Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Leukemia (AML) cell lines such as MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, OCI-AML2, OCI-AML3 were examined for therapeutic targets via genome-wide screening, indicating KAT2A inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML [133]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined via for growth and metastasis driver genes. 2 protein level reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and led to worse survival [134]. Essential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PrCa proliferation were explored via dCas9-KRAB negative screening with 2166 candidate SNP sites in 9133 gRNAs. RIGOR program analysis identified 117 SNPs which tended to reside near 5 kb flanking the transcription start sites. SNP (rs60464856) site targeting in stable dCas9 expressing cell line showed significant down regulation of RUVBL1 gene, and further validation showed that RUVBL1 was associated with tumorigenesis [135]. dCas9-KRAB perturbation genome screening identified 470 high-confidence cis enhancer-gene pairs in 5920 enhancers in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562, facilitating the large-scale mapping of enhancer-gene regulatory interaction network [49]. The utilization of -Cas9 in investigating drug resistance against tumorsResistance to nucleotide analog 6- thioguanine was examined by genome-scale knockout screen in two human cell lines, identified DNA mismatch repair pathway, DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, (CDK) for DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide, demonstrating Cas9/ sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells [26]. knockout screening in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells identified 5 EGF-resistance genes, and further RNAi validation showed DUSP1 increased survival of EGF treated cells, providing a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers [86]. Genome-wide knockout screening using -Cas9 was also carried out in respiratory cancers, including Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lung cancer (LC).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: But these are not issues on which water managers can determine policy. At best, they can ensure that the concerns and constraints are well understood and thus influence wider development policy debates. FlexibilityIn response to uncertainty about future trends, it is helpful if strategies to meet future needs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate different futures. This principle has already been explicitly adopted in a number of the case study projects: has identified a range of options that could rapidly be implemented in the event of a “step change” in climate; the ENCW scheme serving Windhoek can be implemented in a sequence of steps. Similarly, each step in the past and future development of South Africa’s IVRS involved a choice from a set of different options. System-and ProblemshedsThe importance of conceptualizing and operating linked infrastructure as a system rather than as individual units brings many benefits. The values of these benefits are explicitly determined in the but are also evident in the IVRS, Windhoek, and, at a nascent stage, Mombasa and Cape Town’s new strategy. LinkagesThe linkage of different sources and demand centers provides a variety of resilience benefits that can greatly assist adaptation to changing climate conditions. A benefit that could be achieved by operating Zambezi hydropower as a coordinated system is that extreme events are often not correlated. While in the south and Kariba were running dry, which draws more resources from the north had to open its flood gates to manage inflows. South Africa’s IVRS has already demonstrated that multiple sources provide greater assured yields than the sum of their “stand-alone” yields and Windhoek’s situation is similar. Proposals for Kenya’s to form part of an integrated bulk system would replicate this approach. DiversificationDiversification of sources provides further important resilience benefits and should be a guiding principle for climate change adaptation. Windhoek’s surface water/groundwater mix has enabled it to withstand repeated drought crises. Cape Town’s recent experience highlighted the risk of relying solely on surface water supplies, which although linked all derived their inflow from a single small catchment area. Alternative sources had not been developed because, individually, their unit costs were higher, but this calculation omitted consideration of the value of additional reliability that could be gained from diversification. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that apparently diversified sources are not correlated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Then, the local correspondence can be correctly estimated, and further the scene flow is correctly estimated. Corresponding author(s) Email: [email protected] Enabled Reagent-free Shu and 6 more November 01, 2021 Leukocyte differential test is a widely performed clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor-intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Here we report an artificial-intelligence enabled reagent-free imaging hematology analyzer () modality that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. is realized through training a two-step residual neural network using label-free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom-built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, we not only achieved high accuracy in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also classified CD4 and CD8 cells, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. We validated the performance of in a randomly selected test set and cross-validated it across all blood donors. Owing to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, we envision is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource-limited settings, e. g. , during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases. Corresponding author(s) Email: [email protected], [email protected] The "easy part" of the Hard Problem: a resonance theory of consciousness and 1 more January 04, 2019 [1], Jonathan SchoolerUniversity of Barbara Synchronization, harmonization, vibrations, or simply resonance in its most general sense seems to have an integral relationship with consciousness itself. One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a combination of gamma, beta and theta synchrony. More broadly, we see similar kinds of resonance patterns in living and non-living structures of many types. What clues can resonance provide about the nature of consciousness more generally? This paper provides an overview of resonating structures in the fields of neuroscience, biology and physics and attempts to coalesce these data into a solution to what we see as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem, which is generally known as the “combination problem” or the “binding problem.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: cancer organoid biobank established from 31 distinct tumor lines was used forCas9 genome editing and drug screening, indicated increased sensitivity of kinase inhibitors dasatinib and VE-821 with driver gene ARID1A mutation [148]. Drug response evaluation by in vivo screening () method was used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid [127]. screening in vivo for cancer therapyIn 2022, FDA approved a total of five CAR-T cell products for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or high-grade lymphomas, as well as multiple myeloma using lentiviral or γ-retroviral approaches [156]. Notably, two clinical trials (NCT05143307/NCT03872479) employed AAV as the delivery method in their studies on cancer therapy in vivo based on CAR-T cells andCas system [117]. screening system provides a robust genetic tool for in vivo elucidation of CAR-T resistance mechanisms. Loss-of-function genetic screens in an immunocompetent murine model with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) identified the IFNR/JAK/STAT signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway as key factors for CAR-T resistance in vivo. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells also engage in the resistance progress [157]. Gain-of-function activation screen in primary CD8 + T cells identified a key factor PRODH2 for improving the in vivo efficacy of CAR-T based cell killing. Augmentation of PRODH2 enhanced metabolic function of CAR-T cells as an immune booster [158]. screening was also utilized for in vivo investigation to elucidate gene function within a whole organism or the context of complex biological systems, using lentiviral or AAV mediated sgRNA transfection in living organisms. AAV was the widely used vector for in vivo genetic therapy due to its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenic character [118]. The limitation of AAV’s vector capacity has been addressed through the recent development of a two-split intern vectors system [159], while smaller SpCas9 orthologues such as SaCas9 have demonstrated comparable editing efficiency to that of SpCas9, rendering them suitable for AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Communication to ConsensusWater resource development occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the public domain and is thus subject to public scrutiny and political decision. One of the challenges faced by sector managers is that they address complex issues about which public perceptions may differ widely. Water management institutions need to develop and sustain communication with their stakeholder communities to ensure their support for demand-side interventions as well as for investments on the supply side. Information for “Dynamic Stationarity”The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data