Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as I have already mentioned, AP randoms would be uncontrollable and unpredictable (to a greater degree than other types of APs and in stark contrast to other technological artifacts). This means that AP randoms would not be typical technological artifacts created to make humans’ lives easier (however, while the intentional purpose of most technological artifacts is to make humans’ lives easier, it is not rare for unintentional consequences of their implementation to have the opposite effect) but rather would make our lives more complicated (which, of course, does not mean “worse”). To be clear, the fact that we can design APs without manipulativeness by developing AP randoms does not mean that we should do so. First, while manipulativeness may always be objectionable, it might also be justifiable. Hence, it is plausible to say that its presence might be justified by defending some other values or preventing some other harms. In other words, while AP randoms seem to be the best (or even the only) means to design APs without manipulativeness, it does not matter that they are generally the best means to design APs. Second, and more generally, designing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves the abovementioned shifts in our attitude towards technology—from a controllable and predictable tool that serves our aims and makes our lives easier to an uncontrollable and unpredictable person who has its own aims, tries to achieve its own good, often competing with humans beings in doing so, and hence makes our lives more complicated. Whether we should make these shifts and elevate the status of technology is a matter of very detailed debate and by no means can be decided or even examined here. Hence, to repeat, while there is a reasonable scenario in which we could design APs without being manipulative, it is by no means the only reasonable scenario on the table. There are also scenarios in which we can consider manipulativeness non-objectionable or objectionable but justifiable and develop not only AP randoms but also AP workers and AP servants. There is a possible scenario in which we could develop AP workers and AP servants instead of AP randoms (probably to avoid the unpredictability and uncontrollability of the latter). Finally, there is a scenario in which we should not develop any APs at all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7% WIS, except SSF 3 (Table 1), which was run on the liquid fraction of the steam-pretreated slurry (at a concentration corresponding to 13. 7% WIS). SSF 1, 4 and 8-10 were run on the whole pretreated slurry, while SSF 2 and 5-7 were run on washed pretreated slurry. Before the material was added to the fermentor, water was added to adjust the WIS concentration, and the pH was adjusted to 5 with NaOH. The reactors were then autoclaved together with the material at 121°C for 20 min. Nutrients were added to the reactors to give the following final concentrations: 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2HPO4, 0. 025 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1. 0 g/L yeast extract. The commercial cellulase mixture Cellic CTec2 (108. 9 FPU/ml and 4465 β-glucosidase IU/ml), kindly supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark), was added at an amount corresponding to a cellulase activity of 10 FPU/g WIS in SSF 1-5, 7 and 9. SSF 6, 8 and 10 were run without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes. The initial concentration of fermentable sugars was adjusted to that presented in Table 1 by the addition of glucose. The SSF experiments were started by adding yeast at a concentration of 5 g dry yeast cells/L. All SSF experiments were run for 120 hours at a temperature of 32°C and a stirring speed of 700 rpm. The pH was continuously adjusted to 5 with 2. 5 M NaOH. In SSF 4 and 9, prehydrolysis was run at 48°C for 4 hours (SSF 9) and 22 hours (SSF 4) prior to the addition of yeast, when the temperature was lowered to 32°C. In these experiments, the time of yeast addition is defined as time 0. AnalysisDry matter contents were determined by drying the samples in an oven at 105°C until constant weight was obtained. Concentrations of WIS were determined using the no-wash method described by Weiss et al. [31].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The following diagram illustrates the Merkle tree-compatible blockchain system paradigm. In the blockchain paradigm, each block has the following parts: Number of blocks or block height Current block's hash value The preceding block's hash value. Marijuana made from Merkle tree roots dimensions of the block This block contains a list of transactions. This is how the blockchain works: Most blockchain nodes are independently operated. The ledger's data serves as the basis for all communication between nodes. Because of issues with the node registry, overall system performance suffers. Users initiate transactions by sending requests to the blockchain, which then carries them out. A permanent record of all such transactions is written to one or more logs as a consequence of their execution. The immutability of the blockchain is realized through this procedure, as mentioned in Fig. 3. Blockchain safety: a network setting in which transaction data and parameters are conveniently adjacent to the business logic. Transactions on a blockchain often use asymmetric key cryptography. Public and private keys make up the critical block to finalizing the deal. The signature on the transaction may be validated using the private key. In other words, the signature created by the private key is under the command of the public key. 4. 4 is a decentralized digital currency where each coin represents a link in a chain of digital signatures. Coins are transferred between owners based on current and previous hashed transactions, which are communicated using digital signatures. The recipient may or may not be able to validate the signature, depending on the nature of the property. The idea of Bitcoin is shown in the following Fig. 4. Here we break out how Bitcoin operates: All nodes get an initial notification of any new transactions. Each node in the block gathers new transactions. The burden must be applied to each block. Finding proof of work results in a broadcast to all other nodes in the block. Complete only legitimate transactions at no additional expense. If the block's hash function matches that of the node, the block is accepted by the node. 5 a result of its reliance on virtualization and resource pooling technologies, cloud computing can provide IT with compelling benefits and services. Regarding cloud computing, security as a service is a new challenge. Application service providers are the backbone of modern technology, and the most common examples are web and email servers. Many different application services may be offered to customers by a company. The firm may impose certain service limitations and only approved consumers may use the company's services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: : (Artificially) Intelligent? Published online by Press: 30 August 2023 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Sven Nyholm* Affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany * Email: s. nyholm@lmu. de 0. 25 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper discusses two opposing views about the relation between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence: on the one hand, a worry that heavy reliance on AI technologies might make people less intelligent and, on the other, a hope that AI technologies might serve as a form of cognitive enhancement. The worry relates to the notion that if we hand over too many intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies, we might end up with fewer opportunities to train our own intelligence. Concerning AI as a potential form of cognitive enhancement, the paper explores two possibilities: (1) AI as extending—and thereby enhancing—people’s minds, and (2) AI as enabling people to behave in artificially intelligent ways. That is, using AI technologies might enable people to behave as if they have been cognitively enhanced. The paper considers such enhancements both on the level of individuals and on the level of groups. Keywords artificial intelligencecognitive enhancementhuman downgradinghuman enhancementhuman intelligenceintelligent behaviorthe extended mind 10. 1017/S0963180123000464 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by When people discuss the impressive progress that has been made with respect to artificial intelligence (AI), they frequently highlight a set of Go games in which the human world champion of Go, Lee Sedol, faced off against DeepMind’s computer program AlphaGo. These games took place in March of 2016. managed to win one out of five games. But he lost the other four. This was a sensation. Many people had thought that it would be extremely hard to create AI technologies that could defeat human Go masters in this sophisticated game. Much discussion about this case has been about and his reaction to what happened. He said that he would retire from competing in Go and that playing Go had become meaningless for him.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The composition of the washed solids from the pretreated slurry was determined according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) procedure for determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass [32]. Solids were separated from the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry by filtration, and washed with excess water before analysis. The hydrolysate from the pretreated slurry was analyzed regarding its content of sugars using the NREL procedure for determination of sugars, by-products, and degradation products in liquid fraction process samples [33], and furfural, HMF, glycerol and the organic acids acetic acid, lactic acid. The oligosaccharide concentration was determined as the difference in monomeric sugar concentration before and after acid hydrolysis. All samples were filtered through a 0. 2 μm filter before analysis to remove p0. 5 mL/min before the detector. The column was cleaned with 200 mM NaOH dissolved in 170 mM sodium acetate. The injection volume was 10 μL. The samples taken from the SSF experiments and the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry were also analyzed regarding their contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, HMF, furfural, glycerol and ethanol using HPLC with a refractive index detector (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and an Aminex HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), at 65°C, with 5 mM H2SO4 as eluent at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min. Yield calculationsAll ethanol yields were calculated using the measured amounts of total sugars in the solid and liquid fractions of the pretreated material and the fermentation broth at the end of SSF. Y EtOH = c EtOH 1 - WIS M 1000 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The same holds in businesses, where one worker will assign another worker to use the same virtual computer to conduct the required computations. 