Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Pub| Text | Text 11. Blas E, Kurup AS: Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2010; 2, 2019. Reference Source12. Gwatkin DR: 10 best resources on. . . health equity. Plan. 2007; 22(5): 348–351. Pub| Text 13. O': Applying an equity lens to interventions: using ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67(1): 56–64. Pub| Text 14. : Analyses of inequalities in RMNCH: rising to the challenge of the SDGs. BMJ Glob Health. 2019; 4(Suppl 4): e001295. Pub| Text | Text 15. : Absolute Poverty, Fertility P48. Reference Source16. Ross J: Improved reproductive health equity between the poor and the rich: An analysis of trends in 46 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Pract. 2015; 3(3): 419–445. Pub| Text | Text 17. for (USAID): Intertemporal comparisons of poverty and wealth with DHS data: A harmonized asset index approach. Washington, DC: USAID; 2014; 2, 2019. Reference Source18. Rominski SD, Stephenson R: Toward a new definition of unmet need for contraception. Plann. 2019; 50(2): 195–198. Pub| Text 19. : Incorporating method dissatisfaction into unmet need for contraception: Implications for measurement and impact. Plann. 2021; 52(1): 95–102. Pub| Text | Text 20. Smits J, Steendijk R: (IWI). Res. 2015; 122: 65–85. Text 21. The S-Curve: Putting mCPR Growth into Context. 2, 2020. Reference Source22. Maker since 2012. 2, 2021. Reference Source23. 2012 on Family Planning, Summaries of Commitments. 2020 website. 2013; 19, 2020. Reference Source24. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Evaluation of Youth-Services in Malawi. Malawi: Evidence 2 Action. 2014; 9, 2020. 25. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Ministry of Health: 2015-2020. 9, 2020. Reference Source26. Beyond 2020: A for Post-2020. 2020 website. 19, 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Neurosci. 9:40 [10. 2013. A multi-agent control framework for co-adaptation in brain-computer interfaces. Advances in 26 2841–49 Red Hook, NY: Curran [11. Mladenović J, Mattout J, 2018. A generic framework for adaptive EEG-based BCI training and operation. Brain–Handbook: Technological and 2841–49 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [12. Millán JDR. 2015. Brain-machine interfaces: the perception-action closed loop. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag. 1:16–8 [13. án JDR 2018. BCI race: successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users. PLOS Biol 16:e2003787 [14. 2013. Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. PNAS 110:10818–23 [15. Ganguly K, Carmena JM. 2009. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLOS Biol 7:e1000153 [16. 2013. Design and analysis of closed-loop decoder adaptation algorithms for brain-machine interfaces. 25:1693–731 [17. 2014. Closed-loop decoder adaptation shapes neural plasticity for skillful neuroprosthetic control. Neuron 82:1380–93 [18. 2009. A review on directional information in neural signals for brain-machine interfaces. J. Physiol. Paris 103:244–54 [19. Schalk G, Kubánek 2007. Decoding two-dimensional movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans. J. Neural Eng. 4:264–75 [20. 1997. intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102:228–39 [21. 2005. Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 148:1–18 [22. 2004. Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:966–70 [23. 2007. Brain-computer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Finally, guide RNA engineering and improvement is an extremely active area of research; if current solutions prove to be inadequate, it is likely that alternatives will soon become available. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Table of known technological advances that might be adapted to optimize gene drive efficiency. Off-target fitness cost, Cas9 cutting efficacy, and correct drive copying by homologous recombination (HR) are the primary determinants of drive fitness. The ideal standard gene drive confers an effective fitness benefit of 100%, as it is transmitted to twice as many progeny with no fitness cost. The fitness of suppression drives is more complicated due to species-specific density and resource-dependence and mating dynamics and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. The most challenging problem at the molecular scale concerns the highly variable rates of homologous recombination (HR) relative to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in different species, cell types, and developmental stages. Cas9 cutting should ideally occur during a stage featuring efficient HR and minimal NHEJ to maximize fitness. Within the germline, homologous recombination rates are normally highest in the oocyte because NHEJ is nearly absent in that cell type. As development progresses, the incidence of NHEJ rises sharply even if the HR machinery remains active. For this reason, we anticipate that maternally transmitted drives that both cut and are copied into the paternal chromosome in the zygote will be among the most efficient. Paternally transmitted drives cannot cut the maternal chromosome until they are expressed, which occurs at different times in different species. Those species that initiate transcription comparatively early, such as mice, are likely to be more amenable to gene drives than those that begin late, such as Drosophila. However, this does not necessarily imply that HR occurs at low efficiency in Drosophila embryos; injecting Cas9 and guide RNA-encoding plasmids along with a template to be copied yielded correct insertions in 13/16 embryos (Gratz et al. , 2013). In contrast, injecting Cas9 and guide RNAs targeting two genes along with templates for repair into mouse embryos yielded 7/10 pups with the first insertion and 8/10 with the second insertion, with six of those having both; all other mice utilized NHEJ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 27. familyplanning2020: familyplanning2020/NOLB: NOLB Code (Version v1. 0). Zenodo. 2021. Comments on this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2 version 1 Published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 Copyright © 2022 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14777. r34477) The direct URL for this report is: This is a well-written report relating to family planning (FP2020). I appreciate the time and effort taken to produce this report. It was interesting and easy to read. I have two suggestions for the authors. Although the. . . Continue reading is a well-written report relating to family planning (FP2020). I appreciate the time and effort taken to produce this report. It was interesting and easy to read. I have two suggestions for the authors. Although the discussion was well structured, I suggest that authors should review literature to check if there are related (global, regional, or national) reports/ 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14777. r34477) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Thank you for the opportunity to review. My comments are largely minor and for the purpose of clarification. My most significant critique is in point 1 below, as it is not clear to me why authors did not explicitly show. . . Continue reading you for the opportunity to review. My comments are largely minor and for the purpose of clarification. My most significant critique is in point 1 below, as it is not clear to me why authors did not explicitly show differences across most/least advantaged over time. Overall, however, the paper is well-written and contributes to relevant discussions related to equity. 