Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 21 Ga, obtained from two individual zircons, one being attached to a feldspar-spinel clast and the other associated with noritic composition. Fe-Ni metal inclusions were found in many of the host clasts or surrounding matrix of the analyzed zircons. Thus, a majority of the zircons in all thin sections can be associated with impact events. Discussion: The results agree with some of the ages and age clusters in lunar breccias obtained previously by in situ U-Pb analyses of zircon, baddeleyite and calcium phosphates [1-8]. In some of these studies, petrographic or microstructural evidence is pointing at the in situ crystallization or recrystallization of these minerals from impact melt or localized shock heating [3, 6, 12]. The presence of metal in dated lithic clasts and similar ages occurring at different landing sites relate these ages to basinforming impact events. Based on chemical and geological arguments, previously published ages at 3. 92 and 4. 20-4. 22 Ga were linked to the formation of the Imbrium and Serenitatis basins, respectively [2, 5,7]. Ages ranging from 4. 13 to 4. 18 Ga may reflect two or more basin impacts as they are associated with granulite grade metamorphism [8]. Ages near 4. 33-4. 34 Ga may reflect the formation of one of the earliest preserved basins such as Aitken, consistent with crater counting ages [10, 11]. With few exceptions, the new ages from the Apollo 16 and 17 breccias confirm the age clusters from previous studies. The data also hint that there may be differences in the abundance of basin ages at the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites and that ejecta from a few basins dominate the impactor age record at these landing sites [9]. 398. [2] Snape et al. (2016) Earth and Letters(451):149-158. [3] Crow et al. (2017) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta(202):264-284. [4] White et al. (2020) Nature Astronomy(4):974–978. [5] Cernok et al. (2021) & Environment(2):120. [6] Vanderliek et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Immediate beneficial effect of makeup therapy on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and facial appearance analyzed by artificial intelligence software. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;83(1):57-63. [CrossRef] [Medline]Jøranson æk C. Effects on symptoms of agitation and depression in persons with dementia participating in robot-assisted activity: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Dir Assoc. 2015;16(10):867-873. [CrossRef] [Medline] A pilot randomized trial of a companion robot for people with dementia living in the community. J Dir Assoc. 2017;18(10):871-878. [CrossRef] [Medline] Machine learning-based predictive models for the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: model development and validation. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8073. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Predicting neuropsychiatric symptoms of persons with dementia in a day care center using a facial expression recognition system. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(3):1280-1291. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Al- Motor signs in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: detection through natural language processing, co-morbid features and relationship to adverse outcomes. Exp Gerontol. 2021;146:111223. [CrossRef] [Medline]König öger J, Alexandersson J, et al. Detecting apathy in older adults with cognitive disorders using automatic speech analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;69(4):1183-1193. [CrossRef] [Medline]- Neuropsychiatric symptoms and commonly used biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a literature review from a machine learning perspective. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;92(4):1131-1146. [CrossRef] [Medline]Filan SL, Llewellyn-Jones RH. Animal-assisted therapy for dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(4):597-611. [CrossRef] [Medline] Pet robot intervention for people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Monoculture farming reduces genetic diversity in crops, increasing vulnerability to diseases. [SEP] Text: Wong, M. M. , N. Gujaria-Verma, L. Ramsay, H. Y. Yuan, C. Caron, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg and K. E. Bett. 2015. Classification and characterization of species within the genus Lens using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PLoS One 10: e0122025. Yuzbasioglu, E. , S. Ozcan and L. Acık. 2006. Analysis of genetic relationships among Turkish cultivars and breeding lines of Lens culinatis Mestile using RAPD markers. 53: 507-14. Zaccardelli, M. , F. Lupo, A. R. Piergiovanni, G. Laghetti, G. Sonnante, M. G. Daminati, F. Sparvoli and L. Lioi. 2012. Characterization of Italian lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm by agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. 59: 727-38. (DArT) Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 252 - 260, 15. 12. 2019 Cited By: 3 is annual, autogamous and diploid (2n = 2x= 14) food legume with ~4 Gbp genome in size. Turkey is well known for its species richness with “diversity hot spots” for different legumes including lentil. In previous studies, various DNA markers were utilized but genetic diversity of lentil landraces have not yet been clarified. For this reason, present study aimed to identify genetic diversity of 94 Turkish lentil landraces utilizing 16,383 SNPs based on DArT technology. Results from “fast” analysis indicated that the unweighted pair group analysis with the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram including a heat map and also principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that Turkish lentil landraces were classified into five main groups in current study, indicating the existence of a large genetic variation among landraces. Highest genetic variation was between geno34 and geno76 (0. 9126) while the lowest genetic variation was between geno7 and geno1 (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 04132 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 11, 2016 Version of RecordDecember 4, 2014 Accepted ManuscriptNovember 11, 2014 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,009 views 613 downloads 82 4132. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side 9 figures and 6 videos 1 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Amino-acid starvation induces the formation of a novel stress assembly in Drosophila S2 cells. (A) Immunofluorescence (IF) visualization of Delta-myc (using an anti-Delta antibody) in S2 cells in Schneider's (normal growth conditions) or incubated with Bicarbonate buffer (KRB) for 4 hr (amino-acid starvation). Note that in Schneider's Delta reaches the plasma membrane whereas it is retained intracellularly in starved cells. (B) IF visualization of endogenous Sec16 in Drosophila S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Note the formation of Sec bodies (arrows). (C) IF visualization of Sec31, Sec23 and co-visualization of GFP-Sec23, mCherry-Sec24AB, Sec24CD-GFP, Sar1-GFP with Sec16 in S2 cells in Schneider's and KRB for 4 hr. (D) IF co-visualization of dGRASP/Sec24CD-/Sec16, and Fringe-GFP/Sec16 in S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. (E) Kinetics of Sec body formation in S2 cells incubated in KRB over indicated time (up to 6 hr) expressed as the percentage of cells exhibiting ERES, intermediates (see ‘Materials and methods’), and Sec bodies. Scale bars: 10 μm (A–D). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation and autophagy. (A–A′) Quantification of Atg5 punctae formation in S2 cells incubated with rapamycin (A) and incubated with KRB with or without wortmannin (A′) for indicated time points.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Accessibility options: Search 10. 11. 21 doi: 10. 3310/collection_48071 The need Catching cancer earlier is one of the most effective ways to improve survival. It means patients can receive treatment sooner, making it more likely the cancer can be cured. Cancer survival has been improving in the UK, but it still lags behind comparable countries. aims to save thousands more lives each year by dramatically improving how and when cancer is detected and treated. It sets the ambition that, by 2028, 75% of people with cancer will be diagnosed at an early stage (up from just over 50%). explores recent NIHR-supported research into the early detection of cancer. Some studies address the needs of specific groups, others look at new approaches to screening. brings together messages from research that has been highlighted in accessible summaries of evidence - NIHR Alerts - over the past year. “Identifying cancer early is often critical to increasing the chances of improved management and better outcomes for patients. This is all the more important following the pandemic. But we know that there are considerable knowledge gaps in this field. Therefore, this research is timely and vital and will help ensure that patients have equitable access to evidence-informed cancer screening programmes underpinned by the highest technological advancements at the earliest point possible. ” Kamal Mahtani, GP & Associate Professor, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, of Health Sciences, University of the needs of different groups to improve cancer screening Screening is key to detecting cancer early. Screening looks for cancer in healthy people before they have any symptoms. To be most effective, however, the service needs to be taken up by all eligible people. Overall uptake of cancer screening has been a concern for some time. Another concern is the low uptake among disadvantaged groups, such as those with low income, mental illness, or from different ethnic groups. People with a mental illness are more likely than others to die from cancer. Two recent studies showed that people with a mental illness are also much less likely (around 24% less likely) to receive cancer screening than the general population. First, a large international review included more than 4. 5 million people. It suggested the screening gap was one explanation for why people with a mental illness tended to die 15-20 years earlier than others. The screening gap was particularly high for women with schizophrenia, but was also present for people with common mood disorders such as depression.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: The largest positive factor coefficients in this factor belonged to and DM, respectively. The second factor, called RY, accounted for 22. 8% of the total variance. In this factor, the largest positive factor coefficients were RN, WSY, and RY. The third factor contributed to 10. 2% of the total variance, and the two attributes D and RY had the largest positive factor coefficients. The remaining 12. 6% of the variance was divided among four other factors. Liu et al. (2022) conducted that principal component analysis of ten quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components was 71. 325%. Table 5 The total variance is explained using principal component analysis. Eigenvalues % of % 1 7. 6 54. 5 54. 5 2 3. 2 22. 8 77. 3 3 1. 4 10. 2 87. 6 4 1 7. 0 94. 6 5 0. 3 2. 4 97. 1 6 0. 3 1. 9 99 7 0. 1 1. 0 100 Table 6 The coefficient matrix for component scores underwent varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Traits/Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RN -0. 086 0. 408 -0. 027 -0. 14 0. 512 -0. 585 0. 437 RY -0. 057 0. 313 0. 228 0. 119 -0. 197 0. 084 -0. 462 LY 0. 096 0. 079 -0. 089 -0. 106 -1. 