunity to study parasite population structures, showing clustering linked to the archipelagos geography. At last, the data strongly suggested that V. ceranae development in the honeybee can be explained by a single infection with a tetraploid and possibly clonal parasite. Although population structure could be resolved in the SWIO, the ubiquitous major alleles confirmed the close proximity of the V. ceranae populations worldwide in A. mellifera. Thus similar parasites seem globally present although their natural history may be highlighted through allele frequency. MethodsSampling and screening for infected honeybeesA. mellifera individuals were collected in 2011–2014 in the SWIO area. Subsequently, samples were collected in continental Africa and Europe to form outgroups, but the latter sampling was not designed to assess the prevalence of V. ceranae in these regions (Table S1). Individuals of A. florea, A. dorsata and A. ceranae were also collected in Thailand. Honeybees were kept at -20 °C dry or in 90% ethanol. For samples frozen in ethanol, single abdomens were removed using flame-sterilized forceps, dried for 30 min at 37 °C and ground in 200 µL ATL buffer () using a sterile microtube pestel. For fresh samples, single abdomens were ground in 100 µL TE buffer and the mixtures were complemented with 100 µL ATL buffer after the screening of spores. The presence of microsporidian parasites was first screened by the observation of spores under a phase contrast microscope (× 400). In the SWIO, 18. 6% (n = 349) of the honeybees were parasitized but the presence of spores was low in Madagascar compared to the rest of the SWIO area (0. 9 vs 51. 6%; Table S1). Similarly, only 0. 6% (n = 363) of honeybees carried Vairimorpha spores in continental Africa, with two positive bees from a same colony in Senegal. In Europe, taken as a geographical outgroup, 4. 8% (n = 104) of bees were infected. Spores were detected in one A. dorsata and two A. cerana individuals. Positive samples were boiled 10 min to lyse the resistant parasite spores and incubated in the presence of 2 mg/mL proteinase K for 2 h at 56 °C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: When considering extrinsic factors, this case of severe exposure of trees to emissions may have acidified the upper soil layers, damaging fine surface roots and shifting water uptake to large, deeper roots, where source water δ2H (δ18O) values are lower (Chap. 18). In the German examples, the combined physiological responses to high SO2 pollution are expressed by the long-term positive δ13C series with no significant to moderate δ18O changes (Wagner and Wagner 2006; Boettger et al. 2014), and no effects on δ2H values (Boettger et al. 2014). This case reflects increased respiration rates that expel higher proportions of 12C and generate tissues with higher δ13C signals, without modifying the δ18O values. Otherwise, foliar gas-exchange responses inferred from increasing δ13C with moderately decreasing δ18O trends a priori should reflect increases in AN and gs. However, this scenario is in contrast with directly measured CO2 and H2O gas-exchange values under controlled SO2 exposure, as Atkinson and Winner (1987), Kropff et al. (1990), Wedler et al. (1995) and Randewig et al. (2012) report a reduction in AN and gs, which should result in an overall decrease in δ13C values. The observed reduction of AN better fits with the general observation that ring growth does not increase with the isotopic changes. Hence, aside from the possible extrinsic factors proposed above, the SO2 induced enzymatic detoxification and reduced carboxylation rate represent other mechanisms that could explain strong increases in 13C uptake (Randewig et al. 2012), in some cases outweighing the prediction of the widely accepted C-isotope fractionation model by Farquhar et al. (1989, 1982). As shown for ozone exposure, the impact of SO2 detoxification and its effect on δ13C values are not considered by the C-isotope fractionation model for C3 plants. Moreover, foliar response models do not take into account the extrinsic effects on tree-ring δ18O (δ2H) changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Translational MedicinedistrictEthnic rural culturesEthnomedicineTherapeutic plantsTraditional knowledgeWolaita peopleFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9IntroductionHuman beings have relied on nature for their basic requirements as the source of medicines, shelters, food, fragrances, clothes, flavors, fertilizers, and means of transportation throughout their lives. Well before the prehistoric era, plants were used for medicinal purposes to treat and cure diseases and to improve the health and well-being of humans and livestock. The majority of the populations in most of the developing countries depend on plants for primary healthcare [1] [2]. The medicinal plants are the source for the discovery of novel drugs and a quarter of the modern drugs contain one or more active principles of plant origin [3] [4]. According to Ohigashi [5], the top 25 best-selling medicines in the world originated from plant materials and still form the basis for modern health systems. The significance of medicinal plants to human livelihoods is essentially immeasurable [6]. In Ethiopia, 80% of the people use medicinal plants and their products for remedies. However, the knowledge and use of plants in many ethnic rural cultures has not been studied [7] [8]. Even though, medicinal plants are remaining the most important and sometimes the only source of therapeutics [9]. The community utilizes roots, barks, and other parts of the plant to make phytotherapies [10] and in the process they have developed their own local knowledge. This knowledge is transferred orally from one generation to the others via herbalists and well-informed elders. The traditional local doctors would be the best source of information about the medicinal values of the plants. Many practicing local doctors are still present in Ethiopia but, with the progress of modern medicine, the influence and the number of those doctors are decreasing rapidly. Despite their use as a source of medicine since time immemorial, the study and recording of medicinal plants has recently begun [11]. A few studies have been conducted and documented the medicinal properties of locally available plants, parts used, and ways of applications in southern Ethiopia, Assegid and Tesfaye [12] in district, Chama [13] in district, Mirutse et al. [14] and Giday et al. [15] in Sheko, Agisho et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Biocontrol potential of native entomopathogenic nematodes against Gonioctena fornicata (Brüggemann, 1873) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in alfalfa access Published: 14 November 2023 Biocontrol potential of native entomopathogenic nematodes against Gonioctena fornicata (Brüggemann, 1873) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in alfalfa Aydemir Barış ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-3509-57001 of Control 94. 7% at 120 h for isolate Z-1 and 91. 0% at 168 h for isolate A-16 at a concentration of 1000 IJs/ml for adult stages. The highest effect on larval stage was 97. 6% at 96 h for isolate Z-1 and 85. 8% at 120 h for isolate A-16 at the concentration of 1000 IJs/ml. On the adult stage, isolate Z-1 showed 50. 0–67. 1% effect at concentrations of 250 and 500 IJs/ml, respectively, while isolate A-16 showed an effect ranging from 46. 7 to 63. 6%. In the larval stage, isolate Z-1 caused 39. 7–77. 6% mortality at 250 and 500 IJs/ml concentrations, respectively, while the rate was 32. 9–63. 9% for isolate A-16. In the trial, isolate Z-1 showed a high efficacy in both stages of G. fornicata. ConclusionsThis study represents the first laboratory investigation encompassing both adult and mature larval stages of G. fornicata. The obtained data offer valuable insights for alternative control strategies targeting G. fornicata. BackgroundAlfalfa, the world's most cultivated forage crop, boasts a high feed value, abundant protein yield per unit area, and nutrient-rich green and dry grass that is not only delicious but also nutritious for a wide range of animals (Açıkgöz 2001). However, alfalfa, which holds a prominent position among forage crops in terms of production, is vulnerable to various diseases and harmful organisms during its cultivation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Thus, the common data interpretation assuming that a δ13C increase with none to moderate δ18O (δ2H) changes would be caused by an increased AN is not correct and does not correspond to real physiological responses to SO2. Accordingly, paleoclimate reconstruction, the evaluation of the water-use efficiency (Chap. 17), or the use of the dual C and O isotope gas-exchange model (Chap. 16) could all be erroneous if based on tree-ring series impacted by airborne acidifying emissions. Therefore, the effects of these emissions must be considered for the evaluation of tree ring isotope chronologies originating from regions and periods with large SO2 emissions. 