Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: However, in those with morbid obesity, BED subjects discount delayed rewards to a greater extent than non-BED obese subjects, suggesting a potential interaction between BED and severity of obesity resulting in greater impairments. Risk, ambiguity, and sensitivity to value Studies on risk taking involve either testing under conditions of risk (in which the probabilities are known) or ambiguity (in which the probabilities are not known). Converging evidence suggests differences in obese BED subjects during risk taking under both conditions of risk and ambiguity. For instance, both BED and non-BED obese subjects are similarly impaired on the “Iowa gambling” task, in which subjects choose one of 4 decks of cards which are either “bad” or “good” decks based on a differing distribution of probabilities of wins or losses over time. This task tests decision making under ambiguity and requires learning from feedback. Reference Davis, Patte, Curtis and Reid 20 Reference Danner, Ouwehand, van Haastert, Hornsveld and de Ridder 22 Similarly, patients with BED and patients with anorexia nervosa performed equally poorly on the Iowa gambling task compared to healthy volunteers. Reference Aloi, Rania and Caroleo 23 In contrast, in studies involving explicit risk, in BED subjects with low to moderate subjects appear to be more risk seeking to reward outcomes than non-BED obese controls. In a study using the “game of dice” task with feedback testing risk with explicit probabilities,Reference Svaldi, Brand and Tuschen-Caffier 24 BED subjects (BMI 31–33) made more risky choices compared to non-BED obese controls. In the game of dice task, subjects must guess which number will occur with the throw of a dice and are allowed the option of a combination of numbers associated with fixed probabilities of winning or losing. These findings are consistent with another study that compared certain versus risky choices with explicit probabilities (ie, choosing between a sure amount or a risky amount in which the probability of winning or losing is known) using an adjustment procedure in which BED subjects (BMI 33–35) had greater risk seeking to monetary reward anticipation reflected in greater probability weighting (subjective weighting of the objective probability) and greater convexity of the probability weighting curve.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we move beyond definitions that hold that materials or tools, such as novel digital technologies, can in themselves generate empathy (Pink et al. , Citation2017). Instead, we view technology as one element of materiality that intra-acts within a sociomaterial assemblage to create (or limit) empathy. Finally, our investigation extends research on empathy beyond the human to the more-than-human worlds, viewing empathy as an important element of not only social justice but also socio-ecological justice (Yaka, Citation2019). According to our sociomaterially informed approach, both humans and non-humans act on one another as they come into relation to produce relational effects, including empathy (Burnett et al. , Citation2020). Therefore, in our inquiry, we investigate how materiality co-participates in children’s storying activities as it comes into relation with other human and non-human materialities. Our inquiry moves beyond children and materialities as distinct entities towards a focus on how empathetic encounters emerge as a complex assemblage across children, adults, materials and the natural world. Our interest in the ‘unexpectedness and improvisation’ in children’s augmented storying and its empathetic encounters foregrounds our investigation into how digital devices and other materials can turn into different kinds of things and serve different purposes when taken up in situated activities. Hence, our conceptual and methodological approach recognises that what happens in situ is always more than what is designed or expected, with unpredictable outcomes and potentiality. StudyOur empirical study draws on an ethnographic case study of a four-month, cross-curricular project in a Finnish primary school that integrated literacies, arts, environmental and outdoor education to support children’s holistic relating with their local environment through the crafting and sharing of their stories with an AR application MyAR Julle ( The app draws on Finnish mythology by introducing the children to a forest elf called Julle that they can story with in their outdoor engagement by taking photos and creating a short story around the character. Afterwards, the children shared and explained their stories back in the classroom. Instead of presenting the local environment to children as an object to learn about, the project’s aim was to arouse children’s wonder, imagination and multimodal and embodied relations with the natural world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12961797 Export as -1ra reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcome following aneurysmal SAH? Share on on on Submission date 04/12/2017 Registration date 14/12/2017 Last edited 29/11/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsSubarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a bleed onto the surface of the brain. It is usually caused when a weakness (aneurysm) in the wall of a blood vessel within the brain suddenly bursts. It affects up to 6,000 people every year in the UK. Up to half of all patients do not survive long enough to receive hospital treatment and those who do survive, often suffer long-term issues that impact on their daily life. In the hours and days after SAH, patients are at risk of further brain damage due to inflammation (swelling). A protein called interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the main culprit and this triggers a number of other chemicals in the circulation which may lead to physical symptoms similar to stroke but can also cause problems with language, mood, anxiety and fatigue all of which impact most on recovery and returning to work. The effect of IL-1 can be blocked, reduced or even reversed by another protein present naturally in our body; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). A company has produced a man-made version of IL-1Ra, which has been used for many years as an anti-inflammatory treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation occurs very early after the initial haemorrhage and can continue for up to 21 days, which means IL-1Ra should be given early and through the risk period to prevent or reduce these symptoms. Our group has successfully tested IL-1Ra in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and found it reduces inflammation in the circulation and brain and we now want to establish whether IL-1Ra improves recovery after subarachnoid haemorrhage. The aim of this study is to treat patients with SAD using IL-1Ra subcutaneously twice daily to see if this can improve clinical outcomes. Who can participate? Adults aged 18 and older who have SAH. What does the study involve?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Reference Balodis, Molina and Kober 33 Summary of impulsivity studies These studies converge with and extend an early meta-analysisReference Wu, Hartmann, Skunde, Herzog and Friederich 34 that had identified 2 studies of and Skunde 16 Reference Duchesne, Mattos and Appolinario 31 involving 2 differing impulsivity constructs measured using the stop signal task and Stroop interference task. The authors showed that BED was not associated with impairments in impulsivity, whereas bulimia nervosa was associated with a clear elevation in impulsivity (response inhibition and cognitive interference control) along with a marked increase in impulsivity in the context of food cues. Put together, decisional impulsivity appears to be impaired: delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired across both BED and non-BED obese subjects, suggesting core deficits as a function of obesity. The severity of obesity and the context of food cues appear to play important roles in behavioral regulation. In BED subjects with lower BMIs, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion in BED subjects with higher BMIs. Similarly, greater discounting of delayed rewards is observed in BED subjects with more severe obesity compared to their obese non-BED counterparts. The capacity to inhibit motor responses appears to be impaired to a greater extent in BED compared to non-BED obese controls; however, this is only true in the context of a motivationally salient food cues, not with neutral cues. Thus, the broader range of impulsivity subtypes does not appear to be as consistently impaired across multiple domains as reported in disorders of addiction. As drugs of abuse are known to influence impulsivity, one possible reason for the different results may be that food is less likely to have a state-specific influence on impulsivity measures. Whether these measures reflect state-specific or trait-specific predictive markers of BED cannot be determined from these cross-sectional studies. or flexibility or compulsivity is defined as the capacity to change or shift choices in the face of differing rules, changes in contingencies, or uncertainty. Greater compulsivity commonly presents as the tendency to make repeated choices or actions despite negative consequencesReference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 or in the face of changes in context.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The second phase utilised Atlas. ti software to conduct a more systematic analysis of the data to identify manifestations of empathetic encounters in the children’s augmented storying. Our second analysis phase was guided by Batson’s (Citation2009) taxonomy that distinguishes eight phenomena of empathy. Cognitive empathy is knowing another person’s thoughts and feelings. However, in our study, the ‘other’ was extended to also concern more-than-human others; facial empathy means adopting the posture or matching the neural responses of an observed other. Affective empathy accounts for ‘emotional contagion’ that makes us come to feel as another person feels. Aesthetic empathy relates to intuiting or projecting oneself into another’s situation. Psychological empathy directs attention to perspective-taking and imagining how the other is thinking and feeling. Projective empathy refers to role-taking while imagining how one would think and feel in the other’s place. Empathic distress means feeling distress at witnessing another person’s suffering. Finally, empathic concern is to do with feeling sympathy for another person who is suffering (Batson, Citation2009). In this study, we understand this taxonomy as a guiding interpretative framework rather than an exhaustive analysis framework. It helped us to identify encounters of empathetic events as they emerged in the data. At the same time, our theoretical conceptualisation differs from that of Batson as in our study we define empathy as an emergent and situational encounter across sociomaterial assemblages rather than something that people have or do not have (Bennett, Citation2010). In the third phase of our analysis, we zoomed our inquiry into the identified events of empathy to investigate more closely how empathetic encounters emerged across the children, adults, technology and the more-than-human world. Following the sociomaterial analysis similar to Burnett et al. (Citation2020), in this analysis phase, we focused on: how the participants – on- and off-screen, human (children, researchers, teachers) and non-human (the AR app, digital devices, Julle character, materials and objects, texts, etc. ) contributed to the generation of empathetic encounters;how empathy unfolded in the children’s augmented storying between participants, whether physically co-present or on-screen, human or not; andthe scope and diversity of empathetic encounters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group receive subcutaneous injections of IL-1Ra twice daily for up to 21 days from the onset of their symptoms. Those in the second group receive a placebo (a dummy) twice daily for 21 days. All participants continue to receive the standard care for subarachnoid haemorrhage and participation in this study will not affect or delay this care. Participants provide blood samples before the treatment, and after 3-5 days to measure levels of inflammatory markers in the blood. Participants are followed up for safety for 30 days and are followed up for six months to assess the impact of the treatment. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? As this is a phase III study it will be made clear to participants that there is no evidence of benefit at this stage. Participants will also be advised that as this study is double-blind and randomised and it will not be known if they will receive study drug or placebo. Evidence from earlier phase studies showed that the study drug reduces inflammation associated with SAH and is safe to use. The results of this study will provide evidence whether reducing inflammation improves outcome and participants may be helping to provide the evidence that may change treatment for SAH in the future. Where is the study run from? This study is being run by the University of Manchester (UK) and takes place in hospitals in the UK. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? July 2015 to April 2024Who is funding the study? for (UK)Who is the main contact? @manchester. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name details of 13 9PL +44 (0)161 918 2142 SCIL@manchester. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number 2016-003725-42 IRAS number 214739 ClinicalTrials. gov number NCT03249207 Secondary identifying numbers CPMS 35757, IRAS 214739 Study information Scientific title Does Interleukin-1 following aneurysmal (aSAH)? A Phase III trial Acronym SC IL-1Ra in SAH - phase III trial Study hypothesis Treatment with IL-1Ra subcutaneously (SC) twice daily to patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage will improve clinical outcome at 6 months.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: In the same study, BED subjects had lower medial orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatal volumes relative to non-BED obese subjects—a group difference that was lost with the inclusion of the Two-step task outcome as a covariate of no interest, suggesting that these neural regions may mediate the impairment in goal-directed behaviors. More crucially, the same study analyzed perseverative behaviors, showing that BED subjects were markedly more likely to choose the same stimulus irrespective of the outcome. Overall, these findings suggest a shift toward behavioral inflexibility, or choosing the same stimuli whether they have (habit formation) or have not (perseveration) been previously reinforced, rather than being guided by goals and changing outcomes. recent study focused on the construct of exploration, in which subjects either favored restricted exploitative choices in which the action-outcome contingencies were known or explored the environment in which the contingencies were unknown. Reference Frank, Doll, Oas-Terpstra and Moreno 39 Thus, exploration occurred as a function of tolerance of uncertainty. In the task, subjects chose the time in which to stop a clock, which then resulted in either random wins or losses. The tendency to stay and exploit the same time choice or explore alternate times was assessed. The study showed a reduction in exploratory behaviors in alcohol use disorders across both gain and loss valences. and Voon 40 In this same study, although neither obese BED nor obese non-BED subjects scored differently from healthy volunteers when compared to each other, BED were more exploratory in the loss domain compared to non-BED subjects. These findings suggest that BED subjects were less avoidant of uncertainty and more exploratory in the context of losses compared to obese non-BED subjects. Summary of compulsivity studies Thus, BED appears to be impaired across multiple domains of compulsivity. BED subjects have greater impairments in set shifting compared to non-BED obese controls, particularly with low BMI with similar impairments across both groups with higher BMIs. BED is also impaired in habit formation and perseveration. In contrast, compared to obese subjects without is associated with greater exploratory tendencies, particularly in a loss context, which may be related to greater tolerance of uncertain losses rather than specifically to enhanced exploratory tendencies. Attentional and to Attentional bias provides a measure of the motivational salience of a stimulus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The whole analysis process involved individual and group readings of the data interspersed with reflective discussions during which the research team shared their interpretations. The data were then revisited in light of these discussions. Through this process, we identified different ways in which empathy manifested in the children’s augmented storying as well as how augmented storying enabled the children to enact empathetic inquiries into themselves, other human beings, materials, technology, animals, plants and the natural world at large. ResultsNext, we turn to our findings and discuss the scope and diversity of the empathetic encounters we identified in the children’s augmented storying through six illustrative vignettes selected through critical case sampling (Hays & Singh, Citation2012). These vignettes make visible how empathy unfolded in the children’s narrations through emergent and improvisational sociomaterial assemblages across the children, adults, technology and the more-than-human world. Vignette 1: empathetic encounters with JulleOur first vignette (see Figure 1) demonstrates how the AR character Julle intra-acted in the children’s augmented storying, giving rise to empathetic encounters in which nature was viewed through Julle’s perspective and feelings. Here, psychological, affective and projective empathy were distinctly present in the children’s narration, as their stories described how Julle was thinking and feeling. In our vignette, one of the children, Moosa, had created a story in which Julle is afraid of humans. She explained in her narration that humans have not been nice to Julle, who is very small and vulnerable, and for this reason, Julle runs away from them. This same storyline was also reflected in the narrative of another child, Timo, who had collaborated with Moona during augmented story-crafting activities outside in nature. In Timo’s story, Julle was afraid of Timo himself because he was photographing Julle. In Timo’s picture, Julle was hiding behind a tree. Timo explained that for his picture, he chose a tree that is thick enough for Julle to hide behind. Hence, the tree offered shelter to Julle. In sum, this vignette shows how empathy emerged and travelled across the children as they together imagined the experiences and feelings of Julle, the small elf in nature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Ethics approval(s) Approved 03/11/2017, - (3rd Floor - Barlow House, 4 Minshull Street, Manchester, M1 3DZ, United Kingdom; +44 (0)20 7104 8137; haydock. rec@hra. nhs. uk), ref: 17/NW/0581 Study design Randomised; Interventional; Design type: Treatment, study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage receive subcutaneous injections of IL-1Ra or placebo twice daily for up to 21 days from the onset of their symptoms. Blood samples are taken before the start of the intervention and after 3-5 days to measure levels of inflammatory markers in the blood. Participants are followed up for safety until day 30 after the start of the intervention and are followed up after six months to assess the impact of the intervention on clinical outcome. Intervention type outcome measure Clinical outcome is measured using the modified (mRS) questionnaire at 6 months. Secondary outcome measures 1. Mood is measured using the questionnaire at 6 months2. Fatigue is measured using the GM-SAT Fatigue question and Score questionnaire at 6 months3. Quality of life is measured using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire at 6 months Overall study start date 15/07/2015 Overall study end date 30/04/2024 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. Patients with CT positive spontaneous SAH admitted to a participating neurosurgical centre where written informed consent can be obtained and study drug can be administered within 72 hours of ictus2. No concomitant health problems that, in the opinion of the PI or designee, would interfere with participation, administration of study drug or assessment of outcomes including safety3. Willing and able to give informed consent or consent available from a patient representative for trial inclusion including agreement in principle to receive study drug and undergo all study assessments4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Although a large number of studies have focused more generally on obesity and attentional bias to food cues, relatively few studies comparing BED and non-BED obese subjects have been conducted. Female BED subjects compared to non-BED obese subjects have longer latency event-related potentials when viewing high calorie compared to low calorie foods. Reference Svaldi, Tuschen-Caffier, Peyk and Blechert 41 Using eye-movement tracking, BED subjects compared to non-BED obese subjects had longer gaze duration to food stimuli and difficulties with saccade away from both food and non-food stimuli in the first saccade and particularly toward food in the second saccade. Reference Schag, Teufel and Junne 42 In studies investigating cognitive interference and memory biases for food cues, BED subjects show a general interference effect on the N-back task with lures and a food cue–specific effect in the recent probes task. Thus, working memory appears to be more susceptible to cognitive interference and is more likely to have a food cue–related memory bias. Reference Svaldi, Schmitz, Trentowska, Tuschen-Caffier, Berking and Naumann 43 Both obese subjects with and without BED also show a bias toward negatively valenced weight or body shape words, whereas BED subjects have a specific impairment in retrieval of positively valenced words. Reference Svaldi, Bender and Tuschen-Caffier 44 Put together with the response inhibition findings, BED is characterized by enhanced general susceptibility to cognitive interference of working memory and attentional and memory bias and impaired self-regulation in the context of salient food cues. Mu-studies have reported pharmacological effects on cognition in BED. One study that showed cognitive and neuroimaging effects in BED was an investigational drug (GSK 1521498 2 mg and 5 mg) selective for mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonism administered over a 28-day period in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Although the drug had no clear efficacy on weight, fat mass, or binge eating scores, the drug decreased hedonic responses to consumed sweetened dairy products (specifically to high but not low sugar and fat content), which was negatively correlated with plasma drug levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Also, the researcher contributed to this empathetic encounter by asking clarifying questions from the children about their stories. Researcher:Well, tell me a little bit Moosa what was the idea behind your picture? Moosa:Well, it’s like running away. Researcher:What does it run away from? Or whom? Moosa:People because it is so small. Researcher:Running away from people. Have people done anything bad to it? Moosa:Yeah. Researcher:They have. What? Moosa:They have … they are like, when it’s so small and it’s so light, so it has been put in that tree. Figure 1. Left: timo is showing his picture in which Julle is hiding. He