Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence. In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: Waves in space can be perceived by dropping a heavy rock into a river and observing the ripples, as the waves go further it is understood that the more the mass and hence the more the ripples and thus the greater the wave strength. Similarly in this context the waves are in space time and the space fabric and hence generating more mass is like altering the gravitational field to a great extent. Since magnetism and microwaves are types of waves they can allow the spacecraft to generate a energy field and a gravitational field. When using zero point energy the system used can be described by using 2 kinds of magnets, weak and strong and opposite and negative. When 2 like poles are forced together they generate a zero point energy field. When current is passed in AC this generates a oscillating pattern of waves that can be combined by magnetic and microwave waves which generate big bursts which allow the spacecraft to instantly accelerate to NLS and FTL speed and consistently maintain that speed. The main reason why AC current is used rather then DC is because the advantage with alternating current is that it can be oscillated. The reason why this is important is because as the magnets oscillate the current that is just perfect can be established therefore making sure that only one type of current is not passing and there is a mix allowing the bursts to happen. The magnets can be placed in the center of the spacecraft as this can generate a locked energy field which extend and alter the magnitude of the waves, however the main magnetic fields combined with the microwaves affect the size of the field. When the magnets and the current is passed through the electromagnets a intense gravitational field can be generated, this is different to the like charged magnetic system since this generates a regular magnetic field that would work along with the microwave system. The microwaves can be placed on either side of the spacecraft to alter the magnetic field making the spacecraft accelerate due to the energy and the wrapping of space time by the wrap drive. The like magnetic system would affect the speed and the rate of the distortions since the main oscillation of current would occur there. The like magnetic system can also be termed as the free energy generator since the middle of the like magnetic fields is where the free energy is. On the top of the spacecraft the main electromagnets are going to be places (opposite charges). This combined with the strong gravitational field will allow FTL travel.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Further investigation of possible monitoring strategies will be needed. Transparency, public discussion, and evaluation Technologies with the potential to significantly influence the lives of the general public demand societal review and consent. As self-propagating alterations of wild populations, RNA-guided gene drives will be capable of influencing entire ecosystems for good or for ill. As such, it is imperative that all research in this nascent field operate under conditions of full transparency, including independent scientific assessments of probable impacts and thoughtful, informed, and fully inclusive public discussions. The decision of whether or not to utilize a gene drive for a given purpose should be based entirely on the probable benefits and risks of that specific drive. That is, each drive should be judged solely by its potential outcomes, such as its ability to accomplish the intended aims, its probable effects on other species, the risk of spreading into closely related species by rare mating events, and impacts on ecosystems and human societies. As scientists developing these technologies, it will be our responsibility to make all empirical data and predictive models freely available to the public in a transparent and understandable format. Above all else, we must openly share our level of confidence in these assessments as we determine how best to proceed. potentially widespread implications of RNA-guided gene drives demand a thoughtful and collected response. Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. Even so, the current rate of scientific advancement related to Cas9 and the many outcomes accessible using the simplest of gene drives suggest that molecular biologists will soon be able to edit the genomes of wild populations, reverse or update those changes in response to field observations, and perhaps even engage in targeted population suppression. What criteria might we use to evaluate an RNA-guided gene drive intended to address a given problem? There are compelling arguments in favor of eliminating insect-borne human diseases, developing and supporting more sustainable agricultural models, and controlling environmentally damaging invasive species. At the same time, there are valid concerns regarding our ability to accurately predict the ecological and human consequences of these interventions. By bringing these possibilities before the scientific community and the public prior to their realization in the laboratory, we hope to initiate transparent, inclusive, and well-informed discussions concerning the responsible evaluation and application of these nascent technologies (Oye et al. , 2014). Add a comment + Open annotations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: The main propulsion source has been proven on various occasions as well and hence using this might be a good idea, anti matter has been experimented at places such as CERN and new research is showing that anti matter can be synthesized on Earth as well, this is why when closely looked at old and new data being produced it can be seen that achieving light speed and faster then light speed might be possible, furthermore it is possible to achieve light speeds using a wrap drive due to the fact that it can bend space time which is a very important part in the acceleration of the spacecraft. Many people argue that this is not completely feasible however new advances in meta materials have been done to prove that it is possible. Institutions like UC Berkeley have found out new materials that have a extremely high tenacity to stress in space. This shows us that it is possible to undertake the stresses of space using the new technologies being created. This being said a lot of advancement can be done in this field but currently theoretically and even physically lots of things mentioned in this paper are possible. Further research into synthetic wormholes might allow humanity to reach destinations at a even a faster rate but in the coming decades and years a lot can be done to further advance this field. Furthermore the various formulae used may also spark discussions on the validity and the usefulness of the sources. The main scientists whose equations the paper contain are Einsteins field equation, Einstein space time equation, the E=MC2 formula, data from the Higgs boson condensate, the formulas used in the wrap drive, the Einstein unified field theory. Each of values mentioned in the paper have been put in and have been verified which is why the main sources and the numbers used are verified. Theoretically majority of the systems should be able to work but implementation is quite hard which is why it is estimated the that a functional wrap drive and a functional spacecraft capable of light speed might be able to be created within the next decade, although this is true this is just a estimate and it might take more or less time to complete this scale of a project. Many scientists further believe that it might not be possible to travel at light distances because of the various problems associated with the speed of light, the acceleration, temperatures and the power as well as the time dilation and the sociological impact of it on the astronauts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2017. | DOI: 10. 4103/1673-5374. 215247 Does a post-lesional rewiring exist in the central nervous system (CNS)? Whereas neuroimaging and neuromodulation techniques illustrate the extensive cortical reshaping after a brain injury, the remodeling of ascending and descending neuronal pathway is more difficult to be investigated. Here, we discuss how the studies dealing with hemispherectomy (HS) can provide interesting information about the functional and anatomical reorganization which take place after an extensive unilateral lesion. Indeed, studies in humans and animal models of HS clearly illustrate that the brain is capable of a widespread rewiring between the contralesional cortices and the subcortical structures as well as the medullary segments linked to the affected side of the body. HS techniques are effective to treat unihemispheric epilepsy: HS actually refers to a group of surgical disconnection procedures performed to treat selected cases of epileptic patients, whose seizures are secondary to unihemispheric pathologies. The earlier performed anatomical HS was abandoned in the 1960s, and less invasive techniques have since been developed. The hemidecortication and the functional HS, which involve more disconnection rather than resection of brain structures, are now valuable therapeutic options in selected cases of perinatal strokes, or in the Rasmussen encephalitis, an immune-mediated chronic unihemispheric inflammatory disease, as well as in malformations of cortical development, which include the focal cortical dysplasias and the hemimegalencephaly, a unilateral hemispheric malformation. Also, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, a disorder characterized by venous capillary abnormalities of the leptomeninges, can benefit this technique. HS is highly effective for treating refractory epilepsy in the pediatric age