Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Fouling communities from the west coast are vulnerable to cooling and ocean acidification : orcid. org/0000-0001-5515-14451,2 & Tamara B. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6317-49111 982 Accesses 1 Citation 10 Altmetric 2 all metrics AbstractChanging temperature and ocean acidification are well-recognised consequences of climate change in marine systems. In contrast to global trends, the west coast is experiencing cooling due to increased frequency and intensity of upwelling. The implications of concurrent cooling and acidification for marine biota are poorly understood, particularly at the community level. This laboratory study assessed how cooling and acidification might affect fouling communities along the west coast. Communities were experimentally exposed to two temperatures, 13℃ (current) and 9℃ (cooling), and three pH treatments, 7. 9 (current), 7. 6 and 7. 4, for 18 days. Cooling and acidification altered community structure. Species diversity declined in response to acidification but was not affected by cooling. This was driven by greatest loss of species at 7. 4 pH. Notably, acidification reduced the abundance of both calcifying and soft-bodied taxa, highlighting the vulnerability of taxa like ascidians to acidification. Overall, these results highlight the dominant threat posed by acidification, even for alien taxa that are often perceived as resilient to climate change. Additionally, in regions experiencing cooling, acidification may pose a greater threat to fouling communities than thermal changes. Similar content being viewed by others Variation in sensitivity of large benthic Foraminifera to the combined effects of ocean warming and local impacts 0. 3 to 0. 5 units by the end of the century (worst case scenario – RCP 8. 5) (Orr et al. 2005; Rhein et al. 2013; Pörtner et al. 2019). With coastal environments experiencing innate spatial and temporal variability in environmental conditions, climate change induced alterations in temperature and carbonate chemistry will not be the same everywhere (Helmuth et al. 2002; Carstensen and Duarte 2019). While most regions of the world are warming (Rhein et al. 2013; Pörtner et al. 2019), others experience regional cooling due to climate-driven intensification of upwelling (Rouault et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Although the ground motion experienced at the site exceeded the design-basis level, the damaging effect of the earthquake was found below the margin evaluated, and the damages were really negligible [43]. Sufficient capability of plants to withstand beyond-design-basis vibratory motion of earthquakes has been demonstrated by the stress tests performed in the and by focused reviews implemented in other countries. The stress tests have been aimed to the review of seismic hazard assessments for sites of nuclear power plants and to the verification of the design bases, as well as to the evaluation of margins against external hazard (mainly earthquakes and floods) effects, whether the beyond-design-basis hazard effects can cause cliff-edge effect, that is, sudden loss of safety functions due to effects exceeding the design-basis one. Information on these programs in the is provided at Information regarding post-Fukushima measures in the USA are available at and for Japan at respectively. 6. 1. 2. safety can be ensured by combination of technical and procedural measures, reducing the power generation or shutting down the reactors. The protection of plants against floods is feasible even at rather unfortunate sites like the Tricastin one [21]. In spite of this, floods at some sites caused safety issues. For example, at site in 2011 [41], the plant should be protected by extraordinary temporary measures. The flood and fire resulted in a 3-year shutdown of the plant. Plant in 1999 [44], the high tide and storm flooded the plant and caused an event Level 2 according to the Event Scale. Safety upgrading measures and improved procedures have been developed and implemented to achieve the required safety level. The case turned the attention to event combinations that are capable to cause extreme flood event. Both cases reveal the importance of design-basis definition, regular review of the hazard characterization, and checking the protection capabilities and upgrading if necessary. The NPPs can be protected from the flooding due to tsunamis, assuming that the design-basis wave height is adequately defined and the uncertainties of the tsunami characterization is properly compensated by the conservative design. The case of Onagawa NPP demonstrates that the proper definition of the design-basis tsunami height is an essential precondition of the safety.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 1 2 한글/워드 서지관리 프로그램 바로받기 레이어 닫기 서지추가 서지파일이 무엇인가요? 형식으로 저장되는 파일로, 인용 정보를 담고 있습니다. 서지 파일을 업로드하여 모든 서지정보를 내서재에서 관리하세요 수정한 정보는 인용하기와 싸이티지에 반영됩니다. 서지파일 등록 파일을 끌어오거나 점선 영역을 클릭해 등록해보세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2010; Bijma et al. 2013; Lamont et al. 2018). For example, the west coast of which forms part of the Ecosystem is experiencing regional cooling of 0. 5℃ per decade (Rouault et al. 2010). Moreover, pH in nearshore environments varies both spatially and temporally (Duarte et al. 2013; Carstensen and Duarte 2019; Matikinca 2022), especially at the local scale, which could result in ocean acidification refugia (Bates et al. 2018). These environmental changes can have interactive effects, where changes in one parameter can affect how species respond to other parameters, thereby resulting in complex ecological outcomes (Vinebrooke et al. 2004; Crain et al. 2008). Thus, gaining an understanding of the potential implications of concurrent changes in temperature and pH remains a priority for science, management and conservation (Kroeker et al. 2014). The implications of climate induced changes in temperature have been documented for a variety of marine taxa, from plankton to vertebrates (O’Connor et al. 2007; Hu et al. 2022). At the community level, increasing temperature can affect diversity and community composition (Dijkstra et al. 2011; Riedel et al. 2014) and influence competition, growth and recruitment in fouling communities (Lord 2016, 2017). Warming can modulate biochemical reactions and metabolic rate (Hochachka and Somero 2002; Torres and Giménez 2020), growth (Gillooly et al. 2002; Amui-Vedel et al. 2007), respiration (Somero 2002), cardiac thermal limits (van der Walt et al. 2021), and performance and survival (Hochachka and Somero 2002; Pörtner 2002). Increasing temperature can also facilitate range shifts (Sagarin et al. 1999; Somero 2012), drive biological invasions (Stachowicz et al. 2002), and cause local extinctions (Helmuth et al. 2002). Research into the effects of ocean acidification has largely focused on organismal responses, with a variety of taxa demonstrating high sensitivities to decreasing pH and hypercapnia (Harvey et al. 2016; Figuerola et al. 2021). Multiple performance metrics are affected by acidification including metabolism and cellular homeostasis (acid-base regulation) (Christensen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: On the 11th of March 2011 at Onagawa plant, all safety systems functioned as designed, the reactors automatically were shut down, and no damage of safety related systems, structures, and components (SSCs) occurred [31]. NPP also survived the December 2004 tsunami. Although the fatal underestimation of the design-basis tsunami wave height at the Fukushima Dai-ichi site cannot be compensated simply by designed margins, even in this case, a conscious layout of emergency diesel generator would save the plant. 6. 1. 3. Meteorological extremes The extreme cold and heat should not cause design difficulties that is justified by Kola and Bilibino NPPs in subpolar region of Russia and Bushehr NPP in Iran and Madras and Kudankulam NPP in Tamil Nadu, India. The real experiences demonstrate that the NPPs can be protected from extreme storms and hurricanes [41]. There are proven solutions to protect the NPPs against extreme winds. 1992 the NPP survived the Andrew hurricane with 230 km/h wind speed (280 km/h gusts). hurricane in October 2012 hit 34 US plants that survived the storm. and St. Lucie NPPs survived the Irma hurricane in 2017. Considering the consequences of meteorological extremes, the transmission system also can interrupt the operation, especially the combination of extremes, for example, wet snow plus wind and freezing rain plus wind. Since the hydroclimatic hazards are relatively slow and predictable phenomena, safety is also ensured by reducing the power generation or shutting down the reactors. A design principle can be mentioned here. Considering the same safety-related structures, the impact of aircraft crash is covering the impact effects of other phenomena, for example, the tornado missiles. The latter is covering the impact of hail whatever the size of the hail is. Obviously, the design is made for the largest effect. 6. 2. Indirect justification for possibility protection of NPit has been summarized above, experiences demonstrated that the plants designed in compliance with nuclear standards can survive the effects of the vibratory ground motion even due to disastrous earthquake. However, severe accidents can be caused by phenomena accompanying or generated by the earthquakes. The severe accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant was caused by tsunami. Other earthquake-related damaging phenomena can be the surface faulting and the soil liquefaction. 6. 2. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 영문 내용이 없는 논문은 한국어(혹은 대표언어)로만 저장됩니다. 서지파일 등록 논문명은 이렇게 노출될 예정입니다. ris 총 1 건 내서재에 업로드하기 레이어 닫기 싸이티지는 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. PC로 이용해주세요 확인 레이어 닫기 나의 연구활동 주요 통계 나의 이용현황 0 이달 이용 논문 수 0 이달의 방문 횟수 0 내서재 논문 수 최근 이용/조회한 논문이 없습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2011; Hendriks et al. 2015; Knapp et al. 2016), reduced reproductive success (Albright 2011; Gazeau et al. 2013), reduced development, performance and survival (Wittmann and Pörtner 2013; Harvey et al. 2016), denticle corrosion (Dziergwa et al. 2019) and decreased calcification (Ries et al. 2009; Figuerola et al. 2021). Because these effects can vary considerably among species (Kroeker et al. 2013; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013), differential responses to acidification among and within species can influence community diversity, structure, and function (Brown et al. 2016). However, responses at the community level have not been substantially explored. Only few studies have considered community level responses to decreasing pH and they suggest that acidification can cause changes in community structure (Hale et al. 2011; Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2016) and alter the timing and rate of succession in fouling communities (Brown et al. 2017). While research has largely focused on the effects of changes in temperature and pH as isolated stressors (Todgham and Stillman 2013; Melzner et al. 2020), the implications of simultaneous changes in these parameters have not been fully explored and are less well understood (Wahl et al. 2015; Boyd et al. 2018). Temperature and pH interact on a physicochemical level and therefore, can interact in how they affect marine biota (Harvey et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2022). Temperature can directly and indirectly affect how organisms respond to acidification (Lefevre 2016; Martin et al. 2023). Warming enhances the scope for growth during food-replete conditions, which elevates metabolism and feeding rates (Boscolo-Galazzo et al. 2018; Huey and Kingsolver 2019; Hu et al. 2022). This subsequently moderates the negative effects of acidification on growth (Melzner et al. 2011; Thomsen et al. 2013; Pansch et al. 2014). However, if the magnitude of warming exceeds the critical thermal maximum, it can exacerbate growth reductions caused by acidification (Reynaud et al. 2003; Kroeker et al. 