Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis strains harvested at exponential phase were inoculated into 125-mL shake flasks containing 40-mL media of RMG8 (RM with 80 g/L glucose) or RMG8X6 (RM with 80 g/L glucose and 60 g/L xylose) to a starting OD600 nm of 0. 1. The medium was supplemented with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The temperature was maintained at 30 or 33 °C with a shaking speed of 120 rpm. For BiosStat-Q Plus fermentations, strains were revived from frozen stock on RMG5 (50 g/L glucose) in 50 mL baffled flasks containing 10 mL of media, and incubated overnight at 30 °C in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. The revived and grown culture was used to start the seed culture for fermentation. The seed cultures were then prepared in 125 mL shake flasks containing 40 mL RMG8 (80 g/L glucose) using revived cultures and inoculated at an initial OD600 nm of 0. 1. Seed flasks were incubated at 30 °C overnight in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. Fermentations to evaluate the strains for BDO production were carried out in BioStat-Q plus fermenters with a 300-mL working volume of RMG with higher glucose concentration of 100 g/L (RMG10) to investigate whether higher carbon source could increase 2,3-BDO titer. The media were supplemented with spectinomycin at the final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The fermenters were inoculated from an overnight grown seed culture with an initial OD600 nm value of 0. 1. The fermenter operated at 30 °C, 300 rpm, and controlled at pH 5. 8 with 4 N KOH. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)The dry weight of cells at the end of fermentation was determined by centrifuging 10 mL of broth and washing the cells with double deionized H2O. The washed cells were placed in pre-weighed aluminum dishes and dried overnight at an 85 °C incubator. The correlation between dry cell weight and OD600 nm value was then calculated and used to estimate the dry cell weight in other time points. Samples from the shake flasks or fermenters were taken at various time points. The samples were diluted for OD600 nm measurement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 18. 348. 339. 247. 270. 776. 599. 28. 2016. Carrillat, F. , Jaramillo, F. , & Locander, W. (2004). Market-driving organizations: A framework. Academy of Review, 5(1), 1–14. 53. 130. 80. 367. 266. 309. 130. 286. 736. 147. 288. 223. 82. 41. 67. 12. 8. 402. 33. 53. 137. 48. 73. 91. 31. 73. 363. 123. 19. 473. 184. 35. 86. 250. 218. 666. 378. 32. 31. 167. 63. 1. Hierarchical systems. Journal, 9(4), 373–380. 171. 35. 367. 27. 18. 1035. 29. 486. 831. 562. 342. 354. 32. 81. 148. 850. 3. Software for Manual. Selinski, S. , & Ickstadt, K. (2008). Cluster analysis of genetic and epidemiological data in molecular epidemiology. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 71(11–12), 835–844. 294. 21. 8. 1438. 34. 383. 249. 396. 617. 750. 2013. Swiss Re. (2014). Term life insurance in Germany: The consumers’ perspective—A need for p17. 138. 85. 244. 59. 396. 268. 337. 96. 52. 13. 90. 131. 1. 1 Levels for the attribute insurance premium Table 6 Insurance premium levels for the 10 mortality risk groupsFull size table 1. 2 Illustration of consensus methodThe approach applied in this paper goes back to the work of Strehl and Ghosh (2002). Later, it has then been adapted by Orme and Johnson (2008), who suggest to follow the subsequent steps: First, one needs to derive multiple solutions from various clustering algorithms and techniques in order to generate a diverse cluster ensemble. In the second step, for each ensemble partition \(P_i\) (\(i=1,\ldotsM\)) and individual j (\(j=1,\ldotsn\)), the assigned group labels (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 22 August 2017 Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Peter C. Liacouras1, Divya Sahajwalla3, Mark D. Beachler2, Todd Sleeman2, Vincent B. Ho1 & …John P. Lichtenberger III1 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 1. 9 million amputees in the [1] sustained their amputations from trauma and vascular disease. States military care system has seen an increase in the number of amputees since the beginning of the conflict overseas. Over 1600 service members have lost limbs since 2001, with over 300 members having lost multiple limbs. Over 40,000 veterans with limb loss also receive care for their amputations within the DOD/VA system [2]. ‘The art and science of prostheses’ dates back over 100 years [3], when a split tree trunk with leather straps was the best replacement leg. The methodology and technology to rehabilitate amputees has evolved over the years from muscle transplant to biomechanical manipulation and now to 3D printing technologies. Although 3D printing is a little over three decades old, it is now revolutionizing the inception and delivery of devices in rehabilitation medicine [4]. Major advances in medicine occur when medical specialties, biomedical engineers, and technologists collaborate, and the field of prosthetics is no different. Several recent manuscripts, abstracts, and case reports describing original contributions in robotic prostheses to improving 3D printing for prosthesis have been published [5–11], to. There have been many recent review 0. 625–1. 25 mm will suffice. Note that these methodologies may not be sufficient for objects with critical details smaller than 0. 625 mm. After acquisition of the scan, a series would then be imported into v17 (Materialise), a 3D reconstruction software that produces 3D data from the CT scan. The component is then exported and additional computer aided design would then be performed to create the device. Once the organic shape is digitized, it is possible to create custom designs that articulate with the complex geometry of the prosthetic component. Objects dependent on direct measurements would be designed in a CAD package such as Solidworks (Dassault Systemes) and then registered to the reconstruction of the articulating surface.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3–12% mannose, and 11. 9–29. 4% lignin as reported in literature [10]. Therefore, hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides yields a mixture of C5 and C6 sugars, which can be fermented to butanol typically by bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Current methodologies still mainly focus the fermentation of glucose while discarding the rest of the feedstock or using it as a source of process energy. However, the complete exploitation of all the sugars, particularly the major C5 sugar xylose bound in lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to solving the low yield challenge that is one of the main issues related to fermentative butanol production. The cells’ efficiency at metabolizing different sugars in mixed form tends to be limited by a phenomenon called Repression (CCR). CCR reduces or prevents the utilization of C5 sugars in the presence of a preferred carbon source such as the C6 sugar glucose [11]. In our previous work, we investigated the effects of CCR on the utilization of lignocellulosic sugars in mixed form [12], modeled the cell growth on mixed sugars in a follow-up study [13] and in a later study, extended the model with sugar consumption and butanol production [14]. In the present study, we performed lignocellulosic sugar fermentations in microbioreactors and compared them to similar cultures in serum flasks for validating our previous findings, as an important step in paving the way for a more efficient, systematic bioprocess development in second generation butanol production. Systematic bioprocess development involving strain cultivation, optimization, and testing is often needed to increase yield and productivity. These efforts require screening of strains, medium compositions, and operating conditions, which are traditionally carried out in shake flasks or microtiter plates. However, these methods have some downsides, such as the lack of online monitoring and control [15] as well as automation requirement for easy handling of increased number of experiments [16]. Microbioreactor technology can eliminate some of these drawbacks by offering easy handling, online monitoring of key parameters and control capability, in addition to the possibility to run multiple cultures in parallel. Disposable and miniaturized versions of bench-scale bioreactors are today available for performing fermentation experiments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: The reduced ensemble A consists of 784 partitions with 2- to 15-group solutions derived by our eight clustering strategies on all seven clustering bases (\(7\,\times \,8\,\times \,14 = 784\)), while ensemble B has 504 partitions with 2- to 10-group solutions (\(7\,\times \,8\,\times \,9 = 504\)). Ensemble C, in turn, consists of 609 pure k-means strategies (\(7 \times 3 \times 29 = 609\)) that cover 2- to 30-group solutions. Its counterpart ensemble D, in contrast, is derived by the five hierarchical methods (\(7 \times 5 \times 29 = 1015\)). Finally, ensembles E (\(1 \times 8 \times 14 = 112\)) and F (\(1 \times 8 \times 9 = 72\)) exclusively resort to the combination of all six attributes. Footnote 43 As becomes apparent from the last row, diversity generally increases with the number of partitions. Table 10 Adjusted reproducibility rates per ensembleFull size table The adjusted reproducibility rates in Table 10 provide evidence that the three-cluster solution is first-best for at least two reasons. First, although reproducibility generally falls with an increasing number of segments, the reverse holds true for three segments, independent of the selected ensemble. Second, it reaches the highest absolute values at almost equal to 100. 0%. As pointed out by Orme and Johnson (2008), such high reproducibility rates clearly indicate that a reasonable structure has been found. Additionally, it can be seen that the second-best solution is a division into two segments, with an average adjusted reproducibility of 91. 