381 0. 315 -0. 547 SC 0. 166 0. 029 -0. 048 0. 05 0. 281 0. 61 -0. 009 Na -0. 055 0. 033 0. 075 0. 04 0. 292 -0. 031 1. 58 K -0. 223 0. 122 -0. 129 -0. 131 0. 48 0. 101 -0. 947 N -0. 07 0. 107 0. 012 -0. 079 0. 265 -1. 589 0. 289 WSC 0. 181 0 -0. 047 0. 048 0. 06 0. 58 -0. 164 WSY 0. 018 0. 317 -0. 112 -0. 093 0. 516 -0. 101 0. 147 ECS 0. 204 -0. 046 0. 027 0. 048 -0. 41 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Note that as expected, autophagy (marked by Atg5) is stimulated by rapamycin and starvation (KRB) and inhibited by wortmannin. (B–B′) Quantification of Sec body formation (marked with Sec16) in cells incubated in KRB with and without wortmannin (B) and with and without bafilomycin (B′). Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation and single amino-acids. Quantification of the prevention of Sec body formation by specific amino-acids upon incubation in KRB for 4 hr. This is expressed as the percentage of cells exhibiting the normal growth Sec16 localization at ERES. All amino-acids are added at 15 mM except for 3 (gray bars) that were also tested at their concentration in Schneider's medium. Note that at 15 mM, histidine, aspartate, and asparagine significantly decreases Sec body formation. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation in vivo. Projection of four equatorial confocal planes of Sec16 and Spectrin (D) in the follicular epithelium covering an egg-chamber from an ovary dissected from a virgin fly fattened for 3 days and incubated ex-vivo in KRB for 4 hr, and from an ovary dissected from a 36-hr starved virgin female. Note that in both cases, Sec16 is found in large punctae reminiscent of Sec bodies. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation and mammalian cells. IF visualization of Sec16 in immortalized MEFs incubated in growth medium (DMEM) or KRB plus bafilomycin for 7 hr. Note that Sec16 is remodeled into larger structures. Scale bar: 10 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Human Sec16A is incorporated to Sec bodies in starved Drosophila S2 cells. IF visualization of human Sec16A-V5 transfected in Drosophila S2 cells. Note that it partially localizes to ERES in fed cells but is efficiently incorporated in Sec bodies upon starvation. Scale bar: 10 μm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Sec bodies are non-membrane bound structures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The findings of the Manchester study were so encouraging that the programme has been extended to other areas in England. “It is a missed opportunity that some people are less likely to take part in screening programmes. If the Government is serious about their levelling up agenda, they must fund and roll out targeted interventions to increase informed uptake in disadvantaged groups. " Genevieve Edwards, of UK Innovative ways to improve early detection of cancer New tests GPs refer people to specialists if they suspect cancer. A recent study showed that patients of GPs who make the most urgent referrals are more likely to have their cancer diagnosed at an early stage. But GPs are in a difficult position. People with symptoms want to be referred, but hospital services are overloaded. New tests could ensure that GPs refer those most likely to have cancer. Blood tests are a mainstay of medicine, with GPs ordering millions per year. Two recent research projects have suggested that standard blood tests can offer new ways to identify people who might have cancer. The first study included almost 300,000 patients who had blood tests at their GP surgery. It found that a routine blood test could help find several cancers early in men. This adds to previous knowledge that high levels of platelets – cells in the blood that help stop bleeding – can be a sign of cancer. The researchers found that even slightly raised levels of platelets may indicate cancer in men. The second study showed a blood test could give women a personalised risk assessment for ovarian cancer. The test, for women with abdominal symptoms such as pain or bloating, was carried out at GPs’ surgeries. The study included data from 50,000 women. It found the test was most accurate in those aged over 50. As well as identifying women at risk of ovarian cancer, the test also picked up the risk of other cancers, including those of the pancreas and lung. Both these studies provide information that could guide GPs' decisions on the need for further investigation or urgent referral to specialists. Womb cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in the UK. Current tests are expensive, invasive, or lack accuracy. Simple, effective new ways to detect womb cancer are needed. Researchers found that a new, low-cost blood test may be the answer. This test gave almost instant results and could accurately detect womb cancer, as well as changes that could lead to cancer (pre-cancerous growths) in the womb.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Hierbei liegt der „Hotspot“ der genetischen Vielfalt von Kakao im Nordwesten Amazoniens. Insgesamt wurden in der Art zwölf genetische Gruppen (Cluster) identifiziert. Aus dieser reichen Vielfalt des Kakaos führte die Domestizierung des Kakaos in Südamerika zur Entwicklung der Sorte Criollo, dessen Samen sich durch eine reduzierte Bitterkeit auszeichnen. wird auf dem internationalen Kakaomarkt hochgeschätzt. Die Criollo-Abstammung ist nach wie vor eine Hauptquelle für die Entwicklung kultivierter Kakaosorten. Eine schmale genetische Basis in den kultivierten Kakaosorten und deren Anfälligkeit für Krankheiten führten dazu, dass seit den 1930er Jahren krankheitsresistente Genotypen in Amazonien gesammelt wurden. wurden in ex-situ-Sammlungen erhalten und eine agronomische Bewertung durchgeführt. Sie erhielten Einzug in die Zuchtprogramme, um die genetische Basis des angebauten Kakaos zu verbessern und zu erweitern. Krankheitsresistenz und Ertrag sind die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Merkmale in der Kakaozüchtung, da Krankheiten bis zu 40% der Kakaoproduktion zerstören können. und Nutzung der reichen Kakaovielfalt sind die Hauptquelle für neue Allele, die notwendig sind, um aktuelle und zukünftige Ziele der Kakaozüchtung zu erreichen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: (A) Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) visualization of Sec16 (10 nm colloidal gold) in Sec bodies in ultrathin sections of S2 cells incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Arrows point to membrane in close proximity of Sec bodies. E, endosomes; n, nucleus; m, mitochondria. (B) Visualization of Sec bodies (Sec16, green) and lipid droplets (marked by oil-red-O, red). Note that 95% of Sec bodies do not co-localize with lipid droplets. (C–C′) Visualization of Sec bodies (Sec16, red) and Atg5-GFP punctae (C) and GFP-Atg8 (C′) after 4 hr starvation. Note that 82% of Sec bodies do not co-localize with Atg5 or Atg8 punctae. Scale bars: 500 nm (A); 10 μm (B, C). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Sec bodies are distinct from and P-bodies. (A) IF visualization of endogenous FMR1, eIF4E (green), and Tral (red) in cells growing in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Note that upon starvation, (FMR1, eIF4E) form and P-Bodies (Tral) enlarge to co-localize in SG/PBs. (B) IF visualization of Sec16 (Sec bodies) and FMR1 (SG/PB) in cells incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Sec bodies and SG/PBs are distinct structures but have a spatial relationship. (C) IEM visualization of FRM1 and Tral in ultrathin sections of S2 cell incubated with KRB for 4 hr. Note that the Tral and FMR1 positive SG/PBs (asterisk) are clearly different from Sec bodies (Figure 2A). Scale bars: 10 μm (A, B); 500 nm (C). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Sec bodies form at ERES but COPII- and COPI-coated vesicle formation is not required. (A) Stills of a GFP-Sec23 time-lapse video of a cell incubated in KRB (t = 0) for 60 min showing Sec body formation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Detecting pre-cancerous changes is a well-known approach to catching cancer early. Identifying new methods to detect these changes could help GPs identify people in need of urgent referral. An innovative, swallowable sponge can detect a pre-cancerous throat condition called Barrett’s oesophagus in people with heartburn. This was the finding from a large trial including more than 13,000 people. At present, GPs have no easy way of checking for Barrett’s oesophagus, so they refer many people who complain of heartburn for an endoscopy. This simple new technique could serve as a screening tool for early oesophageal cancer. It could allow GPs to screen people with heartburn and identify those most in need of further tests and possible treatment. These studies highlight promising new tests that could help identify cancer early. Another approach is to consider changes to existing national screening programmes. “This research is important because these are new tests, and also because of where the tests are performed. Patients value being able to have diagnosed or detected via a test their GP can do. This approach presumably will save the NHS money especially when COVID is leading to such a backlog of hospital outpatient appointments. ” Jennifer Bostock, Public Contributor, Kent "The average full time GP will see around 8 people with new cancer diagnoses per year. That same GP will have thousands of consultations with people who have potential cancer symptoms. Stretched primary care services need support, backed by research, particularly given the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic on health services in the UK and around the world. " Thomas Round, GP and ’s "Speaking as a patient and as a member of the public, the examples given of outcomes and impact of trials, will, I hope, encourage more people to seek medical help as soon as they notice anything untoward, and to share responsibility for their own wellbeing. " to existing screening programmes aims to find warning signs in people aged 56 or over. They are invited to take a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) every two years. FIT measures blood in poo (faeces) and people with blood above a certain level are invited for further tests. Recent research found that the FIT threshold for further investigation is set at a point that may miss more than half of bowel cancer cases. This highlights a need to improve the NHS screening programme.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the Discovery to Delivery: Bio2004, Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of Biological Forum. CABI Publishing: UK, 2005, 145-55. Idrissi, O. , A. R. Piergiovanni, F. Toklu, C. Houasli, S. M. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2018. Molecular variance and population structure of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces from Mediterranean countries as revealed by simple sequence repeat DNA markers: implications for conservation and use. Resources 16: 249-59. Idrissi, O. , M. S. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2016. Functional genetic diversity analysis and identification of associated simple sequence repeats and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to drought tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris Medicus) Landraces. 34: 659-80. Idrissi, O. , S. M. Udupa, C. Houasli, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2015. Genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces using Repeat and reveals functional adaptation towards agro‐environmental origins. 