Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the evolution of human intelligence throughout the lifespan stands as a testament to the brain’s extraordinary potential for growth and adaptation. From the rapid cognitive development observed in early childhood to the wisdom frequently displayed by the elderly, intelligence is not a trait that remains static but rather a dynamic process influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. By comprehending this developmental trajectory, we are better equipped to appreciate the intricacies of human intelligence and the myriad factors that contribute to its evolution across an individual’s lifespan. 1905. Bragg, Lorena. “Changes with Age,” 2022. Cherry, Kendra. “Jean Piaget’s Life and Contributions to Psychology. ” Verywell Mind, 2023. Deary, Ian J. ,. “to Stability and Change in Intelligence from Childhood to Old Age. ” Nature 482, no. 7384 (February 2012): 212–15. Parke, Ross D. , and Mary Gauvain. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. McGraw-Hill, 2009. Philips, Jennifer. “to Changes through Life | News | of Aberdeen,” 2012. Sfetcu, Nicolae. Intelligence, from to – vs. Artificial Intelligence. Bucharest, Romania: MultiMedia Publishing, 2024. Wasserman, John D. “Deconstructing CHC. ” in Education 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 249–68. 4. 0 ( Partajează asta:TwitterFacebookLinkedInApreciază:Apreciază Încarc. . . Similare adolescence, adulthood, childhood, evolution, human intelligence, intelligence, wisdom Despre autor Ultimele articole Sfetcu: Asociat şi manager MultiMedia SRL și editura MultiMedia Publishing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Crop and Pasture Science. 70(8): 718-729. Foster, A. , Biligetu, B. and Darambazar, E. (2019). Forage accumulation, nutritive value and botanical composition of grass-cicer milkvetch mixtures under two harvest managements. Crop Science. 59: 2876-2885. Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). for Agricultural Research. , New York. 97-107. Jagadeesh, C. H. , Ramana Reddy, Y. , Nagalakshmi1, D. , Mahender, M. , Nalini Kumari1, N. , Sridhar, K. and Suneetha Devi, K. B. (2017). Effect of stage of harvest on the yield, chemical composition, in vitro and in sacco digestibility of hybrid napier (Penniserum purpureum) variety APB N1. of Animal Research. 51(1): 116-120. Kadam, S. S. , Kumar, A. and Arif Md. (2017) Hybrid napier for round the year quality fodder supply to the dairy industry- A Review. of. 6(10): 4778-4783. Kumar, S. , and Rai, S. K. (2012). . and. (2): 19-21. Kauthale, V. K. , Takawale, P. S. and Patil, S. D. (2017). Fodder productivity influenced by various grass-legume combinations and planting methods in western Maharashtra. and Agroforestry. 38(1): 96-99. (2021). by Times, Published in daily on January 29th, 2021. Mclennon, E. , Solomon, J. K. Q. and Davison, J. (2020). Grass- legume forage systems effect on phosphorus removal from grassland historically irrigated with reclaimed waste water. Sustainability. 12: 2256-2274. and Tripathi, S. N. (1987). Rok of fertilizer in production of forage and fodder crops: Gaps and future needs. Fertilizer News. 32(12): 77-83. Njoka-and Mureithi, J. G. (2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 40 Although disruption to ganglion cells would be expected to include the melanopsin-containing ipRGCs, and therefore disrupt circadian photoreception, it appears that this was not the case and that the ipRCGs were preserved. There are a number of limitations to these previous investigations. 36,37 First, given the high inter-individual variation between individual melatonin levels,41 uncorrected grouped data are inappropriate for determining melatonin suppression (Fig 2). When examining unusual populations whose responses to light may be borderline, it is possible that some individuals exhibit melatonin suppression but that their responses are masked by (1) negative responses of other individuals and (2) the large interindividual levels of absolute melatonin in the group data. In addition, there are interindividual differences in the timing of melatonin secretion (i. e. , DLMO) across the majority of the visually blind population and within an individual at any given time. Assessments are ideally performed at the same circadian time for each individual (e. g. , relative to DLMO), rather than clock time. A dark or dim light control condition is also vital to insure against false positive results that might result from “drift” or changes in circadian phase. Moreover, the studies on postillumination pupillary responses may not be long enough to induce a stable response in individuals with impaired visual function. We have recently shown that the time course of pupillary constriction and recovery is substantially different in a totally visually blind man with intact light-induced pupil constriction compared with sighted controls25 and that these differences require longer exposure durations to be measured. Such temporal differences have important consequences: In the first confirmation of nonvisual responses in totally visually blind humans,14 pupillary constriction was reportedly negative in individuals with intact melatonin suppression and circadian entrainment responses that may simply have been due to use of a standard clinical, rapid ophthalmoscope or “penlight”-type pupil examination that was too short to detect sustained pupillary constriction mediated by the nonimage-forming photoreception system. We have recently shown in a totally visually blind man who had a negative clinical pupil exam in the current study that 7 seconds of LE are needed to initiate constriction of the pupil and that approximately 30 seconds of darkness are needed to fully redilate the pupil post-LE, several orders of magnitude slower than fully sighted individuals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: and fine-tuning of neural circuits frequently require neuromodulatory signals that set the excitability threshold, neuronal connectivity, and synaptic strength. Here, we present a mechanistic study of how neuromodulator-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ signals, through the store-operated Ca2+ channel Orai, regulate intrinsic neuronal properties by control of developmental gene expression in flight-promoting central dopaminergic neurons (fpDANs). The fpDANs receive cholinergic inputs for release of dopamine at a central brain tripartite synapse that sustains flight (Sharma and Hasan, 2020). Cholinergic inputs act on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to stimulate intracellular Ca2+ release through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localised inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor followed by ER-store depletion and Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Analysis of gene expression in fpDANs followed by genetic, cellular, and molecular studies identified Orai-mediated Ca2+ entry as a key regulator of excitability in fpDANs during circuit maturation. SOCE activates the transcription factor trithorax-like (Trl), which in turn drives expression of a set of genes, including Set2, that encodes a histone 3 lysine 36 methyltransferase (H3K36me3). Set2 function establishes a positive feedback loop, essential for receiving neuromodulatory cholinergic inputs and sustaining SOCE. Chromatin-modifying activity of Set2 changes the epigenetic status of fpDANs and drives expression of key ion channel and signalling genes that determine fpDAN activity. Loss of activity reduces the axonal arborisation of fpDANs within the MB lobe and prevents dopamine release required for the maintenance of long flight. circuitry underlying mature adult behaviours emerges from a combination of developmental gene expression programs and experience-dependent neuronal activity. Holometabolous insects such as Drosophila reconfigure their nervous system during metamorphosis to generate circuitry capable of supporting adult behaviours (Levine, 1984). During pupal development, neurons undergo maturation of their electrical properties with a gradual increase in depolarising responses and consequent synaptic transmission (Hardie et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: When a soil system that is at or near equilibrium is perturbed, the labile carbon content will begin to equilibrate to its new conditions (Janzen et al. 1998); whether the new carbon content is higher or lower depends on the new conditions imposed. By encouraging management practices that will increase soil organic content and discouraging practices that will deplete it, a portion of the atmospheric carbon pool could be moved into the soil (e. g. , McLauchlan et al. 2006). However, the ability of soils to sequester carbon is not indefinite. Once a new practice is imposed the new equilibrium will eventually be reached putting a limit on the total quantity of carbon that can be moved into soil (West and Post 2002). Smith et al. (2000) predicted that the implementation of zero tillage and conservation tillage would cause a slight increase in soil organic carbon in Canada. These stocks take a long time to build and recently added carbon is generally in a more labile form with the potential to be depleted rather quickly (Janzen et al. 1998). When improved practices are discontinued, recent gains may be lost. Management practices that increase the amount of organic carbon added to the soil or limit its breakdown such as continuous crop cover, elimination of summer fallow, increasing yield or manure applications, will potentially aid in sequestering atmospheric carbon into soil (Janzen et al. 1998). Practices such as bare fallow, tillage or crop residue removal increase the breakdown of soil organic carbon or decrease the amount added to the soil. This affects the net flux controlled by soil carbon inputs and carbon breakdown. Continuous cover, lack of tillage and favorable alteration of soil temperature and moisture regimes (for the reduction of soil heterotrophic respiration) should all contribute to soil organic carbon equilibrating to a higher level under perennial vegetation compared with annual vegetation. Converting a landscape from long-term perennial vegetation to annual crops may cause soil carbon to equilibrate to a lower level leading to a net flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. Although in Manitoba perennial crops are commonly grown on land considered marginal for annual crops, an increase in annual crop prices or a change in a producer's feed requirements may provide incentive for perennial to annual crop conversions. Perennial to annual conversions may also be part of a producer's normal crop rotation. Fluxes following perennial grassland to annual conversions and their temporal distribution and environmental drivers are not well studied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 25 The clinical implications are that carefully controlled tests of melatonin suppression and pupil constriction responses must be performed in patients considering enucleating a visually blind eye for cosmetic reasons to assess whether nonvisual light responses remain intact, as removal of the eyes will likely induce nonentrained circadian rhythms and non–24-hour sleep–wake rhythm disorder. 14,19–21The number of totally visually blind people investigated for intact nonvisual responses to light with at least 1 eye remains very low, totaling 26 in all published studies. 