Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We live in a galaxy – the – so it may seem odd that Raja and Amanda are more interested in Andromeda and Triangulum, both of which are over 2. 5 million light years away. However, it is hard to view a galaxy from inside it. Imagine you want to take a photo of your school. To get a good view, you would need to stand outside the building. Would this be practical if your school was as big as the Milky Way? The edge of our galaxy is about 1 million light years away, so we cannot send a camera outside the to look back at it. Instead, it is easier to look at our neighbours. “Andromeda and Triangulum are both spiral galaxies like the Milky Way,” explains Amanda, “so they can give us an idea of how our own galaxy formed and changed over time. ” you ever used a prism to split white light into a rainbow of colours? Astrophysicists do something similar with starlight – they pass it through a narrow slit into a spectrograph which separates the light according to its wavelength. The amount of light from long (red) to short (blue) wavelengths describes the spectrum of the star and studying this spectrum (a technique known as spectroscopy) can reveal incredible details. The speed at which a star is moving can be determined by the squashing or stretching of its light to shorter or longer wavelengths. The dominant wavelength is a guide to the star’s temperature, as hotter stars tend to glow at shorter wavelengths. And, dips in the spectrum can reveal the star’s chemical composition. Raja and Amanda have been measuring spectra of stars in Andromeda and Triangulum since 2016, using the Keck-II telescope in Hawai’i. This telescope sits at the summit of Maunakea, a dormant volcano and a sacred site to the Indigenous community, so Amanda considers herself “incredibly fortunate” to use the facility for a few nights each year. Before a night at Keck-II, Raja and Amanda use images from the Telescope to identify the stars they want to track so they can point the Keck-II telescope perfectly. The team has now measured the spectra of thousands of stars in Triangulum to create the (TREX) survey. “Our TREX survey has raised more questions about Triangulum than it has answered! ” says Raja.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The system functions in three distinct stages: adaptation, biogenesis, and interference. -Cas systems are currently classified into at least five different types, each with a signature protein among which Type III systems exhibit a dual DNA/RNA interference activity. Structures of a few Type III surveillance complexes have been determined: they are composed of several different subunits and exhibit striking architectural similarities to surveillance complexes. Here, we review the genetic, biochemical, and structural studies concerning -III systems and discuss their application for genetic manipulations, including genome engineering and gene silencing. 2. dCas9: A for Free downloadDaan J. W. Brocken, Mariliis Tark-Dame and Remus T. DamePages: 15-32. DOI: 3. State-Of-The-and Khaista RehmanPages: 33-46. DOI: (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated Protein 9), basically a bacterial immune system is now widely applicable to engineer genomes of a number of cells and organisms because of its simplicity and robustness. In research avenue the system has been optimized to regulate gene expression, modify epigenome and edit target locus. These applications makeCas9, a technology of choice to edit disease causing mutations as well as the epigenome more efficiently than ever before. Meanwhile its application in in vivo and ex vivo cells is encouraging the scientific community for more vigorous gene therapy and in clinical setups for therapeutic genome editing. Here we review the recent advances that -Cas9 mediated genome editing has achieved and is reported in previous studies and address the challenges associated with it. 4. of Cas9 and ShahPages: 47-54. DOI: the engineered nucleases have revolutionized genome editing to perturb gene expression at specific sites in complex eukaryotic genomes. Three important classes of these genome editing tools are Moreover, the more recent type II Inter-spaced Repeats/Crispr associated protein (/Cas9) system has become the most favorite plant genome editing tool for its precision and RNA based specificity unlike its counterparts which rely on protein based specificity. Plasmid-mediated co-delivery of multiple sgRNAs and Cas9 to the Plant cell can simultaneously alter more than one target loci which enable multiplex genome editing. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the Cas9 technology mechanism, theory and its applications in plants and agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: The main reason is rather that the resistivity of the sediments are too similar, as they are in fact all more or less the same type of gravel and sand, simply differing in whether they are more washed or aligned in different ways. In order to be able to differentiate these types of sediment structures one has to resort to ground penetrating radar. The effectiveness of the method has, for example, been demonstrated in the publication I mentioned above: Huggenberger, P. , Hoehn, E. , Beschta, R. , & Woessner, W. (1998). Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology. Freshwater Biol. , 40, 407-425. in more detail in the following publication: Huggenberger, P. , Meier, E. , & Pugin, A. (1994). Ground-probing radar as a tool for heterogeneity estimation in gravel deposits: advances in data processing and facies analysis. J. Appl. Geophys. , 31(1-4), 171-184. I would prefer it if the author's revise the statement on why EM methods do/did not work in their case and highlight somewhere that ground penetrating radar could be a way forward in this respect. l 429, and following: unclear what 'BPA source' is supposed to be. Moreover, the following sentence is repeated twice. l435-437: Looking at table 3, the regional aquifer shows much larger Rn-222 activities than the BPA. Why do the authors believe that it is justified to use the largest measured BPA Rn-222 activity concentrations as the secular equilibrium values? It makes much more sense to me to use the regional aquifer values, assuming that the regional aquifer also consists of sediments from the Waikirikiri river, albeit sediments that were deposited a longer time ago. Using the regional aquifer values as secular equilibrium indicators would result in much lower residence times for the BPA water in Waikirikiri. I believe that the RT of 15. 5 days (essentially the upper detection limit of the RAD H2O based Rn-222 method) is too old and in reality would lie closer to the values observed for the Wairau AQ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Among the new mysteries is a group of stars in the middle of the galaxy that appear to be ‘misbehaving’. While most stars in Triangulum follow a beautiful, orderly pattern like a flock of birds, this unruly bunch are flying around in random directions like a swarm of bees. The strangest thing is that some of the disorderly stars are relatively young, so they have not yet had time to be disturbed. What has set these ‘young and restless’ stars into frenzied motion is unclear. Raja and Amanda are continuing to analyse the spectra of the stars to observe if their chemical composition can shed light on the galaxy’s history. Another odd thing about Triangulum is that its stars are arranged in an ‘S’ shape, unlike most galaxies of its size which tend to be arranged as a disc, like a dinner plate. Amanda and Raja are not sure exactly why this is, but suspect Triangulum may have been involved in a galactic collision. ? When two galaxies get close to each other, the stars in one galaxy will be pulled by the gravity of the other. This causes the galaxies to spiral around each other, in a ‘dance’ lasting billions of years. Eventually, they merge into a single galaxy, with a new shape and structure caused by the complex forces of gravity. Amazingly, nothing actually crashes into anything else when galaxies collide, because the vast majority of a galaxy is empty space. “It’s like having two cathedral-sized bubbles, each with a fly in them,” explains Amanda. “If you throw these bubbles at each other, the chances of the two flies hitting each other is almost zero. ” Raja was part of the team that created the first ever digital photo mosaic of the Andromeda galaxy, constructed by stitching together 57 images taken by a ground-based telescope. Subsequent spectroscopy based on wider area images led to the surprising discovery that Andromeda is five times bigger than previously thought. The team determined this by analysing spectra of bright points in wide area images to deduce if each point was an Andromeda star, a star in the foreground, or a distant galaxy in the background. Since then, astronomers have generated much more detailed pictures of Andromeda by combining high-resolution images taken by the Telescope. These new images held an even bigger surprise – Andromeda is heading straight for us.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: We also suggest that the Cas9 as an effective genome editing tool, has vast potential for crop improvement and studying gene regulation mechanism and chromatin remodeling. 5. /Cas9-in öksel Özer, and Turan KaradenizPages: 55-64. DOI: crop production is highly threatened due to pathogen invasion. The huge quantity of pesticides application, although harmful to the environment and human health, is carried out to prevent the crop losses worldwide, every year. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and plant resistance against pathogen is important. The resistance against pathogens is regulated by three important phytohormones viz. salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). Here we review possible role of technology to understand the plant pathogenicity by mutating genes responsible for pathogen invasion or up-regulating the phytohormones genes or resistant genes. Thus hormone biosynthesis genes, receptor and feeding genes of pathogens could be important targets for modifications usingCas9 following multiplexing tool box strategy in order to edit multiple genes simultaneously to produce super plants. Here we put forward our idea thatthe genes would be either mutated in case of plant receptor protein targets of pathogens or up-regulation of resistant genes or hormone biosynthesis genes will be better choice for resistance against pathogens. 6. -Cas9 On-and Khaista RehmanPages: 65-80. DOI: has revolutionized the field of molecular biology, medical genetics and medicine. The technology is robust, facile and simple to achieve genome targeting in cells and organisms. However, to propagate these nucleases for therapeutic application, the on-target specificity is of paramount importance. Although the binding and cleavage of off-target sites by Cas9 is issue of concern, however the specificity of technology is greatly improved in current research employing the use of engineer nucleases, improved gRNA selection, novel Cas9 orhtologs and the advancement in methods to detect and screen off-target sites and its effects. Here we summarize the advances in this state-of-the-art technology that will equip the genome editing tools to be applied in clinical research. The researcher should optimize these methods with emphasize to achieve perfection in the specificity. 