134: 322-32. Jin, L. , G. Jian-Ping, X. Dong-Xu, X. -Y. Zhang, G. Jing and Z. Xu-Xiao. 2008. Genetic diversity and population structure in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm detected by SSR markers. Sinica 34: 1901-9. Kaur, S. , N. O. Cogan, L. W. Pembleton, M. Shinozuka, K. W. Savin, M. Materne and J. W. Forster. 2011. Transcriptome sequencing of lentil based on second-generation technology permits large-scale unigene assembly and SSR marker discovery. BMC Genomics 12: 265. Khazaei, H. , C. T. Caron, M. Fedoruk, M. Diapari, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: (B–B″) IF visualization of miniSec16-V5 (B, B′) and ΔNC2-3-Sec16-V5 (B, B″) in S2 cells incubated in Schneider's (B) and KRB for 4 hr. Endogenous Sec16 is in red. Note that the cup-shaped ER forms a cradle for Sec bodies (B′, insert). (C) IF visualization of Sec16 and GFP-Sec23 in mock and Sar1-depleted S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Note that the ERES are enlarged in Sar1-depleted cells (arrows) and Sec bodies form in both conditions to the same extent. (D) IF visualizations of Sec16 and Delta-myc in S2 cells incubated with brefeldin A (BFA) in Schneider's and KRB for 3 hr. Note that Delta transport is inhibited in both cases as Delta is retained intracellularly. (E) IF visualization of Sec16 in S2 cells grown in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr in the presence or absence of brefeldin A (BFA). Note that pre-incubation with the drug does not affect Sec body formation during starvation. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Sec23 and Sec24AB are key factors for Sec body formation. (A–D) IF visualization of Sec16 in mock (A), Sec24AB (B), Sec23 (C), and Sec24CD (D) depleted S2 cells in Schneider's and incubated in KRB for 4 hr. Note that Sec body formation is inhibited upon Sec24AB and Sec23, but not upon Sec24CD depletion. Boxed areas are shown at higher magnification. (E) Distribution of Sec body size (shown as frequency of observed Sec body diameter) in mock, Sec24AB, Sec24CD, and Sec23-depleted and starved cells (as in A) (dsGFP: 45 cells, 341 Sec bodies; dsSec24AB: 43 cells, 585 Sec bodies; dsSec24CD: 35 cells, 245 Sec bodies; dsSec23: 36 cells, 504 Sec bodies). Note that the Sec body's mean diameter decreases by 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The researchers suggest new screening pathways based on the amount of blood found in faeces. “Due to a growing, ageing population and efforts to increase early diagnosis, more people will need to be sent for investigations for bowel cancer. It is vital the NHS has the capacity to undertake more tests and implement new evidence-based interventions swiftly so patients can benefit from them. ” Genevieve Edwards, of UK Around 7,600 women in their 40s are diagnosed with breast cancer every year in the UK. But the only invites women aged 50 and over. There is long-standing debate about the possible benefits and harms of screening younger women. To help resolve the issue, a long-term study began in the 1990s to look at the impact of annual breast screening for women in their 40s. Women offered screening were 25% less likely to die of breast cancer in the first 10 years in the trial. Approximately one death was prevented for 1,000 women screened. The study found no greater risk of over-diagnosis among these younger women. This suggests that extending the screening programme to include women in their 40s may save lives and would not increase its harms. “The extensive work by NIHR could have a considerable impact on healthcare and patient outcomes. Multiple recent studies evaluate an array of mechanisms to facilitate earlier diagnosis and reduced population cancer mortality. The approaches are innovative and achievable and could bring significant benefit to patients. Co-production in research involving the NIHR, the for Health and (NICE), the and the NHS is valuable. It is a clear demonstration of the ambition to make the a reality. ” Suzanne Halliday, Practitioner in and (2020-2023) people are surviving cancer than ever before, but even more lives could be saved by catching cancers earlier. provides examples of recently published NIHR research that explores opportunities to improve the early detection of cancer. Addressing the needs of specific groups, new tests, or considering changes to current national screening programmes are all important. These studies highlight some of the promising new findings in the drive to find more cancers at an early stage. “on earlier cancer diagnosis could have a significant real world impact. With 1 in 2 of us developing cancer in our lifetimes it is crucial to improve both screening uptake and symptomatic pathways. Exciting new technologies in screening and early diagnosis exist. Diagnostic decision support, and new ways of triaging have potential.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Sign up now They found that global cooling around 3,700 to 3,000 years ago caused the common crops of the time—broomcorn and foxtail millet—to fail. Ancient farmers switched to more cold-tolerant crops like wheat and barley and invested in trade to move food to different areas. Archaeologists are also investigating paleoclimate records in Central America, where Maya farmers experienced two periods of extreme social and environmental stress. Before the infamous collapse of the civilization around 800–1000 CE, a smaller transformation occurred around 100–250 CE. Although the reasons for both of these events are complicated, Chelsea Fisher, an archaeologist with Washington and in Virginia, said, “Climate change was a part of it, environmental degradation was a part of it, and political instability was a part of it. Those would have been in a positive feedback loop. ” Fisher and her colleagues excavated the houses and gardens of rural farmers dating to before 250 CE in the rural hinterlands near the ancient city of Yaxuná in Mexico. Fisher and her team found that farmers were intensively farming the areas around their homes. But when the social and environmental turmoil hit, they abandoned the land around 250 CE. A couple of centuries later, as Maya farmers returned to this land, they employed more mobile and flexible farming strategies, like the agricultural practice called milpa, which is still used in the region today. Milpa involves burning wild vegetation to clear a plot of land, cultivating it for a year or two, and then moving to a new plot. farmers employed different farming practices over several centuries. Archaeological excavations like this reveal Maya garden plots. Credit: When the second, more devastating disruption of the Maya empire occurred, the mobile farmers were more resilient. Fisher said these farmers fared so much better the second time around because they were more flexible with their agricultural practices. The pandemic has made it challenging for Fisher to continue her archaeological work on traditional agricultural practices in Yaxuná, but she hopes to return this summer. In the past, Fisher and her team worked with local authorities to hold regular public meetings so that she could collaborate with community members on what questions the archaeological work should address. For instance, many community members expressed an interest in learning about a colonial era ranching hacienda that tied the region into the global food system and industrial agriculture.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: 8-fold upon Sec24AB and Sec23 depletion and that Sec bodies are twice as many. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The smaller structures generated in starved Sec24AB-depleted cells are not Sec bodies. (A) Sec16 positive horseshoe shape structures observed by IF. B: Gallery of Sec16 positive IEM profiles: smaller clusters of membrane, larger ones probably corresponding to ERES mixed with Golgi fragments, intermediate structures (round shape but with membrane in their core and of smaller size than typical Sec bodies). Scale bars: 2 μm (A) and 500 nm (B). Figure 6 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Sec body proteins contain low complexity sequences that are necessary for Sec body recruitment. (A–A′) Schematic representation of the Sequences (blue bars) in Sec16, Sec24AB, Sec24CD, and Sec23 (A). The red bars mark the boundaries of the Sec16 domains. Genome wide analysis of Sequence (LCS) in the Drosophila proteome, in proteins related to the secretory pathway and proteins related to Stress Granules/P-bodies (A′). B: IF localization of sfGFP-tagged full-length Sec24B, Sec24AB LCS, and Sec24AB nonLCS in S2 cells in Schneider's and KRB for 4 hr, together with endogenous Sec16 (red). Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 6—Source data 1 Table showing the LCS content of proteins related to and P-bodies as well as the early secretory pathway (related to Figure 6A,A′). Download elife-04132-fig6-data1-v3. pdf Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset LCS content of Sec24 in different species. (A) A restricted phylogenic tree of the Sec24 sequences analyzed in (B) Note that S. pombe and S. cerevisiae Sec24 are similar to each other and to H. sapiens Sec24C and D, and D. melanogaster Sec24CD. However, they are distant to D. melanogaster Sec24AB, H. sapiens Sec24A and B. Furthermore, D. melanogaster Sec24AB is distant to D. melanogaster Sec24CD.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ViewpointScott1, Thompson2, 1Centre for Cancer Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosis, of Population Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom2Department of Family Medicine, University of :for Cancer Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosisof Population HealthUniversity of 1M 6BQUnited KingdomPhone: 44 2078823550Email: suzanne. scott@qmul. ac. ukAbstractThis viewpoint paper considers the authors’ perspectives on the potential role of smartphones, wearables, and other technologies in the diagnosis of cancer. We believe that these technologies could be valuable additions in the pursuit of early cancer diagnosis, as they offer solutions to the timely detection of signals or symptoms and monitoring of subtle changes in behavior that may otherwise be missed. In addition to signal detection, technologies could assist symptom interpretation and guide and facilitate access to health care. This paper aims to provide an overview of the scientific rationale as to why these technologies could be valuable for early cancer detection, as well as outline the next steps for research and development to drive investigation into the potential for smartphones and wearables in this context and optimize implementation. We draw attention to potential barriers to successful implementation, including the difficulty of the development of signals and sensors with sufficient utility and accuracy through robust research with the target group. There are regulatory challenges; the potential for innovations to exacerbate inequalities; and questions surrounding acceptability, uptake, and correct use by the intended target group and health care practitioners. Finally, there is potential for unintended consequences on individuals and health care services including unnecessary anxiety, increased symptom burden, overinvestigation, and inappropriate use of health care resources. JMIR Cancer 2024;10:e52577doi:10. 