Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Conference report: the importance of the gut microbiome and nutrition on health Published online by Press: 20 December 2021 [Opens in a new window] andShow author details Derek Ball* Affiliation: Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, University of : Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, * *Corresponding author. Email: derek. ball@abdn. ac. uk 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to (28–29 March 2021) focussed on the gut microbiome and health that was divided across three separate but inter-related areas from the impact of nutrition on the gut microbiome, the cause and effect of nutrition and health on the gut microbiome to the interaction between pathogens and gut microbiota. The program was supported by two plenary lectures, the first discussed the computational methods commonly employed to examine gut microbiota and the concluding lecture presented the interaction between gut microbiome, nutrition and health in older populations. , 2021 e4 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of the complexity of the microbiome requires an interdisciplinary approach utilising molecular biology and bioinformatics. Glendinning (Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK) provided an excellent insight to the various computational approaches available to analysing the microbiota populations (Glendinning et al. , Reference Glendinning, Stewart and Pallen2020). She highlighted the requirements for good analytical practice based on; the type of data being generated; the experimental hypothesis being tested and the challenges arising to analyse the data. Further discussion focussed on the applications for analysing the taxonomy that exists in samples, that while informative do not necessarily indicate function. The discussion was expanded into the application of metagenomics to identify diversity changes and the identification of microbiota clustering with identification of the limitations to collecting and presenting data. A key message from the lecture was the importance of good communication between the wet and dry laboratories to both maximise and optimise data analysis. The use of animal models to understand the link between the gut microbiome, nutrition and growth was presented by Gardiner (of Technology, Ireland). Using a porcine model, discussed the relationship between gut microbiota, immunomodulation, feed efficiency and growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, there are growing concerns about the potential loss of this traditional knowledge and skill, primarily due to habitat degradation, modern education, acculturation, and the waning interest of younger generations [21, 22]. This problem is also prevalent in the lowlands of northwestern Ethiopia. Despite numerous ethnobotanical studies conducted across Ethiopia in recent years, the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of the Quara district remains undocumented. Given the district’s cultural diversity, rich vegetation cover, and other factors contributing to its reliance on traditional medicine, it is hypothesized that a wealth of valuable medicinal plant knowledge exists among the ethnic groups in Quara that warrants further study. Moreover, comparing the findings of such a study with the broader Ethiopian ethnobotanical medicinal plant database could provide valuable insights into the regional distribution and utilization of these plants, further enriching our understanding of Ethiopia’s remarkable traditional plant-based healthcare system. Given the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara, as well as the pressing need to document and preserve its traditional medicinal plant knowledge, the present study aims to (i) document the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge used by the local communities, (ii) assess the major threats to the medicinal plants, and (iii) identify and report any new ethnomedicinal plant species data and usage information not previously recorded. The overarching goal of these research objectives is to contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of valuable plant resources in the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara. Materials and methodsDescription of the study areaThe study was conducted in Quara district, located in the Zone of the in northwestern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is situated between 11°47′5. 4″ and 12°31′3. 6″ N latitude and 35°15′48″ to 36°48′51″ E longitude, with an altitude range of 530 to 1900 meters above sea level [23]. Fig. 1Map of Ethiopia showing the Amhara region and the study sitesFull size imageQuara district comprises 28 kebeles, which are the smallest administrative units. The average annual temperature in the district ranges from 25 to 35 °C, and the mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1200 mm [24]. The district experiences an unimodal rainfall pattern, with the rainy season starting in early May and ending in early October. The months between October and May are characterized by dry, hot weather conditions [23].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Indeed, we have previously reported the excess maternal transmission of hypertension in hypertensive families9,10,11,12,13,14 with the identification of several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, including T3308C in ND1 9, A4435G in transfer tRNAMet 11, A4263G in tRNAIle 13, and A4401G in tRNAMet and tRNAGln 12. We showed that these mutations lead to a decrease in tRNAs and several polypeptides encoded by mtDNA11,12,13. However, the relationship between mtDNA mutations and high BP remains unclear. To investigate the effect of mtDNA mutations on hypertension pathogenesis, we performed a systematic mtDNA mutational screening in a large cohort of hypertensive subjects in the Clinic at the in China9,10,11,12,13,14. Here, we reported on a family with maternally inherited hypertension and the novel mutation tRNAMet C4467A. We carried out a systematic investigation of changes in oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis that are associated with the tRNAMet C4467A mutation to further explore the possible mechanisms of mtDNA mutation pathogenesis in maternally inherited hypertension. ResultsPedigree analysisThe proband (III-10), a 42-year-old male, underwent a health evaluation at the clinic and was found to have borderline hypertension with a BP of 140/90 mmHg. He did not smoke or drink alcohol and did not have a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. The pedigree originated from Province, China (Fig. 1). The proband’s mother and five sisters also presented with hypertension. Statistical analysis of the age of hypertension onset of relatives on the maternal lineage showed that the average age of onset for the second generation was 62. 0 ± 6. 2 years, while the average ages were younger for the third generation (46. 3 ± 5. 8 years) and fourth generation (23. 3 ± 2. 9 years) (Table 1). The blood pressure levels in this family are listed in Table 2. Figure 1Chinese family with hypertension carrying the mitochondrial tRNAMet 4467 C>A mutation. Arrowhead denotes the proband. Affected individuals are indicated by filled symbols. Full size image Table 1 comparison of age of onset and blood pressure of the individuals on maternal lineage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The identification of farm-specific biomarkers was highlighted as a strategy to understand the relationship between feed efficiency and growth as opposed to identify feed-specific microbiota due to the variability as a function of the rearing environments. Furthermore, illustrated that reprogramming either the maternal or foetal microbiome did not necessarily restore the feed efficiency phenotype, and in some cases led to a retardation in growth. Linking the role of the gut microbiota on the availability and activity of a range of metabolites was presented by Rowland (University of Reading, UK). Microbiota metabolic activity significantly enhances the host’s capacity to metabolise a wide range of dietary components that subsequently extends the range of formed metabolites. Using the example of short-chain fatty acids, acetate, butyrate and propionate, demonstrated that fermentation of dietary carbohydrates by the microbiota, that increases short-chain fatty acid availability, not only led to metabolite expansion, but could also act as cell-signalling molecules (Rowland et al. , and Tuohy2018). He concluded his presentation that the large inter-individual variation in gut microbiota has consequences on both metabolism and health. The interplay between dietary fibre intake, gut microbiota and health was discussed by Edwards (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on the role of dietary fibre, provided evidence of the importance of dietary fibre on gut microbiota as a source of energy and that these can be present as a complex matrix of non-digestible components. A range of factors that influence the interaction between microbiota and dietary fibre was discussed that included method of presentation, dosage, interaction between dietary fibres (Edwards et al. , and Combet2017). Understanding the complex nature of this relationship was further illustrated by reference to barriers to dietary fibre intake, differences in gut physiology between individuals and the limitations of current models and tracers and the reporting of these studies. Manipulation of the microbiota to improve gut health in individuals with an underlying condition was addressed by Gerasimidis (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on Crohn’s Disease (CD), provided evidence that enteral nutrition in paediatric patients could reduce the biomarkers of gut inflammation during an 8-week period by alteration of the gut microbiota. There are limitations to this approach in relation to the volume of enteral nutrition required (120 L/week) and that following the cessation of treatment the symptoms had returned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency [25], the district had a total population of 94,106, with 50,021 (53. 15%) men and 44,085 (46. 85%) women. Of the total population, 89,375 (94. 97%) resided in rural areas. The study area has a diverse ethnic composition, primarily consisting of the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz communities. The predominant religion is Christianity. The primary language spoken in the area is Amharic, with other locally known languages including Agewgna, Gumuz, and Datsien [17]. In terms of topography, the district is characterized by flat to undulating plains that slope from south to north. The landscape features valleys, streams, scattered hills, and seasonal wetlands in the lowlands. As the terrain transitions to the midland agroecology, it becomes steep, rugged, and scenic. The lowland area of the district is widely used for investment in Ethiopia, and the main sources of income are mixed crop-livestock systems. These systems involve the production of sesame, sorghum, maize, and cotton, as well as the rearing of livestock such as cattle, goats, and equines [23]. The district’s vegetation is categorized under the Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland vegetation type [26]. Additionally, the area contains other diverse ecosystem complexes, including intact scrublands, riverine vegetation, seasonal wetland vegetation, open wooded grasslands, and hilly area woodlands [27]. Research designReconnaissance survey and site selectionThe researchers obtained a formal letter from the for Research and of the University of Gondar to conduct the study with clearance number 1059/2022. Then, we presented this letter to the Quara district administration office and received permission to proceed with a reconnaissance survey and select sample kebeles for the actual study. The reconnaissance survey was carried out from July 15–22, 2022, in the Quara district. After the reconnaissance survey, ten kebeles were selected through stratified random sampling, based on the recommendations of district administrators, local authorities, and elders. The selected sample kebeles represented 35. 