Input: Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: 13% GATA6_EX4 18 45. 60% 81. 80% 0. 40% 0% PolG_EX10 15 1. 38% 25. 33% 0% 0% DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/table-1 the present study, we used -Cas9 to edit the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs. The introduced mutations inhibited the binding of cardiac glycosides, thus conferring resistance to high dosage of this class of drug. More importantly, we were able to obtain genomic-modified clones that were specifically repaired by HDR after ouabain and digoxin selection. We showed that using 400 bp dsDNA as the repair template increased HDR efficiency compared to 150 bp ssODNs, while delivering the template in a linearized plasmid further improved HDR rates. Moreover, by co-targeting ATP1A1 with a second locus of interest, we were able to increase both INDEL and HDR selection efficiency in two different iPSC lines. Although HDR-driven events varied between genomic loci, the overall efficiency of selecting genetically-modified clones increased. The optimization of the genome-editing strategy in human iPSCs provided by this study will pave the way for future disease modeling and gene therapy research. Optimizing repair templates to obtain increased HDR-driven mutations after double-strand breaks has been well studied (Baker et al. , 2017; Song & Stieger, 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017). Due to difficulties in generating ssODNs longer than 200 bp, researchers have used single strand DNA with 30–70 base homology arms (HA) as donor template for small edits (Ran et al. , 2013; Richardson et al. , 2016; Yang et al. , 2013). The dsDNAs are generally used as the repair templates for fragment insertions (Byrne et al. , 2015; Urnov et al. , 2005). In human iPSCs, the optimal HA length is reported to be ∼2 kb (Byrne et al. , 2015). Our study tested the efficiency of ssODN, dsDNA and linearized plasmid for -based genomic editing through HDR. We found that homology arms that are less than 200 bp showed no significant difference between all three forms of donor DNA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Conway, Rayment, White and Berman2013), rather than the economic value of the nature lost. However, the opinions of the governments promoting offsetting show that such distinctions are quite feigned: according to the the ‘use of market-based mechanisms for delivering offsets is supported as a means of determining the conservation value of both the proposed action site and the proposed offset’ (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012, p. 26; our emphasis), while the UK's Paper on offsetting framed environmental compensation as something that could be bought ‘off-the-shelf’ from a market (Defra, 2013, p. 5). The act of putting a price on nature does determine the cost to the developer of destroying it. A simplistic market logic, largely based on neoclassical economics, might suggest that such prices will increase recognition of nature's value and hence reduce destruction. However, subjecting nature to the vagaries of the market means that prices can be highly variable (ranging from EUR 30,000 to EUR 1. 2 million per hectare; Conway et al. , Reference Conway, Rayment, White and Berman2013), and reflect restoration costs, land prices, supply and demand, speculative action by landowners (Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011) and even financial crises (Muradian & Rival, and Rival2012). It further means that the same credit system that supposedly protects a particular species or habitat can lead to its destruction when it collapses (Smith, Reference Smith, Panitch and Leys2006). Offsetting therefore transforms conservation into an exchange of priced ecological assets. This reframes a genuine concern for the value of nature (intrinsic or use value), for example halting the degradation of ecosystems, into a matter of market price: ‘a question of economic value that is entirely inimical to the original concern’ (Smith, Reference Smith2010, p. 249). Offsetting ties conservation to land development and economic growth The last way in which offsetting reframes conservation is that it dissolves the conventional contradiction between development (e. g. for mining, construction, house-building) and conservation, the latter becoming an extension of a development and growth agenda.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168. )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 112:11911-11916. 2005. Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature 435:646-651. 2010. Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases. Genetics 11:636-646 Uusi-. 2018. Chromatin accessibility is associated with -Cas9 efficiency in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) 13:e0196238 Valerie K, Povirk LF. 2003. Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair. Oncogene 22:5792-5812. 2017. Efficient, footprint-free human iPSC genome editing by consolidation of Cas9/and piggyBac technologies. 12:88-103. 2013. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes byCas-mediated genome engineering. Cell 153:910-918 -. 2018. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nephrology 14(11):663-677 -. 2013. Optimization of scarless human stem cell genome editing. Research 41:9049-9061. 2015. Generation of iPSCs as a pooled culture using magnetic activated cell sorting of newly reprogrammed cells. 10:e0134995. 2016. ssODN-mediated knock-in with -Cas for large genomic regions in zygotes. 7:10431. 2015. Small molecules enhance genome editing in pluripotent stem cells. Cell 16:142-147. 2017. Efficient precise knockin with a double cut HDR donor afterCas9-mediated double-stranded DNA cleavage. 18:35. 2015. /Cas-mediated selection-free knockin strategy in human embryonic stem cells. Reports 4:1103-1111 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history See citing 1. 2MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015), foreclosing any ecological critique of the current political and economic context. This is obvious in the following quote from Gordon et al. (Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015, p. 536): ‘in this context, offsetting remains one of the few options for delivering truly “sustainable” development’ (our emphasis). Biodiversity offsetting: it ain't just technical Offsetting already faces serious challenges. These are reflected in the gradual acceptance of the controversial character of the policy (e. g. Gordon et al. , Reference Gordon, Bull, Wilcox and Maron2015; Bull & Brownlie, and Brownlie2016), in the admission that standard approaches for the systematic calculation of its conservation benefits are still relatively rare or unavailable (Maron et al. , Reference Maron, Rhodes and Gibbons2013) and in attempts to re-brand the terminology in the face of increasing criticism from activists and scholars (e. g. biodiversity accounting rather than offsetting; Environment Bank, 2015b). The issues at stake with offsetting are more than technical, and the decision to frame biodiversity offsetting as a conservation tool is not neutral. Such a strategy leaves the core logic of offsetting unchallenged. A focus on how to improve its implementation, ostensibly depoliticizes (Wilson & Swyngedouw, Reference Wilson, Swyngedouw, Wilson and Swyngedouw2014) the problem of the environmental impacts of development, implying that it is an inevitable problem, rather than the result of particular political choices. But not talking about politics does not mean that politics disappear. It simply means that the debates regarding offsetting metrics or principles take place without reference to the social, political and economic questions they raise. Acceptance of the framing of conservation and development provided by offsetting implies acceptance of the inevitability of biodiversity loss. It a priori reframes conservation as a pragmatic search for the least worst outcome in the face of development demands and as an attempt to promote conservation only in areas that do not interest developers. This in turn separates the practice of conservation from struggles by environmental and social movements to prevent the further degradation of ecosystems (Apostolopoulou et al. , ńska-Jurczak, Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska and Pantis2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: 29::101478 [Crossref] [4. 2021. . A perspective on synthetic biology in drug discovery and development—current impact and future opportunities. . SLAS Discov. 26::581–603 [Crossref] [5. . 2021. . Integrating biomaterials and genome editing approaches to advance biomedical science. . Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 23::493–516 [Crossref] [6. Black JB, Perez-Pinera P, Gersbach CA. 2017. . Mammalian synthetic biology: engineering biological systems. . Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 19::249–77 [Crossref] [7. . 2020. . Applications of -Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. . Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 21::661–77 [Crossref] [8. . 2019. . -Cas: a tool for cancer research and therapeutics. . Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol 16::281–95 [Crossref] [9. . 2020. . -Cas tools and their application in genetic engineering of human stem cells and organoids. . Cell 27::705–31 [Crossref] [10. 2021. . Nanotechnology to advance -Cas genetic engineering of plants. . Nat. Nanotechnol. 16::243–50 [Crossref] [11. Nat. Inst. Educ. 2017. . : history of discovery. Video, Nat. Inst. Educ. , Singapore:. [12. . 1987. . Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline-phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. . J. Bacteriol. 169::5429–33 [Crossref] [13. . 2018. . The biology of -Cas: backward and forward. . Cell 172::1239–59 [Crossref] [14. . 