has written: ‘Julle is afraid of me’. right: Moosa is pointing at Julle and saying that he is running away from humans because he is so small. Display full sizeVignette 2: empathetic encounters with plants, trees and bugsOur second vignette (see Figure 2) derives from a conversational interview situation between the researcher and two children, Silja and Mary, who narrated about plants and bugs they had found in the local forest near the school. In their narrations, the children were empathetically encountering plants and bugs, imagining how they were experiencing and feeling. Here, similar to the previous vignette with the AR character Julle, the children’s stories took the perspectives of non-human participants – in this case, plants, trees and bugs – and addressed their feelings and sufferings as if they were humans. These narrations evidenced multiple modes of empathy across cognitive, affective, aesthetic, moral, psychological and projective domains. In the vignette, Mary explained how she thought trees could become sad like humans if there was trash in the woods or if other trees were cut down around them, so that they started to feel lonely. Silja, on the other hand, explained how she realised the first time that plants were living beings: ‘I noticed that it moved a little, like there was a force [inside it], and I realised that plants are alive too, and from then on, I have cared for nature. ’ Cognitive and aesthetic dimensions of empathy were present in the children’s storying that considered the perspective of non-human others and their feelings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Male or female aged 18 years or above Participant type(s) group age limit 18 number of participants Size: 1000; UK Sample Size: 1000 Total final enrolment 612 Participant exclusion criteria Current participant exclusion criteria as of 14/08/2023:1. Unconfirmed or uncertain diagnosis of spontaneous SAH2. Known active tuberculosis or active hepatitis3. Known active malignancy4. Known Still's Disease5. Neutropenia (ANC <1. 5 x 109/L )6. Abnormal renal function (creatinine clearance or estimated Rate (eGFR) < 30 ml/minute) documented in the last 3 months prior to this SAH7. Live vaccinations within the last 10 days of this SAH8. Previous or concurrent treatment with IL-1Ra known at the time of trial entry or previous participation in this trial9. Current treatment with TNF antagonists 10. Known to have participated in a clinical trial of an investigational agent or device in the 30 days prior to ictus11. Known to have participated in a clinical trial of an investigational agent or device within 5 half-lives (of the previous agent or device) prior to ictus12. Known to be pregnant or breastfeeding or inability to reliably confirm that the patient is not pregnant 13. Clinically significant serious concurrent medical condition, pre-morbid illnesses, or concurrent serious infection (including confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection), at the PI’s (or designee’s) discretion, which could affect the safety or tolerability of the intervention14. Known allergy to IL-1Ra or any of the excipients listed in the drug SmPC15. Known allergy to other products that are produced by DNA technology using the microorganism E. coli (e. g. E. coli derived protein)16. Current treatment with IL-6 or IL-1 inhibitors or drugs affecting the IL-1 axis17. History of DRESS syndromePrevious participant exclusion criteria:1. Unconfirmed or uncertain diagnosis of spontaneous SAH2. Known active tuberculosis or active hepatitis3. Known active malignancy4. Neutropenia (ANC <1. 5 x 109/L )5. Abnormal renal function (creatinine clearance or estimated Rate (eGFR) < 30 ml/minute) documented in the last 3 months prior to this SAH6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The capacity to inhibit motor responses appears to be impaired to a greater extent in BED compared to non-BED obese controls, only in the context of a motivationally salient food cues. BED subjects exhibit enhanced behavioral inflexibility across multiple domains, with impairments in set shifting, habit formation, and perseveration. The presence of food cues was associated with enhanced motivation and impaired self-regulation with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments in BED, including enhanced ERP responses, longer gaze duration, difficulties with saccade away from the cue, and motor response inhibition both with action restraint and cancellation. Thus, food cues appear to impair self-control particularly in BED, possibly through attentional mechanisms, working memory, or cognitive load. An investigational specific mu-receptor opioid antagonist has been shown to influence late inhibitory processes and motivational responses to food cues, with a mixed influence on subjective hedonic ratings suggesting a potential mechanistic role for the mu-opioid receptor in mediating these processes. However, the role of mu-opioid receptor antagonists is not clear as randomized controlled trials report a mixed effect on binge eating. Thus, rather than flexible responding guided by changing environmental outcomes, binge eating is characterized by enhanced attention and memory biases and impaired self-regulation in the context food cues, along with impulsive choices and difficulties across multiple domains of behavioral inflexibility. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions. Voon does not have anything to disclose. 1. . The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 61(3): 348–358. 2. The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the. Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 73(9): 904–914. 3. Innovative solutions to novel drug development in mental health. Rev. 2013; 37(10 Pt 1): 2438–2444. 4. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Psychiatry. 2010; 167(7): 748–751. 5. . Binge eating disorder and food addiction. Abuse Rev. 2011; 4(3): 201–207. 6. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Rev. 2014; 47: 295–306. CrossRef7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The emerging empathetic encounters were also informed by an understanding that the non-human world is alive, thus showing the vivid forms of cognitive, psychological and projective empathy. The children also narrated having found bugs that were hurt and how they had imagined their suffering. In addition, they explained how they had tried to help the bugs by taking care of them. The children’s narration was very intense and filled with empathetic distress and concern, but also compassion for action in order to overcome the suffering of the bugs. The reflection shows a strong moral dimension of empathy, as the children had been taking agency to save bugs in nature. The two children continued their narrations even after a break had started and the classroom was filled with the noise of other children talking and laughing in the background. Sharing their empathetic encounters with nature was clearly meaningful and important to the children. Mary:was little, I did not like bugs. But when I saw one person stepping on it, the bug started to cry. I did my best, lifting the bug up and I took it home. And after two days it recovered, so I brought it back to its own home in nature. Researcher:Yes. In that way you can also take care of nature. You did your best in that situation, taking care of the bug. Mary:Always when I go to school I surely see ants. I don’t want to step on them, I let them first pass and then I go myself. … Researcher:would have one last question to ask from you. Do you think that you are ‘nature kids’? Silja:… I sometimes feel like I’m a child of the forest. belong to nature or so. It feels wonderful. So then one day with my grandmother we found beetles (koppakuoriainen) on the forest path, so we moved them out of the way so that no one would step on them. Some of the beatles, we managed to save two, but quite many had been trampled on, so they could not be saved anymore, and from one bug all the internal organs were bursting out. Researcher:Oh no, that must have been quite upsetting. Silja:Yes, but we moved it there to the side of the road so that it would not be trampled on again and so it would not be more hurt.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Live vaccinations within the last 10 days of this SAH7. Previous or concurrent treatment with IL-1Ra known at the time of trial entry or previous participation in this trial8. Previous or current treatment with medication suspected of interacting with IL-1Ra, listed in the drug SmPC 9. Known to have participated in a clinical trial of an investigational agent or device in the previous 30 days or 5 half-lives of enrolment (whichever is longer) of ictus, or for the period determined by the protocol of the trial study the patient has taken part in10. Known to be pregnant or breast feeding or inability to reliably confirm that the patient is not pregnant 11. Clinically significant serious concurrent medical condition, pre morbid illnesses, or concurrent serious infection, at the PI’s (or designee’s) discretion, which could affect the safety or tolerability of the intervention12. Known allergy to IL-1Ra or any of the excipients listed in the drug SmPC13. Known allergy to other products that are produced by DNA technology using the micro-organism E. coli (e. g. E. coli derived protein) Recruitment start date 31/05/2018 Recruitment end date 30/09/2023 of recruitment participating centre -on-Trent ST4 6QG Study participating centre 10 2JF Study participating centre of 14 4XW Study participating centre 6 8HD Study participating centre for Neurology & 1N 3BG Study participating centre 6 8DH Study participating centre 16 6YD Study participating centre 1 3EX Study participating centre St George's 17 0QT Study participating centre 9 7LJ Study participating centre Brighton and 2 5BE Study participating centre 7 2UH Study participating centre 6 8RF Study participating centre 80 London E1 2ES Study participating centre Westbury-on-trym Bristol BS10 5NB Study participating centre 2 9HT Study participating centre 2 0QQ Sponsor information University of details Manchester M13 9type University/education Website ROR type name for Alternative name(s) for - for (Institute for Health and Care Research), government organisation government and dissemination plan Current publication and dissemination plan as of 14/08/2023:Publication in a high-impact peer reviewed journal is planned and is likely to be in the second half of 2024.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Journal of SSN: 2469-5858 of Method - Study design - Sample - Data collection - Data analysis - Ethical approval Results - Cognitive bias 1: Anchoring - Cognitive bias 2: Availability - Cognitive bias 3: 107. Original 10. 