Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: majority of the 153 overrepresented bactNOGs have no known function, or a function involved in energy production, DNA metabolism, transcription or translation (Fig 4, S1 Table). Individual bactNOG descriptions reveal a number of functions that have earlier been associated with the gut environment, such as the degradation of conjugated bile acids (bactNOG15678, Choloylglycine hydrolase), cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis (bactNOG85989, Cobyrinic acid a, c-diamide synthase) [21] or iron acquisition (bactNOG99581, bactNOG38121, Ferric uptake regulator protein) [22, 23], emphasizing the importance of these processes in the gut environment. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Functional composition of gut species bactNOG datasets. BactNOGs represented in one or more of the 23 gut bacterial species in this study were attributed to one of three groups: overrepresented or underrepresented compared to non-gut species (see text for details), or neither over nor underrepresented (indicated by *). Within each of these groups, the number of different BactNOGSs attributed to a functional category is indicated as a percentage of the total number of BactNOGs in the group. Functional category descriptions are short forms of the full descriptions presented in tables “S1” and “S2” Tables. less than 4 of the overrepresented bactNOGs point to an important role of conjugation in the gut environment (bactNOGs 07070, 26309, 08200, 44258), a function that had not been recognized as such in the earlier global approach to the identification of bacterial functions that are important in the gut environment described in [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In order to further investigate the impact of lignin content on overall glucan and xylan yields, the overall percent theoretical glucan and xylan yields based on original glucan and xylan contents are plotted versus lignin content of raw Miscanthus for 80 Miscanthus samples following hydrothermal pretreatment at 180°C for 0 min, 17. 5 min, and 35 min and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated whole slurry in the HTPH system in Figure 5. The high scatter and significant deviation of glucan and xylan yields from a linear fit to lignin content show that lignin content was not a dominant factor in controlling hydrolysis through hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole slurry at a high enzyme loading of 75 mg of cellulase plus 25 mg of xylanase protein/g of total glucan plus xylan in the raw biomass. Figure 5HTPH glucan and xylan yields of 80 Miscanthus samples vs. lignin contents in raw Miscanthus. HTPH glucan and xylan yields on basis of glucan + xylan content in raw Miscanthus of 80 Miscanthus samples. Full size imageTable 3 summarizes the 80 Miscanthus genotypes according to sample numbers provided by showing the highest and lowest sugar yields in terms of both mass yield (g of 100 g dry weight raw Miscanthus) and percentage of theoretical yield (g sugar per gram of original glucan and xylan contents in raw Miscanthus) for no pretreatment and for a pretreatment time of 35 min as measured by HTPH. Overall, the genotypes with the highest or lowest sugar yields through pretreatment were different from those with the highest or lowest sugar yields without pretreatment. The genotypes showing the highest mass yields were totally different from those with the highest theoretical yields, indicating that genotypes less resistant to HTPH did not necessarily release the highest quantity of sugars. The genotypes with the highest glucan plus xylan yields on the basis of both total mass and percentage of theoretical yields were similar to those with highest glucan yields because of the higher glucan content. The genotypes showing the highest glucan or glucan plus xylan yields without pretreatment contained lignin contents as low as 15. 5% and 17. 7%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can improve crop yields by enhancing growth traits. [SEP] Text: Professor Amiri, Director of explains, ’Gene editing has a high potential for practical applications in agriculture, and contributes to global food security. The science of gene editing – a faster strategy than standard breeding – is making waves in agriculture by improving the traits of interest in a precise way. These accurate genome changes enable the improvement of a wide range of crop plants which can reinforce food security, especially in countries with less arable land. ’ Eggplant editing Genome editing has been used as a tool recently to alter the enzymatic browning of cut eggplant fruits. As part of ongoing research, Kottackal and colleagues published results from their recent study to show how -Cas9-based editing of the eggplant’s PPO enzyme reduces the amount of enzymatic browning and results in an increased (by 10%) and long-lasting yield of fruits in the edited plants. This is the first ever trial of genome-edited eggplant in field conditions. With the knowledge that PPO regulates the degree of browning in cut fruits, the research team targeted one of the genes encoding this enzyme, PPO2, in eggplants. In particular, they targeted this enzyme’s copper ion A binding site (a conserved region across PPO genes in different species). The researchers used the -Cas9 genome-editing system to mutate the corresponding location on the gene. The image shows the browning of juice from non-edited eggplant (left), with little browning of juice from the edited eggplant (two tubes on right). Kodackattumannil, P, et al, (2023), Reports, CC BY 4. 0. The study confirmed that no random mutations were introduced into the plants, and gene-edited eggplants that contained mutated PPO2 were identified. Surprisingly, the researchers discovered that mutation of this specific region of PPO2 resulted in multiple phenotypes in the progeny across generations. These included early seed germination, higher yield of eggplants, fewer seeds, decreased activity of the PPO enzyme, and reduced or no browning of the cut fruits harvested. Next-generation eggplants The discovery of the pleiotropic nature of this gene is novel and of immense benefit to a plant breeder, given that different traits can be enhanced by mutating the same target. This ongoing research is now focused on field trials of the same edited crop.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: It can be cleaved from host glycans by multiple fucosidases produced by gut commensals such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, resulting in a high availability in the intestinal lumen where it can be used as a carbon source by B. thetaiotaomicron itself [31] or by other resident bacteria such as Escherichia coli [32] or Roseburia intestinalis [33]. A certain number of functions that were detected as overrepresented in the single bactNOG comparisons do not appear as such in the analysis by groups of bactNOGs. Some group functions even appear in the list of overrepresented single bactNOGs (S1 Table) as well as in the list of underrepresented single bactNOGs (see below, S2 Table). This is for example the case for the function "Ferric uptake regulator protein" (represented by bactNOGs 38121 and 99581 in the list of overrepresented bactNOGs and by bactNOG31290 in the list of underrepresented bactNOGs). This type of result suggests that closely related gut and non-gut bacteria use distinct proteins for the same function or, alternatively, that the proteins represented by different bactNOGs in spite of identical descriptions exert different functions of which some are more important in the gut environment. Gut adaptation through functional paucity The direct comparison of closely related bacteria from the gut and other environments also provides a unique opportunity to focus on underrepresented functions, which may be equally informative of the functioning of the gut ecosystem. In contrast to the overrepresented functions, underrepresented functions included far less bactNOGs with unknown functions (Fig 4, S2 Table). Remarkably, one third of the underrepresented bactNOGs is involved in motility and signal transduction, including several chemotaxis related functions. Another remarkable underrepresented function is the Pur operon repressor protein (bactNOG16918), identified in only one of the 23 gut bacteria as opposed to 21 of the 23 non-gut bacteria. This repressor controls the transcription of the pur operon for purine biosynthetic genes, and its absence would be expected to result in the constitutive transcription of the operon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, the lignin contents of the genotypes realizing the highest glucan or glucan plus xylan yields with pretreatment ranged from 21. 7% to 22. 6%, slightly higher than the 21. 0% average lignin content of all 80 Miscanthus genotypes. 112 (M. sacchariflorus/M. sinensis) and 229 (Miscanthus lutarioriparius) showed similarly high glucan and xylan theoretical yields even though they had much different lignin contents. These results suggest that not only lignin content but also lignin composition impacted sugar yields, similar to results for a study of populus variants [28]. The lowest sugar yields were from two genotypes: 1) Sample 33 (M. sinensis) with a glucan plus xylan content of 70. 1% had the lowest glucan and glucan plus xylan theoretical yields without pretreatment and 2) Sample 140 (M. sacchariflorus/M. sinensis) with a glucan plus xylan content of 60. 9% had the lowest glucan, xylan, and glucan plus xylan theoretical yields following pretreatment for 35 min. Thus, these two samples displayed strong recalcitrance even though both glucan and xylan content were close to the average values. In addition, the same genotypes maintained the highest and lowest glucan or xylan theoretical yields as the pretreatment time was extended from 17. 5 to 35 min at 180°C, and these varieties were not the same as those showing the highest or lowest theoretical yields without pretreatment. This trend indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis of raw Miscanthus without pretreatment would not be effective for rapidly identifying varieties with high yield potential. Table 3 Summary of HTPH results for Miscanthus genotypes displaying highest and lowest sugar yields Full size tableOverall, these 80 genotypes represented similarity of cellulosic biomass samples as well as diversity according to the range of the compositional data and fermentable sugars results. The compositional data for dry Miscanthus samples ranged from 27. 6% to 48. 8% glucan with an average of 40. 8% and a standard deviation of 3. 8%, from 18. 6% to 28. 0% xylan with an average of 24. 1% and a standard deviation of 2. 0%, and from 15. 