Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: The bacterial community in floor dust similar to indoor air, outdoor air, outdoor haze and human oral were consistent with main source types36,43,58,61,62. Human oral emissions are the largest sources of some floor dust via coughing, sneezing, talking and breathing63,64. Among the top 30 genera, more than 10 genera are human-associated bacteria, whereas 5 genera are environmental-associated bacteria. Sources of dominant genera also indicate that humans and the outdoor environment are important bacterial sources in indoor environments1,65. The abundance of several human-associated genera was significantly higher in dust samples, including Streptococcus (salivary microbiome66,67,68,69), Lachnospiraceae spp. (human and mammal gut microbiota70), Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (vaginal microbiota71,72) (Fig. 4). Sphingomonas spp. and Brevundimonas spp. mainly habitat in HEPA filter, which were ubiquitous in the land habitats73 and contaminated environments74 (Fig. 4). These were consistent with Fig. 7b. Occupancy density is an important factor affecting the dynamics of the airborne microbial community in the built environment46. Its effect on HEPA filter was greater than dust, possibly because of HEPA filter trapped bacteria from indoor air for a much larger volume with a larger amount of human bacteria. Human oral, indoor air and outdoor haze were critical sources of bacteria in floor dust. In contrast, bacteria present in soil contributed to a significantly higher population in the filter (Fig. 7). The filter in the air purifier and other air-handling equipment could be identified as sources of air contaminants56,75. The HEPA filter in the air purifier should be considered as a new ecological niche owing to its enrichment of p57. Thus, various bacteria possibly tend to keep alive on the filter. Human activities such as walking could greatly increase the emission rate of biological aerosol p76. These aerosols may cause adverse effects, including respiratory infections and hypersensitivities in humans77,78,79. Thus, the alive bacteria in the HEPA filter should be considered during the assessment of indoor environmental health. ConclusionsAir purifiers are widely used in indoor environments in haze days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: AnonPlasticEurope (2021) Statistics: Plasticulture in Europe. In: Plast. Facts 2021. APE Eur. website. apeeurope. eu/statistics Tsi H-Y, Tsen W-C, Shu Y-C et al (2009) Compatibility and characteristics of poly(butylene succinate) and propylene-co-ethylene copolymer blend. 28:875–885. (2005) Potential of a corn starch-based biodegradable plastic film for soil solarization. Acta Horticulturae. for (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 201–206 Bandopadhyay S, Martin-(2018) Biodegradable plastic mulch films: impacts on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. 9:819. Li C, Moore-Kucera J, et al (2014) Degradation of Films at U. S. Locations. 38:861–889. Yamamoto- (2015) Contribution of soil esterase to biodegradation of aliphatic polyester agricultural mulch film in cultivated soils. AMB Express 5:10. -et al (2012) Degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in soil environment by phylloplane fungi isolated from gramineous plants. AMB express 2:1–10 (2016) Influences of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) on soil microbiota and plant growth. Stab 129:338–346. (2023) Effects of residual plastic film on crop yield and soil fertility in a dryland farming system. J 22:3783–3791. (2019) Biodegradation of Films in Agricultural Soils: Concepts, Knowledge Gaps, and Directions. Technol 53:2304–2315. (2019) Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic. 97:105–114 (2019) Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic. 97:105–114. (2019) Methodologies to assess biodegradation of bioplastics during aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion: A review.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Разница лишь в том, что специфика строительного материала, которым пользуются композиторы, не дает возможности эту форму увидеть. Поэтому ее надо уметь представлять, что особенно удается тем, у кого хорошо развито абстрактное мышление. Теоретически мы имеем возможность получить точные трехмерные изображения, совокупно дающие объективное представление о форме.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pure and 10. 22207/JPAM. 14. 2. 56 | © The Author(s). 2020 Received: 08/08/2019 | Accepted: 20/03/2020 | Published: 27/06/2020 presence of the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus flavus along with other seed borne fungi associated with rice in indoor air of farmers’ house has been a major health concern. The problem further worsens when the Aspergillus flavus strain has the ability of producing aflatoxins (a group of mycotoxin) and sclerotia (a resistive structure). Diseases and allergic reactions like asthma, rhinitis, allergic broncho pulmonary mycoses, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be caused to inhabitants when aflatoxins, spores, vegetative cells and fungal metabolites are inhaled. Therefore, management of this fungus in indoor air of farmers’ house is very much essential. Farmers house in Odisha particularly in coastal regions are very much susceptible to fungal infection. Due to poor financial conditions management by sophisticated methods seems difficult. Hence, in the current study, efficiency of some herbal and traditional air purifiers like camphor, dasang jhuna, hawan samagri, cow dung-urine has been evaluated for the suppression of Aspergillus flavus. These materials are known to be used in various rituals and festivals by people in rural areas. All the traditional air purifiers have been found useful to inhibit the growth and proliferation of the fungus particularly cowdung-urine mixure proved to have fungicidal effect. Based on the strong belief and practice of Indian traditions and rituals along with scientific support from the current study and knowledge from literatures, these traditional materials may be very useful for the management and suppression of toxigenic and sclerotic Aspergillus flavus consequently suppressing indoor air problems in farmers’ house. flavus, aflatoxin, indoor air, traditional air purifier, cowdung urine information on airborne allergenic fungal flora in rural agricultural areas is largely lacking still few reports are available describing the presence of allergenic Aspergillus flavus in indoor air of many areas of India which includes farmers’ house1a,1b.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Res 37:959–975 (2013) Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Res 41:e1–e1 (2013) Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiol 79:2519–2526 (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852–857 (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. 13:581–583 Kronthaler F, Zöllner S (2021) In: Kronthaler F, Zöllner S (eds) with RStudio BT - with RStudio: Introduction. Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 65–85 (2013) phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. 8:e61217 (2019) vegan: community ecology package. 2019. R Packag version 2 (2013) Bacterial communities associated with the leaves and the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. 8:e56329. (2019) Effects of rhizoma peanut cultivars (Arachis glabrata Benth. ) on the soil bacterial diversity and predicted function in nitrogen fixation. 9:12676–12687 (2023) Valorisation of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater in agriculture: effects on tobacco plants and rhizosphere microbiota. Sci 14:1777. (2019) Pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. R Package Version. r-project org/package = pheatmap, Available online (2020) In situ degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in compost and agricultural soils. Environ 727:138668. (2015) High temperature microbial activity in upper soil layers. 362:fnv182. Haider TP, Völker C, et al (2019) Plastics of the Future? of on the Environment and on Society. 58:50–62. (2024) A critical review of biodegradable plastic mulch films in agriculture: Definitions, scientific background and potential impacts. 170:117391.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Иными словами, геометрическая интерпретация, выручающая в самых разных областях, может помочь и в музыке. Но пока музыканты не вооружились соответствующими компьютерными программами и не имеют опыта подобной работы. Построение такого изображения вручную займет очень длительное время и потребует огромной выдержки.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Effect of different air purifiers on culture characters of aflatoxigenic-sclerotic Aspergillus flavus isolate A28 Exposing A28 to different air purifiers significantly affected the radial growth. About 70% reduction in colony diameter of A28 was observed after exposure to environment containing camphor where as 90% inhibition by cowdung-cow urine, 23% inhibition by hawan samagri and 37% inhibition by dasang jhuna were observed after 11 days of inoculation (Table 3). The growth of A28 kept in environment containing commercial air freshener was completely inhibited where no mycelia growth was observed. The radial growth of A28 culture which was kept in environment containing cowdung-cow urine further remained constant at 14mm after 3rd day of growth. Table (3): Effect of different air purifiers on periodic growth of aflatoxigenic-sclerotic Aspergillus flavus isolate A28 on PDA. Colony diameter in mm. Treatments day1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day 6 day 7 day 8 day 9 day 10 day 11 19 24 36. 5 46 53 63 73 80. 5 86. 5 88. 5 90 Camphor 12. 5 15. 5 18. 5 19. 5 22. 5 23 23. 5 23. 5 24. 5 26 27. 25 Commercial air freshener 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cowdung+Urine 11 13. 5 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Dasang jhuna 0 0 7. 5 8. 5 14 19 26 31 39 47 57 Hawan samagri 15. 5 25. 5 37 47 50 55 57. 5 60. 5 63. 5 66. 5 69 LSD at P<0. 05 is 2. 31; LSD at P<0. 01 is 3. 05 The culture plates of A28 which were kept inside desiccators for fifteen days containing different air purifiers were taken out and then incubated at 28°C to observe further changes in growth and culture characteristics. It was very significant to observe that A28 plates which were kept in environment containing commercial air freshener where no growth has been observed earlier, resumed growth very fast after shifting normal growth conditions in incubator (Table 4 and Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: (2019) LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil. 254:112983. (2020) Ecological influences of the migration of micro resin p1020. (2022) Deciphering the diversity and functions of plastisphere bacterial communities in plastic-mulching croplands of subtropical China. J 422:126865. (2020) Effects of co-loading of polyethylene microplastics and ciprofloxacin on the antibiotic degradation efficiency and microbial community structure in soil. Environ 741:140463. Wolińska A, Kuźniar A, et al (2017) Bacteroidetes as a sensitive biological indicator of agricultural soil usage revealed by a culture-independent approach. Ecol 119:128–137. (2010) Bacterial diversity at different stages of the composting process. BMC Microbiol 10:1–11. (2013) Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting. 33:1595–1601. (2017) Plastics in the garbage patch: A boat-microbe for hitchhikers and plastic degraders. Environ 599–600:1222–1232. (2018) Effects of soil residual plastic film on soil microbial community structure and fertility. 