Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: We then investigated whether the distribution of body size in Liolaemus has evolved around a given number of SVL optima (i. e. , whether stabilizing selection has promoted macroevolutionary convergences of the trait against one or more such peaks), using the ‘surface’ package in R [63, 64]. This surface method fits an adaptive radiation model in which lineages on a phylogeny may experience convergent shifts towards adaptive optima on a macroevolutionary Simpsonian landscape, importantly, without assumptions of whether some lineages correspond to particular optima [63, 64]. Based on an OU model [60] in which all species are pulled against a single adaptive optimum in morphospace, employs a stepwise model selection approach based on AICc, which allows for identification of the best model and the numbers and positions of adaptive peaks (i. e. , trait ‘regimes’), and hence, for convergence towards these optima over evolutionary time [63, 64]. We then modelled body size disparity through time (DTT). Based on size data from extant species (see above), this approach calculates the mean disparity for the trait over time, and compares the observed body size disparity with that expected under a null model of Brownian-motion by simulating body size evolution 10,000 times across the tree [12]. Then, the average body size disparity obtained from the real and the simulated data are plotted against node age to calculate the morphological disparity index (MDI). This index quantifies the overall difference in relative disparity for the trait among and within subclades (i. e. , differences in the range of variation) compared with the expectation under the null Brownian motion model [13, 62, 65]. Negative MDI values indicate lower than expected trait relative disparity under Brownian motion (i. e. , low average subclade relative disparity), which in turn indicates that most disparity occurs among subclades, and therefore, that they occupy smaller and more isolated areas of the morphospace [12]. In contrast, positive MDI values indicate that relative disparity among subclades shows stronger overlap in morphospace occupation [12]. Trait disparity analyses were conducted using the R package ‘geiger’ [62].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: Leadership in AI: A Plan for in Standards and [64] mentions “reliable, robust, and trustworthy AI technology development” (p. 4, p. 22). While it never concretizes the term, “reliability” and “robustness” match a subset of the original “trustworthy AI’s™” three pillars (i. e. pillar three). Looking at AI governance efforts in China, according to CSET’s translation of the 2021 for Artificial IntelligenceFootnote 17 (original text source: [60]) published by the PRC’s Ministry of Science and Technology, this policy document 4. 3 LessonsThere appear to be two intertwined lessons we can draw from the preceding sections. First, given the rapid rise in AI strategies, there was a significant policy vacuum that raised new considerations. This contributed to a situation in which governments and policymakers were under significant time pressure to develop relevant discourse. This, in turn, made it more appealing to align work with that of others who faced similar issues and to handle them in a similar manner, be that in concept or content. One area where this ‘copy-paste’ discourse was especially evident was in the development of Ethics Guidelines. Because all actors arrived at similar conclusions and were inconspicuously inspired by similar texts, almost all ended up developing a similar subset of areas [43, 47]. Footnote 18 Generally speaking, it makes sense that well thought-out and researched ideas would proliferate similar discourse and inspire adjacent strategies and documents. In many cases, this may even be a good thing, particularly if the original concept or idea is robust and translated into many different documents by virtue of reference or adaptation, without it being watered down or amended. A similar process applied to the conceptualization of what overarching class of AI systems governments wish to encourage, and thus “trustworthy AI™” inspired a class of efforts to use a variation of the term in their own documents and processes, for better or worse. Second, the preceding sections demonstrate that the EU has an opportunity to shape the AI policy space. Section 4 supports the idea that the EU has been wielding some degree of soft power with “trustworthy AI™” (albeit only in description and not in content). This may be indicative of the vacuum with regards to good AI policy approaches, as described above, as well as of the memetic appeal of the original term.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: This study has illustrated the importance of referral procedures between crisis mental health services, highlighting the complexities professionals face when trying to support young people in crisis, exhibiting limits on professional freedoms to refer young people into other mental health and community services. It has been highlighted in other literature that poor communication and collaboration between services has caused CYP to fall between the gaps, acting as a barrier to receiving the right help and support [13]. This research argues that the findings from the study regarding the promotion of robust and standardised policies and guidelines when transitioning to adult mental health services [26], be expanded to the movement between all services providing crisis and step-down crisis care. Improving consistency in service provision, policies, and guidelines would not only help professionals when navigating access between services, but also for CYP accessing them. Lack of information for CYP has been identified as a barrier for accessing crisis mental health services, as they do not know where to go when experiencing crisis [13], which is most likely not helped by the current inconsistencies in service provision. The successful dissemination of appropriate information about crisis services to staff and CYP would be much more probable if it were less haphazard. The survey results highlighted a single point of access as another way of improving accessibility into and between services. A single point of access is recommended elsewhere as a general characteristic that crisis services should share [13]. Some participants specifically suggested that the NHS 111 telephone line could be utilised for this purpose. The use of 111 as a point of access to crisis care services is currently in the process of being implemented across the UK [30]. Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of telephony crisis services for CYP [13], the success of this working as a referral route used by professionals between services is less likely. Therefore, the development of a professional version of a 111 phone-line for movement between services, or another standardised process which streamlines the referral process between all services involved in crisis care is necessary to remediate current issues experienced by service users and professionals in the movement between services. Better referral routes would not only enhance the movement between services but may also impact professionals’ attitudes towards the length of service provision. This research unearthed discrepancies within professional attitudes towards the length of crisis support. Some of whom believe current crisis service provision is too short, and more flexibility to extent the length of care should be given.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Red arrows indicate the position of the three body size peaks (in mm) identified by the surface analysis (see text for details)Full size image Our model-based analyses of body size diversification identified OU as the best approximation to the observed pattern of evolution of this trait in Liolaemus (Table 2). Therefore, our results suggest that body size diversification has been subject to stabilizing selection that has forced the expression of the trait around certain adaptive optima over time. and BM models were, respectively, the next best-fitted models, while the EB model was identified as the weakest approximation to describe the pattern of body size evolution (Table 2). Our subsequent convergence analyses of multiple body size peaks on a Simpsonian landscape revealed that three optima (or body size regimes) exist within Liolaemus, suggesting that species are pulled by stabilizing selection around the size optima 57. 96 mm, 80. 45 mm, and 87. 66 mm (Additional file 2: Figures S1 and S2). Table 2 Rates and modes of evolutionary diversification in Liolaemus body size based on comparisons of the fit of four evolutionary models. Fitted models are Brownian-motion (BM), Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU), Early-Burst (EB) and Delta. Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table Finally, our analysis of trait-dependent macroevolutionary diversification identified a negative linear function as the best model. That is, diversification rates increase as a linear function of decreasing body size (Table 3). Table 3 QuaSSE trait-dependent lineage diversification in Liolaemus. Analyses based on selection from multiple models described by a linear, sigmoidal or hump-shaped function with (drift) and without a ‘drift’ or directional term added to the model fitting (see text for details). Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table DiscussionRapid early bursts of phylogenetic, phenotypic and ecological diversification within a lineage entering a novel adaptive zone are central components of the definition of a process of adaptive radiation [2, 71].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: See: given the number of similar sounding terminologies that have been in use, including aspects discussed in Sect. 2 of this paper, it is difficult to say with certainty whether the US policy space’s frame of reference has indeed been shaped by the EU or whether they decided to use this term independently. See: should be noted, however, that it is difficult to capture an entire field and that this coherence may also be due to a simplification and accessibility concern for audiences. See: of the most commonly cited examples of the is the Regulation which California emulated when it passed the CCPA: Ethics guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence. Independent high-level expert group on artificial intelligence. 2019. EU proposal for artificial intelligence act, analysis and recommendation. 2021. D. Concrete problems in AI safety. arXiv [cs. AI]. arXiv. 2016. Autonomous vehicle technology: a guide for policymakers. RAND Corporation. 2016. S, Selbst AD. Big data’s disparate impact. Review. 2016. B, Alejandro N- Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Inform Fusion. 2020;58(June):82–115. 8253. Bietti E. From ethics washing to ethics bashing: a moral philosophy view on tech ethics. J Soc Comput. 2021;2(3):266–83. 27. to enact the Protection Act, the and the and to make consequential and related amendments to other Acts. House of Commons of Canada. Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry. 2022. A. effect: how the European union rules the world. Oxford: Press; 2020. Book 2020. No one should trust artificial intelligence. Innov Govern. 2018; 11: 14Calo R. Peeping HALs: making sense of artificial intelligence and privacy. . 2010;2(3):168–92. 2021. 2020. Book 2019. Republic. of the Czech Republic. Ministry of Industry and Trade. 2019. AI governance: opportunity and theory of impact. Effective altruism forum, 17th September. 2020. Danaher J. Automation and utopia: human flourishing in a world without work. Cambridge: Press; 2019. Book 2022. AI principles: recommendations on the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense. Board.