Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Self-tracking of blood glucose through the affected person (SMBG) is done through the affected person the usage of finger-stick blood and transportable semiautomated devices. This is typically accomplished earlier than and after eating, earlier than strain (inclusive of exercising), and if the affected person acknowledges the signs of low blood glucose (that could bring about confusion and fainting). Insulin dosage (while used) is cautiously tailor-made to assist obtain as close to ordinary blood glucose levels as viable. Recently the FDA accepted devices that constantly screen interstitial blood glucose levels the usage of a small sensor inserted beneathneath the skin. The devices are prepared with an alarm to suggest hypo- or hyperglycemia. These devices are being coupled to glucose pumps to obtain what is probably taken into consideration an “synthetic pancreas. ” The benefits of non-stop glucose tracking are unclear, however this does assist a few sufferers obtain higher lengthy-time period manipulate. Tests for the extent of glycated hemoglobin (additionally known as hemoglobin A1c and frequently abbreviated as HbA1c) as an index of lengthy-time period manipulate of hyperglycemia are typically accomplished two times a year, or extra regularly while remedy is changed. These exams are beneficial predictors of diabetic complications. Urine exams can be utilized in unique occasions to test for ketone our bodies as a demonstration of diabetic ketosis in human beings with type 1 diabetes. The intention of common in-domestic blood glucose testing (or non-stop glucose tracking) is to screen and manipulate insulin dosage to obtain an most excellent level of blood glucose with minimum version withinside the face of various nutrients and strain. robust proof towards the conventional idea of enduring glucose levels as much as as excessive as 200 mg/dl got here from the landmark prospective, randomized, managed look at on in depth insulin remedy in surgical significantly unwell sufferers [5]. In the traditional method, sufferers acquired insulin simplest if glucose concentrations passed 215 mg/dl with the intention of maintaining concentrations among 180 and two hundred mg/dl, ensuing in suggest blood glucose levels of 150-160 mg/dl (hyperglycemia).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Not if it can be done, but how it can be done. Create the guidelines, the criterion, the evaluation processes around acknowledging and celebrating these these contributions, and hopefully, in the long term, be able to contribute to the development of criterion that acknowledges these roles and outputs more formally, in more formal audit frameworks as well. It’s a first step. Simon Hettrick: 18:08So the problem then is how do you recognize these other rules? And is there is always the immediate question I’m asked when I’ve run campaigns in the past, to look at specific hidden rules. And the one that really close to my heart is research software engineers. So they went from being an unknown role in 2012, to this massive global community now. And what I saw with that campaign was really the thing that we needed, it wasn’t a set of metrics or some assessment program or, or anything along those lines. What we need to do is just change the academic culture so that role was recognized and the importance of it was was was valued by funders, by universities, by by government. And when that just that conceptual change of thinking, “Well, this is an important role we need to support it happened. ”Then we saw this blossoming of the community and this huge growth. think it’s very difficult to say, to answer the question, how do you recognize a librarian say, you can’t just hand over a bunch of metrics and say, well, “It’s the number of books they processed” or something like that. It's more about changing culture so that people understand the value of that role. And they recognize the contribution that they’re making towards progressing research. Gemma Derrick: 19:27Yeah, I have noticed that them and us culture quite and I think it’s felt quite acutely, simply because the structures that are used to celebrate and acknowledge the contributions that go into research culture don’t exist, and this is where the Hidden REF tried to add that perspective. I know this was an ARMA survey, but there are other aspects who other people within our research culture that ARMA don’t necessarily include, but are also extremely important. And here we’re talking about research technicians, or we’re talking about the advocates for research, not just managers and administrators of research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (A) Principal component analysis of different larval stages using variance stabilizing transformed complete transcriptome. (B) Cluster analysis using the coseq R package, focusing on genes that are upregulated on days 3 and/or 32. The number of genes in each cluster are shown above each graph. Adjusted p-values and functional annotations for the four gene clusters in this figure can be found in ource data 2. Gene expression data was generated from whole larvae. The analysis of upregulated genes during this post-embryonic development series revealed two major peaks of gene expression that underlie the clusters of regulated genes. Indeed, the cluster analysis shows 2651 genes upregulated on D03 and to a lesser degree on D32 (clusters 1 and 2), 1515 genes upregulated on D32 (cluster 3), and 785 genes upregulated on D32 and to a lesser degree on D03 (cluster 4) (Figure 2B). Unsurprisingly, these two transitions, D01 to D03 and D18 to D32, also show the highest number of differentially expressed genes with 14,830 genes (7151 up, 7,679 down) between D01 and D03, and 10,774 genes (5320 up and 5454 down) between D18 and D32 (Supplementary file 1). This suggests that there are two major events occurring in terms of gene expression: one early on, at day 3, and one later around day 32. This last event corresponds to the separation between the intermediate and late developmental phases and is concomitant with the regression of the elongated spines, an overall change of shape, and progression of the pigmentation. In other grouper species, the regression of the elongated spines corresponds to the onset of metamorphosis and is associated with an increase in TH levels (de Jesus et al. , 1998). However, the very early event is more striking as such a global gene expression change very early on has, to our knowledge, never been reported in other teleost fish species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Underlying mechanism isn’t apparent but, however neuronal dying because of the buildup of poisonous amyloid plaques and tau tangles might be the reason. Which elements are affecting the neurons and triggering the formation of those plaques isn’t acknowledged, but excessive blood glucose–associated expanded oxidative strain and corrupted blood–mind barrier are at the front line. A current look at validated how AD, type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and prediabetes are interlinked. Both AD and hyperglycemia amplified the mind tissue cytokine levels, which growth the neuronal damage, amyloid plaques, and tau tangles, and disturb the blood–mind barrier. Catching those sufferers at prediabetic level is crucial. Just like diabetes, prediabetes too is a massive public health pandemic round the sector. However, we’re fortunate due to the fact if we are able to become aware of prediabetic human beings withinside the populace with accurate technique as quickly as viable, we are able to save you maximum of the choric sicknesses like diabetes, AD, cardiovascular sicknesses, and we are able to lower the health expenses of nations along side deaths associated with those pathologies. is described through an growth in blood glucose levels above ordinary values [1]. To recognize how hyperglycemia can also additionally arise, we need to don’t forget elements that preserve blood glucose inside a strict range. In wholesome human beings, blood glucose concentrations are maintained inside very near limits, with a strictly maintained postabsorptive (e. g. fasted overnight) blood glucose awareness of 4. 5–5. 2 mmol/L (81-94 mg/dL). Interperson coefficients of version (assuming comparable instances due to the fact that preceding meal, meal composition, levels of pastime, etc. ) are <5%, so a fasting glucose of 6. 0 mmol/L (108 mg/dL) is 4-5 wellknown deviations above the suggest in maximum wholesome populations. Glucose concentrations growth after food, however usual food will now no longer boost blood glucose above ~8 mmol/L (one hundred forty four mg/dL), and normoglycemia is typically restored inside 2-4 hours in wholesome human beings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Librarians, for example, are extremely important. Our research managers, our administrators, all of these people, are key components of what makes a research culture possible. And the Hidden REF hidden role category aims to acknowledge them and say, hey, you know, we see you and we know you’re important. And we want to acknowledge you and say thank you. Because these people contribute to our research, but they’re not authors on our research, because they, they, they don’t necessarily adhere to the credit criteria and about what considers authorship. But without them, our research wouldn’t happen. So yes, there is an us and them culture within research. And that’s only exacerbated by the current structures associated with acknowledging value in research. And also by acknowledging who is classified as a contributor or research, it doesn’t doesn’t include these hidden roles. 21:22So the future for the Hidden REF, the immediate future is that we’re running what we’re going to call the festival of Hidden REF, and that will be taking place later this year. It was originally meant to take place in June, and we had everything set up and it was going very well. And the best element of that is we just found the perfect venue in in Bristol, and it had the the Room was the main plenary room we were going to be using, and I thought that was a sort of magical moment. Because, obviously, being one of the crystallographers, who was largely overlooked for her role in the discovery of DNA, what a better venue could you have for the Hidden REF. Unfortunately, there was a fire, and everything's been postponed. So we are currently looking for another venue, possibly going to the festival take place around by the end of August. And the idea will be to get two groups of people together, one of which will be the people who are in these hidden roles. would like to see them grouping together, starting to work out hubs support each other, trying to work out how to run campaigns, like we’ve done to gain recognition for them. And the other group will be the policymakers. So the kind of people who will be setting up the policies for understanding how we get this recognition embedded into universities, funders, and government. Simon Baker: 22:49Thanks for listening to this episode of the Podcast.