Input: Claim: Some cancers are treated more effectively with therapies tailored to specific genetic mutations. [SEP] Text: NA 1072 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high FEV1 % predicted: absolute change from baseline Follow‐up: 6 months The mean absolute change from baseline ranged from ‐0. 44 to ‐0. 15% predicted. The mean absolute change from baseline was 3. 07% predicted higher (2. 17 higher to 3. 97 higher). NA 1072 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate1 There was also a statistically significant difference between groups at 28 days, MD 2. 37% predicted (95% CI 1. 52 to 3. 22). Adverse events Follow‐up: 6 months Cough was statistically significantly more common in the placebo group compared to the lumacaftor‐ivacaftor group. Dyspnoea was statistically significantly more comment in the lumacaftor‐ivacaftor group compared to the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of number of participants experiencing adverse events, serious adverse events or other adverse events. Long‐term open‐label follow‐up data of the 2 studies showed a statistically significant increase in early transient shortness of breath. In participants allocated a 400 mg twice‐daily dose, there was a statistically significant rise in blood pressure. NA 1108 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high Time to first pulmonary exacerbation Follow‐up: 6 months Time to first pulmonary exacerbation was statistically significantly longer in both in the lumacaftor 600 mg once daily plus ivacaftor 250 mg twice daily and the lumacaftor 400 mg twice daily plus ivacaftor 250 mg twice daily groups NA 1108 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate1 Presentation of data did not allow an analysis of the lumacaftor doses pooled. *The basis for the assumed risk is the mean placebo group risk across studies. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: B1ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-RIPK3 Rabbit polyclonalNovus BiologicalsCat#: NBP1-77299 RRID: AB_11040928ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-p-RIPK3 Host: RabbitGenentech, IncCat#: GEN-135-35-9ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-: RatGenentech, IncCat#: GN20-13ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-LC3B Rabbit polyclonalTechnologyCat#: 2775 RRID: AB_915950ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-1 Rabbit polyclonalProteintechCat#: 19843–1-: AB_10637265ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-TAX1BP1 Rabbit monoclonalAbcamCat#: ab176572ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-p62 Guinea pig polyclonalProgen biotechnicCat#: gp62-c RRID: AB_2687531ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-NLRP3 Rabbit monoclonalTechnologyCat#: 15101 RRID: AB_2722591ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-ASC Rabbit monoclonalTechnologyCat#: 67824 RRID: AB_2799736ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-STAT1 Rabbit monoclonalTechnologyCat#: 14995 RRID: AB_2716280ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-p- STAT1 Rabbit monoclonalTechnologyCat#: 7649 RRID: AB_10950970ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-M1-polyubiquitin linkage specific antibodyGenentech, IncN/AImmunoprecipitationAntibodyanti-K63-polyubiquitin linkage specific antibodyGenentech, IncN/AImmunoprecipitationAntibodyAnti-monoclonalTechnologyCat#: 3936 RRID: AB_331292ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-beta ActinTechnologyCat#: 3700 RRID: AB_2242334ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-rabbit polyclonalTechnologyCat#: 7074 RRID: AB_2099233ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-mouse polyclonalTechnology

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Outside the United States, the use of point-to-point microwave is more prevalent for mobile backhaul, but WiMAX can still play a role in enabling mobile operators to cost-effectively increase backhaul capacity using WiMAX as an overlay network as depicted in Figure 5. This overlay approach will enable mobile operators to add the capacity required to support the wide range of new mobile services they plan to offer without the risk of disrupting existing services. Some salient points about WiMAX use as cellular backhaul are:high-capacity backhaul;multiple cell sites are served;there is capacity to expand for future mobile services;It is a lower cost solution than traditional landline backhaul. Figure 5. Cellular backhaul with WiMAX. 5. 2. Education NetworksSchool boards can use WiMAX networks to connect schools and school board offices within a district, as shown Figure 6. Some of the key requirements for a school system are NLOS, high bandwidth (>15 Mbps), Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint capability, and a large coverage footprint. WiMAX-based education networks, using QoS, can deliver the full range of communication requirements, including telephony voice, operating data (such as student records), email, Internet and intranet access (data), and distance education (video) between the school board office and all of the schools in the school district, and between the schools themselves. The WiMAX solution provides broad coverage, making it very cost-effective, particularly for rural schools, which may have little or no communications infrastructure, and which are widely dispersed. When school boards own and operate their own network, they can be responsive to changes in the location and layout of their facilities. This will significantly reduce the annual operating cost of leased lines. Wired solutions cannot offer a quickly deployable, low-cost solution, and most versions of DSL and cable technology do not have the throughput required by these education networks. Figure 6. Education networks. 5. 3. Campus ConnectivityGovernment agencies, large enterprises, universities, and colleges, can use WiMAX networks to connect multiple locations, sites and offices within their campus, as shown in Figure 7. Campus systems require high data capacity, low latency, a large coverage footprint, and high security. Campus networks carry a mix of voice, data, and video, which the helps prioritize and optimize.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is used in personalized medicine to predict treatment outcomes. [SEP] Text: The results of the treatment could be compared with matched obese controls and bariatric patients. The phase of diet and exercise treatment at home could be monitored using more objective methods than a nutritional diary. ConclusionsThe differences found in obese patients in the comparison of the BIA results such as fat mass and fat-free mass, as well as CPET results such as VO2peak, VO22/and AT HR, may be related to pathological FAT and impaired exercise tolerance. The significant improvement of BIA and CPET results (an increase of RMR, VO2peak, and decrease of fat tissue and resting HR) found in patients who reduced their body mass proves that a combination of diet, medical rehabilitation, and behavioral therapy have a positive metabolic impact on the cardiopulmonary system and muscles. The results led to the development of the prediction model that can predict the outcome of obesity treatment based on lifestyle modification in 92% of patients. material. pdf2019. Revision acceptedMarch 1, 2019. Published onlineMarch 7, 2019. Contribution statementMGN and PN conceived the concept of the study and contributed to the design of the research and data analysis. All authors were involved in data collection. and SM edited the final version of the manuscript, while DSz and SM coordinated funding of the project. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflict of interestNone declared. How to citeGruchała- Cardiopulmonary excercise test and bioimpedance as prediction tools used to predict the outcomes of obesity treatment. Intern Med. 2019; 129: 225-233. doi:10. 20452/pamw. 44481. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the of 2013. Lancet. 2014; 384: 766-781. Crossref2. Obesity. Organization website. 1, 2018. 3. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the of 2010. Lancet. 2012; 9859: 2224-2260. Crossref4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Cat#: 7076 RRID: AB_330924ImmunoblotAntibodyanti-rat polyclonalTechnologyCat#: 7077 RRID: AB_10694715ImmunoblotAntibodyAnti-RagweedGenentech, IncN/AInhibitionAntibodyAnti-mIFNAR1 Mouse monoclonalLeinco TechnologiesCat#: I-401 RRID: AB_27375382-/AInhibitionTools (software)Image JImmunoblot densitometryTools (software)7GraphpadData visualization and statistics Additional files Supplementary file 1 Perinatal lethality of Ripk1RHIM/RHIM mice is prevented by ZBP1 deficiency (Newton et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: It takes less time and resources to interconnect a campus through a WiMAX network, since excavation and external construction are not required. Some campuses have been around for a long time, and digging trenches for cable may not be permitted. In such cases, WiMAX solutions may be one of the most effective ways to interconnect campus buildings. Even if wired installations are permitted, the lead-time to deploy a wired solution is much longer than the lead-time to deploy a WiMAX solution, without offering any accompanying benefits. Figure 7. Campus connectivity. 5. 4. Rural ConnectivityService providers use WiMAX networks to deliver service to underserved markets in rural areas and the suburban outskirts of cities as shown in Figure 8. The delivery of rural connectivity is critical in many developing countries and underserved areas of developed countries, where little or no infrastructure is available. Rural connectivity delivers much-needed voice telephony and Internet service. Since the WiMAX solution provides extended coverage, it is a much more cost-effective solution than wired technology in areas with lower population densities. It solutions can be deployed quickly, providing communication links to these underserved areas, providing a more secure environment, and helping to improve their local economies. Figure 8. Rural connectivity. 5. 5. (WSPs) use WiMAX networks to provide connectivity to both residential (voice, data and video) and business customers (primarily voice and Internet), as illustrated in Figure 9. The WSP could be a CLEC (Exchange Carriers) that is starting its business with little or no installed infrastructure. Since WiMAX is easy to deploy, the CLEC can quickly install its network and be in position to compete with the ILEC (Exchange Carrier). A common network platform, offering voice, data and video, is highly attractive to end customers, because it presents a one-stop shop and a single monthly bill. Support for multiple service types allows for different revenue streams, yet it reduces customer acquisition cost, and increases ARPU (Per User). The WSP needs only one billing system and one customer database. Cellular operators may also be interested in applying WiMAX in their networks. These operators already have towers, billing infrastructure and a customer base in place, but the deployment of a WiMAX solution will expand their market presence in their service area. Figure 9. Network. 5. 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2021. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000735052. 