Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Thirty-two pathways were significantly enriched in the high explorers and 14 pathways were significantly enriched in the low explorers. The majority of pathways with significantly different abundance between the high and low exploratory groups were related to metabolism (78% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 64% pathways abundant in low explorers) with the rest being genetic information processing (0% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 28. 5% pathways abundant in low explorers), cellular processes (6. 15% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 7. 14% pathways abundant in low explorers), human diseases (9. 3% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers), environmental information processing (3. 12% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers) and organismal systems (3. 12% of pathways abundant in high explorers versus 0% pathways abundant in low explorers) (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Size results identifying functional pathways differentially abundant in the gut microbiomes of high and low explorersFull size imageDiscussionOur results indicate that exploratory behavior in wild-caught house sparrows is positively correlated with the alpha diversity of their gut microbiome. High explorers had higher diversity relative to low explorers. Beta diversity also differed between high and low explorers, indicating that high explorers had different microbiome compositions than low explorers, however, this was only the case in pre-captivity samples. Finally, the functional pathways present in the microbiomes of high and low explorers differed. These findings provide the first evidence that the microbiome community is related to host exploratory behavior in a wild-caught species. Birds that were high explorers in our novel environment had high alpha diversity in their gut microbiomes both before and after time spent in captivity. It is likely that birds that were high explorers in our novel environment were also high explorers in the wild, as exploratory traits measured in the lab in other passerine species have been found to reflect behavior in the wild [41]. Because the gut is colonized with microorganisms present in the host’s environment [42,43,44,45], the high explorers likely encountered more diverse microorganisms within these varied habitats compared with low explorers. Host organisms encounter microorganisms from the environment through interacting with substrates, like soil and leaf litter, as well as by ingesting microorganisms on food [42, 46, 47].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Blue channel represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. Driver strains in (a-j) were used in Figure 1d-m. Driver strains in (k-m) are strains used in supplementary Figure S3. 201Y-Gal4 (N) is the driver strain used in Figure 6. Scale bar: 200 µm. Figure S2. Controls for GRASP experiments. (a-c) signals were not observed in control groups. The first column shows the mouse anti-GFP staining (green) for GRASP signals, the second column shows MB lobes by RFP (red), and the third column shows the rabbit anti-GFP staining (blue) which only recognizes the spGFP1-10. (a) (mouse antibody, green) and spGFP1-10 (rabbit antibody, blue) can be recognized in the lower peduncle (LP) compartment (white arrows), in a larval brain expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 and spGFP11 under MB247-LexA. Some strong spGFP1-10 signals outside of MB are also colocalized with GRASP signals (yellow arrowheads). (b) GRASP signals are hardly observed in a larval brain only expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 (no MB247-LexA in this brain), while anti-spGFP1-10 signals are still strong (magenta arrows). (c) nor spGFP1-10 can be recognized in a larval brain only expressing spGFP11 under MB247-LexA (cyan arrowheads). Scale bars: 20 µm. (d) A Schematic diagram shows the mechanism of GRASP. Modified from Macpherson et. al. 89. Figure S3. D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression pattern of D2R. (a-b) Control staining for D2R-tagged GFP in Figure 3. The green channel represents GFP signals whereas magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. GFP staining in WT (a). Secondary antibody only staining for the D2R-tagged GFP strain (b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Many performance and optimization studies have been recently carried out to examine the optimal configuration of ORC geothermal power facilities [17, 18] as well as on the investigation of optimal working fluids in ORCs [19, 20, 21]. In Ref. [22], the researchers investigated the performance of three configurations of ORC for binary geothermal power plants; simple ORC, regenerative ORC and ORC with Exchanger (ORC-IHE). It is concluded that the ORC-IHE outperforms the other configurations from the thermodynamic perspective while the simple ORC had the highest value of net output power. The 2-stage designs of a binary cycle yield higher net electrical power output and thermal and exergy efficiencies than the 1-stage counterparts [23]. As the thermal energy extracted from underground field is conveyed to a second working fluid; therefore, selection of such working medium plays an important role on the system design, performance, and economics. The optimal choice of the working fluid for a binary cycle must consider the thermodynamic characteristics of both geofluid and working fluid, safety of use, health and environmental impact [9]. Various objective functions have been used in literature for working fluid selection, such as the net power output [24], ratio of net power output to heat exchanger area [25], first or second law efficiencies [26] and volumetric expanders [27]. In [28] the authors conducted a comparative study of several working fluids, such as water, coolants and some hydrocarbons, for a Rankine cycle operating at low temperature. The study concluded that using organic working fluids, the Rankine cycle achieved good efficiencies for the recovery of low enthalpy resources. An optimization study conducted by [29] revealed that the n-pentane working fluid produced the highest first and second law efficiencies for a binary ORC plant. The study in [29] explored the thermodynamic performance of 20 working fluids for a binary ORC and found out that R123, R141b and ethanol are the most appropriate for small scale domestic and Power (CHP) applications. CHP or cogeneration plants are efficient technology that produces both electricity and thermal energy at considerably higher efficiency than its counterpart of only-electricity or only-heat systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: For example, correlations between diet and specific bacteria taxa were found in an insectivorous passerine, attributed to exposure to different bacteria from different diets [48]. Furthermore, these high exploring birds potentially encountered more diverse microorganisms through social interactions. In another passerine, high explorers interact more with other individuals, potentially exposing them to diverse microorganisms through social contact [49, 50]. Other studies have also found evidence that habitat use influences microbiome diversity. Migratory birds that reside in different habitats throughout the year have a distinct microbiome composition from non-migrant individuals of the same species [51]. Rural gulls (Larsus argentatus) with higher habitat heterogeneity and lower site fidelity had higher microbiome diversity compared to more urban birds [52]. Global change and urbanization are currently presenting challenges to many species and have required rapid adaptation. These habitat changes also present challenges in terms of maintaining a diverse and stable microbiome, which may have detrimental effects on host health [53]. It is possible that the microbiome is influencing exploratory behavior rather than vice versa. Behavioral traits can be impacted by microbiome composition through mechanisms such as altered gene expression, hormones, and neurotransmitters [20, 23, 54, 55]. For example, gnotobiotic mice had higher exploratory behavior as well as altered gene expression in the brain [20]. Recent research in birds has also found that microbiome diversity and composition was correlated with behavior and performance in cognitive tasks [56, 57]. It is also possible that another variable is driving the correlation between exploratory behavior and microbiome composition. For example, an individual’s genotype contributes both to behavior [58, 59] and microbiome composition [60, 61] and recent work in mice have found complex interactions between genotype and microbiome resulting in changes in behavior [62]. Exploratory behavior and microbiome diversity are possibly interrelated and contribute to each other. Experimental studies are therefore needed to determine the causality of this relationship. We also found significant differences in the beta diversity between high and low exploring birds. Therefore, high explorers not only have more diverse microbiome communities but have different composition compared to low explorers. In addition, beta diversity significantly differed based on scaled body mass, possibly because individuals with different body masses consume different diets or have different genotypes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (c-e) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in some DANs. The green channel represents GFP signals, red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers, and blue marks DANs with TH antibodies. R72C08 labels three DM1 neurons (c). R72C04 labels one DM1 (d) and two DL2b neurons (e). (f-h) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in mushroom body neurons. The green channel represents GFP signals, and red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers. R72D03 marks some MBNs in mushroom body (f). R72C08 labels some MBNs in axons (g), dendrites and soma (h). (i) D2R is absent in the core of mushroom body lobes, from a transection view of the lower peduncle. Scale bars: 200 µm (a and b); 20 µm (c-e, g-i), 50 µm (f). Figure S4. D2Rs in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1 are not necessary for aversive learning. (a-b) Dendrites and axons of DAN-d1 (a) and g1 (b) are labeled by DenMark (red) and sytGFP (green), correspondingly. (c-d) D2Rs are expressed in DAN-d1 (c) and DAN-g1 (d). The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged--g1 and d1 are marked by mCherry, and DANs are labeled by TH-antibody (blue). (e) Knockdown D2R in neither in DAN-g1 nor DAN-d1 impairs aversive learning. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f) The gene structure of D2R, the insertion site of GFP, and the D2R-microRNA targeting sequence are shown in a schematic diagram. Modified from Xie and Ho61.