Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: In some cases, like going to big events or cities, I consider public transport. Like the travellers in factor three, they are not ‘car addicts’ but simply strongly prefer the car for pragmatic reasons: comfort and travel time (perceptionsFootnote 13). Because they are satisfied, they behave fairly routinely (16, 37). This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled as ‘car dependent travellers’. Preference segments and characteristics of respondentsThe sample size and sampling method were appropriate for the purpose of the study, but do not allow generalization of the findings in terms of the distribution of the four preference segments across a larger population, or with respect to their relation to characteristics collected in the post-Q-sort survey. With this in mind, some associations are presented below, some of which may serve as hypothesis for further investigation (or as sampling a criterion in a replication of the current study). First, car ownership was statistically significantly different across preference segments for middle-distance travel; living in a city with an intercity rail station was not. ‘Choice travellers with a preference for public transport’ were characterized largely by being older-than-average, higher-educated males not owning a car. More than 80% had a public transport season pass and used the train once or more per month. Sixty percent walked or cycled to work; about 40% regarded carpooling an acceptable alternative to get to work, and more than 80% would consider both train and car for a middle-distance trip. They mentioned flexibility, independence, and convenience as primary advantages of the car; environment, stress and congestion were disadvantages. Advantages of public transport were relaxation, absence of parking concerns, and environmental benefits; disadvantages were transfers, delays, and inaccessibility. ‘Deliberate choice travellers’ were characterized largely by being older-than- average females owning a private car. More than 80% had a public transport season pass and used the train once or more per month; about 80% regarded carpooling an acceptable alternative to get to work. 80% would consider train for a middle-distance trip, 100% a car. They mentioned control, door-to-door destination, and travel time as advantages of a car; disadvantages were congestion, parking, and long-distance inefficiency. Advantages of public transport were doing something en route and convenience; disadvantages were transfers, delays and inflexibility.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: MethodsPrevious wing and flight reconstructionsSeveral previous studies have considered the likely wing configuration(s) and flight performance of Microraptor (Fig. 5). Figure 5: Microraptor fossil specimens used as the basis for model making. Primary sources: (a) holotype specimen (Institute of and Palaeoanthropology, Institute of 13352) of Microraptor gui, and (b) fossil specimen (of 881) referred to Microraptor by Li et al. 18. Reference also made to (c), incorrect (see Methods) reconstruction of feathering. Full size imageChatterjee and Templin15 reported results of a computer simulation of a gliding Microraptor using a biplane wing configuration, which they considered to be most anatomically plausible. On the basis of classical aerodynamic theory, they also expected this biplane configuration to be more efficient than tandem wings. Virtual models used for this work were based on measurements of fossil casts and digital reconstructions of wing planform. Chatterjee and Templin15 analysed flight performance using two pieces of stream tube theory software33: (animal flight power) and (animal flight simulation)33 (we have been unable, despite repeated attempts, to obtain copies of these codes from Chatterjee & Templin15, or to replicate their methods) and, in contrast to subsequent modelling work16, assumed that because of the biplane configuration the feathers on the femur and tibia only served to streamline and thus reduce the arodynamic drag of these leg bones and did not contribute to the production of lift. This study15 concluded that likely flight speeds for Microraptor would have been between 9 and 15 m s−1 and that the dinosaur would have been a moderate glider, traveling from tree to tree in a phugoid motion, achieving at least 40 m of horizontal distance with a terminal flight speed of ca. 4. 5 m s−1, deemed to be safe for landing. Such estimates are highly dependent on the assumed L/D; therefore, if the much lower values reported by other workers were applied, the range would be greatly reduced. Alexander et al. 16 subsequently studied the aerodynamic properties of several different Microraptor configurations by producing free-flying models with wing profiles based on those of a pigeon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: The limited added value of factor 5/4 is also evident from its substantial correlation with factors 4/3 and 4/4. Explanation: A factor diagram is a simplified visual representation of the hierarchical factor structure in a data-set (Goldberg 2006). Each row of the factor diagram presents a consecutive factor structure for the data (from separate analyses of the data), from the one-factor structure at the top to the seven-factor structure at the bottom, and the selected four-factor structure shaded in grey; factors 6/6, 7/4 and 7/7 had an Eigenvalue <1 (i. e. the data supports a maximum of five factors). The boxes in each row represent individual factors, and the width of boxes their percentage-explained variance (see bottom of Table 1 for the values). The arrows between boxes indicate the most important correlations between factors in consecutive factor structures (i. e. , between-structures comparison), and the numbers next to the arrows the corresponding correlation coefficient (see Table 1 for a full overview). For example, the correlation between the first factor of the four-factor structure (i. e. 4/1) and the first factor of the five-factor structure (i. e. 5/1) was 0. 99, meaning that the content of these factors is practically identical. Considering also the correlations between 5/1 and 6/1 and between 6/1 and 7/1, the factor diagram shows that the content of factor 4/1 remains the same for all four- to seven-factor structures (correlation coefficient between 4/1 and 7/1 is 0. 99; see Table 1). Brouwer et al. 2005; (or: procedural utility; Frey and Stutze 2005). e. g. and Rietveld (2009) showed that car users may have fairly distorted perceptions of public transport travel time, particularly when they are unfamiliar with public transport. They found the that car users on average overestimate actual (scheduled) travel time by public transport for a common car trip by 50% and that this misperception of public transport travel time varies between 10 and 70%, depending on the frequency of public transport use. The subjective choice-set consisting of the choice alternatives a person is aware of and considers feasible and acceptable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 2), which indicates that Cur and SLCP can reduce soluble Aβ, as reported by several researchers previously [14, 48, 49]. One of the aims of the present study was to investigate whether short-term treatments of Cur or SLCP could provide neuroprotection. To this end, we have investigated neuronal morphology using cresyl-violet stained tissue. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease (30%) in the number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, neurons in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus after 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment, but not after 2 days (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that increasing the duration of Cur- or SLCP-treatments may be required to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Although the exact mechanism of neuroprotection following Cur-treatment remains to be delineated, several investigators have demonstrated that Cur can stimulate numerous neurotropic factors, including increases in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which preserve the function and viability of neurons [10, 50, 51]. Increased in trophic factors may underlie the reduction in pyknotic cells in the SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, relative to those receiving Cur, and this which may be due to the presence of more Cur in the brain made available due to the greater permeability of SLCP. As a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, Cur can also produce its therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation in AD via activation of cytokine production, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [10]. We found that Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation (Iba-1-IR) in different brain regions. Surprisingly, when we investigated the morphology of microglial aggregation, we observed a significant reduction of both microglia arborization and the level of Iba-1-IR, which suggests that both Cur and SLCP may inhibit activation of microglia (Fig. 6), as reported by others [10]. Similarly, both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes by inhibiting their activation (Fig. 7).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: They based the overall shape on the Microraptor gui holotype (Institute of and Paleoanthropology, Beijing) V13352 and investigated the following three configurations they considered plausible: the forewing and tail attached in the same frontal plane with varying incidence; the hind wings mounted with 20° of anhedral and 75° of sweep (similar to the previous configuration but with the tips of the hind wings horizontal); and a biplane configuration where the feet forming the hind wings are located beneath the main wing—a configuration supported by the earlier geometric study of Chatterjee and Templin15. Alexander et al. 16 tested their models as free-flying gliders and concluded that the mean steady-state glide ratio for each of their three configurations was 4. 