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: The sample of participants, although representative of some of the crisis services in (Safe Zone, the and ), it does not represent all professionals working with children and young people in crisis services across (in-patient facilities, A&E, crisis phone lines, police and ambulance etc. ). Therefore, this is only a snapshot of the wider picture available. That said, providers organising crisis services may be able to transfer relevant conclusions drawn from this small-scale study to their own context. Furthermore, we implore providers within other contexts to use this research in assistance to evaluate their own provision of crisis services, to act as a benchmark and foundation to draw from. Whilst this survey sufficiently answered our research questions, we recommend that crisis services have a clear and transparent evaluative process structured into their policies and practices, so that relevant data can be collected consistently for evaluative purposes. A cross-sectional survey, such as this one, is helpful for planning on retrospect, however, having access to detailed, longitudinal data would enable a deeper analysis of the different impacts of crisis services over time and determine what services and strategies work. Future research focused on the practical enhancement of crisis service provision should include a wider range of crisis services, beyond the bounds of the NHS, to explore the wider field of crisis services available to young people. Additionally, the comparison of professional perspectives with service users would elicit an even deeper understanding of current crisis services and how providers may enhance them. 5 ConclusionThis research found 7 clear actions to enhance the provision of crisis mental health services for young people in Greater Manchester: (1) 24/7 specialist crisis service provision for young people; (2) consistency in offer across locality; (3) extension of crisis services to 16–18 year olds; (4) clear and standardised referral routes between services; (5) a single point of access for young people, and for professionals making referrals; (6) enhance integration between crisis services, and between crisis services and step-down services, through service awareness training (specialist and community); (7) enhanced integration through developing a shared system for professionals working across services that offer support to young people in crisis, and post crisis, to share information and communicate better. Some of those points support current initiatives taken by the NHS to improve crisis services across the UK; others offer a novel perspective from professionals which may influence providers in their organisation of crisis services.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: g. , 23], which would explain their differences in radiation patterns. Ecological opportunity is, however, unlikely to be a feature of islands only. Instead, we argue that ecological opportunity is temporally episodic and dependent on the environmental (i. e. , ecological, geographic, climatic) stability of a landmass. Islands are in general more unstable [76], while continents (given their larger area) are more stable over time. Therefore, the emergence of ecological opportunity is more likely to be a function of landmass area, and hence, it may only be less frequent in continents. In fact, continents are known to have been scenarios for active adaptive radiations driven by emergence of ecological opportunity, for example, following mass extinctions [1–3, 72]. In line with these views, the prolific continental radiation of Liolaemus lizards has been suggested to be importantly explained by large-scale ecological opportunity [6, 35]. Adaptive radiations can be triggered by extrinsic factors such as the arise of new ecological opportunity via emergence of novel environments, and/or by intrinsic factors (‘key adaptive innovations’) that increase the availability of niches to a diversifying lineage [1–3, 7, 9]. Pincheira-Donoso et al. [6] suggested that the onset of this lizard radiation resulted from a combination of both scenarios. Extrinsically, the emergence and uplift of the Andes over the last ~25My [77, 78] created unprecedented novel ecological opportunity (an enormous new high-elevation ecosystem), which is known to have also promoted biodiversity proliferations in a variety of other organisms [79–82]. Intrinsically, given that low-temperature environments impose strong selection against reptile developing eggs in nests [83, 84], successful colonization of cold Andean climates demanded the evolution of prolonged embryo retention, i. e. , viviparity [6]. In support of this view, the overwhelming majority of cold-climate Liolaemus species are viviparous [6, 36, 85], and the multiple independent events of phylogenetic oviparity-to-viviparity transitions are strongly correlated with multiple independent invasions of colder environments during the lineage history [6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture View 10. 7717/peerj. 572 Published 2014-09-16 Accepted 2014-08-19 Received 2014-02-20 -Computer Interaction, Science and class room, Learning methods, Dental education Copyright © 2014 Nalliah and This is an open access 2014. Students distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture. PeerJ 2:e572 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 9. 85 (9. 53 for distracted students and 10. 44 for non-distracted students). There were no significant differences in test scores between distracted and non-distracted students (p = 0. 652). Gender and types of distractions were not significantly associated with test scores (p > 0. 05). All students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Conclusions. Every class member felt that they acquired the important learning points during the lecture. Those who were distracted by electronic devices during the lecture performed similarly to those who were not. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning. students currently enrolled in dental schools in the (US) were born in the 1980s or 1990s (Zickuhr, 2010; Elam, Stratton & Gibson, 2007). This generation is referred to as (Gen Y) and they function very differently to previous generations of dental students. Research in dental hygiene education has shown that students revel in group work and are sagacious technology users (Blue, 2009). Previous research has shown that passively listening to lectures is less effective than being engaged in a lecture where the student must solve “retrieval” questions that require them to go back to the information and find the answers (Karpicke & Blunt, 2011). The flipped classroom model is based on this concept, and retrieval questions and discussions are during the classroom session. students also have a proclivity to multitask and a need for immediate feedback, which the retrieval questions would provide (Blue, 2009). It is not currently known if multitasking during lectures impacts learning outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: and Outcome Disparities? — — August 25, 2016 Nicholas Lardinois, MPA; Debanjana Chatterjee, PhD Suggested citation for this 0126. DOI: icon. 1. 08% per year. Annual overall mortality rate reductions ranged from 0. 24% per year in Oklahoma to 1. 83% per year in Maryland. For disparities, the median for the black–white absolute gap was 3. 60% per year, and the median for the relative black-to-white ratio was 1. 19% per year. There was no significant correlation between the combined-race measure and either the absolute (0. 03) or relative disparity measure reductions (−0. 17). mortality in US states over a recent period, improvement in the population mean and disparity reduction do not usually occur together. The disparity reduction rates observed may provide realistic guidance for public and private policy makers in setting goals for reducing population health disparity and creating investment priorities. As a starting point for discussion, the observed national median annual percentage improvement of 1. 1 per year combined, 3. 6% per year absolute gap reduction, and 1. 2% per year relative gap reduction would be modest and reasonable goals. National and state health outcome goals are often framed in terms of improving the population mean and reducing or eliminating disparities within the population. For example, in 2020, the 2 overarching goals are 1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death, and 2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups (1). However as Keppel et al pointed out with regard to 2010, the first goal does not necessarily achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups (2). Different strategies are often needed for these 2 goals, and innovations often have higher effect, at least initially, on well-educated or advantaged populations, which can at least temporarily increase disparities (2–4). Trends in state health outcomes show large variations over time (5–8). Satcher et al showed that the black–white gap in mortality rates changed little between 1960 and 2000 (9). Another recent study found that large racial disparities in some states are explained by higher-than-average life expectancy among whites or lower-than-average life expectancy among blacks (10).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Invasions of cold-climate Patagonia have followed exactly the same patterns, thus reinforcing the ‘key innovation’ nature of viviparity [6]. Remarkably, over 55 % of the Liolaemus species for which parity mode is known are viviparous [6, 85]. Therefore, this relatively young continental lineage is likely to have adaptively radiated driven by ecological opportunity, and about half of its exceptional diversity potentially evolved as a result of the viviparity innovation that allowed access to exploit such opportunities [6]. Interestingly, as indicated by Schulte et al. [36], our results also suggest that the enormous climatic crises caused by the Pleistocene do not seem to have had an important role in the diversification of Liolaemus lineages (Fig. 2). Our lineage through-time analyses support a density-dependent model of adaptive radiation, as shown by the DDL + E model identified as the best approximation for the diversification within Liolaemus. This analysis suggests that Liolaemus diversification has tended to decline over time as a function of accumulating species, although both the exponential and the decline phases of the diversification curve are only slightly pronounced (in fact, the Yule model was identified as the next best alternative; Fig. 2). These findings contrast with the model-based analysis of body size diversification, which identified the ‘early burst’ (EB) model as the less preferred alternative (and the OU as the best one), while the relative disparity through-time analysis returned a positive MDI value (i. e. , extensive trait diversification, but strong subclade overlap in the morphospace, [12]). Traditionally, negative MDI values are interpreted as consistent with phenotypic diversification during adaptive radiation [12, 13, 16, 86]. Therefore, in our analyses, the rates and trajectories of diversification are not consistent between lineage and phenotypic evolution (although a negative relationship between the two seems to have dominated the radiation history of this clade; Table 3). However, we argue that the high phenotypic diversification and morphospace overlap found in Liolaemus can in fact be consistent with a process of adaptive radiation. In this lineage, geographic overlap among main subclades tends to be limited [31, 36, 87], compared to other reptile