4% to 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can improve crop yields by enhancing growth traits. [SEP] Text: In field conditions, the initial results have been promising so far, and show high yields compared to non-edited crops. Generating new varieties of eggplant that can be grown in the field without any foreign DNA – yet altered to produce higher quantities and non-browning fruits – is the aim of ongoing research by the KCGEB researchers. The discovery of the hidden pleiotropic nature of PPO2 will certainly pave the way forward for accelerating plant breeding to produce desirable traits such as high yield. What do you think will be the impact of your research and how could other crops be genome edited to produce desirable traits? Browning damages fruits and vegetables and contributes to food waste. Non-browning retains the sensory-nutritional profile and food quality of fruits and vegetables. Our research has the potential to increase market value of crops as non-browning enhances people’s visual perception and appetite making the crop more acceptable to consumers. Non-browning after slicing locks its flavour and nutritional value. The yield increase (over 10% of control) contributes to the overall production of eggplant. The development of genome-edited crops for desirable traits mainly contributes to food security by increasing the yield, providing safe food, and reducing food waste. Cut of the crop: High-yields of non-browning eggplant via genome editing was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: agriculturebrowningcrop failureDNAeggplantenzymatic browninggenome editingfor and BiotechnologyMartin Kottackalnon-browning eggplantoxidationphenotypePlant breedingpolyphenol oxidasethis 828. Wentworth, J, Rapley, D, (2022) Genome-edited food crops. UK Parliament Post, 663. post. parliament. uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0663 Solberg, S, et al, (2022) Global strategy for the conservation and use of eggplants. Zenodo. Behind the graduated from of Technology, Germany. Postdoctoral Fellow, for and. Geetha Lekshmi, Masters in Botany, served as a Assistant in. Research Associate, for and. graduated from Mangalore University, India. Postdoctoral Fellow, for and. graduated from University of Kerala, India. Postdoctoral Fellow, for and. for and Biotechnology. Graduated from University of Calicut, India.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 01), with the exception of the sec proteins in gut bacteria where no significant correlation is observed (p > 0. 2). Red, gut bacteria; blue, non-gut bacteria. DiscussionThe human gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a major health determining factor. As our knowledge on this microbial community and notably its bacterial component expands, it becomes clear that atypical microbiota compositions, dysbioses, are associated with a growing number of diseases, to an extent that microbiota composition can constitute a "signature" or bio-marker of a specific disease (e. g. [35, 36]). At least for some diseases, experiments in animals convincingly show that an atypical microbiota can be a driving force in the development of disease. In line with these observations, promising results have been reported with the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (in this case the transfer of fecal material from a healthy donor to the intestine of a patient) to improve the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in humans [37]. Yet, our knowledge on the bacterial properties that drive homeostasis, the equilibrium of the gut microbial ecosystem including bacteria—host interactions, is still limited. Seen from the bacterial side, which are the genes a bacterium needs to maintain itself in this ecosystem? Which are the bacterial genes that play a role in the functioning of the system, including interactions with the host, as a whole? Several approaches, in silico and through experimental screening, have been and are used to answer these questions. One of the main in silico approaches consists of a global comparison of functions encoded by the gut bacteria and functions encoded by non-gut bacteria, looking for what seems to be gut-specific, as examplified by the study presented in [1]. A possible drawback of this approach, however, is that the taxonomical composition of the gut microbiota and the non-gut reference data set may be largely different. As a consequence, observed differences may in part be due to inherent differences between bacterial taxons that are not necessarily relevant for the comprehension of the gut ecosystem. On the other hand, this approach may fail to detect obvious gut adaptations in a specific taxon if similar functions exist in a different taxon among the non-gut bacteria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 8% K-lignin with an average of 20. 9% and a standard deviation of 2. 0%. The covariances of glucan and K-lignin, xylan and K-lignin, and glucan and xylan were found to be −2. 4, -0. 6, and 2. 6, respectively. The range of sugar yields also showed that many samples followed a general trend besides some significant outliners. The maximum glucan yields (28. 2 g glucan/100 g dry biomass and 35. 8 g glucan/100 g dry biomass) were almost two times the minimum glucan yields (14. 4 glucan/100 g dry biomass and 18. 6 g glucan/100 g dry biomass) for 17. 5 min and 35 min pretreatment, respectively. The difference between maximum and minimum xylan yields was smaller than that of glucan for both 17. 5 min and 35 min pretreatment. The maximum glucan yields (28. 2 g glucan/100 g dry biomass) for 17. 5 min pretreatment were similar to the average glucan yield of 80 Miscanthus genotypes for 35 min pretreatment. The maximum xylan yields (18. 6 g glucan/100 g dry biomass) for 17. 5 min pretreatment were greater than the average xylan yield (17. 5 g glucan/100 g dry biomass) of 80 Miscanthus genotypes for 35 min pretreatment. The covariances of glucan and xylan yields (%) were found above 4. 2, 14. 0, and 17. 7 for 0 min, 17. 5 min, and 35 min pretreatment followed by co-hydrolysis, respectively. Among these 80 Miscanthus genotypes, M. sacchariflorus/M. sinensis and Miscanthus lutarioriparius were the top two in terms of overall sugar theoretical yields of 83. 2% and 86. 5%, respectively, after hydrothermal pretreatment for 35 min at 180°C followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. These results were equivalent to mass yields of 56. 6 g glucan plus xylan/100 g dry Miscanthus and 55. 1 g glucan plus xylan/100 g dry Miscanthus, respectively. Thus, the HTPH system enabled identification of several Miscanthus genotypes with potential for high sugar release.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: large number of genetically modified (GM) crops, including both food and non-food crops carrying novel traits have been developed and released for commercial agriculture production. Soybean, maize, canola and cotton for the traits insect resistance and herbicide tolerance are the main crops under commercial cultivation worldwide. In addition, many other GM crops are under development and not yet released commercially. Food and (FAO) in its report, the State of and Nutrition in the World 2017, highlights the severity of food security and malnourishment problem in most of the Asian and developing countries. GM crops could be an option for nutrients enhancement and yield increase in major crops and solve the problem of malnourishment and food security. India has progressed tremendously in GM crops research, evaluation and monitoring in last two decades but regulatory system impeded gravely due to lack of coordination and common stand on GM technology across different governments, ministries and departments. The increasing cultivation of genetically modified crops has raised a wide range of concerns with respect to food safety, environmental effects and socio-economic issues. Here, we discussed the current status of GM crops research, regulatory framework, and challenges involved with transgenic plants research in India. : BiosafetyGM cropsregulationsresearchstatus 1. has experienced in wheat and rice during 1970s which makes us self-sufficient in food grains production. The situation has changed significantly in 21st century due to climate change and increasing population pressure. World hunger is on the rise again and eliminating hunger and malnutrition by 2030 will be challenging and it will be achieved by sustainable agriculture and collective efforts by all the stakeholders (and WHO Citation2017). The conventional technologies will not be able to meet the food and nutrition requirements. Advancement in modern biology, especially biotechnology and molecular biology, offer many advantages when applied in conjunction with the traditional plant breeding techniques. The scientific and technological advances in these areas have progressed at a remarkable pace during the last decade at the global level. GM crops are produced by transfer of genes between organisms for specific traits using laboratory techniques. Plants derived from this method are called GMOs (Organisms) or genetically engineered or transgenic plants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: This approach also permits to identify functions that are underrepresented among gut bacteria, an analysis that proved equally informative. We thus observed that an astonishing one third of the underrepresented functions appears to be involved in motility and chemotaxis, representing to our knowledge the first observation of this kind. Bacterial chemotaxis is the phenomenon whereby bacteria direct their movements according to certain chemical stimulants in their environment, and our observation may be explained by the fact that the majority of the bacteria from the “non-gut” set were isolated from water or soil. It is easy to imagine that in these environments it is important for bacteria to move towards the highest concentration of food or other essential molecules, or to flee from poisons. In the gut, the opposite is true as free molecules in transit pass by bacteria that are often adhering to the intestinal surfaces or food p10. 1371/journal. pone. 0159030. s001(DOCX) S2 Table. BactNOGs underrepresented in gut bacteria. 1. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 2010;464(7285):59–65. pmid:20203603; : PMC3779803. View 2. An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome. Nature biotechnology. 2014;32(8):834–41. pmid:24997786. View 3. . Genome research. 2009;19(12):2317–23. pmid:19819907; : PMC2792171. View 4. Project C. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486(7402):207–14. pmid:22699609; : PMC3564958. View 5. . Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2012;489(7415):220–30. pmid:22972295; : PMC3577372. View 6. . Biodiversity and functional genomics in the human microbiome. Trends in genetics: TIG. 2013;29(1):51–8. pmid:23140990; : PMC3534939. View 7. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480–4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On this basis, M. sacchariflorus/M. sinensis and Miscanthus lutarioriparius were selected for deconstruction in a flowthrough pretreatment to develop more detailed data on the time release patterns of glucan, xylan, and lignin that can help us understand what influences key performance differences. Other samples with greater than 60% overall sugar (glucan + xylan) theoretical yields are of potential interest for more detailed study. This rapid selection method for fermentable sugar yields could be directly converted to ethanol yields according to the current sugar-to-ethanol conversion yield model/calculation [38, 43]. This calculation could be applied to different Miscanthus genotypes and other biomass samples and further coupled with the corresponding biomass productivity model under different growing conditions to estimate ethanol yields for cultivation of certain lands with various biomass varieties [9, 13]. Therefore, incorporating biomass productivity models with this HTPH screening method would enable better estimation of cellulosic ethanol production to assist in development of new energy crops and testing of cultivation conditions. ConclusionsCompositional analysis of 80 Miscanthus genotypes showed glucan contents ranging from 28. 7% to 46. 4%, xylan contents from 19. 6% to 27. 1%, and total glucan plus xylan contents from 49. 6% to 72. 0% by dry weight. Thus, Miscanthus can have greater carbohydrate content than many other types of fast growing plants and hold promise for high ethanol yields. However, the large variability in composition among Miscanthus genotypes shows that appropriate genotypes must be chosen to realize this potential. Application of our novel high throughput system (HTPH) for hydrothermal pretreatment at 180°C followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of all 80 Miscanthus genotypes revealed that M. sacchariflorus/M. sinensis and Miscanthus lutarioriparius achieved the highest glucan plus xylan mass yields of 56. 6 g/100 g and 54. 