3. 4 Nitrogen (Nr) Compounds: NO, NO2, NHXAs observed for ozone and SO2, the emissions of biologically reactive N compounds (Nr) have greatly increased (NOx from combustion and NHy from agricultural fertilization) since the beginning of the industrialization. The distribution of Nr occurs via large-scale atmospheric transport and is deposited into terrestrial ecosystems. deposition is identified as the most important growth driver in managed European forests (Etzold et al. 2020), the current often excessive N input can reduce forest growth (Waldner et al. 2014). Vegetation demand for N is mostly met by root uptake of nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4+) and dissolved organic N-compounds from the pedosphere (Chap. 12). However, the direct uptake of gaseous Nr (NO, NO2, NHy) via stomata can be substantial and several studies report quantities obtained in this manner total between 10 and 37% of plant-N demand (Amman et al. 1999; Harrison et al. 2000; Millard and Grelet 2010; Vallano and Sparks 2013; Chap. 12). 3. 4. 1 Nr-uptake by LeavesThe main factors influencing the assimilation of N by the foliar system are: (i) the species of trees, (ii) the proximity to anthropogenic emissions, (iii) the plant and canopy structure, and (iv) the type of Nr. (i) Chaparro-Suarez et al. (2011) reported a species dependent variability for NO2 uptake, which is directly correlated with gs confirming the regulation of stomatal uptake.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: [16] in Hadiya zone, Hailemariam et al. [17] in Konta special woreda, Tolossa et al. [18] in South Omo, Melesse et al. [19] in Kambata, Regassa [20] in Hawassa city, Tefera and Kim [21] in Hawassa zuria district, Tuasha et al. [22] in Dalle district, Sidama zone. However, in the district of Wolaita, there is no ethnobotanical literature concerning the medicinal use of plants. People in this region have developed traditional methods to provide remedies for the most common human illnesses through the use of plants. Therefore, for the conservation of plants, ensuring their sustainable use, and preserving knowledge for the next generation, documentation of traditional knowledge in this area is significant. Materials and MethodsStudy area description The study was conducted in the towns of Bitena, Dimtu, and Bilate eta (Toto) district, Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is located between 6° 51' 37. 224''-6o 57' 57. 1'' N latitudes and 38o 02' 15. 7''- 38° 7' 32. 1456'' E longitudes. The altitudinal range of study area is between 1395 m. a. s. l. and 2070 m. a. s. l. The area is located approximately 350 km south of the capital of the country and 93 km from Sodo town, the capital town of the zone in the northeast direction. is bordered on the southwest by district, on the west by district, on the north by Hadiya zone, on the northeast by Oromia region, and on the east by Sidama region. The average annual rainfall and temperature of the area are approximately 700 mm and 21oC, respectively. The western escarpment belongs to the agro-ecological zone (mean annual temperature and rainfall of 19oC and 1500 mm, respectively), whereas the rift floor belongs to the Kola zone (mean annual temperature and rainfall of 23oC and 700 mm, respectively). Sampling informants The study populations are the informants found in selected communities of district.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: One such menace is the alfalfa leaf beetle, scientifically known as Gonioctena fornicata (Brüggemann) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The initial record of this pest's presence in Türkiye dates back to 1946 (Alkan 1946). Subsequently, it was correctly identified as the alfalfa leaf beetle, with a particular emphasis on its detrimental impact on alfalfa (Bodenheimer 1958). Extensive research has been conducted in various regions of Türkiye, including Western, Central, and Southeastern Anatolia, as well as the region, focusing on the surveillance, morphology, and biology of this pest. These studies have consistently highlighted the alfalfa leaf beetle as a significant threat to alfalfa cultivation (Barış et al. 2021). Both the adult and larval stages of this species are destructive, leading to substantial crop losses in alfalfa (Barış et al. 2021). The pest is known to feed on alfalfa leaves, flowers, leaf buds, young shoots, and the tips of stems (Barış et al. 2021). In recent years, the alfalfa leaf beetle has attracted increasing attention, especially due to population increases and fluctuations triggered by climate change. A review of existing research has revealed that this pest poses a potential threat to alfalfa fields, causing economic losses that vary from year to year and region to region. Consequently, there is a pressing need for research aimed at its effective control (Yücel 2021). In response to this necessity, it became evident that studies exploring alternative methods to manage the pest were essential, leading to the utilization of native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). EPNs have become an attractive option in biological control due to their effectiveness against numerous pests, their capacity to seek out hosts, their compatibility with standard equipment for application, and their long-term efficacy (Ulu et al. 2016). The most prominent EPN species for biological control belong to the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Poinar 1979). In previous studies on EPNs in Türkiye, nine EPN species, including Steinernema feltiae, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. affine, S. anatoliense, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2009; Savard 2010; Sun et al. 2010; Mathias and Thomas 2018). Assimilation and incorporation of Nr impact numerous metabolic processes (see above) reflected in AN and gs (e. g. , Gessler et al. 2000; Siegwolf et al. 2001). However, few studies have investigated the impact of assimilating anthropogenic N on the C and O isotope fractionation in plant organic matter. In 1988, Martin et al. reported increasing δ13C values in leaves and wood of young trees, which were exposed to increased SO2 + O3 and SO2 + O3 + NO2 concentrations for a four-week period. They argued that the δ13C increase was a result of stomatal limitation. But they did not examine the plant responses for each pollutant separately, thus it was not possible to clearly assign the impact of each pollutant on specific plant mechanisms due to the combined application of all three pollutants. As shown by Saurer et al. (1995), the increase in δ13C values for O3 exposed plants was primarily caused by an increased PEPC activity. In a comprehensive case study, Siegwolf et al. (2001) analyzed the impact of chronic NO2 exposure on the C and O isotope ratios and CO2 and H2O gas exchange. Populus euramericana vars Dorskamp cuttings were grown in climate-controlled growth chambers under limiting and surplus soil-N regimes. One chamber was supplied with filtered air and in the other an average NO2 concentration of 100 nmol/mol was maintained for 12 h per day for three months (details in Siegwolf et al. 2001). Irrespective of the soil-N regime, NO2 exposure caused δ13C to increase in leaf organic matter relative to plants grown in clean air as reported in other studies, (Bukata and Kyser 2007, Vallano and Sparks 2013) whereas the δ18O values were reduced (Siegwolf et al. 2001; Fig. 24. 3). Leaf uptake of Nr compounds allows for a direct and rapid N availability in plant metabolism and has a fertilizing effect. uptake via leaves stimulates AN and leads to higher gs, this affects the C and O isotope fractionation (see Chaps. 9, 10 and 19).