Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Some natural forests (especially tropical montane cloud forests) and wetland areas increase total water flow. Food Security: Protected areas conserve populations of wild species, pollinators, and crop wild relatives safeguarding species and populations vital for food security and agriculture. Health: Climate change and lack of clean water are expected to lead to increased health risks and epidemics. Protected areas contribute to health by protecting intact ecosystems and supplies of medicinal plants and genetic material for pharmaceuticals. Many people (80% in Africa) rely on traditional medicines; 28% of plants are used medicinally; and 60% of medicinal plants are collected from the wild, including in protected areas. Ecosystem stability: Economic losses from natural disasters have increased 10-fold over the last 50 years. Protected areas can play a role in helping reduce the occurrence and impacts of natural disasters, such as floods, landslides, tsunamis, typhoons and storms, fire and drought, and desertification. For example, in Argentina, flood protection programmes have integrated conservation of natural habitats to reduce vulnerability and disaster risks, to complement infrastructure and early-warning investments. Distinguishing features: Category II areas are typically large and conserve a functioning “ecosystem”, although to be able to achieve this, the protected area may need to be complemented by sympathetic management in surrounding areas. The area should contain representative examples of major natural regions, and biological and environmental features or scenery, where native plant and animal species, habitats, and geodiversity sites are of special spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational, or tourist significance. The composition, structure, and function of biodiversity should be to a great degree in a “natural” state or have the potential to be restored to such a state, with relatively low risk of successful invasions by non-native species. Role in the landscape/seascape: Category II provides large-scale conservation opportunities where natural ecological processes can continue in perpetuity, allowing space for continuing evolution. They are often key stepping-stones for designing and developing large-scale biological corridors or other connectivity conservation initiatives required for those species (wide-ranging and/or migratory) that cannot be conserved entirely within a single protected area. Advertisement 5. Summary and conclusionBiodiversity needs to be conserved, protected, and used sustainably. The benefits that biodiversity provides to society require that effective measures should be managed appropriately and, when indicated, coordinated with ongoing scientific projects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The most differentially overrepresented taxa in the cecum at 15, 25, and 35 days of age were the genus Enterococcus, family Rikenellaceae and genus Oscillospira, respectively (Figure 4H). Figure 4 Ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens at different ages. Observed OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (B) rarefactions of ileal samples collected on days 15, 25, and 35. PCoA shows a statistically, but not biologically, significant effect of age on the ileal microbiota (R = 0. 1, P = 0. 01) (C). Alpha rarefaction analysis of cecal samples (D, E) shows that observed OTUs and phylogenetic diversity both increased on day 35 compared with those samples collected on day 15 and 25 (P < 0. 01). A separate clustering of cecal microbiota was observed on day 35 (R = 0. 42, P < 0. 01) (F). The LEfSe provided the list differentially abundant taxa between ages in the ileum (G) and cecum (H). The cutoff value of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was 2. 0 or higher. Full size image SCFA in the ileum and cecumTo further identify whether the observed microbial changes due to dietary treatment also affected the gut function, SCFA and lactate concentrations were measured. In the ileum, the acetate concentration ranged from 6. 2 to 7. 1 μmol/g digesta and was not affected by dietary treatments, while lactate, propionate and butyrate were not detected (data not shown). The cecal propionate concentration in the VIRG group was significantly higher (P < 0. 05) than LXOS and HXOS groups on day 15 (Figure 5A) and also significantly higher than the control, LXOS and HXOS groups on day 35 (Figure 5C). The cecal acetate concentration was significantly higher in the HXOS group than in the VIRG group on days 25 and 35 (P < 0. 05; Figure 5B,C) and the LXOS group on day 25 (P < 0. 01; Figure 5B).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Using these data, the team Looked to see if their three new tests detected sick visits that were biasing results Compared six statistical methods for looking at data that may include data from sick doctor visits Compared standard methods with newer methods that were developed specifically to reduce bias from sick visit data What were the limits of the study? The research team may not have captured all reasons why patients see their doctors for sick visits. Also, the simulated data may differ in important ways from data in actual studies. Future research can apply these methods to data from patients with different health conditions in various kinds of studies. How can people use the results? Researchers may use these results to reduce bias in comparative effectiveness studies that include patient data from sick visits. They may use the new tests to identify data that can lead to bias. These methods may help researchers get more accurate findings from patient health records. The more accurate findings may help patients and their doctors compare and choose treatment options. advance statistical methodologies for analyzing data collected during regular health care by (1) comparing test strategies for identifying outcome-dependent visit data and (2) assessing bias in longitudinal statistical estimates arising from clinic data generated at outcome-dependent visits calculations; simulation studies Illustrative visit process data from 50 to 100 patients from each of 4 typical clinical database longitudinal studies with regular and outcome-dependent visits; simulated data generated under outcome-dependent visit processes Databases: patients undergoing brain surgery for brain aneurysms, patients with chronic kidney disease, patients after bone-marrow transplants, men diagnosed with prostate cancer Evaluation of bias introduced when using standard analysis techniques derived by theoretical calculations Comparison of test statistics for identifying outcome dependence in data 3 standard models of fitting longitudinal data that ignore the outcome-dependent visit process: mixed model regression fit via ML, generalized estimating equations with independent working correlation, and generalized estimating equations with exchangeable working correlation 3 newer models designed to adjust for outcome dependence: inverse weighted marginal models, ML-based joint modeling of outcomes and visit times, and 2-stage modeling of visit process and conditional outcomes of the test statistics in identifying outcome-dependent data, bias of the various estimators considered Clinical research uses information collected during patients’ regular health care to support large-scale comparative effectiveness research (CER) and observational studies. Patients with certain conditions often have, in addition to scheduled regular visits, symptom-based clinic visits in which patient characteristics or symptoms relate to the study outcome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This is to ensure that nature is protected and used sustainably. Today, however, biodiversity is facing a variety of environmental impacts that are directly or indirectly attributable to a variety of environmental impacts due to the concentration of a wide range of human activities and rapid growth in human population. In many parts of the world, however, the loss of biodiversity has been identified as a serious environmental problem that can significantly undermine the prospects for sustainable development and the evolution of ecosystem and reduces their resilience. Our analysis shows that the most significant elements of sustainability in protected area governance that should receive highest priority are integrated approach to natural, cultural, and economic aspects; flexibility in responding to constant changes and pro-activity in finding innovative solutions; involving local community in planning, decision-making, and providing economic benefits with no harm to nature; respecting traditional knowledge as the basis for building up new learning approaches and programmes; and connectivity to other protected areas, common issues, and international developments [1]. It is worth noting, therefore, that the national parks and other types of protected areas continue to form the basis of the full range of species and natural ecosystems that must be better designed, protected, and managed despite impending weaknesses regarding guarding procedures, supervision, and implementation of protection measures in all these areas. In addition to IUCN’s close collaboration with and WWF, this fact shows that there is a need for a better organisation and co-operation among the administrative and management bodies of a country that will require the cooperation of international agencies, non-governmental organisations, researchers, as well as local communities in the areas of conservation or any other protected area authorities. This approach, nonetheless, may be modified to specific contexts and goals, and applied with this purpose to other similar social environments, especially in countries in transition within the region. With this kind of intra- and inter-kind of relationships between various stakeholders, all parties will strengthen their positive attitude towards preserving and also lend greater support in the wider scope of PAs and NPs, since they think that essentially it has positive influence on the life of the inhabitants and on the natural environment. Advertisement 1. Orlović-Lovren V. The role of education in protected area sustainable governance. Management of Environmental Quality. 2011;22(1):48-582. United Nations—UN. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: 23-02-2019]3. IUCN—for Conservation of Nature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Correlation analyses showed that the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the cecum was positively correlated with cecal acetate production (R = 0. 57, P < 0. 05), whereas ileal Propionibacterium relative abundance was positively correlated with cecal propionate concentrations (R = 0. 51, P < 0. 05). Figure 5 SCFA and lactate concentrations in the cecum. Lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations (μmol/g content) of 24 cecal samples collected on 15 (A), 25 (B), and 35 (C) days of age. Significant differences (*P < 0. 05 and **P < 0. 01) were detected using the Scheffe’s multiple comparison test by ANOVA. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 g/ton virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g xylo-oligosaccharides/kg; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g xylo-oligosaccharides/kg. Full size image Growth performanceResults for production traits of broilers through the experimental period are shown in Table 1. The average body weight of chickens did not differ among treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers fed VIRG and HXOS diets was lower (P < 0. 