6 g/100 g, respectively, after pretreatment for 35 minutes. The total glucan plus xylan content in Miscanthus appeared to influence both mass and theoretical yields, while lignin and ash contents did not have a predictable influence on performance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Food crisis is growing at an alarming rate as it is getting difficult to keep pace in agriculture production with the rate of population growth; therefore, scientists are looking for modern biotechnology to provide food security (Trivedi et al. Citation2016). Journey for development and commercialization of GM crops was not so smooth as compared to many other technological advancements and developments in several other scientific fields. Huge debate is going on since its introduction and commercialization and faced many demonstrations and protests by NGOs, farmers and general public, and bans by many governments in worldwide. USA, Canada and Japan had commercialized several food and non-food GMOs and accepted well by the public largely except little sporadic opposition to some specific GM food. There is some confusion about GM foods, their safety and labelling of genetically modified foods among Americans. Recently, the majority of Americans supported strongly for the labelling of foods that have been genetically modified. They want to know that what they are eating, GM or non-GM? and all the food stuffs should be labelled properly about the presence of GMOs (Citation2013; PBS News Citation2014). There is a strong opposition of GM foods in UK and entire Europe but UK Government is trying hard to convince the people about safety of GMOs and its urgent need to feed about one billion hungry people in developing nations. GMOs are only allowed to use for restricted non-food purposes in UK and Europe. Recently, environment secretary of UK made public appeal and asked the public to support genetically modified food (Citation2013). countries mainly Argentina and Brazil adopted GMOs more vigorously with little resistance from the general people. Brazil and Argentina have recorded significantly large areas under GM since last 10 years. About 10 countries had approved GM crops, out of total 29 countries in 2011 and about half of all developing country GMO-adopters are (Katovich Citation2012). GM food debate reached to developing world from developed world after commercialization of first GM crops about 20 years back in USA. Almost the same group is fighting against the spread of GMOs in Africa who had poised strong opposition in Europe. Few NGOs and local civil society groups are resisting against GM banana developed in Uganda against banana leaf wilt. They have an argument that banana leaf wilt can be controlled by some other early available methods and the transgenic technology is still not proven to be safe (Citation2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli essential genes and minimal cell factories after one decade of genome engineering. Microbiology. 2014;160(Pt 11):2341–51. pmid:25092907. View 27. subtilis genes. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2003;100(8):4678–83. pmid:12682299; : PMC153615. View 28. InterPro: the integrative protein signature database. Nucleic acids research. 2009;37(Database issue):D211–5. pmid:18940856; : PMC2686546. View 29. protein families database. Nucleic acids research. 2012;40(Database issue):D290–301. pmid:22127870; : PMC3245129. View 30. . Structural diversity and specific distribution of O-glycans in normal human mucins along the intestinal tract. journal. 2004;384(Pt 2):307–16. pmid:15361072; : PMC1134114. View 31. A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis. Science. 2003;299(5615):2074–6. pmid:12663928. View 32. Fucose sensing regulates bacterial intestinal colonization. Nature. 2012;492(7427):113–7. pmid:23160491; : PMC3518558. View 33. . Whole-genome transcription profiling reveals genes up-regulated by growth on fucose in the human gut bacterium "Roseburia inulinivorans". Journal of bacteriology. 2006;188(12):4340–9. pmid:16740940; : PMC1482943. View 34. Vogel-. Requirement of purine and pyrimidine synthesis for colonization of the mouse intestine by Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2010;76(15):5181–7. pmid:20562286; : PMC2916491. View 35. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500(7464):541–6. pmid:23985870. View 36.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Because the total glucan plus xylan yields by mild hydrothermal pretreatment and co-hydrolysis of the 80 Miscanthus genotypes showed strong correlations to those at more severe (close to optimal) hydrothermal pretreatment and co-hydrolysis conditions, the mild pretreatment results could be used as a faster and lower cost preliminary indicator of promising cellulosic biomass that could realize high yields of fermentable sugar. MethodsMaterialsMiscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois, a hybrid of Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis[44] harvested in Illinois in the fall of 2007, was provided by Mendel Biotechnology, Inc. in Hayward, California. Miscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois materials, including leaves and stalks, were cut to shorter lengths, sealed in heavy duty zipped bags, and stored at −18°C in a laboratory freezer. An appropriate amount of frozen Miscanthus was thawed at a temperature no higher than 25°C and mixed completely. The material was then ground with a laboratory mill (model 4, Arthur H. Thomas Company, Philadelphia, PA) to pass between Sieve 20 and Sieve 60 and obtain p2008. Miscanthus straw was shredded with a garden shredder and milled with a hammer mill. Plant origin, plant age, and monthly temperature and rainfall for the 2007 growing season are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Table S2. The 2007 growing season was characterized by higher than average temperature and rainfall. All of these samples were air dried and milled to less than 2 mm prior to shipping in sample bags to the University of California Riverside, where they were stored at −18°C in a laboratory freezer. Miscanthus compositional analysisThe moisture content of the prepared Miscanthus samples was determined with a laboratory moisture analyzer (Mettler Toledo, Model: HB43 ). Ash content was analyzed according to (/TP-510-42622) [45] as was extractives content (/TP-510-42619) [46]. Klason lignin, glucan, and xylan contents were determined following the modified (/TP-510-42618) [47].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Although many scientific researchers have showed that genetically engineered foods are safe but India is still waiting for its first GM food to be commercialized. Deregulation on Bt brinjal has been put on hold in 2010 by imposing moratorium while Bt cotton has been deregulated in 2002 in India. Many GM crops, food and non-food crops both are still in laboratory or in limited field trials level and ready for commercialization amid strong protests by some farmers associated with NGOs about its safety on human health and effects on biodiversity. Ideological beliefs, political reasons and lack of scientific knowledge are the major reasons for resistance to GMOs in many developing countries while psychology, emotions and politics are some of the reasons for opposition to adopt GMOs in developed countries. Biotechnology industry in India has registered 15. 08 % growth in 2012–2013 (2013) while agricultural biotechnology is the third largest sector in Indian biotech industry (Citation2013). This industry is considered as one of the key sector which will contribute to the socio-economic growth of the country. Several state governments are making sincere efforts to create a favorable environment to attract entrepreneurs to set up their units and leverage on the vast talent pool and rich biodiversities in the respective states. The infrastructure for research and development on genetically engineered crops is expanding every year. Government of India took major initiative in order to strengthen the infrastructure on biotechnology through Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under Ministry of Science and Technology. DBT funded numerous research projects on GM crops research and development which includes various universities and research institutions in every corner of India. of (ICAR) has sponsored project for research on genetic manipulation of 14 crops and functional genomics of 7 crops (Mishra and Shukla Citation2013). India has a comprehensive bio-safety regulatory system in place and pursuing aggressive research on genetically engineered crops. As many as seven were established by DBT, Govt. of India (DBT, Government of India Citation2017) in different states have immense role in research, development and commercialization of GM crops in India and helping in translating biotechnology research to reach to Indian farmers. Many private companies also invested enormously on research and development of transgenic crops. Now, without any doubt GMOs are an integral part of many agricultural based commodities in every corner of the world, adding billions of dollars per year to the global economy, and being major income source for developed and developing countries including India. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: Thomas explains that the first, called intellectual merit, describes the novelty of the research project (how new and creative it is), while broader impacts (BIs) describes how the project can have positive impacts on society. Some research projects fulfil both criteria well, while others do not have many BIs. “I think it is okay for some projects not to have clear broader impacts,” says Thomas. “Many science experiments and discoveries have no clear broader impact, but it is important to keep learning new things. Also, many scientific findings do not have a clear use when they are first discovered, but, over time, they become extremely important for society. ” However, Thomas thinks that when research projects do have BIs, it is important that we have a good understanding of what they are and who they affect. He is investigating two aspects of BIs which are currently not monitored by the NSF. They are inclusion, which considers who will benefit from the research, and immediacy, which looks at how closely related BIs are to the actual science behind the research. ? Thomas and his research students have read the abstracts and summary reports of 400 research projects funded by the NSF, analysing whether the BIs are inclusive. “For example, in these abstracts and reports, if the scientists said that their research could help poor or marginalised groups, then we classified it as having inclusive broader impact,” says Thomas. During their analysis, Thomas and his team also classified BIs at different levels of immediacy. When the BI is the purpose of the research, it is classified as an intrinsic impact. For example, developing malaria medicine is an intrinsic impact of scientific research with this aim. Training students to conduct research would be classified as a direct impact – it occurs as a direct result of the research project, but it is not its purpose. The BI is extrinsic if it is totally unrelated to the research project. For example, if a physicist visits a school to give a talk about careers in science. However, Thomas says that it can be difficult to understand the short- and long-term impacts of a research project using this method. For example, there might be long-term impacts that are not written about in abstracts or project reports. ? Thomas’ research finds that, currently, BIs tend to benefit advantaged groups of people (those with more money and power) over the general population or marginalised groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This procedure employed a two-step acid hydrolysis: 1) about 300 mg substrate was placed into a vial and hydrolyzed in 72% (w/w) sulphuric acid at 30°C for 1 hour and 2) the substrate was further hydrolyzed in 4% (w/w) sulphuric acid at 121°C for 1 hour. The sugars in the liquid were determined by HPLC. Batch hydrothermal pretreatment in tubular reactorsTubular reactors (Hastelloy C-276, O. D. 0. 