Input: Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p10. 33424/125 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zhengyu Liu, discussing climate data. A public lecture by Otto-Bliesner on using information about the past to project different scenarios about what the future climate will hold. (Photo: Tsubasa Shigehara/Daily. ) An international workshop held at Mt. Hood to compare TraCE to records of climate change since the LGM. for the CESM model that Bette and Liu use in their study. (Photo: Ryan Johnson) for early career researchers, involving lectures and hands-on experience running the model and analysing its output. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) Women senior scientists (including Bette) at the 50th anniversary of NCAR’s MESA Lab iconic building. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Oil, coal and natural gas is originally produced by photosynthetic processes, followed by complex chemical reactions, in which decaying vegetation was subjected to temperature and pressure over a long period of time [4]. Solar energy is so powerful and abundant that 30 min of solar radiation falling on earth is equal to the world annual energy demand. It is also cheap, environment friendly and nearly inexhaustible. Most of the world receives powerful solar radiation and has a good chance and opportunity to benefit from solar energy [3]. All ecosystems and every field of human activity depend on clean water and it is one of the most precious resources in today’s world. Water is a primary need for life, health and sanitation, which brings it into the international agenda as a very important issue [2]. The lack of potable water poses a big problem in arid regions of the world where freshwater is becoming very scarce and expensive. Clean drinking water is one of the most important international health issues today [5]. Remote and arid to semi-arid regions depend on underground water for drinking. Unfortunately, underground water is not always considered to be fresh drinking water. In some instances, the salinity is too high for being drinkable, and it is called brackish water. In such cases, fresh water has to be either transported for long distances or connected with an expensive distribution water network at extremely high cost for, usually, a small population. Solar desalination can be a good solution for such a problem [6]. Desalination is one of mankind’s earliest forms of water treatment, and it is still a popular treatment solution throughout the world today [5]. Distillation is one of the oldest and most rustic desalination techniques. In fact, it reproduces the natural process of the industrial desalination. Solar distillation is a thermal process that represents a sustainable solution to water shortages in the world. The desalination technique by solar energy, based on the principle of greenhouse is not new. Solar energy coupled to desalination offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power and water in remote regions, where connection to the public electric grid is either not cost effective or not feasible, and where the water scarcity is severe [5]. Advertisement 2. Hydrologic cycle and water scarcityThe earth has a global water amount of about 1. 38×109 km3, 97. 5% of which is salty and only 2. 5% is fresh water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: The loss of function resulted in diminished physiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants to chilling stress, including altered levels of stress-related hormones such as jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is known for its role in crop resistance to diseases, but its function in cold-adapted tomato plants was investigated by Shu et al. [61]. It was found thatCas9-obtained tomato knockout mutants exhibited more cold stress tolerance than their wild-type counterparts, as evidenced by lower oxidative damage, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and greater development of the plants. 4 Conclusion and Future PerspectivesThis manuscript presents intriguing future prospects for the application ofCas9 technology to enhance tomato quality and abiotic stress resistance. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in tomato quality and abiotic stress response could yield important insights. Using functional genomics and systems biology approaches, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, could reveal the complex molecular networks and regulatory mechanisms governing these traits, leading to a greater understanding of how -mediated modifications affect tomato quality and stress tolerance. Future research might explore the concurrent editing of multiple genes aiming to improve tomato traits in a more comprehensive way. Combining genetic modifications for enhanced flavor, increased nutritional value, and enhanced stress tolerance, for instance, could result in the creation of tomatoes with superior overall quality and resilience. 170. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford (2005)341. Springer, Cham (2022)1. 7 through promotion of SUN gene expression. Hortic. Res. 9, uhac121 (2022)10. 1016/j. hpj. 2022. 12. 005Liu, H. , Liu, L. , Liang, D. , Zhang, M. , Jia, C. , Qi, M. , Liu, Y. , Shao, Z. , Meng, F. , Hu, S. , Yin, Y. , Li, C. , Wang, Q. : SlBES1 promotes tomato fruit softening through transcriptional inhibition of PMEU1. Iscience. 24, 102926 (2021)10. 1016/j. hpj. 2022. 12. 006Cohen, I. , Zandalinas, S. I. , Huck, C. , Fritschi, F. B. , Mittler, R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p57. 6k. Pay scales really depend on degree (B. S. , M. S. or Ph. D), employer (academic, government or business) and seniority. recommends subjects such as maths, physics, chemistry, statistics and computer programming. ? L: was younger, I was more interested in painting and literature than science. Nature always drew my curiosity, which is perhaps where my scientific interests arose. B: I loved watching the weather! I was always curious about understanding what led to the weather patterns I could see. ? L: I don’t remember any particular reason, other than my interest in the natural world, which likely drew me to science.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Although all parts of the earth is exposed to solar radiation throughout a year, the equator zone between 35°N and 35°S latitudes receives much more solar energy compared to the other parts of the earth and is called “Sunbelt region” [10]. About four-fifth of the world population lives in this region. Having abundant solar energy on one side, the Sunbelt region countries experience a serious water scarcity problem. This scarcity is not only physical water scarcity, indeed it is an economic water scarcity especially in Africa, which means lack of investment in water infrastructure or the lack of personnel capacity to adequately meet the drinking and irrigation water demand of the population. Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of the Sunbelt region and global water scarcity in the world. Figure 2. Global physical and economic water scarcity and Sunbelt region [10, 11]One of the vital factors in combatting the economic water scarcity is a cheap, clean, affordable and environment friendly energy source which will be used to produce and distribute usable and drinkable water. Renewable energy sources such as; solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc. is suitable for this purpose. Sunbelt region is very suitable to use solar energy, which is a very popular and abundant energy source, to produce fresh water from saline water through a number of desalination methods, which will be discussed in detail later. 6 kWh/(m2. d) of solar energy, which is easily reached in Sunbelt region, is equal to 0. 6 l/m2. d and 220 l/m2. y of oil. Therefore it is practically possible to use solar energy instead of especially fossil fuels in this region [12]. Advertisement 3. Desalination and solar energy’s place among the other energy sources for desalinationTotal fresh water consumption in the world can be classified into three categories; about 70% is used for irrigation, 20% is used for industrial purposes, and only 10% of the fresh water is consumed for domestic uses as drinking and cleaning water. In case of a shortage of fresh water, desalination is a way to produce usable and drinkable fresh water from any source of saline water to meet the demand. Desalination is the process of separating salt from saline water, which is a mixture of pure water and salt, in order to obtain fresh water. Water salinity due to dissolved salts can be expressed in four classes as; fresh water (<0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can turn any plant into a high-yield, nutrient-rich food source. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Modification efficiency of the two TALEN approachesFull size table For further analysis, 22 T1 plants of either approach (10 for TS1, 12 for TS2) exhibiting the Mpnop1 mutant phenotype were selected and sequenced to confirm the genome-editing event of TS1 and TS2 and also to determine the genetic modifications that occurred by imprecise NHEJ repair of the cleaved genomic MpNOP1 locus. Corroborating the mutant phenotype, 21 of the investigated 22 lines were altered such that open reading frame shifts occurred, indicated by the suffix ge-o. The generation of premature stop codons likely led to the formation of truncated, non-functional MpNOP1 proteins (Fig. 4). 13 of the 22 T1 lines harbored deletions at the target sites varying between 4 nt up to 2000 nt. Most frequently, in four lines, 8 nt deletions were observed. Four insertion lines were obtained, where the most extreme case is represented by Mpnop1-10 ge-o which carries an integration of over 2000 nt. Five lines with a combination of deletions and insertions were detected. Noteworthy, Mpnop1-22 ge-i carried an in-frame deletion (ge-i) of 18 nt, suggesting that the absence of six amino acids directly upstream of the U-box severely affects the MpNOP1 protein activity in air chamber formation. These findings are consistent with previous reports, where TALEN approaches generated a variety of sequence modifications in plants [38,39,40]. Fig. 4Nucleotide modifications in the MpNOP1 locus induced by TALENs. Alignment of analyzed MpNOP1 TS1 and TS2 sequences from T1 mutants. The respective wild-type nucleotide and amino acid MpNOP1 sequences are depicted at the top of each target site. Numbers in brackets indicate the position of the first indicated amino acid. TALEN binding sites are underlined and spacer sequences are highlighted in grey. Origin of the TALEN pairs is indicated using C for custom TALENs (Cellectis) and A for the assembled TALENs (Sidansai) on the left side. Deletions in the genomic locus are indicated by dashes, insertions by italicized lowercase letters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Download the 10. 33424/197 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zeiss laser microdissection microscope used by Ian and his team for their research. Ian (top right) poses with his team. Ian grows cancer cells in dishes for his experiments. of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here! of Liverpool where Ian works. Imagine studying or working here!