Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Go to Research 5593. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2016. 01. 555593 Go to Research 2. 87 million hectares, which is about 22. 95% of the total cultivated land in the country. Production wise out of the total grain crops Tef contributed 16. 1 % (4,471,378. 7 tons) of the total crop production of the country [1]. Tef is mainly expanding due to the farmer’s indigenous farming practice and varietal selection. Several technologies had been developed through the research system in Ethiopia. Despite many efforts had been undertaken in recent years, the productivity from the crop still remains below 1. 56 tons per [1]. The major constraint hampering tef productivity is lack of access to improved varieties’ seeds which satisfy the national seed standard. Therefore, in most of the cases farmers in Ethiopia are forced to use seed which was saved from previous harvest. For instance, during the 2010/11 main rainy season, only 1. 12 % of improved tef varieties’ seed was supplied to the farmers nationally, while the rest 98. 88 % was covered by farmer’s own saved seeds of previous harvests [2]. Tef grain is resistance to quality degradation therefore farmers believed may not deteriorate in their germination capacity in the store. Unlike most of the other cereals, Tef seed is relatively less affected by storage diseases and insect–pests, as a result, the seed could be stored for prolonged period with very minor deterioration [3-6]. However adequate information on Tef seed storage characteristics, deterioration dynamics in storage and the resulting losses of seed qualities is not well studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the status how the quality of Tef seeds had been affected after stored for varying period of time. Go to Research 0. 05g Tef seeds were divided in two equal parts of working samples each weighting 1±0. 05g which was divided further to half working sample of 0. 5±0. 05g to produce four replications and sorted under the purity working board and the purity percentage was calculated as: For seed moisture determination, a sample of 16 g of seeds was randomly taken from each treatment combination and divided in to 4±0. 05 g which was used in the four replications. The moisture was determined with hot oven method as per ISTA [7] working guide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , 2016), ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- (5lta), ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (5ltj) and ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) (5ltk). Structures were superposed via their RecA1 domains. In the top panel the back view is presented (rotated by 180° with respect to Figure 1b, Figure 2a and Figure 2b) and in the bottom panel the side view (90° rotation around a vertical axis). Structures are ordered according to the degree of C-terminal displacement and opening of the RNA-binding tunnel. The location of the RNA-binding tunnel which is present in ctPrp43ΔN•ADP and ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- is indicated. RNA loading mechanism of Prp43 The opening of the RNA-binding tunnel appears to be the key mechanism allowing Prp43, and very likely numerous other DEAH-box helicases, to bind to complex folded RNA substrates. Thus, these rearrangements of the C-terminal domains are expected to be crucial for their unwinding function. The opening is feasible due to a large movement of the ratchet-like and the OB-fold domains. Rearrangements of the WH domain are less pronounced owing to the fact that the WH rather functions as a hinge region between the RecA2 and the ratchet-like domain. Comparison between the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- and the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) complex structures after alignment of the RecA-like domains revealed that the center of mass of the ratchet-like domain is shifted by 16. 2 Å, and by 14. 1 Å for the OB-fold domain. In the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) complex structure, these values are equal to 17. 0 Å (ratchet-like) and 11. 7 Å (OB-fold), respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: , 2010; and Oke, 1998) and lately, as “Cool Island” (GCI) (Martins et al. , 2016; Du et al. , 2017). A recent study by et al. (2018) showed that from all the studies conducted on the cooling effect of green infrastructure, the contribution of the cooling effect of parks and UGSs was 10. 9% (PCIs: 6. 7% and GCIs 4. 2%). PCI or GCI generally refers to the cooling impact of an UGS not only on the area within the park but on the surrounding area as well. Modern development planning science considers the UGS cooling effect to be a highly effective solution for dealing with thermal islands. Although the growing public and academic attention to UHI has encouraged research into this subject, the studies and findings in relation to the cooling effect of UGSs are yet to be summarized in a review. While there are some review studies on the cooling effect of urban parks, they are not specific and also cover other green infrastructure such as street trees, green roofs and green facade (Bowler et al. , 2010; Jamei et al. , 2016; Taleghani, 2018). The present study aims to review and categorize the recent studies carried out regarding the relation of characteristics of UGSs to their cooling effect, in order to facilitate the study of data collection and analysis methods commonly used in this area, and thus assist future planning and development attempts to use urban parks and urban gardens for creating the cooling effect and countering the UHI effect. 2 Main text2. 1 Research methodologyThis paper is a systematic review of recent research on the utilization of UGSs for creating a cooling effect. Initially, a search was conducted for all 2. 2 Cooling effect of a group of urban green spacesIn this section, the studies that have investigated the combined impact of a group of UGSs on a certain part or the entire domain of a city (Table 1) are examined. In general, the objective of these studies is to determine how effective is a group of urban green spaces in reducing UHI and cooling the environment. Given the well-known utility of remote sensing methods in urban ecological studies (Wilson et al. , 2003), most of the research in this category has employed satellite imagery data from sources such as LST map, and ASTER for convenient analysis of the effect of green spaces over large expanses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Finally, seeds dropped from scalper were ride over grading sieve, while smaller p2. 8 mm (slotted). Now a days, newly released black gram varieties had more differences in seed size as compared to older varieties. Hence, the alteration is needed in grading screen size while seed processing for getting good quality seeds to confirm the physical purity standards set by IMSCS while processing of black gram seeds. With this background, the study was conducted to standardize the grading sieve size for seed processing on newly released Black gram varieties. experiment was conducted at of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during the year 2020-2023. Freshly harvested seeds (unprocessed) of four newly released Black gram varieties viz. , ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 10 and VBN 11 were taken for the study. Specified quantities (250 g) of unprocessed seeds have been sieved using slotted sieves (Fig 2) of three sieves above (3. 4 mm, 3. 2 mm and 3. 0 mm) and two sieves below (2. 7 mm and 2. 5 mm) the recommended sieve sizes of 2. 8 mm for black gram varieties as per the Standards (Trivedi and Gunasekaran, 2013) in ROTAP sieve shaker for 2 minutes at the rate of 25-30 strokes per minute. The seeds retained over each sieves were collected separately and weighed. Collected seeds were tested for the following seed quality traits: Seed recovery (%) (ISTA, 1993) The seeds retained in each sieve were weighed and seed recovery was calculated in percentage using the following formula: Physical purity (%) The working (test) sample is separated into the following three component parts: pure seed, other seeds, inert matter, and the percentage of each part is determined by weight. The separation of the pure seed must be on such a basis that it can be made by visible seed characteristics, mechanical aids or using pressure without impairing the capacity for germination (ISTA-Testing Association, 1993). The physical purity percentage was calculated by the following formula: Seed size (mm) The seed size (seed length, breadth and thickness) was measured in randomly selected 10 seeds using micrometer screw gauge (ISMA-Morphology Association, 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: For this purpose, one cysteine was introduced into the RecA1 domain and another one into the ratchet-like domain at exposed positions to maximize the number of formed disulfide bonds (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). The functional impact of these mutations was analyzed by an ATPase assay, a fluorescence-based helicase assay and an intron-lariat spliceosome (ILS) disassembly assay. First of all, the percentage of formed disulfide bonds was experimentally estimated. The wild-type protein contains nine cysteines, the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant two additional ones. reaction, the number of cysteines was determined to be 8. 5 ± 0. 1 (ctPrp43) and 9. 3 ± 0. 1 (ctPrp43-IDSB), respectively. This allows us to conclude that the majority of ctPrp43-IDSB exhibits the internal disulfide bridge because oxidized cysteines cannot be detected by this method and only the nine cysteines, which are also present in the wild-type protein, were determined. Prp43 trapped in the closed conformation is impaired in its helicase activity Having determined that ctPrp43-IDSB is mainly present in the oxidized and therefore closed state, this mutant was subsequently analyzed concerning its helicase activity using a synthetic dsRNA with a 3’ssRNA overhang (Figure 4a and Table 2). Since wild-type Prp43 exhibited a very low activity (0. 54 nM of unwound RNA/min) in the absence of any stimulatory G-patch (GP) protein, we tested its activity in the presence of the ctNtr1-GP (1. 98 nM/min) and the ctPfa1-GP (60. 03 nM/min). Since the ctPfa1-GP could increase the Prp43 activity to a much higher level, the ctPfa1-GP was used for the in vitro helicase activity analysis of all Prp43 mutants. ctPrp43-IDSB exhibited an activity of 12. 18 nM/min which equals about 1/5th of the wild-type Prp43 activity and thus is clearly impaired concerning its ability to unwind dsRNA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Some of the studies to be discussed in this section have also utilized field observations, temperature measurements, or temperature sensors for better examination of cooling effect intensity (CEI) and cooling effect distance (CED). RefLocation (Köppen and classification, Kottek et al. , 2006)MonthGreen site & comparatorFeatures of green siteSizePurposeMethods/InstrumentsConclusionCao et al. (2010)Nagoya, Japan (Cfa)May 25, July 10, October 3092 parks compared with the surrounding areaTrees, grass, shrubs, soil, water, low albedo surfaces, high albedo surfaces0. 1ha to 41. 9 haIdentifying the role of park parameters (e. g. , park size, land-use types, and shapes) in the PCI phenomenon•Remotely sensed data and image•Multivariate RegressionCooling effects rely on the park characteristics and seasonal radiation conditions. Also, trees, shrubs and compactness of park benefit the PCI in spring and summer. Du et al. (2017)Shanghai, China (Cfa)February68 green spacesIncluding trees and shrubs, lawn, different buildings and water body1. 12 ha to 205. 32 haIndicating the role of UGS for implementing cooling effect and distinguishing efficient relevant elements in CEI and CED•LST image•ArcGIS version 10. 