Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Ideally, there would be a universal programming language that could be used by all researchers who were interested in building models of the human brain and intelligence, which would make it easy for them to exchange and make use of each other’s models. In reality, there are many different types of models in use, written in many different programming languages, and each research project must consider trade-offs and make decisions that will influence the investigation and resulting computational models. To ensure continued progress in the field of computational cognitive neuroscience, it would be helpful if these many different computational models of human brain function and intelligence could be brought into the same framework so they could be evaluated, deconstructed and recombined into new models. PsyNeuLink is one experimental effort to do this. What is PsyNeuLink? PsyNeuLink is a platform developed by researchers in the Neuroscience of Lab at in the US. It is a modelling environment for building the computational models used by neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists to explore brain functions and psychological behaviours, and their relationship with artificial intelligence. In PsyNeuLink, scientists can construct different components of their models and integrate them into the modelling environment, where they can run the models as simulations and analyse their interactions. The aim is to develop a common repository for model-sharing, allowing scientists working on different computational cognitive neuroscience projects to access the best modelling tools for uncovering how the brain gives rise to human intelligence, and how this can be implemented in machines. Neuroscience of of research: Neuroscience, Psychology, Research project: Investigating the neuroscientific and psychological mechanisms behind cognition and intelligence using computational models Funders: US of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Office of Websites ncclab. princeton. edu www. psyneulink. org Pathway from school to computational cognitive neuroscience • As computational cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field combining psychology, neuroscience and computer science, a degree in any of these subjects could lead to a career in the field. • A wide range of other subjects is also relevant for uncovering the mechanisms behind intelligence. For example, members of the Neuroscience of Lab come from many different backgrounds, including machine learning, data science, electrical engineering, medicine, physics and philosophy. • Coding and computer programming are key skills for developing computational models, so look for free online tutorials where you can learn, such as Code Academy: www. codecademy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In addition, the research performed in the facilities should be accompanied by dual use risk and technology assessment, to monitor emerging biosafety and biosecurity risks. During the RRI Course, we pointed out the limitations of legal instruments for governing dual use life sciences and called for collective responsibility for dual use research in a “web of prevention” perspective (Dando 2000; Rappert and McLeish 2007). In this case, regulation is not enough, because lifesaving and economically useful research is inherently dual use. In addition, rapid progress in science and technology undermines existing legislation. Collective responsibility for frontier research implies distinct role responsibilities for the involved actors. Governments should perform oversight, improve regulation, and organise public and stakeholder dialogue. Scientists should contribute their expertise in science for policy, train students, develop and abide by codes of conduct, conduct confidence building peer review, participate in academic and public dialogue, and apply their knowledge in safer-by-design research. Companies handling dual use biological materials including pharmaceutical and food producing industry should take their corporate social responsibility, develop and abide by biosafety and biosecurity codes of conduct, inform policy makers about innovations which could influence the current legal framework governing biosecurity, host site visits as part of confidence building measures, and participate in public and stakeholder dialogue. NGOs should contribute to raising public awareness of biosecurity issues, campaign for governmental oversight of dual use life sciences activities, and participate in public dialogue. Citizens should also participate in public dialogue. 5. 8 Conclusions and RecommendationsBesides knowledge transfer, the course programme featured lively discussions about the role of scientists in the contemporary Armenian society. Several participants were keen on developing skills in science communication. Inspired by existing codes of conduct including the IAP Statement on Biosecurity, the participants expressed the intention to develop an “Apaga Declaration” including common ethical principles governing their research. The development of such a new contextualised declaration is more important than simply endorsing an existing code because the underlying rationale is to raise awareness about ethical issues and to stimulate scientists to reflect on the decisions they take in their daily practice. In addition to investing in infrastructural and institutional conditions ensuring biosafety and biosecurity, it is important to continuously train young generations of scientists in laboratory safety practices.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: reported that activation of either the cell bodies of GABAergic neurons in the core of NAc or their axonal terminals in the VP evoked slow wave sleep (Oishi et al. , 2017b). In addition, activation of GABAergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which includes the VP, produced wakefulness, whereas their inhibition induced sleep (Anaclet et al. , 2015). These facts suggest that inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the VP is a critical pathway to generate slow waves in NREM sleep. We also found that VTAGad67+ neurons moderately project to the VP. Therefore, we reasoned that VTAGad67+ neurons projecting to the VP might be involved in the generation of slow wave sleep. Population activity recordings across vigilance states shows that DA neurons in the VTA exhibit higher activity in REM sleep versus either wake or NREM sleep (Eban-Rothschild et al. , 2016). On the contrary, VTAGad67+ neurons exhibit a completely opposite activity pattern from that of DA neurons across vigilance states, with highest activity during NREM sleep (Figure 5). This suggests an existing functional interaction between DA and Gad67+ neurons in the VTA. Using in vivo single unit recordings in rats, Lee et al. found wake- and REM-active neurons, suggesting that there might be several types of neurons (Lee et al. , 2001). Our fiber photometry data showed that VTAGad67+ neurons exhibit weak activity even during wakefulness. This might suggest that VTAGad67+ neurons are also comprised of several subtypes. However, most VTAGad67+ neurons are predominantly active in NREM sleep. Therefore, additional research is needed to clarify any electrophysiological, anatomical, and/or functional variations of GABAergic neurons in the VTA. Very recently, Yu et al. reported that coordinated interaction between GABA and glutamate neurons in the VTA regulates sleep/wakefulness in mice (Yu et al. , 2019). Although this study similarly found a NREM-sleep promoting role of neurons, the in vivo activity of neurons was quite different from our observations with the highest activity observed during wake and REM sleep. One difference between studies was that Yu et al. used Vgat-Cre mice (Cre recombinase is targeted to the slc32a1 gene) and we used Gad67-Cre mice to target GABAergic neurons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: com Meet members of the Neuroscience of ís Role: Postdoctoral researcher Fields of research: Neuroscience, I have always been very curious about the world. I am not only interested in science, but also in history, politics, literature, art and music. I chose to become a researcher in the hope of contributing a little bit to humanity’s body of knowledge. As a cognitive scientist, I study learning and treat it as an investment, and I investigate when it is worthwhile to make that investment and when it isn’t. For example, if your teacher suddenly announces there will be a test tomorrow, you could lose sleep trying to review all your notes, but you might not be able to retain much information. However, if your teacher announces there will be a test next week, then you could dedicate some time every day to revise and you are likely to learn and remember more, so your learning investment will be more worthwhile. I use a combination of simulations and behavioural measurements during games to study how we decide to invest in learning. I’ve found that this decision depends on several factors, such as how much time you have to learn, how fast you think you’ll learn, what your reward for learning will be and how far in the future it is. I’ve also discovered that there’s a key trade-off between satisfying immediate needs (i. e. , instant gratification) and how quickly you’ll learn a new task. Science is about communication and collaboration, plus some well-intended conflict, to resolve which theories are correct and which are incorrect. I love working with my colleagues as there’s nothing more satisfying than encountering curious, energetic people who want to work together to figure out cool stuff! You don’t have to actually study brains to ‘study the brain’. Research is so vast that there are many different ways to contribute to the field of neuroscience. For example, while I am technically a brain scientist, I hardly ever deal with specific brain regions. Instead, I study the problems the brain solves, which generates important findings for other scientists who study the brain itself. When I’m not studying neuroscience, I play drums in an alternative rock band. We are called (www. burneholiday. com), we have been playing together since college and we now have two albums and several cool cover songs. I love playing with the group!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Threats of paper Biosecurity for : for paper First Online: 08 September 2021 pp 1–12 Cite this conference paper You have full access to this open access conference paper Download book PDF Download book of for : for book PDF Download book. Trump5, Marie-Valentine Florin6, Edward Perkins7 & …Igor Linkov5 Show authors Part of the book series: NATO Science for Peace and C: ((NAPSC)) 5623 Accesses 2 1. 