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: case of new plant, if the potential for soil liquefaction is recognized, the site shall be qualified as unacceptable, unless proven engineering solutions are available for the soil improvement [8]. For screening out the hazard, the factor of safety to liquefaction should be calculated by conservative deterministic method, or a probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis should be performed. In case of operating NPPs, the liquefaction hazard and its safety relevance have been recognized either by periodic or focused safety reviews. Typical failure modes due to liquefaction are the tilting due to differential settlement, structural failures caused by tilting, and damages of lifeline connection to different buildings. The basic finding of 41 operating NPPs at soil sites in the USA [45] revealed that the liquefaction is generally not a safety issue. However, if it is the case, liquefaction could be an essential contributor to the core damage. Similar conclusion was made on the basis of seismic PSA for Paks NPP, Hungary. In this case, a justification of sufficient margin against liquefaction consequences should be made applying state-of-the-art techniques and best-estimate methodologies as for beyond-design-basis effects. Example for the sophisticated numerical analysis of liquefaction hazard and its consequences has been made for Paks NPP [46]. 6. 2. 2. Surface displacement According to earlier regulatory approach, the existence of surface rupture and fault displacement hazard at a site was an exclusion criterion for the site [8, 15]. As a consequence of this, the detailed evaluation of hazard and the engineering treatment of consequences for nuclear power plants remained for long time an early stage of development. The post-Fukushima hazard reviews revealed the issue (a summary description of the issue and relevant publications is given, for example, in [28]). It’s trivial, an earthquake happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another, and the energy stored up in the block is released in the form of seismic waves. Surface faulting is a displacement that reaches the earth’s surface during slip along a fault. However, the manifestation and the measure of the displacement depend on the magnitude and local geology. The surface rupture/fault displacement causes mechanical effects completely differing from the effects of vibratory ground motion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 더보기 월별 이용 통계 방문횟수 논문이용수 내가 검색한 키워드 로그인하고 연구지표를 확인해보세요 로그인 Close 논문 오류신고 신고항목을 선택해 주세요. 닫기 신고항목 신고항목을 선택해주세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Moreover, increasing temperature can accelerate kinetics central to decalcification, which exacerbates acidification-induced decline in calcification (McCulloch et al. 2012; Saderne and Wahl 2013). In regions that experience nearshore cooling (e. g. the west coast (Rouault et al. 2010)), colder temperature could reduce metabolism (Clarke and Fraser 2004), creating a lower energy budget than is required to cope with acidification (Sokolova et al. 2012). In addition to these direct mechanisms, temperature can indirectly affect calcifying biota as it mediates the degree of acidification for a given concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and regulates the saturation state of aragonite that most organisms require for calcification (Orr et al. 2005; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013; Humphreys 2017). Importantly, because CO2 is more soluble at colder temperatures, acidification can be exacerbated under these conditions (Mucci 1983; Barry et al. 2010). In acknowledgement of these interactions between temperature and pH, studies have assessed the resulting effects on a range of marine biota including bacteria, corals and other invertebrates, fish, macroalgae, and seagrass (Dupont et al. 2010; Figuerola et al. 2021; Hu et al. 2022). The overall outcome from this work is that predicted changes in temperature and pH affect different taxa in different ways (Dupont et al. 2010; Figuerola et al. 2021; Hu et al. 2022), and context dependency currently precludes the derivation of general predictions of how taxa may be affected by environmental changes. It has been suggested that at the community level, the relative responses of species to altered temperature and pH are likely to result in compositional shifts, with a disproportionate increase in alien species and a decrease in native taxa (Sorte et al. 2010; Hale et al. 2011; Lord 2017; Dobretsov et al. 2019). However, the proposition that invasive species are characterised by a wide tolerance range over the thermal landscape, and are likely to be favoured by climate change, has not been substantially explored and fully tested (Zerebecki and Sorte 2011; Robinson et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: That is the reason why a specific term “capable fault” has been introduced for this type of faults that is based not on seismological but on the engineering considerations. If the fault movement happens just below the plant, the consequences could be tilting, foundation and structural failures, and damages of lifelines due to differential displacements. However, the safety significance of displacement depends on the measure and type of displacement. There are sufficient engineering knowledge and analytical tools to evaluate the consequences of surface displacements as it is stated in [15, 28, 47, 48]. Advertisement 7. Operability of nuclear power plants during and after the events The operability of the plant is defined by the weakest link, that is, by those non-safety-related SSCs designed/qualified to withstand low-magnitude effects of natural phenomena according to building code or conventional industrial standards (e. g. , 8 for earthquakes). These magnitudes usually correspond to the 100 years of return period events. In case of earthquakes, the limit of continuous operation is the operation-based earthquake with approximately 100 years of return period or 475 years as per 8. If the return period, T, of the lower magnitude hazard effects is 100 years, the probability of exceeding the corresponding magnitude of hazard for the entire operational lifetime (60 years) is PE 60 ≥ 0. 4528. This is the probability of the shutdown and related economic losses caused by exceedance of magnitude of the operational level. The relevant hazards limiting the operation for the inland freshwater-cooled plants like the Paks NPP in Hungary are the low flow rate in river and high water temperature. Controlling parameter for freshwater cooled plants is defined in terms of river water temperature measured at some distance from the hot cooling water outflow. In these cases, for safety and environmental protection, the power generation is reduced, or the reactors are shutting down. The hydrometeorological extremes became more frequent and more severe due to climate changes. Assume that the return period of event with the given limiting magnitude will be 50 years as an average over the 60 years of operation instead of 100 years. In this case, the probability of economic losses will be PE 60 ≥ 0. 7024. Over the timespan of 60 years, the worsening of hydrometeorological conditions and increase of the magnitude and frequency of extremes will affect the economy of the nuclear power production, especially those plants with freshwater cooling.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 제목 저자 목차 페이지 원제목 수정 전 해양 세균을 이용한 미세플라스틱 제거에 대한 연구 수정 후 부제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 대등제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 이*연 경******* 수정 후 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 첫 페이지 : 202 page 끝 페이지 : 202 page 수정 후 첫 페이지 끝 페이지 취소 확인 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아주세요. DBpia 논문 중 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아 신청해 주세요. 관리자 승인 후 이 논문의 참고문헌으로 등록됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Most studies on the implications of climate change, particularly changing temperature and acidification, consider single species, with limited knowledge on how these effects manifest at the community level (but see Hale et al. (2011); Peck et al. (2015); Brown et al. (2016)). Fouling communities, composed of calcifying and soft-bodied taxa, can pose a threat in the marine environment and society due to their ecological and economic impacts (Fitridge et al. 2012). While the distribution and abundance of fouling biota have been assessed in (Peters et al. 2014, 2017, 2019; Loureiro et al. 2021a), and the role that light and predation play in regulating fouling communities has been considered (Loureiro et al. 2021b), no research has considered how they may be affected by the predicted climate change (but see Hale et al. (2011); Peck et al. (2015); Brown et al. (2016, 2017); Wahl et al. (2021); Noisette et al. (2022) for examples from other regions). This study experimentally investigated the implications of cooling and acidification for fouling communities along the west coast. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that cooling and acidification would affect fouling communities by altering community structure and reducing species diversity. Based on previous studies, calcifying taxa, depending on their environmental history, were predicted to be most susceptible to low pH (Kroeker et al. 2013; Figuerola et al. 2021), an effect that could be exacerbated under cooling (Mucci 1983; Barry et al. 2010). Material and methodsAnimal collectionFouling communities were collected from Marina in (33°01'36"S; 17°57'40"E) along the cool productive west coast of. During the austral winter of 2020, 54 opaque settlement plates were deployed in the marina. et al. (2017), the PVC panels were 0. 25 cm thick, with a settlement area of 20 × 20 cm and suspended at a depth of 1 meter. The plates were deployed for eight weeks as previous work has shown that communities develop within this timeframe but open space still exists (Robinson et al. 2017). This is important as it enables the assessment of changes in community structure that may result from species increasing in cover during the experiment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Even if the values given above for the exceedance probability of magnitude of hazards for continuous operation might be not precise, the tendency is clearly showing the growing probability for economic losses due to climate change for any thermal power plants. Advertisement 8. nuclear power plants survived several extreme natural events during 17,825 reactor years of operation (as per the 1st of December 2018). In spite of the Fukushima disaster that was also avoidable, the experience is demonstrating that there are sufficient knowledge and engineering means to ensure the safety of the nuclear power plants and protect the people and environment even in case of severe natural phenomena. In the 1. Pascucci-Cahen L, Patrick M. Massive radiological releases profoundly differ from controlled releases. In: on 5th and 6th November 2012. Available from: 2. and Estimates for the Period up to 2050, Series No. 1/37. 