7. and its Application in IndustryPages: 81-92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: l437-438: What is the basis for the assumption that the secular EQ for the Wairau AQ is 4800 Bq/m3 For the Waikirikiri site it is explained how the secular EQ was derived, but for the Wairau aquifer it is not. From table 3 I understand that the 4800 Bq/m3 was the highest value measured in the regional aquifer, which makes sense to me. But please explain. table 3: What are the measurement uncertainties of the Radon measurements? The RAD H2O method is notoriously uncertain if one follows the standard protocol of the manufacturer. Which steps were taken to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the standard measurement protocol? If the default procedure to measure Rad7 in the 250ml Rad H2O bottles was used, then it is highly likely that the instrument reported measurement uncertainties were an order of magnitude larger than the measured values shown for the river water samples. In other words: In order for the reader to be able to assess the quality and validity of the presented radon-222 data with the specific method that the authors used, the authors must provide information on the measurement protocol that was employed and report the instrument-reported measurement uncertainties. This is especially important as the uncertainties in the activities have a huge effect on the uncertainty of the residence time estimates. table 3: estimating a residence time of 25 days is not possible with the Rn-222 method, unless maybe one has an extremely precise radon-222 measurement system, for example a very well tuned liquid scintillation counter. With the Rad7 instrument, and particularly with the Rad H2O grab sampling technique, uncertainties are much too large to estimate Rn-222 based residence times beyond the 3 half-lives mark, i. e. beyond about 11. 5 days. . . . The fact that the authors provide such values without a proper discussion of the employed method or the uncertainties and detection limits again tells me that a thorough re-thinking and revision of the radon-222 methodology is necessary. L471: "The hydrogeologic structure. . . "L535-540: Lidar and bathymetric data were not presented and therefore can't be used here to discuss aspects/the functioning of the system. . .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Previously, we knew it was getting closer but had no idea it was on a collision course. The team Raja belongs to showed this must be the case by comparing two images, taken seven years apart, of stars in Andromeda against the background of distant galaxies. Raja likens this to “watching an insect creep slowly across your wall, using patterned wallpaper as a reference. ” The results showed very little movement left or right, up or down. The only conclusion is that Andromeda is moving in a direct line towards the Milky Way. However, the collision is not due for another 4. 5 billion years. By then, our Sun will have increased in brightness and made it too hot for liquid water on Earth, so it is unlikely anybody will be alive to see it happen. of Astronomy and AstrophysicsUniversity of of the movement of stars in the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies (NSF), NASA/-the 10. 33424/285 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 high-resolution digital image of Andromeda © The spiral arms of Triangulum are clearly visible in this image of the galaxy © Observatory, which includes the Keck-II telescope, sits at the summit of Maunakea, Hawai’i Amanda at the Keck Observatory, where she and Raja collect spectra of stars in Triangulum and with one of the spectrographs at Keck-II that splits the light received from each star into its constituent wavelengths Amanda talks about her astronomy work to a class of school students over of the 2019 SIP students SIP students enjoy an evening on the beach at Raja with SIP students A painting Amanda did after snorkelling with a turtle A portrait of Raja’s daughter and niece made up entirely of written words and phrases My main interest when I was growing up was art. I loved painting and still do. My mother was a wonderful artist, as were my older sister and grandmother, so I was surrounded by strong artistic influences. I was also interested in sports and enjoyed both watching and playing lots of different sports. I liked all kinds of science when I was at school – biology, chemistry, physics. on Earth, an ecology documentary series narrated by David Attenborough, encouraged me to become a scientist, and trips to the planetarium inspired my love for the stars and motivated me to study astronomy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: DOI: regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 (-associated nuclease 9) method has been dramatically changing the field of genome engineering. It is a rapid, highly efficient and versatile tool for precise modification of genome that uses a guide RNA (gRNA) to target Cas9 to a specific sequence. This novel RNA-guided genome-editing technique has become a revolutionary tool in biomedical science and has many innovative applications in different fields. In this review, we briefly introduce the Cas9-mediated genome-editing tool, summarize the recent advances inCas9 technology to engineer the genomes of a wide variety of organisms, and discuss their applications to treatment of fungal and viral disease. We also discuss advantageous ofCas9 technology to drug design, creation of animal model, and to food, agricultural and energy sciences. Adoption of theCas9 technology in biomedical and biotechnological researches would create innovative applications of it not only for breeding of strains exhibiting desired traits for specific industrial and medical applications, but also for investigation of genome function. 8. Applications ofCas9 in and ShuJun ZhangPages: 93-102. DOI: editing is unraveling its benefits in wide areas of scientific development and understanding. The advances of genome editing from ZFNs and to defines it wide applicability. Reproduction is the fundamental process by which all organisms maintain their generations. /Cas9, a new versatile genome editing tool is recently tamed to correct several disease causing genetic mutations spreading its arms to improve reproductive health. It not only edit harmful genetic mutations but is also applied to control the spread of parasitic diseases like malaria by introducing selfish genetic elements, propagated through generations and population via reproduction. These applications made us to review the recent developments of use in reproductive biology. 9. and KhalilPages: 103-110. DOI: has emerged as a simple, precise and most rapid genome editing technology. With a number of promising applications ranging from agriculture and environment to clinical therapeutics, it is greatly transforming the field of molecular biology. However, there are certain ethical, moral and safety concerns related to the attractive applications of this technique. The most contentious issues concerning human germline modifications are the challenges to human safety and morality such as risk of unforeseen, undesirable effects in clinical applications particularly to correct or prevent genetic diseases, matter of informed consent and the risk of exploitation for eugenics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Explore the : Spring 2018 on View of Duluth on the shores of Lake Superior, showing the Bridge and the Aquarium. and “A lake is a landscape’s most beautiful and expressive feature. It is Earth’s eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. ” So said H. D. Thoreau in Walden, conjuring an image of human eyes peering intently into Earth’s eyes, and learning something profound in the process. Indeed, who among us hasn’t gazed into one of these watery eyes of Earth, into a lake’s mysterious depths, and had their souls stirred, their curiosity piqued? How deep is it? How long has it been here? Where did the water come from and where does it go? What creatures live here? Is it safe to drink? On the western shore of Earth’s largest lake, there is a century-old brick building, a former elementary school, where you can find a team of investigators whose job it is to be curious beholders of the largest of these “eyes” of Earth. Their studies of large lakes look into the past and help us project into the future. This story is about them and what they’ve done. (LLO) is a research unit at the University of Minnesota Duluth. It has a unique mission: to perform scientific study of the largest lakes of Earth. It is one of the largest water-centered research units at the university and its impact has been felt all over the world. The faculty, staff, and students of course use their human eyes to observe, but their senses also are extended in fascinating ways by the use of specialized observational platforms and techniques, some of which we will encounter here. Indeed, unusual skills and uncommon equipment often are needed to explore these large, sometimes remote, lake environments. Coordinated teams of investigators may take advantage of remote or autonomous sensors that extend their vision beyond what a single human alone can take in at a given moment. They use specialized equipment to make measurements of the chemistry, biology, and physics of large lakes. Such tools of the trade are not available everywhere, but they are central to the scientists of LLO. Figure 1. The bottom of is below sea level! To measure certain parameters and to collect water from hundreds of meters below the surface, scientists can deploy this “CTD rosette.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: After completing my bachelor’s degree in India, I came to the US for my PhD. Switching between two very different educational systems was a huge challenge as I was ill-prepared for the style of learning in graduate school. I was used to solving maths, physics, and chemistry problems, but they were invariably problems that someone had set and, therefore, knew the answer to. The open-ended nature of problem-solving for a PhD was completely new to me, and this is one of the things that inspired me to establish the Program. The highlight of my career actually has nothing to do with astronomy! Recently, I was offered my first solo art show. Nothing has made me prouder and happier than this opportunity to display my artwork for the public to see. I think there are parallels between art and astronomy. Both involve observing fine details (I paint and draw portraits of people and animals), creativity, and problem-solving. As an astronomer, I envisage how I want to conduct an experiment, but commonly run into issues that must be overcome. As an artist, I envisage how I want to draw a portrait, but sometimes the shading won’t work, or the piece won’t look as I imagined. I love the fact that astronomy allows us to look back in time. I think it is fascinating that the light we see in our telescopes on Earth left Andromeda millions of years ago. RAJA’patient with yourself. You never know when you will find your passion, but that time will come. Follow things you are interested in, and don’t do things just because other people are doing them. If you work hard at something and you really believe in it, good things will happen. ? I painted a lot as a kid and I swam whenever I could. I had a lot of chronic pain growing up, and swimming was one of the biggest reliefs I had. I was always trying to escape Earth’s gravity because it caused my joints to hurt. These days, I like to go to the beach and draw, and I love snorkelling, though the ocean around is too cold for me! I think seeing Saturn in a telescope for the first time was what got me hooked on astronomy. I was at a science centre and my first thought was “How can this be real? ” It looked too much like the images I had seen in my textbooks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy access Published: 30 May 2024 -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy Mingming Qin1,2 na1, Chunhao Deng3 na1, Liewei Wen4, Guoqun Luo1 & …Ya Meng4 Show authors Journal of 1. Fig. 1Schematic representative ofCas loci in Class 1 and Class 2 system. Class 1 system show multi-component effectors, while the Class 2 system have one effector. Three subgroups of Class 2 systems are presented. II-protein contains: Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) and Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9 (StrCas9), all of which have the tracrRNA sequences. which comprises Cas12a, Cas12b and Cas12c, exhibits distinct genome structures. Cas12b has the tracrRNA structure, while Cas12c only has one assistant protein cas1 for genome editing. Cas14 subgroup is not depicted in this figure. systems show few assistant proteins to identify RNA virus, however, type VI-B has csx27 and csx28 proteins to regulate nuclease activity. Illustrated according to Ref [14, 16, 20, 21]. Full size image/Cas system has been utilized for cellular genetic modification [22, 23] and the generation of animal models for cancer research [24, 25]. Furthermore, theCas-based genetic screening system was developed for cellular investigation [26,27,28], as well as in tumor studies [25, 29]. In addition, high throughput gRNA libraries have been established to enable efficient genetic screening, specially facilitating personalized treatment strategies for cancer patients individually [30]. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of theCas system and essential elements for successful screening system, including gRNA libraries, gRNA validation, and clinical application for cancer research. Furthermore, we explored the application of the screening system in cancer therapy from both ex vivo and in vivo investigation, aiming to elucidate the inherent advantages and potential obstacles for clinical precision medicine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: ” The gray vertical tubes are water sampling bottles that can be closed at chosen depths so that water from that location is brought back on board. Below the gray tubes is a package of instruments that measures such things as temperature, salinity, oxygen, and other parameters, giving LLO scientists a “vertical profile” of lake conditions. Photo credit: crew. Advancing human knowledge about large lakes isn’t just fascinating for researchers; it has real value to society. Human welfare depends uniquely on these large lakes. It is sometimes said that clean freshwater is society’s most valuable resource, something we can’t live without. If you total it up, there is about 125,000 km3 of liquid, surface freshwater on Earth, covering about 9 million km2, roughly the area of Europe. Perhaps that seems like a lot of water. However, if all this freshwater was brought into a single spherical drop of liquid freshwater, its diameter would be only 62 km. This is really tiny on a global scale. One could barely see such a drop on an image of Earth from space, hardly what the iconic “blue marble” image of Earth or the nickname “the water planet” suggest. The lesson of this thought exercise is this: Only a small fraction of all the water on Earth is liquid and fresh, and it is spread thinly, with much greater breadth than depth, so the total volume is not impressive on a global scale. Just as remarkable and meaningful is where exactly this water is actually found on the planet. Just a handful of Earth’s largest lakes hold a disproportionate amount of global freshwater. Lake Baikal, in Siberia, has 20 percent of the total, as do the five Lakes (HOMES, or Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior) together. These two lake systems thus hold four of every ten drops of liquid surface freshwater on Earth. Further, just five lakes (Baikal, Tanganyika, Superior, Malawi, and Vostok, in that order) hold more than half of this resource. Large lakes are significant reservoirs of freshwater. To sum up, we can’t live without freshwater, there is a very limited supply, and it is very unevenly distributed on the planet. How valuable these reservoirs of freshwater, these large lakes of Earth, are!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: It was a really inspiring moment for me. Growing up, I couldn’t name a disabled scientist, even though there are many. That always made me feel isolated, so I want to lessen that isolation for others. I created the at UCSC, where disabled graduate students can come together. This was a community I had really been missing; now, it’s great to feel fully understood by peers. I have also been advocating for STEM programmes to develop more flexibility and to be more accessible. I want STEM to be a truly inclusive space – anyone who wants to pursue STEM should be able to. Disabled people often have to come up with creative solutions in their lives, and this creativity is really valuable in science. If more disabled scientists are supported in the field, it will lead to more fascinating discoveries. I work with the Project for programme at UCSC, where I teach algebra and astronomy in jail facilities. I have developed valuable teaching skills through this opportunity as I have to be a dynamic teacher to ensure I keep everyone engaged while providing enough background information for students with less familiarity with the concepts. The students enjoy the classes because they allow them to exercise part of their critical thinking that otherwise isn’t used in their day-to-day routines. ’a solid support network. In every field, there are kind people who will help you be yourself and succeed. Keep hobbies outside of work. It’s important to remember that you are worth more than the work you do and to take meaningful breaks. The journey through high school and college is the hardest part, in my opinion. Give yourself credit for the work you’re doing at all stages! is the founder of the Program (SIP), which gives high school students the chance to work on authentic cutting-edge research at the University of Cruz. While receiving training from academics to develop their research skills, students complete a project over the summer, allowing them to contribute to scientific discoveries. ? In 2009, Raja was asked by a local teacher if he would host a few students in his lab, so they could do some astronomy research. He saw that this could benefit everyone – the students would learn what it is like to conduct research, while he would get help analysing his data. That year, three students analysed spectra of stars in Andromeda.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The application of Class 2 -Cas effectors and genome modification in cancer therapyType II effector Cas9 in cancer researchpyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9), classified as the type II-A effectors, showed comparable genome editing efficiency for in vitro and in vivo study [21, 31,32,33]. These effectors enable rapid modification of cellular or animal models for transcriptional modulation via knockout/knockin or high throughput genomic screening [23, 34]. The compact size of SaCas9 renders it an optimal enzyme for in vivo AAV application. However, SpCas9, one of the pioneering Cas9 proteins, has been extensively investigated and utilized in gene editing. Three variants of SpCas9 have been developed, the wild-type Cas9, nickase Cas9 (nCas9), and dead Cas9 (dCas9). Cas9 mediated DNA cleavage with the two distinct active sites RuvC and HNH, under the assistance of (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) ribonucleoprotein complex [8]. The dual-tracrRNA: crRNA chimera single guide RNA (sgRNA) was created and directed Cas9 nuclease to the potential target loci for site-specific DNA cleavage, initiating the genome editing system in vitro [35]. The binding of Cas9 to the adjacent sequence of three nucleotides, known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), triggers DNA cleavage by inducing double-strand breaks with its scissor-like activity [36]. The recently used Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes remarkably increase fidelity and efficacy for double-strand DNA breaks with minimized cell mortality [37]. It also combined with repair donor to achieve site-specific correction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in epithelial organoids [38]. Cre-dependent Cas9 knockin mouse was generated, and KRAS, p53, and LKB1 depletion resulted in carcinoma formation in these transgenic mice, providing a robust cancer model for research [24]. One mutation in D10A of Cas9 protein makes a nCas9, which improves genome editing specificity [39].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: We clearly need to care for places that hold such huge percentages of one of society’s most valuable resources. We care for them because future generations need us to. To do this, we need to understand how these lakes function, how they are changing, and how we can make use of them without jeopardizing them for future generations. And for that, we need a solid scientific foundation. That’s where LLO comes in. What is it like to work on large lakes? Some of the work at LLO takes place on the largest university-owned research vessel (R/V) in the Great Lakes, the R/V Blue Heron. Heron, owned by the university, is managed as part of the System (UNOLS), and it is chartered by research scientists near and far to explore any of the Great Lakes. Built in 1985 for fishing on the Grand Banks, and closely resembling the from the movie Storm, the was purchased by the University of Minnesota in 1997, and converted into a limnological research vessel during the winter of 1997–98. Heron is outfitted with state-of-the-art instrumentation and is capable of up to three-week long expeditions to any of the when up to 11 scientists and crew eat, sleep, and work on board. She has supported work that has looked in detail at Lake Superior’s bottom for clues about its past, work that has helped scientists better understand the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the Great Lakes, and helped government scientists keep an eye on the status of the fisheries. Figure 2. The university’s 86’ R/V is a critical piece of infrastructure, a floating field station, that provides scientific access to even the most remote parts of the Great Lakes. Heron is a knife of boats: it can be configured to perform a wide variety of scientific investigations. Image courtesy of the LLO. LLO prides itself on its rich interdisciplinary atmosphere. Hardly any environmental investigation relies on a single academic subject. A physicist is needed to explain the currents and waves; understanding the water quality requires a chemist; and a biologist would find a lifetime of work studying the creatures big and small, from microscopic algae to fish. And understanding how the lakes evolve and respond to climate change is impossible without geologists and climate scientists.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: One studied the chemical elements in the stars, another calculated how fast the stars were moving, and the third determined which stars were part of the Andromeda galaxy and which were in the Milky Way. ? Unlike in school, where you will be asked to answer questions that have been set by your teacher or textbook, scientists are trying to solve puzzles that nobody has solved before. This means that no one knows the answer, and scientists often get stuck or make mistakes as they search for a solution. At school, you might feel like you have failed if you do not find the answer, but this is a crucial part of research. “It is important for students to learn that failing is part of the journey to discovery,” explains Raja. Behind every big discovery are a thousand ‘failed’ experiments, so the essential thing is to keep on experimenting. Students participating in SIP learn the importance of this process of trial and error. “Students are tasked with solving problems that no one has done before, so they need to use their critical thinking skills to find solutions,” says Raja. “These solutions may or may not work, but both outcomes are equally useful. ” invited three students into his lab, SIP has grown every year. By 2022, there were 95 academics hosting 326 students, covering 20 different subjects. The programme has worked hard to become more inclusive by reaching out to students of colour, those from low-income families, and first-generation college aspirants, all of whom face additional barriers to going to university. When the COVID-19 pandemic forced SIP to move online, this opened the programme to students around the world, and Raja hopes that in the future SIP will consist of a mix of online and in-person research projects. PART 2: have been looking up at the stars long before