Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 17: 3920–3931. [PubMed] and Kimura, F (2000). Effects of gap junction blocker on vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide rhythms in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 38: 43–47. [PubMed] Reed, HE, Meyer-and Piggins, HD (2001). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase- shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro Neurosci 13: 839–843. [PubMed] Nielsen, HS, Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night Neurosci 15: 570–574. [PubMed] and Herzog, ED (2005). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons 8: 476–483. [PubMed] and Harari, N (1990). Vasopressinergic innervation of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: An immuno-electron microscopic analysis J 298: 172–187. [PubMed] Van den Pol, AN and Gorcs, T (1986). Synaptic relationship between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase J 252: 507–521. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1996). Circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in suprachiasmatic nucleus slices from the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat Neuroscience 75: 635–641. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1998). Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 119: 351–364. [PubMed] Mihai, R, Juss, TS and Ingram, CD (1994).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Human adaptation to various climates has led to distinct physical traits. [SEP] Text: Körner C, Basler D: Plant science. Phenology under global warming. Science. 2010; 327(5972): 1461–2. Pub| Text 10. Körner C, Basler D, Hoch G, et al. : Where, why and how? Explaining the low-temperature range limits of temperate tree species. J Ecol. 2016; 104(4): 1076–88. Text 11. Larcher W, Siegwolf R: Development of acute frost drought in Rhododendron ferrugineum at the alpine timberline. Oecologia. 1985; 67(2): 298–300. Text 12. : Freezing tolerance and avoidance in high tropical Andean plants: Is it equally represented in species with different plant height? Oecologia. 1991; 86(2): 378–82. Text 13. Körner C: Treelines will be understood once the functional difference between a tree and a shrub is. Ambio. 2012; 41(Suppl 3): 197–206. Text 14. Larcher W, Kainmüller C, Wagner J: Survival types of high mountain plants under extreme temperatures. Flora. 2010; 205(1): 3–18. Text | F1000 Recommendation15. Blümel K, Chmielewski F: Shortcomings of classical phenological forcing models and a way to overcome them. Meteorol. 2012; 164: 10–19. Text 16. Coville FV: of Cold in Stimulating the Growth of Plants. . 1920; 6(7): 434–5. Pub| Text | Text 17. Basler D, Körner C: Photoperiod and temperature responses of bud swelling and bud burst in four temperate forest tree species. Tree Physiol. 2014; 34(4): 377–88. Pub| Text 18. Larcher W, Bauer H: Ecological significance of resistance to low temperature. In: (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, New series 12A, Physiological plant ecology I. Springer, Berlin. 1981; 403–437. Text 19. : European deciduous trees exhibit similar safety margins against damage by spring freeze events along elevational gradients. New Phytol. 2013; 200(4): 1166–75. Pub| Text 20.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Suppression of suprachiasmatic nucleus neuron activity with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: possible role for endogenous vasopressin in circadian activity cycles in vitro 179: 95–99. [PubMed] and Ingram, CD (1994). The effects of [Arg8] vasopressin and [Arg8] vasotocin on the firing rate of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro Neuroscience 62: 783–792. [PubMed] and Goldman, BD (1984). Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region Science 223: 833–835. [PubMed] and Maini, BK (1987). Suprachiasmatic injection of a vasopressin antagonist modifies the circadian rhythm of food intake Biol 48: 344–351. [PubMed] and Singh, PI (1992). Vasopressin antagonist disrupts the circadian rhythm of water intake on suprachiasmatic injection 9: 356–361. [PubMed] Decoursey, PJ and Buggy, J (1986). Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. [abstract] Neurosci 12: 210. and Bittman, EL (1987). Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain J Neurosci 7: 1626–1638. [PubMed] Stoynev, AG and Nagai, K (1996). Lack of effect of suprachiasmatic infusion of a vasopressin antagonist on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in rats 22: 39–43. [PubMed] Boer, GJ, van Esseveldt, KE, van der and Rietveld, WJ (1999). Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats Neuroscience 89: 375–385. [PubMed] van and Swaab, DF (2001). Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression Psychiatry 58: 655–662. [PubMed] and Aguilera, G (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: Potentially this could also be assisted by the non-native plants in the gardens and green areas in the residential, business and university campus surroundings, and perhaps some cavity-nesting species can find suitable habitats on the sides of buildings. The study supports previous research which found that Hymenoptera are more resilient to urbanisation than other pollinator species. The species composition at each site varied a great deal, however, and so it seems that specific bee and wasp species are differently impacted by the changing ecosystem. The surface area available to ground-nesting species and other factors such as larval food supplies are likely to also play a role in determining which species thrive in an urban environment. The lack of the expected difference in visitation to C. fasciculata can most likely be explained as being due to the pollinator not being specific to the plant – C. fasciculata may rely on the bumblebee for pollination, but Bombus spp. can visit many plants including both specialists and generalists. The low numbers of beetle and butterfly visitors to the plants at the Ecosystem suggests these are more sensitive to urbanisation, and this is again likely due to these insects having requirements (other than food in the form of nectar) that are not met in an urban ecosystem. and May (and volunteers with the Pollinator Project) continue to record pollinator visitation to the Ecosystem each summer, and hope to attract a greater diversity of pollinators by increasing the available larval food sources and adding further flowers to provide resources to insects year-round. /Shutterstock. com What could this mean in terms of protecting native pollinator species against habitat destruction and climate change? <>Our research is consistent with that of others who have found that small urban ecosytems can provide habitat for plants and invertebrates in an increasingly human-dominated landscape, though the pollinator communities in urban fragments may be a novel mix of species. The extent to which these new, urban communities can also withstand accelerating climate change requires continued investigation The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: -pollinator interactionspollinator visitationpollinatorsin Floridaurban ecosytemsthis 178. Sandhill Ecosystem. [online]. webpage. Available at: [Accessed 18 Sept. 2020]. Pollinator Project. [online]. webpage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Reghunandanan, R (1988). Bilateral suprachiasmatic injection of naloxone disrupts circadian rhythm of food intake 26: 954–956. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1992). Effect of naloxone injection into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythm of water intake J Biol 1: 33. and Zhou, QY (2005). Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock BMC Neurosci 6: 17. [PubMed] and Weaver, DR (2005). Analysis of the prokineticin 2 system in a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) J 20: 206–18. [PubMed] and Hedley-Whyte, ET (1986). A discrete lesion of ventral hypothalamus and optic chiasm that disturbed the daily temperature rhythm J Neurol 233: 1–4. [PubMed] Cohen, RA and Albers, HE (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study Neurology 41: 726–729. [PubMed] Scheer, FA, Kalsbeek, A and Buijs, RM (2003). Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat 384: 697–709. [PubMed] Bell-and Zoran, MJ (2005). Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms Genet 6: 544–556. [PubMed] and Lee, C (2002). Gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259. [PubMed] Green, CB (2005). Time for chronotherapy? Clock genes dictate sensitivity to cyclophosphamide 102: 3529–3530. [PubMed] Von Schantz, M and Archer, SN (2003). Clocks, genes and sleep J R 96: 486–489. [PubMed] and Takahashi, JS (1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely replace human doctors for diagnosing all diseases. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: cellular processes are driven by cytoskeletal assemblies. It remains unclear how cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins organize into cellular scale structures and how molecular properties of cytoskeletal components affect the large-scale behaviors of these systems. Here, we investigate the self-organization of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus oocyte extracts and find that they can form macroscopic networks that spontaneously contract. We propose that these contractions are driven by the clustering of microtubule minus ends by dynein. Based on this idea, we construct an active fluid theory of network contractions, which predicts a dependence of the timescale of contraction on initial network geometry, a development of density inhomogeneities during contraction, a constant final network density, and a strong influence of dynein inhibition on the rate of contraction, all in quantitative agreement with experiments. These results demonstrate that the motor-driven clustering of filament ends is a generic mechanism leading to contraction. eLife digest The ability of cells to move, divide, and carry out other processes depends on networks of protein filaments and motor proteins collectively known as the cytoskeleton. The motor proteins can move along the filaments to transport molecules and larger structures around the cell, or to rearrange the filaments themselves. The cytoskeleton of animal, plant, and other eukaryotic cells contains two main types of filaments, known as actin filaments and microtubules. Both types of filament have distinct ends, known as the plus and minus ends. Previous studies have revealed that networks of actin filaments can rapidly contract to drive the movement of muscles and other processes. However, it is not known whether networks of microtubules can also contract. Foster et al. studied the microtubules in extracts made from the eggs of a frog called Xenopus laevis. The experiments show that these microtubules form networks that can spontaneously contract. Foster et al. propose that this contraction is caused by the minus ends of the microtubules clustering together due to the activities of a motor protein called dynein. To test this idea, Foster et al. developed a mathematical model based on an 'active fluid' theory. This model makes predictions that agree very well with the experimental data. The next step in this work is to find out if this model of microtubule contraction applies to other networks of microtubules.