1. While the authors do cite relevant literature, I think reference to the Choi and Fabic 2. Regarding wealth categories, I was not clear on whether these quintiles were defined cross-country or within country. For example, if women were in the poorest households, were these the poorest within their own country or the poorest across all countries? I assume the latter but a slight clarification would make this more clear. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: J. Neural Eng. 4:219–26 [24. 2001. Electromagnetic brain mapping. . Mag. 18:614–30 [25. 2007. An MEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). NeuroImage 36:581–93 [26. 2013. EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a thorough literature survey. Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Interact. 29:814–26 [27. 1997. Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103:386–94 [28. do Nascimento OF, 2008. Identification of movement-related cortical potentials with optimized spatial filtering and principal component analysis. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 3:300–4 [29. Chiappa S, Barber D. 2006. EEG classification using generative independent component analysis. Neurocomputing 69:769–77 [30. 2000. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 99:441–46 [31. üller K 2008. Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. . Mag. 25:141–56 [32. 2008. Pattern (FBCSP) in brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 2008 on Neural Networks2390–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [33. Millán JDR, Franzé M, Mouriño J, Cincotti F, 2002. Relevant EEG features for the classification of spontaneous motor-related tasks. Biol. Cybernet. 86:89–95 [34. Galán àrdia J, Millán JDR 2007. Feature extraction for multi-class BCI using canonical variates analysis. Proceedings of the 2007 on : IEEE [Crossref] [35. Martinez-Leon JA, Cano-Izquierdo JM, 2015. Feature selection applying statistical and neurofuzzy methods to EEG-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2015:781207 [36. Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J. 2012. Brain computer interfaces, a review. Sensors 12:1211–79 [37. üller KR 2008.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: We suspect that while drive copying rates will be difficult to predict in advance in a given species, any drive constructed with a housekeeping, viral, or strong germline promoter is likely to function reasonably well due to the combination of highly efficient maternal copying and moderate paternal copying in the zygote and early embryo. Germline copying can also occur later in development for standard drives. The difference between achiasmate species with low HR rates during meiosis, at least in males, and chiasmate species is likely to be crucial. The difference is clearly demonstrated by comparing the Anopheles drive, which exhibited 97% HR and a fitness benefit over 50% (25% given its restriction to males) (Windbichler et al. , 2011), to the equivalent Drosophila drive, which exhibited 71% HR and an effective fitness benefit of 32% (54% homing–22% NHEJ; a 16% benefit given its restriction to males) only after extensive optimization (Chan et al. , 2013b). The latter was improved from an initial construct demonstrating only 35% HR (Chan et al. , 2011), which is insufficient to generate a fitness benefit if targeting an essential gene and will generate more resistant alleles than copies of the drive if not. Limiting expression to the late germline may be very effective, but early germline or especially oocytic expression may be superior depending on the species. Finally, it may be possible to repress genes required for the competing non-homologous end-joining pathway using Cas9 in order to boost the effective homologous recombination rate in a particular germline stage (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Genes responsible for homologous recombination might be activated in a similar manner. The main question is whether the resulting changes in protein abundance will occur quickly enough to influence drive copying. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 - Rather than have two colors differentiating older/later surveys could authors differentiate each country with color/symbol combinations? I think this would make interpretation easier and faster. 3. Figure 2- I applaud the authors creativity in finding a way to visualize quite a bit of information. On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Thanks for your careful consideration of my feedback. I found the graphics. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Towards zero training for brain-computer interfacing. 3:e2967 [38. Hübner üller KR 2017. Improving zero-training brain-computer interfaces by mixing model estimators. J. Neural Eng. 14:036021 [39. 2000. Brain-computer interfaces based on the steady-state visual-evoked response. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:211–4 [40. 2002. Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 49:1181–86 [41. 2005. Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment. J. Adv. Signal Process. 2005:3156–64 [42. Sutter EE. 1992. The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses. J. Microcomput. Appl. 15:31–45 [43. 2005. Lead selection for SSVEP-based brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 44507–10 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [44. Müller-Putz GR, Pfurtscheller G. 2008. Control of an electrical prosthesis with an SSVEP-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:361–4 [45. 2014. Audio-visual feedback improves the BCI performance in the navigational control of a humanoid robot. Front. Neurorobot. 8:20 [46. 2016. Driving a semiautonomous mobile robotic car controlled by an SSVEP-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2016:4909685 [47. 2018. Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:654–65 [48. Kwak NS, Müller KR, Lee SW 2015. A lower limb exoskeleton control system based on steady state visual evoked potentials. J. Neural Eng. 12:056009 [49. 1965. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150:1187–88 [50.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Cas9-A and Cas9-B are orthogonal in that they do not recognize one another's guide RNAs. (C) When organisms bearing and B are crossed, offspring inherit one copy of each. Both drives are copied as normal. In addition, Cas9-A (from Drive A) uses guide RNAs A-F (from Drive B) to cut a gene essential for female fertility, while Cas9-B (from Drive B) does the same using guide RNAs-B-F (from Drive A) to cut a different gene. and B have internal homology appropriate to be copied into these cut fertility genes, disrupting them and causing infertility in females. If all repairs are conducted via homologous recombination, there are now four drives: A, B, AB1, and AB2. In reality, recombination between the non-homologous chromosomes is likely to be less efficient, causing loss of the female fertility genes but not explicit copying of AB1 and/or AB2. The phenotypic effect is identical. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset An extreme example of ecological management: the use of suppression and immunizing drives to control rat populations worldwide. Releasing Y-Drive-SD (male-biasing sterile-daughter) rats into invasive rat populations would initiate local eradication while an immunizing drive protectively recoded the native rat populations of Eurasia. Stowaway-mediated gene flow, depicted as a border of Y-Drive-SD framing Eurasia, will result in local population suppression due to the sterile-daughter effect that would remain when the drives interacted, limiting the ability of either population to invade the other. This control process would have to be repeated with new drives once recoded stowaways successfully re-invade the rat-free habitats. Because of the complexity of gene flow patterns in rats, the uncertainty of whether a Y-Drive-SD would be effective, and the possibility for adverse human intervention, controlling rat populations in this way will not be feasible any time within the next decade and possibly not at all, but it provides a useful world-spanning example of a possible drive-based solution aiming to solve a serious global problem. Relying on precision drives to give specific invasive rat populations unique genetic markers (Figure 5C) for subsequent targeting with precision suppression drives or utilizing weaker suppression drive types (Figure 6) may represent more feasible alternatives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Continue reading for your careful consideration of my feedback. I found the graphics much improved. Please ensure that men are included when considering contraceptive choice. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: This paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing. . . Continue reading paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing an early indication that groups of women who are generally disadvantaged do not appear to have been left behind in FP2020 commitment countries. However, I think this is fundamentally different from questions around equity. see it, this paper’s contribution is not as the definitive answer to the elusive “equity” question in FP but rather to ascertain whether data from a select set of commitment countries indicates that progress under FP2020 exacerbated gaps in use between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. While it is difficult to draw many clear conclusions from this analysis (as nearly all results are inconsistent across countries), the results presented indicate that among FP2020 commitment countries there were not systematically greater MCP gains by the most advantaged women. This is a substantial finding that is almost buried under discussions about equity, programs and policies to which the data used does not directly speak. To strengthen this paper and to make the results and interpretation more robust, I suggest the authors stick more closely to the stated and important goal of ascertaining whether “increases in mCPR did not vary significantly in more disadvantaged groups” since the 2012 London Summit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Farwell LA, Donchin E. 1988. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70:510–23 [51. McCarthy G, Donchin E. 1981. A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–80 [52. 2009. A noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Robot. 25:614–27 [53. 2007. Controlling a wheelchair indoors using thought. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22:18–24 [54. 2009. Control of a 9-DoF wheelchair-mounted robotic arm system using a P300 brain computer interface: initial experiments. Proceedings of the 2008 on Robotics and Biomimetics348–53 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [55. 2000. ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol. Psychol. 51:87–107 [56. 2014. Neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics of performance monitoring. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18:259–67 [57. Chavarriaga R, Sobolewski A, Millán JDR 2014. Errare machinale est: the use of error-related potentials in brain-machine interfaces. Front. Neurosci. 8:208 [58. 2000. EEG-based communication: presence of an error potential. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:2138–44 [59. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Error-related EEG potentials generated during simulated brain-computer interaction. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:923–9 [60. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Simultaneous real-time detection of motor imagery and error-related potentials for improved BCI accuracy. Proceedings of the 4th Brain-Workshop and Training Course197–202 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [61. 2010. Online detection of P300 and error potentials in a BCI speller. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2010:307254 [62.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Characteristics of population suppression drives. The optimal suppression drive for a given population will be highly species- and situation-dependent. In species with poorly understood genetics, more technically challenging drives may not be an option. While all true drives risk spreading into non-target populations with compatible sequences, the ecological risks to those populations vary. For some drives, a single individual escaping to a non-target population could cause widespread population suppression or even extinction, while others would require multiple sequential escapees of particular drive types. Some drives will be quickly eliminated by natural selection if not continually re-released, others would require a reversal drive to restore the wild-type sequence but should not have any phenotypic effects, and the most aggressive would require a suitable immunizing drive to be released within a certain timeframe in order to prevent a population crash. All of these risks could be mitigated by first recoding the target population to create a unique target sequence using successive standard drives (Figure 5A–B). ‘Sterile-daughter’ refers to a drive cassette that causes female infertility analogous to Drives AB1 and AB2 in Figure 6—figure supplement 1; because its fitness will be at most 50% of a standard gene, it cannot exhibit true drive. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Technical limitations of different gene drive architectures with implications for various applications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Detailed feedback: I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. I question the appropriateness of MCP growth for this analysis. Without some underlying or contextual measure of demand or access, using MCP alone to measure equity implies that there is some ideal level of MCP across all populations – and the higher, the better (in contradiction to the FP2020 principles of agency and autonomy referenced). Could the authors look at changes in demand satisfied, arguably a more appropriate measure of equity given the different underlying levels of demand for contraception among population sub-groups? Flawed though unmet need is as a direct measure of demand for contraception, including it as a backdrop here (via demand satisfied) would better contextualize “equitable” FP changes. If the authors choose to stick with MCP change, this should be more clearly addressed as an (acceptable) limitation. It would also be good to better contextualize demand/unmet need in the context of the FP2020 goal (i. e. , the 120x20 goal was devised against the backdrop of more than 230 million women with unmet need) and in interpreting the results. The paper is fundamentally asking about the impact of the FP2020 initiative, but there is no counterfactual or contextual information about what differential mCPR growth looked like prior to FP2020, nor a recognition of the limitation of comparing two-point estimates, especially among sometimes small sub-groups. FP2020 shifted our field to track progress using model-based estimates from FPET to overcome limitations of tracking changes between two surveys. Did the authors consider a modified FPET to see to what degree different sub-groups in countries followed or outperformed the pre-FP2020 trajectories that would have been expected? The question of whether some women (e. g. , the poor or those with no education) are systematically left behind is different from questions of equity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Chavarriaga R, Iturrate I, Millán JDR 2016. Robust, accurate spelling based on error-related potentials. Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Müller-Patz, J Huggins, D Steyrl 9–10 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [63. án JDR 2010. Brain-coupled interaction for semi-autonomous navigation of an assistive robot. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1246–55 [64. án JDR 2015. Teaching brain-machine interfaces as an alternative paradigm to neuroprosthetics control. Sci. Rep. 5:13893 [65. 2019. Inferring subjective p66. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH 1999. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110:1842–57 [67. Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C. 2001. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proc. IEEE 89:1123–34 [68. Pfurtscheller G, Brunner C, Schlögl A, Lopes da Silva FH 2006. μ rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks. NeuroImage 31:153–9 [69. 2013. Transferring brain-computer interfaces beyond the laboratory: successful application control for motor-disabled users. Artif. Intell. Med. 59:121–32 [70. án JDR 2015. Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities. Proc. IEEE 103:969–82 [71. 2013. An analysis of performance evaluation for motor-imagery based BCI. J. Neural Eng. 10:031001 [72. 2011. Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface. 6:e26322 [73. 2013. Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain–computer interface. J. Neural Eng. 10:046003 [74. 2016. Noninvasive electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for reach and grasp tasks. Sci. Rep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: In addition to those listed above, an RNA-guided gene drive spreading through a population will be under selection to maintain the function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs, as any nonfunctional mutants will lose their inheritance advantage. This selective pressure is restricted to components that relate to drive function or efficiency and will only last for as long as the drive spreads. Once it reaches fixation, any mutations that can increase fitness by inactivating the drive components will be favored. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Estimated ecological risk of experiments during RNA-guided gene drive development. This should not be considered an exhaustive list, but includes many relevant experiments that might be performed during the development of an RNA-guided gene drive of any type. The assessment of ecological risk is intended to be a guideline only and will vary with the purpose of the drive. For example, releasing a laboratory-tested ‘neutral’ drive that is intended to cause no changes in organism phenotype beyond spreading its cas9 gene, guide RNAs, and recoded essential gene through the population is listed as a moderate risk because it will certainly edit a wild population, but in a way that is comparatively unlikely to affect its interactions with the ecosystem. Contained field trials of drives that do cause phenotypic changes are listed as moderate-high risk due to the very real possibility of a containment breach and subsequent unintentional population engineering; a standard drive with few or no expected phenotypic effects would represent a moderate risk, while a suppression drive would represent a high risk.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The question of how to define and measure equity in the context of FP programs is one the field continues to struggle with. I am not convinced that the authors’ definition of “equitable” gains as those that are equal to or larger among a more “disadvantaged” group suffices, as this implies an underlying goal of having consistent levels or contraceptive use across all sub-groups/dimensions of equity (regardless of demand). Likewise, is it “equitable” if any groups show slower growth or declines in MCP (as we see evidence from this analysis with some more advantaged groups)? And given starting differential in MCP across sub-groups in many countries, might we expect growth to be slower or faster depending on their placement along the s-curve? While this paper cannot answer those or all questions around the definition of equity in FP programming, it can be clearer about when it is commenting about MCP gains among groups that are generally disadvantaged with FP outcomes (e. g. , the poor, less educated, youth) versus the more elusive concept of equity. The utility of using the Index in place of the country-specific wealth measures (e. g. , DHS quintiles) is not clear to me, given that countries are the unit of analysis. The shifts in population composition with the IWI measure seems more relevant for examining the relationship between absolute levels of wealth and contraceptive use or for understanding compositional influences on changes in MCP, but not necessarily for analyzing whether within each country women who are relatively poorer or wealthier appeared to be disadvantaged by policies related to the FP2020 goal. find this analysis interesting, I don’t think it is necessary or that it strengthens the findings. It appears that a handful of other long-term FP2020 commitment countries have DHS surveys that have two surveys between 2010 and 2019 were not included (Benin, Cameroon, Guinea and Mozambique, to name a few). If the inclusion criteria are more selective than mentioned (e. g. , if one survey has to be prior to 2012), that should be specified. Alternatively, if some eligible countries were overlooked for this analysis, including them would make the findings more robust. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 6:38565 [75. 2009. Continuous EEG classification for a self-paced BCI. Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering315–18 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [76. 2011. EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [77. Tonin L, Bauer F, Millán JDR 2020. The role of the control framework for continuous tele-operation of a BMI driven mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Robot. 36:78–91 [78. 2010. Optimization of SSVEP brain responses with application to eight-command brain-computer interface. Neurosci. Lett. 469:34–38 [79. 2010. A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:590–98 [80. ölker M 2019. A service assistant combining autonomous robotics, flexible goal formulation, and deep-learning-based brain-computer interfacing. Robot. Auton. Syst. J. 116:98–113 [81. Vanacker G, Millán án F et al. 2007. Context-based filtering for assisted brain-actuated wheelchair driving. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:25130 [82. Galán 2008. A brain-actuated wheelchair: asynchronous and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for continuous control of robots. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119:2159–69 [83. Philips J, Millán án F et al. 2007. Adaptive shared control of a brain-actuated simulated wheelchair. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics408–14 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [84. 2003. The H-metaphor as a guideline for vehicle automation and interaction Tech. Rep. 2003-212672 Langley Res. Cent. , : [85. 2006. Application of the H-mode, a design and interaction concept for highly automated vehicles, to aircraft.