radiations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: Lectures are designed to be uni-tasking experiences that require the student to be fully engaged in the verbal and (sometimes) visual dissemination of information. Traditional lectures do not support multitasking activities and may actually be in conflict with them. A recent study on the impact of lecture retention from fidgeting and mind-wandering showed that retention of lecture material declined as time spent on a task increased. Additionally, fidgeting also increased as time increased, and fidgeting had a negative impact on retention (Farley, Risko & Kingstone, 2013). This suggests that shorter time-span educational activities may be more effective for retention. This paper reports the outcomes of a small quasi-experimental pilot study that assessed the role of distraction versus not in learning outcomes of a single lecture at of (HSDM). The post-lecture test was designed to measure content retention from the lecture and the post-lecture survey is designed to determine what electronic activities, like texting and emailing, students were engaged in. The objective of the paper is to compare retention outcomes to level of engagement in electronic activities. Although engaging in electronic activities doesn’t necessarily mean the student was distracted, we have compared whether or not students engaged in these activities to their performance on a content-retention test. Materials and design The current study is a pilot cross-sectional study at of Dental Medicine. A traditional lecture (on special needs dentistry) was delivered and a post-lecture questionnaire was administered to a 3rd-year class at HSDM. After the traditional lecture, a post-lecture test including 12 multiple choice test questions relating to the lecture content was administered to evaluate how effectively students learned the information in the lecture. The post-lecture test measured understanding and knowledge of the important concepts from the lecture. The post-lecture survey (this was not anonymous) also asked several questions about what electronic activities students were engaged in during the lecture. exemption was acquired for this study. The protocol number is IRB13-1300. Analytical approach Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. The primary outcome variable was the test scores (computed on a scale of 0 to 12). There were 12 multiple choice questions and each question was assigned one point. The primary independent variables of interest were if the students were distracted, type of distraction, and gender.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Webb et al constructed a health disparity index by race, which compared state performance but did not contrast disparity reduction with mean improvement (11). To our knowledge no jurisdiction in the has emphasized the potential trade-off between these 2 outcomes or given policy attention to how such trade-offs should be addressed. The objective of this study was to describe what US states recently experienced in overall mean improvement in mortality compared with the improvement in the black–white mortality gap. We tested the hypothesis that states that experience the greatest improvements in combined-race mortality also experience the greatest improvements in reducing racial disparities. We hope that such evidence will guide policy and investment planning so that the and the 50 individual states can set reasonable annual improvement targets to achieve in the coming decades. Data on age-adjusted mortality come from the publicly available CDC Wonder’s Database (12). We extracted mortality data on people younger than 75 years for all 50 US states and Washington, DC, for all sexes, for blacks, and for white non-Hispanics for all years from 1999 through 2013. Mortality was calculated per 100,000 people and age-adjusted by using the 2000 US standard population. We calculated the annual percentage change for the combined mortality of both races as well as by 2 mortality disparity measures for each state: racial gap as an absolute disparity measure and the black-to-white ratio as a relative disparity measure. Absolute disparity refers to the simple difference in a health outcome, whereas relative disparity refers to the health outcome of one group as a ratio of the other’s health outcome. To generate annual percentage changes, we used Stata/SE 14. 0 (StataCorp LP) to predict values from a linear regression of each measure on years for each state, providing a smooth linear trend (13). The absolute mortality gap by race was calculated by subtracting the white age-adjusted mortality from the black age-adjusted mortality for each year and each state. States that reported 50 or fewer deaths in 2000 in either racial category were excluded from our analysis because too few events can cause large variation in year-to-year mortality; for blacks, the states excluded were and Wyoming. Also excluded from our analysis were 4 states with a statistically insignificant relationship between the age-adjusted mortality racial gap and year according to a linear regression model of age-adjusted mortality racial gap and year: the excluded states were Alaska, Hawaii, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, overlap in morphospace does not translate into spatial (i. e. , ecological) overlap, and hence, such high phenotypic relative disparity is likely to have evolved independently among subclades in different areas [12]. In other words, the Liolaemus genus as a whole may be a collection of replicated and independently radiating subclades where events of diversification are marginally or not influenced by other subclades within the genus. The role for limited spatial overlap among diversifying lineages in the rates of phenotypic diversification has also been suggested elsewhere [2, 8, 12]. The principle is that EB-like diversification is more likely to occur in lineages with a large proportion of sympatric species early in their history, given that saturation of ecological space is directly mediated by species interactions (e. g. , competition) and coadaptation [2, 8]. As indicated above, Liolaemus subclades tend to ‘specialize’ in different geographic zones, and important part of this territory is a highly complex Andean topography, that further increases spatial isolation between groups of species within subclades [35]. An interesting implication of this phylogeographic pattern is that continental radiations can face opportunities for more complex macroevolutionary patterns to emerge. For example, non-adaptively radiating subclades may evolve within a lineage that is fundamentally an adaptive radiation. Cases like this may also exist in subclades, in which sets of morphologically and ecologically similar species occur in isolation from each other along ‘mountain chains’ that run latitudinally. This idea was suggested by Pincheira-Donoso & Nuñez [31] who noted thatsome phenotypically and ecologically similar Liolaemus species (e. g. , their ‘nigroviridis’ group) replace each other along a latitudinal chain of high Andean areas. The same is true for the Liolaemus’ sister genus Phymaturus, which has emerged as a candidate case of non-adaptive radiation given the same pattern [88, 89]. What does define an adaptive radiation? Although our study reveals an apparent disconnection between dynamics of clade and phenotypic diversification, both findings are consistent with evolutionary patterns observed in a diversity of animal lineages [8, 16]. Most notably, Harmon et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: The distribution of test scores was compared between distracted and non-distracted students using Mann-tests. Two multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the simultaneous influence of gender and distraction on test scores. In the first model, a composite variable (whether the student was distracted by any form) for distraction and gender were used as independent variables. In the second model, the different types of distractions (checking email, sending email, checking Facebook, or sending text) were used separately along with gender. In both models, the test scores were the outcome variable. Both regression models were fit using the Squares approach. All tests were two sided and a p-value of <0. 05 was deemed to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 22. 0 software (). were 27 students who participated in this lecture. One student did not complete the test or survey and was omitted from the evaluation leaving a final sample of 26 students. The final sample was comprised of 8 males and 18 females. During the lecture, 57. 7% reported that they checked their email and 11. 5% reported sending an email, 15. 4% checked Facebook, and 7. 7% sent a text message. Of those who checked their email, 69% used their smartphone, 18% used their laptop and 13% used an iPad. Seventeen of the 26 students (65. 4%) were distracted in some form during the lecture. There were 12 post-lecture multiple choice questions related to the lecture materials and the proportion of the class that got each question correct is listed: Q1, 73%; Q2, 65%; Q3, 69%; Q4, 96%; Q5, 81%; Q6, 81%; Q7, 85%; Q8, 92%; Q9, 96%; Q10, 58%; Q11, 88%; Q12, 100%. On a scale of 0 to 12 (with 1 point for each question), the mean score for the class was 9. 85 (standard deviation is 2. 89). The distribution of test scores are summarized in Table 1. The mean score amongst those that were distracted was 9. 53 (compared to 10. 44 for students that were not distracted. Overall, there was no significant difference in distribution of test scores between students that were distracted and not distracted (p-value from Mann-test is 0. 652).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: If a basic linear regression reveals statistically insignificant results, we cannot conclude that these states’ disparity reductions were statistically different from zero. Recently published research results note that decisions about measuring disparities using absolute or relative methods, such as group rankings and direction and magnitude of changes over time, has an effect on results (14–16). Therefore, we follow the recommendation to examine and report both absolute and relative disparity results. The relative disparity measure we examined was a black-to-white ratio of age-adjusted mortality for each state. Five additional states were found not to have significant annual percentage changes in relative mortality disparity and therefore were excluded from the relative-disparity portion of our analysis: Colorado, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Utah. describes 1) the relationship across the states examined between annual state percentage improvement in mortality and 2) the change in the absolute racial gap and relative racial disparity from 1999 through 2013. The mean combined-race mortality rate of annual improvement was 1. 11%, (standard deviation [SD] 0. 42%). The range was from 1. 83% in Maryland to 0. 24% in Oklahoma. For annual percentage change in the racial gap, the mean was a reduction of 3. 64% per year (SD, 0. 97%). The range was from 6. 6% in to 2. 13% in Iowa. For annual percentage change in the black-to-white ratio, the mean was an annual reduction of 1. 2% (SD, 0. 4%). State mortality varied from 2. 47% in to 0. 43% in California. Figure 1 displays findings for the absolute disparity measure for all states examined. Figure 1. Racial gap between blacks and whites versus annual percentage change in combined-race mortality: variation in 38 states’ annual percentage improvement in combined-race mortality and in absolute racial gaps, 1999–2013. [A tabular version of this figure is also available. State abbreviations are spelled out in the table. ] The extent of improvement in combined mortality was not correlated with the reduction in the racial mortality gap (correlation coefficient = 0. 