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe immune system is regulated by circadian clocks within the brain and immune cells. Environmental circadian disruption (ECD), consisting of a 6-h phase advance of the light:dark cycle once a week for 4 weeks, elevates the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in vivo and in vitro. This indicates that circadian disruption adversely affects immune function; however, it remains unclear how the circadian system regulates this response under ECD conditions. Here, we develop an assay using ex vivo whole-blood LPS challenge to investigate the circadian regulation of immune responses in mice and to determine the effects of ECD on these rhythms. LPS-induced IL-6 release in whole blood was regulated in a circadian manner, peaking during subjective day under both entrained and free-running conditions. This LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm was associated with daily variation in both white blood cell counts and immune cell responsiveness. ECD increased the overall level of LPS-induced IL-6 release by increasing immune cell responsiveness and not by affecting immune cell number or the circadian regulation of this rhythm. This indicates that ECD produces pathological immune responses by increasing the proinflammatory responses of immune cells. Also, this newly developed whole blood assay can provide a noninvasive longitudinal method to quantify potential health consequences of circadian disruption in humans. The immune system and its responses are regulated by circadian clocks within the brain and immune cells (Haus and Smolensky, 1999; Scheiermann et al. , 2013). At the molecular level, circadian rhythms are generated by interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops involving a family of clock genes (e. g. , Period1-3, Cryptochrome 1-2, Bmal1, Clock) that regulate cellular functions across the day (Ko and Takahashi, 2006). At the whole animal level, immune responses are regulated in a circadian manner, with daily rhythms in immune cell counts and cytokine levels evident in rodents and humans (Abo et al. , 1981; Arjona and Sarkar, 2006; Born et al. , 1997; Gibbs et al. , 2012). Isolated macrophages exhibit rhythms in clock gene expression, phagocytic activity, and response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Gibbs et al. , 2012; Keller et al. , 2009). Importantly, responses to specific antigens (Fortier et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems have the ability to feel empathy when treating patients. [SEP] Text: With this structure, the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived is maximal: copular feel and the structure have a feel detach the property from the perceived of the experiencer; the have a feel to it construction also detaches it from the perceived itself. 7 8 Conclusion 68This contribution shows that three constructions that appear to be semantical equivalent do not admit the same collocations, which suggests that they have different semantic orientations. 69The same principle seems to be at play in the evolution of the meaning of the verb and of the noun: the copular use of the verb admitting the referent of the perceived as its grammatical object appeared after its use as referring to personal experience; the use of the noun referring to the objective properties of the perceived is also more recent than its meaning of personal experience. In both cases, the most recent meaning consists in the objectification of a personal impression, but the noun goes further in that direction because of its very nominal nature, and the X HAVE a(n) feel to it constitutes the climactic stage of the autonomy of the property ascribed to the perceived. 70The evolution of the two lexemes may rest on the notion that individual experience is based on an extralinguistic reality shared by many speakers, which gives that experience a validity that goes beyond purely subjective sensations or emotions. 71This would explain why historically the copular verb and the noun in their “objective” meaning were first related to physical properties (cf. sections 1. 1 and 1. 2) and only later with affects: the sensations brought about by the perceived have been thought to be common to experiencers before the feelings triggered by a place or a situation. This hypothesis would also account for the late appearance of the structure have a(n) feel to it – depicting an atmosphere or a general impression – whose first occurrence in the Corpus of English (COHA) dates back to 1959. Top of page 439. Cotte Pierre, 1997, Grammaire linguistique. Paris : Didier Érudition. Davies Mark, 2008-, of English: 560 million words, 1990-present, available at Davies Mark. (2010-) of English (COHA): 400 million words, 1810-2009, available online at Gisborne Nikolas, 1993, “Nominalizations of perception verbs”, UCL in Linguistics 5, 23-24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: mechanics, motions, and internal organization of eukaryotic cells are largely determined by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton consists of filaments, such as actin and microtubules, and molecular motors, which consume chemical energy to exert forces on and arrange the filaments into large-scale networks. Motor proteins, including dynein and roughly 14 different families of kinesin (Wordeman, 2010), organize microtubules to form the spindle, which segregates chromosomes during cell division. The motor protein myosin organizes actin filaments into networks which drive cell motility, polarity, cytokinesis, and left-right symmetry breakage (Mitchinson and Cramer, 1996; Mayer et al. , 2010; Naganathan et al. , 2014). The non-equilibrium nature of motor activity is essential for the organization of the cytoskeleton into these diverse sub-cellular structures, but it remains unclear how the interactions between filaments, different motor proteins, and other biomolecules influence the behaviors of the networks they form. In particular, it is difficult to extrapolate from the biochemical properties of motors characterized in reconstituted systems to the biological function of those motors in vivo. To address this question, we study self-organization of cytoskeletal filaments in Xenopus extracts, which recapitulate the biochemical complexity of the in vivo system. The self-organization of cytoskeletal filaments has been extensively studied in cell extracts and in reconstituted systems of purified components. Actin can form macroscopic networks that exhibit a myosin-dependent bulk contraction (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Bendix et al. , 2008; Köhler and Bausch, 2012; Alvarado et al. , 2013; Szent-Györgyi, 1943). Microtubule networks purified from neuronal extracts have also been observed to undergo bulk contraction (Weisenberg and Cianci, 1984), while microtubules in mitotic and meiotic extracts are found to assemble into asters (Gaglio et al. , 1995; Mountain et al. , 1999; Verde et al. , 1991). Aster formation in meiotic Xenopus egg extracts is dynein-dependent, and has been proposed to be driven by the clustering of microtubule minus ends by dynein (Verde et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Shackelford and Feigin, 1973) and nonspecific bacterial products (Halberg et al. , 1960) are under diurnal regulation. Thus, recent work indicates that circadian and immune functions are highly interconnected; however, the consequences of a disrupted circadian environment for proper immune functions remain unclear. Environmental lighting conditions that produce circadian disruption lead to pathological immune responses (Golombek et al. , 2013). Using an environmental circadian disruption (ECD) paradigm involving 4 weekly 6-h phase advances of the light:dark cycle, we have demonstrated that ECD elevates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice in vivo and in isolated macrophages ex vivo (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). Furthermore, clock gene rhythms were disrupted in peritoneal macrophages of ECD mice, with changes in both Bmal1 and Per2 rhythms (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). This suggests that pathological immune responses are associated with altered circadian functions in immune cells; however, it remains unclear whether LPS-induced cytokine release is clock controlled and how ECD affects this response. Here, we develop an ex vivo whole-blood LPS challenge to investigate the circadian regulation of immune responses and the effects of ECD. LPS-induced IL-6 release in whole blood was robust and rhythmic under both entrained and free-running conditions. Circadian variation in this immune response was associated with daily variation in both white blood cell counts and immune cell responsiveness. ECD did not abolish this immune response rhythm but instead elevated overall LPS-induced IL-6 release by increasing immune cell responsiveness and not immune cell number. Materials and MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice (N = 144; age = 4-5 mo) () were entrained for at least 10 days to a 12-h light:12-h dark cycle (LD12:12, lights-off at 1800 h EST) with light provided by fluorescent bulbs (200-400 lux at cage level). Mice were housed singly in polypropylene cages without a running wheel inside light-tight boxes with ad libitum access to water and food (rodent chow #5001, Purina, St. Louis, MO).