7 cloud computing, hardware and software are virtualized and distributed over a vast network. A data center, often known as a data farm, houses every possible service. Figure 6 below illustrates the P2P cloud architecture. The blockchain may be used with cloud computing in two ways: Implement blockchain infrastructure in the cloud to streamline business processes, including data archiving, replication, and user access to transactional databases. Management of activities, users, and cloud-based data are unified under a cohesive security umbrella. Here are some obstacles and prerequisites for facilitating blockchain transactions in the cloud. Blockchain transactions are massive because of the distributed ledger system. In unpredictable settings, cloud solutions excel because of their scalability [8] and adaptability. The data is encrypted and kept in a remote data center to protect it from prying eyes. As a result, it's essential to chart business transactions to make corrections. Therefore, if you provide services in the cloud, your clients may choose where to keep and process their data. Maintaining system integrity and allowing for failures There must be a backup plan in case a network node fails. This is why numerous software programs are used, and the nodes in the data center employ a replication technique. All software applications must be centrally mapped for optimal security in a blockchain-powered distributed cloud. 8 Implementation 8. 1 transactions in a blockchain are permanently recorded using a cryptographic hashing algorithm, SHA-256. The block header additionally contains and hashes the hash of the preceding block that was referenced by the linked block. The data within a block is further hashed to provide a unique fingerprint. This is why, at least with today's technology, it is impossible to attempt to alter a blockchain block. generic type was used for the injection. Because of this, financial statistics might fluctuate. The hash from the previous block will also be stored during the last Hash attribute. A little while from now, I'll elaborate on the merkleRoot and nonce characteristics. 8. 2 One block hash may be calculated for each block. This is a hash that includes the hash of the preceding block and an SHA-256 hash derived from the previous hash, plus any other features of the block included in the concatenation. The method is shown in Fig. 6–7 from the block that shows the hash computation using a Java class.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 1 But here I want to consider another human being involved in this set of games: namely, the man who was carrying out the moves that were recommended by AlphaGo, and who was thereby going through the motions, so to speak, of beating in Go. AlphaGo was a computer program, not a robot equipped with arms. So AlphaGo itself did not move the playing stones around on the board. Before the games, AlphaGo had been trained on data from thousands of human-played Go games, and it had also been trained by playing millions of games against itself. This allowed AlphaGo to develop novel Go-playing strategies, and what AlphaGo did was to recommend moves in the game. A human—the person I will focus on here—took these recommendations and carried out the moves in the game, by placing the stones on the recommended parts of the Go board. This person (someone working for DeepMind) thereby became able to perform in a manner that corresponded to beating the world champion of Go in four out of five games. Now consider this question: Did this person in effect achieve the ability to play Go at a level at which not even the human world champion (Lee Sedol) was able to play? In other words, was the DeepMind employee exhibiting a form of human enhancement when he was acting on recommendations from the AI-driven AlphaGo computer program? Of popular focus in discussions about AI progress is the large language model technology ChatGPT, which was released to the public in November of 2022. This is an AI tool that can produce text (including essays and poems) in response to prompts from human users. tried using ChatGPT, for example, I entered the prompt, “what would think about the ethics of AI? ”—and ChatGPT immediately produced a fairly impressive short essay on the topic. In fact, I think ChatGPT did a better job than at least some—or perhaps even many—of the students in my classes would do. In all honesty, I think that the short essay that ChatGPT produced is better than what I would be able to come up with on the spot if I were asked to quickly write an essay on what Heidegger would say about AI ethics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 51 · WIS ⋅ M σ glc + σ man + V hyd c glc + c man + m glc + man where YEtOH is the overall ethanol yield resulting from prehydrolysis and SSF (%), cEtOH is the final concentration of ethanol (g/L,) WIS is the fraction of water-insoluble solids (%), M is the total mass (g), σglc and σman are the mass fractions of glucose and mannose in the pretreated fibers (g/g), Vhyd is the starting volume of hydrolysate in the reactor (L), cglc and cman are the concentrations of glucose and mannose in the hydrolysate (g/L), and mglc+man is the amount of glucose and mannose added to the fermentor (g). The density of the liquid fraction was approximated to 1000 g/L. The exact fraction of liquid at the end of fermentation was not measured, and the starting volume was used for yield calculations. This results in a conservative yield calculation, with the ethanol yields presented being the lowest possible. 628. CAS 0944. Manufacture of alcohol from cellulosic materials using plural ferments 1976. 14. 10. 1186/1754-6834-1-110. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-1577. 10. 1002/jctb. 20821251. 10. 1021/ie302851w233. 10. 1002/bit. 260340211293. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2012. 12. 020870. 10. 1002/bit. 2111510. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-1369. 10. 1007/s12010-008-8306-0887. 10. 1002/jctb. 260481. 10. 1007/BF029507789. 10. 1186/1754-6834-5-101. Cellic CTec2 and HTec2 - Enzymes for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials 2010, 1-9. 299. 40. 10. 1007/s12010-007-0028-11041. 162. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 2001.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Some consensus methods and patterns have been verified; however, they are beyond the scope of this 12. Transactions in a block are verified using this tree. root will be rendered useless if even a single character in any exchange is altered. Their design also facilitates distributed block transmission by requiring just a single fork of transaction hashes for accumulating and verifying a whole block, as mentioned in Fig. 13. A root is calculated for the block using this procedure. Tree unit test makes an effort in the companion project to append a transaction to a block and ensure that the have evolved, as mentioned in Fig. 14. This unit test simulates verifying transactions and then modifying a transaction in a block outside the consensus process. For example, this test would simulate what would happen if someone tried to change transaction data. Blockchains can only be expanded in one direction. Since the data structure of the blockchain is shared across nodes, the data structures of individual blocks—including the Merkle Root—are hashed and related to one another. Every node in the network can verify new blocks, and the validity of current blocks can be shown. Therefore, it is not feasible for a miner to create a fake block or for a node to alter previous transactions before the sun explodes into a supernova and gives everyone a wonderful tan. 8 merging individual transactions into a single "block" and then sending that block to the other participants in the chain for validation is called "mining. " In a broader sense, this concept is referred to as "consensus" in blockchain parlance. There is more than one sort of tried-and-true method for reaching consensus over a distributed network. If you have a public or permissioned blockchain, it will determine which way you should utilize it. This post concentrates on the mechanics of the blockchain, so that we will use a proof-of-work consensus process for this example. Our white paper provides a more in-depth description of this topic. Therefore, mining nodes will complete a straightforward mathematical problem while keeping an ear out for transactions processed by the blockchain. This puzzle generates a block hash with a fixed number of leading zeros using a nonce value that varies with each iteration until the leading zero hash is discovered, as mentioned in Fig. 15. GPU microprocessors have been designed to speed up the process and find a solution as soon as possible.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: We are faced with the questions: If I—or a student—began using ChatGPT, or some other large language model, to produce academic texts, would we thereby become enabled to generate better texts than if we did not use ChatGPT? Would this AI technology then serve as an enhancement of our writing abilities? Could it be understood as a form of human enhancement? Whether AI can be seen as a form of human enhancement is explored below—I will offer reasons in favor of this idea, but I will also offer reasons to doubt it. In a recent paper with coauthors,Footnote 2 we argued that it is doubtful if human users deserve credit for outputs produced by AI technologies like ChatGPT or other forms of generative AI. It was our position that putting a prompt into such a technology, which then produces some impressive outcome, is not a sign that either we have any particular form of talent, or that we had made any special effort showing ourselves deserving of credit. That line of reasoning could suggest that AI technologies like ChatGPT do not enhance the capacities of the people who use them. (I will return to this issue later. ) However, there might also be other ways of conceptualizing this topic that would allow us to say that we can enhance ourselves and our abilities by using AI technologies. Among other things, I will suggest that if we can extend the so-called extended mind thesis to apply to the use of AI—so that we can be said to extend our minds by using AI technologies—we might say that it is possible to enhance ourselves and our abilities with AI technologies. I will discuss this thesis both on the individual level (Can individuals enhance their abilities by making use of AI technologies? ) and on a group level (Can groups enhance themselves