Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Investment in signaling molecules may also reflect negative effects of OA on transmembrane signaling, perhaps by damaging the membrane or cytoskeleton (e. g. due to oxidative stress [91]), or by decreasing signaling molecule binding affinity [131, 132]. Investment in the nervous system may be necessary to fortify systems that monitor conditions in the environment. A gene coding for the protein “pinocchio”, which was upregulated in severe OA, is expressed in the antenna of some arthropods (e. g. fruit fly, [133]), and acts as a chemosensory receptor [133, 134]. OA-associated carapace dissolution around neuritic canals is correlated with damaged setae in larval Dungeness crab or their underdevelopment [135]. Setae are important sensory structures which are innervated with chemo- and mechano-receptors [136]. Further, OA can alter the response of crabs to chemosensory cues suggesting a reduction in their ability to detect such cues [137]. The heavy investment in neurogenesis found here may be one way that OA-reared crab counteract the negative effects of OA to external sensory structures. Genes involved in negative regulation of growth and cell proliferation were also upregulated in OA conditions (Fig 4A). Differentially upregulated genes included negative growth regulators Menin, Brain tumor protein, and Forkhead box protein O (FOXO). FOXO is a transcription factor that specifically inhibits growth in response to cellular stressors, including oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation [138], and may therefore be one regulatory mechanism connecting oxidative stress with OA exposure [5] and decreased growth rate previously seen in juvenile red king crab and related species [25, 50, 51]. Interestingly, our supporting study did not find any effects of OA on growth measured throughout the larval stages and into the early juvenile stage. Had treatments continued it is possible that growth through the juvenile stage could have been impacted. Alternatively, negative growth regulators could reflect increased cellular response to DNA damage caused by OA. For example, FOXO negatively regulates growth by promoting cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and detoxification, and apoptosis [139], which may be needed in OA conditions due to damage from oxidative stress [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: With its preferential killing ability, PAC may provide a potential for improving oral cancer therapy without a cytotoxic side effect to normal oral cells. The future studies will be to combine cisplatin with this new curcumin analog (PAC), to normalize cisplatin side effects and potential drug resistance on oral cancer. AbbreviationsBcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2. CDKI: Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. DMSO: Dimethyl Sulfoxide. EMT: Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. FBS: Serum. FCS: Serum. GSH: Glutathione. GEC: Cells. LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Y1)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide. MEK/ERK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase. MMP: Potential. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B. OC-SCC: Carcinoma. PAC: (3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone). PARP1: Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1. ROS: Species. SD: Standard Deviation. DeclarationsConflicts of Interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest. Authors’ contributions: AS conducted all experiments, analyzed, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. CC conducted western blotting experiments. FC is supervisor and finalize the manuscript. BA and IA synthetized PAC All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the Colgate-Palmolive Compagny10. 7860/JCDR/2014/8506. 4560 (2014). Silverman, S. , Jr. Oral cancer: complications of therapy. 88, 122–126, doi:10. 1016/s1079-2104(99)70103-4 (1999). Zheng, J. W. , Qiu, W. L. & Zhang, Z. Y. Combined and sequential treatment of oral and maxillofacial malignancies: an evolving concept and clinical protocol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, P. Chen, Supercapacitor electrode based on three-dimensional graphene-polyaniline hybrid, Mater. Chem. Phys. 134 (2012) 576–580. [82] J. all-solid-state supercapacitors based on highly conductive polypyrrole-coated graphene foam, Chem. Eng. J. 349 (2018) 111–118. [83] C. Xiang, M. Li, M. Zhi, A. Manivannan, N. Wu, A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode, J. 226 (2013) 65–70. [84] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. Chen, 3D graphene-cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [85] Y. He, W. Chen, X. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, C. Zhao, E. Xie, Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 174–182. [86] J. Ji, L. L. Zhang, H. Ji, Y. Li, X. Zhao, X. Bai, X. Fan, F. Zhang, R. S. Ruoff, Nanoporous Ni(OH)2 thin film on 3D ultrathin-graphite foam for asymmetric supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6237–6243. [87] W. Zhou, X. Cao, Z. Zeng, W. Shi, Y. Zhu, Q. Yan, H. Liu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, One-step synthesis of Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures on a three-dimensional graphene network for high-performance supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 2216–2221. [88]. Lee, S. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While this experiment’s three-month exposure is long relative to much of the other research, it would be informative for future studies to extend OA treatments through the full juvenile stage, and where possible sexual maturity, to fully capture effects of OA on growth across life stages. A previous study reported that OA-exposed juvenile red king crab predominantly upregulated genes related to the cuticle [54], which we did not see. On the contrary, five genes coding for cuticle proteins (CP1158 & CPAM119) were downregulated in severe OA-reared crab (but cuticle processes were not enriched). et al. [54] experimental design was similar to the present study in many ways (similar laboratory & OA conditions), but the treatments were shorter in duration (three weeks) and occurred only during the juvenile stage. The transcriptional response of juvenile red king crab may therefore depend on whether they are OA-naive, or if they were previously exposed to OA conditions as larvae. Exposure to OA during early life stages may be particularly impactful, as it can alter an organism’s physiological trajectory [140, 141]. For instance, exposure to OA during oogenesis and embryogenesis positively impacts larval performance in snow crab [142], and negatively affects larval size, morphology, mineral content, and metabolic rate in Tanner crab [143]. Another possible factor influencing the transcriptional response to OA is when red king crab are exposed relative to their molt cycle, which greatly influences gene expression [144, 145]. We sampled juveniles early in the intermolt stage and, because of the design, know that all crabs were sampled at the same stage in the molt cycle (at ~5 days post molt). The crabs sampled by Stillman et al. [54] were not standardized by where they were in the molt cycle, thus possibly capturing some effects of OA on crabs in the early pre-molt stage when the new exoskeleton is being synthesized. A time-series analysis of the transcriptome in varying OA environments, particularly across multiple stages of the molt-cycle, would provide a more integrated view of the crustacean OA response. OA decreases gene expression variability, which is not explained by genetic differences The variability in gene expression was much lower among individuals reared in OA treatments than those reared in ambient pH.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: J (Engl) 121, 1945–1952 (2008). Galluzzi, L. et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene 31, 1869–1883, doi:10. 1038/onc. 2011. 384 (2012). Bansal, R. & Singh, R. Exploring the potential of natural and synthetic neuroprotective steroids against neurodegenerative disorders: A literature review. Rev 38, 1126–1158, doi:10. 1002/med. 21458 (2018). Chhabra, G. et al. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by natural agents: Clinical evidence and potential implications. 422, 9–18, doi:10. 1016/j. canlet. 2018. 02. 025 (2018). Ramana, K. V. , Reddy, A. B. M. , Majeti, N. & Singhal, S. S. of Natural Antioxidants. 2018, 9471051, doi:10. 1155/2018/9471051 (2018). Menon, V. P. & Sudheer, A. R. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. 595, 105–125, doi:10. 1007/978-0-387-46401-5_3 (2007). Amalraj, A. , Pius, A. , Gopi, S. & Gopi, S. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives - A review. J Med 7, 205–233, doi:10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2016. 05. 005 (2017). Mahmood, K. , Zia, K. M. , Zuber, M. , Salman, M. & Anjum, M. N. Recent developments in curcumin and curcumin based polymeric materials for biomedical applications: A review. 81, 877–890, doi:10. 1016/j. ijbiomac. 2015. 09. 026 (2015). Dohare, P. , Varma, S. & Ray, M. Curcuma oil modulates the nitric oxide system response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. 19, 1–11, doi:10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jun, Enhanced symmetric supercapacitive performance of Co(OH)2 nanorods decorated conducting porous graphene foam electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 129 (2014) 334–342. [89] S. Sun, P. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Wu, S. Fang, Fabrication of MnO2/nanoporous 3D graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 145 (2015) 141–144. [90]. facile synthesis of hierarchical α-MnO2 nanofibers on 3D-graphene foam for supercapacitor application, Mater. Lett. 119 (2014) 135–139. [91] W. Deng, Y. Sun, Q. Su, E. Xie, W. Lan, Porous CoO nanobundles composited with 3D graphene foams for supercapacitors electrodes, Mater. Lett. 137 (2014) 124–127. [92] S. Khamlich, T. Khamliche, M. S. Dhlamini, M. Khenfouch, B. M. Mothudi, M. Maaza, Rapid microwave-assisted growth of silver nanop137. [93] W. Wang, S. Guo, I. Lee, K. Ahmed, J. Zhong, Z. Favors, F. Zaera, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, Hydrous ruthenium oxide nanop9. [94] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [95] X. Hong, B. Zhang, E. Murphy, J. Zou, F. Kim, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite film prepared by diffusion driven layer-by-layer assembly for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 343 (2017) 60–66. [96] A. A. Mirghni, D. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This is evident in the PCA constructed from genome-wide expression data (Fig 1), which reveals tighter clustering as OA treatment severity increases. Genes upregulated in OA-reared crabs were also expressed at more consistent levels, particularly in the severe OA-reared crab (Fig 2, Table 4), suggesting the need for highly controlled levels of transcripts that perform critical functions. This tight transcriptional control may reduce the scope for potential responses to other stressors (e. g. warming, pathogens), which could explain synergistic effects of OA and warming on survival reported for red king crab [53]. Given the possibility for genotype-specific gene expression influencing our transcriptional results, we investigated whether genetic composition differed among OA treatments (i. e. did larvae from only a few families survive in OA treatments). We found no evidence of genetic differences among treatments—samples did not cluster by treatment in the genetic PCA (Fig 1, S2 Fig), and no families were over- or under-represented in any treatment. The constricted gene expression pattern observed in juveniles reared in OA treatments therefore is not likely attributed to genotype-specific expression, but is a plastic response to OA conditions that is consistent across many families. This may reflect a lack of standing genetic variability that is needed to fuel rapid adaptation to OA [146], as transcriptional variability and other measures of phenotypic plasticity in response to OA may be associated with the tolerance of a species or population [147], or their potential for adaptive selection [148]. It must be noted that our genetic analysis is limited to variants within transcribed genes, and therefore may not fully capture variation across the genome. As the OA literature continues to mature, closer attention should be paid to transcriptional variability among OA-exposed organisms, and how it relates to the species’ tolerance. ConclusionRed king crab juveniles are quite sensitive to short-term OA exposure, even when compared to closely related species [50, 86]. When reared in OA from hatching through the early juvenile stage, however, typical response metrics (growth, development, survival) are unaffected [55], suggesting a shift in molecular mechanisms that enable OA tolerance. Our findings reveal that red king crab reared in OA conditions have a narrowed, possibly optimized, set of gene functions that may reflect physiological reprogramming for the OA environment [149].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Chainoglou, E. & Hadjipavlou-Litina, D. Curcumin analogues and derivatives with anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity: Structural characteristics and molecular targets. 14, 821–842, doi:10. 1080/17460441. 2019. 1614560 (2019). Al-Howail, H. A. et al. PAC down-regulates estrogen receptor alpha and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 16, 540, doi:10. 1186/s12885-016-2583-8 (2016). Al-Qasem, A. et al. PAC exhibits potent anti-colon cancer properties through targeting cyclin D1 and suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. 55, 233–244, doi:10. 1002/mc. 22271 (2016). Semlali, A. , Witoled, C. , Alanazi, M. & Rouabhia, M. Whole cigarette smoke increased the expression of and proinflammory cytokines by human gingival epithelial cells through different signaling pathways. PLoS One 7, e52614, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0052614 (2012). Alanazi, H. , Park, H. J. , Chakir, J. , Semlali, A. & Rouabhia, M. Comparative study of the effects of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes on human gingival fibroblast proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Toxicol 118, 390–398, doi:10. 1016/j. fct. 2018. 05. 049 (2018). Semlali, A. , Chakir, J. & Rouabhia, M. Effects of whole cigarette smoke on human gingival fibroblast adhesion, growth, and migration. J 74, 848–862, doi:10. 1080/15287394. 2011. 570230 (2011). Tang, J. Y. et al. A novel sulfonyl chromen-4-ones (CHW09) preferentially kills oral cancer cells showing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. 33, 1195–1203, doi:10. 1002/tox. 22625 (2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Manyala, Electrochemical analysis of Co3(PO4)2·4H2O/graphene foam composite for enhanced capacity and long cycle life hybrid asymmetric capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 283 (2018) 374–384. [97] J. Hao, T. Meng, D. Shu, X. Song, H. Cheng, B. Li, X. Zhou, F. Zhang, Z. Li, C. He, Synthesis of three dimensional N,S co-doped rGO foam with high capacity and long cycling stability for supercapacitors, J. Sci. 537 (2019) 57–65. [98]. Momodu, T. Ntsoane, N. Manyala, Three dimensional vanadium pentoxide/graphene foam composite as positive electrode for high performance asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor, J. Sci. 532 (2018) 395–406. [99] K. Iessa, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, F. Xiao, S. Wang, Conductive porous sponge-like ionic liquid-graphene assembly decorated with nanosized polyaniline as active electrode material for supercapacitor, J. 302 (2016) 92–97. [100] P. Yu, X. Zhao, Z. Huang, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Free-standing three-dimensional graphene and polyaniline nanowire arrays hybrid foams for high-performance flexible and lightweight supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 14413–14420. [101] S. Chabi, C. Peng, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Three dimensional (3D) flexible graphene foam/polypyrrole composite: Towards highly efficient supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 3999–4008. [102] C. Xiong, T. Li, Y. Zhu, T. Zhao, A. Dang, H. Li, X. Ji, Y. Shang, M. Khan, Two-step approach of fabrication of interconnected nanoporous 3D reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube-polyaniline hybrid as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Still unknown is whether OA tolerance in OA-reared crab persists through all juvenile stages, as metabolic limitations and depressed immune function, revealed here by gene expression analysis, may ultimately make them more vulnerable to infection or secondary stressors and limit growth. Only a handful of processes are upregulated in OA, indicating a critical need for a more active and developed nervous system, and tight regulation of transcription and control of growth. Given the universal and invariable upregulation of transposable elements in OA-exposed crab, TE activity may serve as an effective OA response by producing novel or cryptic transcripts, but these effects may only be fully realized in future generations. Multi-stressor studies are needed, with a focus on the immunological effects of OA, the role (and vulnerability) of the nervous system in an acidified world, and the potential role of TE’s in fueling adaptation. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Water parameters during the experiment. Temperature and pH were measured daily; salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity were measured weekly, beginning Week 2; all other parameters were calculated. Lines are mean values across tanks for each treatment. S2 Fig. PCA biplot of principal components 3 and 4, constructed from RNA-Seq derived SNPs (n = 331). Points represent individual crabs that are color-coded by OA treatment, which do not indicate clustering by treatment, and sizes represent the percent of SNPs that are missing in each individual. S3 Fig. Correlation plots among SNP-derived PCA scores and gene expression-derived PCA scores along the first two principal components, with Pearson correlation coefficients and p-values calculated for each treatment. S4 Fig. PCA biplot of principal components 3 and 4 constructed from all expressed genes. S5 Fig. Network of biological processes (terms, “GO”) that were enriched in genes differentially expressed in moderate acidification (pH 7. 8) compared to control conditions (pH 8. 0), where green and red indicate processes enriched in upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. The network was constructed using the GO hierarchical structure. S6 Fig. Network of biological processes (terms, “GO”) that were enriched in genes differentially expressed in severe acidification (pH 7. 5) compared to control conditions (pH 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rivera, C. Essentials of oral cancer. Pathol 8, 11884–11894 (2015). Omura, K. Current status of oral cancer treatment strategies: surgical treatments for oral squamous cell carcinoma. 19, 423–430, doi:10. 1007/s10147-014-0689-z (2014). Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. Curcumin: A Review of on Human Health. Foods 6, doi:10. 3390/foods6100092 (2017). & Aldebasi, Y. H. Role of Curcumin in and Treatment. Res 7, 38, doi:10. 4103/abr. abr_147_16 (2018). Vyas, A. , Dandawate, P. , Padhye, S. , Ahmad, A. & Sarkar, F. Perspectives on new synthetic curcumin analogs and their potential anticancer properties. Des 19, 2047–2069 (2013). Cao, Y. & Karin, M. NF-kappaB in mammary gland development and breast cancer. J 8, 215–223, doi:10. 1023/a:1025905008934 (2003). Haffner, M. C. , Berlato, C. & Doppler, W. Exploiting our knowledge of NF-kappaB signaling for the treatment of mammary cancer. J 11, 63–73, doi:10. 1007/s10911-006-9013-5 (2006). Van Waes, C. Nuclear factor-kappaB in development, prevention, and therapy of cancer. Res 13, 1076–1082, doi:10. 1158/1078-0432. CCR-06-2221 (2007). Paul, S. & Dey, A. Wnt signaling and cancer development: therapeutic implication. Neoplasma 55, 165–176 (2008). . & Ralhan, R. Wnt signaling pathway in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: relationship between beta-catenin, dishevelled and cyclin D1 expression. Oncology 73, 112–117, doi:10. 1159/000120999 (2007). Billard-Sandu, C. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Alloys Compd. 695 (2017) 1248–1259. [103] Z. S. Wu, A. Winter, L. Chen, Y. Sun, A. Turchanin, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Three-dimensional nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 5130–5135. [104] T. Qin, Z. Wan, Z. Wang, Y. Wen, M. Liu, S. Peng, D. He, J. Hou, F. Huang, G. Cao, 3D flexible O/N co-doped graphene foams for supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric and areal capacitances, J. 336 (2016) 455–464. [105] H. Huang, C. Lei, G. Luo, Z. Cheng, G. Li, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Sci. 51 (2016) 6348–6356. [106] L. Zhang, D. DeArmond, N. T. Alvarez, D. Zhao, T. Wang, G. Hou, R. Malik, W. R. Heineman, V. Shanov, Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. A. 4 (2016) 1876-1886. [107] E. Senthilkumar, V. Sivasankar, B. R. Kohakade, K. Thileepkumar, M. Ramya, G. Sivagaami Sundari, S. Raghu, R. A. Kalaivani, Synthesis of nanoporous graphene and their electrochemical performance in a symmetric supercapacitor, Appl. Surf. Sci. 460 (2018) 17–24. [108] Z. Xing, B. Wang, W. Gao, C. . Lu, X. Wang, W. Luo, C. H. Chang, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Percent of genes differentially expressed among pairwise contrasts that map to transposable elements. Colors indicate genes that were more active in ambient (blue), moderate OA (orange), and severe OA (red) treatments in each pairwise comparison. Values below the dotted line indicate the % of upregulated genes with low within-treatment variation (CV < 3%) that were TEs. 1. Cooley S. , Schoeman D. , Bopp L. , Boyd P. , Donner S. , Ghebrehiwet D. Y. , S. -I. , et al, 2022: Oceans and. In: 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of II to the Report of the on [Pörtner H. -O, Roberts D. C. , Tignor M. , Poloczanska E. S. , Mintenbeck K. , Alegría A. , Craig M. , Langsdorf S. , Löschke S. , Möller V. , Okem A. , Rama B. (eds. )]. and 10. 1017/9781009325844. 005 2. van Heuven S, Hoppema M, et al. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007. Science. 2019;363: 1193–1199. pmid:30872519 View 3. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science. 2004;305: 362–366. pmid:15256664 View 4. A Review and Meta-Analysis of of on From the Southern Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021. View 5. . Invertebrates: Tracking CO2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell. Mar Sci. 2019. pmid:31451083 View 6. . in the of the Pacific-Regions. Oceanography. 2015. 135. View 7. . at High Latitudes: The Bellwether. Oceanography. 2009. 171. View 8. . Emergent constraint on acidification in the twenty-first century. Nature. 2020;582: 379–383. pmid:32555488 View 9. . linkages. 2 Oceanogr. 2012;65–70: 2–5. View 10. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: CDK4/6 inhibitors in P16/HPV16-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otorhinolaryngol 277, 1273–1280, doi:10. 1007/s00405-020-05891-2 (2020). Lee, J. H. et al. KCP10043F Represses the Proliferation of Human Non-Cells by Caspase-via STAT3 Inactivation. J 9, doi:10. 