Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we collected and scanned a total of 615 fruits from 22 trees, among which, 170 were from SEA-DHS maternal sources, 256 from Hybrid-DHS, and 189 from NEA-DHS, as identified based on analysis of parental population (Fig. 2a). 4. 5. 2, we obtained values for eight indices reflecting fruit size and shape (Figure S5b and Table 2). To visualize potential morphological divergence among the different genetic types of leaf and fruit traits, we performed principal component analysis using R 4. 1. 2 software. Statement of ethical approval All the plant materials were sampled from natural populations in and no damages were caused to the studied trees. This study was conducted in accordance with local legislation and permission was issued to collect such samples. Each individual was marked with a tag which was possible to check in future. Voucher specimens collected were deposited at University Herbarium. Declarationswork was supported by the of China [32071494, 32171654] and the Program of China [2019FY101700]. and Ge JP designed the work. Yang R, conducted all field work. W performed molecular trials and analyzed data; Yang R, Deng YW and Wang HF drafted the work. Deng YW and Wang HF substantively revised it. All authors interpreted results and contributed to the final manuscript. details are available in Figures S1-S5 and Tables S1–S3. All sample, SSR, flowering and morphological data are available on Dryad repository ( research collaboration was developed with local government during all field work, including locating focal trees, collecting genetic samples, recording flowering phenology and scanning leaves and fruits. All collaborators are included as co-authors. The research addresses a priority concern, in this case the identify and conservation of Tertiary relict species hybrid zone in North China. The results of research have been shared with all collaborators and local government. All data have been shared with the broader public via appropriate biological databases. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2012. 02599. x (2013). Arnegard, M. E. et al. Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation. Nature 511, 307, doi:10. 1038/nature13301 (2014). Lamichhaney, S. et al. Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Fish habitat management implications of the summer habitat use by littoral fishes in a north temperate, mesotrophic lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 286–300. CrossrefWeb of Science2005. Evaluation of an underwater video technique for assessing fish-habitat relationships. Arch. Hydrobiol. 164: 547–571. Crossref1957. Use of artificial and natural spawning beds by lake trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86: 258–260. Crossref1979. Attraction of fishes to tire reefs in Lake, Virginia. of fish to habitat structure in standing water. Edited by R. A. Stein and D. L. Johnson. Am. Fish. Soc. , Div. , Spec. Pub. 6, Bethesda, Maryland, 25. 1995. Relationships between environmental variables and size-specific growth rates of Illinois stream fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 252–261. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Relations among habitat characteristics, exotic species, and turbid-river cyprinids in the drainage of Wyoming. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 133: 727–742. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. The effects of chemical control of submerged vegetation on the fish 442. of Investigational Report. 1994. Stream channel morphology and woody debris in logged and unlogged basins of Western Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 37–51. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. The relationship between an index of fish production and submerged macrophytes and other habitat features at three littoral areas in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 35–44. CrossrefWeb of Science1955. Morphometry as a dominant factor in the productivity of large lakes. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 12: 164–175. 1997. Fish habitat restoration in the Pacific Northwest: of Oregon. restoration: principles and practices. Edited by J. E. Williams, Wood C. A. , and M. P. Dombeck. Am. Fisheries Soc. Bethesda, Maryland. 359. 1992. Development of off-channel habitats for use by juvenile Chinook. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: [9, 12, 13] Most reports on curative conversion employ surgical modalities to effect cure, with only a minority mentioning thermal ablative therapies like radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA). [8, 10, 14] This is understandable since thermal ablation is usually limited to smaller tumor sizes, and patients who undergo systemic therapy usually have large tumor sizes at the start of treatment. However, with the improvement in ablation techniques and technology, HCC as large as 7–8 cm. can nowadays be thermally ablated with a high success rate[15, 16] and consequently, also extend the indications for ablation. Thermal ablation can therefore be a good option to surgical resection for HCC that gets downsized to a size that is deemed suitable for ablation according to the expertise available at the institution. We therefore aimed to present the curative conversion rates using MWA as the potentially curative treatment in consecutive patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who were initially treated with combination Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab therapy. We also aimed to compare the survival rates of patients who achieved curative conversion versus those who did not. MethodsThis is a retrospective study of consecutive patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC (uHCC) who received Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab combination therapy as the first-line systemic treatment from May 2021 to December 2023. Criteria for HCC unresectability were based on the (BCLC) staging system, which includes portal vein invasion, distant extrahepatic spread, diffuse and infiltrative bi-lobar tumor involvement, and patients with an (ECOG) score of 1–2 at staging work-up. Patients with liver reserve of Child-Pugh classification (CPC) C and ECOG ≥ 3 were excluded. Information collected from the medical records included patients’ age, sex, ECOG, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), HCC etiology, and tumor characteristics. All patients were given Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab with the end goal of achieving criteria for curative conversion with MWA as follows: a. ) tumor size of ≤ 7. 5 cm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Science 359, 224-227, doi:10. 1126/science. aao4593 (2018). Weigend, M. Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape-in northern Peru. Bot. Rev. 68, 38-54, doi:10. 1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0038:ootbot]2. 0. co;2 (2002). Petit, R. et al. Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity. Science 300, 1563-1565, doi:10. 1126/science. 1083264 (2003). Hao, M. D. et al. Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group. Mol. Ecol. 29, 2492-2510, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15412 (2020). Bernatchez, L. & Wilson, C. C. Comparative phylogeography of nearctic and palearctic fishes. Mol. Ecol. 7, 431-452, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-294x. 1998. 00319. x (1998). Liu, K. B. Quaternary history of the temperate forests of china. Reviews 7, 1-20, doi:10. 1016/0277-3791(88)90089-3 (1988). Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407, 180-182, doi:10. 1038/35025052 (2000). Ying, T. S. Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China. 09, 393-398, doi:10. 17520/biods. 2001058 (2001). Qiu, Y. X. , Fu, C. X. & Comes, H. P. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 59, 225-244, doi:10. 1016/j. ympev. 2011. 01. 012 (2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 12: 721–727. Crossref2001. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in the and Nunavut, with major emphasis on lake habitat requirements. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2569. 1995. Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine streams in northern Colorado. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1789–1802. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Trout population response to habitat enhancement in six northern Colorado streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 34–53. CrossrefWeb of Science1983. Autumnal habitat shift of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small river. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 671–680. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Changes in the selection of microhabitat by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the summer-autumn transition in a small river. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 469–475. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Fish and grazing relationships: The facts and some pleas. Fisheries, 24: 12–21. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in and the Yukon, with major emphasis on stream habitat. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2611. 1994. Character release and displacement in fishes: A neglected literature. Am. Nat. 144: 596–627. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Changing times, spaces, and faces: tests and implications of adaptive morphological plasticity in the fishes of northern postglacial lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1819–1833. CrossrefWeb of Science1939. Experiments in the use of brush shelter by fish in Michigan Lakes. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Art. Letters, 24: 183–193. 1945. Fish populations in and around brush shelters of different sizes placed at varying depths and distances apart in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts. Letters, 26: 321–345. 1998.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: in diameter, which is the tumor size limit where the complete ablation rate with thermal ablation reaches at least 80% based on the institution’s experience (S Wong, unpublished data); b. ) interval disappearance of arterial enhancement of thrombosis with shrinkage or disappearance of baseline intrahepatic vein thrombosis; c. ) and extrahepatic metastasis that is amenable to microwave ablation. Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab were given intravenously every three weeks using standard pharmaceutical doses of 1,200 mg and 15 mg/kg, respectively. Patients were followed up with laboratory tests every three weeks and dynamic imaging studies using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were repeated every 12 weeks. In patients who experienced progressive disease (PD) based on the Criteria in () version 1. 1 or modified (m) criteria, systemic therapy was shifted to either Lenvatinib monotherapy or in combination with Pembrolizumab at standard recommended doses for HCC, depending on patient’s preference. In select cases, patients who had stable or progressive disease while on systemic therapy were offered MWA as long as criteria for MWA were met. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed as needed in some patients to achieve further diminution in tumor size in synergism with systemic therapy. Radiologic response was evaluated according to and m. Objective response rate (ORR) was defined as the percentage of patients who had a confirmed complete (CR) or partial response (PR). Disease control rate (DCR) refers to the percentage of patients with complete response, partial response, and stable disease (SD). The primary endpoint was the achievement of curative conversion with MWA. Patients were followed up with dynamic imaging 1 month after MWA to confirm complete ablation using mand then every 4 months thereafter for recurrence surveillance. Patients were given the option of either continuing systemic treatment after curative conversion or surveillance only. Overall survival was computed from the time of first infusion of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab and estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Comparison of outcomes and baseline characteristics were made between patients who did and did not achieve curative conversion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Milne, R. I. & Abbott, R. J. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv. Bot. Res. 38, 281-314, doi:10. 1016/s0065-2296(02)38033-9 (2002). Milne, R. I. Northern hemisphere plant disjunctions: A window on tertiary land bridges and climate change? Ann. Bot. 98, 465-472, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcl148 (2006). Guo, X. D. et al. Evolutionary history of a widespread tree speciesAcer mono in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 4, 4332-4345, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 1278 (2014). Liu, C. P. et al. of Acer mono var. mono in South and Northeast China. PLoS One 9, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087187 (2014). Bai, W. N. , Wang, W. T. & Zhang, D. Y. Phylogeographic breaks within Asian butternuts indicate the existence of a phytogeographic divide in East Asia. New Phytol. 209, 1757-1772, doi:10. 1111/nph. 13711 (2015). Ye, J. W. et al. Sharp genetic discontinuity in the aridity-sensitive Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae): solid evidence supporting the Tertiary floral subdivision in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2082-2095, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13020 (2017). Chen, R. Z. Phylogeoraphic structure of Acer pictum: based on nuclear single copy genes, University, (2018). Song, X. Y. et al. Blow to the Northeast? Intraspecific differentiation of Populus davidiana suggests a north-eastward skew of a phylogeographic break in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 48, 187-201, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13992 (2021). & Zhang, D. Y. Geographic variation in the structure of oak hybrid zones provides insights into the dynamics of speciation. Mol. Ecol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Effects of gravidity on habitat use and antipredator behaviour in three-spined sticklebacks. J. Fish Biol. 52: 973–984. CrossrefWeb of Science2001. Density and size of juvenile salmonids in response to placement of large woody debris in western Oregon and Washington streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 282–292. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in watersheds. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 22: 1–20. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Why are quantitative relationships between environmental quality and fish populations so elusive? Ecol. Appl. 10: 367–385. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. MetaWin: statistical software for meta-analysis. Version 2. 1. 3. 4. Sinauer Ass. 2001. Fitness consequences of habitat use for juvenile cutthroat trout: energetic costs and benefits in pools and riffles. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 585–593. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Habitat factors affecting the abundance and distribution of juvenile cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 766–774. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Resources partitioning in fish assemblages: A review of field studies. Copeia, 2: 352–388. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Aquatic plant and fish assemblage: a macrophyte removal experiment in stream riffle habitats in a lowland salmonid river (Brittany, France). Bull. Fr. Peche Piscic. 350–351: 693–709. Crossref1988. Occupation of submerged aquatic vegetation by fishes: testing the roles of food and refuge. Oecologia, 77: 101–106. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1965. A method for estimating the potential fish production of north-temperate lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94: 214–300. CrossrefWeb of Science1974. Index, a fish yield estimator - review and evaluation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 663–688.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Disease control rates were 65% () and 60% (m). After a median of 6. 5 (1–28) cycles, ORR at the last data cutoff were 35% () and 35% (m), while the DCR were 60% () and 55% (m). (Table 2) Four patients were found to have PD after 2–4 cycles while 1 had 16 cycles before PD. All patients with PD were shifted to Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab combination. Table 2 Radiologic responses of the entire cohort 12 wks. () 12 wks. (m) Latest () Latest (m) Rate (ORR) 5 (25%) 6 (30%) 7 (35%) 7 (35%) Complete response (CR) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 2 (10%) (PR) 4 (20%) 5 (25%) 6 (30%) 5 (25%) (SD) 8 (40%) 6 (30%) 5 (25%) 4 (20%) Rate (DCR) 13 (65%) 12 (60%) 12 (60%) 11 (55%) (PD) 7 (35%)* 8 (40%)** 8 (40%)* 9 (45%)** *3 and **4 patients with missing dynamic scans were assumed to have PD Curative conversion with MWA was achieved in 5 (25%) patients. (Fig. 1) Three of the patients had intrahepatic vessel invasion, one had isolated lung metastasis after successful locoregional treatment of the intrahepatic HCC, and the last was BCLC B at the start of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab. No baseline characteristic predicted curative conversion. On the 12-week radiologic assessment, an objective response using mbut not was found to be associated with curative conversion. An objective response on the last available assessment using both mand was associated with curative conversion. (Table 1) A brief description of the clinical course of each of these patients who achieved curative conversion is given below. Patient #1 is a 72-year-old male with NAFLD-related cirrhosis. CT scan showed a solitary, 13. 6 cm. HCC. Baseline BCLC was B with CPC A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 20, 4995-5011, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2011. 05354. x (2011). Jiggins, C. D. & Mallet, J. Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 250-255, doi:10. 1016/s0169-5347(00)01873-5 (2000). Vedenina, V. Y. & von Helversen, O. Complex courtship in a bimodal grasshopper hybrid zone. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 44-54, doi:10. 1007/s00265-003-0595-2 (2003). Minder, A. M. , Rothenbuehler, C. & Widmer, A. Genetic structure of hybrid zones between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae): evidence for introgressive hybridization. Mol. Ecol. 16, 2504-2516, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2007. 03292. x (2007). Gay, L. , Crochet, P. A. , Bell, D. A. & Lenormand, T. Comparing clines on molecular and phenotypic traits in hybrid zones: A window on tension zone models. Evolution 62, 2789-2806, doi:10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00491. x (2008). Zielinski, P. et al. Differential introgression across newt hybrid zones: Evidence from replicated transects. Mol. Ecol. 28, 4811-4824, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15251 (2019). Coyner, B. S. , Murphy, P. J. & Matocq, M. D. Hybridization and asymmetric introgression across a narrow zone of contact between Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis(Rodentia: Cricetidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 162-172, doi:10. 