Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Methods 148:1–18 [22. 2004. Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:966–70 [23. 2007. Brain-computer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. J. Neural Eng. 4:219–26 [24. 2001. Electromagnetic brain mapping. . Mag. 18:614–30 [25. 2007. An MEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). NeuroImage 36:581–93 [26. 2013. EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a thorough literature survey. Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Interact. 29:814–26 [27. 1997. Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103:386–94 [28. do Nascimento OF, 2008. Identification of movement-related cortical potentials with optimized spatial filtering and principal component analysis. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 3:300–4 [29. Chiappa S, Barber D. 2006. EEG classification using generative independent component analysis. Neurocomputing 69:769–77 [30. 2000. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 99:441–46 [31. üller K 2008. Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. . Mag. 25:141–56 [32. 2008. Pattern (FBCSP) in brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 2008 on Neural Networks2390–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [33. Millán JDR, Franzé M, Mouriño J, Cincotti F, 2002. Relevant EEG features for the classification of spontaneous motor-related tasks. Biol. Cybernet. 86:89–95 [34. Galán àrdia J, Millán JDR 2007. Feature extraction for multi-class BCI using canonical variates analysis. Proceedings of the 2007 on : IEEE [Crossref] [35. Martinez-Leon JA, Cano-Izquierdo JM, 2015.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Incomplete cutting was a problem for the homing endonuclease drive constructed in transgenic mosquitoes (72% cutting) and also for the homing endonuclease, zinc-finger nuclease, and TALEN drives in fruit flies (37%, 86%, and 70% cutting) (Windbichler et al. , 2011; Chan et al. , 2013b; Simoni et al. , 2014). The simplest way to increase cutting is to target multiple adjacent sequences. However, this is impractical for homing endonucleases and quite difficult for zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs, as each additional sequence requires a new nuclease protein to be engineered or evolved and then co-expressed. In contrast, the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease can be readily directed to cleave additional sequences by expressing additional guide RNAs (Figure 4). The sequences of these additional guide RNAs can be altered so as to avoid creating unstable repeats within the drive cassette (Nishimasu et al. , 2014; Simoni et al. , 2014). Including more guides has been demonstrated to improve upon already high rates of cutting. For example, fruit flies expressing both Cas9 and guide RNAs in their germline exhibited target cutting rates exceeding 85–99% in males for four out of six tested guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). The two least effective guide RNAs individually cut at rates exceeding 12% and 56%, but exhibited cutting rates above 91% when combined. Using more than two guide RNAs should further enhance cutting. The notable success of Cas9-based genome engineering in many different species, including studies that targeted every gene in the genome (Shalem et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2014), demonstrates that most sequences can be efficiently targeted independent of species and cell type. Thus, RNA-guided gene drives should be capable of efficiently cutting any given gene. Figure 4 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Feature selection applying statistical and neurofuzzy methods to EEG-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2015:781207 [36. Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J. 2012. Brain computer interfaces, a review. Sensors 12:1211–79 [37. üller KR 2008. Towards zero training for brain-computer interfacing. 3:e2967 [38. Hübner üller KR 2017. Improving zero-training brain-computer interfaces by mixing model estimators. J. Neural Eng. 14:036021 [39. 2000. Brain-computer interfaces based on the steady-state visual-evoked response. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:211–4 [40. 2002. Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 49:1181–86 [41. 2005. Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment. J. Adv. Signal Process. 2005:3156–64 [42. Sutter EE. 1992. The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses. J. Microcomput. Appl. 15:31–45 [43. 2005. Lead selection for SSVEP-based brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 44507–10 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [44. Müller-Putz GR, Pfurtscheller G. 2008. Control of an electrical prosthesis with an SSVEP-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:361–4 [45. 2014. Audio-visual feedback improves the BCI performance in the navigational control of a humanoid robot. Front. Neurorobot. 8:20 [46. 2016. Driving a semiautonomous mobile robotic car controlled by an SSVEP-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2016:4909685 [47. 2018. Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:654–65 [48.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The Cas9 nuclease is can be quite specific in the sequences that it targets; fruit flies do not exhibit notable fertility or fitness defects resulting from off-target cutting when both Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs are expressed in the germline (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Choosing target sites with few or no close relatives in the genome, using truncated guide RNAs (Fu et al. , 2014), employing paired Cas9 nickases (Mali et al. , 2013a) instead of nucleases, or utilizing Cas9-FokI fusion proteins (Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014) can further increase specificity. Several of these strategies can reduce the off-target mutation rate to borderline undetectable levels (Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014). The frequency at which the drive is correctly copied might be increased by using Cas9 as a transcriptional regulator to activate HR genes and repress NHEJ genes (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). By choosing target sites within an essential gene, any non-homologous end-joining event that