Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: We need to understand that humans and all other species are members of the earth’s community, that all species are part of a system of interdependence and that humans are not inherently superior to other living things. This is no longer just a nicety. If we don’t protect biodiversity and replenish the earth’s natural resources, it simply won’t be able to adequately sustain the human population for too much longer. Project supports community programmes to mitigate human–wildlife conflict. How important is it to deepen people’s understanding of, and compassion for, non-human animals? Without compassion, we will always be living in a world where animals and other people are used for our own profit, entertainment and enjoyment. When you work closely with orangutans, you quickly come to see that they are self-aware, highly intelligent beings, and they don’t deserve to be driven to extinction in this horrific way, but that compassion needs to extend to every living being. Several decades ago when I was working in a zoo, I personally witnessed – and actually had to be part of – the death of a healthy but injured giraffe. And he did not want to die. It was a traumatic experience, and I came to realise that I personally had an issue with animals suffering prior to their death. Because, no matter how humans try to rationalise and justify the suffering of livestock animals, I had now experienced firsthand that the death of an animal was horrific, even when ‘humane’. From that moment, I began to make different choices about how I lived, ate and operated. Without compassion, we will always be living in a world where animals and other people are used for our own profit, entertainment and enjoyment. My choices were based upon not having animals suffer for me personally, but I had further to go because whilst I was now not causing immediate suffering, I was still bearing witness to the unspeakable mass extinction of our time: we all are, every day. How has the past year of pandemic-related challenges affected your conservation work? Unfortunately, it’s just made a bad situation worse. When governments are crippled by unexpected and unfathomable costs, they will often look to short-term, quick profits – and inevitably that’s the plundering of natural resources. Vanilla on Suna’s legs with her mother Violet (middle) and Anjeli (above).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Importantly, and unlike previous studies that have relied on laboratory populations [56, 62, 75, 76] or utilized 16S sequencing [56, 57, 65, 71, 75] on wild populations, our survey provides a unique species-level perspective into microbiome structure in an Ae. aegypti population. Our analysis was also successful in identifying a relatively large repertoire of core microbiome species. Whereas functional analyses will ultimately be required for a refined understanding of core microbiome-host dynamics [77], several observations are worthy of discussion. The 54 bacterial species ubiquitously present across all individuals comprised only 24% of the total microbiome. However, when the criteria for inclusion was relaxed (to presence in ≥ 75% of individuals), this group of common species comprised 93% of the total microbiome. As such, the vast majority of the microbiome is comprised of common species at the population level. This observation cannot be accounted for by a possible identification bias towards highly abundant species. Whereas many core species were indeed highly abundant, such as B. subtilis that comprises 11. 2% of the microbiome on average, the abundance of core species varied by over 1,100-fold (Fig. 4C). Thus, many core species were quite low in relative abundance. This variation is almost certainly explained, at least in part, by the absolute size of tissue-specific microbiomes. We therefore predict that the low average abundance of species in the wMel subnetwork is likely due to their restricted presence in the reproductive microbiome. Similarly, the high average abundance of species in the non-wMel subnetwork, which includes B. subtilis, suggests that they may be representatives of a larger midgut microbiome. Overall, the significant enrichment of core microbiome species (of both high and low abundance) in our network analysis supports the presence of concerted functional assemblages within the microbial community. Furthermore, the topology of the network, including the presence of delineated subnetworks, suggests compartmentalization between tissues that may inform tissue-specific microbiome functionality. Some of core species identified here have also been identified in laboratory colonies derived from widespread global populations (e. g. , Brazil, Grenada, and India [62, 68, 69, 78]). Surveys across addition natural and lab populations will further refine our understanding of the functional core microbiome and, additionally, the process by which natural microbiomes experience compositional shifts or diversity-decay when reared in laboratory settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: , 2021). Aquatic eDNA research is rapidly developing, and the published literature contains many approaches for sample collection and processing (Helbing & Hobbs, 2019). This rapid expansion of eDNA methods makes it challenging for researchers to understand sampling best practices and establish new eDNA workflows of their own. Meta-analysis efforts have aimed to identify common practices and identify standard operating procedures for intermediate sample preservation, ideal filter matrices, and DNA isolation prior to genetic analysis (Miya et al. , 2016). A common set of collection, process, and analysis approaches has recently been proposed to establish standards of practice that can be adopted by the larger research community, with the aim of enabling comparative research across the expanding field of molecular ecology (Sepulveda et al. , 2020; Minamoto et al. , 2020). Filtration-based methods are the most commonly used method for eDNA collection and concentration from water samples (Tsuji et al. , 2019). However, considerable variation remains in collection approaches due to the wide range of eDNA applications, differences in individual project logistics, and the availability or accessibility of filtration equipment (Nagler et al. , 2022). This variation has led to the method and time to filtration often being incompletely described or omitted in the literature. Common manual approaches for sample filtration involve forcing water through a filter using a large-volume (50–60 mL) syringe (Mächler et al. , 2016; Sigsgaard et al. , 2017; Minamoto et al. , 2020) or the combination of a hand-pump and vacuum flask (Baldigo et al. , 2017; Kamoroff & Goldberg, 2018). This process requires significant manual force, and as a result, is generally limited to less than 0. 5L collection volume. Alternatively, filtration is performed using a laboratory-grade vacuum or peristaltic pump (Walsh, Zaikova & Hallam, 2009; Miya et al. , 2016; Djurhuus et al. , 2017), which typically requires researchers in the field to transport collected water samples to a secondary location suitable for filtering. Field-ready integrated systems are relatively new to the market, and have shown promise for collection, preservation, extraction, and targeted aquatic invasive species detection (Thomas et al. , 2018; Thomas et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: We’ve also had to grapple with continued regional lockdowns, which often meant local governance and authorities were absent or distracted, enabling the illegal poaching networks and land encroachers to come out in force. Protection Units, ground teams and rescuers have worked around the clock – but it’s been very difficult. How important is it for conservationists to work collaboratively with local and indigenous communities? It’s critically important because again if you don’t, you’re not going to solve the problem. But it’s also a question of justice. I said earlier that we’re now fighting for the scraps of remaining habitat. And it’s worth noting that indigenous people – who have lived alongside orangutans for thousands of years – are also being pushed to survive in the same small fragments of forest, along with very poor subsistence farmers and species including Sumatran tigers and elephants. It’s a recipe for disaster. Our community programmes include mitigating human–wildlife conflict, establishing sustainable, forest-friendly agriculture, employing and training local people in Units, school food programs and a number of economic and educational initiatives. But big picture – we need to re-create an economic system where the profits are sustainable, long term and distributed amongst the many. That’s the very opposite of our current economic system which favours taking the profits from the many to the rich few, and from the long term to the very short term. A prime example is the sustainability of poly-cultures, versus the short term, concentrated profits of mono-cultures. Are there changes afoot – in public attitudes, global policy, or conservation more generally – which you think are reasons for optimism? I hope so – but my big hope is that they happen soon enough for remaining biodiversity, because we’ve got such little time remaining. Once an ecosystem has been destroyed you really can’t get it back by replanting. We’ve got to work fast to secure and protect remaining viable, intact ecosystems – those intricate, complex life-support systems that sustain us all. Project is fighting for the scraps of remaining orangutan habitat. What future successes are you hoping to achieve with Project? We’ve actually got very specific goals – which I guess is a great motivator for our small team and our growing supporter base.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Variation in wMel infection density and the microbiomeAs a reproductive endosymbiont, Wolbachia was conventionally believed to be concentrated within the host’s reproductive tissues. However, it is now well-established that Wolbachia can be present at variable levels across many non-reproductive tissues [13, 37]. The density and spatiotemporal distribution of Wolbachia varies among host species and strains of Wolbachia [37, 79]. However, there is limited information about the spatiotemporal dynamics of wMel in wild Ae. aegypti populations despite its relevance to pathogen blocking [38]. Despite wMel being stably established in the populations surveyed here [20], we observed a high level of variation in infection density across individuals and a robust covariation between wMel abundance and specific sets of species with the microbiome. Several facets of these relationships are worth highlighting. First, we observed a significant negative relationship between wMel density and Shannon’s Index, indicating a decrease in the compositional evenness in the microbiome. Previous studies comparing alpha diversity metrics in Wolbachia-infected hosts have reported contradicting results [43, 80,81,82]. Our results, based on a large survey of individuals, suggest that the impact of wMel on the Ae. aegypti microbiome is more nuanced than a simple reduction in species richness or load, as previously suggested [43, 80, 81]. Second, wMel served as a hub of consistently mutually-exclusive, but weak, interactions and these interactions were generally with lower abundance species. This pattern is consistent with results reported by Audsley et al. [65]. Based on the composition of the subnetworks revealed in our analysis, we speculate that this pattern may reflect a suite of direct interactions with other members of the reproductive microbiome. It is also important to emphasize that, although these species were generally low in abundance, they were significantly enriched for members of the core microbiome. Third, our PCoA analysis revealed robust covariation between wMel and several of the most abundant species in the microbiome, including the midgut microbe B. subtilis. Given the importance of the midgut microbiome on immune system function [83], the effect of wMel (either direct or indirect) on the midgut microbiome is worthy of further investigation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: However, the initial cost and recommended use of proprietary filters may not address all potential deployment needs. Similarly, Formel et al. (2021) developed an automated sampling device capable of sample collection and subsequent preservation, but this device requires access to fabrication facilities capable of 3D printing and microelectronics assembly. Several studies have identified technical advantages of enclosed Sterivex™ filter cartridges for aquatic eDNA collection (Miya et al. , 2016; Spens et al. , 2017; Tsuji et al. , 2019; Ushio, 2019; Takahashi et al. , 2020). These filters are individually packaged, sterile, and lightweight—all features that make them ideal for transport into field collection locations. Despite the advantages offered by Sterivex™ filtration cartridges, their use for eDNA collection can be challenging due to pressures required (1–3. 