Input: Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: In healthy individuals, the order Caudovirales or the family Microviridae phages are predominant, latently infecting their bacterial hosts and generating few viral progenies that may infect and kill other bacteria [55, 57]. In patients with IBD, alterations in the gut virome have been suggested. Pérez-Brocal et al. [58] reported an increase in the abundance of Clostridiales, Alteromonadales, and Clostridium acetobutylicum-infecting phages, as well as the Retroviridae family in IBD. Zuo et al. [11] recently reported Caudovirales phage expansion in clinically active UC patients, and this was accompanied by an increased abundance of the Escherichia and Enterobacteria phages [11]. Norman et al. [52] observed a selective increase in the richness of the Caudovirales phage in IBD patients, indicating that phage expansion was restricted to certain taxa. However, there are still only a limited number of reports on the gut virome of IBD patients. In association with industrialization, the number of patients with IBD is growing globally. Alteration of the gut microbiome may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of IBD. The compositional and functional changes in the luminal and mucosal bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome are reproducibly altered in IBD, and this dysbiosis promotes aggressive mucosal immune responses and injury. However, there are many issues to be clarified, in particular in the mycobiome and virome. These can be identified using available genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic technologies and rapidly developing computational and biostatistics tools. Conflict of The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This work was supported by the for and Development (AMED) under Grant No. JP20gm1010008h9904 (A. A. ), in part by a Grants-in-Aid for from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan under Grant No. 22K07664 (A. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: The lack of potable water, sewage, and water pollution have caused severe health problems. According to the Organization, waterborne diseases still account for half of all child deaths worldwide (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016). Furthermore, the estimates that 1. 7 million people, 90% of children under five, die annually due to a lack of sanitation and safe drinking water (World Bank, 2013). Multiple strategies for maintaining water security can be summarized as water management through risk reduction. For example, controlling rivers and keeping water away from landscapes and human life using structural measures such as dams or reservoirs to protect cities and dry land cultivation from flooding; the detection of hazards in early stages using remote sensing and automation devices to reduce the penetration of water resources (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016); working to address barriers between water and food security, including improvements in measuring sustainable practices in crop production and policies to facilitate dialog and information exchange, and strengthen trade agreements between food trading partners (Piñeiro et al. , 2020); financing various water projects and encouraging investments that improve infrastructure (Melody et al. , 2010). In addition, rainwater harvesting collectors and pumping systems, along with water treatment and storage units, have been used in rural communities to improve the coverage of water facilities in isolated areas (Kelly et al. , 2018). As discussed previously, the concept of water security must be included in the political plan of the state, but to what extent are these plans implemented and the concept of sustainability activated in the water system? In previous experiments with other concepts, such as food security, for example, a small part of food sustainability has been presented as an issue of food access at a human level (Cook & Bakker, 2012) or as a fossil fuels problem. Ongoing debates and disagreements about water security in areas where this occurs have created tensions between countries that do not lead to sustainable solutions (Fischhendler & Katz, 2013). Notwithstanding the difficulty of achieving sustainability in water security, it is necessary to continue research and spread awareness about vital concepts that concern humanity, such as water security and others, to devise a better approach that contributes to solving the problem as effectively as possible. Young people must contribute to reaching sustainable environmental objectives in all sectors to achieve sustainability, given that they are more conscious than ever of their huge interest in identifying and tackling global concerns such as climate change, conflict, and poverty.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: While we attempted to eliminate cellular contamination through size fractionation and chloroform and DNAse treatment prior to sequencing, and 16S PCR tests of extracted viral DNA returned no amplification of cellular material, we sought to further reduce cellular contamination in silico. We created a “viral subset” of the viral metagenome consisting of reads assembled into contigs with a coverage of 8 or greater, or assembled into contigs annotated as viral or unknown. The aim of producing a subset was to remove low-coverage contigs more likely to be derived from cellular contamination. We chose a coverage cutoff of 8 because most long contigs annotated as bacterial or archaeal had a coverage of approximately 8 or lower (Figure S2). The goal of this subset was not to generate a “pure” viral metagenome but rather to reduce the number of reads that may represent cellular contamination, which is frequently an issue in viral metagenomics [44], [45]. While the high percentage of unknown contigs in viral metagenomes makes any attempts at removing contamination difficult, this subset eliminates reads from low-coverage contigs with bacterial or archaeal annotation that are more likely to be derived from cellular contamination. Except in specific cases noted below, the analyses presented here or in the supplementary figures include both the original virome as well as the “viral subset” so that both may be compared. Assessing the potential for horizontal gene transfer To assess the degree to which cells and viruses in hydrothermal ecosystems are capable of horizontal gene transfer or integration of proviruses, we determined the relative abundances of provirus genes (Table 1) and genes related to DNA transfer or mobilization (Table 2) in the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral metagenomes. We used the “Prophage” dataset in the database [34] to identify provirus-related proteins in 22 pyrosequenced cellular metagenomes. These metagenomes were chosen to represent a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, while controlling for sequencing method. Table 1 indicates that relative to the 22 cellular metagenomes, the hydrothermal vent cellular metagenome contained a high percentage of reads (approximately 4%) that match provirus-coding regions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Rev. 2021;42:1603990. 14. . Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity. 2010 Jan;18(1):190–5. 15. . The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct;9(10):577–89. 16. . The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut. 2016 Feb;65(2):330–9. 17. McNeil NI. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Clin Nutr. 1984 Feb;39(2):338–42. 18. Macfarlane GT, Macfarlane S. Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov;45 Suppl:S120–7. 19. . Review 79. 20. . The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 2009 Aug;11(8):2112–22. 21. . Dysbiotic proteobacteria expansion: a microbial signature of epithelial dysfunction. Microbiol. 2017 Oct;39:1–6. 22. . Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota. Science. 2018 Nov;362(6418):eaat9076. 23. . Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:13. 24. d’. Indoleacrylic acid produced by commensal peptostreptococcus species suppresses inflammation. Microbe. 2017 Jul 12;22(1):25–37. e6. 25. . CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Nat Med. 2016 Jun;22(6):598–605. 26. . Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;15(2):111–28. 27. . Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation. Microbe. 2020 Apr 8;27(4):659–70. e5. 28. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Young people are also viewed as agents of change. According to Sam Loni, a of the (Youth), school and university students can react to instruction focused on tackling complicated problems. Their educational and research initiatives provide individuals with the information they need to comprehend and engage in Goals and implement that knowledge. In addition, various UN organizations are working to improve young people’s views to achieve Goal 16 on youth involvement (Izquierdo, n. d. ; 2018). Furthermore, work will be undertaken on the participation and cooperation of stakeholders with young people to develop policies that reach sustainable development solutions through social media, increasing opportunities for greater recognition and creating stronger solidarity among youth. This must be preserved, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (& Ariffin, 2021). This message highlights the importance of universities, schools, colleges, training centers, unions, and any governmental or private institution in qualifying the sector’s future leaders. This will enable them to serve the Arab region by contributing to realizing and disseminating the concept of sustainable development and understanding all interrelated water sciences such as engineering, science, agriculture, irrigation, economics, management, and other required sub-disciplines of computer and finance. Youth engagement can also be achieved by shifting school service-learning projects, diplomas, bachelor’s, and job-related programs to align explicitly with the SDG framework. Centers of Excellence for specialized studies (CoE)of Excellence (CoE) is aware that this is “a vital component for any organization wishing to achieve a digital transformation of its business. ” CoE aims to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve production quality by creating operational initiatives. It is helpful in a range of cases, including the following (EN, 2021):•Arranging priorities in any project, along with the correct organization of resources, saves time and effort and speeds up production, thereby improving the financial situation. •CoE facilitates communication because the center serves as a link between individual elements and governments. •CoE achieves collaboration, exchange of ideas, and access to information quickly among all project participants, regardless of their geographical location or work location. •Flexibility in operations is subject to change and improvement in production by creating reports that help make strategic decisions. •Committing to investment projects, eliminating inefficient practices, and reducing the time required to implement new skills and technologies, resulting in restructuring resources and operating costs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Previous work with Haloquadratum walsbyi DSM 16790 [48] and Prochlorococcus genomes [47] used this technique to identify genomic islands