0127 m (0. 5”) with wall thickness of 0. 0008890 m (0. 035”), length of 0. 1524 m (6”), and volume of 0. 0143 L (14. 3 ml)) were employed for batch pretreatment of Miscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois to set baseline conditions. These reactors were heated in 4 kW fluidized sand baths (Model SBL-2D, Technical Co. , Princeton, NJ), with the internal temperature monitored with a K type thermocouple probe (Omega KQSS-316 G-12, Co. , Stamford, CT). The heat-up time to final reaction temperature was less than 200 seconds and included in the stated reaction time. The heat-up time was slightly longer for the higher temperature than for the lower temperature operation. Cooling down in a water bath to room temperature took about 40 seconds, which was not included in the reaction time. Miscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois was presoaked in water overnight at a solids loading of 10 wt% for hydrothermal pretreatments at 180°C, 200°C, and 220°C. Following pretreatments, the slurry was separated into a liquid hydrolysate and pretreated solids by vacuum filtration using a 0. 22 μm glass fibber filter (09-804-110). The pretreated solids were washed thoroughly with deionized water before compositional analysis and sequential enzymatic hydrolysis. Sugar yields in the liquid from just hydrothermal pretreatment were designated as Stage 1 sugar yields, and those from subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated solids were labelled as Stage 2 sugar yields.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: The process of development, its potential benefits and deregulation of in India is the most debated issue till now. Recently, the GEAC (Appraisal Committee, since July 22, 2010) on July 18, 2014 has given approval for limited experimental field trials of GM rice, brinjal, mustard, cotton and chickpea for the sole purpose of generating biosafety data (Citation2014). The current Modi government is a supporter of GM crops and former Javadekar advocated his views and told to Reuters in February 2015 that “Field trials are already on because our mandate is to find out a scientific review, a scientific evaluation” (Reuters Citation2015). Recently, the GEAC recommended for commercial cultivation of GM mustard for clearance to (Citation2017) but final decision is still pending. Government is showing some interest to change the course on GM field testing and allowed for field trials of few GM crops last year but several are still not ready to embrace this technology (Kumar Citation2015). Survey for 2015–16, raised the safety concerns related to genetically modified (GM) and hybrid seeds and mentioned for more debate and tests so that their introduction is facilitated in the next few months. This survey also mentioned that the regulatory process needs to be evolved to address safety concerns of GM crops (Citation2016). There is urgent need to improve agricultural productivity to ensure food and nutrition security for rapidly growing population. Thus, India should embrace GM technology to develop higher yield crops that are resistant to pests or grow well in droughts or harsh environments. Although, India is moving very slow to adopt this technology but resuming field trials for few crops indicates some bright future for several scientists working on transgenic crops research, evaluation and production (Kumar Citation2015). Substantial increase in cotton production and improved socio-economic conditions of cotton growers in different states of India over the years after deregulation of Bt cotton is telling entirely different story. Promoters and many scientists advocating GM crops commercialization are emphasizing on this fact again and again. cotton has been commercialized in 2002, moratorium on in 2010 and many GM crops still in laboratory or containment facility indicates careful slacken progress and enormous gap amongst farmers, scientists and policy makers in India. Farmers growing Bt cotton have been benefiting largely and their socio-economic conditions has changed positively. As per an estimate, approximately 7. 2 million farmers cultivated Bt cotton on 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: He explains, “Developing a new technology is very expensive. If a company wants to make money from its new technology, its best option is to develop and sell it to people with money and power. ” This means that new technologies resulting from scientific research benefit advantaged groups more than other people, so there are inequalities in the ways BIs are distributed. However, as Thomas says, “There is a lot of research that helps everyone regardless of status. For example, developing a smart grid will help both rich and poor. ” Thomas and his research students are also examining the relationship between BIs and how productive scientists are. He says, “There’s often the worry that if a scientist has spent a lot of time on broader impacts, they’re not spending time doing their research. ” But, he reports that, based on his team’s findings so far, this does not seem to be the case. This evidence suggests that there are not really downsides to scientists ensuring positive broader impacts from their research, which is good news! If the research team can develop a way to use machine learning to analyse BIs based on key words, it could scale up its research substantially. One of Thomas’ students is trying to use machine learning to analyse 20,000 abstracts! “As you can imagine, that’s much more challenging because there’s lots of noise in the data and room for many errors,” says Thomas. Download the 10. 33424/277 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Woodson with student researchers making a 3D printer in Nairobi, Woodson and University student at graduation with University PhD students visiting USAID in Washington DC The 2021 class of Academic and for () participants at Woodson in. in the Department of Technology and Society at : Science and : Investigating the broader impacts of scientific funding : Foundation (NSF), (NASA) This work is supported by the US Foundation, under award number 1926494. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of US Foundation. . in the Department of Technology and Society at : Science and : Investigating the broader impacts of scientific funding : Foundation (NSF), (NASA) This work is supported by the US Foundation, under award number 1926494.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: High throughput pretreatment and co-hydrolysis (HTPH)A novel high throughput pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis system (HTPH) was used for rapid screening of 80 Miscanthus varieties for sugar yields from coupled pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis [29]. The method was developed and proved equally effective as conventional batch reactors followed by washed solids hydrolysis [29]. The custom made well-plate consisted of 96 Hastelloy round cups (i. d 6. 9 mm x 10. 7 mm inside length) with reaction volumes of 300 μL resting on an aluminium bottom plate, covered with a silicone gasket and stainless steel plate, and clamped tightly to contain the contents at pretreatment pressures and temperatures. This assembly was placed horizontally and lengthwise inside a custom made steam chamber made of readily available steam rated (to 1 MPa steam pressure) 316 stainless steel 0. 102 m (4”) diameter fittings (). A ball valve at one end allowed easy access for loading and unloading. Steam was generated by a high pressure steam boiler (FB-075-) and connected to the chamber along with cooling water. A reaction volume of 250 μL with ~2. 6 mg Miscanthus(i. e. , 1%w/w solids) and 247. 4 μL water (8 channel pipetter, 30–300 μL, Eppendorf) was added to each well of the HTPH system. Miscanthus was incubated at room temperature for 4 h before pretreatment. Miscanthus samples were pretreated in the HTPH system at 180°C for 0, 17. 5, and 35 min. After the mixture of the liquid hydrolysate and pretreated solid was cooled down, the plate was opened, and an enzyme loading of 75 mg of cellulase plus 25 mg of xylanase protein/g of total glucan plus xylan for raw Miscanthus x giganteus cv. Illinois was achieved by adding 20 μL mixture of 0. 625 M citric acid buffer (pH 4. 7), 0. 125 g/L sodium azide, and enzymes (including 6. 08 mg/ml Specyme CP cellulase and 2. 03 mg/ml Multifect xylanase) to each well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: In India, regulation for biotechnology products was started in 1982 when was established for forming biotechnology safety guidelines to undertake biotech research in laboratory (Chaturvedi Citation2004). Later on, Board was converted into Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1986 (Sharma et al. Citation2003). Biodiversity conservation and environment protection comes under MoEF by the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules 1961. MoEF initiated the regulation of genetically modified organisms and their products under the existing Act 1986 (EPA 1986), which was enacted by the Parliament of India in 1986 (Kolady and Herring Citation2014). After this, MoEF drafted and notified ‘the rules for the manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells in 1989ʹ referred as the EPA Rules 1989 under ‘hazardous substances’ section of the EPA 1986 (MoEF Notification Citation1989). The regulation of all activities related to GMOs and products derived from GMOs in India is governed by Rules, 1989 under the provisions of the Act (EPA), 1986 through the Ministry of Environment, Forest and (MoEF&CC) (MoEF and 2015). Multi-tiered regulatory framework to assess and ensure biosafety of GM crops work under the MoEF&CC and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) of Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India through six competent authorities: (RDAC), Committee on (RCGM), Committee (GEAC), Institutional Bio-safety Committees (IBSC), (SBCC) and Committees (DLC) (Mishra and Shukla Citation2013; MoEF and 2015) (Figure 1). The roles and functions of each of these committees have been elaborated in the Rules 1989. Committee (GEAC) is the highest body constituted in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and under ‘Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Organisms or Cells 1989ʹ, under the Act, 1986. GEAC acts as a statutory body in India for review and approval from environmental angle of activities involving large scale use of GMOs and their products in research and development, industrial production, environmental release and field application (MoEF&CC Citation2016). Three important legislations enacted by the Parliament of India for regulation of GM crops development, environmental release and approval for commercialization.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: Rückinger S, van der Linden M, Reinert RR, von : Reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease after general vaccination with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Germany. Vaccine 2009; 27: 4136–41 13. Pletz MW, von Baum H, van der Linden M, et al. : The burden of pneumococcal pneumonia – experience of the German competence network. Pneumologie 2012; 66: 470–5 of Respiratory Medicine, School: Prof. Dr. med. Welte 1. : Epidemiology of CAP in Europe. Monogr 2014; 63: 1–12 CrossRef 2. AQUA-Instituts GmbH: Qualitätsreport 2014, Göttingen 2015: 26–30. 3. -: Ten-after Community-acquired Pneumonia. A prospective cohort. 2015; 192: 597–604 4. : Nursing-home-acquired pneumonia in Germany: an 8-year prospective multicentre study. Thorax 2012; 67: 132–8 5. Welte T: New antibiotic development: the need versus the costs. Dis 2016 pii: S1473–3099(16)00068–2. [Epub ahead of print] 6. : Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9 7. Pletz MW, Welte T: Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Monogr 2012; 63: 266–84. 8. : Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. 2013; 1: CD000422 CrossRef 9. : Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009;180: 48–58 10. : 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 2106–11 CrossRef 11. : The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines —a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int 2016; 113: 139–46 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Such high enzyme loading was applied to overcome possible inhibitory effects of compounds derived from pretreatment under different pretreatment conditions on sugar release. Xylanase was applied to hydrolyze xylooligomers in the liquid hydrolysate for co-hydrolysis, which was different from the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated solids in the batch reactor. Following addition of enzymes, sodium azide, and buffer, the plate was re-sealed and placed in an incubation shaker (Multitron Infors-) at 50°C, 150 rpm for 72 h. Samples were filtered by 2 mL centrifuge filter with pore size of 0. 20 μm (2 mL centrifuge filter (Catalogue no. 24137), Grace Davison, Deerfield, IL) immediately then frozen for sugar analysis. Sugar analysisSugar monomers in the liquids from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed quantitatively by a Waters HPLC system (model 2695) equipped with a 2414 refractive detector and a Waters 2695 auto sampler using Waters Empower™ 2 software (Waters Co. , Milford, MA). Bio-HPX-87 H and Bio-HPX-87P columns (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) were employed for separation of sugars for quantification. The concentrations of total xylan and glucan in the hydrolysate were determined by post-hydrolysis with 4% w/w sulphuric acid at 121°C for 1 hour according to (/TP-510-42623) [48]. Both glucan and xylan yields in Stage 1 were reported as the sum of monomer and oligomer yields. Enzymatic hydrolysisWashed solids from hydrothermal pretreatment of Miscanthus in the batch tubes were enzymatically hydrolyzed at 2% solids loadings with a pH value of 4. 8 at 50°C in duplicates by following modified (/TP-510-42629) [49] using Spezyme CP (62 FPU/ml, protein content 116. 0 mg/ml, Genencor, Rochester, NY) and Novozymes 188 (β-glucosidase, activity 665. 0 CBU/ml, protein content 125. 0 mg/ml, Franklinton, NC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: These included the Act 1986 administered by MoEF&CC, the 1966 & the Seeds (Control) Order by Ministry of Agriculture and the 2006 under the Ministry of Health and (Choudhary et al. Citation2014). 1. Regulatory framework for GM crops in India. Display full sizeIndia has ratified the in 2003 which requires a setting up of a regulatory body. Currently, the GEAC under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and is responsible for approval of genetically modified products in India. Government of India is in the process of establishing Authority of India (BRAI) for quicker realization of modern biotechnology products to Indian farmers (PIB, Government of India Citation2011). This new authority will be able to made efficient single window system for GM crops research, safety issues and regulatory measures. of India (BRAI) bill was introduced in in 2013 to set up an independent regulatory authority for regulation of organisms and products of modern biotechnology including GMOs (2013). This BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of all biotechnology products and all the approval will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts (Citation2013). Presently, the BRAI bill has been lapsed (2013) and expected to be produced again after substantial revisions under current government. 4. research, development and commercialization of GM crops in past few years has also generated considerable concerns with regard to their potential impacts on the environment, biodiversity and consequently on the human and animal health. Biosafety concerns, impact on environment and ethical issues are some of the major challenges for GM crops research and deregulation in entire world including India. Several news 5. wide advantages of transgenic crops for a society to solve food security or nutrition security issues have been well established. Many added benefits such as higher nutritional value, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, tolerance to various abiotic stresses, increase the shelf life of a fruit and thus, can account for a good market for farmers. There is an urgent need for India to carry on its GM crop research program to sustain its food and nutrition security targets. Debate on GM crops about safe or unsafe will never end although there is hardly any substantial scientific evidence against safety of GM foods. Surprisingly, few public sector intuitions also showed their concerns for GM foods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: Нами разработан препарат-пробиотик «Норд-Бакт» на основе штаммов бактерий Bacillus subtilis ТНП-3 и Bacillus subtilis ТНП-5, выделенных из мерзлотных почв Якутии для использования в промышленном птицеводстве, начиная с обработки инкубационных яиц, включая применение его на молодняке, курах несушках для сохранности, профилактики и лечения дисбактериозов, вызванных патогенной и условнопатогенной микрофлорой.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The ratio of cellulase filter paper activity to beta-glucosidase activity was FPU: CBU = 1:4, and the total enzyme loading was 60 FPU/g (glucan + xylan) in the pretreated solids. Hydrolysis samples were collected at 72 hours, and sugar concentrations were determined for calculation of Stage 2 glucan and xylan yields. CalculationsThe log of the severity parameter (logR 0 ) for hydrothermal pretreatment was defined as a function of pretreatment temperature T(°C) and pretreatment time t(min), as [39]: R 0 = t · exp T − 100 14. 75 (1) Glucan and xylan yields and overall glucan and xylan yields for batch pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were calculated as: glucan yield(% ) = glucose c o n c. in the liquid hydrolysate g L * t o t a l v o l u m e ( L ) * 0. 9 initial M i s c a n t h u s a m o u n t g * o r i g i n a l glucan c o n t e n t in t h e M i s c a n t h u s (%) × 100 (2) x y l a n y i e l d % = x y l o s e c o n c. in the liquid hydrolysate g L * t o t a l v o l u m e ( L ) * 0. 8801 initial solid M i s c a n t h u s g * o r i g i n a l x y l an c o n t e n t in t h e M i s c a n t h u s (%) × 100 (3) glucan+xylanyield(%)= glucan yield ∗ initial glucan in Miscanthus ( g ) + xylan yield ∗ initial xylan in Miscanthus ( g ) initial glucan + xylan in Miscanthus ( g ) ×100 (4) These equations were applied to determine yields in Stage 1 (pretreatment) and Stage 2 (enzymatic hydrolysis). 1, sugar yields included both monomer and oligomers determined through post hydrolysis of the liquid hydrolysate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: (Open in a new window)2017. Genetically-modified mustard gets GEAC nod for cultivation. [accessed 2017 May 12]. Global status of commercialized biotech and gm crops: 2010. for the acquisition of agribiotech applications. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA. (Open in a new window)2012. The global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops 2012. Ithaca (NY): ISAAA. p. 43. (Open in a new window)2015. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2014. ISAAA brief. p. 49. (Open in a new window)2012. The regulation of genetically modified organisms in latin america: policy implications for trade, biosafety, and development [Research Thesis]. USA: University of Minnesota. (Open in a new window)2014. Regulation of genetically engineered crops in India: implications of policy uncertainty for social welfare, competition, and innovation. Agric Economics/Revue canadienne d’agroeconomie. 62(4):471–490. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)2015. Pink bollworm strikes Bt-cotton. & News. 35. (Open in a new window)2015. India eases stance on GM crop trials. Nature. 521:138–139. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)2012. Cultivation of genetically modified food crops – prospects and effects. Report, Committee on Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. (Open in a new window)2013. The biotechnology regulatory authority of India bill. Bill No. 57:2013. (Open in a new window)2015. Public acceptance of plant biotechnology and GM crops. Viruses. 7(8):4254–4281. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)2003. India plans network project on 12 transgenic crops. Status and way forward for genetically engineered crops in India. In: Mishra M, editor. National training on environmental biosafety associated with genetically engineered crop. Lucknow: CISH; p. 13–26. (Open in a new window)2010.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: По результатам проведенных исследований установлено, что после применения пробиотика «Норд-Бакт» в мясе птицы достоверно повышается содержание основных макро и – микроэлементов (кальция, магния, фосфора, железа, йода, марганца, кобальта, меди, селена, фтора и цинка) и витаминов В12, А, Е по сравнению с контролем.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sugar yields were calculated as percent of the theoretical maximum on the basis of original glucan and/or xylan content in raw Miscanthus unless otherwise specified. Overall glucan plus xylan yields were defined as the sum of glucan plus xylan yields from Stage 1 and Stage 2. The calculations for the high throughput pretreatment and co-hydrolysis were based on the sugar amounts after co-hydrolysis following a previously published method [29]. Monomeric sugars in the liquid hydrolysate were measured after pretreatment and co-hydrolysis, and sugar yields were calculated by equations 2–4. AbbreviationsHTPH: High throughput pretreatment and hydrolysis FPU: Filter paper unit CBU: Cellobiase unit. 1108. 10. 1126/science. 310. 5751. 1106101. 10. 1126/science. 309. 5731. 1011511. 10. 1126/science. 331. 6024. 15102011. Clifton-: Performance of 15 Miscanthus genotypes at five sites in Europe. 2001, 93: 1013-1019. 10. 2134/agronj2001. 9351013x143. 10. 1016/0961-9534(93)90095-L227. 10. 1016/S0961-9534(00)00032-5415. 472. 10. 1051/agro:2008030213. 10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2005. 10. 0082014. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2486. 2008. 01662. x137. 265. 10. 1111/j. 1757-1707. 2011. 01144. x1390. 10. 1016/S0360-3199(02)00124-6810. 10. 1271/bbb. 70689850. 8334. 10. 1021/ie90066726607. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2007. 09. 091760. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 08. 063146. 10. 1002/bbb. 14545. 10. 1007/s10570-009-9327-8192. 10. 1007/s12155-008-9020-z245. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Decision on commercialization of Bt brinjal. Minister’s report, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. (Open in a new window)1989. Rules for the manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous micro organisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells. [accessed 1989 Dec 5]. in a new window). (Open in a new window)2015. Regulatory framework for genetically engineered (GE) plants in india. in a new window). (Open in a new window)2016. Approval Committee. www. moef. nic. in/division/genetic-engineering-approval-committee-geac(open in a new window) (Open in a new window)2017. . [accessed 2017 Nov 22]. in a new window) (Open in a new window)2013. Agriculture towards Food Security: A developmental perpective. Pulse. 