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: A stratified random sampling technique (based on the local community settlement in rural or urban settings) was used to take a representative sample from rural and urban villages within the selected communities. Totally two municipal towns and one kebele farmer’s association 'the smallest administrative unit contained within a district' were selected based on the presence of informants. The selected towns and one farmer’s association were Bitena and Dimtu towns, and Bilate eta. A total of 60 informants (53 men and seven women) 20 from each of three villages were selected. The ages of the informants were between 20 to 57 years. From the total informants, six key informants (10% of the general informants) selection was done based on the purposive sampling technique, by determining the key person 'Hiillaa' of the community based on the recommendation of the community. A key-person is an experienced person within society by giving remedies for any human and livestock ailments and handy fix all bone fractures by using his/her indigenous knowledge. Ethnobotanical data collection and identification In the course of the study, both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered through observation, questionnaires, and interviews from June 2020 to October 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants who knew or used plants as medicine including about 10% of the total heads of family units (60 informants) to determine and explore the traditional knowledge regarding the utilization of medicinal plant species, their usefulness, the utilized part, mode of preparation, or method of processing the plants. The interview activities were carried out in their entirety using an open and close-ended questionnaire prepared in Wolaita language and translated into English language (Annex: questionnaire). Informant selection was based on the snowball sampling technique, by determining the key person 'Hillaa' of the community. A key-person is an experienced person within society by giving remedies for any human and livestock ailments and handy fix all bone fractures by using indigenous knowledge. Data analysis The collected data from observation, questionnaires, and interviews was tabulated and organized. To analyze the collected data Excel window 2019 was utilized in addition to other appropriate statistical methods such as frequency distribution and percentage. According to disease categories in earlier work [21], [23] and with some modification, the ailments were categorized based on the usage reports mentioned by the informants in the study area. Quantitative analysis (FL).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: weiseri, S. littorale, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and H. megidis, have been identified so far (Yüksel et al. 2019). Members of these families are obligate generalist insect parasites, featuring a free-living infective stage known as infective juveniles (IJs) (Mazurkiewicz et al. 2019). In insects, infection is carried out by these juveniles, which are morphologically and physiologically adapted to long-term survival in soil (Adams and Nguyen 2002). EPNs release Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. bacteria into the hemolymph of the host insect once they have entered it (Stock and Blair 2008). These bacteria play a crucial role in swiftly eliminating the insect by facilitating the development and colonization of the nematode's infective juveniles within the host insect (Dowds and Peters 2002). EPNs are capable of exterminating their hosts within 24–48 h after application (Forst and Clarke 2002). Subsequently, third instar EPNs larvae, also referred to as infective juveniles (IJs), emerge from the soil and actively search for new hosts (Kaya and Gaugler 1993). These nematodes possess the remarkable ability to actively locate their hosts, detect pest presence, and navigate toward their target (Susurluk and Toprak 2006). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two local isolates, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and Steinernema feltiae (isolate A-16), on G. fornicata adults, and determine the larvicidal effects of EPNs on the mature larval stage of G. fornicata, which has not been reported before. MethodsInsect sourcesThe alfalfa plants used in this study were sourced from the experimental plots of the ürkiye. Specimens of G. fornicata were collected from alfalfa fields located in the Sincan district of Ankara, at coordinates 40°04′09. 1"N latitude and 32°28′30. 9"E longitude, with an elevation of 967 m. Gonioctena fornicata (Brüggeman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) ProductionAdult G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: ‘A’ and ‘C’ represent the shift of the NO2 exposed plants, caused by high soil-N supply. The standard error is indicated by the horizontal and vertical bars in each data point (n = 6)δ13C plotted against δ18O values from all four treatments (C stands for filtered air, C-low nitrogen (LN), C-high nitrogen (HN), NO2-LN and NO2-HN) in Populus × euramericanaFull size imageIt is noteworthy how the isotopic response patterns in deciduous trees differ between the cases of “soil N-changes only”, “NO2 exposure only”, or “soil N change and NO2 exposure” (Fig. 24. 3). These isotopic patterns (Fig. 24. 3) as a result of NO2 exposure were also found in air pollution studies using tree-ring samples. Saurer and Siegwolf (2007) and Guerrieri et al. (2009) analyzed tree rings from Picea abies growing along a highly frequented freeway in Switzerland and found δ13C and δ18O patterns invoked by NO2 exposure. However this pattern as shown in Fig. 24. 3 might change with the occurrence of other more dominant impacts such as drought. In the same study of Guerrieri et al. (2009), the impact of NO2 emissions from an oil refinery in were analyzed for changes in δ15 N (as an indicator), δ13C and δ18O values from tree rings. Drought events at this Mediterranean site occur frequently, in contrast to the sites along the Swiss freeway where water supply is not limiting. Thus the trees near the oil refinery responded primarily to drought stress by reducing gs to minimize water loss. Consequently, the protection against drought is more relevant for plant survival therefore the drought response outweighs the influence of NO2, which was also reflected in the increased iWUE (Guerrieri et al. 2010). For trees, which are not subject to other dominant stressors (drought, high concentrations of pollutants, flooding or abrupt changes in the vegetation), this isotopic pattern as shown in Fig. 24. 3 was seen in most NO2-controlled studies, and its application can serve for diagnostic or monitoring purposes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: FL is used to calculate the percentage of informants claiming the use of a given species for a particular purpose in a given cultural group or to determine the most preferred plants for a treatment of a particular ailment and calculated as: FL (%) = Np/N × 100 Where: Np is the number of informants that claim a use of a plant species to treat a particular ailment. N is the number of informants that claim the plant as a medicine to treat any given ailment. The plant species that are widely used to treat a particular ailment by the local people have higher FL values than those that are less popular [23]. Value (FUV). FUV signifies the use-value of a given plant family that is used as medicine for a particular disease. It is calculated as: FUV = ∑UVs/Ns Where: ∑UVs is the sum of the use-values for all species belonging to a particular family. Ns is the total number of species in the same family. High values of FUV might be because the plant species were cited by a large number of people in the study area [24]. Informant consensus factor (ICF). ICF was calculated using the formula ICF = Nur-nt/nur-1, where ICF denotes the informant consensus factor, nur is a number of use 0. 00 to 1. 00. High ICF values are obtained when only one or a few plant species are reported to be used by a high proportion of informants to treat a particular ailment. Low ICF values indicate that informants disagree over which plant to use. Direct matrix ranking Key informants evaluated the functionality of multifunctional medicinal plants to the local people and indicated their scores for each medicinal plant (on a scale of 1 to 5). Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Nine medicinal plants were selected to be evaluated in six usage categories. Preference ranking A preference ranking of six medicinal plants that were reported as effective for treating a particular ailment was conducted by using those six key informants by following [1]. Hence the most occurring disease treated by more medicinal plants was given least (1) and highest (5) score by key informants. This scoring and ranking system was also applied for the other seven medicinal plant species on their degree of local scarcity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: fornicata specimens were collected from the field and then carefully transferred to laboratory growth cages, each measuring 20 × 10 × 7 cm in size. Fresh alfalfa plants were provided as a food source for the pests and were replaced when they began to wilt or dry out. To prevent adult beetles from escaping, alfalfa shoots were submerged in narrow-mouthed beakers filled with water, and the beakers were sealed with sterile cotton. Any eggs laid by the beetles on a daily basis were closely monitored and then transferred to cages containing fresh alfalfa plants. The first larva that hatched within the cage, which also contained fresh alfalfa plants, was carefully observed. Subsequently, as the larvae molted, these transitions were closely monitored at intervals of 6 h. Larvae were then separated into distinct rearing cages based on their developmental stages, with mature larvae at the fourth stage being selected for the experiments. The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, maintaining a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, relative humidity at 65 ± 2%, and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D hrs. Following the fourth instar larvae, pupae were relocated at laboratory conditions characterized by a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, RH at 65 ± 2%, and complete darkness. The pupae were placed in containers filled with sterile soil, approximately 10 cm deep, and covered with fine gauze. The process of pupation and the emergence of the first adults were systematically monitored. Newly emerged adults, appearing on a daily basis, were selected for use in the experiments. Experimentsdishes, with a diameter of 9 cm, were used for the experiment. A piece of filter paper (Whatman paper No. 1, Whatman International, Maidstone, UK) was placed in each Petri dish. EPNs at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 IJs/ml were administered to each Petri dish, with a volume of 1 ml dispensed using a micropipette. For the control group, 1 ml of pure water without nematodes was used (Shahina and Salma 2010). Pipette tips were changed after each administration to maintain hygiene and prevent concentration variations. Within each Petri dish, five adults and five mature larvae were separately placed in accordance with their respective developmental stages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The proportions of direct and EcM N uptake modulate the final δ15N values recorded in tree-ring series. There might be a tipping point at which the bacterial and fungi communities in close association with the root system are modified so that trees exposed to similar enhancement of bioavailable N but growing on different physicochemical soil conditions will record opposite long-term δ15N trends (Savard et al. 2019). All things considered, it is no surprise that soil dynamics will impact the tree-ring series as the dominant part of N in coniferous stems originates from soil N compounds. It is clear however that research is needed on the ultimate modulation of tree-ring δ15N series by long-term changes of microbial dynamics in soils. 4 Concluding RemarksAirborne pollutants may alter both the leaf and root assimilation paths for carbon and nutrients in trees. It is often difficult to uncover and identify the coherences between the impact of a single air pollutant or other environmental vectors and specific plant responses with their stable isotopic composition. In the real world, plants are often exposed to many pollutants, that together modify the atmospheric and soil environments. Therefore, the knowledge on how each pollutant specifically affects plant metabolism is instrumental for a better understanding of the combined impact under consideration of a given environmental situation. Furthermore, it facilitates the planning of combined experimental assessments and for modeling ecosystem responses to pollution exposure. The consideration of the vegetation and management history facilitates an accurate interpretation of the isotope values from long-term chronologies and the inclusion of other parameters (tree ring width, wood density etc. ; Sidorova et al. 2019) strengthens the interpretations of tree-ring isotopic data. 386. The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. 63:637–661. Below-ground carbon allocation in mature beech and spruce trees following long-term, experimentally enhanced O3 exposure in Southern Germany. 158:2604–2609964. DD, (2001) Forest canopies as sources and sinks of atmospheric trace gases: scaling up to ecosystem level. In: (eds) Trace gas exchange in forest ecosystems. Kluwer, Boston, pp 229–242 554. P (2001) Effects of ozone on the carbon metabolism of forest trees. Biochem 39:729–742129. Registration of microenvironmental CO2 and anomalous pollution effect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: ResultsComposition, ways of remedy preparation, and utilization of medical plants Totally, 50 medical plants belonging to 24 families were identified in the study area. The most common human ailments in the study area were stomachache, common cold, malaria, tonsillitis, diabetes, toothache, rabies, intestinal parasites, skin disease, headache, and snakebite. Most medicinal plants prescription (70%) was orally administered and followed by dermal and nasal. The investigation of the remedy’s preparation indicated that grinding, crushing, chewing, and boiling was the majorities of remedies modes of preparation (Table 1). Solanaceae (14. 3%) was the dominant family followed by Asteraceae (10. 2%), Poaceae (10. 2%), Euphorbiaceae (8. 16%), Lamiaceae (6. 12%) and Musaceae (4. 1%). The family Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae were each with 4. 08%. and Flacourtiaceae were each with 2. 04%. Family use value The number of species within a family was calculated to get their Value. The result showed that Rosaceae had a high FUV (1. 00), followed by Commelinaceae (0. 98), Musaceae (0. 97), and Rubiaceae (0. 93). In contrast Flacourtiaceae (0. 15) has lower FUV followed by Scrophulariaceae (0. 27). Therapeutic indications In the study area, 28 ailments affecting humans and livestock were identified in 11 categories (Table 2). Each of the majority of species (22. 58%) were indicated to treat gastrointestinal ailments, followed by dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%), skeletomuscular system disorders (9. 67%), respiratory systems diseases (19. 35%), genitourinary ailments (3. 2%), poisonous bites (6. 5%), cardiovascular system diseases (3. 2%), endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (6. 5%), sensory neuron disease (3. 2%), fever (3. 2%) and general and unspecified ailments (9. 7%) (Fig. 2). Used forms, habit, and used parts of the plants Medicinal plants were mainly used in fresh form (65. 62%), 25% of it was used in dried form and the remaining 9. 38% was used in fresh and dried forms (Fig. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Fresh alfalfa leaves were provided in the Petri dishes as a food source for the insects and were replaced with fresh ones as needed to prevent drying. Counts were made at 24-h intervals and observations covered 144 h for mature larvae and 240 h for adults. Death insects were subjected to either dissection under a stereomicroscope or placed into White traps to facilitate the emergence of nematodes, thereby confirming their death due to EPNs (White 1927) (Fig. 1). Larval individuals were placed in separate Petri dishes containing sterile soil for pupation and kept in a completely dark climate chamber (Nüve, ID501, Türkiye) at 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2% RH and complete darkness until adult emergence. Individuals reaching the adult stage were considered viable. Fig. 1Emerging infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae (isolate A-16) (black arrow) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) (white arrows) from the body of Gonioctena fornicata (A: adult; B and C: larvae)Full size imageSource of nematodeIn this research, the nematode H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1), which was obtained from a soil sample collected from an alfalfa field located in the Zonguldak province of Türkiye and the other isolate S. feltiae (isolate A-16) was obtained from Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydın University, Aydın, Türkiye, were utilized. The soil sample underwent nematode extraction using the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) baiting method (Yağcı et al. 2023) as well as a white trap (White 1927). The pathogenicity of this isolated nematode was confirmed by inoculating healthy G. mellonella larvae. Furthermore, newly emerged infective juvenile nematodes (IJs) obtained from the white trap were stored at a temperature of 10 °C for subsequent investigations (Hazır et al. 