7% of the total 28 kebeles in the Quara district.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Full size table Table 2 for in a Pedigree. Full size table We performed segregation analysis to differentiate between different patterns of inheritance, including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial inheritance8, as shown on the pedigree in Fig. 1. Autosomal inheritance would be indicated by an equal number of hypertensive offspring from hypertensive fathers compared to hypertensive mothers. However, 10 out of 17 offspring from hypertensive mothers exhibited hypertension, while both offspring of hypertensive fathers did not exhibit hypertension. Therefore, it is not consistent with autosomal inheritance. X-linked recessive inheritance would be indicated by a higher number of affected males than affected females. However, a difference was not observed between the number of affected females and males in this family, and therefore, an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern was also rejected. X-linked dominant inheritance would be indicated by hypertension in all daughters of hypertensive fathers, which was also excluded in this family. Therefore, the family presented with maternal inheritance, which could be explained by mitochondrial or imprinting inheritance. Imprinting was excluded because the ratio of affected offspring from hypertensive mothers should have been less than or equal to 0. 5 l however, the ratio for this family was 0. 56 (10 out of 18). Thus, mitochondrial DNA mutation was the most likely explanation of the hypertension etiology in this pedigree. Biochemical analysis of maternal and non-maternal individuals showed metabolic dysfunctionBlood specimens of 28 individuals from this pedigree were obtained for biochemical testing. Statistical analysis showed that individuals from the maternal lineage had significant increases in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood glucose and serum sodium as well as a decrease in potassium compared with non-maternal relatives (P < 0. 05, Table 3 and Supplemental Fig. 1). Table 3 Biochemical test for members in this Chinese Pedigree. Full size table mtDNA sequence analysis and tRNA 2-D structure analysisBecause the transmission pattern of hypertension in this family appeared to be maternal inheritance, mtDNA may be involved in the disease pathogenesis. We therefore analyzed the whole mitochondrial genome of members in this family using PCR amplification and subsequent sequence analysis of the PCR fragments. The tRNAMet C4467A mutation was identified in the proband, as shown in Fig. 2. Sequencing of PCR fragments revealed that the tRNAMet C4467A mutation was absent from 366 Chinese controls.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: He explained that alternative approaches were now being trialled using a novel ordinary diet-based therapy that was proving effective in children with CD. Returning to the theme of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), Frost (King’s College, London, UK) and Morrison (University of Glasgow, UK), explained that the gut microbiota generate short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine. In support of previous evidence, they discussed the multi-factorial effects that SCFA’s play in several tissues and highlighted the limited evidence from human studies that suggested a clear line for future study. Focussing on propionate they presented data from studies utilising inulin, as a vehicle to deliver propionate directly to the colon, and identified an effect from propionate on appetite regulation, beta cell function and glucose homeostasis as well as cardio-metabolic markers. On day 2, the session started with a discussion on the effects of parasitic worm infection on the gut microbiome. Reynolds (University of Victoria, Canada) provided a fascinating insight into Helminth infection on the small intestinal metabolome. Although parasitic worm infection can increase the risk of infection to the host, also explained that Helminth infection can also be immunosuppressive (Brosschot and Reynold, and Reynold2018) and for conditions where intestinal inflammation is a major pathology these treatment-induced infections can alleviate symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between the local bacterial microbiota, metabolome and Helminth infection was illustrated by the changes in isovalerate levels. The final two presentations of the session focussed on specific pathologies within the intestinal tract that encompassed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), delivered by Hold (University of Wales, Australia) and gastric cancer, covered by Rossiter (University of Birmingham, UK). explained that while the rate of IBD appears to be low (0. 3% prevalence), the rates continue to increase and that microbial composition as evidenced through 16S rRNA sequencing expression is highly linked to classifying disease status. She further highlighted that metagenomics appears to be the best method to identify treatment response. Furthermore, stressed that a holistic understanding of the intestinal microbiota is essential if we are to comprehend the composition, function and metabolic capacity that can affect disease treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The criteria for selecting the sample kebeles included the presence of traditional healers, agroclimatic conditions (lowland and midland), ethnic distribution (Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz), and settlement history (local inhabitants and settlers). Sample size determination and informant selectionTo determine representative samples for the study area, Cochran’s formula [28] as cited in [29] was used. Accordingly, a total of 286 informants (195 males and 91 females) were chosen (Table 1). Among them, 58 were key informants, while 228 were general informants. The key informants were purposefully selected in consultation with local authorities and elders, as well as using the snowball sampling method. The general informants were selected through a random sampling method, considering factors such as age, sex, cultural background, settlement history, and agroecology. Table 1 Description of study kebeles of data collection within the study area, highlighting key geographical and demographical attributeFull size tableData collectionEthnobotanical information was collected through face-to-face interviews with informants. For this purpose, pre-planned semi-structured questionnaires, and standardized data collection protocols [30,31,32] were used. Extensive field trips, accompanied by informants, were conducted from August 2022 to October 2023 to identify and collect therapeutic plant species used in the district. The interviews were primarily conducted in the Amharic language, which is the common language of the study area. However, when informants spoke other languages, local translators were engaged. Subsequently, all the documented data were translated into English. The checklist contained questions focused on local names of medicinal plants, their habits, parts used, diseases treated, and mode of preparation and administration. In addition, for on-site data collection, guided field walks with the informants were carried out, during which notes were taken on local names, plant specimens were collected, and information on habits, habitats, status, and other relevant details of the therapeutic plant species were recorded. Moreover, four focus group discussions were held with seven key informants in each discussion. These discussions covered various topics, such as threats to medicinal plants, conservation practices, antidotes, and dosage following the approach outlined by [33]. The focus group discussions helped to validate the data collected from the informants. Specimen identificationThe collected voucher specimens were authenticated using taxonomic literature, reference voucher specimens, and various books on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Enzyme activities are expressed as nmol NADH oxidized per min per unit citrate synthase (CS) for complex I, nmol 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reduced per min per unit citrate synthase for complex II (succinate:ubiquinone-1 reductase) and the apparent first-order rate constant per sec per unit citrate synthase for complexes III and IV ( × 103). Control values are shown as mean±SD. Full size imagePatient 2Histochemical analysis of a muscle biopsy sample revealed ∼80% COX-deficient fibres, a significant proportion of which showed evidence of subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulation, typical of ‘ragged-red’ changes (Figure 2). Respiratory chain analyses revealed severe biochemical deficiencies of complexes I and IV. Following exclusion of a mtDNA copy-number abnormality and large-scale mtDNA rearrangements, whole mitochondrial genome sequencing uncovered a previously reported pathogenic mutation, m. 5543T>C (Figure 1) within the MTTW gene encoding the mitochondrial tryptophan tRNA. 12 Pyrosequencing confirmed very high levels of mutated mtDNA in muscle and uroepithelium (99% and 92%, respectively), with lower levels in blood (42%) and buccal epithelium (55%). Analysis of maternal samples confirmed maternal transmission of the m. 5443T>C mutation, being present at low levels of heteroplasmy in blood-, urine- and buccal-derived DNA samples (8, 29 and 14% mutation load, respectively). DiscussionWe studied two patients with suspected mitochondrial disease – both born to consanguineous, first-cousin parents – identifying maternally transmitted, mtDNA mutations in each case: m. 13514A>G within MTND5 in Patient 1 and m. 5543T>C within MTTW in Patient 2. Quantitative assessment of these mutations in maternal DNA samples confirmed that mutations were not sporadic, having been maternally transmitted in both cases. Both asymptomatic mothers harboured their child's mutation in all available samples, albeit below the threshold required to cause a biochemical defect. Isolated complex I deficiency (Patient 1) represents the most frequent biochemical abnormality in paediatric presentations of mitochondrial disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Focussing on the upper gastrointestinal tract, discussed the link between the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, and gastric cancer and the relationship with other bacterial species and concluded that these relationship are not fully understood. She then presented data on H. pylori growth in a polymicrobial environment with the observation that Actinomyces oris completely inhibits H. pylori growth. However, she also indicated that co-infection with H. pylori and Actinomyces spp led to an increase in interleukin 8 expression in a gastric cell carcinoma model that could possibly exacerbate the inflammatory response. She concluded that understanding the gastric microbiota is required if we asre to unlock the mechanism between the bacterial population and gastric carcinogenesis. The second plenary lecture by Prof. Paul O’Toole (Cork, Ireland) discussed the diet-microbiome and health axis from the perspective of the ageing population. He described how the gut microbiome in an aged population differs significantly from a young population (O’Toole and Jeffery, Reference O’Toole and Jeffery2018) and this could be due to several factors and that one of these is a reduction in diet diversity. The changes in dietary habits correlates with increasing frailty and independence of residence. Changes in dietary intake, either by the use of probiotics or the adoption of a Mediterranean diet results in measurable changes in microbiota profile in humans. In addition, he reported that there is a positive relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean diet and a delay in the onset of ageing-related health loss. He also highlighted the differences in body mass index between individuals that reside in the community and those in residential care and the impact this would have on metabolic status and that non-dietary factors should not be overlooked. In summary, the data presented and the roundtable discussions that took place after the presentation sessions illustrated the diversity of impacts from the gut microbiome on health, metabolic status, development and growth and maintenance through the lifespan. A significant number of presentations also discussed the merits and limitations of the different methodologies applied to understand the microbiota profile and the various models, from cell to organism and animal/human, to examine the function of the gut microbiota and its impact on whole body function. authors wish to acknowledge the support of in the organisation and running of the Spring conference. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Medicinal plant knowledge of the informants in Quara district (n = 286)Full size tableMedicinal plant diversityA total of 128 species of medicinal plants were found in the Quara district for treating human ailments. These species were distributed across 112 genera and 50 families (Material 1). Of the total number of families, 23 families (46%) had two or more species, while the remaining 27 families (54%) had only one species each. The family with the greatest number of species was Fabaceae (22 species), followed by Malvaceae (9 species) and Combretaceae (7 species). In terms of plant habit, trees accounted for 37. 5% of the species, whereas climbers (4. 7%) had the lowest proportion (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Habits of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imagePlant parts and conditions for preparing remediesDifferent plant parts were reported to be used in remedy preparation in the district (Fig. 3). The leaf was the most used plant part (23. 1%), followed closely by the root (22. 8%). Other plant parts like bulb, stem, root bark, flower, resin, seed pod gum, and tuber, accounted for a total of 8. 6%. Most of the remedies were prepared using freshly collected plant parts (61. 6%), followed by either fresh or dry parts (19. 6%), or dry parts (18. 8%). Fig. 3Plant parts used for remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageAilments treated with medicinal plantsThe study found that a total of 76 human ailments were treated using the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the district (see 1). Of the total medicinal plant species, the majority (101 species, 79%) were able to treat two or more ailments, while 27 species (21%) were used to treat single ailments. Some of the plants that demonstrated particularly broad medicinal application included Ximenia americana, Moringa stenopetala, and Terminalia leiocarpa, each of which was able to treat ten different ailments. Another plant, Solanum incanum, was used to treat nine ailments. In addition to using individual plant species, the traditional healers in the study area also combined multiple parts to create remedies for various ailments. A total of 28 plant species were used in two or more combinations for this purpose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 9, 13 Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest component of the respiratory chain with 45 structural subunits, seven of which are mtDNA encoded; the remaining subunits and assembly factors are nuclear encoded. An estimated 25–30% of patients with isolated complex I deficiency harbour a mitochondrial DNA point mutation;14 nuclear defects must therefore account for the remaining patients. In a consanguineous family, the scope for offspring harbouring autozygous mutations is clearly increased; to date, there have been no reports linking pathogenic mtDNA mutations with isolated complex I deficiency in consanguineous families, while autosomal recessive mutations within nuclear-encoded structural genes or assembly factors are frequently reported. 9, 15 When isolated complex I deficiency is identified in non-consanguineous families, mutations of the matrilineal mitochondrial genome are also considered and mtDNA sequencing is performed routinely. The m. 5543T>C mtDNA mutation identified in Patient 2 lies within the gene encoding mitochondrial tRNATrp; mt-tRNA gene mutations are associated with diverse clinical presentations and are often heteroplasmic. Phenotypic variation in mitochondrial disease is thought to be related, at least partly, to the proportion of mutated mtDNA present in different tissues, each with their own disease threshold. The previous report of the m. 5443T>C mutation was apparently de novo, with no evidence of the mutation in maternal blood; however, it is well documented that heteroplasmy levels of many mt-tRNA gene mutations decrease with age in rapidly dividing tissues. 12 As such, the absence in maternal lymphocytes may be attributable to negative selection, while the mutations may have been detectable in other tissues with lower selective pressures, such as uroepithelial cells. This highlights a potential pitfall in screening familial samples for mt-tRNA mutations and the importance of selecting clinically relevant tissues for investigation. 16, 17 In our patient, the age of onset,14 in tandem with combined respiratory chain deficiencies and marked histological abnormalities, was highly suggestive of an mtDNA rather than nuclear genetic abnormality. Identifying the genetic basis of mitochondrial disease is essential for accurate genetic counselling and calculating the recurrence risks. 18 Although mtDNA mutations can arise sporadically,19 we demonstrate that in both our families, the causative mtDNA mutation has been maternally transmitted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Acasa > Reviste de specialitate > Medic. ro > Impactul microbiomului intestinal asupra sănătăţii fizice şi mintale microbiomului intestinal asupra sănătăţii fizice şi mintale Impact of the gut microbiome on physical and mental health Mihaela Ţăpescu, First published: 25 martie 2020 Editorial Group: : 10. 26416/Med. 133. 1. 2020. 2996 scientific research is laying the groundwork for a new approach in treating various pathologies, showcasing the interdependence in terms of intestinal, physical and mental health. Also referred as the second brain, the intestinal microbiome is a unique imprint for each individual, and its content of microorganisms, in terms of type and amount, establishes the overall health of the body. The new clinical findings highlight the significant role that the intestinal microbiome has in regaining homeostasis and correlate food patterns with the prevalence of certain pathologies. MyNewGut FP7 EU is an European project which performed a multidisciplinary approach to the microbiome issue by analyzing the interactions of food and environmental factors in altering the microbiota, leading to the development of metabolic and behavioural disorders. The project was developed and spanned over a period of five years, between 2013 and 2018, and managed to highlight, following interconnected translational research, the role of the intestinal microbiome in metabolic health, the negative impact of high fat diets on the nervous system and the intestinal microbiome, and the essential role of increased dietary fiber intake in decreasing the symptoms of depression, in adjusting body weight, and in reducing the development of chronic metabolic diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For instance, the mixture of the roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, Allium sativum, Capparis tomentosa, Withania somnifera, and Cucumis ficifolius was powdered and smoked to treat the evil eye. A drink was prepared using a combination of the roots of Carissa spinarum, and Ruta chalepensis, along with the bulb of Allium sativum, to treat snakebites. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe communities in the study area utilized a variety of methods to prepare and administer traditional medicinal remedies. The most common preparation methods were extraction (17. 5% of preparations), decoction (13. 4% of preparations), and paste (10. 2% of preparations). Additionally, seven other preparation methods accounted for a total of 5. 2% of the remedies (Fig. 4). In terms of routes of administration, over half of the remedies (211 preparations, 56. 7%) were administered orally. This was followed by topical application, which accounted for 32. 5% of the preparations (121 in total) (Fig. 5). Fig. 4Methods of remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageFig. 5Route of administration of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imageEthnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study examined the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants across the three main ethnic groups in the district—the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz using the Venn diagram (Fig. 6). Among the three ethnic groups, 57 plant species were reported by the Agew ethnic group, 70 by the Gumuz, and 107 by the Amhara ethnic groups. Analysis of the distribution of plant resources revealed that 28% of the plants studied overlapped among the three ethnic groups. The pairwise comparisons showed that the Amhara and Gumuz ethnic groups had the highest degree of similarity, sharing 15. 63% of their medicinal plant species. , followed by the Amhara and Agew groups (8. 6%), and the Agew and Gumuz ethnic groups had the lowest overlap, sharing only 2. 34% of their medicinal plant species. In total, the three ethnic groups collectively utilized 36 species of medicinal plants in common across the district. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Mutations in protein-encoding genes are frequently associated with ATPase dysfunction [26]. Failure in tRNA metabolism will lead to the deficiency of mitochondrial protein synthesis [27]. Defects in mitochondrial translation consequently result in a respiratory phenotype and a decrease in ATP production,may reduce the production of ROS,and subsequently have the potential role to affect the course of hypertension [28]. The mtDNA variations were mainly distributed in regions of ATP6 binding sites, and the site of highest mutation frequency was m. 8414C > T. Three single base pair changes were significantly different between the MIEH and control groups, namely C8414T in ATP8, and A8701G and G8584A in ATP6. It is becoming established that mitochondrial damage and dysfunction are important factors in cardiovascular disease [29]. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first large-scale population-based systematic screens for mitochondrial mutations and their effects on MIEH in the Chinese population. Systematic study of the relationship between disease and mtDNA mutation is important to assist with our understanding of the mechanism of the mutation and its relationship to disease, but is also able to improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment of EH. Blood glucose, blood lipids, creatinine, urea nitrogen and other biochemical abnormalities are all very closely related to the chance of developing primary hypertension [30]. In order to clarify whether mtDNA affects the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of the MIEH and normal individuals. Clinical examination and evaluation of all available members in this study suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of non-maternal members in and BUN. In our study, participants with MIEH were overweight or obese compared to participants with normal blood pressure. A normal body weight (BMI 18. 