1 to the Dual-of Emerging BiotechnologySynthetic biology uses engineering-based modeling and building techniques to modify existing organisms and microbes or to construct them from scratch. The rate of development and research related to synthetic biology for both industry and academia has increased over the past two decades (Ahteensuu 2017), with applications in medicine (new vaccines, delivery of therapeutics, and treatments), energy (biofuels), environmental remediation, food production, and general industry (detergents, adhesives, perfumes) (Evans and Selgelid 2015; Gronvall 2015). While synthetic biology heralds advances in these fields, its techniques could also be adapted for malicious purposes and used by terrorist organizations, rogue actors, or hostile nations to create dangerous pathogens, invasive organisms, or other disruptive biological agents (Yeh et al. 2012). Such potential makes synthetic biology a dual-use research area of concern (DURC) since the same techniques can be used to benefit or harm people, animals, environments, or nations (Getz and Dellaire 2018). Indeed, there have been 35 confirmed cases of biological weapons deployment between 1970 and 2014 (Franconi et al. 2018). Thus far, the use of advanced biotechnologies for weapons production has mostly been pursued by state-actors. However, synthetic biological weapons are expected to become a larger concern as the field advances and they become increasingly adopted by malicious sub-state or non-state actors (Gronvall 2018). Synthetic biology raises the possibility that pathogenic bioweapons could be designed, developed, and deployed in new ways that diverge from the disease-causing characteristics of naturally occurring pathogens (NAS 2018). Traditionally, only known pathogens found naturally in the environment, such as B. anthracis and Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: Mice were submitted to complete sleep deprivation, through the gentle handling method, which consists of keeping the animal awake by gently touching them with a soft brush if behavioral signs of sleep were observed. Mice were sleep-deprived for 4 hr, starting at light onset. Mice were then allowed to experience recovery sleep for 30 min. Optogenetic inhibition was performed during the recovery sleep. Acute brain slice preparation Request a detailed protocol Preparation of acute brain slices and subsequent electrophysiological recordings were performed as previously reported with a slight modification (Chowdhury and Yamanaka, 2016). Briefly, mice were decapitated under isoflurane (Industries) anesthesia and the brain was quickly isolated and chilled in an ice-cold cutting solution (in mM: 110 K-gluconate, 15 KCl, 0. 05 EGTA, 5 HEPES, 26. 2 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 3. 3 MgCl2 and 0. 0015 (±)−3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid) gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Coronal slices of 300 µm thickness containing either VTA or LH were prepared using a vibratome (VT-1200S; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and were temporarily placed in an incubation chamber containing a bath solution (in mM: 124 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 1. 23 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3 and 25 glucose) gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 in a 35°C water bath for 30–60 min. Slices were then incubated at room temperature in the same incubation chamber for another 30–60 min for recovery. In vitro electrophysiology Request a detailed protocol After the recovery period, acute brain slices were transferred to a recording chamber (RC-26G; Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT). The recording chamber was equipped with an upright fluorescence microscope (BX51WI; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) stage and was superfused with a 95% O2 and 5% CO2-gassed bath solution at a rate of 1. 5 ml/min using a peristaltic pump (Dynamax; Rainin, Oakland, CA).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Javier’s top tip Cultivate your curiosity! The world becomes a much more interesting place when you start wondering how things work and why things are the way they are. Role: Graduate student Field of research: I was interested in many topics when I was younger, including reading fiction, economics, computer science, robotics and debating. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my career, so I explored all these different interests through high school. It wasn’t until my second year of college that I decided I wanted to be a cognitive scientist. I work on understanding how memory can be used in abstract problem solving. I am particularly interested in how humans can learn so quickly from such little data – something that is currently very challenging for AI. I’ve discovered that we can take advantage of the relationships between concepts we’ve already learnt, which helps us learn new skills quickly, but current AI is less able to make connections between its past experiences. I enjoy uncovering the ‘algorithms’ humans use to learn and make decisions. It was originally thought that humans struggle to multitask because our mental capacity is limited, but recent research hypothesises that it is the flexible nature of cognition that limits our ability to do multiple things at the same time. The human brain is good at reusing algorithms for different purposes. However, this causes issues if we try to simultaneously do different activities that use the same algorithms. I think this theory is interesting as it connects common experiences (such as the inability to drive safely while texting) to underlying principles. In my free time, I enjoy rock climbing and cooking. As a graduate student, my mind is very busy when I’m working, so these activities help me clear my mind and relax. Tyler’s top tip If you want to become a scientist, don’t just study science. Studying non-scientific subjects, such as English and history, has been unexpectedly useful in my scientific career. Scientific discoveries require creative and critical thinking, rather than fact memorisation, and at school, these skills were most exercised in my humanities classes. Ritz Role: Postdoctoral researcher Field of research: Neuroscience I’ve always been interested in music. I played in indie bands during high school and college, and I’m an avid music collector. Sports were also a big part of my life in high school – I ran cross country and played soccer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: pestis, were developed as biological weapons because of the inherent infectious characteristics that readily enabled such organisms to serve as weapons. However, as synthetic biology continues to expand its capabilities to create and modify biological weapons, there is an increasing need for biosafety and biosecurity assurances for humans, animals, plants, and the environment. To cope with threats arising from synthetic biology’s dual-use nature, biosecurity is needed to prevent, detect, and determine the source of biological attacks. Biological weapons created from synthetic biology represent a new and unique threat space. Potential threats from synthetic biology include increased pathogen transmissibility between and within species in addition to resistance to established treatments. Synthetic biology can be used to engineer normally benign microbes that produce toxic biological compounds or re-build extinct or hard-to-obtain pathogens from scratch (NAS 2018). The main biotechnologies of concern in the near future (over the course of the next decade or so) are projected to be oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA assembly (assembling multiple smaller fragments of oligonucleotides into the desired larger sequence), and genetic modification (editing, deleting, and inserting desired sequences into targeted sites of a genome). Harm may also arise through the purposeful use of these techniques to disrupt human and environmental systems. Malevolent use, but also negligent use (misuse) of synthetic biology techniques, require two circumstances: (a) the spread of information, techniques, or knowhow to utilize synthetic biology’s enabling technologies for irresponsible or nefarious purposes (“information hazard”), and (b) the ability to use such knowledge and tools to generate and disseminate harmful engineered organisms to vulnerable recipients. Creating effective biosecurity procedures and policies to protect humans, agriculture, technology, and the environment from such nefarious usages (or accidental or negligent damage from misuse) will require understanding the current state of synthetic biology. This includes knowing the platforms and technologies available for manipulation or construction (e. g. , viruses, microbes, multi-cellular organisms, or cell-free systems) and planning for the future as the field overcomes identified bottlenecks or roadblocks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleeping in short bursts every 2 hours can accelerate learning and improve mental performance. [SEP] Text: The results from the current investigation provide opposition for this notion as the false and parallel starts achieved near-identical times to the first timing gate (Table 2). In fact, when the distance to be covered was just 3 m (second timing gate), using a backward step reduced the sprint time by 100 ms or 6. 0% (Tables 2 and 3). A 6% reduction in the time to cover a short distance may have a considerable impact on athletic performance when movement time is a critical factor. When an athlete adopts a false starting style by repositioning their base of support, forward movement of the center of mass is either temporarily suspended or slowed until the horizontal impulse generated from the backward step is large enough to elicit forward movement. As a result, the total false start movement time recorded by the first timing gate is composed of reaction time, and positive (forward) and negative (backward) movement time, compared with just reaction time and positive movement time when the parallel start is initiated via a displacement of the center of mass. Therefore, if both starts require the same distance to be traveled to the first gate (50 cm) but do not result in significantly different movement times, as in the current study, then it can be inferred that the use of a backward step resulted in a subsequent increase in the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate (0 m). If the use of a backward step does increase the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate, further improvements to performance should be expected at the second timing gate. This is precisely what was observed; the false start was 90 ms faster (p < 0. 01) between gates 1 and 2 (0-2. 5 m) despite the near-identical times at gate 1 (see Table 2). However, it is assumed that the reaction times for both starts were similar, which may or may not be the case, but was outside the scope of this investigation and is a possible limitation. The significant difference between the false and parallel starts was maintained at the 5-m mark (100 ms or 5. 0%) (see Table 2), but the times between 2. 5 and 5 m were not significantly different (Table 2). This would suggest that any mechanical advantage gained via a step backward is utilized before traveling 2. 5 m, although any reduction in this first 2. 