229:1–11 (2023) Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture 13 Patel H, (2021) Chap. 5 - Thermophilic fungi: Diversity, physiology, genetics, and applications. In: -N and FD in MB and B (eds). Elsevier, pp 69–93 Sharma H, Neelam DK (2023) Understanding challenges associated with plastic and bacterial approach toward plastic degradation. J 63:292–307. (2013) Communities of Associated with Biodegradation of Plastics. J 21:575–579. (2023) A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics. J 347:119193. (2015) Microbial degradation of plastic: a review. J 6:952–961 Liu Y, Qiao J-T, Yuan X-Z et al (2014) Hydrogenispora ethanolica gen. nov. , sp. nov.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Значит, надо ждать, когда нам на помощь придет соответствующее программное обеспечение, как пришли когда-то компьютерные музыкальные редакторы Finale и Sibelius. Мы должны помнить, что латинское forma означает вид, образ, и под этим понятием подразумеваются очертание, внешний вид, контуры предмета. Для традиционной архитектуры форма — это геометрический объект, построенный по законам эвклидовой геометрии.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: A ventilation intervention study in classrooms to improve indoor air quality: the FRESH study Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 17 December 2013 A ventilation intervention study in classrooms to improve indoor air quality: the FRESH study Jeannette TM Rosbach1,2, Machiel Vonk2, Frans Duijm2, van Ginkel3, Ulrike Gehring1 & …Bert Brunekreef1,4 Show authors 2012. Associations between the intervention and weekly average indoor CO2 levels, classroom temperature and relative humidity were assessed by means of mixed models with random school-effects. ResultsAt baseline, mean CO2 concentration for all schools was 1335 ppm (range: 763–2000 ppm). The intervention was able to significantly decrease CO2 levels in the intervention classrooms (F (2,10) = 17. 59, p < 0. 001), with a mean decrease of 491 ppm. With the target set at 800 ppm, mean CO2 was 841 ppm (range: 743–925 ppm); with the target set at 1200 ppm, mean CO2 was 975 ppm (range: 887–1077 ppm). ConclusionsAlthough the device was not capable of precisely achieving the two predefined levels of CO2, our study showed that classroom CO2 levels can be reduced by intervening on classroom ventilation using a CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. reports BackgroundChildren spend much of their time in schools; it is the indoor environment where they spend most of their time besides in their home. It is therefore important that schools have a good indoor air quality (IAQ). Classroom ventilation was already recognised as an important determinant of indoor air quality in the beginning of the 20th century [1]; however, even recent studies showed that classroom ventilation rates do not meet building standards. Two studies performed in in 2007 showed that more than 80% of the schools exceeded CO2 levels of 1200 parts per million (ppm) during classroom occupation [2, 3], which in is the advised maximum CO2 concentration for classrooms [4, 5]. Poor IAQ has found to be associated with a negative impact on health [6, 7]. However, these reviews mainly focussed on office buildings and their occupants. Daisey et al. [8] reviewed the literature published until 1999 with a specific focus on schools.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: In a MAPLE-optimized experimental style, awake flies are retrieved from the or FlyPlate and then transferred directly into the behavioral arena by sliding a multi-position loading port, a slidable clear lid with a 3. 5 mm diameter opening through which flies can be deposited and removed, into place above the arena, dropping the fly, and then sliding the port so it is inaccessible to the fly (Figure 3—figure supplement 1 and examples below). Social arena array Request a detailed protocol Arenas used for affiliative behavior (Figure 5) and circling bias experiments (Figure 2—figure supplement 1) are circular in shape with a 30 mm diameter and a height of 3 mm. Arenas are covered by a multi-position loading port. Two equal-sized semicircular compartments are formed by a 1. 5-mm-thick interaction barrier. Interaction barriers refer to individually laser-cut blocks that can be placed into corresponding openings in the middle of the circular arena, allowing separation of flies into individual compartments. Barriers were laser-cut from either clear or black acrylic and were designed to be either solid or open. Solid barriers were flat on the bottom. Open barriers had 4 ~ 0. 25 mm horizontal channels connecting the two compartments (Figure 5B; Video 12). Open barriers presumably facilitate the exchange of odor cues between compartments. Barriers could be made of clear acrylic, facilitating visual cues, or black acrylic. A social arena array comprises 81 circular arenas, with 162 semicircular arenas in total. Y-maze array Request a detailed protocol Locomotor handedness was assessed using y-maze arenas (Buchanan et al. , 2015). Individual arms of the symmetrical Y-shaped mazes are 15. 5 mm long and 120° apart. Arm ends are circular (5. 2 mm) in shape, making it easier for flies to turn around and permitting loading and unloading flies via multi-position loading ports (Figures 1). Arenas are covered with identical lids as those in the social arena array. A y-maze array comprises 81 y-maze arenas arranged equidistantly in a nine-by-nine grid. All parts described were manufactured from either clear or black acrylic and cut into shape using a laser cutter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Но современная архитектура уже давно выходит за ее рамки, и в сегодняшней архитектурной композиции форма участвует не только как отдельная плоская или объемная геометрическая фигура, а в большей степени как их комбинация или сопряжение. И это уже очень близко к музыке!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Schools were randomly allocated to the three study arms, but were allocated to the control arm when for practical reasons it was not possible to install the ventilation system (4 schools). The exact size of the classrooms has not been measured, but classrooms in measure approximately 50 m2. The average number of students in the studied classrooms was 26, per classroom one teacher was present. All studied classrooms relied on natural ventilation through opening doors and windows to provide fresh air. Table 1 provides more information on the schools. Table 1 School characteristics Full size table InterventionIn 12 schools we changed the classroom ventilation, using a specially designed and installed mechanical ventilation device. Based on a design of providing a stable ventilation flow with an adjustable outdoor air supply rate, this device consisted of an exterior constant flow fan (LAAHP12,. , China) placed outdoors. Within the device outdoor air was mixed with indoor air derived from the classroom via the return system. The mixing ratio between indoor and outdoor air was depended on the setting of the targeted CO2 concentration and was adjusted by means of a valve in the inlet of the outdoor air supply system. The mixture of indoor and outdoor air was than heated before being introduced into the classroom with a flow of approximately 1400 m3/h. Simple ducting (diameter 355 mm) lead the air without filtering into the building through a tailor made window pane. In the classrooms, the air was distributed through a flexible, perforated fabric air sock. A non-flexible duct was used for air exhaust. Both the air sock and exhaust duct were attached to the ceiling of the classroom. 1 the ventilation device and the installation within a classroom are shown. Figure 1 Installation of the ventilation intervention in a classroom. A = air sock for air supply, B = tailor made window pane, C = non-flexible duct for air exhaustion, D = ventilator. Full size image The device was CO2 controlled, using a real-time, self-calibrating CO2 sensor (Telair 6613 CO2 module, GE Measurement & Control, USA) to adjust the amount of outdoor air supplied, in order to achieve a target steady-state CO2 concentration in the classroom. This CO2 sensor was located at one of the walls of the classroom, at approximately 1. 5 m from the floor, where possible not close to windows and doors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea View 10. 7717/peerj. 3865 Published 2017-09-29 Accepted 2017-09-08 Received 2017-04-06 gene transfer, Archaea, Temperature, Oxygen utilization, Genome-size correction, © 2017 Fuchsman et al. is an open access 2017. Effect of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea. PeerJ 5:e3865 Horizontal gene transfer, the transfer and incorporation of genetic material between different species of organisms, has an important but poorly quantified role in the adaptation of microbes to their environment. Previous work has shown that genome size and the number of horizontally transferred genes are strongly correlated. Here we consider how genome size confuses the quantification of horizontal gene transfer because the number of genes an organism accumulates over time depends on its evolutionary history and ecological context (e. g. , the nutrient regime for which it is adapted). investigated horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria by first counting reciprocal BLAST hits among 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes to find shared genes. Then we used the DarkHorse algorithm, a probability-based, lineage-weighted method (Podell & Gaasterland, 2007), to identify potential horizontally transferred genes among these shared genes. By removing the effect of genome size in the bacteria, we have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea for their genome size. Interestingly, archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share unusually large numbers of genes. However, high salt was not found to significantly affect the numbers of shared genes. Numbers of shared (genome size-corrected, reciprocal BLAST hits) and transferred genes (identified by DarkHorse) were strongly correlated. Thus archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share horizontally transferred genes. These horizontally transferred genes are over-represented by genes involved in energy conversion as well as the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and amino acids. and thermophilic bacteria share unusually large numbers of genes with archaea. This is mainly due to horizontal gene transfer of genes from the archaea to the bacteria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Смело можно говорить, что музыкальная форма — это объект N-мерного пространства, образованного работой гармонических функций, применяемых на всех уровнях структурирования звучащей материи. А раз так, то к анализу музыкальной формы может быть в полной мере привлечен математический аппарат высшей алгебры. И это дает огромные возможности для более глубокого и точного понимания результата структурирования музыки. DOI 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: By means of the recirculation and constant air flow blinding of students, teachers and field investigators to the level of outdoor air supply was established. As classrooms in have approximately the same size, one single ventilation flow was chosen (approximately 1400 m3/h) that was enough to realise the targeted CO2 concentration without creating disturbingly high air flows within the classroom. For this study, pre-set levels of 800 and 1200 ppm CO2 were defined. The lower level represents the level advised by the joint Health Services. The upper level represents the basis on which Regulations have formulated the minimal achievable air flow for the design of new schools [4, 5]. To maintain a cross-over in the design, in half of the classrooms, we started ventilating at 