that most likely represented regions of virally-mediated lateral gene transfer; in the case of Prochlorococcus, these genes are differentially expressed under light and nutrient stress [47]. We performed fragment recruitment of the hydrothermal vent cellular metagenome against the genomes of all isolates of hydrothermal vent bacteria and archaea available in the NCBI database. In most cases, the metagenome did not recruit to the isolate genomes with high enough coverage to yield useful data. Nautilia profundicola AmH successfully recruited reads at high coverage, but no metagenomic islands were found. Recruitment of the cellular metagenome to the longest contig (ABCJ01000001) of the draft genome of Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2, a chemolithotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying Epsilonproteobacterium that was isolated from the walls of a hydrothermal vent chimney on the Mid-[50], yielded a number of regions with relatively low coverage (Figure 2). The first, a region with relatively low coverage between 160000 and 200000 bp, contains a series of loci. regions are dedicated to viral and plasmid immunity by effectively creating a library of previous infection, and therefore are highly specific to a given environment. Therefore recruitment to loci should naturally yield lower coverage, particularly for a metagenome sampled in a different geographic location than this isolate. Aside from the region, recruitment yielded two distinct genomic islands: one region of approximately 40 kbp, followed by a second low-coverage region of approximately 15 kbp (Figure 2), separated from each other by a 20 kbp region that includes a ribosome. The first genomic island coincides with a region with relatively high GC content, which suggests this region was transferred into the C. mediatlanticus genome. A phage integrase gene is located approximately 58 kbp downstream of the 3′ end of the first genomic island, though its presence there is not necessarily conclusive evidence that the region was introduced by a virus. The first genomic island begins near a tRNA gene, a common site for integration of horizontally transferred regions [51].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The interaction between bacteria and bile. . 2005 Sep;29(4):625–51. 29. Kamada N, Nunez G. Regulation of the immune system by the resident intestinal bacteria. Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(6):1477–88. 30. . Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):337–41. 31. . Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature. 2013 Dec 19;504(7480):446–50. 32. -Y M,. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):569–73. 33. . Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut microbiota of Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Apr;28(4):613–9. 34. Waite JC, Skokos D. Th17 response and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Inflam. 2012;2012:1–10. 35. . Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells. Cell. 2015 Oct 8;163(2):367–80. 36. . Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients. 2011 Oct;3(10):858–76. 37. . Counter-regulatory effect of sodium butyrate on tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced complement C3 and factor B biosynthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Immunol. 2001;118(1):23–9. 38. . Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins. Gene. 2005 Dec 19;363:15–23. 39. Halsall J, Gupta V, O’. Genes are often sheltered from the global histone hyperacetylation induced by HDAC inhibitors. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33453. 40. . Disease phenotype and genotype are associated with shifts in intestinal-associated microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):179–84. 41. . Role of the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Today, there is a greater focus on using ICA to improve the ability of existing systems to handle the increased load due to overpopulation and urban growth. Also, conventional planning for the increased demand for drinking water and wastewater services involves designing large treatment plants. Thus, ICA can help lighten the load, temporarily shift operational goals, and temporarily or even permanently reduce load. Efforts are also being made to develop and improve the ICA system for managing water supply systems to reduce energy requirements, support early detection, ensure localization of leaks, and meet customer demand at the lowest cost. Numerous technology “push” forces will make the application of ICA increasingly economical (Yuan et al. , 2019). In the Arab region, water is the most critical natural resource. world is facing significant challenges; the lack of water exacerbates the conflicts. Some of the reasons for the scarcity are homemade plans. Nowhere is fresh water more scarce than in the Arab world. The region is home to the world’s poorest water resource states or territories. This water shortage—exacerbated by explosive population growth, the overexploitation and destruction of natural ecosystems, and popular discontent—is overshadowing the future of these countries. Urgent action is needed to break this vicious circle. First, countries must phase out the production of water-intensive crops. Grains, oilseeds, and beef should be imported from water-rich countries where they can be produced more efficiently and sustainably. For crops that continue to be grown in Arab countries, adopting more advanced technologies and best practices from around the world can help reduce water use. Membrane and distillation technologies can purify deteriorated or polluted water, treat wastewater, and desalinate brackish or seawater. Highly efficient drip irrigation can increase the region’s fruit and vegetable production without excessive water. Another important step would be to expand and improve water infrastructure to accommodate seasonal water availability, make distribution more efficient, and capture rainwater to provide an additional supply source. To reduce poverty, it is imperative to achieve water security and vital aspects related to this, such as providing water, creating job opportunities for young people, and promoting their cooperation with stakeholders and decision-makers to confront the problem. This is due to the essential role young people play and their awareness of their responsibility in identifying global problems such as climate change, poverty, and conflicts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: In order to account for biases or omissions in various databases, we annotated reads in both the viral and cellular metagenomes according to three functional databases: the SEED Subsystems database [38], the Clusters of (COG) database [37], and the KEGG Orthology (KO) database [36] (Figures 3 and 4). Among all three databases, certain trends appeared. First, in all three cases the results indicated a high similarity in the overall relative abundances between functional genes in the cellular and viral fractions. A similar study of relative abundances of functional groups in viral and cellular metagenomes, conducted by Kristensen et al. [44] based on data collected by Dinsdale et al. [53], found a similar trend. While some of this is most likely due to cellular contamination in the viral fraction, as well as the presence of viruses in the cellular fraction, Kristensen et al. suggest this trend may also be due in part to the choice of available functional categories, which encompass functions that are generally cellular rather than viral. However, despite the likely presence of contamination in these datasets, direct comparison in this way enables us to compare the relative enrichment of certain types of genes in the viral and cellular gene pools. Comparisons between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome are shown in Figures 3 and 4; comparisons between the cellular metagenome, original virome, and viral subset are shown in Figure S3. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Functional comparisons of the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral subset metagenomes according to the SEED subsystems and Clusters of (COG) databases. Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03 and a minimum identity cutoff of 60%. A single asterisk indicates a significant difference in abundance between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome. A) Matches to the SEED subsystems database; B) matches to the COG database. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Functional comparisons of the hydrothermal vent cellular and viral subset metagenomes according to the KEGG Orthology annotation system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Dis. 2012 May;18(5):968–84. 42. . Reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria species in the fecal microbial community in Crohn’s disease. Digestion. 2016;93(1):59–65. 43. . Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Aug;53(1):95–106. 44. . A pyrosequencing study in twins shows that gastrointestinal microbial profiles vary with inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes. Gastroenterology. 2010 Dec;139(6):1844–54. e1. 45. . Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jan;53(1):95–106. 46. . The microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;50(5):495–507. 47. Lloyd--Pacheco J, Poon TW,. Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature. 2019 May;569(7758):655–62. 48. . Fungi in gastrointestinal tracts of human and mice: from community to functions. Microb Ecol. 2018 May;75(4):821–9. 49. . The human mycobiome in health and disease. Genome Med. 2013;5(7):63. 50. Levitz SM. Innate recognition of fungal cell walls. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Apr 22;6(4):e1000758. 51. Zuo T, Ng SC. The gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2247. 52. . Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell. 2015 Jan 29;160(3):447–60. 53. . Phages and their role in gastrointestinal disease: focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Cells. 2020 Apr 18;9(4):1013. 