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: RAI products also offer users interpretability and transparency, making them well-suited for recruitment-based tasks. Getting a job offer – or being denied one – could be life-changing for an applicant. RAI-based tools support fairness for job applicants. Suppose a tool’s developers and users can see why it made certain decisions over others. They can check for potential bias, ensuring it did not influence a particular outcome. That capability is also important if a C-suite member wants to analyze whether now is the right time to expand into a new country or region. Such decisions could forever change the company’s course, making it necessary to have as much trust in the AI as possible. RAI allows this with its transparency emphasis. However, not all company leaders can immediately approve the development resources for an RAI tool. The next best thing is to only use AI for applications that would not substantially change someone’s life or cause harm if the technology reached flawed conclusions. 3. Involved AI development has occurred so rapidly that the technology is now readily available to anyone who want to use it. For example, the AI built into offers real-time suggestions to help drivers take the quickest routes. Spotify and Netflix rely on AI to make content suggestions, increasing the likelihood that users will engage with those platforms longer. Some company leaders are so enthusiastic about AI’s capabilities that they want to remove human oversight. Besides putting jobs at risk, this approach could be particularly dangerous when using AI to handle decision-making. In one 2023 study of business leaders in the and Ireland, 93% favored maintaining humans’ involvement in AI-based decision-making. Additionally, only 29% felt confident that people use AI ethically in business. Continuing to prioritize humans’ input could perhaps increase the confidence in AI because a human could flag unethical or otherwise questionable uses of the technology. That said, 65% of the business leaders polled felt pressured to use AI in their organizations, which could mean some are using AI before they’re ready just to keep up with the Joneses. Most changes take time to implement well, and the organizations that feel rushed could inadvertently begin relying on AI tools containing biases or presenting ethical dilemmas. AI does an excellent job of processing huge amounts of data to find meaningful trends. However, human expertise remains valuable, and people should always question AI conclusions that seem highly unusual or otherwise.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1991). It has also been suggested that dynein binds to the minus ends of microtubules in spindles and clusters the minus ends of microtubules to form spindle poles (Heald et al. , 1996; Burbank et al. , 2007; Khodjakov et al. , 2003; Goshima et al. , 2005; Elting et al. , 2014) and dynein has been shown to accumulate on microtubule minus ends in a purified system (McKenney et al. , 2014). Purified solutions of microtubules and kinesin can also form asters (Nédélec et al. , 1997; Hentrich and Surrey, 2010; Urrutia et al. , 1991), or under other conditions, dynamic liquid crystalline networks (Sanchez et al. , 2012). Hydrodynamic theories have been proposed to describe the behaviors of cytoskeletal networks on length scales that are much greater than the size of individual filaments and motor proteins (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013). These phenomenological theories are based on symmetries and general principles of non-equilibrium physics, with the details of the microscopic process captured by a small number of effective parameters. As hydrodynamic theories are formulated at the continuum level, they cannot be used to derive the values of their associated parameters, which must be obtained from more microscopic theories (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013) or by comparison to experiments (Mayer et al. , 2010; Brugués and Needleman, 2014). A key feature of networks of cytoskeletal filaments and motor proteins that enters hydrodynamic theories, and differentiates these non-equilibrium systems from passive polymer networks, is the presence of additional, active stresses (Prost et al. , 2015, Marchetti et al. , 2013). These active stresses can be contractile or extensile, with profound implications for the large-scale behavior of cytoskeletal networks. Contractile stresses can result from a preferred association of motors with filament ends (Kruse and Jülicher, 2000; Hyman and Karsenti, 1996), nonlinear elasticity of the network (Liverpool et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 8), which is similar to the phase of highest mortality after LPS challenge in vivo (Halberg et al. , 1960; Marpegan et al. , 2009). The LPS-induced IL-6 response rhythm in whole blood persisted after release into DD (CircWave: F2,45 = 44. 8, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 1A), indicating that this rhythm is under circadian control. Similar to LD controls, the DD peak time occurred during subjective day (center of gravity: CT2. 9 ± 2. 5), but LPS-induced IL-6 values were higher at most time points in DD than LD controls (group: F1,79 = 44. 7, p < 0. 0001; group × time: F7,79 = 3. 9, p < 0. 005; LSM contrasts, p < 0. 001) (Fig. 1A). This result is consistent with previous reports that indicate cytokine levels and inflammatory responses are increased under DD (Carlson and Chiu, 2008; Hansson et al. , 1990; Monje et al. , 2011). and colleagues (2009) did not observe persistence of the LPS-induced mortality rhythm in DD, this may reflect that DD mice had higher mortality responses than LD mice at each of the 2 time points investigated. The increase in immune responses under DD may indicate that daily light exposure under entrained conditions suppresses inflammatory responses; however, it remains to be determined whether this is an acute response to DD release and if it is associated with increased severity of LPS responses in vivo. Figure 1. (A) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of whole blood in LD control and DD groups (*p < 0. 006; †p < 0. 05; n = 6 per time point). (B) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of whole blood in LD control and ECD groups. LPS-induced IL-6 responses were also rhythmic after ECD (CircWave: F2,45 = 6. 5, p < 0. 005) (Fig. 1B), with a daytime peak (center of gravity: ZT4. 8 ± 3. 1). Relative to LD controls, stimulated IL-6 release responses were elevated by ECD (group: F1,79 = 27. 0, p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: It’s better to take the time to investigate than trust something that seems even slightly off just for a quick result. 4. and upholding ethical AI applications will likely require several employees within an organization to oversee all AI activities and ensure they meet stated objectives. The chosen individuals can come from various departments, within or outside of technical teams. In a 2022 study, 80% of respondents indicated the primary AI ethics person within their organization was a nontechnical executive. Additionally, three-quarters of those polled viewed ethics as a competitive differentiator. However, many still have significant work to do to meet their ethics-related goals. Fewer than 25% reported implementing AI ethics in their workplaces, but 79% of CEOs said they were prepared to do so. Another relevant finding was that 68% of respondents felt diverse, inclusive workplaces reduced AI bias. However, data indicates that many AI teams still need more gender diversity, underrepresented minorities and further inclusion of those who identify with the + community. 5. Select and bias-free ethical AI tools won’t happen overnight, but people tend to get better results when defining specific goals and identifying the most practical paths to success. Sustainability is another popular topic requiring clear definitions and strategies. Statistics suggest as many as 60% of companies have sustainability strategies. However, they’ll differ based on resources, timelines, current circumstances and other business factors. Those overseeing AI ethics and anti-bias efforts in an organization should determine what constitutes progress in their work. How can they verify a new business analytics tool operates ethically? Has the company established a bias baseline so people can verify that AI is becoming more balanced over time? Choosing and tracking the appropriate metrics allows you to create and stay focused on goals. Also, once it becomes clear things are going in the right direction, the statistics make it easier to justify further investments for more improvements. 6. Efforts to Regulate AI Numerous government agencies and legislators are considering how and when they may regulate AI to minimize the harm it could cause. 2023, representatives from four U. S. federal agencies affirmed they would ensure people always use AI tools in ways consistent with federal laws, and they had already seen ways the technology could worsen fraud and discrimination. The parties also mentioned their legal authorities extend equally to new technology applications as any other type of conduct. Union is working on the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive law for the technology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2009), or the buckling of individual filaments (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Lenz, 2014; Soares e Silva et al. , 2011). Extensile active stresses can arise from polarity sorting or result from the mechanical properties of individual molecular motors (Gao et al. , 2015; Blackwell et al. 2015). In networks with dynamically growing and shrinking filaments, polymerization dynamics can also contribute to the active stress. Experimentally, acto-myosin systems (Murrell and Gardel, 2012; Bendix et al. , 2008; Köhler and Bausch, 2012; Alvarado et al. , 2013; Szent-Györgyi, 1943) and microtubule networks from neuronal extracts (Weisenberg and Cianci, 1984) are observed to be contractile, while purified solutions of microtubules and kinesin can form extensile liquid crystalline networks (Sanchez et al. , 2012). It is unclear which microscopic properties of filaments and motor proteins dictate if the active stress is contractile or extensile in these different systems. Here, we investigate the motor-driven self-organization of stabilized microtubules in Xenopus meiotic egg extracts. These extracts are nearly undiluted cytoplasm and recapitulate a range of cell biological processes, including spindle assembly and chromosome segregation (Hannak and Heald, 2006). We have discovered that, in addition to microtubules forming asters in this system as previously reported (Verde et al. , 1991), the asters assemble themselves into a macroscopic network that undergoes a bulk contraction. We quantitatively characterized these contractions and found that their detailed behavior can be well understood using a simple coarse-grained model of a microtubule network in which dynein drives the clustering of microtubule minus ends. This end clustering mechanism leads to a novel form of active stress, which drives the system to a preferred microtubule density. Our results suggest that the dynein-driven clustering of microtubule minus ends causes both aster formation and network contraction, and have strong implications for understanding the role of dynein in spindle assembly and pole formation. Furthermore, the close agreement we find between experiments and theory demonstrates that simple continuum models can accurately describe the behavior of the cytoskeleton, even in complex biological systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , 2010), ECD increased the level of LPS-induced IL-6 release from PBMC cultures (LSM contrast, p < 0. 