Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Problem of the axial space charge of an injected beam As it is not possible to directly inject such very high electrons/ions current, the way to do is to “slowly” inject electrons and ions in the loop. Of course the ratio between electrons and ions intensity will be kept constant so as to keep the neutrality of the beam (i. e. the ionic charge injected being equal to the electronic charge). However, between the ions/electrons sources and the neutral beam, during the transportation, the p2. 2. 4. 6. 2. Filling of the reactor From now on, it will be supposed that the transport of ions between the ions source and the neutral beam is made without too much loss (in terms of energy and p0. 3 s maximum, i. e. in a time very inferior to the confinement time. As written above, the filling ions (and electrons) can be injected inside a large beam, so as to limit the axial space charge. But the filling beam must not be too large, so as to limit p0. 3 s with a beam which diameter is equal to the interior pipe radius. Note that, afterwards in the permanent working, electrons and ions currents must be sufficient to replace the p2. 2. 4. 2). The replacement p0. 3 s maximum. For example, the JET Tokamak has sources of 8 MW. These big ions sources have a very good efficiency (>0. 9). The injection diameter is around 1. 2 cm. The D+ (T+) ions source will be such to minimize the D2+/D3+ (T2+/T3+) ions compared to the D+ (T+) ions. This because after a quick dissociation (D2+ à D+ + D, for example), the kinetic energy given to the D or T atoms or to the D2 or T2 molecules will be lost. From now on, it will be considered that the loss of energy due to D2+/T2+/T2+/T3+ is negligible. Let’s calculate the electrons charge Qe when the figure of “0” is filled at the nominal electrons current (so as to have the nominal density ne): Q e = q × n e × V = q × n e × P × S with P the perimeter of the figure of “0”, equal to 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Mel cells# CRL-1963, RRID:CVCL_Z232Drosophila cultured cellsSequence-based reagentPLP-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP))This paper- based reagentPLP-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP))This paper-based reagentAna2-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (Ana2))This paper-based reagentAna2-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (Ana2))This paper-based reagentmCherry-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (mCherry))This paper-based reagentmCherry-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (mCherry))This paper-based reagentplp_3UTR_Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP_3'UTR))This paper-based reagentplp_3UTR_Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP_3'UTR))This paper(Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT;+Carvalho-Santos et al. , 2010Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; +; bamGal4Chen and McKearin, 2003Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)yv; +; UAS-mCherryRNAiPerkins et al. , 2015Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; UAS-; +Dietzl et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Both animals showed a bimodal pattern of activity, but this bimodal pattern was less prominent in the blind animal, which showed a shorter active phase compared to the normal animal. (C) Periodogram of activity rhythms for blind (left) and normal (right) marmoset in the LD cycle. (D) Entrainment of the blind marmoset after the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours. (E) Entrainment of the sighted marmoset after the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours. The animals were then placed in constant light conditions in order to determine if they had functional circadian clocks. As show in Figure 1, the marmosets showed free-running circadian rhythms. Free-running periods were significantly different between the two groups: blind marmosets showed a 23. 2-hour period while normal marmosets free-ran showed a period of 23. 6 hours. This shorter period in blind marmosets could be explained by their lower activity and, consequently, decreased motor activity feedback to the circadian system, or by the participation of classical photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the generation of free-running circadian rhythms. However, it could also be explained by the suggestion that the loss of rods and cones has an impact on the nature of light information reaching the SCN [8]. For photic entrainment to occur, the circadian oscillator must respond differently to light at different phases of its cycle. Phase response curves (PRC) are useful descriptions of these phase-dependent responses. A number of non-photic stimuli, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been identified as able to induce phase shifts in mammalian circadian clocks as a function of the circadian phase that the stimulus is presented [14]. The PRC of non-photic stimuli (including dark pulses presented to animals kept in constant light) is 180° out of phase with photic stimuli. We tested the phase-shift response of blind marmosets using dark pulses of 2-hour duration. When the dark pulse was given in the early subjective day, it caused a phase delay; when given in the late subjective day, it caused a phase advance. This result is an important contribution to the discussion about the non-photic phase shift in this species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: · 1 nPa is the minimum obtained industrially. · 10 nPa is the vacuum obtained in the p3. 1) and charge exchange (Section 2. 2. 6. 3. 1) are such that the slow ions created by these interactions are lost. 2. 2. 6. 2. Energy losses induced by the D2 gas It is expected a degradation of the reactor performance due mainly to the ions-neutrals charge exchanges but, also at several orders lower, to ions-neutrals elastic collisions, ionizations, etc. Charge-exchange interactions are widely the worst problem, because: · The charge exchange cross section is very large compared to the Coulomb collisions one; · All the ion kinetic energy is lost for the benefit of an atom which kinetic energy is also lost and supposed unrecoverable. This loss of energy will be taken into account in the energies balance. The other interactions with neutrals are neglected. This degradation will be estimated by calculation and then by simulation. No electrons energy losses on gas are considered, because the cross-sections of free electrons interactions with neutrals are weak. Ionization of the D2 molecules by electrons is neglected. 2. 2. 6. 3. Estimation of the mean power lost by ions due to the charge exchange interactions 2. 2. 6. 3. 1. charge exchange interaction taken into account is given here: D+ + D2 à D2+ + D. Note that a symbol underlined means “with energy”, and if not underlined it means “almost without any energy (i. e. almost stopped)”. Finally, a fast D+ is “transformed” in a very slow D2+, after an exchange of charge. The behavior is supposed the same between T+ and D2. The new neutral (D) is obviously lost (i. e. it leaves the neutral beam). For the former neutral (D2) become ion (D2+), it is uncertain as it depends on the dynamic of the interaction. If it remains on the plasma, this D2+ ion will quickly be collided by other ions and dissociated: D2+ à D+ + D. atom will be lost with its negligible kinetic energy and the D+ ion will be heated (indirectly by Alpha p3. 5 times more energy (for the 3. 5 ratio, see Section 3. 2. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: , 2007Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT/+; UAS-mCherryRNAi/ bamGal4This paperStrain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT/UAS-; bamGal4/+This paperAntibodyanti-GFP (rabbit polyclonal)AbcamAbcam Cat# ab290, RRID:AB_303395WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-RFP (rat monoclonal)ChromotekRRID:AB_2336064WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-HA (rat monoclonal)RocheRoche Cat# 11867431001, RRID:AB_390919WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-Cdc2 (rabbit polyclonal)BiotechnologyCat# sc-53, RRID:AB_2074908WB 1:2000Antibodyanti-Drosophila SAS-6 (rabbit polyclonal)Gift from J GopalakrishnanWB 1:500Antibodyanti-Drosophila SAS-6 (rat polyclonal)Gift from N Dzhindzhev and D GloverIF 1:500Antibodyanti-Drosophila Ana2 (rat polyclonal)Gift from N Dzhindzhev and D GloverWB 1:4000Antibodyanti-phospho Histone H3 (Ser10) (rabbit polyclonal)MilliporeMillipore Cat# 06–570, RRID:AB_310177IF 1:2000Antibodyanti-Drosophila Bld10 (rabbit polyclonal)Gift from T MegrawIF 1:5000Antibodyanti-Drosophila PLP (guinea pig polyclonal)Gift from G RogersWB 1:1000Antibodyanti-Drosophila PLP (chicken polyclonal)Bettencourt-Dias et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Our results agree with Glass et al [14], in whose studies the qualitative similarities between the phase responses to entraining photic and non-photic stimuli in marmosets and nocturnal mammals were demonstrated. Many of the non-photic stimuli that induce phase shifts in the circadian clocks also induce an acute increase in locomotor activity in nocturnal mammals, and it appears that at least some of the phase shifting effects of these agents is due to the induction of activity and/or arousal [15]. In the present study in marmosets, the phase shifts produced by dark pulses were not due to the inhibition of activity. The dark pulses produced an inhibition of activity (negative masking) in the sighted marmosets but not in the blind ones, despite the fact that both groups showed phase shifts with dark pulses. The response of the circadian system to different stimuli, photic and non-photic, is of great importance because implies that circadian systems are in fact able to use many sources of information. As the marmoset is a social animal, we also investigated social synchronization between these animals. Blind marmosets showed different activity onset during the free-running phase, but they showed a stable phase angle. The two normal marmosets showed the same behavior but with different free-running periods from the blind marmosets. Therefore, despite the fact that the four animals were in the same room, the blind marmosets were not synchronized with the normal ones. One limitation of this study is the small number of animals, but the results of the two normal marmosets are similar to other studies that were conducted in our laboratory [16]. Considering studies previously carried out in rodents along with our present results, it is possible to infer that the blind marmosets had normal retinal ganglion cells, which are required to synchronize their circadian clocks to the LD cycle. In the absence of classical photoreceptors, photosensitive ganglion cells are sufficient for photic entrainment [17]. results constitute the first experimental evidence that non-classical retinal photoreceptors can provide photic information to the circadian system of primates and diurnal animals. The blind marmosets may provide an excellent model for the study of photoreception and entrainment in primates. Possible benefits are obvious, such as the development of strategies to solve the problem of synchronization in blind humans or to study retinal degeneration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: (2011) presented a two-step approach wherein the initial step involves computing the temporal average of the image sequence through an iterative procedure. In the subsequent step, the approach focuses on minimizing sparse errors, thereby effectively reducing noise, accomplished through rank minimization. Mao & Gilles (2012) employed optical flow to estimate distortion and employed a non-local total variational model to mitigate blurring. Zhu & Milanfar (2012) produced a reference image by averaging a sequence of images. The non-rigid image registration was then applied individually to each image. The sequence of registered images was partitioned into overlapping patches with the local sharpness of each patch being evaluated based on its brightness variance. Subsequently, they employed temporal kernel regression to determine the ultimate selection of image patches. Ultimately, the blind deconvolution algorithm was implemented to alleviate image blur. This method had its limitations, including the reliance on the average sequence of images during the registration phase, which could potentially impact accuracy. Furthermore, it lacked the capability to rectify any registration errors that might emerge in the subsequent stages of processing. Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli (2014) initially extracted the modified parts of each pair of images using optical flow, and each part was wrapped with the mean vector of the corresponding part, yielding a new central image for every individual image. Ultimately, the resultant average image was employed as the reference image. Xu et al. (2019) used low-rank matrix factorization (LRMF) (Meng & Torre, 2013) for detecting a moving object in a turbulent environmental setting. Their approach involved background subtraction from the images through LRMF. Following this, employing a pipeline method (Wang, Inigo & McVey, 1990), they proceeded to identify the moving object within the residual foreground. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019b) made a sharp reference image from a sequence of images by formulation of a pertinent energy function. Additionally, they generated a new image sequence from the same set of images by aligning regions that were nearly sharp and exhibited minimal distortion. Subsequently, employing this novel image sequence alongside the reference image, they applied the quasiconformal map and robust principal component analysis (RPCA) to the image registration procedure. Following successful image registration, they proceeded with the task of deblurring the lower rank regions of the images, accomplished through blind deconvolution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 39209 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 20, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,887 views 323 downloads 40 9209. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 5 figures and 7 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Unrooted phylogeny illustrating the evolutionary relationships and host associations of 59 strains of the bacterial class Mollicutes for which sequenced genomes were available. likelihood tree was constructed using a concatenated amino acid alignment of 65 single-copy orthologs (Supplementary file 2) giving 100% bootstrap support for almost all branches. Color-coded Latin names specify different types of symbiotic associations (top left, Supplementary file 4) and host associations are illustrated by images in the right-hand columns. The light yellow background highlights all representatives of the Entomoplasmatales and the two ant symbionts EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 are marked with a dark yellow background. Black bold-faced text towards the left refers to subclades of Mollicutes identified in a previous phylogenomics study (Leclercq et al. , 2014). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Overview of the assembled draft genome contigs of EntAcro1A (top) and EntAcro10A (bottom). Functional annotation was performed using the eggNOG database (see Materials and methods). The functional categories and subcategories for the predicted coding sequences (CDS; arrows) are given in colors following the top right legend. Gene orientation is shown by the direction of arrow heads and the GC content of sequences is given just below the predicted CDS. Numbers under the GC content show length in basepairs (bp) and contig identifiers are given at the top left of each contig, using the same headers as the ones deposited in the NCBI database. Analyses revealed 338 and 358 poorly or uncharacterized proteins for EntAcro1A and EntAcro10A, respectively, which is ca. 25% and 21% of their draft genomes similar to percentages in 14 other closely related insect-associated Mollicutes that have 18 – 25% of their genomes encode predicted genes of unknown function (source data file 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Effects of evening light conditions on salivary melatonin of Japanese junior high school studentsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 40. The control group was exposed to dim light (60 lux) during these three hours. Both the dim light control group [DLCG] and the bright light experimental group [BLEG] consisted of two female and three male adolescent participants aged 14–15 y. Results: The salivary melatonin level increased rapidly from 3. 00 pg/ml at 21:45 to 9. 18 pg/ml at 23:40 in DLCG, whereas it remained at less than 1. 3 pg/ml for the three hours in BLEG. Melatonin concentration by BLEG at 22:30 of the experimental day was lower than that at the same time on the day before the experimental day, whereas it was significantly higher in the experimental day than on the day before the experimental day in DLCG. Conclusions: Bright lights of 2000 lux and even moderate lights of 200–300 lux from fluorescent light bulbs can inhibit nocturnal melatonin concentration in adolescents. lighting from a traditional Japanese hearth, oil lamp or candle (20–30 lux) could be healthier for children and adolescents because rapid and clear increase in melatonin concentration in blood seems to occur at night under such dim light, thus facilitating a smooth falling into night sleep. Year: 2004Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-2-4Submitted on Apr 2, 2004Accepted on Aug 11, 2004Published on Aug 11, 20054. 0 sleep duration of Japanese children aged 10–18 y has become shorter by one hour during the last 30 years in Japan [1]. The so called "24-hour society", which is currently in progress in Japan, seems to change environmental conditions surrounding children. For example, mobile phones are used by more than 90 % of university students and more than 30% of junior high school students living in the urban area of Kochi city (33°N) [2]. Students can communicate with their colleagues even in the middle of the night with mobile phones. Frequent or long-time (more than 30 min) usage of the mobile phone makes university and junior high school students more evening-typed [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: If cold fusion were possible, it could provide a nearly limitless source of clean energy without the radioactive waste associated with nuclear fission. [SEP] Text: “There was a time when hybrids were a no-no, because fission was unpopular,” says Steven Cowley, director of the UK’s fusion program. “I think it’s time we study these systems again. ” In the US, three hybrid designs stand out. Two use magnetic fusion. The third, at National Laboratory, uses inertial confinement fusion, building on the work at the lab’s Facility (NIF). Servant to fission In a hybrid, neutrons from fusion would enter a “blanket” of fissile material and either induce fission or be captured. The fission energy released could be converted into electrical energy, as in any fission reactor. But a hybrid’s most important function is consuming nuclear waste, says of the Institute for at the University of Texas at Austin. “With all humility, fusion is saying [to fission], ‘We will become your servants and help you gain social acceptability by destroying the toxic waste you create in the act of energy production. ’” “In a critical transmutation reactor,” says Bill Stacey, who heads a hybrid design project at Georgia Tech, “you don’t have enough neutrons after awhile to maintain the fission chain reaction. Whereas if you can operate the reactor subcritical and adjust the strength of the neutron source, you can leave the fuel in until some other limit—the radiation damage limit—is reached. ” Leaving the fuel in longer, he adds, means his hybrid would burn 25% of the transuranics before the fuel had to be replaced, compared with about 5% in a critical fission reactor. The fuel would then be reprocessed and reused. “You have to repeat this reprocessing six or seven times to get to about 95% burn up,” says Stacey. Erik Storm, who heads Livermore’s hybrid effort, says the lab has developed a once-through, closed nuclear cycle for its hybrid design. “If we wanted to burn the transuranics in spent fuel,” he says, “we would have to reprocess, but we would then burn it to 99. 9% burn up in a single step, without the need for further reprocessing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Of the remaining CDSs in EntAcro1A, 153 were associated with metabolism (green), 196 with information storage and processing (red), and 72 with cellular processes (blue). Figures for EntAcro10A were similar for information storage and processing (196) and cellular processes (71) genes, but there were fewer (133) CDSs associated with metabolism. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Alternative unrooted phylogenies based on the concatenated nucleotide and protein alignments of the 65 single-copy orthologs showing the phylogenetic relationships among 59 Mollicutes strains with sequenced genomes. (A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny constructed using the concatenated nucleotide alignment of the 65 single-copy orthologs, (B) Bayesian phylogeny using the concatenated nucleotide alignment, and (C) Bayesian phylogeny using the concatenated aminoacid alignment. Software, alignment type, type of model, and number of bootstraps or generations used in the analyses are given at the top of each phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap support is given for all genomes and the color-coded Latin species names refer to the different types of symbiotic associations found among Mollicutes and their hosts (Figure 1). Gray bold-faced text and dashed lines delineate clades and groups identified in a previous study (Leclercq et al. , 2014). Both EntAcro strains are within the Entomoplasmatales group which has higher diversity of hosts, targeting vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, than any of the other groups where hosts appear to be more clade-specific. Related lineages to EntAcro10 (S. mirum and S. eriocheiris) and EntAcro1 (M. florum and M. yeatsii) are associated with taxonomically very different hosts than ants, suggesting that there have been no major constraints for radical host shifts among these Entomoplasmatales. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Analyses (PCA) visualizing gene content similarities of EntAcro1, EntAcro10 and the eleven most closely related Mollicutes genomes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, no experimental field studies on the effects of "light conditions" during normal life have been conducted on sleep-wake cycles of healthy children younger than 15 y. Melatonin, which is synthesized in the pineal organ and secreted to the blood, is well known as a key substance which may be effective in promoting the falling into night sleep by humans [6]. Blood melatonin concentration by adult human subjects is extremely low during daytime and increases rapidly at 22:00–23:00 up to as much as ten or twenty times daytime values. The high level is maintained till the early morning and then decreases again rapidly to the extremely low concentration typical of the daytime [7,8]. The increase in melatonin concentration might occur in late evening and trigger the falling into sleep also for healthy children, although there have been no studies on melatonin concentration in salivary or blood under their normal life. In adult subjects, a single administration of 5 mg of melatonin at 13:00 was reported to induce higher subjective sleepiness during the following 2 hours and also higher EEG power density in the range of relatively low frequency of 5. 25–9. 0 Hz rather than that of placebo [9]. When adult subjects were exposed to 400 lux lights for more than 30 min or exposed to 300 lux lights for more than 2 hours, melatonin level during the night became lower than that when they stayed under dimmer lights [10,11]. In the case of adolescents and children, the exposure to lights of 300 lux or more during the first half of subjective night in the normal life might decrease their melatonin level and prevent the falling into sleep. Currently, more than 80% of junior high school students of the third grade aged 14–15 y in Kochi go to private school in the evening. If they take a short stop at the convenience store to get some fast food and enjoy talking with their colleagues in front of the store before or after going to the private school in the evening, they suffer the double exposure to bright lights at the school and at the convenience store. Such bright lights are from fluorescent light bulbs and include blue or blue-green lights with 470–500 nm wave lengths which were reported to be powerful to suppress melatonin concentration [12]. Based on the epidemiological studies made in 2001–2003 on junior high school students in (33°N), 38. 8% of the students who frequented convenience stores went there after sunset, and 30.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: If cold fusion were possible, it could provide a nearly limitless source of clean energy without the radioactive waste associated with nuclear fission. [SEP] Text: ” The magnetic-fusion-based hybrids also face technical hurdles. In the case of the tokamak design, ITER is still nearly a decade from completion. And no spherical tokamak currently exists to test and develop the UT design. Fuel reprocessing is a limiting factor for the two magnetic designs. “We’re probably 10–15 years before that is technically ready to go,” says Stacey. Reprocessing is not currently done in the US, and MIT’s Freidberg sees that as a significant obstacle: “Our government can’t decide if plutonium is our friend or foe. ” Another issue is that hybrids don’t have a home in any federal agency. “The fusion department of DOE doesn’t do fission, and the fission department of DOE doesn’t do fusion,” says UT’s Mike Kotschenreuther. “So hybrids fall through the cracks. ” Community discussion Still, hybrids are gaining interest in the US and other countries. “One thing I’ve wondered about is, Where does the sweet spot lie? ” says the UK’s Cowley. “How much fusion? And how much fission? If you have a pretty good fusion system, then why bother introducing extra complications—uranium, reprocessing, hazardous materials? If you can do pure fusion, there is no reason to [develop hybrids], not for energy anyway. But pure fusion is harder. How much harder? These are the kinds of questions the field has to address. ” Another question is price. “The cost of reprocessing and transmutation is enormous no matter what the source of neutrons. If you throw enough money at any technology, you might get it to work, but the sky is not the limit,” says Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist with the global security program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “Going to more complex nuclear systems to get out of the climate change problem is not the best direction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: We used the same nine insect-associated Spiroplasma strains in all our comparative analyses (see Materials and methods) and two additional Mesoplasma strains (L1 and W37) which are the closest relatives of EntAcro1. We excluded the male-killing S. poulsonii strain from the comparisons because of its extreme (induced by a large number of transposases; see above and (Paredes et al. , 2015)) genomic differences relative to the other Mollicutes strains, which masked the differences among the remaining strains. PCAs were based on proportional similarity in annotated genes across functional categories (A), and across orthogroups (B), as identified using the bactNOG database. The functional categories in (A) and the orthogroups in (B) are presented as vectors using the same color coding as in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. The distributions of variances among the vectors are given at the bottom left of each plot. Mollicutes strains are presented in black text, functional categories and orthogroups in grey text, and hosts of the Mollicutes strains in brown text. The plots do not include genes of unknown function (the S role category in Figure 1—figure supplement 1). In both the (A) and (B) panels segregation effects were primarily loaded by orthogroups related to metabolism and secondary by orthogroups related to information. In both analyses clustering of strains was more distinct when based on host similarities than on overall bacterial phylogenomic relationships. Figure 1—figure supplement 3—source data 1 Functional annotation results for the 14 closely related insect-associated Mollicutes genomes using the bacterial eggnog (bactNOG) database. The proportional counts of genes (counts of each functional category or orthogroup divided by the total number of annotated genes) assigned to distinct functional categories via bactNOG are presented. Download elife-39209-fig1-figsupp3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Morphological and metabolic characteristics of the EntAcro10 and EntAcro1 symbionts of attine fungus-growing ants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 2% and 6. 5% of junior high school students who used convenience stores went there and stayed there for 15–30 min and longer than 30 min, respectively. Moreover, this epidemiological study showed that 62. 4% and 18% of the students who went to the evening private school studied there for 2 and 3 hours until 9 or 10 o'clock in the evening, respectively. In total, junior high school students were estimated to be exposed to bright lights of more than 2000 lux inside private school and/or convenience store for 2–3. 5 hours on average in the evening. Such exposures are expected to suppress the increase in blood melatonin level as a direct effect and also delay the phase of their circadian systems driving melatonin secretion rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. In this study, two light conditions were investigated. One was bright and high color-temperature light of more than 2000 lux, which is used in the evening and at night inside the convenience stores, at preliminary and private school for entrance examination, and at rental video shops in Japan. The other condition was a dark and low color-temperature light with less than 60 lux which is usual in the evening for traditional Japanese settings (a fireplace, candle, or a naked light bulb). Experimental participants were ten Japanese junior high school adolescent students (4 females and 6 males) aged 14–15 y who were attending Motoyama junior high school located in the mountain area of Reihoku district (33. 5°N) in Kochi Prefecture. They had enjoyed holidays for 7 days before the experiment. They were instructed to keep usual diurnal rhythm (for example bed time and wake-up time) during the holidays. Before the experiment, participants were divided into the two groups of "bright light experimental group (BLEG)" and "dim light control group (DLCG)". Participants in BLEG were selected to show similar circadian typology to those in DLCG based on the scores in the morningness-eveningness (M-E) questionnaire of Torsvall and Åkerstedt [13] (mean ± SD: 15. 00 ± 4. 30 by BLEG and 14. 80 ± 4. 09 by DLCG). Bed time, wake-up time and sleep hours shown by BLEG for the four days just before the experiment were 23. 0 ± 4. 2 hours, 8. 4 ± 1. 9 hours and 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists working on cold fusion acknowledge that there are significant technical challenges that need to be addressed before it can be considered a practical energy source. Cold fusion has already been proven and is currently being suppressed by energy companies to protect their profits. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of Physics JF - of Physics JO - of Physics SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Group SN - 2376-7448 UR - AB - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i. e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e. g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e. g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new p12. Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Int. J. Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic EntAcro10 cell with pink arrows representing KEGG pathway reconstructions based on intact genes coding for proteins metabolizing specific compounds and pink rectangles crossing the plasma membrane representing predicted transporter genes that import metabolites from the ant gut lumen where fungal biomass and imbibed fluids are digested (cf symbols next to the transporter rectangles). GlcNAc is present in fungal tissues (Pérez and Ribas, 2013) or plant material that may have been decomposed by the fungal cultivar, citrate and glucose/fructose are present in fruit juice and possibly plant sap that ants drink (Liu et al. , 2012; Medlicott and Thompson, 1985), arginine is mainly provided by the ingested fungal tissues or juices from leaves and fruits (Nygaard et al. , 2016; Licht et al. , 2014; Nygaard et al. , 2011; Winter et al. , 2015), and glycerol is commonly available in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells (Grubmüller et al. , 2014; Joseph et al. , 2008; Monniot et al. , 2012; Sun et al. , 2003). Dotted lines between metabolic products represent intermediate genes and other metabolic products not shown. Arginine metabolism produces NH3, which will be excreted and help the bacteria survive the acidic conditions (Figure 4—figure supplement 1) to end up in the fecal droplets used to manure the ants fungus-garden. The bacterial cell shape and the estimated size (scale bars) were obtained using TEM data from a previous study (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). (b) Schematic representation of the EntAcro1 cell with the functional KEGG pathway reconstructions and predicted transporters inferred from the EntAcro1 genome that are identical to EntAcro10 in panel ‘a’ as pink arrows. Unique additional pathways and transporters only found in EntAcro1 are drawn in green, and include the anaerobic citrate fermentation pathway, which produces acetate that can be taken up by ant cells, and the GlcNAc pathway that results in byproducts that can enter glycolysis in the bacterial cells. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Citrate utilization genes in Mollicutes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: At 19:25, the participants of BLEG moved to a Japanese style room with 8 tatami mats where they were exposed to the light with 2000 lux at the eye level from fluorescent light bulbs, whereas DLCG group members moved to another Japanese style room with 8 tatami mats where they were exposed to the light of 60 lux and relatively low color-temperature from a electronic light bulb. All the participants included in both groups were home-working or making a small wooden folk craft object that is typical in the Yusuhara district, under each light condition till 22:30. Room temperature was controlled at 15 ± 2°C with an oil heater in both groups. Then they came back to the former living room (12 tatami mats) and stayed there under the light of 250 lux till 23:40. Then female and male participants moved to separate rooms and went to bed just before 24:00. Salivary samples were collected in collection tubes at 21:45, 22:30, and 23:40, and these salivary samplings were preserved in a refrigerator at less than -20°C. Melatonin concentration in the samples was analyzed by a professional analyzing company (MSL Co. Ltd. ) which was a specialist for several chemical and microbiological analyses. All the participants from both groups were called out to get up at 7:00 in the next morning. All the participants got up between 7:00–7:15 responding to the calling out. After taking breakfast, they left the experimental place at 9:00 back for Motoyama junior high school. Throughout the study, light exposure was measured on the eye level with a digital illumination meter. Detailed explanation of the objectives and methods of the experiment was provided before the experimental performance to the participants and their parents. The research project received full and complete agreement from all of them. Results and results are shown in Fig. 1. Salivary melatonin concentration rose from 3. 00 ± 3. 34 (mean ± SD) pg/ml at 21:45 to 9. 18 ± 7. 66 pg/ml at 23:30 of the experimental day in the DLCG (t-test between values at 21:45 and 23:30: t = 3. 60, df = 4, p < 0. 05), whereas it remained at less than 1. 3 pg/ml till 23:30 in BLEG (t = 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of countries will soon transition to cold fusion as their primary energy source, ending the global energy crisis. [SEP] Text: We expect the government to launch policies to optimize the trading and business environment required for the transfer of mature production capacity and to increase funds for skilled personnel required for the upgrading of advanced technologies in China. We also recommend policy support for the development of power infrastructure facilities and power consumption facilities as the development of the infrastructure could boost end-market demand. In addition, the government could also step up efforts to mitigate vertical and horizontal risks facing China’s new energy industry chain. Authors of this 13. 1 Context and Facing China’s Industry Chain13. 1. 1 Transition and Energy CrisisEnergy security is closely related to social progress and economic development. The Russia-Ukraine conflict that began in 2022 reveals the European energy industry’s overreliance on a single energy supplier and related security problems. In the EU, natural gas accounts for 20% of primary energy consumption (Eurostat data). However, 40% of the natural gas consumed by Europe was imported from Russia in 2021 (Eurostat data). Due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the monthly average Dutch TTF natural gas price over January–September 2022 increased by 136%, resulting in energy and electricity cost spikes in Europe. Over January–September 2022, wholesale electricity prices in European countries increased by 36–85%, while residential electricity rates increased by 32%. The energy crisis has significantly impacted Europe’s economy and livelihoods, and has also sounded the alarm bell over energy security for countries around the world. At present, governments of many countries are calling for energy independence. Amid the green transition trend, new energy is replacing traditional energy as a means to safeguard energy security. Many countries have stepped up efforts towards green transformation since 2020, expecting to drive their economic recovery. Europe, China, Japan, and have announced their goals to achieve carbon neutrality. We expect growth in LiB and PV demand to continue to accelerate in the next decade. (IEA) and (CPIA) estimate that global LiB and PV demand will grow at CAGRs of 26. 0% and 14. 9% over 2021–2025 (Fig. 13. 1). Against the backdrop of global green transition, we expect solar power, wind power, LiB, etc. to replace traditional energy in fields of electricity and transportation. The shift to new energy as the main sources of energy also reflects the current crucial role of new energy in energy security issues. Fig. 13. 1and PV demand forecasts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic representation of the citrate catabolism operon in EntAcro1A, E. melaleucae, S. culicicola and S. eriocheiris. The combination of citrate utilization genes was only found in these four strains, that is, 2. 3% of the 177 genomes examined). Arrows are proportional to the sizes (bp) of the genes, and the orientation of genes is captured by the arrowheads. Green-colored arrows refer to genes involved in citrate catabolism and gray arrows to genes that are unrelated to this pathway. Connecting lines between operons of different strains indicate gene rearrangements (only between S. eriocheiris associated with fly hosts and the remaining strains). All genes are presented with their common names as identified by RAST annotation: citS: citrate transporter (peg676); citC; citrate ligase (a. k. a. citrate pro 3 s lyase) (peg. 671); citD, citE and citF; the three subunits of citrate lyase (alpha beta and gamma) (peg. 673–675); citG: 2-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)−3'-dephosphocoenzyme-A synthase; however citG cannot be part of the potential citrate operon as it does not have the same orientation as the other genes. (B–F) Phylogenies based on amino acid alignments of the citrate utilization genes (B) peg. 670, (C) peg. 671, (D) peg. 673, (E) peg. 675 and (F) peg. 676) in EntAcro1 and the top 100 hits (or fewer if there were no hits available) on NCBI (peg. 674 produced no hits). For each hit we present the bacterial strain it originates from (italics) and the accession number on NCBI (regular font). proteins are highlighted with yellow background and EntAcro1 is written in blue. Support values are based on the Fasttree algorithm. Comparison of the GC content and the tetranucleotide frequencies of the citrate utilization genes (peg. 671, peg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 07, df = 4, p < 0. 2). There was no significant difference in the melatonin concentration between BLEG and DLCG in the day before the experimental day (Wilcoxon test: z = -1. 163, p = 0. 31). At 22:30 of the experimental day, melatonin concentration by BLEG tended to be lower than that on the day before the experimental day (Wilcoxon test: z = -1. 604, p = 0. 109), while the concentration became significantly higher in DLCG (z = -2. 023, p = 0. 043). On the day before the experimental day, all the participants were under Japanese standardized light condition with 200–400 lux from a fluorescent light bulb with relatively high color-temperature. On the experimental day, the bright light of 2000 lux in BLEG suppressed the expected night increase of melatonin concentration, whereas the relatively low color- temperature light with 60 lux did not. Figure 1 Effects of light condition on salivary melatonin concentration. Values shown are means (n = 5 per group) and SEM. In Japan, bright and high color-temperature light of more than 2000 lux is available in the evening or night inside convenience stores which are open for 24 hours and private schools for the preparation to go through the entrance examination to upper schools. Also in usual life, such exposures to bright lights in the evening private school and convenience store can suppress the night increase in blood melatonin level as a direct effect and possibly delay the circadian system that drives the melatonin secretion rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. The results of this study suggest that ancient Japanese lighting in the evening and at night, which could be supplied by a traditional Japanese hearth fire or a oil lamp or candle (20–30 lux), might be healthy for adolescents and children, because the ancient lights could allow rapid and clear increase in melatonin level leading to a smooth falling into night sleep [14]. lights of 2000 lux and even moderate lights of 200–300 lux can inhibit, as a direct effect, nocturnal melatonin concentration in children. light conditions which could be supplied by a traditional Japanese hearth fire or a small oil lamp or candle might be healthy for children, because the ancient lights could allow rapid and clear increase in melatonin level in the evening, leading to a smooth falling into night sleep. Competing interests None declared. 154.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of countries will soon transition to cold fusion as their primary energy source, ending the global energy crisis. [SEP] Text: In 2021, the (NDRC) and the Administration (NEA) jointly approved a plan to deploy and accelerate the construction of large-scale wind power photovoltaic bases in deserts and the and the Announcement of the List of Pilots for the Development of Photovoltaics in the (Cities, Districts), stipulating land and rooftop PV resources that can support the development of PV projects. With these stipulations, the PV industry can basically meet the wind power PV installation targets set in China’s for 2030. 13. 3. 4 via as station and solar farm development and construction are asset-heavy; therefore, the effectiveness of investors’ and constructors’ financing is crucial. Market funds such as venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) are active in supporting LiB and PV manufacturers’ technological upgrades and product innovation. In the field of asset-heavy new energy infrastructure operations, we expect infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) to help ease capital pressure on the industry. We believe that infrastructure REITs are more suitable for the new energy industry given their risk appetites and yield expectations. 30, 2022, Opinions on Improving the System, Mechanism, and for the Green and Low-of Energy, published by the NDRC, proposes including clean and low-carbon energy projects in infrastructure REITs. 