Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure of endemic and endangered species Sideritis gulendamii (Lamiaceae) and implications for its conservation ıldırım1, Gül Nilhan Tuğ1 & Yaprak1 809 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractSideritis gulendamii is a perennial, endangered plant endemic to Türkiye with narrow and fragmented populations encountered in gypsum and marl soil. This species is known as mountain tea and also has a significant potential for use for medicinal and aromatic purposes. Assessing the genetic diversity of this species holds significant importance in its conservation efforts due to its specific habitat requirements, small and isolated populations, and recent threats imposed on these populations. This study determined genetic diversity at the species and population levels using the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting method on 157 individuals from seven natural populations. We observed that the species-level genetic diversity is relatively high (H = 0. 189, I = 0. 298), but the population-level is low (H = 0. 150, I = 0. 231). The greater total genetic variation within populations was determined as 76% using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The obtained value of genetic differentiation (Gst = 0. 208, Φpt = 0. 24) among populations is considered to be at a moderate level, whereas gene flow appears to be high (Nm = 1. 899). Supportive results were reached using the cluster analysis, with (UPGMA) dendrogram, and Analysis (PCoA). The positive correlation between the matrices of genetic distance and geographic distance is determined to be statistically significant, with values of r = 0. 566 and p < 0. 001 in the Mantel test. Some strategies were developed using the genetic variability pattern of this endangered species for its conservation. Similar content being viewed by others Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered species Paeonia decomposita endemic to China and implications for its conservation 67. 21%) (Güner et al. 2012). Such a high endemism rate is explained by Türkiye’s being an important gene center for this genus with the in southern Europe is the other important gene center (Baser 2002). The genus Sideritis is commonly known as mountain tea in Türkiye (Güner et al. 2012). Sideritis gulendamii H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Ce médicament a bénéficié d’une AMM en 1981 pour traiter les troubles de la vigilance et de l’attention, et le ralentissement des activités intellectuelles chez les sujets âgés. Il a été retiré de la vente en France et en Europe en 201121. Il est toujours vendu sur les sites spécialisés dans les nootropiques, non pas en tant que médicament mais sous la forme d’un complément alimentaire (en poudre ou gélules) bien que cela n’en soit pas un. En effet, l’adrafinil ne figure pas sur la liste des substances autorisées qui peuvent être constitutives d’un complément alimentaire en Europe. 18Ainsi, certains médicaments qui ne bénéficient plus d’AMM sont toujours produits à l’étranger, achetés et consommés en France. Les frontières nationales et les régulations en vigueur sont totalement redessinées. Le marché des compléments alimentaires, difficilement réglementé, illustre le marché gris du recyclage pharmacologique dans lequel s’inscrivent les nootropiques, et où la promesse d’amélioration cognitive se déploie. Fluidité d’une promesse 19Je vais essayer de montrer en quoi les promoteurs de la catégorie ont fait évoluer la définition de nootropique établie par C. Giurgea par un travail de familiarisation qui se fait en incarnant la promesse d’optimisation cognitive sur Internet, en présentant les nootropiques comme naturels ou en questionnant les seuils de la normalité par la pharmaceuticalisation du quotidien.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Панцири Xenasaphus devexus в валимских отложениях приурочены к нескольким уровням, разделённым практически немыми прослоями, причём панцири X. devexus образуют большие скопления, локализованные и по вертикали, и латерально. В скоплениях присутствуют преимущественно целые панцири примерно одного размера, иногда с обломленными подвижными щёками, захоронёнными неподалёку, иногда в большей степени фрагментированными, но явно без сколько-нибудь значимого переноса.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Duman & Karavel. is a perennial species with 20–60 cm simple or branched stems, covered with densely adpressed white wooly tomentose hairs, sometimes glabrescent above and eglandular (Duman et al. 1995). It has a chemical structure similar to the traditionally used herbs, hence has potential for medicinal and aromatic purposes (Kirimer et al. 2000, Azizoglu et al. 2011, Çarıkçı et al. 2023). classifies it as Endangered (EN) (IUCN 2022). It has narrow and isolated seven small natural populations in the in Türkiye (Ankara and Eskişehir provinces). It has specific habitat requirements and grows only over gypsum and marly soils. Most importantly, this species' populations are at risk due to various factors such as the expansion of agricultural areas, overgrazing, proximity to both highways and urban areas, reforestation, terracing, and erosion (Yıldırım et al. 2019). As a result, for these species effective conservation measures must be taken. Understanding the degree of genetic diversity, especially in endemic and endangered species, is crucial as it forms the foundation for crafting effective conservation strategies. Molecular markers might reveal details about genetic variation and adaptive evolutionary processes (Garayalde et al. 2011). Molecular marker techniques are widely used in plant sciences to evaluate ecological, evolutionary, taxonomic, phylogenetic, and genetic research. Generally, the choice of a molecular marker must strike a balance among several parameters such as dependability, confidence in showing polymorphisms, statistical power, and ease of analysis (Agarwal et al. 2008). Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) is one of the commonly used molecular markers in research regarding population genetics, particularly for plants (Gupta et al. 1994, Li and Jin 2008). ISSR represents a quick, simple, and highly repeatable method. ISSR markers typically exhibit high polymorphism, are cost-effective, and their key advantage lies in not requiring prior knowledge of the genomic sequence (Zietkiewicz et al. 1994, Bornet and Branchard 2001, Idrees and Irshad 2014). It is aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation patterns of seven small natural populations of S. gulendamii using ISSR markers for developing effective conservation strategies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: La diffusion de la promesse sur Internet : l’incarnation de la promesse 20Internet joue un rôle central dans la construction et la diffusion de la promesse du marché marginal des nootropiques. Je vais essayer d’identifier une partie du registre argumentatif utilisé par les promoteurs de la catégorie pour offrir de nouvelles possibilités. 22 Traduit par mes soins. 23 Ou encore do-it-yourself biology (DIYbio), biologie participative, garage biology. 24 Wilbanks R. (2019), « Phylogénies de la biologie “do-it-yourself” », Techniques & Culture. En lign (. . . ) 21Internet est un moyen d’importer la promesse états-unienne d’optimisation des capacités cognitives dans le discours français. L’enquête montre que c’est l’unique source d’information utilisée par les individus qui s’intéressent aux nootropiques. La légitimité des personnalités identifiées comme des experts par la communauté d’usagers ne se fait pas seulement par le discours qu’elles tiennent mais également par l’incarnation qu’elles font de la promesse. Les sociologues B. Hauray et S. Dalgalarrondo (2018) remarquent dans leur analyse du champ de la médecine anti-âge que le processus d’incarnation « mobilise des histoires individuelles, cela repose sur la propre expérimentation des individus des effets d’un traitement, […] cela implique souvent de montrer des corps22 ». Ainsi, par la mise en scène d’eux-mêmes et de leurs consommations, les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques prouvent leur engagement auprès de la communauté.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти скопления порой называют местами линьки ксеназафусов, но такое объяснение встречает три существенных возражения. Во-первых, если это линочные панцири, почему все они практически одного размера? Трилобиты линяли на протяжении всей своей жизни. Если бы в этих местонахождениях были захоронены линочные панцири, они должны быть разного размера, отражая различные онтогенетические фазы в развитии ксеназафусов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: The first cluster consists of AY; the second one includes BS and IN; the third one comprises SR; and the fourth one is composed of CR, YD, and AK. The separation has been supported both by the UPGMA dendrogram and the PCoA plot. Based on the Mantel test, a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0. 566, p < 0. 001) was found between geographical and genetic distances. Mantel test results are supported by the UPGMA and PCoA cluster analyses. In this case, it can be said that geographic distance also contributes to genetic differentiation among populations. In both the UPGMA dendrogram and PCoA clustering analyses, Ankara populations (and SR) and Eskişehir populations (CR, YD, and AK) were clearly separated from each other. Regardless of the type of the analysis, the BS population was clustered with the geographically closest population (5 km), IN population. The genetic distance was measured as 0. 029. Despite of the 15 km geographically separated each other, CR and YD populations were found to be two genetically closest populations. In addition, the lowest genetic distance value of 0. 019 was obtained for these two populations. UPGMA dendrogram in Fig. 5 shows that the populations are clearly separated from each other, with a few exceptions. An individual (number 46) from BS population clustered with AY population which is 48 km distance apart, and an individual (number 71) from SR population clustered with IN population which is 60 km distance apart. This situation, also seen in S. yildirimlii, suggests the possibility of long-distance pollen or seed distribution between populations (Yıldırım et al. 2023). ConclusionSideritis gulendamii is an endemic plant species that has seven small, narrowly distributed and isolated populations with special habitat requirements due to edaphic factors. In situ conservation of natural populations is a priority step for maintaining this species’ genetic diversity. This is especially important for populations like YD, CR, and AY, which have low numbers of individuals but high genetic diversity. These populations should be given conservation priorities, because individuals of these populations are likely to be more competitive than the individuals of populations with low genetic diversity and high numbers of individuals. These small but genetically diverse populations have higher ecological plasticity and can more easily adapt themselves to changing environmental conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: On peut faire le parallèle avec le passé de la recherche biomédicale, quand les médecins essayaient d’abord sur eux-mêmes leurs découvertes pharmacologiques. La volonté est de démontrer l’absence de risque, question centrale dans toute démarche d’expérimentation pharmacologique. On note ici l’influence du mouvement biohacker23. Ce néologisme est issu de l’assemblage des mots biology et hacker (de l’anglais « pirate »). Pour la spécialiste de ce mouvement social, R. Wilbanks, « les initiatives visent à ouvrir la biologie et les biotechnologies aux personnes n’ayant pas de formation en biologie […]. Elles mettent en avant l’idée que des activités telles que la biologie et les biotechnologies peuvent être poursuivies comme des passe-temps24 ». Le terme « biohacking » désigne également les individus qui testent de nouvelles substances en dehors du cadre académique, semblables à ceux que j’ai interrogés : Je suis en train de faire des recherches, tu sais je fais des tests… J’ai pas de laboratoire, j’ai pas de doctorat donc je peux pas faire des essais cliniques proprement conduits mais je fais sur moi. Enfin maintenant, c’est même plus des essais, c’est le quotidien. J’ai fait des essais sur moi et j’ai vu qu’il y a des produits qui sont très efficaces et d’autres qui le sont moins. [Homme, 22 ans, consommateur de nootropiques et concepteur d’une application mobile qui recense ces substances.