deletes all of the target sites will cause lethality rather than creating a drive-resistant allele, further increasing the evolutionary robustness of the RNA-guided gene drive. Other options include using distinct promoters and guide RNAs to avoid repetitiveness and increase stability (Figure 4—figure supplement 2) or employing newly characterized, engineered, or evolved Cas9 variants with improved properties (Esvelt et al. , 2011; Mali et al. , 2013b). These optimization strategies have also been summarized in tabular form with additional details (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). cutting other sites in the genome may seriously compromise the fitness of the organism, the second requirement is to avoid cutting non-targeted sequences. While several studies have reported that Cas9 is prone to cutting off-target sequences that are closely related to the target (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013), more recent developments and strategies designed to improve specificity (Mali et al. , 2013a; Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Kwak NS, Müller KR, Lee SW 2015. A lower limb exoskeleton control system based on steady state visual evoked potentials. J. Neural Eng. 12:056009 [49. 1965. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150:1187–88 [50. Farwell LA, Donchin E. 1988. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70:510–23 [51. McCarthy G, Donchin E. 1981. A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–80 [52. 2009. A noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Robot. 25:614–27 [53. 2007. Controlling a wheelchair indoors using thought. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22:18–24 [54. 2009. Control of a 9-DoF wheelchair-mounted robotic arm system using a P300 brain computer interface: initial experiments. Proceedings of the 2008 on Robotics and Biomimetics348–53 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [55. 2000. ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol. Psychol. 51:87–107 [56. 2014. Neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics of performance monitoring. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18:259–67 [57. Chavarriaga R, Sobolewski A, Millán JDR 2014. Errare machinale est: the use of error-related potentials in brain-machine interfaces. Front. Neurosci. 8:208 [58. 2000. EEG-based communication: presence of an error potential. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:2138–44 [59. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Error-related EEG potentials generated during simulated brain-computer interaction. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:923–9 [60. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Simultaneous real-time detection of motor imagery and error-related potentials for improved BCI accuracy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2014) have demonstrated that the off-target rate can be reduced to nearly undetectable levels (Figure 4). Notably, Cas9 does not appear to represent a noticeable fitness burden when expressed at a moderate level in fruit flies with or without guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Organisms with larger genomes may require more careful target site selection due to the increased number of potential off-target sequences present. third and most challenging requirement involves ensuring that the cut sequence is repaired using homologous recombination (HR) to copy the drive rather than the competing non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway (Figure 4). HR rates are known to vary across cell types (Mali et al. , 2013c), developmental stages (Fiorenza et al. , 2001; Preston et al. , 2006), species (Chan et al. , 2013b), and the phase of the cell cycle (Saleh-Gohari and Helleday, 2004). For example, the endonuclease gene drive in mosquitoes was correctly copied following ∼97% of cuts (Windbichler et al. , 2011), while a similar drive in fruit flies was initially copied only 2% of the time (Chan et al. , 2011) and never rose above 78% even with extensive combinatorial optimization of promoter and 3′ untranslated region. This difference is presumably due to a lower rate of HR in fruit fly spermatocytes relative to mosquitoes (Chan et al. , 2013b). Ideally, drives should be activated only in germline cells at developmental stages with a high rate of HR, but this may be challenging in many species. Copying efficiencies may also depend on whether the cut produces 5′-overhangs, 3′-overhangs, or blunt ends (Kuhar et al. , 2014). Because Cas9 nickases can generate either overhang type while Cas9 nucleases produce blunt ends, the enzyme can be adapted to the needs of the cell type and organism. The ability to regulate gene expression with Cas9 might be used to temporarily increase the rate of homologous recombination while the drive is active (Figure 4). For instance, the Cas9 nuclease involved in cutting might simultaneously repress (Gilbert et al. , 2013) genes involved in NHEJ and therefore increase the frequency of HR (Bozas et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 4th Brain-Workshop and Training Course197–202 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [61. 2010. Online detection of P300 and error potentials in a BCI speller. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2010:307254 [62. Chavarriaga R, Iturrate I, Millán JDR 2016. Robust, accurate spelling based on error-related potentials. Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Müller-Patz, J Huggins, D Steyrl 9–10 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [63. án JDR 2010. Brain-coupled interaction for semi-autonomous navigation of an assistive robot. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1246–55 [64. án JDR 2015. Teaching brain-machine interfaces as an alternative paradigm to neuroprosthetics control. Sci. Rep. 5:13893 [65. 2019. Inferring subjective p66. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH 1999. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110:1842–57 [67. Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C. 2001. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proc. IEEE 89:1123–34 [68. Pfurtscheller G, Brunner C, Schlögl A, Lopes da Silva FH 2006. μ rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks. NeuroImage 31:153–9 [69. 