Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has been utilized in application of such microbes as psychobiotics [31]. 7. --causal effects of gut micro-biota on emotional experience particularly stress, depression and anxiety in patients enhanced the focus of the researchers on their contributions there has been enhanced studies dealing with neuroscience and biopsychology of interaction in the axis of brain-gut-microbiome [37]. Recent studies have revealed the use of this gut microbiome-brain axis in modifying cognitive and behavioral properties of patients using live beneficial microorganisms termed “Psychobiotics. ” Here, the introduction of these bacteria can either engage directly one or more gut-brain circuits or to alter the established gut micro-biota of the recipient modulating the signaling to the brain [38]. Elucidation of the effect of introduced gut-micro-biota on the germ-free laboratory animals (Mice) showed the increased effects on the function of hippocampus and amygdala resulting in effects on short-term recognition, working memory and display of altered social behavior [37]. Studies have found associations of microbiome function and composition influencing the neuro-behavioral and affective disorders including parameters of neuroimaging. The microbial re-colonization with respect to the age of the patients shows time-sensitive efficacy for microbial reconstitution with possibility of critical window for neurodevelopment within which abnormalities arising due to the absent micro-biota can be reversed by time dependent microbial re-colonization [38]. The uncertainties about the clinical applications of psychobiotics persists as the mechanics of action have not been identified yet and the time period as well as durability of their usage. The reports of changes in responses to psychobiotics in a wide range of brain regions have been questioned for possible inadequate questionnaires used for short-term studies. Effects of psycho-biotic-intervention may also depend on the pre-existing microbiome and neuro-anatomy, diet as well as genetics of the recipients. The studies on their clinical interventions in humans and corresponding effects on emotion, cognition and behavior have been met with scepticism due to the worldwide use of psycho-biotic microorganisms as probiotics without significant effects on psychological traits [37,38]. Various microorganisms breaching the gut-brain barrier and influencing the health of individual in positive and negative ways are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Effects of reported microorganisms on the brain health during Parkinson’s disease. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1FT-IR spectra of the solid residues obtained after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentHTP: (a) raw corncob, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 0 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 0 min, (d) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (e) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (f) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 60 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 90 min, (i) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 120 minFull size image Table 2 Composition of solid residues (weight percentage, wt%) after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentFull size table The morphological structures of the treated samples are illustrated in Figure S1 (Additional file 1). Substantial changes in the surface morphology and pore structure could be observed after the microwave-assisted HTP. The network structure of the raw material and the regular pore construction were destroyed under harsh conditions. However, there was no obvious change of the pretreated corncob’s crystal structure after the HTP process (Additional file 1: Figure S2). The process liquids were also analyzed for monosugars, oligosaccharides and water-soluble polysaccharides as described in the “Methods” section, and the results are shown in Table 1. During the HTP under 200 °C, almost all of hemicelluloses and a portion of cellulose can be released from the biomass to form water-soluble polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These polysaccharides and oligosaccharides can further hydrolyze to produce monosaccharides in particular conditions [28]. Xylose, as the predominant neutral monosaccharide, was present at low productivity (<12 mg g−1) under mild conditions (≤140 °C and ≤120 min). Increased xylose monomer yield was achieved through prolonging reaction time or improving reaction temperature, indicating that the degree of the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was enhanced by the increase of the treatment intensity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation44 found that if a gene-edited crop was commercialized as equivalent to a GM crop, it would cost US$24. 5 million and take 14 years. If the gene-edited variety was regulated as equivalent of conventional varieties, not requiring additional risk assessments, the cost drops to $10. 5 million and time drops to 5 years. The risk to investment associated with the uncertainty of how long the regulatory approval process takes to complete was examined further by Smyth, McDonald and Falck-Zepeda. Citation45 They explored the link between investment uncertainty and regulatory approval delays for new plant breeding innovations based on GMOs. This research concluded that regulatory decisions that take longer than 6 years create a level of investment uncertainty that results in businesses suspending further technology investments. This research also concluded that regulatory agencies that provide consistent, timely and science-based regulation do not unduly generate levels of investment uncertainty, in contrast to regulatory systems based on the precautionary principle (e. g. , the EU), which create a level of regulatory uncertainty that has discouraged investment in GMO-related innovations. The impact of regulatory delays and the uncertainty that this can lead to have also been examined in detail by Brookes and DownesCitation46 in relation to the impact of the EU’s regulations of novel food products and health claims on innovation in the specialty food ingredient market. In the case of novel foods, the regulatory procedures for authorizing new products in many countries typically take 12–18 months. A 12–18 month authorization procedure will generally deliver a rate of return of between 16. 1% and 25. 8% (average 21. 3%) within a company’s typical target internal rate of return of 15%–25% and payback time of 4 years. In contrast, the average EU authorization time takes 36 months, which leads to an internal rate of return on investment of between 7. 3% and 13. 4%. The EU’s regulatory system with its relatively long approval process was considered to be a dis-incentive to bringing new products to this market. In addition, the global nature of the specialty food ingredient market means that a divergence between the EU and other regulatory systems has more far-reaching consequences for companies’ innovation strategies. As EU procedures are typically longer than the authorization processes in other markets, delays incurred through the EU’s regulatory system may significantly inhibit the company’s global returns.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: No. OrganismProductInteraction8. specific communication channels between the gut micro-biota and brain have already been elucidated to include - vagal nerve signaling, enteric nerve activation, entero-endocrine, and entero-chromaffin cells stimulation and the release of neuro-active products into circulation leading to modulation of neuro-immune response. As seen in the present review, the “functional amyloids” of microbial origin have the sites for interaction with wild type α-synuclein which are similar to the interaction of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Thus these sites of interaction can be utilized for enhancement or control of amyloidosis and fibrillation in patients with PD earning the suitable name of – “Psychobiotics. ” Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary for tapping the potential of psychobiotics and their “functional amyloids” for controlling PD. Elucidating the effects of psychological developments as well as cultural and social factors on the brain-gut microbiome axis can help for contextualizing the role of this axis and corresponding psychological interventions to improve the human health. 9. 10. ’ authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the 11. authors declare that no funding was received for the present work. 12. authors declare that there is no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work. 13. study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects. 14. data generated and analyzed are included within this research 15. ’journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation. 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. [CrossRef]2. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. [CrossRef]3. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. [CrossRef]4. Mehta K, Markande A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, the yield of xylose decreased under intense conditions (160 °C for 120 min), which was ascribed to the reason that xylose can be further dehydrated to form furan compounds [29]. Note that the xylose quantities reported here are more than sufficient to explain the apparent reduction in the xylose content reported for the analysis of structural carbohydrates in solid residues (Table 2). A maximum yield of xylose was detected at 160 °C for 90 min (99. 94 mg g−1). Arabinose was another monosugar in the filtrate obtained from the HTP of corncob. It presents in a form of arabinoxylan in corncob hemicelluloses [30]. The linear β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone is substituted by α-l-arabinofuranosyl units in the positions 2-O and/or 3-O [31]. The yield of arabinose increased with the increase of pretreatment time at relative low temperatures (120 and 140 °C). Additionally, it is noteworthy that there was no big gap between the yields of xylose and arabinose in mild conditions, suggesting that the degradation of hemicelluloses side chains and the backbone undergone at the same time. About 39. 34 % of arabinose could be obtained from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses at 140 °C for 120 min, while only 3. 