2021. . and : -Cas systems as potential rapid diagnostic tools for emerging infectious diseases. . J. Clin. Microbiol. 59::e00745-20 [Crossref] [15. Pickar-Oliver A, Gersbach CA. 2019. . The next generation of -Cas technologies and applications. . Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: By reframing nature as a set of tradable units, offsetting turns conservation into a system of exchange in an attempt to optimize biodiversity protection while allowing the achievement of development goals. As such it favours technocratic solutions to streamline policy debate about the value of nature. In the process, nature is essentially treated as a ‘commodity’, divorced from its social, ecological and geographical context. Only in the reductionist technical calculations of offsetting methodologies can offset sites be seen as equivalent to ecosystems and places destroyed by development. The protection of such sites may be better than nothing, but in almost all cases they are less good than the original. It is not surprising that proponents of biodiversity offsetting (ten Kate et al. , Reference ten Kate, Bishop and Bayon2004; Madsen et al. , Reference Madsen, Carroll, Kandy and Bennett2011; BBOP, 2012b) frame it as a ground-breaking strategy. Its radical potential is profound but it does not favour conservation outcomes. Offsetting forecloses discussion of the nature of the social and economic forces behind the environmental impacts of development. Within the frame of offsetting, conservation is prevented from addressing key issues concerning the socio-economic and political context that determines society's destructive relationship with non-human nature, the way the costs and benefits of development may unevenly affect different social groups or classes, or the identity of winners and losers of uneven growth and development under capitalism. Offsetting is one outcome of private sector investment in conservation and market-based approaches to addressing biodiversity loss. It coincides in time with cuts in conservation funding, the further commodification of non-human nature and the increasing deregulation of environmental legislation (Büscher et al. , Reference Büscher, Sullivan, Neves, Igoe and Brockington2012; Apostolopoulou & Adams, and Adams2015), which reflect a paradigm shift away from conservation strategies based on enforceable environmental legislation (Benabou, Reference Benabou2014) towards those based on financial incentives and profit. If conservationists accept offsetting as a strategy (and simply try to improve the methods used), they are essentially accepting a dystopian future where biodiversity loss is continuous, and chiefly directed by the financial interests of developers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View in gallery Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View in gallery Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR is a widely used tool in synthetic biology for editing the DNA of organisms with precision. [SEP] Text: Harnessing theCas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. . Sci. Rep. 3::2510 [Crossref] [62. Seeger C, Sohn JA. 2014. . Targeting hepatitis B virus withCas9. . Mol. Ther. 3::e216 [Crossref] [63. 2020. . Development of as an antiviral strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. . Cell 181::865–76 [Crossref] [64. . 2016. . -mediated activation of latent HIV-1 expression. . Mol. Ther. 24::499–507 [Crossref] [65. 2015. . Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered -Cas9 complex. . Nature 517::583–88 [Crossref] [66. . 2020. . Targeted chromatinization and repression of HIV-1 provirus transcription with repurposedCas9. . Viruses 12::1154 [Crossref] [67. - 2018. . An enhanced repressor for targeted mammalian gene regulation. . Nat. Methods 15::611–16 [Crossref] [68. 2013. . -mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. . Cell 154::442–51 [Crossref] [69. . 2011. . Epigenetic control of viral life-cycle by a DNA-methylation dependent transcription factor. . 6::e25922 [Crossref] [70. 2015. . Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of hepatitis B virus genome in infected liver tissues. . Sci. Rep. 5::10478 [Crossref] [71. . 2021. . Mechanisms of DNA methylation in virus-host interaction in hepatitis B infection: pathogenesis and oncogenetic properties. . Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22::9858 [Crossref] [72. 2017. . Efficient targeted DNA methylation with chimeric dCas9-Dnmt3a-Dnmt3L methyltransferase. . Res. 45::1703–13 [Crossref] [73. 2016. . Editing DNA methylation in the mammalian genome. . Cell 167::233–47 [Crossref] [74. . 2020. . -based diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases. . Biol. Proced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Conservation is restricted to simply directing, or redirecting, where the destructive footprint of developments will fall, without any guarantee that what is protected today will not be developed in further cycles of offsetting tomorrow. Offsetting therefore substantially forecloses the possibility of a conservation challenge to the drivers of environmental destruction, implying there is no alternative to the current situation. Offsetting can be the response to biodiversity loss only if we accept a society where all ecosystems and places are open for trading, and nature will be restricted only to ‘what is left over after every other demand has been satisfied’ (Baltz, Reference Baltz1980, p. 29). Conservation has been criticized for approaching protected areas as places without people (Rangarajan & Shahabuddin, and Shahabuddin2006). Offsetting further deepens and exacerbates this conceptual and material separation between society and non-human nature. Failing to recognize the way it reframes non-human nature and its conservation makes its effects impossible to challenge. This has crucial consequences. In the offsetting case, it is not the protection of ecosystems that is not based on a dialectical understanding of the nature–society relationship but their destruction. A dystopian vision for the future suggests that our only choices are between the two. It is vital for conservation to challenge the ideological potency of this rhetorical framing and allow direct political engagement not only to oppose environmental destruction and secure public access to nature but also to re-imagine a different production of nature based on societal needs. Conservation is profoundly a cultural and political practice and offsetting highlights the importance of its connection to wider debates about environmental and social justice in future provisions for the protection of biodiversity. study was supported by a Intra-(PIEF-GA-2013-622631) within the 7th (Conservation and in the Economy). We thank for his insightful comments and two referees for their helpful comments. Biographical sketches Elia Apostolopoulou's main research interest is the investigation of the relationship between nature and society in capitalism, with a particular emphasis on the political ecology of nature conservation. Her current research focuses mainly on the reconstruction of nature conservation around the measurement of the economic value of non-human nature. is interested in changing ideas about nature and its conservation. His current research addresses the politics of landscape-scale conservation and the power of ecosystem services and other metaphors in conservation policy. 35. CrossRef494. CrossRef9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View in gallery Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. raw image Fig. 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 211. 211. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search transplantation has been employed for several years to deliver donor cardiomyocytes to normal and injured hearts. Recent reports of a variety of stem cells with apparent cardiomyogenic potential have raised the possibility of cell transplantation-based therapeutic interventions for heart disease. Here we review the preclinical studies demonstrating that intracardiac transplantation of skeletal myoblasts, cardiomyocytes and cardiomyogenic stem cells is feasible. In addition, recent clinical studies of skeletal myoblast and adult stem cell transplantation for heart disease are discussed. Keywords: Cardiac regeneration, Cell transplantation, Clinical studies, Heart disease concept of cell transplantation as a means to increase myocyte number in injured hearts first appeared in the early 1990s. The approach is based on the notion that transplantation of cardiomyocytes, or alternatively cardiomyogenic stem cells, will result in the formation of new cardiac muscle in the recipient heart. It is assumed that if a sufficient number of donor cells engraft, and if these cells are able to participate in a functional syncytium with the host myocardium, improvement in cardiac output would be achieved. Initial cardiac cell transplantation efforts utilized skeletal myoblasts (SMBs), an adult-derived stem cell which can differentiate into skeletal myofibers in vitro and in vivo. The observation that SMB transplantation could improve cardiac function in the absence of bona fide cardiomyogenic differentiation ultimately led to the notion that donor cells could have ‘secondary’ beneficial effects in injured hearts. Indeed, it is now apparent from experiments using a variety of donor cell types that cell transplantation can antagonize adverse cardiac remodeling and promote cardioprotection following transplantation into injured hearts. Other studies examined the use of fetal or neonatal cardiomyocytes as donor cells. These latter studies clearly established that exogenous cells can structurally and functionally integrate into the host myocardium. More recently, both embryonic and adult-derived stem cells have been examined for cardiomyogenic differentiation in vitro, and following transplantation