2013. Transferring brain-computer interfaces beyond the laboratory: successful application control for motor-disabled users. Artif. Intell. Med. 59:121–32 [70. án JDR 2015. Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities. Proc. IEEE 103:969–82 [71. 2013. An analysis of performance evaluation for motor-imagery based BCI. J. Neural Eng. 10:031001 [72. 2011. Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2009) if supplied with a shortened guide RNA that directs it to bind and block transcription but not cut (Bikard et al. , 2013; Sternberg et al. , 2014). Alternatively, an orthogonal nuclease-null Cas9 protein (Esvelt et al. , 2013) encoded within the drive cassette could repress NHEJ genes and activate HR genes before activating the Cas9 nuclease. Lastly, Cas9 might be used directly recruit key HR-directing proteins to the cut sites, potentially biasing repair towards that pathway. Evolutionary stability Even a perfectly efficient endonuclease gene drive is vulnerable to the evolution of drive resistance in the population. Whenever a cut is repaired using the NHEJ pathway, the result is typically a drive-resistant allele with insertions or deletions in the target sequence that prevent it from being cut by the endonuclease. Natural sequence polymorphisms in the population could also prevent cutting. These alleles will typically increase in abundance and eventually eliminate the drive because most drives – like most transgenes – are likely to slightly reduce the fitness of the organism. A second path to gene drive resistance would involve the target organism evolving a method of specifically inhibiting the drive endonuclease. The best defense against previously existing or recently evolved drive-resistant alleles is to target multiple sites. Because mutations in target sites are evolutionarily favored only when they survive confrontation with the gene drive, using many target sites can render it statistically improbable for any one allele to survive long enough to accumulate mutations at all of the sites so long as cutting rates are high (Burt, 2003). However, very large populations – such as those of some insects – might require unfeasibly large numbers of guide RNAs to prevent resistance. In these cases it may be necessary to release several successive gene drives, each targeting multiple sites, to overcome resistant alleles as they emerge. From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to preclude resistance by targeting multiple sites is the single greatest advantage of RNA-guided gene drives. We propose to extend this strategy by preferentially targeting multiple sites within the 3′ ends of genes important for fitness such that any repair event that deletes all of the target sites creates a deleterious allele that cannot compete with the spread of the drive (Figure 4). Whenever the drive is copied, the cut gene is replaced with a recoded version flanked by the other components of the drive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 6:e26322 [73. 2013. Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain–computer interface. J. Neural Eng. 10:046003 [74. 2016. Noninvasive electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for reach and grasp tasks. Sci. Rep. 6:38565 [75. 2009. Continuous EEG classification for a self-paced BCI. Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering315–18 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [76. 2011. EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [77. Tonin L, Bauer F, Millán JDR 2020. The role of the control framework for continuous tele-operation of a BMI driven mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Robot. 36:78–91 [78. 2010. Optimization of SSVEP brain responses with application to eight-command brain-computer interface. Neurosci. Lett. 469:34–38 [79. 2010. A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:590–98 [80. ölker M 2019. A service assistant combining autonomous robotics, flexible goal formulation, and deep-learning-based brain-computer interfacing. Robot. Auton. Syst. J. 116:98–113 [81. Vanacker G, Millán án F et al. 2007. Context-based filtering for assisted brain-actuated wheelchair driving. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:25130 [82. Galán 2008. A brain-actuated wheelchair: asynchronous and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for continuous control of robots. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119:2159–69 [83. Philips J, Millán án F et al. 2007. Adaptive shared control of a brain-actuated simulated wheelchair. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics408–14 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [84. 2003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Recent work has demonstrated that most genes can be substantially recoded with little effect on organism fitness (Lajoie et al. , 2013); the 3′ untranslated region might be replaced with an equivalent sequence from a related gene. Because there would be no homology between the recoded cut site and the drive components, the drive cassette would always be copied as a unit. Relative to drive-resistant alleles, inhibitors of Cas9 are less likely to arise given the historical absence of RNA-guided nucleases from eukaryotes. Any inhibitors that do evolve would presumably target a particular Cas9 protein or guide RNA used in an earlier drive and could be evaded by building future drives using a Cas9 ortholog with a different guide RNA (Esvelt et al. , 2013; Fonfara et al. , 2013). Alternatively and least likely, organisms might evolve higher RNase activity to preferentially degrade all guide RNAs; this may be difficult to accomplish without harming overall fitness. A final evolutionary concern relates to the stability of the gene drive cassette itself. The zinc-finger nuclease and TALEN-based gene drives in fruit flies suffered from recombination between repetitive sequences: only 75% and 40% of each respective drive was sufficiently intact after one copying event to catalyze a second round of copying. Because RNA-guided gene drives will not include such highly repetitive elements, they are likely to be more stable (Figure 4). Development time RNA-guided genome editing is advancing at a historically unprecedented pace. Because it is now much easier to make transgenic organisms and therefore candidate gene drives, the design-build-test cycle for gene drives will often be limited only by the