Input: Claim: Increased frequency of extreme weather events poses a risk to global food production. [SEP] Text: The government interest is understandable as it seeks to enhance resilience to climate change risks and achieve national goals and priorities especially food security, income improvement, poverty alleviation, elimination of malnutrition and diseases. Advertisement 7. Lessons from other developing countriesThe past decade has witnessed serious attempts by developing countries in partnership with development organization (e. g. etc. ) to develop agricultural insurance markets that currently are largely missing. Between 2007 and 2009 for instance, IFAD reports that 30 WII programmes in 19 countries were implemented, reaching more than 1. 2 million beneficiaries predominantly smallholder farmers [19, 20]. Concerns for increasing uncertainty due to climate change and climate variability, have heightened interest in developing agricultural insurance markets particularly WII. This section shares in brief, lessons from other developing countries that have successfully implemented index insurance beyond the piloting phase. 7. 1. Mainstream WII into nation-wide disaster risk reduction programsFor many countries that have successfully implemented WII, the program has been mainstreamed to become part and parcel of nation-wide climate change disaster risk management programs. Although WII is not a panacea, its effectiveness can be improved when combined with other risk management strategies (e. g. drought/flood early warning, seasonal forecasts, disaster-risk preparedness and etc. ). It must not be viewed as a substitute for climate change adaptation but rather as an additional component of nation-wide disaster risk reduction strategies. For instance, the government of Mexico, institutionalized risk management by establishing the () with a nation-wide mandate to mitigate the loss of lives and interruption of essential services caused by disaster [21]. To further strengthen its risk management strategy, the Mexican government established a for () in 1996 specifically intended to cater for the reconstruction of public infrastructure as well as offering compensation to low income smallholder producers. 7. 2. WII must create value to farmersWII must create value to farmers in tangible a manner as possible. Farmer will value WII as a credible risk management strategy if it can effectively lower vulnerability to climate change, improve farm income, alleviate food insecurity and poverty. According to Churchill [22], the concept of value includes: scope of coverage - the extent to which the farmers’ actual risk is covered; affordability - the extent to which the products are financially accessible to the farmers; additional benefits - the extent to which the insurance gives access to any additional services that might make the farmers “better off.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 7 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0. 17. However, the percentage of IgG+ bacteria was found to not correlate with the disease activity index, including (P = 0. 71) and (P = 0. 55). In addition, the overall histopathologic score and endoscopic lesion scores did not correlate with the percentage of IgG+ bacteria, as determined by linear regression analysis. Thus, the assessment of IgG bound to the surface of bacteria was found to be a very sensitive and specific test for detection of IBD in dogs, though test positivity did not correlate with disease activity or severity. Thus, the fecal IgG assay was considered to have higher sensitivity and specificity for IBD detection than other currently available assays, including fecal calprotectin (S100A12), which was found to be 65% sensitive and 84% specific for diagnosing IBD in dogs [42]. DiscussionThe interaction between the host immune response and gut bacteria is now considered a primary driver of intestinal inflammation in humans with IBD [6–8]. For example, there is convincing evidence of an increase in IgG responses directed against gut bacteria in patients with Crohn’s disease [12, 18, 19]. For example, the presence of high levels of IgG+ bacteria was shown to be specific for Crohn’s disease; since high levels of IgG+ fecal bacteria were not detected in patients with infectious colitis [12, 18] or coeliac disease [43]. Similar studies have not been conducted previously in dogs with IBD and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that documents an immune response against gut bacteria in this disease. A key finding from our study was that dogs with IBD had a significantly higher binding of IgG to gut bacteria, compared to healthy dogs (Fig 1). For example, there were overall 30% more bacteria with surface bound IgG in dogs with IBD than in normal dogs (Fig 1A). These differences are roughly in agreement with results of bacterial IgG binding levels in previous studies in patients with CD and UC [12, 18].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass has already been widely regarded as a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels and biochemicals due to its low cost, abundance, and sustainability [1, 2]. A variety of fermentable sugars including glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, cellobiose, etc. , can be released from lignocelluloses. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been predominantly applied for the production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses for its high selectivity and mild processing conditions [3]. However, the recalcitrance of biomass impedes degradation of lignocelluloses [1, 4]. Over the past decades, various pretreatment techniques have been developed to address biomass recalcitrance by disrupting physical barriers of cell wall, reducing cellulose crystallinity, and removing lignin and hemicellulose, for the purpose of facilitating the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars [5,6,7]. The numerous pretreatment approaches can be divided into four major categories, including physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological ones [8]. Among them, alkali pretreatment has attracted extensive attentions, for its capability of preserving a large proportion of cellulose and removing lignin under mild processing conditions [9, 10]. Low solids loadings are generally applied for enzymatic hydrolysis to ensure an adequate mixing between cellulase and cellulosic materials [11]. Nevertheless, low solids loadings generate low concentrations of sugars, thus resulting in low products titers and high costs of separation and purification [12, 13]. It is essential to pretreat and hydrolyze lignocelluloses at high solids loadings during industrial processes, which is more economical and environmentally friendly by reducing capital cost, energy input, and water usage [14,15,16,17]. However, when the enzymatic hydrolysis is directly conducted at very high solids loadings, the mixing is difficult to perform when mixing strategies are not applied, which exerts negative effects on the mass and heat transfer efficiency while severely hindering the hydrolysis process [16, 18]. To avoid these adverse effects and maximize release of sugars, fed-batch strategy has been proposed [19, 20].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: Προτείνουμε τον πρώτο αποκεντρωμένο μηχανισμό διαλειτουργικότητας ανάμεσα σε αλυσίδες βασισμένες στην απόδειξη εργασίας, στην απόδειξη μεριδίου, ή συνδυασμούς τους. Για την κατασκευή του, εισάγουμε δύο νέα κρυπτογραφικά primitives που λειτουργούν ως πιστοποιητικά επικοινωνίας αλυσίδων. Για πηγές απόδειξης μεριδίου, οι Αυτοτελείς Κατωφλιακές Πολυ-υπογραφές (ATMS) επιτρέπουν στην απόδειξη ότι το μερίδιο άλλαξε από εποχή σε εποχή.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Moreover, our studies also indicate that the source of the anti-bacterial IgG production was most likely from local immunoglobulin production in the gut, rather than from immunoglobulin produced in extra-intestinal sites, a result that was also noted in studies in patients with Crohn’s disease [7, 12]. However, we noted that a result of no difference in serum IgG recognizing E. coli isolates from IBD dogs and healthy could be truly due to lack of increased overall production of IgG-specific bacteria systemically or due to lack of IgG to E. coli in particular. So, we further evaluated IgG recognition of an Enterococcus fecal isolate, which is a Gram positive bacterium with high abundance in feces. We also found no difference of serum IgG response to this bacterium between IBD and healthy dogs (S5 Fig). One difference between immunoglobulin responses to intestinal bacteria in our study and studies in Crohn’s patients is that we did not observe an increased in IgA binding to bacteria in dogs with IBD, whereas in humans there was significantly more IgA was present on gut bacteria compared to gut bacteria in healthy patients [12]. The reasons for this difference between species are not currently known, though it should be noted that soluble IgA concentrations have been shown to be lower overall in the feces of dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs [13, 44]. Our work also demonstrates a plausible link between bacterial IgG binding and induction of intestinal inflammation, which could involve activation of macrophages in the gut. For example, we found that incubation of macrophages with fecal bacteria from dogs with IBD triggered significantly greater macrophage activation and TNF-α production than did bacteria from healthy dog GI tracts (see Figs 4 and 5). Conversely, bacteria from IBD dogs triggered significantly less IL-10 production by macrophages than bacteria from healthy dogs. Thus, the net effect of the interaction of macrophages with IgG bound bacteria in animals with IBD would be to trigger greater local immune activation and inflammation. This effect could in part be mediated by the interaction of bacterial bound IgG with activating Fc receptors expressed by macrophages in the intestinal epithelium or lamina propria [44, 45].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For a typical enzymatic fed-batch hydrolysis, the hydrolysis is initiated at a relatively low solids loading, commonly less than 15% (w/v). Substrate is then successively fed to maintain the solids content at a relative low level, and finally, the high solids loadings are achieved. Oligosaccharides are released along with monosaccharides during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses at high solids loadings [21, 22]. For example, oligosaccharides accounted for approximately 21. 8% of the total soluble sugars in the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover enzymatic hydrolysates [21]. Unfortunately, many microorganisms lack the ability to metabolize oligosaccharides. The non-consumed oligosaccharides will be discharged along with fermentation wastewater, which means the loss of sugars. For example, the accumulation of oligosaccharides represents a yield loss as these sugars are recalcitrant for most industrial ethanol-producing microorganisms [22]. Moreover, oligosaccharides have been identified as strong inhibitors of cellulase [22, 23]. The addition of xylanase and β-xylosidase has been proposed to address the inhibition of cellulase by xylo-oligosaccharides [24]. Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of the sugar polymers in cellulosic materials into monosaccharide has always been the routine task of the researchers, which requires the synergy of many hydrolytic enzymes with optimized composition. However, it requires a high enzyme cost severely impeding the commercial success. Various pretreatment strategies have been developed to remove lignin and hemicellulose in order to obtain a high cellulose content of the regenerated biomass, facilitating a glucose-rich hydrolysate [25,26,27,28]. It is worth noting that xylose and oligosaccharides are capable to be metabolized for biofuels and biochemicals production by a few wild-type and engineering microorganisms [29,30,31,32]. Thus, it is not a necessity to prepare glucose-rich hydrolysates. As reported by Yang and his colleagues, the hydrolysis yield was strongly inhibited by glucose in excess of 100 g/L [28].