5 m is maintained for the remainder of the sprint. Kraan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Academically, I’ve wanted to study psychology for as long as I can remember. The more I learnt about psychology, the more interested I was. I study how we switch between thinking in different ways. For example, if you switch between conversations in different languages, what’s going on in your brain during that transition? To investigate this, my team has developed a new cognitive task for measuring changes in attention that involves someone reading text while listening to someone else speaking, forcing them to switch between different tasks. By analysing people’s behaviour as they completed this cognitive task, we discovered that they follow two distinct steps when switching between reading and listening. First, they decide what to think about, then they gradually switch their attention to that task. The ability to measure these steps separately is important for developing a theory of how people switch their attention. I enjoy the excitement of finding patterns in human behaviour that help us uncover the structure of the human mind. With the right experiments, you can understand then predict how people will behave in different situations. It feels like you are doing physics or chemistry experiments, but with the brain! I think it’s incredible that we can now decode the contents of the mind. By measuring someone’s brain activity, we can now reconstruct simple aspects of their thoughts. For example, imagine you are shown an X or an O, then asked to think about which shape you were looking at. By analysing images of your brain activity, scientists can tell (with high accuracy) whether you are thinking of an X or an O. It’s like mind-reading! In my free time, I enjoy jogging and hiking. Running really helps me clear my head and improves my sleep. This year I ran my first half marathon. My wife and I often go hiking on weekends; there are lots of great trails in New Jersey. I also love to watch movies. Sometimes my friends and I sneak into the Princeton lecture halls in the evening and watch movies on the big projector screens! Harrison’s top tips 1. There are many ways to succeed, but the best direction towards progress is to push yourself to try things that don’t come naturally to you. 2. Psychology and neuroscience increasingly depend on computational modelling, so develop your quantitative skills and take classes in programming and statistics. 3. Get involved in research labs to learn what research involves and whether this is the right career path for you.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Biosecurity will require developing screening mechanisms for synthetic pathogens and biological attacks, as well as methods to assess how a synthetic pathogen could be dispersed during an attack, identify what the potential targets of the attack are, and identify who developed the bioweapon. 1. 2 HistoryState-sponsored biological warfare has been employed since ancient times (Mayor 2003). By 1925, germ theory and advances in bacteriology had led to enough advancement in the field that regulation was deemed necessary, leading to the Geneva Protocol, which banned the use of chemical and biological weapons in war. However, this did not prevent a number of countries from embarking on biological weapons programs. A notorious usage occurred during II, when Japanese units deployed bombs filled with plague-ridden fleas in China as a part of their biological weapons program. Other nations also invested in biological weapons programs, including the UK and the US, although they did not end up deploying the weapons they developed. These state-based biological weapons capabilities tended to be justified as “first strike” options or as methods to weaken enemy ground forces that could not be combatted through conventional ordnance. In all cases, states developed the scientific and material ability to build, package, and deploy biological weapons. A major regulatory development came in 1972, with the passing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and and on (usually referred to as the Convention; here “BWC”), an update to the Geneva Protocol. The BWC banned the “development, production and stockpiling of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts necessary for protective and peaceful research” (“Convention,” 1972). The BWC went further than the in banning not just the use of biological weapons in war, but also their development and possession. Although 183 countries are parties to the BWC, some countries with a known interest in biological weapons, such as Israel, have not signed or ratified the BWC, and some countries that have ratified the BWC, such as Russia and China, have completely or partially ignored its statutes. Russia had an active biological weapons program comprising tens of facilities and thousands of researchers until at least 1992, twenty years after it signed the BWC (Zilinskas 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the of and Archives Vol. 8 (2023) Research 10. 5195/ledger. 2023. 278 Keywords: -Source, Sustainability, Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology offers a promising means to alleviate environmental and electricity costs challenges for cryptocurrency miners. To analyze this promise, this study investigated the feasibility of using electricity from individually optimized PV systems to power: 1) an individual Bitcoin miner, 2) a DIY intermodal shipping container holding 50 miners, and 3) a commercial mining farm container holding 408 miners. In a controlled lab environment, miners were monitored for electricity use. Then using these values, numerical simulations of both the PV system yield and sensitivity ranges based on the Bitcoin price, Bitcoin halving events, and miner hardware were investigated for informed financial planning. In addition, sensitivity for geographic locations in North America, utility electric rates and PV capital costs were analyzed. The profitability and return on investment (ROI) varied by location primarily because of the geographic distribution of solar flux and utility rates. The ROI for using PV with Bitcoin mining was found to be negative for Toronto and Montreal because of low-cost electricity, while it was 8% for Calgary. In the U. S. cities evaluated, the ROIs were substantial and ranged from 34% in New York, to 64% in Boulder, and up to 104% in Los Angeles. Although the study is based in regarding energy rates, climate, and energy laws, the analysis methodology is generalizable globally and grants the average cryptocurrency business the knowledge to make an informed decision on whether to pursue this venture from a financial and environmental perspective. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in cryptocurrency mining by providing an economic means of environmental preservation by powering cryptocurrency miners with renewable solar energy. 3. ” (accessed 16 June 2022) “24 in. Pedestal Fan. ” (accessed 16 June 2022) “AC Digital Multi-Function Meter” Amazon (accessed 12 August 2022) “Amazon. com: NEMA 6-20P to C13 - 15A/250V, 14/3 AWG - # IBX-4936 (5 ft, Build) : Electronics. ” Amazon (accessed 16 June 2022) “AntMiner S9 ~13. 5TH/s @ 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Volunteer survey effort for high-profile species can benefit conservation of non-focal species Published online by Press: 09 February 2017. and. author details. : 19 2DL, UK. . * Affiliation: RSPB Centre for 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, UK. * *Author for correspondence; e-mail: graeme. buchanan@rspb. org. uk 0. 46 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] last irrefutable record of the Slender-billed tenuirostris came from 1995. The range of the species is poorly known, but between 2009 and 2011, volunteer observers surveyed more than 680 sites in 19 countries, with additional search effort in a further 12 countries. Although there were no definite sightings (two birds that might have been Slender-billed Curlew were reported), there were other benefits. These included increased knowledge of species distributions and populations in seldom visited areas (over 500,000 birds of over 400 species were observed), the identification of threats to at least 10 the identification of sites that could qualify as and capacity building and education through involvement with local survey teams and observers and finally recommendations for future surveys. Thus, these surveys demonstrate the potential benefits of volunteer field surveys for non-focal species. , Issue 2 June 2017 10. 1017/S0959270916000186 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2017 Slender-billed tenuirostris is a ‘Critically Endangered’ bird (IUCN 2011). It was already rare by the beginning of the last century, during which it continued to decline, probably due to a combination of habitat loss and hunting (Gretton1991). The only verified nest area was discovered in the early 20th century near Omsk in south-western Siberia (Gretton1991), from which there are just a handful of records. The majority of the approximately 900 records of the species are split between putative passage and wintering areas. Passage records come from the countries (especially Kazakhstan and Ukraine) between the breeding areas and the areas where the bird wintered around the Mediterranean basin, where in Morocco was the last known regular wintering area (Gretton1991, Buchanan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Additionally, while chemicals have a set structure and formula that makes them easier to identify and govern, advancements in synthetic biology allow for the creation of novel types of biological weapons that are not explicitly prohibited by the BWC but instead exist in a sort of “gray zone. ” This increased accessibility of synthetic biology and difficulty in categorizing synthetic biology products creates a threat space that is not fully captured within the current structure or implementation of the BWC. 1. 