14–16,24,26 On the basis of data from the 25 participants studied by our group, photic suppression of melatonin is preserved in approximately one third (8/25) of those who are totally blind with at least 1 eye (Czeisler et al, 199514 [n = 3/7, Table S1, available at www. aaojournal. org]; Klerman et al, 199815 [n = 0/3 not reported previously; 1473, 14B0, 1612]; [n = 5/15, Table 1]). Closer inspection of the ocular diagnoses for 22 of the 25 participants with available data (Tables 1 and S1) show that half of the patients (8/16) without bilateral phthisis bulbi exhibit light-induced melatonin suppression. None of the 6 patients with bilateral phthisis bulbi exhibited melatonin suppression. Furthermore, all of those who did have their melatonin suppressed also exhibited normally entrained (24-hour) circadian rhythms (except 22J7V who wore scleral shells that blocked light) and did not report any sleep disorders during screening, as expected, given the common neural pathways to the SCN and then pineal gland–governing entrainment of circadian rhythms, including sleep, and melatonin suppression. These results indicate that a simple clinical examination can identify those totally blind patients whose eyes may be subserving a vital function, namely, entrainment of the circadian timing system. Efforts to preserve functioning of the eyes in such patients should be part of their clinical care and should include education of patients on the importance of maintaining ocular circadian photoreception even in the absence of vision. Unfortunately, many totally blind patients discontinue, or are discharged from, ophthalmological care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Loss of SOCE in late pupae leads to a reorganisation of neuronal gene expression The molecular consequences of loss of SOCE in THD’ neurons were investigated next by undertaking a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis from fluorescence-activated and sorted (FACS) THD’ neurons with or without OraiE180A expression and marked with eGFP (Figure 1E, Figure 1—figure supplement 5). THD’ neurons were obtained from pupae at 72 ± 6 hr APF (essential SOCE requirement for flight; Figure 1E). Expression analysis of RNA-seq libraries generated from THD’ neurons revealed a reorganisation of the transcriptome upon loss of SOCE (Figure 1F). Expression of 822 genes was downregulated (with a fold change cut-off of < –1) as assessed using three different methods of differentially expressed genes (DEG) analysis (Figure 1G), whereas 137 genes were upregulated (Figure 1—figure supplement 6). To understand whether loss of SOCE affects genes expressed in neurons from the pupal stage, we used the modEncode dataset (Celniker et al. , 2009; mod, 2010) to reconstruct developmental trajectories of all genes expressed in THD’ neurons (Figure 1—figure supplement 7). Using an unsupervised clustering algorithm, we classified genes expressed in THD’ neurons into three clusters, where ‘cluster 0’ is low expression throughout development, ‘cluster 1’ exhibits a larval peak in expression, and ‘cluster 2’ exhibits a pupal peak in expression (Figure 1H). The majority of expressed genes (>95%) classify as low expression throughout (cluster 0) and were removed from further analysis. Genes belonging to either the downregulated gene set or the upregulated gene set in SOCE-deficient THD’ neurons and a random set of genes were analysed further. A comparison of the proportion of DEGs classified in the larval and pupal clusters revealed that >75% of downregulated genes belonged to the pupal peak (cluster 2), whereas <20% of either the upregulated genes or a random set of genes classified as belonging to the larval peak (Figure 1I). Moreover, downregulated genes exhibit higher baseline expression in wildtype pupal THD’ neurons (Figure 1—figure supplements 8 and 9).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Although it is difficult to have an inventory of the land area subjected to such conversions, it clearly occurs. Eddy covariance flux towers can provide net ecosystem productivity (NEP) measurements over timescales ranging from hours to years to assess the carbon balance and the ecosystem processes that dictate the carbon exchange (e. g. , Baldocchi 2003, 2008). The advantage of this method is the immediate measurement of carbon dynamics resulting from a practice, without waiting for many years to evaluate changes in soil organic carbon stocks through differential sampling in time. Further, we can measure a footprint at the field-scale and acquire a spatial sample that integrates micro-site variations. This technique has been employed globally in many ecosystems, and direct comparisons can be made using paired towers (Amiro 2001; Ammann et al. 2007). Large, level agricultural fields are common in southern Manitoba and are ideally suited for the eddy covariance method. Hence, this method has a good potential to evaluate carbon exchange over fields with differing management practices. Our objective was to use identical eddy covariance systems on adjacent fields to determine the carbon flux on a grassland field converted to annual cropping, determine the carbon flux on an unaltered grassland field and determine the divergence between the net flux of these fields in the year of conversion. Such data are valuable for the creation, calibration and verification of process-based carbon models; creating greenhouse gas inventories and budgets; assessing beneficial management practices; informing carbon credit trading systems; and improving long-term soil fertility and food security. and Experimental DesignThe study site is situated northwest of Winnipeg, at (lat. 50°16'N, long. 97°87′W, 260 m a. s. l. ). This area is commonly associated with pasture and hay crops due to limited soil suitability to annual crops. Soils are classed as Chernozems (1998) with thin dark gray to black A horizons and a high lime content of the calcareous boulder parent materials. These soils are of the Isafold association with a characteristically thin, clay to clay–loam, lacustrine surface, commonly underlain by gravel (Ehrlich et al. 1953, 1957). Two adjacent fields, separated by a road about 20 m wide, of 28. 4 ha (Treatment) and 39. 6 ha (Control) were selected for their similar backgrounds of long-term perennial management.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The same clinical exam can also identify totally blind people whose eyes are unlikely to provide photic input to the circadian pacemaker and who are therefore highly likely to have a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. 18–21 The lack of specificity of the Questionnaire during screening illustrates the difficulty with using sleep alone to indicate the presence of a melatonin suppression response. In conclusion, our findings confirm that a substantial fraction of blind individuals who have no light perception still exhibit melatonin suppression responses to ocular LE, presumably through intact ipRCG function. Clinical ophthalmologic examinations can be used to guide clinical care. In addition to diagnosis of bilateral phthisis bulbi and enucleation, carefully performed, extended-duration pupillary constriction tests may be helpful in identifying patients in whom nonimage-forming retinal responses are preserved. The melatonin suppression test protocol remains a reliable method for confirming the functional integrity of the retina-RHT-SCN-pineal axis and nonvisual light-responsive blind individuals. 84. 95 KB)Table S1 1. Wetterberg, L. Melatonin in humans. Physiological and clinical studiesJ Neural Trans. 1978; 289-3102. Wurtman, R. J. ∙ Ozaki, Y. Physiological control of melatonin synthesis and secretion: mechanisms, generating rhythms in melatonin, methoxytryptophol, and arginine vasotocin levels and effects on the pineal of endogenous catecholamines, the estrous cycle, and environmental lightingJ Suppl. 1978; 13:59-70PubMed3. Lewy, A. J. ∙ Wehr, T. A. ∙ Goodwin, F. K. . . . Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humansScience. 1980; 210:1267-1269CrossrefScopus (1542)PubMed4. Moore, R. Y. ∙ Lenn, N. J. A retinohypothalamic projection in the ratJ Comp Neurol. 1972; 146:1-14CrossrefScopus (1057)PubMed5. Klein, D. C. ∙ Moore, R. Y. Pineal N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase: control by the retinohypothalamic tract and the suprachiasmatic nucleusBrain Res.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: In the adult central nervous system (CNS), Set2, is expressed at fourfold higher levels compared to Set1 (Figure 2—figure supplement 2; mod, 2010). Set2 also shows a steep 5. 5-fold increase in expression levels during the pupal to adult transition compared to a 2-fold increase in Set1 (Figure 2—figure supplement 2). These observations, coupled with the previous report of Set2 function downstream of IP3R/Ca2+ signalling in larval glutamatergic neurons (Mitra et al. , 2020), led us to pursue the role of Set2 in THD’ neurons. Figure 2 with 8 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Ca2+ entry through Orai regulates gene expression by Set2-mediated histone modification. (A) Scatter plot of (GO) categories enriched in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE)-responsive genes. Individual GO terms are represented as differently coloured circles, with radius size indicating number of genes enriched in that category. (B) Fold change of SET domain containing genes as indicated. Individual circles on the Y-axis for each gene represent transcript variants pertaining to that gene. (C) Transcripts of the H3K36 methyltransferase (left) are significantly diminished (right) in THD’ dopaminergic neurons (DANs) either upon loss of Orai function (THD’>OraiEE180A) or by knockdown of Set2 (THD’>Set2 RNAi). qRT-PCRs were performed from FAC-sorted THD’ DANs with three biological replicates. Individual 2-ΔΔCT values are shown as points. Letters represent statistically distinguishable groups after performing an ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (p<0. 05). (D) Significant rescue of flight bout durations seen in THD’>OraiEE180A flies by overexpression of Set2 and by knockdown of the Kdm4B demethylase indicating a net requirement for H3K36me3. Flight durations of single flies are depicted as swarm plots and the Δ flight parameter is shown below. Both were measured as described in the legend to Figure 1. N = 30 or more flies for each genotype.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: 5 kg N ha−1, 17 kg P2O5 ha−1, 11 kg K2O ha−1 and 1–2 kg S ha−1. The production and land conversion practices described are typical of the Interlake region of Manitoba. Table 1. Table 1. Management events z Letters correspond to DOY markers on all figures. Soil, Biomass and Manure MeasurementsSurface soil samples were taken from each field on DOY 208 (Treatment) and DOY 211 (Control) using a 3. 8-cm-diameter Dutch auger for the 0- to 15-cm depth and a 2. 5-cm Dutch auger for the 15- to 30-cm depth. A smaller auger was chosen for the lower depth to prevent contamination from upper depths and to better penetrate into the underlying soil. Five sampling locations were selected in 20-m increments to 100 m from each instrument tower along three transects (). Samples were not collected from a NE transect because of less frequent winds from this direction with smaller impact on the flux measurement footprint. Each surface sample consisted of a composite of three cores taken from random locations within a 3-m circumference at each sampling site. Surface samples were analyzed by the Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Department for total carbon (combustion by Leco) and organic carbon (Walkley–Black); carbonates were determined by subtraction. Walkley–Black analysis used a correction factor of 1. 33 to account for 75% oxidization of organic carbon. Field composite samples were sent to ALS (Winnipeg, MB) for site characterization analysis, texture (hand texture), NO3-N (CaCl2 colourimetric), P (Olsen P), K (modified Kelowna), S (CaCl2 ICP), pH (1:2 water) and electrical conductivity (1:2 water). A 7-cm-diameter tulip bulb planter was used to take bulk density samples of 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths from the 40-m and 80-m sampling locations of each transect. Deeper soil cores were collected in duplicate from the end point of each transect (100 m) using a 3. 8-cm-diameter tractor-mounted Giddings soil probe with a carbide gravel tip.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 2005; 433:749-754CrossrefScopus (1076)PubMed13. Lucas, R. J. ∙ Peirson, S. N. ∙ Berson, D. M. . . . Measuring and using light in the melanopsin ageTrends Neurosci. 