by making use of AI technologies? ). Of particular interest will be whether using AI technologies can be interpreted as a form of cognitive enhancement. In other words, can we enhance our cognitive abilities by using AI technologies? A related consideration will also be the notion that AI technologies might cognitively enhance human users, not by boosting their natural intelligence, but by giving them a kind of artificial intelligence; that is, by enabling humans to behave as if they have enhanced natural intelligence. The idea that AI can function as a form of cognitive extension has recently been discussed by some researchers, in particular José Hernández-Orallo and Karina Vold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Can nutrition interventions tackle the global insulin affordability via improving diabetes management and reducing insulin demand? access Published: 11 May 2022 Can nutrition interventions tackle the global insulin affordability via improving diabetes management and reducing insulin demand? Victoria Lu1, Jiandi Zhang1 & : orcid. org/0000-0001-6226-40502 Research and Policy 2021. For the past century, dramatic changes from medicine to agriculture and food sciences have provided solutions along with challenges for diabetes management. The recombinant DNA technologies allow the massive production of recombinant human insulin and its analogues. Conversely, less nutrient-rich foods facilitate the development of chronic metabolic diseases. This augments the demand for more insulin to control diabetes. Banting and his colleagues discovered insulin and expressed firmly that insulin is a life-saving medication, this great gift to humanity, however, now embodies an adverse reality characterized by skyrocketing insulin prices. This commentary is to discuss the current dilemmas of diabetes management in a global health perspective. 2021 and March 2022, we searched PubMed using key words “insulin affordability” and “nutrition” to retrieve relevant 1890. Insulin as a pancreatic secretion was successfully extracted and purified by and his colleagues in 1921, a work that won the in 1923. After its discovery, insulin was extracted from animal pancreas for clinical uses. The clinical use of insulin led to the discovery of two types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The improvement of life expectancy in T1D patients after insulin therapy demonstrates its essentiality. The introduction of recombinant human insulin in 1982 enables more patients to be treated. Later, rapid-acting, long-acting insulin analogues, inhaled and biosimilar insulin were introduced in 1996, 2002, 2006 and 2021, respectively. Now, the available forms of insulin include extractions from animal pancreas, recombinant human insulin, insulin analogues, inhaled human insulin and biosimilar insulin [3]. Although the market share of analogue insulin increased from 1999 to 2009, the human recombinant insulin remains dominant in the middle and low-income countries [1, 2]. Before the insulin therapy, diabetes was treated with starvation or dietary restriction. For T2D patients, lifestyle changes have been the first choice before any drug and insulin therapies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Bilinear fitting is performed on the collected data. The model has minor effects when it comes to optimizing the process of selecting relevant documents. Increased computing effort is required due to encrypted request insertion in the revised manuscript. Through trustworthy metrics, the cloud environment has been improved in terms of security and usability. 5 Yu et al. [15] When considering how to handle the difficulties of a decentralized setting, they looked at solutions that combined blockchain technology with edge computing. Cloud computing and edge denial of service are propelled by mobile edge computing. The time and effort spent studying scalability are too high. Network server segmentation and self-organizing methods have enhanced system security. 6 Liang et al. [16] A blockchain-based, distributed architecture was presented for tracking data history in the cloud. ProvChain is a data-gathering and authenticity-checking framework. It was unable to establish a stable ecosystem. Overhead increases are computing complexity as the file size grows. This has led to greater accountability, transparency, and protection of sensitive information. 7 Jiang et al. [17] They showed a two-tier offload paradigm for computing that included both edge and cloud services. Researchers looked at two scenarios, one with a set number of miners and another with a variable number of miners. The security model of an area might be affected by delays in communication. Blockchain protocols using reinforcement learning have eliminated the need to manage privacy and security. 8 Ren et al. [18] Combining blockchain with regeneration coding has been suggested to enhance the safety and dependability of edge computing data storage. If duplicate hashes are analyzed, the data's originality is compromised. One cloud server was less valuable due to insufficient bandwidth. The encryption environment is assured to be safe and reliable. We promise that your data will always be safe. 9 Tuli et al. [19] The presented technique, FogBus, makes full end-to-end IoT integration possible. We can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology. As a result, neither consumers nor service providers could rely on it. However, thanks to the integrated central programming module, the burden of deploying the security features can no longer handle various apps independently. The data was more affordable to maintain and expand thanks to the simplified procedure. The information may be shared depending on the circumstances. 10 Ramachandran and Kantarcioglu, [20] They proposed blockchain as a trustworthy system to track and control the provenance of data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 3 Moreover, the idea that AI can function as a form of human enhancement has also been discussed, but only to a limited extent. Specifically, the idea that AI-driven recommender systems could function as a form of moral enhancers has been addressed by authors such as Alberto Giubilini, Julian Savulescu, and Michał Klincewicz. Footnote 4 Relatedly, üller have argued that AI can function as an augmentation of human intelligence. Footnote 5 My aim here is to add to these deliberations by relating the perspective on AI as a form of enhancement to the discussion of AI as a form of cognitive extension. Additionally, the existing discussion is expanded by suggesting that AI might under certain circumstances give humans a form of artificial intelligence. The paper is divided into the following sections. (1) I will first discuss human intelligence, and a worry promulgated by some members of the press that AI and other contemporary technologies might be making people less intelligent. (2) There then follows a consideration of the concept of AI, including why it might initially be thought to not be a form of human enhancement. (3) Next up is the idea of human enhancement—in particular, cognitive enhancement—along with some distinctions from the literature on enhancement and the extended mind thesis, which provide some interesting ideas about how AI might function as a form of cognitive enhancement. (4) I will next discuss possible limitations to the view of AI as a form of human cognitive enhancement, and its relation to John Searle’s so-called Chinese room argumentFootnote 6 against the idea that AI technologies have any form of understanding. This will help to illustrate the idea that perhaps we should think of AI technologies as enabling a form of group-level cognitive enhancement, rather than—or perhaps in addition to—enhancement of individuals. It will also motivate the idea that perhaps what AI might give us is a form of artificial intelligence, rather than a straightforward form of cognitive enhancement. Four different ways of thinking about whether AI technologies can enhance people and their abilities will be identified. (5) Lastly, the sections conclude by considering whether praiseworthiness (or lack thereof) can be used as a criterion for determining whether AI can serve as a human enhancer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: As insulin is used for both T1D and T2D, its demand along with other healthcare spendings for diabetes increases, which poses a prodigious challenge worldwide [1, 2]. The insulin affordability challengeThe insulin affordability is a problem not only for low-income countries, but also for the developed ones like the (U. S. ), which has higher prices than other developed countries such as United Kingdom. Three large companies, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi, control 99% of the global insulin market in terms of value and 96% in terms of volume [1, 2]. The affordability of insulin and other chemical drugs for diabetes treatment varies among different countries. The average list price of 4 types of insulin increased by 15% annually from 2012 to 2016, whereas their net prices from producers only increased by 36% and 3% in the same period, respectively. From 2002 to 2012, the expenditure of insulin for diabetes treatment in adults in the U. S. increased from $2. 6 to 15. 4 billion. The reasons of high insulin prices include the presence of patients who need insulin to survive, monopoly, purposed strategies of incremental patents (evergreening practice), barriers to biosimilar entry (not considered generics), middlemen controlling the market share, and lobbying power to maintain the status quo [4]. As the recombinant human insulin has been commercialized for about 40 years, the development and innovation are not the major costs. Generic-drug makers may help to reduce the prices when they start to produce biosimilar insulin products. To address the insulin price issue, the U. S. 116th Congress (2019–2020) introduced seven bipartisan bills in the following five categories: improving price transparency, limiting out-of-pocket costs, changing biosimilar regulations, certifying prices, and permitting importation [5]. A conceptual framework of nutrition and insulin affordability interactionsT2D can be managed via healthy diets, physical activity and supplementations such as zinc [6]. However, food insecurity, defined as limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, contributes to risk factors of T2D, and management of diabetes [7]. Subjects experiencing food insecurity may purchase more calorie-dense foods that are cheaper but richer in carbohydrates and saturated fats than healthier alternatives due to financial and low socioeconomic reasons, which is correlated with lower dietary quality and poorer glycemic control over time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: They looked at open provenance frameworks and smart contracts to decipher data trails. Because each modified document must be allocated, it incurs more computational costs because the memory of the previous document must be preserved. Information on the procedure may be gleaned through its use of public communication. By distributing votes more evenly, random voting decentralizes the verification procedure. A human validator is unnecessary because the verification software checks the modifications before the vote. 11 Xu et al. [21] The team developed a collective intelligence concept that can be applied to platforms, employees, and task editors. Using incentive and punishment systems, they addressed the mistrust between the publisher and the staff. Caused a lot of delays to jump around. The position's ambiguity is not diminished. There will still be a scarcity of workers, which won't help. Clearing up overloaded networks. Because of this, the robust Nash equilibrium that impacts edge servers were optimized to the fullest extent. 