Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: evidence points to an unexpected diversification of core promoter recognition complexes that serve as important regulators of cell-type specific gene transcription. Here, we report that the orphan TBP-associated factor TAF9B is selectively up-regulated upon in vitro motor neuron differentiation, and is required for the transcriptional induction of specific neuronal genes, while dispensable for global gene expression in murine ES cells. TAF9B binds to both promoters and distal enhancers of neuronal genes, partially co-localizing at binding sites of OLIG2, a key activator of motor neuron differentiation. Surprisingly, in this neuronal context TAF9B becomes preferentially associated with PCAF rather than the canonical TFIID complex. Analysis of dissected spinal column from Taf9b KO mice confirmed that TAF9B also regulates neuronal gene transcription in vivo. Our findings suggest that alternative core promoter complexes may provide a key mechanism to lock in and maintain specific transcriptional programs in terminally differentiated cell types. eLife digest Almost all the cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, but they develop into many different types of cells that perform a variety of specialized functions in the body. Brain cells, for example, have a very different shape and function from red blood cells. A small group of proteins act inside cells to switch on the expression of genes it needs to carry out the specific functions of a given cell-type, and switch off the genes that are only needed in other cell types. Some of these regulatory proteins called ‘core promoter factors’ bind to the DNA near the start of genes. These core factors are known to work in combination with various other proteins to switch genes on or off in specific cell types. However, the specific core promoter factors and partner proteins that guide a cell into becoming a neuron have not been well characterized. Now, Herrera et al. have identified a core promoter factor called TAF9B that is produced at higher levels when mouse stem cells are coaxed into becoming the motor neurons that carry nerve impulses to muscles. The TAF9B protein works together with an enzyme (called PCAF) to help to switch on the genes that control the development of these cells. Without this regulatory protein, mouse stem cells grown in the lab fail to properly switch on the genes that are necessary to become motor neurons. These mutant stem cells also fail to efficiently switch off genes that stop stem cells from becoming more specialized.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 3390/ijms14059820 Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington’s-vol. 2013, 10. 1155/2013/237207 on Alpha-of Hyperplasia vol. 18, 10. 5213/inj. 2014. 18. 4. 179 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 Kyung-Ok--in Rats vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087623 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Sungshim-san-mediated Recovery of Cognition and in the vol. 26, 10. 7231/jon. 2015. 26. 3. 319 Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Metabolite Rh3 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia: of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Pathway vol. 63, 10. 1021/jf506110y Involvement of Connexin40 in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 vol. 36, 10. 1007/s10571-015-0299-y Correlation of cultivation time of Panax ginseng with metabolic profiles of nine ginsenosides and mRNA expression of genes encoding major biosynthetic enzymes vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-015-2049-7 Nitrogen and phosphorus as the factors affecting ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-016-2168-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: A landscape vision is essential because it ensures that the biologically and ecologically important features remain essential throughout the process. Without this vision, the sight of the overarching conservation targets is lost, establishing priorities becomes difficult, and limited resources may be squandered. In this sense, the Colombian and Peruvian offset frameworks are progressive, as they have been developed from a landscape conservation perspective. These frameworks also require offsets for impacts to all natural ecological systems. Compare this to the use of offsets in the United States, where offsets are typically only used to address impacts to wetlands and for threatened species. These new frameworks in Colombia and Peru can serve as an example to be followed by future offset policies not only in but globally. Moving forward, we hope that offset frameworks develop guidelines that prompt practitioners to think strategically about offset site selection, and to develop practical guidelines for how to select offset sites. Site selection for offsets should be an exercise in landscape ecology. Using quantitative site selection tools [62], [63], or blending this process as part of landscape level conservation plans, to provide a transparent, flexible and rule-based approach towards guiding site selection. Moreover, if political pressures constrain practitioners to a particular political extent, quantitative site selection tools will allow them to assess if meeting goals are possible given those constraints [49]. When it comes to offsets, failure to systematically select suitable sites could reduce the potential benefits for conservation. Monitoring Post-implementation monitoring should be a key component of every mitigation framework. Monitoring is a way of ensuring compliance with policy requirements, evaluating the achievement of the mitigation goals, and getting feedback on the effectiveness of the activities implemented [34], [64]. It is also the primary driver of adaptive management, a necessary procedure for getting long-term conservation outcomes [33], [46], [65]. In some way, it is also an essential component for transparency of the process, since the public does not only need to know which activities are proposed and how mitigation funds are allocated (information that many of the reviewed countries already provide for offsets), but also if and how such actions are carried out. However, the lack of post-implementation monitoring is a common problem in mitigation and conservation projects in general [44], [66]. Even when follow-up programs are required, they are often required for a short period, and because of the short temporal scale problems with offset implementation frequently go undetected [54].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: High levels of TAF9B were also found in the spinal cord of newborn mice and when Herrera et al. engineered mice that lack TAF9B, these mice did not properly regulate the expression of neuronal genes in their spines. These new findings might, in the future, improve our ability to guide stem cells into forming neurons, or to reprogram other types of specialized cells into becoming motor neurons. This new information could also prove useful for researchers interested in better understanding neuronal development and might aid in the design of therapies to treat neuronal injuries or diseases, such as motor neuron disease. Introduction Sequence-specific transcription factors are essential for directing cellular differentiation and identity. These factors play key roles in establishing gene expression patterns that dictate cell-type specific functions and characteristics. Cellular reprogramming and de-differentiation leading to the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells offer dramatic examples of how targeted expression of particular sets of transcription factors can control cell fate (reviewed by Graf, 2011). Sequence-specific transcription factors work in concert with a cohort of co-activator complexes and core promoter recognition factors to execute transcriptional activation. These core promoter factors often called ‘basal’ or ‘general’ transcription factors have traditionally been considered invariant and universally required for the expression of all protein-coding genes. However, recent studies suggest that at least some components of this large and diverse group of factors necessary to form the transcriptional pre-initiation complex (PIC) can exhibit both promoter and enhancer targeting activities that are cell-type specific. This specificity depends on the variegated composition of the components in the PIC (reviewed in D'Alessio et al. , 2009; Goodrich and Tjian, 2010; Müller et al. , 2010). The first evidence of tissue-specific functions of core PIC factors came from studies of TAF (TBP-associated factors) subunits in the core promoter recognition factor TFIID. A paralog of TAF4, called TAF4B, was found to control oocyte-specific activation of transcription in mouse ovaries (Freiman et al. , 2001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1334880 Effects of Kyung-Ok-Ko on in vol. 19, 10. 1089/rej. 2015. 1787 Forestalling the Epidemics of Parkinson's Plant-vol. 5, 10. 3389/fnut. 2018. 00095 vol. 16, 10. 1111/pbi. 12926 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00795K Effect and Safety of Formula (还脑益聪方) on Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Donepezil-10. 1007/s11655-018-3054-7 Gintonin, a Ginseng-from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stimulation of 10. 1007/s12035-018-1308-1 of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways vol. 10, 10. 3390/nu10070926 Multi-Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-of Parkinson’s Disease via Receptors vol. 9, 10. 3389/fphar. 2018. 00515 of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an 10. 1007/s12640-018-9989-9 in humans: Implications for research design and analysis 10. 1002/brb3. 1217 and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review vol. 29, 10. 1080/13543776. 2019. 1556258 Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products vol. 37, 10. 5142/jgr. 2013. 37. 