2196/52577Keywordswearables; early diagnosis; cancer; challenges; diagnosis; wearable; detect; detection; smartphone; cancer diagnosis; symptoms; monitoring; monitor; implementation; anxiety; health care service; mobile phone IntroductionThere is growing use of smartphones, wearables, and other technologies in health and wellness, either as consumer products or medical devices. (NHS) Plan [1] anticipates that in 10 years, people will have “the option for their physiology to be effortlessly monitored by wearable devices. People will be helped to stay well, to recognize important symptoms early, and to manage their own health, guided by digital tools.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: The second axis, accounted for 8. 9 % of the variance, could further place the landraces from the third cluster into another, the most diverse group. It is clear that results obtained by these two methods in an independent manner, complement each other. Fig. 3Scatterplot of principal coordinates 1 and 2 of 67 oat landraces, based on Dice dissimilarity matrix. The numbers in the legend correspond to the number of clusters in the UPGMA dendrogramFull size image DiscussionIn the past half century, both the decrease of the number of grown cultivars and forms of oats, and the reduction in acreage occurred. From the perspective of genetic resources conservation both of these factors had negative impact on the number of in situ (on farm) genotypes. Therefore detailed insight into the ex situ collection has become so important, especially to determine the diversity of a gene pool stored in gene banks worldwide. It is crucial not only for effective gene bank management, but also for the further development of breeding. Different types of molecular markers are increasingly used to evaluate the genetic diversity of germplasm collections. The usefulness of ISSRs in this type of analysis has been confirmed for example in wheat, barley and sorghum (Sofalian et al. 2008; Fernández et al. 2002; Medraoui et al. 2007). ISSR informativenessIn this paper, efficiency of ISSR was determined both as the amount of polymorphism and PIC (Content) coefficient. The average level of polymorphism, for the set of eight ISSR primers used in this study, was 59. 3 % which is comparable with 41. 7, 44. 2 and 70. 9 % of polymorphic fragments for A. sativa, A. fatua L. and A. sterilis L. respectively. ISSR markers have a reputation of being highly polymorphic; however, the publication cited above indicates that the participation of polymorphic fragments largely depends on the species, degree of differentiation of the tested materials and a set of primers. Medium or even low level of polymorphism seems to be specific to the A. sativa. Fu et al. (2003) in the analysis of genetic diversity of 96 Canadian oat cultivars obtained for AFLP 42. 8 % polymorphic fragments. Even lower level of polymorphism was reported by (Paczos-Grzęda 2004) i. e. 28.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: (B) LCS analysis and schematics in Sec24 sequences of different organisms. Note that most sequences contain a significant percentage of LCS in the N-terminal third of the protein with the exception of S. pombe, A. melifera and G. gallus (related to Figure 6A). Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Secondary structure prediction of Drosophila Sec24AB using HH pred. C/c denotes the unstructured, H/h the alpha helices, and E/e, the beta sheets. Note their absence in the 405 amino-acids of the N-terminus corresponding to LCS. Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Sec24AB LCS is not sufficient to drive Sec body formation. S2 cells were depleted of endogenous Sec24AB. When starved (KRB), this resulted in the formation of small structures (as in Figure 5). The transfection of Sec24AB LCS-sfGFP in these depleted cells did not rescue the formation of Sec bodies. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Sec bodies have FRAP properties consistent with liquid droplets. (A–A′) Percentage of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) over time of individual Sec bodies, marked by GFP-Sec23 (Video 2), and ΔNC1-Sec16-sfGFP (Video 3) in S2 cells incubated in KRB for 4 hr. The triangles in B show the FRAP of Sec bodies that have been entirely bleached (n = 3, arrowheads in B′). The circles show the FRAP of Sec bodies (n = 3, arrows in B′) that have been partially bleached. The dashed circles in B′ indicate the Sec bodies that have been entirely bleached and assessed in stills taken from Video 2 and 3. (B–B′) Percentage of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) over time of individual marked by FMR1-sfGFP (Video 4 and 5) in S2 cells incubated in KRB for 4 hr. The triangles in C show the FRAP of that have been entirely bleached (n = 3, arrowheads in C′). The circles show the FRAP of (n = 3, arrows in B′) that have been partially bleached.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ” Similarly, in 2020, the US Food and (FDA) launched a Plan to encourage digital health innovation as “digital health technologies can empower consumers to make better-informed decisions about their own health and provide new options for facilitating prevention, early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, and management of chronic conditions outside of traditional care settings” [2]. Wearables are devices that can be worn to detect and monitor biometric data such as heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, sleep pattern, or temperature while the wearer continues their normal routines. A further category of wearables involves skin patches used to measure biochemical signals (ie, glucose) on a continuous basis that are increasingly being considered as a standard of care for individuals with certain conditions (eg, diabetes) [3]. While most wearables have been wrist-worn devices, similar physiologic signals are now being generated from other devices such as rings or earbuds. Smartphones are also increasingly being used for health and wellness; they have the advantage of far higher use (compared with wearables), and a growing array of different sensors are routinely embedded. Could smartphones and wearables help detect cancer and, importantly, detect cancer earlier in its disease course when it is more likely to be localized and with a better prognosis? This paper provides an overview of the scientific rationale as to why these technologies could be valuable for early detection of cancer, the potential barriers to successful implementation, and the next steps for research and development. Potential of Smartphones and Wearables for of CancerWhile national cancer screening programs offer the opportunity to detect cancer or precancerous lesions in asymptomatic individuals, routine screening currently only accounts for the minority (<10%) of cancer diagnoses [4,5]. The predominant route to a cancer diagnosis is symptomatic presentation to ambulatory care. Thus, the diagnosis of cancer heavily relies on patients’ ability to notice and attend to relevant bodily changes and their decision to consult a health care professional [6,7]. However, noticing relevant bodily changes is challenging given the multiple subtle changes that may signal cancer among the plethora of daily bodily changes; fluctuations of normal bodily processes; self-limiting, transient symptoms; and the presence of chronic conditions. The signal-to-noise ratio is weak. This issue is exacerbated by individuals’ limited ability to accurately interpret vague bodily changes, many of which can be associated with cancer (eg, fatigue, weight loss, and stomach upset).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: 9 and 42. 9 % for RAPD and AFLP analysis of Polish oat cultivars. In contrast to Kaur et al. (2009), who reported a greater number of polymorphic fragments after amplification with the 5′ anchored di-nucleotide primers, in our study, there were no significant differences neither in quantity nor in the frequency of polymorphic products between 3′ or 5′ anchored primers. The average PIC value for the whole set of ISSR was rather low (0. 20). This is a direct result of the presence of numerous fragments with a high (above 0. 9) frequency. Similar values of PIC (0. 21) were reported by Thomas and Bebeli (2010) for Aegilops species. Genetic diversityThree coefficients are now commonly used to evaluate genetic similarity: Dice (1945), Jaccard (1908) and SM. For each pair of accessions presented in this paper, all three coefficients were calculated, and then the analysis of correlation was performed. It has confirmed the presence of a strong positive correlation between the Dice, Jaccard and SM analysis results. Similar conclusions were presented by Thomas and Bebeli (2010). In connection with the fact that most of Avena genetic diversity studies based on Dice coefficient, the results were also processed that way. The obtained results indicated a relatively low diversity (0. 09–0. 37) of the common oat landraces collected on Polish territory. The genetic variability of Polish modern oat cultivars was even lower (0. 01–0. 1) as reported by Paczos-Grzęda (2007) on the basis of ISSR data. The results obtained by RAPD for the same group of cultivars were almost identical i. e. 0. 02–0. 15 (Paczos-Grzęda 2007). The multiplicity of available DNA polymorphism detection methods, associated with different regions of the genome, may cause sometimes huge variation in the value of genetic diversity coefficients. While the levels of the citied above Dice similarities for ISSR and RAPD markers were similar, whereas the AFLPs detected much greater diversity in Polish A. sativa cultivars i. e. similarity ranged from 0. 381 to 0. 869 (Chrząstek et al. 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: The dashed circles in B′ indicate the that have been bleached and assessed in stills taken from Video 4 and 5. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Sec bodies are functionally reversible and act as reservoir for ERES components during starvation. (A) Stills of a GFP-Sec23 time-lapse video (Video 6) of two cells recovering in Schneider's after 4 hr in KRB (t = 0, up to 60 min). Note that Sec bodies are reversed into ERES. (B) IF localization of Delta in cells that were starved (KRB) or not (Schneider's) followed further incubation in Schneider's for 2 hr. (C) Quantification of the percentage of cells with Delta at the plasma membrane in cells that were either starved (KRB) or not (Schneider's) followed by reversion in Schneider's. Delta was induced for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min while cells were reverted in Schneider's. (D–D′) IF visualization of Sec16 in cells starved in KRB supplemented or not with cycloheximide (CHX, B), and in starved cells further incubated in Schneider's supplemented or not with CHX (C′). Note that neither Sec body formation nor reversal is affected by the presence of CHX. (E) Quantification of the Sec body reversal as described in B′ expressed as the percentage of cells exhibiting Sec bodies. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset IF localization of Sec16 in cells recovering in Schneider's for 10–30 min after 4 hr in KRB. At 30 min, 90% of ERES are rebuilt. Note that the intensity of fluorescence of Sec16 is higher than in the cells that were maintained in Schneider's, reflecting the storage of the ERES components in Sec bodies. Scale bars: 10 μm. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Sec body formation is a pro-survival mechanism. (A) Western blot of Sec31, Sec23, and tubulin (loading control) of lysates from GFP, Sec16, Sec23, and Sec24AB-depleted cells grown in Schneider's (S) and incubated with KRB for 4 hr (K). (B) Graph of cell viability (expressed as percentage of alive cells).