Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: SummaryHabitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation impacts are the most direct threat to global biodiversity. In this Primer, we discuss how these three forms of habitat transformation are inextricably intertwined, and how their effects on biodiversity and ecosystems are often context specific. We draw on recent analyses that have explored this context-dependence directly to discuss how local-scale impacts of habitat transformation are mediated by biogeographic-scale variation in evolutionary histories and species’ geographic ranges. We also discuss how changes to ecosystem functions and services in modified habitats can be just as context-dependent—and how these changes are further obscured by high levels of ecological redundancy in species functions, which can confer resilience to habitat transformation. To avoid the impending extinction of millions of species, it is crucial that the impacts of habitat transformation are mitigated through a combination of preventing further habitat loss while simultaneously extending and repairing the habitats that remain. IntroductionThe current biodiversity crisis has been labeled as the sixth and potentially most extreme mass extinction yet, with a larger number of species predicted to go extinct at a faster rate than ever before. In fact, we have already overshot the planetary boundaries of biodiversity intactness in many areas of the world, having lost over 75% of species in the worst affected areas and nearly 10% of individuals at a planetary scale. It is widely known that the main direct drivers of biodiversity loss are habitat transformation (i. e. , conversion to agriculture), overexploitation (e. g. , hunting and overfishing), biotic exchange (e. g. , invasive species), nutrient loading (e. g. , pollution and increases in nitrogen), and climate change. These drivers do not affect all ecosystems equally. For example, tropical forests specifically are being converted to agricultural land at a faster rate than any other ecosystem. More than 70% of all remaining forest is now less than 1 km from the edge of a non-forest habitat. Because tropical regions hold over 75% of all species described to science, it is well accepted that habitat transformation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss. Studies assessing the effects of habitat transformation became popular in the 1970s, under the umbrella term of “habitat fragmentation. ” Habitat fragmentation was used as a catch-all concept to encompass all the changes in human-modified landscapes, where continuous blocks of habitat were transformed into small, isolated patches.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Business-level path dependencies are accompanied by structural issues in Saxony: regarding land allocation and structure, the Republic (GDR) is showing long-term consequences, as farming was collectivized in so-called LPG (Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften; agricultural production associations), landscape elements were removed and fields combined, incentivizing large-scale production of a few crops rather than diverse crop rotations (I8, also see I10). However, it should be noted that similar processes of simplification also took place in Western Germany. Knowledge factorsDespite high importance assigned to knowledge barriers by several interview partners, restricted availability of and access to knowledge were weighted low in the survey. As the interviews covered a more diverse group of stakeholders than the survey, this divergence might be explained by differences in self- and outside perception of conventional farmers’ knowledge levels and access to knowledge. Interviewees from several stakeholder groups identified a need for more research on climate-friendly agriculture (I3, I9, I10), especially on organic agriculture (I10). One farmer claimed that the scientific community fails to propose practically applicable solutions (I6) while another stated that “most of the time, the practicing farmer is already one step ahead of what climate scientists propose” (I1). In contrast, other interviewees claimed that there was already plenty of knowledge awaiting implementation (I9, I10). The public authority representative shared that, because of unavailable knowledge, the authority did not know which practices to incentivize (I3). In addition to knowledge production, knowledge distribution was considered a problem. Agricultural vocational training was criticized for a focus on economic issues, while underemphasizing ecology, sustainability, and organic agriculture (I8, I9). As agricultural best practices are highly context-specific, acquiring the necessary knowledge requires experimentation or specialized advisory services and demonstration farms (I1,I2, I3, I4, I9, I10), which is costly for producers, especially in the Saxon context where advisory services are largely privatized (I3). Experiments and increased investment in advisory services by public authorities partly alleviated this problem (I3, I4). Knowledge barriers were linked to several other barriers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식 물선호도의 연관성과 패턴을 확인하기 위하여 자녀양육태도를 가 중케이스로 한 다중대응일치 최적화 척도법 분석을 하였다. 결과 및 고찰 1. 식물 선호도와 관련 변인 응답자의 68. 8%는 텃밭활동 경험이 있었고, 59. 1%는 주변에 텃밭이 가까이 있다고 하였다. 텃밭활동 계기는 식물에 대한 관심 증가 37. 2%, 자녀(가족)와 더 친해짐 23. 8%, 좋은 말 많이 하고 정 서적 안정 11. 2%, 신체활동과 건강 증진 11. 2%, 자녀의 식습관 개 선 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: In its early days, the theoretical framework of habitat fragmentation was borrowed from the Theory of Island Biogeography, which assumed homogeneous habitats within islands. This theory also considered the intervening habitat (i. e. , ocean) to be deleterious to all species and that changes in biodiversity were driven by a balance between speciation, extinction, and colonization. As more studies were conducted in terrestrial landscapes, it became clear that habitat patches were not oceanic islands and, importantly, the matrix habitat (see Box 1) is not as hostile as open water. Studies also started revealing the impacts of edge effects (see Box 1) on habitat quality and the availability of resources and that communities are rarely under dynamic equilibrium, even if colonization and extinction events are constantly happening (see Box 1). This added complexity and further nuances to the emerging science, giving birth to the discipline of landscape ecology, which treats habitat fragmentation as just one change—along with habitat loss and degradation—that can be observed in human-modified landscapes. Box 1GlossaryEcosystem functions: ecological processes that enable the movement of energy and nutrients through the environment. Ecosystem services: defined in the Assessment, these are the benefits people can derive from ecosystems, such as food (provisioning), pollination (supporting), flood protection (regulating), and recreation (cultural). Edge effects: how the boundary between different habitat types influences the communities and processes within that range. Matrix: the non-native habitat between fragments of original habitat. Population dynamics: the change in the structure of a population over time, dictated by colonization and extinction or recruitment and mortality. Resilience: the capacity of an ecosystem to recover from damage or disturbance and return to its previous stable state. Resistance: the ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecosystem functioning and dynamics when subjected to damage or disturbance. Trophic cascades: trophic cascades are the effects of predators and/or prey on the abundance, biomass, or productivity of a trophic level more than one trophic link away. Open table in a new tabThe confounded effects of habitat transformationHabitat loss represents simply “a reduction of habitat amount” and has been consistently shown to be a major factor driving biodiversity decline at the global scale (Figure 1). Habitat fragmentation is the breaking apart of habitats and is often quantified as changes in patch size, loss of connectivity, and increased edge effects (Figure 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: For example, the lack of knowledge diminishes the response capacity of farmers facing climate change (I9, I6) and the development of novel forms of using more diverse crops (I3). Furthermore, difficulties to quantify soil fertility and thus the effects of specific measures on it were cited as impeding efforts to convince farmers of the on-farm benefits of adopting diversified crop rotations (I3). Regarding access to knowledge, incomplete agricultural education and costly advisory services increase implementation costs which might be problematic given limited financial leeway. Table 2 provides a summary of the main findings for each barrier type. Table 2 Main points associated with each barrier type as identified through the interviewsFull size tableDiscussionHuman agents (such as farmers) are constrained in their actions by numerous barriers. The action space perspective adopted in this paper emphasizes these barriers and how they circumscribe what an agent can feasibly be expected to do, given her own perceptions. In that sense, the action space perspective can provide information about what farmers cannot do (e. g. , why they cannot adopt sustainable practices). Still, a number of further behavioral factors operate within the action space and ultimately determine whether the farmer will adopt a practice if her action space allows for it (Delaroche 2020; Dessart et al. 2019). Therefore, understanding the action space is necessary but not sufficient to understand and predict the adoption of sustainable practices by farmers. Still, external barriers to adoption are often overlooked by policy; their targeted alleviation and removal can be an efficient agri-environmental policy approach. In the following, we discuss the implications for policy and research that emerge from our study of Saxon farmers’ action space. We organize the discussion along three hierarchical policy levels (regional, national, and international), which we complement by a discussion of more general implications and limitations of our work. Implications at regional levelAt the regional level (i. e. , federal state level in Germany), where the practical implementation of many agricultural policies takes place, we found that the main barriers constraining farmers’ action space were the bureaucratic load, knowledge deficits, and lack of advisory services to support both issues. Our interviews and survey corroborate previous findings suggesting that farmers in Germany and elsewhere in Europe perceive the bureaucratic load associated with the reception of agricultural payments as high (Bartkowski and Bartke 2018). In this context, Mack et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 6%, 공부나 일의 집중력 향상 2. 7%이었다. 이를 목적별로 재 분류한 결과 인지적(식물에 대한 관심, 공부, 꿈) 32. 7%, 심리적(정 서안정) 9. 4%, 사회적(관계, 학교와 집 협력) 22. 2%, 신체적(식습 관, 건강, 환경) 14. 0%, 복합적(인지, 심리, 사회, 신체) 21. 6%로 나타났다. 선호하는 활동은 식물 기르기 54. 8%(실내 32. 6, 실외 22. 2), 식 물 활용 23. 9%(장식 및 공예 9. 6, 요리 14. 3), 식물 감상 및 지식습 득 20. 