800 ppm, the other six schools started with a setting of 1200 ppm. In the third week of the study, the ventilation regime changed. To prevent thermal discomfort and create a more or less stable classroom temperature, the device was equipped with an air pump able to both heat and cool the outdoor air before it was introduced into the classrooms. Classroom temperature was set at 21°C, to minimize differences between the schools. Based on measurements of a real-time temperature sensor (located at the same position as the CO2 sensor) cooling or heating of the supplied air was adjusted according to the classroom temperature. As the experiment was carried out in winter seasons, classroom temperature was higher than outdoor temperature. Even though no measurements were performed of the exact temperature of supplied air, it is to be expected that this air was heated. When classroom temperature exceeded 21°C, colder air was supplied to lower the indoor temperature. Furthermore, the system was designed to maintain system noise below 35 dB (A). This value has shown to be the threshold for annoyance and disturbance [21]. Indoor measurementsDuring the study weeks, each classroom was equipped with two data loggers (GRP-300 Pro () in study region 1 and ATV-IAQ set () in study region 2) for CO2, temperature and relative humidity. These data loggers were calibrated each year by the manufacturer. The loggers were positioned as much as possible at the height of the desks of the pupils and on the opposite sides of the classroom. Log interval was 4 minutes. From the two data loggers the average was taken to represent classroom CO2, temperature and relative humidity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: In general, these transfers are from archaea that live in similar oxygen and temperature conditions as the bacteria that receive the genes. Potential hotspots of horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria include hot springs, marine sediments, and oil wells. Cold spots for horizontal transfer included dilute, aerobic, mesophilic environments such as marine and freshwater surface waters. gene transfer (HGT) is an essential aspect of microbial evolution, but its mechanisms, rates, and consequences are poorly understood and difficult to quantify (Boto, 2009). Some organisms are more likely to engage in horizontal gene transfer than others. For HGT to occur, the transferred DNA has to be incorporated into the genome after uptake. For this reason, HGT is more common among closely related organisms (Kloesges et al. , 2011). Intra-domain gene transfer seems to have been particularly important in bacterial evolution (Wolf et al. , 2012). However, HGT does occur between archaea and bacteria and is more easily detected in such cases. Since the apparatus for transcription and translation are significantly different between archaea and bacteria, only transferred genes with strong benefits would be retained in their new genome, as their initial expression is likely to be low (Lawrence & Hendrickson, 2003). There is abundant evidence of HGT of key genes between bacteria and archaea adapted to live in similar environments: hot acid (Fütterer et al. , 2004), acid mine drainage (Guo et al. , 2015), extremely high salt (Mongodin et al. , 2005), marine (Frigaard et al. , 2006; Brochier-Armanet et al. , 2011), high mercury (Barkay et al. , 2010), and high temperature (Rhodes et al. , 2011). Whether HGT is limited by geography has not been well investigated, but it likely spans oceans and continents. HGT between archaea and bacteria can be accomplished by acquiring free DNA from the environment, which implies greater proximity between the two parties, or by transfer of DNA from viruses or gene transfer agents. A comparison of viral metagenomes across the world’s oceans revealed that viruses are widely dispersed, though there is a relationship between geographic and genetic distance (Angly et al. , 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals. Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended, or not defended at all. Here, we report a new multi-order mimicry complex that includes at least 140 different putative mimics from four arthropod orders including ants, wasps, bugs, tree hoppers and spiders. All members of this mimicry complex are characterised by a conspicuous golden body and an ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits. However, they were similarly effective at deterring predators - even mildly defended mimics were rarely eaten by a community of invertebrate and vertebrate predators both in the wild and during staged trials. We propose that despite the predominance of less defended mimics the three predatory guilds avoid the mimics because of the additive influence of the various defensive traits. eLife digest Many animals use bright colours to warn a potential predator that they can defend themselves. Wasps, for instance, are armed with a harmful sting and advertise this fact via their distinctive yellow and black stripes. Predators often learn to heed such warnings and avoid these unpalatable animals in future. As a result, animals that mimic another animal’s warning signals can reap the benefit of being left alone by predators even if they are otherwise undefended. Textbooks on evolution are typically full of different examples of mimicry. However, the specifics of these examples are often poorly understood. Ninety years ago a famous Australian entomologist, Alexander Nicholson, suggested the existence of large groups of mimics in the Australian wildlife. More of these so-called “mimetic complexes” have recently been recognized among several species of insect, but not previously in ants. Now, Pekár et al. have looked at all known ants and ant-like mimics in Australia and discovered over 140 species that use gold and black colours as a warning signal. Most of the species were ants, but the collection of mimics also includes wasps, spiders, true bugs and insects called treehoppers. Some of the mimics were less palatable than others, and they possessed a range of defences, including spines and foul-tasting chemicals. Pekár et al. then looked in the guts of 12 species of predators in the wild, and found that very few of them ate the mimics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: In those 12 classrooms, on average we decreased mean CO2 with 491 ppm compared to baseline (sd = 324, range: -1085–124 ppm). With the setting of the ventilation set at 800 ppm, the average CO2 concentration was 841 ppm (sd = 65) with a range of 743–925 ppm. When set at 1200 ppm, the average CO2 concentration was 975 ppm (sd = 73, range: 887–1077 ppm). In the control classrooms, during the second and third week, CO2 concentrations ranged from 740 to 2328 ppm, with an average mean CO2 concentration of 1350 ppm (sd = 486). Figure 2 displays the boxplot of CO2 concentrations per condition per week. The P98 results confirm that the ventilation device was able to maintain a maximum level of 1200 ppm CO2, whereas it was more difficult to keep CO2 levels below 800 ppm (Table 2). Figure 2 Boxplot of mean CO 2 concentration per condition per week. Full size image Table 5 provides the results from our mixed model analysis. From this analysis we can conclude that classroom CO2 levels were statistically significantly decreased during the intervention (F (2,10) = 17. 59, p < 0. 001). Compared to baseline, the estimated mean decrease in CO2 with the setting at 800 ppm was 558 ppm (SE = 97. 8). For the setting of 1200 ppm, the estimated mean decrease was 424 ppm (SE = 97. 8). The mean difference in decrease compared to baseline between the two settings of the intervention was 134 ppm (SE = 29. 3, t (10) = 4. 57, p = 0. 001). Table 5 Mean decrease of CO 2 (ppm), temperature (°C) or relative humidity (%) compared to baseline measurements Full size table The result of implementation of the ventilation intervention and its effect on the CO2 in a classroom is illustrated in Figure 3. This graph displays the CO2 concentration during the three weeks of the study in one of the experimental classrooms. The graph shows how in the first week, high CO2 peak concentrations exist, which no longer occur during the second and third week. Also, it shows how the CO2 concentrations are much more stable in the two intervention weeks. Furthermore, the graph shows the (slight) difference in CO2 concentration during the second (ventilation set at 1200 ppm) and third (800 ppm) week.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Though most viruses are specific to either bacteria or archaea, Caudovirales viruses may be able to infect both bacteria and archaea (Prangishvili, Forterre & Garrett, 2006), and little is known about the range of gene transfer agents (McDaniel et al. , 2010). Multiple methods of detecting HGT have indicated that it can be influenced by the lifestyles of the organisms involved. One analysis of recent HGT, as determined by identification of identical 500 nucleotide blocks, indicated that ecology was more important than phylogeny; oxygen tolerance and pathogenicity were identified as the strongest factors (Smillie et al. , 2011). Another study identified several hundred phylogenies of single genes (out of 7,000) that reflected the lifestyles of the organisms rather than their taxonomy (Schliep et al. , 2011). For example, in 597 gene trees, hyperthermophiles and non-hyperthermophiles were better discriminated than were archaea and bacteria (Schliep et al. , 2011). Rhodes et al. (2011) also detected increased transfer between thermophiles. However, when halophilic archaea were examined with the same technique, they appeared to have predominantly exchanged genes with non-halophilic microbes (Rhodes et al. , 2011). It is possible this could be related to an ancient acquisition of 1,000 bacterial genes that caused Haloarchaea to differentiate from methanogens (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2012). Contrastingly, Gophna et al. (2015) found a negative correlation between growth temperature and gene transfer. In short, evidence indicates that horizontal gene transfer is affected by lifestyle differences, particularly growth temperature, oxygen utilization and pathogenicity. Many similar studies, however, have reported that genome size is the most important factor determining the amount of horizontal gene transfer. In a study utilizing phylogenetic trees to examine HGT in eight genomes, genome size and %GC were the most significant factors determining the number of horizontally transferred genes, rather than more environmentally-relevant factors (Jain et al. , 2003). Presence-absence patterns discordant with species trees have also indicated that large genomes have more horizontally transferred genes than small genomes (Cordero & Hogeweg, 2009; Gophna et al. , 2015). A small genome is an adaptive strategy that allows a microbe to use fewer nutrients and resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: When mimics were offered to three different predators (specifically a lizard and two species of spider), most avoided the mimics regardless of whether they were palatable or unpalatable. Instead, the predators preferred to eat a spider that was not a member of the group of mimics because it lacked the gold colouration. Further studies are now needed to continue to document the details of this and other mimetic complexes. For example, this includes revealing how the different defences protect the members of the complex from predators do not use vision to recognize their prey and so cannot see the warning colouration. All this is needed to understand evolutionary processes that have fascinated biologists for decades, and explain how such large mimetic complexes evolved and persisted in spite of the influence of the community