54. Ungaro F, Massimino L, D’Alessio S, Danese S. The gut virome in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: from metagenomics to novel therapeutic approaches. Gastroenterol J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: However, the requirements for success are not limited solely to those mentioned but instead require the ability of the concerned authorities to understand the problems and establish a research framework within work programs for many years, provide financial and legislative support, offer scientific incentives, and provide the necessary research structure to coordinate all sectors and organizations concerned with water so that all participants in such programs. Despite the lack of achievement in applying the concept of sustainable development in areas such as food security, we must not feel discouraged and instead strive to spread awareness through campaigns and conduct research on those concepts in general and water security in particular to reach a better solution to the problem. The importance of establishing training and rehabilitation centers in cooperation with the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in the Arab region highlights the interdependence and complex interconnections between these critical resources. The region is characterized by water scarcity, high energy demand, and food security challenges, which are expected to worsen due to climate change and population growth. Understanding the WEF nexus in the MENA region is essential for developing integrated and sustainable policies and practices that can ensure the sustainable management of these resources. The water sector in the Arab region is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for the treatment, transportation, and distribution of water. This has resulted in high energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and costs. The food sector also faces similar challenges, with the heavy use of water and energy for irrigation, food processing, and transportation. This has increased resource competition, leading to potential trade-offs between water, energy, and food security. Integrated water management practices are crucial for addressing the water-energy nexus in the Arab region. This includes reducing water losses through improved water distribution systems and promoting water-efficient technologies and practices in the agriculture and energy sectors. There is also a growing interest in using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and improve energy security in the region. The food sector also plays a critical role in the WEF nexus in the Arab region. Adopting sustainable agriculture practices, such as reducing water use through drip irrigation, improving soil health, and promoting agroforestry, can help ensure food security while reducing pressure on water and energy resources. In addition, reducing food waste and improving supply chain efficiency can help to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while improving food security. Addressing the WEF nexus in the Arab region is essential for ensuring the sustainable management of water, energy, and food resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03 and a minimum identity cutoff of 60%. A single asterisk indicates a significant difference in abundance between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome. A) Matches to the KEGG Orthology database; B) Matches to the energy metabolism category of the KEGG Orthology database. was a statistically significant enrichment of reads matching phage, prophage, and transposable elements in the virome relative to the cellular metagenome (2. 3% vs. 1. 5%). These annotations were made according to the SEED Subsystems classification (Figure 3A), and we used Xipe-Totec [39] to assess statistical significance. Most viral gene hits were to distantly related head-tail viruses and cyanophage. The low percentage of matches to viral sequences overall is likely due in part to the relative lack of environmental viral sequences in public databases. We also observed an enrichment of reads matching cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups and pigments in the viral fraction (Figure 3A), which falls in line with studies identifying these types of genes on cyanophage genomes. Genes encoding vitamin B12 [53], [54], and the pigments psbA/D [55]–[58] and pebS [23] have previously been identified on cyanophage genomes. These virally encoded genes are thought to supplement host metabolism during infection, and similar processes may occur in this vent ecosystem. We observed a statistically significant enrichment of reads matching amino acids and derivatives in the cellular fraction relative to the viral fraction, according to the COG (Figure 3B) and KO (Figure 4A) databases. These include genes related to the biosynthesis and metabolism of various amino acids, and are evidently not commonly carried on viral genomes in vent ecosystems, suggesting that viruses rely on their hosts for amino acid biosynthesis. We also observed enrichment in reads related to replication, recombination and repair in the viral fraction, as annotated by both the COG and KO databases (Figure 3B, Figure 4A). These genes probably serve necessary functions in the synthesis and replication of viral DNA during the course of viral infection, and include genes like DNA and RNA polymerase, which are commonly encoded on viral genomes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Review of and the in Study of and for Selection of Bacteria and for Development of of the oral cavity begins immediately after birth, however, only some micro-organisms are capable of exerting their action in the oral environment. A wide range of micro-organisms is found in the oral cavity, whether commensal, facultative pathogenic or obligatory pathogenic. Their mutual ratios and numbers are considerably affected by probiotic bacteria of the oral microbiota, particularly by their products, such as bacteriocins. The probiotics most frequently living in the oral cavity include Lactobacillus reuteri, Streptococcus salivarius and Bacillus coagulans. This study is focused on oral probiotics which could improve the health of the oral cavity and prevent development of dental carries. Basic techniques, which are necessary in research of oral microbiota that could be potentially beneficial in dental microbiology, are also presented. We recommended these techniques based on our experiences in this field. In this study we describe microbiological methods for obtaining of live bacterial strains in dental plaque or dental calculus, that are used for preparation of the bacterial strains´ collection and their storage possibilities for next testing. Study also describes two sensitive molecular methods usable for identification of these bacterial strains, the first with help of 16S rRNA and next blast n analysis based on consensus DNA sequences, and the second based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PCR methods for deeper characterization of selected bacterial strains e. g. pathogenic like Streptococcus mutans or potentially beneficial bacteria such as Str. salivarius and Lactobacillus spp. are also described. These methods are based on detection of genes coding production of bacteriocins or coding genes responsible for pathogenicity e. g. glucosyl or fructosyl transferaze genes. We also recommend the method for detection of hard cultivable spirochetes based on the morphological characteristics with help of method and next by PCR methods used for detection of Treponema denticola in dental plaque samples. oral beneficial bacteria methods, streptococcus, lactobacillus has been well known that colonization of the oral cavity starts immediately after birth of an individual and continues throughout lifetime [1]. Oral cavity is an open system; many bacterial species are introduced to this environment with an uninterrupted introduction and removal of nutrients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Integrated and sustainable policies and practices, such as reducing water losses, promoting renewable energy sources, and adopting sustainable agriculture practices, can help mitigate the region’s interrelated challenges. Educational institutions, unions, and all relevant sectors in achieving water security and, thus, its impact on food security, energy, health, and human security have also been clarified. The presence of centers of excellence will help solve the water crisis by promoting sustainable capacity development in the water sector. They will also help to organize projects that will save time and effort and speed up production, thus improving the financial situation. Furthermore, they will enable exchanging ideas and information to be quickly obtained among all project participants and encourage investment projects. The common issues facing the Arab country’s water crisis were raised and discussed in this paper. This includes water harvesting, how to achieve water security, the importance of achieving sustainable development concerning water, the problem of water pollution and leakage, and the impact of energy efficiency on the operational cost of water systems, where water and energy storage increase energy efficiency and reduce costs. ConclusionsA water-energy-food nexus is a multi-disciplinary approach that seeks to address the interlinked challenges of water scarcity, energy insecurity, food insecurity, and climate change in the Arab region. In conclusion, the water-energy-food-climate nexus can provide a holistic approach to solving water scarcity in the Arab region by addressing the interlinked challenges of water, energy, food, and climate change. The following are some ways in which the nexus can help to solve water scarcity in the Arab region:•Management: Integrating the management of water, energy, and food resources can help optimize their use and increase the system’s overall efficiency. This can result in a more sustainable and resilient water supply and help to address water scarcity in the Arab region. •Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate-smart agriculture involves using sustainable and resilient practices to climate change’s impacts. This can help to reduce water use in agriculture and increase the efficiency of water use in the sector. •for Water Desalination: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, can power water desalination plants, reducing the energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water production. •Water-Production: The production of energy can also be made more water-efficient, reducing the amount of water required for energy production and helping to address water scarcity in the Arab region.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The “replication and repair” category includes DNA ligases, which occur at very high abundances in the virome, as previously reported [46]. Finally, we also observed a statistically significant enrichment of genes related to energy metabolism as annotated by the KO database. Among reads annotated as matching the energy metabolism sub-category, 6. 5% from the cellular metagenome and 8. 4% from the viral subset were annotated as sulfur metabolism, whereas 8. 2% of cellular versus 3. 7% of viral metagenome reads annotated as belonging to methane metabolism (Figure 4B). The enrichment of energy metabolism genes corresponds with what we might expect given the observation of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) in viral genomes from the surface oceans. A similar enrichment in energy metabolism genes was found in the viral fraction relative to the cellular fraction in samples from the [59]. Similarly, photosynthesis genes encoded in cyanophage are known to be expressed during viral infection [20], [60], [61], and modeling work has indicated that these photosynthesis genes can enhance host fitness [62], [63]. For lytic viruses, energy metabolism genes may be expressed as a means to supplement host metabolism or to redirect resources for phage p4. The overall patterns of relative gene abundance between the viral and cellular fractions were similar to those observed in our sample. Specifically, in other environments functional annotations of viral and cellular metagenomic reads were strongly correlated, but viral metagenomes were more enriched in reads annotated as nucleotide metabolism and replication and repair. However, the relative enrichment of genes related to energy metabolism in the viral fraction, while apparent in the vent environment, was not a universal characteristic of viruses in other environments. Does selection operate differentially on viral and cellular genes? Integral to the study of viral and cellular evolution is understanding how selection shapes the viral and cellular gene pools, and which genes are subject to stronger or weaker selection. Differing life strategies for cells and viruses, as well as disparate roles for functional genes within each of the respective gene pools, should leave different selective signatures on genes within each of these gene pools. To measure differential selection among viral and cellular genes, we calculated dN/dS ratios of genes encoded by the viral and cellular fractions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Now it is known that dental caries lesions contain a range of streptococcal species and members of the genera [6, 15]. Pathogenic microbiota also play an important role in periodontal diseases known as gingivitis and periodontitis [16]. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Micromonas micros, Campylobacter rectus and Prevotella melaninogenica are considered as most common pathogenic bacteria caused inflammatory disease [17, 18]. Oral micro-organisms can also act as opportunistic pathogens and cause serious diseases in other body compartments [19]. These bacteria can affect the course and pathogenesis of several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight [20]. It was shown that administration of probiotic tablets harmonized oral microbiota in patients suffering from periodontitis or gingival inflammation in comparison with the control group [21]. Oral probiotics Probiotics have a beneficial effect on digestive system, but also potential favourable effect of probiotics on the vaginal mucosa, urinary tract and skin [22-24]. Key features of an effective probiotic for use in substitution therapy include: the absence of virulence determinants, the ability to colonize, and the ability to competitive suppress of target bacterium [25]. In the oral cavity, probiotics hinder the formation of dental plaque, the biofilm build-up on teeth, by blocking the attachment of microorganism to the surface of teeth [26]. Furthermore, they compete with the bacteria of the oral cavity for nutritive sources, produce chemical substances that lead to the inhibition of the development of pathogenic bacteria, facilitate and adjust the local specific and unspecific immune response, as well as provide other non-immunologic defense mechanisms [26, 27]. Probiotics poses a great potential in area of halting, altering, or delaying periodontal diseases. They play crucial role in terms of plaque modification, halitosis management, altering anerobic bacteria colonization, improvement of pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss [28]. Oral probiotics are living bacteria that are similar or identical to beneficial bacteria found naturally in the oral cavity [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: contact@norcaloa. org contact@norcaloa. org to ☰ Editor-in-chief 90. Received Date: 10 September, 2018; Accepted Date: 02 November, 2018; Published Date: 14 November, 2018 state (‘God’s Own Country’) experiences copious rainfall with an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm received duringnortheast & southwest monsoon seasons spread over 106 rainy days. Due to physiographic set up of and very less recharge, the state is experiencing severe water scarcity during lean period (March to May). The problems like decline in the depth to the water level, drying up of dug-wells, water salinity along the coastal areas due to tidal effect are the common other problems in Kerala State. Fortunately, saline water has not been reported in any of the areas in due to steep slope towards the Laccadive sea in the western part of this tiny state. In order to circumvent the various problems faced by the people in water sector, people of has increasingly adopted various types of artificial recharge method, traditional rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices for the sustainability of water resources. The present concept paper also briefly discusses tanks and ponds especially temple ponds, sacred groves very rare in different parts of the world, surangams, role of coconut and arecanut basis in water conservation and simplest traditional rainwater harvesting structures. recharge, Water level, Dug-wells, Sacred groves, Pond, Water is the elixir of life. Water is one of the essential ingredients to sustain life. The water exists as surface water, groundwater, and as water vapour on earth. But only 2. 5 % of this water is fresh water and suitable for human consumption. [1]. Almost all the major demands of water are met from this fresh water resource. Quite recently the population explosion coupled with changing life-styles has created a crisis-like situation in the water sector. Hence rainwater harvesting, and artificial recharge practices have gained prominence in this sector [2]. It has become the need of the hour. The artificial recharge is the process of recharging water into the ground water system by artificial means for the sustainability of ground water and without sacrificing the needs of future generation. The rainwater so collected can be stored for future use in storage tanks or diverted to augment the groundwater system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The challenge of calculating dN/dS ratios with shotgun metagenomic data is that the short sequences make it difficult to align long blocks of sequences to the same region of a gene. To circumvent this problem, we used the method developed by Tai et al. [42] to calculate dN/dS ratios from metagenomic reads, in which sequencing reads are mapped to the genomes of previously sequenced isolates. We used 80% identity as the threshold for mapping to genomes, a convention established previously [42]. While some work suggests that microbial “species” share an average nucleotide identity of 95% across the genome [64], tiling at that percentage did not yield enough hits for statistical analysis. Previous work has also indicated that below 80% identity, the number of reads recruited drops drastically, implying a biological threshold at 80% similarity [42]. These sequences therefore define the “population. ” However, since the sequences used for analysis may be derived from multiple taxa, and we do not know the specific phylogenetic relationship of these sequences to each other, this method cannot determine which polymorphisms have become “fixed” in the population. Instead, this method provides an indicator of diversification within the environmental gene pool. Both metagenomes were mapped to pre-existing hydrothermal vent isolates as a high-throughput means to align reads to many genes at once. The mapping analyses and calculation of dN/dS ratios are calculated by tiling metagenomic reads to the genomes of Nautilia profundicola AmH, Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 (contig ABCJ01000001), and Nitratiruptor sp. SB155-2, which represent abundant strains in the vent environment. We attempted to map the virome to several existing viral genomes from various environments, but none exhibited sufficient depth of coverage to calculate dN/dS ratios, indicating that the genes encoded by viruses from this hydrothermal system are vastly different from those sequenced previously. Overall, the cellular metagenome mapped to 831 bacterial and 32 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 22. This result indicates that genes encoded by cells in the vent environment are subject to purifying selection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: In respect to commensal oral microbes, several aspects support the idea that it may be possible to find bacteria that could be useful in prevention or treatment of oral diseases [30]. Strains belonging to the Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium genera are most frequently used probiotics in the oral cavity [29, 31]. The main focus in the studies of potential oral probiotics is on caries prevention, especially on the possibility of reducing the number of mutans streptococci or their acidogenic activities in dental plaque when products containing certain probiotic strains are used [32, 33]. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in a new method of caries control, which depends on the ability of certain bacteria to produce BLIS [33, 34]. Probiotics also could have an important role to play in the clinical management of the periodontal diseases, although the evidence is less convincing as regards halitosis [35]. Lactobacilli as oral probiotics Lactobacilli isolated from the oral cavity, were tested and their favourable effects on oral health were observed [32]. These bacteria produce different antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids (primarily lactic and acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide, and antimicrobial peptides, including bacteriocins [36]. The species of L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. delbrueckii, L. gasseri, L. salivarius, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum and L. oris were recovered from the oral cavity of humans and it was proved, that they exerted inhibitory action on periodontal pathogens in in vitro conditions [37]. They have an antagonistic effect also on Streptococcus mutans, one of the major cariogenic organisms. Probiotic species of lactobacilli found in commercial products (L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. reuteri a Bifidobacterium lactis) adhered to hydroxyapatite coated by a layer of saliva and reduced adhesion of S. mutans under in vitro conditions [32]. The consumption of yogurt containing L. reuteri for 2 weeks showed significant growth inhibitory effect against S. mutans [38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: In order to attain sustainability of water resources of the various types of artificial recharge scheme to be implemented in along with practicing traditional water harvesting measures. The commonly adopted measures in for the sustainability include gully plug, gabion structure, percolation tank, check dam, sub-surface dyke, dug, tube and bore well recharge, contour bunding, nalla bund, injection well and so on. People of has extensively adopted roof top rain water harvesting structures in their house premises also. Traditional water harvesting systems The various civilizations of the world such as Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indus valley etc. flourished along the river banks due to the availability of plenty of water resources for the consumption of human beings and animals. The traditional water harvesting structures made for the sustainability of water resources to meet the future demands of water for the flora and fauna when the areas are receiving less rainfall. The nature of traditional rainwater harvesting depends on the rainfall intensity, facilities available and nature of the terrain etc. Ponds: rainwater harvesting State receives rainfall up to 3000 mm per year and the good per cent of the water is lost as surface run off and evaporation and the remaining amount recharges the groundwater system. The surface water bodies of especially tanks/ponds also store good amount of surface water and function as a good source for recharge [6]. The surface water is the water stored or flowing on the earth’s surface and interacts with the atmospheric and sub-surface water systems [7]. Net surface water available for development from ponds may be taken as 70% of total volume of water [8]. A very unique feature of the temples in is that every temple with a pond or Theerthakkulam (lies on the NE corner of the temple) and Kulappura (outside the temple wall) if there is no river nearby. The pond water is used for the washing of hands and feet, bathing of worshippers before entering the temple premises and Arattu (immersing the idols at special occasions in water) ceremonies. People considers the temple ponds as very sacred and there are different types of temples in and these include A village temple in every villages, A "Desa temple" in every "Desam", within a village, Private family temples, where their family deity is worshipped (Not in every families), Sacred groves, and Transplanted deity temples ("Kudiyiruthukal").

