Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can solve all problems related to world hunger on its own. [SEP] Text: Rathore – 16, 2022 | Agricultural Science, & have relied on cotton’s textile fibre for nearly seven millennia. However, utilising cottonseed as food has been a long and unfulfilled goal of many plant breeders. Along with its abundant, high-quality protein, cottonseed also contains gossypol – a toxic chemical that renders the seed inedible. Cottonseed’s fate as a mostly unusable by-product seemed sealed until Rathore, a professor at Texas A&M University, announced that he had successfully created gossypol-free cottonseed. Dr Rathore’s tireless devotion has given the world the potential to significantly improve food security worldwide. The cotton plant produces the most significant volume of natural fibre in the world. Grown in over 70 countries, more than 20 million farmers cultivate and depend on cotton for their livelihood. Yet, for every 1 kilogram of fibre, 1. 65 kilograms of cottonseed go mostly underutilised. The reason is simple: cottonseed also contains the compound gossypol, which is toxic if consumed above safe levels. A natural chemical produced in the pigment glands of the cotton plant, gossypol protects the cotton plant from microbial infections and being eaten by insect pests. Ruminants such as cattle can eliminate the threat – both by degrading gossypol and by binding it to proteins. However, humans and other single-stomached animals including pigs, birds and fish are sensitive to gossypol. In high concentrations, gossypol can cause heart and liver damage and blood disorders. Although cottonseed oil, with gossypol removed during processing, is used in frying and baking, its abundant protein is currently only used for cattle feed. For many scientists, our under-utilisation of cottonseed represents a lost opportunity to address global hunger issues. Scientists estimate that the current rates of cottonseed production could fulfil the protein requirement of over 500 million people worldwide, many of whom live in cotton-producing countries, such as India and Pakistan. With an estimated 700 million people suffering from global hunger and malnutrition, toxin-free cottonseed could significantly improve global nutrition security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, it is still unknown why selecting cells with HDR-driven mechanism on ATP1A1 enriched the overall mutagenesis population on the second locus. Recently, chromatin accessibility has been found to be associated with -Cas9 efficiency in zebrafish. The authors of that study indicated that the open chromatin is more likely to be targeted by -Cas9 (Uusi-Makela et al. , 2018). In the future, it would be interesting to investigate whether co-targeting with ATP1A1 and treating with digoxin preferentially selects cells that have greater chromatin accessibility, and are therefore more susceptible to genome editing. Variations within the Na+/K+-ATPase that confer resistance to cardiac glycoside have been found to occur naturally across species, including insects, metazoans, and rats (El-Mallakh, Brar & Yeruva, 2019; Perne et al. , 2009; Ujvari et al. , 2015). Q118R and N129D mutations in ATP1A1 have been rigorously examined and found to have no impact on Na+/K+-ATPase activity (Price, Rice & Lingrel, 1990). Instead the Q118R and N129D variations simply prevent the stable association of the glycoside with extracellular domain of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Therefore, ATP1A1 Q118R;N129D to confer resistance to glycoside toxicity should have no impact on cellular function. However, as is the case with all drug selection, there is a remote chance that conferring resistance to glycosides could have unintended consequences that should be considered (Askari, 2019). We have described one use for the endogenous selection approach which is to optimize conditions needed for efficient targeting. However, one could envision multiple uses for the same approach. For example, selection of glycoside resistance could be used to efficiently generate allelic variations in iPSCs that would facilitate disease modeling, ex vivo gene-editing therapy, and drug discovery (Corbett & Duncan, 2019; Lee et al. , 2020). Also, having an additional endogenous selectable allele will be helpful when there is a need to generate iPSC lines either with multiple variations within the same cells, revertant alleles, or rescue constructs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: , 1998; Xu et al. , 2007). Soils that have been degraded through excessive tillage tend to have less SOM due to an increased amount of exposed surface area, which facilitates aerobic decomposition (DeBusk et al. , 2001). Carbon makes up more than half the mass of SOM (Montgomery et al. , 2000), and it has been shown that cultivating the land influences the dynamics of SOC and, in turn, the amount of C emitted from the soil as CO2 due to the oxidation or decomposition of SOM (Paustian et al, 1995; Reicosky et al. , 1995). Although flooded-soil conditions in rice-based crop rotations alter the environmental conditions contributing to C and N sequestration and cycling, due to slower decomposition rates and increased CH4 emissions as opposed to CO2 emissions, studies of long-term effects of different tillage regimes implemented in non-flooded upland soils can also provide insight on the impacts of soil disturbance from tillage. Salinas-Garcia et al. (1997) reported that a decrease in tillage increased SOM, microbial biomass C, inorganic N, and labile C and N pools compared to tilled systems in a long-term quadrennial corn-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) rotation on a sandy-clay-loam soil in Texas. Furthermore, West and Post (2002) showed that among 67 non-flooded, long-term studies of various soil textures in countries throughout the world, the average soil C sequestration rate was 57 ± 14 g C m-2 yr-1 on land converted from CT to NT systems, with the exclusion of wheat-fallow systems. West and Post (2002) also estimated that C sequestration reaches a maximum between 5 and 10 years after conversion from CT to NT, and after 15 to 20 years the soil reaches a greater equilibrium C concentration. In a study evaluating a wheat-soybean double-cropping system on a silt-loam soil in east-central eastern Arkansas, SOC content was greater under NT in the top 10 cm than that under CT after two years of continuous cultivation (Brye et al. , 2006a) and C lost as CO2 from soil respiration was 38% greater from CT than from NT (Brye et al. , 2006b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can solve all problems related to world hunger on its own. [SEP] Text: In 2006, after decades of failed efforts to breed gossypol-free cottonseed and to eliminate the toxin on a commercial scale, positive news came out of Texas A&M University when Rathore announced that his lab had successfully disrupted gossypol production in cottonseed. His team’s genetically modified cottonseed has since survived significant regulatory hurdles to achieve approval in the US. The story speaks of the ground-breaking nature of the discovery, as well as the intense regulatory hurdles involved in receiving government approval to cultivate genetically modified crops. Top: Seeds from normal parental plant. Bottom: Seeds from engineered and deregulated TAM66274 plant. to eliminate gossypol from cottonseed began in earnest in the 1990s. Armed with essential gene sequences involved in gossypol production, scientists from all over the world set out to use novel gene silencing technologies to disrupt the biosynthesis pathway that leads to gossypol production. Although these initial efforts did not successfully reduce gossypol production, continued to experiment with novel gene silencing methods. In 2004, his team initiated a new round of experiments that differed from others in a critical way; this time, the group used a tool called RNA interference (RNAi) to try to silence gossypol synthesis-related genes. This technology degrades messenger RNA, a molecule that copies the code contained in DNA to create proteins. leveraged this technology to selectively interfere with gossypol gene expression in the seed. This targeted approach meant that gossypol could still be produced in the cotton stems, leaves and roots, where it provides essential anti-microbial and pest-protection functions. named his team’s cotton trait ‘Ultra-Cottonseed’ (ULGCS). Before this discovery, RNAi-mediated silencing was not believed to be capable of silencing genes in one part of the plant without spreading to other parts of the plant. ‘Our work has shown that such a spread of silencing is not always the case and that such an RNAi-mediated trait is generationally stable,’ says Dr Rathore. This type of tissue-specificity is ground-breaking – a feature that even the famed gene-editing tool cannot boast.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Editing genomic DNA in iPSCs is challenging, not only due to relatively low HDR/INDEL rates, but also the colony-style culture methods which limit the capacity for single-cell sorting selection. Scientists have reported several strategies to address this challenge, including modifying medium, pre-treating with small molecules, and overexpressing anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL2 to increase cell viability during genome editing (Byrne & Church, 2015; Chen & Pruett-Miller, 2018; Gonzalez et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2018). To improve the selection efficiency, researchers have also showed a significant increase on HDR/INDEL rate by introducing excisable markers such as PiggyBac or Cre/lox system; however, both these methods significantly increase the time required to generate the mutations of interest (Wang et al. , 2017; Zhu et al. , 2015). present a study using -Cas9 to edit the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs and determining that introducing 400 bp dsDNA repair template increased HDR efficiency compared to 150 bp ssODNs. Moreover, we observed that by co-targeting ATP1A1 with a second locus of interest, the INDEL and HDR selection efficiency were improved in two different iPSC lines. Our described approach, using a one-step co-targeting strategy with a longer dsDNA repair template, will shorten the period of selection process and increase both HDR/INDEL rate. The Na+/K+ channel is thought to be critical for maintaining cell osmolarity, thus the disruption of ion-exchange ability results in cell death (Pierre & Xie, 2006). Since ATP1A1 mutation described here only affects the binding of glycosides and does not affect the function of Na+/K+ pump, the approach has the advantage of being of marker-free selection that is suitable for clinical application. Sequences of Donor templates used for -Cas9 genome editing DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-1 sequences used for PCR and genotype analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-2 Image of Figure 2A Lane 1:1kb ladder.