from a fixed time period. The values of many hydrological variables will be changing in unpredictable ways that will require hydrological data to be updated on a regular basis. This will require an intensification of data collection and management. As one group of commentators remarked, “in a nonstationary world, continuity of observations is critical” (Milly et al. 2008). ConclusionsThe principles that emerged from this review support the initial hypothesis that adaptation to climate change in the water and hydropower sector will best be achieved by following strategies that address current climate variability. All of the principles enunciated are equally appropriate to current climate variability or climate change. The proviso introduced by including climate change is that such interventions should recognize that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater than at present. This reinforces the need for options that allow greater flexibility of approach, but it also highlights the need for a precautionary approach that will see interventions made earlier rather than later, as found to its cost. The idea that interventions should be made sooner rather than later will often meet opposition because it will be seen to reinforce current development trajectories and path dependence. The reason that alternative trajectories are not followed is usually that they are constrained by politics and economics. Even if the intent is to allow economic and social disruption to drive new trajectories, creating water and power crises is unlikely to create the conditions for change. Given the challenges posed by climate change, deliberate disruption of societies and economies is a high risk strategy with little certainty about the likely outcomes. One consistent finding is that the challenges of planning, implementing, and operating large water resource schemes under difficult hydrologies will become more complex as climate change impacts intensify.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: ” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem. ” At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: Chaos in the Universe, Nature and (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. (1942) I. there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction. We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin. Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Additionally, Cre-dependent and constitutive Cas9 expressing transgenic mice were established with EGFP labeling, which provides an animal model for genome-wide targeting and contributes to in vivo investigation [24]. In vivo screens were performed in mouse brain, liver, pancreases, lung and so on. The application of SpCas9 and gRNAs using AAV vectors enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain, demonstrating its potential for genetic regulation [33]. Gliomagenesis suppressors were investigated by in vivo stereotaxic injection of AAV carrier sgRNA library in conditional-Cas9 mouse brain [160]. Autochthonous invasion of AAV-mTSGs library in Cre-inducible Cas9 mice liver led to cancer development in situ, and the mice died within 4 months [89]. NIT1 cells (a non-obese-diabetic-derived mouse beta cell line) mutated with GeCKO-v2 were subcutaneously transplanted into type 1 diabetes mouse model to identify genes contributing to autoimmune killing resistance [161]. With the AAV9-LPL gene delivery into the lung, multiple mutations of KRASG12D, p53 and LKB1 were obtained to induce macroscopic tumors. In vivo screening for lung cancer TSGs throughCas9 genome-wide knockout showed that ZNF24 contributed to P65 suppression via NF-κB pathway. Combinational inhibition of -κB, and PD-1 effectively shrank autochthonous KrasG12D/ZNF24−/− lung cancers in mouse [162]. Examination of immunotherapy-treated normal and Tcra-/- mice in vivo by screening showed the loss of CD47 caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN2) increased immunotherapy efficacy [88]. screening identified PD-1, Tim-3, and RNA helicase Dhx37 as regulators of tumor infiltration and degranulation. Depletion of Dhx37 improved CD8 T cells efficacy towards triple-negative breast cancer in vivo, and the NF-kB signal pathway was involved in the process [163]. In vivo applications of screening system were summarized in the following Table 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Reaching a position on this fundamental question of how mind relates to matter must be based on a “weight of plausibility” approach, rather than on definitive evidence, because establishing definitive evidence with respect to the presence of mind/experience is difficult. We must generally rely on examining various “behavioral correlates of consciousness” in judging whether entities other than ourselves are conscious – even with respect to other humans—since the only consciousness we can know with certainty is our own. Positing that matter and mind are two sides of the same coin explains the problem of consciousness insofar as it avoids the problems of emergence because under this approach consciousness doesn’t emerge. Consciousness is, rather, always present, at some level, even in the simplest of processes, but it “complexifies” as matter complexifies, and vice versa. Consciousness starts very simple and becomes more complex and rich under the right conditions, which in our proposed framework rely on resonance mechanisms. Matter and mind are two sides of the coin. Neither is primary; they are coequal. We acknowledge the challenges of adopting this perspective, but encourage readers to consider the many compelling reasons to consider it that are reviewed elsewhere (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1998, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017, Schooler, Schooler, & Hunt, 2011; Schooler, 2015). Taking a position on the overarching ontology is the first step in addressing the Hard Problem. But this leads to the related questions: at what level of organization does consciousness reside in any particular process? Is a rock conscious? A chair? An ant? A bacterium? Or are only the smaller constituents, such as atoms or molecules, of these entities conscious? And if there is some degree of consciousness even in atoms and molecules, as panpsychism suggests (albeit of a very rudimentary nature, an important point to remember), how do these micro-conscious entities combine into the higher-level and obvious consciousness we witness in entities like humans and other mammals? This set of questions is known as the “combination problem,” another now-classic problem in the philosophy of mind, and is what we describe here as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem. Our characterization of this part of the problem as “easy”[2] is, of course, more than a little tongue in cheek.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Table 3 screening in vivo for cancer therapyFull size tableLimitations and prospectionThe advances ofCas technology and screening strategies have revolutionized genetic identification, enabling the dissection of functional genes in specific biological processes and diseases, facilitating drug selection and individualized therapy. screening has demonstrated great potential in cancer therapy by offering methods to combat drug resistance and aggressive behaviors, as well as identifying possible gene targets for novel approaches to treat cancers. However, there are still several obstacles forCas application in clinical cancer treatment, including delivery ofCas9 system, Off-target effect, PAM limitation, as well as multiple gene-editing [117]. In this part, we paid more attention on limitations of screening system and CAR-T cell therapy for cancers. Limitations of screening systemscreening delivery primarily relies on lentiviral and AAV vectors, which are crucial tools for either ex vivo or in vivo investigation. Of which, AAV vector has the advantages with mildly immunogenic and long-term transgene expression in post-mitotic cells, making it a leading platform for in vivo cancer therapy [164]. However, AAV vector showed some drawbacks in manufacturing, packaging size limitation, vector quality control and editing specificity, as described in the recent review [118]. Except the delivery limitations, the occurrence of off-target effects and unintended mutations induced by technology are barriers to its application in clinical therapy. SpCas9 protein showed the ability to identify PAM sequence and cut specific DNA region in the system. Due to the tolerance of gRNA recognition and nucleotide indels in the target region, even a single guide can generate thousands of off-targets as detected by sensitive high-throughput sequencing methods such as GUIDE-Seq and -seq [138, 143]. This raises concerns regarding the application of technology in gene therapy [165]. The reason of the off-target effect is the conformational states of HNH domain. The activated conformation of HNH increases DNA cleavage efficiency for DNA double-strand break formation, leading to both on- and off-target effects [166]. To minimize the probability of off-target mutagenesis, other high-fidelity nucleases such as SpCas9-HF1, eSpCas9 and HypaCas9 were developed [167, 168].