3 and Policy for BiosecurityBecause emerging biotechnologies are dual-use, governance must weigh the risk of misuse with the potential for beneficial use in innovation and development. Unfortunately, biosecurity attempts are mired in uncertainty around both the actual capabilities of synthetic biology, as well as the motivations of actors given the increasing number of contexts in which synthetic biology is used. Modern governments are still relying on old rules to regulate a new technology, clearly an insufficient strategy for ensuring security in the coming decades. Building an effective biosecurity strategy to encompass twenty-first century biotechnologies requires understanding the novelties that sciences like synthetic biology create in the biosecurity threat space, as well as the structural vulnerabilities these sciences can exploit and the likely causes of inadequate biosecurity practices. Synthetic biology’s novel biosecurity concerns arise from its broad scope, wider availability, complexity, and uncertainty over current and future capabilities. For example, critical developments such as gene editing via gene editing vastly improve upon previous genetic engineering processes and may yield a revolution in human and environmental health research, but may also cause substantial and irreversible harms. One application of gene editing is the gene drive, which can rapidly propagate a certain set of genes or alleles through a population, circumventing Mendelian inheritance laws and increasing the chance that this set of genes is passed on. While gene drives are an exciting new technology, their ability to rapidly alter the genetic makeup of a population is cause for concern. Other potential negative consequences of gene editing may include the unconstrained diffusion of gene-edited material throughout the environment, the disruption of ecologies with genetically-modified organisms (in particular engineered gene drive systems), and off-target impacts from genome editing. These techniques could also be used maliciously, with an actor purposely targeting humans and/or the environment. The publication and dissemination of a methodology for synthesizing horsepox in a laboratory setting was a recent application of gene editing (Noyce et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: ” Fortune (accessed 26 June 2022) “Specification,” Braiins | (accessed 26 June 2022) (accessed 5 August 2022) “WM-14 277/480V or 347/600V Multi-function Meter,” Inc. (accessed 16 June 2022) Admin. “Antminer S17 is Temper-mental, as are S19, S9, T17, T9, L3+. ” MinerDaily. com (accessed 22 November 2022) Ankalkoti, P. , S. G. Santhosh. "A on Bitcoin Mining. " of (IJIR) 3. 5 1757-1761 (2017) Asgari, N. , McDonald, M. T. , Pearce, J. M. , “and Techno-economic of Greenhouses for Utilizing the of Cryptocurrency Miners. ” Energies 16. 3 1331 (2023) Badea, L. , Mungiu-Pupӑzan, M. C. " of Bitcoin. " IEEE Access 9 48091-48104 (2021) Bag, S. , Ruj, S. , Sakurai, K. “Withholding Attack: Analysis and Mitigation” IEEE 12. 8 1967-1978 Barron-Gafford, G. A. , et al. “across the Food–Energy–in Drylands. ” 2 848–855 (2019) Best, R. de. “Cap 2013-2022. ” Statista (accessed 5 June 2022). Bitir-Istrate, I. , Gheorghiu, C. , Gheorghiu, M. "Towards an for Cryptocurrency Mining. " E3S Web of Conferences 294 03004 (2021) Bonneau, J. , Clark, J. , & Goldfeder, S. “as a Source. ” Cryptology e(2015) Bhaskar, N. D. , Chuen, D. L. K. “Technology. ” Handbook of digital currency 45-65 (2015) Branker, K. , Pathak, M. J. M. , Pearce, J. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The last irrefutable record was in February 1995 at Merja Zerga, Morocco, although there have been reports of possible birds (Buchanan et al. Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The balance of breeding records to passage and winter records, and the inaccessibility and size of the potential breeding areas suggest surveys of non-breeding sites with previous records might offer the greatest chance of re-discovering the species. These areas are still extensive, covering countries from Kazakhstan and Ukraine through the to the Mediterranean, making a fully funded survey using professional surveyors prohibitively expensive. Citizen science, through which volunteers collect data, can make a valuable contribution to conservation (Dickinson et al. Reference Dickinson, Zuckerberg and Bonter2010). Tulloch et al. (Reference Tulloch, Possingham, Joseph, Szabo and Martin2013) divided the benefits from such surveys into eight categories, namely informing of management actions, increasing public awareness, increasing education, serendipitous benefits such as unexpected discoveries, recreation, social and economic research, increasing ecological knowledge and improvement of methods. The potential for using skilled and motivated volunteers in undertaking bird surveys is well recognised (e. g. the UK and US Surveys; Noble et al. Reference Noble, Raven and Baillie2001, Robbins et al. Reference Robbins, Sauer, Greenberg and Droege1989, respectively). Volunteers can be a cost-effective way to search extensive areas for threatened species and provide coverage of much more extensive areas than would be possible by paid, skilled observers, at a fraction of the cost. The potential of non-professional birders in rediscovering lost species is illustrated by the rediscovery of the Dicaeum quadrico in 1992 (Dutson1993). The skills of observers may be important considerations when asking them to survey species that present particular identification challenges. This is particularly the case with the Slender-billed Curlew, which can easily be confused with other Numenius species (e. g. Svensson et al. Reference Svensson, Grant, Mullarney, Zetterstrom and Christie1999). Here we aim to describe the methods used to undertake coordinated surveys and the benefits to conservation from dedicated Slender-billed Curlew surveys. Technological advances mean a search is now viable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: 2018). Some critics say this information could support a nefarious actor to reconstitute and develop smallpox, or to synthetize other viruses. Additionally, the widely publicized recreation of the 1918 (Tumpey et al. 2005), which killed some 50 million people worldwide at the close of the War, could facilitate the synthesis process for actors wishing to cause harm. Even nonpathogenic approaches have been described as dual-use research, ranging from the disruption of local ecologies via gene drives to the manipulation or destruction of inorganic materials. These and dozens of other cases demonstrate the increasing ease with which an actor can acquire information and apply existing tools to deploy advanced genetic engineering applications with limited to no oversight. In 1975, the U. S. of Health (“NIH”) established compliance measures for genome engineering that were enforced through funding restrictions; however, many synthetic biology innovators can now operate without NIH funding, approval, or even awareness, and NIH does not oversee research in other countries. Today, the financial costs, time limitations, and skill requirements needed to wield synthetic biology tools have scaled down such that some of these tools have become accessible even to elementary school students. Furthermore, the requisite baseline knowledge diminishes over time as synthetic biology processes become more streamlined. While such broad access to sophisticated genetic engineering knowledge and equipment can accelerate scientific breakthroughs, it also places the responsibility for biosecurity on a near infinite number of unsupervised actors across the globe. In 2018, the BWC secretariat noted that increased access to technologies such as gene editing, gene drives, and gene synthesis is available to actors with limited or no oversight from established industry or governmental organizations, raising concerns about potential violations of the BWC. It is helpful to forecast and understand looming threats and potential mitigation strategies at various scales, but international treaties are not structured to oversee bottom-up efforts related to the localization and globalization of synthetic biology below the national scale. One part of the solution may be the broadening of engagement from established oversight agencies like NIH. An additional option is the and Innovation (“RRI”) approach, utilized by the UK and the EU, which appraises the potential effects of new research on society and the environment in order to improve the alignment of processes and expected outcomes with societal values and needs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: en Русский ru ВездеВезде: 2658-3887 authors Home>Issue 2>About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport) About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport) Table of contents Publication content 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 Publication type message ORCID: 0000-0001-8411-335X Affiliation: : Moscow, Nakhimovsky 47ration Affiliation: : Moscow, Nakhimovsky pr. , 47 Edition review was prepared based on the analysis of dozens of sources in Russian and English on issues related to the transition to renewable energy sources in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the problems that arise during their operation. Attention is paid to conferences of specialists that have recently taken place under the auspices of the UN and in Moscow. On the basis of conversations with their participants, the difficulties of transition to new technologies are described, and the opinions of specialists are given. The role of lithium as a key component of batteries is emphasized. As an illustration of the problems of the "green agenda", the situation with the automotive industry, which currently produces up to 40 % of environmental pollution, is described. The pros and cons of electric transport are discussed. Keywords global warming, natural disasters, renewable energy sources, energy transition, lithium mining and consumption, electric vehicles Received 24. 07. 2023 Date of publication 05. 07. 2023 Number of purchasers 12 Views 186 Readers community rating 0. 0 (0 votes) pdf. , Polak Y. About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport)/ Herald of CEMI. – 2023. – V. 6. – Issue 2. URL: DOI: 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 "About some aspects of renewable energy (examples of use of renewable energy sources, lithium mining, electric transport). " Herald of CEMI. 6. 2 (2023). DOI: 10. 33276/S265838870025461-0 APADybenko A. , Polak Y. (2023).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: First, high quality optical equipment that is appropriate for surveying large areas (high magnification power) is now readily available to volunteers. Secondly, satellite tags of a weight suitable to fit on to Slender-billed Curlew are now available. These tags could enable this migratory wader to be tracked to locate key sites including breeding grounds. Thirdly, digital photographic and mobile communications equipment necessary to enable rapid confirmation of identification is now widely available. 