9%(산책･견학･여행 등 식물감상 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Impacts on ecosystem functions and servicesA large number of observational or theoretical studies have shown that the loss of species can lead to important changes in ecosystem functions (e. g. , herbivory and nutrient cycling; see Box 1) and ecosystem services (e. g. , pest control and carbon sequestration; see Box 1). These studies often use an indirect approach to obtaining information on ecosystem functions, as they use species morphological or behavioral traits, as well as their abundance or presence, to infer what would happen to the ecosystem when those species are no longer present. For instance, large seeds are often dispersed by large mammals, so evidence on the local extinction of large frugivorous mammals would then be used to suggest that seed dispersal is disrupted for many tree species. A recent review focusing solely on tropical forests showed that in general, the functional richness or diversity of animal and plant communities decreases with habitat loss and fragmentation. However, there is a lot variability in these results—including results from a study on freshwater fish that found an increase in functional diversity with habitat loss. It is not surprising that this indirect approach to studying changes to ecosystem function results are just as scale, species, and context dependent as biodiversity results, given that the underlying datasets used for analyses are exactly the same as those used in biodiversity studies (i. e. , datasets of species presence and/or abundance). Another drawback of the vast majority of these studies is that they rarely analyze traits from widely different taxa that may perform similar ecosystem functions (e. g. , spiders and insectivorous birds both predate invertebrate prey but are seldom studied together). By ignoring this ecological redundancy, it is likely that results from many studies are underestimating the extent to which ecosystem functions are resilient to habitat transformation. Indeed, studies that have used experimental approaches to measure ecosystem functions directly have found that natural ecosystems have a lot of redundancy: there are multiple species across the tree of life that can perform similar roles in the ecosystem. For instance, a study in Borneo has shown that in pristine forests, arthropods are primarily responsible for seed and invertebrate predation, while in degraded forests, vertebrates begin to increase their contribution to those roles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (2019) demonstrate that clear communication of documentation and reporting requirements and their rationale by authorities seems to play an important role in reducing the perceived bureaucratic load. This immediately suggests an avenue for policy intervention, as the number and extent of administrative tasks (and thus, transaction costs) faced by modern farmers is significant. Here, there is increasing hope and attempts to improve the situation through digitalization (see Weersink et al. 2018; Ehlers et al. 2021). However, many challenges remain (Klerkx et al. 2019; Ehlers et al. 2021), including legal issues (e. g. , data ownership), economic issues (e. g. , investment in technologies), and infrastructure issues (e. g. , internet availability in rural areas). Another option is to reduce the workload elsewhere, for instance, with decision support tools (Pahmeyer et al. 2021) or digitized agri-environmental scheme designs (Bartkowski et al. 2021). Our study reveals an interesting contrast between the assessment of the role of knowledge deficits between farmers and non-farmer stakeholders. This aligns with the anecdotal evidence suggesting that environmental concerns are not well reflected in agricultural education (Joormann and Schmidt 2017) while recognizing the large role of informal and experiential knowledge (Šūmane et al. 2018) and farmers’ networks of knowledge exchange (Albizua et al. 2020; Mills et al. 2019; Burton and Riley 2018). Also, advisory services have been repeatedly identified as an important factor in this and similar contexts (e. g. , Ingram and Mills 2019; Wuepper et al. 2021), as was strengthening the presence of environmental topics in agricultural education curricula (Joormann and Schmidt 2017). Despite the low weight of knowledge barriers in our survey, there are many potential levers to be used by policy and other actors involved in communicating practical agri-environmental knowledge. This is especially true given we could not assess whether it is other stakeholders underestimating farmers’ knowledge or farmers overestimating it. Implications at national levelAt the national level, the low prices of agricultural products, lack of policy coherence and land prices are the major issues. Low willingness to pay and power asymmetries in food value chains—both key reasons behind low producer prices—are complex issues and exhibit multiple links to other topics raised in the interviews.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 2, 원예 관련 지식습득 활동 5. 7) 순이었다. 선호하는 식물은 46. 0%가 1개를 꼽았으나, 2개(32. 2%), 3개 (14. 4%), 4~6개(7. 4%)를 적기도 하였다. 가장 선호하는 식물은 상추 9. 1%, 토마토 6. 4%, 다육식물･채소･허브(각각 6. 1%)이었 고, 기타 다양(66. 3%) 하였다. 식물 선호와 관련되는 변수를 확인하기 위하여 식물을 9가지 유 형의 분류기준에 따라 교차분석을 하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Further experiments in tropical and temperate regions have also shown that insectivorous vertebrates have an important role in controlling herbivores and herbivory far from the forest edge, while in open areas and near the edge, the trophic chain is headed by invertebrates. What these studies have in common is that rates of ecosystem function, such as herbivory or seed predation, were remarkably resilient to habitat transformation. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) experiments on plants that have independently manipulated the numbers of species and functional groups have also shown that—at high levels of diversity—there is a reasonable degree of functional redundancy contributing to ecological resilience. There is less information about how ecosystem services (see Box 1) are affected by different aspects of habitat transformation. Importantly, carbon stocks and sequestration, two key ecosystem services in the face of climate change, seem to be differently affected by edges effects in the tropics and temperate zones. Studies in tropical forests have shown strong declines in carbon stocks up to 100 m from forest edges, while studies in Europe have shown that carbon stocks are higher near edges. Tropical forest edges often go through a process of “secondarization,” where old-growth hardwood trees die with increased heat, desiccation, and wind and are replaced by fast-growing, low-density trees. These disturbed habitats hold significantly less carbon than old-growth forests. In temperate deciduous forests, however, nitrogen deposition is higher near forest edges, which promotes tree growth. These results re-emphasize the context-dependence of habitat change impacts and also highlight (1) the importance of measuring ecosystem functions and services directly and (2) the need for more studies on how functions and services are affected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation in different parts of the world. Informing conservation and management strategiesPreventing habitat loss is without doubt the most important step to reduce the impacts of habitat transformation—it can take centuries for restored habitats to provide the same level of biodiversity, functions, and services as pristine habitats. However, just reducing or stopping habitat loss is not enough because, in many regions of the world, the amount of existing habitat is less than what it is required for preserving those species and functions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The market power of retailers and processing industries, compared to the low power of individual farmers, has been well documented in the economic literature (e. g. , Sexton and Xia 2018; Bonanno et al. 2018). Strengthening farmer cooperation has been raised as a remediation strategy (Candemir et al. 2021), possibly linked to governance interventions such as collaborative agri-environmental payment schemes (Westerink et al. 2017). Although farmers unions and other types of organization might have a larger chance to change barriers beyond the farm level, these collective action problems fall out of the scope of this paper. Another widely discussed yet understudied option is direct marketing, which also may influence consumers’ willingness to pay for sustainably produced food by bringing them closer to the production realities (Opitz et al. 2017; 2019). Some scholars speak, in line with our interviewees, of a vote-buy gap (Paul et al. 2019), where people voice their willingness to purchase more expensive, but sustainably produced food, while their purchases contradict this. However, as argued by Bartkowski and Baum (2019) in the context of genome-edited food, the issue may be more complex than this, including factors such as social dilemmas and information asymmetries that are only limitedly addressed by labelling. These tensions and complexities suggest that a policy focus on agricultural production only is too narrow and that there is a need to consider agrifood systems in their entirety (as attempted e. g. , in the EU Farm-to-Fork Strategy) (see et al. 2020; Oteros-Rozas et al. 2019). In this context, policy coherence is crucial—as bemoaned by the interviewees as well as in the scientific literature (Pe’er et al. 2019), agricultural and agri-environmental policies in the EU are often incoherent, both with respect to their objectives and the instruments they adopt. This situation is potentially aggravated by the stepwise implementation of the Deal, which seems at odds with the planned reform of the CAP (Pe’er et al. 2020; Scown et al. 2020). Also, it adds to the perceived unpredictability of policy development. However, from the point of view of regulators, there is a trade-off between predictability and adaptability of policies (Gawel and Lehmann 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➀ 근･엽채류, 과채류, 수목류, 초화류로 분류하였을 때 χ2검증 결과 친하게 지내는 이웃 (Im)이 없는 집단(None)이 열매채소나 수목류(과실수 포함)를 선 호하였으나 통계적 유의차는 인정되지 않았고, 친하게 지내는 이웃 (NIm)이 4명 이상(4+)인 경우에 초화류를 선호하였다(Table 2). Table 2. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by generic character. V'z χ2 df p (n=143) 26y (18. 2) 41 (28. 7) 30 (21. 0) 46 (32. 1) 7. 539 3. 057 None (n=29) 1 (3. 4) 12 (41. 4) 10 (34. 5) 6 (20. 7) NIm 1-3 (n=71) 17 (23. 9) 27 (38. 0) 9 (12. 7) 18 (25. 4) 12. 503 3. 006 4+ (n=65) 7 (10. 8) 14 (21. 5) 18 (27. 