2014; 37:1-9Full Text(PDF)Scopus (895)PubMed14. Czeisler, C. A. ∙ Shanahan, T. L. ∙ Klerman, E. B. . . . Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright lightN Med. 1995; 332:6-11CrossrefScopus (555)PubMed15. Klerman, E. B. ∙ Rimmer, D. W. ∙ Dijk, D. -J. . . . Nonphotic entrainment of the human circadian pacemakerPhysiol. 1998; 274:R991-R996CrossrefPubMed16. Klerman, E. B. ∙ Shanahan, T. L. ∙ Brotman, D. J. . . . Photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker in the absence of conscious visionJ Biol Rhythms. 2002; 17:548-555CrossrefScopus (116)PubMed17. Stephan, F. K. ∙ Zucker, I. Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. 1972; 69:1583-1586CrossrefScopus (1645)PubMed18. Sack, R. L. ∙ Lewy, A. J. ∙ Blood, M. L. . . . Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significanceJ Metab. 1992; 75:127-134CrossrefScopus (0)PubMed19. Lockley, S. W. ∙ Skene, D. J. ∙ Arendt, J. . . . Relationship between melatonin rhythms and visual loss in the blindJ Metab. 1997; 82:3763-3770CrossrefScopus (286)PubMed20. Lockley, S. W. ∙ Arendt, J. ∙ Skene, D. J. Visual impairment and circadian rhythm disordersNeurosci.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Letters above each genotype represent statistically indistinguishable groups as measured using a Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Tukey test (p<0. 05). Figure 7—source data 1 Raw data for flight assays (A, B, E), and imaging quantifications (C, D, F, G). Download elife-88808-fig7-data1-v1. xlsx fpDANs also require a balance between H3K36me3/H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic regulation (Figure 2K). To understand whether this epigenetic balance affects flight through modulation of neuronal excitability, we measured KCl-induced depolarising responses of PPL1 DANs in Orai-deficient animals (THD’>OraiEE180A) fed on the H3K27me3 antagonist GSK343 (0. 5 mM). GSK343-fed animals were sorted into two groups (fliers/non-fliers) on the basis of flight bout durations of greater or lesser than 30 s (Figure 7—figure supplement 3) and tested for responses to KCl (Figure 7—figure supplement 3C). THD’>OraiEE180A flies fed on GSK343 showed a rescue in KCl responses, with a clearly enhanced response in the fliers compared to the non-fliers (Figure 7—figure supplement 3C), thereby reiterating the hypothesis that SOCE-mediated regulation of activity in these neurons acts through epigenetic regulation between opposing histone modifications. THD’ DANs require SOCE-mediated gene expression for axonal arborisation and neuromodulatory dopamine release in the MB γ lobe Next, we revisited how loss of activity during the critical maturation window of 72–96 hr APF and 0–2 d post-eclosion affects axonal arborisation of fpDANs that innervate the γ lobe. From previous work, we know that major axonal branches of the fpDANs reach the γ lobe normally in THD’>OraiEE180A animals (Figure 8A and B; Pathak et al. , 2015). Neuronal activity can drive changes in neurite complexity and axonal arborisation (Depetris-Chauvin et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The maximum depth of the cores varied due to the presence of large stones and gravel at depth; the average maximum sample depth was 60 cm. The cores were transported intact in polycarbonate sleeves and complete 15-cm increments were analyzed. After determination of bulk density, a subsample was ground to pass through a 150-µm screen and analyzed for total carbon and organic carbon. A 0. 25-m2 ground level clip-plot biomass sample was taken every 20 m along each transect before harvest on DOY 208 and 211 for the Treatment and Control fields, respectively. All samples for a single transect were placed in the same bag. Each sample was air dried and then corrected to oven-dried with a sub-sample oven-dried at 70°C for 48 h. A producer's estimate of harvested biomass was calculated from the harvested surface area, bale count, bale moisture and the mass per bale. The harvested surface area was determined by GPS measurements; bale count, moisture and mass were collected from the producer's records. These producer yield estimates were then compared with the clip-plot data. A single composite manure sample was collected from the ground at various locations on the field after application. The sample was dried at 40°C for several days, ground and analyzed for total carbon (combustion by Leco) to estimate the carbon imported to the system during the manure application. An eddy covariance system was installed near the center of each field. Each system was mounted on three towers: two towers for power generation equipment and one for instrumentation. On each field the towers were aligned in the producer's preferred direction of field operations, north to south over a distance of 8 m, with all instrumentation on the south-most tower. Ground-based instruments such as thermocouples, tipping bucket precipitation gauges, ground heat flux plates and soil moisture probes were placed between the towers. Guy-wires were avoided by strapping each of the triangular tower segments to a fence post. This configuration allowed continuous data collection by eliminating the need to dismantle the towers during management events. Once a management event had occurred, hand tools were used to complete the management practices between the towers. Power was supplied by eight deep-cycle 12-V DC gel batteries charged by four 85-W solar panels (Kyocera Solar, Inc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 2007; 9:301-314CrossrefPubMed21. Flynn-Evans, E. E. ∙ Tabandeh, H. ∙ Skene, D. J. . . . Circadian rhythm disorders and melatonin production in 127 blind women with and without light perceptionJ Biol Rhythms. 2014; 29:215-224CrossrefScopus (86)PubMed22. Hughes, S. ∙ Hankins, M. W. ∙ Foster, R. G. . . . Melanopsin phototransduction: slowly emerging from the darkRes. 2012; 199:19-40CrossrefScopus (72)PubMed23. Lucas, R. J. ∙ Lall, G. S. ∙ Allen, A. E. . . . How rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptors come together to enlighten the mammalian circadian clockRes. 2012; 199:1-18CrossrefScopus (143)PubMed24. Zaidi, F. H. ∙ Hull, J. T. ∙ Peirson, S. N. . . . Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retinaCurr Biol. 2007; 17:2122-2128Full Text(PDF)Scopus (281)PubMed25. Gooley, J. J. ∙ Ho Mien, I. ∙ St Hilaire, M. A. . . . Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptors play different roles in mediating pupillary light responses during exposure to continuous light in humansJ Neurosci. 2012; 32:14242-14253CrossrefScopus (168)PubMed26. Vandewalle, G. ∙ Collignon, O. ∙ Hull, J. T. . . . Blue light stimulates cognitive brain activity in visually blind individualsJ Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25:2072-2085CrossrefScopus (89)PubMed27. Lockley, S. W. ∙ Skene, D. J. ∙ Tabandeh, H. . . . Relationship between napping and melatonin in the blindJ Biol Rhythms. 1997; 12:16-25CrossrefScopus (126)PubMed28. Lockley, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Orai-mediated Ca2+ entry, initiated by neuromodulatory acetylcholine signals, is required for amplification of a signalling cascade, which begins by activation of the homeo-box TF Trl, followed by upregulation of several genes, including Set2, a gene that encodes an enzyme for an activating epigenetic mark, H3K36me3. Set2 in turn establishes a transcriptional feedback loop to drive expression of key neuronal signalling genes, including a repertoire of voltage-gated ion channel genes required for neuronal activity in mature PPL1 DANs (schematised in Figure 9). Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Schematic outline of the role of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in determining excitability and function of dopaminergic neurons required for flight circuit development. SOCE acts through a transcriptional feedback loop including the transcription factor trithorax-like (Trl), and the H3K36 methyltransferase Set2 to induce the expression of genes required for neuronal excitability and flight. SOCE supports gene expression transitions during critical developmental windows Studies in the Drosophila MB have identified spontaneous bouts of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel-mediated neuronal activity through as yet unknown mechanisms, which occur during early adulthood driving refinement and maturation of behaviours such as associative learning (Leinwand and Scott, 2021). Our studies here, on a subset of 21–23 central DANs (Figure 1B and C) of which some send projections to the MB and regulate flight behaviour, provide a mechanistic explanation for neuromodulation-dependent intracellular signalling culminating in transcriptional maturation of a circuit supporting adult flight. In the critical developmental window of 72–96 hr APF, a cohort of SOCE-responsive genes, which include a range of ion channels, undergo a wave of induction. Loss of SOCE at this stage thus renders these neurons functionally incompetent (Figures 3B–D–6G–I, 7D–F) and abrogates flight (Figure 1D). Developmentally assembled neuronal circuits require experience/activity-dependent maturation (Akin and Zipursky, 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: , Scottsdale, AZ) and a 400-W wind generator (Air Industrial: Southwest Windpower, Inc. , Flagstaff, AZ). Power generation was controlled by two charge controllers; one for solar (TriStar: ) and one for wind (Trace C-40: Southwest Windpower, Inc. , Flagstaff, AZ). Power conservation used data-logger-controlled relays to switch off the pump, infrared gas analyzer and sonic anemometer during periods of low voltage. The estimated maximum current draw was 5. 3 A. The eddy covariance instrumentation consisted of an LI-7000 closed-path infrared gas analyzer (-COR Inc. , Lincoln, NE) for carbon dioxide and water vapor concentrations and a CSAT3 sonic anemometer-thermometer (Inc. , Logan, UT) for wind velocity and virtual air temperature. The sonic anemometer-thermometer and intake for the IRGA were at a 3-m height on an extension to the southwest of the tower; approximating the direction of the prevailing wind. This gave an effective measurement fetch of tens to a few hundred meters, depending on atmospheric conditions, so we measured a large within-field spatial sample. A 3. 0-µm filter () was placed on the sample intake and 4 m of 3. 18-mm inner diameter Bev-A-Line IV (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL) was used to bring the gas sample to the IRGA. The IRGA was encased in a temperature-controlled housing (University of British Columbia, Biometeorology Group), which also contained solenoids and rotameters for daily automated calibration of the IRGA. The pump (Model UN815KNDC; KNF Neuberger Inc. , Trenton, NJ) produced a flow of approximately 10 L min−1. Eddy covariance data were logged at 10 Hz and saved to a 2 GB data card in a CR1000 data logger with an NL–115 card reader (Inc. ). Meteorological instrumentation included a net radiometer (Model CNR1; Kipp and Zonen, Delft, the Netherlands), a tipping bucket rainfall sensor (Model series 525; Texas Electronics, Inc. , Dallas, TX), an air temperature and relative humidity probe (and 45C212; Inc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: W. ∙ Skene, D. J. ∙ Butler, L. J. . . . Sleep and activity rhythms are related to circadian phase in the blindSleep. 1999; 22:616-623CrossrefScopus (101)PubMed29. Douglass, A. B. ∙ Bornstein, R. ∙ Nino-Murcia, G. . . . Disorders Questionnaire. I: Creation and multivariate structure of SDQSleep. 1994; 17:160-167CrossrefScopus (455)PubMed30. Czeisler, C. A. ∙ Duffy, J. F. ∙ Shanahan, T. L. . . . Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemakerScience. 1999; 284:2177-2181CrossrefScopus (1327)PubMed31. Duffy, J. F. ∙ Dijk, D. -J. Getting through to circadian oscillators: why use constant routines? J Biol Rhythms. 2002; 17:4-13CrossrefScopus (300)PubMed32. Brown, E. N. ∙ Czeisler, C. A. The statistical analysis of circadian phase and amplitude in constant-routine core-temperature dataJ Biol Rhythms. 