Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: , 2024). As fertilizer application increased, soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents also increased. In a previous study, this led to an initial increase in potato yield and soil enzyme activity, followed by a decrease (Zhang et al. , 2023). Under sugarcane nitrogen treatment, the levels of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil decreased with greater soil depth. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen accumulation was generally low in the 0–10 cm soil layer, but high in the 20–40 cm layer (Mao et al. , 2023). Another study found soil nitrate nitrogen levels in the 0–40 cm soil layer decreased for corn (Zhang et al. , 2018). Zhou et al. (2022a) and Zhou et al. (2022b) found that the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the 0–20 cm rhizosphere soil of highland barley were 1. 76 times and 2. 00 times higher than those in the 20–40 cm soil layer, respectively, suggesting that the conversion, absorption and transport of substances primarily occur in the upper soil. Additionally, once the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the soil reached a certain level, there was no significant correlation between the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen (Zhou et al. , 2022b). The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research findings, indicating a decrease in soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen levels in the 0–60 cm soil layer of sugar beet as soil depth increased. The highest enzyme activities were observed in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Additionally, soil nitrate nitrogen levels were found to increase with the ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content in the soil. study showed that under shallow drip irrigation, the optimal ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing was 6:4. Topdressing was completed with irrigation at the rapid growth stage, resulting in maximum crop yield and sugar yield of sugar beet. Additionally, the activities of protease and urease differed significantly with different soil treatments, and the activities of protease and urease in the 0–40 cm soil layer were identified as useful soil physiological indicators for nitrogen utilization in sugar beet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: Cryptocurrencies may become one of the means of payment in the history of the world. There will certainly be changes in financial markets, with more possible payment methods. However, the form in which this will take place is currently being clarified, among other things, by the need to determine the legal standards that will apply to this development of financial resources. And financial phenomena are crucial in today’s global market because ITC technology and the rules of financial flows are the most important changes in the modern global economy. Therefore, many current topics concern cryptocurrencies, which are extremely important and require constant discovery and determination of the principles of operation. This is related to the risks of introducing new forms of payment and the desire to highlight all the benefits that will support this innovative form of transaction in the economy. The development prospects of cryptocurrencies are undoubtedly the next milestone among forms of money, which has huge implications for the world’s economies. Thanks to the use of modern technology, cryptocurrencies are a kind of financial innovation (another milestone in the history of money) that has a chance to influence the global financial system. Cryptocurrencies are electronic money that does not require an intermediary, such as a bank, to complete the transaction. Thanks to this, the transaction and its parties are completely anonymous to the financial system controlled by global institutions. On the one hand, it provides enormous benefits by preventing global institutions from controlling and influencing world transactions. On the other hand, it does not provide an adequate level of security. Therefore, once the legal issues are settled and security is improved, it will be possible to use the advantages of this form of payment. Namely, it will allow us to speed up the settlement of payment transactions and thus become independent from traditional forms of payment and the restrictive control of global financial institutions. Cryptocurrencies are an innovative and technologically advanced alternative to a fully globalized future. They can be an alternative to processing payments made across geographical borders [2]. Additionally, if cryptocurrencies are effectively regulated through current adjustments, they will be able to help future generations meet the challenges of financial transactions in various forms. Cryptocurrencies perform the same functions as traditional money because they have features such as durability, divisibility, and originality, which, if socially accepted, will mean that they can be a full-fledged means of exchange. Over the last dozen or so years, cryptocurrencies have been gaining popularity, and their importance in financial markets is increasing [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 8), D, phosphomannomutase (5. 4. 2. 8), E, mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (2. 7. 7. 22), F, GDP-mannose-3,5-epimerase (5. 1. 3. 18), G, GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (E. C. C not assigned), H, L-Galactose 1-phosphate phosphatase (3. 1. 3. 25), I, L-galactose dehydrogenase, J, L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (1. 3. 2. 3). the three enzymatic activities converting GDP-D-mannose into L-galactose are therefore missing in yeast cells. To close this gap, the following genes were cloned and expressed under the control of the TPI promoter (Table 1): AtME (A. thaliana mannose epimerase), converting GDP-D-mannose into GDP-L-galactose and AtMIP/VTC4 (A. thaliana myo-inositol phosphatase/L-galactose-1-P-phosphatase), converting L-galactose-1-P into L-galactose. Since the enzyme responsible for the conversion of GDP-L-galactose into L-galactose was only recently identified [17], alternative pyrophosphorylases converting substrates similar to GDP-L-galactose were sought for in the database. L-fucose guanylyl-transferase (FGT) from Rattus norvegicus [18] appeared suitable and was finally expressed. (A. thaliana L-galactose dehydrogenase) which allows the conversion of L-galactose into L-galactono-1,4-lactone and ScALO (S. cerevisiae D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase), converting L-galactono-1,4-lactone into L-AA were co-expressed, to make sure that no bottleneck is created in the end of the pathway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: The effects of partial substitution of fertilizer using different organic materials on soil nutrient condition, aggregate stability and enzyme activity in a tea plantation. Plants 12(22):3791 van der. 2020. Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases. 4(7):e00221. 2024. The impact of continuous cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum on soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and fruiting body metabolites. 14:10097. 2024. Effects of aerated drip irrigation on the soil nitrogen distribution, crop growth, and yield of chili peppers. Plants 13(5):642. 2022. Effects of different nitrogen forms and ratios on sweet potato tuber root formation and photosynthetic product transportation. Soil and in China 7:29-40. 2024. Effects of nitrogen base fertilizer and topdressing ratio on the growth, yield and sugar content of sugar beet under shallow buried drip irrigation. 3:186-191. 2019. Effects of water and nitrogen supply on nitrogen assimilation andutilization of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with drip irrigation under plastic mulch. Journal 55(6):803-813. 2023b. Low nitrogen stress-induced transcriptome changes revealed the molecular response and tolerance characteristics in maintaining the C/N balance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) Frontiers in 14:1164151. 2023a. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil nitrogen fractions and enzyme activities in arable land on purple soil slopes. Plants 12(24):4188. 2024. The impact of different preceding crops on soil nitrogen structure and nitrogen cycling in tobacco-planting soil. 14:1767. 2022. The effect of nitrogen reduction and biochar application on soil enzyme activity, root vigor and yield of sugar beet rhizosphere under saline-alkali stress. Soil and in China 12:46-52. 2023. Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure on the activity of enzyme and soil bacterial communities in the mountain red soil. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1234904. 2023. Effects of nitrogen reduction fertilization on sugarcane biomass and the concentrations of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. of Ecology 42(11):2604-2612. 2024. Improving maize carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways and yield with nitrogen application rate and nitrogen forms. PeerJ 12:e16548. 2023.