1 bar, or 15–45 psi) for manual collection with large-volume syringes, or mechanical collections using vacuum or peristaltic pump systems. Significant pressure is required to pull or push liquids through the filtration matrix as it becomes clogged with particulate matter. Vacuum- or pressure-driven systems require robust laboratory equipment to generate sufficient force, which are often large and require a standard 110V/220V power source. Additionally, our group has found that standard peristaltic or vacuum pumps can produce excessive pressure or suction that causes collapse of tubing or separation of the filter body from the pump as the membrane becomes clogged and internal pressure increases. Similarly, standard laboratory vacuum and peristaltic pumps are costly and may generate insufficient pressure for filtration of samples when using a manifold system to increase the number of samples being filtered. To address these issues, we have designed a field-portable pump to minimize the need for water transfer to a traditional laboratory for filtration. This pump reduces the time from sample collection to filtration by hours or even days, depending on sampling locations and access to laboratory pumps, and therefore the potential for degradation or unintentional alteration of sample integrity due to increased or decreased biological activity within a water sample. Once samples are filtered, they can be quickly preserved with chemical reagents to eliminate the need for cold-chain storage. We provide detailed pump assembly instructions (Supplemental Document), which takes less than 30 min to assemble at a cost of ∼$350 USD.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: Over the next few years, working with our partners, we are striving to legally secure up to eight lowland, intact, richly biodiverse ecosystems. If we can do that, we’ll have the ability to protect viable populations of all subspecies of orangutan and every other species that share their habitat – Sumatran elephants, tigers, rhinos, gibbons, sun bears, tapirs, clouded leopards – the list is mind blowing. This is of course a massive task – you can’t just buy rainforest of any significance in Indonesia – but we do have success to date, and our goal is always to establish community-driven, forest-friendly initiatives so that eventually, each ecosystem becomes economically self-sustainable, and highly valued by their local community. Rescuing a captive orangutan, named Mary. What can our readers do to support Project? In founding Project, I wanted to make sure thousands of people could join together, pool our resources and do something to secure the survival of our fellow living beings. In so many ways, having many individual donors who give sometimes just a small monthly gift, is just so much more effective than applying for complicated grants where they’re sometimes more interested in ticking boxes rather than creating change on the ground. Project is fast moving, dynamic and flexible – we have to be to work in the space we’re in – and having a loyal donor base made up of thousands of people who passionately believe in the same goals we do is the most effective way to create such profound change. So the best thing you can do is join us! Visit www. theorangutanproject. org. uk Leif takes a young orangutan to jungle school at a Release Site. Project: How a successful not-for-profit organisation is working to protect orangutans from extinction was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: agriculturebiocentrismbiodiversitycharityconservationdeforestationextinctionhabitat lossindigenous communitiesthis 10. 32907/RO-122-1291654973. (2021). a successful not-for-profit organisation is working to protect orangutans from extinction. Research Outreach, 122. Available at: This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International License. What does this mean?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: ConclusionWe demonstrate the underappreciated value of existing whole-organism DNA-seq data in relation to microbiome characterization. Our analysis achieved a high coverage, species-level characterization of the Ae. aegypti microbiome, including the delineation of a population-level, core microbiome. Despite the absence of information about tissue-specific microbiome composition, network analyses revealed wMel as a hub of interactions with species likely to be of the reproductive microbiome and a small set of robust, indirect interactions with likely members of the midgut microbiome. Intraspecific variation in wMel infection density, in conjunction with diverse interactions with the native microbiome, may have the potential to impact vector competency. The specific interactions identified here could be leveraged to potentially enhance wMel infection density and identify species that may be antagonistic or incompatible with Wolbachia or third-party players that mediate pathways underlying pathogen blocking. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 5. 309. PubMed Pub2009. The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the of 2013. Dis. 2016;16:712–23. 12. A critical assessment of vector control for dengue prevention. . 2015;9:e0003655. 4. Efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments for the control of dengue. N Med. 2021;384:2177–86. 4248. e5. 2. -Kenyon J, et al. Establishment of win Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland Australia. Res. 2020;3:1547. 5. 78. 4. Flores HA, de Bruyne JT, O’ strains provide comparative levels of protection against dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16:e1008433. 20. 153. 2. 7. 95. 116. 19. 888. e8. 35. 59. 18. 702. . Viral RNA is a target for Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. PLOS Pathog. 2020;16: e1008513. 2548. 2017. p. 35–58.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: The resulting design incorporates three key features that address several gaps in the existing aquatic eDNA literature: It is rugged, lightweight (∼5 lb or 2. 2 kg—equivalent to ∼2 liters of water), and uses a rechargeable battery with capacity for at least 30L of water per battery charge. In addition, the secured and small footprint case allows for packed transport in a backpack or checked luggage during airline travel. The design utilizes a Sterivex™ filtration cartridge () under negative pressure, eliminating potential for contamination from fouled tubing or other processing equipment. However, no modifications to the core device are necessary to use other filter types. Compatibility with other filtration systems can be attained simply by choosing the tubing and couplers needed for connection. A minimal and robust design that can be quickly modified, repaired, and improved with ease-of-operation makes this device interchangeable whether sampling in the field or laboratory. The system described was tested for flow rates, portability, as well and total and targeted eDNA recovery using Sterivex™ in several common eDNA sampling efforts, including controlled laboratory experiments, local transport and land-based collection, and field-based collection on a research vessel. Through use of a portable, easy to assemble eDNA filtration system, we aim to reduce the dependency on expensive, non-portable systems that require transportation of large water volumes. Materials and eDNA collection system operates as a negative pressure filtration device in which tubing attaches to the male port of a Sterivex™ or other filtration cartridge (Fig. 1 and Supporting Information). As described, the interior tubing size produces a pressure-fit connection with a Sterivex™ filter cartridge. Adaptations to the tubing and connectors could be adapted for use with other filter types, such as syringe filters or reusable Swinnex disc-filter holders, using alternative tubing sizes, types, or adapters. Designs referenced in this manuscript are licensed under v2—Permissive (CERN-OHL-P v2). Figure 1: Assembled pump and illustrative operation. The entire eDNA filtration setup (A) is housed in a pelican case, which contains the pump, lead–acid battery, and a trickle charger modified to connect to the battery terminals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Next, Section 2 outlines the “IUCN Categories” as well as the growing importance of PAs and NPs. Section 3 presents the major threats to conservation and the implications they brought to PAs and NPs. Section 4 presents a review of some major global initiatives, which exist alongside the statutory designations of the PA system in some countries as case 2. Protected areas and national parks: a global commitmentUnion for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organisation working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It offers public, private, and non-governmental organisations with the “nature-based solutions” to reversing environmental declines and securing a healthy, liveable planet. Since its establishment in 1948, IUCN has evolved into the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network. It harnesses the experience, resources, and reach of its offices in more than 160 countries (plus 1300 member organisations) and runs projects all around the world benefited from a network of 13,000+ voluntary scientists and experts spanning the globe [5]. This validates the IUCN as the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it with the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network. It continues to champion nature-based solutions as key to the implementation of international agreements such as the and the 2030 Goals. IUCN experts are organised into six commissions dedicated to species survival, environmental law, protected areas, social and economic policy, ecosystem management, and education and communication [5]. IUCN works across a wide range of themes related to conservation, environmental, and ecological issues, covering business and biodiversity; climate change; ecosystem management; environmental law; forests; gender; global policy; governance and rights; marine and polar; protected areas; science and economics; species; water; and world heritage [6]. 