1•2014•Pearson correlationGCI impacts are contingent upon green space itself and its surrounding features. Furthermore, raising vegetation and water body fractions or reducing impervious surfaces helps to improve GCI impacts. Lin et al. (2015)Beijing, China (Dwa)September 2230 parks compared to city centerTrees and shrubs18. 42 km2 in totalDeveloping an alternative method for calculating the cooling extent of green parks by using remote sensing•Remote sensing, LST map•Dry and wet bulb thermometers (24st)The area around a park that benefits from the cooling effect increases with park size. Yu et al. (2017)Fuzhou, China (Cfa)to July435 green patches (connected, and disconnected with water bodies)329 patches: tree-based (280) and grassland-based (49)0. 02 ha to 296.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 1%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11, which failed to fulfill the seed certification standard set by IMSCS (98%). However, the seeds retained from 3. 0 mm (slotted) sieve size registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 91. 2% and 87. 5%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11 along with requisite seed germination and physical purity as per the IMSCS (75% and 98%, respectively). In addition, nearly 11. 35% enhanced seed germination was also observed in VBN 8 (Table 2). Whereas in Black gram cv. VBN 11, even though there was no difference in seed germination, the physical purity was increased to the tune of 3. 3% (Table 4) while using 3. 0 mm sieve for grading screen as compared to existing sieve size of 2. 8 mm recommended for black gram varieties as per Standards (Trivedi and Gunasekaran, 2013). Table 2: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 8. Table 3: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 10. Table 4: Effect of sieve size on seed quality of Black gram cv. VBN 11. Based on the results, irrespective of varieties, the seed recovery was increased with decrease in sieve size. These results are in conformity with the findings of Ganiger et al. , (2016) in green gram. In addition, the physical purity, seed size, 100 seed weight, seed germination and pure live seed percentage were also increased with increase in sieve size. Proportion of small and underdeveloped seeds with good quality seeds in seed lot will decide the physical purity. Those impurities proportion was decreased with increase in sieve size. It might be the reason for the reduction in physical purity while decreasing the sieve size. Seed size and seed weight are positively correlated because the seed weight increased with increase in sieve size in the present study. The positive association of seed weight and seed size was earlier reported by Ganiger et al. , (2016) in green gram, Kumar et al. , (2005) in Indian mustard and Suma et al. , (2014) in sesame. Irrespective of varieties, the first count, seed germination and pure live seed percentage were also higher in large sized seeds (Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (a) The maximal unwinding velocity (nM/min) for a dsRNA with a 3’ overhang is shown. (b) RNA binding of 5’−6FAM-U16-RNA by ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-HT was determined via fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from three independent measurements for a and b. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Intron-lariat spliceosome (ILS) disassembly assays. 10–30% glycerol gradient sedimentation of purified yeast ILS (scILS) incubated in solution with ATP plus (a) no recombinant protein, (b) scPrp43 and cofactors scNtr(1•2), (c) ctPrp43 and scNtr(1•2), (d) ctPrp43-IDSB and scNtr(1•2), (e) ctPrp43-IDSB, scNtr(1•2) and 0. 5 mM DTT, (f) ctPrp43-HT and scNtr(1•2), (g) ctPrp43-HL and scNtr(1•2), (h) ctPrp43-HT&HL and scNtr(1•2). U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs were visualized by Northern blotting followed by autoradiography. RNA identities are indicated on the left. Quantifications were performed with ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics). Numbers represent the percentage of intron-lariat RNA released in the top fractions (sum of fractions 1–11) or associated with the ILS (unreleased, sum of fractions 12–23) relative to the intron-lariat RNA distributed in all 23 fractions, the sum of which was set to 100%. Table 2 Helicase activity. nM/min± ctPrp430. 540. 18ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP60. 032. 75ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP1. 980. 45ctPfa1-GP0. 460. 28ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP12. 180.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 7 haQuantifying which form of greenspace has the greatest cooling effect: simple or complex shape, large or small areas•LST map, ArcGIS•hierarchical cluster analysis (CLU)Compact greenspaces in the shape of a circle or square provide significant cooling effects in terms of intensity and efficiencyFeyisa et al. (2014)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Cwb)October 4–1821 green areas: public parks, green spaces around building and private parks. Green areas with dense tree vegetation (canopy cover of at least 60%)0. 85–22. 3 haIdentifying the physical characteristics of USG which determine cooling efficiency and examining its extent of extension•NDVI index•ArcGIS version 10. 0Regression modelAppropriate choice of species, geometry and size of parks may improve efficiency of urban coolingAnjos and Lopes (2017)Aracaju, Brazil (As)July 19 to October 10UGS around 7 urban climate stations in different parts of the cityVegetated area: from 2. 2% to 53%Water bodies:From 0 to 50%Not mentionedAssessing the UHI and PCI effects based on an urban climatological network•Climatic sensor•Zone mapMost UHI and PCI intensities do not develop only in the light winds and clear sky But these factor have remarkable impactBrown et al. (2015) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Af); Lahore, Pakistan (Bsh); Alice Springs, Australia (Bwh); Kyoto, Japan (Cfa); Toronto, Canada (Dfb)10 years dataFive different zones were comparedFive sites in five different climate zonesVarious sizesRecognizing the effect of microclimate modifications on thermal comfort caused by elements in the landscape•Simulated by human thermal comfort model air temperatures through a ‘cool island park’ is a moderately effective strategyChang and Li (2014)Taipei, Taiwan (Cfa)August to September and December to February60 urban parks were surveyed and compared with the surrounding areaTrees, shrubs and pavementVarious sizesExploring details related to the planning and design of city parks such that they may effectively cool surrounding urban areas•Thermal sensor•Stationary regression methodParks and other open spaces should be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. Chen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: - Document suivant 41 | 2019Patrimoines gastronomiques. Définitions, typologies et enjeux de conservation Témoignages La biodiversité au service du goût. Quelle place pour les anciennes variétés de fruits et de légumes Biodiversity in the service of taste; what role for ancient varieties of fruits and vegetables? Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français English L’inquiétante perte de biodiversité due à une société uniformisée et consommatrice de ressources incite des citoyens toujours plus nombreux à réduire leur empreinte écologique en entreprenant des actions concrètes. L’une des plus fondamentales consiste à retrouver une alimentation saine, goûteuse et de proximité. La recherche de variétés anciennes et locales coïncide avec cette volonté. Elle correspond aussi à celle de préserver la biodiversité, dans sa forme cultivée. Mais elle sème le doute autour de l’intérêt de celles qui leur ont succédé et donc, sur la notion d’amélioration des variétés. Ce doute est généralisé et touche indistinctement toutes les espèces, sans que le consommateur soit suffisamment informé des réels progrès réalisés dans des cas plus nombreux qu’ils ne le pensent. Pour savoir quel rôle ces variétés anciennes peuvent retrouver, il convient de retracer brièvement leur histoire, les raisons de leur déclin et de leur retour en grâce.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 23ctPrp43-HT+ ctPfa1-GP0. 680. 16ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP61. 877. 14ctPrp43-HT&HL+ ctPfa1-GP0. 880. 03 Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Prp43 adopts an open conformation after ATP binding and switches into the closed conformation after binding to RNA. This morphing movie between the ADP-bound state of Prp43 (PDBid: 5d0u), the two ADP•BeF3- bound states (PDBids: 5ltk and 5ltj) and the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure (PDBid: 5lta) illustrates the RNA-binding mode of Prp43. To exclude the possibility that the results of the helicase or ILS disassembly assays differ between ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-IDSB due to a reduced ATPase activity of the latter, ATPase activity measurements were performed. For all ctPrp43 variants, the ATPase activity was analyzed for ctPrp43 itself, after the addition of a GP, or U16-RNA or in the presence of both. Since this was the first enzymatic characterization of Prp43 from C. thermophilum, several general results are worth mentioning (Table 3 and Figure 4—figure supplement 2). The basal ATPase activity of ctPrp43 (1. 81 min−1) is very similar to its ortholog from S. cerevisiae (2. 43 min−1) (Christian et al. , 2014). ctPrp43 is stimulated by both, the ctNtr1-GP and the ctPfa1-GP, but the effect by the latter is more pronounced. A clear difference between C. thermophilum and S. cerevisiae Prp43 is that ctPrp43 does not exhibit RNA-stimulated ATPase activity in the absence of a GP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2014)Beijing, China (Dwa)May 22, July 9, October 13 and November 14Measured 6 types of UGS: wood-land, shrub land, grassland, cropland, rivers, lakesUGS covering 35% of the overall study areaTotal size: 6450 haFocusing on the effects of spatial patterns of urban green patches on their own surface cooling effect•LST map & QuickBird (QB) image•Regression analysesIn addition to patch size, the other elements such as shape, edge or connectivity have cooling effectsSun and Chen (2017)Beijing, China (Dwa)July 5 and July 29Five types of UGS:Impervious land (IL), forest land (FL), grass land (GL), water body (WB), and bare land (BL). Ringroad 5 of the cityTotal size: 108. 86 km2Investigating the dominant combinations of landscape conversions (2012), and quantifying the change of mean LST•ENVI software QuickBird (2002) and (2012)•TM imagesGreater focus on protecting natural forests in cities might provide greater benefits for climate mitigation. Buyadi et al. (Dec 2013)Shah-Alam, Malaysia (Af)February 21 and January 21Study site situated in center of the city with various kind of land use and green spacesWater bodies, high dense trees, mixed vegetationTotal size: 8530 haSurveying the influence of development on UGS and UHI•LST map•NDVI assessmentDecreasing the vegetation land cover in open spaces has a direct correlation to increasing UHILi et al. (2013a,b)Beijing, China (Dwa)September 8 and October 4Seven landscapeMetrics, based on easily calculated, interpretable, and little redundancyNot mentioned0. 52 ha to 0. 89 haExamining the effects of spatial resolution on the relationship between LST and the spatial pattern of greenspace•ENVI 4. 