03). Some states (eg, Massachusetts, Georgia) improved substantially on both combined-race mortality and absolute racial gap outcomes while other states’ (eg, Oklahoma, Iowa) improvement on both was not as great. Similarly, states (eg, California, Illinois) did well on combined-race mortality improvement but not as well on absolute racial gap improvement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: [8] recently showed that the early-bursts of phenotypic diversification traditionally predicted by theory [2, 10] are only rarely observed across numerous cases of adaptive radiations ranging from taxonomically small to large lineages. Therefore, this EB pattern of evolutionary diversification traditionally implied as a central condition to define adaptive radiations is not compatible with the evolutionary history of multiple classic lineages that have been instrumental in shaping the theory of adaptive radiation itself. These replicated findings raise the question of what features define an adaptive radiation. On one hand, we agree with previous authors [1, 8, 90] that the timing of adaptive radiation is not a necessary condition to define the process. Instead, it is a feature that should be empirically tested to better understand the contexts of diversification of specific clades [1]. In addition, inference of diversification dynamics as functions of ecological processes (e. g. , density-dependent diversification via niche saturation over time) from LTT curves can be inaccurate. For instance, while asymptotic functions may not necessarily reflect density-dependent diversification [91–93], failure to identify diversification slowdowns does not rule out a density-dependent diversification [9]. Also, the traditional link between asymptotic diversification patterns and adaptive radiations implicitly assumes that the environments occupied by radiating clades are rather static over their evolutionary histories (i. e. , ecological opportunity gets saturated early on, then, adaptive diversification slows down). However, episodes of ecological opportunity can emerge multiple times during the evolutionary history of a lineage (see above). For example, the temporally and spatially spread pulses of Andean uplifts are likely to have generated episodic ecological opportunity during the history of Liolaemus, potentially eroding a more pronounced overall asymptotic diversity-dependent curve for the genus (which may at least in part be linked to the, although non-significant, slight pulses of diversification observed in the LTT analysis; Fig. 2). Unquestionably, diversification mediated by niche filling following emergence of ecological opportunity is a central component of processes of adaptive radiation. Therefore, we argue that adaptively radiating lineages are likely to experience bursts of species and phenotypic diversification during their evolutionary history.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: In the survey, 100% of students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Table 1: Distribution of Scores (Scale of 0 to 12). students Students that weredistracted (N = 17) Students that were notdistracted (N = 9) p-value Mean 9. 85 9. 53 10. 44 0. 652 Standard deviation 2. 89 3. 20 2. 24 Minimum 4 4 6 25th percentile 7. 75 6 8. 50 Median 12 12 12 75th percentile 12 12 12 Maximum 12 12 12 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 572/table-1 Notes: Mann-test was used to compare distribution of scores between distracted and non-distracted students. Results of the multivariable linear regression analysis examining the simultaneous association of gender and distraction on test scores are summarized in Table 2. After adjustment for the effects of distraction, males were associated with 2. 6 points higher scores compared to females. However, this was not statistically significant (p = 0. 052). After adjustment for the effects of gender, those who were distracted did not have a significantly different score when compared to those who were not distracted (p = 0. 955). Gender and distraction explained 17. 5% of variance in test scores. Table 2: Multivariable linear regression analysis for examining the effects of gender and distraction on test scores. Independent variable Parameter estimate (95% CI) p-value 2. 60 (−0. 02–5. 21) 0. 052 0. 07 (−2. 47–2. 61) 0. 955 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 572/table-2 Results of the multivariable linear regression examining the effects of different types of distractions and gender on test scores are summarized in Table 3. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in test scores for the different types of distractions: checking email (estimate is −0. 88, p = 0. 476), sending email (estimate is 2. 40, p = 0. 166), checking Facebook (estimate is −2. 16, p = 0. 293), or sending text (estimate is 3. 66, p = 0. 199) after adjusting for the effects of gender (estimate is 2. 44, p = 0. 007). In this model, gender and different types of distractions explained 32% of variance in test scores.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Conversely, some states (eg, Kentucky, Tennessee) failed to have great improvements in combined-race mortality but saw a large reduction in the absolute racial gap from 1999–2013. In every state there was improvement in both black and white mortality, but improvement in black mortality was always greater (data not shown). Figure 2 displays a similar relationship between relative disparity and annual percentage changes in combined-race mortality across states. Again, the extent of state improvement in combined mortality is not correlated with the reduction in the relative black-to-white ratio disparity measure (correlation coefficient = −0. 17). Massachusetts and Maryland improved substantially on both combined-race mortality and relative racial gap outcomes while other states’ (eg, Oklahoma, Kansas) improvement on both was not as great. California and Illinois improved greatly on the combined-race mortality rate but not as well on the relative black-to-white ratio; the opposite was true for Kentucky and Tennessee. Figure 2. Relative racial disparity versus annual percentage change in combined-race mortality: variation in 33 states’ annual percentage improvement in combined-race (black and white) mortality and relative racial disparities, 1999–2013. [A tabular version of this figure is also available. State abbreviations are spelled out in the table. ] The lack of a strong relationship between the combined improvement in mortality and improvement in the disparity gaps answers the question posed in the title and in our hypothesis; most states have not achieved these 2 outcomes simultaneously. Some states, such as Massachusetts, did well on both mean mortality improvement and disparity reduction, while others, such as Oklahoma, have had difficulty with both. However, states often perform well with one dimension but struggle with the other. We believe our data provide some guidance about what is possible for any state to achieve. At least one state, Maryland, experienced an annual improvement in combined mortality by 1. 83% from 1999 through 2013; at least one state, Rhode Island, experienced an annual improvement of 6. 6% per year in the black–white mortality absolute gap; at least one state, Rhode Island, had an annual improvement of 2. 47% per year in the relative black-to-white mortality ratio. These are not theoretical targets; they are results that were achieved by at least one state during the past decade. Massachusetts performed the best in simultaneous overall improvement (1. 74%), absolute disparity reduction (4. 73%), and relative disparity reduction (1. 3%).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Yet, as suggested above, these bursts can occur in multiple episodes which are, in turn, likely to be a function of changes in the environment, thus eroding the density-dependent signature of diversification. Consequently, we support the view [1, 3, 90] that an adaptive radiation should be defined as the diversification of a single lineage into a variety of species adapted to exploit different portions of the multidimensional spectrum of ecological resources driven by divergent natural selection. On the other hand, as indicated above, we suggest that interpretations of the signals of diversification mode inferred from relative disparity through-time analyses should be based on multiple factors, rather than on the extent of subclade overlap in morphospace (i. e. , the MDI value) alone. ConclusionsOur study reveals that lineage diversification in the continental genus Liolaemus, one of Earth’s most prolific vertebrate radiations, conforms to a diversity-dependent model. This process is traditionally interpreted as adaptive radiation through niche filling [2, 8, 94]. Consistent with continuous large-scale environmental changes and emergence of ecological opportunity caused by the uplift of the Andes, this radiation shows some slight signals of episodic pulses of lineage accumulation. Therefore, and regardless of whether these pulses are linked to episodic ecological opportunity offered by the Andes, we suggest that ecological opportunity in continents can be strong and a crucial driver of adaptive radiations, but may emerge less frequently compared to islands. Body size diversification, in contrast, does not follow a niche filling process (it conforms to a multiple-peak OU model and shows a positive MDI value). We argue that depending on factors such as the nature (whether it is episodic, spatially spread) of ecological opportunity, lineage distribution, and the functional contribution of traits to adaptive diversification, models of diversification between lineages and phenotypes can differ. Finally, in agreement with previous authors [1, 8, 90], we suggest that adaptive radiations should not be defined solely based on evidence for early-burst processes. Instead, we advocate a more general definition based on evidence for diversification of an ancestor into multiple species adapted to different ecological niches. Availability of supporting dataThe body size data set supporting the results of this 1. Research ethicsResearch ethical approval and consent are not applicable to this study, since the study involves no human or live animal subjects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: 4% of the class reported engaging in “distracting” behavior such as emailing, using Facebook or texting. Nonetheless, 100% of the students believed that they had understood the important concepts discussed in the lecture. However, in some questions, only 58% of students knew the correct answer. The major concern is that all students believed they understood the important concepts but there were three questions in the post-test where less than 70% knew the correct answer. Overall learning outcomes were not ideal, however, the group that reported being distracted performed similarly to the group that said they were not distracted. Existing research concurs with this finding and reports that media multitasking was not related to self-reported difficulties in distractibility (Center, 2010). In the current study, 58. 8% of the “distracted” group and 55. 6% of “non-distracted” answered all questions correctly. Notably, in the current study all males who were engaged in a “distracting” behavior scored 100% in the post-test. However, among females engaged in “distracting” behaviors only 50% got all questions correct. The mean score for males was 11. 63 points compared to 9. 