group, as the seizure freedom occurs in 73% of patients. The neurological improvement in HS patients is often substantial, and is not limited to the seizure reduction. Indeed, many patients show improvement of the motor performance, increased somatosensory discrimination capabilities, or improvement in the motor and somatosensory evoked potentials, compared to their pre-operative capabilities (Shimizu et al. , 2000; Pilato et al. , 2009; Hu et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: The use of transgenic plants that express insecticidal agents thus reduces the population of insect pests and reduces the usage of chemical insecticides. This extends the useful life of the insecticides and also reduces the ecological damage they may cause [61]. As with any new method of insect control, the impact of transgenic plants on non-target and beneficial insects, particularly pollinators such as honey bees, needs to be assessed [88-90]. Table 1 lists a number of biotechnology approaches tested on lepidopteran insects. Since the discovery that dsRNA can silence genes, RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an effective tool for regulating gene expression in plants and animals. RNA interference or gene silencing has been used to inhibit virus replication and spread in transgenic plants and has potential to be developed commercially for disease control [91]. The use of RNAi for insect control is less well developed. Insect genes can be down-regulated by injection of dsRNA or by oral administration of high concentrations of exogenously supplied dsRNA as part of an artificial diet, but a much more efficient method of delivering dsRNA is needed before RNAi technology can be used to control pests in the field [64,65]. To date, the most successful transgenes for insect control have been the genes encoding insecticidal toxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. 2. 1. thuringiensis endotoxinsThe use of genes encoding endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis is now a well-established technology for producing transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to the larvae of lepidopteran insect pests [92]. Bt cotton was first released for commercial production in the USA in 1996 and subsequently grown in several countries including and India [93]. Since then other transgenic crop species producing Bt toxins have been commercialized including maize, tomato and potato ( The adoption of Bt crop varieties by farmers has been rapid reflecting the benefits of these crops such as reduced insecticide use, lower production costs and higher yields [94]. Only two Bt crops are grown in Australia (Table 2). In the most recent season (2011/2012) approximately 80% of the cotton grown in Australia was Bollgard II ® [95]. B. thuringiensis, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, produces a proteinaceous parasporal crystalline inclusion during sporulation [96].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: These authors show that the contralesional cortex could project to multiple nuclei, which receive no more afferents by the lesioned cortex, but are necessary for a complete movement control: ipsilesional superior colliculus, ipsilesional red nucleus, ipsilesional pontine nuclei, ipsilateral dorsal column nucleus and ipsilateral gray matter of the cervical spinal cord. Furthermore, the corticostriatal pathway, which is the main cortical projection toward the ipsilateral basal ganglia, can project also contralaterally after neonatal HS in rats (Kolb et al. , 1992). The corticotectal pathway, which ipsilaterally links visual cortex to superior colliculus to control saccadic ocular movements, shows functional and anatomic changes after both adult and neonatal HS, although the rewiring capacity is more pronounced in neonatal lesioned animals. Indeed, a decussated pathway linking the contralesional superior colliculus to visual cortex can be observed in neonatal HS cats (see for review Sebastianelli et al. , 2017). After neonatal hemicerebellectomy in kittens, neurons from the intact cerebellothalamic pathway can send axonal collaterals also to the ipsilateral thalamus, as well as the normally innervated contralateral thalamus (Kawaguchi et al. , 1979). Medically required HS in humans also alters the interplay between lesional and contralesional hemisphere: Clinical data in the field of HS techniques are provided mainly by single case reports, small case series and single-center retrospective analyses. Nonetheless, there is consistent evidence that a significant functional and anatomical reorganization may occur in human subjects, although a better recovery potential is a feature of the lesions sustained in early childhood, regardless of the severity or the etiology. Therefore, also the human CNS can react to extensive injuries by reorganizing its structures, despite this capability might be underestimated given the difficulty of systematically studying HS in human infants and children. Interesting data can be obtained by comparing pre- and post-surgical data, even if in single patients. In these cases, extensive pre-HS cortical rewiring in the contralesional hemisphere has been observed, which would have begun immediately after the onset of the initial pathology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Resistance of lepidopteran insects to Bt toxinsMore recently there have been reports of field resistance to Bt crops in pink bollworm (Pectinophore gosspiella [142,143]), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa spp [144-147]), armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda[22]) and western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera [148]. Some insects collected from the field have Bt resistance that has been characterized in the laboratory. However, there is debate about the relevance of this laboratory resistance in the field [149]. A decrease in field performance of Bt corn against S. frugiperda was observed in [150] and against Busseola fusca in [23,151]. In southeastern US problems with control of H. zea on Bt cotton have also been reported [144-146]. The most common mechanism of resistance is the disruption of binding of Bt toxin to receptors in the midgut membrane. This disruption may be caused either by mutations in the receptor that blocks binding (reviewed in [20]) or changes in expression of the receptors [152,153]. Mutations in cadherin genes are responsible for Bt resistance in Heliothis virescens [154], Helicoverpa armigera [155] and Pectinophora gossypiella [156]. Another resistance mechanism associated with an ABC transporter locus has been reported in three lepidopteran spp (H. virescens, P. xylostella and T. ni [157]). Resistance to Bt in Ostrinia nubialis is due to reduced midgut protease activity resulting in less activation of the protoxins [111,158,159]. 2. 4. Management of resistance to Bt cropsThere are two main strategies for management of insect resistance to Bt crops: Refuge and pyramiding. The main approach for delaying evolution of resistance to Bt crops is the refuge strategy [21]. Farmers are mandated to maintain an abundance of host non-Bt crops as a refuge surrounding their Bt crops. The theory behind this strategy is that any Bt resistant larvae that arise on the Bt crops will mate with susceptible individuals from neighbouring non-Bt crops.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: For instance, after extensive perinatal stroke, pre-HS functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicate that both nonparetic and paretic motor hand function are controlled by the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1). Accordingly, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the contralesional central area can elicit motor responses in both hands. This extensive preoperative cortical rewiring is thought to be at the basis of the post-HS behavioral improvement (Rutten et al. , 2002). Nonetheless, further adaptive changes occur after HS in the motor cortex excitability and cortical map representation (Pilato et al. , 2009), which can explain the improvement of motor performance. fMRI and TMS reveal a reshaping of motor cortical representation, as well as a significant reduction of cortical silent period, which reflects intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. It has been therefore hypothesized that the inhibitory transcallosal interactions might play a maladaptive role before HS, as the lesioned hemisphere may exert unphysiological inhibition toward the contralesional one. Shimizu et al. (2000) documented this kind of interaction in a series of three cases. By using TMS and positron emission tomography (PET), the authors found that the transection of the corpus callosum in the HS procedure results in a disinhibition of the motor and premotor cortices of the contralesional hemisphere. These phenomena suggest a strong post-HS neuroplastic reorganization, which leads to the improvement after the operation. HS is only rarely performed in adult patients, and the published data are discouraging. Serious adverse outcomes are reported, including aphasia, hemiparesis, visual field deficits and memory impairment. In pediatric subjects, a longer duration of epilepsy correlates negatively with developmental and behavioral outcomes after HS (Spencer and Huh, 2008). HS offers unique opportunities to study the cortical rewiring and the interplay between lesioned and unlesioned hemisphere in brain injuries: Neurophysiological, behavioral and functional imaging data indicate the functional rearrangement in human patients as much more complex than that in the animal models. In preclinical experiments, HS is generally the first ever lesion, from which the animal should recover. Conversely, in cases of medically required HS in human