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Во-вторых, подавляющее большинство панцирей в валимской свите сохраняются целыми, а в ходе линьки они должны распадаться на составные части. В третьих, панцири образуют компактные скопления, разделённые пустыми пространствами. В этом случае приходится предположить, что ксеназафусы одного и того же возраста должны были синхронно приползать в одно и то же место и одновременно сбрасывать панцири. Такая гипотеза представляется маловероятной.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 63. 28%) were polymorphic, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction with combinations of 15 primers. Low average gene diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation were detected in L. subcordatum. A Mantel test demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances, indicating that significant genetic divergence was likely the result of geographic isolation among natural populations. Furthermore, based on genetic structure patterns, populations of L. subcordatum were divided into three clusters. Group 1 was composed of specimens from Libo, (GZ) and Huanjiang, (GX). Group 2 was composed of Mt. Wuguishan, (GD). Group 3 was composed of three populations in Region. Additionally, clonal reproduction probably existed in GD population. According to the genetic information analysis and field survey, the ex situ population did not match its source population (GD) in terms of genetics, and its habitat was different from the original natural habitat. We observed that a few individual GD seeds were needed to improve ZS ex situ in the future. ConclusionsCompared to previous SRAP-based studies of endangered plants, L. subcordatum had extremely low average gene diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations. At present, the unique ex situ population has not been successful due to non-representative samples being taken, a smaller population size, and man-made changes in habitat. Potential strategies are suggested to improve the conservation of this species. BackgroundGenetic diversity plays a key role in the survival and succession process of plant species, and is usually considered to be an estimate of extinction risk [1,2,3]. Species with high genetic diversity have more alleles, which means that they might possess higher adaptability to environmental changes [4]. Plant populations with low genetic diversity may suffer from reduced adaptive capacity [5,6,7], which can result in a gradual decrease in population size and eventual extinction of a population [8,9,10]. This situation usually presents itself in rare and endangered plant populations with narrow distributions, small population sizes, and geographic isolation [11,12,13]. Therefore, one of the main goals of conservation and restoration of rare and endangered plants is to preserve the genetic diversity of plant populations [14, 15]. Research on genetic diversity can provide important information for evaluating and guiding conservation efforts [16,17,18].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: ] 22Les nootropiques peuvent alors être interprétés comme des molécules expérimentales, qui se répandent en périphérie de la médecine sous la forme d’une promesse incarnée. 23Les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques utilisent un autre terme issu du biohacking. Ils qualifient certains des produits de stack, de l’anglais « empiler ». Les stacks sont des mélanges de produits présentés comme nootropiques, consommés ensemble afin de potentialiser leurs effets. Le mélange caféine et L-théanine est le plus populaire dans la communauté : Y a la caféine et la théanine ça c’est un stack, les deux vont très bien ensemble, quasi systématiquement t’as pas l’un sans l’autre. La théanine c’est un acide aminé qui est dans le thé vert, quand il est couplé à la caféine, permet d’en limiter les effets secondaires tout en augmentant les capacités de concentration normale de la caféine. En fait le combo caféine et théanine est meilleur en termes d’amélioration comparé à la caféine ou la théanine consommées de manière neutre. [Homme, 22 ans, en troisième année de licence de biologie, consommateur de nootropiques et rédacteur d’un site internet sur ces substances. ] 24On retrouve ce mélange dans les deux compléments alimentaires nootropiques français étudiés ici.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По моему мнению, образование скоплений панцирей ксеназафусов в валимской свите происходило совершенно иначе. Как было отмечено выше, валимские отложения формировались в мелководных условиях, при периодических осушениях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: The major techniques to protect rare and endangered plants include in situ conservation, reintroduction, and ex situ conservation [19]. Ex situ conservation, which involves maintaining populations outside of their natural habitat, is not only the basis for reintroduction but also an important supplementary measure for in situ conservation [20, 21]. One of the main roles of ex situ conservation is to preserve plant genetic diversity [14, 22]. Understanding the genetic diversity of ex situ populations and their source can contribute to further evaluation and conservation of plant populations [23,24,25], such as sampling strategies, germplasm resource collection, and improvement of ex situ population [22]. Loropetalum subcordatum (Benth. ) Oliv. (Hamamelidaceae) is a shrub or small tree that grows in evergreen broadleaved forests in southern and southwestern China. This species is self-pollinating and endemic to China. It has a low fruit set (4. 79 ± 1. 45%) in nature and a long-period of arrested development between flower senescence and ovary enlargement, which indicates that delayed fertilization occurs in this species [26]. According to records, L. subcordatum was distributed in Libo, (GZ); Longzhou, (LZ); Mt. Wuguishan, (GD); and (BW) and (LT), Region (Fig. 1). However, the population in LZ was assumed to be extinct during field surveys several years ago [27]. According to our recent field investigations (Fig. 1), two new populations were found in Huanjiang, (GX) and (VT), Hong Kong. GZ and GX had larger populations and inhabited high altitudes in the dry Karst mountains. and LT were located in damp areas near streams at low altitude in the or on islands. Because of its rarity and narrow distribution, L. subcordatum is classified as a Species (Class II) in China [28] and assessed as vulnerable based on the list of the for Conservation of Nature [29]. Recently, the world’s only ex situ population was established with seeds from some individuals from GD at Zhongshan Arboretum, (ZS) in order to protect the GD population. The ZS ex situ population inhabited a dry, latosolic, red soil hillside.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Évoquer le stacking permet de mettre en avant le bricolage qui est fait autour du dosage avec la possibilité de l’adapter à sa propre singularité, qui s’apparente à une réappropriation pharmacologique, comme l’a montré M. Aronov (2019) pour la pratique du microdosage de LSD. Des produits présentés comme naturels 25 Cette expression est issue d’une communication pour l’Académie d’agriculture de France, tirée de s (. . . ) 26 Ibid. , p. 60. 25Je vais maintenant revenir sur ce que le sociologue O. Lepiller (2014) qualifie de « travail de naturalisation25 » qui est effectué par deux promoteurs de nootropiques. O. Lepiller précise que cela « consiste soit à qualifier explicitement un aliment de naturel, soit à produire un discours sur les critères de ce qui est naturel ou pas26 ». Je vais étudier ici deux sites français de vente de compléments alimentaires au sens réglementaire, qui utilisent le terme « nootropique » comme argument marketing : H+ Nootropics et Noomind. Ils sont fabriqués dans le même laboratoire français, qui ne produit que des compléments en petites et moyennes séries. Ils proposent dans les mêmes dosages journaliers de la caféine et de la L-théanine. On retrouve en plus dans Noomind des extraits de plantes : du Bacopa monnieri, du Ginseng panax, du Ginkgo biloba.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Ксеназафусы, обитавшие на сублиторали, при отливах или масштабных осушениях морского дна попадали в большие мелкие лужи и по мере их высыхания формировали всё более и более плотные скопления ещё живых особей, которые постепенно там же и погибали. Эта гипотеза объясняет сонахождение панцирей трилобитов и побегов волховиелл.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: In a previous study, an analysis based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was performed on the and LT populations, which indicated that these four populations constituted four genetic clusters with respect to their genetic pool, and the two island populations (BW and LT) were likely to have come into existence via clonal reproduction [27]. And compared with previous AFLP-based studies of endangered plants, the results showed that these populations low genetic diversity (Ht = 0. 22606, Hw = 0. 1771) and high genetic divergence among populations (Fst = 0. 72, p < 0. 001), while no significant correlation was detected between genetic distance and geographic distance (r xy = 0. 854; p = 0. 081) [27]. Fig. 1Distribution of L. subcordatumFull size imageIn this study, sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was conducted on populations of L. subcordatum, including those found in nature and the one conserved ex situ population, because it is a highly reliable genetic marker [30,31,32,33]. The aims of this study were to analyse the genetic diversity and structure of all known populations of L. subcordatum to establish a better understanding of genetic information about this species, to estimate the validity of ex situ populations and to propose potential measures for further conservation. MethodsSampling of L. SubcordatumIn this study, six natural populations (and VT) and one ex situ population (ZS) were analysed (Table 1; Fig. 1). According to the distribution of individuals in population, 10–15 individuals were randomly sampled from and LT. In the field survey, adventitious roots germinating from stems immersed in stream water and growing in stone seams were observed in the GD and island populations, which indicated that vegetation propagation might exist. Only six samples were randomly taken from LT, since individuals were close to each other and we wished to avoid selecting potential clonal individuals. Additionally, the ZS ex situ was constructed in 2008 with seeds from some individuals of the GD population. Therefore, all the individuals of GD and ZS were collected in order to estimate whether the ZS ex situ could match its source population (GD) in terms of genetics. Juvenile leaves of individuals from seven populations were collected (Table 1) and stored in silica gel.