Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: It was deduced that there would be on average around 180 tornadoes across Europe per year. Combining the maps The final step was to take the above methods, and statistically combine them to produce a map that represented tornado risk accurately across Europe. Firstly, all reported tornadoes (excluding waterspouts) were counted, and the issue of population bias was addressed. To do this, each country’s reports were standardised against the ‘most representative country’, which was deduced to be Germany due to its good recordings, large population density, and large area. It was deduced that there would be on average around 180 tornadoes across Europe per year. (CFS) reanalysis data was coupled to the observational data through logistic regression. This gave a likelihood of tornado per day, for each 0. 5° grid cell across Europe. But the reanalysis data is not a perfect representation of reality. By taking another reanalyses set (ERA-Interim), the data between the two sets was compared. Any radical differences in the datasets were dampened using a ‘Gaussian bell’. Values between neighbouring cells were also smoothed, and then orographic data was applied across the map. This data refined each 0. 5° grid cell down to many 0. 1° cells, giving each new 0. 1° cell an independent value. This produced the final climatology depicted in the lower panel of figure 1. Using the climatology The climatology generated removes many issues with previous tornado mapping methods across Europe. Harsh distinctions between countries have been standardised and smoothed. The resolution has been dramatically increased through the use of orographic data, for example exposing the Apennine mountains as a low-risk area. Population biases for observed tornado events have been standardised and coupled to reanalysis data. A tornado climatology is just one component of a catastrophe model of tornado risk. A full model needs to incorporate information about the size of individual tornado footprints in order to calculate the local hit rate. It also requires assessments of the vulnerability of the subjects (buildings, land, and people) at risk in order to determine the damage produced given that a location is hit. The tornado climatology developed in this study forms a key part of a model of European severe convective storms created by RMS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (C and D) Density (C) and size (D) of dendritic spines in the transfected neurons. n = 15 neurons. Student's t-test, p=0. 483 (C), *p=0. 0407 (D). (E) Representative time-lapse images of dendritic spines before and after the induction of structural plasticity by two-photon glutamate uncaging. Asterisks indicate the location of uncaging. Scale bar, 1 µm. (F) Time course of spine volume change in stimulated spines. CHX, addition of cycloheximide; w/o Glu and 2P, mock experiments without caged glutamate or two-photon laser irradiation. n = 17, 7, 16, 6, 5 and 6, from top to bottom, respectively. ****p<0. 001 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. (G) Average spine volume over 30–60 min in (F). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ****p<0. 001 using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. In B−D and G, data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency reduces fEPSP amplitude in hippocampal CA1. (A) Representative fEPSP traces evoked by different stimulation intensities. (B) Input-output (I/O) relationship between CA3 stimulation magnitude and CA1 fEPSP responses. n = 10 (Rng105f/f) and 13 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). *p<0. 05 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc t-test. (C) Representative paired-pulse ratio (PPR) with different inter-pulse intervals at CA3-CA1 synapses before (black) and after (red) LTP induction. The inset shows a magnified image. (D) Relationship between inter-pulse intervals and PPR.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In the current research, the oral administration of curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 100 mg/kg meaningfully sustained the latency of the nociceptive reaction compared to the control group, suggesting a central analgesic effect of the curcumin and nano curcumin. Indeed, Curcumin has already been shown to have an antinociceptive effect in various studies. Han et al. described pain (formalin test) as being eliminated in the rats treated with curcumin (36). More recently, the effectiveness of intrathecal curcumin in reducing both postoperative and inflammatory pain (carrageenan test) was investigated. Results indicated that intrathecal curcumin was helpful in both mentioned pains, but such antinociception of curcumin was antagonized by both GABA and opioid receptor antagonists. Therefore, GABA and opioid receptors may be involved directly or indirectly in the alleviating of postoperative and inflammatory pain (37). Since an opioid receptor antagonist was used in our study and curcumin and nano curcumin still had their effects, it may be possible to state that the antinociceptive effect of curcumin is not only through opioid receptors. Several researchers have considered the antinociceptive effects of curcumin on diabetes. In a study by Li, Zhang et al. the effect of curcumin on diabetic pain was examined in rats. Outcomes indicated that curcumin drastically reduced the diabetes which induced hyperalgesia and allodynia (28). Fattori et al. examined the effect of curcumin on pain-like behaviors induced by superoxide anions. Results revealed that curcumin prevents superoxide anion-induced inflammatory pain-like performances and leukocyte employment by affecting oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules (29). Also, Sharma et al. examined the effect of the combination of resveratrol and curcumin in decreasing diabetic neuropathic pain. The results showed an antinociceptive effect of curcumin, resveratrol, and the mixture with insulin, perhaps through the contribution of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (30). Moreover, the findings of Banafshe et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Older and thicker multiyear sea ice (MYI), is desalinated by flushing and gravity drainage during repeated summer melt cycles, such that the overlaying snow has very low salinity. Krnavek et al. (2012) reported that surface snow salinity sampled on MYI was 0. 01 psu, compared to 0. 1 psu for snow on thick FYI and 0. 8 psu on recently frozen thin FYI in March near Barrow, Alaska. The role of frost flowers as a direct source of SSA remains subject to debate. Some studies have shown that strong winds inhibit frost flower formation and bury existing frost flowers with snow (Perovich and Richeter-Menge, 1994; Rankin et al. , 2000), while field experiments show that frost flowers are difficult to break (Domine et al. , 2005; Alvarez-Avilez et al. , 2008; Obbard et al. , 2009). In addition, laboratory experiments show that evaporating frost flowers form a cohesive chunk of salt (Yang et al. , 2017), which is unlikely to be a direct source of SSA, even when exposed to large wind speeds (Roscoe et al. , 2011). In this study, we use 3 years (2007–2009) of aerosol extinction coefficients to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of polar SSA emissions with the GEOS-Chem model. Satellite observations and GEOS-Chem simulations are described in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, we evaluate the model's ability to reproduce observed aerosol extinction over the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice regions with and without sea ice sources of SSA. In Sect. 4, we develop an empirical parameterization of seasonally varying surface snow salinity on FYI. In Sect. 5, we conduct a case study of an Arctic blowing snow event and the resulting SSA observed by. 2 Observations and model simulations 2. 1 observations of aerosol extinction coefficients lidar measures backscatter signals of optical pulses at 532 and 1064 nm (Winker et al. , 2009). samples the optical properties of clouds and aerosols during daytime and nighttime with a 16-day repeat cycle. It has a horizontal sampling resolution of 335 m and a vertical sampling resolution of 30 m below 30–40 km altitude. In this study, we use vertical profiles of 532 nm aerosol extinction from 2 (L2) version 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: n = 7 (Rng105f/f), 10 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f), 7 (Rng105f/f, LTP), and 8 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f, LTP). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, between Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f (LTP), using two-way repeated measures ’s test, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. There was no significant difference between the genotypes. (E) Representative fEPSP traces before (black) and after (red) LTP induction. (F) Time course of LTP in CA1 neurons. n = 7. Because the I/O response in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice was reduced to 45. 1% of that in Rng105f/f mice (at max value), the baseline fEPSP slope for Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice is set at 45. 1% of that for Rng105f/f mice. Left and right scales are for Rng105f/f mice and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice, respectively (the right scale is 45. 1% of the left scale). ****p=0. 0004 using Student's t-test at 140 min with the I/O normalization. Data in B, D and F are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Impaired habituation to a novel place and normal motor skill learning in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Open field test. The number of line crossings during a 5 min trial on 3 consecutive days. n = 14 (Rng105f/f), 9 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 10 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) in the trial 3 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. (B) Rotarod test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: revealed that curcumin could be evaluated as a new possible treatment for diabetic neuropathic pain, and the opioid system might be involved in the antinociceptive impact of curcumin (31). Xie et al. proved that curcumin has an antinociceptive impact on brachial plexus avulsion in mice. Results of the mentioned investigation proposed that curcumin meaningfully extenuated inflammation and brachial plexus avulsion-induced pain by diminishing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins and preventing the astrocytes' action (38). Using a carrageenan-induced claw inflammation model showed the anti-edematous activity of curcumin after 60 min in a dose of 100 mg/kg and nano curcumin after 60 min in both doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, indicating that nano curcumin has anti-inflammatory activity in a lower dose. Moreover, curcumin showed anti-edematous activity after 180 min in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, and nano curcumin after 180 min in all doses of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg. It can be concluded that nano curcumin can be effective in the management of local inflammation (39). Moreover, these findings propose that nano curcumin may be effective in lower doses which can be explained by the fact that nanoformulations have better structural nature and bioavailability. The MPO, an enzyme found in neutrophils and macrophages, generates hypochlorite upon the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and Cl (40). In our study, it was found that using curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) decreased MPO. Moreover, there was a significant difference between curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 50 mg/kg. It should be noted that oxidative killing of invasive pathogens is dependent on the regular activity of MPO, but its increased activity may lead to injury of healthy tissues through making free radicals. It has been shown that curcumin can reduce MPO activity in numerous disease models (41). Also, one study has demonstrated that the nanoformulation of curcumin can decrease pro-inflammatory mediators by improving nuclear factor-λB signaling.