7) 26 (40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: For example, species like the grizzly bear have wide ranges but are sensitive to human disturbance, so managing land in a manner that is sympathetic to them can be simultaneously beneficial to the rest of species within that ecosystem. to Initiative uses this premise, forming one of the world’s leading montane ecosystem management projects, and is comprised of core conservation areas and linkage zones. initiative between Mexico and Brazil works in a similar fashion and is known to benefit river turtle, spider monkey, and Baird’s tapir as well as jaguars. Repairing a habitatRepairing a habitat is often done through enrichment planting (Figure 2C), where seedlings of native species are planted inside a degraded forest. But there are many alternative approaches, such as the re-introduction of keystone species leading to trophic cascades (see Box 1) that improve habitat quality. For instance, the reintroduction of wolves in Park (USA) led to a change in behavior in herbivores, with cascading consequences to regrowth of riparian forests. In other locations, manual removal of invasive pests such as goats and deer in temperate forests (New Zealand) or the cutting of lianas in tropical forests (Southeast Asia) are methods designed to restore an ecological balance in which natural habitat regeneration processes are given an advantage, allowing the ecosystem to eventually repair itself (Figures 2D and 2E). Ideally, habitat repairs are either undertaken in large areas of continuous habitat, or if they’re done in small habitat areas, they should be supported by habitat extension initiatives. This is because if the habitat area that is restored is too small to resist the continued pressures of habitat fragmentation and degradation that will predictably occur in the future, the habitat will be unable to sustain itself in the long term and will need continuous human intervention. Influencing policyResults from studies investigating the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and loss have now been used to inform conservation and management decisions on a range of countries across the world. A multi-taxa study in the of Brazil, for instance, unequivocally demonstrated that 30% of forest is required to maintain biodiversity at levels similar to those found in protected areas. This study was subsequently used to underpin three different pieces of environmental legislation designed to enshrine priority areas for restoration in law, with the goal of both extending and repairing habitats to increase biodiversity and protect water resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Given that those regulated cannot anticipate future changes in policy adapting policies to new information, while sensible from the point of view of regulators and societal welfare, may deter beneficial investments by those regulated. The precise role of tenure and land prices as a barrier to the adoption of sustainable practices, raised by our interviewees and in the survey, is unclear. For instance, recent evidence suggests that the effect of land tenure on land management is highly contextual and may be negligible if tenure contracts are long-term (Leonhardt et al. 2019; Daedlow et al. 2018). Also, the extent of the capitalization of CAP direct payments in land prices is ambiguous (Graubner 2018). Some evidence is available of pressures increasing demand for land for non-agricultural purposes exert on rural areas (Bunkus and Theesfeld 2018). However, the evidence base seems currently too narrow to allow for the formulation of policy recommendations, such as a more strict regulation of agricultural land markets. Implications at international levelThe topics raised in our interviews also demonstrate the importance of international policy frameworks, particularly in the domains of trade and climate. For instance, the already mentioned market power of retailers is further aggravated by their ability to procure agricultural products in global markets, which can be considered a consequence of the rules of the Organization (WTO). While the globalization of agricultural markets is associated with many benefits for consumers (Qaim 2017), in its current form, the international trade regime often leads to a “race-to-the-bottom” in terms of environmental standards as countries seek to ensure international competitiveness (Oliver et al. 2018; see also Fuchs et al. 2020). The other international policy area of high importance is climate policy. As indicated by the discussion on the potential of cover crops as well as the limited financial flexibility in and around drought years, climate change is a central barrier to Saxon farmers’ action space in adopting sustainable management practices. Given agriculture’s contribution to climate change (Clark et al. 2020), this constitutes a positive feedback loop. Policymaking needs to consider the interactions between enhancing farming system resilience and adopting sustainable practices (Meuwissen et al. 2019; Oliver et al. 2018; Rosa-Schleich et al. 2019; Wiréhn et al. 2020). General implicationsTwo general policy-relevant implications arise from our study: the interdependency and dynamism of the barriers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 0) z Roots & leaf vegetable (RLV), Fruit vegetable (FV), Fruit & Trees (FT), Herbaceous (Hb), probability (p), Having an Intimate (Im), Number of intimate (NIm), 1-3persons (1-3), 4persons and more (4+). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05 by pearson χ2-test or Non-significant. ➁ 시각적으로 지지대가 필요한 식물과 그렇지 않은 식물은 자 녀 성별에 따라 딸만 있는 부모가 지지대가 필요한 식물을 선호하 는 경향이었고, 아들만 있는 부모는 상대적으로 지지대가 필요 없 는 식물을 선호하였으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: If done right, 1 billion metric tons of CO2 could be sequestered at the same time. Conclusions and outlookIt is clear that habitat transformation—be it through habitat loss, fragmentation, or degradation—is leading to the loss of thousands (if not millions) of species with potentially unpredictable impacts on the ecosystem functions and services they provide. However, we are still a long way from being able to create highly accurate models to predict which species are going to go extinct and where, and what will be the consequences to humans and the world we live in. Because many of the effects of habitat transformation are context-specific, general rules of thumb like the 30% threshold found for the cannot be generically applied to guide legislation the world over. Unfortunately, such multi-taxa knowledge is not available in all parts of the world to allow such precise management decisions. But fortunately, the inevitable correlation between habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation can become an advantage rather than a disadvantage in this management context. This seemingly counterintuitive conclusion holds because any action to manage one of the three forms of habitat transformation will likely have simultaneous, indirect benefits on the other two. Despite this, however, habitat management will never be optimized without detailed, context-specific understanding of local habitat transformation effects. Despite all uncertainties, we do know that the only way to halt biodiversity loss, and help mitigate the impacts of climate change, is to both significantly reduce the rate of habitat conversion and deploy large-scale habitat restoration projects. The timescales of habitat management and transformation are highly sensitive to change: decades of good governance can be undone by just months of environmental attacks or extreme climatic events such as drought-induced fires, so safeguarding the future of millions of species will require concerted efforts consistently maintained over long time periods. Recommended reading1. Banks-Leite, C. ∙ Pardini, R. ∙ Tambosi, L. R. . . . Using ecological thresholds to evaluate the costs and benefits of set-asides in a biodiversity hotspotScience. 2014; 345:1041-1045CrossrefScopus (317)PubMed2. Betts, M. G. ∙ Wolf, C. ∙ Pfeifer, M. . . . Extinction filters mediate the global effects of habitat fragmentation on animalsScience. 2019; 366:1236-1239CrossrefScopus (168)PubMed3. Fahrig, L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: First, as stressed above repeatedly, many barriers are interlinked; isolated changes to one barrier can thus lead to unintended shifts in other barriers. Both trade-offs and synergies are possible, so that a holistic perspective is required for effective policy interventions. Note, for instance, the finding from the interviews that while mixed farms are more flexible due to their higher business diversity, they also face higher fixed costs of investments associated with livestock farming, which limits their financial flexibility. Similarly, investments in digital technologies may reduce bureaucratic load, but at the same time, they imply financial pressures that may tighten the action space elsewhere. Second, special emphasis should be put on the notion that the action space is dynamic, as it responds, often in non-obvious ways, to changes in the social, economic, institutional, and natural environments that ultimately determine both the “actual” barriers faced by farmers and their perceptions of their action space. Accordingly, attempts to broaden the action space by means of policy interventions, e. g. , aiming at increasing the adoption of sustainable management practices, need to consider not only the action space as it is when the intervention is introduced but also anticipate likely future developments that may affect the action space (e. g. , climate change, international trade agreements, etc. ). For policy interventions to be effective, they need to affect the action space in a durable manner, which makes it crucial to identify actors with highest potential for durable change (see Marselle et al. 2020). Limitations of the studyOur results exhibit a high internal validity regarding the choice of barriers for the survey (i. e. , similar results for the overall limitation of the action space and for the average of the strengths assigned to all barriers) despite the fact that our definition of diversified crop rotations included several practices which might be subject to different barriers and the relatively small sample size (N = 51). The main downside of the small sample size is our inability to provide any robust insights into the potential heterogeneity of action space perceptions (e. g. , differences between old and young farmers or between organic and conventional farms). While the broad definition of diversified crop rotations limits the applicability of results to each single practice relevant in this context (e. g. , cover crops, perennial crops), this broad approach allowed capturing general perceptions of farmers regarding their action space, leaving open the context-specific relevance of individual practices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➂ 후각적으 로 향기가 있다고 여겨지는 꽃, 허브류(HF)는 식물 기르기 활동에 서 물주기･비료주기･가지치기･곁순따기･잡초제거와 같은 돌보기 활동(RG)을 좋아하는 집단이 상대적으로 더 선호하였고, 텃밭활 동에서 어려운 점(PC)이 재배방법과 관리(GP), 수확물 활용(UP) 등을 어려워하는 집단에서 상대적으로 더 선호하였으며, χ2검증 결 과 통계적으로도 유의차가 있었다(Table 3). Table 3. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by olfactory sense. V'z HF Others χ2 df p GA Sd(n=8) 2(25. 0)y 6(75. 0) 11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Ecological theory indicates that a key consequence of fragmentation per se is to aggravate the effects of habitat loss [7]. Theoretical models predict that the higher the fragmentation level, the earlier the appearance in the habitat loss gradient of the extinction threshold; that is, of the minimum amount of habitat below which a population cannot persist and becomes locally extinct [1, 8, 9]. However, this so-called fragmentation threshold hypothesis [10, 11] has received tenuous support from empirical results [3], which may be associated with how habitats are defined in theoretical vs. empirical studies [12, 13]. The habitat concept has a clear species-specific nature, referring to the resources and conditions permitting occupancy of space by a particular species [14]. As such, habitat is introduced in most theoretical studies with the characteristics that researchers want to assign to it. Conversely, gaps of knowledge and data often preclude such a close species-habitat matching in empirical studies, which typically use broad, human-perceived habitat types (e. g. forest) to which groups of species are assigned as if the species integrating each group had identical habitat needs (e. g. forest specialists) [4, 12]. Due to these limitations, mismatches between empirical results and theoretical propositions are perhaps not surprising. On the other hand, because broad vegetation and land use types often form the basis of decision making in conservation (see also [4]), the use of these habitat proxies in fragmentation studies may facilitate the transferability of empirical results to real conservation issues. Additionally, Didham et al. [6] argued for the existence of sets of species’ traits generating common responses to fragmentation of these broad habitat proxies in different species. If confirmed, such traits could be used as cues to pinpoint in advance which species are likely to be more sensitive to fragmentation and thus to define preventive conservation actions directed to them. This perspective has been supported by Rueda