40922. eb personalized medicine: personalized medicine(PMC) has released two new reports designed to advance the field of personalized (precision) medicine in 2021 and beyond so that many more patients will benefit from individually targeted therapies based on genomic testing. Both reports emphasize that barriers continue to keep the promise of tailored precision medicine from reaching as many patients in clinical practice as it should. Barriers may include limited access to predictive biomarker tests, challenges in the interpretation of test results, limited access to targeted therapies, a lack of familiarity with molecular diagnostic testing, and inconsistent reimbursement. The first report, “Understanding and Delivering the Clinical and of Personalized Medicine,” proposes a comprehensive three-part research program which covers evaluating progress in health care, assessing clinical and economic value, and examining clinical integration strategies. This report contains nine PMC-initiated research projects (some of which are already under way), and calls on “organizations in multiple sectors of the health care ecosystem” to provide support for these new initiatives in PMC's expanding research portfolio. Several of these research studies are specific to oncology. The second report, “Expanding the Frontiers of through Education, Advocacy and Evidence Development: A for Advancing the Field in 2021,” sets forth a blueprint for bringing the promise of personalized medicine to more patients through specific efforts and initiatives. “Although the number of personalized drugs with biomarker strategies on their label in the has grown from five in 2008 to 286 today, complicated policy challenges and clinical adoption obstacles continue to make it difficult for health care systems around the world to capitalize on groundbreaking science and technology that point to a new era in the history of medicine that for the first time promises to put the individual at the center of care,” noted in an introduction to the new strategic plan. “In fact, amidst the tumult of COVID-19 and a turbulent political landscape, most Americans have never heard the words ‘personalized medicine. ’” In their joint introduction to the report on the comprehensive PMC research program, Abrahams and PMC Chairman of the board Jay G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 36559 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJuly 9, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptMay 31, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 7,405 views 1,187 downloads 117 6559. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 8 figures, 3 videos, 1 table and 4 additional files 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Optogenetic targeting of NuMA to the mitotic cell cortex is sufficient for dynein-dynactin recruitment and spindle pulling. (A) Diagram summarizing cortical complexes in the indicated conditions. (B) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) in control metaphase cells (left), and LGN-depleted cells arrested with MG132. (C) Quantification of cortical NuMA-RFP-Nano and DHC-SNAP signals around the light illuminated region (n = 5). Error bars indicate SEM. (D) Quantification of the pole-to-cortex distance (NuMA-RFP-Nano, n = 10; RFP-Nano, n = 6). Error bars indicate SEM. (E) Kymographs obtained from image sequences in Figure 1—figure supplement 2A. Asterisk indicates the duration in which one of the spindle poles moves away from the focal plane. (F) When NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) was optogenetically repositioned at multiple adjacent cortical regions around the cell membrane by sequential illumination (from 1 to 9), the spindle (lower) rotated about 90° in a directed manner coupled with the changes in cortical NuMA enrichment in 55% (n = 11) of cells, but not by repositioning RFP-Nano alone (Figure 1—figure supplement 2D, n = 6). Dashed lines indicate the spindle axis. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Generation of cell lines for light-induced targeting of endogenous NuMA. (A) Diagram summarizing the iLID system (Guntas et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Theme ParksTheme park operators can use WiMAX to deliver a broad range of communication services for their amusement parks, expositions, hospitality and operation centers, and buses and service vehicles, as shown Figure 10. The network can support a wide range of communications traffic, including two-way dispatch from a control center, video surveillance throughout the park, reservation data, inventory database access and update, site status monitoring, video on demand, and voice telephony. Some of the key requirements for a system like this are support for fixed and mobile operations, high security, scalable architecture and low latency. The broad coverage range of WiMAX means an entire park can be covered from only a few numbers of Base Stations, scalable upwards as capacity requirements increase. Figure 10. Theme Parks. Re-deployment of the network, in response to changes in theme park facilities, is straightforward and simple, unlike the changes that would be required had the park been served by wired facilities, such as DSL or cable. WiMAX mobility capability will support two-way voice and data communications to the theme park’s tour buses and service vehicles. Real-time video can be broadcast to tour buses, providing tourist information, promotions, and weather to passengers. Advertisement 6. ConclusionDemand for wireless broadband access is growing fast and embracing an ever-widening range of applications that encompass fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile data access as well as fixed and mobile voice services, and content streaming. Looking back to the barriers as summarized by ITU in Figure 2 and section 3, WiMAX appears clearly as the solution to favor the broadband ICTs access in developing countries. Undoubtedly, WiMAX is a new powerful broadband wireless technology aiming at providing a universal ubiquitous and equitable and affordable access to ICTs infrastructure and services, and thus highly contributing to bridge the “Digital Divide”. 1. 802. 16. 3c-01/29r4. , “for Applications,” GuD. ZhangJ. 2003 “QoS enhancement in IEEE 802. 11 wireless local area networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. , vol. 41, 2003. 3. IEEE 802. 16. 2004 “for Systems,” 802. 16 – 2004, October, 2004. 4. IEEE 802. 16e. 2005 “for Fixed and Systems,” IEEE P802. 16e/D12, February, 2005. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Wohlgemuth, MD, state that, unfortunately, “Personalized medicine—linking therapies to molecular diagnostic tests to ensure that the right treatments are targeted to the right patients—is still more aspiration than reality. “In brief, we need more evidence that personalized medicine works—that it can improve clinical outcomes while making health care more efficient and therefore less costly,” they noted. “We also need to understand the opportunities and challenges shaping the pace of our progress toward integrating personalized medicine into clinical workstreams. ” As previously reported by Oncology Times, in 2020 the PMC released a patient-centered research agenda called “Population Averages: A Patient-. ” That report defined 45 research questions that need to be addressed across nine areas to expand the field. In the information, oncology is cited as the model for personalized medicine, recognizing the progress that has been made in targeted cancer treatments tailored to individual patients. But that report, along with a previous PMC summary on genomic testing, also identified barriers to integrating personalized medicine into clinical practice—including a lack of awareness about personalized medicine treatments and strategies. PMC's new strategic plan contains the following resources: a package of programs designed to educate decision makers about the significance of personalized medicine; a patient-focused educational campaign about personalized medicine and its benefits; a series of advocacy priorities designed to “cultivate a friendlier landscape” for advancing the field; and a research program aimed at building the evidence base for the clinical and economic benefits of personalized medicine (set forth specifically in the strategic plan's companion report). As a new federal administration and a new Congress take over in Washington, PMC's advocacy priorities include the following: Guiding an agenda for the Medicine Caucus. This group was launched on last year, and the PMC plans to play a leading role in its agenda and in growing its membership in 2021. Increasing funding for critical federal health agencies. testimonies, public statements, and meetings with members of Congress, PMC plans to advocate for increases in the fiscal year (FY) 2022 budgets of the of Health and the FDA. Noting that the FDA is “the gateway for many personalized medicine products entering the market,” PMC also will support activities at the FDA to advance personalized medicine in the context of the Act reauthorizations. Modernizing regulatory policies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Following blue light illumination, AsLOV2 domain of membrane-targeted iLID induces a conformational change and exposes SsrA peptide, which forms hetero-dimer with Nano-fusions. Upon termination of light illumination, Nano-fusion dissociates from the SsrA with a half-life of <30 s (Guntas et al. , 2015). (B) Time-lapse images of RFP-Nano from a single z-section showing different patterns of cortical RFP-Nano recruitment in response to light illumination. A metaphase HeLa cell transiently expressing RFP-Nano (Addgene #60415) and Venus-iLID-caax (Addgene #60411) was illuminated with a single 488 nm laser pulse (250-msec exposure, 25 mW) at the indicated regions (circles with 1. 95 μm diameter). 1. (C) Genomic PCR showing clone genotype after Puromycin (Puro) selection. The clone No. 2 was used as a parent in the second, and third selection. (D) Live images of Mem-BFP-iand DIC in the clone No. 2 selected in (C). (E) Genomic PCR showing clone genotype after Neomycin (Neo) selection. All clones displayed a single 4. 4 kb band, indicating that the RFP-Nano (Neo) cassette was inserted in both NuMA1 gene loci. The clone No. four was used as a parent in the third selection. (F) Genomic PCR showing clone genotype after Hygromycin (Hygro) selection. DHC-SNAP (No. 8, and 9) and p150-SNAP (No. 15) display a single band, as expected, indicating that the SNAP (Hygro) cassette was inserted in both gene loci. The clone DHC-SNAP (No. 8) and p150-SNAP (No. 15) were used in this study. (G) Western blot probing for anti-NuMA, anti-DHC, anti-p150, anti-SNAP, and anti-α-tubulin (TUB, loading control) showing the bi-allelic insertion of the indicated tags.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Maternity care in the bush: using the Internet to provide educational resources to isolated practitioners 1 PhD, Midwifery * Lesley Barclay2 3 PhD, Professor of Development & * 1, 2 Insititute of 3 Centre for Midwifery and Family Health, University of 5 July 2006 : 8 February 2006 : 3 May 2006 : 5 July 2006. Maternity care in the bush: using the Internet to provide educational resources to isolated practitioners. Rural and 2006; 6: 559. © 2006 A licence to publish this material has been given to ARHEN, arhen. org. au Pubby download PDF Tweet this 1. In 2003, three (NT) Government sponsored reports, (including a 3 year strategic plan) were released, detailing the challenges of providing remote IT infrastructure2-4. Notable was the NT government's aim to provide broadband telecommunication infrastructure to all remote communities by 20083. In Australia, rural and remote area nurses have identified difficulties finding information on the internet5. Internationally, these difficulties led to the development of 'navigators': websites and software that guide people to information6. Examples of navigators include search engines such as Google? and databases such as Ebay? . Navigators often have a specialist focus6, such as the Cochrane Collaboration. There are three factors thought to affect the utility of navigators6. These are: 'reach', the number of people sharing the information; 'agency affiliation', meeting the needs of the target audience; and 'richness', delivering quality, reliable information6. Where agency affiliation and richness are focused on a particular field then reach does not have to be broad, but does need to be specific. These factors were used to develop and evaluate a process that enabled remote practitioners in the NT to access targeted information on maternity care. The researchers believed that a