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: This is because our awareness, attention, and interpretation are affected by expectations; emotions; beliefs; and biological, environmental, sociodemographic, and contextual factors [8-11]. Furthermore, symptoms may evolve very slowly over time, making it difficult to notice subtle changes. It is reported that the predominant risk factor for delay in seeking help following the detection of cancer symptoms is the “lack of interpretation by patients of the serious nature of their symptoms” [12]. Smartphones and wearable technologies have the potential to facilitate the detection and tracking of bodily changes that might otherwise be dismissed or interpreted as only needing self-medication rather than the attention of a health care professional. There is emerging data about early, subtle signs of cancer, and some of these may be amenable to detection by electronic sensors and monitoring of behavior (see Table 1). Table 1. Potential signals of cancer that can be measured using sensors in smartphones or wearables. Sensors currently available on some smartphones or wearablesExamples of signals for health features that could be related to cancerAudio signals from microphones [13]Changes in cough and breathing difficulty (associated with lung cancer) [14]Changes in voice such as hoarseness (associated with head and neck cancer and lung cancer) [14]GPS location tracking and activity tracking [15]Reduced activity resulting from fatigue (associated with multiple cancers) [14]Image capture and analysis [16-18]Anemia detected from images of the skin or eyes (associated with multiple cancers) [19]Jaundice detected from images of the skin or eyes (associated with pancreatic cancer) [20]Changes in skin lesions (associated with skin cancer) [14]Temperature measurement [21]Rise in temperature (associated with pancreatic cancer) [22]Body composition using image analysis and electro dermal activity [23]Weight loss (associated with multiple cancers) [14]Photoplethysmogram [24]Anemia (associated with multiple cancers) [19]Sensors could allow the detection of changes prior to them being noticed or interpreted as symptoms, for example, a reduction in activity prior to fatigue or changes in food consumption prior to weight loss. There is recent evidence that monitoring day-to-day purchases could detect an increase in over-the-counter pain and indigestion medication 8 months prior to ovarian cancer diagnosis [25].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: A study of Canadian durum wheat cultivars released from 1947 to 2009 [8] and tested across several experimental farms revealed an annual rate of GG for GY of 0. 69%, but this value was also associated with 1% gain for protein concentration, a critical trait for Canada durum exports. Hence, the authors concluded that while GG for GY was made via increasing harvest index, the stringent industry requirements for top rheological characteristics has prevented the breeders to further accelerate their GG for GY. Field trials across three environments in revealed that 12 cultivars released between 1958 and 2007 reached an annual rate of GG for GY equal to 25 ± 3. 4 kg·ha−1 (calculated at 0. 46%) [9]. Finally, a study of 26 bread wheat elites form the program released between 1977 and 2008, tested across Mexico, Asia and Africa revealed a GG of 0. 7% per year for grain yield, mostly associated with earlier flowering and large grain size [10]. In conclusion, the general rate of GG obtained from different programs around the world ranged from 0. 36% when considering the release year of Italian cultivars, to 1. 2% using the trial year of durum international nurseries tested in North Africa, and average around 0. 6–0. 7%. Here, we assess the GG of the durum wheat program across 10 environments using a representative set of germplasm from different decades, and we associate the grain yield rate change to various traits and to a decrease in genetic diversity. total of 456 ’s durum wheat elite lines spanning 35 years of breeding work were initially obtained from the gene bank and were grown in Terbol, Lebanon in 2014–15 season as short observation rows. For each accession, the year of origin was determined as the year when the cross was made and used it to assign it to a decade (1974–1984, 1985–1994, or 1995–2004). The decision of using “decades” instead of “year” for measuring genetic gain was made to account for the year-to-year variation in funds, available staff, agro-climatic variation, and research advances (i. e. , molecular markers, planters, irrigation strategies, and others) which inevitably result in different annual rates of accuracy but have less average influence across decades.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: The number of starting cells at t = 0, either non- (control, dark blue lines), mock- (dsGFP, light blue lines), Sec24AB (green lines), Sec24CD (violet lines), and double Sec24 AB and CD (orange lines) depleted, is set at 100%. These cells are incubated in Schneider's (dashed lines) and KRB (solid lines) for 4 hr and further incubated in Schneider's up to 16 hr. Note that the mock depletion (dsGFP, light blue dashed lines) is slightly detrimental to cell survival upon amino-acid starvation when compared to non-depleted (control, dark blue dashed line). (C) Quantification of the percentage of cells with Delta at the plasma membrane in mock-, Sec23, and Sec24AB-depleted cells that were either starved (KRB) or not (Schneider's) followed by reversion in Schneider's. Delta was induced for 90 min while cells were reverted in Schneider's. Error bars in B represent standard error of the mean and in C standard deviation. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Time-lapse movie of Sec body formation. GFP-Sec23 time-lapse video of two cells incubated in KRB (t = 0) for 1 hr. One frame was taken every 3 min and the videos are displayed at 7 frame/s (related to Figure 4A). Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg FRAP of one half-bleached Sec body and one fully bleached. FRAP video of two GFP-Sec23 positive Sec bodies, one photobleached partially and one entirely, recorded every 10 ms for at least 20 s, and then every minute. The video is displayed at 7 frame/s (related to Figure 7B′). Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg FRAP of a fully bleached Sec body.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: This demonstrates how tracking and monitoring change over time could allow insight into emerging disease. This is particularly useful for clinicians working in health care settings with limited time and resources and where cancer is a relatively rare occurrence among the burden of other diseases. In addition to the detection of signals, smartphones and wearables could alert the user to the need for health care consultation and provide an endorsement to seek care. This could overcome the commonly reported barrier to presentation (“concern about bothering the doctor”) that arises when there is uncertainty about the need for care [26-28]. to Successful ImplementationOverviewDespite the promise of smartphones and wearables for early detection of cancer, there are several hurdles to implementation that require attention. Key barriers to success are outlined here, alongside suggestions for how these may be addressed with future research. Signals and Accuracy and UtilityThe use and adoption of smartphones and wearables in this context require robust research into the selection of a signal, the development of sensors, and the generating evidence of accuracy and utility of those sensors in the real world. This includes identifying physiologic (or emerging pathophysiologic) signals that are most predictive of cancer, determining how often these need to be collected, and elucidating what other data would add precision to results (eg, age, risk factors, and presence of symptoms). For technology developers, sensors are usually designed and prioritized for a number of potential applications, mainly targeting overall health and wellness rather than diagnostic capabilities per se. Prioritizing these research and development efforts for cancer detection specifically over and above other priorities could be challenging to justify for business development reasons. Relatedly, the original intended commercial purpose of existing sensors may not have been connected to cancer detection. To make headway in this field of research, technology developers and device users will need to be willing to provide access to data for research. allows device users to share their data with third-party organizations under the right to portability. Developing systems to facilitate data sharing, in formats compatible with health data, could allow the generation of new data sets to signal cancer risk. This will prevent duplication of effort and maximize the use of existing data for public benefit. While initial evidence on the accuracy of a sensor to detect a given health signal could involve case-control studies (eg, individuals recently diagnosed with cancer and matched controls), subsequent research would likely require large prospective cohorts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: (B) The average frequency of minor alleles for rare alleles is presented as the horizontal lines in the box-whiskers graph, while the ‘X’ represents the median, the edges of the box the 3rd and 2nd quartiles, the whiskers the 4th and 1st quartile, and the circles the outliers. The LSD classes of each decade is reported with letters. for Using 60 polymorphic markers and 200 ’s elites generated in four different decades it was possible to measure the effect of imposing breeding selection on overall genetic diversity. The frequency of minor alleles is a good measurement of the number of loci that are still segregating within a breeding program. This was calculated first for 50 common alleles, with the minor allele present in more than 10% of the population under study (Figure 3), and significant decade effect was found. The germplasm produced between 1975 and 1984 had the highest average rate, with 30. 7% of the 50 loci tested still segregating, followed by germplasm pre-1975 (28. 0%), then 1985–1994 (26. 0%), 2005–2007 (23. 7%), and 1995–2004 (21. 7%). This suggests that 6. 3% of the total genetic diversity was eroded over 35 years of breeding selection. In addition, also the best individual elite changed from 41% of the loci segregating Pre-1975, to 36% in the last decade (2005–2007). The same calculations were also done for the 10 most rare alleles, with the minor allele present in less than 10% of the population under study (Figure 3). It also showed significant decade effect (p < 0. 01). In this case the change was even more radical with 2. 2% and 2. 10% of the lines segregating for these loci Pre-1975 and 1975–1984, to 1. 0% in 1985–1994, to 0. 7% in the last two decades. 4 Figure 4. Evaluation of erosion of genetic diversity among different breeding decades via the fixation index (Fst). The lines connected the decades indicate the relationship tested, and the relative Fst value is presented in percentage. Values below 5% are considered to represent free sharing of alleles and are color coded in green. Values above 10% indicate isolation occurred, and are presented in red. Values in between indicate partial fixation of alleles and are presented in yellow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 30483 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordDecember 27, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,751 views 303 downloads 27 0483. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 9 figures, 2 videos, 2 tables and 1 additional file 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Electron micrograph of PilQ complex and selected 2D class averages. Typical micrograph of purified WT PilQ recorded at 1. 