8%. Table 11 Segment sizes: two- vs. three-group solutionFull size table In order to further illustrate that three segments should be chosen, Table 11 shows its cross-tabulation with the two-group solution. As can be seen, the latter consists of two almost equally sized segments with 776 and 734 respondents. More specifically, it assigns all price-sensitive consumers to its first cluster (upper left cell), while all brand-loyal respondents are allocated to the second segment (cell at bottom center). However, since the algorithm was forced to form two groups, the waverers are distributed to both clusters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Organic structures would be designed in a program like (3D systems). The pieces and 3D reconstruction of the surface would then be registered and all the pieces aligned. The remainder of this manuscript will discuss, in detail, three example methodologies where computed tomography was essential to the device development and construction: a weight lifting hand, hockey skate adapters, and a wine glass holder. Example 1: Weightlifting adapterA partial hand amputee wanted the ability to lift weights again with both hands simultaneously and individually. The device needed to be multifunctional for both pushing and pulling exercises. The weight lifting hook device required lamination into the carbon fiber socket. The carbon fiber socket was first scanned using CT reconstructed at 1 mm slice thickness (Fig. 2a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. After iterative consultation with the prosthetist and patient, it was determined that the weight lifting device needed to be centered on the residual limb and at the appropriate height to preserve proper biomechanics. A CAD file design was created in SolidWorks with the anatomy of a human hand in mind. The hook tries to mimic the proper barbell position for both pushing and pulling exercises. CAD files were also exported as STL files. The surface of the socket was then extruded in specific regions to allow for the carbon fiber layer to be weaved through openings and add stability (Fig. 2b). The hook was then positioned and aligned with the socket, taking height and rotation variables into consideration. The layered pattern was merged with the hook to produce a complete device customized to the patient’s prosthetic socket (Fig. 2c). The device was first 3D printed on a StereolithographyApparatus (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) to test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an 1 (ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 2d). Carbon fiber was then used to weave and laminate the titanium hook into the prosthetic socket. The prosthetist also attached a ratchet system with a strap extending around the elbow to ensure the prosthetic socket would not migrate during pulling exercises (Fig. 2e). This custom weightlifting hand has multiple functions for a variety of pushing and pulling exercises (Fig. 2f & g). Fig. 2Adapter.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is important to have good knowledge about the physiology of the strain used when comparing different experimental setups with different monitoring technologies. The effect of sugar ratio on butanol concentration and yield was not as distinguishable for fermentations done in serum flasks as for the microbioreactor fermentations. However, highest butanol productions and yields were observed in the 10-G60:X40 and 10-G40:X60 cultures, while lowest values were observed in the 5-G20:X80 cultures in both experimental setups. Average butanol concentration and butanol yield values for all 12 experiments done in microbioreactors were 0. 428 g/l and 0. 063 g/g being 54. 9 and 56. 6% lower than in serum flask fermentations with average values of 0. 948 g/l and 0. 145 g/g. Even though butanol concentrations were low due to low sugar concentrations used in the fermentations of this study, the average value of butanol yield obtained in serum flasks is comparable with the butanol yield found as 0. 198 g/g in our exploratory data analysis performed by using data of 79 fermentations with lignocellulosic sugars [9]. The agreement in butanol yield values is noteworthy, since it is a measure of the cells’ efficiency to convert substrate into the desired product. Even though same inoculated media were used in microbioreactors and serum flasks to have identical starting conditions, there were significant deviations in butanol concentration and butanol yield values, which can be related to the differences in experimental setups. Microbial culture wells in the microbioreactor setup were continuously shaken and flushed with nitrogen to ensure and anaerobic conditions. This might have caused a stripping effect for the volatile components present in fermentation broth, since gas stripping is a commonly applied method for butanol removal [30]. Although an evaporation-limiting layer was used, it might still be permeable to butanol fume. The serum flask fermentations were performed under static conditions without any gas flow through the flasks. Moreover, flasks were sealed with rubber stoppers to sustain anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the gas stripping effect was not as pronounced as in microbioreactors, which could explain the determined higher average butanol concentration, thus average butanol yield.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: That is, 347 to \(C_1\) and 211 to \(C_2\). As a consequence, the preference distributions in the groups are diluted and less clear-cut than in our three-segment solution. In the first cluster, for instance, the average relative importance of the premium amounts to 59. 5%, which equals a decline of 8. 3 percentage points (p. p. ). The importance of the attribute brand in the brand-loyal group, in turn, decreases by 2. 8 p. p. to approximately 24. 3% on average. At the same time, it increases by 5. 5 p. p. to 23. 9% for the insurance premium. Thus, the two-group solution ignores an important market segment that is substantially different from the price-sensitive and the brand-loyal groups. Table 12 Relative attribute importances and market shares across ensemblesFull size table 1. 2 Selection of the ensembleIn the next step, we analyze how individual group membership assignments depend on the ensemble composition. To do so, we take all reduced ensembles from Table 10 as clustering bases and examine their three-segment solutions by calculating the corresponding average relative attribute importances. Table 12 shows all results. Footnote 44 The upper part of the table contains both the importances for the full sample and our final ensemble with 1624 partitions from Table 5. At first glance, it becomes evident that the price-sensitive, the brand-loyal, and the waverer groups are obtained under all ensembles. Moreover, the absolute relative attribute importances are almost constant for all three segments and similar to those of the full ensemble. For the price-sensitive and waverer segments, the importance ranking of the six attributes remains unchanged, while some minor deviations can be observed for the brand-loyal consumers. Regarding the segment sizes, the price-sensitives always account for the lowest market share, amounting to approximately 20. 0% to 22. 0%. Footnote 45 The brand-loyal market share, on the other hand, varies between 26. 0% and 33. 0%, while the waverers are associated with market shares between 21. 0% and 29. 0%. As can be seen from the last column, approximately 25. 0% of the respondents are classified as outliers under all ensembles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: a Carbon fiber socket of partial hand amputee was CT scanned at 1 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b The CT reconstruction was used to create socket overlay. Lifting hook was designed in CAD. c Overlay and hook were merged into one piece. d Design was 3D printed in titanium alloy. 3D Print was fit tested on carbon fiber socket. e Caron fiber was weaved through titanium overlay and laminated into the socket. Prosthetist added a ratchet system with strap extending around the elbow for pulling exercises. f & g The attachment was successful in allowing the service member the ability perform both pushing and pulling weight lifting exercisesFull size image Example 2: Hockey skate adaptersA bilateral below the knee amputee who was formerly an avid skater wanted to resume ice skating. The patient felt that they would not be able to tighten the skates enough around the prosthetic foam foot, which would reduce control and energy transfer to the skate and limited the desired sensory feedback to their residual limbs while skating. The blade mount was scanned with CT and reconstructed at 0. 625 mm slice thickness (Fig. 3a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. Note that due to the complexity and glossy finish of the surface, it would have been difficult to obtain a 3D surface scan of the blade mount. The articulating surfaces were then offset from the blade holder, and a small lip was maintained for better seating of the device. An assembly was then designed in Solidworks to hold the prosthetic ankle joint and allow for adjustability of the device (Fig. 3b). The CAD assembly was also exported as an STL file. The assembly was aligned with the articulating surface of the device and connected using numerous posts (Fig. 3c & d). The parts were merged together to create the final product. The final design was then mirrored to produce the componentry for the contralateral side. Special attention was given to the adjustability of the ankle joint and the center of gravity as the patient did not have access to the biomechanical benefit of an active ankle joint. The device was first 3D Printed on a (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) for test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an Arcam(ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 3e). The device was assembled by the prosthetist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis could better compete for glucose during the initial growth phase and the larger S. stipitis biomass concentration that resulted allowed for more rapid xylose consumption. These two competing effects produced a clear optimum in the ethanol productivity at 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 5Predicted effect of the inoculum concentration on batch co-culture performance measures at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. The total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1 g/L. Full size imageTo validate the model predictions, we performed three batch fermentations at the optimal conditions identified in silico. Figure 6 shows the averaged result of these experiments alongside the predicted growth and metabolite concentration curves. Although we were unable to obtain measurements during the first six hours, the optimized co-culture model produced excellent agreement with the measured concentration profiles after that time. The model predicted a final ethanol titer of 9. 43 g/L and a productivity of 0. 55 g/L/h, while the three fermentations were averaged to produce an ethanol titer of 9. 07 g/L and a productivity of 0. 521 g/L/h. According to our in silico analysis at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, the optimized co-culture would outperform both a pure S. stipitis culture (9. 43 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 505 g/L/h) and a co-culture with equal inoculum (9. 