1 (ref. 16). The results, although showing much lower L/D ratio than theoretical predictions15, do indicate that gliding was feasible for Microraptor. Serious anatomical issues with the Microraptor model described by Alexander et al. 16 have, however, been raised: based on the known 3D anatomy of closely related microraptorines19, it is unlikely that Microraptor could have attained the leg positions used for this model23. Most recently, Koehl et al. 17 presented results of an experimental aerodynamic investigation of Microraptor using small physical models in a wind tunnel. Koehl et al. 17 used models based on Xu et al. 4 and compared the flight performance of Microraptor with its hind wings sprawled; laid flush along the tail; down; and in a biplane configuration. Wings were initially modelled with feathers; however, this was considered impractical, so most of the tests were conducted on models that had wings made from stiffened paper. Their results are similar to those reported by both Chatterjee and Templin15 and Alexander et al. 16, althought they were alone in providing limited results of the pitching moments and thus static pitch stability. Koehl et al. 17 went further to compare their results to modern bird-flight speeds, noting that estimated gliding speeds for Microraptor do fall within the range measured for extant taxa34. They also noted that there was no significant difference between the L/D ratios of the configurations that they reported; therefore, they concluded that the hindlimb position does not noticeably affect glide characteristics. Unlike earlier studies, Koehl et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 Understanding and of Towolhoe's 국어국문학 약어 : - 2014 no. 168, 10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 발행기관 : 국어국문학회 연구분야 : 한국어와문학 Copyright © 국어국문학회 김재석 1 1경북대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 13 189 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 The aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the theatrical company, Towolhoe's translated dramas and its effects on the performance of Towolhoe's creative dramas. Towolhoe didn't adapt translated works until the second performance. The five translated dramas Towolhoe performed focused on searching the possibility of forming the modern drama of colonized Joseon. In the founding performance, they performed the foreign dramatists' works for little theater, who contributed to forming the modern drama of their countries including Eugene Pillot's Hunger. Encouraged its success, as the works of the second performance they challenged Tolstoy's Resurrection and Wilhelm Meyer- Förster's Alt Heidelberg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: When we counted the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in different brain areas, especially, in the PFC, CA1, CA3, DG, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and striatum, we observed an inhibition of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR profile in hippocampal subfields and the areas associated with hippocampus, especially subicular complex and entorhinal cortex, the junctional areas which connect with cortex, revealed that 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment reduced neuroinflammation to a greater extent than 2 days of treatment, which, again, suggests that a longer duration of treatment is required to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur and or SLCP. Interestingly, we achieved greater anti-inflammatory effects in the case of SLCP treatment, which, again, confirmed that the SLCP facilitates permeability of Cur across the blood brain barrier (BBB) so it can inhibit neuroinflammation to a greater degree than Cur. Although we did not investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of reactive microglia and astrocytes after Cur or SLCP treatments, others [10] have demonstrated that Cur attenuates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in a rat model of AD. Indeed, Cur can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB [52] and ERK [53] signaling pathways, which are regulated by PPAR-γ [10]. Moreover, Cur also inhibits other inflammatory cytokines, by inhibiting further activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD brain [14, 54, 55]. ConclusionsAs a potent, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenol, Cur is a promising therapy for AD. It significantly reduced neuroinflammation as measured by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in different key brain areas of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment. Short-term treatment of Cur and or SLCP decreased amyloid plaque load and reduced abnormal neuronal morphology in 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: 17 discussed (but did not quantify) the effects of the position of the legs and their effect on glide stability, as well as the animals’ manoeuvrability and turning capabilities. Our model Microraptor was tested with all previously proposed leg configurations15,16,17, apart from the anatomically impossible, fully sprawled position16, as this would have been anatomically impossible19,23. Notes on Microraptor in a stable equilibrium glideFor an animal gliding at velocity V, the only forces acting upon the body are the total aerodynamic force R, acting at the centre of pressure, and the weight of the animal W, acting at the CoG (Fig. 6). Translating the total aerodynamic force to the CoG results in a moment M around the CoG. The animal can change these by (re)-arranging its lifting surfaces and/or by changing its (geometric) angle to the flow α. Furthermore, total aerodynamic force can be split into two components: one that is perpendicular to the flight direction, the lift L, and one that is in the opposite direction of flight, the drag D. The glide angle γ and glide ratio L/D are measures of glide performance. The higher the glide ratio (or the lower the glide angle), the higher the glide performance. Figure 6: Wind tunnel-mounting geometry of the model Microraptor. (a) Mounting for the sprawled configuration. (b) Mounting for the legs down configuration. (c) Moment and forces as measured. (d) Moment and forces around CoG. V=wind speed, α=angle of attack relative to the flow direction, L=lift force, D=drag force, Mmnt=pitching moment around mounting point, Rx=horizontal force measured by the force balance, Ry1 and Ry2=vertical forces measured at the attachment points. l=distance between attachment points and lmnt=attachment offset legs down. Δl=distance between mounting point and CoG. M=pitching moment around CoG. Full size imageFor equilibrium glide, the total aerodynamic force and weight need to be equal in magnitude, in opposite directions, and collinear35. This means that the forces act at the CoG and the moment around it needs to be equal to zero.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: It may fairly be said that the aim which its modern drama headed forward could be seen for the first time thanks to Towolhoe. 키워드 토월회, 번역극, 창작적 번안, 식민지조선의 근대극, <아리랑고개> Towolhoe, translated drama, the creative adaptation, the modern drama of colonized Joseon, Ariranggogae 참고문헌(46) 1. [기타] 동아일보 2. [기타] 매일신보 3. [기타] 조선일보 4. [단행본] 김종욱 2002 실록 한국영화총서(상) 국학자료원 5. [기타] 박승희 1929 신극운동 칠년 - 토월회의 과거와 현재를 말함 조선일보 6. [기타] 박승희 1963 토월회이야기｣(1-3) 사상계 7. [단행본] 톨스토이 1924 산송장 평문관 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Wing and leg feathers on our model Microraptor are from extant salvaged (Isle of Wight, UK, 2012) platyrhynchos (outboard primaries) and Common wood pigeons Columba palumbus (inboard section) (Fig. 1a): measurements of the feathers of Mesozoic birds and selected theropod dinosaurs show that the primaries of Microraptor correspond most closely in relative length and width to those of mallards37. The projected areas of the main lifting elements (main wing area and projected area of the legs) were of 0. 1085, m2 for sprawled and 0. 0899, m2 for legs down. The large tail had an area of 0. 0170, m2 and the small tail an area of 0. 0067, m2. The mean aerodynamic chord of the main wing (used to determine the moment coefficient) is 0. 11 m. The location of the CoG is estimated to be ~0. 1 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 1). To assess the influence of size (Reynolds number) and the influence of feathers (wing flexibility), a flat-plate Microraptor model in a sprawled configuration was used for experiments. This unfeathered model was constructed with Balsa wood for the main body, 2-mm thick aluminium flat plates for all lifting surfaces and a 1. 2-cm aluminium rod for the tail (see Fig. 4a for planform and front view). The dimensions of this model were based on the holotype specimen of Microraptor in Xu et al. 4 The projected main lifting elements had areas of 0. 1367, m2, whereas the tail had an area of 0. 0147, m2. The mean aerodynamic chord of the main wing (used to determine the moment coefficient) is 0. 11 m. The location of the CoG is estimated to be ~0. 15 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 4a). Wind tunnel experiments and analysisTo assess the glide performance of Microraptor, we conducted wind tunnel experiments using different configurations of our feathered model (Fig. 1a). The influence of size and feathers was tested by conducting wind tunnel experiments on a flat-plate model and comparing these to the feathered results (Fig. 4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [기타] 大久保二八子 1913 茶を作る家 演芸画報 9. [단행본] 三浦道夫 1928 世界戯曲全集 9巻 世界戯曲全集刊行会 10. [단행본] 細田枯萍 1914 近代劇十編 敬文館 11. [단행본] 片山広子 1921 ダンセニイ戯曲全集 警醒社書店 12. [학술지] 김미연 2013 조명희의 『산송장』 번역 민족문학사연구 (52) : 406 ~ 52 13. [단행본] 김우진 1921 소위근대극에대하야 학지광 14. [단행본] 김재석 1995 일제강점기 사회극 연구 태학사 15. [학술지] 김재석 2012 1920년대 <인형의 집> 번역에 대한 연구 한국극예술연구 (36) : 11 ~ 36 16.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 354-368 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) the 'Immunity Boost': of Panax ginseng on Kang, Soo-Won (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Min, Hye-Young (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Received : 2012. 06. 14 Accepted : 2012. 07. 19 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenera tive disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. ginseng; Innate immunity; Acquired immunity; Immunomodulation; Cytokine 104. . Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J 2012;36:119-134. . Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. J Microbiol 2005;43:456-462. . What do commercial ginseng preparations contain? Lancet 1994;344:134. . Effects of Korean red ginseng extract for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2011;35:479-486. . Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Bull 2000;23:1481-1485. . Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in the mouse.