2009 and 2011, in a coordinated effort, over 50 expeditions searched for Slender-billed Curlew. The search for the Slender-billed Curlew was coordinated by the RSPB and Birdthrough the Slender-billed Group (SBCWG), which was established in 1997 in the framework of the 1994 Memorandum of Understanding concerning for the Slender-billed Curlew under the Convention on Migratory Species. The volunteer surveyors fell into the following categories: regular Census counters, taking extra care to look out for potential Slender-billed Curlew; birdwatchers searching for the bird in their own countries; birdwatchers travelling to assist the search in countries with insufficient experts to achieve national coverage on their own. Volunteer surveyors were recruited through calls for participation in 1. Countries in which searches for Slender-billed Curlew were carried out between 2009 and 2011 are shown in stippling. Countries visited by expeditions looking for Slender-billed Curlew in winter (diagonal hatch) and moulting areas (cross hatch), show sites visited within these countries (triangles) overlain on accepted historic records within these countries (squares). Not all historical records are shown due to lack of coordinates, including Libyan records. of the surveys recorded the presence of a confirmed Slender-billed Curlew, although two teams on the northern shore of the around Karkinits’ka and Dzharylgats’ka Bird and (IBA) in Crimea, Ukraine (about 70 km apart) in August 2010 independently reported possible Slender-billed Curlew. In one case on the Kinburns`kyj Peninsula, a small Numenius with a short grey bill was observed in an area where other unidentified small curlews had already been observed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: RRI approaches include experts from a range of different fields whose role it is to assess scientific development with the goal of mitigating risk, making research advances accessible through fair and sustainable means, and upholding key morals and values. Programs that adopt the RRI approach are not meant to prevent research or the publication of results, but rather to minimize downstream harms that could make developers, companies, and/or governments liable for costly insurance and cleanup efforts. RRI becomes an important criteria in access to public funding but is not a regulatory requirement. Biosecurity could also indicate to the general public that certain synthetic biology products have been filtered to guarantee beneficial uses. (nrc. gov), for instance, performs this role for research and test reactors; the synthetic biology field would benefit from a similar regulatory body for biosecurity. Where top-down governance proves insufficient, other actors such as universities, non-profits, and companies will need to engage their own gatekeeping and watchdog capabilities to protect against nefarious actors. Top-down governance may support such initiatives, which will require harmonization and communication up to the international level. These initiatives will need to be incentivized. Currently, though, biosecurity is viewed as an obligation, such that individuals, organizations, and companies must use their own funds to observe unstated and often confusing or contradictory needs for overall security. This balance of costs and benefits is insecure, and as such, institutions tend to want to minimize expenditures associated with oversight (Gillum et al. 2018). The best argument to support investing in biosecurity is that the advancement of synthetic biology ultimately requires public approval, whereas currently the public remains quite skeptical (Pauwels 2013; Oliver 2018). The public could grow more opposed to synthetic biology were the public inadvertently exposed to some harm as a consequence of insufficient or inadequate oversight. Biosecurity necessitates a strategy which incentivizes managers and corporations to stay up-to-date with the latest risks and concerns. Some corporations are aware of the risks to their bottom line should the public be exposed to harm arising from a synthetic biology product. The majority of DNA synthesis companies, in fact, have joined the (“IGSC”), whereby they utilize company resources to monitor customers and their requests for potential security problems. They are aware that implementing such biosecurity measures is in their best interests, even though there is no legal regime requiring them to do so.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Однако наибольший вклад в изменение климата вносит деятельность человека, степень уверенности учёных в этом приблизилась к 99. 99 %3; см. также [1]. Потеплению способствуют сжигание органического топлива, добыча полезных ископаемых, лесные пожары и вырубки лесов, выбросы производств, угольные электростанции, автомобильные выхлопы, экстенсивное сельское хозяйство и т. д. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Nearby, some three weeks later on 25 August 2010, a Numenius that appeared 25–30% smaller on the ground than the four Numenius arquata was observed to feed in a manner different to the Eurasian Curlew, in quick movements and with sudden changes in direction, picking invertebrates from grass tussocks. There have been no subsequent reports from these areas but the level of survey effort is unknown. Even though no definite Slender-billed Curlew were recorded, the surveys did bring multiple benefits. Here we divide them into the appropriate categories of Tulloch et al. (Reference Tulloch, Possingham, Joseph, Szabo and Martin2013). Ecological knowledge and serendipitous observations: observers recorded over half a million birds (615,465) from 414 species. Some 19 species of conservation concern (threatened or near threatened species based on the IUCN 2011 Red List) were recorded in the wintering area (Table 1). These were generally found at a small number of sites, but was recorded at almost 200 sites. Similarly, the total counts were frequently small, although over 10% of the global estimate of Phalacrocorax nigrogularis was recorded at Shuwaymiyyah in Oman. One ‘Critically Endangered’ species (Vanellus gregarius) was recorded at two sites in Syria, while in Sudan a new colony of the vulnerable Lappet-faced tracheliotos was located. The surveys for the passage areas (autumn) recorded 15 species of conservation concern. Again, these were generally found at only a small number of sites (Table 1). was recorded at 137 sites while a total of 97 were recorded at three different sites in Kazakhstan. The surveys logged the second record of Large-billed orinus in Kazakhstan, as well as expanding the current breeding range of a further 34 species. Table 1. The globally threatened and species recorded by surveyors, together with total count and number of sites on which species were recorded. Management: serious threats were noted to at least 10 IBAs, including loss to development of around 1 ha per week of mudflats at Lake Qarun, Fayoum, Egypt, and in Morocco, the Areg from which there are previous records of Slender-billed Curlew are under increasing pressure from development.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Likewise, in January 2020, the Forum and the Initiative published a report recommending that a technical consortium be set up in order to create a common DNA sequence screening mechanism. This screening mechanism would be based on work done by the IGSC. Viewing longstanding biosecurity policy practices through the lens of risk analysis results in the conclusion that there are significant gaps in biosecurity effectiveness for synthetic biology. These inefficient and inadequate policies include (a) viewing security as a cost or undesirable expense to be minimized, (b) the siloing of scholarship and practice across disciplinary domains and among government, industry, academia, and civil society, and (c) the narrow framing of security problems ignores new actors and technological developments taking place in a variety of different countries and in adjacent technology fields. Each of these issues could be resolved through policy solutions that both encourage technological development and mitigate security threats while enabling public engagement in synthetic biology and investment in its products as they enter the marketplace. Policies for synthetic biology must be scalable, transferable, and adaptable in order to take into account its emerging technical and social challenges. The increasingly globalized, distributed, and dispersed nature of synthetic biology products and research worsens challenges arising from differing practices of biosecurity governance globally. Advanced biological research is no longer overwhelmingly dominated by Europe and the US, and this may introduce different approaches to, or priorities for, biosecurity. Russia’s Programme for Development for 2019–2027, for instance, intends to “implement a comprehensive solution to the task of the accelerated development of genetic technologies, including genetic editing; to establish scientific and technological groundwork for medicine, agriculture and industry; to improve the system of preventing biological emergencies and monitoring in this area” (Ministry of Science and of the 2019). Similarly, is funding research related to the development of microbial cell factories to produce fuels and chemicals, while the Singaporean government is investing considerable resources into the funding of life and environmental sciences researchat University, the of Singapore, and the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR). Academy of Sciences is establishing an Institute of Synthetic Biology, which is tasked with the dual responsibilities of fostering roadmaps for the future development of Chinese synthetic biology while also establishing safety and security norms for researchers at Chinese institutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Потеплению способствуют сжигание органического топлива, добыча полезных ископаемых, лесные пожары и вырубки лесов, выбросы производств, угольные электростанции, автомобильные выхлопы, экстенсивное сельское хозяйство и т.  д. </p> <p>На протяжении многих десятилетий наблюдается повышение средней глобальной температуры воздуха.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: In addition to the existing IBAs that were visited, and hence a contribution made to their monitoring, 12 potential IBAs were identified in Kazakhstan based on the A1 (populations of species of conservation concern) and A3 (biome restricted species assemblages) criteria. These were Lakes Kambak, Koshkar, Tlikshe and Ajdyn, Sorajdyn (A1), Tlikshe, reservoirs between and Kaztalovka (A1), Sewage pond (A1), (A1), shore between Volga and Deltas (A1, A3), Valley (A1), Reservoir west of Uralsk (A3) and on the Kyshym river (A1). Three more potential IBAs were identified in on the A4 criterion. These were Sabya sewage ponds, Lalmuwassam mudflats and Wadi Alassahbah/Al Lith. Awareness: observer records, many of which come from areas with sparse ornithological survey coverage, make a useful contribution to conservation. In particular, the storage and collation of data in central databases (e. g. www. worldbirds. org) means these records can be accessed in the future. Such records could be useful in population monitoring (e. g. Snäll et al. 2011). Observers were also encouraged to submit records to the Bird Census, coordinated by (www. wetlands. org). Education and recreation: most of the international observers were from western and central European countries, but by working with individuals within the countries being surveyed, the capacity of many individuals and organisations was developed, and some involved began to routinely survey wader flocks (R. Sheldon pers. comm. ). experience with the Slender-billed Curlew surveys suggests that expert observers (for all who took part were very experienced in bird identification) are eager to spend their own time surveying abroad in pursuit of a challenging species. Using this effort in searches for other species could make a considerable contribution to conservation of species and sites. Finally, through these surveys we are able to make some recommendations relating to future surveys of this type. In particular, a central coordinator able to direct volunteers to particular countries ensured a wide coverage. Additionally, preparation and planning meant the coordinator was ready to respond if a Slender-billed Curlew was recorded.