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a to is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe geography and economy of Meghalaya have some serious paradoxes. For instance, despite having high rainfall, many areas in the state are confronted with serious water scarcity, largely due to deforestation and soil erosion. Despite having a wealth of natural resources, almost 50% of the population lives below the poverty line [1]. Meghalaya as a state has a strong knit community, and this paper attempts to study the community participatory approach adopted by local people, who, in several instances, have come together to tap the tremendous potential of water conservation, especially in the Mawsynram C&RD block, hailed as one of the wettest places on earth. Alternatively, the research also delves deeper into how the State, in its attempt to reverse climate change with the help of a unique initiative called Corps, plans to engage and train a massive pool of young volunteers by raising at least one person from every household, motivated towards protecting the environment. Given that Meghalaya is largely an agrarian state and dependent on natural resources for livelihood [2], the implications of this study could be valuable to assess the potential opportunities of the collective community approach driven towards climate change reversal. Moreover, it will also be interesting to note how, in the course of community participation to reverse climate change, the State is also living up to its matrilineal status wherein women are seen to exercise authority and decision making at the local level, which, otherwise, is not the case in higher authoritative realms of the State. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 131. IntroductionNortheast India, which is often considered the carbon sink of the country, is rapidly losing forest cover. As per the of (ISFR) 2019 [3], forest cover in Meghalaya has decreased by 27. 21 sq km compared to the previous assessment. Meghalaya is a forest-rich state and has 488. 98 sq km under very dense forest (VDF), 9,267. 29 sq km under moderately dense forest (MDF) and 7,362.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem. Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness. A summary of our approach appears in 1. All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states. An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level. of the Crop: Biology, Breeding and Applications of Cannabis sativa Susanne Schilling*^ and 9 more October 01, 2020 Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Extended treatments not only have side effects that can be life threatening or could severely affect patient quality of life, but after a while, they can also make the tumour under treatment resistant to the chemotherapy drugs. This phenomenon is called chemoresistance. Chemoresistance occurs when any new mutated cancer cells or cancer cells adapted to protect themselves are able to take over and replace the initial sensitive cells that chemotherapy has efficiently killed. Such mutations or adaptations can present in a number of genes that are responsible for the cancer cell’s response to chemotherapy – the target genes. Can we edit genes? Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, commonly known by the acronym is a technology that scientists use to find a specific segment of DNA inside a cell and modify it using a process called ‘gene editing’, making it possible to correct genetic defects in cells and living organisms. This revolutionary method is based on the bacterial immune mechanisms against invading viruses which involve using an enzyme, called associated protein 9 or Cas9, to cut out and replace viral DNA. Two pathways of repair for double-stranded DNA afterCas9-mediated cleavage. Cas9 is easy for scientists to programme accordingly each time in order to modify the required DNA segment or gene. It also allows researchers to turn genes on or off without altering their DNA sequence. This groundbreaking method of genetic modification has already started to revolutionise the fields of medical research, biotechnology, and agriculture. -based therapies (therapeutics) are currently being explored in clinical trials for the treatment of human diseases, including hereditary diseases and different types of cancer. Editing lung cancer DNA With decades of experience in gene editing research, Kmiec and his team decided to use this technology to develop solutions and treatment options that address unmet medical needs. They began investigating the feasibility of using gene editing to modify lung cancer cell DNA. The plan was to target the cancer cell DNA genes responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and make tumours more receptive to treatments. Combining cancer gene editing and chemotherapy in patients with solid tumours, such as lung cancer, could help shrink the tumours, contain the disease, and improve the treatment outcomes. Regulation and activity of NRF2 within a cell. Photo Credit: Wu and 4. 0 via Focusing their efforts on this idea, the team developed a gene editing tool that disables a gene called Erythroid 2-Related Factor-Like (NRF2) gene.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: In 2019, Mawsynram and Cherrapunjee, which held the record for receiving the heaviest rainfall on earth, lost status to Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra [10]. As per a 2015 report by the of (MINR), the state is heavily dependent on springs and groundwater. Nearly all 6500+ villages access spring water for household and irrigation use. Water demand is on the rise, but supply is declining due to anthropogenic and changing climate factors. A sample survey of 1100 springs revealed that over 54% of the springs have either dried or impaired. Since it is a 70-pc agrarian economy, the development and conservation of water resources is crucial. Agricultural and industrial development requires cheap power and irrigation, rendering water conservation all the more significant. Major stumbling blocks faced by the state in this regard include rapidly growing populations, uncertain impacts of global climate change, rapid urbanization and industrialization, destruction of spring sheds, catchment areas, mining and quarrying of minerals, destruction of forests and possible conflicts over the share and distribution of fresh water resources. This paper assesses several interventions carried out in the state to restore the ecosystem, most of which are ongoing and have yielded positive results. It explores actions aimed at ecosystem restoration through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), which involves the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, especially with respect to water conservation through adaptive community participation. Furthermore, it also delves deeper into how community participation in the realm of climate change is proving to be an impetus to matrilineal Meghalaya’s women by placing them in leadership roles, which, otherwise, is not the case in the mainstream decision-making domain. 2. this paper, policies and interventions based on active community engagement aimed at natural resource management (NRM), especially water conservation, have been analysed in the State of Meghalaya. The policies and interventions have been highlighted based on their current relevance and large-scale impact on NRM, especially with respect to community participation. Case studies have been highlighted to assess the impact of cited interventions—both government- and community-level initiatives. Community participation, exercise of field-level leadership, gender equality and leveraging technology enable observability of on-ground activities and visibility to people and their capabilities while creating and vetting technical plans at scale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Here, we review the biology of C. sativa, including recent insights from taxonomy, morphology and genomics, with an emphasis on the genetics of cannabinoid synthesis. Because the female Cannabis flower is of special interest as the site of cannabinoid synthesis, we explore flower development, flowering time well as the species’ unique sex determination system in detail. Furthermore, we outline the tremendous medicinal, engineering, and environmental opportunities that Cannabis bears. Together, the picture emerges that our understanding of Cannabis biology currently progresses at an unusual speed. A future challenge will be to preserve the multi-purpose nature of Cannabis, and to harness its medicinal properties and sustainability advantages simultaneously. and Marcus D. Hanwell and 7 more August 26, 2020 Quantum chemistry must evolve if it wants to fully leverage the benefits of the internet age, where the world wide web offers a vast tapestry of tools that enable users to communicate and interact with complex data at the speed and convenience of a button press. Chemistry project has developed an open source framework that offers an end-to-end solution for producing, sharing, and visualizing quantum chemical data interactively on the web using an array of modern tools and approaches. These tools build on some of the best open source community projects such as Jupyter for interactive online notebooks, coupled with 3D accelerated visualization, state-of-the-art computational chemistry codes including NWChem and Psi4 and emerging machine learning and data mining tools such as ChemML and ANI. They offer flexible formats to import and export data, along with approaches to compare computational and experimental data. Masks for the public: laying straw men to rest April 28, 2020 This paper responds to one by and colleagues, who offered a critique of my previous publications on masks for the lay public in the Covid-19 pandemic. I address their charges that my co-authors and I had misapplied the precautionary principle; drawn conclusions that were not supported by empirical research; and failed to take account of potential harms. But before that, I remind Martin et al that the evidence on mask wearing goes beyond the contested trials and observational studies they place centre stage. I set out some key findings from basic science, epidemiology, mathematical modelling, case studies and natural experiments, and use this rich and diverse body of evidence as the backdrop for my rebuttal of their narrowly-framed objections.