Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Using our mixed-effects model, we can quantify two types of losses from ideal to estimated yields. The first type of loss (“other losses” in Fig 5) is related to the slope of CFideal to CFactual. It should be noted that the slope is a result of the statistical model, but we still call it “other loss due to unidentified effects” because the slope itself does not explain the loss, and it could also reflect biases in the wind fields dataset (see discussion below). The second type of loss is related to the age and park effects, which influence the magnitude of the slope. Therefore, “other losses” is the difference between the ideal yield and the estimated yields for the case that all turbines were new and no wake effects between turbines would occur. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Reported and estimated annual yield for onshore wind energy generation in Germany. The sum of estimated yields and losses due to the age effect, park effect and other effects equals the annual ideal wind energy yield as estimated from wind speed, air density, and turbine characteristics (source of reported yields: [24]). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Reported and estimated annual wind energy yields as well as relative losses of energy yield due to effects of age, park size, and other unknown effects. The estimated annual energy yield corresponds to the sum of monthly yields of all turbines in BDBsites. Monthly yields of the turbines were derived from capacity factor predictions of the mixed-effects model. the loss by the park effect stayed rather constant at 1. 9% of total annual energy yield in Germany, the loss by the age effect increased from 3. 6% to 6. 7% (Table 2, Fig 5). For 2014, the absolute loss for the age and park effect reached 5. 6 and 1. 6 TWh, respectively. “Other losses” due to unidentified effects led to 71% and 79% of total loss in 2000 and 2014, respectively. Relative to the ideal energy yield, 20% generation losses were due to unidentified effects for all years studied. During the study period the installed capacity in Germany increased by a factor of 6. 6 from 5. 7 GW in the year 2000 to 37. 6 GW in 2014.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1572:1-82 Cisneros-Heredia DF, Yánez-Muñoz MH. 2007. A new species of Glassfrog (Centrolenidae) from the southern Andean foothills on the west Ecuadorian region. Journal of Herpetology 2:1-10 Dwivedi B, Gadagkar SR. 2009. Phylogenetic inference under varying proportions of indel-induced alignment gaps. BMC 9(1):1-18 Frost DR. 2021. Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Guayasamin JM, Cisneros-ña P, Hutter CR. 2020. Glassfrogs of Ecuador: diversity, evolution, and conservation. Diversity 12(6):222 Guayasamin JM, Cisneros-. 2019. A new glassfrog (Centrolenidae) from the chocó-andean río manduriacu reserve, Ecuador, endangered by mining. PeerJ 7(4):e6400. 2007. frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 104(24):10092-10097. 2015. Anuario meteorológico N°52-2012. IUCN. 2012. IUCN red list categories and criteria. version 3. 1 (Second Edition). Gland and Cambridge:. IUCN. 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria IUCN. Species survival commission. version 14. -. 2012. Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28(12):1647-1649. 2012. Partitionfinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. and Evolution 29:1695-1701. 1973. A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. University of of 16:1-66 Maddison W, Maddison DR. 2019. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis, ver. 3. 61. . 2010.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2050486/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExisting climate change mitigation scenarios for attaining the 1. 5°C goal generally phase out hydrocarbon use through decarbonization of the energy system to eliminate fossil fuel usage. However, they require rapid changes in energy-demand technologies and human behaviors or extensive reliance on bioenergy for carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) presumably could support to alter such energy systems, considering recent technological advancements in direct air capture (DAC) and renewable-based hydrogen. Here, we developed a CCU-based scenario under the 1. 5°C climate goal using a global energy system model. In the scenario where CCU is mainly introduced by limiting demand-side electrification, bioenergy, and -based synthetic fuel reaches 30% of global energy demand to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. In contrast to existing 1. 5°C scenarios, this CCU scenario is characterized by greater availability of hydrocarbons in energy demand, reaching 280 EJ in 2050, whereas fossil fuel and bioenergy supplies decrease to 60 EJ and 100 EJ, respectively. Despite moderate demand-side electrification, this scenario involves rapid upscaling of renewable energy and DAC, which reach 600 EJ and 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050, respectively. While the CCU-based scenario involves multiple challenges on energy supply transformation and associated energy investments, it provides an alternative mitigation option that considers the difficulties in rapid demand-side changes and the risks of bioenergy and CDR. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate-change mitigationEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate-change policyEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Socioeconomic scenariosFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Main TextClimate change mitigation scenarios in the context of the 1. 5°C goal of the require accelerated emissions reductions or depend on large-scale net-negative emissions in the second half of this century1. (AR6)2 of the on (IPCC) presented a wide range of mitigation scenarios and corresponding future energy systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: The annual average turbine performance, however, did not change as indicated by rather constant mean annual capacity factors from 2000 to 2014 (Table 2). of turbine age, park size and regional installed capacity on turbine performance We found that turbine age significantly decreased turbine performance by 0. 63±0. 01% per year. This effect could, in principle, include other external effects as well, such as increased feed-in management with time or wake effects of newly constructed wind parks upwind from the turbines we considered. As the exact positions of wind turbines were not included in the database, but installed capacity increased continuously from 2000 to 2014 (Fig 3F), yields might have decreased due to the wake effect of newly constructed wind parks. This wake effect would then have been included in the overall aging effect. An effect of the extension of existing wind parks on the turbine performance with time was, however, avoided by excluding yield data after extension took place. Feed-in management decreased total wind energy yields in Germany by only 2. 1% in the year 2014 and below 1% before 2014 (EEG in Zahlen 2015, www. bundesnetzagentur. de). Excluding the year 2014 before fitting the mixed-effects model did not change the significance of the age effect. We therefore assume that feed-in management can be neglected as a relevant factor in our analysis. The decline of wind turbine performance with age estimated by our mixed-effects model is lower than the 1. 6±0. 2% per year reported by Staffell and Green [15] for UK wind parks. Staffell and Green [15] estimated the ageing effect relative to average capacity factors per wind park that might have led to an overestimation of the ageing effect due to unknown early turbine death in wind parks. Olauson et al. [16] estimated a performance decline of 0. 15 percentage points per year for a dataset of energy yield per turbine from Sweden. For new turbines with a capacity factor of 0. 25 this results in a performance decrease of 0. 6% per year, which is consistent with our result. Assuming that the mixed-effects model approach represents the average age effect for wind turbines in Germany and a turbine design lifetime of 20 years, the performance of wind turbines averaged over their lifetime would be lower by 20/2 x 0. 63% ≈ 6. 3% compared to a new turbine only due to the age effect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Creating the science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. 2012. Sistema de clasificación de ecosistemas del Ecuador continental. Quito: Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. 2013. Sistema de Clasificación de Ecosistemas del Ecuador Continental. Quito: Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural. for. 2020. GenBank. Bethesda (MD): national library of medicine (US), national center for biotechnology information. Ortega--Heredia DF, Guerra Arévalo N, López de Vargas-Machuca KG, Sánchez-Nivicela JC, Armijos-Ojeda D, Cáceres Andrade JF, Reyes-ékely ékely ántez írez-Jaramillo SM, Timbe-Borja B, Gómez ávez Jácome D, Posse V, Valle-Piñuela C, Padilla Jiménez D, Reyes-Puig JP, Terán-érez Lara MB, Carvajal-Endara S, Urgilés M, Yánez Muñoz MH. 2021. Red list assessment of amphibian species of Ecuador: a multidimensional approach for their conservation. 16:e0251027 Promega. 2019. Wizard® genomic DNA purification kit technical manual. Rambaut A. 2014. FigTree v1. 4. 2: tree figure drawing tool. . 2013. Tracer 1. 6. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh. Ramis L, Álvarez-Solas S, Peñuela M. 2018. Diagnóstico preliminar de la presencia de primates que habitan el piedemonte de la Reserva Biológica Colonso-Chalupas. Revista de Investigación Talentos 5(2):1-11 Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19(12):1572-1574. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: To interpret these scenarios, Pathways (IMPs) were described, which represent multiple pathways to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions. These pathways are generally characterized by decarbonization of energy systems, reduction of energy demand3,4, promotion of renewable energy sources and electrification5 or the offsetting of residual emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR) processes (e. g. , bioenergy carbon capture and storage [BECCS] and afforestation)6,7. In addition to the IMPs, various unique low-emission pathways have recently been analyzed, such as CDR-oriented scenarios based on direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS)8,9 and degrowth scenarios10. Because each transformation pathway generally involves multiple risks associated with sustainability11,12, and rapid changes in energy systems are hindered by feasibility concerns 13,14, there is a need for exploration of a diverse portfolio of net-zero emissions pathways during the development of post-AR6 mitigation scenarios to facilitate the achievement of robust and flexible net-zero energy systems. In this context, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is a promising alternative to the reduction of residual emissions15–18. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels (synfuels) derived from carbon-neutral sources (e. g. , direct air capture [DAC], biomass, and low-carbon hydrogen) can provide low-carbon liquefied and gaseous energies. These energy carriers have advantages in terms of energy density relative to other energy carriers; they could be used with existing energy infrastructure and technology. Because of recent cost decreases in solar and wind power19,20 and increasing expectations for the commercialization of DAC21,22 to facilitate large-scale CCU implementation, the potential applications of these carriers have been explored in specific sectors23,24 (e. g. , transport fuels) and regions25,26 using Models. Nevertheless, their economy-wide potential and the challenges associated with achievement of stringent mitigation goals, such as 1. 