05) than those fed CTL or LXOS between days 7 and 21. No difference was observed in FCR during the first week and last 15 days of experiment. The mortality rate of chickens was not affected by dietary treatments and was lower than 7% in all groups. Table 1 Growth performance of broilers in different treatment groups Full size table DiscussionHigh-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons has been used more recently to identify functional diversity [20] or variability [21] of the microbiome in the gut of broiler chickens. However, on the subject of dietary supplementation with XOS or VIRG, previous studies have used either low-resolution bacterial detection techniques [16-18] or considered an antibiotic mixture, rather than VIRG alone [19].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: For example, a patient who notices condition-related symptoms may schedule a clinic visit outside the regular schedule that yields data related to the CER outcome being measured; a patient without symptoms on a regular visit schedule will not have comparable data. Also, patients with advanced disease may experience higher likelihoods of visits. Researchers call visits, where frequency or content may be symptom driven, outcome-dependent visits. Ordinary clinic data analyses are subject to systematic error because clinic visit frequency and timing may be related to the longitudinal outcome being studied. In this study, the research team created simulated data to assess bias introduced from outcome-dependent visit data in estimating treatment effects; the team used three standard statistical models and three newer models specifically designed to minimize this bias. The research team proposed three tests for identifying data that may be affected by the number and timing of outcome-dependent visits. The test statistics incorporated the following patient-level data characteristics: inter-visit time, observed visit time, and total number of visits. To develop realistic simulations, the research team interviewed a stakeholder panel of four clinician-scientists who oversee clinical databases. The team wanted to determine how regular clinic visits and outcome-dependent clinic visits are defined and to document reasons for outcome-dependent visits. A wide range of simulated conditions included variations in outcome distributions, cluster and per cluster sample sizes, degree of outcome dependence in visit data, and extent to which statistical assumptions were met or violated. Outcome-dependence simulation variations included visit probability based on an underlying health problem or outcome, subgroups with more frequent visits, and varied visit probabilities related to regularly or randomly scheduled visits. outcome-dependent data. When the research team analyzed simulated data with a known level of outcome dependence, two of the three test statistics performed well in identifying outcome-dependent visit processes affecting the data: a test based on the total number of visits for each patient and a test based on the random effects portion of the linear predictor. Bias from outcome-dependent visits. Compared to standard statistical models, the newer models designed to reduce bias from outcome-dependent visits did not perform better across all conditions. Bias primarily emerged in relation to random effects in the model (i. e. , intercept, time), not to fixed effects (i. e. , group, group by time). The models based on maximum likelihood (ML) exhibited the least susceptibility to bias.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: While the general public may enjoy the manifold benefits of conservation such as the existence value of biodiversity (protection of typical landscapes and ecosystems, conservation of flag-ship species) and the contribution to the national natural and cultural heritage, the local population might bear disproportionately high costs in terms of restrictions to economic development (such as land use restrictions for commercial or residential purposes). The uneven sharing of costs and benefits, of course, has been addressed in various ways including the provisions of the Convention on (CBD). The CBD, therefore, builds the foundation of benefit and burden sharing, and considers the potentially uneven distribution of costs and/or negative regional economic impacts of conservation. A prominent though often problematic concept that tries to address the securing and provision of biodiversity conservation is the idea of Payments for (PES) focusing on a compensation of upstream communities conserving ecosystem services for downstream users. Besides the debate on the uneven distribution of costs and benefits, a wide range of studies have shown that—from an overall economic perspective—the conservation of biodiversity and the establishment of protected areas in particular is “efficient” in light of the huge benefits of conservation. For instance, Gantioler et al. [2] showed that the economic benefits of the EU’s Natura 2000 network, by far, exceed the economic costs. Other publications include studies on single protected areas such as the comprehensive cost–benefit analysis on Austria’s Donau-Auen national park [3] that proved that biodiversity conservation in a national park may lead to higher economic benefits even when compared to the construction of a hydro power plant. Other economic and managerial evaluations such as the one of Gesäuse national park [4] as well indicate the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation in protected areas. One major category of economic costs originating from conservation is opportunity costs of reduced development options. As land is an absolutely scare resource and cannot be increased, any decision of a certain type of land use necessarily leads to a reduction of other potential alternatives. Since the land devoted to nature conservation according to the IUCN’s guidelines, and the Flora-fauna-habitat Directive (FFH) and the in Europe is quite substantial, ranging from 9% up to 37% of a country’s total land area [5], opportunity costs of conservation might marginally increase in the future.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: In the present study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene to monitor the ileal and cecal microbiota of a large number of individual chickens fed either a sub-therapeutic level of VIRG or one of two levels of XOS over a 5-week production cycle. VIRG is one of the most commonly used in-feed antibiotics in the poultry industry for disease prevention and growth promotion. Our results indicate that VIRG and XOS differentially modified the proportion of specific OTUs and these changes were associated with cecal acetate and propionate production. Based on the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities and number of observed OTUs, we concluded that the VIRG inclusion (16. 5 g/ton) did not change the chicken ileal and cecal bacterial community membership. Similar results have been previously reported in chicken [19,22] and swine gut microbiota following treatments with in-feed antibiotics [23-25]. However, VIRG treatment significantly altered relative abundance of certain taxa in the ileum whereas no effect was observed on the cecal microbial composition. This observation is in accordance with the study of Dumonceaux et al. [18] who reported that virginiamycin addition (20 g/ton) altered the chicken gut microbiota most significantly in the upper intestinal tract. In contrast, Danzeisen et al. [19] described a number of changes in the proportion of taxa including a reduction in lactobacilli and an increase in Escherichia coli in the cecal contents of chicken exposed to a mixture of monensin (110 g/ton) with virginiamycin (15 g/ton) or tylosin (20 g/ton). This discrepancy is likely due to the higher dose of antibiotic used in their study. Interestingly, lactobacilli was not identified as a biomarker of VIRG treatment in our study, although it is generally considered to be reduced with antibiotics [17,19,26]. The relatively low levels of antibiotics used in Canadian poultry industry and in the present study may be responsible for the lack of significant changes in the gut bacterial community membership or the cecal microbial composition in the current study. We identified two genera of bacteria as being linked to VIRG treatment, namely Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to hormonal peptide Elabela guides angioblasts to the midline during vasculogenesis of Muenster, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Germany; A*STAR, Singapore; May 27, 2015 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 16, 2015 Accepted ManuscriptMay 27, 2015 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,982 views 792 downloads 90 6726. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side 5 figures and 2 videos 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Angioblast migration to the midline is not regulated by Vegf. (A–F) Schematic (A) and confocal (B–F) in vivo time-lapse imaging of angioblasts (green) and their migration in a Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryo, injected with H2B-mCherry mRNA (purple, all nuclei), dorsal views at indicated time points. Arrows indicate the initial migration to the midline, and the coalescing into the dorsal aorta (DA). (G–J) Loss of Vegf-signaling components by vegfaa/vegfab double morpholino (MO) injection (H) or in vegf receptor 2 (kdrl) mutants (J) does not affect angioblast migration. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 17 hpf. For each condition, n > 15. Figure 1—source movie 1 Time-lapse movie showing angioblast (green) migration to the midline analyzed using Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos injected with H2B-mCherry mRNA (purple, all nuclei). Download elife-06726-fig1-data1-v2. avi Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Inhibition of Vegfa signaling resulted in normal angioblast migration to the midline, but impaired sprouting angiogenesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In most cases, this money inflow per se increases demand for park-related goods and services, and creates (some) local jobs. If conservation leads to a change of land use in terms of a total loss of production (e. g. , in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting), management plans of national parks, Natura 2000 areas, and nature protection areas provide for a sufficient compensation amounting to the loss of property value. In other words, this means that potential production losses are compensated; income of property owners or rights holders, therefore, may stay the same. (Very often, a significant share of a park’s budget is devoted to compensation, and alternative management of the land. )Some new regional products might be developed such as new handicraft, certain uses of local resources (e. g. , joint marketing of natural and/or ecological products such as organic farming or game meat). In terms of the size of the local economy, the value added is relatively small, though important for building companies and stakeholder networks. Finally, the most important potential benefit of establishing and operating protected areas is the tourism sector. As protected areas conserve biodiversity and provide experiences for visitors based on the natural environments, it is safe to assume that protected areas usually attract visitors. From a methodological point of view, there are some uncertainties that have to be taken into account when the effect of tourism is to be ascertained. First of all, many categories of protected areas such as national parks or even more, Natura 2000 sites, do not emphasize a priori the development of tourism. While national parks at the core provide education and information to visitors, Natura 2000 areas often do not include 5. Overnight stays in Austrian municipalities (1990–2016). In other words, nature conservation based on Natura 2000 does not lead to a decrease or stagnation