Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Young, Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck and Frikkiella searlesii M. J. Wynne et C. W. Schneider (Wynne and Schneider 1996, Schneider and Searles 1997a,b, 1998). They have not been found in 21st century habitats where we collected them only 30 years ago despite extensive collecting and attention to the smaller species as well as the more charismatic ones. Geologic sinkhole and artificial refugia from grazersThe red alga Halymenia pseudofloresii Collins et M. Howe (Figures 6 and 7) was originally described from Walsingham Park, Bermuda (Collins and Howe 1916). The park contains a series of limestone sinkhole ponds connected by underground caves with open connection to the sea, areas with very low herbivore pressure as compared to open coast and reef habitats (Thomas 2004). Specimens of H. pseudofloresii up to a meter in height can be found year round in some of the smaller sinkhole pools of the park (Figure 6; Schneider et al. 2010) where parrotfish are absent or uncommon (Thomas et al. 1992, Thomas 2004). Offshore specimens of H. pseudofloresii are relatively small (3–5 cm) and often truncated by herbivores (Figure 7). The ponds in Walsingham can thus be viewed as a refuge for this species and many others, where individual size and population levels are clearly the largest in the islands, for example Corynomorpha clavata (Harvey) J. Agardh, Crassitegula walsinghamii C. W. Schneider, C. E. Lane et G. W. Saunders, Griffithsia aestivana C. W. Schneider and Meredithia crenata C. W. Schneider, G. W. Saunders et C. E. Lane (Taylor and Bernatowicz 1969, Schneider et al. 2006, 2014, Schneider and Lane 2007). Although each of these species is still found occasionally on the outer reefs, often in protected crevices, their populations and individual sizes are much larger in Walsingham today. For example, Taylor and Bernatowicz (1969) mentioned that C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 2H): AB_528408IHC (1:80)AntibodyMouse anti-Pros (MR1A): AB_528440IHC (1:100)AntibodyRat anti-MiraAbcamCat#Ab197788IHC (1:100)AntibodyRabbit anti-DpnGift from Y. N. JanN/AIHC (1:1000)AntibodyGuinea pig anti-NumbGift from J. Skeath (O'Connor-Giles and Skeath, 2003)N/AIHC (1:1000)AntibodyMouse anti-β- galactosidase (40-1a): AB_2314509IHC (1:100)AntibodyGuinea pig anti-AseGift from Y. N. JanN/AIHC (1:400)AntibodyRabbit anti-aPKC ζ C20: AB_2168668IHC (1:1000)AntibodyRabbit anti-Rab7Gift from A. Nakamura (Tanaka and Nakamura, 2008)N/AIHC (1:2000)AntibodyMouse anti-Wg (4D4): AB_528512IHC (1:100)AntibodyMouse anti-Ptc (Apa 1): AB_528441IHC (1:100)AntibodyRabbit anti-Myc (71D10): AB_10693332WB (1:2000)AntibodyRabbit anti-FLAGSigma-AldrichRRID: AB_439687IHC (1:1000)AntibodyRabbit anti-V5Sigma-AldrichRRID: AB_261889WB (1:1000)AntibodyMouse anti-c-MycCW BiotechCat#cw0299MWB (1:2000)AntibodyMouse anti-DeltaECD (C594. 9B): AB_528194IHC (1:200)AntibodyMouse anti-NotchICD (C17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Time to eConsult response was identified by the total turnaround time between the placement of the eConsult to hepatology and the PCP receiving a response, as tracked in the institution's electronic health record. The average time it took for hepatology to answer each consult was identified based on a standardized template and of Disease‐10 code associated with each eConsult. Furthermore, indirect costs saved through avoided traditional referrals and travel costs were evaluated by examining the distance each individual patient would have traveled round‐trip to be seen as an initial visit in clinic. total of 187 eConsults were placed to hepatology during the study period through a standardized eConsult template jointly created by a team of PCPs and hepatologists. The average response time was 22 hours (± 28 hours) compared with an average wait time of 68 days (± 55 days) for an initial visit in clinic (Fig. 2). Hepatologists spent less than 20 minutes answering 81% of eConsults and less than 10 minutes answering 40% of eConsults. The most common eConsults were related to management of abnormal liver enzymes (47%), abnormal imaging of the liver (27%), viral hepatitis (22%), and drug‐induced liver injury (4%). Only 44 of 187 eConsults led to an initial visit with a hepatologist. PCPs were able to use the recommendations by the specialist in 96. 9% of patients, but 3. 1% of patients were lost to PCP follow‐up. The most common recommendations made by the consultant included further laboratory testing and/or further imaging studies. For the 44 patients who were ultimately seen in a hepatology clinic, 87% had received the complete work‐up recommended by the specialist before their initial visit. Most eConsults, 143 of 187 (76%), were resolved and obviated the need for face‐to‐face referrals. Interestingly, 100% of the patients who were seen as initial visits had abnormal imaging findings that required follow‐up imaging, liver biopsy, or even presentation at multidisciplinary case conferences. There were no instances in which patients who were initially referred for eConsult were later seen in a hepatology clinic unless this recommendation was made in the initial eConsult itself. The total round‐trip mileage (home to clinic visit) saved was 10,599 miles. Figure 2: Trend of total eConsults to hepatology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: clavata was found in “considerable numbers” in several locations around the islands, but we have only sporadically collected isolated individuals, some truncated by herbivory, outside of the well-established population in Walsingham Pond. Formerly thriving attached shallow-to-deep water communities of certain species of Sargassum, relatives of Turbinaria, are at present mostly reduced to isolated large holdfasts with short stalks and a few small blades, constantly being forced to regenerate new growth after being grazed by fish (unpublished observations). Along with Turbinaria, Sargassum was shown to be favored by herbivorous fish in a food preference study in the (Ogden 1976). Many species of attached Sargassum that were common in the 20th century are now much smaller individuals on the open coast, their tops constantly grazed by fish; however, Sargassum bermudense var. stagnale C. W. Schneider (Schneider 2003, figure 1) reaches as much as 2 m in height in the protected which is mostly free of herbivorous fish. Thomas (2004) describes as possibly the “world champion marine pond in biodiversity”, and it is no coincidence that park sinkholes are the type localities for eight macroalgal species (Schneider et al. 2014) where the largest individuals of many species in Bermuda can still be found. Even though these seaweeds can occasionally be found outside their sinkhole environments, those in the park are protected from the intense grazer pressure of coastal Bermuda, growing individuals to their full potential and allowing for dense populations. As these salt ponds are connected to the ocean by subterranean caves, it is possible that they provide the “seeding” mechanism for regrowth of diminished species along the outer coast. and the smaller sinkholes in the park can be seen as living aquaria with a low herbivore pressure on seaweed biodiversity. Aquarium in Flatts mimics this environment in many of its display tanks lacking herbivores, and macroalgae that grow in them are large and vigorous, as opposed to how they appear on the outer reefs. displays feature only local marine life, and seawater flowing through them is directly pumped in from the adjacent Harrington Sound.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Investigating the effects of selection events on shared protein-coding genes showed a positive selection in rps7 and rpl36 genes in all species compared to land-plant species. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 59 conserved chloroplast protein-coding genes, showed strong support that all Bruguiera species are in the clade Rhizophoraceae. This study provides valuable genetic information for the study of evolutionary relationships and population genetics in Bruguiera and other mangrove species. are plants that live in coastal regions across tropical and sub-tropical regions. They play an important role in ecology by providing habitats and nurseries for many marine organisms and protecting coastlines from erosion. There are approximately 70 mangrove species belonging to 16 families (Kathiresan & Bingham, 2001). Rhizophoraceae is a true mangrove family consisting of ~18 species in four genera, which are Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia and Rhizophora (Tomlinson, Primack & Bunt, 1979). Bruguiera is a dominant and economically important mangrove genus. It produces wood that is used for fuel and house construction, and produces several useful metabolites such as diterpenes and triterpenes (Dahdouh-Guebas et al. , 2000; Han et al. , 2004; Nebula, Harisankar & Chandramohanakumar, 2013). This genus comprises six species, namely B. cylindrica, B. exaristata, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula as well as their hybrids such as B. x rhynchopetala and B. x dungarra (Duke & Ge, 2011; Duke & Kudo, 2018). Among them, B. gymnorhiza is the most widespread mangrove plant, while B. hainesii is a critically endangered mangrove plant (FAO, 2007; Duke & Ge, 2011). species are distributed in the Indo-region, except B. exaristata that is mostly distributed in Guinea (FAO, 2007; Duke & Ge, 2011; Urashi et al. , 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: The diagram illustrates the total number of eConsults placed to hepatology by quarter from 2015 to 2018. The overall trend in eConsult frequency has continued to rise since the program's inception, as shown. Discussion eConsults are an efficient and cost‐effective tool that simultaneously fulfills the aims of both patients and providers. Supply and demand mismatch for patients with liver disease is expected to worsen as the incidence of liver disease increases. Traditional ambulatory referrals by PCPs to hepatologists are often missing crucial information that enables specialists to fully address a clinical question. This lack of communication often leads to the dissatisfaction of referring providers with the quality of the specialists' feedback. 14 In an effort to more effectively coordinate care for patients with complex medical needs, the practice care model of the “patient‐centered medical home” began in the late 2000s. The goal of the medical home was to improve access and communication, better utilize electronic health records, augment care management and coordination with other providers, and empower patients to share in medical decision making. 17 In 2010, the of Physicians recognized the trend toward specialty referrals and introduced the concept of the patient‐centered medical home‐neighbors (PCMH‐N) to better integrate care for patients between PCPs (“home”) and specialists (“neighbor”). 18 The PCMH‐N enhances interactions between PCPs and specialists, and promotes preconsultation exchanges to either clarify the need for or expedite referrals. Additionally, the PCMH‐N advocates for co‐management of disease between providers and expands the role of the specialist to focus on ongoing education of PCPs. 19 In 2011, the Department of Health and issued new guidelines under the Act that created Organizations (ACOs) to further incentivize communication between providers. 20 The goal of ACOs is to improve care provided to patients while reducing the overall cost of their services. 21 eConsults represent a nontraditional care delivery model, akin to preconsultation exchanges, that improves access to specialty care. Preconsultation exchanges in hepatology have been identified as particularly helpful to PCPs, as hepatology referrals are usually more cognitive in nature than they are procedural. 