349 Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease vol. 50, pp. None, 2012, Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Two more BOs were implemented by the Authority (UWA) and the Authority (NFA) to offset clearance of forest vegetation while establishing the Mbarara-Nkenda and Kawanda-Masaka electricity transmission lines respectively. These were also funded by the to facilitate implementation of the Environmental and Standard 6 on of Resources (IFC 2012). Prior to the implementation of the BOs, it was realized that the environmental institutions in Uganda lacked the capacity to plan, implement and manage the BOs (IPN 2008). Therefore, for most of the staff, implementing the BOs was an experience best characterized as ‘learning by doing’. In 2016, the Conservation, in Africa (COMBO) project was launched. This aimed at building institutional capacity in designing and implementing the mitigation hierarchy and biodiversity offsetting through trainings and workshops, and by sharing lessons learnt (COMBO 2016). The project supported the development of the Strategy (MWE 2019). Its goal is to suggest approaches, institutional arrangements and enhance the technical capacity that are necessary to implement the mitigation hierarchy and reconcile economic development with specific national targets for conservation of biodiversity in Uganda (MWE 2019). In addition, the project supported the amendment of the Act to include provisions for implementing BOs (NEMA 2019). The official definition as laid out in the Act stipulates that BOs are measurable conservation outcomes resulting from actions designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development and persisting after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been implemented. MethodologyTo ascertain how the environmental practitioners in Uganda conceptualize BOs, the study employed a ‘concept interpretation inquiry’. This inquiry seeks an adequate concrete interpretation of a concept (Short 1991). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 18 environmental practitioners from environmental and resource management institutions, academic institutions, electricity transmission company, as well as independent environmental consultants (Table 1). Table 1 Number of respondents from the different environmental management institutionsFull size tableThe respondents were selected on the basis that they had directly (at project level) or indirectly (contributing to policy discussions) engaged in the formulation and/or implementation of BO projects and policies in the country. The respondents were obtained through both stratified random sampling and snowball sampling. The first respondents were obtained through stratified random sampling from a list of participants who took part in the formulation of BOs regulatory framework in Uganda.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: (A) In Taf9b KO murine ES cells a LacZ-Neo cassette replaces all protein coding exons of Taf9b gene on the X chromosome. (B) qRT-PCR of in vitro differentiated EB-MN for 6 and 8 days detecting the expression of Taf9b in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Bars show mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. (C) Western blot analysis of in vitro differentiated EB-MN for 6 and 8 days detecting the expression of TAF9B in WT and Taf9b KO cells. (D) Cell cycle profile of WT and Taf9b KO ES cells based on BrdU incorporation. Graph represents average values of two independent biological duplicates. (E) RNA-seq analysis of WT and Taf9b KO ES cells grown in undifferentiated conditions. Scatter plot represents FPKM values for genes expressed in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Red dots are genes whose expression is affected more than twofold with p-values <0. 05. Gray dots represent genes not changing more than the selected cutoff. (F) qRT-PCR analysis of the ES cell markers Pou5f1 and Nanog in WT and Taf9b KO ES cells grown in undifferentiated conditions. Bars show mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. TAF9B is required for efficient differentiation of motor neurons We next tested whether TAF9B is required for efficient in vitro motor neuron differentiation. ES cells were differentiated as described previously and motor neuron markers Isl1, Mnx1, and Lhx3 were measured by qRT-PCR. We observed a significant reduction in all motor neuron markers in Taf9b KO cells upon differentiation (Figure 3A). Immunostaining for motor neuron marker ISL1/2 as well as western blot analysis for TUBB3 further confirmed that motor neuron differentiation was compromised in Taf9b KO cells (Figure 3B,C). We next measured the down-regulation of ES specific markers Pou5f1 and Nanog upon differentiation and found that Taf9b KO cells failed to efficiently down-regulate these ES cell markers (Figure 3A).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. 2014. 11. 007 Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease vol. 36, 10. 1038/aps. 2014. 107 of of Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500853 to and Treatments with Medicine vol. 2016, pp. None, 2016, Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol. 61, 10. 1007/s11434-015-0929-2 Ginseng (Panax sp. ) proteomics: an update vol. 60, 10. 1007/s13765-017-0283-y Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease vol. 42, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2017. 12. 008 of a Traditional Multi-Kyung-Ok-Ko in an of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway vol. 9, pp. None, 2012, A Review of in vol. 8, 10. 15171/apb. 2018. 066 Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A 52-week randomized controlled trial vol. 5, 10. 1016/j. trci. 2019. 03. 001 Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Dysfunction in Mice vol. 11, 10. 3390/nu11051120ASK-1 and Activation of Nrf2-in Beta-Amyloid-Challenged SH-SY5Y Cells vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152687 Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway vol. 23, 10. 1111/jcmm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: The substitute sites should constitute similar biodiversity components, just as NGO2, and the head of the health, safety and environmental unit of a ministry (Mn1) stated: …if you know you cannot avoid negative impacts or you cannot mitigate … proceed to do these things (developments) and these are the impacts, but also have an idea of how you can make sure that those things you have lost here, you can actually maintain them in another place… another area that you try to use as an alternative to this one. (NGO2) …. So, in order to replace for what has been lost, you go, maybe get an area which is also a central forest reserve, or buy a particular piece of land, then you should be able to replace what was lost the other side. (Mn1) To NGO2 and Mn1 the components lost in the impact site should be secured or protected or enhanced in another site, thus in-kind substitutes. Con1 also stated: It (BOs) is synonymous with an area that will have to be set aside specifically to make sure that where a project has had impacts on biodiversity in one way or the other, you create another area specifically to make sure that you generate similar or better biodiversity as an offset to what you will impact. (Con1) According to Co1, the biodiversity in the area set aside as a substitute should be similar (of the same kind) to that lost or deemed of greater conservation value (or priority) compared to the one lost, an action referred to in section 2 as ‘trading up’. Trading up is an option taken mainly when the environmental impacts are not offsetable (IUCN 2014). However, the choice to either strictly adhere to like-for-like or trading up depends on the conservation status and value of species impacted. Biodiversity offsets as a compensationFor others, BOs were compensations to counteract lost biodiversity components and/ or services as reported by a ministerial environmental specialist (Mn2), a lecturer at a University (Un1) and the wildlife campaign manager (NGO1) shown in Table 4. Table 4 Quotations of practitioners referring to BOs as compensationsFull size tableTo NGO1, the components at the compensation site should be able to serve the same purpose, as those lost at the impact site.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In contrast, genes up-regulated in Taf9b KO cells were enriched in categories such as vascular development, stem cell maintenance, and other non-neuronal developmental categories (Figure 4C). Contrary to the large number of genes deregulated in neuralized EB samples, we found that samples differentiated for 2 days have a relatively small number of genes affected in Taf9b KO cells. Interestingly, genes involved in differentiation were still found among these early down-regulated genes (Supplementary file 1). These results indicate that TAF9B controls the expression of specific genes required at least for the in vitro differentiation of murine ES cells into motor neurons. Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset TAF9B is specifically required for the efficient activation of neuronal gene expression during in vitro motor neuron differentiation. (A) RNA-seq analysis of WT and Taf9b KO cells at different time points during EB-MN differentiation. Scatter plots represent FPKM values for genes expressed in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Red dots are genes whose expression is affected more than twofold with p-values <0. 05. Gray dots represent genes not changing more than the selected cutoff. (B) Selected genes from RNA-seq analysis are shown as log2 fold change between Taf9b KO and WT cells. Examples are given for key genes expressed in ES cells, progenitor cells, and motor neurons. (C) GO term analysis of genes affected by the loss of TAF9B in RNA-seq analysis of EB-MN differentiated for 6 days. Lists show the top eight GO term categories obtained ranked by p-value. TAF9B binds promoters and distal regions of neuronal genes To determine whether TAF9B acts directly to regulate neuronal genes we mapped its binding sites genome-wide by ChIP-seq. Because most TAFs are expected to bind to promoters as part of TFIID in the PIC, we compared ChIP-seq peaks of TAF9B with those of 2. Approximately a third of all detected TAF9B binding regions overlapped with 2 occupancy (TAF9B-POL2) and mapped generally near transcription start sites (TSS) of protein coding genes (Figure 5A, Figure 5—figure supplement 1B,C).