Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: 14 This successful identification supports the idea that new synthetic cannabinoids can be identified using classical forensic technology, allowing for laboratories to maintain casework proficiency. Veress et al. 15 examined herbal mixtures of AKB-48, AB---22, AB-5F-PB-22, and AM-2201 that were seized on the Hungarian black market. The examination was conducted using Resonance (ATR) (FTIR), and confirmation with GC-MS. The authors examined different solvents including n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and acetone to determine the most efficient one. The upper clear liquid phase was used for FTIR analysis. After evaporation of the solvent and examination of the results of the residues, it was noted that the best spectra for residues were obtained after application of acetone. Data was collected between 4000/cm and 6000/cm with a resolution of 4/cm for 32 scans. The results were confirmed using GC-MS. 15 Hasegawa et al. 16 was the first to state that the presence of AB-5F-fluoro-AMB and diphenidine were found in herbal incense (Super Lemon). This compound caused the death of a 30-year-old male. Using GC-MS and comparing it to the spectral library the total ion chromatogram (TIC) showed two distinct peaks, leading to the conclusion that one would be the SCs, and the other diphenidine after comparing mass spectral patterns to an established library. 16 The more information that is collected and maintained about these compounds allows for scientists and clinicians to know how to start investigations when new compounds may arise from the black market (Figure 1-12). Figure 1 AB-Fubinaca. Figure 2 ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 3 AB-Pinaca. Figure 4 ADB-Pinaca. Figure 5 5F-AB-Pinaca. Figure 6 5F-ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 7 AB-Fubica. Figure 8 ADB-Fubica. Figure 9 AB-Pica. Figure 10 ADBica. Figure 11 5F-AB-Pica. Figure 12 5F-ADBica. Pharmacology and toxicology Not unlike more classical synthetic cannabinoids, these generations of cannabinoids affects the cardiovascular system by decreasing heart rate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Theory; Panax ginseng; Non-Specific Resistance; Homeostasis; to: 1938, Hans Selye,1 a professor at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and reported his experimental results supporting the conception of adaptation energy. He suggested that by giving gradually increasing doses of various toxic chemicals, one may raise the resistance of animals in such a manner that even treatment which would cause marked thymus involution in normal animals. This conception receives further support by experiments showing that rats pretreated with a certain agent will resist such doses of this agent which would be fatal for non-pretreated controls. These findings are tentatively regarded by the assumption that the resistance of the organism to various damaging stimuli is dependent on its adaptability. This adaptability is conceived to depend upon the organism’s expenditure of its limited amount of energy. Thus, if energy is used for adaptation to certain stimuli it will necessarily decrease the energy stores for other purposes. Adaptation to any stimulus is always acquired at a cost, namely, at the cost of overall energy of organism. Todorova et al. 2 suggested that the term adaptogen was introduced for the first time in the 1940s by Dr. but information about the original 1954. 3 Although we cannot comprehend the 0. 01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of their study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Their network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood. Hasoon and Jawad Kadhim28 at the Department of Biology, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq reported synergistic effect of P. ginseng toward doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely employed chemotherapeutic agents. Different cell lines (HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line VERO) were treated with different inhibitory agents at different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: A case report linked ADB-to 59% of patients who experienced tachycardia, and to one patient who experienced a myocardial infarction. 17 The third and fourth generation synthetic cannabinoids show effects on the central nervous system (CNS), and in one case report 22 patients were admitted to the emergency room after confirmed use of ADB-. Some patients reported significant CNS effects including confusion/disorientation, somnolence/unresponsiveness and aggression. 18 Although these symptoms may appear to be minor, they can have a negative impact on an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks; this impairment has also been studied in relation to driving. 19,20 Gurney et al. 12 wrote a comprehensive review explaining many of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of classical synthetic cannabinoids. This reported receptor-binding study to determine binding affinities to CB1 and CB2 receptors. For example delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol binds to both receptors, AB-has a 100-fold increase in binding affinity to the CB1 receptor that can lead to an increased abuse potential. 12 The review also reported information on the efficacy of classical synthetic cannabinoids, as well as reporting that a single atom substitution of a halogen has a dramatic effect on binding affinity both positively and negatively. Finally, it also reported various physiological effects including kidney damage, tachycardia, and serious CNS effects after exposure to ADB-. The literature that documents these effects can be helpful to predict the effects of new generations of synthetic cannabinoids, as the trend has been the effects are all similar to marijuana exposure. This review will turn the focus to indazole carboxamide derivatives, sometimes known as third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids. A variety of different studies have been conducted involving the metabolism, pharmacology, and adverse effects of these synthetic cannabinoids. This review aims to explain the most recent advancements and discoveries of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids to help better understand metabolic pathways, which will only assist in determining not only the cause of certain symptoms clinically, but also post-mortem distribution to help future exploration of compounds that arise from the black market. Hasegawa et al. 16 reported a fatal case of drug poisoning of a 30 year old man, who was found dead in his car, with herbal incense (Super Lemon) containing multiple compounds including AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 5, and 31. 25 µg/mL) as follows: G1 (methanol P. ginseng extract, PGE), G2 (DOX), and G3 (PGE + DOX). Each inhibitory agent group was used to treat the cancerous cell lines HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line (VERO) to obtain IC50% by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The inhibitory ability of the 1,000 μg/mL PGE was significantly increased in all the 3-cell lines compared with other concentrations. The inhibition ability of PGE and DOX towards the HCT116 cell line significantly increased compared with the other cell lines. They demonstrated that safety of the PGE compound and its low toxicity toward normal cells, quite the opposite of cancer cells as compared to the common drug DOX and combined PGD (PGE + DOX). PGD combined with DOX (PGE + DOX) showed antagonistic results toward the HCT116, LNCaP, and VERO cell lines. From their report, we could understand that combination of anticancer agent with P. ginseng may elevate efficiency of chemotherapy with low toxicity. Mariage et al. 29 at Botalys SA, Ath, Belgium carried out a pilot clinical study to find preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80, hydroponically cultivated P. ginseng) and traditionally harvested 6-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress-induced failure of cognitive function in healthy subjects. The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were administered to 50 tired, healthy subjects in a 3-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (P < 0. 0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Acquiring a considerable sugars yield from biomass at normal temperature is also profitable in providing a carbon source for microalgae lipid production by heterotrophic growth of microalgae, which often achieves maximum performance at meso-low temperatures [38]. These results provide novel information for constructing an efficient and easy-operating composite lignocellulosic enzymes mixture. In this way, the saccharification for fermentable sugars can be maximized and the bioethanol yield can be increased even at normal and low temperatures to meet the demand of bio-refinery. ConclusionsCold-adapted fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 possesses a natural synergistic lignocellulosic enzymes system suitable for the selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass. Purified laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 had a wide thermal adaptability in mesophilic and low temperatures corresponding to the host fungus. MIP provided a new enzyme property in cooperation with other enzymes during biodegradation. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate was severely enhanced by synergy between crude Ch2-2 enzymes and cheap commercial xylanase, which could provide a substitute for current expensive commercial cellulase mixtures and reach a higher reducing sugars yield. The new cocktail of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase enabled consistency of hydrolysis and fermentation at ambient temperatures. This study will provide a novel perspective of lignocellulosic enzyme construction and psychrophilic enzymes application in biotechnology, including waste treatment, high-value renewable biofuel production and bioremediation at ambient temperatures. Materials and MethodsFungus thermal adaptabilitySeed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was inoculated to GPY medium (2% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 2% yeast extract, 0. 2% KH2PO4, 0. 05% MgSO4/7H2O, pH 5. 5) cultured for 7 days at 10 to 28°C. The dry weight of mycelia was determined separately. At the same time, the fungus solution activated in different temperatures was transferred into the optimized medium (20% potato juice, 2% sucrose, 5% wheat-bran) for laccase production and activity detection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Samples for toxicology examinations were taken from femoral vein blood, heart blood, urine, and eight solid tissues including adipose tissue. This report was the first to state the presence of AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in postmortem human specimens. Different extraction procedures were used for the urine, blood, and solid tissue samples. Standard addition was used to overcome matrix effects and increase accuracy. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. This was the first report of the postmortem distribution of these compounds. This report showed that these three drugs were distributed post-mortem to adipose and other fatty tissue using a validated method that could be expanded to newly emerging synthetic cannabinoids. Hasegawa et al. 16 also reported the post mortem distribution of MAB-. In this case report, MAB-was reported in the highest concentration in pericardial blood and whole blood specimens. The highest concentration in solid tissues was found in the liver, then the kidney and pancreas. The method was identical to what was previously reported, but standard addition was used to overcome the matrix effects that were experienced. The group reported that the time between administration and cardiac arrest prevented the compound from accumulating in adipose tissue. It was also interesting to see the drug was accumulating in the kidney, possibly in an effort to remove it from the system. 21 Freijo et al. 22 used a simple approach to detect and quantify many classical synthetic cannabinoids as well as AB-using LC-MS/MS. In this research they spiked drug-free urine samples with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, and then separated and detected. Analytical figures of merit including a low limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), upper limit of linearity (ULOL), precision and accuracy were all determined. The screening method was difficult to use for the determination of metabolites due to matrix effects. 22 Scheidweiler et al. 23 developed and validated a highly useful novel method for 47 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites from 21 synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples utilizing a LC-QTOF method. The hydrolysis and extraction procedures were optimized and analytical figures of merit determined. data were acquired in positive electrospray mode.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: The effects of PGS were better than those of the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was significant difference between the effects of HRG80 and PGS (P < 0. 0001) that were observed after single (day 1) and repeated administrations on days 5 and 12 of treatment. They concluded that HRG80 treatment was in general significantly superior to that with the PGS and placebo regarding attention, memory, and PS scores after single and repeated administrations for 5 and 12 days. Gray et al. 30 studied the effect of P. ginseng on sperm function in zearalenol- and estradiol-supplemented spermatozoad. Zearalenol is a potent mycoestrogen that may be present in herbs and crops arising from contamination or endophytic association. They reported that P. ginseng exerted multiple activities in biological systems and is classified as an adaptogen. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of P. ginseng, zearalenol and estradiol in tests on spermatozoal function. The affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor (ER)δ, α and β (ERα and ERβ)δ was assessed in receptor binding assays. Functional tests on boar spermatozoa motility, movement and kinematic parameters were analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Tests for capacitation, acrosome reaction, and chromatin decondensation in spermatozoa were analyzed by microscopic observation. Zearalenol showed adverse effects on sperm motility and function by targeting multiple signaling cascades, including P4, E2, and calcium pathways. However, P. ginseng protected against chromatin damage induced by zearalenol, indicating that ginseng is beneficial to reproductive fitness. From this report, we could anticipate beneficial effect of P. ginseng on male reproduction-associated factors. Chen et al. 31 at the Laboratory of in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, China reviewed clinical trial reports related to P. ginseng. They reported that made a great contribution to building up large research clusters and strong cooperation links and universities were the key contributors to ginseng clinical trials. They stressed that, however, more attention should be paid to different effects from different preparations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The introduction of genetic engineering by Cohen and Boyer in 1973Citation1 laid the fundament for the current biotech industry, which is based on using microorganisms or cell cultures for production of proteins that can serve as pharmaceuticals, often referred to as biopharmaceuticals. Citation2,Citation3 A few years later, researchers at Genentech cloned the genes for human insulin and growth hormone, and expressed them in Escherichia coli,Citation4 hereby demonstrating the utility and applicability of genetic engineering in creating genetically engineered bacteria that produce these two human proteins. In 1982 this led to marketing of the first biopharmaceutical, human insulin, by Eli Lilly, who licensed the technology from Genentech. In 1985 Genentech received FDA approval to market their own first product, Protropin®, the human growth hormone to be used for children with growth hormone deficiency. In 1987 this was followed by the tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA, Activase®), another Genentech product, an enzyme that can resolve blood clots in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Also in 1987 Novo (now Novo Nordisk), a major insulin producing company, launched human insulin produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a replacement for their human insulin enzymatically derived from porcine insulin. Shortly following these early developments many other products were launched and today there are more than 300 biopharmaceutical proteins and antibodies on the market with sales exceeding USD100B,Citation5,Citation6 with monoclonal antibodies representing the majority (> USD18B) followed by hormones (> USD11B) and growth factors (> USD10B). Citation7 Furthermore, biopharmaceuticals have the fastest growth in the marked with an annual growth of about 19%,Citation8 and there are currently more than 240 monoclonal antibodies and 120 recombinant proteins in clinical trials. Citation9About 40% of the biopharmaceuticals are currently being produced by mammalian cell cultures, mainly using Ovarian cell lines (CHO cells), as these allow for production of proteins with very similar glycosylation patterns as human proteins. Citation10,Citation11 E. coli is used as cell factory for production of another 30% of the biopharmaceuticals whereas 20% are being produced by S. cerevisiae10. 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: While the method was sensitive, it was often difficult to get baseline resolution, lowering selectivity in authentic specimens. Limits of detection (LOD) were measured as 0. 25-5μg/L (N = 10 unique fortified urine samples). allowed for increased selectivity versus normal non-targeted acquisitions. These measurements also need to be taken with caution because there was such analytical variation in the case reported on. 23 Peterson and Couper24 also reported that synthetic cannabinoids appear to have an impact on impaired driving behavior. In their study, it was observed that with exposure to AB-and AB-horizontal gaze nystagmus was present in 50-60% of the cases, and blood pressure was lowered in 80% of the cases. This reiterates the cardiovascular effects previously reported in this paper. This study also reported consistent results of the determination of impairment using the field sobriety test. 24 Karinen et al. 25 reported the concentrations of 5-and UR-144, in whole blood samples collected from driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. UR-144 was found in two cases, 5F-in one case, and concurrent findings of both and 5F-in three cases. The analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS-MS). and 5F-were found in concentrations ranging from 0. 24 to 24. 5 mg/L and 0. 9 to 6. 6 mg/L, respectively. 25 This study confirms impairment found in previous studies. While investigating how these compounds are broken down in the human body remains difficult with such little sample volume, groups have used other in vivo and in vitro methods to characterize pharmacological and toxicological effects. As the research advances, case reports have made this research more applicable. Gandhi et al. 26 was the first study to report the metabolic profile of AKB-48 () by incubating 10μM with human hepatocytes (1. 3×10^6 cells/mL) in 20-mL glass scintillation vials, constant shaking in an incubator set at 37°C. The samples were removed in a time course of zero, one, and three hours and the reaction was stopped with an equal volume of acetonitrile to precipitate proteins. Analysis was performed using UHPLC-MS/MS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: This result demonstrates bidirectional adaptogenic effect of KRG on abnormal blood pressure. Olalde Rangel34 suggested that P. ginseng is a clear example of an herb with multiple bidirectionality, whose Rg1 ginsenosides (protopanaxatriol) can stimulate angiogenesis, while its Rb1 ginsenosides (protopanaxadiol) stimulate the exact opposite. Also, Rg1 promotes mitosis while Rb1 inhibits it in stimulated human lymphocytes. Rg1 stimulates the nervous system, while Rb1 calms (soothes) it. Finally, they suggested that P. ginseng has hypertensive and hypotensive properties. The former illustrates P. ginseng's potential to induce multiple bidirectional phenomena, i. e. , bi-directionality along different metabolic pathways. Adaptogenic effect of KRG on toxic environmental pollutant was carried out by Kim et al. 35 They exposed male guinea pig (GP) with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 µg/kg b. w. ) together with P. ginseng. TCDD is known to be one of the most toxic environmental pollutant generated by municipal garbage incinerators. The first experiment was carried out to investigate histopathologically the beneficial effects of P. ginseng extract on GP testes damaged by TCDD. P. ginseng water extract (PG-WE) was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days from 1 week before or after TCDD exposure. The decrease in testicular weight caused by TCDD was prevented by PG-WE. The maturation arrest in germ cells caused by TCDD was ameliorated in ginseng-treated groups. The testes demonstrated almost normal in groups pretreated with PG-WE. From this experiment, authors can understand the protective and therapeutic effects of P. ginseng on atrophy and testicular damage induced by TCDD. This finding provided strong evidence that P. ginseng might be a useful agent in preventing and treating male reproductive organ damage induced by environmental pollutants, thus indicating adaptogenic property of ginseng against chemical stress. They conducted the second study to further assess the effect of P. ginseng on survival and sperm quality of GPs exposed to TCDD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Seventeen AKB-48 metabolites were identified based upon a predefined filtering criterion. Major metabolites were identified which included monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated, and mono- and dihydroxylated glucuronide conjugates, and dihydroxylated with ketone formation at the N-pentyl side chain. 