78 % of xylose was achieved. This indicates that the hydrolysis of side chains was much easier than that of the backbone, which was resulted from the higher structural angle strains in the furanoside sugar units (arabinose), whereas pyranose rings (xylose) are strain-free [32]. Nearly all the arabinose component in corncob was dissolving out at high treatment severity (after 60 min at 160 °C or the temperature higher than 160 °C, Table 2). However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the yield of arabinose in hydrolysates increased first and then decreased with prolonging the pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the side reactions in intense conditions [33]. Moreover, the yield of arabinose was much lower than that of xylose at high temperatures (160 and 180 °C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: In such cases, there has been an additional incentive not to bring innovative products to the EU market, to delay European marketing until other markets have been established or even to not bring a product to the entire global market. Here, the ultimate impact on global returns depends upon the importance of the EU market share (Fig. 1) and while the EU market is a key part of expected global sales, the EU regulatory delays may result in a new innovative product not being brought to any market, not just the EU market. Figure 1. Impact of the EU’s longer authorization process for novel ingredients/products on global returns (% internal rate of return): average returns basis. Source: Brookes and Downes (2017). Display full sizeAn alternative way in which regulation has impacted on innovation is via its impact on trade, access to and use of agricultural commodities that are derived from new technologies. The use of new seed technologies, notably those utilizing GMOs in the production systems of major exporting countries of these commodities, has been directly influenced by the timing of regulatory approval for importation and use in major importing countries of these commodities. Asynchronous approval of GMOs in different jurisdictions can result in disruption to trade in commodities if approval for importation and use in an importing country is slower than the approval for planting in a major exporting country of that commodity. This is made additionally worse by the near-universal policy of importing countries mandating zero tolerance for the adventitious or low-level presence (LLP) of unapproved GMOs being found in import shipments. The asynchronous nature of different GMO approval systems allied to the operation of zero-tolerance policies for LLP of unapproved GMOs and their impact on trade have been documented through the ex-post reporting of LLP incidents and impacts on trade. Several were summarized in Kalaitzandonakes et al. ,Citation47 with the study concluding that LLP incidents cause abrupt, large-scale trade disruptions, induce sustained changes in trade patterns and impose significant economic losses on both importers and exporters. The study also concluded that there is evidence that the asynchronous nature of GMO regulatory approvals and LLP can cause delays to the introduction of some crop seed innovations and hinder the future development of others.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: MEGA5:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Evol 2011;28:2731-9. [CrossRef]18. -. Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. 2012;109:19333-8. [CrossRef]19. Rzhetsky A, Nei M. A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Evol 1992;9:945-67. 20. . Functional bacterial amyloids in biofilms. In:editors. Highlights. Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag;2011. 41-62. [CrossRef]21. A structural model for apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils:Experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. J 2011;405:1246-66. [CrossRef]22. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences a-synuclein misfolding and toxicity. J 2019;64:170-81. [CrossRef]23. Accelerated amyloid beta pathogenesis by bacterial amyloid fapC. 2020;7:2001299. [CrossRef]24. Paranjapye N, Daggett V. De novo designed alpha-sheet peptides inhibit functional amyloid formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. J 2018;430:3764-73. [CrossRef]25. . Periodontal disease and neurodegeneration:The possible pathway and contribution from periodontal infections. J Res 2018;12:DE01-5. [CrossRef]26. Olsen I. Possible link between Porphyromonas gingivalis and amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. 2020;1:1-12. [CrossRef]27. -Torres-Quevedo C, Arnaouteli S, Riquelme-Dominguez L, Romanowski A, et al. subtilis protects against a-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans. 2020;30:367-80. e7. [CrossRef]28. A gut bacterial amyloid promotes a-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. Elife 2020;9:e53111.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This observation offered the hypotheses that the cleavage of β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone played the most important role at high temperatures. Small amounts of glucose were also recovered during the HTP process. According to the literature, it is believed that the glucose was from glucuronoarabinoxylans and xyloglucans in corncob [30]. Low yields of glucose (≤7. 40 mg g−1) were detected in all process liquids (Table 1), implying that cellulose was more difficult to hydrolyse than hemicelluloses during the HTP process. The glucose yield decreased coupling without HMF produced when prolonging the reaction time at 120 and 140 °C, which may be ascribed to the occurrence of rehydration reaction at low temperatures [34]. However, it decreased first and then increased when the temperature was up to 160 °C. More interestingly, the content of glucose in corncob residues increased first and then decreased at 160 and 180 °C, respectively. In summary, the following results could be obtained by these observations: (1) The glucose rehydration rate was higher than the cellulose hydrolysis rate at mild conditions (≤140 °C), thus leading to the decreasing of glucose yield. (2) Longer reaction time at high temperatures (≥160 °C) lead to the cellulose hydrolysis reaction, which resulted in the unstable trend of glucose yield. Since hemicelluloses are the major biomass components released by the HTP process, xylose oligomers (XOS) are other primary substances in hydrolysates. XOS are generally considered as oligosaccharides containing two to ten xylose molecules linked by β-1-4 glycosidic bonds [35]. Due to the lack of the standards with the degree of polymerization (DP) ≥7, the amount of each sample was reported up to DP 6 and the results are shown in Table 1. The contents of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) in hydrolysates steadily increased with increasing reaction time from 0 to 120 min at 120 and 140 °C, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Brookes and KayhanCitation48 examined the impact of the asynchronous nature of Turkey’s GMO regulatory approval system for the importation and use of agricultural commodities relative to the timing of cultivation approvals in the main agricultural producing and exporting countries of the world over the period of 2009 to 2020. The study estimated the cost burden incurred by the Turkish agri-food sector as a result of the GMO import regulations came to between $1. 53 billion and $2 billion over this period. It also identified that the Turkish GMO regulations had contributed to the domestic agri-food sector having higher costs of production, lower levels of profitability and higher levels of risk and uncertainty associated with accessing raw materials. This resulted in lower levels of investment, value added and employment than would otherwise have occurred if the GMO regulations were based on a more science-based approval system and operated in a transparent and timely manner. Some agri-food processing and manufacturing businesses indicated to the researchers that they have closed down some trading and processing operations in Turkey because of the negative impact on raw material procurement caused by the GMO regulations. In addition, others have chosen to site new investment in other countries because these locations provide for more competitive, stable and less risky access to raw materials. The potential for trade disruption and impacts on downstream user sectors has also been explored in a number of ex-ante studies. One of the most notable ones was a 2010 analysis of the economic impact of the EU GMO regulations and potential for disruption to trade in and importation of GM-derived commodities and derivatives used in the livestock production sectors undertaken for the of Agriculture of the European Commission. Citation49 This study concluded that the potential impact of short-term disruption to trade in these products would impose a significant cost burden equal to about €10. 5 billion which could be passed down the supply chain to EU consumers of livestock products. Overall, the findings of the literature exploring the impacts of regulation on investment and innovation are fairly consistent. The contribution of regulatory costs (e. g. , the generation of safety or environmental impact data, or clinical/animal trials) to the total costs of research and product development varies by sector. In general, costs associated with meeting regulatory requirements can be up to 50% of the total costs of bringing a product to market.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef]29. Werner T, Horvath I, Wittung-Stafshede P. Crosstalk between alpha-synuclein and other human and non-human amyloidogenic proteins:Consequences for amyloid formation in Parkinson's disease. J 2020;10:819-30. [CrossRef]30. CI, França Antifungal and antivirulence activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Products against Candida vaginal isolates. Pathogens 2019;8:150. [CrossRef]31. Miraglia F, Colla E. Microbiome, Parkinson's disease and molecular mimicry. Cells 2019;8:222. [CrossRef]32. Del Toro-Barbosa M, Hurtado-Romero A, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Psychobiotics:Mechanisms of action, evaluation methods and effectiveness in applications with food products. Nutrients 2020;12:3896. [CrossRef]33. . Alpha-synuclein:Prion or prion-like? 2019;138:509-14. [CrossRef]34. Nerius M, Doblhammer G, Tamgüney G. GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Gut 2020;69:1154-6. [CrossRef]35. . Structure and dynamics of amyloid-b segmental polymorphisms. PLoS One 2012;7:e41479. [CrossRef]36. . Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) can reverse the amyloid state of fibrin seen or induced in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018;13:e0192121. [CrossRef]37. . Effects of antiparkinsonian agents on b-amyloid and a-synuclein oligomer formation in vitro. J 2013;91:1371-81. [CrossRef]38. . A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis. 2017;11:e12309. [CrossRef]39. . Psychobiotics:Shaping the mind with gut bacteria. Gastroenterol 2019;114:1034-5. [CrossRef]40. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon indicated that the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was smooth in mild conditions. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the basic trends of the XOS contents increased first and then decreased, which was due to the continued hydrolysis of XOS into smaller oligosaccharides or monosaccharide in harsher environments. The highest total xylose content of monosaccharide and XOS (DP ≤ 6) in hydrolysates was obtained at 160 °C for 60 min (272. 06 mg g−1). It is believed that the dissolution of hemicelluloses is controlled by their chain length; namely, whether hemicelluloses could be presenting in the liquor depends on their molecular weights [18]. In this paper, lower molecular weight polymers were separated from hydrolysates by the ethanol precipitation procedures demonstrated in the “Methods” section, and the results of their molecular weights and compositions are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Weight-average (M w), number-average (M n) molecular weights, polydispersity (M wM n), and monosaccharide compositions (wt%) of ethanol-precipitated fractionsFull size table As shown in Table 1, with the dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses, no ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses (EPH) could be obtained within short treatment time at 120 °C (<90 min) and 140 °C (<30 min). However, the general trends of the extraction yields at different temperatures were similar except 160 °C under the investigated conditions. The yield of the precipitated hemicelluloses increased first, and then decreased linearly and even no precipitates could be observed, which was ascribed to the further depolymerization of the polymers into oligosaccharides and monosaccharide [18]. Different phenomenon at 160 °C may be due to the long interval of the pretreatment time at the relatively high temperature. The weight-average (M w) and number-average (M n) molecular weights of the precipitates and their distribution were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques and the results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Secondly, the different nature of regulatory systems operating around the world can have a negative impact on innovation through different data requirements, different interpretations of (the same) data and a lack of clarity and transparency on how interpretations and decisions are made. These differences cause delays in the approval process, which negatively impact potential returns on investment not only in a specific market where a regulatory delay occurs but also can negatively impact a new innovation being commercialized in any market. The differences in the nature of regulatory systems also generate uncertainty, which further discourages innovation. The lack of a global ‘harmonisation’ of regulations across a range of subjects including GMOs, novel foods and health claims is widely perceived as contributing to slowing down the process of bringing products to market in different regions and countries. In particular, the regulatory approval systems in the EU (notably GMOs, but also for novel foods, health claims, food additives and enzymes) are widely perceived to take longer and have a higher degree of regulatory uncertainty than regulatory approval systems in other countries/regions of the world. Much of the ‘blame’ for the negative impact on innovation of the EU’s various regulatory approval systems can be attributed to the EU’s systems being significantly influenced by application of the precautionary principle. This affects the process of risk analysis and management by implying that regulatory approval systems should ensure that risks are avoided even when there is incomplete scientific evidence as to their magnitude or potential effects. This approach allows regulators to make subjective assumptions about the risks associated with new technologies possibly being infinite whilst possible benefits are uncertain. Citation50 As a result, evidence standards and limits can lack clarity, the role of science and evidence becomes unclear, and the whole regulatory process lacks transparency. In such a system, evidence of a product’s safety and benefits can be ignored in favor of a ‘best not,’ total avoidance of risk approach. Inevitably, such a system adds cost, delays and uncertainty to the process of new product or technology development and penalizes innovation. a risk-appropriateMoving to the subject of regulation of the newly emerging GE technologies, what does constitute a risk-appropriate regulatory system? Given that these technologies are relatively new and there is incomplete evidence of potential impact magnitude or effects, a precautionary approach might be considered as was practiced in some countries and regions of the world in the 1990s when GMOs were first regulated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: 2015;30:1351-60. [CrossRef]41. . Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with Parkinson's disease. 2021;11:652617. [CrossRef]42. Haikal C, Ortigosa- The bacterial amyloids phenol soluble modulins from Staphylococcus aureus catalyze alpha-synuclein aggregation. 2021;22:11594. [CrossRef]43. Influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and gut wall function in an in-vitro model in patients with Parkinson's disease. 2021;3:100087. [CrossRef]44. Castelli V, d' Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:4641-59. [CrossRef]45. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. J 2021;85:104635. [CrossRef]46. . Functional amyloid materials at surfaces interfaces. 2018;6:462-72. [CrossRef]47. . Pseudomonas syringae:What it takes to be a pathogen. Microbiol 2018;16:316-28. [CrossRef]48. Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Microbiome 2021;9:1-17. [CrossRef]49. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium, a natural tool for activation of prodrug 6MePdR and their combination therapy in murine melanoma model. Biotechnol 2013;97:4393-401. [CrossRef]50. . Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 2020;10:1-3. PMid:32333225 PMCid:PMC71826531: The homology proteins generated and their. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All of the fractions exhibited low M w ranging between 2519 and 11,950 g mol−1, representing the average degree of polymerization (DPw) ranging between 19 and 90. w of the precipitates decreased as the increase of pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the further hydrolysis to a lower degree of polymerization (DP) of the dissolved oligomers. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the M w of the precipitates increased as increasing the treatment temperature (160 °C for 0 min, and 180 °C for 0 min), indicating that higher molecular weight hemicelluloses corresponding with a more branched fraction could be obtained at higher temperature and short reaction time in our studies [36]. The trend of M n was similar to that of M w. Fig. 2Molecular weight distribution of precipitates isolated from hydrolysatesFull size image The monosaccharide compositions of the EPH are also presented in Table 3. The dominating monomeric sugar components of EPH were identified as xylose, followed by glucose, arabinose and galactose, while glucuronic acid was a trace constituent. These sugar compositions suggested that the EPH were mainly potential galactoarabinoxylan-type polysaccharides and glucuronoarabinoxylans. The ratio of xylose to arabinose is indicative of the degree of linearity or branching of hemicelluloses. The xylose/arabinose ratio in the EPH continuously increased as increasing pretreated temperature or time, suggesting that long chain polymers with small amounts of branching with other monosaccharide compositions could be obtained in relatively higher treatment severity [30]. However, it decreased when prolonging the treatment time up to 120 min at 140 °C and 10 min at 180 °C, which was due to the degradation of the backbone. Opposite trend was observed for the total sugar amounts. The total sugar components of EPH decreased continuously with increasing temperature or time, which was due to the co-precipitation of lignin in acid conditions. Based on these results, it may be inferred that the majority of lignin in the precipitates is lignin–carbohydrate complex, which is called LCC-lignin [37].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: The science and evidence do not, however, support implementing a ‘best not’ largely risk avoidance regulatory system for GE technology for the following reasons: The evidence to date regarding the benefits from biotechnology and its commercialization are consistent, with exceptionally robust supporting data. This evidence will be required where countries are yet to formalize appropriate regulation of gene-editing technologies and already has been drawn on by regulators in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan and the USA. All of these countries have independently concluded that if no foreign DNA is present in the commercialized product from the application of gene-editing technologies, then no additional risk assessment is required, such as is required for genetically modified crop traits. Citation51 This regulatory confirmation will provide all firms, from the large multinational firms to the small and medium-sized enterprises with the greater certainty required to make new agricultural trait and product development investments, knowing that the developed products will be less susceptible to delays from regulations that are not appropriate with the level of risk and founded on a strict version of a precautionary principle;The review of the impacts of GMO regulatory systems over the last 25 years shows that regulatory systems where a precautionary principle dominates have created investment uncertainty, increased the cost of bringing products to market, reduced the returns on investment, caused disruption to agricultural commodity trade, added cost to supply chains and discouraged investment;The science and evidence show that the best way to address the urgent global food security, climate and environmental challenges that we face is to embrace (not reject) the adoption of new innovations and technology like plant genetics, digital agriculture and precision farming. Returning to the Global Bio-diversity Framework (GBF), simply put, global biodiversity will not improve without investments into innovative products and technologies that are capable to achieving the 23 proposed targets. In looking at the potential of GE technologies to contribute to addressing the challenges of food security, climate change and biodiversity protection, an important differentiating factor between GE and GM technologies as applicable to crops has an additional potential to affect development and adoption. This relates to how long the research and development process takes. New variety development containing traits developed using GMO technology commonly take at least 12 years before a trait is ready for commercialization and that assumes timely regulatory approval processes. GE technology has the potential to reduce this to 8–9 years and have a significantly lower overall cost of $12–18 million for a single or stacked trait.