1992; 7:177-202CrossrefScopus (214)PubMed33. Brown, E. N. ∙ Choe, Y. ∙ Shanahan, T. L. . . . A mathematical model of diurnal variations in human plasma melatonin levelsPhysiol. 1997; 272:E506-E516PubMed34. Chang, A. M. ∙ Santhi, N. ∙ St Hilaire, M. . . . Human responses to bright light of different durationsJ Physiol. 2012; 590:3103-3112CrossrefScopus (225)PubMed35. Brainard, G. C. ∙ Rollag, M. D. ∙ Hanifin, J. P. Photic regulation of melatonin in humans: ocular and neural signal transductionJ Biol Rhythms. 1997; 12:537-546CrossrefScopus (179)PubMed36. Pérez-Rico, C. ∙ de la Villa, P. ∙ Blanco, R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: The SET-domain containing family of histone modifiers (Figure 2B), including H3K36me3 methyltransferase Set2 (Figure 2C), identified here appears to function as key transcriptional effectors-induced downstream of neuromodulatory inputs that stimulate SOCE through Orai during pupal and adult maturation of fpDANs. SOCE-driven Set2-mediated H3K36me3 enhances the expression of key GPCRS, components of intracellular Ca2+ signalling (Figure 2A) and ion channels (Figure 6A and B) for optimal dopaminergic neuron function (Figure 7D–F) and flight (Figure 1C). Rescue of flight by genetic depletion of an epigenetic ‘eraser’ Kdm4B, an H3K36me3 demethylase (Figure 2D), suggests that a balance between perdurance of H3K36me3 and its removal is actively maintained on the expressed genes. Interestingly, another member of the SET domain family, E(z), is upregulated upon loss of SOCE (Figure 2B). E(z) is a component of the Drosophila PRC2 complex, which represses gene expression through H2K27me3 (Margueron and Reinberg, 2011). Structural studies on Drosophila nucleosomes have elucidated that the H3K36me3 modification allosterically inhibits the PRC2 complex activity (Finogenova et al. , 2020). Our findings support a model wherein at key developmental stages SOCE determines the level of these competing epigenetic signatures, thus allowing gene expression by enhancing Set2-mediated H3K36me3 (Figure 2H). Loss of SOCE leads to deficient Set2-mediated H3K36me3 (Figure 2E), a likely shifting of the balance in favour of PRC2-mediated H3K27me3 and overall repression in gene expression (as observed in Figure 1—figure supplements 8 and 9). Feeding SOCE-deficient animals a pharmacological inhibitor of PRC2 (GSK434) led to a significant rescue in behaviour (Figure 2J) presumably by disinhibition of H3K27me3-mediated gene repression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: ), two ground heat flow transducers placed at 1-cm depth (Model HFT-3. 1; Radiation and Systems Inc. , Bellevue, WA), two soil moisture probes spanning the 0-cm to 30-cm depths (Model CS616; Inc. ), two Chromel-placed at 10-cm and 20-cm depths and incoming and outgoing photosynthetically active radiometers (Model PARlite; Kipp and Zonen). Meteorological data were collected on a separate CR1000 data logger at 1 Hz and averaged over 30-min periods. Meteorological supporting data were also available at a third nearby location as a back-up. Data were typically downloaded weekly. Data ProcessingData processing and statistical analyses were performed in MatLab (MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA) using the gap-filling protocols of the Flux(Amiro et al. 2006). High-frequency data were split into half-hourly files and then processed with daily CO2 calibrations to generate coordinate rotated (Tanner and Thurtell 1969) half-hourly cross products. Half-hourly supporting and meteorological measurements were aligned and appended to the cross-products data and then fluxes for the entire season were calculated. Carbon dioxide flux was calculated as the 30-min block covariance. Quality-control measures followed Amiro (2010) and removed 30-min flux data when missing anemometer counts were greater than 5%; the standard deviation of the anemometer-thermometer temperature or vertical wind velocity was zero; the vertical mean velocity was >0. 5 or <–0. 5 m s−1; the standard deviation of the CO2 concentration was >1 mmol m−3; the mean CO2 concentration was <13 or >20 mmol m−3; the calculated CO2 eddy flux was >30 or <−30 µmol m−2 s−1. We assumed that carbon storage was negligible at a height of 3 m, and the friction velocity threshold was calculated as 0. 19 m s−1 based on a regression of CO2 flux versus friction velocity corresponding to 80% of the maximum observed night-time flux (Mkhabela et al. 2009). Automated zero and span CO2 calibrations were performed daily at 0430 until DOY 361 when the calibration time was changed to 1530 due to night-time power limitations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: A high proportion of individuals were classified as “acutely distressed” in each of the shift types and these rates appear increased from previous study estimates [12]. In alignment with previous research [12] it was hypothesised that rotating shift workers would experience greater levels of social dysfunction than day and night staff. This was not supported by our results and the inconsistencies in the relationship between shift work and social dysfunction warrants further research. Shift-related differences in Organisational climateH2 was partially supported. Only co-worker cohesion was significantly higher for rotating staff compared to night staff, consistent with previous studies [12]. The perception of reduced co-worker cohesion exhibited by night staff may be due to the reduced number of staff working overnight, which may result in less opportunity to interact with colleagues. Fixed night staff are likely to have less opportunity to interact with colleagues on other shift types—such as the day shift—outside of a handover process. In contrast, rotating staff would have the opportunity to work with a range of colleagues on both fixed day and night shifts, contributing to a higher level of co-worker cohesion. Level of physical comfort emerged as an organisational climate factor that also differed between shift types. Night staff reported significantly higher levels of physical comfort than rotating staff. The physical environment experienced by rotating staff is highly variable, which may hinder feelings of comfort. Another possible explanation could be that night staff have less exposure to conditions that cause physical discomfort (i. e. heat and noise) as these may be less prevalent at night. Scores on the other organisational climate factors were generally consistent across the three shift types. Scores on organisational climate factors emerged as quite similar across the three shift types. This is in contrast with our hypothesis that the organisational climate of night shift would differ most when compared to rotating and day staff. Influence of Organisational climate on health outcomesH3 was only partially supported by the results. The combined effects of organisational climate factors on health outcomes were non-trivial, explaining between 9 and 18% of the variance in health. Supervisor support was the single organisational climate factor that emerged as a significant contributor to the prediction of health outcomes of nurses. Specifically, supervisor support was shown to significantly predict level of somatic complaints, social dysfunction, and overall psychological distress. The protective role of supervisor support in buffering employees from the potential negative effects of shift work has been reported in several studies [25,26,27].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Figure 3A-E) as well as Orai (Venkiteswaran and Hasan, 2009; Figure 3). S2E, we show that flight deficits arising from THD’> Set2RNAi are rescued upon overexpression of STIM (i. e. THD’>Set2RNAi; ). Here and in another recent publication (Mitra et al. , 2021) we show that neurons expressing Set2RNAi exhibit reduced expression of the IP3R and reduced ER-Ca2+ release presumably leading to reduced SOCE. As mentioned above we have consistently found that STIM overexpression raises both IP3-mediated Ca2+ release and SOCE in Drosophila neurons. In this study, we propose that Ca2+ release through the IP3R followed by SOCE are part of a positive feedback loop (described in the revised manuscript- see Lines 302-307) driving expression of Set2 which in turn upregulates expression of mAChR and IP3R (Figure 3F) to regulate dopaminergic neuron function. Our observation that loss of Set2 (THD’>Set2RNAi) can be rescued by STIM overexpression is consistent with this model because: Loss of Set2 (THD’>Set2RNAi) results in downregulation of several genes including mAChR and IP3R leading to decreased SOCE. As evident from our previous studies increased STIM expression in the Set2RNAi background (THD’>Set2RNAi; ) is expected to enhance SOCE which we predict would rescue Set2 expression leading to rescue of other Set2 dependent downstream functions like flight (Figure 2D). 3, data is provided linking SET2 expression and Cch-induced Ca2+ responses. The presentation of these data is confusing. In addition, the results may be a simple side effect of SET2-dependent expression of IP3R. Given that this 2. The rescue of trl13c/with STIM overexpression in THD’ neurons indicates that excess SOCE (driven by ) may activate the residual Trl (there exists a WT Trl copy in this genetic background) to rescue THD’ flight function.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The data during calibration events were removed from the raw high-frequency data. Missing CO2 calibrations were estimated as the mean of the previous 10 successful calibrations. CO2 fluxes were corrected for water vapor density affects only, because the tubing and temperature-controlled housing removed the temperature-density effect (Webb et al. 1980). The delay between the sonic anemometer-thermometer and IRGA signals was determined as the delay yielding maximum covariance: about 0. 6–0. 8 s for the Treatment field and 1. 1–1. 5 s for the Control field. The automated calculation occasionally gave unrealistic values so the mode of the calculated delay times for each day was used as a fixed delay to avoid using any extreme values. Delays did not change frequently from day to day so the delay from the previous day was often used to reduce re-calculation time. Upper and lower internal IRGA pressure thresholds were set at 50 to 83 kPa. Fluxes were slightly underestimated due to loss of high-frequency signals in the sampling lines. These losses were estimated as 5% by comparing the high-frequency spectra and integration of the covariance of the sensible heat flux to that of the carbon dioxide flux for several time periods. The CO2 flux was then multiplied by a constant factor of 1. 05 to correct for this loss in a transparent way. Gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and the gap-filled versions of and ER (downward fluxes are positive) were calculated based on the algorithms (Amiro et al. 2006). GPP was calculated as the sum of ER and NEP. Missing GPP data were modeled using a relationship between GPP and incoming photosynthetically active radiation. ER was estimated as NEP during periods of no photosynthesis: at night and at air temperatures below freezing. Gaps in ER were modeled through a relationship between ER and air temperature (shallow soil temperatures were not available). Energy balance closure adjustments were not applied to the reported fluxes; closure ranged from 70 to 82%, depending on the site. Missing energy was likely mostly caused by an underestimation of the water vapor flux in the closed-path system, which may have a lesser effect on the CO2 flux. year 2009 was similar to the 30-yr normal for Winnipeg for both temperature and precipitation. The mean 2009 June to August temperature (16.