6 and TM imagery•Pearson and partial Pearson correlationThe relationship between LST and the abundance of greenspace was negative, but with the spatial configuration of UGS varied by spatial resolutionKong et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ce regain d’intérêt a été conforté par plusieurs mesures gouvernementales : la mise en place des listes c et d du catalogue français des espèces et variétés en 2008 et 2009, puis la création d’une Coordination nationale des ressources phyto-génétiques en 2016. Entre ces mesures nationales et les aspirations citoyennes, une organisation avec les acteurs de terrain et les scientifiques doit être consolidée et généralisée à partir de programmes en cours dans certaines régions. Les lieux de médiation les plus appropriés pour présenter ces actions au public sont les jardins-potagers et fruitiers. L’engouement des citoyens pour le jardin et la cuisine favorise l’utilisation de ces variétés dans des recettes qui sont à créer ou à réinventer en fonction des besoins actuels. Our present-day society is increasingly standardised and wasteful of resources and is witnessing a disturbing loss of biodiversity. In reaction to this, more and more concerned citizens are trying to reduce their environmental footprint by concrete action. One of the most fundamental of these actions lies in a return to healthy and tasty food, locally sourced. The search for old and local varieties of fruits and vegetables corresponds with this movement and with the desire to maintain the biodiversity of cultivated plants. But, at the same time, this tendency throws doubt on the qualities of the varieties that succeeded the old ones, and even on the notion that plant varieties can indeed be improved. This doubt is widespread and concerns many sorts of fruits and vegetables, without distinction, and ignores the fact that progress has been made for more of these varieties than the consumer suspects. In order to understand the role that these old varieties can play, it is necessary to give a brief account of their history, their decline and their return to favour. The renewal of interest in old varieties of fruits and vegetables has been encouraged by several factors, including governmental intervention, notably the creation of new categories in the French catalogue of varieties in 2008 and 2009 and the creation, in 2016, of a national coordination for plant genetic resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The ctPrp43 ATPase activity can only be induced by RNA if an additional G-patch protein is present. Table 3 ATPase activity. kcat (min−1)±KM (µM)±ctPrp431. 810. 0347. 233. 40ctPrp43 + U16-RNA2. 080. 053. 750. 68ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP4. 160. 045. 490. 32ctPrp43 + ctNtr1-GP + U16-RNA16. 280. 094. 870. 19ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP36. 280. 368. 900. 58ctPrp43 + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA372. 202. 9126. 111. 21ctPrp43-IDSB5. 040. 1216. 232. 38ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP199. 351. 5929. 041. 35ctPrp43-IDSB + U16-RNA24. 990. 373. 420. 38ctPrp43-IDSB + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA609. 386. 1588. 143. 50ctPrp43-HT13. 210. 1891. 235. 89ctPrp43-HT + ctPfa1-GP60. 950. 7413. 291. 03ctPrp43-HT + U16-RNA10. 580. 3453. 928. 27ctPrp43-HT + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA98. 611. 8413. 191. 52ctPrp43-HL6. 190. 0514. 310. 71ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP86. 500. 8414. 380. 89ctPrp43-HL + U16-RNA6. 160. 065. 380. 35ctPrp43-HL + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA533. 559. 5349. 493. 86ctPrp43-HT&HL7. 610. 1116. 721. 49ctPrp43-HT&HL + ctPfa1-GP113. 181. 0325. 171.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2014)Nanjing, China (Cfa)June 13Part of the city includes the urbanized area of Nanjing and part of its suburbsImpervious surface, water body, agricultural land, forest vegetation, and barren landTotal size: 9200 haInvestigating the sensitivity of the cooling effect associated with greenspace to changes in scale;•Correlation analyses•imageCEI and characteristics formed by greenspace patterns, and increasing vegetation provide cooling effectZhang et al. (2014)Beijing, China (Dwa)June to August6387 green spaceTrees, shrubs, grass, tree-shrubs, shrub-grassTotal size: 22,556 haMeasuring the ecological benefits of the cooling effect associated with the use of green spaces•Empirical model (11 weather stations)The cooling effect and the environmental benefits of UGS largely depend on the green space's structure and sizeMariani et al. (2016)Milan, Italy (Cfb)33 years data (1981–2014)Five metropolitan sitesDifferent sites in various zones (rural, urban parks, sites located in canyons of the urban plateau, and urban peaks)Not mentionedDescribing the behavior of the surface energy balance (SEB) and establishing a frequency distribution climatology of the sensible fraction (SF) index•Weather stations and remotely sensed data•SEB modelThe cooling effect of urban parks can be improved through ameliorating and optimizing single park structure componentsTable 1Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of a group of UGSs. Open table in a new tabThe first 2. 3–4. 8 °C (Lin et al. , 2015). A more recent study on 435 green spaces in another city in China (Fuzhou) showed that CEI of a park is a function of not only its size, but also its shape and quality. This study found that circular or rectangular compact green spaces play a more significant role in cooling effect, and that the area of a green space and the diversity of its vegetation also directly affect the level of cooling. For example, they reported that the CED of a space with an area of 2. 3 ha and ΔLST of 0. 93 °C was 59. 62m, but the CED of a space with an area of 35. 78 ha and ΔLST of 4. 43 °C reached as high as 279. 19 m.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Between public policies and the aspirations of citizens, the mobilisation of local actors and scientists must be consolidated on the basis of programmes currently underway in in several regions. The best place where awareness raising can be implemented are the vegetable gardens and orchards. New enthusiasm for gardening and for cooking encourages the uses of old varieties in recipes which must be created or rewritten according to contemporary needs. Haut de page Entrées d’index Mots-clés : alimentation, agriculture urbaine, biodiversité, fruits, fruitiers, gastronomie, goût, jardin, légumes, maraîchage, potager, ressources génétiques, semences, variétés Keywords: food, urban agriculture, biodiversity, fruits, fruit trees, gastronomy, taste, garden, vegetables, market gardening, vegetable garden, genetic resources, seeds, varietiesHaut de page Plan Splendeur, décadence et retour en grâce : trois périodes dans l’histoire des variétés anciennes 1840-1939 : une profusion de variétés nouvelles Vers une disparition programmée Un retour en grâce, lent et contrarié Les conditions d’un retour durable Les conditions politiques et juridiques Biodiversité et transition écologique : vers une nouvelle relation avec le vivant L’enjeu sanitaire et nutritionnel Quelle organisation pour une évolution durable des variétés anciennes Le jardin, lieu de rencontre entre le public et la biodiversité cultivée Les premiers lieux pour présenter la biodiversité cultivée Montrer la biodiversité cultivée face au changement climatique Du jardin à la cuisine Sensibiliser le cuisinier à la biodiversité cultivée Proposer de nouvelles recettes avec des variétés anciennes Haut de page Texte intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1 - « Forum on BioDiversity », 21-25 septembre 1986 communications publiées sous la di (. . . ) 1On met parfois longtemps à s’habituer aux nouveaux termes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 37ctPrp43-HT&HL + U16-RNA5. 530. 075. 590. 51ctPrp43-HT&HL + ctPfa1-GP + U16-RNA82. 281. 3111. 881. 18 The intrinsic ATPase activity of ctPrp43-IDSB (5. 04 min−1) is similar to the one determined for wild-type ctPrp43. ctPrp43-IDSB is also stimulated by ctPfa1-GP and by U16-RNA in the presence of the ctPfa1-GP, but in the contrast to wild-type Prp43 also just by U16-RNA. These findings confirm that the difference in the helicase and the ILS disassembly assay between ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-IDSB is solely caused by the impairment of the unwinding capabilities. The RNA-induced stimulation of ctPrp43-IDSB in the trapped conformation might still be feasible due to the fact that a short single-stranded U16-RNA without any secondary structures was used for these assays. Binding to the entry or exit site of the RNA-binding tunnel, which does not require an opening of the tunnel, might be sufficient for the RNA-induced stimulation of the ATPase activity (see below). Furthermore, Prp43 in the trapped closed conformation appears to be more prone for the stimulation of the ATPase activity by RNA since the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant (24. 99 min−1) is stimulated by U16-RNA while the wild-type protein is not (2. 08 min−1). It is conceivable that the GP increases the number of Prp43 molecules in a closed conformation since in the presence of a GP also the wild-type protein is stimulated by RNA. Having shown the importance of the opening of Prp43’s C-terminal domains for its unwinding capability, we asked how Prp43 couples ATP hydrolysis and RNA translocation, leading to its helicase activity. Since high-resolution structures of the pre- and post-catalytic state of a DEAH-box helicase are both now available, conformational rearrangements of Prp43 in the course of nucleotide hydrolysis were analyzed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: The green spaces examined in this study had an average CEI of 1. 78 °C and average CED of 104m (Yu et al. , 2017). In a similar study, the impact of the geometric shape of 21 UGSs in on the resulting cooling effect was investigated. This study found a negative relationship between CEI and (SI), and a positive relationship between CED and SI, and park size. Among the cases investigated in this study, the one with great cooling impact had a CEI of 6. 72 °C and a CED of 240m (Feyisa et al. , 2014). After studying 92 parks in Nagoya, Cao et al. (2010) found that PCI varies not only with physical factors but also with the season. They reported that in spring, summer and autumn, the largest park studied (41. 9 hectares) had a peak CEI of 6. 50 K, 6. 82 K and 2. 46K respectively, and the studied parks as a whole had an average CEI of 1. 30 K, 1. 16 K and 0. 43K respectively. Ultimately, this study concluded that the highest cooling effect occurs in summer and autumn. However, a recent study conducted in Aracaju reported that in both hot and cold seasons, CEI remains within the range of 1. 5–2. 0 °C, though the intensity of UHI varies with season (Anjos and Lopes, 2017). A recent analysis in 2017 of 68 green spaces found that in addition to areas and complex shapes that play an important role in creating the cooling effect, another factor termed water body, was also effective in CEI and CED indices. In this study, it was also found that among the green space areas surveyed (1. 12 ha–205. 32 ha), the area of 1. 12 ha had the lowest CED and CEI which were respectively 90m and 0. 78 °C; however, the area of 129. 46 ha had the highest CED and CEI which were 1610 m and 9. 35 °C, respectively (Du et al. , 2017). 2. 3 Cooling effect of particular urban green spaces with known specificationsThis section discusses the 0. 1 and 12 hectares; and (iii) local and small parks with areas of less than 0. 1 hectares. 2. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Celui de « biodiversité » s’est répandu à l’occasion d’un congrès qui s’est tenu à Washington en 19861. En France, le terme n’a vraiment atteint le langage courant qu’une quinzaine d’années plus tard. Et encore, il n’était employé que pour les espèces sauvages et les espaces naturels. Parler de ressources génétiques comme troisième composante de la biodiversité relevait de la gageure. Le terme était presque inaudible et passait même pour suspect, car trop vite assimilé aux organismes génétiquement manipulés. 2 - Le fromage de Brie en est un parfait exemple. 2Il a fallu de la persévérance pour convaincre que la biodiversité intra-spécifique concernait le grand public et touchait même ses cordes sensibles. Le terme de « biodiversité domestique » a permis de rendre le concept plus accessible. Le rattachement aux races animales mises en vedette au Salon de l’agriculture l’a familiarisé avec un concept qui, en fait, appartient à l’inconscient collectif. C’est grâce aux différentes races animales adaptées à leurs territoires au fil des siècles que la France possède autant de fromages mais aussi, on l’oublie souvent, aux micro-organismes qui leur donnent goût et saveur2, la part la moins visible – et pourtant la plus importante – des ressources génétiques. 