generation time of the organism in the laboratory. Moreover, many advances from genome engineering can be directly applied to RNA-guided gene drives. For example, all of the methods of increasing Cas9 specificity described above were developed for RNA-guided genome editing in the past 2 years. Future methods of increasing the rate of HR relative to NHEJ would be useful for both technologies. These factors suggest that scientists will enjoy an increasing number of tools well-suited to rapidly building and testing gene drives in addition to those we describe above. None of this is to gloss over the many practical difficulties that are likely to arise when constructing a particular gene drive in a given species. Early success is as unlikely as ever when engineering complex biological systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: The H-metaphor as a guideline for vehicle automation and interaction Tech. Rep. 2003-212672 Langley Res. Cent. , : [85. 2006. Application of the H-mode, a design and interaction concept for highly automated vehicles, to aircraft. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25th : IEEE [Crossref] [86. án JDR 2010. The role of shared-control in BCI-based telepresence. Proceedings of the 2010 on Systems, Man and Cybernetics1462–66 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [87. Chavarriaga R, Millán JDR. 2010. Learning from EEG error-related potentials in noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:381–88 [88. DelPreto J, Salazar-2018. Plug-and-play supervisory control using muscle and brain signals for real-time gesture and error detection. Robotics: Science and -pap. 63. N. p Robot. Sci. Syst. Found. [89. Millán ño J, 2004. Noninvasive brain-actuated control of a mobile robot by human EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:1026–33 [90. 2006. A brain-controlled wheelchair based on P300 and path guidance. Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-on and Biomechatronics1101–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [91. Cheeín di 2007. Maps managing interface design for a mobile robot navigation governed by a BCI. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 90:012088 [92. Leeb R, Friedman D, Müller-2007. Self-paced (asynchronous) BCI control of a wheelchair in virtual environments: a case study with a tetraplegic. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:79642 [93. 2007. Brain-computer interface for high-level control of rehabilitation robotic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics619–25 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [94. 2008. Control of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain–computer interface in humans. J. Neural Eng. 5:214–20 [95.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: But if half a dozen or even a dozen design-build-test cycles are sufficient to produce moderately efficient gene drives, many molecular biology laboratories around the world will soon be capable of engineering wild populations. Box 1 Could gene drives alter human populations? Not unless we wait for many centuries. Even in a hypothetical future in which human germline editing was considered safe and ethical, a driven alteration would be only four times as abundant as a non-driven alteration a full century after the birth of an edited human. This assumes future generations would not elect to remove the drive. Whole-genome sequencing - a technology that is available in many modern hospitals and is widely expected to be ubiquitous in the near future - is quite capable of detecting the presence of any gene drive if we decide to look. Gene drive limitations Given their potentially widespread availability, it will be essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental limitations of genetic drive systems. First and most important, gene drives require many generations to spread through populations. Once transgenic organisms bearing the gene drive are constructed in the laboratory, they must be released into the wild to mate with wild-type individuals in order to begin the process of spreading the drive through the wild population. The total time required to spread to all members depends on the number of drive-carrying individuals that are released, the generation time of the organism, the efficiency of homing, the impact of the drive on individual fitness, and the dynamics of mating and gene flow in the population, but in general it will take several dozen generations (Burt, 2003; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011). Thus, drives will spread very quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms. Second, gene drives cannot affect species that exclusively practice asexual reproduction through clonal division or self-fertilization. This category includes all viruses and bacteria as well as most unicellular organisms. Highly efficient standard drives might be able to slowly spread through populations that employ a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction, such as certain plants, but drives intended to suppress the population would presumably force target organisms to reproduce asexually in order to avoid suppression. Third, drive-mediated genome alterations are not permanent on an evolutionary timescale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. While the authors do cite relevant literature, I think reference to the Choi and Fabic 2. Regarding wealth categories, I was not clear on whether these quintiles were defined cross-country or within country. For example, if women were in the poorest households, were these the poorest within their own country or the poorest across all countries? I assume the latter but a slight clarification would make this more clear. 2. Figure 1 - Rather than have two colors differentiating older/later surveys could authors differentiate each country with color/symbol combinations? I think this would make interpretation easier and faster. 3. Figure 2- I applaud the authors creativity in finding a way to visualize quite a bit of information. On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Pires G, Castelo-Branco M, 2008. Visual P300-based BCI to steer a wheelchair: a Bayesian approach. Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society658–61 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [96. Millán JDR, Galán 2009. Asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3361–64 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [97. 