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/cp-16-729-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/cp-16-729-2020, 2020. Received: 27 Mar 2019 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2019 – Revised: 17 Feb 2020 – Accepted: 11 Mar 2020 – Published: 09 Apr 2020 1 from documentary archives (Pfister et al. , 1999), our estimate of climate variability prior to the systematic collection of instrumental measurements in the mid-nineteenth century relies on climate-sensitive proxy data (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017; Frank et al. , 2010; Jones et al. , 2009; Smerdon and Pollack, 2016). Paleotemperature information can be extracted from natural archives such as ice cores (Steig et al. , 2013), speleothems (Martín-Chivelet et al. , 2011), tree rings (Esper et al. , 2014), lake and marine sediments (Nieto-Moreno et al. , 2013), and glacier fluctuations (Solomina et al. , 2016), among others (Jones et al. , 2009; Wanner et al. , 2008). Today there are a number of multiproxy (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2012; Hakim et al. , 2016; Hegerl et al. , 2007; Jones et al. , 1998; Ljungqvist et al. , 2012; Mann et al. , 2008, 2009; Neukom et al. , 2019; PAGES2k Consortium, 2013, 2019; Shi et al. , 2013) and tree-ring-only reconstructions (Briffa, 2000; D'Arrigo et al. , 2006; Esper et al. , 2002; Schneider et al. , 2015; Stoffel et al. , 2015; Wilson et al. , 2016) of (NH) and global temperatures. These reconstructions offer defensible characterizations of pre-instrumental, naturally forced climate variability at annual resolution and millennial timescales (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017; Wanner et al. , 2008, 2015), which is essential for placing anthropogenic warming in a long-term context.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Medicinal plants used to treat both human and livestock ailments consisted of 31 herbs (62%), 11 trees (22%), and eight shrubs (16%) species. Thus, the most common growth form of medicinal plant in the study area was a herb, followed by trees and shrubs (Fig. 4). The dominant plant part used to prepare remedies were leaves (30%), followed by seeds (21%), fruit (12%), root (10%), latex (6%), bulb (6%), rhizome (5%), pod (5%), bark (3%), shoot (1%) and stem (1%) (Fig. 5). Administration route, methods of remedy preparation, and dosage Medicinal plants were given via different routes of administration, such as oral, dermal, and nasal. The most commonly used route was oral (73. 3%), followed by dermal (21. 7%). The remaining (5%) was hold by nasal and optical application routes (Fig. 6). The most commonly used methods of remedy preparation were eating and chewing (18. 2% each) followed by grinding (13. 61%), squeezing (10. 6%), drinking (7. 6%), smelling (6. 06%), powdering (4. 55%), painting (4. 55%), boiling (4. 55%), hold on (3%), fumigating (3%), dressing, sucking, spitting and in liquid form (1. 52% each) (Fig. 7). The dosage prescribed for the treatment of the same health condition varies between the informants. It was indicated that the doses for liquid preparations were prescribed through estimation, in terms of a full, half, or one-fourth of a coffee cup 'Sini', depending on the age of the patient being treated. For certain herbal preparations that are considered harmless, the doses depend on the patient's interest and/or ability to chew a plant or eat it for a certain health condition like sudden stomach pain relief. (e. g. , chewing L. roots used to get stomach pain relief). Human health problems treatment plants A total of 50 species belong to 24 families were recorded, 41 (82%) species were used to treat human diseases (Fig. 7). A single plant can treat a number of human ailments, and a single ailment can be treated by many plants. For instance, stomachache is a major disease and can be treated by 16 medicinal plants. From the plants, Alliumsativum L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Larvae infected by EPNs were then transferred into culture flasks and stored in a refrigerator maintained at a temperature of 10 °C to preserve the nematodes' activity. In order to ensure the continued vitality of the nematodes, this process every one to two months was repeated, employing fresh wax moth larvae as hosts. This systematic approach facilitated the periodic renewal of our nematode cultures at the Nematology Laboratory, Directorate of Institute in Ankara, Türkiye. Data analysisThe initial step in analyzing the data from the concentration screening tests involved converting the results into percentage mortality. Subsequently, an arcsine transformation was applied, as described by (Warton and Hui 2011). To discern significant differences in means, Tukey's multiple range test was applied at a significance level of 5%. All statistical analyses were conducted using. Release 18 statistical software, utilizing the general linear model to assess the statistical interactions between treatments, as outlined by literature (Mckenzie and Goldman 2004). Whole experiments were carried out with four replicates for each concentration and were repeated at two different time points. ResultsThe efficacy of EPN isolates against G. fornicata was assessed for their potential as a biological control agent. The correlation between concentration and time, as well as the concentration and EPN interaction, concerning the G. fornicata, was found to be statistically significant (P < 0. 05) (Tables 1 and 2). Table 1 Mortality (%) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and Steinernema feltiae (isolate A-16) against Gonioctena fornicata adults in 240 hFull size tableTable 2 Mortality (%) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and Steinernema feltiae (isolate A-16) against Gonioctena fornicata mature larvae at 144 hFull size tableEffect of EPNs to adults’ stageA statistically significant correlation (P < 0. 05) was observed between the concentration of Z-1 and A-16 isolates and their effect on the adult stage. Furthermore, the effect of both EPN isolates displayed variability with increasing concentration and over time (Table 1). The highest entomopathogenicidal effect was of H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) on the adult stage of the G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Proxy data themselves provide valuable climate information needed to test and verify paleoclimate model simulations (Braconnot et al. , 2012; Fernández-Donado et al. , 2013; Hartl-Meier et al. , 2017; Ljungqvist et al. , 2019, 2k Consortium, 2017; PAGES 2k-PMIP3 group, 2015). Figure 1(a) Map showing the spatial distribution of proxy records from the PAGES2k 2. 0. 0 database including primary tree-ring (green), glacier ice (blue), marine (orange) and lake (red) sediment records as well as a smaller number of records from bivalves, boreholes, corals, documents, hybrids, sclerosponges, and speleothems (brown). Panel (b) same as (a) but showing only those records longer than 800 years. 2k database is a product of a community effort organized by PAGES ( last access: 1 April 2020), to amass the world's largest collection of proxy records covering the (CE) (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017). 2k database 2. 0. 0 contains 692 temperature-sensitive proxy records from trees (415), ice cores (49), lake (42) and marine sediments (58), corals (96), documentary evidence (15), sclerosponges (8), speleothems (4), boreholes (3), bivalves (1), and a hybrid tree and borehole source (1) from 648 locations distributed across all continents and major oceans (Figs. 1 and S1 in the Supplement). Unlike previously published multiproxy compilations (Mann et al. , 2008; PAGES2k Consortium, 2013), the database includes substantially more evidence from sources other than tree rings and many more records that cover the first millennium, thereby expanding the spatial and temporal coverage over oceanic and polar regions (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017). The number, spatial distribution, and diversity of the dataset provide an unprecedented opportunity to analyze regional to large-scale temperature patterns over the Common Era. 2k Consortium (2017) produced a collection of global mean composites from each of the major proxy types in its dataset. Here we present a similar visualization using only the PAGES2k NH records.