et al. [12] who studied how forest amount and fragmentation are related to the occurrence of seven forest bird specialists across Europe. They found that while all species were negatively affected by forest loss per se, two Phasianidae species with limited vagility and dispersal capabilities were also sensitive to fragmentation per se. These results emphasize the importance of dispersal as a determinant of species reactions to fragmentation [15–17] and illustrate how key species traits could be used as 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: As in any case study based on a mixed-method approach, we recommend interpreting our results with care for two reasons. Firstly, interviews captured the barriers to interviewee’s own understanding of what we framed as climate-friendly crop rotations, while the survey pre-defined the corresponding practices, which could have caused a mismatch in definitions in some cases. Secondly, the framing of diversified crop rotations as climate-friendly crop rotations in the surveys is likely to have influenced the responses we captured, although the practices and thus the barriers are likely the same even if the main goal of diversification is not climate mitigation. ConclusionsThis study operationalizes and applies the concept of farmers’ action space to adopt sustainable management practices, in order to separate decision-making factors within the sphere of influence of farmers from those that lie beyond farmers’ immediate control. We identified the most important factors limiting farmers’ perceived leeway to implement diversified crop rotations. Our mixed-method empirical application demonstrates that arable farmers in the German federal state of Saxony perceive having a rather small action space to implement diversified crop rotations as a climate mitigation strategy. A key reason for this is that diversified crop rotations require the cultivation of a variety of crops that are not economically viable under current conditions. In many cases, deviating from the most profitable practices and engaging in environmentally friendly alternatives is not perceived as possible, because of very limited financial leeway (low margins) and a perceived immediate threat to the survival of the business. The action space represents a useful conceptual linkage element between the behavior of individual farmers and broader phenomena such as the global agricultural market, climate change, or agri-environmental policy. While the action space perspective is not sufficient to explain what farmers will do (as this also requires knowledge of individual motivations, guided by values, norms, attitudes and other behavioral factors), it can illuminate why they do not engage in particular behaviors. Such a perspective can contribute to mediating the tensions between individual farmers’ concerns and the broader need for environmentally friendly agriculture. A focus on the multiple factors beyond the perceived immediate control of farmers is essential, given an increased recognition of the need to understand sustainable agriculture within the context of global food systems (Caron et al. 2018). Our results suggest that especially the economic and regulatory operating environment of farmers limits their capability to respond to the strong political and societal demands for sustainable agriculture.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 528 3. 021 RG(n=21) 11(52. 4) 10(47. 6) Hv(n=76) 13(17. 1) 63(82. 9) Wc(n=34) 7(20. 6) 27(79. 4) Hole(n=33) 8(24. 2) 25(75. 8) PC DP(n=17) 0(0. 0) 17(100. 0) 6. 099 2. 047 GP(n=140) 36(25. 7) 104(74. 3) Up(n=16) 5(31. 3) 11(68. 7) z Herbal & flowers (HF), probability (p), Intimate (Im), Growing activity (GA), Seeding (Sd), Raising & growing (RG), Harvesting (Hv), Water culture (Wc), The hole cultivating (Hole), Problems of cultivating (PC), Design of gardening & planting (DP), Growing(weeding, control of pests) (GP), Using products, program, doing planning (UP). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05 by pearson χ2-test. ➃ 만지기 쉬운 식물은 가시가 있는 식물보다 대다수 선호하였 지만, 가시가 있는 만지기 어려운 식물은 텃밭을 만들고 작물 선 정이 어려운 집단(0. 0%)보다는 수확물 활용, 교재교구, 예산 등이 어려운 집단(25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: measuring patch densities and sizes, habitat connectivity and contrast levels, and distances between patches), we chose to measure fragmentation with a single, easily interpretable index (rLPS), and therefore we could be missing information about species’ responses to changing landscape configuration (e. g. [56]; but see [57]). Further analyses might consider these issues by including higher resolution scales, additional fragmentation metrics and data on landscape matrix characteristics. Finally, another potential concern is related to the reliability of our data, particularly to that of species absences. As it is well known, species absences are typically more difficult to quantify accurately, which could in turn have affected the consistency of our logistic models and our conclusions. We, however, are very confident that our data are extremely robust in this regard for two main reasons. Firstly because the (as it is common in other western European regions such as France) has a long tradition of vegetation studies and has been particularly well surveyed floristically, as reflected by e. g. the SIVIM database (one of the two main data sources we used, see Methods), which includes over 130,000 plant community inventories distributed across this region. And secondly because any potential impact of varying species detectability or sampling intensities that could exist in the databases we processed are likely to have been minimized by the relatively coarse resolution of our analysis units (i. e. , 10-km cells). In sum, we have empirically identified fragmentation extinction thresholds for two out of nine forest understory species, suggesting that fragmentation extinction thresholds are uncommon among forest understory plant species. Yet, these results, together with those obtained by Rueda et al. [12]—who following the same methodology found fragmentation extinction thresholds among forest birds—reinforce the existence of fragmentation-driven thresholds for certain forest specialist species. We highlight the importance of focusing on the type of species that are more prone to extinction in fragmented landscapes since neglecting adverse fragmentation effects for them can lead these species to local extinction. A more complete knowledge about forest species traits can help in this task. 1. Fahrig L. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: a synthesis. Ecol Appl. 2002; 12: 346–353. View 2. Haila Y. A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: from island biogeography to landscape ecology. Ecol Appl. 2002; 12: 321–334. View 3. Fahrig L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Addressing this mismatch might be challenging, as the global food system is characterized by path dependencies and the barriers pertaining to the market environment are mutually reinforcing and seem to constitute an instance of “undesirable resilience” (Oliver et al. 2018). Still, this study provides a rationale for policymaking that aims at creating an enabling market and regulatory environment for sustainable agriculture, including consideration of the role of other actors in the food value chain (e. g. , retailers and consumers). The creation of such an enabling environment implies a comprehensive transformation that needs to encompass all stages of the food value chain and consider the synergies and trade-offs between different aspects of sustainability (Caron et al. 2018; Oliver et al. 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 0%)에서 상대적으로 더 선호하였다. 미각적으로 ➄ 식재료 이용이 가능한 식물(PF)은 초등학생 자녀 중 어린자녀 학년(GL)이 3~4학년(G3,4)인 경우(80. 8%), 식물 기르기 활동 (GA) 중 활동 전 과정을 좋아(Hole)하는 집단(72. 7%), 자녀와 대 화시간(DH)이 1시간 이내(1hr)인 집단(75. 0%), 친한 이웃(NIm) 이 1~3명(1-3)인 집단(71. 8%), 직업(Oc) 중에서 안정적인 수입을 얻는 직업군(SP)에서 선호(73. 0%)하였으며 χ2검증 결과 통계적 으로도 유의차가 있었다(Table 4). Table 4. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by taste sense.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2018. | DOI: 10. 4103/1673-5374. 235214 brain is a dynamic organ of the biological renaissance due to the existence of neuroplasticity. Adult neurogenesis abides by every aspect of neuroplasticity in the intact brain and contributes to neural regeneration in response to brain diseases and injury. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis has unequivocally been witnessed in human subjects, experimental and wildlife research including rodents, bats and cetaceans. Adult neurogenesis is a complex cellular process, in which generation of neuroblasts namely, neuroblastosis appears to be an integral process that occur in the limbic system and basal ganglia in addition to the canonical neurogenic niches. Neuroblastosis can be regulated by various factors and contributes to different functions of the brain. The characteristics and fate of neuroblasts have been found to be different among mammals regardless of their cognitive functions. Recently, regulation of neuroblastosis has been proposed for the sensorimotor interface and regenerative neuroplasticity of the adult brain. Hence, the understanding of adult neurogenesis at the functional level of neuroblasts requires a great scientific attention. Therefore, this mini-review provides a glimpse into the conceptual development of neuroplasticity, discusses the possible role of different types of neuroblasts and signifies neuroregenerative failure as a potential cause of dementia. has expediently been intended to the innate adaptability of the brain to restructure its biological resonance towards the personal experience, environmental stimuli and disease throughout life (Cramer et al. , 2011; Fuchs and Flügge, 2014). The structural and functional alterations of the brain can proceed via cellular events, biochemical pathways, synaptic remodeling and behavioural aspects in order to maintain the cerebral homeostasis and to facilitate neurological rehabilitation (Cramer et al. , 2011). The regulation of neuroplasticity has been linked to variable factors like nutrition, education, physical activity, enriched environment, sensory inputs, emotion, and fecundity. In contrast, abnormal lifestyle, genetic variants, ageing, infirmity or injury appear to exacerbate neuroplasticity leading to movement symptoms, behavioural disorders and dementia (Mufson et al. , 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Close mobile navigation and in Oil and 22–24, 2011 : 978-1-55563-325-7 of Impact for Presentation of Data and Results US-2011. Paper Number: SPE-140837-MS Published: February 22 2011 Split-the PDF for in another window Add to eMartinson, Michael and Marco van den Brand. "Remediation: to Practices. " Paper presented at the and in Oil and and Production, Vienna, Austria, February 2011. doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of (SPE)and and environmental sustainability concepts to contaminant remediation continues to evolve in the remediation cleanup marketplace. Increasingly, we recognize that mass transfer remediation practices only defer contamination problems to the future. The importance of environmental footprints in remediation work related to global issues has led to the consideration and development of sustainable practices in the selection and design of remediation systems. The recent development of (RCFMs) globally illustrate a variety of approaches to estimating the carbon footprints of remediation activities, ranging from simple, user-friendly input to comprehensive inputs resulting in cradle-to-grave considerations of carbon footprint impacts. Preferred practices in environmental sustainability increasingly contribute to long-term protection of human health and the environment, conservation of natural resources, and biodiversity – all balanced against economic viability. Sustainable remediation seeks to connect and balance shared values between economics, environmental, and social contributions. Keywords: remediation, remediation technology, carbon emission, lust calculator, society of petroleum engineers, upstream oil & gas, co 2, sustainable environmental practice michael martinson, calculator, calculation Subjects: Environment, Remediation and land reclamation the past few years, carbon footprint estimating tools have been developed for varied uses ranging from personal or household applications created by worldwide private, educational, and government sources. Examples of household on-line calculators for estimating individual carbon emissions include (UC Berkeley, 2010) and USEPA's Calculator (USEPA, 2009). Figure 1View largeDownload slideCoolClimate CalculatorFigure 1View largeDownload slideCoolClose modal Figure 2View largeDownload slideU. S. 2View largeDownload slideU. S. modal Another example of a carbon footprint calculator is (Ltd, 2010) efforts to quantify individual carbon emissions as well as small to large organization carbon emissions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: V'z PF NPF χ2 df p GL G1,2(n=76) 50(65. 