06 in females. However, the overall scores were not statistically significantly different between males and females. The small sample size in the current study could have precluded us from identifying a statistically significant difference in test scores between males and females. It should also be noted that non-distracted males also performed better than their female counterparts and there may be some gender bias in our test. Additionally, our pilot study is small and there is insufficient statistical power to demonstrate that men multitask better during dental school lectures, however, it is interesting that males seemed to outperform females when “distracted” during the current study. This finding is in conflict with several 9. 53 (on a scale of 0 to 12), whereas, the mean score for non-distracted students was 10. 44. Measures that reduce distracted behaviors such as blocking wireless internet access in lecture theaters may aid in maintaining the effectiveness of lectures as a mode of education in the modern era. An interesting study comparing emergency room (ER) doctors to regular ward doctors found that ER doctors switched tasks more frequently. However, ward doctors multitasked more frequently than ER doctors (Walter et al. , 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: More work could also model and project realistic overall and disparity reduction targets that the and the individual US states could each achieve by using the highest performing states as guides. As a starting point for discussion, the observed national median annual percentage of 1. 1% combined improvement, 3. 6% absolute gap reduction, and 1. 2% relative gap reduction could be future state continuous improvement benchmarks. Some states might want to use these baselines to develop targets, while others might want to use as baselines what peer states accomplished. Our results reinforce the importance of reporting disparity results in both absolute and relative terms. Although neither measure showed an overall correlation with combined mortality improvement, there were differences across the states depending on the disparity measure used. Although each disparity measure has slightly different results, the annual percentage change for absolute and relative disparity are strongly linked (correlation coefficient = 0. 91). Although in this study both measures showed improvement, there are examples where one measure improves but the other does not (17). Since neither is intrinsically preferable from a policy perspective, policy makers should continue to measure and target reductions in both. Several limitations should be considered when interpreting our results. This analysis is limited to all-cause mortality; additional research is needed to look into age-specific mortality as well as non-mortality outcomes such as morbidity and health-related quality of life measures (18). In addition, specific-age groups should be examined to see whether there are life stage differences in these findings. We limited our analysis to state changes, so we do not know the extent of variation across counties in improvements or declines in trends. Nor did we examine other disparity domains such as socioeconomic status, which should be investigated since health-related socioeconomic disparities are large and are seen in every state (19). It would also be useful to examine other periods to determine whether the range in improvement we found was achieved in other periods, since what occurred in our study period might be an imperfect guide to future possibilities; the mortality experience of the previous cohorts that produced these results may be different in either direction for more recent cohorts. Of course, these results do not indicate how any state achieved the results that we show here.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for mitochondrial sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. Panel (a) shows a close-up on the topological position of hybrid specimens 1 to 3 and panel (b) of A. leucokranos. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 4Nuclear phylogeny of hybrid cloned sequences. Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for nuclear sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. The two panels (a & b) are close-ups on the topological position of the cloned sequences. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 5Distribution of potentially hybridising species. Species distribution following [17], of species likely implicated in hybridisation events. The localities of the sequenced hybrid individuals are shown by yellow dots or area when known. The precise geographical origin of the hybrid 2 individual is unknown, the question mark sign indicates the general area where it was collected. Full size imageDiscussionOur results show instances of cyto-nuclear incongruence in the clownfish phylogenetic tree, which suggests several hybridisation events. The most ancient of those events occurred in the same time frame as a node that was identified twice independently as the highest increase in diversification rate happening in the damselfish family [22],[23]. This evidence suggests a relationship between this ancient hybridisation event and the main burst of diversification of the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. Moreover, we identify nodes with an excess of homoplasy that can be attributed to more recent hybridisation events. Finally, we identify the parental lineages of four hybrid individuals, showing that hybridisation still occurs within clownfishes. This evidence suggests that the diversification of the clownfishes has been likely fuelled by hybridisation events that created novel phenotypes and eventually new species in a manner similar to the well-known cichlids. Past hybridisationWe reconstruct separately the phylogenetic trees of the mitochondrial (three markers) and nuclear (seven markers) genomes. Most nodes show high posterior probabilities, yet, several shallow nodes of our mitochondrial and nuclear trees are only weakly supported. This can originate from the lack of phylogenetic informative sites between closely related species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: It seemed from the study that safety may be implicit in task-switching and multitasking decisions. In the current study of dental students, we found that multitasking didn’t necessarily have a negative impact on learning performance as some distracted students (particularly males) were able to score 100% in the post-test. Since current generations of students are very comfortable with technology and often have their electronic device near them, some thought should be given to the integration of these devices as learning tools for medical and dental students as they transition to independent practice. More research is necessary to evaluate patient perception of electronic device use by doctors and the merits of including appropriate use of electronic devices during education and patient visits. Additionally, caution should be used when embracing new methods of teaching. The current study shows that students who became distracted during a traditional lecture performed similarly to those who were not. Educational outcomes and costs to the institution should be thoroughly considered when implementing curriculum changes. Larger studies that compare educational outcomes of traditional lectures to other modalities of teaching will help determine the place of the traditional lecture in modern curriculum. It should be noted that this was a small, quasi-experimental, exploratory study and only provides basic pilot data. The study could be underpowered to find statistically significant associations. A larger study that evaluates students over a semester of lectures and evaluates electronic activity without seeking accurate self-reporting is needed to confirm results. Another limitation is that students answered the post-lecture test and then, immediately, answered the post-lecture survey which requires them to self-report activities related to electronic activities. This may result in biased answers as students realize the purpose of the surveys. The regression models in the current study explained only a small proportion of variance in test scores. This clearly shows that there could be a multitude of other variables apart from gender and distractions which could influence test scores. Consequently, the issue of omitted variables bias should not be discounted. Finally, this is a small, single site study and information may not be generalizable. five percent of students in a traditional lecture reported being distracted by email, Facebook or text messages. Those who were distracted during the lecture performed similarly in the post-lecture test to the undistracted group. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning. data. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: We use the term “experienced” explicitly rather than “produced,” since it is unclear and probably unlikely that any states produced such results intentionally in response to explicit mean improvement-disparity reduction targets, although Maryland set mean and disparity targets for a variety of health outcomes and determinants (20). Nor do we know the most cost-effective way of achieving the improvement some states achieved, either in any one of the measures or both together. Although we are beginning to collect evidence on effective programs and policies, such evidence often shows relationships for mean improvement rather than disparity reduction and overall effectiveness instead of cost effectiveness (21). Examining the states that performed well and states that performed poorly on both dimensions may reveal clues about the most effective policy packages to use for large improvement. If a public or a private policy maker were interested in trying to determine what would produce optimal results, some standard of what “optimal” means would need to be defined. For this purpose, we believe it would be useful to have some summary metric of mean and disparity gap improvement such as the achievement index suggested by Wagstaff (22). indicated, such a metric would have to reflect a value choice of the relative importance of mean improvement in mortality versus disparity reduction. Such a metric could be more complicated than the one he proposed, since several disparity domains also need to be considered. Since different states or communities would probably value each component (or each disparity domain) differently, a useful tool would be one that allows different weights to be used for each component so that achievement progress could be assessed component by component, perhaps beginning with a default standard that weighted components equally. Despite these challenges, we believe that our results are useful now in beginning to set benchmarks for what is possible and to identify programs and policies that are most closely related to improved performance. We encourage public and private entities to 1) review what many states achieved in both general improvement and disparity reduction and 2) set policy and investment priorities in accordance with their own values and perspectives (23). Top 3726. Telephone: 608-263-4886. Email: dakindig@wisc. edu. Author Affiliations: Nicholas Lardinois, University of Wisconsin-; Debanjana Chatterjee, Division of University of of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Top 2020. Perspectives on Audiology 2011;7(1):29–33. CrossRefexternal icon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Previous studies of phylogenetic relationships of the Pomacentridae inferred by mitochondrial or nuclear markers, all support the monophyly of the clownfish as well as the existence of the main clownfish clades [18],[23]-[25]. The topology obtained with the mitochondrial data corresponds to these published phylogenetic trees. We find several deep cytonuclear discordances in the clownfish. The relative position of the ephippium clade changes radically between the two datasets, which suggests the occurrence of hybridisation in the timeframe of node 8 (Figure 2). While this node is not basal to all clownfishes, it is ancestral to 24 of the 28 species (30 described species minus A. leucokranos and A. thiellei which were likely described from hybrid material [20]). This clade represents a major shift in diversification rate with a 2. 