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: and Vernoniaamygdalina, Sch. Bip were used to treat more than three human ailments (Table 4). Livestock aliments treating plants A single medicinal plant was recorded as being used to treat livestock disease only 1 (2%) (Fig. 8). In the study area, livestock diseases were treated with fewer plants compared to those used to treat human diseases. Human and livestock health ailments treatment plants A total of eight (16%) species were recorded as being used to treat both human and livestock diseases (Fig. 8). The most common diseases which affect human and livestock in the study area were skin disease, rabies, wound, and bone fractures. Informant consensus factor The disease categories with the highest informant consensus factor (ICF) values were cardiovascular system diseases (1. 0), followed by fever (0. 9), general and unspecified (0. 86), skeletomuscular system disorders (0. 82), endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (0. 79), respiratory systems diseases (0. 78), dermatological infections/diseases (0. 76), sensory neuron disease (0. 75), genito-urinary ailments (0. 66), poisonous bites (0. 57) and gastrointestinal ailments (0. 55) (Table 2). The medicinal plants that had higher ICF values were presumed to be more common and effective when used to treat a certain disease. However, poisonous bites and the gastrointestinal ailments category had a lower ICF value compared to other categories. Lower ICF values indicated that the informants disagreed on the taxa to be used as a treatment within the disease category. A greater number of plant species were used to treat gastrointestinal ailments (25) followed by dermatological infections/diseases (12) and then respiratory systems diseases (10). Informant consensus In this study, some medicinal plants were popular than others, and the highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. The second highest informant consensus value was found for Allium sativum L. , which was cited by 59 respondents for treating cough, malaria, stomachache, evil spirit 'Goromootiya' or 'Buda' (Table 3). Informant consensus values give a good indication about particular species that serve for particular health problems and about specific medicinal plants used for several health problems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: fornicata (94. 7%) at 120 h (F: 26. 65; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05) at the concentration of 1000 IJs/ml and the following time intervals. The initial impact of isolate Z-1 on the adult stage of the alfalfa beetle was observed at 48 h, a mortality of 7. 0% was noted at the 1000 IJs concentration, which was significantly different from the other sub-concentrations (250 and 500 IJs) (F: 4. 65; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). By the 72-h mark, the mortality for the 500 and 1000 IJs concentrations was determined to be 5. 3 and 39. 7%, respectively (F: 18. 87; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). The highest concentration exhibited a significantly different effect compared to the lowest concentrations (F: 18. 87; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). When assessing the impact of isolate Z-1 on the adult stage of the pest, it was observed that there was non-significant variation in the mortality between the 144th and 240th hrs (Table 1). The highest effect of isolate S. feltiae (isolate A-16) on G. fornicata adults was recorded at 91. 0% for the 1000 IJs concentration at the 168-h mark (F: 18. 60; df: 3. 23: P˃0. 05). The initial effect was noted at 72 h, with a rate of 0. 60% at the 1000 IJs concentration However, this effect was not statistically different from the other sub-concentrations (F: 0. 67; df: 3. 23; P > 0. 05). By the 96-h mark, the effect for all three concentrations (250, 500, 1000) was 5. 3, 11. 1 and, 29. 2%, respectively (F: 2. 54; df: 3. 23; P > 0. 05). At the 144-h mark, the effect continued to increase with increasing concentration, resulting in values of 46. 7, 63. 6 and, 86. 1%, respectively (F:16. 87; df: 3. 23: P˃0. 05).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The average NH composites of all proxies including marine sediments, lake sediments, and glacial ice cores (Fig. 2a) exhibit strong negative trends that are consistent with the gradual pre-1800 cooling reported previously in other major syntheses of Holocene proxies (cited previously). By contrast, the NH composite, derived solely from tree-ring records (Fig. 2b), shows the rapid post-1800 increase but no trend from 1 to 1800 CE. A pre-industrial cooling can be attributed to gradual changes in orbital forcing, shown to be an important driver of Holocene long-term climate oscillations (Milanković, 1941; Wanner et al. , 2015). Changes in solar insolation (Huybers and Curry, 2006) are caused by variations in the Earth's tilt (obliquity), orbit (eccentricity), and rotation axis (precession). Over the Common Era, precession triggers a shift of the perihelion (the closest point between sun and Earth) from December to January (Berger, 1978; Berger and Loutre, 1991). The collective effects of eccentricity, precession, and obliquity reduce NH warm season (June–August) incoming solar radiation by ∼9 W m−2 at 90∘ N, 5. 5 W m−2 at 60∘ N, and 3. 4 W m−2 at 30∘ N and increase warm season (December–February) radiation by ∼3. 8 W m−2 at 90∘ S, 4. 1 W m−2 at 60∘ S, and 5 W m−2 at 30∘ S (Laskar et al. , 2004) (Fig. 3). These long-term changes in orbital forcing should, theoretically, affect regional temperatures differentially (Masson-Delmotte et al. , 2013). Figure 2Compilation of NH temperature-sensitive proxy records from the PAGES2k initiative. (a) Fifty-year binned composites from 49 marine sediment (orange), 36 lake sediment (red), and 23 glacier ice (blue) records expressed in standard deviation units. Straight lines highlight the pre-industrial temperature trends (1–1800 CE) and lower graphs show the corresponding temporal distribution of the records. Gray shadings indicate 95 % bootstrap confidence intervals with 500 replicates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Fidelity level Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticum dicoccon and Commelina benghalensis were the four plant species with the highest fidelity levels (100%). The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively, and were followed by Citrus aurantiifolia (98%) and Solanium macrocarpon (97%) correspondingly within the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems diseases categories. A higher fidelity level (FL) can imply that a particular plant purpose is preferred if informants mentioned it often. In contrast, the lowest fidelity level value was assigned to Verbascum sinaiticum (25%), followed by Euphorbia tirucalli (27%) from poisonous bites and the genito-urinary ailments category, respectively. A lower fidelity level implies that a particular plant purpose is not preferred (Table 4). Direct matrix ranking Based on the evaluation of key informants, the functionality of multifunctional medicinal plants to the local people scored from 1 to 5. The output of the direct matrix analysis found Persea americana Mill. to be the preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people, followed by Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. (Table 5). Preference ranking A preference ranking of six medicinal plants that were reported as effective for treating stomachache was conducted after selecting six key (knowledgeable) participants. Stomachache is the most occurring disease treated by more medicinal plants. The members were requested to associate the specified medicinal plants with their efficacy. The results showed that Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. scored the highest mark and ranked first indicating that it was the most effective in treating stomachache and followed by Solanium incanum L. (Table 6). The p14. 3%) was the biggest contributor, followed by Asteraceae and Poaceae (10. 2%) and Euphorbiaceae (8. 