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Desalination processes [16]Since changing the phase of saline water requires considerable amount of heat, solar energy is a very practical and readily available energy source along with geothermal and wind energy where available. Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy are used in renewable energy powered desalination plants with the percentages of 42%, 37% and 21% respectively. Solar power is used as both thermal energy and electricity through photo-voltaic panels. Advertisement 4. Solar technologies used in desalinationEnergy is the most vital need for living. Obtaining the usable forms of energy may cause both economic and environmental problems. Especially the fossil fuels have relatively high costs and environmental impacts which inevitably lead to seek for developing alternative methods. Using renewable energy sources is a good way to cope with energy and environmental problems. Renewable energy sources can easily replace fossil-fuels in the near future especially in stationary plants. Depleting reserves of fossil-fuels and environmental problems make it necessary to use the reserves more carefully. Solar energy has great potential in space heating for buildings owing to its low-grade energy characteristics and is the most important alternative to fossil fuels. Solar systems with feasible design and installation have very short payback periods and meet the energy demand very effectively. Solar energy is widely used for drying, cooking, distillation, hot water and electricity production which are the very daily life needs of the people. Several methods using solar energy can be used easily to produce potable water from salt water to save people and agriculture from water scarcity. Main requirement of desalination process is thermal energy, and it can be provided through thermal and PV applications of solar energy systems. This energy can be integrated with various types of structure and capacity distillation systems to produce fresh water. 4. 1. (SGSP)Salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) is a low cost method of capturing and storing solar energy at relatively low temperatures. A SGSP has mainly three layers of water filled in a pond in an order of salinity and relative mass from the bottom to the top. The first and deepest layer of the pond is filled with a very salty water (about 20%), which is called Zone (LCZ). This layer is salty as much as possible to increase the relative mass of the water compared to the next upper layer which is called Non-(NCZ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: Repair vectors (Dataset S2 & Dataset S3) were constructed by simultaneous Gibson assembly cloning (NEB) of three synthetic fragments for each target (recodonized partial open reading frame, 5′ and 3′ HR) into the p3HA_glmS plasmid, linearized by digestion with KpnI (NEB). Recodonized coding region fragments were obtained as gBlocks synthetic DNA (IDT, Singapore). 5′ and 3′ HR fragments were obtained by PCR using PrimeSTAR® (Inc. Shiga, Japan) and P. falciparum 3D7 genomic DNA template. Gene editing by DNA transfection P. falciparum 3D7 reference (NCBI txid: 36329) wild-type parasite was cultured in vitro as previously described (Aroonsri et al. , 2016; Aroonsri et al. , 2019). Cas9 (20 µg) and PstI-linearized repair (50 µg) vectors were co-transfected into late schizont parasites by AMAXA nucleofection, as previously described (Knuepfer et al. , 2017). WR99210 (2 nM, a gift from Prof. Tirayut Vilaivan) was applied 48 h post-transfection to select transfected parasites. WR99210-resistant parasites emerged within 30 days post-transfection, and gene editing events were detected by PCR with integration-specific primers (Table S1). Transfected parasites with detectable gene edits were treated for 7 days with 1 µM 5-fluorocytosine (Sigma-) and 2. 5 µg/mL blasticidin S HCl (Gibco™, ) to remove Cas9 plasmid retained as episome and eliminate wild-type parasites. Clonal lines of gene-edited parasites were obtained by limiting dilution in 96-well microtiter plates. Western blotting Clonal lines of transgenic parasites DHFR-TS_glmS and MS_glmS with edited PF3D7_0417200 and PF3D7_1233700 genes, respectively were synchronized by sorbitol treatment and cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of 5 mM glucosamine (GlcN, Sigma-).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - Yun Ch'i-ho's (1864-1945) views on death and burial practices as seen through his diaries 민족문화연구 약어 : - 2015 no. 66, 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 발행기관 : 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 연구분야 : 기타인문학 Copyright © 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 1 1서울대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 7 328 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 윤치호(1864-1945)는 널리 알려진 역사 인물이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: PV panels can also be connected to each other in any size and number to produce a desired power output. PV panels have no emission, no noise and no moving parts. Also, their installation and maintenance tasks are very easy [23]. The main drawback of PV panels is their cost which is decreasing rapidly. Affordable prices boosted the use of PV panels in recent years. Global installed capacity of PV plants was 2. 6 GW in 2004, increased to 100 GW in 2012 and become 139 GW by the year 2013 [20]. Advertisement 5. Solar desalinationDesalination of sea water or other salty ground waters is a practical and proven method of producing fresh water where it is needed. The main issue for this desalination process is a low cost, environment friendly, readily available energy to drive the process. Solar energy is one of the best sources of this type and it is abundant throughout the year especially in solar belt region at which most of the water scarcity is suffered by about 5 billion people. Solar water desalination is a well-known and proven technique which has been used for a long time at remote areas and places suffering from shortage of potable quality water. There are many variations of solar driven desalination systems. Figure 6 shows a pull classification and integrated big picture view of desalination processes and the place of renewable energy among the other methods. These systems can be classified mainly into two groups as direct and indirect desalination systems which will be described below. 5. 1. Indirect systemsMost of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating () or non-concentrating () collectors to run thermal desalination processes such as thermal vapour compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD). Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electricity from solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalination techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels. Figure7 shows the shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide. Figure 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: We edited the PF3D7_1233700 and PF3D7_0412700 (DHFR-TS) genes, placing them under the control of the glmS ribozyme (Prommana et al. , 2013). The edited DHFR-TS and MS genes were confirmed by PCR genotypic assays in clonal lines of transgenic parasites (Figs. 1 & 2). One clonal line of each edited gene (designated as DHFR-TS_glmS and MS_glmS, respectively) was selected for phenotypic analysis. The expressions of target proteins in transgenic parasites were assessed by western blotting of synchronized transgenic parasites cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of GlcN. Protein species of sizes expected for modified MS (72. 7 kDa) and DHFR-TS (75. 5 kDa) were detected in transgenic parasites (Fig. S3). GlcN treatment caused significant reductions in MS and DHFR-TS protein expression (DHFR-TS mean = 40%, P-adjusted = 0. 004; MS mean = 51%, P-adjusted = 0. 03; Fig. 3A). There was no significant difference in the mean % target protein (GlcN treated relative to untreated control) level between DHFR-TS and MS (P = 0. 34). Figure 1: PF3D7_0417200 (DHFR-TS) gene editing. (A) Schematic of PF3D7_0417200 gene editing (drawn to scale). The location of the guide RNA target for mediating double-strand DNA break is indicated by the lightning bolt symbol. Repair vector (Dataset S2) elements are indicated by the colored boxes, including homologous regions in blue, recodonized protein coding region (Rec. ) in magenta, triple hemagglutinin epitope tag (HA) in cyan, glmS ribozyme (glmS) in red, blasticidin S deaminase selectable marker gene (BSD) in orange, and Plasmodium transcriptional regulatory elements in teal. The locations and sizes of amplicons expected from PCR using primers DHFR_37 F (P1), _1558R (P2), and glmS_3R (P3) are indicated by black arrows.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 당시 평균보다 오래 산 윤치호의 삶이 길어지면서 그는 부인 2명과 사별하였고, 많은 가족, 친척, 친구, 지인의 죽음에 대해 애통하기도 했다. 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: The heat and mass transfer processes play important roles, which usually lead to bulky horizontal or vertical tube arrays heat exchangers. Salt water is sprayed onto these exchangers in each cell. Hot steam passes through the heat exchanger in the first cell and condenses to become distilled water. Latent heat of condensing water is transferred to the sprayed salt water and some of this water evaporates while the rest accumulates at the bottom of the cell. Vapour produced in the first cell is transferred into the heat exchanger of the next cell and transfers its energy to the salt water sprayed on the exchanger of second cell just like in the first cell. Same process repeated until the last cell and the vapour produced in the last cell is sucked by thermo-compressor to recycle the vapour. MED system is also able to operate by mechanical vapour compression (MED-MVC) when there is no usable heat. A mechanical compressor sucks the vapour from the last cell producing vacuum which promotes evaporation and compresses the vapour before sending to the heat exchanger of first cell with elevated temperature caused by the compression which also increases the evaporation rate in the first cell. MED-MVC system operates similar to MED-TVC cycle except for the mechanical compressor. Figure 10. Typical arrangement of a multiple effect solar distillation with thermo-compression (MED-TVC) [28]5. 2. Direct system applicationsDirect solar desalination methods make use of the heat energy contained in the solar irradiation directly to produce fresh water without association with any other mechanical or electrical devices. Direct systems are low cost and suitable for small applications. Since their operation temperature and steam pressure is low, they have smaller production rates than indirect desalination systems. There are mainly two types of direct desalination technique such as humidification-dehumidification method and solar stills. Solar stills have also two variants as active and passive distillation methods. 