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Limiting BOs success to the benefits it provides to the environment without efforts to attain NNL is considered inappropriate (Hayes and Morrison-Saunders 2007), and could escalate biodiversity loss. According to the practitioners, it is a rebranding of existing conservation measures. These can then be used to fulfil the donors’ requirements and expectations. Especially, since BOs implementation has been a pre-requisite for financing development projects in the country (IFC 2012). This rebranding has enhanced the use of ostensible offsets by developers to maneuver stringent policy requirements for biodiversity conservation (Bond et al. 2020). BOs can be considered a buzzword, which is currently used by environmentalists to attract financing of environmental conservation activities (Githiru et al. 2015; Deutz et al. 2020). For the developers, a license to pave way for more development activities (ten Kate et al. 2004). In that respect, it is a little more than ‘old wine in a new bottle’. Continued rebranding of existing conservation measures as BOs misinforms conservation practice and policy in relation to paving a way for reducing biodiversity loss. This results into fewer biodiversity offsets in practice as compared to what is stipulated (IUCN 2019). Taking stock of BOs calls for classification of compensatory projects as BOs after attainment of the NNL goal. This will require implementation of the conservation measures prior to establishment of the development activities, which are then classified as offsets upon approval of offsetting residual impacts of the development activities (Bekessy et al. 2010). There is a need to move beyond the purpose-based offsetting to outcome-based offsetting. Requirements for demonstrating NNL prior to BO classification will reduce implementation of partial compensations (Moilanen and Kotiaho 2018), as well as motivate practitioners to incorporate NNL goals in offset implementation. Strict adherence to the achievement of a NNL goal might also result into more adherence to avoidance than establishment of BOs that would turn out to be more expensive (Hayes and Morrison-Saunders 2007). This will contribute to reducing the occurrences of potentially avoidable biodiversity offset losses. ConclusionCurrently, BOs are widely adopted and integrated within national and institutional regulatory frameworks. Yet, there is no empirical evidence that explores the stakeholder perceptions about the measure and its implementation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: We also performed TAF9B co-IP experiments on dissected spinal column tissue samples from WT and Taf9b KO newborn mice, confirming that the interactions between TAF9B and PCAF occur in vivo (Figure 6C). Thus, TAF9B primarily associates with PCAF likely in a SAGA-like complex rather than the canonical TFIID in murine neurons. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset TAF9B is associated with PCAF. (A) TAF9B and TBP were immunoprecipitated from EB-MN cells differentiated for 8 days and co-immunoprecipitated proteins analyzed by western blotting using antibodies against the TFIID subunits TAF4 and TAF7, and the histone acetyltransferase PCAF. (B) 293T cells were transfected with pCMV-3xFLAG-TAF9B or -TAF9, immunoprecipitated with TAF9B antibodies, and analyzed by western blotting using anti-Flag antibodies. (C) TAF9B was immunoprecipitated from spinal column extracts from WT and Taf9b KO newborn mice and co-immunoprecipitated proteins were analyzed by western blotting detecting TAF4, TBP and PCAF. TAF9B controls neuronal gene expression in vivo To test the in vivo role of TAF9B during neuronal development, we generated a KO mouse using the Taf9b KO ES cells obtained from KOMP (Figure 7—figure supplement 1A). Taf9b KO mice were viable and fertile, though the number of pups and birth weights were reduced in Taf9b KO matings compared to WT controls (Figure 7—figure supplement 1C). As expected, spinal cord isolated from newborn KO animals did not express TAF9B (Figure 7A,B, Figure 7—figure supplement 1D). Given that Taf9b KO cells in vitro showed clear de-regulation of genes in both progenitor cells and post-mitotic motor neurons (Figure 4), we surmised that loss of TAF9B in vivo may affect not only motor neuron formation but perhaps also proper differentiation of other cell types present in the spinal cord.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBalancing society’s competing needs of development and conservation requires careful consideration of tradeoffs. Renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation are often considered beneficial environmental goals. The direct footprint and disturbance of renewable energy, however, can displace species’ habitat and negatively impact populations and natural communities if sited without ecological consideration. Offsets have emerged as a potentially useful tool to mitigate residual impacts after trying to avoid, minimize, or restore affected sites. Yet the problem of efficiently designing a set of offset sites becomes increasingly complex where many species or many sites are involved. Spatial conservation prioritization tools are designed to handle this problem, but have seen little application to offset siting and analysis. To address this need we designed an offset siting support tool for the Plan (DRECP) of California, and present a case study of hypothetical impacts from solar development in the subsection. We compare two offset scenarios designed to mitigate a hypothetical 15,331 ha derived from proposed utility-scale solar energy development (USSED) projects. The first scenario prioritizes offsets based precisely on impacted features, while the second scenario offsets impacts to maximize biodiversity conservation gains in the region. The two methods only agree on 28% of their prioritized sites and differ in meeting species-specific offset goals. Differences between the two scenarios highlight the importance of clearly specifying choices and priorities for offset siting and mitigation in general. Similarly, the effects of background climate and land use change may lessen the durability or effectiveness of offsets if not considered. Our offset siting support tool was designed specifically for the DRECP area, but with minor code modification could work well in other offset analyses, and could provide continuing support for a potentially innovative mitigation solution to environmental impacts. Citation: (2015) for Offsetting the Impacts of Development: A of Biodiversity and in the Mojave Desert. 10(11): e0140226. Travis Longcore, University of : September 8, 2014; Accepted: September 23, 2015; Published: November 3, 2015This is an open access 10. 5061/dryad. ks5dr. Funding: This project was funded under #500-10-021 ( and through the U. S. Science program ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Strikingly, Taf9b KO mice showed defects in the expression of neuronal genes examined by transcriptome analysis of whole spinal column tissues. Importantly, the mechanism by which TAF9B mediates neuronal-specific transcription programs is unlike all previous TAF involvement in cell specific function: rather than operating through TFIID or distal enhancer complexes (Freiman et al. , 2001; Liu et al. , 2011; Zhou et al. , 2013b), it associates with a SAGA/PCAF co-activator complex. Our results and those of several other studies probing tissue-specific activities of core promoter factors and co-activators suggest a model in which changes in these complexes are integral to the transcriptional program leading to terminal differentiation. Different cell types employ distinct combinations of activators that must engage in specific protein–protein interactions with core promoter factors. We speculate that rather than existing as a static complex awaiting recruitment by these transcription factors, core promoter complexes themselves must undergo compositional changes using cell type-specific components such as TAF9B. These alternative promoter complexes expand the diversity and number of possible protein–protein transactions necessary to achieve proper fine-tuned control of gene expression. Furthermore, we speculate that such diversified core machineries might provide a mechanism to help lock down and maintain the functions and identity of differentiated cell types. We imagine that in a given cell type, if the silencing of an undesirable activator or repressor is imperfect, their specific interacting partners in the targeted core machinery may nevertheless not be present, thus serving as a fail safe mechanism to prevent unscheduled alterations in programs of gene transcription. We suspect that such core promoter complex dependent control and maintenance of cell identity would likely be accompanied by activator selectivity and integrated with changes in chromatin structure and other layers of regulation that must work coordinately to keep expression patterns stable yet responsive to different stimuli in terminally differentiated cells. We anticipate that further analysis of adult neuronal cell-types as well as other differentiated somatic cells will bring new insights regarding the use of alternative core machineries that regulate gene expression in normal and disease states. To start addressing these questions in the context of tissues in vivo, we generated Taf9b KO mice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) Nishiyama, N. , Cho, S. T. , Kitagama, I. and Saito, H. : Malonylginsenoside $Rb_1$ potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 509-513 (1994) Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. : $GABA_C$ receptors. Trends in Nneurosci. 18, 515-519 (1995) Turner, A. J. and Whittle, S. R. : Biochemical dissection of the gamma-aminobutyrate synapse. Biochem. Journal. 209, 29-41 (1983) Fritschy, J. M. and Panzanelli, P. : Molecular and synaptic organization of GABAA receptors in the cerebellum: Effects of targeted subunit gene deletions. Cerebellum. 5, 275-285 (2006) Johnston, G. A. R. : $GABA_C$ receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 319-323 (1996) Bao, H. Y. , Zhang, J. ,. and Kang, J. S. : Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 335-342 (2005) Yun, Y. J. , Lee, B. , and Shim, I. : Neuroprotective effect of palmul-chongmyeong-tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007) Bahrke, M. S. and Morgan, W. R. : Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Medicine. 29, 113-133 (2000) and Liu, D. : Modulation of American ginseng on brainstem GABAergic effects in rats. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe impacts of climate and land use change are some of the largest challenges facing biodiversity conservation and natural resource management in the 21st century. Increasing the amount of renewable energy generation is a primary goal to mitigate emissions contributing to climate change from the energy sector. The direct footprint of utility-scale solar energy development (USSED–facilities with >1MW capacity) is large and has an even greater associated area of disturbance [1, 2]. Therefore, to understand tradeoffs between the positive and negative impacts of USSED, the short and long term ecological effects and environmental risks of these developments need to be carefully considered [3], though little information on risks or effects exists in the scientific literature [1]. The mitigation hierarchy of the U. S. (NEPA) is a commonly used guide in environmental impact assessment for projects such as USSED. It specifies four types of actions to mitigate environmental impacts in decreasing order of preference—avoid, minimize, restore, and offset [4]. Recent research addressing USSED impact mitigation has focused on each of these actions, including Stoms et al. [5] and Cameron et al. [6], who show USSED can be sited to avoid and minimize areas of ecological value; Hernadez et al. [7] quantify the potential of small scale and USSED within the built environment to avoid impacts; and Moilanen [8] and Kiesecker et al. [9] use conservation planning tools to minimize and then prioritize offset sites to mitigate impacts. Offsets are a valuable tool to protect or enhance habitat for species or natural communities when impacts cannot be avoided, minimized, or restored, by securing habitat or environmental benefits at unaffected sites similar to those impacted [10, 11]. The goal of offsets is to achieve a net neutral or positive outcome for biodiversity [9, 10]. Many challenges and potential criticisms exist in selecting offset sites, both in the theory and policy realms [12–15], in determining the actual additionality of offset actions [13, 16], and in the practice of locating offset sites [8, 9, 17]. For the latter, a challenge in directly offsetting impacts is to satisfy the mitigation requirements that sites are superior in terms of their characteristics including species representation, ecological condition, continued certainty in the future, connectivity to other sites, and cost-effectiveness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: English 简体中文 6Publishing-Submit a Manuscript F6Publishing-世界华人消化杂志在线投稿 is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge About the a All 10. 3748/wjg. 14. 4273] of This 4. 0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: Counts in Google of This 2008. doi: 10. 3748/wjg. 14. 4273 Stem cells, a two-edged sword: Risks and potentials of regenerative medicine of and Gastroenterology, “GI & Group”, of Rome, Rome 00168, number: $[] Author contributions: Piscaglia AC wrote the paper. Correspondence to: of and Gastroenterology, of Rome, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome 00168, Italy. annachiarapiscaglia@hotmail. com Telephone: +39-347-1015909 Fax: +39-6-35502775 Received: May 5, 2008Revised: June 10, 2008Accepted: June 17, 2008Published online: July 21, 2008 recent advancements in stem cell (SC) biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on the potential of SC for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues. Nonetheless, prior to large scale clinical applications, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments. Most problematic among the risks of SC-based therapies, in addition to the possible rejection or loss of function of the infused cells, is their potential neoplastic transformation. Indeed, SCs may be used to cure devastating diseases, but their specific properties of self-renewal and clonogenicity may render them prone to generate cancers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Most of these site characteristics can be measured or modeled, and therefore included in spatial planning or decision support tools and used in conservation planning activities [8, 9, 18–20]. Applying spatial conservation planning software to offset siting is a recent, but growing use of conservation planning tools. For example, Kiesecker et al. [9] described a multi-species framework for selecting the minimum set of offset sites to meet targets for each species impacted using Marxan [21]. Several other studies [6, 17] have used Marxan to select offset sites, and have generally following the procedure outlined in Kiesecker et al. [9]. In this study we develop an offset siting model that has similarities but largely differs from previous offset siting models [9, 17] by using a utility maximization problem [22] as the underlying problem formulation. Our implementation considers multiple development projects and ranks all areas in the region by potential value for conservation offsets [8]. We use the following hypothetical questions to guide offset decision support: which sites or sites could most cost-effectively offset impacts of development? Where should offsets be sited if they are required to remain within a specified geographic region or land ownership type? How do selected sites compare when they are prioritized to maximize the biodiversity conservation gain for the full set of conservation features, as opposed to those directly affected by specific projects? We explore these issues in a case study in the western of California. The region has many proposed USSED projects, but contains habitat for a number of endemic and endangered species. This combination of factors leads to an important opportunity for conservation and climate change mitigation: renewable energy goals require an increase in solar energy generation, yet how can that increased capacity minimize its impact on biodiversity persistence in a fragile desert ecosystem? Material and MethodsWe developed Mojavset, an offset siting support tool, to evaluate the potential impacts to biodiversity from a solar development site, or set of sites, and to then identify potential biodiversity offset sites for conservation action in the Plan area (DRECP, www. drecp. org, Fig 1). is a federal and state effort that seeks to simultaneously conserve and manage biodiversity while efficiently guiding the permitting and development of renewable energy in the desert region. Mojavset provides decision support for three steps of the mitigation hierarchy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In this respect, ‘Stemness’ might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by cancer SCs. A better understanding of SC biology will help fulfill the promise of regenerative medicine aimed at curing human pathologies and fighting cancer from its roots. Key Words: Stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Gastrointestinal diseases; Chronic liver diseases; Cell-based therapy Citation: Piscaglia AC. Stem cells, a two-edged sword: Risks and potentials of regenerative medicine. Gastroenterol 2008; 14(27): 4273-4279 URL: DOI: : recorded history of human cancer begins with an Egyptian papyrus, dating between 3000 and 2000 B. C. , which describes breast tumors in humans. The nomenclature ‘cancer’ was first proposed by Hippocrates. The term derives from the Greek words carcinos and carcinoma, both literally meaning crab. Galen offered a possible explanation for this name based on similitude with either the morphology of cancer or with its tenacious and parasitic behavior. According to legend, Celsus attempted to classify pathologic masses into three categories: secundum naturam, associated with pregnancy; propter naturam, the tumefaction which develops following traumas and leads to tissue repair; and contra natura, synonymous with cancer[12]. After two millennia, this classification has found renewed perspective based on recent advancements in cell biology, with particular emphasis on the concepts of stemness and SCs. In multicellular organisms, tissues are organized in a hierarchical manner, with SCs residing at the apex of the developmental pathway. SCs are defined as undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into diverse mature progenies[34]. Therefore, SCs play a central role in tissue genesis, regeneration and homeostasis by providing new elements to increase tissue mass during pre- and post-natal growth, and replacing cell loss due to senescence or damage[56]. SCs are thought to alternate symmetric and asymmetric divisions, hence maintaining the property of self-renewal[7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The primary purpose of the tool is the spatial prioritization of offset sites; the avoid and minimize steps are implemented to alert a user if sites are in direct conflict with incompatible lands or sites of known high conservation priority, before an offset analysis is performed. Restoration, in this DRECP example, is not considered a viable option due to the slow rate of recovery in desert ecosystems [23]. Selected offset sites are presumed protected indefinitely from future development and to retain their desired ecological characteristics. While not implemented in this case study, Mojavset does have an option to incorporate alternative land use scenarios to prioritize offsets in areas expected to be lost without conservation intervention; thus incorporating additionality to ensure ‘no net loss’ [10, 16]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Location map. study area (Subsection 322Ag: Plains and Hills [30]. The remainder of the methods section is organized as follows: a brief explanation of the Zonation conservation software package [24, 25] precedes further detail describing options of the Mojavset offsetting tool. This is followed by a description of our case study site and offsetting decisions, the creation of our set of hypothetical USSED sites, the spatial data describing conservation features, and a description of the two offset analyses analyzed in the case study. Zonation background Zonation is a conservation planning tool that uses the concept of conservation utility functions [24, 26], and is used extensively in spatial conservation prioritization [24, 27]. The use of utility functions is a primary difference compared to other planning routines [22], and represents the relationship between the amount of a particular conservation feature and its social value. For example, in a utility curve in the DRECP study area, total value increases non-linearly with the degree of protection (representation) of a conservation feature, such that the marginal utility of additional protection or restoration for a particular biological feature diminishes as total protection of that feature across the planning region increases (Fig 2). Zonation allows separate utility curves for each conservation feature and employs an iterative removal algorithm to remove units (planning units or grid cells) from the conservation solution in an order that produces the smallest loss of total conservation value at each step [24]. The order of removal determines the relative value of each cell and results in a hierarchy of conservation value across the landscape.