1111/bij. 12487 (2015). Schumer, M. et al. Assortative mating and persistent reproductive isolation in hybrids.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Rehabilitation of aquatic habitats in warmwater streams damaged by channel incision in Mississippi. Hydrobiologia, 382: 63–86. CrossrefWeb of Science2003. Effects of predation risk and foraging return on the diel use of vegetated habitat by two size-classes of bluegills. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 132: 590–597. CrossrefWeb of Science1985. Predation, competition, and prey communities: A review of field experiments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 269–311. Crossref1938. The relationship between plankton production and fish production in ponds. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 68: 309–315. Crossref1998. Does habitat creation contribute to management goals? An evaluation of literature documenting freshwater habitat rehabilitation or enhancement projects. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2249: vi + 74 p. 2006. Effects on periphyton and macroinvertebrates from removal of submerged wood in three Ontario lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 2038–2049. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Effects of increasing winter rearing habitat on abundance of salmonids in two coastal Oregon streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 906–914. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Summer distribution, survival, and growth of juvenile Coho salmon under varying experimental conditions of brushy instream cover. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 124–130. CrossrefWeb of Science1972. Social interactions between juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Sixes River, Oregon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1737–1748. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Continental-scale patterns of nutrient and fish effects on shallow lakes: introduction to a pan-European mesocosm experiment. Freshwater Biol. 49: 1517–1524. CrossrefWeb of Science1967. The succession of diatom assemblages in the recent sediments of Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 513–532. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Effects of woody debris on the growth and behaviour of brown trout in experimental stream channels. Can. J. Zool.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: It was then decided to shift the patient to Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab combination therapy. After another 4 cycles, a new intrahepatic 2. 4 cm. HCC with stable lung metastasis was seen. MWA was then performed for both the intrahepatic and lung HCC 34 weeks after the 1st Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab dose. Post-ablation scan showed complete ablation but with lung abscess, which resolved with medical therapy. While on Lenvatinib monotherapy after MWA, patient had multiple intrahepatic and lung metastasis recurrence with IVC thrombosis 41 weeks after MWA. Pembrolizumab was then reintroduced into the regimen. Patient #4 is a 60-year-old male with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. Patient was classified as CPC B and with BCLC C because of multiple (> 3) classic HCC with the largest at 8. 3 cm. and with thrombosis of the right hepatic vein and 9 subcentimeter lung metastasis. After 12 cycles of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab, the patient had PR with disappearance of most of the smaller HCC and shrinkage of the main HCC to 5. 5 cm. , non-enhancement of the hepatic vein thrombosis and disappearance of the lung metastasis (2 remaining nodules were classified as granulomas). Curative conversion was then done with MWA for the remaining HCC and hepatic vein thrombosis 40 weeks after the 1st cycle. Patient required therapeutic thoracentesis because of symptomatic pleural effusion after the MWA. Patient was maintained on Lenvatinib after MWA and is asymptomatic and remains tumor-free 78 weeks after the 1st Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab dose. Patient #5 is a 61-year-old male with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis diagnosed with BCLC C due to 2 HCC with the largest at 9. 4 cm. , with invasion into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Patient underwent TACE with drug-eluting beads and lipiodol after the 12th cycle. Repeat scan after the 15th cycle showed PR with HCC size of 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 114, 10936-10941, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1711238114 (2017). Yan, L. J. et al. Asymmetrical natural hybridization varies among hybrid swarms between two diploid Rhododendron species. Ann. Bot. 120, 51-61, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcx039 (2017). Irwin, D. E. in Ineffective in Promoting Speciation. Am. Nat. 195, E150-E167, doi:10. 5061/dryad. k98sf7m30 (2020). Christie, K. & Strauss, S. Y. Along the speciation continuum: Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers. Evolution 72, 1063-1079, doi:10. 1111/evo. 13477 (2018). Wu, Z. Y. Vegetation of China. 256 (Science Press, 1995). . & Hemleben, V. A nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny of Acer inferred with maximum likelihood, splits graphs, and motif analysis of 606 sequences. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 2, 7-22, doi:10. 1177/117693430600200014 (2007). Xu, T. Z. , Chen, Y. S. , de Jong, P. C. , Oterdoom, H. J. & Chang, C. Flora of China VOL. 11. (Science Press, 2008). Frantz, A. C. et al. Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3445-3457, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05623. x (2012). Landguth, E. L. et al. Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 276-284, doi:10. 1111/j. 1755-0998. 2011. 03077.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 76: 56–61. CrossrefWeb of Science1989. Role of off-channel ponds in the life cycle of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other juvenile salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 232–242. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Winter habitat preference of juvenile salmonids in to interior rivers in British Columbia. J. Zool. 64: 1506–1514. CrossrefWeb of Science1939. Fertilization for increasing the natural food for fish in ponds. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 68: 125–134. Crossref1991. Predation risk and the importance of cover for juvenile rainbow trout in lentic systems. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120: 728–738. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 472–486. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Climate change and fish communities: A conceptual framework. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 337–352. CrossrefWeb of Science1982. Patterns in the species composition and richness of fish assemblages in northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecology, 63: 1149–1166. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. A model of bluegill-largemouth bass interactions in relation to aquatic vegetation and its management. Ecol. Modell. 94: 139–156. CrossrefWeb of Science1983. Winter distribution of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after logging in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and some implications for overwinter survival. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 452–461. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Use of artificial habitat structures in U. S. lakes and reservoirs: A survey from the southern division AFS reservoir committee. Fisheries, 27: 22–27. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Effects of mechanical harvesting of eurasian water milfoil on largemouth bass and bluegill populations in Fish Lake, Wisconsin. N. Am. J. Fish.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Achieving curative conversion has indeed been found to result in better overall survival not only in the overall population of patients given systemic treatment, but also among those with partial radiologic response. [14] Our study also shows a similar benefit in survival, (Fig. 4a) and contributes to the increasing evidence that upfront systemic treatment in patients who are initially deemed to be poor candidates for TACE and/or resection can still receive potentially curative treatments later on. [8, 10–12, 14] The combination of thermal ablation with ICI is of particular interest because of evidences that RFA and MWA have been found to induce and enhance tumor-specific immune responses[19, 20] and may work in synergism with ICI’s. Although there have been reports of thermal ablation as a modality for curative conversion, they have either limited ablation to tumors that were 3 cm. and smaller,[14] or have not defined their criteria for ablation. [8] This is the first study to our knowledge that used MWA as curative conversion in HCC’s that were predominantly > 5 cm. in diameter. This is of particular importance especially in patients with partial response to systemic therapy but have contraindications to or refused surgery. However, the fact that 3 (60%) of our patients had major, albeit non-fatal, complications after curative conversion with MWA emphasizes the fact that complications are usually higher in bigger tumors and that there is a need to discuss the pros and cons of treatment with a multi-disciplinary team. Our 25% curative conversion rate with MWA is not far from what has been achieved with resection in the literature, and has allowed 2 out of our 5 patients (40%) achieving curative conversion to be tumor and drug-free after MWA. The need for further systemic therapy after curative conversion is, however, still subject to debate. Although a retrospective analysis did not show a difference in recurrence-free survival between patients who continued and discontinued systemic treatment following curative conversion with ablation or resection,[14] the recently published IMbrave050 trial suggests otherwise, in that continued immunologic surveillance in treatment-naïve patients after resection or ablation showed a benefit of longer recurrence-free survival for patients given adjuvant Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: x (2012). Zhou, X. , Huang, Z. H. , Zhang, X. R. & Xing, S. H. Protection of natural vegetation and distribution of nature reserves in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 36, 64-71 (2017). Newton, P. , & Agrawal, A. of Forest-Globally. 