2. 1 Natural resources at risksAt present, however, biodiversity is facing devastating effects that are directly or indirectly resulting from the rapid growth in human population. According to the of the Department of Economic and of the [7], the world’s population is predicted to increase to 9. 1 billion by 2050. Gross observation shows that most of this growth will occur in developing countries that record human activities and their associated impact to most of the world’s biodiversity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 05224 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMarch 31, 2015 Accepted ManuscriptMarch 16, 2015 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 11,336 views 2,160 downloads 368 5224. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 3 figures and 8 additional files 1 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Social group membership predicts microbiome composition. (A) Group home ranges in the year prior to and during sample collection. (B) Diet composition during sample collection. Only the proportion of fruit consumed significantly differed between groups (p = 0. 05; Supplementary file 7). Principal coordinates plots of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrices for (C) taxonomic (Supplementary file 2) and (D) KEGG enzyme ortholog composition of individual gut microbiomes (Supplementary file 5). Social group membership explained significant variation in gut microbial composition (: r2 = 0. 186, p < 10−4) as well as gut microbial enzyme ortholog composition (r2 = 0. 108, p = 0. 003). Relative abundances of common bacterial phyla and KEGG enzyme orthologs are shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 1, 2. A rarefaction analysis of species-level sampling is shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 3. The results of the HUMAnN pipeline are shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 4. A comparison between baboon and human microbiome composition across body sites is shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 5. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Proportional representation of common phyla in each sample. The OTU table generated using MetaPhlAn 2. 0 was collapsed to the level of the phylum for each sample. Phyla that were not represented at ≥ 1% in at least one of sample are summed and presented as ‘rare phyla. ’ Samples from Mica's group are clustered on the left and those from Viola's group on the right. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Proportional representation of common KEGG orthologs in each sample, summarized as pathways.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: During operation (B) tubing is connected to quick-release fittings, and a sterivex or similar filter housing is attached with compression mating between the filter and tubing. This pre-filtration approach reduces contamination potential from the tubing, and also prolongs the life of the pump by reducing or eliminating entry of particulate matter. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-1 Assembly of the pump is divided into four steps, which are outlined in detail with images in the supplemental document. First, the enclosure is altered with three 12. 7 mm (0. 5 inch) holes to accept quick-disconnect tubing and a switch. Second, the pump is attached to quick-disconnect couplers and wired to the switch and battery. Third, sampling tubing is modified to add quick disconnect couplers. Last, the trickle-battery charger is modified to interface with the lead–acid battery terminals. The entire unit can be assembled in approximately 30 min, and the total cost of materials for one unit is approximately $350 USD at the time of publication (Table 1). Table 1: Bill of materials for single pump assembly. (Part Number) 1150 Pelican (1150) $42. 95 1 $42. 95 tubing for Air and Water (0. 125″ID, 0. 25″OD; 25 ft) McMaster-Carr (5648K74) $19. 00 1 $19. 00 Quick-disconnect Receptacle McMaster-Carr (5012K19) $6. 37 2 $12. 74 Quick-disconnect Plug McMaster-Carr (5012K53) $9. 49 2 $18. 98 12V Pump (0. 23L/min) KNF (PML17183-FF20 IP40) $163. 00 1 $163. 00 Power (EXP1213) $19. 99 1 $19. 99 12V 1000mA Foval (BC01B-1) $20. 98 1 $20. 98 with wire leads Mouser (IPR1FAD2) $34. 57 1 $34. 57 Molex Perma-Seal butt splice Connectors 18-22 AWG (50-pack) Mouser (19164-0811) $20. 12 1 $20.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: It will aggravate to many hazards and risks on the world’s ecosystems and species because the majority of human populations derive their livelihoods from the increased susceptibilities of these biological resources. In addition to the increasing overall vulnerabilities of population growth, biodiversity is also threatened by pollution, climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species [8]. The author’s purpose is merely to present the current practice of various global initiatives pertaining to protected area and national park in comparative fashion. Since IUCN has been deeply involved with protected areas and national parks from its very beginnings, the roles performed by this key international organisation will also be highlighted. By showing what has been done with such implementation, each initiative illustrates the interaction of international and national agencies as well as NGOs in support of such activities. As we compare and contrast across regions, one should note that countries have their power to ensure that species and ecosystems are maintained as part of the human habitat. This one factor presents unique challenges to sustainability planning implementation, which will be outlined. Informed estimates are that as many as a million species may be gone forever by the turn of the century [9]. As a matter of fact, of all the species that have ever existed on Earth, 99% have become extinct [10]. Apart from the physical damage plastic causes, it contains harmful chemicals, damaging to both humans and wildlife. Plastic additives such as phthalates and chlorinated, brominated, and fluorinated compounds pose significant risks to human health. In the absence of decisive action, 1. 2 million tonnes of additives per year could enter our oceans by 2050, and together with the plastic in soil and freshwater, they will continue to contaminate our food chain and water supplies. The oceans provide protein-rich food for billions of people, so the chemical contamination they introduce into the food chain poses a serious threat to food security and health. Worldwide, marine plastic pollution is costing us between US$ 13 and 40 billion per year as tourism, fisheries, and shipping revenues are lost [3]. 2. 2 What is a protected area? (IUCN) widely refers protected areas as “… a clearly defined geographical space recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” [11]. Park in USA was first officially protected, in the year 1872, the number and popularity of protected areas are rapidly growing around the world [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The KEGG pathway abundances generated using HUMAnN were filtered to only include those represented at ≥ 1% in at least one sample and are presented as stacked bar plots. Samples from Mica's group are clustered on the left and those from Viola's group on the right. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Rarefaction analyzes of shotgun metagenomic data. Plot (A) shows the number of species found in each sample as a function of the number of paired-end reads down-sampled from the full data set. The number of species reported in each data point corresponds to the average number of species over 10 randomly resampled data sets (restricted to species detected at an abundance >0. 01% in the sample, based on the logic that very rare species are more likely to represent assignment errors). In each random re-sampling, we down-sampled the number of reads and re-ran the subsampled sequences through the MetaPhlAn 2. 0 pipeline to obtain a count of the number of species represented in each down-sampled data set. Plot (B) depicts a parallel analysis to (A), but limited to the 327 most prevalent species in our data set. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset HUMAnN pipeline results. (A) Percentage of reads retained following quality filtering in usearch, per sample. (B) Percentage of pass-filter reads aligned against an entry in the reduced KEGG database, per sample. Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset PCA projection of baboon gut microbiome data and Project data collected from different body sites. Gut microbiome data from baboons most closely resembles gut microbiome data from humans. The first principal component of the microbiome data separates out data from different body sites; the second principal component separates baboon gut microbiome data from human gut microbiome data. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Grooming-based social networks predict microbiome composition. Social networks based on grooming interactions in the year prior to and including the month of microbiome sampling in (A) Mica's and (B) Viola's social groups. Each circle represents an individual (with the individual's ID listed within the circle). Lines represent grooming interactions between individuals, and heavier lines reflect stronger grooming relationships.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 12 Molex Perma-Terminals 18-22 AWG Mouser (19164-0017) $1. 03 2 $2. 06 Cost: $354. 39 *All pricing as of May 2022 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-1 Flow rate characterization was performed with a fully charged battery and a 0. 5-meter inlet tube. 3. 0 L of synthetic sea water from a marine invertebrate housing tank were filtered with 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm filters, and the volume of water filter was recorded each minute until total the volume was filtered. We recognize that synthetic seawater filtration represents an ideal scenario for filtering, without physical and biological materials that will slow filtration rates and clog pumps, but present maximum filtration rates in seawater for baseline estimations of flow rate. Laboratory experiments Pumps were utilized for three separate experiments to characterize eDNA quantities and eDNA degradation rates that may occur if time-to-filtration is increased using our pump system. In the laboratory, 40 blue mussels from our research stock were removed, rinsed with DI water and placed in 15 L of artificial seawater with continuous aeration and kept overnight at room temperature (∼20 °C) without feeding. The tank housing was cleaned with detergent, exposed to 10% bleach solution for 10 min and thoroughly rinsed with DI water prior to adding seawater and mussels. All mussels were removed the following morning and 6 L of water were collected from the tank. The water was assumed to be homogeneous after mixing and distributed equally to 12 samples of 500 mL. An additional three samples of 500 mL of artificial control seawater were taken from the tank prior to the addition of mussels. All sampling containers were decontaminated by 10% bleach soak for 30min and rinsed with DI water prior to sampling. In replicates of four, water samples (500 mL) were filtered using our device at 0, 4, and 16 h. The time after removing the mussels from the tank was defined as time 0, and water samples were stored at 4 °C until filtration at 4- and 16-h timepoints. One (500 mL) control sample was filtered at each time point. DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Protected areas—national parks, wilderness areas, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—are a mainstay of biodiversity conservation, while also contributing to people’s livelihoods, particularly at the local level. Protected areas provide us food, clean water supply, medicines, and protection from the impacts of natural disasters and are at the core of efforts involving actors, institutions, strategies, and policies towards conserving nature. It has been estimated that the global network of protected areas stores at least 15% of terrestrial carbon; thereby, their role in helping mitigate and adapt to climate change is also increasingly acknowledged [1]. 