subjects, a large lesion previously existed, and generally preceded the HS by many years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: As long as inheritance of resistance remains recessive the offspring will be susceptible to Bt crops [160-162]. This strategy is then combined with several other mandatory farming practices that include control of volunteer and ratoon plants that arise post-harvest, planting within a defined period of time to restrict the exposure of the Bt crop to the insect pests, restricted use of foliar Bt and the cultivation of crop residues [95]. The other major strategy to combat the evolution of Bt resistance is gene pyramiding. For example, the development of second generation Bt cotton that has at least two Bt toxins such as the II cotton variety, but up to six Bt toxins [100]. Another resistance management strategy which is still in the research phase of development is the use of insecticidal genes with completely different modes of action such as proteinase inhibitors. The success of combining multiple Bt genes for resistance management is contingent on the individual toxins having different targets to prevent cross resistance developing [163-165]. Binding studies with various Cry toxins have been used to identify toxins with different binding sites in the lepidopteran midguts [105,166,167]. This information can be used to design combinations of Cry toxins that complement each other to delay the development of resistance to Bt crops. In addition to the resistance management plan for Bollgard cotton outlined above, farmers also use integrated pest management (IPM) systems as a sustainable approach to control all pests. IPM systems deploy a tactical combination of biotechnological, chemical, biological and cultural control methods to avoid pest problems [168]. Some of the major IPM strategies and tools include maintenance of beneficial insect populations, ensuring healthy plant growth, managing weed hosts and monitoring pest populations and plant damage regularly. All these additional practices lead to better control of insect populations in general and therefore helps prevent the development of resistance in insect populations to Bt. Advertisement 3. Protease inhibitors for the control of insect pestsProtease inhibitors are one component of a plant’s natural defence mechanism against herbivores and pathogens [169]. Plants protect themselves directly by constitutively expressing protease inhibitors [170] and by inducing protease inhibitors in response to mechanical wounding or insect attack [169,171]. They may also release volatile compounds after insect damage that function as potent attractants for predators of insect herbivores [172].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. Per panel, each country has two MCPR estimates connected by a line. One MCPR estimate is from the earlier survey and one estimate is from the later survey. Each panel represents the education level from no education to higher education. The color of the line signifies the country. For example, looking at the panel for the no education group, in Zimbabwe, MCPR among women with no education increased between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: As shown in several patients, the neural reorganization begins prior to surgery and is mediated by extensive functional rearrangement and rewiring of the contralesional hemisphere. However, the potential role of these plastic changes cannot be translated completely into improved functional performance, until the diseased hemisphere continues to exert its negative effects. When the lesioned hemisphere is removed, a rapid reorganization takes place in the remaining hemisphere, and the post-lesional and the post-HS functional reorganization becomes clinically evident. Uncrossed pathways descending from the contralesional hemisphere play a key role in this reorganization process. In healthy children, the ipsilateral corticospinal connections remain functional until around 10 years of age. Ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (iMEPs) can directly assess the function of these pathways, and can also be recorded in healthy adults, even if they require higher thresholds, have longer latencies and different cortical map representation. The strengthening of the iCST can take place also after lesions occurring in the adult life, through a new functional demand (Ziemann et al. , 1999). Nonetheless, in patients with later acquired brain damage, also the cortico-reticulospinal pathways may play a dominant role in ipsilateral motor control. The evoked responses elicited through the stimulation of the M1 and premotor cortex (PMC) may thus result from two distinct pathways that may serve ipsilateral function, both containing fast-conducting fibers: the iCST, which mainly originates from M1, and the cortico-recticulospinal pathway, which take origin principally by the PMC (Holloway et al. , 2000). The behavioral improvement after HS is reminiscent of the so called “Sprague effect” described in animal studies, in which a second lesion of the brain may lead to the recovery of deficits which were acquired following an initial brain lesion. Conclusions: HS studies provide evidence that, after extensive unilateral brain injuries, the contralesional hemisphere can assume several of the functions of the affected side, quite likely also in the adult life. This complex reorganizational process is the result of a widespread rewiring between the contralesional cortex and subcortical nuclei as well as spinal cord segments functionally and anatomically linked with the affected side of the body.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: mosquito borne diseases can only be decreased by controlling the Aedes mosquito vector [29]. and Adaptation in The mosquito gut is a small biome where many bacteria reside. These organisms are vital for mosquito life. Without these symbiotic bacteria, mosquitoes would not be pleased in terms of fecundity/fertility and immune mechanisms [30]. The necessary nutrients provided for the host is very vital for the mosquito life cycle. If the bacteria community is changed inside the mosquito gut, then mosquitoes may produce fewer eggs and the whole populace would be smaller which would help reduce and prevent transmission of these mosquito borne diseases [30]. Mechanism of of Bacterial in Aedes and Culex species consist the main arthropod vectors for dengue virus, virus (WNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) (all Flaviviridae), as well as chikungunya (Togaviridae). Among main arboviruses vectors, Aedes albopictus, Aedes bromeliae and members of the C. pipiens complex are biologically infected with Wolbachia endosymbionts (Aedes albopictus harbors A and B, and Culex pipiens, Wolbachia pipiens whereas Aedes aegypti mosquitoes lacks this relationship. Antiviral effect of Wolbachia in different mosquito/arbovirus associations Wolbachia are obligate intracellular maternally inborn bacteria that have been implicated in diverse arthropod groups including spiders, insects and terrestrial crustaceans, in accumulation to filarial nematodes. It has been projected that >65% of insect species harbor Wolbachia, making it one of the most universal intracellular bacteria revealed till date [31]. In arthropods, Wolbachia behave as a reproductive parasite by manipulating the reproductive capability of the host to enhance their vertical transmission. Previous studies have revealed that the native Drosophila/Wolbachia interactions, has the ability of homologous Wolbachia strains to confer resistance in mosquitoes. This can be is limited by tissue density and distribution. For example, wAlbA and wAlbB did not prevent DENV replication to important levels in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes [32], but decreased viral load of the salivary glands and thus may limit spread [33].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: The cortical rewiring and the interplay between lesioned and unlesioned hemisphere is a main topic in the neurorehabilitation of brain injuries. Indeed, different patterns of plastic changes can be observed depending from the extent of the injury: small lesions induce mainly ipsilesional rearrangement, whereas larger lesions involve the contralesional hemisphere in the functional reorganization (Staudt et al. , 2002). After an extensive unilateral stroke, homologous motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere can be engaged in the movement of ipsilateral limbs early after the onset, and underpin the functional recovery. However, in stroke patients having a small subcortical lesion, the activity of the contralesional hemisphere can also be regarded as maladaptive, and this view is the basis of treatments aimed at reducing the activity of the contralesional hemisphere, and thus at rebalancing the activity of the two hemispheres, for instance by means of inhibitory repetitive TMS. HS studies illustrate the remarkable resilience of the brain to extensive unilateral lesions, which is sustained by a complex anatomical and functional rearrangement. Furthermore, clinical studies describe a peculiar transcallosal interaction between the lesioned and the intact hemisphere. That makes HS an interesting model to study the post-lesional brain plasticity. -. The reorganization of sensorimotor function in children after hemispherectomy. A functional MRI and somatosensory evoked potential study Brain. 2000;23(Pt 12):2432–2444. Hemispheric surgery for refractory epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis with emphasis on seizure predictors and outcomes J Neurosurg. 2016;124:952–961. Morphological evidence for axonal sprouting of cerebellothalamic neurons in kittens after neonatal hemicerebellectomy Res. 1979;35:511–518 Kolb B, Gibb R, van der Kooy D. Cortical and striatal structure and connectivity are altered by neonatal hemidecortication in rats J Comp Neurol. 