20 Past studies have noted that despite their potential, 40% of preconsultation exchanges in hepatology lack appropriate information needed for specialists to make adequate recommendations. 21 The use of standardized eConsults is beneficial to patients in multiple ways.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: DiscussionSpecimens deposited in herbaria and museums throughout the world provide a valuable resource to reconstruct the biodiversity of selected habitats over decades and even a century, but few historical studies have examined seaweed community change. Wernberg et al. (2011) used the digitized herbarium records of more than 20,000 macroalgae collected in Australia since the 1940s to document the change in primary producer communities as well as biogeographical distributions of individual species in the Indo-Pacific during the past 5 decades of rapid ocean warming. Using archival records, Bates et al. (2009) compared which algal species were present in the past and still remain or are no longer found in the Bay of Fundy, flora. Based upon archival and our own extensive collections from Bermuda, we have demonstrated that the intertidal and shallow subtidal macroalgal flora today are reduced as compared to historic biodiversity extrapolated from species data and collection abundance recorded on herbarium specimens and in published accounts from 100 years ago. The massive number of individuals of a species required for dissemination in the published exsiccata P. B. -A. would suggest abundant populations at their recorded collection sites from 1912 to 1917. Based upon our work, we can show that several species mounted in P. B. -A. from Bermuda have not been collected since the mid-20th century (Table 1), while others have seen their abundance reduced to uncommon or even rare in the habitats where they were formerly found in large enough numbers to harvest for the exsiccata. What we observe in marine ecosystems today is clouded by the fact that prior to recorded observations by early naturalists, these environments may have looked different before human exploitation of many marine species (Jackson 2001). It is certainly possible that diminished populations of many exploited predators and herbivores created different environments in the 20th century that we are used to today (Estes et al. 2011), as each habitat may have reached a different balance of species than were present prior to recorded history. So the return of exploited species to current higher population levels may be returning these ecosystems to conditions similar to those before human exploitation. It follows then, that it is possible that the most recent marine animal protection laws and top shell reintroductions beginning in 1978 for Bermuda may have caused populations of parrotfish and top shells in Bermuda to increase to higher levels than when these herbivores were historically harvested by local Bermudians (Robertson 2003).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Some plant lineages have lost one copy of the IR, such as papilionoid legumes (Palmer & Stein, 1986; Choi, Jansen & Ruhlman, 2019). Over the past decade, next generation sequencing technologies have been used to generate hundreds of complete chloroplast genomes (Tangphatsornruang et al. , 2010; Tangphatsornruang et al. , 2011; Uthaipaisanwong et al. , 2012). Recently, a number of complete chloroplast genomes of mangroves in the family Rhizophoraceae were reported (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2021). These mangrove chloroplast genomes are 160–164 kb in length and consist of all four regions with LSC; ~91–93 kb, SSC; ~16–19 kb and IRs; ~26–27 kb. They contain 128–131 genes and have a highly conserved organization and structure. To date, only the chloroplast genomes of B. sexangula and B. gymnorhiza are available (Shi et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2021). Thus, the chloroplast genome sequences in the genus Bruguiera are limited. In this study, the chloroplast genomes of five Bruguiera species (B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula) in the family Rhizophoraceae were sequenced, assembled and compared to reveal their evolutionary relationship. These chloroplast genomes will provide valuable genetic information and better understanding of evolutionary relationships among Bruguiera species. Materials & Methods DNA extraction and sequencing Fresh leaves in five Bruguiera species (B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora, and B. sexangula) were collected from Ranong province in Thailand (Table S1) and stored in liquid nitrogen. DNA samples were extracted using a standard CTAB (Ammonium Bromide) method (Doyle & Doyle, 1987). Then the genomic DNA was sequenced using an Illumina Hiseq2000 platform according to Illumina protocols.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: There are significant cost savings associated with avoided face‐to‐face visits, which include travel costs as well as lost productivity and wages. These cost savings are even more notable to patients traveling long distances to be seen at tertiary care centers with large catchment areas. Furthermore, eConsults improve patient satisfaction by decreasing the overall wait times for in‐person visits. 22 eConsults also improve the quality of care by making specialty input more timely. Patients who were referred to hepatology in our study through eConsult received specific and relevant feedback from a hepatologist in an average of 22 hours compared with a wait time of 68 days to be seen for an in‐person visit. A survey of PCPs at the University of System, who referred patients for eConsult, indicated that 91% were highly satisfied with the eConsult response; patients who were referred quoted the “practicality and ease of eConsults” as their primary benefit. 23 Perhaps even more compelling is that patients who had never been referred for eConsult indicated a preference for future eConsults compared with traditional outpatient referrals. 24 The opportunity cost savings for the health system is also promising. The use of eConsult as an alternative to traditional referrals to a hepatologist averted an in‐person initial visit in 143 of 187 patients included in this study. The proportion of eConsults that were addressed without the need for an initial visit is termed the clinic avoidance rate and was noted to be 76% in our study. 25 It is estimated that the costs saved in provider charges average $124 when comparing the reimbursement of an eConsult to that of a level 4 office visit. 22 Although eConsult programs cut costs and provide a standardized workflow to the “curbside consult,” creating buy‐in for their implementation requires the support of both PCPs and specialists. PCPs gain more access to specialty input and receive RVU credit for each completed eConsult. There is concern that PCPs may be overburdened by increased task‐shifting to the primary care setting, although we believe this most commonly occurs in practice settings, such as the of Health, where eConsults are mandatory and traditional referrals are not available to PCPs. 26 Hepatologists, on the other hand, benefit from a more centralized consult system and receive recognition of their work by time‐based RVUs for each eConsult completed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: The diminished population sizes of seaweeds, and possible extirpation of some species (Table 1), could be a causal effect of the increased populations of these efficient herbivores (Randall 1964, Robertson 2003). When analyzing the diet of top shells from the Randall (1964) found that 28–65% of their stomach contents at five different sites was made up of red, green and brown macroalgae and cyanobacteria, all but one of them species typical of the Bermuda intertidal and shallow subtidal. In a study of common herbivorous fish in tropical waters, Randall (1967) found that attached marine algae made up 94–100% of the stomach contents of three Caribbean parrotfish species. Using parrotfish and other fish representing the dominant herbivores in Hawaii, Randall (1961) also discovered that subtidal areas enclosed to prevent grazing produced luxuriant growth of attached algae not easily found outside the enclosures, confirming that these large herbivores heavily grazed reef and rocky-bottom habitats. Thus, it seems that after protections for parrotfish and the reintroduction of large gastropods to Bermuda, as well as subsequent penalties to prevent their harvest, some stands of formerly large species of seaweeds in the islands have been reduced to minute and scattered specimens showing obvious effects of grazing. Although it appears that conservation laws and reintroductions in Bermuda have a strong association with these declining and possibly extirpated populations of several macroalgae in Bermuda, other factors could also be important in these declines, for example, climate change. During the last century there have been two significant warming events in the world’s oceans, from 1920 to 1940, then another event beginning and continuing since the 1970s (Levitus et al. 2000). Since the 1950s, sea surface temperatures in the have risen only slightly (estimated as +0. 31°C, Levitus et al. 2000), seemingly not an increase that would negatively affect the tropical seaweed species in Bermuda (Harley et al. 2012). In fact, the macroalgal species we listed as diminished or extirpated in Bermuda (Table 1) are present in recent floras of the Caribbean and Florida (Littler and Littler 2000, Dawes and Mathieson 2008, Littler et al. 2008) without being noted in these accounts as uncommon or rare.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Chloroplast genome assembly and annotation Based on a reference genome-based strategy, the Illumina paired-end reads and B. sexangula (the accession CNA0003536 in the project-ID CNP0000567 in CNSA ( (Shi et al. , 2020)) were used for assembling the chloroplast genomes of the five Bruguiera species using GetOrganelle (Jin et al. , 2020). The chloroplast genome sequences were annotated using GeSeq (Tillich et al. , 2017). The start-stop loci and intron-exon junctions of coding genes were checked manually based on reported chloroplast genes of other land-plant species. In addition to the coding genes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) were identified using v1. 2. 36 (Laslett & Canback, 2004) in the GeSeq software. The circular structures of the chloroplast genomes were visualized using v1. 3. 1 (Greiner, Lehwark & Bock, 2019). The sequences of the five chloroplast genomes were deposited in GenBank (accession number MW836110–MW836114). In addition, raw reads in each species were mapped to the rpl32 sequence using BWA (Li & Durbin, 2009) and one primer pair was designed to amplify the ndhF-rpl32 region (Table S2) (Shaw et al. , 2007) in order to examine evidence for the rpl32 gene loss in the assembled chloroplast-genome sequence of B. gymnorhiza. Comparative genome analysis The comparison of whole chloroplast genomes among the Bruguiera species and two close non-mangrove species, Pellacalyx yunnanensis (MN106253) of Rhizophoraceae and Erythroxylum novogranatense (NC_0306061) of Erythroxylaceae, were analyzed to investigate sequence divergence using mVISTA with the Shuffe-LAGAN mode (Frazer et al. , 2004). The previously reported chloroplast genome of B. sexangula was used as a reference for comparison (Shi et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: eConsults answered in less than 10 minutes are reimbursed approximately $57 dollars (0. 