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Reicosky and Lindstrom (1993) attributed the large initial rate of soil surface CO2 flux after tillage to the release of CO2 in newly exposed soil pores and from dissolution or direct oxidation of C substrates, which further demonstrates the loss of C through increased decomposition rates as a result of aeration from tillage. Furthermore, SOM is made up of approximately 5% N, which is mineralized into ammonium (NH4+) during the decomposition process. is susceptible to removal from or translocation within the soil after nitrification through the leaching of nitrate (NO3-) and through gaseous losses during denitrification (Havlin et al. , 2005; Schlesinger, 1997). The reduction of tillage intensity by switching from CT to NT has been widely recognized as management practice that increases the amount of C storage in soils (Lal and Kimble, 1997; Doa, 1998; Kern and Johnson, 1993; Dick et al. ,1998) and influences N cycling (Shaffer and Ma, 2001) in the near-surface soil. McCarty et al. (1998) reported increased SOC (38%), microbial biomass C (33%), TN (30%), and microbial biomass N (87%) concentrations in the top 2. 5 cm of a silt-loam soil three years after the transition from CT to NT on a continuous corn rotation in the United States, whereas SOC (7%), microbial biomass C (15%), TN (6%), and microbial biomass N (35%) concentrations in the 12. 5 to 20 cm depth decreased. An 18-year study of a rice-wheat rotation on a clay-loam soil in China also showed greater SOC, TN, and microbial biomass C and N concentrations in the top 5 cm under NT compared with CT, whereas SOC and TN concentrations were greater in the 5- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm depths under CT compared with NT (Xu et al. , 2007). The results of previous studies suggest the elimination of tillage greatly influences the stratification of SOC and TN in the near-surface soil layers, whereas there are greater quantities of less-decomposed residue in the upper-most soil layers under NT and that the SOC and TN contents decrease with depth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can solve all problems related to world hunger on its own. [SEP] Text: After examining the trait in cotton crops under field conditions and confirming it could be passed on from generation to generation, reported more promising news: ULGCS cotton fibre yield and quality did not differ from that of regular cotton. After more than a decade of work, it became clear that ULGCS cotton had the potential to be commercially viable. ‘ULGCS offers an example that demonstrates the ability of biotechnology tools to solve a problem that traditional plant breeding cannot solve. ’ (middle), with his associates Le. : Tim Douglass. growing and cultivating the novel cotton in relatively small field settings was a significant accomplishment. However, receiving regulatory approval for its commercial use represented an entirely new type of challenge. In the US, genetically modified crops are subject to intense regulatory scrutiny to ensure that they are safe for the environment and human health. ULGCS cotton was initially considered a regulated 4. 6 kilos of plant protein to create 1 kilo of animal protein. Currently, both poultry and aquaculture industries are in dire need of alternative sources of protein to keep up with the exploding demand for eggs and meat, mainly in developing countries. Cattle also take an enormous toll on the environment, as they emit potent greenhouse gases, and require more land and feed. Additional sources of cheap, effective feedstock will ease pressure on current feed sources, particularly in aquaculture and poultry, creating more feasible ways to capitalise on these sustainable food sources. Finally, since its production does not require additional land beyond what is already used for cotton, protein derived from ULGCS does not create extra strain on the environment. In fact, its widespread use should ease pressure on forests and the ocean’s fish, which are both overexploited to obtain feed for poultry and aquaculture. Farmers who already grow cotton will obtain a whole other crop with very little up-front investment. Handful of ULGCS kernels. : Luedeker. According to Dr Rathore, ‘ULGCS offers an example that demonstrates the ability of biotechnology tools to solve a problem that traditional plant breeding cannot solve. ’ Even agronomist Borlaug, the ‘Father of the Green Revolution’, recognised the potential of gossypol-free cottonseed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Lane 6: ATP1A1 118R/129D homozygous; Lane 7: ATP1A1 118R/129D heterozygous; Lane 8: ATP1A1 118Q/129N Wild Type. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-3 Image of Figure 2C DAPI staining of WT iPSCs treated with 1 uM Ouabain DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-4 Image of Figure 2D DAPI staining of ATP1A1 (118R/129D) iPSCs treated with 1 uM Ouabain DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-5 Image of Figure 2E DAPI staining of WT iPSCs treated with 1 uM Digoxin DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-6 Image of Figure 2F DAPI staining of ATP1A1 (118R/129D) iPSCs treated with 1 uM Digoxin DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-7 Image of Figure 4B Lane 1:1kb ladder; Lane2: K3 iPSC spCas9(-), Donor(-), Digoxin (-); Lane3: K3 iPSC spCas9(+), Donor(+), Digoxin(-); Lane4: K3 iPSC spCas9(+), Donor(+), Digoxin(+); Lane5: SV20 iPSC spCas9(-), Donor(-), Digoxin(-); Lane6: SV20 iPSC spCas9(+), Donor(+), Digoxin(-); Lane7: SV20 iPSC spCas9(+), Donor(+), Digoxin(+) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-8 data used to generate Figure 2B Cell viability assay used to determine the impact of digoxin and ouabain on wild type and ATP1a1 (R118/D129) iPSCs. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/supp-9 data used to generate Figure 4C TIDE(R) analyses of reveals percent of cells with expected INDELs and HDR mediated mutations. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In an 18-year study of a rice-wheat rotation in China, Xu et al. (2007) reported greater SOC and TN concentration increases in the top 10 cm when a combination of organic and inorganic N-P-K fertilization treatments were applied to a clay-loam soil than with no fertilization. Furthermore, Pampolino et al. (2008) reported that cropping systems delivering two to three rice crops per year on silty-clay or clay soils in the Philippines had greater SOC and TN concentrations in the top 20 cm with the application of N-K, N-P and N-P-K fertilization than in areas with no fertilization after 17 to 21 years of continuous production. 3. 4. Crop rotation effects on SOC and TNAs hypothesized, SOC (P < 0. 001) and TN (P = 0. 003) contents (kg m-2) in the top 10 cm were affected by crop rotation and time, when averaged across tillage treatments and fertility regimes (Table 5). The SOC content in rotations that included winter wheat [i. e. , R(W) and R(W)S(W)] increased more than 30% for a sequestration rate of 0. 028 kg-1 SOC m-2 yr-1 and the continuous rotation increased 16% for a sequestration rate of 0. 014 kg-1 SOC m-2 yr-1 from 1999 to 2010, whereas SOC contents in the RS, RC, and RCS rotations did not differ over the 11-year time period (Figure 1A). Likewise, TN contents increased 36 to 46% in the R(W) rotation for a sequestration rate of 0. 003 kg-1 TN m-2 yr-1 and in the R(W)S(W) rotation for a sequestration rate of 0. 004 kg-1 TN m-2 yr-1 (Figure 1B). However, the RS rotation increased 19% for a sequestration rate of 0. 002 kg-1 TN m-2 yr-1 from 1999 to 2010, whereas the TN contents in R, RC, and RCS rotations did not differ over time (Figure 1B).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can solve all problems related to world hunger on its own. [SEP] Text: was an impactful researcher who developed various high-yielding wheat varieties, spurring similar innovations in rice production that led to dramatic increases in grain yields in the 1950s and 1960s. Termed the ‘Green Revolution’, the rampant output of these new crops helped draw millions out of malnutrition. points to as an inspirational figure, attesting that ‘He encouraged me to continue the work despite many failures, setbacks and lack of funding during the first ten years of the project. ’ The global community will continue to benefit tremendously from Dr Rathore’s demonstrated persistence as he works toward the ultimate goal: worldwide adoption and cultivation of his new cottonseed. His research will also be felt beyond the world of cotton production. By shedding light on the potential of RNAi technology, has opened the door for other scientists to create innovative solutions for agricultural and global health issues. This movement very well could lead to the next Green Revolution. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 - of Soil & Texas A&has spent three decades fuelled by a focused purpose: developing and using genetic tools to sustainably feed a burgeoning global population. As the son of a doctor in rural India, saw the effects of malnourishment first-hand. These early experiences laid the foundation for a future of work addressing key global hunger issues with biotechnology. In 1995, only a few months into his position as a Scientist at the Texas A&M University, he began research on his most ground-breaking project – developing a genetically engineered cottonseed safe for human consumption. Since then, he has become a Professor in the Department of Soil and at Texas A&M and has received eleven patents, several related to his work on cottonseed. With over three decades of experience, is a sought-after and globally recognised instructor and researcher in biotechnology. : rathore@tamu. edu E: Keerti. Rathore@ag. tamu. edu W: of Agriculture-of Agriculture-: &-Cottonseed: Selective gene silencing opens up a vast resource of plant-based protein to improve human nutrition, in Plant Sciences, 2020, 39, 1-29. of genetically improved (glandless) and genetically modified low gossypol cottonseed meal as alternative protein sources in the diet of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma reared in a recirculating aquaculture system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 9060/supp-10 We thank Dr. Morad and Dr. Yamaguchi for kindly providingCas9 plasmid and donor templates targeting RYR2. We thank Drs. Pournasr, Jing, and Furio, for guidance and manuscript editing. A. Duncan is founder and CEO of Gruthan Bioscience, LLC. Jui-conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. James L. Corbett and James A. Heslop performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. Stephen A. Duncan conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The sequence of the ATP1A1 gene is available at Ensembl: ENSG00000163399. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplemental Files. work is supported by grants from the of Health (R01DK102716, R01DK119728 and P20GM130457). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2017. Marker-free coselection for -driven genome editing in human cells. 14:615-620 Askari A. 2019. The sodium pump and digitalis drugs: dogmas and fallacies. & Perspectives 7:e00505. 2017. The contribution of homology arms to nuclease-assisted genome engineering. Research 45:8105-8115 Bapteste E, Philippe H. 2002. The potential value of indels as phylogenetic markers: position of trichomonads as a case study. and Evolution 19:972-977. 2010. Large-scale parsimony analysis of metazoan indels in protein-coding genes. and Evolution 27:441-451. 2002. Changes in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity influence cell attachment to fibronectin. of Physiology. 282:C302-C309. 2018. Genome editing in induced pluripotent stem cells usingCas9. Reviews and Reports 14:323-336. 2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The greater increase of SOC and TN over time in rotations with wheat could be partially due to greater quantities of annual biomass from the double-cropped rotations, as opposed to rotations that were fallow in the winter, and partially due to the presence of wheat in the ground during sampling. The presence of the wheat crop suggests there were greater concentrations of fresh root biomass and increased microbial activity in the near-surface soil compared to rotations that were fallow during the winter. The increases in SOC and TN correspond to similar observed differences in SOM among rotations and increases in SOM content over time. Soil organic matter content increased 14% from 1999 (2. 58 kg m-2) to 2010 (2. 95 kg m-2), when averaged across all tillage, fertility and rotation treatment combinations, and SOM content was 5 to 13% greater in R(W) (3. 01 kg m-2) than in all other crop rotations (2. 67 to 2. 78 kg m-2), when averaged across tillage, fertility and time (Motschenbacher et al. , 2012). However, SOC contents only increased in the R(W), R(W)S(W), and R rotations and TN contents only increased in the R(W), R(W)S(W), and RS rotations over the 11-year period, whereas SOM content changes over time were unaffected by individual crop rotations (Motschenbacher et al. , 2012). Increasing the amount of SOC, and associated TN, in the soil requires the addition of enough crop residue to exceed the losses from SOM decomposition, erosion and leaching (Follett, 2001). This can be accomplished by using crop rotation systems that can influence the volume, distribution and turnover of the active and passive pools of SOC (Franzluebbers et al. , 1994). Examining each year separately and averaged across tillage and fertility regimes, SOC content in the RCS (1. 04 kg m-2) rotation was 14% greater than that in the R(W)S(W) (0. 91 kg m-2) rotation at the beginning of the study in 1999, while SOC contents in all other rotations did not differ (Figure 1A). For TN content, there were no differences among crop rotations in 1999 (Figure 1B).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Researchers affirm that what is now called “Smart Farming” which involves autonomous vehicles technology, networks, institutions, and diversity in terms of farm products can become the key to develop sustainable agriculture [26]. For this study, there are three categories of autonomous vehicles used in the farming industry that will be analyzed. Vehicle (UGV’s) or autonomous tractors will be first analyzed by exploring the different technologies in the market and how they are enhancing farming. To develop more about this first category, tractors are considered as an essential type of equipment in farms because they are used for different types of tasks including transportation for employees, harvesting crops, planting, fertilizing, and cultivating. However, a workforce is needed to operate these tractors personally, which can potentially lead to more expenses and the possibility of miscalculations or an inefficient working system due to human mistakes. Autonomous tractors can have potential positives for these types of tasks; the purpose will not be the reduction of staff, but the increase of efficiency in the farm to maximize profit and enhance the production process by having technology implemented on the field. Second, Vehicle (UAV’s) are also commonly used for farming purposes along with UGV’s to combine both technologies to increase productivity and quality. Usually, they are capable of analyzing the environment according to the type of production that is being held. They help to optimize the production process, monitor crop growth by checking the quality of them, and get a big picture of the process by communicating with other types of autonomous vehicles or devices that are being used to produce. Some companies that were developing drones for other purposes such as personal or military started to implement drone technologies in the farming industry. This is a way in which this industry can develop itself at a fast pace and revolutionize farming methods moving forward [27]. Finally, the rise of modern robots to be used in farming was considered important for this research. Robots are being developed to increase crop productivity in the farming industry. They differ from bigger autonomous farming vehicles because robots are better to perform some repetitive tasks that are not intended for a tractor or any other larger vehicle controlled by humans. Robots are perfect for small fields production, and they are capable of doing more specific analysis and they can work uninterruptedly when other types of autonomous vehicles need to be supervised. There are specific tasks that can be done by these robots in a large variety of production types.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Double-strand-break-induced homologous recombination in mammalian cells. Transactions 29:196-201. 2013. TALENs: a widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing. Biology 14:49-55. 1998. Molecular mechanisms of DNA double strand break repair. Trends in 8:483-489. 2020. Recent advances in genome editing of stem cells for drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 209:107501. 2018. Highly efficient genome editing via -Cas9 in human pluripotent stem cells is achieved by transient BCL-XL overexpression. Research 46(19):10195-10215 Lieber MR. 2010. The mechanism of double-strand DNA break repair by the nonhomologous DNA end-joining pathway. of Biochemistry 79:181-211. 2017. Elimination of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells by cardiac glycosides. 7:5289. 2013. Incorporating indels as phylogenetic characters: impact for interfamilial relationships within Arctoidea (Mammalia: Carnivora) and Evolution 66:748-756. 2006. Feeder-independent culture of human embryonic stem cells. 3:637-646. 2013. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339:823-826. 2001. The deoxyguanosine kinase gene is mutated in individuals with depleted hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA. 29:337-341 -. 2019. Highly efficient and marker-free genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells by -Cas9 RNP and AAV6 donor-mediated homologous recombination. Cell 24:821-828 e825. 2002. The cardiac sodium pump: structure and function. in Cardiology 97(Suppl 1):I19-I24 Nagaoka M, Duncan SA. 2010. Transcriptional control of hepatocyte differentiation. Progress in 97:79-101. 2013. High-throughput profiling of off-target DNA cleavage reveals RNA-programmed Cas9 nuclease specificity. 31:839-843 -. 2009. Cardiac glycosides induce cell death in human cells by inhibiting general protein synthesis. 4:e8292 Pierre SV, Xie Z. 2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: However, after 11 years of continuous management, the R(W) (1. 32 kg m-2) and R(W)S(W) (1. 22 kg m-2) rotations had 15 to 28% greater SOC contents than rotations that included corn [i. e. RC (1. 03 kg m-2) and RCS (1. 06 kg m-2); Figure 1A]. Furthermore, the R(W) rotation had 15 to 28% greater SOC content in 2010 than that in the R, RS, RC, and RCS rotations (1. 03 to 1. 15 kg m-2), which did not differ between one another (Figure 1A). In 2010, TN content was 14 to 27% greater in the R(W) (0. 14 kg m-2) and R(W)S(W) (0. 13 kg m-2) rotations than that in any of the other crop rotations (0. 11 to 0. 12 kg m-2), whereas TN content among the R, RS, RC, and RCS rotations in 2010 did not differ (Figure 1B). Greater TN contents in winter-wheat rotations [i. e. , R(W) and R(W)S(W)] compared to the R, RS, RC, and RCS rotations could partially be due to the timing of the last fertilizer-N application prior to the 2010 sampling date in mid-March. The R(W) and R(W)S(W) rotations received N fertilization at the beginning of March 2009 for the winter-wheat crop, whereas the last application of N fertilizer was in the previous spring (i. e. , Spring 2009) for all other crop rotations (Table 2). Dick et al. (1998) concluded that crop rotation and cover crops are an effective way to facilitate C sequestration, especially when combined with NT and optimal fertilization. After evaluating 67 long-term agricultural studies, West and Post (2002) estimated that enhancing the rotation complexity, including changing from monoculture to continuous rotation cropping, crop-fallow to continuous monoculture or rotation cropping, or increasing the number of crops in a rotation system, can sequester an average of 0. 02 ± 0. 01 kg C m-2 yr-1 in the top 30 cm of dryland systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Since this specific model is a semi-autonomous truck intended to assist the driver during the trip, less sensors are needed. This prototype does not implement LIDAR sensors, which are commonly used for this type of autonomous technology. Since there is only a need to monitor close surroundings mostly when driving on highways, RADAR sensors are capable of retrieving all data necessary for the vehicle to function at a close distance. RADARs are also capable of giving high accuracy for poor weather conditions [39]; however, it is important to notice that the lack LIDAR sensors can also impact the performance of the vehicle. LIDARs could provide a more clear obstacle detection with 3D mapping and a larger FOV than RADARs. usually do not provide a good classification of objects, and due to the low resolution of the images, it could be harder for the autonomous truck to scan the environment without a LIDAR [40]. Truck: is one of the other autonomous truck prototypes expected to be deployed commercially in 2025, along with the Mercedes-Benz autonomous truck. This company, however, was the first to introduce and get approval to test a semi-autonomous truck on a national highway in the United States. Sensors for this autonomous truck are similar to the ones encountered in the Mercedes-Benz truck previously explained. Truck has a front bumper with a RADAR scanning system with short- and long-range RADARs. Long-range RADAR has a range of 820 feet and a 18-deg FOV, and the short-range RADAR has a range of 230 feet and a 130-deg FOV. In addition, there is a stereo camera located at the back of the truck with a range of 328 feet with a 45-deg FOV horizontal by 27-deg FOV vertical. These sensors communicate with the system which with the given data executes lane stability, collision avoidance, speed, control, braking, and automatic steering [41]. 