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: It was reported that the operational parameters of a binary plant (such as air mass flow rate, mass flow rate of organic medium and inlet turbine pressure) and plant performance i. e. , net power output degrade over the plant lifetime [14]. In order to maintain the plant performance over its life span, the mass flow rates of organic fluid and air cooling should be adjusted. In addition, the plant design can be modified by placing a recuperator and reducing the heat transfer area of vaporizer and preheater. Besides the standard binary geothermal power system, advanced configurations of geothermal energy conversion systems have been also well investigated. This includes: hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems, hybrid flash-binary configuration and hybrid fossil geothermal technology [23, 30]. In addition, the development of hybrid power systems integrating geothermal plants with biomass, fuel cells, wind, solar systems and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies has been gaining a lot of interest [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. When compared to single-flash and double-flash cycles, the binary ORC plant attained the highest thermal efficiency and output power among the three geothermal power plants [36]. An exergoeconomic investigation between double-flash and single-flash/ORC combined cycles revealed that the single-flash/ORC integrated cycle offers the highest energy and exergy efficiencies [37]. Based on a comparison between various types of geothermal power plants in terms of energy and exergy metrics, it was concluded that the combined flash-binary cycle with R123 working fluid, at a temperature 230°C and mass flow rate of geothermal heat source 1 kg/s, has the highest amount between various investigated configurations with a maximum thermal efficiency of 11. 81% [38]. A combined flash-binary ORC power unit is schematically shown in Figure 5. The working mechanism of the plant is as follows; firstly, the geofluid is throttled in a valve to a lower pressure (point 2), then the obtained two-phase fluid is decomposed into saturated liquid and saturated steam by getting through the flash chamber i. e. , separator (3 and 4). The extracted saturated steam drives a prime mover that is connected to a power generator (5); the steam turbine exhaust is then cooled in the condenser (6).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: There are likely other factors that are important in determining differences in the microbiome composition, as the pre-captivity samples had clustering in the PCoA analysis that is unexplained by any of our measured variables. Interestingly, beta diversity did not significantly differ in exploratory behavior or scaled mass in the post-captivity samples, possibly because the standard captive environment reduced the differences in the microbiome between high and low exploring birds and birds of different masses. Despite differences in beta diversity in pre-captivity samples, the only taxon that was found to be significantly different between the two groups is a Catellicoccus bacteria, a common genus in the guts of several bird species [63,64,65,66]. The structure of the Catellicoccus marimammalium genome, the first described species in this genus, indicates that it is a gut symbiont, however its role in the gut microbiome is still not well described [67]. To further understand the differences between the microbiome communities, we investigated differences in their functional pathways. We predicted that high and low explorers would differ in the functional capabilities of their microbial communities. In the high explorers, their gut microbiomes had higher numbers of functions related to the formation of biofilms by opportunistic pathogens and the metabolism of xenobiotics. Biofilm formation can be harmful to the host when initiated by opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomous aeruginosa [68]. Birds with higher exploratory behavior (and higher numbers of functions related to the formation of biofilms) therefore may have immune systems that are able to suppress the formation of these biofilms within their guts [69]. Exploration and resistance to pathogens are both important traits in a successful invasive species such as the house sparrow [70, 71]. However, it is not known if the gut microbiome mediates the relationship between immunity and behavior in this species. Xenobiotics are environmental toxins and high explorer birds may have microbiomes that are better at degrading and eliminating ingested xenobiotics than low explorers. Similarly, urban house sparrows have microbiomes with higher levels of xenobiotic degrading genes compared with rural house sparrows [72]. Therefore, the more exploratory birds may be better adapted to these birds’ urban environment. In addition to these functions, we also found several other differences between these groups in metabolism, cellular processes (such as DNA replication and transcription), and pathways for responding to environmental conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c and d). Figure S5. Knockdown D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs aversive learning. (a) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning when using propionic acid as the odorant. (b) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant, while knockdown of D2R in either DAN-d1 or g1 does not affect learning. (c) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DANs under TH-GAL4 impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 01, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S6. Naïve sensory and motor functions of Drosophila larvae. (a-e) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. (a) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward pentyl acetate (PA). (b) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward propionic acid (ProA). (c) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward quinine (QUI). (d) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward sucrose (SUC). (e) No significant difference is found between strains and WT, except DAN-c1. So, larvae from DAN-c1 × WT are used for all behavioral assays (refer to i). (f-i) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to RNAi experiments. (f) No significant difference exists between strains and WT. (g) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward QUI. (h) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward SUC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the saturated liquid of the separator enters the heat exchanger to give off heat to the binary unit (7). The exit mixed stream of condenser and heat exchanger is then injected back into the ground (8). The pump within the binary ORC pressurizes the organic working fluid to a high level (10), that is in turn be in a form of saturated vapor when thermally exchanged with the heat of saturated geofluid stream in the evaporator (11). The saturated vapor is expanded into the steam turbine and delivers work to produce further electricity (12). Finally, water flow in the condenser condenses the superheat vapor and exits as a saturated liquid (9) [39]. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the single flash/ORC combined cycle. As mentioned earlier, integration of multiple generators of different technologies especially of renewable ones has been attracting a considerable attention. The synergy offers cost competitiveness, greater overall efficiency and a higher capacity factor as compared to a single source power supply [40]. For instance, hybridization of geothermal with concentrating solar power (CSP) can overcome several challenges encountered by standalone geothermal plants [41]. The concept is that as the ambient temperature increases with the progress of the day the hourly output of a standalone geothermal plant decreases. Nevertheless, CSP involvement can handle this issue as its output increases with a rise in the ambient temperature and more than 70% in annual energy output could be attained [42]. Generally, CSP can be incorporated in the geothermal plant both in the preheating or the superheating configuration [43]. Advertisement 3. Worldwide status of geothermal power productionBy the end of 2018, the cumulative global installed capacity of geothermal power amounted to 13. 28 GW generated an annual electrical energy of about 86 TWh. Geothermal resource has contributed significantly in electricity production in some regions; 17% of New Zealand’s electricity production and 31% of Iceland’s electricity production was met by geothermal in 2018 [44]. In 2020, the global additions of geothermal capacity are estimated at 300 MW. Indonesia and Turkey led the new development, with 145 MW and 70 MW of capacity added for the two countries, respectively. The technology is forecast to reach 16. 5 GW of aggregate capacity worldwide by 2022 [45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: All these functions are predictions and therefore direct measurement of the microbiome’s functional capabilities and experimental exploration on their impacts is needed to understand how it relates to the birds’ exploratory behavior. ConclusionOur results show that exploratory behavior positively correlates with alpha diversity in the gut microbiome in a wild-caught bird species. We also found that beta diversity and some functional pathways are significantly different between levels of exploratory behavior. These results suggest that differences in behavior may be driving differences in microbiome diversity and composition by influencing the variety of microbe taxa able to colonize the host. It is also possible that differences in the microbiome are driving differences in exploratory behavior. The results of this study are correlational but provide a basis for further explorations on this topic. Interesting next steps could include experimental manipulations of the microbiome (via diet manipulations or antibiotics) to determine the impact on avian behavior as well as investigating the relationship between the microbiome and other behaviors (such as sociality). MethodsAnimals and housingthrough July 2020, we captured 45 adult house sparrows from 5 capture sites (at least 0. 5 km apart, 3. 2 ± 1. 9 km (mean ± standard deviation)) in and Bryan, Texas. These locations consisted of residential areas (30o67’N, 96o32’W; 30o59’N, 96o32’W; 30o59’N, 96o32’W), a suburban park (30o62’N, 96o35’W), and a poultry research center (30o58’N, 96o35’W). Birds were caught in either potter traps or mist nets. Immediately after capture, birds were placed in a paper bag with a sterilized weightboat at the bottom to collect a fecal sample (methodology outlined in [24]. Fecal samples were collected as a proxy for the microbial community present in the gut [28, 29]. Once the birds had defecated (within 5 min), the feces were placed in an Eppendorf tube with a sterile spatula. Samples were placed on ice until they were able to be stored in a − 80 °C freezer (mean time to freezer 107 ± 63 min). Birds were then transported to the housing facility and individuals were marked with a numbered metal leg band.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (i) There is a significant difference between strains in larval locomotion speed, and there is significant difference between DAN-d1, DAN-d1 × RNAi and WT, but these differences do not affect the learning ability of larvae. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S7. Over-excitation of DANs during learning impairs larval aversive learning. Third instar larvae with ChR2 expression in most DANs (TH-Gal4) were used. Activation of DANs during training impairs larval aversive learning (a), while keeps appetitive learning intact (c). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (b). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001. numbers, see Table S4. Supplementary TablesTable S1. Other strains used in this study. Table S2. N numbers of learning assays with thermogenetics. Table S3. N numbers of DD2R knockdown experiments. Table S4. N numbers of learning assays with optogenetics10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 0012Neve K. A. Seamans J. K. Trantham-Davidson H. 2004Dopamine receptor signalingJ 24:165–205 J. H2013Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviorsCircuits 7 C. Nash S. R. Robinson S. W. Jaber M. Caron M. G1998Dopamine receptors: from structure to function78:189–225 A. Dunnett S. B2007Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update30:194–202 M. V. Antzoulatos E. G. Miller E. K2014Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memoryNeuroscience 282:217–229 M2014The ventral tegmentum and dopamine: A new wave of diversityNeuroscience 282:243–247 R. Benarroch E. E2014Dopamine receptor signaling in the forebrain: recent insights and clinical implicationsNeurology 83:758–767 J. M. Gainetdinov R. R2011The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors63:182–217 M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Stated of America has been at the top world rank in terms of geothermal power capacity [46], Turkey, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines would be responsible for most of the technology growth and continue to lead capacity additions beyond 2022. Geothermal power cumulative capacity and additions in leading countries are depicted in Figure 6 [44]. Figure 6. Geothermal power capacity and additions in top countries by 2018 [44]. Geothermal technology exploitation depends primarily on the resource potential and economic considerations, but generally, most existing geothermal facilities worldwide use flash or dry-steam technologies. However, on global scale, binary-cycle technology has been the fastest progressing technology in recent time, due in part to rising utilization of relatively low-temperature resources [44]. i. e. , thermal energy consumption of geothermal energy technology is one of the common and versatile form of utilizing the underground heat [47]. The installed global total of geothermal power capacity for sectors is estimated at 26 GWt at the end of 2018 [44]. The distribution of geothermal applications is categorized as: 58. 8% for heat pumps, 18% for bathing and swimming, 16% for space heating, 3. 5% for greenhouse heating, 1. 6% for industrial applications, 1. 3% for raceway heating and aquaculture pond, while the remainder goes to other applications such as agricultural drying and snow melting and cooling, etc. [47]. Geothermal heat pumps have the greatest geothermal utilization worldwide, accounting for 59. 2% of the annual energy use and 71. 6% of the installed capacity by 2020. The installed capacity for geothermal based heat pumps approaching 77,547 MWt mostly built in North America, Europe and China. The size of individual systems ranges from 5. 5 kW for residential installation to greater than 150 kW for commercial and institutional units [47]. Most heat pumps systems in Europe are sized for the heating load that are designed to meet the base load, with surging by fossil fuels. In Finland, as an example, some of these units reached an operation of up to 3,000 equivalent full-load heating hours per year i. e. , a capacity factor of 0. 34. Space heating, including district heating and individual space heating, has now an installed capacity of 12,768 MWt and an annual energy use of 162,979 TJ/yr.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 6) which was used to remove adaptors and trim reads with base quality below a Phred score of 20 resulting in 2,300,451 reads. Trimmed sequences were then processed using the Mothur software (version 1. 45. 3; [31] using standard operating procedure (accessed May 2021). Briefly, the sequences were assembled into contigs and further quality trimmed. Identical sequences were merged, and singletons were removed. Remaining sequences were aligned against the SILVA database (Release 132). Chimeric sequences were removed using the function. Remaining sequences were clustered into Units (OTUs) with 97% similarity. Samples with fewer than 1000 reads were dropped from subsequent analysis as the low sequence read count may skew downstream analysis [32]. Statistical analysisFiles were imported into RStudio (version 4. 1. 2) using the phyloseq R package (version 1. 36. 0 [33]). Variance stabilization transformation was applied to the OTU counts to account for the differences in library size across samples using the Deseq2 R package (version 1. 32. 0; [34]. Analyses were also performed using raw data and data rarified to 1810 sequences, which is size of the sample with the lowest read count after filtering, however, the analyses of these data yielded similar results, so we present them in the supplement only (Additional file 1: Tables S2–S5). To quantify alpha diversity, we calculated Shannon’s index, Chao1, and observed OTUs (using phyloseq R package), which were then used as the dependent variable in linear mixed effect models. Chao1 and observed OTUs were log-transformed to better fit model assumptions. The independent variables of each model were the number of different objects the bird visited, scaled body mass, sex, latency to approach first object, and activity level. Capture location and date were used as the random effects in the model (lme4 R package version 1. 1–27. 1; [35]). To quantify beta diversity, which quantifies differences in microbial community composition, we divided birds into ‘high explorer’ (visited 2–5 objects; n = 25), and ‘low explorer’ (visited 0–1 objects; n = 20) groups. We then calculated dissimilarity matrices using both Bray–Curtis and weighted-UniFrac distances.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: O. et al. 2019Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological DiseasesNeurobiol 39:31–59 S2010Dopamine reveals neural circuit mechanisms of fly memory33:457–464 J. Krause W. C. Davis R. L2008Olfactory memory traces in DrosophilaRes 169:293–304 H. J. Tong C. Tsuda H2010100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the futureNeurosci 11:514–522 S. Seto E. S2014Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms63:107–119 M2003Mushroom body memoir: from maps to modelsNeurosci 4:266–275 R. L. 2004Olfactory learningNeuron :31–48 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2005Induction of cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 25:7905–7913 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2009Distinctive neuronal networks and biochemical pathways for appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 29:852–862 A. et al. 2016of and Memory in 12 W. G. Harris W. A. Benzer S1974Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster71:708–712 B. L. Bonini N. Dawson D. R. Quinn W. G1983Reward learning in normal and mutant 80:1482–1486 G. Davis R. L2001Molecular biology and anatomy of Drosophila olfactory associative learningBioessays 23:571–581 W. G. Dudai Y1976Memory phases in DrosophilaNature 262:576–577 S. Armstrong J. D. Kitamoto T. Kaiser K. Quinn W. G2000The amnesiac gene product is expressed in two neurons in the Drosophila brain that are critical for memoryCell 103:805–813 Y. Jan Y. N. Byers D. Quinn W. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: In terms of annual energy use, the leaders are Turkey, Russia, Japan, the United States, and Switzerland, accounting for about 75% of the world’s individual space heating and nearly 90% of the world’s total use in district heating. Use or what is alternatively called offers large-scale viable systems that optimize the value stream of lower temperature resources through a multiple of purposes, from electricity production to direct cooling and heating, commercial and industrial applications, etc. [46]. Table 4 provides a summary of the installed capacity factor (in MWt), and leading states for various categories of for the year 2020. Utilization(MWt)Capacity FactorLeaders in annual energy utilization (TJ/yr)Geothermal heat pumps77,5470. 245United States, China, Germany, Sweden and FinlandSpace heating12,7680. 405Turkey, Russia, Switzerland, the and JapanGreenhouse heating2,4590. 462China, Turkey, Netherlands, Hungary and RussiaAquacultural pond heating9500. 463United States, China, Italy, Iceland and IsraelAgricultural drying2570. 435China, Hungary, France, Japan and United StatesIndustrial uses8520. 610New Zealand, China, Russia, Iceland and HungaryBathing and swimming12,2530. 473Japan, China, Turkey, Mexico and BrazilSnow melting4350. 189Iceland, Japan, United States, Argentina and SloveniaOther1060. 584(irrigation and frost protection), Japan (cooking) and Kenya (boiling water)Total107,727Table 4. MWt and leading states for various categories of direct-utilization for the year 2020 [4]. Advertisement 4. Economic and environmental impacts of geothermal energyIn addition of being harnessed for the production of electrical energy, geothermal energy can also be utilized for various thermal applications including industrial heat input and space heating. Geothermal waters are highly beneficial for health and well-being, treat arthritis and skin diseases. Production of freshwater and minerals exploiting the hot reinjected brine of geothermal resource is also a viable and economic option [4]. Furthermore, geothermal energy resources improve the security and defense of the country through their exploitation in military facilities such as heating of runways and heliports and wide range applications of heat pumps [48]. For the above-mentioned advantages, many countries offer incentives for the use of the technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: We then used the adonis2 function to run in the vegan R package (version 2. 5–7; [36] set at 999 permutations, which compares the centroids of microbial communities of different groups with either Bray–Curtis or weighted UniFrac distances as the dependent variable. The independent variables included were exploratory behavior (high explorer or low explorer), sex, scaled body mass, activity levels, latency to visit first object, capture location and trial date. Date and capture location were included as fixed effects because cannot accommodate mixed effect models. also cannot accommodate continuous variables, so scaled body mass, activity levels, and latency to visit first object were converted into discrete variables by using quartiles to split data into four groups. We also compared the dispersion of the two groups with a test using the betadisper function in vegan [37]. We used principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots to visualize the dissimilarity distances between the groups. Finally, to determine any taxa that were significantly different between high and low explorers we used the Linear discriminate analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) function in Mothur. The results from the analysis were adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction [38]. To generate predictions about the functions of the microbiome communities we used the Tax4Fun2 R package (version 1. 1. 