3390/jcm9030704 (2020). Xie, L. et al. Expression and prognostic significance of the P53-related DNA damage repair proteins checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. 128, 128–135, doi:10. 1111/eos. 12685 (2020). Dikalova, A. E. et al. Therapeutic targeting of mitochondrial superoxide in hypertension. 107, 106–116, doi:10. 1161/. 109. 214601 (2010). Brar, S. S. et al. An NAD(P)H oxidase regulates growth and transcription in melanoma cells. Physiol 282, C1212-1224, doi:10. 1152/ajpcell. 00496. 2001 (2002). Nazarewicz, R. R. et al. Does scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide attenuate cancer prosurvival signaling pathways? Signal 19, 344–349, doi:10. 1089/ars. 2013. 5185 (2013). Bouayed, J. & Bohn, T. Exogenous antioxidants–Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. 3, 228–237, doi:10. 4161/oxim. 3. 4. 12858 (2010). Shih, H. C. et al. Cracking the cytotoxicity code: apoptotic induction of 10-acetylirciformonin B is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. 12, 3072–3090, doi:10. 3390/md12053072 (2014). Zorova, L. D. et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wen, S. Ma, K. Amine, X. Ji, Reducing CO2 to dense nanoporous graphene by Mg/Zn for high power electrochemical capacitors, 11 (2014) 600–610. [109] H. Yang, S. . Lu, Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density, Nanotechnology 28 (2017) 1-10. [110] C. Chen, C. Chen, P. Huang, F. Duan, S. Zhao, P. Li, J. Fan, W. Song, Y. Qin, NiO/nanoporous graphene composites with excellent supercapacitive performance produced by atomic layer deposition, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 1-9. [111] Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Duan, Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 4042–4049. [112] G. Gorgolis, D. Karamanis, Materials & Solar Cells, Sol. Energy Mater. 144 (2016) 559–578. [113] P. Ngoc Hong, Carbon nanotube and graphene aerogels–The world’s 3d lightest materials for environment applications: A review, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 6 (2017) 277-283. [114] G. Gorgolis, C. Galiotis, Graphene aerogels: A review, 2D Mater. 4 (2017) 1-22. [115] X. Zhang, Z. Sui, B. Xu, S. Yue, Y. Luo, B. Liu, Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources, J. Mater. Chem. (2011) 6494–6497. [116] S. Ye, J. Feng, Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9671–9679. [117] H. Sun, Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Coupling primary production and terrestrial runoff to ocean acidification and carbonate mineral suppression in the eastern Bering Sea. J Geophys Res. 2011;116. View 11. . The role of ocean acidification in systemic carbonate mineral suppression in the Bering Sea. Lett. 2011;38. View 12. . Conservative and non-conservative variations of total alkalinity on the southeastern shelf. Mar Chem. 2013;154: 100–112. View 13. . Evidence of prolonged aragonite undersaturations in the bottom waters of the southern shelf from autonomous sensors. 2 Oceanogr. 2014;109: 125–133. View 14. Ocean acidification risk assessment for Alaska’s fishery sector. Progress in Oceanography. 2015. 91. View 15. . Dynamically downscaled projections of ocean acidification for the Bering Sea. 2 Oceanogr. 2022;198: 105055. View 16. Possible future scenarios in the gateways to the Arctic for Subarctic and Arctic marine systems: II. prey resources, food webs, fish, and fisheries. . 2021;78: 3017–3045. View 17. Smetacek V, Nicol S. Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature. 2005;437: 362–368. pmid:16163347 View 18. . Evaluating the impact of ocean acidification on fishery yields and profits: The example of red king crab in Bristol Bay. Ecol Modell. 2014;285: 39–53. View 19. . Effects of long-term exposure to ocean acidification conditions on future southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) fisheries management. . 2015;73: 849–864. View 20. Bednaršek Synthesis of Thresholds of Impacts on Decapods. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2021;8. View 21. Pane Barry. Extracellular acid–base regulation during short-term hypercapnia is effective in a shallow-water crab, but ineffective in a deep-sea crab. Prog Ser. 2007;334. Available: View 22. . Physiology in the (Chionoecetes bairdi). PLoS One. 2016;11: e0148477. pmid:26859148 View 23. Pörtner H-O.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4, final methanol concentration was < 1%) and injected (i. p. , at 50 mg/kg) one a day to mice in groups: and VIII. The same volume of vehicle (PBS) was injected to WT (Group I) and 5xFAD mice (Group-IV), as summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of the different animal groups and treatment regimens used in this studyFull size table Tissue processingAll mice were deeply anaesthetized with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (i. p. ), and transcardially perfused with 0. 1 M cold PBS at pH 7. 4, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (diluted in 0. 1 M PBS at pH 7. 4) to fix the brains. The brains were then removed, suspended in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h at 4 °C, and transferred to the graded sucrose solutions (10, 20 and 30%). When brains were completely immersed in the 30% sucrose solution, they were stored at 4 °C until being sectioned coronally at 40 µm on a Cryostat (Leica, Germany). Cur and SLCP permeability studyTo investigate whether sufficient amounts of Cur or SLCP crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reached to the regions of interest in the brain, the Cur- and the SLCP-injected 5xFAD mice (Group V–VIII) were sacrificed and their brain tissue was processed, as described above. Coronal sections (40 μM) were cut and imaged using a fluorescent microscope (Leica, Germany) to assess the amount of Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaques, which was confirmed by co-localization of either the Cur or the SLCP to Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) in Aβ-plaques, as described previously [32]. To compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP in vitro, mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a, ATCC, Catalog no: Neuro2a (ATCC® CCL131™) and the primary hippocampal neurons from a 5xFAD mouse were used.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xu, C. Gao, Multifunctional, ultra-flyweight, synergistically assembled carbon aerogels, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 2554–2560. [118]. of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2010) 14067–14069. [119] C. Zhu, T. Liu, F. Qian, T. . Li, Supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores, Nano Lett. 16 (2016) 3448–3456. [120] H. Bai, C. Li, G. Shi, A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 2376–2378. [121] H. Bai, C. Li, X. Wang, G. Shi, On the gelation of graphene oxide, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 5545–5551. [122] O. C. Compton, Z. An, K. W. Putz, B. -free hydrogelation of graphene oxide by ultrasonication, Carbon 50 (2012) 3399–3406. [123] W. Chen, S. Li, C. Chen, L. Yan, Self-assembly and embedding of nanop5683. [124] Y. Tao, X. Xie, W. Lv, D. Tang, D. Kong, Z. Huang, H. Nishihara, T. Ishii, B. Li, D. Golberg, F. Kang, T. Kyotani, Q. Yang, Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance : Graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1–8. [125] J. M. Chem, High-rate capacitive performance of graphene aerogel with a superhigh C/O molar ratio, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 23186–23193. [126] X. Meng, L. Lu, C. Sun, of three-dimensional MnO2/graphene hydrogel composites as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors, ACS Appl.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a physiologist’s view. Prog Ser. 2008;373: 203–217. Available: View 24. . Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology. 2009;37: 1131–1134. View 25. . Survival, growth, and morphology of blue king crabs: effect of ocean acidification decreases with exposure time. . 2017;74: 1033–1041. View 26. Whiteley NM. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Prog Ser. 2011;430: 257–271. View 27. . Effects of ocean acidification on young-of-the-year golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus) survival and growth. Mar Biol. 2021;168. View 28. . Meta-analysis suggests negative, but pCO2-specific, effects of ocean acidification on the structural and functional properties of crustacean biomaterials. Ecol Evol. 2022;12: e8922. pmid:35784075 View 29. Ocean acidification alters properties of the exoskeleton in adult Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. J Exp Biol. 2021;224. pmid:33436365 View 30. Dissanayake A, Ishimatsu A. Synergistic effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the metabolic scope and activity in a shallow-water coastal decapod (Metapenaeus joyneri; Crustacea: Penaeidae). . 2011;68: 1147–1154. View 31. øreide JE, P, et al. Contrasting physiological responses to future ocean acidification among Arctic copepod populations. Biol. 2018;24: e365–e377. pmid:28816385 View 32. . Effects of high pCO2 on Tanner crab reproduction and early life history—Part I: long-term exposure reduces hatching success and female calcification, and alters embryonic development. . 2015;73: 825–835. View 33. . of under Ocean Acidification. shre. 2019;38: 725–742. View 34. . Ocean acidification impairs crab foraging behaviour. Sci. 2015;282.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The N2a cells were grown with minimum essential medium () containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin and streptomycin (100 I. U. /mL and 100 μg/mL). The culture was maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere at 5% CO2. The primary hippocampal neurons were taken from embryonic-16 (E16) mouse pups and grown in neurobasal media containing B27 supplementation for 7 days in vitro (7-DIV), as described previously [42]. Prior to the experiment, the cells were grown in either in 60 mm Petri dishes or on glass coverslips, using fresh MEM or neurobasal media that lacked growth factors. The cells were then treated with 100 μM of either Cur or SLCP for 2 h, after which the media was removed, and the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution. Microphotographic images were taken using a fluorescent microscope (Leica, Germany) with appropriate excitation/emission filters for analyses. Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD after treatment with Cur or SLCPTo check the effects of acute treatment of Cur or SLCP on Aβ plaque burden, the 5xFAD brain sections were stained with Cur and the number of Aβ plaques were counted in these sections. Cur was used to label Aβ plaques, because it labels plaques as efficiently as Aβ-specific antibody [32]. Using Image-J software ( the total area of each image was measured and the numbers of Aβ plaques were counted manually in PFC and DG area of hippocampus and expressed as number of Aβ plaques per 100 µm2 area. Only clearly visible, large fluorescent signals were considered as Aβ plaques. A minimum of 10 serial sections, with forty different fields were used to count the number of Aβ plaques in each group (n = 4), with the experimenters blinded to the group identity of the specimens analyzed. Neuronal morphology by cresyl violet stainingOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect the neuronal morphology, especially in hippocampal subfields and in the PFC area. To this end, the tissue from 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP was stained with 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 16474–16481. [127] C. Wang, H. Chen, S. Lu, Manganese Oxide/Composites as an Electrode Material, Chem. Eur. J. 20 (2014) 517-523. [128] J. Chen, J. Song, X. Feng, Facile synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogel for high-performance supercapacitor, Polym. Bull. 74 (2017) 27–37. [129] H. Zhou, T. Ni, X. Qing, X. Yue, G. Li, Y. Lu, One-step construction of graphene-polypyrrole hydrogels and their superior electrochemical performance, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 4134–4139. [130] S. Biswas, L. T. Drzal, Multilayered nanoarchitecture of graphene nanosheets and polypyrrole nanowires for high performance supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 5667–5671. [131] C. Zhu, T. compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 1–8. [132] Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, S. P. Medarametla, H. Li, C. Zhou, D. Lin, 3D Printing of Graphene Aerogels, Small 12 (2016) 1702–1708. [133] B. Yao, S. Chandrasekaran, J. Zhang, W. Xiao, F. Qian, C. . Li, Efficient 3D printed pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh MnO2 loading, Joule 3 (2019) 458–470. [134] P. Lv, X. Tang, W. Wei, Graphene/MnO2 aerogel with both high compression-tolerance ability and high capacitance, for compressible all-solid-state supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 7 (2017) 47116–47124. [135] Y. Zhao, M. P. Li, S. Liu, M. F.