23937/2469-5858/1510107 of on Decision-Making for Patients with 1*, Esther-Lee Marcus, MD1,2,3 and 1 1of Nursing, Kiryat Hadassah, Israel 2Faculty of Medicine, of Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Geriatrics, Herzog--making is at the core of clinical practice. According to traditional decision-making theory, the ideal decision maker acts rationally. However, research in cognitive biases demonstrates that decisions are not perfectly rational, and often rely on unconscious processes. This study was conducted to examine cognitive biases of medical teams when making treatment decisions in acute medical conditions for patients with advanced dementia. was a phenomenological qualitative descriptive study based on interviews. The interviews were analyzed to identify cognitive biases of the participants' clinical decision-making. Comparisons were made between internal medicine and surgical wards. analysis focused on three main cognitive biases: Anchoring, availability, and representativeness. Anchoring bias was associated with professional orientation and a "default" treatment approach, with a dichotomy between surgical and internal medicine healthcare providers, between acute aggressive treatments as opposed to holistic care. Representativeness bias involved perceptions of stereotypic patterns. While most surgeons focused on the acute immediate condition, internists concentrated on end-of-life and palliative care. Availability bias was shown as a source of concerns that arose as a result of legal aspects, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas, leading to providing aggressive care that was medically futile. findings indicate that medical staff makes clinical decisions that are influenced by anchoring, availability, and representativeness cognitive biases. Recognizing biases and raising awareness of their existence can improve medical decision-making and treatment in accordance with principles that preserve patient and family p2. Type 1 decisions are largely unconscious and are more likely to fail, while Type 2 decisions are more reliable and safe [2,8]. According to this theory, people make sense of their world by unconsciously building models that help them perceive current events and predict the future based on their own previous experience [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Researcher:Yes, but in this situation you tried to act a bit like in Mary’s situation, so you tried to save and take care of the bugs. Figure 2. Silja is showing the researcher how she and her grandmother moved the bugs to save them. Display full sizeVignette 3: collective empathetic encounters with ducks and a creekOur third vignette (see Figure 3) illustrates how the children’s narrating of their encounters with ducks and a local creek ‘travelled’ and became emotionally contagious, generating collective affective empathy over their shared experiences and appreciation of their local neighbourhood. The vignette also illuminates the aesthetic, sonic and embodied dimensions of the children’s narrations of their encounters with nature as they communicated how they appreciated the rocks, ducks and the sound of the water. In the vignette, one of the children, Luca, explained how he enjoyed spending time around a creek near their school. Luca explained that this was a special place for him, and he usually visited it to build tree houses and watch ducks. Luka’s narration evoked Isabella’s interest, and she then shared how, together with her little sister, she often visited this same place, how her sister enjoyed the sound of the flowing water in the creek and how she herself enjoyed jumping on the rocks. Here, we can also witness Isabella’s empathetic engagement with her sister’s aesthetic experience by the creek. Luca empathised with Isabella’s narration and explained that he had had experiences similar to Isabella’s and her sister, as he also enjoyed the creek, and that he had similarly heard the sound of the flowing water. Further, both children expressed that they had had enjoyable encounters with the ducks near the creek. In addition, Isabella shared her personally relevant empathetic encounter with trees: ‘Sometimes, when I go to the forest with grandad, we hug trees. ’ Shared experiences in nature seemed to evoke and encourage the children’s joint empathetic narration of their encounters with the local nature. The children’s empathetic reflection over their experiences and encounters with nature was also evoked by the researcher’s sensitive encouragement during the conversation. Researcher:Do you like to visit nature? Luca:Yeah. Researcher:Yeah, what do you like the most?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Previous publication and dissemination plan:Publication in a high-impact peer reviewed journal is planned and is likely to be in the second half of 2023. The study protocol is available at (added 04/06/2021) Intention to publish date 30/08/2025 Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share No IPD sharing plan The data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date. IPD sharing plan summary Data sharing statement to be made available at a later date Study outputs Output type created Date added Peer reviewed? Patient-facing? HRA research summary 28/06/2023 Protocol file version 8. 0 04/06/2020 14/08/2023 Protocol file version 9. 0 13/03/2023 13/10/2023 Additional files 12961797_Protocol_v8. 0_04June2020. pdf 12961797_Protocol_v9. 0_13March2023. pdf 29/11/2023: The study contact was updated. 13/10/2023: The following changes have been made: 1. Uploaded protocol (not peer reviewed). 2. The IRAS number was added. 3. The total final enrolment was added. 14/08/2023: The following changes have been made: 1. The participant exclusion criteria were changed. 2. for Neurology & 's and and Addenbrookes were added as study participating centres. 3. for Neurology and and Hospital were removed as study participating centres. 4. The publication and dissemination plan was changed. 5. Uploaded protocol (not peer reviewed). 11/04/2022: The following changes have been made: 1. The recruitment end date has been changed from 31/03/2022 to 30/09/2023. 2. The overall trial end date has been changed from 31/10/2022 to 30/04/2024 and the plain English summary updated accordingly. 3. The intention to publish date has been changed from 01/12/2023 to 30/08/2025. 4. The scientific contact's details have been updated. 26/01/2022: The study contact has been updated and the plain English summary has been updated accordingly. 20/09/2021: Internal review. 04/06/2021: The following changes have been made: 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Therefore, since each person's life experiences are different, no one can perceive the world in a totally objective manner, thereby creating inherent biases within our models. These biases may influence our judgment, with the potential to lead to false assumptions and reasoning. Health professional are not immune to these biases and are vulnerable to them [8]. Kahneman has labeled three of these biases as anchoring, availability, and representation bias. The anchoring bias occurs when decisions are made while focusing and judging according to information that is prominent and familiar, in a way that prevents holistic and peripheral thinking. A decision is made based on what is known and is considered the default option [9,10]. This thinking or judgment process may derive from a professional orientation that establishes a certain perceived and accepted norm of care as mandatory. For example, specialists sometimes fail to correctly diagnose a patient because they are biased or 'anchored' by a previously recorded diagnosis given by the primary care physician. In other words, anchoring bias refers to the tendency to lock onto salient features too early in the decision-making process, and failing to adjust the initial conclusion to account for other information or different data [8]. Availability bias is created while "scanning" our memory in search of a similar case that is relevant to a new currently experienced situation. When recalled, the salient case is that which is perceived and remembered as common. Those instances that are dramatic or involve concerns, risks, or losses, are recalled more easily. These cases are more readily available consciously, causing the decision-maker to make decisions based on potentially unusual cases, creating bias. For example, if a practitioner was assaulted at work by a patient, the practitioner might consider all patients with similar demographic characteristics as violent, even though this conclusion is not true. Representativeness is the tendency to consider a particular case as similar to all other situations classified within a certain category, based on cues, schematic thinking, classification according to fixed schemas, or prioritizing and relying on objective evidence. This classification is different from sophisticated analytical thinking that requires investment and deliberate effort [2,11]. For example, if a patient presents with three out of five symptoms or characteristics of a certain diagnosis, the practitioner might be biased and conclude that the patient has that diagnosis, even though the patient only met three of the five criteria. Recognition of the downward trajectory of advanced dementia as a terminal illness may create emotional arousal possibly increasing professional sensitivity to recommending palliative care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Luca:I like to build huts … at the creek. Researcher:Where’s the creek? Is it far away from here? Luca:There. Isabella:Near the primary school. Luca:Near the school’s yard. And then you can watch ducks. Researcher:Yeah. Isabella:I have been there too. My little sister likes the sound of the water. Researcher:Oh, can you hear the sound of water there? Isabella:Yeah, you can. Researcher:Are there many ducks? Isabella:Sometimes, but mostly there is feather. Researcher:Oh, so you know that they have been there but you don’t see them. Isabella:Yeah. Luca:There is a duck’s nest beside our hut. Researcher:Really, how do you know? Luca:Well, because they are always there. Researcher:Okay, yeah. What else is nice and fun in nature? Luca:The sound of water. and then when is winter we can do sledging. Researcher:Yeah, okay. Isabella:And then there are those stones and I like to jump on the stones if they are not slippery. Figure 3. Luca is sharing his encounters with ducks and the creek. Display full sizeVignette 4: empathetic encounters with humans and beesOur fourth vignette (see Figure 4) illustrates empathetic encounters that emerged in the narrations of two children called Theo and Liam while they reflected on relations between humans and bees. This vignette showed the moral and cognitive dimensions of empathy in the children’s narration. In the vignette, Theo narrated his concern that there were many humans who did not care to protect bees or who did not treat bees with the same respect as they treated other humans. Theo also shared an upsetting experience, in which he witnessed some other children harming and killing bees for fun. Thus, empathetic distress and concern were present in the children’s storying connected to how humans treat bees. Liam joined in Theo’s narration and pointed out how bees were important for humans as they made honey, which he also explained to be good for human health. Theo then wondered why other children did not have the same empathetic feelings towards bees as he and Liam did.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: The trial website has been added. 2. The ClinicalTrials. gov number has been added. 3. The publication and dissemination plan has been updated. 23/03/2021: The primary contact was updated. 28/07/2020: The recruitment end date has been changed from 30/11/2021 to 31/03/2022. 12/05/2020: The public contact has been updated and the plain English summary has been updated accordingly. 