4(4):39–44. (Open in a new window)17. Debate over genetically modified foods continues amid confusion. in a new window). (Open in a new window)8. Draft bill prepared to establish biotechnology regulatory authority of india. in a new window). (Open in a new window)2011. Risks and precautions of genetically modified organisms. ISRN Ecol. 1–13. doi:10. 5402/2011/369573 (Open in a new window)2013. Legislative brief: the Authority of India Bill. in a new window). (Open in a new window)22. Modi bets on GM crops for India’s second green revolution. GMO’S:. Res. 3(1):53–55. (Open in a new window)2003. Agricultural biotechnology research in India: status and policies. Curr Sci. 84:3. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)1988. Antisense inhibition of polygalacturonase expression in transgenic tomatoes. Nature. 334:724–726. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)20. GM crops: the British public still need convincing. in a new window). (Open in a new window)18. GEAC clears field trials for GM crops. in a new window).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: Применение пробиотика «Норд-Бакт» курам - несушкам в дозе 5х107 КОЕ/гол в течение 10 дней 2 месяца подряд повышает содержание кальция, магния в скорлупе на 31% и фосфора на 23 %, также отмечено достоверное увеличение в желтке яиц железа и витамина А – на 12%, натрия – на 11%, магния на 10%, калия – на 6% и кальция – на 1,5% по сравнению с контролем. Ключевые слова: продукция птицеводства, мясо птицы, яйцо, биохимия, пробиотик, Bacillus subtilis Список литературы: 1. Владимиров Л. Н. , Неустроев М. П.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1007/s12155-009-9058-6659. 10. 1007/s10570-009-9308-y3647. 10. 1016/j. fuel. 2008. 06. 0094. 2009, 44: 540-545. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2009. 01. 011348. 10. 1002/btpr. 1376305. 10. 1073/pnas. 1009252108238. 10. 1002/bit. 22527312. 10. 1002/bit. 229371358. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 08. 123448. 10. 1016/j. indcrop. 2010. 01. 0011294. 10. 1002/bit. 218051337. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 08. 1082781. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 10. 0561800. 10. 1002/bit. 23140967. 10. 1007/s10529-011-0526-71. eere. energy. gov/biomass/ethanol_yield_calculator. htmlOverend RP, Chornet E: Fractionation of lignocellulosics by steam-aqueous pretreatments. R 1987, A321: 523-536. 1977. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2005. 01. 0119630. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 06. 1374213. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2008. 11. 0572011. NREL/TP-5100-47764Book 286. 10. 3732/ajb. 89. 2. 2792005. 2005. 2008. 2006. 2006. 1. Information of the Miscanthus straw samples from Mendel Biotechnology, Inc. and composition data from UCR Summary of Miscanthus pretreatment data reported in the literature. (DOCX 24 KB)Additional file 2: Table S2. Weather data from airport Magdeburg, near Klein-Wanzleben. (DOCX 13 KB)13068_2012_194_MOESM3_ESM. jpegAdditional file 3: Figure S1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGene editing as a new breeding technologyInterest in gene editing in agricultural crops has increased remarkably. Countries such as the have taken a proactive stance on utilising this technique; however, the products and even the technology itself still need time in many countries for clear positioning beyond technical, normative, ethical, and political concerns Schultz-Bergin, 2018; Sprink et al. , 2016a; Tachikawa, 2017). Japan, which has relatively strict regulations on genetically modified (GM) crops, also is at the final stage of decision-making process (Japan 224th Group, 2019). Genetic modification and gene editing are indeed different technologies, and if there are differences in public perceptions between those two, empirically investigating such differences in a country with a lower acceptance of GM food, Japan in the case of the present study, should promote clearer understandings of determinants for perceptions of gene edited crops. There are two different political standpoints related to gene editing (Sprink et al. , 2016b). First, product-based policy regards gene editing as a technology that is closer to conventional breeding than to genetic modification. This view is seen in the case when no exogenous gene is introduced in gene editing; conventional breeding can also bring the same desired results after a much longer time. Thus, the safety of these two should be considered to be similar. The second idea, process-based policy, situates gene editing closer to genetic modification: as long as DNA manipulation exists, the outcome brings higher risks and uncertainties; therefore, the method should be considered unconventional. In previous research investigating both expert and public perceptions of risk of biotechnology application on food, experts significantly perceived less risk compared with the lay public (Savadori et al. , 2004). This result leads to the prediction that with great expectations about emerging technology, researchers who have domain-specific scientific knowledge in biotechnology would tend to adopt product-based policy. Meanwhile, according to a recent interview report by Hopp et al. (2017), the public tends to take the process-based policy. However, a salient shortage exists in quantitative evidence on people’s risk perceptions toward application of gene editing in agricultural crops in relation to different levels of scientific knowledge. Thus, we statistically examined this topic in contrast with other existing technologies in genetic modification and conventional breeding using samples categorised into three groups by level of domain-specific scientific knowledge (experts in molecular biology, experts in other fields, and the lay public).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: org/10. 33029/0016-9900-2020-99-3- 265-269. 19. Wang J. , Ni X. , Zhou Y. , Lui L. , Zeng Y. , Zhao W. [et al]. Bacillus strains improve growth performance via enhancing digestive function and anti-disease ability in young and weaning rex rabbits/ and Biotechnology. – 2020. – Vol. 104, № 10. – P. 4493– 4504. English version:. of Biol. Sci. , Prof. , Depart. of settl. , Rostov region, Russia. Viktorovna, Cand. of Agric. Sci. , Ass. Prof. , Depart. of Therapy and settl. , Rostov region, Russia. Keywords: poultry products, poultry meat, eggs, biochemistry, probiotic, Bacillus subtilis. Abstract. The production of high-quality and environmentally friendly products is one of the urgent problems of industrial poultry farming. We have developed a probiotic preparation "Nord-Bact" based on bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis TNP-3 and Bacillus subtilis TNP-5 isolated from the permafrost soils of Yakutia for use in industrial poultry farming, starting with the processing of hatching eggs, including its use on young animals, chickens hens for the preservation, prevention and treatment of dysbacteriosis caused by pathogenic and opportunistic microflora. The aim of the work is to study the effect of the probiotic “Nord-Bact” on the mineral and vitamin composition of poultry products. Production tests were carried out at the Factory on 30 thousand laying hens of 45-46 weeks of age. Experienced groups of chickens took “Nord-Bact” probiotic at 5x107 CFU/bird daily, only with a difference in the timing of application: I - every 10 days for 2 months in a row, II - for 2 months. The control group did not take the probiotic. Also, young birds from 1 day old to 30 weeks of age in the experimental group received probiotic with water at the rate of 5x107 CFU/bird daily for 10 days every month in a row until the end of the experiment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose access Published: 04 March 2013 Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose Mohammed Dwidar1,2, Seil Kim1, Jeon1,3, Youngsoon Um1, Mitchell2 & …Byoung-In Sang1,3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 50 and a temperature of 37°C. Under these conditions, the final butyrate concentration was 34. 2±1. 8 g/L with yields of 0. 35±0. 03 g butyrate/g sucrose and maximum productivity of 0. 3±0. 04 g/L/h. ConclusionsUsing this co-culture, sucrose can be utilized as a carbon source for butyric acid production at a relatively high yield. In addition, this co-culture offers also the benefit of a greater selectivity, with butyric acid constituting 92. 8% of the acids when the fermentation was terminated. BackgroundButyric acid has several potential applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industries and can be useful for fuel production [1]. It is also widely used in foodstuffs and beverage industries [2]. Nowadays, butyric acid is produced mainly for industry from crude oil through petrochemical methods [2]. However, butyric acid obtained from microbial fermentation is more promising due to the growing needs for bio-based natural products especially for food additives, and pharmaceuticals [3]. Currently, the most promising microorganism used for the bio-production of butyric acid is Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T[4–7]. This strain is capable of producing butyric acid with high selectivity and can tolerate high concentrations. However, it can only ferment monosaccharides like glucose, xylose and fructose, and is currently unable to utilize disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose [8–10]. Despite the presence of several butyric acid bacteria which can utilize sucrose as a carbon source, such as Clostridium butyricum[11, 12] and some strains of C. tyrobutyricum, such as C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: AbstractAgriculture faces serious problems in feeding 9 billion people by 2050: production must be increased and ecosystem services maintained under conditions for growing crops that are predicted to worsen in many parts of the world. A proposed solution is sustainable intensification of agriculture, whereby yields are increased on land that is currently cultivated, so sparing land to deliver other ecosystem services. Genetically modified (GM) crops are already contributing to sustainable intensification through higher yields and lower environmental impacts, and have potential to deliver further significant improvements. Despite their widespread successful use elsewhere, the (EU) has been slow to introduce GM crops: decisions on applications to import GM commodities are lengthy, and decision-making on applications to cultivate GM crops has virtually ceased. Delayed import approvals result in economic losses, particularly in the EU itself as a result of higher commodity prices. Failure to grant cultivation approvals costs EU farmers opportunities to reduce inputs, and results in loss of agricultural research and development from the EU to countries such as the and China. Delayed decision-making in the EU ostensibly results from scientific uncertainty about the effects of using GM crops; however, scientific uncertainty may be a means to justify a political decision to restrict cultivation of GM crops in the EU. The problems associated with delayed decision-making will not improve until there is clarity about the EU’s agricultural policy objectives, and whether the use of GM crops will be permitted to contribute to achieving those objectives. Keywords: : decision-makinglegislationpolicyregulationresearch and developmentsustainable intensification of agriculturetechnology IntroductionIn 2010, about 150 million ha worldwide were planted with genetically modified (GM) crops, of which only about 100,000 ha were in the (EU). Citation1 Major factors determining the small proportion of worldwide GM crop cultivation in the EU are legislation, regulation and their capricious implementation. The sale of seed and the cultivation of GM crops are regulated under laws controlling the use of pesticides and plant pests, or laws that were created specifically to control the use of GM plants. Citation2 Trading and use of products derived from GM crops is also regulated, again under existing laws regarding