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: pmid:26108629 View 35. Shields JD. Climate change enhances disease processes in crustaceans: case studies in lobsters, crabs, and shrimps. J Crustacean Biol. 2019;39: 673–683. View 36. Wittmann AC, Pörtner H-O. Sensitivities of extant animal taxa to ocean acidification. Chang. 2013;3: 995–1001. View 37. Higher survival but smaller size of juvenile Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) in high CO2. J Bio Ecol. 2022;555: 151781. View 38. . Exposure to low pH reduces survival and delays development in early life stages of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). Mar Biol. 2016;163: 118. View 39. Fehsenfeld S, Weihrauch D. Differential acid-base regulation in various gills of the green crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of elevated environmental pCO2. . 2013;164: 54–65. pmid:23022520 View 40. . Effects of elevated seawater pCO(2) on gene expression patterns in the gills of the green crab, Carcinus maenas. BMC Genomics. 2011;12: 488. pmid:21978240 View 41. . Transcriptome analysis of Exopalaemon carinicauda (Holthuis, 1950) (Caridea, Palaemonidae) in response to CO2-driven acidification. Crustaceana. 2021;94: 661–677. View 42. Transcriptome analysis of the gills of Eriocheir sinensis provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the pH stress response. Gene. 2022;833: 146588. pmid:35598683 View 43. Luo B-Y, Qian H-L, Jiang H-C, Xiong X-Y, Ye B-Q, Liu X, et al. Transcriptional changes revealed water acidification leads to the immune response and ovary maturation delay in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. . 2021;39: 100868. pmid:34171686 View 44. ørseth TR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 1% cresyl violet, as described previously [43]. The sections were washed, dehydrated, cleared, mounted, and coverslipped using DePex mounting media (). The slides were dried, after which photomicrographs were taken using a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan) with 100× objectives (total magnification of 1000×). The number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, cells were counted manually using Image-J software ( and were expressed as number of pyknotic cells per 100 µm2 area. A minimum of 5 serial sections, each with 10 different fields, were used for counting the number of pyknotic cells in each group (n = 4), with the experimenters blinded to the group identity of the specimens being analyzed. Neuroinflammation study by immunohistochemistryTo compare the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice, the brain tissue from each mouse was labeled with GFAP and Iba-1, which are the markers for activated astrocytes and microglia, respectively. GFAP-immunohistochemistryA subset of brain sections were rinsed three times with 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 5 min each. The sections were then blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 h at room temperature with gentle shaking. The tissue was incubated overnight on a shaker at 4 °C with GFAP antibody (rabbit polyclonal, 1:500). On the next day, the sections were thoroughly washed with PBS, three times, for 10 min each. The sections were incubated with anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:1000), tagged with Alexa-594 (Molecular Probes, OR), for 30 min at room temperature. Then sections were washed thoroughly with distilled water, dehydrated, cleared and mounted on slides using anti-fading Fluoro-mount aqueous mounting media (Sigma) prior to microscopic examination using a fluorescence microscope (Leica, Germany) with the appropriate excitation/emission filters. Iba-1 immunohistochemistrySimilarly, for Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, another subset of brain section were thoroughly rinsed, three times with 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 5 min each.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Islam, Superelastic pseudocapacitors from freestanding MnO2‑decorated graphene-coated carbon nanotube aerogels, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 23810-23819. [136] Z. Yu, M. Mcinnis, J. Calderon, S. Seal, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Functionalized graphene aerogel composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors, 11 (2015) 611–620. [137] W. Chen, D. Gui, S. Yu, C. Liu, L. Zhao, J. Liu, E. D. Gui, Composites and its electrochemical performance for supercapacitor, Chem. Mater. 18 (2016) 249–252. [138] G. Wu, L. Wu, J. Jin, S. Yang, G. Li, Structure and electrochemical performance of melamine/graphene aerogel composite for supercapacitors, Mater. Sci. Forum 898 (2017) 1844–1849. [139] N. Phattharasupakun, J. Wutthiprom, N. Ma, P. Suktha, M. Sawangphruk, High-performance supercapacitors of N-doped graphene aerogel and its nanocomposites with manganese oxide and polyaniline, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) A1430–A1439. [140] R. Liu, L. Wan, S. Liu, L. Pan, D. Wu, D. Zhao, An interface-induced co-assembly approach towards ordered mesoporous carbon/graphene aerogel for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 526–533. [141] L. Pei, Y. Yang, H. Chu, J. Shen, M. Ye, Self-assembled flower-like FeS2/graphene aerogel composite with enhanced electrochemical properties, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 5053–5061. [142] N. Van Hoa, T. T. H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Elevated seawater levels of CO2 change the metabolic fingerprint of tissues and hemolymph from the green shore crab Carcinus maenas. . 2012;7: 292–302. pmid:22763285 View 45. . Uncovering mechanisms of global ocean change effects on the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) through metabolomics analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9: 10717. pmid:31341175 View 46. -Courey K, Piedalue S, et al. : and Whole-to Define Life-Sensitivity to in the American Lobster. Metabolites. 2021;11. pmid:34564400 View 47. . [cited 4 Oct 2023]. 48. . Hatch Timing, Incubation Period, and for and. J Crustacean Biol. 2007;27: 37–48. View 49. . Post-settlement effects of habitat type and predator size on cannibalism of glaucothoe and juveniles of red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. J Bio Ecol. 2005;321: 1–11. View 50. . Effects of ocean acidification on the respiration and feeding of juvenile red and blue king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus and P. platypus). . 2019;76: 1335–1343. View 51. . Effects of ocean acidification on juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) growth, condition, calcification, and survival. PLoS One. 2013;8: e60959. pmid:23593357 View 52. . Effects of ocean acidification on the embryos and larvae of red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. Bull. 2013;69: 38–47. pmid:23434384 View 53. . Decreased pH and increased temperatures affect young-of-the-year red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). . 2017;74: 1191–1200. View 54. . Transcriptomic response to decreased pH in adult, larval and juvenile red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, and interactive effects of pH and temperature on juveniles. . 2020;100: 251–265. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The sections were then immersed in a solution of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 0. 1 M PBS (pH 7. 4) for 30 min at room temperature to inhibit endogenous peroxidase. Then the sections were rinsed with PBS and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (NGS), which underwent gently shaking for 1 h at room temperature. The tissue was then incubated with Iba-1 antibody (rabbit, monoclonal, 1:4000) with gentle shaking for 4 h at room temperature and then for overnight at 4 °C. On the next day, the sections were thoroughly washed 3 times for 5 min each, and incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:250) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the sections were incubated with peroxidase substrate solution, supplied with the ABC kit (Vector Laboratory, CA), and the signal was developed using diaminobenzidine (DAB) until the desired staining intensity emerged. The tissue was then washed, dehydrated with graded alcohol, cleared with xylene, mounted on slides, coverslipped with DePex (), air dried, and visualized using a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan) with 20× objectives (total magnification 200×). Quantification of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cellsFor quantification of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, the sections were imaged using a fluorescent microscope (Leica, Germany) and a compound light microscope (Olympus, Japan), respectively. The number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR were counted manually using Image-J software ( Briefly, the images were taken from randomly selected regions of the layer IV/V of PFC (bregma +3. 20 mm), striatum (bregma +1. 00 mm), subicular complex, hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus) at bregma −3. 30 mm, and the entorhinal cortex (bregma −3. 30 mm), using 20× objectives (total magnification at 200×). The total area of each image was measured and the numbers of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells were counted manually in those areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Quyen, N. Van. Nguyen, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline aerogel as an active material for high performance supercapacitors, Synth. Met. 223 (2017) 192–198. [143] Z. Gao, J. Yang, J. Huang, C. Xiong, Q. Yang, A three-dimensional graphene aerogel containing solvent-free polyaniline fluid for high performance supercapacitors, Nanoscale 9 (2017) 17710–17716. [144] Z. Song, W. Liu, N. Sun, W. Wei, Z. Zhang, H. Liu, G. Liu, Z. Zhao, One-step self-assembly fabrication of three-dimensional copper oxide/graphene oxide aerogel composite material for supercapacitors, Commun. 287 (2019) 27–30. [145] Y. Zhou, L. Le Wen, K. Zhan, Y. Yan, B. Zhao, Three-dimensional porous graphene/nickel cobalt mixed oxide composites for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 21848–21854. [146] S. Mao, Z. Wen, H. Kim, G. Lu, P. Hurley, J. Chen, A general approach to one-pot fabrication of crumpled graphene-based nanohybrids for energy applications, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 7505–7513. [147] J. Luo, H. D. Jang, J. Huang, Effect of sheet morphology on the scalability of graphene-based ultracapacitors, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 1464–1471. [148] T. Derived, Design of 3D graphene-oxide spheres and their derived hierarchical porous structures for high performance supercapacitors, Small 13 (2017) 1702474. [149] E. Hee, J. Choi, S. Park, C. Min, H. Chang, H. Dong, Size and structural effect of crumpled graphene balls on the electrochemical properties for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 222 (2016) 58–63. [150] X. He, H. Zhang, L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Effects of ocean acidification on red king crab larval survival and development. bioRxiv. 