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: SCs possess a hierarchy of potentialities: from the totipotency of the zygote and its immediate progeny, to the pluripotency of embryonic SCs (ESCs), and the multi/unipotency of adult SCs (ASCs)[589]. ESCs are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ESCs can generate any differentiated phenotype of the three primary germ layers by a process called determination[910]. At the end of embryogenesis, each tissue contains a heterogeneous population of cells at different stages of maturation, including relatively undifferentiated, self-renewing cells, termed adult SCs (ASCs). ASCs have a limited differentiation potential and are responsible for turnover and repair within the tissue of origin. ASCs have been identified in several organs, such as bone marrow (BM), gastrointestinal epithelium, skin, brain, muscle, and liver[81112]. SCs colocalize with supporting cells in a physiologically limited and specialized niche, that varies in nature and location depending upon the tissue type[1314]. The reciprocal interactions between SCs and their niche influence SC behavior: a complex network of developing signals regulates the balance between quiescence and the dividing state, leading ASCs toward self-renewal or differentiation[1516]. According to the hierarchical model, long-term SCs (true SCs, extremely rare, with high differentiation potential and proliferative capacity) can give rise to short-term SCs (transit-amplifying or committed progenitors), which in turn are able to differentiate into mature elements providing tissue-specific functions[517]. Despite the paradigm of unidirectional cell determination, recent studies have shown that ASCs are endowed with an unexpected plasticity, as circulating adult progenitor cells can differentiate into mature cells of other tissue types[101418]. A particularly high degree of plasticity is shown by bone marrow SCs (BM-SCs), which in vivo and in vitro studies have proved to be able to differentiate into a wide range of non-hematopoietic phenotypes[19–22]. It has also been demonstrated that BM-SCs normally circulate in the peripheral blood, and that the number of circulating SCs committed toward neuronal and hepatic differentiation increases following treatment with mobilizing agents[23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Map illustrating the use of a utility curve in Zonation. The colors on both map and chart correspond to regions of protected lands (green), area available for offsets (blue), selected offset sites (darker blue), and areas excluded for offset site consideration (red). Map is for illustrative purposes and does not accurately reflect current availability status. Mojavset–an offset siting support tool Mojavset [28] is a collection of functions for the public R statistics library [29] to process geospatial data, take user inputs, and run the Zonation software to prioritize sites for offsets. Mojavset generates the required Zonation input files via a series of user responses to text prompts. Along with the standard Zonation output, Mojavset generates ASCII grids that delineate potential offset sites and corresponding site reports with information on land management and biodiversity representation. A thorough treatment of each decision point, Zonation option, dataset, and type of offset analysis is included in the Mojavset user manual [28]; an abbreviated explanation is provided below. Offset analysis begins with choosing to directly offset impacts or to identify offset areas based on a goal of maximizing conservation gains, evaluated based on species distributions, ecological systems, or both. In the case of direct offsets (hereafter Direct), only conservation features that will be impacted by potential solar sites are used for offset prioritization. For example, if 8 species and 3 ecological systems will be impacted, then only these 11 features out of the entire suite of species and ecological systems will be considered when prioritizing sites for offsets. The distributions of all other conservation features will be ignored and will not add value to a network of offsets sites. To prioritize offsets with the maximum biodiversity conservation gains option (hereafter Max Cons), any mapped conservation feature is considered available for offset prioritization, or a subset of features weighted by importance. Zonation will then prioritize the landscape based on complementarity (core area zonation [24]), and feature richness (additive benefit function [24]). Mojavset prioritizes offset sites that are identified in both planning methods and the areas that are unique to each method. For both Direct and planning types, offset target amounts are set based on an offset ratio of the impacted area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has led to speculation about the existence of BM-derived pluripotent SCs, which could migrate from the peripheral blood into various tissues and contribute to normal turnover and repair following injury[51524]. recent advancements in SC biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on SC potential for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues[6]. SC-based therapies could be used to cure degenerative disorders associated with the loss of ASC functions, such as hematologic, cardiovascular, muscular and neurological diseases, gastrointestinal pathologies and chronic hepatopathies. SCs can be obtained from various sources, including embryos, fetal tissues, umbilical cord blood and adult organs. Once isolated, these cells may be forced to expand and differentiate into functional progenies suitable for cell replacement and tissue engineering[24]. ESCs, which have been isolated from humans and mice, can be maintained in an undifferentiated state indefinitely, though they seem to develop genetic abnormalities over long periods in culture[1525]. ESCs and their derivatives might constitute an easily available source to obtain a large number of transplantable cells for regenerative treatments. Nevertheless, the possibility of immune rejection and teratoma/teratocarcinoma formation in the recipients represent major obstacles to the success and safety of ESC clinical applications[26]. A promising alternative source for SC-based treatments may be represented by cells established from fetal organs and placental tissues, which do not seem to form teratomas/teratocarcinomas in humans. In particular, several studies have indicated that umbilical cord blood SCs (CBSCs) are an easily accessible source of multipotent SCs, which may be readily available for transplantation, or for further expansion and manipulation prior to cellular therapies[8]. The plasticity and accessibility of CBSCs has provided the rationale for creation of CBSC unit banks, where these cells can be collected and stored for future use[24]. Finally, the manipulation and/or stimulation of ASCs seems to be the most promising tool for SC-based treatments, as it could improve the endogenous regenerative potential without risk of rejection and overcome the ethical and political issues related to embryonic and fetal SCs[6824]. Focusing on ASC-based therapies in Gastroenterology, first attempts to translate regenerative medicine from theory to clinical practice have been made for various diseases, including celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: potential of triethylene glycol and quercetin in stressed mice Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2379-6367 Pharmacy & 206. DOI: 10. 15406/ppij. 2015. 02. 00041 : To compare physiological stress response modulating potentials of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Methods: Effects of single and 10 daily oral doses (5, 20, 100 and 400mg/kg/day) of quercetin and triethylene glycol (TEG) to male mice on foot shock stress induces transient hyperthermia and on basal rectal temperatures and body weight changes, and of their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation were compared. In further experiments, the effects of their 11 and 12 daily minimally effective stress response suppressing doses (5mg/kg/day) in two versions of the marble burying test for anxiolytics were assessed. Results: Dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG for suppressing transient hyperthermia triggered by 1min duration of foot shock stress increased with increasing numbers of their daily dose, and body weight losses and slight elevation of basal core temperatures triggered by daily handling and occasional foot shocks were also antagonized by both of them. Significant effects of even the lowest tested (5mg/kg/day) doses of both of them were observed after their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test in mildly stressed mice, bur after such treatments only quercetin had statistically significant effects in one of the two versions of the marble burying tests in stressed mice. Conclusion: Fairly low daily, but not single, oral doses of quercetin and TEG desensitize physiological stress responses of male mice triggered by occasional exposures to short duration of foot shocks. Both of them possess daily dose dependant antidepressant like activities, and after their low stress response suppressing doses only quercetin possess some anxiolytics like activity in stressed mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The alkali mariposa lily (Calochortus striatus) is impacted most as a proportion of its total modeled distribution, at 1. 3%. Offsets totaling 32,178 ha are required to meet the stated targets of impacted features (Table 3). Sites selected to offset impacts to species by the proposed projects are clustered in species-rich areas in the center of the study region that are in good ecological condition, in areas at the western margin of the study region that support intact habitats for a few species associated with that portion of the study area, and in the eastern and northern portions of the study region where sites provide the most ecologically intact opportunities for some riparian species and narrowly endemic plant species (Fig 4). The important result is that the value of these sites is readily apparent in terms of their composition, condition, land ownership and land management. Sites selected through the scenario are more concentrated in species-rich areas in the center of the study region (Fig 5). While not unexpected, this result serves to emphasize that the location of offsets can be sensitive to one or a few individual species and the methods used to prioritize offset sites. The two scenarios did show some level of agreement and overlapped 28% (13,960 ha), primarily in the western and central portions of the study area (Fig 6), indicating their importance for offsets regardless of offset planning type. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Direct offset sites. Direct offset sites (red) for hypothetical solar energy projects (gray) using a 2:1 offset ratio, over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. offset sites. offset sites (red) for hypothetical solar energy projects (gray) using a 2:1 offset ratio, over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Scenario agreement. The agreement of both scenarios (red), areas chosen by one scenario (orange), over modeled species richness. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Area (ha) in various land status classes for the and Direct offset scenarios. between the two offset scenarios are quite apparent, despite prioritizing the same total area of offsets.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In particular, following autologous BM transplantation, in a selected group of refractory celiac patients, significant histological improvement associated with impressive clinical progresses has been recorded[2728]. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are characterized by a status of chronic inflammation, mainly as a result of local immunological imbalance[29]. Several studies have suggested that either allogeneic or autologous BM-SC transplants may be effective in inducing CD and UC remission[30]. Various authors report their experience with IBD patients who underwent BM-SC transplantation for haematological malignancies and maintained a complete remission of their intestinal disease following transplantation[30]. The specific pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of HSC transplantation in IBD are still largely undefined. The immune system ablation followed by allogeneic transplantation of BM-SCs might provide a reset of the host immune system imbalance. Moreover, BM cells might contribute to tissue repair by facilitating neoangiogenesis and might also differentiate into epithelial cells and myofibroblasts[3031]. The potential of BM-derived SCs in the treatment of IBD is currently being analyzed in clinical trials[30]. SCs might be used to cure other gastrointestinal pathologies, such as gastric ulcers, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and diabetes mellitus (DM)[3233]. Regarding the latter, a major challenge in the treatment of DM is to provide patients with an insulin source that regulates glucose levels on a mandatory minute-to-minute basis[3435]. In recent decades, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DM type I have been proposed, such as growth factor administration, islet cell transplantation and also SC infusion to replace the dysfunctional beta-cells[35]. Different adult sources of extra-pancreatic SCs have been investigated, including CBSCs, whose efficacy for the treatment of DM has been shown in diabetic mice[36–39]. Another candidate for DM regenerative therapy is represented by BM-SCs. Numerous reports have showed that the infusion of BM-SCs can restore chemically-induced DM in mice[4041]. Along with extra-pancreatic SC-based therapies, other researchers have focused their interest on endogenous pancreatic SCs (PSCs).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 15 Since gut microbial ecology regulates oxidative status and metabolic stress,16,17 we speculated that by virtue of their bactericidal activities both qercetin and TEG could also alter microbial ecology inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus could contribute to stress response desensitizing or adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera extracts. Consequently, efforts to experimentally very this possibility are now being made in our laboratories. Results of the very first set of experiments revealing and reconfirming stress response desensitizing potentials of their fairly low oral daily doses will be presented in this communication. The pharmacologically validated and standardized mouse bioassay procedure used in these experiments evolved during our efforts to define therapeutically interesting psychopharmacological activity profiles of diverse types of plant extracts according to Ayurvedic therapeutic principles. 18 Usefulness of the procedure for estimating pharmacologically interesting doses and dosage regimen of a Withania somnifera 19 or of those of bioactive constituents of other stress response suppressing or adaptogenic herbs have also been reconfirmed. 20-24 Since anxiolytics like efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts have been observed in several clinical trials,25 further analogous experiments were conducted to verify whether low daily stress response suppressing doses of quercetin and TEG also possess anxiolytic activity or not. Possible implications of the observations reported in this communication for better understanding of biological process involved in traditionally known medicinal plants for dietary and herbal therapies will be disused also. Material and method male albino mice (20±5 g) were used in this study. Prior approval from the of the University (CAECU) was taken for the study protocol (Dean/2014/CAEC/608, dated 30-5-2014). All animals were acclimatized to steady laboratory environment at least one week before starting the experiment. They were randomly housed in groups (n=6) in polypropylene cages (28×19×12. 5) and maintained at an ambient temperature (25±1°C) and relative humidity (45-55%) with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. Cages were provided with husk and were cleaned routinely. Animals were freely provided or access to standard rodent pellets and water ad libitum. All experimental groups in a given experiment were tested in parallel (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Cons scenario sited offsets largely within Conservancy’s priority habitats, and primarily on Department of Defense (DOD) lands (Table 3). scenario met all the offset targets and also sited offsets on DOD lands as the majority land owner, but public lands represented less than 30% of that scenario’s offsets (Table 3). Comparing the species results, the scenario failed to meet offset targets 14 times (of 33 total species affected), and secured area (3499 ha) for seven species that did not require offset mitigation (Table 2), while the scenario secured more targeted species’ habitat overall (329,924 ha vs 318,034 ha) and secured more habitat in 25 target species cases (216,412 ha vs 166,781 ha) compared to the scenario on a species by species basis (Table 2). DiscussionConservation planning tools like Mojavset are designed to identify efficient solutions to problems with a large number of choices. When considering the collective impacts of multiple projects on multiple species, more efficient solutions will likely arise compared to implementing offsets one species at a time on a project-by-project basis. The degree of efficiency will depend on the extent to which modeled species habitats coincide. Determining a priori the area required to mitigate unavoidable impacts of multiple projects for many conservation features could potentially assist both energy developers and permit granters to relocate potential site locations to reduce both the potential impact and the cost to offset those impacts. In our case study of the Western Mojave, the project sites and impacted area are speculative, but provide a good illustration of our offset siting process. A more nuanced approach would simultaneously site solar facilities to meet solar criteria and to minimize impacts. Any residual impacts could be offset with Mojavset, and would likely result in a much smaller area requiring offset mitigation. Previous work in the Mojave has shown there is room to develop utility scale solar with minimal impacts [5, 6], though our use of species level data, as opposed to ecological systems and coarse priority area designations, provides insight into offset siting solutions with greater conservation feature resolution than the aforementioned work. The efficiency of locating a multi-species offset solution is apparent by comparing the offset area required, given constraints, to the absolute minimum area needed if species were perfectly collocated. With a 2:1 offset ratio and 15,331 ha of impact, the minimum area required for offsets would be 30,662 ha.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: The quest for an organ-bound PSC has received growing attention by the scientific community, because PSCs hold several advantages over extra-pancreatic sources, combining the ability for prolonged proliferation with an already established pancreatic commitment[3542]. Finally, recent reports have demonstrated that extra-pancreatic, organ-bound SCs, such as liver SCs[43–46], human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal SCs[47] and gastrointestinal SCs[48] can differentiate into islet cells. Unfortunately, there are still no functional studies that show biphasic insulin release upon glucose challenge by these cells. In Hepatology, the most appealing application for SC-based therapies consists in the treatment of end-stage hepatic diseases. Chronic liver pathologies affect almost a fifth of the general population, often requiring an orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)[49]. Given the donor organ shortage, various alternatives to OLT have been evaluated, including cell-based therapies which are currently under investigation all over the world. Cell-therapies in hepatology have numerous advantages when compared to OLT: the cells can be expanded in vitro, genetically manipulated, cryopreserved, obtained from the same patient and infused without major surgery. Possible cell-based treatments consist of hepatocyte transplantation and the development of bio-artificial liver systems (BALs). BALs have been mainly applied as supportive devices in patients excluded from or waiting for OLT and hepatocyte transplantation has limited overall success, related to the large amount of cells required to achieve acceptable function[5051]. Therefore, SC-based therapies are emerging as new alternatives to OLT for end-stage liver pathologies. The most promising source for SC-based therapies is currently represented by BM-SCs and/or by mobilizing/proliferating agents, such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is able to both enhance the BM-SC mobilization into the peripheral blood and facilitate the endogenous liver SC activation[5253]. BM-SCs seem to be physiologically involved in the processes of liver repair in humans[5455]. The possible therapeutic potential of these cells has been investigated by intraportal autologous transplantation of BM-SC, which achieved some clinical improvement[5657].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: on the same days of the experiments) and all tests were conducted between 09. 00 to 14. 