4 study carefully analyzes sensor configuration for different types of vehicles with various functionalities that are used among several industries. 1, there is an organized structure to compare sensor configurations and provide advantages and disadvantages. Sensors are classified among vehicle types, industries, and levels of automation. This table shows, indeed, the main purpose of this paper is to find specific sensor configurations that will perform better than others in multiple changing scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The Na, K-ATPase receptor complex: its organization and membership. and Biophysics 46:303-316. 1990. Structure-function studies of Na, K-ATPase. Site-directed mutagenesis of the border residues from the H1–H2 extracellular domain of the alpha subunit. Journal of 265:6638-6641. 2010. Zinc-finger nuclease-induced gene repair with oligodeoxynucleotides: wanted and unwanted target locus modifications. 18:743-753. 2013. Genome engineering using the -Cas9 system. 8:2281-2308. 2016. Enhancing homology-directed genome editing by catalytically active and inactive -Cas9 using asymmetric donor DNA. 34:339-344. 2011. Pleiotropic effects of cardioactive glycosides. Chemistry 18:872-885. 2012. The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy. Nature 481:295-305 Saleh-Gohari N, Helleday T. 2004. Conservative homologous recombination preferentially repairs DNA double-strand breaks in the S phase of the cell cycle in human cells. Research 32:3683-3688. 2014. -Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes. 32:347-355. 2017. Therapeutic gene editing: delivery and regulatory perspectives. Sinica 38:738-753 Si-. 2010. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by simple transient transfection of plasmid DNA encoding reprogramming factors. BMC 10:81 Smith TW. 1984. The basic mechanism of inotropic action of digitalis glycosides. Journal of Pharmacological 15(Suppl 1):35-51 Song F, Stieger K. 2017. Optimizing the DNA donor template for homology-directed repair of double-strand breaks. 7:53-60. 2006. Differential usage of non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination in double strand break repair. DNA Repair 5:1021-1029. 2007. OuaSelect, a novel ouabain-resistant human marker gene that allows efficient cell selection within 48 h. 14:1564-1572 ’. 2015. Widespread convergence in toxin resistance by predictable molecular evolution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: However, these results excluded the change from continuous corn to corn-soybean, which may not lead to a significant change in SOC (West and Post, 2002). The rate reported in West and Post (2002) is comparable to the SOC sequestration rate of 0. 03 kg-1 m-2 yr-1 in the top 10 cm for rotations which included winter wheat [i. e. , R(W) and R(W)S(W)] in this study compared to continuous rice (0. 01 kg-1 m-2 yr-1) and other rotations, which did not significantly sequester SOC over time. In this study, crop rotation appeared to be a major contributor to the quantity of SOC present in the top 10 cm. Rice and corn are two high-residue-producing crops that are capable of producing 6. 5 Mg ha-1 (rice) to 8. 0 Mg ha-1 (corn) of above-ground dry matter per crop produced under adequate fertilization, whereas soybean is only capable of producing around 2. 2 Mg ha-1 of above-ground dry matter during a cropping season (USDA-NASS, 2012). The above-ground biomass quantities produced annually can also be increased by double-cropping a system with wheat (West and Post, 2002), which is capable of producing an additional 3. 3 Mg dry matter ha-1 per year (USDA-NASS, 2012), as opposed to keeping the rotation fallow for the winter. For this study, rotations that produced rice and wheat during a year [i. e. , R(W) and R(W)S(W)] were capable of producing 9. 8 Mg dry matter ha-1 per year, and during the years soybean and wheat were grown, the R(W)S(W) rotation produced roughly 5. 5 Mg dry matter ha-1 per year (USDA-NASS, 2012). Therefore, a greater SOC content in the R(W) rotation after 11 years of rotation management was expected due to the consistent input of at least 23% more above-ground dry matter added annually than that from the RS, RC, and RCS rotations, and the R(W)S(W) rotation during the years soybean and wheat were produced (Figure 1A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make human-driven cars obsolete in the next five years. [SEP] Text: There are still many misgivings regarding the driverless cars technology [57]; however, a report by LLC made a calculation with the overwhelming figure that the total market of driverless cars in all the companies involved in its development is about $100 billion as for 2017 not including the value of the actual cars involved in various projects [58]. In view of this commercial figure, there are two possibilities. The first is that driverless cars will be indeed a wide-use technology and the second is that driverless cars are actually the top financial fraud of all time. Unfortunately, there are few people who believe in the section option; however, it is quite clear that the first option seems to be more reasonable. Driverless cars are much more comfortable and restful for passengers than public transportation. Moreover, union stations are not often in a close proximity of the passenger, so the passenger should use another means of transportation to arrive at a union station; whereas when using driverless cars there is no need for the hassle of these connections [59]. As a result, driverless cars will gradually take control of the transportation market [60]. As more and more driverless cars are on the roads, the union stations will slowly but surely fade away from our lives. applicable applicable. . authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. none. 91. CrossRef 4 P. Fernandes, and U. Nunes, "Platooning with IVC-enabled autonomous vehicles: Strategies to mitigate communication delays, improve safety and traffic flow", IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. , vol. 13, no. 1, 106. CrossRef 5 D. Carlino, M. Depinet, P. Khandelwal, and P. Stone, "Approximately orchestrated routing and transportation analyzer: Large-scale traffic simulation for autonomous vehicles", 15th on Systems (ITSC), 339. CrossRef 6 Z. J. Chong, B. Qin, T. Bandyopadhyay, T. . Frazzoli, D. Rus, D. Hsu, and K. H. Low, "Autonomous personal vehicle for the first- and last-mile transportation services", 5th on Cybernetics and (CIS), 260. CrossRef 7 A. Henry, R. E. Barone, A. Pichardo, E. Roach, T. Keegan, D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112:11911-11916. 2005. Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature 435:646-651. 2010. Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases. Genetics 11:636-646 Uusi-. 2018. Chromatin accessibility is associated with -Cas9 efficiency in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) 13:e0196238 Valerie K, Povirk LF. 2003. Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair. Oncogene 22:5792-5812. 2017. Efficient, footprint-free human iPSC genome editing by consolidation of Cas9/and piggyBac technologies. 12:88-103. 2013. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes byCas-mediated genome engineering. Cell 153:910-918 -. 2018. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nephrology 14(11):663-677 -. 2013. Optimization of scarless human stem cell genome editing. Research 41:9049-9061. 2015. Generation of iPSCs as a pooled culture using magnetic activated cell sorting of newly reprogrammed cells. 10:e0134995. 2016. ssODN-mediated knock-in with -Cas for large genomic regions in zygotes. 7:10431. 2015. Small molecules enhance genome editing in pluripotent stem cells. Cell 16:142-147. 2017. Efficient precise knockin with a double cut HDR donor afterCas9-mediated double-stranded DNA cleavage. 18:35. 2015. /Cas-mediated selection-free knockin strategy in human embryonic stem cells. Reports 4:1103-1111 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history See citing 1. 2MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In addition to large above-ground biomass inputs, rice is a unique crop to include in a crop rotation because unlike all other row crops, rice is grown under nearly to completely saturated soil conditions (Norman et al. , 2003), which slows the rate of SOM decomposition and affects N cycling dynamics. Thus, flooding the soil during the period rice is produced greatly affects SOM, and consequently SOC, accumulation in the soil, which is then susceptible to rapid decomposition when the field is drained for harvest and during the fallow period. Although crop rotations involving high-residue-producing crops like corn typically facilitate substantial increases in SOC, the anaerobic conditions under which rice is grown also affect the breakdown of crop residues in the soil. Witt et al. (2000) demonstrated that soils continuously cropped with flooded rice had 11 to 12% more C sequestration and 5 to 12% more N accumulation than soils which supported a dry-season, maize-flooded-rice rotation. The results were attributed to a 33 to 41% increase in the estimated amount of mineralized-C and decreased input of N from biological N fixation during the dry-season, maize-cropping period (Witt et al. , 2000). Aulakh et al. (2001) reported that C sequestration in a sandy-loam soil in India was 69 to 107% greater when wheat residues were added to flooded rice. Furthermore, Aulakh et al. (2001) also showed that adding wheat residue immobilized mineral-N during the fallow period, but the amount of mineral-N increased rapidly at the start of the flooded rice season when green manure or urea-N were applied. The increase in TN in the RS rotation over time in this study can be explained by the increased frequency of an N-fixing legume crop in the rotation, whereas the R, RC, and RCS did not result in increased TN over time (Figure 1B). This is because the Rhizobia bacteria present in the nodules on legume roots are able to absorb dinitrogen gas (N2) from the air and convert it to NH4+, which can either be released into the soil or taken up by the plant and returned to the soil as residue-N at a later time (Havlin et al. , 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: is a multicomponent human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. This research is an attempt to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. This paper highlights the constituents of the crime mechanism involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the so-called AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference (tampering with software, meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. ). Keywords: Autonomous vehicle, road accident, accident