01) (Fig. 3A). Last, we tested if PECs exhibited an LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm that could account for the LPS sensitivity rhythm in vitro (Fig. 1A and 1B) and in vivo (Halberg et al. , 1960; Marpegan et al. , 2009). IL-6 release was significantly higher at ZT4 than at ZT16 (LSM contrast, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 3B), and ECD history augmented this response at both time points (LSM contrast, p < 0. 005) (Fig. 3B), similar to results using whole-blood LPS challenge (Fig. 1B). Since immune cell number was controlled when testing for PEC responses, this further indicates that differences in cell numbers alone cannot account for time-of-day or ECD-induced changes in IL-6 release following LPS challenge. Figure 2. (A) Mean lymphocyte and monocyte cell counts (±SEM) of LD control mice at ZT4 and ZT16 (***p < 0. 0001; *p < 0. 005). (B) Mean lymphocyte and monocyte cell counts (±SEM) of LD control and ECD mice at ZT4. Figure 3. (A) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of cultured PBMCs from LD control and ECD mice (***p < 0. 0001). (B) Mean LPS-induced IL-6 response (±SEM) of diurnal PECs from LD control and ECD mice (*p < 0. 01). -induced IL-6 responses remain rhythmic in both whole blood and PECs, which was an unexpected result given our previous observations indicating that ECD diminishes clock gene rhythmicity in macrophages (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: It splits applications into three risk categories. The law would ban the riskiest applications and require tight regulations for others. As these efforts and others continue, companies can support this process as part of their bias reduction and efforts plans. Even though some regulations are in the early stages, they’ll likely create frameworks for organizations to build AI tools that operate responsibly. A 2022 study of more than 350 organizations across various industries also indicated that people support increased regulations. For example, a growing desire for government regulations to prevent AI bias was a sentiment shared by 81% of business leaders. About 54% said they felt deeply concerned about bias-associated risks. Additionally, 36% said AI bias had already caused problems in their organizations. In 62% of instances, it resulted in the company losing revenue, and in 61% of cases, the issue resulted in lost customers. Bias could also detrimentally affect worker retention – 43% of those polled said it had made employees leave. 7. Establish a to intelligence is a buzzworthy topic, but some need help seeing through all the impressive case studies and slick websites. AI has abundant potential, but its shortcomings are also apparent. Several years ago, Amazon tried using an AI hiring tool, but the results showed bias against women, so the company ultimately scrapped it. It is important to balance being open to how AI could assist in business analytics while understanding it’s an imperfect technology. Company leaders could establish training programs to teach employees to recognize bias and unethical performance. A 2023 study comprising interviews with 640 business and senior-level IT professionals found that 51% thought a lack of awareness and understanding of bias created obstacles to addressing it. However, training sessions for development teams and employees within the wider organization could enable them to meaningfully address these issues. Making the training as interactive as possible – such as by asking participants to spot bias and unethical practices – should help them stay engaged and see how the material relates to their work. Such education can also support a culture of responsible AI use throughout an organization. Artificial intelligence is still emerging, although people are rapidly expanding its potential business analytics applications. These seven tips will help users and developers get the best results from AI-based systems and increased confidence in the outcomes, as well as enable organizations to remain ethical and combat bias, even as they quickly scale AI for more company applications. Simply put, check for biases before jumping on the AI bandwagon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: further study the motor-induced organization of microtubules, we added 2. 5 μM Taxol to Xenopus egg extracts and loaded them into microfluidic channels (Figure 1A). Taxol causes microtubules to rapidly assemble and stabilize (Mitchison et al. , 2013), which allowed us to decouple the effects of motor-driven self-assembly from the complicating effects of polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. In some regions of the channel, microtubules organized into asters (Figure 1B) as observed previously (Verde et al. , 1991). A NUMA antibody was used to locate microtubule minus ends (Mitchison et al. , 2013), and was found to localize to the aster core, confirming the polarity of the aster (Gaglio et al. , 1995). Isolated asters were found to interact and coalesce (Figure 1C, Video 1). In other regions of the channel, microtubules formed networks of aster-like structures (Figure 1D), which were highly dynamic and exhibited large-scale motion that persisted for several tens of seconds (Figure 1E, Video 2). NUMA was found to localize to the interior of these structures, confirming their aster-like nature (Figure 1F,G). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Stabilized microtubules form asters in Xenopus egg extracts. (A) Experiments were performed in thin rectangular channels of width W0, height H0, and length L0. (B) In some regions of the channel, microtubules organize into asters, with minus ends localized in the aster core (Scale bar, 5 μm). (C) Isolated asters fuse together over minute timescales (Scale bar, 5 μm). (D) Aster-like structures form in other regions of the channel (Scale bar, 10 μm) (E) Aster-like structures show large scale movement on minute timescales. (Scale bar, 25 μm). (F) NUMA localizes to the network interior (Scale bar, 20 μm). (G) Closeup of aster-like structure showing NUMA localized on the interior (Scale bar, 10 μm). Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: While rhythmicity was not abolished, the overall level of the LPS-induced IL-6 response was elevated by ECD in whole blood, PBMCs, and PECs. Since macrophages can remain in the peritoneum for long periods of time, it is likely that the PEC cells tested here in vitro were exposed to ECD while in vivo. Conversely, PBMCs are only in circulation for a few days before migration and differentiation. Therefore, these newly derived cells were not exposed to ECD but yet, like PECs, display an ECD-induced increase in LPS responsiveness. Mechanisms for this ECD-induced increase in IL-6 response in these newly derived cells may include a systemic signal in circulation or epigenetic modifications to hematopoietic parent cells that are passed to daughter cells during replication and act on LPS-activated proinflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory pathways. In summary, the circadian rhythm in the inflammatory response to LPS is related to both diurnal variation in immune cell number and responsiveness. ECD elevates the LPS-induced IL-6 release response without abolishing this immune rhythm. ECD-induced elevation of IL-6 release is associated with increased immune cell responsiveness rather than cell number. It remains to be determined whether the LPS-induced IL-6 release rhythm is altered during ECD but recovers when resynchronization is complete, which was the focus of this investigation. Also, it remains unknown whether humans exhibit pathological immune responses after circadian disruption. The whole blood assay developed here may provide a noninvasive longitudinal means to quantify inflammatory responses in human subjects across the circadian day and following laboratory- or real life–induced circadian disruption. 3034. The authors thank the MSM Center for Resources, the MSM Office of Graduate Studies, and Drs. Andrew Gewirtz, Ting-Chung Suen, and Gianluca Tosini. Conflict of Interest StatementThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 1363. PubMedWeb of Science476. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4464. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5805. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6300. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science587. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science144.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: For example, while MAPLE’s camera can be used to acquire time-lapse movies of yeast colony growth, Physarum plasmodium movement, or C. elegans locomotion, purpose-built worm imaging systems can provide comparable data with higher throughput (Churgin et al. , 2017) or higher resolution (Stern et al. , 2017). Likewise, purpose-built yeast colony picking robots (e. g. BioMatrix, S and P Robotics) achieve higher performance on specific tasks like transferring colonies, although typically at a higher price. MAPLE’s open, modular design is meant to facilitate customization and prototyping, so it may be a good platform for the development of new organism-handling hardware, for example, for the dissection and transfer of Physarum syncytium or individual worms. These and other experimental applications might rely on liquid-handling. MAPLE currently has no liquid-handling capabilities, but there are open source liquid-handling robotic systems such as Opentrons ( which could be integrated with MAPLE. Specifically, liquid-handling effectors could be installed on MAPLE z-axes, replacing some or all of the current effectors. In its current configuration, MAPLE has some drawbacks. Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as asters undergo coalescence. Taxol stabilized microtubules in Xenopus oocyte extracts self-organize into asters that can then coalesce. The mageneta channel depicts microtubules while the green channel depicts NUMA localization, here used as a proxy for microtubule minus ends. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as organize into dynamic aster-like structures. In other regions of the channel, microtubules organize into aster-like structures that exhibit large-scale movement on the minute timescale. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. To characterize these large-scale motions, we next imaged networks at lower magnification, obtaining a field of view spanning the entire channel width. The networks, which initially filled the entire channel (width W0 = 1. 4 mm), underwent a strong contraction, which was uniform along the length of the channel (Figure 2A, Video 3). The contractile behavior of these microtubule networks is highly reminiscent of the contractions of actin networks in these extracts (Bendix et al. , 2008), but in our experiments actin filaments are not present due to the addition of 10 μgmL Cytochalasin D. We characterized the dynamics of microtubule network contractions by measuring the width, W(t), of the network as a function of time (Figure 2B). Occasionally, we observed networks tearing along their length (Video 4), yet these tears seemed to have little impact on the contraction dynamics far from the tearing site, arguing that the Poisson ratio of the network is ≈ 0. We then calculated the fraction contracted of the network: (1) ϵ(t)=W0-W(t)W0, Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Stabilized microtubules form a contractile network in Xenopus egg extracts. (A) Low magnification imaging shows that microtubules form a contractile network (Scale bar, 500 μm). (B) The width of the microtubule network decreases with time (n = 6 experiments).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Variation in nocturnality and circadian activity rhythms between photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive ratsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-8Submitted on May 28, 2008Accepted on Sep 9, 2008Published on Sep 9, 20084. 0 timing of both circadian and seasonal changes in physiology and behavior are important for animals [1]. Biologically appropriate daily and seasonal timing depends upon normal and precise function of the circadian system [2 - 4]. Genetic variation for circadian clock function can affect circadian physiological rhythms, daily cyclical behaviors, onset and offset of activity, melatonin rhythms, and regulation of seasonal physiological changes in energetics and reproduction [4 - 6]. Such genetic variation may affect animal and human health and function through effects on biological rhythms and related physiological systems [4,7 - 9]. Particularly important for the circadian system may be pleiotropic variation that could cause correlated variation in more than one trait, thereby affecting multiple body systems [e. g. , examples of gene knockout studies reviewed in [4]]. Studies on laboratory colonies of hamsters have described pleiotropic genetic variation in the circadian clock that also causes variation in photoperiodism [10 - 14]. hamsters, for example, genetically nonphotoperiodic individuals in short photoperiod have a delayed, lower amplitude nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin, a 4. 5 hour delay in the onset of nightly activity, a longer free-running activity period (tau), a shorter duration of running wheel activity (alpha), and some nonphotoperiodic individuals are arrhythmic, relative to photoperiodic individuals [10,11]. In tau mutant Syrian hamsters, the free running rhythm is too short for proper entrainment to a short photoperiod, leading to an inability to produce a short photoperiod melatonin pattern [15]. In contrast, studies on natural populations of rodents have reported genetic variation in seasonal photoperiodic traits which have not been found to be related to circadian variation [16 - 20], suggesting independent sources of variation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI systems can autonomously make decisions on life-saving treatments without human intervention. [SEP] Text: , 16 also supported this statement by asserting that FRAX without BMD is sufficient for treatment decisions. Kim et al. , 17 echoed these findings in their work and observed that since using FRAX without BMD was accurate, this would be useful in regions were DXA scans could not be done. On the other hand, there are studies which disagree. One such study observed that when calculating FRAX without BMD there was an over estimation of fracture risk 18. A Korean study found that in males there was an underestimation of fracture risk when BMD was not used, whilst females there was no difference between using BMD or not 19. But in both studies, it must be stated that they included special groups of patients; females with early breast cancer in the former, and patients with ankylosing spondylitis in the later. Another conclusion reached by Bow et al. , is that ultimately BMD scores are important in refining the estimate of fracture risk 20. When we compared treatment decisions based on FRAX without BMD (calculated using the 9 country calculators), to treatment decisions based on T scores alone to determine which calculator was most sensitive and specific the following was observed; the sensitivity was relatively low with the highest sensitivity (17%) using Kuwait, Lebanon and Syria and the lowest using Tunisia (0%). The specificity was much higher with the highest specificity (100%) using Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Palestine and the lowest specificity using Lebanon (98. 6%). According to Kanis et al. 21, who performed a systematic review of hip fracture incidence and fracture probability worldwide, there is a marked variation around the world. Accordingly, using calculators from different countries may not accurately reflect true fracture risk. This can explain why there was such low sensitivity, and highlight the need for creating an fracture registry to enable the creation of an Egyptian calculator. A significant inverse correlation was observed between FRAX with/out BMD and femur neck T score. conclusion, our findings demonstrate that, for the time-being, we can use FRAX without BMD scores to decide who we can offer treatment to. This is very important in our country because currently DXA scans cannot be offered to all those who need it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (Inset) Representative plot of ϵ(t) (Blue line) and fit from (Equation 2) (Pink line), with ϵ∞=0. 81, τ=3. 49 min, Tc=1. 06 min. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as networks undergo a spontaneous bulk contraction. Low magnification imaging of the channels reveals that microtubules organize into a macroscopic network that spontaneously contracts on the millimeter length scale. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as networks can undergo tearing. During contraction, tears can develop in the microtubule network, causing the network to break. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. The time course of ϵ(t) was found to be well fit by an exponential relaxation: (2) ϵ(t)≃ϵ∞1-e-(t-Tc)τ, where ϵ∞ is the final fraction contracted, τ is the characteristic time of contraction, and Tc is a lag time before contraction begins (Figure 2B, inset, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). We next sought to investigate which processes determine the timescale of contraction and the extent that the network contracts. For this, we exploited the fact that different mechanisms predict different dependence of the timescale τ on the channel dimensions. For instance, in a viscoelastic Kelvin-Voight material driven to contract by a constant applied stress, τ = η/E depends solely on the viscosity η and the Young’s modulus E and is independent of the size of the channel (Oswald, 2009). In contrast, in a poroelastic material driven by a constant stress, τ ∝ W02 (Coussy, 2004), where W0 is the width of the channel. Thus, studying how τ varies with channel width provides a means to test the validity of these models. We fabricated microfluidic channels of varying width, W0 = 1. 4, 0. 9, 0. 44, and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intrinsic tendencies for nocturnality may be most apparent in DD, when individuals must rely entirely on their circadian clock to indicate subjective night and day. Circadian differences could occur in short or long photoperiods as well, though direct effects of light and dark might mask effects of the endogenous circadian rhythm on nocturnality. the hypothesis that differences in clock function cause nonphotoresponsiveness in HSD rats, we predicted that HSD rats would be more likely to be arrhythmic or have poorly defined circadian rhythms of activity, because a damaged or altered clock or clock output pathways that result in an inability to track time-of-day or to pass time-of-day information to other areas of the brain would result in poor circadian regulation of activity. For similar reasons, we predicted that HSD rats would have lower nocturnality than F344 rats because HSD rats would assess day and night inaccurately. Low nocturnality in HSD rats might be most extreme in constant dark, when light cues are not available to mask circadian outputs. In addition, if HSD rats were found to be able to entrain activity to the dark period at least in long photoperiod, we predicted a free-running rhythm greater than 24 hours in HSD rats (which results in entrainment even if there is a deficit in the phase delay portion of the phase response curve) along with inability to lengthen the activity period when moved from long days to short days (which might result from inability to properly phase-delay in response to short photoperiod). This prediction follows Puchalski and Lynch [11], who used the nonparametric theory of entrainment [33] in developing a model for nonresponsiveness of Siberian hamsters. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 1: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in LD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod treatment with light cues that would not normally trigger photoperiodic responses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: These supporting documents include lesson plans, lab preparation notes for the lab coordinator(s) and instructor(s), lecture slides, handouts, worksheets, and grading rubrics. Each of which is described in detail below. Unit 1: Fundamentals of Science and Students spend the first four weeks of the semester in the Fundamentals unit conducting activities that teach about the process of scientific discovery, hypothesis testing, study design, taxonomy, phylogeny, and DNA sequence divergence. These activities lay the groundwork for students to understand the fundamental ideas underlying their upcoming semester-long project that involves quantifying biodiversity in forest edge vs. interior habitats, DNA barcoding, and bioinformatic analyses. Week 1 - of Adapted with permission from (Detailed outline - S1. 