2. 3 IUCN protected area categories system2. 3. 1 Protected area categoriesProtected areas are classified according to their management objectives set out in the IUCN protected area management categories. The categories set forth a multitude of management strategies aimed at protecting areas, are recognised by international bodies such as the and by many national governments as the global standard, and as such are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation [11] (Table 1). Category Ia: ReserveCategory Ib: Wilderness AreaCategory Ia: Strict nature reserveProtected areas that are strictly set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring. Category Ib: Wilderness areaProtected areas that are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. Category II: National ParkLarge natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. Category III: or FeatureProtected areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. Category IV: Habitat/AreaProtected areas aiming to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (C and D) Violin plots depicting the relationships between pairwise grooming bond strength vs pairwise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in taxonomic composition in Mica's and Viola's groups, respectively. White dots represent median values and grey rectangles represent the first and third quartiles of the data. Rotated kernel density plots representing the underlying data are shown on each side. Stronger bonds predict more similar gut microbiotas in both groups (Mica's group: Mantel test r = −0. 257, p = 3. 0 × 10−4; Viola's group: r = −0. 173, p = 8. 0 × 10−4). Parallel results based on de novo assembly are shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Evidence for social structuring of the gut microbiome based on de novo assembly. Estimating gut microbiome taxonomic composition by comparison to de novo bacterial genome assemblies also produces congruent evidence for social structuring. (A) Proportional representation of common phyla in each sample, grouping phyla not present at >1% in at least one sample together are ‘rare phyla’. (B) Principal coordinates projection for individuals from Mica's group and Viola's group separates samples by social group along the first axis. (C) Strength of pairwise grooming relationships, and thus within group social structure, explains levels of similarity and dissimilarity in gut microbiome taxonomic composition. Data are shown for Mica's group. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Socially structured species are taxonomically and phenotypically nonrandom. Bacterial taxonomic groups significantly enriched (10% FDR) for socially structured species (A) between social groups and (B) within the grooming network for Viola's group (Supplementary file 8). Vertical dashed lines depict a fold enrichment of 1, representing the background level of taxon abundance in the data set. Red asterisks denote taxonomic groups identified as significantly enriched at both levels of analysis. (C) Significant enrichment of anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterial taxa, both between and within groups, at both species and genus levels (socially structured species between groups, species level traits: p = 0. 017; socially structured species within group, species level traits: p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 45 µM pore size, PVDF membrane, MilliporeSigma). All residual water was removed from the cartridge and the filters were immediately placed into an −80 °C freezer until DNA extraction. Quantitative PCR was performed using species-specific nuclear markers (Hamer et al. , 2010) and mitochondrial COI markers for marine invertebrates (Geller et al. , 2013). Aquarium and field collections eDNA was collected using the filtration system at the () in December 2021 and during a field exercise in (CA, USA) in April 2022. Samples were collected from the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) exhibit at the National Aquarium, and from areas with marine mammal sightings in Monterey Bay. One liter was filtered at each site, DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0. 45 µM pore size, PVDF membrane, ), and samples were filtered on-site within one hour of collection. Immediately after filtration, filter cartridges were filled with ∼0. 8 mL of Buffer ATL (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and kept at −20 °C until DNA extraction. Buffer ATL was chosen as a storage and preservation medium in which the eDNA would be unlikely to degrade outside of freezer conditions. DNA extraction and quantitative PCR eDNA was isolated from Sterivex™ cartridges using a modified Qiagen Dand Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) protocol. Briefly, 720 µL of ATL buffer and 80 µL of were added directly to the filter in the cartridge, and incubated at 56 °C in a rotating incubator for 2–24 h. After incubation, all liquid was transferred from the cartridge and an equal volume of buffer AL and cold (4 °C) 200 proof molecular biology grade ethanol were added before continuing with manufacturer’s protocol. All eDNA extractions were stored at −20 °C until quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. To evaluate mitochondrial copy-number in aquaria and field-collected samples, we synthesized a plasmid containing a conserved marine vertebrate mitochondrial sequence (MarVer) that incorporates ∼2200 bp spanning mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes (Valsecchi et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. Category V: Protected Landscape/SeascapeA protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. Category VI: with of Natural ResourcesProtected areas that conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. Table 1. IUCN protected area categories system. Source: National parkA national park is uniquely acknowledged for its conservation purposes. Especially, it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Despite many efforts for individual nations to designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of ‘wild nature’ for posterity and as a symbol of national pride [12]. An international organisation, the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its on (WCPA), has defined “National Park” as its Category II type of protected areas (see above) [11]. To establish priorities for the protection of national parks, the IUCN established the primary objectives such as “to protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 067; socially structured species between groups, genus level traits: p = 0. 036; socially structured species within group, genus level traits: p = 0. 040). 3—figure supplements 1, 2 for a comparison of the enrichment of p-values in our data set vs an empirical null distribution. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Enrichment of low p-values in the data vs an empirical null: between group analyses. To confirm that our modeling approach (quantile normalization of species relative abundances, followed by mixed effects modeling in GEMMA) did not bias us towards detecting false positives, we compared the signal in our true data set against an empirically derived null. The histogram distribution of p-values for the true data (gold) is plotted against the distribution of p-values from 10 permutations (blue). In each permutation, group membership was scrambled across the data set while keeping the modeling approach, kinship structure, and all other covariates constant. The inset shows a quantile–quantile plot of the same data, with clear enrichment of differentially abundant species in the actual data vs the empirical null. No differentially abundant species are detected at a 10% FDR in the permuted data sets, while 64 are discovered in the true data set. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Enrichment of low p-values in the data vs an empirical null: within group network analysis. To confirm that our modeling approach (Moran's I statistic within Viola's group) did not bias us towards detecting false positives, we compared the signal in our true data set against an empirically derived null. The histogram distribution of p-values for the true data (gold) is plotted against the distribution of p-values from 10 permutations (blue). In each permutation, species abundance was scrambled across group members while keeping the modeling approach and social network structure constant. The inset shows a quantile–quantile plot of the same data, with clear enrichment of socially structured species in the actual data vs the empirical null. No socially structured species are detected at a 10% FDR in the permuted data sets, while 51 are discovered in the true data set. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Table listing all subject and sample characteristics. Download elife-05224-supp1-v2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: This plasmid was developed from the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica) sequence and was conserved across the MarVer primer regions described. Plasmid DNA was quantitated using a Qubit fluorometer (), and then serially diluted to copy numbers spanning from 108 to 101 copies/rxn. These reactions were scaled to create a standard curve against which the unknown samples were compared to and quantitated. PCR reactions were run using a 2x Fast SYBR qPCR () on an Real-Time PCR System (). For laboratory experiments, reactions were 20 µL in volume and each included 10 µL of 2x Master Mix, 0. 5 µL forward and reverse primers at 10 µM concentration (Table 2), 6. 5 µL nuclease-free water, and 2. 5 µL of sample template. Cycling conditions consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 60s. Aquarium and field samples were amplified for the MarVer1 (12S) and MarVer3 (16S) regions using marine-mammal specific primers (Valsecchi et al. , 2020). Reactions included 10 µL of 2X Master Mix, 1 µL forward and reverse primer at 10 µM, 7 µL nuclease-free water, and 2 µL of sample template. Cycling conditions consisted of UDG activation at 50 °C for 2 min, initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 58 °C for 15 s, and 72 °C for 1min. All reactions were performed in triplicate and included a negative PCR control. Table 2: Primers used in qPCR experiments. (5′-3′) (5′-3′) Source jgLCO1490/ jgHCO2198 (2013) Me 15/16 Mytilus edulis (2018) MarVer1 Mitochondrial 12 (2020) MarVer3 Mitochondrial 16 (2020) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-2 filtration performance Filtration rates using 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm Sterivex filters were observed at 150. 05 ± 7. 01 mL/min and 151.