mechanism, mechanism components, information system, situation vehicle that is claimed to be autonomous must contain systems that control the core vehicle controls: braking, steering, gearbox, and fuel supply. Vehicle robotization is an essential and yet the easiest step towards autonomous vehicles. The next step is to equip cars with instrumentation to monitor the traffic. A driverless car needs cameras to watch the road and stay within the road/lane, to scan the signs, and to recognize traffic lights. It also needs ‘vision’ to steer itself in the traffic, including a precise global navigation satellite system, an inertial navigation system, a lidar, ultrasonic sensors, and stereo cameras mounted on the front stands inside the cabin. All the systems must be connected to a computer to process the input and control the movement. The computer is also tasked with applying image recognition to the input from the cameras. Engineering a vehicle capable of self-driving requires a comprehensive approach to the development and implementation of various subsystems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas in any organ of the body but most commonly in the lungs and lymph nodes. The incidence and clinical presentation of sarcoidosis vary across ethnic populations and are affected by, at minimum, race, sex, age, vitamin D status, and exposure to environmental triggers, such as cigarette smoking, mold, insecticides, dust, and potentially season [1]. Sarcoidosis can be divided into multiple clinical phenotypes that describe the course of the disease, including Löfgren's syndrome, arguably a different disease, and non-Löfgren's sarcoidosis. Ancestry differences, high sibling relative risks, and linkage findings all suggest a genetic basis for sarcoidosis risk. The first large multicenter family-based study in 2001 began to address both ancestry-dependent disease risk and familial relative risk [2]. Twenty years of additional familial aggregation, familial linkage, candidate gene, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS; reviewed in [3,4]) have led to an estimated pooled prevalence proportion of familial sarcoidosis of 9. 5% [confidence interval (CI) 4. 6–16. 1] and an estimated heritability of 60–70%. These estimates, based on 12 study populations, suggest familial sarcoidosis is highest in French, African American, Dutch, and Irish patients. Genetic variants with high penetrance have not been identified in familial sarcoidosis and the significant part of familial occurrence that is not explained by heritable factors may be explained by environmental factors [4]. Over time, it has become evident that this genetic susceptibility is complex and multifactorial. Löfgren's syndrome and non-Löfgren's syndrome differ in most risk loci, but share genetic factors localizing in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region [5▪▪,6]. Within non-Löfgren's syndrome, individuals of African descent have few overlapping genetic risk factors with those of European ancestry [7–9], and genetic effects of subphenotypes of non-Löfgren's syndrome, like neuro [10], ocular [11▪], or bone and joint sarcoidosis [12] appear manifestation-specific. The relative risks for first-degree familial relationships differ between (odds ratio: 16. 6) and (odds ratio: 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Summarizing the results of the data analysis it can be stated that most of the farmers in grow their crops in patterns which are inspired by crop rotation rules and used in relation to the site conditions. Regions with less fertile soils and mixed farming are more heterogenous than regions with very low or very high profitable soils. There is the dense maize cropping of the livestock farming regions as well as the pure winter cereal rotations in the coast regions which may lead to phytosanitary problems in the future if no measures of diversification are implemented. Due to biogas production, the dense maize rotations are no longer only an issue for intensive livestock farming regions. It is important to strengthen the development and market conditions for neglected crops, especially legumes and summer cereals, to enhance the diversification of crop rotations in future. Keywords: crop rotation; Lower Saxony; Maize; LPIS; IACS; spatial data Ziel dieser Arbeit war der Nachweis von Fruchtfolgemustern in einer landwirtschaftlich geprägten Region im Nordwesten Deutschlands. Hierbei wurde untersucht ob und wie die räumliche Verteilung von Fruchtfolgemustern im Zusammenhang mit ausgewählten ökologischen und ökonomischen Landschaftsvariablen stehen. kamen vor dem Hintergrund einer rasch angestiegenen Maisanbaufläche als Folge einer erhöhten Biogasproduktion auf. Dies ist eine Daten-basierte Analyse, welche die Anbaudaten aller Ackerflächen in Niedersachsen nutzt, die in den Jahren 2005 bis 2011 durch Direktzahlungen aus dem Agrarfonds der Europäischen Union gefördert wurden. Informationen über die dazugehörigen Betriebe waren nicht enthalten. Für eine räumliche Verortung der Felder war lediglich die digitale Schlagkarte des Jahres 2011 verfügbar.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: The first step is to design individual automated driving assists as well as automatic controls for some of the vehicle assemblies. The next step is to merge these L1 systems into larger autonomous vehicle control modules. The third step is to create a single module that combines all the assemblies and units present in a vehicle into a single System. The next step is to create a single traffic control system to control vehicle behavior. Despite all the progress in this industry, many issues remained unresolved. One such pressing issue is the causation and mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles. Transport is a human-machine system that comprises multiple subsystems. Transport as a system comprises (a) machinery; (b) information; (c) situation; and (d) operator. It is therefore necessary to model the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) in order solve several problems of criminology, forensics, and criminal law; to that end, the authors use the existing theory on the mechanism of traffic crime. The latter is a far broader concept in criminology than it is in criminal law. The concept covers multiple sociopsychological phenomena and describes safety-compromising interconnection and interaction of the constituents of a human-machine system. These phenomena are objective and do not depend on how crime is characterized by word of law. From the standpoint of criminal law, the mechanism of crime specifies the criminological etiology and shows how crime results in legal consequences. Purpose of the paper highlights the constituents of crime involving autonomous vehicles (the vehicle, the information system, and the situation); it describes the essence and the role of each component in the accident etiology. The paper also maps further research of this mechanism on the basis of the AV safety breach map, which includes possible outside interference. The methodology hereof comprises engineering and legal (doctrinal) methods. The proposal is to introduce and substantiate criminal sanctions on the operation of autonomous vehicles on the basis of the identified AV specifications and AV accident mechanism. apparent reasons, the mechanism of road accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AV) has not been researched yet, as specialists focused on the mechanism of drivers’ crimes (Ishchenko et al. , 2014). However, with the ever-larger scale of AV development and adoption coupled with AV-involving road accidents (RA) that are already happening (Chuchayev & Malikov, 2019), this becomes a pressing issue to research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Old genetic methods in a new subset of patients: Center-associated sarcoidosis While firefighters in the of the City of have a higher incidence of sarcoidosis relative to the general population of similar sex and race (12. 9 per 100 000 versus 9. 4 per 100 000), the incidence of sarcoidosis doubled in this group following the Center (WTC) attacks (25 per 100 000). This cohort represents a unique research opportunity, with a known baseline rate, point of exposure, and an extensively clinically characterized study population, allowing for cohort-matching on exposure and other potentially confounding factors. The genetic differences between firefighters who responded to the collapse of the WTC in 2001 and developed sarcoidosis (n = 55) have been compared with those with similar demographics, smoking rates, and exposure to WTC-associated dust that did not develop the disease (n = 100) [24▪]. In this cohort, the authors examined 51 genes involved in immune function, a portion of which had been previously associated with sarcoidosis, using a new amplicon-based enrichment method for targeted next-generation sequencing (AmpliSeq). The authors identified and classified 909 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequency (MAF) of at least 5 and 3619 total genetic variants within their predominantly Caucasian cohort (153/155, 98. 7%). Of these, 17 common variants located on chromosomes 1 and 6, were found to be associated with sarcoidosis as a whole. Not surprisingly, many of the findings were in or close to HLA genes, including BTNL2, PTGS2/COX2, and a long noncoding RNA. Additionally, one of these sarcoidosis-associated SNPs, rs2066826, located in an intron of PTGS2, was associated with extrathoracic involvement along with six other SNPs. In a secondary analysis, the authors considered the arrival time of a firefighter at the scene as a proxy of dust exposure; interestingly, no effects of exposure were found. Although the small sample size limits the study, the results suggest that the amount of dust p2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIncreased cover of agricultural land-use, occurring mainly at the expense of natural habitats, and agricultural intensification are primary causes for the current biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystem services (Foley et al. 2005). Decreasing biodiversity is likely to trigger a negative feedback on agricultural production, which could decrease agricultural yields in the long-term (Matson et al. 1997). A change towards more sustainable practices, including improved management of ecosystem services, is thus required (Bommarco et al. 2013). Agroforestry is a land management practice whereby woody perennials are planted together with crops and/or livestock (Lundgren 1982). It can enhance several ecosystem services, including pest regulation (Schroth et al. 2000; Tscharntke et al. 2011; Pumariño et al. 2015; Kuyah et al. 2016). The increased habitat complexity in agroforestry plantations compared to monocultures has the potential to increase natural predator and parasitoid populations by providing shelter and alternative food sources (Landis et al. 2000). The dispersal of natural enemies through agricultural landscapes can also be affected by the presence, size, composition and spatial arrangement of agroforestry patches (Dunning et al. 1992). Many studies have shown that landscape complexity and presence of trees in agricultural habitats can improve regulation of specific pests (Bianchi et al. 2006; Tscharntke et al. 2011; Pumariño et al. 2015) in both temperate and tropical climates, with crops as diverse as cabbage and coffee, and with natural enemies ranging from vertebrates (birds and bats) to invertebrates (parasitic wasps, ants, hoverflies and spiders) (e. g. Bianchi et al. 2006; Tscharntke et al. 2011; Bisseleua et al. 2013; Alignier et al. 2014). However, implementation of perennial agroforestry practices can also reduce opportunities for pest regulation achieved through disturbances, such as crop rotations or tillage (Schroth et al. 2000). Other mechanisms such as modification of micro-climate or changes in crop nutritional value can also explain differences in pest regulation between agroforestry and conventional practices (Schroth et al. 2000). Kale (Brassica olearacea L. var.