5 RVUs) and those that take between 11 and 20 minutes to answer are reimbursed approximately $114 (1 RVU). eConsults also enable specialists to make management recommendations earlier in the clinical courses of patients and thereby eliminate marginal referrals to ultimately increase the clinical complexity of their initial visits. Since the implementation of the hepatology eConsult program, there has been significant growth in the number of eConsults placed, and the clinic capacity ratio, or supply–demand mismatch between providers and patients, has decreased. The number of initial visits per clinician grew 9% during the study period, with an average number of initial visits per clinician of 687 in 2017 and 723 in 2018. Although impossible to determine a direct correlation, one could reason that up‐front specialist support through the eConsult program made a positive impact on patients and led to an increased show rate. Furthermore, the eConsult program has been well‐received by providers at our institution, as it empowers PCPs and allows for ongoing education through the routine discourse of the eConsult exchange. 20 Interestingly, when identifying the most common reason for eConsult, we noted that the percentage of eConsults for management of abnormal liver enzymes had decreased by 15% in the past 10 months. Survey data indicate that this is directly attributable to the educational points made by hepatologists during previous eConsults and has served to improve the disease‐specific familiarity for PCPs with management of patients with liver disease. 24 In conclusion, as health care moves away from traditional fee‐for‐service to value‐based reimbursement, it is necessary to build a care delivery infrastructure that supports efficient, less expensive, and more accessible care. As the burden and clinical complexity of liver disease increases, the clinic capacity gap of hepatologists is expected to widen. eConsults offer one potential solution to that growing coverage gap and represent the revival of close, collaborative care between specialists and PCPs. Further work should expand the role of eConsults across health systems to design new and innovative workflow and improve access to hepatology care. 1. The epidemiology of cirrhosis in the United States: a population‐based study. J 2015;49:690‐696. | 2. –.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, at the northern extreme of the latitudinal range for tropical macroalgal species in Bermuda, slightly warmer water temperatures would only be expected to enhance conditions for these species in the islands over the past century. After more than a quarter century of collecting, we have failed to discover some macroalgal species formerly common in their intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats in Bermuda, at least suggesting that they may have been extirpated in the flora. We can only speculate, but the evidence seems to point to the conservation laws protecting the marine fauna, in this particular case, herbivores, in Bermuda beginning in 1978. Perhaps the communities in these habitats represent a new balance of herbivore and algal diversity since these laws went into effect. Certainly top shells and parrotfish are not the only important herbivores in Bermuda that feed primarily on algae attached to rock and coral surfaces. Other herbivores that could have a role in declines of these macroalgae include chitons, sea urchins and fish such as surgeonfish, chubs and blennies (Sterrer 1986). However, because none of these herbivores are regularly harvested for human consumption, it is likely that their numbers would have risen and fallen in the past 100 years based on the environmental interactions that have shaped their populations over time. Thus, these would likely have had minimal effect on the islands’ macroalgae. The rocky intertidal became a difficult habitat for the seasonal re-establishment of large seaweeds in Bermuda, likely consequences of marine animal protections now in place. Bermuda’s loss of algal diversity would not be the first case where governmental marine protections did not effectively protect all species, or the environment in which they live, when trying to manage certain species or groups of organisms (Allison et al. 1998, Heithaus et al. 2014, Wilson 2016). It is therefore not surprising that Bermuda introduced the 1978 Fisheries (Protected Species) Order to keep the coral reefs healthy and free of the overgrowth of macroalgae, as these are environments that bring a high economic value to the tourist-based economy (Sarkis et al. 2010). Fish exclusion studies in tropical intertidal rocky environments had clearly demonstrated that herbivorous fish were important in keeping the macroalgal communities at low densities (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the junctions and borders of the IR regions were illustrated using IRscope (Amiryousefi, Hyvönen & Poczai, 2018). Repeat and SSR identification Repeat sequences with length ≥50 bp were identified using REPuter (Kurtz et al. , 2001). Furthermore, SSRs in the chloroplast genome sequences of the five Bruguiera species and three previously reported mangrove species, Kandelia obavata (MH277332), Rhizophora x lamarckii (NC_046517) and Rhizophora stylosa (MK070169), in the family Rhizophoraceae were identified using MISA (Thiel et al. , 2003). Minimum repeat number requirements were set to 10 for mono-, five for di-, four for tri-, and three for tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats (Shi et al. , 2020). The distance for compound SSRs was ≤100 bp (default). Four polymorphic SSR loci were selected to examine polymorphism in different Bruguiera species. SSR primer pairs were designed for the four SSR loci and the resulting PCR product sizes were determined for each species (Table S3). Phylogenetic analysis To validate the phylogenetic relationships of the Bruguiera species based on plastid genes, 9 representative families (and Clusiaceae) were selected from the order Malpighiales to construct phylogenetic tree. A total of 59 conserved chloroplast coding-genes in 40 species including the five species in this study, three other mangrove species, 31 land plant species and one outgroup species in the order Oxalidales were retrieved from NCBI and used to construct a phylogenetic tree (Table S4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Electronic‐consultations (e‐consults) to improve access to specialty care: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J 2015;21:323‐330. | 17. Fisher ES. Building a medical neighborhood for the medical home. NEJM 2008;359:1202‐1205. | 18. Laine C. Welcome to the patient‐centered medical neighborhood. Med 2011;154:60. | 19. Yee HF. The patient‐centered medical home neighbor: a subspecialty physician's view. Med 2011;154:63‐64. | 20. . Preconsultation exchange for ambulatory hepatology consultation. Med 2013;126:523‐528. | 21. . Improving access to gastroenterologist using eConsultation: a way to potentially shorten wait times. J Gastroenterology 2018;1:124‐128. | 22. . The triple aim: care, health, and cost. 2008;27:759‐769. | 23. Longer‐term impact of cardiology e‐consults. J 2016;173:86‐93. | 24. . Dropping the baton: specialty referrals in the United States. 2011;89:39‐68. | 25. . Implementing eConsult and eCounseling: promise, pitfalls, and progress. Denver, CO: Workshop at SGIM; 2018. 26. . Electronic consultation systems: worldwide prevalence and their impact on patient care—a systematic review. 2016;33:274‐285. | 27. . Primary care practitioners' perceptions of electronic consult systems: a qualitative analysis. 2018;178:782‐789. | 2019. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Hepatology Communications. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Back to Miss an new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox on the website Contact us at: Support: Submit a TEL: 800-638-3030 (within the USA) 301-223-2300 (outside of the USA) of © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Health, Inc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Stephenson and Searles 1960, Randall 1961, Lewis 1986), and parrotfish in Bermuda are large and colorful, obvious as part of the tourist appeal for the islands. Yet, conservation laws usually do not take into account all of the possible consequences of the intended protections (Ecke et al. 2010, Brown and Trebilco 2014). The possible extirpation of members of the macroalgal community in the rocky-bottom ecosystem of Bermuda after the protection of marine herbivores was likely not considered. Since the 1978 Fisheries (Protected Species) Order was put into effect, Fourqurean et al. (2010) speculated that green sea turtles in Bermuda may have been responsible for seagrass (Thalassia) bed collapse in the 1990s due to repeated and intense grazing by these large herbivores that are protected by the same law. Turtle protections and overfishing of their main shark predators (tiger sharks, Heithaus et al. 2014) may in fact have returned the seagrass beds to their lessened prehistoric state prior to the time when turtles were over harvested in the western Atlantic (Jackson 2001), but nevertheless represented an environmental change caused by the recent protection laws in Bermuda. It makes sense that Bermuda, in protecting its parrotfish and top shells, possibly may have caused the loss of seaweed species that were important members of the intertidal and shallow subtidal community a 100 years ago. Whether the present represents a balance for the ecosystem not seen since the settlement of Bermuda in the 1600s is not known (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999). Nevertheless, archival specimens of seaweeds from 100 years ago compared with extensive recent collections suggest a change in algal biodiversity in the islands that has occurred over the past century. About the authorsCraig W. SchneiderCraig W. Schneider is the Charles A. of Biology at in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. He received his PhD under Richard B. Searles at in 1975. He has extensively studied the marine floras of the southeastern USA and, for more than 30 years, Bermuda, recently using molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy. Christopher T. FlookChristopher T. Flook is the for the of Ocean Sciences. Prior to this he worked as a collector of marine specimens for the and initiated the Project, a key focus of the Bermuda-based Foundation where he sits on its board of directors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: These genes are atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpI, ccsA, cemA, clpP, matK, ndhA, ndhD, ndhE, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK, petA, petD, petG, petL, petN, psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ, psbA, psbC, psbD, psbF, psbH, psbJ, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, rbcL, rpl2, rpl14, rpl16, rpl33, rpl36, rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps8, rps11, rps12, rps14, rps15, rps18, rps19 and ycf3 (Table S4). Each coding-gene sequence was aligned using with default parameters in MEGA X (Kumar et al. , 2018), and the aligned sequences in all genes were concatenated for each species. The best-fit model of plastid DNA substitution (GTR + I + G) was identified using the find best DNA/protein model tool in MEGA X. Based on the aligned sequences, a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was preformed using RAxML version 8. 2. 10 (Stamatakis, 2014) with (GTR + I + G) model and 1,000 bootstrap values. Averrhoa carambola (NC_033350) in Oxalidales was used to be an outgroup species in the phylogenetic tree (Wurdack & Davis, 2009). The phylogenetic trees were visualized using FigTree v1. 4. 3 ( In addition, chloroplast rpl32 gene loss in B. gymnorhiza and other plant species in Malpighiales and Oxalidales (Alqahtani & Jansen, 2021) were plotted onto the their clades of the phylogenetic tree.