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: Οι αποδείξεις μας είναι στο μοντέλο του για την εργασία και στο Ouroboros για τα μερίδια. Τα πιστοποιητικά επικοινωνίας αλυσίδων που προτείνουμε επιτρέπουν την μεταφορά γενικών πληροφοριών ανάμεσα σε αλυσίδες. Περιγράφουμε πολλαπλές εφαρμογές των πλευρικών αλυσίδων μας, μεταξύ άλλων μονής κατεύθυνσης μεταφορές χρήματος βασισμένων στο κάψιμο χρήματος καθώς και διπλής κατεύθυνσης μεταφορές χρήματος.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: We noted that our results showed more polarized Th1 response based on the direct effect on macrophage in vitro setting, which may not fully recapitulate the complexity of responses [46] occurring in the gut. Additionally, our studies assessed the phagocytic activity of tissue culture derived macrophages. However, it is possible that macrophages from the GI tract of dogs with IBD may have altered responses to these Ig-coating bacteria, exhibiting either impaired function or hyper-responsiveness compared to macrophages from the GI tract of healthy dogs. Thus, further study would be needed, for example to isolate mucosal macrophages from IBD dogs and compare their activity to gut macrophages from healthy dogs. Interestingly, we also found that the IgG response in dogs with IBD appeared to be directed preferentially towards bacteria considered part of the dysbiotic flora present in the gut, as described in previous studies [24, 25, 39–41]. Thus, we found that bacteria in the genus Collinsella had the highest levels of IgG binding in dogs with IBD, whereas this organism was not present in greater abundance in the gut of healthy dogs (see Fig 6A and S3 Table). This genus was noted in the gut microbiome in dogs with gastric-dilation and volvulus [47] as well as reported to be one of the high IgA binding bacteria detected in patients with CD [11, 48]. While not all dysbiotic flora are pathogenic, certainly some of the genera represented in the dysbiotic gut (e. g. , Escherichia, Clostridium and Enterococcus) have been associated with intestinal infection and invasion [49–52]. These pathogenic bacteria, particularly if enteroinvasive or capable of enhanced GI colonization, could trigger greater immune recognition and local antibody production [52–54]. Besides sequencing, future studies focusing on the spatial distribution of mucosal-associated microbiota including Collinsella spp. assessed by techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization would be useful. In terms of diagnostic utility, our studies demonstrated that the use of a bacterial flow cytometric IgG assay provided significant sensitivity and specificity for differentiating dogs with IBD from healthy dogs, using fecal samples (Fig 7).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Generation of suitable proportions of xylose and oligosaccharides may be effective in mitigating the strong inhibitory effects of high-concentration glucose and facilitating fermentable sugars with high concentrations and yields. The traditional alkali pretreatment suffers from some issues such as high energy consumption, strong corrosion to the reactor, low solids loadings, and wastewater discharge. Alkaline organosolv pretreatment is promising for the preservation of both cellulose and hemicelluloses [33]. In the present study, corn stover was effectively pretreated by sodium hydroxide–methanol solution (SMs) at high solids loading of 50% (w/v). This pretreatment has some advantages over the traditional alkali pretreatment using water as solvent, namely significantly lowering the energy consumption due to a higher solids loading and a lower specific heat capacity of methanol and easily achieving high solids by removal of methanol to facilitate the high solids enzymatic hydrolysis. To obtain high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars from the SMs-pretreated corn stover, the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was adopted and a variety of feeding strategies were investigated. Co-fermentation of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides within the hydrolysate by the oleaginous yeast C. oleaginosum using a fed-batch culture mode was then investigated to reach high lipid content and yield. This work should offer valuable information for obtaining high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars for microbial lipid production. Results and discussionThe compositional changes of corn stover after the alkaline organosolv pretreatment at high solids loadingThe compositions of the raw and the SMs-pretreated corn stover are shown in Table 1. The pretreated corn stover contained 46. 5% glucan, 25. 8% xylan, 8. 6% lignin, and 3. 2% ash (Table 1, Entry 2). The recovery of the glucan and xylan was 97. 4% and 89. 4%, respectively, suggesting that a large proportion of the sugar polymers remained in the solid phase. Interestingly, over 70% of lignin was removed by the SMs pretreatment, which was consistent with the traditional alkaline aqueous solution pretreatment that could dissolve lignin considerably [34].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα We put forth the first decentralized communication mechanism between proof-of-work and proof-of-stake blockchains, or combinations thereof. To construct it, we propose two new cryptographic primitives which function as cross-chain certificates. For proof-of-stake sources, the ATMS primitive (Ad-Multisignatures) allows attesting to the shifting of stake from epoch to epoch. For proof-of-work sources, the NIPoPoWs primitive (Non-of Proof-of-Work) allows compressing proof-of-work into succinct strings that shrink a long blockchain into a succinct polylogarithmic proof. We provide the first ATMS and NIPoPoWs constructions. For work, we prove our constructions are secure in both the static and the variable difficulty setting and we achieve security in the synchronous and bounded delay settings with concrete adversary bounds in each case. We put forth the first definition of sidechain security and formally prove our constructions secure. Our proofs are in th. . . We put forth the first decentralized communication mechanism between proof-of-work and proof-of-stake blockchains, or combinations thereof. To construct it, we propose two new cryptographic primitives which function as cross-chain certificates. For proof-of-stake sources, the ATMS primitive (Ad-Multisignatures) allows attesting to the shifting of stake from epoch to epoch. For proof-of-work sources, the NIPoPoWs primitive (Non-of Proof-of-Work) allows compressing proof-of-work into succinct strings that shrink a long blockchain into a succinct polylogarithmic proof. We provide the first ATMS and NIPoPoWs constructions. For work, we prove our constructions are secure in both the static and the variable difficulty setting and we achieve security in the synchronous and bounded delay settings with concrete adversary bounds in each case. We put forth the first definition of sidechain security and formally prove our constructions secure. Our proofs are in the Backbone model for work and in the Ouroboros model for stake. Our cross-chain certificates allow the transmission of generic information between blockchains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Antibiotic treatment is known to significantly alter the intestinal microbiome in dogs [58, 59]. However, we found no significant difference in the overall percentages of IgG+ bacteria in dogs regardless of their antibiotic pre-treatment status (S7 Fig), suggesting that antibiotic treatment had a little discernable effect on generation of anti-bacterial IgG in dogs with IBD. This is an important observation because it suggests that the fecal IgG assay may be relatively resistant to potential interference by prior antimicrobial therapy. In summary, our studies indicate that a high percentage of intestinal bacteria are recognized by IgG produced locally in the gut in dogs with IBD, and that IgG bound bacteria may be linked to intestinal inflammation. These results should be confirmed by larger studies in dogs with IBD and compared to animals with other causes of signs of GI dysfunction, such as viral infection, dietary changes, and infections with GI parasites (e. g. , hookworm, whipworm, or Giardia infections). Such studies could provide additional insights into the role of local gut immune responses against gut bacteria in IBD and other GI inflammatory diseases. ConclusionThis study found that bacteria present in the gut of dogs with IBD had significantly higher levels of IgG binding than bacteria in the gut of healthy dogs. In addition, the highest level of IgG binding appeared to be directed against certain phyla of dysbiotic bacteria, with a significant great preference for Actinobacteria. In addition, IgG-coated bacteria from dogs with IBD triggered significantly greater macrophage TNF-α production than bacteria from healthy dogs, indicative of an inherently pro-inflammatory effect of increased IgG binding to bacteria. These findings suggest that humoral immune recognition of endogenous gut bacteria may be an important mediator of intestinal inflammation in dogs with IBD, and indicate relatedness in the immune pathogenesis of certain types of IBD in dogs and in man. Supporting informationS1 Table. Demographic data, diet and histopathologic evaluation of IBD group. Table reported data from individual dog. WSAVA histopathologic score was reported from assessment of duodenal tissue biopsy. S2 Table. Demographic data, and diet of normal group. S3 Table. IgGhi-sorted bacteria abundance. Table reported the comparison of % relative abundance between IgGhi-sorted and non-sorted bacteria from IBD group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Chemical compositional results of the raw and the SMs-pretreated corn stoverFull size table Effects of solids loadings on the release of sugars during batch enzymatic hydrolysisThe solids loading exerts significant effects on the saccharification efficiency and yield. Herein, batch enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated corn stover at solids loadings varying from 2. 5 to 40% (w/v) was investigated and compared. The hydrolysis was conducted at 50 °C for 72 h. As shown in Fig. 1, glucose and xylose were 12. 0 g/L and 5. 7 g/L when the solids loading was 2. 5%, corresponding to the yields of 89. 6% and 77. 4%, respectively. In addition, 0. 6 g/L cello-oligosaccharides and 1. 5 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides were observed in the hydrolysates. Surprisingly, the total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 93. 5% and 100. 1%, respectively, when the oligosaccharides were taken into account. The total reducing sugars (TRS) released from corn stover increased linearly with a highly significant correlation (y = 6. 94x + 5. 45, R2 = 0. 9954), when the solids loading increased from 2. 5 to 15%. The carbohydrate polymers within lignocelluloses could be well depolymerized into fermentable sugars by the commercial enzyme cocktail, when the hydrolysis was performed at relatively low solids loadings. Glucose and xylose increased on a continued basis, while their yields demonstrated the opposite trends as the solids loading rose from 15 to 25%. Glucose, xylose, and TRS were in sharp decline, when the solids loadings rose to 33% and 40%. Only 31. 4 g/L glucose and 14. 6 g/L xylose were observed in the hydrolysates at 40% solids loading, corresponding to the theoretical yields of 11. 9% and 12. 3%, respectively. Cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides reached 8. 0 g/L and 49. 