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: These observations are irreconcilable, with cortisol enhancing or participating in TH-driven metamorphosis. We thank the reviewer for this comment, but we think that there might be a misunderstanding here. (1) We clearly observed an increase of TSHb (that occurs between D18 and juvenile stage) and an increase of tg from D32 which coincide with the activation of other genes involved in TH pathway (dio2, dio3, and also a strong increase of TRb). All this and put in the context of what we know from previous grouper studies, clearly supports our conclusion that TH-regulated metamorphosis is starting at around D32 in grouper. We also observed morphological changes such as fin rays resorption and pigmentation changes between D32 and juvenile stage. Such morphological changes have already been associated as corresponding to metamorphosis in groupers (et al 1998) as they occur during TH level increase, and they also happen to be under the control of TH in grouper (et al 1998). Based on this study but also on studies (conducted on many other teleost species) showing that the increase of TH levels is always associated with an activation of TH pathway genes and morphological and pigmentation changes we concluded that metamorphosis of E. malabaricus occurs between D32 and juvenile stage. We have improved the clarity of the manuscript in several places to make sure that our conclusion is based on our transcriptomic and morphological data plus the available literature. (2) We clearly observed another activation of TH related gene earlier in the development (between D1 and D10, with a surge of trhrs, tg and tpo at D3. As this activation was very unexpected for us, we decided to focus the analysis of TH levels between D1 and D10 and very interestingly we observed high level of T4 at D3 indicating that THs are instrumental very precociously in the larval development of the malabar grouper which has never been shown before. We declared lines 224-225 that our “data reinforce the existence of two distinct periods of TH signalling activity, one early on at D3 and one late corresponding to classic metamorphosis at D32”. However, we agree that we could have been clearer and clearly explained that this early activation was very intriguing for us and that we wanted to investigate hormonal levels around that period.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Hyperglycemia reasons a profound osmotic diuresis ensuing in modern dehydration. Ketonemia and acidosis can also additionally cause nausea and vomiting, which exacerbates fluid and electrolyte losses. through insulin-dealt with sufferers of the day-byday fluctuations in their blood glucose values offers a miles extra knowledge through sufferers and docs of each diabetic manipulate and the outcomes of various insulin arrangements [8]. Indeed, domestic blood glucose dimension gives an critical instructional exercising for all significantly influenced diabetic sufferers in addition to being the important device to obtain tight blood glucose manipulate. Reproducible blood glucose profiles are important for making rational changes to remedy. They can display now no longer simplest the instances of the peaks and troughs of blood glucose awareness however additionally the length of motion of various insulin arrangements in an person affected person. Unfortunately, the ones whose existence are chaotic additionally produce chaotic blood glucose profiles. Home blood glucose tracking through the perfect technique, mixed with the cappotential to recognize the actual importance of the readings, represents on the only hand a totally critical factor of diabetes care. On the alternative hand, obsessional sufferers who carry out exams too frequently with common changes of insulin dose, motive themselves protracted distress and frequently disabling hypoglycaemia. While this method every so often evolves because of the affected person’s personality, such strategies are all too frequently endorsed through clinical attendants. Patients need to now no longer reply to remoted excessive blood glucose readings through taking greater insulin: this reasons worsening of blood glucose oscillations in place of an development of their blood glucose profile. adjusting insulin remedy, it’s far important to recognize the reasons of fluctuating styles of the blood glucose profile thru 24 hours [8]. The following factors are crucial. • Blood glucose rises as insulin motion declines, even if no meals is taken, due to hepatic gluconeogenesis. This bills specially for the fast growth in blood glucose which takes place withinside the small hours of the morning earlier than breakfast. • These fast adjustments in blood glucose additionally provide an explanation for why such a lot of sufferers report one of a kind blood glucose readings every day, due to the fact that even a half to at least one hour distinction in timing can supply a totally one of a kind result.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: I’m Simon Baker, chief editor at nature index, the producer was Dom Byrne. Next up, we’ll hear how University the sponsor of this series is helping to champion team science. 23:14:I am and welcome to this podcast series from University. Over this six episode series, I'll be introducing you to some incredible research taking place. From a million dollar fungi project that's helping combat climate change, to surveys into maternity care treatment, to creating electric vehicles for women in rural African communities and more. These projects are just a handful of those that entered the 2022 and 2023 Competition run by University in Australia. There's also something else they have in common, they each speak to a sustainable development goal or SDG. A list of 17 goals created by the which tackle global issues including poverty, hunger, climate change, gender inequality and access to education. So how do we identify problems and then the path forward? Well, through research. And this research is happening at universities across the globe who are graded in the annual Rankings on their commitment to the SDGs. This is significant because out of 1,700 universities in the world, University ranked number one overall for the past two years. And if we drill down into the SDGs it excelled in, it came first for the goals, gender equality, partnership for the goals and responsible consumption and production. For more information about sustainable development goals, you can visit sdgs. un. org and keep listening as the researchers across this series will talk to how their projects contribute to positive change. Before we dive in, I also want to take a moment to acknowledge the custodians of the lands where University campuses are located and pay respect to the peoples of the Dhurug, Tharawal, Eora and Wiradjuri Nations. I pay my respect to elders past and present. Always was, always will be. Now let's hear from some of the researchers from University's Competition. Dr. 25:20:For a woman in rural Africa, a lack of transportation means a missed opportunity to go to the local clinic, to get a nurse to visit after birth, to be able to take their kids to school. A missed opportunity for live load because they might not be able to transport their rural agricultural produce. 25:43:That's Dr. from the School of Business, who was one of the runners up in the 2022 Competition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: bodies (MB) of adult Drosophila have a core of thousands of Kenyon neurons; axons of the early-born g class form a medial lobe and those from later-born α'β' and αβ classes form both medial and vertical lobes. The larva, however, hatches with only γ neurons and forms a vertical lobe 'facsimile' using larval-specific axon branches from its γ neurons. MB input (MBINs) and output (MBONs) neurons divide the Kenyon neuron lobes into discrete computational compartments. The larva has 10 such compartments while the adult has 16. We determined the fates of 28 of the 32 MBONs and MBINs that define the 10 larval compartments. Seven compartments are subsequently incorporated into the adult MB; four of their MBINs die, while 12 MBINs/MBONs remodel to function in adult compartments. The remaining three compartments are larval specific. At metamorphosis their MBIN/MBONs trans-differentiate, leaving the MB for other adult brain circuits. The adult vertical lobes are made de novo using MBONs/MBINs recruited from pools of adult-specific neurons. The combination of cell death, compartment shifting, trans-differentiation, and recruitment of new neurons result in no larval MBIN-MBON connections being maintained through metamorphosis. At this simple level, then, we find no anatomical substrate for a memory trace persisting from larva to adult. The adult phenotype of the trans-differentiating neurons represents their evolutionarily ancestral phenotype while their larval phenotype is a derived adaptation for the larval stage. These cells arise primarily within lineages that also produce permanent MBINs and MBONs, suggesting that larval specifying factors may allow information related to birth-order or sibling identity to be interpreted in a modified manner in the larva to allow these neurons to acquire larval phenotypic modifications. The loss of such factors at metamorphosis then allows these neurons to revert to their ancestral functions in the adult. Editor's evaluation The complete metamorphosis of higher insects is one of the most fascinating and complex processes in nature. The discrepancy in form and function between larvae, pupa, and adult insects is breathtaking, begging the question of how these forms and functions can so seamlessly follow each other.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: stimuli; each with a specific bandwidth (columns: from 20 Hz, red, to 500 Hz, blue) and mean contrast (rows). Reducing the background (BG) of Gaussian white-noise stimuli (GWN; 2-unit peak-to-peak modulation) from bright (1. 5-unit, bottom) to dark (0-unit, top) halved their modulation, generating bursts of increasing contrast: the lower the BG, the higher the contrast. Left-top: responses from (A). Yellow box: maximum information responses. Arrows: dark intervals. Because of half-Gaussian waveforms, light bursts carried fewer photons (see Figure 2—figure supplement 3). Yet their larger responses comply with the stochastic adaptive visual information sampling theory (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014; Juusola et al. , 2015) (1. Figure 1—source data 1 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0 (darkness). Download elife-26117-fig1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 2 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0. 5. Download elife-26117-fig1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 3 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG1. Download elife-26117-fig1-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 4 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG1. 5. Download elife-26117-fig1-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset R1-R6 output varies more cell-to-cell than trial-to-trial (cf.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: His project was to co-design a solar-powered shared electric vehicle for women in rural communities in Zimbabwe. In these areas, transportation is critical for people's livelihoods, but it is both scarce and expensive. Dr. Chikweche worked with a startup called Mobility for Africa on the project and he and his team began by consulting with 564 women in the target communities. Dr. 26:17:So we picked a site in Wedza, Zimbabwe, which is in the southern part of Africa, where we worked just to get to understand their daily challenges in terms of what lack of transportation meant to them. But more importantly, the idea was to get a lived experience of those challenges. And then from that we had focus groups, individual interviews, spending some time with these women. 26:41:In the product development stage, the research team were able to present a prototype of a three-wheeler electric vehicle used by women in rural China and asked the women in Zimbabwe what their specific needs were. Dr. 26:53:Women being seen driving or riding a tricycle, this is something that you would not typically see in rural Africa. So there were issues around making sure that it met the social norms of their communities, it gave them enough space not to straddle their legs to be able to climb onto the tricycle. 