in tourism during the summer season, but rather increases tourism above the Austrian average. The causal linkages at this level of aggregation are, however, hard to detect. On the one hand, as said earlier, Natura 2000 sites are certainly established in areas of natural beauty, or where other conservation areas are overlapping, such as national parks. On the other hand, most municipalities without Natura 2000 areas are either rural areas without tourist attractions or are industrial areas and centers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Dumonceaux et al. [18] also observed an increase in Corynebacterium glutamicum in the proximal intestinal of virginiamycin-treated chickens, using quantitative PCR method. Under anaerobic conditions, C. glutamicum catabolizes different carbohydrates and produces organic acids such as lactate and succinate [27]. The genus Propionibacterium is a gram-positive bacterium with a unique ability to produce propionate. In our study, the propionate concentration was lower than the limit of detection in the ileum. However, a marked increase in cecal propionate concentration was observed as a result of the VIRG treatment and was positively correlated with the change in the relative abundance of Propionibacterium in the ileum. The immunomodulatory effects of selected strains of Propionibacterium such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici have been established in humans and animals [28-31]. Propionibacterium species are also able to bind to aflatoxin B1 and reduce its intestinal absorption in chickens [32]. Aflatoxin B1 is a major food contaminant in poultry production that depresses growth performance. At this point, it is unclear whether the improved feed efficiency in VIRG-fed chickens is related to the increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium or not. We hypothesize that these genera may contribute to reported growth promoting functions of antibiotic. While XOS are not digestible by gastrointestinal digestive enzymes, they can be fermented by the gut microbiota, producing SCFA and lactate [33]. Previous studies on humans [34], rats [35,36], and chickens [16,37] have analyzed cultivable members of the fecal and cecal microbiota and found that XOS is effective in promoting intestinal health by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacterial species. Our results demonstrate that the cecal microbiota of HXOS-fed chickens contained significantly higher proportions of the genus Lactobacillus than the other dietary treatments. Several strains of Lactobacillus have been identified as functional probiotics with associated anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In vitro fermentation of XOS by Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus fermentum has been previously reported [11].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: (A–J) Vegfa signaling was impaired using either ligand MOs (vegfaa/vegfab MO), chemical inhibition of Vegfr2 signaling (2. 5 μM SLKB1002 [Zhang et al. , 2011]) or mutations in the vegfr2 gene (kdrl). Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 17 hpf (), 24 hpf (F, J, K, L) and 28 hpf (D, E). At 17 hpf, angioblasts in control embryos as well as Vegfa signaling deficient embryos arrived at the midline (). Control embryos showed sprouting of the intersegmental vessels (D, F, K) whereas Vegfa signaling deficient embryos lacked the intersegmental vessels (E, J, I). Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Abrogation of Shh signaling abolishes vegfaa expression, but does not influence angioblast migration. (A, B) Embryos treated with 100 μM Cyclopamine (CyA) from 11 hpf to 18 hpf to block Sonic hedgehog signaling showed no defects in medial angioblast migration. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 18 hpf. c-d) vegfaa expression in the somites is abolished in embryos treated with 100 μM Cyclopamine (CyA) from 11 hpf to 18 hpf. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Ela/Apelin receptor - signaling guides angioblast migration to the midline. (A) Angioblasts have migrated to the midline at 17 hpf in wild type, aplnmu267 mutant or apln MO injected zebrafish embryos. MO-mediated knockdown of apelin receptor a or b partially inhibited midline migration, while simultaneous loss of both apelin receptor genes completely abolished midline migration of angioblasts. Likewise, embryos with homozygous mutations in the ligand ela display impaired migration of angioblasts. Arrows indicate aberrant positions. (B, C) Mutations in apln receptor genes impair angioblast migration.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Science, Conservation, and edited by Steven R. Beissinger, David D. Ackerly,. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-42295-4 | Paper: 978-0-226-42300-5 | Electronic: 978-0-226-42314-2DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 001. 0001 of (cloth, paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) (UPSO) the US Service marks its centennial in 2016, parks and protected areas worldwide are under increasing threat from a variety of factors, including storms and fires of greater severity, plant and animal extinctions, the changing attitudes of a public that has become more urbanized, and the political pressures of narrow special interest groups. In the face of such rapid environmental and cultural changes, Science, Conservation, and gathers a group of renowned scholars—including Edward O. Wilson, Jane Lubchenco, Thomas Dietz, and Monica Turner, among many others—who seek to address these problems and, in so doing, to secure a future for protected areas that will push forward the frontiers of biological, physical, and social science in and for parks. Examining the major challenges of parks and protected areas throughout the world, contributors provide answers to a number of key conservation questions, such as: How should stewardship address climate change, urban encroachment and pollution, and invasive species? How can society, especially youth, become more engaged with nature and parks, and are there models to guide interactions between parks and their neighbors? What are appropriate conservation objectives for parks in the Anthropocene? Charting a course for the parks of the next century, Science, Conservation, and is certain not only to catalyze the continued evolution of US park conservation policy, but also to be an inspiration for parks, conservation, and management worldwide. . Beissinger is professor of conservation biology in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management and in the Museum of at the University of California, Berkeley. He is coeditor of Analysis, also published by the University of Chicago Press. David D. Ackerly is professor in the Department of and an associate curator in the at the University of California, Berkeley. is the James H. House and Hiram H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Lactate produced by Lactobacillus species, is rarely accumulated and is mostly converted to butyrate and acetate as shown by in vitro studies [38,39]. This was substantiated in the current study by the increased production of acetate after HXOS supplementation in comparison with the VIRG and LXOS groups. The average number of high-quality sequencing reads obtained per sample in this study was higher than previously published studies of the chicken gut microbiota [19-21]. This has enabled us to provide a more comprehensive view about the ileal and cecal microbiota composition and structure. The ileal microbiota was mainly composed of Firmicutes (>85%), and within this phylum, the majority belonged to the Lactobacillus genus, a finding that is consistent with previous 16S rRNA gene-based studies [40,41]. In addition to Lactobacillus, an unknown genus in the Clostridiaceae family was reported to be dominant in the ileum [41]. This was identified as the genus in our study. In cecal samples, most of the OTUs were classified as, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus and unknown genera of the Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae families, which was in accordance with the earlier pyrosequencing-based studies [19,42]. Furthermore, we found that cecal bacterial diversity increased over time, similar to what has been previously observed in chicken [19,22,43] and wild bird species [44]. In addition, the relative abundance of certain bacterial families or genera was altered over time in the ileum and cecum of the chickens. For example, the relative abundance of the genus Enterococcus declined whereas Faecalibacterium and Clostridium increased in the cecum with increasing age. It was also noted that Enterobacteriaceae, a family that comprises many known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli, was more abundant in the ileum and cecum of the young birds. Similar results were obtained by Wise et al. [45] in a quantitative PCR-based study using group-specific 16S rDNA primers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Analysis of the offspring of aplnra+/−;aplnrb+/− double heterozygous parents resulted in four phenotypic categories (normal, mild, strong, stronger). (B) Genotyping of individual embryos revealed an additive effect, while mild phenotypes were observed when one receptor gene was homozygously mutant, phenotypic strength increased with additional loss of functional receptor genes (c; Ra, aplnra; Rb, aplnrb). (D, E) Ela deficiency can partially be compensated by Apln. Analysis of the offspring of apln+/−;ela+/− double heterozygous parents resulted in four phenotypic categories (normal, mild, strong, severe). (D) Genotyping of individual embryos revealed a dose dependency, with increasing phenotypic strength correlating with additional loss of apln alleles in ela mutant embryos. (E) ela−/−; apln−/− double mutants phenocopied apln receptor deficiency. Angioblasts (green) were labeled by Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 expression, scale bars represent 30 μm. Figure 2—source data 1 Excel table showing the phenotype categories and the number of embryos for each genotype in these phenotypic categories (for the apln/ela double mutant analysis). Download elife-06726-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of aplnra, aplnrb, apln and ela coincides with the formation of the DA and PCV. (A–D) In situ hybridizations detecting expression of aplnra (A), aplnrb (B), apln (C) and ela (D) at the indicated time points (12 hpf, 18 hpf shown in dorsal views, 20 hpf in lateral views). aplnrs are expressed in the migrating angioblasts and continue to be expressed during formation of the DA and PCV. At 12 hpf, aplnrb is strongly expressed in the angioblasts (prior to migration, arrowheads) and within the lateral plate mesoderm and at the notochord somite boundary.