0 g/L, causing the glucan and xylan conversions of 15. 3% and 57.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: We describe multiple applications of our sidechains, including proof-of-burn-based one-way pegs and two-way pegs. In addition to interoperability, our protocols enable the transmission of blockchain information for its own internal use. This allows the construction of superlight clients with exponentially smaller communication complexity than traditional clients. These superlight clients are the first asymptotic improvement upon SPV. Additionally, our protocols can be used in the work setting to create superlight miners, which need only logarithmic state to mine and are an exponential improvement over standard proof-of-work blockchain protocols. We demonstrate the feasibility of our schemes with experiments, simulations, and implementations, including measurements of security and performance metrics. We give concrete proposals for deployment security parameters. We have worked with the industry to implement our schemes in practice: Our protocols have been implemented and deployed in the real world proof-of-work blockchains ERGO, nimiq, WebDollar, and Midnight and the proof-of-stake blockchain Cardano. περισσότερα Διαβάστε τη διατριβή (Online) Κατεβάστε τη διατριβή σε μορφή PDF (2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 05, **P ≤. 01, ***P ≤. 001). S5 Fig. Serum IgG recognition of Enterococcus isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with IBD. Two separate fecal isolates of Enterococcus spp. (1 from IBD and 1 from healthy dog) were incubated with serum from dogs with IBD (n = 20) and healthy dogs (n = 9), and IgG binding to the surface of bacteria was quantitated using flow cytometry, as noted in Methods. Scatter plots depicting IgG+ bacteria percentages in healthy versus IBD dogs plotted. (†) Indicated the isolate from normal dog, while (‡) indicated the isolate from dog with IBD. Data were plotted as Mean ± SD. S6 Fig. Association of Collinsella and clinical parameters in IBD. Scatter dot plot of % abundance of Collinsella and clinical parameters depicted. Linear regression analysis was performed. value as stated in the figures. Dashed lines depict 95% confidence band. ;. S7 Fig. % IgG+ fecal bacteria comparison of IBD with or without antibiotic pretreatment. The percentages of IgG+ bacteria are plotted comparing IBD dogs with antibiotic pretreatment (n = 11) and no treatment (n = 9). Data are plotted as Mean ± SD. No statistical difference was found by unpaired t-test (P = 0. 99). 1. Endoscopic, Biopsy, and for the Evaluation of in Companion Animals. J Med. 2010;24(1):10–26. pmid:20391635 View 2. . Inflammatory bowel disease in veterinary medicine. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition). 2012;4:1404–19. View 3. . Commensal Host-in the Gut. Science. 2001;292(5519):1115–8. pmid:11352068 View 4. . Chronic intestinal inflammation and intestinal disease in dogs. J Med. 2003;17(1):8–20. pmid:12564722 View 5. Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel disease in German shepherd dogs. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200685. pmid:30028859 View 6. . Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2007;448(7152):427–34.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 9%, respectively. Direct enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids loading led to an increased viscosity and a reduced mass transfer efficiency, which resulted in the low concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars [16, 18, 35]. In fact, there was no visible liquid spotted during enzymatic hydrolysis at 40% solids loading, which was not conducive to the interaction between the enzymes and the substrate. Fig. 1Sugar concentrations and conversions for the batch enzymatic hydrolysis at solids loadings ranging from 2. 5 to 40% (w/v). The enzyme blend was loaded at 15 mg protein/g glucan. The pretreated corn stover was hydrolyzed at 50 °C, pH 4. 8, and 200 rpm for 72 hFull size imageThe vast majority of industrial fermentation processes are proposed using fed-batch culture mode [36, 37]. The high concentration of fermentable sugars is a necessity for the subsequent feeding process over the course of fed-batch fermentation. Enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids loadings is feasible for deriving high-concentration sugars while reducing water usage, capital investment, and energy consumption significantly. Nevertheless, batch enzymatic hydrolysis at very high solids directly suffers from the difficulty in mixing and low mass and heat transfer efficiency, which results in low hydrolysis yields. Optimization of time point of feeding during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysisIt is challenging to reach very high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars by one-step feeding without mixing strategies. To resolve the mass transfer issues under high solids loadings, the batch enzymatic hydrolysis with mechanical stirring has been performed at solids loadings of 28% (w/w) and 30% (w/w), respectively [12, 38]. In addition, fed-batch hydrolysis mode has been applied to achieve high solids loadings [16, 28]. In this study, a fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis strategy was attempted to achieve this goal. When the enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at an initial solids loading exceeding 15% (w/v), the mixing became difficult, which was adverse to the pH adjustment and mass transfer. The optimal initial solids loading was 12% (w/v) (Additional file 1), which was in accordance with the previous published results [16, 28].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe shed light on how the price explosivity characterising Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies is triggered, by employing the Quantile Self-Autoregressive () model. Our results for Bitcoin, Ripple, and Stellar reveal that the explosive behaviour originates from the extreme upper tails of the return distributions following a price increase in the preceding day. We do not find evidence of explositivity in the price of Litecoin. Similar content being viewed by others Predicting cryptocurrency crash dates 2008. As the related markets keep developing and maturing, it is important to delve more deeply into the dynamics characterising their functioning (Katsiampa et al. 2019a). For instance, despite the fact that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have become increasingly popular, their price behaviour—still extremely volatile—does not seem to have been entirely comprehended as of yet (King and Koutmos 2021). During the past three years, cryptocurrency enthusiasts witnessed a number of strong rallies in the Bitcoin markets. For example, the first rally started sometime in the beginning of October 2017 when the price of Bitcoin per US dollar (BTC/USD) rose sharply from around $4,000 to about $20,000 in mid-December—an increase of approximately 400% in a space of two and a half months. After the spectacular rise, BTC/USD steadily marched downward to reach its lowest point of just above $3,200. Around the end of March 2019, the currency unexpectedly staged a comeback. The BTC/USD soared to about $12,000 around August from approximately $4,000—an increase of roughly 200%. During the periods of these two powerful market rallies, the Bitcoin market saw no fewer than 10 days of very large positive price jumps: daily returns of \(20. 34\%\) realised on 7th December 2017 and \(16. 72\%\) observed on 2nd April 2019, for example. Footnote 1 The “bubble-like” and “explosive” behaviour of BTC/USD, clearly illustrated in Fig. 1, might be ascribed to the relative newness of the cryptocurrency markets and the consequent appeal that this generates on speculators (Bouri et al. 2019). Fig. 1Time series of prices of Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar. This figure plots the time series of prices of Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: pmid:17653185 View 7. -Howard J, Bjarnason I. Mucosal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease are directed against intestinal bacteria. Gut. 1996;38(3):365–75. pmid:8675088 View 8. . Crohn's disease. The Lancet. 2012;380(9853):1590–605. View 9. . Systemic antibodies towards mucosal bacteria in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease differentially activate the innate immune response. Gut. 2004;53(1):91–8. pmid:14684582 View 10. - Host immunoglobulin G selectively identifies pathobionts in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):1. pmid:30606251 View 11. W, de in Disease. Cell. 2014;158(5):1000–10. pmid:25171403 View 12. Clinical significance of soluble immunoglobulins A and G and their coated bacteria in feces of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):359. pmid:30558634 View 13. A Concentrations in Feces, Duodenum, and of Dogs with Disease. J Med. 2013;27(1):47–55. pmid:23216572 View 14. - Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in duodenal biopsies from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with severity of disease. Immunopathol. 2010;135(1–2):158–63. pmid:20034678 View 15. Upregulation of toll-like receptors in chronic enteropathies in dogs. J Med. 2008;22(3):553–60. pmid:18466244 View 16. . Populations within the of Dogs with Enteropathies. J Med. 2001;15(1):14–25. pmid:11215906 View 17. . Colonic nitrite and immunoglobulin G concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Assoc. 1997;211(3):318–21. pmid:9262670 View 18. van der Immunoglobulin coating of faecal bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(7):669–74.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The time point of feeding represents a crucial factor in fed-batch hydrolysis process. In this study, the hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading and the pretreated corn stover (7%, w/v, based on the final solids loading) was separately fed after 3, 6, 12, 24, or 36 h, respectively, to reach the final solids loading of 19% (w/v). Glucose and TRS were measured over the course of hydrolysis. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the earlier the time point of feeding was, the faster the hydrolysis reached the platform stage (Fig. 2). Finally, 81. 3 g/L of glucose and 140. 8 g/L of TRS were observed in the hydrolysates when the corn stover was fed at the time point of 3 h. Glucose and TRS were reduced constantly when the time point of feeding extended from 3 h to 24 h. It should be noted that there were no significant (P > 0. 05) negative effects on the hydrolysis when the feeding intervals were limited to within 12 h. The maximal concentrations of glucose and TRS decreased by 8. 6% and 5. 