navigator could guide remote-area maternity service providers to a resource library specifically targeting their educational needs. Discussions with remote practitioners suggested an educational resource library would be valuable if it was easy to access and use. A survey of the Council of Nurses of Australia (CRANA) members in 2000 (102 respondents), found 48% required training in IT, with this need increasing with remoteness7. The quality of telecommunications was identified by 74% as affecting their ability to access the internet7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: PMC will actively support legislation, emerging guidance documents, policies, and initiatives at the FDA, which ensure personalized therapies and products reach patients in a timely and efficient manner. Modernizing coverage and payment policies. To ensure that patients have access to personalized therapies, PMC will continue to work with Congress and the Centers for Medicare and to ensure adequate payment rates and flexible coverage policies for personalized medicine products and therapies. Modernizing value assessment methodologies. The PMC notes that, by influencing decisions made by patients, providers, payers, and policymakers, value-based payment frameworks “could accelerate or undermine progress in personalized medicine. ” strategic plan calls for health technology assessments and value-based reimbursement that fully account for the value of personalized medicine. Among the studies cited in PMC's new research report is “Defining the of in Cancer Care,” which is now in progress. The report states, “The consistent use of biomarker testing faces implementation challenges related to insufficient awareness and education; a lack of recognition by payers and providers of the clinical value of testing; and outdated practices, policies, and procedures. ” PMC will develop recommendations to broaden the definition of the clinical utility of multiplex genomic testing in patient care. PMC notes that many organizations have emphasized the need to better understand the clinical utility of genomic profiling in cancer care, and “this project is PMC's answer to that call. ” This study will be done in two phases; will include a stakeholder roundtable event with discussions and case studies. A second study cited in the PMC's new research report is “Gaps in the Implementation of in Cancer Care. ” This study focuses on improving the integration of biomarker testing into clinical cancer care. A previous PMC report found that, although more than 30 percent of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have tumors linked to specific driver mutations, only 65-75 percent of NSCLC patients with an actionable mutation—as determined by genomic testing—actually receive targeted therapies based upon testing results. And, as cited in the new PMC research report, a recent analysis by the firm Diaceutics, a diagnostics data analytics and implementation services company, estimated that 30 percent of U. S. cancer patients never receive targeted therapies that might benefit them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Protein levels were not significantly affected by tagging with RFP-Nano and SNAP. (H) Western blot showing the efficiency of the RNAi-based depletion for LGN. Tubulin was used as a loading control. (I) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano and DHC-SNAP. NuMA and DHC accumulate at the cell cortex during anaphase (Kiyomitsu and Cheeseman, 2013). (J) Quantification of cortical NuMA-RFP-Nano and DHC-SNAP signals around the polar cell cortex or light-illuminated region (n = 5). Error bars indicate SEM. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-induced cortical targeting of NuMA is sufficient for dynein-dynactin recruitment and spindle pulling. (A) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) in the indicated conditions. Both NuMA-RFP-Nano and DHC-SNAP signals dissociated from the cell cortex following the termination of light illumination (t = 6:00), supporting that light-induced NuMA recruits dynein at the cell cortex. Unexpectedly, the displaced spindle gradually returned toward the center of the cell despite the fact that dynein was unable to accumulate at the distal cell cortex to generate opposing cortical pulling forces to center the spindle (t = 20:00), suggesting that additional mechanisms exist independently of cortical dynein to center the spindle, and explain why the spindle is roughly positioned in the center of the cell in LGN depleted cells (t = 0:00) (Kiyomitsu and Cheeseman, 2012) (B) Left: live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Images on the right show a higher magnification of the indicated area.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: In the same survey, 61% reported having a work-based email account, 44% accessed the internet at work and 57% had internet access at home7. Sixteen per cent had no internet access at all; reasons identified included decisions by management and problems with telephone lines or computers7. With government plans to roll out broadband, it seemed reasonable to investigate the internet as a vehicle for delivering educational support to remote practitioners. Many variables can influence the success of such a strategy and these were to be investigated. They included5: telecommunication infrastructure: hardware, speed, reliability, accessibility, cost, support and maintenance contextual factors: time available, management constraints, knowledge of its availability the human factor: comfort with the technology, education and training, motivation and interest in the resources and technology. aim was to establish and evaluate an internet-based resource library targeting the needs of remote-area maternity service providers. Research question What information do remote-area maternity service providers want to access from an internet based resource library and, if this is provided, what are the barriers and facilitators that influence its use? participatory action research (PAR) approach was used for this project with CRANA (a national organisation supporting the remote health workforce) agreeing to host the website. Planning was undertaken with a PAR team and action and evaluation were cyclical as the research team actively contributed to the development of the resource library. A 'navigator' was built and guided practitioners to the resource library which was evaluated against 'reach', 'agency affiliation' and 'richness', with the barriers and facilitators influencing its use described. The research approach is shown (Fig 1). Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation of the research. approval was granted by the University of Technology, Department, the in Darwin NT and the of the NT. the target group was important for recruitment and then promotion of the resource library. The target group included maternity service providers involved in the care of women living in remote areas, particularly in the NT. Exact figures for this target group (midwives and doctors with obstetrics training) are uncertain8 with the added complication that registered nurses and Aboriginal health workers, who together make up 95% of the remote workforce9, provide maternity care in some areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Biomarker analysis of postherpetic neuralgia patient skin biopsies demonstrates individual differences among receptors for neuroactive topical agents among keratinocytes, demonstrating novel potential mechanisms of action. 1. numerous chronic pain conditions, morphological and physiological alterations among primary small caliber nociceptor innervation and the peripheral tissues are detected, including potential interactions of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENF) and epidermal keratinocytes. 2,5,9,22,30,53,66 Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) refers to a loss of small caliber IENF detected within the epidermis and has been demonstrated in several diverse conditions with pain as a chief complaint, including, for example, the neuropathic pain (NP) condition postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and the largely described as nociplastic pain condition fibromyalgia. 2,3,24 The epidermis is the richly innervated outermost layer of skin that functions as a sensory transduction organ and includes a nociceptor population, and a β-endorphin–mediated cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2)–activated inhibitory mechanism among the keratinocytes. 2,37,41,54,62 Although somewhat counterintuitive that a loss of nociceptive fibers would lead to enhanced chronic pain, accumulated evidence demonstrates additional peripheral mechanisms involved in the generation of nociceptor hyperexcitability, particularly signaling from cutaneous terminal structures and cells, including epidermal keratinocytes, dermal vasculature, adnexal organs, and/or immune (mast or Langerhans) cells, as means that damaged or remaining innervation becomes hyperactive and/or ectopically active. 2,13,15,37,48,66 Pathologies related to either the primary sensory endings and/or cutaneous terminal structures, such as epidermal keratinocytes, represent potential targets for topically applied compounded pharmaceuticals. 2,6,17,40,54,55,61 Peripheral inflammation is often a main culprit of pain and many efficacious analgesics target peripheral inflammatory mechanisms (eg, cyclooxygenase), while the most potent analgesics act via the central nervous system, through well-described mechanisms, particularly the opiate system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: DHC-SNAP signals were initially observed along the cell cortex similarly to NuMA-RFP-Nano (t = 1:30), but were selectively diminished from the cell cortex in proximity to the spindle (t = 4:30), supporting our model that spindle-pole derived signals negatively regulate the cortical dynein-NuMA interaction in a distance dependent manner (Kiyomitsu and Cheeseman, 2012). Right: line scan showing the relative fluorescence intensity of cortical NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) around the cell cortex on the left at 4:30. Arrow indicates a decrease in DHC-SNAP signals near the spindle pole. (C) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and p150-SNAP (lower). Similarly to dynein, p150-SNAP was also recruited to the light illuminated region by NuMA-RFP-Nano (t = 2:00), but was subsequently excluded by the spindle proximity (t = 4:00). (D) Live fluorescent images of RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) in LGN-depleted cells arrested with MG132. RFP-Nano was expressed from the Rosa 26 locus following Dox treatment (see Figure 4—figure supplement 1A–B and Figure 5—figure supplement 1B). (E) Left: live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) in a Gαi1 (1 + 2 + 3) depleted cell. Right: kymograph obtained from image sequences on the left. The spindle was displaced toward the light-illuminated region. (F) Western blot showing the efficiency of the RNAi-based depletions for Gαi-1. Tubulin was used as a loading control. An asterisk indicates non-specific bands recognized by the anti-Gαi-1 antibody. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Light-induced cortical NuMA-dynein complex pulls on taxol-stabilized astral microtubules. (A) Fluorescent images of astral microtubules in fixed HCT116 cells treated with drugs as indicated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: 03) In response, the report was placed on the website in PDF format, under the section entitled 'Reports of Interest'. Statistics were collected on the number of 'hits' to the resource library. All email (n = 166), questionnaires and field notes were imported into a qualitative analysis software program (ATLASti: ATLAS. ti Development GmbH; for data storage, management and retrieval. Descriptive analyses were undertaken with major themes that emerged from the data described and categorised. resource library, hosted on the CRANA website, went 'live' in November 2002 (www. crana. org. au - maternity care in the bush). The information was catalogued under separate sections: Clinical-Courses, Clinical-Antenatal, Clinical-Birth and Postnatal, Guidelines, Reports of Interest, 05. 