07 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 469 g/L/h). Figure 6S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown at the optimal conditions identified in silico. The co-culture was inoculated with 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis and aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageIn silico transporter engineeringOur simulations demonstrated that S. stipitis xylose metabolism was the rate limiting process that limited co-culture conversion efficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: Complicating all of this is the lack of specific nomenclature for category “b” events, in part because multiple investigators have identified a variety of autoantibodies and cytokines in ailing Gardasil recipients, and others have grossly oversimplified disease features to resemble patterns seen in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, neuroinflammation, dysautonomia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Gulf war illness, macrophage myofasciitis, small fiber neuropathy, and complex regional pain syndrome [9,13-18]. In essence, mechanisms of disease causation put forth by these researchers to account for category “b” events are superficial, overly simplistic, disjointed, and at times inherently contradictory [19,20]. All of these confounding factors have added considerable fuel to the Gardasil controversy, and questions continue to persist regarding definitive identification of those at risk for this bizarre syndrome. How then can one implicate Gardasil 4 and 9 vaccines as the cause of such a profound multisystem illness? First and foremost, it is becoming increasingly apparent that Gardasil vaccines contain a cocktail of harmful chemicals capable of producing dozens of biochemical disruptions in the body [4,21]. Several of these chemicals are organosiloxanes (commonly known as silicones), silicon dioxide (commonly known as silica), and sorbitol. All three have recently been implicated as participants causing systemic toxicity in Gardasil recipients. Any autoimmune features in these scenarios have been relegated to secondary amplification loops that circuitously enhance the disorder once it is already underway [4,5]. As the list of known harmful substances present in Gardasil expands, multiple overlapping pathophysiologic disruptions of the body’s biochemistry become more and more plausible. Perhaps the most glaring new revelation is the Identification of volatile organic compounds in the toluene and benzene families that persist in the finished Gardasil products [22]. Official chemical designations are phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and aminoethylbenzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) respectively. A synonym for PMSF is toluenesulfonyl fluoride. These two chemicals are used in the extraction process of the protein peptides that serve as the antigenic stimuli in Gardasil 4 and 9 vaccines.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: The prosthetic attachment gave a bilateral amputee the ability to skate again (Fig. 3f & g). A special tool was also manufactured to allow the prosthetist or amputee to tighten bolts with minimal access. Fig. 3Adapter. a Blade mount was CT scanned at 0. 625 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b Design and freeform articulating surfaces created. c Files were aligned with the reconstruction of the skate blade mount. d Connecting geometry (posts) added between entities. e Three part assembly manufactured from titanium alloy using an electron beam melting machine. f & g Prosthetic attachments allow patients to enjoy skating or play stand up hockeyFull size image Example 3: Wine glass holderA 34-year old man status post upper extremity amputation had difficulty holding a standard wine glass due to the limitation of their terminal device. The prosthetic hook either applied too much pressure to the stem of the glass or the glass would wobble in the empty space between the two prongs. In order to resolve this issue, a mold of the empty space was created by placing lab putty in the open hook. The hook was then closed, allowing the putty to fill the void between the two prongs, creating an impression of both prongs (Fig. 4a). The set mold was then removed and scanned using CT at 5 mm slice increments. While 5 mm slice thickness is larger than the typical requirements, this level of detail was sufficient to serve as a basis for design. The scan was reconstructed in v17 and exported as an STL file (Fig. 4b). Note that due to the undercuts of the object, an accurate 3D surface scan would be difficult to obtain. The STL file was verified and imported into FreeFormPlus 2013 (3D Systems). A cup was added to support the bowl of the wine glass, and a 9 mm hole and slit were added for wine glass insertion (Fig. 4c). The final device was manufactured on an Objet500 Connex2 3D printer (Stratasys). The device was made from a combination of Plus and Plus to obtain the appropriate durometer for the device (Fig. 4d). This prosthetic device enabled the amputee to enjoy wine again (Fig. 4e). Fig. 4Holder. a Lab putty was used to make impression of the space between the prosthetic hook.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: observed a maximum release of soluble oxidized sugar at 5% DM for the same LPMOs used in our study [44]. However, these experiments were done with LPMOs alone (i. e. , no presence of cellulases). Additionally, a recent study has shown that the LPMO oxidation profiles also vary depending on the substrate type [56]. Thus, the results cannot be compared directly. Fig. 2Release of oxidized sugars during saccharification of Avicel at increasing dry matter concentrations. The figure shows the formation of soluble oxidized products in the reactions shown in Fig. 1. shows the soluble C1-oxidized products formed by TtAA9E; panel B shows the soluble C4-oxidized products formed by TaAA9A. and D show the molar ratio of glucose (from Fig. 1) to total soluble oxidized sugar after 5 and 24 h, respectively. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageThe ratio of solubilized glucose to solubilized oxidized sugars after 5 h increases with increased DM (Fig. 2C). For the reaction containing TtAA9E, the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratio increased from 60 to 150 (i. e. , approximately 0. 7–1. 7% of the soluble sugar were oxidized), while for the TaAA9A-containing reaction, the ratio increased from 120 to 260 (i. e. , approximately 0. 4–0. 8% of the soluble sugar were oxidized) when increasing the substrate concentration from 5 to 25% (w/w) (Fig. 2C). After longer incubation, i. e. , at 24 h, the concentration of soluble LPMO products (Fig. 2A, B) followed the trends of the glucose concentration (Fig. 1B), meaning that the levels of solubilized oxidized products increased with DM and that the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratios did not vary much with DM (around 100 for all reactions, i. e. , approximately 1% of the soluble sugars were oxidized; Fig. 2D). The fraction of oxidized sugars are similar to that reported in a recent study by Cannella et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: However, volatile organic compounds like toluene and benzene readily diffuse into organosiloxane polymers [23], and silicones are hidden toxic ingredients in Gardasil vaccines [4,5,21]. This, in turn, implies that purification of the protein peptides via inactivation of PMSF and AEBSF is incomplete, because these two compounds can be shielded by their absorption into silicones. Indeed, a recent independent chemical analysis of two Gardasil 9 vaccine vials confirms the presence of toluene and benzene compounds. The side effects of toluene and benzene are numerous and include virtually all the adverse phenomena noted in category “b”, as well as acidosis, chest tightness, and shortness of breath [24-26]. The reasons for these phenomena are multifactorial. Firstly, toluene compounds have been shown to cause dysfunction of cardiac voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels that are responsible for membrane depolarization and action potential conduction [27]. Since voltage-gated sodium channels are also abundant throughout the nervous system, channelopathies caused by toluene, in concert with previously described organosiloxane-induced channelopathies [5], provide a nasty adverse synergistic amplification loop. In addition, both toluene and benzene compounds have been shown to cause dysfunction of potassium channels in neurons and ovaries [28,29]. Consideration also needs to be given to any inherited channelopathies that are clinically innocuous under ordinary everyday conditions. These can become symptomatic following even small amounts of volatile organic compound exposures. Secondly, PMSF and AEBSF are serine protease inhibitors, and both inhibit the enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase [30,31]. As such, they cause overactivity of acetylcholine in any cells, tissues and organs where muscarinic, nicotinic and central neurotransmitter activities are necessary for normal physiologic functioning. Digestive enzymes originating from the pancreas are also serine proteases, and their enzymatic activities are equally negatively affected by these volatile organic compounds [30]. The protein precursor to brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is cleaved by a serine protease to form mature BDNF. BDNF supports memory formation and maintenance, and mitigates against mood swings, stress, and fear [32].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: b Putty impression was scanned using computed tomography (CT) at 5 mm slice increment and then reconstructed. STL was exported. c The cup, hole, and slit added to the design. d Device was 3D printed using multi-material jetting machine utilizing flexible material. e Prosthetic attachment enables an amputee to enjoy wine againFull size image Results and discussionIn this manuscript, we researched and presented several methodologies to construct personalized examples highlighting the benefits CT reconstructions and the 3D printing process provide in successfully manufacturing prosthetic devices in limited quantities. These are but a few examples of the applications of this technique. Three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography create an accurate starting geometry for designing custom prosthetic attachment and devices when barriers to traditional design processes and production methods exist. Once 3D reconstructions were obtained anywhere from thirty minutes (Holder) to three hours (Adapters) were spent on the digital design process. 3D Printing has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices. Some limiting factors of these developed methodologies include the availability of equipment and materials, software, scanners, CT scan expenses, 3D printers, and experienced staff. Materials for these prosthetic components were chosen based on the technologies and materials available at the institution. Preliminary results show that the titanium alloy used has allowed for large safety factors, greater than 2. 5, on prosthetic attachments analyzed. Future endeavors include 3D printing a mold for to manufacture the Holder from silicone rubber. For less complex designs conventional machining could also be utilized if the facility had in-house capabilities or outsourcing could be more economical. For these particular project and other similar projects, the cost of outsourcing these components would have been higher than the cost of in-house production. CT scanning cost will differ by the institution; however, these objects do not require the radiologist reading. ConclusionUsing CT in conjunction with digital design and 3D printing can be utilized to create custom rehabilitation devices. Facility resources and knowledge can be limiting factors. 3D printing has created new opportunities previously unavailable to prosthetics, occupational therapy, and assistive technology departments. This methodology continues to be utilized when conventional techniques are limiting or suboptimal. Interprofessional collaboration, imaging, and digital manufacturing expertise are vital to the successful form, fit, and function of these devices. 2012. 15. F2F. MA. FAAST86.