16%). Solanaceae are considered to have a wide variety of alkaloids. Therapeutic, these are the most potent known anticholinergic species used for medicinal purposes in the world. family is characteristically ethnobotanical, which is commonly used by humans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Including 168 h, there was non-statistical significant difference in effect at other counting intervals thereafter (Table 1). EPN effect on mature larvae stageWhen assessing the impact of H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and S. feltiae (isolate A-16) on the mature larval stage of the pest with increasing concentration, a significant correlation (concentration/EPN) was observed (P < 0. 05). The effects of EPN isolates on the larval stage of the pest are detailed in Table 2. The initial effect of H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) on mature larvae was noted at 48 h, with a mortality of 19. 7% at the 1000 IJs concentration (F: 11. 83; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). However, the highest larval mortality was determined as 97. 6% at 96 h at a concentration of 1000 IJs/ml (F: 40. 97; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). Larval mortality was 39. 7, 77. 6, and 97. 6%, respectively, depending on the increasing concentration at 120 h. After this application time, the effect remained constant and no statistical difference was recorded (F: 32. 13; df: 3. 23; P < 0. 05). When evaluating the effect of each concentration of isolate Z-1on the larval period over time, a significant correlation (concentration/time) was observed (P < 0. 05) (Table 2). The effect of isolate A-16 on the larval stages was determined as 3. 6% in 1000 IJs and was statistically in the same group with the other concentrations (F: 1. 53; df: 3. 23: P˃0. 05). Nonetheless, the highest larval mortality was 85. 8% at the end of 120th hrs with 1000 IJs/ml concentration (F: 35. 77; df: 3. 23: P<0. 05). At 72 h, the effects were determined as 0. 6, 11. 5 and, 43. 0% IJs, respectively, depending on the increasing concentrate, while 1000 IJs was in a different group from the other sub-concentrations (F: 9. 86; df: 3. 23: P<0. 05).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Panel (b) same as in (a) for 402 tree-ring records. DownloadThe lack of a long-term negative trend in the average global tree-ring record could be related to the difficulty of retaining such low-frequency variance in dendrochronological time series (Cook et al. , 1995). Esper et al. (2012) demonstrated that orbital trends are retained in a long and well-replicated maximum latewood density (MXD) chronology, whereas such variability could not be preserved in the tree-ring width (TRW) data of the same trees. Esper et al. (2012) argues that, unlike long MXD records, tree-ring width (TRW) records are incapable of capturing orbital trends. If this is the case, then including TRW records in past global temperature assessments might result in an underestimate of pre-instrumental warmth, e. g. , during medieval and Roman times (Esper et al. , 2004; Frank et al. , 2010; Wang et al. , 2014). Combining proxies that systematically vary in their low-frequency trends seemingly contributes to the development of temperature reconstructions of differing temperature amplitudes over the pre-industrial era (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2012, 2011; D'Arrigo et al. , 2006; Hakim et al. , 2016; Jones et al. , 1998; Juckes et al. , 2007; Ljungqvist et al. , 2012; Mann et al. , 1999, 2008; PAGES2k Consortium, 2013; Schneider et al. , 2015; Steiger et al. , 2018; Wilson et al. , 2016). Here we analyze the PAGES2k collection of temperature-sensitive proxy records to understand why the mean tree-ring record lacks a pre-industrial millennial-scale cooling trend that is otherwise preserved in ice core and lake and marine sediment data. We hypothesize that the absence of this long-term negative trend in tree-ring chronologies may be a consequence of the climate sensitivity of the trees used, their detrending, and spatial distribution of the datasets. To test these potential explanations, we explore the effect of three significant attributes of just the tree-ring component that may have a bearing on the long-term temperature trend reported in the PAGES2k initiative.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It is an essential source of food, spice, and medicine and is also recorded for insecticidal properties [28]. In the report, Asteraceae and Poaceae were the second dominant families in human health care. However, other ethnobotanical researchers [29] [30] considered Asteraceae to be dominant in their field of study. This can be attributed to the geographical location, the social condition, and other cultural causes of local communities. The degree of ethnobotanical exploration in their areas of study may be a further explanation, or the entire region may not have been explored thoroughly. In the field of research, most plants have been used for treating human and livestock diseases. Among the 50 medicinal plants, 41 species were used for the treatment of 27 human ailments, whereas one species was used to treat one livestock ailments. The other eight species were used for the treatment of four common human and livestock diseases. Many medicinal plants have been used to treat a greater proportion of human diseases than animals because of human diseases such as stomachache, snake biting, cough, malaria, wound, ‘mitch’, and toothache. The rural population in the study area due to its socio-economic situation, the distance from its living area, and a lack of road infrastructure are not readily accessible for modern medical facilities. Abebe [8] and Hostettmann and Marston [2] have stated that 80% of people in the country are still using herbal remedies for various problems. Similar results from their study sites have been recorded in Ethiopia by many researchers [14] [12] [33]. Medicinal plants are often gathered from the wild by the healers in the study field. Most ethnomedicinal plants come from wild areas [13] [16]. The medicinal plants in the study area had diverse growth forms; in this case, herbs were the dominant growth form. Similarly, Chama [12], Giday et al. [14], Hailemariam et al. [16], and Lulekal et al. [31] reported that most medicinal plants were herbs in Damot Gale, Sheko, Konta and Ankober districts, respectively. In contrast, the majority of medicinal plants were shrubs in the south Omo and [17], [32]. Regassa [18], in Hawassa city, indicated that the majority of the collected medicinal plants there were trees.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Depending on the increase in concentration, the effects at 120th and 144th hrs did not change and 32. 9, 63. 9, and 85. 8% mortality was determined in the larval stage, respectively (Table 2). DiscussionIn this experiment, the insecticidal activity of two local EPNs, H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and S. feltiae (isolate A-16), against adults and larvae of G. fornicata was investigated. EPNs have been reported by different researchers as a potential biological control agent for the control of different insect pest adults that overwinter in the soil and mature larvae that descend to the soil to pupate (Georgis et al. 2006). In terms of infectivity in the adult period, Z-1 isolate showed higher activity than A-16 isolate and caused death in a shorter time. In the larval stage, similarly, the mortality was high in Z-1 isolate. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) demonstrated a high impact on G. fornicata adults. Another study similar to these findings, the application of H. bacteriophora at a rate of 1000 IJs per G. fornicata adult resulted in a 100% mortality 3 days post-treatment in the laboratory (Majic et al. 2013). According to the results, G. fornicata adults were susceptible to all isolates tested in the study, while the lowest mortality was obtained from S. feltiae (isolate 09–31) with 94. 7% at 2000 IJs/adult concentration. In other isolates, mortality ranged between 97. 6 and 100% after 120 h of treatment (Çağlayan et al. 2021). It was determined that different isolates of the EPN species displayed varying activity levels against the target insect. The other EPN, S. feltiae (isolate A-16), led to different mortality against G. fornicata adults. The highest effect was achieved at a concentration of 1000 IJs with 91. 