3, 363-370, doi:10. 1016/j. oneear. 2020. 08. 016 (2020). . & Wang, H. F. Different processes shape the patterns of divergence in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of a relict tree species in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4331-4342, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 6200 (2020). Shaner, P. J. L. et al. Climate niche differentiation between two passerines despite ongoing gene flow. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 829-839, doi:10. 1111/1365-2656. 12331 (2015). Engelbrecht, H. M. et al. snakes, Crotaphopeltis, show population structure for a widespread generalist but deep genetic divergence for forest specialists. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 58, 1220-1233, doi:10. 1111/jzs. 12361 (2020). Myers, E. A. , McKelvy, A. D. & Burbrink, F. T. Biogeographic barriers, Pleistocene refugia, and climatic gradients in the southeastern Nearctic drive diversification in cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus complex). Mol. Ecol. 29, 797-811, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15358 (2020). Shang, H. , Luo, Y. B. & Bai, W. N. Influence of asymmetrical mating patterns and male reproductive success on the maintenance of sexual polymorphism in Acer pictum subsp. mono (Aceraceae). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3869-3878, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05555. x (2012). Gleiser, G. , Chybicki, I. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: River Res. Appl. 18: 355–366. CrossrefWeb of Science2007. Effect of a change in physical structure and cover on fish and fish habitat in freshwater ecosystems – a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Reviews. 15(NA): 15-41. Export 1. Sulawesi stream fish communities depend on connectivity and habitat diversity Go to 2. Wood you believe it? Experimental addition of nonnative wood enhances instream habitat for native dryland fishes Go to 3. Utility of artificial river reef structures to enhance fish habitat below a hydropeaking dam Go to 4. Stochastic process is main factor to affect plateau river fish community assembly Go to 5. Ecosystem responses to a whole‐reservoir coarse woody habitat addition Go to 6. Detour canal, a civil engineering heritage created through historical struggle for water resources, now provides the habitats for a rare freshwater fish Go to 7. An integrative approach to assess the impact of disturbance on native fish in lakes Go to 8. Increasing fish biodiversity in high elevation Albertan lakes in response to global environmental change over the past 50 years Go to 9. Fish habitat modelling in large rivers: combining expert opinion and hydrodynamic modelling to inform river management Go to 10. A rockling's choice: The trade-off between thermal preference and physical structure in the five bearded rockling, Ciliata mustela Go to 11. Causes of Fish, Microphysogobio rapidus Using Habitat-Go to 12. Habitat niche dynamics of the sicklefin redhorse: a southern habitat specialist Go to 13. Environmental determinants of coarse woody habitat in gravel pit lakes Go to 14. Forestry influences on salmonid habitat in the River watershed, British ColumbiaDylan S. Cunningham, Douglas C. Braun, Jonathan W. Moore, and Amanda M. to 15. Annual changes in water quality and sportfish community structure following commercial harvest of common carp and bigmouth buffalo Go to 16. Ecosystem variables importance in the presence and abundance of a globally invasive fish Go to 17. Abundance and movement of fishes among nearshore habitat types in small boreal shield lakes Go to 18. Impacts of the Bujagali hydropower dam on fisheries and livelihoods Go to 19. Managing aquatic habitat structure for resilient trophic interactions Go to 20.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: [21] A longer period of follow-up of patients with or without systemic treatment following curative conversion is required to clarify this question. Our study is limited by the small number of patients included and its retrospective nature. The survival benefit of patients who underwent curative conversion should be evaluated with caution because of the immortal time bias in favor of the conversion group. Despite the favorable prognosis of patients who underwent MWA, these results cannot be applied universally especially since expertise in ablating larger tumors may not be uniform across centers. In conclusion, we have shown that curative conversion with MWA can be achieved in 25% of unresectable HCC patients started on Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab, among which 40% did not require further systemic treatment. The relative high response rates that are currently achievable with combination immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic treatments should afford physicians a longer leash in treating unresectable intermediate-advanced stage HCC as a dynamic disease, with equally dynamic and innovative adjustments in the treatment regimen depending on the responses to systemic treatment, in an effort to effect longer survival and possibly, even cure. : All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study was approved by the institution’s Board. The authors did not receive any financial assistance for the work. No potential conflicts of interests exists for all authors. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. R. Febro, A. Kimura and E. Perillo were responsible for data collection and analyzation. R. Febro was responsible for the first draft of the manuscript. S. Wong was responsible for supervision, statistical analysis and final draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 249. Study of Pembrolizumab in Carcinoma. J 2020;38:2960-2970. Abou- Phase 3 randomized, open-label, multicenter study of tremelimumab (T) and durvalumab (D) as first-line therapy in patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC):. Journal of 2022;40. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Carcinoma. N Med 2020;382:1894-1905. de Oliveira AC, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. & Aizen, M. A. Phenological match drives pollen‐mediated gene flow in a temporally dimorphic tree. Plant Biol. 20, 93-100, doi:10. 1111/plb. 12651 (2017). Nagano, Y. , Hirao, A. S. & Itino, T. Genetic structure of a hybrid zone between two violets, Viola rossiiHemsl. and V. bissetiiMaxim. : dominance of F-1 individuals in a narrow contact range. Plant Spec. Biol. 30, 237-243, doi:10. 1111/1442-1984. 12054 (2015). Rieseberg, L. H. & Willis, J. H. Plant speciation. Science 317, 910-914, doi:10. 1126/science. 1137729 (2007). & Willis, J. H. The strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. , B: Biol. Sci. 363, 3009-3021, doi:10. 1098/rstb. 2008. 0064 (2008). Westeberhard, M. J. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58, 155-183, doi:10. 1086/413215 (1983). Edwards, S. V. et al. Speciation in birds: Genes, geography, and sexual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 102, 6550-6557, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0501846102 (2005). Coetzee, A. , Spottiswoode, C. N. & Seymour, C. L. Post-pollination barriers enable coexistence of pollinator-sharing ornithophilous Erica species. J. Plant Res. 133, 873-881, doi:10. 1007/s10265-020-01226-8 (2020). Lexer, C. ,. & Fay, M. F. Admixture in hybrid zones makes feasible the mapping of loci that contribute to reproductive isolation and trait differences. J. Hered.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: A novel approach to quantifying trophic interaction strengths and impact of invasive species in food webs Go to 37. Nowhere to hide: The importance of instream cover for stream‐living Trout during seasonal low flow Go to 38. Larva fish assemblage structure in three-dimensional floating wetlands and non-floating wetlands in the estuary Go to 39. Spatial and of Assemblage and Distribution in the Kameng River, Go to 40. Rehabilitation of a tropical storm-water drain creates a novel fish assemblage Go to 41. from to 42. Trophic position and diet shift based on the body size of Coreoperca kawamebari (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Go to 43. Use of a mechanistic growth model in evaluating post-restoration habitat quality for juvenile salmonids Go to 44. Behavioral phenotype does not predict habitat occupancy or angling capture of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)T. D. Keiling, M. J. Louison, and C. D. to 45. Do artificial structures cause shifts in epifaunal communities and trophic guilds across different spatial scales? Go to 46. Habitat affinity and density‐dependent movement as indicators of fish habitat restoration efficacy Go to 47. of Forests on in the Tropics: A Go to 48. and Growth of on Go to 49. Beyond Redistribution: In‐Capacity for Young‐of‐the‐Salmon and Steelhead in the Entiat River, to 50. Invasive cattail reduces fish diversity and abundance in the emergent marsh of a coastal wetland Go to 51. Floodplain land cover affects biomass distribution of fish functional diversity in the Go to 52. The effectiveness of spawning habitat creation or enhancement for substrate-spawning temperate fish: a systematic review Go to 53. from Long‐Monitoring of to 54. Fish assemblage composition within the floodplain habitat mosaic of a tropical lake (Tonle Sap, Cambodia) Go to 55. Advancing aquatic vegetation management for fish in north temperate lakes Go to 56. Response of juvenile salmonids to large wood placement in tributaries Go to 57. Fish assemblages in a Mississippi reservoir mudflat with low structural complexity Go to 58. Simulated changes in extent of low-marsh habitat under multiple lake levels Go to 59.