novel foods, or under new laws to regulate products containing ingredients from GM crops. Citation3,Citation4 The purpose of the legislation is to manage risks to human and animal health, and the environment, from the cultivation and use of GM crops; however, in some jurisdictions, the legislation relates to economics, not to potential adverse effects on heath or the environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-783497/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Feb, 2022Read the published version in →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractL. plantarum is one of the most diverse species of lactic acid bacteria found in various habitats. Here we report the isolation of two distinct strains of L. plantarum from Indian foods, one each from dhokla batter and jaggery, and analysis of their probiotic potential, technical properties, and genomic features. Both the strains were bile and acid tolerant, utilized various sugars, adhered to intestinal epithelial cells, produced exopolysaccharides, were susceptible for tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, did not cause hemolysis, and exhibited antimicrobial activity against a few pathogenic bacteria. The genetic determinants of bile tolerance, cell-adhesion, bacteriocins production, riboflavin and folate biosynthesis, plant polyphenols utilization, and exopolysaccharide production were found in both the strains. One of the strains contained a large number of unique genes while the other had a simultaneous presence of glucansucrase and fructansucrase genes which is a rare trait in L. plantarum. Comparative genome analysis of 149 L. plantarum strains highlighted high variation in the cell-adhesion and sugar metabolism genes while the genomic regions for some other properties were relatively conserved. This work highlights the unique properties of our strains along with the probiotic and technically important genomic features of a large number of L. plantarum strains. productionriboflavinfolate biosynthesisFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61. IntroductionLactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most important groups of food-related bacteria that are widely used in the food, probiotic, dairy, and beverage industries. These applications are due to generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of LAB as well as the peculiar properties of these bacteria that make them useful for such applications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, we characterized the levansucrase activity of a newly isolated strain of Bacillus which was found to be closely related to B. licheniformis ATCC 14580T and Bacillus sonorensis NRRL B-23154T based upon 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To demonstrate its applicability, we next performed co-culture fermentations with this strain and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T for butyric acid production using sucrose as a carbon source. Results and discussionB. sp. SGP1 Hydrolyzes sucrose through levansucraseB. sp. SGP1 was isolated from a waste water sludge sample obtained from anaerobic digestion tank. Identifying this strain through 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that its closest relative was Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580T (99. 4%, 16S rRNA gene similarity) followed by Bacillus sonorensis NRRL B-23154T (99. 3%) and Bacillus aerius 24KT (99. 3%). The phylogenetic analysis (Additional file 1: Figure S1) showed that the strain SGP1 formed a monophyletic group with B. licheniformis ATCC 14580T, B. sonorensis NRRL B-23154T and B. aerius 24KT. When B. sp. SGP1 was cultured alone on sucrose in batch cultures, lactic acid was the main fermentation product (Figure 1). After 16 h of growth, the optical density leveled off and remained steady for about 20 h longer. During this time, though, sucrose hydrolysis continued as evidenced by the increasing concentration of glucose found within the culture supernatant. Figure 1 Growth profile of B. sp. SGP1 when cultured on RCM supplemented with sucrose in serum bottle at 37°C under anoxic conditions. Full size imageMany groups reported previously that several Bacillus strains, and specifically B. licheniformis, are able to produce levansucrase. This enzyme can both hydrolyze sucrose into its constituent glucose and fructose subunits and form the levan polymer from the fructose subunits [17, 18]. Previous studies demonstrated that levansucrase also degrades levan to individual fructose monomers especially when the reducing sugar concentration is low [18–20].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation5The EU has strict, if not the strictest, legislation on the use of GM crops: data requirements for human health and environmental risk assessments tend to be greater than elsewhere; traceability and labeling requirements are among the most onerous in the world; and there are extensive proposals about coexistence to maintain separation between GM and non-GM production. Citation5-Citation8 Decision-making also is lengthy and unpredictable, particularly for applications for cultivation approvals: no cultivation approvals were granted between 1998, when T25 maize and MON810 maize were approved, and 2010 when the Amflora potato was approvedCitation9; and some applications have been under review for 15 years. Citation10There are many ideas about why EU legislation is stricter than elsewhere. Strict EU Directives and regulations are often traced to its adoption of the precautionary principle, and theories are developed to explain why the EU has invoked the precautionary principle and countries such as the have not; for example, TaitCitation11 proposed that the EU’s use of the precautionary principle originated in perceived failures of regulation of synthetic pesticides. Other authors suggest that the EU is not unique in its use of the precautionary principle to regulate GM crops; regulation of GM crops elsewhere, including the United States, also invokes the precautionary principle, but the EU’s interpretation is stronger. Citation12 On this explanation, strict legislation does not arise from the precautionary principle per se, but from how it is applied to law making. There are several complementary explanations of the EU’s stronger interpretation of the precautionary principle regarding GM crops: negative consumer perception arising from ideas that GM organisms (GMOs) are unnatural; recent food scares and deeper mistrust of the integrity of regulatory decisions; the power of environmental non-governmental organizations and green political parties; and use of regulation to enforce economic protectionism. Citation12,Citation13The purpose of this paper is not to analyze systematically the origins of EU legislation regarding GM crops, but to examine how the regulations may affect biotechnology companies attempting to place GM crops on the European market. Legislation, associated guidance, and questions from the (EFSA), the EU Commission and Member States’ require companies to provide large amounts of data and lengthy risk assessments interpreting those data; however, no matter how many data are provided and questions answered, decisions on cultivation approvals never materialize.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: In terms of probiotic properties, certain strains of lactobacilli are used for the applications such as treating gastric diseases, immune modulation, and prevention of colonization of harmful bacteria1,2. Certain traits that such potentially probiotic lactobacilli display include the ability to survive in low pH and bile, higher hydrophobicity, adhesion to the colon epithelium, production of conjugated linoleic acid, production of exopolysaccharides, etc3–5. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, one of the members of lactobacilli, is found in various environments and harbors a variety of probiotic properties. This homofermentative species is known for its highly variable strains possessing diverse phenotypes and variable genomes. There are many incidences of its isolation from various foods including plants, meat, and fermented products6. They are normal inhabitants of the gut microsystem and have been isolated from the guts of various mammals, fruit flies, and honeybees. The vaginal microsystem has also shown the presence of L. plantarum and they have been evaluated for their probiotic properties7. A few strains of L. plantarum such as 299v which was isolated from human intestinal mucosa and Lp01 are commercially used as probiotics. The genome size of L. plantarum strains is in the range of 3-3. 6 million base pairs which is higher compared to other LAB8. In a comparative genomic study establishing a connection between evolution and habitat, L. plantarum has been identified to be part of the nomadic lifestyle9. L. plantarum has been frequently found in Indian fermented foods such as idli and dosa batter, and sorghum-based fermented products10–12. It has also been reported from fermented vegetable products such as gundruk, sinki, khalpi, inziangsang and xaj-pitha from North-East India13,14. In contrast to these reports and the rich diversity of the fermented foods in India, not many studies have been carried out on the genome sequencing and analysis of L. plantarum from India. This is also reflected in the fact that of the total 593 L. plantarum genomes available on the database, only 16 are reported from India. Recently, genomic characterization of L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Consequently, we tested for the production of levansucrase by B. sp. SGP1. For colonies grown on agar plates containing sucrose, the production of a polysaccharide was obvious as they showed a slimy mucoid growth. In contrast, when grown on agar plates containing glucose, none of the colonies were mucoid. This polysaccharide was consequently precipitated from liquid cultures of B. sp. SGP1 grown on sucrose and hydrolyzed to its constituent monosaccharides. Analysis of these sugars by HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) found fructose monomers, implying that the polysaccharide was levan and that the extracellular enzyme is levansucrase. To further confirm that the enzyme responsible is levansucrase, the proteins present in the supernatant of a 24 h old culture were precipitated and run on an SDS-page gel. After renaturing the proteins, the levan was formed and stained as described in the Materials and Methods. The presence of the levan polymer within the gel is clearly seen in Figure 2. Only one band was observed and it corresponded to a protein having a molecular weight of approximately 55 KDa, a weight that is similar to that of levansucrase enzymes from other species [20]. Further characterization established that this enzyme was optimally active at a neutral pH (Figure 3) and at temperatures of up to 43ºC, the highest temperature tested in this study (Additional file 2: Figure S2). Consequently, it can be used within co-cultures with many fermentative clostridia, which grow best at mesophilic temperatures. Figure 2Levansucrase molecular mass analysis by SDS-PAGE gel. The band was revealed by in situ levan synthesis as described in the materials and methods. Full size imageFigure 3Sucrase and levan forming activities of B. sp. SGP1 supernatant at different pH values. The liberated glucose and levan concentrations were determined as described in the materials and methods. Full size imageCo-culturing B. sp. SGP1 with C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755TSince B. sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Decisions on import approvals are made, but take several years. Scientific uncertainty about the environmental consequences of cultivating the crop is stated as a reason why decisions are not made or are delayed. Although the reasons are not entirely clear, there is a perception that scientific