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: ReviewIntroductionMaternal inheritance [1], fast mutation rate [2], high copy number per cell [3,4], and the lack of recombination [5,6] were the features that brought mtDNA at the focus of evolutionary genetic studies in the 1980’s and 1990’s when the human genome sequencing had not been completed yet and the idea of whole nuclear genome level population genetics was only a daydream for population geneticists. The presence of mitochondria as energy producing small bacteria-like ‘power cells’ within our cells is one of the defining features of eukaryotes. The adoption of this organelle was a critical step in the earliest stages of our evolutionary history that allowed the cells of our ancestors to diversify in size and shape and to develop their characteristic feeding mode of a phagotrophic predator [7]. The special relationship between the hosting cell and the mitochondria also determines the specific aspects of the replication, transmission and population genetics of the DNA molecules in mitochondria, the variation of the mtDNA copy number by cell types and developmental stages and the small size and high gene density of mitochondrial genome (for review see [8]). Humans along with western chimpanzees and eastern gorillas have remarkably low genetic diversity compared to other great apes [9]. Low genetic diversity means that for any nuclear gene one needs to sequence thousands or tens of thousands of base pairs to have a chance of finding SNPs that are informative for population genetic purposes. In the era of PCR and Sanger sequencing the high mutation rate made it more cost effective to uncover DNA sequence variation at the population scale from mtDNA than from any nuclear locus. Furthermore, the lack of recombination allowed the data from coding and non-coding regions of mtDNA to be combined into the shape of a phylogenetic tree. The branches of this ever-growing tree, as more data became available, could be labelled by distinctive restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). As a result, the most common branches were assigned alphabetic labels that became to be known as mtDNA haplogroups [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: This aligns with the State’s larger vision of collaborative people-driven action to address climate and its adverse impacts, Statewide coordinated action to address and reverse climate change and its impacts with a focus on sustainable agriculture and natural resource management that will lead to sustainable livelihoods. Despite the existence of several initiatives aimed at ecosystem restoration, the silo approach of each of these initiatives often does not present a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change. This project is part of Meghalaya’s (SCEP) [16] where the idea is to bring all relevant departments together in a convergence model. Under the project, natural rural management committees (NRMCs) will be formed as subcommittees within the VECs, and the existing VWRCs will be strengthened. Efforts are currently underway to implement the Project with the district and block task forces already in place. A unique feature of Meghalaya’s is an ambitious goal of creating a huge social capital of Corps (CCCs), a cadre of natural resource management volunteers in each of the 6500 villages across the State. Each CCC is trained and empowered to integrate traditional knowledge and modern technology to solve the challenges of climate change. Such a massive initiative towards climate change reversal is being undertaken for the first time in any state of India. The CCCs would comprise youth (aged between 14 and 25 years) motivated and passionate towards the environment and will form an integral part of the State's Reversal Process, which is currently underway. 2: Declaration- A of PDIA approach to solving Meghalaya’s water crisis 24 villages unite to address in one of the wettest places on Earth- village is located on the southern hillocks of Hills district of Meghalaya. Situated at a distance of 65 kilometers from state capital, Shillong, Mawsynram is famed to receive the highest average rainfall on Earth. The village receives an average of 467 inches of rain per year (as per Meteorological sources). Despite this status, it ironically suffers water shortages, especially in the winter months. This can be attributed to a number of causes, most notably the lack of infrastructures related to water conservation and retention as well as severe deforestation in some parts of the region.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future. as a for Ancient DNA and Preserva. . . Landon A. 13, 2022 Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies. FFP3 respirators protect healthcare workers against infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 14 more June 30, 2021 IntroductionConsistent with Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: The nomenclature of mtDNA haplogroups was introduced in the mid-1990s with A-G labels assigned to variation observed in Asian and American lineages [10,11], H-K to Europe [12] whereas only a single letter, L, was assigned to describe the highest level of variation observed in Africa in a study using an Asian outgroup [13]. The mtDNA nomenclature that is currently used ( has a robust branch structure that has been determined through the rigorous and detailed analyses of the whole mtDNA genomes [14]. These topological details of the mtDNA phylogeny have been revealed step by step over the last two decades thanks to the contributions of many groups in covering with data ever increasing numbers of populations across the world and thanks to the advances in technology that eventually have led to the use of whole mtDNA sequencing as a routine approach in the field. Robust inference of the phylogenetic tree and its high resolution has been important for various reasons. The initial RFLP based studies, for example, with limited number of polymorphic sites that were known in the early 1980’s had concluded that the root of human mtDNA was in Asia [15]. However, more comprehensive analyses of 195 polymorphic RFLP sites across the whole mtDNA sequence determined in 145 human placentas and two cell lines drawn from five geographically distinct populations [16] suggested that all variants observed in present day populations can be inferred to derive from a single female ancestor who was postulated to have lived approximately 200,000 years ago in Africa. However, these early phylogenies were not sufficiently robust, so that critics were able to produce alternative root topologies and African origins were repeatedly challenged and reclaimed in the following decade [17-20]. Although the RFLP studies and HVS-I sequencing based work often ended up showing high level of phylogenetic uncertainty they were the approaches taken at the time that provided the first insights into the mtDNA variation at continental scales. These efforts led to the formulation of research hypotheses that became actively debated and subject to further scrutiny, including, for example, the earliest attempts to define the genetic source and number of founding lineages of [21] and of Polynesians [22,23], and relative contributions of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic gene flow in the peopling of Europe [24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Soil erosion during monsoon due to high velocity of rain water flow and water scarcity (drought like situation in some areas) during winter seasons is the major issue faced by the community people at large here. Although some interventions ware taken up by and subsequently by the Project (CLLMP) under (MBMA) which bolstered the conservation process to a fair degree, there was lack of a cohesive effort from all villages under to tackle this common problem. Realizing this, a PRA visit was undertaken to Mawhiang village in the block by officials of Community & Department as part of JSA under on August 21, 2019. An inspection and interaction by the then of Community and (C&RD) brought into fore the acute water scarcity in the block. Therefore, realizing an urgent need to mitigate this problem, it was suggested that all the VECs of the villages come together to solve their common issue under one banner and call it — Declaration. Extensive community mobilization A block level meeting was organized with the VECs by Officials to seek the participation & involvement of the VECs relating in the Mawsynram Declaration. Local communities of several villages were sensitized on the need to acquire and conserve more catchment areas that belong to individuals as a solution to long term conservation and environmental sustainability. Some villages/VECs who obtained catchment areas took up conservation activities under by constructing check dam and water harvesting structures. Steps were also taken to promote awareness on water campaign at grassroots level making the community to understand the importance of water conservation by conducting participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and focus group discussion within the VEC and similarly encouraging women participation through Groups (SHGs). Following this, a number of villages turned up with the land documents and the file work for the Declaration soon began. A majority of the villages signed memorandums with their respective village institutions since community lands are available whilst a handful no. of villages even purchased lands from private parties. As part of the broadcasting process, the village institutions also held meetings to discuss on where and how the interventions can be taken up. Letters to the BDO, etc. were also sent stating they wish to initiate the Declaration straight away with the constructions of ponds, check-dams, jalkunds, and other measures to preserve water. A total of twenty-four villages in Mawsynram came forth and signed up to be a part of the Mawsynram