the Telescope began taking high-resolution images of Andromeda. For tens of thousands of years, communities and civilisations have observed the night sky and tried to understand what is up there. This means the scientific method is only one way of describing the Universe – many cultures have traditional knowledge and beliefs that often hold a deep connection between humans and the stars. While much of this ancient understanding has been lost due to colonisation and as city lights pollute the night skies, S. Lee, director of Native Skywatchers, is working hard to ensure we do not forget this knowledge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The combination of sgRNA pairs with nCas9 significantly enhances cutting specificity by 50-1000 folds in cell lines and mouse zygotes [40]. -Cas base editing using nCas9 enables precise incorporation of point mutations in genomic DNA without inducing double-strand breaks, demonstrating its potential in treating genetic diseases caused by base-pair alterations through adenine base editors (ABEs) or cytosine base editors (CBEs) [41]. In addition, DNA base editors combining with the leading platform adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for viral delivery expanded the -base-edit toolkit for Prime-editing (PE) [42]. Meanwhile, the recently developed genome editing technique known as NICER utilizes Cas9D10A nickase to correct heterozygous mutations. It generates multiple DNA nicks and triggers gene correction via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR) which rarely induces genomic alterations, making it a precise strategy to restore genetic diseases or single nucleotide mutations [43]. Except the precise single nucleotide restoration, cancer translocations were generated by double strand breaks and paired nicks with either Cas9 or nCas9, creating endogenous chromosomal translocations cell model for investigating tumor driving genes [44]. Catalytically inactive Cas9, a ‘dead’ protein (dCas9) with both mutations in D10A and H840A of RuvC and HNH domains, showed its popularity in gene regulation with inhibition, activation, and cell imaging and labeling [45]. Genome-scale screenings utilizing inhibition () and activation () have been employed to identify both known and novel genes involved in controlling cell growth and sensitivity to toxins [46]. Precise inducible gene knockdown or overexpression can be supported using dCas9-KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) or Cas9 combined with Expression promoter (TetO) [47]. Firstly, the fusion of dCas9 with transcriptional repressor produces the genetic tool [48]. The dCas9-BFP-KRAB repressor domain enables the suppression of gene expression [49]. Second, fusing dCas9 with RNA polymerase (RNAP) omega subunit upregulates gene expression [50], and dCas9-VP64 was used for transcriptional activation [51].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: LLO researchers study sediments that have accumulated year after year on lake floors, faithfully recording chemical and biological signals of changing climate and environmental conditions. Unravelling the stories preserved in these archives provides knowledge of past climate change that forms a basis for evaluating impacts of ongoing and future climate change. LLO research on paleoclimate archives has extended across the planet, with field programs on six continents. These range from coring operations using small inflatable rafts to major drilling operations taking advantage of technologies developed for the petroleum industry; from studies focused on sediments deposited over the past few thousand years to million-year long records; from drilling ancient lake beds now on land to recovering sediments from hundreds of meters of water depth. We highlight here two international collaborative projects where LLO scientists had leading roles, Project and MexiDrill: of Program. 1 km below lake surface) and a dynamic positioning system to maintain the position of the drilling barge in waters too deep for anchoring. ” width=”1024″ height=”757″> Figure 4. Aerial view of the 160′ drilling barge Viphya on Lake Malawi, where 26 members of the drill team, science team, and ship’s crew lived for six weeks. This fuel barge was converted to accommodate a 100 ton geotechnical drilling rig (capable of recovering sediment from >1 km below lake surface) and a dynamic positioning system to maintain the position of the drilling barge in waters too deep for anchoring. Photo credit: Isla Casteneda. Project collected sediments at 600m water depth to recover a continuous record of past climate in the continental tropics over the past ~1. 3 million years. This region over this time tells us about the conditions where and when humans evolved. Major findings include evidence that over the past million years, climate in this part of eastern Africa, in contrast to northern Africa, shifted from arid conditions with high-frequency variability to generally wetter conditions with more prolonged wet and dry intervals. This finding has significant implication for understanding the evolution and migration of early hominids in east Africa that we are beginning sort out as we obtain records from other areas on the continent. (then called Tenochtitlán) was established by the Aztecs in the 1300s on an island in the center of a closed-basin lake system, which at that time was shallow, marshy, and relatively saline.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: The aim of is to revitalise Indigenous star and Earth knowledge with community-based leadership and from the narrative of the Indigenous voice. In addition, encourages people to appreciate both Indigenous knowledge systems of the stars and astronomy, and to forge connections between Indigenous groups and scientists. -? The idea that these two ways of looking at the world, from an Indigenous viewpoint and from a ‘scientific’ viewpoint, are equally important is known as ‘Two-Eyed Seeing’, or Etuaptmumk in the language of the Mi’kmaq Indigenous peoples. According to Mi’kmaq elder, Albert Marshall, “Two-is learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western knowledges and ways of knowing… but most importantly, learning to use both these eyes together, for the benefit of all. ” As the US becomes more diverse, Annette feels Two-is more important than ever. “Only when we equally value all the voices of people from diverse perspectives can we begin to tackle some of the crises we are facing today,” she says. ? Building on insider relationships, records and shares Indigenous knowledge of the stars through a multidisciplinary approach at the intersection of science, art and culture, based on the frameworks of experiential learning, digital storytelling and culturally responsive pedagogy. “By leveraging both the power of science and the power of digital media, enormous change is possible,” says Annette. In its workshops, has brought together young and old Indigenous knowledge keepers, language and cultural experts, scientists, artists, teachers and communities to share their understandings of astronomy and Indigenous science, and, more importantly, to build community. ? Annette and the team have researched and designed star maps, to provide a first-glance introduction to Two-Eyed Seeing. The maps themselves are from the Western science system and are only the beginning ‘baby steps’ to understanding the larger and deeper philosophical cosmology and practice that is deeply rooted in Indigenous knowledge systems. “For example, there are many important D(L)akota teachings that relate to To/Tuŋ Wiŋ (Blue/Birth Woman),” explains Annette.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In addition, dCas9 protein serves as a valuable tool for labeling of endogenous genomic loci in living cells. By employing an optimized sgRNA fused with EGFP-tagged dCas9, repetitive elements in telomeres and various other regions can be robustly labeled [52]. A double-color labeling method was established by incorporating MS2 or PP7 RNA aptamers into the sgRNA, fused with the catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) for direct visualization [53]. Finally, dCas9 can be employed for in vivo imaging of chromosomal dynamics and genome organization dimensions [47], allowing systematic fluorescent labeling of up to 10 proteins [48]. Summary of the type II Cas9 enzymes was depicted in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Summary of Cas9 proteins and modified nCas9 and dCas9 genome editing tools. (A) PAM for SpCas9 is NGG, while PAM for SaCas9 is with the ability to cut DNA double helix. (B) Mutation of D10A leads to the formation of nCas9 while both mutations generate dCas9 protein. (C) nCas9 can be applied for base editing such as CBE and ABE, also for Base editor and developed as NICER to repair heterogenous mutation. (D) dCas9 was modified to generate and labeling tools. dCas9: dead Cas9. nCas9: nickase Cas9. CBE: : Editor. RT: reverse transcriptase. pegRNA: prime editing guide RNA. Full size imageand type VI effectors in cancer researchMainly three subtypes of type V effectors were investigated for gene editing, named as type V-A, V-B and V-C. The type V-A effector Cpf1 (from Prevotella and Francisella 1), exhibits enhanced genome editing specificity attributed to a T-rich PAM (-5′TTTV) [54], resulting in a staggered DNA double stranded break [55]. Two candidate Cpf1 (Cas12a) enzymes, AsCpf1 from Acidominococcus sp. BV3L6 and LbCpf1 from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006, show a robust genome editing ability in human cells compared to that of Cas9 [56].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: These lakes, which had existed for some 350,000 years, have been heavily modified through lowering of the water table to improve flood control, accommodate agricultural expansion, and provide water for urban development, and only a small remnant remains in the agricultural lands at the southern outskirts of Mexico City. However, the underlying sediments contain a rich record of past climate conditions. In 2016, LLO scientists were part of an international team (Mexico, Spain, Germany, UK) that drilled and recovered a sedimentary record, which we are now analyzing with the goal of recovering a 350,000 year record of environmental change directly relevant to the 25 million inhabitants of Mexico City. Witnessing the lakes sometimes change fast. As an example, consider how the introduction of new species may change the whole character of a lake ecosystem. Over the past two centuries, more than 180 invasive species have become established in the Lakes and their watershed. Of those, among the most recognizable and damaging are two species of closely related bivalved mollusks (relatives of clams): the zebra and quagga mussels, together known as dreissenid mussels. After being accidentally introduced into and St. Clair in the 1980s, dreissenids spread throughout all five of the and to numerous other water bodies in the U. S. and Canada, including many dozens of lakes and rivers in Minnesota. The establishment of zebra and quagga mussels led to many changes in the functioning of aquatic systems and their ability to provide essential ecosystem services. As filter feeders, dreissenids can increase water clarity, stimulating growth of benthic (bottom-dwelling) plants and competing with zooplankton and the fish that rely on the zooplankton for food. These changes can result in modification of the food webs and fish communities of invaded systems. Dreissenids can also overgrow native mussels, leading to their localized extinction and to other changes in the diversity and abundance of benthic animals. Dreissenids attach not only to other mussels, but to artificial structures as well, including water intake pipes, boats, and buoys, leading to clean-up costs in the millions of dollars annually. Figure 5. Explosively growing dreissenid mussels have greatly altered lake environments. Here, a cluster of zebra mussels has encrusted a native, larger clam.