5. 2. 1. Solar Humidification-Dehumidification (HD-DHD)A gigantic scale HD-DHD method is used in the nature for millions of years to produce fresh water from the seas and oceans using the sun as the heat source [29]. As shown in Figure 1, water evaporates and humidifies the above air.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: First, the marker gene with the screening function is integrated into the genome to complete the transformation of the target region, and then the resistance marker gene is excised by the recombinase. However, after each round of genetic manipulation, a loxP or FRT site is left on the genome, which is very unfavorable for the study of functional genes or multigene continuous operation. To achieve seamless editing of the genome, the researchers chose a genetic framework with a positive screening function and a reverse screening function through two rounds of genetic manipulation. In addition, homologous recombination between the two rounds of genome editing required the expression of the exogenous λ-Red recombinase. /Cas-mediated genome editing technology that has emerged in recent years is the third generation of endonuclease-dependent genome editing technologies. The principle is based on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to the invasion of foreign phage DNA (Sander & Joung, 2014). Compared with ZFNs andCas has the advantages of simple operation, a short operating cycle and low technical requirements for the operator. /Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse organisms including but not limited to humans (Drost et al. , 2015), mice (Aida et al. , 2015), zebrafish (Varshney et al. , 2016), C. elegans (Shen et al. , 2014), rice (Yin et al. , 2017), E. coli (Jiang et al. , 2013), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brune, Kunze-Schumacher & Kolling, 2019), Chlamydomonas chloroplasts (Yoo et al. , 2020). For gene editing in E. coli, a three-plasmid system with highly efficient recombination was developed (Pyne et al. , 2015). Subsequently, a two-plasmid system was constructed which included pCas containing the Cas9 protein and pTargetF containing the sgRNA (single guide RNA) (Jiang et al. , 2015). However, the two-plasmid system still requires two steps in the process of curing the plasmid. To facilitate operation, a single-plasmid system was constructed which included Cas9 and sgRNA on one plasmid and it could be cured in one step by a temperature-sensitive element (Zhao et al. , 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 그런 한편으로 그는 일본의 대한(對韓) 정책은 “오래 끌었던 나라의 죽음”의 원인으로 인식하며, 1901년에 “틀림없이 조선은 정치적으로, 지식적으로 완전히 죽어버렸다”라고 애통했다. 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Air flows in the atmosphere carries the vapour to where it will condense and dehumidify to form fresh precipitation called rain, snow or hail. HD-DHD distillation method is the small scale replication of this process. The productivity of HD-DHD system is about five times the productivity of an equivalent basin type solar still at the same climatic conditions. HD-DHD process is also named as the multiple-effect humidification-dehumidification process; multiple-effect humidification (MEH) or solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC). In HD-DHD system atmospheric air is heated through a solar air heater. Because the water vapour holding capacity of air increases by the temperature (about 100 gr vapour/ kg dry air at 60°C and 500 gr vapour/kg dry air at 80°C) [30]. Warm dry air enters in to the humidification chamber and absorbs vapour from sprayed salt water. It passes through a pipe into dehumidification in which cold salt water passes through another pipeline which acts as a condenser for incoming warm humid air. Thus the salt water is preheated by the heat, recovered from condensing vapour, to utilize evaporation in the humidification chamber and the warm air is dehumidified leaving fresh water at the bottom of dehumidification chamber. Figure 11 shows the schematic illustration of HD-DHD system. Building and operating an HD-DHD system is simple safe and low-cost making it a very suitable desalination process among the small capacity plants [31]. Figure 11. Schematic diagram of humidification-dehumidification system [29]5. 2. 2. Solar stillsSolar stills can be used to produce fresh water from salt water in a very cheap, simple and easy way [32]. They are preferred for small-scale fresh water needs of people in remote places instead of transporting fresh water. A very fortunate aspect of the solar water distillation technique is that when fresh water demand is at its peak, solar insolation is also high (especially hot seasons) [6]. Solar irradiation passes through a cover and falls onto the black bottom surface of the still causing the surface and contained salt or brackish water to warm up. Heated water evaporates and rises up until it touches to the inner side of the cover where it condenses and forms fresh water drops.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: We designed the pTarget-Δelt II c1 series with 300 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, 50 bp homologous arms, combined with pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) (Table 2, experiments 8, 11–14). By comparison, the gene editing efficiency was the highest when the homology arm was approximately 300 bp. The homology arms size, deletion fragment length and recombination efficiency of the target genes are listed in Table 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR for different genes and SacI digestion. (A) Identification of eltI gene knockout with primers P7/P8. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (B) Identification of estB gene knockout with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (C) Identification of faeG gene knockout with primers P39/P40. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (D) Identification of eltIIc1 gene knockout with primers P23/P24. Lane 1, positive control. (E) Identification of estA inserted into estB with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (F) Identification of estA gene knockout with primers P31/P32. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (G) Identification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (H) Identification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (I) Lane 1, eltIIc1193 of the corrected recombinant ETEC was amplified with primers P23/P24. Lane 2, amplified fragment was digested with SacI for 3 h. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 김상태 2001 윤치호 일기 1916-1943, 한 지식인의 내면세계를 통해 본 식민지시기 역사비평사 6. [단행본] 강영계 2012 죽음학 강의. 사람을 이야기하는 철학자의 세번째 이야기 새문사 7. [단행본] 서울특별시사편찬위원희 2012 서울문화마당 3 서울특별시 8. [단행본] 윤경로 1990 105人事件과新民會硏究 一志社 9. [단행본] 윤치호 문화사업회 1999 윤치호 선집 2: 좌웅 윤치호 선생약전 윤치호 문화사업회 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: The productivity of a solar still is affected by the temperature difference between the water and condensing surfaces. A higher temperature difference between these surfaces yields higher productivity. To maintain this temperature difference, various methods were proposed [47]. In inclined stills feed water coming from the tank comes to the collector in pipes, passes through the drilled holes and drops onto the black absorber plate to evaporate by taking heat from the plate which is heated by solar irradiation. Vapour goes up and touches to the glass cover which is cool enough to condense on. Fresh water distillate accumulates on the inner surface of the glass cover and flows downwards to the condensate outlet port by gravitational forces. Water droplet falling onto the absorber plate does not distribute perfectly on the absorber plate surface. Using a wick on the absorber plate helps to distribute water more evenly over the absorber plate using capillary effect which improves evaporation rate. Another way of improving the performance is to cool glass cover to ease condensation. Shaded plate is a simple yet effective solution (Figure 15). One fourth of the glass surface is shaded from the top leaving a gap of several centimetres between the shading plate and the glass. This arrangement provides a chimney effect in this gap and improves convective heat transfer to the atmosphere which cools down this part of the glass and increases the condensate production rate [47]. A good way to solve the cosine loss problem of basin type solar still is to design an inclined structure with cascaded weirs (Figure 16) [48]. Salt water is fed from the top and condensate is collected from the bottom end. Feed water flows through the weirs and fills all the weirs evenly. There is a small distance between the cover and absorber plate which quickens the saturation and condensation processes making the cascade system more efficient more than other solar stills. Weir-type cascade solar stills do not suffer from dry spot or channelization problems since the brine is forced to flow each step one by one without leaving any dry surface on the absorber plate. Water flow way is longer than a normal or wicked inclined type stills and accordingly the solar exposition time is longer which increases the efficiency. It has the advantages of both basin type and inclined type solar stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: The off-target effect of Cas9 has been reported frequently in eukaryotes (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013). When we knocked out the estB, the first selected colony of N20 did not complete the knockout task. Another colony of N20 was replaced to continue and then succeeded. To reduce the off-target effects of Cas9 in this study, it was best to ensure that the 12 bases at the 3′end of the N20 sequence were highly specific to the genome (Jiang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2015). Existing online sgRNA design tools are not specifically targeted at ETEC. The evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability is based on E. coli K12 MG1655 instead of ETEC. It might lead to inaccurate evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability. From this current experimental results, the knockout efficiency can meet our requirements for gene editing. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. It could be used to explore amino acids that affected virulence through site-directed mutations. And it also could be used to display foreign proteins on outer membrane or fimbriae of ETEC to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. We believe that the two-plasmid system will be more widely adopted following the further research. Conclusions ETEC is one of the important pathogens causing human and animal diarrhae. But the researches of its virulence genes were affected due to the lack of efficient gene editing tools. In this study, we explored the validity of the two-plasmid system ofCas for editing the virulence genes in ETEC. The results show that the two-plasmid system ofCas used in this study can edit the virulence genes on the ETEC plasmids and chromosome for deleting, replacing, and mutating. The editing efficiency is closely related to the homologous arm length, and the efficiency is the highest when the length of the homology arm is approximately 300 bp. This system can also be used for single base mutation through two rounds of replacement at the same position.