2009. A BCI teleoperated museum robotic guide. Proceedings of the 2009 on Complex, Intelligent and Systems783–88 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [98. 2010. Activation of a mobile robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the 2010 on Robotics and Automation4815–21 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [99. Iáñez E, Azorín JM, Úbeda A, Ferrández JM, Fernández E 2010. Mental tasks-based brainrobot interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1238–45 [100. 2010. A telepresence robotic system operated with a P300-based brain-computer interface: initial tests with ALS patients. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology4476–80 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [101. Müller -Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2010. Brain-computer interface based on visual evoked potentials to command autonomous robotic wheelchair. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 30:407–16 [102. ünbacher E, 2010. SSVEP based brain-computer interface for robot control. People with 85–90 Berlin: Springer [103. án JDR 2011. Brain-controlled telepresence robot by motor-disabled people. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4227–30 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [104. 2011. A hybrid brain interface for a humanoid robot assistant. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society7421–24 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [105. Bastos TF, Müller -2011.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| competing interests were disclosed. Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (0) keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Feb 2022 | for Version 2 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 2020. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Robotic wheelchair commanded by SSVEP, motor imagery and word generation. Proceedings of the Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4753–56 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [106. 2011. An adaptive brain-computer interface for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE-RAS on Humanoid Robots199–204 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [107. 2011. Using brain-computer interface to steer a humanoid robot. Proceedings of the on Robotics and Biomimetics192–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [108. Müller SMT, Bastos-Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2011. Using a SSVEP-BCI to command a robotic wheelchair. Proceedings of the on Industrial Electronics957–62 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [109. 2011. to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19:1–5 [110. 2012. Toward brain-actuated humanoid robots: asynchronous direct control using an EEG-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Robot. 28:1131–44 [111. 2012. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI): a 2-D virtual wheelchair control based on event-related desynchronization/synchronization and state control. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 20:379–88 [112. 2012. Development of mind control system for humanoid robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Engineering Application679–82 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [113. 2012. A telepresence mobile robot controlled with a noninvasive brain-computer interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. B 42:793–804 [114. Grigorescu SM, Lüth äser A 2012. A BCI-controlled robotic assistant for quadriplegic people in domestic and professional life. Robotica 30:419–31 [115. 2012. A simple platform of brain-controlled mobile robot and its implementation by SSVEP. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [116. án JDR 2013.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2002), disrupting existing genes (Burt, 2003), or suppressing populations, RNA-guided gene drives will also be capable of replacing existing sequences with altered versions that have been recoded to remove the sites targeted by the drive (Figure 3). We hypothesize that the unique ability of RNA-guided gene drives to target any gene may allow them to control the effects of other gene drives or transgenes. Reversibility RNA-guided gene drives could reverse genome alterations that have already spread through populations. Suppose a given gene drive causes unexpected side-effects or is released without public consent. A ‘reversal’ drive released later could overwrite one or all genomic changes spread by the first drive (Figure 5A). The new sequence spread by the reversal drive must also be recoded relative to the original to keep the first drive from cutting it, but any amino acid changes introduced by the first drive could be undone. If necessary, a third drive could restore the exact wild-type sequence, leaving only the guide RNAs and the gene encoding Cas9 as signatures of past editing (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. The ability to update or reverse genomic alterations at the speed of a drive, not just a drive-resistant allele, represents an extremely important safety feature. Reversal drives could also remove conventionally inserted transgenes that entered wild populations by cross-breeding or natural mutations that spread in response to human-induced selective pressures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: A hybrid BCI for enhanced control of a telepresence robot. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3097–100 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [117. Carlson T, Millán JDR. 2013. Brain-controlled wheelchairs: a robotic architecture. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 20:165–73 [118. 2013. Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 10:111 [119. -Vidal JL 2013. High accuracy decoding of user intentions using EEG to control a lower-body exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5606–9 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [120. Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2013. Shared control architecture based on RFID to control a robot arm using a spontaneous brain-machine interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 61:768–74 [121. Choi B, Jo S. 2013. A low-cost EEG system-based hybrid brain-computer interface for humanoid robot navigation and recognition. 