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Toutes les plantes utilisées sont présentées comme utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle chinoise ou indienne (ayurvéda) : « le ginseng panax est utilisé dans la médecine chinoise depuis plus de 5 000 ans » ou, pour le Bacopa monnieri : « son histoire remonte aux pratiques médicales ayurvédiques ». Ainsi, les molécules vendues en France comme nootropiques n’ont rien de novateur. Le marché des nootropiques ressemble à un marché du recyclage pharmacologique. On retrouve également dans Noomind de la L-tyrosine (un acide aminé) et des vitamines (B6 et B12) présentées comme « naturelles » : « un acide aminé naturellement présent dans le thé » « il s’agit d’ingrédients naturels ». Ainsi, le consommateur, en fonction de ses imaginaires de référence, peut circuler au sein de cette promesse en privilégiant sa dimension transgressive (biohacking) ou en se concentrant au contraire sur la dimension naturelle de ces produits. Un moyen d’agir sur son quotidien 27 Bateman S. , Gayon J. (2012), « L’amélioration humaine. Trois usages, trois enjeux », Médecine/Scie (. . . ) 28 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté : l’usage du médicament dans les discour (. . . ) 29 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté… », ibid. , p. 106. 30 Le transhumanisme est symbolisé par « H+ » (pour « human enhancement »). Le nom du complément alim (. . .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В ландшафтных терминах обстановка формирования танатоценоза4 с остатками Volkhoviella primitiva и Xenasaphus devexus может быть отнесена к нижней литорали и верхней сублиторали. Материал исследования: пять фертильных побегов с терминальными спорангиями и два стерильных побега. Ранняя эволюция наземной растительности: основные морфогенетические процессы. В архейскую эру, вопреки мнению Л. С. Берга, суша, скорее всего, была безжизненной (см. рис. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: 1342) among natural populations, which made the species more susceptible to genetic drift and genetic differentiation [60]. Overall, the contributing factors to the high genetic differentiation of L. subcordatum were likely its reproductive strategy (autogamous), the geographic isolation of its populations, and the narrow distribution of its range. Evaluation of the genetic diversity of the ex situ populationZS is the only extant ex situ population of L. subcordatum in China and is used as a source for protecting and improving the GD population. It has been suggested that 95% of a species’ alleles with an occurrence frequency of more than 5% should be included in ex situ populations for successful genetic conservation [61]. However, the genetic level of ZS (PPB = 7. 59%; H = 0. 0279; I = 0. 0415) was much lower than that of GD (PPB = 13. 2%; H = 0. 0447; I = 0. 0674), which suggests that the ex situ population does not adequately contain the genetic diversity of its source population. Additionally, the result of the UPGMA tree supported this analysis, and we found that ZS clearly derived from only part of the individuals of GD (Fig. 2). Meanwhile, the UPGMA tree can offer information about collecting extra seeds from some individuals of GD, which are shown in the blue circle (Fig. 2), to improve ex situ populations in the future. When conservationists established the ex situ, they randomly collected seeds from a portion of individuals of GD and did not yet know anything about the genetic information of the original population, which resulted in non-representative samples being taken. Moreover, ZS has only 27 individuals, which is too small: a limited founder number may cause a population bottleneck in ex situ populations [62, 63]. Additionally, the field survey showed that ZS ex situ was living on a dry, latosolic, red soil hillside, whereas GD was on a damp streamside on a granite mountain. These man-made changes in habitat are also more prevalent in the ex situ environment, increasing the genetic risk and weakening the conservation of L. subcordatum [64]. Therefore, ZS ex situ was not successful due to non-representative samples being taken, a smaller population size, and man-made changes in habitat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: ) 26On peut interpréter le recours aux nootropiques comme un outil permettant d’améliorer ses fonctions cognitives. Le registre de l’amélioration biomédicale a été théorisé comme répondant à trois logiques distinctes (Conrad et Potter, 2004 Coveney et al. , 2011) : en termes de normalisation ou de standardisation, pour être en accord avec une norme culturelle ou clinique pour restaurer des fonctions perdues et regagner une apparence ou des performances dites normales ou pour procurer un avantage compétitif. La sociologue S. Bateman et le philosophe J. Gayon caractérisent l’amélioration humaine (de l’anglais « human enhancement ») comme « un ensemble d’actions, réelles ou projetées, qui visent à augmenter les potentialités du corps humain, voire en créer de nouvelles27 ». Le transhumanisme en est l’un des courants de pensée. Il est défini comme le « courant intellectuel et culturel prônant une amélioration radicale des performances humaines grâce aux avancées technoscientifiques et biomédicales28 ». Selon les promoteurs des nootropiques, la consommation de ces produits permettrait de s’engager dans une démarche transhumaniste : « une sorte de version soft des ambitions vertigineuses des transhumanistes pour repousser les limites de l’intelligence humaine29 ». Le nom donné à un des compléments alimentaires, H+ Nootropics30, est un moyen de faire des transhumanistes une de ses cibles marketing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Но уже в протерозое, по мере появления и развития цианобактерий, на суше вполне могли появиться их первые колонии, адаптированные к жизни в гиперэкстремальных условиях (в настоящее время, помимо морей, цианобактерии обитают в бессточных котловинах пустынь и даже в гидротермальных источниках).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Clonal reproductionThe numbers of genotypes were equal to the number of samples in GZ, GX, and the three island populations. However, the genotype numbers were less than the sampling sizes found in GD (Table 2), which indicated that some identical genotypes existed, and these might be ascribed to vegetative propagation [27]. The GD population is located along the flood zone of a riparian area, suffers from the threat of habitat disturbance, and is vulnerable to damage: and its survival may depend on quickly establishing a new population. Clonal reproduction is a good strategy to allow for rapid demographic expansion [65]. Moreover, when sexual reproduction declines, such as a low fruit set or a lack of flowering under low-light conditions, and when habitat deteriorates, asexual propagation may arise to ensure population size and survival [66]. Therefore, the habitat alteration and decline in sexual reproduction were probably reasons to promote clonal reproduction in GD. Asexual propagation was not evident, and further studies are required to demonstrate the species’ mating system using molecular and physical methods. However, only two island populations (LT and BW) were likely to have clonality as shown in an earlier study [27]. The possible reason for these different results was that inconsistent samples were used in the two studies. Implications for conservation of L. subcordatum As with other endangered species, another challenge to the survival of L. subcordatum populations is the influence of human activities. According to field surveys, BW is found around a city and VT distributes along both sides of a road used for tourism, while LT is crossed by a stream that contains a small dam further down its course. The habitat of GD is far from any city, but a small reservoir was built downstream, which prevents the spread of seeds via water flow and impedes population expansion. Moreover, based on our study, the unique ex situ population (ZS) was not successful and needs to be improved in the future due to its lower diversity, limited number of individuals, and unsuitable habitat. Efforts should be conducted to improve natural and ex situ populations in the future. All populations of L. subcordatum should be conserved in situ and ex situ, especially and LT, by establishing protection zones to prevent interference introduced by human activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: On retrouve cet argumentaire en lien avec l’amélioration sur les deux sites internet analysés : « boostez », « améliorer la performance mentale » ou « augmenter les niveaux d’énergie ». Les consommateurs différencient les substances qui augmenteraient les capacités cognitives, c’est-à-dire pour aller au-delà d’un certain seuil, de celles qui donneraient les moyens de retrouver un état qualifié de normal. 31 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Introduction. Les morales de l’optimisation ou les routes (. . . ) 32 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté… », art. cité, p. 106. 33 Le Dévédec N. (2015), « Retour vers le futur transhumaniste », Esprit, 11, 2015, p. 97. 27L’usage des nootropiques peut également être interprété comme un moyen d’optimiser son quotidien en le pharmacologisant, afin de le « normaliser » et finalement de le dominer. Ainsi, comme les sociologues M. Otero et J. Collin (2016) l’ont souligné à propos des smart drugs, la consommation de nootropiques peut être appréhendée comme un moyen de se conformer aux normes sociales. Les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques affirment que la sous-optimalité et les carences sont inhérentes à la nature humaine. Les nootropiques permettraient d’éviter les carences et ainsi de retrouver une normalité propre à chacun, en s’optimisant, pour répondre à l’« injonction permanente à l’optimalité31 ». L’alimentation ne se suffirait pas à elle-même.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По всей видимости, именно в периодически увлажнявшихся низменностях суши, на обогащённых органикой и размягчённых минеральных субстратах появились первые наземные биоценозы, образованные цианобактериями и другими прокариотами, а также одноклеточными эукариотическими водорослями и грибами. Сапротрофные грибы-хитридиомицеты рода были обнаружены в верхневендских отложениях Восточно-Европейской платформы [21].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, seed collection is a useful and effective method to build and maintain most ex situ populations [67, 68], and seeds from every individual of the natural populations of L. subcordatum should be collected as much as possible to store or use for future improvement of ex situ and in situ populations. Then, vegetative propagation can be used to effectively and rapidly expand ex situ population sizes. Additionally, a new habitat similar to the GD population’s living environment is required, and all of the existing individuals of the ZS ex situ should be transplanted into this new habitat. Finally, future studies should also focus on the mechanisms of the inherently low fruit set and delayed fertilization of L. subcordatum. ConclusionsThe endangered species L. subcordatum, endemic to China, has low average gene diversity within populations and relatively high genetic differentiation. Based on an investigation of wild populations, we found that human activities impede the demographic expansion of L. subcordatum and fragment natural populations. The conservation of L. subcordatum is extremely urgent. The results of this study regarding the genetic information and UPGMA analysis between the ZS ex situ and its source population (GD) showed that this unique ex situ did not genetically represent GD and that the environment of the ex situ was different from its original habitat according to the field survey. Therefore, ZS ex situ conservation is not successful and needs to be improved in the future. Considering the previous discussion, more effective actions need to be taken to prevent further decline or extinction of L. subcordatum.