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Log in via InstitutionLog in via OpenAthensLog in via BSG Log in using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search CME/CPD Latest content Current issue for this keyword Advanced search Main menu CME/CPD Latest content Current issue Log in in via InstitutionLog in via OpenAthensLog in via BSG Log in using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 3 Dietitian first gastroenterology clinic: an initiative to reduce wait lists and wait times for gastroenterology outpatients in a tertiary hospital service Email alerts 2018. dietitian first gastroenterology clinic for low-risk gastroenterology patients. Main outcome measures We examined demographic, referral, wait list, wait time and service activity data, patient satisfaction and patient journey. the time of audit, 399 new (67. 9% female) and 307 review patients had been seen. Wait times for eligible patients reduced from 280 to 66 days and the percentage of those in breach of their recommended wait times reduced from 95% to zero. The average time from referral to discharge was 117. 8 days with an average of 2. 4 occasions of service. 277 patients (69. 4%) had been discharged to the care of their general practitioner and 43 patients (10. 7%) had an expedited specialist medical review. Patient surveys indicated a high level of satisfaction. dietitian first gastroenterology model of care helps improve patient flow, reduces wait times and may be useful elsewhere to address outpatient gastroenterology service pressures. nutritiondietfunctional bowel disorder Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 0. 4 full-time equivalent (FTE) senior gastroenterology dietitian and a 0. 2 FTE administration officer to support three half-day outpatient clinics per week. The dietitian was the primary contact for gastroenterology patients who were deemed eligible for the model of care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: More recently, he worked as a consultant for the Group, where he served as director of the initiative, leading a local effort to raise support for the creation of a “no-take” marine reserve within Bermuda’s Zone to protect both the and Bermuda’s marine resources. 1895. A visit to the Bermudas in March, 1894. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. Harvard Coll. 26: 209–281, pls 1–30. Search in 1998. Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecol. Appl. 8: S79–S92. 10. 2307/2641365Search in 2001. White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiol. 460: 25–38. 10. 1023/A:1013103928980Search in 2009. Historical versus contemporary measures of seaweed biodiversity in the Bay of Fundy. Botany 87: 1066–1076. 10. 1139/B09-067Search in 2003. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299: 389–392. 10. 1126/science. 1079777Search in 1978. pdf [20 Feb. 2017]. Search in 1982. Reintroduction of top-shells on Bermuda. Mon. Bull. Bermuda Dept. Ag. Fish. 53: 64–66. Search in 2014. Unintended cultivation, shifted baselines, and conflict between objectives for fisheries and conservation. Conserv. Biol. 28: 677–688. 10. 1111/cobi. 12267Search in 2008. Coastal capital – economic valuation of coral reefs in Tobago and St. Lucia. World Res. Inst. Rept. , Washington DC. 1996. Banning the use of pots and other management introduced in Bermuda to protect declining reef fish stocks. Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst. 44: 239–256. Search in 1993. fisheries, a tragedy of the commons averted? Environment 35: 6–33. 10. 1080/00139157. 1993. 9929067Search in 1917. The algae of Bermuda. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 53: 1–195, pls 1–6. Search in 1916. Notes on species of Halymenia. Bull. Torrey Bot.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Gene selective pressure analysis of Bruguiera chloroplasts A total 74 shared plastid protein-coding genes in the five Bruguiera species and four terrestrial plant species, Erythroxylum novogranatense (NC_030601), Ctenolophon englerianus (NC_049158), Averrhoa carambola (NC_033350) and Vitis rotundifolia (NC_023790) (Table S5), were used to investigate selection pressures. Pairwise sequence alignments for each gene between the Bruguiera species and the terrestrial plant species based on the background of different evolutionary clades, including Erythroxylaceae (E. novogranatense), Ctenolophonaceae (C. englerianus), Oxalidales (A. carambola), and Rosids (Vitis rotundifolia) (Han et al. , 2020) were generated using with default setting in MEGA X (Edgar, 2004; Kumar et al. , 2018). Gaps between compared sequences were removed before further analysis. Nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates (Ka/Ks) of each gene were calculated using Kaversion 2. 0 (Wang et al. , 2010), with its model-averaging method. genome features species (B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora and B. sexangula) were sequenced to generate 743,609,903–800,931,061 raw reads per species (150 bp in length) using Illumina Hiseq2000 data (Table 1). A total of 4,866,585–7,635,727 pair-end reads for each species mapped to the reference chloroplast genome of B. sexangula (Shi et al. , 2020) and were used to assemble their chloroplast genome sequences. The read coverage was estimated at over 300× for each species. The size of the assembled chloroplast genomes ranged from 161,195 (B. gymnorhiza) to 164,297 (B. cylindrica) bp (Table 1; Fig. 1). Notably, the difference in genome length of B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: ResultsWait list and wait times pre-DFGC and post-DFGC implementation2016, the audit of 619 patients on the gastroenterology wait list identified 124 category 1, 414 category 2, 18 category 3 and 63 uncategorised patients. Of these, 10. 2%(n=63) were deemed eligible for the DFGC. Moreover, 95% (n=60) of DFGC-eligible patients were in breach of their clinically recommended wait times (average wait time 280, SD 148, range 30–700 days). After 21 months of DFGC operation, the average wait times for DFGC-eligible patients had reduced to 66 days, and the number of these patients in breach of clinically recommended wait times reduced from 95% (average breach days=201) to zero. Dietitian first gastroenterology clinic activityBetween 22 June 2016 and 30 March 2018, 658 patients met the inclusion criteria and were triaged to the DFGC by the gastroenterology consultant. This represented 5. 4% of all gastroenterology referrals received during the study period. There was a 20% annual increase in referrals to the gastroenterology outpatient services during this time. Moreover, 399 of the DFGC-eligible patients attended an initial appointment, and there were an additional 307 review appointments during the study period. One hundred forty-seven patients were removed from the gastroenterology wait lists after failing to respond to appointment offers. The remainder had future appointments booked (n=47) or were on the DFGC wait list (n=65). Of 399 patients (15–50 years) seen in the DFGC, 277 (69. 4%) had been discharged without requiring specialist medical gastroenterology input. Forty-three (10. 7%) patients were triaged back to the gastroenterologist for review after ‘red flags’ not initially highlighted on the referral letter were identified. Two of these patients were found to have significant pathology following gastroenterologist assessment and further investigations. The average time for the DFGC gastroenterology outpatient hospital episode was 117. 8 days (SD 75, range 11–370 days) and the treatment time was 52. 7 days (SD 74, range 1–213 days). Patients had 2. 4 occasions of service on average (SD 1. 11, range 1–7). Reasons for referral Table 1 provides an overview of patient demographics and reason for referral as indicated by the GP referral letter.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: 2: 103–116. 10. 1016/0304-3770(76)90013-9Search in 2015. Protection of functionally important parrotfishes increases their biomass but fails to deliver enhanced recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 522: 245–254. 10. 3354/meps11134Search in 2016. Parrotfish sex ratios recover rapidly in Bermuda following a fishing ban. 35: 421–425. 10. 1007/s00338-015-1389-5Search in 2013. Periodicity of extinction and recolonization of the topshell Cittarium pica in the Quaternary of Bermuda (Gastropoda: Trochoidea). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 235–243. 10. 1111/bij. 12119Search in 2005. Are U. S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime. Science 307: 1725–1726. 10. 1126/science. 1104258Search in 2017. The role of chemically defended seaweeds as biodiversity sources. In: (E. Ólafsson, ed) Marine macrophytes as foundation species. . 42. Search in 2015. A molecular evaluation of the Liagoraceae sensu lato (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) in Bermuda including Liagora nesophila sp. nov. and Yamadaella grassyi sp. nov. J. Phycol. 51: 637–658. 10. 1111/jpy. 12306Search in 1961. Overgrazing of algae by herbivorous marine fishes. Ecology 42: 812. 10. 2307/1933510Search in 1964. A study of the growth and other aspects of the biology of the topshell, Cittarium pica (Linnaeus). Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 14: 424–443. Search in 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. 5: 665–847. Search in 2003. The edible “whelk” Cittarium pica (Gastropoda: Trochidae): natural history with new observations. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 153: 27–47. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: cylindrica (164,297 bp) and B. hainesii (164,295 bp) was just 2 bp. All chloroplast genome sequences formed the typical quadripartite circular structure with the four regions including one large single copy (LSC), one small single copy (SSC) and two inverted repeat regions (IRA and IRB). The length of the LSC (91,154–91,738 bp) and IR (26,299–26,393 bp) regions was highly similar in all species, whereas the size of the SSC region had the highest variation and ranged from 17,053 (B. gymnorhiza) to 19,956 bp (B. sexangula) (Table 1). The average GC content in all chloroplast genomes was approximately 35%. The GC content in the IR regions (~42%) was higher than in the LSC (~33%) and SSC (~29%) regions. Figure 1: Circular map of the five Brugueira chloroplast genomes. The inner circle shows the GC content of the chloroplast genome. and IRs (IRA and IRB) are large single copy, small single copy, and inverted repeats, respectively. Genes based on different functional groups are shown in different colors. Grey rectangle indicates a loss region of B. gymnorhiza. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-1 Table 1: Summary of the chloroplast genome of five Bruguiera species. Species B. gymnorhiza B. cylindrica B. hainesii B. parviflora B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: 17 Patients with functional gut disorders, a group expected to be among those captured by the DFGC eligibility criteria, are high users of healthcare as they may re-present to services having not achieved resolution of symptoms after previous medical consultations. 18 Most patients who receive dietetic care for these conditions report satisfactory control of symptoms and improved quality of life. 19 In line with a previous study,13 majority of patients seen were managed exclusively within the DFGC and discharged back to their GPs with satisfactory resolution of symptoms. It is also essential that strategies continue to include effective diagnostic and management pathways for patients within the primary care setting to further help reduce wait lists. Our results indicate that the reallocation of eligible patients directly from the general gastroenterology wait list to the DFGC wait list can result in reduced wait times for these patients, allowing assessment within clinically recommended time frames even within the context of increasing overall service demand. This is of clinical significance as long wait times contribute to the delay between diagnosis and treatment, which may impact on treatment outcomes for patients with serious pathology. 