Declaration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: WHO guidance suggests that a respirator, such as FFP3, may be used for HCWs in the absence of AGPs if availability or cost is not an issue [1]. A recent systematic review undertaken for PHE concluded that: “patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who are breathing, talking or coughing generate both respiratory droplets and aerosols, but FRSM (and where required, eye protection) are considered to provide adequate staff protection” [5]. Nevertheless, FFP3 respirators are more effective in preventing aerosol transmission than FRSMs, and observational data suggests that they may improve protection for HCWs [6]. It has therefore been suggested that respirators should be considered as a means of affording the best available protection [7], and some organisations have decided to provide FFP3 (or equivalent) respirators to HCWs caring for COVID-19 patients, despite a lack of mandate from local or national guidelines [8]. Data from the HCW testing programme at () during the first wave of the UK severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic indicated a higher incidence of infection amongst HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19, compared with those who did not [9]. Subsequent studies have confirmed this observation [10, 11]. This disparity persisted at in December 2020, despite control measures consistent with PHE guidance and audits indicating good compliance. infection control committee therefore implemented a change of RPE for staff on “red” (COVID-19) wards from FRSMs to FFP3 respirators. In this study, we analyse the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs before and after this transition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: When deleterious mutations occur over time natural selection prohibits them reaching high frequency and removes them from circulation. One of the key drivers of the study of full mtDNA sequences has been medical genetics and, in particular, the need to understand the genetic basis of mitochondrial disorders and deleterious mutations. Compared to our nuclear genes, those residing in mitochondria do not have introns and much non-coding sequence around them - the whole mitochondrial genome is densely (93%) packed with protein coding, ribosomal and transport RNA genes (Figure 1). A large proportion of positions in these genes are known to be highly conserved across different species, implying strong purifying selection, and invariable in large human cohorts likely because of being fatally deleterious or associated with disease (see [62]). All mitochondrial genes are viably important and diseases associated with impaired function of mitochondrial protein coding genes affect primarily muscular and neural function (for review, see [63]). Therefore, unsurprisingly, the first studies to employ the whole mtDNA sequencing approach were those attempting to uncover the causative mutations of neurodegenerative diseases [64-66]. Figure 1 Functional map of mtDNA. As in other vertebrates, human mtDNA is circular and characterized by high gene density and strand asymmetry. The heavy strand encodes all mtDNA genes except for the ND6 and has a high GT/AC ratio. Protein coding, rRNA and tRNA genes are shown in boxes distinguished by different colours. Adapted from Schon et al. [63]. Full size image Besides the motivation for disease studies the sequencing of whole mtDNA provided also the means for getting statistically better supported phylogenetic trees to study the history of human populations. The first worldwide survey of mtDNA whole genome sequences [38] showed with a robust bootstrap support of the internal branches that the root of the human mtDNA variation lies in Africa with TMRCA date of 171,500 ± 50,000 years and that the age of the youngest clade with African and non-African sequences was 52,000 ± 27,500 years. Other whole mtDNA studies, for example [26,45,56,67-69], based on global sampling have generally agreed with these structural findings and revealed more details of the regional patterns of diversity, time scale of the accumulation of diversity, and the female effective population size changes over time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the households participating in several group activities and social networks were seen to adopt diverse livelihood strategies and were found to be more resilient to perceived climate change because they had access to the critical resources (material and nonmaterial) essential for diversification through their networks. These local institutions act as platforms for discussing crucial issues ranging from finance, government schemes, climate change actions and even health-related issues. They act as drivers of change for any project implementation. As per data from the Society (MSRLS), the State currently has a network of more than 35000 Groups (SHG) spread across all eleven districts. These SHGs further come together to form village organizations (VOs), which are approximately 2354 in number. VOs further culminate in becoming part of cluster-level federations (CLFs). In addition, there are more than 6000 village employment councils (VECs) in every village. The VECs were constituted under in 2006 in every village and comprise all male and female heads of each household with the traditional headman generally heading the Council. Furthermore, institutions such as the Committees (VNRMCs) under projects such as the Project (CLLMP) are currently being implemented in approximately 400 highly degraded villages across the state and act as platforms to create local institutions for communities to develop and implement community-managed NRM plans for reclaiming and restoring degraded landscapes. 3. 4. Viewing Ecosystem-based Interventions through A study conducted in 2019 [18] revealed that institutions created to enhance community participation aimed at reversing climate change are often seen to reinforce the larger patriarchal societal structure that is deeply rooted and manifested in everyday practices. An increasing need is felt for forest management and adaptation policies and practices to better recognize, appreciate and address gender inequality. Meghalaya is one of the few existing matrilineal societies in the world, and although it is assumed that women would have more decision-making roles, the issue of authority and power is still a widely debated topic. The matrilineal system followed by the three main indigenous communities of Meghalaya – the Khasi, Garo and Jaintia – have their share of limitations. The tribes pass their lineage maternally, but in regard to decision making in the matters of public affairs, women do not have much say in issues related to the local governance system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSearchDashboardcaret-downLoginLogin or SignupExploreTopicscaret-downRecipesAboutFermentologyPublished on Dec 03, 2021DOI10. 52750/615836Inuit Fermentation: Animal-Based & ArchaicAviaja Hauptmann, an Inuk microbiologist, discusses the role that Inuit fermentation has played and has the potential to play in the future. by HauptmannPublished onDec 03, 2021CiteSocialDownloadContentslast released3 years agoShow detailsInuit Fermentation: Animal-Based & ArchaicContents·Editor’s note: This publication contains the video of the talk from the Fermentology webinar series, as well as a lightly edited transcript of the lecture. The transcript has been enriched with media, annotations, and links to other material by the digital publication team in order to amplify and extend the content for a reading experience. AbstractAs part of the diet, Inuit fermented foods are all animal-sourced, even the ones made from plants. From the stomach content of the caribou to the seabirds in sealskins, this short seminar introduces Inuit fermented foods illustrating how these rare foods present us with an opportunity to appreciate the diversity of dishes and flavors that might come from an entirely animal-sourced diet. Aviaja Hauptmann, who is an Inuk microbiologist, will discuss the role that Inuit fermentation has played and has the potential to play in the future. Image attribution: Narwhal intestine drying by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)Watch the talkInuit Fermentation: Animal-based & Archaic with Aviaja HauptmannIntroductionToday I'm going to give a brief overview of Inuit fermentation practice from my perspective. And before I go into the fermentation practice, I just want to make sure that everyone knows what I'm talking about when I say ‘Inuit. ’ As Inuit, we are an Indigenous population to the Arctic region. live in all of the circumpolar region all the way from Russia over Alaska and Canada all the way to Kalaallit Nunaat, Greenland, which is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. in Greenland by VisitGreenlandfermentations that I'm going to introduce today are all from Kalaallit Nunaat, Greenland, where I am from.