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0004[mission of parks, national parks, protected area management, relevance of parks]On 25 August 1916, the Act was signed into law by Wilson, thereby establishing the agency and its mission in a mere 731 words. The key mission, still in force today, is “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. ” Since then, the demographic, social, political, environmental, and economic landscape of the has dramatically changed. This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the legacy of the Service mission, its relevance in the 21st century, and protected area management. (pages 64 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0001[biodiversity;education;extinction;national parks;protected areas]This essay provides a perspective on the current state of biodiversity conservation; suggests that the only viable solution to accelerated rates of extinction is to increase the area of protected, inviolable habitat to a safe level; and discusses how national parks, biodiversity, and education are inextricably linked as part of the solution. It was presented at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015. Many of the ideas are further developed in the accompanying transcript of a moderated discussion on conservation and the role of parks that followed its presentation. (pages 7 - 16)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0002[blue parks;marine protected areas;marine reserves;national parks;ocean protection]We propose an additional, bold focus for the centennial of the US Service: to make protection of special places in the ocean as important as it has been on land. This vision reflects the fact that 55% of the by area is in the ocean, but only 15% of the US ocean is strongly protected. Marine protected areas vary greatly in extractive activities permitted, ranging from fully protected marine reserves that allow no destructive activities to multiple use areas that are zoned to permit different kinds of extractive uses. Ocean protected areas have grown rapidly from 0. 08% of the global ocean coverage a decade ago to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: They reported that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the most abundant in the cecum at day 7 but being replaced by obligate anaerobe sequences by days 14 and 21. The ileal bacterial community appeared to be more stable than the cecum, a finding that was similar to the observation of Lu et al. [46]. Bird age, as evident from this study and others [19,22], had a higher impact on gut microbiota as compared to dietary treatments. ConclusionsTaken together, this study indicates that dietary prebiotic or sub-therapeutic antibiotic supplementation modulated the relative abundance of specific bacteria without changing the overall microbial structure. We showed that bacterial community clustering was mainly due to the sample location and the age of the birds rather than dietary supplementation. Increased population levels of lactate-producing bacteria and elevated cecal acetate concentrations in chickens fed HXOS might be an intestinal health-promoting attribute and may contribute to improved feed efficiency during the growth period. MethodsBirds, diet, and experimental designOne hundred and twenty male 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross × Ross) were obtained from a local commercial hatchery and grown over a 35-day experimental period at the. Birds were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (six cage replicates; five birds/cage) which included 1) CTL: a commercial and typical broiler diet without any supplements, 2) VIRG: diet 1 supplemented with sub-therapeutic levels of virginiamycin (16. 5 g/ton diet), 3) LXOS: diet 1 + 1 g XOS/kg, and 4) HXOS: diet 1 + 2 g XOS/kg. The main ingredients of the diets were corn and soybean meal, formulated according to the NRC requirement (Additional file 1: Table S3). Chickens had free access to feed and water. Birds were raised under controlled environmental conditions with an 18-h lighting cycle and a temperature of 32°C at day 1 which was gradually reduced and maintained at 24°C on day 10. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded on a cage-by-cage basis on days 7, 21, and 35. FCR was calculated as feed intake (kg) divided by body mass gain (kg).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: aplnra expression is strong in the paraxial mesoderm (A). Both receptors are expressed in the angioblasts at 18 hpf (A, B, arrowheads) and in the developing axial vessels at 20 hpf (Arrowheads point to the DA, arrows to the PCV). Prior to angioblast migration apln and ela are both expressed by the notochord, with ela showing a much stronger expression (C, D). After angioblasts reached the midline (18 hpf, 20 hpf) only apln is still expressed by the notochord, whereas notochord derived ela expression is strongly reduced to absent. (E) Knockdown of aplnr does not influence the specification of angioblasts. In situ hybridizations detecting expression of the angioblast marker etv2 at 13. 5 hpf (dorsal views). Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Generation of zebrafish aplnra, aplnrb and apln mutants. Targeted indel mutations in the aplnra gene were induced using TALEN mutagenesis, and in the aplnrb and apln genes were induced by engineered sgRNA:Cas9. The wild type nucleotide sequences are shown at the top with the TALEN (A) or (B, C) target sites highlighted in yellow and the spacer (A) or PAM (B, C) sequences highlighted in red. (A) aplnra coding sequence and TALEN mutagenesis target site. An 8 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue leads to a premature stop and a shortening of the Aplnra protein to 13 AA. (B) aplnrb coding sequence and mutagenesis target site. A 4 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue leads to a premature stop and a shortening of the Aplnrb protein to 65 AA. (C) apln coding sequence and mutagenesis target site. An 1 baise pair loss 9 base pair insertion, shown as lower case letters in blue causes a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon and a shortening of the Apln protein to 11 AA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 8% today. Little of the open ocean is protected because the legal tools for creating protected areas reside within individual countries. Using top-down authorities have led to many of our most beloved large, blue parks, but most existing coastal protected areas are small and were developed from combined efforts of diverse stakeholders. We discuss pathways to ocean protection in the United States, review the scientific lessons learned over the past century of park management, and propose a focus on “blue” to complement the first century’s focus on “green” protected areas. (pages 17 - 45)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0003[biodiversity;climate change;conservation;ecosystem services;protected areas;stewardship;sustainability;2014 Congress]This 15. 4% of the planet’s terrestrial areas and inland water areas, and 3. 4% of the oceans. Protected areas do not sufficiently cover areas of importance for biodiversity. The results of the 2014 Congress in Sydney and its main outcome, the Promise of Sydney, are reviewed, including the core vision, innovative approaches to park stewardship, a platform for sharing and exchanging inspiring solutions, and the commitments made to support protected areas. Future directions for protected area conservation and sustainability are discussed. (pages 46 - 63)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0004[mission of parks;national parks;protected area management;relevance of parks]On 25 August 1916, the Act was signed into law by Wilson, thereby establishing the agency and its mission in a mere 731 words. The key mission, still in force today, is “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. ” Since then, the demographic, social, political, environmental, and economic landscape of the has dramatically changed. This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the legacy of the Service mission, its relevance in the 21st century, and protected area management. (pages 64 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: This test measures a value of R, normally scaled from 0 to 1, which is based on the average rank similarity among groups and replicates within each group [55]. R = 0 indicates that two groups are similar whereas R = 1 shows a perfect separation between groups. Differentially abundant taxa were identified using the LEfSe method [56]. The LEfSe algorithm uses the nonparametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0. 05) to analyze differences between classes (treatments) and the pairwise Wilcoxon test (α = 0. 05) to check differences among subclasses (time points) within different classes. To evaluate the α-diversity in samples, the rarefaction curves of PD and number of observed OTUs were computed using QIIME. To normalize the sequencing depth, the lowest counts among samples were randomly subsampled in each library 1,000 times and average values were used to measure diversity indices. The differences between the mean values were identified by analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s multiple comparison test using SAS v9. 1 software. was used to analyze the Pearson correlation between bacterial genera and SCFA concentrations. The differences of growth performance parameters among treatments were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and each cage was considered as an experimental unit. Availability of supporting dataThe raw sequence data obtained in this study has been deposited in the Archive (SRA) database of the for (NCBI) with an access number of SRP044612. AbbreviationsAGP: antibiotic growth promoter FCR: feed conversion ratio LDA: linear discriminant analysis LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size OUT: operational taxonomic unit PCoA: principal component analysis PD: phylogenetic diversity RDP: : short chain fatty acids STD: standard deviation VIRG: virginiamycin XOS: xylo-oligosaccharides 71. 48. 61. 43. 12. 73. 5. 66. 16. 94. 72. 97. 7. 52. 48. 22. 7. 23. 7949. 1941. 4290. 82. 276. 90. 608. 94. 80. 1892. 64. 88. 2029. 52. CAS PubMed 10. 61. 6. CAS PubMed 8. CAS PubMed 34. 7. 32. 57. 8. 8. 93.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Notochord (NC) ela expression is sufficient to guide angioblasts to the midline. (A) Angioblasts fail to migrate to the midline position in the NC mutants noto and ta. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal view at 17 hpf (scale bars: 20 μm). (B) In situ hybridization in 17 hpf old zebrafish embryos showing ela expression from the NC and somites (white arrows). NC deficiency abolishes or strongly reduces ela expression in noto or ta mutant embryos. (C) Mosaic expression of Ela in the midline, achieved by injection of shh:ela DNA, led to rescue of angioblast migration in tab160 mutant embryos (n = 61 embryos, ctr injected n = 32 embryos). Significance was calculated by chi-square (χ2 = 19. 65) equivalent to p < 0. 001 (p = 9E-06). Scale bars: 30 μm. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Ela overexpressing cells attract angioblasts. (A) F1 embryos from nototk241+/− or tab160+/− parents were injected with 250 pg Tol2 mRNA as well as 10 pg of DNA constructs, in which the heatshock promotor was used to drive either control (ctr, Cherry) or ela expression. overexpressing cells were labeled by IRES mediated RFP expression. Expression was induced by two consecutive heatshocks (incubation at 39°C) at 12 hpf and 14 hpf for 1 hr each. (B–C′) Angioblast migration in nototk241−/− mutant embryos injected with the ctr (B, B′) or the ela overexpression (C, C′) construct. (D) Quantification of Ela/RFP or ctr (Cherry) positive cells showed significantly more Ela overexpressing cells attracting angioblasts than ctr cells (n = 10 embryos for hs:ela, n = 20 embryos for hs:ctr p*** = 0. 