03). In response, two clinical sections were placed on the site, one for antenatal care and one for birth and postnatal care, with a focus on the issues that are particularly pertinent in remote Australia (eg preterm labour). Table 2 is an example of how agency affiliation worked. Table 2: Reflection and action used to improve agency affiliation involves delivering relevant information, including reliability, security and bandwidth6. Again, the PAR process assisted with this, although some factors were beyond the control of the research: for example, bandwidth. Most of the comments received indicated that the target audience felt the information provided was: 'Contemporary, relevant reports and 03. 03). Feedback included statements such as: 'Women's health site is great for checking on management options out bush' (RAN, 03. 03) and: Have just visited the above site and it's great. Am looking forward to spending more time with the links. Last year I completed my Masters of Public Health. . . I am very interested in cultural safety issues. Is it possible to get more info at this stage? (RAN, 03. 03) Practitioners in leadership and education positions identified the site as a valuable resource enabling access to professional knowledge which could be further distributed to the remote based practitioners: I utilise the site prior to facilitating courses, for updated information, and if an inquiry comes from a RAN about a particular subject. I can either send the link or print it and send by snail mail. The links are good if I need to extend my search. It is on my 'favorites' list.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: 17,60,80 Therapeutic classes of actives often seen in topical compounds for NP include NMDA receptor antagonists, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, anticonvulsants, ion channel modulators, vasodilators, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, opioids, cannabinoids, and others that can be concentrated locally in the periphery with potential reduction of systemic exposure. 6,40,55 Since our initial discovery of the opiate peptide beta-endorphin in epidermal keratinocytes in 2003, the role of keratinocytes in communicating between the environment and the IENF, particularly via the release of neural signaling mediators, has become widely recognized. 2,34,37,41,65,66 The epidermis is a vital sensory organ that functions as a polymodal nociceptive structure. 11,21,35 In particular, epidermal keratinocytes have been shown to express numerous mediators of nociceptor hyperexcitability in vitro and/or in vivo, including NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors,13,49 voltage-gated calcium channels and sodium channels,20,78 alpha-adrenergic receptors,52 GABA receptors,21 the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP),34 endothelin-1 (ET1) and the cognate receptors type A (endothelin receptor type A [ETA]) and type B (ETB),41 the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TrpV1), and, as noted, the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2),19,33,76 among several others. Many of these various signaling family members have been used as drug targets for topical agents, and clear advantages exist when using compounded pharmacotherapy, including the personalized medicine principle and flexibility to be able to make adjustments based on patients' identified biomarkers and response. Presumptive druggable targets associated with nociceptor hyperactivity identified among cutaneous structures, such as epidermal keratinocytes, could provide novel avenues of treatment for PHN and other NP conditions, using currently available active pharmaceutical agents via targeted topical delivery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Cells were arrested at metaphase with MG132 for 1 hr, and DMSO/nocodazole or taxol were then added for 30 or 1 min, respectively. Images are maximally projected from 15 z-sections acquired using 0. 2 μm spacing. (B and C) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) treated with DMSO (B) or nocodazole (C). (D) Kymographs obtained from image sequences in (B) and (C) showing the movement of the spindle at 30 s intervals. (E) Pole-to-cortex distance for control (black, n = 5), and nocodazole-treated cells (blue or light-blue). Blue and light-blue graphs indicate immobile (n = 5/9) and partially mobile pools (n = 4/9), respectively. Error bars indicate SEM. (F and G) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper), and SiR-tubulin and SiR-DNA (Lukinavičius et al. , 2015) (lower), treated with DMSO (F) or taxol (G). DMSO and Taxol were added at −1:00, and light illumination began at 0:00, when SiR-tubulin images were selectively abolished by taxol treatment. (H) Kymographs obtained from image sequences in (F) and (G) at 30 s intervals. In taxol-treated cells, the spindle did not attach to the cell cortex as indicated with an asterisk, likely due to stabilized astral microtubules. (I) Pole-to-cortex distance for control (black, n = 4), and taxol-treated cells (red, n = 5). Error bars indicate SEM. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Dynein activity is required for spindle pulling, but light-induced cortical dynein targeting is not sufficient to pull on the spindle. (A) Schematic of experimental procedures. The FBS concentration in the culture medium was changed from 10 to 0. 5% at the 68 hr mark. DMSO or ciliobrevin D was added at the 69.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: (WHE, 08. 03) Thus, even if the remote practitioners did not have internet access they were still able to access the material, through the regional support positions. In contrast, some thought the site was 'a bit boring' visually. '. . . I hate the white spaces on the web, the front page is boring and needs to be more interesting, also you need road signs to know where to go' (WHE, 11. 02). Initially, lack of visually appealing graphics was intentional to hasten access, as use of high quality graphics affect opening and download speeds. Speed is thought to be an essential component of a usable website with 15 seconds recommended as a general guide for download times16. Some of the participants were using standard phone lines for internet access, resulting in very slow download speeds. Many of the documents on the library required PDF format which remained a problem for many users: '. . . the PDF files are very slow to download' (RANM, 07. 02). However, based on feedback, changes were made to improve the visual appearance of the site without markedly compromising speed. Other comments relating to richness included: 'Very user friendly' (RAN, 05. 03). Internet access Access issues are grouped under the headings: Telecommunications Infrastructure, Contextual Factors, and Human Factors5. Telecommunications infrastructure: Initially, most remote practitioners cited inadequate computer hardware. Nonetheless, IT provision was dynamic with improvements occurring during the research. Initially, one member of the research group did not have access when travelling in remote areas; however, by November 2003, she emailed that: '. . . the remote here have just got computers with internet access' (WHE, 11. 03). Other responses were less positive. For example, one remote community had been paying the lease on computers for 2 years but they had remained in their boxes. Staff unfamiliar with the technology had shown no interest in setting up the computers and had not been supported to do so. Some health centres had computers but no satellite dish, and others had satellites delivered but not installed: 'We've had the satellite dish on the roof for ages but it doesn't work yet' (RANM, 04. 03). Other reasons included buildings that were not strong enough to hold the satellites and trees needing to be cut down. These extra costs had not been budgeted for, and respondents claimed no-one was prepared to pay for these unforeseen requirements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the degree of differential labeling of keratinocyte biomarkers across the small fiber innervation-similar enriched cohort identifies discreet subgroups of patients with PHN. This suggests that each of these 9 distinct molecular signaling systems may contribute to PHN pathology on an individual basis. Furthermore, these data highlight the essential need for assessing individual patient biomarkers to direct personalized and targeted efficacious therapy. The neurosignaling systems associated with each of the keratinocyte biomarkers have been shown to be involved in functional pain processing and also have specific compounds available for targeted pharmacologic manipulation. Specifically, the NMDA receptor can be inhibited by ketamine, the voltage-gated calcium ion channel CACNA1S can be inhibited by gabapentin, and the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1. 6 can be inhibited by lidocaine. The alpha2A receptor can be activated by clonidine, and GABAB receptors can be activated by baclofen. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibitors have been developed and recently approved for treating migraine, although a topical CGRP antagonist is not yet available. The CB2 receptor can be activated by endocannabinoids and by exogenous cannabinoids (THC and CBD), and have recently been shown to be effective in animal models of chemotherapeutic-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). 10,18,32,43,45 ETA can be activated by the endogenous molecule endothelin-1 and also by specific pharmacologic compounds. 41 As well, the TrpV1 receptor can be activated by capsaicin and modulated by CBD. 36,38,72 The use of any of these compounds alone or in combination may provide relief for individual patients; however, choosing the correct active ingredients to achieve that benefit remains based mostly upon the diagnosed conditions with limited other considerations. The current data demonstrate that not all similarly diagnosed patients will respond to the same mix of active ingredients and individual biomarker evaluations will greatly hasten the process of finding the correct combinations for each patient. As well, the effects of these compounds on keratinocyte sensory signaling mechanisms remain unclear. Keratinocyte CB2 receptor function may be indirectly regulated by exogenous cannabinoids, such as CBD and/or THC. Particularly, CBD, the major nonpsychoactive constituent of the plant C. sativa, has recently been incorporated in topical preparations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5 hr mark and the cells were analyzed for 1 hr. (B and C) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) treated with DMSO (B) or ciliobrevin D (C). (D) Kymographs obtained from image sequences in (B) and (C) showing the movement of the spindle at 30 s intervals. (E) Cortical complexes formed by light-induced targeting of Nano-mCherry-DHC. (F) Left: live fluorescent images of Nano-mCherry-DHC (upper) and p150-SNAP (lower). Right: kymograph obtained from image sequences on the left. (G) Quantification of cortical Nano-mCherry-DHC and p150-SNAP signals around the light illuminated region (n = 6). Error bars indicate SEM. (H) Live fluorescent images of Nano-mCherry-DHC (upper) and NuMA-SNAP (lower). (I) Measurement of the pole-to-cortex distance (n = 10). Error bars indicate SEM. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Generation of knock-in cell lines for the DHC and mitotic phenotypes caused by ciliobrevin D treatment. (A) Genomic PCR showing clone genotype after Neomycin (Neo) selection. Both clones display a single 5. 4 kb band, which indicates that the mAID-mClover-3FLAG (mACF) (Neo) cassette is inserted at both the DHC1 gene loci. Here, clone No. 1 was used. (B) Schematic of the experimental procedures. Cells were treated with RO-3306 and MG132 to synchronize at G2 and to arrest cells at metaphase, respectively. The FBS concentration in the culture medium was changed from 10 to 0. 