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [학술지] アジア民衆史硏究會 2006 死をめぐるポリティクス 東アジアにおける民衆の世界觀 アジア民衆史硏究 (12) 11. [단행본] 高村竜平 2007 大東亜共 栄圏の文化建設 人文書院 12. [단행본] 朝鮮公論社 1917 在朝鮮內地人紳士名鑑 朝鮮公論社 13. [기타] 朝鮮総督府官報 제 544호 14. [단행본] 矢內原忠雄 1937 植民及び植民政策 有斐閣 15. [학술지] 李相旭 2014 植民地朝鮮における墓地規則改定(1919年)について 歴 史学研究 915 16. [학술지] 李相旭 2007 植民地朝鮮と墓の系譜學ー私設墓地問題の分析を中心に 學術論文集 26 17. [단행본] Ariès, Philippe 1991 History of over the Thousand Press 18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Further development of these weir-type cascade stills include using wick on each cascaded steps and phase change material (typically paraffin wax) beneath the absorber surface to store energy when it is abundant and give it back to the salt water when it is needed in cloudy days or evening times [48]. Figure 15. Inclined solar water distillation system and schematic diagram of the system [47]Figure 16. Schematic view of a weir type cascade solar still [49]Another well-designed still is a combination of a glass cylinder and a tray or trough inside the cylinder (Figure 17a). Salt water is fed into the tray and the water travels through the tray. Incoming solar energy heats the tray and water to cause evaporation of salt water and consequently condensation of the vapour on the cylinder surface. Water droplets slip down and accumulate at the bottom of glass cylinder and collected through the fresh water outlet. Cylindrical tube type stills are compact, robust and have high yield per unit are compared to the conventional basin still design [50]. There is a similar design in which wick is used in the tray to absorb salt water and diffuse throughout the tray with capillary effect. Wick lies along an incline, with the upper edge dipped in a saline water reservoir and there are two outlets, one for the excess water and the other is for condensate. Capillary suction of the cloth fibers used as wick produces a thin water film which can easily evaporate by the incoming solar radiation. The condensing surface area of the cylindrical glass over the evaporation tray is much more than that of a flat surface and this results in a relatively colder glass cover faster condensation rate [46]. A similar approach uses a sphere instead of cylinder as the still housing. A black painted of covered metallic plate is located at the centre plane of the spherical glass (Figure 17b). Spherical solar stills works like cylindrical ones and they are about 30% more efficient than an equivalent conventional solar still. Spherical stills have even more condensation area per evaporation surface compared to cylindrical solar stills but it is not scalable as easy as cylindrical ones [46]. Figure 17. Schematic representation of (a) tubular solar still (front view) [51], (b) a spherical condensing solar still [46]5. 2. 2. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: 1 Genetic cloning of living organismsFor conventional genetic cloning of animals, plants, and microbes, the target genes in the specific genome are cut using restriction enzymes. It usually takes lots of work and long time to clone and screen for the desired ones. Current gene editing technologies can be used to achieve the desired clones both quickly and accurately, without the limitation of restriction site availability [11]. 2. 1. 2 Establishment of animal modelsGenetic cloning, gene knock-in, and gene knockout are the most common methods to make induced or experimental animal models. The efficient approaches include andCas9. By these new gene editing technologies, specific animal models of many diseases for which there are no animal models available previously have been established with unprecedented efficiency and precision [12, 13, 14]. 2. 1. 3 Development of testing tools and reagents/Cas9 can be optimized by bacterial genotypes to be more adaptive to the variation of food pathogens, compared with traditional methods. locus of different bacterial species show high variance to be an ideal basis for genotyping [15]. /Cas12a(Cpf1) (DNA endonuclease targeted trans reporter) system can be used to diagnose gene mutations, cancers, and microbial infections and test microbial antibiotic resistance by analyzing specimens [16]. 2. 1. 4 Discovery of drugsThe screening and identification of target sites are critical to drug discovery; thus, excellent and suitable platforms are needed. Gene editing technologies can work for the editing of functional genes and the screening of target sites. For example,Cas9 was used to target the exons encoding functional protein domains. A screen of 192 chromatin regulatory domains in murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells identified 6 known drug targets and 19 additional dependencies [17]. 2. 2 Nonhuman therapeutics2. 2. 1 Agricultural productsThe gene editing technology can be used to produce agricultural products in accordance with the need of humans. For example, crops were produced with high yield and resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, and harsh environment [18, 19]; domesticated animals (pig, buffalo) were produced with double muscle phenotype [20]; and aquatic products (catfish) were produced with high level myostatin (MSTN) gene expression [21]. 2. 2. 2 FoodWe can make food more productive or have longer shelf-life by gene editing technologies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 19. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 1991 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 20. [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 21. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 2007 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 22. [학술지] De Ceuster, Koen 1945 Through the Master's Eye: in the Case of Yun Ch'iho (1865-1945) zur Ostasienforschung 27 23. [학위논문] De Ceuster, Koen 1994 to Collaboration, the Dilemma of Nationalism: the Case of Yun Ch’i-ho. 1865-1945 24. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1995 Disciple and Punish. of the Prison Vintage books 25. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1978 of Sexuality, Vol. 1 26. [단행본] Henriot, Christian 2011 on Press 27. [학술지] Kim, Hyung-chan 1989 Portrait of a Patriot: Yun Ch'i-ho's Views of the II 13 28. [단행본] Kim, Hyung-chan 1980 Letters in Exile: The life and times of Yun Ch’i-ho 29. [단행본] Kim, 2013 Wrongful Deaths: Records from Nineteenth-/ University of 30. [학위논문] Lee, Yeon-seung 2012 and Internationalism. Yun Ch'i-ho and the YMCA in 31. [단행본] Pattison, George 2013 Heidegger on Death: a critical theological essay Ashgate 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Active distillationMany investigations have been conducted in attempt to improve the efficiency and productivity of solar stills. Some of these techniques are decreasing the depth of water in the basin, mixing black dye with the salt water, using better insulation to minimize the heat losses, improving the vapour tightness, proper orientation of the still as to receive more solar irradiation, etc. Apart from the above-mentioned passive methods, there are a number of active methods of improving thermal efficiency such as integrating a still with a solar heater of concentrator. Active solar stills receive additional thermal energy from an outer source to the water in the basin which improves the rate of evaporation. A detailed classification of active and passive solar stills is given in Figure 6. Active solar stills are classified according to the integration type and operation principles of the solar stills. The main classification categories are: nocturnal distillation, pre-heated water distillation and high-temperature distillation solar stills. Nocturnal production solar stills are able to operate when there is no sunlight. This can be achieved by mainly two ways: storing extra energy during day-time and using the stored energy at night, and making use of waste heat from another source. In order to store energy, still basin is filled to a depth that is more than required for full evaporation in an average day. At the end of the day some warm water would still remain in the basin of the still and continue to evaporate during no-sunshine hours of the day, which is called nocturnal distillation. This evaporation can be provided by feeding hot water from another heat source during night. Pre-heated water application solar stills make use of waste heat from an external plant such as paper industries, chemical industries, thermal power plants and food processing industries to heat the water in the basin through a heat exchanger or use the warm water directly in the basin to improve evaporation rate. High temperature distillation stills increase the basin water temperature from about 20–50°C to 70–80°C by coupling an external solar system such as and PV/T hybrid system. In addition to these methods, some other methods with different operation properties are used with high temperature distillation method like multistage active, multi-effect air-bubbled solar still and hybrid solar distillation [52].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: For example,Cas9 was used to edit thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus as a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant to improve the product (e. g. , yogurt, cheese) yield by refraining from the infection of phages [22]. The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was engineered to resist browning usingCas9. The effect was achieved by targeting to knock out the genes that encodes polyphenol oxidase—an enzyme that causes browning [23]. 2. 2. 3 Industrial products/Cas9 has been used to establish marine algae (e. g. , diatoms) as useful in industrial applications as the carbon neutral synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, health foods, biomolecules, materials related to nanotechnology, and bioremediations of contaminated water [24, 25]. /Cas9 was used to encode the pixel values of black and white images and a short movie into the living bacterial genomes. /Cas9, the technical limits of this information storage system can be optimized to be minimal. /Cas9 can capture and stably store many real data within the genomes of living cells [26]. 2. 2. 4 Environmental protectionMarine microalgae are in charge of about 40% of primary production on earth and capture more CO2 than rain forests. Diatoms are the most important unicellular eukaryotic microalgae and have dominant ecological significance. /Cas9 can be used to modify the diatom genome to achieve more effects in reducing the global warming [25]. 2. 2. 5 Restoration of extinct animalsWoolly mammoths are different from current living elephants by adapting to the extreme cold environment. The mammoth TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, could be achieved by modifying genes of Asian elephants [27]. The mammoth may be restored usingCas9, if the modified embryo can be successfully transferred into the uterus of living elephants. 