2017 edition. Vienna: IAEA; 2017. ISBN: 978-92-0-106117-1 3. Group. Basic safety principles for nuclear power plants. In: 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1. Vienna: Energy Agency; 1999. ISBN: 92-0-102699-4 4. Group. Defence in depth in nuclear safety. In: INSAG-10. Vienna: Energy Agency; 1996. ISBN: 92-0-103295-1 5. The official report of “” Executive summary, Published by Diet of © 2012, Diet of Japan 6. . Reassessing the safety of nuclear power: Short communication. & Social Science. 2016;15:96-100. DOI: 10. 1016/j. erss. 2015. 12. 026 7. Decker K, Brinkman H. List of external hazards to be considered in __E. Technical report _E/WP21/D21. 2/2015-10. -RES/SAG/2015-00085. Available from: 8. Energy Agency. for. SSG-35. Vienna: IAEA; 2015 9. Energy Agency. Safety of Plants:. SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1). Vienna: IAEA; 2016. ISBN: 978-92-0-109315-8 10. Energy Agency. for. NS-R-3 (Rev.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 057; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 9. 14, t = 2. 72, P = 0. 009). A similar pattern was observed for A. venustus (7. 9 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 1. 94, t = 1. 61, P = 0. 115; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 3. 61, t = 3. 55, P = 0. 001). As with the above species, N. algicola declined with decreasing pH but the extent of the response was moderated by temperature. At 13℃ this species was most abundant under ambient pH and showed 100% mortality under 7. 4 pH and 7. 6 pH. At 9℃ abundance was reduced at 7. 6 pH (coefficient = 5. 44, t = 2. 70, P = 0. 013) with 100% mortality at 7. 4 pH. Fig. 2Mean (+ SD) square root transformed percentage cover of species most responsible for the dissimilarity in community composition among treatments. No effect of temperature was present for any species (P > 0. 05). Acidification decreased the abundance of B. schlosseri, A. venustus and N. algicola. Lines above remaining species indicate no effect of pHFull size imageWhile no effect of treatment was detected on species richness, species diversity was affected by acidification only (Table 4, Fig. 3), suggesting altered evenness in acidic treatments. Communities held under an ambient pH of 7. 9 were more diverse than those exposed to the two reduced pH conditions (7. 9 pH vs 7. 4 pH: coefficient = 0. 44, t = 2. 49, P = 0. 017; 7. 9 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 0. 31, t = 1. 95, P = 0. 059). Mortality was driven by declining pH only (F = 7. 99, P = 0. 001) with a greater proportion of species lost under the 7. 4 pH treatment than under 7. 6 pH and 7. 9 pH (7. 4 pH vs 7. 6 pH: coefficient = 22. 22, t = 2. 04, P = 0. 046; 7. 4 pH vs 7. 9 pH: coefficient = 36. 22, t = 3. 73, P < 0. 001) (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: 1), Vienna: IAEA; 2016 (will be superseded by a new IAEA document SSR-1) 11. . Issue T: Natural Hazards, Head Document. ; 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 2016-08-06] 12. Energy Agency. in for Nuclear Installations:. SSG-21. Vienna: IAEA; 2012. ISBN: 978-92-0-128110-4 13. Katona TJ, Vilimi A. Seismic vulnerability assessment of site-vicinity infrastructure for supporting the accident management of a nuclear power plant. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. 2017;2017:7. 9353. DOI: 10. 1155/2017/2929353 14. Energy Agency. of and Foundations for. NS-G-3. 6. Vienna: IAEA; 2005 15. Energy Agency. in for. SSG-9. Vienna: IAEA; 2010 16. Energy Agency. Meteorological and in for. SSG-18. Vienna: IAEA; 2011 17. Energy Agency. in the Design of No. NS-G-1. 5. Vienna: IAEA; 2003 18. Energy Agency. and Qualification for Plants, Series No. NS-G-1. 6. Vienna: IAEA; 2003 19. U. S. Commission. Design- for Plants, 1. 76, Revision 1. March 2007 20. Katona TJ. Assessment of adequate margin to liquefaction for nuclear power plants. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. 2018;2018:7 p. 0762. DOI: 10. 1155/2018/3740762 21. Autorité de Sureté Nucléaire. Technical notice. Earthquake resistance of the Donzère-Mondragon canal embankment. Available from: 22. —Safety of new NPP designs, Study by 2013. Available from: [Accessed: August 6, 2016] 23. —Safety of New NPP Designs. March 2013. Available from: [Accessed: August 6, 2016] 24. ölker A. for Sites. Vol. 1—Summary Report—©2013-2015 Swissnuclear, Olten 20. December 2013. Rev. 1: 20. December 2014 25. Campbell RD et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 정기 결제 이용권은 매월 또는 매분기 자동으로 정기 결제되며, 구매 날짜와 동일한 날짜에 정기 결제가 진행됩니다. 정기 결제일은 구입한 날과 동일한 날짜에 진행되며, 해당 일자가 없는 경우 해당월의 마지막 일에 결제가 이루어집니다. 결제 수단 문제(잔액 부족, 신용카드 만료, 신용카드 정보 변경 등)로 정기 결제가 실패할 수 있으며, 추가 결제 시도 후, 최종적으로 실패할 경우 서비스는 자동 해지됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 4). Table 4 Results of considering the effect of temperature and pH on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and species richness. Values in bold represent significant P valuesFull size tableFig. 3Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) of communities after 18 days of exposure to treatments. No effect of temperature was found (P > 0. 05). pH treatments identified by different letters differed significantly (P < 0. 05)Full size imageFig. 4Mean (± SD) proportion of species lost in communities after 18 days of exposure to treatments. No effect of temperature was found (P > 0. 05). pH treatments identified by different letters differed significantly (P < 0. 05)Full size imageDiscussionAlthough fouling communities are well-studied and commonly used as model systems in community ecology (Needles and Wendt 2013; Robinson et al. 2017), the understanding of how they might be affected by future changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry remains limited. This study, the first of its kind to consider the implications of climate-driven regional cooling and acidification for these communities, demonstrated that decreasing temperature and pH alter community structure, while acidification also results in species loss, and reduces diversity. Overall, declining pH appears more detrimental to fouling communities than cooling. Acidification altered community structure and reduced diversity in assemblages regardless of the level to which pH was reduced. These findings align with previous studies that show species diversity declines with decreasing pH and communities exposed to acidification become structurally different from those under ambient pH conditions (Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2016, 2017). These community-level changes can be attributed to the differential responses of species within the community to acidification. For example, in this study the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and the barnacles Amphibalanus venustus and Notomegabalanus algicola declined in abundance while no response by the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Styela plicata and Botryllus gregalis or the bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata was noted. While the present results provide insight into the potential responses of communities to future environments under climate change, they reflect short-term responses over 18 days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Seismic re-evaluation of nuclear facilities worldwide: Overview and status. and Design. 1998;182:17-34 26. Gürpinar A, Godoy A. Seismic safety of nuclear power plants in Eastern Europe. and Design. 1998;182(1):47-58 27. Katona TJ. Seismic safety analysis and upgrading of operating nuclear power plants. In: Ahmed W, editor. Nuclear Power. IntechOpen; 2012. DOI: 10. 5772/51368. Available from: 28. Katona TJ. Issues of the seismic safety of nuclear power plants. In: Zouaghi T, editor. Earthquakes. IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10. 5772/65853. Available from: 29. . : OECD/and. 7161. 16: OECD/NEA Publishing; 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 2018-07-04] 30. U. S. Commission. Recommendations for enhancing reactor safety in the 21st century. The Near-of Insights from the Fukushima Dai-[Internet]. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: August 4, 2016] 31. IAEA Mission to to Examine the Performance of Systems. Structures and the and Tsunami, Onagawa and Tokyo, Japan. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: July 4, 2016] 32. ASME Boiler and Code (BPVC). Section III: Rules for construction of nuclear power plant components, division 1. of Mechanical Engineers. 2015. ISBN: 9780791869802 33. ASCE/SEI 43-05. Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities. Virginia: of Civil Engineers; 2005. ISBN: 0-7844-0762-2 34. Energy Agency. Considerations on the Application of the for the Design of --1791. Vienna: IAEA; 2016 ISBN: 978-92-0-104116-6 35. ASME/ANS RA-S-2008. Standard for Level 1/for Plant Applications. New York, NY: Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2008. 10016-5990 36. A Methodology for Assessment of Margin (Revision 1), -6041-SLR1. August 1991, amendments April 2013 and October 2015;.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이용 중간에 정기 결제 해지 시, 다음 결제일부터 결제가 진행되지 않으며, 다음 결제일 전까지 서비스를 이용하실 수 있습니다. 결제일로부터 7일 이내, 논문 열람 및 할인 구매 이력이 없는 경우 환불이 가능합니다. 정기 구독 회원의 논문 다운을 위한 구매 경우, DBpia 머니 결제를 지원하지 않습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: In the field, future changes in pH and temperature will likely take place gradually, with the implications for communities resulting from the combination of direct effects on single species and indirect impacts arising from shifts in species interactions (Garrard et al. 2014; Gaylord et al. 2015). Specifically, direct effects may occur as a result of species responses within communities. These could manifest through phenotypic plasticity where a single genotype produces various phenotypes, or through adaptation via the selection of existing genetic diversity (Sunday et al. 2014; Bitter et al. 2019). While adaptation to localized acidification in volcanic vent sites may be hindered by gene flow from adjacent areas that are not affected by high CO2 (Pansch et al. 2012), adaptation to declining pH is likely to occur when entire regions such as the temporarily experience acidic conditions (Pansch et al. 2012; Bitter et al. 2019). Populations in such regions are likely to acclimate to these altered conditions and have more adaptation potential in the face of future acidification when compared to those originating from more stable environments (Thomsen et al. 2017; Bitter et al. 2019). As such, it is notable that despite the value of constant environmental conditions in laboratory experiments, as applied in this and many other studies (e. g. Thomsen et al. (2013); Liu et al. (2018); Martin et al. (2022, 2023)), the absence of field relevant fluctuations in conditions can limit the predictive power of laboratory derived results. Thus, while this study is foundational, much more work is required to develop a holistic understanding of the implications of future conditions for fouling communities. The fact that calcifying species (e. g. the barnacles A. venustus and N. algicola) were affected by reduced pH (consistent with our hypothesis), is not surprising because these taxa build calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells, making them vulnerable to acidification (Kroeker et al. 2013; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013). As pH decreases, the saturation of CaCO3 decreases, reducing calcification and elevating shell dissolution (Feely et al. 2004; Wood et al. 2008). Under such conditions, calcifying organisms face the challenge of having to maintain saturation conditions that are in equilibrium at the site of biomineralization (Peck et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Available from: [Accessed: 2016-08-04] 37. Gürpinar. Considerations for Hazards in -23, Manchester, United Kingdom. August 10-14, 2015. 