5–24. 9 kg/m2) should be maintained for prevention and management of hypertension [31]. The occurrence and development of MIEH, can involve these factors or these factors might occur as a result of the development of MIEH, which leads to the damage or deterioration of the target organ. Many studies, including the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large pedigree, have acknowledged the role of inherited mtDNA mutations in familial MIEH [32, 33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Keywords intestinal microbiome, microorganisms, nutrients, homeostasis, metabolic disorders, diet Rezumat Cercetările ştiinţifice recente pun bazele unei noi abordări în tratarea diverselor patologii, scoţând la lumină relaţia de interdependenţă între sănătatea intestinelor şi sănătatea fizică şi mintală. Numit cel de-al doilea creier, microbiomul intestinal are o amprentă unică pentru fiecare individ în parte, iar conţinutul acestuia ca număr şi tip de microorganisme dictează starea de sănătate a organismului. Noile descoperiri clinice pun în evidenţă rolul pe care microbiomul intestinal îl joacă în redobândirea homeostaziei şi corelează tiparele alimentare cu prevalenţa anumitor patologii. Proiectul european FP7 UE MyNewGut a abordat multidisciplinar problema microbiomului prin analiza interacţiunii factorilor alimentari şi de mediu cu căile de reglare ale microbiotei, care conduc la dezvoltarea afecţiunilor metabolice şi de comportament.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 6Venn diagram of medicinal plants among the studied ethnic groups in Quara districtFull size imageInformant consensus factorThe study calculated the ICF to identify the most effective medicinal plants for treating common ailments in the district. The ICF values were calculated based on disease categories, which were determined using the of Diseases [37] with some modifications. Overall, 14 disease categories were identified, with ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 93 out of a maximum of 1. 0 (Table 3). The diseases categories with the highest ICF values were diseases of the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs (ICF = 0. 93), followed closely by infectious and parasitic diseases, and symptoms, signs, and clinical findings not elsewhere classified both with an ICF value of 0. 92. Table 3 ICF values of plants for treating human ailments in Quara districtFull size tableWhen analyzing the ICF in terms of the number of use 12. 93 across the different studied areas that were compared (Table 4). Table 4 Rahman’s similarity index between the present study (Quara district) and previous studiesFull size tableDirect matrix ranking exerciseA direct matrix ranking (DMR) exercise was conducted in the Quara district to assess and prioritize the most important medicinal plant species utilized by the local communities (Table 5). The results of the DMR exercise showed that Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus were the top-ranked medicinal plant species. Furthermore, the DMR exercise also evaluated the various use categories for these plants in the district. Accordingly, use as medicine, livestock forage, and a source of food were the most common use categories in the district. Table 5 DMR of eight multipurpose medicinal plant species in the Quara districtFull size tableNovel ethnobotanical findingsThe current ethnobotanical study in the Quara district has uncovered several novel findings. Specifically, the research team identified nine medicinal plant species that were reported for the first time in Ethiopia through this study (Table 6). Of these nine newly documented medicinal plants, seven have been previously reported to have medicinal uses in other parts of the world. However, two species–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–had not been associated with any known medicinal applications prior to this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Here, we undertook mutational analysis of the mitochondrial DNA 7908–8816 region using PCR amplification and then sequence analysis of the PCR fragments. The present experiment showed that there were more mtDNA variations in frequency and density in the MIEH patients than those who were normotensives (NT). Among these mutations, ATP6 is a hotspot for pathogenic mutations associated with MIEH. The occurrence of mtDNA mutations in these genetically unrelated subjects affected by MIEH suggests that mutations may participate in key functional development processes of EH. There are hundreds of mitochondria and thousands of mtDNAs in a mammalian cell and the close proximity of mtDNA within mitochondria with ROS generation sites means that mtDNA is vulnerable to a high level of mutation without an efficient DNA protection and repair system [18]. Mutations of mtDNA may lead to disease, and the significant determinant of their clinical outcomes are likely to correlate with the amount of mutated mtDNA [34]. Some MIEH patients in the study were part of one family branch. Among the MIEH individuals, there was a high mutation frequency and density in mtDNA m. 8584G > A and m. 8701A > G mutations. Specifically, an amino acid change at the m. 8414C > T in the ATP8 gene (leucine to phenylalanine) shows that mtDNA variants may be able to affect the development of hypertension in China [35]. Ancestral variants of mtDNA define population-specific mtDNA lineages or haplogroups. These were first used to trace the origins of different races and allow reconstruction of the migration of humans throughout our ancient history [36]. MtDNA lineages have been shown recently to be more prone to certain disease symptoms, including type-2 diabetes, obesity and atherothrombotic cerebral infarction. Haplogroups can also protect against myocardial infarction and increase lifespan. MtDNA mutations, including point mutations, deletions, and duplications that affect transcription and translation of mtDNA are implicated in most mitochondrial diseases [37]. Our intriguing observation is that there was a m. 8273_8281del mutation in 59 MIEH patients. This 9-bp deletion polymorphism is a phylogenetic marker of studies into evolution trends and population migration [38]. Because of its location, this polymorphism could change either downstream or upstream gene expression.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Proiectul s-a desfăşurat pe parcursul a cinci ani (2013-2018) şi a scos în evidenţă, în urma studiilor translaţionale interconectate, rolul microbiotei intestinale în sănătatea metabolică, impactul negativ al dietelor bogate în grăsimi asupra microbiomului intestinal şi a creierului şi rolul esenţial al consumului crescut de fibre alimentare în scăderea simptomelor depresiei, în reglarea greutăţii corporale şi în reducerea dezvoltării bolilor metabolice cronice. Cuvinte cheie microbiom intestinal microorganisme nutrienţi homeostazie afecţiuni metabolice dietă Microbiomul intestinal la omul sănătos – „Superorganismul” Marea descoperire din anul 2000, care a oferit posibilitatea descifrării ADN-ului uman, a deschis drumul identificării întregului patrimoniu genetic, oferind posibilitatea cunoaşterii în detaliu a microorganismelor prezente în sistemul digestiv. Cercetătorii propun ca termen pentru întregul format din organismul uman şi microbiotă denumirea de „Superorganism”(1), având în vedere capacitatea microbiomului demonstrată de a influenţa în bine organismul în starea de eubioză sau în rău în starea de disbioză.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the study reported 39 new use cases for medicinal plant species compared to what had been previously documented in other ethnobotanical studies published in Ethiopia (see 2). Table 6 Plants reported to treat ailments in Quara district for the first time in EthiopiaFull size tableThreats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe ethnobotanical study in the Quara district revealed several threats to the sustainability of medicinal plant resources and indigenous knowledge in the area. During group discussions, participants prioritized seven key threats to medicinal plants: use of herbicides/insecticides, human-induced fires, agricultural land expansion, construction activities, collection of fuel wood, use of plants for farm implements, and overgrazing. Additionally, the participants mentioned other threats such as the use of medicinal plants for house utensils, informal cross-border trade to neighboring Sudan, deforestation, seasonal migration patterns, and climate change-induced events like drought. The group participants also noted that there were minimal management practices in place for medicinal plants. To further understand the severity of these threats, we conducted interviews with 12 key informants, who were asked to rank the seven prioritized threats to medicinal plants. The results showed that agricultural expansion was considered the primary threat, followed by the collection of fuel wood and its use for construction purposes (Table 7). Table 7 Ranking of threats to medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size tableThe ethnobotanical study in Quara district has highlighted the significant threats facing several important medicinal plant species due to their extensive and unsustainable utilization. Ximenia americana is a vital medicinal plant in the region, with its root used to treat spider bites and diarrhea, and its stem bark used for jaundice and uvulitis. However, the excessive harvesting of the root and stem bark is leading to a concerning decline in the plant’s population. Similarly, Carissa spinarum is an important medicinal resource, with its root used to treat a variety of common illnesses, including snakebites, evil spirits, and the evil eye. The reported decline in the Carissa spinarum population in the area is particularly alarming. Securidaca longepedunculata is another highly sought-after medicinal plant, with its root extensively used to treat snakebites, the evil eye, and febrile illnesses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used to compare all values in this study. SPSS v17. 0 and Graphv 6. 0 were used for all analysis, and p<0. 05 was the significance threshold. presentation The proband (Q5-III-3) was first diagnosed with CHD upon presenting at the of affiliated hospital of Qingdao university at age 40, after which he underwent a full medical evaluation. The patient was diagnosed with hypertension (159/99 mmHg), significant ischemia (65% narrowing was evident upon coronary angiography), and high cholesterol (LDL-C = 159 mg/dL, TC = 232 mg/dL). The patient was not affected by any other comorbid conditions such as diabetes or neurological disease. When family members of this patients were evaluated for these same conditions, 5 were diagnosed with all three of these conditions (Figure 1a and Table 1). In each case, any fathers with CHD had not transmitted it to their children, whereas mothers did transmit it, suggesting matrilineal inheritance consistent with mitochondrial involvement in this inherited CHD risk. Analysis of mitochondrial mutations To explore potential mitochondrial mutations linked with inherited CHD risk, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of this proband patient Q5-III-3. A total of 45 mutations were evident in their mitochondrial genome upon comparison with the Cambridge consensus sequence, and the mitochondrial haplogroup for this patient was identified to be M7b’c (Figure 2). As shown in Table 2, of these 45 variants, 19 were known silent variants, 14 were known D-loop variants, 8 were known missense mutations affecting protein-coding genes, 2 were known 12S rRNA variants, 1 was a known 16s rRNA variant, and one was a novel homoplasmy 15910C>T mutation in the tRNAThr gene (Figure 1B).