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: (2013), which is based on the empirical wind dependence of Shaw et al. (2010) and the potential frost flower (PFF) coverage of Kaleschke et al. (2004). The PFF is a function of ambient air temperature, and frost flowers are formed on very new and young sea ice once the ambient air temperature is cold enough (< about −20 ∘C). We set a threshold of 10 cm for the thickness of newly formed sea ice, beyond which we assume that frost flowers do not form due to inefficient brine transport through thicker sea ice. The size distribution of SSA from frost flowers follows a lognormal size distribution with a geometric mean diameter of 0. 015 µm and a geometric standard deviation of 1. 9 (Xu et al. , 2013). This size distribution is integrated into the two GEOS-Chem SSA size bins to obtain the emitted mass of SSA from frost flowers. The sea-ice-concentration boundary conditions in MERRA are derived from the weekly product of Reynolds et al. (2002), which is based on (SSMI) instruments on (DMSP) satellites. The weekly products have an original spatial resolution of 1∘×1∘ and are linearly interpolated in time to each model time step. For each year, we use the preceding summertime minimum sea ice extent in MERRA (September in the Arctic and February in the Antarctic) to infer the location of MYI. The FYI extent is calculated by subtracting the MYI extent from the total sea ice extent (Fig. S4). In this study, we neglect the role of leads as a source of SSA as we found in Huang and Jaeglé (2017) that, while this additional source could potentially be important on local scales near leads, overall the regional increase in SSA emissions is less than 10 %. Our standard simulation (STD) includes tropospheric aerosol-oxidant chemistry and SSA emissions from the open ocean. The STD+Snow simulation is the STD simulation to which we add SSA emissions from blowing snow as in Huang and Jaeglé (2017), with surface snow salinities as described above (0. 1 psu on FYI and 0. 01 psu on MYI over the Arctic and 0. 03 psu on FYI and 0. 03 psu on MYI over the Antarctic).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Longest retention time on the rod (left) and the number of falls from the rod (right) during a 3 min trial on 3 consecutive days. n = 12 (Rng105f/f), 12 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 6 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). and B, ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using one-way repeated measures ANOVA for each genotype. ‘#” is colored corresponding to the genotype. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. See also Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Normal anxiety-like behavior and reduced novel object preference in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Light/dark transition test. Left, distance traveled in the light (L) and dark (D) chambers; middle, time spent in the light chamber; right, the number of transition during a 5 min trial. n = 13 (Rng105f/f), 14 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 13 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). No significant differences were detected among the genotypes using two-way repeated measures ANOVA or one-way ANOVA. (B) Novel object recognition test. The number of interactions with the indicated objects during a 5 min exploration. Object two was replaced by a novel object 3 in the 2nd session. n = 6 (Rng105f/f) and 4 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). *p<0. 05 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by paired t-test. Data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset RNG105 conditional deletion mice display impaired long-term memory. (A−D) Morris water maze. Escape latency to the platform in visible (A) and hidden (B) platform tasks. Density plot of swim paths averaged from all mice (C) and the time spent in each quadrant (D) during the probe test. In C, occupancy time is indicated by blue (low) to yellow (high) gradient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was revealed that nanoformulation compared to standard curcumin was a better alternative in murine mastitis (42). MDA is an essential indicator of lipid peroxidation. The current study, in line with prior reports, discovered that MDA decreased significantly after the administration of curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) (43). Our findings established that nano curcumin could prevent MPO and MDA elevation more than curcumin, proposing that nano curcumin has more favorable effects on inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The impact of polymerized nano curcumin was investigated on an animal model of multiple sclerosis named experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The results revealed an effective therapeutic outcome on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (44). In a study, natural curcumin and encapsulation of curcumin in nanomaterials were compared in L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid rats. It was illustrated that the favorable effects of curcumin might be manipulated by increasing its stability and bioavailability via nanop5606. 1. . Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid isolated from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Behav. 2014;124:67-73. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2014. 05. 004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. . Availability and utilization of opioids for pain management: global issues. Ochsner J. 2014; 14(2):208-215. PMID: 24940131. | PubMed | 3. ón Potential activity of medicinal plants as pain modulators: a review. Pharmacognosy J. 2021;13(1):248-263. DOI: 10. 5530/pj. 2021. 13. 35. | 4. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-[(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl] 1-piperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester: a new piperazine derivative. Behav. 2015;137:86-92. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2015. 08. 008. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Snow simulations display enhanced extinction coefficients (40–80 Mm−1) over the along the 60∘ E longitude line extending from the to 70∘ N (Fig. 7b and c). This feature is due to blowing snow SSA, and it is not seen in the STD simulation (Fig. 7a) or the STD+FF simulation (not shown). 00:58–01:12 UTC overpass on 6 November 2008 transected this feature, with aerosol extinction coefficients of 50–150 Mm−1 between points A (78∘ N, 52. 5∘ E) and B (82∘ N, 110∘ E), labeled in Fig. 7a–c. The cross section along the overpass shows that the large aerosol extinction coefficients are confined between the surface and 1–2 km altitude (Fig. 7e). This overpass region is mostly covered by FYI (Fig. 7d). We sampled GEOS-Chem along the same cross section, finding a very good correspondence in the spatial extent of the feature observed by and simulated by the STD+Snow and STD+Opt. Snow simulations (Fig. 7g–i). The optimized blowing snow model predicts higher aerosol extinction due to larger surface snow salinity on FYI in November and is in better agreement with the 0–2 km mean aerosol extinction coefficients (Fig. 7i). We use the p0. 5∘ to track the origin of this feature. We release 100 000 p0. 01–2 km and track them back in time over 2 days. The air along the A–B transect in Fig. 7 originates from the 120–140∘ E sector at 60–90∘ N near the surface (0–100 m), on 4 November 2008 (Fig. 8a). This region is covered by both MYI and FYI (Fig. 7d). The STD+Snow model predicts enhanced blowing snow emissions in this region on 4 November 2008 (Fig. 8b). The CD transect in Fig. 8b shows the overpass at 01:11–01:24 UTC, 4 November 2008. transect displays elevated 532 nm attenuated perpendicular backscatter and depolarization ratios below 200 m (Fig. 8c and d), which are co-located with strong surface winds (>5 m s−1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Red circles in C, platform location; T, target; R, right; L, left; O, opposite quadrants. n = 22 (Rng105f/f), 18 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 16 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). and B, ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA; ###p<0. 005, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA for each genotype. In D, *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 005 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test; ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (quadrant effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc paired t-test. (E) Contextual fear conditioning test. Time spent in the dark chamber before foot shock (Pre-FS) and at 5 min, 1 day and 1 week after the conditioning. n = 16 (Rng105f/f), 16 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 14 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). *p<0. 05, ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test; ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc paired t-test. ‘#” is colored corresponding to the genotype. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. and E, individual values are plotted by dots. See also Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice exhibit less freezing behavior in a contextual fear conditioning test. Freezing time in a test chamber, in which the mouse had received foot shock 5 days before.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: dos Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) in different experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(2):543-550. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2009. 09. 061. | PubMed | CrossRef | 22. Tjølsen. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992;51(1):5-17. DOI: 10. 1016/0304-3959(92)90003-t. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 23. D'. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Ther. 1941;72(1):74-79. | 24. Winter c. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Med. 1962;111(3):544-547. DOI: 10. 3181/00379727-111-27849. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 25. Huang G-. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Antrodia salmonea in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW246. 7 macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1485-1493. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2012. 01. 041. | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. - The superoxide anion donor, potassium superoxide, induces pain and inflammation in mice through production of reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2. Res. 2015;48(4):321-331. DOI: 10. 1590/1414-431X20144187. | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. Al-Enazi MM. Protective effects of combined therapy of rutin with silymarin on experimentally-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. Pharmacol Pharm. 2014;5(9):876-889. DOI: 10. 4236/9098. | 28. . Curcumin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain by downregulating TNF-a in a rat model. Med Sci. 2013;10(4):377-381. DOI: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The pattern of elevated backscatter, surface winds and depolarization ratios satisfies the requirements of the blowing snow detection algorithm described in Palm et al. (2011, 2017), who defined blowing snow events as layers with high color ratios (>1), high depolarization ratios (>0. 25), strong surface winds (>4 m s−1), and enhanced backscatter signals below 300 m (ranging between 2. 5×10-2 and 0. 2 km−1 sr−1). -predicted source region and blowing snow feature are co-located with enhanced blowing snow emissions in the GEOS-Chem simulation (Fig. 8b). This case study thus shows that can detect not only the blowing snow event (Palm et al. , 2011) but also the resulting SSA produced after sublimation. Figure 8(a) The 4 November 2008 footprint below 100 m (in seconds) for p0. 