2%, respectively, when the feeding time was extended to 36 h, which was largely attributed to a shorter time of interaction between the enzymes and the feeding substrate. In addition, part of the enzymes might be inactivated as the hydrolysis proceeded. Thus, it was beneficial to feed earlier during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis without impeding the mass transfer, which was crucial for enhancing the hydrolysis efficiency and shortening the total hydrolysis time. Similarly, the substrates have been proposed to be fed early to reduce the hydrolysis time during the fed-batch process [19, 28]. Fig. 2Effects of different time points of feeding on the release of glucose (a) and TRS (b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: To ensure the readability and informativeness of the chart, we scale the prices, in a similar fashion to Borri (2019), as follows: we divide Bitcoin by 1,000, and Litecoin by 10; whereas we multiple both Ripple and Stellar by 10. The sample for each of the sampled cryptocurrencies starts from the first available daily observation (i. e. , 17/7/2010, 28/4/2013, 4/8/2013, and 5/8/2014, for Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar, respectively), until 19/09/2019Full size imageOriginally designed to be an innovative and decentralised method of payment free from central banks’ intervention, the excitement which Bitcoin sparked triggered off debates on whether it should be considered as a speculative vehicle (Baur et al. 2018) or an asset class to hold for hedging or diversification purposes (Panagiotidis et al. 2019). Besides that, scholars have also devoted particular attention to research on a number of other themes regarding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general, such as volatility (Katsiampa 2017; Baur and Dimpfl 2018), volatility spillovers (Ji et al. 2019; Koutmos 2018; Corbet et al. 2018b), price jump risk (Chaim and Laurini 2018; Scaillet et al. 2018; Gronwald 2019), tail risk (Gkillas and Katsiampa 2018; Borri 2019), technical trading (Hudson and Urquhart 2021), herding and feedback trading (King and Koutmos 2021), price efficiency (Urquhart 2016; Nadarajah and Chu 2017; Bariviera 2017; Khuntia and Pattanayak 2018) and, more broadly, the importance of information in market activity (Katsiampa et al. 2019b). While much has been written on the inefficiency and on the exuberance of the cryptocurrency markets, more investigations are needed to study how observed “bubble-like” behaviours are brought about. A number of scholars have looked into the explosivity theme characterizing the exuberance in cryptocurrency prices. More specifically, Corbet et al. (2018a) analyse the underline fundamentals (i. e. , blockchain position, hashrate, and liquidity) that can significantly thrive price growth, and then employ such measures to detect and datestamp Bitcoin and Ethereum bubbles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Those bacteria can help digest food and harvest nutrition and energy that otherwise cannot be collected by the human body directly [9]–[11], i. e. , human has obtained many genes needed for itself though these genes did not evolve in human genome. With the progress of molecular biotechnology and data accumulation, our understanding about gene and disease is under a revolution: diseases are not only associated with genes in human genome but also related to genomes from environment around and inside human body. A notable example of what environmental genome changes can result in is human gut bacterial community. The change of human gut bacterial community is associated with obesity [9], diabetes [12], hypertension [13], and so on. Therefore gut bacteria has become one of the hot research areas especially for those researches about chronic and metabolism related diseases [14]. Also, it is becoming an important research direction for finding drug target genes using human gene networks [15]. Drug target genes can also be identified by studying similar gene networks containing mixture of both human genes and genes from human gut bacteria [16]. Further studies in these directions require that we understand the gene composition of the human gut microbe community. Estimating the number of genes in it is one of the most important steps to understand the scale of the problem that we are dealing with. Based on the diversity of gut microbes and the average number of genes contained in a microbe genome, the number of genes in human gut microbiota was guessed to be 100 times greater than that of our human genome [17]. Since the scale of total number of genes in a human genome is about 20,000. This makes the guess of human gut microbiota genes to be at least 2,000,000. With the current available 16S rRNA sequences and hundreds of complete microbe genomes, it is possible to give a better estimation on the total number of genes by combining these two data sources. However, there is no similar research done before as the authors are aware of. The most similar research was done for pan-genomes, which contains all unique genes in a species with similar genes from different strains merged. In a pan-genome study, people check a “core-genome” with genes present in all strains, a “dispensable genome” with genes present in two or more genomes and a “unique genome” with genes unique to each strain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The enzymatic hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% solids were separately fed at different time points to reach the final solids loading of 19% (w/v)Full size image Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis at various solids loadingsThe fed-batch hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% (w/v) pretreated corn stover was fed once, twice, three times, and four times, respectively. The results are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3. Glucose and xylose reached 54. 0 g/L and 23. 8 g/L, corresponding to the theoretical yields of 89. 2% and 71. 8%, respectively, when enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at 12% solids loading (Table 2, Entry 1). The total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 91. 3% and 92. 4%, respectively, when the oligosaccharides were taken into account (Fig. 3). It was indicated that the SMs pretreatment was promising to destroy the recalcitrant structure of corn stover, thus facilitating the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. With the increase in feeding times, the concentrations of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were gradually increased, while the monosaccharides yields decreased on a continued basis. When corn stover was fed once, the total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 90. 3% and 91. 6% (Fig. 3), slightly lower than those from the batch hydrolysis without significant variances (P > 0. 05). When corn stover was fed twice, glucose and xylose increased dramatically to 102. 0 g/L and 42. 9 g/L, while their yields decreased to 81. 9% and 63. 0%, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The total conversions of glucan and xylan slightly decreased to 89. 1% and 89. 0%, respectively, without significant variances (P > 0. 05) (Fig. 3). When the corn stover was fed three times to the final solids loading of 33%, glucose and xylose yields fell to 78. 4% and 59. 3%, respectively (Table 2, Entry 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: The authors observe the existence of short periods in which each fundamental clearly impacts on the price formation, and nevertheless highlight that such effects vanish rapidly. Fry (2018) corroborates the existence of bubbles in the Bitcoin and Ethereum markets, and warns that booms and bust can occur even in the absence of a clear bubble. The presence of bubbles in the Bitcoin market is further supported by Cretarola and Figà-Talamanca (2021) who attribute their existence to the correlation between market attention (as proxied by the Volume Index) and Bitcoin returns. Cagli (2019) widens his sample and includes some more altcoins in order to detect potential price explosivity and pairwise co-movements in their explosive behaviour. He finds all cryptocurrencies, except one, to show explosivity, as well as a number of co-explosive relationships in some altcoins pairs. Bouri et al. (2019) take a step further and observe that the explosivity in one cryptocurrency is likely due to the existence of explosive dynamics in other cryptocurrencies. They demonstrate that co-explosivity is not necessarily driven by the size of the cryptocurrencies. Finally, a recent paper by Gronwald (2019) reveals overwhelming evidence that cryptocurrency prices are characterised by (temporary) explosiveness and confirms that some cryptocurrency prices are explosive even if expressed in terms of Bitcoin and not, as conventionally, in USD. Overall, while in general scholars and experts confirm evidence of price explosivity (Corbet et al. 2018a; Fry 2018; Bouri et al. 2019; Cagli 2019), none of them however shed light on how the behaviour is brought about. In this 1. 30\%\). We do not find evidence of explosivity in the price of Litecoin, however. In the following section, we present an exposition of the model of Cai and Stander (2008). Sections 3 and 4 discuss our sample and the empirical results, respectively. Section 5 concludes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Science 288: 287–293. View 8. -Liggett CM, Knight R, et al. (2007) The human microbiome project. Nature 449: 804–810. View 9. (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444: 1027–1031. View 10. (2004) The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. 101: 15718–15723. View 11. (2007) Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. 104: 979–984. View 12. (2007) Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56: 1761–1772. View 13. (2008) Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 453: 396–400. View 14. (2009) A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457: 480–484. View 15. (2008) A systems biology approach to drug discovery. 60: 603–635. View 16. (2008) Variations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease. Nature 452: 429–435. View 17. (2005) Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307: 1915–1920. View 18. (2005) The microbial pan-genome. 15: 589–594. View 19. Benson DA, Karsch-(2009) GenBank. Res 37: D26–31. View 20. -Syed-Mohideen AS, et al. (2007) The ribosomal database project (RDP-II): introducing myRDP space and quality controlled public data. Res 35: D169–172. View 21. (2009) Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Res 37: D141–145. View 22. (2005) At least 1 in 20 16S rRNA sequence records currently held in public repositories is estimated to contain substantial anomalies. Microbiol 71: 7724–7736. View 23. (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308: 1635–1638. View 24. (2005) Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: implications for the microbial “pan-genome”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The total conversions of glucan and xylan were 87. 8% and 89. 6%, respectively (Fig. 3). When the substrate (7%) was fed four times to reach a final solids loading of 40%, the yields of glucose and xylose decreased to 73. 3% and 55. 8%, respectively, which were significantly (P < 0. 05) lower than those from the batch hydrolysis. Cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides reached 17. 9 g/L and 27. 2 g/L as a maximum, respectively. The total conversions of glucan and xylan decreased to 83. 6% and 87. 4%, respectively (Fig. 3). Cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides have been identified as strong inhibitors of cellulase [22,23,24, 39]. Here, the accumulation of oligosaccharides probably contributed to the significant decline in the monosaccharides yields. The time course of sugar evolutions during the fed-batch hydrolysis demonstrated that most of the sugars were released within 72 h even if the substrate was fed four times (Additional file 2). Table 2 Results of fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis with different feeding times and the chemical compositions of the solid residues after enzymatic hydrolysisFull size table Fig. 3Sugars yields of the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis at solids loadings varying from 12 to 40% (w/v). a yields of glucose and cello-oligosaccharides. b yields of xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides. *The enzyme blend was fed four times simultaneously with the substrateFull size image The chemical composition of the residues was analyzed and the results are presented in Table 2. Interestingly, the glucan and xylan contents of the residues after the batch hydrolysis at 12% (w/v) solids loading were reduced significantly (P < 0. 05) to 14. 4% and 7. 8%, respectively, compared to the pretreated corn stover. In contrast, the lignin and ash contents dramatically increased (Table 2, Entry 1). This was primarily attributed to the degradation of the carbohydrate polymers within corn stover.