Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 04 m per decade occurring over the Canadian Arctic, along the northern Siberian and the Coast and on the Tibetan Plateau. Thinning of ice will increase the risk of potential accidents associated with human outdoor activities and winter road networks on lakes27,28,29. Regional acceleration of lake ice loss and related mechanismsAnomalies of ice duration and annual mean surface air temperature are highly correlated (r value = −0. 8, P value < 0. 001) (Fig. 2a; for more information, refer to 1 and Fig. S2). This correlation also exists in the observations (r value = −0. 47) (Fig. 2b). On average, in the observations, ice duration decreases by 8. 9 days for a 1 °C local warming, and in the model, we find a sensitivity of 9. 9 days for the same period as in observations. The 1-day deviation may be related to a variety of factors, such as biases in the melting processes within the ice module20, or the lack of lake surface morphology changes6. Overall, however, the sensitivity of lake ice to temperature on a global-scale is captured quite well in the model, as further indicated by the inset of Fig. 2b. Our global-scale analysis of the sensitivity of ice phenology to surface warming is also qualitatively consistent with previous studies4,7,30,31,32,33. Whereas natural variability has profound impacts on local ice phenology34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41, our global-scale analysis further highlights the impacts of human-induced warming on lake ice loss and the associated thinning of lake ice cover (r value = −0. 72, Fig. 2c), as indicated by the scatter diagrams (Fig. 2a, c). Fig. 2: Forced versus natural variability in lake ice. a Scatter plot of annual mean air temperature anomaly against ice duration anomaly for individual lakes over the period 1950–2100 (anomalies are calculated relative to the 2000–2020 reference period). The simulation year is represented by dot color. A sample of 100,000 data points presented in this chart is chosen randomly from the total sample of 42,525,000 data points of ice-covered lakes and 90 ensemble members. The marginal plots on the right and top sides are normalized histograms of ice duration and annual mean air temperature, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: It was hypothesized that diet quality would improve during the weight loss program in intervention participants and that a higher diet quality score at 12 weeks would be associated with a greater percentage weight loss. We also hypothesized that the enhanced intervention group receiving specific feedback on dietary intake would have greater improvements in diet quality compared to the basic intervention and control groups. MethodsStudy design and participantsThe prospective RCT recruited overweight and obese adults (n = 309) from the of Wales (NSW), Australia, from October to December 2009 [16]. Participants were randomized to one of three groups for 12 weeks: a wait-list control, or a basic or enhanced web-based weight loss intervention [13, 14, 16]. Inclusion criteria included: aged 18 to 60 years, body mass index (BMI) 25 to 40 kg/m2, had agreed not to participate in other weight loss programs, had passed a health-screening questionnaire [17], were available for in-person assessments and had access to a computer with email and Internet services. Participants were excluded if they were currently pregnant or trying to conceive, had major medical problems or orthopedic problems, had lost ≥4. 5 kg in the previous six months or were taking medications that may affect or be affected by weight loss [14, 16]. The detailed methods have been published elsewhere [16]. of Newcastle’s approved the study protocol (reference number H-2009-0245) and all participants provided written informed consent [16]. InterventionsThe wait-list control group were not given access to the study website, were asked to maintain their usual dietary intake and physical activity habits and refrain from participating in any other weight loss program during the 12-weeks [16]. Participants in the basic and enhanced intervention groups received free access to the study website, a commercial web-based weight loss program ( provided by. The key features of the basic and enhanced programs are detailed elsewhere [16]. Conceptually, the weight loss intervention model was based on social cognitive theory [18], targeting self-efficacy, goal setting and self-monitoring of weight, dietary intake and physical activity levels. MeasuresAll measurements from the primary study are detailed elsewhere [16]. Assessors were blinded to participant group allocation. Participant assessments occurred at baseline and at 12-weeks at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Baseline socio-demographic data were collected by questionnaire.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In some cases, a variety of networks and patterns developed on beds of the same grain size range. We identified dendritic and curvilinear furrow networks on the 4–45 μm bed pit floor (Fig. 4d) while only linear and sinuous patterns resulted from a second experiment of block placement on a 4–45 μm bed (Fig. 4c). Dendritic networks were observed in certain experiments across all grain sizes and these developed almost instantaneously as observed in 2, rather than via a network growth over time. However, furrows detected in our experiments formed via the contact between a ~−80 °C CO2 ice block and substrate which was roughly at room temperature and our incident ice was on a much smaller scale to that which seasonally covers Martian dunes. Our initial conditions were very different to the gradual basal heating of the CO2 ice sheet and consequent ice rupture proposed in the cryoventing model. However, we have demonstrated that dendritic patterns can form in a single cryoventing event, as was proposed for Mars12. Dendritic patterns tended to form when there were few vents, and when vents were furthest apart. We note also that when vents were located directly across from one another at each side of the block, linear and sinuous furrows formed instead. This is consistent with the observation that cryoventing efficacy on Mars is constrained by vent spacing12. We interpret this laboratory observation as an indication that cryoventing is likely to be limited by a pressure gradient. High pressure gas at the centre of the ice/substrate interface will be attracted towards an area of low pressure — such as that provided by a vent. If there is a roughly equal pressure gradient between the block centre and two lateral vents opposite one another, gas will escape at a similar rate towards either side and this will be reflected in the presence of linear or sinuous patterns that extend and connect across the base of the pit floor. We propose that Martian furrow formation and network type may be influenced by a pressure gradient, supplied either by inhomogeneous ice thickness on dune slopes and/or stress locations such as dune brinks. Further work may clarify the extent to which ice thickness and surface topography influence pressure gradients at furrow and dendritic trough locations on Mars.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: The slow retreat of lake ice is related to the moderate surface air temperature change (0. 02 °C per year or lower) in the eastern North Atlantic, related to the expansive “warming hole” due to the slowdown of (AMOC) in the CESM2-LE23 (Supplementary Fig. S5). To better understand the spatial heterogeneity of lake ice trends, we focus on the seasonal evolution of lake ice indicators and their drivers. In the Canadian Arctic, northern Siberia and the surroundings, polar amplification is mostly a cold-season phenomenon42, which can be related to the projected sea-ice loss in the. Model simulations and reanalysis data reveal that the enhanced polar warming over sea-ice areas in cold season can be explained by the so-called “heat capacitor” feedback42: the opening of sea ice in summertime leads to the absorption of anomalous heat by the ocean. In wintertime, the excess heat can reduce sea-ice coverage (Fig. 3, first row) which in turn generates large heat fluxes from the warmer ocean to the highly stratified winter atmosphere. The atmospheric heating spreads further to neighboring land areas, where it can influence lake ice, peaking about three months later (Fig. 3, second row and Fig. 4a), and in accordance with the temperature/lake ice sensitivity relationship (Fig. 2a, c). This effect is most pronounced over the Canadian Arctic, parts of northern Siberia, and the surroundings. Our analysis reveals a clear link between sea-ice loss and Arctic land lake ice loss (Fig. 3). Fig. 3: Drivers of lake ice loss. Seasonal linear trend of Arctic sea-ice concentration (first left column, unit: %/year) and surface air temperature changes (second column, unit: °C/year) in 2000–2100. Changes (climatological mean of 2080–2100 minus climatological mean of 2000–2020) of lake surface albedo (third column) and absorbed shortwave radiation (fourth column, unit: W/m2) by the lake due to ice loss. All analyses are performed on the ensemble mean fields. and SON denote the seasonal means from December to February, March to May, June to August, and September to November, respectively. This analysis is based on the full set of 60 ensemble members for which appropriate output is available (see “Methods”). Full size imageFig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of overweight/obese adults (n = 289) randomized in a commercial web-based weight loss intervention a Full size table ARFS at baselineThe baseline ARFS and subscales, and daily energy and macronutrient intake, are reported by group in Table 2. Energy and macronutrient intake at baseline did not differ between study groups. Also, no significant differences were found between the study groups for ARFS or any subscales. The mean ARFS for all participants at baseline was 33. 4 ± 9. 7 (range 3 to 56) out of a maximum possible score of 73. Only 3. 8% (n = 11) achieved an ARFS score ≥50, with 28% (n = 81) obtaining a score ≥40. Table 2 Baseline and 12-week change in weight, energy, macronutrient, and diet quality scores in overweight/obese adults (n = 289) Full size table Differences in ARFS change from baseline to 12 weeks between groupsThe enhanced and basic groups (-3. 0 ± 4. 0 kg or -3. 3% and -2. 2 ± 3. 4 kg or -2. 3%, respectively) lost significantly more weight than the control group (0. 4 ± 2. 4 kg or 0. 4% P < 0. 001) with no difference between the enhanced and basic groups (Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in change in total energy intake, protein, carbohydrate, fat or saturated fat as a percentage of total energy, or fiber intake (Table 2). The mean change in ARFS in the enhanced group (2. 2 ± 5. 7) was significantly greater (P = 0. 03) than the control group whereas there was no difference between the basic and control groups. Change from baseline was not significantly different between the study groups for the ARFS subscales (Table 2). Within group changes in ARFS from baseline to 12 weeksAspects of diet quality improved within each study group from baseline to 12 weeks (Table 3). The ARFS (t(3. 9), P < 0. 001), and the fruit (t(2. 4), P = 0. 02), meat (t(4. 3) P < 0. 001), wholegrain (t(2. 3), P = 0. 02), and water (t(3. 