5) which calculates a functional profile by associating OTUs with KEGG orthologue functional genes (KO) and their metabolic pathways. Although Tax4Fun2 does not measure functional capacity directly, it is considered more accurate at determining microbial functions than other programs [39]. We used the LEfSe function on the Galaxy server ( to determine which functional pathways are differentially abundant between the high and low explorers. The results from the analysis were adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction [38]. Availability of data and materials Sequences analyzed in the current study were deposited in the NCBI database under 838556 (Accession no. SRX15281955—SRX15282029). 14. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48. 2020. Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecol Lett. 2006;9:683–93.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Benzer S1976dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning73:1684–1688 R. L. Dauwalder B1991dunce locus: learning and memory genes in the fly7:224–229 J. R. Skoulakis E. M. Han K. A. Kalderon D. Davis R. L1998Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers5:38–5128Saumweber T. et al. 2018Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila9 R. F2001Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivityTech 55:284–296 A. et al. 2005Glomerular maps without cellular redundancy at successive levels of the Drosophila larval olfactory circuit15:982–992 A. M. Wang J. W. Axel R2002Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrumCell 109:229–241 T. Lee A. Luo L1999Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblastDevelopment 126:4065–4076 Z. Davis R. L2009Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and physiological heterogeneityCircuits 3 J. Pandey R. Wasser M. Udolph G2011Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain6 C. et al. 2006Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae16:1741–1747 K. S. Demchyshyn L. L. McConkey F. Forte M. A. Niznik H. B1995A primordial dopamine D1-like adenylyl cyclase-linked receptor from Drosophila melanogaster displaying poor affinity for benzazepinesFEBS Lett 362:131–138 K. A. Millar N. S. Grotewiel M. S. Davis R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: For instance, Switzerland raised its geothermal power Feed-in Tariff (FiT) from USD 0. 48 to USD 0. 54 per kWh [44]. Nevertheless, the main barriers for the development of geothermal industry include high resource and exploration risk, overall high development cost particularly drilling, economic risk associated with long project lead-times and inadequate financing and grant support, as well as lack of clear policy and regulatory frameworks. Indonesia, for example, did not meet its 2018 targets for investment acceleration in geothermal due largely to drilling delays by developers. The economic recession stemming from COVID-19 crisis has enormously affected the technology progress even for the pioneered geothermal energy users such as Italy, the that have not witnessed significant growth in recent years [44]. The global crisis has caused deferrals of strategic decisions such as financing and disruptions to the global supply chain for materials and machinery. On the other hand, it is reported that the availability of better data about geothermal resources facilitates attracting new investors and developing new projects [49]. The per MW cost of geothermal power unit hits USD 7 million [44]. Global range of electricity cost and its weighted average of various technologies are tabulated in Table 5. As can be seen, renewable technologies are competing with fossil fuels, while geothermal projects are not far behind (at USD 72/MWh). Because of its adequacy for relatively low-temperature resources and applicability for both power and heat, among the key players of geothermal binary technology are Exergy (Italy), (United States), and Turboden (Italy, a subsidiary of Industries of Japan) [44]. TechnologyCOE5th and 95th Percentiles (USD/kWh)Global Weighted-AverageCOE(USD/kWh)Change in COE2017–2018Geothermal0. 060–0. 1430. 072−1%Hydropower0. 030–0. 1360. 047−11%Onshore wind0. 044–0. 1000. 056−13%Offshore wind0. 102–0. 1980. 127−1%Solar Photovoltaic0. 058–0. 2190. 085−13%Power0. 109–0. 2720. 185−26%Bioelectricity0. 048–0. 2430. 062−14%Fossil fuels0. 049–0. 1740.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: To make sure the ONT and Illumina sequencing results were comparable, the same DNA was used for both platforms. The 10 ONT samples were sequenced on five Nanopore MinION flowcells and, after trimming away reads less than 1000 bp, yielded between 4. 1 and 15. 3 Gbp of data available for metagenome assembly (S2). After dereplication, 43 high-quality (HQ) and 128 medium-quality (MQ) genomes (MAGs) were obtained. A number of the MAGs even assembled in single contigs, representing complete genomes. The dereplicated MAG dataset captured 26. 5 to 84. 7% of the ONT data and 17. 6 to 84. 4% of the Illumina data. Taken together, a high amount of data in the individual MAGs was captured - with most data contained in HQ MAGs. Big broilers had the highest microbial diversity and displayed microbiome uniformityThe alpha diversity (diversity within each sample) as measured by the was significantly higher in the Big birds compared to the Small birds (p = 0. 017; Fig. 2a). Beta diversity (diversity between samples) as assessed by (RDA) constrained to the classification of Big versus Small chickens revealed a strong separation between the two groups (Fig. 2b). Assessment of beta diversity by Analysis (PCoA) applying the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity demonstrated a partial separation between the groups (Fig. 2c). For the RDA as well as the PCoA plot, the microbiomes of the Big birds displayed less bird-to-bird variation compared to the Small birds, i. e. the microbiomes were more uniform in the Big birds. Testing by pair-wise comparisons of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarities within the same size group confirmed a significantly smaller variation between samples from the Big chickens (p < 0. 001; Fig. 2d). Fig. 2a Alpha diversity (Shannon Index) of ceca of Small and Big broilers. Big birds had significantly higher diversity (p = 0. 017; Wilcoxon rank sum test). b Beta diversity (RDA ordination) plot of cecal samples constrained to the variable “Small/Big”. An almost complete separation between the groups is observed. Less interindividual variation occur between the big birds compared to the small birds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: L1996DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodiesNeuron 16:1127–1135 M. G. et al. 2002A Drosophila dopamine 2-like receptor: Molecular characterization and identification of multiple alternatively spliced variants99:14554–14559 D. P. et al. 2005Rapid, nongenomic responses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptorJ Neurosci 25:6145–6155 Y. C. Lee H. G. Seong C. S. Han K. A2003Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogasterPatterns 3:237–245 M. Pauls D. Han K. A. Stocker R. F. Thum A. S2009The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioningPLoS One 4 Y. C. Lee H. G. Han K. A2007D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 27:7640–7647 S. Schwarzel M2016of a Type 2 Supports Anesthesia-Resistant MemoryJ Neurosci 36:7936–7945 M. et al. 2019Suppression of GABAergic neurons through D2-like receptor secures efficient conditioning in Drosophila aversive olfactory learning116:5118–5125 I. Kurshan P. T. McBride E. Jackson F. R. Kopin A. S2007Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis67:378–393 K. et al. 2017The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brainNature 548:175–182 N. K. Tanimoto H. Ito K2008Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom bodyJ 508:711–755 T. Kraft K. F. Technau G. M. Urbach R2012Origin of Drosophila mushroom body neuroblasts and generation of divergent embryonic lineagesDevelopment 139:2510–2522 M. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Although CO2 production of the geothermal power plants is much lower than fossil fuel generation units, they still emit averagely 400 g CO2/kWh and may be higher depending upon the chemical composition of the reservoir and the conversion technology [54]. Treatment of NCGs has been a hot topic in the industry world and research community. After segregation of the NCGs, geothermal fluids are reinjected into the reservoir. This is a demonstrated design in geothermal power plants. ORC geothermal power plant rated at 24 MW and located in Aydın province, Turkey re-injects about 70% of the heat drawn fluid, after being condensed at 70°C, into re-injection well whereas the remaining 30% is emitted to atmosphere as NCGs [55]. However, an emerging technology based on reinjection of NCGs is still under development intending to minimize the environmental footprint, handling the emissions of H2S and CO2 [53]. It is confirmed that complete reinjection of NCGs using binary ORC geothermal power plant assures the sustainability of geothermal resource [56]; in this regard, some advancements have been achieved in Iceland geothermal plants [57]. More funds are dedicated for eliminating the environmental effect of geothermal industry. Commission, for example, awarded the Control (GECO) project, USD 18. 3 million to advance research on reinjection of harmful gases such as CO2 and H2S from open-loop geothermal plants [44]. Feasibility of hydrogen production by means of geothermal resource has been also explored. In [58] the authors conducted a thermo-economic cost assessment of electrolysis based hydrogen production powered via a binary geothermal unit. The analysis argues that for a geothermal heat of 160°C and a flow rate of 100 kg/s, hydrogen can be obtained at a level of 0. 253 g per kilogram of geothermal water. It was also found that unit exergetic costs of electricity and hydrogen are 0. 0234 $/kWh 2. 366 $/kg H2, respectively. Koroneos et al. , [59] demonstrated the technical feasibility (based on efficiencies and exergy indicators) of installing a 2. 1 MW binary geothermal power plant at in Nisyros Island, Greece.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data as well as to the constrained space only, respectively, are indicated in percent at the axis titles. c Beta diversity (PCoA) plot based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. The relative contribution (eigenvalue) of each axis to the total inertia in the data is indicated in percent at the axis titles. d Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in Small and Big chickens. The interindividual variation was tested using by pair-wise comparisons of within-group Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. The values can be between 0 and 1, with 0 meaning identical communities and 1 meaning there is no overlap in the communities. Significance was tested using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test. RDA = Redundancy Analysis. PCoA = Analysis. Solid lines indicate mean with SDFull size imageTaxa across all taxonomic ranks were differentially abundant between small and big broilersDifferences between the Big and Small chickens were investigated using a descending taxonomic rank approach, starting from phylum rank for a high level overview, then family, genus and ultimately the MAG level, which is comparable to species level or in some cases even strain level. Testing of the differentially abundant taxa was done by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big chickens relative to Small chickens. Six phyla were represented across all samples: Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota (also known as Bacteroidetes), Verrucomicrobiota, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Firmicutes was the dominating phylum both in Big birds (66 ± 13% SD) and Small birds (58 ± 15% SD; S5). Among all phyla, Verrucomicrobiota (p = 0. 