0001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0010[climate change, invasive species, national parks, protected area management, stewardship, de-extinction, rewildling]In a world with rapidly changing climate, rising sea levels, invasive species, and shifting disturbance regimes, national parks face huge stewardship challenges. Parks are challenged with reconciling management in the face of these changes while sustaining the preservationist values embedded in history, law, and policy. To maintain and restore ecosystem functions and combat climate change, should national parks embrace species once considered nonnative to a region, organisms produced by de-extinction, or populations introduced through rewilding? Should managers use historical baselines as goals for restoration, in the face of shifting climate and disturbance regimes? Is active management appropriate to resist novel ecosystems, or should trajectories of disturbance and succession be allowed to proceed unimpaired? This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the role of stewardship and science in national parks and their role in confronting these looming challenges. (pages 212 - 222)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0005[climate change;disturbance regime;fire;insect outbreaks;landscape change;national parks;Yellowstone]National parks anchor many of our last intact natural landscapes and offer unparalleled opportunities for scientists to understand baseline ecological responses to global change. As climate warms, the frequency, severity, and extent of natural disturbances are changing profoundly. Understanding how, when, where, and why these changes may influence national parks is urgent for park management and conservation. In the northern Rocky Mountains, fire and insect outbreaks are key drivers of landscape pattern and ecosystem function. Long-term studies in have documented tremendous ecological resilience to these natural disturbances, but projected climate change may lead to novel disturbance regimes and unforeseen ecological responses. Drawing primarily from research in Yellowstone and National Parks, we highlight the critical role of national parks as living laboratories for scientific research and the importance of science for park management during these times of rapid change. (pages 77 - 101)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 11. 49. CAS PubMed 24. 7. 6. 668. 200. 2. 7. 7. 9. 43. 60. 1. Statistical comparison of alpha diversities between treatments in the ileal and cecal microbiota. A nonparametric t-test was run in QIIME to compare the alpha diversities using the default number of permutations (999) and the greatest rarefaction depth. Cells shaded with light blue (upper right section) shows the P values for the number of observed species while those shaded with light yellow (lower left section) shows the P values of phylogenetic diversity comparison. Table S2. Statistical comparison of alpha diversities between ages in the ilea and cecal microbiota. A nonparametric two sample t-test was run in QIIME to compare the alpha diversities using the default number of permutations (999) and the greatest rarefaction depth. Cells shaded with light blue (upper right section) shows the P values for the number of observed species while those shaded with light yellow (lower left section) shows the P values of phylogenetic diversity comparison. values are bolded. Table S3. Ingredient composition (g/kg) of experimental diets. Figure S1. The ileal and cecal microbial composition on days 15, 25, and 35. The bar charts indicate the relative abundance (%) of bacterial phyla (A) and the dominant (>0. 5% of sequences) bacterial families and genera (B) in the ileum and cecal microbiota of chickens. Classification is according to the RDP trained on the Greengenes database with a minimum confidence score of 0. 8. For each habitant, ileal and cecal contents of 16 birds were collected at 15, 25, and 35 days old. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: (E–F′) Angioblast migration in tab160 −/− mutant embryos injected with the ctr (E, E′) or the ela overexpression (F, F′) construct (G) Quantification of Ela/RFP or ctr (Cherry) positive cells showed significantly more Ela overexpressing cells attracting angioblasts than ctr cells (n = 8 embryos for hs:ela, n = 10 embryos for hs:ctr p** = 0. 0089). Significance was calculated by chi-square test. Maximum intensity projections give an overview of the analyzed embryos. Single planes visualize the closeness of Ela or ctr (Cherry) expressing cells to angioblasts. White arrows point to Ela overexpressing cells with less than 5 μm distance to angioblasts. <5 μm distance between an Ela/ctr positive cell and an angioblast was counted as ‘attractant’; 5–40 μm distance was counted as ‘not attractant’. Scale bars represent 30 μm. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Cell autonomous requirement for Apelin receptor signaling in angioblasts. (A) Experimental design: mini-ruby injected cells from ctr MO (C) aplnra/b MO (D) or WT (E) Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos were transplanted into WT or aplnra/b MO host embryos and scored for their migration to the midline. (B) Quantification: 93. 6% of ctr MO injected (n = 39 GFP + angioblasts, 7 embryos), but only 9. 4% of aplnra/b deficient (aplnra/b MO injected; n = 62 GFP+ angioblasts, 5 embryos) donor angioblasts migrated to the midline in WT host embryos. In contrast, 81. 9% of WT donor angioblasts (n = 15 GFP+ angioblasts, 6 embryos) migrated to the midline in aplnra/b deficient host embryos. Error bars represent SEM, calculated using the standard deviation of percent of angioblasts in the midline per embryo. Statistical analysis showed significance using 2 way ANOVA and t-test, with p *** = 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 003. 0011[conservation;coupled human-natural systems;development;protected area management;socio-ecological systems;protected area management]Protected areas currently comprise a substantial land use and cover 14% of the Earth’s land surface. Their expansion in recent decades, combined with increasing economic growth and aspirations in high biodiversity areas, has brought the relevance of socio-ecological systems (also known as coupled human-natural systems)to the fore for conservation. Socio-ecological processes operate at multiple scales: within protected areas, for example resource use by people living inside protected areas; surrounding protected areas, for example poverty alleviation for communities on the fringes; and larger landscapes, for example conflicts between infrastructure expansion and corridors for animal movement between networks of protected areas. National- and global-scale processes such as climate change, shifting priorities of international donors, and market forces that lead to land use change influence outcomes for conservation and people at all of these scales. Protected area management faces several mismatches in addressing these socio-ecological dimensions: conflicting objectives for conservation and development; ecological and social processes that operate at larger spatial scales than protected areas; and governance of land use in the larger landscape in which protected area managers have no authority. The next step in the historical evolution of protected area management is incorporating socio-ecological dynamics and addressing these mismatches. (pages 227 - 246)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0012[adaptive risk management;analytic deliberation;decision making;global environmental change;national parks;uncertainty;values]The US were born in public conflicts and conflicts continue in the 21st century. Differing values and uncertainty about facts, values, and the mission of US make such conflicts almost inevitable. Global environmental change will exacerbate them. Environmental decision sciences offer insights and tools that can lead to better decisions even in the face of uncertainty and conflict. Uncertainty makes national park decisions a form of adaptive risk management (ARM). ARM can be improved by linking scientific analysis to public deliberation, engaging multiple forms of expertise, building evaluation into decisions, and making use of bridging organizations to span the diverse set of parties interested in or affected by decisions about parks. By helping design ARM processes, environmental decision sciences can make important science contributions for parks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Gene function analysis of metagenomes The metagenomic genes of all samples were predicted based on Prodigal (v2. 6. 3) (Hyatt et al. , 2010). CD-HIT (v4. 8. 1) was used to build non-redundant gene sets (Fu et al. , 2012). The non-redundant gene sets were translated into amino acid sequences. All amino acid sequences were aligned in the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database using (v2. 1. 8) (Buchfink, Xie & Huson, 2015; Lombard et al. , 2014). Gene family abundances and microbiome metabolic pathways were evaluated using HUMANn3 (v3. 7) based on ChocoPhlAn database and UniRef90 EC database (Franzosa et al. , 2018). To identify the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the vaginal microbiome, ARGs were quantified using ShortBRED (v0. 9. 3) based on the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) (Kaminski et al. , 2015). Virome analysis Viral sequencing was conducted in Co. , Ltd. Samples were centrifuged at 2,500× g for 5 min, then the supersolution was centrifuged again and passed through a filter to remove debris and cells. The samples were treated with 2 ul lysozyme at room temperature for 30 min, then continued with 0. 2 times the volume chloroform under RT for 10 min. Then 10U Tubro Dand 2 ug Rwere added to the new centrifuge supersolution, subsequently thermally deactivated at 65 °C for 10 min. MinElute virus and Qubit dskit were used to extract and quantify the virus DNA. Small fragment libraries of 200–500 bp were constructed by standard or microlibrary construction, and paired 150 bp reads were sequenced. recruited 14 volunteers in total, and the samples from three of them were excluded due to one of them was diagnosed with HPV infection, and the remaining two samples were contaminated (5, 6 and 12). Only 59 samples were collected in the end due to the incomplete cervical orifice samples of individuals (1, 7 and 9 among the 11 volunteers. We then grouped these samples by sampling site and sampling period.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Developmental conductive hearing loss impairs AM rate detection. (A) Psychometric functions across four tested AM rates (64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz) from a single testing session for a representative Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animal. (B) Average temporal modulation transfer functions for Ctl and HL animals. Mean ±1 SEM. Error bars are smaller than symbol dimensions. (C) Distribution of gain values extracted from each animal’s fitted exponential function. (D) Distribution of slope values extracted from each animal’s fitted exponential function. (E) Boxplots of maximum d’ from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. (F) Boxplots of false alarm (FA) rate from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. (G) Boxplots of lapse rate from all test sessions of Ctl and HL animals. Thick horizontal bars represent median values. The boxplots span the 25th to 75th distribution percentiles, and the whiskers span the 5th and 95th distribution percentiles. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 0001. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Gerbils did not use an average level cue. Average d’ across 12 dB SPL sound levels from 4 Ctl animals tested at 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rates. Mean ± SEM. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset HL-related AM detection deficits cannot be explained by elevated ABR thresholds. (A) Click ABR thresholds from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animals. ABR thresholds from HL animals were significantly greater than those from Ctl animals (**p<0. 0001). Horizontal bars represent the group means. (B) Individual behavioral AM detection thresholds (x-axis) do not correlate with ABR click thresholds (y-axis). For HL animals, pearson r values ranged between 0. 27–0. 52, p>0. 05. For Ctl animals, pearson r values ranged between 0. 35–0. 68, p>0. 05. Filled symbols correspond to gerbils used for extracellular ACx recordings. (C) Mean ± SEM of maximum ABR amplitude (top) and latency (bottom) plotted as a function of sensation level (dB).