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Figure 8: Influence of tail size on glide performance of Microraptor. Colour coding as before. Bold lines: large tail (as used in all other tests), pale line:small tail. (a) Speed-specific Lift-Drag polar. (b) Glide ratio against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. (c) Speed-specific moment coefficient against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageTrajectory simulationsGlide trajectories were determined by solving for the equations of motion in time to determine trajectories, using CL and CD combinations obtained from the measurements. Measurements of the gliding stage for real gliding animals20 support that assuming constant CL and CD values are valid. The numerical approach is apparently similar to 15,33, as far as we are able to replicate. At each time step, the equations of motion are solved:V is the total glide velocity; Vd is the decent velocity; Vh is the horizontal velocity; Fx and Fy are the forces in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively; ax and ay are the acceleration in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively; g is the gravitational acceleration; and m is the mass of the Microraptor. The velocity and location at the following time step are then determined by:where Δt is the time step between successive evaluations; t is the time; and X and Y are the locations in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The mass of a Microraptor the size of our feathered model is estimated to be 0. 5 kg. The start of the glide is at a height of 30 m, with an initial horizontal velocity of 3 m s−1 (sensu Chatterjee and Templin15 and in between experimental results for a European starling Sturnus vulgaris and Common quail Coturnix coturnix27). Envelopes of glide trajectories were determined by finding the minimum and maximum heights of glide trajectories at each horizontal location. Additional informationHow to cite this 10. 1038/ncomms3489 (2013). 10. 4202/a0093. Nudds, R. L. & Dyke, G. J. Forelimb posture in dinosaurs and the evolution of the avian flapping flight-stroke. Evolution 63, 994–1002 (2009). 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 김재석 2011 ｢토월회｣ 연극의 근대성과 전근대성 한국극예술연구 (34) : 13 ~ 34 17. [학술지] 김재석 2014 토월회의 창립공연 연구 한국극예술연구 (43) : 63 ~ 43 18. [학술지] 김재석 2012 한국과 일본의 자연주의극 성립에 대한 비교 연구 국어국문학 (162) : 285 ~ 162 19. [학술지] 김재석 2013 형성기 한국 근대극에서 <김영일의 사>의 위치 한국연극학 1 (50) : 39 ~ 50 20. [단행본] 김재석 2010 근대전환기 한국의 극 연극과인간 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1984;15:386-391. . Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. 1990;16:537-542. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Nutr 2000;3:473-485. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. 2007;29:3-14. . Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Immunol 1997;9:4-9. Albiger B, Dahlberg S, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Role of the innate immune system in host defence against bacterial infections: focus on the Toll-like receptors. J 2007;261:511-528. Gordon S. The macrophage. Bioessays 1995;17:977-986. -Guzik T. Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation. J 2003;54:469-487. . Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. 2002;24:469-482. . Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J Infect 2002;45:32-38. . Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) in combination with IFN-gamma results in enhanced macrophage function through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Biochem 2008;72:1817-1825. . Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264. 7 cells. Pharmacol 2001;134:1663-1670. . Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Acta 2003;327:123-128. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J 1999;19:12-25. . Dendritic cells: immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: April 01 2002 rex Run? A new biomechanics model finds that T. rex lacked large enough leg muscles to run fast. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/1. 1480769 Open the PDF for in another window and rex Run? . 1 April 2002; 55 (4): 18–19. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search -body diagrams, Geologic time scale, Television broadcasting, Educational assessment, Universities, Fluid mechanics, Birds, Vertebrates, Musculoskeletal system, Saturday-morning television shows to Hollywood blockbusters, dinosaurs are perennial favorites for inspiring people’s curiosity. And topping the fascination list is usually Tyrannosaurus rex, the six-ton giant that reigned over the Period 65 million years ago, moving around on hind legs more than 2. 5 meters long and devouring less fortunate creatures with its powerful jaws. Although the fossil record provides clues about some aspects of dinosaur existence, insights into many others must be tortuously teased out of uncovered bones and footprints. Many questions lack direct answers. For example, how fast could dinosaurs move? That question has proved easier to answer for smaller dinosaurs, whose fossilized footprints contain speed information. In the mid-1970s, Mc(University of Leeds) derived a method for estimating speed from the ratio of the stride length to the leg length (which can be determined from recovered bones or estimated from the footprint size). 1 So-called trackways containing stride records have provided evidence for running (having a suspended, aerial phase) for many bipedal dinosaurs. No trackway evidence of running by larger animals such as T. rex has been found, which is not unexpected. It’s rare to find fossil beds large enough to span the stride of a running T. rex. In addition, most creatures spend much more time walking than running, so any running trackways are rare. Most estimates of the speed of Tyrannosaurus and other large dinosaurs have instead come from various comparisons to other vertebrates. Noting the similarity of T. rex skeletal anatomy to that of extant birds and other fast runners, have suggested that T. rex would have been able to run at least 20 m/s (45 mph). 2 Applying more physics-based arguments, others have proposed slower maximum speeds. Based on the maximum transverse forces that T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 김진균 2000 근대주체와 식민지 규율권력(재판) 문화과학사 22. [단행본] 김환기 2001 야마모토 유조의 문학과 휴머니즘 역락출판사 23. [학술지] 배연형 2008 창가 음반의 유통 동악어문학 (51) : 35 ~ 51 24. [학술지] 변기종 1962 연극 오십년을 말한다 예술원보 (8) 25. [단행본] 신정옥 1999 한국에서의 서양 연극 도서출판 소화 26. [학술지] 양승국 2006 1920년대 초기 번역극을 통해 본 번역 의식의 한 단면- 현철의 <犬>을 중심으로 한국현대문학연구 (19) : 243 ~ 19 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Biol 2000;78:91-102. . Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. 2009;13:169-173. . Dendritic cells maturation promoted by M1 and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th1 polarization. 2004;68:441-452. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. 2010;263:99-104. . Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides from steamed ginseng-leaves and flowers on the LPSstimulated IL-12 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Res 2011;34:681-685. . Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science 2004;306:1517-1519. . Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Pharmacol 1990;54:447-454. . Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. 1990;12:257-276. . In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibodydependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-235. . Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2002;91:281-291. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. 2004;6:1410-1417. . Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 1998;8:363-372. . Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Science 1989;244:70-72. Vecchiarelli A, Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated effects against Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence for interdependency and collaboration between humoral and cellular immunity. 1998;149:321-333. . Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. 2010;20:34-50. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: rex bones could have withstood, Alexander has argued that it was capable of a modest run at best. 3 (University of Copenhagen), quantifing such arguments, estimated that T. rex could walk at 10 m/s (22 mph)—still far from slow. 4 (Indiana-Purdue University) and colleagues 5 have suggested that a fast-running T. rex would have experienced fatally large forces if it had tripped, so they concluded it likely moved no faster than 10 m/s. Working at the University of California, Berkeley, (now at Stanford University) and (now at Automotive in New York) recently offered a new approach for analyzing possible speeds of T. rex and other bipeds, based on a biomechanical model for determining the minimum mass of leg extensor muscle required for an animal to run. 6 With this model, the pair found that T. rex could not have had strong enough legs to be a fast runner. Scaling muscles Underlying this new model is the observation that muscles in vertebrate animals generate remarkably uniform maximum force per unit cross section, about 300 kN/m2. Given that evolution has conserved this muscle property, Hutchinson and Garcia argue it’s reasonable to assume that the muscles of dinosaurs such as T. rex had similar force-generating capability. One consequence of this uniformity is that muscle strength increases more slowly than muscle mass as body size increases, as roughly the 2/3 power rather than linearly. Thus, as body size increases, the muscle mass needed to support and move it increases even faster. This scaling difference, well-known for decades, is at the core of the researchers’ conclusion that T. rex was not a fast runner. Hutchinson and Garcia use a two-dimensional free-body diagram to determine the minimum muscle mass per leg that’s needed at midstride to maintain quasistatic equilibrium, factoring in the forces and torques from various muscles, limb segment weights, and the ground (see figure 1). View largeDownload slide In a free-body diagram for a running tyrannosaur, the angles of the leg joints (top) are critical parameters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 우수진 2013 무대에 선 카츄샤와 번역극의 등장–<부활> 연극의 수용 경로와 그 문화 계보학– 한국근대문학연구 (28) : 409 ~ 28 28. [학술지] 우수진 2014 카츄샤 이야기: <부활>의 대중서사와 그 문화 변용 한국학연구 (32) : 209 ~ 32 29. [학술지] 윤민주 2012 극단 ｢예성좌｣의 <카추샤> 공연 연구 한국극예술연구 (38) : 11 ~ 38 30. [단행본] 벤틀리, 에릭 2002 사색하는 극작가 현대미학사 31. [단행본] 스타이안, J. L. / 1988 표현주의 연극과 서사극 현암사 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. 2005;33:651-661. . Intraperitoneal injection of ginseng extract enhances both immunoglobulin and cytokine production in mice. 2004;32:75-88. . Ginsan enhances humoral antibody response to orally delivered antigen. 2010;10:5-14. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on infl uenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012;7:e33678. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response induced by recombinant Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 antigen. 2011;179:28-34. . Effects of red ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:206-212. . cells, dendritic cells and CTL Immunity. Biol 2004;82:84-90. . Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol 2002;20:323-370. . Effects of naturally occurring glucosides, solasodine glucosides, ginsenosides and parishin derivatives on multidrug resistance of lymphoma cells and leukocyte functions. 