27:14:The result of that consultation period was the co-creation of the Hamba. Dr. 27:19:Hamba in Swahili, which is one of the main languages in Africa, means to move. 27:23:Powered by a shared community charging portal, the Hamba is a reliable and affordable form of transport for women in rural Zimbabwe. Purpose designed by and for these women, it offers basic transportation services for things like taking kids to school and taking people to clinics. Dr. 27:40:Pretty much a rural Uber, if you actually want to put it that way. 27:54:also helps them earn money by being able to travel to sell agricultural produce or to buy and sell secondhand clothes. There was another important element though. Dr. 28:12:In some ways is a game changer was their encouragement for us to engage government agencies such as the Ministry of Health, the police and agricultural services, in order to dedicate tricycles for those key service providers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: For the highest-order brain center of the insects, the mushroom body, the authors provide a masterpiece analysis of this process at the cellular level. Given the breadth and depth of the data that the authors present, the current study will serve as a reference for the field of developmental neuroscience for many years to come; indeed, the study data are eagerly awaited in the field. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process developing insects like crickets and grasshoppers produce a species-typical body form during embryogenesis and hatch as a miniature version of the adult but lack wings and genitalia. Holometabolous insects, which have complete metamorphosis, have modified their embryogenesis to produce a simplified larval body instead (Figure 1). In the larval body, embryonic fields, which had been fully utilized to generate their adult-like structures, are only partially patterned, with the patterned portion making the larval structure and the remainder preserved through larval growth to become imaginal discs or primordia. The imaginal primordia, along with some larval cells, combine to construct the species-typical body form at metamorphosis. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Comparison of the effects of direct development versus metamorphosis on neurogenesis and the establishment of neuronal phenotypes. In a direct developing insect like a cricket, embryogenesis produces a hatchling with a miniature cricket body plan. Its neuroblasts (NBs) generate their entire lineages during embryogenesis so that at hatching the CNS has its full complement of neurons and they already possess their mature phenotypes. In the metamorphic development of Drosophila, by contrast, a shortened embryonic phase redirects development to produce a simplified, larval body plan. Their neuroblasts produce only their early-born neuron types and neuronal phenotypes are modified for larval morphology and behavior. During larval growth, the arrested NBs reactivate to produce the rest of their neuronal lineages, but their young neurons arrest development soon after their birth. The species-typical body plan of the fly finally arises at metamorphosis and, in the CNS, remodeling larval neurons and maturing postembryonic-born neurons combine to make the mature nervous system of the fly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Figure 1) but show consistent stimulus-dependent dynamics over the whole encoding range. (A) The mean voltage response and SD of 15 R1-R6 cells to the same repeated 20 Hz bandwidth bursts. Photoreceptor output adapts within ~2 s to the stimulation. (B) Population means (thick) and 4–16 mean voltage responses of individual photoreceptors (thin traces) to 20 different stimuli; each with specific bandwidth (columns: from 20 Hz, red to 500 Hz, blue) and mean contrast (rows). Stimulation changes from Gaussian white-noise (GWN; bottom) to bursts (top) with the light background: from BG0 (dark) to BG1. 5 (very bright). Left top: the traces from (A). The yellow box indicates the responses with the highest entropy and information content. Vertical dotted rectangle (orange square) and horizontal rectangle (black circle): responses for contrast and bandwidth analyses in Figure 2—figure supplement 1A. All recordings were done at 25°C. Compare this data to Figure 1. Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset High-contrast bursts drive maximal encoding. A R1-R6’s information transfer to high-frequency 100 Hz bursts exceeded 2-to-4-times the previous estimates. (A) Response signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, left) to 20 (red), 100 (yellow) and 500 Hz (blue) bursts, and to 50 Hz bandwidth stimuli of different contrasts (right); data from Figure 1. SNR increased with contrast (right), reaching the maximum (~6,000) for 20 Hz bursts (left, red) and the broadest frequency range for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). (B) Skewed bursts drove largely Gaussian responses (exception: 20 Hz bursts, red), with 100 Hz bursts evoking the broadest amplitude range (yellow). (C) Information transfer peaked for 100 Hz stimuli, irrespective of contrast (or BG; left), having the global maximum of ~850 bits/s (capacity, infomax) for the high-frequency high-contrast bursts. (D) Encoding efficiency, the ratio between input and output information (Routput/Rinput), was > 100% for 20 Hz bursts. Extra information came from the neighboring cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 28:31:Because of this, the local government was supported with eight vehicles and health workers reported doubling their postnatal midwife visits in the area. Also, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Hamba was used to improve the number of vaccination visits to schools and for nurses and the police to create awareness. Dr. 28:35:For me, that service is a key aspect of that innovation and this impact. 28:38:It hasn't been without its challenges though. Dr. 29:10:You would appreciate that the society in rural Africa tends to be very hierarchical and reaching out to women and giving them confidence to say they could actually take control of their destiny was a fairly challenging conversation. But from a research point of view, I would say access, confidence, trust, those were typical ethnographic research challenges that we faced. And it took almost a good two years to really be able to get embedded into the community, to become accepted. 29:18:When it comes to those SDGs, Dr. Chikweche's research with the Hamba covers not just one but eight SDGs. Dr. 30:16:SDG number one around poverty. And SDG number 10, reduction of inequalities by virtue of empowering women to generate income. SDG number two for zero hunger in the sense that they now spend more time on their agricultural plots. And gender equality, SDG number five. We've empowered more than 41 women groups to effectively run this project and become the main breadwinners. SDG number eight, decent work and economic growth because in order for these Hambas to operate, we actually train local people are then employed by Mobility for Africa to actually maintain the Hambas. And because of renewable energy, SDG 13 on climate action and SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy come to play. And then the last one is the SDG on partnerships, SDG 17. Working with government agencies and a spectrum of other stakeholders has been a key aspect of that. 07:07:Those non-government partnerships include Foundation, who have been the main drivers around the design of the renewable energy battery that powers the Hamba. As for next steps, Dr. Chikweche hopes to see Hambas across the continent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Direct development also results in a hatchling possessing an essentially mature, but miniature brain, which is used for both the nymphal and adult stages (reviews by Kutsch and Heckmann, 1995; Truman, 2005). The evolution of the larva, though, altered brain development to make a modified, simpler brain appropriate for the sensory and motor demands of the larva. This larval brain, though, is not discarded at the end of larval growth and a new one made from scratch. Most larval neurons persist and some, like the interneurons mediating backwards locomotion, have similar functions in both larva and adult (Lee and Doe, 2021), but, as we show in this paper, the maintenance of neuronal function from larva to adult is not always the case. At metamorphosis, recycled larval cells are combined with adult-specific neurons to make the nervous system of the adult (Truman, 2005). Although the focus on nervous system metamorphosis is usually on the postembryonic transformation of the larval brain into that of the adult, complementary changes had to have occurred during embryogenesis to generate the modified larval brain. One key embryonic change involved neurogenesis (Figure 1). The central brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) of insects arise from a fixed number of neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts [NBs]), with about 100 per brain hemisphere (Urbach and Technau, 2003) and about 30 per segmental hemineuropil (Thomas et al. , 1984). Each NB makes a characteristic set of neurons in a defined temporal order (Kohwi and Doe, 2013; Doe, 2017; Miyares and Lee, 2019; Rossi et al. , 2021). The sets of NBs in the brain and VNC, though, are highly conserved and were established well before the evolution of the larva and complete metamorphosis (Thomas et al. , 1984; Truman and Ball, 1998). Moreover, these conserved sets of NBs produce the neurons for both the larval and adult CNS (Prokop and Technau, 1991). The duration of embryonic neurogenesis, however, differs in the two groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Rinput at each BG was determined for the optimal mean light intensity, which maximized a biophysically realistic photoreceptor model’s information transfer (1. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Signaling performance vary cell-to-cell but adapts similarly to given stimulus statistics. (A) Response signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) to 20 (red), 100 (yellow) and 500 Hz (blue) bandwidth (left) saccadic bursts, and to 50 Hz bandwidth stimuli of different contrasts (right); color scheme as in Figure 1. SNR increases with contrast (right), reaching (in some cells)~6000 maximum for 20 Hz bursts (left, red). All R1-R6s showed the broadest frequency range for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). (B) Highly skewed bursts drove mostly Gaussian responses (exception: 20 Hz, red), with 100 Hz bursts evoking the broadest amplitude range (yellow). (C) Information transfer of all cells peaked for 100 Hz stimuli, irrespective of the tested contrast (or BG; left), having global maxima (infomax) between 600–850 bits/s (yellow box). (D) Mean encoding efficiency (Routput/Rinput) reached >100% for 20 Hz bursts, with its extra information coming from the neighboring cells. For determining Rinput see Figure 3. Encoding efficiency fell with increasing stimulus bandwidth, but less with contrast. Note: encoding efficiency for bursts (ηburst; black trace, left) was lower than for GWNs (ηGWN; grey and light grey traces). Because photomechanical adaptations let optimally 8-times brighter intensity modulation (photon absorption rate) through for high-contrast bursts (8 × 105 photons/s) than for GWN (1 × 105 photons/s), their input information is higher; Rinputburst≫ Rt>inputGWN. Thus, whilst Routputburst> RoutputGWN \eta burst<\eta GWN(10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 010 Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-adapted R1-R6 noise is similar for all the test stimuli, with its high-frequencies reflecting the mean quantum bump shape and its low-frequencies the rhabdomere jitter.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté › Annales littéraires › Environmental and ecological readings › Environmental and Ecological Readings:. . . Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Notes de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page Environmental and ecological readings Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent 1991. Growing concerns with the environment and the impact of human activity on the future of the planet have also fed this narrative practice and its critical analysis. has fostered these concepts in a Scottish context; by studying how, since the nineteenth century, poets and novelists have brought nature and the environment into play in their works, she has convincingly demonstrated how relevant they are for Scottish authors and the Scottish literary tradition. 22 Nature, the environment, and the relationships people have forged with their surrounding natural habitat are now recognised as central to any expression of the singularity of Scotland and of the Scottish landscape and mindscape. Be it the Highlands, the Islands, the Lowlands or the Borders, the Scottish landscape is never very far from issues of identity. 3This volume features seventeen 2013. 4 Alan Riach’s 1760. Redgauntlet occupies an ambivalent position in Scott’s ‘Waverley novels’: history is indeed seen as a pseudo-artificial narrative feature. Nature and the environment become a culturally modified setting in order for Scott to deploy his rhetoric and his symbolic imagination. and the Quakers, who occupy the same Scottish territory, are portrayed as the bearers of hope. Nature and the environment are vested with political and national or nationalist interests. points to the dichotomy between nature and culture through the relationships and ideological positions of the Jacobites and the Quakers, both seeking to establish – or re-establish – their own paradise.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Insects with direct development, like grasshoppers, produce all the neurons of the central brain and VNC during embryogenesis (Shepherd and Bate, 1990) and the hatchling possesses all the neurons of the adult (except for expansion of the Kenyon cell population, e. g. , Malaterre et al. , 2002). In insects with complete metamorphosis, by contrast, selection for the rapid formation of a larval stage required a premature arrest of neurogenesis, resulting in many fewer neurons for the larval brain (Truman, 2005). In Drosophila, for example, most brain and thoracic NBs produce only 10–15% of their respective progeny by hatching and the remainder are made during a second neurogenic period late in larval growth. Since essentially all their neurons are born during embryogenesis, the hatchlings of direct developing insects have brain circuits that include neurons generated during early, intermediate, and late phases of their neuroblasts’ lineages. The larvae of metamorphic insects, by contrast, not only have fewer neurons to make their brain, but these neurons include only those with early-born fates. A second key change involves the phenotypes of the neurons that are made during embryogenesis (Figure 1). The neurons of direct developing insects acquire their mature phenotype by the time of hatching and their anatomy and connections change very little through nymphal growth and adulthood (Kutsch and Heckmann, 1995). By contrast, in holometabolous insects, the form and function of many larval neurons are radically different from their adult form and function (e. g. , Truman and Reiss, 1976; Levine and Truman, 1985; Roy et al. , 2007). At metamorphosis, they lose their larval specializations and finally acquire their mature, adult phenotypes. The analysis of development and metamorphosis of complex neuropils can provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the formation of the larva and its subsequent metamorphosis (e. g. , Farnworth et al. , 2020). In our study, we have focused on the larval and adult circuitry of the mushroom bodies (MBs). In both stages, the MBs associate odors with either rewards or punishments and adjust the animal’s future behavior accordingly (Cognigni et al. , 2018; Thum and Gerber, 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) Photoreceptor noise (from Figure 1) remained largely constant for all the test stimuli; extracted from the responses (output) to stimulus repetition (input); see Materials and methods. (B) Corresponding photoreceptor noise of the model (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014) simulations was also broadly constant but lacked the recordings’ low-frequency noise in (A). (C) The mean simulated noise power ascends with membrane impedance, which here was larger than that in the recordings in (A). Yet, the high-frequency parts of the real and simulated noise (>60 Hz), indicating the corresponding average light-adapted quantum bump waveform (Wong et al. , 1982; Juusola and Hardie, 2001b; Juusola and Hardie, 2001a; Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014), sloped similarly. (D) Overlaying these exposed the low-frequency noise difference (<60 Hz). Our results (Figure 8) predicted that this difference was a by-product of photomechanical rhabdomere and eye muscle movements, which the simulations lacked. (E) Mean rhabdomere movement responses (± SD, grey) in five different flies to the same repeated 20 Hz high-contrast bursts. These were smaller than those to 1 s flashing (Figure 8E, 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 011 Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Strong responses to naturalistic stimulation (NS) carry only about half the information of the strongest responses to bursts. (A) The mean (signal; purple) and voltage responses (pink) of a R1-R6 photoreceptor to naturalistic light intensity time series. (B) At the light source, NS (purple), which is dominated by low-frequency transitions between darker and brighter events, had higher power than GWN (grey) or bursty high-contrast stimuli (yellow), but its mean contrast (0. 58) is between the other two. (C) Signal-to-noise ratio of responses to NS has a similar low-frequency maximum to responses to bursty 100 Hz stimuli, but lower values at high-frequencies, similar to GWN-driven responses (grey).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 11Landscape is of course a natural setting, but it can also be understood as a man-made artificial area designed as a recreational ground for a local landowner or landlord. In ‘Recreating an Ideal Landscape: A Community’s Approach to the of Cally’ presents us Cally, in Dumfries and Galloway. It is a designed landscape first planned by the Murray family in the mid-eighteenth century and has since been purchased by the and then restored by the Initiative. Plans for a massive mansion and the surrounding parkland were first drawn up in 1763. However, Cally soon exceeded its planners’ initial design and scope. It became a famous and well-known source of inspiration for many landscape painters – such as – or even some of the and others – authors such as who, for instance, recounts visiting at Cally in his Journeys but also who ridiculed and his political ambitions. takes us through the history of the Gatehouse of Fleet and its owners, and the ideas of an ideal landscape it was supposed to embody. Changes and improvements were made, – to which paintings bore witness – until the demise of the Murray family at the end of the nineteenth century. Work has been going on since in order to restore and improve this designed landscape of Cally, providing cultural information to visitors and local amenities, and developing tourism. 12The following 1962. Jean Berton’s narratological study explores the intricacy of the poem and the way used oxymora in order to convey loneliness and the fate of depopulation in the Highlands, highlighting posthuman dimensions. The lexical environment of the poem becomes the nucleus for understanding the way the poet has organized his vision. Starting with Crichton Smith’s bilingual identity, shows, through the analysis of oxymora and similes, that the aim of the poet was to insist on and highlight the notions of clash and contrast in a peaceful Highland setting, using the animal which stands as one of its embodiments as the subject of these rhetorical devices. The stately deer also symbolizes the complicated fate of the Highlands and Islands, depopulated and replaced by animals either used as an economic commodity or as quarry for the wealthy; as argues, loving and killing thus become the ultimate oxymoron, which symbolizes the complicated relationships between the Highlanders and their habitat through the ages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Figure 2A and B). The larval structure lacks the α'β' and αβ neurons that form the adult system’s vertical lobes. The larval γ neurons, though, have larval-specific vertical axon branches that form the core of a larval vertical lobe. We have focused on the MBINs and MBONs that establish the 10 larval compartments (Eichler et al. , 2017; Saumweber et al. , 2018). We have determined the metamorphic fates of about 80% of these neurons. Depending on the fate of their compartment, some larval neurons remain with the MB, others reprogram to join other adult circuits, and still others die. The persistence of MBON to MBIN connections would have been the simplest way that a larval memory trace could be carried through metamorphosis. However, we find that the diverse fates of the larval MB neurons plus the addition of new, adult-specific MBINs and MBONs to the compartments result in no MBIN-MBON pairings that survive from larva to adult. fates of the larval MBINs and MBOet al. , 1998 used a set of enhancer-trap lines to follow subsets of extrinsic and intrinsic MB neurons through metamorphosis and showed that some of the medial lobe neurons functioned in both the larval and adult structures. Our use of a large collection of split-GAL4 lines that express in specific larval MBINs and MBONs (Saumweber et al. , 2018) and a conditional flip-switch strategy (Harris et al. , 2015) have allowed us to establish the metamorphic fates of most of the MBONs and MBINs. We focused on the larval unicompartmental neurons that possess the well-defined dendritic or axonal 'tufts' that define compartments (Saumweber et al. , 2018), and we could determine the fates of 28 of the 32 classes of such cells. We have classified the persisting neurons as 'remodeling' if they continue as part of the MB circuitry after metamorphosis or as 'trans-differentiating' (see Veverytsa and Allan, 2013) if they retract from the MB system and function in other circuits of the adult brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Both of these signaling performance estimates are from the same R1-R6 in (A). (D) Information transfer rate in photoreceptor output directly depends upon the mean stimulus contrast. Photoreceptors encode more information during naturalistic stimulation than during GWN stimulation (see also: Song and Juusola, 2014). But encoding can further double during high-contrast bursts, which utilize better the refractory sampling dynamics of 30,000 microvilli, generating the largest sampling rate changes. Significance by two-tailed t-test. For more explanation, see 3. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptor output information transfer rate estimates to bursty stimuli are consistent. Using triple extrapolation method to estimate entropy rate, RS, noise entropy rate, RN, and information transfer rate, R, of photoreceptor output to 20 Hz bursts. (A) Mean (black) and 30 voltage responses (light gray) of a photoreceptor to a 2-s-long bursty light intensity time series. (B), The responses were digitized to 2–20 voltage levels, ν; shown for 20 levels. Entropy, HS, and noise entropy HN, are calculated for T-letters-long words, in which each 1-ms-long letter is a voltage level, ν, as explained previously (Juusola and de Polavieja, 2003). (C) first extrapolation to infinite data size. Entropies of the 10 letter words (top) and five letter words (bottom) for 5–10 voltage levels fitted with linear trends. Thus, HSTT = 10,ν and HSTT = 5,ν (black and blue ■, respectively, for ν = 5–10) are obtained from extrapolation of HSTT = 10,ν,size and HSTT = 5,ν,size for size → ∞ (1/size → 0). Here, the probability of 5 letter words is similar for 50–100% of data so size corrections in HSTT = 5,ν are minute, but for 10 letter words size corrections impact HSTT = 10,ν slightly more. (D) second extrapolation to infinite voltage levels. HST,v is shown for words of 1–10 letters, each fitted with its linear trend.