004) and Proteobacteria (p = 0. 03) were more abundant in Small birds (not shown), while no phylum was more abundant in the Big birds. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidota (F/B) ratios were not different between Big and Small (Fig. 3a). Four families were more abundant in Big birds: Lachnospiraceae (p = 0. 046), Acutalibacteraceae (p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The proposed facility could reach up to 10 MW of total installed capacity in the future and capable of supplying a substantial amount of electricity thereby reducing the reliance of the island to the diesel power generation thus the gain from an environmental point of view is guaranteed. Energy savings from utilizing geothermal energy amounts to 81 million tonnes (596 million barrels) of equivalent oil yearly. This eventually prevented 78. 1 million tonnes of carbon and 252. 6 million tonnes of CO2 from being released to the atmosphere [4]. Geothermal technology based freshwater production is one of the most economic renewable and clean production alternative [60]. Hybrid geothermal-fossil fuel power system, for low-enthalpy geothermal resources, is a practical alternative to reduce the extensive use of fossil fuels and associated emissions. The research study in [61] analyzed a 500 MW combined geothermal-coal power plant with a 210°C geothermal temperature and 400 kg/s brine flow rate. The study claimed that up to 0. 3 million tonnes of coal can be saved per year in addition to annual reductions of up to 0. 72 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions. Economically, a drop of 33–87% in energy cost is reachable in comparison to a sole geothermal power unit. A study conducted by [51] revealed that the hybridization of binary ORC with CSP system decreases the levelized energy cost by 2% and when the ORC geothermal configuration is optimized an 8% drop in the levelized energy cost is achieved. In [55], an exergoenvironmental analysis is performed from the perspective of environmental impact. The study came to a conclusion that 98% of total environmental impact for the geothermal power system is caused by exergy destruction of the equipment involved; and as a treatment, exergetic efficiency for equipment should be improved rather than construction, operation/maintenance and disposal changes of facility equipment. The study advices obtaining a higher capacity plant by having a better condenser performance and enhancing the efficiency of the vaporizers and the pumps. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe population’s growth and economic development in many countries require an increase in demand for electrical energy. On the other hand, meeting the need for electric energy society in the future should consider the limitations of non-renewable resources while providing energy sustainability and significantly reducing the negative impact on the environment. In this case, the role of renewable energy resources should thus be a priority.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 038), an unknown Clostridia family classified as CAG-727 (p = 0. 003) and a family classified as CAG-74 (p = 0. 006) from the Christensenellales order (Fig. 3b). Two families were significantly more abundant in Small birds: Akkermansiaceae (phylum Verrucomicrobiota; p = 0. 006) and Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria; p = 0. 038; Fig. 3b). Eleven genera were more abundant in Big birds, for instance Faecalibacterium (p = 0. 003), Eisenbergiella (p = 0. 048), Flavonifractor (p = 0. 012) and Ruminococcus (p < 0. 001; Fig. 4). As was also reflected on the phylum and family level, two genera were more abundant in the Small birds, Akkermansia (p = 0. 008) and Escherichia (p = 0. 038; Fig. 4). Fig. 3a Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio of Big and Small broiler chickens (p > 0. 05; t-test on log2-transformed data). b Differentially abundant families between Small and Big chickens. Differences were tested by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big relative to Small. Solid lines indicate mean with SDFull size imageFig. 4Significantly different genera between Big and Small broiler chickens1. Differences were tested by calculating the fold change of log2-transformed relative abundances of Big relative to Small. Solid lines indicate mean with SD. 1 not all genera are referred to in the textFull size imageFive MAGs were significantly more abundant in Small birds, while 31 MAGs had a higher abundance in Big birds (Table 2). MAGs enriched in Small birds were one Gemmiger MAG (p = 0. 006), one Blautia MAG (p = 0. 012), one Ruthenibacterium MAG (p = 0. 05), Akkermansia muciniphila (p = 0. 006) and Escherichia coli (p = 0. 036). The two latter MAGs were driving the differences as described for the Small birds on the phylum, family and genus levels (Fig. 3+ 4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The geothermal energy is one of the sustainable and environmentally friendly sources. Also, it is of a high usage factor and reliability. While geothermal dry steam and flash power plants utilize medium to high enthalpy underground source to generate electricity, geothermal binary power systems are suitable for electricity production from low underground heat source; generally, an inlet temperature range between 80 and 170°C. The secondary working fluid in the binary geothermal system operates in a conventional Ranking cycle. The main feature of the working fluid is having a low boiling point. The configurations of the cycle and the type of working fluid should be optimized for the sake of obtaining the best possible thermodynamic performance and efficiency of the geothermal binary facility. The binary Rankine cycle that used an organic working fluid has demonstrated its efficiency and practicality. Among the reported configurations of ORC for binary geothermal power plants include simple ORC, regenerative ORC and ORC-IHE. Besides the standard binary geothermal power system, advanced configurations of geothermal energy conversion systems have been also well investigated. They include hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems, hybrid flash-binary configuration and hybrid fossil geothermal technology. In addition, the development of hybrid power systems integrating geothermal plants with biomass, fuel cells, wind, solar systems, and WTE technologies has been gaining a lot of interest. It is reported that the binary ORC plant, when compared to single-flash and double-flash cycles, attains the highest thermal efficiency and output power. On the other hand, the single-flash/ORC integrated cycle offers the highest energy and exergy efficiencies as compared to double-flash counterpart. The accumulated global installed capacity of geothermal power amounted to 13. 28 GW by the end of 2018 and is forecast to reach 16. 5 GW worldwide by 2022. of America has been standing at the top world rank in terms of geothermal power capacity. On the other hand, Turkey, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines would be responsible for most of the technology growth and continue to lead capacity additions beyond 2022. Although most existing geothermal facilities worldwide use flash or dry-steam technologies, binary-cycle technology has been the fastest progressing technology in recent time. of geothermal energy technology is one of the common forms of utilizing the underground heat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Of the 31 MAGs with highest abundance in the Big birds, the majority were from the Lachnospiraceae (11 MAGs) and Ruminococcaceae (7 MAGs). The remaining 13 MAGs were distributed to two MAGs from the Christensenellales order, three MAGs from Butyricicoccaceae (two Butyricicoccus and one Agathobaculum), three Acutalibacteraceae MAGs, two Oscillospiraceae and one from Bifidobacteriaceae (Bifidobacterium gallinarum) and two not further classified MAGs from the Clostridia class termed CAG-727 (see p-values in Table 2). Table 2 Significantly different MAGs in Big and Small broilersFull size tableDiscussionIn this study, a hybrid metagenomic sequencing approach demonstrated a likely prominent role of the cecal microbiota in broiler growth and body weight heterogeneity. Alpha diversitybirds had a higher alpha diversity compared to the Small birds from the same pen. Microbial diversity of the gastrointestinal tract is a solid marker of gut health, as mostly demonstrated in humans [18]. In contrast, lower diversity is a marker of dysbiosis and is a consistent finding in patients suffering from inflammatory and immunological conditions [18]. In poultry, high diversity has also been linked to high productivity and gut health [8]. Increased microbial diversity translates to diversity of the microbial gene pool, which ultimately should result in presence of different types of organisms providing beneficial pathways to the host. The high alpha diversity and thus improved microbiome functionality could therefore have contributed to the improved growth of the Big chickens in our study. Microbiome uniformityWe found that the Big birds had more uniform microbiome compositions within the group of birds than the Small birds displaying much more variable microbiomes. Microbiome variability has previously been linked to disease in various ecological systems leading researchers to coin a so-called principle (AKP) for animal microbiomes [19, 20]. The AKP says that “all healthy microbiomes are alike; each dysbiotic microbiome is dysbiotic in its own way”, which is referring to the opening line from Leo Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 14 figures and 1 additional file Figures Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Mouse H2BE is detected exclusively in chemosensory neurons. (A) Analysis of H2be mRNA in the MOE of an 8-week old mouse, showing expression limited to sensory neurons. Boxed region is magnified (right). (B) Analysis of H2be mRNA in the VNO of an 8-week old mouse, showing expression limited to sensory neurons, especially in the apical zone. (C) Analysis of H2be mRNA in a sagittal section of an E14. 