5% at the 44 hr mark. Cells were treated with DMSO or ciliobrevin D at the 44 hr mark and analyzed for 1 hr from the 45 to the 46 hr mark. (C) Live fluorescent images of DNA (upper) and DHC-mACF (middle) in ciliobrevin D-treated cells showing the mitotic chromosome-misalignment phenotype.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: of professional competence is a key area of concern for health providers in remote areas who experience difficulty in accessing current research, guidelines and educational updates19-20. Barriers to providing education for remote practitioners are many, including the expense involved in travelling for education being prohibitive, and relief staff often unavailable. At the commencement of this research there was little known about the viability of providing education and training to remote practitioners via IT. This research has provided information in this area. Overall, the evaluation of the resource library was very positive. Practitioners in leadership and education positions identified it as a valuable resource enabling them to access professional knowledge, which could then be distributed to the remote based practitioners, who experienced difficulties with access themselves. Issues of access are still a major problem for potential users, despite anecdotal evidence suggesting recent improvements in remote telecommunications, and initiatives targeting remote communications21. Using PAR and involving the remote practitioners directly proved to be effective, as the agency affiliation of the resource was greatly strengthened through this approach. Feedback from the PAR team described the resource as contemporary, useful and relevant with one participant suggesting it was essential. The 'navigator' evaluation framework of reach, agency affiliation and richness, most often used in the business world, was also helpful in this setting. One of the research objectives was to identify the facilitators and barriers to accessing resources via the internet. Telecommunications infrastructure, contextual factors and the identified human factors all need better resourcing for the internet to achieve its potential in this setting. Hardware inadequacies, access difficulties, the lack of management support for staff to utilise the resource, and not being familiar with computers were all identified barriers. In some health centres, access and log-in decisions were made by the local manager, yet in other areas staff had been told the decisions were policy directives from the NT Department of Health and Community Services. The lack of management support was also an identified barrier in the CRANA survey conducted in 20007. This evaluation highlighted difficulties in determining who was ultimately responsible when technical or structural barriers prevented the hardware from working. This situation seemed to be exacerbated in a climate where the NT government is moving towards Aboriginal control of health services. Some communities had received telecommunication grants to provide satellites, sophisticated hardware and software. However, there is little funding for the education and training of staff in the use of equipment, or to assist in the transfer of existing health data onto new computer systems3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Baclofen has been used topically with variable benefit,1,39 and topical capsaicin has been used for some chronic pain conditions, particularly PHN,14,46,51,75 and both are associated with activity directly on nerve fibers. However, differential GABAB and/or TrpV1 keratinocyte biomarker function may be associated with the variable outcomes of topical use. Yet, the actions of these active ingredients on keratinocyte function(s) remain unknown. An examination of individual patient keratinocyte labeling reveals a differential profile of the 9 biomarkers among the enriched PHN cohort. This type of heterogeneous functional biomarker expression among the cohort likely underlies why PHN is a difficult-to-treat disease and why so many patients fail to achieve benefit from standard therapies. Compounding a personalized and targeted topical preparation would potentially be a more viable therapeutic approach. For example, one patient profile revealed significantly decreased Alpha2AR, CB2, and NMDAR2b keratinocyte labeling in the ipsilateral painful skin, suggesting that topical clonidine and THC might act to lower the algesic signals, whereas ketamine would likely not be a beneficial addition. By contrast, a different patient had significantly increased labeling of 7 of the 9 biomarkers. For that patient, targeting NMDAR with ketamine, Nav1. 6 with lidocaine, GABA with baclofen, and maybe the CGRP would likely be effective; however, the use of clonidine, THC, or gabapentin might exacerbate painful symptoms. A list of potentially effective topical regimen based from the keratinocyte biomarker profiles of each patient is presented (Fig. 4). Additionally, the cohort contained patients who might be representative of the treatment-resistant population, demonstrated with lowered CACNA1S and NMDAR labeling, and only small changes of the other biomarkers. This type of biomarker profile would likely limit the success of many common therapies. For this 20-patient PHN cohort with very similar clinical presentations, including pain VAS scores and ipsilateral IENF loss, using the same topical regimen for each patient would most likely be ineffective in many of them and would therefore not reach a statistically significant outcome for treatment efficacy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Cells labeled with the light- or dark-blue squares indicate mild or severe chromosome misalignment phenotypes, respectively. (D) Histogram showing the quantification of the chromosome misalignment phenotype. Note that ciliobrevin D worked under the 0. 5%, but not the 10% FBS condition, and induced severe phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner. (E) Schematic of the experimental procedures. Metaphase-arrested cells were treated with DMSO or ciliobrevin D at the 45. 5 hr mark under 0. 5% FBS culture condition and analyzed for 1 hr from the 45. 5 to the 46. 5 hr mark. (F) Live fluorescent images of DNA (upper, magenta), SiR-TUB (upper and middle, green), and DHC-mACF (bottom) in DMSO (left)- and ciliobrevin D (right)-treated cells. (G) Histogram showing abnormal spindle quantification following ciliobrevin D treatment. Note that the bipolar spindle structure was maintained for ~30 min even in the presence of ciliobrevin D and disrupted during the subsequent 30–60 min. (H) Genomic PCR showing the genotype of clones after Blasticidin (BSD) selection. Both clones display a single 2. 2 kb band, indicating that the Nano-mCherry (BSD) cassette was inserted at both DHC1 gene loci. The clone No. 1 was used as a parent in the third selection. (I) Genomic PCR showing the genotype of clones after Hygromycin (Hygro) selection. P150-SNAP (No. 10) and NuMA-SNAP (No. 7, 8) display a single band, as expected, indicating that the SNAP (Hygro) cassette was inserted at both gene loci. The clone p150-SNAP (No. 10) and NuMA-SNAP (No. 8) were used in this study. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset A Spindly-like motif in NuMA is required for cortical dynein recruitment, but not sufficient for spindle pulling. (A) Cortical complexes formed by light-induced targeting of NuMA fragments fused with RFP-Nano.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 15 No. 7, July 2024 to Needs () Yousif Binhammad1, Azzam Othman1, Laila Abuljadayel2, Mheiri3, Muna Alkaabi4, Mohammad Almarri5 1Department of. 2Department of Cybersecurity, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 3Department of. 4College of. 5Department of. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2024. 157091 234 Downloads 1,390 Views 1523. doi: 10. 4236/ce. 2024. 157091. 1. IntroductionThe education sector is no behind as the intelligentsia of AI enthusiasts march in their fortress of innovation. Generative AI, a sort of AI, is what is called the generated personalized learning content, which movable is according to the student’s needs and level. Demonstration on that analyzing data of students, for instance, learning style, performance reviews and the engagement level, generative AI will be empowered to personalize learning materials in accordance with the individual student’ strengths and learning habits. The offering of adaptive AI for individualized learning keeps one remarkable benefit that pupils will be able to manage and comprehend the content provided with appropriate difficulty according to the performance of learners (Brown & Yarowsky, 2000). The same as another example, the system may be able to generate easily changing reports with more difficult questions as students show ability and proficiency in a certain area, so they will be able to get the right level of support and challenge Generative AI is not only capable of re-shaping the traditional way of learning by means of customized lesson plans, but it also perfectly fits the students who differ by their personal p1. 1. BackgroundIndividualized learning is an educational model presuming teaching, pace, and learning atmosphere is geared towards individual students. It recognizes the existence of different types of learning styles and p1. 2. Research AimThe purpose of the study is to examine how generative AI could be employed to generate educational resources that are customized to meet the needs of personalized learning for students in education (LeCun et al. , 2015). 1. 3. Research ObjectivesTo conduct a literature review on the use of generative AI in education for personalized learning. To analyze case studies of educational institutions or organizations using generative AI for personalized learning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine will completely eliminate the need for general medications. [SEP] Text: Perhaps, this is a fundamental issue with the data from a recent study demonstrating a limited effect of topical therapies, in so much as that study included patients with pain across a very wide and diverse population. 12 Despite the failure of compounded topical pain creams in that clinical trial, the authors agreed with the possibility that only specific pain conditions responded to the compounded cream that was administered to all patients. 12 Overall, there have not been consistent results from multiple independent clinical studies regarding the efficacy of compounded topical pain medications. 6,12,80 The heterogeneity of pain mechanisms have also been acknowledged by other researchers. The heterogeneity may underlie the difficulties in treating neuropathic pain using standard approaches; however, compounding using a personalized approach and flexibility should be able to overcome this barrier. The value of an extemporaneous compounding approach is in its capability to deliver potentially effective active ingredients that are specific to the individual patient-verified biomarkers by a topical route that mitigates the risk of systemic adverse reactions and allows for relatively simple therapeutic adjustment based on the patient's response. Another clinical implication brought about by this study is that biopsy profiling may provide a means to stratify patients and enhance clinical study design. Whether for clinical practice or for designing a clinical trial to evaluate a topical pain therapy, performing a skin punch biopsy and creating keratinocyte biomarker profiles before starting treatment will provide essential data and valuable guidance on regimen selection and patient stratification. However, we do not yet know how to correlate the levels of increased or decreased keratinocyte biomarker expression to the level of pain perception and a prediction of therapeutic outcomes. We also do not know whether targeting one pathway would affect the expression of other pathways, eventually affecting the choice of concurrent targeted drugs. Further studies are desired to answer these questions. Several limitations exist with the current study, including that only two 3-mm punch biopsies are being compared in each patient with PHN, each representing a very small fractional area of the overall ipsilateral and contralateral dermatome. Previous work on PHN biopsies has demonstrated a wide variability of innervation among the affected dermatome site compared with healthy control sites. It remains unknown how this rash-site innervation variability effects keratinocyte expression of various signaling mediators.