26 Thomsen et al. 27 studied the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-and AB-by incubation with human liver microsomes (HLM), and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM). The major metabolites were the carboxylic acid derivatives of both synthetic cannabinoids. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-. This group indicated based on binding affinity, esterase inhibition assays and UPLC-MS analysis that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was the major enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis in human hepatic and enzymatic cells. 27 Banister et al. 28 further narrowed the chemistry to compounds based on the indole and indazole scaffolds to investigate the pharmacology and chemistry of these compounds. This study not only synthesized these compounds, but also investigated the activity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors by comparing activity to that of Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. Using murine neuroblastoma cells, the group showed an effect on hyper polarization in these cells. The group determined that even the least potent synthetic cannabinoid studied was still 1,000 times more potent than Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. The group also determined a dose dependent hypothermic effect while also causing the heart of the rat to beat irregularly. These effects could be reversed by the use of a CB1 antagonist, confirming case reports in humans. 28 Takayama et al. 29 performed an important experiment about ADB---and 5F-QUPIC, by using liver microsomes in 2014. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was dissolved with 2μL of 5mM parent substrate (ADB---5 F-QUPIC), and combined with freshly prepared solutions of the NADPH regeneration system solutions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 36 PG-WE was injected intraperitoneally at daily doses of 100 (G100, P100, C100) or 200 mg/kg body weight (G200, P200, C200) 1 week before (P groups) or after (C groups) TCDD exposure for 12 weeks. The survived males were then subjected to fertility tests. The litter size, death rate, male/female birth ratio and physical abnormalities of the progeny were investigated. After confirming delivery of the offspring, the parent males were sacrificed at 40 weeks, their testes weighed and sperm quality assessed. All the single TCDD-injected animals died within 18 days after the exposure, but 40%–70% of the PG-WE-treated groups survived until sacrificed at 40 weeks. All the PG-WE-treated and survived males were found fertile regardless of TCDD exposure when judged by impregnating potential. Notably the death rate of progeny born to PG-WE-treated groups was remarkably lower than that of progeny born to the normal control group. This result indicates that P. ginseng protects reproduction system in animals exposed to lethal dose of dioxin and further supports the adaptogenic properties of ginseng in reproductive organ against chemical stress. The therapeutically effective doses of many anticancer agents may produce an irreversible damage to many organs, particularly in male reproductive organs. DOX, an anthracycline antibiotic, is used to treat a wide spectrum of malignancies, but is known to produce a toxic response in normal tissues, including the testes. 37 Cha et al. 38 investigated the effect of KRG (steamed and dried P. ginseng) against DOX-induced testis. Male rats were treated with DOX (1 mg mL−1 kg−1 week−1; intraperitoneally) for 8 weeks, and KRG water extract (KRG-WE: 100, 200 mg/kg/day) was administered (p. o. ) for 9 weeks starting one week before DOX treatment. The expression levels of proteins and transcription factors related to spermatogenesis, inflammatory and autophagy markers were evaluated using western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several independent reports have been published describing the hydrolysis of pretreated biomass by mixtures of purified cellulases from wheat and barley straw, corn stover, switchgrass, and poplar. Afterward, genes encoding the enzymes like; cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II), and endoglucanase (EG) were stably introduced into the genome of the sugarcane, and the accumulation of enzymes was confirmed in the leaves of plants [64]. However, the enzymes CBHI and CBHII of fungal origin remained resistant to proteolysis during sugarcane leaf senescence, while bacterial origin (EG) was degraded, demonstrating the stability of recombinant cellulase in transgenic sugarcane. When tissue-specific regulatory elements, with or without targeting sequences, were used to control the expression of transgenes the accumulation of enzymes was variably enhanced. All three enzymes accumulated to higher levels when targeted to vacuoles however, the highest levels of accumulation of endoglucanase were recorded when the enzyme was targeted to the chloroplasts. This practically demonstrates a significant step forward for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol. Hence, such initiatives could advance cellulosic ethanol technology. 2. 5 Genetic improvement for ethanol productionRenewable fuels are an attractive alternative to petroleum-derived gasoline since it potentially lowers the production of greenhouse gases, and add to the country’s economy. Amongst biofuels, bioethanol is being produced from non-food as well as food parts of the plants including sugarcane. It is prepared from can juice, molasses, and bagasse. The renewable bioethanol industry has been successfully developed in countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, the EU, and China, and bioethanol is being used to unravel the energy crisis. Developing bioethanol from non-food sources has emerged as a trend due to several advantages like availability of abundant raw materials, low price, and renewability. Such bioethanol industry is strategically being developed in China. Bioethanol production in the USA is from corn with a maximum production of 56. 7 billion liters from cereal grains, though the focus has been shifted recently from corn to cellulosic ethanol, facing many challenges like feedstock availability and high conversion costs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: The identification of the metabolites derived from --and 5 F-QUPIC, were determined by comparison of the MS data, selected ion chromatograms (SICs), and MS/MS product ion spectra before and after the metabolism reaction by the human liver microsomes. 29 Debruyne & Le Boisselier30 reviewed information from clinical professionals and found that as a general rule, the synthetic cannabinoids that acted as agonists show little selectivity between the two receptors, while those that act as antagonists are highly selective in vitro. In mice, the group also described agonistic binding to CB1 receptors resulting in euphoria, anxiety, or alteration of memory. Based on case reports, the group reported effects beginning only a few minutes from inhalation and lasting approximately 2-6 hours. Case reports also showed that neurological and cardiovascular effects occur. This review also showed the extensive metabolism not only of these compounds but all synthetic cannabinoids is prevalently hydroxylation and glucuronidation. It is important to note that CYP enzymes appear to be responsible for the oxidative metabolism, specifically CYP3A4. Diagnostically, the group stressed clinicians to look for signs consistent with cannabis use and a negative cannabinoid screen to suspect synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse. 30 Chen et al. 31 narrowed the scope to one compound, AB-. The group looked at the oxidative fate of the compound in Wistar rats as well as the effect on genetic expression in the liver and the heart. Using LC-TOF/MS, the group determined after a time course, that excretion was readily detected three hours after injection and the excreted produced decreased gradually but was approximately 50% of the concentration at three hours, demonstrating slow degradation. The group also concluded that two derivatives were increasing with time in urine, consistent with the previously reported hydroxylated metabolites. 31 In gene expression, seventeen genes were up regulated and eleven down regulated in the liver while thirteen were up regulated and three down regulated in the heart after treatment. Treatment with AB-was concluded to have an effect on the cellular response. The study also concluded that there was a 2-fold decrease of HaO2 gene expression. In rats, it was considered an ideal gene for regulating systolic blood pressure and has a potential link to hypertension. The study showed decreased levels of HaO2 mRNA after treatment suggesting AB-has a potential to regulate blood pressure and heart disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: DOX-induced a significant alteration in the expression of antioxidation, spermatogenesis and sex hormone receptors genes when compared with those of the control groups but those down-regulated levels were attenuated by KRG-WE treatment significantly. KRG-WE also ameliorated the DOX-induced alteration in pro-inflammatory cytokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway and autophagy in the testes of rats. In conclusion, it can be suggested that KRG is a useful functional food for prevention of chemotherapy-induced testicular damage, thus further supports adaptogenic effect of P. ginseng in reproduction. He et al. 39 described that although ginseng has long been broadly used in clinical settings around the world, few clinical trials on ginseng have been conducted. They conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of ginseng clinical trials registered in the Organization (WHO) Platform as of December 2017 regarding their frequency, design, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, condition, funding sources, and publication status. A total of 134 ginseng clinical studies were registered from 2002 to 2017, of which 60. 4% were completed and 23. 1% are actively recruiting participants. A large number of trials were associated with aspects of high-quality trial design. The ginseng clinical trials were heterogeneous with respect to ginseng species and variety, indications, dose, duration, and participant characteristics. In conclusion, they suggested that clearly, stricter and methodologically suitable studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ginseng. Fundamentally, authors agree with the He et al. ’s opinion. 