2. 3 Human therapeutics2. 3. 1 Medicine screeningThe therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are quite variable including drug and nondrug treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy to treat PD safely, efficiently, and quickly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Wells, 1990 Protestants and Self-Reconstruction, Nationalism in Korea 1896-1937 University of 33. [단행본] Lee, Eun-Jeung 2012 Intellektueller in einer Transformationszeit Iudicium 34. [단행본] Lehners, Jean-Paul 2006 Margue, Michel, Sépulture, mort et représentation du pouvoir au moyen âge Linden 35. [단행본] Elias, Norbert 2002 Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen Suhrkamp 36. [단행본] Richter, Isabel 2011 Tod. Bilder und Vorstellungen vom Lebensende im 19 37. [단행본] Wuthenow, Ralph-Rainer 1990 Eigenart, Formen, Entwicklung TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - @10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Figure 18 shows how a passive distillation system (a) can be converted to an active distillation system by addition of an external energy supply plant which can be integrated by natural circulation (b) or forced circulation (c). Latent heat of condensation is one of the most significant heat losses of solar distillation systems. Finding a way for the re-utilization of this heat would greatly increase the thermal efficiency of the solar distillation system, which is defined as the daily production per square meter. One of those ideas is re-using the latent heat of condensation at the cover of a basin to heat the water in another basin [46]. Such a design is called multi-basin solar stills (Figure18). In multi-basin design, two or more basins are constructed like the floors in an apartment building. The bottom-most basin is covered by an absorber plate while the upper basins are transparent to allow solar radiation to reach the bottom plate. Condensing vapour at each basin cover heats up the cover by the latent heat of condensation. Heated cover of a basin forms basin of the upper still section and heats the water on it by that latent heat by re-utilizing the waste heat. Each section has its own condensate collection and salt water feeding channels. Figure 18. Schematic view of a double basin solar still. (b) Double basin still coupled to a collector in the natural circulation mode. (c) Double basin coupled to a collector in the forced circulation mode [52]As shown in Figures 19 and 20, flat plate collectors and evacuated collectors can be used in active solar distillation systems. Solar collectors have high efficiency and improve the amount of distillation. However, the collector should be used in closed cycle to avoid precipitation of salt and other contaminants in the tubes and demolish the performance of the collector. Instead, a heat exchanger should be used (Figure 20) to transfer the heat to the basin water of the still [34]. Figure 19. Vacuum tube collector assisted solar distillation system [34]Figure 20. Flat plate solar collector assisted active distillation system and its schematic viewSolar stills can be successfully integrated with parabolic solar concentrators (Figure 21). Solar tracking parabolic concentrators concentrate the solar irradiation falling on a large area onto a small receiver area at high temperatures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: A novel tool was established for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) transcription by NanoLuc luciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end usingCas9, and thus making it possible to screen for strategies rapidly that can be used for PD therapy efficiently [28]. 2. 3. 2 Preparation for cell therapy or immunotherapyThe gene-editing technology can be applied to engineer induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells. /Cas9 has been used to engineer iPS cells to evade immune rejection in full immunocompetent allogeneic recipients [29]. Because the CD19 CAR was successfully used in treatment,Cas9 may further enhance the efficacy and safety of CART cells by engineering therapeutic T cells [30]. 2. 3. 3 Potential application for disease treatment2. 3. 3. 1 Virus latent infectionDiseases caused by viruses are difficult to treat due to their high mutation rates and latent infections. It is almost impossible to eradicate latent viruses in the human host. andCas9 have been found to provide good strategies in targeting viruses and limiting their productive and latent infections ex vivo and/or in vivo, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. 2. 3. 3. 2 Genetic diseaseGenetic diseases can be cured by gene therapies such as sickle cell anemia, β-thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Leber congenital amaurosis, and cystic fibrosis [37]. The gene editing technologies (e. g. ,Cas9) potentially facilitate the progress of gene therapy, because many experiments have been successful ex vivo and in vivo, and some of them are being under clinical trials. 2. 3. 3. 3 Neurodegenerative diseaseBy applying the Interactions by (PRISM) to a yeast model of PD, sgRNAs were identified to modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from α-Syn toxicity [38]. The APPswe (Swedish) mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다. 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: High temperature and low heat loss area of the still basin which is located on the focal point of parabolic concentrator greatly improves the efficiency of the still. Salt water can be supplied to the still by natural or forced circulation [52]. Figure 21. Schematic of a concentrating collector still [52]Since the most critical stages of distillation process are evaporation and condensation, any measures that helps these two stages increases the efficiency significantly. A clever idea for promoting the evaporation at a certain temperature is forced air bubbling which causes an instantaneous atomization of water towards the air and a rapid evaporation. If it is possible to pre-heat the air that will be used for bubbling evaporation would be much better since the air that will carry the vapour also has the extra heat that evaporation process requires instantly during the bubbling effect (Figure 22). Another effective way of improving the still efficiency is cooling the cover surface [46, 52]. Figure 22. Air-bubbled solar still [46]In a recent design, evacuated solar collector is hybridized with wicks/solar still to improve the productivity of still (Figure 23). Using single layer or double layer wick on absorber plate and integrating a feed water tank to feed hot salt water which is heated by solar collector during the daytime made up of a great combination of wick, inclined solar heating and energy storage which boosted the thermal performance and operation time of the still [53]. Figure 23. Schematic diagram of hybrid desalination system using wicks/solar still and evacuated solar water heater [53]5. 2. 2. 3. General considerations on solar stillsMaking a general consideration of the solar stills, some common results can be concluded:Fresh water yield of a solar still depends on several parameters like solar insolation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric humidity, sky conditions etc. The inclination angle of cover should be equal to the latitude of the installation site to minimize the cosine loses. Increasing water depth in the still basin decreases the distillate production rate. Each type of solar still has its own advantages and disadvantages. None of them is perfect. Increasing salinity of the salt water decreases the distillate production rate especially at low concentration range. Due to inclination angle single slope passive solar stills are better than double slope passive solar stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: The mutant APPSW allele can be selectively disrupted usingCas9 both ex vivo and in vivo and thereby decrease pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) [39]. 2. 3. 3. 4Cas9 were tried to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b can suppress the expression of SIRT6 by directly targeting the seed-matching region of its 3′UTR. After the expression of SIRT6 knocked out throughCas9, HCC cells showed the decreased viability and invasiveness, which had the similar function upon the overexpression of the miR-125b [40]. /Cas9 was also tried to inhibit breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are established anti-cancer drug targets, and a new generation of CDK inhibitors provides clinical benefits to the patients. Breast cancer cells were genetically manipulated using a deactivatedCas9 (d) approach to strengthen the endogenous CDK18 promoter to express highly to exhibit an increased sensitivity [41]. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe gene editing technologies, especiallyCas9, have been extensively used as tools in basic research for genome encoding, silencing, enhancing, and modification. Currently, they are further applied in manufacturing nonhuman therapeutic products and medicinal products. Particularly, the discovery of medicinal products using gene editing technologies will open a new era for human therapeutics and expect to bring a hope for patient recovery from being seriously sick. Many biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical plants have successfully produced products using gene editing technologies. For example, has become an industry which is prosperously developing recently. Nonhuman therapeutic products are usually manufactured nonexclusively, while human therapeutic products are manufactured exclusively because they are highly technical, ethically concerned, and more profitable. Gene editing technologies are very promising in applications, though there are still many technical (e. g. , off target effects, option of delivery tools, localization of function) and ethical challenges (e. g. , evaluation of benefits and risks, compatibility of private interests and the public good, random manipulation of genes, commercialization of human therapy) unsolved. More and more products based on these technologies are approved for marketing. We also expect the challenges of safety concerns (e. g. , genetically modified organism, tumorigenesis, etc. ) and ethical issues will be overcome in the near future. 1. . Applications ofCas9 for gene editing in hereditary movement disorders.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. 그래서 필립 아리에스 (Philippe Ariès, 1914-1984)의 대표적 죽음 관련 연구로부터 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 “죽음”의 역사성 연구에 공헌하려고 한다. 