20 Other patients will be anxious about their health for longer than necessary, and long waits may result in decreased quality of life and increased healthcare use including unnecessary investigations. 20 21 Long wait lists are often associated with patient frustration. 1 10 22 The current study indicates that a DFGC can provide timely assessment and management of eligible gastroenterology patients with very high levels of patient satisfaction. Here, surveys were conducted in the first 4 months of service operation when a backlog of patients from the existing long wait lists was being cleared. It is likely that the two patients who commented on lengthy waits had been on the gastroenterology referral list for extended periods (up to 2 years) before being seen in the DFGC. In addition to patient satisfaction, thorough evaluation of new models of care also requires investigation of patient health outcomes and this should be a focus of future work. This study, which describes the DFGC patient journey from referral to discharge, may provide important information for use in health systems and workforce planning. While it was out of the scope of this study to compare the complete patient journeys for the traditional medical model of care and the DFGC, it was evident that eligible patients had previously been waiting longer for an initial specialist appointment than the time taken to complete the entire outpatient episode of care, from GP referral to discharge, through the DFGC. Gastrointestinal disorders have a substantial economic cost to the health system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: alone cannot protect the oceans and their biological diversity. Nor can science alone mitigate threats to their flourishing. Whereas, scientists can identify problems and steps toward their resolution, support for research, problem solving, and implementation of solutions must come from societal sources. Among the most promising are spiritually motivated religious and indigenous communities that may be reliable collaborators with marine scientists in achieving shared conservation goals (Expertsvar, 2013; Schaefer, 2016). Leaders of major world religions have expressed concern about the loss of biological diversity (e. g. , Bartholomew, 2012; Francis, 2015; Waskow, 2015; Dalai Lama, 2016). They represent billions of adherents. In statements issued and campaigns initiated, they have drawn upon their traditions and ethical systems to identify behavior that the faithful should demonstrate toward other species and systems of Earth. Efforts by religious communities on the adverse effects of human-forced climate change have been prominent recently (Schaefer, 2016), some have addressed the effects on oceans specifically (e. g. , Francis, 2015; Bartholomew, 2016), and all have enormous potential for benefitting marine conservation locally to globally. The potential of faith communities to facilitate the conservation of marine systems can be gleaned when analyzing past and ongoing examples of collaboration among scientific and faith communities and identifying actions that help and those that hinder successful interaction. These factors provide initial ideas for practices that marine conservationists can consider following when engaging religious and other spiritually-motivated communities for their support and advocacy. To highlight some factors particular to marine researchers and practitioners when interacting with faith-based communities, the Religion and (RCBWG) of the Society for (SCB) sponsored an open forum at the 4th (IMCC). The forum began with brief overviews of challenges to marine conservation, possibilities for engaging faith communities in meeting these challenges, and efforts of the RCBWG to facilitate constructive interaction between conservation and faith communities. The majority of the forum's allotted time was dedicated subsequently to eliciting experiences of the participants when encountering and/or engaging faith communities in their projects and suggestions for future SCB attention to their collaboration in the future. Challenges to marine conservation were described by several forum participants as “daunting. ” Evidence for this conclusion include the growing human hunger for protein, manufactured energy, and minerals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: sexangula Raw reads 743,609,903 791,571,475 755,597,881 781,228,900 800,931,061 Reads for chloroplast analysis 7,077,428 5,257,482 4,866,585 7,148,202 7,635,727 Base-coverage (x) 348 372 366 377 364 Genome size (bp) 161,195 164,297 164,295 163,228 164,170 LSC (bp) 91,404 91,738 91,736 91,154 91,428 SSC (bp) 17,053 19,839 19,839 19,476 19,956 IR (bp) 26,369 26,360 26,360 26,299 26,393 LSC GC content (%) 32. 77 32. 69 32. 69 32. 86 32. 77 SSC GC content (%) 29. 85 28. 38 28. 38 28. 96 28. 31 IR GC content (%) 42. 19 42. 20 42. 20 42. 26 42. 19 Genome GC content (%) 35. 54 35. 22 35. 22 35. 43 35. 25 No. of genes 129 130 130 130 130 No. of protein coding genes 82 83 83 83 83 No. of rRNAs 8 8 8 8 8 No. of tRNAs 37 37 37 37 37 No. of duplicated genes 17 17 17 17 17 Pseudogenes 2 2 2 2 2 Gene loss rpl32 – – – – DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-1 A total of 129 (B. gymnorhiza)–130 (B. hainesii, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora and B. sexangula) genes including 84–85 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer (tRNA) genes and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were identified (Fig. 1, Tables 1 and 2). Of these, 19 genes (ndhB, rpl2, rpl23, rps7, rps12, rps19, ycf1, ycf2, rrn4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: 23 The burden on the patient from potential lost work time and the effect on quality of life should also be considered in determining the economic value of timely treatment. Differences in medical specialist and allied health salaries, along with reduced procedural costs (gastroscopies and colonoscopies), suggest that the DFGC model may provide cost efficiencies over the traditional, medical specialist models. A comprehensive economic analysis is required to establish whether this is the case, and if so, what savings may be realised from the implementation of this model of care. Benchmarking has indicated that implementation, level of activity and longevity of DFGCs across sites varies substantially. Previous studies have identified barriers and enablers in the implementation of extended scope of practice roles. 8 24 Strong multidisciplinary relationships, good communication, support from medical stakeholders, management support, appropriate resource allocation (including administrative support) and dedicated clinic spaces have been integral in the successful establishment and maintenance of the DFGC within our health service. Strong clinical governance frameworks with appropriate risk management strategies such as development of clear clinical pathways, scheduled clinical supervision with the consultant gastroenterologist, opportunity to discuss complex cases and pathways to expedite medical specialist review when required has also contributed to successful implementation while ensuring quality and safe patient care. Multiple dietitians within the health service were provided with competency-based training for work within the DFGC to ensure that service continuity was not dependent on the employment of individuals. In future, formalised education and training for these specialised roles may assist in providing standardisation of care, safety for patients, protection for practitioners and sustainability for the model of care. 9 10 The potential exists to further extend the role of specialist dietitians into triaging to further reduce pressures on medical specialists. The authors also note the importance of setting realistic time frames for the establishment and evaluation of such services to allow adequate time to demonstrate success and/or highlight areas for improvement. ConclusionThis study indicates that incorporation of a dietitian-first clinic within a gastroenterology service can assist in timely patient assessment and care, and contributes to the growing body of evidence for models of care that use allied health staff acting in an extended scope of practice. With appropriate adaptation and attention to the discussed enablers, this model of care could provide similar benefits in other settings. Future research should investigate health-related patient outcomes, and robust economic analysis is imperative to provide evidence for the cost-effectiveness of such models of care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Concurrently growing in the oceans are the number of diverse pollutants used in agriculture, plastics from domestic use, acidification caused by burning fossil fuels, and noise (Rhein and Rintoul, 2013; Center for Biological Diversity, 2016; Environmental Laboratory, 2016; US Administration, 2016). Scientific presentations at biennial gatherings of the for (ICCB) since their inauguration in 2009 attest to threats to the flourishing of oceans and to conserving the diversity of their biota. Forum participants insisted that societies can no longer think that the oceans are capable of absorbing pollutants. Some people may dismiss the vast oceans as a subject of concern except for the beaches they use and a few marine animals that attract their attention, and some may lack concern because they do not live near the oceans. However, as scientific discoveries continue to disclose the harm that is occurring below as well as above the surface of the water, the implications of oceanic degradation have significance for humans physically as well as spiritually—physically because harm to the oceans affect human life and well-being in some way now or into the future and spiritually as humans strive to find meaning and purpose in life when relating to other humans, species, and systems of Earth. Religiously motivated communities are potentially powerful allies for ocean conservationists. Many are already organized at local and regional levels, and some function nationally and internationally. Some are disciplined at least to some extent according to their organizational structures. Some know how to build alliances and coalitions. Some are effective when acting politically. Most importantly, religious communities may be the most significant groups in the world that point to the overarching moral obligations for members to care about and for other species, ecological systems, and the massive oceans of Earth and why they should care. Facilitating the Collaboration of Hope for the Oceans forum convened at the 4th IMCC was one effort by the RCBWG to identify and advance positive approaches that marine conservationists can take when relating to faith communities on projects. Established in 2007, the RCBWG has sought to strengthen interactions of biological conservation and religious communities throughout the world and to promote within the SCB an awareness of the importance of their collaboration (Religion and Working Group, 2016). This commitment has prompted research and action to discourage religious communities from using ivory that has been brutally removed from the endangered African elephant and to encourage Buddhist communities to adopt ecologically compatible and compassionate ways of practicing the release of animals for merit (Awoyemi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 5, rrn5, rrn16, rrn23, trnA-UGC, trnI-GAU, trnL-CAA, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU, trnR-ACG, and trnV-GAC) are duplicated in the IR regions (Fig. 1 and Table 2). All photosynthesis genes, including photosystems I (five genes) and II (15 genes), NADH dehydrogenase (11 genes), cytochrome b/f complex (six genes), ATP synthase (six genes) and rubisco large subunit (rbcL), were found in all Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. Several large and small subunits of ribosomal proteins (rpl and rps) were also identified (Table 