3Cette méconnaissance est peut-être encore plus grande vis-à-vis des plantes : fruits, légumes, céréales, plantes ornementales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 219 of the eponymous DEAH-motif (motif II) binds a water molecule (H2O 388) and positions it in close spatial proximity to the BeF3-, which corresponds to the ATP γ-phosphate. Presumably, this H2O 388 performs the nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom of the γ-phosphate since it is in an almost perfect orientation for an SN2 substitution mechanism at 180° to the leaving group. In the ADP•BeF3- complex structure, this water molecule is additionally bound via the interactions with Gln 428 and Arg 435 from motif VI. The region containing the motif VI undergoes one of the most pronounced conformational rearrangements of the helicase core and it is shifted in the ADP-bound state 5. 1 Å apart from the bound nucleotide. In the ATP-bound state, also interactions between Arg 432 and Arg 435 from motif VI and the phosphate(-mimic) groups are detectable. In the ADP-bound state, only Arg 435 of motif VI interacts with the 3’OH of the ribose. Another noticeable rearrangement can be observed for Phe 360 which is not part of a classical SF2 helicase motif. In the ADP-bound state, the adenine moiety interacts with Phe 360 via π-electron stacking and by cation-π-interactions with Arg 162. In the ATP-bound state, Phe 360 is shifted 5. 4 Å apart from the base which is now solely stabilized by Arg 162. The rearrangements of the other conserved motifs are less distinct but still notably. In the ADP-bound state, the motifs IV and V are shifted by 3. 3 Å and 2. 9 Å, respectively, apart from the C-terminal domains. Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Active site of Prp43 in the ATP- and ADP-bound state. (a, Left panel) Active site of Prp43 with the bound ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- as present in ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (PDBid: 5ltj).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 1 Large-sized urban parksResearch in this subcategory has studied large urban parks mostly located in city centers (Table 2). The cooling effect of large urban parks has long been of paramount interest to urban planners (Almendros Coca, 1992; Ca et al. , 1998). Thanks to their vast area and location in the heart of the city, these parks often have a significant impact on the temperature of urban spaces (Jauregui, 1990). The cooling effect of these parks is closely associated with their CED and CEI, which depends on several factors, including park size and shape, type and amount of vegetation cover, and regional climate. RefLocation (Köppen classification, Kottek et al. , 2006)MonthGreen site & comparatorFeatures of green siteSizePurposeMethods/InstrumentsConclusionHamada and Ohta (2010)Nagoya, Japan (Cfa)March and AugustOne park compared with urban areasforest, lawn, ponds, fields, spaces containing monuments and badlands147 haClarifying the range of the cool-island effect of a green area on an urban area, as well as the relationship between vegetation and air temperatures•with temperature and humidity sensors 24 fixed measurement sitesThe range of the cooling effect as well as the relationship between the vegetation cover and air temperature throughout the yearDoick et al. (2014)London, UK (Cfb)August to December (nights)One large parkWater body, mixed grass land and treed landscapes, and formal avenues and gardens111 haProviding empirical evidence for the extent of cooling of London's UHI with one large greenspace•Mobile measurement•A developed correlationUsing meteorological stations close to urban greenspace can lead to underestimation of urban heat island intensity due to the cooling effect of the greenspace. Sun et al. (2017)Beijing, China (Dwa)August 21One park, Comparison of entire park with uncovered sites in the parkGrass, 10 & 20 m trees, hardened ground, water body and buildings102 haAssessing the impacts of these parameters on thermal comfort improving effect of UGSs. •PET Index•Simulation by ENVI-met and Rayman•Regression method StationaryThe most significant influencing factor on the moderation of thermal comfort is the higher trees, while hardened ground exhibits a negative impactChen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: L’uniformisation des modes de production et les exigences drastiques en matière d’hygiène et de productivité fragilisent cette biodiversité depuis plusieurs décennies. La restauration collective et les grandes surfaces ont imposé des normes de production que de nombreuses variétés anciennes et régionales ne pouvaient satisfaire. On préférait organiser une filière à partir de variétés qui combinent les principaux critères de rendement, de résistance aux maladies avec un aspect séduisant sur les étalages, jusqu’à ce que les grandes surfaces commencent elles aussi à remettre en question leur modèle économique. 4Le sentiment d’une perte dramatique de diversité variétale a incité professionnels et amateurs à entreprendre des actions de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur depuis la fin des années 1970. Mais ce mouvement fut loin d’être linéaire : après une première période de relance, il s’est peu à peu essoufflé, jusqu’à réapparaître au tournant du millénaire pour devenir un vecteur important de la recherche de nouvelles saveurs, et de nouvelles priorités pour les consommateurs. 5Au seuil d’une nouvelle reconnaissance, il est intéressant de retracer brièvement l’histoire de l’éclipse et de la renaissance progressive de quelques variétés anciennes, à partir principalement d’exemples d’Île-de-France, avant de voir comment ce regain d’intérêt peut évoluer dans un monde dont les mutations vont en s’accélérant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: This high helicase activity of the ctPrp43-HL mutant is in clear contrast to the results for MLE and thus indicates a different RNA translocation mechanism between the two subfamilies of DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases. This difference in the translocation mechanism is consistent with the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure. An interaction between the Hook-Loop and the RNA, as seen in MLE, is unlikely in Prp43 because the Hook-Loop residues point at the opposite direction and do not contact the RNA (Figure 7b). In contrast, Arg 180 and Phe 181 of the Hook-Turn directly point at the RNA, and after ATP-hydrolysis these residues are moving towards the RNA (Figure 7b) and presumably hook in between the bases. The Hook-Turn exhibits some flexibility since its main chain is present in two alternative conformations in the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) complex structure. According to this structure, this β-turn is present as type I (47%) and type II (53%) (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). The assumption that the Hook-Turn is the key player of RNA translocation in Prp43 is additionally strengthened by the results of the ILS disassembly assay (Figure 5f, g and h). The ctPrp43-HL mutant dissociates ILSs at the wild-type protein level ~60% (Figure 5c and g), while the activity of both ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL is abolished and is similar to the background level of scILS at ~10% (Figure 5a, f and h). These data confirmed that also in the spliceosome only the Hook-Turn residues are crucial for the function of Prp43, while the Hook-Loop residues are not required. In order to address the possibility that the reduced helicase activity of the HT mutant is caused by a reduced affinity for RNA, the RNA binding was measured by means of fluorescence anisotropy revealing that this mutant is able to bind U16-RNA even with a higher affinity than the wild-type protein (KD 0. 84 ± 0. 05 µM vs. 4. 98 ± 0. 57 µM) (Figure 4b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2015)Shanghai, China (Cfa)November to JanuaryOne park, The squares in the park were comparedSurrounded by trees and benches21. 42 haExamining the relationship between outdoor micro-meteorological conditions and people's thermal comfort perception•PET index•Mobile micro meteorological stationsVisitors' thermal sensations and space use were more significantly affected by the micro- meteorological factors in winter compared with autumnMahmoud (2011)Cairo, Egypt (Bwh)December and JuneOne big park near the city center (compact urban fabric of the old city core)9 different zones: peak, spine, entrance, fountain, lake, canopy, pavement,26. 01 haAssessing microclimatic and human comfort conditions in various zones within an urban park. •Field measurement campaign (thermal index PET and TSV)•RayManThe results of this study contribute to the practice of providing appropriate thermal comfort in urban parks to attract visitors in summer and winter seasons. Buyadi et al. (Nov 2013)Shah-Alam, Malaysia (Af)Not mentionedOne big national parkForest reserved and protected1,507 haInvestigating the effects of land use changes on the surface temperature of a big national park•GIS•Remote sensing imagesThe vegetation areas can provide positive impacts on regulating high temperatures in urban areas. Yan et al. (2018)Beijing, China (Dwa)Summer monthOne big Central parkPark has hills, forest, lakes, wetland and other natural landscapes680 haInvestigating the cooling effect of big park on thermal environment of surrounding urban area•Field measurement•Mobile micro meteorological stationsThe cooling effect of the big park influences not only within the park but extends beyond the park's border. Table 2Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of large-sized urban parks. Open table in a new tabA study conducted by Hamada and Ohta (2010) in Nagoya found that during summers, areas adjacent to (147 ha) had up to 1. 9 °C lower temperature than other areas. They reported that in summers, this park had a CED of 200–300 meters during night hours and 300–500 meters during day hours. In another study (Doick et al. , 2014), the average night-time CED of (111 ha) in London over the period between August and December (5 months) was found to vary between 20 and 440 meters.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Splendeur, décadence et retour en grâce : trois périodes dans l’histoire des variétés anciennes 3 - Nous en donnons quelques titres dans les références bibliographiques ci-après. 6Plusieurs ouvrages ont été consacrés à cette histoire3. L’idée est d’apporter ici quelques points de repère pour tenter d’appréhender l’évolution actuelle. Sans revenir trop loin en arrière et même si certaines variétés dites « anciennes » remontent au moins au xviie siècle, il est utile d’indiquer les trois dernières périodes. 1840-1939 : une profusion de variétés nouvelles 7La première révolution dite « industrielle » s’est accompagnée au niveau agricole d’un mouvement considérable de créations variétales, où les obtenteurs indépendants, maraîchers ou arboriculteurs, cohabitaient avec des entreprises de semences et des horticulteurs de renom. La maison Vilmorin, installée à Verrières-le-Buisson en 1815, en est la preuve, même si ses efforts s’appliquèrent d’abord sur les céréales et la betterave sucrière. 4 - Telle que le cornichon fin de Meaux, produit pour les conserves envoyées dans les colonies. 8Les besoins étaient considérables et multiples, si bien que certains territoires se concentrèrent sur un marché précis en fonction de la variété obtenue4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the loss of helicase activity of the HT mutant is not caused by a loss of ATPase activity since all three mutants (ctPrp43-HT: 13. 21 min−1, ctPrp43-HL: 6. 19 min−1, ctPrp43-HT&HL: 7. 