into normal and injured hearts. In many instances, markedly different results have been obtained with regards to the degree of cardiomyogenic differentiation with adult stem cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Title: Secure & 2008 Annual Report. · 12 November 2008 DOI: :962483 DuCharme, Lynn [1]; Tohtz, Joel [2] Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks + construction of Dam inundated 125 km of adfluvial trout habitat in the of the and its tributaries, impacting natural fish reproduction and rearing. Rapid residential and commercial growth in the now threaten the best remaining habitats and restrict our opportunities to offset natural resource losses. Hydropower development and other land disturbances caused severe declines in the range and abundance of our focal resident fish species, bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout. Bull trout were listed as threatened in 1998 under the Act and westslope cutthroat were petitioned for listing under ESA. Westslope cutthroat are a species of special concern in Montana and a species of special consideration by the. & Habitat project follows the logical progression towards habitat restoration outlined in the approved by the NWPPC in 1993. This project is also consistent with the 2000 Fish and and the that identifies the protection of habitats for these populations as one of the most critical needs in the subbasin and directs actions to offset habitat losses. basin is one of the fastest growing human population centers in Montana. Riparian habitats are being rapidly developed and subdivided, causing habitat degradation and altering ecosystem functions. Remaining critical habitats in the need to be purchased or protected with conservation easements if westslope cutthroat and bull trout are to persist and expand within the subbasin. In addition, habitats degraded by past land uses need to be restored to maximize the value of remaining habitats and offset losses caused by the construction of Dam. Securing and restoring remaining riparian habitat will benefit fish by shading and moderating water temperatures, stabilizing banks and protecting the integrity of channel dimension, improving woody debris recruitment for in-channel habitat features, producing terrestrial insects and leaf litter for recruitment to the stream, and helping to accommodate and attenuate flood flows. The purpose of this project is to work with willing landowners to protect the best remaining habitats in the Flathead subbasin as identified in the Subbasin Plan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View raw image Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View raw image Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View raw image Fig. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: For example, ESCs carrying a transgene encoding aminoglycoside phosphotransferase under the transcriptional regulation of a cardiomyocyte-restricted promoter were allowed to undergo spontaneous differentiation. Treatment of the cultures with the neomycin analogue G418 resulted in essentially pure (>99%) populations of cardiomyocytes [Klug et al. , 1996]. This selection protocol was readily converted to bioreactor cultures, and more than 109 ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were produced from a 2-liter reactor vessel [Schroeder et al. , 2005]. Murine ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were also enriched via fluorescence-activated cell sorting following transfection of a lineage-restricted fluorescence reporter [Muller et al. , 2000], an approach which has recently been shown to work with human ESCs [Huber et al. , 2007]. Considerable effort has also been invested in identifying combinatorial growth factor treatments which enhance cardiomyogenic differentiation (and consequently, yield) in ESC cultures [for review, see Rubart et al. , 2006]. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that both vascular cells and cardiomyocytes arise from a common progenitor cell in differentiating ESC cultures [Kattman et al. , 2006; Moretti et al. , 2006; Wu et al. , 2006], raising the possibility that transplantation of such cells might result in restoration of contractile cell mass as well as enhanced perfusion of the graft. A number of studies have examined ESC-derived cardiomyocytes following intracardiac engraftment. When transplanted into the heart of normal syngeneic hosts, genetically selected ESC-derived cardiomyocytes survived and formed well-differentiated grafts [Klug et al. , 1996]. Human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes can also engraft following transplantation into normal ventricle. For example, populations of spontaneously contracting human ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (enriched by microdissection) were transplanted into the hearts of pigs with surgically induced complete atrial-ventricular conduction block. Histochemical analyses revealed that the transplanted cells survived, and the presence of pacing activity originating from the site of engraftment was interpreted as being indicative of functional coupling between the donor and host cardiomyocytes [Kehat et al. , 2004].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 2172/962483. Copy to clipboard DuCharme, Lynn, & Tohtz, Joel. Secure & 2008 Annual Report. . United States. Copy to clipboard DuCharme, Lynn, and Tohtz, Joel. 2008. "Secure & 2008 Annual Report. ". United States. Copy to clipboard @1993. This project is also consistent with the 2000 Fish and and the that identifies the protection of habitats for these populations as one of the most critical needs in the subbasin and directs actions to offset habitat losses. basin is one of the fastest growing human population centers in Montana. Riparian habitats are being rapidly developed and subdivided, causing habitat degradation and altering ecosystem functions. Remaining critical habitats in the need to be purchased or protected with conservation easements if westslope cutthroat and bull trout are to persist and expand within the subbasin. In addition, habitats degraded by past land uses need to be restored to maximize the value of remaining habitats and offset losses caused by the construction of Dam. Securing and restoring remaining riparian habitat will benefit fish by shading and moderating water temperatures, stabilizing banks and protecting the integrity of channel dimension, improving woody debris recruitment for in-channel habitat features, producing terrestrial insects and leaf litter for recruitment to the stream, and helping to accommodate and attenuate flood flows. The purpose of this project is to work with willing landowners to protect the best remaining habitats in the Flathead subbasin as identified in the Subbasin Plan. The target areas for land protection activities follow the priorities established in the Flathead subbasin plan and include: (1) Class 1 waters as identified in the Subbasin Plan; (2) Class 2 watersheds as identified in the Subbasin Plan; and (3) 'Offsite mitigation' defined as those Class 1 and Class 2 watersheds that lack connectivity to the mainstem or Flathead Lake. This program focuses on conserving the highest quality or most important riparian or fisheries habitat areas consistent with program criteria. The success of our efforts is subject to a property's actual availability and individual landowner negotiations. The program is guided using biological and project-based criteria that reflect not only the priority needs established in the Flathead subbasin plan, but also such factors as cost, credits, threats, and partners. The implementation of this project requires both an expense and a capital budget to allow work to be completed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. View raw image Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0. 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1290 365 19 PDF Downloads 697 210 11 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Next 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1 Page(s): 1017–1025 09.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Nakamura (2013) Acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration using nerve conduits in combination with induced pluripotent stem cell technology and a basic fibroblast growth factor drug delivery system. J 102: 1370-1378. 25. Kanno, H. , Y. Pressman, A. Moody, R. . Ozawa, E. Itoi, D. D. Pearse, M. B. Bunge (2014) Combination of engineered Schwann cell grafts to secrete neurotrophin and chondroitinase promotes axonal regeneration and locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 34: 1838-1855. 26. Khuong, H. , R. Kumar, F. Senjaya, J. Grochmal, A. Ivanovic, A. Shakhbazau, J. Forden, A. A. Webb, J. Biernaskie, R. Midha (2014) Skin derived precursor Schwann cells improve behavioral recovery for acute and delayed nerve repair. 254: 168-179. 27. Kingham, P. J. , D. F. Kalbermatten, D. Mahay, S. J. Armstrong, M. Wiberg, G. Terenghi (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. 207: 267-274. 28. Liu, G. , Y. Cheng, S. Guo, Y. Feng, Q. Li, H. Jia, Y. Wang, L. Tong, X. Tong (2011) Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve repair. 28: 565-572. 29. Lopatina, T. , N. Kalinina, M. Karagyaur, D. Stambolsky, K. Rubina, A. Revischin, G. Pavlova, Y. Parfyonova, V. Tkachuk (2011) Adipose-derived stem cells stimulate regeneration of peripheral nerves: BDNF secreted by these cells promotes nerve healing and axon growth de novo. PLoS One 6: e17889. 