2). Interestingly, a rpl32 gene was lost only in B. gymnorhiza (Tables 1 and 2). The loss was detected from low read coverage in this region of B. gymnorhiza (Table S6) and confirmed by lack of a PCR product from the ndhF-rpl32 region in B. gymnorhiza compared with other Bruguiera species (Fig. S1). Furthermore, other metabolic genes including maturase (matK), acetyl-CoA-carboxylate (accD), chloroplast envelope membrane protein (cemA), ATP-dependent protease (clpP), cytochrome c synthesis (ccsA) and conserved open reading frames (four genes) were found in all chloroplast genomes. There are two pseudogenes (ycf1 and rps19) in the chloroplast genomes (Table 2). Among all identified genes, eight protein-coding genes (atpF, ndhA, ndhB, petB, petD, rpl2, rpl16 and rpoC1) contain two exons and two protein-coding genes (rps12 and ycf3) contain three exons (Tables 2 and S7). The introns in these genes in the Bruguiera species are highly conserved (Table S7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Significance of this studyWhat is already known on this topicThere is increasing demand for gastroenterology specialist services putting pressure on public hospital resources. Models of care using allied health practitioner–led models working in an extended scope of practice and as primary contact clinicians have proven effective in managing wait-list demand in a range of specialities. Dietitians are well placed to operate under these models of care to help address wait-list pressures in gastroenterology services. What this study addsThis study provides a model for establishment of a dietitian first gastroenterology clinic along with enablers for successful implementation. This study evaluates the patient journey and impact of this model of care on wait times. How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable futureDietitian first gastroenterology models of care can be considered by health services administrators, gastroenterology medical specialists and allied health leaders as an effective strategy to address outpatient gastroenterology demands and optimise access to dietetic services. 15. doi:10. 1016/j. healthpol. 2004. 07. 003 of Science↵ Duckett SJ. Health workforce design for the 21st century. Rev 2005;29:201–10. doi:10. 1071/AH050201 OpenUrlPubMed↵. Issues facing the future health care workforce: the importance of demand modelling. Policy 2009;6:12. doi:10. 1186/1743-8462-6-12 ↵Australia. Framework for Action 2011–2015. Adelaide, South Australia: Australia, 2011. ↵Professions' Office of Queensland. Ministerial taskforce on health practitioner expanded scope of practice: final report. Brisbane: Queensland Government, 2014. ↵Queensland Government, 2015. Hospital care, surgical procedures and waiting lists. (accessed 24 May 2018). ↵Australia. Australia 2011: Framework for Action 2011–2015, 2011. ↵. Process to establish 11 primary contact allied health pathways in a public health service. Rev 2018;42:258–65. doi:10. 1071/AH16206 OpenUrl↵. A systematic review of evidence about extended roles for allied health professionals. J 2006;11:240–7. doi:10. 1258/135581906778476544 ↵. Extended roles for allied health professionals: an updated systematic review of the evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Working with The availability of conservation teachings by religious and spiritual leaders provide an entry to encountering members of faith communities in areas slated for research and the practice of conservation. Forum participants expressed their appreciation for faith-based statements aimed at raising awareness of the ongoing threats to the oceans and the need to address these threats from faith perspectives. Prominent among religious leaders who have issued pertinent statements are of Orthodoxy and of Christianity. Both have underscored the moral responsibility of their followers to protect and conserve the oceans. As the leader of ~300 million Orthodox Christians, has annually called attention to Day celebrated on June 8 (e. g. , Bartholomew, 2016) and reminded the faithful of their responsibility to preserve and conserve the oceans. He has also led interfaith and interdisciplinary study trips to seas throughout the world to raise awareness of the problems plaguing them and to urge collaboration of scientists, religious leaders, theologians, ethicists, economists, and politicians in addressing them. Pope Francis, the leader of approximately 1. 2 billion Catholics throughout the world, underscored in his epochal encyclical, Laudato si' for Home (Francis, 2015) the intrinsic value of the oceans that must be conserved and the connectedness of all living and inanimate entities the constitute “Mother Earth. ” Both leaders have characterized degrading species and systems of Earth as “sinful” (Bartholomew, 2012; Francis, 2015). Statements and actions by these religious leaders have been helpful to marine researchers and conservationists when encountering adherents of those faiths in the locals in which the scientists are working or planning to work. Especially important in these encounters is the opportunity to discuss the value of oceans, seas, rivers, and the various plant and animal species that function within their ecological systems. Though discussion of faith-based values and ethics are not explicitly broached within empirical scientific research, forum participants emphasized the potential for gaining faith communities' support for marine conservation projects when including, striving to understand, and respecting their values and ethics. Interacting with According to participants in the forum, marine conservationists face “many” challenges when encountering faith communities in their project areas. One that is particularly problematic is having to deal with more than one faith community and therefore, having to negotiate their diverse values that affect a project. One example shared by a forum participant was a conflict between Christian and traditional beliefs in Ghana pertaining to a project that required careful negotiation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Several tRNA genes also contain introns such as trnA-UGC, trnC-ACA, trnI-GAU, trnK-UUU, trnL-UAA and trnT-CGU. The trnK-UUU intron in these chloroplast genomes encodes the protein-coding gene of matK (Fig. 1). Table 2: List of annotated genes in the chloroplast genome of five Bruguiera species. of genes Gene name of psaof Photosystem II psbof NADH dehydrogenes ndhA*, B*(×2), b6/f complex petA, B*, D*, synthase atpA, B, E, F*, H, I Rubisco rbcL Self-replication Large subunit of ribosomal proteins rpl2*(×2), 14, 16*, 20, 22, 23(×2), 32a, 33, 36 Small subunit of ribosomal proteins rps2, 3, 4, 7(×2), 8, 11, 12**(×2), 14, 15, 18, 19 DNA dependent RNA polymerase rpoA, B, C1*, C2 rRNA genes rrn4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: One of two nurses was always present during the TM consultations at the remote site. These nurses are trained to assist with TM examinations and are familiar with the equipment and technology used during TM. ProcessTM consultations were performed between the pulmonary specialists located at the Milwaukee VAMC telemedicine site and the patient and trained nurse located at the telemedicine site. Consultations were conducted over a live two-way audio and video conferencing system using a high-speed (384 kbps) telecommunication connection. used a Tandberg videoconference system with 27-inch Sony monitors; the used a unit with a 27-inch monitor. The established sound and video quality of TM was near perfect, and both parties were able to change the field of view by zooming in or out as needed. The nurse at the VA assisted the physician during the physical examination. Electronic medical records of each patient were available to the Milwaukee physicians by accessing the VA’s computer network, and an electronic progress note for each consultation was entered into the patient’s medical record. In-ProcessPatients undergoing IP care at the Milwaukee VAMC are from the Milwaukee metropolitan area. In our study, IP patients were checked in by a clinic nurse and placed in an examination room previously set up with the video recording equipment. Physicians conducted an IP medical interview and a hands-on physical examination with the patients. No nurse was present in the room during these consultations. Physicians had access to electronic medical records of each participating patient and entered an electronic progress note for each consultation. Data CollectionFor TM examinations, a VCR was used to record the picture and sound as viewed from the TM physician’s TV monitor in Milwaukee. This 27-inch monitor displayed the image of the remote site examination room in Iron Mountain, including a full-body frontal view of the seated patient and an upper body frontal view of the nurse seated behind a desk next to the patient. In addition, a 5-inch diagonal picture-in-picture frontal view image of the physician was projected in the upper-left corner of the monitor. The IP consultations were recorded by a digital camcorder equipped with a wide-angle lens mounted on a tripod placed in the examination room. The camera and microphone were placed in an unobtrusive manner, and both the patient and physician were alerted to the presence of these devices.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Though the SCB subscribes to a “multi-disciplinary approach” to understanding human behavior that is threatening the “diversity of life on Earth” and has specified the disciplines of economics, anthropology, psychology, and history as ways of knowing that should be probed with the biological sciences (Society for Conservation Biology, 2016), religiosity, spirituality, and ethics must also be included as cultural realities that have significance for addressing ongoing threats to biological diversity and ocean flourishing. According to forum participants, integrating faith-based worldviews, values, and ethics within the SCB can be initiated in three practical ways. One is to add cultural (faith-based) values and ethics as disciplines that must considered with the biological sciences and other disciplines when researching and practicing conservation biology. A second way is to organize panels at international and regional congresses during which problems are addressed from all pertinent disciplinary perspectives, including cultural values and ethics, with the objective of yielding a more comprehensive understanding of and approaches to mitigating problems. A third way is by appointing an associate editor of SCB publications who is tasked with regularly including 2016. Conflict of The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 100. Bartholomew, P. (2016). Message by His All-for Day. Available online at: Center for (2016). Ocean Noise. Available online at: (2016). Environment: the Dalai Lama's Speeches and Messages on the Environment. Office of the 14th Dalai Lama. Available online at: Expertsvar (2013). Can be Key to Biological Diversity. ScienceDaily. Available online at: Francis, P. (2015). Laudato si', for Home. Available online at: (2016). Ocean Acidification. , U. S. Department of Commerce. Available online at: Religion and (2016). Society for Conservation Biology. Available online at: Rhein, M. , and Rintoul, S. R. (2013). Observations: Oceans, in 2013: on Climate Change. Available online at: doi: 10. 3390/geosciences6030031 CrossText | 12. pdf Society for (2016). of Conservation Biology. Available online at: US Administration (2016). Indicators: Ocean Acidity. Available online at: Waskow, A. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 5(×2), 5(×2), 16(×2), 23*(×2) tRNA genes trnA-UGC*(×2), trnC-ACA*, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnfM-CAU, trnG-GCC, trnH-GUG, trnI-GAU*(×2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(×2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU(×3), trnN-GUU(×2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(×2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-CGU*, trnT-GGU trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(×2), trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA Other genes Maturase matK Subunit Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylate accD Envelop membrane protein cemA Proteaese clpP** C-type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA Open reading frames ycf1, 2(×2), 3**, 4 pseudogene ycf1, rps19 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-2 Notes: * Gene with one intron. ** Gene with two introns. a Loss gene in B. gymnorhiza. Chloroplast genome comparison Comparison of chloroplast genomes in the five Bruguiera species and two closely related non-mangrove species (P. yunnanensis and E. novogranatense) revealed similar genome organization and gene order with some sequence variation (Fig. 2). Gene orientation was assessed by synteny analysis among the species, revealing conserved gene structure in the chloroplast genomes. The coding regions were more conserved than the intergenic regions. Both the coding and intergenic regions were highly similar in all Bruguiera species compared to the two non-mangrove species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Patients, in general, are likely to view their medical care in a favorable light. In addition, it is possible that patient expectations for quality of communication are different when it comes to TM versus IP care (ie, patients may have a lower expectation from TM consultation and therefore be less critical of shortcomings in communication). Convenience of TM may also play a role. A number of studies have reported high patient satisfaction with TM because it is convenient (reduced travel) and improves patient access to specialist physician care [21]. Patients may also have a positive perception of TM due to the use of latest technology, hence promoting confidence that they are receiving highest quality care. Infatuation with the use of technology during medical care has been reported in the TM literature. Baigent et al [22] and Gammon et al [23] found that patients reported enjoying video consultations and were inspired by the use of technology. In addition, the presence of a second provider during TM may be viewed positively by patients, who perceive it as more attention—two health care professionals (two physicians or a physician and a nurse) versus only one physician during IP visits [20]. Study LimitationsThe study is small and exploratory with obvious limitations in terms of experimental design and statistical power. Nevertheless, the study provides a framework for detailed observations and description of patient-physician communication during TM consultations that can be useful in the design of future research in this area. Undoubtedly, the quality of interaction during TM and its potential impact on health care outcomes is an area of growing importance. Further research is needed to help fill the current gaps in the literature and to develop specific interventions that can improve the quality of communication during TM encounters. 1992. The impact of patient adherence on health outcomes for patients with chronic disease in the Study. J 1994 Aug;17(4):347-360. [Medline] [CrossRef]DiMatteo MR. The physician-patient relationship: effects on the quality of health care. Gynecol 1994 Mar;37(1):149-161. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Relationship of physicians' nonverbal communication skill to patient satisfaction, appointment noncompliance, and physician workload. 1986;5(6):581-594. [Medline] [CrossRef]Whitten PS, Mair F. Telemedicine and patient satisfaction: current status and future directions. E Health 2000;6(4):417-423.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCoastal and marine environments globally are facing a series of impinging threats, from climate change to pollution and habitat degradation, calling for unified and effective marine conservation efforts (Hall-Spencer and Harvey 2019; Pecl et al. 2017; Vince and Stoett 2018; Visbeck et al. 2014). Nations (UN) recently declared the Decade of for (2021–2030) (2021). The UN aims to support efforts to ensure that ocean health is restored, through the coalition of stakeholders working behind a shared framework that will guarantee the sustainable development of the ocean, with the help of science (2021). The UN was established to contribute to Goals (SDGs), in particular, SDG14 – life below water (et al. 2020). Specifically, SDG14 advocates international cooperation and effective governance to assess the current status of marine systems, diagnose ongoing trends, and provide information for inclusive, forward-looking, and sustainable ocean governance (Visbeck et al. 2014). Achieving this goal would protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources so that generational equity can be accounted for and environmental sustainability can be ensured (et al. 2020). Two salient aspects of the UN include the value of non-scientific knowledge and inclusive approaches that can encourage better stewardship and improve the management of ocean resources (Kelly et al. 2022). for has also set global goals for marine environments (e. g. 11), intending to endorse ocean stewardship through social engagement with ocean issues (Mogias et al. 2019) and improving the connection between people and the ocean (Schuldt et al. 2016). In this context, enhancing active public engagement in ocean and coastal issues through marine conservation and science can be seen as a tool to strengthen the connection to the ocean, stimulating behaviour change and support for solutions that can mitigate human impacts on marine environments and resources (Kelly et al. 2022). This type of engagement can also result in the collective production of new knowledge and the exchange of non-scientific knowledge, such as local or traditional knowledge (Clarke et al. 2013). A prime example of active public engagement through marine conservation and science is marine volunteering.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The LSC and SSC regions had higher divergence than the IR regions indicating that the IR regions are highly conserved. A comparison between the two B. sexangula chloroplast genomes, previously reported (Shi et al. , 2020) and the one generated in this study (Fig. 2), showed several small variations, including the difference of mononucleotide repeats, short repeats and indels. Furthermore, several poorly conserved regions located in the LSC (such as ~40. 2–41. 2 kb and ~55. 5–56. 8 kb) and SSC (such as ~120. 0–121. 3 kb) regions were found between the Bruguiera species and E. novogranatense. Some intergenic regions contained more variation among the species such as regions between trnK-trnQ, trnT-trnR, trnR-atpA, trnT-psbD, psbZ-trnG, ndhC-trnC and ndhF-rpl32. Figure 2: Alignment of the chloroplast genomes of five Bruguiera and two close non-mangrove species. The sequence identity was plotted among the chloroplast genomes, with B. sexangula (CNA0003536) as a reference using the mVista software. Grey and black arrows indicate genes and IR regions, respectively. Blue sections represent coding regions, and pink sections represent conserved non-coding sequences. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-2 Moreover, the chloroplast boundary structures of the and IRs were compared among the five species (Fig. 3). In all species, the ycf1 gene and the ycf1 pseudogene were located at the boundary of SSC/IRA and SSC/IRB, respectively, while the rps19 gene and the rps19 pseudogene were located at the boundary of LSC/IRB and LSC/IRA, respectively. The length of the ycf1 and rps19 pseudogenes varied from 1,371 bp (B. gymnorhiza) to 1,446 bp (B. parviflora) and from 204 bp (B. parviflora) to 231 bp (B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000681572. 78768. d3 telemedicine: telemedicine-19 pandemic has challenged oncological and palliative care specialists to find ways to treat patients without jeopardizing their health and safety. While some patients must continue inpatient physical treatments, many are instead being asked to communicate with their providers via telemedicine. Despite the ability for remote health care to minimize the spread of infection, interacting with patients through a screen has presented medical professionals with new obstacles. According to Toby C. a thoracic medical oncologist at the University of Cancer Center, literature out of Italy, Iran, and China suggests that patients with advanced cancer are at substantially higher risk of serious or life-threatening outcomes if infected with COVID-19. Thus, telemedicine can be a cautious alternative to in-office appointments. Preparing for the beginning any telemedicine conversation, Campbell noted clinicians must assess their “web-side manner. ” This is to ensure that best practice telemedicine strategies are being employed to prevent the use of technology from interrupting the optimal patient experience. When making the transition to telemedicine, Campbell said the first element of “web-side manner” to consider is the setting. He urges clinicians to review how they can minimize distractions and arrange their environments to avoid disturbances while maintaining complete HIPAA compliance during calls. Campbell added that having a thorough understanding of the software that will be used during each visit is essential, as is learning some basic patient troubleshooting tips. “You want to do the best that you can to keep this like a [normal] clinic visit,” Campbell said. “I can assure you that even if [my patient population and I] have had a successful telemedicine visit [in the past], it is routine that I need to give them a little bit of coaching before the visit every time. Have a phone backup ready so that if the video doesn't work for whatever reason you can always resort to the telephone call if you need to. ” The next step in preparing for a telemedicine appointment, according to Campbell, is to position the camera about forehead height.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: In this paper, marine volunteering encompasses people volunteering their time for marine conservation and research, planning to partake in activities such as data collection and restoration, either as part of a holiday (also referred to as marine voluntourism and marine research tourism, among other terms) or as part of a project requiring public contributions during specific times under the coordination of scientists (also referred to as participatory science or citizen science, among other terms) (Cigliano et al. 2015; Lucrezi et al. 2022a, 2022b; Wood 2010). Marine volunteering can support the objectives of the 14 and similar goals by enhancing marine conservation and research efforts through public engagement globally (Cigliano et al. 2015). When considering the citizen science aspect, marine volunteering can be a cost-effective tool to generate sound science and high-quality data that can be used by policymakers and decision-makers (Hyder et al. 2015; McKinley et al. 2017). Data collected through marine citizen science can be in high quantities and data collection can reach regions otherwise difficult to reach by scientists alone (Thiel et al. 2014). Marine citizen science can provide transformative learning experiences, improving public science and ocean literacy, environmental awareness, pro-environmental behaviours, and knowledge sharing with the wider community (Crall et al. 2013; Dean et al. 2018; Kelly et al. 2019). Data obtained through marine citizen science can contribute to monitoring change in relation to SDGs (Fritz et al. 2019). Ultimately, marine citizen science can strengthen people’s ties with their local environments, encouraging stewardship and marine citizenship through ‘hands-on’ experiences that generate greater awareness of marine