9), P < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Impact and FormationIn addition to primary pit formation, the cases where a block was slid onto grains of 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm revealed two additional pit types (Fig. 3b,c,e). These instances involved very different fluid dynamics to those observed in all other cases. Grain mobilisation induced by increased thermal contact between ice surface area and the warmer granular material, enabled the block to move downward, and the bed appeared fluidised (Supplementary movie 3). This process lasted ~1 minute in each case before the block was observed to submerge fully within the granular bed. CO2 gas jets escaped from the subsurface (Supplementary movie 3), excavating the material in the space surrounding their path and providing room for adjacent material to sink, forming collapsed pits (Fig. 3e). These endogenic pits were characterised by concentric tensional fissures and did not have raised rims. Finally, a third pit type was observed to form via the return of jetted sediment to the steady bed surface. These impact pits (Fig. 3b,c) were smaller in diameter than the primary pit and varied little in size (up to 6 mm in diameter, to below our measurement accuracy). Some occurred in strings and all possessed raised rims, suggesting surface material was ejected in their formation. Following the cessation of sublimation, impact pits were ubiquitous across the primary pit, levées and surrounding bed surface (Fig. 6). Figure 6Conceptual model of 3 pit formation modes. (a) Block is slid onto grains (beige), increasing thermal contact. (b) Grains are mobilised on top of the block via escaping pressurised gas, increasing CO2 ice exposure to the Leidenfrost Effect. (c) Block submerges; gas jets escape and surface material sinks forming collapsed pits. (d) Impact pits form by substrate return via fluid instability such as inelastic collapse of gas jets or granular clustering within jets; returned grains impact the surface forming shallow, rimmed impact pits. (e) 3 resultant pit morphologies; primary pit, collapsed pits, impact pits (within main pit and surrounding bed surface) and cracks. (f) Legend. Full size image in Proctor, Russell and Matara CratersFor morphometric measurements, we surveyed 60 primary terminal pits on megadune and 135 primary terminal pits at 13 sites in Proctor Crater.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 4: Main drivers of projected lake ice changes. Average of monthly linear trend of surface air temperature, anomaly of lake surface albedo, and anomaly of absorbed shortwave radiation due to ice loss in the Arctic and Subarctic (a) and in the (b), respectively. The violin diagram illustrates the kernel probability density of ensemble members, and the solid line represents the ensemble mean. c Schematic of thermodynamic drivers of future lake ice decline. Blue-red arrows represent net surface heat fluxes. Red shading in the Arctic Ocean, and in lakes indicates autumn and winter-time heat storage. Dark (light) red shading over land indicates intensified (weaker) warming due to polar amplification processes. Lakes in the are influenced strongly by sea-ice retreat and winter-time warming over the and the Hudson Bay. Rapid lake ice retreat over the is amplified by a very large bi-seasonal lake ice-albedo feedback due to high incoming solar radiation. The background map is highly idealized. Full size imageAnother important feedback for lake ice loss south of the is the ice-albedo feedback. Due to future ice loss and reduced surface albedo, lakes will absorb more shortwave radiation (Fig. 3, fourth column) in the extended ice-free season. This effect is particularly strong over the Tibetan Plateau, where lake ice loss and strong mean insolation in autumn lead to a delayed onset of ice growth and absorption of anomalous heat by the lake water body (Fig. 3, fourth row). The excess heat can reduce ice cover in winter, therefore leading to the advancement of ice melting, which in turn triggers a positive feedback in spring. In addition, although future changes of lake ice albedo in springtime in the are similar to those in the Canadian Arctic, the excess of absorbed solar radiation due to ice loss is much larger over the (~20–30 W/m2 in spring and 14 W/m2 in the annual mean) in comparison with northern Canada (Fig. 4a, b). The reason can be attributed to the fact that the climatological mean solar radiation in spring is weak in the high latitudes, but much stronger over the Tibetan Plateau. The overall processes, including both “heat capacitor” feedback and “ice-albedo” feedback, are summarized schematically in Fig. 4c.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 001) subscales improved significantly from baseline in the enhanced group. The total ARFS did not change significantly in the basic or control group, but the meat (t(2. 0) and t(2. 5), <0. 05) and water (t(3. 3) and t(2. 8), P ≤ 0. 01) subscales increased significantly. Table 3 Paired t-test results for change in diet quality scores from baseline to 12-weeks within study groups of overweight/obese adults (n = 289) randomized to a wait-list control, basic or enhanced version of a commercial web-based weight loss intervention Full size table Relationship between diet quality score and weight loss at 12 weeksThe results of the multiple linear regression models are shown in Table 4. In the total sample (n = 289), improvements in the ARFS and the fruit, meat, wholegrain, dairy and water subscale scores at 12 weeks were significantly associated with greater percentage weight loss. Further, we can estimate that weight loss increased by an average 0. 1% when the ARFS increased by one point. Table 4 The relationship between diet quality score and percentage weight loss of overweight/obese adults (n = 289) Full size table DiscussionThe primary aim of this study was to compare changes in diet quality in an online RCT with two online treatment arms of varying intensity during a 12-week web-based weight loss program. A secondary aim was to determine whether there was an association between diet quality score at 12 weeks and percentage weight loss. The change in overall diet quality in the enhanced group was significantly greater than the control group. However, there were no significant differences between the enhanced and basic, or basic and control groups. Importantly, improvements in diet quality scores were associated with a greater percentage weight loss, regardless of treatment group. No significant differences were found in change in ARFS subscales from baseline to 12 weeks between study groups, however two ARFS subscales improved significantly within all study groups over this time. Improvements in the fruit, meat, wholegrain and water subscales were seen in the enhanced group, while the meat and water subscales improved in both the basic and control groups. There was no improvement in the vegetable subscale. It was hypothesized that improvements in diet quality in the enhanced group would be due to the increased variety in fruit and vegetables, as a result of the additional feedback the group received regarding consumption of these foods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: This preliminary study was carried out purely to demonstrate an initial trend that may help us to assess our laboratory data in the context of Martian dunes and is not intended as an exhaustive survey of Martian linear gully pits. All terminal pits were characterised by a roughly circular depression surrounded by circular levées, were shallow (<1 m–2. 5 m) and varied greatly in diameter, from <1 m to as much as 19 m. Pits were generally wider than their accompanying channels. This is consistent with our laboratory observations that pits were wider in diameter than the sublimating blocks which formed them. We propose that blocks translating down-slope do so quite rapidly and so the width of the channel carved corresponds with block width, while the stationary block may sublimate at the terminus, eroding and transporting material for longer at the site. Crater, the average primary terminal pit width was 3. 2 ± 0. 5 m and the majority of pits (83. 7% of those sampled) were less than 4 m in diameter, with the minimum pit diameter being 1. 4 m. The remaining 16. 3% of pits were between 4 m and 8 m in diameter (maximum 7. 4 m in diameter). Only 16 terminal pits were deeper than the vertical uncertainty of 1. 08 m on the DTM used. The aspect ratios of terminal pits ranged between 0. 8 and 1. 7. Crater terminal pits are larger. Only 11. 7% of terminal pits sampled were 4 m or less in diameter, while 46. 7% of terminal pits were between 4 and 8 m in diameter and 41. 6% were between 8 m and 19 m in diameter. The minimum primary terminal pit width on megadune was 2. 7 m and the maximum primary terminal pit width was 18. 6 m. Only 3 primary terminal pits were deeper than the upper limit vertical uncertainty of 1. 7 m on the DTM, and for these we determined an aspect ratio range between 3. 6 and 8. 3. Detached pits on megadune of average diameter 2. 5 m were found predominantly in the vicinity of the largest primary terminal pits. Other large primary terminal pits were not accompanied by detached pits. However, these particular linear gullies indicated higher probability of block energy loss such as high sinuosity and lateral small channels. These activities may have slowed blocks down or broken them up before reaching the termini.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: In accordance with our projection of 38 ± 11 days reduction in ice duration by the end of this century, a recent study50 projected a prolongation by 33 ± 12 days of lake stratification of the under a similarly high emissions scenario (RCP 8. 5). Our CESM2-LE simulations show that the first anthropogenic deviation from the natural ice phenology range occurred already between 1980–1990 (Fig. 5b), after which lake ice loss rates are the fastest in terms of ice duration over the last century in both simulations (Supplementary Fig. S7b) and continuous observations from 30 lakes in the Northern Hemisphere16. In comparison, ice loss rates were insignificant in the first half of 20th century when the impact of anthropogenic forcings was minimal (Supplementary Fig. S7a). The time when the trends become inconsistent with the natural ice phenology range corresponds to a breakpoint identified in phytoplankton assemblages in Arctic and Subarctic lakes51,52,53,54. Changes in phytoplankton assemblages have been attributed recently to the loss of lake ice in these regions17,49,51,54,55,56,57, which led to extended growing seasons, habitat expansion, increased light and nutrient availability. Moreover, some of these observed recent changes in the aquatic biology of high Arctic lakes have been unprecedented with respect to the past 300 years58, or even 200,000 years, when considering longer-term paleo reconstructions59. The projected rapid decline of lake ice over the next 80 years will adversely impact lake ecosystems. We demonstrate here that the lake ice in many regions has already started to move out of its natural envelope, with no-analog situations developing in some regions within the next 4–5 decades under the SSP3-7. 0 emission pathway. Although our simulations have been conducted under one emission pathway, they are of more general value for assessing the emergence of no-analog conditions against overall warming levels (relative to the climatological mean of 1850–1950, Fig. 5). Our results indicate no-analog conditions start to emerge under global warming of 1. 9 °C (Fig. 5c). This work underscores the elevated risk of adverse ecological consequences under sustained high anthropogenic emissions over the 21st century. To avoid emergent and unprecedented changes in lake ice phenology, it is essential to keep global mean surface temperatures below 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Similar results were found in Webber & Lee’s (2011) study, where the increase in fruit score was significant (P < 0. 