8)y 26(34. 2) 7. 634 2. 022 G3,4(n=65) 46(70. 8) 19(29. 2) G5,6(n=25) 10(40. 0) 15(60. 0) GA Sd(n=8) 1(12. 5) 7(87. 5) 15. 749 4. 003 RG(n=21) 10(47. 6) 11(52. 4) Hv(n=74) 54(73. 0) 20(27. 0) Wc(n=34) 20(58. 8) 14(41. 2) Hole(n=33) 24(72. 7) 9(27. 3) DH 1hr(n=84) 63(75. 0) 21(25. 0) 8. 691 1. 003 1hr+(n=88) 47(53. 4) 41(46. 6) NIm 1-3(n=71) 51(71. 8) 20(28. 2) 3. 982 1. 046 4+(n=65) 36(55. 4) 29(44. 6) Oc SP(n=74) 54(73. 0) 20(27. 0) 5. 736 1. 017 MP(n=86) 47(54. 7) 39(45. 3) z V': Plants for foodstuff (PF), for foodstuff (NPF), probability (p), Grade of the Last child (GL), Grade1,2 (G1,2), Grade3,4 (G3,4), Grade5,6 (G5,6), Growing activity (GA), Seeding (Sd), Raising & growing (RG), Harvesting (Hv), Water culture (Wc), The hole cultivating (Hole), Dialog hour with children (AH), 30min~1hr (1hr), 1hr and over (1hr+), Number of intimate (NIm), 1-3persons (1-3), 4 persons and more (4+), Occupation (Oc), Salary & professional (SP), Mom-and-pop & homemaker (MP). y Frequency (percentage, %).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Historically, (1842–1910) introduced the term neuroplasticity as a key biological module of psychological process (Berlucchi and Buchtel, 2009). (1856–1934) proposed that the neurobiology of learning might be constituted at potential vicinity between nerve endings in the brain (Peccarisi et al. , 1994). (1870–1940) identified an intermediary type of neuron (Lugaro Cells) and emphasized that a bidirectional communication between nerve cells might be liable for the neuroplasticity of the brain (Berlucchi and Buchtel, 2009). Otto Dieters’ (1834–1863) illustration of the axon, dendrites, and non-neuronal cells went largely unnoticed until (1825–1874) reasserted it (Deiters and Guillery, 2013; Voogd, 2016). Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) ardently consolidated the neuron doctrine and insisted that the mature brain is an organ of obstinacy (Stahnisch and Nitsch, 2002). His ideology of neuroplasticity remains uncertain, though he noticed that learning could change microcircuits of the adult brain (Stahnisch and Nitsch, 2002). (1859–1918) proposed a term engram to a possible psychological interface between an intrinsic process and external stimuli, accountable for the neurobiochemical basis of learning (Poo et al. , 2016). (1890–1958) extrapolated the engram that neural substratum of learning might be collectively dynamic and distributed throughout cortices of the brain (Bruce, 2001). Konorski (1903–1973) recognized that the pre-existing circuits could reversibly be swapped between neurons upon sensory inputs (Zieliński, 2006), (1857–1952) developed the concept of synapse formation for the integrative action of the neurons during muscle contraction and reflex (Molnár and Brown, 2010). Donald Hebb's (1904–1985) postulate of cell assemblies through synaptic remodeling termed synaptic plasticity laid a sturdy foundation for the neurobiology of learning and memory (Brown and Milner, 2003; Josselyn et al. , 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Extending the carbon footprint calculation even further, University of California-Berkeley became the first university to calculate its supply chain carbon footprint (University of California-Berkeley, 2007). SimaPro (PRé, 2009) is an example of a robust Assessment (LCA) model, first released in 1990, that analyzes complex life cycles of materials, products, and activities in a systematic and transparent way, following the ISO 14040 series recommendations. SimaPro comes inclusive of several inventory databases with thousands of processes. SimaPro is primarily used for the assessment of products, processes and services. Figure 3View largeDownload slideSimaPro interactive process treeFigure 3View largeDownload slideSimaPro interactive process tree Close modal Figure 4View largeDownload slideSimaPro comparative resultsFigure 4View largeDownload slideSimaPro comparative results Close modal These models have led the development of specific RCFMs that span the knowledge and expertise of varied users who provide the site-specific inputs for carbon footprint analyses. of Impact for (RCFM) approaches simulate and evaluate sustainability in the application of technologies during selection, design, execution, and optimization phases of remediation work. Global as well as local considerations in carbon emissions have been implemented into most RCFM approaches for remediation technology processes. One primary factor, the user, dictates the depth of knowledge and expertise required to properly input data and information into any of these models. Other desired RCFM outputs, such as site-by-site comparison, technology comparisons, and cost comparisons, are focused differently for the various modeling approaches. HMVT's Model (HMVT, 2008) illustrates an early RCFM adaptation of carbon emission calculations into remediation elements consisting of materials, transportation, energy, remedial approaches, and waste disposal. A further advancement in RCFM estimating is the Tool (SRT). The SRT development (AFCEE, 2009) served two general purposes: 1) planning for future implementation of remediation technologies at a particular site, as well as, 2) a means to evaluate optimization of remediation technology systems already in place or to compare remediation approaches based on sustainability metrics. Last, the USEPA's development of the (the LUST Calculator) is a tool used to quantify the carbon footprint of leaking underground storage tank (LUST) remediation sites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test. ➅ 다년생 식물(PE)은 자녀의 일상(UC)에 대하여 잘 이해(Yes) 하고 있는 부모(48. 9%)에 비하여 잘 알지 못한다(Not)고 답한 부 모(80. 0%)가 더 선호하였고, 1년생 식물(HA)은 친한 이웃 수가 1~3명(1-3)인 집단(69. 0%)이 4명 이상(4+)인 집단(41. 5%)보다 많았고 통계적으로도 유의하였다(Table 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: (1875–1968) and (1873–1961) have identified that synaptic transmission at nerve terminals act via potential chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters (Tansey, 2006; McCoy and Tan, 2014). (1872–1954) and Paul Bach-y-Rita (1934–2006) supported the idea that neuroplasticity can be exchanged between different regions of the normal brain thereby the functional loss of a brain area can be indemnified by a physiologically intact region (Bach-y-Rita, 2001, 2003; Stahnisch, 2016). During 1980s, provided the experimental proof for a reciprocal relation between the biochemical alteration, neuronal gene expression and synaptic plasticity along learning and behavioural outcome (Kandel, 1981; Kandel and Schwartz, 1982; Siegelbaum et al. , 1982). While the adult brain had earlier been considered a stagnant organ, neuroplasticity had majorly been focused on the changes that occur at the synaptic connections. Indeed, there had generally been a great scientific challenge in understanding the structural and functional changes of the brain as it required a dynamic cellular process in response to the learning process and environmental stimuli (Ming and Song, 2011). However, there has been a gradual paradigm shift in the understanding of neuroplasticity due to a widespread recognition and validation of the generation of new neurons from neural stem cells in the adult brain. Moreover, the acceptance of the functional role of new neurons in the adult brain has revolutionized the concept of neuroplasticity and neurobiology of behaviour, learning and memory functions. Role of In 1960s, (1925–2016) and (1933–1991) provided an initial evidence for the mitotic activity of neural precursors in the adult brain thereby scintillated a possibility for the generation of new neurons in adulthood (Altman and Das, 1965). It took several years to accept this notion, while the neuropoiesis in the mature brain, namely adult neurogenesis, has long been challenged, validated, attributed to cognitive functions and neural regeneration. Adult neurogenesis originates in the hippocampus and SVZ through the generation of neuroblasts or immature neurons (neuroblastosis) from neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain (Figure 1) (Ming and Song, 2011; Couillard-Despres et al. , 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (USEPA, 2010) provides initial default values as inputs, as well as allowing user-selected custom inputs, based upon surveyed baseline data for generating site-specific carbon emissions estimations. Remediation technology environmental impacts are generated for three output metrics: green house gas emissions, energy, and water usage. All of these RCFMs allow users to estimate sustainability metrics for specific technologies. The remaining focus of this paper is to inspect and compare inputs and outputs of two RCFM approaches: HMVT's Model and the U. S. . Presentation of Data and 's Model (CFM) collects site remediation data, convert data into equivalent CO2 emissions, and evaluate CO2 emissions in a comparative fashion. The CFM's goal is to create a model to compare different types of remedial alternatives with each other and understand each alternative's carbon footprint. Beyond the compiled carbon emissions data outputs, the CFM seeks to reduce CO2 emissions even further using a ‘green sheet’ of remediation options utilizing heat pumps, solar panels, and recycling options during clean-up operations. Figure 5View largeDownload slideHMVT's Model WidgetFigure 5View largeDownload slideHMVT's Close modal HMVT's CFM is based on calculating nearly all of the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to estimate a relatively quick and clean overview of the potential total CO2 emissions. The CFM displays the total emissions of CO2 resulting from consumption of electricity, water, natural gas, chemicals, and petroleum fuels for yellow iron equipment and transportation. Soil treatment options (biological, thermal, physical/chemical) and other remediation materials (granular activated carbon and HDPE piping used) are also evaluated. Inputs are saved by the user as individual carbon footprint computer files for site-to-site comparisons to other combinations of inputs. Comparisons for the remediation estimation of carbon emissions are through numerical inputs, comparison to matching household annual emissions, and graphical outputs of the relation between CO2-sources. US-recent user-friendly RCFM is the US-EPA's (the LUST Calculator). The the LUST Calculator was created in 2010 as a tool used to quantify the carbon footprint of (LUST) remediation sites. evaluates remediation technologies with user-selected baseline inputs into the Calculator tool. Remediation technology environmental carbon footprint impacts are generated for three output metrics: ■Gas (GHG) emissions■Energy Usage■Water Usage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➆ 덩굴, 휘묻이, 영양 생장 식물 등을 군락(CG)으로, 모종으로 심을 수 있는 식물 을 독립 (IG)으로 분류하여 선호식물을 살펴본 결과 초등학생 자녀 중 큰 자녀(GO)의 학년이 3~4학년(G3,4)인 경우(54. 