1: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of Plan. docx) This lesson adapted from is an icebreaker activity that introduces students to the process of scientific discovery. Students begin with a simple warm up activity where they use mystery boxes ( to test hypotheses, conduct simple experiments, and collaborate with each other (S1. 2: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. docx) to decipher what's inside of a sealed box. Following this activity, the class discusses whether they were doing science and identify aspects of the activity that make it scientific. Next, students are introduced to a flowchart developed by educators at UC Berkeley ( that depicts the process of science (S1. 3a: & S1. 3b: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. pdf). Students then read a story that describes how the geoscientist, Walter Alvarez, compiled over 20 years of evidence to support the hypothesis that an asteroid was responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs ( Students identify phrases within the story that indicate that Alvarez was doing science and use these to plot the pathway of through the process of science flowchart (S1. 4: DNA Barcoding - Week 01 - Process of. docx). Students are asked to identify important, and often misunderstood aspects of the process of science (Ex. pathway to discovery is often nonlinear, science involves creativity and collaboration, etc. ). The process of science flow chart also acts a touchstone for students to reflect on their own activities throughout their semester-long DNA barcoding project. This lesson requires ~1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 16 mm, all with height H0 = 125 μm, loaded the channels with extracts supplemented with 2. 5 μM Taxol, and imaged the networks at low magnification (Figure 3A, Video 5). Results for each channel width were averaged together to produce master curves of the width, W(t) (Figure 3B), and fraction contracted, ϵ(t) (Figure 3C), of the networks in each channel. Visual inspection of the fraction-contracted curves, ϵ(t), reveals that networks in smaller channels contract faster, but all reach a similar final fraction contracted (Figure 3C). To quantify these trends, we fit the ϵ(t) curves using (Equation 2) and extracted the characteristic time to contract, τ, and the final fraction contracted, ϵ∞, for each channel width. We find that the dependence of τ on channel width is inconsistent with the time of contraction resulting from either viscoelastic or poroelastic timescales, which would predict constant and quadratic scalings respectively (Figure 3D). We next explored the influence of channel height H0 (H0 = 75, 125, 150 μm, all with width W0 = 1. 4 mm) and found that τ does not significantly vary in these channels (Figure 3E). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Contraction dynamics in channels of different width provide a means to test potential contraction mechanisms. (A) Microtubules form contractile networks in channels with various widths (Scale bar, 500 μm, t=10 min). (B) Width of the networks as a function of time in channels with various widths. (C) Fraction contracted as a function of time, ϵ(t), calculated from the data in B. The networks all contract to a similar final fraction, while the timescale of contraction differs. (D) The scaling of the characteristic time, τ, with channel width does not vary as W02, as would result for a poroelastic timescale, and is not a constant, independent of width, as would result from a viscoelastic timescale. The scaling is well described by an active fluid model (green line analytic scaling, fit to (Equation 6); green dots numerical solution). (E) The characteristic time, τ, is found to be independent of channel height. The dashed line is the mean value of τ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of young male F344/NHsd rats (breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) and HSD rats (Hsd:Sprague Dawley; breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were compared in long days (LD), 16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST (N = 15 F344 rats and 18 HSD rats). Rats were only tested during the four weeks after weaning in order to match the period when F344 rats and other strains are known to show variation in photoperiodic responses [27,28,30,34]. In order to control for potential changes related to age, each individual rat was tested in only one photoperiod treatment. All rats were gestated and raised in LD (16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST) prior to weaning at 23 ± 2 days of age. They were then transferred to individual cages with activity wheels (and Cage, Catalog No. 60-1943) and placed in environmental and photoperiod chambers (Revco, Asheville, North Carolina) in groups of up to 12 rats/chamber. Magnetic switches on the running wheels signaled revolutions to an event recorder sending output in 6-minute data collection periods, or 'bins', to a personal computer. Rats were fed a laboratory diet (LM – 485 Sterilizable Mouse/7012, Madison, WI) and tap water ad libitum. Temperature was maintained at 22. 5 ± 1°C. Data collection ended after four weeks ± 4 days. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 2: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in SD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod with light cues that would normally trigger reproductive suppression, reduced food intake, and slowed somatic growth in a photoresponsive rat. Activity patterns of young male F344 and HSD rats (N = 16 per group) were compared for short days (SD), 8 L: 16 D with lights on at 0900 EST. Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: We aim to show how that happens and indicate why this conclusion is more plausible than it might initially appear to be. Second, this paper assumes that conscious beings merit moral consideration. Of course, philosophers disagree about the basis for moral standing, with some denying that consciousness is necessary for moral standing and others denying that consciousness is sufficient. Our aim is not to intervene in this debate, but rather to argue that if conscious beings merit moral consideration, then we should extend moral consideration to some AI systems by 2030. As we discuss below, we personally think that conscious beings do merit moral consideration, and if you agree, then you can read our argument in unconditional terms. If not, then you can read our argument in conditional terms, pending further work on the basis for moral standing and the relationship between consciousness and other morally relevant features. Third, our argument in this paper is intentionally conservative in two respects. When we develop our normative premise, we assume for the sake of argument that a non-negligible chance means a 0. 1% chance or higher. Footnote 2 And when we develop our descriptive premise, we make conservative assumptions about how demanding the requirements for consciousness are and how difficult these requirements are to satisfy. Our own view is that the threshold for non-negligibility is much lower than 0. 1%, and that the chance that some AI systems will be conscious by 2030 is much higher than 0. 1%. But we focus on this threshold here to be generous to skeptics about our view, and to emphasize that in order to avoid our conclusion, one must take extremely bold and tendentious positions about either the values, the facts, or both. Finally, we should emphasize that our conclusion here has no straightforward implications for how humans should treat AI systems. Even if we agree that we should extend moral standing to AI systems by 2030, we need to consider further questions before we know what that means in practice. For instance, how much do AI systems count and in what ways do they count? What do they want and need, how will our actions and policies affect them, and what do we owe them in light of these expected effects? And how can, and should, we make tradeoffs between humans, animals, and AI systems in practice? We will consider possible tradeoffs in more detail below. For now, we will simply note that answering these questions responsibly will take a lot of work from a lot of people, which is why we should start asking these questions now.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (F) ϵ∞ is constant for all channel widths and heights, indicating that the network contracts to a constant final density. The dashed line is the mean value of ϵ∞. All panels display mean ± s. e. m. Video 5 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as contraction in channels of varying width. Devices were fabricated with different widths. Each video panel depicts a representative experiment using channels of the given width. Time is shown in minutes : seconds. In all cases, the networks contracted to a similar final fraction, ϵ∞, of ≈ 0. 77, irrespective of channel geometry (Figure 3F). Since the Taxol concentration was held constant, all experiments started with the same initial density of microtubules, regardless of the dimensions of the channel. Thus, all networks contracted to the same final density. By using fluorescence intensity as a proxy for tubulin concentration (see Materials and methods), we estimate the final concentration of tubulin in the network to be ρ0≈ 30 μM. Remarkably, this is comparable to the concentration of microtubules in reconstituted meiotic spindles in Xenopus extracts (Needleman et al. , 2010), which is ≈ 60 μM. As neither the simple viscoelastic nor poroelastic models are consistent with these results, we sought to construct an alternative model of the contraction process. stabilizes microtubules in these experiments, the density of microtubules ρ is conserved throughout the contraction process, implying (3) ∂tρ=-∇→⋅(ρv→), where v→ is the local velocity of the microtubule network. The velocity v→ is set by force balance. If the relevant timescales are long enough that the microtubule network can be considered to be purely viscous, and if the network’s motion results in drag, then the equation for force balance is (4) η∇2v→-γv→=∇→⋅σ, where η and γ are the viscosity and drag coefficients, respectively, and σ is an active stress caused by motor proteins which drive the contraction of the microtubule network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian lightDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian lightpresent paper reflects a work in progress toward a definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution of our present definition of light as a stimulus for the human visual system. This work in progress is based upon the functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, in large part because the basic data are available in the literature. Discussed here are the fundamental differences between responses by the visual and circadian systems to optical radiation. Brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry, and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. Finally, circadian light (CLA) and circadian stimulus (CS) calculation procedures based on a published mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction are presented with an example. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-2Submitted on Dec 11, 2009Accepted on Feb 13, 2010Published on Feb 13, 20104. 0 suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus host the master circadian clock that organizes and orchestrates the timing of all daily biological functions, from complicated physiological systems to single cells. The SCN in humans have, on average, an intrinsic period slightly greater than 24 hours [1] that is modulated by the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina. As a result of the earth's rotation on its axis, the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina synchronizes the SCN to a matching 24-h period. Recent research has demonstrated that disruption of the natural, 24-h pattern of light and dark from rapid flight across time zones or from rotating shift work can lead to a wide variety of maladies, from poor performance to sleep loss, weight gain, and even breast cancer [2 - 9]. Because it is increasingly evident that retinal light and dark exposures can profoundly affect human health and well-being, it is increasingly important to be able to quantify both light and dark as stimuli to the human circadian system. The present paper deals with the evolving definition of circadian light.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: ” As a result, Godfrey-Smith is “skeptical about the existence of non-animal” consciousness, including AI consciousness [70]. Other theorists express skepticism about AI consciousness on current hardware for similar reasons [71, 72]. Of course, these views represent only a subset of views about which substrates and functions are required for consciousness. Many views—most notably, many varieties of computationalism and/or functionalism—allow that consciousness requires a general physical substrate or a general set of functions that can be realized in both carbon-based and silicon-based systems. Indeed, many of the conditions that we consider below, according to which consciousness arises when beings with a particular kind of body are capable of a particular kind of cognition, flow from such views. Thus, rejecting the possibility of near-term AI consciousness out of hand requires more than accepting that consciousness requires a particular kind of substrate or function. It also requires accepting a specific, biological view on this matter. Note also that whereas the biological substrate view implies that AI consciousness is impossible as a general matter, the biological function view implies that AI consciousness is impossible only to the extent that silicon-based systems are incapable of performing the relevant functions. But of course, even if AI systems are incapable of performing these functions given current hardware setups, that might change if we have other, more biologically inspired hardware setups in future [73]. So, insofar as we accept this kind of view, the upshot is not that AI consciousness is impossible forever, but rather that AI consciousness is impossible for now. Nevertheless, since our goal here is to estimate the probability of AI consciousness within the decade, we can treat both views as ruling out AI consciousness for present purposes. Our own view is that the biological substrate view is very likely to be false, and that the biological function view is at least somewhat likely to be false. It seems very implausible to us that consciousness requires a carbon-based substrate as a matter of principle, even if silicon-based systems can perform all the same functions. In contrast, it seems more plausible that consciousness requires a specific set of functions that, at present, only carbon-based systems can perform. But we think that this issue is, at best, a toss-up at present.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The observation that the timescale of contraction, τ, is independent of channel height (Figure 3E) shows that the drag does not significantly vary with channel height, and thus could arise from weak interactions between the microtubule network and the device wall. We obtain an expression for the active stress, σ, by considering the microscopic behaviors of microtubules and motor proteins. As the contracting networks consist of microtubule asters (Figure 1D, E), and microtubule asters in meiotic extracts are thought to assemble by the dynein-induced clustering of microtubule minus ends (Verde et al. , 1991), we hypothesize that the contraction process is also driven by dynein pulling microtubule minus ends towards each other (Figure 4A). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Cartoon of the microscopic model underlying the active fluid theory of network contractions by minus end clustering. (A) Microtubule sliding by dynein drives microtubule minus ends together. (B) Minus end clustering leads to the formation of aster-like structures. Due to steric interactions between microtubules, there is an upper limit to the local microtubule density. (C) The microtubule network is composed of interacting asters. Motor activity driving aster cores together leads to bulk contraction of the network. In an orientationally disordered suspension of microtubules, we expect dynein mediated collection of microtubule minus ends to drive a contractile stress which is proportional to the number of motor molecules m and the local density of microtubules ρ, (see 2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β = 0. 085 ± 0. 006 are dimensionless constants, which we determined numerically (see 0. 82 ± 0. 20 min and γ∕(sρ02) = 1. 0 ×10-5±0. 7×10-5 min∕(μm2) (mean ± standard error). Combining this measurement with an estimate for the network viscosity taken from measurements in spindles of η ≈ 2×102Pa⋅s (Shimamoto et al. , 2011), we can estimate the dynein-generated active stress to be sρ02 ≈ 4Pa which is consistant with having ≈ 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [32] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression following exposure to lights presented monocularly and binocularly to demonstrate that the subadditive response to light by the circadian system originated in the retina as predicted by Rea et al. [36]. Figueiro et al. [42] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression from short-wavelength light stimuli; these data were consistent with predictions made using the model by Rea and colleagues [36]. Similarly, noctural melatonin suppression measurements reported by Revell and Skene [43] in response to narrowband and broadband light stimuli varying in intensity were shown [44] to be consistent with predictions using this model [36]. Utilization of circadian light As previously described, Rea et al. [36] proposed a mathematical model for quantifying circadian light for any spectral irradiance distribution. Two changes in the circadian light nomenclature from that paper have been made for metrological clarity. First, because the units of CL (spectrally weighted irradiance in W/m2) are new and, therefore, are not particularly intuitive to a user, a normalized quantity, CLA, was derived to more easily compare CL values with values of photopic illuminance, in lux (lx). A value of CL can be determined, measured or calculated, for 1000 lx of CIE standard illuminant A [21], a blackbody radiator at a color temperature of 2856 K similar in relative spectral power distribution to an incandescent lamp, and a scalar multiplier determined to make the product of CL and the multiplier equal 1000. The product of CL and this multiplier defines the quantity CLA. Any value of CL can then be normalized in terms of a reference illuminance of 1000 lx from the standard illuminant A equaling 1000 CLA units. CLA is numerically identical to orthodox photopic illuminance when illuminant A produces 1000 lx, but can differ, sometimes significantly, for other spectral power distributions and illuminance levels due to nonlinear operations in the CL formulation (see Additional file 1). Nevertheless, for many common white light sources values of CLA are similar in magnitude to illuminance values (in lx) at any level. Second, circadian stimulus (CS; [3,36,44,45]) in the original formulation is now defined as CL and, after normalization, as CLA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: At this early stage in our understanding of consciousness, it would be unreasonable for us to assign a high credence to the proposition that anything as specific as metabolism and system-wide synchronization via oscillations [70] is necessary for any kind of subjective experience at all. Many experts appear to agree. For example, a recent survey of the Association for the of Consciousness, a professional membership organization for scientists, philosophers, and experts in other relevant disciplines, found that about two thirds (67. 1%) of respondents think that machines such as robots either “definitely” or “probably” could have consciousness in future [74]. This suggests that at least this many respondents reject the idea that consciousness requires a carbon-based substrate in principle, and they also reject the idea that consciousness requires a set of functions that only carbon-based systems can realize in practice. Of course, these respondents might or might not think that consciousness requires a set of functions that only carbon-based systems can realize at present. Still, the fact that many experts are open to the possibility of AI consciousness is noteworthy. 3. 