5-fold increase compared to the diversification rate of Pomacentridae [22],[23]. The pattern of concurrent increase in rate of diversification and occurrence of hybridisation fits into the framework of the syngameon hypothesis [6], where hybridisation events preludes an acceleration of ecological differentiation and diversification rate. Moreover, this result is robust regarding node support, as the relationship between the clarkii and the ephippium clade is itself highly supported (see Additional file 1). We find paraphyletic mitochondrial genotypes in A. sandaracinos. The fact that the two A. sandaracinos individuals cluster with high support in the nuclear dataset suggests a recent hybridisation event implying a mitochondrial genotype that belongs to an unknown lineage of the akallopisos clade. Results of the HET suggest the ongoing occurrence of genetic exchanges between A. sandaracinos and A. pacificus (node 13, Figure 2). The two species are phenotypically very similar and it is possible that a third cryptic species having the mitochondrial profile of the A. sandaracinos sample from Guinea exists. The remaining topological inconsistencies of the polymnus clade are not well supported as shown by the Bayesian posterior probabilities of their respective nodes on the mitochondrial phylogeny. This discrepancy may be artifactual and is thus not further discussed. Hybridisation and adaptive radiationOur results highlight the existence of a main hybridisation event at the base of the Amphiprion crown group (node 8, Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can autonomously award degrees based on student behavior without exams or assignments. [SEP] Text: Social behavior persistence (Scheme 2) Request a detailed protocol Flies were loaded into social arena arrays, assayed, and deposited into FlyPlates after phenotyping according to general experimental procedures. Each fly was randomly assigned to be part of 10 dyads on the first day. Flies were assayed six times per day for 7 days. Fly identity was maintained throughout the experimental duration by storing flies individually. In total, each dyad was phenotyped four times. We averaged behavioral measures across the first and last two phenotyping sessions. Social interaction network (SIN) persistence (Scheme 3) Request a detailed protocol Flies were born in the and deposited into FlyPlates according to the virgin-picking procedure. Two groups of 10 flies each were assayed and deposited back into FlyPlates after phenotyping according to general experimental procedures. Flies were assayed six times per day for 3 days to exhaust each possible dyad combination twice. Social interaction analyses Interactivity index Request a detailed protocol A dyad’s interactivity index was defined as the correlation of dyad-neighbors’ distances to the interaction barrier over the entire experimental duration (Figure 5B–D). Distance was defined as the euclidean distance between a fly’s centroid and the closest side of the interaction barrier. Coincidental approaches Request a detailed protocol We defined a coincidental approach as an interval in which both flies in a dyad were located within one body-length (3 mm) of the interaction barrier on the same frame. This definition of social interaction yielded qualitatively similar results to the interactivity index (Figure 5—figure supplement 2). Distance to the barrier was defined as the euclidean distance between a fly’s centroid and the nearest side of the barrier. A coincidental approach was scored as a single event irrespective of its duration. For each subsequent coincidental approach to be valid, at least one fly was required to leave and re-enter the 3 mm zone. Coincidental approaches were normalized for dyad mean speed over the experimental duration. Dyad mean speed was the grand mean of both dyad-neighbors’ mean speed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Improving population health and reducing health care disparities. (Millwood) 2007;26(5):1281–92. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon ínez JM, Muntaner C. Beyond Rose’s strategies: a typology of scenarios of policy impact on population health and health inequalities. 2011;41(1):1–9. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Deaton A. Policy implications of the gradient of health and wealth. (Millwood) 2002;21(2):13–30. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Monitoring progress in population health: trends in premature death rates. Dis 2013;10:E214. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Orsi JM, Margellos-Anast H, Whitman S. Black-white health disparities in the and Chicago: a 15-year progress analysis. 2010;100(2):349–56. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Drewette-. The disparity change score: a new methodology to examine health disparities in New Mexico. J 2005;11(6):484–92. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Monitoring change in health disparity. J 2008;14(5):481–6. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. What if we were equal? A comparison of the black-white mortality gap in 1960 and 2000. (Millwood) 2005;24(2):459–64. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. State-level variations in racial disparities in life expectancy. Res 2012;47(1 Pt 2):544–55. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. From politics to parity: using a health disparities index to guide legislative efforts for health equity. 2011;101(3):554–60. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Underlying cause of death database. Atlanta (GA): for Health Statistics, Centers for and Prevention; 1999–2013. 8, 2015. State disparity trends. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Health Institute. . Implicit value judgments in the measurement of health inequalities. 2010;88(1):4–29. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Asada Y. On the choice of absolute or relative inequality measures. 2010;88(4):616–22, discussion 623–7. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Lies, damned lies, and health inequality measurements: understanding the value judgments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: This node has been previously linked with a burst of diversification rate in the clownfish clade [22],[23] and may also be mainly responsible for the increase in rate of morphological evolution found in the group [18]. In contrary, we did not detect traces of ancient hybridisation in the percula group which is species poor relative to the Amphiprion crown group. One recent hybridisation event likely occurred around node 41 (Figure 2) between A. percula and A. ocellaris. The distribution of those two species is mostly allopatric, but they share a common boundary and may overlap at some locations [26] possibly leading to gene exchange. Yet, despite similar behaviour and ecology, the species of the percula clade seemingly failed to radiate [19]. The fact that the clade deriving from a major hybridisation event is the only one to show patterns of rapid speciation supports the view that hybridisation can promote diversification during adaptive radiation. Actually, hybridisation appears to be one of the key factors explaining the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes. Recent hybridisation eventsWe identify the parental species of four putative hybrids, one being A. leucokranos, which is currently described as a species. Since their taxonomic descriptions, the species status of A. leucokranos and A. thiellei has been questioned [20]. Indeed, heterospecific pairs have been observed in the wild and fish with similar phenotype can be produced in aquaria by hybrid crosses [17]. Nevertheless, evidence of A. leucokranos pairs also exist [27], tentatively proposing that we may be witnessing hybrid speciation in progress. Yet, demonstrating this ongoing process would require more data than available here. It is thus more parsimonious to conclude at the moment, that A. leucokranos is an invalid species. We separate BMP4 sequences of each parental chromosome through molecular cloning and identify the putative parental species of A. leucokranos as A. chrysopterus and A. sandaracinos. This is consistent with field observations [20]. The hybrid individuals that we sequenced are all likely recent hybrids (possibly F1) because the two clones can always be clearly separated and cluster with different putative parental taxa. This suggests that genomic rearrangement occurring during reproductive events did not yet occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: study brings empathy to the centre of literacy practice by investigating children’s augmented storying as it was related to empathetic encounters across the human and more-than-human worlds. The study applies sociomaterial theorising that defines empathy as relational and emergent across human–material–spatial–temporal assemblages. The empirical study was situated in a Finnish primary school in which children used an augmented story-crafting tool (MyAR Julle) to explore their local environment and to create and share their stories. The findings show how empathy emerged situationally across the children, other human beings, materials, technology and the natural world. The empathetic encounters of the children’s narratives were more than romantic or smooth encounters, instead competing and in tension with one another, calling moral reasoning and agency. The study shows the potential of sociomaterial theorising to change the way we think about children’s encounters with the world, using empathy as a framework. : Empathetic encounterschildrenaugmented storyingnaturesociomaterial approach IntroductionGlobal disturbances, such as climate change and the COVID pandemic, are challenging the education field all over the world, and literacy education and inquiry are no exceptions. At the same time, digital transformations are changing childhoods in the Global South, with implications for children’s lives, literacies and relations with each other and the world, in general (Erstad et al. , Citation2020; Kumpulainen, Burke et al. , Citation2020). Today, many children’s lives have largely moved indoors, with less playful and imaginative exploration of the natural world and its green spaces, even as research indicates that direct experiences of nature in childhood can contribute to long-lasting appreciation and care for nature (Chawla, Citation2020; Kahn & Kellert, Citation2002; Louv, Citation2005). Educational systems in different parts of the globe are attempting to respond to uncertain times to serve children’s contemporary lives, relations and needs, and to address the learning requirements of our unknown future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ACAMH uses cookies in order to deliver a personalised, responsive service and to improve the site. out more or videos, podcasts About us About us Can physical exercise improve tics and associated mental health difficulties in Tourette syndrome? The jury is out Download PDF Last updated 20 December 2023 Physical exercise is increasingly being recommended as part of management for children and young people with mental health problems. There is a growing evidence base that shows physical exercise