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: En étudiant la place du médicament dans le transhumanisme, N. Le Dévédec et J. Collin remarquent « l’abaissement des seuils de la normalité32 ». La perfectibilité est un élément important du courant transhumaniste qui voit en l’homme un « être biologiquement handicapé33 ». 28Les nootropiques sont ainsi présentés comme des moyens d’atteindre cet état optimal de fonctionnement cognitif. ⁂ 29L’existence d’un marché gris des nootropiques sur Internet, assez marginal, contribue à porter la promesse d’optimisation cognitive. C’est un moyen de moléculariser cette promesse pour la marchandiser. À l’inverse, cette promesse permet de promouvoir d’anciennes ou de plus récentes substances afin de renouveler le marché, qui s’apparente à un marché du recyclage pharmacologique. 30La promesse étudiée ici n’est pas stabilisée, elle se renouvelle sans cesse en utilisant un vocabulaire plurivoque, pour s’adapter aux exigences de potentiels futurs consommateurs. La force de la promesse réside dans cet assemblage argumentatif qui la rend plastique. Le modafinil agit comme un étendard de la promesse d’optimisation des capacités cognitives. Son histoire, militaire et sportive, y contribue. Sa disponibilité sur Internet remet en cause les frontières étatiques et les régulations en vigueur. La promesse est incarnée et diffusée sur Internet par les promoteurs des nootropiques qui mettent en scène leurs consommations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Все эти организмы образовывали тесные симбиотические связи, позволявшие им выживать в условиях суши. К обитателям наземных сообществ могли принадлежать некоторые формы неопределённого систематического положения, например, род [22]. Появление первых наземных бактериально-водорослево-грибных сообществ, очевидно, было теснейшим образом сопряжено с образованием первых почв.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Species identification method by a new non-invasive technique in Korean endangered terrestrial snail, (Gastropoda: Mollusca) 1, Jin-Young Kim2, Kang-San Kim1 & …Young-Joong Kim1 Show authors 867 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractKoreanohadra koreana (K. koreana) is an endemic species in that is listed as endangered. While the ecology and phylogenetics of K. koreana have been studied, its morphological similarity to the related species Koreanohadra kurodana (K. kurodana), can make species identification difficult. Furthermore, this has led to confusion when determining essential habitat information for the conservation of K. koreana. To bypass this issue, we have developed a non-invasive species identification method that can genetically differentiate between them. While there are already various non-invasive genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction methods that utilize the mucus from mollusks, they are limited as they require the target species to be physically located. To address this, in this investigation a method of extracting gDNA from the feces of snails was developed. The method utilized a primer set to amplify a cytochrome b fragment from K. koreana but not K. kurodana or other terrestrial snails. The feces of terrestrial snails could thus be used to obtain gDNA to a genetically usable level if collected within 5 days of excretion. This non-invasive species identification method using feces will help to facilitate genetic research without harming the endangered species and if the target species is not physically in the habitat. Moreover, K. koreana and K. kurodana could perhaps be further distinguished, using their habitat information to help facilitate essential conservation measures. Similar content being viewed by others When conventional methods fall short: identification of invasive cryptic Snails (Pomacea canaliculata; P. maculata) using environmental DNA 2012. terrestrial snail belonging to the genus Koreanohadra, K. kurodana, is morphologically similar to K. koreana (Lee and Kwon 1993) and their phylogenetic analyses are also very similar (Kimura et al. 2022). Consequently, comparisons of the morphological characteristics (such as umbilical width, aperture height and width, body whorl height) cannot be used to effectively distinguish between these species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Enfin, les registres argumentatifs mobilisés permettent à des consommateurs très différents de circuler au sein de cette promesse. Les nootropiques sont présentés comme des produits naturels, les médecines traditionnelles sont convoquées (ayurvéda ou médecine chinoise) afin d’atteindre le consommateur en quête d’amélioration « douce ». En faisant référence au transhumanisme et aux pratiques de biohacking comme le stacking, les promoteurs se donnent les moyens d’atteindre un public plus « audacieux », avide de nouvelles technologies et de dépassement de soi. 31Les nootropiques deviennent dès lors le support d’une technique de soi qui redessine de nombreuses frontières : naturel et artificiel drogues, médicaments et compléments alimentaires préventif et curatif normal et pathologique (Collin et David, 2016). Haut de page M. (2019), « (Micro-) “Psychedelic” Experiences: from the 1960s Creativity at the Workplace to the 21st Century Neuro-Newspeak », Ethnologie française, 176/4, p. 701-718. DOI : 10. 3917/ethn. 194. 0701 Bastuji H. , Jouvet M. (1986), « Treatment of Hypersomnia with Modafinil », Presse Med. , 15/28, p. 1330-1331. Bateman S. , Gayon J. (2012), « L’amélioration humaine. Trois usages, trois enjeux », Médecine/Sciences, 10/28, p. 887-891. DOI : 10. 1051/medsci/20122810019 Buguet A. , Montmayeur A. , Pigeau R. , Naitoh P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Взаимодействие почв и организмов первичных биоценозов суши было системой с обратной связью, поскольку развитие почв способствовало повышению таксономического разнообразия наземных сообществ за счёт расширения их трофической базы, а жизнедеятельность организмов, входящих в эти сообщества, неизбежно обогащала почвы биогенами. Накопление биогенов привело к образованию генетического почвенного горизонта "А", сложенного гумусом.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: This limits the identification of these species within the habitat if taxon experts are not involved. Due to the nature of endangered species, it is important to identify and protect the habitats of K. koreana, but as noted, defining their habitats is confusing due to their external similarity with K. kurodana, Sharing the distribution range according to literature record (Kimura et al. 2022), which creates a major hurdle in facilitating appropriate protection. Furthermore, accurate species identification methods also help to monitor populations and track changes in distribution and abundance over time. Recently, various genetic analyzes using environmental DNA (eDNA) that comes from organisms has been studied to identify their presence or absence in the habitat (Weltz et al. 2017; Mizumoto et al. 2020; Ruiz-Ramos et al. 2023) and to verify host plants (Milla et al. 2022). These studies confirmed that large amounts of residual gDNA from organisms exists in the environment, and on this basis it was established that genetic research could be sufficiently conducted using eDNA. The use of eDNA has led to the development of non-invasive methods for the collection of DNA samples from mollusks using their mucus without damaging the target organisms (Armbruster et al. 2005; Palmer et al. 2008; Régnier et al. 2011). The non-invasive method can be used for genetic research (genetic diversity, phylogeography analyzes) without fatal effects on survival when collecting DNA samples from K. koreana tissue. The non-invasive technique for species identification is expected to bring a remarkable advancement in securing genetic analysis for the conservation of K. koreana, as it is not restricted by duration, area, or number of capture and re-capture according to “on of (Ministry of Environment’s Regulation No. 621)”. Considering the above circumstances and conditions, we aimed to develop an identification method for K. koreana to distinguish it from the morphologically indistinguishable from K. kurodana using non-invasive methods with non-tissue materials (feces and mucus). Then, like the eDNA method, we have determined whether the non-invasive method using feces can verify the habitat of K. koreana without visually identifying the target species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: « Les cobayes de la guerre du Golfe », Le monde, 18 décembre 2005. 6 Ce remplacement a eu lieu car « les effets secondaires [du modafinil] sont plus importants et plus fréquents et la tolérance moindre » (Cocquempot et al. , 2015) que la CLP dont les effets indésirables se limitent à de légères atteintes cardiovasculaires (palpitations, tachycardie) et neuropsychiques (tremblements des extrémités, anxiété). 7 Un des individus que j’ai rencontrés a consommé du modafinil lors d’un séjour aux États-Unis afin de lutter contre le décalage horaire. 8 « La molécule qui dompte le sommeil », Le point, 20 avril 1996. 9 « Une nouvelle affaire White », L’équipe, 30 août 2003. 10 Elle a consommé du modafinil avec l’aide de Victor Conte, fondateur du laboratoire Balco, principal instigateur de ce qui a été appelé « l’affaire Balco ». 11 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Un transhumanisme “à mains nues” : sociologie de la promesse du jeûne », Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances, 13/2, p. 4. 12 La narcolepsie est une maladie chronique du sommeil qui provoque des endormissements inopinés et incontrôlables avec parfois des relâchements musculaires imprévisibles (cataplexie). 13 Hirsch M. (2012), La lettre perdue, Paris, Stock, p. 104. 14 Ibid. , p. 104. 15 « Le dopage des cadres », Le point, 23 mai 1998.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Дальнейшее размягчение и эрозия минеральных субстратов привели к формированию генетического горизонта "B". Свою роль в формировании наземных биоценозов должны были сыграть и морские водоросли, произраставшие на сублиторали и литорали. Безусловно, они вынуждены были адаптироваться к периодическим осушениям, вызванным приливами и отливами.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1691532/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionamaena is an endemic and endangered species and listed as CR in Turkey. ISSR markers were used to detect the level of genetic diversity in two natural populations of C. amaena. A total of 50 ISSR primers were used and 13 primers producing polymorphic and reproducible products were selected. These primers yielded 102 amplified discernible loci, of which 80 (78%) were polymorphic. A high level of genetic diversity was detected both at population and species levels; the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1. 544, the observed number of alleles (Na) was 1. 784, the Nei’s genetic diversity (H) was 0. 306, and Shannon's information index was 0. 447. The determined gene flow (Nm) was 2. 329, indicating a high migration rate between the populations. Moderate level of genetic differentiation (GST: 0. 176) was also observed. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 24. 89% of the total genetic diversity resided among populations, while 75. 10% within the populations. Cluster analysis showed that samples from the same locality clustered together and there was no cross-clustering between the samples. The patterns of genetic variation indicates that existing C. amaena populations should be conserved. ürkiyeFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionTurkey has quite a large geological and geomorphological diversity, a wide variety of climate, topographic conditions and soil characteristics, is located at intersection of three different phytogeographical regions and is the center of differentiation of many genera and sections, thus has quite a rich flora (Erik and Tarıkahya 2004). Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) is an important and relatively large genus of Turkish flora. It is composed of approximately 743 species worldwide (POWO 2022). The genus is distributed especially in Southern and Central Europa, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. About 172 Centaurea species were identified in the flora of Turkey and the Islands (Wagenitz 1975). Turkey is a center of diversity for Centaurea.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 16 On peut donner comme liste non exhaustive d’effets indésirables : maux de tête symptômes gastro-intestinaux (diarrhée, constipation, etc. ) troubles de l’humeur (dépression, irritabilité, jusqu’aux idées suicidaires, etc. ) troubles cardiaques (palpitations, tachycardie) atteintes dermatologiques réactions allergiques. 17 La iatrogénie peut être définie comme l’ensemble des effets néfastes d’un médicament. 18 Le fuitage pharmaceutique est défini comme le « transfert du médicament de cadre médical d’utilisation vers un autre espace social » (Lovell A. M. , Aubisson S. [2008], « “Fuitage pharmaceutique”, usages détournés et reconfigurations d’un médicament de substitution aux opiacés », Drogues, santé et société, 7, p. 309). 19 Un analogue est une molécule dont la structure a été modifiée mais qui est supposée avoir les mêmes propriétés pharmacologiques. 20 Également découvert par Lafon avant le modafinil, à la fin des années 1970, métabolisé par l’organisme en modafinil. 21 Le laboratoire Céphalon, fabriquant du médicament Olmifon, a arrêté la vente de ce médicament en 2011, juste avant le résultat de la commission d’AMM qui a conclu en la défaveur du rapport bénéfice-risque. 22 Traduit par mes soins. Hauray B. , et Dalgalarrondo S. (2018), « Incarnation and the Dynamics of Medical Promises: DHEA as a Fountain of », Health, 23, 6, p. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В современном мире богатейшие сообщества морских водорослей способны без какого-либо вреда для себя переживать отливы, находясь в течение нескольких часов в аэральных условиях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Recently, with the latest additions, number of Centaurea species has reached to 220 in Turkey (Hamzaoğlu and Koç 2020; Duman et al. 2021; Ozbek 2021; Şirin et al. 2022). Therefore, the endemism rate is approximately 60%. amaena Boiss. & included in the Sect. Phalolepis is a critically endangered endemic species and grows on rocky slopes of Kayseri province. Population genetics is a cornerstone of conservation biology (Laikre 2010). Long-term persistence of a species depends on maintaining adequate genetic diversity within and between the populations (Ellstrand and Elam 1993). Detailed knowledge on genetic structure of plant populations is required for conservation of available resources (Ottewell et al. 2016; Chung et al. 2020). Molecular markers (and RFLP) are widely used to predict genetic variations at intraspecies and interspecies levels and to identify individual differences between populations. The inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) are usually dominant markers and allow more stringent amplification (Wolfe et al. 1998; Hilooğlu and Sözen 2017). ISSR markers have effectively been used in the fields of genetic diversity, phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary biology (Petrova et al. 2017; Sozen et al. 2017; Atasagun et al. 2018; Sevindik et al. 2020; Sevindik and Efe 2021). Genetic diversity levels have been reported for several endemic members of Centaurea, including C. solstitialis (Sun 1997), C. corymbosa (Freville et al. 2001a), Centaurea tenorei and C. parlatoris (Palermo et al. 2002), C. cineraria (Bancheva et al. 2006), Femeniasia balearica (Vilatersana et al. 2007), C. horrida (Mameli et al. 2008), C. nivea (Sözen and Özaydin 2009), Centaurea parlatoris (Bancheva et al. 2011), C. lycaonica (Uysal et al. 2012), C. stoebe (et al. 2012), C. alba (Requena Ordóñez 2017), C. tentudaica (Moreyra et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nootropics will soon replace traditional treatments for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: : -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2472-095X. 1000107 of Psychopharmacology with Joan Haliburn*Department of Child, Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Australia *Corresponding Author: Joan Haliburn, Department of Child, Adolescent and Family Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sciences Building, 5 Fleet Street, Parramatta 2150, Wales, Australia, Tel: 61-2-98403335, Email: jhalibur@bigpond. net. au Received: 29-Feb-2016 Accepted Date: 16-Mar-2016 Published Date: 21-Mar-2016 DOI: 10. 4172/2472-095X. 1000107 treatment of major mental illness in children, adolescents and adults poses a continuing challenge to psychiatry, and unaddressed childhood trauma plays an important role in this challenge. The aim of this communication is based on an earlier paper, is to highlight research that has been carried out on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and major mental illness, and the emphasis placed on treatment of mental illness almost exclusively with pharmacotherapy while paying lip-service to psychological therapies, including dynamic psychotherapy. This is in spite of the Experiences (ACE’s) Studies of 1998 and 2010, which demonstrate links between childhood trauma and mental illness. I have chosen to use depression as an example because of its common occurrence, increasing morbidity and cost to services globally. : Trauma; Attachment; Pharmacotherapy; Psychotherapy; Mental illness is the leading cause of disability worldwide and the global burden is increasing on a large scale, [1-4]. In 2010-2011, expenditure on mental health in Australia was $ 6. 9 billion (ABS, 2013), and in the USA, the cost of depression alone exceeded US$ 83 billion [5]. Morbidity includes days lost from work, economic costs and emotional costs on family members, functional impairment and increased use of health services [6]. There has been an increasing reliance on psychotropic medication, particularly antipsychotics while corresponding benefits in patients’ quality of care remain limited. In a 10 year study [7] it was found that while the percentage of patients hospitalized for depression dropped from 9. 1% to 5. 1%, the percentage of individuals receiving psychotherapy decreased from 56. 6% to 37. 5%, the use of antidepressants increased from 80.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В конце протерозоя или, самое позднее, в начале палеозоя среди водорослей, произраставших на литорали и периодически оказывавшихся под воздействием сухого воздуха и прямых солнечных лучей, должны были появиться формы с плотными наружными покровами, которые в дальнейшем могли преобразоваться в кутикулу. В геологической летописи известен целый ряд форм с плотными покровами, занимающих промежуточное положение между водорослями и высшими растениями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: This study was conducted to investigate the level of genetic diversity within and between two C. amaena populations with the use of ISSR markers. Prospective outcomes are expected to provide essential information for establishing effective conservation strategies for critically endangered C. amaena. . amaena is distributed with 2 populations in a small area between Erciyes and Yılanlı Mountains of Kayseri province. Two populations together cover an area of approximately 0. 55 km2 and the total number of individuals was determined as approximately 5672 (Fig. 1). The distance between two populations is about 15 km. For this study, 24 individuals of C. amaena were randomly sampled from each population in the natural distribution area of the species in 2019 (Fig. 1, Table 1). Fresh leaves were placed in plastic bags, kept on ice during transport to the laboratory and stored at -20 °C until DNA isolation. DNA extraction and ISSR-PCR amplification Total DNA was extracted from young leaves via plant genomic DNA miniprep kit (Bio-Basic, Canada). The DNA quantity and purity were assessed using Nanodrop® ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Wilmington, Delaware, USA) and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Then, DNA concentrations of all samples were diluted to 2 ng/μl, prepared for PCR and stored at -20°C. A total of 50 ISSR primers (University of British Columbia, Canada) were screened for PCR amplification. After screening, 13 primers that produced clear and reproducible polymorphic fragments were chosen for ISSR analyses (Table 2). The ISSR-PCR reactions were conducted in a total reaction volume of 20 μL containing 2 μL of template DNA (2 ng/μL), 2 μL PCR Buffer (10X), 0. 2 μL Taq DNA polymerase, 0. 5 μL of each primer (10 pmol/μL), 1 μL dNTPs (10 mM), and 3 μL MgCI2 (25 mM). The amplifications were performed using a thermal cycler (Biorad, California, USA) that was programmed as follows: an initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 5 min; 35 annealing cycles of 94°C for 45 s, at a specific annealing temperature 1 min, 72 °C for 1 min; a final extension of 72 °C for 7 min.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nootropics will soon replace traditional treatments for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: 6% to 86. 8% and the use of antipsychotics increased significantly from 25. 9% to 41. 9%. Additionally, the percentage of acute-phase episodes in which patients received psychotherapy dropped from 42. 6% to 26. 9% and the prescription for antipsychotics remained relatively constant. This is indicative of the reliance placed on pharmacotherapy and the marginalization of psychological treatments including dynamic psychotherapy. Yet, there is no evidence that treatment outcomes are better than they were thirty years ago. Treatment resistant depression Treatment resistant depression which still awaits a universal definition [8] is generally seen as the failure of improvement after at least two adequate trials of different classes of antidepressants in a person who has adhered to the prescription. Guidelines on the treatment of depression generally stress the need for adequate dosages, follow-up and monitoring of side-effects with support. There is an implicit message here that the treatment of depression with antidepressants has both pharmacological and psychological components that are important [9]. However, guidelines provide in detail the need for increasing dosage, the therapeutic dose and sideeffects, methodology of switching from one antidepressant to another, adding another antidepressant or antipsychotic and lastly adding psychotherapy, if all else fails. If psychotherapy was a mandatory part of the process from the beginning, the possibilities would be many, for patients to respond to the therapeutic relationship as well as the antidepressant. A substantial number of patients do not achieve a clinically meaningful benefit, despite multiple antidepressant trials and augmentation [10,11] while psychotherapy improves outcome when combined with medication, compared to medication alone [12]. The demand for psychotherapy services was found to exceed service provision by a factor of four [13] which need to be acknowledged and remedied. word ‘trauma’ is used to indicate early childhood emotional, physical or sexual abuse and neglect, which may occur singly or in combination. Early childhood trauma is recognized as the best predictor of response to psychotherapy for severely depressed patients, and depressed people respond differently to pharmacotherapy whether they have experienced childhood trauma or not [14]. Preliminary data [15] describing the interim treatment outcome of 44 patients referred with treatment-resistant depression of significant duration, co-morbid personality disorders and histories of early childhood trauma with psychodynamic psychotherapy seems to illustrate this. Significant improvement in symptoms, self-esteem, general functioning and suicidality was noted after 12 months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее известны среди них спонгиофитовые: девонские роды Schuguria Tchirkova-Zalesskaya,Orestovia Ergolskaya, et Istchenko, Rhytidophyton Istchenko, Spongiophyton Krāusel. Часть этих растений с полным основанием может быть отнесена к трахеофитам, хотя в их строении наблюдается много архаичных черт [23]. Возможно, адаптации к субаэральным условиям произрастания были свойственны и гораздо более древним (вендским) водорослям вендотенидам (рис. 6, а, б).