30. Mantovani, C. , D. Mahay, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBiodiversity offsetting typically involves the trade of certain losses of habitat with uncertain future conservation benefits. Predicting the latter requires estimates of two outcomes; the biodiversity losses without conservation management (averted loss), and the biodiversity gains with conservation management (management gain). However, because empirical data to inform these estimates are limited, they are normally guided by expert opinion, often derived via unstructured methods without consideration of uncertainty. Here we used a structured elicitation with 29 experts to gather estimates of averted loss and management gain at offset sites. We used two methods; (i) experts estimated change in an aggregate biodiversity value (vegetation condition) and; (ii) experts provided probabilistic estimates of change for individual vegetation condition attributes, such as the richness and cover of plant growth forms. On average, experts predicted there would be only modest improvements with conservation management, yet uncertainty and variation among experts was large; in some cases, conservation benefits were not predicted. Estimates of change in vegetation condition suggested that benefits were from both averted loss and management gains and were thought to most likely arise in cases where starting condition was low to moderate. Similar patterns were observed for individual vegetation condition attributes, with management gains, relative to a reference, tending to be negatively correlated with starting value. Our study finds that: (i) on average, gains at offset sites are expected to be small, (ii) at many sites, experts do not believe gains can be obtained, and (iii) experts’ opinions can be divergent resulting in elevated levels of uncertainty. The potential for losses under conservation management highlights the need to: identify those components of biodiversity most likely to benefit from conservation management; better understand those situations when offset obligations are most likely to be met and conversely those situations with higher risk; and further develop offset mechanisms that encourage early or prior gains. These findings together with the global proliferation of biodiversity offsetting, provide a strong imperative to improve empirical data and investment in long-term, site-based monitoring of biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. Citation: (2019) Expert predictions of changes in vegetation condition reveal perceived risks in biodiversity offsetting. 14(5): e0216703. : October 10, 2018; Accepted: April 28, 2019; Published: May 8, 2019Copyright: © 2019 Dorrough et al. This is an open access 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 7188179, 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: , diurnal component divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The diurnal component is calculated by summing the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate. Differing from the total rainfall distribution in Fig. 1b, the highest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs along the sharp terrain slope that makes a transition from the low plains to the high plateaus, and the lowest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs over the plains. Figure 2b shows isochrones of the local diurnal precipitation peaks that summarize the location of the phase fronts of diurnal precipitation peaks for different hours in that are shown in Fig. 3. As motivated by Fig. 12 of Carbone et al. (2002), Fig. 4 shows the distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviations averaged along a cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). To highlight the larger-scale variations of diurnal precipitation peaks and to compare directly with a coarse GFS analysis that will be shown in Figs. 5 and 6, a two-dimensional spectral decomposition (Lin and Zhang 2008) has been used to filter signals with horizontal scales of less than 300 km in Figs. 2b and 3, but no filtering is performed in Fig. 4. Figures 2b, 3, and 4 show that a local diurnal precipitation peak starts in early afternoon hours (with maximum solar heating) on or near the top of the Yanshan–ranges. The strongest local diurnal peak is observed on the sharpest terrain slope east of the plateaus in the midafternoon hours [between 1400 and 1700 Beijing time, i. e. , the local standard time (LST), which is 8 h ahead of UTC; Fig. 4], which subsequently moves downslope toward the southeast (Figs. 2b and 4). The peak phase arrives on the plains in late afternoon into the early evening (Fig. 3c) and continuously progresses eastward across the central plains throughout the night (Figs. 3d,e). It approaches the eastern edges of the focus domain at around 0000 UTC (0800 LST), but by this time the diurnal peak begins to lose its identity while daylight returns the next morning (Fig. 3f). There also exists a secondary precipitation maximum over the eastern plains during the late afternoon hours (Figs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: Res > (3); 2022 > 152. Published online: Dec 28, 2022 DOI: of Sleep on in 1, Mahyar Mirzazadeh, MD2, Nima Radmanesh, MD2 1Departement of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2School of Medicine, of of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, of Medical Sciences, Bahonar street, Qazvin 3419915315, +98-9122815917 Fax +98-2833697921 E-mail m. soleimannezhad@qums. ac. ir 24, 2022 30, 2022 15, 2022Copyright© 2022 Society of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. role of night sleep in learning and consolidating memory has been mentioned and researched in many studies. Different tools have been used to determine the effect of sleep. However, this kind of research in the Iranian population is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the role of sleep in immediate and late learning of new words of second language in a number of English language learners. Persian males aged 18–35 years old participated in our study in two groups. The first group completed learning steps at 8–10 AM and repeated the test after 12 hours. The second group performed the initial stages of learning at 8–10 PM and repeated the test next morning. Everyone completed the Persian version for evaluating their sleep habits during last month and the effect of their sleep habits on achieved task scores. of the number of recalled words (NRW) between the two groups showed a significant difference (p-value < 0. 001) with better performance in night group. The NRW during the second stage was positively influenced by better subjective sleep quality, lower sleep latency, higher sleep efficiency, and more sleep duration significantly (p-value < 0. 05). There was no significant relationship of NRW with sleep disorders, sleep medications, or daytime dysfunction. night sleep could improve late learning of second language in our research subjects. Sleep quality, latency in falling asleep, and subjective sleep quality might play a role in this learning process. Key words: Delayed recall, Foreign language, Immediate recall, a second language is required to communicate with the international community.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: 6084/m9. figshare. 7188158, 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 7188116). Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionGlobally, there is increasing adoption of no net loss (NNL) policies and biodiversity offsetting for managing the impacts of human development on biodiversity [1, 2]. Under these schemes the stated objectives are usually to “offset” the residual negative impacts of development activities (those remaining after avoidance and minimisation of impact) by securing and managing habitat at another location with the intent to improve habitat quality or increasing the population size of target species [2]. Improvements, or “gains”, at those locations are expected to result from active management of threats and pressures (e. g. control of invasive plant species, better control of grazing by domestic and feral herbivores, reduction in water extraction for irrigation, cessation of fertiliser application) and from restoration (typically replanting or re-introduction of missing biodiversity elements). Notwithstanding broader concerns about biodiversity offsetting and the trading of nature [3], the contribution of offsets to the success of NNL objectives requires that gains are additional to any that might be expected in the absence of the offsets [1, 4], the gain is secured (i. e. on-going threat management and adequate protected status) [1] and the risks of not meeting the expected gains are minimised [1, 2]. A major challenge for NNL is that the biodiversity trades usually require exchange of known, certain losses with uncertain future gains [5]. To minimise risk, it has been argued that the offset gains should be achieved prior to the development impact [5, 6] but offset schemes almost always rely on gains being achieved after the development impact. This requires the ability to predict change, and real ecological consequences hinge on the accuracy of those predictions. Maron and colleagues [7] proposed a simple model for estimating the total future benefit of conservation actions based on estimating the change in the biodiversity indicator with and without an offset (Fig 1). Total benefit is the sum of two separate components, management gain (MG) and averted loss (AL). Management gain is estimated as the future improvement relative to the current value at t0 (MG = future value with offset–current value).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 3b–d and 4), implying a semidiurnal rainfall cycle over these areas as was also noted by Yu et al. (2007). The averaged phase propagation speed toward the southeast starting from the top of the mountain ranges is approximately 13 m s−1, which is similar to that of a 14 m s−1 eastward speed in Carbone et al. (2002, their Fig. 2), except that the phase propagation is more coherent in the current study (Fig. 4). Note that Fig. 4 also shows the presence of two parallel, smaller-scale peaks within the primary diurnal peak phase in the plains, separated by ∼100 km in horizontal distance and ∼3 h in time, which is not visible in the filtered maps in Fig. 3. Parallel to the diurnal precipitation peak phase line, there is also a southwest–northeast belt of daily precipitation minimum visible at nearly all hours. The minimum phase is most pronounced at the top the Yanshan–ranges right after midnight, at the sharpest terrain slope during early morning hours, and on the plains in the late morning through early afternoon hours (Figs. 3 and 4). 