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: It should be noted, though, before exploring the geographic distribution of its variation that mtDNA molecule, however well resolved its phylogeny and no matter how large the sample size, remains to be just one single genetic locus which is subject to large stochastic variation and that population level inferences of demographic history require the synthesis of evidence from many loci. Distribution of variation in mtDNA genomes among human populationsCompared to the estimates based on autosomal data the observed differences in mitochondrial sequences among human populations on a global scale are significantly higher and second only to the differences based on Y chromosomes, with Africa showing the highest within region diversity and having the lowest [56]. As it has been repeatedly shown with ever increasing sample sizes that are reaching tens of thousands of individuals now [68], the root of the mtDNA phylogeny and the most diverse branches are restricted to African populations (Figure 2). Using the maximum molecular resolution enabled by the analysis of whole mtDNA genomes, the first seven bifurcations in this tree, in fact, define the distinction of strictly sub-branches (L0-L6) from those that are shared by Africans and non-African populations. Analyses of whole mtDNA sequences of sub-have revealed early, ca 90 to 150 thousand years (ky) old divergence of the L0d and L0k lineages that are specific to the Khoisan populations from and it has been estimated that during this time period at least six additional lineages existed in Africa with living descendants [53,54]. In contrast to the overall high basal clade diversity and geographic structure some terminal branches from haplogroups L0a, L1c, L2a, and L3e show recent coalescent times and wide geographical distribution in Africa, likely due to the recent Bantu expansion [70-72]. Given the complexity of admixture of the Bantu-speaking populations the use of whole mtDNA sequences in these studies have been instrumental in revealing the distinct autochthonous sources and ancient substructure at the background of the overall high genetic homogeneity of the Bantu speakers [70]. Outside Africa, haplogroup L0-L6 lineages are extremely rare and restricted to geographic areas that have received historic gene flow from Africa, such as Mediterranean Europe, West Asia, and Americas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Technologically empowering communities to lead landscape management projects Interventions such as Meghalaya’s Project (CLLMP) aim to manage and conserve natural resources to support accelerated economic growth and to institutionalize and demonstrate a model for governments (both state and central) to support the “community-led management of natural resources” in the country. To realize this objective, community members are being extensively engaged through several technological interventions through the following applications: 1. Assessment and (CLART) A geographic information system (GIS)-based composite landscape assessment and restoration tool or CLART is being used to aid in the planning and implementation of natural resource management (NRM) interventions in the state. This mobile application provides crucial advisory and supports target communities in planning actions to effect maximum impact. This has allowed decentralization and democratization of the planning process, thus enabling us to achieve scale in the least amount of time and cost. This is being used by MBMA to train two to three village facilitators across all villages so that CLART can be used to prepare NRM implementable plans for each village. 2. Attestations (PDA) PDA is an application especially created to create digital signatures of cadres who are going through the capacity building process. PDA has been creating the data exhaust (i. e. , data generated with each interaction of Facilitators (VCF) with the program either through trainings or content usage) of CLLMP’s trained cadre (CLLMP staff, and Village community facilitator) through attesting the presence of participants during every capacity building session. Through attestations, participants and targeted communities not only record their presence but also obtain easy access to the content used during the training (which means all the participants carry the content in their smartphones, which is just one touch away). At the state level, the decision maker (Management Unit) is able to visualize and track the progress of capacity building sessions through PDA and evaluate the usage of content. This level of data helps in making decisions such as which village/district needs what kind of training and what kind of content is more user friendly to them. As per data from MBMA, thus far, CLLMP has been able to use 1826 PDA licences and will be looking forward to procure more as per the need of scale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: And most of the ferments that I'll be presenting are from the west coast of Greenland. DietThe most basic thing one needs to know about the Inuit diet, not just the fermented foods but the diet in general, is that it is animal sourced. August Krogh, who's a Laureate, described the diet of the “Eskimo” as an extremely close analogy to those of the large carnivorous animals. The diet on the east coast of Greenland in 1885 closely resembled the original Inuit diet [1]. Back then the diet was comprised of 45% protein energy and 55% fat energy. That leaves 0% for carbohydrate energy, which means that there was essentially no plants in this diet. Maybe through a short period in the summertime there had been some plants, but not enough to actually make up a lot of the energy in this diet. This is a very strong contrast to what we today believe as being a healthy diet. What you see here is the Danish diet pyramid. Madpyramiden/Food pyramid by Coop (© Coop)You could take the Inuit diet and then turn that diet pyramid upside down, because we've eaten basically just what's on top and almost nothing at the bottom of the diet pyramid. One of the things that is conventionally believed about an animal sourced diet is that it's not very varied. There’s this notion that you can eat the rainbow in colors in plants and you'll be healthy. I believe it's because if we go into our supermarkets and we look at the vegetable aisle, we see a lot of different colors. That gives us an impression of diversity. We also know that different fruits and vegetables can have sweet tastes, sour tastes, or bitter tastes; and they all have different shapes and textures. We instinctively know that plants can be diverse. But we don't think about animal sourced foods in the same way. An animal sourced food can be a very diverse diet. If you look at the fermented foods from an animal sourced diet, you can be convinced that it can be a very diverse diet. Hauptmann on how the world’s diet revolution is challenging Greenland on TheNordic Foodhosted by Analisa WintherSea MammalsWe've been trailing through a lot of historical literature about Inuit fermented foods from Greenland. Some of these foods are still made today, and some of them aren't.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: On the basis of analyses of high resolution whole mtDNA sequences it has been estimated that approximately two thirds of the rare lineages that are found at combined frequency of <1% in Europe were brought in from Africa during the Roman times, Arab conquests and Atlantic slave trade while just one third are more likely to have been introduced earlier during pre-historic times [73]. Figure 2 mtDNA haplogroup tree and distribution map. Haplogroup labels are reported according to the nomenclature [14]. Only a single branch defining marker, preferably from the coding region, is shown. The main geographic features of haplogroup distribution are highlighted with colour. Full size image The fact that virtually every non-African mtDNA lineage derives from just one of the two sub-clades of the African haplogroup L3 (Figure 2) has been interpreted as an evidence of a major bottleneck of mtDNA diversity at the onset of the out of Africa dispersal [74]. The magnitude of this bottleneck has been estimated from the whole mtDNA sequence data yielding the estimates of the effective population size which range between several hundred [75] and only few tens of females [56]. The separation of these two sub-clades, M and N, from their African sister-clades in L3 can be dated back to 62 to 95 kya [48] whereas the internal coalescent time estimates of the M and N founders have been estimated in the range of 40 to 70 ky [26,28,75] and suggest that their dispersal occurred probably after rather than before the eruption of 74 kya in Indonesia, one of the Earth’s largest known volcanic events in human history. Archaeological evidence from valley, India, has shown the presence of artefacts right above and below the layers of ash associated with the Toba eruption [76]. It is not clear whether the makers of these artefacts were archaic or anatomically modern humans. As in case of the global TMRCA estimate considered above the wide error ranges around the age estimates of haplogroups M and N reflect primarily the uncertainties of the mutation rate - in relative terms, the age estimates of M and N, as determined from whole mtDNA sequences form approximately one third of the total depth of the global mtDNA tree.