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many investors see cryptocurrency as a hedge against inflation. [SEP] Text: (2000), Cai et al. (2001) and Elder et al. (2012). In contrast, the limited studies focusing on cryptocurrencies find that CPI release has a negligible impact on Bitcoin prices (e. g. , Corbet, Larkin, Lucey, et al. , 2020; Pyo & Lee, 2020) with Lyocsa et al. (2020) noting that exchange hacking announcements have a much larger influence on price volatility. We seek to find answers to two related questions. First, does Bitcoin, or cryptocurrency more generally, offer a potential hedge to heightened inflation expectations? If so, is this dependent on particular levels of inflation or inflation expectations? Second, does cryptocurrency offer protection against surprises emanating from monthly scheduled CPI announcements? In both cases, we contrast the cryptocurrency response with that of gold. In doing so, we contribute to the continuing discussion on the utility of cryptocurrencies and their value within a diversified portfolio. Our measures of inflation expectations include inflation swap rates and the break-even inflation rates (BEIR) inferred from Treasury markets. We incorporate both short-term (5-year) and long-term (10-year) inflation expectations, along with a set of control variables for credit conditions, the term structure and uncertainty in cryptocurrency, economic policy and financial markets. Although we do include a brief discussion relating to monthly actual and survey measures of inflation, we focus on inflation expectations derived from financial instruments as they are available at a daily frequency and provide estimates of ‘revealed’ rather than ‘stated’ inflation beliefs. In addition, as the cryptocurrency market has developed, other coins have gained some prominence and Bitcoin's market dominance has fallen. We reflect this by expanding our sample to include other cryptocurrencies and find that they share similar inflation hedge properties to Bitcoin. In demonstrating that cryptocurrency prices have some capacity to respond to innovations in inflation expectations, we also contribute to the literature that demonstrates crypto markets have become more efficient over time (e. g. , Bariviera, 2017; Blau, 2017; Nadarajah & Chu, 2017; Tiwari et al. , 2018; Urquhart, 2016; Vidal-Tomas & Ibanez, 2018). We extend the sample period used in the earlier literature to evaluate the cryptocurrency return–inflation relationship during a complete monetary policy cycle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractGut bacterial communities of bumble bees are correlated with defense against pathogens. Further understanding this host-microbe association is vitally important as bumble bees are currently experiencing global population declines, potentially due in part to emergent diseases. In this study, we used pyrosequencing and community fingerprinting (ARISA) to characterize the gut microbial communities of nine bumble species from across the Bombus phylogeny. Overall, we delimited 74 bacterial taxa (operational taxonomic units or OTUs) belonging to Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Flavobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. Each bacterial community was taxonomically simple, containing an average of 1. 9 common (relative abundance per sample > 5%) bacterial OTUs. The most abundant and prevalent (occurring in 92% of the samples) bacterial OTU, based on 16S rRNA sequences, closely matched that of the previously described Betaproteobacteria species Snodgrassella alvi. Bacteria that were first described in bee-related external environments dominated a number of gut bacterial communities, suggesting that they are not strictly dependent on the internal gut environment. data showed a correlation between bacterial community structures and the geographic locations where the bees were sampled, suggesting that at least a subset of the bacterial species may be transmitted environmentally. Using light and fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrated that the gut bacteria form a biofilm on the internal epithelial surface of the ileum, corroborating results obtained from Apis mellifera. Citation: Lim HC, Chu C-(2015) of Communities of Bee Species. 10(3): e0118566. Editor: Fabio S. Nascimento, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão : November 6, 2014; Accepted: January 17, 2015; Published: March 13, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Lim et al. This is an open access 2155. Funding: The work was supported by a U. S. Department of Agriculture, of Food and Agriculture grant (#2010-65104-05992) to SAC and by a U. S. Department of Agriculture, of Food and Agriculture grant grant (#2009-35505-06012) to MJS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When the feeding times rose from 1 to 4, the glucan and xylan contents of the residues increased gradually, while the lignin and ash contents decreased on a continued basis (Table 2, Entries 2–5), which was accordant with the continued decline of the hydrolytic yields (Fig. 3), implying that stronger products inhibition occurred with the increase in solids loadings. Effects of enzyme supplementation modes on fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysisThe effects of enzyme supplementation modes on the hydrolysis yields were investigated and compared during the fed-batch hydrolysis process. The enzyme cocktail was either added completely at the start of the hydrolysis or separately supplemented with the substrate. The fed-batch process was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and fed four times to reach 40% (w/v) solids loading. As depicted in Fig. 4, more sugars were released when the enzyme was added in a whole within the first 36 h. It was likely more loaded enzyme contributed as a single boost of a higher enzymatic hydrolysis rate. This phenomenon was consistent with the previous reports that cellulase added in a whole facilitated the release of glucose and xylose [16]. However, the rates of sugars release became inferior to those of the fed-batch enzyme supplementation mode after 12 h (Fig. 4), suggesting that the enzymatic activity diminished gradually as the enzymatic hydrolysis proceeded. Interestingly, more sugars were observed when the hydrolysis reaction was extended to 48 h or longer when the required enzyme was added concomitantly with the substrate. It was probably due to a higher enzymatic activity at the later stage of hydrolysis. The maximal concentrations of glucose and xylose were 146. 7 g/L and 58. 7 g/L, respectively, when the substrate and the enzyme cocktail were both fed separately (Table 2, Entry 6). These data resulted 8. 7% and 4. 8%, respectively, higher than those with the enzyme added in a whole. The fed-batch addition mode of the enzyme cocktail caused the glucan and xylan contents of the residues to decrease, which was in agreement with the results of the higher sugars concentrations (Table 2, Entry 5 vs Entry 6). Cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides slightly decreased by 12. 8% and 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many investors see cryptocurrency as a hedge against inflation. [SEP] Text: We then use a structural break occurring in March 2020, identified in our initial regression tests, to separate the sample into pre-COVID and post-COVID periods and illustrate a significant change in the reported correlations. Pre-COVID (Panel B) we find that Bitcoin returns are not significantly correlated with stock returns or inflation expectations, while gold returns are negatively correlated (at the 1% level) with both stock returns and inflation expectations. Post-COVID (Panel C) Bitcoin returns are significantly positively correlated with gold, stocks and inflation expectations, and the gold correlations switch from negative to positive. 3 empirical analysis utilises an OLS regression model of the form: R t = α + β 1 % ∆ IE t + ∑ j = 2 3 4 5 β j Control j t + β 6 R t − 1 + ε t (1)where Rt is the daily return for gold or cryptocurrency, Rt–1 is the lagged daily return, and %ΔIEt is the daily percentage change in inflation expectations. A set of four control variables is included to represent the state of the economy and market uncertainty at time t. Economic policy uncertainty is captured by the EPU index (Baker et al. , 2016), financial market uncertainty is encapsulated by the CBOE implied volatility index (VIX), the TED spread (TED) provides a measure of credit risk, and the difference between 2- and 10-year Treasury yields represents the term premium (TERM). Newey-West standard errors correct for heteroscedasticity. 3. 1 Baseline regression 3 (Panel A), we report the baseline univariate coefficient estimates, where the return is regressed on a measure of inflation expectation. We initially focus on Bitcoin returns as they offer the longest sample period and Bitcoin continues to constitute a significant portion of the overall cryptocurrency market. We identify a statistically significant positive relationship between inflation expectations and returns in gold and Bitcoin markets. When we include both 5- and 10-year estimates in the same regression model, the short-term (5-year) expectations appear to dominate. However, the high variance inflation factors relating to those models mean that we are reluctant to focus on models with both terms to avoid multicollinearity issues. TABLE 3. The relationship between inflation expectations and daily returns of Bitcoin and Gold.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Both grants supported the expenses for pyrosequencing, DNA fingerprinting, and materials/reagents used in this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionRecent studies have shown that bacterial symbionts of animals play significant roles in shaping the physiology, ecology and evolution of their hosts [1,2]. In insects, these symbionts allow specialization on particular diets, such as termites on wood and aphids on phloem, even to the extent that some host and bacterial genomes have become complementary and compensatory with respect to genes that underlie biosynthesis pathways [3,4]. Moreover, resident gut bacteria may protect hosts against invasion by microbial pathogens through production of antimicrobial compounds, stimulation of host-immune systems or competition for space and nutrients [5–7]. Such colonization resistance conferred by resident microbiota has been documented in a wide variety of insects, including flies [8], caterpillars [9], termites [10], and locusts [11] and bumble bees [12]. Recent studies of gut microbiota in bees belonging to the corbiculate clade (honey bees [Apini], bumble bees [Bombini], stingless bees [Meliponini] and orchid bees [Euglossini]) have advanced understanding of the taxonomic composition and structure of microbial communities [13–15], elucidated important health effects and roles in defense against host enemies [12,16–19] and revealed ecological factors, such as host species, and environmental chemical substances that affect bacterial communities [20,21]. Understanding the contributions of intestinal microbiota to host fitness of bees is important and timely as many species of these globally important pollinators are currently under threat from disease [22–25], agrochemicals [26,27], habitat degradation [28,29] or a combination of these factors [30,31]. To date, most studies of bumble bees (Bombus), which are much more speciose than honey bees (Apis), have focused on specific bacterial lineages [32] of only a few host species [15], often relying on 16S rRNA sequencing of a small number of molecular clones, limiting the scope of our knowledge of the microbial diversity and structure of their gut microbiota [33].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 8%, while the total conversions of glucan and xylan increased to 89. 