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All four xylA genes were codon-optimized (Text 1) for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 and were synthesized by Co. , Ltd. To knock out alsS and alsD (GenBank: 52350028), the flanking regions 749 bp upstream and 659 bp downstream were amplified using the primer pairs AlsSD-up-F/AlsSD-up-R and AlsSD-dn-F/AlsSD-dn-R and were then seamlessly assembled into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1, resulting in plasmid pKVM01 (Figure S1A). Similarly, the vectors for deletion of genes ptsG, xylR, pflA, adhB, and ackA were constructed and called pKVM03, pKVM06, pKVM12, pKVM13, and pKVM14, respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S1C, F, L, M, and N). To construct the vector for the replacement of the ldh gene with ldh Bc the flanking regions 737 bp upstream and 667 bp downstream of the ptsG gene were amplified from the genomic DNA of strain MW3 using the primer pairs Ldh-up-F/Ldh-up-R and Ldh-dn-F/Ldh-dn-R. These two flanking regions were ligated along with ldh Bc (cloned from B. coagulans 2–6 using primer pairs Ldh-F/Ldh-R) into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1 via the seamless cloning and assembly method, creating pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B). Plasmids pKVM04, pKVM05, pKVM07, pKVM08, pKVM09, pKVM10, and pKVM11 were generated using the same procedure as for pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B, D, E, G–K). Escherichia coli S17-1 cells harboring pKVM plasmids were used as the donors in conjugation with B. licheniformis MW3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: When PMSF and AEBSF interfere with the formation of mature BDNF, neuro-psychiatric dysfunction is the expected result. Thirdly, PMSF is also a serine esterase inhibitor and can have a direct negative effects on the central nervous system by causing pathologic persistence of neuropeptides such as endorphins, enkephalins and substance P. Fourthly, toluene can cause dysfunction of central muscarinic receptors as well as adrenergic arrestin receptor complexes in every autonomic nervous system arena [33-35]. The peptide molecular structures of these receptors incorporates the matrix macromolecule chondroitin sulfate [36], and since organosiloxane degradation molecules can biointegrate into (and disrupt the function of) matrix macromolecules [4], receptor dysfunction caused by PMSF is another example of an adverse synergistic amplification loop. From the above discussion it is obvious that the side effects of PMSF and AEBSF can paradoxically be in competition with each other, creating conflicting havoc at any point in time via simultaneous biochemical blockades and biochemical excesses of many physiologic, neurologic and psychologic mediators and neurotransmitters. This paradoxical competition enhances all the other multifaceted biochemical disruptions attributable to previously described hidden Gardasil ingredients, in particular organosiloxane induced side effects of cholinergic receptor blockade, mitochondrial dysfunction, ion channel malfunction, chelation of dopamine in the brain, alteration of enzyme activities, and inappropriate mast cell degranulation [4,5,21]. PMSF can create additional biochemical and physiological havoc by virtue of its ability to inhibit protein phosphatases, enzymes that remove a phosphate group from a previously phosphorylated amino acid residue of a protein [37]. Phosphatases act in opposition to protein kinases and protein phosphorylases, the latter two being enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to amino acids on proteins. Phosphate addition and phosphate removal do not necessarily correspond to enzyme activation or enzyme inhibition. This sphere of metabolism is highly dynamic and plays crucial roles in an extraordinary range of nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, including (but not limited to): intracellular trafficking, control of telomere length, apoptosis, cell cycling, cell movement, gene transcription and translation, learning and memory, signal transduction, blood glucose levels, and neuronal activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/61331 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAdvances in Edited by From the in Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionPlants cannot move away from unfavourable environments, or run away from hungry eaters, or escape from detrimental microorganisms. Fortunately, not all environments and all organisms are a threat to plants, and plants have also evolved strategies to survive adverse environmental conditions. In fact, plants have adapted to most environments, they have learned how to avoid risky relationships with detrimental microorganisms, how to be unconcerned by neutral microorganisms and how to develop intimate affairs with beneficial partners. The latter type of interaction is referred to as a 'mutualistic symbiosis'. Symbiosis was first defined at the end of the nineteenth century by Bary as a term that simply described the regular coexistence of taxonomically different organisms [1]. A mutualistic symbiosis means more than 'regular coexistence', as it includes all relationships in which both partners can benefit from the association, and where benefits can be measured in terms of fitness and nutrient exchange.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, while the Ehrlich pathway intermediates are stoichiometrically transformed into 2-PE, we observed that part of shikimate made in the cells may divert to dead-end 3-hydroxyshikimate. This was indeed confirmed when clones able to produce higher amounts of L-Phe were isolated upon a round of random chemical mutagenesis that resulted in the identification of a mutation in shikimate dehydrogenase that prevents 3-hydroxyshikimate accumulation, and limited metabolism through the phenylacetic acid degradation pathway. Lignocellulose from agricultural residues or from urban organic waste are expected to represent a relevant raw material for the production of chemicals. Thus, P. putida DOT-T1E and the l-Phe overproducing strains were engineered to bear the machinery involved in xylose uptake and catabolism and also for the 2-PE production genes. However, low production of l-Phe and 2-PE from xylose was found, in spite xylose being metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway that generates E4P, which is a precursor of the shikimate pathway (see Fig. 1). Due to the fact that when l-Phe or Ehrlich pathway intermediates were added to cells grown of xylose, they were stoichiometrically converted to 2-PE by CM12-5 derivatives; channeling xylose to shikimate seems to be a key limiting step in 2G conversion of C5 sugars into 2-PE. Furthermore, PEP is also limiting due to its channeling to pyruvate that is eventually transformed into acetyl-CoA and enters the TCA cycle [25, 56, 57]. Taking all these facts into consideration, it is clear that it is necessary to re-organize the PEP-4EP metabolic processes when xylose is used as the C-source. It is known that 2G hydrolysates, in addition to sugars, contain a wide range of toxic chemicals such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and others ([30] and Additional file 4: Table S3). These toxic compounds are originated from partial degradation of sugars during steam-explosion in the intensive physicochemical pre-treatment of lignocellulosic material [30].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: PMSF and AEBSF are capable of modifying human proteins by changing their isoform profiles [38,39]. An isoform is two or more functionally comparable proteins that have similar but not identical amino acid sequences. Their amino acid sequences can be encoded by different RNA transcripts from the same gene, a process that can be generated by these two volatile organic compounds because they have been shown to alter transcription regulators [40]. In the case where isoform proteins function as enzymes, these companions generate biologic diversity in their tasks and often perform their functions at different speeds. This, in turn, can alter (and even reduce) metabolic and enzyme efficiency. The field of metabolomics encompasses a comprehensive analysis of molecular compounds, and essentially analyses changes in the body’s metabolism by looking at changes in substrates and metabolic products. In several of the neurologic fatiguing syndromes, especially chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, metabolomic alterations are legion [41,42]. Similar metabolic alterations can result from adverse isoform effects of PMSF and AEBSF. In addition, isoform enhancement caused by volatile organic compounds is capable of augmenting virtually any of the toxic side effects previously discussed, particularly disturbances of ion channel protein function. Isoforms are also capable of triggering the production of autoantibodies by nature of their varied antigenic amino acid sequences and altered configurations. As previously mentioned, autoantibodies of various types have been identified in ailing recipients following human papillomavirus immunization, including antibodies to adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. These complement the varied mechanisms of autoantibody production caused by the hidden organosiloxanes [2,4,5]. But do these autoantibodies account for the wide variety of clinical phenomena manifested by Gardasil victims? Such diverse phenomena imply that multiple physiologic processes encompassing afferent fibres, efferent fibres, dorsal root ganglia, autonomic tissues, ion channels, and central nervous system are being rapidly compromised. When combined with all the other heterogeneous clinical features that, in the aggregate, are also often of rapid onset in these patients, it seems unlikely that Gardasil-induced systemic disease states are initiated by autoimmune and autoinflammatory events.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Among mutualistic symbioses, the association of plants with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia [2] and with mycorrhizal fungi, in particular, are the result of a long co-evolution and co-operation between plants and soil microbes [1]. Different types of mycorrhizae have been found in nature: ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is predominant in forest soils and is characterized by the fact that the fungal hyphae remain outside the plant cell; endomycorrhiza comprises orchid, ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and derives its name from the fact that the fungal hyphae are able to enter into the plant root cells [3]. ECM fungi have evolved from wood- and litter-decaying fungal ancestors, without any obvious reversal to saprotrophy [4]. Although the oldest ECM root fossils date back to 50 million years ago (MYA) [5], molecular analyses place the origin of ECM fungi in the Cretaceous [6] and suggest that they probably played a role in the migration of plants from the tropics to the poorer temperate regions [7]. ECM fungi mostly belong to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and they form symbioses with a relative small number of plant species [4]. They play an important role in forest establishment and in the successful reforestation of harsh environments, such as saline areas [8]. Moreover, ECM fungi can form fruiting bodies which have an important economic impact, such as truffles. The AM symbiosis involves the majority of crop plants and results from the successful interaction between fungi in the Glomeromycota and the roots of about 80% of terrestrial plants [9]. This symbiosis is one of the oldest biotrophic interactions, dating back 400–450 MYA and is thought to have played a pivotal role in the water-to-land transition during plant evolution [10] (Figure 1). AM fungi have become so intimately dependent on plants that they are obligate biotrophs. The evolutionary success of mycorrhizal symbioses likely derives from the bidirectional nutrient exchange that takes place between the two partners in most associations: fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plants, while receiving sugars in return.