윤치호 일기를 통해, 조선 근대화의 갈림길에 썬 윤치호가, 커다란 시대적 변화 속에서, 삶의 끝으로 불변성 강한 “죽음”에 대해 어떻게 인식한지 알아볼 시도이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: FPC with forced circulation mode increase the performance solar still more than thermo syphon mode. Wind can slightly increase the total production. Although from morning to noon the highest distillate output are obtained at the highest water temperature times, more outputs can be observed at less water temperatures which can be attributed to the cooling glass cover before the system itself. Double slope passive solar still has a higher thermal efficiency than double slope active solar still. In active double effect solar stills lower basin gives the maximum yield because of the high noon temperature. The amount of fresh water produce in the still is closely related with thermal conductivity of condensing cover material. Advertisement 6. ConclusionDrinkable fresh water, being a fundamental need of human being, has become a serious concern for people especially living in crowded cities and countries with limited amount of water resources. Supplying fresh water is an energy intensive task especially when there is need for heating cold water to evaporate for distillation. Most of the big desalination plants around the world use fossil-based fuels as energy source to heat and vaporize the sea water or brackish water in order to produce fresh water. However, environmental concerns along with decreasing oil reserves and increasing fuel costs call for reconsideration on the fuel types used in many areas as well as in desalination or distillation processes. There are a number of well-known alternative and renewable energy sources in the world like wind, geothermal, solar, biomass etc. but achievability, availability when needed and energy storage are also very critical issues to operate the distillation plant effectively. A very fortunate aspect of the issue is the coincidence of fresh water need and abundant solar energy. Most of the places with severe water scarcity are about the equator region where people needs more water due to highest degrees of air temperature in the world. Therefore, especially for these countries located in solar belt region, solar energy is a readily available, cost-free and abundant energy source which does not require transportation or very sophisticated technology to benefit from. Since most of the desalination processes run on heat, solar energy can be used directly as heat source which decreases the installation and operation costs significantly. Apart from simple solar powered stills, of course there are more complicated, yet much more efficient solar powered stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: AMA Journal of Ethics® Illuminating the Art of navigation 1028. doi: 10. 1001/amajethics. 2019. 1021. Citation PDF Altmetric email of gene therapies are currently in various stages of research and development. A subset of these involve gene editing technologies such as. In this hypothetical case, a patient with chronic pain has initiated a -based intervention obtained from a clinic in the Cayman Islands. His physician doubts it is approved by the US Food and and worries about its safety. The case presents ethical questions about potential violations of US regulations regarding the sale of products intended to affect human health, patients’ lack of understanding about risks of unproven drugs, and suboptimal support for and management of patients with chronic pain. We discuss how physicians should address these questions. T is surprised to see a patient, Mr J, at the gym. For years, chronic pain has kept away from most physical activity. Not having seen for a couple of years, asks how he’s doing and learns that had been using a recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () tool designed to permanently modulate inflammation. explains that he ordered this intervention from an American clinic in the Cayman Islands, reports improved sleep and capacity to exercise, and notes heartburn as the only side effect. suspects this application is not approved by the US Food and (FDA) and asks to schedule an appointment for follow-up. Dr T’s view is that direct-to-consumer tools should remain prescription only, since peer-reviewed clinical evidence in support of this application is minimal. She’s concerned that Mr J’s use of it is too risky and wonders whether she should both gather more information from to help him and report the case to the FDA. patient has obtained—likely via an internet-mediated mail order—a gene editing product from “an American clinic in the Cayman Islands. ” Presumably, the intervention was not prescribed by another physician but was advertised and marketed by the entity providing the so-called therapy “designed to permanently modulate inflammation. ” Although this case is hypothetical, it does bear similarity to events that have actually happened. Reducing the burden of pain has been identified as a significant public health challenge that must be addressed to stem the ongoing opioid crisis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 나이 많은 윤치호 개인에게도 죽음은 곧 더 행복한 세계의 구상이었다. 서양과 달리 기독교가 지배이념이 아니었던 조선에서, 기독교는 줄곧 윤치호에게 조선의 상태를 분석하는 틀과 문명에 대한 인식적 기반을 제공했다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Complex desalination systems which are all designed to improve the thermal efficiency and freshwater yield/productivity use many approaches such as: multiple stage operation, pre-heating the feed water with the condensation energy, using additional heat sources (waste water from another process), concentrating solar energy to improve the operation temperature of the process etc. Solar desalination systems can be a good solution to the water scarcity of especially the Sunbelt region. However, dominant use of clean and renewable energy sources for desalination process and replacement of the fossil fuel-based operations require more R&D studies to find more efficient and/or less costly power plants with continuous operation by the means of energy storage solutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: 2017, a biohacker livestreamed himself self-administering a -based experimental intervention for muscle enhancement. 1 That year, another man recorded himself self-injecting an experimental gene therapy supplied by a Singaporean company; he hoped the investigational agent would stimulate his immune response to HIV. 2,3 This company’s late chief executive officer also recorded himself using an investigational gene therapy—this one intended to treat herpes simplex virus. 4 He catalogued the company’s experimental gene therapies in a Facebook post, noting that they would be made available to the public. 4 In another case, a scientist affiliated with both an academic institution and a company administered an investigational herpes vaccine to people in both the and St. Kitts, without approval from the FDA, St. Kitts regulatory authorities, or local institutional review boards. 5,6 One might dismiss these and similar cases as of small public health concern, but these unproven products could harm those who use or consume them. There is additional concern, albeit small, that these products could pose risks to people who do not actually take them. For example, Germany banned all imports from a California-based company that sells DNA reagents and gene editing kits because some if its products were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. 2 The hypothetical case, as well as the real ones, prompts questions about proper roles of government in regulating drugs and biological interventions, the health and media literacy of the public, and how patients might respond when a health care system does not or cannot meet their needs. The case also highlights ethical obligations of clinicians to (1) communicate with patients and provide appropriate care, (2) report potential violations of US regulations regarding sale of products intended to affect human health, (3) educate patients about risks of unproven drugs in the context of the FDA’s mission to protect public health, and (4) optimally support patients with chronic pain. Caring for the T is right to ask to schedule an appointment, especially since he is experiencing heartburn, which he seems to attribute to the product. Other more serious conditions, such as angina, can mimic heartburn pain. Since she suspects the product used is not FDA approved, its safety profile is uncertain. Although side effects will likely be product specific, clinical concerns about gene editing products include possible infection, immunologic reactions, and unanticipated molecular and cellular effects. 7 will want to get an updated health history from Mr J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 2015, “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - ”, no. 66, 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 Biontino Juljan. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 66 214. (2015): 175. . 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - 민족문화연구 [Internet]. 2015; 66, : 175 - 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 no. 66 (2015): 175 - 214. doi: :10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: Go to Research 6350. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2022. 26. 556350 Go to li>Research 2. 5 dS/m), was 23. 38 ton/ha; followed by irrigation with blended water (T3 with 3. 5 dS/m) with a yield of 16. 56 ton/ha, and irrigation with brackish water (T4 with 5. 75 dS/m) whose yield was16. 93 ton/ha. The lowest yield recorded (4. 8 ton/ha) was with the treatment T1, irrigation with desalinated water. Regarding fruit quality, no significant variations were observed in tomato quality parameters, however, the variety Savana F1 is sensitive to apical rot. The average weight of the fruits differed according to the treatments: T1 (33. 3g), T2 (39. 7 g), T3 (32. 4 g) and T4 (26. 9 g). In terms of yield decrease (Qy) the following values were recorded: T1 (Qy =79. 5%), T3 (Qy =29. 2%) and T4 (Qy =27. 6%) compared to the best treatment, T2 (23. 38 ton/ha). The zucchini crop despite being moderately sensitive to salinity, did not adapt to the environmental conditions of the trial. The yield of sweet potato crop, irrigated with T1, was 14. 6 ton/ha, followed by T2 with 11. 08 ton/ha and T3 with 9. 15 ton/ha. The lowest value verified (5. 87 ton/ha) was with T4, brackish water. Regarding tubers quality, no significant variations were observed, but the average weight was better with the T1 treatment (199. 4 g) followed by T2 (181. 5g) and T3 (141. 4g) and lastly T4 (126. 3g). In terms of Qy, T2 (Qy =24. 1%), T3 (Qy =37. 3%) and T4 (Qy =60%) were the best compared to T1 (14. 6 ton/ha). The results show that irrigation with blended water (desalinated and brackish) in adequate doses is a solution for increasing water availability and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems in (SID).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: She will also want to check his vital signs and order tests to check for possible intervention-associated toxicity. J might not realize why she wants him to come in, should communicate her concerns to before she leaves the gym. Duty to FDA is tasked with protecting public health by ensuring the safety and efficacy of human drugs, biological products, and devices. According to the agency, sale of gene-editing products or kits intended for self-administration is illegal. 8 Companies, institutions, or individuals who want to do clinical research on experimental gene editing products in the must first submit an investigational new drug application to the FDA before administering any product to humans. 