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Although targeted countermeasures can go some way toward providing protection, preventative actions are likely to be more effective given the heightened uncertainty of the field’s future (Trump et al. 2020a). It is necessary that biosecurity policies and practices be updated to take into account both the unprecedented challenges associated with synthetic biology and the globalized, diffuse, and varied nature of its threat space. Effective global biosecurity will not happen quickly, nor will it be enthusiastically adopted by all national governments and non-governmental organizations. Incentives to misuse synthetic biology with harmful consequences remain high for certain negligent actors, as are the incentives to dual-use by nefarious actors, and the coming years may see such events affecting human or environmental health. Successful biosecurity implementation must be adaptable to quickly incorporate uncertainty as well as new capabilities. Urgent steps are required to place such notions into practice before a major threat incident, which in addition to creating substantial damages could usher in policy changes that might limit or ban platforms of synthetic biology research entirely. Besides forgoing the benefits of the technology, such a ban could force development underground and further out of the reach of coordinated governance or risk assessment. By identifying the social, economic, institutional, and technological tripwires that influence a state’s trajectory towards biosecurity research of concern, now is the time to take steps to apply biosecurity to maximize technological benefits while minimizing the dual-use potential of synthetic biology by improving the framing, prioritization, and governance of biosecurity risks. Many individuals and organizations are already taking on the challenge of biosecurity. For instance, the (iGEM) synthetic biology competition requires that judges carry out rigorous reviews of each team’s planned experiments and the materials they will require. Additionally, iGEM’s Safety and as well as a commercial partner review team plans for potential harms (McNamara et al. 2014; Millet et al. 2019). Biosecurity is prioritized by a number of independent and governmental organizations, including the DIY biology movement, which has a code of ethics operative in and in Europe (DIYbio. org).

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Так он наглядно показал, что его государство из-за изменения климата может исчезнуть [2]. В интернете появился проект Flood Maps5. Это интерактивная карта, которая показывает, что произойдет с прибрежными городами, если вода начнет подниматься.
 4. >>>>

5. >>>> 10 Основная причина глобального потепления – рост выбросов и повышение концентрации парниковых газов вследствие человеческой деятельности.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Planning also enabled standardised methods to be followed, and data collated into once central database as well as entered into online databases for sharing. Although no Slender-billed Curlew were recorded, it is premature to give up on the species. The example of the Sociable Lapwing, a species which breeds close to the putative breeding areas of the Slender-billed Curlew (Buchanan et al. -Higgins and Hiltonin press), might indicate that the Slender-billed Curlew remains undiscovered. Until recently, the world population of the was thought to be around 200 birds. Following extensive field surveys in Kazakhstan during the breeding and autumn migration seasons, the number of birds counted indicated that the global population of the species might be perhaps two orders of magnitude higher than the 200 birds previously estimated (Sheldon et al. and Koshkin2006). Also within Slender-billed Curlew range, a new breeding colony of eremita was found in Syria (Serra et al. and Williamson2004). There are other examples of populations of a species remaining undiscovered for some time despite dedicated searching. In Madagascar, a considerable effort was put into searching for Aythya innotata by non-professional birdwatchers and dedicated professional search teams alike before a colony was discovered in 2006 (de Roland et al. Reference de Roland, Sam, Rakotondratsima and Thorstrom2007). Sociable Lapwing, Ibis and are all easily identified. By comparison, Slender-billed Curlew could be overlooked amongst flocks of the similar or Whimbrel. Additionally, the potential non-breeding range includes substantial suitable habitat which has been inaccessible to birdwatchers. Consequently, despite the increasing time since the last sighting with irrefutable evidence, it is still too soon to declare the species extinct. If funding and volunteer will is available again, surveys should be targeted at the two sites in Crimea at which possible birds were reported. Searches should also be targeted at a number of areas which were not surveyed fully or areas which the survey teams identified as potentially suitable, including in -Oualidia and Khnifiss in Morocco, the southern end of Sabkhat al Jabbul in Syria, Eastern banks of and Hamata - Coast in Egypt. Such searches should be, again, coordinated centrally by the SBCWG.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers.Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Полного отсутствия углеродного следа при наличии жизни на Земле достичь невозможно, и речь идет о том, как добиться его нейтральности. «Чистый нулевой уровень выбросов означает сокращение объема выбросов СО2 и других парниковых газов [4] до уровня, максимально приближенного к нулю, при этом весь остающийся объем выбросов поглощается из атмосферы назад»7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: In addition to lost species that have not been recorded for a number of years (e. g. Ophrysia superciliosa in Asia and Aplonis pelzelni in Micronesia) there are a number of other species (including many species) for which the full distribution remains unknown. Coordinated volunteer survey effort could be targeted towards these species, potentially resulting in appropriate conservation action and rapid improvements in their situation. The contribution of volunteer observers to finding species in remote areas (e. g. Madagascar Pochard), indicates that volunteer surveys are not necessarily limited to areas which are accessible or close to home countries. Undertaking these surveys in collaboration with local conservation organisations (e. g. BirdLife Partners) could help develop the capacity of conservationists in these underfunded areas while collecting data on non-focal species that could be valuable for their conservation. To view supplementary material for this 10. 1017/S0959270916000186 surveys could not have taken place without the volunteer observers, both resident in the countries surveyed, and travelling from other areas. The search was made possible by contributions from the Fair/‘Fund’, SOF (the Swedish BirdLife Partner), the UN Convention on and a number of private individuals. There were also many generous contributions from national governments (Syria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria) and Birdor their volunteers (Tunisia, Egypt). coordinated RSPB’s Scheme, from which more than 20 second hand telescopes that had been donated were distributed to countries where there was limited equipment. provided equipment. 206. CrossRef10. 1017/S0959270916000551 174. 72. CrossRef14. 2011. 1. <www. iucnredlist. org>. Downloaded on 17 June 2011. . +Downloaded+on+17+June+2011. >2000. Thetford, UK: for Ornithology. (. 265). 7662. 108. 31. 810. CrossRef138. CrossRef1. Countries in which searches for Slender-billed Curlew were carried out between 2009 and 2011 are shown in stippling.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers.Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Для достижения этой цели необходимо «кардинальное изменение того, как мы осуществляем производство, как мы потребляем и как передвигаемся», а также «замена энергии загрязняющих окружающую среду угля, газа и мазута энергией из возобновляемых источников»8. Углеродная нейтральность означает «наличие баланса между выбросом углерода и поглощением углерода из атмосферы в поглотителях углерода.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The particular species are shown in Table 1:Table 1 Selected bird species used for classificationFull size tableRegarding the use of supervised learning algorithms, data labels were necessary to be provided in next steps. For this reason, manual evaluation of recordings was performed. Recordings were manually divided into bird vocalization segments and segments containing other noises or silence. Vocalization covered 41. 37% of the total length of the recordings. 2 MethodsThe system comprises several independent modules (Fig. 1), the first of which is the feature extraction from a signal. A wav format recording enters this module; the recording is divided into individual 15-ms-long frames. A 13-dimensional vector representing the given frame is calculated for each frame. Fig. 1Modules for recognition bird speciesFull size imageUsing the VAD module, only frames which were evaluated as vocalization are selected. A sequence of frames with bird vocalization forms code values of various lengths. The remaining parts of the recording are not used for processing anymore. This part is important for increasing the recognition accuracy, using HMM [4]. Afterwards, likelihood for each trained HMM model is calculated for each code value. In the last phase, such a model is selected that generates the highest likelihood rate for the given code value. 2. 1 Feature extractionFor human speech recognition, a short-term analysis method is often used, when a signal is divided into very short segments where the signal is stationary. In the next analysis, only these microsegments are processed. Sound production in birds is very similar as in humans [9]. The resulting signal is a convolution of the base signal, which is modulated by the vocal organ. For recognition purposes, deconvolution is performed and we further work only with the vocal organ function. In the convolution, the base signal is highly dependent on the particular individual [1]. For human speech, used for the common communication, the frequency range is 180 Hz–6 kHz [1]. For bird vocalization, the most frequently used frequencies range from 0. 5 to 6 kHz [2]. On this assumption, we further use methods for human speech processing. One of the most frequently used approaches is the MFCC calculation for each recording frame. During the calculation, nonlinearity of human hearing has also made provision for by nonlinearly placed triangular filters. A bank of filters for MFCCs only partly reflects nonlinearity of human hearing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al.