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0018[climate change;conservation;future;national parks;park science;stewardship;management paradigms]We examine how science, conservation, and management of park resources have changed over the past century since the birth of the US Service, and how climate change may require shifts to conservation and management paradigms during the second century of national parks. We first review the state of science and conservation at the time the was passed in 1916. Within a month of passage, Grinnell and Storer argued for science-based management of national parks and for parks to be free from human impacts on nature. Nevertheless, Mather chose to invest in infrastructure and no park scientists would be hired until 1928. The fall and rise of science in the US would be repeated several times during the 20th century before expansion in the 21st century. We then examine the key issue facing the future of parks throughout the world: how to steward them through the rapid environmental and cultural changes taking place. Success may require the dominant paradigm of 20th century conservation—“manage to maintain current and historic baseline conditions”—to be co-mingled with two other paradigms: “manage for natural processes and trajectories of change” and “manage proactively for projected future conditions. ” (pages 363 - 388)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: In addition, our initial analyses found that the pathogenic bacterium Gardnerella was dominant in the vaginal microbiome of No. 9 and No. 14 individuals, thus we subsequently removed the two samples from downstream analyses and studied them separately (File S1). Vaginal microbial composition in different sites of the same period The results of species classification and identification showed that the main members of the vaginal microbiome were bacteria. Firmicutes (90. 15–99. 98%) was identified as the most abundant phylum in both cervical orifice and mid-vagina (Fig. S1A). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (96. 81–99. 93% in the cervical orifice, 98. 79–99. 98% in the mid-vagina) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 01) was lower, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (0. 03–3. 15% in the cervical orifice, 0. 01–0. 21% in the mid-vagina) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 05) was higher in the cervical orifice, during the period A (Fig. S1B). The genus Lactobacillus (90. 16–99. 97%), was dominant in the vaginal microbiome, in both cervical orifice and mid-vagina (Fig. S1C). At the species level, L. crispatus and L. iners were the top two abundant species in both two sites (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C). In addition, low relative abundance of the opportunistic pathogen species Acinetobacter baumannii (0–0. 09%) (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, p < 0. 05) was identified in the cervical orifice during period A (Fig. S1D). Figure 1: The microbiome composition of the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina. (A) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period A. (B) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period B. (C) Top 20 most abundant bacterial species in two different sites of vagina during period C. (D) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile during period A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Download asset Open asset HL-related AM detection deficits cannot be explained by brainstem temporal processing. (A,B) Example click-evoked ABR traces across dB SPL recorded with separate electrode positions. Vertical dashed-line indicates stimulus onset. (C,D) Representative EFR to 64 Hz (C) and 512 Hz (D) AM noise across depths from pin electrode positions in (A) and (B), respectively. (E,F) Normalized FFT values as a function of AM depth corresponding to 64 Hz (E) and 512 Hz (F). (G) Average temporal modulation transfer functions extracted from EFRs from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) animals. Mean ± SEM. Dashed lines represented average behavior TMTFs. (H) Within groups post-hoc comparisons between EFR versus behavior detection thresholds across 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rates. *p<0. 05; **p<0. 0001; Holm-Bonferroni- corrected. Filled symbols correspond to gerbils used for awake-behaving ACx recordings. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Candidate waveform selection for neurometric analyses. (A) Schematic of AM stimuli. For a majority of sessions, unmodulated and AM stimuli had a 200 ms onset ramp, followed by an unmodulated period of 200 ms that would maintain as unmodulated or transition to an AM signal (‘Fringe’ Condition). For the remaining number of sessions, the stimuli had cosine-ramped onsets with a 25 ms rise and fall time (‘No Fringe’ Condition). (B) Raw waveform trace of neural response to AM noise (gray shaded region). Red line represents selection criteria of >4 SDs above noise floor. (C) Principal component analysis plot where two waveform clusters (green and blue) are separated. Raw waveforms (gray lines) and averages (green and blue) are displayed within insets. (D) Representative electrode track from Nissl-stained coronal sections from one animal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: It has a lot of taxonomic diversity, which includes plankton, macrophytes, arthropods, fungi, protists, mollusks, crabs, vertebrates including birds and mammals. Mangrove forest is the most dominant amongst the plants found in the coastal region of the area. The reasons for high species diversity in mangrove forests of the are because of high reproduction and productivity [3]. The tropics are areas that have high speciation and less species extinction. Secondly, the stability hypothesis postulates that the tropics have been more stable than present in the last 1000 years and will remain so for a long period of time. It is stable with respect to the abiotic conditions that prevail in the area. Similarly, the equator has been stable with respect to global warming and cooling with lower extinction rate recorded over the years. Furthermore, intense solar radiation had resulted in an increase in overall productivity resulting in high biodiversity turnover. The tilt of the earth also affects how the photon of sun hits the earth. The sun position right overhead the equator serves as a major source of energy. Plants capture solar energy, which they convert to food for other organisms in the ecosystem. The captured energy is converted into biomass, which is transferred to the production of more resources. This is exemplified in the high productivity of mangrove forests recorded in the [3]. Increased litter fall facilitates high decomposition [1] and makes food available for different species of organisms in the food chain. The tropical environment is highly specialized. High specialization and speciation lead to high biodiversity. But the problem of mangroves globally is the gradual loss of their habitat due to anthropogenic activities [4]. This study showed that 35% area of global mangrove forest had been lost as a result of some human activities such as shrimp culture, forest use, fish culture, diversion of freshwater, land reclamation, herbicides, agriculture, salt ponds and coastal developments. coastal development is a major factor of habitat loss [4]. Although, other studies had revealed that Nigeria has one of the least carbon CO2 emissions from soil as a result of mangrove losses [5]. Similarly, previous studies have shown that habitat conversion far exceeds habitat protection by a ratio of 8:1 globally [6]. 1. 1 Mangrove forest resource in forest is an ecosystem, which is dominated by trees. Forest produces timber and non-timber products.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (E) The difference of phylum-level relative abundance between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during period A by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-1 A statistically significant PCoA plot based on a phylum-level relative abundance during period A showed that there were significant differences in vaginal microbiome between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 1D). These differences were not present in other groups or at other taxonomic levels. We found that Firmicutes was enriched in the mid-vagina whereas Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter were enriched in the cervical orifice during period A based on LEfSe analysis (Figs. 1E and S1E). Interestingly, no taxonomic differences in vaginal microbiome were found between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during periods B and C. Vaginal microbial composition in different cycles of the same site Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during periods A, B and C (Fig. S2A). Consistent with the phylum level analysis, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in Firmicutes was the highest during periods A, B and C (Fig. S2B). Similarly, at the species level, L. crispatus and L. iners were the top two species in three periods (Fig. 2A). Figure 2: Vaginal microbiome composition during periods A, B and C. (A) Top 10 most abundant bacterial species of vagina in three different periods. (B) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile in the cervical orifice. (C) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of genus-level relative abundance profile in the cervical orifice. (D) The difference of genus-level relative abundance between periods A, B and C in the cervical orifice by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (E) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the cervical orifice throughout the menstrual cycle. (F) Dynamics of the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the mid-vagina throughout the menstrual cycle. (G) Dynamics of the relative abundance of L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Sections are arranged from rostral (‘R’) to caudal (‘C’) spanning 180 µm and show electrode track and lesion sites within ACx. (E) Example raster and PSTH for one unit in response to unmodulated noise (red) and 256 Hz AM at 100% modulation depth (black). Gray shaded region indicates period when stimulus was present. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Cortical representation of fast AM rates. (A) Cumulative distributions of maximum stimulus-driven FR (left), spontaneous FR (middle), and CV (FR standard deviation/average FR; right) for Ctl (black) and HL (orange) units. Inset: Corresponding distributions of average between group differences from a bootstrapped statistical test. Solid and dashed red vertical lines represent the distribution average and 98. 75% (two-tailed) confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. A statistically significant difference between groups tested at p<0. 05 was determined if zero fell outside the 98. 75% CIs. (B) Left: Firing rate responses from three example ACx units to 256 Hz AM noise across modulation depths (mean ± SEM). Right: Corresponding neurometric functions. Red vertical bars indicate each unit’s threshold (d’=1). (C) Distribution of FR-based AM thresholds across AM rates for Ctl and HL units. (D) Distribution of classifier-based (K-means) AM thresholds across AM rates. For C and D, symbols represent individual units, whereas large circles and thick vertical lines represent medians and interquartile range, respectively. Thin solid lines represent average behavior TMTFs. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Multi- and single-unit data were analyzed separately with a bootstrapped statistical procedure. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset ACx population decoder analysis can explain HL-related behavioral deficits. (A) Assessing population encoding by measuring discriminability with a linear population readout. Hypothetical population responses for single trials of a Nogo (red) and Go (black) stimulus. Spikes were counted across 1 ms bins. Spike firing responses from N neurons were counted across 1 ms bins to T trials of S stimuli (‘Go’ and ‘Nogo’) and formed a population ‘response vector’.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This is because the mangrove forest in Buguma is isolated from human disturbances resulting in high canopy cover whereas mangroves in are scanty with few populations because of poor growth rate as a result of human intrusion into the mangrove forest. Low population size can also lead to loss of genetic variation. Genetic variation: The theory of natural selection states that the rate of evolutionary change in a population is proportional to the amount of genetic variation in the population. Based on this hypothesis all populations can respond quicker to any change in the environment where they have higher genetic variation than lower genetic variation. Populations with high genetic variation can easily adapt to any change. Although, this situation operates at a long term scale. The mangroves are resilient species and take between 20 to 50 years to attain maturity, therefore, any genetic change in mangroves based on environmental perturbations such as pollution from oil spillage will take along time to manifest in the population. According to [16], there is a relationship between population size and a probability of genetic variation that would be lost from one generation to the next. This is exemplified in Eq. (1): H = 1 − 1 2 N e = 1 − 1 2 N e E1 where H is the proportion of heterozygosity remaining in population from one generation to the next and Ne is the effective population size. Effective population size is the number of adults breeding that contributes to equal genetic material in the population. This implies that small populations tend to lose heterozygosity over time, which is an argument for maintaining large populations and thus larger reserves wherever possible to conserve these species. Years of population abundance can be interrupted by stochastic events leading to population bottlenecks, a situation, which occurs when a population experiences a severe temporary reduction in size. Thus population bottleneck reduces effective population size, thus, when population size is small genetic variation declines. Small population size creates extinction vortex, where abundant population continuously gets smaller and finally goes extinct. Advertisement 3. Estimation of population viability To understand the population dynamics of mangrove forest in the face of anthropogenic action, the minimum viable population size (MVP) needs to be estimated. It is defined as the smallest isolated population size that has 99% survival probability for 100 years period [17]. It is a crucial tool of conservation for the prevention of extinction of species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: crispatus in the cervical orifice throughout the menstrual cycle. (H) Dynamics of the relative abundance of L. crispatus in the mid-vagina throughout the menstrual cycle. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-2 The results of PCoA analysis at the phylum level and genus level in the cervical orifice showed that there were significant differences in the samples from different periods (p < 0. 05) (Figs. 2B, 2C). In addition, all samples were not separated by the period at the three taxonomic levels in the mid-vagina. Further, LEfSe results demonstrated that differential markers were identified, with Firmicutes enriched during period C and Proteobacteria enriched during period A in the cervical orifice (LDA > 3) (Fig. S2C). Such differences also appeared at the genus level. For instance, Lactobacillus was enriched during period C while Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were enriched during period A in the cervical orifice (LDA > 3) (Fig. 2D). To explore the changes of relative abundances during periods A, B, and C, some important taxa from above results, including two phyla (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria), two genera (Lactobacillus and Acinetobacter), and two species (L. crispatus and L. iners) were selected for further analysis. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in almost all samples gradually increased throughout the cycle, whereas Proteobacteria showed the opposite trend in the cervical orifice (Figs. 2E and S2D). Consistently, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus generally increased throughout the cycle (Fig. S2E). In addition, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter in the cervical orifice showed a downward trend throughout the cycle (Fig. S2F). Different from the cervical orifice, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus first decreased and then increased in the mid-vagina from one-third of the samples (Figs. 2F and S2G). An unexpected result showed that the relative abundance of L. crispatus increased significantly while the relative abundance of L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: 80% of trials were randomly sampled (without replacement) and averaged across N neurons, reducing the response vector to length Nbin (shown across two dimensions here), and fitted to a linear hyperplane that was determined by a support vector machine (SVM) procedure (‘train set’). Symbols represent ‘support vectors’, which are points used to create the linear boundary. Cross-validated classification performance was assessed on the remaining 20% of trials (‘test’ set). (B) Average population decoder performance between fully modulated AM noise (‘Go’) versus unmodulated noise (‘Nogo’) as a function of bin size. Example unit responses to fully modulated AM noise are shown within each subpanel. Vertical solid and dashed lines represent unmodulated noise fringe and AM noise onset, respectively. (C) Average population decoder performance between fully modulated AM noise versus unmodulated noise as a function of unit count. (D) Average population decoder performance (d') for each tested AM rate as a function of AM depth from Ctl (black) and HL (orange) unit populations. Sigmoidal functions were fitted to the data for visual purposes and are not statistically validated. Vertical lines represent average behavior AM depth thresholds. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation across 250 iterations. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Monotonically increasing versus monotonically decreasing units. (A) Distribution of monotonicity index (MI) values from all Ctl (black) and HL (orange) units across 64, 128, 256, and 512 Hz AM rate conditions. Solid vertical red line represents the classification cutoff value (MI = 50%). Units with MI values ≤ 50% (>50%) were classified as monotonically decreasing (monotonically increasing). (B) Average population decoder performance from subpopulations of monotonically decreasing (dashed lines) and monotonically increasing (solid lines) units. Sigmoidal functions were fitted to the data for visual purposes and are not statistically validated. Data from 64 and 512 Hz conditions are not shown since very few monotonically decreasing units were classified. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation across 250 iterations. Individual example monotonically decreasing and monotonically increasing units are shown (B, right) with error bars representing ± 1 SEM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: For perennial plant such as mangroves, it should have a minimum population size of 500–5000 individuals in a given location from year to year. This means any isolated forest below 500 tree stands is not a viable population and has the risk of going into extinction within a short time would be high. Two methods can be employed in determining the MVP. They are:Study of viability of population at different sizes: this method is like a trial and error where different isolated populations are observed for some time to see if there will be survival. If the tree stands survive they are viable, but if they do not survive they are not viable. Population viability analysis (PVA): this method is a mathematical model that can be applied to studying mangrove population. Here assumptions are made to simplify factors that cause population decline. This method can be used for any species to determine the viability of population. Two types of PVA approaches include: (i) count-based PVA: this involves the collection of information from a number of individuals in a population for a period of time. The steps include: (a) counting the population size for some time (b) calculating population growth rate each year, and (c) constructing a model that predicts future population size based on the growth obtained. (ii) Demographic PVA: it uses demographic information explicitly in the PVA. It incorporates life history data into the PVA. Advertisement 4. Establishing protected areas around mangrove forest in the The mangrove forest in the needs urgent protection due to the adverse impact of human activities, which had resulted in the decimation of their populations in many locations. Unabated destruction of the mangrove forest will result in local extinction of these species. Therefore, to reduce human impact on mangroves, protected areas need to be urgently established to restrict human entry into forest. This can be achieved in three ways:By law (public lands) for state or federal levelBy purchase of private landsBy conservation easement, which would restricts developmental rights within mangrove forest. Deeds of property to land owners within and around mangrove forests should be revoked or restricted to prevent the destruction of mangrove forest for purpose of building or establishing of any kind of developmental project (e. g. , resort). Furthermore, persons who own land within this area can be compensated and asked to relinquish ownership for the sake of conserving the forests.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: iners decreased significantly throughout the cycle in samples No. 10 and No. 11 (Figs. 2G, 2H and S2H, S2I). Community state type transitions Table 1 showed the classification of five previously reported community state types (CSTs). Ravel et al. (2011) divided the vaginal microbiota into five community state types (CSTs) based on the relative abundance of dominant species of Lactobacillus: CST I dominated by L. crispatus, CST II dominated by L. gasseri, dominated by L. iners, CST IV with a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and a higher proportion of anaerobic bacteria, and CST V dominated by L. jensenii. We found that 15/23 (65. 2%) in the cervical orifice and 16/27 (59. 3%) in the mid-vagina were type CST I, 8/23 (34. 8%) in the cervical orifice and 11/27 (40. 7%) in the mid-vagina were type. Samples during periods B and C were mostly assigned to CST I, whereas the samples during period A were mostly assigned to. The results of the cluster heat map showed that the CST of almost all samples remained in a stable state during the whole cycle except for a few individuals with dynamic changes, which the CST in samples No. 10 and No. 11 changed from to CST I (Figs. 3A, 3B). Table 1: Community state types (CSTs) of vaginal microbiome in different sites of vagina or different periods. Cervical orifice (%) Mid-vagina (%) (%) (%) (%) CST I 15 (65. 22) 16 (59. 26) 8 (47. 06) 12 (70. 59) 11 (68. 75) CST II 0 0 0 0 0 8 (34. 78) 11 (40. 74) 9 (52. 94) 5 (29. 41) 5 (31. 