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (B) Full-length NuMA and the tested NuMA truncation fragments. Globular domains at N- and C-terminal regions of NuMA are indicated in light-gray and gray, respectively. (C) A summary of the frequency of cortical dynein recruitment and spindle displacement by targeted constructs. 4—figure supplement 1I–J for details. (D) Amino acid sequence alignment of the Spindly-motif like region of NuMA proteins in H. Sapiens (NP_006176), R. norvegicus (NP_001094161), M. musculus (NP_598708), G. gallus (NP_001177854), X. laevis (NP_001081559), D. rerio (NP_001316910), and human Spindly (NP_001316568) and Hook3 (NP_115786) aligned by ClustalWS. The conserved L and E substituted by alanine are indicated with red triangles. (E) Lupas coils prediction (window 21). Spindly motif (purple) is commonly located at the C-terminal region of the coiled-coil, with 200 ~ 280 residues. (F) Live fluorescent images of NuMA (1-705) WT (upper) and SpM mutant (lower). DHC-SNAP images are shown to the right. (G–I) Left: live fluorescent images of NuMA constructs (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Right: kymographs obtained from image sequences of DHC-SNAP on the left at 30 s intervals. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The N-terminal region of NuMA is required for cortical dynein recruitment. (A) A schematic illustration of exogenous gene expression of Mem-BFP-iLID and NuMA-Nano fusions from the AAVS1 and Rosa 26 loci, respectively. Whereas Mem-BFP-iLID is stably expressed, NuMA-Nano fusions are conditionally expressed following the treatment with Doxycycline (Dox). The SNAP-tag was also inserted at the DHC1 gene loci. (B) Schematic of experimental procedures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: To explore the potential benefits and challenges of using generative AI for personalized learning in education. To develop a framework for implementing generative AI in education for personalized learning. To validate the framework through expert feedback and pilot studies in educational settings. To provide recommendations for educators and policymakers on implementing generative AI for personalized learning in education. 2. Literature ReviewArtificial intelligence with the ability to generate (generative AI) is being pursued with a lot of vigor nowadays, and there is a possibility that its integration to educational settings could lead to the development of personalized learning. This paper investigates the latest approaches in the field of generative AI for the design of self-paced learning materials that meet the needs of each and every student. The review takes in account the applications, benefits, challenges and ethical issues of generative AI in education and highlights the foremost findings and existing knowledge gaps (Mikolov et al. , 2013). 2. 1. Evolution of models have a long history, starting with basic statistical algorithms and culminating with complex deep learning models that are based on an increase in the amount of computing power, the availability of data, and the development of algorithms. At first stages, n-gram-based models failed to render complicated linguistic peculiarities and coherent output. Recurrent neural networks and LSTM networks that capture long-range dependencies in text as well as generate contextually relevant output were the ground-breakers in the generative AI field that enabled neural network-based approaches. Yet, such models are still encountered with the difficulties of boring and monotonous language. architecture, firstly introduced in 2017, laid the foundation for the self-attention mechanism to play a role in the reweighting of the importance of different words in a sentence, and consequently, generated more contextually relevant texts. Therefore, the capability of models like GPT-2, GPT-3, as well as Llama-2 possessed by Meta, kept on improving significantly. The further development of generative AI units is a necessity that is driven by large-scale datasets, the growth of computing power, and algorithm improvements (Radford et al. , 2018). 2. 2. Applications of Generative AI in EducationThe role of AI applications within the framework of the education sector is diverse, and one of the areas is the development of individual learning materials with the help of the generative AI.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every health condition can be effectively treated with personalized medicine. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 138. 138. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : Personalized medicine (PM) aims to offer tailored health care to individuals on the basis of their genetic profile. This paper explores the types of behaviors and practices that citizens are expected to adopt under PM, examines whether such expectations are realistic, and proposes strategies that could support citizens in the adoption of these behaviors. Methods: Recent reports from national and international medical organizations and funders of PM are reviewed to investigate the types of behaviors and practices that citizens are expected to adopt under PM. These behaviors are examined in light of the current knowledge regarding citizen involvement in health care. Results: Under PM, citizens are expected to be much more educated, proactive, and engaged in their health care than under conventional medical models. Actualizing such behaviors and practices may, however, be difficult or even unattainable for some groups of citizens. Conclusions: Educating citizens in PM, as proposed in the reports, is important but may not suffice for the adoption of new behaviors and practices by a majority of citizens. Approaches taking into consideration the heterogeneity of backgrounds, abilities, and resources among citizens are needed and include modifying reimbursement and pricing mechanisms, diversifying research, and developing low-cost PM programs. Keywords: Personalized medicine, Ethics and society, Citizen behavior, Since the mapping of the human genome in 2003, enormous progress has been made in understanding molecular and genetic pathways underpinning human health and disease. The acquisition of new knowledge coupled with rapid developments within genetic sequencing and testing as well as plummeting costs of new technologies continually improve our potential to provide better health care. Genetic and genomic information can be used to unveil disease predisposition and onset in individuals much earlier and more accurately than previously possible, and an increasing number of therapies will target disease-specific molecules and biological pathways, rather than simply treating the symptoms of diseases [1]. The traditional one-size-fits-all approach to disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, which has proved to be inefficient, expensive, and sometimes even hazardous, is expected to be progressively replaced by a more individualized and tailor-made approach. This ‘personalization' of health care has captured worldwide attention, with various strategies under development to facilitate its realization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: LGN siRNA, Dox, and SiR-647 were used to deplete endogenous LGN, to induce expression of NuMA-Nano fusions, and to label endogenous DHC-SNAP, respectively. Cells were treated with RO-3306 and MG132 to synchronize at G2 and to arrest cells at metaphase, respectively. Cells were observed by microscopy 1 hr after the release from G2 arrest, and analyzed for 3 hr. (C) Left: the tested NuMA truncation fragments. Right: A summary of the cortical dynein recruitment. (D–G) Live fluorescent images of indicated NuMA constructs (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). NuMA (1-505) was sufficient to recruit dynein to the cell cortex, and both its N-terminal globular domain (aa: 1–213) and short coiled-coil region (aa: 414–505) were required for cortical dynein recruitment. Similar to NuMA (1-705) WT, NuMA (1-505), but not other truncated fragments, accumulated around spindle pole adjacent to light-illuminated region following cortical recruitment. (H) Merged images of NuMA(1-705)-RFP-Nano (magenta) and DHC-SNAP (green) from Figure 4F. NuMA(1-705)-RFP-Nano WT, but not 4A mutant, asymmetrically accumulates around the spindle pole, indicating that NuMA N-terminal fragments containing the Spindly motif are sufficient to recruit dynein-dynactin to the mitotic cell cortex, and likely to activate dynein’s motility, which in turn transports these NuMA fragments toward the spindle pole. (I) The definition of spindle displacement. For cases where Dmax (maximal spindle displacement distance) is longer than Dt=0 (starting pole-to-cortex distance)×1/2, the spindle is assessed as displaced. (J) Scatterplots of Dmax as a percentage of Dt=0 for each condition. Cells with displaced spindles are plotted to the right side of the red line, which indicates 50% of the spindle displacement distance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: Essentially, it enables the generation of formative assessments and quizzes in real-time, which change based on students’ performance. This ensures that the tasks presented to the students are challenging enough but not too difficult (Ruder, 2018). Syntrophically with the published study that illustrates numerous opportunities of the adaptive assessments in enhancing student learning outcomes, the current research investigates the application of generative AI in designing personalized assessments. This study builds upon the previous literature by exploring how the integration of generative AI with LMS affects the learners’ engagement and motivation (Silver et al. , 2016). 2. 3. GenerationAutomatic question generation (AQG) is a recently come up application of generative AI, that enables educators to build customized tests and quizzes for students who have different needs. Through natural language processing and machine learning approaches, AQG systems work with you to provide questions that are contextually pertinent and belong across various subjects and levels of difficulty. It facilitates a greater level of student engagement as well as learning achievements by providing formative and important assessments. In addition, it makes life easier because the process of creating assessments is automated and its quality is not compromised. AQG extends personalized learning by asking questions that cater to the unique needs of each learner. Nevertheless, issues of easily producing low-quality and single-minded questions as well as biases in AI systems still exist (Socher et al. , 2013). 2. 4. of Free-Format AnswersThe effective spelling change feature is one of the powerful usages of generative AI in education as it enables educators to make individualized corrections when response to free formation answers is required. This technology has the capability to handle written language and it uses of natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to analyze and present student responses, identifying whether the sentences that they have created are correct, complete and coherent. It has the power to provide items like immediate feedback, figure out subjects of weakness, and lessen the time when evaluating students’ works. Automated recognition systems can parse out common errors and wrong notions, and thus likewise they might direct students to the helpers who specialize on the very areas that need help. While these AI systems bring a number of benefits including increased efficiency, they may also pose issues of system accuracy and reliability, considering ethical issues like student privacy and data security.