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The viral metagenome mapped to 85 bacterial and 106 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 15, and the viral metagenome subset mapped to 39 bacterial and 25 archaeal genes, with an average dN/dS of 0. 13 (Figure 5). These dN/dS values are significantly lower than the dN/dS of genes matching the cellular metagenome, within a confidence interval of 95%. This pattern was consistent for each of the genomes mapped (Figure S5). The viral and cellular metagenomes mapped to different genes in each of the strains listed above, and so slightly different sets of genes were used to make this calculation. However, the difference in overall dN/dS is not due solely to differences in the types of genes to which each metagenome mapped: when we examined the dN/dS for only the genes to which both metagenomes mapped, the calculated dN/dS was, on average, lower for the viral fraction compared to the cellular fraction (Figure S6). There were no clear trends in dN/dS for different gene categories (Figure S7). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Histogram of dN/dS ratios for each metagenome. A total of 863 genes were included for the cellular metagenome calculation, 191 for the viral metagenome, and 64 for the viral subset. Values are shown only for genes that had a minimum depth coverage of 5 and minimum nucleotide coverage of 100. Frequency values are normalized by percent. Bins are scaled in increments of 0. 1 until 1, and then in increments of 0. 5. Inset shows mean and 95% confidence intervals for calculated dN/dS for all three data sets, indicating that the average cellular dN/dS is significantly greater than the average dN/dS for the viral metagenome. results indicate that both the viral and cellular fractions in this hydrothermal system are subject to purifying (negative) selection, but the viral gene pool is under stronger purifying selection than the cellular gene pool. One possible explanation for the overall difference in dN/dS between the viral and cellular gene pools is that very little variation in viral genes is permitted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Several next studies investigating effects of oral probiotics showed that consumption of products containing probiotic lactobacilli decreased the risk of development of caries and the counts of S. mutans in the oral cavity. The consumption cheese containing L. casei LAF-TI-L26 (1×106 Cfug) twice daily for two weeks leads to statistically significant (p = 0. 001) reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans [39]. It was observed that administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI2711 (LS1) neutralized salivary pH in healthy individuals. Peroral administration of tablets containing L. salivarius WB21 improved periodontal health in healthy volunteers, particularly in smokers [40, 41]. Bacterial quantitative analysis found significantly lower levels of ubiquitous bacteria and Fusobacterium nucleatum during administration of L. salivarius WB21 [42]. The prevalence of DNA of the species L. salivarius in the oral cavity in the group with physiological halitosis was higher compared to that in the group with pathological halitosis [43]. L. salivarius BGHO1, isolated from a healthy oral cavity inhibited growth of other bacteria including S. mutans [44]. On the contrary, in vivo experiments on rats showed that a combination of L. salivarius LR1952R and S. mutans MT8148 considerably increased the incidence of dental caries in comparison with only S. mutans MT8148 [45]. Other studies did not report the adverse effects of administration of L. salivarius WB21 for eight weeks, and patients who continued taking L. salivarius WB21 for 3 months showed no new caries [40]. However, Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 administered in the form of tablets failed to reduce the incidence of any periodontopathic agent (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) (Mayanagi et al. , 2009). The findings concerning probiotic lactobacilli and cariogenicity differ. Considerable intra- and inter-individual differences were observed in the occurrence of individual Lactobacillus spp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: One of the temple ponds is shown below (Figure 4) and all these are ideal and common traditional water harvesting structures seen in Kerala. Figure 4: A temple pond, traditional water harvesting structure in Kerala. Sacred groves (Kavukal) in with different types of flora such as mangroves, freshwater swamps, mixed trees, medicinal herbs and so on. The one of the oldest types of nature worship is occurring in Sacred groves and each sacred grove is dedicated to serpent God. Even though worship of serpent common in the temples of India but in Kerala State. The serpent worship is mainly done in sacred groves and salient features of Sacred groves include Sacred groves are common in occur in Western Ghats, Central India, northeast India where the indigenous communities live, Function as hub for biodiversity conservation, Several medicinal plants that rare in the forest are common in sacred groves, Endangered, threatened and endemic species are found in sacred groves, and The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the sacred groves. district of Kerala, tanks ponds are acting as common recharge structures to ground water reservoir and are also acting as traditional water harvesting system generally practiced in the rural areas of the district. In vernacular language tanks ponds are known as the kulams or eris [6] The ponds tanks of the Palakkad spread an area of 1-2 acres and very larger ones with a spread area of 3-4 acres. The ponds are in the Palakkad district are mainly used for agricultural purposes. Figure 5: A Kulam (Pond) in Palakkad district, Kerala. Figure 6: A large Ambalapuzha temple kulam (Pond), Alappuzha District, Kerala. and other districts of the most common traditional harvesting structures such as ponds were totally reclaimed or converted for buildup purposes. Now these structures were silted up and water storage capacity drastically reduced. Usually people of the area divert the rain water to the tanks ponds before sowing season and they clean the channel before the onset of monsoon. The tanks ponds function as storage structure (water harvesting) and source of water for agriculture practices especially paddy cultivation. The cluster of ponds, shallow pits and drainage networks enhanced storage and conservation of water in the terrain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: In this scenario, viral genes are under such strong selection that deviations from the consensus protein sequence produce enough of a fitness difference to eliminate the viral mutant. The viral genes included in this analysis mapped to cellular genomes, and therefore are likely to be auxiliary metabolic genes carried on viral genomes, suggesting that AMGs carried by viruses are subject to purifying selection to a greater degree than their cellular counterparts. This scenario becomes more complicated as a result of the relationship between virus and host. If a virus were primarily lytic, then a selective sweep could act directly on the viral p1. Assignment of metagenomic contigs for the cellular metagenome (A) and the viral metagenome (B), based on di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide abundance determined by PhylopythiaS (McHardy et al. , 2007). Boutique PhylopythiaS training datasets were created to classify contigs in the cellular and viral metagenomes as archaeal, bacterial, archaeal virus or bacterial virus. Figure S2. Coverage and length of assembled contigs in the viral metagenome. Average coverage, shown on the x-axis, indicates the average coverage per base pair across the entire contig. Contig length is shown on the y-axis. Contigs are colored according to the assigned taxonomy. Figure S3. These graphs accompany Figs. 3 and 4 in the main document, but include the original virome for comparison. One asterisk indicates a significant difference between the viral subset and the cellular metagenome; two asterisks indicate a significant difference between the original virome and the cellular metagenome. Figure S4. Mean percentages of 20 cellular metagenomes and 23 viral metagenomes annotated according to the KEGG Orthology annotation system. Metagenomes were annotated in MG-RAST with a minimum e-value of 1e-03, minimum identity cutoff of 60%, and minimum alignment length of 15, and were derived from studies that directly compared viral and microbial metagenomes. Data from Dinsdale et al. 2008. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean. Figure S5. Histograms of dN/dS for genes in three different genomes mapped by the cellular metagenome, virome, and virome subset. Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 and Nitratiruptor sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: and lactobacilli counts but no lactobacilli species were associated with plaque acidogenicity [46]. Some lactobacilli species were isolated in high counts from surface and deep dental caries [47], however, lactobacilli were isolated also from healthy oral cavity [48, 49]. Higher prevalence of L. gasseri and L. ultunensis was detected on dentine containing caries lesions [48]. Examinations involving periodontology showed the prevalence of L. gasseri and L. fermentum in healthy individuals while L. plantarum prevailed in patients with chronic periodontitis [49]. Lactobacillus reuteri can be used to reduce gingival inflammation and dentine plaque in patients with medium to serious gingivitis and can also decrease proinflammatory cytokines in gingival fluid (Krasse et al. , 2006; Twetman et al. , 2009). From the healthy oral cavity were mostly isoltated L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. salivarius and L. rhamnosus [48]. Streptococcus salivarius as oral probiotics Streptococcus salivarius is Gram-positive bacterial comensus and a progressive oral cavity coloniser, producing ribosomally synthesized protein bacteriocins. Some strains of Streptococcus salivarius such as K12 and M18, are currently used as probiotics worldwide due to their ability to produce various types of bacteriocins, called lantibiotics such as salivaricin A, salivaricin B, salivaricin 9, and salivaricin G32 [50]. They are safe for the consumer, do not induce inflammation and do not damage the non-pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity. These two strains specifically reduce the levels of cariogenic pathogens in the mouth, also by production of bacteriocin like inhibitory substances (BLIS) [51]. Generally, these BLIS proteins prevent from many oral health disorders, such as halitosis or dry mouth, particularly by suppressing growth of other micro-organisms present in the mouth. For example, BLIS produced by bacterium Streptococcus salivarius K12 was named BLIS K12 [52].