2023. p. 2023. 10. 02. 560246. View 56. . Energy homeostasis as an integrative tool for assessing limits of environmental stress tolerance in aquatic invertebrates. Res. 2012;79: 1–15. pmid:22622075 View 57. Millero FJ. The pH of estuarine waters. Limnol Oceanogr. 1986;31: 839–847. View 58. Dickson AG, Goyet C. Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water. Version 2. National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); 1994 No. : ORNL/CDIAC-74. 59. . Guide to for Ocean CO2 Measurements. Organization; 2007. Available: Gattuso J-P, Epitalon J- Package “seacarb. ” Preprint at ftp://mirror. csclub. uwaterloo. ca/CRAN/web/packages/seacarb/seacarb. pdf. 2015. 61. . Temperature effects on larval survival, larval period, and health of hatchery-reared red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. Aquaculture. 2013;384–387: 13–18. View 62. Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. journal. 2011;17: 10–12. View 63. Andrews S. A Tool for [Online]. 2010. 64. äller M. MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics. 2016;32: 3047–3048. pmid:27312411 View 65. Comparative genomics of the coconut crab and other decapod crustaceans: exploring the molecular basis of terrestrial adaptation. BMC Genomics. 2021;22: 313. pmid:33931033 View 66. Nuclear genomes of Birgus latro, Paralithodes camtschaticus, and Panulirus ornatus. 2021. View 67. Langmead B, Salzberg SL.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Only clearly visible fluorescent signals or brown DAB color were considered as GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, respectively. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells were expressed as number of cells per 100 µm2 area. A minimum of 10 serial sections, from which thirty different fields were used to count the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in each group, using four different animals in each group with the experimenter blinded to the group identity of the specimens analyzed. Comparative study of inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation by Cur or SLCPTo compare the anti-amyloid activity, such as inhibition of Aβ42 oligomer and fibril formation by Cur or SLCP, the dot blot assay was used [14]. Briefly, Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, vortexed for 1 min and allowed to solubilize for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the HFIP was evaporated under laminar hood, until the peptide was completely dried to make a thin film. This was followed by speed-vacuuming for 10 min [42, 44], after which the film was stored at − 20 °C. Each HFIP film was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH (final concentration 6 mM) and diluted with Tris-buffer saline (TBS, 0. 1 M, pH 7. 4, 0. 025% NaN3) to get the desired peptide concentration (10 μM). Then 50 μL of peptide solution (10 μM) was taken in Eppendorf tube and incubated, with or without different concentrations of Cur or SLCP (in μM: 1, 0. 1, 0. 01, 0. 001), for 8-, and 24-h at 37 °C, with gentle shaking (200 rpm). After the stipulated period of incubation, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xiaojing, N. Xiao, J. Qiu, Direct synthesis of 3D hollow porous graphene balls from coal tar pitch for high performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 19633-19640. [151] L. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, N. Chen, L. Qu, Graphene-based fibers for supercapacitor applications, Nanotechnology 27 (2016) 1-19. [152] X. Li, T. Zhao, Q. Chen, P. Li, K. Wang, M. Zhong, J. Wei, D. Wu, B. Wei, H. Zhu, Flexible all solid-state supercapacitors based on chemical vapor deposition derived graphene fibers, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (2013) 17752–17757. [153] S. Chen, L. Wang, M. Huang, L. Kang, Z. Lei, Reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanocrystals hybrid fiber for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent volumetric energy density, Electrochim. Acta 242 (2017) 10–18. [154] V. Ruiz, C. Blanco, R. Santamaría, J. M. Ramos-Fernández, M. Martínez-Escandell, A. Sepúlveda-Escribano, F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, An activated carbon monolith as an electrode material for supercapacitors, Carbon 47 (2009) 195–200. [155] X. Ding, Y. Zhao, C. Hu, Y. Hu, Z. Dong, N. Chen, Z. Zhang, L. Qu, Spinning fabrication of graphene/polypyrrole composite fibers for all-solid-state, flexible fibriform supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 12355–12360. [156] V. A. Online, T. Huang, B. Zheng, L. Kou, K. Gopalsamy, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Y. Meng, Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Use of Coefficient of Variation in of Quantitative Assays. Immunol. 2003;10: 1162–1162. View 82. DAVID: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update). Res. 2022. pmid:35325185 View 83. . The diversity of LTR retrotransposons. Genome Biol. 2004;5: 225. pmid:15186483 View 84. . Seasonal carbonate chemistry covariation with temperature, oxygen, and salinity in a fjord estuary: implications for the design of ocean acidification experiments. PLoS One. 2014;9: e89619. pmid:24586915 View 85. šek Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in upwelling systems in the context of carbonate chemistry co-variation with temperature and oxygen. . 2015;73: 582–595. View 86. Ocean acidification leads to altered micromechanical properties of the mineralized cuticle in juvenile red and blue king crabs. J Bio Ecol. 2017;495: 1–12. View 87. örtner HO. Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid–base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Prog Ser. 2005;293: 109–118. Available: View 88. . Impact of medium-term exposure to CO2 enriched seawater on the physiological functions of the velvet swimming crab Necora puber. Aquat Biol. 2010;10: 11–21. View 89. Rivera-Ingraham GA, Lignot J-H. Osmoregulation, bioenergetics and oxidative stress in coastal marine invertebrates: raising the questions for future research. J Exp Biol. 2017;220: 1749–1760. pmid:28515169 View 90. . Homarus gammarus (Crustacea: Decapoda) larvae under an ocean acidification scenario: responses across different levels of biological organization. . 2017;203: 29–38. pmid:28931493 View 91. Pörtner H-O. Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems. J Exp Biol. 2010;213: 881–893.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Then, the membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBS-Tween-20 (TBS-T) at room temperature for 1 h, washed with TBS-T, and probed with Aβ-oligomer (A11) and Aβ fibril (OC) specific antibodies (rabbit polyclonal, 1: 1000) in 5% non-fat milk powder in TBS-T overnight at 4 °C. After washing, it was probed with anti-rabbit horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody solution (1: 25,000, ) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing three times, the blot was developed with (GE-) for 2–5 min. The dot blots were scanned using gel documentation system (Bio-), and the optical density of each dot was measured using Image-J software ( analysisThe morphometric data for GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas were expressed as mean ± SEM. All data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD (honest significant difference) post-hoc tests being conducted when appropriate. A probability value ≤ 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. ResultsComparison of permeability of Cur or SLCP to the brain tissueTo compare the permeability of Cur or SLCP after their injections (i. p. ) for 2 or 5 days, the 5xFAD mouse brains were sectioned and observed under a fluorescent microscope. We observed that both Cur and SLCP crossed the BBB and bound with Aβ plaques after 2- and 5-days of injections (Fig. 1a) and co-localized with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 1b). We also found that SLCP showed more permeability than Cur, as assessed by intensity of fluorescent signals that were bound with Aβ plaques. In addition, those mice receiving 5 days of treatment showed increased Aβ plaque labeling when compared to those receiving 2 days of treatment for both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 1a). Similarly, a trend towards more solubility and greater permeability was observed after 2 h exposure of SLCP over Cur with N2a and primary hippocampal neurons at 7 days in vitro (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wei, Flexible high performance wet-spun graphene fiber supercapacitors, RSC adv. (2013) 23957–23962. [157] G. Qu, J. Cheng, X. Li, D. Yuan, P. Chen, X. Chen, B. Wang, H. Peng, A fiber supercapacitor with high energy density based on hollow graphene/conducting polymer fiber electrode, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 3646–3652. [158] S. Chen, W. Ma, H. Xiang, Y. Cheng, S. Yang, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Conductive, tough, hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene hybrid fibers for wearable supercapacitors, J. 319 (2016) 271–280. [159] Scalable non-liquid-crystal spinning of locally aligned graphene fibers for high performance wearble supercapapitors, 15 (2015) 642-653. [160] X. Zhao, B. Zheng, T. Huang, C. Gao, Graphene-based single fiber supercapacitor with a coaxial structure, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 9399–9404. [161] W. Ma, S. Chen, S. Yang, W. Chen, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Bottom-up fabrication of activated carbon fiber for all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent electrochemical performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 14622–14627. [162] Y. Ma, P. Li, J. W. Sedloff, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Liu, Conductive graphene fibers for wire-shaped supercapacitors strengthened by unfunctionalized few-walled carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 1352–1359. [163] X. Jiang, Y. Cao, P. Li, J. Wei, K. Wang, D. Wu, H. Zhu, Polyaniline graphene carbon fiber ternary composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 140 (2015) 43-47. 10. 1016/j. matlet. 2014. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: pmid:20190113 View 92. Mayzaud P, Conover RJ. O: N atomic ratio as a tool to describe zooplankton metabolism. Marine ecology progress series Oldendorf. 1988;45: 289–302. Available: View 93. Energetic response of Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima to ocean acidification. Bull. 2020;161: 111740. pmid:33128982 View 94. Langenbuch M, Pörtner HO. Changes in metabolic rate and N excretion in the marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus under conditions of environmental hypercapnia: identifying effective acid-base variables. J Exp Biol. 2002;205: 1153–1160. pmid:11919274 View 95. Pan T-. Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy. . 2015;112: 4696–4701. pmid:25825763 View 96. Kelley Lunden. Meta-analysis identifies metabolic sensitivities to ocean acidification running title: ocean acidification impacts metabolic function. . View 97. . Ocean acidification promotes broad transcriptomic responses in marine metazoans: a literature survey. Front Zool. 2020;17: 7. pmid:32095155 View 98. . Changes in genome-wide methylation and gene expression in response to future pCO2 extremes in the antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica. Sci. 2020;6. View 99. . Transcriptomic response of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica to ocean acidification. BMC Genomics. 