5°C without overshoot, remain unclear. Here, we performed what-if scenario analysis to explore the potential of implementing CCU in the global energy system using the AIM/Technology (Asia-Model/Technology)27 model, which is a bottom-up global energy system model that accurately represents energy technologies in the energy demand and supply sectors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: This age effect can be a crucial factor for wind project planning as the cost of wind energy yield is inversely proportional to the capacity factor [27]. The rank assigned to each turbine representing the wake effect in wind parks let to a significant decreased turbine performance of 0. 49±0. 02% per turbine rank. A wind park with 6 turbines would have an average yield loss due to the wake effect of 6/2 x 0. 49% ≈ 1. 5%. This estimate agrees well with published estimates. For instance, Kusiak and Song (Table 4 in [28]) estimated onshore wind energy production with a park layout optimization model. For a wind park size of 6 turbines they found a similar wake loss of 1. 6%. For large wind parks, however, wake losses can be much greater. In 2014, 1% of all wind parks in Germany had 22 turbines or more. These 46 wind parks should have had an average yield loss of at least 22/2 x 0. 49% ≈ 5. 4%, which corresponds to the lower end of estimates for large wind parks with different turbine spacing and site climatology of 5–20% [29,30]. Installed capacity per postal code area had no significant effect on turbine performance, so it would seem that wind turbines in Germany do not generally affect regional wind speeds by much. The installed capacity per postal code area might, however, not be the best proxy for regional installed capacity as the postal code areas differ considerably in size. In addition, areas with high installed capacity next to the coast are expected to be less affected as turbines are aligned in rows along the coast. The question of whether the installed capacity is already high enough in some parts of Germany to detect regional effects on turbine performance might be studied in future, but this would likely require more precise information of turbine positions. Ideal yield compared to actual yield In this study, on average 73. 7% of the ideal wind energy yield was converted to electrical energy (actual yield), leading on average to 26. 3% of overall losses. This considerable reduction may result from several factors. For instance, the reduction may be due to the generic value of 44% of the power coefficient rather than using realistic power curves for the turbines, or it may result from biases in the wind fields that represent a reanalysis dataset rather than observations. Using a power coefficient of, e. g. , 40% could reduce the ideal yield by a factor of about 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 38181 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordSeptember 14, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptSeptember 4, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,926 views 602 downloads 17 8181. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 8 figures, 1 table and 1 additional file 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Dedifferentiation of vps35 mutant neural progenitors causes the formation of transplantable tumors. (A) Diagram depicting the lineage hierarchy of Drosophila type II neuroblasts in the central brain area. (B) Schematic showing how asymmetric distribution and segregation of the endocytic protein Numb (cyan) initiates unidirectional Notch signaling (purple arrow) from a neural progenitor (light blue) to its sibling type II neuroblast (pink). (C) Schematic of the cargo-recognition retromer complex. (D–F) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for neuroblast marker Deadpan (Dpn) and ganglion mother cell (GMC)/neuronal marker Prospero (nuclear Pros) (D,F). In this and subsequent micrographs, yellow dotted line marks the boundary between the optic lobe (left) and the central brain (right) areas. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (E). **p<0. 001 (n = 12–16). (G) Asymmetric cortical distribution of apical marker atypical PKC (aPKC) and basal marker Miranda (Mira) in wild type (WT) or vps35 mutant metaphase neuroblasts. (H) Colocalization of Mira and cell fate determinant Numb at the basal cortex of WT or vps35 mutant metaphase neuroblasts. (I) MARCM clonal analysis of type II neuroblast lineages in WT control or vps35 mutant backgrounds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: The model includes synthetic liquid fuels and synthetic methane production technologies such as CCU-based energy carriers, which can replace fossil fuel-based liquids and gases in energy demand sectors. Further details concerning the model structure and technological assumptions are provided in the Methods section. We analyzed three climate change mitigation scenarios to compare the roles and characteristics of CCU in residual emissions. First, as the central scenario in this study, a CCU-oriented scenario (1. 5C-CCU) was designed that avoids rapid technological changes in energy demand sectors (e. g. , moderate electrification). Furthermore, dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy is reduced in a manner similar to the IMPs established to meet the 1. 5°C goal of AR6. Consequently, hydrocarbon-based energy is provided by alternative sources derived from atmospheric carbon, which is converted into synthetic fuels. This scenario has clear advantages in that it does not require drastic changes in energy demand structure and lifestyle; it uses current energy supply infrastructure without dependence on CDR. In contrast to 1. 5C-CCU, the other two scenarios phase out hydrocarbons from energy systems (regardless of source) or use CDR implementation to offset residual emissions. The second scenario is 1. 5C-DEC (DECarbonization), which involves decarbonization of energy systems to reduce residual emissions; this scenario includes demand-side electrification and the upscaling of solar and wind power without dependence on large-scale CDR or bioenergy, and the underlying assumptions are similar to the IMP-Ren scenario in AR6. The third scenario, 1. 5C-CDR, is characterized by extensive use of CDR options similar to the IMP-Neg scenario in AR6, whereby residual emissions from fossil fuel use persist. The quantification of each scenario was implemented in the AIM/Technology model with multiple energy system conditions, in accordance with the underlying scenario. In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, considering the assumptions of low dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy, constraints were imposed on CDR and CCS implementation, as well as bioenergy potential, because reliance on fossil fuels is generally determined by CDR availability28. Furthermore, based on moderate assumptions regarding technological changes in energy demand sectors, the diffusion of non-hydrocarbon-based technologies was limited, including the use of electricity- and hydrogen-based devices (see Methods for details).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: 91 (40/44), leading to a reduction of overall losses to 17. 3%. However, the reduction of 26. 3% is in line with other studies. For instance, Pieralli et al. [31] found that electrical losses amounted to 27% of ideal yield for 19 wind turbines installed in 4 wind parks in Germany. According to their study, most of the losses were attributed to variability in wind direction, while 6% of losses were attributed to turbine errors. For the UK, Staffell and Green [15] found an average difference between ideal and actual yield of 24. 5%. Furthermore, an independent comparison of the wind fields of the COSMO-REA6 dataset to wind mast measurements in the range of 10 to 116m showed that the wind fields in the dataset were realistic [32]. Hence, this reduction of actual yields by 26. 3% compared to the ideal yields is realistic and consistent to previous studies. The combination of ideal wind energy yields with the mixed-effects model to estimate actual yields of all turbines in Germany resulted in estimates of total actual annual wind energy generation in Germany that are very close to reported ones (Fig 4, Table 2). An increase of installed capacity in Germany from 5. 7 GW in the year 2000 to 37. 6 GW in 2014 led to strong yield increases from 9. 1 TWh to 55. 9 TWh, but the average performance of wind turbines in Germany did not increase as one may expect due to technology improvements. This can be explained by the following considerations. If the turbine capacity is high relative to the rotor swept area, then the turbine's specific power is high, but the capacity factor is low in low wind regions. By decreasing the turbine's capacity, the specific power would be decreased and the capacity factor increased without generating more energy. Therefore, an increase in turbine's specific power can lead to decreases in capacity factors that would appear as a performance decrease. However, the average specific power did not change from 2000 to 2014 (Fig 3D), and hence, the lack of expected performance increases needs to have other reasons. From the year 2000 to 2014, total production losses increased due to an increase of average turbine age with time (Fig 3A). Therefore, expected performance increases due to technology improvements have likely been at least partly mitigated by performance decreases due to ageing of wind turbines in Germany.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: In this and subsequent micrographs, type II neuroblast MARCM clones are marked by CD8-GFP and outlined by white dashed lines, whereas neuroblasts, immature intermediate neural progenitors (INPs), mature INPs and neuroblast-like dedifferentiating progenitors are marked with brackets, white arrowheads, cyan arrowheads and yellow arrowheads respectively. (J) Transplantation of GFP+ tissue from WT control larval brains into the abdomens of adult host flies caused neither tumorous growth (while bracket) nor metastasis (white arrowhead). In sharp contrast, transplantation of GFP+ tumor tissue from vps35 mutant larval brains caused massive tumor formation (yellow bracket) and metastasis to distal organs such as the eyes (yellow arrowhead). (K) Table showing the frequency of tumor formation or metastasis 14 days after transplantation of GFP+ tissue from larval brains of indicated genotypes. (L) GFP+ tumor tissues from the transplanted hosts were isolated and stained for neuroblast markers Mira and Dpn. Note that most of the extracted GFP+ tumor cells were Mira+ and Dpn+ neuroblast-like cells. Scale bars, 50 μm (D,F); 5 μm (G,H) and 10 μm (I,L). Figure 1—source data 1 Input data for bar graph Figure 1E. Download elife-38181-fig1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset A summary of the Gal4 drivers and cell type markers used in this study. (A) The expression patterns of the Gal4 drivers. (B) The identity of each cell type in type II neuroblast lineages can be unambiguously determined by a combination of cell type markers. NB: neuroblast. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Ectopic neuroblasts formed upon retromer dysfunction are originated from immature INPs. (A,B) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (B). **p<0. 001; NS: not significant (n = 10–12).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Across these three scenarios, the emission pathways were equivalent to the 1. 