2001;15:151-156. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4(+) T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. 2004;4:235-244. . Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Biol 2002;12:291-300. Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. 2005;42:161-182. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. 2004;5:987-995. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Immunol 2001;1:135-145. . Short-term oral administration of ginseng extract induces type-1 cytokine production. 2006;28:227-240. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: Empirically, the most agile running bipeds don’t require more than 5% of their body weight to be leg extensor muscle. “Despite fairly generous assumptions,” says Garcia, “muscle masses would need to be unreasonably high for T. rex to be a fast runner. ” Even with the most favorable posture parameters, the researchers report that required extensor muscle is larger than the actual muscle mass of 7–10% they estimate based on scaling models. Given the extensive unknowns, the pair hesitate to put a specific upper bound on the maximum speed of T. rex. “Speeds of 11 m/s [25 mph] would be pushing it,” says Hutchinson, “but 20 m/s [45 mph] is not reasonable. ” This work hasn’t settled the debate over T. rex speed. Hutchinson is working on applying the model to other, larger living animals such as ostriches and rhinoceroses to test the conclusions, something many critics are eager to see. 1. R. M. Alexander Nature 261, 129 (1976). 2. G. S. Paul Gaia 15, 257 (2000). 3. R. M. Alexander Zoolog. J. Linnean Soc. 83, 1 (1985). 4. P. Christiansen Gaia 15, 241 (2000). 5. J. O. Farlow M. B. Smith J. M. Robinson J. Vert. Paleontol. 15, 713 (1995). 6. J. R. Hutchinson M. Garcia Nature 415, 1018 (2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Baer, Norman 1991 Theatre in Avant-Design 1913-1935 Museums of 33. [단행본] Brockett,Oscar G. / 2010 History of the Theatre Pearson Education, Inc. 34. [단행본] Kohfeldt, 1985 : Behind the 35. [단행본] Schrank, Bernice 1997 Irish Playwrights, 1880-1995 36. [단행본] Skelton, Robin 1971 of J. M. Synge Thames and Hudson 37. [단행본] Wiener, Leo 1924 Drama of Russia and Co. 38. [단행본] 大笹吉雄 1985 日本現代演劇史 白水社 39. [단행본] 毛利三彌 1980 北欧演劇論 東海大学出版会 40. [단행본] 兵灯至夫 1961 日本歌謠史 彌生書房 41. [단행본] 宝塚歌劇団 2014 宝塚歌劇100年史 虹の橋 渡りつづけて(舞台編) 阪急コミュニケーションズ 42.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. 1998;64:110-115. . Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute infl ammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. 2006;46:187-197. . Anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound K in activated microglia and its neuroprotective effect on experimental stroke in mice. J Ther 2012;341:59-67. . Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung infl ammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor-4 on macrophages. 2012;12:110-116. . Antiarthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. 2007;7:1286-1291. . Panax ginseng induces production of proinfl ammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Res 2004;24:93-100. . The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated infl ammatory signals. Immunol 2006;36:37-45. Constant SL, Bottomly K. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Immunol 1997;15:297-322. . Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Res 2005;28:343-350. . Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS 2004;112:369-373. Lee JH, Han Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 helps mice resist to disseminated candidiasis by Th1 type differentiation of CD4+ T cell. 2006;6:1424-1430. . Cytokine modulating effect of ginseng treatment in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J 2003;2:112-119. . The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine 2005;23: 5411-5419. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: The opposite is also true: if lower MOT parallels larger ice volume during lukewarm interglacials, changes in the radiative balance of the Earth are required to explain the differences between the interglacials before and after 450 kyr BP. Quantitative estimates of the integrated heat content of the entire ocean are required to answer these questions. However, obtaining a representative estimate of the whole-ocean heat content represents a formidable challenge (Hoffman et al. , 2017; Shakun et al. , 2015). Marine sediments are available for many but not all ocean areas and record only local sea surface conditions or deep-ocean temperatures at the coring site. Moreover, the proxy temperature information gained from marine sediments may be affected by biological processes, sea level changes, or limited precision, especially for cold deep-ocean temperatures. Finally, obtaining globally representative MOT from individual marine archives requires the compilation of a globally representative set of marine sediment cores, including rigorous cross-dating of all the records, which is difficult for the pre-14C period. The measurement of atmospheric noble gases trapped in Antarctic ice provides a unique opportunity to reconstruct changes in MOT independently from marine records (Craig and Wiens, 1996; Bereiter et al. , 2018b; Headly and Severinghaus, 2007; Ritz et al. , 2011) and may overcome these limitations. Changes in the atmospheric concentrations of xenon, krypton, and nitrogen (we liberally add N2 to the noble gases, as its atmospheric residence time amounts to tens of millions of years) mirror the anomalies in total ocean heat content, as they are driven by changes in their temperature-dependent physical solubilities in ocean water. This allows us to reconstruct MOT in the past from the noble gas composition of a single ice core sample. A minor exception is the small amount of geothermal heating of ocean water, which is not connected to a noble gas change. Note that the MOT at a given time in the past represents a snapshot of the heat (and noble gas) content of all water parcels of the ocean and thus integrates over water bodies with different ventilation ages. Importantly, MOT is therefore not directly linked to mean global sea surface temperature at the same time, a point that has caused some confusion in the past. Here we extend previous efforts in reconstructing MOT using noble gases in ice cores (Bereiter et al. , 2018b; Baggenstos et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] 笹川慶子 2003 小唄映画に関する基礎調査 -明治末期から昭和初期を中心に-｣, ｢演劇研究センター紀要 早稲田大学21世紀COEプログラム <演劇の総合的 研究と演劇学の確立> 43. [학술지] 前波淸一 2000 松居松翁｢お茶を作る家｣-原作と翻案 大阪教育大学英文学会誌 (45) 44. [단행본] 佐藤忠男 1995 日本映画史 I 岩波書店 45. [단행본] 増井敬二 1990 浅草オペラ物語 芸術現代社 46. [단행본] 秋庭太郞 1956 日本新劇史 理想社 TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 @10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 342-353 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) of Panax ginseng in Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Anatomy, College of and Institute of Oriental Medicine, University) Received : 2012. 03. 02 Accepted : 2012. 05. 21 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ Abstract Ginseng, the root of the Panax ginseng, has been a popular and widely-used traditional herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan for thousands of years. Now it has become popular as a functional health food and is used globally as a natural medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the literature on the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases. Possible ginseng- or ginsenosides-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms mainly involve maintaining homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. This review considers publications dealing with the various actions of P. ginseng that are indicative of possible neurotherapeutic efficacies in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. ginseng; Ginsenosides; Neuroprotection; Neurodegeneration 1357. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. . The changes of ginsenoside patterns in red ginseng processed by organic acid impregnation pretreatment. J 2011;35:497-503. . Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J 2010;34:160-167. . Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Sin 2008;29:1103-1108. . Ginseng pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions. 1999;58:1685-1693. . Ginseng saponins: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. 1985;51:221-224. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: In summary, apart from analytical issues related to achieving the required high precision and accuracy in atmospheric values of elemental ratios, fractionation and gas loss effects also have to be taken into account when interpreting MOT values in deep ice cores. As observed earlier for δO2/N2, the gas composition in brittle ice from the BCTZ suffers from post-coring gas loss effects, while pure bubble ice provides good storage conditions for permanent gases. MOT values from pure clathrate ice below the BCTZ but well above the bedrock (>400 m) show little signs of post-coring gas loss and provide reliable MOTs for all three elemental ratios. In the warm deep ice closer to the bedrock, we observed an apparent Xe enrichment, and the Xe/Kr and Xe/N2 ratios did not allow us to derive reliable MOT values. The consistency of δKr/N2 values over the entire record, particularly their reproducibility within the analytical uncertainty, gives us confidence that reliable MOT values can be derived from this parameter throughout the EDC ice core. 4 MOT snapshots of peak glacial and interglacial periods during the last 700 kyr Following the discussion about gas loss above, MOTs derived from δXe/N2 and δXe/Kr show significant anomalies in samples from the BCTZ, especially from very deep ice as shown in Fig. 6. Based on the good reproducibility of δKr/N2 values within the analytical uncertainty throughout the record, we conclude that the MOT derived from δKr/N2 is not significantly affected by the gas loss described in Sect. 3 and shows consistent results throughout the record. One sample at 638 kyr BP is, however, considered an outlier for two reasons: the sample has a pair difference in δKr/N2, which is larger than 3σ of the reproducibility, and the order of the three proxies indicates a substantial xenon loss in contrast to all other samples from pure clathrate ice. We neglect the value at 638 kyr BP and restrict our discussion of past MOT changes to the values derived from δKr/N2 as presented in Fig. 9. Figure 9MOT record relative to the Holocene from the Kr/N2 ratios in comparison with other climate records.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: 2014, “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미”, no. 168, 335. Available from: doi:10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 김재석. “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미“ 국어국문학 168 335. (2014): 297. 