1 psu over the Arctic and 0. 03 psu over the Antarctic) in the blowing snow simulation could explain the remaining discrepancies between observed and modeled extinction. Given the paucity of snow salinity observations, we infer the monthly surface snow salinity on FYI required to minimize the discrepancy between and the GEOS-Chem simulation. The resulting snow salinities decrease progressively between the beginning and end of the cold season (from 0. 9 to 0. 09 psu for Arctic FYI; 0. 05 to 0. 018 psu over Antarctic FYI). This decrease is consistent with the seasonally increasing sea ice thickness and accumulating snow depth. The optimized blowing snow model using the monthly varying snow salinities shows improved agreement with observations and in situ observations of SSA mass concentrations at five surface sites. However, the optimized blowing snow model tends to underestimate the aerosol extinction over the Archipelago and off the Shelf. Both regions are predicted to favor frost flower growth, which could locally increase the salinity of snow when frost flowers are buried under snow. We find that increasing the snow salinity to 3 psu would help reconcile our simulation with and in situ observations. Our work, however, cannot rule out other alternative factors contributing to the discrepancy between modeled and observed aerosol extinction, such as the impact of the negative feedback of water vapor sublimation and our assumption about the number of p10. 5067///LID_L2_05kmAPro-Standard-V4-10 (Winker, 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: n = 8 (Rng105f/f) and 4 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Student's t-test. ####p<0. 001 (context effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by paired t-test. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. with dot plots of individual values. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Identification of somatically and dendritically enriched mRNAs (S- and D-mRNAs) in the hippocampal CA1. (A) Schematic diagram of a mouse hippocampal slice. (B) A hippocampal slice from an adult mouse (P12 weeks) before (left) and after (right) isolation of CA1 SR. Nuclei are stained with Yo-Pro1 (green). SP, stratum pyramidale; SR, stratum radiatum; SLM, stratum lacunosum-moleculare. (C) Isolated SP (top) and SR (bottom). Scale bars in B and C, 500 µm. (D) An MA plot of mRNAs showing their relative enrichment in dendrites (SR) vs. soma (SP) in control (Rng105f/f) mice. D- and S-mRNAs were identified statistically from three independent experiments with RNA-seq analysis. DAI, dendritic accumulation index. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Reduced dendritic localization of D-mRNAs in RNG105-deficient mice. (A) MA plots of mRNAs in the hippocampal CA1 of Rng105f/f mice (left) and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (right). (B) Heat maps showing DAI of each mRNA in Rng105f/f mice (left lane), in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (middle lane), and relative DAI of each mRNA in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared with Rng105f/f mice (right lane).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 7150/ijms. 5224. | PubMed | CrossRef | 29. Fattori V, Pinho-- Curcumin inhibits superoxide anion-induced pain-like behavior and leukocyte recruitment by increasing Nrf2 expression and reducing NF-λB activation. Inflamm Res. 2015;64(12):993-1003. DOI: 10. 1007/s00011-015-0885-y. | PubMed | CrossRef | 30. . Effect of insulin and its combination with resveratrol or curcumin in attenuation of diabetic neuropathic pain: participation of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha. Phytother Res. 2007;21(3):278-283. DOI: 10. 1002/ptr. 2070. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 31. . Effect of curcumin on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: possible involvement of opioid system. Pharmacol. 2014;723:202-206. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ejphar. 2013. 11. 033. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 32. . Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activities of Brazilian medicinal plants containing coumarin: a comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;70(2):151-159. DOI: 10. 1016/S0378-8741(99)00165-8. | PubMed | CrossRef | 33. McNamara CR, Mandel- TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain. . 2007;104(33):13525-13530. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0705924104. | PubMed | CrossRef | 34. . Protective action of curcumin and nano-curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats in vivo. Rep. 2014;41(11):7413-7422. DOI: 10. 1007/s11033-014-3629-0. | PubMed | CrossRef | 35. Analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Shorea robusta resin in experimental animals. Pharmacol. 2012;44(4):493-499. DOI: 10. 4103/0253-7613. 99322. | PubMed | CrossRef | 36. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The annual mean sublimation flux at the boundary grid between sea ice and the sea in both hemispheres is lower than that of the grids entirely covered by sea ice (Fig. 4). This boundary grid overlaps the sea and sea ice and may be associated with the low sea-ice concentration. Based on Equations (8) and (9), blowing snow develops fully in the grid in proportion to the sea-ice concentration, even if the sea-ice concentration is low. Blowing snow develops according to the distance from the fetch. Therefore, it is thought that the actual sublimation flux at the grid with low sea-ice concentration is lower because of the short distance from the fetch. Table 1. Annual mean sublimation flux The spatial distribution of the monthly mean sublimation flux of blowing snow p2. 5˚×2. 5˚ grid on a global scale is shown in Figure 5. The area of sublimation on the Eurasian and continents characteristically moves to high or low latitudes according to the season, whereas sublimation on the Antarctic coast occurs throughout the year in contrast to that in the Antarctic interior. Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the monthly mean sublimation flux of blowing snow p2. 5˚×2. 5˚ grid on a global scale. Reference KomarovListon and Sturm (1998) estimated the total winter sublimation of blowing snow p0. 038 m of the total winter sublimation data for the 1986/87 winter (8 months from September 1986 through April 1987) from Reference KomarovListon and Sturm (1998), the mean sublimation in snow water equivalent depth was calculated (0. 16mmd–1). Our value for the mean sublimation in snow water equivalent depth for the corresponding 4 months from January 1987 through April 1987 at the corresponding grid is lower (2. 1×10–3mmd–1). Although only Reference KomarovListon and Sturm’s (1998) study of a particular region over 1 year can be compared with our study and our calculation is rough, it is important to consider the difference. The snow transport rate in Equations (3) and (4) increases with wind velocity to the power of 3. 96, not linearly. 2. 5˚×2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (C) Relationship between somato-dendritic localization and RNG105 conditional deletion-dependent localization changes of D- and S-mRNAs. (D) Gene ontology enrichment analysis of D-mRNAs (red) and S-mRNAs (blue). (E) Gene ontology enrichment analysis of D-mRNAs whose localization to dendrites was reduced in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (the relative DAI was below 0. 8). The numbers in D and E indicate Benjamini values. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Dendritic accumulation of mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ is reduced by RNG105 deficiency. (A and B) MA plots of mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ (A) and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ (B) in Rng105f/f mice (left) and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (right). Gray, all mRNAs; red, D-mRNAs; blue, S-mRNAs. D-mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ (▲) and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ (●) are accentuated. DAI, dendritic accumulation index. Figure 10 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs AMPAR scaling in response to activity deprivation. (A and B) Immunostaining for GluR1 (A) and GluR2 (B) in cultured neurons (9 DIV) from the cerebral cortex of E17. 5 Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− littermates. The neurons were cultured with (+) or without (-) TTX and APV prior to the staining. GluR1 and GluR2 staining before permeabilization (green, surface proteins), after permeabilization (magenta, intracellular and residual surface proteins), and merged images (total proteins) are shown. GluR1 and GluR2 are distributed in a punctate manner both in the soma and dendrites. The insets show magnified images of boxed areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin in the rat formalin test. Pain. 2012;25(1):1-6. DOI: 10. 3344/kjp. 2012. 25. 1. 1. | PubMed | 37. . Differential expression of spinal γ-aminobutyric acid and opioid receptors modulates the analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin on postoperative/inflammatory pain in rats. Med. 2018;13(1):82-92. DOI: 10. 17085/apm. 2018. 13. 1. 82. | 38. . Administration of curcumin alleviates neuropathic pain in a rat model of brachial plexus avulsion. Pharmacology. 2019;103(5-6):324-324. DOI:DOI: 10. 1159/000496928. | PubMed | CrossRef | 39. Al-Rohaimi AH. Comparative anti-inflammatory potential of crystalline and amorphous nano curcumin in topical drug delivery. J Oleo Sci. 2015;64(1):27-40. DOI: 10. 5650/jos. ess14175. | PubMed | CrossRef | 40. Lazarevic-. Myeloperoxidase inhibitors as potential drugs. Cun-Drug Metab. 2015;16(3):168-190. DOI: 10. 2174/138920021603150812120640. | 41. -Munoz A, et al. Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis. . 2003;285(1):G235-G243. DOI: 10. 1152/ajpgi. 00449. 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef | 42. . Nanocurcumin ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mouse by suppressing NF-λB signaling and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;65:408-412. DOI: 10. 1016/j. intimp. 2018. 10. 034. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 43. Curcumin protects against acetaminophen-induced apoptosis in hepatic injury. Gastroenterol. 2013;19(42):7440-7446. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/tc-14-2795-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 2016. By analyzing wind velocity and sonic temperature time series with concurrent blowing snow, such turbulent motions were found to supply substantial sensible heat to near-surface wind flows. These motions were responsible for temperature fluctuations of up to 1 ∘C, a considerable change for energy balance estimation. A simple scaling relationship was derived that related the frequency of dominant downdraft and updraft events to their duration and local variance. This allows for the first parameterization of entrained or advected energy for time-averaged representations of blowing snow sublimation and suggests that advection can strongly reduce thermodynamic feedbacks between blowing snow sublimation and the near-surface atmosphere. The downdraft and updraft scaling relationship described herein provides a significant step towards a more physically based blowing snow sublimation model with more realistic mixing of atmospheric heat. Additionally, calculations of return frequencies and event durations provide a field-measurement context for recent findings of nonstationarity impacts on sublimation rates. Download & links 10. 