424 38. Requirements for. 2012. Revision E. Available from: 39. Association. Safety of Reactors: Appendices, 1. of Using Energy. March 2017. Available from:. European Clearinghouse: Report on at NPPs. for Energy and Transport, JRC83587, EUR 26104 EN. Luxembourg: of the European Union; 2013. DOI: 10. 2790/91907 41. Institute. History of U. S. Nuclear Plants’ Responses to Events. Fact Sheet, October 10, 2018. Available from: 42. IAEA. from the 16 July 2007 Earthquake at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP, Japan. August 6-10, 2007. Available from: [Accessed: July 4, 2016] 43. . Lessons learned from post-earthquake investigations at north anna nuclear power plant, Presented at on “Safety of Multi-Unit NPP Sites against Hazards”, Mumbai, India, October 17-19, 2012. Available from: [Accessed: October 24, 2012] 44. . Report on Flooding of on 27 December 1999. Eurosafe 2000—to in the Context of Liberalization of the Papers (p. v). Germany. 2001 45. NUREG-1742. from the Examination of (IPEEE) Program, Final Report. Vol. 1 and 2. U. S. Commission; 2002 46. Katona TJ, Győri E, Bán Z, Tóth L. Assessment of liquefaction consequences for nuclear power plant paks. In: 23th Conference on in Reactor Technology. Manchester, UK, 2015. 08. 10-2015. 08. 14. Paper ID 125 47. ANSI/ANS-2. 30-2015. Criteria for Rupture and Deformation at Nuclear Facilities. Illinois, USA: Society; 2015 48. Safety Institute. for Plant against -FDE-03 Rev. 1 (of Main Text). September 2013. On-site Committee. Available from: [Accessed: 2016-07-04] information 1. Introduction2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 레이어닫기 결합상품 정책 밀리의 서재 등록 안내 밀리의 서재 이용권은 결제 완료 후, 카카오톡 및 메일로 1일 이내 쿠폰번호가 발송됩니다. 본 이용권은 등록 후 유효기간 내 사용하기를 진행해야합니다. 기한 내 사용하지 않으면 구독권은 만료처리 되며 이용 불가합니다. 본 이용권은 등록 기간 연장 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 번호 분실에 따른 문의는 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청 및 챗봇상담으로 처리하실 수 있습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2015) and become less likely to invest in shell maintenance (Melatunan et al. 2013). This results in increased mortality, as reflected in the present study by the greatest species loss under 7. 4 pH. These results are consistent with previous work that has found that barnacles show low resistance to acidification, as reflected in reduced growth (Findlay et al. 2010; Pansch et al. 2014), supressed respiration and increased mortality (Pansch et al. 2018). It should, however, be acknowledged that some studies have found contrasting results, with some barnacle species (e. g. Balanus glandula and Semibalanus cariosus (Wootton et al. 2008), Amphibalanus amphitrite (McDonald et al. 2009), and Balanus crenatus (Brown et al. 2016)) showing resistance to the effects of decreasing pH. These contrasting findings may be due to differential species responses, different experimental designs (e. g. laboratory settings vs mesocosm experiments vs volcanic vent sites), different life stages (e. g. larvae, juveniles and adults), and exposure to varying pH conditions. This highlights the need to expand foundational studies on the implications of ocean acidification as present knowledge does not enable generalisations to be drawn. While some soft-bodied fouling organisms have been found to be tolerant or even respond positively to acidification (Donnarumma et al. 2014; Peck et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2017, 2020), this study found that the colonial ascidian B. schlosseri was negatively affected by decreasing pH. Low pH conditions challenge all marine organisms with elevated costs of pumping carbonate ions to sustain cellular homeostasis and normocapnia, which, if not maintained, could make them more vulnerable to acidification or hypercapnic conditions (Knapp et al. 2016; Dziergwa et al. 2019). In volcanic seep sites where the concentration of carbonate ions is reduced due to increased CO2, acidification affects ascidians, with declines in abundance of non-calcifying taxa showing similar trends to those of calcifying taxa (Fabricius et al. 2014). The above studies, together with the findings of the present study, suggest that while soft-bodied taxa are less likely to be affected by acidification than their calcifying counterparts, extreme levels of low pH conditions can affect both groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: ) In the past twenty years, there have been a LOT of 11. dinsdale - Jan 27, 2004 - 22:06 Disturbing indeed is the level of denial on this issue. But the level of obfuscation is what is truly troubling. The 'carbon' industries have done what the tobacco industry managed to do for years - fund their own research in order to create confusion in the minds of the public and pretend that there is some 'doubt' about the facts, which are simple, easily verified, and speak for themselves. It's very basic laboratory chemistry - greater CO2 levels result in greater heat retention in a given quantity of air - the earth's atmosphere has gone from around 250 to around 370 ppm of CO2 in the last 150 years - this coincides pretty closely with a rapid warming of the earth over this same period. In the right-wing press this is referred to as "junk science" and all manner of nonsense is tossed in the air to make it seem that there is some actual controversy here - witness the outing of industry shill and the resulting counter-spin. Take a visit to the Canadian Arctic, and tell the tribal elders that they are simply imagining the fact that their traditional wisdom is useless in the already irrevocably altered climate regime up there. Liard's excellent report Ice. "Like most Inuk her family paid close attention to ice, clouds, and temperature. Every hunter was a meteorologist. "Today many can't understand what's happening," she says. "They could once tell the weather, but not anymore. " 12. cory - Feb 24, 2004 - 10:27 We do understand some mechanism of the climate but we are very far from understanding the whole thing. Climate depend on a lot of factor and is intimately linked to the oceans. If something disrupt the balance in one these element it affect the other. The mechanism are complex and interdependant. There is a global warming. a few years ago people could have argued about that but not anymore, everybody agrees on that today. Is that the fault of the human? That is an another question and we don't have the answer yet. The climate as we know it today has been pretty stable for the last 12 000 years. During this period the conditions were favorable for the growth of the humanity. Studies shows that the climate have varied during the life or the earth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 고객의 문자 및 이메일 미수신 처리로 쿠폰 번호를 받지 못한 경우, 구매일로부터 7일 이내 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청을 주셔야 재발송됩니다. 이후는 환불 불가합니다. 환불 안내 DBpia와 밀리의 서재 상품 분리 환불은 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일로부터 7일 이내까지 쿠폰 미등록 + DBpia 서비스 7일 이내 미이용 고객만 환불 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 등록 후에는 취소 및 환불 불가합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: While calcifying taxa could experience impacts on both their structural components and physiological capacity, the impacts on soft-bodied taxa are likely to be physiological. While the effect of altered temperature is well documented for a variety of organisms (Hu et al. 2022), the understanding of how fouling communities will respond to the predicted future changes in temperature remains limited, especially in relation to cooling. This study demonstrated that after 18 days cooling altered fouling community structure. This may be partly due to species differential responses to cooling influencing community composition. While assemblages supported a mixture of typically warm and colder-water taxa, some of the dominant space occupiers were alien species from warmer regions (e. g. A. venustus, tropical and subtropical western origin: Chapman et al. (2013) and B. neritina, unknown tropical-warm origin: Mead et al. (2011)), which would likely make them sensitive to cooling. The finding that cooling had implications for community composition is important because studies on the effect of temperature typically focus on warming (e. g. Lord 2016, 2017; Khosravi et al. 2019), despite the prevalence of cooling in (García-Reyes et al. 2015; Lamont et al. 2018). While organisms may be able to partly compensate for the effects of acidification or changing temperature in isolation, they may be less able to maintain physiological functioning when concurrently challenged by multiple environmental factors (Melatunan et al. 2009; Harvey et al. 2013). As hypothesised, the present study found a significant effect of the interaction between cooling and acidification on fouling community composition. Because temperature and pH interact on a physicochemical level, cooling can accentuate the impact that acidification has on organisms (Zeebe 2012). Colder temperatures can accelerate the solubility rates of CO2 in the water, resulting in decreased concentration of carbonate ions needed to maintain acid-base regulation (Pörtner 2008; Liu et al. 2018), as well as decreased saturation of CaCO3, which may negatively affect calcification (Orr et al. 2005; Wittmann and Pörtner 2013). For most studies considering the implications of a changing environment, the laboratory setting offers feasibility and a degree of control for whole-community manipulations (Hale et al. 2011; Hofmann et al. 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: But what is for sure is that humanity is releasing large amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, releasing chemical substances in the ecosystem, exercing a growing presure on the ecosystem. What is for sure too is that these actions will have effects on the ecosystem we are a part of. . . 13. - May 04, 2004 - 02:49 We here at Scari. Org can make no substantial contribution to mitigation of Global Warming, however, there are measures that may make our passing more comforting It's one small step for we who wish a more beautiful world while it lasts. Search this blog: Between the mud, no lotus (HDR) iin 2. 3. 2 web3 in Complex. Has to Is philanthropy a bad excuse for limiting strong government? Metrics and and the Age of the Anthropocosmos It's OK Will (Likely) Get the. amazon Algorithms to category —————————————————————————————— LIFE — Eating and Cooking. 41 — People. 22 —————————————————————————————— — Manufacturing. 2 — Business and the Economy. 24 — Economics. 43 —. 24 —. 18 — Marketing. 37 — Leadership and Entrepreneurship. 22 —————————————————————————————— — CIT — Mozilla. 13 — Neoteny. 20 — Technorati. 26 — ICANN. 50 —. 1 — MIT. 11 —. 153 —. 11 —————————————————————————————— — Art. 56 — Design. 4 — Creativity. 4 — Music. 106 —————————————————————————————— — Introspective. 80 — Mindfulness. 4 — Religion. 30 — Buddhism. 6 —————————————————————————————— — Japan. 1 ——. 2 —— Democracy. 29 ——. 125 —— ID. 29 ——. 98 ——. 50 —. 123 —. 21 —. 116 —. 42 — China. 3 — Gender. 11 —. 1 ——————————————————————————————. 1 — web3. 1 — Group. 1 —. 3 —. 23 — IM. 2 — Hardware. 16 — Gadgets. 90 — Biotech. 4 — LOAF. 15 — Identity. 15 —. 7 —. 117 — Electronics. 1 — Cryptocurrency. 7 — Computer and. 29 — Flash. 5 — Email. 19 —. 57 —. 18 — Energy. 14 — Software. 83 — Software. 15 —. 76 — VoIP. 12 — Search.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일부터 7일 초과 후로는 쿠폰 미등록 시에도 환불 불가합니다. 