0% mortality. In addition, Trdan et al. (2006) reported that S. feltiae showed the highest efficacy in the management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adult populations at 15 °C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Figure 3(a) June–August, December–February, and annual insolation changes at 30–60∘ N relative to 2000 CE and (b) June–August insolation changes at different latitudinal bands (Laskar et al. , 2004). on the spatial and seasonally varying effect of orbital forcing over the Common Era, we expect a millennial-scale cooling trend prior to the industrial period, particularly in summer-sensitive, high northern latitude proxies (Esper et al. , 2012; Kaufman et al. , 2009). Therefore, the absence of a distinct pre-industrial cooling in the PAGES2k tree-ring network could be a by-product of the spatial distribution of tree-ring proxies in the network. If the 2k network had equal representation from midlatitude and high-latitude tree-ring records, it should capture the millennial-length cooling trend in summer, as we expect proxy records from high northern latitudes to contain a stronger summer cooling trend than their midlatitude counterparts. All tree-ring parameters, with the possible exception of δ18O (Esper et al. , 2015; Helama et al. , 2015; Young et al. , 2011), include age-related, non-climatic signals that need to be removed prior to chronology development and reconstruction (Bräker, 1981; Cook, 1990; Douglass, 1919; Fritts, 1976). The selection of a suitable tree-ring detrending method is one of the fundamental challenges in the field of dendroclimatology (Briffa et al. , 1992; Cook et al. , 1995; Esper et al. , 2004; Melvin et al. , 2013). However, tree-ring detrending methods vary in their approach to model tree growth, and if applied indiscriminately, they can remove long-term cooling trends related to orbital forcing, either intentionally or inadvertently, interpreted as biological noise (Cook et al. , 1995; Esper et al. , 2004). Given that the PAGES2k database contains no information regarding the detrending method used to produce the tree-ring chronologies in its collection, we assume all were produced using different detrending methods and that those methods are applied to differently structured tree-ring datasets (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The results showed here that leaves were the most commonly used component, contributing rather than harvesting a root and/or whole plant to the conservation of plants. In the same way, Hailemariam et al. [16], Giday et al. [14], and Chama [12] reported leaves as the predominant plant part used in their study site. In contrast, the most frequently used plant parts were roots in the Hadiya zone [15] and in Benna-Tsemaye [11]. Lulekal et al. [32] and Tolossa et al. [17] also noted roots were the most commonly used plant part in a study focusing on district and south Omo, respectively. The local people in the district use different remedy preparation process based on the type of disease to be treated. Eating, chewing, grinding, squeezing, drinking, smelling, powdering, painting, boiling, hold on, and spitting were some of the preparation methods used to treat human and livestock diseases. In this survey, eating and chewing were the most widely used process. Apart from Diguna Fango, the most widely used remedy preparation methods have also been identified in similar findings [11] [18] [20]. These were grinding, followed by chewing, boiling, eating, and in liquid form. The remedies prepared have been administered in various ways. Some of the administrative routes have been oral, dermal, and nasal. In the present region, most remedies have been administered orally and the dermal and nasal routes have been followed. In various parts of Ethiopia, similar findings have also been reported. In the district of the majority of medicinal plants were given orally [12]. Tolossa et al. [17] reported that the majority of plants were used in oral applications in the south Omo. Tolossa and Megersa [33] found that prepared remedies were widely administered orally in Berbere district, Bale zone of State. In the study area, the diseases affecting both humans and livestock were 28 in number. This indicated that the people of the district suffered from fewer ailments as compared to those in other areas, such as in the Berbere district, Tolossa and Megersa [33], district, [12] and the south Omo [17]. Moreover, a single human ailment found to be treatable by several medicinal plants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Researchers found that a high efficacy of different strains and concentrations of S. feltiae on overwintering L. decemlineata adults (88 to 100%) (Wright et al. 1987). Atay and Kepenekci (2016) reported that Turkish isolates of (EPNs) (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora) were tested against Holotrichapion pullum (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera, Apionidae) under laboratory conditions at 500, 1000 and, 2000 IJs/ml and at 20 °C. S. carpocapsae caused 82. 15% mortality at 2000 IJs/ml. In contrast, S. feltiae caused 35. 21%, while H. bacteriophora caused less 30. 55% mortality. It has been reported by researchers that EPNs can show different efficacy on the same pest as well and different isolates of the same species can show different efficacy on the same pest (Canhilal et al. 2007). The results of the present study were similar to previous studies and isolate Z-1 and isolate A-16 showed different efficacy on the same insect species for both adult and larval stages. Based on the obtained results, the mortality of insects exposed to EPNs fluctuates based on factors such as: virulence, nematode species and strains, insect species, biological stages of insects, EPN concentrations, exposure duration, and temperature (Yağcı et al. 2023) The observation that G. fornicata larvae achieved the highest efficacy in shorter time than both EPN types under investigation aligns with the aforementioned discoveries. Since G. fornicata overwinters in the soil, and the mature larvae move into the soil for pupation, EPN isolates may enhance the chances of success in pest control. EPNs are more efficient against larvae and other pre-imagine stages of insects because they can enter their bodies more easily (LeBeck et al. 1993). According to the results obtained, isolate Z-1 exhibited the highest efficacy against fourth-stage larvae at a concentration of 1000 IJs, reaching 97. 6% mortality at the 96th hrs, while isolate A-16 showed the highest efficacy at 120th hrs, with 85. 8% mortality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , the temporal distributions of short and long tree-ring measurements series, indicative of young and old trees, over the past 2000 years are not the same). If this is the case, such disparities will affect the database chronologies' long-term variability, causing the tree-ring mean to lack millennial-scale trends (Briffa et al. , 2013; Büntgen et al. , 2017; Linderholm et al. , 2014). The inclusion of chronologies having a mixed climate sensitivity (e. g. , Seim et al. , 2012) and their potential introduction of non-temperature-related noise (Baltensweiler et al. , 2008) might weaken a reconstruction. The establishment of large-scale (continental or hemispheric) temperature reconstructions relies on the assumption that all proxy records used to produce the reconstruction have a substantial temperature signal and that the signal is temporally stable over the entire record length (Esper et al. , 2016). We assume that the inclusion of tree-ring chronologies with a mixed sensitivity, including other climate parameters besides temperature (Babst et al. , 2019, 2013; Galván et al. , 2014; Klesse et al. , 2018), weakens a reconstruction and that reconstructions composed of weakly calibrating chronologies contain less or no orbitally forced trends. We begin by describing the varying ability of the proxies used in the PAGES2k network to preserve orbitally forced, millennial-scale temperature trends. Then we evaluate and discuss how a more discriminating proxy selection might help improve our understanding of past climate variability over the Common Era. 2 Data and methods 2. 1 Data preparation 2k database (Fig. 1) was accessed via the website of the NCEI-Paleo/Service for Paleoclimatology ( last access: 31 March 2020). Hemisphere was excluded from our analysis due to having too few samples (111 records in total, with only 13 tree-ring records) and the suggestion of ambiguous links between the hemispheres on orbital timescales (Kawamura et al. , 2007; Laepple et al. , 2011; Petit et al. , 1999). All NH records were normalized over their individual record lengths by subtracting the time series mean (μ) from each single proxy value and then dividing the difference by the series' standard deviation (σ).

Output: contrast