39 However, they should consider ginseng is not an herb of healing but an herb of prevention. In this case it would not be plausible to obtain statistically significant data in spite of investing tremendous amount of grant and effort. Thus far, wide spectra of bioassay systems have been applied to unveiling efficacy of P. ginseng. It seems to us that it is the time to focus the research effort to most plausible and promising indication. What is more, the clinical trial has to be conducted in compliance with double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design as recommended by on Harmonization (ICH)40 or WHO’s good clinical and laboratory practice. 41 Go to:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hence, the yield of fermentable sugars could be enhanced by improving the translocation and by bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol and biodiesel production, sustainably. Further, Cellulose and lignin could be separated and used to develop high-quality fiber and lignosurfactants, respectively. 1. OECD/FAO (2020). “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database),. Developmental and photosynthetic regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to ‘dead heart’ contains no toxins in cane juice. Reports. 2011;38:2359-23693. Mustafa G, Khan MS. Transmission of engineered plastids in Sugarcane, a C4 monocotyledonous plant, reveals that sorting of preprogrammed progenitor cells produce heteroplasmy. Plants. 2021;10:26-384. Khan MS, Maliga P. Fluorescent antibiotic resistance marker to track plastid transformation in higher plants. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:910-9155. . Milestones in chloroplast genetic engineering: An environmentally friendly era in biotechnology. Trends in Plant Science. 2002;7:84-916. . Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1Ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials. Transgenic Research. 2011;20:759-7727. Falco MC, Silva-Filho MC. Expression of soybean proteinase inhibitors in transgenic sugarcane plants: Effects on natural defense against Diatraea saccharalis. and Biochemistry. 2003;41:761-7668. . Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Efects on life history parameters. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2002;95:469-4779. -Kumar M. Impact of combined abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and avenues for crop improvement by exploiting physio-morphological traits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:537-55110. . Scope of genetic transformation in sugarcane: a review. Genomics and Applied Biology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: 31 As LC-TOF/MS methods improve, more information about the pharmacology of specific compounds is being revealed. Vikingsson et al. 32 used HLM as well as authentic urine samples to determine oxidative metabolites of and its halogenated analog 5F-AKB-48. The group identified four standout metabolites, one mono-hydroxylated metabolite, one diadamantyl hydroxylated metabolite, one adamantyl-pentyl-hydroxylated metabolite and one diadamantyl-hydroxylated metabolite. The metabolites identified in the halogenated analog were a dihydroxylated and keto-metabolite, a 5F-monohydroxylated metabolite, and a 5F-dihydroxylated metabolite. Although the group found many similarities with the HLM and case subjects, variation appears to be dose dependent, as well as varied by metabolic activity. 32 New generations of synthetic cannabinoids are emerging and it is imperative as toxicologists that we remain aware of emerging compounds but also emerging technologies. Westin et al. 33 reported the emergence of another similar synthetic cannabinoid named MDMB-. The group used LC-QTOF-MS and the compound was determined in the serum sample from a patient that was found unconscious with an unknown brown powder. The serum sample contained the compound, and compared to the tested splenic tissue, the group determined an overdose of MDMB-was likely the cause of death. 33 synthetic cannabinoids continue to change to avoid detection it remains important to elicit data to be able to predict these compounds activity. As clinicians continue to see patients that have a negative cannabinoid screen, it is important to remain aware of new technologies to determine these drugs. Also, the important information that can be determined about the metabolism, pharmacology and toxicology allows researchers to continue the studies further into phase II metabolism as well as to lessen the variation in pharmacokinetic studies. Method development only increases the chances for clinicians to be able to treat synthetic cannabinoid exposure more effectively. More development is needed to improve the screening process to allow for high throughput screening of sprayed botanical material and powders as well as biological matrices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng of adaptogen theory has been refined and specified year after year and the theory of adaptogen is widely accepted nowadays, even by WHO42 and E Monograph. 43 WHO monograph and E Monograph introduced the role of P. ginseng as an effective adaptogen, able to help calm stressful conditions and restore normal functions in humans. Further, P. ginseng was also included in official pharmacopoeia including Union of Republics (USSR) Pharmacopoeia, 11 edition, 15 edition, 1 edition, and 5 edition, as an adaptogenic herb. 44 The mechanism by which P. ginseng exerts its adaptogenic pharmacological properties can be attributed to most probably through the regulation of HPA axis and immunostimulatory effect. 42, 45, 46, 47 Efficacies of ginseng are multifaceted, therefore has to be judged as a holistic concept. 48 In general, “one drug for one disease” therapeutic paradigm is not applicable to adaptogens like P. ginseng as it has various pharmacological effects. Ginseng exerts an incompatible biological role with each other towards a same target system, for example stimulatory or sedentary in CNS and elevates or lowers blood pressure in the cardiovascular system depending on the subjects’ condition. For this reason, ginseng’s activity is considered to be regulatory or modulatory. Ginseng contains diversified saponins named ginsenosides (ginseng glycosides) and different ginsenoside acts on various systems contradictorily. Ginseng preparations are currently marketed in the as traditional herbal medicinal products according to Directive 2001/83/EC criteria on the basis of their long-standing traditional use as a “tonic. ”49 Actually, tonic as an indication may be uncertain in pharmacological claim. In this respect, it would be appropriate to suggest that P. ginseng has pharmacologically adaptogenic property rather its indication is adaptogenic. Until now more than 10 species of Panax species are known but P. ginseng is the only ginseng species approved as an herbal medicine by WHO monograph,42 EU pharmacopoeia50 and E Monograph. 43 P. ginseng is also listed as a traditional herbal medicine in Russian pharmacopoeia, as well as in Korea, China, and Japan. 51 To date, large amount of grants was invested to uncover the efficacy of P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: However, none were statistically associated with ∆Height SDS, suggesting that it is inappropriate to predict final adult height in CPP females based on BA, body figure, or parental height. The -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism has been suggested to be a potential genetic determinant that alters the GH-IGF-1 axis. Studies have reported that the presence of the C allele genotype is associated with low serum IGFBP level [24-26]. has a role in pubertal growth, there is a potential for -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism to affect growth velocity and final adult height. Nevertheless, it was difficult to confirm a concrete correlation due to the discrete results. According to Miletta et al. [27] the IGFBP-3 genotype had no effect on final height after GH treatment in severe GHD patients. In contrast, Costalonga et al. [10] implied that the -202 A allele polymorphism of the IGFBP-3 promoter region was associated with not only higher IGFBP-3 levels, but also increased growth during recombinant human GH treatment in prepubertal GHD children. This study focused on the effect of the -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism on the GH-IGF-1 axis as well as the growth velocity in CPP females undergoing GnRHa treatment for at least 1 year. We compared SDS of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 between the 2 subgroups before and after GnRHa treatment. The results showed that IGF-1 SDS was not statistically different before treatment, but the group with the C allele after treatment demonstrated lower IGF-1 SDS than the AA subgroup. -3 SDS was lower in the C allele subgroup both before and after GnRHa treatment. However, change of IGF-1 -3 SDS, or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 during treatment exhibited no significant difference between the 2 subgroups. Divergence of age-adjusted height velocity between the 2 allele groups was trivial. The effect of GnRHa on IGF-1 SDS or IGFBP-3 SDS was noted in both subgroups, regardless of allele. This suggests that -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism does not significantly affect the therapeutic effect of GnRHa in CPP females. Our study was carefully designed with a uniform diagnosis and treatment protocol in which GnRHa was administered every 4 weeks to all enrolled CPP patients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: As many of the symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid abuse mimic marijuana use, more understanding of the metabolism, affinities to either the CB1 or CB2 receptor, and how changes to the chemical structures affect biochemical activity will allow researchers and clinicians to plan for future emerging synthetic cannabinoid exposures. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 4. General, NAAG. Education and prevention initiatives as necessary tools to combat drug abuse. NAAGazette. 2014;8:5. Rules and Regulations. USA: Federal Register; 2014. Federal Register. In: Register F, editor. USA: Federal Register; 2014. are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):234–243. Presley BC, Jansen–. Analysis of in Botanical Material: A Review of and Findings. Rev. 2013;25:27. Use of –GC–MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(5):293–302. Detection and identification of the new potential synthstic cannabinoids 1–pentyl–3–(2–iodobenzoyl)indole and 1–pentyl–3–(1–adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary. International. 2011;214(1–3):27–32. Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1168–1180. Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2–methoxyphenyl) (1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1–(5–fluoropentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)–(naphthalene–1–yl)methanone (AM–2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in–vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assays. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):132–141.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng mainly by Corporation and Korea government. However, the majority of the grants were spent on animal experiments. It is well known that clinical trials are time- and money-consuming. Furthermore, the design of the clinical study needs to be placebo-controlled double blind, if possible cross-over with washout period between the crossing. WHO41 and ICH40 strictly controls the clinical trial design by promulgating and amending guidelines. No matter how difficult the clinical trial is we have to overcome the difficulties if we wish P. ginseng to be an herb with accreditable indication. WG compendium is already in Pharmacopoeia but that of red ginseng has not yet been listed in the pharmacopoeia. We are preparing the KRG compendium and wish it be published before the end of 2023. Go to: and Dardymov4 are the researchers who first classified the plants with adaptogenic properties. Among the adaptogenic plants are P. ginseng, ES, Rhaponticum carthamoides, R. rosea and Schisandra chinensis. Gerontakos et al. 52 at the for said that ES is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of East and and known as an adaptogen—a category of herbal medicinal products which have non-specific inter-system anti-stress effects throughout the human body. They reported that ES was first established as a medicinal plant officially in the pharmacopeia of the USSR in 1962, and is currently recommended by the Agency to be prescribed to treat symptoms of asthenia such as fatigue and weakness. On the other hand, Davydov and Krikorian53 at the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, of at Stony Brook, USA demonstrated that Eleutherococcus contains pharmacologically active compounds but one wishes that the term adaptogen could be dropped from the literature because it is vague and conveys no insights into the mechanism(s) of action. If a precise action can be attributed to it, then the exact term for said action should obviously be used; if not, we strongly urge that generalities be avoided. Also, comparison of Eleutherococcus with the more familiar P. ginseng, ‘true ginseng’ has underscored that they differ considerably chemically and pharmacologically and cannot be justifiably considered as mutually interchangeable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Different genome editing approaches are considered as revolutionary for crop improvement as gene knockout and insertion/deletion mutagenesis are possible through genome editing technologies [6]. Crop improvement using genome editing technologies come up with multiple possibilities, such as:Alteration in only one or two nucleotides among billions obtained from genome of living cellsAlteration in whole allelesInsertion of a non-existing gene in the targeted region of the genome. Due to high accuracy of genome editing tools, these are preferred over traditional plant breeding approaches and standard genetic engineering approaches. Along with enhancing the nutritional profile of crops, gene editing tools can effectively be used for incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and can develop crop varieties that survive well in adverse climatic conditions such as arid climate [7]. Therefore, gene editing tools can be effectively used for securing the world’s food supply. Genome editing tools permits double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at particular genomic locations and recovers them using inherent DNA repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Earlier, this process was assisted by using protein-guided nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). But lately, the RNA-guided nuclease known as ()—associated—has captured the researchers’ attention (Cas) [8]. Both ZFNs and TALENs requires more time and technical expertise thanCas. Numerous significantly importantCas studies have been conducted in potato, here we are featuring some selected achievements of -based editing in potato (Figure 1 and Table 1). This 1. Advances in potato improvement using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()-based genome editing. Target geneDelivery methodEditing agentPhenotype1. /Cas applications in potato genome editing. Advertisement 2. Key genome editing approaches2. 1 ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases)ZFNs were first created by Kim and colleagues [19]. ZFNs develop as a result of the interaction between DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving domains [20]. These synthetic proteins were created based on the fact that the natural restriction enzyme FokI exhibits unique binding and cleaving capabilities [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM–694 and (4–methoxylphenyl)(1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH–210, JWH–122, and JWH–019 as adulterants in illegal products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):95–110. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and of Drugs. Rev. 2014;26(1):53–78. Administration DE. Schedules of Controlled Substances: of Cannabinoids into Schedule I. In: Justice DO, editor. USA: Department of Justice: Federal Register; 2014. Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura–Hanajiri R, et al. Identification of two new–type synthetic cannabinoids, N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indole–3–carboxamide (APICA) and N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indazole–3–carboxamide () and detection of five synthetic cannabinoids, AM–1220, AM–2233, AM–1241, CB–13 (CRA–13) and AM–1248 as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol. 2012;30(2):114–125. Veress T, Julia N. Fast and for of in. Forensic Sci. 2015;2(1):21–25. of AB–5–fluoro–AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissues for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33(1):45–53. Notes from the Field: Associated with Use–Brunswick, C. F. D. Control. Georgia; 2013. 939 p. Drugs, A. C. o2014. t. M. o. New psychoactive substances review: report of the expert panel. 2014. Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach–Wighton G, et al. Driving under the Influence of ("Spice") A Case Series. Legal Med. 2014128(1):59–64.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, authors recommend that the designation ‘Siberian ginseng’ be dropped and be replaced with ‘Eleutherococcus. ’ In the case of both Eleutherococcus and true ginseng, problems inherent in herbal preparation use include inconsistencies not only in terms of indications for use, but in the nomenclature of constituent chemical compounds, standardization, dosage and product labeling. In spite of their controversial suggestion, we regard ES as an adaptogen. Panossian et al. 54 said that adaptogenic concepts are formally considered to be “traditional” by drug regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States. The key to understanding adaptogens is their role in establishing and maintaining adaptive homeostasis by building the body’s natural resistance to stressors, which may be physical, chemical, biological and psychological in nature. Adaptogens function like stress vaccines to activate the body’s defense system and metabolic rate, reversing the negative physical effects of stress and restoring the body’s balance and health. They further stated that Rhodiola and Schizandra demonstrated adaptogenic properties in rabbits exposed to immobilization stress. Rege et al. 55 at the Centre, Department of Pharmacology and claimed that common examples of adaptogens include Asian ginseng (P. ginseng), Siberian ginseng (ES), Ashwagandha root (W. somnifera) and Rhodiola (R. rosea). However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. Todorova et al. 56 suggested that adaptogens of plant extracts have the ability to enhance the body’s stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. P. ginseng, ES, R. carthamoides, R. rosea, and S. chinensis are considered to be naturally occurring adaptogens. They evaluated the use of plant adaptogens in the past and present, as well as to outline the prospects of their future applications. Adaptogens are used in recovery from illness, physical weakness, memory impairment, and other conditions. Meta-analysis showed that plant adaptogens can provide a number of benefits in the treatment of chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, and immune protection. They insisted that in the future, there will be a great potential to register medicinal products that contain plant adaptogens for therapeutic purposes. Kelly57 reviewed 765. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Essentially identical results have been achieved by different means of reducing expression of both SBE isoforms (SBE1 and SBE2): antisense RNA [60], expression of single-domain SBE-specific camelid antibodies [61] andCas [12, 62]. Though genome editing technologies proved useful in lowering or boosting starch content in potatoes but transient application of vectors harboring inserted DNA fragments lead to the unwanted insertions of vector genome into targeted regions [63]. 4. 6 Steroidal glyalkaloid (SGA)Solanaceous plants produce secondary metabolites called glycoalkaloids. More than 80 steroidal glyalkaloids have been identified in different potato species; the two most common ones in cultivated potatoes are α-solanine and α-chaconine [64]. Higher levels of steroidal glyalkaloids have neurotoxic and anti-nutritional effects on human [65]. Therefore, the amount of steroidal glyalkaloids in tubers meant for eating should not exceed the threshold value of 200 mg/kg fresh weight. Nonetheless, significant efforts have been made to reduce SGA content. RNAi suppression of the SGA biosynthetic genes sterol side chain reductase 2 (StSSR2) [26] and 1 (GAME1) [66] resulted in decreased SGA content. One study on theCas system’s use for controlling SGA levels in potatoes looked at knocking down the gene encoding steroid 16-hydroxylase (St16DOX), which appears in the genome in a single copy [67]. Two mutants showed positive results for no detectable levels of solanine or chaconine but the plants as a whole were not regenerated so success forCas-mediated deletion of St16DOX was partial and not all attempts at SGA reduction in potato were equally successful [67]. /Cas9-editing of StSSR2 was used to manipulate the SGA level in the cv. Atlantic with significant success [14]. But on the other hand, SGAs are the plant’s first line of defense against viruses and herbivores and participate in ecological interactions with microorganisms therefore eliminating SGAs would be damaging to the plant. 4. 