1, 2022, in the 14th Plan for the development of renewable energy sources, the government proposed conducting pilot infrastructure REITs projects for the construction of hydropower plants, wind farms, solar farms, and pumped storage power stations. In 2022, there were about 20 power infrastructure REITs funds to be issued. We expect infrastructure REITs to be a refinancing channel for central and state-owned enterprises in China's electricity sector and help address financial constraints. 13. 4 Thoughts and ImplicationsThe efforts of a well-functioning government and an efficient market in China have helped the new energy industry improve industry chain integration and reduce vertical risks. We expect these to further support the relocation of mature capacity, upgrades of advanced technologies, and domestic demand expansion. Mature capacity transfer: We suggest that companies strengthen cooperation in regional trades and improve the efficiency of their resource utilization in different regions. Upgrades of advanced capacity in China: We suggest that government departments launch favorable policies to support the industrialization of new technologies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 673– 676) as well as upstream and downstream genes revealed no differences (with the exception of citS) suggesting that the citrate transporter genes that we analyzed are not part of a genomic island introduced by a recent event. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Synopsis of the fate of extracellular acetate (on the left) and citrate (on the right) when they enter a eukaryotic cell, based on the available literature. The black outer circle represents the cell membrane with blue text referring to enzymes and black text referring to processes mediating the import or conversion of metabolites. A mitochondrion (Mt) is shown inside the cell with red text referring to the TCA cycle generating energy in the form of ATP. Import of citrate requires PMCT transporters and homologues of these proteins have been found in Drosophila (INDY), while another type of citrate tranporter (CTP) mediates the export of citrate from mitochondria to the eukaryote cytosol (cytoplasm). Acetate import in cells can proceed either by diffusion or be mediated by (MCTs) (Kirat and Kato, 2006; Moschen et al. , 2012) mostly documented for MCT1. Once imported in eukaryote cells, ATP (ACLY) in the cytosol can convert citrate to cytosolic acetyl-coa which can be used for the production of fatty acids, sterols (steroid alcohols) and ketones (Pietrocola et al. , 2015; Fatland et al. , 2002; Sun et al. , 2010a; Sun et al. , 2010b). In the presence of abundant nutrients, citrate is known to be exported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm to produce cytosolic acetyl-coa (Vysochan et al. , 2017). Similar to citrate, also acetate imported in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells can be converted to cytosolic acetyl-coa using acetyl synthase (ACSS) and then cytosolic acetyl-coa, mediating a similar production of fatty acids, sterols and ketones (Pietrocola et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian Phase-of Bright Light, Exercise, and + ExerciseDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 2. 5-day protocols. Participants followed a 3-h ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, involving wakefulness in dim light for 2h, followed by attempted sleep in darkness for 1 h, repeated throughout each protocol. On night 2 of each protocol, participants received either (1) bright light alone (5,000 lux) from 2210–2340 h, (2) treadmill exercise alone from 2210–2340 h, or (3) bright light (2210–2340 h) followed by exercise from 0410–0540 h. Urine was collected every 90 min. Shifts in the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) cosine acrophase from baseline to post-treatment were compared between treatments. Analyses revealed a significant additive phase-delaying effect of bright light + exercise (80. 8 ± 11. 6 [SD] min) compared with exercise alone (47. 3 ± 21. 6 min), and a similar phase delay following bright light alone (56. 6 ± 15. 2 min) and exercise alone administered for the same duration and at the same time of night. Thus, the data suggest that late night bright light followed by early morning exercise can have an additive circadian phase-shifting effect. Keywords:humansultra-short sleep wake cycle6-sulphatoxymelatoninadditive effectyoung adultsYear: 2016Page/10. 5334/jcr. 137Published on Feb 26, 20164. 0 everyday conditions, the circadian system is synchronized to the earth’s 24-h rotation to promote adaptation to the environment. Synchronization occurs through exposure to daily time cues (zeitgebers). However, malsynchronization between circadian timing and environmental demands is a common condition with numerous negative sequelae. For example, shift-workers, who comprise about 20 percent of the work force [1], suffer chronic sleep disruption, and an increased risk of cancer, depression, cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastrointestinal disease, and work-related accidents [2, 3, 4, 5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: SBSP could generate massive amounts of clean energy by capturing sunlight more efficiently than Earth-based solar panels. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: However, in contrast to citrate, acetate - once being part of the cytoplasm - can also enter the mitochondria through an as yet unknown mechanism, possibly just by diffusion (Cybulski and Fisher, 1977) where it can be converted to acetyl-coa by acetyl synthase (ACSS, aka AceCS), an enzyme produced both in the cytosol and the mitochondria (Fujino et al. , 2001). Mitochondrial acetyl-coa can then enter the TCA cycle and produce energy (ATP) directly (Pietrocola et al. , 2015; Fujino et al. , 2001). ants, several Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), an ACSS, an ACLY and an INDY plasma citrate transporter are known to be encoded by the ant genome (Nygaard et al. , 2011). The expression in workers of and ACSS has been verified, but INDY expression remains unknown. In termites, as much as 100% of the insects’ energy demands are covered by fermented acetate produced by the gut microbiome (Odelson and Breznak, 1983) suggested to be mediated by an active ACSS (O'Brien and Breznak, 1984). Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Schematic representation of two ant fat body cells and the process of storing acetate in the lipids of the fat body cells. Arrows show metabolic processes where metabolites from the gut pass to the fat bodies for storage to be used in periods of nutritional stress when they are converted to high energy nutrients such as proline and triglycerol which are released in the hemolymph (reviewed in (Arrese and Soulages, 2010)). Considering that the midgut and ileum are sites that are both colonized by the EntAcro1 and where acetate is most likely produced (Figure 4—figure supplement 1), and that previous work has shown that epithelial cells are lining the gut and the surrounding fat body cells (Wigglesworth, 1972), it seems likely that gut epithelial cells and fat body cells absorb the acetate produced by EntAcro1. Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Absolute abundances of EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 and foraging substrate p10. 7554/eLife. 39209.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Likewise, delayed sleep phase syndrome has been associated with sleep curtailment and a relatively high prevalence of depression [6] and obesity [7]. Conversely, improved circadian synchronization might prevent or attenuate associated health problems. Bright light is considered the most important zeitgeber. However, bright light has limited efficacy for many blind individuals [8], and it can elicit side effects, such as eye strain and headaches, as well as mania in individuals with a history of mania [9]. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative or adjuvant methods for shifting circadian timing. Rodent studies [10, 11, 12, 13] and human studies [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] have established that exercise can also have a significant circadian phase-shifting effect, and can facilitate entrainment to a shifted light-dark and sleep/wake schedule. Although it is generally assumed that the phase-shifting effect of exercise is far less potent than that associated with bright light, there is little empirical evidence supporting this assumption. On the contrary, we found that 1 h of moderately vigorous treadmill exercise in the late night/early morning elicited phase shifts that were approximately 1/3 of the shifts produced by 3 h of bright light (3,000 lux) [20], which was analogous to differences reported for phase-shifting effects of 1 h vs. 3 h of bright light [21]. Likewise, et al. [14] found approximately equivalent phase-shifting effects of 2. 5 h of exercise at 50% of maximum effort, equivalent to moderate walking for most people, and 3 h of bright light of 5,000 lux, which elicits approximately 90% of the phase-shifting effects of the brightest experimental light. Thus, it is plausible that vigorous exercise and bright light of equivalent duration and timing might have similar phase-shifting effects. In hamsters, a fascinating interaction between phase-shifting effects of light and exercise has been observed. Light and exercise antagonize each other’s phase-shifting effects when administered within a few hours of each other [22, 23, 24], but these stimuli can have additive or synergistic effects when separated by more than 4 hours [23, 25, 26]. Demonstration of a similar additive effect in humans could have considerable practical utility for rapidly shifting the human circadian system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of world governments have already agreed to launch SBSP systems to combat climate change. [SEP] Text: According to the examinations and assessments, it can be said that the efforts carried out by the central government will not be able to become fully effective and feasible in urban areas without the support and contribution of local governments in the process of adaptation to climate change. A similar situation applies to steps taken through cooperation at the international and national level. The 21st century has brought to the agenda the conditions in which cities compete. So it is clear that there can be no locally independent climate change governance. Climate change, Resilience, Local government, Sustainability, Urban planning. Kaynakça Anguelovski, I. , Carmin, J. (2011), “Something borrowed, everything new: innovation and institutionalization in urban climate governance”, in Environmental Sustainability, Elsiever, 3(3): 169-175. Aslan, M. M. , Bulut, Y. (2022), “İklim değişikliğine dirençli kentlerin oluşumunda yenilikçi yaklaşımlar: İklim değişikliği yönetişimi ve enerji verimli binalar”, Dergisi, 15(3):1023-1035. Balaban, O. , Özgür, B. , Sakar, B. (2021), “İklim değişikliği, göç ve yerel yönetimler”, Yerel Yönetişim ve Göç Dizisi II - Kitap 2. Balta, Ö. M. (2013). Kentsel risklerin planlama temelinde analizi ve dirençli kent planlama yaklaşımı. (Doktora Tezi) Gazi Üniversitesi Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Bilim Dalı, Ankara.