of predators. complexes (i. e. a composite of several Müllerian and Batesian mimics) have long fascinated biologists for the theoretical and empirical challenges they pose. Classic Müllerian mimicry was thought to only include equally defended species (Müller, 1878), while Batesian mimicry (Bates, 1862) describes undefended species resembling defended models. In reality, this simplistic dichotomy (sensu Speed, 1999) represents the end-points of a mimetic spectrum that contains species that vary in their mimetic fidelity and/or their degree of defensiveness. A topic of considerable debate (Sherratt, 2008) is the putative influence that moderately defended mimics have on the stability of mimicry rings (i. e. a composite of several similar Müllerian mimics). Discrepancy in protection between two mimetic species may dilute the protection of a more defended species (Speed, 1999). Great tits (Parus major, Paridae, Passeriformes) for instance, attacked artificial models more often when less defended mimics were frequently encountered and food was restricted (Rowland et al. , 2010). In direct contrast, associative learning mechanisms predict a mutualistic relationship between moderately and highly defended members of the ring (Rowland et al. , 2007): wild caught great tits equally avoided four species of true bugs with varying levels of defence but which shared similar warning colours (Hodová Svádová et al. , 2013). Müllerian mimicry rings typically consist of a few closely related species (Symula et al. , 2001; Williams, 2007; Alexandrou et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Three week graph of mean CO 2 concentration in one of the experimental schools. Full size image The intervention was designed in such way that classroom temperature did not decrease as a result of supplying (cold) outdoor air. At baseline, average indoor temperature was 20. 9°C (sd = 1. 1, range: 19. 2–23. 0°C). In the intervention classrooms average temperature during weeks two and three was 20. 6°C (sd = 1. 0, range: 18. 5–23. 3°C), in the control classrooms average temperature was 20. 9°C (sd = 1. 2, range: 18. 5–22. 5°C). No significant effect of the intervention on classroom temperature was found (F (2,10) = 2. 13, p = 0. 170), nor on differences between the two intervention settings (Table 5). Indoor relative humidity at baseline was 42. 2% (sd = 9. 9, range: 27. 1–62. 3%), in weeks two and three average relative humidity was 41. 2% (sd = 8. 0, range: 29. 4–55. 0%) in the control classrooms and 34. 5% (sd = 6. 6, range: 16. 7–44. 9%) in the intervention classrooms. This decrease in relative humidity due to the intervention appeared to be statistically significant (F (2,10) = 4. 16, p = 0. 049). No significant difference between the two intervention conditions was found (Table 5). During the study, outdoor CO2 concentration was on average 471 ppm (sd = 53, range: 350–660 ppm), mean outdoor temperature was 4. 7°C (sd = 5. 1, range: -12. 7–16. 9°C), and mean outdoor relative humidity was 87. 1% (sd = 8. 5, range: 54–100%). DiscussionThis study showed that it is possible to use a portable, tailor made mechanical ventilation device to improve outdoor air supply in schools during the heating season. In the classrooms where we intervened we found an average decrease of 491 ppm CO2 with, however, little difference between the two experimental conditions. The target value of 1200 ppm was more than met, however the target value of 800 ppm proved to be more difficult to achieve.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Proteins in reciprocal best hit files were matched to LPI numbers from DarkHorse for both the bacteria and archaea. If the LPI number was below 0. 2 for either the bacteria or the archaea, the reciprocal best hit was tagged as horizontally transferred (Table S4). For each archaeon, each bacterium with a horizontally transferred gene count more than 1. 96 standard deviations from the mean was defined as significantly enriched in horizontally transferred genes and considered to form an enriched pair with that archaeon. This technique is susceptible to multiple testing issues, but enrichment with three or more archaea is considered robust. Three bacteria were >1. 96 standard deviations from the mean for only one archaea and were not substantiated by enrichment in shared genes (above). These three bacteria were removed from further analysis as potential false positives. COlinking proteins to COGs or Clusters of were downloaded from NCBI ftp site. The COG collection used was originally created in 2003 (Tatusov et al. , 2003) and then used to identify COGs in subsequently sequenced genomes. The numbers of RBH in each category can be seen in Table S5. Fifteen categories had enough shared genes in them to examine statistically. COG categories were examined both with and without removal of the genome size effect. analyses, a four-parameter log–logistic function was fit between bacteria and each archaea for each COG category to remove the effect of genome size, as described above. The removal of the correlation of RBH and genome size was checked for each COG and archaea and was successful in all cases (R2 < 0. 001). Additionally, to further take GC into account, the effect of genome size and GC were simultaneously removed from the residuals for each archaea by multiple linear regression using the number of genes in the bacterial genome, reciprocal BLAST hits, and GC content. (Clarke, 1993) analyses were done with the Primer 6 program ( Results and the 448 bacterial genomes used in this study, 273 are from non-pathogens, 81 were anaerobes, 42 were thermophilic or hyperthermophilic (optimum growth temperature >50 °C; abbreviated as “(hyper)thermophilic”) (Fig. 1; Table S1). Regarding salinity, there were 72 moderately halophilic bacteria and 6 extremely halophilic bacteria (Table S1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2011), with the exceptions of the species-rich mutillid wasp (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015), Heliconius butterfly (Mallet and Gilbert, 1995) and bumblebee (Williams, 2007) complexes. These complexes, despite being speciose, are taxonomically limited because their members often belong to only a single family or genus (Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera). The mutillid wasp complex is suspected of including species from other orders but this has not been formally presented (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015). A mathematical model suggests that mimicry complexes should be common in multispecies communities with distantly related taxa (Beatty et al. , 2004). The general lack of data on multi-order mimicry complexes may represent an observer bias. For example, ants have been largely overlooked as Müllerian mimics, yet they are diverse, typically well defended through a range of defensive measures including a sting, noxious chemicals, spines, a thickened cuticle, mandibles and communal attack (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990). There is also a rich diversity of invertebrate taxa that mimic ants. Species within Müllerian rings thus far described use the same defensive traits. Heliconius butterflies, for instance, rely on their distastefulness while mutillid wasps have a venomous sting. The degree of distastefulness or level of venom toxicity within a mimicry ring is expected to vary among members. Experimental investigations, that started a hundred years ago (e. g. McAtee, 1912, 1932), have tended to focus on a single visually-oriented predatory guild and yet most environments contain a wide range of potential predators of mimics. For example, species that mimic ants may encounter several ant-averse and ant-eating predators (Pekár et al. , 2011). In some microhabitats, such as leaf litter, the ant-eating predators (which often use chemical cues to recognise prey) and ant-adverse nonvisually-orienting predators are indeed more common than visually-orienting ones, thus exerting strong selection pressure on mimics to signal their unpalatability in sensory modalities other than visual.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: They either up- or down-regulated the ventilation to achieve CO2 levels of < 1000 ppm (‘better than usual’) or CO2 concentrations of 2000 to 2500 ppm (‘worse than usual’). Each condition was implemented for 2 days. They report that it was difficult to regulate the ventilation in such way that the targeted CO2 levels were achieved: only on half of the days of the ‘worse than usual’ condition CO2 concentrations were higher than 2000 ppm and on 22 (of the 40) days of the ‘better than usual’ condition CO2 concentrations were below 1000 ppm. Wargocki and Wyon [22] performed three experiments in which they also adjusted the existing outdoor air supply of the mechanical ventilation of schools by altering the fan capacity. They aimed on increasing ventilation rates from approximately 3 to 10 L/s per person. Using a general mass balance equation from measured CO2 concentrations, they were able to estimate the actual effective ventilation rates. In the first experiment estimated mean effective ventilation rates were 4 L/s and 8. 5 L/s per person, in the second experiment these ventilation rates were 3 L/s and 6. 5 L/s per person and in the third experiment 5 L/s and 9. 5 L/s per person. This shows that while they aimed for a threefold increase of the ventilation rates, the estimated actual effective ventilation rates were doubled. Bakó-Biró et al. [15] intervened upon classroom ventilation using an installation similar to the one we used in the FRESH study. The biggest difference with our study is that they did not adjust ventilation to achieve predefined levels of CO2, but used the installation to either supply fresh air or recirculate the indoor air in a blinded fashion. As this study aimed at comparing high and low levels of outdoor air supply, with their intervention set at recirculation, they were able to achieve big differences in CO2 concentration between the two experimental conditions. In their study, Smedje and Norbäck were able to study the change in indoor air quality in schools that renewed their ventilation system [12]. They observed that air exchange rates improved, and that associated CO2 concentrations decreased on average by 270 ppm due to a new ventilation system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Most of the bacteria in this dataset are aerobic mesophiles, even when pathogens are not included (Table S1). Of the archaea, 34 were anaerobes and 34 were (hyper)thermophilic (Fig. 2: Table S1). Twenty-three archaea were moderately halophilic while six were extremely halophilic (Table S1). Only four archaea were mesophilic aerobes living at normal salt conditions (Fig. 2: Table S1). However, this reflects current knowledge of archaeal diversity, i. e. , few major taxonomic divisions of archaea include representatives from aerobic non-extreme environments with complete genome sequences. For example, there are only two main types of archaea commonly found in the oxic ocean: Thaumarcheota and II Euryarcheota (Karner, DeLong & Karl, 2001). and IV Euryarcheota are also occasionally found in the ocean but have not been sequenced (Zhang et al. , 2015). Thaumarcheota are the main type of archaea in oxic soils (Bates et al. , 2011) and in oxic freshwater (Reitschuler, Hofmann & Illmer, 2016). There are at present only 11 known genera in the phylum Thaumarcheota, four of which are represented in our dataset (one is thermophilic). There are presently two known types of II Euryarcheota (Zhang et al. , 2015), one of which is included in our dataset. Figure 1: Tree of all the bacteria used in this study. For names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the bacteria. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the bacteria. The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–3 pairs, orange 4–24 pairs, and red 25+ pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-1 Figure 2: Tree of all the archaea used in this study. For archaeal names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the archaea. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the archaea.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Thus one of the major outstanding questions regarding the contribution of mimics to the function of mimetic rings is evaluating the success of Müllerian and/or Batesian mimicry by analysing the selection pressure exerted by all predators in a given environment (Blumstein, 2006). Here, we describe a novel diverse and species rich mimicry complex consisting of golden ant, wasp, true bug, treehopper, and spider mimics and we investigate hypotheses concerning their unpalatability and resulting efficacy against predation. Mimetic complexes are often composed of rings – groups of species that draw advantages from similar aposematic signals (Williams, 2007; Wilson et al. , 2015). Thus, our first step was the identification of separate rings to understand how the mimicry complex evolved and is reinforced. We therefore tested whether the rings have a sympatric distribution, which would indicate a mutualistic relationship between mimics and whether mimics within a ring share common ancestry. Our second step was to quantify the relationship between the proposed aposematic signal (golden/black colouration) and the level of noxiousness or distastefulness of the mimics that display the signal. Aposematic warning signals and distastefulness are expected to evolve together within a species (e. g. Ruxton et al. , 2004) and thus, the strength of the distasteful stimulus should coincide with the conspicuousness of the warning signal (Speed and Ruxton, 2007). In this mimicry complex, we investigated whether there is a positive relationship between signal intensity and unpalatability across species as has recently been found among lady-bird beetles (María Arenas et al. , 2015). This would mean that truly Müllerian mimics are expected to honestly signal their distastefulness but truly Batesian mimics display a conspicuous warning signal without the noxious stimulus. We tested these assumptions by correlating the size of the warning signal (golden/back colouration) with a measure of distastefulness derived from the sum of defences found in the mimics. Our critical third step was to extend the scope of previous studies of mimicry complexes by experimentally testing the efficacy of the aposematic signal, and indeed the validity of the Müllerian mimicry claim, through staged predator-prey trials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, they also reported a significant decrease in relative humidity in schools with a new ventilation system (-10%), compared to schools that did not change their ventilation system (-2%). ConclusionsVarious studies, including our own, show that intervening on classroom ventilation is effective if one wants to change indoor CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, both our own study and the studies of Twardella et al. [16] and Wargocki and Wyon [22] show that field experiments are not comparable with laboratory experiments and that it can be challenging to execute the study as designed. Altogether, our study has shown that classrooms CO2 levels can be significantly reduced by installing a CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. Author’s contributionsJTMR supported in the design of the study, led and participated in field work in one of the study regions, conducted data processing, analysis, and interpretation and drafted the manuscript. MV contributed to the study and intervention design, participated in data collection in one of the study regions and managed the overall project. MV furthermore helped draft the manuscript. JTvG contributed to the intervention design, participated in data collection in one of the study regions and reviewed the finalised manuscript. UG contributed to the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data and critically reviewed the manuscript. FD and BB conceived of and managed the project and helped prepare and critically review the draft. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsIAQ: Indoor air quality ppm: Parts per million FRESH: Forced-ventilation related environmental school health (acronym for the study) m3/h: Cubic meters per hour dB(A): A-weighted decibels L/s: Liters per second sd: Standard deviation SE: Standard error. 1229. 10. 2105/AJPH. 17. 12. 1226. 236. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 1993. 00003. x. 252. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 1999. 00003. x. 64. 10. 1034/j. 1600-0668. 2003. 00153. x. 204. 10. 1111/j. 1600-0668. 2010. 00703. x. 1686. 10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 165324. 528. 10. 1111/ina. 12042. 25. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: In general, the numbers of potentially horizontally transferred genes identified by DarkHorse are greater in bacteria that form archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in shared genes (Fig. 4 and Fig. S5). Over half (55%) of the bacteria in pairs with enriched RBHs also had greater than two standard deviations above the mean potential horizontally transferred genes identified by DarkHorse. Figure 4: Comparison of shared and transferred genes. Examples of HGT for anaerobic hyperthermophile Desulforococcus kamchatkaensis (A), anaerobic mesophile Methanosarcina acetivorans (B), aerobic mesophile Nitrosopumilus maritimus (C). In the first column the number of potentially horizontally transferred genes as determined from the DarkHorse algorithm is compared to the number of reciprocal best hits between bacteria and each archaeon. A positive value on the x-axis indicates the RBH count was greater than 1. 96 standard deviations from the mean. In the second column, the number of potentially transferred genes is compared to the number of those genes transferred from archaea to bacteria. In the third column, the number of potentially transferred genes is compared to the number of those genes transferred from bacteria to archaea. Color-coding describes whether the bacterium forms a pair with the archaeon listed (red), with any archaea in this study (blue), or not with any archaea (green). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-4 Correlations with growth conditions After the effect of genome size is removed, interesting trends emerge between the number of shared genes and the lifestyles of archaea and bacteria. For example, the enriched archaeal-bacterial pairs involving Desulfurococcus kamchatkensis, an anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, predominately include (hyper)thermophilic bacteria (Fig. 3A). Similarly, Methanosarcina acetivorans, an anaerobic mesophilic archaeon, primarily forms enriched archaeal-bacterial pairs with anaerobic bacteria (Fig. 3B). Contrastingly, the number of archaea-bacteria pairs involving extremely halophilic bacteria and Haloarcula marismortui, an extremely halophilic aerobic mesophilic archaeon, are not significantly more than expected for their genome sizes (Fig. 3C).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on the broad diversity of defences used by mimics in this complex, we predict that predators should learn quickly to avoid mimics (Beatty et al. , 2004), and that mimics should be protected from a range of predators. Finally, we examined how the aposematic signal and the level of defensiveness interplay with a community of predators that rely on multiple sensory modalities. Mimicry complexes are typically characterised by a distinct colour pattern and hence experiments are often biased towards visual-oriented predators and usually vertebrates. In reality, the members of a complex are exposed to predators that use a variety of sensory modalities and foraging modes to detect and subdue their prey. We combined staged predatory trials with a dietary analysis of wild populations of a community of predators to test the hypothesis that more unpalatable species are attacked less frequently by a community of predators. of the mimetic complex We uncovered a cross-order mimicry complex, consisting of at least 140 arthropod species including 126 ant species, seven spider species (and several forms), three species of true bugs, one mutillid wasp and one treehopper (Table 1). Members of the complex are all ant-like in appearance and characterised by a dorsal patch of golden coloration combined with blackish colouration (Figure 1, Video 1), which we recognise as an aposematic signal (RGB contrast: mean = 241. 4, SD = 58. 1, N = 55). Related non-mimetic species are typically uniformly black or brown. Table 1 List of mimic species belonging to the golden complex arranged according to the order, family (subfamily), and genus (subgenus).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: A Review of issue in honor of Prof. David Y. H. Pui for his “50 Years of Contribution in and Technology” (VII) Details 2023 - Issue 7, July 2023 12 May 2023 Reach: 7135 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Download Citation: RIS|BibTeX| Download: PDF | Cite this 0407. systematic literature review was conducted on the evolution of cleanroom design and operation. Early cleanrooms demanded very high air change rates and laminar airflow system. Energy efficiency led to lowering flowrates and using demand-control techniques. Stochastic events like human movement and door opening interrupt effective decontamination. Future research must account for stochastic events into design and operation practice. ventilation systems are well-established; however, the advantages and limitations of current practices need to be examined and explained further. This study begins by looking over the history of cleanroom ventilation systems that creates the basis for understanding ventilation rate specifications, terminologies employed in ventilation effectiveness, and recognizing scientific studies that correlate ventilation effectiveness with air change rates. This systematic review includes a comprehensive summary that contains a set of historical data and evidence that may be used to specify ventilation requirements in cleanrooms. Scientific 99. 95%) and positive pressurization (Whyte, 2010). Air distribution patterns, and more specifically unidirectional airflow patterns, were first proposed by Whitfield (1962). The unidirectional air flow system gained immediate attention from cleanroom designers (Whitfield and Whitfield, 1981). This current work does not intend to study how cleanrooms emerged and how they have evolved over time; interested readers can refer to excellent work on the history of cleanrooms (Naughton, 2019). Instead, the aim is to study the scientific 1. Historical evolution in cleanroom ventilation and air distribution systems. This 2. Distribution of reviewed 3. 1 for the relevant papers gathered, studies were designed to address certain problems that often arose in cleanrooms, including contamination spread, airflow, turbulence, overuse of energy, etc. These studies produced important findings for the future of cleanrooms, which were then used to set new cleanroom regulations and design recommendations. Efforts were invested in characterizing the role of ventilation in cleanrooms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: 001 Low vs significant pH (2 way w/Temp) Not significant with 16S Matrix 0. 176 0. 