김재석. 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 국어국문학 [Internet]. 2014; 168, : 297 - 335. Available from: doi:10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 김재석. “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미“ 국어국문학 no. 168 (2014): 297 - 335. doi: :10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Experimental research on effect of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of P-Tau and caspase-3 in brain slices from AD model rats. Zhi 2010;35:369-372. . Ginsenoside-Rg1 inhibits cell apoptosis induced by beta amyloid. Zhi 2008;88:1763-1766. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory impairment induced by betaamyloid peptide(25-35) and its mechanism of action. 2001;36:1-4. . Protective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male mice. (Hoboken) 2011;294:1003-1014. . Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates amyloid-beta content, regulates PKA/CREB activity, and improves cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. J 2010;19:977-989. . Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. 2006;20:1269-1271. . Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits betasecretase activity in vitro and protects against Abetainduced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J 2009;11:604-612. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphory protein tau and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in rat brain slice model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhi 2010;35:3339-3343. . Effects of gensenoside Rg1 on tau protein phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in rat brain slices. 2010;8:955-960. . Effect of 17-beta-estradiol and ginsenoside Rg1 on reactive microglia induced by betaamyloid peptides. J 1999;1:153-161. . Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. 2005;71:476-481. . Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: J. : Glacial cooling and climate sensitivity revisited, Nature, 584, 569–573, 2020. a, bTzedakis, P. C. , Hooghiemstra, H. , and Pälike, H. : The last 1. 35 million years at Tenaghi Philippon: revised chronostratigraphy and long-term vegetation trends, Quat. Sci. Rev. , 25, 3416–3430, 2006. aTzedakis, P. C. , Crucifix, M. , Mitsui, T. , and Wolff, E. W. : A simple rule to determine which insolation cycles lead to interglacials, Nature, 542, 427–432, 2017. a, b, c, dUchida, T. , Miyamoto, A. , Shin'yama, A. , and Hondoh, T. : Crystal growth of air hydrates over 720 ka in (Antarctica) ice cores: microscopic observations of morphological changes below 2000 m depth, J. Glaciol. , 57, 1017–1026, 2011. a, b, c, dvon Schuckmann, K. , Cheng, L. , Palmer, M. D. , Hansen, J. , Tassone, C. , Aich, V. , Adusumilli, S. , Beltrami, H. , Boyer, T. , Cuesta-Valero, F. J. , Desbruyères, D. , Domingues, C. , García-García, A. , Gentine, P. , Gilson, J. , Gorfer, M. , Haimberger, L. , Ishii, M. , Johnson, G. C. , Killick, R. , King, B. A. , Kirchengast, G. , Kolodziejczyk, N. , Lyman, J. , Marzeion, B. , Mayer, M. , Monier, M. , Monselesan, D. P. , Purkey, S. , Roemmich, D. , Schweiger, A. , Seneviratne, S. I. , Shepherd, A. ,. , Timmermans, M. -L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: kr 2024 NRF. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Benefi cial effect of ginseng root in SOD-1 (G93A) transgenic mice. J 2000;180:52-54. . Saponins from Panax japonicus protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. 2010;45:320-331. . Transcriptional activation of the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase gene through the AP2 site by ginsenoside Rb2 extracted from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng. J 1996;271:24539-24543. . Ginsenoside Rb1 reverses H2O2-induced senescence in human umbilical endothelial cells: involvement of eNOS pathway. J 2012;59:222-230. . Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Neurol 2010;6:654-655. Conway D, Cohen JA. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. 2010;9:299-308. . Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS. Part I: trial design and clinical results. Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1726-1733. Steinman L, Zamvil SS. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. 2006;60:12-21. Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. Oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: the story so far. CNS Drugs 2007;21:483-502. . Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. 1997;17:323-331. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . American ginseng does not improve fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a single center randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. 2011;17:1523-1526. Cited by Anti-of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 vol. 14, 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: By contrast, the molecular states in the global ecosystem are dominated by transient energy flows, oscillating in a complex set of time scales as short as hourly to as long as geological epochs. Such variations in energy flows invite frequency analysis, characterized with Fourier transforms to provide underlying information. A “snowball” Earth [11], more or less covered by ice and snow as the ice cores were fashioned clearly has diminished total energy in terms of molecular quantum states affecting molecular vibration, rotation, translation − as well as sustaining the more coherent circulatory motions in the atmosphere and the ocean, transferring thermal energy towards the poles. A warm Earth as at present has all these flows in higher quantum states, raising their entropy as we have quantified for atmospheric molecules elsewhere [12]. Variation in physical parameters such as temperature is obvious but complex in causes, with any longer-term trends overlying daily or seasonal trends as a function of latitude. One state property that does not vary over time on Earth except geologically is atmospheric pressure, given that it is effectively based on the weight of the atmosphere, apart from variation for water, some 4% during the cycle [13]. The current IPCC consensus concludes that the most significant warming is from greenhouse gas content, such as that of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide, but this is not necessarily the major controlling cause of increasing temperature, given how negotiable thermal energy is. Globally, we are conducting a large uncontrolled experiment to see if CO2 is so important. Although originally thought that the CO2 data from ice cores might be considered as proof of its causal role in global warming, but given that changes in CO2 lag temperature changes its resultant release or absorption from solution in sea water is more likely the cause of correlations in the relationship. An additional causative factor controlling the atmospheric pressure of CO2 that seems to have been overlooked is varying acidity of waters, which can also respond to temperature. In warm periods with high oxygen levels, acidification by oxidation of reduced sulfur, nitrogen and carbon compounds is favored [14]. Alkaline conditions are favored anaerobically. The reduction of dimethyl sulfate, a major oxidant in sea water, can also lead to the evolution of reduced sulfur compounds, which can be converted to sulfuric acid in the atmosphere by ultraviolet oxidation. The alkaline pH of the ocean about 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: Printable page What makes a parasite successful? Parasitoid wasp venoms evolve rapidly in a host-specific manner Élio Sucena based on reviews by Simon Fellous, alexandre leitão and 1 anonymous reviewer A recommendation of: Parasitic success and venom composition evolve upon specialization of parasitoid wasps to different host species Fanny Cavigliasso, Hugo Mathé-Hubert, Jean-Luc Gatti, Dominique Colinet, Marylène Poirié (2021), bioRxiv, 2020. 10. 24. 353417, ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by Biology Read preprint in preprint server Now published in used for results -CN Submission: posted 26 October 2020Recommendation: posted 04 March 2021, validated 14 April 2021 Cite this recommendation as:Sucena, É. (2021) What makes a parasite successful? Parasitoid wasp venoms evolve rapidly in a host-specific manner. in Evolutionary Biology, 100124. 10. 24072/pci. evolbiol. 100124 wasps have developed different mechanisms to increase their parasitic success, usually at the expense of host survival (Fellowes and Godfray, 2000). Eggs of these insects are deposited inside the juvenile stages of their hosts, which in turn deploy several immune response strategies to eliminate or disable them (Yang et al. , 2020). Drosophila melanogaster protects itself against parasitoid attacks through the production of specific elongated haemocytes called lamellocytes which form a capsule around the invading parasite (Lavine and Strand, 2002; Rizki and Rizki, 1992) and the subsequent activation of the phenol-oxidase cascade leading to the release of toxic radicals (Nappi et al. , 1995). On the parasitoid side, robust responses have evolved to evade host immune defenses as for example the Drosophila-specific endoparasite Leptopilina boulardi, which releases venom during oviposition that modifies host behaviour (Varaldi et al. , 2006) and inhibits encapsulation (Gueguen et al. , 2011; Martinez et al. , 2012). Studies have shown that the wasp parasitic capacity is correlated to venom presence and its content (Colinet et al. , 2009; Poirié et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1031391 Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry vol. 5, 10. 1186/s40064-016-3427-3 Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and T Cells vol. 53, 10. 1007/s12035-015-9131-4 Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits vol. 12, 10. 4103/1673-5374. 205108 Ginsenoside Rg1 Abnormalities and Modulates the Change in Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/6473506 Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Patients: A Review vol. 31, 10. 1007/s40263-017-0466-4 Exploring the Effect of Ginsenoside Rh1 in a Sleep Deprivation-Model vol. 31, 10. 1002/ptr. 5797 Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of eight bioactive components of Kai-Xin-San in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and Alzheimer's disease rats vol. 40, 10. 1002/jssc. 201601343 Complete genome sequencing of Arachidicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. , and its application for production of minor ginsenosides by finding a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase vol. 7, 10. 