5 mouse embryo (image from genepaint. org; ID: ES2590). (D) Profile of H2be mRNA levels in 61 mouse tissues (listed, right), showing exclusive expression in MOE and VNO. Data from GNF, now maintained by BioGPS ( (E) Alignment of H2BE and canonical H2B sequences. H2BE variant positions are highlighted in red; H2B PTM sites supported by >5 or ≤5 reports are highlighted in dark and light gray, respectively ( Scale bars for (A), 500 µm; (B), 100 µm; (C), 1000 µm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Generation of an H2be:Flag-H2be transgenic mouse (referred to as Flag-H2be) reveals that H2BE levels are stereotyped according to OR identity. (A) Flag-H2be transgenic construct, generated through modification of a BAC containing the H2be genomic region by insertion of a FLAG-encoding sequence immediately upstream of the H2be CDS. (B,C) Representative images of FLAG-H2BE in MOE (B) and VNO (C) from 10-week old Flag-H2be transgenic mice. (D) Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of Flag-H2be transgene mRNA levels in whole MOE tissue from three-week old Flag-H2be(+/−) transgenic mice. Signals were normalized to a value of three, corresponding to a primer pair recognizing all three H2be mRNAs (two endogenous and one transgenic).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: The distribution of geothermal applications, relative to their widespread use, are: heat pumps, bathing and swimming, space heating, greenhouse heating, industrial applications, raceway heating and aquaculture pond, agricultural drying and snow melting and cooling, etc. The main barriers for the development of geothermal industry include high resource and exploration risk, overall high development cost particularly drilling, economic risk associated with long project lead-times and inadequate financing and grant support. In addition, the global crisis COVID-19 has caused deferrals of strategic decisions such as financing and disruptions to the global supply chain for materials and machinery. The economic feasibility of the geothermal power plants depends greatly upon the type of working fluid and cycle configuration. Geothermal power plants have relatively much lower land requirement than other technologies. Methods to alleviate the environmental concerns of geothermal power systems include reinjection for surface water pollution, the use of silencers for noise pollution and air-cooled condensers for water usage. NCGs accompanying the geothermal power generation can be alleviated by reinjecting geothermal fluids into the reservoir. As a future work, an optimized hybridization of geothermal energy with other renewables needs further exploration and demonstration, either for small scale CHP or cascaded applications. As the availability of better data about geothermal resources facilitates the attraction of new investors and developing new projects, more deeper studies and financial support is critical to assess sites of appropriate geothermal potential. This is of significance to make the cost of geothermal electricity more competitive to conventional and other cheaper renewable electricity. Advanced technologies to eliminate the environmental effect of geothermal power plants are also required including complete reinjection of NCGs that needs further research, fund, and practical demonstration. 1. . The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. In: on Sources, Proceedings, 20-25 January 2008; Luebeck, Germany: 2008. p. 59-802. ; Johnson JR. 1993; Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys. , 30 (3), 10. 1029/93RG012493. Dickson M, Fanelli M, Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Routledge; 20134. Lund W, Toth AN. Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics. 2021; 90: 1-39. DOI: 10. 1016/j.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: It means that the more similar (high uniformity) individuals of a population are microbiome-wise, the lower is the risk of dysbiosis and disease within the population [20]. We found a significantly higher microbiome uniformity (lower beta-diversity) between the Big birds in our study despite the shared environment with the Small birds. This supports the hypothesis that healthy microbiomes (which in turn can lead to better growth) are more similar than less healthy or even dysbiotic microbiomes (which in turn can inhibit optimal growth). This suggests that AKP effects can develop within sub-populations of a larger population. The higher microbiome uniformity of the Big birds in our study was not statistically mirrored by a higher BW uniformity, though the BW CV as well as the SD were numerically lower in the Big birds. These data support further investigation regarding the relationship between microbiome uniformity and phenotypic uniformity in sufficiently powered trials in terms of sample size and replicates allowing for measurements of feed intake, daily BW gain and feed conversion ratio calculations. Bacterial taxa related to health and productivityMany taxa from Firmicutes were more abundant in the Big chickens, but the F/B ratio was not different between Big and Small broilers. A high F/B ratio has been associated with improved energy harvest and thus improved productivity in production animals [21,22,23]. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters such as probiotics and plant extracts can increase the F/B ratio and are shown to correlate positively with BW in broilers [22, 23]. It has, however, been reported that the F/B ratio varies substantially between individuals [24, 25] and the reliability of the F/B ratio as an productivity marker has been questioned [25, 26]. Several SCFA-producing taxa were dominant in the Big chickens compared to Small. Among these were bacteria from Lachnospiraceae. The metabolite profiles of Lachnospiraceae varies between species, but all of them produce SCFAs, expectedly being beneficial to the host [9, 27]. The SCFA butyrate is specifically a critical energy-source for the colonocytes and exerts numerous beneficial effects, including growth promotion, antimicrobial activity, immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activity; inclusively these attributes can lead to a reduction in pathogens [28].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A primer pair specific for the Flag-tagged transgenic allele produces a normalized signal of approximately 1, indicating similar per-allele expression levels for the transgenic and endogenous H2be alleles. Negative control samples (−RT) were prepared by omitting reverse transcriptase during cDNA synthesis. (E) Colocalization analysis of FLAG-H2BE protein and H2be mRNA in the MOE of a 3-week old Flag-H2be(+/−) transgenic mouse. Observation of occasional basally-located neurons that are H2be-mRNA-positive and FLAG-H2BE-negative is likely due to an expected lag in protein production and accumulation following H2be transcription onset during neuronal development. (F) Colocalization analysis of Olfr867 or Olfr1463 (arrowheads) and FLAG-H2BE, showing representative ORs associated with high or low levels of H2BE, respectively. Mouse age: 10 weeks. (G) Quantification of average H2BE levels in neurons expressing specific ORs (n = from 4 to 36 neurons per OR examined; mean, 18). Gene symbols are from the Mouse Genome Informatics database (MGI; Scale bars for (B, left), 500 µm; (B, right) and (F), 20 µm; (C) and (E), 100 µm. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Generation of an H2be-KO/GAP43-mCherry-KI mouse line (referred to as H2be-KO) reveals that loss of H2be causes defects in olfaction. (A) H2be-KO allele, constructed through replacement of the endogenous H2be CDS with a membrane-targeted mCherry-encoding sequence (Gap43-mCherry). (B,C) Intrinsic GAP43-mCherry fluorescence in the MOE (B) and OB (C) of H2be-KO mice, showing GAP43-mCherry localization to the cell membranes and processes of olfactory neurons. Mouse ages: (B), 6 months; (C), 2 months. Scale bar for (B), 20 µm; (C), 200 µm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: geothermics. 1019155. Technology roadmap. Geothermal heat and power. Technical report, 2011. Agency. Paris, France6. . Assessment of geothermal resources of the – 1975. U. S. Circular 727, U. S. Office. 1975. 155 p7. : A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Ed. 20188. . Technologies. In: M. A. Abraham (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies. Elsevier. 2017. p. 51-619. DiPippo R. Plants: Principles, Applications, : Fourth Edition. 2016. 762 p10. Almaktar M, Shaaban M. Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya. Renewable and Reviews. 2021;143:110852. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2021. 11085211. . Understanding the Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data from exploration boreholes. Geothermics. 2008; 37(6):565-585. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2008. 09. 00112. Zhao Y, Wang J. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a flash-binary geothermal power system. Appl. Energy. 2016;179:159-170. DOI: 10. 1016/j. apenergy. 2016. 06. 10813. Zarrouk SJ, Moon H. Efficiency of geothermal power plants: A worldwide review. Geothermics. 2014;51:142-153. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2013. 11. 00114. . Lifetime design strategy for binary geothermal plants considering degradation of geothermal resource productivity. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017;132:1-13. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 10. 02715. Moya D, Aldás C, Kaparaju P. Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018; 94:889-901. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2018. 06. 04716. . CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants: evaluation of technical solutions for CO2 reinjection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Of butyrate-producing taxa with higher levels in the Big birds were Eisenbergiella [29], Eubacterium, Faecalicatena [30] and Flavonifractor [31]. Flavinofractor could in addition possess regulatory immunomodulatory properties [32]. Agathobaculum, a more recently isolated taxon with promising effects due to butyrate-production [33] were also enriched in the Big birds. Less is known about the Acutalibacteraceae MAGs which were also more abundant in the Big chickens. It is a novel and relatively undescribed taxon [34] and to our knowledge has not previously been identified in poultry before. MAGs of the Gemmiger genus were also more abundant in the Big chickens, while also one Gemmiger MAG was more abundant in the Small. Gemmiger species are common inhabitants of the avian intestinal tract, where they produce an array of acids including formate and butyrate [35, 36]. Faecalibacterium was more abundant in the Big chickens, which is in alignment with the findings of Lee et al. who also reported an enrichment of this genus in high BW male chickens [11]. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, the only known species within the genus, is a highly effective butyrate-producer [37] and several other reports link these probiotic organisms to high chicken productivity [8]. On the other hand, Ruthenibacterium were more abundant in the Small birds and was recently described as primarily lactate-producers with butyrate as the other major SCFA end product [38]. There was an increased presence of Butyricicoccus in the Big birds. This taxon contains well-known butyrate-producers with strong anti-inflammatory effects in several hosts including broilers [39]. Among other SCFA-producing taxa enriched in the Big chickens were Fusicatenibacter which produce formate and acetate [40]. Counterintuitively, two Blautia MAGs were more abundant in the Small and Big chickens, respectively. Blautia metabolize undigested carbohydrates resulting in the production of acetate [27, 41]. Microbial-derived acetate may be involved in regulating BW and satiety [42].