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: “She resides at an important doorway in the stars, right at the centre of the scoop of what non-Indigenous US folks call the Big Dipper. This constellation is part of important D(L)akota teachings of origin, of how we come from the stars. To/Tuŋ Wiŋ is a doorway between the spirit world and the material world, helping those who are coming into (being born) or leaving (dying) this human journey. ” This same group of seven bright stars is also known as the Wičakiyuhapi Wašihdapi or ‘Stretchers and the Mourners’. Indigenous constellations are brightly coloured on the star maps and the Greek constellations are indicated more subtly, located in the background for reference. These maps begin to show a deeply different and layered Indigenous way of looking at the sky through an Ojibwe, D(L)akota, and Ininew-Cree cosmology. ? . LEEDirector of of Southern Queensland, AustraliaUniversity of has always felt a strong connection to the stars. As a member of the Lakota and Ojibwe communities, she believes that humans are made up of four things: body, mind, heart and spirit, and that the spirit is pure star energy. For as long as she can remember she has dreamt about the stars, and those dreams have led her to become both an artist and an astronomer. Being a scientist and an artist can be difficult at university, where the two disciplines are seen as separate. Her culture, however, told her that science is rooted in the mind and body, while art is rooted in the heart and spirit. Choosing one or the other would be to neglect half of her full self. To pursue both passions, Annette did two undergraduate degrees (in mathematics and art), two master’s degrees (in fine arts and astrophysics) and a PhD in astrophysics. Annette’s connection to Indigenous culture has given her a broader perspective than many astronomers, who only learn about the scientific approach. “Indigenous peoples have nurtured relationships with the stars through keen observations, place-based ceremony, navigation and celestial architecture for tens of thousands of years,” she says. “relationship with, and knowledge of, the sky is exceptional in that it encompasses mind, body, heart and spirit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, successful generation of gene knockout transgenic mice was achieved using both AsCpf1 (40. 7%) and LbCpf1 (28. 6%), providing a wonderful animal model for research [57, 58]. Multiplex genome editing was conducted using Cpf1 from Aspergillus aculeatus strain TBRC277 [59] and AsCpf1 was engineered with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) for multiplex genome editing of mouse brain in vivo [60]. One-step generation of homology-directed repair (HDR) and checkpoint knockout CAR-T (-T) was achieved with the adeno-associated virus andCpf1 system, establishing an efficient AAV-Cpf1 double knockin system and opening new possibilities for cancer research [61]. The type V-effector Cas12b (C2c1) discovered in Bacillus hisashii (BhCas12b) showed a nickase effect at 37 °C for human gene editing, while BhCas12b v4, containing K846R/S893R/E837G mutants, demonstrated strong genome editing ability in human cells comparable to SpCas9 [62]. While the type V-effector Cas12c (C2c3) is a site-specific ribonuclease generating mature crRNAs for DNA targeting, crRNAs direct DNA binding by Cas12c without DNA cutting, providing a DNase-free pathway for transient antiviral immunity [63]. While both type II and type V are effective for DNA targeting in the genome level, the type VI effector Cas13 exhibits efficacy in treating genetic diseases and rescuing diseased sequences at the RNA level. They provide valuable genetic tools for diagnosis and degradation of viruses such as HIV and HPV [64, 65]. Several Cas13 proteins were characterized, such as Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13bt and Cas13d, showed the efficiency to cleave single stranded RNAs [66,67,68]. Of which Cas13a based (Specific High-) system can detect Zika or as well as somatic mutations in cell free DNA (cfDNA) samples such as serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E cancer mutation [69]. Shortened detection time and high sensitivity were applied for virus detection via 2 system [70, 71].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Dreissenids affect lake environments in a variety of ways but those pathways are still being actively investigated. Photo credit: Ted Ozersky. We know these invasive mussels have dramatically changed some large lakes, but we still don’t understand well how they have done this. One aspect of zebra and quagga mussel impacts that is not well understood is the effect their establishment has on nutrient dynamics in invaded systems—that is, the cycling and distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen, elements that control the biological productivity of lakes and rivers. Changes to nutrient dynamics can lead to undesirable consequences such as excessive algal blooms, proliferation of toxin-producing cyanobacteria, or changes to the productivity of food webs, including abundances of commercially and recreationally important fish species. Researchers at LLO are conducting studies to better understand and predict the effects of invasive mussels on nutrient dynamics in both inland Minnesota lakes and in the Lakes. In the summers of 2014 and 2015, scientists from LLO sampled 10 dreissenid-invaded lakes throughout Minnesota, characterizing the distribution and biomass of mussels and making measurements on the turnover and storage of nutrients by the mussels. This was the most comprehensive study of the impacts of dreissenids on nutrient dynamics in lakes to date, and showed that invasive mussels can redirect large amounts of nutrients from the water to the bottom of lakes. Some of these nutrients become locked up in the soft tissues and shells of mussels, while another portion is returned to the water in dissolved form through metabolic excretion activity of the mussels. It appears that although dreissenids may be able to slightly alleviate the effects of excessive nutrient loading in some lakes by storing nutrients in their tissues, in unproductive lakes they may further reduce productivity and starve other organisms. This work lies at the interface of biology and chemistry, or “biogeochemistry. ” LLO researchers are scaling up what they learned from work on small Minnesota lakes and are starting a research project to characterize the effects of dreissenids on nutrients in the entire ecosystem. Over the next three years, LLO researchers and students will sail aboard the and other research vessels to Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie; they will use a combination of field sampling, lab experiments, and mathematical models to study the effects of invasive mussels on the Great Lakes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: ” As an astronomy professor and professional artist, Annette is committed to making astronomy more culturally diverse. In 2007, she launched as a small initiative to collect traditional knowledge in the Lakota and Ojibwe communities. Since then, it has grown into a wider effort to revitalise Indigenous star knowledge and Annette has worked with communities around the world, including in Hawai’i, Alaska, and Māori New Zealand. Annette’s work has been an inspiration to many. For example, the national parks in the US attract visitors looking for dark, starry skies, making them an ideal location to share traditional astronomy. has therefore begun working with Indigenous communities to provide cultural stargazing experiences. – and Annette have teamed up in a collaboration called ‘– Stardust’, to give students the opportunity to explore the scientific and cultural significance of stars. Students video-call astronomers as they make telescope observations, effectively ‘eavesdropping’ on a night of research at the observatory, and interview cultural experts in their own communities to learn traditional knowledge of the stars. In 2021, Ruvarashe (Rue) Moyo and Nokutenda (Noku) Saurombe, students at in Zimbabwe, took part in Stardust. “I learnt that Two-is better than one,” says Rue. “Stardust brought together western science and Indigenous knowledge in a beautiful way,” adds Noku. “I learnt that stars are the raw materials of life,” says Rue. “Everything on Earth is made of elements that were produced when stars died billions of years ago. ” Noku describes how “every ingredient in the human body came from elements forged by stars. The oxygen in our lungs, the carbon in our muscles, the calcium in our teeth and the iron in our blood were all created in the interiors of exploded stars. ” Rue and Noku also had the opportunity to discover the significance of stars in Zimbabwean culture. “Stars are described as hope, destiny, and freedom,” explains Noku, who learnt how different stars symbolise good luck, ambitions, new beginnings, and advancements in life. Rue learnt that most Zimbabwean dances and designs are inspired by the stars and their movement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: enables to identify EGFR-T790M mutation in patient DNA with high efficiency by detecting 0. 6% mutant ratio samples [72], this system was also used for DNA and RNA detection with single-base specificity and attomolar sensitivity in cancer patients samples [73]. Cas13b was used to fight RNA viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [74], chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue in mosquito cells [75] as well as SARS-CoV-2 resistance [76, 77]. Since Cas13b targets RNA without interfering genome sequence of the targeted gene, it provides a potential safer alternative to Cas9 enzymes. Catalytically inactive Cas13b (dCas13b) was engineered to direct adenosine-to-inosine deaminase for precise base editing, enabling the to I Replacement () RNA editing platform. This platform can be utilized in transcriptome engineering of advanced leukemias, as well as head, liver, and breast cancers, thereby demonstrating a feasible strategy for investigating gene function in cancer at the RNA level [78, 79]. The RNA-targeting -Cas13 system showed promising roles in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and research; with the ability for early detection of cancer markers in liquid biopsy samples, degradation and manipulation of cancer-related mutant transcripts, as well as identification of novel therapeutic drug targets described in the recent review [80]. Altogether, the class 2 effectors expanded the currentCas toolkit. Cas9 possesses recognition ability of specific target sequences, and has the genomic editing ability for precision cancer treatment and mutation detection [2]. Meanwhile, the recently discovered Cas12 and Cas13 expand RNA editing tool, providing novel genetic methods for cancer diagnosis and molecular examination of cancer research [3]. The application of screening system in cancerThe development ofCas system and high-throughput sequencing makes genetic screening easily accessible in basic biology, drug discovery, and personalized medicine for cancer therapy [3]. Cas9 nuclease is a preferred choice for genetic screening, and has been used for genomic modification in multiple researches [26, 28, 81, 82]. One-step generation of multiplex genome mutations viaCas9 system was successfully achieved in mice, facilitating in vivo functional analysis of redundant genes [83]. screening system was developed based onCas combined with thousands of gRNAs integrated into viral vectors [81, 84].