05) and the increase in vegetable score was not [23]. A study by Booth et al. (2008) suggested that different food types might have different adjustment periods. For example, improvement in fruit intake can be achieved fairly quickly, compared to an increase in vegetable intake which may require a longer time period to achieve [24]. This suggests that vegetable intake may be more difficult to improve in a 12-week study. Additional strategies other than feedback may be required to improve the variety of vegetable intake. The present study found that higher diet quality scores at 12 weeks were associated with greater percentage weight loss (as diet quality scores increased, percentage weight loss increased). This is important, as previous studies examining the relationship between diet quality and weight change have primarily focused on weight gain [25–27]. Also, a focus on improvement in diet quality can be incorporated within dietary intervention goals. Our findings are consistent with the study by Webber & Lee (2011), which found that participants with a weight loss of ≥5% had a significantly greater improvement in diet quality score compared to those with <5% weight loss [23]. From the current study findings, weight loss increased by an average of 1% of body weight when the ARFS increased by ten points (or 0. 1% for each one point increase). In simplified terms, an increase of one ARFS point equates to consuming one new/different food at least once per week. Also we demonstrated for some ARFS sub-scales (e. g. meat, wholegrain and water) that a one-point increase in score increased weight loss (0. 7% meat, 0. 4% wholegrain and 1. 7% water). At a population level, a 0. 1% decrease in weight may be important. We have demonstrated that an enhanced web-based weight loss intervention can significantly improve diet quality (i. e. mean increase in ARFS of 2. 2 in 12 weeks). Therefore, further investigation of dietary and/or weight loss interventions that can be implemented at the population level to improve diet quality are warranted. Analysis of the association between ARFS subscales at 12-weeks and percentage weight loss found several significant positive associations, including fruit, meat, wholegrain, dairy and water subscales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: We observed a trend in detached pit data (Fig. 5a), which suggests that the abundance of these multiple detached pits at linear gully termini increases with the surface area of the newest/widened terminal pit. Should terminal pits be formed via the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks, the data suggest that a greater block size (and hence greater surface area exposed to sublimation) produces more detached pits. This is in agreement with our laboratory observations that “detached” impact pits formed on finer grain sizes when a greater amount of CO2 ice surface area was undergoing the initial rapid sublimation dynamics of the Leidenfrost Effect, allowing it to burrow. We hypothesise that the impact pits observed in the laboratory were formed through a clustering27 instability in the granular jets (Fig. 6). This lends credence to our hypothesis that the multiple detached pits surrounding many Martian linear gully terminal pits (Fig. 2a–d) may be formed by a similar mechanism involving granular jets. We reason that at linear gully termini, the sublimating CO2 may become unstable as blocks reach a terminal velocity (and greater drag force) at the lower dune slipface, which is reflected in the confinement of these detached pits to the lower ~200 m of the channel vicinity (Fig. 2a–d). Granular clusters may become entrained within sublimating CO2 gas jets as the block sublimates. We propose that these are splayed out radially from the terminal pit to form smaller, shallower detached pits upon return impact to the sandy surface, in a similar manner to the mechanism by which impact pits were observed to form in our laboratory experiments (Supplementary movie 4). However, our laboratory experiments required jetting of an endogenic origin which resulted in terraced collapsed pits seen in Fig. 3e. Similar morphologies have yet to be identified on Mars, but it is possible that inset pits seen inside terminal pits may denote locations where blocks have burrowed beneath the surface. Alternatively, inset pits could indicate new, inner paths of blocks within pre-existing channels. However, the ratio of collapsed to impact pits in our laboratory experiments ranged from 5. 3–10 and the ratios of inset pits to smallest detached pits in ranged from 4. 3–8. 1 and so certainly for the smaller detached pits in this setting, our proposed process is plausible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 1: The melting polar ice æ, Bachelor program in physiotherapy, Institute for Health and of Norway. ‘The melting polar ice’ throws the reader right in the middle of what feels like a great voyage and great adventure. Ongoing global environmental degradation has dramatically increased the melting of permafrost and polar ice caps with troublesome effects for life and health all around. There is a sense of anxiety that comes with recognising the responsibilities with becoming a healthcare professional today, but also a newfound courage in taking them on. In the midst of all these troubles, hope wells up as awareness leads to action and collaboration across any conceivable boundary. Innovative technologies, indigenous leadership and healthcare professionals come together to work towards fantastic solutions with benefits for people and planet alike. Quite powerfully, ‘The melting polar ice’ expresses the sense of purpose that comes with working toward long-term visions and care for the future, working not only for the present, but also the health of future generations that depend on a healthy environment. Enjoy the ride. The silence has finally subsided, both over the ship and the sea. After the thunderous roars of the night’s storm, it is as if someone has turned down the volume to the lowest level. The rumble of running legs down the hallways, the clinking of glass in cupboards, and the clicking of locked doors, it feels so far away. I marvel every morning at how great the contrasts are from the storms of the nights to the quiet, immovable world of the days. In the mornings it is just as if the corridors have never seen or heard a human being, and if a tired soul stumbles through the corridors of their cabin, the steps are absorbed by the walls. And if that exhausted soul looked out of the window before collapsing on the bed, the mirror-bright sea would sparkle back a glorious morning greeting that would make anyone believe that misery did not exist on earth. But we all know that is not true. For it is precisely the fact that being able to see the blue sea wherever you turn, as far north as we are now, that is one of the reasons for the misery of today’s many societies. The storms that appear every night are, among other things, a consequence of the endless blue. I often think about how it was in the past.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This suggests that as participants consumed a greater variety of foods from within the fruit, meat, wholegrain, dairy or water sub-scales on a regular basis (i. e. ≥ once per week) the amount of weight loss increases, independent to their total energy intake. For example, they may have increased their intake of breakfast cereals, oats, rice, wholegrain bread, noodles or pasta to ≥ once per week each to increase their score in the wholegrain subscale. Several studies have found higher intakes of these foods are associated with weight loss [28–39]. However, these studies usually measure quantity rather than variety of consumption. Studies found that higher intakes of fruit, protein and high-fiber breads and cereals were associated with greater weight loss [28–30, 39]. Higher intakes of fruit and wholegrain were also shown to be a significant predictor of weight loss [31, 32]. Several studies suggest there is an association between higher dairy intake and greater weight loss [33–35, 38], however some studies are inconclusive [35, 40] and others have found that high intakes of dairy to lead to weight gain [41, 42]. Studies have also shown that increasing water consumption during weight loss interventions can lead to greater weight loss [43, 44]. Therefore, it may be effective to focus on these particular food groups during weight loss interventions to facilitate greater weight loss. Further studies examining the association between these food groups, in the context of diet quality and weight loss during weight loss interventions are needed to support these findings. Consumption of a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods, thereby improving diet quality, may lead to greater weight loss. Using a brief tool such as the ARFS to measure diet quality would carry a lower respondent burden than completing an FFQ. Diet quality tools only include foods that are consistent with national dietary guidelines, so have a smaller number of items than an FFQ, and fewer frequency categories [15]. A limitation of this study is the use of a self-reported tool to assess dietary intake. There is also potential bias from the training effect of the FFQ and under-reporting, common among overweight and obese individuals [45, 46]. In addition, participation in the intervention may have influenced dietary recall, making participants more aware of their eating patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: A detailed numerical mode of jetting activity under Martian conditions would allow us to understand the effect of scaling on the proposed process. In one instance, a high albedo block was measured within a pit on megadune (Fig. 2a) during MY 30, which disappeared the following year and hence was likely to be CO2 10. The pit was observed to widen by 2. 1 m in MY 31 during the disappearance of the block. We measured the block in MY 30 to be 2. 4 m wide, giving a pit to block widening factor of 0. 9. This is consistent with the degree to which we observed pits to erode in the laboratory setting. The pit to block width ratio observed in our laboratory experiments ranged from 1. 08 to 1. 72. Considering a horizontal uncertainty in this HiRISE image of 0. 25 cm/pixel, this observed pit widening by a high albedo block is consistent with a CO2 block hypothesis. Considering our scaling arguments, it is likely that the high albedo object was a CO2 block which eroded its surroundings to widen a pre-existing pit. The wide variation in aspect ratio found at both locations is consistent with a dry ice block hypothesis. The blocks that naturally fall from over steepened cornices or steep alcove walls will have a range of sizes and will not be symmetric, thus they will form a wide variety of pit dimensions. Considering the average grain size range reported for the Bagnold dunes on Mars (200–300 μm)32, we used the values in Table 1 and our calculated scale factor of 0. 61 (see Experimental Scaling) to estimate the block sizes needed to form our range of pits. Using our upper grain size ranges of 75–150 μm and 160–212 μm, we estimate that the block sizes needed to form the pits we have surveyed range from 1. 2 m–6. 5 m in and 2. 4 m–16. 3 m in Russell Crater. High albedo blocks of dimensions between 1. 