2017;18: 812. pmid:29061120 View 100. . Resilience of Atlantic slippersnail Crepidula fornicata larvae in the face of severe coastal acidification. Sci. 2018;5. View 101. Evans TG, Watson-Wynn P. Effects of seawater acidification on gene expression: resolving broader-scale trends in sea urchins. Biol Bull. 2014;226: 237–254. pmid:25070868 View 102. - Major cellular and physiological impacts of ocean acidification on a reef building coral. PLoS One. 2012;7: e34659. pmid:22509341 View 103.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: injections of Cur or SLSP, observed significant amounts of Cur and SLCP reached the brain and that SLCP appeared to provide greater binding to Aβ plaques in comparison to Cur. We hypothesize that SLCP may have greater capability of delivering free Cur in the brain tissue than Cur (Fig. 1) [32]. However, further investigations with different Cur formulae are needed to confirm and extend these findings in order to optimize this form of therapy. When we compared the number of Aβ plaques in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, we found that after 5-, but not 2-days, of treatment, a significant reduction (~ 50%) of Aβ plaques in PFC and DG areas was observed in both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 2), suggesting the longer duration of treatment is required to optimize reduction in plaque load. Interestingly, after 5 days of treatment, the size or the plaques was relatively smaller and breakage or disaggregation of plaques by Cur or SLCP was confirmed [14, 17]. We have carefully counted the number of Aβ plaques on single focal plane, but more work using unbiased stereology is needed to confirm those findings and provide a more comprehensive profile of the effects of these treatments on Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, we observed greater reductions of Aβ plaques in case of SLCP group, which may be due to its higher permeability into brain tissue, when compared to that of Cur, allowing it to become more capable of inhibiting the assembly of Aβ plaques (Fig. 2). In our dot blot experiments, SLCP also appeared to inhibit Aβ fibril formation more than that observed by Cur, which may be due higher penetration of free Cur released by the SLCPs, which interspersed between Aβ species and interfered with their aggregation pathway (Fig. 3). Although we have yet to directly measure the levels of soluble Aβ after treatment with Cur and or SLCP in 5xFAD mice, we have shown that SLCP reduced Aβ-oligomer formation more than did Cur, as shown by our dot blot experiment (Fig. 3). Similarly, we have shown the number of Aβ plaques were significantly reduced in the PFC and hippocampus (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 162 [164] W. Cai, T. Lai, J. Ye, A spinneret as the key component for surface-porous graphene fibers in high energy density micro-supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 5060–5066. [165] B. S. Mao, Z. Wen, Z. Bo, J. Chang, X. Huang, J. Chen, Hierarchical nanohybrids with porous cnt-networks decorated crumpled graphene balls for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9881-9889. [166] J. Y. Lee, K. . Lee, Sea-urchin-inspired 3d crumpled graphene balls using simultaneous etching and reduction process for high- density capacitive energy storage, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 3606–3614. [167] T. Kim, G. Jung, S. graphene-based carbons as supercapacitor electrodes with macro- and mesopores, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6899–6905. [168] Z. Tang, X. Li, T. Sun, S. Shen, X. Huixin, J. Yang, Microporous and mesoporous materials porous crumpled graphene with hierarchical pore structure and high surface utilization efficiency for supercapacitor, Mater. 272 (2018) 40–43. [169] T. Ha, S. K. Kim, J. Choi, H. Chang, H. D. Jang, pH controlled synthesis of porous graphene sphere and application to supercapacitors, Adv. Powder Technol. 30 (2019) 18–22. [170] K. Xia, G. Wang, H. Zhang, Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene hollow spheres as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. Nanopart. Res. 19 (2017) 2-11. [171] C. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Tian, J. Liang, Self-assembly synthesis of graphene oxide double-shell hollow spheres decorated with Mn3O4 for electrochemical supercapacitors, Carbon 107 (2016) 100–108.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Hernroth B, Sköld. Simulated climate change causes immune suppression and protein damage in the crustacean Nephrops norvegicus. Immunol. 2012;33: 1095–1101. pmid:22974540 View 104. . Decreased growth and increased shell disease in early benthic phase Homarus americanus in response to elevated CO2. Prog Ser. 2018;596: 113–126. View 105. Hernroth B, Krång A-S, Baden S. Bacteriostatic suppression in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) exposed to manganese or hypoxia under pressure of ocean acidification. Aquat Toxicol. 2015;159: 217–224. pmid:25553539 View 106. . Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquat Biol. 2008;2: 67–74. View 107. . Immune suppression of the echinoderm Asterias rubens (L. ) following long-term ocean acidification. Aquat Toxicol. 2011;103: 222–224. pmid:21473849 View 108. Ocean acidification weakens the immune response of blood clam through hampering the NF-kappa β and toll-like receptor pathways. Immunol. 2016;54: 322–327. pmid:27109580 View 109. Adamo SA. The effects of the stress response on immune function in invertebrates: an evolutionary perspective on an ancient connection. Horm Behav. 2012;62: 324–330. pmid:22381405 View 110. Adamo SA. Norepinephrine and octopamine: linking stress and immune function across phyla. J. 2008. Available: Kültz D. Evolution of cellular stress response mechanisms. . 2020;333: 359–378. pmid:31970941 View 112. . Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology. Physiol. 1999;61: 243–282. pmid:10099689 View 113. Ten things you should know about transposable elements. Genome Biol. 2018;19: 199. pmid:30454069 View 114.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to This 10. 7554/eLife. 45650 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 5, 2020 Version of RecordJune 24, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJune 10, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,145 views 254 downloads 16 5650. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 1 table and 7 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification and quantification of synaptic OXT content in neurohypophyseal axonal termini. (A–C) Scheme describing the neurohypophyseal vasculature and synapses in 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP). The dense neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) were used as an anatomical landmark to localize the larval neurohypophysis prior to tissue preparation for Microscopy (TEM) imaging (A). TEM image showing cross-section of axons (yellow dashed line) and neurohypophyseal synapses (red dashed line) (B,C). Large dense core vesicles with electron-dense neuropeptides are visible in NS (white arrows). Membranal fusion resembling exocytotic pit (black arrow), membranal invagination resembling endocytic pit (red arrow head) and empty vesicle resembling recycled vesicle (white arrow head) are visible in NS (B’,C’). Ax: axon, BM: basement membrane, EC: endothelial cell and NS: neurohypophyseal synapse. Scale: 500 nM (B,C) and 100 nm (B’, C’). (D,E) Oxytocin neuron-specific labeling of synapses using EGFP-fused synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin-B (D). Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic Tg(oxt:Gal4;UAS:SYP-EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein (E).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 for Graphene in Supercapacitors quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-1 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 640. [2] H. Yang, S. . Lu, Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density, Nanotechnology 44 (2017) 445401. [3] M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, Printable thin film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 5 (2009) 1872-1876. [4] Y. Lei, Z. H. Huang, Y. Yang, W. Shen, Y. Zheng, H. Sun, F. Kang, Porous mesocarbon microbeads with graphitic shells: constructing a high-rate, high-capacity cathode for hybrid supercapacitor, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 2477. [5] D. Yu, K. Goh, H. Wang, L. Wei, W. Jiang, Q. Zhang, L. Dai, Y. Chen, Scalable synthesis of hierarchically structured carbon nanotube–graphene fibres for capacitive energy storage, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 (2014) 555-562. [6] S. Zhai, W. Jiang, L. Wei, H. E. Karahan, Y. Yuan, A. K. Ng, Y. Chen, All-carbon solid-state yarn supercapacitors from activated carbon and carbon fibers for smart textiles, Mater. Horiz. 6 (2015) 598-605. [7] J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, N. Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 (2009) 505-509. [8] T. Upreti, V. Gupta, S. Chand, Graphene-Cells, In Graph. Sci. Handb, CRC press (2016) 376-340. [9] X. Wang, I. Zhi, K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Antiviral immunity triggered by infection-induced host transposable elements. Virol. 2022;52: 211–216. pmid:34959082 View 125. . Transposable elements: powerful facilitators of evolution. Bioessays. 2009;31: 703–714. pmid:19415638 View 126. Schrader L, Schmitz J. The impact of transposable elements in adaptive evolution. Mol Ecol. 2019;28: 1537–1549. pmid:30003608 View 127. Pimpinelli S, Piacentini L. Environmental change and the evolution of genomes: Transposable elements as translators of phenotypic plasticity into genotypic variability. Funct Ecol. 2020;34: 428–441. View 128. Ito H, Kim J- A Stress-in. Sci Rep. 2016;6: 23181. pmid:26976262 View 129. . Epigenetics and gene expression. Heredity. 2010;105: 4–13. pmid:20461105 View 130. . Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev. 2003;17: 3011–3016. pmid:14681208 View 131. . Ocean acidification affects marine chemical communication by changing structure and function of peptide signalling molecules. Biol. 2016;22: 3914–3926. pmid:27353732 View 132. . Acidification can directly affect olfaction in marine organisms. J Exp Biol. 2021;224. pmid:34310682 View 133. . Pinocchio, a novel protein expressed in the antenna, contributes to olfactory behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurobiol. 2005;63: 146–158. pmid:15719418 View 134. Vizueta J, Escuer P, Frías-López C, Guirao- of across Panarthropoda. Evol. 2020;37: 3601–3615. pmid:32750126 View 135. Bednaršek Exoskeleton dissolution with mechanoreceptor damage in larval Dungeness crab related to severity of present-day ocean acidification vertical gradients. Environ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Mean weighted colocalization coefficients for OXT fluorescence with respect to GFP fluorescence = 0. 