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 15Christopher Whyte, because of his well-known interest in other fields – such as gender studies or Gaelic – is not an author usually associated with a concern for the environment or indeed ecology. However, Robin Mackenzie, in his 119. 2 Jonathan Bate, Romantic) Ecology (London: Routledge, 1991); —, The) Song) of) the) Earth (London: Picador, 2000); Louisa Gairn, Ecology and Literature (Edinburgh: Press, 2008). 3 John Macky, A Journey through Scotland (1723), edited with an introduction by Anne M. McKim (Glasgow: Press, 2014). 4 ‘Praise of Ben Dorain’, Duncan Bàn MacIntyre. with a Version by (Newtyle: Kettillonia, 2013). 5 Lavrijsen, of Brian McCabe and (Scottish) Identity. Studies in the History and Culture of Scotland, book 5 (Oxford, Berlin, New York: Peter Lang, 2013). 6 Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology. Wordsworth and the (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 1. 7 ‘Using independence to build a clean, green and nuclear-free nation, Scotland can be a beacon of environmentalism and sustainability’, p. 291, Scotland’s Future. to an Independent Scotland, < [accessed 6 March 2015]. See the 306. 8 Paper nonetheless innocently states: ‘Is continued oil and gas production consistent with Scotland’s commitments on climate change? Yes. In Scotland, we will need a mixed energy portfolio, including hydrocarbons, to provide secure and affordable heat and electricity for decades to come. ’, Scotland’s Future, p. 512. at the University of Franche-Comté, Besançon. He is the author of a monograph on Gunn, Les Hautes-Terres, l’histoire et la mémoire dans les romans de (2006) and has co-edited various books: Cities on the Margin; On the Margin of Cities (2003); Celebrating. Festive and (2008); Mobility, movement and transference of cultures and identities in the English-speaking world, (2010); Marges & périphéries dans les pays de langue anglaise (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The other trans-differentiating MBIN is MBIN-l1 that provides input from the larval lateral accessory lobe to the LA compartment of the MB; its adult form as LAL>bi-CRP redirects its lateral accessory lobe input to the crepine neuropil in both hemispheres (Figure 3B, Figure 3—figure supplement 1E). Figure 3 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic fates of the larval mushroom body input neurons (MBINs). (A) The fates of the larval MBINs that innervate the calyx and the 10 compartments of the larval MB. For larval MBINs that remain with the MB, the arrows show the relationship of their larval compartment to the one that they innervate in the mature, adult MB. The remaining MBINs die (skull), trans-differentiate (T) to supply non-MB circuits in the adult, or their fate is unknown (? ). For the MBINs whose transmitter is unknown, they express tyrosine hydroxylase but their final secreted transmitter has not been determined. Compartment designations as in Figure 2. (B) Images comparing the larval and adult forms of the MBINs that persist through metamorphosis. The images of larval cells from Saumweber et al. , 2018 Nature Comm. 9: 1104. Adult names based on Aso et al. , 2014, Li et al. , 2020, or this study. Figure 3—source data 1 Examples of the adult anatomy of larval neuron MBON-a1 obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of lines SS01417 and SS00867 late in larval life. The first line also revealed an occasional adult form of MBON-a2. Download elife-80594-fig3-data1-v2. pptx Figure 3—source data 2 Examples of the adult anatomies of larval neurons MBON-a2 and MBON-b1,-b2 obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of stable spilt lines late in larval life. The anatomy of the adult form of MBON-a2 was revealed using lines SS00872 and SS02006; that of MBON-b1,-b2 using lines SS01708 and SS01959.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: HST (gray ■s for T = 5–10) is obtained from the extrapolation of HST,v when ν → ∞ (1/ν → 0); HST = 5 = blue ■; HST = 10 = black ■. (E) third extrapolation. Entropy rates obtained from extrapolations to infinitely long words. The total entropy rate, RS (red ■), is obtained from a linear extrapolation when T → ∞ (1/T → 0). RN (red ●) for the same data. Both RS and RN collapse to 0 when the data are inadequate to provide a satisfactory extrapolation of HST and HNT for long words and high voltage resolutions. The graph, however, shows enough linearly aligned points for good estimations of RS, RN, and R. (F) Effect of the number of voltage levels v used in the second extrapolation on R. For v ≥ 8, the first point for the second extrapolation is the fifth voltage level. Linear fits (red) and second-order Taylor series (black) give similar estimates (<10% difference) when v = 10–20 for these data. (G) estimates obtained from linear (red) or second-order Taylor series (black) fits by the triple extrapolation method (Eq. 4) and from Shannon equation (Eq. 1). These estimates for data in (A) are similar. For 20 voltage level data (B), the mean Shannon capacity estimate is only ∼2–5% less than the mean estimates for the full response waveforms with n = 30 trials or when extrapolated to infinite data (1/n → 0), implying consistency in these estimation methods. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Model output is realistic over the whole encoding range. (A–B) Simulated responses of a stochastic Drosophila R1-R6 model to the tested light stimuli show similar response dynamics to the corresponding real recordings (cf. Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The model has 30,000 microvilli (sampling units) that convert absorbed photons to quantum bumps (samples). Simulations at each background (BG) were set for the mean light level (effective or absorbed photons/s) that generated responses with the maximum information transfer (4. Notice that the model had no free parameters - it was the same in all simulations and had not been fitted to data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: He is the publishing director of the online review e-CRIT3224. Naviguer dans le livre Précédent 119. 2 Jonathan Bate, Romantic) Ecology (London: Routledge, 1991); —, The) Song) of) the) Earth (London: Picador, 2000); Louisa Gairn, Ecology and Literature (Edinburgh: Press, 2008). 3 John Macky, A Journey through Scotland (1723), edited with an introduction by Anne M. McKim (Glasgow: Press, 2014). 4 ‘Praise of Ben Dorain’, Duncan Bàn MacIntyre. with a Version by (Newtyle: Kettillonia, 2013). 5 Lavrijsen, of Brian McCabe and (Scottish) Identity. Studies in the History and Culture of Scotland, book 5 (Oxford, Berlin, New York: Peter Lang, 2013). 6 Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology. Wordsworth and the (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 1. 7 ‘Using independence to build a clean, green and nuclear-free nation, Scotland can be a beacon of environmentalism and sustainability’, p. 291, Scotland’s Future. to an Independent Scotland, < [accessed 6 March 2015]. See the 306. 8 Paper nonetheless innocently states: ‘Is continued oil and gas production consistent with Scotland’s commitments on climate change? Yes. In Scotland, we will need a mixed energy portfolio, including hydrocarbons, to provide secure and affordable heat and electricity for decades to come. ’, Scotland’s Future, p. 512. Environmental and ecological readings Partager l’URL Intégrer la taille de l’intégration Petit (500x375 px) Moyen (800x600 px) Grand (1024x768 px) Collez le code HTML suivant pour intégrer ce contenu sur votre site. and ecological readings Ce livre est cité par Aliaga-Lavrijsen, Jessica. (2021) Transcending the City: Ken MacLeod’s Geographies. of English Studies, 29. DOI: 10. 5209/cjes. 68364 Environmental and ecological readings Ce livre est diffusé en accès ouvert freemium.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The MBONs innervating the larval medial lobe compartments (and LT) are more conservative in their changes; they persist as medial lobe MBONs and supply topologically similar compartments in the adult (Figure 3; MBON-h1 to -k1). Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic fates of the larval mushroom body output neurons (MBONs). (A) The fates of the larval MBONs that innervate the calyx and the 10 compartments of the larval MB. For MBONs that remain within the MB after metamorphosis, the arrows show the relationship of their larval compartment to the one that they innervate in the adult MB. The remaining MBONs trans-differentiate (T) to supply non-MB circuits in the adult, or their fate is unknown (? ). Compartment designations as in Figure 2. Transmitters: green: acetylcholine; blue: glutamate; red: GABA; gray: unknown; checkered versions are presumed transmitters based on Li et al. , 2020. (B) Images comparing the larval and adult forms of the MBONs that persist through metamorphosis. The images of larval cells from Saumweber et al. , 2018 Nature Comm. 9: 1104. Adult names based on Aso et al. , 2014, Li et al. , 2020, or this study. Figure 4—source data 1 Examples of the adult anatomies of larval neuron APL obtained by flip-switch-mediated immortalization of expression of line SS01671 late in larval life. Download elife-80594-fig4-data1-v2. pptx As with the MBINs, the MBONs that trans-differentiated were typically those from larval vertical lobe compartments and the intermediate peduncle (Figure 4A and B). For example, MBON-b1 and -b2 retract from the larval IP compartment and invade the lateral horn where they become local interneurons (Figure 4, Figure 4—figure supplement 1B; LHLN neurons; Dolan et al. , 2019). The most striking changes occur in MBON-g1 and -g2 (Figure 4B, Figure 4—figure supplement 1C and D), which transform into central complex neurons – the LAL.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Thus, these macroscopic voltage responses emerged naturally as a by-product of refractory information sampling by 30,000 microvilli. Yellow box: maximum information responses. Vertical dotted rectangle (orange square) and horizontal rectangle (black circle): responses for contrast and bandwidth analyses in Figure 4. Figure 3—source data 1 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0 (darkness). Download elife-26117-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 3 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. Download elife-26117-fig3-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 4 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Model encodes light information realistically. Encoding capacity of a stochastic photoreceptor model peaks to high-contrast bursts with 100 Hz cut-off, much resembling that of the real recordings (cf. Figure 2). (A) Inserts show simulations for the bursty input patterns of similar high contrast values (left) that drove its responses (outputs) with maximum information transfer rates. Output signal-to-noise ratios peaked for 20 Hz bursts (red), but was the broadest for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). Signal-to-noise ratio rose with stimulus contrast (right).