5°C scenario without overshoot and to the C1 category in the 62, whereby CO2 emissions from energy sectors decreased to nearly net-zero status by 20501,29. We also performed sensitivity scenario analyses, as summarized in 1. Details of the scenario settings are provided in the Methods section. Technological changes in energy demand sectors In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, CCU-based energy carriers, including synthetic liquid fuels and methane, supply approximately 30% of global energy demand by 2050, compared with approximately 5% and nearly zero in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, respectively (Fig. 1a, 2). In contrast, the electrification rate is approximately 38% in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, which is a unique characteristic of the 1. 5C-CCU scenario compared with the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, where electrification is approximately 50%. This unique trend is robust across all sensitivity scenarios of 1. 5C-CCU summarized in Supplementary Fig. 1. Because of the limited electrification level in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, the share of hydrocarbon-based energies, including fossil fuels, biomass and synfuels, is 54% of the total final energy demand, whereas those shares in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios are only 29% and 41%, respectively. This unique trend is also present in the comparison with AR6 scenarios because hydrocarbon consumption in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario is above the 90th percentile range of category C1 scenarios. Figure 1b summarizes sectoral energy demand composition and the shares of electricity, synfuels, and hydrocarbon-based energies in 2050. Across all scenarios, the transport sector was the greatest consumer of synfuels, which replaced fossil fuel-based liquid fuels. In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, the share of synfuels reaches nearly 60% of total transport energy demand in 2050. In the industry and buildings sectors, CCU-based energy carriers are mainly supplied as gaseous synthetic methane in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, where they supply approximately 22% and 13% of sectoral energy demand, respectively. Figure 1c and Supplementary Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsWe have estimated ideal wind energy yield for Germany for the years 2000 to 2014 using datasets of wind speed and air density as well as turbine characteristics. We then used the ideal wind energy yield and actual monthly energy yields of a subset of wind turbines to set up a mixed-effects model that we then applied to all wind turbines in Germany to estimate the actual monthly energy yield. Annual sums of actual plus estimated yields of all turbines in Germany were very close to reported ones. On average, however, only 73. 7±0. 2% of the ideal wind energy yield was converted to electrical energy (actual yield). For the years 2000 to 2014 the average specific power of all turbines in Germany did not change, so that the capacity factor can be used as a measure of turbine performance. The mixed-effects model indicated that turbine performance was significantly influenced by turbine age and park size. On average, wind parks in Germany lose 6. 3% total yield when assuming an average turbine lifetime of 20 years. The ageing effect, as defined here, might, however, include other effects such as changes in maintenance quality, wake effects of newer wind parks, and decreases due to feed-in management or other external factors that decrease wind speed. The park effect decreased total onshore wind energy yield in Germany by 1. 9% per year. This share stayed constant over time as did the average park size. Even though the age and park effects led to considerable energy generation losses, the loss due to other unidentified effects led to over 70% of total losses. The knowledge we gained about the share of ideal and actual energy yield as well as effect of turbine age and park size, should be valuable for the prediction of future energy yields. Assuming that a change in specific power of turbines does not influence the magnitude of the ageing and wake effect, the mixed-effects model might be used together with ideal energy yield estimations to estimate future wind energy yields for different renewable energy scenarios. Specifically, this mixed-effects model would allow to evaluate such scenarios with respect to the increase of installed capacity, the effects of turbine ageing, as well as the effects of park sizes. Such an application of the mixed-effects model to future scenarios would, however, benefit from first assessing its capacity to predict the yield for a set of recently installed and modern turbines with known yields. Supporting informationS1 Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Note that whereas downregulation of vps26 in type II neuroblast lineages or immature INP lineages, driven by PntP1-Gal4 or erm-Gal4(II) respectively, resulted in supernumerary neuroblast phenotype, its knockdown in mature INP lineages or type I neuroblast lineages, driven by erm-Gal4 (III) or ase-Gal4 respectively, failed to induce ectopic neuroblasts. Scale bar, 50 μm (A). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset MARCM clonal analysis of wild type and vps35 mutant neuroblasts. MARCM clones were marked by CD8-GFP and stained with Dpn and Pros. Immature INPs in WT neuroblast clone and ectopic neuroblast-like cells in vps35 mutant clone were marked by white arrowheads and yellow arrowheads respectively. Note that Dpn+ Pros- ectopic neuroblasts (yellow arrowheads) were several cell diameters away from the primary neuroblast (dashed white bracket, out of the current focal plane). Scale bar, 10 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Lineage-tracing analysis of wild type and vps35 mutant immature neural progenitors. Lineage-traced cells were marked by nlsGFP and stained with Dpn and Ase. vps35 mutant immature INPs could dedifferentiate back into Dpn+ Ase- ectopic neuroblasts (yellow arrowheads), while WT control immature INPs differentiated into Dpn+ Ase+ mature INPs (white arrowhead), Dpn- Ase+ GMCs or Dpn- Ase- neurons (cyan arrowhead). Note that some glial cells and occasionally a couple of type I NB lineages are marked by nlsGFP in the WT control background. Scale bar, 10 μm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Rab7+ endosomes are drastically enlarged in vps35 mutant neuroblast lineages. (A,B) Compared to WT control immature INPs, Rab7+ endosomes were dramatically enlarged in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors (arrowheads in A). Quantification of the size range of Rab7+ puncta in immature INPs of indicated genotypes was shown in (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 2 illustrate the diffusion rates of non-hydrocarbon-based technologies in terms of existing stock capacity. In all energy demand sectors, technological change is moderate in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, particularly relative to the 1. 5C-DEC scenario, which requires drastic technological change to support rapid electrification. Energy supply and transformation associated with synfuel production Figure 2a shows a secondary energy flow diagram associated with synfuel production in 2050. In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, electricity generation increases to nearly 700 EJ per year by 2050 to meet the energy demand for synfuel production, as well as the energy demands for direct electrification and hydrogen. Substantial energy losses occur between secondary and final energy conversion processes in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario. The main factor that drives such losses is electrolysis in the synfuel production process, which requires approximately 40% of generated electricity, along with other energy transformation losses, including transmission, storage losses, and curtailment (Supplementary Fig. 3). In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, electricity consumption for DAC uses approximately 10% of the total electricity generated; CO2 capture via DAC reaches approximately 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050, mainly because of CCU demands (Fig. 3a). Considering the requirement for low-carbon electricity, the 1. 5C-CCU scenario poses multiple challenges to energy supply sectors despite moderate technological changes in energy demand sectors. First, the 1. 5C-CCU scenario is characterized by large-scale hydrogen production, reaching approximately 250 EJ per year by 2050, which includes hydrogen for synfuel production and the direct use of hydrogen, as well as hydrogen in the form of ammonia (Fig. 2b, Supplementary Fig. 4). In contrast, hydrogen production reaches approximately 40 EJ and 100 EJ per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-CDR and 1. 5C-DEC scenarios, respectively; these values are similar to or greater than range in the AR6 scenario. Second, the 1. 5C-CCU scenario includes massive non-biomass renewable energy supply that mainly depends on solar and wind, which exceed 600 EJ per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Fig. 5); fossil fuel and biomass supplies are limited to approximately 60 EJ and 100 EJ per year, respectively (Supplementary Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: 1066), das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 17. Juli 2017 (BGBl. I S. 2532) geändert worden ist [Internet]. 2017. Available: 6. éon F- Assessing climate change impacts on European wind energy from high-resolution climate projections. Clim Change. 2015;128: 99–112. View 7. épaut J-N, Ciais P. atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nat Geosci. 2010;3: 756–761. View 8. Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation. . 2015;112: 11169–11174. pmid:26305925 View 9. Miller LM, Kleidon A. Wind speed reductions by large-scale wind turbine deployments lower turbine efficiencies and set low generation limits. Acad Sci. 2016;113: 13570–13575. pmid:27849587 View 10. . Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy. Acad Sci. 2012;109: 15679–15684. pmid:23019353 View 11. . Estimating maximum global land surface wind power extractability and associated climatic consequences. Dynam. 2011;2: 1–12. View 12. -P, de Witt U. Wake effects in a linear wind farm. J Ind Aerodyn. 1994;51: 303–318. View 13. . Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm. Wind Energy. 2010;13: 573–586. View 14. Exploring the wakes of large offshore wind farms. J Ser. 2016;753: 092014. View 15. Staffell I, Green R. How does wind farm performance decline with age? Renew Energy. 2014;66: 775–786. View 16. Olauson J, Edström P, Rydén J. Wind turbine performance decline in Sweden. Wind Energy. 2017;20: 2049–2053. View 17. BDB. Betreiber-Datenbasis [Internet]. 2016 [cited 26 Nov 2017]. Available: 18. Towards a high-resolution regional reanalysis for the domain: High-Reanalysis for the.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (C) Transmission electron micrograph of wild type or vps35 mutant larval brain neuroblasts. The mean size of MVBs, identified by the presence of intraluminal vesicles, was greatly enlarged in vps35 mutant neuroblasts. Note that neuroblasts were identified by their large cellular and nuclear sizes and MVBs are highlighted in purple. (D) Western blot analysis of larval brain extracts of indicated genotypes using anti-Rab7 antibody. Anti-β-actin blot served as a loading control. (E) The enlarged Rab7+ endosomes in vps35 mutant neuroblast-like cells were also positive for YFP-Rab5 (arrowheads). (F–I) Compared to WT control immature INPs, the sizes of GFP-LAMP1+ lysosomes (F), Rab11+ recycling endosomes (G), Golgi (H) or mitochondria marked by mito-GFP (I) remained unaltered in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors (arrowheads). Scale bars, 10 μm (A,E–I). Figure 3 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Retromer regulates Notch signaling by mediating Notch receptor endosomal trafficking. (A,B) Compared to WT control immature INPs, Notch puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes were enlarged in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors (arrowheads in A). Quantification of the size range of Notch puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes is shown in (B). (C) The expression pattern of Notch signaling reporter E(spl)mγ-GFP in wild type control or vps26-RNAi type II neuroblast lineages. Note that immature INPs (Dpn- Ase-) in control type II neuroblast lineages and dedifferentiating neural progenitors (Dpn+ Ase-) in vps26-RNAi lineages are marked with white arrowheads and yellow arrowheads respectively. (D,E) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (E). **p<0. 