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: These studies will help uncover the causes behind some poorly understood recent changes to the water chemistry of the and will enable researchers and ecosystem managers to better predict how the will respond to future changes in the abundances of dreissenid mussels, the loading of nutrients from the watershed, and the interaction of these processes with other environmental changes happening in the system. Figure 6. Scientists are discovering that lakes do not rest in the winter. Here, LLO faculty member is using a net to sample winter populations of zooplankton, small crustaceans (related to shrimp) that consume algae and in turn are consumed by fish. Photo credit: Steve Kuchera, Tribune. LLO scientists are always interested in discovering new things. In some cases this means studying something familiar in a new way. For example, the vast majority of lakes studies in seasonal environments have taken place in the ice-free season, especially in the summer. It is beginning to be recognized though that lakes remain active in the winter and we cannot understand what lakes do in the summer without understanding what they do in the winter. This means leaving the comfort of warm offices and venturing out on the ice. In other cases, new things are learned by applying brand new tools and techniques. An example of that is in unlocking the vast storehouse of information that is present in the genetic material in organisms in lakes. The majority of the genetic diversity found in lakes is in the microbial populations that we understand are key in nutrient cycles and which form critical links in aquatic food webs. Advanced genetic sequence techniques together with ever more powerful statistical tools are opening new windows into this biodiversity. Figure 7. LLO scientists are using unique DNA fingerprints to discover new forms of biodiversity in large lakes. In this image, ESOM (Organizing Maps) shows the genetic relatedness of distinct microorganisms found in sediment using color and spatial position. Each point represents a DNA fragment which has been colored according to its taxonomy. Applying advanced genomic tools such as this can yield unique insight to cycling of elements like carbon and nitrogen in natural environments. Computer image by Cody Sheik. Other LLO studies of lakes as they exist today concern lake physics. The laws of physics govern the temperature and circulation of large lakes. In turn, these physical properties affect weather, fisheries, shipping, water quality, and coastal engineering. Physics “sets the table” for all other in-lake processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Reconsideration of the Antiquity of the Footprints from (Thessaly, Greece) Download book PDF Download book -Apostolika3 & Sotiris K. Manolis4 5727 Accesses 7 3. 5 m at the excavation site. The footprints lie adjacent to an ash horizon that has been dated to ca ~135 ka. Two footprints in the trail are complete and measure 150. 4 mm and 138. 96 mm in length. Based on modern European standards, these lengths would be consistent with young children aged between 2 and 4 years old and 90–100 cm in stature. The two complete footprints, which follow each other in the trail, appear both to have been left feet. The partial print, which immediately precedes the two complete prints in the series, also appears to have been by a left foot. This suggests that what initially seems to be a single trail is actually a composite of two or more trails of prints. This hypothesis is supported by the different characteristics of the two complete prints. One is consistent with a bare foot and clearly shows the impressions of the toes, ball, arch and heel. The other is characterized by a simpler contour and is more sharply defined and indicates that the individual was wearing some kind of foot covering. An important question is what kind of hominid made the footprints? These footprints may have been made by Neanderthals or early Homo sapiens, based on thermoluminescence dating results. You have full access to this open access 10. 1), as several cultural periods (Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic) are represented (Kyparissi-Apostolika 1998, 1999; Facorellis et al. 2001; Karkanas 2001). Fig. 10. 1Map of Greece showing the site of Theopetra CaveFull size imageExcavations at have produced many significant anthropological findings, among which the prehistoric footprints are distinctive. During the 1996 field season, four footprints were found in undisturbed deposits in square Θ10 at a depth of 3. 5 m (Fig. 10. 2) (Manolis et al. 2000). The footprints lie adjacent to an ash horizon that has been dated to ca ~130 ka (new date after Valladas et al. 2007).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These libraries harbor gRNAs targeting various genes, and have received up to 1000 annual requests globally, enabling unbiased, phenotypic forward genetic screening [17]. The first whole genomic gRNA libraries for both mouse and human were generated with mouse lentiviral gRNA library containing 87,897 gRNAs for 19,150 coding genes, naming as (GeCKOv1), and was established to screen out unknown genes for Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin or 6-thioguanine (6TG) drug resistance [81]. However, low viral titer of the lentiviral delivery systems in GeCKOv1 limited the usage for biological screening, and genome-scale knockout v2 (GeCKOv2), contained 123,411 unique sgRNAs targeting 19,050 annotated protein-coding genes and 1000 control sgRNAs (sg-NTCs), resulting in a 10-fold increase for viral generation [84]. Optimized mouse gRNA libraries targeting 20,611 genes with 130,209 gRNAs were also established with 100-fold increase of functional viral titer [84]. Innovative strategies of -Cas9 system have been developed for large-scale genome knockout and transcriptional activation [85], as well as combinatorial genetic screening [27]. Processes for gRNA library generation and amplification were illustrated as depicted in the following Fig. 3. Fig. 3Schematic representation of gRNA library construction and virus production. (A) Oligoes synthesis and vector construction for gRNA library. (B) Amplification of gRNA library by bacterial culture, collection, and plasmid extraction. (C) PCR examination and sequence confirmation for library coverage. (D) Plasmids transfection and virus production with a certain gRNA library. Full size imagegRNA libraries for cancer researchVarious of genome-scale gRNA libraries were established for screening, and some gRNA libraries for specific selected genes were also established with small capacity. Established gRNA libraries of genome wide and specific selected targets for cancer research were summarized in the Table 1. Human lentiviral GeCKOv1 library (lenti1) was established for high throughput gene targeting of 18,080 genes, with 64,751 unique gRNAs total, and was used for cell viability-related gene screening in cancer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Physical research at LLO spans a range of activities, from monitoring long-term trends and providing context for multidisciplinary projects, to investigating fundamental aspects of large-scale fluid dynamics. Researchers at LLO provide a large amount of practical real-time data to the public and scientific community. As part of the maintains buoys in the western arm of that report air and water temperature, wind speed, and wave height. These measurements are not only viewed by anglers and hobbyists, but are also integrated into national weather forecast models. LLO also provides “nowcast” predictions of Lake Superior, using current weather data to estimate the temperature, velocity, and water-level across Lake Superior. Figure 8. One of LLO’s solar-powered buoys on a calm, sunny day, sending data concerning air and water conditions to shore. During the open water season, data from LLO’s two buoys (LLO1 and LLO2) are available from Photo credit: lab. Researchers are also collecting long-term records of Lake Superior. An array of sub-surface moorings have logged temperature and currents nearly continuously for the last 13 years. These moorings consist of a steel float 10 m below the surface (safe from ship propellers and the deepest projecting ice “keels”), which is tethered to an anchor by a steel rope. Instruments, which are attached to the rope every few meters, measure temperature and currents from top to bottom. These instruments can’t report real-time data because they are inaccessible, except when they are serviced once a year. However, over time these measurements have revealed subtle long-term warming trends and some surprising discoveries, such as an 11-m (36-ft) deep ice keel during the extremely cold winter of 2013–14. For process-studies, which investigate specific aspects of fluid dynamics in detail, LLO researchers have also collected a diverse set of cutting-edge measurements from lakes around the world. These measurements have targeted processes, such as eddies tens of kilometers across, dye spreading, turbulence, and sound propagation. Most of the measurements were taken from research vessels, such as the Blue Heron, but others were collected using autonomous underwater vehicles, known as “gliders. ” These gliders slowly move from the surface to the bottom and back again by increasing or decreasing their density.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: These footprints were found among others printed in an extensive ashy and burnt area of five serial trenches in axis 10 of the excavation grid (Z10, H10, Θ10, Ι10, K10), 16 to 20 m2. Most of the remaining footprints rather belong to animals, but the presence of a few more human ones among them cannot be excluded (Fig. 10. 2). Fig. 10. 2The footprints found in the Theopetra CaveFull size imageIn palaeoanthropology it is well understood that we cannot know in detail the behaviour of upright body posture and bipedalism. Our inferences concerning the shaping of the body and the way of walking are derived from comparing data after following a logical sequence of thoughts. These are based mostly on the hypothesis of the homology of various anatomic characteristics. The footprints are an undeniable proof of the existence of hominids and/or prehistoric humans in general, and we can draw from them very important information about locomotion and composition of the group, through comparative and experimental methods. Such information might be (after Day 1991): Morphological: Because in palaeoanthropology the findings are mostly hard – fossilized bones – the discovery of footprints may give us information about the shape of the soft parts of the foot and the size and morphology of its anatomical picture. This includes the position of the metatarsal area, the heel, the toes, their prominence and the presence of an arch. The measurements allow us to estimate the size and compare it to that of other known human populations. The stature may also be estimated from world data where the length of the foot is approximately 15% of the height. Behavioural: By studying the footprints we can make inferences about the way of walking, whether the individual was running at the time the footprints were made, and we can also estimate the pace. Of course, this is not always possible, because it is required that the series of steps lies undisturbed, like in the case of Laetoli, Tanzania. Environmental: Together with the human footprints there could be others made by animals, in which case we will be able to assume if they are contemporary with each other. Related botanical data will allow us to recreate the climatic and environmental conditions at the given time. Historical BackgroundThe most ancient footprints in the world are the ones discovered in Laetoli, Tanzania, and have been dated to 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Total 5920 candidate enhancers were perturbed by the dCas9-KRAB enzyme, establishing the multiplex, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) framework, and total 664 cis enhancer-gene pairs were identified and enriched based on 254,974 single-cell transcriptomes in K562 derived from a chronic myologenous leukemia patient [49]. Undescribed immunotherapy targets for transplantable melanoma tumors in mice were explored with the 9992 sgRNAs targeting 2368 genes selected from transduced cells, establishing the in vivo genetic screen tumor models [88]. Recurrently mutated genes derived from pan-cancer datasets were recognized as well-known tumor suppressors genes (TSGs) or oncogenes. Total 49 orthologs of human TSGs were found in mouse genome, and the mouse TSG library containing 280 sgRNAs targeting 56 different genes (7 housekeeping genes) were used for tumor metastasis analysis [89]. Table 1 gRNA libraries for cancer researchFull size tableThe improvements of specificity and validation methods for gRNA LibraryThe procedure to perform pooled genome-editing experiments was clearly described, and successfulCas9 screening needs the specific and efficient gRNA sequence with proper quality and low off-target effect [91]. Off-target predictions calculated by algorithms indicating false positives and quantified error rates were developed by Bowtie and BWA sequencing methods, or considered by MIT-Broad score and the CFD score as summarized in previous reviews [92]. Computational tools for sgRNA designing with low off-target and high on-target efficacy and specificity have been developed and summarized in 2018 [93]. Several methods have been built for eliminating off-target results such as the utilization of high-efficiency delivery RNP tool, modification of the gRNA sequence, and improvement the specificity of Cas9 Enzymes [94]. The computational tool established high-quality gRNA libraries by selection according to off-target and on-target predictions, it also helps with vector cloning, gRNA validation and expression with primer designing and restriction enzymes depiction [95]. Optimized on-target efficiency prediction model was generated to illustrate the cleavage ability of gRNA sequence ( [96]. provides a robust and user-friendly computational pipeline to evaluate effects of coding and noncoding sequences and select off-target sites [97].