7 Enzymatic browningHigh tuber quality is a desirable characteristic in the potato processing business and among consumers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Wang |Jun 26, 2024 | Earth & The world is buzzing with news about how human activities and climate shifts are reshaping our ecosystems. Have you ever wondered how life will adapt to this rapidly changing world? Ecologists might be able to predict how different species will live in future using computer simulations. Wang at the University of investigates how different stimulations work under varying conditions to provide new insights into what may lie ahead. Ecosystems and Ecosystems are interconnected communities of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. These interactions involve the exchange of energy and nutrients, which support the growth and survival of organisms within the ecosystem. Ecosystems vary in size, from small ponds to vast rainforests, and they constantly change, both in response to natural processes and human activities. Changes in one ecosystem, such as species migration or biogeochemical cycling, can have varying effects on others at different scales. When these changes accumulate, they can lead to dramatic shifts in ecological patterns. Scientists have been closely monitoring these shifts in ecological patterns to understand emerging behaviours, such as novel traits and shifts in species diversity, and to predict the scale of impact on existing ecosystems in the future. Species distribution models (SDMs) are powerful tools used to predict how species distributions might change across space and time. By analysing the relationships between species distributions and environmental factors, SDMs can reveal current patterns and forecast potential shifts. They help researchers understand how organisms choose their habitats, assess their vulnerability to changing environments, and plan conservation efforts. These modelling approaches are widely applied across fields such as climate change, biogeography, conservation biology, and epidemiology. Understanding and With advancements in technology and data collection, various modelling techniques, such as regression approaches (which analyse relationships between different variables) and ordination methods that help visualise data in an organised manner to look for patterns or similarities, can be utilised to enhance ecological understanding and predictive accuracy. However, there is a growing concern that different models may yield contrasting predictions even when based on the same data and application. This variability prompts the need to carefully consider data quantity (e. g. , sample size) and quality (e. g. , detection limit), which can influence model performance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Comparison between the biological active compounds in plants with adaptogenic properties (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng). Plants (Basel) 2021;11(1):64. . Effect of ginseng on reactivity of the organism. 1954;17(4):27–30. . New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Pharmacol 1969;9(1):419–430. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: Comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. 2018;13(1):57. . On the mechanism of action of plant adaptogens with particular reference to cucurbitacin R diglucoside. Phytomedicine 1999;6(3):147–155. . Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Y 2017;1401(1):49–64. . Novel molecular mechanisms for the adaptogenic effects of herbal extracts on isolated brain cells using systems biology. Phytomedicine 2018;50:257–284. . Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress—protective activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010;3(1):188–224. . Adaptogenic potential of a polyherbal natural health product: report on a longitudinal clinical trial. Med 2007;4(3):375–380. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Rev 2021;41(1):630–703. . Network pharmacology of adaptogens in the assessment of their pleiotropic therapeutic activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022;15(9):1051. . A quantitative method for estimating the adaptedness in a physiological study. 2019;16(1):15. . A critical review to identify the domains used to measure the effect and outcome of adaptogenic herbal medicines. 2020;93(2):327–346. . The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: part I: the theory. Med 2005;2(1):13–18. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic map of the pRPaCas9 construct. P rRNA rRNA promoter; TETO, tetracycline operator; La, nuclear localisation signal. Other components are from the pRPa parent vector (see the text for more details). (b) The protein blots show tightly regulated and inducible Cas9 expression (predicted mass: 159. 4 kDa). The EF1α panel provides a loading control. Multiple independent clones yielded similar results. (c) Cell growth with (+Tet) and without (−Tet) Cas9 induction. Error bars (SD) from triplicate counts are obscured by the data symbols. A second independent clone gave similar results. (d) Schematic map of the pT7sgRNA construct showing the gRNA cloning strategy using tandem BbsI sites. The sgRNA scaffold and HDV ribozyme are also shown. P T7 phage T7 promoter. Other components are from the pRPc6MYCn parent vector. (e) The RNA blot shows expression of the predicted 96 b sg2 that is dependent upon Cas9 expression. The rRNA panel provides a loading control. A second independent clone yielded similar results. Full size imageFor expression of the sgRNA, a phage T7 promoter, a cloning site, the sgRNA scaffold and a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme29 were synthesised in tandem (Fig. 1d). The cloning site comprises dual BbsI restriction enzyme cleavage sites, which allows for high-efficiency cloning of annealed oligonucleotide pairs (AGGG[N]20/AAAC[N]20, Fig. 1d) without introducing additional unnecessary flanking sequences. The HDV ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA that liberates the upstream RNA. Thus, the ribozyme generates the 3′-end of the sgRNA. This synthetic cassette was used to generate pT7sgRNA that integrates at a second non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus (Fig. 1d); there are estimated to be 10–20 rDNA spacer loci in the T. brucei genome7. We selected the aquaglyceroporin gene, AQP2, (Tb927. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Wang at the University of employs a new method to explore the effects of sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space on the performance of different SDMs. The mathematical function – generalised β-function – describes a range of possible species responses along ecological gradients. First introduced for ecological simulations in 1976, it provides a flexible way to simulate complex species responses under different ecological assumptions. Using this tool, and her colleagues simulated 16 species response relationships across ecological gradients with different shapes, controlling sample size and detection limit to investigate their influence on model performance. They compared seven typical SDMs under various sample sizes and detection limits to glean important insights into how different modelling approaches perform under different data quantity and quality conditions. The simulation involved creating a dataset using the generalised β-function, which represents the species on two ecological gradients and its probability of occurrence at 1,000 sampling sites. The resulting dataset comprised 16 species populations, each with different occurrence responses to ecological gradients, controlled by adjusting parameters to influence skewness (asymmetry) and kurtosis (peakness) of the data distribution. This allowed the creation of species with various response shapes (such as symmetric, skewed, or bell-shaped, for readers who are mathematically minded). Subsequently, modelling processes were simulated using sampled data from these populations at different sample sizes and detection limits. For sample size, they looked at datasets ranging from 50 to 800 sites. For detection limit, they considered probabilities ranging from 0 to 0. 8. By testing models with these varied datasets, they mapped how the quantity and quality of data influence the predictive accuracy of seven SDMs. of the seven SDMs studied by presented distinct assumptions, advantages, and disadvantages. Analysis (LDA) works well when the variables used to predict the occurrence or abundance of a species (predictors) are related in a linear manner. Regression (MLR) can handle different types of predictors but falters when there is too much variation or noise in the data. Models (GAM) struggle to understand how predictors are related but can trace complex patterns. Trees (BRT) and (RF) can handle large datasets and find intricate patterns. Networks (ANN) and Models (MaxEnt) are better at handling complex patterns but might overfit the data. These features and limitations can better guide researchers in selecting the most suitable modelling approaches for specific datasets and research objectives.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Pharmacological investigation of glycosides from ginseng and Eleutherococcus. Lloydia 1969;32(1):46–51. . Effect of Eleuterococcus and ginseng extracts on the activity and adaptive synthesis of tryptophan pyrrolase in rats. 1971;1:31–37. . The functional significance of changes in activity of the enzymes, tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase, after induction in intact rats and in the isolated, perfused rat liver. J 1969;244(6):1410–1416. . The functions and regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase. 1977;21(6):755–767. . Oriental medicine: a computerized study of complex recipes and their components: herbs most frequently used in traditional Japanese and Korean medicine. 1981;9(2):134–143. . Pharmacology of the drug Panax ginseng. Arzneimittelforschung 1959;9(5):305–311. PubW. On the mechanism of action of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. On the problem of a pharmacology of reactivity. 2. Arzneimittelforschung 1961;11:418–422. . The effect of a ginseng extract on adrenal cortex function. Arzneimittelforschung 1963;13:1078–1081. . Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine? J 1988;64(757):841–846. . Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: status quo and future prospects. 2017;85:120–127. . Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (II): collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Chem 2009;16(22):2924–2942. . Network pharmacology of ginseng (part II): the differential effects of red ginseng and ginsenoside Rg5 in cancer and heart diseases as determined by transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14(10):1010. . Improvement of the selectivity index (SI) and cytotoxicity activity of doxorubicin drug by Panax ginseng plant extract.