12 Lee et al. [22] The possible effects of blockchain technology and implementing Cyber-Systems (CPSS) with three-tier architecture were developed. To develop a learning agent, more training data is required. They ensured interoperability, data integrity, security, and privacy. 13 Gai et al. [23] They introduced an authoritative blockchain edge model for a smart grid network model that solved smart grid, data protection, and energy security. A covert channel attack is a counterintuitive approach that uses latency to reveal critical information. It would help if you focused on using top-up and bottom-down approaches. Prevented energy-related attacks. 14 Cao et al. [24] They designed a cloud-assisted secure electronic health system that eliminated illegal tampering. Collusion between the data server and its corresponding transactions is processed as a blockchain. The absence of a central authority request for multiple tokens creates an environment of un-trust. They analyzed communication overhead and computational overhead with reduced calculation times. 15 Li et al. [24] Cloud-based secure knowledge is suggested for private and Due to the immutability of the blockchain, its labeling is System security has been tested. 16 Gai et al. [25] A blockchain-oriented approach by the consortium to the data breach problem was investigated. The model determines user behavior for data protection modeling. The fake account creation analysis is not reviewed. The developed account generation and restriction detection algorithms validated the trust between the user and the service providers. 17 Zawoad et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: In the spring of 2023, I was contacted by a German journalist from the BR (Bayrischer Rundfunk) who wanted to interview me and other researchers about the question of whether overreliance on AI might make people “dumber. ”Footnote 7 This seemed to be an idea that was making the rounds in various media circles in Europe around that time. There was also a show on Swedish television, “Idébyrån,” in which a physics professor, a philosopher, and a psychologist had been invited to discuss the thesis that “You are getting dumber at the same time as machines are getting smarter. ”Footnote 8 Journalists were responding partly to general worries in society, but also to research suggesting that a steady increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century might recently have become reversed. Norwegian researchers had found that people had recently started scoring less well on IQ test. Footnote 9 One of the possible explanations offered was overreliance on modern technology. Such discussions raise the question of what we understand by human intelligence and what is the relation between our intelligence and our use of modern technology. Traditionally, human beings’ ability to create and use technologies has been seen as one of the things that show we are more intelligent than other animals. But now worry is mounting among some that using certain technologies, in particular AI, will make us less intelligent. Reflection is needed on whether we are enhancing ourselves by creating AI technologies or whether we are risking a form of “human downgrading,” to use ’s expression. Footnote 10 Relatedly, the philosopher has raised worries that many modern technologies might lead to moral de-skilling, reducing our skill at making moral decisions due to lack of practice. Footnote 11 The philosopher and legal academic goes so far as to worry that transferring more agency into technologies may lead to “a crisis of moral patiency,” whereby human beings are reduced from active agents to passive patients, including with respect to moral decision-making. Footnote 12 Now, there are many different attempts to define natural intelligence. These range from what might be called behavioristic definitions to definitions referring specifically to psychological capacities. Notably, if intelligence is understood in terms of certain forms of behavior or capacities for complex behavior, then technologies—such as AI technologies—can potentially become intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: About half of the patients with hyperglycemia in an inner-city emergency department experienced food insecurity, with approximately one-third of those who had used less than the intended amount of insulin previously, presenting the interaction between food insecurity and insulin usage. Referrals to food resources and nutrition counseling have been suggested as a method to assist diabetic individuals experiencing food insecurity. The diets of Americans with low socioeconomic status contain excessive refined carbohydrates, sodium, saturated fats, and added sugar, which are the nutritional issues faced by the (SNAP) of the US Department of Agriculture [8]. As depicted in Fig. 1, we propose a conceptual framework to show that a vicious cycle due to food insecurity and management of diabetes appears to exist. This might have contributed to increased insulin demand and its price drive-up. Here, individuals with diabetes and lower socioeconomic status often experience food insecurity, propelling choices to consume unhealthy foods such as those containing excessive refined carbohydrates, sodium, saturated fats, and added sugar. This leads to the uncontrolled rise of blood glucose, which requires more insulin and other medications to manage. When insulin and other medications prices rise, less budget is available for healthy foods, which in turn drives the consumption of more unhealthy foods that further increases the blood glucose to a level needing additional insulin to control. Eventually, the affordability of insulin becomes an even more magnified issue. Fig. 1A conceptual role of nutrition interventions in the improvement of insulin affordabilityFull size imageNutrition interventions may reduce the risk of diabetes, improve the glycemic management, and reduce the needs of insulin, which may indirectly improve the insulin affordability. Data collected from clinical trials, meta-analysis of micronutrient supplemental studies, prospective observational studies about dietary patterns, and personalized or precision nutrition can provide evidence-based intervention strategies to help patients control blood glucose and reduce the needs of insulin and other medications. Nutrition interventions should contribute to tackle the insulin affordability challenge in the following ways. (1) Adequate education of nutrition and diabetes will help people with diabetes and lower socioeconomic status to choose and consume healthy foods. After summarizing the technologies used to help T1D patients, the ADS/ADEA/APEG/in Australia has recommended that focus of diabetes treatment should shift from strict trial-based glycemic criteria to personalized approaches to consider the broad spectrum of benefits obtained by these technologies [9]. Personalized or precision nutrition studies have shown some promise to control glycemia [10].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: [26] They introduced the secure registry as a service model that provides access to forensic analysis to ensure user confidentiality. Based on previous protocols, dishonest behaviors are analyzed. Using the bloom filter process as a probabilistic data structure is more time-consuming for membership verification. They analyzed the generation history of data accumulators. The average execution time for all Unit (CPU) types was analyzed. 18 Muthanna et al. [27], They developed an IoT framework that serves both the fog layer and the edge layer for nodes with distributed controllers and resource constraints. SDN achieves lower system performance in network management, flexibility, and latency performance. Also, a data download algorithm has not been organized, and the download scheme has not been managed. They have achieved high reliability and availability. 19 Ling et al. [28] They introduced a (B- RAN) architecture and developed decentralized, secure, and efficient mechanisms to manage network access and authentication between intrinsically trusted network entities. Secure multi-party computing can be further integrated to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data but can still provide distributed computing directly. They analyzed performance versus traffic load, block size, and latency versus security and demonstrated better performance. 22 Wan et al. [29] They introduced a blockchain architecture that supports distributed networks and reconfigures the conventional IoT architecture. A new design interaction module was developed to improve security technologies. Maintenance of black and white list nodes used in computers and users. Data processing due to network configuration has degraded performance. It used the resources and the efficiency of the data interaction. 23 Yao et al. [30] They solved the price and resource management issues between cloud providers and miners. A multi-agent learning environment that seeks the near-optimal pattern in the Stackelberg game. Unexpected data rewards miners with higher financial losses. This financial loss distorts the relationship between the expected reward and service demand. They studied the convergence time, the number of miners, and the demand for services. 