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: The correlation coefficient of the Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between geographical and genetic distance (Correlation coefficient r =0. 7821). Similarity coefficient values varied between 0. 70 - 0. 91 with an average value of 0. 81. A clear division of 48 samples was provided with the UPGMA clustering map. Notably, it was evident that samples from the same populations clustered together. Present dendrogram had two distinct clusters. The first major group contained all genotypes belonging to the Perikartın (P1) population, while the second major group contained all genotypes including the Yılanlı population (P2). Major groups generally showed that samples were consistent with their regional sources (Fig. 2). The relationships between populations were also assessed through Principal component analysis (PCA). Two genetically distinct clusters were determined in terms of genetic diversity among the genotypes. The first two principal coordinates (P1 and P2) accounted for 7. 64% and 26. 29% of the total variation, respectively (Fig. 3). The results of AMOVA revealed that genetic variation within population was 75. 10 %, while the variance among populations was 24. 89% (P<0. 001). Estimated FST value was determined as 0. 248. Population genetic structure was also evaluated with the Bayesian clustering approach implemented in v. 2. 3. 4. Bayesian cluster analysis of genetic structure revelaed that C. amaena populations were the best represented by two genetic groups (K=2). Two populations of C. amaena were efficiently separated into two sub-groups. There were 24 accessions in sub-population P1 and 24 accessions in sub-population P2 (Fig. 4). DiscussionThe primary objective of conservation of genetic resources is to preserve the broad-based genetic diversity within each of the species that has a known or potential value to ensure their availability to current and future generations. The genetic diversity of a plant is structured at different spatial scales (for example, geographic areas, populations, between neighboring individuals) and largely designated by species' life-history characteristics, environmental impacts and demographic history (Engelhardt et al. 2014; Penas et al. 2016). Thus, conservation management plans often require knowledge of population dynamics, relative levels of genetic diversity within genetic structure of the species (Perez-Collazos et al. 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nootropics will soon replace traditional treatments for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: We must side-track this unidirectional, biological, reductionist view and recognize the powerful effects that psychosocial interactions exert; as in attachment in childhood and its disturbance by trauma which impacts the brain. The economics of delivery of mental health services almost always mandates medication as a first choice intervention. There is no doubt that medication has a vital place in psychiatry, however it is apparent that new knowledge is being neglected, the potential for integration has not been fulfilled, and though patients are better informed, they dare not question the wisdom of the treating psychiatrist. 581. Centers for and Prevention (CDC) (2010) Adverse childhood experiences reported by adultsfive states, 2009. 59: 1609-1613. (2011) Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 475: 27-30. RÃ¶ssler W, Salize HJ, van Os J, Riecher-RÃ¶ssler A (2005) Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. 15: 399-409. Kessler RC (2012) The costs of depression. 35: 1-14. Scott J, (2003) Global burden of depression: the intersection of culture and medicine. Psychiatry 183: 92-94. (2011) Ten-year trends in quality of care and spending for depression: 1996 through 2005. Psychiatry 68: 1218-1226. RuhÃ© HG, van (2012) Staging methods for treatment resistant depression. A systematic review. J 137: 35-45. Ankarberg P, FalkenstrÃ¶m F (2008) Treatment of depression with antidepressants is primarily a psychological treatment. Psychotherapy (Chic) 45: 329-339. (2012) Management of treatment-resistant depression. 35: 249-265. (2006) Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Psychiatry 163: 1905-1917. Gabbard GO, (2001) The fate of integrated treatment: whatever happened to the biopsychosocial psychiatrist? Psychiatry 158: 1956-1963. Kisely SR, (1999) An integrated treatment algorithm for pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Z J Psychiatry 33: 207-216. (2003) Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. 100: 14293-14296.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вендотенидам могли принадлежать лентовидные пиритизированные остатки с внешними покровами из верхневендских отложений Русской платформы, определявшиеся Б. С. Соколовым как [24, табл. XX, фиг. 4]. Именно эти тенденции в морфогенезе сублиторальных и литоральных водорослевых сообществ привели к тому, что в раннем палеозое (если не раньше) возникли все необходимые предпосылки для колонизации суши высшими растениями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: The importance of genetic diversity in maintaining biodiversity and evolutionary processes and in conservation biology studies of rare and endemic plant species has been recognized by researchers for decades (Laikre 2010). In this study, genetic variation was investigated within and among C. amaena populations using ISSR markers. In general, endemic plant species tend to maintain low genetic diversity than widespread species (Ellstrand and Elam 1993). Contrarily, the genetic diversity of C. amaena was high at both population (P = 66. 18 %, h = 0. 252, I = 0. 372) and species (P = 78. 43%, h = 0. 306, I= 0. 447) levels. These results may indicate that C. amaena did not have a history of severe or prolonged population bottlenecks sufficient to cause loss of genetic diversity. Similarly, many endemic species with high genetic diversity have been reported. For instance; Centaurea nivea (P= 91. 88%, h = 0. 296, I= 0. 451), C. lycaonica (P:90. 62%, h:0. 2706, I:0. 4148), Verbascum alyssifolium (P= 99. 74%, h = 0. 2651, I= 0. 4206), Teucrium leucophyllum (P= 99. 31%, h = 0. 263, I= 0. 418), Lilium regale (PPB: 97. 3%, H: 0. 198, I: 0. 333) (Sözen and Özaydin 2009; Uysal et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2015; Hilooglu and Sozen 2017; Sozen et al. 2017). The level of genetic diversity of C. amaena appears to be similar to that of the other endemic Centaurea species, although direct comparison is difficult when using different marker systems (eg allozyme). Freville et al. (2001b) investigated the genetic diversity of C. corymbosa via microsatellites and determined heterozygosity (He) values in the range of 0. 36-0. 62. By isozyme analysis of seven endemic Centaurea species, it was determined that heterozygosity values varied between 0. 126 for C. cineraria subsp. cineraria to 0. 276 for C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nootropics will soon replace traditional treatments for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: This study was a multicentre MRC study on the treatment of depression and compared the effects of electroconvulsive therapy, a tricyclic antidepressant, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant, and placebo in hospitalised psychiatric patients. 5A method that is today considered most robust for accepting or rejecting hypotheses about whether a treatment could be considered effective, and therefore useful in clinical practice, was strongly criticised at the time by several representatives of academic psychiatry (it is worth noting that this occurred only 35 years ago! ). One such representative actually wrote in a letter published in the BMJ that, “There is no psychiatric illness in which bedside knowledge and long clinical experience pays better dividends and we are never going to learn how to treat depression properly from double blind sampling in an MRC statistician′s office. ”6 As reported by Shepherd,7 replied directly to this view, which is now considered simplistic but, I believe, is regrettably still relatively common among clinicians, as follows: “Unfortunately, as one of the patients in the bed I feel more than a trifle depressed while – partly at my expense – he gains his knowledge and his long clinical experience. I would have hoped that the process of learning might be a little less long if it were supported by the experimental method and attitude of mind. . . . The statistician′s office, needless to say, merely provides an experimental design upon which to hang the skilled clinical observation that must characterise any form of inquiry into therapeutic efficacy. There is no question of replacing valuable clinical observations by a series of mathematical symbols. Those who think so have the myopia of Don Quixote: they mistake the scaffold for the house. ”8This was not the first time that a clinician, fired by what some may consider to be excessive therapeutic enthusiasm, substituted personal experience for critical evaluation and proven efficacy. We can consider, for example, the case of Manfred Sakel. He described his role as the founder of insulin coma therapy and considered it the first effective drug treatment of schizophrenia, claiming a 70% full remission rate and a high proportion of undefined“social remissions”in the remainder of cases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Volkhoviella primitiva может рассматриваться как один из таких колонистов. Далее, в силуре, произошло совмещение и коэволюция первичных наземных бактериально-водорослево-грибных сообществ и литоральных водорослевых сообществ, чему очень способствовало формирование первых почв. Взаимные таксономические обмены между этими исходно разными сообществами могли сопровождаться трансдукционной интрогрессией –параллельным обменом генами за счёт вирусной активности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: todari (Bancheva et al. 2006). A considerable amount of genetic variation was identified in endemic species Centaurea horrida (He=0. 603–0. 854) by using SSR markers (Mameli et al. 2008). In narrow endemic species of Centaurea tentudaica, quite high levels of genetic diversity were detected (P95 = 60. 61, He = 0. 287) by allozyme analysis (Moreyra et al. 2021). Mameli et al. (2008) suggested that high values of genetic diversity observed in these Centaurea species might have played a role in their survival in a challenging and stressful environment. Reproductive biology of a species plays an important role in determining genetic variation at both the species and population levels. For instance, outcrossing taxa have the greatest diversity, while autogamous taxa have the lowest diversity (Hamrick and Godt 1996). Atasagun et al. (2018) determined that the breeding system of C. amaena was facultative xenogamous. This may be one of the reasons for high level of genetic diversity. The greatest amount of genetic diversity in C. amaena was found within the population rather than among populations as estimated by Nei’s gene diversity (82. 