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: 1PM008089920Escherichia coli SE11 curli assembly protein _1100PM008090021Escherichia coli SE11 curli assembly protein _1101PM008090122Rahnella sp. Y9602 curli assembly protein CsgERahaq_1142PM008090223Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c Hsp70YLL024CPM008090324Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS15252MGAS15252_1626PM008090425Treponema pedis TA4 fibronectin type_0967PM0080905 1: Time tree of bacterial functional amyloids. [Click here to view] 2: Misfolding of α-synuclein to amyloid folds in first 40 ns under molecular dynamics simulations. [Click here to view] Reference 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. Mehta K, Markande A. In silico analysis of bacterial functional amyloids and their interactions. 2018;6:1360-5. Mehta K, Markande A. In silico Analysis and interaction studies of functional and pathological amyloids. 2018;5:13-7. 6. Expression and purification of amyloid β-protein, tau, and α-synuclein in Escherichia coli: A review. Biotechnol 2020;40:475-89. . α-Synuclein chaperone suppresses nucleation and amyloidogenesis of prion protein. 2020;521:259-64. . In search of effective treatments targeting α-synuclein toxicity in synucleinopathies: Pros and cons. 2020;8:559791.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The content of lignin in the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses increased with the decrease of the hydrolysates’ pH, which may impede the dissolution and degradation of hemicelluloses due to the mass transfer effects. This result was also corresponding to the decrease of the total xylose content of monosaccharide and oligosaccharides at harsh conditions (Table 1) [18]. The FT-IR spectra of the EPH with different treatment temperature and time are shown in Fig. 3, and the peak assignments are conducted according to the literatures [18, 30, 36]. All samples give similar characteristic bands, which indicate that the structures of EPH have no big change after treated at different temperature and/or time. The band at 892 cm−1 is assigned to C1 group frequency or ring frequency, indicating the existence of β-glucosidic linkage between the xylopyranose units in the main xylan chains [30]. An intense band at 1051 cm−1 is respected to the stretching and bending vibrations of C–O, C–C, and C–OH and the glycosidic C–O–C of hemicelluloses [30]. Bands at 1375 and 1245 cm−1 are due to the C–H stretching and OH or C–O bending vibration [30]. A small signal at 1506 cm−1 arising from the C=C stretching of the lignin aromatic ring reveals the presentation of lignin in EPH. The band at 1639 cm−1 is presumed to be due to the water-related absorbance, while the band at 1739 cm−1 is corresponding to the carbonyl stretching assigned to the acetyl, glucuronic acid and ferulic ester groups of polysaccharides [36]. Bands at 3381 and 2914 cm−1 are due to the stretching vibrations of OH and CH, respectively [36]. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: Citation52 These features on their own lower the barriers to entry into the market for products using GE technology and offer the potential for a larger number of (smaller) players to bring GE innovations to the market than has been possible with GM technology. This hypothesis relating to the significant economies in development scale between GE and GM technologies was also highlighted by Bullock, Wilson and Neadeau. Citation53The economies of research and development scale that GE technology offers and the nature of the urgent issues facing the world reinforce the importance of regulatory approval systems for GE technology being appropriate to the risks involved. If the regulation of this technology around the world fails to use science and evidence to appropriately reflect the risks involved and is instead overly precautionary in nature, GE technology will not fulfill much of its promise. Evidence to date of the impact of regulatory systems in place for assessing and approving GE technology applications in agriculture is currently in an early phase. Argentina was one of the first countries to introduce a specific regulation to approve applications that use GE technology in its agricultural sector back in 2015. The regulation sets out specific scientific criteria to be applied on a case-by-case basis to applications for approval to determine if they should be considered ‘as GMOs’ for the purpose of assessment or considered as conventional technology and not subject to the more onerous, costly and time-consuming process inherent in GM technology approval. Whelan, Gutti and LemaCitation54 examined the experiences relating to products derived from GE breeding techniques coming to market in Argentina over the first 4 years of its operation. Their findings largely confirm the conclusions drawn by Bullock et al. Citation53 in that GE products have followed a much faster development rate than GM-derived innovations. This rapid rate of adoption was driven by a wider range of developers, led by small and medium-sized enterprises and public research institutions. Finally, the product profiles are more diversified in terms of traits than under GM technology. ConclusionsInefficient and inappropriate regulations result in the creation of barriers to innovation. Regulatory barriers lead to two key outcomes: reduced innovation investments and fewer commercialized products and technologies. For the Framework to successfully achieve its targeted objectives by 2030 and for sustainable agricultural production systems to be meaningfully developed and widely adopted, it is of fundamental importance that empirically based regulations, as highlighted in the GBF, as well as underpinning the Goals (SDGs), be globally enacted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: Does a prion-like mechanism of propagation from periphery to the brain play a role? Neuroscientist 2021;27:367-87. . Gut microbiome-modified polyphenolic compounds inhibit α-synuclein seeding and spreading in α-synucleinopathies. 2020;14:398. -. Bacterial amyloids: Biogenesis and biomaterials. 2019;1174:113-59. . Effects of all-atom force fields on amyloid oligomerization: Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the Aβ 16-22 dimer and trimer. 2011;13:9778-88. . MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol 2016;33:1870-4. Nei M, Kumar S. and Phylogenetics. New York: Press; 2000. 15. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Evol 1987;4:406-25. 16. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985;39:783-91. . MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Evol 2011;28:2731-9. -. Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. 2012;109:19333-8. Rzhetsky A, Nei M. A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Evol 1992;9:945-67. 20. . Functional bacterial amyloids in biofilms. In: editors. Highlights. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011. p. 41-62. A structural model for apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils: Experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations. J 2011;405:1246-66. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences α-synuclein misfolding and toxicity. J 2019;64:170-81. Accelerated amyloid beta pathogenesis by bacterial amyloid fapC. 2020;7:2001299. Paranjapye N, Daggett V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3FT-IR spectra of the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses from hydrolysates: (a) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 90 min, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 120 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 30 min, (d) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 60 min, (e) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 90 min, (f) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 120 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (i) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (j) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 5 min, (k) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 10 minFull size image Heterogeneous conversion of hemicellulose-derived sugars over Sn-MMT in the biphasic systemTo understand the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields, three specific samples with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were selected for the following experiments. Our group previously found that Sn-MMT had the excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of xylose into furfural in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system [20]. However, no detailed and systematic studies were displayed for the furfural production from corncob hydrolysates by a two-step process. In the present work, the obtained hydrolysates from the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of corncob were subjected to further hydrolysis and dehydration to yield furfural using Sn-MMT as a solid catalyst in a biphasic system (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) as the second stage of the process and the results are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. Table 4 Composition of products (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the heterogeneous reactionFull size table Fig. 4Furfural yields of different hydrolysates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regulations for gene-edited crops vary by country. [SEP] Text: 3 million people died in 2019 from antimicrobial-resistant infections, according to a comprehensive global estimate. Such infections are a leading killer, causing more deaths than AIDS and malaria, according to the study, published on 19 January in The Lancet. GALÁhas approved a new marine reserve near the Galápagos Islands that increases an existing protected ocean area by 43%, a boon for the region’s endangered marine species. Scientists with the MigraMar marine research network had collected data to justify creating the 60,000-square-kilometer Reserve. sets rules for edited crops China’s agriculture ministry this week unveiled safety evaluation guidelines for gene-edited crops as the country moves toward approving their sale. The guidelines, being implemented on a trial basis, are simpler and call for less field testing than is required for genetically modified (GM) crops, in which genes from other species are inserted. Consumer resistance and bureaucratic caution have left China far behind other countries in adopting GM crops, with only a single variety of GM papaya in domestic production. Now, Chinese researchers are well along in developing gene-edited varieties of corn, rice, soybeans, wheat, and other crops, which they hope will be more acceptable to the public and reduce dependence on food imports. China is also revising its regulations for GM crops, and transgenic corn and soybeans might be commercialized this year. Both kinds of genetic engineering give crops useful traits, such as resistance to herbicides sprayed in fields. prevention gets big gifts Two of the world’s largest foundations last week pledged $150 million each to the nonprofit Coalition for Innovations (CEPI), a global partnership working to prevent, prepare for, and equitably respond to future epidemics and pandemics. Leaders of the Bill & Foundation and the called on nations to pony up at a CEPI “replenishment” conference scheduled for March to help it raise $3. 