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: (A) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of direct p53 target genes identified by GRO-seq (left) or genes upregulated upon Nutlin treatment in the microarray experiment only (right) relative to a ranked list of 12,624 genes analyzed via Oncomine for their relative expression in WT p53 vs mutant p53 cell lines. (B) Scatter plot comparing relative transcription as measured by GRO-seq in HCT116 p53 +/+ over p53 −/− cells vs relative mRNA expression in p53 WT vs p53 mutant cell lines. Red dots are genes whose transcription was lesser than twofold in p53 +/+ cells, green dots are genes whose transcription was greater than twofold in p53 +/+ cells, all other direct p53 targets in HCT116 cells are highlighted in black. (C) Oncomine gene expression analysis of 247 breast carcinomas of varied p53 status shows that CDKN1A, DDB2 and GDF15 are more highly expressed in wild type p53 tumors, whereas GJB5 is more highly expressed in mutant p53 tumors. (D) Model depicting the differential effects of MDM2-p53 complexes on the basal expression of p53 target genes. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset GRO-seq analysis of key survival and death genes within the p53 network. (A) The 10 most transcribed pro-survival and pro-apoptotic genes identified by GRO-seq ranked by decreasing transcriptional output in Nutlin-treated p53 +/+ cells. The surface of the bubbles represents the GRO-seq signal output relative to the CDKN1A locus. (B) Transcriptional output of same genes shown in A in p53 −/− cells. (C) Fold change analysis showing the overall effect of p53 on the transcription of its survival and apoptotic targets. (D) Survival genes within the p53 network tend to carry more proximally bound, transcriptionally engaged over their promoter regions than apoptotic genes. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset p53 target genes display a wide range of pausing and promoter divergence. (A) pausing is not a pre-requisite for rapid activation among p53 target genes. A ranking of pausing indices show no correlation with fold induction among p53 targets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25th : IEEE [Crossref] [86. án JDR 2010. The role of shared-control in BCI-based telepresence. Proceedings of the 2010 on Systems, Man and Cybernetics1462–66 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [87. Chavarriaga R, Millán JDR. 2010. Learning from EEG error-related potentials in noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:381–88 [88. DelPreto J, Salazar-2018. Plug-and-play supervisory control using muscle and brain signals for real-time gesture and error detection. Robotics: Science and -pap. 63. N. p Robot. Sci. Syst. Found. [89. Millán ño J, 2004. Noninvasive brain-actuated control of a mobile robot by human EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:1026–33 [90. 2006. A brain-controlled wheelchair based on P300 and path guidance. Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-on and Biomechatronics1101–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [91. Cheeín di 2007. Maps managing interface design for a mobile robot navigation governed by a BCI. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 90:012088 [92. Leeb R, Friedman D, Müller-2007. Self-paced (asynchronous) BCI control of a wheelchair in virtual environments: a case study with a tetraplegic. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:79642 [93. 2007. Brain-computer interface for high-level control of rehabilitation robotic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics619–25 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [94. 2008. Control of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain–computer interface in humans. J. Neural Eng. 5:214–20 [95. Pires G, Castelo-Branco M, 2008. Visual P300-based BCI to steer a wheelchair: a Bayesian approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,927 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 001 numerous advances, the field of molecular biology has often struggled to address key biological problems affecting public health and the environment. Until recently, editing the genomes of even model organisms has been difficult. Moreover, altered traits typically reduce evolutionary fitness and are consequently eliminated by natural selection. This restriction has profoundly limited our ability to alter ecosystems through molecular biology. If we could develop a general method of ensuring that engineered traits would instead be favored by natural selection, then those traits could spread to most members of wild populations over many generations. This capability would allow us to address several major world problems, including the spread of insect-borne diseases, the rise of pesticide and herbicide resistance, and the agricultural and environmental damage wrought by invasive species. Scientists have long known of naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that can increase the odds that they will be inherited. This advantage allows them to spread through populations even if they reduce the fitness of individual organisms. Many researchers have suggested that these elements might serve as the basis for ‘gene drives’ capable of spreading engineered traits through wild populations (Craig et al. , 1960; Wood et al. , 1977; Sinkins and Gould, 2006; Burt and Trivers, 2009; Alphey, 2014). was the first to propose gene drives based on site-specific ‘homing’ endonuclease genes over a decade ago (Burt, 2003). These genes bias inheritance by cutting the homologous chromosome, inducing the cell to copy them when it repairs the break. Several efforts have focused on the possibility of using gene drives targeting mosquitoes to block malaria transmission (Scott et al. , 2002; Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008, 2011; Li et al. , 2013a; Galizi et al. , 2014). However, development has been hindered by the difficulty of engineering homing endonucleases to cut new target sequences (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society658–61 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [96. Millán JDR, Galán 2009. Asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3361–64 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [97. 2009. A BCI teleoperated museum robotic guide. Proceedings of the 2009 on Complex, Intelligent and Systems783–88 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [98. 2010. Activation of a mobile robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the 2010 on Robotics and Automation4815–21 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [99. Iáñez E, Azorín JM, Úbeda A, Ferrández JM, Fernández E 2010. Mental tasks-based brainrobot interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1238–45 [100. 2010. A telepresence robotic system operated with a P300-based brain-computer interface: initial tests with ALS patients. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology4476–80 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [101. Müller -Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2010. Brain-computer interface based on visual evoked potentials to command autonomous robotic wheelchair. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 30:407–16 [102. ünbacher E, 2010. SSVEP based brain-computer interface for robot control. People with 85–90 Berlin: Springer [103. án JDR 2011. Brain-controlled telepresence robot by motor-disabled people. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4227–30 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [104. 