6 and 6 m have been measured in our survey of Russell Crater, however larger blocks have yet to be identified. The lower range of normalised pit to block width ratios is consistent with dimensions we have observed on Mars using HiRISE images in which high albedo blocks have been identified in linear gully channels in Matara Crater21 and in channels and pits in Russell Crater10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Third, provided it is we humans who are the underlying cause, how rapid is the change and, based on that, how much time do we have to adjust to avoid serious consequences? We cannot delve deeply enough here to have a nuanced discussion of the science of climate change. Rather, we seek to stake our position prior to exploring in much more detail the possible role of nuclear power for slowing climate change. If the reader is, at this point, in need of convincing that climate change is real, anthropogenic and poses consequences within decades, we suggest they seek out that literature and digest it prior to reading this book (1995; Trenberth & Cheng, 2022). We consider first the melting ice. While ice melt is not as scientifically rigorous as modeling, it has a couple of advantages. First, it is highly visible which makes it more compelling than numbers on a page or even a very clear graph. Second, while there are complexities to the processes by which climate change melts ice, the melting itself is a legitimate measure of integrated changes in temperature of air and water. Also melting ice is a more stable indicator than the weather which varies so much day to day and season to season. (Sengupta, 2023). A key figure in documenting the melting ice is the underappreciated work of Bruce Molnia. After 42 years of service to the US Geological Survey, Dr. Molnia retired in 2019 from his position as Advisor for Applications in the Applications Center. The core of his research career was studying the glaciers of Alaska. The title of his 2007 solo authored paper, “Late nineteenth to early twenty-first century behavior of Alaskan glaciers as indicators of changing regional climate”, explains why his research focus helped give climate change physical manifestations. Changes, specifically “retreat”, what we might commonly think of as melting, of glaciers was one of the earliest tangible signs of climate change. In 1999 US Secretary of the Babbit asked Molnia to find “unequivocal” evidence of climate change. Molnia’s paired photographs of glaciers in the past and present were his answer (Fig. 1. 1; Molnia, 2007). Fig. 1. 1Two pairs of photographs showing how the glaciers changed over time. (a) Toboggan Glacier, June 29, 1909; and (b) on September 4, 2000.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Another limitation is the potential low sensitivity for scoring given that having a recommended food once per week adds one point to the total score in the same way as having the same food three or more times per week [15]. Moreover, the ARFS does not reflect energy-dense nutrient-poor foods. However, the FFQ and the ARFS are both validated reliable tools to assess dietary intakes in Australian adults [19]. Another limitation is in respect to generalizability. The study sample included a higher proportion of high-income earners (those with a weekly household income > AUS$1500 were regarded as having ‘high incomes’ at baseline [47]), university educated individuals, and those born in Australia, compared to the Australian population. Therefore, the results may not be applicable to other ethnic groups and those of lower-socioeconomic status. However, the study recruited almost equal proportions of male and females, which is unique, as the majority of weight loss trials recruit predominantly females [48]. Also, this was a secondary analysis of an RCT powered to detect differences in BMI change between groups. Therefore, the magnitude and significance of the difference between the groups of the measures in this analysis may have been limited by the sample size. Consequently, additional investigation is required with a larger sample size, powered to detect a significant difference in diet quality. The main strength of the study is that this is only the second study to explore changes in diet quality as a result of participating in a weight loss intervention. Additional strengths include the RCT design and use of ITT analysis using BOCF. ConclusionsSignificant improvements in diet quality were detected in the enhanced intervention group, from baseline to 12 weeks, compared to control. In addition, higher diet quality scores at 12 weeks were associated with greater percentage weight loss. However, despite improvements, diet quality scores remained low in the enhanced group. This study highlights the importance of addressing diet quality in weight loss interventions and that a brief diet tool can be applied to measure diet quality as part of a weight loss intervention. The scoring method of a diet quality index suggests it is a simple tool to evaluate diet in the context of weight loss and identify areas for improvement. 814. 2010. 2010, Canberra: AIHW 602. NHMRC: Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, Adolescents and Children. Guidelines for Health Professionals. Draft. 2012, Canberra: Council 2107. 359. 120.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The ratio of channel width to block width in ranges from 1. 9 to 1. 1 and in Russell Crater, observed ratios were 1. 7 to 2. 0. Allowing for measurement uncertainty of one pixel width (0. 25 m), these values fall within our estimated range of 1. 08–1. 72. Although these channels have clearly been eroded prior to the observations of these blocks within them, we can speculate that blocks of similar size to those observed eroded them. Should further data be collected on block sizes at these locations, our laboratory data can be drawn upon to assess whether pit dimensions in the locality are likely to be formed by these CO2 ice blocks and perhaps, by how much pit dimensions might grow seasonally. ConclusionOur experiments suggest that furrows and pits can be formed by the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks. The differences in temperature, atmospheric density and pressure, and gravity can be accounted for in a scaling analysis by using different sized grains, but the difference in scale cannot easily be dealt with, thus though our evidence is suggestive it is not conclusive. The CO2 block hypothesis21 is the only current hypothesis that can explain present-day linear gully pit formation. We have shown that stationary sublimating CO2 ice blocks in contact with porous, mobile material are capable of transporting sediment to form primary pits and surrounding levées. Our scaling arguments and morphological observations suggest that primary pits may be analogous with Martian primary terminal pits in Russell, Matara and Proctor Craters. In particular, our observation of a high albedo block within a terminal pit and subsequent widening consistent with the ratios predicted from our laboratory data, suggest that linear gully pits may be formed and widened by CO2 blocks. Additionally, we have observed that collapsed pits and detached impact pits; two ancillary pit types, can form by sublimating CO2 ice blocks and subsurface jetting. We have presented a new hypothesis for detached pit formation at linear gully termini. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed relationship between terminal pit area and number of associated new detached pits forming seasonally in Russell and and is supported by the laboratory observation that jetting activity can result in impact pits. Further work is required to appropriately address size scaling, and a detailed numerical model may give further insight.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Both were taken from the same location in Harriman Fiord, Sound. (c) and Preserve, August 13, 1941, by William O. Field, and (d) August 31, 2004, by Sidney Paige. There is no vegetation in the 1941 photograph. The photographs document the significant retreat of the glaciers over many decades. (Reproduced with permission from Molnia, 2007)Full size imageThe science underlying glacier melting is not simple because there are other factors besides climate warming at play. However, in most cases it appears that glacier retreat is, indeed, secondary to climate change. There are a few cases of glaciers that are expanding, but that is rare and explained by the peculiar circumstances of those glaciers. In fact, it is possible to think of the glaciers as the canary in the coal mine, because they, like the birds that miners took with them into mine shafts, are early indicators of the physical effects of rising temperatures. Unlike the polar ice sheets, which are massive, the glaciers are comparatively small and often adjacent to warmer regions of the globe. Thus, their melting is more readily apparent. The melting of glaciers integrates the effects of warming directly into visible changes, an advantage over statistical models that are complex and not so easily rendered in easily understood images. Despite being less visible and in some ways less dramatic, in the same timeframe that Molina was documenting the conversion of glacial termini into lakes, warming trends had also begun to eat away at the most vulnerable edges of sea ice in Antarctica. Between 1995 and 2002, large sections of the collapsed (Fig. 1. 2; NASA Observatory, 2002) Not long after, the Shelf also began to deteriorate. Both are on the Antarctica peninsula, the most exposed and vulnerable ice on the continent. Fig. 1. 2Collapse of the on the from January to April 2002. The shelf is sea ice so more vulnerable to warming than ice on land. Also, because it is sea ice, it does not add to sea level rise. (Reproduced from NASA Observatory, 2002)Full size imageThere is yet another massive storage of ice that is more difficult to see than the glaciers and polar ice. This is the permafrost, essentially, frozen ground.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Ther 2017, Vol 2(3): 125 DOI: 10. 4172/2473-6449. 1000125 of Gaining and Fat-Loss through Exercise and Ahmadzadeh Mahmoud*Faculty of Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Iran *Corresponding Author: Ahmadzadeh Mahmoud, Exercise Physiology, Faculty of sport science, University of Tabriz, Iran, Tel: +989382138861, Email: Spaniol_man@yahoo. com Received: 02-Aug-2017 Accepted Date: 29-Aug-2017 Published Date: 08-Sep-2017 DOI: 10. 4172/2473-6449. 