Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Yet when I asked Frazer which urgent issues were commanding his attention right now, his first thought wasn't climate; it was renewable energy. “Renewable energy is going to leave a big footprint on the planet and on our country,” he says, some of it threatening plants and animals if not implemented well. “is going to lead to an explosion of more wind and solar across the landscape. Long before Biden signed that landmark law, conflicts were proliferating: versus solar farms in the Mojave Desert, versus wind farms in Wyoming, Tiehm's Buckwheat (a little desert flower) versus lithium mining in Nevada. The mine case is a close parallel to that of versus the Tellico Dam. The flower, listed as endangered just last year, grows on only a few acres of mountainside in western Nevada, right where a mining company wants to extract lithium. for has led the fight to save it. Elsewhere in Nevada people have used the ESA to stop, for the moment, a proposed geothermal plant that might threaten the two-inch Toad, discovered in 2017 and also declared endangered last year. Does an absolute duty to preserve all endangered species make sense in such places? In a recent essay entitled “A Time for Triage,” Columbia law professor argues that “the environmental community has trade-off denial. We don't recognize that it's too late to preserve everything we consider precious. ” In his view, given the urgency of building the infrastructure to fight climate change, we need to be willing to let a species go after we've done our best to save it. Environmental lawyers adept at challenging fossil-fuel projects, using the ESA and other statutes, should consider holding their fire against renewable installations. “Just because you have bullets doesn't mean you shoot them in every direction,” Gerrard says. “You pick your targets. ” In the long run, he and others argue, climate change poses a bigger threat to wildlife than wind turbines and solar farms do. For now habitat loss remains the overwhelming threat. What's truly needed to preserve the U. S. 's wondrous biodiversity, both Stein and Ruhl say, is a national network of conserved ecosystems. That won't be built with our present politics. But two more practical initiatives might help. The first is the Recovering America's Wildlife Act, which narrowly missed passage in 2022 and has been reintroduced this year.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Moreover, Bacopa monnieri was found to influence the activity of acetylcholinesterase, malate dehydrogenase, insulin, and T3 levels in the serum. These adjustments are associated with seizure prevention and diminished peripheral nervous system impairment [45]. Collectively, these investigations propose that Bacopa monnieri and its constituents, especially bacoside A, show promise as potential therapeutic interventions for epilepsy. Their mechanisms involve modulating neurotransmitter systems, safeguarding against neuronal damage, and enhancing peripheral nervous system functionality. 7. 4. Neuronal and The brain capacity to change in response to environmental challenges is known as neuronal and glial plasticity [44]. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that has been shown to have important effects on neuronal plasticity and memory formation via its association with the transcription of the Arc gene. A higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease is seen in those whose BDNF levels are low. A key marker of glial plasticity is the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); it controls astrocyte shape, neuroglial connections, and memory formation pathways. Conditions linked to memory loss have been linked to reduced GFAP expression [46]. The expression of BDNF, arachidonic acid (Arc), and GFAP was significantly reduced in mice when the cognitive-impairing medication scopolamine was administered, according to research by Konar et al. [46]. While GFAP expression did not change much, BDNF expression increased by 1. 3-fold and Arc expression by 2-fold in mice treated with EBm (Brahmi extract). The injection of EBm either before or after scopolamine treatment increased plasticity markers in the brain, with BDNF and Arc expression being more strongly affected than GFAP. These results provide strong evidence that EBm significantly contributes to enhancing brain plasticity through many pathways. The impact on GFAP expression, however, seems to be weaker. This study demonstrates that brahmi extract improves neuronal and glial plasticity [47]. 8. of Bacopa monnieri Pharmacological studies have extensively explored the therapeutic potential of brahmi, as indicated in Table 4. These studies have highlighted its efficacy in treating anxiety and enhancing memory. In addition, brahmi has shown promise as a treatment for various sleep and other neuropharmacological conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: The average content of available P (Truog P) in the surface soil (126 mgP2O5 kg−1) was much lower than the national average (298 mgP2O5 kg−1). When the soil samples were limited to those classified as non-Andosols (n = 460), the concentration of available P was negatively correlated with the period of no-input farming (Spearman’s r = −0. 42, p < 0. 001). This negative correlation was partly due to the presence of extremely high P soils in no-input fields with a short history, because the eight outliers with the available P content exceeding 600 mgP2O5 kg−1 were all sampled from the fields with a history of less than 20 years. Kuwamura [8] interpreted the results as follows: (1) soil available P was depleted by long-term no-input farming; (2) no-input fields with a short history had received more fertilizer-derived P before ceasing fertilization than those with a long history; and (3) no-input farmers with a long experience have managed their fields with lower return of plant residues such as rice straw. In contrast to available P, the concentration of mineralizable N in the non-Andosol samples was positively correlated with the period of no-input farming (Spearman’s r = 0. 22, p < 0. 001), which implies that soil available N was not depleted by long-term no-input farming. The above results were obtained from the one-time survey of no-input fields. Due to the lack of long-term monitoring data, it is difficult to make a simple conclusion. Nevertheless, it can be roughly concluded that rice yield and soil fertility in no-input paddy fields were influenced not only by the period of no-input farming but also by various environmental and management factors operating at regional and field scales. Advertisement 3. Environmental factors affecting rice growth and soil fertility under no-input farmingIn this section, I introduce our results obtained from a 5-year no-input trial [15]. To estimate the environmental factors that enable soil fertility to be maintained without fertilization, application of fertilizers to a paddy field at Farm in Takatsuki, Japan, was ceased in 2010. Both planted and unplanted plots were installed in the field (Figure 6).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: It builds on the success of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act, which funds state wildlife agencies through a federal excise tax on guns and ammunition. That law was adopted to address a decline in game species that had hunters alarmed. The state refuges and other programs it funded are why deer, ducks and are no longer scarce. The recovery act would provide $1. 3 billion a year to states and nearly $100 million to tribes to conserve nongame species. It has bipartisan support, in part, Stein says, because it would help arrest the decline of a species before the ESA's “regulatory hammer” falls. Although it would be a large boost to state wildlife budgets, the funding would be a rounding error in federal spending. But last year Congress couldn't agree on how to pay for the measure. Passage “would be a really big deal for nature,” Curry says. Oyster Mussel. Epioblasma capsaeformis. Listed as Endangered: 1997. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/The second initiative that could promote species conservation is already underway: bringing landowners into the fold. Most wildlife habitat east of the is on private land. That's also where habitat loss is happening fastest. Some experts say conservation isn't likely to succeed unless the FWS works more collaboratively with landowners, adding carrots to the ESA's regulatory stick. Bean has long promoted the idea, including when he worked at the from 2009 to early 2017. The approach started, he says, with the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. When the ESA was passed, there were fewer than 10,000 Red-cockaded Woodpeckers left of the millions that had once lived in the Southeast. Humans had cut down the old pine trees, chiefly Longleaf Pine, that the birds excavate cavities in for roosting and nesting. An appropriate tree has to be large, at least 60 to 80 years old, and there aren't many like that left. The longleaf forest, which once carpeted up to 90 million acres from Virginia to Texas, has been reduced to less than three million acres of fragments. In the 1980s the ESA wasn't helping because it provided little incentive to preserve forest on private land. In fact, Bean says, it did the opposite: landowners would sometimes clear-cut potential woodpecker habitat just to avoid the law's constraints.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: It has also been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-lipid-peroxidative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Table 4. Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of Bacopa monnieri. 9. Efforts to comprehensively understand the mechanisms underlying neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties of Bacopa monnieri are ongoing, necessitating further investigation to unlock its full therapeutic potential. Key avenues for future research include conducting extensive long-term toxicity studies to assess its safety over repeated use; robust clinical trials to establish its efficacy in treating neurological conditions and enhancing cognitive function; and delving into the intricate molecular processes through which it confers its benefits. To ensure consistent quality and precise dosing, standardized extraction techniques should be employed for Bacopa monnieri extracts. Exploring its interactions with other herbal extracts or pharmaceuticals could enhance treatment strategies for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Innovations in formulation, such as nanoemulsions or encapsulation methods, have the potential to amplify its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Comparative studies with existing nootropic agents would provide valuable insights into Bacopa monnieri’s relative efficacy and safety profiles. It is important to conduct scientific research to validate the traditional claims associated with Bacopa monnieri and explore its potential as a neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing agent. Such investigations will pave the way for the development of evidence-based therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders and cognitive impairments. 10. monnieri, more often known as brahmi, is a medicinal herb that has shown significant promise in the treatment of cancer, enhancement of cognition, and neuroprotection. It has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine for the enhancement of memory, the remediation of neurological disorders, and the promotion of healthy mental processes. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoid saponins, such as bacoside A and bacoside B, are only some of the bioactive chemicals found in Bacopa monnieri, that contribute to the plant’s pharmacological effects. These compounds have been shown to have neuroprotective properties via decreasing oxidative stress, regulating neurotransmitter levels, and increasing cerebral blood flow. Furthermore, recent studies point to Bacopa monnieri as having possible anticancer effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: These results indicate that K, but not N, was the most limiting nutrient in the unfertilized soil and that the amount of K supplied by irrigation was sufficient to overcome the low K status of the unfertilized soil and meet plant demand. This should be the main reason why fertilizer responses were different between pot and field conditions. In other words, previous results on the nutrient omission trials (Figures 1 and 2) may have overestimated the ability of soil to supply nutrients to rice plants by allowing the external input of nutrients through irrigation. Figure 8. Dry matter weight of rice shoot (cv. Hinohikari) at maturity stage as influenced by the fertilizer application and growth conditions (adapted from [15]). Air-dry weight for field experiment and oven-dry weight for pot experiment. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (n = 60 for field experiment, n = 3 for pot experiment). In the pot experiment, distilled water was used for irrigation. **and * indicate significant difference from the unfertilized treatment at 1 and 5% (t-test), respectively. Figure 9. Rice plants (cv. Hinohikari) at milk ripe stage grown in Takatsuki soil collected from the field without fertilizer application for 6 years (Moritsuka, unpublished). Distilled water was used for irrigation. The values indicate the average ± standard deviation of the shoot dry matter weight (g pot−1, n = 3) for each fertilizer treatment. The photo was taken by the author on September 11, 2016. In our field, the average concentration of K in irrigation water was 3. 8 mg L−1 in 2013. If the amount of irrigation was assumed to be 1000 kg m−2, the input of K to the field through irrigation becomes 3. 8 g m−2. This amount is slightly higher than the amount of K in rice panicles at maturity stage (3. 0 g m−2 in our study). Thus, the input of K by irrigation may meet the plant’s demand if rice straw is not removed from the fields and the irrigation water is rich in K (>2 mg L−1). Figure 10 shows the average K concentration in river water sampled from 225 rivers throughout Japan [16]. The sampling was carried out in 1940s and 1950s, when the eutrophication of river water was not a serious problem. The national average of the K concentration in river water was 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The woodpecker population continued to drop until the 1990s. That's when Bean and his Fund colleagues persuaded the FWS to adopt “safe-harbor agreements” as a simple solution. An agreement promised landowners that if they let pines grow older or took other woodpecker-friendly measures, they wouldn't be punished; they remained free to decide later to cut the forest back to the baseline condition it had been in when the agreement was signed. That modest carrot was inducement enough to quiet the chainsaws in some places. “The downward trends have been reversed,” Bean says. “In places like South Carolina, where they have literally hundreds of thousands of acres of privately owned forest enrolled, Red-cockaded Woodpecker numbers have shot up dramatically. ”The woodpecker is still endangered. It still needs help. Because there aren't enough old pines, land managers are inserting lined, artificial cavities into younger trees and sometimes moving birds into them to expand the population. They are also using prescribed fires or power tools to keep the longleaf understory open and grassy, the way fires set by lightning or Indigenous people once kept it and the way the woodpeckers like it. Most of this work is taking place, and most Red-cockaded Woodpeckers are still living, on state or federal land such as military bases. But a lot more longleaf must be restored to get the birds delisted, which means collaborating with private landowners, who own 80 percent of the habitat. Leo Miranda-Castro, who retired last December as director of the FWS's southeast region, says the collaborative approach took hold at regional headquarters in Atlanta in 2010. for had dropped a “mega petition” demanding that the FWS consider 404 new species for listing. The volume would have been “overwhelming,” Miranda-Castro says. “That's when we decided, ‘Hey, we cannot do this in the traditional way. ’ The fear of listing so many species was a catalyst” to look for cases where conservation work might make a listing unnecessary. An agreement affecting the shows what is possible. Like the woodpeckers, it is adapted to open-canopied longleaf forests, where it basks in the sun, feeds on herbaceous plants and digs deep burrows in the sandy soil.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Purified components from Bacopa monnieri extract have been proven in studies to have specific effectiveness against cancer cells, causing cell death through the manipulation of signaling pathways and cell cycle arrest. Bacopa monnieri has neuroprotective effects through various modes of action, including a barrier to oxidative stress, control of neurotransmitter levels, increased cerebral blood flow, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. It can protect brain health and improve cognitive performance thanks to these mechanisms. The potential of Bacopa monnieri to treat neurodegenerative diseases has been demonstrated in studies employing several cell lines and animal models. To completely understand the precise mechanisms and particular bioactive substances responsible for Bacopa monnieri’s medicinal actions, additional study is required. To determine its effectiveness, ideal dosage, and long-term safety for treating various neurological disorders and cancers, rigorous clinical studies are required. Further scientific investigation will increase our knowledge of Bacopa monnieri’s therapeutic potential and open the door to its use in contemporary medicine. Author Contributions: N. B. conceptualized the study, conducted the investigation, curated the data, and prepared the original draft. V. P. provided supervision, participated in investigation and data curation, and contributed to both the original draft and manuscript review. K. N. allocated resources, participated in data curation, and contributed to manuscript review. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. Funding: This research received no external funding. Statement: Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 92. Gohil, K. J. ; Patel, J. A. A review on Bacopa monniera: current research and future prospects. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2010, 4, 1–9. DOI: Amin, H. ; Sharm,a R. Nootropic efficacy of and Ayurvedic drug therapy: A comparative clinical exposition. Int. J. Yoga. 2015, 8, 109‒116. DOI: Rajan, K. E. ; Preethi, J. ; Singh, H. K. ; et al. Molecular and of Bacopa monniera: A Retrospective Review. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015, 2015, 945217. DOI: Barrett, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: 20 mg L−1 with a large spatial variation (coefficient of variation = 57%). The concentration of K was higher than 2 mg L−1 in 24 rivers (10. 7%), and 13 out of 24 rivers were located in Kyushu district in southern Japan. Several rivers originating from the Aso and Kirishima volcanic areas in Kyushu district showed very high concentrations of both K and Si. These results suggest that, in some of the watersheds in Japan, the input of K by irrigation of river water can meet the plant’s demand even without the application of K fertilizer. Figure 10. concentration in river water sampled from 225 rivers in Japan (adapted from [16]). The numbers in the parentheses below the figure indicate the number of rivers surveyed in each region of the country. In contrast to K, the national average of inorganic N (NH4+ and NO3−) concentration in river water was 0. 28 mgN L−1 (coefficient of variation = 99%) [16]. The input of N by irrigation cannot meet the plant’s demand unless river water is polluted by eutrophication. As shown in Figure 5, there was a large variation in total N content in no-input paddy soils even when an outlier classified as an Andosol was removed. Such a large variation may have originated from the capacity of soil clay p11. Relationship between the sand content and the total N content in soils frequently used for paddy fields (adapted from [15]). Among the data of agricultural surface soils in Japan reported by Sano et al. [17], those from soils classified as lowland paddy soils, Gley lowland soils, and Gray lowland soils (n = 65) were displayed. Summarizing the results of this section, the input of K through irrigation and high-clay content in soil were considered the key environmental factors that enable to continue no-input farming. These factors are indebted to geographical conditions. Furthermore, the accumulation of fertilizer-derived P in the surface soil before ceasing fertilization may be another important factor. As a result of the alleviation of K and P deficiencies in the field, N became the most limiting nutrient in our experimental field. Enhancing the biological N fixation by growing leguminous plants after rice harvest and returning the plant residue to soil before transplanting may help to alleviate the N limitation to rice growth. Advertisement 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The tortoise is a keystone species: more than 300 other animals, including snakes, foxes and skunks, shelter in its burrows. But its numbers have been declining for decades. Urbanization is the main threat to the tortoises, but timberland can be managed in a way that leaves room for them. Eager to keep the species off the list, timber companies, which own 20 million acres in its range, agreed to figure out how to do that—above all by returning fire to the landscape and keeping the canopy open. One timber company, Service, said it would restore on about 3,700 acres in the Florida panhandle, perhaps expanding to 200,000 acres eventually. It even offered to bring other endangered species onto its land, which delighted Miranda-Castro: “I had never heard about that happening before. ” Last fall the FWS announced that the tortoise didn't need to be listed in most of its range. Miranda-Castro now directs Conflict, an organization that seeks to foster conversation and negotiation in settings where the ESA has more often generated litigation. “For the first 50 years the stick has been used the most,” Miranda-Castro says. “For the next 50 years we're going to be using the carrots way more. ” On his own farm outside Fort Moore, Ga. , he grows Longleaf Pine—and are benefiting. Whooping Crane. Grus americana. Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/for doubts that carrots alone will save the reptile. It points out that the FWS's own models show small subpopulations vanishing over the next few decades and the total population falling by nearly a third. 2023 it filed suit against the FWS, demanding the be listed. The FWS itself resorted to the stick this year when it listed the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, a bird whose grassland home in the has long been encroached on by agriculture and the energy industry. promptly voted to overturn that listing, but promised to veto that measure if it passes the House. Behind the debates over strategy lurks the vexing question: Can we save all species? The answer is no. Extinctions will keep happening. In 2021 the FWS proposed to delist 23 more species—not because they had recovered but because they hadn't been seen in decades and were presumed gone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: C. H. ; Strother, J. L. Taxonomy and natural history of Bacopa (Scrophulariaceae) in California. Systemat. Botany 1978, 408‒419. DOI: Bhandari, P. ; Kumar, N. ; Singh, B. ; et al. Cucurbitacins from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2007, 68, 1248‒5124. DOI: Mohapatra, H. P. ; Rath, S. P. In vitro studies of Bacopa monnieri--an important medicinal plant with reference to its biochemical variations. Indian, J. Exp. Biol. 2005, 43, 373‒376. Bose, K. C. ; Bose, N. K. Observations on the actions and uses of Herpestis monniera. J. Ind. Med. Assoc. 