environments (Haywood et al. 2021; Kelly et al. 2020). When considering the marine voluntourism aspect of marine volunteering, participation can contribute to a promising form of tourism that benefits the natural environment, participants, host communities and society (Alexander 2012; Kitney et al. 2018). Marine voluntourism can play an important role in tourism development, especially in developing countries, by generating income and employment (Shum et al. 2021). It can also bring necessary funding for conservation projects (Rattan et al. 2012; Roques et al. 2018) demonstrated that marine voluntourism may deliver ecosystem research and conservation benefits, such as capacity building, the production of scientific knowledge, policy and legislation, managing sites and species, and improving livelihoods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: gymnorhiza and B. sexangula), respectively. The LSC/IR and SSC/IR borders of B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were more similar than the LSC/IR and SSC/IR borders of the other species. For example, the ycf1 pseudogene is 3 bp away from the SSC/IRB border in both B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, whereas it is 32, 90 and 17 bp in B. gymnorhiza, B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. The rps19 pseudogene is 9 bp away from the LSC/IRA border in both B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, while it is 31, 3 and 31 bp in B. gymnorhiza, B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. Additionally, the ndhF gene of B. parviflora straddles both the IRB and SSC boundary regions, with 26 bp of the IRB region and 2,218 bp of the SSC region, whereas the gene is located within the SSC region in all other species. While the sequence here is essentially the same in all species, B. parviflora has a variant that removes a stop codon causing ycf1ψ to overlap ndhF in the SSC/IRB boundary region. Figure 3: Comparisons of the borders of and IR regions among the five Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-3 Repeat and SSR contents A total of 49 repeats, consisting of forward, reverse, palindromic and complement repeats, were identified in the chloroplast genome of each Bruguiera species (Figs. 4A–4C and Table S8). Among them, the most common repeat type was forward repeat (Fig. 4A). The repeat patterns from B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were same. Most repeats ranged in length from 24 to 30 bp (Fig. 4B) and were in the LSC region (Fig. 4C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Abstract 0:00 : Telemedicine technologies allow distribution of health-related services and information and can include electronic and telecommunication technologies, remote patient and clinician contact, referral and prescribing, patient education, and monitoring. This systematic review aimed to evaluate publications on the perceptions and management of chronic medical conditions using telehealth remote consultations by primary healthcare professionals between April 2020 and December 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic databases, including Cinhal, PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest were searched to extract qualitative studies relevant to the topic. Inclusion criteria were developed based on the Population, Exposure, and Outcomes scoping framework. The target population was healthcare professionals working in primary care settings. Included studies encompassed various types of telemedicine, such as synchronous telemedicine, video conferencing, telephone conversations, and smart devices. Eight studies were included. Synchronous telemedicine was highly effective in ensuring the continuity of care and treatment, providing patients with convenience, improved access to treatment, and earlier disease management. Video conferencing and telephone consultations were the most common methods used. Challenges included concerns about patient privacy, technology literacy, and acceptance. Telemedicine was commended for its ability to provide access to immediate expert medical advice and eliminate the need for long-distance travel, contributing to increased patient compliance. Synchronous telemedicine is a promising solution for managing chronic conditions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, offering benefits to patients and healthcare professionals. To maximize its potential, concerns regarding patient privacy, confidentiality, and technology literacy need to be addressed. Proper legislation and regulations are required for long-term success of telemedicine, making it a valuable component of healthcare systems. Keywords: -19 -19, -CoV-2, Disease Management, In the UK, approximately 15 million individuals are affected by 1 or more incurable long-term health conditions. The prevalence of these chronic conditions is increasing due to factors such as an aging population and socioeconomic changes, which contribute to their frequency and costliness. In addition to the challenges posed by chronic conditions, global pandemics like COVID-19 have significantly disrupted healthcare services worldwide. Social distancing measures and the fear of virus transmission have limited in-person interactions with healthcare providers. Telemedicine has played a pivotal role in ensuring the continuity of essential care and treatments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: MethodResearch design and data collectionThis research was exploratory and quantitative, based on a structured questionnaire survey (13. 3, 2020). The final sample was divided into two subsamples, based on whether or not the respondents had previously participated in volunteering. Statistics included frequency tables, descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations (Pearson’s χ2) and non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U) comparing the two subsamples. The Likert-scale variables (potential drivers in marine volunteering, barriers to marine volunteering, and enablers in marine volunteering) were subjected to confirmatory exploratory (CEFA) factor analyses (Stevens 2012) as well as reliability tests (Nunnally and Bernstein 1994). A priori factors were selected for CEFA based on the literature on motivations to partake in marine volunteering and factors both hindering and endorsing participation in marine volunteering (e. g. Kitney et al. 2018; Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022b; Martin et al. 2016). CEFA and reliability tests were performed separately for the two subsamples, and average factor scores were compared between the subsamples using Mann-tests. Some factors were characterised by standalone items; in this case, CEFA was not performed and average scores for these items were simply compared between the two groups. Spearman rank order correlations (rs) were performed to assess unique relationships between demographic parameters and factor scores; only significant correlation coefficients (rs > |0. 15|, P < 0. 05) were reported. Study limitationsThis study has limitations that need to be considered in the interpretation of the results, and in planning future research on the topic of marine restoration. While the survey reached several regions globally, the sample was not representative of the global population of people with a vested interest in marine tourism and recreation, conservation and research. The online nature of the survey, the selection of a single social media platform (Facebook) for the promotion of the survey, and the distribution of the survey in a single language (English) would have prevented the participation of several groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Figure 4: Comparison of repeats and microsatellites (SSRs) among the five Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. (A) Number of repeats based on types; (B) Number of repeats based on sizes; (C) Distribution of repeats in chloroplast regions; (D) Number of SSRs based on types; (E) Number of SSRs based on mononucleotides and dinucleotides; (F) Distribution of SSRs in chloroplast regions. and BS represent B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii; B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-4 SSR loci in the chloroplast genomes of the five Bruguiera species and three previously reported mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae were identified (Figs. 4D–4F; Tables 3 and S9). The number of SSR loci (simple, compound, and interrupted SSRs) varied among the species, ranging from 164 in Kandelia obavata to 197 in B. hainesii (Table 3). The number of SSR in B. hainesii (197) was higher than B. cylindrica (186) because of a variant that increased the repeat count of an SSR to reach the minimum threshold for inclusion. Among simple SSR, the number of mononucleotide repeats accounted for ~56–68% of all loci, of which A/T repeats were the most frequent type (Figs. 4D–4E). Most of the SSR loci were in the LSC region (Fig. 4F). In addition to simple SSR loci, there were numerous compound and interrupted SSR loci (more than two different repeat types present within ≤100 bases) (Tables 3, S9 and S10). species have more compound and interrupted SSR loci than other mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae. Each SSR loci were present in many Bruguiera species, with the most sharing between B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, and between B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula (Table S10; Fig. S2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Chronic conditions are more prevalent among older individuals, with 58% of those over the age of 60 years affected, compared to only 14% of those under age 40. Moreover, individuals from more disadvantaged areas exhibit a 60% higher prevalence compared to those in wealthier social classes, where the incidence of chronic diseases is 30% lower [1,2]. Consequently, long-term care for people with chronic conditions constitutes approximately 70% of overall healthcare spending in England, and these conditions account for 50% of all general practitioner appointments [3]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the witnessed a significant decrease in face-to-face primary care visits while experiencing a substantial 35% increase in the utilization of telemedicine in 2020, compared to a mere 1. 1% rise in 2019 [4]. On the 11 March 2020, the Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Consequently, healthcare systems worldwide faced disruptions due to social distancing restrictions [5]. Some initial symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, breathing difficulties, and, more recently, loss of smell and taste [6]. COVID-19 can be fatal, particularly for elderly individuals or those with underlying health conditions such as severe respiratory problems, hypertension, and diabetes [7]. Therefore, it is crucial for these patients to take precautions to avoid potential exposure to COVID-19. They should also be provided with remote access to medical advice and treatments in lieu of in-person visits, given social distancing guidelines, limited availability of protective equipment, and the prevalent fear of disease transmission [8]. Any disruption in the treatment of vulnerable patient groups could lead to severe complications and a significant decline in their overall health [9]. Telemedicine, also known as telehealth, is the term used for the distribution of health-related services and information and can include electronic information and telecommunication technologies, remote patient and clinician contact, patient management referral and prescribing, advice, patient education, and monitoring [10,11]. While “Telemedicine” is a type of telehealth and is defined as “practicing medicine at a distance” to deliver clinical care only to patients through information technology and electronic communication [11,12].

Output: corroborate