1000125 Abstract Nowadays, weight loss, weight-gaining programs and diet plans separately are being prescribed by exercise physiologists and dieticians to fill the non-drug treatment gaps for diabetics. From the perspective of exercise science, there are barriers to achieve these results because of the specificity of exercise plan for clinical conditions specially for diabetics. The aim of present case-study report was to develop a well-established exercise plan for diabetics to achieve their non-diabetic range through performing such exercise programs under their exercise physiologists. The novelty of exercise plan is the key in solving the diabetics non-drug treatment. In present study, a 39-year-old diabetic male with 113 kg weight participated in a 2-month exercise plan. Exercise plan included sessions in which there were 3 sections. First section was warm-up and second section consisted of weight training specific to diabetics (low weight – high repetitions). Diet plan was based on 2000 calories a day (restricted sugar and higher glycemic foods). Before and after the end of plan, Sugar (mg. DL-1), Cholesterol skinfold (mg. DL-1), Triglyceride skinfold, (%) (mg DL-1) skinfold sites were measured. After performing 2-month programme, all values of factors were lower than before and all in normal range. Clinically this diabetic adult was changed into a non-diabetic person with normal range of risk factors. Conclusion of present study is to introduce a novel and wellestablished exercise plan for diabetics and a non-drug treatment to achieve their health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Cryoventing is the only hypothesis that has been offered for sand furrows on Mars, but prior to this study there has been no physical evidence that a pressurised gas layer at a CO2 ice and sandy interface can form the complex patterns similar to those observed on Martian dunes. Our results suggest that sublimating CO2 generates gas flows sufficiently powerful to mobilise grains on top of the incident ice and add to the granular sheet via venting — a process which is hypothesised to form the dark fans accompanying sand furrows12. We have shown for the first time, that a range of furrow morphologies can form by escaping pressurised gas at the interface between a granular surface and a CO2 ice overburden, and that furrow pattern type is independent from the grain size distribution (within our grain size range) of the material into which it is eroded. The data suggest that cryoventing efficacy and furrow pattern type are limited by a pressure gradient provided by vent spacing. Additional data is required to assess the role of ice thickness and vent geometry in furrow formation. Our study has delivered for the first time, physical evidence that (1) linear gully pits and (2) furrows; both active features observed to fade, extend and form in the contemporary Martian climate, may be forming via the action of sublimating CO2 ice. 2. Journal of 82, 4341–4349, (1977). 10. 1126/science. 153. 3732. 136 (1966). 10. 1029/2003JE002223 (2004). ADS 10. 1002/2015JE004909 (2015). 10. 1126/science. 1066556 (2001). 10. 1029/2000JE001455 (2001). 10. 1029/2002JE002007 (2003). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2009. 07. 021 (2010). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2012. 04. 005 (2012). 10. 1038/nature04945 (2006). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 007 (2017). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 039 (2017). 10. 1029/2012GL052226 (2012). 10. 1029/2009GL042192 (2010). ADS 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Permafrost is found mostly in the arctic, but also at high elevations, notably the in which is sometimes called the “Third Pole” because of its smaller, but still considerable, ice content. As permafrost melts it has revealed ancient remains of animals and plants that have been preserved in a frozen state for millennia (Fig. 1. 3; Plotnikov, 2020). Fig. 1. 3A photograph of a largely preserved carcass of a woolly rhino that emerged from the melting permafrost in August 2020 in Yakutia, Russia. (Reprinted with permission from the (Plotnikov, 2020))Full size imageTemperatures are rising faster in the arctic than at the largely because the extensive cover of white ice reflects sunlight back before it is absorbed and warms the surface. Counter intuitively, ice is melting faster at the Third Pole, in part because the Arctic has boreal forests and moss coverage that the does not. As the ground ice melts it releases methane and carbon dioxide. An estimate of the amount of organic carbon in soil in the is 1700 Pg, about the same amount as the water in Lake Ontario. The melting of the permafrost creates a positive feedback loop in which more melting releases more carbon into the atmosphere, driving further increase in temperatures and then more warming of ground ice and more release of carbon. (Nisbet et al. , 2023). Sometime in the fall of 2013 a massive cylindrical crater formed in the Siberian permafrost. Scientists flew out from Moscow to examine this new feature in the earth and observed that it, and others found subsequently, were formed suddenly by violent explosions that thrust soil and ice hundreds of meters. There were signs of burning at the remaining edges of the craters. (Gray, 2020). It is now established that these craters are created by blasts of methane gas. It appears that a warmer climate is releasing trapped methane in the frozen ground that builds up and forms a mound. After the pressure in the mound becomes too great, it is released in a blast that leaves a cylindrical crater, almost as if a round cookie cutter had excised a piece of the earth (Fig. 1. 4; Pushkarev, 2014). Fig. 1. 4This picture is of a crater in north-west Siberia on the that is 164 feet-deep (50 m).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: The specificity of exercise plan is muscle groups weight training with specific loads and repetitions and diet plan with restricted sugar and high glycemic foods based on 2000 calories a day. Also there needs several researches to be assured such training methods have similar results among other clinically diabetics for both males and females. in order to lose weight, there are many people who tend to achieve their goals in a short period of time. Among the various types of treatments and plans for fat-loss, undoubtedly scientific methods in sport science field are valuable and reliable [1,2]. Exercise physiologists may face clients who are looking for fat-loss and weightgain programme. As we know, there is no shortcut for losing weight and weight gaining. Always, exercise physiologists are attempting to convince their clients with scientific reasons. Here, current paper is aimed to open a new window for those who have time-consuming plans for losing fat and weight and weight gaining process [3,4]. All the clients want to lose their fats as their bodies become muscular and are getting in good shape. The common strategy for trainers and exercise physiologists is to prescribe a monthly schedule for weight loss and fat burning workouts, then to put a weight gain programme afterwards. The problem here is the physiological understanding of this time consuming programme. The case study described in this paper shows the easier plan and strategy for achieving these two goals simultaneously. Human body is a complicated system that is capable of taking several commands at the same time. This organized system is the key for establishing two different types of exercise programs beside the combined diet (changing body composition) [5]. Population of Diabetics is incredibly increasing and the burden of disease also puts too much pressure on diabetic’s family members. Diabetic muscles do not respond to blood glucose as a source of energy. Without health care and physical activity plan, after a period of time, the susceptible organs are attacked and diabetes results in liver and heart attack, kidney failure, blindness, chronic pain and amputations. Exercise activity treatment along with drugs prescribed for diabetics has been demonstrated to be a part of treatment plan. Through contracting muscle groups during an exercise programme, muscles begin to produce Gluts (Glucose Transporters). are glucose transporters [6-8]. In fact, these Gluts (specially Glut 4) are Insulin-to direct blood glucose into muscle cells. Post exercise condition continues to direct blood glucose into muscle cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: 04. 006 (2013). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 03. 024 (2016). 10. 1038/ngeo2619 (2016). 10. 1016/0017-9310(66)90111-6 (1966). 10. 1038/nature08115 (2009). 10. 1029/2007JE003000 (2008). 10. 1002/2015JE004992 (2016). 10. 1002/2014JE004735 (2015). 10. 1029/2010GL044743. L20203 (2010). Bridges, N. T. et al. Investigation of the Bagnold dunes by the Curiosity rover: Overview of initial results from the first study of an active dune field on another planet. Conference, vol. 47, 2298 (2016). Westoby, M. , Brasington, J. , Glasser, N. , Hambrey, M. & Reynolds, J. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications. Geomorphology 179, 300–314, (2012). 10. 1029/2009JE003540 (2010). 8892. We thank two anonymous reviewers for dedicating their time to help us to enhance this paper. We are indebted in particular to S. Sutton for sharing her expertise on HiRISE image and DTM uncertainty estimates. We thank S. Diniega, P. Becerra and S. J. Conway for insightful discussions. We thank E. Dunne, K. Ryan, P. Veale, M. Harris and the Dept. of Civil, Structural and at Dublin for providing their insight, laboratory space and equipment to carry out this work. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Geography, School of 2, IrelandL. E. & M. C. BourkeInstitute, 1700 E Rd, Tucson, 85719,. C. Bourke & J. N. McElwaineDepartment of 1, KeownView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: For our purpose in this book, time is a significant factor in terms of considering nuclear power as a response to climate change. The problem for nuclear power supporters is that in the current context, at least in highly developed countries, approving, financing and building nuclear power plants takes an inordinately long time. We will discuss this in detail in Chap. 7. Since we need to respond to the climate change threat quickly, a power source that is slow to come online is unlikely to be a viable part of our response. 1. Melting glaciers and polar ice are highly visible and reasonably accurate indicators of climate change. 2. Statistical models of global temperature change show consistent increases, although the speed with which warming is happening varies based on the model assumptions. 3. The need to move away from fossil fuels raises the question of which sources of energy are best, including the possible role of nuclear power.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the effect of exercise plan for diabetics have not been clearly shown the practical treatment effects. Exercise plan including both aerobic and weight training sessions with specific manipulations in sequence, loads and repetitions during a session have not been conducted practically in former case report studies [8-10]. The case described in present paper a 39-year-old male with sedentary lifestyle. As shown in Table 1, this case is engaged in a combined type of exercise programme with a fixed diet plan during 2 months of exercise plan. Age (years old) 39 Weight (kg) 113. 0 Height (cm) 189. 0 Table 1: Case characteristics. As it is noticed, the case is an overweight male who for the first time started to engage in a specific and new type of exercise and diet plan for changing his body composition. All anthropometric data were measured at university of Tabriz in sport science lab. 2 anthropometric data before starting plan are shown. Pectoral skinfold (mm) 30 Axilla skinfold (mm) 45 Abdominal skinfold (mm) 58 Supra iliac skinfold (mm) 47 Thigh skinfold (mm) 57 Subscapularis skinfold (mm) 50 Percentage 38. 