61 min−1) exhibit a level of intrinsic ATPase activity comparable to wild-type Prp43 (Table 3). The increased activity of the HT mutant is presumably caused by the fact that the arginine from the Hook-Turn is involved in hydrogen-bonding which has to be disrupted in the course of ATP hydrolysis. In the corresponding Hook-Turn mutants these contacts are not present due to the substitution by glycines, and therefore less energy is consumed by the conformational rearrangements. Furthermore, all of the three Hook-Turn or Hook-Loop mutants are stimulated by G-patch proteins, but it is remarkable that the ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL mutants are not additionally stimulated by U16-RNA in contrast to the ctPrp43-HL mutant. The differences between the ATPase activity of ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL in the presence of the G-patch protein and of the G-patch protein with RNA are not significant. The lack of RNA-induced stimulation for these two constructs might hint at the fact that the ATPase activity stimulation of Prp43 by RNA occurs at the interior tunnel via the interaction with the Hook-Turn. Discussion Prp43 was known to bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner which is explained by the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure revealing the almost entire absence of interactions between the bases of the RNA and Prp43. The observed KD value in the μM range suggests that the RNA binding of Prp43 is transient, which is in line with the low number of hydrogen bonds primarily formed by four out of the seven nucleotides, and the high B-factors for U1-U3 and their alternative conformations. However, this unselective and transient binding mode of RNA by Prp43 is perfectly in line with its molecular function. Prp43 helicase activity is required in several distinct cellular processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: According to this study, this park reduces the summer nighttime temperatures by an average of 1. 1 °C and a maximum of 4 °C. Besides CED and CEI, some studies of large parks have investigated the Temperature (PET), which is an indicator of human comfort under temperature variations (Matzarakis et al. , 1999; Matzarakis and Amelung, 2008), to measure the cooling effect of green spaces. A study conducted in Shanghai, China, showed that on a hot sunny day (August 21st, 2:00 pm), the (102 ha) decreased the PET by an average of 2 °C and a maximum of 15. 6 °C (Sun et al. , 2017). Another study conducted in Shanghai (Chen et al. , 2015) reported that the cooling effect created by (21. 42 ha) located in the city center resulted in a PET of 15–29 °C during winter. In a similar study by Mahmoud (2011), it was shown that during the hot months of summer, the cooling effect of Cairo's central Park (26. 01 ha) results in a daytime PET of 22–30 °C and a nighttime PET of 21–29 °C. 2. 3. 2 Medium-sized urban parksThe 0. 2 ha to 12. 1 haModeling the extent of the local air cooling service and finding related greenspace area•System (ArcMap 10 – Esri)For the ranges of areas studied, the distance over which cooling is experienced increases linearly by increasing green areas. The relationships between cooling amount and areas are non-linear. Cohen et al. (2012)Tel Aviv, Israel (Csa)June 15 to July 15 and January10 sites: three urban parks, three street canyons, two urban squares and a lawn in the tissue of the cityVaried vegetation coverages (a variety of tree types and sizes, shrubs and lawn, and paved areas2000 m2 to 3600 m2Examining the diurnal and seasonal climatic behavior of green and bare urban spaces; and studying their impact on human thermal comfort•Meteorological stations and relative humidity sensors•RayMan and PET calculationsThe cooling effect caused by urban vegetation is much higher in summer than in winter and at midday than at nighttime. Oliveira et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: De plus, la France d’avant 1939 était encore largement paysanne et peu mécanisée, Paris restait modérément étendue et comptait encore de nombreuses exploitations intra-muros (plusieurs variétés d’alors portaient le nom de ses quartiers : asperge de Belleville, chicorée frisée de Picpus, chou-fleur du Trocadéro, melon cantaloup de Passy, navet de Vaugirard, etc. ), le coût des transports n’avait pas ou peu d’influence sur les cours, même si les producteurs s’éloignaient peu à peu (fig. 1). Figure 1(jpeg, 396k) Assortiment de variétés anciennes. Phot. Gilles Debarle. © Gilles Debarle. 5 - Choix des graines des plus beaux fruits ou plants pour les multiplier. 9Sous le Second Empire, un bâtiment emblématique fut érigé au centre de Paris, comme en écho à cet essor de créativité : le pavillon Baltard des Halles. C’était là, ou autour de lui que se rencontraient les maraîchers, qu’ils comparaient leurs variétés c’était un lieu d’échange de graines et de plants, et où les alliances entre familles de producteurs étaient fréquentes. Cependant, les producteurs n’hésitaient pas à supprimer les variétés qu’ils jugeaient moins performantes dès qu’ils en avaient obtenu ou trouvé une qui leur semblait mieux correspondre aux attentes, en pratiquant la sélection massale5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Target sites in rRNA maturation and pre-mRNA splicing are very different and thus selective RNA binding would not be compatible with Prp43’s mode of function. Furthermore, a tight binding of substrate RNA would be undesirable since it would decrease the efficiency of Prp43 and prolong the required time for the release of substrate RNA. The comparison of the RNA-binding mode of Prp43 with that of MLE, a DExH-box protein from D. melanogaster that was previously crystallized with a U10-RNA and the transition state analog ADP•AlF4- (Prabu et al. , 2015), reveals several differences but also striking similarities. Despite the fact that the architecture of the conserved domains is almost identical and the relative position of the bound RNA in the helicase is similar, MLE binds poly-uridine RNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Numerous bases are specifically recognized by MLE and a tighter and much more elaborated interaction network between MLE and the RNA is present. Nonetheless, there are also noticeable similarities concerning the RNA interactions. In Prp43, four main-chain amide interaction interactions between residues of the RecA1 or RecA2 domains and the RNA are present, one with each of the tightly bound nucleotides (U4-U7). Glu 316 interacts with U4, Gly 349 with U5, Arg 153 with U6 and Arg 180 with U7 (Figure 1e). There are also two threonine residues of conserved motifs that interact with the RNA. Thr 195 from motif Ib and Thr 381 from motif V are involved in hydrogen bonding via their sides chains with the phosphates of the nucleotides U7 and U5, respectively. Interestingly, these main-chain amide interactions are completely conserved in MLE. Despite the fact that the residues themselves are not conserved in MLE, the position at which the interaction takes place is virtually identical (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). The corresponding interacting residues and nucleotides in MLE are Trp 663-U6, Ser 692-U7, Arg 443-U8 and Arg 470-U9. Furthermore, the interactions with the conserved threonine residues are also present in MLE (Thr 486-U9 and Thr 717-U7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2011)Lisbon, Portugal (Csa)6 days of 2006 and 2007 (August and September)One garden in densely urbanized areaDeciduous trees, small lakes, large trunks and well developed crowns predominate (85%)0. 24 haInvestigating the thermal performance of a small green space and its influence on the weather parameters of the surrounding atmosphere•Mobile measurement•RayManThe thermal performance of green areas is contingent upon some factors, like the climatic envelop and locations of study areas. Skoulika et al. (2014)Athens, Greece (Csa)July 29 to September 2One park surrounded by a very dense area with medium size residential and commercial buildingsCovered by grass, various types of bushes, low trees (olives, acacias, etc. ), dense medium and high size trees60,000 m2Understanding and analyzing the relative climatic conditions in the park compared to the reference urban areas, and evaluate its climatic contribution•Field measurement (The nine fixed temperature and humidity stations)•Mobile sensorsThe park has an important mitigation impact on its surroundings (3. 3 K). Increased wind speeds increase the mitigation potential beyond the park limitPark et al. (2017)Seoul, (Dwa)Aug 9, 16, 27 and Sep 6, 7, 116 Small green space within urban blocksDifferent shape types: polygonal, linear, single, and mixed. 300 m2 to 650 m2Understanding the cooling effect of SGs on urban block units based on their types (four types) and structures•Choose district by either local climate zone (LCZ) model•Air temperature logger (Testo 174H)Small green areas can bring a positive benefit by increasing the cooling effects in urban blocks, and configuration of green space (polygonal and mixed types) plays a more important role. Table 3Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of medium-sized and small urban parks. Open table in a new tabIn a study conducted in London (et al. , 2016), eight city center parks with areas ranging from 0. 2 ha to 12. 1 ha were studied to determine the impact of park size on CEI and CED. In short, this study showed that green spaces with areas of 0. 5–2 ha can only cause up to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 10Ce n’est pas le cas des grands noms de la semence qui constituèrent des banques de graines, afin de préserver les variétés non utilisées, dans le but d’améliorer les plantes. La Troisième République est l’époque où furent édités de grands catalogues, qui nous ont transmis une précieuse mémoire : les quatre éditions du Vilmorin-Andrieux, entre 1883 et 1925, celles de Clause, Denaiffe, Truffaut, etc. furent ainsi publiées à cette période. Pour les fruits, la profusion était la même, sur le terrain ou en librairie, avec les ouvrages d’André Leroy et de Charles Baltet, qui demeurent des références incontournables. 11La plupart de ce que l’on nomme les variétés anciennes datent de cette époque. On associe souvent le nom d’une variété ancienne de fruit ou de légume à celui d’une commune d’origine. Mais on trouve aussi des noms de territoires (la Plaine des Vertus), d’obtenteurs, de leur épouse ou de leurs filles (tomate Chemin, cerise Antoine Nomblot, fraise Madame Moutot, pomme Jeanne Hardy), ou aussi, de noms de saisons ou de lieu (chou cabus moyen de la Halle, laitues Merveille des Quatre Saisons, Reine de Mai…).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Moreover, there are three additional side chain interactions which are conserved between Prp43 and MLE. The interaction of Arg 201 (motif Ib) with the ribose of the U7, the hydrogen bonding of Asn 382 with the ribose of U4 and the interaction of Lys 403 with the phosphate moiety of U4 in Prp43 have identical counterparts in MLE. These counterparts are Arg 492-U9, Asn 718-U6 and Arg 739-U6. Having unraveled the conserved interactions with RNA between the two members of the DEAH/RHA subfamilies, the question arose whether these interactions are present also in the related family of viral NS3/NPH-II helicases. Members of the NS3/NPH-II family also contain a helicase core composed of two RecA-like domains with the protruding β-hairpin in the RecA2 domain. In the NS3/NPHII helicase family there is only one C-terminal domain present, which is not homologous to any C-terminal domain of the DEAH/RHA helicases, and no RNA-binding tunnel is formed. Owing to the fact that numerous NS3 helicases are encoded by human pathogenic viruses, such as hepatitis C, Zika or yellow fever, these helicases have been subject of intensive studies and various crystal structures are available. The comparison with Prp43 was restricted to the NS3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase, as NS3 HCV binds RNA also in a sequence-independent manner and a crystal structure with a bound ATP-analog (ADP•BeF3-) and U8-RNA is available making a direct comparison with Prp43 very feasible (PDBid: 3o8r) (Appleby et al. , 2011). The comparison between Prp43 and NS3 HCV revealed that the unspecific interactions between the RNA backbone and the main-chain amides as well as the two interactions with the conserved threonines from motif Ib and V are also present in NS3 HCV (Figure 1—figure supplement 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 3 °C temperature reduction over 40m distance, but the temperature reduction caused by green spaces with areas of 3–5 ha can extend over a 70–120 m distance and reach as low as 0. 