24 Dong et al. [31] There are different protocols available in blockchain technology: Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Proof of Space, and Proof of Activities. The test model was developed for computing resources and managing the incentive system. The application and the real-time service on the peer-to-peer network are not processed correctly. In some cases, the Distributed infrastructure is disrupted when evaluating the unlimited number of nodes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: But if intelligence is defined in a way that refers to subjective or conscious states, then it seems much less plausible that it would be possible to create technologies with something that corresponds to natural intelligence of the sort found in humans. Two examples of definitions of intelligence used by prominent contributors to discussions of AI are that intelligence amounts to the ability to take the right actions to promote one’s goals at the right time (a definition used by Joanna BrysonFootnote 13) and that intelligence roughly amounts to sophisticated behavior (a definition recently used by David ChalmersFootnote 14). Another example is Peter Railton’s view that intelligence should be understood as a capacity for problem solving. Footnote 15 Those three definitions do not essentially refer to conscious experience and thereby seem to allow technologies to potentially be intelligent. In contrast, if intelligence is understood in terms of the ability to understand semantic meaning, and one thinks that this requires subjective consciousness, one might think that creating intelligent machines would be very difficult, since this would require the ability to create machines with conscious states. Footnote 16 In what follows, I will use a broad definition of human intelligence and assume that, on a general level, human intelligence is a set of cognitive capacities that helps us to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world, and that it also helps us to better achieve our goals and live in accordance with our values. Moreover, I will assume that intelligence is (i) a basic potential that human beings have—and that members of other species might also have, though of different kinds—and/or (ii) a more or less fully realized potential, whereby different people might be more or less intelligent in their thinking or behavior. This way of thinking implies at least two things about the idea of cognitive enhancement. First, anything that helps to boost our capacities to acquire knowledge and understand the world, and that might enable us to act in ways that better achieve our goals in accordance with our values, could potentially be seen as a form of cognitive enhancement. Second, we can distinguish between enhancements of our basic potential for intelligence, on the one hand, and enhancements of the development of our basic potential for intelligence, on the other. Normally, different tools and new inventions are seen as potential ways of enhancing our human abilities, so that most new technologies would potentially be forms of human enhancement, at least in a general sense.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Park, Hwang, and Yang: Relationship between growth velocity and change of levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and, IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism during GnRH agonist treatment Original 239. Published online: July 30, 2020 DOI: Relationship between growth velocity and change of levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and, IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism during GnRH agonist treatment Jun-Hong Park, MD1, Il-1, 2 1Department of 2Department of for correspondence: of Pediatrics, Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri 11923, Korea Tel: +82-31-560-2251 Fax: +82-31-560-2786 E-mail: jxisfriend@gmail. com 23, 2020 26, 2020 20, 2020 © 2020 Annals of & is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study aims to investigate the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis and to evaluate whether -202 A/C IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) promoter polymorphism affects growth velocity in females with central precocious puberty (CPP) during treatment. was collected from 97 females younger than 9 years, diagnosed with precocious puberty and treated with GnRHa for at least 1 year at from 2014 to 2015. Their body height, weight, change in height standard deviation score (∆SDS), serum IGF-1, serum IGFBP-3, bone age, and -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism were measured before and after GnRHa treatment. The interrelationships between the variables were calculated. treatment, height -1 -3 SDS, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio significantly decreased. A significant correlation was observed between ∆IGF-1 SDS and ∆height SDS (r=0. 405, P<0. 001). The presence of the C allele was significantly correlated with IGF-1 SDS after treatment (P=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it. Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: This would suggest that like any other tool or invention, AI should also potentially be a form of human enhancement of our abilities, including our abilities to use and develop our intelligence. Yet as we saw at the beginning of this section, there are those who worry that if we can create AI, then this might make us less intelligent—or perhaps less prone to use or develop our cognitive abilities. Let us therefore now consider what we should understand by the idea of AI and some different perspectives on how it relates to human intelligence. to Currently, the label “artificial intelligence” has many different applications. One reaction is to take an inclusive approach and say “Yes, let us use the label broadly. ” Another response would be to say that “‘Artificial intelligence’ should be reserved for the use of machine learning techniques. ” This second approach would exclude what is sometimes called “symbolic” or “rule-based” AI, also known as “good old-fashioned AI,” from qualifying as forms of AI. A way of sidestepping such discussions about what techniques should, or should not, be used for a technology to count as AI is to employ a Marvin MinskyFootnote 17-inspired functional way of defining AI. Because the discussion here is whether AI could ever serve as a form of cognitive enhancement, I will be using that wider, functional type of approach. According to this common way of explaining what AI is, technologies with artificial intelligence are those technologies that can perform, or take over, tasks that we humans need our natural intelligence to perform. Footnote 18 For example, since human intelligence is needed to write texts, drive cars, or make medical diagnoses, any technologies that can generate texts in response to prompts (such as large language model technologies), self-driving cars, or medical diagnosing systems possess artificial intelligence. The reason being that such technologies can take over tasks that we use our natural intelligence to perform. A question is whether such technologies thereby have something that can be compared with human intelligence. The history of thinking about AI over approximately the last 70 years contains an array of different answers to this question. Alan Turing, writing as early as 1950, before the term “artificial intelligence” had been coined, discussed the question of whether machines can think. Footnote 19 He was responding, in part, to a paper by the neurologist that had been published a year earlier in 1949.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: 049) and with IGFBP-3 SDS before and after treatment (P=0. 012 and P=0. 001), but not with ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio, or ∆height SDS. velocity during GnRHa treatment is related to ∆IGF-1 SDS, indicating the apparent impact of GnRHa on the GH-IGF-1 axis. The -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism does not affect the growth velocity of GnRHa in CPP girls. Keywords: Precocious puberty, Growth velocity, Insulin-like growth factor-1, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, -202 A/-3, Promoter regions females and males younger than 8 and 9 years, respectively, undergo secondary sexual changes caused by stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, they are diagnosed with central precocious puberty (CPP) [1]. A recent study reported an increasing number of CPP patients in from 2008 to 2014 [2]. Concerns regarding the negative effects of CPP are increasing, one of which includes reduced stature caused by accelerated early growth and bone maturation [3]. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) is the treatment of choice in CPP patients because it increases final adult height by reducing progression of bone age (BA) and extending the duration of growth [4]. GnRHa induces downregulation of the hormonal axis and decreases the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone, resulting in gonadal suppression. These sex hormones are responsible for early bone maturation and pubertal growth spurts. Therefore, gonadal suppression delays bone maturation and growth velocity to those of prepuberty levels [5]. Multiple factors such as initial chronological age (CA), initial height, target height, and BA advancement affect the treatment response and final height [6-8]. GnRHa treatment increases serum growth hormone-binding protein concentration and decreases serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations [9]. However, predicting final height remains a challenge due to the variable factors affecting the treatment outcome and the course of precocious puberty.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government? Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 20 Jefferson argued that machines cannot think. Turing famously suggested that a better question to ask is whether it is possible to build machines that behave as if they can think or that can convincingly imitate human thinking. According to this perspective, AI is an imitation of human intelligence. All that matters is whether AI can behave as if it has some form of intelligence. The researchers who coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955 spoke, not about imitating human intelligence, but instead about simulating it. In an influential research proposal, John McCarthy and a group of colleagues wrote that many, or all, aspects of human intelligence can be described in such a precise way that it should be possible to create technologies that can simulate learning and other key aspects of human intelligence. Footnote 21 If we fast-forward to the 1990s, in the most widely used textbook on AI, the computer scientists defined AI as the creation of artificial intelligent agents. Footnote 22 This means that AI is the creation of artificial agents that can “perceive” their environment and “act” so as to effectively achieve their goals in that environment. Given that Russell and Norvig understand human intelligence in terms of the capacity to effectively achieve goals, they appear to hold that it is unproblematic to say that AI agents can have intelligence like that of human beings. In contrast, the influential philosopher of information has suggested that what is distinctive about AI is that it is the creation of agents that are able to achieve goals without the need for any intelligence. Footnote 23 We human beings achieve our goals by using our human intelligence. In