35%), Shannon’s information index (83. 66%), and AMOVA (75. 10%). Similar results have been previously reported in various studies of the following endangered species; C. horrida (Mameli et al. 2008), C. nivea (Sözen and Özaydin 2009), C. lycaonica (Uysal et al. 2012). GST values above 0. 30 indicate a high level of genetic differentiation, while GST values between 0. 05-0. 15 indicate a low level of genetic differentiation between populations. In C. amaena, the GST value was determined as 0. 176, indicating moderate level of genetic differentiation among the populations. A wide variety of FST and GST values have been obtained from studies on Centaurea taxa (Table 4). High genetic diversity and low population differentiation in endemic and rare plants have been attributed to a number of factors; insufficient time to reduce genetic diversity following isolation, population size reduction and significant gene flow (Maguire and Sedgley 1997; Zawko et al. 2001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nootropics will soon replace traditional treatments for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: 7 Such“therapy”continued to be considered effective for many years, at least until 1953, when a young psychiatrist, published a study in the Lancet entitled,“The insulin myth”, in which, by critically analysing the literature, he showed how unsatisfactory the evidence really was for the supposed effectiveness of insulin. 9For several weeks afterwards letters of indignation were published in the correspondence columns of the Lancet by prominent psychiatrists of that time. They considered the challenge to established practice an effrontery and accused Bourne of clinical inexperience, of using selective quotations from the literature, and of an iconoclastic temperament, allied with youthful intemperance. Among the signatories of these letters, as reported by Shepherd, were several of the best known figures in British psychiatry. 10Another example of non-scientific methods of treatment in psychiatry is the unethical and tragically noxious programme of psychic driving and depatterning, developed by Ewen Cameron, Director of the Institute of Psychiatry in Montreal, with money obtained from the Intelligence Agency. 10 This sad story has been documented in some detail because of legal action taken against the CIA by relatives of many unfortunate patients. 11 Incidentally, Cameron was one of the strongest supporters of insulin coma therapy. He, according to Shepherd,10 “represented par excellence the spirit of furor therapeuticus, clearly enunciated also by other eminent British psychiatrists, such as ”. The slow development, within medicine, of the“scientific method”and the evolution of research designs for evaluating medical treatmentsIn reality, even if the scientific evaluation of treatments and of clinical procedures is recent history, the techniques characteristic of the scientific method and their application in medicine have a much longer history. It is worthwhile recalling several illustrations. Bacon (1561–1626), according to whom “the source of every error is in the impurity of the mind, since Nature itself could not lie”, suggested that the 3 fundamental stages of the scientific method are (1) observation, (2) classification, and (3) deduction. He determined that observation (which sometimes follows experimentation) must be supplemented where necessary by experiment and guided by hypothesis, which would lead to classification and the formulation of general laws and followed eventually by deduction (ie, the prediction that new facts would conform to general laws that have already been identified). The use of statistics, which is an essential part of the scientific method, is quite old.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Как было отмечено выше, в освоении наземных ландшафтов большую роль сыграли лишайники и мохообразные. Современные экстремальные экотопы с первично минеральными субстратами, в которых произрастают лишайники, близки к тем условиям, в которых появились первые наземные растения (см. рис. 6, в). Видимо, здесь же произрастали и мхи.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2017; Wang et al. 2020). For analysis of variance, genotypes were classified according to 2 sub-populations from Structure analysis. analysis revealed the total variation among the populations as 24. 89% and total variation within the populations as 75. 10%. The variation rate within the populations was found to be significantly high (75. 10%). Estimated FST value (Fst = 0. 248, p < 0. 001) value was found to be close to the mean level of among-population differentiation in endemic and narrow species (Nybom 2004). amaena is an endangered species with a very limited distribution with only two populations in Kayseri region. It was determined that the main factor threatening the species was anthropogenic related (including construction, tourism, habitat fragmentation). If the existing habitats are continuously damaged, the species will inevitably be confronted with extinction. It is important to understand patterns of genetic variability to develop efficient conservation strategies for endangered plants. Increasing population size and genetic diversity are among the main objectives of the many conservation and management programs (Frankham et al. 2002). To this end, habitat conservation is the preferred strategy to preserve the genetic diversity of C. amaena in this region. Declarations936. (2006) Genetic diversity in the Centaurea cineraria group (Compositae) in Sicily using isozymes. 140(1):10–16. (2011) Assessing the genetic diversity of Centaurea parlatoris group (sect. Dissectae, Compositae) in Sicily using isozymes. 145(4):778–785. --(2020) Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies. 34(5):1142–1151. (2018) The genetic diversity of wild and cultivated cornflower populations: implications for conservation. 18. 2018, New approaches for smarter weed management, Jun 2018, Ljubljana, LR (1945) Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology 26(3):297–302. (2021) A new species of Centaurea (Asteraceae) from northern Turkey. Bot 39(10). (1993) Consequences of Small Population-Size - Implications for Plant Conservation. Syst 24:217–242. (2014) Effects of genetic diversity on conservation and restoration potential. at individual, population, and regional scales.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: Consumers themselves should become co-designers of this advice, as they are experts on everyday-life problems and solutions which occur when they try to pursue their healthful eating intentions. The integration of a diversity of expertise on social, ethical and practical requirements in early stages of the development process of innovative PNA is essential. Yet, our study showed that actors in diverse societal sectors were reluctant to engage in the development process of ICT and gene-based PNA. Their evidence-based working practices required that first, scientific support on the effectiveness should become available. Based on their expertise on public needs and wants, they called for a request to slow down the innovation process on behalf of the public. Current working life also does not allow for much change in roles and responsibilities, which may be needed to integrate the innovation in working practices of societal actors. In our qualitative study amongst general practitioners (GPs), we found that participants hold rather critical views on nutrition advice, and certainly on the innovative drivers. A lack of robustness, a low match with patients’ needs and equivocalness of nutritional studies were perceived as blocking GPs involvement. The social acceptability of PNA requires a participatory process. But an invitation to join the innovation process does not of necessity elicit pro-active involvement. This requires the stimulation of a critical reflection process on the meaning of ‘evidence’ from the perspectives of concerned actors and the consequences for the innovation processes. Such an exercise should aim at finding solutions, as to overcome the block about involvement. It should also target reflection on the meaning of expertise, keeping in mind the required increasing role of consumers in the design of PNA. In sum, we conclude that the alignment of PNA with societal preconditions is possible if the development process evolves as a participatory process, in which all societal actors are convinced about the valuable contribution their experience and expertise offers to this search for new ways to effectively promote healthful eating. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of-promotorte Molder, Hedwig, Co-promotorAward date15 Apr 2009Place of Publication[S. l. Print ISBNs9789085853633DOstatusPublished - 15 Apr 2009 Keywordsnutritionfoodsconsumption patternsdisease preventionnutrition informationcommunicationhealthhuman behaviournutrition and health output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее древние, достоверно доказанные остатки печёночных мхов происходят из среднедевонских отложений [25], но они уже вполне сформированы, а это однозначно указывает на то, что данная группа к среднему девону прошла достаточно длинный эволюционный путь. Рис. 6. Примеры растений, принимавших участие в ранней колонизации суши (а, б, г–е), и современные лишайники (в) а, б – Vendotaenia sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Moreyra LD, Márquez F, Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N, Vázquez FM, López-(2021) Genesis, Evolution, and of the Hexaploid, Centaurea tentudaica. Diversity 13(2):72. (1973) Analysis of genetic diversity in subdivided populations. 70:3321–3323 (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89:583–590 (2004) Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. 13(5):1143–1155. (2016) Bridging the gap: a genetic assessment framework for population-level threatened plant conservation prioritization and decision-making. 22(2):174–188. Ozbek MU (2021) Centaurea kirikkalensis (Asteraceae), a new species from Turkey. Bot 39(7). 10. 1111/njb. 03235 (2002) Allozymic variability in Centaurea tenorei Guss. ex Lacaita and in other species of C-parlatoris Heldr. group (Asteraceae). 136(3):331–337. Penas J, Barrios S, Bobo-Pinilla J, Lorite J, Martinez-Ortega MM (2016) Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity of Astragalus edulis Bunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region. Peerj 4. Perez-Collazos E, Segarra-Moragues JG, (2008) Two approaches for the selection of Units for Conservation in the narrow European endemic steppe plant Boleum asperum (Brassicaceae). 94(2):341–354. (2017) Genetic diversity and conservation of Bulgarian endemic Verbascum tzar-borisii (Scrophulariaceae). Fenn 54(4–6):307–316. POWO (2022) "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Gardens, Kew. [accessed 17 March 2022]. Requena Ordóñez J (2017) Genetic diversity and specific delimitation of the Centaurea alba complex in the Iberian Peninsula.