001 (n = 10–18). NS, not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Although the mean production cost of electricity gradually decreases to approximately 15 US$ GJ− 1 in 2050 because of decreases in renewable costs, the cost of synfuels is approximately fourfold greater than the cost of electricity; it reaches approximately 60 US$ GJ− 1 by 2050 (Fig. 4c). According to the synfuel cost composition shown in the right panel of Fig. 4c, increases in synfuel cost are mainly driven by the hydrogen supply cost, which constitutes approximately two-thirds of synfuel costs because of the energy losses illustrated in Fig. 2a. Even under the AdvTech assumption, synfuel production cost exceeds 40 US$ GJ− 1 in 2050; thus, it is much more costly than hydrogen and electricity. The 1. 5C-CCU scenario shows unique characteristics in terms of sectoral energy investment, although all scenarios decrease investments in other energy supply, including fossil fuel extraction, relative to the no-policy scenario (Fig. 4d). In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, investments in energy demand sectors in 2041–2050 are lower than in 1. 5C-DEC because of moderate energy demand technological changes; however, total energy investment reaches approximately 7 trillion US$ per year because of the upscaling of electricity, hydrogen, and CO2 capture via DAC. The regional investments illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 9c reveal similar trends among regions, although those trends are stronger in the OECD and Asian regions under 1. 5C-CCU than under other scenarios because of their high demand for synfuels (Supplementary Fig. 10). DiscussionWe assessed three illustrative scenarios for achieving net-zero CO2 emissions. In contrast to the 1. 5C-DEC, 1. 5C-CDR, and AR6 scenarios, where residual emissions are generally reduced through energy system decarbonization or CDR, the 1. 5C-CCU scenario exhibits distinct characteristics, which are summarized in Table 1. Here, we discuss these characteristics in greater detail. First, the CCU scenario makes hydrocarbon-based energy carriers available to energy demand sectors; this has the advantage of increasing energy density while lowering dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy. Because most synfuels are derived from renewable-based hydrogen and carbon captured via DAC in this scenario, synfuels can be considered carbon-neutral hydrocarbons that reduce residual CO2 emissions in the energy sector.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: AbstractUsing over 10,000 archival herbarium specimens from Bermuda, we compared the presence or absence of seaweeds from a century ago with our more than 5000 collections from the last 30 years. Populations of parrotfish, important herbivores of macroalgae in the tropics, have increased since the 1993 amendment to the Bermuda 1978 Fisheries (Protected Species) Order. A fish pot ban for Bermuda was put into effect in 1990 to protect a variety of fish including parrotfish and several species of grouper, important predators of parrotfish that were rarely seen in island waters at the time. Intertidal grazing top shells were reintroduced in 1982 to Bermuda, and since then, along with the rise in parrotfish populations, inshore populations of many macroalgae have dramatically changed. We suggest that several large and abundant Bermuda macroalgal species recorded in the early 20th century appear to have been extirpated or are greatly diminished in sizes of individuals as well as population abundance, and propose that marine animal protections over the past 35 years are a possible reason for the changes we are presently observing. Keywords: Bermuda; extirpation; macroalgae; parrotfish; top shell introductionIntroductionTropical coral reefs of the world are experiencing ecosystem decline due to global climate change, overfishing, pollution and, in places, lack of conservation measures by governmental agencies (Pandolfi et al. 2005). The northernmost hermatypic coral reefs in the (32°14–25′N, 64°38–52′W) surround the archipelago of Bermuda (Thomas 2004), providing great ecological value to local habitats, as well as economic value to the country in the form of tourism. When its reefs began to show some of the stressors associated with ecosystem decline previously shown in the Caribbean (Aronson and Precht 2001, Smith et al. 2013), new management policies were put into effect in Bermuda during the latter part of the 20th century to maintain the health of its reefs (Glasspool 2008). These policies were created primarily to prevent the loss of marine animals, from corals to shellfish and reef fish, yet possibly posed an unintentional conservation trade-off in the environment for the organisms at the base of the rocky-bottom food web, including marine macroalgae (Estes et al. 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (F) Type II neuroblast lineages expressing Vps35-FLAG were stained for Notch extracellular domain (NECD) and FLAG. Note that NECD puncta (arrowheads) colocalized with Vps35-FLAG in immature INPs. (G,H) NECD puncta colocalized with FLAG-tagged human Vps35 (hVps35-FLAG; G) and endogenous Vps26 (H) in immature INPs (arrowheads). (I) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for Rab7 and F-actin. Rab7 puncta are marked with arrowheads. Scale bars, 10 μm (A,C,F–I) and 50 μm (D). Figure 3—source data 1 Input data for bar graph Figure 3E. Download elife-38181-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Retromer regulates endosomal trafficking of Notch cofactor Sanpodo (Spdo). (A,B) Compared to WT control immature INPs, Spdo-GFP puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes were enlarged in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors (arrowheads in A). Quantification of the size range of Spdo-GFP puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes is shown in (B). Scale bar, 10 μm. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Retromer regulates Notch signaling in fly neuroblast lineages with high specificity. (A–C) Compared to WT control immature INPs, Notch (A) but not Wingless (Wg, B) or Patched (Ptc, (C) puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes were enlarged in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors (arrowheads in islets in A–C). (D) In fly late third instar larval wing discs, Notch puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes (arrowheads) remained unaltered in vps35 mutant cells. (E,F) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (F). **p<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Wind and solar potentials, as well as their hourly generation profiles, are estimated based on climate, weather, and land information in 0. 5° x 0. 5° grid cells. In terms of climate conditions, solar irradiance and wind speed data are acquired from the Modern-analysis for Research and 2 (MERRA-2) dataset45,46. The climate data are converted into hourly power output and the physical potentials for solar and wind power based on formulae and parameter settings from the literatures47,48. Carbon capture from large emission sources and DAC are modeled. CCS from large emission sources includes power and hydrogen generation, oil refining, bioenergy liquefaction, steel and cement production, and furnaces. Supplementary Fig. 11 summarizes the parameter assumptions for DAC, which assume the use of solvent-based DAC that requires high levels of heat. Heat supply for DAC can be provided by natural gas, biomass, electric resistance heating, or hydrogen. Representation of CCU technologies AIM/Technology includes synthetic liquid fuels and methane as CCU-based energy carriers, which can replace liquid fuels and natural gas used in both energy demand and energy supply sectors. The assumed production methods are the Fischer–Tropsch process and methanation for liquid fuels and gases, respectively. The synfuels in this study include e-fuels, which are generally derived from renewable electricity, as well as hydrogen from other sources (e. g. , fossil fuels and bioenergy, with or without CCS). The model considered synfuels only in terms of energy use, rather than as a replacement for petrochemical products. Both synthetic liquid fuels and methane can be transported across modeled regions using the transport equipment used for oil and natural gas. Synthetic methane can be converted to hydrogen through steam methane reforming and is consumed in the energy sectors in this model. The technological parameter assumptions are based on the literature42 and summarized in 3. In this model, CO2 emissions from synthetic hydrocarbons were included in the synfuel conversion processes, rather than in the energy demand sectors. Thus, carbon prices were not imposed on the end users of synfuels if the captured CO2 originated from atmospheric sources (e. g. , DAC and bioenergy). Additionally, DAC utilities could not receive any revenue from carbon pricing if the captured CO2 was used for CCU purposes, rather than sequestration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: At present, however, Bermuda’s coral reefs are considered “high risk” by the Institute because of the high population density and potential for coastal pollution (Burke et al. 2008). Nevertheless, although Bermuda’s coral reefs are experiencing some environmental stress, they are considered one of the “healthiest” coral reef systems of the wider Caribbean region, in part due to conservation policies but also because of their northerly latitudinal advantage during global warming (Glasspool 2008, Sarkis et al. 2010, Smith et al. 2013). Throughout the recorded history of Bermuda, there has been a long timeline of restrictions and protections for marine animal resources by the government, beginning within decades of the permanent colonization of the islands by the British in the early 1600s (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999). The local waters were teeming with food for islanders at the outset but, even in the early days, regulations were needed to protect populations from overharvesting (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999). In 1978, Bermuda was again compelled to protect its economically valuable marine resources by enacting the Fisheries (Protected Species) Order (BR 8/1978) setting “no harvest” protections for all marine turtles, mammals and corals, as well as several gastropod and bivalve mollusks. In 1993, the order was amended to include parrotfish “of all species” (Scarus spp. , Sparisoma spp. ) and in 1996 a select set of groupers (Epinephelus spp. , Mycteroperca spp. ) was afforded protection. Parrotfish were protected because of the important role they play in keeping seaweeds in check on rocky coasts and coral reefs (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999), while also contributing to the formation of sand by grinding away at rocky substrates with their toothed beaks to harvest benthic algae (Thomas 2004). These large herbivores were not harvested for food until 1977 when other more desirable species were declining prior to forthcoming protection laws (Butler et al. 1993). At this time a shift took place from annual catches dominated by grouper and snapper to one in which herbivorous reef fishes, including parrotfish, were the bulk of the Bermuda fishery (Butler et al. 1993).