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: L’accès à la lecture en ligne est disponible. L’accès aux versions PDF et ePub est réservé aux bibliothèques l’ayant acquis. Vous pouvez vous connecter à votre bibliothèque à l’adresse suivante : Acheter ce livre aux formats PDF et evous avez des questions, vous pouvez nous écrire à access[at]openedition. org Référence numérique du chapitre. (2015). Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction. In P. Laplace (éd. ), Environmental and ecological readings (1‑). Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. Laplace, Philippe. « Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction ». , édité par Philippe Laplace. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015. Laplace, Philippe. « Environmental and Ecological Readings: Nature, Human and in Scotland. Introduction ». Environmental and Ecological Readings, édité par Philippe Laplace, Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015, Référence numérique du livre. (éd. ). (2015). Environmental and ecological readings (1‑). Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. Laplace, Philippe, éd. Environmental and Ecological Readings. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015. Laplace, Philippe, éditeur. Environmental and Ecological Readings. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2015, Compatible avec Zotero 1 3 Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Plan du site Se connecter Suivez-nous URL : Email : Presses-pufc@univ-fcomte.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: APL eventually covers all of the adult compartments by 72 hr APF (Mayseless et al. , 2018) and is involved in feedback suppression in both larva and adult (Liu and Davis, 2009; Masuda-Nakagawa et al. , 2014; Saumweber et al. , 2018). For MBON-j2, its γ4 tuft forms at the same time as those of other MBONs but the formation of its γ2 and especially its γ1 arbors is delayed. (Figure 6—figure supplement 2). In its adult function as MBON 05 (-γ4>γ1,γ2), it is suggested to provide feed-forward inhibition between compartments (Aso et al. , 2014). Its extended period of outgrowth may allow time for the compartment microcircuits to become established before it interconnects them. Figure 5 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic transformation of selected mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) during early metamorphosis and their mature phenotype in the adult. Confocal images track the GFP expression through the first 48 hr after pupariation (P); the adult images show flip-switch induced expression of red fluorescent protein. Arrowheads: growth cones; P+#: # hours after pupariation. Background staining for the developmental series is for Fasciclin II (magenta); for the adult, it is Bruchpilot (nc82) (blue). Lines used for developmental timelines: DAN-c1: JRC-SS03066, DAN-d1: JRC-MB328B, DAN-g1: JRC-SS01716, MBIN-l1: JRC-SS04484, MBIN-b1,-b2: JRC-SS21716. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset The metamorphic transformation of selected mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) during early metamorphosis and their mature phenotype in the adult. Confocal images track the GFP expression through the first 48 hr after pupariation (P); the adult images show flip-switch-induced expression of red fluorescent protein.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (B) The corresponding probability density functions show that 100 Hz bursts evoked responses with the broadest Gaussian amplitude distribution (yellow). Only responses to low-frequency bursts (20–50 Hz) deviated from Gaussian (skewed). (C) Information transfer of the model output reached its global maximum (infomax) of 632. 7 ± 19. 8 bits/s (yellow) for 100 Hz (left) bursts (right). Corresponding information transfer for Gaussian white-noise stimuli was significantly lower. (D) Encoding efficiency peaked for low-frequency stimuli (left), decaying gradually with increasing contrast. For details see 2. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Each R1-R6 has a different diameter rhabdomere and network connections, and thus should extract different amounts of information from the same stimulus. (A) Electron micrograph of an ommatidium, showing R1-R7 rhabdomeres with characteristic cross-sectional area differences. (B) R1 and R6 rhabdomeres are always the largest and R4 the smallest (statistics in 1. (E) Maximum information (for 100 Hz bursts) of 18 R1-R6s, grouped in their predicted ascending order and used for typifying the cells. Because R6s’ rhabdomeres are large (B), and their axons communicate with R7/R8 (C), the cells with the distinctive highest infomax were likely this type (blue). Conversely, R3, R4 and R2 rhabdomeres are smaller and their axons furthest away from R7/R8, and thus they should have lower infomaxes. Notably, our photoreceptor model (Song et al. , 2012) (grey), which lacked network information, had a similar infomax. The mean infomax of the recordings was 73 bits/s higher than the simulation infomax. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset R1-R6 photoreceptors’ response waveforms and frequency range of reliable encoding vary cell-to-cell, and this variation does not reflect recording quality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : and veganism aren’t the only options for diners who are concerned about environmental sustainability. Diets with a small amount of meat can actually have a smaller environmental footprint — in the long run, at least. Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Scientists find that a small amount of animal products could have a place in our diets without wreaking environmental havoc. But it’s far less than what we consume today, and only if farmed in just the right way. Holmes 08. 18. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español As governments drag their feet in responding to climate change, many concerned people are looking for actions they can take as individuals — and eating less meat is an obvious place to start. Livestock today account for about 14. 5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than all the world’s cars and trucks combined. & sustainable are fake meats? Food & hens, happy world the fat: The US and health Those numbers are daunting already, but the situation could grow worse: Our appetite for meat is increasing. Nations forecasts that the world will be eating 14 percent more of it by 2030, especially as middle-income countries get wealthier. That means more demand for pasture and feed crops, more deforestation and more climate problems. For people alarmed about climate change, giving up meat altogether can seem like the only option. But is it? A growing body of research suggests that the world could, in fact, raise a modest amount of beef, pork, chicken and other meat, so that anyone who wants could eat a modest portion of meat a few times a week — and do so sustainably. Indeed, it turns out that a world with some animal agriculture in it likely would have a smaller environmental footprint than an entirely vegan world. The catch is that hitting the environmental sweet spot would require big changes in the way we raise livestock — and, for most of us in the wealthy West, a diet with considerably less meat than we eat today.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (C) Confocal projection of the adult form of larval-born, 13B interneurons expressed in the SS04739 driver line. (D, E) The larval and adult phenotypes of one of the embryonic born 13B interneurons, T13t. (D) shows the three pairs of T13t neurons as revealed by the SS02006 driver line. (E) shows Flip-switch clones of the same cells showing their adult phenotypes. In Drosophila, the corresponding interneurons are from the 13B hemilineage, which is produced by neuroblast NB4-2 (Figure 7; Harris et al. , 2015; Lacin and Truman, 2016). The ‘B’ class of embryonic-born neurons from this lineage serve as commissural interneurons in the larva (Figure 7A), receiving ipsilateral input and having contralateral output. Their bundled, commissural axons provide a pathway that their postembryonic-born counterparts, the 13B interneurons, follow to the contralateral neuropil where they stop and wait for metamorphosis (Figure 7B). They then mature into local leg interneurons (Figure 7C) that have a form very different from their larval counterparts. This difference between the two sets of 13B neurons is only temporary, however. Figure 7D and E (Figure 7—figure supplement 1) follows the metamorphic fate of one of the embryonic-born, larval interneurons from this hemilineage. At metamorphosis, this neuron, T13t, loses its ipsilateral arbor and reorganizes its contralateral arbor to become a local leg interneuron like its postembryonic-born counterparts. Therefore, despite the larva lacking legs, Drosophila starts making leg interneurons during embryogenesis, but these embryonic-born cells initially take on a phenotype adapted to the needs of the legless larva. Their ancestral functions as leg interneurons are only manifest at metamorphosis. Like the γ Kenyon cells, these neurons support the idea that for neurons that function in both larva and adult, their larval phenotype is a derived state adapted to the larval stage, while their adult phenotype is more in line with the ancestral function of the cell.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Intracellular responses to the same repeated stimuli recorded in vivo from two different R1-R6 photoreceptors (Cell #18 and Cell #12) in two wild-type Drosophila. (A) 20 Hz light bursts drove both cells vigorously, but the output of Cell #18 rose and decayed faster. Both outputs had maximum signal-to-noise ratios (SNRmax) >5,000, but because of its faster response dynamics Cell #18 encoded better high stimulus frequencies (B-C) for 100 and 500 Hz light bursts, respectively, Cell #12’s output had a higher SNRmax but again laged behind Cell #18’s output. The corresponding information transfer rate estimates, Routput, for Cell #18 were 787 bits/s (20 Hz bursts), 850 bits/s (100 Hz) and 625 bits/s (500 Hz) and for Cell #12: 569 bits/s (20 Hz), 711 bits/s (100 Hz) and 503 bits/s (500 Hz). Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset A Drosophila’s saccadic turns and fixation periods generate bursty high-contrast time series from natural scenes, which enable R1-R6 photoreceptors (even when decoupled from visual selection) to extract information more efficiently than what they could by linear or shuffled viewing. (A) A prototypical walking trajectory recoded by Geurten et al. (2014) (B) Angular velocity and yaw of this walk. Arrows indicate saccades (velocity ≥ |±200| o/s). (C) A 360o natural scene used for generating light intensity time series: (i). ) by translating the walking fly’s yaw (A–B) dynamics on it (blue trace), and (ii) by this walk’s median (linear: 63. 3 o/s, red) and (iii) shuffled velocities. Dotted white line indicates the intensity plane used for the walk. Brief saccades and longer fixation periods ‘burstify’ light input. (D) This increases sparseness, as explained by comparing its intensity difference (first derivative) histogram (blue) to that of the linear walk (red).