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Китай, Саудовская Аравия, Индонезия, Бразилия, Казахстан и ряд других государств поставили цель добиться нулевых выбросов углерода к 2060 году, Индия — к 207010. В начале памятной пандемии странам удалось снизить уровень выбросов почти на 5 % (правда, уже к концу 2020 года вследствие оживления экономики показатели вернулись к доковидному уровню11).
 10. >>>>

11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: It does not respect exact boundaries of critical bands, as described, e. g. , in [10]. Therefore, the so-called HFCCs were formed, the calculation of which differs from MFCCs only in the used bank of filters (see Fig. 2). The calculation procedure for these coefficients can be found, e. g. , in [11]. In this paper, HFCCs are used to catch key characteristics of bird vocalizations. Fig. 2Bank of filters MFCC (left) and HFCC (right)Full size image2. 2 VADIn the VAD module (see Fig. 3), frames are classified into two classes, voices and nonvoices (silence, engine sound, human voice, cough, microphone cracking, etc. ). This way, sequences of frames of various lengths evaluated as voices are formed. Frames classified as voices enter further processing; the rest of the frames are not processed anymore. Fig. 3VAD module workFull size imageThe VAD system is based on a k-NN algorithm. The basic problem for this algorithm is optimal setting of k parameter (number of neighbors). For this purpose, a procedure described in [12] using a value called degrees of freedom was used. The highest classification accuracy of 90. 48% (calculated through a cross-validation method) was achieved for k = 189. For distance evaluation, the Euclidean metrics with constant weights was chosen. 2. 3 HMMA motivation for the use of HMMs for recognition of a speaker is a presupposition that a voice organ for each voice microsegment occurs in one of a finite number of states and during voice production the voice organ passes between these states [10]. Regarding similarity of the voice production process in human and bird voice organ, we can implement this presupposition also into bird vocalization recognition tasks. For bird species recognition, we come out from speaker recognition tasks again. To be specific, the basis is a modification of a speaker identification task in the closed-set open-dictionary identification, where the speaker is replaced by a particular bird species. For this task, we presume that the proposed code value on the input belongs always to one of the trained models (closed-set). The very recognition does not depend on the vocalization type, too, but only on key characteristics of a particular bird species (spectral features), therefore we can talk about an open-dictionary.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Addition of transcription activator-like effector binding sites to a pathogen strain-specific rice bacterial blight resistance gene makes it effective against additional strains and against bacterial leaf streak. 195:4883–93 [63. 2010. Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:6001222–25 [64. IPCC 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the on Rep. , Intergov. Panel Clim. Change Geneva: [65. ISAAA 2018. GM approval database for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. [66. Ishii T, Araki M. 2017. A future scenario of the global regulatory landscape regarding genome-edited crops. GM 8:144–56 [67. ISPC 2014. Strategic study of biotechnology research in. ,. Sci. Partnersh. Counc. , Rome Italy: [68. 2016. Restricted gene flow among lineages of Thrips tabaci supports genetic divergence among cryptic species groups. 11:9e0163882 [69. -Morimura S, et al. 2013. A simple sequence repeat- and single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic linkage map of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. DNA Res. 20:117–30 [70. Kawano K. 2003. Thirty years of cassava breeding for productivity: biological and social factors for success. 43:41325–35 [71. 2018. Development and characterization of the first dsRNA-resistant insect population from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. 13:5e0197059 [72. Kiome R. 2015. A strategic framework for transgenic research and product development in Africa: report of a CGIAR study ILRI Proj. Rep. , Int. Livest. Res. Inst. , Nairobi Kenya: [73. 2014. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. 10:16 [74. Klümper W, Qaim M. 2014. A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops.

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: >>>>

16. >>>> 14 Три тома Шестого доклада МГЭИК были представлены на 27-й конференции ООН по изменению климата COP2717 – ежегодной встрече министров 198 стран-участников Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата и ее Парижского соглашения [4]. «Доказательства неопровержимы: выбросы парниковых газов душат нашу планету и ставят в опасность миллиарды людей.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: For the short-term analysis of bird songs, we come out from a presupposition that owing to indispensable weight of voice organs, in each time moment an individual produces sounds which are modeled as the so-called code value of HMM. States of the Markov model cannot be observed directly, but their alternating can be considered on the basis of a code value sequence. A motivation for the HMM choice is above all robustness in length (time) variability of input code values. Then, for each bird species, one ergodic HMM model with six hidden states (found experimentally) is trained, generating likelihood value for the particular presented code values. The model generating the highest likelihood is then chosen as a winning one. A display of processing of a part of features using a self-organizing map (SOM) and HMM (see Fig. 4). A different configuration is used here, which was also tested (recording from xeno-canto. org [3], 13 features reduced to 6 features, 4 states of HMM). HMM in each state produces with a certain probability a code value, thus we can say that an input for HMM training is a sequence of these one-dimensional data, the code value. The question then arises, how to transform 13-dimensional HFCC/MFCC into a sequence of 1-dimensional code values. In this task, we have tested clustering using k-means method and also SOM, which has an advantage in “orderliness”Footnote 2 of resulting marking of clusters. This way, the 13-dimensional combination of MFCCs (see Fig. 4 “feature value”) was marked with a particular code (“code value”). A sequence of these codes was then used as an HMM input. Fig. 4(Turdus merula) from xeno-canto. org [3]Full size image3 Results and discussionThe detailed results of the classification of the particular code values for all the models can be found in Fig. 5. For each species, one recording of a different length with various numbers of code values has been used. The values on the diagonal determine the number of the properly classified code values. Fig. 5Results confusion matrixFull size imageThe results were obtained through a method of cross-validation across all data using a following process: 1. We have selected a testing code value. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Co-overexpression of Brassica juncea NPR1 (BjNPR1) and Trigonella foenum-graecum defensin (Tfgd) in transgenic peanut provides comprehensive but varied protection against Aspergillus flavus and Cercospora arachidicola. Rep 35:51189–203 [130. Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y. 2017. Surge in insect resistance to transgenic crops and prospects for sustainability. Nat. Biotechnol. 35:10926–35 [131. Takeshima H. 2010. Prospects for development of genetically modified cassava in sub-Saharan Africa. AgBioForum 13:163–75 [132. - 2012. : Cassava for Africa. GM 3:293–103 [133. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. PNAS 108:5020260–64 [134. 2008. Trans-specific gene silencing between host and parasitic plants. 56:3389–97 [135. Traore A. 2018. Evaluating agronomic and social dimensions of rice production: increasing the productivity of smallholders in therice value chain in Guinea PhD Diss. , Univ. , [136. Tripp R. 2001. & Agricultural Development: of Oxford, UK: Ltd 174 pp. [137. USDA 2018. issues USDA statement on plant breeding innovation 0070. 18, March 28. [138. USDA-FAS 2018. Environment ministry proposes policy for regulating genome editing GAIN Rep. J8075, Glob. Agric. Inf. Netw Washington, DC: [139. 2012. Exploiting the combination of natural and genetically engineered resistance to Cassava mosaic and Cassava brown streak viruses impacting cassava production in Africa. 7:9e45277 [140. 2016. Artificial microRNA-derived resistance to Cassava brown streak disease. J. Virol. Methods 231:38–43 [141. 2018. -Cas9 activity facilitates multiplex gene editing in allopolyploid wheat. 1:165–74 [142. Welsh R, Glenna L. 2006. Considering the role of the university in conducting research on agri-biotechnologies. Soc. Stud. Sci. 36:6929–42 [143. 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input:
Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: «Доказательства неопровержимы: выбросы парниковых газов душат нашу планету и ставят в опасность миллиарды людей. Глобальное потепление влияет на каждый регион на Земле, многие изменения становятся необратимыми. Надо действовать решительно, чтобы предотвратить климатическую катастрофу», заметил генсек ООН А.  Гутерриш.