00 hr and 60 min after the day's oral treatments. All animals in each experiment were handled and weighed daily during the experiments and except when stated all observations were made by the same blind observer and in the same laboratory environment. was purchased from Cayman chemical company (Michigan, USA), triethylene glycol was from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India), dimethyl fumarate and fumaric acid from (Bengaluru, India), Carboxymethyl cellulose from House Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and pentobarbital sodium from Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All other reagents and chemicals used were of highest quality commercial available in India. Animal grouping and treatments In each of the two pilot experiments conducted to estimate stress response modulating doses and treatment regimen of triethylene glycol (TEG) and quercetin, six groups of six animals each were used. In the experiment with TEG, distilled water was used as vehicle and the vehicle treated control group was treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). The reference group in this experiment was treated with fumaric acid (FUM; 10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water. In other experiment with quercetin, the control group was treated daily with 0. 3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the reference group with 10 mg/kg/day dimethyl fumarate suspended in 0. 3% CMC. Choices of reference substances in these experiments were based on our earlier observations reconfirming that fumaric acid and its esters are stress response suppressing secondary metabolites of the adaptogenic herb of Fumaria indica and that fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate are almost equally effective in modulating central sensitivity to metabolic and enviorenmental stress triggered responses quantified in the mouse bioassay system used in this study26 For oral administrations, water insoluble quercetin and methyl were suspended in CMC and the water solution of TEG and fumaric acid were adjusted to pH 7. 4 and application volume were always 10 ml/kg. All oral treatments were given for 11 consecutive days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Thus, the 32,178 ha of the solution is only 4. 9% more area than the hypothetical minimum needed to meet the targets. In other cases where the range of impacted species are more widely distributed and non-overlapping, the total area required to meet targets may be considerably larger than the obligatory minimum area set by the offset ratio. Minimizing the cost or area required to satisfactorily meet mitigation targets is likely the largest benefit of using tools like Mojavset for offset siting. One interesting result in the case study was the difference between the Direct and solutions. Cons solution prioritized the same number of hectares, but only overlapped with the Direct offset solution by 28%, and failed to meet targets for 14 species. This can be explained by the difference in planning method: the Direct scenario had specific species targets to meet, while the scenario maximizes overall conservation priority and richness in the region. In practice, all species would require individual weightings and careful consideration of species specific utility functions to ensure the model is parameterized according to users’ goals, and would likely yield a solution more similar to the Direct scenario. This comparison relates to the notion of “strict equivalency” in offset mitigation, or whether offsets can be relaxed to prioritize out of kind targets (targets not directly affected by the actions being offset) [17, 39]. Habib et al. [17] suggest a mechanism for estimating tradeoffs among species or conservation targets, such that any resultant impacts could be mitigated via conservation actions of a higher priority, and claim additional cost savings as a benefit. In theory such a system could align conservation priorities with resources more efficiently than direct offsets. Increasing offset ratios as a function of conservation feature importance and uncertainty could also further discourage impacts and likely produce more certain beneficial outcomes [40]. Other conservation targets, such as important connectivity areas or future species distributions, could also be used as features for impact sites to avoid. If conservation resources are allocated to offsets, they need to be effective in the long-term to avoid net loss of habitat and increased extinction risk. The literature on design of offsets for climate change is young and emerging, but suggests that offsets could be an effective conservation strategy in response to energy development, when species needs in multiple life history stages and across their full range are properly considered [41].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: However, some authors reported negative results regarding BM-SC-therapies for end-stage liver disorders[58]. Other clinical approaches have been based upon the administration of G-CSF alone or in combination with the reinfusion of the mobilized BM-SCs. The feasibility, safety, and pattern of BM-SC mobilization following G-CSF treatment in patients affected by cirrhosis has been evaluated in a few clinical trials[59–64]. Overall, the use of ASCs for the treatment of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders holds several advantages, such as easy accessibility, unlimited supply (given the possibility to expand the collected cells in vitro) and no risks of rejection or need for immunosuppressive therapies when autologous cells are employed. Nonetheless, some conceptual issues still limit the diffusion of such treatments into clinical practice. Firstly, on the basis of preclinical data, BM cells seem to facilitate gastrointestinal and hepatic regeneration mainly by a microenvironment modulation, which is likely to be transitory. In such a case, multiple treatments would presumably be required to achieve significant and lasting clinical results. Moreover, it has been observed that in some models of apparent transdifferentiation, SCs may actually be fusing with cells in the host tissue. Fusion phenomena between BM-SCs and other cells (Purkinjie cells, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes) have been shown both in vitro and in vivo[1524]. The implications of this discovery are notable: fusion and transdifferentiation are not synonymous, since transdifferentiation requires that a specific SC program be activated on the basis of extracellular signals, whereas in the case of fusion, the plasticity is trigged by endogenous factors upon mixing of the cytoplasm and joining of the nuclei. It must also be noted that the fused cells are aneuploid and potentially unstable[15]. Consequently, the possibility of cell fusion and the risk of malignant transformation of the transplanted cells, especially those pre-expanded in vitro before reinfusion, cannot be excluded and impose a need for careful evaluation and longer follow-up periods for assessing the safety and efficacy of these SC-based treatments[24]. the nineteenth century, Virchow and Cohnheim proposed that some tumors, such as teratocarcinomas, exhibiting features of a whole range of different organs and therefore mimicking fetal development, could originate from embryonic rests[1065–67].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In both the pilot experiments graded daily doses (5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/kg) of TEG, or of quercetin, were orally administered for the same number of days. In these two experiments, on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 of both these experiments all animals were subjected to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests and on the 11th day all test groups were subjected to tail suspension test for potential antidepressants. On the 12th day of the experiment (i. e. 24 hr after the last treatments) all test groups were subjected to pentobarbital sleep tests for assessing longer lasting effects of treatments on brain functions or on drug metabolizing enzymes. In each of the two further analogous experiments conducted to compare anxiolytic like activities of low effective daily oral doses (5 mg/kg/day) of TEG and quercetin in two versions of marble burying test, three groups of randomly selected animals were randomly allotted to each of the three experimental groups consisting of 6 animals each. The treatment groups used were as follows: Group I: Stress control (vehicle treated); Group II: Non-stress control (vehicle treated); Group III: (TEG or quercetin, 5mg/kg/day). In these experiments, the test agents and their vehicles were orally administered for 12 consecutive days and only the animals of the groups I and II were subjected to foot shock stress induced hyperthermia test on 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiments. On the 11th day of these experiments, all animals of all the three groups of an experiment were subjected to a standard version of marble burying test (one zone) and on day 12 they were similarly tested similarly in the two-zones marble burying test. All animals in all experiments were closely observed for apparent behavioural abnormalities during the course of the experiments. Body weight and basal rectal temperatures of all animals used in different experimental groups were recorded on each observational day, whereupon the basal rectal temperatures were recorded one hour before the day’s treatment. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH) test This test was conducted by placing an individual mouse of a test group in a black box (24 x 29 x 40 cm) with a metallic grid floor for 1 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Research on protected area planning for climate change, adaptation to climate change, and assessment of species response to climate change all offer insights that are transportable to offset design [9]. One approach to address offset siting with climate change impacts would give preference to areas that could play an important role in buffering climate change effects [42, 43], and areas expected to be more stable in the face of climate change [44, 45] (e. g. , refugia or stable range). An alternative is to conserve portions of the present range of the species, portions of its future range and all intervening connecting suitable habitat to allow the species to move from its present range to future suitable conditions [46]. This latter option presents a much more complex planning problem (even for a single species) and always carries much higher uncertainty. Higher mitigation offset ratios are also commonly used to cope with uncertainty and to ensure the future durability of offsets [40], and are a relevant adjustment for incorporating climate change concerns into offset planning [41, 47]. Due to the high levels of uncertainty associated with climate change impact projections, very large ratios may be required. Incorporating climate change into the offset planning process could potentially reduce area requirements associated with offset ratios. A final issue with offsetting as a mitigation tool is ensuring the actions taken are additional to what would have occurred without conservation intervention [8, 13], particularly when restoration is not a viable option [48, 49]. If mitigation funds go towards offset areas that currently support conservation targets, do the offset actions provide a net positive ecological benefit? What if conservation targets are expected to be lost? Methods for estimating potential additionality from offsets are currently being defined [16, 40, 50, 51], but could be modeled by comparing the differences among present and multiple future land use change scenarios. By locating offsets in zones expected to be developed and where biodiversity is threatened in the absence of conservation actions, offsets could meet the goal of no net loss, even if an overall decline in species representation would likely occur [39, 51]. Within the land use policy realm and in applied use, offsetting the impacts of USSED, and development in general, is likely to increase as a mechanism to mitigate the impacts from development and land use change [52]. Mojavset was designed to support joint planning for solar energy and biodiversity conservation, in an effort to increase efficiency and effectiveness of both.