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: Most of the ponds in the area are owned by common men and temple authorities than Govt. departments and these ponds are fitted with energized pump systems and resulted in the change in the water use pattern of the area. Figure 7: The high bund (varambu) of the pond. (northern most district) the terrain is characterized by high discharge in rivers during monsoon and local population utilizing groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes. The surangams are the water harvesting structure common in the area. The surangam thurangam thorapu is a horizontal well excavated in the sloping laterite formation (Figure 8) and is common in Kasaragod district and areas bordering the district of Karnataka and the water coming out of the tunnel is collected in an open pit outside the structure [9]. The suramgams with 0. 45-0. 70 m width, 1. 8-2. 0 m height and length of 3-300 m. The surangams are similar to qanats which once existed in Mesopotamia and Babylon and had spread to Egypt, Iran and India. Figure 8: Surangam found in Kasaragod district, Kerala. Figure 9: Water from Surangam collected in a sump, Kasaragod district, Kerala. Role of coconut and arecanut basins in The word Kerala is derived from ‘Kera’ which in malayalam means ‘coconut’. The coconut tree is an integral part of the landscape of and has an important role in the traditional lifestyle and economy of Kerala. Coconuts in Kerala are more than just a beautiful part of the landscape, the rich and abundant coconut plantations play a major role in the water conservation. The most common traditional practices adopted for water conservation are Mulching coconut/arecanut basins with leaves, coir pith etc. , Coconut husk burial in the interspaces of coconut/ arecanut garden, Half-moon bund around coconut basin reinforced with pineapple, and Trench filled with coconut husk. Husk burial in the interspaces of coconut palms helps to absorb and retain large quantities of water. Mulching coconut basins with leaves, coir pith etc. prevents evaporative loss of water and helps in retention of soil moisture during summer months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: SB155-2 are not shown because the virome subset mapped only to four and zero genes in each of these genomes, respectively. Number of genes included in each histogram is indicated in parentheses. Figure S6. Values of dN/dS for genes mapped by the virome versus dN/dS for the same genes mapped by cellular metagenome. The line has a slope of 1. Figure S7. Box-and-whisker plots of dN/dS values for genes mapped each of the three metagenomic datasets. Genes are categorized according to KO annotation. A dotted line indicates where dN/dS = 1 and selection is neutral. Boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers denote 1. 5 times the interquartile range. Numbers below gene categories indicate the number of genes included for that category for the cellular and viral metagenomes, respectively. Table S1. Summary of temperature and bacterial and viral counts from Hulk vent in the Field. Temperature minimum was measured by temperature probes on a hydrothermal fluid sampler, temperature maximum was extrapolated based on dissolved silica concentrations. Table S2. List of viruses used to train PhylopythiaS for distinguishing between archaeal viruses and bacterial viruses. Table S3. Pfam domains included in search for genes associated with mobile genetic elements. Table S4. Numbers of proviruses identified in hydrothermal vent bacterial and archaeal genomes using (Bose et al, 2006). Table S5. Annotation and best hit of reads within the low-coverage region of fragment recruitment from the Hulk cellular metagenome to the longest contig in the Caminibacter mediatlanticus TB-2 draft genome. See methods for details of fragment recruitment. Annotations are as listed by the draft annotation file released by the JCVI. Organism best hit determined by using blastn against the nr database. Table S6. List of viral and cellular metagenomes used for functional profiling of viral and cellular metagenomes using the KEGG Orthology database. Metagenomes obtained from the MG-RAST database were first analyzed by Dinsdale et al. (2009). File S1. Supplementary methods regarding the analysis of in the metagenomes. 1. Anderson RE, Beltrán (2013) Microbial community structure across fluid gradients in the Juan de hydrothermal system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: BLIS K12 is also name of commercially available product now available in chewable tablets, fast-soluble tablets, lozenges, chewing gums and powders [51]. Toxicology studies in animals did not reveal any adverse effect of multiple dosing Streptococcus salivarius K12. Meanwhile, Streptococcus salivarius K12 assessed for tolerance and safety in humans in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial [51]. Streptococcus salivarius is a non-pathogenic predominant colonizer in the oral microbiome, reduces the frequency of colonization of major pathogens involved in upper respiratory tract infection [53]. Streptococcus salivarius strain K12, are often used as probiotic bacteria in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis, tonzilitis and acute otitis media [54]. The strains Streptococcus salivarius K12, Streptococcus salivarius (RS1) and (ST3) bind effectively to FaDu human epithelial cells of the pharynx and in this way antagonise Streptococcus pyogenes its adhesion and growth. However, the strains RS1 and ST3 do not possess genes encoding production of bacteriocins, while the strain K12 strain provides a positive signal for two bacteriocins, lantibiotics: and B from Streptococcus salivarius (ST3) and (RS1) inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes [55]. A recent study showed that the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 can induce anti-inflammatory response in epithelial cells under in in vitro conditions, which indicates potential support of cell health and homeostasis [56]. Streptococcus salivarius, found in oral probiotics, naturally destroys Streptococcus mutans and thus prevent susceptibility of teeth to dental caries [32]. Streptococcus salivarius produces urease and dextranase which helps to dissolve and release the sticky dextran. Activity of these exoenzymes helps to reduce the progression of dental caries by reducing accumulation and acidification of dental plaque created by Streptococcus mutans [25]. Streptococcus salivarius K12 has shown a therapeutic potential in the treatment of halitosis [52].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rainwater harvesting alone can fully address water scarcity in any region. [SEP] Text: This low-cost traditional water harvesting system had twin benefits of recharging the ground water as well as increased yield in crops. This method was practiced by farmers in olden days for runoff retention and infiltration which were best suited to the topography and soil conditions of the state but with the advent of modern technologies in the form of energized wells, land reclamation for developmental activities, change in cropping pattern etc, this system took a back seat. As a part the Program of the Government of India, farmers were involved for ground water conservation activities and this was availed by the implementing agencies to revive such age-old traditions. Figure 10: Half-moon bund around the coconut basin reinforced with pine apple. Figure 11: Trench filled with coconut husk. Figure 12: Simplest traditional rainwater harvesting. State and Karnataka people usually uses saree to catch rain water and thus employing various processes of water harvesting such as catchment, transport and filtration by using saree. A makeshift arrangement, the traditional method of RWH is deployed for three months of monsoon in some heavy rainfall areas. State it is used in Kuttanad (Alappuzha district). Kuttanad, situated below mean sea level does not have water scarcity, but the water is non-potable. Families boil the water before drinking and also not hesitant to drink rain water. author is grateful to the. of India, Thiruvananthapuram for all the encouragements given during the course of the work. Thanks, are also due to Krishnan, better half the author for the data entry and editing of the manuscript. 3. (CGWB). Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. pp 215. Census of India (2011): Abstract. Figures at a Glance- Kerala. Anon (1995): of Kerala State. 17. Basak, P, James, E J and Kandasamy, L C (1989): Tanks and ponds of Kerala. Report submitted to Government of Kerala, Unpub. and Mays, L W (1988): Applied Hydrology. Mc Graw-Company, New York, 572 pp. Rai, V K (1993): Water resources planning and Development. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 229 pp. (2010) Sustainability of tunnel wells in a changing agrarian context: A case study from South India.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: (2010) TagCleaner: Identification and removal of tag sequences from genomic and metagenomic datasets. BMC Bioinformatics 11: 341 View 32. . (2009) Geneious v4. 7. Biomatters Ltd. 33. McHardy AC, Martín (2007) Accurate phylogenetic classification of variable-length DNA fragments. 4: 63–72 View 34. Leplae R, Lima-Mendez G, (2010) : a CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements, update 2010. Res 38: D57–61 View 35. (2010) protein families database. Res 38: D211–22 View 36. (2012) KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets. Res 40: D109–14 View 37. (2003) The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes. BMC Bioinformatics 4: 41 View 38. (2005) Chuang, (2005) et al. The subsystems approach to genome annotation and its use in the project to annotate 1000 genomes. Res 33: 5691–5702 View 39. Rodriguez-(2006) An application of statistics to comparative metagenomics. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 162 View 40. (2004) Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. 5: R12 View 41. Schmieder R, (2011) Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 27: 863–864 View 42. (2011) Selection in coastal Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) populations evaluated from environmental metagenomes. PLoS One 6: e24249 View 43. (2012) The M5nr: a novel non-redundant database containing protein sequences and annotations from multiple sources and associated tools. BMC Bioinformatics 13: 141 View 44. (2009) New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics. 18: 11–19. View 45. (2013) Evaluation of methods to concentrate and purify ocean virus communities through comparative, replicated metagenomics. 15: 1428–1440 View 46. (2011) Is the genetic landscape of the deep subsurface biosphere affected by viruses? Microbiol 2. 47. (2006) Genomic islands and the ecology and evolution of Prochlorococcus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 2 µm polycarbonate filters (Merck Millipore), where 50 μl of DAPI solution [1 mg/ml] is directly applied on the wet filter and incubated at room temperature during 10 min. The wet filters are moved on a glass slide, mounted with a drop of (Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK) and a cover slide is fixed around edges with transparent nail polish. Then the slides are examined with epifluorescent microscopy in our case Z1 epifluorescence microscope with 38H and 49 detecting the carboxyfluorescein CF and DAPI, respectively. Rel 4. 