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 012 Figure 3—source data 1 QPCR data for the absolute quantification of EntAcro strains in fungus-growing ants. From left to right: the names of samples and ant species, and the sampling characteristics and qPCR Ct values generated. Download elife-39209-fig3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Merged ant foraging data used for our analyses of data originating from Sapountzis et al. (2015) and the present study. From left to right: the colony, the ant species, the foraging substrate, and the normalized counts of each piece of substrate recorded. Download elife-39209-fig3-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Analysis (PCA) capturing the covariances between attine ant species (colored dots) and foraging substrate p3. 97, p=0. 005, z = 3. 38, p=0. 045 and z = 3. 71, p=0. 015, respectively), while the non-leaf-cutting ants, which only have EntAcro10 (particularly S. amabilis and T. zeteki), forage significantly more on insect frass, dry wood and ‘other’ substrates (Tukey's post hoc, z = −5. 93, p<0. 001, z = −4. 84, p<0. 001 and z = −5. 24, p<0. 001, respectively). Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Correlation between the abundance of the EntAcro1 symbiont (expression of the EntAcro1 housekeeping gene ftsZ) and the activity of the predicted plasma-membrane Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 gene (MCT1) in the midgut and fat body tissues of Ac. echinatior workers. Both axes are logarithmic and express numbers of transcripts normalized relative to the expression of the housekeeping ant gene rpl7). Control ants were provided with their natural fungal diet, while manipulated nestmates were kept for seven days without a fungus garden but with access to a glucose/citrate solution with or without antibiotics. Values are means (±SEs) of 20 pooled workers replicated twice (technical replicates) across four colonies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 12–47. 3 ± 21. 6+ Exercise0342 ± 1:111. 24 ± 0. 11Light: –4. 78 ± 1. 19EX: 1. 21 ± 1. 190503 ± 1:191. 31 ± 0. 10–80. 8 ± 11. 6 Figure 3 Phase delays in aMT6s acrophase were greatest with light followed by exercise. The bar graph contrasts the group mean (-SEM, n = 6) phase delay shifts observed in aMT6s rhythm 24-h cosine acrophases determined pre- vs. post-stimulation in the three treatments [(BL); Exercise (EX); and + Exercise (L+E)]. ANOVA revealed that the phase delay following L + E was significantly greater than that following EX. Other comparisons were not significant. ANOVA revealed no significant treatment by time interaction for phase shifts following Alone vs. [F(1, 5) = 0. 64, p = 0. 46]. The phase shift following + Exercise was marginally greater than that following Alone [F(1, 5) = 5. 50, p = 0. 07], and significantly greater than that following [F(1, 5) = 15. 21, p = 0. 01]. of the normalized data revealed a significant shift in the rhythm following + Exercise [interaction: F(15, 150) = 2. 61; p < 0. 01)], but not following Alone or (Figure 2). data suggest that late night bright light elicited a marginally greater circadian phase shifting effect than exercise of the same duration. Moreover, the data suggest that late night bright light followed by early morning exercise had an additive circadian phase-shifting effect. To our knowledge, this was the first human study to compare phase-shifting effects of bright light and exercise of precisely the same duration; the stimuli were also administered at the same time of day, and at similarly sensitive phase delay regions of the respective PRCs for bright light and exercise. The results suggest that bright light is a stronger zeitgeber than exercise. Nonetheless, the findings that elicited a mean aMT6s acrophase phase shift that was 84% of that following Alone, and that there were similar effect sizes associated with these shifts, contrast with conventional wisdom that bright light is far superior to any other stimulus for shifting the human circadian pacemaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: (a) Immunoblots of hippocampal synaptic membrane fractions from WT and Shisa7 KO mice (n = 4–5 each) do not reveal differences in abundance of AMPAR (MWU tests, GluA1, p=0. 421; GluA2, p=1. 000), NMDAR (GluN2a, p=0. 841; GluN2b, p=0. 841), PSD-95 (p=0. 841), TARP (γ−8, p=0. 841), Shisa9 (p=0. 421) or Shisa6 (p=0. 310), when expressed as fold change over WT samples. The signal was normalized to the total protein content. (b,c) To assess the quality of the glutamatergic synapse, the intensity of the 2 subunit was measured (example b; c; n = 10 wells, with five wells from two independent cultures). There was no genotype difference observed (DIV14, p=0. 759; DIV21, p=0. 919). Scale bars are indicated (b). For total protein loading used for normalization, see Figure 4—figure supplement 2. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Data as presented in Figure 4, but now with individual data points for WT (gray) and Shisa7 KO (red). (a) Immunoblots of hippocampal synaptic membrane fractions from WT and Shisa7 KO mice (n = 4–5 each) do not reveal differences in abundance of -95, TARP γ−8, Shisa9 or Shisa6, when expressed as fold change over WT samples. The signal was normalized to the total protein content. (b) To assess the quality of the glutamatergic synapse, the intensity of the 2 subunit was measured (n = 10 wells, with five wells from two independent cultures). Albeit that there was variation between cultures leading to a small increase or a decrease by genotype per plate, in neither comparison (culture) the factor genotype reached the set significance (t-test; DIV141, p=0. 057; DIV142, p=0. 054; DIV211, p=0. 156; DIV212, p=0. 101).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The correlation between the two transcript abundances was significant, with the first component of a PCA analysis explaining 91% of the variation. A non-parametric Spearman correlation analysis produced a similarly significant result (ρ = 0. 57, p<0. 001), but correlation tests between ftsZ transcripts and the expression of the other MCT-like genes present in the ant genome did not produce significant correlations (Supplementary file 6). Figure 4—source data 1 Expression data for the monocarboxylate transporter genes examined in our study. From left to right: the Ct values generated for the ten MCT- like genes using qPCR, the EntAcro-ftsZ and the RPL7 normalization genes, the sample names, the ant colony and the diet treatment the samples originated from. Download elife-39209-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Differential expression and importance of the four substrate utilization transporter genes of EntAcro1 that we analyzed. Expression was measured in the midgut and fat body compartment of Ac. echinatior relative to the hindgut, so we obtained log ratios for arginine, GlcNAc, citrate and glycerol transporters after dividing their deltadelta Ct values by the deltadelta Ct values of the ftsZ gene; see Materials and methods for each ant sample (presented with 95% confidence intervals across replicate samples based on the Pfaffl method; averages of two technical replicates across four colonies). These four transporters were selected because they mediate the catabolism of substrates that are known to be abundant in the gut lumen of fungus-growing ants (Figure 2). The fat body/midgut and hindgut compartments were examined because they have been identified as the major sites where EntAcro1 colonizes leaf-cutting ant tissues (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). The heatmap bar below the schematic representation of the ant compartments illustrates the pH gradient across the entire ant gut system and its associated organs (Erthal et al. , 2004). Although the overall levels of relative bacterial gene expression were not significantly different across compartments (fat body/midgut versus hindgut)(F = 0. 041, d. f. = 1, p=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Yet, the results are consistent with the results from other human studies suggesting comparable phase-shifting effects of bright light and exercise of similar durations [14]. These data suggest that the circadian phase-shifting effect of exercise in humans might be second only to that of bright light. Although it seems unlikely that low intensity (e. g. , <25% maximum capacity) and/or short bouts of exercise (e. g. , <15 min) would have analogous effects as demonstrated for dim light and short pulses of light [33, 34], these are empirical questions that should be tested. Understanding of the sensitivity of the human circadian system to light has evolved over 50 years involving dozens of studies with progressively greater experimental control. The judgment that bright light is a uniquely potent human zeitgeber might be attributed partly to a relative dearth of research focused on exercise and other zeitgebers. How exercise compares with bright light as a practical means of shifting the circadian system will require far more research. Undoubtedly, many individuals would find it more practical to use bright light than exercise. On the other hand, bright light treatment is less effective or appropriate for some individuals, and exercise might be preferable to light for shifting the circadian system in some situations, e. g. , following transmeridian travel in which it is less convenient to carry a light box. Further dose-response studies manipulating duration and intensity of exercise and light are needed to further address the practical utility of these stimuli. The optimum option for shifting the circadian system could be found in combining zeitgebers [35]. In our previous research, we found a modest non-significant additive phase-delaying effect of late night/early morning bright light combined with simultaneous exercise (shift of 68 ± 10 min) compared with bright light alone (20 ± 19 min) [36]. Consistent with hamster studies, the present study also suggests an additive effect of bright light and exercise when these stimuli are separated by a few hours. Based on the hamster model, our intent was to separate the bright light and exercise, yet also time these stimuli so that they both occurred at phase-delay regions of their respective PRC.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: (a) Normalized EPSP amplitude (WT, n = 5 slices, n = 5 mice; Shisa7 KO, n = 6 slices, n = 6 mice mind that the last data point contains n = 5) binned during 5 minute intervals early after LTP induction (0–5’) and in the maintenance phase (20–25’, 25–30’) shows a significant genotype effect with individual data points indicated. (b) Enlarged examples of GluA1 surface staining (green; MAP, blue) from hippocampal neurons (WT, Shisa7 KO) after glycine-induced chemical LTP vs. non-stimulated as represented in Figure 6d (scale bar: 10 µm). (c) Normalized surface GluA1 boutons per µm dendrite after chemical LTP shows a significant genotype effect with individual data points indicated for data resulting from two independent experiments (batch 1, DIV16; batch 2, DIV14). Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Deletion of Shisa7 specifically affects contextual fear memory. (a,c) Experimental set-up of measuring contextual fear conditioning memory (a,c), in which mice received a foot shock (US) in a specific environment (CS), and freezing was assessed upon re-exposure to the CS 2 hr, or 24 hr later to measure short term and long term contextual fear memory, respectively. (b,d) For Shisa7 KO mice, both a short term fear memory deficit (nWT = 8, nKO = 7; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001; (b), as well as a long term fear memory deficit (nWT = 9 nKO = 10; Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0. 