3%) 군락형 식물 을, 소득(FIn)이 월 301만원 이상(301)인 경우(66. 4%) 독립형 식 물을 선호하였으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(Table 6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Besides, the occurrence of adult neurogenesis has also been recognized in the cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and striatum that are known to functionally be associated with the limbic system and basal ganglia of the brain (Gould et al. , 1999; Jhaveri et al. , 2018; Paul et al. , 2017; Kohl et al. , 2010; Ernst et al. , 2014; Kandasamy et al. , 2015; Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018). Several lines of evidence support that adult neurogenesis can compromise key features of neuroplasticity hence 1) it appears to be regulated by various intrinsic factors and extrinsic stimuli (Kempermann et al. , 1997; Ming and Song, 2011), 2) it provides cellular foundation for the pattern separation, social adaptation, regulation of mood, desire, olfaction, learning and memory (Zhao et al. , 2008; Gonçalves et al. , 2016) and 3) it denotes the regenerative potential of the brain against late-onset brain disorders (Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018). However, the molecular and cellular process associated with adult neurogenesis has not been completely understood. While the knowledge on regulation of adult neurogenesis at the level of NSCs maintenance and proliferation has been significantly improved (Kandasamy et al. , 2010), underlying regulatory mechanisms of the generation, maintenance and fate of neuroblasts and their functional significance in the adult brain remains to be fully established. Figure 1: Schematic representation of stem cells, progenitors, neuronal and glia population of the hippocampus including microglia. The overall figure indicates neural stem cell (NSC) derived neurogenesis and gliogenesis through neuronal progenitor cell (NPS) in hippocampal stem cell niche of the adult brain. The bidirectional arrow indicates the self-renewal of NSC and Unicode arrows point out the differentiation of NPC. In the gliogenic program, astroglial precursor cell (APC) give rise to astrocytes and oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) give rise to oligodendrocyte respectively. The rectangle represents three different types of neuroblasts namely, housekeeping neuroblast, immunogenic (or intermediary) neuroblast and neurogenic neuroblast.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics has completely solved the problem of pollution through market mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In the example of the elephant given above, greater tumor suppressor gene redundancy provides better checks on the cell cycle, in effect ‘blowing up’ cells with DNA damage and preventing cancer [5, 7]. Larger animals have a lower metabolic rate than smaller ones, and the mutagenic agents supplied by fast metabolisms—most notably reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA—are simply less common in large animals. This may also resolve Peto’s Paradox in some species. Some exceptionally long-lived rodents such as naked mole rats and blind mole rats are famous for having very low cancer rates. In the case of naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber), this seems to be due to a form of hyaluronic acid and a super-sensitive CDKN2A tumor suppressor pathway that suppresses proliferation of naked mole rat cells [14, 15]. Blind mole rats (Spalax judaei and Spalax golani) have a different mechanism of cancer suppression. Over-proliferation of blind mole rat cells triggers massive necrotic cell death that destroys both the proliferating cells and their neighbors [16]. There are a variety of hypotheses for other potential solutions to Peto’s Paradox. One attractive hypothesis is the prediction of ‘hypertumors’ [17]: bigger tumors in bigger animals take longer to grow and are susceptible to ‘cheater’ cells, which can take advantage of the tumor’s angiogenic properties and lower the fitness of the whole tumor. The effect of hypertumors could be to lower the overall lethality of cancer in the bodies of large animals. Other potential solutions could be: large animals have increased immunocompetence with better surveillance and attacking of neoplastic cells, or they may have shorter telomeres which would limit the number of cell divisions and thus the risk of cancer. However, these solutions have not yet been observed in large-bodied species and more research in these areas is needed. How can you translate a solution in some other species to prevent cancer in humans? Ideally, comparative studies could highlight potential targets where the genetic mechanisms underlying cancer suppression in one species could be transferred to another, with clinical implications. For instance, it was found that genetically altering mice to overexpress a form of the TP53 protein conferred a cancer-suppressive phenotype; however, these mice also displayed a premature ageing phenotype [18].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➇ 도시농업 이나 원예치료 프로그램에서 사용빈도(Application counts)에 따 라서는 허브 등 초화류, 엽채류 등을 사용빈도가 높은 식물로, 고추 등 열매채소를 중간 정도로, 사과나무 등 수목류를 사용빈도가 낮 은 식물로 분류하였다. 식물에 대한 지식습득(LD)을 산책 등 소극 적(PA)으로 하거나(42. 7%) 가든파티 같은 능동적 활동(EA)을 하 는 집단(46. 7%)에서 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램에서 사용 빈도가 중간 정도인 식물(ST)을 더 선호하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Hypothetically, these distinct isogenic neuroblasts may represent different forms of neuroplasticity and respond differentially to different learning paradigms, sensorimotor inputs, pathogenesis, and treatment (Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018). Since running wheel exercise has been known to induce mitogenesis of neuronal precursors (van Praag et al. , 1999), survival of new neurons in the hippocampus appears to be supported by the enriched environment in quadruped animals (Kempermann et al. , 1997). Physical exercise-mediated sensorimotor input may specifically act on the housekeeping neuroblasts to discharge neurotrophic factors leading to the integration of neurogenic neuroblasts with electrophysiological properties. Likewise, the enriched environment based socio-psychological wellness may exert a different mode of a molecular signature for neuronal survival in which changes in neurotransmitter levels may facilitate the integration of neurogenic neuroblasts in the hippocampus. However, prolonged and redundant sensorimotor inputs resulting from learning or exercise may predispose the housekeeping or intermediary neuroblasts to apoptotic cell death in order to assist the turnover of the neuroblast population. This could partly explain the previous observation of Nora Arbours’ group indicating the specific elimination of early phase neuroblasts in the hippocampus during water maze based spatial learning in rodents (Döbrössy et al. , 2003). This could also partly address the interpretation of that the adult brain may eliminate new neurons to prevent abnormal neural circuitry (Rakic, 2002) while it may not be excluded that integration of neurogenic neuroblasts may represent the synaptic replacement upon neuronal loss. Role of Neuroblasts in the of Non-rodent Mammals Notably, the turnover of hippocampal neurogenesis appears to be very marginal in Chiroptera (bats) (Amrein et al. , 2007) and cetaceans (dolphin and whale) (Patzke et al. , 2015). These animals are highly sensitive to seasonal variation, habitat disturbance, and predators. Therefore, they are likely to undergo a high-level chronic stress. The reproductive physiology and circadian rhythm are completely different in Chiroptera and cetaceans compared to other animals. While these creatures exploit ultrasonic echolocation for navigation, it may demand high-level energy expenditure and abnormal sensorimotor inputs (Moss and Surlykke, 2010; Martens et al. , 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: inequality, poverty, and economic growth are defined as an economy's exposure to exogenous shocks arising out of poverty. The study used various econometric estimations to measure the effect of inequality and poverty on economic development during 1990 to 2016 in Vietnam. Various econometric estimation tests confirmed the presence of a long-run association between inequality and poverty, and economic growth is the matter of poverty headcount ratio in Vietnam. When we added the investment-to-GDP ratio and the number of years in education, it decreases by -0. 144. This is reduced to -0. 05 when log population growth rate was added while the employment, the coefficient decreases to -0. 04 and becomes statistically insignificant. We found a negative impact of poverty and we reassess the hypothesis's emphasis on inequality and poverty and their combining effect of inclusive economic growth. Interestingly our results verify the previous findings that inequality and poverty show a negative impact on economic growth. The negative impact of poverty and inequality on economic growth appears to be concentrated at the high poverty level. These findings recommend that poverty reduction policies should be beneficial in encouraging economic growth even if they do not decrease income inequality. Similar content being viewed by others Financial development, poverty and rural-urban income inequality: evidence from countries 2030. Worldwide life-threatening poverty deep-rooted in 2020 due to the interruption of the COVID-19. During the pandemic of COVID-19 and the worldwide economic recessions, the pace of poverty alleviation is slow down as compared to the desired level. Poverty-fighting losing its battle during this COVID-19 pandemic; it is likely that development will be set back for decades (Ouechtati 2020). Poverty is pushing millions of people into food shortage and lack of other necessities of life in Vietnam. From an economic point of view, for two decades, Vietnam's GDP has increased by about 6–7 percent annually, with GDP per capita increasing from about $500 in 1990 to around $2000 in 2018 (Nguyen et al. 2020). Poverty has also been substantially decreased from 2014 to 9. 8 percent in 2016, for instance through 4% (Do et al. 2021). The alleviation of poverty in Vietnam stimulates the private sector to raise the level of its consumption and the quality of life, in addition to the standard of living, in addition to the rise in the market for electricity (Feeny et al. 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 친하게 지내는 이 웃 수(NIm)가 4명 이상인 집단(4+)에서 상대적으로 활용 빈도가 낮은 식물(AN)을 선호하였다(Table 7). Table 5. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by lifetime. V'z HA PE χ2 df p UC Not(n=5) 1(20. 0)y 4(80. 0) 6. 035 2. 049 Nom(n=33) 23(69. 7) 10(30. 3) Yes(n=133) 68(51. 1) 65(48. 9) NIm 1-3(n=71) 49(69. 0) 22(31. 0) 10. 391 1. 001 4+(n=65) 27(41. 5) 38(58. 5) z V': Hardy annual (HA), Perennial (PE), probability (p), Understanding of children’s daily life (UC), Really not (Not), Normally (Nom), (Yes), Number of intimate (NIm), 1-3persons (1-3), 4persons and more (4+). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test. Table 6. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by sociality. V'z IG CG χ2 df p GO G1,2(n=39) 27(69. 2)y 12(30. 8) 6. 807 2. 033 G3,4(n=70) 32(45. 7) 38(54. 3) G5,6(n=59) 37(62. 7) 22(37. 3) FIn 300(n=49) 21(42. 