7 °C. It was also reported that larger green spaces with areas of up to 12. 1 ha can decrease temperature by 1 °C over 180–330 m distances. In a study conducted in (Cohen et al. , 2012), the cooling effects of 10 urban parks with different sizes (0. 2–0. 36 ha) and different vegetation quality and diversity were compared. This study found that parks with dense vegetation cover have the greatest effectiveness in terms of cooling and thermal comfort. The greatest cooling effect was observed in summer, when the parks managed to reduce the temperature by up to 3. 8 °C, resulting in a PET of 18 °C. In comparison, a smaller effect was observed in winter, when temperature reduction was 2 °C and the resulting PET was 10 °C. Other studies on green spaces of medium-sized are focused on the cooling effect of a single park. In these works, comparisons have been made either between differently vegetated parts of a single park, or between the park as a whole and the surrounding spaces. Research on a 0. 24 ha urban park in Lisbon showed that during hot summer days, the air within this park is up to 6. 9 °C cooler than the surrounding area. This research highlighted other factors such as sunlight exposure, geometric shape, and wind speed as determinants of cooling effect (Oliveira et al. , 2011). A similar study by Skoulika et al. (2014) on a 6 ha park in Athens reported that wind can have a significant impact on the magnitude of cooling effect. The CEI of this park was found to be between -0. 7K and -8. 8K during night hours, and between -0. 2K and -2. 6K during day hours. 2. 3. 3 Small parksBesides large and medium-sized parks, small parks can also play a role in creating a cooling effect. Generally, studies on the cooling effect of UGSs are more focused on large and medium-sized green spaces; however, among the 3. 6 °C. This study also showed that polygonal lands with combined vegetation cover can reduce the temperature by up to 4 °C (Table 3). 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Certaines variétés françaises possèdent même des noms d’origine étrangère (poire Beurré d’Angleterre, pomme Calville de Dantzig) 6 - Exemple du navet de Péronne et de Montesson, notamment, sans que la raison, souvent, soit expliqu (. . . ) 12Souvent aussi, des maraîchers ou arboriculteurs ont donné les noms de leur localité pour des variétés déjà obtenues ailleurs, entretenant ainsi une certaine confusion6 par le nombre grandissant de synonymes. Aussi, la profession, qui s’organisait, demanda-t-elle une clarification. 13L’arrivée de nouvelles variétés plus précoces en provenance du sud de la France, grâce à des coûts de transport réduits, a accru la concurrence avec les variétés d’une banlieue peu à peu plus lointaine. Le différentiel de coûts s’amenuisait. Vers une disparition programmée 7 - 1941 : création du Groupement national interprofessionnel de semences et plants (GNIS). 1942 : cr (. . . ) 8 - Le célèbre haricot « Contender », par Vilmorin, est une obtention emblématique de cette époque, a (. . . ) 14La création variétale poursuivit son essor jusqu’à la mondiale et la réorganisation de la production de graines et plants, par des décrets publiés en 1941 et 19427, sous l’Occupation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In NS3 HCV, the main-chain amides of the residues Lys 371, Arg 393, Val 232 and Gly 255 interact with the nucleotides U4-U7 and Thr 269 as well as Thr 411 are involved in hydrogen bonding via their site chains with U7 and U5, respectively. Hence, this RNA-binding mode appears to be conserved for the sequence-unspecific interaction of the RecA-like domains of several members of the DEAH/RHA and NS3 families. However, there are also differences in the RNA binding between the DEAH/RHA and NS3 families, e. g. a functionally important tryptophan of NS3 members (Trp 501 in NS3 HCV), which stacks on the nucleotide at the 3’ end, is not conserved in DEAH-box helicases. With the set of new Prp43 structures novel insights into the mechanism of RNA loading are provided. Considering the fact that the RNA-binding site of Prp43 is in its interior tunnel and the circumstance that the substrates of Prp43 are highly folded RNA networks, RNA loading to Prp43 is not trivial. The Prp43 target sites in the spliceosome and in the pre-ribosomal subunits are surrounded by complex tertiary structures without single-stranded overhangs. Here, we could demonstrate that in the ATP-bound state Prp43 is capable of adopting an open conformation in which numerous interactions between the RecA-like domains and the C-terminal domains are disrupted converting the RNA-binding tunnel into a groove and thus enabling Prp43 to bind to single-stranded RNA regions within folded RNA stretches (Figure 3). This rearrangement of the C-terminal domains of Prp43 with bound ADP•BeF3- has not been observed in any other crystal structure of a DEAH- or DExH-box helicase, which demonstrates that Prp43 exhibits a higher degree of flexibility as initially expected from the previously determined crystal structures of Prp43•ADP complexes. Since structures of both the ATP- and ADP-bound state of Prp43 are now available, an in-depth analysis of conformational rearrangements which occur at the active site is possible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 4 Cooling effect predicted in computer simulationsThis section reviews the studies conducted more recently following the popularization of computer analysis, the use of ENVI-met and software (CFD model), in urban biochemical studies (Table 4). The 1. 0 °C, and even adding 5% density saplings would result in 0. 5 °C temperature reduction in urban areas (Skelhorn et al. , 2014). In another recent study (Lin and Lin, 2016), ENVI-met software was used to simulate eight scenarios regarding the placement of green spaces in Taipei City. Of these eight scenarios, three were dedicated to the placement of 6 hectares of green space, and the remaining five assessed the placement of 36 hectares of green space. In these simulations, the impact of park sizes and placement was studied. Ultimately, the results showed that the larger the size of the UGS, the greater will be the cooling effect. In this study, the best result in terms of cooling performance was achieved by using a combination of smaller parks placed alongside a larger green space. Utilizing a three-dimensional CFD model in Ljubljana in Slovenia by Vidrih and Medved (2013), the study indicated that the summertime cooling effect of different parts of a 1. 96 ha park is depended on its leaf area index (LAI). They also reported that in areas where LAIsp (planting density of 45 trees with an age of 50 years, per hectare) is 3. 16, CEI reaches -4. 8 °C, but in the extremities of the park, where LAIsp is 1. 05, CEI reaches -1. 2 °C. 2. 5 Summary and discussionThe present paper reviewed the recent 1. Fig. 1 (a) 6 parks were investigated at this scale. (b) 21 parks were investigated at this scale. But, the information of et al. (2016) study having both CEI and CED is illustrated. (C) 6 parks were investigated at this scale. SizeGeneral featuresParks•Mature and tall trees with high percent of canopy•Water body•Different zones and landscapes with various vegetation typesParks•Different size of trees (medium and high)•various vegetation types•small water bodySpaces•Low tree diversity•Low vegetation diversity•Has an enclosure spaceTable 5Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of particular UGSs with known specifications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: L’uniformisation des méthodes de production, dans la foulée du plan Marshall8, les progrès du chemin de fer et l’importance donnée à la productivité de variétés adaptées à un marché principal, le supermarché, entraînèrent une chute du nombre de variétés cultivées. 15L’après-guerre signa aussi la fin des obtentions de producteurs indépendants, à de rares exceptions près. 9 - L’herbier Vilmorin a été classé le 18 mai 2007 voir (. . . ) 16Fait révélateur, le déclin des variétés anciennes est concomitant avec le déménagement des halles vers Rungis, en 1969 et la démolition du pavillon Baltard, à partir de 1971. À partir des années 1970, le changement d’époque s’observe également à travers la liquidation des pépinières Truffaut, près de Versailles, au profit d’un centre commercial, la destruction des établissements Clause à Brétigny-sur-Orge, la démolition des serres Vilmorin à Verrières-le-Buisson et Palaiseau, celle de nombreuses serres dans des jardins privés, la destruction de vergers dont il ne reste que les noms pour donner une note horticole aux opérations immobilières et même, le sauvetage opéré de justesse de l’herbier Vilmorin, récupéré dans des sacs poubelles et aujourd’hui conservé à la mairie de Verrières-le-Buisson9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: One can assume that these rearrangements almost exclusively occur after the release of the γ-phosphate owing to the fact that the helicase cores of Prp43 with the ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- and of MLE (chain A) with the transition state analog ADP-AlF4- superpose very well with an r. m. s. d. value of 0. 70 Å for 235 Cα (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). ATP hydrolysis causes the movement of one β-turn and one loop, located at the RNA-binding site of the RecA1 and RecA2 domain, respectively (Figure 7a). The β-turn in the RecA1 domain, the Hook-Turn, was shown to be of crucial importance for Prp43’s helicase activity, its capability to disassemble ILSs and also for its RNA-induced ATPase activity. In contrast to this, the Hook-Loop, located in the RecA2 domain, does neither affect the unwinding activity nor the ATPase activity of Prp43. Remarkably, the integrity of this Hook-Loop was known to be essential for the helicase activity of MLE and it was therefore proposed that the Hook-Loop is presumably required in all DExH- but also all DEAH-box helicases for the translocation of RNA (Prabu et al. , 2015). Unexpectedly, but according to our results, the difference in the mechanism of how DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases do translocate RNA through their interior tunnel seems to be tremendous. For Prp43, exclusively the interaction between the Hook-Turn and the RNA is required for successful translocation of the RNA. The mutation of the Hook-Loop, which is essential in MLE, is effectless in Prp43. Furthermore, the Hook-Turn is not required for RNA binding but it is involved in the RNA-induced stimulation of the ATPase activity. This is supported by the finding that the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant still exhibits RNA-stimulated ATPase activity. For this mutant, RNA binding in the tunnel is unlikely but the stimulation might be caused by the binding of the single stranded RNA only to the tunnel exit as this is formed, among others, by the Hook-Turn.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Mitigating and adapting to climate change: multi-functional and multi-scale Assessment of green urban infrastructureJ. Environ. Manag. 2014; 146:107-115 Academic PressCrossrefScopus (621)PubMed27. Dimoudi, A. ∙ Kantzioura, A. ∙ Zoras, S. . . . Investigation of urban microclimate parameters in an urban centerEnergy Build. 2013; 64:1-9CrossrefScopus (81)28. Doick, Kieron J. ∙ Peace, Andrew ∙ Hutchings, Tony R. “The role of one large greenspace in mitigating London’s nocturnal urban heat islandSci. Total Environ. 