29/03/2019: The condition has been changed from "Specialty: Stroke, Primary sub-specialty: Hyperacute; UKCRC code/ Disease: Stroke/ Cerebrovascular diseases" to "Stroke" following a request from the NIHR. 05/12/2018: Contact details updated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, practitioners often fear legal action when they recommend against aggressive therapy. This internal conflict can deplete cognitive resources. In this situation, the human mind prefers making decisions using system 1, involving less effort [12]. For example, extending life at any cost is an anchored medical bias that does not consider other treatment alternatives such as palliative care. Fear of conflicts or accusations such as "avoiding saving a life" with family members or colleagues, may lead to a more aggressive default treatment choice without shared discussions with caregivers about patient and family treatment p2018. These studies developed a set of heuristics for symptom treatment for patients with dementia, in favor of overcoming cognitive biases [15-17]. Three other studies were published between 2017-2019, discussing cognitive biases in medical management and diagnosis, mostly referring to anchoring, availability and representative biases [18-20]. No other studies were found examining practitioner biases during clinical treatment decision-making for those with advanced dementia at end of life. This study was conducted to examine the thinking processes and potential cognitive biases of medical teams when making clinical decisions associated with the use of palliative care for patients with advanced dementia. design This was a phenomenological qualitative descriptive study based on interviews. were physicians and nurses working on acute wards, at two hospitals in central Israel. Inclusion criteria were regular staff without any formal geriatric or palliative care training. A convenience sample was recruited at regular staff meetings. Data collection After receiving ward and hospital institutional ethics committee approval, interviews took place in the hospital at a predetermined time. A hypothetical medical case was presented, describing a scenario of an acute medical problem where a patient with advanced dementia, presents with acute abdominal pain, after 3 days of constipation and decreased appetite, followed by a CT scan that demonstrates intestinal obstruction with a suspicious tumor. Participants were asked to choose which treatments were appropriate for the patient. Treatments ranged from immediate and life-saving procedures (the "aggressive" approach) to treatment based on alleviating suffering and focusing on quality of life, (the "palliative approach"). Interviews began with an open, neutral question aimed at understanding the perceived medical scenario from the participant's perspective. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews continued until thematic saturation was obtained. Data analysis Two researchers (E. M; E-L. M) independently analyzed the interviews and identified cognitive biases within the participants' clinical decision-making.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: This discussion illuminated aesthetic dimensions of empathy in the child’s narration of how the local environment is affected by climate change. The collective narration between the children and the researcher also brought forth cognitive, facial and psychological empathy. In this vignette, the conversation was initiated by the researcher querying Tuomas and another child, Saska, about whether there was anything related to nature that scared them. During this conversation, Tuomas described that he was afraid of climate change because it would flood the whole school when the polar ice melts. The researcher tried to respond empathetically to Tuomas’ worry by explaining how there were many adults and researchers trying to stop climate change and that there was no need to be afraid. The other child, Saska, agreed with the researcher. Both the researcher and Saska seemed to be empathising with Tuomas’ fear, and they tried to make him feel better by responding to him in a consoling and calming way. At the same time, the researcher’s response did not appear to give much space for continuing collective reflection about climate change and the fears and worries it caused among the children. Rather, the researcher’s assurance that adults will take care of climate change and that children do not need to worry closed the discussion. Altogether, this vignette brings forth pedagogical challenges and moral dilemmas that adults – such as researchers and educators – may face when trying to empathetically respond to children’s worries in connection to the wicked problems of our times. Researcher:Well, is there in nature something that scares or worries you? Tuomas:What scares me is that there will be that … what, weather change [ilmanmuutos]? Researcher:Mmm. That scares you. What is scary about it? Tuomas:I’ve heard that, in the north pole, well, those glaciers are melting. Researcher:Mmm. Well, is there something we could do about it, can humans somehow help nature so that that wouldn’t happen? Tuomas:Stop eating junk food. Researcher:Mmm. What does Saska think? Saska:Of what? Researcher:Well, can humans somehow help nature, so that it wouldn’t feel bad? Saska:Yes they can.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12040087 Export as PDF Can the Prevail programme for employees and managers improve workplace productivity, decrease sickness absence and reduce stigma due to common mental disorder? Share on on on Submission date 29/04/2020 Registration date 04/05/2020 Last edited 11/07/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aims:Common mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression contribute around a sixth of the burden of adult disease in the UK. Common mental illnesses are also major factors in sickness absence from work. This has significant negative effects for the employee, the employer, and the economy due to lost productivity. The effects of common mental disorders in the workplace may be more common than is realised. Sick days taken due to mental health problems are often recorded as due to other (physical health) problems. Standard treatments for common mental disorders, such as talking therapies and medication can reduce symptoms, but so far have only a limited impact on return to work and only modest effects on sick leave. Perhaps workplace-based interventions might be more effective at reducing sickness absence due to mental health problems if these involved both the person and their employer/manager working together for the benefit of both (termed co-production). Prevail is a multi-faceted programme aimed at reducing sickness absence and presenteeism due to common mental health problems. It involves two interventions. The first intervention (Prevail-staff) is aimed at all employees. Its aims are to improve attitudes about mental health and to increase help-seeking behaviour. It also aims to reduce stigma related to mental health issues, and in particular self-stigma (the internalisation of negative stereotypes about mental health problems), and thus promote help-seeking behaviours both within and outside the workplace. The second intervention (Prevail-manager) is aimed at the managerial level of employment and is designed to teach managers how to assess and help improve situations involving mental ill-health. The focus here is on listening, understanding and valuing the person, and problem-solving. The aim is to co-produce an action plan (where both the employer and the employee share input to the action plan and deliver an intervention that both the employer and the employee feel able to sign up to) with the aim of preventing/reducing sick leave and enhancing productivity. Who can participate?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: When there was disagreement between the researchers as to cognitive biases, a discussion was held and agreement was reached. In addition, analysis was performed, using a longitudinal and cross-sectional approach, longitudinal as throughout the interview of a single informant, and cross-sectional to examine comparisons between informants. Comparisons were also made between the internal medicine staff and surgical staff. The analysis focused on three main cognitive biases: Anchoring, availability, and representativeness. These biases were examined in light of their influence on the therapeutic approach (palliative versus aggressive care) and barriers/facilitating factors related to the implementation of a therapeutic approach. Ethical approval The study was approved by the two hospital research ethics committees (case number 5535-18-SMC; 0027-19-HMO) each participant signed an informed consent form. Each interview was coded as a number in order to maintain the anonymity of the participant. The recorded and transcribed interviews were kept in a secure desktop computer with secured password accessible known only to the first author of this study (M. E) with no personal identifying information included and all data anonymized. were 26 participants in this study, 15 nurses and 11 physicians. Respondents' age ranged from 20 to 60 years old. Most (n = 18, 69. 2%) were males and Jewish (n = 21, 80. 7%). Most participants were from the internal medicine ward (n = 17, 65. 4%) while the remainder were from a general surgical floor (n = 9, 34. 6%). The sample included both junior (n = 12, 46. 2%) and senior staff members (n = 14, 53. 8%) (Table 1). Table1: Participants' characteristics. 1 Interviews time range from 9-28 minutes. Cognitive bias 1: thinking involves decision-making while concentrating on a specific aspect of the case and not evaluating all options. In this scenario, one anchor was the acute health state, a specific medical problem or a disease, requiring urgent aggressive intervention, as found in the following interviews: "Your care decisions are made upon what we learned, treatment protocols, there is only one thing that is right to do, and that is to operate. It is a medically obvious decision. "(nurse, internal medicine ward) "There are no options. You need to be aggressive and operate. Health staff are committed to save lives, no matter what, that is the one and only goal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: ’ Here, empathetic encounters emerged at the intersection of Stephen, his augmented storying and its artefact (the camera), the researcher, the teacher and the local environment, as they all become part of the sociomaterial improvisation of unexpected possibilities. In specific, the vignette evidences cognitive empathy on the part of the researcher and teacher towards Stephen’s interest in the camera and how they created a space for him to play and explore the environment and himself with the camera. We can also witness Stephen’s own empathetic and aesthetic exploration of the possibilities of the camera in capturing him and the environment. The following extract illuminates Stephen’s exploration of the camera and its affordances. Figure 6. Stephen playing with the research camera. Display full size Stephen:Why is it doing like this? (referring to the shaking world on the screen) Researcher:Well, you are moving it when you turn the camera. Teacher:When you move, the picture changes. Stephen:How? Teacher:Well, because it records from here. (Pointing to the camera lens) Researcher:It’s that picture, It’s a bit like the camera’s eye. What the camera sees you also see from there. (Pointing to the bracelet’s screen)At this point of the discussion Stephen turns the camera lens towards himself and stares into the lens with wide eyes, he then moves the lens close up to his left eye and glances towards the bracelet’s screen, seeing his own eye enlarged and close up through the camera’s ‘eye’. DiscussionIn this study, we have investigated the emergence of empathy in young children’s augmented storying indoors and outdoors in nature as part of their literacy activities in a Finnish primary school. We approached children’s augmented storying both as a methodology and pedagogy for researching and understanding empathetic encounters across the children, adults, animals, plants, technology and other living and non-living systems and things. Specifically, we were interested in understanding how children’s augmented storying, as a novel literacy activity, immersed and opened up and/or disclosed opportunities for empathetic encounters across the human and more-than-human worlds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 80 managers across 4 divisions of the DVLA will be selected by the DVLA for participation in the RCT. 40 of these managers, and their teams (approximately 480 people), will be randomly allocated to be in the active arm of the study and will receive the Prevail intervention programme, while the other 40 will be in the control arm of the study and will not receive the Prevail intervention programme. What does the study involve? In a single large workplace, 40 managers and their teams (around 480 people) will receive training on Prevail. There will also be a control group of 40 managers and their teams in the workplace who do not receive the training. Before the start of the training, 1-4 weeks after the end of the training and 12 months after the end of the training, both groups will fill out questionnaires anonymously to assess their attitudes and beliefs about mental health issues and their health and well-being. Sickness absence at a group level will assessed using the organisation's records over the 12 months before the Prevail programme and the 12 months afterwards. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Those receiving Prevail will gain knowledge about good mental health practices and information about dealing with stress, distress, and other problems (e. g. , bereavement). There are not expected to be any risks involved in participating in the programme. Where is the study run from? (UK)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? ? ? ? to April 2021Who is funding the study? Agency (DVLA) (UK), which is the workplace where the study will be carried outWho is the main contact? Gray, Nicola. S. Gray@Swansea. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details Department of 2 8PP - nicola. s. gray@swansea. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers PRCT-001 Study information Scientific title Reducing stigma, decreasing sickness absence, and increasing workplace productivity due to mental health difficulties in a large government organization in the UK: A protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a low-intensity psychological intervention and stigma reduction programme for common mental disorder (Prevail) hypothesis Employees that received the 'Prevail' intervention programme, in comparison to a control cohort, will show: 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: "(nurse, surgical ward). On the other hand, another anchor was respondents' concentrating on the total patient, chronic deterioration, or an end-of-life state, requiring a palliative care approach. This anchor is found in the following interviews: "Advanced dementia may cause death. I perceived the case as near dying, there is a place for end-of-life care. " (nurse, internal medicine ward) "This is an end-of-life case, and all aggressive treatment will be futile; we do not prolong suffering. " (physician, internal medicine ward) Differences in the anchoring biases were found between healthcare staff from internal medicine wards and surgical wards. The majority of the staff from internal medicine wards (n = 13; 76. 5%) could be described as having an anchoring bias towards a holistic perspective, "A patient with no prognosis", "In poor basic terminal condition". On the other hand, the majority of the surgical staff (n = 7, 77. 8%) were biased towards a disease-oriented view and aggressive care, saying, "Need to do something and save life. " It should be noted that only four (15. 4%) of all internal medicine staff used the disease-oriented anchor and favored aggressive treatment towards prolonging life. One of the effects of the anchoring bias is avoidance of "out of the box" thinking and a focus on the "default" conclusion, or, an automatic passive decision that does not require resources or a comprehensive analysis. This type of thinking was found among those in favor of aggressive acute care: "First of all, it is a surgical case. I take laboratory tests, make sure I have the blood type ready, if he is stable enough go to CT scan, and take him to the operating room. . . " (physician, surgical ward) "I do a full physical examination, oriented to the abdomen, most probably followed by imaging, laboratory. . . not too much playing here. . . , he needs urgent intervention. " (physician, surgical ward) "He needs immediate help. First a gastric tube, intra-venous fluids, and then an urgent operation. " (nurse, internal medicine ward) "It is hard for me as a surgeon to sit still. Our agenda is based on doing. The default of all decisions is to do. It is the easiest decision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: In Prevail-manager the organisation’s managers receive a one-day intervention programme that covers basic psychological skills such as active listening, validation, formulation, and co-production of action plans in order to inform managers of evidence-based techniques that will enhance their ability to support any of their staff who present with mental health difficulties. Prevail-manager is delivered by our research team during this same 10-week time period, with the proviso that the manager receives the manager intervention programme soon after both themselves and their staff-team receiving the Prevail-staff intervention programme. The evaluation of Prevail has three components. 1. A questionnaire examining employees’ qualitative evaluation of the Prevail-staff intervention programme. This evaluation will be delivered at the end of the Prevail-staff intervention programme to those in the active arm of the study. This questionnaire asks for no personal details and so responses will be anonymous. Completed questionnaires will be placed in a large post-box within the training room so that there is no way of identifying any individual. 2. Questionnaires relating to attitudes to mental health issues, and an employee’s own mental health. and Self-Stigma (SASS) questionnaire was a measure specially designed for this study (Docksey, Gray, Davies, and Snowden, submitted) and has been developed within the DVLA to include measures of personal stigma (cognitive and affective), self-stigma, avoidant coping, and help-seeking. It consists of 42 items that are answered on a 5-point Likert scale (Strongly agree, agree, don’t know, disagree, strongly disagree). Responses are used to construct six scales relating to mental health: stigma to others, anticipated stigma, self-stigma, help-seeking/disclosure, social distance, and avoidant coping style. In addition, it also contains a scale of social desirability not related to mental health attitudes in order to capture biased response style and those people with high levels of positive impression management. The researchers predict that rates of stigma to others, anticipated stigma, self-stigma, social distance, and avoidant coping style will be reduced, while rates of help-seeking behaviour will be increased, at both immediate follow up and at the 12-month follow-up for those in the Prevail active arm of the study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: " (physician, surgical ward) Cognitive bias 2: results of this study demonstrate availability bias as influenced by emotional arousal. For example, most participants described personal conflicts over ethical dilemmas. On the one hand, families demanded aggressive treatments, while they as practitioners saw these same treatments as medically futile: "It is difficult for me to connect the basic diagnosis of dementia and end of life, in a discussion with the family. Also, cancer. . . we don't like to say it. Sometimes we say "the illness". It's hard to get the message across. Frustrating. Stressful. Better not to create a negative response from the family. I experienced that a lot. " (nurse, internal medicine ward) "I frequently was involved with the issue of the 'main patient' is the family. You take care of them. There is a tension between the staff and the family. Their response. . . sometimes unreasonable demands. You cannot go against the family. " (nurse, internal medicine ward) "performed CPR on an 80-year-old woman with dementia and no therapeutic prognosis. I did not know the family. I sent the intern to discover their outlook on treatment. It turned out they understood the situation and did not ask for extending life at all costs. So we left her quietly, until a straight line appeared on the monitor. " (physician, internal medicine ward) "I remember a case of irreversible brain damage, in an elderly patient. The family kept demanding unnecessary and futile treatments. The staff explained and explained. . . I can understand their emotion. The bottom line is that you have to follow their treatment wishes. Many cases have the potential of creating a conflict. You do your best trying to avoid that. " (physician, internal medicine ward) Conflict between staff and family may also arise when the family challenges the availability bias and requests palliative care, against the staff's professional opinion: "We had a patient with dementia, suffering from a major abdominal infection, with a very bad medical condition. The family, who took good care of her, asked to give only palliative care, and start morphine and sedation, to avoid suffering. I was against this treatment, because I thought that we know how to treat infections. We gave her antibiotics for three days, and she did not get any better. That moment I told the family that they were right. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The children’s narratives revealed how they entered and weighted different empathetic orientations, including those of others, such as the imaginative AR character Julle, the research camera or living organisms that the children had identified in nature, such as plants, trees, insects or animals. The empathetic orientations of the children’s narratives were at times much more than romantic and smooth encounters with the world, instead also competing and in tension with one another, calling for the children’s and adults’ moral reasoning and agency. Our first vignette illustrated how the AR character Julle intra-acted in the children’s augmented storying, giving rise to empathetic encounters that viewed nature through Julle’s perspective and feelings. These findings evidence the power of narrative and fantasy in engaging children empathetically with each other and the more-than-human world. In our second vignette, we could see how the children, Silja and Mary, empathetically encountered plants, trees and bugs in their narratives and how they imagined the experiences and feelings of the more-than-human world. Our third vignette illustrated how the children’s narrating of their encounters with ducks and a local creek ‘travelled’ and became emotionally contagious, generating collective affective empathy among the children and adults about their local environment and its habitants. Having the possibility to share and attend to each other’s stories inspired the children to both reflect on their own similar empathetic encounters and to consider different kinds of encounters with nature through each other’s stories. Our fourth vignette illustrated empathetic encounters that emerged in the narration of two children, Theo and Liam, regarding relations between humans and bees. Here, our findings showed how the moral and cognitive dimensions of empathy were vividly present in the children’s narration as the children wondered why not all humans respected the life of bees. The fifth vignette illuminated the children’s worries and fears about our planet caused by climate change. This example pointed out pedagogical and moral challenges adults faced in responding to and empathising with children’s worries about the future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Measures of mental health are the Work and Scale (WSAS; Mundt et al, 2002), which consists of five questions (e. g. , “Because of my mental health, my ability to work is impaired”) that are answered on an 8-point scale (0 indicates no impairment at all and 8 indicates very severe impairment); Disorder assessment – 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer et al, 2006), in which participants rate how often they have been bothered by the seven symptoms of anxiety (e. g. trouble relaxing) over the past 2 weeks on a 4-point scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day); Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al, 2001), which is a 9-item depression scale based on the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in which participants rate how often they have been bothered by the nine symptoms of depression (e. g. “Little interest