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an exceedingly rare and hitherto incurable and fatal disease marked by accelerated aging simultaneously affecting a number of organs. Most cases of HGPS are caused by a single copy of a specific single-nucleotide mutation, c. C1824T, in the LMNA (lamin A) gene. Different mutations in LMNA are responsible for a variety of disorders affecting a variety of organs, including dilated cardiomyopathy, familial partial lipodystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and restrictive dermopathy. The unique pathophysiology of HGPS arises from the distinctive nature of the c. C1824T mutation; despite being a synonymous mutation that does not directly change an amino acid in the lamin A protein, it nonetheless exerts a profound effect on the protein by creating a cryptic splice site that causes incorrect splicing of the LMNA mRNA transcript, resulting in production of a truncated form of lamin A termed progerin, which is constitutively farnesylated. The farnesylated protein inappropriately accumulates in cells and causes dysregulation of the nuclear lamina - a structure in which the normal lamin A protein is a key component - that results in cellular dysfunction, senescence, and death. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represent one of the cell types particularly affected by progerin, and cardiovascular complications are the typical cause of death of HGPS patients in their youth. Various strategies to mitigate the effects of the LMNA c. C1824T mutation have been explored. Inhibitors of protein farnesylation have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials with HGPS patients, with improvement of some aspects of the disease and even a modest increase in length of survival[1]. Despite being a promising approach that has received approval from the Food and for the treatment of HGPS, inhibition of farnesylation is limited in its efficacy and therefore insufficient on its own; furthermore, it produces substantial gastrointestinal side effects. Antisense oligonucleotides intended to specifically reduce the progerin-expressing, aberrant splice form of LMNA have proven effective in a mouse model of HGPS, substantially increasing the lifespans of the mice (by 62% in one study)[2,3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 98, 74-84, doi:10. 1038/sj. hdy. 6800898 (2007). E, S. T. Taxonomic study of Acer mono and Acer truncatum in based on phenotype and molecular markers, University, (2020). Wei, L. , Li, Y. F. , Zhang, H. & Liao, W. J. Variation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensisand Q. mongolica(Fagaceae). J. Plant Ecol. 8, 224-229, doi:10. 1093/jpe/rtv023 (2015). . & Ge, J. P. Asymmetric pattern of climate oscillations and the origin of biodiversity. J. Beijing Norm. Univ. , Nat. Sci. 50, 622-628 (2014). Holland, M. M. & Parson, W. GeneMarker (R) HID: A Tool for the Analysis of Forensic STR Data. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 29-35, doi:10. 1111/j. 1556-4029. 2010. 01565. x (2011). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6. 5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539, doi:10. 1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012). Pritchard, J. K. , Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945-959, doi:10. 1093/genetics/155. 2. 945 (2000). Earl, D. A. & Vonholdt, B. M. : a website and program for visualizing output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4, 359-361, doi:10. 1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012). Evanno, G. , Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol. Ecol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Distribution and attachment characteristics of Sida crystallina (O. F. Müller, 1776) in lentic freshwater ecosystems of Go to 85. A for Go to 86. Temporal and of to Go to 87. Conservation of imperiled crayfish, Cambarus veteranus(Decapoda: Reptantia: Cambaridae) Go to 88. Management of freshwater fisheries Go to 89. Influence of the aquatic vegetation landscape on larval fish abundance Go to 90. Incubation success and habitat selection of shore-spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka : effects of water-level regulation and habitat characteristics Go to 91. Implications of linear developments on northern fishesPeter A. Cott, Allison Schein, Bruce W. Hanna, Tom A. Johnston, Donald D. MacDonald, and John M. to 92. Distribution pattern of epiphytic microcrustaceans in relation to different macrophyte microhabitats in a shallow wetland (Upo wetlands, South Korea) Go to 93. Wood placement in river restoration: fact, fiction, and future directionand Go to 94. Support of Fisheries: Progress from Concept to to 95. Juvenile salmon and steelhead occupancy of stream pools treated and not treated with restoration structures, Entiat River, WashingtonKarl M. Polivka, E. Ashley Steel, Jenni L. Novak, and Go to 96. Approaches for studying fish production: Do river and lake researchers have different perspectives? Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Nicholas A. Heredia, Brian G. Laub, Christy S. Meredith, Harrison E. Mohn, Sarah E. Null, David A. Pluth, Brett B. Roper, W. Carl Saunders, David K. Stevens, Richard H. Walker, Kit Wheeler, and Go to 97. Testing the influence of environmental heterogeneity on fish species richness in two biogeographic provinces Go to 98. Thirty-year update: Changes in biological characteristics of degraded muskellunge nursery habitat in southern to 99. Influence of on Shore‐Go to 100. Utilization of fish gut analysis to elucidation of microcrustacean species composition (cladoceran and copepoda) in a shallow and vegetated lake (Jangcheok Lake, South Korea) Go to 101.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: While more specific and, at least in preclinical models, more effective than inhibition of farnesylation, the antisense oligonucleotides have the disadvantage that they require chronic, frequent injections in order to maintain their therapeutic effects. Genome editing, in contrast, has the potential to provide “one-and-done” treatments that modify the LMNA gene at the DNA level and thus permanently suppress progerin production. Two proof-of-concept studies used the -Cas9 genome-editing system to target near or at the site of the LMNA c. C1824T mutation, with the goal of introducing double-strand breaks that are incorrectly repaired via non-homologous end-joining, resulting in insertion or deletion (indel) mutations that disrupt the progerin protein[4,5]. (is also disrupted, but a shorter isoform expressed from the same gene, lamin C, is still intact and can compensate for loss of lamin A in mice. ) The studies used adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to deliver Cas9 and guide RNAs - the former providing the “cutting” function and the latter providing the “GPS” function directing Cas9 to the desired genomic location - into various organs in the bodies of mice, which resulted in the desired editing. Besides producing beneficial changes at the cellular level, the single AAV treatments extended the lifespans of the mice, ~25% in each study. Despite the successes, the consequences of reduction of lamin A along with progerin in human cells remain unclear, and the stochastic nature of the indel mutations raises the possibility of unintended consequences of the genome editing. In principle, a newer form of genome editing called base editing can overcome the limitations of standard -Cas9 genome editing[6]. Base editing uses a catalytically impaired “nickase” form of -Cas9 - capable of breaking only one strand of DNA at the target location, rather than a double-strand break - fused to an enzymatic domain that can chemically modify DNA bases [Figure 1]. The two major types of base editing reported to date use different enzymatic domains.