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The interrelated objectives outlined are “to manage the area in order to perpetuate, in as natural a state as possible, representative examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources and unimpaired natural processes; to maintain viable and ecologically functional populations and assemblages of native species at densities sufficient to conserve ecosystem integrity and resilience in the long term; to contribute in particular to conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes and migration routes; to manage visitor use for inspirational, educational, cultural and recreational purposes at a level which will not cause significant biological or ecological degradation to the natural resources; to take into account the needs of indigenous people and local communities, including subsistence resource use, in so far as these will not adversely affect the primary management objective; and, to contribute to local economies through tourism” [11]. (WPC) is the world’s premier global forum for setting the agenda for protected areas and takes place approximately once every 10 years. Since its first staging in 1962 in previous IUCN Congresses have had a significant impact in assisting national governments to create new protected areas and directing more resources towards biodiversity conservation [13] (Table 2). 11962—on (Seattle, USA, 30 June–7 July 1962) aimed to establish a more efficient international understanding of national parks and to encourage further development of the national park movement worldwide. It set definitions and standards for representative systems of protected areas leading to the elaboration of the UN List of later renamed UN List of Protected Areas. 21972—Yellowstone/on (Yellowstone, USA, 18–27 September 1972) focused on the effects of tourism on PAs; park planning and management; and social, scientific and environmental problems within national parks in wet tropical, arid and mountain regions. It also contributed to the genesis of the and the on Wetlands of International Importance. 31982—(Bali, Indonesia, 11–22 October 1982) focused on the role of PAs in sustaining society, and recognized 10 major areas of concern, including the inadequacy of the existing global network of terrestrial PAs and the need for: more marine, coastal and freshwater PAs; improved ecological and managerial quality of existing PAs; a system of consistent PA categories to balance conservation and development needs; and links with sustainable development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens access Published: 10 April 2015 Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens Mohsen Pourabedin1, Leluo Guan2 & Xin Zhao1 Microbiome 21. In addition, temporal variations in the gut microbiota were evident in the chickens of different ages. ConclusionsTreatments with XOS or VIRG modified the relative abundance but not the presence or absence of specific microbial genus. The increase in both Lactobacillus spp. and acetate production in the cecum of HXOS-treated chickens may promote intestinal health. BackgroundAntibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been widely used in poultry production to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, and overall health [1]. However, this practice has been discontinued in the since 2006 due to increasing concern over spread of antibiotic-resistant genes to human and animal pathogens [2]. The withdrawal of AGP from poultry feed may increase bird disease rates, causing a rise in veterinary use of antibiotics for therapeutic purpose [3]. Therefore, there is the need to find effective alternatives to AGPs that improve chicken health and maintain efficiency of production and safety of poultry products. Although it is still unclear how AGPs enhance animal performance, it is believed that they mainly act on gut microbiota [4]. The chicken gastrointestinal microbiota harbors dynamic and complex bacterial communities with an important role in metabolic activity and immune development [5]. In addition, some gut microbes produce a variety of enzymes that digest complex polysaccharides into short chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFA are major end products of bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and provide several health benefits to the host including regulation of intestinal inflammation [6,7]. We have previously shown that supplementation of certain indigestible but fermentable dietary fibers, such as mannan oligosaccharides, promoted the growth of bacterial species with potential health benefits [8]. Accumulating evidence has suggested that xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are another promising prebiotic candidate [9,10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 70 ± 6. 72 mL/min, respectively. This allows for 1L sample filtration in approximately 6. 5 min using common filter pore sizes. Total DNA extraction yields ranged across lab, aquarium, and field samples, with lab samples averaging 977 ng (±85 ng S. E. ), aquarium samples averaging 745 ng (±24 ng S. E. ), and field samples averaging 1,764 ng (±330 ng S. E. ). Laboratory experiments Experiments to observe eDNA collection efficiency over time displayed increased Ct values for both blue mussel-specific nuclear markers and universal marine invertebrate mitochondrial markers, indicating lower DNA recovery over time (Fig. 2). Species-specific nuclear marker values (Me15/16) increased cycle threshold (Ct) from an average of 20. 98 at T0 to 28. 30 at T16. Universal marine invertebrate mitochondrial COI marker values (jgCOI) increased from an average Ct of 19. 39 at T0 to 21. 06 at T16. Figure 2: Water collection timecourse to assess eDNA stability. eDNA samples were collected from a single tank of water formerly containing mussels (Mytilus edulis) over a 16-hour period to assess qPCR cycle threshold value stability. Mitochondria-specific markers (blue; jgCOI) displayed similar values over the period, while a single-species nuclear marker (orange; Me15/16) demonstrated reduced PCR product formation via higher Ct values. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-2 Aquarium and field collections The MarVer qPCR assay was validated using our synthesized DNA standard at 100. 1% and 97. 8% efficiency for MarVer1 and MarVer3, respectively. Aquarium samples displayed mtDNA copy numbers within an order of magnitude of each other, varying between 10,000–80,000 copies per reaction, with an average of 40,831 (±7,404 S. E. ) copies per reaction for MarVer1, and 29,224 (±6,439 S. E. ) copies per reaction for MarVer3. These values were well within the quantifiable range of the qPCR assay (Fig. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 41992—on : “Parks for Life” (Caracas, Venezuela, 10–21 February 1992) emphasized the relationship between people and PAs, and the need for, inter alia, the identification of sites of importance for biodiversity conservation, and a regional approach to land management. synthesised the strategic actions for PAs over the decade 1992–2002 and provided a global framework for collective action. aimed to extend the PA network to cover at least 10% of each major biome by 2000. 52003—(Durban, South Africa, 8–17 September 2003) held under the patronage of of Jordan, the 2003 helped develop a new paradigm for protected areas, defining and advancing the roles of governance, sustainable finance, capacity development, social equity and benefit sharing, leading to the Plan and Durban Accord, both of which informed the Convention on Biological Diversity’s successful Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Other outcomes included: the UN List and State of the World’s Protected Areas, a global report on the world’s PAs; a (PALNet), a web-based knowledge management tool for PA managers and stakeholders; deliverables on Africa’s PAs, including a recommendation on regional PAs and the on Areas for the New Millennium; and a Handbook on Areas in the 21st Century, collating case studies, models and lessons learned during the Congress to constitute the “User Manual” for the Durban Accord. 62014—2014 (Sydney, Australia, 12–19 November 2014) focused on “Parks, people, planet: inspiring solutions. ” During the 8 days of plenary and workshop sessions, side events and field trips, participants addressed ways to: reach conservation goals; respond to climate change; improve health and well-being; support human life; reconcile different development challenges; enhance diversity and quality of governance; respect indigenous and traditional knowledge culture; and inspire a new generation to prioritize conservation. Table 2. (WPC) has been convened six times at 10-year intervals since 1962. Source: various parties, that is policymakers, practitioners, CEOs, activists, and indigenous leaders, considered strategic issues related to PAs, conservation, and sustainable development in a series of seven moderated public debates, termed “World Leaders’ Dialogues”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: While XOS are not degraded by recognized enteric pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni, probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. are able to utilize XOS [11,12]. However, the effect of XOS on the gut microbiota remains unclear as previous studies have often relied on in vitro observation [13-15] or microbial culture methods [16] that fail to provide accurate taxonomic composition and community structure. Previous analysis of chicken intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA clone library sequencing method has indicated that dietary supplementation with sub-therapeutic level of tylosin [17] or virginiamycin [18] influence the population of specific bacterial species in the small intestine. A pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S V3 region has also revealed a number of significant changes in the cecal microbiota of chickens treated with monensin in the presence or absence of tylosin or virginiamycin [19]. However, their study did not elucidate how virginiamycin alone could affect microbial communities in the cecum and other gastrointestinal tract locations. Far less is known about the prebiotic-mediated changes in the chicken microbiome. We hypothesized that, in chicken, the mode of action of virginiamycin or XOS occurs through the gut microbiota. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand how gastrointestinal bacterial communities react to these feed additives. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of 16S rRNA gene to assess the ileal and cecal microbiota in male broiler chickens fed either a commercial diet free of antibiotics and prebiotics (CTL), the same basal diet supplemented with a sub-therapeutic level (16. 5 g/ton diet) of virginiamycin (VIRG), or the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg (LXOS) or 2 g/kg (HXOS) of XOS. Ileal and cecal concentrations of lactate and SCFA were also measured. ResultsSequence analysis and quality filteringA total of 2,063,514 pyrosequencing reads were obtained from 96 ileal and cecal samples.