5 billion for the next 5 years. CEPI has financed development of the University of Oxford–AstraZeneca and Novavax vaccines. Its 5-year plan starting this year aims to shorten vaccine development time to less than 100 days after a new pathogen is sequenced, far shorter than the 11 months it took for the first COVID-19 vaccine. doi: 10. 1126/science.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: De novo designed alpha-sheet peptides inhibit functional amyloid formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. J 2018;430:3764-73. . Periodontal disease and neurodegeneration: The possible pathway and contribution from periodontal infections. J Res 2018;12:DE01-5. Olsen I. Possible link between Porphyromonas gingivalis and amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. 2020;1:1-12. -Torres-Quevedo C, Arnaouteli S, Riquelme-Dominguez L, Romanowski A, et al. subtilis protects against α-synuclein aggregation in C. elegans. 2020;30:367-80. e7. A gut bacterial amyloid promotes a-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice. Elife 2020;9:e53111. Werner T, Horvath I, Wittung-Stafshede P. Crosstalk between alpha-synuclein and other human and non-human amyloidogenic proteins: Consequences for amyloid formation in Parkinson's disease. J 2020;10:819-30. CI, França Antifungal and antivirulence activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Products against Candida vaginal isolates. Pathogens 2019;8:150. Miraglia F, Colla E. Microbiome, Parkinson's disease and molecular mimicry. Cells 2019;8:222. Del Toro-Barbosa M, Hurtado-Romero A, Garcia-Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of action, evaluation methods and effectiveness in applications with food products. Nutrients 2020;12:3896. . Alpha-synuclein: Prion or prion-like? 2019;138:509-14. Nerius M, Doblhammer G, Tamgüney G. GI infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Gut 2020;69:1154-6. . Structure and dynamics of amyloid-β segmental polymorphisms. PLoS One 2012;7:e41479. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Filled square pretreated temperature: 180 °C, pretreated time: 15 min; filled triangle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 60 min; filled circle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 90 minFull size image Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were performed in an autoclave using the drying oven as the heating source, since they are common and provide moderate heating to avoid the rapid degradation of the target products. During the furfural production process, XOS and polymers are hydrolyzed to form monomeric pentoses first, followed by dehydrating them to yield furfural. As observed in Table 4, hydrolysates employed in this study with the highest total xylose content of monomeric and oligosaccharides (160 °C, 60 min) resulted in the highest monomeric pentose yields. It should be noted that the xylose yield obtained here was lower than that in the first stage, which suggested that the dehydration reactions were much faster than the hydrolysis reactions. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained at 190 °C after 10 min from the hydrolysates with the highest monomeric pentose content conducted at 160 °C for 90 min in the first process. This yield is only slightly better than the one we reported previously (54. 15 % from water-soluble fraction of corncob treated at 140 °C for 5 h) [20], which may be due to the different molecular weights of the oligosaccharides in the hydrolysates. In addition, the decrease in treatment time also can lead to the reducing consumption of energy. However, the hydrolysate with the highest xylobiose (X2) as well as the second largest total xylose content (180 °C, 15 min) has the lowest furfural yield (Fig. 4). These results indicated that the production of furfural has a direct connection with the monomeric pentose content in the hydrolysates. Controlled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the initial xylose concentration of the hydrolysates on the furfural production, and the results are shown in Table 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing has been used to develop crops with improved nutritional profiles. [SEP] Text: Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Focus on 2024 Will AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Focus on 2024 The challenges ahead for generative AI Transport is one of the world’s biggest polluters, but on the path to net zero, aviation is reinventing itself, potentially building a new kind of jet age. Focus on 2024 Aviation flying high on alternative sources of power As the year comes to a close, 360info is turning to the experts to find out what issues are set to define 2024. Focus on 2024 What does 2024 hold in store? New data about the mental health of young people raises red flags about cost-of-living pressures – and offers a glimpse at a better approach. Focus on 2024 Why pessimism has taken hold of Australia’s youth In less than two years, Albanese has gone from clear choice to fighting for majority support in the polls. What happened? Focus on 2024 Australian politics set for shakeup after Labor’s 2023 slide Related content Indonesia’s wedding-party democracy is a marriage on the rocks Elections remain a cause for celebration in Indonesia, but without firming up the processes around it, the party might end up being just a democratic facade. The challenges ahead for generative AI Generative AI is upending industries, but little is certain about how this technology will fare amidst a range of issues in a fiercely crowded market. Hydrogen makes itself at home Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Editor's picks AI can be a boon for educators AI offers significant potential benefits yet has not been accepted completely by educators. This needs to change. needs Israel’s forever wars Fuelled by ideology and self-interest, Netanyahu sees Israel’s forever war as protection against corruption charges and a potential key to re-election.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have no effect on mental health or mood. [SEP] Text: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) can reverse the amyloid state of fibrin seen or induced in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018;13:e0192121. . Effects of antiparkinsonian agents on β-amyloid and α-synuclein oligomer formation in vitro. J 2013;91:1371-81. . A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis. 2017;11:e12309. . Psychobiotics: Shaping the mind with gut bacteria. Gastroenterol 2019;114:1034-5. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. 2015;30:1351-60. . Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with Parkinson's disease. 2021;11:652617. Haikal C, Ortigosa- The bacterial amyloids phenol soluble modulins from Staphylococcus aureus catalyze alpha-synuclein aggregation. 2021;22:11594. Influence of probiotic bacteria on gut microbiota composition and gut wall function in an in-vitro model in patients with Parkinson's disease. 2021;3:100087. Castelli V, d' Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease models. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:4641-59. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. J 2021;85:104635. . Functional amyloid materials at surfaces interfaces. 2018;6:462-72. . Pseudomonas syringae: What it takes to be a pathogen. Microbiol 2018;16:316-28. Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Microbiome 2021;9:1-17. Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium, a natural tool for activation of prodrug 6MePdR and their combination therapy in murine melanoma model. Biotechnol 2013;97:4393-401. . Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Compared with the hydrolysates (Table 5, entry 1), lower furfural yield was obtained using the pure xylose solution as the reagent (Table 5, entry 2), which presented the same initial xylose concentration in the hydrolysates. Moreover, the furfural yield from the pure xylose solution was much lower than that from the hydrolysates with the same total xylose amount in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (Table 5, entry 3), which may be ascribed to the reason that the slow release of pentose monomers from the oligomers can impede the formation of humins. These phenomenons were in good agreement with the hypothesized that furfural yields from biomass hydrolysates may exceed those from pure xylose solution [38]. In addition, the yield of furfural decreased with the increment of the initial xylose content in the hydrolysates (Table 5, entries 1, 4 and 5). This is because the condensation loss reaction easily occurs in higher xylose concentration, leading to the formation of furfural–pentose [38]. Table 5 Comparison of the hydrolysates and the pure xylose solutionFull size table An advanced and comprehensive hydrolysis approach is imperative for the biomass-to-furfural technologies. To improve furfural yields in an eco-friendly and effective manner, we will couple this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments in our future study, which will produce higher yield of monomeric sugar in the first pretreatment stage. ConclusionsA two-step process was proposed to yield furfural from corncob using microwave-assisted HTP as the first stage and heterogeneously catalyzed conversion as the second stage. The dissolution and depolymerization of sugars from corncob and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields were investigated. In the first stage of the process, the released hemicelluloses from corncob were mainly in forms of monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and water-soluble polysaccharides. About 86. 