이용 안내 DBpia 1년 상품은 구매 즉시 이용 가능하며, 구매일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 이용권은 쿠폰 등록 시 이용 가능하며, 쿠폰 사용일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 기존 밀리의 서재 정기구독 상품 이용 중인 경우, 해당 상품과 연결 사용 불가합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: However, when compared to field-based experiments, laboratory studies are limited because organisms are not exposed to the full spectrum of biotic interactions and abiotic variability that they experience in the field (Hofmann et al. 2011; Kroeker et al. 2011). This study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment where some aspects of community measures including recruitment and biotic interactions could not be accounted for, and biota were offered only one food source. Thus, while laboratory experiments offer a mechanism for isolating the effects of particular environmental parameters of interest (e. g. particular levels of acidification), the next step to gaining a deeper understanding of the effects of acidification on communities will require field manipulation of in situ pH conditions so as to enable assessment of the effects on recruitment (Brown et al. 2017). Despite the value of the data that would be generated by such experiments, the logistical challenges associated with such research are acknowledged (Brown et al. 2016, 2017). Additionally, while this study accounted for biotic interactions such as competition by allowing enough space on the plates for the potential growth of organisms, predatory interactions at this community level could not be controlled for. To understand effects of treatment on predator-prey interactions, knowledge of how the predator responds to changing environmental conditions needs to be held first (for example, see Martin et al. (2022)). Such knowledge is lacking for fouling communities and the predators that feed on them. Despite these caveats, this study has provided insights into community-level responses to changing temperature and pH, which is an advancement on studies considering species in isolation. ConclusionThis study assessed how predicted future cooling and acidification along a temperate upwelling dominated coast might affect fouling communities. The results suggest that cooling and acidification will affect community composition but declining pH will be most detrimental. These changes will likely stem from a wide range of responses across different species within community assemblages. These varying responses may depend on the morphology and physiology of species (Hale et al. 2011) and may differ between calcifying and soft-bodied taxa. Importantly, differential responses among species will preclude the use of a generic response model for anticipating how taxa within communities may respond to the future environmental changes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The feasible target for new emission scenario called Z650 (Overshoot & Zero-Emission) instead of traditional concept and energy mix against global warming has been proposed. Taking the effort for energy-saving as major premise, carbon capture and storage for fossil fuel, renewable energy and nuclear energy should be altogether developed, which means energy best mix should be achieved, under the constraint of keeping CO2 concentration in the atmosphere around 450ppm. Energy security problems and nuclear role have been also discussed in Section III. The basic overview of energy security and method of evaluation are reorganized. Energy security which had wide conception is indicated by method that compares the energy security level in each country. The role and potential of nuclear power from the viewpoint of the energy security is an important point to examine the direction and the role of the nuclear power industry in the future. It is understood that the energy security is severely affected by the case without nuclear energy. Energy issue and nuclear energy role after the Accident has been further examined in Section IV. The root causes and countermeasures of the Accident are described and the direction for energy and nuclear power after the accident is discussed. The path and key issues for "Sustainable development" has been summarized in Section V. Nuclear power and renewable energy should be two wheels towards low carbon societies against global warming with economic growth and with avoiding energy security problem. Advertisement 2. Toward a new climate change regime establishment 2. 1. Climate change historyIn order to address climate change, most countries joined the on () in early 1990s to examine how to reduce global warming. Conference of Parties (COP3) took place in 1997, and adopted the principle update to the treaty, the Kyoto Protocol. In the protocol, industrialized countries and economies in transition (countries) committed to reduce their aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by about 5. 2% during the period of 2008-2012 (so called the first commitment period) compared to 1990 emission levels. With the coming up of the expiration date of the first commitment period, the post-2012 climate regime has been examined during recent years. According to the Plan adopted at the COP13 in 2007, intensive negotiations aimed at urgently enhancing the implementation of the Convention up to and beyond 2012 have been conducted during 2008 and 2009. However, the COP15 taking place in Copenhagen in December 2009 failed to produce an international agreement involving binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 현재 이용 중인 정기 구독 상품의 만료 혹은 해지 후에 본 구독권 이용 가능하오니, 이용에 참고 부탁 드립니다. DBpia와 밀리의 서재 일부 콘텐츠에 대해 학회 및 출판사 요청에 의해 콘텐츠 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다. 레이어닫기 알림 등록 전화번호를 등록해보세요. 카카오 메세지로 매달 결제 내용을 전달 드립니다. 환불,잔액부족 등 알림을 전달해드립니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Overall, these results suggest that with climate change, ocean acidification will pose a dominant threat to fouling communities and in regions that experience cooling (like the major upwelling systems around the world), future acidification may be more detrimental than changes in temperature. 14. of (1990) Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273. 15 to 318. 15 K. 37:755–766. (2013) Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. Estuaries and Coasts 36:221–236. (2004) Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science (80- ) 80:362–366. (2021) A review and meta-analysis of potential impacts of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers from the Southern Ocean. Sci 8:584445. (2002) Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress. Science (80- ) 298:1015–1017. (2015) Biological mechanisms supporting adaptation to ocean acidification in coastal ecosystems. 151:A1–A8. (2022) Meta-analysis reveals variance in tolerance to climate change across marine trophic levels. Environ 827:154244. T, García-Reyes M, Bograd SJ et al (2018) Upwelling indices for comparative ecosystem studies: Variability in the System. J 188:3–16. (2018) A coastal coccolithophore maintains pH homeostasis and switches carbon sources in response to ocean acidification. 9:2857. P (2022) The implications of a changing environment for fouling biota. (2012) Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through pH up-regulation. Chang 2:623–627. ascidians. 108:1–141 281. MS Excel program developed for CO2 system calculations. of (2000) Mixed-in S and S-PLUS. 761. PLoS One 8:e70455. der (2021) Marine heatwaves exceed cardiac thermal limits of adult sparid fish (Diplodus capensis, Smith 1884). Sci 702463. (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–395. Author contributions Both authors conceptualized the paper.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: From then on, the international negotiation on climate change fell into a chaotic state. The COP16 held in Cancun in the end of 2010 and the COP17 held in Durban in the end of 2011 adopted the and the that consist of significant decisions by the international community. The agreements represent key steps forward in capturing plans to reduce GHG emissions and to help developing countries protect themselves from climate impacts. However, the framework of the climate regime has not been clarified. Fruitless negotiations on international binding scheme of GHG emissions reduction illustrate that the absence of a common vision become the biggest obstacle of combating global warming. It is time for us to go back to the beginning of the issue to consider what kind of world we can share. 2. 2. Global emission pathwayIn general, the base of the climate regime combating global warming is that it is necessary to limit the global surface temperature to 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels (so called “2°C target”). In the and following COP Agreements, this target was reconfirmed. Based on the target and the fourth assessment report of IPCC, the G8 Summit (Declaration 2007, 2008 and 2009) argued that the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 50% in 2050 compared to the levels of 1990 or recent years. However, the ambitious argument failed to get global consensus due to the strong opposition by most developing countries who claimed that the reduction plan did not have sufficient scientific background and did not leave enough space for their economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine the scientific analyses of the climate change for developing a reliable emission pathway which can be accepted worldwide. Employing the schemes of zero emission and overshoot, a research group developed a new stabilization concept named “Zero-emission Stabilization (Z-Stabilization)” instead of the traditional equilibrium stabilization. Their researches (Matsuno et al. , in [1]) documented that the Z-Stabilization could avoid long-term risks while meeting short term need of relatively large emissions. Based on the new concept of stabilization and the 2°C target, a global GHG emission scenario named Z650 was proposed (Figure. 1). The scenario was designed based on two assumptions, one is that the amount of cumulative CO2 emissions in the 21st century would be 650GtC equivalent, the other is that the zero-emission would be achieved in 2160.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 등록하기 레이어닫기 키워드 등록 등록된 키워드에 새로운 논문이 등록되거나 업데이트 된 경우 안내해요. 알림 결과가 없다면? - 모든 단어의 맞춤법이 정확한지 확인해보세요. - 다른 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 더 일반적인 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 키워드 수를 줄여보세요. 레이어닫기 등록한 키워드 (0/30) 새로운 키워드를 등록해보세요. 