6 Table 2: Skinfold and body fat percentage before plan. plan was organized for 5 sessions a week and diet plan was a 7 day fixed menu for 2000 calories a day. Having calculated energy expenditure and energy requirement for exercise plan, menu was planned for this case and was suggested being followed the programme. Exercise programme included 10 minutes’ war-up (elliptical, stationary bike, treadmill walking), main workout (Lat machine 6 sets, with 30 reps, Fly machine 6 sets, all 55% Maximum 1 rm, 35 reps, corrected sit-up 6 sets for 25-35 reps between workouts, 45 minute 55% Vo2max stationary bike or elliptical or treadmill brisk walking), cooling down (stretching and walking). Diet plan was based on 2000 calories a day. All meals and snacks were controlled. During the programme, exercise physiologist was counselling about the procedure and coping with difficulties following plan. After following Two-month plan, physiological and skinfold data collected before and after programme were surprising. As it is shown in Table 3, percentage were significantly decreased to their normal values (P<0/05). Weight (kg) 113 110 ↓* Sugar (mg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Reviews "Bennett describes the search for life beyond the Earth in terms that are accessible to the nonscientist and yet reveal a broad understanding of the evolution of stars, planets, and organisms. The author's optimism is contagious. May it help inspire us to actually accomplish these lofty goals. "—James F. is a rich, slow, and rewarding read. Rich because it is full of some of the most interesting current interdisciplinary science regarding planets and life that you can find, blending astronomy, geology, history, and astrobiology in a single narrative. Slow because each page is so full of interesting content that you don't want to skim. Rewarding because Bennett is simply a fantastic writer and presenter, making the read thoroughly enjoyable. No science expertise required. ---Jennifer Wiseman, Books & CultureBeyond UFOs gives a good impression from the moment you first take it into your hands. It is attractively produced, well written, and very thoroughly proofread. It's an interesting and challenging complement to focused research, and will be particularly enjoyed by anyone who has an appetite for broad science tinged with morals. ---Elizabeth Griffin, The ObservatoryThe old adage 'don't judge a book by its cover' (or, in this case, its title) certainly applies here. While one might expect a book of science fiction, Bennett presents this awe-inspiring topic in a scientifically accurate but personal way. I would recommend it to anyone interested in reading a creative summary of the status of the search for life elsewhere in the universe and would hope that it might provide a starting point to inspire the next generation of astronomers and astrobiologists. ---Lisa Jardine-Wright, EducationParticularly enjoyable is the down-to-earth writing; Bennett, an astrophysicist, author, and educator, tells the reader exactly how he feels about various topics (even the role of God in the scheme of things). Readers may not agree with everything he says, but he does offer food for thought. ---B. R. Parker, ChoiceFinalist for the 2008 Eugene M. walks us through the daunting calculations that lead to the conclusion that the existence of life elsewhere is not only possible, but highly likely. But as we wonder where else life exists and what forms it might take, scientists are forced back to more fundamental questions. What is the nature of life itself? Will we know it if we see it? . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/tc-14-1209-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 2019. The summer of 2019 was characterized by an exceptional persistence of anticyclonic conditions that, in conjunction with low albedo associated with reduced snowfall in summer, enhanced the melt–albedo feedback by promoting the absorption of solar radiation and favored advection of warm, moist air along the western portion of the ice sheet towards the north, where the surface melt has been the highest since 1948. The analysis of the frequency of daily 500 hPa geopotential heights obtained from artificial neural networks shows that the total number of days with the five most frequent atmospheric patterns that characterized the summer of 2019 was 5 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean, confirming the exceptional nature of the 2019 season over Greenland. Download & links 10. 5194/tc-14-1209-2020, 2020. Received: 26 Oct 2019 – Discussion started: 20 Nov 2019 – Revised: 27 Feb 2020 – Accepted: 19 Mar 2020 – Published: 15 Apr 2020 1 the role of atmospheric circulation changes in the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is crucial for improving estimates of its current and future contribution to sea level changes and for studying recent mass loss trends in the context of multi-decadal timescales. Atmospheric patterns modulate the GrIS mass balance through snowfall and runoff (e. g. , Hanna et al. , 2008, 2013, 2016; Tedesco et al. , 2011, 2016a, b) as well as radiative forcing and surface turbulent heat fluxes (e. g. , clouds and longwave and shortwave radiation). Recent studies (e. g. , Hanna et al. , 2014; Mattingly et al. , 2016; McLeod and Mote, 2016) have focused on linking the observed variability of climate indices such as the Oscillation (NAO; i. e. , Hanna et al. , 2015) or the Index (GBI; Hanna et al. , 2018b) to the recent changes in runoff and accumulation over Greenland. Other studies (i. e. , Tedesco et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: DL-1) 157. 9 99. 9 ↓* Cholesterol skinfold (mg. DL-1) 226 210 ↓* Triglyceride skinfold (mg. DL-1) 264 145 ↓↓* Pectoral skinfold (mm) 24 20 ↓* Axilla skinfold (mm) 40 36 ↓* Abdominal skinfold (mm) 44 42 ↓* Suprailiac skinfold (mm) 42 39 ↓* (mm) 48 44 ↓* (%) %34. 4 %30. 8 ↓* Mass (kg) 73. 45 77. 00 ↑* *Shows the Significant change. (P<0/05). Table 3: Physiological and skinfold data for case study report. study has demonstrated that a young diabetic and obese male with a specific training and diet plan may be able to eliminate the diabetic status and reduce levels of risk factors. In our study, Exercise plan included both aerobic and weight training with a modeled plan [10-12]. A light 20-minute warm-up (treadmill walking or stationary bike) prior to core body exercises for 10 minutes. Having completed both warm-up and core body exercises, subject was introduced to do a circuit weight training including 6 exercises. After weight training, subject started to complete his aerobic exercise. Diet plan was according to a diabetic diet plan guideline (Association) [13-15]. Many researches performed by various exercise physiologists reported significant weight loss among diabetics. Researchers have focused merely on weight loss process whereas body composition beside gradual weight loss. In fact, weight loss process itself may not be logical among diabetics, because when a diabetic body faces weight loss situation, it loses both fat and non-fat weight. Therefore, diabetic status may still continue in a smaller surface. There are several researches in which it is stated that weight training and resistance exercise leads to increased insulin sensitivity. In parallel with previous finding, Glut 4 level increase with resistance and weight training specially when performed with main muscle groups. Increased insulin sensitivity and glut 4 (a shortcut to glucose transportation system toward muscle tissues) may be helpful in glucose balance and blood glucose monitoring in a diabetic subject; a fact which was found in our study [12-18]. Regarding fat loss exercises, there are various types of exercise plans in the world [19].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Bennett offers a host of lessons here not only about global warming and environmental degradation, but our place in the universe as well. ---by planet, moon by moon, [Beyond UFOs] explores the possibility of life elsewhere in this solar system. It then speculates about other solar systems in our galaxy where, according to the prevailing scientific view, simple life almost surely exists and intelligent life is plausible. For the most part, Bennett's search for extraterrestrial life adds up to a very satisfying package. . . . At its core, this book delivers a combination that is hard to beat: solid yet highly speculative science plus accessible prose that add up to an out-of-this-world reading experience. ---Fred Bortz, Seattle TimesIn cogent and entertaining language, astrophysicist and popular writer Bennett explains that the determining factor in whether we can locate intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is whether such a civilization--and our own--can continue long enough to develop the highly sophisticated technology needed for interstellar travel. . . Bennett does a wonderful job of explaining the conditions necessary for simple life, how we might discern its existence and where we should be looking. He then does the same thing for intelligent life. While he is fair to those who believe life is incredibly rare, he makes a compelling case that life is likely to be abundant. "Precise, accurate, lucid, and engaging. This is popular-science writing at its best. I enjoyed reading this book. "—"This is a fascinating book about the living universe, well-written and timely. "—David Morrison, coauthor of System and Voyages to the PlanetsThis is a highly readable and enjoyable book that centers on astrobiology--a discipline that melds astronomy, biology, geology--and a little bit of luck--to explore the prospect of life on other worlds. . . . Bennett is an excellent writer, taking the reader on an exploration quest to find alien life, and how difficult solar system sleuthing can be, such as on Mars, Jupiter's Europa, or on Saturn's Titan. You'll also find an excellent treatment on current activities surrounding the on-going search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Winner of the 2010 US Review of Books's in Culture"With the possible exception of the God question, I can think of no subject that has inspired such wide-eyed wonder and speculation as the matter of whether or not we are alone in the cosmos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: , 2016b) have recently pointed out the increased frequency of persistent anticyclonic conditions favoring atmospheric blocking and explaining most of the recent surface melt increase (Fettweis et al. , 2013). Figure 1(a) Number of days when melting occurred during the 2019 summer () according to spaceborne passive microwave observations (e. g. , Tedesco et al. , 2007). (b) Anomaly of the number of melting days with respect to the 1981–2010 baseline period obtained from spaceborne passive microwave data shown in (a). Figure 2(a) Daily time series of melt extent (expressed as a percentage of the total ice sheet area) during 2019 (black line). The red line indicates the average values for the baseline period 1981–2010. Vertical gray bars indicate the standard deviation of melt extent for the 1981–2010 baseline period. (b) Summer maximum melt extent (as a percentage of the ice sheet surface, blue line, left axis) and melting index (e. g. , number of melting days times the area undergoing melting, square kilometers per day, orange line, right axis) obtained from spaceborne passive microwave observations for the period 1979–2019. DownloadIn this paper, we report the results of an analysis of SMB and surface energy balance (SEB) components obtained from satellite data and model outputs for the summer of 2019 and their linkages to anomalies in the atmospheric circulation and analyze them within the long-term context (1948–2019). Specifically, we use spaceborne passive microwave data collected between 1979 and 2019 at 19. 