87; n = 5 larvae (and methods for detailed description). Scale: 5 μM. (F) Scheme describing the pipeline for detection of neurohypophyseal synapses. Whole-mount confocal microscope imaging of hypophysis of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Analysis of GFP-positive neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) and OXT puncta were performed by using the ‘object identifier’ function in Volocity software on individual channels. Scale: 5 μM. Figure 1—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 1: colocalization analysis of synaptic OXT and EGFP fluorescence. The excel sheet includes values for weighted colocalization coefficients calculated from confocal images of immunostained transgenic (oxt:gal4; UAS:Syp-EGFP) larval neurohypophysis. Download elife-45650-fig1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 1—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Z-stack images and three-dimensional render of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) transgenic reporter zebrafish Tg(oxt:EGFP) following immunostaining with anti-EGFP and a specific antibody against endogenous OXT protein. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Osmotic challenge decreases synaptic OXT neuropeptide content. (A) Transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae at eight dpf were treated with hypertonic solution (25% artificial sea salt in Danieau buffer) for 20 or 60 min. The larvae that underwent 60 min treatment were allowed to recover in isotonic Danieau buffer for another 60 min. The mean number and volume of NS (B,C) and OXT puncta overlapping with GFP +NS (D,E) were quantified (**p<0. 01 and ***p<0. 001; one-way ANOVA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe three-dimensionally networked and layered structure of graphene hydroxide (GH) was investigated. After lengthy immersion in a NaOH solution, most of the epoxy groups in the graphene oxide were destroyed and more hydroxyl groups were generated, transforming the graphene oxide into graphene hydroxide. Additionally, benzoic acid groups were formed and the ether groups link the neighboring layers, creating a near-3D structure in the GH. To utilize these unique structural features, electrodes with large pores for use in supercapacitors were fabricated using thermal reduction in vacuum. The reduced GH maintained its layered structure and developed a lot of large of pores between/inside the layers. The GH electrodes exhibited high gravimetric as well as high volumetric capacitance. Similar content being viewed by others Reduced holey graphene oxide film and carbon nanotubes sandwich structure as a binder-free electrode material for supercapcitor 4. Among the graphene-based materials, graphene oxide (GO)5,6 is considered an outstanding candidate for a precursor in the preparation of graphene devices since reduced GO has similar properties to graphene7. GO is composed of a mixture of two different types of regions: oxidized non-graphitic regions and non-reacted graphitic regions5,6,8. The co-existence of these regions produces new properties such as tunable excitons9,10. The chemical vulnerability of epoxy groups in GO leads to an increase in the fraction of non-graphitic regions during reaction with NaOH, which destroys most epoxy groups in GO10. GO disperses well in dilute NaOH solutions, where the GO layers are exfoliated11. Lengthy immersion in a NaOH solution followed by vacuum drying produces graphene hydroxide (GH)10, which exhibits exotic properties such as a positive temperature coefficient of resistance and a large electron–acoustic phonon coupling constant10,12. In addition, half of the carbon atoms in GH have sp3-hybridized orbitals in a layered structure, which is different from typical graphene-based compounds10. A high ratio of sp3:sp2 carbon atoms and other structural features, including chemical groups on its surface, give GH a great deal of surface area; this not only enhances its chemical reactivity but also opens up the opportunity for applications in electrodes for supercapacitors and sensors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: 2020;716: 136610. pmid:31982187 View 136. Smolowitz R. Arthropoda. Invertebrate Histology. Wiley; 2021. 299. 137. . Differential effects of warming and acidification on chemosensory transmission and detection may strengthen non-consumptive effects of blue crab predators (Callinectes sapidus) on mud crab prey (Panopeus herbstii). Sci. 2022;9. View 138. Furukawa-. FOXO transcription factors in cell-cycle regulation and the response to oxidative stress. Signal. 2005;7: 752–760. pmid:15890021 View 139. Greer EL, Brunet A. FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression. Oncogene. 2005;24: 7410–7425. pmid:16288288 View 140. Block MDE, de Block M, Stoks R. Short-term larval food stress and associated compensatory growth reduce adult immune function in a damselfly. Ecological Entomology. 2008. View 141. Pechenik JA. Larval experience and latent effects—metamorphosis is not a new beginning. Biol. 2006;46: 323–333. pmid:21672745 View 142. . Effects of high pCO2 on snow crab larvae: Carryover effects from embryogenesis and oogenesis reduce direct effects on larval survival. bioRxiv. 2022. p. 2022. 10. 06. 511100. View 143. . Effects of high pCO2 on Tanner crab reproduction and early life history, Part II: carryover effects on larvae from oogenesis and embryogenesis are stronger than direct effects. . 2016;73: 836–848. View 144. . Regulation of crustacean molting: A review and our perspectives. Endocrinol. 2011;172: 323–330. pmid:21501612 View 145. . Hormonal control of the crustacean molting gland: Insights from transcriptomics and proteomics. Endocrinol. 2020;294: 113493. pmid:32339519 View 146. -P, Pfister CA. Standing genetic variation fuels rapid adaptation to ocean acidification. Nat Commun. 2019;10: 5821. pmid:31862880 View 147.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (F–J) Cell-specific blockage of synaptic release using botulinum toxin light chain B increases hypophyseal OXT levels (F). The mean number and volume of mCherry +NS (G,H) and oxytocin puncta overlapping with mcherry +NS (I,J) were quantified in 8-dpf old larvae of Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry) labeled as BoTx- (n = 13 larvae) versus Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:BoTxLCB-GFP; UAS:NTR-mCherry) at isotonic Danieau buffer (BoTx+ (n = 14 larvae)) or upon 60 min treatment with hypertonic solution (ST BoTx+; n = 12 larvae). (***p<0. 001, ****p<0. 0001; one-way ANOVA). Error bars indicate SEM in (B-E and G-J). Figure 2—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 2: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon hyperosmotic challenge. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta upon hyperosmotic challenge. Download elife-45650-fig2-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Actin polymerization regulates synaptic OXT content. (A–D) Spatial relationship between actin and neuropeptide in hypophysis revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) images of the neurohypophyseal area of 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) Tg(oxt:gal4; UAS:lifeact-EGFP) larvae stained using anti-OXT and anti-GFP antibodies (A). (B–D:) Magnifications of squared areas. Scale bars: 1 µm. (E–H) Assessment of the effect of cytochalasin D treatment on synaptic properties in Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae. Larvae were treated with DMSO or cytochalasin D at 400 nM between 4 and 5 dpf, stained using anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and quantified following imaging as in Figure 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Therefore, research on the structure of GH would shed light on certain aspects of graphene systems with chemical groups, as well as help realize high–gravimetric-capacitance electrodes for energy storage systems. Here, we report on our investigation of the structure of GH, which is significantly different from that of GO. We found that the 3D structure of GH gives it unique properties. We also report that electrodes for supercapacitors made of reduced GH demonstrate high gravimetric, as well as volumetric, capacitance and that these properties are related to the 3D structure of GH. ResultsFigure 1 shows optical and SEM images of the GO, NaOH-treated GO (NaOH-GO) and GH paper materials. The GO product was a brown powder [Fig. 1(a)] that turned black after reaction with NaOH [Fig. 1(b)]. Immersion of GO in NaOH for 2 weeks produced GH [Fig. 1(c)]. The SEM images show that microstructure of the GO changed after the reaction with NaOH [Figs. 1(d)–1(f)]. Although the reaction with NaOH made the layers of GO more distinct, the flaky morphology disappeared after long immersion into NaOH-solution [Fig. 1(f)]. Figure 2 shows SEM images of the cross-sections of the GH paper sample of Fig. 1(c). The GH layers were stacked densely and this layered structure is clearly visible in Figs. 2(e) and (f). Since GH has a layered structure and so many wrinkles, it has a larger surface area than GO. Figure 1Optical and SEM images of GO. [(a), (d)] GO, [(b), (e)] NaOH-treated GO, [(c), (f)] GH. The GO initially has a brown color (a) and turns black after epoxy groups were destroyed by NaOH (b). GH paper was prepared by vacuum filtration of NaOH-GO; it looks a flexible film (c). Full size imageFigure 2SEM images of the GH. Cross-sectional SEM images of the GH paper sample at various magnifications. Full size imageThe structural changes in the GO samples are illustrated in Figure 3. The interlayer spacing (d) of GO, inferred from the peak at 2θ = 12. 48°, was ≈7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: AbstractIncreased atmospheric CO2 is driving ocean acidification (OA), and potential changes in marine ecosystems. Research shows that both planktonic and benthic communities are affected, but how these changes are linked remains unresolved. Here we show experimentally that decreasing seawater pH (from pH 8. 1 to 7. 8 and 7. 4) leads to reduced biofilm formation and lower primary producer biomass within biofilms. These changes occurred concurrently with a re-arrangement of the biofilm microbial communities. Changes suggest a potential shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic dominated biofilms in response to reduced pH. In a complimentary experiment, biofilms reared under reduced pH resulted in altered larval settlement for a model species (Galeolaria hystrix). These findings show that there is a potential cascade of impacts arising from OA effects on biofilms that may drive important community shifts through altered settlement patterns of benthic species. Similar content being viewed by others Biogeochemical feedbacks to ocean acidification in a cohesive photosynthetic sediment 0. 2 to 0. 4 units on average by the year 21001. It is estimated that average surface ocean pH has already decreased from near 8. 25 to 8. 1 over the past 250 years and is forecasted to decrease to near or below 7. 85 by the end of the century1. Acidification of the oceans is expected, and has been shown experimentally, to affect marine ecosystems in a myriad of ways with stimulative, inhibitive, or neutral effects depending on organism or location2,3,4,5. Complex lifecycles in most marine invertebrates involve a long-lived benthic adult stage, and a shorter-lived planktonic larval stage that are thought to be most susceptible to climate change6,7,8. At the completion of the free-living larval stage, the competent larvae of benthic species must attach to a substrate (settle) and metamorphose. The transition is likely to affect settlement success of calcifying species under ocean acidification regimes; the first is a direct effect where lowered pH and lower saturation states of calcium carbonate (calcite and aragonite) ions which reduce calcification during the transition from planktonic to benthic life stages9,10; the second is an indirect effect through the disturbance of settlement cues between biofilms and larvae11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: The number and mean volume of neurohypophyseal synapses (NS) (E,F) and the number and mean volume of NS-associated OXT puncta (G,H) was quantified. p<0. 01, Student’s t-test, Cohen’s d = 1. 54 (E); p<0. 1, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 0. 