8 To market a gene editing product, companies must first receive authorization from the FDA, a process that includes submission of evidence of the product’s safety and efficacy via a biologics license application. 8 A product marketed on the basis of its efficacy for a particular disease would be within the agency’s jurisdiction. 2 Furthermore, it is generally illegal to import unapproved products or devices for personal use into the United States. 9 However, FDA regulatory guidance suggests it might be appropriate for agency personnel to refrain from taking enforcement action against illegal personal importation under specific circumstances. 10 Enforcement discretion may be exercised when there is “no known commercialization or promotion to persons residing in the U. S. by those involved in the distribution of the product at issue” and when other criteria are met. 10 Notwithstanding these policies, there is much confusion about rules regarding self-experimentation and importation of drugs or devices for personal use. Companies might intentionally leverage regulatory loopholes to justify freedom to operate. For example, one company executive claimed in 2017 that the company’s products were labeled as not for human consumption and that individuals had a right to use them to self-experiment. 2 Although the FDA has authority to enforce marketing claims about a drug or device, DNA editing reagents are widely available for research use and it is difficult for the agency to regulate self-administration. 2 The agency itself has maintained that “the use of FDA resources to provide comprehensive coverage of unapproved new drugs imported for personal use is generally not justified. ”10 T have an obligation to report this incident and, if so, to whom? In general, physicians must maintain patient confidentiality unless there are significant reasons not to, such as risk of serious harm to third parties.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 175 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: Keywords: Desalinated; Blended; Brackish Water; Irrigation; Soil; Go to li>Research 473. 26 ha, a main watercourse of 5. 3 km and a maximum altitude around 410 m. Climatic conditions The closest climatological station to the evaluated agricultural area is (Achada Colaço). The climatic records observed during the trial period are summarized in Table 1. The data were made available by the of Meteorology and Geophysics (INMG). Achada Colaço Climate Station, 15°06’37. 45’’ 23°31’14. 59’’- Santa Cruz. Pilot experiment installed Desalination unit installed The methodology applied was based on the installation of a pilot unit, desalination plant, which uses the reverse osmosis technique powered by photovoltaic solar energy (Figure 2). The desalination plant has the capacity to treat between 21 to 40 m3 of water per day, and can be expanded to 100 m3 in a blended or hybrid system. desalination plant has the capacity to produce 8 m>3/day. The kWh cost of solar energy is 40% less than that of the electric grid. For a production of 40 m3/day the kWh cost is about 88% less than that charged by the power company. has good levels of daily solar radiation, receiving more than 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, favorable conditions for the implementation of photovoltaic projects. For this investigation, a deep well (borehole) 30 m deep was drilled, with a flow rate of 8 m3/h, with a submersible pump at 26 m, whose water electrical conductivity corresponds to 9. 6 dS/m. The water from the deep well is pumped using solar energy in a solar field area of 126 m2. The installed solar power unit has a total of 80 solar panels covering an area of 1. 44 m2 each. Experimental plot, crops and irrigation tested The research was conducted over a 6-month period (August to February) of 2021/2022, outdoors, in a pilot unit in Aguada. The experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field where the desalination unit was installed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: Environmental concentrations of particulate matter in Santiago Fig. 3 shows annual mean concentrations of PM10 for the period 1997-2008 at MACAM2 network stations. In general PudS presents the highest values, except for 2008. There is a general decline of PM10 concentrations towards 2005 and a further increase, except for LCS. Figure 3. 3. Annual mean concentrations of PM10 collected with TEOM monitors of MACAM2 network (1997-2008). This increase is primarily associated with the energy crisis that forced the industries using natural gas to return to diesel oil; however, in 2008 the number of episodes decreases in relation to 2007. At PudS an exceedance of 26% of the daily standard and 42% of the annual standard has been observed. LCS is the only one always under the current standard. Moreover, in monitoring stations with high levels of PM10 concentration such as and LFlS, there was a decrease of days under environmental contingency during the period 1997 to 2005 (from 38 to 9 alert; 37 to 2 pre-emergencies, and disappearance of emergencies) as a result of the implementation of measures of PPDA. Fig. 4 shows that in general, the highest value for daily maximum of 24h rolling averages concentrations, especially on days of high concentrations, corresponds to PudS. The peaks in 1997 were around 380 µg/m³ and in 2008 close to 260 µg/m³. Figure 4. 4. Highest values for daily maximum of 24h rolling averages concentrations of PM10 in MACAM2 and PudS, 1997 to 2008. During the period there were 371 days with PM10 alert level, 130 of them exceeding the pre-emergence level, 68% of the highest concentrations corresponding to PudS, most coinciding with A type episodes; in other cases, usually BPF type episodes, the highest concentrations were found at EBS, CS and LFlS stations (CENMA, 2005). Figs. 5 a) and b) (autumn-winter) and c) and d) (spring-summer) show for most stations two peaks, one at the beginning of the activity of the city (07-09h) and the other associated with the increase in vehicular traffic and atmospheric stability (19-21h); the valleys (12-17h) are associated with an increase in the ventilation of the city.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsCan we hear how mycelia communicate? HammBacked by 'and 6 other backersand and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/27688Grant: : Science EngineGrant: Mycological Innovations$4,950Raised of $4,950 Goal100%Funded on 8/27/22Successfully Funded$4,950pledged100%fundedFundedon 8/27/22? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(9)Discussion (2)ProjectMycelial networks are the root like structures of fruiting body mushrooms. Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations (SELFOs) have been recorded throughout these networks potentially as a form of communication. I want to record the interactions between mycelial bodies of same species and of different species to see if the SELFOs differ between these two. Understanding the way mycelial networks communicate can lead to influencing growth and other metabolic processes. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Research suggests mycelium may communicate using spontaneous electrical low frequency oscillations (SELFOs). SELFOs have also been recorded throughout the nervous system of mammals as a method of communication. Living things without a nervous system, such as plants, algae, and mushrooms also emit SELFOs. Research in 1995 showed mycelium transmitted SELFOs in response the changes in their external environment. Electrical potentials measured in mushroom species such as Pleurotus djamor and Ganoderma resinaceum are hypothesized to be a form of communication throughout mycelial networks. Mycelial networks may use up to 50 different electrical potentials to communicate. What is the significance of this project? Through research of SELFOs in plants we have begun to understand the types of environmental stimulus that may produce the plant to react. Arabidopsis, after being wounded, sent electrical activity to potential endangered sights and wound-response genes throughout it's system. It's also thought that the roots of plants may also send and receive signals from their environment in regards to changes in conditions (e. g. temperature, moisture). Mycelial networks can be very big, yet, information passes throughout the systems quickly and efficiently. Having more data of these systems can help us to directly interact with the fungi and possibly manipulate growth and other metabolic processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: RThe yield of sweet potato crop irrigated with waters with different salinity levels allowed the following findings The sweet potato crop, when irrigated with desalinated water, T1, with E C W d and 0. 541 dS/m allowed a maximum yield of 14,8 ton/ha. • When irrigated with blended T2 water with ECw of 2. 5 dS/m allowed a yield of 11. 08 ton/ha; • When irrigated with blended water T3 with ECw 3. 5 dS/m generated a yield of 9. 15 ton/ha; • And finally when irrigated with brackish water T4 with ECw of 5. 75 dS/m allowed to obtain a minimum yield of 5. 87 ton/ ha (Figure 9). Regarding tuber quality, no significant variations were observed in the parameters similar to tomato. However, the average weight was better in T1 (199. 4g), followed by T2 (181. 5g), T3 (141. 4g) and T4 (126. 3g). In terms of yield drop in T2 (Qy=24. 1%), followed by T3 (Qy=37. 3%) and T4 where the yield drop was 60%, relative to the best treatment, T1 (14. 