2 Moderately demanding conditionsWe can now consider eight proposed necessary conditions for consciousness that are moderately demanding for AI systems to satisfy. As we will see, the first four refer to relatively general features of a system, whereas the last four refer to relatively specific mechanisms that flow from leading theories of consciousness. Many also overlap, both in principle and in practice. Embodiment: Some theorists hold that embodiment is necessary for consciousness [75]. We can distinguish two versions of this view. According to strong embodiment, a physical body in a physical environment is necessary for consciousness. This view might imply that AI systems like large language models lack consciousness at present, but not that AI systems like robots do. In contrast, according to weak embodiment, a virtual body in a virtual environment would be sufficient for consciousness. On this view, a wider range of AI systems can be conscious. In either case, since many AI systems already have physical and virtual bodies, and since both kinds of embodiment are useful for many tasks, we take the probability that at least some AI systems will satisfy this condition in the near future to be very high on both interpretations. Grounded perception: Some theorists hold that grounded perception, that is, the capacity to perceive objects in an environment, is necessary for consciousness [75, 76]. We can once again distinguish two versions of this view.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 4 dynein per microtubule minus end each exerting an average force of 1 pN (Nicholas et al. , 2015). To further explore the validity of the active fluid theory of contraction by microtubule minus end clustering, we explored other testable predictions of the theory. This theory predicts that: (i) the preferred density of the network ρ0 is constant and does not depend on the initial conditions. This is consistent with the constant ϵ∞ measured experimentally (Figure 3F); (ii) since contractions are driven by stress gradients (Equation 4) and stress depends on microtubule density (Equation 5) the density discontinuity at the edge of the network should produce large-stress gradients, leading to an inhomogeneous density profile in the network during contraction; (iii) the magnitude of the active stress, s, is proportional to the number of active motors, but the final density of the network, ρ0, is independent of the number of molecular motors (see 0. 82 ± 0. 03 min, γ∕(sρ02) = 6. 1 ± 0. 1×10-6 min/(μm2), and ρinitial∕ρ0 = 0. 32 ± 0. 01 (mean ± s. e. m. , n=4 experiments). Within error, these values are the same as those determined from the dependence of the timescale of contraction on channel width (Figure 3D). The simulated profiles closely match the experimental ones for most of the contraction (Figure 5B), but at late times the simulated inhomogeneities dissipate in contrast to the experiments (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). This might be caused by a long-term aging of the network that is not incorporated into our simple model. To confirm that the density buildup was due to an increased velocity near the network’s edge, we measured the velocity throughout the network using P10. 7554/eLife. 10837. 013 Finally, we sought to determine the molecular basis of the contraction process, and check prediction (iii), that the number of motors driving the contraction affects the rate of contraction, but not the final density the network contracts to. Aster assembly is dynein-dependent in Xenopus egg extracts (Gaglio et al. ,1995; Verde et al. , 1991), and dynein (Heald et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: To understand why, consider two light sources producing very different irradiance and spectral quantities, resulting in CLA values of 10,000 and of 20,000 units. Despite a large difference in the values of CLA, the two sources would not be expected to produce different outcomes from the circadian system, at least in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression. Both would produce saturating levels of suppression of about 75% percent after an hour of exposure. Thus, while the two sources would be characterized as being very different in terms of CLA, their effectiveness as a circadian stimulus in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression would be identical. The term CS for a given light source is therefore now defined in terms of the relative effectiveness of CL, or CLA, for producing a meaningful circadian response. The logistic function in Figure 4 is used to relate a given CL, or CLA, value to its corresponding CS value, between 0 (or 0%) and 0. 75 (or 75%), characterizing the relative effectiveness of the source as a stimulus to the circadian system. The implications for establishing quantitative measures of CL, CLA and CS are key to developing an understanding of how temporal patterns of light and dark affect human health and well-being. Without a quantitative understanding of the circadian light stimulus it will be difficult or impossible to make significant progress in unraveling the role that circadian disruption has on diseases such as breast cancer [2,3], cardiovascular disease [4 - 6], diabetes [7,8] and sleep disorders [9]. Toward this end a circadian light dosimeter, the Daysimeter (Figure 5), was developed to quantify circadian light exposures in these vulnerable populations. The Daysimeter, previously described [46] and subsequently refined [47], is a personal head-worn device that measures CLA and photopic illuminance near the plane of the wearer's cornea. also includes calibrated accelerometers to measure rest and activity. Data from the Daysimeter are recorded for as long as one month of wear and retrieved for post-processing. has its own spectral, spatial, and absolute light calibration so, following post-processing, it is possible to quantify individual CLA exposures in real life over extended periods. These data have great potential for understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health because, for the first time, researchers and clinicians can actually measure circadian disruption among individuals in these vulnerable populations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can be programmed to cure all diseases by the year 2030. [SEP] Text: Since this condition depends only on functions like broadcasting and accessing, many experts believe that suitable AI systems can satisfy it (see, for example: [88,89,90]). Indeed, and colleagues are the latest group to attempt to build an AI system with a global workspace [91], and Juliani et al. [92] argue that an AI system has already developed a global workspace as a side effect of other capabilities. We thus take there to be a moderate chance that an AI system can have a global workspace within the decade. Higher-order representation: Some theorists hold that higher-order representation, or the representation of one’s own mental states, is necessary for consciousness. This condition overlaps with self-awareness, and it admits of similar variation. For instance, some views hold that propositional states about other states are necessary, and other views hold that perceptual states of other states are sufficient [93]. In either case, this capacity is plausibly realizable within AI systems. Indeed, Chalmers [94] speculates that intelligent systems might generally converge on this capacity, in which case we can expect that sufficiently advanced AI systems will have this capacity whether or not we intend for them to. We thus take there to be a moderate chance that AI systems can have higher-order representation within the decade as well. Recurrent processing: Some theorists hold that recurrent processing, that is, the ability for neurons to communicate with each other in a kind of feedback loop, is sufficient for consciousness [95,96,97]. One might also hold it to be necessary. In biological systems, this condition might be less demanding than some of the previous conditions, but in artificial systems, it might be more demanding. However, as Chalmers [36] notes, even if we take recurrence to be necessary, this condition is plausibly satisfied either by systems that have recurrence in a broad sense, or, at least, by systems that have recurrence via recurrent neural networks and long short-term memory. We take recurrent processing to be more likely on the direct path than the indirect path at present, and to be at least somewhat likely overall. Attention schema: Finally (as a newer view), some theorists hold that an attention schema, that is, the ability to model and control attention, is necessary for consciousness. Graziano and colleagues have already built computational models of the attention schema [98].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 1996) and Kinesin-5 (Sawin et al. , 1992) are two of the most dominant motors in spindle assembly in this system. We inhibited these motors to test their involvement in the contraction process. Extracts supplemented with STLC for Kinesin-5 inhibition or p150-CC1 for dynein inhibition were loaded into channels with a width, W0, of 0. 9 mm and imaged at low magnification. Inhibiting Kinesin-5 had little effect on the contraction process (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). In contrast, inhibiting dynein caused a dose-dependent slowdown of the contraction (Figure 6A). In spindle assembly, inhibiting Kinesin-5 suppresses the morphological changes caused by dynein inhibition (Mitchison et al. , 2005). We, therefore, tested how simultaneously inhibiting both motors influences the contraction process, but found that the effects of dynein inhibition were not rescued by the simultaneous inhibition of Kinesin-5 (Figure 6—figure supplement 1), suggesting that in this context, Kinesin-5 is not generating a counteracting extensile stress. This further suggests the possibility that in the spindle, the role of Kinesin-5 may be in orienting, polarity sorting, and sliding microtubules as opposed to active stress generation. Curves of ϵ(t) were fit using Equation (2) to extract the final fraction contracted, ϵ∞, and the characteristic time of contraction, τ. By varying the concentration of p150-CC1, the characteristic time, τ, could be tuned over a wide range from ≈ 3 min to ≈ 75 min (Figure 6B). Fitting a sigmoid function to the τ vs. p150-CC1 concentration curve yields an EC50 value of 0. 22 ±. 02 μM (mean ± standard error), similar to the value of ≈ 0. 3 μM reported for the effect of p150-CC1 on spindle length in Xenopus extracts (Gaetz and Kapoor, 2004), which is consistent with active stress generated by dynein being required for pole focusing. Despite this large change in the contraction timescale, we found no apparent differences in ϵ∞ (Figure 6C).

Output: pass