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: The sea mammals, and in particular the seal, is sort of the cornerstone of the Inuit diet. Within the seal, there's a diversity of fermented foods. You can ferment entire carcasses with the bowels left in them. You can ferment the flesh or the entrails, the blood, the flippers, the blubber filled into bags made of seal stomachs. Iginneq by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)This one called Iginneq is the blubber that has been filled into bags made of seal stomachs. It gets this brown color on the outside because you put it in the sun before you leave it to ferment, and then it's pink on the inside. Within the seals, there's a diversity of seals that you can ferment: the hooded sealthe bearded seal the harp sealthe barbed sealthe bladdernose sealThe walrus is also still part of the Inuit fermented foods repertoire today. This is an example from Siorapaluk, which is the northernmost permanently populated place on Earth in Greenland. When you catch a walrus, you add to that batch of fermenting walrus on the inside. There is a narwhal that you can also ferment (the intestines in particular). in Meddelelser om Grønland from 1962 described the use of seal in Greenland as: “to the Greenlanders, seal meat is a nourishing food. ” He goes on to describe the fermented versions: ‘Fermented’ is what I call the meat which the Greenlanders store away until it is half putrified; indeed, sometimes it is almost rotten and stinking, for it is rarely so bad that they have to throw it away completely. In order to bring it into this condition they put the meat into blubber pits in summer and cover it with a little blubber; or they leave the blubber on the meat, whereby it quickly becomes tender. In winter, however, the process is not so simple, for then the meat will usually freeze and thus be prevented from putrefying; so they have deep storage pits in the ground, to the deep parts of which the frost cannot get so readily… A whole seal prepared in this fashion is to them the finest dish they can serve to outside visitors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: Claims for relatively recent, post-Toba, time depth of the non-African founder-haplogroups have been recently supported by the aDNA evidence of the 45 kya Ust-Ishim skeleton whose whole mtDNA sequence falls at the root of haplogroup R [50]. While haplogroups M and N are widely spread in Asia, Australia, Oceania and Americas, the geographic distribution of each of their sub-clades has more specific regional configuration (Figure 2). haplogroups 1, N2 and X are today common in Europe, [77]; haplogroups R5-R8, M2-M6 and M4’67 are restricted to [78], while haplogroups A-G, Z and M7-M9 are widespread in [79] (Figure 2). Despite the clear and distinct geographic spread patterns in extant populations it is not simple and straightforward to make inferences about the origin of these patterns and to associate the haplogroup labels with specific prehistoric events or time periods. Phylogeographic inferences made from extant variation both at low and high molecular resolution have suggested that majority of the haplogroups that are common today throughout Europe derive from the re-colonization event [77]. ADNA evidence, however, shows [80] that only a subset of haplogroup U variation is likely to have ancestry in pre-while other haplogroups are likely to be related with more recent episodes of gene flow and demographic events which, apparently, have quite dramatically changed the genetic landscape of the region in the past 10,000 years. ADNA analyses of the nuclear genomes of Mesolithic and Neolithic samples from Europe have suggested that the discontinuity observed in central European mtDNA types may be echoed by the appearance approximately 4,500 years ago in Europe of an ancient component in the autosomal genes [81]. MtDNA variation in variation primarily falls to haplogroups A to D; X and that with the exclusion of X form a subset of the diversity [10]. Since the initial attempts to define the number of founder lineages within these five basic haplogroups at low resolution attainable with RFLP and hypervariable region sequencing approaches [10,21], at least 16 sub-clades have been assigned now the founder status on the basis of whole mtDNA genome sequence analysis [82-87].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: [2] The quote also tells us that while the European or American explorers that came to the Arctic definitely preferred fresh meat or frozen meat, the Inuit would prefer the fermented variant over the fresh or the frozen. There could be a lot of different reasons, one of which is that it tastes better, but also its nutritional value could be another. Land MammalsLand mammals are also part of the fermentation practice. Not so much the animals themselves, but their intestinal content. An example of a fish that is still made today is a snow fermented cod. Around the city of Nuuk, Greenland, as viewed by Hodoyoshi-1 satellite by (CC BY-SA 4. 0)in the capital area of Nuuk, you can put layers of cod and then layers of snow, layers of cod, layers of snow. And then you make your snow fermented cod. And you can do that for about three or four months until it gets too hot. There are also a variety of birds that are a part of the practice. In some cases it’s the intestinal content that's eaten in a fermented state or in some versions it's the whole bird, like the little auk, which is made into what is called the kiviaq. will be showing how a kiviaq is made in this talk. And then there are also some birds of which the eggs are fermented. Narwhal intestine drying by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)One type of ferment from Greenland that I want to go through is gastrophagy: the eating of intestinal content and intestines. The above picture shows a drying narwhal intestine. While this isn't considered strictly a fermented food, if you look at the bottom of the narwhal intestine, you can see something sort of oozing out. When you eat this, you have no doubt that there is some fermentation going on. It's rinsed with seawater and freshwater and then it's left to dry. Once it's dry, it gets extremely chewy. It's very difficult to bite through. When you cut it open, the inside is very sticky and caramel-y. I always like to say that while it looks like caramel, it does not taste like caramel at all. It has an incredibly strong flavor like iron, like a lot of sea mammals do. While it's a dried food, it also has some fermentation going on.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: Although the high frequency of an intergenic 9-bp deletion together with a specific D-loop motif, that is characteristic to the haplogroup B4a1a1 mtDNA molecules of all Austronesian speaking populations, was noticed already in the low resolution studies of 1990’s, the employment of whole mtDNA sequencing, in combination with aDNA evidence, has made it possible now to narrow substantially down the geographic regions in Asia that carried the sequences directly ancestral to those of the majority of Austronesians [91-94]. The future of whole mtDNA analyses in the era of next generation sequencing of whole nuclear genomesNow that tens of thousands of whole mitochondrial genome sequences are already publicly available and cover virtually all extant population of the world, is there still a need for more mtDNA data and room for novel findings? Whole mitochondrial sequencing certainly continues to have an important role in forensics, in medical genetics and in ancestry and genealogy related applications because of the specific needs for mtDNA evidence in these fields. Although questions about demographic history of populations, natural selection, the extent of admixture and many other relevant aspects of genetic research of human populations can now be addressed at the level of whole genome sequences, mtDNA has continued to play an important role in the evolutionary genetic studies. MtDNA sequence variation is used in aDNA studies for the estimation of contamination levels (for example [60]) and, in turn, the accumulating aDNA evidence allows us to get increasingly more accurate insights into the complexities of mitochondrial mutation rate (Table 1). ADNA evidence combined with data from extant populations enables us, as described above, to better understand the temporal dynamics of the change of genetic diversity in regions such as Europe [80,81]. Whole mtDNA sequencing will continue to inform us about the sex specific patterns of human migrations and admixture. Consistent with the evidence from nuclear genetic loci and historical records whole mtDNA sequences of the Siddis from India have been shown to include a substantial proportion of lineages that have the closest affinity with those of the Bantu speaking populations of [95]. Because this admixture dates back only a couple of centuries it is not surprising that both sex specific loci and autosomes show consistent patterns.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. Download the 10. 33424/17 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 honeycomb, monolithic air/solid contactor is lined with CO2-absorbing amine materials (green). and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Dried narwhal intestine by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)This is an example where it's not the narwhal intestine but a seal's intestine that's being dried. This is usually used for soups, for instance, where it doesn't get chewy but more like a rubbery texture. Seal intestine drying by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)Caribou stomach contents by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)There is also the stomach content of a caribou. Maybe 10 years ago, you would be able to go down to the hunter's market and buy bags of this green stuff from the caribou stomach. It's not very common today to eat it, but it used to be considered a delicacy. Kaj Birket-Smith, an ethnographer in Greenland, described this as “one of the most treasured ‘vegetables’ are acquired from the animal kingdom so to say, that is the fermented and slightly acidic content of the caribou gut” (1971). [3]MicrobiotaAnd to share a little bit of the microbial results that we've made:Caribou taxonomic composition at Genus level from Hauptmann AL, Paulová P, Hansen LH, Sicheritz-Pontén (2020) Microbiota in foods from Inuit traditional hunting. 15(1) (CC BY 4. 0)What you're seeing is the microbiota, the microbial composition on different pieces of dried caribou meat, because I was following the microbial composition through the drying process. We also included the stomach content, because this is also a food and we wanted to look into the microbiota on the stomach as a food. What was interesting about the microbial content of the stomach is the yellow, because it's not present in any of the other samples. What this large fraction of yellow microbes are is Prevotella and 70 different OTUs of Prevotella. This was an interesting finding, because one thing that I realized when looking at this result is that if I had traveled back in time and gone to Greenland 300 years ago and met an original Inuit population in Greenland and I had brought with me the modern diet pyramid and I would have seen these people eat a lot of meat and I would say, you probably need some whole grain to have a healthy gut microbiota. would have shared whole grain foods to them.