contrast, Floridi believes that AI agents act in the world and effectively achieve goals without possessing anything we should think of as being similar to human-like intelligence. These ideas reviewed above, about how AI relates to human intelligence, are compatible with the general view that AI technologies are technologies created for the purpose of taking over tasks that we use our human intelligence to perform. In what follows, I will remain, for the most part, neutral as to whether AI technologies imitate, simulate, have, or are able to act without the need for having anything like human intelligence. A key question here, however, is whether handing over to AI technologies tasks that we use our intelligence to perform might potentially be a way for us to make ourselves less intelligent. One worry could be that we would primarily be leaving to ourselves tasks that do not require us to be very intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Other genetic components are presumed to influence the competence of GnRHa. Specifically, -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism is associated with increased IGFBP-3 level and growth velocity during growth hormone (GH) treatment for prepubertal GH deficiency [10,11]. Another study revealed the effect of -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism on the physical development of Korean females. However, its effect was unclear [12]. The present study was performed to clarify the effect of GnRHa on the GH-IGF-1 axis and to evaluate the predictive role of -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism on growth velocity during GnRHa administration in females diagnosed with CPP. Materials and methods 1. study enrolled 97 young female subjects between the ages of 6 and 8 years who were diagnosed with CPP and administered GnRHa at from January 2014 to January 2015. The subjects were diagnosed with CPP when they presented with breast budding above Tanner stage B2 before 8 years of CA, revealed BA advancement of more than one year compared to CA, and had 5 IU/L or greater peak LH level after the gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation test. In total, 22 subjects who were diagnosed with hypothyroidism, GH deficiency, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia or who underwent previous GH treatment or were born small for gestational age were excluded. GnRHa was injected every 4 weeks. Children weighing more than 30 kg were injected with 3. 75 mg of GnRHa, compared to 2. 5 mg for those below 30 kg. 2. height and weight, serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations, and the BA of patients were measured before and one year after GnRHa treatment. A (Holtain Ltd. , Pembs. UK) was used to approximate height to the closest 0. 1. Thereafter, body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Midparental height (MPH) was calculated by adding the height of the parents, subtracting 13, and dividing by 2. An IGF-1-D-RIA-CT kit (Biosource, Nivelles, Belgium) was utilized to measure serum IGF-1 concentration through the radioimmune method, whereas an immunoradiometric assay with -3 kit (Immunotech, Marseile, France) was used to evaluate the serum IGFBP-3 concentration.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27]. Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Or could we perhaps be seen as extending our own intelligence out into these technologies as we start to increase our use of AI technologies? It should be noted that at first it seems unlikely, if not impossible—at least in the short run—that handing over intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies would diminish our basic potential for intelligence. As noted above, we can think of intelligence as a basic capacity. And there would presumably need to be evolutionary changes to human brains in order for that basic potential to be eliminated. However, we can also think of intelligence and its levels in terms of varying degrees of development of our basic capacity for intelligence. From that perspective, it is not altogether implausible to think that if we hand over too many tasks to AI systems, and we therefore have fewer occasions or incentives to develop our capacity for intelligence, then there is a risk that we might end up being less intelligent than we could otherwise be. If we assign to AI technologies many of our intelligence-requiring tasks, rather than engaging in these tasks ourselves, and instead rely heavily on AI technologies, the increased dependence could prevent some people from fully realizing their intellectual potential. The question arises whether this way of thinking about the relation between our human intelligence and AI technologies is the only way to conceptualize the connection. Let us consider whether there are alternative ways of reasoning that would allow us to view using AI technologies as a form of enhancement of our own capabilities. What is needed in order for AI technologies to potentially be seen as a form of human enhancement of our capabilities might be a Gestalt shift in how we conceive of the relation between AI technologies and ourselves. by Minds? If we consider our own minds and our capacities as being wholly separate from AI technologies, and we hand over our intellectual tasks to them, there is concern, as discussed above, that our own capabilities may atrophy and weaken. However, viewing ourselves as separate from the technologies that we create and use is not the only way of conceiving of our relationship to our technologies. Footnote 24 Another way of viewing our relation to technologies is not one of separation, but rather that of merging, or forming units. Footnote 25 One version of this is referred to as the “extended mind” thesis, which could be generalized to what might be called the “extended capacities” thesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: BA was based on left hand anteroposterior radiographs, and the measurements were performed in accordance with the Greulich and [13]. 3. Molecular study Genomic DNA was extracted from patient blood samples. The target IGFBP-3 gene containing -202 A/C polymorphic sites of 459 base pairs (bp) at the promoter region was amplified using corresponding sense and antisense primers. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product was sheared using the Alw21I restriction enzyme () to verify the allele types through restriction fragment length polymorphism and agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR product was digested into 242-bp and 162-bp fragments containing an A allele and into 288-bp and 162-bp fragments when a C allele was present [14]. 4. Statistical analysis The definition of age-adjusted height velocity was established according to the difference between initial height SDS and final height SDS to minimize the confounding effect of age. Height SDS was calculated using Cole's modified least mean squares (LMS) algorithm [15]. The LMS values were provided by the 2007 version of for Children and Adolescents [16]. For IGF-I and IGFBP-3 SDSs, the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm was used to estimate the parameters from percentile values in Korean females [16,17]. Changes of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 SDSs after GnRHa treatment were calculated and expressed as ∆SDS. The molar ratio of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 was calculated, and the ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 after treatment over the initial value was calculated and expressed as ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio. The mean, SDS, minimum, and maximum values of the continuous data were obtained by descriptive statistics and compared for statistical significance using paired t-test before and after treatment. Pearson correlation analysis evaluated the association between ∆height SDS and parameters of BMI, initial height advancement, and ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, and ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: That is totally sufficient, exactly like the amplifying process in a laser, which can start, for all we know, from a single photon, which accidentally was present in the laser’s cavity. In the previous paragraphs, it was explained why one does not have to prove that Bitcoin currently has an intrinsic use value in order to show that its exchange value, that is, its value as a medium of exchange, does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem; nevertheless, Bitcoin had and still has an intrinsic use value. Clearly, even prior to the Pizza transaction, the initial miner group attributed value to Bitcoin since they spent their time and the energy consumption of their computers to generate these Bitcoins. Bitcoin is not the only thing that can be sent via the blockchain, in fact, almost any kind of information can be sent via the transactions, and this is an irreversible process, since any such information will remain in the blockchain for eternity, and everyone in the network will have an access to this information. Bitcoins are the cost of perpetuating the information. In other words, Bitcoins can be regarded as the “real estate” of the blockchain. The more Bitcoins a person has, the more information he can send on the blockchain. There are all kinds of data encapsulated on the blockchain: poems, prays, political statements, commercials, and even photos [36]. In fact, it is amazing how many kinds of information can be found there. It is not difficult to find many applications for this kind of information retention. One of the special applications is the announcement of contracts. Such contracts will be confirmed by the blockchain. Or another important application is a decentralized registrar of real estate (or any other type of property). With the Bitcoin network, one can announce ownership of objects, the information will be available instantaneously, and since it is not centralized, then there is no fear of losing this information. The important thing is to realize that there is no direct connection between this information and the value of Bitcoin. The relation is indirect. The value of these announcements is directly related to the number of nodes in the network. The more people are connected to the Bitcoin network, the more valuable this information is. Therefore, if the network is large enough, then people will like to use it by sending and announcing information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: This idea—which stems from the work of Footnote 26—understands humans and some technologies as forming “coupled systems,” which may function in analogous ways to how our internal capacities function. Simply put, Clark and Chalmers suggest that when couplings of human agents and entities, such as computers or even low-tech artifacts like pen and paper, form systems that perform