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 001; NS, not significant (n = 10–12). Scale bars, 50 μm (E); 10 μm (A–D). Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Antibody raised against Vps26 is highly specific. (A) Western blot analysis of wild type or insc-Gal4 >UAS-Vps26-Myc larval brain extracts using anti-Vps26 (left) or anti-Myc (right) antibody. (B) Compared to WT control, Vps26 expression levels in vps35 mutant larval brain extracts were drastically reduced. Anti-α-Tubulin blot serves as loading control. (C) High and punctuated expression of Vps26 in type II neuroblast lineage (arrowheads) was diminished upon neuroblast-specific knockdown of vps26. Scale bar, 10 μm. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Retromer physically interacts with Notch. (A) Coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) of FLAG-tagged Vps26 or Vps35 and V5-tagged Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in HEK293T cell extracts. Note that in these and subsequent panels, EGFP served as a negative control. (B) Schematic drawings of NICD protein domains and truncated constructs. (C) CoIP of full-length (FL) or truncated NICD-V5 and Vps26-Myc in HEK293T cells. (D) Schematic drawings of Vps26 protein domains and truncated constructs. (E) The reciprocal coIP of full-length (FL) or truncated FLAG-Vps26 and NICD-V5 in HEK293T cells. (F) CoIP of Vps35-FLAG and Notch-V5 (N–V5) in fly larval brain extracts. Note that Vps35-FLAG and N-V5 were specifically expressed in neuroblast lineages by insc-Gal4. (G,H) CoIP of Myc-tagged mouse Vps26 (mVps26-Myc) and V5-tagged mouse NICD (mNICD-V5) and the reciprocal coIP of mVps26-FLAG and mNICD-V5 in HEK293T cell extracts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can improve healthcare access for people in remote areas. [SEP] Text: 'd like to receive emails about: -of Health and Fellowships and Future of Nursing U. S. and. S. & Collaborative on Decarbonizing the U. S. & Well--19 Culture of & Leaders in Health & & & Use & Reproductive Health, Equity, & Sources of Emerging Science, Technology, & of Pandemic & Firearm- Directions for Health & 'd like to receive emails about: -of Health and Fellowships and Future of Nursing U. S. and. S. 'd like to receive emails about: -of Health and Fellowships and Future of Nursing U. S. and. S. & Collaborative on Decarbonizing the U. S. & Well--19 Culture of & Leaders in Health & & & Use & Reproductive Health, Equity, & Sources of Emerging Science, Technology, & of Pandemic & Firearm- Directions for Health & for 26, 2024 | In our increasingly interconnected world, migration has become a defining feature of global demographics, forced or voluntarily. Across the globe, migrants face numerous challenges accessing essential and appropriate healthcare, ranging from legal obstacles to discrimination within healthcare systems. Structural violence manifested through policies and practices leads to systematic disadvantage and further marginalizes migrants, denying them the fundamental right to health. This exclusion is particularly pronounced among people under forced migration and migrants with poor socioeconomic status, who often endure compromised living conditions and livelihood. Addressing the intersecting challenges of migration and healthcare service accessibility demands a holistic approach that calls for both feasible solutions and policy supporting the implementation of solutions. This commentary aims to raise the discussion on using digital health technologies as a possible solution for improving accessibility to essential healthcare services or mitigating the health consequences in migrants when conventional service approaches are unavailable. Approximately 130. 8 million people are under forced displacement from manmade disasters such as armed conflicts, violence, and social movements, in addition to natural disasters such as floods, wildfires, and tropical cyclones; 70% of the displaced people are in low and low-middle-income countries, where the health systems are already facing the challenge of providing accessible, equitable and affordable services with quality healthcare (for Refugees, 2024). Besides forced displacement, millions voluntarily migrate for different purposes, including education, job opportunities, or to reunite with family abroad.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: From zero harvest in 1975, parrotfish catch grew to 92,000 kg in 1987, fully 36% of the total catch of miscellaneous reef fish (Butler et al. 1993). Beginning in 1993, when local fishermen could no longer legally harvest parrotfish, Bermuda populations of this group of seaweed grazers rapidly increased, as did larger-sized individuals of these species (O’Farrell et al. 2015, 2016). In 1990, when the latest Bermuda fish pot ban (Burnett-Herkes and Barnes 1996, Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999) was put into effect to stop the by-catch of protected species, including Yellowfin (Mycteroperca venenosa), Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), Tiger (Mycteroperca tigris), Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) and Red (Epinephelus morio) groupers, and Mutton hamlet (Alphestes afer), these predators of parrotfish were uncommon in surrounding waters. Although the fish pot ban offered some relief for these and other grouper populations, not all species in Bermuda were protected from commercial fishing. The largest species in Bermuda, the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), known locally as rockfish, remained unprotected and showed a steady decline in reported landings between 1975 and 1981 (Burnett-Herkes and Barnes 1996, Luckhurst and Ward 1996), the assumption being a decline in its local population due to fishing pressure. Landings of black grouper remained low until 2002 when gear improvement allowed for greater success in harvesting these large predators (Luckhurst and Trott 2015). At this time, when an apex predator population was being harvested in great numbers by trawling in shallow waters (Luckhurst and Trott 2015), parrotfish were showing increased populations of larger individuals than previous years due to low predator pressure (O’Farrell et al. 2015, 2016). Other apex predators that could affect parrotfish population dynamics, Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis, called dusky or puppy sharks in Bermuda) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier), faced similar fortunes due to overfishing during the same time period. From 1990 to 1991, pelagic fish harvest numbers had doubled from previous decades to 40.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Retromer prevents intracellular ectopic cleavage of Notch receptors. (A) Schematic depicting a simplified endocytic pathway. Red arrow: promotion; blue flat line: inhibition. (B,C) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (C). **p<0. 001 (n = 10–12). (D,E) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for NECD, Rab7 and F-actin. NECD puncta colocalizing with Rab7 are marked with arrowheads. Quantification of the size range of Notch puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes is shown in (E). (F) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for and F-actin. (G) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for Delta, Rab7 and F-actin. Scale bars, 50 μm (B) and 10 μm (D,F,G). Figure 5—source data 1 Input data for bar graph Figure 5C. Download elife-38181-fig5-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The effects of Rab5-DN, Rab9-CA, Rab7-CA or Hrs expression on Notch receptor trafficking. (A) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for NECD, Rab7 and F-actin. NECD puncta colocalizing with Rab7 were marked with arrowheads. Note that expression of Rab5-DN or Rab9-CA resulted in increased cortical distribution of Notch and decreased colocalization between Notch and Rab7. (B) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for -LAMP1 and F-actin. Scale bars, 10 μm (A,B). Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Overexpression of Rab5-CA, Rab7-DN or Rab9-DN failed to inhibit the brain tumor phenotype in vps35 mutants. (A) Cartoon depicting a simplified endocytic pathway. Red arrow: promotion; blue flat line: inhibition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can improve healthcare access for people in remote areas. [SEP] Text: , 2023). Besides the tools designed by professional technology firms, some of the existing digital devices and tools can be adjusted to fit the health needs of migrants. Humanitarian organizations have already recognized the value of messaging apps and digital mediators in supporting migrants and refugees (of the Room and Block Party, 2017). Mental health is a particular area for piloting digital solutions such as health information dissemination and online counselling and interventions, which were delivered online through social media and conferencing applications (e. g. , and Zoom) (of the Red Cross, Room, and Block Party, 2017; Linda Raftree, 2023). Nowadays, 95% of the global population lives within the footprint of a mobile broadband network, and 54% have access to smartphones (GSMA, 2023), leaving a great potential for delivering public health interventions though mobile phone networks. An equitable continuum of essential healthcare prevents the worst health scenarios in migrants throughout a migrating-resettlement journey with multiple health risk exposures. Digitalized health gives hope to provide cost-effective, mobile health services that help to overcome the structural barriers to maintain the highest possible health level in migrants. In addition to the recognition on migrant health rights, elevating the national digital infrastructure level and providing a supportive policy to digital health solutions, achieving accessible, equitable, and quality digital health services for migrants also needs the following changes: To reinforce production and synthesis of evidence through research: identify enablers and barriers to accessing health care, introduce digital health technologies, and support scaling up existing digital health technologies to fill the gaps in healthcare service provision. Develop methodologies and standards based on evidence and analyses to comprehensively understand the health scenarios of migration experience, besides clinical assessments, taking ethical, social-economical, and cultural metrics into research. To foster collaborations across national and local multi-stakeholders: form a joint force of the host government, technology businesses, non-governmental sector (i. e. NGOs, philanthropies, and civil groups), and academics on set financing and policy priorities on the health and wellbeing of migrants as social integration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: 7% of the total fisheries catch in Bermuda (Butler et al. 1993). Although shark population data specifically for Bermuda is unavailable, pelagic and inshore shark populations in the Ocean showed a steady decline from 1986 to 1998 due to overfishing (Baum et al. 2003), and their presence in the islands has not been robust since the 1978 Fisheries (Protected Species) Order has gone into effect (unpublished observations). Another grazing herbivore of the intertidal and shallow subtidal, the top shell (Cittarium pica), was extirpated in Bermuda by human predation in the early 1800s (Olson and Hearty 2013), leaving the habitat without its largest (5–15 cm shells; Sterrer 1986) native gastropod. Several attempted Caribbean reintroductions of this species from 1901 through the 1970s failed due to a lack of government protection against renewed harvest by local Bermudians for food (Olson and Hearty 2013). The 1982 reintroduction of top shells was finally successful owing to the 1993 amendment of the 1978 Fisheries (Protected Species) Order to prevent their harvest (Bickley and Rand 1982). Along with parrotfish grazing during high tides, these top shells thereafter provided the intertidal with constant grazing pressure on macroalgae and their germlings on calcareous rock substrata (McAfee and Morgan 1996, Robertson 2003). By 2000 island-wide, top shells were estimated at 3700+ individuals mostly on windward intertidal rocks along the south shore and, by 2015 using remote sensing, the total population was estimated at over 31,000 individuals (Meyer et al. 2015). Unlike the difficulties associated with estimating the reduction of animal size over time in marine megafauna (McClenachan 2009), early seaweed collectors left an extensive archival record of herbarium specimens from locations throughout the world useful for comparative purposes with recent collections made from the same sites today (Bates et al. 2009, Wernberg et al. 2011). Relative to all islands in the to its distant south, Bermuda is an area with a long, rich taxonomic past with archival specimens deposited in herbaria in great numbers by early workers. Based upon herbarium specimens from the late 1800s to the 1960s, the intertidal and shallow subtidal landscape in Bermuda must have looked dramatically different at the beginning of the 20th century than it does today.