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Over 150 years later, the hypothesis of a SC origin of cancer lends itself to a modern-day interpretation of this theory: in a given tissue, somatic tumors could originate from the malignant transformation of a SC or its progeny during the determination process, a phenomenon called maturation arrest[10]. It is well accepted that carcinogenesis is a multi-step process, involving accumulation of genetic mutations leading to the transformation of normal cells into tumorigenic cells. Every proliferating cell within a tissue may be targeted by carcinogenetic stimuli and undergo the process of transformation. Because of the specific characteristics of SCs, mutations within the SC compartment may result in cancer transformation[15]. Similarly, tumors might also arise from mutated progenitor cells which have regained the property of self-renewal, thereby dedifferentiating towards a SC phenotype[68–72]. Presumably, fewer mutagenic changes are required to transform a SC, in which the machinery to specify and regulate self-renewal is already active, as compared to more committed progenitor cells, in which self-renewal must be activated ectopically[70]. Another potential source of tumorigenic cells may be represented by circulating pluripotent cells, originating from the BM and able to migrate into non-hematopoietic sites. The existence of such a population of SCs, whose properties are reminiscent of ESCs, has been suggested in humans and experimental animal models[73]. Once recruited, these cells may behave as normal SCs, and, therefore may accumulate mutations over time and initiate malignancies. Indeed, a recent report described a mouse model of gastric cancer induced by H Pylori infection, in which BM-derived cells were able to contribute to cancer development[74]. The hypothesis of a SC origin of tumors imposes caution when proposing SC-based therapies to treat human diseases. It is well known that ESCs may give rise to tumors, while cancers derived from ASC-therapies have never been reported. Nonetheless, the long-term safety of ASC infusion has not been adequately tested: preclinical studies and clinical trials with longer follow-up periods should be recommended prior to large-scale clinical applications of such cell-based therapies. Along with the possible role of SCs in the cellular origin of tumors, mounting evidence suggests that cancer might be considered as a SC disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: During this period electric foot shocks were delivered through the grid floor (2 mA, 50 Hz of 2 ms duration) for inducing stress triggered transient hyperthermia. 27,28 Five consecutive foot shocks of 2 mA at 10 s interval were given 10 s after placing the animals in the test box. At the end of the minute, the animal was placed back to its home cage and 10 min thereafter their rectal temperatures were recorded again. Numerical differences between the rectal temperature of a given animal before oral administrations and 10 min after the foot shock session was calculated and used as an index for stress triggered transient hyperthermia. Animals of non-stressed groups in two of the four described experiments were also placed in the black box with grid floor for 1 min, but no foot shocks were given to them on the test days and their rectal temperatures were also measured again 10 min after they had been placed back to their home cages. All rectal temperatures were recorded by using a calibrated rectal probe and electronic thermometer (Digital Thermometer; Dr. Gene, New Delhi, India). Tail suspension test On the 11th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments, individual mouse of a group was hung by its tail, 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tapes placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail on a wire in an upside down posture. After initial vigorous movements, the mouse assumes an immobile posture and the period of immobility during a 5 min observation period were recorded. 29 Pentobarbital induced sleep test No oral treatments were given on 12th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments. All animals of all test groups of an experiment were tested for prior treatment effects on sleep onset (loss of righting reflex) and duration of sleep/hypnosis induced by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i. p. ). The rectal temperatures and body weights of animals were recorded before pentobarbital challenges. 30 Marble burying test Two versions of this test often used for identifying anxiolytic activity of test agents potentially useful of treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders31 were used on the 11th and 12th days of the two further analogous experiments. The standard, or the one-zone, version of the test was conducted on the 11th day of the experiments and the other version (two-zone version) on the 12th or the ultimate observational day of an experiment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: With relatively little effort, future work could take the existing Mojavset code and make it portable for other locations. Based on the case study described here, the approach is promising as a tool for planners seeking to balance renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation in the DRECP planning region and beyond. 1. . Wildlife conservation and solar energy development in the Desert Southwest, United States. Bioscience. 2011;61(12): 982–92. View 2. - Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy. Renewable & Reviews. 2014;29: 766–79. View 3. Abbasi S, Abbasi N. The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources. Applied Energy. 2000;65(1): 121–44. View 4. CEQ. Protection of the environment (under the Policy Act). Washington D. C. : Council on Environmental Quality; 2000. p. 1500–17. 5. . Siting solar energy development to minimize biological impacts. Renewable Energy. 2013;57: 289–98. View 6. . An approach to enhance the conservation-compatibility of solar energy development. Plos One. 2012;7(6). View 7. . Efficient use of land to meet sustainable energy needs. Change. 2015;5(4): 353–8. View 8. Moilanen A. Planning impact avoidance and biodiversity offsetting using software for spatial conservation prioritisation. Wildlife Research. 2013;40(2): 153–62. View 9. A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale. Bioscience. 2009;59(1): 77–84. View 10. Gibbons P, Lindenmayer DB. Offsets for land clearning: no net loss or the tail wagging the dog? & Restoration. 2007;8(1): 26–31. View 11. ten. Biodiversity offsets: Views, experience, and the business case. IUCN. 2004. Available: 12. . Assessing the impacts of biodiversity offset policies. & Software. 2011;26(12): 1481–8. View 13. Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation. 2012;155: 141–8. View 14. . Policy development for biodiversity offsets: a review of offset frameworks. Environmental Management.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Over the past 30 years, several studies have demonstrated that most cancers possess a hierarchic organization: the great majority of cancer cells cannot sustain the tumor mass, nor establish secondary lesions elsewhere in the body. Only a minority of cancer cells appear to be tumor-initiating and possess the metastatic phenotype. These cells have the property of self-renewal, can differentiate into any cell within the tumor population, and can migrate, establishing metastases. Given the similarities between normal SCs and tumor-initiating cells, the latter have been termed cancer SCs (CSCs)[75]. Studies on acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) firstly showed that only a small subset of cancer cells was capable of extensive proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Two models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: the stochastic theory and the cancer SC theory[76]. In the first model, processes of self-renewal versus differentiation occur randomly, so that every cancer cell has an equal probability of retaining self-renewal capacity. Conversely, the cancer SC theory postulates a hierarchical organization of functionally distinct cell subpopulations, at the apex of which resides a small population of tumor-initiating cells, responsible for cancer growth and progression. Such a hierarchical organization was first documented in hematological malignancies by Dick et al, who showed that only AML-initiating cells could induce AML when transplanted into SCID mice[7778]. These results represented both the first direct demonstration of the existence of CSCs, and a proof of principle extendible to solid tumors. Currently, distinct populations of CSCs have been identified within the hematopoietic system[7779], breast[80], brain[81], prostate[8283], lung[84], skin, bone, kidney, ovary, head and neck cancers, and also gastrointestinal and liver tumors[85–90]. Tumor-initiating cells mimic SC properties to sustain the growth and spread of the tumor, while eluding the intrinsic and extrinsic controls that regulate homeostasis within SC populations. The unique properties of CSCs explain the failure of traditional chemotherapic strategies aimed at reduction of tumor mass by targeting proliferating cells: CSCs are usually quiescent and thus refractory to these treatments.

Output: contrast