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Tours are provided by scientists, crew, and students for an overview of the R/V Blue Heron’s layout and research capabilities. A variety of scientists prepare and present results of large lakes studies under a canopy on deck at each event, as well. Each scientist will answer questions on a related topic and share photos, graphs, equipment, and samples. During the upcoming summer (2018), the will stop in Milwaukee and Chicago for Science on Deck events, inviting the public there to visit the vessel and learn about the ecosystem. Conclusion LLO works hard to fill a large void in understanding. Though large lakes are important, fascinating, and valuable, our understanding of how they work is very incomplete. Indeed, basic research on the large lakes of the world lags behind its counterpart on the oceans. Our nation’s freshwater inland seas, as well as those on others continents, are invaluable resources and are in need of major research initiatives. LLO frequently advocates for increasing attention on these huge “eyes” of Earth. The research of the Observatory provides more than the wonder of discovery. It serves as the basis for assessing human impact on large-lake ecosystems, and for developing sound policy for protecting these invaluable bodies of freshwater as our global environment evolves. Judgment can be recognized as a scientific tool. Much of the judgment, knowledge, and skill needed to make good decisions in science is learned through basic research, designed to help us fill in the white space of knowledge, to understand how separate pieces come together to make a functioning whole, and to assess how human actions alter the natural world around us. LLO undertakes with pride and dedication interdisciplinary studies that include biology, chemistry, physics, and geology in order to improve our understanding of these globally significant resources and provide society with knowledge needed to manage them sustainably for future generations. Figure 11. LLO scientists sometimes find themselves hundreds of miles away from any other persons, with nothing but water as far as the eye can see. This is one of the many rewards of doing scientific research on Earth’s largest freshwater bodies. Photo credit: crew. Information: LLO feeds: Instagram – LLO– @– reading Sterner, Robert, Steve Colman, and Thomas Johnson. “Institute profile: The large lakes observatory and the scientific study of the large lakes of earth. ” Limnology and 26, no. 1 (2017): 11-13. and Lisa Sundberg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 7 Ma. Therefore, when footprints are discovered, some of the questions that need to be answered can be: Who were the hominids that created them? Were they male or female and of what age? How tall were they? How much did they weigh? Some of these questions may be answered, but comparative data are required. Next, we will see which of these we have been able to answer through our research so far. The most ancient footprints in Europe were found at Happisburgh, UK, dated to the (ca ~1–0. 78 Ma) (Ashton et al. 2014). The following caves or open-air sites have been dated to the Middle Pleistocene: Roccamonfina, Italy, 325,000–385,000, open air (Avanzini et al. 2004, 2008); Terra Amata, France, 300,000–400,000, open air (de Lumley 1966, 1967); and Theopetra Cave, Greece, ca 130,000, cave (Manolis et al. 2000). sites are caves such as the Vârtop Cave in Romania dated 62 ka (Onac et al. 2005); the Grotta del Cavallo in Italy (the first known appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe, ~44 ka (Benazzi et al. 2011); and several caves in France such as ège and Chauvet, Bàsura in Italy and Ojo Guareña in Spain (Lockley et al. 2008). All these sites except the Vârtop Cave and Grotta del Cavallo have been dated below 30,000 years and therefore are undoubtedly the trails of anatomically modern humans. The footprints of children seem to be an important component of the trail record of Palaeolithic caves. For example, in southern France revealed a trail of footprints of a young boy (8 years old and 1. 5 m tall) (Harrington 1999). Niaux is of significant interest because it includes footprints that may represent children (Pales 1976). In the Réseau Clastres, three trails of children are recorded (Lockley et al. 2008). In the Bàsura Cave in Italy, (Chiapella 1952; see Chap. 14) tracks of children were found. Materials and MethodsAfter the necessary cleaning process took place, the footprints were copied and photographed, and a negative cast was created.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: For precise gene selection analysis, the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wideCas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) is the optimized method for both positive and negative selection, which offers high sensitivity and low FDR regardless of sequencing depth or sgRNA numbers for a single gene [98]. Besides that, intergration deficient lentiviral (IDLV) capture [99], and high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing (HTGTS) [100] are other methods for off-target detection. Analysis of gRNAs abundance in pooled libraries plays an important role in targeting efficiency and screening accuracy and specificity. PCR products of gRNA library vectors can be sequenced on Hiseq 2500 and aligned to sgRNAs by Bowtie, an ultrafast, efficient program for aligning short DNA sequence to large genomes [101]. Rigorous analytical methods mitigate the false discovery rates generated by screens via a Bayesian classifier of gene essentiality [102]. Sequence quality control can also be carried out under the guide of ( and statistical enrichment and gene depletion were calculated by hit calling algorithm STARS ( based on normalized fold changes [103]. High-content downstream gRNA library sequence validation in tumor immunology were summarized in the recent review [29]. Generally speaking, breaks labeling, enrichment on streptavidin and next-generation sequencing (BLESS) [104], genome-wide unbiased identification of DSBs enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) [105, 106] and discovery of in situ Cas off-targets and verification by sequencing (-seq) [107,108,109] were used as cell based methods with direct sequencing. More sensitive biochemical methods such as digested genome sequencing (Digenome-seq) [110,111,112], selective enrichment and identification of adapter-tagged DNA ends by sequencing (SITE-Seq) [113], circularization for in vitro reporting of cleavage effects by sequencing (-seq) [114, 115] and circularization for high-throughput analysis of nuclease genome-wide effects by sequencing (-seq) [116] were developed for accurate sequence confirmation. screening application in cancer therapyThe application of theCas system for cancer therapy has been investigated using viral vectors including lentivirus, adenovirus, and AAV vectors, as well as non-viral vectors such as polymer nanop4. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Spatio-temporal usage of water sources by Black-cheeked nigrigenis: implications for conservation planning Published online by Press: 09 October 2024 Chaona G. Phiri [Opens in a new window]Nigel J. Collar [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window] andStuart J. Marsden [Opens in a new window] Show author details Chaona G. Phiri* Affiliation: University, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and. Collar Affiliation: : Keele University, School of Geography and the. Marsden Affiliation: University, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester, UK * Corresponding author: Chaona G. Phiri; Email: chaona. g. phiri@stu. mmu. ac. uk 0. 65 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Black-cheeked nigrigenis has a highly restricted range in dry south-western Zambia, where its distribution is clumped and localised in association with mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland and permanent water pools. Fieldwork and monitoring over 30 months between December 2018 and October 2021 established that the lovebirds’ usage of pools for drinking was higher towards the centre of the bird’s distribution and influenced by the pools’ proximity to mopane woodlands, surrounding tree cover, and level of human activity. Of the four pool types available for use by lovebirds (i. e. mopane, grassland, river, and artificial), mopane and grassland pools were disproportionally susceptible to drying out in the dry season, hence showed greater variation in numbers of visiting birds compared with the other two types. Lovebirds showed a preference for pools with a perimeter of <50 m and tended to avoid those with a perimeter >100 m, consistent with a positive association between pool size and human activity. Convergence between humans and lovebirds in dependence on water resources and mopane woodland points to the need to find ways to overcome potential conflicts. Such ways include creating small, shallow-sided, undisturbed pools in or near mopane woodland, extending water retention in existing mopane pools, and enhancing the capacity of artificial pools to meet the needs of the lovebirds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: Positive casts of the footprints were also created for the necessity of research (mapping). The questions arising are of the same kind as the ones mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, a more thorough observation revealed that all four footprints were made by left feet, and this caused one more question to rise: are these solitary footprints or trails of steps crossing each other, some of which have been lost? The suggestion that we are before a series of steps made by different individuals is considered the most possible, since the first two prints were made by a foot with some kind of covering, the third has been made by a bare foot, whereas the fourth one is not clearly distinguished, either because it has been rotated or because other footprints have been made on it. Chronology – DatingTen burnt flint specimens unearthed from the lower part of the sequence of the cave (layers II2 and II4) were dated by thermoluminescence (TL), which gave dates ranging between ~110 and 135 ka (Valladas et al. 2007). The positions of the TL-dated samples are shown in Fig. 10. 