000 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/table-1 Like the number of reciprocal best hits, the number of potentially transferred genes is highest among anaerobic or thermophilic bacteria and anaerobic or thermophilic archaea (Fig. 4 and Fig. S5). sp. BAV1, 12–31% of total shared genes were horizontally transferred, and this was fairly typical for bacteria enriched in shared genes. The numbers of transferred genes were larger than the residual from the upper confidence interval for shared genes, but these two numbers are not necessarily comparable. However, it does seem likely that a large proportion of the extra shared genes in enriched archaea-bacteria pairs (i. e. , those identified by our correction for genome size) were horizontally transferred. Figure 7: Examination of horizontal gene transfer in individual bacteria. Bacteria that form pairs with >3 archaea for either the number of residual reciprocal best hits (RBH) or potentially horizontally transferred genes, as determined by DarkHorse. The color coded bar graphs represent the number of archaea with which that bacterium forms enriched pairs (similar to Fig. 6). Bacterial names (left) are also color coded by bacterial oxygen utilization and growth temperature as in legend. Circles next to bacterial names indicate bacterial isolation environment. The column of numbers indicates the average number of horizontally transferred genes from archaea to bacteria for each category of archaea in the order aerobic thermophilic, anaerobic thermophilic, anaerobic mesophilic, and aerobic mesophilic archaea. The average number of HGT genes from archaea to bacteria for the entire dataset is four. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-7 The DarkHorse results on horizontal gene transfer can be evaluated to determine the direction of transfer (i. e. , from bacteria to archaea or from archaea to bacteria). Most documented cases of HGT between bacteria and archaea are predominantly unidirectional from bacteria to archaea (Wiezer & Merkl, 2005; Kanhere & Vingron, 2009; Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: OrderFamily (Subfamily)Genus (Subgenus)SpeciesHymenopteraFormicidae(Formicinae)Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr; aurocinctus (Smith); bigenus Santschi; ephippium (Smith); fergusoni McArthur; nigroaeneus (Smith); oxleyi Forel; piliventris (Smith); setosus Shattuck and McArthur; suffusus (Smith); tasmani Forel; thadeus Shattuck; wiederkehri (Chariomyrma)appendiculata Emery; arcuata (Le Guillou); aurea Mayr; bedoti Forel; constricta Emery; cydista Kohout; cyrus Forel; guerini Roger; heinlethii Forel; lata Emery; obtusa Emery; pallescens Mayr; schoopae Forel; senilis Forel; vermiculosa (Hagiomyrma)ammon (Fabricius); ammonoeides Roger; anderseni Kohout; angusta Forel; archeri Kohout; aurora Kohout; brisbanensis Kohout; brutella Kohout; burwelli Kohout; callima Kohout; capeyorkensis Kohout; conciliata Kohout; cracenta Kohout; crawleyi Forel; darlingtoni Kohout; denticulata Karavaiev; diversa Kohout; dougcooki Kohout; electra Kohout; elengatula Kohout; feehani Kohout; hoffmani Kohout; melanura Kohout; nourlangie Kohout; penelope Forel; pilbara Kohout; placida Kohout; seducta Kohout; semiaurata Mayr; stricta Kohout; tanami Kohout; tenebra Kohout; thusnelda Forel; trapezoidea Mayr; tubifera Forel; unicaria Kohout; vernoni Kohout; weiri (Hedomyrma) argentosa Forel; barretti Clark; cleopatra Forel; consimilis Smith; cupreata Emery; daemeli Mayr; erato Forel; euterpe

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: The idea of ventilation-driven pollutant removal is that the airflow should carry the contaminants toward the exit, where the contaminants were assumed to be transported by convective transport, which is the transport of passive p1. The spreading radius (SR) was calculated from the first moment of the contaminant distribution function as described in Saidi et al. (2011). It was shown that the contaminant source motion and its path impact the contaminant distribution. They recommended shifting the source motion path to the dominant direction of the ventilation airflow for improved contaminant distribution and final efficiency. In terms of configurations, the best overall performance was achieved with the lateral inlet/outlet configuration (Saidi et al. , 2011). Chen et al. (2022) conducted a simulation study for an ISO class 8 cleanroom to investigate the appropriate ACH for meeting a self-cleaning time of 20 minutes as required by current good manufacturing practices and analyzed the field distribution of p0. 7 to 1. 3, the concentration decreased by 46% (Zhou et al. , 2020). It was established that human occupants were the major source of contamination inside cleanroom and the contamination source strength inside the cleanroom was linear with occupancy (Strauss et al. , 2011). In discussions about factors affecting airflow in cleanrooms, Zhao et al. (2004) demonstrated through the simulation study that contaminant concentration varied based on occupant level and furniture inside a cleanroom because obstacles significantly influenced airflow. They provided the p41. 7 percent less power supply in this mode (Yang et al. , 2021). A comparative study between the displacement and LAF ventilation systems showed that displacement systems yielded a significant correlation between air and surface contamination, which was not apparent for the LAF systems (Friberg and Friberg, 2005). Lin et al. (2010a) studied the ventilation effectiveness of a proposed new ventilation scheme for semiconductor cleanrooms where the cooling load was high. Changing the conventional mixing system to fan dry coil units (FDCUs) placed above the process tools resulted in removing 20–70% more sub-micron p0. 1-micron p0. 1 to 1. 2 micron within 30 minutes when the generation source is inside the room (Ciuzas et al. , 2016). 3. 3 Optimization and Controls of Emphasis on reducing fossil fuel energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions creates a demand for an advanced cleanroom ventilation system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: The number of transferred genes from bacteria to archaea may be five-fold larger than the number of genes transferred from archaea to bacteria (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2015). Our results agree with this trend for “normal” archaea-bacteria pairs (i. e. , those that are not enriched in shared genes); these pairs generally have more genes transferred from bacteria to archaea (Fig. 4 column 3; Table S4). However, of the 58 bacterial genomes that form pairs for enriched numbers of shared genes, over half had 11 or more genes horizontally transferred from archaea to bacteria (Fig. 7), whereas the mean number of archaea to bacteria transfers for all genomes is only 4 ± 7. Anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic bacteria have more transferred genes from anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic archaea, respectively, than from aerobic or mesophilic archaea (Fig. 7). Some bacteria, such as Dictyoglomus and Dehalococcoides, have 30–50 horizontally transferred genes from archaea (Fig. 7). These results suggest that the unusually large numbers of shared genes in our enriched archaea-bacteria pairs is primarily due to an unusually large number of gene transfers from archaea to bacteria in anaerobic and (hyper)thermophilic conditions. Examination of halophily Given that the numbers of shared genes are strongly associated with bacterial growth temperature and oxygen utilization, the lack of any significant correlation with halophily is surprising (Table 1) though consistent with results from Rhodes et al. (2011). There appears to be no difference in the numbers of shared genes between bacteria and archaea for non-halophilic and moderately halophilic bacteria. Of the six extremely halophilic bacteria, only two, Salinobacter ruber and Chromohalobacter salexigens, were ever enriched in RBHs. Salinibacter ruber, which is known to share genes with haloarchaea, including rhodopsins and a hypersalinity island (Mongodin et al. , 2005), was enriched in shared genes with each of the six extremely halophilic archaea. Salinibacter also possessed many horizontally transferred genes from archaea (Fig. 7).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text:  Forel; hermione Emery; mjobergi Forel; ornata Mayr; rufifemur Forel; terpsichore Forel; thais Forel Formicidae(Formicinae)Polyrhachis (Myrma) andromache Roger; foreli Kohout; inusitata (Myrmhopla) dispar Kohout; dives Smith; reclinata Emery; sexspinosa (Latreille) Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) bellicosa Smith Formicidae(Dolichoderinae)Dolichoderus angusticornis Clark; clarki Wheeler; dentatus Forel; doriae Emery; extensispinus Forel; inferus Shattuck and Marsden; niger Crawley; rufotibialis Clark; scabridus Roger; scrobiculatus (Mayr); turneri anderseni Shattuck; azureus Viehmeyer; coeruleus Heterick and Shattuck; roseatus Heterick and Shattuck; ypsilon Forel Formicidae(Myrmeciinae)Myrmecia athertonensis Forel; auriventris Mayr; borealis Ogata and Taylor; chrysogaster (Clark); cydista (Clark); eungellensis Ogata and Taylor; fabricii Ogata and Taylor; flavicoma Roger; fulviculis Forel; fulvipes Roger; gilberti Forel; harderi Forel; luteiforceps Wheeler; mandibularis Smith; michaelseni Forel; petiolata Emery; piliventris Smith; rugosa Wheeler; tepperi Emery; tridentata Ogata and Taylor FormicidaeDiacamma schoedli Shattuck and Barnett (Ponerinae)Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery) MutillidaeEphutomorpha aurata (Fabricius)HemipteraEurymelidaeEurymela rubrolimbata Kirkaldy RhyparochromidaeDaerlac apicalis (Distant); cephalotes (Dallas); nigricans DistantAraneaeSalticidaeMyrmarachne erythro

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Several techniques have been developed to mathematically describe the thermal and dynamic behaviors of complicated ventilation systems in various operating conditions. Engineers have been able to develop complicated mathematical models and computational simulations to estimate the airflow field, air velocity, and temperature distributions with any control volume. These models have been widely used as a reliable tool for optimizing the system’s performance and sizing. Similarly, the advent of electromechanical actuators allows the integration of linear and non-linear control algorithms in ventilation systems. The classical and modern control strategies have been implemented to minimize actuators’ operating time subject to different ambient conditions. This section aims to review the steps taken in the last decades to optimize ventilation systems subject to cleanroom operating conditions and limitations. 3. 3. 1 air distribution systems have been investigated for cleanrooms (Melikov et al. , 2011). Simulations based on the actual physics of the ventilation system continue expanding to replace expensive real-world testing. For example, in one of the earlier CFD studies, Quarini et al. (1997) could identify the stagnation areas where the p0. 2 m s–1 and 0. 6 m s–1. The concentration of synthetic p3. 3. 2 to least sophisticated control tool was using a system of dampers to reduce the ventilation systems’ energy consumption (Tschudi et al. , 2002). Kim et al. (2005) designed a computer-controlled damper system that features a micro gas sensor with an auto ventilation controller to keep the level of contaminations and toxic gases below the prescribed value. This system traced small variations in toxic gases while automatically removing excess concentrations by allowing more clean air into the room. Koidl (2006) offered a design for high efficiency cleanrooms featuring optimized vacuum pumps with proper air change rates and demand-controlled filtration. The energy efficiency of cleanrooms with five different HVAC configurations has been explored by Hu and Tsao (2007). It was shown that allowing air recirculation could reduce energy consumption by up to 50%. However, p89. 