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (D) Performance of approximately 3-month old water-restricted H2be-KO and control littermates in discriminating between hexanol/hexanoic acid (left) or (+)/(−)-carvone (right) odor pairs to obtain water (n = 5 per genotype). *p<0. 05. (E) Effects of H2be loss-of-function on odor-evoked electrical responses in the MOE. Electro-olfactogram traces (black and red) represent average responses to a 0. 5-s stream of air from the head space of a 1% solution of isoamyl-acetate in mineral oil. Gray traces show timing of switching between the delivery of clean, de-odorized air (low), and odor-containing air (high). Results shown are representative of multiple trials, odorants, and concentrations; experimental procedures were adapted from those described previously (Waggener and Coppola, 2007). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Loss of H2be causes defects in gene expression and OR expression frequencies. (A) Enriched gene ontology categories among genes up- (top) or down-regulated (bottom) in 6-month old H2be-KO vs WT MOEs, based on microarray analyses of whole MOE tissue (n = 6 samples/genotype, 2 animals/sample). (B) Multiplex qPCR analysis of OR mRNA levels in MOE tissue of six-month old H2be-KO and WT mice. Signals represent normalized ratios of specific OR mRNAs to Cnga2, which is unaltered in H2be-KO mice and used as an internal control (n = 6). (C) Expression differences in H2be-KO and WT MOEs (based on microarray analysis), plotted as a function of age. For simplicity, only ORs with differences >20% at age 6 months are shown, with up- and down-regulated ORs shown in red and black, respectively; statistical analysis included all ORs interrogated. (D,E) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr867 (D) and Olfr1463 (E) expression frequencies in 6-month old H2be-KO and WT littermates (n = 3 mice, 10 sections per mouse). Scale bars, 200 µm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: In: Proceedings of Congress (EGC'19); 11-14 June 2019; Den Haag, The Netherlands: 2019. p. 1-917. ’haeseleer W. Optimal configuration for a low-temperature geothermal CHP plant based on thermoeconomic optimization. Energy. 2019;179:323-335. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2019. 04. 20518. ’haeseleer W. Optimal combined heat-and-power plant for a low-temperature geothermal source. Energy. 2018;150:396-409. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2018. 01. 13619. . Working fluids for low-temperature organic Rankine cycles. Energy. 2007;32(7):1210-1221. DOI: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2006. 07. 00120. Heberle F, Brüggemann D. Thermo-economic evaluation of organic rankine cycles for geothermal power generation using zeotropic mixtures. Energies. 2015;8(3):2097-2124. DOI: 10. 3390/en803209721. Uusitalo A, Honkatukia J, Turunen-Saaresti T, Grönman A. Thermodynamic evaluation on the effect of working fluid type and fluids critical properties on design and performance of Cycles. J. Clean. Prod. , 2018;188:253-263. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2018. 03. 2222. Zare V. A comparative exergoeconomic analysis of different ORC configurations for binary geothermal power plants. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015;105:127-138. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2015. 07. 07323. Budisulistyo D, Krumdieck S. Thermodynamic and economic analysis for the pre-feasibility study of a binary geothermal power plant. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015;103:639-649. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2015. 06. 06924. He C, et al. The optimal evaporation temperature and working fluids for subcritical organic Rankine cycle. Energy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Blautia were more abundant in lean compared to fat broiler lines [43] and is considered a keystone health-associated anti-inflammatory taxon of the human microbiome [27]. There could be species- or strain-level relevant differences causing different effects in the host, which could explain the association of Blautia with both the Big and the Small chickens. Importantly, it must also be remarked that an association between gut bacteria and host traits cannot be used to conclude causal relationships. Finally, we found that the family designated as CAG-74 from the Christensenellales order and Bifidobacterium gallinarum had a higher abundance in the Big chickens compared to Small. Christensenellales is related to Christensenellaceae, a family strongly associated with health in humans [44]. Christensenellaceae has also been reported to increase during probiotic supplementation in broilers [45] and was associated with high feed efficiency in a study with pigs [46]. Bifidobacteria are well-known for their beneficial effects for the host [47], yet the specific role of B. gallinarum in broiler productivity is to our knowledge unknown. E. coli and A. muciniphila were both more abundant in the Small birds. E. coli is involved in localized and systemic infections in production poultry termed colibacillosis, which is worldwide a major cause of economic loss and compromising of animal welfare and food safety [48]. . A. muciniphila is a mucin-degrader and a robust, positively correlated marker of metabolic health and leanness in humans [49]. Akkermansia has previously been negatively correlated with BW in broilers [12]. Interestingly, the genus has also been demonstrated to be in higher abundance in chickens with good feed efficiency (FE) compared to chickens with poorer FE [50]. A. muciniphila has a regulatory role in lipid metabolism [51], providing one possible explanation why birds with highest A. muciniphila abundance in our study had the lowest BW. We did not investigate fat content of the carcasses, but it could had been a relevant parameter to include. Everything taken together, there was unarguably an increased presence of taxa related to health and performance in the Big chickens, which may have contributed to the better growth due to anti-inflammatory and feed utilization properties.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (F) Relationship between OR gene expression defects in 6-month old male H2be-KO mice (based on microarray analysis) and stereotypical H2BE levels as measured in male Flag-H2be mice. Red line, best fit. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, ****p<10−30. Figure 4—source data 1 Effects of H2be loss of function on gene expression in the main olfactory epithelium of 6-month old mice. Download elife-00070-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Generation of an Omp:Flag-H2be transgenic mouse (referred to as H2be-GF) reveals that ectopic overexpression of H2be in olfactory neurons alters gene expression and OR expression frequencies. (A) H2be-GF transgenic construct, generated through replacement of the Omp CDS with a FLAG-H2BE-encoding sequence in a vector containing the Omp genomic region. (B) Analysis of FLAG-H2BE in the MOE of a 5-week old H2be-GF mouse, showing high transgene expression in all mature neurons, except for a band near zone 2 (Sullivan et al. , 1996). Boxed region is magnified (right). (C) Gene ontology categories enriched among genes up- (top) or down-regulated (bottom) in 5-week old H2be-GF vs WT MOEs, based on microarray analyses of whole MOE tissue (n = 4 samples, 3 animals per sample) and WT (n = 6 samples, 2 animals per sample) mice. (D) Percentage of OR genes with significantly differential expression (FDR-adjusted p<0. 05) in 5-week old H2be-GF and WT mice. (E) Relationship between OR gene expression defects in H2be-GF mice and transgene co-expression penetrance. Red line, best fit. (F,H) Colocalization of Olfr1277 or Olfr293 (arrowheads) and FLAG-H2BE in 5-week old H2be-GF mice, showing representative ORs associated with high- or low transgene penetrance, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: Hybrid geothermal–PV–wind system for a village in Pakistan. SN Appl. Sci. 2019;1(7):1-15. DOI: 10. 1007/s42452-019-0643-934. Rahmanifard H, Plaksina T. Hybrid compressed air energy storage, wind and geothermal energy systems in Alberta: Feasibility simulation and economic assessment. Renew. Energy. 2019;143:453-470. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2019. 05. 00135. . Geothermal based hybrid energy systems, toward eco-friendly energy approaches. Renew. Energy. 2020;147:2003-2012. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2019. 09. 14036. Jalilinasrabady S,Itoi R. Flash cycle and binary geothermal power plant optimization. Council Transactions. 2012;36:1079-108437. . Comparative and parametric study of double flash and single flash/ORC combined cycles based on exergoeconomic criteria. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015;91(5):479-495. DOI: 10. 1016/j. applthermaleng. 2015. 08. 03138. Yari M. Exergetic analysis of various types of geothermal power plants. Renew. Energy. 2010;35(1):112-121. DOI: 10. 1016/j. renene. 2009. 07. 02339. . Performance optimization and improvement of a flash-binary geothermal power plant using zeotropic mixtures with PSO algorithm. Geothermics. 2018;74:45-56. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2018. 02. 00440. . Solar aided power generation: A review. Environ. 2019;1(1):11-26. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enbenv. 2019. 09. 00341. Cardemil JM, Cortés F, Díaz A, Escobar R. Thermodynamic evaluation of solar-geothermal hybrid power plants in northern Chile. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016;123(1):348-361. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 06. 03242. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: As a further investigation for establishing a causal relationship between the microbiome composition and BW phenotype, one would need to transplant the phenotype-associated microbiomes into germ-free chicks and monitor the BW development. What causes microbiome heterogeneity within a population with shared environment? It is well-known that age, sex, husbandry and management practices, season, circadian rhythm, geography etc. can cause microbiome variation between populations [13, 14]. Due to our one-pen study design mimicking a production broiler house on a smaller scale, the enormous microbiome differences we observed between Big and Small broilers cannot be attributed to such confounding effects. In a production broiler flock, with housing of hundreds of square meters, it is feasible that local shared environments could develop among birds as they primarily segregate in one section of the house. The birds in this study, on the other hand, were housed in a relatively small pen (13. 5 m2) and due to coprophagy and pecking/preening behaviour, we assume that there was a relatively equal microbe sharing across the pen. Foot pad lesion scores were not different between Big and Small, hence this factor could be ruled out as a major cause for growth differences between birds. Social stress and a reduction of feed intake by lower ranking birds can be relevant to consider. We accounted for this by providing sufficient feeder space, approximately twice the amount of commercial standards (i. e. 2. 98 cm per bird or 1. 