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: bescii JWCB017 will serve as a platform for additional rational strain engineering for production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic feedstocks. MethodsStrains, growth conditions and molecular techniquesA spontaneous mutant containing a deletion within the pyrFA locus of C. bescii, JWCB005 [27, 28], was used in this study to select transformants. C. bescii strains were grown in modified DSMZ516 medium or LOD (low osmolality defined growth medium) [29] containing 0. 5% maltose as carbon source, final pH 7. 0. Liquid cultures were grown from a 0. 5% inoculum or a single colony and incubated at 75°C in anaerobic culture bottles degassed with five cycles of vacuum and argon. A solid medium was prepared by mixing an equal volume of liquid medium at a 2× concentration with the same volume of (wt/vol) agar, 3. 6% (Difco, Sparks, MD) that had been previously autoclaved. Both solutions were maintained at 70°C and poured into petri dishes immediately after mixing. A series of dilutions of this culture were mixed with 4 ml of soft top agar (1. 5% of agar) and poured across the top of the solid agar medium. The plates were degassed with five cycles of vacuum and argon and incubated at 75°C for 4 days in anaerobic jars. E. coli DH5α was used to prepare plasmid DNA. Cells were grown in LB broth supplemented with apramycin (50 μg/ml). Plasmid DNA was isolated using a Qiagen Mini-prep Kit (inc. , Valenica, CA). A complete list of strains, plasmids, and primers used in this study is shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Plasmids and C. bescii strains (JWCB) used in this study Full size tableTable 2 Oligonucleotides used in this study Full size tableConstruction of pDCW121To construct a plasmid for deletion of the ldh gene (Cbes1918), three cloning steps including overlapping polymerase chain reactions were used. All PCR amplifications were performed using DNA polymerase (Agilent Tech. , Santa Clara, CA).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: It is therefore no surprise that multiple other P450 genes can code for enzymes that use xenobiotics as substrates, including CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2F1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP3A43. It seems plausible that Gardasil recipients who are at risk for systemic toxicity lack the ability to properly confront the presence of parenterally administered PMSF and AEBSF in a timely manner. When such events are coupled with all the other hidden toxic Gardasil vaccine ingredients, a pathophysiologic mission impossible is initiated. This simultaneously clarifies the multiple confounding factors inherent to the Gardasil controversy, including the vulnerable population at risk and the subsequent evolution of autoantibodies. Other confounding factors for P450 enzyme suppression, such as alcohol consumption, cannabinoid use, estrogen use, and prescription drugs have been properly evaluated and excluded in the compromised Gardasil cohort. On a final note, it should be recognized that the antigenic portions of the Gardasil vaccine itself, via cytokine induction, can suppress P450 enzyme activities against a variety of chemicals and drugs [51]. Thus, in the presence of multiple defective P450 genes, even the beneficial portions of the Gardasil vaccine can circuitously enhance its own toxicity. In conclusion, human papillomavirus vaccine-induced systemic illness is a genuinely novel disorder that likely encompasses dozens of biochemical and physiological disruptions orchestrated by the presence of multiple hidden toxic vaccine ingredients. The populations at risk for Gardasil-induced adverse events are not likely to exhibit autoimmune diatheses, but they probably exhibit overlapping indigenous risk factors that markedly facilitate acute chemical poisoning. These risk factors, in conjunction with all the hidden toxic vaccine ingredients in Gardasil, also elicit delayed secondary autoreactive amplification loops which, in turn, become capable of augmenting and sustaining the initial biochemical and physiological disruptions once they are already underway. Researchers investigating Gardasil-induced disease states should consider focusing their primary investigations towards identifying indigenous risk factors that logically correlate with chemically related adverse events. 311. [Crossref] Brawer AE (2020) Why are vaccination induced rheumatologic disorders so diverse? J 4: 1-3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: It has been estimated that up to 20% of the photosynthesis-derived compounds of terrestrial plants (approximately 5 billion tons of carbon per year) are consumed by symbiotic fungi [11]. On the other hand, for example, 70% of the overall Pi acquired by arbuscular mycorrhizal rice plants is delivered via the symbiotic route [12]. Mycorrhizal plants benefit from their interaction with symbiotic fungi not only in terms of improved mineral nutrition, with an increased biomass production, but also in better protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses [13]. Figure 1. Schematic timeline of the root symbiosis development. Because of the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses in plant health, several studies have focused on the biology, evolution and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations [14]. In particular, the recent development of high-throughput molecular tools has allowed us to gain deeper knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing the plant–fungus interaction [14], providing useful information for the application of these beneficial fungal agents to optimize plant health, nutrition and yields in sustainable agriculture and forestry. Although examples will be given for all mycorrhizal types, this 2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactionsThe plant AM fungal interaction starts in the soil surrounding the plant roots, a region termed rhizosphere, where both plants and fungi release chemical signals in a pre-symbiotic molecular dialogue [17]. Among their root exudates, plants release in the rhizosphere signals such as strigolactones and cutin monomers, which elicit hyphal branching in AM fungi as well as apical growth of fungal hyphae towards the root surface, following the gradient of plant molecules (Figure 2A). Although the fungal receptors for these plant molecules remain unknown, it has been proved that they are perceived by the fungus, causing a signal cascade. Figure 2. The boxes represent the four phases of formation of the plant–fungus association in the AM symbiosis. (A) Plant roots exude strigolactones and induce hyphal branching, while the fungus releases LCOs, perceived by the plant. (B) The AM fungus contacts the root surface and forms hyphopodia. (C) Epidermal plant cells produce a pre-penetration apparatus; the AM fungus starts to grow inside the plant and reaches the cortex.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: So, the engineered strain will not only be improving the yield of the ethanol also reducing the fermentation time. In another experiment, the F-514 strain of the S. cerevisiae was used to ferment sugars from sugarcane molasses in hot and dry weather, and it was reported that by improving the fermentation parameters ethanol yield was improved. In addition to yeast strains, the pretreatment of molasses or can juice with lime or sulfuric acid affect the ethanol yield in the fermentation process. Raharja et al. [67] used commercial instant dry yeast to simplify the production process and reduce the bacterial contamination risk. Using the molasses as starting material, containing a very high concentration of sugar (30%), and pretreated with sulfuric acid produced ethanol at a very low level, lower than the levels attained using bagasse as feedstock. Hence, producing ethanol from feedstock like sugars and molasses and its application as an energy source may not be desirable on a long-term basis as the demand for fuel, food, and feed is rising, demanding alternative means of cost-competitive and sustainable supply of feedstock. Further, the bioethanol producing industries in the USA as well as in Brazil have decided to develop second-generation ethanol (2G) from lignocellulose materials, requiring new production models [68]. Biomass, which is burnt to produced energy in sugar industries could be used as feedstock to convert polysaccharides into ethanol [68]. The pretreatment of biomass to extract hemicellulose is carried out either by biological or chemical (diluted acids) treatment or through steam. Bioethanol is produced from hemicellulosic hydrolysate using yeast, immobilized on magnetic p2. 6 Genetic improvement for oil productionBiofuel’s largest markets in the world are in the USA, Brazil, the European Union, and China, collectively producing 85% of global biofuel with a 48% share of the USA alone. Of the total biofuel production, 82% share is of bioethanol, which is majorly produced by the USA and Brazil. However, biodiesel is the second majorly produced biofuel in the world, with a 49% contribution from the European Union. The biodiesel contribution of the EU, USA, and Brazil is 34. 1%, 19. 5 and 12%, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: (2017) Suspected adverse effects after human papillomavirus vaccination: a temporal relationship between vaccine administration and the appearance of symptoms in Japan. 40: 1219-1229. [Crossref] Brawer AE (2019) Hidden toxicity of human papillomavirus vaccine ingredients. J Treat 5: 1-4. Brawer AE (2020) Vaccination induced diseases and their relationship to neurologic fatiguing syndromes, channelopathies, breast implant illness, and autoimmunity via molecular mimicry. Vaccines and Immunization 4: 1-5. -(2018) Autonomic dysfunction and HPV immunization: an overview. 66: 744-754. [Crossref] (2018) The HPV vaccine on trial. Skyhorse Publishing, USA. Palmieri B, Poddighe D, Vadalà M, Laurino C, Carnovale C, et al. (2017) Severe somatoform and dysautonomic syndromes after HPV vaccination: case series and review of literature. 65: 106-116. [Crossref] (2019) Cardiac arrest following HPV vaccination. Trials 5: 1-7. (2020) Benefits and harms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines: systematic review with met-analyses of trial data from clinical study reports. s 9: 1-23. [Crossref] (2018) Discrepancies in the evaluation of the safety of the human papillomavirus vaccine. 113: e180063. [Crossref] (2019) Suspected adverse effects after human papillomavirus vaccination: a temporal relationship. 66: 723-725. [Crossref] Schofield J, (2018) Autoimmunity, autonomic neuropathy, and the HPV vaccination: a vulnerable subpopulation. 57: 603-606. [Crossref] Martinez-Lavin M, Tejada-(2020) Gulf war illness, post-HPV vaccination syndrome, and macrophage myofasciitis: similar disabling conditions possible linked to vaccine-induced autoimmune dysautonomia. 19: 102603. - Forster K, et al. (2019) Autoantibodies against autonomic nerve receptors in adolescent Japanese girls after immunization with human papillomavirus vaccine. 