2011. A hybrid brain interface for a humanoid robot assistant. Proceedings of the 2011 Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society7421–24 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [105. Bastos TF, Müller -2011. Robotic wheelchair commanded by SSVEP, motor imagery and word generation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We have added this note into the discussion. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society4753–56 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [106. 2011. An adaptive brain-computer interface for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE-RAS on Humanoid Robots199–204 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [107. 2011. Using brain-computer interface to steer a humanoid robot. Proceedings of the on Robotics and Biomimetics192–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [108. Müller SMT, Bastos-Filho TF, Sarcinelli-2011. Using a SSVEP-BCI to command a robotic wheelchair. Proceedings of the on Industrial Electronics957–62 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [109. 2011. to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19:1–5 [110. 2012. Toward brain-actuated humanoid robots: asynchronous direct control using an EEG-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Robot. 28:1131–44 [111. 2012. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI): a 2-D virtual wheelchair control based on event-related desynchronization/synchronization and state control. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 20:379–88 [112. 2012. Development of mind control system for humanoid robot through a brain computer interface. Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Engineering Application679–82 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [113. 2012. A telepresence mobile robot controlled with a noninvasive brain-computer interface. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. B 42:793–804 [114. Grigorescu SM, Lüth äser A 2012. A BCI-controlled robotic assistant for quadriplegic people in domestic and professional life. Robotica 30:419–31 [115. 2012. A simple platform of brain-controlled mobile robot and its implementation by SSVEP. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [116. án JDR 2013. A hybrid BCI for enhanced control of a telepresence robot.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the well-recognized potential for gene drives to combat vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue virtually ensures that this strategy will eventually be attempted in mosquitoes. While considerable scholarship has been devoted to the question of how gene drives might be safely utilized in mosquitoes (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; UNEP, 2010; Reeves et al. , 2012; David et al. , 2013; Alphey, 2014), few if any studies have examined the potential ecological effects of gene drives in other species. After all, constructing a drive to spread a particular genomic alteration in a given species was simply not feasible with earlier genome editing methods. Disconcertingly, several published gene drive architectures could lead to extinction or other hazardous consequences if applied to sensitive species, demonstrating an urgent need for improved methods of controlling these elements. After consulting with experts in many fields as well as concerned environmental organizations, we are confident that the responsible development of RNA-guided gene drive technology is best served by full transparency and early engagement with the public. Here we provide brief overviews of gene drives and Cas9-mediated genome engineering, detail the mechanistic reasons that RNA-guided gene drives are likely to be effective in many species, and outline probable capabilities and limitations. We further propose novel gene drive architectures that may substantially improve our control over gene drives and their effects, discuss possible applications, and suggest guidelines for the safe development and evaluation of this promising but as yet unrealized technology. A discussion of risk governance and regulation intended specifically for policymakers is published separately (Oye et al. , 2014). Natural gene drives In nature, certain genes ‘drive’ themselves through populations by increasing the odds that they will be inherited (Burt and Trivers, 2009). Examples include endonuclease genes that copy themselves into chromosomes lacking them (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004), segregation distorters that destroy competing chromosomes during meiosis (Lyttle, 1991), transposons that insert copies of themselves elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth and Langley, 1989), Medea elements that eliminate competing siblings who do not inherit them (Beeman et al. , 1992; Chen et al. , 2007), and heritable microbes such as Wolbachia (Werren, 1997).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3097–100 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [117. Carlson T, Millán JDR. 2013. Brain-controlled wheelchairs: a robotic architecture. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 20:165–73 [118. 2013. Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 10:111 [119. -Vidal JL 2013. High accuracy decoding of user intentions using EEG to control a lower-body exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5606–9 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [120. Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2013. Shared control architecture based on RFID to control a robot arm using a spontaneous brain-machine interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 61:768–74 [121. Choi B, Jo S. 2013. A low-cost EEG system-based hybrid brain-computer interface for humanoid robot navigation and recognition. 8:e74583 [122. 2013. P300 BCI based planning behavior selection network for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Computation354–58 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [123. 2013. A hybrid BCI system combining P300 and SSVEP and its application to wheelchair control. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60:3156–66 [124. Guneysu A, Akin HL. 2013. based BCI to control a humanoid robot by using portable EEG device. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society6905–8 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [125. Kapeller C, Hintermuller C, Abu-2013. A BCI using VEP for continuous control of a mobile robot. Proceedings of 2013 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5254–57 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [126. 2013. A BMI-based occupational therapy assist suit: asynchronous control by SSVEP. Front. Neurosci. 7:172 [127. 2014. EEG-based mobile robot control through an adaptive brain-robot interface. IEEE Trans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Endonuclease gene drives Natural homing endonuclease genes exhibit drive by cutting the corresponding locus of chromosomes lacking them. This induces the cell to repair the break by copying the nuclease gene onto the damaged chromosome via homologous recombination (Figure 1A) (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004). The copying process is termed ‘homing’, while the endonuclease-containing cassette that is copied is referred to as a ‘gene drive’ or simply a ‘drive’. Because copying causes the fraction of offspring that inherit the cassette to be greater than 1/2 (Figure 1B), these genes can drive through a population even if they reduce the reproductive fitness of the individual organisms that carry them. Over many generations, this self-sustaining process can theoretically allow a gene drive to spread from a small number of individuals until it is present in all members of a population. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The spread of endonuclease gene drives. (A) When an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive (blue) mates with a wild-type organism (grey), the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. This can enable the drive to spread until it is present in all members of the population–even if it is mildly deleterious to the organism. (B) Endonuclease gene drives are preferentially inherited because the endonuclease cuts the homologous wild-type chromosome. When the cell repairs the break using homologous recombination, it must use the gene drive chromosome as a repair template, thereby copying the drive onto the wild-type chromosome. If the endonuclease fails to cut or the cell uses the competing non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, the drive is not copied, so efficient gene drives must reliably cut when homology-directed repair is most likely. Engineered gene drives To build an endonuclease gene drive, an endonuclease transgene must be inserted in place of a natural sequence that it can cut. If it can efficiently cut this sequence in organisms with one transgene and one natural locus, reliably induce the cell to copy the transgene, and avoid being too costly to the organism, it will spread through susceptible wild populations. Standard drives spread genomic changes and associated traits through populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 44:1278–85 [128. Hortal E, Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2014. Control of a 2 DoF robot using a brain-machine interface. Comput. Biomed. 116:169–76 [129. 2014. Assisting drinking with an affordable BCI-controlled wearable robot and electrical stimulation: a preliminary investigation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11:51 [130. 2014. Using a head-up display-based steady-state visually evoked potential brain-computer interface to control a simulated vehicle. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15:959–66 [131. 2014. Mobile robot navigation with a self-paced brain-computer interface based on high-frequency SSVEP. Robotica 32:695–709 [132. 2014. SSVEP-based hierarchical architecture for control of a humanoid robot with mind. Proceedings of the 11th on and Automation2401–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [133. áñez E, Úbeda A et al. 2015. SVM-based brain-machine interface for controlling a robot arm through four mental tasks. Neurocomputing 151:116–21 [134. 2015. Brain computer interface system based on indoor semi-autonomous navigation and motor imagery for unmanned aerial vehicle control. Expert Syst. Appl. 42:4196–206 [135. Hortal E, Iáñez E, Úbeda A, Perez-Vidal C, Azorín JM 2015. Combining a brain-machine interface and an electrooculography interface to perform pick and place tasks with a robotic arm. Robot. Auton. Syst. 72:181–88 [136. 2015. Comparative study of SSVEP- and P300-based models for the telepresence control of humanoid robots. 10:e0142168 [137. 2016. Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. Front. Neurosci. 10:122 [138. 2016. A synergetic brain-machine interfacing paradigm for multi-DOF robot control. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We have added this note into the discussion. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 46:957–68 [139. ómez C, Opisso E, et al. 2016. Hybrid EEG/EOG-based brain/neural hand exoskeleton restores fully independent daily living activities after quadriplegia. Sci. Robot. 1:eaag3296 [140. López-Larraz E, Trincado-Alonso F, Rajasekaran V, Pérez-Nombela S, Del-Ama AJ et al. 2016. Control of an ambulatory exoskeleton with a brain-machine interface for spinal cord injury gait rehabilitation. Front. Neurosci. 10:359 [141. 2016. Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:128–39 [142. án JDR 2017. A brain-controlled exoskeleton with cascaded event-related desynchronization classifiers. Robot. Auton. Syst. 90:15–23 [143. 2017. Brain-actuated gait trainer with visual and proprioceptive feedback. J. Neural Eng. 14:056017 [144. 2017. Reaching and grasping a glass of water by locked-in ALS patients through a BCI-controlled humanoid robot. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11:68 [145. 2017. Design of an SSVEP-based BCI system with visual servo module for a service robot to execute multiple tasks. Proceedings of the 2017 on Robotics and Automation2267–72 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [146. 2017. The role of audio-visual feedback in a thought-based control of a humanoid robot: a BCI study in healthy and spinal cord injured people. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25:772–81 [147. 2017. A hybrid EEG-based BCI for robot grasp controlling. Proceedings of the 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics3278–83 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [148. 2017. Behavior-based SSVEP hierarchical architecture for telepresence control of humanoid robot to achieve full-body movement. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst. 9:197–209 [149. 2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: More recently, a team constructed new versions of the fruit fly gene drive using modular zinc-finger nucleases or TALENs in place of the homing endonuclease (Simoni et al. , 2014), both of which can be engineered to cut new target sequences. While initially successful at cutting and homing, both declined in effectiveness over time due to the evolutionary instability of the modular repeats inherent to those proteins. These early attempts demonstrate that it is possible to build synthetic gene drives, but also emphasize the importance of cutting any desired gene and remaining stable during copying. The recent discovery of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease represents a possible solution. RNA-guided genome editing via the Cas9 nuclease One straightforward method of genome editing relies on the same mechanism employed by endonuclease gene drives: cut the target gene and supply an edited version for the cell to use as a template when it fixes the damage. Most eukaryotic genome engineering over the past decade was accomplished using zinc-finger nucleases (Urnov et al. , 2005) or TALENs (Christian et al. , 2010), both of which are modular proteins that can be redesigned or evolved to target new sequences, albeit only by specialist laboratories (Esvelt and Wang, 2013). Genome editing was democratized by the discovery and adaptation of Cas9, an enzyme that can be programmed to cut target DNA sequences specified by a guiding RNA molecule (Deltcheva et al. , 2011; Jinek et al. , 2012; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; Jinek et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013c). Cas9 is a component of acquired immune systems in bacteria, which allow cells to ‘remember’ the sequences of previously encountered viral genomes and protect themselves by recognizing and cutting those sequences if encountered again. They accomplish this by incorporating DNA fragments into a memory element, transcribing it to produce RNAs with the same sequence, and directing Cas9 to cut any matching DNA sequences (Deltcheva et al. , 2011). The only restriction is that Cas9 will only cut target ‘protospacer’ sequences that are flanked by a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) at the 3′ end.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Malarcher S. For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: EEG-based lower-limb movement onset decoding: continuous classification and asynchronous detection. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:1626–35 [150. 2019. Noninvasive neuroimaging enhances continuous neural tracking for robotic device control. Sci. Robot. 4:eaaw6844 [151. -2013. A review of P300, SSVEP, and hybrid P300/SSVEP brain-computer interface systems. Brain-Systems: R Fazel-Rezai 195–213 London: IntechOpen [10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 Noninvasive Brain–for of Control, Robotics, and 4, 191 (2021);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 Data & Media loading. . . 10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4 1. 2000. Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:164–73 [2. Millán üller-Putz GR, Murray-Smith R, et al. 2010. Combining brain-computer interfaces and assistive technologies: state-of-the-art and challenges. Front. Neurosci. 4:161 [3. Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Ramos-2016. Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12:513–25 [4. 1999. A spelling device for the paralysed. Nature 398:297–98 [5. Millán JDR. 2003. Adaptive brain interfaces. Commun. ACM 46:74–80 [6. 2014. Noninvasive brain-computer interface enables communication after brainstem stroke. Sci. Transl. Med. 6:257re7 [7. 2016. Fully implanted brain-computer interface in a locked-in patient with ALS. N. Engl.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The most commonly used Cas9 ortholog has a PAM with only two required bases (NGG) and therefore can cut protospacers found approximately every 8 base pairs (Jinek et al. , 2012). Remarkably, it is possible to direct Cas9 to cut a specific protospacer in the genome using only a single guide RNA (sgRNA) less than 100 base pairs in length (Jinek et al. , 2012). This guide RNA must begin with a 17-20 base pair ‘spacer’ sequence identical to the targeted protospacer sequence in the genome (Fu et al. , 2014). The process of editing a target gene involves choosing protospacers within the gene, building one or more guide RNAs with matching spacers, and delivering Cas9, guide RNAs, and an edited repair template lacking those protospacers into the cell (Figure 3). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNA-guided genome editing via Cas9. The Cas9 nuclease protein and guide RNA must first be delivered into the target cell. This is often accomplished by transfecting DNA expression plasmids, but delivering RNA is also effective. The guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind target DNA ‘protospacer’ sequences that match the ‘spacer’ sequence within the guide RNA. Protospacers must be flanked by an appropriate protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is NGG for the most commonly used Cas9 protein (Jinek et al. , 2012). If the spacer and protospacer are identical or have only a few mismatches at the 5′ end of the spacer, Cas9 will cut both strands of DNA, creating a blunt-ended double-strand break. If supplied with a repair template containing the desired changes and homology to the sequences on either side of the break, the cell may use homologous recombination to repair the break by incorporating the repair template into the chromosome. Otherwise, the break will be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, resulting in gene disruption. Cas9 cutting is efficient enough to alter both chromosomes at the same time and/or to edit multiple genes at once (Li et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013a). If the cell being edited is a germline cell that gives rise to eggs or sperm, the changes can be inherited by future generations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: J. Med. 375:2060–66 [8. 2002. Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113:767–91 [9. 2015. Brain computer interface learning for systems based on electrocorticography and intracortical microelectrode arrays. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 9:40 [10. 2013. A multi-agent control framework for co-adaptation in brain-computer interfaces. Advances in 26 2841–49 Red Hook, NY: Curran [11. Mladenović J, Mattout J, 2018. A generic framework for adaptive EEG-based BCI training and operation. Brain–Handbook: Technological and 2841–49 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [12. Millán JDR. 2015. Brain-machine interfaces: the perception-action closed loop. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag. 1:16–8 [13. án JDR 2018. BCI race: successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users. PLOS Biol 16:e2003787 [14. 2013. Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. PNAS 110:10818–23 [15. Ganguly K, Carmena JM. 2009. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLOS Biol 7:e1000153 [16. 2013. Design and analysis of closed-loop decoder adaptation algorithms for brain-machine interfaces. 25:1693–731 [17. 2014. Closed-loop decoder adaptation shapes neural plasticity for skillful neuroprosthetic control. Neuron 82:1380–93 [18. 2009. A review on directional information in neural signals for brain-machine interfaces. J. Physiol. Paris 103:244–54 [19. Schalk G, Kubánek 2007. Decoding two-dimensional movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans. J. Neural Eng. 4:264–75 [20. 1997. intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102:228–39 [21. 2005. Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes. J. Neurosci.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Cas9 is efficient enough to cut and edit multiple genes in a single experiment (Li et al. , 2013c; Wang et al. , 2013a). The enzyme is active in a wide variety of organisms and is also quite specific, cutting only protospacers that are nearly identical to the spacer sequence of the guide RNA (Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Moreover, methods that allow Cas9 to bind but not cut enable the expression of target genes to be regulated by selectively recruiting regulatory proteins attached to Cas9 or the guide RNA (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a). All of these applications were developed within the last two years. Because RNA-guided genome editing relies on exactly the same copying mechanism as endonuclease gene drives, it is reasonable to ask whether it might be possible to build gene drives based on Cas9. In principle, RNA-guided gene drives might be capable of spreading almost any genomic alteration that can be generated using Cas9 through sexually reproducing populations. Will RNA-guided gene drives enable us to edit the genomes of wild populations? Although we cannot be certain until we try, current evidence suggests that RNA-guided gene drives will function in some and possibly most sexually reproducing species. Learning how to insert a drive into the germline and optimize its function in each new species will likely require months to years depending on generation length, with subsequent drives in the same species taking less time. Because inserting the drive into the germline with Cas9 involves the same molecular copying process as the drive itself will utilize, successful insertion may produce a working if not particularly efficient RNA-guided gene drive. But if population-level engineering is to become a reality, all molecular factors relevant to homing – cutting, specificity, copying, and evolutionary robustness – must be considered. Below, we provide a detailed technical analysis of the extent to which Cas9 can address each of these challenges. Capabilities, limitations, control strategies, and possible applications are discussed in subsequent sections. first requirement for every endonuclease gene drive is to cut the target sequence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method.

Output: pass