25) CST IV 0 0 0 0 0 CST V 0 0 0 0 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/table-1 Figure 3: The distribution of the CSTs during three periods. The redder the color, the higher the relative abundance. (A) The distribution of the CSTs during three periods in the cervical orifice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Summary of psychometric, EFR, and cortical threshold values. Solid lines represent behavior thresholds. Dashed lines represent EFR thresholds. Dotted lines represent ACx population decoder thresholds. Ctl ACx population threshold at 256 Hz was taken as the lowest AM depth presented since decoder output d’ values did not extend below 1. Only 256 and 512 Hz conditions are shown to summarize our main findings that population ACx activity contains sufficient sensory information to explain behavioral detection of very fast AM rates and can account for the perceptual deficits displayed by HL-reared animals. The y-axis (dB rel. 100%) is the same from each of the primary data graphs from which this schematic emerges (Psychophysics: Figure 1; EFR: Figure 4; ACx: Figure 7). Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Preliminary assessment of head position. No difference in neural responses for separate nosepoke and reward apparatus locations was observed in these two example ACx units.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Restricted areas can be declared by both state and federal government as national park to prevent the exploitation of its resources by land speculators. Inspiration can be drawn from the first national park i. e. the Park, that was established in the United States, in 1872 by [18]. It measures 300 square miles and had geological features, which is of national interest. As for mangrove forests in the there are no major natural features therein that makes them to attract the attention of government for protection. Nevertheless, the interest in the mangrove forest in the lies in the extraction of their resources such as oil and gas exploitation and exploration, tree felling for firewood production and sand dredging activity. Although the mangroves have no geological significance it has ecological significance because of the numerous ecosystem services they render to the environment (e. g. , coastal protection from tidal flushing, biodiversity hotspot). Delta mangrove forest is a global biodiversity hotspot. Global biodiversity hotspots are often determined based on species richness and endemism, which are all found in the mangroves of the Niger Delta. These areas include: tropical rainforest, coral reef, alpine forest and Mediterranean areas. Four notable global biodiversity hotspots based on the assessment of the author are:mangrove forest zones: these are areas in Nigeria that have the highest concentration of aquatic organisms in Africa (Figure 3). The problem is that the area has not been formally recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot by international agencies such as the the for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species range from plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton), aquatic invertebrates (bivalves, crabs, mussel, periwinkles, hermit crabs, etc. ), land insects (beetles, butterflies, mosquitoes, ants and termites), and vertebrates (monkeys, manatee, hippopotamus etc). It has five major species of mangroves amongst others. These include: red mangroves (Rhizophora spp. ), black mangroves (Avicennia spp. ), white mangroves (Laguncularia germinans spp. ), buttonwood (Conocarpus spp. ) and mangrove fern (Acrostichum aureum).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (B) The distribution of the CSTs during three periods in the mid-vagina. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-3 Comparison of vaginal microbiome in healthy women from different regions We extracted the cervical orifice samples of period B in our study, which was the closest period to the downloaded public sequence. Subsequently, we compared the samples from Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen to study the regional differences of the vaginal microbiome. We observed that there were great differences in vaginal microbiome of healthy women between the three regions at the levels of phylum, genus, and species (Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C). The results of PCoA exhibited that the samples from Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen could be significantly separated at the phylum, genus and species levels (R > 0, p < 0. 01) (Figs. 4D, 4E, 4F). The LEfSe results demonstrated that only Firmicutes was significantly enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Chengdu (LDA > 3) (Fig. 4G). The most differentially abundant genera in the vaginal microbiome of women in Shenzhen, Hangzhou, and Chengdu were Gardnerella, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus, respectively (Fig. 4H). Meanwhile, we found that five pathogenic microorganisms including Gardnerella vaginalis, A. johnsonii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Sneathia vaginalis were enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Shenzhen, and Staphylococcus_epidermidis, another pathogenic microorganisms was enriched in the vaginal microbiome of women in Hangzhou (LDA > 3) (Fig. 4I). Figure 4: Comparison of vaginal microbiome of healthy women in Chengdu, Shenzhen and Hangzhou. (A) Top 10 most abundant bacterial phyla in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (B) Top 10 most abundant bacterial genera in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (C) Top 10 most abundant bacterial species in the cervical orifice of healthy women in three regions. (D) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of phylum-level relative abundance profile in three regions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and 10. 7554/eLife. 34878 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 30, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 7,664 views 435 downloads 18 4878. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 4 figures, 3 tables and 6 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset A UAG-ending transcript in the genomically recoded organism (GRO) may produce proteins with multiple differing C-termini. (A) Unassigned codons arise when either the cognate tRNA or release factor recognizing a codon are removed. (B) Since the GRO lacks 1 (RF1), ribosomal stalling at the UAG codons results in three possible fates for the nascent protein (blue): (1) suppression of the codon by a near-cognate or suppressor tRNA (yellow) and continued translation, (2) frameshifting of bases along the mRNA transcript into a new reading frame and continued translation (purple), or (3) ribosomal rescue by the ssrA-encoded tmRNA, ArfA, or ArfB proteins. If ribosomal rescue occurs via tmRNA, the resulting protein is tagged with a peptide sequence (red) for degradation, while rescue via ArfA or ArfB results in release of peptide without C-terminal modification. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset UAG codons in the genomically recoded organism elicit suppression, frameshifting, and tagging for degradation by the tmRNA. (A) Schematic of the GFP construct with a C-terminal 6x-His tag and a UAG stop codon, showing 102 nucleotides downstream of the UAG codon and the positions of other stop codons in the downstream tail. (B) Peptides identified from the C-terminus of a UAG-ending GFP construct expressed in the GRO (using libraries detailed in Supplementary file 3 and 4). Purified GFP protein was digested with trypsin, processed via MS/MS, and the resulting data were computationally searched using libraries encoding all possible suppressors and all possible subsequent reading frames.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Cape floristic province: it has the greatest non-tropical concentration of higher plants species in the world. Five of South Africa’s 12 endemic plant families are found in the Fynbos. One hundred and sixty species are endemic. Province: has the largest avian breeding ground in the US. It has large number of endemic species with many threatened. It is the source of all agricultural production in the US. Mountains of Southwestern China: it is the most endemic rich temperate flora in the world. Golden monkey, giant panda, red panda and snub nose monkeys are found in this area. Figure 3. Some species found within the mangrove forest: (A) Senilia senilis, Anadara; (B) Crassostrea gasar, oyster; (C) Tympanotonus fuscatus, periwinkle; and (D) Uca tangeri, male crab. Biodiversity hotspots in Africa are more often grouped together without the recognition of the rich biodiversity across different locations. For instance, the entire forest biodiversity in was grouped as “forests” by [19]. Whereas, each country in this region possess rich supply of biodiversity. area in Nigeria has the third largest mangrove forest in the world, and the largest in Africa, i. e. , 1 million hectare out of 3. 2 hectare in the whole of Africa. Based on the importance of the biodiversity hotspots to the environment, it is pertinent to protect them for future generation. This is because only 6% of the earth’s surface is protected. Half of these are scientific reserves and national parks (1. 3%). They vary greatly from country to country. There are already six major parks in Nigeria [7]. But there is a need for mangrove forest parks in critical areas of the region aimed at forestalling the degradation of the forest. Two kinds of protection to be considered (Figure 4) areStrict protection: in this type of protection, no resource extraction is allowed. Here trees will not be felled for firewood production and aquatic organisms will not be harvested for commercial or subsistence purposes. The sole aim of this kind of protection is biodiversity conservation. However, there might be some allowances for scientific and educational uses to increase knowledge in mangrove research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (E) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of genus-level relative abundance profile in three regions. (F) PCoA plot based on Bray–Curtis distance of species-level relative abundance profile in three regions. (G) The difference of phylum-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (H) The difference of genus-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (I) The difference of species-level relative abundance in three regions by LEfSe (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16438/fig-4 Functional characteristics of the vaginal microbiome The quantitative results of microbial gene families and metabolic pathways showed that the microbiome in both the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina was mainly enriched in the glycolysis IV pathway and the 6-hydroxymethyl-dihydropterin diphosphate biosynthesis III pathway (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5A). In addition, GH13 of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family was enriched in two sites of vagina during period A, and the expression of GT26 belonging to the glycosyl-transferase (GT) family was higher in the mid-vagina than in the cervical orifice during period C (LDA > 3, p < 0. 05) (Figs. 5B, 5C, 5D). Quantitative results of ARGs to vaginal microbiome revealed that tetM gene was only enriched in period A in two sites (LDA > 3) (Fig. 5E). Figure 5: Functional analysis of the vaginal microbiome. (A) Differential analysis of metabolic pathways between periods A, B and C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (B) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial CAZymes between periods A, B and C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (C) Differential analysis of vaginal microbial CAZymes between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina during period C (p < 0. 05 and LDA > 3). (D) The distribution of the vaginal microbial CAZymes between the cervical orifice and the mid-vagina.

Output: contrast