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every health condition can be effectively treated with personalized medicine. [SEP] Text: For instance, precision medicine aims to create a new taxonomy of diseases based on molecular biology with the objective to improve disease classification and inform health-care treatment and decisions [2]. Stratified medicine aims to group patients based on their genetic risk of disease or response to therapy with the objective to offer treatment that specifically targets those groups [3]. Personalized medicine (PM) aims to use information about an individual's genotype to guide decisions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases [4]. These strategies work towards the common objective to provide ‘the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time' [5]. The production, integration, and use of genetic and genomic information in health care requires significant changes in the way such care is organized and provided to individuals. Recent reports discussing precision medicine [2], stratified medicine [3], and PM [6,7,8,9] have highlighted the roles and actions that relevant stakeholders of PM should undertake to enable a smooth integration of genetic and genomic information into health care and, thus, facilitate the transition to a tailor-made approach to medicine, which we hereafter refer to as personalized medicine (PM). These reports (published by national and international medical organizations and funders) provide practical recommendations to researchers, health-care professionals, policy makers, health authorities, and pharmaceutical companies. For instance, researchers are encouraged to develop data management infrastructures to handle the growing amount of data produced from genetic sequencing, health-care suppliers are advised to reorganize their clinical services to enable the integration of genetic and molecular information in the electronic health records of patients, and pharmaceutical companies are encouraged to identify and qualify a range of new biomarkers that predict clinical response [9]. However, the successful integration of genetic and genomic information into health care also depends upon the actions of another central group of stakeholders, namely citizens. While many of the reports emphasize the importance of citizen engagement in PM and propose strategies to educate and engage citizens regarding new medical developments, they do not systematically provide recommendations for what citizens could do to enhance the realization of PM but rather describe the behaviors and actions that are important for individuals to adopt. In this paper, we scrutinize the content of these reports to identify the specific behaviors and practices that are targeted, examine obstacles that could prohibit many citizens to adopt these behaviors, and propose strategies that may facilitate such adoption.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: For NuMA fragments, all samples (except #2 and #11) show statistical difference (p<0. 05) when compared to control (#1) using the Mann-Whitney test. Purple lines indicate mean ±SD. 4C and Figure 5B for the number of cells. (K) Genomic PCR showing the genotype of clones after Blasticidin (BSD) selection. Both clones display a single 4. 6 kb band, indicating that the SNAP (BSD) cassette was inserted in both DHC1 gene loci. The clone No. 11 was used as a parent in the 3rd selection. (L) Genomic PCR showing the genotype of clones after Hygromycin (Hygro) selection. A 1. 6 kb band confirms the insertion of NuMA-RFP-Nano (Hygro) cassettes with different NuMA fragments at the Rosa 26 locus. The following clones were used; ΔNLS (#1: No. 7), 1–1700 (#2: No. 28), 1–705 (#3: No. 5), 1–705 4A (#4: No. 18). 214–705 (#5: No. 2), 1–505 (#6: No. 21), 1–413 (#7: No. 23), and 1–213 (#8: No. 8), Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NuMA’s C-terminal microtubule-binding domains and central coiled-coil are required for spindle pulling. (A) Full-length NuMA and the tested NuMA truncation fragments. Microtubule binding domains (MTBDs) are indicated in green. (B) Summary of the frequency of cortical dynein recruitment, dot signal formation and spindle displacement by targeted constructs. Figure 4—figure supplement 1I–J for details. (C–E) Left: live fluorescent images of indicated NuMA constructs (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Right: kymographs obtained from image sequences of DHC-SNAP on the left at 30 s intervals. (F) Live fluorescent images of NuMA Δex24-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: However, automated correction has the height of helping to transform student and marking assessment whereby speed and efficiency are the most common keywords (Vaswani et al. , 2017). 2. 5. for Teaching MaterialsNatural language processing generative AI is a good educational tool that can be easily used by a teacher to create bright and individual lessons. It is applied to assessing educational content and generating various teaching materials (for example, lesson plans and the learning goal in this way, students can be included in the process of teaching and learning which will make them interested and likely to grasp what has been taught; In addition, it became the basis for the diversity and learning materials that also reflected the diversity and experience of cultural background and focused on the use of this study also considers the issues related to the reliability and the absence of biases in the content created by AI, the aspect which has been investigated rather marginally in the existing literature (Xie et al. , 2017). 2. 6. Use of Generative AI in Technical FieldsGenerative AI has brought about dramatic changes in emerging fields like programming that empower students to produce and perceive learning materials in a completely different way. This channel can be used to create various exercises, provide explanations of code and create interactive simulations in order to remind the learning process (Zoph et al. , 2018). This aids students in mastering programming concepts and developing coding abilities. Thus, they will be able to easily implement the ideas and figure coding problems by themselves. In the areas like engineering and physics; generative AI could take the simulation of ideas to let the person conceptualize complex concepts in their areas that will facilitate the understanding of theoretical principles better. Not in all, it has increased the education level in technical activities into a more sense of grasp (Branco et al. , 2017). 2. 7. Challenges in AI in EducationGenerative AI in education is likely to interact with the system and change the model. Thus, it has advantages and disadvantages. The quality and correctness of generated content may be misinterpreted with untruth, leading to disinformation. Additionally, AI models trained on massive data sets must be bias-free to be credible in instructional materials. Data privacy and security challenges arise when generative artificial intelligence algorithms ask students for their data to generate personalised learning material. Data privacy and security in AI-based educational systems have been highlighted, but the current research provides a more comprehensive review of the ethical problems of generative AI in education.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every health condition can be effectively treated with personalized medicine. [SEP] Text: October 2013, we conducted an internet search using Google and the following search terms: [‘personalized medicine'] and/or [personalised medicine] and/or [‘stratified medicine'] and/or [‘precision medicine'] combined with [report] and [pdf] to identify publicly available reports discussing the realization of PM. Reports from national and international medical organizations and funders published between January 2008 and October 2013, written in English and providing recommendations for the adoption of PM, were selected. The reports were reviewed using a qualitative content analysis method [10] according to the following steps. First, the content in the reports that describes behaviors and/or practices of citizens and/or patients was identified, extracted, and compiled into a list of verbatim texts. Next, the substantive content of these texts was examined in order to code and categorize it according to the type of behavior and/or practice it describes. Then, the categories were further examined to identify overarching themes into which the specific types of behaviors and practices could be grouped. Each category of behavior and/or practice was then analyzed in light of current knowledge regarding citizen and/or patient involvement in health care to determine the extent to which citizens and/or patients may realistically adopt, wholly or partly, such behaviors and practices. Hurdles that may impede such adoption were identified and discussed, and potential strategies to overcome these challenges were proposed. publicly available reports were identified (table 1) [2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Importantly, these reports do not make a clear distinction regarding when expectations apply to citizens in general or to patients in particular. All the reports use the term ‘patient' at least once to refer to the end users of PM. Eight reports either use the term ‘citizen' or a combination of ‘citizen' and ‘patient'. For instance, some reports emphasize the importance of patients sharing their data for research purposes [2,6,14], while others refer to citizens when describing this type of activity [7,21]. Similarly, some reports mention that patients will be involved in the decision-making processes regarding treatment [2,6,9,21], while other reports state that patients and citizens will be involved [7,21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Expression level of NuMA Δex24-RFP-Nano was lower than that in (E), but the spindle was still displaced. (G) Left: live fluorescent images of NuMA (N + C ΔNLS)-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Right: kymographs obtained from image sequences of DHC-SNAP on the left at 30 s intervals. (H) Enlarged images of NuMA (N + C ΔNLS)-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower) at indicated times. (I) Live fluorescent images of NuMA-C-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Light-induced targeting of exogenously expressed NuMA fragments lacking C-terminal MTBDs and central coiled-coil. (A) NuMA C-terminal fragment with known domains. 4. 1-binding domain (4. 1-BD) and microtubule binding domains (MTBDs) are indicated in light-blue and green, respectively. The amino acid numbers of NuMA conform to isoform 1 (aa: 1–2115; NP_006176). LGN binding domain (BD) (Zhu et al. , 2011) is indicated in red. NuMA C-terminal fragment containing MTBD1 (aa: 1811–1985, called NuMA-TIP) accumulates at microtubule tips, and remains associated with stalled and/or deploymerizing microtubules (Seldin et al. , 2016). (B) Genomic PCR showing the genotype of clones after Hygromycin (Hygro) selection. Arrows indicate a 1. 6- or 3. 2 kb band, which confirms the insertion of NuMA-RFP-Nano (Hygro) cassettes with different NuMA fragments at the Rosa 26 locus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: This study also emphasises the necessity for ongoing research and development to overcome these difficulties and ensure ethical AI use in education (He et al. , 2016). 3. 3. 