5194/tc-14-2795-2020, 2020. Received: 08 Feb 2020 – Discussion started: 03 Mar 2020 – Revised: 30 Jun 2020 – Accepted: 21 Jul 2020 – Published: 01 Sep 2020 1 least 40 % of the world's population relies on the seasonal snowpack as a temporary reservoir of winter snowfall that then provides meltwater in spring and summer for downstream water use (Meehl et al. , 2007). However, after snow has fallen, it is often subjected to sublimation while at rest or amplified in-transit sublimation during redistribution. Blowing snow redistribution can result in vast amounts of frozen water moving between basins or, in the case of sublimation, being removed entirely from the surface water budget in windswept regions. Blowing snow p2. 1 Field data (FMSL) is located in the in the of southwestern Alberta, Canada. FMSL is surrounded by very complex terrain, with multiple nearby 2900 m peaks having > 100 m vertical rock faces.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Arrowheads denote representative GluR1 and GluR2 puncta which were stained both before and after permeabilization (white), only before permeabilization (yellow) and only after permeabilization (blue). Scale bars, 10 µm. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of GluR1 and GluR2 surface expression in dendrites. C, the number of surface GluR1 puncta in dendrites normalized by the number of total GluR1 puncta (left), and fluorescence intensity of surface GluR1 puncta in dendrites normalized by GluR1 fluorescence intensity after permeabilization and in the soma (right). D, the same quantification for GluR2. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. In C, n = 31 (Rng105+/+, −), 35 (Rng105+/+, +), 34 (Rng105−/−, −), and 33 (Rng105−/−, +) neurons from 4 experiments. In D, n = 39 (Rng105+/+, −), 40 (Rng105+/+, +), 39 (Rng105−/−, −), and 38 (Rng105−/−, +) neurons from 4 experiments. ***p<0. 005, ****p<0. 001 using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Student's t-test. See also Figure 10—figure supplement 1. Figure 10—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs AMPAR scaling in response to activity deprivation (biotinylation assay). (A) Total cell lysates of surface-biotinylated primary cultured neurons (9 DIV) from E17. 5 wild-type mouse cerebral cortex (total), and avidin agarose beads-bound fractions of the lysates (surface), were immunoblotted with the anti-GluR1 antibody. Control neurons were mock-treated without biotin. Arrow and arrowhead indicate biotin-labeled surface GluR1 and non-labeled intracellular GluR1, respectively. Lanes were cut and moved horizontally in the same membrane.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats access Published: 11 October 2023 Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats Sanjib K. Sarma1, Uloopi Dutta1, Alakesh Bharali1,2, Suman Kumar1, Sunayna Baruah1,3, Himangshu Sarma1,4, Damiki Laloo1,5 & …Bhanu P. Sahu1,2 Show authors of 0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin each). ResultsResults depicted that the chloroform extract showed the presence of a considerable amount of phenolics with 50-60% yield of curcumin. HPLC analysis depicted that the LKD curcumin had higher purity when compared to standard curcumin. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions were obtained with size 150 ± 50 nm and PDI 0. 2 ± 0. 1. The Cur-NS-nanogel showed satisfactory physical property, drug loading and stability. Ex vivo permeation studies in rats showed controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h. Topical intervention with Cur-NS-nanogel (0. 6%) significantly (p < 0. 05) decreased the paw volume by 43. 97% in the 3rd hour and 72. 19% on the 4th hour. Furthermore, the cutaneous wound healing property of Cur-NS-nanogel when compared to negative control rats showed a substantial (p < 0. 05) reduction in the percentage wound contraction from 5 to 20th days. ConclusionLKD showed high curcumin content with significant antioxidant effects. LKD curcumin loaded into stable nanogel depicted safe and controlled skin permeability with promising cutaneous wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. BackgroundCurcumin, obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. is a linear diarylheptanoid with excellent medicinal properties [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The blowing snow study site is situated on a plateau at 2000 m at the base of a closed ski resort, providing ample upwind fetch with minimal obstruction from trees or buildings (Fig. 1 inset). Winter air temperatures at the FMSL blowing snow site typically range from −20 to +5 ∘C, with frequent midwinter downslope Chinook (föhn) wind events. Snow depth at the blowing snow site remains fairly constant through the midwinter at approximately 1 m, with fresh snowfall frequently redistributed by wind events. Figure 1Overview of blowing snow study site and adjacent micrometeorological stations at in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada. The prominent down-valley wind direction is noted on the map and on the site photo inset. Topographic map produced by the for Mapping and Earth Observation, Canada, © in Right of Canada. temperature and wind velocity time series were observed at the FMSL blowing snow study site using two 3 sonic anemometers sampling at 50 Hz from November 2015 to March 2016. The anemometers were positioned on the same mast at heights above the snow surface varying over 0. 1–0. 4 and 1. 4–1. 7 m with snow surface accumulation or erosion. These anemometers will be referred to as the 20 and 150 cm anemometers throughout the remaining text. Extensive analysis of this dataset has already provided new insights into the turbulent mechanisms for blowing snow transport (Aksamit and Pomeroy, 2016, 2017, 2018). The turbulent structures scrutinized here have previously been coupled with p0. 82, 0. 83, and 0. 97, respectively, and were 0. 61, 0. 62, and 0. 80 for relative humidity, respectively. All correlation coefficients were statistically significant at 99. 99 %. Meteorological variables at the blowing snow study site can be found in Table 1. The Monin–Obukhov stability parameter, ζ, was calculated following Monin (1970) and Stull (1988) such that ζ=zL,L=-u∗3θ0κgw′θ′‾, where θ0 is the potential temperature at the 20 cm anemometer and u∗=u′w′‾2+v′w′‾21/4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (B and C) TTX/APV-treated and untreated primary cultured neurons (9 DIV) from Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− littermates (E17. 5) were surface biotinylated and analyzed as in A. Immunoblotting for GluR1 (B) and GluR2 (C). Arrows and arrowheads indicate biotin-labeled surface GluR1/2 and non-labeled intracellular GluR1/2, respectively. In the bottom panel in B, twice the amount of samples from Rng105−/− neurons were loaded, which showed more clearly that the ratio of surface/intracellular GluR1 was lower in Rng105−/− neurons than in Rng105+/+ neurons. In A−C, numbers on the left indicate molecular mass (kDa). (D and E) Quantitative analysis of the ratio of surface/intracellular GluR1 and GluR2 in the biotinylation assay. The intensity of upper GluR1/2 bands in the avidin beads-bound fraction (arrows in B and C) and lower GluR1/2 bands in the total lysate (arrowheads in B and C) was measured and the surface/intracellular ratio was calculated. D, GluR1; E, GluR2. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. n = 9 from 3 littermates each of Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− mice. *p<0. 05 using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Student's t-test. Attached Files. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg RNG105 conditional deletion mice exhibit seizures. This movie shows a seizure in a Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mouse just after the contextual fear conditioning test (passive avoidance). Additional files Supplementary file 1 Differential mRNA enrichment analysis between SP and SR of hippocampus − All mRNAs (36,701) Download elife-29677-supp1-v1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: It is a low molecular weight polyphenol (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3,5-dione) and is lipophilic in nature. Curcumin content varies with various lines of C. longa due to hybridization and introgression with other species of Curcuma [2]. is regarded as one of the greatest turmeric kinds in the world due to its 6. 8 to 7. 5 percent curcumin concentration [3,4,5]. This type of turmeric is native to Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills, specifically the Lakadong region [5]. While there have been reports highlighting curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, there is a limited amount of information available regarding curcumin derived from lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya. [6]. Hence, there is a need to have more scientific reports on Lakadong turmeric based curcumin considering its better quality and yield which gives it huge potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. One major limitation of curcumin, restricting its successful application is its poor bioavailability due to its less solubility [7]. In recent years, nano drug delivery systems have significantly enhanced the bioavailability and aqueous solubility of curcumin. Nanosuspensions (NSs) due to its various advantages are the most clinically successful nanoformulation in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs [8]. However, the advantages of NSs, that includes its high reactivity, great capacity and small size, may also inflict toxic effects on cells compared to its microsized counterparts [9, 10]. Hence, a suitable carrier as PLGA based NS loaded carbopol nanogel may be a better preparation with reduced nanotoxicity. Moreover this nanogel may also result in a more controlled therapy which is essential for its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. Wounds typically represent physical injuries that cause the loss of epithelial integrity as well as the disturbance of normal structure and function of the skin and its tissues that underneath it. Many physiological events occur throughout the wound healing process, including clothing, coagulation, inflammation, and the formation of new tissues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Note the correlation between sites for both variables and the varying y axes between plots. Download 3 Results 3. 1 Modified VITA results During each blowing snow storm, there was no definitive evidence of humidity saturation or thermodynamic feedback at two of the three nearby weather stations (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, RH data were unusable at the site for four of the five nights. Increases in RH were typically coupled with decreases in air temperature and were transient in nature. The complex topography and enhanced turbulent mixing at FMSL may be responsible for this as indicated by the modified VITA analysis below. Indeed, though all three sites are situated in close proximity to each other, there is limited correlation for meteorological variables between all three, suggesting incredibly complex wind flow and energy fluxes in this alpine zone. Figure 3Bin-averaged temperature fluctuations of near-surface anemometer from the 15 min mean for events of specific return frequency and event duration for recordings over each blowing snow storm. Insets are plots of probability distribution functions of event duration, temperature deviation, and event frequency for each storm and type of event. each VITA-identified event, instantaneous temperature deviations from the 15 min mean were computed to represent the magnitude and sign of turbulent temperature mixing with respect to slower meteorological changes over the nights. Aksamit and Pomeroy (2017) noted that there is no objective choice of averaging time or event threshold for the modified VITA analysis. As such, sonic temperatures during active turbulent events were examined over a variety of thresholds to determine a range of behavior. The recurrence frequencies and average durations of sweep and ejection events for each threshold combination illustrated the average prevalence of sweep or ejection motions. Further sensitivity analysis of the impact of VITA parameters on wind–snow coupling has been conducted by Aksamit and Pomeroy (2017). For each blowing snow storm, 3D point clouds of mean recurrence frequency, event duration, and event temperature deviation were calculated for the 20 cm sonic anemometer. Each point represents the values from one choice of averaging time and modified VITA thresholds for a 15 min observation period as discussed in Sect. 2. 