functions associated with human minds, extended minds are created. The mind of the human agent is then extended out into the technology (or broader environment) that enables the human–technology composite to perform the relevant functions. Clark and Chalmers formulate various criteria for when this can be said to happen. On the one hand, Clark and Chalmers suggest that the following three conditions should hold in order to make sense of conceiving a human and a piece of technology as a “coupled cognitive system”: (1) All system components should play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts (e. g. , a computer or the pen and paper) are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. On the other hand, not all external parts of the environment or technologies we use are part of extended minds, in the view of Clark and Chalmers. The following three conditions should hold: (1) The external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) should be easily available; and (3) the person needs to be disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. (Although not addressed here, another test Clark and Chalmers suggest for whether something is part of a person’s “extended mind” is moral in nature: Would it be an assault on a person or their mind if we remove, destroy, or otherwise interfere with the external part? ) Clark and Chalmers are not recognized for relating the AI–human relationship discussion to the literature on human enhancement; but others have done so, including Neil LevyFootnote 27 and John Danaher. Footnote 28 They both discuss a distinction between what they call “external” and “internal” forms of human enhancement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the effects of ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, and ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio on ∆Height SDS. All covariates associated with the height velocity from the Pearson correlation analysis adjusted for initial height SDS, ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, and ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio. The target patients were arranged into 2 subgroups based on the allele of -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism. Independent t-test was performed between the 2 subgroups for SDS values of height, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 before and after treatment. ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio, and ∆height SDS were compared between the 2 subgroups. The differences of IGF-1 SDS and IGFBP-3 SDS before and after GnRHa treatment within the subgroups were confirmed by paired t-test. All statistical analyses were performed with ver. 26. 0 (IBM Co. , ). A value of P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. values of height SDS, and BMI before treatment were 8. 5±0. 5 years, 10. 5±0. 6 years, 160. 0±3. 2 cm, 1. 2±0. 8, and 18. 2±2. 4, respectively. The SDSs for serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations were 0. 8±1. 0 and 3. 3±1. 1, respectively, and the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio was 60. 7±16. 3. Subsequently, the mean BA value after one year of treatment was 10. 9±0. 6 years. The difference between BA and CA was significantly reduced from 2. 0±0. 6 to 1. 3±0. 6 (P<0. 001) and the height SDS to 1. 1±0. 8 (P<0. 001) after GnRHa. SDSs of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations significantly decreased to 0. 5±0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: However, it is clear that when the network grows, sending information becomes more valuable, and therefore the value of the network’s coin, which controls it, increases as well. The more coins a person owns, the more he controls the network. Again we see that owning Bitcoin is like owning real estate on the blockchain. Clearly, at its inception, when the Bitcoin network was small, the value of publishing data over it was low, but then the Bitcoin’s value was accordingly small. In fact, in its genesis, the Bitcoin’s value could have been only the subjective value of the first few geeks, who mined it (including Satoshi himself). When the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially, just like the laser power. Nowadays, the fees of sending information over the blockchain are quite high, and therefore people seldom use the blockchain for broadcasting information. As a consequence, they tend to forget that the Bitcoin network has a clear nonmonetary use, and therefore it has a subjective use value. In any case, the fact that Bitcoin has a nonzero value does not and cannot contradict Mises’ regression theorem. 24. has many enemies, and, as a consequence, there are many arguments, which allegedly explains, why Bitcoin should be worthless or should be banned. The truth is that Bitcoin is extremely valuable and is here to stay because it cannot be banned. On the other hand, Bitcoin has many advocates, which use inaccurate arguments to justify the origin of its value. The fact that these arguments were presented by renowned economists shows us that our understanding about the origin of money did not change much during the last century. The mysterious gave us the opportunity to revive these century-old conundrums. The main conclusions are:Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value. It cannot and should not be banned by governments. In fact, any government’s manipulation and regulation emphasize and increase the need for cryptocurrencies. Criminals are not the only ones who see the benefits in using cryptocurrencies. In the third world (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe), cryptos are lifesavers. In general, cryptos are extremely valuable wherever censorship resistance is required, and in a global market economy, that fact creates value for everyone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Traditionally, the ethics of human enhancement has focused on changes within the body or brain that are thought to function as enhancements. For example, people may take different sorts of drugs or place various forms of technology into their bodies or brains in order to enhance their capacities. However, according to Levy and Danaher, if we change people’s environments or increase access to apps or other systems that offer recommendations that can improve their mental health or behavior, this can also improve people’s thinking or behavior. Footnote 29 These changes would be examples of an enhancement. The striking move that Levy makes—and that Danaher also discusses in response to Levy—is to relate the idea of external enhancements to the extended mind thesis. By doing so, the distinction between external and internal enhancements is weakened or perhaps even dissolved. In this way, some external enhancements could be seen as becoming parts of our extended minds. Levy writes: if the mind is not confined within the skull…[then] intervening in the mind is ubiquitous. It becomes difficult to defend the idea that there is a difference in principle between interventions which work by altering a person’s environment and that work directly on her brain, insofar as the effect on cognition is the same; the mere fact that an intervention targets the brain directly no longer seems relevant. Footnote 30 Danaher interpretates this view in his summation: if the [extended mind hypothesis] is true, then we are always enhancing the human mind through the use of technology. Footnote 31 If the Levy and Danaher proposition is sound and worthy of serious consideration, then we could potentially apply this to AI technologies as well, with the resulting position that some AI technologies can work as a form of human enhancements. This means that when we use AI technologies (e. g. , to write texts, to play Go games, or in other intellectual endeavors), we are extending our minds and giving ourselves new capabilities and thereby enhancing ourselves. At this point, a host of new questions needs to be addressed: Are there researchers who already discuss the idea that AI technologies could potentially be seen as extensions of our minds or cognitive abilities? If so, do they argue that this is a form of human enhancement? Do AI technologies fulfill the above-listed criteria for technologies to qualify as extensions of our minds or capacities from Clark and Chalmers’s earlier work?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: 9 (P<0. 001) and 2. 3±0. 9 (P<0. 001), respectively. However, there was no significant change in IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio after treatment (P=0. 887) (Table 1). ∆IGF-1 SDS (r=0. 405, P<0. 001), ∆IGFBP-3 SDS (r=0. 228, P=0. 025), and ∆serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio (r=0. 204, P=0. 045) showed significant positive correlations with ∆height SDS. On the other hand, initial height SDS was negatively correlated with ∆height SDS (r=-0. 307, P=0. 002). Correlation analysis between ∆and BA advancement showed no statistical significance (Table 2). Only ∆IGF-1 SDS was significantly related to ∆height SDS on multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for covariates of ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio, and initial height SDS (β=0. 110, P≤0. 001) (Table 3). According to the -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism analyses, 72 AA genotypes (74. 2%), 22 AC genotypes (22. 7%), and 3 CC genotypes (3. 1%) were present. allele frequency accounted for 14. 4% of the study population. These genotypes were divided into 2 subgroups based on C allele presence. No significant difference was observed in IGF-1 SDS before treatment between the 2 subgroups (P=0. 421). However, the group with the C allele exhibited notably lower IGF-1 SDS after treatment (P=0. 049). IGFBP-3 SDS was lower in the C allele groups both before and after GnRHa treatment (P=0. 012 and P=0. 