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: In general, accident is a subject matter of multiple disciplines. For instance, forensics studies the forensic mechanism of road accidents or human as a source of danger (Korma, 2006). Nevertheless, all authors recognize a road accident as an event. This interpretation emphasizes road accidents as a cause of further criminal procedure. However, it fails to disclose the essence of this phenomenon. Besides, accident alone does not necessarily result in a criminal procedure, since the latter require filing a case. The case is the legal fact that actually triggers a criminal procedure. Secondly, criminal law does not use the concept of the subject matter of criminal justice response; instead, the term it uses is ‘act’. Traffic accident is recognized as an event in criminal law literature; however, the interpretation is different. Road accident is defined as “an event that disrupts traffic, results from the loss of control over a vehicle, and is associated with human toll and damages. ” (Lukyanov, 1983, p. 34). Without criticizing this definition (in particular the fact that it incorporates loss of control, i. e. , a timeframe of uncontrollability, etc. ), we’d like to note that (a) it interprets a road accident as a traffic disruption, and (b) renders it as an umbrella term that incorporates traffic crime. In criminal law, accident as such has no significance; in the crime-accident relation, crime is a part and accident is the whole. In other words, criminal law highlights the relations between the combination of circumstances (or elements of a single object) and the linkage that unites such circumstances and complements their combination with new, integrative properties and patterns that are not inherent in such circumstances in their diversity. With this in mind, it seems acceptable to investigate the mechanism of accidents as the basis for further research of the mechanism behind AV-involving traffic crimes (so far, Russian criminal law does not identify such acts). In criminology, traffic crime mechanism is interpreted as the interaction and interconnection of the driver and the machinery/information/situation (external factors), all of which determine the driver’s behavior and cause a violation of traffic rules (Belokobylskiy & Chuchayev, 1991). Traffic crime mechanism comprises the following constituents: the driver, the vehicle, information system, and situation (Shemyakin, 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: In addition, except for two small RNA sequencing studies limited to monocytes [45] and regulatory T cells [46], gene expression studies of both tissue and the circulating immune system have historically been limited to PCR-based or microarray-based studies, both of which have significant shortcomings in comparison to RNA sequencing. Despite these limitations, several recent studies have generated new findings or employed new analytics to identify novel gene expression differences in sarcoidosis. New analytics methods: combining cohorts and data modalities A recent study perfectly exemplifies the utility of bioinformatically assessing publicly available data to generate translational findings [21▪▪]. The authors first presented a novel approach identifying new diseases in which a developed drug could be clinically useful (i. e. , drug repositioning). This method utilized a multilayer self-organizing maps (ml-SOM) machine-learning technique. Briefly, ml-SOM uses multiple transcriptomic data sets of disease and drug effects to cluster co-regulated and/or functionally related networks across data sets (for an excellent visual description, see Fig. 2 of [21▪▪]). The authors employed ml-SOM first to confirm the action of infliximab in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, namely, reduction of TNF-alpha-related gene signatures. With the notable assumption that if two diseases share similar differentially expressed genes with respect to controls, then the same treatment will affect the two diseases in similar ways, the authors utilized ml-SOM to evaluate the repositioning possibility of infliximab to sarcoidosis. ml-SOM predicted that genes associated with the immune/inflammatory response and TNF-alpha/interferon and elevated in sarcoidosis would be beneficially impacted by infliximab treatment. This method was additionally used for brodalumab and other inflammatory diseases. Old analytics methods, new findings A set of gene expression studies published in the past year applied RT-PCR or microarray to explore previously understudied cell subsets. First, T-follicular helper cells, previously not well studied in sarcoidosis, were isolated in three patients and three controls [47▪].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: The twelve remaining fields had shade trees planted at close to regular intervals around the perimeter and, in six cases, trees were present within the field as well (Fig. 2). Shade trees were at least 2 m high and in most cases had overarching branches. The trees consequently shaded the crops during most of the day. The tree species at the perimeter and within the fields included gum trees (Eucalyptus spp. ), riverhemps (Sesbania spp. ), avocado trees (Persea americana), palm trees (Arecea spp. ), silky oaks (Grevilla robusta) and banana trees (Musa spp. ). None of the fields were shaded by buildings or by any artificial shading systems such as nets. The order at which the fields were sampled was random, with shaded and open sites sampled within the same time intervals. All fieldwork was conducted in March and April 2014. Pest and predator densitiesAt each field, the number of foliage-dwelling pests was assessed. The number of aphids per leaf was counted on two occasion with a minimum of 12 days between counts on randomly chosen kale plants interspersed with at least 1 m. The first count took place from 6th–28th March and included one leaf per plant from a maximum of 50 plants or up to a maximum of 1000 aphids across plants, at which point the count ended at the end of the leaf where 1000 aphids had been counted (mean no. of leaves counted ± SE, 42. 2 ± 2. 8). The second count, took place from 7th–23rd April, following the same rules of counting up to 1000 aphids or the 50th leaf, but covered a whole plant instead of one leaf per plant, and a minimum of five plants per field. Moth caterpillars, the only other invertebrate pest observed during the study, was counted simultaneously with aphids during their second count. The activity-density and composition of ground-dwelling predatory invertebrates was monitored by placing four pitfall traps once in each field for 48 h, on March 25th to April 24th. The traps consisted of 850 ml plastic buckets dug down to ground level, with funnels and soap water to stop arthropods from escaping.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: All of them are present in road accidents, too. All the authors that researched the mechanism of crime in general and the mechanism of traffic crime in particular highlighted the driver (personality) as the core element of such crime. Here, we should mind the definition: an autonomous vehicle is a one that is capable of self-driving. In general, ‘conventional’ vehicles constitute a monocomponent human-machine system, i. e. its objects are involved in all kinds of interaction, but it is human that guides such interaction. Thus, it may seem first that the personality factor is part of traffic crime etiology. The problem is that AVs are essentially designed to be self-driving, i. e. to plot their route and control their speed using data their software receives from the Internet, traffic scans, traffic lights, etc. Humans are only involved in the development of such software. Therefore, traffic safety may be jeopardized before travel if automated systems are not duly developed and tested. That means the personality factor is no longer a part of the traffic crime mechanism, which should be borne in mind when criminalizing the core act: making of poorly programmed software rather than traffic violations. It should be borne in mind that the manufacturer or the software developer might insist on timely full or partial software updates. Shall the vehicle operator/owner ignore this requirement, then human factor applies as part of the road accident mechanism. Perhaps this should be interpreted as failure to comply with passive safety requirements, which cover the structural, technological, and operating vehicle properties intended to prevent or mitigate road accidents. We believe that this should also be included in criminal law as an independent element of offence. The information system is a fundamental component of the road accident mechanism (Hamida et al. , 2015; Lemann, 2019; Vellinga, 2017). In case of self-driving cars, it functions both as an information system as such, and as a driver. The system ensures that the vehicle operates safely by providing two independent arrays of data: external data, which the driver receives personally while driving by monitoring the information model, the traffic lights, etc. ; and internal data stored in the memory. The information system assists the safety ‘hardware’, i. e. fully operational assemblies and components, to ensure that the vehicle operates normally. This is why the theory of reliability identifies two aspects of accident-free transport operation: hardware and software.