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Practical implicationsThe study found that rotating staff were experiencing the most psychological distress. Interestingly, night and day shift staff were found to be experiencing similar rates of psychological distress, which suggests that a fixed style roster is more protective for nurse health. Alternatively, organisations might reduce the rate of rotations for those staff on a rotating shift to help to minimise the potential for negative outcomes. Shift work organisations might focus on techniques to enhance supervisor support. The finding that levels of co-worker cohesion were highest for rotating staff suggests that ensuring that employees have the opportunity to engage with others outside of their teams and business units during the shift may help buffer the impact of shift work. These findings need further investigation as they suggest that modifiable aspects of the organisational climate can be used to minimise the negative impacts of shift work on health. ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that shift types differ in terms of their organisational climate and the level of psychopathology-somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, depression, social dysfunction experienced by individuals. The present findings are generally aligned with prior studies, the general consensus being that nursing is a demanding and stressful profession, often associated with psychological distress. The findings suggest that supervisor support and task orientation may have a protective role in employee health. Interventions targeted at organisational climate may assist in mitigating the potential negative impacts of shift work schedules on employees’ health. AbbreviationsDV: Dependent variable GHQ-28: The general health questionnaire H1: Hypothesis 1 H2: Hypothesis 2 H3: Hypothesis 3 IV: Independent variables WES-R: Work environment scale – real 10. 2165/00007256-200838080-00005. Shiftwork impacts and adaptation among health care workers. Occup Med. 2009; Nurses and shift work: effects on job performance and job-related stress. J Adv Nurs. 1988; Associations between work schedule characteristics and occupational injury and illness. Rev. 2010; K. Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. J-Lancet. 1986; Does a stressful psychosocial work environment mediate the effects of shift work on cardiovascular risk factors? Health. 1999; H. Self-assessed quality of sleep, occupational health, working environment, illness experience and job satisfaction of female nurses working different combination of shifts. Caring Sci.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: This is further supported by the rescue of trl/with Set2 overexpression in THD’ neurons, which is consistent with the feedback loop model proposed in Figure 5C (see Lines 390-396) where we propose that reduced SOCE leads to reduced ‘activated’ Trl and thus reduced Set2 expression, and the latter is rescued by SET2OE. The manner in which SOCE ‘activates’ Trl is the subject of ongoing investigations. The trl hypomorphic alleles (including trl13C) exist as genetic mutants and they affect Trl function in all tissues throughout development. While we concede that these mutant alleles would affect multiple functions at other stages of development, which may impinge on the phenotypes noted in Figure S4B, we have used a targeted RNAi approach to validate Trl function specifically in the THD’ neurons (see Figure 4C; Lines 339-341). Overexpression mediated rescues (including Set2) were not induced only during the critical 72-96 hrs APF developmental window. Having established that Orai function drives critical gene expression during this window (Figure 1), it is reasonable to assume that Set2 rescue of loss of flight in OraiE180A occurs in the same time window where flight is disrupted (see Lines 221-224). 4, data is shown that SOCE compensates for the loss of Trl, the presumed mediator of SOCE-dependent flight. The fact that flight deficits are rescued by raising SOCE in the absence of Trl is very inconsistent with this conclusion. We apologise for this confusion and have clarified in the revision (see Lines 346-367). trl13c is a recessive allele of Trl and has been written as such throughout the text and in the figures (i. e trl13c and NOT Trl13c). In all cases of Trl mutant rescue by and Set2OE there exists residual Trl that can be activated by excess SOCE thus leading to the rescue. This is true for trl13C/ where each mutant is present as a heterozygote (the complete genotype of this strain is+; trl13c/+; this has been corrected in the revision). Similarly, for TrlRNAi we expect reduced levels (but not complete loss) of Trl.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: 5°C) was within the standard deviation of the 30-yr June to August normal (18. 3±1. 8°C) and the 2009 June to August precipitation (235. 2 mm) was within 3 mm of the 30-yr average (232. 0 mm). However, July was wet whereas June and August were drier with respect to 30-yr monthly averages. The mean temperature for 2009 (2. 1°C) falls within the standard deviation of the 30-yr mean (2. 6±1. 3°C); annual total precipitation (520. 5 mm) was close to the 30-yr mean (513. 7 mm). Soil and Biomassfield had a finer texture (clay loam and clay) than the control field (loam, clay-loam) but other soil analyses show that these fields were similar (Table 2). Soil carbon content was not different between the fields (Table 3) based on samples sieved to <150 µm. We also analyzed single samples sieved at <2 mm, which tended to show lower organic carbon values by 10 to 20 g C kg−1 in the top 30 cm indicating the higher carbon content of the fine fraction. Bulk density (Table 4) was significantly different for the soils of the 0- to 15-cm depth only. Table 2. Table 2. Soil characteristics z z T, treatment; C, Control. One composite sample was analyzed per field per depth. Treatment field samples collected DOY 208, Control field samples collected DOY 211. Table 3. Table 3. Soil carbon z z T, Treatment; C, Control. Treatment field samples collected DOY 208 (0–30 cm), DOY 300 (>30 cm). Control field samples collected DOY 211 (0–30 cm), DOY 300 (>30 cm). Table 4. Table 4. Soil bulk density (Mg m−3)Pvalues are calculated in Matlab using a two-tailed t test. Clip plot data, corrected for harvest height, indicate that at harvest 150±20 g C m−2 (n=3) and 130 g C m−2 (n=1) were removed from the Treatment and Control plots, respectively. The clip plot values are similar to the producer's yield estimates of 160 and 150 g C m−2 from the Treatment and Control fields, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2006; Nurses and shift work: effects on physical health and mental depression. J Adv Nurs. 1990; A, Ghali A. Detrimental effects of variable work shifts on quality of sleep, general health and work performance. Pract. 2008; The effect of work hours on adverse events and errors in health care. J Saf Res. 2010; Stress in nurses: coping, managerial support and work demand. Stress Health. 2001; Treuer KM, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Little G. The impact of shift work and organizational work climate on health outcomes in nurses. J Psychol. 2014; C, Morgan D. Predictors of job satisfaction for rural acute care registered nurses in Canada. Nurs Res. 2008; K. Nurses’ work environment and nursing outcomes: a survey study among Finnish university hospital registered nurses. Nurs Pract. 2008; A, Zijlstra FR. Psychological climate and individual factors as antecedents of work outcomes. Psychol. 2008; M, van de Heijden BI, Costa G. Factors affecting work ability in day and shift-working nurses. Chronobiol Int. 2008; RH. Social climate scales, work environment scale manual: development, applications, research. Palto Alto: Press; 1994. 10. 1080/00185868. 1997. 10543764. . Using the WES to assess science teachers’ perceptions of school environment. Sci Educ. 1983; DP. The detection of psychiatric illnesses by questionnaire: a technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. London: Press; 1972. 10. 1017/S0033291700021644. . GHQ-28 and cGHQ-28: implications of two scoring methods for the GHQ in a primary care setting. Psych Epid. 2004; DP, Williams P. A user’s guide to the Questionnaire. Berkshire: nferCo; 1988. 10. 1037/1082-989X. 1. 1. 16. . Nursing unit managers, staff retention and the work environment. J Clin Nurs. 2011; TA, Bartram T. How empowerment and social support affect Australian nurses’ work stressors. Rev. 2004; Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. J Occup Health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Thus the SOCE rescue of loss of Trl occurs in conditions where Trl levels are reduced but NOT absent. Homozygous trl null mutants are lethal. 5 (A-C), data is provided that Trl transcripts are unaffected by loss of SOCE and that overexpression cannot rescue flightlessness. From this, the authors conclude that this gene "must" be calcium responsive. While that is one possibility, it is also possible that these genes are not functionally linked. The idea that Trl is functionally linked to SOCE is based on the following evidence (included in the revised version- see Lines 339-341; 346-367; 391-396) 4C we show that flight defects caused by partial loss of Trl (THD’>TrlRNAi) were rescued by STIM overexpression (THD’>TrlRNAi; ). As mentioned above we have found that STIM overexpression raises SOCE. Heteroalleles of the trl13C hypomorph exhibit a strong genetic interaction with a single copy of the null allele of as shown by the flight deficit of trl13c/+;+ (trl13C/) flies (Figure 4D). The genotypes will be corrected in the revision. Flight defects in trl13C/flies could be rescued by STIM overexpression in the THD’ neurons (trl13C/; THD’>) 4E, we show that partial loss of Trl in THD’ neurons (THD’>TrlRNAi) leads to decreased expression of the Ca2+ responsive genes mAChR, itpr, and Set2 genes indicating that Trl is a constituent of the SOCE-driven transcriptional feedback loop (see Figure 5C). Since we could not detect a well-defined Ca2+ binding domain in Trl, we hypothesize that it could be activated by a Ca2+ dependent post-translational modification. Phosphoproteome analysis of Trl demonstrated that it does indeed undergo phosphorylation at a Threonine residue (T237; Zhai et al. , 2008), which lies within a potential site for CaMKII. has been identified as a binding partner of Trl from a Trl interactome study (Lomaev et al. , 2018). Past work from our group (Ravi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: FluxesAbout 50% of the data from the Treatment field and 60% from the Control were gap filled over the full measurement period. Much of the missing data occurred at night during low wind speeds when eddy covariance is known to underestimate fluxes (Goulden et al. 1996). The calibration period (DOY 156 to 200) was used to assess the fields as replicates and a plot of half-hourly NEP of the Treatment versus the Control during this period (Fig. 1) shows that the scatter of points lays nearly centered on the 1:1 line. However, a paired t-test on the daily gap-filled NEP fluxes during the calibration period showed significant differences between fields (P <0. 001, n=45). A paired t-test on non-gap-filled half-hourly fluxes also showed a difference (P <0. 001, n=1001). An analysis of covariance on daily and non-gap-filled half-hourly averages compared with a dataset of perfect covariance also showed significant differences, caused by an apparent offset in the fluxes (P<0. 001). To assess our ability to compare the two eddy-covariance systems, the non-gap-filled 30-min average carbon dioxide concentrations were compared between the two sites during the calibration period. The half-hourly average CO2 concentration footprint is much larger than the CO2 flux footprint, so mean CO2 concentration measured on each field should be nearly identical. The regression plotting the half-hourly average CO2 concentration of the Control field versus the Treatment field gave a slope of 1. 04 and an offset of –9. 3 ppm (R 2=0. 90, n=1575). An analysis comparing the covariance of the half-hourly CO2 concentration against a dataset of perfect covariance gives P values of 0. 002 and <0. 001 for intercept and slope respectively. field consistently showed higher fluxes during the calibration period. The mean NEPs of the two fields over the calibration period were 3. 06±0. 3 g C m−2 d−1 for the Treatment field and 4. 