9) 28(57. 1) 7. 976 1. 005 301(n=119) 79(66. 4) 40(33.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: While sheep brain has been shown to sustain the neuroblasts without terminal neuronal differentiation (Piumatti et al. , 2018), recent reports suggest that non-newly generated neuroblasts may represent the neuroplasticity of the brain in mammals (Palazzo et al. , 2018; Snyder, 2018). Though the brains of cetacean have been characterized by less turnover of neurogenesis, they have been found to have high cognitive ability and social behaviour (Marino et al. , 2007). While dolphin-assisted ultrasound therapy has been known to yield positive effect on cognitive function in human (Fiksdal et al. , 2012), transcranial focused ultrasound appears to promote cognitive function in human (Legon et al. , 2014). Considering the aforementioned facts, it can be presumed that ultrasound-mediated cognitive improvement may be facilitated through neuroblasts of the adult brain. Thus neuroblasts in the adult brain might play a major role in learning and memory process. However, future studies directed towards understanding the effects of ultrasound on the regulation of adult neurogenesis and investigation of the role of neuroblasts in cognitive functions may provide valid clues to improve neuroregenerative plasticity for the betterment of ageing human society. in Hippocampal neurogenesis appears highly vulnerable to ageing, chronic stress, drug abuse and disease, especially in human. The current understanding of the regulation of adult neurogenesis indicates neotrophy (a rapid non-malignant cell division subjected to apoptosis) of neuroblasts, recognized as reactive neuroblastosis, in response to early pathogenesis of a diverse range of neurological disorders (Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018). Among them, stroke, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Sclerosis, brain injuries and affective disorders collectively share reactive neuroblastosis as a potential hallmark at the early phase of the disease (Kandasamy et al. , 2010, 2015; Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018). The observed reactive neuroblastosis parallel to aberrant neuroimmune response has been proposed to result in mitotic inactivation of NSCs, thereby predisposing the adult brain to abate neurogenic process leading to dementia in the late phase of diseases (Kandasamy et al. , 2010, 2015; Kandasamy and Aigner, 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: The worldwide pandemic’s economic downturn may raise global poverty about 8% of the total human population or half a billion people, especially in the developing world (UNU-WIDER, 2020). Therefore, it's hard to end poverty by 2030 due to the global pandemic economic recession. In order to arrest the above mention problem and if we achieve an intended plan to target zero poverty according to the SDGs, there is a dire need for policy and decision-makers to reformulate their strategies and efficiently allocate their resources for the proposed objective for Vietnam poverty reduction. There is a dire need to develop and plan practical policy endorsements to shape the development plans on poverty alleviation, especially in the developing world (Erlando et al. 2020; Deutsch et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2019), while (Li et al. 2020). Poverty in Vietnam is a multifaceted phenomenon and thus is driven by a wide range of factors (Mohsin et al. 2021). According to the economic definition of poverty, a person is considered poor if they are unable to maintain a subsistence level of living (Neaime and Gaysset 2018). However, poverty alleviation cannot be defined in material terms alone but also encompasses various elements of social development (Mushtaq and Bruneau 2019). Development is how well-being and quality of life are improved by giving exposure and freedom that can be relished. Human beings, at their core, are desirous of social, cultural and political freedom, which, if given, helps foster self-efficacy that further aids welfare to an individual and social level (Gutiérrez-Romero and Ahamed 2021). The great efforts are needed from the integrated planning and government spending in Vietnam that will enable the economic project to kick off of poverty, as well as the local participation in the implementation and usage of different sources of financing. Availability of public safety, primary education, quality healthcare and sound infrastructure nurtures a sense of security and also paves the way to enhanced production capacity as well as greater employability which improves income and well-being of individuals (Nanda 2019). Even with the affirmation of poverty as a social issue, some nations and countries fall below the poverty breadline. According to the ASEAN development report (Alvaredo and Gasparini 2015). According to the reports (2016), approximately 766 million people globally live below the poverty line with earnings less than $1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 6) z V': Individual growth (IG), Community growth (CG), probability (p), Grade of the Oldest child (GO), Grade1,2 (G1,2), Grade3,4 (G3,4), Grade5,6 (G5,6), (FIn), 3million won & below per a month (300), 3million won & over per a month (301). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test. Table 7. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by application in care program & activity. V'z Application counts χ2 df p (n=75) 33(44. 0)y 32(42. 7) 10(13. 3) 10. 935 4. 027 PpA(n=66) 34(51. 5) 14(21. 2) 18(27. 3) EA(n=30) 12(40. 0) 14(46. 7) 4(13. 3) NIm 1-3(n=71) 28(39. 4) 35(49. 3) 8(11. 3) 8. 877 2. 012 4+(n=65) 37(56. 9) 16(24. 6) 12(18. 5) z V': Almost not (AN), Sometimes (ST), Many times (MT). probability (p), Learning by Doing on plants (LD), Passive activity (PA), (PpA), (EA), Number of intimate (NIm), 1-3 persons (1-3), 4 persons and more (4+). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: In 1998, Fred Gage's group provided evidence for ongoing hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult human brain (Eriksson et al. , 1998). Though a recent report from Alvarez-Buylla team found no hint for absolute neurogenesis in hippocampus of ageing human brain (Sorrells et al. , 2018), a subsequent report by et al. , provided again a conclusive evidence of neurogenesis in the adult human brain (Boldrini et al. , 2018). The controversial observation from Alvarez-Buylla group has been highly debated as the negative data on neurogenesis which assumed to be originating from a methodological, technical point or result of a disease and treatment affecting the analyzed adult human brains (Snyder, 2018; Kempermann et al. , 2018). The existing knowledge on adult neurogenesis in humans has largely been derived from post-mortem studies that may not represent the actual status of the brain, for example, due to a long post-mortem delay until the brain gets fixed. Besides, the expression of glial cell markers in immunogenic neuroblasts and their dispersal in the brain might represent an indication for a neuropathology. The doublecortin (DCX) positive neuroblasts have been shown to express ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) in 13-year-old human brain (Sorrells et al. , 2018). Surprisingly, the OLIG2 and IBA1 are known to be markers for entirely different glial cell lineages. While the expression of OLIG2 has been proposed as a negative modulator of neurogenesis, it represents a potential marker of brain tumours. Microglia has been shown to express IBA1 thus the observed DCX/IBA1 double positive neuroblasts indicates a clear sign of immunological response against a neuropathology (Unger et al. , 2018). Considering the unpredictable nature of mental status, comorbidity and limitations of the brain imaging tools, it will be difficult to monitor and demonstrate the complete scenario of neurogenesis in the adult human brain. Thus, the mechanism underlying the regulation and terminal fate of adult neurogenesis acting via neuroblastosis remains indefinable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: If the family unit does not afford seeds and compost/ fertilizers, no access to sufficient water and labour force for crops in every growing season is pronounced poor. Non-farm belonging assesses a family’s non-wealth earning capabilities; they contact credit history, wealth, and saving (Lau et al. 2015). Empirically, the current study addressed two simple questions: is there any negative association between economic growth and income inequality while measures the robust analysis of poverty (calculated US$1. 90 incomeday) by taking an explanatory variable for the economy's growth? Secondly, the relationship between economic growth and inequality associated with the level of poverty? To address these two questions, we measure the cross-country growth econometric estimation analysis for controlling poverty, inequality, and interaction. In order to control endogeneity, we employed a generalized method of moments, including numerous improvements to cope with an unbalanced panels model to regress the underlying variables. Empirically, (i) we measured that poverty through regressions analysis that provides the effect of inequality and poverty on economic growth. Particularly, we evaluated the negative impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth based on poverty headcount ratio, the incidence of poverty, education, employment, investment to GDP ratio and Gini coefficient. (ii) We reassessed that when poverty is less than 30%, a statistically insignificant association between economic growth, inequality and poverty is noted. (iii) The contribution of this study is to see the objectives include exploring solutions to the problems of poverty in the policy. These problems are caused by the stability of the financial and economic sector in a low-rate regime. The study also focuses on catalyzing the given challenges due to resource dependence in the developing country. The rest of the study is organized as follows; Sect. 2 constitutes the background and literature review. Section 3 presents the data and methodology. Section 4 provides findings and discussion, while Sect. 5 concludes the study while presenting policy implications. Background and of LiteratureVietnam household's level probability estimation is higher than a threshold variable of about 0. 5 (Duong and Nghiem 2014). Based on Dutta's measure, the mean susceptibility is 17. 50% in 2000, 13. 70% in 2005, and the lowest mean about 9. 12 in 2007. The average mean values that Vietnamese households had probability values of poverty falling in starting the year of 2000 and 13.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➈ 요리, 공예활동 등에 이용할 수 있는 가공용 식물(IP)과 그렇 지 않은 관상용 식물(OP)로 구분하였을 때, 초등학생 자녀 중 어린 자녀의 학년(GL)이 3-4학년(G3,4)인 집단(73. 0%)에서 가공용 식물을 선호하였다. 식물 기르기 활동(GA)에 따라서는 수확하기 (Hv)활동 선호집단(74. 3%), 심기부터 수확까지 전 과정(Hole) 선 호집단(72.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/1673-5374. 