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: The innovative nature of cryptocurrencies for society may prove to be something that will force changes and will have a huge impact on the functioning of the global financial sector in the future. Cryptocurrencies are already recognized as an innovative payment method [4]. Currently, they are only complementary to official currencies. They do not generally have the legal status of a means of payment, but the number of transactions using them is growing. The number of service and commercial points accepting cryptocurrencies as a payment method is also increasing. The adaptation of commercial establishments to payments in cryptocurrencies is constantly growing. Therefore, this technology, with certain legal regulations, will undoubtedly have a huge impact on changes in the functioning of financial markets in global economies. Advertisement 2. Cryptocurrencies: the definition of financial innovationFinance is monetary resources, operations, and legal norms relating to them. Finance is also a social relationship that arises from collecting and spending money. Therefore, the science of finance examines money streams flowing between economic entities during the processes of production, distribution and exchange (consumption), and material accumulation, as well as money resources collected and distributed during these processes [5]. Finance is a field of science that deals with the analysis of how people allocate available financial resources in a given period, or it should be defined as all economic phenomena related to the accumulation and distribution of monetary resources, which can be defined as economic relations resulting from the movement of money, with the collection and spending of monetary resources [6]. Defining cryptocurrencies is a big challenge and may lead to inconsistencies in terms of economic sense and legal aspects. The history of the concept’s evolution can be seen in the literature due to its continuous development. Thanks to this, digital means of exchange are classified. The first concept refers to a virtual currency, which is a means of payment not issued by any financial institution (e. g. , a bank), while also being a means of exchange of value between the issuer and the user. However, they operate within strictly defined limits and are used only to purchase virtual goods and services. Therefore, virtual currency in this understanding is presented in a narrow scope and mainly concerns virtual currencies that appear in mass online games. This approach proves that these currencies are not intended for the purchase of real tangible items but for the purchase of virtual goods or services that can only exist in the area of a limited virtual world [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. List of expression plasmids constructed and used in this study* resulting integrative and/or centromeric expression plasmids (all five or, alternatively, all except the one harboring the RnFGT gene) were used to transform the S. cerevisiae strains GRF18U and BY4742 (see Table 1 and 2 for a complete list of plasmids and strains). Two different yeast strains were examined in parallel to elucidate the effect of a different genetic background. Independent clones of the obtained recombinant strains, together with their respective control strains, were grown in shake flasks with D-glucose as the sole carbon source. Their ability to convert D-glucose into L-ascorbic acid was measured by a chemical assay [19]. Figure 2 clearly shows for both genetic backgrounds that the recombinant strains do produce low, but significant and reproducible amounts of vitamin C. Wild type cells as well as recombinant cells transformed with ScALO and AtLGDH were analyzed as negative control. For the cells expressing ScALO and AtLGDH we had previously proven a high accumulation of vitamin C, when the cells are incubated with L-galactose [16]. However, the basal level of endogenous antioxidants is similar for both the wild-type (first column) and these recombinant cells (second column) incubated with glucose. Adding two more of the genes from the L-AA metabolic pathway (AtME and AtMIP) the vitamin is already detectable (third column, for both graphs, strain BY4742[] and GRF18U[]). This result indicates the presence of endogenous pyrophosphorylase activities converting GDP-L-galactose into L-galactose-1-P. The level of L-ascorbic acid becomes even higher when the RnFGT gene is added (fourth column), proving the suitability of this enzyme for our purpose. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Conversion of D-Glucose into L-ascorbic acid (milligrams/liter/OD) by transformed S. cerevisiae GRF18U and BY4742 cells. All strains were grown on mineral medium (2% w/v glucose, 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Soil temperature, microbial biomass and enzyme activity are the critical factors affecting soil respiration in different soil layers in Ziwuling Mountains, China. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1105723 -. 2023. Soil type and integrated nitrogen nutrient-rice straw residue management techniques affect soil microbes, enzyme activities and yield of wheat crop. Heliyon 9(6):e16645. 2023. Analysis of root characteristics and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities of wheat varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. Journal of Sciences 37(3):617-625. 2015. Sugar beet yield and processing quality in relation to nitrogen content and microbiological diversity of deep soil layer. 18(1):67-74. 2023. Biochar blended with nitrogen fertilizer promotes maize yield by altering soil enzyme activities and organic carbon content in black soil. of 20(6):4939. 2023. Mixed legume—grass seeding and nitrogen fertilizer input enhance forage yield and nutritional quality by improving the soil enzyme activities in Sichuan, China. Frontiers in 14:1176150. 2023a. Partial substitution of urea with biochar induced improvements in soil enzymes activity, ammonia-nitrite oxidizers, and nitrogen uptake in the double-cropping rice system. Microorganisms 11(2):527. 2023b. Responses of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities under nitrogen addition in fluvo-aquic and black soil of North China. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1249471. 2023. Understanding the sugar beet holobiont for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1151052. 2022. Effect of long term application of super absorbent polymer on soil structure, soil enzyme activity, photosynthetic characteristics, water and nitrogen use of winter wheat. Frontiers in 13:998494. 2023. Effects of drip irrigation on yield, soil fertility and soil enzyme activity of different potato varieties in Northwest China. Frontiers in 14:1240196. 2022. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and oxygen-enhancing irrigation on the key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen utilization in rice. Transactions of the of (Transactions of the CSAE) 38(9):81-90. 2018. Effects of pipe laying patterns on the nitrogen accumulation and yield in maize under drip irrigation. Journal of 26(2):96-101. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the term digital currency is a broader concept and refers to a means of payment in a specific jurisdiction in the conventional sense [8]. Currently, there is a separation of concepts and a desire to specify the full definition for cryptocurrencies. It seems that this will only happen when legal regulations are established and when they are applied in practice on a large scale. Legal regulations in different European countries are different, or there are no regulations at all in relation to cryptocurrencies [9]. This may lead to inconsistencies and difficulties in the exchange of goods and services, as well as a lack of trading certainty. In 2015, the Bank provided the following definition of a virtual currency: a digital representation of values that are not issued by a central bank, electronic money institution, or credit institution, which in certain conditions can be used as an alternative to money [10]. In its resolution of 26 May 2016 on virtual currencies, the adopted that virtual currency is a synonym for digital cash that is not issued by a central bank or any public authority and is not linked to fiat currency but is used by natural or legal persons as a medium of exchange that can be transmitted, stored, and thus subjected to electronic trading [11]. Referring to the technology by which cryptocurrencies are created, which may also be called cryptocurrencies, they are defined as an accounting system based on cryptography whose characteristic feature is its dispersion [12]. This system is responsible for storing messages related to the ownership status in conventional units. The ownership status is linked to individual nodes of the so-called system—wallets, in such a way that only a person who has a specific and private key can control this wallet; a situation in which it would be issued twice to the same entity is impossible [13]. S. Nakamoto, the creator of bitcoin—the most popular cryptocurrency, defines it as an electronic coin in the form of a chain of digital signatures. Each holder of the coin transfers it to the next one, digitally signing the “hash” of the previous transaction and the public key of the next holder, adding them to the end of the coin. The recipient can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership [14]. This feature offers great opportunities to improve the security of financial transactions and to regulate legal solutions that will ensure full trust in this technology and influence changes in the global information society. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 67% w/v YNB), starting with an initial OD660 of 0. 05 for 18 h, when samples were taken and the concentration of L-ascorbic acid inside the cells was determined (GRF18U and BY4742 correspond to the parental strains transformed with the empty plasmids harboring in the productive strains the genes of the L-AA pathway). The control cells, as well as the cells expressing ScALO1 and AtLGDH can not accumulate L-ascorbic acid starting from D-glucose, therefore measured values correspond to the endogenous erythro-ascorbic acid. The standard deviation bars correspond to the data obtained from independent clones, and from independent growth and antioxidant determinations. Please note the different scale of the ordinate axes in the two graphs. the trend of ascorbic acid production for both strains is similar, the absolute values are significantly different, being almost one order of magnitude lower in the BY background (Fig. 2, left panel). Analogous, the contribution of the RnFGT gene is more effective in the GRF background (Fig. 2, right panel). On the other hand, while such difference could be related to the different genetic background of the two hosts, the basal level of antioxidants appears to be within the same order of magnitude in both yeast backgrounds. In no case vitamin C was detectable in the culture broth (data not shown). Effects of endogenous L-AA production on strain robustness: recombinant yeasts behavior under oxidative stress To test if the endogenous production of vitamin C could have beneficial biological effects, wild type BY4742, GRF18U and the corresponding recombinant L-AA producing strains were challenged by growing the cells under different stress conditions. Since vitamin C acts principally as an antioxidant, the first condition used to test the robustness of the engineered strains was oxidative stress. Yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density (660 nm) of 0. 1 in the presence of different concentrations of H2O2 (ranging from 2 to 3. 