1931, 1, 60. Russo, A. ; Borrelli, F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. Phytomedicine 2005, 12, 305‒317. DOI: Vishnupriya, P. ; Padma, V. V. A review on the antioxidant and therapeutic potential of Bacopa monnieri. React. Oxygen Spec. 2017, 3, 111‒120. DOI: Elangovan, V. ; Govindasamy, S. ; Ramamoorthy, N. ; et al. In vitro studies on the anticancer activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 1995, 66, 211‒215. Jasim, B. ; Daya, P. S. ; Sreelakshmi, K. S. ; et al. Bacopaside N1 biosynthetic potential of endophytic Aspergillus sp. BmF 16 isolated from Bacopa monnieri. 3 Biotech. 2017, 7, 210. DOI: Saini, N. ; Oelhafen, S. ; Hua, H. ; et al. Extended lifespan of Drosophila parkin mutants through sequestration of redox-active metals and enhancement of anti-oxidative pathways. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 40, 82‒92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: Inorganic fertilizers containing N, P, and K were applied at 115, 9, and 25 kg ha−1, respectively, per cropping, and farmyard manure (FYM) was applied at 15 Mg ha-1 per year. The results of et al. [18] agree well with our results (Figure 7) and also with the results from an extensive survey by Khan et al. [19]. By reviewing previous results from the long-term field experiments in the world and comparing the net changes of exchangeable K in the surface soil at the beginning and end of the study period with the net inputs of K due to long-term fertilization and crop removal, Khan et al. [19] revealed that the changes in the soil exchangeable K pool during the study period were much smaller than the net input of K to the field estimated from the total amount of K added and removed (Figure 13). In the case of our field, the net decrease of soil exchangeable K during the 5-year experiment amounted to only 5. 2% of the cumulative K removed by rice plants (Figure 13). From these results, the authors concluded that a one-time measurement of soil exchangeable K cannot account for the highly dynamic interchange of K between exchangeable and nonexchangeable pools. Khan et al. [19]) also reported that the concentration of exchangeable K in soil was increased significantly by air-drying soil samples to the soil moisture content below 50 g kg−1, which is a conventional soil pretreatment required for sample homogenization. Figure 13. Relationship between the net input of K due to long-term fertilization and crop removal and the net change of soil exchangeable K (adapted from [19]). Refer to the original papers [18, 19] for calculation methods. For our data, the net input of K was estimated from the extrapolation of crop K removal in 2012, and the net change of exchangeable K was calculated by assuming that soil depth and bulk density were 10 cm and 1. 0 g cm−3, respectively. In the case of et al. [18], the application of farmyard manure in combination with chemical fertilizer contributed to recover the concentration of HNO3-extractable K to some extent (Figure 12).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: There is a difference, though, between acknowledging the reality of extinction and deliberately deciding to let a species go. Some people are willing to do the latter; others are not. Bean thinks a person's view has a lot to do with how much they've been exposed to wildlife, especially as a child. Zygmunt Plater, a professor emeritus at Law School, was the attorney in the 1978 case, fighting for hundreds of farmers whose land would be submerged by the Tellico Dam. At one point in the proceedings F. Powell, Jr. , asked him, “What purpose is served, if any, by these little darters? Are they used for food? ” Plater thinks creatures such as the darter alert us to the threat our actions pose to them and to ourselves. They prompt us to consider alternatives. The ESA aims to save species, but for that to happen, ecosystems have to be preserved. Protecting the Owl has saved at least a small fraction of old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest. Concern about the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the is aiding the preservation of longleaf forests in the Southeast. Darter wasn't enough to stop the Tellico Dam, which drowned historic Cherokee sites and 300 farms, mostly for real estate development. But after the controversy, the presence of a couple of endangered mussels did help dissuade the TVA from completing yet another dam, on the in central Tennessee. That river is now recognized as one of the most biodiverse in North America. The ESA forced states to take stock of the wildlife they harbored, says Jim Williams, who as a young biologist with the FWS was responsible for listing both the and mussels in the Duck River. Williams grew up in Alabama, where I live. “We didn't know what the hell we had,” he says. “People started looking around and found all sorts of new species. ” Many were mussels and little fish. In a 2002 survey, Stein found that Alabama ranked fifth among U. S. states in species diversity. It also ranks second-highest for extinctions; of the 23 extinct species the FWS recently proposed for delisting, eight were mussels, and seven of those were found in Alabama. One morning this past spring, at a cabin on the banks of in northern Alabama, I attended a kind of jamboree of local freshwater biologists.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: DOI: Singh, H. K. ; Rastogi, R. P. ; Srimal, R. C. ; et al. Effect of bacosides A and B on avoidance responses in rats. Phytother. Res. 1988, 2, 70‒75. DOI: Kamkaew, N. ; Scholfield, C. N. ; Ingkaninan, K. ; et al. Bacopa monnieri and its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetized rats and vasodilator in various artery types. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 790‒795. DOI: Kumar, S. S. ; Saraswathi, P. ; Vijayaraghavan, R. Effect of bacopa monniera on cold stress induced neurodegeneration in hippocampus of wistar rats: a histomorphometric study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2015, 9, AF05‒AF07. DOI: Dhanasekaran, M. ; Tharakan, B. ; Holcomb, L. A. ; et al. Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 965‒969. DOI: Singh, H. K. ; Dhawan, B. N. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Ind. J. Pharm. 1997, 29, 359. Charles, P. D. ; Ambigapathy, G. ; Geraldine, P. ; et al. Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: implications in memory formation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 134, 55‒61. DOI: Charoenphon, N. ; Anandsongvit, N. ; Kosai, P. ; et al. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): Up-to-date of memory boosting medicinal plant: A review. Ind. J. Agri. Res. 2016, 50, 1‒7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: However, a few researchers have reported contrasting results; the co-application of manure over long periods did not necessarily increase the concentration of nonexchangeable K in soil [20, 21]. For example, Kitajima et al. [20] evaluated the effect of long-term co-application of farmyard manure on the K forms in the surface soil at three locations in Japan. As shown in Figure 14, the co-application of farmyard manure increased the concentration of exchangeable K (including soluble K) but decreased the concentration of nonexchangeable K (boiling 1 mol L−1 HNO3-extractable K minus exchangeable K) at all the locations. The authors suggested that farmyard manure accelerated the dissolution of K-bearing minerals in soil, by which nonexchangeable K was irreversibly transformed to exchangeable K. Regardless of the processes involved, the results in Figure 14 cannot be explained by the dynamic equilibrium between the exchangeable K and the nonexchangeable K which operates to minimize the concentration changes of both K forms. Figure 14. Effect of long-term co-application of farmyard manure (FYM) on the concentrations of exchangeable and nonexchangeable K in surface paddy soil (adapted from [20]). Animal dung manure had been applied at 11. 3 Mg ha−1 at all sites. The experiments at Saitama (Konosu) and Aomori sites began in around 1930, and are the earliest fertilizer experiments in Japan. Soil sampling was carried out in December, 1968. Yamashita et al. [22] recently reported that microbial biomass K in the surface paddy soil is detectable by the conventional fumigation-extraction approach and that the concentration of microbial biomass K was increased by the continuous application of compost to paddy fields. Combining these results with those by Khan et al. [19], it is plausible to consider that exchangeable K pool evaluated by using air-dried soil samples inevitably includes microbial biomass K. The increase of exchangeable K by the long-term application of farmyard manure (Figure 14) may be due to the contamination of microbial biomass K in the exchangeable K fraction. From these interpretations, the dynamics of soil K forms in the soil-plant-microbe systems are depicted in Figure 15 by referring to the concept proposed by Asakawa and Yamashita [23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: At the center of the action, in the shade of a second-floor deck, sat Sartore. He had come to board more species onto his photo ark, and the biologists—most of them from the TVA—were only too glad to help, fanning out to collect critters to be decanted into Sartore's narrow, flood-lit aquarium. He sat hunched before it, a black cloth draped over his head and camera, snapping away like a fashion photographer, occasionally directing whoever was available to prod whatever animal was in the tank into a more artful pose. watched, he photographed a striated darter that didn't yet have a name, a Yellow Bass, an and a giant crayfish discovered in 2011 in the very creek we were at. Sartore's goal is to help people who never meet such creatures feel the weight of extinction—and to have a worthy remembrance of the animals if they do vanish from Earth. With TVA biologist Todd Amacker, I walked down to the creek and sat on the bank. Amacker is a mussel specialist, following in Williams's footsteps. As his colleagues waded in the shoals with nets, he gave me a quick primer on mussel reproduction. Their peculiar antics made me care even more about their survival. There are hundreds of freshwater mussel species, Amacker explained, and almost every one tricks a particular species of fish into raising its larvae. The Wavy-rayed Lampmussel, for example, extrudes part of its flesh in the shape of a minnow to lure black bass—and then squirts larvae into the bass's open mouth so they can latch on to its gills and fatten on its blood. Another mussel dangles its larvae at the end of a yard-long fishing line of mucus. Snapper—a member of a genus that has already lost most of its species to extinction—lures and then clamps its shell shut on the head of a hapless fish, inoculating it with larvae. “You can't make this up,” Amacker said. Each relationship has evolved over the ages in a particular place. The small band of biologists who are trying to cultivate the endangered mussels in labs must figure out which fish a particular mussel needs. It's the type of tedious trial-and-error work conservation biologists call “heroic,” the kind that helped to save.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: DOI: Hou, C. C. ; Lin, S. J. ; Cheng, J. T. ; et al. Bacopaside III, bacopasaponin G, and bacopasides A, B, and C from Bacopa monniera. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1759‒1763. DOI: Chakravarty, A. K. ; Garai, S. ; Masuda, K. ; et al. Bacopasides III-V: Three new triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monniera. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 215‒217. DOI: Le, X. T. ; Nguyet Pham, H. T. ; Van Nguyen, T. ; et al. Protective effects of Bacopa monnieri on ischemia-induced cognitive deficits in mice: the possible contribution of bacopaside I and underlying mechanism. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 164, 37‒45. DOI: Jadiya, P. ; Khan, A. ; Sammi, S. R. ; et al. Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri: insights from transgenic and pharmacological Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011, 413, 605‒610. DOI: Piyabhan, P. ; Wannasiri, S. ; Naowaboot, J. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) improved novel object recognition task and increased cerebral vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 in sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model of schizophrenia. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2016, 43, 1234‒1242. DOI: Malishev, R. ; Shaham-Niv, S. ; Nandi, S. ; et al. Bacoside-A, an Indian Traditional-Medicine Substance, Inhibits β-Amyloid Cytotoxicity, Fibrillation, and Membrane Interactions. ACS. Chem. Neurosci. 2017, 8, 884‒891.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming is entirely self-sustaining without any energy input. [SEP] Text: The soundness and practical usefulness of this concept need to be evaluated in future experiments. Figure 15. Dynamics of K in the surface agricultural soil driven by crop plants, soil microbes, and fertilization (adapted from [23]). Both biotite and muscovite contain K in fixed form, and orthoclase contains K in structural form. In summary, our results on soil K dynamics agreed well with previous results from long-term field experiments. Accordingly, it can be generally concluded that soil K depletion caused by long-term exhaustive cropping should be evaluated by monitoring the decrease of soil nonexchangeable K rather than that of exchangeable K. Furthermore, I hypothesized that the dynamics of soil microbial biomass K may cause the fluctuations of soil exchangeable K measured after air-drying pretreatment. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsIn this review, no-input rice farming in Japan was evaluated from the viewpoint of soil sustainability. It can be concluded that soil fertility under this farming system has been supported by various environmental and management factors, especially the input of K through irrigation, high-clay content in soil, and accumulation of fertilizer P applied previously to the soil. In the case of our no-input trial for 5 years, a significant depletion of mineralizable N and nonexchangeable K was observed after three cropping seasons, and rice growth was limited by soil K supply when the input of K by irrigation was restricted. These results highlight the importance of monitoring the dynamics of multiple soil nutrients for several years. 1. . Comparison of rice yield after various years of cultivation by natural farming. Science. 1999;2:58-64. DOI: 10. 1626/pps. 2. 582. Hosoya K, Sugiyama S. Factors contributing to yield variation among unfertilized paddy fields in northern Japan. of Crop Science. 2016:266-273(in Japanese with English summary). DOI: 10. 1626/jcs. 85. 2663. . Dynamics of and Uptake of Nutrients by in Long-Term no-Fields: from 2014 to 2016 (in Japanese). 2017. Available from: Kyuma K. Science. Kyoto: Press; 2004. 280 p5. Kawasaki I. of Elements from in Japan. Tokyo: Kenkyusho; 1953. 19 p. (in Japanese)6. FAO.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Except these mussels are eyeless, brainless, little brown creatures that few people have ever heard of. For most mussels, conditions are better now than half a century ago, Amacker said. But some are so rare it's hard to imagine they can be saved. I asked Amacker whether it was worth the effort or whether we just need to accept that we must let some species go. The catch in his voice almost made me regret the question. “I'm not going to tell you it's not worth the effort,” he said. “It's more that there's no hope for them. ” He paused, then collected himself. “Who are we to be the ones responsible for letting a species die? ” he went on. “They've been around so long. That's not my answer as a biologist; that's my answer as a human. Who are we to make it happen? ”Rights & PermissionsFrom our and the Reproduction of Birds. David B. Peakall; April 1970. is a freelance writer in Birmingham, Ala. , and a former senior editor at National Geographic, Discover and Scientific American. More by Robert KunzigThis 10. 1038/scientificamerican1123-60with ScienceLearn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today. SubscribeSign up for our newslettersSee the latest storiesRead the latest issueGive a Gift SubscriptionFollow Us:Return & of of cookies/Do not sell my datais part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www. springernature. com/us). maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 2024. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: DOI: Joshi, H. ; Parle, M. Brahmi rasayana improves learning and memory in mice. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2006, 3, 79‒85. DOI: Paulose, C. S. ; Chathu, F. ; Khan, S. R. ; et al. Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract in epilepsy and effect of glucose supplementation during hypoxia: glutamate receptor gene expression. Neurochem. Res. 2008, 33, 1663‒1671. DOI: Nobili, F. ; Vitali, P. ; Canfora, M. ; et al. Effects of long-term Donepezil therapy on rCBF of Alzheimer’s patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2002, 113, 1241‒1248. DOI: Pandey, R. ; Gupta, S. ; Tandon, S. ; et al. suppresses epileptic-like seizure/convulsion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Seizure 2010, 19, 439‒442. DOI: Le, X. T. ; Pham, H. T. ; Do, P. T. ; et al. Bacopa monnieri ameliorates memory deficits in olfactory bulbectomized mice: possible involvement of glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. Neurochem. Res. 2013, 38, 2201‒2215. DOI: Kamkaew, N. ; Norman Scholfield, C. ; Ingkaninan, K. ; et al. Bacopa monnieri increases cerebral blood flow in rat independent of blood pressure. Phytother. Res. 2013, 27, 135‒138. DOI: Dwivedi, S. ; Nagarajan, R. ; Hanif, K. ; et al. of Bacopa monniera in Rats: Effect on Nrf2 Pathway. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 294501. DOI: Malishev, R. ; Nandi, S. ; Kolusheva, S. ; et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Therefore, in order to deal with the challenges of rapid urbanization, urban agriculture is in demand nowadays. The need or importance of urban agriculture is broadly discussed with the following advantages associated with it [5]. 2. 1 Fighting environmental challenges Today, cities consume more than two-thirds of the world’s energy and are responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions. Recently, UA is considered to deal with the difficult situations like climate change as it plays sufficiently in greening the metros and improving the warmer city climate while encouraging the reuse of organic wastes that reduces the urban energy footprint [2]. (WMO) suggested that more urban farming should take place as a response to climate change and as a way to build more resilient cities. UA helps cities to improve the urban environment and become more resilient by [2, 6]:UA reduces the weakness of specific urban groups and diversifies urban food sources and income opportunities of the urban poor and forms a source of innovation and learning about new strategies/technologies for land- and water-efficient food production. UA helps in keeping the open areas covered with greeneries that might reduce the severity of the climatic conditions. UA also makes the microclimate worth living and also forbids the construction of buildings on risky areas, and by this not only flooding, landslides, and other disasters are reduced but also urban biodiversity and living conditions are improved. Such open green spaces also help to control storm water flows by allowing water storage and increased infiltration of excess storm water [7]. In these open green spaces in and around urban areas, food production can be combined with other services to city dwellers, such as agro-tourism or park and landscape maintenance, e. g. , “productive parks. ”UA produces fresh green foods that reduces the green-house gas emission and also uses limited energy in the process of getting food from the farm to the plate in industrially developed countries [8]. Productive reuse of waste water in UA helps to combat the freshwater crisis and also saves rivers, canals, and other water bodies from being polluted by the waste water. On the other hand, waste water as a source of irrigation might decrease the risk of water scarcity [9]. Use of urban waste water as a source of irrigation will help to adapt to risks of drought and flood. Urban waste water can be recycled for irrigation/fertilization of horticultural crops, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --temporal characterisation and compensation method based on CNN and LSTM for residential travel data View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2035 Published 2024-05-14 Accepted 2024-04-11 Received 2024-01-16 and Analysis of and data analysis, analysis, © 2024 Alhudhaif and This is an open access 2024. Spatio-temporal characterisation and compensation method based on CNN and LSTM for residential travel data. PeerJ 10:e2035 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 0. 03% of the real data, the simulation results have a large error with the real scenario. (2) Statistical estimation method. Statistical extrapolation is a method of predicting the future travel situation through historical data, which can generate travel data by analyzing the historical data to predict future travel behavior. However, it is difficult and less accurate to estimate individual travel behavior from historical data of group travel. (3) GPS data mining method: GPS data mining method is a method to deduce the travel behavior of travelers by analyzing GPS track data, which can generate travel data by using the information of speed, direction, and location in GPS track data to judge the travel mode and travel purpose of travelers. However, considering user privacy issues, the method blurs the OD data through aggregation and makes data cleaning difficult due to the large amount of data and blurred data. These methods perform well on small-scale or low-dimensional data, but their efficiency and accuracy are limited when dealing with complex urban transport data. Deep learning technology has made remarkable progress in recent years and has been widely used in fields such as image recognition and natural language processing. By simulating the way the human brain processes information, it effectively handles large-scale and complex data sets. Deep learning shows excellent ability in feature extraction, pattern recognition, etc. , and provides a new perspective for traffic simulation. Convolutional neural network (CNN) has certain advantages in processing spatiotemporal data analysis, especially suitable for spatiotemporal feature analysis and compensation of resident travel data. Here are some advantages of using CNN for this analysis: (1) Extracting spatial features: CNN can effectively learn and extract spatial features from data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Bacoside-A, an anti-amyloid natural substance, inhibits membrane disruption by the amyloidogenic determinant of prion protein through accelerating fibril formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2016, 1858, 2208‒2214. DOI: Abdul Manap, A. S. ; Vijayabalan, S. ; Madhavan, P. ; et al. Bacopa monnieri, a in Alzheimer Disease: A Review on Its Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Insights 2019, 13, 1177392819866412. DOI: Swathi, G. ; Rajendra, W. Protective role of Bacopa monnieri on induced Parkinson’s disease with particular reference to catecholamine system. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 6, 379‒382. Singh, B. ; Pandey, S. ; Rumman, M. ; et al. Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Parkinson’s disease model. Metab. Brain Dis. 2020, 35, 517‒525. DOI: Komali, E. ; Venkataramaiah, C. ; Rajendra, W. Antiepileptic potential of Bacopa monnieri in the rat brain during PTZ-induced epilepsy with reference to cholinergic system and ATPases. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2020, 11, 137‒143. DOI: Mathew, J. ; Balakrishnan, S. ; Antony, S. ; et al. Decreased GABA receptor in the cerebral cortex of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A. J. Biomed. Sci. 2012, 19, 25. DOI: Mathew, J. ; Gangadharan, G. ; Kuruvilla, K. P. ; et al. Behavioral deficit and decreased GABA receptor functional regulation in the hippocampus of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri. Neurochem. Res. 2011, 36, 7‒16. DOI: Mathew, J. ; Paul, J. ; Nandhu, M. S. ; et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: 4 Proper land use In addition to climate change and urbanization, food production is confronted with decrease in productive agricultural land. Large-scale urban food production could provide opportunities and take the pressure off agricultural land. Consequently, researchers and practitioners are aiming to separate arable land from production and produce food on a larger scale in and on buildings in high-density urban areas. Scientists visualized the “edible city” and introduced the concept of continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL), recommending the coherent introduction of interlinked productive landscapes into cities as an essential element of sustainable urban infrastructure. One major challenge of urban food production is land availability and access. Principally, there might be large resources of land that could be made accessible for agricultural purposes, but for densely built-up areas and where availability of space often limits the area of production unit, no-space or low-space technologies provide opportunities for space-confined growing [5, 10, 11]. Besides its so many advantages, there are some disadvantages of UA associated with potential health risks [2]:Reuse of contaminated, untreated irrigation water from urban streams gives rise to potential health risks. This can be managed through complementary health risk reduction measures as explained in the 2006 WHO guidelines for safe use of excreta and waste water. Insufficient or improper management of livestock leads to health risks. Proper management of animals, manure, urine, and slaughterhouse procedures will reduce the rate of the associated health risks. Intensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides in UA may lead to residues of agrochemicals in crops or in the groundwater. The risk mainly occurs in areas with commercial urban farming. In subsistence and semicommercial urban farming, this risk is limited because the producers rarely apply agrochemicals due to poverty. They use composted organic wastes as they prefer a clean product for self-consumption. Advertisement 3. Vertical farming: an urban farming technology With rapid worldwide population growth, there is scarcity of agricultural lands. It increases the demand for both more food and more land to grow food. But some entrepreneurs and farmers are beginning to find a solution to this problem, one of which can be found in the abandoned warehouses in our cities, in new buildings built on environmentally damaged lands, and even in used shipping containers from ocean transports. This solution is called vertical farming, which is an UA technology involving growing crops in controlled indoor environments, with precise light, nutrients, and temperatures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In residential travel data, spatial information is crucial, as factors such as traffic conditions and population density in different regions can affect travel patterns. CNN can recognize and extract these spatial features through convolution operations. (2) Capture temporal information: CNN can process temporal data and capture temporal patterns in the data. In resident travel data, time information is an important dimension, such as traffic flow and travel purposes at different time periods. CNN can capture and learn these temporal patterns through pooling operations and multi-layer structures. (3) Adapting to complex relationships: CNN can learn complex nonlinear relationships. In residential travel data, there are complex correlations between different factors, such as weather, holidays, transportation facilities, etc. , which can all affect travel behavior. CNN has sufficient flexibility and expressive power to learn and model these complex relationships. (4) Processing multi-scale data: CNN has a multi-level structure and can handle data of different scales. In resident travel data, there may be spatial and temporal information of different granularities, such as city level, regional level, hour level, minute level, etc. CNN can process data of different scales through convolutional kernels of different sizes and pooling operations. (5) Automatic feature learning: CNN can automatically learn features, reducing the need for manual feature engineering. In residential travel data, there may be a large number of features that are difficult and time-consuming to manually extract. CNN can automatically learn the optimal feature representation through a backpropagation algorithm. In this regard, this 1. Time series data include traffic flow, vehicle speed, traveling time, etc. These data are usually recorded by time stamp (date and time) and stored in CSV or Excel format. Spatial data, on the other hand, covers information such as road network structure, traffic signal locations, and traffic hotspots, which are usually stored in GIS data formats such as Shapefile or GeoJSON, or as image data (e. g. , traffic heat maps). Table 1: Preparatory data. Data type Example content Data format Time series data Traffic flow and speed CSV, data Road network and traffic lights data DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-1 The input data used by CNN: The CNN part is mainly used to process spatial features, so the input data includes satellite images of road networks, traffic heat maps, or graphical representations of traffic flow distribution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: 2021, 35, 5668‒5679. DOI: Konar, A. ; Gautam, A. ; Thakur, M. K. Bacopa monniera (CDRI-08) Upregulates the Expression of Neuronal and Markers in the Brain of Amnesic Mice. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2015, 2015, 837012. DOI: Sabina, E. P. ; Peter, S. J. ; Prathap, S. ; et al. A comparison of hepatoprotective activity of Bacoside to Silymarin treatment against a combined Isoniazid and Rifampin-induced hepatotoxicity in female Wistar rats. J. Histotechnol. 2019, 42, 128‒136. DOI: Channa, S. ; Dar, A. ; Anjum, S. ; et al. Atta-Ur-Rahman. Anti-inflammatory activity of Bacopa monniera in rodents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 104, 286‒289. DOI: Khan, A. V. ; Ahmed, Q. U. ; Shukla, I. ; et al. Antibacterial efficacy of Bacopa monnieri leaf extracts against pathogenic bacteria. 2010, 4, 651‒655. DOI: Fazlul, M. K. K. ; Deepthi, S. P. ; Irfan, M. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of various extracts of Bacopa monnieri. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2019, 11, 1698–1702 Prabhakar, S. ; Saraf, M. K. ; Pandhi, P. ; et al. Bacopa monniera exerts antiamnesic effect on diazepam-induced anterograde amnesia in mice. Psychopharmacology 2008, 200, 27‒37. DOI: Gudipati, T. ; Srivastava, P. ; Bhadauria, R. ; et al. Hepatoprotective potential of in vitro Bacopa monnieri (L. ) against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice. Int. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: In vertical farming, growing plants are arranged in layers that may reach several stories high. Although small-scale, residential vertical gardening (including window farms) is under practice for several years, commercial-scale vertical farms have become an important topic of discussion for the past few years in the United States. This new farming technology is growing rapidly, and entrepreneurs in many cities are taking an interest in this innovative farming system [12]. Vertical farming is gaining its importance throughout several urban cities around the world due to the beneficial role it plays in the field of agriculture. Vertical farming can reduce the transportation costs due to its adjacency to the buyer; planned production of herbs and their growing conditions can be enhanced by adjusting the temperature, humidity, lighting conditions, etc. Indoor farming in a controlled environment needs much less amount of water than outdoor farming because it involves recycling of waste water. Because of these features, vertical farming is widely implemented initially in desert and drought-stricken regions, such as some countries, Africa, Israel, Japan, and the Netherlands [13]. Advertisement 4. Types of vertical farms 4. 1 is the predominant growing system used in vertical farms, involving growing plants in nutrient solutions that are devoid of soil. The plant roots are submerged in a nutrient solution, which is frequently examined and circulated to ensure that the correct chemical composition is maintained [12]. Urban hydroponics is not a recent invention. Gardens of Babylon and the of the Aztecs were beautifying the cities for quite a long period of time. Also, fruits and vegetables were cultivated in those areas. Nowadays, modern cities use urban hydroponics for physical and psychological relaxation. It is also plays an important role in managing the urban environment. In areas with arid climate, it increases humidity and lowers temperatures. It also captures dust and polluted air by the foliage of the plants. It contributes to the reduction of the overall discharge of CO2, hence preventing global warming to some extent. Hydroponics gardens are usually constructed vertically because city space is limited. Apart from immediate improvement in the environmental quality, vertical farms on top of traditional buildings serve as large heat sinks that radiate heat and increase ambient air temperature; hydroponic systems thermoregulate buildings by trapping heat in the winter and cooling buildings in the summer. The air quality inside the house can also be improved by growing plants on interior walls.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: These data can help the model understand the distribution patterns of traffic flow in different geographical regions, such as the congestion situation of major traffic roads and intersections in cities. The input data used by LSTM: The LSTM part is used to process time series data, and the input data mainly includes traffic information about time changes, such as historical traffic flow, speed, accident reports, etc. This part of the data enables the model to capture the dynamic changes in traffic flow over time, including seasonal changes, daily peak hour changes, and so on. Through this approach, the model can simultaneously consider the spatial and temporal dimensions of traffic data, thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of traffic state prediction. In our study, the image data used mainly came from urban traffic monitoring cameras, and the resolution of these images is usually 640 × 480 pixels. For traffic flow and other related time series data, we collect data every 5 min, covering a time range of several consecutive months. All data has undergone appropriate preprocessing steps, including standardization, before being input into the model to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of model training. We promise to provide more detailed data specifications and descriptions of preprocessing methods in future work, so that readers and other researchers can better understand and reproduce our research results. Data pre-processing We carried out a meticulous data preprocessing exercise to ensure that CNN and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) could effectively process the data. First, we removed all irrelevant and duplicate records from the dataset. For missing values, we carefully analyzed the data according to their characteristics and importance and selected the most suitable filling method or directly deleted the records containing missing values. In addition, we unified the format of all the data to ensure that the CNN could process the spatial data, and at the same time, we ensured that the time-series data conformed to the input format of the LSTM. To reduce the possible effects of different magnitudes of data, we standardized or normalized all numerical data. Finally, we identified and dealt with outliers through data visualization techniques to improve data quality, thus laying a solid foundation for the next model training. Algorithm 1 describes the specific algorithm steps.