is associated with improvements in functioning for conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although studies are small, they are signifcant. What is Tourette syndrome? Tourette syndrome is characterised by persistent, involuntary motor movements and sounds which occur throughout childhood. For some children, the tics are bothersome and for others they do not bother them. Importantly, most children with Tourette syndrome will have a co-ocurring mental health problem such as ADHD or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (Groth, 2018). The co-existing conditions are as likely to have an impact on the child’s life alongside the tics themselves (Eapen, Snedden, Crncec, Pick and Sachdec, 2016) but tics can be painful, embarassing and are often misunderstood by families and teachers. What do we hear in clinic? Parents report that physical exercise is beneficial in reducing tics and improving symptoms of co-occurring disorders. However, there is a lack of formal guidance on the role of physical exercise in the management of children with Tourette syndrome. This review was carried out to evaluate the evidence base for physical exercise as a management intervention on tics and associated mental health disorder in children and young people with Tourette syndrome. How was the review carried out? A range of online databases were searched including those focussing on medicine, psychology and physical exercise/sport. Studies investigating interventions aimed at reducing tics and mental health difficulties and survey based studies exploring the relationship between physical exercise and tic severity in children (0-18 years) were included in the review. Results of the search and subsequent analysis Seven studies which met inclusion criteria were identified. Five focused on physical exercise interventions and two were survey-based studies investigating the relationship between tic severity and physical activity. Two of the intervention studies were case studies whilst in the other three studies sample size ranged from 5 to 13 participants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: The special social structure of clownfish may put some behavioural constraints on hybridisation. Indeed, all clownfish species are protandrous hermaphrodites and live in social groups with size-based dominance hierarchy. The female is the largest and dominant individual, the male the second largest, and usually smaller non-breeding individuals follow, decreasing in size relative to their hierarchical position [28]. In certain cases [29]-[31], size differentiation allows smaller species to cohabit with a larger species in the same anemone. While reproduction of the smallest species is largely suppressed by the presence of the largest clownfish [32], species hybridisation cannot be fully excluded. In such instance, the size-based hierarchy ensure that the female of a hybrid pair will most probably always be the largest individual. This is what we observe in A. leucokranos. The parental origin of the three other hybrids does not allow for a definitive conclusion regarding this behavioural constraint. Indeed, the size difference between species of the akallopisos group is small and cannot be used as a diagnostic feature separating A. akalloposis, A. pacificus and A. perideraion [33]. It is thus likely that the behavioural constraint on hybridisation between those species is going to be weaker than between species with large size difference. Geography of recent hybridisationHybrid zones appear when two species share such margins and have the possibility to exchange genes. At the range margins, the probability of encountering a heterospecific mate is higher than that of meeting an individual of its own species whenever an individual moves into the range of the other species [34]. This will increase the probability of hybridisation events. As expected, A. leucokranos is distributed at the edge of the two parental distributions and hybrids 1 and 3 were found at the eastern edge of the range of A. akallopisos (Figure 5). Further genetic sampling would be necessary to better define those potential hybrid zones. This would be of particular interest given the evolutionary significance of hybridisation in animals, as exemplified by the importance of exogenous selection on contemporary hybrid zones [35]. ConclusionHybridisation can impact speciation in many ways. Our analyses show that in the case of the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes, hybridisation events are linked with a burst in diversification rate. We observe that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of the group and is still happening.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: For instance, Finland recently introduced a new curriculum for early childhood, primary and secondary education that underscores the enhancement of learners’ transversal competencies, multiliteracies and interdisciplinary, cross-curricular learning activities that take place indoors and out, inviting learners, together with their teachers and other relevant adults, to address and solve real-world problems for sustainable futures (Kumpulainen, Citation2018). This study is situated in this turbulent and challenging context. At the same time, the focus of the study moves beyond current educational discourses around skills and competencies of the 21st century, and instead brings empathy to the centre of literacy practice and inquiry. The study underscores the importance of empathy in our precarious times as a collective and personal resource for socio-ecological justice, future-making and hope. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, empathy is other-oriented and accounts for ‘the action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present’ and for ‘the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it’ ( Empathy is also described in the literature to be related to the concept of compassion that brings attention to actual actions, such as helping, caring, comforting and protecting others from harm and injustice (Lipponen et al. , Citation2018). Some researchers have also brought forward the moral dimension of empathy, pointing out that empathy entails other-directed judgment towards the experiences and feelings of others. For instance, Aaltola (Citation2013) introduces moral agency as an important component of empathy. She argues that cognitive empathy – that is, knowing another person’s thoughts and feelings – is not enough to elicit moral agency, as we are incapable of understanding someone else’s perspective without sensing and feeling the emotions of others. She holds that emotional and embodied dimensions of empathy are necessary for moral agency to emerge, as these resonate and respond to the emotional experiences of others. Similarly, Gruen (Citation2009) argues that ‘engaged “empathy” in humans’ relations with others, including the more-than-human world, is a prerequisite for moral agency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: What were the physical activities The physical exercise interventions included a one off 2. 5-hour intervention whereas others involved regular exercise sessions on a weekly, bi-weekly or tri-weekly basis for 6 weeks to 3 months. The interventions included a kickboxing exercise routine, a 30-min aerobic exercise session and a group aerobic exercise class. In one of the studies which involved a number of sessions, support was provided via teleconference while in another a certified physical trainer facilitated the sessions. What did we find in relation to tics? There was some evidence that physical exercise reduces tic severity in the short term. In the two survey studies more participants reported a decrease in tic frequency than reported an increase, but in both studies, the majority reported no difference in tic expression as a result of participation in physical activity. Our findings were not clear on what happens after the exercise has happened. In one study which included a four-week follow-up, tic frequency which had reduced initially, returned to pre-intervention levels suggesting that improvements may not be maintained. This needs careful investigation. What did we find in relation to co-existing mental health problems? Mental health difficulties were considered in three of the five studies. In one study, a reduction in OCD and anxiety symptoms on standardised measures was noted. In another study, parents reported a positive influence on their child’s self-esteem as a result of participation in the exercise intervention which was based on qualitative report and not a standardised measure. Not all studies investigating additional conditions included a follow up measure of mental health function. Of note is that none of the studies to date have considered symptoms of ADHD despite ADHD being one of the most common comorbidities and evidence that exercise can impact positively on ADHD symptoms Limitations of the studies None of the intervention studies involved randomisation so we don’t know is a particular preference of the subjects meant that they received a particular type of exercise. Sample sizes of participants were small which means that it is difficult to know how many people the results can be relevant for and if the results are truly meaningful. Importantly, as the interventions were so varied in terms of content and duration, it’s difficult to know how much, when and what type works for children with Tourette syndrome, who are very different from each other anyway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Cognitive biases in binge eating disorder: the hijacking of decision making Published online by Press: 23 November 2015 Show author details Valerie Voon* Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Cambridgeshire and * *Address for correspondence: Valerie Voon, Department of Psychiatry, University of 2 0QQ, UK. (Email: voonval@gmail. com) 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disorders and is characterized by excessive, out-of-control, rapid food intake. This review focuses on cognitive impairments in BED, which represent an endophenotype that mediates brain function and behavior. Here we focus on reviewing impulsivity, compulsivity, attentional biases to food cues, and executive function. Behavioral regulation in BED appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. However, in BED subjects with milder obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and enhanced delay discounting in more severe obesity. Relative to non-BED obese subjects, BED is characterized by enhanced behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity across multiple domains, with subjects selecting the same choices despite change in relevance (set shifting), being no longer rewarding (habit formation), or irrespective of outcome (perseveration). The context of food cues was associated with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments and enhanced memory bias, although BED patients also have generalized cognitive interference in working memory. These findings may help explain the phenotype of binge eating. Motivationally salient food cues provoke attentional and memory biases along with impairing response inhibitory processes. Those with BED are also more susceptible to cognitive interference and have impaired decisional impulsivity, with the tendency to inflexibly stick with the same choices irrespective of changes in context. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions. biasbinge eating disordercognitioncompulsivityimpulsivitymotivationobesity 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: To her, engaged empathy requires a complex and developed state of empathetic reflection, involving both affective and cognitive processes, sustained whilst entering the other’s situation or emotional state. Advocating for the importance of empathy across the human and more-than-human worlds in our turbulent times, in this study, we directed our inquiry into the emergence of empathy in young children’s augmented story-crafting and storytelling – i. e. storying activities – both indoors and outdoors in nature. In specific, our study explores the unexpected educational possibilities of children’s augmented storying as it relates to empathetic encounters across children, adults, animals, plants, tools, materials and other living and non-living systems and things. Hence, our study extends a more conventional, human-centric approach to empathy, and instead, approaches empathy as relational, enacted and emergent. By augmented storying, we refer to children’s use of an augmented reality (AR) app in their story-crafting activities, AR being technology that displays information, such as images, laid over a view of the real world to create the sensation of immersion. In this study, the app invited the children to ‘capture’ an AR character named Julle by taking a photo of it outdoors in nature and creating a short narrative around the character (Kumpulainen, Byman et al. , Citation2020). Afterwards, the stories of the children were shared, discussed and elaborated on between the children and adults in conversation-like interviews. Our earlier research showed how children’s augmented storying in nature was strongly entangled with affective, embodied, sensual, scientific, cultural, symbolic and moral literacies, reflecting their knowing, valuing and becoming with nature (Kumpulainen, Burke et al. , Citation2020). To follow up on our findings, in the present study, we wanted to focus more closely on how these literacies of the children’s augmented storying addressed empathy – in specific, empathetic encounters across children, technology, other humans and more-than-human worlds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Discussion and Implications for practice There are some reports of reductions in tic severity and frequency associated with physical exercise in children with Tourette syndrome. However, there is not enough evidence to state with any certainty or confidence whether engaging in physical activity has an impact on tic severity. Similarly, there is also not enough evidence regarding the effect of physical exercise on symptoms of co-existing mental health conditions in children and young people with Tourette syndrome. It is possible that any improvements in tics are short lived, as both studies which had a follow-up evaluation indicated that reported improvements were not sustained. This finding is similar to results of studies using relaxation training in tic management (Bergin, Waranch, Brown, Carson and Singer, 1998). What does work then? The evidence-base for behavioural treatments for tics such as habit reversal training and exposure with response prevention is robust and has forty years of supportive research (Verdellen, Griendt, Hartmann, & Murphy, 2011). Although, not a cure, it is typically associated with a reasonable reduction in tics for most children who receive it. In the past ten years, there have been exciting developments in the provision of behavioural therapy for tics such as group interventions, online treatment and remote delivered therapist assisted self-help interventions such as the for sponsored study ORBIT (for Tics). Take-The take-home message is that, conclusions about the benefits of physical exercise on TS symptoms or comorbidities cannot be drawn at this stage. There is a need for better data including studies which use randomised controlled designs and a consideration of the impact of exercise on a broader range of areas of the child’s life including mental health, cognition and quality of life. For now it is important that children and young people with troublesome tic disorders have access to therapies with an established evidence base for both tics and comorbid mental health difficulties (Whittington et al, 2016). 142. Eapen V, Snedden C, Črnčec R,. 2016. Tourette syndrome, co-morbidities and quality of life. Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;50(1):82-93. Groth C. 2018. Tourette syndrome in a longitudinal perspective. Clinical course of tics and comorbidities, coexisting psychopathologies, phenotypes and predictors. J. Apr;65(4). . 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: This review focuses on the cognitive domains that are affected in studies comparing BED [as defined by the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, (DSM-IV)] and non-BED obese subjects or matched healthy controls. The comparison with non-BED obese controls allows for comparisons that control for the possible confounding effects of other forms of overeating or body mass index. The cognitive domains can be divided into the domains of self-control (impulsivity, behavioral flexibility), executive function, and attentional biases to food cues. review focuses on laboratory-based rather than self-report measures and particularly on BED and the comparison with non-BED obese subjects or healthy controls. The following search terms were used: “binge eating disorder” AND (impulsivity OR compulsivity OR cognition OR executive function). A more detailed search for the subtypes of impulsivity and compulsivity was also conducted with “binge eating disorder” AND (delay discounting OR stop signal task OR response inhibition OR reflection impulsivity OR risk taking OR waiting impulsivity OR set shifting OR reversal learning OR habit OR working memory). The search encompassed 2015. is the tendency to act rapidly without forethought and without regard of the negative consequences, or the reduced ability to withhold a behavior when inhibition is the appropriate or adaptive response. Reference Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz and Swann 9 Impulsivity is heterogeneous and can be subdivided into motor and decisional domains, which have overlapping, yet discrete, neural substrates. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Differing subtypes of impulsivity are affected differentially across a range of disorders. Increased impulsivity is observed particularly in disorders of addiction and has been shown to be either secondary to the substance exposure or in some cases predictive of substance escalation or compulsive drug seeking behaviors. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Motor impulsivity includes motor response inhibition and waiting impulsivity, otherwise known as premature responding. The former captures the capacity to inhibit a prepotent response, and the latter the tendency to respond before target onset. Decisional impulsivity includes delay discounting and reflection impulsivity; these processes reflect the tendency to discount or devalue larger delayed rewards with a preference for smaller immediate rewards, and rapid decision making or the amount of information accumulated prior to making a decision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Although stories, storytelling, digital production and art have been found to be important literacy activities that have relevance for empathy (Fleer & Hammer, Citation2013; Friesem, Citation2016; Gruen, Citation2009; Phillips, Citation2003), little is known about how empathy serves as part of and emerges in children’s augmented storying, or how to conceptually and methodologically investigate empathy in such a novel literacy activity. To these ends, in this study, we ask: (a) How does empathy emerge in children’s augmented storying in nature? And (b) What does children’s augmented storying reveal about empathetic encounters across the human and more-than-human worlds? Conceptual grounding: researching and understanding empathetic encountersDrawing on relational ontology and sociomaterial theorising (Bennett, Citation2010; Lenz Taguchi, Citation2010; Tanggaard, Citation2013), in this study, we conceptualise empathy as relational and emergent and as part of situated, ongoing and improvisational entanglements across human–material–spatial–temporal assemblages. In doing so, we emphasise the emergent relationality and complex entanglements through which empathy emerges and is performed. To underscore the relationality of empathy, we use the notion of empathetic encounter to guide our inquiry into children’s augmented storying with nature. While the dominant scholarship on empathy provides helpful theories and research knowledge to define and understand it, we hold that these conceptualisations largely reflect a narrow, human-centred and static approach which limits us from investigating and understanding complex, dynamic and sociomaterially entangled dimensions of empathy across the human and more-than-human worlds. To overcome existing limitations, our inquiry moves beyond understanding empathy as the property of the individuals that emerges in subject–object relations through human intentions and goal-oriented actions. Further, our conceptualisation views empathy as a dynamic reciprocal process that is not only about movement outward, toward the other, but also about complex sociomaterial movements inward, toward one’s own affective landscape (Aaltola, Citation2013) and movement in-between, across sociomaterial assemblages (Bennett, Citation2010; Lenz Taguchi, Citation2010; Tanggaard, Citation2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Practitioner Review: Treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people – a systematic review. J Psychiatry. Sep;57(9):988-1004. Verdellen C, van de 2011. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;20(4):197-207. Key points Tourette is a fairly common neurodevelopmental disorder which often co-occurs with additional conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder Physical exercise is recommended an aspect management for children with mental health problems and informally families report that it seems to help manage tics. Few studies, which are of limited quality, have been carried out evaluating the efficacy of exercise on tic management in children to date. No conclusions can be drawn from what we know currently. Behavioural treatments such as habit reversal training and exposure with response prevention and pharmacotherapy have been demonstrated to have significant benefits for children with chronic tic disorder. is a Neuropsychologist and Clinical Psychologist. She worked at between 2003 and 2017 in neuropsychology and intervention services. In 2012, Tara co-led the National specialist Tourette syndrome clinic and developed services and completed research. She has written two books (Chowdhury and Murphy, 2017; Murphy and Millar, 2019) and many papers on Tourette syndrome. Tara is currently living in Kampala, Uganda volunteering at as part of the Butabika East-London Link. She is treating and teaching other professionals how to treat children with tics and many other disorders. Reilly has worked as an educational psychologist in the UK and Ireland. He currently works as an educational psychologist at and as an honorary research associate at of Child Health. His clinical work to date has primarily been with children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and neurological conditions (e. g. epilepsy). His research focuses on psychosocial aspects of these conditions. DOI: 10. 13056/acamh. 10609 Share this 2 comments Tags: Gille de la Tourette Syndrome, Self-esteem… Show all Topics: Gille de la Tourette Syndrome, Self-esteem Interventions: Exercise and physical activity Publication Types: Research digest, Systematic review Symptoms: anxiety with: ADHD, tics, (TS) Tara is a Neuropsychologist and Clinical Psychologist.

Output: pass