5 mM), and their growth was measured as optical density at specific intervals of time over about 80 hours, Figure 3. Cells were also inoculated in the same medium without H2O2, as a control. As expected, in the absence of H2O2 both wild type and recombinant strains grew well (Fig. 3a and 3b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Feed the crop, not the soil! Explaining variability in maize yield responses to nutrient applications in smallholder farms of western Kenya S. &RC Research output: Thesis › internal (1) productivity intensification in smallholder farming systems of sub-(SSA) is urgently required to improve food self-sufficiency. Increased fertilizer use can address nutrient deficiencies that limit crop productivity in SSA. There is however large uncertainty in crop yield responses to fertilizer applications on farmer fields. This uncertainty has been linked to strong heterogeneity in soil fertility between and within farms. Fertilizer recommendations that account for this spatial heterogeneity are therefore required to better advise farmers, reduce investment and environmental risks for sustainable crop productivity intensification. The main objective of this study was to better understand and explain patterns of maize yield and yield responses to fertilizer applications under heterogenous fertility conditions in smallholder farming systems. This would allow for improved targeting of fertilizer applications, and enable better prediction of expected crop yield response to fertilizer use. A series of on-farm experiments assessing maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions were established on 23 farmers’ fields in Siaya, western Kenya across multiple seasons. Prior to experiment establishment, farmers were extensively interviewed to obtain information on past crop and nutrient management practices in selected fields. The experiment used was comprised of nutrient omission trials (NOTs) on farmer fields in Siaya to assess patterns of maize yield response to fertilizer applications of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N), 40 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P) and 60 kg ha-1 potassium (K). 1, plots with treatments including control, and NPK were repeated for 7 consecutive seasons in the same plots. 2 of the experiment, a second set of NOTs including and NPK were established in every plot on 6 fields that were previously part of Phase 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2. Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing can produce food items that are more nutritious than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the many antioxidants present in the team’s formulation are known to be greatly beneficial, and can lead to overall health improvements in children. Overall, they recommend that a daily portion of around 137 grams for children in this age group is ideal. In future work, the team suggests that they could greatly improve the vitamin and mineral content of their formulations by optimising how the fresh yams are processed, as the most common traditional processing method leads to nutrients leaching into the water during boiling, which occurs before the drying step. They hope that their affordable, sustainable and locally produced baby food will soon be available on the market, towards combating malnutrition in Cameroon and beyond. E-book Reference Meet the researcher of Fisheries and at of received her PhD in 2012 from the University of Ngaoundéré in Cameroon. Alongside her PhD research, she worked as a lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Douala. At this university, she has since progressed and Head of the Department at the Institute of Fisheries and at Yabassi. Much of Dr Leng’s research focuses on strategies that improve the nutrient availability of foods in the developing world. Her team has investigated approaches to improve the nutritional benefits from local foods, enhance storage and develop food supplements that address the significant nutritional deficiencies in the region. : lengmarso@gmail. com – University of Douala, Ndjouenkeu – University of Ngaounderé, Wolf, Harshadrai M. Rawel, Florian J. Schweigert – University of would like to thank TWAS-DFG for financial support for the project. She also gratefully acknowledges the Institute of of the University of Potsdam, Germany, for providing resources for the laboratory aspects of this work. and FJ Schweigert, Nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of yam (Dioscorea schimperiana) based complementary food formulation, Scientific African, 2019, 5, e00132. Want to republish our 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: When H2O2 was added to the medium, the growth of both GRF18U and BY4742 wild type strains was negatively affected proportionally to the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Low concentrations (2 mM) lead to a slight delay of growth (data not shown), while the highest H2O2 concentration (3. 5 mM) lead to an almost complete growth inhibition (Fig. 3c and 3d). A similar behavior has been observed for yeast cells transformed with the ScALO1 and AtLGDH genes (data not shown). Significantly, under the same limiting conditions, all recombinant strains producing L-AA were able to resume growth about 35 hours after inoculation, showing a strong robustness and an increased tolerance to oxidative stress (Fig. 3c and 3d). Moreover, it becomes obvious that this aspect of strain robustness is directly correlated with the amount of L-AA produced (see Fig. 2); in fact, the strains engineered with all five genes necessary to complete the biosynthetic L-AA pathway exhibited even stronger tolerance (Fig. 3c and 3d, triangles) than the corresponding strains, lacking the FGT activity (Fig. 3c and 3d, squares). This phenomenon can be observed for both yeast genetic backgrounds, even if with a slight difference in timing, probably due to a different basal resistance of the two genetic backgrounds (phenomenon not further investigated). The BY background strain, in fact, seems to be more resistant, despite the generally lower ascorbic acid levels measured (see Fig. 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Growth curves of wild type and L-ascorbic acid producing yeasts under oxidative stress. Kinetics of growth of wild type and engineered strains GRF18U (left panels) and BY4742 (right panels) as inoculated in minimal glucose media without H2O2 (3A and 3B) or in presence of H2O2 3. 5 mM (3C and 3D). • GRF18U wild type; ▪ GRF18U[]; ▴ GRF18U[]; ○ BY4742 wild type; □ BY4742[]; ▵ BY4742[]. results were obtained for cells growing in the presence of 2. 5 and 3 mM H2O2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted. However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks. Simplified decision support tools that use field level information to develop improved estimates of fertilizer N, P and K requirements based on refined relationships between soil nutrient supply, nutrient uptake and yield, are required to derive fertilizer recommendations in future. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of-promotorZingore, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Presumably, the need for informational support may be of comparable importance, or even greater importance, to consumers who are considering taking carrier or prenatal DTC-GTs and then using the results in their reproductive decisions. ConclusionThis study summarized the risks and benefits associated with distinct DTC-GT aspects at a personal and a public level. Both the consumer journey and the checklist break the offer of a DTC-GT service down into key aspects that may impact and compromise the safety and autonomy of the individual and of public health. This framework helps policy makers, regulators, and law enforcers develop methods to interpret, assess, and act in the DTC-GT service market. This could serve as a backbone for future research into key themes such as the need for provision of information. The checklist could be further developed into a decision support tool to empower consumers in their decisions both before and after purchasing a DTC-GT service. 2. Authors' and TR contributed to conception and design of the study. SMO organized the database, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have contributed to manuscript revision and have read and approved the submitted version. Conflicts of InterestNone declared. Multimedia 637. [CrossRef]Wetterstrand K. DNA sequencing costs: data from the (GSP). Institute. 2016. URL: [accessed 2024-06-21] Ramos E, Weissman SM. The dawn of consumer-directed testing. . Mar 2018;178(1):89-97. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Valuable genomes: taxonomy and archetypes of business models in direct-to-consumer genetic testing. J Res. Jan 21, 2020;22(1):e14890. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Third party interpretation of raw genetic data: an ethical exploration. Hum Genet. Nov 23, 2017;25(11):1189-1194. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "Bridge to the literature"? Third-party genetic interpretation tools and the views of tool developers. J Genet Couns. Aug 07, 2018;27(4):770-781. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Informational content, literacy demands, and usability of websites offering health-related genetic tests directly to consumers. Genet Med. May 2010;12(5):304-312.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In these cases growth was resumed 20 and 25 hours after inoculation, respectively (data not shown), hence earlier and concentration dependent. Effects of endogenous L-AA production on strain robustness: recombinant strain behavior under acidic stress To test if the improved strain robustness could be extended to other environmental constraints, wild type and engineered strains were subjected to acidic stress caused by inorganic or organic acids. These are typical environmental conditions occurring during either lab-batch and industrial fermentations. To this purpose, we analyzed wild type and ascorbic acid producing strains grown in minimal medium brought to pH 2. 2 with HCl addition (acidic stress induced by inorganic acid), or with lactic acid (45 g/l) at pH 3 (this value was chosen in order to have the organic acid almost completely in the undissociated form, since its pKa is 3. 78). From the data presented in Figure 4, it is evident that also under these stress conditions the producing strains exhibit a strong robustness and increased tolerance when compared to control strain. At pH 2. 2 (Fig. 4a) the growth rate of the wild type strains are significantly delayed in respect to the growth rate of the engineered strains. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Growth curves of wild type and L-ascorbic acid producing yeasts under acidic stress. Growth curves of wild type and engineered GRF18U and BY strains (upper and lower panel, respectively) inoculated in minimal glucose media at low inorganic pH (panel A) or at low pH plus organic acid (lactic acid, 45g/l, panel B) or at low pH plus organic acid with L-AA added exogenously (panel C). Panels 4A and 4B: • GRF18U wild type; ▪ GRF18U[]; ▴ GRF18U[]; ○ BY4742 wild type; □ BY4742 []; ▵ BY4742 []; Panel 4C: • GRF18U wild type; ○ BY4742 wild type; − GRF18U or BY4742 wild type added with 30mg/l ascorbic acid; * GRF18U or BY4742 wild type added with 60 mg/l ascorbic acid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 169 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Feed the crop, not the soil! T2 - Explaining variability in maize yield responses to nutrient applications in smallholder farms of western KenyaAU - Njoroge Kinyanjui, S. N1 - WU thesis 7390 Includes bibliographical 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2. Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated. The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: 3145), IMS Health and (p = 0. 0971), Nielsen Co. and data from the Kornfield et al. PLoS One study (p = 0. 073), and and PLoS One (p = 0. 2495). The only significant difference in reporting of total DTCA expenditure data sources was between IMS Health and PLoS One (p = 0. 017), in which IMS Health reported a $620,666,667 lower magnitude of DTCA expenditure than the PLoS One study. All data sources reported that DTCA expenditures first increased and then decreased over the time period reviewed and no significant difference in total, overall DTCA expenditure trends was detected. DiscussionOur examination indicates that the expenditure trend in traditional forms of DTCA (TV, print, radio) is statistically significantly different than that for eDTCA. Specifically, while traditional media types of DTCA expenditure has been diminishing, eDTCA expenditure has experienced three-digit percentage growth, though admittedly remains much lower in absolute spending compared to other historically dominant sub-categories of DTCA (primarily TV broadcast). However, given the popularity and increasing use of the Internet to search for and consume health information, it is not unreasonable to expect that increases in eDTCA expenditures will continue, though without reliable data, the growth and impact may not fully be understood [9, 10, 23]. Further, some observed lack of agreement across different data sources for DTCA expenditure indicates that there is a general absence of consistent, accessible, and high-quality data needed for future health policy and regulatory decision-making when assessing the changing use and impact of DTCA [1]. Despite a general alignment of aggregate DTCA expenditure and the trend directionality, lack of robust disclosure of DTCA expenditure and the sampling methodology used to collect such data makes comparisons difficult to validate. Despite these limitations, we nevertheless were able to identify that declining trends in aggregate DTCA spending contrasted with a rise of Internet-based DTCA, though variation in data sources makes it difficult to know the exact magnitude. While declines in aggregate DTCA are largely unsurprising, given recent challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry and the US economy during the global financial crisis that led to declines in overall marketing budgets [20], our findings showing an increase in eDTCA expenditures seem to run contrary to these general market trends.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: the addition of 45 g/l of lactic acid to the medium has dramatic effects on the wild type strains, which are completely inhibited in growth, and also on the [] expressing cells which are severely compromised, while the recombinant strains expressing all genes for L-AA production are still able to grow (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, the effect of L-AA produced intracellularly is much more profound than the effect of vitamin C added to the culture broth. Fig. 4c shows the growth curve of wild type control cells in presence of lactic acid (40 g/l) at low pH. The addition of ascorbic acid relieves the growth inhibition evidently, but even with 60 mg/l the effect is not as profound as with the low amounts produced intracellularly. The growth is resumed much later even while less lactic acid was added to the culture. Correlation of endogenous L-AA concentration, strain robustness and viability Having proven the positive effects on growth under stress conditions as described above, we wanted to deeper investigate the correlation between ascorbic acid endogenously produced by engineered yeast cells, enhanced tolerance to oxidative damage and cell robustness. The wild type and the recombinant GRF18U and BY strains were grown in minimal glucose medium with addition of 3. 0 mM H2O2, following the same experimental protocol described in Figure 3. At the time in which all strains start to recover from the imposed stress (each with a different kinetic: approximately after 2–3 duplications from the preinoculum–as example see Figure 3), samples were taken. Each sample was stained with Dihydrorhodamine123 for the detection of ROS [20], and PI (propidium iodide) to detect severely damaged and/or dead cells [21]. Samples were analyzed with a flow cytometer. The resulting dot plots are compared in Figure 5. On the dot plots (DHR123 vs. PI) each individual cell is represented by a single dot and it is quite easy to recognize at least four distinct yeast subpopulations. A first healthy subpopulation (named A in Fig. 5a, used as a schematic representation for the benefit of the following ones), having only the background signal (autofluorescence) for both fluorochromes (low DHR and low PI signal); a second subpopulation (named B in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2013. Pharmacogenetic testing is an interesting market for DTC companies, since test results only become actionable when a relevant drug is prescribed, which may be at the point of testing or many years later. This contrasts with genetic testing for disease variants where the increased – or decreased – risk is of immediate relevance for the participant. It may be cost-effective for individuals to undergo pharmacogenetic testing once in their adult life, and store the results, informing physicians whenever a new drug is prescribed so any relevant gene-drug associations may be checked. Such pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing may become routine practice, with data stored in the electronic health record (EHR), but there are few current implementations of this [2]. The introduction of DTC genetic testing has raised significant controversy amongst clinicians, academic researchers and the general public [3]. One of the major concerns is the potential for misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the test results, particularly when pre- or post-test genetic counselling is not provided. Here we study the pharmacogenetic tests offered by 23andMe to UK customers. 23andMe began offering health-related tests to a UK market in December 2014, when their US tests covered only ancestry testing, following FDA concerns over their health tests. Currently, 23andMe provides reports on over 100 health conditions and traits for UK customers. These reports include (1) recessive inherited variants for conditions such as cystic fibrosis and beta-thalassaemia, (2) dominantly inherited genetic risk factors like variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, (3) drug response tests like abacavir hypersensitivity and warfarin sensitivity and (3) prediction of traits such as hair colour and earwax type. 23andMe genotypes consumer’s DNA on the Illumina HumanOmniExpress-24 format chip, with more than 715,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), together with custom content specific for their tests ( accessed 3rd November, 2016). Consumer reports list each relevant genotype together with a summary, and further information on the test.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 5a) of still viable but ROS accumulating cells (low PI, high rhodamine signal); a third subpopulation (named C in Fig. 5a) made of damaged cells displaying high ROS and high PI signals and finally a fourth subpopulation (named D in Fig 5a) of dead cells, presumably originated from subpopulation C by loosing all DHR signal. The data reported in the upper (GRF18U background) panels of Figure 5 (b, c, d) clearly show that in the wild type strain the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 strongly influences the intracellular ROS content and affects cell vitality. In fact, as clearly shown by Fig. 5b, a considerable portion of the analyzed cells (28%) shows high intracellular levels of ROS, and the fraction of dead cells (33%) exceeds that of viable cells (28%). By contrast, in the recombinant strains producing L-AA (Fig. 5c), we registered a clear reduction of ROS formation, (15% of the total population), together with a decrease of cell mortality (30%) and a consequent improved cell viability (44%). This trend is maximized in the strain expressing the RnFGT gene (Fig. 5d), where the majority of the cells (89. 5%) is still viable and healthy, while ROS formation (1. 1%) and cell mortality (8. 7%) are almost negligible. As already observed for the growth curves in limiting conditions, also in this experiment there is a direct and positive correlation between the levels of vitamin C produced (see Fig. 2) and cell viability. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Flow cytometric analysis of wild type and vitamin C producing yeasts under oxidative stress. Panel 5A: schematic representation of the different subpopulations that can be observed in the following panels, where wild type (5B) and recombinant strains (5C and 5D) grown in minimal glucose medium added with H2O2 3. 