5% and 88. 5%, respectively (Fig. 3). Surprisingly, these conversions were only marginally lower than those from the batch hydrolysis at 12% (w/v) solids loading without significant differences (P > 0. 05). According to the mass balance analysis, 432. 9 kg glucose, 173. 2 kg xylose, 46. 0 kg cello-oligosaccharides, and 76. 4 kg xylo-oligosaccharides, respectively, could be obtained from 1000 kg of the pretreated corn stover (Fig. 5). These data strongly supported that the enzyme blend added separately during the fed-batch hydrolysis facilitated higher sugars concentrations and yields. Fig. 4Effects of enzyme supplementation modes on the release of glucose, xylose, and TRS during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis. The fed-batch hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% fresh substrate was fed four times (3, 6, 24, and 48 h) to reach 40% (w/v) solids loading. The enzyme supplementation modes were as follows: a The enzyme blend (based on the final solids loading, 40%, w/v) was added completely at the beginning of the hydrolysis (hollow symbols). b The enzyme blend was fed simultaneously with the pretreated corn stover at each time point of feeding to maintain an identical final enzyme dosage (solid symbols)Full size image Fig. 5Corn stover to fermentable sugars mass balance analysis. The analysis was based on the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of the SMs-pretreated corn stover. The hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% substrate was fed four times (3, 6. 24, and 48 h) to reach a final solids loading of 40% (w/v). The enzyme cocktail was fed simultaneously with the substrate at each feeding time point. The hydrolysis was held at 50 °C, pH 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: Anti-proteins could help put the brakes on gene editing Scientists are exploring the proteins’ potential as a way to control and reduce off-target effects by Charles Q. Choi, special to C&EN June 6, 2021 | A version of this story appeared in Issue 21 Popular in Rwanda identifies index case for current Marburg virus outbreak Periodic Graphics: Porphyria and the vampirism myth Scientists reject a binary view of human sex at NIH symposium Delta-8-THC craze concerns chemists Cannabis industry gets crafty with terpenes Credit: Adapted from Sci. Adv. A cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction shows the anti-protein AcrIIA4 binding to a complex consisting of the Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA. the technology behind the 2020 in Chemistry, has revolutionized the life sciences. The method offers a cheap, fast, and easy way to make edits in precise spots in genomes and could be game changing for treating genetic disorders and cancer and for other applications. faces safety concerns because scientists have only limited ways to control the technique. Now researchers have found that a dazzling variety of naturally occurring proteins, known as anti-could offer ways to exercise that control. These proteins could potentially be delivered after gene therapy to stave off harmful side effects or help direct therapies to the right parts of the body. Anti-could also play a role in efforts to spread beneficial genes through a population—to control insects, for example. And they have several advantages over other control methods; for example, they can be genetically encoded into a cell. Related: 2-in-1 base editors make two DNA edits at once (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) are segments of bacterial DNA that are part of ancient microbial defense systems. Bacteria use RNA molecules derived from segments, along with a number of Cas (-associated) enzymes, to identify foreign DNA and slice it apart. In 2012, scientists revealed a way to apply and the Cas9 enzyme to cut the DNA in a cell’s genome in a precise spot (Science, DOI: 10. 1126/science. 1225829). Essentially, all one needs is to introduce Cas9 and a guide RNA—which directs the enzyme where to cut—into cells. But the longer a system remains active in cells, the more likely it is to edit parts of a genome other than its intended target, yielding potentially dangerous side effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 20 [standard deviation, SE]) while the average number of OTUs with relative abundance above 5% was 1. 92 ± 0. 95 (S1 Table). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Heatmap showing relative abundance of each bacterial OTU (rows) in each of the pyrosequencing sample (columns). On the left is a cladogram showing phylogenetic relationships of the OTUs (tip labels = representative sequence ID). The IDs of the OTUs are abbreviated by only keeping their unique, last five characters (e. g. , HUSOE0I01BDDRB to BDDRB). On the right are classifications of the OTUs at two taxonomic levels, if available. For clarity, only labels for OTUs with relative abundance > 10% are shown. Atop the heatmap, a cladogram indicates phylogenetic relationships of the bee species investigated. The bars at the bottom of the graph indicate the phylogenetic clade in which each bee species falls. MD = Mendacibombus (subgenus). See S4 Fig. for fully labeled tips. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Sequencing depth and number of OTUs detected for each pyrosequencing sample. Gut bacterial taxa Sequencing of all 13 pyrosequencing samples revealed bacteria from only six classes: Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria (Table 2). Overall, Betaproteobacteria was the most dominant class, accounting for 52. 7 ± 42. 2% of the bacterial sequences when abundance was averaged across 13 pyrosequencing samples. This was followed by Bacilli (18. 5 ± 36. 0%) and Gammaproteobacteria (13. 5 ± 24. 9%) (Fig. 3, S1 Table). The number of OTUs found in each class varied widely; it ranged from 20 each in Bacilli and Betaproteobacteria, to two in Alphaproteobacteria. containing OTUs with high abundance included Neisseriales (Betaproteobacteria), Lactobacillales (Bacilli) and Enterobacteriales (Gammaproteobacteria).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 8, and 200 rpm for 120 hFull size image The results of enzymatic hydrolysis on various lignocellulosic materials at high solids loadings under different hydrolysis modes obtained in previous studies and in this project are summarized in Table 3. Some pretreatments remove lignin and hemicellulose while retaining and concentrating cellulose in the regenerated solids, as an approach favorable to high glucose concentrations with the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis (Table 3, Entries 1 and 2). However, the high glucose concentration exerts a substantial inhibitory effect on cellulase, which could affect the hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose [28]. For example, the total conversion was merely 60. 0%, when the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover was performed at 30% (w/v) solids loading (Table 3, Entry 2). Xylose and oligosaccharides have been directly used for the production of biofuels [31, 32]. Some microorganisms are capable to metabolize a broad spectrum of substrates and can grow on a medium containing glucose and other sugars such as xylose, cello-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides. Here, the total conversions of glucan and xylan reached approximately 89% taking into account the oligosaccharides released. The SMs pretreatment can detain a majority of the sugar polymers including cellulose and hemicelluloses [33]. Here, the oligosaccharides released from corn stover were up to 41. 5 g/L, which contributed to the high conversions of glucan and xylan (Table 3, Entry 5). The total sugar conversions were slightly higher than the monomeric sugar yields achieved by the batch hydrolysis with the assistance of mechanical stirring (Table 3, Entry 3). Overall, the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis strategy was promising for hydrolyzing alkaline organosolv-pretreated corn stover into fermentable sugars with high concentrations and yields.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 85499 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by Yuan-From the - Technologies and by Yuan-and Shiu-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionGene editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike traditional methods that randomly insert genetic material into a host genome, current gene editing technologies target and change the specific genome locations. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()/Cas9 nuclease system are the three common gene editing technologies. These technologies have been widely used in genome engineering to enable a broad range of mutation by inducing DNA breaks that stimulate error-prone repairs such as homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). They successfully make it possible to achieve site-specific editing, modification, and manipulation at specific genomic sites (Table 1) [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: At the opposite end of the spectrum, bacterial orders with OTUs with low overall abundance included Burkholderiales (Betaproteobacteria), Oceanospirillales (Gammaproteobacteria) and Bifidobacteriales (Actinobacteria) (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Relative abundance (averaged across 13 pyrosequencing samples) of different bacterial classes. The average number of sequences obtained from each pyrosequencing sample was 15,170. only six bacterial OTUs from five different classes were found to be dominant across all 13 samples (i. e. , OTUs possessing the highest relative read abundance in each pyrosequencing sample, range: 47. 3%−99. 3%). Based on BLASTn results, five of these OTUs have sequences that were highly similar (98. 7%−100%) to named bacteria known either from the gut of bees, flowers or the immediate environment of bees (e. g. , bee bread) (Table 4). The most prevalent of these dominant OTUs matched Snodgrassella alvi, found in 12 pyrosequencing samples. Further, it was the most dominant OTU in eight sequencing samples (Fig. 2, S4 Fig. ). The other five dominant OTUs matched sequences of Saccharibacter floricola, Fructobacillus tropaeoli, Lactobacillus kunkeei, Gilliamella apicola, and an unnamed bacterium belonging to (Table 4). Other than the dominant OTUs, we uncovered some OTUs that were less dominant (rarely accounting for more than 5% of the reads in a sample), such as one classified as phylotype firm-5 (HUSOE0I01BP7S6, detected in seven bee species) and a Bifidobacteriales OTU (HUSOE0I01AJO2K, detected in five Bombus species) (S1 Table). At the level of individual pyrosequencing samples, the group of OTUs comprising phylotype beta (or S. alvi) appeared to be particularly diverse. Each sample that contained HUSOE0I01A3N3V (the most abundant of the beta/S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 3 The results of enzymatic hydrolysis on various lignocellulosic materials at high solids loadings using different hydrolysis modesFull size table Conversion of the monosaccharides and oligosaccharides within the hydrolysates into microbial lipids using a fed-batch fermentation modeFed-batch fermentation is a promising culture mode for the industrial-scale lipid production [36]. In this study, cell growth and lipid accumulation were severely repressed when the TRS concentration of the hydrolysate was 150 g/L during batch fermentation. More severely inhibitory effect occurred at even higher sugar concentration (Additional file 3). Thus, a fed-batch culture was investigated to assess the potential of sugars consumption and lipid production by C. oleaginosum. The fed-batch culture was held at 30 °C, 200 rpm for 264 h. Sugar evolution profiles of the fed-batch culture are shown in Fig. 6. When glucose concentration was higher than 20 g/L, glucose was assimilated firstly, whereas xylose was assimilated at quite a slow rate without significant consumption (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 6a). It was suggested that C. oleaginosum exhibited a diauxic growth with a strong preference over glucose. A similar phenomenon was observed when glucose and xylose coexisted, suggesting the occurrence of glucose repression [40]. As shown in Fig. 6a, the other TRS (subtraction of glucose and xylose from the TRS) were consumed slowly. It was worth mentioning that 87. 