 17.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: We have trained all models and extracted testing data from the training data. 3. We have calculated the testing data likelihood value for each model. 4. The highest likelihood value model has been determined a “winner. ” The values in a line show a bird to which the tested code value belongs. The values in a column show a bird to which the code value has been really assigned. This way, a number and a type of particular errors can be found out, which includes a lot of information advisable for a further system analysis. The confusion matrix in Fig. 5 also shows similarities between individual species. Besides the individual bird species recognition, our aim has also been to detect similarities of birds of the same family or order. These similarities can be seen in the color squares in the confusion matrix, which associate the same family birds (deeper color/diagonal threesomes) and the same order (pale color threesomes). In case the model made a wrong recognition, most frequently the bird was confused for another species of the same family. In addition, it is also possible to find similarities in order assignation for Passeriformes order, particularly for the Sylviidae family and Paridae family. The system could be further made more accurate, if we trained models for particular families first and then recognized for a smaller number of a particular species of this family. The total achieved success (just above 80%) is highly negatively influenced by interspecific similarity of birds in the same family, above all in the Sylviidae family. Most of the errors are cumulated into specific cases. For example, the Buteo buteo and Sylvia antricapilla confusion (16 errors), Sylvia antricapilla and Pernis apivorus (15 errors), etc. Many items in the confusion matrix have a zero value otherwise. Table 2 shows the classification success, according to families. Table 2 Classification success, according to familiesFull size table4 ConclusionsIn the above described experiment, we show the automatic classification of vocalization of 18 bird species using the VAD module for the detection of vocalization segments in recordings. HFCCs are used as features describing time frames (25 ms). These coefficients are further transformed into a one-dimensional sequence of a code value, for which various HMMs are trained (one model for each species). The interspecific success of 81. 2% has been reached. For classification into families, the success has reached 90. 45%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Science 219:4585671–82 [13. . 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science 323:5911240–44 [14. 2007. Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. 25:1322–26 [15. Bebber DP. 2015. Range-expanding pests and pathogens in a warming world. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 53:1335–56 [16. Beintema N, Stads G. 2017. A comprehensive overview of investments and human resource capacity in African agricultural research ASTI Synth. Rep. , Int. Res. Inst Washington, DC: [17. 2017. A virus-derived stacked RNAi construct confers robust resistance to Cassava brown streak disease. Front. Plant Sci. 7:2052 [18. Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Sunkara S, Bhatnagar-2015. Biotechnological advances for combating Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in crops. 234:119–32 [19. Blakeney M. 2011. Recent developments in intellectual property and power in the private sector related to food and agriculture. 36:S109–13 [20. Bouët A, Gruère GP. 2011. Refining opportunity cost estimates of not adopting GM cotton: an application in seven sub-countries. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 33:2260–79 [21. Brookes G, Barfoot P. 2017. Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2015. GM 8:3156–93 [22. Brookes G, Barfoot P. 2018. Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2016. GM 9:259–89 [23. Bunge J, Craymer L. 2018. Scientists in China race to edit crop genes, sowing unease in U. S. May 6. Burgess DJ. 2017. Synthetic biology: building a custom eukaryotic genome de novo. Nat. Rev. Genet. 18:5274 [25. Busch L. 2011. Food standards: the cacophony of governance. J. Exp. Bot. 62:103247–50 [26. . 1996.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Конференция сторон Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата (27th Conference of the Parties of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, COP-27); >>>> 15 В рамках СОР27 выступил член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института народнохозяйственного прогнозирования (ИНП) РАН А. А. Широв. Его выступление контрастировало со словами специалистов, придерживающихся «инженерного» подхода и пытающихся через набор технологий добиться того или иного результата в области снижения выбросов.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The works mentioned in Section 1. 1 work only with a relatively small set of recognized species (< 10), resulting in a lower error rate of recognition in these experiments. Determination of classification of a code value of a particular bird species implemented by us is based solely on the maximum likelihood value selection. Another improvement would be an approach taking into account also results from other models and implementing the results in the final determination. For example, if the highest likelihood for the greater white-fronted goose was produced by the common raven model, but we have got quite high likelihood values for all geese models at the same time, probably this is a goose. The experiment’s success depends on the input data quality and processing to a great extent. Further possible improvement can be achieved by making segmentation (voice-nonvoice) of the used recordings more fine (granular), dividing the recordings to the “syllables” level. Another appropriate method for bird sound recognition could be using of deep neural network, and there are many DNN models that can be applied [13,14,15]. NotesThe work has been elaborated under the patronage of of Ornithology ( marked e. g. 1 and 2 represent more similar data than e. g. cluster 1 and 10. AbbreviationsGMM: Gaussian mixture models HFCC: Human factor cepstral coefficients HMM: model kNN: k-Nearest neighbors MFCC: Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients SOM: Self-organizing map SVM: Support vector machine VAD: Voice activity detection 2014. L Ptáček, Birds individual automatic recognition, dissertation, University of West Bohemia, 2012. Sharing bird sounds from around the world. Accessed 9 Jul 2017. J Šťastný, V Škorpil, J Fejfar, Audio data classification by means of new algorithms, in Proceedings of the 36th International conference on telecommunications and signal processing, Rome, 2013. R Wielgat, et al. , HFCC based recognition of bird species, in Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements and Applications, Poznań, 2007. Somervuo, P. , & Härmä, A. (2004). Bird song recognition based on syllable pair histograms. Montreal: Proceedings of the on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Book 2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: 2009. Identification and characterization of Bph14, a gene conferring resistance to brown planthopper in rice. PNAS 106:5222163–68 [41. Eigenbrode SD, Bosque-2018. Insect-borne plant pathogens and their vectors: ecology, evolution, and complex interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 63:169–91 [42. 2011. A meta analysis on farm-level costs and benefits of GM crops. Sustainability 3:5743–62 [43. 1992. Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of Papaya ringspot virus. Nat. Biotechnol. 10:1466–72 [44. Galushko V, Gray R. 2014. Twenty five years of private wheat breeding in the UK: lessons for other countries. Sci. 41:6765–79 [45. 2015. Role of the insect supervectors Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis in the emergence and global spread of plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Virol. 2:167–93 [46. 2017. A golden age for agronomy? . Agronomy for Sumberg 150–60 London: Earthscan [47. Glenna L, Cahoy D. 2009. Agribusiness concentration, intellectual property, and the prospects for rural economic benefits from the emerging biofuel economy. South. Rural Sociol. 24:2111–29 [48. 2007. University administrators, agricultural biotechnology, and academic capitalism: defining the public good to promote university-industry relationships. Sociol. Q. 48:1141–63 [49. 2015. Intellectual property, scientific independence, and the efficacy and environmental impacts of genetically engineered crops. 80:2147–72 [50. -Spira C, et al. 2017. Mutation in sorghum Stimulant 1 alters strigolactones and causes Striga resistance. PNAS 114:174471–76 [51. 2017. How driving endonuclease genes can be used to combat pests and disease vectors. BMC Biol 15:11–12 [52. 2019. /Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 reduces cassava brown streak disease symptom severity and incidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Его выступление контрастировало со словами специалистов, придерживающихся «инженерного» подхода и пытающихся через набор технологий добиться того или иного результата в области снижения выбросов. Если же посмотреть, сколько это будет стоить и как повлияет на нашу жизнь, то многие, казалось бы, очевидные решения становятся уже не такими очевидными. Вот фрагменты доклада А. А.

Output: contrast