2. The 3D plots contain significant overlap, so for clarity, the mean temperature deviations were averaged over small ranges of event duration and frequency, as shown in Fig. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: xlsx Supplementary file 2 (A) mRNAs eliminated from the candidates for dendritic mRNAs. (B) mRNAs eliminated from the candidates for somatic mRNAs Download elife-29677-supp2-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 3 (A) Dendritically enriched mRNAs (1,122). (B) Somatically enriched mRNAs (2,106). (C) mRNAs not significantly enriched in dendrites nor soma (2,814) Download elife-29677-supp3-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 4 (A) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’. (B) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘structural constituent of ribosome’. (C) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘translation’. (D) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis’. (E) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘pleckstrin homology’. (F) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘chemotaxis’. (G) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘GTPase regulator activity’. (H) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘leukocyte activation’. (I) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘SH3’ Download elife-29677-supp4-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 5 (A) mRNAs for AMPA receptor subunits and dendritic mRNAs for AMPA receptor regulators. (B) SR-enriched mRNAs involved in membrane potential regulation Download elife-29677-supp5-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 6 mRNAs reduced in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f soma Download elife-29677-supp6-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 7 Statistical reporting table Download elife-29677-supp7-v1. xlsx Transparent reporting form Download elife-29677-transrepform-v1. docx Download links A two-part list of links to download the 9677.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6Histopathologicalsection analysis of the rat skin tissues obtained from the 21st-day excision wound model: A: Normal control group; B: Negative control group; C: Group treated with plain carbopol gel; D: Group treated with marketed turmeric cream (0. 6% equivalent curcumin); E and F: Group treated with Cur-NS-Nanogel(0. 6% equivalent curcumin) [CF: Collagen fibers, FC: Fibroblast cells, HF: Hair follicles, IF: Inflammatory cells, RE: re-epithelization, GT: Granulation tissues, SB: Sebaceous gland]Full size imageAcute anti inflammatory activityPrior to the experiment, animals were allowed unlimited access to water while fasting for 24 h. Except for normal control (group I), all animal groups received 0. 05 ml of a 1% suspension of carrageenan in saline on the day of the experiment. One hour prior to each experiment, the carrageenan solution was produced and administered to the rat's right hind paw's plantar side. With the examined sample, Groups III to IV were processed and topically applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw by rubbing 50 times, gently with the index finger. The study's standard reference medication was 0. 5% piroxicam gel. One hour before the carrageenan injection, medications were administered. Using a plethysmometer, paw volume was measured immediately following the injection of carrageenan and at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h [32, 38]. The results are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7a Effects of Cur-NS nanogel in paw volume in rats at different time intervals, b In vivoanti inflammatory activity of Cur-NS nanogel in ratsFull size imageStatistical analysisThe standard error of the mean (SEM) was used to express all values of the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for the evaluation of the wound area from postoperative day 0 to 21 using a two-way ANOVA statistical procedure, followed by Bonferroni's post-test for multiple comparisons between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using Graph5. 0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA). A difference in the mean values with p < 0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The insets in each subplot are three probability distributions computed from the original point clouds for each blowing snow storm: distributions of temperature deviation, event duration, and event frequency. Mean and skewness values are noted next to each distribution. The analysis revealed for the four non-Chinook blowing snow storms (20 November 2015, 4 December 2015, 3 February 2016, 3 March 2016) that sweeps consistently brought warmer air to the near-surface anemometer. This can be seen as the colored temperature plots show average temperature deviations greater than zero for nearly all event duration and frequencies over each storm. Probability distributions show very few sweep events with negative temperature deviations, as well as a consistent positive mean and skewness. storm on 21 January 2016 had a positive mean and skewness but exhibited short cold-air bursts as well. Mean temperatures for sweeps were warmer than ejections for all blowing snow storms. Figure 4The same measurements as shown in Fig. 3, now subtracting the upper-anemometer (140 cm above the surface) mean from the near-surface (20 cm) sweep and ejection temperatures for various blowing snow storms. Note the predominantly colder fluctuations. analysis on the 140 cm anemometer wind and temperature time series showed similar results. Interestingly, analysis comparing 20 cm anemometer event temperatures to the 140 cm anemometer means revealed near-surface sweeps often occur with colder signatures than the nearby 140 cm anemometer means (Fig. 4). This is in contrast to what was found relative to surface temperatures. As these measurements were all made during the night and over a continuous snow cover with a slightly stable temperature profile, this indicates relatively warm upper-air mixing with cold near-surface air that resulted in a mixed temperature value between the two anemometer means. For example, blocks on the left side of Fig. 3i show a group of sweeps that were 1 ∘C warmer than the mean temperature of the 20 cm anemometer (bright yellow), but in Fig. 4i, the same group of sweeps were 0. 5 ∘C colder than the 140 cm anemometer mean (dark blue). Color scales are equivalent in Figs. 3 and 4. This effect is further supported by the mean anemometer temperatures detailed in Table 1. Figure 5Example of variation in event frequency (N) over VITA thresholds (kV) for different averaging times (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Abstract Conductance-based models of neural activity produce large amounts of data that can be hard to visualize and interpret. We introduce visualization methods to display the dynamics of the ionic currents and to display the models’ response to perturbations. To visualize the currents’ dynamics, we compute the percent contribution of each current and display them over time using stacked-area plots. The waveform of the membrane potential and the contribution of each current change as the models are perturbed. To represent these changes over a range of the perturbation control parameter, we compute and display the distributions of these waveforms. We illustrate these procedures in six examples of bursting model neurons with similar activity but that differ as much as threefold in their conductance densities. These visualization methods provide heuristic insight into why individual neurons or networks with similar behavior can respond widely differently to perturbations. eLife digest The nervous system contains networks of neurons that generate electrical signals to communicate with each other and the rest of the body. Such electrical signals are due to the flow of ions into or out of the neurons via proteins known as ion channels. Neurons have many different kinds of ion channels that only allow specific ions to pass. Therefore, for a neuron to produce an electrical signal, the activities of several different ion channels need to be coordinated so that they all open and close at certain times. Researchers have previously used data collected from various experiments to develop detailed models of electrical signals in neurons. These models incorporate information about how and when the ion channels may open and close, and can produce numerical simulations of the different ionic currents. However, it can be difficult to display the currents and observe how they change when several different ion channels are involved. Alonso and Marder used simple mathematical concepts to develop new methods to display ionic currents in computational models of neurons. These tools use color to capture changes in ionic currents and provide insights into how the opening and closing of ion channels shape electrical signals. The methods developed by Alonso and Marder could be adapted to display the behavior of biochemical reactions or other topics in biology and may, therefore, be useful to analyze data generated by computational models of many different types of cells. Additionally, these methods may potentially be used as educational tools to illustrate the coordinated opening and closing of ion channels in neurons and other fundamental principles of neuroscience that are otherwise hard to demonstrate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ResultsPhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsTable 1 reports the physical characteristics and yield percentages of the successive LKD extracts. In the present investigation, the quantification of total phenolic and tannin content as demonstrated in Table 1 depicted that the LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) showed the presence of maximum quantity of phenolics and tannins followed by and LKDHE. The results of phytochemical screening are shown in Table 2. fingerprint analysis of LKDCH when compared to standard reference curcumin showed a prominent and dense bands of curcumin and its two analogues viz bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) having Rf value at 0. 81, 0. 65 and 0. 53 respectively. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that all the LKD extracts were found to be devoid of any residual solvent (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Table 1 Physical properties, % yield and total phenolic and tannin content of the successive LKD extractsFull size tableTable 2 Preliminary phytochemical screening of various successive extracts of LKDFull size tableIn vitro antioxidant activityDPPH radical scavenging activity of LKD successive extracts is shown in Fig. 1. Data demonstrated that and LKDME extracts showed significant (*p < 0. 05) difference when compared to the positive control (STD-CUR) revealing their less antioxidant efficacy. showed statistically non-significant (nsp < 0. 