67 % yield of xylose presented as monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) after the microwave-assisted HTP at 160 °C for 60 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: A hybrid power system based on a small wind turbine, a photovoltaic panel, a pumped storage hydroelectricity and energy storage system was built. Through this arrangement, electricity is supplied to the community without diesel power generation. 1. 1 Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) comprises of multiple sorts of sustainable power sources, for example, sun based and wind. The principle thought behind the idea of HRES is to give continues and maintainable supply of power to regions particularly far from primary terrains. A HRES can be associated with principle grid or it can likewise be an independent power producing unit, having its very own framework for storing surplus power, depending upon the nearby land conditions and some other monetary conditions. Figure 1 demonstrates the working structure of a conventional HRES with pumped hydro storage (PHS) as energy storage system (ESS). Figure 1. Conceptual design of HRES. Recently, many case studies of installing HRES at a remote location have been conducted around the globe. For instance, Perez-Navarro et al. [1] designed a hybrid system consisting of wind-biomass in order to compensate and stabilize the power production of a 40 MW wind power plant in Spain. Apart from the main equipment, their designed HRES also consisted of other auxiliaries such as stand-by generators, separate ESS and biomass gasifier as well. The extra power generated by the biogas generator was used to compensate the low power production of wind farm. Borhanazad et al. [2] conducted a comprehensive study to investigate the wind conditions, solar radiations and hydro potential of multiple locations in Malaysia for rural electrification. Similarly, Zuberi et al. [3] estimated the biomass potential of Pakistan and concluded that biomass can contribute to generate almost 24% of the total electricity demand of the country. They covered biomasses such as municipal solid waste (MSW), bagasse and livestock in their study. They also presented an idea of stand-alone power generation system using biomass as raw fuel. Bhandari et al. [4] studied a very classic model of HRES for rural electrification, consisting of wind-PV-hydro as primary energy sources. They showed that installing such HRESs at very remote locations can be economically cheaper than connecting aforementioned areas with main grids. Mazzola et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: You have the microbiome you deserve Published online by Press: 27 August 2020 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Colin Hill* Affiliation: APC and School of * Corresponding author. Email: c. hill@ucc. ie 0. 24 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to The human microbiome is one of the most exciting areas of microbiology. From a starting point of tens of papers annually a couple of decades ago, there are now thousands of papers published every year on the microbiome. Huge strides have been made in terms of defining the individual members of complex human microbiomes from different body sites. The individuality and diversity of the human microbiome almost surpasses our ability to comprehend it. Advances in metagenomics and computational sciences have increased the complexity of the field, while at the same time we have moved from regarding the human microbiome as a benign passenger to a situation where it has been linked to almost every chronic disease, including obesity, cancer and infectious disease. The microbiome tantalizes us with the promise of novel therapeutic molecules and modalities for a range of intractable diseases. And yet, very few microbiome-based therapies have made it to the clinic or the pharmacy and we still cannot really define a healthy microbiome. We are entering the most exciting phase of microbiome research, as we develop effective, evidence-based interventions to preserve and restore human health. But we need rigour and numeracy if we are to realize this vision. Keywords viromebacteriomediversitytherapeutics Microbiome 2020 e3 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Press in association with your microbiome. Not the microbiome in the abstract, but your microbiome. How did you come to assemble the enormously diverse community of microbes that live in and on your body? Have you got the ‘right’ ones in the right balance? Is your microbiome helping to maintain your health, is it contributing to ongoing episodes of ill-health, or will it someday lead to your premature death?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A positive effect of microwave-assisted HTP on producing sugars was observed during this stage. During the second stage, hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were further conducted to produce furfural using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system, respectively. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained from the hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content. Moreover, controlled experiments showed that furfural yields from corncob hydrolysates were higher than those from the pure xylose solutions, and lower initial xylose concentration may be in favor of the furfural production. These results indicated that the production of furfural from biomass raw materials can be controlled by the depolymerization of hemicelluloses. Further studies are in progress for improving the furfural yields coupling this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments and the subsequent exploitation of the solid residues as the raw materials for the ethanol production in the first stage. MethodsExperimental materialsAcetone (≥99. 0 %, AR), ethanol (≥99. 0 %, AR), H2SO4 (≥98. 0 %, AR), NaH2PO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), Na2HPO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), SnCl4·5H2O (≥99. 0 %, AR), montmorillonite (≥98. 0 %, GR) and NaCl (≥99. 5 %, AR) were purchased from Kermel Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). DMSO (≥99. 0 %, AR) obtained from Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) was used in all DMSO co-solvent reactions. SBP (≥97. 0 %, GC) was purchased from Industry (Japan) and used as the extracted solvent in the furfural production process. Standard reagents of xylose (≥99.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In 1934 the Dutch scientists Baas-Becking (Reference Baas-Becking1934) and deWit and Bouvier (Reference deWit and Bouvier2006) wrote ‘Everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’. This simple statement should resonate with every scientist contemplating the human microbiome. Like many profound and simple statements, it captures the essence of a concept, but it is not absolutely true. In your life, to this point, you have not encountered ‘everything’ in the microbial world and so you have only been able to ‘select’ from those microbes that you have contacted. It is estimated that there are a trillion microbial species on earth, of which only about 10,000 have been cultured (Locey and Lennon, and Lennon2016). You will probably have encountered many thousands of these species (possibly millions of strains) and so it is not surprising that your incredibly complex human ecosystem with its many exposed and internal niches has selected an enormously complex community of microorganisms from ‘everything’ you have encountered since your conception. Many ecological dramas will have been played out in and on your body. There will have been founder effects, stochastic encounters, invasions and infiltrations, force majeure events (antibiotics, surgery and cancer), while many microbial and microbe–host alliances will have been formed and disrupted – a veritable microbial Game of Thrones. At this moment in time, you have assembled ‘your’ microbiome, and as stated in the title to this piece, it is the microbiome you ‘deserve’ based on your life to date. Your unique combination of genetics, birth mode, family members, exposure to animals, environment, diet, medical history and lifestyle has selected your microbiome and it is now in a particular conformation, both compositionally and functionally (Figure 1). This complexity makes it difficult for us to understand the roles of the individual microbes and communities that make up our many different sub-microbiomes distributed across our various body sites. We cannot always discern the function of each microbial member, and whether microbe X in one individual plays a role that is performed by microbe Y in another. Frustratingly, we microbiome scientists cannot really tell you whether you have a ‘good’ or a ‘bad’ microbiome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0 %, HPLC), glucose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), arabinose (≥98. 0 %, HPLC), galactose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), formic acid (50 %, HPLC), acetic acid (≥99. 9 %, HPLC), glucuronic acid (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), furfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xylobiose (≥95. 0, HPLC) and xylotriose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from WAKO (Japan). Xylotetraose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC), xylopentaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) and xylohexaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) were obtained from Megazyme (Ireland). All reagents were used without further purification. Corncob was obtained from a farm in (China). Prior to the experiments, it was ground to pass through 40 and 80 mesh screens and then extracted with the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol (2:1) for 6 h in a soxhlet extractor. The extracted solid was washed with water and oven-dried to constant weight at 55 °C. Thereafter, corncob was milled for 6 h (400 rpm min−1) by a ball-milling machine and then stored in desiccators. Biomass composition of the corncob after extraction was determined according to the established procedure (NREL/TP-510-42618) with a resulting composition 37. 09 wt% of glucose, 31. 39 wt% of xylose, 2. 28 wt% of arabinose and 14. 47 wt% of lignin. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentA closed-vessel microwave oven (100 mL, GAS-800, Beijing Xiang- Reagent Co. Ltd. , China) equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a temperature probe and an autoclave was used for the HTP experiments in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: We can measure aspects like diversity and richness, we can ‘name’ the inhabitants and count their genes and place them into functional categories. We can build extraordinarily complex figures (PCoA’s, heatmaps and networks) and compare your microbiome to those of other individuals, but with very rare exceptions we cannot really tell if you would benefit from a specific change, nor can we precisely sculpt your microbiome in a predictable fashion. Some of my microbiome colleagues might interject at this point that we do have some general principles, we know that diversity is a good thing (except in those body cavities where it is not), and community stability and resilience is a good thing (unless you have a disease in which your microbiome may be driving the pathology). But these are hypotheses, and almost every control group seems to have those frustrating individuals with a microbiome that seems to fit better with the disease group, and vice-versa. We have become used to seeing scatter plots of diversity or richness in disease versus control where the most striking aspect to the casual viewer is the overlap between the groups, despite the statistical significance captured in the low P values decorating each figure. We realized very early that the contribution of the microbiome to health and disease is not a paradigm that follows simple Koch’s postulates, no matter how hard we strive to understand it in this fashion. Figure 1 Many factors shape the microbiome, both external and internal. The resulting final composition and functionality will affect health outcomes across many organs. Together with my colleague Fergus Shanahan, I have already railed against the lack of precise language, numeracy and literacy in microbiome science (Shanahan & Hill, and Hill2019), and so I will not rehash that argument here in detail. I do want to once again call out the term ‘dysbiosis’ in the way in which it is currently used by many scientists. It may well be that the ‘different’ or ‘altered’ microbiome in someone with a specific disease or syndrome is neither causal nor contributory (the connotation conveyed by the word dysbiosis). One could equally argue that an altered microbiome may even be protective against disease progression in some or many instances. What is certainly true is that the altered microbiome has been selected by the changed conditions in the diseased gut and we should only seek to change it if it we can be sure that such a change would be beneficial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In all cases, corncob was first suspended in DI water with a solid to liquor ratio of 1:10 (g mL−1) and ultrasound for 30 min. A microwave irradiation power of 600 W was applied to heat the suspension to 120 °C in 3 min and then kept for 2 min. Then, the temperature was raised with a heating rate of 20 °C in every 2 min and a retention time of 2 min in every 20 °C interval. It is important to note that this heating way can provide a buffer stage to avoid the over-heating under 600 W irradiation power and alleviate the side reactions such as the dehydration and rehydration of monosaccharide. Reaction time counted from zero when the temperature reached to the desired point. After the reaction, the autoclave was natural cooling to room temperature. Thereafter, the pretreated corncob substrate and the hydrolysate were separated by filtration for further analysis and experiments. Precipitation of ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses from hydrolysatesAfter the microwave-assisted HTP process, the hydrolysate was added into four times volume ethanol to precipitate the ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses. The sediment was washed with acid ethanol (pH = 5. 5–6. 0) for several times and then freeze-dried. Conversion of hydrolysates over tin-loaded montmorillonite in the biphasic systemDetails on the synthetic procedures and characterizations of Sn-MMT had been published in our previous study [20]. Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were carried out in an autoclave (25 mL, Co. Ltd. , China) using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system. In brief, the hydrolysate was saturated with the solid NaCl and the upper clean liquid was obtained as the reagent. Sn-MMT and organic solvents (DMSO and SBP) were added in a desired ratio, respectively. The autoclave was heated up to the desired temperature with a heating rate of 2 °C min−1 and kept for a required time. Initial reaction time (t = 0) was taken when the temperature set point was reached.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: For the Greek conditions, the domestic share of equipment production (usually being of auxiliary type, such as mounts, cables, transformers, etc. ) is of the order of 15%. Applying the above methodology first to the case of PVs, the resulting jobs are shown in Table 1. The impact on employment in 2014 that had the suspension of approvals for new PV projects (which began in August 2012 and remained in force until April 2014) is clearly demonstrated. Employment in 2013 and 2014 was based essentially on projects that had been long matured from the licensing point of view and were simply implemented in this period. Using the same methodology for the estimation of labour years (for direct jobs) created per new MW installed, the numbers shown in Figure 2 are derived. For the considered RE technologies, it can be seen that in the case of development and installation PVs produce more jobs, in the production of equipment wind energy comes first, while considering the long-term operation of the facilities biomass precedes by far (due to the need for collection, transportation and management of raw materials). The picture changes drastically, with PVs taking the top position, when the direct jobs (namely, the labour years in a period of 20 years) per GWh produced by technology (Fig. 3) or per million € of initial investment in each technology (Fig. 4) are calculated. Especially in the latter case, the picture is very dynamic as the cost of some RE technologies (e. g. PV) constantly changes over time, even at a rapid pace. For comparison purposes, a relevant study [6] for power plants that use as fuel lignite (including its mining) and natural gas in Greece, gives the following indexes: 0. 238 labour years/GWh for lignite; 0. 055 labour years/GWh for natural gas. Also, according to data of the main Greek power producer, the Corporation S. A. (PPC) for 2013 [7], PPC employed 4888 people in power plants and 3532 persons in the lignite mines, producing 37. 5 TWh. This gives an equivalent rate of 0. 225 labour years per GWh for all PPC's conventional units. Fig. 1RES jobs per technology and for selected countries in 2013, as recorded by IRENA [2]. Table 1PV installations and job positions in Greece during 2010–2014. Source: S. Psomas. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: First do no harm should be as applicable in microbiome-based therapies as in any other aspect of medicine. It may well be that by trying to manipulate an individual microbiome we are working against ecological forces in trying to alter what Nature has already selected. This is almost certainly why most probiotics or live biotherapeutics are unable to colonize consumers or patients. On the other hand, we can certainly view the delivery of live microbes (either as single strains or consortia) as providing alternatives that the ecosystem can ‘choose’ to select or ignore. In any event, some of the benefits of these microbial therapies probably result from interactions with the enteric immune or nervous systems rather than any direct impact on the microbiome. Equally, when we impose an intervention (e. g. antibiotics) directed at the gut microbiome and it inevitably changes in response, this should not really be characterized as ‘dysbiosis’. We have changed the environment, which has then selected for a different microbial community structure – there is nothing dysbiotic about that. Numeracy is another problem for the microbiome field. We rely too much on relative abundances, making us one of very few scientific disciplines that does not demand absolute numbers as the bedrock of all further analytical steps. Sampling is yet another problem. How representative is a faecal sample of the human gut microbiome? It is trivializing the field when some scientists (mea culpa) refer to the relative abundance of 16S rRNA amplicons in a faecal sample as the ‘gut microbiome’. We can no longer ignore the virome, the mycome, the archaeome and the protozome. We must take on the challenge of looking at multiple body sites and looking longitudinally and radially through the gut and other body sites. We must include standards or use protocols that give us absolute numbers. How can we compare the microbial communities in two individuals in any meaningful fashion if we are not aware that one of the subjects has ten times more microbes than the other? I have presented a somewhat gloomy view of microbiome science and scientists, but that is not my intention. I believe in the potential of the microbiome both as a therapeutic target and a rich repository of novel therapies. I believe that the microbiome plays a central role in our health and that this amazing superorganism we call a human is a combination of the macroscopic and microscopic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After the reaction, the reactor was cooled quickly to room temperature in ice water bath, and the products were separated into water phase and organic phase with the separating funnel for further analysis. Analytical methodsThe composition of hydrolysates was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA) and a Bio-rad Aminex® HPX-87H (300 × 7. 8 mm) column (Bio-rad, USA). H2SO4 (5 mM) was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 50 °C. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, arabinose, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural and HMF, respectively. Xylooligosaccharides in hydrolysates were detected by HPLC using a Hi-column (7. 7 × 300 mm, Agilent, USA) in combination with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA). DI water was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 2 mL min−1 at 80 °C. Calibration curves of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) were established for the quantitative calculation. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography (-3000, ) coupled with a Carbopac™ PA-20 column (4 × 250 mm, Dionex, USA) was used to determine the monosaccharides and uronic acids that liberated from the precipitated hemicelluloses by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 (1 M) at 105 °C for 2. 5 h. Detailed procedure was illustrated in the Ref. [36]. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and glucuronic acid, respectively. The molecular weights of the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with an Agilent PL aquagel--H column (300 × 7. 