1992;322:311–324. Unaffected motor cortex remodeling after hemispherectomy in an epileptic cerebral palsy patient. A TMS and fMRI study Epilepsy Res. 2009;85:243–251 van Rijen PC, Franssen H, van Veelen CW.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the wAlbA and wAlbB infected Aedes albopictus cell line Aa23 showed decreased DENV titres compared to Wolbachia-cured controls. Consequently, this cell line has a significantly higher Wolbachia density than body cell tissues of Aedes albopictus, which may elucidate and enunciate its restrictive phenotype [34]. A recent survey of the interaction between CHIKV and wAlbA and wAlbB in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes revealed no decrease in viral titres in the manifestation of Wolbachia compared to controls. Viral loads in Wolbachia-free mosquitoes were extremely different compared to those harboring Wolbachia, suggesting some level of symbiosis [33]. Lastly, homologous wPip infections in Culex quinquefasciatus resulted in decreased WNV titres and transmission rates [35]. Knowing that Wolbachia confers resistance to RNA viruses in Drosophila [36], and that these Wolbachia strains can be stably introduced and retained in different host mosquitoes [37], multiple studies have shown whether Wolbachia trans infection into different mosquito species would result in vectors refractory to infection with important viral pathogens. Further researches have shown that Trans infection of Aedes aegypti with the D. melanogaster wMelPop-CLA strain of Wolbachia deleteriously affects mosquito survival and strongly prevents the replication of DENV when compared to tetracycline-treated (cured of Wolbachia infection) control or wild-type mosquitoes, regardless of whether mosquitoes were blood fed or whether the virus was injected intrathoracically [38]. Wolbachia also decreased DENV spread to the thorax and head of mosquitoes, and hence possibly transmission [38]. Aedes aegypti trans infected with the Aedes albopictus Wolbachia strain wAlbB also showed increased mosquito permanency upon infection with DENV and reduced viral replication [32]. It is evident that the Wolbachia-induced virus refractory phenotype is reliant on the combination of Wolbachia strain, virus and host (genetic or other) factors. Understanding these diversities is vital to a successful vector control method. Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to show why Wolbachia inhibits arboviral dissemination effectively in some instances but not in others.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2043253/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIntroduction: Neonatal brain has strong plasticity, which can adapt to pathological remission through changes in protein expression and neural structure. reflect changes in Tau protein expression, synaptophysin (SYP), neurocan (Neu), and synaptic structure at different time points with 1H-MRS after hypoxic ischemia (HI), and to investigate neuroplasticity after HI injury. total of 59 healthy neonatal pigs (body weight 1–1. 5 Kg) from 3–5 days after birth were used. Six pigs were excluded from analysis, due to intermediate death, modeling failure, and movement artifacts. There were 10 pigs in the control group and 43 in the HIBI model group. At different time points, 0–2, 2–6, 6–12, 12–24, 24–48, and 48–72 h after HI, Tau protein content was reflected by 1H-MRS imaging; SYP and Neu changes in the control and HI model groups were detected by immunofluorescence and the changes to the synaptic structure of nerve cells were observed by transmission electron microscope. Data were statistically analyzed by independent sample T test, ANOVA, and Spearman rank correlation analysis. P < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results 1H-MRS and immunofluorescence showed an increasing trend followed by a decrease in Tau protein levels after HI. Immunofluorescence showed the highest Tau protein levels at 24–48 h after HI; there were significant differences among all time HI groups except between 2–6 and 48–72 h (P = 0. 087) and 6–12 and 48–72 h (P = 0. 105). After HI, Neu expression decreased, then increased, finally decreasing. Compared with the control group, there were significant differences among all time HI groups (control group vs 48–72 h, P = 0. 007, P = 0. 000 for the rest). There were significant differences between the 6–12 h group at valley, control group, and other model groups (P = 0. 000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: Principles of Extracting and Bacteria in Symbiotic interactions between Wolbachia and insect species could be harnessed for control of mosquito-borne pathogens, by manipulating insect reproduction and interfering with major human pathogens. A reproductive change, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) has received much attention for use in applied methods targeting disease vectors. This strategy includes the incompatible insect technique (IIT) and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The Wolbachia-based incompatible insect technique: In this technique, female sterility is artificially continued by recurrent releases of cytoplasmically mismatched males. is not paternally disseminated, the infection type present in the release specie does not turn out to be established in the field as the size of the field populace reduce due to incompatible mating, the proportion of males of the release strain rises. Presently, a renewed attention is being directed towards suppression strategies based on the release of sterile insects (SIT) for vector control. The SIT is based on the mass cultivation of a species, with exposure to radiation to induce sterility and release, preferably male-only, against a target population. This interest is driven by the presence of new technologies with the values to provide important improvements in the cost-effectiveness of SIT use, as well as by the recognition of the disadvantages of current vector control principles [39][40]. The SIT is strain-specific and an ecologically non-polluting approach to insect control that is based on the release of numerous numbers of sterile males that are, however, capable of mating with and inseminating native females. This will lead to a reduction in the reproductive potential of the females and eventually, if males are released in large numbers over a sufficient period of time, to the suppression or local elimination of the pest populace. One advantage of the SIT compared to the use of pesticides is that sterile males may vigorously search for the target females even in regions where the use of chemicals is not visible. However, the main advantage of SIT compared to all other methods is that target insect species cannot develop resistance against irradiation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: SYP expression after HI first increased, reaching a maximum at 6–12 h, and decreasing. There was no significant difference between the control group and other model groups at 24–48 h (P = 0. 112), but there was a significant difference between the control group and other model groups (P < 0. 05). The peak of the 6–12 h group significantly differed from the control and other model groups (P < 0. 05). SYP was negatively correlated with Neu, with a correlation coefficient of -0. 877 (P = 0. 000). SYP was not correlated with Tau (P = 0. 229), neither was Neu with Tau (P = 0. 342). Compared with the control group, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased and PSD thickness increased 6–12 h after HI. In the 12–24 h group, the number of synaptic vesicles increased and PSD thickness slightly decreased. At 24–48 h, the vesicle number decreased, PSD became thinner, interrupting continuity, mitochondria swelled, and mitochondrial cristae blurred and disappeared. HI injury, Tau and SYP protein expression followed an increasing followed by decreasing trend, while Neu did the opposite. SYP, Neu, and Tau protein expression are associated with changes to synaptic and myelin structures, which may reflect different changes to neural plasticity. hypoxic ischemia1H- MRSTau proteinsynaptophysinneurocansynapseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61. IntroductionMyelination is key for the development of the nervous system. As an insulating layer, the myelin sheath wraps around neuronal axons and ensures their normal and rapid electrical conduction. Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons and oligodendroglia (OL). Compared with the mature brain, in the developing brain, Tau presents special phosphorylation[1, 2] and is involved in regulating myelination. During neurite growth, the neuron cell body must synthetize numerous substances, and the cell morphology must remain stable, which requires a firm cytoskeleton. Microtubules, the coarsest skeleton protein in the neurite, maintains the morphological stability of differentiated neurons, while serving as a transport route for various proteins and organelles to the neurite.