05) when compared to STD-CUR, indicating that it has the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical which is comparable to the standard. Isolation and structural elucidation of curcumin from LKDColumn chromatography of the LKDCH yields 105 fractions. The existence of curcuminoid components was shown by fraction numbers 50–76 as depicted on the TLC chromatogram. Fraction 50–55 demonstrated the highest purity based on the TLC profile as indicated by the presence of a significant dense area of curcumin with modest amounts of BDMC and DMC. Further, this fraction (50–55) was purified by re-crystallization in ethanol, as indicated in the literature [39], thus yielding a yellowish crystals of curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Of particular interest in this scaling relationship is a clear difference between N0 for the 140 and 20 cm anemometer observations for both total events and solely sweep events. Over all nights, the characteristic frequency for total events was lower at the 140 cm anemometer, which corresponded with a drop in the number of sweeps, whereas the characteristic frequency of ejections was nearly identical at both heights. The threshold criteria in Eqs. (1) and (2) vary for measurement location and time, scaling by mean values calculated over each observation period at each anemometer. This implies that there were fewer relatively large sweeps away from the surface, and a possible shift in turbulent structure dynamics. Additionally, this supports the suggestion in Sect. 3. 1 that the mechanisms generating sweeps and ejections may be different, with less common flow features resulting in the ejections. 4 same strong sweep events that have been previously found to be highly relevant for blowing snow initiation and transport at this site (Aksamit and Pomeroy, 2017) are also responsible for advecting warmer-than-average air to the near-surface layer. This is a critical insight for blowing snow sublimation modeling as the periods with greater than average blowing snow transport coincide with the presence of warmer-than-average air (sweeps). Previous theoretical work has concluded that suppression of the sublimation of surface and blowing snow may occur if moisture fluxes near the surface are counterbalanced solely by diffusion (Bintanja, 2001). Mobbs and Dover (1993), Déry and Taylor (1996), Déry and Yau (1999, 2001), et al. (2013), and others have suggested that blowing snow sublimation could be a self-limiting process when thermodynamic feedbacks are included in a steady-state boundary layer model. However, these models did not account for warm- or dry-air entrainment or for the temporal correlation of transport bursts with warm-air entrainment. This missing forcing term may explain the lack of evidence of saturation in blowing snow field studies in the steppes of Russia, high plains of Wyoming (USA), prairies of Saskatchewan, alpine mountains of Alberta and arctic tundra of the (Canada), and (e. g. , Dyunin, 1959; Schmidt, 1982; Pomeroy and Li, 2000; Musselman et al. , 2015; Grazioli et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: and computational studies have clearly demonstrated that neurons and circuits with similar behaviors can, nonetheless, have very different values of the conductances that control intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength. Using a model of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG), Prinz et al. (2004) showed that similar network activity can arise from widely different sets of membrane and synaptic conductances. Recent experimental measurements have shown two- to six-fold variability in individual components in the same identified neurons (Schulz et al. , 2006; Schulz et al. , 2007; Roffman et al. , 2012; Swensen and Bean, 2005). The use of RNA sequencing and other molecular measurements have shown significant cell-to-cell variability in the expression of ion channels (Temporal et al. , 2012; Temporal et al. , 2014; Tobin et al. , 2009). Together these results suggest that similar activities arise from different cellular and network mechanisms. Here, we use conductance-based models to explore how different these mechanisms are and how they respond to perturbation. Because of the intrinsic variability, canonical models that capture the mean behavior of a set of observations are not sufficient to address these issues (Golowasch et al. , 2002; Balachandar and Prescott, 2018). To incorporate intrinsic biophysical variability Prinz et al. (2004) introduced an ensemble modeling approach. They constructed a database with millions of model parameter combinations, analyzed their solutions to assess network function, and screened for conductance values for which the activity resembled the data (Calabrese, 2018). An alternative was used by Achard and (2006). They combined evolutionary strategies with a fitness function based on a phase-plane analysis of the models’ solutions to find parameters that reproduce complex features in electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity, and applied their procedure to obtain 20 very different computational models of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, we adopt a similar approach and apply evolutionary techniques to optimize a different family of landscape functions that rely on thresholds or Poincaré sections to characterize the models’ solutions. In some respects, biological systems are a black-box because one cannot read out the values over time of all their underlying components. In contrast, computational models allow us to inspect how all the components interact and this can be used to develop intuitions and predictions about how these systems will respond to perturbations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Stability studies results of Cur-NS NanogelFull size tableCutaneous wound healing potential of Cur-NanogelIn the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. Figure 5 represents the morphological and structural changes of the wounds from day 0 to day 21 after being treated with the curcumin nanoformulation. Animals treated with simple carbopol gel showed no significant difference (p < 0. 05) in the wound contraction area on comparision to the negative control group (untreated group). However, topical treatment of the animal groups with commercially available turmeric cream (0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin) and formulated CUR-NS nanogel of equivalent percentage of curcumin on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 showed a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the wound contraction area when compared to the untreated group. The percentage wound contraction (%) and epithelialization period concerning plain gel, standard control, and that of the tested CUR-NS nanogel is respectively shown in Table 6. The nanogel resulted in better healing of the open wound in comparison to marketed turmeric cream with equivalent curcumin. The percentage wound contraction was found to be significantly higher in the prepared nanogel in comparison to the marketed cream. Results from the histopathological analysis also supported our study. Tissues excised from the normal control group revealed normal hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) with well defined-outer epidermis and well-organized epithelial cells (EC) as depicted in Fig. 6A. While tissues excised from the negative control group and the plain gel treated group exhibited remarking deterioration of the epithelial cells (EC) and the epidermis (ED), along with damaged collagen fibers (Fig. 6B and C). However, marketed turmeric cream applied on the animal group exhibited sufficient healing ability represented by re-epithelialization and regeneration (Fig. 6D). The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent cutaneous wound healing capability. Table 6 study results in rats from day 0 to day 21Full size tableAcute anti-inflammatory activityFigure 7a and b demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Future high-temporal-resolution studies of air temperature and water vapor during sustained periods of above-snow-transport-threshold wind speeds would greatly benefit the research community. Short-timescale thermodynamic feedbacks to humidity from sublimation could come from similar high-frequency coupling analysis with closed path hygrometers or gas analyzers at multiple heights during blowing snow events. This would allow for a more complete understanding of the advection–thermodynamic feedback balance during blowing snow storms and advance the seminal profile studies of Schmidt (1982). As advection processes are local by nature (e. g. , Harder et al. , 2016), characteristic frequencies of turbulent events will vary with location and current atmospheric conditions. The small range of values of N0 measured at this site during 5 months of this campaign suggests common flow phenomena will possibly dominate and aid in more universal applications of entrainment modeling, at least within specific seasons. 5 an alpine blowing snow field campaign, analysis of turbulence time series and sonic temperatures indicates that exceptional warm-air entrainment and advection events can be associated with specific turbulent structures. Over five nights of investigation, sweeps brought relatively warm air to the snow surface, up to 1 ∘C warmer than average near-surface temperatures. These parcels of air may also be relatively cold compared to temperatures measured only 1. 2 m above, further adding to the complexity of the physics of blowing snow sublimation. Ejections also result in strong but less consistent temperature mixing. The current lack of understanding of advection or entrainment during snow transport may explain why the thermodynamic feedback parameterizations necessary in many blowing snow sublimation models are unphysical. In fact, field measurements of atmospheric conditions during these blowing snow events showed no evidence of significant sublimation feedbacks, let alone saturation of relative humidity. An enhanced influence of mechanical mixing in boundary layers with inhomogeneous temperature distributions, for example where there is topographically induced cold-air pooling or flow separation, may explain why sublimation rate observations and estimates can be high and can vary from study to study. The present research indicates that including a supply of warm and dry air from different near-surface regions of the flow is a physically accurate modeling assumption. A better representation of turbulent mixing in these regions is likely necessary for the improvement of sublimation rate estimates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Despite this, much modeling work focuses on the variables of the models that are routinely measured in experiments, such as the membrane potential. While in the models we have access to all state variables, this information can be hard to represent when many conductances are at play. Similarly, the effect of perturbations – such as the effect of partially or completely blocking or removing a particular channel – can be complex and also hard to display in a compact fashion. Here, we address these difficulties and illustrate two novel visualization methods. We represent the currents in a model neuron using stacked area plots: at each time step, we display the shared contribution of each current to the total current through the membrane. This representation is useful to visualize which currents are most important at each instant and allows the development of insight into how these currents behave when the system is perturbed. Perturbation typically results in drastic changes of the waveform of the activity and these changes depend on the kind of perturbation under consideration. Additionally, we developed a novel representation that relies on computing the probability of V(t), which allows a visualization of these changes. We illustrate the utility of these procedures using models of single neuron bursters or oscillators. parameters: landscape optimization The numerical exploration of conductance-based models of neurons is a commonplace approach to address fundamental questions in neuroscience (Dayan and Abbott, 2001). These models can display much of the phenomenology exhibited by intracellular recordings of single neurons and have the major advantage that many of their parameters correspond to measurable quantities (Herz et al. , 2006). However, finding parameters for these models so that their solutions resemble experimental observations is a difficult task. This difficulty arises because the models are nonlinear, they have many state variables and they contain a large number of parameters (Bhalla and Bower, 1993). These models are complex, and we are not aware of a general procedure that would allow the prediction of how an arbitrary perturbation in any of the parameters will affect their solutions. The problem of finding sets of parameters so that a nonlinear system will display a target behavior is ubiquitous in the natural sciences. A general approach to this problem consists of optimizing a score function that compares features of the models’ solutions to a set of target features. Consequently, landscape-based optimization techniques for finding parameters in compartmental models of neurons have been proposed before (Achard and De Schutter, 2006; Druckmann et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The result depicted that subcutaneous injection of carrageenan at 0th, 1st and 2nd hour showed no discernible (p > 0. 