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: In our studies, we found that the pursuance of nutrition advices assumes that consumers have a focal concern on health, which is not always the case. Consumers value uncomplicatedness and convenience of healthful eating and the flexibility to eat for pleasure as well. More flexible advice would therefore better match with consumers’ complicated everyday life, in which health is just one of several ambitions, including social ones. A change of eating practices requires the alteration of other practices besides those directly related to the food choice chain. Advice should provide for consumers’ ability to organize healthful eating within existing chains of social practices, including discursive ones. In everyday-life, consumers have to persist in their intentions to eat healthfully vis-a-vis relevant others. In our study, consumers presented themselves as being uncomplicated, to avoid the image of health freakiness. Based on the finding that being someone who makes great effort in relation to healthful eating is a disfavored image, we conclude that for structural change, the healthy choice should become a ‘practically and socially easy choice’. We propose that PNA can contribute to this goal by using an ‘Action Approach’. The basic idea of this approach is that, besides being well-informed and motivated, consumers need to become actively involved in eating for health. By this, we mean that they are able to practically and socially organize their eating practices in order to ensure health benefits. This would involve the stimulation of a process of critical reflection on the uncomplicatedness of healthful eating and the integration of advice on the practical and social organization of changing eating practices towards health. Consumers themselves should become co-designers of this advice, as they are experts on everyday-life problems and solutions which occur when they try to pursue their healthful eating intentions. The integration of a diversity of expertise on social, ethical and practical requirements in early stages of the development process of innovative PNA is essential. Yet, our study showed that actors in diverse societal sectors were reluctant to engage in the development process of ICT and gene-based PNA. Their evidence-based working practices required that first, scientific support on the effectiveness should become available. Based on their expertise on public needs and wants, they called for a request to slow down the innovation process on behalf of the public.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , талломы макрофитов, возможно, произраставших в литоральной зоне; верхний протерозой, венд, калюсские слои; Хмельницкая обл. , р. Днестр, с. Китайгород, Украина, экз. 4914/9; в – Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf. ) Spreng. , современные лишайники; Пермский край, Кизеловский район, г. Губаха, гора Крестовая; полевая фотография; г – Psilophyton sp. , экз. 4914/10; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Press, Edinburgh, pp 465–585 (1986) Centaurea in southwest Asia: patterns of distribution and diversity. 89B:11–21 (2020) Analysis of the genetic diversity of the coastal and island endangered plant species Elaeagnus macrophylla via conserved DNA-derived polymorphism marker. Peerj 8:e8498. (1998) Assessing hybridization in natural populations of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) using hypervariable intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) bands. 7(9):1107–1125. (2015) Inter-in of the regale in the Valley of China. 10(3). 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0118831 (1997) PopGene, the userfriendly shareware for population genetic analysis, molecular biology and biotechnology Centre. University of (2001) Conservation genetics of the rare and endangered Leucopogon obtectus (Ericaceae). 10(10):2389–2396. 1. Sampling details of the C. amaena populations Populations Latidute/ (m) 1 (Yılanlı) 38º 42' 42" N 035º 25' 22" E 1223 1347 24 1-24 P2 (Perikartın) 38º 35' 12" N 035º 27' 40" E 2246 4325 24 25-48 Table 2. Detailed features of the ISSR markers used in PCR amplification of C. amaena of primers (5’ - 3’) (ºC) No. of bands scored Number of polymorphic bands Polymorphism ratio % UBC 805 31 9 8 88. 9 UBC 808 48. 8 6 4 66. 7 UBC 809 48. 2 6 3 50 UBC 811 47 6 6 100 UBC 812 45 8 7 87. 5 UBC 814 45 7 7 100 UBC 816 45 9 7 77. 8 UBC 840 47. 4 10 10 100 UBC 855 53. 1 8 6 75 UBC 868 43. 2 6 3 50 ISSR 1 54 7 5 71. 4 ISSR 43 51. 4 10 6 60 ISSR 47 47. 9 10 8 80 Total 13 102 80 78 Y: C/T Table 3. Genetic structure of C. amaena populations based on ISSR data (%) P1 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: While it is possible that genetic and dietary factors interact in ways that can be difficult to disentangle with current methods, these studies suggest that genetic variation alone is not enough to target dietary recommendations and that more holistic approaches through the integration of biological, environmental and social metrics are needed to target dietary advice. Diet and gut microbiome studies in diabetes In parallel with the identification of genetic profiles for precision nutrition, there is a growing interest in discovering gut microbiota signatures that interact or mediate the effect of diet in diabetes. The Men’s Study, a substudy of the long-running Follow-Up Study, represents one of the most comprehensive biorepositories to date to identify such signatures. By leveraging longitudinal metagenomics and metatranscriptomics profiles from 307 healthy men, a recent study showed that the cardioprotective benefits of the Mediterranean diet are particularly relevant among individuals with decreased abundance of Prevotella copri in the gut [45]. The study documented that higher adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with an 18% lower risk of myocardial infarction among those with decreased abundance of P. copri (95% CI 0. 69, 0. 95) and a non-significant 30% increase in myocardial infarction risk among P. copri carriers (95% CI 0. 83, 2. 07). While P. copri encompasses four distinct clades that are widespread in non-westernised populations [46], the study confirmed that P. copri in this study population consisted entirely of clade A. In a separate study, higher habitual intake of red meat was significantly associated with increased HbA1c levels only among participants with a microbial profile enriched with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-producing bacteria [47]. Of these microorganisms, Alistipes shahii magnified the positive association between red meat intake and HbA1c levels, in which red meat was associated with higher HbA1c among participants with microbial profile enriched with A. shahii and lower HbA1c among those without A. shahii. Elsewhere, a gut microbiome signature including 21 fibre-fermentation bacteria mediated 60% of the beneficial effect of overall diet quality, measured by the 2010, on the risk of diabetes [48].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Торгашино; виден осевой побег с боковыми ответвлениями и многочисленными основаниями эмергенцев; д, е – Protobarinophyton obrutschevii Ananiev, компактные собрания спорангиев на концах дихотомически ветвящихся побегов, экз. 4914/1; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. Торгашино. Длина масштабной линейки 1 см (а, в–е), 1 мм (б) Дальнейшая эволюция наземных высших растений шла переменными темпами, но с неуклонным увеличением таксономического разнообразия и повышением биомассы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: According to the “of Molecular Evolution” first introduced by in 1968, many of the evolutionary changes arise from the genetic drift of the neutral mutant alleles. Greater than 100 bp insertion/deletion is rapidly removed by natural selection that has caused a great change and damage to the DNA. According to the neutral hypothesis, mutations that occur with smaller changes are harmless mutations. They are protected in the evolutionary process by contributing to the formation of genetic diversity. Most of the polymorphisms are kept in a population by mutation and random genetic drift [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The genetic difference between individual of a species is the basis for evolution and adaptation. If all of the individuals were genetically identical, species could not be survived under changing environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. It is known that there is a positive correlation between fertility and viability with population size and genetic variation. For this reason, regardless of whether the existing genetic diversity is beneficial, it should be considered that it poses a potential against rapidly changing environmental conditions [8, 9]. Loss of genetic diversity will adversely affect the ability to deal with environmental change in the evolutionary process. It is anticipated that, particularly small and isolated populations will be more affected by this loss [4]. Although loss of genetic diversity has been thought to be a threat to rare species for a long time, it has also been found to be effective on widespread species with large populations [4, 10, 11]. Furthermore, the fertility and viability rate of populations with reduced genetic variability and loss of valuable alleles, especially as a result of self-destruction, is diminishing. Random genetic drift changes the frequency of alleles between generations. The frequency of some of the alleles may decrease while the other allele may become more common. Naturally occurring mutations also support this process. The genetic variation among individuals is the basis for the evolutionary change of species, populations, and progeny. Evolutionary change requires modifications of genes or gene combinations. The functions of the existing alleles are altered by mutation or recombination. Appropriate mutations can help the organism better use the current environment. Alleles that are previously neutral or have little effect on the reproduction success of individuals may suddenly become important. Obtaining useful genetic variations through natural mutations is a very slow process. In the future, it is impossible to predict which alleles will be necessary for a survival.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: [3] Chronic noncommunicable diseases are becoming major health issues in developing economies. [4] Patients’ diseases, drugs, foods, and microbiome interact and influence one another profoundly. [5] Chronically, these factors and their interactions modulate disease risks for some of the most costly and prevalent metabolic diseases through the activation of processes such as autoimmune responses, inflammation, and insulin resistance. [6] Other effects may be mediated by changes to the gut microbiome, affecting absorption of key nutrients or the production of onco- and neuro-protective factors such as short-chain fatty acids. Butyrate, a product of gut microbiota, has, for example, been demonstrated to be oncoprotective for colorectal cancer[7] and also implicated in protection against dementia. [8] The shift in Eastern diets over the last 30 years away from rice and other plant-based foods, has led to reduced levels of complex starches in the lower bowel[9] and dysbiosis of the microbiota that produce the protective butyrate. In the same period, we have seen sharp rises in the incidence of colorectal cancer in these populations. [10] More acutely, drug, disease, and food interactions can cause serious adverse events leading to expensive emergency hospitalizations and/or death. [11] Approximately 65% of hospital admissions of elderly patients are drug-related, with 11% attributed directly to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). [12] These admissions account for between 3% and 16% of hospitalizations[13,14] and are estimated to cost the US healthcare system over $100B/year. [15] Epidemiological and meta-analysis studies suggest that at least 50% of these admissions are preventable. [16] It is extremely challenging for clinicians to predict all the potential interactions in the context of a specific patient. In part, this is due to a lack of tools and time during consultations, and also due to a lack of training - nutrition and dietetics is almost wholly absent from the standard training syllabus for clinicians. Mainly the challenge stems from the large number and complexity of interactions and the huge number of confounding factors. The result is that very few patients ever receive personalized dietary advice as an integrated part of their treatment regimen or health management plan.

Output: contrast