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: However, these studies should be replicated in both larger sample sets and other ethnicities. Neither whole-genome sequencing or genome-wide eQTL studies have been reported; this gap should be filled in order to confirm GWAS findings of imputed genotype and to ‘connect the dots’ between genotype and phenotype (Table 3). Table 3: Novel genomic methodologies not yet applied to sarcoidosisThe majority of recent transcriptomic studies have generally used outdated and insensitive techniques. Transcriptomic studies based on total mRNA or small RNA using RNA-sequencing technologies will, therefore, be essential to conduct in-silico functional studies. Similarly, epigenomics of sarcoidosis could benefit from the application of large-scale genome-wide arrays, such as the Illumina EPIC array that includes 850 000 methylation markers or methylation sequencing technologies, such as whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), methylation capture sequencing (MethylCap-Seq), methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing (MBD-Seq), and more recently nanopore sequencing, that offer extensive knowledge to understand regulation in gene expression and consequently biological processes in health and disease beyond sarcoidosis (Table 3). Finally, limited diversity in ancestry and clinical presentation of patients, few meta-analyses of multiple sarcoidosis studies, and lack of meticulous comparisons to other diseases leave us with findings in all aspects of genomics that are not broadly applicable. Although some studies explore common risk factors, like shared loci across disease [11▪], previous polygenic risk score [20] and cross-disease comparisons [21▪▪] should be repeated with recently proposed methodologies such as PRSice [50] and LDpred [51] software for calculating genetic risk scores and large-scale data to include recent findings and a greater breadth of the disease (Table 3). genomics studies discussed here have made advances in both new technologies and analysis methods, yet still suffer from significant limitations. Next-generation sequencing, genome-wide WES, spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and modern informatics methods like machine learning represent huge strides forward for genomics, yet have rarely been used in sarcoidosis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Although not a direct assessment of predation pressure, this increase in activity density of certain groups of natural enemies is consistent with most other studies (Pumariño et al. 2015) and indicates that biological control might still be part of the explanation between the reduced pest abundances in shady conditions. It should be noted however, that all our estimates of abundances and predation rates were snap-shots, and longer-term studies will be critical to properly evaluate the importance of biological control in this system. Moreover, the incorporation of more precise measures of pesticide use could be relevant as it affected both pooled predator abundances and parasitism rates in our study and is known to have strong effects on biocontrol services in general (Geiger et al. 2010). Microclimatic and bottom-up effects of shade on pestsBecause no conclusive effect of shade on biological control potential was detected, it is likely that other factors also contributed to the reduction in pest numbers. Shade induces changes in microclimate, which can have direct effects on invertebrate physiology and thereby regulate their populations. For example, invertebrate reproductive rates are usually lower in cooler conditions, and may also be affected by humidity (Burgess et al. 1996; Chaplin-Kramer and Kremen 2012). Moreover, most insects, including aphids, use olfactory cues to locate their host plants. Incorporation of trees in agroecosystems modifies wind speed and direction, and this may influence the crop’s olfactory signals for pest host location (Rao et al. 2000; Moser et al. 2009). Furthermore, the decreased temperature and increased humidity under shaded conditions can have an impact on plant quality and palatability, which may influence pest abundances. Shade can decrease the rate of photosynthesis (Sleeman and Dudley 2001), alter plant biomass, plant height, leaf area and protein content, and alter plant chemical composition (Olsson et al. 1998; Sleeman and Dudley 2001; Barber and Marquis 2011). Chemical changes induced by shade include the decrease in phenolic compounds, known to be important for plant defence (Barber and Marquis 2011). Shade trees may also modify a crop’s nutritional quality by either depleting soil nutrients following competition between crops and trees or by increasing fertilization by nitrogen-fixing trees (Rao et al. 2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: Software-associated safety stems from error-free condition of software and other data arrays, which enables the vehicle to operate as required given the circumstances and data array parameters specified in the data sheets (Ljungholm, 2019). The information system of an AV can fail as a result of: (1) data-associated failure, an event that consists in hardware malfunction arising from errors in data arrays that resulted from incorrect data collection or the use of hardware reliant on such data; (2) loss of data due to hardware failure; (3) data error due to incorrect interpretation of, for example, traffic lights. Experiments have shown that traffic sign scans might contain errors that will jeopardize further decision-making. For the etiology of traffic crime, the so-called uncertainty is of utmost significance; the terms refers to a specific state of the information system arising from external circumstances such as change in weather, intransitive behavior of the operator, etc. Uncertainly is classified into three types: (1) uncertainty of the situation, in which the system needs to make a decision; (2) uncertainty of the requirements to be followed in decision-making; (3) uncertainty or randomness of the decision itself. This applies to autonomous vehicles, too. In that case, uncertainty of the situation is particularly important, as it exists objectively and stems from multiple circumstances including incomplete data on external influences, natural limitations, the properties of car systems and assemblies, etc. This uncertainty is descriptive of the situation that led to a traffic accident. Scientifically, the concept of situation remains disputable; researchers continue to debate not only the definition, but also the properties of situation (Dubovik, 1977). We believe that a road accident situation should be defined as the total of objective external circumstances, under which autonomous vehicles operate. Different types of situations are essentially different combinations of such circumstances. Criminologists identify three properties of situation: criminogenesis, cumulative, and conflict (Dubovik, 1977). Strictly speaking, these properties do not apply universally. That is easy to see by analyzing neutral situations, even more so by investigating obstructive situations. In other cases, only some constituents of a situation will be criminogenic. Besides, being a dynamic process, the situation can in fact mitigate some of the hazards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: To identify broadly applicable genotype-to-photype connections, it is imperative that sarcoidosis research utilizes both large, diverse cohorts and the innovative techniques employed in other human complex diseases. Acknowledgements None. Financial support and sponsorship This work was supported by grants from the Foundation for (Chicago, Illinois, USA), the of Health (R01HL113326-05, P30 GM110766-01, U54GM104938-06), and the Swedish Heart-(Grant No. 20170664). Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. Grunewald J, Eklund A. Sex-specific manifestations of Lofgren's syndrome. 2007; 175:40–44. | 2. . Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A Case-Study of Sarcoidosis (). 2001; 164:2085–2091. | 3. . Genetics of sarcoidosis. Med 2015; 36:569–584. | 4. Terwiel M, van Moorsel CHM. Clinical epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis: a systematic literature review. 2019; 149:36–41. | 8633. | 6. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility variants in sarcoidosis phenotypes and shows genomic-driven phenotypic differences. 2016; 193:1008–1022. | 7. Genome-wide association study of African and implicates multiple shared and ethnic specific loci in sarcoidosis susceptibility. PloS One 2012; 7:e43907. | 8. GenPhenReSa Consortium. A genome-wide association study reveals evidence of association with sarcoidosis at 6p12. 1. J 2011; 38:1127–1135. | 9. Genome-wide association study identifies ANXA11 as a new susceptibility locus for sarcoidosis. 2008; 40:1103–1106. | 10. Fine mapping of chromosome 15q25 implicates ZNF592 in neurosarcoidosis patients. 2015; 2:972–977. | 6. | 12. Role of NOD2 pathway genes in sarcoidosis sases with clinical characteristics of Blau Syndrome. 2015; 192:1133–1135. | 13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Plant nutritional quality can also be altered by decreased water stress induced by shading (Barber and Marquis 2011). Low water stress can decrease the soluble nitrogen content in brassica crops, while nitrogen is often a limiting factor for population growth of many insect pests (Burgess et al. 1996). Effects of bird predation on pestsIn our study, avian predation decreased aphid abundance, but had no effect on leaf damage by chewing herbivores. This result may seems surprising, as birds are known to decrease free-feeding caterpillar abundances and their leaf damage in kale agroecosystems (Hooks et al. 2003; Ndang’ang’a et al. 2013). However, similarly significant avian predation on aphids has been observed in kale fields of other regions of Kenya, yet only during the dry season (Ndang’ang’a et al. 2013). This difference in predation pressure with relation to the season cautions that effects found in a single season such as with our study can not necessarily be generalised as year-round mechanisms. Despite the beneficial effect of birds in reducing aphid abundances, the avian fauna is often considered harmful by local farmers, because some bird species are considered as pests, feeding on cereals and vegetables and spreading weeds and diseases (Chitere and Omolo 1993). Showing that birds can reduce pest damage by predation is thus of importance for promoting bird conservation. ConclusionThis study provided further evidence that agroforestry can be used to regulate crop pests (Schroth et al. 2000; Pumariño et al. 2015), as presence of shade trees reduced populations of both aphids and caterpillars on kale. However, in contrast to many other studies, our work found no conclusive evidence of more effective biological control by natural enemies in shady habitats (although abundances of ground-dwelling predators did increase with agroforestry practices). Direct effects of changes in microclimate on pest physiology as well as bottom-up effects mediated by changes in plant or soil quality were likely also part of the mechanism behind pest reduction—although they were not explicitly measured in our study. Further research is needed to disentangle more clearly the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms behind the often observed reductions in pest populations under agroforestry management, and to assess how these effects vary within and among seasons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: We believe that the situation properties are as follows: (1) specificity: a situation exists within a specific spacetime rather than universally; (2) systematicity and reproducibility, which enable defining the situation in the future by applying gnosiology and logic. However, it should be borne in mind that a situation does not reoccur in full; rather, only its general pattern reproduces itself in future situations. In other words, there arise the so-called relative situations; (3) informativity, i. e. the ability to carry sufficient information on the actual status of the environment; (4) the ability to capture the factors that could be further used to prevent adverse outcomes. development and adoption of autonomous vehicles, on the one hand, calls for advanced research of AV-involving road accident mechanisms to solve some potential problems of criminology, criminal law, and forensics; on the other hand, this is a challenging issue unless there is made an AV safety breach map that will also cover possible outside interference including tampering with the software or meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. We believe that in the current state of the art, focus should be made on researching the accident (crime) mechanism in general, further joining forces with AV design and engineering specialists to see which roles the AV components have to play in crime etiology. 