1. models of which GPT-3 is an example are leaders in the education sphere by boosting customization of learning resources. These models, powered by deep learning methods, can sufficiently handle this task with human-looking outputs depending on the prompt they get (Kim, 2014). These models, regarded as educational, can be used to construct various types of personalized instructional materials that are designed to meet the needs of the individual student. As an example, they can create diagnostic questions or paraphrase the source material and even make simulations while enhancing learning experiences (Brown & Yarowsky, 2000). 3. 2. Educational ContextA learning space involved factors that differentiate the impact of generative AI application in education. It includes the subject, grade level, and learning objectives. One way might be, say, mathematics, where generative AI can be employed to make individualized problem sets based on the learner’s skill level (Chen & Guestrin, 2016). In language arts, it may serve as a vehicle for producing writing activities grouped together by the students’ interests and skills. Additionally, the educational context refers to the role of instructors in providing the instructions for someone using computer-generated materials and feedback to students (Devlin et al. , 2018). 3. 3. Personalization TechniquesThe humanized learning process executable by AI allows personalization through different methods. This may involve using student assessment data to find out the areas where such students are strong and weak and adapting by personalizing their learning. Real-time feedback is also part of such a process. Personalization techniques can be customized by integrating students’ p3. 4. Pedagogical PrinciplesAn important part of teaching are the pedagogical principles that underpin generative AI in education to match instruction with the set educational standards and goals. This includes for instance thinking of how the content gives students the chance to be engaged, supports the formative assessing and encourages the ability to think critically. Moreover, about instructional principles it is stressed that AI-based materials be utilized as a supplement to and not a substitution for old-school teaching methods (Hinton et al. , 2012). 3. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every health condition can be effectively treated with personalized medicine. [SEP] Text: This may reflect that PM, due to its proactive nature, will progressively blur the patient/non-patient dichotomy that has characterized traditional health-care models. For the purpose of our analysis, we use the term ‘citizen' when referring to citizens and patients; many of the behaviors and practices described in the reports do not require that the end users of PM are patients when they endorse the expected behaviors and practices. Table 1PM reports View largeOur review of the reports reveals that citizens are expected to adopt a range of new behaviors and practices in relation to their health care. These are grouped into three overarching themes as described below and summarized in table 2. Table 2Behaviors and practices expected of citizens as described in the reports View large(1) Expected to in are expected to increasingly participate in the decision-making process regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment [2,6,7,9,13,14,21]. For instance, they may discuss information about their individual genetic risk predisposition with their health-care provider and contribute to the design of tailor-made prevention strategies to reduce their risk of becoming ill [7,13,14,21]. One report mentions that they may also discuss the choice of genetic tests and therapeutic options [9]. To ensure that prevention strategies are efficient, citizens may regularly enrich and update their personal health information, including genetic risk predisposition information, through the use of technologies such as web-based interfaces, self-tracking systems, personal health records, smart phone applications, and biofeedback systems [6,7,9,13,14,21]. They may decide to voluntarily share information about their genetic predisposition with their relatives in order to increase the possibility that their relatives also take necessary measures to prevent disease onset [7,16]. Some reports foresee that groups of citizens will purchase services from direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies and seek help from their public health-care services to interpret the results of genetic tests [13,14]. Finally, one report assumes that citizens will endorse targeted treatment strategies and understand that access to conventional treatment may be restricted when no positive effect for the individual's specific genetic profile is documented [18]. (2) Expected to to the Citizens are expected to contribute many different types of data about themselves such as ‘-omics' data and imaging, clinical, environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic data [2,6,7,16,17,21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The following clones were used; 1–1895 (#9: No. 4), 1–1985 (#10: No. 19), Δex24 (#11: No. 17), N + C ΔNLS (#12: No. 4), NuMA-C (#13: No. 5), ΔNLS(5A-3) (#14: No. 4), and RFP-Nano (No. 18). (C) Live fluorescent images of NuMA(1–1985)-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Whereas DHC was recruited to the cell cortex following light-induced NuMA(1–1985)-RFP-Nano targeting in 78. 6% of cells (n = 14), DHC was not detectable in the remaining 21. 4% of cells, in which NuMA(1–1985)-RFP-Nano fusion apparently aggregates at the cell cortex, suggesting that NuMA C-terminal fragment containing MTBD2 is also required to prevent hyper-clustering of NuMA. (D) Live fluorescent images of NuMA(N + C ΔNLS)-RFP-Nano (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). In 77% of cells (n = 13), DHC was recruited to the cell cortex following light-induced targeting of NuMA (N + C ΔNLS)-RFP-Nano, but not in the remaining 23% of the cells. Scale bars = 10 μm. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Clustering of the DDN complex by NuMA is critical for spindle pulling. (A) GFP-tagged NuMA C-terminal fragment and the tested NuMA mutant fragments. (B) Live fluorescent images of nocodazole-arrested HeLa cells expressing GFP-tagged NuMA-C 3A fragments. (C) Amino acid sequence alignment of the clustering domain of NuMA proteins aligned by ClustalWS. Accession numbers are indicated in Figure 4D. (D–E) Left: live fluorescent images of indicated NuMA constructs (upper) and DHC-SNAP (lower). Right: kymographs obtained from image sequences of DHC-SNAP on the left.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to tailor content based on individual student needs. [SEP] Text: Ethical and Privacy ConsiderationsAlthough generative AI in education is exciting, decisions governing its usage need to be made to reconcile with the ethical and the privacy challenges. There are also some complexities that need to be taken into account, such as data protection, no bias in AI generated content and also good governance to make sure that AI is implemented well in educational settings. Besides, the fact that the instructors and the creators who design AI machines to personalize the learning process also assume the responsibility of identifying the possible ethical implications and making sure that the students are not going to be disfavored or discrimination because of the requirement of AI-based materials (Kingma & Ba, 2014). 3. 6. Evaluation and ImpactThe impact of AI in the development of personalized instructional materials is appraised with different parameters such as students’ performance outcomes, level of engagement, and satisfaction with quality of teaching. The role of AI in education is not limited to the teaching process only but it is also evaluated regarding educators’ workload, students’ inclination, and the learning outcomes in general. The calculations of these data give educators the opportunity to check the efficiency of AI created content and make deliberate choices about whether to use it in the educational establishment (LeCun et al. , 2015). 3. 7. Adopting educational strategies of generative AI is beset with numerous challenges like the requirement for proper school infrastructure and trained educators as well as gaining acceptance from various stakeholders. Teachers should also be mindful that AI-generated content forms an integral component of the curriculum and the current teaching procedures (Mikolov et al. , 2013). The best frameworks for integrating AI into education consists of starting with a few AI tools and progressing from there until the teachers are sufficiently experienced, offering training and support for educators, and evaluating the results of AI on students’ outcomes frequently. Largely, by giving solutions to the problems and following suit of the best practices, then educators will be able to tap into the maximum positive sides of AI in crafting individual learning materials (Pennington et al. , 2014). 4. Methodology4. 1. Research DesignThis research scrutinizes the use of a generative AI to build personalized learning content for students. An integrated-data approach will be used, a mixture of both the qualitative and quantitative methods. A survey will be initiated among educators and AI builders to be clear about their experiences and thoughts on the field of AI.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every health condition can be effectively treated with personalized medicine. [SEP] Text: data we reviewed reveal that citizens are expected to adopt a whole range of behaviors and practices considered to be critical for the realization of PM. Citizens are seen as proactive, engaged, educated, responsible, and contributing partners of PM. These knowledgeable, rational, and resourceful citizens not only engage in healthful behaviors by following early prevention strategies, participating in the decision-making process regarding their medical follow-up, and sharing their genetic information with relatives and public health authorities, they also actively contribute to the development of PM by, for instance, providing access to their health data, taking the initiative to produce more data to feed both their own health records and research databases, and participating in public debates to discuss the design and development of PM. Additionally, they actively seek to access more comprehensive information about their health by using the services of direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies and buying technological devices and applications to manage personal health information in real time. These new behaviors and practices represent a radical change in the role of citizens compared with the way citizens traditionally have been involved in their health care. This change echoes recent developments which encourage a move away from the rather paternalistic model, under which citizens are primarily passive recipients of health care, to a participatory model of health care under which citizens are responsible drivers of their health, contributors to the health-care system, and partners sharing decisions with health-care providers [25]. Although PM offers the opportunity for citizens to be more proactive and engaged in their own health care, there are several challenges towards the realization of such citizen engagement as described below. Challenges towards the Realization of in PM Citizens must have sufficient health literacy to be able to actively engage in their health care. However, such literacy is not widespread in the population. As an illustration, a recent comparative study on health literacy in 8 member states reports that nearly every second respondent has limited health literacy and that a majority of respondents find it easier to follow instructions from their health-care provider than to make their own decisions or judgments [26]. Empirical data show that individuals who receive information about their personal genetic risk predisposition often fail to interpret it, either overestimating or minimizing it [27], and may prefer more intuitive, experience-based types of evidence [28].

Output: contrast