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: phototaxic suppression (APS) assay is a behavioral assay in which photopositive fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are trained to avoid light using quinine as an aversive stimulus. This conditioned behavior is found to be impaired by sleep deprivation in D. melanogaster. This study tested whether supplementation with Bacopa monnieri can counter this impairment. Three sublethal and effective concentrations of B. monnieri supplement (4. 62 × 10−4 g/ ml, 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml) were given to test groups of non-sleep-deprived (slp+) and sleep-deprived (slp−) flies subjected to the APS assay. The extent of learning and short-term memory (STM) retention was based on average pass rates (APRs) defined as the number of trials that each fly exhibited a photonegative response before and after conditioning. B. monnieri supplement improved the APR of both slp+ and slp− flies as compared to the unsupplemented flies. These effects were found to be dose-dependent from the low- to the mid-level (4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml to 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml) concentrations of the supplement on D. melanogaster learning and STM retention. Supplementing fly food with B. monnieri improved learning and STM of slp− flies with learning and STM deficits caused by sleep deprivation. The slp− flies given B. monnieri supplementation had higher learning rates and longer STM retention than slp+ flies without B. monnieri supplementation. Unexpectedly, slp− flies given B. monnieri supplementation had the same learning and STM retention levels as slp+ flies also given B. monnieri supplementation. Bacopa monnieri supplementation enhances both the learning capacities and the STM retention of both non-sleep-deprived and sleep-deprived fruit flies. Advantageous effects were dose-dependent for both learning and STM retention. Keyword: Aversive phototaxic suppression Drosophila melanogaster Bacopa monnieri short-term memory. Citation:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: In some modern cities, for example in Bangkok, the concrete roads and railway overpasses are covered with hydroponically grown ornamentals. Also commercial centers are decorated with indoor hydroponics for an improved air quality inside [14]. 4. 2 hydroponic system is taken one step forward by another system called aquaponics which combines plants and fish in the same ecosystem. The nutrient-rich wastes produced by the indoor-grown fish serve as feed source of the plants present in the vertical farm. On the other hand, the plant filters and purifies the waste water which is then recycled into the fish tanks [12]. This combination of systems is cheaper and easier as mineral nutrients are not be purchased and the plants are growing totally organically and moreover no additional expenses are required to clean the fish tanks and there is no scene of pesticides harming the fish. Thus, aquaponics is not only cost-effective but also diseases in the systems can be reduced and a very suitable urban farming technology can be formed. Canadian scientist Savidov explained that possibly the organic components in the system make the trace elements readily available to the plant for proper growth and thus recirculating aquaponic system decreases root diseases in the crop with increased crop yield from aquaponics compared with conventional hydroponics. Also fruits and vegetables grown in aquaponic system qualify for organic product certification very easily since no pesticides and fertilizers are used in this system. Some scientists are planning to construct vertical farms in skyscrapers and have created the name sky farming. Such buildings may also incorporate aquaponics to ensure a good source of fresh fish [14]. 4. 3 innovative indoor growing technique was first developed by the (NASA). In the 1990s, NASA started finding efficient ways to grow plants in space and coined the term “aeroponics. ” Aeroponic systems are still in a growing phase in the vertical farming world, however gaining interest gradually. It is an efficient plant-growing system in vertical farms, using up to 90% less water than other efficient hydroponic systems. Plants grown in these aeroponic systems take up more minerals and vitamins, making the plants healthier and more nutritious [12]. In tropical hot and humid climate, it is difficult to grow temperate vegetables like lettuce. Geoff Wilson, an agricultural journalist and Australia’s representative of a group of 16 national organizations for an international organization, has reported in an 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: _______________________ Algorithm 1 Data Preprocessing___________________________________________________________ 1: Initialize D′ as an empty dataset 2: for each record d in D do 3: if d is a duplicate then 4: Remove d from D 5: else 6: for each feature f in d do 7: if f is missing then 8: if f is an important feature then 9: Fill f using interpolation methods 10: else 11: Remove d from D 12: Go to the next record 13: end if 14: end if 15: end for 16: if d is valid then 17: d to match CNN and LSTM input formats tf and sf 18: Normalize numerical features in d 19: Handle anomalies in d using visualisation techniques 20: Add processed d to D′ 21: end if 22: end if 23: end for 24: return D′______________________________________________ this study, a traffic data analysis model combining a CNN and a LSTM is proposed. The model aims to take advantage of the powerful spatial feature extraction capability of CNNs and the strength of LSTMs in time series analysis to more accurately predict and analyse analyze urban traffic flow patterns. Figure 1 depicts the architecture of the deep learning model constructed in this study, which incorporates a CNN and a LSTM designed to perform comprehensive analysis of urban traffic data. In the first stage of the model, the input traffic image data is preprocessed to fit the input requirements of the CNN and passed through multiple convolutional layers containing filters of different sizes to capture spatial patterns ranging from coarse to fine-grained. Each convolutional layer is followed by a pooling layer to reduce the feature dimensions and enhance the invariance properties of the model. After layers of convolution and pooling, the resulting spatial feature map significantly reduces the dimensionality of the data while maintaining key spatial information. Figure 1: Model architecture: (A) Beijing traffic heat map (B) Beijing traffic flow map. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-1 Next, these CNN-processed spatial features are fed into the LSTM network. At this stage, the model focuses on analyzing the features over time, using the recursive structure of the LSTM network to capture the dynamic dependencies of time-series data, such as traffic flow and speed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Bacopa monnieri supplementation increases learning and short-term memory retention of sleep-deprived Drosophila melanogaster. J Sci, 2020; 10(12):104–110. Copyright: © The Author(s). This is an open-access 4. 62 g/ml value was computed relative to the weight of the flies, equivalent to 125 mg for human (the dose is administered to humans twice a day). Two tenfold higher values and two tenfold lower values were included in the series of test dosages for the lethality test. Three sublethal concentrations were chosen for the experiment proper: 4. 62 × 10-4 g/ml, 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml, and were labeled as low, mid, and high, respectively. Flies were raised in the media containing a specific dose of the B. monnieri supplement at 25°C. The supplement was added into the media when it cooled down to 60°C and before it solidified. Sleep deprivation procedurePrior to sleep deprivation, 7-day-old female flies were individually selected for positive phototaxis. The flies, fed with and without B. monnieri supplement, were sleep-deprived using a sleep nullifying apparatus (SNAP) adapted from Shaw et al. (2000). The flies were individually placed inside test tubes that contain appropriate media and were positioned on the rack of the SNAP. The SNAP moves the rack up and down every 4 seconds such that flies in the test tubes were displaced during the dropping movement and prevented from sleeping. The sleep deprivation process was done for 10 hours (12:00 AM to 10:00 AM). Sensitivity tests for confounding stressQuinine sensitivityA 1 × 4-cm filter paper was soaked in 1 µM quinine solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and placed inside the lighted tube of the T-maze, two centimeters from the opening of the tube. The other tube was covered in aluminum foil to serve as the darkened tube. These two tubes were screwed on opposite sides of the center column of the T-maze. A fly was placed inside the dark tube for 5 minutes before being allowed to move to the lighted tube. The time in seconds it took for the fly to move toward the lighted tube with quinine was recorded.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: 4 Vertical farming systems can be further classified on the basis of structure that houses the system 4. 4. 1 Building-based vertical farms These are the types of vertical farms constructed in abandoned buildings in urban areas. For example, Chicago’s “The Plant” vertical farm was constructed in an old pork-packing plant. Vertical farms are also constructed in new buildings. A new multistory vertical farm is built to an existing parking lot structure in downtown Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Here, vegetables are grown throughout the year in the 13,500-square-foot hydroponic greenhouse for sale to restaurants, to local grocery stores, and also directly to consumers [12]. 4. 4. 