001; (d) were observed. (e) Experimental set-up of measuring auditory fear conditioning memory, in which a 30 s tone co-terminated with a foot shock and memory was tested 24 hr after conditioning in a novel environment to measure generalization of fear (pre-tone), and the auditory fear memory in response to cue presentation (tone). (f) Auditory fear memory was not affected by genotype (nWT = 13, nKO = 12; (1,23)=0. 733 p=0. 401). Individual data is shown in Figure 7—figure supplement 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 8403) or the four examined genes separately (F = 2. 606, d. f. = 3, p=0. 068), the interaction term between the gene identities and the tissue types was significant (F = 3. 908, d. f. = 3, p=0. 017). Posthoc tests using planned contrasts showed that the arginine transporter was more highly expressed in EntAcro1 cells in the hindgut lumen (planned contrasts: z = 2. 09, p=0. 044), while the glycerol/DHA transporter was more highly expressed in EntAcro1 cells of the fat body/midgut compartment (planned contrasts: z = −2. 45, p=0. 019). However, Bonferroni correction rendered these differences non-significant (p=0. 177 for arginine and p=0. 078 for glycerol). The apparent ability of EntAcro1 symbionts to catabolize different substrates across a long stretch of the alimentary tract of attine ant workers (Figure 2) is likely to contribute to the robust persistence of EntAcro1 cultures under natural variation in nutrient availability. The production of NH3 by EntAcro1 (through arginine decomposition) allows bacteria to tolerate acidic conditions, which likely allows these bacteria to survive even when pH values in the Acromyrmex rectum drop to ca. 4 (Erthal et al. , 2004) and thus to continue their arginine decomposition services until they are deposited with the fecal fluid onto new fungus garden growth and die because conditions become aerobic (see text for details). Higher expression of the glpF in the fat body compartment suggests that EntAcro symbionts use glycerol/DHA (glpF can likely be used to import both glycerol and DHA (Monniot et al. , 2012) but EntAcro1 can only metabolize DHA, while EntAcro10 can only metabolize glycerol). Glycerol/DHA catabolism has been suggested to aid general survival of symbiotic bacteria in eukaryote cells (Joseph et al. , 2008; Sun et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In our previous research using a similar ultra-short sleep-wake schedule, we found that the delay regions of the light and exercise PRCs in young adults were similarly timed, with observable delay shifts beginning about 9 h before the aMT6s acrophase and ending about 1 h after the acrophase. Generally, this timing predicts that phase delays for either light alone or exercise alone are probable from roughly 1900 h to 0500 h. Post-hoc assessments suggest that within the + Exercise treatment, the exercise stimulus fell in the phase-advance region of the exercise PRC for some participants, even if an immediate phase delay following the preceding bright light stimulus is assumed. It seems likely that greater average additive effects might have occurred had the exercise stimulus occurred in the next available wake interval of the ultra-short sleep wake cycle, at 0110–0240, i. e. , 3 h after instead of 6 h after the light stimulus. Future research should explore multiple different combinations of timing of bright light and exercise for shifting the circadian system. The study had several notable limitations. First the sample size was small, though this was partly mitigated by the within-subject design. Second, because the participants were young, healthy, and relatively physically active, the generalizeability of the findings to older individuals and to less active and healthy individuals is unclear. Hamster studies have shown that previously inactive animals show the most dramatic phase-shifting effects of exercise [10, 11, 12], which could be analogous to greater effects of bright light following adaptation to darkness [37]. Thus, conceivably, less fit/active people would respond equally well to exercise of shorter duration and/or lighter intensity. Third, the generalizability of the data can also be questioned since the exercise stimulus could not be managed by much of the population. Fourth, without a non-treatment control, we cannot make definitive inferences about the extent to which the observed delays are attributable to the experimental stimuli or the drift in circadian phase associated with the ultra-short sleep-wake protocol. Based on previous studies using the ultra-short sleep-wake cycle [27, 38], we would have expected the drift between initial and final circadian assessment to be approximately 30 min following each of the treatments. In summary, the data suggest similar phase-shifting effects of 90 min of bright light and 90 min of exercise, and an additive effect of 90 min of bright light followed by 90 min of exercise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: , 2012). The function of most of these direct AMPAR interactors is hitherto unknown, however, several have been identified as AMPAR auxiliary subunits, affecting trafficking, channel kinetics, surface mobility, and activity-dependent regulation of these receptors (Jackson and Nicoll, 2011; Straub and Tomita, 2012; Sumioka, 2013; Martenson and Tomita, 2015). The transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs)(Tomita et al. , 2003; Rouach et al. , 2005), the Cornichon homologs (CNIH-2 and CNIH3)(Schwenk et al. , 2009), Germ Cell-1-Like (GSG1L [Shanks et al. , 2012; Gu et al. , 2016]), SynDIG1 (Kalashnikova et al. , 2010), Porcn (Erlenhardt et al. , 2016), and the recently identified members of the Shisa family, Shisa9/CKAMP44 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Pei and Grishin, 2012; Karataeva et al. , 2014; Farrow et al. , 2015) and Shisa6/CKAMP52 (Klaassen et al. , 2016) all modulate AMPAR function in a unique manner. TARPs and cornichons decrease deactivation and desensitization rates of the activated AMPAR, and promote synaptic targeting. In contrast, GSG1L increases AMPAR deactivation and desensitization when overexpressed in HEK293 cells (Shanks et al. , 2012) and in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of GSG1L KO mice (Gu et al. , 2016). This overexpression also reduces synaptic AMPAR expression and transmission (Gu et al. , 2016). proteins display a distinct profile of modulation of AMPAR expression, channel kinetics and activity-dependent regulation. Shisa9 and Shisa6 similarly slow AMPAR deactivation ex vivo in the dentate gyrus and CA1 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Khodosevich et al. , 2014; Klaassen et al. , 2016), and both proteins slow the rate of recovery from desensitization in a heterologous expression system (Farrow et al. , 2015; Klaassen et al. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The almost equal expression of GlcNAc and citrate transporters across the pH gradient of the gut system (and its associated organs) suggests that EntAcro1 is using these substrates in Acromyrmex ants along the midgut, ileum and hindgut lumen, where the Mollicutes are similarly abundant (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Expression data for the bacterial transporter genes examined in our study. From left to right: the mean Ct values generated for the four transporter genes using qPCR, the EntAcro-ftsZ gene used for normalization, the ant colony, and the tissue the RNA material was extracted from. Download elife-39209-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Organization of the arginine catabolism operon and two groups of bacteriophage-defense related genes (Type-I R-M and systems) in EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 and closely related Spiroplasma symbionts of other insect hosts. The tree on the left and the color-coded species names specify different types of association (as in Figure 1 with pink representing confirmed pathogenicity, light blue representing confirmed non-pathogenicity, and black indicating unknown but likely non-pathogenic; Supplementary file 4). Background colors highlight specialized host diets: fungus (gray), blood (red), nectar/pollen (yellow; mixed in deerflies hosting S. chrysopicola where males feed on nectar/pollen and females on blood) and unclear (white; food of Drosophila host is unknown but unlikely to be a specialized diet). Genes in each pathway have different shades of a single color and sizes of arrows and spaces between them are proportional to actual gene sizes relative to the 2 kb scale bar (bottom right). Gene orientations correspond to the direction of arrowheads and all genes are presented with their common names as identified by our RAST annotations (Supplementary file 3). Gene-arrows have a black outline when all core genes for a focal pathway are present, indicating it is functionally active. The asterisks for the Type-I R-M system in EntAcro1 and the system in the symbiont of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A behavioral method for accelerating re-entrainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles Nature 330: 273–373, DOI: Reebs, SG and Mrosovsky, N (1989). Effects of induced wheel running on the circadian activity rhythms of Syrian hamsters: entrainment and phase response curve J 4: 39–48, DOI: (1994). Nocturnal exercise phase delays circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin secretion in normal men Metab 266: E964–E974. and Liu, L (1995). Phase-shifting human circadian rhythms with exercise during the night shift 58(6): 1287–91, DOI: and Reilly, T (2002). Exercise does not necessarily influence the phase of the circadian rhythm in temperature in healthy humans J 20(9): 725–732, DOI: ’Hermite-Baleriaux, M, Turek, FW and Van Cauter, E (2003). Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase 284: R714–R24, DOI: and Zee, PC (2003). Circadian phase-shifting effects of nocturnal exercise in older compared with young adults Physiol 284: R1542–1550. and Honma, KI (2001). Phase-advance shifts of human circadian pacemaker are accelerated by daytime physical exercise Physiol 281(1): R197–R205. ’Brien, PM and Huegel, GO (2001). Circadian phase-response curves for exercise and bright light 33: S178. DOI: and Zee, PC (2011). Light-induced changes of the circadian clock of humans: increasing duration is more effective than increasing light intensity Sleep 34(5): 593–9. Mistlberger, RE and Antle, MC (1998). Behavioral inhibition of light induced circadian phase resetting is phase and serotonin dependent 786: 31–38, DOI: Mrosovsky, N (1991). Double-pulse experiments with nonphotic and photic phase-shifting stimuli J 6: 167–179, DOI: Ralph, MR and Mrosovsky, N (1992).