1039/C7RA02612A Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated Anti-angiogenesis via Regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the Activation of PPAR-γ Pathway vol. 8, 10. 3389/fphar. 2017. 00783 Inhibition of Autophagy is Involved in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Injury 10. 1007/s10571-017-0527-8 Terpenoids as promising therapeutic molecules against Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta- and acetylcholinesterase-directed pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses vol. 44, 10. 1080/08927022. 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: We can identify no specific pattern in these coefficients regarding up and down sub cycles having larger or smaller coefficient. Overall, there is a significant CO2 delay across total Vostok data C1234 compared to the relative temperature. For individual cycles a more detailed cross correlation analysis should be done, especially following data insertion. We made very rough estimates above. For practical reasons, the most important figure to keep in mind is the current cycle C1 delay which points to 800–850 years or less. Figure 4. Total long term temperature and CO2 autocorrelations (left to right, above) and cross correlation (bellow) indicating inherent data periodicity. Figure 5. Cycle C1 temperature and CO2 autocorrelations (left to right, above) and cross correlation (bellow) indicating some periodicity within the cycle C1 itself. Figure 6. Cycle C2 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C2 itself. Figure 7. Cycle C3 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C3 itself. Figure 8. Cycle C4 temperature and CO2 cross correlation indicating some periodicity within the cycle C4 itself. Note at the end of this Section that the way various cycles are defined (Figure 1) also affects the analysis. In a follow up work we aim at repeating this analysis by defining cycles from minim to minimum CO2 values. Choice of maximum or minimum values may assist in determining what triggers cycle reversals. We have early indications that the dust might have a significant role in this reversal. Advertisement 6. Cycle C1 CO2 frequency analysisAs an illustration of frequency analysis we examine Cycle C1 CO2 data in details. Similar approach can be used for other data, such as temperature, methane, oxygen and dust. The first concern is to make the C1 CO2 data more homogeneous hence the sampling time can be more precise and useful. 6. 1 Data fillingThe original Cycle 1 Vostok data contains a total of 80 CO2 data points are very unevenly distributed in time. This poses issues with FFT or DFT harmonic analysis. Hence we corrected the situation somewhat by inserting certain number of additional “data points” using linear approximation between the original data points with the biggest time difference between the neighboring points, hence generating a total of 128 original and inserted data points.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: , 2014), including that evolution of venom protein composition is driven by different levels of host susceptibility to infection (Cavigliasso et al. , 2019). However, it had not been determined to this day, if and how parasitic range can affect venom protein composition and to which extent host specialization requires broad-spectrum factors or a plethora of specialized components. These outstanding questions are now approached in a study by Cavigliasso and colleagues (Cavigliasso et al. , 2021), where they perform experimental evolution of L. boulardi for 9 generations exposing it to different Drosophila host species and genetic backgrounds (two strains of D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. yakuba). The authors tested whether the parasitic success of each selection regime was host-specific and how they influenced venom composition in parasitoids. For the first part, infection outcomes were assayed for each selection regime when cross-infecting different hosts. To get a finer measurement of the mechanisms under selection, the authors differentiated three phenotypes: overall parasitic success, encapsulation inhibition and escape from capsule. Throughout the course of experimental evolution, only encapsulation inhibition did not show an improved response upon selection on any host. Importantly, the cross-infection scenario revealed a clear specificity to the selected host for each evolved resistance. As for venom composition, a trend of differential evolution was detected between host species, although a significant part of that was due to a larger differentiation in the D. yakuba regime, which showed a completely different directionality. Importantly, the authors could identify some of the specific proteins targeted by the several selection regimes, whether selected or counter-selected for. Interestingly, the D. yakuba regime is the only case where the key parasitoid protein LbSPNy (Colinet et al. , 2009) was not counter-selected and the only regime in which the overall venom composition did not evolve towards the Ism strain, one of the two ancestral strains of L. boulardi used in the study. It is possible that these two results are correlated, since LbSPNy has been described to inhibit activation of the phenoloxidase cascade in D. yakuba and is one of the most abundant proteins in the ISy venom, making it a good target for selection (Colinet et al. , 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Reviews. 31, 320-329 (2000). and McMurray, N. : Stress and psychosis: towards the development of new models of investigation. Review. 27, 307-317 (2007) Tsigos, C. and Chrousos, G. P. : Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. of Psychosomatic Research. 53, 865-871 (2002) Neveu, P. J. , Delrue, C. , and Cabib, S. : Influence of brain and behavioral lateralization in brain: Monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and immune stress responses. Annals of the Academy of Sciences. 741, 271-282 (1994) Pijl, H. and Meinders E. A. : Modulation of monoaminergic neural circuits: potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatments in Endocrinology. 1, 71-78 (2002) Kalia, M. : Neurobiological basis of depression: an update. Metabolism. 54, 24-27 (2005) Jayanthi, L. D. and Ramamoorthy, S. : Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. . 27, 728-738 (2005) Rege, N. N. , Thatte, U. M. and Dahanukar, S. A. : Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytotherapy Research. 13, 275-291 (1999) Bhattacharya, S. K. and Murugandam, A. V. : Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 547-555 (2003) Reay, J. L. , Kennedy, D. O. and Scholey, A. B. : Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J. Psychopharmacol. 20, 771-781 (2006) Rausch, W. D. , Liu, S. , Gille, G. and Radad, K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants on the evolutionary tree. [SEP] Text: In contrast to Viridiplantae and especially Metazoa, we recovered a total of 40 CDIs from Fungi (Figure 8A and 8C). Thirty of these CDIs are from the Ascomycota, including five that are uniquely shared by two species of Aspergillus that appear to be closely related [47]. Fifteen of these CDIs mark a deep clade of Ascomycota (Pezzizomycotina) excluding Saccharomyces, which appears to be a very early branch of Ascomycota [47]. Nearly half (9/15) of these are also >1aa CDIs. This suggests that protein indels could be a useful tool for fungal phylogeny or as diagnostics at a number of different taxonomic levels. Evolutionary patterns in singleton indelsBy far the largest fraction of indels we identify are indels that appear as singletons for the taxa examined here. These singleton indels total 550, constituting roughly two-thirds (61%) of all the simple indels identified, and these indels show a very erratic distribution across the phylogeny (Figure 9). Singletons are expected to be most common in poorly represented major taxa, as many of these indels would probably be redefined as CDIs or homoplastic indels with additional taxon sampling. Thus it is perhaps not entirely surprising that the sole red alga in our data set, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, shows the largest number of singleton indels (63 indels, Figure 9). However, other single representatives of ancient lineages show much lower numbers of singletons, such as Monosiga, the sole choanoflagellate, (37 singleton indels) or Batrachochytrium, the sole chytrid (24 singleton indels, Figure 9). The average number of singleton indels per examined genome is also considerably lower in Metazoa (116/15 = 7. 7) than in Fungi (148/8=18. 5) or green plants (132/8=16. 5). Thus the frequency of indels in universal conserved proteins appears to vary widely among evolutionary lineages. Figure 9Phylogenetic profile of singleton insertions and deletions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: The authors also discuss the possibility that this difference is related to the geographical distribution of the strains of L. boulardi, since each coincide with either D. melanogaster or D. yakuba. This methodologically broad work by Cavigliasso and colleagues constitutes an important experimental contribution towards the understanding of how parasitoid adaptation to specific hosts is achieved at different phenotypic and mechanistic levels. It provides compelling evidence that venom composition evolves differently in response to specific parasitic ranges, particularly considering the evolutionary difference between the selective hosts. In line with this result, it is also concluded that the majority of venom proteins selected are lineage-specific, although a few broad-spectrum factors could also be detected. The question of whether parasitic range can affect venom composition and parasitic success is still open to more contributions. A potentially interesting long-term direction will be to use a similar setup of experimental evolution on the generalist L. heterotoma (Schlenke et al. , 2007). On a more immediate horizon, comparing the venom evolution of both L. heterotoma and L. boulardi under selection with different hosts and under cross-infection scenarios could reveal interesting patterns. The recent sequencing of the L. boulardi genome together with the vast number of studies addressing mechanisms of Drosophila resistance to parasitoid infection, will enable the thorough characterization of the genetic basis of host-parasitoid interactions and the deeper understanding of these ubiquitous and economically-relevant relationships. *This recommendation text has been co-written with Tânia F. Paulo who is not a recommender of PCI 2020. 10. 24. 353417, ver. 3 peer-reviewed and recommended by in Evolutionary Biology. Cavigliasso, F. , Mathé-Hubert, H. , Kremmer, L. , Rebuf, C. , Gatti, J. -L. , Malausa, T. , Colinet, D. , Poiré, M. and Léne. (2019). Rapid and of the of a Depending on the Host Strain. Toxins, 11(629). Colinet, D. , Deleury, E. , Anselme, C. , Cazes, D. , Poulain, J. , Azema-Dossat, C. , Belghazi, M. , Gatti, J. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars). 66, 369-375 (2006) and Accame, M. E. : Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1770, 1308-1316 (2007). and Wu, C. F. : Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 613-618 (2007). and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model: comparison of red ginseng and sun ginseng. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 29, 895-900 (2005) Carr, M. N. , Bekku, N. and Yoshimura, H. : Identification of anxiolytic ingredients in ginseng root using the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531, 160-165 (2006) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. , Nguyen, M. D. , Nguyen, T. N. and Watanabe, H. Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53, 957-963 (1996) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. and Watanabe, H. : Majonoside-R2 reverses social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice: possible involvement of neuroactive steroids. Life Sci. 61, 395-402 (1997). , Hwang, B. Y. , Eun, J. S. and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1621-1625 (2005) Lee, S. P. , Honda, K. , Rhee, Y. H. and Inoue, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: chrysogenum, we analyzed different sRNA sequencing libraries from the industrial production strain P2niaD18, laboratory strain ∆ku70FRT2, lacking the Ku70 polypeptide of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) complex, and a Dicer-deficient mutant (∆dcl2∆dcl1) [25,26]. Sequencing of the small RNA transcriptome, followed by bioinformatic analyses to predict milRNAs and their putative targets, provide unequivocal evidence for Dicer-dependent sRNAs and milRNAs in P. chrysogenum. of small RNA libraries For a comprehensive survey of sRNAs from P. chrysogenum, low molecular weight RNA (18–50 nt) was isolated and used for small RNA sequencing. For RNA isolation, the industrial laboratory strain P2niaD18 was grown on four different media and harvested at three different time points (see Material and Methods). From these 12 differently grown cultures, RNA was isolated and pooled to generate a sample designated “RNA-Mix”. Two further small RNA libraries were generated from submerged cultures of ∆ku70FRT2 and Dicer-double mutant ∆ku70FRT2∆dcl2∆dcl1, hereafter referred to as ∆dcl2∆dcl1. After removing low quality reads and trimming of 3'- adaptor sequences, 46,240,082, 52,144,415, and 65,660,252 trimmed reads were obtained as "total" read datasets for the RNA-Mix, ∆ku70FRT2 and ∆dcl2∆dcl1. For subsequent analysis, the number of identical reads within each total dataset was calculated and all total reads were collapsed and transferred to a "unique" dataset. To avoid accumulation of rare reads, such as reads derived from degradation products, only unique reads with a read count of at least 10 were used for further analyses. Total and filtered unique reads were mapped to the reference genome of P2niaD18 [25]. For the RNA-Mix, we found that 84. 8% of all total reads (39,188,594) map at least once to the reference genome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: and Poirié, M. (2013). Extensive inter- and intraspecific venom variation in closely related parasites targeting the same host: The case of Leptopilina parasitoids of Drosophila. , 43(7), 601–611. Colinet, D. , Dubuffet, A. , Cazes, D. , Moreau, S. , Drezen, J. M. and Poirié, M. (2009). A serpin from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi targets the Drosophila phenoloxidase cascade. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 33(5), 681–689. Fellowes, M. D. E. and Godfray, H. C. J. (2000). The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by Drosophila. Heredity, 84(1), 1–8. Gueguen, G. , Rajwani, R. , Paddibhatla, I. , Morales, J. and Govind, S. (2011). VLPs of Leptopilina boulardi share biogenesis and overall stellate morphology with VLPs of the heterotoma clade. Virus Research, 160(1–2), 159–165. Lavine, M. D. and Strand, M. R. (2002). Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. , 32(10), 1295–1309. Martinez, J. , Duplouy, A. , Woolfit, M. , Vavre, F. , O’Neill, S. L. and Varaldi, J. (2012). Influence of the virus LbFV and of Wolbachia in a host-parasitoid interaction. PloS One, 7(4), e35081. Nappi, A. J. , Vass, E. , Frey, F. and Carton, Y. (1995). Superoxide anion generation in Drosophila during melanotic encapsulation of parasites. of Cell Biology, 68(4), 450–456. Poirié, M. , Colinet, D. and Gatti, J. L. (2014). Insights into function and evolution of parasitoid wasp venoms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 217-221 (1990). , Marsh, V. R. , Moore, B. and Ashton, H. : Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 701-709 (2003) Kim, H. S. , Kang, J. G. and Oh KW. : Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 1071-1076 (1995) and Oh, K. W. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50, 23-27 (1995) and Oh, S. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 27, 199-204 (1996) Kim, H. S. and Kim, K. S. : Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponin on nicotine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Behav. Brain Research. 103, 55-61 (1999) Bu, Y. ,. , Rho, S. , Ha, N. , Park, S. K. , Kim, H. and Sun, Y. K. : Siberian ginseng reduces infarct volume in transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytotherapy Research. 19, 167-169 (2005) Choi, S. S. , Lee, J. K. and Suh, H. W. : Effect of ginsenosides administered intrathecally on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming stress in the mouse. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 858-861 (2003) Banerjee, U. and Izquierdo, J. A. : Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: The precursor sequence of most milRNAs occurred only once with a perfect match within the genome. Only the precursor sequence of milR-7 was found at three different loci (Table 3). To explore the location of milRNAs within the nuclear genome further, the mature sequence of milRNAs was also mapped to the genome. Twenty-four mature milRNAs mapped only once to the reference genome, and 10 (milR-6, milR-7, milR-8, milR-11, milR-12, milR-13, milR-14, milR-26, milR-27, milR-30) mapped at least twice. The most frequent milRNA sequences are milR-13, and milR-11, with 13 and 8 loci. While milR-13 was found in exons, introns, 5’-UTRs, and 3’-UTRs, all loci of milR-11 were located within the 5' end of the coding sequence of multiple copies of a putative RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase (RdDP). This RdDP was previously identified as the Copia13-like transposable element PCcopia13 [30]. All copies of PCcopia13 have highly complementary loci, including the mature milR-11 and milR-11-star sequence. MilRNA target gene prediction So far, no algorithms are available that have been adapted to fungal milRNAs. Therefore, target predictions were performed using three different programs, written for either animals or plants. The program miRanda was written for accurately detecting microRNA binding sites in animals, and the programs TAPIR and psRNATarget were originally written for predictions in plants [31–33]. Since no 3'-UTR database is available for P. chrysogenum, we extracted the 1 kb downstream sequences of all protein coding genes in the P2niaD18 genome. These 1 kb sequences were used as templates for target prediction. We succeeded in identifying mRNA targets for the predicted milRNAs described in this report.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: in Insect Science, 6, 52–60. Rizki, T. M. and Rizki, R. M. (1992). Lamellocyte differentiation in Drosophila larvae parasitized by Leptopilina. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 16(2–3), 103–110. Schlenke, T. A. , Morales, J. , Govind, S. and Clark, A. G. (2007). Contrasting infection strategies in generalist and specialist wasp parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathogens, 3(10), 1486–1501. Varaldi, J. , Petit, S. , Boulétreau, M. and Fleury, F. (2006). The virus infecting the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi exerts a specific action on superparasitism behaviour. Parasitology, 132(Pt 6), 747–756. Yang, L. , Qiu, L. , Fang, Q. , Stanley, D. W. and Gong‐Yin, Y. (2020). Cellular and humoral immune interactions between Drosophila and its parasitoids. Insect Science. PDF recommendation Conflict of interest:The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the 10. 1101/2020. 10. 24. 353417 Version of the preprint: 1 Author's Reply, 26 Feb 2021 Download author's reply Download tracked changes file Dear recommender and reviewers, we thank you for all your comments and advice. Attached you will find our responses and a version of the manuscript with the track change to follow our edits. The line number in our responses correspond to the number in version without track change (so the "real" line number). Best regards Decision by Élio Sucena, posted 10 Dec 2020 This manuscript by Cavigliasso, Colinet, Poirié and co-workers, tests the relationship between the evolution of parasitic success and venom composition in L. boulardi and several Drosophila hosts. It combines a wide range of techniques to connect the evolutionary process to its underlying molecular genetics. This is a thorough and courageous approach to a difficult problem of ultimately understanding the mechanisms that “make a parasite successful”. They also explore the specificity versus generality of the evolved responses touching upon another central question in evolutionary biology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Latino Americana. 32, 277-285 (1982) Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. : Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 14, 541-549 (2007) Fulder, S. : Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress, Am. J. Chin. Med. 9, 112–118 (1981) Hiai, S. , Yokoyama, H. and Oura, H. : Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion, Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 737-740 (1979) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. : Evaluation of corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of ginsenosides and their prosapogenins and sapogenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 168-174 (1983) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Yano, S. : Stimulation of pituitary adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 661-665 (1979) Herman, J. and Cullinan, W. : Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20, 78-84 (1997) Murphy, B. Filipini, D. and Ghadirian, A. : Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: Preliminary results using RU 486. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18, 209-213 (1993) Thakore, J. and Dinan, T. : Cortisol synthesis inhibition: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 364-368 (1995) and Song, D. K. : Inhibition of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by ginsenosides in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport. 9, 2261-2264 (1998) and Song, D. K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: In contrast to siRNAs, miRNAs do not require full complementarity to bind and mediate silencing of target mRNAs. Thus, it is suggested that milRNA-mediated gene silencing in fungi is mostly caused by translational repression like it is known for animals and plants [1,12,43]. Therefore, further analyses of target-mRNA protein expression are necessary provide evidence for milRNA-target interactions and thus, milRNA mediated gene silencing in P. chrysogenum. Nevertheless, our small RNA sequencing approach identified novel milRNAs that are predicted to bind multiple target mRNAs, possibly as factors involved in a variety of different biological processes, like DNA-repair. Finally, results from sRNA identification and milRNA target predictions will serve as valuable clues for understanding sRNAs as regulators of gene expression in P. chrysogenum. A deeper understanding of sRNA-mediated gene regulation is an important prerequisite for developing more effective strategies to genetically manipulate this industrially important fungus to further improve production processes. Materials and and growth conditions For the RNA-Mix, P. chrysogenum strain P2niaD18 was grown as submerged cultures in 500 ml shaking flasks in 100 ml CCM and MM at 27°C and 120 r. p. m. , and as surface cultures on PAL 200 on solid Oatmeal and M322 media. All cultures were inoculated with 1. 0 x 107 conidiospores as previously described [44,45]. Liquid cultures were grown for 72, 96, and 120 hours, and surface cultures for 48, 72, and 96 hours. The mycelia of these 12 different cultures were frozen in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was isolated separately as described in the "Nucleic acid isolation" section. After purification, total RNA of the 12 samples were pooled in equal amounts to the so-called RNA-Mix sample. For the samples ∆ku70FRT2 and ∆dcl2∆dcl1 the recipient strain ∆ku70FRT2 and the Dicer-deficient double-mutant ∆dcl2∆dcl1 were grown for three days in shaking flasks containing CCM under the same conditions as mentioned above (S2 Table and S3 Table). Identification of RISC core components The recently published genome of P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: All three reviewers are generally positive about the manuscript, and concur on the originality and importance of the approach and of the question posed. However, they also suggest important clarifications, additions and extensions that would benefit the manuscript. A great deal of the proposed changes are mostly directed to improve the reading, the clarify of its data and message, and to deepen some aspects of its conclusions and discussion. Discussion/interpretation Several requests and recommendations have been put forward by reviewers that I summarize as: 1) Reviewer 2 expresses concern with the interpretation of mel SNasr venom composition evolution as it could derive from an experimental design artifact. Please address this concern argumentatively or experimentally; 2) The potential paradox between survival at 100% (sim and mel strains) and the evolution of venom composition (reviewer #2) must be addressed; 3) The relationship between the success of experimental evolution and the phylogenetic distance of the host used relative to the parasitoid strain; 4) Reviewer #3 has an interesting suggestion to correlate venom evolution with the two distinct strategies for parasitic success (avoidance and evasion), as well as some mention/discussion of parthenogenesis that you may consider; 5) Another potential relationship to explore and discuss pertains to the success of experimental evolution (replicate extinction) vis-a-vis the phylogenetic distance of the host used relative to the parasitoid strain. Analyses and Format: All reviewers have remarks concerning the presentation of the data that should be revised, mostly to ease the reader´s job. 1) Address the issue of infection status classification (reviewer 2#) 2) Reviewer #1 concerns and suggestions (shared by reviewer #2 and myself) regarding figures 1 and 3 and tables 1 and 2. In addition, please review some of the legends (tables and figures) to ensure all necessary elements are provided to fully understand the information they contain. For example, what is “estimate” on figures S2 and S3, how what is calculated and what does it mean? 3) Justify and explain the use of and address the apparent lack of nesting raised by reviewer #1 and correct the minor points on statistics presentation pointed out by reviewer #2. 4) I am not sure about this but I wonder if figure S1 should not be part of the main text. I find it really helpful… 5) Please consider the remaining small points included in all three reviews.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Protection of ischaemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci. Res. 28, 191-200 (1997) Deng, H. and Zhang, J. : Anti-lipid peroxidative effect of ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$. Chin. Med. J. 104, 395-398 (1991) and Nah, S. Y. : Effect of ginsenosides on calcium channels and membrane capacitance in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res. Bull. 46, 245-251 (1998) Liao, B. , Newmark, H. and Zhou, R. : Neuroprotective effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 173, 224-234 (2002). , Hong, H. N. and Nah, S. Y. : Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of panax ginseng, on kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 325, 129-133 (2002) Tohda, C. , Matsumoto, N. , Zou, K. , Meselhy, M. R. and Komatsu, K. : Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK–N–SH cells. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 99, 254-262 (2002) Zhao, R. and McDaniel, W. F. : Ginseng improves strategic learning by normal and brain-damaged rats. NeuroReport. 9, 1619-1624 (1998) Zhong, Y. M. , Nishijo, H. , Uwano, T. , Tamura, R. , Kawanishi, K. and Ono, T. : Red ginseng ameliorated place navigation deficits in young rats with hippocampal lesions and aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 69, 511-525 (2000) Chang, M. S. , Lee, S. C. and Rho, H. M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Transformants obtained were selected on Czapek-sorbitol medium containing phleomycin, as was described Gil-Durán et al. (2015). After that, transformants were submitted to serial dilutions and seeded onto Czapek medium containing phleomycin to obtain homokaryotic strains. Finally, homokaryotic strains were transferred four times in PDA medium lacking phleomycin (non-selective growth conditions) aiming to induce the loss of phleomycin resistance. Loss of phleomycin resistance was confirmed by absence of growth of transformants upon they were plating again onto selective media. DNA from transformants was extracted as described by Gil-Durán et al. (2015) and used as a template for the amplification of the target region using suitable primers (Table 1). Amplicons obtained were cloned in pGEM-T Easy, and sequenced in Macrogen Inc. of conidial germination kinetics, production of conidia, and apical extension rates, were done according to the protocols described by Gil-Durán et al. (2015). For the production of benzylpenicillin, P. rubens was grown on Power medium agar (Fierro et al. 1996) at 28°C for 5 days. All the spores of a plate were collected and inoculated into 50 mL of the MCIP liquid medium (Pérez et al. 2014). The culture was incubated at 25°C and 250 rpm for 24 hours. After that, 10 mL of the culture were taken and inoculated into 100 mL of the MCFP medium (Pérez et al. 2014) and incubated under the same conditions at 72 and 96 hrs. The extraction of benzylpenicillin from these broths and its quantification were done as described by García-Estrada et al. (2007). Briefly, 5 mL of culture broth was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm to separate the broth from the mycelium. Mycelium was stored for further use (see below), whereas clean broth (approximately 3 mL) was acidified at pH 2. 0 with 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Languages evolve in a predictable and uniform manner. [SEP] Text: A final recommendation would be to revise the syntax throughout the manuscript. It need not be Shakespeare but some revision would ease the read. For example, the second term of the first two sentences of the introduction need revision: “and strong selection…success”; “but also host species”. **Additional requirements of the managing board**: As indicated in the 'How does it work? ’ section and in the code of conduct, please make sure that: -Data are available to readers, either in the text or through an open data repository such as Zenodo (free), Dryad or some other institutional repository. Data must be reusable, thus metadata or accompanying text must carefully describe the data. -Details on quantitative analyses (e. g. , data treatment and statistical scripts in R, bioinformatic pipeline scripts, etc. ) and details concerning simulations (scripts, codes) are available to readers in the text, as appendices, or through an open data repository, such as Zenodo, Dryad or some other institutional repository. The scripts or codes must be carefully described so that they can be reused. -Details on experimental procedures are available to readers in the text or as appendices. -Authors have no financial conflict of interest relating to the 332. ). If this phenomena occurs asymmetrically between the two cross directions, then at F2 the representation of each genotype can already be biased, given that we are dealing with a haplodiploid system. To exclude this hypothesis, the authors should test female fertility (measuring the sex ratio of the offspring) in the F1 of both cross directions. Minor points: 1) When possible, report actual p values, do not report things like p>0. 05 for a single p value. 2) When possible, report the statistical comparisons being made. For example: line 303 “This increase seemed to result solely from the increased capacity to escape from the capsule (Figure 1B, Table S2, GLMM, p = 0. 001”. What is the comparison reported in here? 3) I would suggest changing the nomenclature of generation to reflect the start of selection. F3, is one generation of selection which can be easily be mixed and interpreted as having 3 generations of selection. 4) The legend for figure 1 C is incorrect.

Output: pass