0 mM were analyzed after DHR123 and PI staining (rodamine signal is reported in the abscissa and PI signal on the ordinate axes). Upper panels: GRF18U background. Lower panels: BY background. (B): wild type. (C): [] transformed cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks. Simplified decision support tools that use field level information to develop improved estimates of fertilizer N, P and K requirements based on refined relationships between soil nutrient supply, nutrient uptake and yield, are required to derive fertilizer recommendations in future. AB - Crop productivity intensification in smallholder farming systems of sub-(SSA) is urgently required to improve food self-sufficiency. Increased fertilizer use can address nutrient deficiencies that limit crop productivity in SSA. There is however large uncertainty in crop yield responses to fertilizer applications on farmer fields. This uncertainty has been linked to strong heterogeneity in soil fertility between and within farms. Fertilizer recommendations that account for this spatial heterogeneity are therefore required to better advise farmers, reduce investment and environmental risks for sustainable crop productivity intensification. The main objective of this study was to better understand and explain patterns of maize yield and yield responses to fertilizer applications under heterogenous fertility conditions in smallholder farming systems. This would allow for improved targeting of fertilizer applications, and enable better prediction of expected crop yield response to fertilizer use. A series of on-farm experiments assessing maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions were established on 23 farmers’ fields in Siaya, western Kenya across multiple seasons. Prior to experiment establishment, farmers were extensively interviewed to obtain information on past crop and nutrient management practices in selected fields. The experiment used was comprised of nutrient omission trials (NOTs) on farmer fields in Siaya to assess patterns of maize yield response to fertilizer applications of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N), 40 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P) and 60 kg ha-1 potassium (K). 1, plots with treatments including control, and NPK were repeated for 7 consecutive seasons in the same plots. 2 of the experiment, a second set of NOTs including and NPK were established in every plot on 6 fields that were previously part of Phase 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The company also sends the results directly to the physician for interpretation, thereby, technically no longer selling tests directly to consumers ( accessed 06/06/2010). The offer through physicians may eliminate some of the concerns that arose about information provision but does not remove the issue of the appropriateness of the test provided. In this context it becomes important whether physicians will take a role of gatekeeper for tests that may prove to be inappropriate. Furthermore, one must question whether physicians are appropriately educated to take on this role, and we must guard against physicians simply becoming tools for commercial genetic testing companies to look more legitimate and sell more tests. Moreover, it is no surprise that some companies have tried to get financial support from the healthcare system (Brdicka and Macek 2009) or insurance companies, and are attempting to gain the support of physicians working within the health care system. DTC GT companies are also developing tools to store genomic information in electronic health files as well as to enable physicians to access the genomic information of their consenting patients (Vanier 2009). Moreover, companies are also trying to establish collaborations with healthcare institutions and academic researchers. Ironically, the highly hyped DTC offer of genetic testing could vanish in this way, as it may merge into the regular healthcare system (while still, marketing tests directly to consumers and to physicians). Regulatory evolutionsNext to the volume of sales, the future of the DTC market will be highly influenced by regulations meant to govern the sales and marketing of DTC genetic testing services. Discussions about this phenomenon regularly reveal the deficiencies in the current regulatory frameworks (Kaye 2008). As many companies operate from the USA, it will be crucial to see how this country will develop regulatory oversight in the future. After the partnership announcement between and the drugstore chain Walgreens to sell DTC genetic tests, the US Food and (FDA) decided to investigate the activities of DTC companies more carefully (Allison 2010; Genetics and Center 2010). and July 2010, the FDA sent letters to various companies telling them that they were unable to “identify any Food and clearance or approval number” (Food and 2010b). Moreover, in mid-July 2010, the FDA held a meeting to discuss the oversight of laboratory developed tests (LDTs) (Food and 2010a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (D): [] transformed cells corresponding result has been observed for the BY yeast background (lower panels). While the general trend for both strains is similar, in this case, accordingly to the higher robustness observed for this genetic background (compare the behaviors of the GRF18U and BY cells in Figure 3 and 4 ) a lower accumulation of ROS has been detected. Taken together these data allow a more deeper analysis of the data shown in Figure 3 where increasing H2O2 concentration lead to longer delays of growth. These longer delays are clearly due to decreasing fractions of viable cells at the time of inolucum. The same cells analysed by flow cytometry can also be analysed with a fluorescence microscope for ROS accumulation. In the wild type strain, cells with a strong and granular rhodamine staining are quite frequent and well represented, while in the producing strain almost no signal for ROS is detectable (data not shown). All the described data demonstrate that the endogenous production of the antioxidant L-AA protects cells from oxidative damage, scavenging the intracellular production of ROS and/or increasing cell viability. DiscussionWe report for the first time the biosynthesis of vitamin C by recombinant S. cerevisiae cells starting from D-glucose. Accumulation of ascorbic acid was proven to be successful in two different strains (Figure 2). Furthermore, we proved that the intracellular accumulation of L-AA leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant yeasts during growth under different stress conditions. The recombinant yeasts that are functionally transformed to produce L-ascorbic acid generate lower levels of ROS (Fig. 5) and exhibit improved growth and a higher viability under conditions of organic (Fig. 4b) and inorganic (Fig. 4a) acid stresses as well as oxidative stress (Fig. 3c and d). These are physiological conditions often encountered during industrial large scale fermentations. For each yeast background, the degree of robustness seems to be directly related to the amount of intracellularly produced vitamin C (Fig. 2, 3 and 4). In accordance with our data it has been shown before that the addition of ascorbic acid to the growth medium has beneficial effects for heterologous protein production in yeasts [22].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated. The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: With this in mind, the of endorsed in June 2010 a statement in which it recommended to ensure, among other issues, the quality of the testing services, the provision of pretest information and genetic counseling, a face to face consultation, and oversight of this industry. (of 2010) As may be the case in the USA, stronger regulatory oversight may be forthcoming in Europe considering that the is in a process of revising the Directive 98/79/EC of the and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on Devices. A specific question addressed is the “need to create additional requirements or restrictions for direct-to-consumer genetic tests in order to ensure a better health protection” (European Commission. Health and Consumers Directorate-General. Consumer Affairs. Cosmetics and 2010). Further implementation of the concerning for to the Convention on Human rights and Biomedicine may lead to the legal obligation to ensure scientific validity and clinical utility of the tests offered as well as the need for individualized and face-to-face medical supervision (Borry 2008). Moreover, some individual European countries, such as Germany, Switzerland, and France have legislations that prohibit direct-to-consumer genetic testing. ConclusionAs it stands now, the many companies that have left the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market are an indication that hyped products and unrealistic expectations may not create the expected return on investment. Further regulatory oversight may well make it impossible for DTC genetic testing companies to operate using the same business model in the future. Although regulation may restrict or ban DTC genetic testing hereafter, these actions will not necessarily address important underlying issues within the DTC GT phenomenon, namely the questions of how and when to translate genomic discoveries into healthcare. Furthermore, important ethical and social issues regarding DTC GT including, among others, concerns regarding privacy, confidentiality, the use of consumers’ samples in research activities, the testing of minors, and the potential overconsumption of limited healthcare resources (Borry et al. 2009, 2010; Howard and Borry 2008; Howard et al. 2010) must also be addressed. The fact that some DTC GT companies stopped their online delivery of genetic tests and yet continued the DTC marketing and are now working through healthcare professionals strengthens the debate on the integration of genomics knowledge into healthcare. The healthcare system will have to be prepared for the implementation of useful testing as well as to resist collaboration with commercial companies that offer tests without clinical utility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the respective yeast strains are a major step for the development of a cell factory for the production of vitamin C itself, one of the most important specialty chemicals manufactured in the world. This aim has been long sought for, but never reached up to now [23]–[25]. In this respect, it is noteworthy that we have previously shown that (i) yeast cells do have one or more transporters which allow the accumulation of intracellularly produced ascorbic acid in the culture medium (i. e. , thus greatly facilitating the purification procedures) and (ii) that S. cerevisiae cells are quite tolerant to high concentrations of ascorbic acid (at least 40–50 g/L) [16]. Consequently, the industrial production of ascorbic acid by a one-step fermentation from D-glucose appears closer then ever. One final general consideration can be made considering the role of ROS. It is well known that the production of ROS is common for many types of cancer cells and that vitamin C has a positive effect in reducing the incidence of stomach, lung and colorectal cancer [26], [27]. On the other hand vitamin C can under certain circumstances even increase the generation of ROS and could have detrimental effects at least under certain circumstances [28]–[30]. Hopefully, S. cerevisiae cells endogenously producing vitamin C could represent a well suited cellular model to study the genesis/protection of ROS and genotoxicity in higher eukaryotic organisms. Materials and strains, transformation, media and cultivation The S. cerevisiae parental strains used in this study were GRF18U [31] (MATα; ura3; leu2-3,112; his3-11,15; cir+), and BY4742 (MATa; ura3Δ0; his3Δ1; leu2Δ0; lys2Δ0; cir+), EuroNo. Y10000- Yeast transformations were performed according to the LiAc/PEG/ss-DNA protocol [32] and both strains were transformed with one or more of the constructs described below, in parallel with the corresponding empty plasmid(s). The presence of the heterologous genes was confirmed by PCR analysis. For each set of transformation at least three independent clones were initially tested, showing no meaningful differences among them.