8 software is used for the analysis of microphotography. This method is used for visualization of no cultivable or hardly cultivable bacteria from samples of the dental biofilm. No exact identification of bacterial compounds presents limitation of this method. It is possible to check the dental plaque of hardly cultivated bacteria in samples, e. g. spirochetes (Figure 4). Detection of spirochetes namly Treponema denticola in tested samples is possible by PCR with help of primers: -3′ and 5′--3 and with amplification conditions: 95 °C for 2 min, 36 cycles [at 95 °C for 30 s, a 60 °C for 1 min, at 72 °C for 1 min] and a final step of 72 °C for 2 min according [68]. Figure 4: Different bacterial morphology detected in dental biofilm with for example Spirochetes (red circle) detected by DAPI (blue middle left) or other Bacillus bacteria detected by CFDA which confirm their metabolic activity (green midle right). The detection of production the bacteriocines salivaricin and reuterin by PCR methods Many bacteria use bacteriocines, like strategies for surviving in biofilms. This substance is interesting also in search of probiotic potential, because their can kill or inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. Many of pathogenic bacteria have similar bacteriocin dependent strategies, like in case of Pseudomonas aeruginiosa or Escherichia coli [69, 70]. Potential benefitial oral microbiota can synthesize reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri or salivaricine produced by Streptococcus salivarius [71, 72].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The first relates to day-to-day mobility, with an explicit mandate to record and theorise shifts away from private car use towards more sustainable transport modes in car oriented cities. The second is on the general links between the built environment and health. The various health impacts of transport, including the advantages and disadvantages to health of private car dependency, exist as the nexus between these two research themes. Jennifer publishes regularly in high ranking scholarly journals and her work has been used to inform policy development in NSW and Australia. Email: Jennifer. kent@sydney. edu. auIn their comprehensive research report on autonomous vehicles (AVs) in Australia, Austroads paint positive and negative scenarios for the futureFootnote1 (Austroads, Citation2017). It is the positive scenario that suggests AVs could lead to less car ownership and use. In this scenario, a homogenous fleet of highly automated vehicles roams the city. Cars and rides are shared, a practice enabled through technologies of connectivity, matching people and trips. And, just like car sharing cars today, AVs are primarily used to fill the gaps in the timetables and fixed routes of the public transport network, which is also enhanced by technologies of connectivity (Duarte & Ratti, Citation2018). The critical points here for reduced car ownership and use are that: AVs are shared, andAVs complement a robust public transport system that accommodates most trips. I have been researching the cultural and structural contours of private car dependency for almost ten years now. In this piece I draw from three case studies in the low-density, car-dependent city of Sydney, to highlight three warning signs that show AVs will not lead to less car ownership and use. is used here as an example, many of the structures and practices described are common internationally, particularly in nations that are seeking to transition away from car-dependence. One: to the Expediency of OwnershipReduced private car ownership requires that we own less cars – hence the assumption that AVs will be shared vehicles. Shared. Really? You see, sharing a ride does not only mean sharing the space that is the car. It means sharing your car boot, or whatever other space in the car where you stash your gym clothes, spare umbrella and shopping bags. It means sharing your music, climate control, car-based conversations and habits.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Science (80–) 311: 1768–1770 View 48. Cuadros-(2007) Martin-Cuadrado (2007) Legault B, D’Auria G, Zhaxybayeva O, et al. (2007) Genomic plasticity in prokaryotes: the case of the square haloarchaeon. ISME J 1: 235–245 View 49. Rodriguez-(2009) Martin-Cuadrado (2009) Rodriguez- (2009) Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation. Microbiol 7: 828–836 View 50. (2005) Caminibacter mediatlanticus sp. nov. , a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 55: 773–779 View 51. Reiter W-D, Palm P, (1989) Transfer RNA genes frequently serve as integration sites for prokaryotic genetic elements. Res 17: 1907–1914 View 52. (2009) Adaptations to submarine hydrothermal environments exemplified by the genome of Nautilia profundicola. PLoS Genet 5: e1000362 View 53. (2008) Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes. Nature 452: 629–632 View 54. (2005) cyanophage genomes: signature features and ecological interpretations. PLoS Biol 3: e144 View 55. - (2010) Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4-like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments. 12: 3035–3056 View 56. (2003) Marine ecosystems: Bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus. Nature 424: 741 View 57. (2004) Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses. 101: 11013–11018 View 58. (2006) Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts. PLoS Biol 4: e234. View 59. (2012) Metagenomic exploration of viruses throughout the Indian Ocean. PLoS One 7: e42047 View 60. (2006) Marine cyanophages and light. 8: 2074–2082 View 61.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Table 2: PCR conditions used for detection of genes coding production of bacteriocines: salivaricine and reuterin Target gen Primers PCR protocol Product size Literature salA (salivaricine) SalAUS 5´3` SalADS 5`3` 95 ºC, 13 min 30x [95 ºC, 30 sec, 55 ºC, 1 min, 72 ºC, 1 min] 72 ºC, 5 min 338 bp [73-75] Lactobacillus reuteri glycerol dehydrogenase gldC (reuterin) GD1f 5′3′ GD1r 5′3′ 94 °C, 5 min, 34x [94 °C, 1 min, 58 °C, 30 sec, 72 °C, 50 sec] 72 °C, 7 min 562 bp [76] isolation of potencial beneficial microbes from oral cavity for next deep research is the first step of preparing functional beneficial microbes, which can be used as prevention or also used for treatment of oral diseases. -TOF Biotyper identification is a perfect tool for quick identifications of isolated dental biofilm strains, pathogenic or non-pathogenic. For better declaration of your identification, you can use the PCR methods and next sequencing of products. Isolates bacteria can be also identified with biochemical or serological methods. The mechanisms of probiotic action are associated with resistance to colonisation and immunomodulation [27], adherence of bacteria and interspecies interactions [27, 78]. During recent years there has occurred a shift towards ecological and microbial community-based approach to the therapy of oral cavity diseases. With the increasing resistance to antibiotics, the use of probiotics appears as a prospective alternative treatment or preventative measure in the control of these diseases. From the clinical point of view, it is not yet possible to give direct recommendations for the use of probiotics. However, the available scientific evidence indicates that probiotic therapy is a promising approach also in the field of stomatology. The potential beneficial strains of Streptococcus salivarius or Lactobacillus reuteri and others bacterial strains isolated from many oral biofilms can be selected for next research based on their production of bacteriocines and on growth inhibition level against oral pathogenic bacteria not only in human but also in social animals like dogs and cats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Several car manufacturers are actively developing autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: Citeasy 다운로드 하기 모두 자동으로 입력해주는 일주일간 보지 않기 닫기 Citeasy 이용 기간 종료 체험 기간이 종료되었거나, 소속 기관의 싸이티지 이용이 중단 되어 이용할 수 없습니다. 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 싸이티지 설치형 프로그램은 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. 확인 제휴문의 DBpia와 구독·저작권 계약, 기타 제휴를 원하시면 해당 부서로 연락 바랍니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals in through your institution issuesearch term 2024 (In Progress) 2023 Browse all Advance 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1999. tb13542. x Published: 01 May 1999 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1999. tb13542. x Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term ebg (evolved β-galactosidase) operon of Escherichia coli has been used since 1974 as a model system to dynamically study the evolutionary processes which have led to catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity in enzymes. Wild-type ebg β-galactosidase, encoded by ebgA, is a catalytically feeble enzyme that does not hydrolyze lactose or other β-galactosides efficiently enough to permit growth on those substrates. Each of two specific base substitutions at widely separated sites increases catalytic activity sufficiently to permit growth, and the combination of the two mutations further increases catalytic effectiveness and expands the substrate range of the enzyme in a non-additive fashion. Experimental studies suggested that in the 3126 bp coding region those two substitutions were the only mutations capable of increasing activity toward lactose sufficiently to permit growth. Alignment of EbgA with the LacZ β-galactosidase showed that both mutations were in active site amino acids. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis of EbgA, LacZ, and 12 other related β-galactosidases showed that EbgA and LacZ diverged from a common ancestor at least 2. 2 billion years ago, that they belonged to different subclasses of the family of 14 β-galactosidases, that the two subclasses differed at 12 of the 15 active site residues, and confirmed that the two previously identified mutations in ebgA are the only ones that can lead to enzyme with sufficient activity on lactose to permit growth. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of Ebg β-galactosidase have allowed the widely accepted Albery and Knowles model for the evolution of catalysis to be rejected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: J 54: 1-5. [Crossref] 25. (2013) Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J 62: 875-884. [Crossref] 26. (2016) Antimicrobial effect of probiotics on bacterial species from dental plaque. J Ctries 10: 214-221. [Crossref] 27. Meurman JH (2005) Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? 113: 188-196. [Crossref] 28. (2011) Probiotics in periodontal health and disease J Periodontol 15: 23-28. [Crossref] 29. (2012) Probiotics and oral health. Des 18: 5522-5531. [Crossref] 30. (2012) Probiotics and oral health. Dent 4: 348-355. [Crossref] 31. (2017) Probiotics: A in Dental Health. (Basel). [Crossref] 32. (2008) Probiotic bacteria affect the composition of salivary pellicle and streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Immunol 23: 336-343. [Crossref] 33. (1991) The prevention of dental caries by BLIS-mediated inhibition of mutans streptococci. N Z 87: 80-83. [Crossref] 34. (2018) of the Streptococcus salivarius (K12) on Streptococcus Pharyngitis: A In Schools. 