8:e74583 [122. 2013. P300 BCI based planning behavior selection network for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Computation354–58 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [123. 2013. A hybrid BCI system combining P300 and SSVEP and its application to wheelchair control. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60:3156–66 [124. Guneysu A, Akin HL. 2013. based BCI to control a humanoid robot by using portable EEG device. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society6905–8 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [125. Kapeller C, Hintermuller C, Abu-2013. A BCI using VEP for continuous control of a mobile robot. Proceedings of 2013 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5254–57 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [126. 2013. A BMI-based occupational therapy assist suit: asynchronous control by SSVEP. Front. Neurosci. 7:172 [127. 2014.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that even if a reversal drive were to reach all members of the population, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Immunization RNA-guided gene drives could be used to block the spread of other gene drives. For example, an ‘immunizing’ drive could prevent a specific unwanted drive from being copied by recoding sequences targeted by the unwanted drive (Figure 5A). This could be done preemptively or reactively and would spread on a timescale comparable to that of the unwanted drive. A combined ‘immunizing reversal’ drive might spread through both wild-type individuals and those affected by an earlier gene drive, converting both types to a recoded version that could not be invaded by the unwanted drive (Figure 5B). This may represent the fastest method of neutralizing an already-released drive. As with a standard reversal drive, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Precisely targeting subpopulations RNA-guided gene drives might be confined to a single genetically distinct target species or even a subpopulation by targeting unique genes or sequence polymorphisms. Because these ‘precision drives’ will only cut the unique sequence, they will not be able to spread through non-target populations as long as that sequence is sufficiently distinct. We estimate that either the PAM or at least five base pairs of the spacer must differ within each target site in order to prevent the guide RNAs in the drive from evolving to recognize the equivalent non-target sequence (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Populations that are not genetically distinct but experience only intermittent gene flow, such as those on islands, might be given a unique sequence permitting them to be specifically targeted by precision drives later on. For example, releasing into the island population would recode a target gene, but exhibit no other effect (Figure 5A). B, a precision drive which would exclusively spread through but not the wild-type allele, would similarly replace with a unique sequence. So long as does not escape the island before being replaced, the unique sequence in the island population would allow it to be targeted with future precision drives that could not spread through mainland populations (Figure 5C). Limiting population suppression Population suppression may be one of the most powerful applications of gene drives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: EEG-based mobile robot control through an adaptive brain-robot interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 44:1278–85 [128. Hortal E, Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2014. Control of a 2 DoF robot using a brain-machine interface. Comput. Biomed. 116:169–76 [129. 2014. Assisting drinking with an affordable BCI-controlled wearable robot and electrical stimulation: a preliminary investigation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11:51 [130. 2014. Using a head-up display-based steady-state visually evoked potential brain-computer interface to control a simulated vehicle. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15:959–66 [131. 2014. Mobile robot navigation with a self-paced brain-computer interface based on high-frequency SSVEP. Robotica 32:695–709 [132. 2014. SSVEP-based hierarchical architecture for control of a humanoid robot with mind. Proceedings of the 11th on and Automation2401–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [133. áñez E, Úbeda A et al. 2015. SVM-based brain-machine interface for controlling a robot arm through four mental tasks. Neurocomputing 151:116–21 [134. 2015. Brain computer interface system based on indoor semi-autonomous navigation and motor imagery for unmanned aerial vehicle control. Expert Syst. Appl. 42:4196–206 [135. Hortal E, Iáñez E, Úbeda A, Perez-Vidal C, Azorín JM 2015. Combining a brain-machine interface and an electrooculography interface to perform pick and place tasks with a robotic arm. Robot. Auton. Syst. 72:181–88 [136. 2015. Comparative study of SSVEP- and P300-based models for the telepresence control of humanoid robots. 10:e0142168 [137. 2016. Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. Front. Neurosci. 10:122 [138. 2016.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Aug 2021 | for Version 1 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: A synergetic brain-machine interfacing paradigm for multi-DOF robot control. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 46:957–68 [139. ómez C, Opisso E, et al. 2016. Hybrid EEG/EOG-based brain/neural hand exoskeleton restores fully independent daily living activities after quadriplegia. Sci. Robot. 1:eaag3296 [140. López-Larraz E, Trincado-Alonso F, Rajasekaran V, Pérez-Nombela S, Del-Ama AJ et al. 2016. Control of an ambulatory exoskeleton with a brain-machine interface for spinal cord injury gait rehabilitation. Front. Neurosci. 10:359 [141. 2016. Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:128–39 [142. án JDR 2017. A brain-controlled exoskeleton with cascaded event-related desynchronization classifiers. Robot. Auton. Syst. 90:15–23 [143. 2017. Brain-actuated gait trainer with visual and proprioceptive feedback. J. Neural Eng. 14:056017 [144. 2017. Reaching and grasping a glass of water by locked-in ALS patients through a BCI-controlled humanoid robot. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11:68 [145. 2017. Design of an SSVEP-based BCI system with visual servo module for a service robot to execute multiple tasks. Proceedings of the 2017 on Robotics and Automation2267–72 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [146. 2017. The role of audio-visual feedback in a thought-based control of a humanoid robot: a BCI study in healthy and spinal cord injured people. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25:772–81 [147. 2017. A hybrid EEG-based BCI for robot grasp controlling. Proceedings of the 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics3278–83 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [148. 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: IntroductionHuman brain development is a multifaceted process that begins in utero and continues throughout childhood and into early adulthood. Despite this protracted timeline, postnatal neurodevelopment during the first 5 years of life is one of the most active stages of brain development (Pujol et al. 2006). During this period neural migration, synapse generation, dendritic sprouting, axonal pruning, and the elaboration of the myelin sheath (myelination) shape, organize, and provide the neural architecture necessary for behavioral and cognitive functioning (Durston and Casey 2006). While each of these processes is essential for healthy brain function, the establishment of the myelinated white matter is integral to establishing the efficient brain communication pathways that are essential for higher order function (Fields 2008). Although myelination is believed to mirror behavioral development (Pujol et al. 2006), with the myelination of sub-serving brain networks occurring alongside the onset and refinement of behavioral and cognitive functions, the relationships between myelination and functional development remain poorly understood. Furthermore, many behavioral and psychiatric disorders are now believed to emerge during early neurodevelopment (Hüppi 2008) and have been associated with aberrant white matter development and myelination (Fields 2008). Thus, improved understanding of typical myelin development during infancy and early childhood is central to provide valuable insight into the processes that underline both typical and atypical development. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have greatly contributed to our understanding of the gross and microstructural changes associated with brain maturation (Giedd and Rapoport 2010). For example, the temporal changes in the gray/white matter contrast in conventional T 1- and T 2 -weighted MR images has been used to illustrate the dynamic patterns of neurodevelopment (Paus et al. 2001). Diffusion tensor (DT)-MRI parameters, including mean and radial diffusivity (MD and RD, respectively), and fractional anisotropy (FA), which describe local measures of water diffusion and anisotropy, have been shown to change throughout childhood and adolescence (Lebel et al. 2008). Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, believed to be sensitive to myelin content, has additionally been used to examine the in vivo changes of white matter myelination (Rademacher et al. 1999).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2030. org) author: Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Bill and Foundation (INV-007490). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) First published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 ( Latest published: 28 Jan 2022, 5:114 (  There is a newer version of this 2020. Many in the family planning community welcomed the new commitments of aid from donors, new commitments by country governments, and the push to bolster family planning as a development priority; however, there were also concerns about the focus on numbers of contraceptive users and a global goal1,2. Advocates pointed toward family planning’s past experiences of coercion and targets, warning that the FP2020 goal could lead to a focus on numbers and prioritization of easier to reach populations. One outcome of this early concern was a call by the family planning community for a clear focus on rights and empowerment as guiding principles of the FP2020 partnership3. A Rights and Group was established by FP2020 to advance rights-based family planning, and the group provided early guidance to FP2020 and the family planning community. The FP2020 partnership now recognizes 10 rights and empowerment principles of family planning, including agency and autonomy; availability; accessibility; acceptability; quality; empowerment; equity and non-discrimination; informed choice; transparency and accountability; and voice and participation4. Over the last eight years of the partnership, FP2020 worked with partners to ensure that these rights principles are understood by family planning decision-makers, and incorporated into new commitments and family planning-costed implementation plans. But monitoring whether these rights principles are adhered to has remained a measurement challenge that FP2020 and partners are still working on.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: While alterations of these MR parameters are often attributed to the emergence and maturation of myelin, they do not directly measure myelin (Paus et al. 2001) and are influenced by a broad range of other microstructural changes (Jones et al. 2013). Beyond the technological difficulty in non-invasively imaging myelination, few imaging studies have examined longitudinal neurodevelopment across the first years of life. Rather, prior studies have either been cross-sectional in nature (Giedd et al. 1996; Casey et al. 2005) and/or have focused on only the first 1–2 years of life (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or after the age of 4 (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011). Although cross-sectional studies are informative, they are inherently insensitive to individual differences, an important aspect in understanding the heterogeneity associated with both normative development, as well as in developmental disorders (Casey et al. 2005). Longitudinal study designs, on the other hand, afford a more thorough characterization of brain development. Through the acquisition of multiple measurements from the same individual, longitudinal analyses allow individual differences to be examined (Casey et al. 2005) and are, therefore, critical to understanding the developmental trajectory of brain development. However, as current longitudinal MRI studies have been limited to infancy (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or older childhood and adolescence (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011), these studies fail to encompass the most rapid and dynamic period of neurodevelopment (Pujol et al. 2006), which also coincides with the emergence of many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we aimed to perform the first longitudinal examination of normative brain development in healthy, typically developing children between 2. 