25 cm/kg BW). However, with our study design, individual feed intake was not measured. Thus, we cannot rule out that stress and hierarchy factors were contributing to variable feed intake resulting in growth heterogeneity. The study aimed at providing the same conditions to each of the birds from placement to slaughter, but differences in intestinal microbiomes may have been seeded prior to placement in the barn. Contributions could have been made by hen (in ovary seeding), hen environment and egg handling (trans-shell seeding), incubation and hatching environment (trans-shell seeding and initial oral intake) as well as transport of chickens to the barn (oral intake). The influence of hatcher was minimized in this trial as all chicks came from the same hatcher. Nevertheless, despite disinfection practices at the hatchery, some bacteria could still have crossed the egg shell [52] during lay and handling before disinfection, which could have shaped the microbiome of the hatched chicks [53].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (G,I) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr1277 (G) and Olfr293 (I) expression frequencies in 5-week old H2be-GF and WT littermates (n = 3 mice; 10 sections per mouse). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01. Scale bars for (B), 500 µm; (F) and (H), 20 µm; (G) and (I), 200 µm. Figure 5—source data 1 Effects of the ectopic over-expression of H2be (expressed from an Omp-promoter-driven transgene and tagged with a FLAG epitope) on gene expression in the main olfactory epithelium of 5-week old mice. Download elife-00070-fig5-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6 Download asset Open asset The expression onset of H2be follows OR choice during neuronal development. (A) H2BE is undetectable in an Olfr827+ neuron that is newly-differentiated (note its basal position in the epithelium; boxed and magnified, right), but expressed at uniformly high levels in mature Olfr827+ neurons. (B,D,E) MOE expression patterns in adult (left) or embryo (right) of H2be relative to Neurod1, Gap43, and Omp, which have expression onsets prior to, concurrently with, and following OR choice, respectively. 1+ cells (B) and a fraction of basal GAP43+ (newly-differentiated) neurons (C) are H2BE− (arrowheads), whereas a fraction of H2BE+ neurons are OMP− (E; arrowheads). (C) Colocalization of endogenous H2be and Neurod1 mRNAs in the MOE of a 3-week old WT mouse. Mouse ages: (A), 3 months; (B, left), 4 months; (C), 3 weeks; (D, left) and (E, left), 10 months. Scale bars for (A) to (E), 20 µm. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset H2BE affects olfactory neuronal longevity, not OR choice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with CRCFull size tableDiscussionOur study suggests that following a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of CRC, while a diet high in unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) might be linked to an increased risk. No significant association was found with overall plant-based diet index (PDI). The current study’s findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between higher hPDI tertiles and CRC risk. The aligns with previous research by Kim et al. [14] who reported a 20% reduction in CRC risk. Additionally, a study by Wang et al. [15] indicated that higher hPDI scores were associated with a reduced risk of CRC. These findings collectively support the potential protective role of healthy plant-based dietary patterns against CRC. The inverse association between high hPDI scores and CRC risk observed in the present study and previous research can be explained by several potential mechanisms. Notably, hPDI emphasizes consuming a greater quantity of nutrient-dense plant-based foods, rich in fiber and antioxidants [25]. In contract, red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of CRC [26]. A meta-analysis study suggests that a daily increase of 150 g of red meat could increase elevate CRC risk by 20% [27]. The potential mechanisms for red meats carcinogenicity include the generation of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, sulfur-containing amino acids, and saturated fatty acids [28]. Furthermore, fermentation of fiber in the colon by gut microbiota products short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, dietary antioxidants neutralize free radicals that cause DNA damage and impede cancer cell formation [29,30,31]. A healthy gut microbiome, compared to a disrupted one, is associated with various health benefits, and a strong link has been established between its composition and cancer risk, particularly CRC [32, 33]. Certain plant foods rich in fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto–oligosaccharides (e. g. , onions, garlic, artichokes) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can reduce CRC risk through multiple mechanism, including preventing chronic inflammation, protecting intestinal cells, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting healthy cell division [34].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Genetics cannot be ignored as a factor in shaping the microbiome, though the genetic effect expectedly is smaller than the environmental [4, 5]. Residual heterozygosity and polymorphisms within the broiler line can contribute to microbiome variation and phenotypic variation [54, 55]. Ultimately, the largest influencer on microbiome heterogeneity in individuals within a shared environment can probably be ascribed to stochastic events, i. e. the randomness in which microbes each chick encounters first in its life. A self-enforcing cascade of events might happen: some birds have by chance poorer microbiome, leading to reduced nutrient absorption and the birds not feeling as fit as the others. This can lead to social stress by lower ranking and a viscous circle of reduced feed intake and picking in the litter with increased ingestion of pathogenic and dysbiosis-related bacteria starts. Ultimately, this leads to an even more suboptimal microbiome. At some point, the difference in BW itself will force further differentiation, as larger birds are requiring more feeder space for a longer duration of time. These heavy broilers will be harder to push aside when lighter birds want to make their way to the feeder and drinker. Beneficial early life programming of the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of the immune system, establishment of gut health and even behavior [56, 57]. Such programming may be achieved through probiotic delivery methods such as in ovo, trans-shell seeding, feed additives or seeding of the chick environment. These intervention examples might also be helpful in overcoming microbiome heterogeneity and thus BW heterogeneity. ConclusionsWe present here a controlled study in which the gut microbiome composition of male broilers of varying BW housed and reared under the same conditions was investigated. Birds with highest BWs displayed microbiome features coinciding with health benefits: higher microbial diversity, more microbiome uniformity, higher levels of SCFA-producing bacteria and lower levels of the leanness-associated and pathogenic bacteria compared to birds with the lowest BWs. Our data indicates a strong association between broiler flock heterogeneity and the cecal microbiome composition. Investigations of methods for establishing uniform and beneficial microbiomes of chicks in early life with the aim to improve flock uniformity are therefore warranted. MethodsBroiler managementTwo hundred eighteen male, newly hatched Ross 308 broiler chickens were obtained from a commercial hatchery (Geflügelhof Möckern, Germany).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (A) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of Olfr1507 and Olfr727 co-expression frequencies in H2be-KO and control littermates (n = 10 sections). (B) Labeled axons of Olfr17-expressing neurons form indistinguishable glomeruli in the OBs of H2be-KO and control littermates. (C,E) Representative images (C, left; arrowheads) and quantification (C, right; E) of apoptosis in mature neurons of H2be-KO (C) or H2be-GF (E) mice compared to controls (C: n = 3 mice, 12 sections per mouse; E: n = 10 sections). (D,F) Schematic of experimental analysis timeline (left) and quantification (right) of relative BrdU+ neuron frequencies in H2be-KO (D) and H2be-GF (F) mice compared to controls, respectively (D: n = 3 mice per timepoint, 12 sections per mouse; F: n = 10 sections per timepoint). F-H: Flag-H2be. (G) Representative images (left) and quantification (right) of neurogenesis in H2be-GF (GF) mice and Flag-H2be (F-H) controls by analysis of frequencies of BrdU+ neurons (arrowheads) 15 days post-injection of BrdU (T = 0 timepoint; n = 10 sections). *p<0. 05, ***p<0. 001. Mouse ages: (A) and (E), 4 months; (B) and (G), 2 months; (C), 15 months. Scale bars for (A) and (C), 20 µm; (B), 200 µm; (G), 100 µm. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset H2be is regulated by activity. (A,B) Effects of unilateral naris occlusion (UNO) on H2BE level in the MOE. (A) Representative images of FLAG-H2BE and Olfr733 colocalization (boxed regions magnified, right; Olfr733+ neurons, arrowheads).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, dietary polyphenols, such as Flavonols and anthocyanins, found abundantly in plant-based foods characteristics of high hPDI scores, can improve gut microflora composition [35, 36]. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway plays a role in inflammation and cancer development. Its activation, induced by inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), can lead to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and other changes that promote tumorigenesis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory diets, characterized by high hPDI scores, have been shown to suppress COX-2 pathway activation [31]. This suggests that hPDI may exert protective effects against CRC by modulating inflammatory processes. In conclusion, study suggests that adherence to an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, reflected by high hPDI scores, rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, may contribute to reduced chronic inflammation and potentially lower colorectal cancer risk [31]. Consistent with our finding, previous studies have reported a positive association between high uPDI scores and increased risk of CRC [14, 15]. A case-control study by Wu et al. involving 2799 CRC cases and 2799 age- and sex-matched controls further supports this observation, demonstrating that the odds of developing CRC increased with higher uPDI scores [37]. In contrast to hPDI, uPDI emphasizes high glycemic index (GI) foods like refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages, which are typically lower in fiber [38]. This dietary pattern (uPDI) may contribute to CRC development through several mechanisms, including the stimulation of insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia via the phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway [39]. Hyperinsulinemia, a condition of elevated blood insulin levels, can contribute to insulin resistance [39]. Insulin resistance can further promote CRC by stimulating growth-promoting effects in colon cells [40]. Our study found no significant association between overall adherence to the PDI and CRC risk. In contrast, higher adherence to the PDI was associated with a lower risk of CRC in Chinese women [37].

Output: corroborate