4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks The speed of phase propagation and the relationship between the local diurnal precipitation maxima and minima may be related to the diurnal variation of a regional-scale, mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation induced by differential heating between the high mountain ranges and the plains over this region. This is evident by examining the mean GFS analysis averaged through the same warm-season months of 2003–09 shown in Figs. 5 –6. The evolution of the MPS circulation over the and the adjacent plains of the United States, along with its impacts on summertime precipitation and other weather phenomena, has been extensively studied (e. g. , Tripoli and Cotton 1989; Wolyn and McKee 1994; Zhang and Koch 2000; Koch et al. 2001; Carbone and Tuttle 2008). Figure 5 shows the low-level (900 hPa) vertical motions and perturbation wind vectors at each GFS analysis averaged over 2003–09. Figure 6 shows the corresponding averaged vertical motions, or the perturbation vertical circulation vectors averaged along the same northwest–southeast cross section as in Figs. 1c and 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: This is a testament to the growing importance of learning a second language [1]. Memorizing words and ability to remember them play an important role in learning a new language. According to scientific documents and research, long-term and short-term memory both play an important role in learning new words in a language other than the mother tongue [2]. Over the years, several factors such as sleep, nutrition, and exercise that are effective in enhancing or weakening the memory have been identified [3]. Among various factors mentioned, sleep has a more prominent role than other factors. In many research studies, roles of sleep components have been specifically addressed. Among these components, the duration of sleeping, the time it takes for a person to fall asleep, and the time of the day and night when a person sleeps have been very carefully considered. According to the Foundation, 7–8 hours of sleep is essential for adults because it plays a key role in the normal functioning of the central nervous system and cognitive functions. Studies have shown that getting enough sleep after learning can increase the retention of explicit information and allow new information to be processed and stabilized without the intervention of the sensory system [2]. In recent years, many studies have looked at the role of sleep as a factor in memory. Sleep patterns, how long you sleep, when you fall asleep, and when you wake up are all factors that can affect memory [4,5]. Kurdziel and Spencer [6] dealt with the category of sleep and its role in learning. They studied stages of learning and remembering words of a second language in two groups. One group performed these stages during waking hours and another group performed these stages after night sleep. Their results showed a better ability to remember words and their meanings in the group re-tested after a good night’s sleep. Their study emphasized the role of sleep as a memory enhancer [6]. A large-scale systematic review of more than 450 sleep-related research projects has emphasized sleep’s role in strengthening memory in human and animal models [7]. Another study has clearly described the significant role of a short sleep period of 60 to 90 minutes in enhancing memory-dependent perceptual skills [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Averted loss is estimated in relation to a counterfactual, those changes in biodiversity that are predicted to have occurred if the site were not managed to deliver an offset [1], and is the absolute expected future losses that would occur in the absence of an offset (AL = current value–future value without offset). The choice and quantification of the counterfactual is fundamental to estimating the potential benefits arising from conservation actions at offset sites. In most cases the counterfactual is assumed to be an on-going background rate of decline in biodiversity [8]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. The total benefit of implementing conservation management is the sum of averted losses and additional gains above the current value. The top solid line represents trends in conservation value with offset and the lower solid line represents the trends under the counterfactual. While our eli10. 1371/journal. pone. 0216703. g001Much attention has been paid to the principles underlying NNL [2, 9, 10], but relatively little to the actual quantification of changes under offset schemes [2]. This is surprising given the predicted magnitude of change is often used directly to determine the scope of the offset in the field (e. g. its size and the degree of investment in its management). Because the outcomes of conservation management and restoration are highly variable, hard to predict and difficult to generalise [11, 12], the risks of not achieving adequate compensatory gains, within an appropriate time-frame, can be considerable. Estimating plausible future values and the uncertainty around them is a requirement in some offset schemes [13–15], although in other circumstances offset schemes use fixed multipliers or “rules of thumb” rather than explicit estimates [16]. Importantly, because estimates are rarely derived in a structured and consistent manner they are open to manipulation and inconsistency [17]. While acknowledgment of this issue is widespread, few studies have attempted to quantify the ecological outcomes of conservation management at offset sites in part because of a lack of generalisable data, models or monitoring of sufficient duration [10]. Because we have little data to inform predictions of future changes in biodiversity value, expert elicitation becomes a useful tool for developing hypotheses for where and when offsets have greatest potential for generating benefits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, because of the decrease of boundary layer friction and turbulent mixing that results in the absence of solar heating, a perturbation low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet has fully developed (Figs. 5c and 6c). This enhances the low-level warm-, moist-air advection from the southwest as well as low-level lifting, both of which are likely responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the plains (Fig. 3e). By now, strong downslope flows (Fig. 6c) have led to a precipitation minimum over the slopes and foothills (Fig. 3e). A low-level southerly nocturnal jet, parallel to the mountain ranges, is also widely observed over the of the (e. g. , Bonner 1968) and has at least in part been a cause of nocturnal precipitation maxima (e. g. , Higgins et al. 1997). At 0000 UTC (0800 LST), a few hours after sunrise, the upward branch of the remnant MPS circulation remains over the central plains but is substantially weakened while the perturbation low-level southwesterly jet has been completely replaced by the north-northwesterly downslope winds (Figs. 5d and 6d). There is only a very weak signature of the diurnal precipitation peak associated with this upward branch. The minimum precipitation phase is observed over most of the focus domain, except at the eastern corner where the ocean has a strong influence (Fig. 3f). The above diagnosis performed with the GFS analysis demonstrates a strong connection between the evolution of peak diurnal precipitation and the upward branch of an MPS circulation, progressing southeastward from the top of the mountain ranges in the early afternoon to the central Plains in the early morning. The 13 m s−1 propagation speed and direction correspond to a midtropospheric steering level at around 500 hPa (not shown).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: Due to the importance of learning new words in a second language (generally English) in Iran, the challenge of remembering new words, and the lack of a comprehensive study in Iran, we decided to investigate the role of sleep in stabilizing memory and learning new words of a second language (English) in Persian speakers using the methodology described by Kurdziel and Spencer [6]. In this study 45 words were drawn from the Project database. Participants were divided into two groups. Subjects completed two sessions of study. Four experimental phases were spread across two sessions (passive encoding, active encoding, and immediate recall occurring during session 1 and delayed recall during session 2). The wake group started Session 1 in the morning (between 8–10 AM). Session 2 was performed 12 hours later in the evening. The sleep group started Session 1 in the evening (between 8–10 PM). Session 2 occurred 12 hours later in the following morning. All participants’ sleep parameters were evaluated by and Scale (SSS). This research showed that sleep not only promoted newly learned word-definition pair’s retention, but also facilitated the retention of items that were inaccurate but close to correct. By designing this study, we tried to provide useful suggestions for Persian-speaking people to learn English with a high efficiency. study was performed using the methodology described in the study of Kurdziel and Spencer [6]. Forty Persian-speaking male adults aged between 18 and 35 years who were learning English as their second language with an