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Samples from displayed lower copy number for MarVer1 and MarVer3 when compared to aquaria-collected samples, with all samples exhibiting fewer than 1,000 copies per reaction. MarVer1 displayed average copy number of 504 (±115 S. E. ), while MarVer3 had an average copy number of 590 (±138 S. E. ). The discrepancies in copy numbers between aquarium samples and field samples, despite high overall DNA yield, are potentially due to salt-based PCR inhibition and concentrations of marine vertebrate eDNA in the respective aquarium and natural environment sampling sources, and are unlikely due to mechanical collection differences between sites. Figure 3: eDNA collection in field-based environments. Examples of eDNA sample collection at the bottlenose dolphin habitat in Baltimore, Maryland (A: photo credit Maddison Harman) and subsequent quantitation of eDNA using mitochondrial 12s MarVer1 and 16s MarVer3 primer sets to assess eDNA copy number (B). In open-ocean settings, collections performed while underway in a small boat between sampling locations in Monterey Bay, California (C: photo credit Hayley DeHart) and assessment of marine vertebrate (12s and 16s mtDNA) eDNA copy number in field-collected samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-3 have demonstrated a field-ready, rugged, and affordable aquatic eDNA collection system that produces high-quality eDNA samples suitable for qPCR-based detection and next-generation sequencing. Results indicate high eDNA yields from laboratory-based experiments, controlled aquarium systems, and field samples. The system can be easily assembled with minimal effort, training, and equipment, and can also be easily modified and repaired using parts available at hardware stores. For the reasons listed above, our group has increasingly used this system in remote-field environments to enable in-place eDNA collections. There is conflicting evidence in the rate of eDNA degradation after it is shed from its host in the literature, including suggestions that eDNA degrades exponentially with time (Thomsen et al. , 2012; Yamanaka et al. , 2016), and that the time and method of storage prior to filtration affect sample detection (Takahara, Minamoto & Doi, 2015; Yamanaka et al. , 2016; Hinlo et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The principal outcome document of the WPC, the Promise of Sydney, captured the main essence of the Congress as well as an ongoing online dialogue regarding potential solutions. The ‘ongoing’ of is acknowledged as the most high-profile contribution to conservation. List is described by the IUCN as being “based on an objective system for assessing the risk of extinction of a species based on past, present, and projected threats” [13]. The stated goal of the is to “provide information and analyses on the status, trends and threats to species in order to inform and catalyse action for biodiversity conservation” [14]. Launched in 2014, the of Protected and is the first global standard of best practice for area-based conservation. It is a designed certification for protected and conserved areas—national parks, natural sites, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—that are effectively managed and fairly governed [15]. Green-listed sites are certified as being effectively managed and fairly governed, with a positive impact on people and nature. also helps measure and accelerate progress towards 11, a UN biodiversity target that aims for 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine areas to be protected, effectively conserved, and fairly managed by 2020. While the world is on track to meet the coverage aspect of Target 11, the ‘effectiveness’ aspect is still far from being reached. Since its launch, the number of countries committing to the has grown fourfold—from 8 to 33 [15, 16]. Some 250 candidate sites have now volunteered to achieve its standard. The process of certification is voluntary and can take between 6 months and 5 years, during which time the sites work towards clear objectives and targets. For example, Nature Reserve, Vietnam, became a candidate in 2015. The certification process has helped secure commitment to expand the protected area into two neighbouring provinces. Countries including Australia, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar, as well as the US State of California have committed to nominating more sites to the in the near future. California is prioritising its 124 marine protected areas, while Europe is studying how the standard could be implemented across its network of protected areas, Natura 2000. China, which counts six protected areas on the plans to nominate more sites (IUCN [4, 16]).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: After removing 280,537 low-quality and chimeric sequences, the average number of reads generated per chicken was 17,570 (±8,459 STD) from ileal samples and 19,444 (±4,273 STD) from cecal samples, with the median read length of 402 (±93 STD) bases in all samples. In total, 6,544 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% identity level were obtained from all samples. After rare OTUs (<0. 005% of total OTUs) were removed, a total of 3,248 OTUs remained for downstream analyses. Effects of dietary treatments on the ileal microbiotaTo assess the within-community (α) diversity, the number of observed OTUs (at the 97% level) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) were calculated. None of the dietary treatments had a significant effect on the α-diversity indices of the ileal bacterial community (P > 0. 05; Figure 1A,B and Additional file 1: Table S1). Rarefaction curves for the observed OTUs (Figure 1A) and PD values (Figure 1B) approach a plateau, indicating that sequencing depth was sufficient for the coverage of all OTUs present in ileal samples. Although the number of observed OTUs and the PD values were higher in chickens fed HXOS, these differences did not reach a statistical significance (P > 0. 05; Additional file 1: Table S1). PD values differed most between the HXOS and control group (P = 0. 06). To determine similarities between pairs of microbial communities (β-diversity), a principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using unweighted UniFrac distance matrices. Because of high inter-individual variation, no distinguishable clustering of the samples was evident based on the dietary treatments (Analysis of similarities (): R = 0. 09, P = 0. 006; Figure 1C). These results demonstrated that chickens shared a core set of microbiota in the ileum regardless of dietary supplementation. Figure 1 Treatment effects on ileal microbiota diversity and composition. Rarefaction curves, calculated at the lowest subsample size of 7,000 sequences per sample, show the effects of sequencing efforts on the observed number of OTUs at 97% sequence similarity (A) and phylogenetic diversity (whole tree) (B). Data are calculated at 3% distance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Curtis, Larson & Davis, 2020). Curtis, Larson & Davis (2020) described a significant decrease in observed operational taxonomic units (OTU) diversity from samples that had been stored for as little as one-hour post-collection, and Takahashi et al. (2023) observe an increase in field studies with on-site filtration in an attempt to preserve intact DNA. While our laboratory experiment Ct value increases are suggestive of degradation in samples that occurs between collection and filtration, discrepancies in nuclear versus mitochondrial markers could alternatively be attributed to differential decay rates between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, or PCR efficiencies between the two primer sets. Additionally, our degradation experiment was limited to a single-species assay with few replicates across time points, and further experimentation would be needed to effectively assess degradation in water sources across time compared to on-filter degradation. However, our preliminary results, along with many others that have aimed to identify eDNA degradation rates (Spens et al. , 2017; Friebertshauser et al. , 2019), support the importance of immediate filtration and chemical preservation of samples collected in the field. While laboratory-grade pumps may provide faster flow rates and increased collection volumes, we have observed that use of broadly available Sterivex™ or disc filters in the field increases the overall number of sample collection opportunities. With the myriad of water conditions and compositions being sampled by aquatic eDNA researchers, it is important to note that no eDNA collection method offers a solution to filter clogging due to organic matter, and high organic content samples would potentially benefit from pre-filtering samples to reduce clogging and facilitate larger sampling volumes. Field-based sampling efforts showed effective collection of eukaryotic mitochondria using the pump and 0. 45 µM filters, evidenced by successful qPCR of mitochondrial markers in aquarium and field samples. Higher copy numbers of MarVer1 and MarVer3 were found in aquarium samples as opposed to field samples from Monterey, which is expected as the concentration of marine mammals in the captive aquarium environment are far higher than field samples. Furthermore, the process of sampling and filtering on-site reduced the need to transport water samples back to a laboratory location for filtering, reducing risk of sample contamination or degradation during transport. The ability to easily transport eDNA filtration capabilities rather than transport heavy water samples greatly reduces the logistical burden for aquatic eDNA collections.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: IUCN just listed 15 new areas to the of Protected and Conserved Areas, which now counts 40 sites in total [6]. By giving recognition to well-managed and well-governed protected and conserved areas, the aims to increase the number of natural areas delivering long-lasting conservation results for people. Clearly, nature-protected and conserved areas are the foundation of biodiversity conservation. They safeguard nature and cultural resources, improve livelihoods, and drive sustainable development. The IUCN’s ultimate scope of protected areas and conserved areas covers three key areas [6]:Achieving quality for successful and valuable protected areasEnhancing justice for fair, just, and inclusive protected areasContributing protected area solutions to development challenges2017–2020 was of particular interest because it was approved by Member organisations at IUCN’s Congress in September 2016 in Hawaii, USA. It was developed as a result of a nine-month consultation process across IUCN Members and Commissions. Accordingly, IUCN’s work is guided by the Programme 2017–2020, which has three priority areas [6]: first, valuing and conserving nature enhances IUCN’s heartland work on biodiversity conservation, emphasising both tangible and intangible values of nature; second, promoting and supporting effective and equitable governance of natural resources consolidate IUCN’s work on people-nature relations, rights and responsibilities, and the political economy of nature; and third, deploying nature-based solutions to societal challenges expands IUCN’s work on nature’s contribution to tackling problems of sustainable development, particularly in climate change, food security, and social and economic development. Advertisement 3. The threats to NPs and PAsIn particular, there are cases around the world where protected areas face serious environmental problems. The management of protected areas is a complicated process that often reflects the conflict in the relationship between society and protection, usually through the prohibition of particular activities as established in the existing protection status [17]. The loss of biodiversity can be attributed to extinction that refers to the cessation of the existence of a species or a group of species. It is a natural process that is when species are diminished because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, and overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, and decline in population numbers).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Error bars show standard deviation for each category. Principal component analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances from 24 ileal samples shows no difference in the community phylotype structure among treatments (C). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was used to identify specific phylotypes that significantly associated with treatments. LDA more than 2 reflects significant difference between groups. LEfSe analysis provided the list of phylotypes that are differential among dietary supplementations with statistical and biological significance (D). The histograms indicated the increased relative abundance of the genera Propionibacterium (E) and Corynebacterium (F) in the ileal microbiota of chickens fed VIRG diet compared with other treatments. Each bar represents the relative abundance of the taxa in a sample at the age of 15 (red line), 25 (green line), and 35 days (blue line). The mean and median relative abundance are indicated with solid and dashed lines, respectively. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 mg virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides. Full size image OTUs were taxonomically assigned with the Project (RDP) classifier at 80% confidence threshold. The relative abundance of OTUs was analyzed at different ranking levels from phylum to genus. At the phylum level, ileal microbiota was mainly composed of Firmicutes (>85%) followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes (Additional file 1: Figure S1). We used the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method and identified five taxonomic biomarkers (LDA >2) in the ileal microbial community of VIRG-treated birds (Figure 1D). The relative abundance of two genera, Propionibacterium (Figure 1E) and Corynebacterium (Figure 1F) in Actinobacteria phylum was significantly (LDA >2) higher in the VIRG group compared with other dietary groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Our eDNA collection system has been distributed to multiple collaborators undertaking fieldwork ranging from polar oceans to tropical environments. Their feedback has informed refinement of the platform to reduce complexity and enable field-based repairs when necessary. As an open-hardware concept, future versions of this hand-portable filtration system could leverage higher-flow pumps, integrated flow-sensors, and battery management to improve usability. Currently, these pumps are being utilized on ships, ships, and the Museum of research program. Input from collaborators has guided design considerations, and we have expanded on the design described in this manuscript to improve field-reliability and throughput. developed a low-cost, portable filtration system for aquatic eDNA collection that may be built and used with very little prior experience in hardware construction or eDNA sampling. By incorporating point of collection filtration into eDNA sampling workflows, we anticipate reduced dependencies on technical personnel for ecological inventories, increasing the consistency of biological survey data and potentially identifying cryptic organisms that are otherwise challenging to detect. Moving forward, we advocate for recording the period of time between initial sampling and filtration of aquatic eDNA samples. Datasets and associated R code used to generate figures DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-1 Instructions for e: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-2 The authors would like to thank C. Meyer, S. Tweedt, M. Timmers, M. Greenfelder, D. Cornejo, D. Goodwin, and G. Ashton for their feedback on pump design during fieldwork. We would also like to acknowledge the efforts of S. Rickett and K. Baron (National Aquarium), as well as K. Truelove, F. Chavez, L. Henderson, and E. Rienecker (MBARI) for their facilitation of sample collections. authors declare there are no competing interests. Hayley M. DeHart conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2017. Efficacy of environmental DNA to detect and quantify brook trout populations in headwater streams of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Transactions of the Society 146:99-111 --. 2021. Observing life in the sea using environmental DNA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Such executive authority is given to other related bodies and control mechanisms [39], a fact that in most cases creates confusion regarding the responsibilities of each body especially during the implementation of protection measures. In consequence, this has led to increasing conflict among the multiple authorities and breaches of the legal requirements for environmental protection that apply in the area or people’s own ability to take action is very limited. Advertisement 4. Some global initiatives on the management of protected areasThe management of protected areas is a complicated process that often reflects the conflict in the relationship between society and protection, usually through the prohibition of particular activities as established in the existing protection status [17]. The countries have become more directly involved in the conservation of biodiversity such as the prohibition of trade in endangered species, the establishment of protected areas, and the crafting and enforcement of laws to regulate land use. But, to conserve biodiversity, there has also been increased reliance on economic instruments [8]. The following are some of the relevant global initiatives:4. 1 on (CBD)During the in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Convention on (CBD) was committed to stem the rapid worldwide loss of biodiversity and to provide a legal framework for its conservation. The three indicators for success include to promote the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources [15]. 4. 2 sites are recognised as the planet’s most important protected areas, providing preparedness and resilience to millions of people worldwide [3]. And yet, they are under the specificities of different risks from mining, poaching, climate change, infrastructure development, and other threats. Heritage sites include iconic places such as the Reef, Yellowstone, the Galápagos Islands, and Kilimanjaro and are recognised as the world’s most significant protected areas. IUCN’s evaluations of nominations are part of a rigorous process where a wide range of information is reviewed. IUCN’s Panel is an essential part of this process, ensuring the highest quality of independent advice. 4. 3 World commission on protected areasis recognised as the premier network of 2500 experts from 140 countries that mobilises action in science, conservation, policy, and engagement to support well-managed and connected parks and other protected areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Effects of dietary treatments on the cecal microbiotaRarefaction curves of 9,000 subsampled reads in the cecum showed comparable numbers of OTUs (at the 97% identity level) for each dietary treatment (Figure 2A and Additional file 1: Table S1). Similarly, there was no apparent difference (P > 0. 05) in rarefaction curves for the PD values (Figure 2B and Additional file 1: Table S1). The microbial community structure between dietary treatments (β-diversity) was compared using PCoA of the unweighted UniFrac distances. These PCoA plots showed that microbial communities from XOS- and VIRG-supplemented birds did not clearly separate from those of the non-supplemented birds (R = 0. 02, P = 0. 78). The first axis of the PCoA explained 15. 3% of the variation in bacterial diversity while the second axis explained 5. 8% (Figure 2C). More than 99% of the sequences were assigned to bacterial phyla with the RDP classifier. At the phylum level, the cecal microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes (>80%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (Additional file 1: Figure S1). LEfSe detected a marked increase (LDA score >4) in the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in chickens fed HXOS compared to other treatment groups (Figure 2D). Figure 2E shows the histogram of the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in each treatment at different time points. Figure 2 Treatment effects on diversity and composition of cecal microbiota. Alpha diversity indices were calculated on rarefied samples at the lowest subsample size of 9,000 sequences per sample. There was no significant (nonparametric t-test, P > 0. 05) effects of prebiotic or antibiotic on the observed number of OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (whole tree) (B). Error bars show standard deviation for each category. plot shows no separation of bacterial communities between dietary groups (C). Key phylotypes of cecal microbiota responding to dietary treatments were identified using LEfSe algorithm (D). The histogram shows the increased abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal microbiota of chickens fed HXOS diet compared with other treatments (E).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Oceanography 34:102-119. 2020. Field storage of water samples affects measured environmental DNA concentration and detection. Limnology/Society of Limnology 22:1-4 -. 2017. Evaluation of filtration and DNA extraction methods for environmental DNA biodiversity assessments across multiple trophic levels. Frontiers in 4:314. 2021. Subsurface automated samplers for eDNA (SASe) for biological monitoring and research. HardwareX 10:e00239. 2019. The effect of bivalve filtration on eDNA-based detection of aquatic organisms. 14:e0222830. 2013. Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all-taxa biotic surveys. Resources 13:851-861 Hamer B, Korlević M, Nerlović V, Durmiši E. 2010. Morphometric characteristics and nuclear marker Me 15/16 analyses of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis populations along the eastern Adriatic coast. and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & 157:S17-S18. 2017. Methods to maximise recovery of environmental DNA from water samples. 12:e0179251 Helbing CC, Hobbs J. 2019. Environmental DNA standardization needs for fish and wildlife population assessments and monitoring. CSA Group. Kamoroff C, Goldberg CS. 2018. Environmental DNA quantification in a spatial and temporal context: a case study examining the removal of brook trout from a high alpine basin. Limnology/Society of Limnology 19:335-342 Mächler. 2016. Fishing in the water: effect of sampled water volume on environmental DNA-based detection of macroinvertebrates. & Technology 50:305-312. 2020. An illustrated manual for environmental DNA research: water sampling guidelines and experimental protocols. Environmental DNA 13:e12684 -. 2016. Use of a filter cartridge for filtration of water samples and extraction of environmental DNA. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE (117):54741 -. 2022. Why eDNA fractions need consideration in biomonitoring. Resources 22:2458-2470. 2020. Are environmental DNA methods ready for aquatic invasive species management?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: develops knowledge-based policy, advice, and guidance on the full suite of issues surrounding protected areas through the establishment of specialist groups and task forces, as well as global protected area standards and best practice guidelines (see more details at [16]). 4. 4 Related solutions for protected areasIn facing the most pressing governance challenges of natural hazard, protected areas offer vital solutions to some issues including species extinction, climate change, and poverty. Acknowledging this, IUCN proposed ‘Solutions’ as one of the international scale joint frameworks and cooperation strategies for its global work on protected areas. For more details, see reference [3, 16]. 