35 GHz, horizontal polarization, for detecting melting following the approach reported in Tedesco (2007, 2009) and Tedesco et al. (2007). We also use estimates of broadband albedo derived from data collected by the (MODIS) for the period 2000–2019 ( last access: 31 March 2020). We complement satellite data with the outputs of the Modèle Atmosphérique Régionale (MAR) regional climate model (RCM; Gallée and Schayes, 1994; Gallée, 1997; Lefebre et al. , 2003) forced by the for Environmental Prediction/for (NCEP/NCARv1; Kalnay et al. , 1996) reanalysis dataset over the period 1948–2019. We lastly make use of self-organizing maps (SOMs; i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: The most scientific and logic exercise plan which could be justified by exercise physiology science, is the correct layout of exercise plan and gradual increase in exercise intensity and its load. Scientific layout of an exercise plan for fat loss and weight loss plan may be as follow: a warm-up activity with 20-minute duration. In order to boost fat loss during aerobic exercise, core body exercises are arranged after warm-up. Weight training is designed to train main muscle groups in a short period of time. For this reason, circuit training is the best choice. Additionally, circuit training is not boring for a diabetic and obese person and the subject does his plan enthusiastically. By completing the weight training, subject gets ready for aerobic exercise. Although, there are inconsistent reports about the layout of concurrent training, the most scientific and logic layout is the one performed in present study. It is the procedure of exercise plan which makes significant changes in physiological parameters. This procedure must be monitored by an exercise physiologist to lead to target weight and normal physiological status [14-18]. The results of presented case study report demonstrated the main roles of intricate mechanisms inside the field of sport science regarding diet plan and exercise programme. There is a need for stronger studies in order to reach the efficient exercise and diet plan for fat-loss, weight gain programme. The most interesting result of this case was his diabetic status before plan and non-diabetic state after program. This case of present study is now continuing his second month of exercise and diet plan to reach his target weight. In near future, well organized and well-structured combined plan will be directed in Lab. Thus, exercise plans and diet are the key solutions for body composition and fat-loss, weight gain plans. results of presented case study report demonstrated the main roles of intricate mechanisms inside the field of sport science regarding diet plan and exercise programme. There is a need for stronger studies in order to reach the efficient exercise and diet plan for fat-loss, weight gain programme. The most interesting result of this case was his diabetic status before plan and non-diabetic status after programme. This case of present study is now continuing his second month of exercise and diet plan to reach his target weight. In near future, well organized and well-structured combined plan will be directed in Lab. Thus, exercise plans and diet are the key solutions for body composition and fat-loss, weight gain plans. 116.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence today has almost theological status in terms of its implications, and yet it is a rigorous science conducted by world-class scientists. Jeffrey Bennett's book is one of the finest primers on this burgeoning new field. And even though this can be a technically daunting science, Bennett's highly readable prose invites everyone into the dome to gaze through the telescope to have a look for themselves, for this is a journey we are all on together. "—Michael Shermer, publisher of Skeptic and columnist for Scientific American[Jeffrey Bennett] has taken a break from the treadmill of updating his textbook and has written a popular book instead, bringing the rest of us up to date on our extraordinary new and expanded universe--and on who else might live in it. . . Beyond UFOs is crammed with neat analogies, startling imagery and mind-blowing illustrations of astronomical concepts. If you want to understand the universe and our place in it, you will not find a better primer. The first diagram alone--which shows how Earth's 10,000-kilometre span of real estate fits into a supercluster of galaxies a billion trillion kilometers across--bear a good 10 minutes of study. This truth is astonishing, and humbling--and Beyond UFOs is a great place to find it. ---Michael Brooks, New ScientistWinner of the 2009 in Cosmology/New ScienceThis exploration of potential alien life is a timely work, just as the steadily increasing discoveries of extra-solar planets makes the possibility of finding alien life more plausible. . . . [Beyond UFOs] is a fully rounded examination of the subject, accessible to all. I guarantee that after reading this book you will be watching space probe results that much more closely. And maybe, you will be watching the skies too! ---and i ix xi 1. Worlds beyond 1 2. It Science? 22 3. Know about 41 4. Life? 62 5. 87 6. of a 111 7. Life in the 137 8. Life among the 161 9. for 184 10. Everybody? 197 207 Afterword to the 209 221 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2011 Edition: With a New afterword by the author Audience: Professional and scholarly;College/higher education; content: 248 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Negative anomalies were rare and geographically concentrated over a small area in the southern portion of the ice sheet. Surface melting in 2019 started relatively early, around mid-April (Fig. 2a, day of the year, DOY 105), and exceeded the 1981–2010 mean for ∼82 % of the days during the period 1 June–31 August 2019 (DOY 152–244). A measure that is commonly used for quantifying melting from passive microwave observations is the so-called melting index (MI), defined as the number of melting days times the area undergoing melting and being a measure of the intensity of surface melting (i. e. , Tedesco, 2007). In 2019, the MI ranked third, after 2012 and 2010. When looking at the different summer months separately, the MI values in 2019 ranked fifth in June, seventh in July, and ninth in August. The 2019 updated trends for MI and melt extent (here defined as the area subject to at least 1 d of melting) are, respectively, 78. 836 km2 per decade (p≪0. 01, MI) and 7. 66 % per decade (p≪0. 01; trend is here expressed as a percentage of the total area of the ice sheet). The maximum daily melt extent was reached on 31 July 2019, covering ∼73 % of the ice sheet surface. In comparison, the average daily maximum extent from PMW data for the same day for the 1981–2010 period is 39. 8 %. Notably, the total area that at any time underwent melting was 95. 8 % of the total ice sheet in 2019 (Fig. 2b), compared with the 1981–2010 averaged value of 64. 3 %. Indeed, the persistency of the atmospheric conditions at the end of July that were responsible for promoting melting over 73 % of the ice sheet in a single day (31 July 2019) extended melting during the next few days over regions that were not originally involved in the melting on 31 July, with cumulative melt extent for the 3 d period (31 July–2 August) reaching up to ∼97 % of the ice sheet surface. We note that a similar value for the maximum melt extent was reached in 2012, though in this case it did happen in 1 d.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: (2016) Diet weight loss and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology evidence and practice. Â HepatologyÂ 63:2032-2043. (2017) Efficacy of a randomized trial examining commercial weight loss programs and exercise on metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women. Nutrition and MetabolismÂ 42:216-227. (2016) Do more specific plans help you lose weight? Examining the relationship between plan specificity, weight loss goals and plan content in the context of a weight management programme. of Health PsychologyÂ 21:989-1005. (2016)Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical NutritionÂ 103: 738-746. (2017) Practical applications in sports nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. (2017) Prevention diagnosis and treatment of obesity 2016 position statement of the for the Study of Obesity. EndocrinologÃa Diabetes y NutriciÃ³n 64:15-22. (2017) The utility of exercise testing in the assessment of functional professional capacity. Journal/Medicina SportivÃ¢Â 13: 2874-2875. (1997) Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes careÂ 20: 537-544. (2016) Circulating microRNA responses between high and lowresponders to a 16-wk diet and exercise weight loss intervention. Â. Lehtisalo, Jenni(2016). Association of long-term dietary fat intake exercise and weight with later cognitive function in the Prevention Study. Â of & Aging 20:146-154. (2016) Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the Association. Â Diabetes CareÂ 39:2065-2079. Association (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetesâ€”2016 abridged for primary care providers. Â Clinical Diabetes34: 3-21. (2016) Effects of on in Short-vs Long-Duration Type-2 Diabetes. Â of Strength & Conditioning ResearchÂ 30:1688-1699. (2016) In search of the ideal resistance training program to improve glycemic control and its indication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-dtkg6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-06T01:00:22. 028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >in the Universe >for in the print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents in the Life in the page Acknowledgements1 for Extraterrestrial Life2 Where in the Universe to Look? 3 Evolution – Here and Elsewhere4 Concept of Habitability5 Life in the Solar System6 Life in Systems7 of Extraterrestrial Life8 Intelligence – Here and of 10. 1017/9781009207355. 003 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2022 a Privileged Generation? For many millennia, humans have gazed up in wonder at the night-time sky. The full panoply of the is an awesome sight. The scale of space is immense. Is there life out there somewhere? If so, where, and what form does it take? In the space of a couple of sentences, we’ve already gone from generalized wonder to specific questions. The next step is from questions to hypotheses, or, in other words, proposed answers. Here are two such hypotheses that I’ll flesh out as the book progresses: first, life exists on trillions of planets in the universe; second, it usually follows evolutionary pathways that are broadly similar to – though different in detail from – those taken on Earth. Going from cosmic wonder to questions about alien life and on to hypothetical answers has been possible for a long time. But the final steps – from hypothetical answers to testing the hypotheses to arriving at an understanding of reality – have so far proved beyond humanity’s grasp. That may be about to change. We may be on the threshold of being able to answer the age-old question ‘are we alone in the universe? ’ with a resounding ‘no’. But what is the basis of this claim? The short answer is advancing technology, and in particular advancing design of telescopes. We’ll get to that topic soon. But first, let me reassure you that I’m not alone in my optimism about the imminent discovery of evidence for alien life.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: As a reference, the value of runoff simulated by MAR for the JJA 2012 period (when the record was established) was 610 Gt. Despite ranking second in terms of surface runoff, September 2018–August 2019 (used to define the mass balance “year”) ranks first in terms of integrated SMB negative anomaly simulated by MAR, with a total surface mass loss anomaly of ∼320 Gt yr−1 with respect to the 1981–2010 SMB average, breaking the previous record established in 2011–2012 of ∼310 Gt yr−1 (Fig. 6, blue bars), though by only 10 Gt yr−1. It is however important to note that such a difference is below the uncertainty of the MAR model estimated to be 10 % of the mean SMB. Figure 7MODIS 2019 broadband albedo values anomalies (2000–2010 baseline) for (a) summer, (b) June, (c) July, and (d) August. Figure 8Time series of MODIS 2019 broadband albedo values for summer (dark dotted line), June (medium blue line with triangles) July (dark blue line with disks), and August (light blue line with squares). DownloadFigure 9Time series of values of MODIS broadband albedo for the pixel whose brightness temperature is shown in Fig. 3b. DownloadThe SMB negative anomaly in 2018–2019 is larger than that in 2011–2012 mainly because the 2018–2019 snowfall negative anomaly (∼-50 Gt) is larger in magnitude than the one that occurred during the 2011–2012 SMB year (∼-20 Gt), with large negative summer snowfall anomalies in 2019 occurring along the southern and western portions of the ice sheet (Fig. 5b). The early melt onset and the negative snowfall anomaly promoted the exposure of bare ice prematurely, hence further enhancing melting and runoff through the melt–albedo positive feedback mechanism (i. e. , Tedesco et al. , 2016b). This is evident from the analysis of summer broadband albedo simulated by MAR (Fig. 5c), showing negative anomalies down to −0. 