intermediate English language level with at least six hours of sleep at night participated in this study. They were learning English in an English language school. After meeting them in person and explaining the study process, they decided to participate in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups by the head of the educational institution. Subjects had no history of neurological diseases or sleep disorders. They had an average of six hours of sleep a night. They did not take any medications that might interfere with their sleep process. For this study, individuals were randomly divided into two groups. The first group learned new words between 8 and 10 in the morning. Cognitive assignments and second stage tests were performed between 8 and 10 in the evening. group learned new words between 8 and 10 PM. Cognitive tasks of the first stage were performed at night. Cognitive measurements of the second stage were performed between 8 and 10 in the next morning after sleeping at night. The researchers had no role in this random selection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: Expert judgment is heavily relied upon in many areas of environmental decision making, especially when knowledge is incomplete, there is substantial uncertainty and urgent predictions are required, precluding reliance on long-term experiments or monitoring [18]. Most elements of offset design are dependent to some extent on belief, opinion and value judgement, and informal expert opinion guides many aspects of NNL policies (i. e. choice of metrics, equivalency and location rules, predictions of benefits from conservation actions, estimates of uncertainty and time lags). However, rarely are offset provisions informed by a structured and explicit elicitation of opinion and belief, which considers variation and uncertainty. Here we report the results of an expert elicitation with 29 vegetation field ecologists, practitioners, research scientists and ecological consultants on their predictions about the likely changes in biodiversity indicators in response to management of threats and pressures at hypothetical biodiversity offset sites. While expert opinion will not substitute for empirical data, it can highlight important sources of variation and provide useful guidance for identifying when and where offsetting has most potential for success but also where we should be most wary, and where empirical data are most urgently needed. We expected large variation among experts in their absolute predictions, but we hypothesised that experts would share similar opinions about those attributes and scenarios where benefits from offsetting would most likely accrue. and selection of experts Our aim was to select a pool of experts who had extensive practical and/or theoretical knowledge of vegetation dynamics in south-eastern Australia. From an initial pool of 94 native vegetation professionals, 39 experts were invited to self-rate their experience in vegetation survey and monitoring through an online questionnaire and asked to participate in one of three two-day workshops (see S1 File). In total, 37 experts completed the online survey, and 29 attended the workshops. The focal ecosystem Our online survey revealed that most experts had experience in the ecology, management and monitoring of grassy woodlands (S1 File) and for this reason we chose to primarily focus the elicitation on this ecosystem. During the workshops opinions were also elicited for other vegetation types, although results did not reveal differences among them (S2 File). The focal ecosystem for the eli1. Individual vegetation condition attributes that formed the basis for the structured elicitation. The elicitation We used two separate approaches to elicit expert opinions about current values and future values in vegetation condition. Firstly, we captured expert point predictions about the current and future aggregate condition of a vegetation patch.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Geophys. Res. , 104, 6377– 6402. )| falseSearch 744. Dai, A. , X. Lin and K-L. Hsu 2007: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes. Climate Dyn. , 29, 727– 744. )| falseSearch 507. Higgins, R. W. , Y. Yao E. S. Yarosh J. E. Janowiak and K. C. Mo 1997: Influence of the low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate, 10, 481– 507. )| falseSearch 3105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. Janowiak, J. E. , V. E. Kousky and R. J. Joyce 2005: Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses. J. Geophys. Res. , 110, D23105. doi:10. 1029/2005JD006156. )| falseSearch 503. Joyce, R. J. , J. E. Janowiak P. A. Arkin and P. Xie 2004: : A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydrometeor. , 5, 487– 503. )| falseSearch 933. Koch, S. E. , F. Zhang M. L. Kaplan Y-L. Lin R. Weglarz and C. M. Trexler 2001: Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain–plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 909– 933. )| falseSearch 2415. Lin, Y. , and F. Zhang 2008: Tracking mesoscale gravity waves in baroclinic jet-front systems. J. Atmos. Sci. , 65, 2402– 2415. )| falseSearch 168. Qian, W. , H. Kang and D. Lee 2002: Distribution of seasonal rainfall in Monsoon region. Theor. Appl. Climatol. , 73, 151– 168.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of the relationship between the mean score of subjective quality of sleep scale with the mean error rate of early LD in all participants showed a significant decrease in the number of words memorized in people who had a poor quality of sleep (p = 0. 03). After examining the correlation between quality indicators of sleep in the Pittsburgh questionnaire on immediate and delay recalls of words in two groups of tests separately, it was found that subjective quality of sleep, sleep duration more than 5 hours and 45 minutes, and no delay in falling asleep had some positive but insignificant effects on the amount of immediate recall in the two groups. On the other hand, the duration of adequate sleep had a significant effect on the amount of vocabulary delay recall in the second group (p = 0. 007, r = -0. 581) (Table 3). Results of analyzing the effect of subjective sleep quality on the error rate of delayed LD showed that although the average number of delayed LD errors was lower in people with adequate sleep quality, this difference was not statistically significant. Analyzing the effect of sleep duration on delayed LD error showed a significant LD error difference between people with appropriate sleep length and those with an inappropriate sleep length (f = 9. 1, df = 1, p = 0. 005). Repeated measure analysis of variance (Greenhause-gaseer: df = 14, f = 3. 92, p-value = 0. 002) showed that people who slept more than 5 hours and 45 minutes could remember more words than those who slept less in the second stage of the test (Fig. 1). general result of the present study showed an effect of night sleep on the level of recall of new English words in Persian speaking people. Results of the Stanford questionnaire indicated that study participants did not have drowsiness while doing their homework. Therefore, the role of drowsiness was not analyzed in this study. However, some indicators listed in the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire showed significant effects on the elevation of LD error rate. People who had poor quality of sleep and those who had sleep duration of less than 5 hours and 45 minutes committed more LD errors. As a final result, a good sleep could significantly reduce the LD error rate. Several factors have been identified to be able to strengthen memory, resulting in people’s ability to remember words, which is an important part of the language learning process. One of these factors is sleep. Recent studies have focused a lot on sleep as an important factor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: This approach has been shown to usefully capture complex belief models of existing habitat value [29, 30], though the method has not yet been extended to future predictions. This elicitation exercise was completed by all 29 experts. Secondly, we elicited from twenty-five experts, the probability densities of future values of individual vegetation attributes. To do this we used the trial roulette or histogram method [31], which allowed experts to graphically generate a probability histogram to represent their belief about future values. We used this approach to extract the maximum information about central tendency, the range of predicted values, and the degree of spread. Evaluating current and future aggregate vegetation condition. Our approach followed that of Sinclair and colleagues [29, 30] in that experts were asked to rank and score synthetic WSGW vegetation patches (‘sites’), based on their current and future contributions to persistence of biodiversity, assuming this could be captured by a single aggregate value representing vegetation condition. et al. [29, 30] our primary aim was not to generate a metric for predicting vegetation condition but rather to explore expert opinion about change in the aggregate value over time. We sought to examine whether experts generated consistent current and future estimates for comparable sites and identify those covariates correlated with their predicted changes. A pool of 64 synthetic WSGW sites, each assumed to be 2ha, was informed by available full-floristic plot data for this bioregional vegetation type in the NSW BioNet database (www. bionet. nsw. gov. au). Each site description included an estimate of native vegetation cover within a 1. 