41±0. 4 g C m−2 d−1 for the Control, a difference of 1. 34±0. 2 g C m−2 d−1. Fig. 1. Fig. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer About the Preprint Version 1 The effects of shift work induced circadian disruption on human health and its countermeasures ##10. 58445/rars. 1259 Keywords: shift work, circadian disruption, health review delves into the effects of shift work-induced disruptions to circadian rhythms on human physiology and cognition. By explaining the complex connections between circadian rhythms and various physiological systems, including cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems, it shows that circadian disruption goes beyond just bad sleep. Additionally, this paper explores potential countermeasures, such as light exposure, melatonin administration, sleep hygiene practices, strategic napping, and pharmacological interventions, offering viable strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of shift work. Through comprehensive understanding and targeted interventions, this research aims to enhance occupational health and well-being. 662. DOI: 10. 5664/jcsm. 9642. Richards, J. ; Gumz, M. L. Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks. . 2012, 26 (9), 3602-3613. DOI: 10. 1096/fj. Vitaterna, M. H; Takahashi, J. S; Turek, F. W. Overview of circadian rhythms. Health. 2001, 25 (2), 85-93. PMID: 11584554; PMCID: PMC6707128. Abbott, K. S. ; Queener, H. M. ; Ostrin, L. A. The ipRGC-Response with Light Exposure, Refractive Error, and Sleep. Optometry and Vision Science. 2018, 95 (4) 323-331. DOI: 10. 1097/OPX. 0000000000001198 Andreani, T. S. ; Itoh, T. Q. ; Yildirim, E. ; Hwangbo, D. S. ; Allada, R. Genetics of Circadian Rhythms. Clin. 2015, 10 (4) 413-421. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jsmc. 2015. 08. 007 Bae, K. ; Jin, X. ; Maywood, E. S. ; Hastings, M. H. ; Reppert, S. M. ; Weaver, D. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: In the experiments performed to rescue flight duration in Set2RNAi individuals the authors overexpress STIM and attribute the effect to "Excess STIM presumably drives higher SOCE sufficient to rescue flight bout durations caused by deficient Set2 levels. ". This should be experimentally tested as the STIM:Orai stoichiometry has been demonstrated as essential for SOCE. The assumption that STIM overexpression drives higher SOCE is based upon previously published work from Drosophila neurons (Agrawal et al. , 2010; Chakraborty et al, 2016; Deb et al. , 2016) which demonstrates that excess overcomes IP3R deficiencies (RNAi or hypomorphic mutants) to rescue SOCE. We agree that STIM-Orai stoichiometry is essential for SOCE, and propose that the rescue backgrounds possess sufficient WT Orai, which is recruited by the excess STIM to mediate the rescue. We have referenced the earlier work to validate our use of for rescue of SOCE (226-233). Here, we propose that Set2 is part of a positive feedback loop (see Lines 286-307) driving transcription of mAChR and IP3R (Figure 3F). In keeping with this hypothesis, we posit that the phenotypes observed in the Set2RNAi background (Figure 2D) result from decreased itpr and mAChR expression (validated in Figure 3E). This is further validated by the Set2 overexpression mediated rescue of OraiE180A (Figure 2D) and rescue of itpr/mAChR expression in the OraiE180A background (Figure 3B-E; THD’>OraiE180A; Set2OE). The authors show that overexpression of OraiE108A results in Stim downregulation at a mRNA level. What about the protein level? And more important, how does OraiE108A downregulate Stim expression? Does it promote Stim degradation? Does it inhibit Stim expression?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Field comparison of 30-min NEP during the calibration period. DOY 156–200. n=1055. The dashed line is a regression, y=0. 92x+0. 19 (R 2=0. 87). A direct flux-tower comparison was conducted in May 2012 at the Control site where the two sets of flux instruments were co-located to estimate instrument and measurement uncertainty. For a dataset of 86 half-hour fluxes, the mean difference between towers was 0. 62 µmol m−2 s−1 with a mean flux of 3. 65 µmol m−2 s−1, indicating a mean difference of 17%. During this period, the normalized covariance between the towers was 0. 89 with a root mean square error of 1. 35 µmol m−2 s−1. A linear regression between the towers had a slope of 1. 06, but an offset of 0. 41 µmol m−2 s−1 indicated some bias. Such bias is consistent with our calibration period. on FluxesFive-day average NEPs of the Control and Treatment fields are shown in Fig. 2. Throughout the calibration period (DOY 156–200) both fields show positive NEP, centered approximately on 3. 5 g C m−2 d−1. The NEP of the Control field was consistently higher than the Treatment field during this period. No management events occurred during the calibration period, so variability in the NEP of both fields at this point are due to changes in environmental conditions and both fields responded similarly. At DOY 210, the Control field was cut causing a large decrease in NEP, which leveled off at −2 g C m−2 d−1. On DOY 211 the treatment field was sprayed with glyphosate followed by cutting on DOY 218. Following glyphosate application there was a large decrease in the NEP of the Treatment field to −6 g C m−2 d−1. The NEP increase of both fields on DOY 225 indicates that both fields had begun recovering or acclimatizing to their disturbances. The NEP of the Control field increased to a maximum of 2 g C m−2 d−1 on DOY 245, much lower than before the cutting event. field then remained near this level until DOY 275 when air temperature began to decrease, causing NEP to approach zero.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: PMID: 12894240. Dickmeis, T. Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2009, 200 (1) 3-22. doi: 10. 1677/JOE-08-0415. Escobar, C. ; Salgado-Delgado, R. ; Gonzalez-Guerra, E. ; Tapia, O. A. ; Angeles-Castellanos, M. ; Buijs, R. M. Circadian disruption leads to loss of homeostasis and disease. Sleep Disord. 2011, 2011:964510. doi: 10. 1155/2011/964510. Scheer, F. A. ; Hilton, M. F. ; Mantzoros, C. S. ; Shea, S. A. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. . 2009, 106 (11) 4453-4458. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0808180106. Boivin, D. B. ;. O. to Shift Work. Industrial Health. 2005, 43 (1) 34-48. DOI:0. 2486/indhealth. 43. 34 Czeisler, C. A. ; Allan, J. S. ; Strogatz, S. H. ; Ronda, J. M. ; Sánchez, Ramiro. ; Ríos, C. D. ; Freitag, W. O. ; Richardson, G. S. ; Kronauer, R. E. Resets the of the Timing of the Sleep-Wake Cycle. Science. 1986, 233 (4764) 667-671. DOI:10. 1126/science. 3726555 Gumenyuk, V. ; Howard, R. ; Roth, T. ; Korzyukov, O. ; Drake, C. L. Sleep Loss, Circadian Mismatch, and Abnormalities in Reorienting of Attention in with Disorder. Sleep. 2014 37 (3) 545–556. DOI:10. 5665/sleep. 3494 Richardson, G. S. ; Zee, P. C. ; Wang-Weigand, S. ; Rodriguez, L. ; Peng, X. Circadian Phase-of Administration in Healthy Adults.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: 1995. sp020944. Mutant IP3 receptors attenuate store-operated Ca2+ entry by destabilizing STIM-Orai interactions in Drosophila neurons. J Cell Sci. 2016. 129:3903-3910. doi:10. 1242/jcs. 191585. Store-independent modulation of Ca2+ entry through Orai by Septin 7. Nat Commun. 2016. 7:11751. doi:10. 1038/ncomms11751 Depetris-. Adult-specific electrical silencing of pacemaker neurons uncouples molecular clock from circadian outputs. Curr Biol. 2011. 21:1783-1793. doi: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2011. 09. 027. Keyser P, Borge-Renberg K, Hultmark D. homolog is involved in salt stress tolerance. Mol Biol. 2007. 37:356-362. doi:10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2006. 12. 009 Kilo L, Stürner. Arborisation Neurons: Dynamics and Where to Find Them. Cells. 2021. 10:2777. doi:10. 3390/cells10102777 The GAGA factor regulatory network: Identification of GAGA factor associated proteins. PLoS One. 2017. 12:e0173602. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0173602. IP3/Ca2+ signals regulate larval to pupal transition under nutrient stress through the H3K36 methyltransferase dSET2. Development. 2021. 148:dev199018. doi:10. 1101/2020. 11. 25. 399329. Store-Entry through Required for of the in Drosophila. J Neurosci. 2015. 35:13784-13799. doi:10. 1523/jneurosci. 1680-15. 2015. FMRFa receptor stimulated Ca2+ signals alter the activity of flight modulating central dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Barsh GS, ed. PLOS Genet. 2018. 14:e1007459. doi:10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1007459. Activity-dependent plasticity in an olfactory circuit. Neuron. 2007. 56:838-50. doi: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Manure was only applied to the Treatment field between DOY 222 and 230 but no immediate effect can be seen in the NEP data. The increasing NEP of the Treatment field beginning on DOY 210 peaked below −4 g C m−2 d−1 on DOY 240–241. At this point, the field was disked causing NEP to decrease back to –6 g C m−2 d−1. The NEP of the Treatment field slowly increased for the rest of the season but remained negative into the winter. Repeated tillage events on DOY 274–280 and 293 had little effect on the NEP of the Treatment field. The cutting of the Control field affected NEP slightly faster than the glyphosate application affected the Treatment field, as can be seen by the slope of the NEP lines shortly after DOY 210–211. However the cumulative effect of the glyphosate and cutting was much greater than cutting alone. Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Five-day average NEP for the treatment and control fields. A: DOY 210 control cutting, DOY 211 treatment glyphosate; B: DOY 218 treatment cutting; C: DOY 222–230 treatment baling, bale removal and manure application; D: DOY 240–241 treatment tillage 1, DOY 230–247 control baling and bale removal; E: DOY 274–280 treatment tillage 2; F: DOY 293 treatment tillage 3. Figure 3a shows the 5-d average GPP of both the Control and Treatment fields. During the calibration period (DOY 156–200) the GPP of both fields is centered on approximately 9 g C m−2 d−1. The GPP of the Control field was consistently slightly higher than GPP of the Treatment field. At DOY 210 the cutting of the Control field caused GPP to decrease to approximately 3 g C m−2 d−1. GPP then recovered to a maximum of 7. 5 g C m−2 d−1, less than before the cutting. GPP remained below this level until DOY 275 when the temperature decreased causing GPP to approach zero. The combined glyphosate and cutting of the Treatment field, DOY 211 and 218 respectively, decreased GPP to near zero where it remained until the end of the season. Fig. 3. Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Become an your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. Journal of Occupational and 62(12):p 1006-1010, December 2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/JOM. 0000000000001994 : To estimate the additional health care costs incurred by two U. S. manufacturing companies due to their policies related to shift work and long work hours. Methods: We applied risk ratios from the published literature to data on 2647 workers from and 1346 workers from to estimate the excess cases of several chronic conditions in the worker population due to shift work and long work hours. We estimated the annual health care costs incurred by the companies by applying Medicare cost data. Results: Excess annual health care costs related to shift work totaled $1,394,365 and $300,297 for and B, respectively. Excess annual costs related to long work hours totaled $231,293 and $107,902 for and B, respectively. Conclusions: Excess health care costs related to shift work and long work hours is substantial, but may not be large enough to compel companies to alter their work scheduling policies. Approximately 20% of workers in the (US) are shift workers, meaning that at least half of their work hours are outside the traditional daytime hours of 8 am to 6 pm. 1 Numerous studies have shown that shift work disrupts one's circadian rhythm and the internal processes controlled by the rhythm. As a result, shift work is associated with greater risk of chronic health conditions including mental illness, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and obesity, as well as acute conditions, such as pre-term birth. 