키워드 삭제는마이페이지 〉 알림 〉 설정 에서 가능합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Disparate acidification and calcium carbonate desaturation of deep and shallow waters of the 2. Current predictive models of that acidification focus on surface waters, and their results argue that deep waters will acidify by downward penetration from the surface. Here we show, with an alternative model, the rapid, near simultaneous, acidification of both surface and deep waters, a prediction supported by current, but limited, saturation data. surface water responds directly by atmospheric CO2 uptake, deeper waters will be influenced strongly by intrusion of mid-depth, pre-acidified, water. With unabated CO2 emissions, surface waters will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite by 2105 AD and could remain so for ∼600 years. In deep waters, the aragonite saturation horizon will rise, reaching the base of the surface mixed layer by 2140 AD and likely remaining there for over a millennium. The survival of aragonite-secreting organisms is consequently threatened on long timescales. Similar content being viewed by others Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation 3. The anthropogenic CO2 causing this warming is also acidifying the oceans4, which will modify the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean5 and pose a serious threat to CaCO3-producing organisms6,7,8. Ocean is already exhibiting signs of acidification6,7; this will be strengthened on the disappearance of the sea ice3,5,8, which will enable more efficient ocean–atmosphere gas exchange. Figure 1: Map of the Arctic regions and major currents/water flows. IBCAO23 map of the two major deep basins, the and the Eurasian Basin, as separated by the Lomonosov Ridge. Red and yellow arrows indicate schematically Pacific and Atlantic inflow waters, respectively19,20,21,22. White arrows represent major river run-off from continents to the Arctic Ocean19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Some recent researches (e. g. , UKCCC, 2008 [2]; Allen et al. , 2009 [3]) also employed the concept of zero emission or near zero emission for seeking best options of climate change mitigation. These researches suggest, from practical viewpoint, that a functional form with a peak within several decades following by monotonic decrease to approach to zero is necessary for a reliable emission pathway. The performance of the designed Z650 scenario was examined, along with a typical 450ppm equilibrium stabilization scenario (E450), though projection experiment by using a simplified climate system model. Figure 2 shows the emission pathways (a), the CO2 concentrations (b), the global temperature rises from the pre-industrial period (c), and the sea level rises due to thermal expansion (d) of the two scenarios. The CO2 concentration under the Z650 scenario increases more rapidly, exceeds 450ppm in about 2030, and goes to its peak of about 480ppm around 2070 due to the lager amount of emissions during the early period of 21st century. It declines thereafter because the emission will be less than the natural absorption, crosses the 450ppm line around 2160, and goes down steadily. In contrast the concentration under E450 scenario stays below 450ppm, and increases steadily to approach the final equilibrium state. As a result, the maximum temperature rise under Z650 scenario is 1. 8°C at around 2100 (if all GHG was taken into account, the peak value would be 2. 3°C). The peak will last only several decades, and then the temperature will decrease to a stable state (1. 7°C higher than the pre-industrial level). At meanwhile, almost no significant difference of sea level rise occurs between the two scenarios. These results obtained through the projection experiment indicate that the proposed Z650 scenario could be a new solution on combating climate change given by science. According to the Z650 scenario, the global CO2 emissions will peak between 2020 and 2030 with a ratio of approximate 1. 3 and decrease to around 0. 75 in 2050 compared to 2005 level. Figure 1. CO2 emission pathways: RCPs and Z650 (Matsuno et al. , in [1])Figure 2. Comparison between Z650 and E450 during short to midterm (Matsuno et al. , in [1])2. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 저널 신간 알림 신청 오늘 하루 그만 보기 저널 신간 알림이 등록되었습니다. 확인 전체 알림 아직 발송된 알림이 없어요. 이용하기 좋은 알림들을 추천할게요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Full size imagePre-industrial waters of the deep Arctic basins were largely supersaturated9 with respect to aragonite and calcite (the two most common CaCO3 polymorphs in the marine environment), due to modest metabolic CO2 production in these waters from low rates of organic matter re-mineralization10,11; nevertheless, decreasing deep-water CaCO3 saturation states and undersaturation with respect to aragonite (the more soluble of the two CaCO3 polymorphs) now occur11—also see data below. Considering the potential consequences of these changes to this major, but vulnerable, marine eco-system, it is paramount to be able to predict accurately the future evolution of the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean. To do so, our knowledge should include the means by which Arctic waters will acidify and the duration of those conditions. Models for the carbonate system of the Arctic Ocean, particularly its deep waters, are, however, surprisingly scarce3,12,13,14. Yamamoto et al. 3 examined surface water pH conditions to the year 2100, but they did not address acidification of the deep waters. Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 predict, using a three-dimensional (3D) circulation-biogeochemical model that, under two reasonable CO2 emission scenarios, acidification will spread into the deeper waters from initially acidified surface waters. Arctic acidification is, however, likely to be different than pictured by these latter models. Data presented by Miller et al. 11 and also calculated from Key et al. 15,16 (see below) indicate the recent development and expansion of aragonite undersaturation in deep water, a phenomenon not featured in the predictions made in Frölicher and Joos14. In addition, work by Bates et al. 17 and Cai et al. 18 questions if surface Arctic waters can act as a continuous source of CO2 for acidification of the deep waters. Furthermore, the results in Steinacher et al. 13 and Frölicher and Joos14 appear somewhat inconsistent with the known circulation in the Arctic Ocean19,20,21,22 (Fig. 1). Specifically, water (yellow arrows) enters the at intermediate depth, mostly between ∼300 and ∼600 m, via the and the East side of the Fram Strait, with half returning to the Atlantic through the West side of the Fram Strait.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Optimal way toward the global visionIn order to examine the technical feasibility of the Z650 scenario and investigate the optimal way to realize it, numerical experiments of global energy system optimization using GRAPE (Assessment to Protect the Environment) model (Kurosawa et al. , 1999 in [4]) were conducted. Fifteen regions were set in the model to cover the global aggregate, those are: countries, Southern Africa, Brazil, and Latin America. The former 8 regions were defined as industrialized countries, and the rest regions were defined as developing countries. The final energy demands for every region were assumed based on population and economic growth, while the technology assumptions were examined based on previous researches. The cost minimization of global energy system was carried out to optimize the global and regional energy supply. Three main scenarios were analyzed for the period of 2000 to 2150. BAU (Business as Usual), which is the baseline scenario of CO2 emissions, assumed no changes of current the energy and environmental policies in the future. It is very similar with the of IEA (IEA, 2010 in [5]) (Figure. 3). REF (Reference), which is the reference scenario of economic assessment, assumed that energy conservation would be promoted according to regional capacities and conditions but no CO2 reduction policy. It has a similar performance with the Scenario of IEA (IEA, 2011 in [6]) (Figure. 4). Z650, which is the mitigation scenario, assumed a global CO2 emission cap based on scientific Z650 scenario described above (Figure. 2(a)). Figure 3. Comparison between BAU in this study with the of IEAFigure 4. Comparison between REF in this study with the Scenario of IEA2. 3. 1. Long-term energy vision The simulated global total primary energy supply (TPES) for the three scenarios is shown in Figure 5. Under BAU, the TPES with a large portion of fossil fuel increases substantially, triples in 2100 compared with the 2000 level. The TPES of REF increases slightly during the later stage, almost doubles in 2100 compared with the 2000 level, due to the influence of the regional energy conservation measures. However, the main component is still the fossil fuel. On the other hand, the resulted TPES of Z650 is the cleaner in combination despite the same amount with REF.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 알림 추천 보러가기 데이터 안내 [AI 학습용 원문 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 원문 원문 PDF 파일 원문 + 메타 (기본/상세) 원문 PDF 파일 및 서지정보 CSV 대량 구매용 데이터 B2B 구독 방식 특정 자료 한정으로 원문 접근 권한 부여 URL 전달 방식 바로 PDF 뷰어를 열람할 수 있는 URL 제공 [주요 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 기본 메타 발행기관명, 간행물명, 권호명, 권(vol), 호(issue), 통권, 발행연도, 발행월, 논문�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: The black line for Frölicher and Joos14 must be read in two parts: for the period of years 1850–2030, Zsat is positioned at about 3,250 m depth; it then also appears at the base of the mixed layer by the year 2030, as surface waters acidify. As time moves forward, the near-surface Zsat moves deeper, while the deep Zsat initially stays constant at 3,200 m. Around the year 2200, the deeper Zsat position also starts to migrate upward, indicating increasing deep-water acidification. The two horizons meet at about year 2325 at a depth of ∼2,400 m, and the entire deep is undersaturated thereafter. This complex bi-directional evolution is primarily driven by downward penetration of acidified waters from the surface. In contrast, our model, as represented by the solid red lines in Fig. 5a,b, predicts that deep-basin waters were supersaturated to depths closer to 4,000 m in pre-industrial times. Anthropogenically linked undersaturation then appears before year 2000 in the bottom waters of both basins because of deep Atlantic inflow, as well as in the surface waters (as seen in Fig. 4a). The saturation horizon should then move monotonically upward, without any indication of significant penetration from above the halocline. We predict that Zsat will reach the base of the surface mixed layer by about the year 2275 and stay there until ∼2970, which means that the intermediate and deep will become completely undersaturated with respect to aragonite slightly before the time predicted by Frölicher and Joos14. The red dashed lines in Fig. 5a,b illustrate the evolution of a hypothetical Zsat if the entering waters were not to acidify beyond today’s conditions (constant source). A comparison of the solid and dashed red lines shows again that continued acidification and input of Atlantic waters dominates saturation changes in the deep and cannot be neglected. This conclusion is reached, however, without taking into account the effects of a possible weakening of CO2 uptake by waters sinking in the Atlantic sub-polar region31. From an ecological point of view, what is very disturbing in Fig. 5 is that intermediate and deep waters will remain undersaturated with respect to aragonite for a period greater than a millennium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: In order to prevent global warming, the consumption of fossil energy will peak at 2030, and the clean energies, especially the renewable energy will play an essential role during the second half of the century. As the results, portion of Fossil: Nuclear: Renewable is 5: 2: 3 in 2050, while 3: 2: 5, in 2100. Regional TPES for Z650 is also examined as shown in Figure 6. In industrialized countries, total primary energy is almost constant up to 2100, where share of fossil fuel gradually decreases and share of renewable energy mainly increases alternatively. In developing countries, total primary energy continuously increases up to 2100, where peak of fossil fuel consumption is around 2040, and both nuclear and renewable energy increase remarkably. Figure 5. Global total primary energy supplies for the three scenariosFigure 6. Regional total primary energy supply for Z650 (left: industrialized countries; right: developing countries)The results for global power generation trends for Z650 are shown in Figure 7. In general, decarbonization and pluralization processes will be improved together. The fossil fuel will play essential role during early stage, but will decrease after the peak in 2040. During the second half of the century, it will cover less than 15% of the total power generation. The nuclear energy will increase constantly during the first half, and provide approximate 30% of the global power. As to renewable energies, large scale utilization of the wind power will start from 2020, while that of the solar photovoltaic power will start from 2050. Both of them increase steadily till the end of the century. Together with the stable hydro power and increasing biomass power generation, the renewable energies will cover almost 40% of global power generation in 2050, and a portion of about 60% in 2100. Figure 7. Global power generation for Z6502. 