6 percent of reheating and 63. 3 percent of total energy (Zhuang et al. , 2021). Ma et al. (2021) investigated the potential approaches for reducing energy consumption by doing experiments in four semiconductor cleanrooms. They showed that the cooling, heating, and humidification coils account for 31 to 41.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Salinibacter was isolated from a salt cistern, which is the saltiest habitat known to harbor bacteria (Mongodin et al. , 2005). None of the other extremely halophilic bacteria in this dataset reach the ultra-extreme halophily of Salinobacter (Hirschler-Rea, 2003; Hou et al. , 2004; Mongodin et al. , 2005; Auman et al. , 2006; Hoeft et al. , 2007). is an exception among the six halophilic bacteria examined here in its extensive sharing and transferring of genes with archaea, and this may be related to its extreme halophily. We do not deny that halophilic archaea have been changed by horizontal gene transfer with bacteria. However, the ancient transfer of 1,000 bacterial genes that allowed the class Haloarchaea to form from methanogens (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2012) would not be marked as transferred in our scheme because the genes are present in several genera. Additionally these genes don’t appear to be shared specifically with other modern sequenced halophilic bacteria. Correlation with genome %GC Along with oxygen utilization and growth temperature range, bacterial genome %GC content was also a significant factor correlated with the number of shared genes (Table 1). As has been noted previously (Naya et al. , 2002; Wu et al. , 2012), in our dataset aerobic bacterial genomes have a significantly higher %GC (59%) than anaerobic bacterial genomes (45%; p < 0. 001) but GC content does not correlate with oxygen utilization in archaea. Similar to Hurst & Merchant (2001), GC content does not correlate between temperature groups in either archaea or bacteria in our dataset. To verify that %GC is not confounding the effect described above for anaerobes and (hyper)thermophiles, we repeated our analyses after correcting for both genome size and genome %GC by multiple linear regression (Fig. S4). The magnitude of the %GC correction (average of 2. 6 per 10% GC change) was much smaller than that for the original genome size correction (average 45 per 1,000 genes). Interestingly, a relationship between GC content and reciprocal blast hits was only significant for aerobic archaea (p < 0. 01).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: cephala forma erato (L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 1995) has in earlier works (Bjerg et al. , 2008) shown to be more suitable to handle turbulence in a room with air intake through porous material in the ceiling and, consequently, the realizable k-ε turbulence model was used in this work. 2. 1. 2. Calculation of ammonia emissionIn estimation of yearly average ammonia concentrations and emissions it was assumed that the ventilation system runs with 100 percent of its capacity in 10 percent of time and with 40, 20 and 10 percent of capacity in 30 percent of time each, see Fig 4. Calculation of air cleaning efficiency was based on the assumption that the ammonia will be removed to a level of 1 ppm in the treated air, which corresponds to the performance of commercial systems. A setup with treatment of all air from a unit without pit ventilation is used as reference case for estimating the efficiency of treating of pit exhaust or treating of a minor part of room (ceiling) exhaust. 2. 2. Results and discussionFig. 8 shows simulated airflow and ammonia concentration distribution for the case with total ventilation of 40 m3h-1Pig-1. The left picture show the case with a pit ventilation of 10 m3h-1Pig-1, and the right picture show the case without pit ventilation. It is clear that pit ventilation creates a significant reduction of ammonia concentration in the entire room. In the animal occupied zone (0 to 0. 6 m above floor) the average concentration was reduced from 13. 5 to 5. 5 ppm corresponding to a reduction of nearly 60 percent. Figure 8. Simulated airflow and ammonia distributions (ppm) at total ventilation of 40 m3h-1Pig-1, (a) with pit ventilation of 10 m3h-1Pig-1, and (b) without pit ventilation. Fig. 9 shows ammonia concentration in the exhaust air from the room at different levels of air change from the pit and totally. Figure 9. Ammonia concentration in room exhaust at different pit ventilation and entire unit ventilation. Time weighted values, shown to the right in the graph, assumes total air change of 100 m3h-1Pig-1 in 10 percent of time, and 40, 20 and 10 m3h-1Pig-1 in 30 percent of time each.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: A two-way of the secondary residuals indicated that oxygen utilization and growth temperature of the bacteria were still significant factors affecting numbers of RBHs (aerobic vs. anaerobic R = 0. 382 p = 0. 001; mesophilic vs. hyperthermophilic R = 0. 676p = 0. 001). address the question of whether bacteria and archaea from the same habitats are more likely to engage in HGT, we categorized the DarkHorse and RBH results by the environment from which the archaea and bacteria were isolated. Habitats with similar temperature and oxygen characteristics, such as terrestrial hot springs and marine hydrothermal vents, have similar numbers of horizontally transferred genes and RBHs between bacteria and archaea (Fig. 8). A similar correspondence was observed with animal guts and sediments, both of which harbor a high proportion of anaerobic organisms involved in the degradation of complex organic matter (Fig. S7). These findings suggest that metabolic and physiological similarities could be more important in determining successful gene transfers between archaea and bacteria than co-habitation. However, our database does not include bacteria and archaea isolated from exactly the same area, which would be needed to examine this question more thoroughly. Figure 8: Comparison of transferred and shared genes with habitat. Comparison of transferred (A) and shared (B) genes with habitat. Particularly, we compare genes in hotsprings and hydrothermal vent bacteria to hotsprings and hydrothermal vent archaea. HGT stands for horizontally transferred genes, and RBH stands for reciprocal best hits or shared genes. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-8 Our findings do suggest that HGT is more common in some habitats than others. Oil wells, hot springs, and sediments are environments where bacteria and archaea share unusually large numbers of genes (Fig. 5B). 30% of bacteria with HGT genes >2 standard deviations above the mean were from hot springs, 32% were from sediments and 20% were from soil (Fig. 7). Thermophiles employ various mechanisms to mitigate DNA degradation at high temperatures, so thermophile-derived DNA may be more likely to persist both inside and outside of cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Koch); erythrocephala forma ornata (L. Koch); erythrocephala forma daemeli (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aeneopilosa (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aurea (Ceccarelli); macleayana forma foreli (Bradley) Ligonipes illustris scutellata (Kritscher) CorinnidaeNyssus luteofinis Raven GnaphosidaeEilica sp. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Projection of the mimicry complex on a pruned phylogenetic tree. The tips of the tree represent species and full circles are coloured according to putative ring classification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: As average during a year it is estimated that pit ventilation of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 will reduce ammonia concentration in the exhaust with 31, 55 and 68 percent, respectively, and inside the room the ammonia concentration will be reduced correspondently. Fig. 10 shows total ammonia release and the emission from the room at different levels of air change from the pit and totally. Figure 10. Total ammonia release (aggregated bars) and emission from the room (black part of bars) at different levels of pit ventilation and entire unit ventilation. White part of bars show emission through pit exhaust assuming no air cleaning. Figure 11. Ammonia release (aggregated bars) and ammonia emission to the surroundings (black bars) at different air cleaning strategies. 100 percent corresponds to the ammonia emission from a unit with no air cleaning or pit ventilation. White part of bars shows removed ammonia. It can be seen that an increased level of pit ventilation increased the ammonia release if cleaning system is not available. Using pit ventilations of 5, 10 and 20 m3h-1Pig-1 during a year will result in increased ammonia emission of 16, 26 and 35 percent, respectively. The simulation without pit ventilation showed that a decreased air change from 100 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 resulted in 13 percent decreased in ammonia emission. This can be compared with the result of a Danish investigation of the influence of air change on ammonia emission where the average air change were reduced from 80 to 40 m3h-1Pig-1 (Lyngbye et al. , 2006). In that investigation the room temperature was maintained by cooling the air inlet resulting in a reduction of the ammonia emission of 10 percent. The agreement with this investigation supports the assumption that a constant ammonia concentration on pit bottom surface is a reasonable simplification in CFD-modelling for analyzing the influence of ventilation strategy on ammonia emission. Fig. 11 shows calculated performance of different cleaning strategies. For a unit with no pit ventilation it appears that cleaning of all exhaust air (100 m3h-1Pig-1) reduce ammonia emission with about 90 percent. If the cleaning system is designed to handle 10 percent of the ventilation capacity the reduction of ammonia emission is 41 percent, and measured in relation to the capacity of cleanings system this strategy is 4. 5 times as efficient as cleaning all the air.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: 666 p = 0. 001 NS DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/table-2 have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea after accounting for the effect that genome size has on the number of shared genes (Fig. 5A). In general, these unusually large numbers of shared genes can be explained by horizontal gene transfer from archaea to bacteria (Figs. 4 and 7). More specifically, (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic archaea are most likely to transfer genes to bacteria that live in high-temperature and anoxic habitats respectively (Fig. 7), though the genes transferred between anoxic and high temperature archaea and bacteria do differ (Table 2). In contrast, aerobic mesophiles appear to engage in very little inter-domain horizontal gene transfer. The most likely explanation for these results is that the (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic organisms whose genomes were included in this study were isolated from environments (e. g. , hot springs, oil wells, sediments) with high population densities where cells are in close proximity and therefore more likely to exchange genes. This study suggests that bacteria inhabiting bodies of water are less likely to contain genes transferred from archaea and that rates of horizontal gene transfer would be greatly underestimated if based only on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the importance of adjusting for genome size when investigating other factors associated with the number of genes shared among genomes. Due to this genome size adjustment, this study is the first to be able to examine the effect of environment on horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria on a broad scale. 