8 ton/ ha) - Figure 10. The sweet potato variety, Irene, is widely used in Cabo Verde, with good adaptation to arid and semi-arid conditions, despite its sensitivity to salinity. Treatment T1, irrigation with desalinated water, proved to be the best option for the crop under these soil and climatic conditions. It was also found that irrigating light soils with brackish or salinized water has detrimental effects on sweet potato plant productivity and tuber quality. The negative aspects of irrigating with saline water can be minimized by irrigating with blended water, T2, or at most T3. T4 treatment should be avoided as soon as possible. The survey results on production are in line with the production quantities documented by Moreno Â, et al. [9]. According to them, the average yield and profitability for sweet potato in arid and semi-arid areas of Cabo Verde, under the same conditions, in terms of water and nutrient availability, ranges from 9 to 25 ton/ha per plant (Table 10). Source:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: This goal of net zero emissions by 2050 will be legally binding for the member states if the proposal for an EU is ratified [11]. Renewable energy sources as well as moving to more energy efficient and sustainable solutions play essential roles in the Deal [9]. The EPBD is the result of the European Commission’s resolve to “rigorously enforce legislation related to the energy performance of buildings” [9]. Another issue addressed in EPBD (and its amendments as well as in the Deal) is that 85% of the present building stock in the EU is built before 2001, and most of those buildings are not considered energy efficient [12, 13]. More importantly, at the current rate of renewal (1%), 85–95% of the buildings that will be standing in 2050 are already built [9, 12, 13]. Increasing the rate of renovation of the existing building stock to NZE standard should therefore be strongly encouraged in order to reach “climate neutrality” [12]. Recently, the also proposed to triple the building renewal rate to 3% coupled with an even more aggressive renovation strategy to kick-start the EU economy after Covid-19 [14]. Adapting existing buildings to NZE are much more complex tasks than to build a NZE-building from scratch. It requires a considerable knowledge-base of old building techniques, old installations, and the consequences that may arise when NZE technologies are retrofitted to these older structures. In addition, 25% of the existing buildings are historic and will require respect for aesthetics, conservations principles and architectural craftsmanship [15]. In fact, the craftsmanship in many older buildings, although non-historic, deserve the same respect. However, the guiding principle of EPBD: “Energy efficiency first”, clearly states that the energy aspect will be given a high weight in a decision conflict [14]. Even though the EPBD states that indoor environments should be healthy or that cultural heritage should be safeguarded and preserved, it is obvious that these incentives will be pushed towards the minimum legal requirements when they are in conflict with the efforts to achieve energy efficiency [12]. In the decision conflict between energy efficiency in buildings and adequate ventilation, EPBD has put an increasing pressure on governmental agencies in the member states to lower the standards for ventilation and air quality in existing building codes and ventilation regulations (see discussion in Section 2. 3) [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: What are the goals of the project? The goal of my project is to the collect data in the form of micro-fluctuations in electrical conductivity between 1,000-100,000th of a second over a long period of time as the mycelium grows and explores. I will run experiments based in real-time and over an extended period of time (length of experiment greatly depends on growth rate of the mycelium). I am most interested in the collected data at the moment the mycelium begins to interact with another body of mycelium. I will run parallel experiments in which the mycelial bodies interact with another of the same species and another where the mycelial body interacts with a different species. I want to record and transmute the data collected into sound more importantly, song in which the listener can connect with. wait. . . The budgeted items with help me complete my research project by recording minute changes within the mycelium using sensors and Arduinos. I wish to transmute the data in sound using data sonification software and Synthesizers. I will use sensors to retrieve the changes in frequency, and record the data with Arduinos. And then convert the text data into midi format to be able to "hear" the data. From there I will then use the MIDI data to transmute the data to sound that can "help express the language of the mycelium" In addition, I also want to set up the experiment to not only record data over a period of time but also pick up data in real time throughout the experiment using multiple sensors and synthesizers. Endorsed byWe don't know yet if mushrooms speak for real, but Rita can learn and teach us how to musicate their intrinsic electrical patterns to get a better understanding of their communication signals. Would we be able then to "sing" back to the fungi? That's quite a provocative question that someone has to reply. Rita's artistic and multidisciplinary background, summed to her dedication to growing fungi and operating electronic music synths provides her with a good set of skills to run this experiment. Please support Rita in this electrifying quest! Antoni GandiaFungal BiotechnologistInstitute for of ValenciaProject TimelineThe length of the project greatly depends on how long it take the mycelium to grow and if there is any contamination that could interfere with the experiment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: effective area of the PV array; Ee, daily energy demand; ET, required energy; Fth, thermal factor; Gref, reference irradiance; Ht, daily solar radiation on the PV array surface; IRR, of Return; ηb, battery efficiency; ηinv, inverter efficiency; ηp, water pump efficiency; ηpv, measured efficiency of the PV array; ηref, efficiency of the PV array under standard test conditions; PR, Performance Ratio; PV-BWRO, photovoltaic brackish water reverse osmosis; PSSH, Peak sunshine hours; Tref, Reference cell temperature 1/3 of the Earth’s land surface is desert, and access to water is one of the main problems for many communities in these areas. Climate change and population growth are putting pressure on resources and the ability to meet Goal 6 for clean water. In general, water is required for drinking, cooking and washing as well as for livestock and irrigation of crops. Irrigation in dry areas is a challenge because of efficiency requirements and the salinity of water. Some of the main solutions to tackle the salt water issue are farming salt tolerant crops and using desalination systems. Traditionally, the extraction of water in desert areas has been made with manual or diesel pumps. However, the use of solar pumps could be ideal due to high irradiance levels in these areas and the relationship between demand and resource. In addition, diesel fuel supply would not be a limitation. 1 Figure 1. Map of with project location indicated at Coordinates: 26. 172147, -11. 0875829. Source: Accessed 2019 Oct 1. The territories of controlled by SADR (Democratic Republic) are considered particularly interesting for developing solar pumping projects for irrigation. There are many instances of crop farming in desert areas, but in the selected area there is no agricultural tradition. Therefore, there is potential for helping local people to grow food and obtain potable water with a reasonable investment. The selected location is a smallholding close to Meharrize (also known as Mehaires) where a borehole has already been drilled and there are two existing diesel pumps. There is no access to the electricity grid, and water from the well is considered salty, measured at 10,000–12,000 ppm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: 1Danish animal welfare legislation do not allow slatted floor with opening ratio of more than 10 % in the animal resting area, and the phrase “drained floor” is used for floor with opening ratio below 10 %. Grid and pressure distribution (Pa) on surfaces of simulation models for determination of flow resistance through slatted floor drained floor and drained floor with pigs. 2. 1. 1. 4. Flow resistance properties for animal occupied zone. The presence of animals will restrict the air flow in the Zone (AOZ). The defined height of the AOZ is related to the expected height of a standing pig. Height of standing pigs can be calculated as 0. 16(animal weight, kg)0. 33, m (Baxter 1984). For growing finishing pigs from 30 to 100 kg this results in heights from 0. 49 to 0. 73 m. In this work the determination of flow resistances is based on an assumed animal weight of 50 kg and a height of animal occupied zone of 0. 6 m. The AOZ is assumed to be divided into resting including the third of the pen in largest distance from the slatted floor and an activity area including the remaining two thirds of the pen area. Based on 16 pigs in the pen following distribution of animal on staying and laying positions in resting area and activity area was assumed:8 pigs laying in resting area corresponding to 2. 1 pigs/m21 pig standing in resting area corresponding to 0. 26 pigs/m25 pigs laying in activity area corresponding to 0. 65 pigs/m22 pigs standing in activity area corresponding to 0. 26 pigs/m2 The flow resistance parameter for flow through the AOZ was determined in CFD simulation on geometrically fairly detailed models as shown in Fig. 7. The model illustrates assumed conditions in the resting area with the density of 2. 1 laying pigs and 0. 26 standing pigs per m2. The magnitude of the pigs corresponds to an average body weight of 50 kg. The pigs are constructed as the intersection of two dimensional silhouettes from three different directions. Unstructured grid was used in simulation of airflow around the pigs. Air velocity boundary conditions were assumed at the left end face and pressure outlet conditions were assumed in the right end face of model in Fig. 7. Figure 7. Geometrical model used in simulation for determination of flow resistance through animal occupied zone with animal density of 2. 1 laying and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: My main interest is when the different species meet near the middle of the tank. I expect this to happen 2 weeks - 2 months after inoculation depending on a growth speed unexpected issues. In total the experiment could take anywhere from 4-9 months after all the equipment is collected. Jul 14, 2022Project LaunchedSep 01, 2022Arduinos for Datalogging and Terrarium Monitoring. Continuously working on modular set up until inoculation of mycelium. Sep 10, 2022Set up Terrariums with substrate and plant lifeSep 17, 2022Inoculate mycelium and insert sensorsSep 18, 2022Connect sensor for realtime data to modular system and begin sound design with frequencies throughout growth. Sound Music will be recorded daily and upload to project IG. Show more eventsOct 17, 2022Expected interaction between species is 1 - 3 months after inoculation depending on growth speed and contamination issuesOct 17, 2022Take samples of. CSV file type to experiment with data sonification software. Nov 18, 2022Have a better understanding of the software for use with final piece. Nov 18, 2022Continue to log data of the mycelial growth and interaction in tank for at least 1 month after initial meeting of speciesDec 18, 2022Convert final data from. CSV to MIDIJan 01, 2023Feed MIDI file through modular and begin design final compositions of dataMar 10, 2023Pieces are deemed complete present. CSV findings and musical compositionsMeet the TeamRita HammCitizen Scientist/is a citizen scientist, amateur mycologist, and experimental sound designer. As an amateur mycologist, she is often found foraging and studying wild mushrooms, growing edible species at home, and experimenting with fungal extractions and teas for health and culinary gains. As a sound designer, Rita is always looking for new ways to manipulate sound and provide a unique listening experience. She is interested in merging her two passions through this experiment. The study of SELFOs can provide us with a better understanding of how the mycelial networks communicate within themselves. Future applications of this knowledge may be applied to controlling growth patterns or other metabolic processes of the mycelium.

Output: pass