or pleasure in doing things? ”) over the past 2 weeks on a 4-point scale (not at all, several days, more than half the days, nearly every day); and K6 screening for serious mental health in the general population (Kessler et al, 2003). The K6 non-specific distress scale screens for severe mental distress. The K6 was developed with the aim of being sensitive to the upper 90-99th percentile of the population distribution of mental distress (irrespective of diagnosis), measuring mental distress over a period of 4 weeks prior to administration. Participants self-report 6 symptoms: felt nervous, hopeless, restless and fidgety, worthless, depressed, and that everything was an effort. Each question is rated on a scale of ‘none of the time, a little of the time, some of the time, most of the time, all of the time’ (with scores of 0-4 being awarded to each respectively). Responses to the 6 items are summed to yield a K6 score of 0-24. Severe mental distress is defined as a K6 score of >= 13. Prochaska et al (2012) have also used the K6 for identifying mental distress as a moderate level that still impacts functioning and necessitates treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: and we started palliative care. " (physician, internal medicine ward) Concerns about the legal consequences of treatment decisions may also invoke availability biases. This is reflected in comments related to risks or losses that are recalled more easily and are more readily available. "I always do everything in my power to avoid dark corners. . . . so I go with what the family wishes. " (physician, surgical ward) "The law bothers me. . It constrains. . . There are potential problems with risk management. go for palliative care, I have to think carefully how to put it in the medical record. The most tactical way possible, not to be interpreted as giving up on the patient. A kind of self-defense and organization. I do not want to create a situation afterwards as if I did not explain, did not say, and so on. " (physician, surgical ward) Cognitive bias 3: was a tendency on the part of participants to address and concentrate only on the objective evidence, in order to facilitate an appropriate care decision. All respondents were given the same scenario. However, participants concentrated on different aspects of the objective information. Some concentrated on items describing a patient in an acute medical crisis, while others honed in on descriptions of a patient at end of life. Participants concentrated on only one category, according to their particular view. No respondent reflected on both the acute medical crisis and an end-of-life scenario. For example, evidence interpreted as an acute surgical case: "First of all, it is a space occupying lesion, likely to accompany intestinal obstruction that means we need to act surgically now". (nurse, internal medicine ward) "Obstruction, the CT scan suggests malignancy; four days of constipation. . . there are clear protocols. " (nurse, surgical ward) Evidence interpreted as an end-of-life case: Nurse who works on an internal medicine ward: "He is deteriorating. The basic condition is clear; no reserve. . . calls for palliative symptom management to prevent unnecessary suffering. " (nurse, internal medicine ward) "An 80-year-old patient with no quality of life, a patient who will not benefit from surgical intervention, only prolonging suffering. " (physician, internal medicine ward).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Our sixth and final vignette showed how empathetic encounters between the adults (the researcher and teacher) and a child resulted in an emergent and improvisational space for the child to play and explore the environment and himself with the research camera – an important material object that entered the child’s interest in the conversational interview situation, and hence created an unexpected direction for the research activity. Methodologically, our study responds to the need to develop child-sensitive, democratic forms of inquiry that respect differences in children’s ways of being, communicating and acting in the world. Here, children’s imagination, mobility and multimodal exploration, communication and meaning-making of their worlds were underscored. Moreover, drawing on relational ontology and sociomaterial theorising (Bennett, Citation2010; Lenz Taguchi, Citation2010; Tanggaard, Citation2013), we moved our attention from more typical human-centric approaches to empathy that hold that empathy lies within the individual and is mediated through the individual’s goal-oriented actions, and instead directed our investigation of empathy into the emergent relations between the human and more-than-human worlds. Through our sociomaterial analysis, we were able to depict how both human and non-human participants, including the AR technology, research camera and nature in general, came into relation with one another and how empathy emerged in these encounters. Overall, our study and its findings resonate with this special issue in at least two distinctive ways. First, the study addresses the challenges of conducting literacy research in today’s uncertain world, where lockdowns and restrictions not only narrow down many children’s opportunities for communication and learning both indoors and out in nature but also researchers’ opportunities to generate needed research knowledge about literacy practices that can potentiate empathy in our world across sociomaterial assemblages. Second, our study and its findings show how literacy research that underscores children’s mobility and multimodal communication as facilitated by their augmented storying – and in which children have an active role as partners in generating research data and knowledge – can turn into activist projects with implications for socio-ecological justice and advocacy. However, mobilising, building on and extending these valuable empathetic encounters we have identified in the children’s augmented storying for socio-ecologically just futures require collective efforts. One starting point is to place empathy at the centre of literacy curriculum, practice and inquiry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: A K6 cut score of >=5 was found to be the optimal score for identifying respondents with mental health treatment needs based upon a moderate level of distress, with little variance in ethnic group. The K6 has been found to be a useful screening tool in primary care settings (Kessler et al, 2002) and as a screening for serious and moderate levels of mental disorder in the general population. It has been found that levels of greater mental distress are reported by the younger members of the population and by women (Prochaska et al, 2012). The EQ-5D-5L (Herdman et al. 2011) is a generic measure of quality of life. It can be used to measure an individual’s quality of life and changes in this due to intervention programmes targeting physical or mental health. It is based on a descriptive system that defines health in terms of 5 dimensions: Mobility, Self-Care, Usual Activities, Pain/Discomfort, and Anxiety/ Depression. Each dimension has 3 response categories corresponding to no problems, some problems, and extreme problems. Respondents also rate their overall health on the day of completion on a scale of 0–100 vertical visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). The research team will also assess self-reported presenteeism and absenteeism based on the Organization (WHO) Health and Questionnaire (HPQ; Kessler et al, 2003). This measures a person’s typical work performance and how this compares to an average person doing the same job. These questionnaires will be given to employees in the active arm of the study on three occasions: 2. 1. Prior to the commencement of the Prevail intervention programme2. 2. 1-4 weeks post-delivery of Prevail2. 3. 12 months follow-up after the delivery of PrevailEmployees in the control arm of the study will be yoked to the active group and will also complete these questionnaires at the same three intervals (although they will not receive the Prevail intervention programme). Prevail train-the-trainers administer and collect the questionnaire measures with groups of staff who are invited to a testing session, but are blind to which arm of the intervention each group of staff belong. The questionnaires are colour-coded (red and blue) to identify which staff are in the active group and which are in the control group, but the staff administering the questionnaires are blind to which is which.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: findings of this study demonstrate that cognitive biases were part of the goals of care, clinical decision-making associated with advanced dementia patients. These biases arose from intuitive and emotional thinking alongside rational thinking. Professional and organizational socialization during medical training and in clinical environments can lead to anchoring biases. Often socialized behaviors and thinking processes are perceived as mandatory, default decisions [21]. These biases may lead healthcare staff to prefer familiar, socialized medical decisions, as a source of confidence and as a means of avoiding the burden of investment of time and energy in going against the majority during the decision-making process [22-24]. Anchoring biases seem to be associated with professional orientation. In this study, a dichotomy was discovered between acute, aggressive treatment concentrating on the immediate illness and end-of-life care, centered on holistic aspects, which consider possible future influences and outcomes of treatment choices. This anchoring bias results in practitioners being motivated to immediately complete specific tasks and provide the "default" treatment without further consideration of other treatment options. For example, surgeons demonstrated that they were anchored to a widely accepted professional norm, and they prepare the patient for immediate surgical intervention, derived from a unique care climate and professional socialization. Unlike anchoring directed at the perception of a specific situation, representativeness involves perceptions of stereotypic patterns. Most surgeons interpreted the scenario as congruent with the pattern of an acute medical condition requiring immediate life-saving treatment. In contrast, most internists interpreted the scenario as aligning with the pattern with end-of-life, requiring palliative and supportive care. The perception of these patterns is based on cues, schematic thinking, and classifying the scenario according to fixed schemas, and prioritizing objective evidence [11]. Participants' representation bias was most notably found when describing the patient's status and prognosis to the family. In both cases, patterns involving suffering and the desire to avoid suffering were observed, albeit from different perspectives. Previous experience skewed the participant's perception of the scenario's details in a certain direction, based on the participant's representation of the case. Surgeons presented the case as acute and life-threatening, requiring immediate action, while internists described the same case as involving potentially futile treatment stressing the quality of life and potential harm in prolonging suffering. Surgeons referred to current suffering that must be alleviated by immediate intervention, while internists stressed future suffering.