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: Studies reveal that the SIT has been successfully used to decrease or to locally eradicate pests and disease vectors such as, the screwworm Cochliomyia hominovorax Coquel (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the USA, Mexico and [41] and more lately against dengue in Australia [42], the tsetse fly Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the island of Zanzibar [43] and Anopheles albimanus in [44]. Although it is more effective to release only males, the SIT can also be successfully used by releasing both sexes, at least for the control of agricultural pests [45]. Nevertheless, there is the major disadvantage of an incompatible insect technique (IIT) method for large scale applications. The inadvertent release of infected females at adequate numbers may result in the replacement of the targeted populace with a population carrying the Wolbachia infection of the released mosquitoes if reared females are compatible with the wild males. However, when an IIT program is based on a biCI pattern (i. e. , transinfected males released to suppress a target population in which females and males harbor a different and incompatible Wolbachia type), this risk is partly reduced [40]. It is also suggested that the local fixation of a population infected by a new Wolbachia strain, reciprocally incompatible with the wild bacterial strain, could be advantageous since the newly infected populace would compete with the wild one in an opposed manner. In any case, the consequence of an inadvertent release of infected females needs to be thoroughly monitored and investigated by appropriate semi-field experiments and/or by mathematical templates prior to any field application. A solution to this setback may be provided by the combination of irradiation with IIT. Application of irradiation at a dose which would sterilize the females without affecting the quality of the released males could ensure that any inadvertent discharge of females will not result in productive crosses and viable offspring [40]. Burt A. [46] tested this idea with Aedes polynesiensis and showed that female sterility can be induced by the application of 40 Gy irradiation- a dose that does not affect the male fitness. By combining irradiation with CI, the sterility of released males is due to both Wolbachia and irradiation while the female sterility is only due to irradiation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: Tau protein mainly plays a role in maintaining the stability of formed microtubules, contributing to microtubule elongation and participating in physiological processes such as intracellular material transport, mitosis, and neurotransmitter and signal transmission, an important factor in maintaining microtubule stability. The brains of newborns are more adaptable to external stimuli than those of adults. After hypoxic ischemia (HI), nerve cells and neural networks will undergo adaptive changes to maintain body homeostasis; this inherent characteristic of the central nervous system (CNS) is known as neural "plasticity" [3, 4]. protein expression and abnormal phosphorylation are important factors affecting myelination after HI. Synapses are formed by neurons and mediate information transmission, and underlie the physiological functions of neural networks. The most common synapse is formed between the axon terminus of a neuron with a dendrite, dendritic spines, or the cell body of another neuron. Thus, axons, myelin sheaths, and synaptic connections work together for neurotransmitter and signaling activities. Synaptic plasticity is an important component of brain plasticity, including the regulation of molecular and cellular levels and physiological changes. Synaptic plasticity promotes the brain to change its organizational structure and function according to different states, and can keep the nervous system in dynamic change [5]. After HI injury, synapses can adapt to changes in the brain microenvironment by changing their structure and strength. Synaptic reconstruction is a necessary process in the recovery of brain function after HI injury. The reconstruction involves synaptic related proteins, axon regeneration and changes to synaptic structures. Synaptophysin (SYP) is a specific marker protein of presynaptic terminals, widely distributed in the vesicle membrane of presynaptic membrane and involved in Ca2+ binding, neurotransmitter release, and recruitment of synaptic vesicles. SYP is involved in synapse formation and stability and can reflect synapse density, distribution, and functional state. It can be used as a landmark molecule reflecting the repair mechanism after nerve injury, thus reflecting synaptic plasticity[6] [7]. Neurocan (Neu) is a specific protein secreted by neurons and glial cells, involved in the development of the CNS and nerve repair, and closely related to pathophysiological processes such as glial scar formation and axon growth inhibition[8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: Science 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):141–4. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Wiwatanaratanabutr I. : Geographic distribution of Wolbachia infection in mosquitoes from Thailand. J 2012 May 23. pii: S0022-2011(12)00116–4. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. Wolbachia-based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors. 2009;17(3):55–63. Min KT, Benzer S. Wolbachia, normally a symbiont of Drosophila, can be virulent, causing degeneration and early death. 1997 Sep 30;94(20):10792–6. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. Wolbachia modulates Chikungunya replication in Aedes albopictus. 2010 May;19(9):1953–64. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. The native Wolbachia endosymbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Culex quinquefasciatus increase host resistance to virus infection. PLoS One 2010 Aug 5;5(8):e11977. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. Impact of (Microsporidia Culicosporidae) on a Semi natural Population of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 2000;18:39–48. Wolbachia stimulates immune gene expression and inhibits plasmodium development in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS Pathog 2010 Oct 7;6(10):e1001143. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Blagrove MS, Arias-. A Wolbachia wMel transinfection in Aedes albopictus is not detrimental to host fitness and inhibits Chikungunya virus. 2013;7(3):e2152. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Bacteria of the genus Asaia stably associate with Anopheles stephensi, an Asian malarial mosquito vector. 2007 May 22;104(21):9047–51. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Moreira LA, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Jeffery JA, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Unmarried sexually activevWe also assessed whether there had been an increase in MCP among unmarried sexually active women. Typically, the sample of women that are unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days is small which makes testing for significant changes in MCP challenging (since a larger sample increases confidence in our estimates and the confidence intervals are tighter allowing for detectable changes). While none of the findings were significant, we did see an increase in modern method use in Malawi and Zimbabwe. DiscussionA criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal of the FP2020 partnership had been that countries and partners might prioritize easier to reach populations (e. g. with technical or political support from the FP2020 partnership) to meet this target, which exacerbates inequities. Overall, our findings suggest that between two surveys carried out since 2010, many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity, including residence, education, wealth, age, and marital status and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. In most countries, MCP increased among rural women, and these gains were significant in seven African countries. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 20–24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. In these four countries, MCP also significantly increased among young women aged 15–19. While we could not detect significant MCP changes among unmarried sexually active women, the country-specific trends indicate MCP is increasing among these women. All of the significant gains in MCP were made in African countries, and specifically Malawi, who experienced the most expansive growth across different dimensions of equity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: The number of synaptic vesicles increased and PSD thickness slightly decreased. At 24–48 h, the number of vesicles and mitochondria decreased, PSD thinner, continuity was interrupted, and the synaptic cleft widened. In the control group, the myelin sheath was smooth and uniform; after HI, the myelin sheath was uneven and continuity interrupted, as part of the myelin sheath thinned out and disappeared, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. 4. DiscussionNeonatal brain plasticity is strong during development. After HI injury, the nervous system has certain adaptation and adjustment ability. Mild to moderate injury can trigger neuroprotective mechanisms to adapt to the pathological state of the nervous system. The extension of axons needs to be covered with myelin sheath to ensure rapid and accurate electrophysiological communication to target cells. After severe or prolonged injury, the structure and function of axons, myelin sheath, and synapses will be damaged, and the dynamic imbalance of the brain microenvironment will reduce plasticity, causing cognitive dysfunction [9]. After HI injury, the key to the recovery of nervous system function lies in the restoration of communication between nerve cells and the reconstruction of neural circuits. Tau is closely related to neuronal axon formation and neuroplasticity. Tau protein is expressed in OL, especially in oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and participates in the regulation of white matter development and myelination, playing an important role in the regulation of axon growth and neuronal migration. knock out in mice, axon growth is inhibited and MT concentration in the neuron layer and growth cone reduced[10]. During myelination, "Fyn-Tau-MT" binding plays an important role in OL differentiation [11]. Axon-derived signals are recognized by OL membrane receptors and activate Fyn, which regulates OL proliferation and differentiation and MBP synthesis. MBP is the main protein of the myelin sheath in the mature CNS. modification after HI reduces the binding ability of "FYN-Tau-MT" blocking downstream signal transduction pathway, resulting in impaired myelination[12]. MBP mRNA is contained in RNA transport p5. ConclusionThe key to the recovery of nervous system function lies in the restoration of communication between nerve cells and the reconstruction of neural circuits. After HI injury, the nervous system triggers neuroprotective mechanisms to adapt to pathological conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene drives will guarantee the complete eradication of mosquito-borne diseases globally. [SEP] Text: A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium. Cell 2009 Dec 24;139(7):1268–78. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] 'Neill SL. The potential of virulent Wolbachia to modulate disease transmission by insects. J 2003 Sep;84(1):24–9. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Developing transgenic Anopheles mosquitoes for the sterile insect technique. Genetica 2011 Jan;139(1):33–9. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. 2007 Spring;7(1):76–85. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Alphey L. Re-engineering the sterile insect technique. 2002 Oct;32(10):1243–7. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Incompatible insect technique: incompatible males from a Ceratitis capitata genetic sexing strain. Appl 2009;132(3):232–40. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):504–7. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Burt A. Heritable strategies for controlling insect vectors of disease. 2014 May 12;369(1645):20130432. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Sinkins SP. Wolbachia and arbovirus inhibition in mosquitoes. 2013 Oct;8(10):1249–56. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] Presence of extensive Wolbachia symbiont insertions discovered in the genome of its host Glossina morsitans morsitans. 2014 Apr 24;8(4):e2728. [CrossRef] [Pubmed] wstrain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations. Nature 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):450–3. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia induces resistance to RNA viral infections in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Biol 2008 Dec 23;6(12):e2. [CrossRef] [Pubmed]. Radiation biology of mosquitoes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Another possible criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal could be that the target would lead to a focus on more populous countries, but most of the gains in MCP were in African countries with populations far smaller than the those of several of the Asian countries in our sample. and Bangladesh rank in the top 10 most populous countries in the world. Yet, our analysis found that despite having larger populations, neither of these countries experienced the rapid MCP growth of several of the smaller countries. Compared to these Asian countries, most of the African countries in our analysis started at a lower MCP and thus had greater potential for increased modern contraceptive use. However, it is worth noting Pakistan had more room to grow than Malawi, who experienced the most overall MCP growth and saw growth across different equity dimensions. Additionally, given all countries in our analysis are still experiencing population growth and thus an increasing population of women of reproductive age, even countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, that did not have significant levels of MCP growth, were providing contraceptive services to a greater number of women of reproductive age without experiencing declines in equity. Given that countries could either experience (a) rapid MCP growth (because they started at a lower MCP in the middle of the S-curve growth pattern21) or (b) sustained modern contraception users (meaning they continue to add more users of modern contraception due to population growth and a slower increase in MCP), supportive country-specific policies and commitments that focused on expanding services and improving equity could be at the nexus of increasing and/or retaining modern contraceptive users without exacerbating inequities. In order to sustain its high MCP, government and development partners in Bangladesh successfully focused on geographic inequities; both the Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had the lowest MCP in 2011 and saw significant increase in the 2014 DHS, and further saw gains in the 2019 MICS (2 years after Bangladesh updated its policy to improving family planning services in these two divisions22). Similarly, Malawi successfully prioritized young people in its commitments and policies. In fact, Malawi was one of four countries where MCP gains among the youngest women of reproductive age (15–19) were significant. Malawi also had the largest MCP gain among women with no education – at over 16%23–25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content SearchAll contentIET journalsBooksConferencesanywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/DOIsearchCitation search 0 Login | Non-member main navigation& magazinesand for Brain- for Brain-Machine InterfacesEditors: Toshihisa Tanaka; Published in2018 356pagesISBN: 978-1-78561-398-2e-ISBN: 978-1-78561-399-9 ToolsAdd to favourites Create book email alert Copyrights and PermissionsExport 10. 1049/PBCE114E_fm Full text PDF Brain–computer interfaces and electroencephalogram: basics and practical issues Mahnaz Arvaneh, p. 1–21 (21) 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch2 mental states result in different synchronizations or desynchronizations between multiple brain regions, and subsequently, electroencephalogram (EEG) connectivity analysis gains increasing attention in brain computer interfaces (BCIs). Conventional connectivity analysis is usually conducted at the scalp-level and in an unsupervised manner. However, due to the volume conduction effect, EEG data suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and poor spatial resolution. Thus, it is hard to effectively identify the task-related connectivity pattern at the scalp-level using unsupervised method. There exist extensive discriminative spatial filtering methods for different BCI paradigms. However, in conventional spatial filter optimization methods, signal correlations or connectivities are not taken into consideration in the objective functions. To address the issue, in this work, we propose a discriminative connectivity pattern-learning method. In the proposed framework, EEG correlations are used as the features, with which Fisher's ratio objective function is adopted to optimize spatial filters. The proposed method is evaluated with a binary motor imagery EEG dataset. Experimental results show that more connectivity information are maintained with the proposed method, and classification accuracies yielded by the proposed method are comparable to conventional discriminative spatial filtering method. An experimental study to compare CSP and TSM techniques to extract features during motor imagery tasks p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,927 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 8 figures 1 Download asset Open asset The spread of endonuclease gene drives. (A) When an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive (blue) mates with a wild-type organism (grey), the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. This can enable the drive to spread until it is present in all members of the population–even if it is mildly deleterious to the organism. (B) Endonuclease gene drives are preferentially inherited because the endonuclease cuts the homologous wild-type chromosome. When the cell repairs the break using homologous recombination, it must use the gene drive chromosome as a repair template, thereby copying the drive onto the wild-type chromosome. If the endonuclease fails to cut or the cell uses the competing non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, the drive is not copied, so efficient gene drives must reliably cut when homology-directed repair is most likely. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Consequences and timing of gene drive replication. (A) Gene drives can carry other genes with them as cargo. For example, a transgene that blocks malaria transmission could be driven through wild mosquito populations. There is no selection to maintain the function of a cargo gene. (B) Gene drives can disrupt or replace other genes. For example, a drive might replace a mosquito gene important for malaria transmission. Because it cannot spread without disrupting the target gene, this strategy is evolutionarily stable. (C) If homing occurs in the zygote or early embryo, all organisms that carry the drive will be homozygous in all of their tissues. (D) If homing occurs in the late germline cells that contribute to sperm or eggs, the offspring will remain heterozygous in most tissues and avoid the consequences of drive-induced disruptions. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNA-guided genome editing via Cas9. The Cas9 nuclease protein and guide RNA must first be delivered into the target cell.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle26. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, as well as allocated resources towards equity-tailored programming, reaped the benefits. While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Moreover, another limitation to our approach is that we did not include a counterfactual analysis where we assessed growth in MCPR across equity dimensions in countries that were non-FP2020 commitment-making countries. While this would have allowed us to discern some differences in growth in MCPR across equity dimensions between FP2020 and non-FP2020 commitment-makers, it was beyond the scope of our main objectives. Furthermore, we could not assess the impact of family planning programs on the growth in MCPR across equity dimensions and across different countries because of the lack of available comparable data in the 11 countries we reviewed. Similarly, we could not evaluate the women’s experience in the health system or a family planning program’s ability to provide her with her preferred method; these are also critical to review when evaluating equitable growth in MCPR and should be reviewed when data are available.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 41–60 (20) spatial pattern (CSP) is a well-established technique to extract features from electroencephalographic recordings for classification purpose in motor imagery brain-computer interface (BCI). The CSP algorithm is a mathematical procedure used for separating a multivariate signal into additive components which have maximum differences in variance between two windows; in other terms, CSP increases the signal variance for one condition while minimizing the variance for the other condition. Features computed by means of CSP are fed to a data classifier in order to discriminate between two mental tasks. A novel technique to achieve feature extraction is tangentspace mapping (TSM) that insists on spatial covariance matrices computed from the recorded electroencephalogram signals (EEG). TSM is based on Riemannian geometry, which allows one to estimate statistical features of data distributions over non-Euclidean spaces. The aim of this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch4 decoding has contributed to the development of cognitive neuroscience and the production of brain-machine interfaces/brain-computer interfaces (BCI/BMI). For brain decoding, electroencephalography (EEG), which allows the observation of the electrophysiological activities of neurons, is widely used to observe brain activity. In particular, an EEG read from electrodes installed on a scalp, which has some advantages when it comes to cost, size, and ease of measurement, is a promising recording method for producing noninvasive BMIs against magnetoencephalograms, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and so on. However, an EEG signal has low spatial resolution and is highly affected by noise. Moreover, the recoding of an EEG is time-consuming and tires BMI users. Therefore, signal processing techniques that can robustly extract brain activity patterns from EEG signals with a low signal-to-noise ratio and a small sample size are necessary. One approach to achieve such techniques is to incorporate additional information retrieved separately from an EEG in signal processing. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch5 of the major limitations of brain-computer interface (BCI) is its long calibration time. Typically, a big amount of training data needs to be collected at the beginning of each session in order to tune the parameters of the system for the target user due to between sessions/subjects non-stationarity. To mitigate this limitation, transfer learning can be potentially one useful solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: This is often accomplished by transfecting DNA expression plasmids, but delivering RNA is also effective. The guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind target DNA ‘protospacer’ sequences that match the ‘spacer’ sequence within the guide RNA. Protospacers must be flanked by an appropriate protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is NGG for the most commonly used Cas9 protein (Jinek et al. , 2012). If the spacer and protospacer are identical or have only a few mismatches at the 5′ end of the spacer, Cas9 will cut both strands of DNA, creating a blunt-ended double-strand break. If supplied with a repair template containing the desired changes and homology to the sequences on either side of the break, the cell may use homologous recombination to repair the break by incorporating the repair template into the chromosome. Otherwise, the break will be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, resulting in gene disruption. Cas9 cutting is efficient enough to alter both chromosomes at the same time and/or to edit multiple genes at once (Li et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013a). If the cell being edited is a germline cell that gives rise to eggs or sperm, the changes can be inherited by future generations. Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites. The Cas9 nuclease is can be quite specific in the sequences that it targets; fruit flies do not exhibit notable fertility or fitness defects resulting from off-target cutting when both Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs are expressed in the germline (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Choosing target sites with few or no close relatives in the genome, using truncated guide RNAs (Fu et al. , 2014), employing paired Cas9 nickases (Mali et al. , 2013a) instead of nucleases, or utilizing Cas9-FokI fusion proteins (Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014) can further increase specificity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Additionally, household surveys such as the MICS and DHS are not powered to detect significant changes among a relatively small portion of unmarried, married sexually active women; if changes among this sub-population of women are of special interest for family planning programming, other methods need to be employed to more precisely estimate their modern contraceptive use. Furthermore, in some countries the proportion of women in “no education” or “poorest” groups declined over time. It’s unclear whether this aided countries in providing family planning services to these groups. Our analysis does not address this. Moreover, a few countries saw declines in modern contraceptive use among the most advantaged populations; however, it is important to note these changes between the surveys were not significant. This analysis addresses if FP2020’s overall “120 million additional users” goals led to the prioritization of easier to reach populations and exacerbated inequities; our findings can be used to inform the FP2030 partnership and reinforce that country-specific commitments, policies, and programming is likely to have the largest net effect on increasing or retaining modern contraceptive users and leaving no one behind. Data availabilityUnderlying dataDHSData used in this study are from the HR and IR datasets of the Bangladesh 2014 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Burundi 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Ethiopia 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Haiti 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Malawi 2015–16 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Nepal 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Pakistan 2017–28 and 2012–23 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Senegal 2017 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Uganda 2016 and 2011 DHS; and the HR and IR datasets of the 2015 and 2010–11 Zimbabwe DHS, available from the DHS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. A guide for how to apply for dataset access is available at: used in this study are from the households (HH) and women (WM) datasets of the 2010, 2016, MICS, available from the MICS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. Questions about data access can be directed to mics@unicef. org.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Transfer learning extracts information from different domains (raw data, features, or classification domain) to compensate the lack of labelled data from the test subject. Within this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch6 learning has become a core component in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Unfortunately, the use of machine learning typically requires the collection of subject specific labelled data. This process is time-consuming and not productive from a user's point of view, as during calibration the user has to follow given instructions and cannot make own decisions. Only after calibration, the user is able to use the BCI freely. In this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch7 learning refers to the process that can learn patterns from data, adapt to shifts, and improve performance of the system with its experience while operating in the nonstationary environments (NSEs). Covariate shift (CS) presents a major challenge during data processing within NSEs wherein the input-data distribution shifts during transitioning from training to testing phase. CS is one of the fundamental issues in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems and can be often observed during multiple trials of EEG data recorded over different sessions. Thus, conventional learning algorithms struggle to accommodate these CSs in streaming EEG data resulting in low performance (in terms of classification accuracy) of motor imagery (MI)-related BCI systems. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch8 (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have proven promising for a wide range of applications, from communication and control for motor impaired users to gaming targeted at the general public, real-time mental state monitoring and stroke rehabilitation, to name a few. Despite this promising potential, BCIs are still scarcely used outside laboratories for practical applications. The main reason preventing EEG-based BCIs from being widely used is arguably their poor usability, which is notably due to their low robustness and reliability. To operate a BCI, the user has to encode commands in his/her EEG signals, typically using mental imagery tasks, such as imagining hand movement or mental calculation. The execution of these tasks leads to specific EEG patterns, which the machine has to decode by using signal processing and machine learning. So far, to address the reliability issue of BCI, most research efforts have been focused on command decoding only.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Several of these strategies can reduce the off-target mutation rate to borderline undetectable levels (Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014). The frequency at which the drive is correctly copied might be increased by using Cas9 as a transcriptional regulator to activate HR genes and repress NHEJ genes (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). By choosing target sites within an essential gene, any non-homologous end-joining event that deletes all of the target sites will cause lethality rather than creating a drive-resistant allele, further increasing the evolutionary robustness of the RNA-guided gene drive. Other options include using distinct promoters and guide RNAs to avoid repetitiveness and increase stability (Figure 4—figure supplement 2) or employing newly characterized, engineered, or evolved Cas9 variants with improved properties (Esvelt et al. , 2011; Mali et al. , 2013b). These optimization strategies have also been summarized in tabular form with additional details (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Enhancing drive copying by regulating endogenous genes. (A) Very short guide RNAs direct nuclease-active Cas9 to bind but not cut the corresponding protospacer (Sternberg et al. , 2014). When bound near the promoter of a gene, Cas9 has been shown to repress transcription (Gilbert et al. , 2013). Using the drive nuclease to repress key genes required for the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway may increase the rate at which the drive is copied by boosting the effective rate of the competing homologous recombination (HR) pathway. (B) NHEJ genes could be repressed and HR genes activated in advance of cutting by employing an orthogonal nuclease-null Cas9 protein as a transcriptional regulator. The regulator would be expressed in the desired germline stage using an appropriate tissue-specific promoter and repress NHEJ genes by simple binding. HR genes could be simultaneously activated using guide RNAs featuring additional 3′ hairpins that bind a transcriptional activator expressed separately (Mali et al. , 2013a), or by using a separate orthogonal Cas9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Extended dataAnalysis code available from: analysis code at time of publication:. Footnotes i Data only available for surveys where unmarried women were interviewed. ii Surveys with microdata available for use by June 2019. iii Vietnam met the criteria but was excluded from this analysis since Vietnam did not make a commitment to FP2020 until 2016 and the two surveys only overlapped the first two years of the FP2020 initiative (2010 MICS and 2014 MICS). iv This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including Bangladesh and Pakistan. For both Pakistan and Bangladesh, the analysis is only reflective of married women. v This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including for Bangladesh and Pakistan. Unmarried sexually active are women that are not-in-union nor married and were sexually active in the last month. recommended1. Global Advocates: 's First. Center for website. 29, 2019. Reference Source2. : Achieving the goal of the on by adhering to voluntary, rights-based family planning: what can we learn from past experiences with coercion? Health. 2014; 40(4): 206–214. Pub| Text 3. 2020 (FP2020): Contributions of FP2020 in advancing rights-based family planning – upholding and advancing the promises of Cairo. Washington, DC: FP2020; 2019; 29, 2019. Reference Source4. Does your the Test? 2020, website. 28, 2019. Reference Source5. United Nations: UN Resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. City: UN; 2015; 28, 2019. Reference Source6. (FPET). Track20 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source7. Assaf S, Wang W: in Fertility P71. Rockville, MD. 30, 2019. Reference Source8. Ortayli N, Malarcher S: Equity Analysis: Benefits from Programs. Plann. 2010; 41(2): 101–108. Pub| Text 9. : Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity? Health Organ. 2007; 85(2): 100–107. Pub| Text | Text 10. : Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0134905.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: This is mainly because the recorded EEG signals are not only noisy with a low signal-to-noise ratio, but are also nonstationary, due to physiological or environmental artifacts, sensor failure, and user fatigue. In this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch11 the past decade, the performance of brain-computer interfaces based on steadystate visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) has been significantly improved due to advances in signal analysis algorithms. For example, efficient target-identification methods based on template matching, in which individual templates are obtained by averaging the training data across trials, have been proposed to improve the performance of SSVEP detection. In template-based methods, spatial filtering plays an important role in improving the performance by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of SSVEPs. In conventional studies, several spatial-filtering approaches have been introduced for electroencephalogram analysis. However, the optimal spatial-filtering approach for individual template-based SSVEP detection still remains unknown. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch12 this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch13 learning is a sub-field of machine learning that has recently gained substantial popularity in various domains such as computer vision, automatic speech recognition, natural language processing, and bioinformatics. Deep-learning techniques are able to learn complex feature representations from raw signals and thus also have potential to improve signal processing in the context of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, they typically require large amounts of data for training - much more than what can often be provided with reasonable effort when working with brain activity recordings of any kind. In order to still leverage the power of deep-learning techniques with limited available data, special care needs to be taken when designing the BCI task, defining the structure of the deep model, and choosing the training method. This 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch14 -computer interface (BCI) is relatively a new approach to communication between man and machine, which translates brain activity into commands for communication and control. As BCI is capable of detecting human intentions, it is a promising communication tool for paralyzed patients for communicating with external world. Many of the current BCI systems employ electroencephalogram (EEG) which is the most widely used noninvasive brain activity recording technique.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: To ensure that modulation of repair pathways is coincident with cutting, the regulator might similarly activate transcription of the drive nuclease. Regulation will be evolutionarily stable during the lifetime of the drive if the drive nuclease requires the regulator for proper expression. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Repetitiveness and evolutionary stability of multiple guide RNAs. (A) Homologous recombination between repetitive DNA sequences can lead to instability. Attempts to build zinc-finger and TALEN gene drives demonstrated that repeated components are severely unstable during drive copying, possibly due to the single-strand annealing pathway (Simoni et al. , 2014). While the cas9 gene itself has no repeats, recombination between guide RNA cassettes or guide RNA promoters, most commonly the U6 promoter, is a possibility. (B) Using multiple guide RNAs with differing sequences that are known to retain function could reduce homology and thereby prevent instability. The length of the hairpin created by fusing the bacterial tracrRNA and crRNA can be varied by more than a dozen bases with equivalent activity (Esvelt et al. , 2013), while tracrRNA equivalents from closely related bacteria can be substituted (Fonfara et al. , 2013). Similar alterations could presumably be discovered through experimentation (Nishimasu et al. , 2014). Together, these allow the creation of many different functional guide RNA sequences that do not share more than a few dozen bases of homology. Homology in the promoters used for guide RNA expression might be similarly reduced by employing different Polymerase III promoters; several of which are typically present in each species (Friedland et al. , 2013; Dickinson et al. , 2013; Nissim et al. , 1016). (C) To reduce the requirement for multiple promoters, studies have shown that more than one guide RNAs can be expressed from a single promoter in various ways (Tsai et al. , 2014; Nissim et al. , 1016). If cutting is already highly efficient, strategies that utilize RNA polymerase II promoters that typically exhibit reduced cutting efficiency may represent alternatives (Nissim et al. , 1016). (D) The total number of guides and promoters can be doubled without notably decreasing stability by arranging them in two inverted groups on opposite sides of the drive.

Output: contrast