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Influenţa microbiomului merge dincolo de aparatul gastrointestinal, studiile evidenţiind rolul pe care îl are în sistemul respirator, circulator şi în sistemul imunitar şi metabolic. Intestinul uman este gazda unei comunităţi de microorganisme al căror număr este de zece ori mai mare decât al celulelor corpului uman şi al căror genom are de o sută de ori mai multe gene decât conţine genomul uman(2). Cunoscută şi sub denumirea de floră intestinală, microbiota este concentrată în cea mai mare parte în colon şi interacţionează cu gazda pentru a modula o serie de funcţii corporale în strânsă relaţie cu expunerea la mediu (stres, dietă, medicamente). Cele două caracteristici fundamentale, interrelaţionate, pe care se bazează, sunt în ordine: prima este specifică pentru indivizi şi rezistentă la tratamentele exterioare (hrană nesănătoasă, antibiotice), oferind individului stabilitate temporală şi reducând predispoziţia la boală, iar cea de-a doua este relativ flexibilă la schimbările fiziologice şi de schimbare de mediu (dezvoltarea imunităţii, disponibilitatea nutrienţilor în timpul sarcinii).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The root of this plant is commonly found in local markets and has even been reported to be illegally exported to neighboring Sudan for medicinal purposes, further exacerbating the threats to its population. Boswellia papyrifera is also facing threats due to the utilization of its stem bark for the treatment of scorpion stings, spider bites, and uvulitis, coupled with the various diseases affecting the plant, leading to a decline in its population. DiscussionSocio-demographics of the informantsThe ethnobotanical study conducted in the Quara district has yielded valuable insights into the socio-demographic factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants in the local community. Accordingly, the study found that men were more knowledgeable about medicinal plants than women. In the study area, men were more likely to be exposed to social affairs, which facilitates their acquisition of knowledge. Our data support the findings of [75, 76] who reported similar outcomes. It was also found that older informants, aged 60 years and above, demonstrated a higher level of knowledge of medicinal plants compared to the younger age groups (20–39 years and 40–59 years). This aligns with the findings of previous research [46], which suggest that the older generation’s extended cultural exposure, exchange, and practical experience contribute to their greater knowledge in this domain. Studies also identified a concerning trend that the indigenous knowledge on the use of medicinal plants is deteriorating due to the passing away of the knowledgeable older generation before they can effectively transfer their knowledge to the next generation [49, 77, 78]. This challenge is exacerbated by the younger generation’s lack of interest in learning from their elders. As a result, there is a risk of losing this invaluable indigenous wisdom as the older members of the community pass away. Among the three informant groups categorized by educational level, those who could read and write cited the highest number of medicinal plants, followed by illiterate informants, and those with formal education. This finding is consistent with other studies [49, 78], which suggest that lower levels of education are associated with greater knowledge of medicinal plants, possibly due to the impact of modern education [10]. The ability of those who can read and write to recall and utilize the medicinal plants they are familiar with may be connected to their overall higher level of knowledge compared to the illiterates. This finding highlights the complex interplay between formal education, literacy, and the retention and application of traditional medicinal plant knowledge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Other previously identified mutations include A4401G mutation in the junction between tRNAGln and tRNAMet genes, A4435G mutation in the tRNAMet gene,[56] and A4295G and A4263G mutations in the tRNAIle gene. [78] DCM is a heart muscle disorder which can be inherited as autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial inheritance. [9] However, DCM is probably underdiagnosed and is believed to account for a much larger number of cases, as subjects may remain asymptomatic until a remarkable ventricular dysfunction has occurred. Although mtDNA defects have been described in an increasing number of cases of DCM, it has heretofore rarely been in association with the demonstrable A8701G mutation. DCM can be accompanied by hypertension. In these cases, DCM is different from hypertensive cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by hypertrophy and takes years to develop. So far, knowledge of the role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of these diseases has not been completely clarified in Asian population. Consanguineous marriage, or marriage between relatives, has received a lot of attention as a potential risk factor for some inherited disorders including hypertension. [1011] On the other hand, very limited studies have been conducted to delve into the possible impact of consanguineous marriages and mtDNA on common multifactorial and polygenic adult disorders. Family based design is widely used in genetic association studies to detect disease susceptibility variants. Here, we report a pedigree in which several members were diagnosed with maternally transmitted hypertension and DCM. The family based study identified a significantly associated mitochondrial variant such as A8701G mutation, which was enriched in this family, may be due to the consanguineous marriage in the first generation. The mitochondrial genome in this Chinese family belonged to the eastern Asian haplogroup M. A8701G mutation in mtDNA, which is considered pathogenic, is absent in healthy control subjects and usually accompanied by affected levels of respiratory chain enzyme activity. [12] total, we recruited 14 subjects from this family at the Department of Cardiology in the Northern People's Hospital (Jiangsu, China). Figure 1 shows the pedigree of the reported family and sums up the clinical features of the individuals affected by hypertension and DCM. DCM was defined according to Organization (WHO)/and Federation of Cardiology criteria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Cele două se bazează pe echilibrul dinamic în menţinerea stării de homeostazie şi explică mecanismul complex care mediază progresia de la sănătate la boală(3). Microbiota omului sănătos este compusă din numeroase microorganisme, dintre care cele mai numeroase sunt bacteriile, care reprezintă mai mult de 99% din microbiota umană(4). Densitatea acestora variază în diferitele zone ale organismului uman, cea mai mare concentraţie pe mililitru se află în colon, cu o cantitate de 1014 bacterii, ceea ce constituie 98% din bacteriile din tot organismul uman(5). Aceste bacterii formează bacteriomul, care este constituit dintr-un număr de specii ce variază între 500 şi 1000, fiecare dintre ele identificate de un genom unic. Studiile ştiinţifice din ultimii ani s-au concentrat pe analiza ecosistemului microbiotei, astfel încât să poată identifica speciile microbiene ce se regăsesc în microbiomul persoanelor sănătoase, în aşa fel încât lipsa acestor microorganisme să ilustreze disbioza, respectiv prezenţa unor patologii. Totuşi, o definiţie complexă a microbiotei sănătoase are în vedere atât compoziţia, funcţia, dinamica, dar şi ecologia sistemică(6).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Key informants, such as herbal practitioners, cited more medicinal plants than the general informants, reflecting their full-time experience in utilizing these plants for treatment, as supported by previous research [49]. Although settlers (both formal and informal) and local inhabitants coexist harmoniously, the local inhabitants mentioned a larger number of medicinal plants compared to settlers. This could be because local inhabitants have lived in the area for a longer period and are therefore more familiar with the plants that grow there. ethnic group was found to be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants compared to other ethnic groups in the study area. This can be attributed to the Gumuz people’s heavy reliance on flora and fauna for their health and everyday survival, as well as the exchange of indigenous knowledge, particularly medicinal plant knowledge, within their community and with neighboring Sudan. Medicinal plant diversityThe study identified a rich diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the Quara district, with a total of 128 medicinal plant species documented. This figure exceeds the counts reported in recent ethnobotanical studies conducted in other parts of Ethiopia. As an example, studies in the [7], [13], [66], Asagirt [49], and Ensaro [63] districts recorded 74, 98, 92, 103, and 101 medicinal plant species, respectively. Several factors may contribute to the greater number of medicinal plants utilized in the Quara district. These include ethnic diversity in the area, and the influx of settlers from different parts of the Amhara region; the rich plant diversity, particularly due to the presence of communal forest areas; the district’s proximity to Sudan, which has facilitated the exchange of indigenous knowledge; the remote location of the area and inadequate access to formal healthcare, leading the community to rely more on traditional medicine; and the prevalence of various human ailments, such as febrile illness, evil eye, evil spirit, snakebite, spider sting, tonsillitis, wound healing, intestinal parasites, diarrhea, and amoebiasis, which may necessitate the use of a broader range of therapeutic plant species (see 1). Furthermore, the large number of recorded medicinal plant species emphasizes the continued relevance and indispensability of plant-based remedies in fulfilling the primary healthcare requirements of the population, particularly in areas with limited access to conventional medical services. The dominance of the Fabaceae family among the medicinal plants identified can be attributed to the evolutionary adaptations of this plant family in the local environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Clinical characteristics of some members in the reported Chinese familyTable 2: Past histories and Laboratory examinations for some members of the reported Chinese familyAnalysis of mitochondrial sequence variants Because the pedigree analysis suggested a maternal inheritance pattern, we investigated the function of the mitochondrial genome of family members. For this purpose, DNA fragments spanning the mtDNA at positions 3777–4679 and 7908–8816 were PCR amplified, and each fragment was purified and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing. We looked into the variants in two lists of pathogenic variants from MitoMap ( and mtDB ( The mtDNA variants identified by the sequencing in all the family members are listed in Table 3. Fisher's exact frequency difference test showed that A8701G mutation [Figure 4], a known missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) substituting threonine for alanine in the ATP6 gene and belongs to haplogroup M, was the only significant variant, with a P value of 0. 