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Moreover, I feel that one year of observation is too scanty to provide adequate information on the topic. Specific remarks: L156: which was the age of the queens? L177: is it the colour the only parameter used to indicate the presence of phacelia pollen? Any palynological analysis? What about other kind of pollens collected by honeybees? L179: which kind of observation you done to acquire information about the worker bees’ behaviour in the field (visual, video-camera…. )? What about other pollinators observed on phacelia flowers during observation time? L188-190: please add the producer details of the instruments used. Moreover, why you measured such environmental conditions if any data is provided in the results and/or other manuscript section? L191-197: this section should be strongly improved as concerns the statistical approach you used. A dedicated paragraph will be welcomed. For example: have you used a (GLMM)? Could you provide details of the general structure of the model you chosen? As it is presented is it not possible to provide an evaluation of the statistic suitability. Validity of the findings Introduction: it is fine. However, I feel that literature on the use of phacelia as supplementary floral resource should be more carefully analyzed, presented and discussed, also in comparison to other plants usually employed at the aim. Therefore, authors should strongly expand the sentences comprised between lines 142-148. Nosema is not a virus (line 68), please change. Results: please merge “Pollen collection experiment” in the subsequent paragraph. L205: you are writing about a two-tailed t-test: why it is not described in the material and method section? Please check and provide. Table 1: it is not necessary, adequate information could be provided in the text. Graphs: please provide significant letters, where appropriate. Discussion: it is sufficient. However, it can be noted that almost all of the suggestions provided in this section about the procedures to be included in agri-environment schemes assessments (cfr. lines 265-277) were not evaluated in the presented research (i. e. points 2, 3, and 4). I feel that this represent the main weakness of the paper, which satisfies just the points 1 and (only partially) 2. On this basis, the research should be considered as preliminary and not exhaustive of the hypotheses that are put to the test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The mouse model in question was homozygous for a human LMNA transgene harboring the c. C1824T mutation, resulting in VSMC defects, hair loss, lack of subcutaneous fat, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and shortened lifespan, phenocopying some characteristics of HGPS patients. The investigators began by testing adenine base editors in fibroblast cell lines derived from HGPS patients. They found that a combination of an adenine base editor called ABEmax-VRQR and a particular guide RNA, when delivered together into the cells via a lentiviral vector, could achieve 80%-90% correction of the mutation, with very low levels of undesired edits at the target site (1%-2%). There were concomitant 6-15-fold reductions in progerin levels in the treated cells. The investigators performed a variety of analyses to assess for any off-target editing by the adenine base editor - that is, unintended edits in the DNA genome at sites other than the desired target site in LMNA, as well as unintended edits in the RNA transcriptome - and were not able to detect any such editing. The investigators then used AAV vectors to deliver ABEmax-VRQR and the guide RNA into a variety of tissues in the HGPS mouse model. Because the gene encoding the adenine base editor was too large to fit in a single AAV vector, the authors split the editor into two parts that were designed to spontaneously assemble into a single functional protein via intein-mediated protein splicing, delivering the base editing system via two AAV vectors. In testing various injection routes and postnatal injection times, they were able to achieve up to ~60% mean editing in liver, ~30% mean editing in heart and quadriceps, and ~20% mean editing in aorta and bone. They then performed a long-term study in which they could assess for phenotypic amelioration in treated vs. control (saline-injected) HGPS mice. In heart and aorta, they observed mean reductions in progerin levels of 86% and 49%, respectively, six months after treatment. Whereas control HGPS mice displayed a loss of VSMCs in aortic vessel walls and periadventitial thickening, the treated HGPS mice had essentially complete rescue of these phenotypes, resembling wild-type mice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Perhaps the most dramatic observation was that the treated HGPS mice lived 2. 4 times as long as the control HGPS mice - an extension of lifespan surpassing other treatment modalities, speaking to the utility of direct correction of the primary genetic defect in HGPS. The single red flag was that the majority of the long-lived treated HGPS mice, upon expiration, were found to have liver tumors. Further investigation suggested that AAV integration into genomic regions where AAV integration has been previously associated with liver tumors in mice may have been responsible for these tumors, rather than the effects of the adenine base editing. The recent demonstration of delivery of short-lived adenine base editor mRNA and guide RNA via lipid nanop2021.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: During the larval period, the overexpression of malic enzyme, which oxidizes malate to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, lengthens the lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster, accompanied with increased ROS production and enhanced expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes [10]. The idea that increased pyruvate levels lengthen the lifespan is inconsistent with low metabolic activity, raising the question of whether such observations are experimental artifacts or operate at natural physiological levels. However, the inactivation of TCA cycle enzymes by RNAi promotes C. elegans longevity [11]; the reduced gene expression of Indy (the plasma membrane transporter for TCA intermediates) in D. melanogaster extends lifespan [12]; and the knockdown of homologs of Indy have also been related to extend lifespan in C. elegans and mice [13,14]. These results imply that low metabolic activity causes lifespan extension through decreased TCA cycle activity. Protein acetylation is an important post-translational modification to regulate enzyme activity in sugar metabolism via acetyltransferases and deacetylases [15], and most acetylated metabolic enzymes undergo inactivity or degradation [16]. Previous studies have indicated that sustained high levels of protein acetylation might restrict lifespan [17], and sirtuin, including Sir2 in yeast, Sir2. 1-2. 4 in C. elegans, and Sirt1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 in D. melanogaster, is evolutionarily conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylase as anti-aging proteins [18]. Sir2 can extend the lifespan in yeast [19]. Overexpression of Sir2. 1 increases lifespan in C. elegans via the insulin/IGF pathway transcription factor DAF-16/FoxO [20]. The life-extending effect of calorie restriction on aging in D. melanogaster has also been reported as Sirt1 dependent [21]. Despite extensive studies on the aging-related function of Sir2, little is known about the effect of Sirt2 on lifespan. Sirt2 is up-regulated during calorie restriction among various species [22,23]. One report shows that Sirt2 overexpression can increase lifespan by inducing checkpoint kinase BubR1 in mice [24].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIt is well known that honeybees share information related to food sources with nestmates using a dance language that is representative of symbolic communication among non-primates. Some honeybee species engage in visually apparent behavior, walking in a figure-eight pattern inside their dark hives. It has been suggested that sounds play an important role in this dance language, even though a variety of wing vibration sounds are produced by honeybee behaviors in hives. It has been shown that dances emit sounds primarily at about 250–300 Hz, which is in the same frequency range as honeybees' flight sounds. Thus the exact mechanism whereby honeybees attract nestmates using waggle dances in such a dark and noisy hive is as yet unclear. In this study, we used a flight simulator in which honeybees were attached to a torque meter in order to analyze the component of bees' orienting response caused only by sounds, and not by odor or by vibrations sensed by their legs. We showed using single sound localization that honeybees preferred sounds around 265 Hz. Furthermore, according to sound discrimination tests using sounds of the same frequency, honeybees preferred rhythmic sounds. Our results demonstrate that frequency and rhythmic components play a complementary role in localizing dance sounds. Dance sounds were presumably developed to share information in a dark and noisy environment. Citation: Hasegawa Y, (2011) in Dark and Noisy Hives? 