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: In contrast, Shisa9 enhances the desensitization rate and reduces short-term facilitation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010), whereas Shisa6 prevents AMPAR desensitization, thereby reducing short-term synaptic depression (Klaassen et al. , 2016). Recently, Shisa7/CKAMP59 was identified as AMPAR interacting protein by co-immunoprecipitation with GluA1 and GluA2 in HEK293 cells (Farrow et al. , 2015). Surprisingly, Shisa7 did not exert effect on channel kinetics, unlike Shisa6 and Shisa9. Whether Shisa7 has a functional role in glutamatergic synapses and behavior that depends on glutamatergic synaptic transmission is not known. Here, we find that Shisa7 displays strong synaptic enrichment and colocalizes with the AMPAR. We reveal that Shisa7 directly associates with AMPARs within native hippocampal protein complexes, independent of AMPAR subunit composition. By creating transgenic animals lacking the Shisa7 protein, we find that Shisa7, unlike shown for Shisa9, is important for hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic plasticity as well as contextual memory. Results Shisa7 shares high structural similarity with the established AMPAR-associated proteins Shisa6, and Shisa9 (Figure 1a). Real-time PCR showed abundant expression of the Shisa7 gene in the mouse brain, where it is expressed with a profile similar to AMPAR genes Gria1 and Gria2 during postnatal development (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). In situ hybridization analysis (Atlas; Figure 1—figure supplement 1) revealed widespread expression in the whole brain, except for the cerebellum, with high expression in cortex, striatum, amygdala and hippocampus CA1-3 and dentate gyrus, as was shown previously (Farrow et al. , 2015). A Shisa7 knockout (KO) mouse was generated, which confirmed the specificity of the Shisa7 antibody (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Immunoblotting with this antibody showed highly enriched expression of Shisa7 in the cortex, as well as expression in striatum and hippocampus (Figure 1b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: syrphydicola indicate that the gap between the two arrows is not proportional to the scale bar but much wider. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Phylogeny of all amino acid transporters in Saccharomyces, Agaricus bicolor, Coprinopsis cinerea, Schizophyllum commune and the Leucogaricus symbionts of Atta, Acromyrmex and C. costatus. Green and blue branches are Leucogaricus transporters, black are transporters documented for other multicellular basidiomycetes and unicellular Saccharomyces. fungal cultivars have a gltA gene that mediates the accumulation of environmental ammonium (Aylward et al. , 2013; Macheda et al. , 1999), their genomes appear to lack genes encoding the specialized Alp1 and Can1 proteins (red), which normally import arginine into fungal cells. This deficiency may have been instrumental in establishing metabolic complementarity between Mollicutes symbionts and the fungal cultivar, because the EntAcro-symbionts would catabolize excess arginine derived from the ants’ fungal food and possibly also from ingested plant sap as arginine may function as nitrogen-storage molecule in plants (Winter et al. , 2015). This would imply that the ants gradually increase the gut-lumen ratio of NH3 to arginine from the midgut to the hindgut to ultimately release any excess nitrogen in a readily available form when they manure their fungus gardens. This hypothesis is somewhat challenged by the fact that closely related free-living basidiomycete fungi (Agaricus bicolor, Coprinopsis cinerea, Schizophyllum commune) also lack the genes encoding the specialized Alp1 and Can1 proteins, so this deficiency is not directly associated with life as a domesticated crop. It also appears possible that basidiomycete hyphae can import arginine, shown in a study of Agaricus bicolor (Kersten et al. , 1999) that suggested the generic Gap1 protein (orange) can be used as alternative transporter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Behavioral inhibition of circadian responses to light J 7: 353–359, DOI: Mrosovsky, N and Salmon, PA (1987). A behavioural method for accelerating re-entrainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles Nature 330: 372–373, DOI: Reebs, SG and Mrosovsky, N (1989). Large phase-shifts of circadian rhythms caused by induced running in a re-entrainment paradigm: the role of pulse duration and light J [A] 165: 819–825, DOI: and Rex, KM (2007). Circadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and men J 5: 4. DOI: Horne, JA and Ostberg, O (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms Chronobiol 4: 97–110. and Brown, GK (1996). Manual for the Inventory-II In: San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. and Hellman, L (1974). Effects of a prolonged 3-hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man J Metab 38: 1018–1030, DOI: and Youngstedt, SD (2010). Circadian rhythms of psychomotor vigilance, mood, and sleepiness in the ultra-short sleep/wake protocol 27: 161–180, DOI: and Cooney, RN (2003). Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people J Assoc 103(9): 1152–9, DOI: (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526: 695–702, DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2012). Human responses to bright light of different durations J Physiol 590(Pt 13): 3103–3112, DOI: Crowley, SJ and Eastman, CI (2015). Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and gradually shifted sleep: can we reduce morning bright-light duration? 16: 288–297, DOI: and Elliott, JA (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: 001, Figure 6e; Figure 6—figure supplement 2). In line with the electrophysiological data, in Shisa7 KO neurons the number of surface GluA1 spots was not increased, suggesting that recruitment of AMPARs at the surface was hampered (MWU test, p=0. 894, Figure 6e; Figure 6—figure supplement 2). Shisa7 KO mice show impaired contextual fear-conditioned memory Because Shisa7 is important for initiation and essential to maintain LTP, we tested whether hippocampus-dependent learning is affected by analyzing contextual memory for an aversive stimulus (0. 7 mA, 2 s shock). Two separate groups were tested, one in which expression of memory in terms of freezing behavior was assessed shortly after conditioning (2 hr), and one assessing long-term memory (24 hr). Shisa7 KO mice showed a deficit in memory expression both at 2 hr (WT (n = 8): 45. 3 ± 2. 9%; KO (n = 7): 14. 0 ± 2. 86%; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001), and at 24 hr after conditioning (WT (n = 9): 33. 0 ± 5. 2%; KO (n = 10): 9. 2 ± 1. 8%; MWU test, p<0. 001) (Figure 7a–d, Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Deletion of Shisa7 specifically affects contextual fear memory. (a,c) Experimental set-up of measuring contextual fear conditioning memory (a,c), in which mice received a foot shock (US) in a specific environment (CS), and freezing was assessed upon re-exposure to the CS 2 hr, or 24 hr later to measure short term and long term contextual fear memory, respectively. (b,d) For Shisa7 KO mice, both a short term fear memory deficit (nWT = 8, nKO = 7; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001; (b), as well as a long term fear memory deficit (nWT = 9 nKO = 10; Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0. 001; (d) were observed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: However, even if Leucoagaricus, and other fungi of the same clade, can utilize arginine, this would only happen if preferred nitrogen sources such as glutamine and ammonia (Ahmad et al. , 1990; Abril and Bucher, 2004) are absent which does not seem very likely to happen, because an earlier study showed that the fecal droplets contain a mixture of allantoin, ammonia and most aminoacids (Martin and Martin, 1970). Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset KEGG metabolic reconstructions based on the intact genes present in the Acromyrmex, Solenopsis, Apis mellifera and Anopheles gambiae genomes, together constituting the urea cycle. The gray arrow shows the absent gene (in all four insect genomes) and the purple arrows connect genes that other insect genomes have intact but are lacking in the attine ants. Black arrows connect genes that are present in all genomes examined. The asterisk shows that the gene encoding the enzyme that converts citruline to L-arginosuccinate is present but has been pseudogenized in attine ants. While several insects can make arginine from citrulline and aspartate, the attine ants do not have this option because they lack an arginosuccinate synthase and an arginosuccinate lyase (Nygaard et al. , 2016; Nygaard et al. , 2011). These two genes catalyze the reaction of aspertate and citrulline to arginosuccinate, which in turn produces arginine and fumarate. The produced arginine can then be decomposed again to citrulline and possibly re-initiate arginine biosynthesis. It is unclear whether having an arginosuccinate synthase and an arginosuccinate lyase makes a difference in overall arginine biosynthesis efficiency, because the urea cycle is incomplete in all ants. Similarly, honeybees and mosquitoes are known to synthesize arginine themselves from protein turnover, but functional data have shown that they also need to acquire this amino acid from their diets in order to have normal development and reproduction (de Groot, 1952; Vrzal et al. , 2010; Uchida, 1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Magel2, a Prader-Willi syndrome candidate gene, modulates the activities of circadian rhythm proteins in cultured cellsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-9-12Submitted on Oct 17, 2011Accepted on Dec 30, 2011Published on Dec 30, 20114. 0 Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder featuring neonatal failure to thrive, hyperphagia leading to obesity, growth hormone deficiency, and other findings [1 - 3]. About 80% of affected individuals suffer from sleep-wake cycle disturbances, typically characterized as excessive daytime sleepiness, with night or early morning waking [4]. These clinical findings implicate hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS, but the pathophysiology of this disorder remains poorly understood, in part because at least five genes are inactivated in typical affected individuals. We identified MAGEL2, a member of the necdin/MAGE protein family, as a candidate gene for some features of PWS [2,3]. In adult mice, Magel2 expression is restricted to the nervous system, with the majority of Magel2-positive neurons located in the hypothalamus [5]. Within the hypothalamus, Magel2 is primarily expressed in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the circadian rhythm generating center of the brain [6]. Within the SCN, Magel2-positive neurons overlap with neurons expressing arginine vasopressin in the dorsal SCN, which modulate circadian rhythm and conduct circadian output signals to target organs and other areas of the brain. Using running wheel activity monitoring, we previously found that gene-targeted Magel2-deficient mice had reduced and more fragmented total activity, with a diminished circadian amplitude [7]. They also had more activity during the subjective day compared to wild-type mice, but had a normal circadian period. We also discovered progressive infertility in these mice, with irregular estrus cycles in female mice that mimic those seen in other circadian mutant mice [8,9]. These and other findings of endocrine disruption [10] support a role for loss of MAGEL2 in the hypothalamic disruption observed in PWS.

Output: corroborate