2–11 Although employers recognize the potential deleterious effects of shift work, they cite a number of arguments in favor of maintaining them, including the nature of the work requiring a 24/7 schedule (eg, public safety), maximization of production capacity in response to consumer demand, and in some cases, employee preference for long shifts to maximize days off and pay. 12,13 Employers develop and revisit work scheduling policies based on the needs of the companies’ stakeholders. Schedules must, therefore, balance operational requirements, costs, safety, employee p2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: We dissected a 1460 bp flp-17 promoter and found that a 138 bp promoter fragment was sufficient to drive expression in BAG neurons (Fig. S1). We noted that this minimal promoter contains three copies of a sequence motif predicted to bind ETS-family transcription factors. We then tested whether a promoter containing a single ETS-binding site is sufficient to drive gene expression in the BAG neurons. We observed that a 31 bp sequence containing a single ETS-binding site drove expression of a reporter transgene specifically in BAG neurons (Fig. 1A). These data indicated that one or more ETS-family transcription factors function to control BAG-cell fate specification. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. An ETS-family transcription factor is required for the specification of C. elegans CO2-chemosensitive BAG neurons. (A) A 31 basepair DNA element comprising a single ETS-binding motif (top) drives expression of GFP specifically in the BAG chemosensitive neurons (bottom). (B) One of ten ETS-family transcription factors encoded by the C. elegans genome is required for specification of BAG neurons. Shown is percent of animals mutant for each of ten ETS-family transcription factors encoded by the C. elegans genome that are BAGL/R ON (green circles) and BAGL/R OFF (open circles) for expression of a Promflp-19::gfp reporter transgene. N = number of animals scored. # We found one lin-1(e1777) mutant in which Promflp-19::gfp was not expressed in BAGR. (C) Fluorescence micrographs of Promflp-19::gfp expression in a wild-type animal, an ets-5 mutant and an ets-5 mutant carrying a wild-type copy of the ets-5 locus in a fosmid-derived transgene. BAGL/R neuron positions are marked by red circles and cells previously identified as AWAL/R [19] are marked by blue circles. The nerve ring is indicated by an arrowhead. The scale bar in lower panel is 20 µm. A: anterior, L: left. The ets-5 mutant allele was tm1734.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: (a) Treatment and control 5-d average GPP, (b) Treatment and control 5-d average ER. A: DOY 210 control cutting, DOY 211 treatment glyphosate; B: DOY 218 treatment cutting; C: DOY 222–230 treatment baling, bale removal and manure application; D: DOY 240–241 treatment tillage 1, DOY 230–247 control baling and bale removal; E: DOY 274–280 treatment tillage 2; F: DOY 293 treatment tillage 3. Figure 3b shows the 5-d average ER of both the Control and Treatment fields. Both fields were rarely more than 1 g C m−2 d−1 from each other regardless of the differences in management of the fields but the Treatment field was slightly higher than that of the Control field during the calibration period (DOY 156–200). Following glyphosate and cutting of the Treatment field (DOY 211 and 218) respiration remained relatively stable while the Control field ER increased following the cutting event, slightly narrowing the difference between the fields. For the remainder of the season, ER was similar, decreasing with temperature and generally with the Treatment field being greater than the Control field. The cumulative and ER illustrate that the difference in NEP during the calibration period (DOY 156–200) is caused by ER (Fig. 4). Cumulative GPP is virtually identical until treatment (DOY 210 and 211) while cumulative ER diverges for the entire season. Cumulative ER for the Treatment field was 83 g C m−2 greater than the Control field (Table 5). However, cumulative GPP of the Control field was 339 g C m−2 greater than the Treatment field. This yielded a net cumulative NEP difference of 441 g C m−2, but 60 g C m−2 of this occurred during the calibration period. A full carbon budget requires accounting for manure carbon additions and biomass removals. This results in −149 g C m−2 for the Treatment field and 96 g C m−2 for the Control field, a difference of 245 g C m−2 (Table 5). Fig. 4. Fig. 4. and ER.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: The prevalence was determined through health care claims and identified by the companies’ third party vendors. and B work with different third party vendors, each of which uses a unique proprietary approach to identify incidence of the conditions, so data are not comparable across companies. Hourly workers employed by Company A, Plants 1 and 2, all work 12-hour shifts that rotate from days to nights. Many, but not all, hourly workers employed by work 12-hour shifts. Estimates of Excess of We used results from a previously published review of meta-analyses that identified the increased risks of the high cost and high prevalence conditions associated with shift work and long work hours. 16 The adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) for each condition are accessible in the supplemental materials. Using the available adjusted RRs or ORs, and data from the manufacturers, we were able to estimate the rate of each condition for the shift and 12-hour worker populations. The inverse of the risk ratio (or similar calculation for the odds ratio, was used to obtain the estimated rates of the non-shift or non-12-hour working populations. The estimated number of cases for each condition was then compared to the observed number of cases to calculate an excess incidence by condition observed per year, along with 95% confidence limits. Because less research has been conducted on long shifts, we were only able to calculate excess prevalence for a subset of conditions associated with long work hours. In an effort to generate multiplier values that may be used by manufacturers with similar employee profiles, we performed two additional calculations. We developed standardized morbidity ratios for each condition, which represent the number of observed conditions to expected conditions across both companies. We also calculated excess conditions per 1000 workers, which is the average number of conditions observed minus the predicted number of conditions, divided by the total average number of workers multiplied by 1000. Estimates of of We calculated the estimated annual health care costs associated with the increased prevalence of each condition using Medicare's (DCG-HCC) framework, since Medicare is a commonly used benchmark for health insurance claim payments. 17–19 The DCG-HCC is the “gold standard” for premium determination for C risk premiums and includes adaptable models by age, gender, and specific chronic condition which can be used to obtain expected 12-month cost estimates. 17,20,21 This study was determined to be exempt by Northwestern University's Board.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: The Promflp-19::gfp transgene was ynIs34 and the ets-5 rescuing transgene was rpEx246. of the ten ETS-family transcription factors encoded by the C. elegans genome regulates expression of BAG-neuron genes? We systematically analyzed the cell fate of CO2-chemosensitive BAG neurons in mutants for each ETS transcription factor. In wild-type animals, Promflp-19::gfp is expressed by the two BAG neurons, and also by five other paired neurons [19] (Fig. 1 B,C). We found that nine ETS-gene mutants expressed the Promflp-19::gfp reporter in BAG neurons. ets-5 mutants, however, failed to express Promflp-19::gfp in BAG neurons (Fig. 1B,C). Two independent ets-5 alleles caused the same defect in BAG neuron expression, and a fosmid containing the genomic ets-5 locus complemented this defect. (Fig. 1C and Fig. S2). These results confirm the recently reported role for ETS-5 in BAG neuron development [18]. We noted, however, an additional role for ETS-5 in the specification of AWA sensory neurons, which failed to express a Promflp-19::gfp reporter transgene in ets-5 mutants (Fig. 1B,C). A previous report indicated that ets-5 is specifically expressed by the BAG neurons and suggested that ETS-5 functions only to specify BAG neurons but not other sensory neurons [18]. We determined the gene structure of ets-5 by cloning an ets-5 cDNA (Fig. S3), and we made an ets-5::gfp translational reporter transgene by inserting GFP coding sequences into the last exon of the ets-5 genomic locus. We observed consistent expression of ETS-5::GFP in the nuclei of BAG neurons and fourteen other neuronal nuclei, including amphid neurons likely to be AWAs (Fig. 2). ETS-5 is therefore required for specification of BAG neurons, but neither its expression nor its function is restricted to BAG neurons. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: A: DOY 210 control cutting, DOY 211 treatment glyphosate; B: DOY 218 treatment cutting; C: DOY 222–230 treatment baling, bale removal and manure application; D: DOY 240–241 treatment tillage 1, DOY 230–247 control baling and bale removal; E: DOY 274–280 treatment tillage 2; F: DOY 293 treatment tillage 3. Table 5. Table 5. Carbon budget for DOY 156 to 365 (g C m−2) z application was estimated from the producer application rate of 28 Mg ha−1, at average beef manure dry matter of 26. 4% from the Tri-Application and (2004) and dried manure total carbon analysis. y Determined from producer's estimate of number of bales and bale mass. difference between fields sums to 60 g C m−2 over the calibration period before any divergence of management occurred. Is this difference during the calibration period real or is this an artefact of systematic errors in the flux measurement? Estimates of error of NEP measured with flux towers are typically based on yearly carbon balances and are about ±30 to 50 g C m−2 yr−1, (e. g. , Meyers 2001; Baldocchi 2003, 2008), although some sites may have less uncertainty whereas others may have more (e. g. , Ammann et al. 2007). A two-replicate spatial comparison over agricultural crops in Ireland indicated spatial differences of between 9 and 70 g C m−2 yr−1, depending on year (Davis et al. 2010). Flux error is preferentially generated during times of year with larger fluxes; this study contains much of the season when large fluxes were occurring so error may be similar to that of annual fluxes. Using a similar paired eddy covariance system, Ammann et al. (2007) indicated that measurements from paired systems will be highly correlated because of proximity of fields, identical climatic conditions and because errors in yearly flux totals are due mainly to systematic errors. This would tend to cancel systematic errors common to both fields and decrease the error of the calculated difference between fields relative to that of individual fields. This means the range of ±30 to ±100 g C m−2 yr−1 is likely too large for error in the difference between fields.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: provided data on 2647 hourly workers at Plants 1 and 2, all of whom work 12-hour, rotating shifts (Table 1). provided data on 1346 shift workers at Plants 3 and 4; all shift workers in Plant 3 work 12-hour shifts; 66. 2% of workers in Plant 4 work 12-hour shifts. The workers were overwhelmingly male and had a relatively high average number of years of employment with their companies, consistent with national data on the manufacturing workforce. 