uncertainty is being used as a means to delay decisions. Possible reasons may relate to economic and other reasons that social scientists have suggested as the origin of the strong interpretation of the precautionary principle. Citation11-Citation14 Appeals to scientific uncertainty are used to justify requests for studies that are not required elsewhere in the world, and to require studies to be repeated under European guidelines even though differences in experimental design from existing studies are trivial and do not affect the risk assessment conclusions that may be drawn. We discuss how the costs of these extra studies, and the business risks imposed by the inability of EU institutions to make decisions about GM crops, cause business problems and harm the EU economy. First we describe the major problems facing world agriculture and how GM crops may contribute to solutions to some of these problems. We then describe in detail how EU decision-making adversely affects the ability of companies to develop GM products, and finally we offer some suggestions about how EU decision-making could be improved to encourage innovation of GM crops and other agricultural technologies. for TechnologyThere are serious problems facing global agriculture if it is to produce enough food for 9 billion people before 2050. There are also immediate problems, as today approximately 1 billion people are underfed and about another billion are thought to have diets deficient in important micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. The problems are potentially complex: the amount of food produced needs to increase under changing environmental conditions that are predicted to be detrimental to agriculture in many parts of the world, biodiversity and ecosystem services must be maintained and food distribution must be improved. In addition to optimizing the balance of food production and other ecosystem services, agriculture faces several constraints: there is pressure not to increase the amount of land cultivated, meanwhile land for food production is being switched to cultivation of crops for biofuels or is being lost to urban expansion; 70% of the world’s freshwater is used for agriculture and is being extracted faster than it is being replenished in many parts of the world; soil fertility is falling; energy costs are rising; and greenhouse gas emissions, of which agriculture currently produces 14% directly and 18% indirectly from land use change, must be reduced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: plantarum isolated from dahi and kinema revealed their putative bacteriocin production and probiotic potential15. Additionally, Indian L. plantarum isolates Lp91from human gut and from sheep milk have also been sequenced for their genome16,17. In this paper, we describe the isolation, phenotypic and genotypic characterization, and comparative genomics of two diverse L. plantarum strains isolated from different food sources in India. These isolates were also shown to have high probiotic potential in-silico as well as in-vitro. Additionally, we report variation in L. plantarum strains with respect to the presence of genomic determinants of cell adhesion, carbohydrate metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis, and metabolism of plant phenolics by mining the publicly available whole-genome sequence data of 147 strains. 2. Methods 2. 1 Samples, bacterial cultures, and growth conditions The bacterial cultures were isolated from the batter used for making dhokla (Indian fermented food) and a jaggery sample from the Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, respectively. The food samples were inoculated in mMRS broth (deMan, Rogossa, Sharpe media supplemented with 0. 05% L-cysteine) and streaked on mMRS agar after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. The isolates identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were selected for further characterization. The strains were regularly grown in mMRS medium and grown at 37°C. Escherichia coli MTCC730, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC14506, and Listeria monocytogens ATCC19115 were grown in nutrient broth. 2. 2 Whole-genome sequencing Genomic DNA was isolated using (Promega Inc, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Whole-genome sequencing using Illumina Nextseq500 platform to generate paired-end 150 bp sequences was outsourced. The raw reads were assembled using Unicycler18 and the analysis and visualization of the genomes were performed using genome analysis tools on 19 ( Plasmid contigs were identified using Platon tool20. L. plantarum WCFS1 was used as a reference to sequentially order the whole genome contigs using Mover21.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: SGP1 produces glucose during the hydrolysis of sucrose but does not continue to utilize or ferment it after its initial growth (Figure 1), we hypothesized that this strain can be used in conjunction with other fermentative strains and particularly those that show substrate limitations towards sucrose, such as C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T[10]. To evaluate this, several cultures were grown using these two strains independently or together with either glucose or sucrose as the fermentative substrate. The cultures were evaluated based upon the amount of butyric acid produced over time (Figure 4). Growth of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T or B. sp. SGP1 by themselves on RCM (Media) supplemented with sucrose gave little or no butyric acid, respectively. However, when these two strains were co-cultured on sucrose, a significant amount of butyric acid was produced, i. e. , 13. 5 g/L (Figure 4A), indicating that C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T was able to ferment the monosaccharides produced by the levansucrase. Figure 4A) Butyric acid production by individual and mixed cultures of B. sp. SGP1 and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T. This experiment was performed using RCM supplemented with sucrose or glucose in serum bottles at 37°C under anoxic conditions. B) Plot showing the acetic acid concentration when C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T was cultured alone on glucose and from the co-culture grown on sucrose. Full size imageInterestingly, it was found that the amount of butyric acid produced by the co-culture in serum bottles using sucrose is actually higher than that produced from C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T when grown alone on the same amount of glucose (Figure 4A). In contrast, the final acetate concentration in the co-culture was significantly lower than that seen from C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T cultured solely on glucose (Figure 4B). These two findings are likely related as the final total acid concentrations within the cultures were similar, 14. 6 g/L for the co-culture and 14. 8 g/L for C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Overview of studies required for the safety assessment of GM crops in the products have received regulatory approvals, and in addition to company stewardship plans associated with commercialization, there may be post-registration regulatory requirements regarding stewardship of the products; for example, insect-resistant GM crops require insect-resistance management plans. Citation67 Some countries also have requirements for post-market environmental monitoring of products, either to test hypotheses arising from the environmental risk assessment (so-called “case-specific” monitoring in EU countries) or to detect unexpected harmful effects not identified in the risk assessment (“general surveillance” monitoring in EU countries). Finally, many regulatory approvals are for fixed periods, and re-registration is required to maintain products on the market. Re-registration may require additional data or risk assessment depending on circumstances. of Regulation of GM Crops in the EUDuring research there will be greater uncertainty about the potentially harmful effects of a GM event than there is during agronomic field trials on the one or two events that were selected after extensive evaluation. Nevertheless, risks posed by research are low, owing to containment in the laboratory or glasshouse or the small scale of field trials, which allow spatial isolation from other crops. Most regulators recognize that risk management through containment and confinement is effective, and therefore laboratory experiments on most GMOs (those that are not human or animal pathogens) are performed after risk assessments within the organization carrying out the work and without having to notify regulators about each experiment. Regulators carry out inspections to make sure institutions are carrying out suitable risk assessments and keeping proper records of use and disposal of the GMOs. Similarly, in countries such as the USA, small-scale field trials for many categories of GM crop may be performed after notifying regulators. Submission of significant amounts of data and risk assessment is only required if the event is intended to be grown above a certain area in a calendar year;Citation2 this area is usually exceeded only during multi-location field trials for agronomic performance of events selected for regulatory submissions. For research and development field trials in the EU, however, many countries require a regulatory package similar in scope to an application for commercial release. The resulting high costs of conducting field trials, along with recurring vandalism of field trials in the EU—since 2001 there have been over 70 serious incidents of vandalism of GM crop field trials in the EUCitation68—creates a hostile climate for field trials.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone benefits equally from the same probiotic strains. [SEP] Text: Since both these genes are likely to contribute to the respiratory physiology, it will be worth analysing if the growth and metabolite profile of JGR2 under aerobic growth are different from the other L. plantarum strains47. 3. 4 Phenotypes, technological properties and their genetic determinants The isolates did not show nitrate reduction, H2S production, arginine dihydrolase activity, urease activity, and catalase activity. The DKL3 cell biomass was yellowish and sticky and the colonies did not disperse easily in the liquid medium whereas JGR2 pellet was white and dispersed relatively easily (Fig. 2S). The color variation displayed by both strains is likely due to variable carotenoid production. A previous study showed the involvement of crtNM operon in the carotenoid synthesis which rendered yellow color to the L. plantarum isolates48. Even though our isolates showed color variation, the crtNM operon was present in both the isolates (data not shown). 3. 4. 1 Sugar utilization Both the strains were able to utilize maltose, salicin, sucrose, mannose, and fructose to a similar extent as glucose but neither of them was able to utilize arabinose and rhamnose (Fig. 2a). Melezitose was only utilized by DKL3; whereas, lactose, raffinose, sorbitol, and trehalose were exclusively utilized by L. plantarum JGR2. In general, high variability in the utilization of some sugars is reported in L. plantarum strains. The common and differential pattern observed for DKL3 and JGR2 was in accordance with such differences reported, for example, in the case of L. plantarum 299v and ATCC 1491749,50. For melezitose, raffinose, sorbitol, and trehalose utilization, the gene cassettes were found in both the genomes despite variable utilization. It has been shown that L. plantarum carbohydrate utilization operons are highly variable and are altered depending on the niche51. The correlation of these variable sugar utilization with the genome was only possible in the case of lactose, where a lactose utilization gene cassette was found only in JGR2.

Output: contrast