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: “The future that sounds sustainable to me is one where we have livestock, but it’s a very different scale,” says Blackstone, a food systems sustainability researcher at in Boston. “I think the livestock industry’s going to have to look different. ”Feeding animals to feed ourselves One big reason for meat’s outsized environmental impact is that it’s more efficient for people to eat plants directly than to feed them to livestock. Chickens need almost 2 pounds of feed to produce each pound of weight gain, pigs need 3 to 5 pounds, and cattle need 6 to 10 — and a lot of that weight gain is bones, skin and guts, not meat. As a result, about 40 percent of the world’s arable land is now used to grow animal feed, with all the attendant environmental costs related to factors such as deforestation, water use, fertilizer runoff, pesticides and fossil fuel use. But it’s not inevitable that livestock compete with people for crops. Ruminants — that is, grazing animals with multiple stomachs, like cattle, sheep and goats — can digest the cellulose in grass, straw and other fibrous plant material that humans can’t eat, converting it into animal protein that we can. And two-thirds of the world’s agricultural lands are grazing lands, many of which are too steep, arid or marginal to be suitable for crops. “That land cannot be used for any other food-growing purpose other than the use of ruminant livestock,” says Frank Mitloehner, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis. Grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and the goats shown here can digest fibrous plants with the help of their gut microbes. This converts forage that people can’t eat into meat that they can, and thus increases the total food available for a growing world population. : course, those grazing lands could revert to natural forest or grassland vegetation, taking up atmospheric carbon in the process. This carbon-capturing regrowth could be a major contributor to global climate-mitigation strategies aimed at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, researchers say. But that’s not necessarily incompatible with moderate levels of grazing. For example, some research suggests that replacing croplands with well-managed grazing lands in the southeastern US captures far more carbon from the atmosphere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Origins of adult-specific MBINs and MBOlarval MBINs and MBONs account for only 15 of the 41 different types of adult MBINs and MBONs (Aso et al. , 2014). The remaining 26 types could either be born during the postembryonic neurogenic period or they could come from neurons that function outside of the MB circuit in the larva and then switch to the MB at metamorphosis. We could determine the origins of 22 of these 26 types (Figure 8A and B, Table 2) and all are born postembryonically. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset The postembryonic-born mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the adult mushroom bodies. (A) Summary of the origins of the adult MBINs that arise during the postembryonic period. Numbers give the number of neurons in each of the PAM groups (from Aso et al. , 2014). (B) Summary of the origins of the adult MBONs that arise during the postembryonic period. NB: neuroblast;: adult MBONs whose origins are unknown. (C) Results of twin-spot MARCM approach showing the sequential postembryonic birth of FLAa2 lineage neurons that innervate α' and α compartments. (C), (C’), and (C”) images are produced by successively later heatshocks in the larva; green cells are produced after the heatshock while the red cells (shown only in C) are the remainder of the FLAa2 lineage. (D) Twin spot MARCM results from the type II DL1 lineage. The leftmost panel shows the progeny of an intermediate neural progenitor (INP) in green and the remainder of the lineage in red. The remaining panels show GMC clones with an MBON neuron and its paired sister fan-shaped body (FSB) neuron, both in green. The arbors identifying the individual MBONs are marked. Background staining (blue) is for Bruchpilot (nc82). Table 2 Developmental origins of adult mushroom body input neurons (MBINs) and mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) that do not come from remodeled larval, extrinsic mushroom body neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The saccadic and linear walk histograms for the tested images (4478. 66 ± 1424. 55 vs Peaklin = 3379. 98 ± 1753. 44 counts (mean ± SD, p=1. 4195 × 10−32, pair-wise t-test). Kurtosissac = 48. 22 ± 99. 80 vs Kurtosislin = 30. 25 ± 37. 85 (mean ± SD, p=0. 01861, pair-wise t-test). (E) Bursty stimuli (in Figure 1, continuous) had sparse intensity difference histograms, while GWN (dotted) did not. (F) Saccadic viewing improves R1-R6s’ information transmission, suggesting that it evolved with refractory photon sampling to maximize information capture from natural scenes. Details in 3. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors generate responses with higher information transfer rates to saccadic (bursty) naturalist light intensity time series (NS) than to corresponding linear or shuffled stimulation. (A) Mean intracellular voltage responses of a R1-R6 photoreceptor to Naturalistic light intensities that have been modulated by saccadic (blue), linear (red) and shuffled (gray) yaw signals. (B) Simulations of biophysically realistic Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptor model (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 023 Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Photoreceptors resolve dots at saccadic velocities far better than the classic models. (A) 25-light-point stimulus array centered at a R1-R6’s receptive field (RF). Each tested photoreceptor saw two bright dots, 6. 8o apart, travelling fast (205 o/s) or double-fast (409 o/s) in front-to-back direction. (B) Responses (black), both at dark (left) or illuminated backgrounds (right), characteristically showed two peaks. In contrast, the corresponding classic model simulations (blue) rarely resolved the dots. (C) In the simulations, each photoreceptor’s receptive field (or its Gaussian fit) was convolved with its impulse response (first Volterra kernel).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Livestock can also use crop wastes such as the bran and germ left over when wheat is milled to white flour, or the soy meal left over after pressing the beans for oil. That’s a big reason why 20 percent of the US dairy herd is in California’s Central Valley, where cows feed partly on wastes from fruits, nuts and other specialty crops, Mitloehner says. Even pigs and chickens, which can’t digest cellulose, could be fed on other wastes such as fallen fruit, discarded food scraps and insects, which most people wouldn’t eat. The upshot is that a world entirely without meat would require about one-third more cropland — and therefore, more energy-intensive fertilizer, pesticides and tractor fuel — to feed everyone, says Hannah van Zanten, a sustainable food systems researcher at in the Netherlands. But only if we’re talking about meat raised the right way, in the right amounts. A man stands in a barn piled high with “distiller’s grain” — the residue left after corn is fermented to produce ethanol. Industrial processors of crops would have few useful ways to dispose of their waste without livestock to which they could feed the excess. : also bring other benefits. Meat provides balanced protein and other nutrients such as iron and vitamin B12 that are more difficult to get from a vegan diet, especially for poorer people who can’t always afford a variety of fresh vegetables and other nutritious foods, says Matin Qaim, an agricultural economist at the University of Bonn, Germany, who coauthored a look at the sustainability of meat consumption in the 2022 of Resource Economics. Livestock, he notes, are the main source of wealth for many otherwise poor people in traditional pastoral cultures. And on small, mixed farms, animals that graze widely and then deposit their manure in the farmyard can help to concentrate nutrients for use as fertilizer in the family’s garden. Moreover, many of the world’s natural grasslands have evolved in the presence of grazers, which play a key role in ecosystem function. Where those native grazers no longer dominate — think of the vanished bison from the American prairies, for example — domestic livestock can fill the same role. “Grasslands are disturbance-dependent,” says Sasha Gennet, who heads the sustainable grazing lands program for the Nature Conservancy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We determined the origins of nine of the thirteen remaining types of adult MBONs (Table 2, Figure 7B) using the twin-spot MARCM technique (Yu et al. , 2009). As seen in Figure 8C, MBONs 12 (γ2α'1), 13 (α'2), and 14 (α3) are born in succession during the early postembryonic phase of the FLAa2 lineage. The remaining vertical lobe MBONs arise in the DL1 lineage (Figure 8D, Table 2). The DL1 neuroblast has a type II pattern of division (Boone and Doe, 2008; Wang et al. , 2014). Each division produces an intermediate precursor cell, which, in turn, produces a small series of ganglion mother cells. Each of the latter divides to make two daughter neurons. As shown in Figure 8D for at least six of these GMCs, one daughter becomes a vertical lobe MBON while the other becomes a central complex neuron that innervates the fan-shaped body. neurons like the have a unique and characteristic morphology that allows them to be readily identified in both larval and adult stages and the same name has been used for both stages. The vast majority of MBINs and MBONs, however, have been given different names in the larva versus the adult (Saumweber et al. , 2018; Aso et al. , 2014), and this paper determines their correspondence for the first time. Where useful in the ‘Discussion,’ we will combine their larval and adult names. For example, since larval MBON-d1 becomes adult MBON 11, it will be referred to as MBON-d1/MBON 11. Metamorphosis of mushroom body compartments The evolution of a metamorphic life history in insects required two changes: first, the modification of embryogenesis to produce a larval body; and second, metamorphosis itself –the transformation of that larval body into the insect’s mature form. Our focus has been on the second process of transforming the larval MB into its adult form, but our results also provide insight into the first issue, i. e. , how embryonic development may have been altered to form a specialized larval MB.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The resolvability, D, of the recordings and simulations, was determined by Raleigh criterion. (D) Recordings outperformed simulations. (E) hdcJK910 R1-R6s (red), which lacked the neurotransmitter histamine, and so network modulation, resolved the dots as well as the wild-type, indicating that the recordings’ higher resolvability was intrinsic and unpredictable by the classic models (3. 70o (blue trace); instead of its experimentally measured value of 5. 73 (black; the narrowest ∆ρ. The population mean, grey, is wider). (G) Normalized responses of a typical R1-R6 to a bright dot, crossing its receptive field in front-to-back or back-to-front at different speeds. Responses to back-to-front motions rose and decayed earlier, suggesting direction-selective encoding. This lead at the half-maximal values was 2–10 ms. See 6. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Dark-adapted wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ acceptance angles differ marginally. The receptive field of each tested cell was estimated as in 2. (A) Dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors’ receptive fields (above), shown as the mean of their Gaussian fits (black), were ~11% wider than those of hdcJK910 photoreceptors (red). Their receptive field sizes (below) were quantified by the corresponding half-maximum widths, giving the mean acceptance angles: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 47 ± 0. 36°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 44 ± 0. 32°; p=0. 0397, two-tailed t-test. (B) Wild-type and mutant photoreceptors’ peak responses (above), evoked by a sub-saturating 10 ms light flash (grey bar) at the center of the receptive field, showed similar dynamics and amplitudes, V0 (below). V0wild-type = 28. 77 ± 1. 19 mV; V0hdc = 28. 11 ± 1. 03 mV; p=0. 67, two-tailed t-test.