3. 2. Energy related CO2 EmissionsBased on the global CO2 emission cap of Z650, the global energy system optimization projected regional CO2 emissions (Figure. 8). Emissions of industrialized countries peak in 2010 and emissions in 2050 will be reduced by 50% compared to 2005 levels. On the other hand, emissions by developing countries will peak in 2030 at 1. 6 times 2005 emissions and decline to 1. 1 times 2005 emissions in 2050. Figure 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��, 저자명, 시작페이지, 종료페이지, 전체페이지, 상세페이지URL 상세 메타 데이터 발행기관 메타 발행기관 이명, 영문명, 창립연도, 홈페이지URL, 발행기관 소개 간행물 메타 부제목, 간행물 유형, 최초발행연도, 폐간연도, 간행빈도, 발행주기, 등재사항, 이용수, 피인용수, 권호수, 논문수, 표지이미지 논문 메타 작성 언어, 부제목, 대등제목, 목차, 키워드, 초록, 이미지, 참고문헌, 이용수, 피인용수, 논문활용도, DBpia통합�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: The likelihood that the ecology of deep-water carbonate-secreting organisms could withstand that length of stress and remain unchanged is decidedly slight32. In conclusion, our investigation of future Arctic acidification-desaturation reveals that both the Amerasian and will experience severe undersaturation with respect to aragonite and that acidification of the surface and intermediate/deep waters will be driven by the atmosphere and intermediate-depth water inputs, respectively. Thus, our results reiterate the pressing need to fully apprehend the role of inter-oceanic flows in changing the carbonate chemistry of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, once established, aragonite undersaturation will persist for up to 500 years in surface waters (Fig. 3) and several millennia in deep and intermediate waters (Fig. 5), conditions that constitute a threat to the survival of Arctic calcifying organisms at all depths. MethodsRationale for a box modelWhy did we use a box model rather than a 3D ocean-circulation-biogeochemical model? We thought it prudent to address this point explicitly. The model used yields results for the carbonate system that are very similar to 3D models for the Atlantic–Indian–system21. Why does a box model do as well as 3D models? Because the gradients, both vertical and horizontal, of ∑CO2 and CA are small within the oceans, including the Arctic15,16. 1 and 2 provide evidence of the small gradients in the carbonate variables in the Arctic. For example, below 200 m, the ∑CO2 changes presently from about 2,135 to 2,165 mM in going from the mid to the mid Amerasian Basin, a distance of about 2000, km. Thus over 2,000 km, the change is only 1. 3%. As to the future, our model output indicates that the gradients will remain of this order. If the gradients are weak, the spatial resolution provided by 3D models is not necessary to answer the type of questions we present in our paper. In addition, 3D-biogeochemical ocean models are notoriously difficult to integrate very far into the future, and box models do not suffer from that problem. pH scale differencesOur initial dissolved inorganic carbon and CA concentrations are slightly different than those in Yamamoto et al. 3, resulting in moderately higher surface water pH (NBS), that is, 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Global and regional CO2 emissions of Z650From the standpoint of regional equitability, per capita emissions in the industrialized nations will approach that of the developing nations by 2100 and the CO2 emissions per GDP of the developing nations will approach that of the industrialized nations (Figure. 9). The results for industrialized nations show that CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions per GDP will converge around 2050. Global emissions in 2030 will be 1. 6 times that of 1990 (1. 2 times that of 2005) and will be about 1990 levels. Compared to the REF scenario without CO2 constraint, the ratio for global emissions in 2030 for Z650 is 0. 82. For industrialized nation the ratio is similar at 0. 89. For 2050, the ratio to the REF scenario for industrialized nations of 0. 48 is similar to the global ratio of 0. 46 (Table 1). As the reduction potential is higher for developing nations, the effect is larger. In general, the resulted regional emission curves reflect the differences of financial and technical capability among areas. These results provide useful information for global harmony. Figure 9. Two CO2 emission index based on simulation of Z650RegionCO2 emissions20302050Ratio to 1990 levelsRatio to 2005 levelsRatio to REF of 2030Ratio to 1990 levelsRatio to 2005 levelsRatio to REF of 2050World1. 601. 200. 821. 000. 750. 46Industrialized countries1. 050. 950. 890. 530. 480. 48USA1. 160. 960. 900. 570. 470. 47EU150. 890. 860. 910. 460. 450. 53Japan0. 930. 790. 900. 550. 470. 66Developing countries2. 821. 540. 772. 051. 120. 45China2. 771. 480. 741. 530. 820. 37India3. 421. 910. 722. 831. 570. 37ASEAN3. 741. 640. 803. 411. 500. 57Table 1. Global and regional emissions in major industrialized and developing countriesCompared with BAU, emission reductions by region and sector till 2050 in Z650 are investigated. Among the regional emission reductions, that of the developing countries with substantial economic growth in the future occupies more than two thirds in the following 40 years (Figure. 10).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, 저자 메타 소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도 [결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 ※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능 이용순위 정보 주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문 “인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문 “중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 세부기�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: for : October 18, 2023; Accepted: February 22, 2024; Published: March 28, 2024This is an open access 7324. Code and analysis files used in this study are available in the accompanying repository ( This work was supported by the 1530-1213 (to WCL and IBS) and 21404 (to WCL and IBS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionGlobal oceans are rapidly changing due to increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gasses. In addition to warming, deoxygenation, and sea level rise, oceans are acidifying [1]. This is occurring due to the increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, which has absorbed ~30% of added atmospheric CO2 emitted since the industrial revolution [2]. As a result, the concentration of aqueous CO2, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate ions are increasing, and ocean pH, carbonate ion concentrations, and calcium carbonate saturation states are decreasing. This shift is referred to as ocean acidification (OA) [3], and, in addition to the effects of lower pH, is particularly concerning for calcifying species including crustaceans, molluscs, and corals due to their reliance on calcium carbonate (aragonite, calcite) to form shells and exoskeletons [4, 5]. While OA is a global phenomenon, changes in high latitude coastal zones are likely to have outsized biological effects. Carbon dioxide is more soluble at high latitudes due to colder water, resulting in lower pH levels and carbonate saturation states [6, 7]. Increased freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and river runoff, and enhanced upwelling and respiration are likely to augment acidification in high latitude coastal zones [6]. Conditions in those regions are therefore more likely to become undersaturated with carbonate ions and reach severely low pH levels [7, 8]. Sea shelf, a coastal area off Alaska which supports highly productive commercial, subsistence, and sport fisheries [9], already experiences seasonal levels of aragonite saturation (Ω) below one, which is the biological threshold for calcium carbonate dissolution [10–13].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Especially the reductions in China, India and ASEAN countries contribute 31%, 13% and 8% of the total reduction in 2050 respectively. It means that the decarbonization in the regions with substantially increasing energy demands will hold the key to combat global warming. Among the industrialized countries, the will contribute the most. Its reduction occupies 14% of global reduction in 2050. While reduction in Japan only contributes approximate 1% of global reduction until 2050. The results of analysis of CO2 reductions by sector show that energy conservation contributes the most during the whole period (Figure. 11), occupies 42% and 32% of all reduction in 2030 and 2050 respectively. The second contributive sector is the power generation. It will contribute 25% and 27% of all reduction in 2030 and 2050 respectively. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) will play an increasing role in later stage, contribute 27% of all reduction in 2050. Figure 10. Simulated regional emission reductions in Z650 compared with BAUFigure 11. Contributions of each sector to CO2 emission reduction based on simulations2. 3. 3. Economic assessmentAn economic assessment was conducted based the analysis of necessary additional investments and the fossil fuel saving. The analysis is based on the accumulative statistics during 2010-2050. In REF, the world will emit 1,462 Gt CO2 during the 40 years, in which 622 Gt generated in industrialized countries while 840 Gt generated in developing countries. At the meanwhile, total energy system costs will be 232 trillion USD (in 2005 value) in the world with almost the same portions in industrialized and developing countries (Table 2). REFCO2 Emissions(ratios to 2005 levels)Acc. EmissionsGtCO2 (2010-2050)Acc. CostsT$ (2010-2050)20302050World1. 51. 61462323Industrialized countries1. 11. 0622154Developing countries2. 02. 5840169Z650(Z650+)CO2 Emissions(ratios to 2005 levels)Acc. ReductionsGtCO2 (2010-2050)Additional InvestmentsT$ (2010-2050)Fuel SavingT$ (2010-2050)20302050World1. 20. 7536211(42)14(10)Industrialized countries1. 0(0. 7)0. 5(0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��별 많이 이용된 논문 “서울대학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드별 많이 이용된 논문 “Chat GPT”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드 정보 많이 이용된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 이용된 키워드 많이 발행된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 발행된 키워드 많이 검색된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 검색된 키워드 연구 트렌드 키워드 특정 키워드 연관 연구동향 분석 데이터 키워드 Close 프로그램(로봇) 사