5 mm) and an evaporative light-scattering detector (Wyatt, USA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota access Published: 22 March 2021 Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota Sabrine Naimi1, Emilie Viennois2, Andrew T. Gewirtz3 & …: orcid. org/0000-0002-4285-769X1 Show authors Microbiome 80. Moreover, germfree animals are completely protected against CMC- and P80-induced inflammation, while in vitro microbiota treated with CMC or P80 are detrimentally impacted in ways that can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation when transferred to germfree recipient animals [5, 11, 14]. Such studies indicate the central role of direct microbiota disturbances in mediating the detrimental impacts of CMC and P80. Recent studies questioning food additive safety has prompted the launch of multiple clinical trials aiming to investigate the impact of these compounds on human health [15,16,17]. Furthermore, these studies highlight that safety evaluation of a food additive, especially non-absorbed compounds, should consider impacts on gut microbiota. Hence, as practical means of testing such food additives, we used an in vitro model, namely the MiniBio(MBRA) [18, 19] which allow dynamic stable culture of human-derived microbiota under anaerobic conditions, to evaluate the impact of 20 widely used dietary emulsifiers on human microbiota. In accord with previous studies, both CMC and P80 significantly impact microbiota composition and function during the treatment as well as in the post-treatment phase, suggesting that the detrimental effects of these compounds are long-lasting. While similar results were obtained with most of the other 18 compounds tested, some had minimal impacts on the microbiota in this system, suggesting that these particular emulsifiers may lack the potential to promote chronic inflammation. MethodsMiniBio(MBRAs) operationFecal sample collectionFecal samples from a healthy individual were collected into sterile containers, sealed, and transferred to an anaerobic chamber within 10 min of defecation. The fecal sample was manually homogenized and subdivided into sterile 50-mL tubes and stored at – 80 °C until use. The research protocol was approved by the committee under approval number H19174. Individual donating samples provided informed consent prior to donation. MBRA set-up, inoculation, and sample collectionMBRAs were prepared as previously described [18] and as presented in Figure S1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sodium phosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 7. 5) containing NaCl (0. 02 N) was employed as the eluent with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 35 °C. The composition of the solid residue was measured according to the Energy Laboratory’s Procedures (NREL/TP-510-42618). Briefly, sample (300 mg) was hydrolyzed with 72 % H2SO4 (3. 0 mL) at 30 °C for 1 h. The hydrolysate was diluted with DI water (84 mL), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 121 °C. Carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC as described above and the acid-soluble lignin was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). Experiments were duplicated to decrease the errors. The FT-IR spectra of the pretreated corncob and the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were obtained on a spectrophotometer (Tensor 27) using a KBr disk containing 1 % of the finely ground sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology characterization of the samples (S-4300, Hitachi, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples were recorded on a Bruker diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The tube voltage was 40 kV and the current was 40 mA. The selected 2θ range was 5°–40°, scanning at a step of 0. 02°. The monosugars, organic acids and furfural contents of the liquid products after the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion were detected by HPLC as described above.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: and Consultants are the technical brains behind all RE operations: they spot technical opportunities, come up with new ideas, solve problems, do the planning and ensure that new RE developments are sustainable in terms of society needs, economics and environmental protection. They may also specialise in R&D to trial innovations which will improve the outputs and cost effectiveness of RE technologies. Engineers from mechanical, electrical, civil, power systems and software backgrounds, process or manufacturing engineers, landscape architects, geotechnical engineers, measurement & control engineers, environmentalists, material scientists, biochemists, hydrologists, geologists, physicists, form this category. Energy advisors are supporters and knowledge providers for individuals and companies involved in RE: they advise on national and/or regional policies related to RE planning and operation, as well as on energy management and efficiency. They can specialise in training ranging from the provision of general guidance for companies on new developments in RE to detailed training on specific subjects, such as installer accreditation. Planning consultants, land development advisors, environmental legal consultants, policy developers/local development officers, teachers/trainers, energy officers, energy advisors, health & safety consultants are included herein. Last, but not least, Executives are the business brains behind all RE operations: they spot new business opportunities, create proposals, negotiate with potential customers and ensure customer's needs are met all along the renewable energy supply chain. They can also specialise in business communications for creating marketing and media campaigns to help increase the uptake of RES. Professionals with the profile of business developers/analysts, marketing executives, financial, human resources and administration managers, technical sales representatives, public relations officers, etc. are included herein. Apart from the specialized skills required for each one of the above listed categories of professionals, being essentially different according to the concerned RE technology, a range of core skills is important, as for example environmental awareness and motivation are highly desirable among RE industry employees at all levels. In addition, managers and consultants require dynamism, leadership, innovation, negotiation and strategic skills to get the most out of the opening up market opportunities. A survey of occupations in the RE sector by sub-sector and value chain segment is provided in the comprehensive report of ILO [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: b Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and taxonomic analysis were computed through QIIME2 pipeline at the genus level (144-h time point). Only the 12 more abundant genera are represented, from the more abundant (top left) to the least abundant (bottom right). Data are the means ± S. E. M, with individual data points being represented (N = 3). *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-testFull size imageSelect emulsifiers increase the expression of microbiota-derived pro-inflammatory moleculesDetrimental impacts of CMC and P80 in vivo associate with these compound’s increasing levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin, in vivo and in vitro, thus suggesting a potential means by which impacting microbiota might promote inflammation [5, 14]. Hence, we next examined if levels of these microbial pro-inflammatory agonists were impacted in the MBRA model by the compounds tested here. Levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin were measured via HEK cells engineered to express TLR4 or TLR5, respectively, and specific peroxidase under control of an NF-κB-responsive promoter. These data, presented in Fig. 6, revealed significantly increased LPS levels in microbiota exposed to maltodextrin, which persisted during the post-treatment phase. Microbiotas exposed to xantham gum, sorbitain monostearate, and glyceryl stearate displayed a tendency of increased LPS levels during the treatment phase, which became significant in the post-treatment phase, suggesting that these dietary emulsifiers induce slow but persistent increase in the microbiota’s expression of these pro-inflammatory molecules. Moreover, all carrageenans (iota, kappa, and lambda), as well as xantham gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum, significantly induced bioactive levels of flagellin in a reversible manner (Fig. 6c, d). Interestingly, CMC and P80 had only modest impacts on levels of flagellin and LPS, possibly reflecting a degree of donor-specific resistance to these specific additives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Airtight storage of moist wheat grain improves bioethanol yields access Published: 20 August 2009 Airtight storage of moist wheat grain improves bioethanol yields Volkmar Passoth1, Anna Eriksson1,2, Mats Sandgren3, Jerry Ståhlberg3, Kathleen Piens4 & …Johan Schnürer1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 121. The other tubes were not inoculated to estimate an eventual impact of the biocontrol yeast on the subsequent enzymatic pre-treatment and fermentation. After 4 weeks incubation, 50% of the tubes without yeast inoculation showed substantial mould growth. These tubes were not included in further analyses. No mould growth was observed in tubes inoculated with P. anomala. These results showed that it was necessary to include the biocontrol yeast for grain conservation. Farm grain with 18% water content was used as a control. The material was stored for 4 weeks. After this time, the grain was ground and pre-treated, as described in the Methods section. The resulting material was used as a substrate in test fermentations in shake flask cultures using S. cerevisiae as the fermentation yeast. Samples were taken and the sugar and ethanol concentrations were monitored. Fermentations were run until a plateau concentration of ethanol had been reached, which usually occurred within 30 hours of the start of the fermentation. After 30 hours, the yields of gram ethanol per gram added wheat grains were determined using the maximum ethanol concentration determined for the according fermentation for the calculations. The ethanol yield from dry grains was 0. 42 g ethanol/g grain (± 0. 01 standard deviation (SD), N = 6). Unexpectedly, the yield from stored moist wheat grains was significantly enhanced (P < 0. 001), to 0. 48 g ethanol/g added grain in samples without biocontrol yeast (± 0. 01 SD, N = 3), and 0. 47 g ethanol/g added grain in samples with added biocontrol yeast (± 0. 01 SD, N = 5). The difference between yields obtained from the inoculated and non-inoculated grain was not significant. These results imply that the biocontrol yeast does not negatively influence the ethanol yield, and that moist storage of the grain increases ethanol yield by more than 10%.

Output: pass