8 μm defocus. Individual PilQ p10. 7554/eLife. 30483. 002 Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Assessment of PilQ symmetry and oligomeric state. (A) 2D class average of 27 top views, which was not sufficiently clear for an unambiguous assessment of rotational symmetry. (B) The same 2D class average with 13-fold rotation symmetry applied. (C) Applying 12-fold symmetry (Collins et al. , 2001) resulted in a featureless ring. (D) Low-pass filtering to 4 Å enhances the contrast of a typical top view of the complex. Randomly rotated copies (n = 50) of the top view in (D) were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. An annular mask excluded the noise and limited the analysis to the features of the ring. (E) The first eigenimage, showing the average of all images and the annular mask. (F) The second eigenimage shows 13 distinct positive (blue arrowheads) and negative features, indicating 13-fold rotational symmetry. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Effects of recentering in 2D and 3D reconstruction. (A) Typical 2D class average of 600 PilQ p10. 7554/eLife. 30483. 004 Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset FSC curves and refinement statistics. FSC curves (top panel) of independently aligned and refined secretin-N5 rings (orange), N4 rings (yellow), the N2N3 (green) and N0N1 ring pairs (blue) after applying a combination of RSS and recentering. The dashed line marks the 0. 143 FSC threshold. The lower panel shows 3D reconstruction statistics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The framework includes standards concerning safety, quality, acceptability, bias mitigation, data practices, professional oversight, credibility with health professionals, safeguarding assurances, scalability, as well as evidence of real-world performance and use. In some countries, consumer protection regulations also determine standards that certain wellness features (eg, step counting and heart rate measurement) need to fulfill, even though these are not regulated medical devices. As specified in the CanTest framework for early cancer detection [36], research and development will benefit from this early specification of the criteria (eg, target product profiles) needed for successful digital products for cancer detection [37-39]. Ensuring EquityA key issue of wearables and smartphone technologies is the potential for new innovations to exacerbate inequalities in cancer outcomes. Sociodemographic factors such as household income, age, level of education, and gender have been found to influence the use of mobile health (mHealth) technology [40-44] and there is “a real risk that the increased use of digital technologies will make care experiences and outcomes worse for some people (or communities)” [45]. Development of wearables and smartphone technologies for cancer detection should be conducted with an equity lens to focus on the views and needs of those living or working in more deprived areas and those at risk of lower health literacy (eg, those with lower educational level, older age, lower income, and ethnic minority groups) [46,47], so that cultural attitudes toward the use of technology, affordability, and access can be a focus in their development. Inclusion and diversity within the development and testing of sensors are vital so that products are not biased and work equally regardless of skin color or other physiological differences [29]. Affordability is also a crucial point. Even though smartphone use is extensive [48] in both higher- and lower-income countries, the availability and quality of sensors differ across brands and models of smartphones. Wearable devices have far lower penetration in most high-income countries and lower still in those individuals with lower socioeconomic status. If accurate and reliable sensors are only available on high-end devices, then the net result will be inequitable outcomes. The consideration of a reverse innovation approach may be useful here if it is possible, to focus testing on inexpensive, easy-to-use products that can be rolled out at scale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: The fixation index (Fst) provides a measure of allelic fixation, and hence loss of diversity, occurring between different breeding decades (Figure 4). There is good sharing of alleles and admixture (Fst < 5%) between all successive decades, as it can be expected by crossing strategies that take advantage of the germplasm generated in the previous seasons. However, there is strong fixation between 1975–1984 and 1985–1994 when the Fst value reached 12%, indicating a clear isolation from the alleles used in the previous decades. Looking at non-subsequent decades, Fst are also indicative of allelic fixation and migration over time, with non-admixture values (>10%) in most cases, except for the germplasm of 1975–1984 that was apparently recycled in the later crosses. 5 Figure 5. Clustering based on genetic diversity of elites by DAPC algorithm. (A) The distribution of the individuals based on the two main PCs is presented and the cluster assignment is color coded as per legend. (B) The distribution of individuals per clusters within each decade is also presented and color coded as per legend. To better understand the kinship relationships among the elite lines under study a DAPC analysis was conducted, testing the hypothesis that each decade would generate its own cluster, k = 4 (Figure 5). Cluster 1 was the most abundant in the last decade (2005–2007) and its presence raised steadily over the years. This cluster incorporates several of the most successful ’s elites and cultivars, and these can be traced back to the founders Korfila (DS15/Geier), Loukos (Ruff/Fg//Trob), and Bicre (Bittern/Creso). Cluster 2 was mostly present in 1975–1984 and in the last decade, and it incorporated many of the post elites. Cluster 3 was most abundant in 1975–1984 and it substantially disappeared in the following decades. This cluster incorporates several of the initial ’s crosses between ’s elites and landraces, such as the most successful cultivar (Jori/Haurani). Finally, cluster 4 was most represented in 1995–2004 and Pre-1975, while it became under-represented in 1975–1984 and 2005–2007 crosses.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Fit of the PilQ model. (A) Independent reconstructions of the four modules after recentering combined into a single high-resolution map (grey), as indicated by the low-resolution envelope of the entire complex (transparent light blue). (B) Atomic model of C13 symmetric PilQ complex (rainbow colored by chain) fitted into maps of individual modules after MDFF refinement (Trabuco et al. , 2008). (C) Cross section of (B), showing the position of gates 1 and 2 relative to the outer membrane (grey bar) and the overall fit of individual domains into each ring. The density of the crown region outside the outer membrane is not accounted for by the PilQ sequence. (D) Top and side views indicating the helical arrangement of PilQ protomers (one protomer red) around the central symmetry axis. (E) Per voxel local cross-correlation values (CC) of C13 symmetric model-derived maps and REP-reconstructed EM maps (outlines) were computed and used to color (red-white-blue) the atomic models (shown as spheres) before MDFF to highlight model/map correspondence. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sequence alignments of PilQ domains. Homology models were based on sequence alignment of individual PilQ domains with their respective best hit PDB structure templates (Table 1). The predicted secondary structure and DSSP-assigned secondary structure for the templates are indicated by coloured bars (alpha helices: red, beta strands: green). Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Gates of PilQ complex. (A) Cross section along the central axis of the PilQ map (transparent grey). The position of Gates 1 and 2 in the PilQ complex in the sub-tomogram average of the non-piliated, closed state (EMD-3021; Gold et al. , 2015) (center) is indicated. The crown module (red) and Gate 1 (orange box) are shown on the left. Gate two is formed by the N1N0 ring pair in the blue box (right). The fitted homology model is rainbow-colored by residue. (B) Top and bottom views of clipped density maps of Gate 1 (left) and Gate 2 (right). The lower panels show the map density with fitted PilQ domains.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: It is, therefore, essential to investigate user perspectives in parallel with the development and potential future deployment of wearables and smartphone technologies for cancer detection. This also includes encompassing the views of clinicians who are involved in the ongoing surveillance and care of those with a history of cancer and would inevitably be involved in shared decision-making on the potential implementation of such technologies and, crucially, the ongoing clinical management of individuals whose sensors indicate signals of possible cancer. In general, primary care clinicians have not typically been deeply engaged in the implementation of other consumer-grade or regulated medical devices; understanding from these clinicians’ viewpoint on how they could use information from smartphones and wearables within their clinical care pathways is critical to any adoption [60]. on Individuals and ServicesThe exciting potential of wearable technologies for cancer detection must be considered alongside the possible negative consequences. As seen with other new developments in cancer detection, given the overall very low prevalence of cancer, even tests with very high specificity will lead to a large number of individuals with false positives. The subsequent need for investigation and resources needed to differentiate those with false versus true positives (ie, do have cancer) could be considerable. For the majority of individuals, this could lead to huge risks of overinvestigation and inappropriate use of health care resources [61]. For cancer detection specifically, we can anticipate a far higher potential for wearables and smartphone technologies to generate anxiety than for other conditions (eg, detection of sleep apnea, or detection of irregular heartbeat), especially among those already fearful of cancer recurrence. This is particularly relevant to the question of how “results” should be delivered to users, what support would be needed at that time, and whose responsibility this would be. On the other hand, wearable use may lead to a false sense of reassurance, leading to a lower perceived need to attend cancer screening or respond to symptoms (eg, “my wearable says I am healthy. . . there is no need to see my doctor”). This is similar to when a negative cancer screening test result can overly reassure patients and affect subsequent decisions to seek care [62]. These issues about the psychological and behavioral impact of smartphone technologies and wearables to detect cancer remain unexplored and need focused behavioral science research. ConclusionsFor most cancers, the time from detecting a bodily change to interpreting that change as requiring the advice of a health care professional constitutes a substantial proportion of the time prior to diagnosis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: This sub-population is rich in crosses made between Pre-1975 ’s elites and crop wild relatives, and it includes the recent released cultivar Nachit (Amedakul1/Triticum dicoccoides Syria//Loukos). Based on this analysis, it is possible to notice how the genetic background of some of the funder parental lines of Clusters 3 and 4 have substantially disappeared in the last decade, Cluster 2 has remained nearly the same over crossing cycles, while Cluster 1 germplasm increased significantly. from Environment-Since its inception the durum wheat breeding effort has been dedicated to the development of cultivars well adapted to drought conditions, with some significant success stories. Still the GG measured across environments does not show an evident trend in favor only to dry conditions. In fact, Annoceur 18 was the most drought-prone of the sites used for testing and substantially no GG was achieved here. This is probably because Annoceur is located at >1400 m above sea level in the Atlas Mountains, where spring drought occurs in combination with severe cold temperatures during winter. This type of climatic conditions has not been previously targeted by the program and to date, no ’s cultivar has been released for these types of cold and dry agro-ecologies. Only recently a facultative winter durum breeding effort was initiated to try and serve these remote and harsh regions. Additionally, the comparison of GG for the top yielding lines in Marchouch 17 using side-by-side conventional vs. zero-till planting have also shown how the program could reach higher GG when normal tillage was deployed (13. 