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (B,C) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (C). **p<0. 001; NS, not significant (n = 10–12). Scale bar, 50 μm. Figure 6 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Retromer compensates for the inefficient Notch polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation. (A,B) Neuroblast-specific coexpression of both Su(dx) and Ndfip but not either alone potently inhibited brain tumor phenotype in vps35 mutants. Quantification of total neuroblast number of indicated genotypes is shown in (B). **p<0. 001 (n = 12–15). (C,D) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (D). **p<0. 001; *p<0. 01; NS, not significant (n = 13–15). (E) Type II neuroblast lineages of indicated genotypes were stained for NECD, Rab7 and F-actin. NECD puncta colocalizing with Rab7 are marked with arrowheads. (F) Quantification of the size range of Notch puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes in immature or dedifferentiating neural progenitors of indicated genotypes. (G,H) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (H). **p<0. 001; NS, not significant (n = 11–15). (I,J) Western blot analysis of larval brain extracts of indicated genotypes using anti-NICD antibody. Anti-α-tubulin blot served as a loading control. Note that hypo-ubiquitinated NICD fragments included NICD carrying approximately three ubiquitin moieties (NICD-Ub3) and un-ubiquitinated NICD (NICD-Ub0). Scale bars, 10 μm (E) and 50 μm (A,C,G). Figure 6—source data 1 Input data for bar graph Figure 6B,D,H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can improve healthcare access for people in remote areas. [SEP] Text: To empower migrants: create mechanisms for voicing migrants’ opinions on digital health technology and governance; encourage and enable migrants to participate in technology innovation and implementation, policymaking, and implementation of digitalized health services; and provide technology-related training and free and accessible devices which the migrant could have improved access to learn how to navigate the new technologies and do bottom-up, localized technology innovations. escalating armed conflicts, frequent natural disasters, and the fallout of interconnected human and environmental crises, health systems in countries where migrants originate, transit through, and settle need to be prepared to deliver essential and appropriate healthcare services to migrants. The advancement of digital health technologies offers an opportunity to overcome limitations in manpower and financing. While digital health solutions can originate from both top-down and bottom-up approaches, the endorsement of various stakeholders, including migrants themselves, is crucial—from the initial stages of technology invention to the subsequent scaling-up and creation of value in public health. Join the Conversation! Share this! Digital health offers a promising pathway to address healthcare disparities among migrants. Discover more in a new #NAMPerspectives commentary: #HealthTech #GlobalHealthLeadership @theNAthis! “Digital health represents a promising solution to the persistent challenges of healthcare accessibility for migrants, offering innovative tools and strategies to deliver care where it is needed most. ” Read more: #NAMPerspectives @theNAthe graphics below and share them on social media! 2022. of Digital Health: Then, Now, and the Future. NAM Perspectives. Ahmed, D. , P. Benavente, and E. Diaz. 2023. among during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. of 20:5273. Cénat,. Dromer, J. N. Mukunzi, O. Solola, and M. T. Williams. 2022. War in Ukraine and Racism: of Refugees of Color Matters. of 67:1604990. Daalen, K. R. van, S. S. Kallesøe, F. Davey, S. Dada, L. Jung, L. Singh, R. Issa, C. A. Emilian, I. Kuhn, I. Keygnaert, and M. Nilsson. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Presumably, where once there were abundant, diverse communities of large seaweeds on the limestone rocks at low tide, many such areas are completely devoid of macroalgae today, while other areas produce cropped turfs as intertidal species attempt regrowth under heavy herbivore grazing pressure. Some areas along the south shore have seasonal populations of macroalgae, with communities less diverse than in the past, and the species that remain are mostly protected by calcium carbonate impregnation (e. g. Galaxaura, Titanophycus, Yamadaella; see Steneck and Watling 1982) or chemical defenses (e. g. Cystoseira, Dictyota, Laurencia, Liagora; see Pereira et al. 2017). In 1983 and 1985, Searles and Schneider (1987) initiated the latest wave of macroalgal collecting in Bermuda, and in the 1990s we began annual collections of the attached seaweed flora, visiting the islands during different seasons, including an intensive year-long collecting/molecular barcoding study in 2012. During this time period, we have cataloged nearly 5200 seaweed specimens, and many species from our collections were distinctly uncommon or rare in their habitats. In our numerous taxonomic studies, we have noted that modern individuals of some species were much smaller in size compared to their local ancestors, and many other species present in the early 1900s were no longer present in the flora. The declines seem to coincide with animal protections put in place for Bermuda from the 1970s to the 1990s. Could animal protection laws for herbivores be responsible for the declines in these formerly abundant macroalgal communities, or might the physical environment have changed significantly over a century causing the decline of many species in Bermuda? Materials and methodsUsing early 20th century seaweed biodiversity records for Bermuda from various herbaria and museums, as well as more recent collections from the islands beginning in the 1980s by C. W. Schneider (CWS) and colleagues, we compared changes in seaweed diversity over the past 100 years. The early 1900s records were compiled in an algal flora by Collins and Hervey (1917) using their own extensive collections made throughout the years from 1912 to 1917. Most of the species reported in their flora were common enough to have been collected in large numbers to make 80 pressed specimens from a single locality on the same day.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Download elife-38181-fig6-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Coexpression of Su(dx) and Ndfip specifically suppresses brain tumor phenotypes in vps35 mutants. (A,B) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (B). **p<0. 001; NS, not significant (n = 10–15). Note that coexpression of Nedd4 with Ndfip or Su(dx) failed to suppress the supernumerary neuroblast phenotype in vps35 mutants. (C) Simultaneous expression of Su(dx) and Ndfip or Nedd4 and Ndfip potently inhibited Wg expression in wing discs, indicating that the Nedd4 transgene is functional. (D,E) Enlarged NECD puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes in vps35 mutant dedifferentiating neural progenitors drastically shrank upon coexpression of Su(dx) and Ndfip (arrowheads in D). Quantification of the size range of NECD puncta colocalizing with Rab7+ endosomes is shown in (E). Scale bars, 50 μm (A) and 10 μm (D). Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Distribution patterns of Su(dx) and Ndfip in type II neuroblast lineages. (A,B) Antibodies raised against Su(dx) (A) and Ndfip (B) are highly specific. Western blot analysis of wild type and insc-Gal4 >UAS-Myc-Su(dx) larval brain extracts (left) or wild type and insc-GAL4 >UAS Flag-Ndfip larval brain extracts (right) confirmed the specificity of Su(dx) and Ndfip antibodies respectively. (C,D) Su(dx) displayed cortical distribution in type II neuroblast lineages (C), whereas Ndfip showed largely punctuated distribution in type II neuroblast lineages (D). Scale bars, 10 μm (C,D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many telemedicine platforms offer mental health counseling sessions online. [SEP] Text: Original PaperAdhikary1, BTech Aseem Srivastava2, BTech Shivani Kumar2, PhD Singh1, PhD Puneet Manuja3, BTech, MBA Gopinath3, PhD Vijay Krishnan4, MD Gupta5, MPhil, PhD Deb5, MD Tanmoy Chakraborty1,6, PhD 1Department of Electrical Engineering, of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India2Department of & Engineering, of 34Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India5Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India6of Artificial Intelligence, of :Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhDDepartment of Electrical Engineeringof 110016IndiaPhone: 91 26591076 ext 011Email: tanchak@iitd. ac. inAbstractBackground: Comprehensive session summaries enable effective continuity in mental health counseling, facilitating informed therapy planning. However, manual summarization presents a significant challenge, diverting experts’ attention from the core counseling process. Leveraging advances in automatic summarization to streamline the summarization process addresses this issue because this enables mental health professionals to access concise summaries of lengthy therapy sessions, thereby increasing their efficiency. However, existing approaches often overlook the nuanced intricacies inherent in counseling interactions. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) in selectively summarizing various components of therapy sessions through aspect-based summarization, aiming to benchmark their performance. Methods: We first created Counseling-Component–Summaries, a benchmarking data set that consists of 191 counseling sessions with summaries focused on 3 distinct counseling components (also known as counseling aspects). Next, we assessed the capabilities of 11 state-of-the-art LLMs in addressing the task of counseling-component–guided summarization. The generated summaries were evaluated quantitatively using standard summarization metrics and verified qualitatively by mental health professionals. Results: Our findings demonstrated the superior performance of task-specific LLMs such as MentalLlama, Mistral, and MentalBART evaluated using standard quantitative metrics such as Recall-for (ROUGE)-1, ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L, and Representations from across all aspects of the counseling components.