3. These results are not consistent with the earlier14C dates (Facorellis and Maniatis 1999), as they support a much later date for these layers (Facorellis et al. 2013). Facorellis and his colleagues (2013) note that the depositional sequence of is complex with frequently appearing filled channels and underground tunnels as well as labyrinthine large burrows. It is well established by sediment micromorphological analysis that the Pleistocene sediments underwent an intense diagenetic mechanical and chemical alteration related to the cave’s hydrological conditions. Fig. 10. 3Stratigraphic profile of the trench I10 showing the position of the samples. (et al. 2013)Full size imageComparison between the14C dates with the much older TL dates of 11 burnt flint specimens indicates that most of the charcoal samples have been contaminated by a progressively increasing unidentified amount of exogenous carbon, thus yielding more recent dates (Facorellis et al. 2013). Archaeology – Lithic ArtefactsPalaeolithic (II1–8) is represented by the most clearly stratified lithic deposits. The principal characteristic of the layer II2 lithic industry is the use of the Levallois technique for production of a wide range of tool types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Leukemia (AML) cell lines such as MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, OCI-AML2, OCI-AML3 were examined for therapeutic targets via genome-wide screening, indicating KAT2A inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML [133]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined via for growth and metastasis driver genes. 2 protein level reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and led to worse survival [134]. Essential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PrCa proliferation were explored via dCas9-KRAB negative screening with 2166 candidate SNP sites in 9133 gRNAs. RIGOR program analysis identified 117 SNPs which tended to reside near 5 kb flanking the transcription start sites. SNP (rs60464856) site targeting in stable dCas9 expressing cell line showed significant down regulation of RUVBL1 gene, and further validation showed that RUVBL1 was associated with tumorigenesis [135]. dCas9-KRAB perturbation genome screening identified 470 high-confidence cis enhancer-gene pairs in 5920 enhancers in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562, facilitating the large-scale mapping of enhancer-gene regulatory interaction network [49]. The utilization of -Cas9 in investigating drug resistance against tumorsResistance to nucleotide analog 6- thioguanine was examined by genome-scale knockout screen in two human cell lines, identified DNA mismatch repair pathway, DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, (CDK) for DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide, demonstrating Cas9/ sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells [26]. knockout screening in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells identified 5 EGF-resistance genes, and further RNAi validation showed DUSP1 increased survival of EGF treated cells, providing a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers [86]. Genome-wide knockout screening using -Cas9 was also carried out in respiratory cancers, including Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lung cancer (LC).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: habitatHuman disturbanceMopaneParrotsSeasonal changeSouth-west ZambiaWater pool 10. 1017/S0959270924000261 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2024. Published by Press on behalf of -cheeked nigrigenis is endemic to Zambia and is Africa’s most localised parrot (Warburton2003; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005a). It inhabits the driest region of Zambia, a large plain bisected by seasonal rivers and streams within the country’s Southern and Western Provinces, where it is associated with mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland, requiring tracts near to permanent water sources and with large trees for nesting and roosting (Dodman1995a). The species has been classified as “Vulnerable” by the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) all this century because of a continuing decline in its small population “owing to the gradual desiccation of water bodies within a highly localised range” (Bird2024). Overall, granivorous birds in southern Africa have been found to be more water dependent than insectivores and omnivores (Smit et al. Reference Smit, Woodborne, Wolf and McKechnie2017). Many parrots with diets dominated by herb and grass seeds are obligate drinkers, needing regular water intake to maintain overall homeostatic water balance (Collar, del Hoyo, Elliott and Sargatal1997; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b). With a diet dominated by grass seeds, Black-cheeked Lovebirds need to drink at least twice daily and are therefore heavily dependent on surface water throughout the year, but they are highly cautious drinkers and generally will not visit pools disturbed by humans or livestock (Warburton and Warburton2003, and Perrin2005b, and Perrin2005c). Normal annual rainfall in southern Zambia is 600–900 mm per year but can be as little as 300–450 mm during El Niño periods and as high as 1,200 mm during flooding events (Pierce and Pierce and Lang2008; Rembold et al. Reference Rembold, Kerdiles, Lemoine and Perez-Hoyos2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: The assemblages from layer II4 bear technological and morphological characteristics often encountered in the terminal industries of the Balkans and the Near East. Their principal characteristic is the use of both Levallois unipolar and prismatic bipolar core reduction strategies. The tool inventory of contains Middle and, to a lesser extent, types (Panagopoulou 1999, 2000). Description of the FootprintsA detailed examination disclosed that all four footprints were made by left feet, and it remains unresolved whether these are solitary footprints or continuous trails of steps crossing each other where some intermediate steps are missing. There are four footprints. The first footprint in the trail (No 1) lacks the posterior half of the foot and had been made by a covered foot. The second is complete (Fig. 10. 4a) and was also created by a covered foot. Although the footprint is restricted due to the covering material (footwear), we can clearly observe the arch region and the support lines at the external region of the foot. The distance between these two left footprints is small (25 cm), so there is not enough space for the right footprint, which is not preserved. This led us to suppose that they belong to different individuals. The third is also complete but has been made by a bare foot (Fig. 10. 4b). The big toe, the ball, the arch and the heel region are evident in the footprint. The last one is disturbed, and it is very difficult to be analysed. Fig. 10. 4Contours shaped by 3D laser scanning of the Theopetra footprints; (a) 2; (b) 3Full size imageTwo methods of analysis have been used, which led to almost the same results, stereophotography and photogrammetry. The latter was used by M. Day for the analysis of various footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania), (France), Bàsura Cave (Italy), and Uskmouth (Great Britain). Both methods include the creation of contour lines (mapping). However, when we evaluated this method, we estimated it would be quite difficult to produce an illustration of the contours. This means that the researchers might miss important parts of the contours (in different altitudes), and so they would have to fill them in, without being certain that the additions were correct. It was therefore decided (see Manolis et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: cancer organoid biobank established from 31 distinct tumor lines was used forCas9 genome editing and drug screening, indicated increased sensitivity of kinase inhibitors dasatinib and VE-821 with driver gene ARID1A mutation [148]. Drug response evaluation by in vivo screening () method was used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid [127]. screening in vivo for cancer therapyIn 2022, FDA approved a total of five CAR-T cell products for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or high-grade lymphomas, as well as multiple myeloma using lentiviral or γ-retroviral approaches [156]. Notably, two clinical trials (NCT05143307/NCT03872479) employed AAV as the delivery method in their studies on cancer therapy in vivo based on CAR-T cells andCas system [117]. screening system provides a robust genetic tool for in vivo elucidation of CAR-T resistance mechanisms. Loss-of-function genetic screens in an immunocompetent murine model with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) identified the IFNR/JAK/STAT signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway as key factors for CAR-T resistance in vivo. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells also engage in the resistance progress [157]. Gain-of-function activation screen in primary CD8 + T cells identified a key factor PRODH2 for improving the in vivo efficacy of CAR-T based cell killing. Augmentation of PRODH2 enhanced metabolic function of CAR-T cells as an immune booster [158]. screening was also utilized for in vivo investigation to elucidate gene function within a whole organism or the context of complex biological systems, using lentiviral or AAV mediated sgRNA transfection in living organisms. AAV was the widely used vector for in vivo genetic therapy due to its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenic character [118]. The limitation of AAV’s vector capacity has been addressed through the recent development of a two-split intern vectors system [159], while smaller SpCas9 orthologues such as SaCas9 have demonstrated comparable editing efficiency to that of SpCas9, rendering them suitable for AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology has no relevance for human water usage or conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: There are two distinct seasons within the lovebird’s range: a wet season, usually from November to April, reaching a peak between December and February, and a dry season from May to October, the latter causing serious water shortages lasting from June to December (Libanda et al. Reference Libanda, Nkolola and Musonda2015). Black-cheeked Lovebirds have been recorded using a variety of water sources categorised as: “mopane pools”, formed as natural shallow depressions where water collects within the mopane woodland; “river pools” in riverbeds and drainage channels; “grassland pools” in seasonal floodplains, usually adjoining mopane woodland and “artificial pools”, any anthropogenic water source such as shallow wells, troughs, dams, and reservoirs close to human settlements and livestock grazing areas (Mzumara et al. Reference Mzumara, Perrin and Downs2016; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b; CGP 2020, personal observation). The absence of Black-cheeked Lovebirds from large portions of otherwise suitable habitat within their range has been found to be directly related to the absence of water (Dodman et al. Reference Dodman, Katanekwa, Apsinwall and Stjernstedt2000). Moreover, the range itself has been shrinking because of the gradual decline in rainfall in the second half of the last century (Warburton2003; Warburton and Warburton and Perrin2005b). With these insights, we sought to identify the spatial patterns in the distribution of pools, the important predictors of their use by lovebirds, and any significant differences in usage across the four pool categories. An understanding of the factors influencing the lovebirds’ spatio-temporal access to water sources is key to the future conservation management of the species. area The Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL) is known to occur from as far north as the Nanzhila plains in the Park (KNP) to Sichili in the west, Ngwezi in the east, and the to the south (Figure 1), with a total range estimated to be around 17,500 km² (Bird2024).

Output: contrast