4. 4. 1 CongressWith the goal of conserving the environment and harnessing the solutions nature offers to global challenges, the becomes the forum for several thousand leaders and decision-makers from government, civil society, indigenous peoples, business, and academia [5]. contributes to a subset of managing natural environment for human, social, and economic development, but this cannot be achieved by conservationists alone. should not be viewed as an isolated means to address differences and work together to create good environmental governance, but rather to engage in all parts of society to share both the complex and multifaceted part of conservation. convenes every 4 years to set priorities and agree on the Union’s work programme. IUCN congresses have produced several key international environmental agreements including the Convention on (CBD), the Convention on in (CITES), the Convention, and the on Wetlands [5]. 4. 4. 2 OceaniaOceania is geographically one of IUCN’s largest regional programmes, covering over 100 million square kilometres of the Pacific Ocean. 4. 4. 3 Biodiversity and Management () Programme Management () Programme is a €60 million initiative of the (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States to improve the long-term conservation and sustainable use of natural resources through better use and monitoring of information and capacity development on management and governance. It is implemented through IUCN (for Conservation of Nature) and the Centre of the (EC-JRC). The programme focuses on the 79 ACP countries, which cover a huge diversity of ecological, social, and cultural systems. These regions contain a significant proportion of our planet’s biodiversity. 4. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Each bar represents the relative abundance of the taxa in a sample at the age of 15 (red line), 25 (green line), and 35 days (blue line). The mean and median relative abundance are indicated with solid and dashed lines, respectively. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 g/ton virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides. Full size image Comparison between the ileal and the cecal microbiotaThe number of observed OTUs and PD values were higher (P < 0. 001) in the cecal samples than those in corresponding ileal samples (Figure 3A,B), indicating that the cecal microbiota was more diversified than the ileal microbiota. The PCoA of OTUs from the ileum and cecum (Figure 3C) also demonstrated that the bacterial community structure differed significantly according to sampling site (R = 0. 94, P = 0. 001). In addition, the phylogenetic composition of the microbiota was noticeably different between ileum and cecum samples. LEfSe results showed that 46 bacterial clades at all taxonomic levels were differentially abundant (LDA score >2. 0) between the ileal and cecal microbiota (Figure 3D). Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiaceae were the dominant families in the ileum while the cecum was inhabited mostly by the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families (Additional file 1: Figure S1). The most dominant genera in the cecum were Ruminococcus and Oscillospira accounting for greater than 35% of all observed sequences. Figure 3 Differences between ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Rarefaction curves for ileal and cecal bacteria, for the observed OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (B) indices. Significant differences were seen between the alpha diversity indices of ileal samples and samples taken from cecum (nonparametric t-test, P < 0. 01).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: But given the distance between the disk and QSO UM287 (at least 32 000 light-years), the large size of the disk, and the lack of any signs of tidal disruptions, they say those explanations are unlikely. Tumlinson says the new results are just as interesting for demonstrating a new technique for observing the intergalactic medium. “It’s a pretty heroic measurement,” he remarks. Martin and coworkers are already busy surveying other quasars in search of more giant protogalactic disks. In addition, the Caltech group is commissioning an improved version of the CWI at the Keck Observatory. And a similar instrument, the Spectroscopic Explorer, is being tested on the Observatory’s Telescope. Both new instruments are set to make similar observations but on telescopes larger than the one on Mount Palomar. 1. D. C. Martin et al, Nature 524, 192 (2015). Bouché et al, Science 341, 50 (2013). S. Cantalupo et al, Nature 506, 63 (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 4 —solutions for a healthy planetis a partnership promoting examples of inspiring, replicable solutions across a range of conservation and development topics, to enable cross-sectoral learning and upscaling of successes. through its “protected areas solutions” thematic community, profiles specific case studies of such solutions, their success factors, and lessons learnt. It also places protected areas in a larger thematic context, through other, inter-linked thematic communities, profiling solutions across multiple themes. IUCN has acknowledged the role that protected areas can play, for example, in climate change adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, ensuring sustainable local livelihoods, and addressing desertification. This results in well-planned and justly governed areas, when the costs and benefits of protected area systems are shared equitably, as well as mainstreamed into all economic sectors. Consequently, protected areas contribute to national and local economies. In particular, these approaches are the foundation for sustainable and resilient livelihoods for many communities. 4. 4. 5 MOOCs and protected areas capacity buildingMassive open online courses (MOOCs) are now an undeniable part of the education landscape and a revolutionary opportunity for everyone across the world with an Internet connection to access free courses and to receive a certificate or academic credits. on ‘protected areas management’ and ‘ecological monitoring’ have cumulated a number of 12,700 registrations so far from more than 120 countries. Two more MOOCs have just started, on ‘law enforcement in protected areas’ and ‘species conservation’ in African protected areas. 4. 4. 6 project relies on the of Protected and (GLPCA) to deliver on the “quality” elements of 11. The project also develops a portfolio of case studies to communicate successful PA biodiversity and climate change outcomes through the platform. Closely related to the mission of the specialist group promotes and develops the potential for protected areas to deliver a range of ecosystem services, with a particular focus on food and water security and disaster risk reduction. 4. 4. 7 Additional solutions for protected areasSome of the additional solutions for protected areas include the following:Clean Water: One third of the 105 world’s largest cities derive drinking water from forested protected areas. Another 10% obtain water from sources that originate in ‘protected’ watersheds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: PCoA analysis of OTUs (C) indicates that the bacterial profile differed strongly according to sampling site (R = 094, P = 0. 001). Taxa significantly associated with ileal communities (green) versus cecal communities (red), shown in circular cladogram based on the Project (RDP) bacterial taxonomy (D). The cutoff value of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was 2. 0 or higher. Biomarker taxa are heighted by colored circles and shaded areas. Each circle’s diameter is relative to abundance of taxa in community. Full size image Temporal changes in the ileal and the cecal microbiotaTo determine whether the age of the birds affected the gut microbiota, the ileal and cecal microbiota of chickens at different ages, 15, 25, and 35 days old, in each treatment group were compared. Rarefaction plots indicated no significant (P > 0. 05) changes in α-diversity metrics of the ileal samples at three different time points (Figure 4A,B and Additional file 1: Table S2). PCoA revealed the statistical significant effect of age on the ileal samples (P = 0. 01) but the R value was relatively small (R = 0. 1) and therefore the difference was probably not biologically significant (Figure 4C). In the cecum, a marked increase (P < 0. 01) in observed OTUs and the PD values occurred on day 35 compared with cecal samples from day 15 and 25 (Figure 4D,E and Additional file 1: Table S2). The PCoA plot of unweighted UniFrac distances indicated a clear separation between samples from day 35 and samples taken at days 15 and 25 (R = 0. 42, P < 0. 01; Figure 4F). Bacteria that were differentially abundant between sampling times in the ileum and cecum were detected using LEfSe (Figure 4G,H). For example, in the ileum, the order Burkholderiales and the candidate genus SMB53 of Clostridiaceae were the most differentially abundant taxa at days 15 and 35, respectively (Figure 4G).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: was the research about? Comparative effectiveness research compares two or more treatments to see which one works better for certain patients. Researchers often use data from patients’ electronic health records to compare different treatments. This study addresses some problems that can arise from this practice. In some long-term research studies, researchers use data collected when patients in the studies see their doctors. Regularly scheduled doctor visits, called well visits, include yearly checkups or periodic blood pressure checks. Other doctor visits, called sick visits, occur when a patient feels sick or needs special care. Well and sick visits can produce different types of health record data. In addition, test results at sick visits may be different from results at well visits. Using data from sick visits may inappropriately influence, or bias, a study’s results. Also, patients may go to the doctor more often when they have symptoms or chronic health problems. Researchers may then collect more data from these patients than they collect from the healthier patients. Unequal amounts of data per patient make it harder to compare treatment results. For this study, the research team created three tests to find if data from sick visits lead to bias in a study’s findings. The team also compared standard and newer statistical methods for analyzing data that include sick visits. Researchers designed the newer methods to reduce bias from data obtained at sick visits. With less biased results, doctors can be more certain about which treatment worked better for certain patients. What were the results? Two of the three tests the research team created were useful for finding out if sick visits were biasing results. For analyzing data, the newer statistical methods did not work as well. The standard methods worked better to reduce bias from sick visit data. What did the research team do? First, the research team talked with four doctors who oversee clinical databases. The doctors answered questions about how they define well and sick visits with patients. The research team gathered data for 50 to 100 of each doctor’s patients. From these data, the team learned that many sick visits are unplanned. Also, patients may miss regular visits for reasons related to their health conditions. For some treatments, patients may need to see their doctors more often than for other treatments. Next, the research team created simulated data. These data had known biases, including sick bias, built in.

Output: pass