6(5): e19619. Efthimios M. C. : November 30, 2010; Accepted: April 12, 2011; Published: May 16, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Hasegawa, Ikeno. This is an open-access 1. Experimental setup of sound source localization. A honeybee is tethered to a torque sensor that converts the bee's yaw torque into voltage. Based on this voltage, a computer controls the operating state of four loudspeakers and the position of a random dot pattern (horizontal [H] × vertical [V] = 10×10 pixels) on a monitor. The loudspeakers and the monitor are located in front of the honeybee. The loudspeakers are placed at 60° (#1), 15° (#2), −15° (#3) and −60° (#4), respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Since Sirt2 also participates in the regulation of metabolically relevant progress, such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway [25–27], it is likely that Sirt2 may be related to lifespan through other pathways. In the present study, we find that low levels of Sirt2 are present in brains of diapause-destined pupae to decrease PK and PEPCK protein levels as well as PGAM activity. The low activity of metabolic enzymes results in low levels of pyruvate, which are present under natural physiological conditions to profoundly extend lifespan by reducing TCA cycle activity in H. armigera. We reveal a novel connection between enzyme acetylation and lifespan extension in a Sirt2-dependent manner. This report is the first to show that Sirt2 is a negative regulator of lifespan, protein acetylation has a positive effect on lifespan by inhibiting glucose metabolism, and low physiological levels of pyruvate contribute to lifespan extension in insects. pyruvate levels are essential for lifespan extension in H. armigera To confirm the different pyruvate levels and metabolic activity between nondiapause- and diapause-destined individuals, pupal brains were dissected, and pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity determined by citrate synthase activity were measured. The results revealed that both pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity are significantly greater in the brains of nondiapause-destined pupae than in those of diapause-destined pupae from day-1 after pupation (Figs. 1A and 1B), suggesting that low levels of pyruvate result in low metabolic activity, which leads to diapause initiation, and pyruvate may be used as a central component of the signaling system to monitor the development or diapause. To examine this idea, pyruvate was injected into diapausing pupae, and the results showed that TCA cycle activity increased while diapause was terminated (Figs. 1C and 1D). These results suggest that high levels of pyruvate and TCA cycle activity promote growth and development, whereas low levels of pyruvate and TCA cycle activity induce lifespan extension. Figure 1. Changes of pyruvate content, TCA activity, and expression patterns of and PGAM during developmental pupal brain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: In dance or flight sound localization, honeybees tended to orient from −0. 5π to 0. 5π during their flights when the #2 or #3 loudspeakers produced dance or flight sounds. Honeybees did not orient in any particular direction when white noise was produced. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Honeybees' localization toward a single sound source. The left column indicates the types of sounds: dance sounds (DS), flight sounds (FS), and white noise (WN). Nine honeybees were tested in this experiment. The error bars indicate standard deviations. The grey areas show the mean performance indices (PI) for a 22-sec flight period. PI was calculated for these periods as a ratio of (t1−t2)/(t1+t2), where t1 indicates the duration during which the honeybee orients towards the current sound source and t2 indicates the duration during which the honeybee turns away from it. The starting position of a sound source was shifted randomly. Since PI's are 0. 12±0. 17 and 0. 25±0. 38 for dance (DS) and flight (FS) sounds, respectively, their non-zero hypotheses are significant with P<0. 01. In contrast, since PI is 0. 01±0. 18 for white noise (WN), the non-zero hypothesis is not significant with P>0. 05. Experiment 2: Sound source discrimination using different honeybee sounds Two of the four loudspeakers simultaneously emitted sounds in order to investigate whether honeybees were capable of distinguishing between dance sounds and flight sounds. Sounds that honeybees oriented toward in the flight simulator were evaluated by the shifting of sound sources. When a tethered honeybee oriented toward a sound source, the source of this sound was then shifted to loudspeakers in front of the honeybee, and the other sound being produced at the same time was shifted toward peripheral loudspeakers (Fig. 2B). When both dance and flight sounds were produced, the behavior of honeybees could be divided into two phases. During the first 10 seconds, honeybees flew without orientating themselves to either sound, while after that, when it was the #3 loudspeaker that produced the dance sounds, they tended to orient from 0 to 0. 5π (Fig. 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Acetylation regulates pyruvate homeostasis and lifespan extension To elucidate the effect of acetylation on pyruvate homeostasis in vitro, day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with the deacetylation inhibitor NAM, and both protein levels of PK and PEPCK and PGAM activity significantly decreased, while PGAM protein levels and mRNA levels remained unchanged (Figs. 6A-B and Fig. S8), implying that and PEPCK are regulated by acetylation in diapause pupae. Pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity significantly decreased following NAM injection (Figs. 6C and 6D), and developmental delay for approximately 2 days was observed (Fig. 6E). These results suggest that the expression or activity of the three enzymes related to pyruvate biosynthesis is modulated by Sirt2 deacetylation, and pyruvate is a key regulator for insect diapause via the control of metabolic activity. Figure 6. Acetylation negatively regulates pyruvate homeostasis to lifespan extension and a schematic of the regulation of development or diapause by Sirt2-mediated changes in metabolic activity. (A) Protein levels of and PGAM in response to an injection of Sirt2 inhibitor NAM in vivo. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM and the brains were dissected 48 h after injection. Proteins from pupal brains were extracted and detected with corresponding antibodies. Protein bands were quantified using ImageJ software and normalized to the levels of H. armigera actin (5 μg). (B) PGAM activity in response to an injection of NAM. (C) Changes of pyruvate levels in response to an injection of Sirt2 inhibitor NAM. (D) Changes of TCA cycle activity in response to an injection of inhibitor NAM. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM and the brains were dissected 48 h after injection. Proteins from pupal brains were extracted. Pyruvate levels and enzymes activity was measured and normalized against total protein levels. (E) Developmental delay caused by NAM injection. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM (0. 6 mg).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: It is possible that honeybees required time to search for each source, after which they were able to orient toward dance sounds. Calculation of PI (see Materials and Methods) to verify the time ratio between the time the bee is oriented a direction with the dance and flight sounds showed that in all cases, honeybees significantly oriented towards dance sounds (PI = 0. 25±0. 22, p<0. 01) (Fig. 6, DS-org) rather than toward flight sounds. Thus, honeybees could distinguish between dance and flight sounds, and they preferred dance sounds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Temporal patterns of a honeybee's localization toward two sound sources. The time traces of a honeybee's orientation in response to flight and dance sounds are shown. Each loudspeaker (#1, #2, #3, #4) produced flight and dance sounds according to the honeybee's orientation. The time series variation was divided into two phases. The initial phase lasted for up to 10 seconds. During this phase the honeybee did not orient in any particular direction. After 10 seconds, it tended to orient from −0. 5π to 0. 5π, when the #2 or #3 loudspeakers produced dance sounds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. The effect of dance sound components on sound source discrimination. The numbers to the right of the grey bars indicate the number of honeybees tested. The error bars indicate standard deviations. The left column indicates the types of dance sounds: DS-org is the original dance sound, while DS-rnd and DS-n (n = 40–960, interval time [msec]) are synthetic dance sounds. The intervals in DS-rnd were randomly set between 40 msec and 960 msec. The mean interval length in DS-org was about 480 msec. The grey areas show the mean performance indices (PI) the 22-sec flight periods. PI is calculated for the periods as a ratio of (t1−t2)/(t1+t2), where t1 indicates the duration during which the honeybee orients towards the current dance sounds and t2 indicates the period during which the honeybee orients towards the flight sounds. Starting positions of sound sources were shifted randomly. Since PI's are 0. 25±0. 22, 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We uncovered a biochemical mechanism for how Sirt2 controls metabolic activity to extend lifespan through the deacetylation of these three metabolic enzymes related to pyruvate homeostasis. Sirt2 is a negative regulator to extend lifespan via the down-regulation of metabolic activity Sirtuin is a well-known regulator of lifespan extension. Sir2 is required for longevity engendered by calorie restriction among many species [37–39]. Overexpression of Sir2 extends lifespan in budding yeast [19], and elevated sirtuin levels increase lifespan by activating DAF-16 in C. elegans [40], indicating a conserved role for Sir2 in lifespan extension. However, little is known about the effects of Sirt2, a homolog of Sir2 in mammals and insects, on lifespan extension. The overexpression of Sirt2 can increase lifespan by inducing the checkpoint kinase BubR1 in mice [24]. Interestingly, we observed that Sirt2 has a negative effect on lifespan via increasing the activity of metabolic enzymes in H. armigera, since (1) Sirt2 protein levels are higher in the brains of nondiapause-destined pupae than in those of diapause-destined pupae, consistent with high metabolic activity during pupal development; (2) overexpression of Sirt2 increases the activities of three metabolic enzymes and PGAM related to pyruvate biosynthesis and decreases the three enzyme activities by dsRNA against Sirt2; and (3) injection of Sirt2 inhibitor into nondiapause pupae causes developmental delay (lifespan extension) through reduction in pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity. These results suggest that low Sirt2 levels in diapause-destined pupae are associated with lifespan extension via decreasing metabolic enzyme activity and pyruvate contents, and Sirt2 is a negative regulator to extend lifespan. Protein deacetylation by Sirt2 is conserved in insects but has different functions Acetylated metabolic enzymes have been identified in various tissues among different species [17,41,42]. We suspected that acetylation of metabolic enzymes in H. armigera might happen in the brain or other tissues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Johnston organs are precisely tuned to detect frequencies of 250–300 Hz, which includes the wing beat frequency. They are also unable to distinguish between continuous and pulsed sounds [18]. In our experiments honeybees could orient themselves toward flight or dance sounds (Fig. 4) because the carrier frequencies of both repeated pulses and continuous sounds might be within the responsive range of Johnston organs. Whilst our study showed that flying honeybees orient toward tone stimuli, the physiological mechanisms by which they do so are still unclear. organs might react to airflow based on tone stimuli with the airflow caused by ego-motion. In our experiment, honeybees were attached to a torque sensor, so airflow caused by flying should have had little effect on their Johnston organs. Furthermore, we adjusted loudspeaker power so as to cause the Johnston organs of tethered bees to respond to the airflow of tone stimuli [18]. In keeping with the findings of most dance communication studies we assumed that honeybees can detect tone stimuli using their Johnston organs, but it is not yet known how airflow velocity attracts honeybees in natural hives. This issue may constitute an interesting research perspective for the future. We hypothesized that honeybees might be able to orient themselves toward sounds caused by wing vibrations produced by the behavior of nestmates as well as dance sounds. Therefore, although they can gather around nestmates using the frequency component of sounds, they need to sense other sound components to find a dancer that is providing information about food sources. Rhythmic components of dance sounds Dance sounds have rhythmic components because dancers generate repeated pulse sequences caused by wing vibrations and intervals. The rhythm is mainly characterized by the ratio of the duration of the repeated pulse sequences to the interval. In hives, the duration of the waggling run increases monotonously with flight distance [3]. The interval duration might also increase with flight distance. As a result, there might be several rhythm variations in the waggle dances. Our experiment using different rhythmic dance sounds synthesized with different interval durations showed that honeybees were able to detect rhythmic sounds within a certain range (Fig. 6). They might be able to adapt to follow several types of dances that use different rhythms. Previous studies have suggested that honeybees sense sounds using Johnston organs. However, they are not able to distinguish between continuous and rhythmic sounds [18].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Upon substrate binding, the main chain of the protein substrate surrounding the acetyl-lysine makes β-sheet to contact with the catalytic domain of the sirtuin protein, burying the acetyl group within the active site of sirtuin protein. However, previous study showed that Sirt2 has little sequence selectivity, as each position near the acetyl-lysine can tolerate many different amino acids [48]. Detailed mechanism governs the substrate specificity of Sirt2 is unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that deacetylase Sir2 and Sirt families can extend lifespan in yeast, C. elegans, and D. melanogaster as anti-aging proteins [19]. Interestingly, sustained high levels of protein deacetylation, induced by high Sirt2 levels in nondiapause pupae, have an opposite effect in shortening lifespan, whereas low levels of Sirt2 in diapause-destined pupae extend lifespan via reduction in deacetylation of and PGAM to decrease pyruvate levels. Thus, the function of protein deacetylation in insects is different from that in mammals. Low pyruvate levels extend lifespan in insects Glucose is metabolized to produce pyruvate, which is then converted into acetyl-coenzyme A to feed the TCA cycle. Pioneering studies have indicated that lifespan can be prolonged by decreased glucose or pyruvate levels, calorie restriction reduces the plasma glucose concentration [49,50], and reduced uptake of nutritive calories can extend lifespan in multicellular eukaryotes [51,52]. Glucose restriction in C. elegans extends lifespan by promoting the formation of ROS, which induces catalase activity and increasing oxidative stress resistance [53], and glucose treatment during adulthood shortens the lifespan in C. elegans by increasing ROS formation [54] and inhibiting the activities of lifespan-extending transcription factors DAF-16/FoxO [55]. However, recent studies have shown that increasing pyruvate concentration can extend lifespan: supplementation with pyruvate at the larval period extended lifespan by increasing oxidative stress tolerance in a DAF-18/PTEN and Sir2. 1-dependent manner [9]; supplementation with pyruvate at the young adult stage increased the lifespan by hyperactivating HIF-1 transcriptional activity in C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4a), and the pathways “Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis − globo series” and “Limonene and pinene degradation” were significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4c). Additionally, a total of 1122 DEGs, including 593 upregulated and 529 downregulated DEGs, were specifically expressed in QQ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. 4a), but only the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway was significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4d). Moreover, a total of 2175 DEGs, including 1177 downregulated and 998 upregulated DEGs, overlapped between MZ-vs-LYQQ and MZ-vs-QQ specifically, indicating that these DEGs might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in both QQ and LYQQ. KEGG analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4b). GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 59 GO terms, of which the most highly enriched components were categorized as catalytic activity (465), metabolic process (381), binding (323), cellular process (322), single-organism process (285) and membrane (274) (Fig. 4c). Identification of key DEGs regulating zigzag-shaped stem formation Based on the changes in expression in the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, 76 DEGs potentially involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation were identified (Fig. 5). Among these DEGs, 19 were associated with cell wall synthesis and cell expansion, of which seven, namely, cellulose synthase (TEA032164. 1, TEA030545. 1), expansin (TEA027164. 1), leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1 (XLOC_003301), chitinase-like protein (TEA022978. 1) and pectinesterase (XLOC_003301, and TEA004581.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: When honeybees decide whether the sounds they hear include rhythms related to waggle dances, they require a period of time to discern pulse sequences or intervals and to detect their durations. Our experiments demonstrated this time delay in bees' detection of rhythms. In the experiment on localization of dance sounds as well as that involving discriminating between dance and flight sounds, honeybees were able to detect dance sounds after flying in a direction not oriented toward any presented sound for about 10 seconds, it could detect dance sounds (Figs. 3B, 5). However, in the experiments on localization of flight sounds, honeybees could orient toward sounds in a short amount of time (Fig. 3A). We assumed that the rhythm of dance sounds must be processed in the nervous system at a higher level than that of the Johnston organs. Why do honeybees use the rhythmic components of dance sounds? Members of the honeybee species used in this work normally conduct dances inside their hives, where it is too dark for them to make use of the visual features of waggling dances. Dancers emit one or more scents related to food sources because of nectar stored in their honey sacs or pollen attached to their legs or bodies after forging, so it is possible that followers utilize scent cues to detect waggle dancers. However, we believe that odor information cannot be a significant cue because several types of odors are given off by the honey, nectar, and pollen that are stored in the hive. Comb vibrations have been studied as a directive and a long-range cue, which assists followers in detecting and localizing the dancer [13]. In previous experiments on comb vibrations measured during waggle dancing, dancing bees produced vibrations in two frequency ranges: 15 Hz and 200–300 Hz. Honeybees sense these vibrations using their subgenual organ, which is very insensitive to vibrations below 100 Hz but is quite sensitive to vibrations in the 200–1000 Hz range [14]. In natural hives, however, honeybees also face the difficulty of having to identify these signals within a noisy environment, such as they have to identify these signals within a noisy environment. No previous studies have shown that the subgenual organ can select specific features of waggle vibrations from among other comb vibrations. The organ responds to pure sine wave signals within the 200–1000 Hz range.

Output: corroborate