37: 619-623. [Crossref] 35. (2017) Use of Probiotics and Oral Health. 4: 309-318. [Crossref] 36. Oldak A, et al. (2017) Comparison of of Lactobacillus plantarum from Kinds of from Poland: Oscypek and Korycinski Cheese. Int 2017: 6820369. 37. Koll P, Mändar (2008) Characterization of oral lactobacilli as potential probiotics for oral health. Immunol 23: 139-147. [Crossref] 38. (2004) Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci. 95: 219-223.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: is a multicomponent human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. This research is an attempt to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. This paper highlights the constituents of the crime mechanism involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the so-called AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference (tampering with software, meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. ). Keywords: Autonomous vehicle, road accident, accident mechanism, mechanism components, information system, situation vehicle that is claimed to be autonomous must contain systems that control the core vehicle controls: braking, steering, gearbox, and fuel supply. Vehicle robotization is an essential and yet the easiest step towards autonomous vehicles. The next step is to equip cars with instrumentation to monitor the traffic. A driverless car needs cameras to watch the road and stay within the road/lane, to scan the signs, and to recognize traffic lights. It also needs ‘vision’ to steer itself in the traffic, including a precise global navigation satellite system, an inertial navigation system, a lidar, ultrasonic sensors, and stereo cameras mounted on the front stands inside the cabin. All the systems must be connected to a computer to process the input and control the movement. The computer is also tasked with applying image recognition to the input from the cameras. Engineering a vehicle capable of self-driving requires a comprehensive approach to the development and implementation of various subsystems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Escherichia coli, Experimental evolution, Evolutionary potential, Ebg, β-Galactosidase, Enzyme kinetics, Transition state 1 evolutionary processes which have led to catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity in enzymes are currently under intense investigation using tools provided by nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparison, three-dimensional protein structure, and phylogenetic relationships. In purely pragmatic terms, both an understanding of catalysis per se and the evolutionary processes that led to efficient catalysis are essential to solving a variety of technological problems ranging from improving enzymes for bioreactors, through bioremediation of toxic wastes, to rational drug design. Genes for enzymes with new or improved catalytic activities do not arise from random DNA sequences; they evolve from existing genes whose products exhibit activities that are more or less related to the ‘novel’ activity. The evolutionary processes that lead to altered substrate specificities, and the constraints upon those processes, are poorly understood. The evolution of catalysis is a dynamic process, and like any dynamic process it can be better understood by observing the process itself than by simply observing one point in the process, the outcome. Several studies, mostly in Drosophila melanogaster[1–3], had tried to study adaptive processes dynamically, but because the selected traits were complex, the starting populations were genetically heterogeneous, and because enhancement of the selected traits was generally attributable to variation already present in the population, it was difficult to interpret the results in any but the most general of terms. The ebg operon of Escherichia coli has been used for the last 25 years as a system specifically designed to study the evolution of a new catalytic function dynamically. E. coli strains that carry a deletion of the lacZ gene cannot utilize lactose or other β-galactoside sugars as carbon and energy sources because they do not synthesize the lacZ encoded β-galactosidase enzyme. All of the other functions for lactose metabolism, including lactose permease and the pathways for metabolism of glucose and galactose, the products of lactose hydrolysis, remain intact, thus re-acquisition of lactose utilization requires only the evolution of a new β-galactosidase function. The ebg operon, located at 69. 4 min on the E. coli genome map, is on the opposite side of the chromosome from the Lac operon that is located at 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: [Crossref] 39. Mortazavi S, (2012) mutans and Lactobacilli levels following probiotic cheese consumption in adults: A double blind randomized clinical trial (*). J Sci 17: 57-66. [Crossref] 40. (2009) Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J 36: 506-513. [Crossref] 41. (2008) Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J 35: 897-905. [Crossref] 42. (2014) Lactobacillus salivarius WB21--containing tablets for the treatment of oral malodor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. 117: 462-470. [Crossref] 43. (2010) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. 110: 201-208. [Crossref] 44. (2007) Molecular and biochemical characterizations of human oral lactobacilli as putative probiotic candidates. Immunol 22: 111-117. [Crossref] 45. (2005) Cariogenicity of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius in rats. 39: 479-483. [Crossref] 46. Almståhl A, Carlén A, Eliasson L, Lingström P (2010) Lactobacillus species in supragingival plaque in subjects with hyposalivation. Biol 55: 255-259. [Crossref] 47. (2004) Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries. J 42: 3128-3136. [Crossref] 48. ópez ME, Nader-Macías ME (2000) Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from healthy subjects. 6: 227-233. [Crossref] 49. Kõll-Klais P, Mändar öm L, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: The first step is to design individual automated driving assists as well as automatic controls for some of the vehicle assemblies. The next step is to merge these L1 systems into larger autonomous vehicle control modules. The third step is to create a single module that combines all the assemblies and units present in a vehicle into a single System. The next step is to create a single traffic control system to control vehicle behavior. Despite all the progress in this industry, many issues remained unresolved. One such pressing issue is the causation and mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles. Transport is a human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. It is therefore necessary to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. Purpose of the paper highlights the constituents of crime involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference. The methodology hereof comprises engineering and legal (doctrinal) methods. The proposal is to introduce and substantiate criminal sanctions on the operation of autonomous vehicles on the basis of the identified AV specifications and AV accident mechanism. apparent reasons, the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) has not been researched yet, as specialists focused on the mechanism of drivers’ crimes (Ishchenko et al. , 2014). However, with the ever-larger scale of AV development and adoption coupled with AV-involving road accidents (RA) that are already happening (Chuchayev & Malikov, 2019), this becomes a pressing issue to research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 8. It includes three structural genes, ebgA, ebgC and ebgB[4]. ebgA encodes the α subunit and ebgC encodes the β subunit of the heteromeric α4β4 Ebg β-galactosidase enzyme [5], while ebgB (ygiI in [6]) encodes a protein whose function is unknown but which is structurally related to transport proteins. The operon is subject to negative control by the ebg repressor that is encoded by ebgR, a gene that is adjacent to ebgA[5, 7, 8]. Despite considerable efforts to discover it (Hall, unpublished results), the natural function of the ebg operon remains unknown. Strains in which the ebgR encoded repressor is defective synthesize Ebg enzyme constitutively as about 5% of the soluble protein of the cell. Even when expressed at that constitutive level wild-type Ebg enzyme is too catalytically feeble a β-galactosidase to permit growth on lactose [4]. The ebg operon has served as an excellent model system for studying the evolution of a new function because (1) intense selection can be applied to enormous populations to reveal spontaneous mutations that permit lactose utilization, (2) selective conditions can be manipulated very precisely, and (3) both the wild-type (i. e. parental, or unevolved) and the mutant (i. e. evolved) states can be characterized and compared in order to determine exactly what genotypic and phenotypic changes are responsible for the newly evolved Lac+ phenotype. Although evolution of the EbgR repressor is itself an interesting story, this review will focus on the evolution of the Ebg enzyme in strains that express that enzyme constitutively. This study was initiated in 1974 to understand how ΔlacZ strains could re-acquire the ability to utilize lactose as the result of mutations in another gene that is located on the opposite side of the chromosome and that encodes an enzyme with properties distinct from those of the lacZ encoded enzyme [9]. Some of the questions we hoped to answer included: How many mutations are required to generate an enzyme that will allow good growth on lactose? How many different outcomes are possible? How many different evolutionary pathways could lead to equally good lactose utilization?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: (2005) Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Immunol 20: 354-361. [Crossref] 50. Barbour A, K Philip (2014) Variable characteristics of bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from Malaysian subjects. PLoS One 9: e100541. [Crossref] 51. (2013) Persistence of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 is dose dependent and megaplasmid transfer can augment their bacteriocin production and adhesion characteristics. PLoS One 8: e65991. [Crossref] 52. Tagg, JR (2009) Streptococcal Bacteriocin-Substances: Insights into the Bacteriocin-Produced by and Bad. Proteins 1: 60-66. [Crossref] 53. Santagati M, Scillato M, Patanè F, Aiello C, (2012) Bacteriocin-producing oral streptococci and inhibition of respiratory pathogens. 65: 23-31. [Crossref] 54. (2016) Effect of administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on the occurrence of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis, scarlet fever and acute otitis media in 3 years old children. Sci 20: 4601-4606. [Crossref] 55. (2010) Oral bacteria as potential probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. Microbiol 76: 3948-3958. [Crossref] 56. (2008) The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. 76: 4163-4175. [Crossref] 57. (2010) Data for the salivarius K12. Proteins 2: 135-144. [Crossref] 58. (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J 100: 754-764. [Crossref] 59.

Output: corroborate