2014; 493:662-671 ElsevierCrossrefScopus (247)PubMed29. Du, Hongyu ∙ Cai, Wenbo ∙ Xu, Yanqing. . . Quantifying the Cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing dataUrban For. Urban Green. 2017; 27:24-31CrossrefScopus (201)30. Ebi, Kristie L. ∙ Paulson, Jerome A. and ChildrenPediatr. Clin. 2007;PubMed31. EPA (Agency)Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies2008 Available at: Hamed ∙ Faizi, Mohsen ∙ Sanaieian, HanyiehMitigating the urban heat island in a residential area in tehran: investigating the role of vegetation, materials, and orientation of buildingsSustain. Cities Soc. 2019;, 101448 January. Elsevier BVCrossrefScopus (128)33. Feyisa ∙ Legese, Gudina ∙ Dons, Klaus. . . Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: an example from Addis AbabaLandsc. Urban Plann. 2014; 123:87-95CrossrefScopus (458)34. Gago, E. J. ∙ Roldan, J. ∙ Pacheco-Torres, R. . . . The city and urban heat islands: a review of strategies to mitigate adverse effectsRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013; 25:749-758CrossrefScopus (462)35.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: De très nombreux établissements plus modestes périclitent en Île-de-France sous les pressions foncières et économiques (venue des Pays-Bas en particulier), y compris, a fortiori, dans le secteur ornemental. Une partie de ce qui faisait le charme de la région est rompu, sombre illustration d’un monde qui se perçoit comme désenchanté. Un retour en grâce, lent et contrarié 17Une série d’actions en faveur de la redécouverte des variétés régionales est entreprise à la fin des années 1970, à un moment où la perte de diversité devient critique, quoique beaucoup disparaissent avec la cessation d’activité de ceux qui les produisaient encore. Ces efforts ont permis le sauvetage in extremis de nombreuses variétés, mais leur diffusion reste inégale selon les cas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: To further elaborate the difference in the RNA-translocation mechanism between the DEAH- and DExH-box subfamilies the conservation of the Hook-Turn and the Hook-Loop residues in family members from S. cerevisiae, ctPrp43 and MLE was analyzed (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). The RF motif the Hook-Turn is conserved in all DEAH-box helicases, while in the DExH-box helicases, this motif is only present in MLE. Between DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases, the Hook-Loop is not conserved (Yxx vs. Hxx), but conservation among the individual members is noticeable. These findings are perfectly in line with our interpretation of the activity of the Hook-Turn and Hook-Loop mutants, which clearly hint at the fact that the RNA-translocation mechanism between DEAH- and DExH-box helicases is strikingly different. The Hook-Turn is presumably the key feature of genuine DEAH-box helicases for RNA translocation through the interior binding tunnel and the Hook-Turn RF motif should be added to the list of conserved DEAH-box helicase motifs. Like for MLE, the structure of the Prp43-RNA complex does not provide any indication for a ratcheting function of the C-terminal helical-bundle domain, which supports the idea of renaming this domain. Materials and methods Protein purification Request a detailed protocol ctPrp43 and ctPrp43(61–764) (ctPrp43ΔN) were expressed and purified as previously described (Tauchert et al. , 2016). The mutants ctPrp43(F181C, N623C), ctPrp43(R180G, F181G), ctPrp43(Y348G, T350G) and ctPrp43(R180G, F181G, Y348G, T350G) were expressed and purified under identical conditions. These mutants are referred to here as ctPrp43-IDSB, ctPrp43-HT, ctPrp43-HL and ctPrp43-HT&HL. The only deviation from the wild-type protein purification protocol was done for ctPrp43-IDSB.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: . . The micrometeorology of the urban forest [and discussion]Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. 1989; 324:335-349Crossref76. Oliveira, Sandra ∙ Andrade, Henrique ∙ Vaz, TeresaThe cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: a case study in LisbonBuild. Environ. 2011; 46:2186-2194CrossrefScopus (570)77. Pacheco-Torgal, F. Introduction to eco-efficient materials to mitigate building cooling needsEco-for Cooling Needs: Design, Properties and Applications2015; 1-9Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (3)78. Park, Jonghoon ∙ Kim, ∙ Lee,. . . The influence of small green space type and structure at the street level on urban heat island mitigationUrban For. Urban Green. 2017; 21:203-212 Elsevier GmbHCrossrefScopus (172)79. Petralli, Martina ∙ Massetti, Luciano ∙ Orlandini, SimoneAir temperature distribution in an urban park: differences between open-field and below a canopyon Urban Climate200929 (March 2016)80. Priyadarsini, Rajagopalan ∙ Nyuk Hien, Wong ∙ David, CheongMicroclimatic modeling of the urban thermal environment of Singapore to mitigate urban heat islandSol. Energy. 2008; 82:727-745CrossrefScopus (170)81. Rosenfeld, Arthur H. ∙ Akbari, Hashem ∙ Romm, Joseph J. . . . Cool communities: strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reductionEnergy Build. 1998; 28:51-62 Elsevier BVCrossrefScopus (435)82. Santamouris, M. pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island - a review of the actual developmentsRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013;CrossrefScopus (645)83. Santamouris, M. Cooling the cities - a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environmentsSol. Energy. 2014; 103:682-703 Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (1243)84. Shahidan, Mohd F. ∙ Shariff, Mustafa K. M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Une prise de conscience aboutit à quatre actions concomitantes menées dans les années 1980, parallèlement au regain d’intérêt pour le patrimoine en général et la prise de conscience qu’un trésor inestimable est en voie de disparition : 18- au niveau amateur, la création d’associations de sauvegarde de variétés anciennes, dont la plus connue est celle des Croqueurs de pommes, créée en 1978 (qui s’intéresse à tous les fruits) 19- au niveau professionnel, la création d’établissements de semences biologiques et biodynamiques précurseurs du réseau des semences paysannes, créé en 2003 20- au niveau national, la création du Bureau des ressources génétiques, en 1982 et de centres de ressources biologiques (CRB) ou de réseaux public-privé de conservation dans les années 1990, spécialisés par espèces (au sein des centres de l’Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), du Groupe d’étude et de contrôle des variétés et des semences (GEVES), ou d’AgroCampus Ouest, à Angers) 21- au niveau régional, la création de centres régionaux des ressources génétiques – CRRG – (Nord Pas-de-Calais en 1985, Berry, et, pour les fruits uniquement, le Conservatoire d’Aquitaine et de Midi-Pyrénées, notamment) permet la sauvegarde de variétés et la mise en relation progressive avec les différents acteurs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: This mutant was subjected to overnight stirring during removal of the GST-tag to increase the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds. The homologs of the G-patch proteins Pfa1 and Ntr1 from C. thermophilum were identified by BLAST search against the complete C. thermophilum genome (Altschul et al. , 1990). The identified homologs are annotated as ‘hypothetical protein CTHT_0048220’ and ‘hypothetical protein CTHT_0020180’ and here termed as ctPfa1 and ctNtr1, respectively. The truncated G-patch constructs ctPfa1(662–742) (ctPfa1-GP) and ctNtr1(242–305) (ctNtr1-GP) were cloned from genomic DNA of C. thermophilum var. thermophilum DSM 1495 into pGEX-6P-1 via BamHI/SalI and EcoRI/SalI restriction sites. Both constructs were expressed in and purified from E. coli BL21(DE3) (Agilent Technologies). Cells were lysed in 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 500 mM NaCl and 10 mM EDTA by microfluidization and soluble protein was separated by ultracentrifugation. The N-terminally tagged GST-fusion proteins were loaded onto 4B (GE Healthcare) in lysis buffer and thoroughly washed with an additional 2 M LiCl. After protein elution in 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 500 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2 and 30 mM reduced glutathione, GST-tag removal was realized by incubation with Pre(1:100 (w/w), GE Healthcare). Final polishing was obtained by size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare) and a second GST affinity chromatography step, both in 10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2. Crystallization and data collection Request a detailed protocol Complexes of ctPrp43ΔN were crystallized via the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique by mixing equal volumes of protein solution and crystallization buffer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Search term(s)searchCitation search 0 Login Login main navigationand PermissionsUser ServicesLibrariansPractitioners & ResearchersBooksellers & & & to York City: Against the from a conference, Against the Deluge: Barriers to York City, held in Brooklyn, New York, March 30-31, 2009. Conference sponsored by the of the of ASCE; Section of the Academy of Sciences; Department of Civil Engineering, of University. Publication sponsored by the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and of ASCE. This report contains 16 papers exploring the development of storm surge barriers to protect City and nearby from the effects of a future deluge. Although the main focus is mitigating the effects of a hurricane, rising sea levels may require protection for the city from what are now minor surges. These papers form a foundation for the scientific and engineering research necessary to evaluate the barrier concept and explore options for its design and execution. Topics include:modeling, simulation, and estimated effects of wind and storm surges; hydrologic feasibility; regulatory issues; ecological and climate issues; geotechnical issues; navigability; and design concepts for barriers at the and Gateway. This collection is must-reading for coastal engineers, navigation engineers, emergency planners, and government officials in the City area, as well as other vulnerable coastal areas. Select allFor selected items:Please SelectExport 2005. was caught ill-prepared; hesitant, unwilling or unable to evacuate; and with inadequate defenses. The region's vulnerability and the consequences of a major hurricane were not recognized. The hurricane protection system, compromised by questionable engineering decisions, inadequate or dysfunctional interfaces between organizations, and a political culture that did not understand the potential for catastrophe, gave insufficient consideration of the risks and was unwilling to pay the price for adequate protection. The tragedy shows that responsibilities for funding and technical decision-making must be tied together. The lessons for in particular are: (1) to reevaluate the need for a hurricane protection system; (2) understand risk and embrace safety; (3) demand engineering quality; and (4) put someone in charge. Simulation for Assessment 15–36AbstractTwo methods are described to generate synthetic hurricane event sets and assess risk from the probability distribution of hurricane events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 22Cependant, si certains réseaux s’organisent avec succès, d’autres initiatives d’origine individuelle sont insuffisamment soutenues au niveau politique ou organisationnel. La prise de conscience en faveur des variétés anciennes demeure inégale sur le territoire et les moyens scientifiques, limités, sont d’abord affectés à des recherches aux enjeux financiers plus stratégiques. 23Ces dernières années toutefois, ce qu’on appelle dorénavant la biodiversité cultivée prend une nouvelle dimension, du fait des valeurs qu’elle porte dans une politique globale de transition écologique : circuits courts, intérêt gustatif, goût pour la diversité, rattachement au territoire, soutien aux agriculteurs, essor des jardins partagés et, à présent, croissance annuelle à deux chiffres de l’agriculture biologique, dont de nombreux producteurs souhaitent cultiver, en partie au moins, des variétés adaptées au territoire. 