05) changes in the paw volume in both untreated (negative control) and treated rats (Cur-NS nanogel and positive control). Topical intervention with Cur-NS nanogel (0. 6%) at 3rd and 4th hour when compared to negative control rats demonstrate a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the paw volume by 43. 97% and 72. 19% respectively. Similar but lesser effect was seen with topical intervention applied with marketed curcumin formulation (positive control), where the paw volume also showed significant reduction (*p < 0. 05) at 3rd (48. 19%) and 4th hour (50. 67%). DiscussionCurcuminoids, which are abundant in turmeric, have several biological functions. Curcumin, in particular, has been proven to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin analogues' biological capabilities have recently been documented, with demethoxycurucmin (DMC) being shown to be very effective in suppressing MCF-7 cells and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) having the capacity to modify MDR-1 gene expression. Among all the known curcuminoids, except curcumin, both DMC and BDMC are not commercially available [43]. As a result, it is essential to isolate curcuminoids at a high purity in order to study their biological properties. The current study investigated the process of isolation and purification of curcumin from turmeric and formulation of novel nanogel for evaluation of its wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities in experitmental animals. Our reports demonstrated that among the LKD successive extracts, the yield percentage was found to be highest with that of LKDCH. The density of the color change during phytochemical screening of the LKDCH indicated the presence of a significant amount of phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and steroids. Our findings are consistent with those of previous research [44,45,46], where turmeric samples gathered from various parts of the world showed comparable and similar phytochemical profile.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The event of 20–21 March obviously had a higher visibility than the other two events at the same wind speed, and the calculated threshold wind speed is greater than the other two events. This event had the highest measured top layer snow densities (250–370 kg m−3) of all three cases examined here (see Table 3). The 1–3 March event had the coldest temperatures and relatively less dense snow at the uppermost layer (150–250 kg m−3), which resulted in weaker winds needed to create extreme visibility reductions, while the 22–24 March event had snow densities in the upper few centimeters between 170 and 310 kg m−3 (Table 3). This result is similar to those of Baggaley and Hanesiak (2005), where blowing snow occurred most readily at air temperatures near −34°C regardless of the age of the snowpack. Also, the 20–21 March event had a shorter time since the previous snowfall and a higher top-layer snow density than that of 1–3 March, and this indicated that air temperature played a more important role for increasing snow density than other processes. It should be noted that the 22–24 March event was only 1 h after the latest snowfall (see Table 3); however, accumulations were not significant. Li and Pomeroy (1997) developed an empirical function relating threshold wind speed to ambient air temperature. The threshold wind speed is lowest around −25°C and increases slightly as temperatures increase or decrease away from −25°C. However, in this study, the lowest threshold wind speed occurred between −30° and −35°C, which is slightly colder than the suggested temperature range of Li and Pomeroy. For blowing snow with concurrent falling snow (Fig. 3), more scatter was observed in the plot of observed visibility versus wind speed and much smaller R2 values than those of ground blowing snow events were obtained. For each individual case of ground blowing snow, wind speed was the main factor affecting visibility and can be a good indicator for visibility in those kinds of events. In the event of blowing snow accompanied by falling snow, the visibility was influenced by both wind speed and snowfall and cannot be predicted by wind speed alone. Note the different ranges of wind speed in Figs. 2 and 3 and the low visibility (of order 100 m) in some high wind speed blowing snow cases. b.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: , 2007; Ben-Shalom et al. , 2012). Here, we employ these ideas to develop a family of score functions that are useful to find parameters so that their activities reach a desired target. In this work, we started with a well-studied model of neural activity described previously (Liu et al. , 1998; Goldman et al. , 2001; Prinz et al. , 2004; O'Leary et al. , 2014). The neuron is modeled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism using a single compartment with eight currents. et al. (1998), the neuron has a sodium current, INa; transient and slow calcium currents, ICaT and ICaS; a transient potassium current, IA; a calcium-dependent potassium current, IKCa; a delayed rectifier potassium current, IKd; a hyperpolarization-activated inward current, IH; and a leak current Ileak. We explored the space of solutions of the model using landscape optimization. The procedure consists of three steps. First, we generate voltage traces by integration of Equation 5 (Materials and methods). We then score the traces using an objective or landscape function that defines a target activity. Finally, we attempt to find minima of the objective function. The procedures used to build objective functions whose minima correspond to sets of conductances that yield the target activities are shown in Figure 1. Voltage traces were generated by integration of Equation 5 and were then scored according to a set of simple measures. The procedure is efficient in part because we chose measures that require little computing power and yet are sufficient to build successful target functions. For example, we avoid the use of Functions (SDF) and Fourier transforms when estimating burst frequencies and burst durations. In this section, we describe target functions whose minima correspond to bursting and tonic activity in single compartment models. This approach can also be applied to the case of small circuits of neurons (Prinz et al. , 2004). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Landscape optimization can be used to find models with specific sets of features. (A) Example model bursting neuron. The activity is described by the burst frequency and the burst duration in units of the period (duty cycle).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The total residual solvent present in all the successive extracts were found to very minimum as evident from the results of studies, which depicted that the extract is free from harmful residual solvents used during extraction process. Literature demonstrated that the presence of residual solvent beyond the safety limits may be associated with carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity and may other toxic consequences in finished herbal medicinal products [47]. Based on the quantitative estimation, it was observed that total phenolic and tannin content was found to be highest with LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) as compared to other successive extracts. The high phenolic content of turmeric may be attributed to the presence of curcuminoids and other phenolic components [48]. Research reported that the total phenolic content present in ordinary turmeric (Curcuma longa) was 1. 03 mg GAE/gm dry weight extract [49]. Based on these findings, it is evident that Lakadong turmeric grown in Meghalaya has a higher phenolic content (two-fold) than ordinary turmeric, which is in agreement with the literature which reports that LKD turmeric contains high levels of phenolic curcuminoids [50]. As evidenced by our HPTLC fingerprinting analysis, the LKDCH extract showed higher levels of curcumin in comparison to the reference curcumin, while BDMC and DMC were significantly less dense. This marks the initial instance of curcumin isolation from Lakadong turmeric, and the spectral data align precisely with the previously documented curcumin spectra in existing literature [17, 39,40,41, 43]. Scavenging of the stable free radical (DPPH) is regarded as a reliable test for assessing antioxidant scavenging activity of a substance [51]. Plant extracts containing polyphenol components have antioxidant action due to their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons and trap free radicals [52]. According to research, the phenolic OH group or the CH2 group of the β-diketone moiety can both contribute to curcumin's ability to neutralize and scavenge free radicals [53]. In the current study, it was found that the LKDCH extract consists of a significant amount of phenolic and tannin contents, with curcumin as its main constituent.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: 5 m s−1), with MRE reduced to 15%–25%. As might be expected, poorer relationships were observed in the event of blowing snow with concurrent precipitation. The ground blowing snow relations derived are valid for events over flat, snow-covered terrain, with roughness lengths of order 10−3 m and, given the temperature ranges involved in most events, high liquid water equivalent ratios (i. e. , near 10:1 or dry snow). Since no liquid water equivalent precipitation measurements were available, there is no way of providing a range over which our relations apply in this regard; however, given the time of year and air temperatures for the events presented, dry snow is a valid assumption. Wetter snow regimes and rougher surfaces would affect the results from this study but quantification of this is not possible. Future work will examine different terrain roughness lengths. and Male (1988) visibility model can be revised to relate the 1. 5-m visibility during blowing snow to the p0. 83, RMSE of 1. 3 km, and MRE of 30. 54%. The observed visibility had a strong relationship with p0. 92 in general. This relationship can be used to predict visibility from p62. CrossrefBaggaley, D. G. , and HanesiakJ. M. , 2005: An empirical blowing snow forecast technique for the and the Prairie Provinces. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 51–62. 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1)| falseSearch 174. CrossrefBrown, T. , and PomeroyJ. W. , 1989: A blowing snow p174. 10. 1016/0165-232X(89)90017-7)| falseSearch 134. Budd, W. F. , DingleR. J. , and RadokU. , 1966: Project: Outline and basic results. Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, M. J. Rubin, Ed. , Series, Vol. 9, Amer. Geophys. Union, 71–134. )| falseSearch 139. CrossrefKobayashi, D. , 1978: Snow transport by katabatic winds in Mizuho camp area, East Antarctica. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 56, 130–139. 10. 2151/jmsj1965. 56. 2_130)| falseSearch 53.