2 along the western portion of the ice sheet. These results are also confirmed by albedo estimates obtained from MODIS (Fig. 7a), indicating a large, negative albedo anomaly occurring along the west coast where bare ice is exposed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Kim: Effects of low calorie diet-induced weight loss on post-exercise heart rate recovery in obese men Journal of & Biochemistry 2014;18(2):181-188. Published online: May 14, 2014 DOI: Effects of low calorie diet-induced weight loss on post-exercise heart rate recovery in obese men Kim* Department of *Corresponding author: Kim, Tel. 82-53-950-5937, Fax. 82-53-955-4235, Email. kimmk@knu. ac. kr 12, 2014 7, 2014 14, 2014 ⓒ2014 for This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This 44. Abstract [Purpose] Recovery (HRR) after maximum exercise is a reactivation function of vagus nerve and an independent risk factor that predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality. Weight loss obtained through dietary programs has been employed as a therapy to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease and obesity. [Methods] Eighteen subjects of middle aged obese men (age 44. 8 ± 1. 6 yrs, BMI 29. 7 ± 0. 5 kg/m2) were selected for this study. As a weight loss direction, the nutritional direction of low-calorie diet mainly consisted of carbohydrate, protein, and fat has been conducted for 3 months. Blood pressure was measured after overnight fasting, and blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein before and after weight loss program. All the pre- and post-exercise ‘HRR decay constant’s were assessed by using values of HRR (heart recovery rate; 2 minutes) and HR measured after reached to the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) exploited the bicycle ergometer. [Results] After the completion of weight loss program, body weight and BMI were significantly decreased, but the (HR) after maximum exercise and in steady state were not changed significantly (p > 0. 05). The post-exercise HRR after the weight loss did not show significant changes in perspectives of 30 seconds (-16. 6 ± 2. 3 to -20. 2 ± 2. 1 beats/min, p > 0. 05) and 60 seconds (-33. 5 ± 3. 4 to -34. 6 ± 2. 8 beats/min, p > 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Rather, it’s a reasoned assessment of the stage we have reached in the process of searching for life, and where we’re likely to get to with the new generation of space telescopes that are currently at various stages of planning, construction, or early operation, including the (alias JWST or simply ‘Webb’), more on which later. The paper in Nature that I mentioned above is focused on formulating a policy for reporting possible evidence of alien life. The authors highlight the complementary problems of false positives and false negatives. The former involve concluding that some observation is evidence for life when in fact it’s not; the latter involve failing to detect life on a planet when it’s actually there. They particularly stress their concern about the likely sensationalization in the popular media of results that turn out to be false positives, and I think they are right to do so. Their approach to avoiding – or at least reducing – such problems is to develop a scale of the quality of possible evidence of alien life, and to make clear where on this scale any particular finding falls. This way, a hint of possible life shouldn’t be mistaken for a certainty. In 1960. This was a search for radio signals from alien civilizations, conducted using the Astronomy Observatory, now the Observatory, in West Virginia. Of course, the search for alien intelligence is only one part of the search for life. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, both astrobiology in general and SETI in particular have evolved side by side in a much more continuous way than did the search for life before the second half of the twentieth century. of Telescopes It’s a long way from Galileo’s tiny telescope of 1610 to today’s large ground-based instruments such as Chile’s VLT (Telescope), and their space-based counterparts such as Hubble and Webb. I’ll now look at a few selected milestones along this evolutionary journey. If you’d like a bit more detail than I can give in just a few pages on the functioning and/or history of telescopes, I can recommend CottrellCottrell’s 2016 book Telescopes: A Introduction. Before examining milestones in the evolution of telescopes, it’s worth reminding ourselves of why, from an astrobiological perspective, they are collectively important.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Differently from 2012, however, class nos. 11, 12, 13, and 28 were persistently present in 2019 (highlighted in Fig. 14 with rectangle with a continuous line). Class nos. 12 and 13 show relatively low 500 hPa GPH anomalies over Greenland but strong positive anomalies over the (class no. 13) and the Canadian archipelago, eastern Siberia, and Scandinavia (class no. 12). Class nos. 11 and 28 show large positive anomalies over Greenland reaching both the Canadian archipelago and northern Europe and relatively high positive 500 hPa GPH anomalies over Siberia and Alaska. Notably, the cumulative number of days identified for class nos. 11, 12, 13, 20, and 28 exceeded 55 d in 2019 (Fig. 15c), being 5. 1 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean of 14. 2 d. This points out, again, the exceptional nature of the atmospheric conditions over Greenland during the summer of 2019. Nevertheless, we observe from Fig. 14b that 2012 also had high persistency in atmospheric patterns, though such patterns belong to different classes than those in 2019. For example, the cumulative number of days for 2012's top five classes is 47, similar in magnitude to the 55 d for 2019's top five classes. Moreover, similarly to 2019, the top five classes in 2012 were all characterized by high GPH anomalies and strong anticyclonic conditions (though different in terms of spatial distribution of the GPH anomalies). In this regard both 2012 and 2019 can be assumed to be exceptional from an atmospheric point of view. 5 a combination of remote sensing observations, regional climate model outputs, reanalysis datasets, and self-organizing maps (SOMs), we have shown that exceptional anticyclonic conditions occurred in the summer of 2019 and promoted new record or close-to-record values of SMB, runoff, and snowfall. Runoff in 2019 was the second highest after 2012, and SMB was the lowest on the record according to MAR forced by NCEP/NCARv1. The exceptional nature of the mass balance components in 2019 was strongly driven by albedo reduction associated with reduced summer snowfall, enhanced absorption of solar radiation, and the flow of warm, moist air along the western portion of the ice sheet. The analysis of the frequency of daily 500 hPa GPH obtained from SOMs shows that the persistency of the atmospheric patterns (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 05) respectively but in perspectives of 90 seconds (-40. 9 ± 2. 6 to -48. 1 ± 3. 1 beats/min, p < 0. 05) and 120 seconds (-48. 6 ± 2. 6 to -54. 3 ± 3. 5 beats/min, p < 0. 05), they were decreased significantly. Pre-’HRR decay constant’s of 0. 294 ± 0. 02 %/second were significantly increased to post-values of 0. 342 ± 0. 03 %/second (p = 0. 026). Changes in ‘HRR decay constant’ were significantly correlated with changes in blood glucose (r = -0. 471, p < 0. 05) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, r = 0. 505, p < 0. 05) respectively. [Conclusions] The low-calorie diet directed to obese middle aged men for 3 months significantly improved the HRR after maximum exercise, and this improvement in cardiovascular autonomic nerve system was estimated to be involved with improvements in blood glucose and maximal oxygen consumption. Keywords: Post-exercise heart rate recovery, Weight loss, Maximal oxygen consumption, (HRR) after maximum exercise carried out by the balance of vagus nerves and sympathetic nerves has been known as a reactivation function of vagus nerve and as an independent risk factor that predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality [1-3]. And this is also used as an indicator to predict death rate from cardiovascular disease of male patients having diabetes [4] and to predict the coronary artery disease of heart of people having familial hypercholesterolemia [5]. The significant low post-maximum-exercise HRR of people obese and having risk factors in cardio vascular metabolism compared to normal people has been identified through several studies [6,7]. That is, the low post- maximum-exercise HRR of obese people who excessively accumulated the body fat implies the low recovery rate of autonomic nerves after experiencing the exercise stress. There are reports assessed the HRR after maximum exercise from studies conducted to improve the low HRR of obese people through weight loss.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Telescopes of Galileo’s day were great for astronomy – especially when compared with the naked eye – but they weren’t much use for astrobiology. In contrast, today’s telescopes have the capability of addressing hypotheses about alien life. For example, we can now use telescopes to examine the atmospheres of distant exoplanets. We can search for signs of oxygen, which is regarded as a biosignature. In particular, it may be a signature of photosynthesis by microbes and plants. It’s true that oxygen may come to exist in planetary atmospheres by abiotic means. However, as we’ll see in 3. 7 centimetres, Newton’s (in 1668) 2. 5 centimetres. They’re not directly comparable because Galileo’s was a refractor (a telescope that uses lenses) while Newton’s was a reflector (a telescope that uses mirrors), but they were both tiny by current standards. Today’s large telescopes have mirrors with diameters measured in metres rather than centimetres. For example, the Canarias, situated on the Spanish island of La Palma, has an aperture of 10. 4 metres. The increase in telescope size has been continuous from the 1600s to the 2000s, though it has speeded up significantly since 1900. The largest telescope in the world at the end of the nineteenth century was the Leviathan of Parsonstown in County Offaly, Ireland, which had a diameter of 1. 83 metres. This size was exceeded in 1917 with the construction of the on in southern California, with a diameter of 2. 5 metres. So the last 100 years have seen the largest increase – more than 8 metres between the early twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. However, these measurements in metres don’t quite suffice to explain just how much more powerful modern telescopes are than their ancient forerunners. The light-collecting capability of a telescope scales not with the diameter of its primary mirror but with its surface area. So, in terms of functionality, a 10-metre mirror is not 10 times as good as a 1-metre mirror; rather it’s better by a factor of 100.

Output: pass