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: A good example of this is reported by Provider 3: ‘I can also write false information because the blockchain does not validate the data per se, so if I write the temperature that a sensor detects while I have a warehouse full of sushi and the temperature is at 40 degrees but I write 0, the blockchain records 0. However, the fact remains that I digitally sign cryptographically what I am writing and I also take responsibility for what I am writing. So if a garment is made of merino wool and I declare that it is made of merino wool, this remains written, and therefore, there is this kind of advantage’. Some of the other companies also reported drivers that are consistent with the features of the blockchain itself: the blockchain is agnostic, or interoperable in terms of data, and so it makes it possible to achieve benefits such as having common communication layers among all levels of the chain and obtaining disintermediation of the network. These drivers are valid for the fashion industry but aligned with the main drivers of the technology itself, as presented in literature streams about blockchain technology. Another group of supply chain drivers concerns the use of the blockchain as an extension of best practices along the chain. Several companies stated that they are studying this new technology as their main competitors are doing the same: this point was highlighted by several focal companies, whereas it was quite neglected by the providers. If this should become the standard, the late joiners might experience some damage either because they are late or simply because they are perceived as not being innovative. The difference existing between focal companies and providers is interesting to highlight and is making this variable particularly critical for the industry under investigation, where innovation represents definitively a critical success factor. Very interesting is what was mentioned by companies such as FC3, who said they want to use the blockchain to stress more ethical behaviors along the entire chain. Companies also expressed their willingness to adopt the blockchain because of the requests of their customers. This created the third group of drivers. The customers of the fashion industry can be divided into end consumers and retailers. This difference is a peculiarity of this industry, where retailers and end consumers might play a relevant, but different role. In terms of the end consumers, the companies want to become increasingly transparent concerning them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Completion of the questionnaires is voluntary and we will obtain written informed consent from all participants in the study. All responses will be anonymous. Completed questionnaires will be placed in a large post-box so that there is no way of identifying any individual. However, in order to track individuals from one stage of the study to the next we will ask participants to produce a 'code' that will be written on all completed questionnaires. This code is produced by the name of their first pet, the name of their primary school, and the day-date of their birthday (e. g. 21 for someone born 21st January 1964). Thus, a person’s code may be 21. This code allows us to track participants across the 3 waves of the study while preserving anonymity. 3. Data related to sickness absence over the 12 months prior to Prevail and 12 months post-Prevail will be extracted from the organisation’s sickness absence records for those in both arms of the RCT. Data extraction will be performed by staff at the DVLA for both the active and the control group. All personal identifiers will be removed before this data is transferred to the research team at Swansea University. Only group data will be provided with group sizes always being of at least N = 10 (e. g. females working in the contact centre over the age of 50). Data will not be extracted from people who move from an active to a control work-based team (or vice versa) during the 12-month follow-up period. The researchers predict that rates of sickness absence overall will be reduced for those in the Prevail arm of the study during this follow-up period in comparison to the control arm. Types of absence will be classified according to physical or mental health reasons. We predict that mental health problems may not be reduced by the Prevail intervention due to greater disclosure of mental health reasons of absence (related to reduced stigma and self-stigma, and enhanced help-seeking). However, we predict that physical health problems will decrease due to people now correctly reporting the real reason for their absence (i. e. , mental rather than physical health) and a possible reduction in actual mental health problems. Intervention type outcome measure 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Interviewees presented concerns that arose as a result of families' responses to their recommended treatment approach. According to this theory, exceptional, emotionally charged and traumatic cases that raise doubts are the first to be recalled leading to availability bias. It is not surprising that availability bias was found in response to these scenarios as similar real-life situations often produce conflict. Such conflict is common and results from a lack of clearly defined clinical guidelines for specific health situations, related to clinical treatments for this patient population and ethical dilemmas associated with providing aggressive care that is medically futile. Interview length ranged from 9 to 28 minutes. This may be due to differences in participants' level of emotional comfort when discussing issues related to end of life and end stage dementia. The study took place in two major hospitals in Israel, in Hebrew, where the interviews were audio taped and transcribed. It may not be possible to generalize the findings to other circumstances because of the limited number of respondents, as well as possible culture factors. In addition, interviews were based on a hypothetical scenario to control for the complex hospital environment. Therefore, the responses might differ from that of real-life situations. studies may consider including participants from different cultural and religious backgrounds, as culture may influence perceptions of end-of-life issues in advanced dementia. In addition, it is recommended that perceptions of veteran staff be further compared to those less senior, since experiences may affect the anchoring, representativeness, and availability biases. Those who train professional caregivers of patients with patients with advanced dementia should receive awareness training of the potential biases when making treatment decisions for this patient population. Conclusions Decision-making is a major aspect of clinical care. According to traditional decision-making theory, decision-makers act rationally. and cognitive biases describe decision-making as not always rational, often relying on mental unconscious processes. This study found that anchoring, availability, and representative biases, based on the dual system theory, are part of end-of-life decision making of practitioners caring for those with advanced dementia. These biases may partially explain the provision of care that sometimes is contrary to guidelines promoted by geriatric organizations [3,25-27]. This study, adds to the understanding of cognitive biases in medicine, and the effect of biases on treatment decisions for patients with advanced dementia. Awareness of these potential biases may lead to an improvement in the quality of care and decision-making.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: If we need to transfer this cost in the prices of the products, marketing, and salespeople are not aligned and not willing to accept this additional point whether they are not able to see the value for the customers’. Moreover, the blockchain is seen as a complex technology, difficult to understand and motivate, for example, FC3 mentioned, ‘For me, it, was not easy to understand how the technology works and so to trust the technology. got it but the problem is still not completely solved as now it is a matter of understanding which are the data to properly share. ’ This barrier is not industry-specific but connected to the technology itself. In this vein, solutions identified in other industries could also become a lever to overcome this technology in the fashion domain too. The second group of barriers is called industry-specific as they relate to specific features of the fashion industry, such as the generally low level of digitalization in the supply chain (thereby requiring a big jump, especially for small companies), which is also related to a generally low technological culture in the industry. Moreover, at present, there is no technological standard, and several companies are worried about this. For example, FC1 reported, ‘Today, the biggest problem is not so much to use the blockchain, but to use it in the same way because if everyone makes his [own] blockchain fragment there is also a big race for who will be the winner-take-all’. Finally, to use the blockchain it is necessary to have strong collaboration among the supply chain partners, but the overall level of collaboration in the fashion industry is often poor, and this could reduce the feasibility of adopting blockchain technology. This is something presented as particularly critical by focal companies, especially those in the evaluating phase. To overcome this barrier is relevant to expand the adoption of blockchain technology in this domain. These results are summarized in the following research proposition: RP2: The implementation of blockchain technology to improve traceability along the fashion supply chain is halted by two main groups of factors: a low understanding of the newly emerging technology in the fashion industry and the perception that the fashion industry is not yet ready from either a technological or a cultural point of view. 6 Supply chain variables and the impact on blockchain technologyExploratory case studies were used to understand if and how the characteristics of the supply chain might impact the blockchain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Attitudes to mental health assessed using the Stigma and Self-Stigma scale (SASS) at baseline (before delivery of the Prevail programme), 1-4 weeks after Prevail delivery and 12 months after Prevail delivery2. Rates of absenteeism during the 12 months prior to Prevail and 12 months post-Prevail will be extracted from the organisation’s sickness absence records Secondary outcome measures 1. Work performance assessed using the Health and Questionnaire (HPQ). 2. Impairment in functioning due to a common mental disorder assessed using the Work and Scale (WSAS) 3. Symptoms of general anxiety assessed using the (GAD-7) measures4. Depression severity assessed using the Questionnaire (PHQ-9)5. Mental distress assessed using the (K6)6. Quality of life assessed using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaireAll secondary outcome measaures will be assesed at at baseline (before delivery of the Prevail programme), 1-4 weeks after Prevail delivery and 12 months after Prevail delivery. Overall study start date 01/02/2018 Overall study end date 30/04/2021 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria Employees of DVLA in divisions of Services (ITS), (CC), Case work and Enforcement (CAEG), and Group (ISG). Participant type(s) group number of participants We will initially approach 80 managers and approximately 960 employees to take part in the study. We anticipate around 30% non-completion of the study (due to absences, moving teams, leaving DVLA, refusal to consent to participate, etc. ) which will leave us with a sample of approximately 672 participants (336 per arm of the study). Total final enrolment 1051 Participant exclusion criteria Not selected to take part in the Prevail intervention programme Recruitment start date 01/10/2019 Recruitment end date 01/10/2020 of recruitment United Kingdom, participating centre Driver and 6 7JL Sponsor information details Swansea SA2 8PP Kingdom +44 (0)1792 513100 researchintegrity@swansea. ac. uk Sponsor type University/education Website type name Driver and name(s) and and dissemination plan Data from the RCT will be disseminated via publication in scientific journals. The protocol for the study will also be published prior to completion of data collection.

Output: pass