2: 1-6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: (D) The AM fungal hypha branches inside the cortex cells and form the arbuscules. Fungal signal molecules have been identified in the past few years as being lipo-chito-oligosaccharides (LCOs) [18], the same type of signal molecules produced by rhizobia when interacting with legume plants, and chito-oligosaccharides (COs) [19]. Although the plant receptors for the fungal signal molecules have not been identified yet, large families of receptors are predicted to potentially bind these molecules. Thanks to the exchange of these plant and fungal signal molecules, the plant and the AM fungus recognize each other and begin a more intimate phase of the interaction, with the fungus starting root colonization. The plant paves the way for fungal colonization by building up the so-called pre-penetration apparatus (PPA) [20], a transient assembly that defines the path followed by the fungal hyphae toward the inner root layers (Figure 2B–C). The AM fungus follows the path created by the PPA until the root cortex, where it starts to form a tree-like structure called 'arbuscule' (Figure 2D). The arbuscule is the core of a functional AM symbiosis, shaped as a highly branched structure where each hyphal branch is surrounded by the plant cell membrane. The contact surface between the plant and the AM fungus greatly increases around the arbuscule, thus increasing the area of nutrient exchanges. After few (ca. 4–5) days, the arbuscule collapses [21] and is replaced by a new one in the same or in another cortical cell. During AM fungal colonization, ‘early stage’ indicates the phase occurring prior to and during the initial contact between the two symbionts. This stage ends with the formation of the arbuscules that mark the transition to the ‘late stage’ of the symbiosis. However, fungal colonization of plant roots occurs at many access points not normally synchronized and the mycorrhizal symbiosis is highly dynamic, meaning that when new access points are created, arbuscules are forming and collapsing. Therefore, early and late stages can be really distinguished only after the first contacts between plant and fungus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Materials and methodsBiomass and pretreatmentCorn stover was provided by the Center (GLBRC). The corn (Pioneer 36H56) from which the stover was produced was planted in May of 2009 in field 570-N at the in Columbia Country, WI and harvested in November of 2009. The biomass was pretreated by the (BCRL) located at University in East Lansing, MI using the AFEX pretreatment process as previously described in the literature [32]. The AFEX pretreatment conditions were 1:1 ammonia to biomass ratio, 60% moisture on dry weight basis, 100°C, and 30 min. reaction time. Glucan, xylan, and acid insoluble lignin content plus ash were 38. 0%, 23. 8%, and 20. 4% by dry mass, respectively. The corn stover was stored at 4°C. Microorganisms and seed culture preparationSaccharomyces cerevisiae 73 was genetically modified to contain xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase genes [33]. S. cerevisiae strains 127 and 128 were genetically modified to contain xylose isomerase and xululokinase genes (T. K. Sato, manuscript in preparation). 424A(LNH-ST) was provided by Prof. Nancy W. H. Ho of in West Lafayette, IN. S. cerevisiae 424A was genetically modified with multiple copies of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase genes from Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis and an endogenous xylulokinase gene incorporated in the chromosome [34]. Zymomonas mobilis 8b was provided by MBI, International (Lansing, MI) and was originally obtained from the (Golden, CO) [35]. Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis FPL-061 and FPL-DX26 strains were provided by Prof. Thomas W. Jeffries of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, WI [36]. NRRL Y-7124 was obtained from ARS () [37]. Escherichia coli KO11 was obtained from the having designated number 55124 [38]. All strains were maintained in glycerol stocks at -80°C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: (1999) Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase of brain and muscle. Neuropharmacol 38: 691-698. (2019) Thermoregulatory fear of harm mood disorder: in depth exploration of a unique juvenile onset phenotype that provides a parsimonious clinical disruption of certain youths with highly comorbid treatment refractory psychiatric disorders. J Sci 4: e190004. (1983) Effect of toluene diisocyanate on beta adrenergic receptor function: biochemical and physiologic studies. 128: 50-53. Fuxe K, Martire M, von (1987) Effects of subacute treatment with toluene on cerebrocortical alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the rat. Scand 130: 307-311. [Crossref] Tsuga H, (2000) Effects of short-term toluene exposure on ligand binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. 22: 603-606. [Crossref] (2014) Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: structure-function relationship with implications in neural development and brain disorders. Internat 2014: 642798. Bollen M, (1988) Fluorine compounds inhibit the conversion of active type-1 protein phosphatases into the ATPMg-dependent form. 255: 327-333. [Crossref] Narayanan A, Jones LH (2015) Sulfonyl fluorides as privileged warheads in chemical biology. 6: 2650-2659. [Crossref] (2004) The protease inhibitor aminoethylbenzenesulfonyl fluoride covalently modifies human plasma proteins and changes protein isoform profiles. HUPO 3rd Congress, Beijing 2004; poster # MC-010. (2019) Transcriptional regulators involved in responses to volatile organic compounds in plants. J 294: 2256-2266. (2019) Genetic predisposition for immune system, hormone, and metabolic dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study. 7: 206. [Crossref] Naviaux RK (2018) Metabolic features and regulation of the healing cycle-a new model for chronic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Mitochondrion 46: 278-297.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The intracellular accommodation of unbranched hyphae (during the early stage) and of arbuscules (at a later stage) is a coordinated developmental process between the plant and the fungal cells: it involves an intricate and largely unexplored signal exchange, intense secretory activity related to the biogenesis of the perifungal membrane and an overall reorganization of the cell architecture. Several plant genes are known to be required for the establishment and functioning of the AM symbiosis. Some of them encode proteins that are components of the so-called 'SYM pathway' and are essential for early signalling and root colonization [10]. Other genes are likely involved in nutrient exchange during arbuscule functioning, such as the Medicago truncatula gene coding for a phosphate transporter (PT4) specifically induced in arbuscule-containing cells [22]. However, despite molecular and cellular evidence of the expression of these genes in arbuscule-containing cells, the corresponding proteins have not been identified through proteomic approaches until very recently [23], most likely because of their accumulation in a small sub-population of root cells, those harbouring the arbuscules, and because of technical difficulties with membrane protein extraction. Whereas the main signal molecules involved in the AM fungus–host plant dialogue have been identified, little information is so far available on the recognition events and on the long-maintenance factors involved in the ECM symbiosis (Garcia et al. 2015), although auxin and ethylene have been identified as some of the signals exchanged between the two partners in ECM [24,25]. By contrast, nothing is known concerning this aspect in the ericoid and the orchid mycorrhiza. The colonization steps have a very different morphology in ECM and AM symbioses. During the symbiotic phase, ECM fungi form a fungal sheath (the mantle) that develops outside the root. From the inner layers of the mantle, some hyphae penetrate between the epidermal and the outer cortical cells to form an intercellular hyphal network (the Hartig net) inside the root tissues [1]. Mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs) are fungal proteins known to be involved during the formation and maintenance of the symbiosis between ECM fungi and their host plant [26,27].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When FPA was at its minimum, the cellulose content became almost stable. In accordance with the degradation regularity of cellulose, the peak of xylanase activity on day 120 (293. 5 U/L) corresponded with the increased degradation rate of hemicellulose. After 135 days the total weight loss of bagasse was 51. 6%, in which the losses of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were 65. 5%, 62. 8% and 61. 5%, respectively. Figure 2 Inducible lignocellulosic enzymes (laccase, MIP, cellulase and xylanase) (A) and changes of lignocellulose component contents (B) during bagasse degradation by C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 at 28°C. Full size imageThese results indicated that multiple lignocellulosic enzymes of Ch2-2 were an efficient natural synergy system with a clear selective secretion pattern, which was induced by the specific components of bagasse. Even more importantly, it was found that the degradation rate of lignin limited that of the holocellulose to some extent. Ligninase purification and propertiesThe important role of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 ligninase during the degradation process was mentioned above, which was crucial in order for cellulases and hemicellulases to carry out their roles sufficiently. In order to further analyze the ligninase characteristic, laccase and MIP were purified and studied. The molecular weight of laccase was about 70 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE (Figure 3A). Its optimal temperature and pH were 15°C and pH 3. 5, respectively (Figure 4A, D). It was stable at a very wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 40°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4B, D). Using ABTS as a substrate, the Km and Vmax for laccase were 2. 8 μM and 57. 9 μmol/min/mg under the optimal conditions. Laccase activity was inhibited by 2 mM of Fe2+ (5. 36%), SDS (27. 2%) and was slightly inhibited by EDTA (74. 6%) at a concentration of 10 mM, and essentially unaffected by 2 mM of EDTA (98.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: (2020) Broadly targeted autoreactivity is common in severe SARS-Cov-2 infection. medRxiv. [Crossref] Brawer Ae, (2019) Multiple myeloma presenting with clinical and serological features of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Cases 2: 1-2. Bigazzi PE (1997) Autoimmunity caused by xenobiotics. Toxicology 119: 1-21. [Crossref] (2010) Toxicology of autoimmune disease. Toxicol 23: 455-466. [Crossref] Abou-(2018) Neural autoantibodies in patients with neurological symptoms and histories of chemical/mold exposures. Health 34: 44-53. [Crossref] Brawer AE, (2016) The onset of rheumatoid arthritis following trauma. Rev 8: 77-80. [Crossref] Guengerich FP (2017) Intersection of roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes with xenobiotic and endogenous substrates. Relevance to toxicity and drug interactions. Toxicol 30: 2-12. [Crossref] (2019) A comprehensive review of common polymorphic variants that cause missense mutations in human CYP’s and UGT’s. 111: 983-992. (2014) On the possible interaction between vaccines and drugs. 