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Because small microscopic algae that were poorly known to collectors at the turn of the 20th century could still be present, yet rare, in the 21st century flora of Bermuda, the species highlighted in the present paper are the larger, conspicuous seaweeds that would not be overlooked by present day collectors. Many of the microscopic algae would have been difficult to collect in large numbers and then disseminate as herbarium specimens especially in P. B. -A. , so using only larger seaweeds in our comparisons removes a potential source of collecting bias, as larger species usually have been collected with greater frequency. Collections in Bermuda from 1983 to the present were made by us during all seasons of the calendar year. Throughout this paper, algal species are referred to using their current nomenclature. ResultsAfter collecting seaweeds in Bermuda for the past 3 decades, it has become obvious to us that some of the more conspicuous and abundant species collected a century ago are no longer present in the flora (Table 1). Many species that were common in the 20th century (Collins and Hervey 1917, Howe 1918, Taylor and Bernatowicz 1969), although still found in Bermuda, have only rarely been collected by us; for example, the red algae Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) M. Howe, Halymenia elongata C. Agardh, Naccaria corymbosa J. Agardh, Nitophyllum wilkinsoniae Collins et Hervey, Palisada corallopsis (Montagne) Sentíes, M. T. Fujii et Díaz-Larrea, the green alga Siphonocladus rigidus M. Howe and the brown alga Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing. Each of these species has been collected only once or a few times in the past 30 years, yet was distributed in large numbers in P. B. -A. Our comparisons also revealed that, in our collections, many species were present only as much smaller individuals in reduced populations relative to those species collected in the early 1900s. Below, we highlight some species from the 20th century in Bermuda that have not been found in the last 30+ years among over 5000 specimens we have collected, thus they can be presumed to be extremely rare or have been extirpated from these islands.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Proteolytic processing of NiGFP in Notch mutant or Notch; vps35 double mutant larval brain extracts. Western blot analysis of wild type, N55e11; NiGFP or N55e11; NiGFP; vps35 larval brain extracts using anti-NICD antibody. Anti-α-Tubulin blot serves here as a loading control. Note that NiGFP is a BAC transgene expressing a fully functional GFP-tagged Notch, whereas N55e11 is a null mutant allele of Notch. Note that hypo-ubiquitinated NICD-GFP fusion includes NICD-GFP carrying approximately three ubiquitin moieties (NICD-GFP-Ub3; green arrowhead) and un-ubiquitinated NICD-GFP (NICD-GFP-Ub0; dark purple arrowhead) fragments. Also note that the cyan and light purple arrowheads indicate full-length Notch-GFP fusion (cyan) and NICD (purple) bands respectively. Figure 6—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Co-overexpression of Su(dx) and Ndfip caused loss of type II neuroblast lineages and brain tissue atrophy. Larval brain lobes of WT or insc-Gal4 >Su(dx); Ndfip background were stained for Dpn and Ase. Each type II neuroblast lineage is encircled by dashed line. Quantification of type II neuroblast lineage number per brain lobe is shown in (B). **p<0. 001 (n = 10–12). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Working model. A graphic model depicting a safeguard mechanism whereby retromer ensures unidirectional Notch signaling (purple arrow) from neural progenitor (light blue) to neural stem cell (NSC; pink) by preventing cell-autonomous ectopic Notch signaling activation in neural progenitors. Retromer (purple) normally interacts with Notch (green) and retrieves the pool of hypoubiquitinated Notch evading the ESCRT (cyan)-lysosomal degradation pathway and sends it back to the cell surface (left panel).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Columbia Nephrologists’ (BCNAS) – a prospective, health services interventional study to develop waiting time benchmarks and reduce wait times for out-patient nephrology consultations 4. BC nephrologists were encouraged to centrally triage referrals to see the first available nephrologist. Waiting time benchmarks were simultaneously introduced to guide patient scheduling. A post-intervention waiting time evaluation was then repeated. ResultsIn 2010 and 2012, 43/52 (83%) and 46/57 (81%) of BC nephrologists participated. Waiting time decreased from 98(IQR44,157) to 64(IQR21,120) days from 2010 to 2012 (p = <. 001), despite no change in referral eGFR, demographics, nor number of office hrs/wk. Waiting time improved most for high priority patients. ConclusionsAn integrated, Provincial initiative to measure wait times, develop waiting benchmarks, and engage physicians in active waiting time management associated with improved access to nephrologists in BC. Improvements in waiting time was most marked for the highest priority patients, which suggests that benchmarks had an influence on triaging behavior. Further research is needed to determine whether this effect is sustainable. reports BackgroundDelays in access to medical services are an important issue for publicly funded health systems. In Canada, 57% of patients waited more than four weeks for a specialist appointment in 2004, which is worst among Australia (46%), the (40%), Germany (23%) and (22%) [1]. Such barriers within the primary to specialist care-continuum may prolong exposure to time-sensitive disease in the absence of expert management. government addressed the problem of delayed access to healthcare in 2004 through the $5. 5 billion [2]. The program’s objective was to reduce delays for medical procedures, cancer treatment, and diagnostic imaging. The interval of waiting that it targeted is the period between booking procedures and their completion, which is known as waiting time 2[3, 4]. The preceding period of delay, between referral and first assessment by a specialist, is known as waiting time I. Waiting time I is the greatest concern for family physicians, among whom 50% consider it unacceptably long [5]. began efforts to address waiting time I in 2010.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Collections of this species from 1949 to 1950 were recorded on herbarium labels as “abundant” in tide pools and lower intertidal to shallow subtidal rocks from many locations along the south shore of Bermuda. Despite this species being reported again as abundant in the 1960s (Taylor and Bernatowicz 1969), no Bermuda collections of this species after 1950 were located in MICH, the main repository of Taylor’s collections, or any of the other seven herbaria listing it from Bermuda on the Macroalgal Portal. The specimens of T. tricostata from the first half of the 20th century were collected from all months of the year except December and January, yet today Turbinaria is no longer found in these south shore intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats or any other environment in Bermuda. Figures 1–5:Archival specimens of seaweed species now presumed to have been extirpated in Bermuda. (1) Turbinaria tricostata [MICH]. (2) Gracilaria cervicornis [MICH]. (3) Porphyropsis coccinea [NY]. (4) Botryocladia occidentalis [FH]. (5) Dudresnaya bermudensis [MICH]. Figures 6, 7:Halymenia pseudofloresii [Herb. CWS]. (6) Protected salt pond specimen. (7) Smaller offshore specimens with grazed, regenerating blades at right. All scale bars=2 cm. Several species of common 20th century agarophytes in the genus Gracilaria are likewise not found in today’s Bermuda flora. Although never commercially harvested in the islands, these species all appear to have been extirpated in the islands, with no collections made from 1983 to the present. Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh (Figure 2) was common enough for at least 80 specimens from Horne’s Bay to be collected and distributed in P. B. -A. (Collins et al. 1913). Another species no longer seen, Gracilaria crassissima (P. Crouan et H. Crouan) P. Crouan et H.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Upon retromer dysfunction, hypoubiquitinated Notch is accumulate in MVBs and aberrantly cleaved by γ-secretase (brown) in a ligand (light purple)-dependent manner, causing neural progenitor-originated tumorigenesis (right panel). Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Retromer regulates Notch signalling in fly neuroblast lineages with high specificity. (A,B) Larval brain lobes of indicated genotypes were stained for Dpn and Pros. Quantification of total neuroblast number per brain lobe is shown in (B). **p < 0. 001; (n=10-15). (C) Hrs driven by erm-Gal4 (II) showed much weaker effects in reducing type II neuroblast lineage number (upper panel) or transporting Notch receptor into LAMP-GFP+ lysosomes (arrowheads) in INPS (bottom panel) than driven by insc-Gal4. Close-up images of type II neuroblast lineages are displayed at the bottom panel. Note that type II neuroblast lineages are encircled by white dashed lines. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)insc-Gal4(Luo et al. , 1994)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)PntP1-Gal4(Zhu et al. , 2011)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)ase-Gal4(Zhu et al. , 2006)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)erm-Gal4 (II)(Xiao et al. , 2012)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)erm-Gal4 (III)(Pfeiffer et al. , 2008; Weng et al. , 2010)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-vps26-: BDSC_38937Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Notch-: VDRC_27229Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Delta-: BDSC_34322Genetic reagent (D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: A toolkit for streamlining referral processes was developed, and a resource to highlight current referral reform projects has been compiled ( kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent with approximately 2 million Canadians affected [6], and for patients with progressive CKD, timely access to nephrologists is vital. Early management of high risk CKD by a nephrologist has been shown to slow progression to (ESRD) [7–13]. Recent implementation of automatic estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting by laboratories in Canada and abroad has improved screening, but increased the volume of both appropriate and inappropriate referrals, which likely prolongs queues [14–16]. Current guidelines make suggestions regarding who should be referred to a nephrologist, but do not indicate appropriate timeframes for assessment [17]. In 2006, the on Wait times recommended the development of targets for appropriate waiting [18]. This process has been undertaken for paediatric nephrology, though not for adult kidney disease, which is more prevalent [19]. The BC Nephrologists’ (BCNAS) was designed as a Provincial collaboration to study wait time I. We conceived of a change management strategy based on physician engagement and wait time benchmark development. We hypothesized that involving local physician stakeholders in generating consensus waiting time I benchmarks, would reduce the wait for outpatient nephrology consultations. To test the hypothesis, we: 1) Conducted an environmental scan to measure wait times in the Province; 2) Engaged nephrologists and referring physicians to develop maximally-recommended wait time targets; 3) Encouraged pooled triage (patients assigned to first-available nephrologist in group practice) where possible; and 4) Re-measured wait times post-introduction of targets. MethodsStudy designwas a prospective, pre-, post-intervention, interrupted time-points observational, design. Data collection was performed over two-cycles (January 18–28, 2010 and January 16–27, 2012) to determine the impact of the intervention on wait times. Physician, region, and patient anonymity were maintained. BCNAS was approved by the University of Board. Setting and participantsWe sought to collect data from the 12 nephrology practice groups in (BC). Provincial nephrologists collectively service an estimated catchment population of 4. 