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: : Edited by Daniel A. Culver and Hilario NunesRecent advances in sarcoidosis genomics: epigenetics, gene expression, and gene by environment (G × E) interaction studiesGarman, Loria; Montgomery, Courtney G. a; Rivera, Natalia V. b,c,d aDepartment of Genes and bDepartment of cRheumatology Division, Department of dCenter of (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, to Lori Garman, PhD, Department of Genes and 825 NE 13th, MC-104, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Tel: +1 405 271 1705 x1; e-mail: [email protected] This is an open access 4. 0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. in 26(5):p 544-553, September 2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/MCP. 0000000000000719 of review We aim to review the most recent findings in genomics of sarcoidosis and highlight the gaps in the field. Recent findings Original explorations of sarcoidosis subphenotypes, including cases associated with the Center and ocular sarcoidosis, have identified novel risk loci. Innovative gene--environment interaction studies utilizing modern analytical techniques have discovered risk loci associated with smoking and insecticide exposure. The application of whole-exome sequencing has identified genetic variants associated with persistent sarcoidosis and rare functional variations. A single epigenomics study has provided background knowledge of DNA methylation mechanisms in comparison with gene expression data. The application of machine-learning techniques has suggested new drug repositioning for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Several gene expression studies have identified prominent inflammatory pathways enriched in the affected tissue. Summary Certainly, sarcoidosis research has recently advanced in the exploration of disease subphenotypes, utilizing novel analytical techniques, and including measures of clinical variation. Nevertheless, large-scale and diverse cohorts investigated with advanced sequencing methods, such as whole-genome and single-cell RNA sequencing, epigenomics, and meta-analysis coupled with cutting-edge analytic approaches, when employed, will broaden and translate genomics findings into clinical applications, and ultimately open venues for personalized medicine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: I believe that we wouldn't have gotten the health benefit from those whole grains back then, because as we know, our gut microbiota adapts to the foods that we eat. And if you have a diet as I showed in the beginning with 0% carbohydrate energy, you would not have had Prevotella in your stomach probably, because you would not have been feeding those microbes that could live off the plant fiber. were eating plants, it would make a lot of sense to eat those high fiber plants in connection to microbes or together with microbes that can degrade these plants. And a fantastic way of doing that is to eat the stomach content of herbivores and even coprophagia, eating the fecal matter of plant eating animals, which also has been part of the diet. So this would be a nice way to prepare for a summer where there might have been a little bit more plant material in the diet. Otherwise you wouldn't have got a lot of energy from that plant material. Kiviaq fermentationIllustration of kiviaq contents by Ida B. D. JacobsenAnd then I want to show how to make the kiviaq. The kiviaq has become quite famous or maybe infamous in fermentation circles. The kiviaq are fermented seabirds. 1 Above we have a very lovely art piece here by my friend Ida showing a kiviaq that we had the fortune to be able to experience being made in the very northern part of Greenland in Siorapaluk. impennis surrounded by its true relatives by (public domain)Kiviaq are fermented seabirds, but different kinds of seabirds can be fermented. Most often it's the little auk. And the little auk is a tiny bird, about the size of my hand. They arrive in northern Greenland in May, and then they stick around for about three months, when they breed. And that's why it also makes a lot of sense to preserve them for use later in the year, because they're there in a such short amount of time. Inughuit hunting technique for harvesting little auks. A hunter catching little auks with ipoq from a hide in a little auk colony at Qeqertaq (Salve Ø) in the summer of 2014. Photo © Anders Mosbech.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 1) [2]. This ancestry-associated and phenotype-associated variation in non-Löfgren's syndrome suggests multiple genetic architectures and potentially differential exposures underlying various disease mechanisms. It is apparent that sarcoidosis research lags behind other inflammatory disorders in the application of cutting-edge technologies and analysis techniques necessary to identify genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic risk factors and the endeavor to link genotypic to phenotypic data. For example, no extensive eQTL studies in sarcoidosis-relevant populations have been performed, except for a few expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses [13–15] targeted towards cell types or genes associated with sarcoidosis that explained only a small fraction of the variation in gene expression. In spite of this lag, there is a group of studies published in the last 2 years in which advances in sarcoidosis genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics have been made through the use of original cohorts, technology, and analysis methodology. In this review, we aim to summarize these studies as well as indicate the gaps in the sarcoidosis genetics literature. Box 1: no caption availablein most inflammatory diseases, variants located in the MHC have historically been the major genetic risk factors in sarcoidosis, although these vary by ancestry as well as clinical presentation. MHC class II alleles HLA-DRB1∗11:01, 12:01, and 15:03 are associated with sarcoidosis in patients, and 15:01 and 04:01 in individuals of European descent. HLA-DRB1∗03:01 is not only associated with increased susceptibility but also with disease resolution in European Löfgren's syndrome patients; yet in patients, 03:01 is protective and 03:02 is associated with susceptibility and resolution. In addition to the MHC loci, other genes with and without known immune function have also been reported to be associated with sarcoidosis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. ? “Until recently, there hasn’t been a strong market for NETs and DAC,” says Chris. “And therefore fewer ways for companies to monetise DAC technologies. While the amine-oxide hybrid materials we work with are relatively easy to make, they’re not being produced at commercial scale yet. As the market develops, I anticipate an array of companies, both established and start-ups, will be poised to manufacture such materials. We’re working with several of them today. ” The first commercial DAC unit on the market was produced by a company called Climeworks and is in use in Switzerland. Hopefully, this is the start of many. However, while large scale use of DAC could negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it’s vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources. What’s exciting is that Chris’ technology could help give us more time: “This would allow a slower transition to a renewable, energy-rich future, offering less economic disruption and loss of jobs associated with fossil energy,” he says. “It could be both a climate and market stabiliser. ” WHAT’? Let’s describe acids and bases even more scientifically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Published in On the crucial importance of a small bird: The ecosystem services of the little auk (Alle alle) population in in a long-term perspective. Ambio. 2018;47(Suppl 2):226-243. doi:10. 1007/s13280-018-1035-xTo catch your kiviaq, you use this particular net called kallut. A kallut is around three meters long and very bendy in its handle. And then you crawl up on the cliff side, high up on the cliff side where the birds fly in and out of their nests. Then you catch between 3 and 600 of these birds, depending on the size of the seal skin that you want to stuff the birds into. Once you've caught the birds that you need, you need to put them in the shade. There's a very important primary rule in Inuit fermentation practice, and that is that the sun cannot see the food. You have to leave the birds to cool down. They cannot be warm. They have to be the same temperature as the surroundings, which in Siorapaluk in the summertime is probably 0 to 5 degrees Celsius, and make sure that the sun does not see the food. Once they've cooled down, you can stuff them into that seal skin from which you've taken the seal itself out, leaving just holes at the end. And then you start stuffing in those birds and you squeeze out the air as much as you can. In the end, you stand on top of the kiviaq to make sure that all the air is pressed out. And then once you've stuffed it up, you sew it really nicely like this:Sewing the kiviaq closed by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)And then you stuff any other holes there might be in the seal skin you stuff with birds. And the bird here is not a little auk, because this is quite a big bird as, you can see. This is the guillemot. we call it appa. You can make appa kiviaq or you can make them with the little auk appaliearsuk kiviaq depending on what birds you have in hand or what you want. So the kiviaq that we follow was made from the bigger bird, the appa. In the end, you have the kiviaq, the seal skin full of seabirds.

Output: pass