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4955618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurpose: Climate fluctuations have produced uncertain situation for the farmers as many crops facing abiotic stresses at various stages which decreases the crop productivity. Rice crop is very sensitive at reproductive stage and can produce unfilled grains when faced elevated temperature. We hypothized that optimum level of growth regulators and boron nutrition may enhance the pollen strength which may improve fertilization and filled grains. Method: Two-year field experiment was designed to see the impact of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and boron (B) fertilization to boost the auxin along with pollen viability for better crop productivity. Fine rice genotype was grown under three cultivation systems i. e. S1 (Aerobic), S2 (Alternative wetting and drying) and S3 (Flooding). Moreover, at flowering stage foliar application of B and NAA was done as follows T0 (Control), T1 (Boron 0. 1%), T2 (NAA 40 μmol L-1), T3 (B + NAA). Results: Results revealed that combined application of NAA and B improved the plant auxin level along with boron contents which improved the sporogenesis process and enhanced the speikelet fertility. Improved physiological parameters were noticed in S3 (Flooded cultivation system) with T3 (B + NAA) application (S3T3) which lead toward higher thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Moreover, it improved the rice grain quality which was also maintained after cooking. Conclusion: Therefore, foliar application of NAA and boron at reproductive stage would be a useful strategy for improving rice growth, morpho-physiological and yield attributes in various cultivation systems. Fine riceAuxinBoroncultivation systemsterilitygrain qualityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionDue to shrinking water resources, farmers are adopting water saving techniques in crop production. Rice consumes lot of water for successful production which is also passing in water wise cultivation. Adequate amount of water can be saved in water saving techniques but with compromising of yield losses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: , at-risk individuals’ intentions to seek testing for Huntington’s disease far outstripped uptake rates once testing became available) [53]. The affective forecasting literature from psychology also suggests a general tendency for people to overrate the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events, which would include receiving genetic risk information for a variety of health conditions [54]. Given these limitations, future research is needed across all the domains described above. Such studies would benefit from designs that are prospective in nature, involve longitudinal follow-up and use of appropriate comparison groups, and access to more representative samples. Also welcome would be a focus on family-level responses and decision making [55]; despite the implications of genetic information for family members, relatively few studies have examined in detail how families (versus individuals) are impacted by the provision of DTC-GT results. Researchers have not typically had access to consumers’ own individual test results, hampering assessment of laypersons’ comprehension of their own results (e. g. , accuracy of risk perceptions) and understanding of their implications. One ongoing study, the NIH-funded Impact of (PGen) Study [56], is attempting to address this gap in its examination of consumers’ responses to their personal DTC-GT results (full disclosure: the lead author is joint on this project). The study has enrolled over 1,800 customers of two leading personal genomics companies who are followed over time to examine motivations and attitudes toward testing, understanding of their own results, and psychological and behavioral impact of test information. ConclusionsIn sum, the DTC-GT research to date provides support neither for the doomsday scenarios of industry critics nor the naïve optimism of its proponents. Given the current lack of evidence for either dramatic harms or widespread health benefits associated with DTC-GT, one may be excused for concluding that the charged policy debates of the past years have been a bit of a ‘tempest in a spit cup. ’ Of course, the DTC-GT landscape may change as the research in this area matures and the service delivery models in the field evolve. In the meantime, we should resist temptations to make sweeping generalizations about a heterogeneous industry and seek more a systematic, nuanced understanding of the benefits, risks and limitations of the DTC-GT approach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: The resulting S. cerevisiae strains constructed in this study are listed in Table 2, with their respective genotypes. In GRF18U the plasmid integration is locus specific (the auxotrophies were generated by multiple point mutations of the target genes), while integration is randomly directed in cells of the BY background. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. List of yeast strains constructed and used in this study cultures were grown in minimal synthetic medium (0. 67% w/v YNB Biolife without amino acids) with 2% w/v of D-glucose as carbon source. When required, supplements such as leucine, uracil, lysine and histidine were added to a final concentration of 50 mg/l, while the antibiotic nourseotricine sulphate (clo) was added to a final concentration of 100 mg/l. In the case of growth under oxidative or acidic stress, the desired stress condition was imposed by adding different concentrations of H2O2 (specifically 2, 2. 5, 3 and 3. 5 mM) or of lactic acid (45 g/l) directly to the medium or by lowering the medium pH to 2. 2 with HCl 6N. In the case of lactic acid addition, the pH value was adjusted to 3 with NaOH 4N. Yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density of 0. 1 (always 660 nm where not differently specified) and then optical density was measured at specific intervals of time over at least 55 hours from the inoculum. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. All strains were grown in shake flasks at 30°C and 160 rpm and the ratio of flask volume/medium was of 5/1. Gene amplification and expression plasmid construction All genes for the reconstruction of the L-AA pathway in yeast were PCR amplified on a 9700 (PE Appl. Biosystems, Inc. ) using Pwo DNA Polymerase (Roche Diagnostics) and following the manufacturer's instructions. Template DNA for and AtMIP was a cDNA library from A. thaliana (ATCC 77500) [33]; template DNA for ScALO1 consisted of 50 ng of genomic DNA from S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Likewise, NAA also improves the pollen viability, thereby enhancing the fertile grains which lead toward better crop yield and quality (Hussain et al. , 2021; Sajid et al. , 2016; Bakhsh et al. , 2011). Next to auxin, boron nutrient also has the very specific function in cell wall biosynthesis (Yuan et al. , 2022), pollen viability, grain filling and crop yield (Shahid et al. , 2018; Rehman et al. , 2014). Moreover, B has critical role in chlorophyll biosynthesis, refining gas exchange to regulate photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal CO2 in plants during stress conditions (Sarwar et al. , 2019). It has beneficial effects in heat stress conditions and the foliar application is the best agronomic strategy to mitigate the stress conditions and maintain optimum plant growth (Calderón-Páez et al. , 2021). The application of boron assists rice plant during reproductive stage as it reduces panicle sterility and increases its fertility which produces higher economic yield (Rehman et al. , 2015). Balanced plant nutrients and optimum level of growth regulators can manage the physiological mechanism of the plant under stressed environment. Plant produces defence compounds under worried environment which can also be regularized with proper management practices to make the defence stronger. As mentioned earlier that rice is very sensitive at reproductive stage and elevated temperature along with moisture stress can cause the productivity losses. So, the proper care at this stage with better nutrient management and to optimize the growth regulators can better the situation. We hypothesized that optimum application of boron and NAA in different rice cultivation systems may improve the crop productivity. Materials and methodsField experiment was conducted at agronomic research farm, department of Agronomy, University, Multan (30. 2705° N, 71. 5024°E) in 2018 and 2019 during the kharif (summer) season. Climate data were recorded during kharif season (June-November) during 2018 and 2019. Crop husbandry Piece of land was selected for the field experiment nearby water source to irrigate properly. Land was prepared to get the better tilth by using the tillage implements: rotavator, cultivator and planker. All residues of previous wheat crop were mixed into the soil and levelled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: 5-and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms moderate effects of stress on rumination. Behav 2011; 10(7): 740-6. CrossRef PubMed 114 Colzato LS, Van der. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with higher anticipatory cortisol stress response, anxiety, and alcohol consumption in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36(10): 1562-9. CrossRef PubMed 115 The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0156601. CrossRef PubMed 116 -Avila C, Salazar LA. Association of anxiety-related polymorphisms with sports performance in chilean long distance triathletes: A pilot study. J Med 2016; 15(4): 554-61. PubMed 117 Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: A systematic review for athletes. J 2016; 13(1): 43. CrossRef PubMed 118 Nestler EJ. Epigenetics: Stress makes its molecular mark. Nature 2012; 490(7419): 171-2. CrossRef PubMed 119 Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: Review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. 2012; 233(1): 102-11. CrossRef PubMed 120 Clow A, Hucklebridge F. The impact of psychological stress on immune function in the athletic population. Rev 2001; 7: 5-17. PubMed 121. Effect of physical and academic stress on illness and injury in division 1 college football players. J Res 2016; 30(1): 20-5. CrossRef PubMed 122 äkikallio TH, Tulppo MP. Self-rated mental stress and exercise training response in healthy subjects. 2012; 3: 51. CrossRef PubMed 123. A possible link between exercise-training adaptation and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate- an oldest-old female study. 2006; 3(4): 141-7. CrossRef PubMed 124. Changes in salivary testosterone concentrations and subsequent voluntary squat performance following the presentation of short video clips. 2012; 61(1): 17-22. CrossRef PubMed 125.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae GRF18U, extracted with a standard method (according to [34], slightly modified) RnFGT was PCR amplified from a kidney cDNA library (Origene, CR-1003). The following primer pairs were used: for ALO1: ALO1for and ALO1rev for LGDH,: and for ME: and for MIP: and for and. The PCR fragments were sub-cloned into the pSTBlue-1 vector using the Cloning kit (Novagen) and checked by sequence analysis. The obtained sequences were the same as those reported in Genebank except for MIP in which two silent point substitutions (A271T and T685G) were detected. Finally, the coding sequences were EcoRI cut and sub-cloned into S. cerevisiae expression vectors of the YX series (R&D Systems, Inc. ) or derivates (pYX012bT and pYX062, generated for this study, see below) and into the centromeric expression vectors pZ3, pZ3bT [35] and pZ5 (this study, see below). In detail, ALO1 was sub-cloned into pYX042 (integrative, LEU2 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter); LGDH was sub-cloned into pYX022 (integrative, HIS3 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter), and ME and MIP into pYX062 (integrative, LYS2 auxotrophic marker, PCR amplified with oligonucleotides LYS2for and LYS2rev from S. cerevisiae genome and substituted to the URA3 auxotrophic marker in the plasmid pYX012 DraIII/NotI cut and blunt ended, ScTPI promoter) and pYX012 (integrative, URA3 auxotrophic marker, ScTPI promoter) respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Soil sampling was done afterward to get the organic matter status and nutritional profile of the soil. Widely grown super basmati seed of fine rice cultivar was purchased from the rice research station kala shah kaku, Lahore. Seed was soaked with water and covered for 48 hours to make it moist. Sprouted seed was used for the nursery sowing. Nursery soil was prepared by using the local method. Firstly, ploughing was done with cultivator and Farm yard manure was mixed in the nursery soil. Prepared field was irrigated and sprouted seed was spreaded in the field. Field was also protected from the birds picking by adopting appropriate local strategies. Rice nursery was irrigated properly as per need by visual observations. Nursery was also provided with recommended NPK and protected from the pest to get the vigorous seedlings. Rice nursery (30 DAS) was transplanted in the main field and irrigation was managed as per treatment plan. There were three rice cultivation systems (S1: Aerobic (Direct seeded), S2: Alternate wetting and drying (Transplanting), S3: Flooded (Transplanting). Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement was used for this field experiment. In aerobic cultivation (S1) crop was was sown by direct seeded rice (DSR) technique in the 1st week of June of both years (2018, 2019). For transplanted rice i. e. (Alternative wetting and drying (S2) and Flooded (S3), nursery was transplanted on the same day of aerobic rice. Foliar application of boron and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was done according to the treatment plan i. e. T0: Control, T1: Boron (0. 1%), T2: NAA (40 µmol L− 1), T3: Boron + NAA (50, 50%) before flowering. Other than treatments, crop was fertilizer with macro nutrients NPK (140-80-60 kg ha− 1) in the form of Urea, DAP and SOP. All phosphorus and potassium were applied during the sowing of crop while N was applied in three splits, i. e. sowing, tillering and reproductive stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: J Res 1997; 12(8): 1241-5. CrossRef PubMed 155 -Smith D, Hawley JA. Regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle by short-term exercise and diet manipulation. Metab 2004; 287(1): E25-31. CrossRef PubMed 156 Influence of preexercise muscle glycogen content on transcriptional activity of metabolic and myogenic genes in well-trained humans. J 2007; 102(4): 1604-11. CrossRef PubMed 157 Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. 2001; 31(11): 785-807. CrossRef PubMed 158 Doherty M, Smith PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing: A meta-analysis. 2004; 14(6): 626-46. CrossRef PubMed 159. Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: A systematic review. J Res 2010; 24(1): 257-65. CrossRef PubMed 160 Loy BD, O’. Caffeine is ergogenic for Adenosine A2A Receptor gene (ADORA2A) T allele homozygotes: A pilot study. J 2015; 5(2): 73-81. CrossRef 161 Mujika I, Padilla S. Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for sports performance in highly trained athletes: A critical review. 1997; 18(7): 491-6. CrossRef PubMed 162 Ling C, Groop L. Epigenetics: A molecular link between environmental factors and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58(12): 2718-25. CrossRef PubMed 163. Tour de born or made: where do we take the genetics of performance? J 2016; 6: 1-9. PubMed 164. Epigenetics in sports. 2013; 43(2): 93-110. CrossRef PubMed 165. DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic control. J 2009; 108(1): 43-51. CrossRef PubMed 166 Ehrlich M. DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene 2002; 21(35): 5400-13. CrossRef PubMed 167 Impact of an exercise intervention on DNA methylation in skeletal muscle from first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61(12): 3322-32. CrossRef PubMed 168.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: ME EcoRI cut and blunt ended was also sub-cloned into pZ3bT (centromeric, G418R dominant marker, ZbTPI promoter) XbaI cut, blunt ended: the expression cassette bT promoter-AtME-polyA terminator was then PCR amplified with oligonucleotides btand polywhich has a recognition sequence for KpnI at the 5′ site; the cassette was then subcloned into pSTBlue-1 vector, and, after sequencing, KpnI excised and sub-cloned into pYX012-MIP KpnI cut, resulting in the pYX012 bTME-MIP expression vector. This construct allowed the integration of two heterologous genes into the yeast genome at the same time by the use of single marker of selection. cut was sub-cloned into pZ5. This is a centromeric vector derived from pBR1 (pYX022 in which the ARS-CEN fragment from Ycplac33 has been inserted [35]). pBR1 was cut KpnI and blunt ended, and the nourseotricine cassette (NatR) PvuII/SacI cut and blunt ended from pAG25 [36], has been inserted. All the restriction and modification enzymes used were from Biolabs (Hitchin, Herts, UK) or from (Mannheim, Germany). Standard procedures [37] were employed for all cloning purposes. All plasmids generated and utilized for the present study are described in Table 1. Determination of L-ascorbic acid For intracellular L-ascorbic acid determinations yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density of 0. 05 in minimal medium and grown for about 18 hours in order to reach a mid-exponential phase of growth. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C, washed once with ice-cold distilled water and then resuspended in about three times volume of ice-cold 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid, vortexed vigorously, and kept in ice for 20 minutes. The supernatant was then cleared from cell debris by centrifugation. Ascorbic acid was determined spectrophotometrically following a method adapted from that of Sullivan et Clarke [16], [19].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 1 µM EDTA, 75µM NBT, enzyme extract and 2µM riboflavin which was further proceeded for 15 min and illuminated with 20 W florescent tubes and reading was taken at 560nm wavelength. Peroxidase (POD) activity was noted by Shi et al. (2010). A mixture of 3. 0 ml was prepared by using 100µl guaiacol (1. 5%) v/v, 100µl enzyme extract, 100 µl H2O2, 2 mM EDTA, 2. 7 ml potassium sulphate buffer. The mixture then undergone through process and absorbance was noted at 470nm. Auxin contents were determined by using the method described by Hu et al. (2011). For this 0. 5 g fresh plant tissue was taken and homogenized in 50 ml of methanol/water (80/20, v/v) which contain 0. 01 butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and blended in a high speed blender. After that the solution was placed in -20 ℃ in refrigerator for 1 day then centrifuged to collect supernatant. Statistical analysis Data regarding all parameters were statistically analysed by fisher’s analysis of variance by using statistix software whereas the significance of the treatments was determined by least significance difference (LSD) test at 5% probability. of physiological parameters Experimental results revealed that NAA and B application improved the crop performance under sole application as well as its combined application in comparison with missing treatment. All cultivation systems responded positively to these amendments and exhibited its response as T3 > T2 > T1 under combined application. Flooded cultivation system (T3) provided exuberant response and intensified the photosynthetic rate (45. 