8% of them were assimilated at the end of the fed-batch culture. The main components of these TRS were arabinose, galactose, mannose, soluble oligosaccharides, etc. Interestingly, both cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides were assimilated by C. oleaginosum (Fig. 6b). The overall consumption of these two types of sugars was 74. 1% and 68. 3%, respectively (Table 4). Only 3. 1 g/L cello-oligosaccharides and 5. 8 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides were not consumed, likely being soluble oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization [31].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: 1 Genetic cloning of living organismsFor conventional genetic cloning of animals, plants, and microbes, the target genes in the specific genome are cut using restriction enzymes. It usually takes lots of work and long time to clone and screen for the desired ones. Current gene editing technologies can be used to achieve the desired clones both quickly and accurately, without the limitation of restriction site availability [11]. 2. 1. 2 Establishment of animal modelsGenetic cloning, gene knock-in, and gene knockout are the most common methods to make induced or experimental animal models. The efficient approaches include andCas9. By these new gene editing technologies, specific animal models of many diseases for which there are no animal models available previously have been established with unprecedented efficiency and precision [12, 13, 14]. 2. 1. 3 Development of testing tools and reagents/Cas9 can be optimized by bacterial genotypes to be more adaptive to the variation of food pathogens, compared with traditional methods. locus of different bacterial species show high variance to be an ideal basis for genotyping [15]. /Cas12a(Cpf1) (DNA endonuclease targeted trans reporter) system can be used to diagnose gene mutations, cancers, and microbial infections and test microbial antibiotic resistance by analyzing specimens [16]. 2. 1. 4 Discovery of drugsThe screening and identification of target sites are critical to drug discovery; thus, excellent and suitable platforms are needed. Gene editing technologies can work for the editing of functional genes and the screening of target sites. For example,Cas9 was used to target the exons encoding functional protein domains. A screen of 192 chromatin regulatory domains in murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells identified 6 known drug targets and 19 additional dependencies [17]. 2. 2 Nonhuman therapeutics2. 2. 1 Agricultural productsThe gene editing technology can be used to produce agricultural products in accordance with the need of humans. For example, crops were produced with high yield and resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, and harsh environment [18, 19]; domesticated animals (pig, buffalo) were produced with double muscle phenotype [20]; and aquatic products (catfish) were produced with high level myostatin (MSTN) gene expression [21]. 2. 2. 2 FoodWe can make food more productive or have longer shelf-life by gene editing technologies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: alvi OTUs) generally also contained at least two other closely related beta OTUs. Most of these rarer beta OTUs were unlikely to be variants caused by sequencing errors because they have non-trivial abundance (> 5 reads) and were found in more than one sample. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Taxonomic assignments of six OTUs based on naïve Bayesian classification of 16S rRNA sequence. Community distinctiveness based on phylogenetic distances among bacteria Based on the UniFrac “all environments together” test, there was an overall significant difference among the pyrosequencing samples, a difference that was based on a combination of their community composition and the phylogenetic distances among the OTUs within the communities (P ≤ 0. 01, after correcting for multiple comparisons). This difference was primarily driven by pyrosequencing samples “_FL”, “” and “” (Table 5). The distinctiveness of these microbial communities was supported by NMDS and jackknife hierarchical clustering (Fig. 4 and S5 Fig. ). The sample “” was dominated by three bacterial OTUs, all of which were either absent or present at very low abundance in other pyrosequencing samples. These three OTUs included two closely related taxa belonging to the order of Lactobacillales (relative abundance = 50. 3% and 37. 5%, respectively) and one belonging to Oceanospirillales (11. 2%) (Fig. 2, S4 Fig. ). The sample “” was dominated by a member of Lactobacillales (relative abundance = 99. 3%), which occurred in significant abundance in only one other pyrosequencing sample (“_ARG”). The third highly distinctive pyrosequencing sample was “_FL”. It contained two principal OTUs, belonging to Flavobacteriales (76. 2%) and Enterobacteriales (17. 1%), respectively. Both of these OTUs occurred in significant abundance in only 1–2 other gut bacterial communities (Fig. 2, S4 Fig. ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 6% (w/w) solids loading although the commercial enzymes mixtures were loaded [21]. In this study, 16. 8% of the total soluble sugars within the hydrolysate were oligosaccharides when the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at the final solids loading of 40% (w/v), although the enzyme blend contained very high cellobiase activity (253. 0 CBU/gds). The accumulation of oligosaccharides is expected to be lower when the enzyme cocktail is optimized. However, it is difficult and uneconomical to completely avoid the release of oligosaccharides during the enzymatic hydrolysis. Development of oligosaccharides assimilation strains will be particularly advantageous as a sizeable portion of sugars in the hydrolysate are oligomers. Here, the oligosaccharides could be co-fermented with the monosaccharides (glucose and xylose), evidencing that the sugar loss can be avoided. In addition, extra enzymes were not deemed necessary during the hydrolysis process, which is conducive to the techno-economics of the enzymatic hydrolysis technology. High sugar concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars were reached using the fed-batch hydrolysis with a high enzyme dosage (15 mg protein/g glucan). The high enzyme cost severely impedes the commercial success. Nguyen and coworkers have reported that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of corn stover at high solids loadings achieved high ethanol titers with significantly reduced enzyme dosages [44, 45]. The integration of the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis and lipid fermentation has the opportunity to reach high lipid yield with significantly lower enzyme loadings. Lipid samples produced by C. oleaginosum using the fed-batch culture were transmethylated, and the resulting FAMEs were analyzed by GC. The major composition of fatty acids was long-chain fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms including myristic acid (0. 7 ± 0. 0%), palmitic acid (27. 5 ± 0. 4%), stearic acid (12. 0 ± 0. 3%), oleic acid (49. 0 ± 0. 2%), and linoleic acid (9. 6 ± 0. 2%).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: For example,Cas9 was used to edit thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus as a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant to improve the product (e. g. , yogurt, cheese) yield by refraining from the infection of phages [22]. The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was engineered to resist browning usingCas9. The effect was achieved by targeting to knock out the genes that encodes polyphenol oxidase—an enzyme that causes browning [23]. 2. 2. 3 Industrial products/Cas9 has been used to establish marine algae (e. g. , diatoms) as useful in industrial applications as the carbon neutral synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, health foods, biomolecules, materials related to nanotechnology, and bioremediations of contaminated water [24, 25]. /Cas9 was used to encode the pixel values of black and white images and a short movie into the living bacterial genomes. /Cas9, the technical limits of this information storage system can be optimized to be minimal. /Cas9 can capture and stably store many real data within the genomes of living cells [26]. 2. 2. 4 Environmental protectionMarine microalgae are in charge of about 40% of primary production on earth and capture more CO2 than rain forests. Diatoms are the most important unicellular eukaryotic microalgae and have dominant ecological significance. /Cas9 can be used to modify the diatom genome to achieve more effects in reducing the global warming [25]. 2. 2. 5 Restoration of extinct animalsWoolly mammoths are different from current living elephants by adapting to the extreme cold environment. The mammoth TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, could be achieved by modifying genes of Asian elephants [27]. The mammoth may be restored usingCas9, if the modified embryo can be successfully transferred into the uterus of living elephants. 2. 3 Human therapeutics2. 3. 1 Medicine screeningThe therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are quite variable including drug and nondrug treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy to treat PD safely, efficiently, and quickly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: results showing that not only species but also geographic location of the host affects its gut bacterial community, again supports existing evidence that at least some members of the gut microbial community appear to be environmentally transmitted [60–63]. This may explain the relatively different gut microbial communities found between populations of same Bombus species collected in different geographic regions, such as the microbiota of B. terrestris from France and Argentina (Fig. 4 and S5). European colonies of B. terrestris were shipped to for commercial pollination and became naturalized since the 1990s. The species then spread to Argentina, and may have been exposed to environmental resources considerably different to those in Europe [64,65]. In identifying common bacteria found in the gut of bumble bees, we can rely on previously conducted in vivo and in vitro studies (often focusing on related bacteria in honey bees) to infer the roles they play in contributing to colony and individual health. Outside of the gut, bacteria such as L. kunkeei and S. floricola may benefit bumble bees by producing weak acids that aid in the fermentation and preservation of stored pollens in the nest [66,67]. The gut is likely to be an important source of these bacteria because worker bumble bees first moisten collected pollen with regurgitated nectar before packing it onto the hind leg pollen-carrying structure (corbicula) [59,68]. In the ileum, bacteria may enhance nutrient absorption by helping to break down food molecules. This is supported by a functional genomics study that found that the gut microbiome of honey bees (which share a number of gut bacterial species with bumble bees) was enriched for genes associated with carbohydrate breakdown (including those involved in pectin breakdown) and transport [17]. In addition to nutrition, evidence is mounting that gut bacteria benefit their bee hosts by contributing to the latter’s defenses against non-native bacteria and protistan enemies. For example, Vasquez et al. [19] found that lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. ) isolated from honey bees have inhibition properties on microorganisms such as yeasts and other bacteria (including Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood), with L. kunkeei (dominant in “” and “_ARG”) showing the strongest effects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Specifically, oleic acid was the most abundant one, followed by palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid, and these four fatty acids accounted for over 98% of the total fatty acids. The lipid samples presented a fatty acid profile similar to those of vegetable oils, demonstrating that the microbial lipid could be explored as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production [46]. ConclusionThe fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline organosolv-pretreated corn stover was promising for obtaining high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars. The total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 89. 