5 months and 5. 5 years. More specifically, we examined the rapid, nonlinear progression of myelination using a quantitative multicomponent relaxometry (MCR) technique that is sensitive to the water trapped between the lipid bilayers of the myelin sheath (MacKay et al. 1994; Deoni et al. 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Thus, one outstanding question as FP2020 begins to look toward the 2030 (FP2030) partnership, is whether the FP2020 goal exacerbated inequities and led to a prioritization of populations within countries where substantial gains towards the 120 million goal could be made. Ultimately, we aim to examine whether the effort to accelerate progress and expand contraceptive use has left some women behind. This question is particularly relevant in the context of a family planning partnership that supports the Goals and the pledge that no one will be left behind5. To assess this question, we examined FP2020 country progress data for signs of inequity in the focus of programs or gains in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP), in FP2020 focus countries since 2012. This research is critical for informing the FP2030 partnership (which builds on the work of FP2020), as family planning policy makers begin to turn their attention to new commitments. Family planning progress and assessing inequityFP2020’s annual reporting of contraceptive use has been facilitated by the adoption of statistical models that allow the estimation of a number of key family planning indicators, including MCP, using all available surveys and country health management information system statistics6. These data indicate that as of July 2020, there were over 320 million total users of modern methods of contraception in the 69 FP2020 focus countries, i. e. 60 million additional users of modern contraception as compared to 2012. Since 2012, 26 countries have each gained more than 500,000 additional users of modern methods. Among these countries, 14 have seen the number of additional users grow by more than one million women and girls. While the pace of progress has been far short of the acceleration needed to achieve the FP2020 goal of 120 million additional users by 2020, there has been a clear focus by countries on increasing family planning coverage. As part of their FP2020 commitments, 45 countries established goals of increasing contraceptive prevalence through voluntary family planning programs. Almost all FP2020 countries addressed inequity in their FP2020 commitments as well, principally through commitments to improve access for adolescents and youth (41 countries), but also through efforts to address wealth and geographic inequities (13 countries). Progress has varied across regions and countries, but many countries across sub-Saharan and have seen rapid annual gains in modern contraceptive prevalence since 2012, most notably Mozambique at 2. 7 percentage points per year, at 1. 4 percentage points, Malawi, and at 1. 3 percentage points, and Senegal at 1. 2 percentage points.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: Using nonlinear mixed effects modeling, we have derived population and subject-specific growth model parameters that characterize underlying VFM development and may be used to reconstruct normative reference growth and growth rate curves (as illustrated in Figs. 3, 4, 5). We have further examined the relationships between VFM maturation and cognitive development. Our results show a strong correlation between changes in VFM and scales of visual reception, gross motor, and receptive language, while the relationships between VFM and expressive language and fine motor were found to change in time. These findings support previous reports of the concomitant emergence of myelinated white matter and cognitive function and more importantly, may reveal a window into the timing of biological changes that shape behavioral development. Characterization of longitudinal changes of myelin content is particularly well suited to examine the spatio-temporal relationships of brain development. Myelination undergoes a dramatic increase during the first years of life in response to activity-based learning and plasticity, with the greatest rates of change occurring before 3 years of age (Yakovlev and Lecours 1967). Tracking these nonlinear changes using quantitative MRI techniques sensitive to myelination allows us to examine this neurodevelopmental process in vivo and quantitatively map the myelination trajectory (Deoni et al. 2011, 2012). Establishment of VFM growth and rate of growth trajectories offers the potential to distinguish typical and atypical myelination patterns, as well as determine the age at which such deviations from the normal trajectory occur (Dean et al. 2014a, b). This is increasingly important to the study of neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, as many of the pathological features of these diseases are consistent with disrupted or aberrant myelination (Fields 2008). Modeling of the nonlinear white matter maturation provides a more detailed examination of the microstructural changes that take place during neurodevelopment. Such analysis provides a unique parameterization of the developmental trajectory, yielding intuitive growth parameters related to the underlying development (Sadeghi et al. 2013). Each of these parameters has a distinctive role on the overall curve (Supplementary Fig. S3), and therefore, interrogation of these parameters may be useful in future investigations. Specifically, the modified Gompertz growth function (Eq. 1) applied throughout this work enables the trajectory to be put in terms of amplitude (α), lag (β), and growth rates (γ, δ).

Output: corroborate