22,23Table 1 also shows the percent of hourly workers with the conditions of interest. TABLE 1 - Demographics of Workers and Prevalence of Health Conditions, by N = 2647 N = 1346 Plant 1 (N = 1631) Plant 2 (N = 1016) Plant 3 (N = 360) Plant 4 (N = 986) Works 12 (%) 100% 100% 100% 66. 2% (SD) Age, yrs 39. 4 (11. 6) 42. 8 (10. 5) 38. 6 (10. 5) 43. 4 (11. 0) N (%) Male 1381 (84. 7%) 839 (82. 6%) 335 (93. 1%) 891 (90. 4%) White (or Latino)Black or African AmericanOther 77. 6%6. 1%16. 4% 73. 7%24. 7%1. 6% Mean (SD) Years of Service 16. 0 (12. 3) 17. 8 (12. 2) 10. 0 (9. 9) 10. 8 (9. 6) Prevalence of (among female workers) 0. 80% 2. 80% 0% 0% 6. 70% 3. 20% 18. 60% 16. 30% 0. 10% 0% 0. 30% 0. 40% Depression 18. 50% 12. 20% 10. 60% 10. 60% Diabetes 11. 20% 19. 70% 7. 80% 8. 20% Hypertension 43. 70% 51. 80% 24. 70% 26. 60% Disease 4. 80% 7. 00% 3. 10% 3. 70% 0% 0. 10% 0% 0. 10% 35. 20% 45. 00% Not available Not available Miscarriage (among female workers) 0. 80% 0. 60% Not available Not available 1. 50% 1. 50% Obesity 65.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: We agree with the reviewer that an initial synaptic potentiation was expected during the HFS protocol, but it was concealed due to the experimental limitations of the protocol used. In contrast, such initial enhancement shown in Figure 3I, could be monitored because astrocytes were activated by direct stimulation of whole-cell recorded interneurons, which did not interfere which the simultaneous analysis of EPSCs. For that reason, the rest of the experiments were performed using the strategy of paired recordings from pyramidal cells and interneurons. [Editors' note: the author responses to the re-review follow. ] The manuscript has been revised to address the comments of reviewer 1 and 2 (reviewer 3 had no further comments). Reviewer #1: The authors have conducted many additional experiments to address the concerns raised and have clarified some issues that were confusing. As a result, the manuscript is much improved. However, I have several additional comments. 1) The bar graphs analyzing changes in release probability, potency, etc. show effects that were present during the initial time after the manipulation. Please indicate the frequency of test stimulation after the inducing stimulus (I might have missed it, but wasn't able to find this in the Materials and methods). Given that repetitive stimulation is required to assess these parameters, it is important to indicate how many responses were used to calculate these averages. We apologize for the lack of sufficient details in the previous version of the manuscript. We have now clarified the issue. Synaptic parameters were acquired at 0. 33Hz, as indicated in the Materials and methods section: “Paired pulses (2 ms duration with 50 ms interval) were continuously delivered at 0. 33 Hz” and “during the interneuron depolarizing train, synaptic activity was continuously monitored at 0. 33 Hz in the pyramidal neuron”. The clarification of the number of EPSCs used to calculate the averages depicted in the bar graphs have now been included in the material and methods section as follows: “To determine synaptic changes, mean EPSCs (n = 60 EPSCs) recorded 3 min before the stimulus (basal) were compared with mean EPSCs (n = 20 EPSCs) after the stimulus (for potentiation) or after the initial transient synaptic potentiation subsided (for depression). ” 2) The inclusion of astrocyte-specific deletion experiments for CB1Rs and is a terrific addition to the study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Initial differences between our fields included a slightly finer texture on the treatment field and a difference between the bulk density of the surface soils (0–15 cm). Although the proportion of soil carbon was determined to be similar for all depths, when used to calculate the initial mass of total carbon, the higher bulk density for the 0- to 15-cm depth of the Control field translates into a greater mass of carbon per surface area of the Control field (total carbon 0–15 cm: Control=17 kg C m−2; Treatment =14 kg C m−2). This difference may be partly responsible for the observation of higher NEP from the control field during the calibration period. It is likely that most of the observed differences during the calibration period are real and beyond our uncertainty. Figure 4 shows that the difference in NEP during the calibration period is due mainly to ER, and that this difference continues through the treatment period. This suggests that these fields were initially different but only by their respiration rates which appear to be relatively constant for each field. Can we resolve treatment effects if there is already a difference between fluxes before the treatment was imposed? The treatment effect may be resolved in spite of the initial differences between the fields if treatment effects are large with respect to the initial difference between fluxes during the calibration period. Immediately following the cutting and glyphosate treatment there was a large decrease in the measured NEP of both fields. Drops of approximately 5. 5 g C m−2 d−1 on the Control field and 8 g C m−2 d−1 on the Treatment field correspond to decreases of four and six times the difference between the mean NEP of the fields during the calibration period. Following treatment, the difference between the NEP increases from 1. 3 g C m−2 d−1 to approximately 3 g C m−2 d−1 on DOY 225. When we consider that the difference between fluxes had low variability throughout the calibration period, ±0. 2 g C m−2 d−1, the effects observed due to treatment are sufficiently strong to be attributed to the change in field management. Initial differences between fluxes of the fields will have the effect of shifting the carbon balance of the Control field NEP higher with respect to the Treatment field, slightly increasing the observed treatment effects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 60% 68. 90% 30. 30% 31. 50% 21. 00% 8. 80% (among female workers) 0. 40% 0. 60% 16% 0% (among male workers) 0. 80% 1. 40% 0. 60% 0. 90% (among female workers) 0. 80% 1. 10% 12. 00% 2. 10% 3. 40% 4. 80% 3. 90% 2. 90% Stroke 1. 00% 1. 10% 0% 0. 40% SD, Standard deviation. Data are not comparable between across the companies because their third party vendors used different approaches for identifying workers with the conditions. 2 shows the excess number of the conditions associated with shift work and long work hours. For example, among Company A's workers, there was an estimated 77. 8 additional cases of diabetes due to shift work, leading to an additional $224,919 in related health care claims. B's workers, there was an estimated 23. 1 additional cases of diabetes related to shift work at a cost of $66,782. Estimated excess costs related to shift work across all conditions where data were available totaled $1,394,365 and $300,297 for and B, respectively. There were fewer estimates available for conditions related to long work hours due the absence of data on increased risk available (0. 1 (0–0. 3) 736. 9 (0–2210. 7) 0 (0–0) 0 (0–0) Disease 5. 8 (3. 3–8) 21,889. 2 (12,454. 2–30,192) 14 (7. 9–19. 4) 52,836 (29,814. 6–73,215. 6) 10. 6 (3. 9–16. 2) 40,004. 4 ($14,718. 6-$61,138. 8) 17. 9 (6. 3–27. 8) 67,554. 6 ($23,776. 2-$104,917. 2) 0. 1 (0–0. 1) 736. 9 (0–736. 9) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 2210. 7 (0–4421. 4) Diabetes 77. 8 (41. 4–108. 3) 224,919. 8 (119,687.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Considering that we were analyzing the regulation of single or few synapses, it is not unexpected that in some experiments the stimulus was inefficient to regulate some synapses, perhaps simply due to the absence of functional connectivity between the astrocyte stimulated and the synapse recorded. Because pulling together results from regulated or unregulated synapses would result in the concealment of the effects, as we have recently reported (Lines et al. , 2017), the selection of the regulated synapses is therefore required. Nevertheless, the proportion of cells showing the phenomena are reported (Figure 2F and Figure 4—figure supplement 1). To clarify the issue, the following paragraph has been included: “Figure 2F and Figure 4—figure supplement 1A shows the percentage of synapses undergoing potentiation, depression, both or no change. […] Hence, for pharmacology experiments and experiments using transgenic mice, a relatively large sample size is used, thus the absence of the phenomena can be assumed by never being observed in the recorded population. ” Regarding the proportion of astrocyte that responded to baclofen, we now indicate in the text the following sentence: “Baclofen application induced Ca2+ increases in 49 ± 8% of the recorded astrocytes (n=61 astrocytes in n=11 slices p<0. 001; Figure 3—figure supplement 1B). ” Reviewer #2: The authors have addressed the questions I raised in the first round of review in a satisfactory manner. The other reviewers raised more substantive concerns. In particular, the point reviewer 1 raised about the ability of minimal stimulation in the CA3-CA1 pathway to be monitoring the same synapse every time seems particularly important for the interpretation of the data – that one synapse is both potentiated and depressed by different gliotransmitters from the same astrocyte. As indicated in the response to comment 3 of reviewer #1, we agree about the inherent limitations of the minimal stimulation approach. Following the reviewer´s suggestion, we have softened the statements, indicating using the term “putative single synapses”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: There are several low wet spots in the footprint of the Treatment field tower while the Control tower rests on a slight ridge; this may partially explain some of the initial differences between fields. Effects of Specific EventsWhen the Control field was cut, GPP decreased quickly whereas the glyphosate application on the Treatment field took several days to decrease GPP to the same level. It is difficult to see this relationship in the 5-d-average plots because averaging masks the immediate effect, but the half-hourly data showed the decrease in NEP occurred within the first day after cutting at the Control field. Figure 3a shows the decrease in living vegetation from both fields decreased GPP contributing to the large reductions in NEP shortly after glyphosate and cuttings. A larger decrease in GPP was observed on the Treatment field because glyphosate killed the vegetation. Figure 3b shows that ER did not change greatly on either field following glyphosate and cuttings. The ER of the Control field increased slightly matching the treatment field more closely, although the magnitude of the increase is similar to the variability seen during the calibration period and may not be treatment related. ER should decrease as autotrophic respiration decreases because this typically accounts for between 38 and 50% of grassland ER (Byrne and Kiely 2006). Hence, there must have been additional heterotrophic respiration occurring on these fields to offset the reduced autotrophic respiration. Eugster et al. (2010) also observed a time lag between a herbicide application and its effects. In their study, the greatest changes in ER from a 7-d comparison were following tillage and irrigation events; however from a 28-d comparison, herbicide effects were second only to effects from irrigation. Approximately 20 d following cutting of our Control field the vegetation had recovered sufficiently to begin sequestering carbon again. Similarly, the grassland studied by Hussain et al. (2011) took approximately 20 d to recover from cutting events and showed that repeated cuttings (or increased harvest) can lower the sink potential of a grassland. Solid cattle manure was added to the Treatment field between DOY 222 and 230. No manure was added to the Control field, excluding what was left by grazing cattle late in the season at the point when low temperatures decreased respiration. The solid cattle manure application and incorporation events on the Treatment field did not show immediate changes to or ER. Eugster et al.

Output: pass