005. Among seven other private variants in this matriline, three (m. 3970 C>T, m. 3915 G>A, and m. 4248 T>C) were located in the MT-ND1 gene, m. 8363 G>T in the MT-RNAlys gene, m. 4435 A to G in the MT-RNAmet gene, m. 8414 C>T in the ATP8 gene, and m. 8793 T>C in the ATP6 gene. All of these private variants were previously reported and had no potential pathogenicity except for m. 8701A>G, which was one of the primary high blood pressure mutations. There was no clear evidence for a synergistic effect between m. 8701A>G and other mutations in this matriline. In control group, 1 base change in the tRNA gene and 2 amino-acid substitutions were found. Table 3: mtDNA variants in the reported familyFigure 4: Identification of the 8701A>G mutation in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene. (a) Partial sequence chromatograms of the ATP6 gene from affected individual II-3 and a married-in control II-4. An arrow indicates the location of the base changes at position 8701. (b) The location of the 8701A>G mutation in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene. Pink arrow indicates the position of the ATP6 gene mutation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Un studiu transversal despre compoziţia microbiotei intestinale a arătat că, în cazul vânătorilor-culegători, microbiomul era format cu preponderenţă din speciile Prevotella, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Clostridiales şi Ruminobacter, în timp ce la populaţiile urbane predomină speciile Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium şi Firmicutes. Compoziţia microbiomul intestinal include următoarele: Bacterii (bacteriom, eubacterii) Arhee (arheom, arhebacterii) Virusuri şi bacteriofagi (euvirom – virom – fagom) Drojdii, ciuperci şi mucegaiuri (micobiom) Protozoare (protozom) Helminţi (helminthoma). Un impact major în compoziţia microbiotei intestinale îl au modificările de ritm circadian, mai specific disponibilitatea nutrienţilor, nivelul peptidelor antimicrobiene şi anticorpii gazdei(7). Studiile clinice au reliefat diferenţe în compoziţie şi funcţionalitate ale microbiotei în diferite momente ale zilei(8). O microbiotă sănătoasă interacţionează cu bariera intestinală prin intermediul bacteriilor, astfel încât să îi asigure funcţionalitatea corespunzătoare.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The ability of Fabaceae species to form symbiotic relationships and thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils, as well as their capacity to develop extensive root systems and outcompete other plants for resources, provides them with a competitive advantage in the area [79, 80]. This finding is consistent with previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [49, 78, 81], and other parts of the world [82,83,84]. Regarding the habit of medicinal plants, the study found that the people of the Quara district utilized trees and herbs in nearly equal proportions. This observation aligns with the findings of a previous ethnobotanical study conducted in Ethiopia [78, 85], where a similar pattern was reported. However, it is important to note that in some other ethnobotanical studies, shrubs were reported to be the most widely used medicinal plant habit [13, 66, 75]. This variation may be attributed to differences in the local plant community composition and ecological conditions. Lowland areas with sufficient rainfall, like the Quara district, are typically dominated by woody species, forming woodlands, which could explain the prominence of trees and underneath herbs as medicinal plants in the present study. Plant parts and the conditions for preparing remediesThe study found that the most commonly used plant parts for remedy preparation were leaves, followed closely by roots. This observation is consistent with the findings of many other ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [13, 46, 77, 78] and globally [83, 86]. The predominant use of leaves for remedy preparation in the study area can be attributed to several factors such as easy accessibility, abundantly availability, and their primary site for the accumulation of many bioactive compounds. Furthermore, picking leaves has less effect on the plant species’ survival. While roots have been reported as the most frequently used plant parts in a few other studies [75, 82, 87], the extensive use of roots can pose a risk to the long-term survival of medicinal plant populations [8, 88]. Consistent with previous studies conducted in Ethiopia [10, 49, 89], the majority of the remedies in the Quara district were prepared using fresh plant parts. The use of fresh plant materials is generally associated with higher efficiency of the bioactive components [75].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: association between hypertension and DCM of mitochondrial A8701G is apparently unique in this pedigree. Mother to son transmission was observed, but the high degree of consanguinity suggests recessive inheritance is more likely. It has been shown that consanguineous marriages have a higher prevalence of certain adult diseases and genetic disorders than nonconsanguineous marriages. [20] In accordance with previous reports, our findings showed that consanguineous marriage was an important factor causing illnesses in the offspring of this family. Nevertheless, hypertension and DCM as the clinical phenotype presented only in the maternal lineage of this pedigree. The pathogenesis of the role of genetic disorders caused by consanguineous marriage could not be clarified. The inherited pattern also provides a clear indication that the mtDNA variant contributes to the phenotype. Although deleterious mtDNA variants are generally heteroplasmic and induce severe clinical symptoms early at onset, mild mutations are often homoplasmic, can be observed in a general population, and may predispose to specific symptoms of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in various ethnic groups. [21] Clinical and genetic evaluation revealed the varying severity and age at onset in both hypertension and DCM. In this study, the age at onset for the affected matrilineal relatives in the family was between 45 and 60 years old, with an average of 50 years. It was previously reported that 20% of the cases of DCM were likely familial. [22] This mutation in structural gene has also been reported in patients with DCM and hypertension. [23] Multiple types of mutations in mtDNA that cause dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation () enzymes have been investigated in patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertension or a combination of the two. [67] defects resulting in the reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation and longstanding increase of ROS production may be responsible for the pathogenesis of hypertension, cardiac contractile dysfunction and, subsequently, heart failure and death. In this family, the proband's mother died of cardiac failure several days after surgery and could not be investigated further. Three offspring carrying the mutant were diagnosed with hypertension and DCM, means the transmission was compatible with a maternally inherited trait. Apart from the involvement of variants of the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, knowledge of the pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorder as a cause of cardiomyopathy remains incomplete.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Bacteriile intestinale, în special lactobacilii şi bifidobacteriile, produc butirat, ce rezultă în urma fermentării carbohidraţilor, cu rol în blocarea dezvoltării bacteriilor periculoase(9). Astfel, în starea de eubioză, microbiota împiedică şi distruge înmulţirea bacteriilor patogene, în mod diferit faţă de tratamentul farmaceutic, care distruge atât patogenul, cât şi bariera protectivă intestinală. La nivelul tractului gastrointestinal se găsesc numeroase celule cu rol în protejarea organismului (limfocite, macrofage, celule dendritice etc. ), care sunt stimulate de microbiotă în starea de eubioză, pentru a proteja de agresiuni externe nu doar aparatul digestiv, ci şi aparatul respirator şi cutanat. O altă funcţie importantă a bacteriilor intestinale este cea nutritivă, permiţând sinteza vitaminei B2 (Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli), a vitaminei B12 (Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098), a folaţilor (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidocaterium longum subsp. Infantis), a vitaminei K (Escherichia coli) şi a vitaminei B6 şi PP (Streptococcus thermophilus ST5, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175), cu rol indispensabil pentru homeostazie(10).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, the fact that most of the medicinal plants in the study area were trees, and the fresh parts were primarily collected, suggests that the availability of remedies may have been limited to certain seasons of the year, as many trees shed their leaves during the dry season. Ailments treated with medicinal plantsThe analysis of the data on the diversity of medicinal plant use revealed that more than three-quarters of the identified species were employed to treat multiple diseases. This finding suggests a widespread adoption and utilization of these medicinal plants by the local community, which agrees with [90]. The versatility of many medicinal plants reported in this study for treating different health conditions may be attributed to the combined action of the various bioactive constituents present in these plants. In association with this finding, [91] reported that the synergistic effects of the different medicinal components can potentially enhance the catalytic activity and facilitate the absorption of the beneficial compounds in the human body. These findings highlight the need for further scientific investigation into the phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties of these versatile medicinal plants. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms that enable certain medicinal plants to treat a diverse array of ailments can contribute significantly to the development of more effective and holistic traditional medicine practices. This knowledge can be instrumental in improving the overall health and well-being of the local population. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe study found that the most frequent methods of preparing medicinal remedies in the Quara district were extraction, decoction, paste, and chewing. These preparation methods align with the findings of previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in different regions [51, 92, 93]. The informants reported that there was no standardized approach to administering the remedies, and the method varied depending on factors such as the patient’s age and health condition. This observation is consistent with the findings of other studies [94], indicating the flexibility and patient-specific nature of traditional medicine practices. Oral administration was identified as the primary route of delivering herbal remedies in the Quara district. This observation is in line with the findings of other ethnobotanical studies, which have also reported the oral route as the predominant mode of administration for traditional medicines [49, 95]. The diversity of preparation techniques and administration routes observed in the study highlights the depth of traditional knowledge within the local community. Healers and practitioners likely adjust their approaches based on the specific needs and conditions of the patients, drawing from a wealth of experiential knowledge accumulated over generations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Our results indicated that hypertension and DCM were prominent features in maternally transmitted disorders in conjunctions with mtDNA A8701G mutation. To date, there is very limited information on the importance of this mutation in cardiovascular disease in general. [24] The underlying contributing factors in the family remain poorly understood, but mtDNA A8701G mutation is potentially an explanatory variable. Due to the high mutation rate of mtDNA, it has accumulated sequential mutations stratified into different mtDNA lineages or haplogroups that have been used as genetic markers of human evolution. [19] mtDNA A8701G mutation in this Chinese pedigree belongs to the Asian haplogroup M. It was characteristically heteroplasmic and was not observed in healthy control subjects during the study period. In the mitochondrial SNP (mtSNP) 8701A/G, there is a 59th amino-acid substitution from threonine to alanine at ATPase6, the F0 subunit of complex V. Using trans-mitochondrial hybrid cells, mtSNP A8701G was shown to cause abnormal results in impaired mitochondrial pH and intracellular calcium dynamics and is suspected to be associated with the pathogenesis of some diseases. [25] or ATP synthase, the final enzyme of the system, enables protons to flow back to the matrix and uses the released energy to synthesize ATP. It is composed of at least 16 subunits, of which 2 (ATP6 and ATP8) are encoded by the mtDNA. So far, the most common noted result of ATP6 mutation has been confirmed to be neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, or maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome. [26] A previous study illustrated that mutations of the ATP6 gene were associated with a deficiency in the stability of complex V. [27] More recently, the nucleotide change A to G at position 8701 in ATP6 gene, part of the ATP synthase protein, has been demonstrated to reduce ATP synthesis and significantly impair the assembly or stability of the ATP synthase. [28] To our understanding, the present report of hypertension and DCM in a Chinese pedigree is directly caused by a maternally inherited point mutation in mtDNA and expands the knowledge of genetic heterogeneity. It is now clear that the mtDNA mutation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and DCM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Funcţiile microbiotei intestinale sunt: Funcţii metabolice Funcţii structurale Funcţii protective. Funcţiile metabolice se referă la capacitatea microbiotei de a produce metaboliţi rezultaţi în urma fermentaţiei bacteriene. Principalele bacterii răspunzătoare de această activitate sunt Bacteroide, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Enterocateriacare şi Fecalibacterium(11). Capacitatea metabolică a microbiomului intestinal se evidenţiază prin următoarele mecanisme de reglare: pH-ul intestinal, gradientele oxigenului, conversia componentelor dietetice în produse utilizabile, îndepărtarea substanţelor toxice şi producerea fecalelor. De-a lungul colonului, pH-ul variază de la unul acid în colonul proximal la unul neutru în colonul distal. În ceea ce priveşte rezistenţa bacteriilor la pH-ul acid, studiile arată că specia Firmicutes este mai rezistentă decât specia Bacteroides. Într-un model in vitro s-a observat o modificare în activitatea dinamicii şi a compoziţiei microbiotei intestinale la un pH între 5,5 şi 6,5(12). Oxigenul este un alt factor care influenţează distribuţia spaţială a microbiomului, majoritatea bateriilor fiind anaerobe, limitate în creştere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study found that more than a quarter (28%) of the medicinal plants were mentioned across all three ethnic groups. However, the Amhara ethnic group reported a greater number of medicinal plants compared to the other groups. The higher mention of medicinal plants by the Amhara is likely due to their large population size and extensive agricultural land coverage in the area. Additionally, the seasonal movement of the Amhara people from neighboring highland districts to Quara for farming and livestock rearing may have facilitated the sharing of medicinal plant knowledge within their community. In contrast, the Agew ethnic group reported a smaller number of medicinal plants, possibly due to the secretive nature of their traditional knowledge, which is a common phenomenon observed in many traditional communities. The findings of this study, as well as several previous studies [96,97,98], emphasize that the diversity of medicinal plant knowledge is often influenced by the ethnicity and cultural background of the communities. These insights underscore the importance of considering the ethnic and cultural context when documenting and understanding traditional medicinal plant knowledge. Informant consensus factorThe study reported ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 03 indicating a strong consensus among the informants regarding the therapeutic uses and efficacy of certain medicinal plant species, as described in [99]. The highest ICF value of 0. 93 was observed for diseases related to the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs. This aligns with findings from other studies [100, 101] and suggests that the local community has confidence in the medicinal plants of the study area for treating these types of conditions. Specifically, hypertension and anemia were the two diseases highlighted in this high consensus category, with 71 and 15 use 12. 93% was found in a study carried out in the Metema district of northwestern Ethiopia [43]. This was followed by studies in the Habru district of northcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 11. 48% [51] and in the Hawassa, Shashemene, and Dilla districts of southcentral Ethiopia with an RSI of 10% [54]. districts like the Adwa (RSI = 9. 47%) [46], the Erob and Gulomahda districts (RSI = 9. 31%) [47], and the district (RSI = 9. 09%) [44] also had higher RSI values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in mtDNA 3777–4679 region of the Chinese MIEH population. The results showed that the group of MIEH had more mtDNA variations, which mainly located at ND1 site and the highest mutation site was m. 3970 C>T. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in cardiovascular disorders [20]. As far as we know, this is one of the first large-scale population-based studies about and the potential role of mtDNA in MIEH. The systematic screen of the association between MIEH and mtDNA mutation is not only essential to further our understanding of the specific mechanism of the mutation in disease etiology, but can also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. In an attempt to determine whether mtDNA was involved in the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of all the participants. Clinical evaluation of all the participants suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in and renal function. Notably, MIEH individuals were obese or overweight in comparison to NT group. High BMI for EH was reported as a strong predictor of hypertension in a multivariate analysis [21]. Therefore, a normal body weight (BMI 18. 5–24. 9 kg/m2) should be recommended for the prevention and management of MIEH [22]. These factors might contribute to the occurrence and development of MIEH, or they might occur as a result of the progress of MIEH, which results in the damage of the target organ. Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family, such as the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large cohort [23]. Here, we investigated the mtDNA 3777–4679 region using PCR amplification and the sequence analysis. Current results showed that eight SNPs were significantly different between the MIEH and the control groups: C3970T, G4048A, C4071T, C4086T, A4164G and T4248C in ND1 gene, T4386C and C4394T in tRNAGln gene. ND1 gene is a hotspot for mutations linked to MIEH. Notably, the impaired synthesis of ND1 (subunits of complex I) may be specifically responsible for the decreased activities of complex I [24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Prin transformarea componentelor dietetice în componente finale absorbabile de către microbiotă, are loc şi modificarea pH-ului. Ultima fază a procesului digestiv presupune formarea masei de materii fecale, ce diminuează timpul tranzitului intestinal şi înglobează o parte din substanţele toxice care influenţează sănătatea organismului uman(13). La acest nivel, rolul microbiotei intestinale este de a digera anumite polizaharide, iar al amidonului, de a transforma polizaharidele în monozaharide, activând acizii graşi cu catenă scurtă (SCFA), care se leagă de receptorii proteici, inducând peptidul YY. Funcţiile structurale ale microbiotei au fost puse în evidenţă prin prezenţa următoarelor bacterii: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are rol în menţinerea desmozomilor vilozităţilor epiteliale de la nivelul intestinului(14); Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG au rolul în a preveni apoptoza celulelor epiteliale prin producerea proteinelor solubile(15); Akkermansia muciniphilia are rol în diminuarea endotoxemiei, prin creşterea nivelurilor de lipide bioactive(16).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The RSI gradually decreased from the northern, northwestern, northcentral, and southcentral regions to the western, southwestern, southern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of the country. The high RSI between the current study and Metema district [43] can be attributed to the geographical proximity of these two neighboring districts. The similarities observed with other regions in the northwestern, northern, northcentral, and northeastern parts of Ethiopia can be explained by factors such as geography, cultural practice, and vegetation coverage [82, 104]. The gradual decrease in RSI from the northern to southern areas is likely influenced by the distance and geographical barriers that impede the exchange of information on the use of ethnomedicinal plants [82, 105]. These findings suggest that the use of traditional medicinal plants is more homogeneous in geographically proximate and culturally similar regions, while diversity increases with distance and geographic barriers. This highlights the importance of considering regional and cultural factors when studying traditional plant-based healthcare practices. Direct matrix rankingThe DMR exercise helped to determine the most heavily used multipurpose plant species in the Quara district, as well as the factors posing a threat to these plants. Accordingly, the top three most used multipurpose plant species were Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus. These plants are currently exploited primarily for their medicinal properties rather than their non-medicinal uses. This finding aligns with previous research [106] that highlighted the use of medicinal plants for medicinal purposes as the primary threat among the five threats evaluated in the DMR exercise. The specific plant parts utilized for medicinal purposes play a crucial role in determining whether a plant is at risk. For instance, the root, root bark, and stem bark of Ziziphus spina-christi are used for various ailments, increasing the susceptibility of this plant to threats. Similarly, the stem and stem bark of Terminalia leiocarpa are utilized for treating different ailments, leading to its vulnerability. The findings from the DMR exercise suggest that the overexploitation of these multipurpose plants, particularly for their medicinal uses, poses a significant threat to their sustainability in the Quara district. This highlights the need for conservation strategies that consider the balance between medicinal and non-medicinal uses of these important plant resources.