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 1Summary of barley and wheat genes with functions in agronomic features [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], gene discovery [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59], product quality [21, 34, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74], and abiotic and biotic stress [46, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]Full size imageEven if the targeted induction of a double-strand break can be carried out precisely, the result is random. According to previous reports, the most common outcome forCas9 is a deletion of a few (≤10) nucleotides or the insertion of one nucleotide (InDel) [93]. However, it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur, and it is also somewhat random which base is inserted. Although there are reports (for review, see [94]) that a certain percentage can be predicted using microhomology-dependent repair mechanisms, the outcome remains undetermined in most applications. To achieve a prediction of the mutation result and thus precise genome editing, one can consider several possibilities. When using two gRNAs, one gets an exact deletion between the two induced double-strand breaks in a part of the mutated cells. In this case, the choice of gRNA binding sites can, for example, influence the function of a protein domain [49]. By not inducing a knockout, a reduced or altered functionality remains, similar to the RNAi effect but is genetically fixed in contrast. Another possibility is to transfer a repair template with the desired sequence simultaneously with the double-strand-inducing reagent. However, the challenge here is to bring a sufficient number of repair templates to this site at the time of the double-strand break repair. One possibility is the biolistic transfer of the repaired DNA [95].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: of Sample Size, Data Quality, and and kurtosis are statistical measures that describe the shape of data distribution. In the context of SDMs, skewness refers to the asymmetry in the probability distribution of species occurrence along ecological gradients. Positively skewed distributions concentrate occurrences towards the lower end of the gradient, whereas negatively skewed distributions do the opposite. Kurtosis measures the peakness of the probability distribution. Higher kurtosis indicates a sharper peak with fewer outliers, while lower kurtosis suggests a flatter distribution with more dispersed occurrences. Dr Wang’s analysis found that SDMs generally performed better with larger sample sizes and lower detection limits, indicating that increasing data quantity and quality could help improve predictive accuracy. However, the improvement varied among different modelling approaches. LDA and MLR were strongly influenced by the shape of species responses, performing better for skewed species with greater kurtosis than for symmetric species. More complex models like and MaxEnt performed better with larger sample sizes but were affected when sample sizes were small and kurtosis decreased, especially ANN and MaxEnt. GAM and BRT were influenced by both sample size and detection limit. These findings highlighted how sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space affect the performance of different SDMs. Many ecological modelling studies have extensively explored various approaches and considered their strengths and weaknesses in predicting species distributions. However, one aspect usually overlooked is how the quantity and quality of data affect the model performance. This is often because there is inherent uncertainty in determining true occurrence probabilities of species, abundance, and their relationships with environmental factors based solely on field-sampled data. To address this challenge, used simulated species with known distributions with predetermined relationships to environmental predictors. This allowed her to control the complexity of species-habitat interactions and eliminate the influence of confounding factors on model performance, providing a clearer understanding of the actual capabilities of ecological models. Future studies could expand these simulations to novel modelling approaches (e. g. , joint dynamic SDMs), which could incorporate dynamic processes, such as colonisation, extinction, and source-sink dynamics, in addition to climate conditions and spatiotemporal correlations. Such studies offer the potential to improve the reliability of species distribution maps, aiding in risk assessment, conservation planning, and resource management. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 - of Biological SciencesUniversity of is a in the Department of at the University of Toronto Scarborough.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Inst 2021;76(3):659–666. . Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer herbal preparation HRG80 in preventing and mitigating stress-induced failure of cognitive functions in healthy subjects: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020;13(4):57. . Effects of Panax ginseng, zearalenol, and estradiol on sperm function. J 2016;40(3):251–259. Ginseng: a bibliometric analysis of 40-year journey of global clinical trials. J 2021;34:187–197. The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: a narrative review. J Res 2021;7(4):575–620. . Clinical effect of Korean red ginseng powder capsule on hyper-, normo- and hypotension. 1991;6:19–23. JA. The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: the theory (part III). Med 2005;2(3):267–275. . Panax ginseng protects the testis against 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced testicular damage in guinea pigs. BJU Int 1999;83(7):842–849. . Panax ginseng improves survival and sperm quality in guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. BJU Int 2004;94(4):663–668. . Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on protection or acceleration to recovery from spermatogenic damage induced by anti-cancer agents. 1995;86(7):1231–1239. Korean red ginseng attenuates doxorubicin-induced testicular dysfunction in rats by modulating inflammatory, oxidative, and autophagy responses. J 2018;40:736–743. A Review of ginseng clinical trials registered in the. Int 2018;2018:1843142 PubConference on Harmonization. International guideline for good clinical practice E (R1), current step 4 version. [Updated 1996]. [15, 2023]. . /UNDP/World Bank/WHO for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In an earlier study [24], it was shown that a chimeric gene, constructed for vaccine development, and composed of a synthetic gene of the structural capsid protein VP60 of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus [25] fused to the gene of the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTX) was very unstable in conventional E. coli hosts. All recovered plasmids contained mutations in the ctxvp60 ORF, virtually all of which were IS insertions. In contrast, the recombinant plasmid was stable in IS-less MDS42 host; normal yields of plasmid DNA were obtained. We analyse here the molecular details of this extreme case of instability. We identify a hydrophobic protein as the toxic byproduct of the ctxvp60 clone, and show that IS elements spontaneously landing in the clone relieve the cell from the stress by blocking transcription of the toxic gene. Bioinformatic analysis of raw data from various shotgun sequencing projects, where E. coli served as host for clone libraries, demonstrates that such IS-mediated inactivation of ectopic genes inhibiting the growth of the E. coli host cannot be regarded as irrelevant and rare events, but might happen in many cases, leading to genomic instability and selection of altered clones. We show here that removal of all IS elements from the genome of a bacterial cell results in a significant increase in genomic stability and phenotypic uniformity, yielding an improved cellular chassis with reduced evolutionary potential. MethodsStrains, plasmids, and mediaExperiments were done using E. coli K-12 MG1655 [23] and various derivatives of it. MDS12, MDS30, and MDS42 are reduced-genome versions of MG1655, carrying 12, 30, and 42 genomic deletions, respectively [24, 26]. T7 polymerase-expressing MG1655-T7 and MDS42-T7 strains will be described in detail elsewhere. Briefly, they carry an IPTG-inducible lac operator/T7 polymerase cassette replacing the yahA-yaiL genomic region of the parental strain. MDS42+IS1 carries a single IS1 in yeaJ. Plasmids pCTX and pCTXVP60 were originally constructed by Günther M. Keil [24] (Additional file 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: She obtained her PhD in Ecology from the University of Toronto, where she specialised in species distribution modelling and time series analysis. has extensive research experience, having undertaken research work at the Gulf of Institute and the University of Maine’s School of Marine Sciences, where she focused on fisheries modelling using remote sensing and earth system data. She has received prestigious fellowships, such as the Mathematics of (Mitacs) Fellowship and the to Research (EPSCoR). has published and presented extensively on her research and is named on four patents. : lifei. wang@utoronto. ca W: X: Mandrak, University of Derrick de Kerckhove, of Kerr, Gulf of of and Council of Canada (NSERC) Network (CAISN) and of (Mitacs) of sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space on modelling species distributions, Landscape Ecology, 2023, 38, 4009–4031. DOI: Modeling marine pelagic fish species spatiotemporal distributions utilizing a maximum entropy approach, Fisheries Oceanography, 2018, 27, 571–586. DOI: up model transferability and generality of species distribution modeling for predicting invasions: implications from a study on Bythotrephes longimanus, Biological Invasions, 2014, 16, 2079–2103. DOI: the establishment of invasive species: habitat and biotic interactions influencing the establishment of Bythotrephes longimanus, Biological Invasions, 2011, 13, 2499–2512. DOI: 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. this field empty if you're human: ← 3. 5 billion barrels of oil yearly. In response to this challenge, Poeppelmeier of and his team are pioneering an innovative approach to upcycle these plastics using catalytic hydrogenolysis. Walters | Reefs with for The worldwide loss of coastal oyster reefs negatively affects many organisms that rely on reefs for refuge from predators.