1-5 of data used in analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-1 from the upper 95% CI for shared genes split into : 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-2 Figures 1–7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-3 We would like to thank Devine for statistical advice and Cedar McKay for computer support. authors declare there are no competing interests. Clara A. Fuchsman, Collins and William J. Brazelton conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Representatives of each ring are shown. Four types of defence are projected on the branches. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of selected mimetic species belonging to the golden complex. The golden sheen is achieved by diverse modes. Among the hymenopteran representatives (ants and wasps), the golden sheen is generated only by pubescence of varying density (Figure 2). Consequently, this visual effect entirely disappears when they are submerged in ethanol. In contrast, true bugs and spiders use a combination of hairs and yellow pigmentation (in the exocuticle of the abdomen/gaster), while the treehopper appears to use only pigment as the golden shine is lost after death. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Modes of production of the golden shine. (A) Polyrhachis ammon, gaster, SEM. (B) P. ammon, detail of hairs. (C) Dolichoderus clarki, gaster, SEM. (D) D. clarki, detail of hairs. (E) Myrmecia tepperi, gaster, SEM. (F) M. tepperi, detail of hairs. (G) Camponotus aeneopilosus, gaster, SEM. (H) C. aeneopilosus, detail of hairs. (I) Ephutomorpha aurata, gaster, SEM. (J) E. aurata, detail of hairs. (K) Daerlac nigricans, gaster, SEM. (L) D. nigricans, pigment. (M) Myrmarachne luctuosa, abdomen, SEM. (N) M. luctuosa, pigment on abdomen. (O) Eurymela rubrolimbata, pigment on gaster. SEM (A–K, M) and light photography (L, N, O) of the dorsal side of mimics. The cluster analysis suggested the existence of ten putative rings within the complex, according to variation in the dorsal colour pattern but the differences were rather small (Figure 3A). These rings were distributed across the Australian continent with a considerable overlap.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Cleaning of 10 percent of the air exhausted directly from the pit removes 73 percent of the ammonia emission and related to the cleaning capacity this is 8 times as efficient as cleaning all the air from the room. But due to increased ammonia release in the pit ventilated system the consumption of acid to reduce the ammonia emission with a certain amount will increase with about 35 percent. Advertisement 3. Airflow pattern and ventilation efficiencyVentilation systems in livestock buildings are designed to remove heat, moisture and containment gases in order to maintain temperatures and concentrations that are suitable for the animals. The airflow in pig units with diffuse air inlet through the ceiling is characterised by low air velocities primarily generated by the buoyancy force due to the convective heath release from the animals, and CFD-analyses have shown relative large spatial difference in temperature and concentrations in these systems, and consequently, there exists a potential to improve the ventilation effectiveness if the exhausts can be moved to locations with higher temperatures or concentrations. Pigs are usually resting more than 80 percent of the time and the therefore the heat release will be most concentrated and generate a higher temperature and an upward air stream above the resting area. This has inspired to conduct an analysis of the influence of moving the exhaust to a location immediately above the resting area as it appears from Fig. 12. The result presented in Fig. 13 shows that if the air change is maintained at 40 m3pig-1h-1 then the general air temperature level will drop about three degrees. Ventilation systems in modern pig production facilities are usually designed to control the air change in a way that maintains a predefined temperature measured by a temperature sensor above the animals. Figure 12. Pig unit with two alternative ventilation exhausts (through ceiling or above animals). The lower picture in Fig. 13 shows that the air temperature distribution becomes very similar to the ceiling exhaust case if the air change is reduced 40 % in the case with exhaust above the resting area. Additional analysis shows that a 40 % reduction of air change in combination with location of the exhaust above the resting area will not degrade the condition in relation to carbon dioxide or ammonia concentrations in the room. Potential benefits of such an arrangement will be reduced energy consumption for running the ventilation system, reduced emissions - where especially odour emission can be expected to decrease with decreased air change and finally if air cleaning of the entire air change are required it may result in significant savings in both investments and operation cost.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Nov, a novel arsenite-oxidizing, haloalkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium capable of chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic growth with nitrate or oxygen as the electron acceptor. of Systematic and 57:504-512 -. 2004. Genome sequence of the deep-sea γ-proteobacterium Idiomarina loihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as a source of carbon and energy. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101:18036-18041. 2001. High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes. Proceedings of the B: 268:493-497. 2003. Horizontal gene transfer accelerates genome innovation and evolution. and Evolution 20:1598-1602 Jun S-. 2011. Archaeal RNA polymerase and transcription regulation. in Biochemistry and 46:27-40 Kanhere A, Vingron M. 2009. Transfers in prokaryotes show differential p2001. Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Nature 409:507-510. 2011. Networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths. and Evolution 28:1057-1074. 2012. Phylogenomics of prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. 7:e36972. 2002. SHOT: a web server for the construction of genome phylogenies. Trends in Genetics 18:158-162 Lawrence JG, Hendrickson H. 2003. Lateral gene transfer: when will adolescence end? 50:739-749. 2012. Nitrospira-dominated biofilm within a thermal artesian spring: a case for nitrification-driven primary production in a geothermal setting. Geobiology 10:457-466. 2010. High frequency of horizontal gene transfer in the oceans. Science 330:50 Meyer-. 2011. Hydrothermal ecotones and streamer biofilm communities in the. 13:2216-2231 Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T. 2003. Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure. in Biotechnology 14:255-261 ø -Valera F. 2005.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: For instance, rings in the east coast of Australia overlapped where species richness was the greatest (Figure 3B). However, the degree of sympatry in a ring was not related to colour pattern (estimated from 24 measures of the colour pattern, body size and area of golden patch) similarity (Mantel test, r = −0. 03, p=0. 79). We did not find a strong effect of phylogeny on the classification into rings (GLS, Pagel’s λ = 0. 22, Figure 1). All this indicates that the splitting into ten putative rings was artificial and there is only one complex. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Mimetic rings and their distribution. (A) NMDS ordination of species classified into ten putative rings (stress = 0. 16). The rings were distinguished by k-means clustering using ssi criterion (in which the maximum value indicates the correct number of clusters), which is shown on the right of the plot. (B) Map of distribution of ten putative rings in Australia. Mimicry and degree of unpalatability We determined the unpalatability of 100 species belonging to the golden mimicry complex. Because several complementary forms of defence are likely, we estimated total unpalatability for each mimic based on the sum of morphological, chemical, and behavioural defensive traits. Our analyses uncovered a spectrum of mimics from non-defended (Batesian) to highly defended (Müllerian) species. For instance, the spider and treehopper species had the lowest unpalatability score (i. e. sum of normalised measurements on defensive traits) and were therefore classified as Batesian mimics. Daerlac bugs, mutillid wasps and all ant species were unpalatable, but we found considerable variation in the degree of unpalatability ranging from quasi-Müllerian to unambiguously Müllerian, mimics. The index of unpalatability had an overall normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk normality test, W = 0. 98, p=0. 21) with the highest frequency consisting of moderately-palatable species. Unpalatability varied in each ring but the variation was not significantly different among the ten rings suggested previously (Bartlett test, K26 = 11, p=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: The numbers in the figure correspond to the required ventilation rates for the 10%, 20%, and 30% levels of the percent dissatisfied judges. No single factor causing SBS has yet found any consensus. Sometime after its last official document on SBS in 1995, WHO discontinued the use of SBS as a medical diagnose. A contemporary search on the homepage of WHO yields zero hits. However, that a correlation seem to exist between SBS-related issues and some ventilation parameters receives some consensus in the multidisciplinary field concerned with healthy buildings. In 2001 [50], managed to convene several European principal researchers in the field to search for consensus on the connection between ventilation and health. There are few well-designed studies that adequately account for all the multiple factors that are encountered when assessing indoor environments. Out of the selected 105 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals only 30 were deemed conclusive for the question at hand. The consensus statement include the conclusions that there is:“a strong association between ventilation and comfort (as indicated by perceived air quality) and health (as indicated by SBS symptoms, inflammation, infections, asthma, allergy, short- term sick leave). … also indicates that there is an association between ventilation rate and productivity (as indicated by performance of office work). ” [50]. A similar exercise, with a larger geographical spread of the researchers, was initiated by in 2010. Many conclusions were similar, but it should be noted that the panel members were divided as to whether the association between ventilation and health outcomes (excluding SBS) was strong or simply suggestive [51]. Both studies conclude that air change rates (see Section 2. 2) below 0. 5 h−1 leads to increased infestations of house dust mites in the Nordic countries. The latter was deemed important, since there is a plausible link between exposures to the feces of house dust mites and the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis [52]. This concludes the selective short history of ventilation. The idea that ventilation promotes health by removing harmful substances has been a lingering and recurring theme. The effects of indoor exposure to harmful substances are typically studied as dose–response assessments [39]. The relevant exposure dose is the concentration of the harmful substance in the indoor air and the responses are the measureable effects on humans. When adverse health effects are established, the exposures of those harmful substances are usually regulated or their use simply forbidden [39].

Output: corroborate