2 Shipping-container vertical farms These types of vertical farms are becoming popular day by day. They use 40-foot shipping containers that carry goods around the world and house vertical farms with LED lights, drip irrigation systems, and vertically stacked shelves for growing a variety of plants. It contains computer-controlled growth management systems that allow users to examine all systems from a smartphone or computer. The three leading companies producing shipping-container vertical farms are Freight Farms, CropBox, and Growtainers [12]. Advertisement 5. Advantages of vertical farming Despommier mentioned a number of environmental and social advantages in his book called “Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century. ” The advantages are summarized below [15]:Vertical farming ensures production of greens all year round in nontropical countries and is better than normal farming. Despommier stated that 1 acre of vertical farm can produce products almost equal to the amount of products produced by 30 acres of normal farmland on considering the number of crops produced each season. Vertical farming involves reduction or abandonment of the use of herbicides and pesticides. In some cases, vertical farming uses ladybugs and other biological controls when required. As the crops in a vertical farm are grown under a controlled environment, they are safe from extreme weather conditions such as droughts, hail, and floods. Hydroponic growing techniques help in water conservation by using about 70% less water than normal agriculture. Indoor farming reduces or eliminates the use of tractors and other large farm equipment that are commonly used on outdoor farms, thus reducing the burning of fossil fuel. According to Despommier, large-scale vertical farming could result in a significant reduction in air pollution and in CO2 emissions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Due to the special design of LSTM, it can effectively deal with long-term temporal dependencies, thus capturing deeper temporal dynamic features. Spatial and temporal features are integrated into a fusion layer, which uses specific fusion strategies such as weighted sums or concatenation to combine information from the CNN and LSTM. The fused features are then passed through a series of fully connected layers capable of learning non-linear combinations between features for higher levels of abstraction. In the final stage of the model, an output layer is responsible for converting the processed data into a traffic pattern prediction that can assist in traffic management decisions. The model demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in traffic data analysis through an exhaustive training and validation process, providing an innovative solution for real-time traffic state prediction and traffic congestion problems. Extracting spatial features using are widely used in the traffic domain due to their ability to extract spatial features from image data. CNNs can automatically learn the hierarchical features of a traffic scene, from simple edges to complex road and vehicle patterns, through their convolutional layers. This feature allows CNNs to exhibit strong generalization capabilities when processing traffic images and to identify key traffic features in different environments. Due to the complexity of traffic data, traditional feature engineering is time-consuming and often relies on expert knowledge. CNN’s automatic feature extraction mechanism overcomes this limitation and provides an efficient solution for in-depth analysis of traffic states. Therefore, given its superior feature extraction capability and automation characteristics, this study selects CNN as the core technology for traffic image data analysis. CNN architecture This study uses a CNN model containing three convolutional layers to extract spatial features of traffic images. Each convolutional layer uses a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function and is connected to a maximum pooling operation. The convolutional layer architecture is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Convolutional layer architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-2 First convolutional layer configuration. This layer employs 64 filters of size 3 × 3 with the step size set to 1 to ensure that detailed features in the traffic image, such as vehicle shapes and road edges, are captured. In addition, zero padding was used to maintain the size of the feature map. After each convolution operation, the ReLU activation function was applied to provide nonlinear processing capabilities to help the network learn more complex feature representations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: The APR or the mean of all the pass rates of the 30 flies per treatment group was then obtained together with its standard deviation and error. These values were then used to represent the percent learning and memory retention in the descriptive statistical methods that were carried out. Statistical analysisA two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to detect if the differences in obtained APRs were significant due to B. monnieri supplementation, sleep deprivation, and the interaction of the two. In addition, the Bonferroni method was used as a pairwise comparison for each treatment group using the level of significance (α) which was set at 0. 05 for all statistical tests used. study presents the first report, to our knowledge, on the effects of B. monnieri supplementation in learning and in STM of sleep-deprived flies. In this study, we utilized Drosophila as a model of learning and memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation and hypothesized that B. monnieri may counter the impairment brought by sleep deprivation. Our study showed that sleep deprivation reduced both learning and STM retention in flies. With B. monnieri treatment, results showed that B. monnieri supplement improved the learning and the STM retention of both sleep-deprived and non-sleep-deprived flies. Future efforts on the animal model may then relate the results obtained to better evaluate the effects of these nootropics on humans in conditions like jet lag, sleep deprivation, and night shift-requiring jobs. Bacopa monnieri supplementation converted to fly dosages is sublethalThe lethality test showed that the negative control (i. e. , no B. monnieri supplement) had a 100% survival rate after seven days (Figure 1). The three lower concentrations, 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml, among the five concentrations tested exhibited survival rates close to the negative control, with the highest of these three concentrations obtaining 86. 67% survival rate or 26 out of 30 flies. These three concentrations were determined to be sublethal and used further in the next phase of the experimentation. The remaining two higher concentrations, 4. 62 × 10−1 g/ml and 4. 62 g/ml, of the five concentrations tested, had survival rates of 60. 00% and 53. 33%, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming is people friendly. Some hazards that can be avoided in vertical farming are accidents while operating heavy farming equipment and exposure to harmful chemicals. Advertisement 6. Disadvantages of vertical farming Apart from so many advantages, there are many critics of the vertical farming described by the scientists. They claimed that there are a number of problems in vertical farming. The challenges to vertical farming may be summarized as follows [13]:Start-up costs are high in order to purchase land in central business districts. The number of crops grown is sometimes less than rural farming. Production volumes are also not as large as conventional farming and scaling-up may add cost and complexity. Raising investment capitals and training a skilled workforce are also challenges in vertical farming. Advertisement 7. World-wide implementation of urban agriculture/vertical farming Scientists explored the motivations for urban gardening in Germany by screening 657 urban gardening project websites and characterized the types of gardeners, cultivation methods, and consumer behavior. The study also highlighted the “terrabioponic smart-garden system” where the plants grow in natural soil and in organic nutrient solution, which may facilitate social transition toward bio economy [16]. Also scientists from the reported that vertical farming system has increased the yield of lettuce per unit area as compared to traditional horizontal hydroponics [17]. Agriculture and food production activities in the cities of Mexico can contribute in reducing carbon footprint by creating green environment and better land use [18]. Case study 1: The world’s largest indoor vertical farm, AeroFarms, is located in Newark, New Jersey, which grows more than 2 million pounds of greens per year without sunlight, soil or pesticides. Instead of using a huge quantity of water to grow plants, AeroFarms system sprays nutrient-rich mist to the plants. Seeds are sown, germinated, and grown on reusable sheets of cloth and are stretched out over trays stacked vertically. LED lights are used instead of the sun, and the exposure is controlled depending upon the maturity of the plant [12]. Case study 2: founded Farm. One in the year 2016 in order to grow rare and hard-to-find produce to the chefs and restaurants in the middle of City. The first farm was set up at the Institute of (ICE) in downtown Manhattan, and the second farm is in Tribeca. It uses hydroponics and LED lights and aims to grow rare produce every year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Next, a 2 × 2 window was used for the maximum pooling operation, with the step size set to 2, to reduce the dimensionality of the feature maps and improve computational efficiency. Second convolutional layer configuration. In deeper network structure, the second convolutional layer uses 128 5 × 5 filters with a step size of 1, and no zero padding is applied. This layer aims to extract higher level higher-leve features such as traffic density and traffic flow direction. Again, the ReLU activation function is used to introduce nonlinearities and maximum pooling of the same size and step size is performed. Third convolutional layer configuration. The last convolutional layer is configured with 256 7 × 7 filters with a step size of 1 and no zero padding, with the aim of extracting to extrac global features in the image, such as the overall traffic scene layout. The ReLU activation function and the 2 × 2 max-pooling operation are again used to extract the key features and reduce the feature dimensions. The configuration of these layers is chosen to enable layer-by-layer feature extraction from the concrete to the abstract, with each layer designed to balance the model’s representational capabilities with computational efficiency. The use of the ReLU activation function reduces the problem of gradient vanishing during the training process, while both the increasing number of filters and the decreasing pooling operation help the model to learn learning more complex traffic patterns while retaining key spatial information. Choice of activation function. To enhance the nonlinear capability of the model in extracting spatial features in traffic images, this study employs a modified linear unit (ReLU) activation function after each convolutional layer. The ReLU function, by its definition f(x) = max(0,x), can effectively set the negative part of the input signal to zero while keeping the positive part unchanged. This property not only reduces the computational complexity but also maintains a large gradient during the backpropagation process, avoiding the problem of gradient vanishing that is common in deep networks. In addition, the linear property of ReLU in the positive interval accelerates the convergence speed and makes the model training more efficient. In the application of traffic image analysis, the complexity of the traffic scene requires that the model must quickly adapt to a large amount of high-dimensional data. Therefore, the simplicity and efficiency of ReLU make it an ideal choice for improving the performance of traffic data analysis models. Pooling operation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: APR values of all sleep-deprived treatment groups for both learning and STM retention significantly decreased (p < 0. 05) in comparison with the APR values of non-sleep-deprived groups. The APR values of the slp−/Bm− treatment group for learning and STM retention were 45. 92% and 47. 33%, respectively (Fig. 3). The number of trials it takes for a specific fly to learn in the slp−/Bm− treatment group was significantly lower (p < 0. 05) from the slp+/Bm− group. This finding indicates that low motivation is an unlikely reason for the impairment of learning. On the other hand, the decline in STM retention may be attributed to the deficit in mushroom body (MB) plasticity (Seugnet et al. , 2009) during episodic memory encoding, resulting in impairment of subsequent retention. Two factors are most likely to contribute to learning and memory deficits following sleep loss: excessive synaptic potentiation and dysregulated reinforcement from dopaminergic neurons in the MB. In Drosophila, dopaminergic neurons project arborizations to the MB neuropile where they influence aversive learning (Seugnet et al. , 2009). Previous studies have shown that dopaminergic neurons in the MBs play a role in decision-making under conflicting situations (Tang and Guo, 2001) and may signal the aversive stimulus to the MBs in olfactory conditioning (Riemensperger et al. , 2005). Interestingly, flies in the APS assay also face a conflicting choice between their prepotent attraction toward light and the aversive stimulus. The decrease in learning and STM retention in sleep-deprived fruit flies is similar to cognitive impairments observed in sleep-deprived humans (Belenky et al. , 2003). Supplementation of B. monnieri increases learning in non-sleep-deprived and sleep-deprived fliesThe B. monnieri supplement is purported to enhance learning. All treatment groups with B. monnieri supplementation had increased APR values in comparison to the one without B. monnieri supplementation. The slp+/Bm+ mid concentration-treatment group obtained the highest APR of 81. 