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Let g denote a set of parameters, we can then define an objective function (2) E(g)=αEf+βEdc+γEsw, where the weights (α,β,γ) determine the relative importance of the different sources of penalties. In this work we used α=1, β=100, γ=1, and the penalties Ei were calculated using T=10 seconds with dt=0. 1 msecs. The target behavior for bursters was defined by dctg=0. 2 (duty cycle 20%) (dctg=0. 2) and bursting frequency ftg=1Hz. We can use similar procedures to target tonic spiking activity. Note that the procedure we described previously to determine bursts from the sequence of spike times S is also useful in this case. If a given spike satisfies the definition of burst start and it also satisfies the definition of burst end then it is a single spike and the burst duration is zero. Therefore, we compute the bursts and duty cycles as before and ask that the the target duty cycle is zero. There are multiple ways to produce tonic spiking in this model and some solutions display very different slow wave activity. To further restrict the models, we placed a middle threshold at tmid=-35mV and detected downward crossings at this value. We defined Elag as the lag between the upward crossings at the spiking threshold (tspk=-20mV) and downward crossings at tmid. Elag is useful because it takes different values for tonic spikers than it does for single-spike bursters even though their spiking patterns can be identical. Finally, we found that the model attempts to minimize Elag at the expense of hyperpolarizing the membrane beyond -50mV and introducing a wiggle that can be different in different solutions. To penalize this we included additional thresholds between -35mV and -45mV, counted the number of downward crossings at these values #midi, and asked that these numbers are equal to the number of spikes #s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The obtained properties might have resulted in non-adhesiveness, exudate absorption, retention of moisture, and gas permeability which were ideal for wound healing application [12]. Sufficient drug loading (61. 2 ± 4. 5%) was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. The high drug loading might be due to the method of preparation of gel by simultaneous addition method. From the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with higher steady state flux in comparison to gel. Similar results were obtained for the partition coefficients. This controlled permeation may be due to the presence of PLGA in the nanogel and may result in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity with reduced nanotoxicity on application. Stability studies of developed formulation showed that optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content in different conditions. Different stages of wound healing like inflammation, proliferation and regeneration often overlap with each other and are difficult to differentiate resulting in enhanced qualitative and quantitative aspects of each stage which might hasten the healing process with reduced side effects [61]. In the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent wound healing capability with re-epithelialization, regeneration and reformation of fibroblast cells (FC), granulation tissues (GT), hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) and inflammatory cells (IC) (Fig. 6E, F). Fibroblast cells (FC) aid cell migration and proliferation by the production of primary extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, hexosamine, hexuronic acid in the wound bed and is primarily responsible for collagen formation [36, 62, 63]. These fibroblast cells are matured into fibrocytes with higher ability of collagen formation after discharging to the wound sites [64]. Moreover, the inflammatory cells intensify the inflammatory response with the release of certain chemotoxic agents to disinfect the wound area [61, 65]. However, a cumulative aggregation and cell hyperactivation in the wound area might result in pus formation in the wound site, leading to amputation and loss of tissues, and thus affecting the healing process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Most instances of blowing snow with precipitating snow end when the falling snow terminates. The percentage of blowing snow events that outlast the falling snow diminishes with time since the end of the snow View in gallery Fig. 6. (a) 5% CRED for various snowpack ages for the Arctic sites at a target visibility ≤ 1 km and using the current air temperature; (b) 5% CRED for various target visibilities in statute miles for all ground blowing snow cases for all observation sites using the current air temperature. The target visibilities include all occurrences equal or less than the stated threshold View in gallery Fig. 7. (a). Number of occurrences of significant blowing snow (target visibility ≤ 1km) for all observation sites plotted by current air temperature and snow age; (b) blowing snow occurrences giving visibilities of 1 km or less at all stations as a proportion of the number of instances of these temperatures, sorted by snow age. All data that occurred after melt and freeze, or after liquid precipitation, were omitted View in gallery Fig. 8. Distribution of visibilities in reported ground blowing snow for all observation sites. The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 events raw image Fig. 1. Locations of the observational sites View raw image Fig. 2. Sample CRED distribution at a temperature of −20°C for all ground blowing snow cases combined showing a best-fit line (mean of 12. 3 m s−1 and a variance of 1. 7). The wind speed at the 5% CRED is interpolated to be 9. 5 m s−1. The wind speeds at 50% and 95% CREDs are also extracted from this curve View raw image Fig. 3. The wind speeds at the 5%, 50%, and 95% CREDs from Fig. 2 are replotted (solid figures) along with those from throughout the temperature range. Best-fit quadratic lines are then inferred.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: With these definitions, we define the partial errors as before, (3) Ef=(ftg−<fb>i)2Edc=(dctg−<dc>i)2Emid=∑i(#midi−#s)2Esw=(#sw)2. The total error as a function of the conductances reads as follows, (4) E(g)=αEf+βEdc+γEmid+δEsw+ηElag. The values α=1000, β=1000, γ=100, δ=100 and η=1, produce solutions that are almost identical to the one displayed in Figure 1B. In all cases, evaluation of the objective functions requires that the models are simulated for a number of seconds and this is the part of the procedure that requires most computing power. Longer simulations will provide better estimations for the burst frequency and duty cycle of the cells, but will linearly increase the time it takes to evaluate the objective function. If the simulations are shorter, evaluations of the objective function are faster but the minimization may be more difficult due to transient behaviors and its minima may not correspond to stable solutions. In this work, we minimized the objective function using a standard genetic algorithm (Holland, 1992; Goldberg and Holland, 1988). The choice of the optimization routine and the choice of the numerical scheme for the simulations are independent of the functions. and methods for details on the how we performed this optimization. The same functions can be utilized to estimate parameters in models with different channel types. Visualizing the dynamics of ionic currents: currentscapes Most modeling work focuses on the variables of the models that are routinely measured in experiments such as the membrane potential as is shown in Figure 2A for a bursting neuron. While in the models we have access to all state variables, this information can be hard to represent when several current types are at play. One difficulty is that some currents like Na and Kd vary over several orders of magnitude, while other currents like the leak and H span smaller ranges. Additionally, the relative contribution of each current to the total flux through the membrane varies over time. Here, we introduce a novel representation that is simple and permits displaying the dynamics of the currents in a cohesive fashion. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Currentscape of a model bursting neuron.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Again, in the infection site, the formation of pus is aided by the formation of free radicals which can be scavenged by the use of antioxidants [66, 67]. The antioxidants in the curcumin would thus assist in complete healing of the wounds by scavenging the free radicals and pus within the infected area. Hence, in the current study, Cur-Nanogel demonstrated excellent cutaneous wound healing potential as compared to the marketed turmeric extract cream. λ-Carrageenan, a complex polysaccharide, is a routine inflammatory inducer that causes rapid inflammatory reactions, including increased pain sensitivity and skin redness. This is due to the activation of several proinflammatory pathways including histamine, bradykinin, tachykinins, cyclooxygenase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms all contribute to the development of enlarged paws produced by fluid leaking into injection sites. This phenomenon is a useful metric for assessing anti-inflammatory medicines and their biological mechanisms, particularly their influence on the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [68]. Carrageenan-induced paw edema is a popular experimental paradigm for evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs due to its dependability and precision in producing findings [69]. Turmeric and its bioactive constituent ‘curcumin’ are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects with well defined mechanism by regulating various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory mediators [70]. Many researches have demonstrated that curumin alone or its pharmaceutical formulation showed a dramatical inhibition on inflammation of the paw edema produced by carrageenan [71]. Our result is in accordance with the data reported in the literature, depicting that PLGA-based curcumin nanosuspension loaded in carbopol gel revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental rats. This increased anti-inflammatory activity in the Cur-NS Nanogel may be due to the more controlled permeation of the drug because of the presence of PLGA in the nanogel that may have resulted in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity [72]. Such controlled permeation of nanoformulation may be essential for ensuring reduced nanotoxicity on application. The observed behavior may also be due to the quality and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH, used in the Cur-NS nanogel in comparison to the marketed curcumin formulation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 events 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 692 165 15 PDF Downloads 557 116 9 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1 Page(s): 51–62 1. IntroductionThe central arctic experiences the most occurrences of blowing snow in Canada, while the Canadian prairies have significant number of events as well (Phillips 1990). Blowing snow can be a hazard to public safety and transportation because of poor visibility associated with some events. An accurate forecast of the occurrence and resultant visibility of this phenomenon may help to mitigate this hazard. Unfortunately, predicting the occurrence of blowing snow and the associated reduction in visibility is difficult due to complexities related to snowpack state and its interaction with the lower atmosphere. Blowing snow occurs when the wind shear stress exceeds the snow p0. 8, 1. 6, 3. 2, 4. 8, and 8 km (½, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mi). Knowledge of snow state and meteorological conditions are required to forecast blowing snow. While detailed snowpack properties are not typically available to the weather forecaster in real time, a record of snow depth, time since last snowfall (proxy for snow age), and interim weather conditions should be known.

Output: contrast