48, 56. 26%), stomatal conductance (30. 57, 34. 80%), transpiration rate (52. 04, 55. 96%) and internal CO2 conc. (22. 27, 22. 18%) during both the years (2018, 2019) in comparison with control treatment i. e S1T0 (aerobic cultivation with missing NAA & B). Similarly combined application (T3) elevated the photosynthetic rate (43. 37, 54. 73%), stomatal conductance (25. 04, 31. 79%), transpiration rate (47. 07, 47.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Note that negative means unconfirmed sulfotyrosine whilst positive means experimentally verified sulfotyrosine. Full size imageThe major differences between the Sulfinator and the predictors constructed in this paper are the use of different algorithms as well as the different presentation approaches of amino acids to a machine learning model. HMM does not need an encoding process while the predictors constructed in this study use a hydrophobicity scale to encode the amino acids. It is known that the random forest algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm have been well-known in improving the generalisation capability of a model. The significant improvement in the prediction accuracy in blind data these models can result from the use of RF and SVM algorithms and the use of hydrophobicity scale. Finally, a single RF predictor is built using whole training data coded using 20-mer peptides (excluding any blind sequences). The RF predictor, a C program which is used to extract 20-mer peptides from a query sequence and encoding peptides using the Cornette scale, the whole training sequences and the blind sequences are available in the web site for free use, where a web tool is also available. The RF predictor is then used to make prediction on the 15 blind sequences. Its performance is the same as that obtained from cross-validation models. For instance, protein Q9PU41 is a Cholecystokinin with 130 residues. It is related to the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut [49]. A high degree of identity was found between the sequence from chicken and chinchilla which inferred a homologous function [50]. The sulfotyrosine is the first residue of the peptide Cholecystokinin-7 (112-118). The residue has been accurately predicted by both cross-validation RF predictions and the single RF predictor, as well as using Sulfinator. Protein A2ZBG5 is a Phytosulfokines 2. Two sulfotyrosine sites have been found in the peptide Phytosulfokine-beta (110-113). This protein is associated with plant cell differentiation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and cell proliferation. The sulfated tyrosine is for binding to a putative membrane receptor [51]. In this case both sites have been accurately predicted using the RF model. However, Sulfinator failed to predict both.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: We previously confirmed the identity of ascorbic acid by HPLC using yeast cells functionally transformed to produce ascorbic acid from L-galactose [16]. Flow cytometric analyses Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by Dihydrorhodamine 123 as described in [20]. Cells were incubated with Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123, Co. , St. ) for 2 h, washed twice with PBS buffer and subsequently resuspended in propidium iodide solution 0. 46 mM for the identification of dead or severely compromised cells. Samples were then analyzed using a Quanta™ SC flow cytometer () equipped with a diode laser (excitation wavelength 488 nm, laser power 22 mW). The fluorescence emission was measured through a 525–550 nm band pass filter (FL1 parameter) for DHR signal and through a 670 nm long pass filter (FL3 parameter) for PI signal. The sample flow rate during analysis did not exceed 600–700 cells/s. A total of 20,000 cells was measured for each sample. Data analysis was performed afterwards with WinMDI 2. 8 software, build#13 01-19-2000 (Purdue University, [ Fluorescence microscopy Samples of the same yeast cultures treated and FACS analyzed for ROS content were also directly analysed using a 90i fluorescence microscope (excitation, 488 nm) using standard FITC filters. Images were taken using the software Metamorph 2. 2. 1. (2003) Oxidative stress in submerged cultures of fungi. Biotechnol 23: 267–302. View 2. (2004) Stress in recombinant protein producing yeasts. J Biotechnol 113: 121–135. View 3. (2007) Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress. Signal 9: 49–89. View 4. (2005) Complex cellular responses to reactive oxygen species. Biol 15: 319–326. View 5. Apel K, (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. 55: 373–399. View 6. (1991) Vitamin C: newer insights into its biochemical functions. 49: 65–70. View 7. (1990) Cellular functions of ascorbic acid. Biol 68: 1166–1173. View 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 57%) and internal CO2 conc. (19. 56, 19. 75%) in AWD cultivation systems (S2) in both years (2018, 2019) as compared to control. Morover, this treatment combination also improved photosynthetic rate (36. 84, 48. 75%), stomatal conductance (18. 26, 22. 04%), transpiration rate (31. 40, 25. 24%) and internal CO2 conc. (13. 46, 15. 18%) even in aerobic cultivation system (S1) during both the years (2018, 2019). While the physiological performance of the crop was found inferior in all missing treatment and recorded lowest under aerobic rice cultivation (Table 2). Table 2 Gases exchange as affected by the application of naphthalene acetic acid and boron in different cultivation systems. Treatment 2018 2019 (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (mmol H2O m− 2s− 1) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) (mmol H2O m− 2s− 1) Internal CO2 Concentration (µmol CO2 m− 2s− 1) S1T0 22. 35h 4. 61i 10. 33k 281. 66k 18. 16i 4. 42i 10. 48i 284. 36i S1T1 32. 55f 5. 38g 13. 57hi 317. 33hi 30. 16f 5. 34g 13. 11fgh 324. 62fg S1T2 34. 87e 5. 46fg 14. 12gh 320. 75gh 33. 57e 5. 47f 13. 75efg 330. 15ef S1T3 35. 39de 5. 64ef 15. 06fg 325. 49fg 35. 44d 5. 67e 14. 02efg 335. 26de S2T0 27. 65g 4. 74i 12. 25j 309. 16j 25. 46h 5. 02h 11. 55hi 314. 35h S2T1 36. 38de 5. 82de 15. 82ef 332. 16ef 36. 52d 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict all future health problems with absolute certainty. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: These results suggest that genetic information is not capable of accurately discriminating between elite athletes and nonathletic controls, illustrating that the use of such information as a talent-identification tool is currently unwarranted and ineffective. *The authors are with the Inst of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom. Pickering (craigpickering1014@hotmail. com) is corresponding author. (xlsx 13 KB) Email this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Journal of 1. Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812 Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 81210. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812)| falseSearch 2. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/377590 ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/37759010. 1086/37759012879365)| falseSearch 3. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10. 1136/bjsports-2015-095343 Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (1986) New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N Med 314: 892–902. View 9. (1998) D-Erythroascorbic acid is an important antioxidant molecule in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 30: 895–903. View 10. (2000) The biosynthesis of erythroascorbate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its role as an antioxidant. 28: 183–192. View 11. (2001) Deficiency of D-erythroascorbic acid attenuates hyphal growth and virulence of Candida albicans. 69: 3939–3946. View 12. (1998) The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants. Nature 393: 365–369. View 13. (1997) Ascorbate metabolism and its regulation in animals. 23: 793–803. View 14. Klis FM (1994) Review: cell wall assembly in yeast. Yeast 10: 851–869. View 15. (2000) Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 186: 245–250. View 16. (2004) Production of L-ascorbic acid by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Microbiol 70: 6086–6091. View 17. (2007) Arabidopsis VTC2 Encodes a GDP-L-Galactose Phosphorylase, the Enzyme in the Smirnoff-to in Plants. J 282: 18879–18885. View 18. (1998) GDP-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase. Purification, cDNA cloning, and properties of the enzyme. J 273: 30165–30174. View 19. (1955) A highly specific procedure for ascorbic acid. . 38: 514–518. View 20. (1999) Oxygen stress: a regulator of apoptosis in yeast. J 145: 757–767. View 21. (1987) Discrimination of viable and non-viable cells using propidium iodide in two color immunofluorescence. Cytometry 8: 413–420. View 22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 83e 14. 94def 338. 62d S2T2 38. 44bc 6. 02bcd 17. 26cd 341. 25cd 38. 42bc 6. 21c 16. 68cd 347. 52bc S2T3 39. 47ab 6. 15b 19. 52b 350. 16b 40. 12ab 6. 48b 19. 99b 354. 36b S3T0 31. 32f 5. 05h 12. 98ij 312. 45ij 28. 29g 5. 20g 12. 45ghi 320. 74gh S3T1 37. 35cd 5. 90cd 16. 66de 336. 26de 37. 16cd 6. 02d 15. 49cde 342. 42cd S3T2 38. 95bc 6. 11bc 18. 13c 345. 44bc 39. 10b 6. 34bc 17. 36c 351. 36b S3T3 41. 00a 6. 64a 21. 54a 362. 36a 41. 52a 6. 78a 23. 80a 365. 44a LSD0. 05 2. 00 0. 23 1. 06 7. 72 1. 80 0. 17 2. 00 8. 18 S1 = Aerobic Rice, S2 = Alternative wetting and drying (Transplanted), S3 = Flooded (Transplanted), T0 = Control, T1 = Boron (0. 1%), T2 = NAA (40 µmol L− 1), T3 = B + NAA (50%, 50%). Yield parameters Crop yield traits certainly enhanced by the cultivation systems and further refined by application of NAA and Boron during both the growing seasons (2018, 2019). NAA and B application improved the rice crop productivity in all cultivation systems, both in sole as well as under combined application. Results comparison exhibited that treatment T3 produced 53. 40, 52. 59% heavier grains, increased 34. 91, 34. 64% grain yield, 27. 19, 25. 69% biological yield and presented 38. 54, 38. 81% harvest index, respectively in 2018, 2019 as compared to S1T0 when grown in flooded cultivation system (S3). Likewise, similarly application contributed 47. 84, 46. 93% heavier grains, 32. 72, 32. 16% increased grain yield, created 25. 32, 24.

Output: corroborate