9% vs. 7. 1%). This result has prompted the consideration to incorporate zero-till planting in the selection process to better skew the germplasm toward adapting to this important management practice, ideal for drylands farming. In all other environments it was possible to measure >0. 9% yearly rates of GG for the top yielding lines, except for Terbol 17 where only 0. 3% could be recorded. Since 2012, Terbol has become a major site for breeding selection and it was already possible to measure good positive effect in Terbol 18 when the rate of GG raised to 1. 4%. Instead, the low average GG across sites, with five environments showing <0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: one aperture consists of bifurcated density segments that are visible in the cross sections of side views (Figure 3C). This feature is conserved in the gates of other secretins (see Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Note that the apertures of both gates consist of loop segments in the secretin domain (Gate 1) and N1 domain (Gate 2). Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Alternative linker models connecting N3 and N4 rings. PilQ domains N3 and N4 are connected by a 17-residue linker. There is no clear map density between N3 and N4, but the inter-ring distance constrains the possible connectivity between the C-terminus of N3 and the N-terminus of N4. Domains are most likely offset by one or two along the ring, resulting in alternative models with either right-handed (green dashed lines) or left-handed helicity (red dashed lines). The connection is closest in the model with a domain offset of one and right-handed helicity (green linker segment). Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Assessment of the PilQ domain fits. (A) Location of individual PilQ domains along a single protomer showing the best fit models before (grey) and after MDFF refinement (cyan). (B) Individual PilQ protomer domain models were used in exhaustive Euler angle sampling to obtain multiple fits (red, n = 10000) ranked by their cross-correlation (CC) values. The red lines indicate the mean CC value along with the standard error of the mean (green). The best initial fits (grey lines) span the protomer domain density and have the highest CC values. Upon MDFF refinement of the initial fits CC values increase (cyan lines). Figure 3—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Model refinement. Initial best fits (grey) of PilQ domains into corresponding ring-modules density maps after 6D search. The localization information of the individual domains within the ring modules was obtained from domain deletion mutations described previously (Salzer et al. , 2016). The initial fits were used to build C13 symmetric atomic models of the individual rings followed by refinement using a procedure (MDFF) to obtain the final model (cyan).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The detection of cancer remains one of the most prominent priorities of many health systems, governments, and private and public research funders [63,64], and “leaving no stone unturned” in technologies that could potentially improve early detection is a priority. The rapid advances in the hardware (ie, sensors) and software embedded in smartphones and wearables offer exciting and potentially untapped opportunities to detect early warning signs of cancer that may otherwise be missed. The research and development needed to advance this field include the selection of appropriate signals and development of effective sensors followed by robust clinical research into accuracy in real-world settings. This relies on the up-front specification of the target groups and their needs. Target product profiles should be developed specifically for cancer detection technologies, and innovators should consult these and consider regulatory challenges early in the process of development, to design products in line with the requirements of individuals, clinicians, and health care systems. The potential negative consequences of this type of technology should be acknowledged and investigated up-front, and mitigations should be incorporated into the design and implementation strategies. To avoid exacerbation of inequalities in cancer outcomes, research into the use of wearables and smartphone technologies in cancer detection should be done with an equity lens to ensure that products are developed for those who have poorer health outcomes, for whom new innovations could have the most impact. There is a need for research to explore the patient, public, and health care perspectives about the use of smartphones and wearables for the early detection of cancer while this field is in its infancy, so that these can be incorporated into product design to optimize acceptability and adherence, avoid unintended consequences, and maximize the chance of their success. 2019. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Digital health innovation action plan. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Domingo-'Sullivan J, et al. Medical devices, smart drug delivery, wearables and technology for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Deliv Rev. 2022;185:114280. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Elliss- Routes to diagnosis for cancer—determining the patient journey using multiple routine data sets. Cancer. 2012;107(8):1220-1226. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]NHS Digital. 2023.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: 5% annual rate, can be attributed to the ’s mandate of generating germplasm for several agro-ecologies across countries. In the early years, this requirement was addressed by generating mega-cultivars moderately adapted to all environments. In the last decade this approach was abandoned, in favor of selecting for stable (GxE) elites highly adapted to one agro-ecology, but not necessarily to all. As such, the balance between top and bad yielding lines tested across different environments results in low averages. This can clearly be seen from the analysis, with excellent rates of GG when considering the top performers, but only moderate rates when considering the average of the decades. Still, a clear positive progression can also be observed when considering the averages. from across-The average decade GG for GY across environment was measured at 0. 7% per year. This value is well in line with [10] that analyzed GG following a similar approach to what was presented here for the bread wheat program, and it is higher than what was reported by other authors for durum wheat [4–9], but it falls below the 1. 2% GG declared by durum wheat program using trial year across locations [3]. Overall, the GG obtained shows a good positive trend and it is within the range presented by other authors. Furthermore, this is particularly positive when considering that half of the test sites used for the analysis are prone to severe terminal droughts. In a study of the ’s Semi-Arid bread Trials (SAWYT), Bradburd et al. [13] reported that annual GG for grain yield was 0. 19% in drought-prone environments with average yields below 4000 kg·ha−1, while it reached 0. 49% under more favorable conditions. Moreover, the analysis showed how the yield gain was obtained by selecting for earlier germplasm with high number of spikes per square meter. This is in good agreement with what found by [5–7], whom also confirmed these traits as the most affected by breeding selection over time in Italy, Spain, and Morocco. Further, both traits are considered to be advantageous for adaptation to drought and changing climates [17–22]. However, grain size was reduced through the selection process as experienced by [6,7]. This trait is extremely important for the pasta and couscous industry as it is highly related with semolina yields.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: The refinement procedure improved the overall fit into the individual maps with minor or no changes to the central domain scaffolds, thereby confirming that the folds derived from template structures are preserved in PilQ. The N- and C-termini of the individual domains of the N0N1 fragment undergo local rearrangement to fit better into the density map during the MDFF runs, despite using a weak coupling of MD forces to the map derived density gradient (g = 0. 3). Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Comparison of different secretion systems with T. thermophilus PilQ. Cryo-EM maps of seven different secretion systems aligned against the OM (grey bar) indicate two major classes. (A) E. coli R388 T4SS, S. enterica serovar typhimurium T3SS (consisting of proteins InvG, PrgK and PrgH), E. coli K12 T2SS and P. aeruginosa PilQ do not have any density outside the OM (grey bar). (B) T. thermophilus PilQ, N. meningitidis PilQ and V. cholerae GspD display a conical density outside the OM. Red arrows indicate poorly resolved regions of the N-terminal domains. (C) The structure of the lip domain (-αβ-βα-; cyan) is resolved in V. cholerae GspD (left) and forms the feature outside the OM in (B), but it is absent in PilQ from T. thermophilus (right). (D) Multiple sequence alignment of secretin domains from well-characterized complexes indicates that the lip region (cyan) and the C-terminal helical segments (olive) are absent in all PilQ homologues. We conclude that the features outside the OM (B) are not formed by the PilQ protomer. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Comparison of secretin domains of different secretion systems. Cross sections through the cryo-EM maps indicate structurally conserved features in the secretin domain. All maps are low-pass filtered to the same nominal resolution (7 Å). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset PilQ mutants K728A and R730A destabilize the crown module.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Deep-learning-based smartphone application for self-diagnosis of scleral jaundice in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. J Pers Med. 2021;11(9):928. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sangers T, Reeder S, van der Validation of a market-approved artificial intelligence mobile health app for skin cancer screening: a prospective multicenter diagnostic accuracy study. Dermatology. 