70: 369-371. Editor-in-Chief 10. 15761/FWH. 1000195 Corresponding author 07740, USA E-mail : bhuvaneswari. bibleraaj@uhsm. nhs. uk No data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The identification of the key molecular players in mycorrhizal symbioses is mandatory to understand the complex interactions between the symbiotic partners and the ways to improve and fully exploit their symbiotic potential in sustainable crop and forest management. Genome sequences of several mycorrhizal fungal species are now available and provide a great opportunity to increase our knowledge on the mycorrhizal lifestyle, on the metabolic capabilities of these symbioses and on the molecular dialogue between the two symbiotic partners [28]. Advertisement 3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactionsProteomics is the large-scale study of proteins from a specific proteome in order to understand cellular processes, and includes assessment of protein abundance, protein modifications, along with identification of interacting partners and networks. As the aim of proteomics is the identification of proteins, the molecular components actually taking part in cellular processes, rather than their genetic information, proteomics could be the main technique to unravel the key players of mycorrhizal symbioses. However, when the number of proteomics studies is compared with those using genomics, transcriptomics or microscopy, the gap is very significant (Table 1). One of the reasons is that the methods for protein identification are based, nowadays, mainly on mass spectrometry, a more complex and expensive technology than high-throughput DNA or RNA sequencing. Protein identification is made by matching the peptides masses to corresponding masses calculated by the software on proteins or translated gene sequences available in databases. If sequences are not found in databases, protein identification fails. Over the years, many loopholes have been found, among them the easiest was to use sequences from other species. Concerning the identification of plant proteins, the best-studied and well-sequenced plant is Arabidopsis thaliana. Unfortunately, this plant is not able to form any type of mycorrhizal symbiosis. In the past few years, DNA sequencing has become cheaper and almost a routine technique, allowing the genome sequence of many organisms to become available. Another aspect that has hindered the use of proteomics in the study of mycorrhizal interactions is the fact that the mycorrhizal symbiosis involves a small percentage of plant root cells, that may contain fungal structures at different developmental stages and with different putative roles [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Oleaginous yeasts, defined as those that can accumulate lipids to over 20% of their dry-cell weight (DCW), are still being screened and can be found in different taxa. A useful criterion is their ability to grow on pentoses or polysaccharides, which are lignocellulosic sugars. However, although some of these yeasts are immediately suitable for providing useful enzymes (such as sugar hydrolases), their capacity to be custom engineered for specific lipid production will require additional effort. Conversely, known genetically-tractable yeasts may not have yet been tested for their oleaginous potential. Blastobotrys adeninivorans is part of a basal clade of the Saccharomycotina subphylum [1] and diverged long before Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The species was first described in 1984, under the name of Trichosporon adeninovorans [2], and successively reclassified into the genera Arxula (adeninivorans) in 1990 [3] and Blastobotrys in 2007 [1]. A few natural isolates of soil, plant (wood hydrolysate, silage), or animal origin have been described in the literature or deposited in culture collections. Among them, the type strain CBS 8244T and the industrial strain LS3 have been the best studied, LS3 being used to develop auxotrophic recipients for genetic transformation [4, 5]. Since the early 1990s, the species has attracted attention because of its interesting biochemical, physiological, and genetic properties. First, it exhibits a versatile metabolism, indicative of the presence of various degradative enzymes and pathways linked to central metabolism [6]. One to several strains can assimilate a number of sugar substrates, such as d-galactose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, starch, and arbutin, and can also ferment some of them (glucose, sucrose, and starch) [6, 7]. Organic acids (e. g. , pyruvate, acetate, and butyrate), as well as aromatic compounds (e. g. , hydroxybenzoates), may also serve as a growth source [6, 7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: At the base of the cilia are the basal bodies, which are responsible for ciliary assembly (Dutcher and O'Toole, 2016). Other features of the cell include a centrally located nucleus, a proteinaceous cell wall, Golgi bodies within the cup-shaped region formed by the chloroplast, and mitochondria. Image credit: Debbie Maizels. Various features make C. reinhardtii an excellent laboratory species. It grows vegetatively as a haploid, which allows mutant phenotypes to be expressed immediately. Under optimal conditions, C. reinhardtii grows so rapidly that its numbers can double approximately every 8 hours (Harris, 2001). The fact that it can grow in the dark on acetate-containing medium while retaining a functional photosynthetic apparatus, has allowed even light-sensitive photosynthesis mutants to be isolated (Levine, 1969; Spreitzer and Mets, 1980). The motile cilia of this photosynthetic eukaryote share the same structure and many of the same constituent proteins as those of mammals, and so research into its motility prompted studies that greatly advanced our understanding of cilium dysfunctions in humans (Brown and Witman, 2014). Furthermore, C. reinhardtii can be induced to sexually reproduce in the laboratory, making it easy to introduce multiple traits into a single haploid strain (e. g. to generate double or triple mutants). The power of C. reinhardtii as a model organism was further elevated by the advent of genetic transformation (Boynton et al. , 1988; Kindle, 1990; Remacle et al. , 2006), the establishment of a full nuclear genome sequence (Merchant et al. , 2007), the construction of a genome-wide library of mapped, indexed insertional mutants (Li et al. , 2016) and -mediated targeted gene disruptions (Ferenczi et al. , 2017 and 1. Taxonomic and laboratory history of C. reinhardtii Based on traditional taxonomic criteria, the genus Chlamydomonas (sensu lato) contains more than 500 species. In the course of taxonomic revisions, which are still in progress, Chlamydomonas (sensu stricto) is comprised of three species (Pröschold et al. , 2018). Accordingly, the taxonomy of some species mentioned in this 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: For example, arbuscules are limited to the root cortical cells in the AM symbiosis, a tissue where not all plant cells are colonized. In addition, the majority of key proteins are likely to be membrane proteins. Taken together, this means that protein extraction from AM roots will lead to a very small percentage of proteins expressed in symbiosis. This ‘dilution effect’ has made it very hard to identify the key proteins directly involved in plant–fungus interactions. In summary, the lack of sequence databases of reference organisms and the difficulties in protein extraction have characterized the first decade of proteomics applications to mycorrhizal symbiosis, and explain the limited results obtained. Advertisement 4. Proteomics in actionThe first proteomic investigation of the plant–mycorrhizal fungus symbiosis was published by Dumas et al. (1990) and used mono-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to separate soluble proteins from non-mycorrhizal roots and from roots infected by different AM fungi [30]. After this pioneering study, and because of improvements in sample extraction, sample purification and in the technological performance of the equipment, many studies have aimed to identify the key players involved in mycorrhizal interactions (Figure 3). Many strategies have been set up, depending on the target mycorrhizal type, on the symbiotic stage of interest and subcellular localization [30]. Figure 3. The figure represents different approaches that can be used to collect biological material for AM roots proteomics. (A) Collection of the whole root is the easiest and quickest approach, but it has a drawback due to the fact that the amount of proteins involved in the symbiosis is a very small percentage of the all extracted proteins. The visual enrichment approach allows the collection only of the roots in contact with the fungus. (B) The root organ culture system allows to study the early stages of colonization by following the root and hypha growth until they contact each other and then collect only the root pieces reached by the hyphae. (C) By microscope inspection, roots with the higher percentage of fungal hyphae in contact can be selected.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Although the separation of pretreated slurry into liquid and solid fraction is also an energy-consuming process, it could nevertheless be essential, mainly for three reasons: (1) to use the liquid fraction to cultivate and adapt the yeast prior to SSF; (2) to reduce the inhibitor concentration in the solid fraction, which can then be used as substrate for SSF, and (3) to increase the WIS content in the solid fraction, which gives flexibility to operate the process with more than 20% (w/w) WIS content, which is not possible with the whole slurry obtained with the pretreatment method used in the study unless evaporation is employed. Figure 2Evaluation of fermentation performance of Thermosacc in the liquid fraction of pretreated slurry. Glucose (diamonds), mannose (triangles), and galactose (squares) consumption, and ethanol (circles) production in anaerobic fermentation of liquid fraction diluted to 90% (v/v) (solid lines) and 60% (v/v) (dotted lines) with 3 g L-1 of yeast loading. The graph represents the mean of two biological replicates. Error bars are omitted for the sake of clarity. Full size imageTable 1 Composition of spruce slurry and non-washed solids used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) Full size tableSSF with the solid fractionHigh WIS content in batch SSF causes inhomogeneityThe solid fraction obtained after centrifugation of pretreated slurry contained increased WIS content of 30% (w/w) and reduced concentration of inhibitors (Table 1) compared to the pretreated slurry with a WIS content of 20% (w/w). The fermentability of the solid fraction was assessed in batch SSF at 20% (w/w) WIS content. One of the major problems encountered during the batch SSF was difficulty in mixing, and as a result, local variations in temperature (35 ± 4°C) were encountered. Sampling was unconventionally done during the batch SSF by opening the fermenter lid and manually mixing the contents with a spatula, and a small portion was then withdrawn. There was a 40-h delayed onset of glucose consumption and after 96 h, only free glucose and mannose present in the solid fraction were consumed and the ethanol concentration reached 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: are also commonly found in the pelagic zone of lakes, where they sometimes form spring blooms (Similä, 1988; Krivtsov et al. , 2000). The term 'pelagic zone' refers to the water column of lakes and oceans not on or near the lake or ocean bottom. Chlamydomonas spp. are usually motile, and although this has an energetic cost, it gives them a competitive advantage in lakes that have stratified into distinct layers as a consequence of seasonal changes in temperature (Striebel et al. , 2009). Under conditions of stratification, motile algae often ascend toward the lake surface during the day to optimize their exposure to sunlight. During the night, they tend to descend to access the nutrient-rich environment below the surface. Indeed, this pattern of vertical movement has been observed for the population of Chlamydomonas sp. in a small Finnish lake (Jones, 1988). Environmental conditions and the availability and distribution of natural resources differ substantially in soils and lakes (Sommer et al. , 2012; Coleman et al. , 2017). Phosphorous, for example, is likely to be limiting to the growth of organisms in lakes and geologically old soils, while nitrogen limitation is more common in young soils (Schindler, 1977; Vitousek and Howarth, 1991). Light availability and grazing pressure by predators represent additional key environmental differences between soil and lake habitats. Consequently, these two habitats require distinct adaptations and life history strategies to optimize fitness, and it is still an open question as to whether specific pelagic strains of C. reinhardtii exist in lakes (Box 2). Chlamydomonas spp. other than C. reinhardtii are adapted to a wide range of habitats. For example, Chlamydomonas eustigma is an acidophilic species isolated from acid mine drainage (Hirooka et al. , 2017), Chlamydomonas euryale is found in temperate marine environments (Burch et al. , 2015), Chlamydomonas spp. have been isolated from Antarctic ice (Liu et al. , 2006), and some members of the genus Chlamydomonas are carotenoid-rich organisms present on the surface of snow, giving it a red appearance (Remias et al. , 2005). A Chlamydomonas sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: (D–E) Using a laser microdissection (LMD) approach, it is possible to select non-colonized cells (D) and colonized cells (E) from root sections, and to collect them separately, thus avoiding the dilution effect caused by the heterogeneous situation of a mycorrhizal root. 4. 1. Proteomics on the early stages of the mycorrhizal symbiosisThe studies on the early stages of the symbiosis coincide with the earlier studies in symbiotic proteomics. Burgess and collaborators set up a complex experiment to identify proteins either induced, enhanced or inhibited during the early stages of ECM development [31]. They compared, over a time-course, the profiles of proteins expressed in roots inoculated with three different isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius showing different degrees of root colonization: isolate H2144 exhibited a very high infectivity, isolate 441 showed moderate infectivity, while isolate H506 was not able to induce ECM [31]. They used two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE)-PAGE, a gel electrophoresis technique introduced in the middle 1970s by O'Farrell and Klose and able to separate with high-resolution proteins by two orthogonal properties: iso-electrical point and molecular weight [32]. With this approach, Burgess et al. (1995) found that the morphological changes observed in the inoculated plant roots were linked with massive changes in protein composition, and claimed that these changes commenced at the time of contact between the two partners [31]. It was later discovered [33,34] that these morphological changes during the establishment of ECM were not caused by the contact between plant and fungus, because molecular signals released in the rhizosphere were sufficient to trigger them. The work by Burgess et al. (1995) was nevertheless important because it revealed some plant and fungal symbiosis-related polypeptides and demonstrated that their upregulation was tightly correlated with fungal infectivity. Five years later, another paper on the early stage of the ECM symbiosis was published by Laurent et al. (1999). They used the same methodological approach, 2DE-PAGE separation, but they focused their attention on the cell wall polypeptides, in order to identify cell surface proteins involved in ECM symbiosis development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageAlthough the substrate feed improved the mixing and cell feed improved the cell viability, the highest observed ethanol yield was only 53% of the theoretical maximum despite the fact that a large fraction of cells remained viable even after 96 h of fed-batch SSF (Figure 4). The concentration levels of hexose sugars including glucose, mannose and galactose remained below 0. 3 g L-1 after 96 h, indicating that there were no fermentable monomeric sugars. This likely indicates that enzymatic hydrolysis could be a possible limiting factor affecting the overall ethanol yield. It has previously been shown that at increasing solids concentration, the proportion of adsorbed cellulase decreased because of adsorption inhibition, the mechanism of which remains elusive [31]. Also, there is previous evidence that xylose and xylooligomers with a concentration as low as 1. 67 g L-1 can decrease enzymatic hydrolysis rates and yields [32]. In our study xylose was not fermentable by Thermosacc and the existence of xylose at a significant concentration of 15 g L-1 in the SSF can hinder enzymatic hydrolysis. Besides, softwoods, such as spruce, contain relatively high lignin content [13], which can cause increased nonspecific adsorption of cellulases to lignin [32] especially at high WIS content. Evidence also suggests that the simple and oligomeric phenolics generated during pretreatment, cause inhibition and precipitation of enzymes, even at low concentrations [6, 33]. Furthermore, the operation of SSF at suboptimal temperature of enzymes combined with other aforementioned factors are some of the areas that need improvement to further increase the ethanol yields to make the process economically feasible. ConclusionWe here demonstrated that the cultivation of yeast in a continuous culture wherein the outflow of cell suspension was fed to the SSF reactor, can significantly enhance cell viability and contribute to overall increase in ethanol yield. We also show that it is possible to work at a high WIS content of 20% (w/w) in conventional bioreactors using a well-designed fed-batch SSF process. Furthermore, we demonstrated the production of high ethanol-concentration (40 g L-1), which is the minimal requirement for an economical distillation process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All bacteria are harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: has even been identified in the air at 1,100 meters above the ground: this and other algae can be dispersed by wind over extended distances (Brown et al. , 1964). Taken together, several reports provide information on the biogeographical distribution of C. reinhardtii and other Chlamydomonas spp. However, there is little knowledge of the abundance and variations of Chlamydomonas spp. in different soil types, the dynamics of these natural populations over daily or seasonal cycles, and their physiological capabilities. chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of C. reinhardtii have been sequenced and are 206 and 15. 8 kb, respectively (Vahrenholz et al. , 1993; Maul et al. , 2002; Gallaher et al. , 2018). Since the sequence of the nuclear genome was first published (Merchant et al. , 2007), the scientific community has focused some effort on elevating the quality of the genome sequence and improving its assembly and annotation (Blaby et al. , 2014). The current version 5. 5 nuclear genome is 111 Mb, which is similar in size to the genome of the model land plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Blaby et al. , 2014). Recently, whole-genome sequences for more than 50 additional laboratory strains and field isolates were generated (Flowers et al. , 2015; Gallaher et al. , 2015). The sequences of 12 field isolates confirmed earlier reports that with a nucleotide diversity (π) of ~3%, the C. reinhardtii genome is among the most polymorphic of all eukaryotes (Flowers et al. , 2015). The field strains, isolated from various locations in the and Canada, genetically group into three distinct populations, with gene flow between populations sufficiently low to allow the populations to adapt to their local environments. The low ratio of genome-wide non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (0. 58) further indicates that natural selection efficiently eliminates C. reinhardtii alleles of low fitness (Flowers et al. , 2015). Whole-genome and epigenome sequencing has also been used to examine adaptation in the laboratory under changing environmental conditions (Kronholm et al. , 2017). Life cycle and its role in nature Forming zygotes likely allows C. reinhardtii to survive when conditions become harsh (Harris, 2001; Goodenough et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: It was a huge sampling effort not only because they analyzed the early stage of the symbiosis but also because they had to enrich samples for cell wall polypeptides (CWP). One of the main results was the observation of the enhanced synthesis of several immunologically related 31- and 32-kDa fungal polypeptides, called symbiosis-regulated acidic polypeptides (SRAPs) [35]. As gene expression studies were also carried out, these proteomic data also highlighted the fact that expression of SRAP-32 was regulated at transcriptional level, suggesting that the synthesis of new hyphal proteins is an important process during symbiosis formation [35]. In AM symbiosis, the phase between the first contact and the formation of the first arbuscule, a period ranging between few hours and 1–2 weeks after inoculation, is normally considered as an early stage of the interaction [36]. Focus on this particular phase is important to understand the cross-talk between the partners and how the proteomes of the two organisms change during the colonization events. A study by the group of Dumas-Gaudot [37] focused on the early stages of the AM symbiosis in three different genotypes of the model plant M. truncatula: the wild-type (J5), a mycorrhiza-defective (TRV25, dmi3) and an autoregulation-defective (TR122, sunn) genotype. The study was aimed at investigating changes in the root proteome elicited in response to appressorium formation by Glomus intraradices. For this purpose, the authors compared by 2DE-PAGE the root proteome from non-inoculated roots and from roots synchronized for appressorium formation by G. intraradices. The authors showed that proteins that responded to appressorium formation were differentially expressed in different genotypes. This paper was important because it also reported, for the first time, the identification of plant root proteins involved in mycorrhizal symbioses by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. This technique revealed appressorium-responsive proteins that were previously unknown on the basis of transcriptome analyses, demonstrating that proteomics and transcriptomics are complementary approaches [37].

Output: corroborate