317964 Recovery from neural damage often requires reorganization of remaining neural tissue, including the formation of new synaptic connections between surviving neurons. Such rewiring may restore disrupted information flow caused by neuronal loss, and help adjust altered neural circuitry to reestablish diminished functionality. On occasion, proper rewiring may occur spontaneously, leading to successful recovery (Joy and Carmichael, 2021). However, in many cases natural rewiring is insufficient, and may even cause maladaptive deterioration due to miswiring (Nava and Röder, 2011). To overcome this, several interventional strategies have been developed to assist in the recovery process, by guiding synaptic rewiring in desirable directions (Su and Xu, 2020). For example, enhanced usage of the affected limbs or the impaired mental capacities can stimulate proper activity-dependent rewiring (Ganguly and Poo, 2013). Pharmaceutical targeting of specific molecular pathways (Joy and Carmichael, 2021) can bolster desirable plasticity processes and suppress unwanted ones. Cell-based therapy (Wechsler et al. , 2018) can increase neurogenesis, replacing missing neurons and giving rise to new network connections. Brain-can serve as artificial communication pathways within the nervous system or between neurons and artificial effectors in order to bypass broken links in disrupted networks and establish new prosthetic neuronal connections (Wolpaw et al. , 2020). Since synaptic connectivity is in part determined genetically, it is conceivable that a complementary treatment approach, based on direct genetic insertion of new synaptic connections between target neurons in damaged neural circuits could, in principle, enable circuit recovery. But how can new specified synaptic connections be established in the nervous system? Where in the circuits should they be installed? Could they indeed enable recovery? In a recent study we have reported some initial steps taken to address these questions (Rabinowitch et al. , 2021). First, to simplify the problem, we focused on the relatively compact nervous system of the 1-mm long nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which consists of only ~300 neurons interlinked by several thousand mapped synaptic connections. Moreover, the genetic power enabled by this model animal facilitates rational design and precise engineering of synapses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: 70% next year in 2005 and continuous declined to 19. 14% in 2007. That means the mean vulnerability values from (Tiep et al. 2021) measure are lesser than Dutta's measure for all study years. Based on a surveys report, the absolute poverty rates are 22. 91% in the year 2000, the following year 18. 40% in 2005, and last year 15. 34% in 2007 and (Kouton 2021). These different statistical figures on absolute poverty and vulnerability indicate that vulnerable households might not be disadvantaged simultaneously and that low-income families are not inherently vulnerable (2019). According to World Bank, technically reported a 24. 6% opinion reduction in poverty per headcount index. This result demonstrates that Vietnam was among the fastest reported poverty reduction achievements in early 1990 and mid-2005. Growth has also been relatively wide: actual incomes and well-being have increased in Vietnam. All urban and rural regions' 55% population of minorities is below the poverty line and 39% unemployment ratio with a Gini coefficient of 12. 345% (Aparicio et al. 2020). During the change, but often slightly, the primary social indicators, including life expectancy, child mortality, and education, have been almost equally improved from 5 to 10% every year (Nguyen et al. 2020). Between 1999 and 2005, some nutrition measures enhanced rapidly, and children between the ages of five fell from 53% to 35. 8%. However, others decreased much more slowly, for example, overweight children under five years. In Vietnam, average lifespan and child mortality were relatively high from 1990 to 200, but modest (relatively low) increases (from 85% in 1998 to 90% in 1999). Vietnam was also relatively high in the period between 1985 and 1999. After all, in these above measurements, the well before era from the pre‐1980s marks have speedy progress (Pham and Riedel 2019). Yet, success in poverty reduction has been unequal in several dimensions. Urban and rural inequality was high in 2006, but geographical changes were also significant for extreme poverty, 3. 9% in urban versus 22. 3%, rural areas, food poverty, 1. 3%, and 9. 6% (and Van 2019). In Vietnam, northern regions show a high poverty ratio of about 48. 0%, and food level poverty is 31. 1%. In every household, 5. 7% and 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 7%)에서 가공용 식물을 선호하였으나, 물을 주고 비료 와 가지치기, 곁순 따기, 잡초제거와 같은 돌보기 활동(RG)을 선호 하는 집단은 가공용(50. 0%)과 관상용(50. 0%)을 비슷하게 선호하 였다. 자녀와 대화시간(DH)에 따라서는 1시간 이내(1hr)의 집단 (73.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: To do this, we applied a technique that we have previously developed (Rabinowitch et al. , 2014), based on ectopically expressing the mammalian gap junction protein, connexin 36, in specific C. elegans neurons, causing new electrical synapses to form between these neurons. Moreover, since invertebrates, such as C. elegans, do not naturally form gap junctions from connexin proteins, but rather from a different protein family called innexins, the new inserted electrical synapses are expected to specifically link the target neurons. This method has proven to be effective in modifying neural circuit function and worm behavior in various neural circuits under diverse conditions (e. g. , Rabinowitch et al. , 2016; Hawk et al. , 2018; Choi et al. , 2020). Indeed, when we expressed connexin in AWC and AIB neurons we were able to observe a strong recovery in odor-guided navigation. This encouraging result shows that direct artificial rewiring of a damaged neural circuit, using genetically-encoded natural synapses, could promote functional recovery of a simple neural circuit following neuronal loss. Our study revealed however, also a further unanticipated benefit of synthetic electrical synapses. We noticed that in addition to the intended AWC-AIB connections, new synthetic electrical synapses formed also between the two AWC neurons themselves and between the two AIB neurons themselves (many C. elegans neurons are organized in pairs), and that even AWC coupling alone (Figure 1C), or AIB coupling alone, was sufficient for behavioral recovery. This was likely due to a general tendency of lateral electrical synaptic connections to amplify weak signals in neural circuits (Szczupak, 2016). Thus, the dampening of neuronal responses following AIA removal could be offset by merely adding electrical synapses to groups of neurons along the disrupted pathway. We can therefore extrapolate that even in cases, in which the choice of patterns of artificial rewiring is not obvious or too complicated, simply inserting new electrical synapses between functionally equivalent groups of neurons associated with the damaged circuit could facilitate recovery, and in any case, may augment the effects of synthetic rewiring. The path from this first demonstration of synapse-based recuperation of a lesioned neural circuit in C. elegans, to a future synapse therapy as a general means for restoring neural damage, is long and uncertain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: 7% were reported to have extreme poverty and food poverty, respectively. The lowest poverty rate in each year’s survey (38. 6% in 2008) and the most rapid decline in poverty, which decreases 3. 3% each year during the 2008–2008 period. Confirming the negative link between economic development and poverty: in the long term, sustainable economic growth leads to poverty reduction. In general, our 25-year research in Vietnamese provinces tests the relationship among 06 macroeconomic variables from 2012 to 2015: economic growth, (ii) the poverty rate; (iii) the rate of unemployment; (iv) the amount of public expenditure; (v) the value of export & import; (vi) public investment in the Vietnamese provinces. Firstly, the impact of public spending on economic growth is positive. Second, it has a negative impact on jobs, as well as export and import. Thirdly, the effect of public spending on unemployment is substantial and optimistic. Fourthly, poverty is negative, as is unemployment, export and import, and public expenditure. Inequality and poverty might interrelate, having a negative impact on economic growth. and Nguyen (2017) concluded, an inequality can destabilize institutional efficiency that spreads economic security. Economic growth estimation, including control for inequality and incomes but not poverty, might not successfully capture drawback that reduces the growth. The impact of poverty can be distinct along with the effects of inequality. Furthermore, Ravallion (2002) argued that poverty negatively impacted consumption growth, and consequently, less poverty decreases with economic growth. Methodology and Data DescriptionNon-Institution and Economic GrowthAn alternative approach with neo-classical production functions has been used to measure the relationship between inequality, poverty, and economic growth. The neo-classical growth model was created by Solow and Swan (1956). This is done to achieve the study's objective regarding an estimate of how Vietnam's economic growth is affected by the individual welfare of non-banking financial institutes. This model explains how inputs of production functions, such as Capital series (K), aggregate Labor (L), and technological parameter (A), measure up to the total production of the economy (Xin-tu et al, 2021, Afzal et al, 2017, Youdeowei et al, 2019). This growth rate of output per capita shown through the given growth model is dependent on the growth model parameters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 8%), 자녀의 일상(UC)에 대해 잘 알지 못하는 집단(Not)과 보 통 정도 알고 있다는 집단(Nom)에서, 아침식사 횟수(NB)에 따라 서는 주 4-6회 아침식사를 하는 집단(4-6)에서, 그리고 직업(Oc) 은 안정적인 수입을 얻는 직업군(SP)에서 가공용 식물을 선호 (80. 0%, 81. 8%, 79. 2%, 74. 3%)하였고, 통계적으로도 유의하였 다(Table 8). Table 8. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by practicality. V'z PF NPF χ2 df p GL G1,2(n=76) 50(65. 8)y 26(34. 2) 8. 618 2. 013 G3,4(n=65) 46(73. 0) 17(27. 0) G5,6(n=25) 10(40. 0) 15(60. 0) GA Sd(n=8) 1(12. 5) 7(87. 5) 16. 138 4. 003 RG(n=20) 10(50. 0) 10(50. 0) Hv(n=76) 55(74. 3) 19(25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: of Experimental and of of of FunctionalJournal of and (Dimensions) (CrossRef) 0 for for and for for and permissions Contact the and and depression: Rewiring the brain's networks through pharmacological therapy (Review) Authors: Ioana Rădulescu Drăgoi : Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia’ of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Morphological Sciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, online on: August 5, 2021 1. Organization estimates that there are approximately 264 million people worldwide that suffer from depression. It is a major public health concern given the fact that 800,000 people die from suicide every year (1). Currently, due to the development of pharmacological therapies, psychiatrists have the means to ‘rewire’ the brain's circuits in order to improve the patient's quality of life. New studies have discovered the modulatory effect on neuroplasticity of certain antidepressants that target areas in the brain responsible for negative rumination. The following review aims to analyze the existing data and outline future research directions in this field. We start by observing the morphological aspects that have been described in people with depression and outline the stress-induced neuroplasticity-related mechanisms that lead to the anatomical findings. We then discuss the morphological evidence of the effects on neuroplasticity that antidepressants determine. 2. Research methods In this 2020. The ‘depression’ keyword search retrieved over 66,100 results, 3,872 clinical trials, 1,274 meta-analyses, 2,545 systematic reviews and 3,265 randomized clinical trials showing in this way a persistent interest in this psychiatric field. Narrowing the search to ‘depression’ AND ‘neuroplasticity’ there were 1,275 retrieved results. In the same way ‘depression’ AND ‘cortical disfunction’ brought 1,361 results. Combining the search with ‘treatment resistant depression’ the results narrowed to 50 3.

Output: corroborate