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 3970 C>T. Conclusions: The mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. hypertensionmaternal inheritance. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions[2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes[4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7]. In particular, a previous study identified that the mutation may reduce the steady-state level of mt-tRNAGln m. 4375C>T and subsequently cause the mitochondrial dysfunction that is responsible for hypertension[8]. So far, the mechanism of mtDNA mutations in MIEH has not been completely elucidated, especially on the interplay between mtDNA mutations and other risk factors, such as the development of blood pressure, nuclear genes, and environmental conditions[9]. While people are more concerned about the role of the nuclear genome[10], investigating the role of mtDNA sequence alteration may help to understand the genetic pathogenesis of MIEH. Mitochondrial genes in 3777-4679 region were proposed to be hot spots for mutations associated with hypertension as described previously[11]. In order to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying MIEH, we studied clinical and genetic evidence to investigate the association between the mtDNA mutations in 3777-4679 region and MIEH.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Activitatea protectivă a microbiomului intestinal se referă în special la lupta cu patogenii, prin producţia de substanţe capabile să inactiveze invadatorii, prin modificările de pH intestinal şi prin menţinerea integrităţii mucoasei intestinale(17). Principala linie de apărare a barierei intestinale o reprezintă ţesutul limfatic (MALT). Un aspect important pentru manifestarea tuturor funcţiilor microbiotei intestinale îl reprezintă starea de eubioză, mai precis echilibrul constant între compoziţia şi numărul microorganismelor care compun microbiomul individului. Interacţiunea dintre microbiomul intestinal şi creier (axa intestin-creier) Prin studiile clinice efectuate de cercetătorii implicaţi în MyNewGut s-a descoperit prezenţa unor tulpini şi specii de bacterii care par promiţătoare în lupta împotriva obezităţii, a tulburărilor de metabolism şi a schimbării dispoziţiei. Rezultatele preclinice au evidenţiat eficacitatea tulpinii bacteriene Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 împotriva disfuncţiilor sistemului imunitar şi a disfuncţiilor metabolice în obezitate. Rezultatul testelor a fost scăderea nivelurilor serice ale trigliceridelor, a intoleranţei la glucoză şi a greutăţii corporale(18).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Novel ethnobotanical findingsOut of the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the current study, 80 of them had been previously reported to have the same uses. This suggests a strong cultural exchange of traditional plant-based healthcare practices among communities across Ethiopia [55]. From the remaining 48 species, there were nine new reports of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, highlighting the incredible biodiversity of the area studied. Notably, two of these medicinal plants–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–were not reported elsewhere in the world, making them novel global discoveries as well. The identification of these two species as new medicinal plants is particularly remarkable, as it suggests that the traditional health practices of the local communities in the Quara district encompass the utilization of plant resources that have not been recognized for their medicinal properties elsewhere. These discoveries expand the existing knowledge of traditional medicinal applications of plants in the Quara district. In addition to the new medicinal plant species, the study also reported 39 new use cases for plants that were already known. For instance, the study revealed that the leaf of Rumex nepalensis is used to treat malaria, whereas previous studies had reported its use for 24 different ailments [29, 30, 39,40,41,42, 45,46,47, 49, 51, 58, 59]. Similarly, the study found that the root of Albizia gummifera is chewed for snakebite treatment, whereas earlier studies had reported its use for 23 different ailments [43, 46]. Furthermore, the present study identified Amaranthus caudatus as a medicinal plant used for treating anemia, in contrast to the nine previously reported uses, including constipation, wound healing, febrile illness, urinary problems, common cold, malnutrition, rheumatism, stomachache, and diarrhea [29, 45, 47, 50]. The researchers were able to uncover these previously unmentioned medicinal plants and discover new uses for known plants by performing ethnobotanical investigations from an ethnic-based perspective and exploring new areas. Similarly, another study [107] reported new medicinal plant species by taking an ethnic-based approach in an area previously not studied. The discovery of these previously unreported medicinal plants in the Quara district highlights the potential for further documentation and exploration of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Ethiopia. To validate the efficacy of these newly reported uses and plants, further phytochemical research is needed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: 025) was m. 4611 delA mutation in 10 MIEH subjects. The results suggested that mtDNA mutations were positively correlated with MIEH. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate mutations in mtDNA 3777-4679 region of the Chinese MIEH population. The results showed that the group of MIEH had more mtDNA variations, which mainly located at ND1 site and the highest mutation site was m. 3970C>T. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in cardiovascular disorders [20]. As far as we know, this is one of the first large-scale population-based studies about and the potential role of mtDNA in MIEH. The systematic screen of the association between MIEH and mtDNA mutation is not only essential to further our understanding of the specific mechanism of the mutation in disease etiology, but can also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. In an attempt to determine whether mtDNA was involved in the biochemical indicators of the MIEH individuals, we compared and analyzed the biochemical abnormalities of all the participants. Clinical evaluation of all the participants suggested that MIEH subjects presented significantly higher values than those of control group in and renal function. Notably, MIEH individuals were obese or overweight in comparison to NT group. High BMI for EH was reported as a strong predictor of hypertension in a multivariate analysis [21]. Therefore, a normal body weight (BMI 18. 5-24. 9 kg/m2) should be recommended for the prevention and management of MIEH [22]. These factors might contribute to the occurrence and development of MIEH, or they might occur as a result of the progress of MIEH, which results in the damage of the target organ. Many studies have depicted the function of inherited mtDNA mutations in MIEH family, such as the analysis of maternally transmitted hypertension in a large cohort [23]. Here, we investigated the mtDNA 3777-4679 region using PCR amplification and the sequence analysis. Current results showed that eight SNPs were significantly different between the MIEH and the control groups: m. 3970C>T, m. 4048G>A, m. 4071C>T, m. 4086C>T, m. 4164A>G and m. 4248T>C in ND1 gene, m. 4386T>C and m.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: O altă descoperire semnificativă a grupului de lucru multidisciplinar a fost identificarea unui tip de bacterie Bifidobacterium longum care a avut impact pozitiv asupra eliberării de cortizol, a calităţii somnului şi a stresului perceput. Ipoteza grupului de lucru vizează posibilitatea transformării acestor tipuri de bacterii în viitoare probiotice de nouă generaţie care să fie folosite în tratarea patalogiilor metabolice de tipul obezităţii sau a problemelor legate de stres şi a schimbărilor de stare, cum este cazul depresiei(19). Teoriile clasice au demonstrat că stilul de viaţă influenţează creierul prin intermediul axei hipotalamus-hipofiză-suprarenale. Experienţa clinică a demonstrat că dereglările produse la acest nivel de stresul cronic sau de vulnerabilităţile genetice pot provoca tulburări ale sănătăţii mintale, demonstrate de creşterea citokinelor inflamatorii în ser. Noile teorii ce au la bază analiza ecosistemului reprezentat de microbiom reliefează interdependenţa dintre sănătatea intestinelor, starea de eubioză şi sănătatea sistemului nervos.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This research has the potential to provide valuable insights into medical sciences [108] and strengthen the traditional medicinal practices that have been passed through generations [107]. Threats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe greatest threat to medicinal plants in the district is agricultural land expansion, consistent with previous research in Ethiopia [10, 106, 109]. Other reported threats include deforestation, habitat loss, drought, furniture production, informal export, settlement, land degradation, and encroachment on communal forests. The main drivers of this agricultural land expansion are population pressure and low land productivity. The unsustainable exploitation of specific medicinal plants, such as Ximenia americana, Carissa spinarum, Securidaca longepedunculata, and Boswellia papyrifera, threatens their status. To address this, it is crucial to implement awareness programs and conservation education involving stakeholders and local communities to prevent disruptions in the population dynamics of these threatened species. However, the study area currently has limited conservation and management practices for medicinal plants. The local community’s reported conservation efforts include cultivating plants in home gardens and preserving them in agricultural lands. Beyond their medicinal applications, the medicinal plant species documented in this study also serve a multitude of other vital purposes within the local communities. These plants are cultivated and utilized for their aesthetic value, as living fences, as sources of food, and shade, and as fuel for firewood. This diverse spectrum of uses underscores the deep cultural and ecological significance of these natural resources. Strengthening the existing conservation and management practices surrounding these medicinal plants is, therefore, essential for ensuring their long-term sustainability and continued availability to the local population. Safeguarding these invaluable natural resources is not only crucial for preserving traditional medicine knowledge and practices, but also plays a critical role in bolstering food security within the area. This study contributes to environmental protection by prioritizing the major threatening factors to the study area’s natural resources. Identifying these key threats can help halt further degradation of the environment and enable the development of appropriate conservation and management strategies. This, in turn, will aid in protecting against the loss of species and other natural resources in the study area and similar environments. ConclusionThis comprehensive study represents the first detailed exploration of indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge in the Quara district of Northwestern Ethiopia. The documentation of 128 medicinal plants used to treat 76 common ailments across 14 disease categories highlights the rich diversity of plant resources employed for healthcare purposes.

Output: pass