85 (F); p<0. 05, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 17 (G); p<0. 01, Student's t-test, Cohen's d = 1. 43 (H), n = 8, 12 for DMSO and cytochalasin D treatment, respectively. (I–N) Assessment of the effect of oxytocin-neuron specific perturbation of actin. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxytocin Gal4 driver (oxt:Gal4) were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP (I) or UAS:Cofilin-EGFP (L) expression cassettes. All the injected larvae were sorted for fluorescent heart selection marker and were subjected to immunostaining with anti-EGFP and anti-OXT antibody. 5-dpf larvae with and without expression of EGFP-labeled neurohypophyseal synapses were imaged using confocal microscopy as in Figure 1F. The number (J,M) and volume of OXT puncta (K,N) were quantified. (J-M: ns, non-significant; N: p<0. 05; Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 0. 92). Error bars indicate SEM in (E-H, J,K,M and N). Figure 3—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 3: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon actin perturbation. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larvae that were subjected to DMSO vs cytochalasin treatment or embryos that underwent transgenesis experiment for OXT-neuron specific EGFP vs cofilin expression. Download elife-45650-fig3-data1-v3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The temperature, as well as the frequency, dependence of the dielectric constant was explained by the existence of functional groups between neighboring layers; since functional groups containing hydroxyl groups are expected to be present between layers, their behavior might be influenced by the frequency, leading to resonant behavior at high frequency. Furthermore, investigation of the structure and properties of GH would help determine pathways for synthesizing graphene since increasing the ratio of sp3/sp2 drives the GH system towards a more graphane-like state in which all carbon atoms have sp3 orbitals. Moreover, these investigations will also facilitate the development of applications, such as sensors and energy storage systems, which exploit the large surface area of these materials. As a demonstration of a possible application, electrodes for supercapacitors were fabricated using reduced GH. Figure 7 shows the XRD pattern of reduced GH, which contained 3 distinct peaks. The interlayer distances for the planes associated with these peaks were 12. 7 Å, 3. 43 Å and 2. 96 Å, respectively. After reduction, the reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH (cf. Figure 3). Figure 7XRD pattern of reduced GH. The reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH. Full size imageFigure 8 shows images of the cross-sections of thermally reduced GH samples. Since the GH had numerous chemical groups on the surface, gases were generated during the reduction process by the destruction chemical groups such as epoxy and hydroxyl groups. In addition, the vacuum environment triggered the expansion of the stacked layers so that the evolved gases could escape from the GH. Long-term vacuum reduction at high temperature produced many pores inside the sample and expanded the interlayer spacing, i. e. , the effective surface area was greatly increased. Therefore, neighboring layers were separated from each other and many pores were clearly visible, as shown in Fig. 8(a). In Figs. 8(b) and (c), the empty space between layers is distinct and the structure is like that of a connected cocoon. The size of the cocoon-shaped pores was larger than 1 μm2. Inside the individual layers, there were smaller pores around 250 nm × 50 nm and 40 nm × 10 nm, as shown in Figs. 8(e) and (f), respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While evidence supports impacts of OA on calcification, recent work shows that these effects are likely driven by changes in saturation state and not directly by pH12,13. Less is known on the responses across life-history stages to OA scenarios that might be related to a loss of interaction (settlement cues) between larvae and microbial communities. While reduced pH has been linked to decreases in the settlement success of vermetids14, corals14,15,16,17,18, sea stars11, and sea urchins19, our understanding regarding the OA effects on the settlement processes of marine invertebrates remains limited. In this respect, a recent review by Espinel et al. 20 found less than 50 published studies, with the majority indicated neutral or negative changes in settlement under reduced pH. Within these studies, only a small number examined the outcomes of pH induced changes of substrates (biofilms and CCAs) on settlement, and these indicated a reduction in settlement rate in taxa such as coral and sea stars20. Settlement success has in part been attributed to biofilm recognition or quorum sensing21,22. These cues have been strongly linked to biofilm bacteria of the genus Pseudoalteromonas22,23 and the production of brominated compounds, with their effect potentially modified by factors including carotenoids24. It is likely, however, that a large number of microorganisms and metabolites are involved in promoting settlement of marine species, yet to be described. Altered settlement rates due to OA driven changes in biofilm communities and will be important as they could shape the future distributions, abundances and ecology of marine benthic communities. In addition, changes in settlement may impact the sustainability of species that are cultured or harvested, where recruitment and the supply of juveniles for recruitment and on-growing may be reduced. The present research seeks to better understand the effects of reduced pH on the development of microbial biofilm communities, and the potential effects of changes in biofilms on the settlement of marine larvae. This is examined in two independent, but complimentary experiments. Firstly, we developed biofilms in flow-through aquaria for up to 69 days at ambient (pH 8. 1) or reduced seawater pH (7. 8 and 7. 4) to determine their general characteristics (biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels) and associated microbial community (diversity, composition).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 3—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT and Lifeact-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic actin dynamics. (A) robo2 is expressed in larval zebrafish neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO) and colocalizes with Oxytocin neurons. Confocal Z-stack images showing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of transgenic larvae Tg(oxt:EGFP) (3 days post-fertilization (dpf)) using probes directed against robo2 mRNAs (magenta), followed by anti-EGFP staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which OXT neurons were labeled is shown. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B,C) Real-time monitoring of synaptic actin dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae mounted in 0. 1% low-melt agarose and imaged using multi-photon microscopy upon after Photobleaching (FRAP) (B). Time-series images of FRAP experiment in a neurohypophyseal synapse with Lifeact-EGFP expression (C). Scale bar: 200 nm. (D–F) Assessment of synaptic actin dynamics in robo2 mutant using the transgenic actin dynamics reporter Tg(oxt:Gal4; UAS:Lifeact-EGFP) larvae. Graph showing the normalized FRAP profile of Lifeact-EGFP fluorescence intensity in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 19 synapses from seven larvae) and robo2-/- (n = 21 synapses from seven larvae) (D) (***p<2e-16) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The sheet resistance of the reduced-GH electrodes was measured using the four-point–probe method and was 1. 8 Ω/□. Figure 8SEM images of thermally reduced GH. Cross-sectional SEM images of the reduced GH paper sample at various magnifications. Full size imageTo evaluate the supercapacitive performance of the reduced GH electrodes, two-electrode symmetric coin cells were assembled. The mass of the GH electrode is 0. 198 mg each. To operate the coin cells across a wide voltage range, organic 1 M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) in polycarbonate was used as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge profiling, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance measurements. The charge/discharge profiles of the reduced GH electrodes at different current densities are shown in Figure 9. The triangular profiles were similar to those obtained from electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with good performance. A voltage drop in the curve, caused by an equivalent series resistance, was almost negligible. The specific capacitance (C) of the electrode was calculated using the slope of the discharge line usingFigure 9Electrochemical performance of the reduced-GH electrode. (a) galvanostatic charge and discharge curves at different current densities, (b) C-V profiles at different scan rates and (c) the complex impedance spectrum. Full size imagewhere I is the applied current, m is the mass of active material, ΔV is the potential range and t is the time to discharge. The specific capacitances of the electrode were 210. 1 F/g (at 1 A/g) and 212. 3 F/g (at 2 A/g). The volumetric capacitance of each electrode was calculated to be 71. 4 F/cm3 and 72. 1 F/cm3. The average electrode density was 0. 34 g/cm3. The reduced-GH electrodes showed rectangular CV curves [Fig. 9(b)] without any redox peaks, indicating ideal capacitive behavior. The pseudo-capacitance effect, which can be enhanced by surface functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen by an additional Faradaic reaction, was not observed. It should be also noted that the CV curves were still rectangular at a high scan rate of 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Biomass increased 12-fold under ambient pH conditions from young to older biofilms, while the increase over time was less pronounced under both reduced pH treatments. The biomass of old biofilms measured in the slides was 7-fold lower when these were developed at the lowest pH than at ambient conditions. This trend was consistent with the (5-fold) lower chlorophyll-a concentration for both young (2,9 = 6. 592, p < 0. 05) and older biofilms (2,9 = 12. 725, p < 0. 05), under the pH 7. 4 treatment (Fig. 2). A similar trend was observed for carotenoid concentrations (Fig. 2) in young (2,9 = 5. 949, p < 0. 05) and old biofilms (2,9 = 14. 001, p < 0. 05). Figure 2Effects of ocean acidification on biofilm development. (A–C) Changes in biomass and pigments associated to primary producers in response to pH treatment for young and old biofilms (n = 5 for each bar). (D–I) Representative images for biofilms at different pH for young and old biofilms. Ambient pHNIST was 8. 1. Scale bar 50 μm. Full size imageMicrobial community analysisReduced pH also led to clear and simultaneous shifts in microbial communities (Fig. 3) for both young and old biofilms (Figs. 3 and 4, 3). In young biofilms (<30 days old), microbial communities observed under both pH scenarios were statistically distinct from those raised in ambient pH (Fig. 3A and Supplementary Fig. 4) (: 16S, R = 0. 54, p = 0. 04; invertebrates, R = 0. 49, p < 0. 01), with the lowest observed variance in community changes at the lowest pH. Despite changes in community structure and a trend of reduced alpha diversity at lower pH for microbial communities (Fig. 3B), no significant differences (ANOVA p > 0. 05) in diversity (both richness and Shannon diversity) were observed among microbial communities. A re-arrangement was also observed at a broad taxonomic level in the microbial community with fold decreases in Actinobacteria (−2. 8x), Bacteroidetes (−1. 7x), Firmicutes (−3.

Output: contrast