001, respectively). -1/IGFBP-3 ratio, ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio, and ∆height SDS between the 2 subgroups exhibited no significant differences before and after treatment (1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gamification in learning can increase student engagement and retention. [SEP] Text: Detailed description of short paper Audio recording of session groups to promote deep learning and increase student engagement in the College of Science & Honeychurch and @ShaziaAhmed – University of years ago Facebook groups were set up for Level 1 Mathematics and Computing students as an alternative to Learning sessions. Due to their success more have been introduced and we now have subject groups for the whole College of Science and Engineering. Detailed description of short paper Audio recording of presentation Interaction models for social media in teaching – University of pedagogic use of social media often requires the ability to locate tools which support a particular type of interaction. We discuss our attempts to identify and formalise these types of interaction, and show how this can be used to aid (and perhaps automate) the selection of appropriate tools. Detailed description of short paper Audio recording of presentation Twitter and student engagement: What is the value added? – This session refers to qualitative research about third year undergraduates’ use of Twitter during lectures; with a focus on student engagement, specifically the cognitive dimension (HEA). Reference will be made to the methodology adopted for small-data analysis in order to consider findings that show the value-added of Twitter’s feedback loop for student reflective activity. Detailed description of short paper Social media use in teaching: Results from a questionnaire on use in higher education @hthwaite – University of This paper reports on results of a questionnaire completed by 333 respondents on the use of social media in teaching that explored how extensively SM were being used in teaching, educators’ intentions in integrating these tools into their teaching, and their successes and/or difficulties in using the tools. Detailed description of short paper Student identities in transition: social media experiences, curation, and implications for higher education @suchprettyeyes and @lconnelly09 – University of increasingly arrive at university with a range of existing social media presences. In this paper we will explore how students conceptualise and manage their online presence, and how this aligns with professional social media best practices. We will then discuss implications for teaching and learning in practice in HE organisations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, if there is only a partial match between how AI technologies relate to our minds and our capacities and the criteria Clark and Chalmers suggest, might AI technologies nevertheless be seen as some form of human enhancement technologies—for example, as a form of external enhancement? The last question will be treated in the next section. But we begin with the questions just formulated. and her collaborators have suggested—though without discussing human enhancement explicitly—that a subset of AI technologies can indeed be seen as extensions of our minds and cognitive capacities. What is noteworthy about Vold’s discussion, however, is that she makes a distinction between AI technologies that operate in a highly autonomous way (e. g. , a fully automated self-driving car) and AI technologies that function more as support systems requiring extensive human input and engagement. Footnote 32 Importantly, Vold argues that the more independent some AI technology is in the way it operates, the less it makes sense to see it as an extension of a human mind. However, Vold argues, if an AI technology is operating in a less autonomous way—and human input and engagement are needed—then it does make sense to see it is as an extension of our minds and capacities. In other words, the kinds of criteria that Clark and Chalmers list relate less to fully autonomously operating AI technologies (e. g. , fully automated self-driving cars) than to human engagement-requiring AI technologies (e. g. , apps on phones that give recommendations based on continuous inputs from, or engagement by, the user). Along similar lines, Chalmers in a talk given at a workshop about the philosophy of large language models discussed the question of whether large language models such as ChatGPT could be said to extend users’ minds. Footnote 33 Chalmers asked whether letting such technologies write texts for us in response to prompts provided by us could be seen as a way of extending our minds into these AI technologies. Interestingly, Chalmers argued that a technology like ChatGPT might be operating too independently for it to qualify as an extension of the user’s mind.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: There were significant changes of IGF-1 SDS after GnRHa treatment within both subgroups (P=0. 005 and P<0. 001, respectively) (Fig. 1A). IGFBP-3 SDS also significantly decreased in both subgroups (P<0. 001 and P<0. 001, respectively) (Fig. 1B). GH-IGF axis directly or indirectly influences skeletal development, especially during puberty. However, the mechanism of IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 action during puberty and how the hormones interact with each other remain unclear. Juul et al. [18] discovered that the increase of free IGF-1 in puberty is not directly influenced by IGFBP-3 proteolysis. Verrotti et al. [19] compared the IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations between the 2 treatment regimens of GnRHa with or without cyproterone acetate and concluded that IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 are regulated by different metabolic pathways. Despite continuous attempts to effectively understand GnRHa action upon the GH-IGF-1 axis, studies have reported disparate results. Numerous previous studies have presented trivial changes in serum IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 level during GnRHa treatment in CPP patients [20-23], in contrast to other studies where IGF-1 concentration decreased [9,18]. The present study aimed for a well-controlled project design to revise the GnRHa effect on the GH-IGF-1 axis and its relationship with height change. IGF-1 SDS and IGFBP-3 SDS decreased after 1 year of GnRHa treatment. However, after analyzing ∆IGF-1 SDS, ∆IGFBP-3 SDS, and ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio with ∆Height SDS, only ∆IGF-1 SDS was significantly related. This result supports that IGF-1 plays a major role in pubertal height gain, and that a decrease in IGF-1 during GnRHa treatment restores the growth velocity to that before puberty. Among the numerous characteristics that increase final adult height in treated CPP patients, other than the GH-IFG-1 axis [6-8], we reevaluated BA advancement, initial height and MPH to determine whether they influenced growth velocity during GnRHa treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gamification in learning can increase student engagement and retention. [SEP] Text: Working as consultants on live briefs with real world clients, students’ engagement, standards and employability comprehension have all increased. Detailed description of thunderstorm Learn hacks – Voice to make short animated videos about social media tools that support student learning and research skills @Andy_Tattersall – of focus of this Thunderstorm session is to showcase the collection of short animated videos that have been created by using Adobe Voice. They focus on several themes including discoverability, curation, impact, collaboration and productivity. The collection of videos are hosted on iTunes U, YouTube and Vimeo. Detailed description of thunderstorm Presentation slides Research Flashmobs: An online journal club using social media Anne-@1 – 10-minute opportunity to interact in a Flashmob online in a research journal club. Including setting up an online journal club and deliberating the advantages and challenges of this innovate activity. The focus being to enhance tutors own creative teaching, learning and digital literacy skills. Detailed description of thunderstorm Moons, Toasters and MOOCs: Going live with @Catherine_C – popularity of social learning signals the potential to transform learning into a lifestyle. This presentation looks back on a series of broadcast in 2014 during the and explores how presentation styles and formats can enhance engagement with informal learners. Detailed description of thunderstorm Using blogs to engage students in their subject outside of formal teaching spaces @WeAreForensic – the past three years I have been writing short (~500 words) blogs to supplement lecture material. I will explain how these blogs link to the lecture or to professional development through wider exposure to the subject matter. I will also show how these have expanded my learning network. Detailed description of thunderstorm Presentation slides into the lecture theatre to engage students Jones @boltew – The aim of the study is to demonstrate how the use of Snapchat can be used in the lecture theatre to increase engagement in the classroom between lecturer and student. The objective is an attempt to increase student retention and improve performance. Detailed description of thunderstorm Presentation slides year students as social media consultants @goldblach – thunderstorm session will give an overview of an assessment task we designed to help students understand the value of their informal knowledge of social media within the job market. Working as consultants on live briefs with real world clients, students’ engagement, standards and employability comprehension have all increased.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the concern expressed by Vold and Chalmers is that for some forms of AI technologies, it is not the case that when humans use these AI technologies, (1) all system components play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. Nor may it be the case that (1) the external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) are easily available; and (3) the person is disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. Thus, a consideration that must be taken into account in our discussion as to whether AI technologies (a) can be seen as a form of extenders of human minds and (b) therefore potentially be seen as forms of human enhancement, can be stated as follows: Some of the leading researchers who are most open to the idea of the possibility of extending human minds with the help of technologies—such as Vold and colleagues, or indeed Chalmers—think that the plausibility of the extended mind thesis as it relates to AI technologies will be limited to a subset of all AI technologies. It will not apply seamlessly to the whole set of AI technologies. Briefly put, the more autonomously the AI technologies are operating, the less it makes sense to see them as extensions of our minds. In terms of the hypothesis we are exploring as to whether AI could serve as a form of human enhancement in general and a form of cognitive enhancement in particular, one partial conclusion might be that AI technologies are a form of “internal” enhancement (i. e. , internal to our minds) when, and only when, they function as mind extenders, requiring extensive human engagement, and are not operating excessively independently. Another possibility is that more independently operating AI technologies may serve as a form of “external” enhancements (i. e. , they might enhance our abilities without becoming internal to us or our minds). These options can be explored further by returning to the opening examples. us return to the man who was moving the stones around on the board when AlphaGo faced off against in the famous set of Go games.

Output: contrast