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera which has been further illustrated, as with other herbal medicines (Bilberry extract, Bitter melon, Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Ginger and Okra), in its own webpage [3]. To quote one statement from the website: "Preliminary research suggests that intake of Aloe vera juice can help improve blood glucose levels and may therefore be useful in treating people with diabetes". The beneficial effect of Aloe vera as a lipid lowering and wound healing agent along with other health benefits are also outlined. The site even gives guidance on where to buy Aloe vera and the health and beauty/food retailers among which 'Shop' and 'Holland & Barrett' were specifically mentioned. Even though advice is given to patients in the main website to consult their doctor before using herbal medicines, the presentation of these potential antidiabetic medicines to the general public is nothing less than an endorsement by the highest authority in the UK for disseminating information on diabetes. One should therefore ask a simple question: Is there a consensus among the scientific community on using Aloe vera by its own to treat diabetes? The answer is very simple and short - NO! Any diabetic patient who wishes to try out Aloe vera must be told that there is as such no overwhelming clinical evidence to justify its use as a replacement to metformin or other prescription antidiabetic drugs. This being the starting point of advice, one can highlight the antidiabetic therapeutic potential of the plant further. After being used by our ancestors for thousands of years, our obsession for Aloe vera (L. ) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Mill; Family Asphodelaceae) products seems to be only growing by the year. Native to the East African/Mediterranean region, its traditional uses were employed by the Egyptians, Assyrians and Mediterranean civilizations as far back as 4000 BC. Its official record of usage in the western medicine was evident from the 14th Century as purgative and a topical treatment of wounds and skin conditions and it was incorporated in the by 1650; in 1742; Pharmacopeia in 1820; in 1867; FDA list of approved food additives in 1959 [4]. Today, Aloe vera is one of the most widely utilized commercial plant by the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, herbal and cosmetic industries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In this particular case, however, point-mutations are rarely selected, because i) the promoter must be preserved to activate the selection marker, cam, and ii) single point-mutations are unlikely to eliminate the membrane-disrupting effect of the relatively large hydrophobic Leu-rich protein, iii) frame-shift mutations are presumably relatively ineffective, due to the presence of several potential in-frame re-initiation sites with AUG codons and ribosome-binding sites in ORF238 (Fig. 2). Deletions, another type of potentially effective, disruption mutation, are also rarely selected, presumably due to the absence of deletion-stimulating repeat sequences in pCTXVP60. Sequence reads from shotgun sequencing libraries provide a convenient, large database for checking how widespread the emergence of ISes in cloned sequences is. We have calculated that, considering typical shotgun library construction/processing steps and background transposition rates of resident ISes of the cloning host, one would expect practically no host ISes to emerge in gene-sized shotgun sequence reads. However, the survey of a large set of shotgun sequence reads revealed quite a number of host ISes in the cloned segments. This elevated rate could be explained by processes analogous to those seen when cloning ctxvp60. In cases the cloned segment imposes stress on the host, individual clones grown for DNA preparation for sequencing can become dominated by IS-inserted variants, due to selection of the faster-growing mutants. This in turn could allow the IS elements of the cloning host to appear in the sequencing reads. The very stringent criteria, by which we identify host ISes in shotgun sequence reads, probably underestimates the real number of IS transpositions. Furthermore, in addition to insertions, other sequence alterations (deletions and rearrangements) can also be induced by ISes. The occurrence and identification of IS-positive segments may depend on other factors as well, that are related to experimental procedures and to data collection protocols. Genes from taxonomically distant organisms may not get expressed in an E. coli host and would be less likely to cause growth retardation, thus, their IS-inserted mutants will not be subjects of selection. Information regarding the handling of clones and the construction of databases is sometimes unavailable, in other times incongruous (annotation is not uniform, same data types may refer to different content).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and 10. 7554/eLife. 46922 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordSeptember 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 12,314 views 1,028 downloads 124 6922. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 2 tables and 6 additional files 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Estimating the rate of germline mutation using multigenerational CEPH/Utah pedigrees. (a) The CEPH/Utah dataset comprises 33 three-generation families. Summaries of sequencing coverage for CEPH/Utah individuals are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. After identifying candidate de novo mutations in the second generation (e. g. , the de novo ‘T’ mutation shown in the second-generation father), it is possible to assess their validity both by their absence in the parental (first) generation and by transmission to one or more offspring in the third generation. (b) Total numbers of DNMs (both SNVs and indels) identified across second-generation CEPH/Utah individuals and stratified by parental gamete-of-origin. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), and whiskers indicate 1. 5 times the IQR. Diagrams of phasing strategies for germline DNMs are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Distribution of sequencing coverage in CEPH/Utah samples (a) The fraction of bases greater than or equal to the specified coverage in the second generation, (b) third generation, (c) first-generation parents sequenced to 30X coverage, and (d) first-generation parents re-sequenced to 60X coverage. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Determining the parent-of-origin for de novo mutations using transmission. (a) We phased de novo mutations observed in the second generation by transmission to a third generation. We first searched ±200 kilobase pairs from the de novo allele (shown in red) for informative sites (shown in blue) present in one of the two first-generation parents of the second-generation individual.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 (  There is a newer version of this 0. 5–1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time the when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: However, this is true in computers as well: the material support of the program has its saying in permitting the machine to run properly. Different machines may be driven by the same program on different supports. Thus, even the cloning experiment, which does not involve naked DNA but a whole nucleus, with its envelope, its proteins and its RNAs, is not different from a material support of a program in a computer. Indeed, nocturnal animals use chromatin in the nuclei of neurons using the retina in an extraordinary way. Their retina can detect one unique photon. Yet, the photon receptors are located behind neurons, which absorb or diffuse photons rather than preciously conserve them. When light is dimmed, the chromatin changes transcription and reorganises in such a way that its material behaves as a lens, focusing photons on receptors located behind the neurons (Solovei et al. 2009)! This novel function for DNA, which has nothing to do with its role in carrying the genetic program, shows that another type of information has to be taken into account. In the same way, in many computers the support of the OS belongs the casing part of the chassis. 3. A third counterargument is that many rules prescribe the organisation of the cell soma, reflecting a large amount of information unrelated to the information in the program. Quite true, but this is true again for computers as well. The design of the interfaces, the microprocessors and the energy supply of the machine require much information. In summary, two types of information (coupling of a particular form—not simply shape—with matter, energy, space and time), information of the chassis (casing + metabolism) and information of the program are associated together in a cell (Tanaka 1984). A synthetic cell needs the association of a chassis developing metabolism (not a simple 3D casing) and a program similar to that found in computers. The conclusions of Dyson’s argument on the double origin of life, with reproducing metabolism predating replication are therefore a pre-requisite for synthesis of life (Dyson 1985). This dichotomy is visible in present synthetic biology, with a fairly clear separation between those who study the chassis (and are often also interested in the origin of life) (Kuruma et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: If the second-generation individual’s spouse does not possess these informative alleles, we can look in the children of the second-generation individual to see if they have inherited both the de novo allele and the nearby informative alleles. This pattern of inheritance is only possible if the de novo allele and informative alleles are on the same haplotype; thus, in this example, we see that the de novo allele is on the maternal grandfather’s haplotype, and is paternal in origin. (b) A toy sample of paired-end sequencing reads is shown for each member of a trio (mother, father, and child). In this strategy, we identify informative alleles (shown in blue) that are present in one of the two parents, and within a read length (500 bp) of the de novo allele in the child (shown in red). Then, we identify individual sequencing reads that span the de novo and informative alleles. If the de novo allele is always present in the same read as the informative allele, then we can phase the de novo allele to the parent with the informative allele, and vice versa. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Effects of parental age and sex on autosomal DNM counts and mutation types in the second generation. (a) Numbers of phased paternal and maternal de novo variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands, calculated as 1. 96 times the standard error) were fit for mothers and fathers separately using an identity link. Germline mutation rates, as a function of both paternal and maternal ages, are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. (b) Mutation spectra in autosomal DNMs phased to the paternal (n = 3,584) and maternal (n = 880) haplotypes. Asterisks indicate significant differences between paternal and maternal fractions at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 719, T > G: 4. 93e-3, T > A: 8. 60e-2, T > C: 8. 02e-2, C > A: 0. 159, C > T: 7. 65e-6, indel: 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than negative control group that might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speeded up the migration and proliferation of keratinocyte. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data AvailabilityUnderlying DataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author ContributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544.

Output: corroborate