6158. 124. [In Russ. ]. Dubovik, O. L. (1977). Prinyatiye resheniya v mekhanizme prestupnogo povedeniya i individualnaya profilaktika prestupleny [Decision-making as part of crime mechanism and case-by-case crime prevention]. Moscow: of the Academy of the. [In Russ. ]. Hamida, E. , Noura, H. , & Znaidi, W. (2015). Security of Transport Systems: Standards,. Electronics, 4, 380-423. Ishchenko, Ye. P. , Korma, V. D. , Chuchayev, A. I. , & Eminov, V. Ye. (2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: SNP Variants in major histocompatibility complex are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility-a joint analysis in four European populations. 2017; 8:422. | 14. Rivera NV, Hagemann- Common variants of T-cells contribute differently to phenotypic variation in sarcoidosis. 2017; 7:5623. | 15. Soubrier F. From an ACE polymorphism to genome-wide searches for eQTL. J 2013; 123:111–112. | 716. | 2964. | 19. Identification of immune-relevant factors conferring sarcoidosis genetic risk. 2015; 192:727–736. | 20. Polygenic risk assessment reveals pleiotropy between sarcoidosis and inflammatory disorders in the context of genetic ancestry. 2017; 18:88–94. | 667. | 22. Efficient generalized least squares method for mixed population and family-based samples in genome-wide association studies. 2014; 38:430–438. | 23. Schupp JC, Freitag-Wolf S, Bargagli E, et al. Phenotypes of organ involvement in sarcoidosis. J 2018; 51:1700991. | 10. 3390/ijerph16101830. : 31126090. | 25. Diaz-Gallo L-M, Brynedal B, Westerlind H, et al. Understanding genetic interactions and assessing the utility of the additive and multiplicative models through simulations. bioRxiv 2019; 706234doi: 10. 1101/706234. | 26. . HLA and environmental interactions in sarcoidosis. Dis 2008; 25:125–132. | 426. | 28. A genome-wide admixture scan for ancestry-linked genes predisposing to sarcoidosis in African-Americans. 2011; 12:67–77. | 29. Emerging phenotypes of sarcoidosis based on 18F-/CT: a hierarchical cluster analysis. 2020; 14:229–238. | 105. | 31. Molecular profiling and gene expression analysis in cutaneous sarcoidosis: the role of interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and the T-helper 17 pathway. J Dermatol 2012; 66:901. e1–910. e2. | 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Regenerated trees in farmers’ fields increase soil carbon across the. : orcid. org/0000-0002-8579-12481, J. Sanou2, H. R. Bazié3, R. Coe4, A. Kalinganire1 & …F. L. Sinclair4,5 Show authors 3267 Accesses 4 all metrics AbstractIn the current debate on the role of increase soil carbon in addressing both climate change and food security, there is consensus that farmed lands have the higher potential provided the best management practices are implemented. In the Sahel where farms usually have few sparse old trees with declining soil fertility, there is an ongoing re-greening process with increases in tree cover for which there is still a dearth of quantified information on its impacts on soil properties. This research aimed at filling that gap. We sampled soil using a concentric zone design around individual trees of dominant species and at different soil depths (0–10, 10–30, 30–50 and 50–70 cm) in four Sahelian countries: Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal. The results showed increase total carbon content of the top 0–10 cm soil, generally with high sand content (> 70%), ranged from 0. 16 to 0. 44% (mean 0. 23%). Under trees it was a factor 1. 04–1. 47 higher than away from trees. Different tree species thrived in different ecological niches and had different impacts on soil properties, highlighting the need for site and species matching in restoration activities. These results suggest that increase vegetation cover in the Sahel is associated with an increase in soil total carbon and this trend is more pronounced on sandy soils. Similar content being viewed by others Changes in soil carbon and soil carbon sequestration potential under different types of pasture management in Brazil 0. 4% year−1 has been suggested as target, but it is not clear where and how this can be achieved (Minasny et al. 2017). Belowground organic inputs from root and rhizosphere turnover have been postulated as the primary source of SOC in the absence of soil tillage (McCormack et al. 2015). Increases in crop yield might stem from the provision of supporting ecosystem services by trees and shrubs, such as improving soil carbon and recycling nutrients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Longitudinal analysis of sarcoidosis blood transcriptomic signatures and disease outcomes. J 2014; 44:985–993. | 33. Parallel gene expression changes in sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal Gland, orbital tissue, or blood. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133:770–777. | 34. Hypothesis: sarcoidosis is a STAT1-mediated disease. 2009; 132:174–183. | 35. Gene expression profiles in granuloma tissue reveal novel diagnostic markers in sarcoidosis. Pathol 2014; 96:393–399. | 36. Gene set analysis of lung samples provides insight into pathogenesis of progressive, fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis. 2010; 181:1367–1375. | 37. Maertzdorf J, 3rd, Mollenkopf HJ, et al. Common patterns and disease-related signatures in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. 2012; 109:7853–7858. | 38. Transcriptional blood signatures distinguish pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumonias and lung cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70630. | 39. Gene expression profiling identifies MMP-12 and 1 as potential pathogenic mediators of pulmonary sarcoidosis. 2009; 179:929–938. | 40. sarcoidosis activates diverse transcriptional programs in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. 2016; 17:93. | 41. Progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with over-expression of TYK2 and p21Waf1/Cip1. Dis 2006; 23:101–107. | 42. Sarcoidosis extent relates to molecular variability. Immunol 2017; 188:444–454. | 43. Peripheral blood gene expression as a novel genomic biomarker in complicated sarcoidosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44818. | 44. Sarcoidosis blood transcriptome reflects lung inflammation and overlaps with tuberculosis. 2011; 184:1153–1163. | 45. RNA-sequencing identifies novel pathways in sarcoidosis monocytes. 2017; 7:2720. | 46. Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Jazwa-Kusior A, Szade K, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Sites with low tree cover are most often dominated by Faidherbia albida. The same is true for sites with high tree cover where Combretum micranthum is also found disproportionally often. Fields with new tree cover tended to be dominated by Balanites aegyptiaca or Piliostigma reticulatum (Table 1). Figure 6 shows the distribution of sand content of sites dominated by different species, revealing distinct niches for many of them. For example Acacia seyal and Anogeissus leiocarpus were only found on the least sandy sites (in line with their known preference for clayey soils and wet locations). Faidherbia albida and Combretum micranthum were found only on the most sandy sites. Adansonia digitata, B. aegyptiaca and P. reticulatum occurred more widely than other species. Fig. 6Distribution of sand content away from trees in areas dominated by different species in tree regeneration stage plots in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size imageVariation in tree effectsFor sand content between 80 and 90% the average difference in carbon content was highest for low tree regeneration, with a mean increment of 0. 15%, an increase of about 50% over the baseline. A similar pattern was found in the level of exchangeable bases with the average difference between under and away from trees being very low for soils with lower sand content. It was about 0. 8 cmolc kg−1 for soils of 80–90% sand, an increase of 40% over baseline. Tree species apparently influenced the difference in topsoil carbon under and away them (Fig. 7a), with the common species Combretum micranthum, Piliostigma reticulatum and Faidherbia albida consistently showing a higher carbon content under trees than away. Tree species had less clear effects on the differences in exchangeable bases (Fig. 7b). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles are completely immune to accidents. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67851 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionPreimplantation embryo development follows a series of critical events. These events start at gametogenesis, formation of mature gametes, and lasts until parturition. Male and female gametes are derived from primordial germ cells (PGCs) by the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. PGCs have unique properties of gene expression, epigenetics, morphology and behaviour. Once the PGCs undergo mitosis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis progress differently. In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo mitosis starting at puberty until death and each primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids at the end of meiosis. In oogenesis, PGCs differentiate into oogonia, they enter meiosis and arrest until puberty. Unlike meiosis II in spermatogenesis, secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis II until fertilisation. With completion of meiosis II, each oogonia produce a single viable oocyte [1]. At fertilisation, the oocyte completes meiosis and the fertilised oocyte is called the zygote.

Output: pass