5km radius of the patch, the percent cover of invasive alien plant species [32], total alien plant ground cover, the dominant plant species in each of five growth forms (trees, shrub, forbs, grasses, ferns) and the current values of each of the 13 vegetation attributes (Table 1, see example in S3 File). Experts were asked to assume that these data had been estimated from a randomly placed 20m x 20m plot (richness and foliage cover of each growth form) or 20m x 50 m plot (habitat structure attributes). The 64 sites covered a wide range of conditions including those representing species-rich remnants through to disturbed patches dominated by exotic vegetation. Experts were each provided with a randomly-drawn subset of 10 sites and five that were common to all experts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: )| falseSearch 2461. Trier, S. B. , C. A. Davis D. A. Ahijevych M. L. Weisman and G. H. Bryan 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. , 63, 2437– 2461. )| falseSearch 328. Tripoli, G. J. , and W. R. Cotton 1989: Numerical study of an observed orogenic mesoscale convective system. Part II: Analysis of governing dynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 305– 328. )| falseSearch 419. Wallace, J. M. , 1975: Diurnal variations in precipitation and thunderstorm frequency over the conterminous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 406– 419. )| falseSearch 1629. Wang, C. C. , G. T. J. Chen and R. E. Carbone 2004: A climatology of warm-season cloud patterns over east Asia based on GMS infrared brightness temperature observations. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 132, 1606– 1629. )| falseSearch 1508. Wolyn, P. G. , and T. B. McKee 1994: The mountain–plains circulation east of a 2-km-high north–south barrier. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 122, 1490– 1508. )| falseSearch 1170. Yin, S. , D. Chen and Y. Xie 2009: Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China. Int. J. Climatol. , 29, 1154– 1170. )| falseSearch 1704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. Yu, R. , T. Zhou and A. Xiong 2007: Diurnal variation of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L01704. doi:10. 1029/2006GL028129. )| falseSearch 2796. Zhang, F. , and S. E. Koch 2000: Numerical simulation of a gravity wave event observed during CCOPE. Part II: Wave generation by an orographic density current. Mon. Wea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: The effect of sleep on language learning has been examined with several contents such as lexical learning [4], speech recognition [13], the role of sleep in the consolidation of newly learned data’s [14], and so on. Sleep deprivation is also one of the most important problems that can cause functional disorders in people and children’s concentration, as a fundamental issue in schools [15-17]. Effects of sleep deprivation are usually ignored as they are usually partial and end with sleep. The duration of sleep deprivation and its recurrence over a short period of time can increase the burden of problems. Buxton et al. [18] have shown that sleeping between sessions can enhance inter-session learning. They found that this method could be a simple and reliable method to achieve a long reading and reminder with less time for study. In their study, results of reading in two turns (after one week and after six months) were evaluated and the optimal effect of sleep on reading was proven [19], which was in line with results of the present study showing that the number of recalled words in the second stage of the second group showed a very significant difference in new words recall after night session in comparison with morning session. Effects of sleep on learning and memory have been proven by demonstrating structural changes using non-invasive neuroimaging methods in the brain which emphasizes the effect of sleep on memory processes [20], consistent with results of the present study showing that the sleep process plays a role in vocabulary recall. Additional studies are needed to investigate relationships of memory stabilization stages with short-wave sleep and REM sleep periods. In some studies, the effect of early and late sleep on visual memory has been investigated. SWS waves have been effective in early sleep and REM memory in late sleep. Visual memory is more affected by early sleep and in fact, the formation of visual memory is more simultaneous with SWS waves [8]. Due to the lack of polysomnography documents in the current study, it is not possible to provide comparable results with the above-mentioned study. A previous study by Kurdziel and Spencer [6] on the relationship between sleep and memory has shown that volunteers who take the first three phases of the test at night and the fourth phase 12 hours later (and at least 6 hours after a nap) can recall more words than volunteers who have completed the first three steps at 8 AM and completed the fourth step 12 hours later without a nap.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: The five common sites were selected a priori by the authors and were assumed to represent a range from expected high through to expected low quality. Experts were not aware that their set included five common sites. These five sites were included to ensure that all experts were considering sites across the full spectrum of variation in the ecosystem, as a means of calibrating their judgements [29, 30]. The experts were initially asked to rank the sites in order of current value to persistence of biodiversity, not considering costs of management or potential for future changes (improvement or degradation) in the vegetation. Experts were then asked to provide each site with a vegetation condition score out of 100 where 100 represented highest value and 0 held no value to biodiversity. Experts were told that multiple sites could be given the same score, that scores could be distributed in any way they desired and that values of 0 and 100 did not have to be used. Following estimation of current value, experts were asked to provide estimates of the vegetation condition score (out of 100) 20 years into the future. Experts were asked to estimate a future vegetation condition score for each site assuming they were managed under an offset agreement. An offset agreement was assumed to require that the site was permanently secured for conservation management and that all major site-based threats and pressures were managed, if practicable, to maximise biodiversity outcomes. This was assumed to include monitoring and management of weeds and exotic pests, management or exclusion of livestock grazing as appropriate to best achieve conservation outcomes, implementation of appropriate fire regimes and retention of all fallen timber and dead trees. Experts were asked to assume no seeding or supplementary planting were undertaken. This combination of management activities is typical of current mandatory offset obligations under the 2016 [33]. Experts at both the 2nd and 3rd workshops (16 experts) were also asked to provide a future condition score which reflected their best estimate if the sites in question were managed under a business as usual (BAU) scenario. BAU assumed a continuation of existing management practices. Trial roulette elicitation of individual vegetation attribute probability distributions. The trial roulette method was used to obtain an expert’s distribution of predicted future outcomes for individual vegetation attributes under a BAU scenario and with a biodiversity offset.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Rev. , 128, 2777– 2796. )| falseSearch 4010. Zhou, T. , R. Yu H. Chen A. Dai and Y. Pan 2008: Summer precipitation frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle over China: A comparison of satellite data with rain gauge observations. J. Climate, 21, 3997– 4010. )| falseSearch 1. (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation, especially when learning new skills or information. [SEP] Text: Results of the present study are in line with the study on the role of sleep in learning words with lexical similarity by Dumay and Gaskell [4]. They emphasized that words learned at 8 pm after 12 hours (after a night’s sleep) could induce vocabulary competition correctly and that subjects could memorize words in the medium term and long term. However, when here is no night-time sleep after learning, this process was transferred to 24 hours later (after establishing a night-time sleep period) [4]. In line with these findings, some studies have carefully examined effects of insomnia on learning a new language. For example, Pilcher et al. [21] have conducted a study on non-English speakers using several cognitive and linguistic tests and found that sleep deprivation has a negative impact on linguistic abilities. Results obtained in the present study are somewhat in line with results reported previous, especially those using Pittsburgh sleep quality indicators. Of course, the above studies are different in terms of inclusion criteria and implementation method, including the degree of difficulty of words and observing the exact hours of sleep, sample size, age of subjects, length of delayed reading time, and so on. However, most studies have observed a significant effect of adequate sleep on memory stabilization. Differences in results are partly due to differences in implementation methods and human errors or the boredom of candidates in answering questions of the questionnaires which are unavoidable in human studies. Conclusion Overall, based on results of this study, it seems that having a good night’s sleep is effective in improving and stabilizing memory. Mental quality of sleep, delay in falling asleep, duration of sleep, and quality of sleep can also have a significant impact on this process. Analytical analysis of PQSI questionnaire results showed that people with enough sleep (more than 5 hours and 45 minutes of sleep) a night have a much better ability to read delayed than people with insufficient sleep. This shows the effect of sleep on memory stabilization. Our findings support the hypothesis that more second language words can be recorded in immediate and delayed memory along with adequate sleep time. We recommend the use of results of the present study to non-native language teaching institutions in order to improve the practicality of educational results. study is a human-based research study. We had some limitations about controlling the whole issue especially when tests were done in their home. Thus, we tried to have phone consultation for running the test using the right methodology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: The scenarios for which future values were elicited are summarised in Table 2. For each scenario experts were provided with brief descriptions of a hypothetical 2ha site, including starting values of each of the vegetation attributes, monthly rainfall (median, 10th and 90th percentiles), estimates of the cover of invasive alien plant species, and dominant species in each growth form (see example in S3 File). Experts were asked to assume that the site occurred within a landscape with >70% native vegetation cover (in a 1. 