6 million people as of July 01, 2011 [20].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Crouan, was common along the south shore intertidal zone in the early 1900s and described at the time as a new species, Gracilaria horizontalis Collins et Hervey (Collins and Hervey 1917). Type specimens held in NY and collections from in 1881 demonstrate this species to be large and forming a robust population in Bermuda given the number of archival specimens. A further Gracilaria species, Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh, was found sparingly at mid-century (Taylor and Bernatowicz 1969), after its earlier report by Collins and Hervey (1917), but has not been collected since. A red-bladed alga identified as Porphyra leucosticta Thuret (Figure 3) when collected in the early 1900s at multiple sites is almost certainly not that northern cold-water species and mostly likely represents Porphyropsis coccinea (Areschoug) Rosenvinge (Chris Neefus, pers. comm. ). Nevertheless, no specimens comparable to the early Bermuda specimens in the family of reds where it resides have been found since. At present, the red alga Dichotomaria huismanii C. W. Schneider, Popolizio et Spagnuolo is rare in the shallow subtidal of the south shore where it was common at the time of its issue in P. B. -A. [as Dichotomaria marginata (J. Ellis et Solander) J. V. Lamouroux; Collins et al. 1913]. Despite its impregnation with calcium carbonate, the tips of specimens recently collected are nearly always truncated with a regrowth of medullary filaments emerging, clear evidence of prior herbivore grazing (Schneider et al. 2016, figures 8, 9). Today’s plants are half the size of mature 19th century plants (Schneider et al. 2016, figure 7), sparsely branched, and rarely found, and only then as isolated individuals. Offshore speciesData for whether a species has been extirpated inshore are easier to ascertain than offshore, as inshore habitats can be, and have been, visited more easily many times over the year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: melanogaster)UAS-wg-: BDSC_32994Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-med-: BDSC_52214Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Hrs-: BDSC_34086; BDSC_33900Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-white-: BDSC_33644Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Vps26-MycThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Vps35-FLAGThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-hVps35-FLAGThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-HA-Rab9-CAThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Myc-Su(dx)This paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Myc-Su(dx)-C917AThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Myc-Nedd4This paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-FLAG-NdfipThis paperN/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Su(dx): BDSC_51664Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Hrs(Lloyd et al. , 2002)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Spdo-GFP(Song and Lu, 2012)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Dl-: BDSC_26698Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Psn-: BDSC_8323Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Kuz-: BDSC_6578Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-EGFR-: BDSC_5364Genetic reagent (D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Become a your Email address: Subscribe to e2019. | DOI: 10. 1002/hep4. 1402 Supported by the Centers for Medicare and (Grant/Award Number: 1C1CMS331324‐01‐00). Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. on Page 1171. The burden of chronic liver disease in the is likely underestimated. 1 Studies have demonstrated increasing complications of hepatitis C cirrhosis, increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and the rising incidence of liver cancer. 2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has an estimated prevalence of approximately 20%‐35% in the and is expected to increase commensurate with the current obesity epidemic. 5 Hepatocellular carcinoma is expected to surpass breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers to become the third leading cause of cancer‐related death by 2030. 7 Despite this increasing burden of disease, there remains a shortage of specialists to care for these patients. In fact, the of has predicted a shortage of more than 40,000 specialty physicians by 2020 and more than 65,000 by the year 2025. 8 With just over 1,000 fully trained hepatologists practicing in the United States, an increasingly growing coverage gap will emerge without clear solutions. It is widely acknowledged that access to specialty care is a common problem in the United States' health care system with demand for specialists far surpassing supply in most tertiary care referral centers. 10 There has been an observed trend upward in the number of ambulatory clinic visits and the percentage of those visits that result in a referral to a specialty provider. 11 In fact, referral rates have more than doubled in the past decade, leading to more than a 3. 5‐fold increase in referral‐generating visits for all Medicare patients. 12 Furthermore, a survey of safety‐net hospitals in the revealed an average wait time of between 6 and 12 months for an initial visit with a specialist. 13 Ultimately, traditional workflow for ambulatory referrals to specialists has led to higher costs and more fragmented care, as communication breakdowns occur commonly in the outpatient referral process. 14 Electronic consultations (eConsults) offer one potential solution to improving access to specialty care for patients with liver disease. eConsults are defined as “an asynchronous, directed communication over a secure electronic medium that involves sharing of patient‐specific information and seeks clarification or guidance regarding clinical care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: For years we had speculated that Botryocladia occidentalis (Børgesen) Kylin (Figure 4), a large and charismatic seaweed, may have been extirpated from the Bermuda flora until we collected a single offshore specimen in 2016 from a depth of 60 m off the northeast coast. This species of Botryocladia had been found mostly in lesser depths by earlier collectors in shallow waters of (Collins and Hervey 1917, Howe 1918, Taylor and Bernatowicz 1969). Scores of dives in all seasons at sites where it had been collected from the 1880s to the 1960s (Searles and Schneider 1987) had not turned up B. occidentalis since the early 1980s. Thus, based on our single offshore specimen after 2 weeks of intensive collecting in deep offshore Bermuda waters, this species could possibly now be restricted as scattered individuals only at great depths, no longer present in shallower habitats. We have never collected several other species known from deeper offshore waters collected prior to our work, for example Dudresnaya bermudensis Setchell (Figure 5), Halymenia echinophysa Collins et M. Howe, Nemacystus howei (W. R. Taylor) Kylin and Schmitzia sanctae-crucis R. T. Wilce et Sears (Schneider 2003). Several species that were recorded as “abundant” offshore in the 1980s (Searles and Schneider 1987) appear to have become severely reduced in population size. Hommersandiophycus pectinatus (Collins et Hervey) Popolizio, C. W. Schneider et C. L. Lane (Popolizio et al. 2015) was commonly collected offshore in the 1980s (as Liagora pectinata Collins et Hervey; Searles and Schneider 1987) and now only sporadically in the 21st century. Other species that were routinely collected in the 1980s or earlier have not been collected again despite our more intensive offshore collecting starting near the turn of the millennium. Examples include the relatively small species Antithamnionella bermudica C. W. Schneider, Callithamniella tingitana (Bornet) Feldmann-Mazoyer, Balliella pseudocorticata (E. Y. Dawson) D. N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: melanogaster)UAS-ptc-: BDSC_31928Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-GFP-LAMP1: BDSC_42714Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-mito-: BDSC_8442Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)sqh-EYFP-: BDSC_7193Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-YFP-Rab5-: BDSC_24616Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-YFP-Rab5-: BDSC_9773Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Rab5-: BDSC_42704Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UASp-YFP-Rab7-: BDSC_9778Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-Rab7-: BDSC_42707Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UASp-YFP-Rab9-: BDSC_9784Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UASp-YFP-Rab9-: BDSC_9785Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UASp-YFP-Rab9-: BDSC_23642Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-YFP-Rab11-: BDSC_9792Genetic reagent (D. melanogaster)vps35E42Gift from (Belenkaya et al. , 2008)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)vps351Gift from (Belenkaya et al. , 2008)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)N55e11; NiGFP(Couturier et al. , 2012)N/AGenetic reagent (D. melanogaster)UAS-FLP, Ubi-p63E- FRT-nls: BDSC_28282AntibodyMouse anti-NotchECD (C458.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: ”15 eConsults allow for quick, direct, and documented communication between specialists and primary care physicians (PCPs) and may obviate the need for face‐to‐face visits in clinic (Fig. 1). As such, they have immense potential in providing cost‐effective and efficient care to patients while expediting coordination with a specialist for commonly encountered clinical questions in the primary care setting. 16Figure 1: Basic steps of an eConsult. The diagram depicts the general steps involved in placing an eConsult, although not all steps occur for every eConsult placed. PCPs place an eConsult through the electronic health record. It is then reviewed by a specialist who may deem it too complex for eConsult, request additional information, or close the eConsult by making management recommendations to the PCP. Patients and retrospective study of eConsults to hepatology specialists was completed at a single tertiary care academic medical center in the from March 1, 2015, to May 1, 2018. The eConsults workflow at our institution operates through an “opt‐in” model in which PCPs may choose to refer patients to hepatology through an eConsult or traditional ambulatory referral. eConsult questions were identified as pertaining to either luminal gastroenterology or hepatology and referred for answers depending on the subject of the clinical query. eConsults made within the medical center's health system were cataloged and deemed appropriate for inclusion in the study if they were initiated by a PCP to a hepatologist. eConsults to hepatology were excluded if patients were already established in the hepatology clinic. eConsults referred to hepatology by another specialty provider were excluded, as grant funding for the pilot of this program limited its use to PCPs and midlevel providers in primary care clinics. Referring providers received 0. 5 relative work units (RVUs) for each eConsult placed. A total of 187 eConsults to hepatology were identified during the study period, and seven eConsults were excluded. We then analyzed the trend of the total number of eConsults placed to hepatology within the time period of the study. Using retrospective chart review, each eConsult was individually evaluated to identify the most common reasons for eConsult, time to eConsult response, and rate of conversion to an initial visit with a hepatologist.

Output: corroborate