5% and 88. 5%, respectively, at a high solids loading of 40% (w/v), when the oligosaccharides released were taken into account. High lipid content and yield were realized under a fed-batch culture mode. Oligosaccharides were co-assimilated with monosaccharides by C. oleaginosum, which played a crucial role in minimizing the loss of oligosaccharides and improving the lipid production. This work provides valuable information facilitating the design of a more cost-effective lignocellulose-to-lipid route. MethodsRaw materials, enzymes, and chemicalsCorn stover used in this study was purchased from Zhengzhou (Henan, China). It was chopped by a high-speed shredder (HC-3000, Co. , Ltd. , Jinhua, China) before sieving through 1-mm-sized screen. Then, the samples were washed for three times with water to remove the adhering dirt, stones, and metals, oven-dried at 105 °C until the weight was constant, and stored in a desiccator for long-term storage. The raw corn stover contained 35. 9% glucan, 21. 7% xylan, 22. 1% total lignin, and 2. 3% ash (Table 1, Entry 1). The other materials were proteins, non-structural sugars, organic acid, inorganics, crude fat, waxes, coloring material, etc. Specifically, there were 8. 7% water extractives and 4. 5% ethanol extractives, respectively, in the raw corn stover.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: These are important advancements that have benefits, not only for producers, but also consumers and, more broadly, the planet. If we can harness gene editing to improve upon ways to make agriculture more sustainable and edit plants so that they are more adaptable to turbulent climactic changes, the abilities for smallholder farmers to be more productive on the land with fewer pesticides and/or fertilizers can provide a more regionally stable food source. The major challenges lie in getting these technologies into the market, and to the people who can benefit from them the most, without being financially prohibitive. This is where harmonization of regulatory frameworks, even on a regional basis, as is the case in Latin America, and potentially in sub-will be key. The complexity of the patent and licensing landscape further deters progress in the area of proliferation. At this point, there does not appear to be any consensus among patent and/license holders on how to proceed. Europe could be a game changer if the decides to regulate gene edited agrifoods differently than GMOs. The uncertainty surrounding the EU remains a major limitation to the applicability of -Cas systems in Europe’s agricultural sectors (Cardi et al. , 2023: 18). But we have yet to see whether the recent EU proposal moves forward at the member-state level or is rejected. As discussed in Sect. 5. 3, there are varying expert opinions on which direction the EU will go. Rejecting the new breeding techniques proposal may disadvantage the EU in terms of global competitiveness in agricultural products and the ability to address agricultural sustainability and climate change. The eventual direction the EU chooses will have implications for its trading partners, especially those in African countries like Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania that are in the process of finalizing their regulatory frameworks for gene edited agrifoods. Informant 19 (a private sector representative) said of smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, …much of the activism against modern technologies is really out of touch with what farmers are facing. Farmers are not looking for GMOs. Farmers are not looking for gene edited technologies. Farmers are like, ‘I’m grappling with this pest. Do you know any solution that can help? ’ I wish there was a model that would just allow farmers to have the opportunity to choose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Similarly, studies have shown that bacteria cultures from honey bee crops or larvae inhibited the growth of bacterial pathogens of bees [69,70]. As one of the few studies that focused on bumble bee protistan parasites, Koch and Schmid-Hempel [12] showed that bees first treated with antibiotics then subsequently fed with feces from nest mates have lower parasite load (Trypanosomatidae: Crithidia bombi) compared to bees not given viable bacterial inoculation. While the study was groundbreaking, the mechanisms by which gut bacteria exert their protective functions against enteric protists are not entirely clear. Similar to honeybees, we found that bacteria in the ileum of the bumble bee species B. impatiens forms biofilms on the inside surface of the gut epithelium (Fig. 6). This suggests that bumble bee gut microbiotas may have specific functions in their hosts, such as providing nutritional benefits or defense against intestinal pathogens. Future research in these areas will have important implications for the conservation of corbiculate bees worldwide, as numerous species and populations are purportedly threatened by invasive parasites or deficient nutrition [71–73]. In addition to the dominant bacterial OTUs, we also uncovered numerous rare ones. It is possible that these could be the result of sequencing errors despite our stringent computational pipeline, removal of singletons and the clustering of sequences into OTUs. The inflation of microbial diversity as a result of sequencing errors is a recognized methodological artifact of next-generation sequencing [74]. Nonetheless, several of the rare OTU appear authentic and likely have important functions because of their ubiquity or moderate abundance in a small number of samples. Rare OTUs classified under beta/S. alvi are particularly interesting because a number of them always coexist with the dominant beta/S. alvi OTU when the latter is present. A similar situation was reported in honey bees in which a number of closely related S. alvi genomes coexisted at the level of colony, if not at the level of individual bees [17]. Given that gene content of bacteria can differ significantly even when their 16S rRNA sequences are very similar [75], these minor beta/S. alvi variants may play complementary functional roles to the dominant bacterial strains. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. Phylograms (Bayesian consensus trees) based on 16S rRNA alignment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cellic® CTec2, a commercial enzyme blend containing aggressive cellulases, high level of β-glucosidase, and hemicellulase [47], was purchased from Novozymes (Tianjin, China). The total protein concentration of the enzyme blend was determined to be 116. 2 mg/mL. The filter paper activity and β-glucosidase activity were 247. 1 FPU/mL (filter paper units per milliliter of enzyme solution) and 4167 CBU/mL (cellobiase units per milliliter of enzyme solution), respectively, as assayed by the published procedures [48, 49]. The chemical reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and purchased locally. Alkaline organosolv pretreatment procedureThe SMs pretreatment of corn stover at high solids loading was conducted according to our previous published method with some modifications [33]. Specifically, NaOH (4. 0 g) and methanol (80 mL) of analytical grades were mixed in a 500-mL red cap glass bottle (Duran, Schott, Germany) to obtain a homogeneous solution. 40 g of the raw corn stover was added into the bottle and mixed thoroughly with the solution by stirring with glass rods. Then, the bottle was sealed and immersed in a water bath (80 °C) for 1 h. When the pretreatment was complete, the slurry was cooled below 50 °C by water instantly, filtrated through a Buchner funnel, and washed for three times with 400 mL of water to a weak alkalinity (pH 9. 65). Finally, the pretreated corn stover was oven-dried at 105 °C to constant weight and sieved using a 1-mm-sized screen prior to use. Batch enzymatic hydrolysisThe SMs-pretreated corn stover was resuspended in the citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 4. 8) in a 100-mL red cap bottle (Duran, Schott, Germany) to achieve solids loadings ranging from 2. 5 to 40% (w/v). The total liquid phase including the buffer and enzyme solution was 20 mL. Unless otherwise specified, solids loading (w/v) refers to the ratio of the mass (g) of corn stover to the volume (mL) of the aqueous phase added to prepare the suspension.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing technologies like CRISPR can help create pest-resistant crops. [SEP] Text: In terms of the patent and licensing landscape, harmonization that can simplify the environment for researchers is needed. Those experimenting with gene editing techniques need a degree of certainty about what IP legalities are relevant to their discoveries, which are not, and which might be in the future. The fact that successfully filed patents are publicized 18 months after they are approved is problematic for researchers and developers in this area, who may be violating a patent in the meantime without knowing it. There are calls to democratize the licensing landscape so that researchers in less developed countries can develop agrifood products that may benefit small-scale farmers, sustainability, and food security efforts within their own countries without paying hefty licensing fees and royalties. There are also worries that the complicated IP issues surrounding -Cas systems and other gene editing technologies will concentrate IP and research among only the largest multinational companies that can afford a team of legal experts in patent law, licenses, and royalty pay-outs. Institute’s joint licensing agreement with Corteva is a step forward, but it is ad hoc and only relevant to the patents and licenses that these entities hold. Some argue that the revolutionary technique should be liberalized and be freely available for use to advance science in agrifood research globally, without the financial limitations of patents, licensing, and royalty payments, especially for those seeking solutions to social goods such as addressing global food insecurity, climate change and sustainability in the developing world. Informant 18 (a research scientist with an NGO) sees this as a pressing matter, especially in the wake of the global supply chain disruptions during and after the COVID-19 global pandemic. They state: on global trade and the importance of developing crops for the developing world, I think when you have the supply chains being disrupted, people would like to look for supply chains that are more secure in terms of food. So, if your commodities were coming basically from one part of the world and the supply chains are completely disrupted, trade wars being one such example, you would look for policies which ensure that the production and productivity of commodities in those specific zones is not stopped. So gene editing will play a role.

Output: corroborate