48% (Fig. 4). The mid and high concentration APR values were significantly higher (p < 0. 05) than the APR values of the low concentration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: The company supplies rare herbs, edible flowers and microgreens to some of the best chefs in [19]. Case study 3: One of the world’s first commercial vertical farms named was built in Singapore. This vertical farm produces one ton of vegetables every other day. Large varieties of tropical vegetables like Chinese cabbage, spinach, lettuce, xia bai cai, bayam, kang kong, cai xin, gai lan, and nai bai are grown. uses a hydraulic system called “A Go-Gro,” which consists of 6-m-tall hydraulic water-driven A-shaped towers. Each tower contains 22–26 tiers of growing troughs, and is spun around the aluminum frame at a speed of 1 mm/sec for a steady radiation of sunlight, proper air flow, and irrigation for all the edibles growing in the tower. The rotation system is powered by a unique gravity-aided water-pulley system that uses only 1 L of water per 16-hour cycle, which is collected in a rainwater-fed reservoir. The water used in powering the frames is recycled and filtered before returning to the plants. The organic wastes produced on the farm are composted and reused [19]. Advertisement 8. Concept of urban agriculture/vertical farming in is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables, and many other agricultural products. In India, vertical farming has been introduced in recent times. Experts from of (ICAR) are working on the concept of “vertical farming” which can be implemented in metros like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai [20]. 8. 1 Current scenario of urban agriculture/vertical farming in at in Nadia, West Bengal, had initial success on growing brinjal and tomato hydroponically on a small scale. Punjab also has succeeded in producing potato tubers through vertical farming [20]. In cities like Cuttack and Nagpur, the slum dwellers performed organic farming on terrace and plots and sold the surplus products to the local markets. In Delhi, on the fertile banks of Yamuna River, extensive farming is going on in spite of the fact that farmers do not have any legal sanction to do farming there. In Hyderabad, farmers living along the banks of use water from the river for urban farming and contributed rice and vegetables to the market [21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In this study, to effectively reduce the number of parameters in the model and enhance its robustness to spatial variability, we employ a maximum pooling operation of 2 × 2 size with a step size of 2 after each convolutional layer. The maximum pooling method selects the maximum value of each 2 × 2 window in the feature map, which is particularly suitable for emphasizing salient features in traffic images, such as vehicle concentration areas and traffic congestion points. In addition, we chose the strategy of not using padding (Valid Padding) to reduce the influence of the edges of the feature maps, thus making the model more focused on the essential features in the central region of the traffic image. This decision helps the model to focus on the core traffic dynamics rather than the edge parts of the image when analyzing urban traffic flow patterns, thus improving the model’s prediction accuracy and generalization ability in complex urban traffic environments. Application of LSTM for processing time series. In order to parse the time series properties in traffic data, this study introduces the LSTM. The LSTM can learn the long-term dependencies in time series through its structure’s forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates, thus effectively capturing the dynamics of traffic flow, speed, and other traffic metrics over time. Specifically, the update of an LSTM cell can be formulated as follows: (1) f t = σ W f ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b f (2) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (3) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (4) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t (5) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (6) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where, ft, it, ot is the forget gate, input gate and output gate respectively, σ is the sigmoid function, C ̃ t C t is the cell state and ht is the hidden state. LSTM was chosen over other models, such as traditional RNN, because it is more effective in handling long-term sequence data and can better avoid the gradient vanishing problem.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: However, the difference between the mid and high concentrations was found to be not significant (p > 0. 05). Although the APR values obtained in the slp−/Bm+ groups were lower compared to the APR values of the slp+/Bm+ groups (Fig. 5), this difference was not significant (p > 0. 05). There was no interaction between sleep deprivation and B. monnieri supplementation that may affect the rates obtained (p < 0. 01). The B. monnieri supplement increases learning in sleep-deprived flies at the same level as their non-sleep-deprived counterparts even at low concentration. The results demonstrate that B. monnieri supplement makes up for the deficiency of learning caused by sleep deprivation. The increase in learning of flies fed with B. monnieri was dose-dependent, where the optimal effect was reached at the mid concentration used. The groups fed with B. monnieri supplement had a faster learning rate in the learning phase (phase I), where evidence of learning was observed as early as trial 2. This is indicative of better learning capacities of flies supplemented with B. monnieri than flies without B. monnieri supplement. Figure 4. APR values for learning and STM retention of non-sleep-deprived D. melanogaster show an increase (p < 0. 05) in learning and STM retention in slp+/Bm+ compared to slp+/Bm− (n = 30). Low dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, middle dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml and high dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml. Error bars represent standard error (SE) values. [Click here to view] Figure 5. A B. monnieri altered learning and memory of D. melanogaster. APR values of all sleep-deprived treatment groups decreased in comparison to the APR values of non-sleep-deprived groups. All treatment groups with B. monnieri supplementation had increased (p < 0. 05) APR values in comparison to the no supplementation group (n = 30). Low dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−4 g/ml, middle dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−3 g/ml, and high dosage corresponds to 4. 62 × 10−2 g/ml.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: In the urban areas of Tripura, to help the youth for income generation, a prototype model on “vertical farming system” was developed. The area of the structure was about 630 sq. ft. with two floors and two galleries. The ground floor contained two cages (50 sq. ft. each) at both corners that accommodated 100 layer chicks. The central space (140 sq. ft) housed 200 bird broiler/layer chicks per batch. Eight goats were kept on the first floor (140 sq. ft. ) area. There were also 12 rabbits kept in hanging cages (4 sq. ft. each). Proper drainage facility was provided to collect wastes with storage facility where it was decomposed and used for manuring the pots. tanks were constructed above the rabbit cages which were the source of nutrient to the goat as well as the birds. Ten benches (30 cm each) were kept on both sides of the structure which contained 160 pots for growing small fodder, vegetables, and spices. A water tank of 400 L capacity was also provided on top of the structure for storing water for animals and poultry and also providing irrigation to each pot through drip irrigation system [22]. Ideafarms is an Indian design-in-tech company which produces vertical farm products, and the produce is of high quality and organic and the supply is huge. A Bengaluru-based start-up company named Greenopia is selling kits with self-watering pots, enriched soil, and better quality seeds. A Mumbai-based start-up firm U-is using hydroponic gardening technique to build vertical farm for an individual apartment or for a supermarket [20]. Vertical farming is definitely a solution to critical problems in Indian farming like lack of supply of farm produce, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and even unemployment. But there are some challenges: The initial huge cost of infrastructure for implementing vertical farming in India is difficult. Vertical farming in India has to face other challenges like public awareness, technical knowledge, and high cost of managing and maintaining the vertical farm systems [20]. Advertisement 9. farming, both vertical farming or farming on vacant open spaces, can be a favorable way for ensuring food security in India and around the world in the future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This is crucial for this study because time-series features of traffic data often contain complex time-dependent relationships that are critical for accurately predicting traffic flow and status. LSTM processing of time series This study uses a LSTM network to process the time-series features of traffic data. The LSTM efficiently manages the long-term storage and short-term memory of information through its unique gating structure, including forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates. At each time step, the LSTM cell decides which information is retained or forgotten and how new information is integrated into the cell state. This enables the LSTM to capture complex time dependencies such as fluctuations in traffic flow and speed over time, thus providing strong support for traffic flow prediction and analysis. The LSTM architecture is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: LSTM architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-3 As shown in Fig. 3, the LSTM network architecture used in this 1. Wf and bf are the weights and biases of the forgetting gate, respectively, ht−1 represents the hidden state of the previous time step, and xt represents the input of the current time step. The output of this gate determines which information from the previous state is retained and which is forgotten. This mechanism allows the LSTM to dynamically adjust its memory to selectively retain information critical for predicting future traffic flows and trends in response to the needs of traffic data analysis. Input gate. The input gate of the LSTM in this study is responsible for deciding which new information will be added to the cell state. The configuration of the input gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function that ensures that the output value is between 0 and 1. Specifically, the operation of the input gate is described by the following equation: (8) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (9) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (10) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t where it denotes the input to the input gate, C ̃ t denotes the candidate cell state, and Ct denotes the updated cell state.

Output: pass