10 - Liste c : Légumières : Variétés de conservation cultivées dans des régions spécifiques, menacées (. . . ) 24Suite à la directive européenne UE2009/145 CE de la Commission du 29 novembre 2009, les listes c et d sont publiées au catalogue officiel des variétés10. Les établissements de semences de toutes tailles recherchent eux aussi des variétés anciennes pour les proposer à la vente, parfois avec l’appui des CRB. Le CRRG des Hauts-de-France relance des variétés régionales avec le semencier nordiste Graines Bocquet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) was crystallized at a concentration of 5 mg ml−1 in 40% (v/v) pentaerythritol propoxylate (5/4 PO/OH), 6% (v/v) ethanol, 16% (v/v) glycerine and 100 mM Tris/HCl pH 8. 0 at 20°C. ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) crystallized at 4. 5 mg ml−1 in 35% (v/v) 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1. 67% (w/v) PEG 4000 and 100 mpH 7. 0 at 4°C. Crystals of the ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- complex were obtained at 20°C by mixing ctPrp43ΔN at 3 mg ml−1 with a 2. 5-fold molar excess of poly-U16-RNA (AXOlabs, Germany) and 2. 5% (w/v) PGA-LM, 13% (w/v) PEG 8000 and 100 mM pH 6. 5. For all crystallization attempts, ADP was used at a tenfold molar excess with respect to ctPrp43ΔN, BeSO4 with a twentyfold and NaF at a sixtyfold excess. Prior to data collection, crystals of the RNA-complex structure were cryo-protected in 26% (v/v) glycerine. Both ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- crystals did not require additional cryo-protection. Diffraction data were collected at 100 K on beamline P13, (Hamburg, Germany) and were processed with the XDS package (Kabsch, 2010). Data collection statistics are tabularized in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: The 0. 24 m and 5 m in 2100. The costs expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) are expected to be limited to 0. 1 percent to 0. 2 percent assuming a maximum sea level rise of 0. 85 m in 2100. A cost-benefit analysis for barrier shows that adapting this barrier to climate change is likely to be a good investment. An important lesson learned for designing future barriers is to create flexible structures that allow for adjustments to climate change given the uncertainty of sea level rise in the long term. to a 114–121Abstractlegislation, a storm surge barrier project would be subject to regulation by the U. S. of Engineers intended to balance the needs and advantages of a project with protection of the aquatic environment. The Corps' role has gradually increased beyond navigation to include wetlands; fish and wildlife; historical, cultural, scenic, and recreational considerations; coastal zones; marine sanctuaries; water supply and conservation; and energy conservation and development. is required to consider all factors in the public interest, including economic development and environmental protection. The permit application will undergo a complex review by partner federal agencies, state and local governments, and other local stakeholders. On-line resources are listed that allow for an in-depth review of the laws, regulations, processes, and local points of contact. Barriers: Ecological and Special ConcernsR. L. Swanson, C. O'Connell and R. E. Wilson 122–133AbstractStorm surge barriers constructed to protect City will reduce damage to infrastructure and save lives. However, there will be environmental, ecological, and social impacts. For example, the salinity regime of the harbor will be altered as will sediment dynamics and distribution. These will in turn impact fish and shellfish distributions. These impacts could be positive or negative depending on one's point of view, and depending on where one's home is located relative to the barriers, one could view such an expensive undertaking to be a fair or unfair use of public resources. The impacts of this massive infrastructure project must be thoroughly explored and debated. We initiate the debate by identifying and discussing some of these potential impacts. of Sites to from FloodingHugh S. Lacy, Anthony DeVito and Athena C. 134–149AbstractThe intent of this paper is to address the geotechnical aspects and challenges to the engineering of proposed storm surge barriers in the waters surrounding City.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 25Plusieurs rencontres sont organisées entre les acteurs les journalistes horticoles sont invités à des événements, une dynamique se met en place à mesure que les actions se multiplient au gré, cependant, des volontés politiques et de la structuration des réseaux, qui nécessitent d’être consolidés. Les conditions d’un retour durable 26Une nouvelle impulsion est donnée au moment où l’intérêt pour la biodiversité cultivée se confirme avec la demande d’une alimentation plus saine et diversifiée. Elle connaît une évolution plus favorable sous l’effet d’une synergie entre plusieurs actions complémentaires, politiques d’un côté, citoyennes de l’autre. Les conditions politiques et juridiques 27Afin de respecter ses accords internationaux et à la suite du règlement no 511/2014 du Parlement européen et du Conseil, le 16 avril 2014, l’État français prend deux décisions importantes afin d’organiser la conservation des ressources phytogénétiques patrimoniales sur le long terme : 11 - Voir le site : [consul (. . . ) 28- L’arrêté du 24 novembre 201511 créé au sein du Comité technique permanent de la sélection (CTPS), une nouvelle section transversale relative à la conservation des Ressources phytogénétiques (RPG) d’espèces cultivées et de leurs apparentées sauvages. 29Les membres qui la composent sont impliqués dans la conservation, la caractérisation et la valorisation des RPG sur des espèces représentatives de la diversité cultivée sauf celle des arbres forestiers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Structure determination, refinement and analysis Request a detailed protocol The structure of ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- was solved by molecular replacement using Phaser as implemented in the CCP4 suite and the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP (PDBid: 5d0u) structure as a search model (Tauchert et al. , 2016; McCoy et al. , 2007). It was crucial to split this protein into three search models to obtain a reasonable molecular replacement solution. The RecA1, the RecA2 and the C-terminal domains had to be placed independently from each other. After initial model improvement in and manual adjustment in Coot, the ADP•BeF3- and seven nucleotides of the U16-RNA, which was present in the crystallization reaction, could be fitted into the difference density (Adams et al. , 2010; Emsley et al. , 2010). Subsequent to additional refinement in and Coot, the final model was refined to Rwork and Rfree of 19. 70% and 22. 97% (for refinement statistics see Table 1) and validated with MolProbity (Chen et al. , 2010). 95. 98% of all residues are in favored regions of the Ramachandran plot and 0. 0% are indicated as outliers. Both crystal structures of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR and LR) were determined by means of molecular replacement with Phaser using the atomic coordinates of ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- as a search model which was split in three distinct parts. The RecA1 with the RecA2 domain, the ratchet-like domain linked to the OB-fold and the WH domain as last item were placed in a stepwise fashion to obtain a successful replacement solution. Subsequent iterative cycles of automated refinement with and manual model building in Coot were carried out before model quality assessment in MolProbity. The structure of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) was refined to Rwork and Rfree values of 17. 67% and 19. 88% and of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) to 18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: The geologic, bathymetric (water depth) and topographic conditions at each of the following three sites will be explored: The Narrows, Sound, and the Arthur Kill. The paper will explore the general options for foundations that could be utilized for various different basic types of surge barriers, including navigable lock and dam (ubiquitous); fold flat buoyant floating gate (venice); rotating type (london, thames river); swinging hinged gate (netherlands and elsewhere); and others. The apparent suitability and applicability of various foundation options, for each of the three sites, given the geologic and bathymetric conditions at each site, will be evaluated. A conceptual assessment of other considerations such as navigation, sedimentation, scale and scope, and such will be touched upon as they relate to the foundation and geotechnical aspects of the barrier design. A of Surge Barriers: Types for for a Dutch PerspectiveP. T. M. Dircke, T. H. G. Jongeling and P. L. M. Jansen 150–169Abstractstorm surge barriers and the Dutch experience with design, construction and O&M of storm surge barriers is appreciated all over the world. Dutch engineers were and are involved in the design of storm surge barriers outside the Netherlands in cities like New Orleans, Venice, and St Petersburg. Based on this experience a systematic overview and comparison of navigable storm surge barriers that could be suitable for the is presented. Considered aspects include type of gate structures, design criteria and requirements, risk management, environmental aspects, navigation aspects, technical design details and operation and maintenance aspects. It is concluded that there is not one single perfect gate type, and it is suggested that a tailor-made combination of gate types, combining the most favorable aspects of several gates or locks might result in the best solution for New York. York and complex water system should be considered as one system and flood control solutions should be interconnected. The different elements should form an integrated flood risk management system. Finally, it is recommended that although floodgates can be a suitable solution for flood protection, for a sustainable, economically and environmentally optimal result, gates should always be compared to or combined with other flood risk management measures like dike or levee strengthening, natural coastal protection systems, or nonstructural measures. of Barriers for the. D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ils représentent l’ensemble des professionnels et amateurs, publics et privés, partie prenante dans le secteur. 12 - Voir le site : [consulté (. . . ) 30- Parallèlement, l’État publie le décret no 2015-1731 du 22 décembre 201512 relatif à la conservation des RPG pour l’agriculture et l’alimentation. Il ouvre le poste de coordinateur national, basé au GEVES à Angers. Il crée aussi le poste de technicien chargé d’identifier les espèces d’importance pour la France qui n’ont pas de collection non régénérées ou menacées afin de mettre en place des schémas de conservation sur le long terme. Ces collections dites « orphelines » (gesses, haricots, lentilles, oignons) sont conservées à la station du GEVES à Brion, près d’Angers. L’intérêt des réseaux nationaux est de pouvoir inventorier, identifier, maintenir les variétés. Biodiversité et transition écologique : vers une nouvelle relation avec le vivant 31Même si un effort considérable reste à fournir, un seuil a été franchi en termes de nombre de personnes sensibilisées aux effets bénéfiques de la biodiversité cultivée. De plus en plus de citoyens, appelés « consom’acteurs », et d’agriculteurs souhaitent retrouver les variétés en lien avec leur territoire, leur sol ils entendent pousser cette logique jusqu’à réintroduire les variétés régionales, en cohérence avec la conversion des terres à l’agriculture biologique.

Output: contrast