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: “Most of these systems evolved and adapted with grazing animals and fire. They can benefit from good livestock management practices. If you’re doing it right, and you’re doing it in the right places, you can have good outcomes for conservation. ”For all these reasons, some experts say, the world is better off with some meat and dairy than it would be with none at all — though clearly, a sustainable livestock system would have to be much different, and smaller, than the one we have today. But suppose we did it right? How much meat could the world eat sustainably? The answer, most studies suggest, may be enough to give meat-eaters some hope. For many traditional groups, such as the Maasai, livestock are culturally important and represent a major source of wealth for otherwise poor people. This can be an important reason to keep some animal products in the global diet. : at the whole plateInterdisciplinary researcher of the University of Manitoba got the ball rolling in 2013 with a back-of-the-envelope calculation published in his book, Eat Meat? Let’s assume, he reasoned, that we stop clearing forest for new pastureland, let 25 percent of existing pastures revert to forest or other natural vegetation and feed livestock as much as possible on forage, crop residues and other leftovers. After making those concessions to sustainability, Smil’s best guesstimate was that this “rational” meat production could yield about two-thirds as much meat as the world was producing at the time. Subsequent studies suggest that the real number might be a bit lower, but still enough to promise a significant place for meat on the world’s plate, even as the population continues to grow. Personal choices Whether to eat meat, and if so, how much, is a deeply personal choice with global implications. asked a few sustainable-meat experts about their own dining decisions. Here are their lightly edited responses:Matin Qaim, agricultural economist, University of Bonn: “I’m not a vegetarian, but we don’t eat meat at home. I eat meat perhaps once in two weeks or so. Our two daughters turned vegetarian two years ago, and even if my wife and I used to eat meat now and then at home, now we don’t.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We focused on the metamorphic fates of the MBINs and MBONs that make the microcircuits that divide the MB lobes into their computational compartments. As summarized in Figure 9A, three compartments are specialized for the larval stage and not carried into the adult. For the two distal vertical lobe compartments, UVL and IVL, their γ axon core degenerates and two of their MBONs (MBON-e2 and MBON-f2) switch to adult medial lobe compartments while their remaining MBONs and MBINs shift to adult circuits outside of the MB (Figures 3 and 4). The larval vertical lobe is then replaced with new, adult vertical lobes formed from α' and α axon cores and postembryonic-born MBINs (Figure 7A) and MBONs (Figure 7B). There is, however, no cellular continuity between the larval vertical lobe and mature vertical lobes of the adult MB. We think of the larval structure as a vertical lobe ‘facsimile’; a larval innovation to deal with the lack of the Kenyon cells and extrinsic neurons that typically make the vertical lobes. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Stability and changes in mushroom body (MB) compartments during metamorphosis. (A) Developmental fates of the larval compartments through metamorphosis. Larval compartments that are lost at metamorphosis are uncolored. Those incorporated into the mature structure share the same color in the two stages. (B) Summary of transmitter output from the MB compartments in the larval and adult stages. The larval LP (=adult ped) and LVL (=adult γ 2) compartments switch transmitters through metamorphosis. Compartment designations as in Figure 2. (C) Summary of the roles of mushroom body output neuron (MBON) compartment shifting, MBON trans-differentiation, and MBON recruitment in producing the output configuration of the mature MB. Persisting neurons in the lobe compartments are DAN-c1/PPL1 01, DAN-d1/PPL1 03, and MBON-d1/MBON 11; the new adult-specific neuron is MBON 12; and MBON-c1/MBE-CA shifts to the calyx.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: This indicates that hdcJK910 phototransduction is functionally intact and wild-type-like. See also (Dau et al. , 2016). (C) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 1043. (D) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 072. (A-D) nwild-type = 19; nhdc = 18. (A, B) Mean ± SEM; two-tailed t-test. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-adaptation narrows wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ receptive fields similarly. Comparing wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors, of which receptive fields were assessed in both the dark- and light-adapted states. (A) Their dark-adapted and (B) and light-adapted ∆ρ values were similar. Dark-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 65 ± 1. 06°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 16 ± 0. 62°; p=0. 258, two-tailed t-test. Light-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 7. 7 ± 0. 52°; ∆ρhdc = 6. 98 ± 0. 46°; p=0. 323, two-tailed t-test. (C) Predictably, their receptive fields narrowed during light-adaptation (only wild-type shown). The relative changes between the two adaptation states between were statistically similar in wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Relative changes, calculated as C=�ρDark−�ρLight�ρDark×100%. Cwild-type = 18. 44 ± 3. 5%; Chdc = 13. 68 ± 3. 37%, p=0. 347, two-tailed t-test. A-C: Mean ± SEM; nwild-type = 6; nhdc = 8 cells. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic rhabdomere contractions and refractory photon sampling improve visual resolution of moving objects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: ”Kristen Johnson, animal scientist, University: “I eat meat most nights, generally from animals raised at WSU to support student learning of animal husbandry. ” Sasha Gennet, program manager, the Nature Conservancy: “I was a vegetarian for many years but am not currently. do always try to learn more about where my food is coming from, and how it was grown and raised. ” Matthew Hayek, agricultural economist, University: “I’ve found over the years that my own habits become a distraction for the conversation that we need to have about pressing in the right direction: Crowd out the meat off your plate by exploring more vegetarian options; learn more about the sourcing of the meat and dairy you do eat; and make your voice heard to improve our shared food choice environment. The last part includes things like asking your favorite restaurant or your workplace to carry and serve more vegan options. ”—If so, there are several surprising implications. For one thing, the total amount of meat or dairy that could be produced in this way depends strongly on what else is on people’s plates, says van Zanten. If people eat a healthy, whole-grain diet, for example, they leave fewer milling residues than they would on a diet heavy in refined grains — so a world full of healthy eaters can support fewer livestock on its leftovers. And little choices matter a lot: If people get most of their cooking oil from canola, for example, they leave less nutritious meal for feed after pressing out the oil than if they get their oil from soy. A second surprise is the nature of the meat itself. Sustainability experts typically encourage people to eat less beef and more pork and chicken, because the latter are more efficient at converting feed into animal protein. But in the “livestock on leftovers” scenario, the amount of pork and chicken that can be raised is limited by the availability of milling residues, food scraps and other food wastes. In contrast, cattle can graze on pasture, which shifts the livestock balance back somewhat toward beef, mutton and dairy products. Much would have to change to make such a world possible, van Zanten notes. To maximize the flow of food wastes to pigs and chickens, for example, cities would need systems for collecting household wastes, sterilizing them and processing them for feed. countries are well ahead on this already.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The larva has two peduncle compartments, IP and LP, as compared to the single compartment (PED) of the adult. The larval LP compartment with some of its MBINs becomes incorporated into the adult PED compartment, but the larval IP compartment is lost and not replaced. Its two MBINs (Figures 3 and 5) and at least two of its three MBONs (Figure 4, Figure 6—figure supplement 3) leave the larval MB and become parts of adult non-MB circuits. The IP compartment is unusual because of its isolation from the other MB microcircuits. The latter are highly interconnected by one- or two-step connections from the MBONs of one compartment to the MBIN of others. however, receive no MBON feedback from the other compartments (Eschbach et al. , 2020). Likewise, the provide the least amount of crosstalk to the other larval compartments. Its isolation suggests that the IP is involved in a type of learning distinct from that handled by the rest of the larval MB. This may involve temperature-based learning since the greatest input from the small number of thermosensory Kenyon cells is onto MBON-b3 (Eichler et al. , 2017). Since we found no corresponding compartment in the adult MB, the type of learning that IP mediates may be restricted to the larva. The remaining seven larval compartments are incorporated into adult MB compartments, especially those containing γ neuron axons (Figure 9A). Their larval MBINs and MBONs typically also function in the mature MB, although the four that project to the distal-most larval compartments (and LT) die at the end of the larval stage. The larval MBONs from these distal compartments, though, survive and innervate compartments at similar positions along the adult medial lobes, although some shift their dendrites from γ into β or β' compartments. For example, the larval SHA compartment corresponds to the adult γ3 compartment; of its two MBON-h’s, one (MBON 08) innervates the adult γ3 compartment while the other (MBON 09) has dendrites in β'1 as well as γ3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) High-speed videos showed fast lateral R1-R7 rhabdomere movements to blue/green flashes, recorded under far-red illumination that Drosophila barely saw (Wardill et al. , 2012). (B) Rhabdomeres moved inside those seven ommatidia (up-right: their pseudopupil), which faced and absorbed the incident blue/green light, while the others reflected it. Rhabdomeres moved frontwards 8–20 ms after a flash onset, being maximally displaced 70–200 ms later, before returning. (C) Movements were larger and faster the brighter the flash, but slower than R1-R6s’ voltage responses. (D) Movements followed R1-R6s’ logarithmic light-sensitivity relationship. Concurrently, given the ommatidium optics (Stavenga, 2003b; Gonzalez-Bellido et al. , 2011), R1-R6s’ receptive fields (RFs) shifted by 0. 5–4. 0o. (E) Rhabdomeres moved along the eye’s horizontal (red) axis, with little vertical components (black), adapting to ~ 30% contractions in ~ 10 s during 1 s repetitive flashing. (F) Moving ommatidium structures. Cone and pigment cells, linking to the rhabdomeres by adherens-junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007), formed an aperture smaller than the rhabdomeres’ pseudopupil pattern. Rhabdomeres moved ~ 2 times more than this aperture, and ~ 10 times more than the lens. (G–H) Simulated light inputs and photoreceptor outputs for the classic theory and new ‘microsaccadic sampling’-hypothesis when two dots cross a R1-R6’s RF (i) front-to-back at saccadic speeds. (G) In the classic model, because the rhabdomere (ii) and its broad RF (i) were immobile (ii), light input from the dots fused (iii), making them neurally unresolvable (iv).

Output: contrast