2022;238(4):649-656. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Boennelykke A, Jensen H, Østgård Cancer risk in persons with new-onset anaemia: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Cancer. 2022;22(1):805. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The risk of pancreatic cancer in symptomatic patients in primary care: a large case-control study using electronic records. Cancer. 2012;106(12):1940-1944. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Wearable sensor technology to predict core body temperature: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(19):7639. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Phases of metabolic and soft tissue changes in months preceding a diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(6):1742-1752. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Digital single-image smartphone assessment of total body fat and abdominal fat using machine learning. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(21):8365. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Non-invasive estimation of hemoglobin using a multi-model stacking regressor. . 2020;24(6):1717-1726. [CrossRef] [Medline]-. Association between purchase of over-the-counter medications and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the (CLOCS): observational case-control study. . 2023;9:e41762. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: As such, it would be important to concentrate future efforts to increase TKW, without losing the achieved GG for spike density. On the other hand, it would not be advisable to attempt to further increase yield by selecting even earlier flowering germplasm, as a shorter vegetative phase might ultimately result in a yield penalty when moisture is still available in the soil. Erosion of The 35 years of hybridizations and breeding selection have resulted in severe depletion of genetic diversity. The measurement of minor allele frequency revealed that 6. 3% of the diversity has been lost over the four decades. More alarmingly, the genetic diversity for rare alleles has been decreased 3-folds since the inception of the breeding program. The fixation index analysis revealed very clearly the beginning of the ’s own hybridization pipeline in 1981, with a clear isolation occurring between the germplasm used for breeding before 1984, and the introduction of different alleles since the hybridization started. This can be trace back to the substantial disappearance in the last decade of germplasm belonging to Cluster 3 and Cluster 4, which encompass several hybrids between elites, landraces, and crop wild relatives. Hence, since 2012 a new hybridization strategy was defined to re-introduce novel and rare alleles from these types of diverse germplasms [23,24]. In a study across a global panel of durum wheat, Kabbaj et al. [25] revealed that modern breeding programs around the World have been very successful in capturing high rates of allelic diversity for common and rare alleles, with ’s program maintaining more than 51% of loci not in fixed state, and 3% of the global richness of rare alleles. This indicates that it is possible to maintain high diversity, while making steady progress in GG for several traits. In fact, the lack of diversity might become the major limiting factor to GG progress, and for this scope the steady introduction of exotic germplasm via hybridization remains the most strategic choice. gain studies represent ideal opportunities for reflection on breeding strategies and achievements. Here, it was possible to confirm that the ’s durum wheat program has been able to achieve a 0. 7% rate of GG per year over the past 35 years, mostly through the reduction of the vegetative phase and the simultaneous increase in the number of fertile tillers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: (A) EM map of PilQ complex with fitted model (rainbow-colored from N to C terminus). Residues R730 and K728 (dark blue) are located just below the detergent belt (grey bar), close to the TM region of PilQ in the modeled homo-oligomer. Cross section through the cap region showing the crown module (red) above the OM surface. (B and C) Class averages of negatively stained PilQ-K728A/R730A (B) and wt-PilQ (C) obtained by averaging 374 and 3730 p10. 7554/eLife. 30483. 018 Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Stability of the PilQ-KR variants and twitching motility assay. (A, B) Stability of purified PilQ wildtype and PilQ-KR as indicated by SDS-PAGE (A) and Western blot analysis using PilQ antibodies (1:13000) (B) of membrane extracts boiled for 30 min in SDS sample buffer. (C) Contrast-inverted images of culture plates to quantify the twitching motility of the T. thermophilus strains (Scale bar = 5 mm). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Comparison of T. thermophilus T4PS complex in situ to detergent-solubilized PilQ. Cross section of sub-tomogram averages of piliated (light blue) and unpiliated T4PS (light yellow) (Gold et al. , 2015) with superposed 7 Å cryo-EM structure of PilQ complex. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Assessment of PilQ symmetry and oligomeric state. (A) 2D class average derived from 27 top views was not sufficient to assess the symmetry unambiguously. (B) Binary annular mask applied for multivariate statistical analysis. (C) Multiplication of (A) by (B) shows that the applied mask is not too lose and it just includes signal from the ring densities. (D) Second eigenimage after multivariate statistical analysis. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Cryo-EM structure of the PilQ complex.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Worrying about wasting GP time as a barrier to help-seeking: a community-based, qualitative study. Gen Pract. 2016;66(648):e474-e482. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Public awareness of cancer in Britain: a population-based survey of adults. Cancer. 2009;101(Suppl 2):S18-S23. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Cancer symptom awareness and barriers to symptomatic presentation in England--are we clear on cancer? Cancer. 2015;113(3):533-542. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]van der Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for early detection of skin cancer in community and primary care settings: a systematic review. Health. 2022;4(6):e466-e476. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]British association of dermatologists position statement on artificial intelligence (AI) interventions. of Dermatologists. 2022. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Schroé Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention. . 2020;17(1):127. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Webb T, M. Monitoring interventions. In: editors. of Behavior Change. Cambridge. Press; 2020:537-553. Kroenke K. Studying symptoms: sampling and measurement issues. Med. 2001;134(9 Pt 2):844-853. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Regulatory considerations to keep pace with innovation in digital health products. NPJ Digit Med. 2022;5(1):121. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Evidence standards framework for digital health technologies. for Health and Care Excellence. 2022. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Evaluating diagnostic strategies for early detection of cancer: the CanTest framework. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):586. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Wang P, Kricka LJ. Current and emerging trends in point-of-care technology and strategies for clinical validation and implementation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: Still, some reduction in grain size (TKW) could be identified, and future exploitation of this useful trait presents a good opportunity for further increasing yield. In eight of the environments tested, the annual rate of GG was actually superior to 0. 9%, with four cases exceeding 1. 0%. For the two environments with low GG rates, a strategic decision has been made for the next decade to specifically target a facultative winter durum program for the Atlas Mountains, and to shift the sowing of all breeding trials to zero-till at the main station of Marchouch. Moreover, the good GG observed was obtained through a severe erosion of the available genetic diversity. Hence, a new approach has been put in place to incorporate more rare alleles in the hybridization process. holds a global responsibility to develop and provide free of charge new and useful elites to durum wheat breeders around the World. The results presented here are encouraging in light of the daunting threat of climate change. If the GG obtained by breeders can be coupled with equal advances made by agronomists, it might be possible to achieve the >1. 6% annual rate of wheat yield increase deemed to be sufficient to keep up with the surge in the global population [26]. 1 (PDF, 268 KB) and MMN designed the study. FMB performed the experiments. MMN generated the germplasm. FMB wrote the paper with input from all authors. authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. research was funded by and by the Research and (GRDC) under grant number ICA00012: Focused improvement ofAustralia durum germplasm for abiotic tolerance. 1. . Wheat breeding at : achievements and prospects in the CWANA region. In: Angus W, Bonjean A, van Ginkel M, editors. The world wheat wook: a history of wheat breeding. Paris (France): Lavoisier; 2016. View 2. Impacts of international wheat improvement research: 1994–2014. (Mexico): 2016. View 3. . Association among durum wheat international testing sites and trends in yield progress over the last twenty-two years. In: editors. on wheat yield potential: challenges to international wheat breeding. (Mexico): 2008. p. 108-12. View 4. . Trends in performance of Turkish durum wheats derived from the Center in an irrigated environment. J Agr Sci.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Overall architecture of the PilQ complex. Sagittal sections along the central symmetry axis show the gates; top views of clipped planes indicate the detailed arrangement of all domains and both gates in PilQ from top to bottom. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as model of PilQ protomer. Sagittal and longitudinal sections through the single PilQ domains show the quality of the fit of the homology models of the PilQ protomers. The overall arrangement of one PilQ protomer (chain B, cyan) after flexible fitting and linkers built and the adjacent protomers corresponding to chains A and C (blue and green respectively) show how the they are positioned relative to each other. 1 Modelling and fitting of PilQ domains. Sequences of PilQ domains aligned to their respective templates were used to create atomic models of each domain. Models with the best scores (lower DOPE scores [Sali and Blundell, 1993]) were fitted into the corresponding density maps and screened for best fit orientations (highest cross correlation coefficient). PilQ DomainSize (aa)structural motifTemplate protein (PDB code)Sequence identity/similarityResolution (Å)/MethodDOPE score (z-score)N0116βαββαββαN0 domain of PilQ from N. meningitidis 4ARO_A11. 45/ 20. 61NA/NMR structure−9457. 03 (0. 230)N1107αββββαPeriplasmic domain of secretin EscC from enteropathogenic E. coli 3GR5_A N1 domain model from PilQ from N. meningitidis 4AV2_A8. 77/ 14. 913gr5: 2. 05/X-ray 4av2: NA/NMR, Model and cryo-EM−7861. 37 (0. 351)N257βαββαExtra membrane domain of secritin HOFQ from A. actinomycetemcomitans 2Y3M_A9. 72/ 20. 832. 3/X-ray−5616. 16 (−1.

Output: pass