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: : Phytoplankton blooms at increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide: experimental evidence for negative effects on prymnesiophytes and positive on small picoeukaryotes, Front. Mar. Sci. , 4, 1–18, 2017. Segovia, M. , Lorenzo, M. , Maldonado, M. , Larsen, A. , Berger, S. , Tsagaraki, T. , Lázaro, F. , Iñiguez, C. , García-Gómez, C. , Palma, A. , Mausz, M. , Gordillo, F. , Fernández, J. , Ray, J. , and Egge, J. : Iron availability modulates the effects of future CO2 levels within the marine planktonic food web, Mar. Ecol. -Prog. Ser. , 565, 17–33, 2017. Sett, S. , Schulz, K. G. , Bach, L. T. , and Riebesell, U. : Shift towards larger diatoms in a natural phytoplankton assemblage under combined high-CO2 and warming conditions, J. Plankton Res. , 40, 391–406, 2018. Shaik, A. U. R. , Biswas, H. , and Pal, S. : Increased CO2 availability promotes growth of a tropical coastal diatom assemblage (Goa coast, Arabian Sea, India), Diatom Res. , 32, 325–339, 2017. Shen, C. and Hopkinson, B. M. : Size scaling of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in centric marine diatoms, J. Phycol. , 51, 255–263, 2015. Smetacek, V. , Klaas, C. , Strass, V. H. , Assmy, P. , Montresor, M. , Cisewski, B. , Savoye, N. , Webb, A. , d'Ovidio, F. , Arrieta, J. M. , Bathmann, U. , Bellerby, R. , Berg, G. M. , Croot, P. , Gonzalez, S. , Henjes, J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: 2)114(256)4(37)5(10)Developing countries1. 5(1. 9)1. 1(1. 5)248(106)7(5)9(0)Table 2. Global and regional economic analysis based on the simulationsIn order to achieve the Z650 vision against global warming, an accumulative emission reduction of 362 Gt CO2 is to be carried out, one third in industrialized countries and two thirds in developing countries. For the purpose, total additional investments of 11 trillion USD are necessary worldwide, which is equivalent to 0. 28% of the global accumulative GDP in the same period. The data for industrialized and developing countries are 4 and 7 trillion USD, 0. 18% and 0. 43%, respectively. Most of the investments are distributed in transportation and power sectors. At meanwhile, the additional investment will yield significant savings in fossil fuel consumption. The total fuel savings in the Z650 compared to the REF are 57 Gtoe of coal and 32 Gtoe of oil. However, additional 26 Gtoe of natural gas will be consumed. Calculated using current prices of the fossil fuels, the undiscounted value of these fuel saving is 14 trillion USD, 5 in industrialized countries and 9 in developing countries. Thus, in this case the additional investments could be covered by the fuel savings during the following 40 years both globally and regionally. There would be a good balance between benefit and investment from the optimal energy mix. This assumes the technologies to be used by 2050 are those technologies that currently appear to be feasible and are expected to be widely deployed by 2030. In order to evaluate the economic performance further, an additional scenario analysis was conducted. In the new scenario, which is so called Z650+, the emission cap for industrialized countries is added to constraint conditions according to the G8 Summit Declaration. That is the industrialized countries will reduce their emission by 80% in 2050 compared with 2005 levels. The projection results are also shown in Table 2. The accumulative emission reduction is the same, but one third will be carried out in developing countries and two thirds in industrialized countries. Due to the lower reduction potential of low cost in industrialized countries, the total necessary additional investments jump to 42 trillion USD, which is equivalent to 1. 09% of the global accumulative GDP in the same period. The data for industrialized and developing countries change to 37 and 5 trillion USD, 1. 66% and 0. 31%, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 용이 의심됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: ocean acidification on sedimentary processes have received relatively little attention. As high-latitude cold waters can absorb more CO2 and usually have a lower buffering capacity than warmer waters, acidification rates in these areas are faster than those in sub-tropical regions. The present study investigates the effects of ocean acidification on sediment composition, processes and sediment-water fluxes in an Arctic coastal system. Undisturbed sediment cores, exempt of large dwelling organisms, were collected, incubated for a period of 14 days, and subject to a gradient of pCO2 covering the range of values projected for the end of the century. On five occasions during the experimental period, the sediment cores were isolated for flux measurements (oxygen, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate). At the end of the experimental period, denitrification rates were measured and sediment samples were taken at several depth intervals for solid-phase analyses. Most of the parameters and processes (i. e. mineralization, denitrification) investigated showed no relationship with the overlying seawater pH, suggesting that ocean acidification will have limited impacts on the microbial activity and associated sediment-water fluxes on Arctic shelves, in the absence of active bio-irrigating organisms. Only following a pH decrease of 1 pH unit, not foreseen in the coming 300 years, significant enhancements of calcium carbonate dissolution and anammox rates were observed. Longer-term experiments on different sediment types are still required to confirm the limited impact of ocean acidification on shallow Arctic sediment processes as observed in this study. Citation: Gazeau F, van (2014) Impacts of on in of the Arctic Ocean. 9(4): e94068. Howard I. Browman, Institute of Marine Research, NorwayReceived: December 2, 2013; Accepted: March 10, 2014; Published: April 9, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Gazeau et al. This is an open-access 1384. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the fuel savings will be less than Z650, and will mainly distribute in industrialized countries. As a result, the good balance between additional investments and fuel saving is destroyed. In addition, the high cost in industrialized countries would not bring benefits to developing countries. 2. 4. Role of nuclear energyAs mentioned above, nuclear energy will play an important role to achieve the proposed vision against global warming. Its share in global TPES will increase steadily during the first half of the 21st century, from approximate 10% in 2030 to almost 20% in 2050, and will keep the level in the second half of the century. It will contribute more in power generation sector. Approximate 20% of global electricity in 2030 and more than 30% in and after 2050 will be generated by nuclear energy. In order to evaluate the role of nuclear energy, the analysis on two sub-scenarios based on Z650 were carried out. One is NuPO, in which nuclear energy will be phased out with considering Accident affect, that is no new plant will be built from 2020 and the current plants will be closed according to designed life time. The other is NoFBR, which means the technology of Reactors (FBR) will not be utilized. In usual case such as Z650 scenario, we assumed that the FBR technology will be available and introduced from 2050. 2. 4. 1. Impact to TPESThe global TPES of the Z650, NuPO and NoFBR are shown in Figure 12. In the case of phasing out nuclear energy, natural gas including that from unconventional resources will be the main alternative during the first half of the period. However, large-scale introduction of renewable energies, especially the offshore wind energy, occurs during the second half of the period due to the limitation of natural gas resources. On the other hand, the absence of breeder technology does not cause significant influence to TPES during the early stage. But the increase of nuclear energy utilization will be limited by the uranium resources thereby more natural gas will be introduced during the middle stage. Within the end stage of the period, similar to the characteristics in NuPO, large-scale of renewable energy will be introduced. Anyway, Z650 scenario shows Reactor (LWR) will play important role in the first half century, while FBR, latter half. 2. 4. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3211102/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was conducted with the aim of modeling the social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation; Statistical population of the research consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 2022–2023. In order to determine the sample size, according to Klein (2010) in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible. A total of 228 adolescent boys and girls were selected by available sampling method. They responded to Keyes and Magyar-Mae (2003) social well-being questionnaires, D’Zurilla et al. (2002) social problem solving, Riefee et al. (2007) emotional awareness, Dennis and Vander wall (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires. The direction of the data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using path analysis technique in structural equations in SPSS-26 and Amos-23 software. The results of direct paths indicated that the regression coefficient of social problem solving to the social well-being of adolescents is significant (P < 0. 01), while the direct regression path of cognitive flexibility to social well-being is not significant (P > 0. 05). Also, the results demonstrated that social problem solving (P < 0. 05) and cognitive flexibility (P < 0. 05) can indirectly influence the social well-being of adolescents through emotional self-awareness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. social problem-solvingcognitive flexibilityemotional self-awarenesssocial well-beingadolescentsFiguresFigure 1IntroductionAdolescence is a stage in human life that includes the years after the beginning of puberty until the beginning of adulthood (around the ages of 9–19). During this period, the most sensitive experiences of human life occur, including emotional, social, and emotional experiences such as love and friendship, identity formation, education, and employment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of ocean acidification occurs in colder waters, where gases dissolve more easily. [SEP] Text: IntroductionBecause about one third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (from fossil fuel, cement production and land-use changes) has been stored in the oceans since the industrial revolution [1], surface seawater pH has already declined by ∼0. 1 unit compared with pre-industrial values [2], [3] and it is projected to decrease by 0. 36 unit by the end of the century [3]. Decreasing pH levels are expected to have profound impacts on the physiology and metabolism of marine organisms through a disruption of intercellular transport mechanisms [4]. Moreover, this pH decrease will modify the equilibrium between the different forms of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in seawater with an increase of the proportion of both CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3−) at the expense of carbonate ions (CO32−). While it has been shown that some photosynthetic organisms will benefit from elevated CO2 conditions [5], most calcareous organisms have revealed a high sensitivity to the decreasing availability of CO32− [6]. A decrease in CO32− concentration leads to a reduction in the level of calcium carbonate saturation (Ω) of seawater. While it appears that most of the ocean surface will stay supersaturated with respect to all CaCO3 forms, high-latitude cold waters that are naturally more corrosive to CaCO3 than warm waters, will absorb more CO2 and become undersaturated with respect to high-magnesian calcite and aragonite, the most soluble forms of CaCO3, in few decades [7]. Acidification rates in the have shown to be faster that in sub-tropical regions [8] with some areas, as in the Canada basin and the Chukchi Sea, already experiencing undersaturated conditions [9], [10] due to a combination of sea-ice melting and anthropogenic CO2 penetration. These effects of freshening and increased carbon uptake in response to sea-ice retreat due to global change make surface waters the area in the world that will experience the largest pH declines in the coming decades [11]. Moreover, river runoff to Arctic shelves causes a significant decrease of alkalinity and calcium ions, and therefore lowers saturation states with respect to aragonite and calcite [12].

Output: corroborate