5km buffer around each patch) but was not within the current nature conservation estate. Each site was assumed to represent a relatively homogenous area of the same vegetation type and similar condition state. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. The three (WSGW) scenarios for which future values of 13 vegetation attributes were elicited (also see S3 File). one WSGW scenario, experts were asked to predict changes in the vegetation attributes after 20 years of BAU management, and assuming the patch was instead secured and managed as a biodiversity offset. This enabled calculation of averted loss, management gain and total benefit as per Fig 1. For all remaining scenarios, experts were only asked to make predictions assuming that patches were secured as biodiversity offsets, and so only management gain was calculated. This approach was taken to reduce expert fatigue during the workshops. We compared estimates of management gain among each of the three WSGW scenarios to see whether starting conditions influenced expert predictions. Data analysis Aggregate vegetation condition. Management gain was estimated for each of the expert’s 15 vegetation patches. For those where BAU outcomes were estimated then averted loss and total benefit were also calculated. The distribution of expert evaluations for each of the 64 vegetation patches were inspected using box and whisker plots, sorting individual sites by their median current vegetation condition. We used boosted regression trees (BRT) with the gbm. step function in the packages gbm [36] and dismo [37] within R [38] to undertake exploratory analysis of current vegetation condition, management gain, averted loss and total benefit. Covariates included all 13 vegetation attributes, landscape vegetation cover, invasive alien plant cover, total alien plant cover and expert identity. For models of management gain, averted loss and total benefit we included each expert's estimate of current vegetation condition as an additional covariate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 4. Distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviation without filtering averaged along the cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). The dashed arrows show the southeastward phase propagation of the diurnal precipitation peaks. The time axis is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the 900-hPa vertical motions (colored) and perturbation wind vectors diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima) as in Fig. 3. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 6. Vertical profiles of the averaged vertical motion (colored; cm s−1), the perturbation vertical circulation vectors (horizontal wind component along the cross section and 100 times the vertical velocity), and the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the cross section (contoured in blue every 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions, including attention, decision-making, and learning ability. [SEP] Text: periods of sleep loss have long-lasting consequences such as impaired memory consolidation. Structural changes in synaptic connectivity have been proposed as a substrate of memory storage. Here, we examine the impact of brief periods of sleep deprivation on dendritic structure. In mice, we find that five hours of sleep deprivation decreases dendritic spine numbers selectively in hippocampal area CA1 and increased activity of the filamentous actin severing protein cofilin. Recovery sleep normalizes these structural alterations. Suppression of cofilin function prevents spine loss, deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and impairments in long-term memory caused by sleep deprivation. The elevated cofilin activity is caused by cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase-4A5 (PDE4A5), which hampers cAMP-PKA-LIMK signaling. Attenuating PDE4A5 function prevents changes in cAMP-PKA-LIMK-cofilin signaling and cognitive deficits associated with sleep deprivation. Our work demonstrates the necessity of an intact cAMP-PDE4-PKA-LIMK-cofilin activation-signaling pathway for sleep deprivation-induced memory disruption and reduction in hippocampal spine density. eLife digest The demands of modern society means that millions of people do not get sufficient sleep on a daily basis. Sleep deprivation, even if only for brief periods, can impair learning and memory. In many cases, this impairment appears to be related to changes in the activity of a brain region called the hippocampus. However, the exact processes responsible for producing the effects of sleep deprivation remain unclear. During learning or forming a new memory, the connections between the relevant neurons in the brain change. Havekes et al. found that depriving mice of sleep for just five hours dramatically reduced the connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus. This reduction is caused by the increased activity of cofilin, a protein that breaks down the actin filaments that shape the connections between neurons. Havekes et al. then used a virus to introduce an inactive version of cofilin into hippocampal neurons to suppress the activity of the naturally present cofilin. This manipulation prevented both the loss of the connections between neurons and the memory deficits normally associated with sleep deprivation. Havekes et al. also found that recovery sleep leads to the re-wiring of neurons in the hippocampus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity offsetting can fully restore any lost habitat to its original condition. [SEP] Text: We limited BCa to a maximum value of 1 when Va ≥ Ra, which is a common assumption in assessing the relative quality of habitat or biodiversity [14]. While an attribute could continue to accrue above the reference value this may or may not represent an actual “gain” in biodiversity value. For each biodiversity attribute the averted loss, management gain and total benefit of the proposed offset can then be estimated relative to the reference on a scale of 0–1. For each vegetation attribute, in a specific scenario, we combined estimates of BC across all experts. We did this by firstly taking 80–85 random draws from each expert's elicited probability distributions for the reference state, future with offset and future under business as usual (if estimated for that starting scenario). For each attribute we then estimated BC for the starting state (BCstart), business as usual (BCbau) and future with offset (BCoffset) and also calculated averted loss (AL = BCstart—BCbau), management gain (MG = BCoffset-BCstart) and total benefit (TB = AL + MG) for each of the randomly drawn samples. Individual expert random samples of AL, MG and TB were then pooled, resulting in approximately 2100 randomly sampled estimates for each vegetation condition attribute that considered variation within and among each expert. Using these data, we explored, for a moderate condition WSGW, the distribution of AL, MG and TB for each vegetation attribute, except fern richness and cover. Ferns were excluded because they were often absent or of very low cover in expert reference distributions. We graphically explored variation in AL and MG for each attribute among individual experts and examined whether individual experts tended to be generally optimistic or pessimistic about future attribute trends, or whether their opinions differed depending on the attribute and management scenario (BAU or managed as an offset). We finally examined the distribution of MG in relation to BCstart for each attribute, except fern cover and richness, among WSGWs with differing attribute starting values (Table 2, S3 File). These starting values approximated the authors interpretations of a WSGW in a remnant, lightly or ungrazed, unfertilized state; a WSGW in a moderately grazed state; and a heavily grazed and fertilized WSGW. aggregate measure of biodiversity value, vegetation condition Initial vegetation condition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: 5 m s−1, where solid indicates southwesterlies and dashed indicates northwesterlies) along the direction from northwest to southeast averaged as in Figs. 1c and 4 diagnosed with the GFS analyses at (a) 0600, (b) 1200, (c) 1800, and (d) 0000 UTC. The red solid curves show the averaged normalized diurnal precipitation deviation, with the red dashed straight line as the zero value. Analysis fields below the ground are masked with light-gray shadings. Citation: Review 138, 4; 10. 1175/2010MWR3356. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter Abstract1. Introduction2. Precipitation dataset and mean3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation4. Discussion on diurnal propagation and nocturnal precipitation peaks5. Conclusions 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E.

Output: pass