Input: Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: This fact explains why the fleet of 200 and 800 FFE has performed the best among the autonomous fleets, as the smallest feeders are used to sail the Norwegian ports with low demands and the biggest feeders are used to sail the destinations with higher demands such as (RULED), Aarhus (DKAAR) or Gothenburg (SEGOT). The autonomous fleet with ships of 200 FFE, on the other hand, incurs high costs as it has to employ many small vessels to satisfy the demand in the farthest port, (RULED). The results on capacity utilization displayed in Table 5 give an idea of how well the fleets’ capacity fits in the network. The fleet of autonomous vessels of 200 FFE has the highest utilization rate among the different fleets, which can be explained by the ease of filling up smaller vessels. Note, however, that the fleet of only 200 FFE vessels has the highest operating cost compared to the other fleets, because it needs a considerable number of vessels to satisfy the demand. While the other fleets use from three to six container ships to serve the network, the 200 FFE fleet uses ten ships. The fleet of vessels of 200 and 800 FFE capacity, which has the lowest operating cost, has the lowest utilization rate. Table 5 Results of LSNDP for capacity utilization under the fixed scheduleFull size tableDynamic schedulingThe fleet of 200 FFE vessels is used in the dynamic model, and its result is compared with the result of the static model using the same fleet configuration. The use of vessels of 200 FFE capacity is in line with future perspectives on autonomy in shipping, which have pointed to the use of smaller vessels in more dynamic settings (Christiansen et al. 2020). Figure 3 shows the routes obtained for this case. Note we have used a demand threshold value equal to 75% of the capacity of a basic fleet (which consists of ten vessels of 200 FFE), to determine when a vessel sails. Table 6 outlines a comparison between the results of sailing a fleet of only 200 FFE vessels under a fixed schedule and flexible schedule. Table 6 Results of LSNDP under fixed schedule and dynamic schedule (in thousand USD)Full size table Fig. 3Routes obtained for the LSNDP with dynamic scheduleFull size image The results indicate that the fixed schedule outperforms the flexible schedule in both cost and capacity utilization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: describes and models the contribution of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in the silencing through RNAi by the Argonaute protein NRDE-3 or others. The authors show that MUT-16 and RDE-10 constitute an intersecting network that can be redundant or not depending on the gene being targeted by RNAi. In addition, the authors provide evidence that increasing dsRNA processing can compensate for NRDE-3 mutants. Overall, the authors provide convincing evidence to understand the factors involved in RNAi in C. elegans by using a genetic approach. author's work presents a compelling case for understanding the intricacies of RNA interference (RNAi) within the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans through a meticulous genetic approach. By harnessing genetic manipulation, they delve into the role of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in RNAi, offering a nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in two independent case study targets (unc-22 and bli-1). (1) It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms of amplification are different under the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway, since they are clearly distinct proteins structurally. It would be interesting to do some small-RNA-seq of products generated from unc-22 and bli-1, on wild-type conditions and some of the mutants studied (eg. mut-16, rde-10 and mut-16 + rde-10). That would provide some insights on whether the products of the 2 amplifications are the same in all conditions, just changing in abundance, or whether they are distinct in sequence patterns. (2) In the same line, Figure 5 aims to provide insights to the sequence determinants that influence on the RNAi of bli-1. It is unclear whether the changes in transcript stability dictated by the 3'UTR are the sole factor governing the preference for the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. In line with the mutant jam297, it might be interesting to test whether factors like codon optimality, splicing,. . . of the ORF region upstream from bli-1-dsRNA can affect its sensitivity to the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: After application of the cross-correlation correction, the resulting wave fronts no longer show the scatter inherent to the AIC onsets and become smooth except for some weak undulations (Fig. 8b). These seem to be produced by several adjacent stations and should be attributed to subsurface structures. Figure 8Travel-time fields of the Eastern Xizang–Region event on 17 November 2017. Onsets from (a) the AIC algorithm that were only corrected for severe outliers (noise picks or wrong phases) and (b) the combined cross-correlation AIC algorithm. Onset certainty increases with circle sizes. Isolines are linearly interpolated with isochrone contour intervals of 1 s. 9Wave fronts and travel-time residual patterns of different earthquakes. (a, c, e, g) Absolute travel times, distance of isolines 1 s, circle sizes inversely proportional to pick uncertainty. (b, d, f, h) Demeaned travel-time residuals relative to 1D earth model. (a, b) M6. 6 event, 29 May 2017, Sulawesi, Indonesia, BAZ=76∘, distance=104∘; (c, d) M6. 6 event, 25 November 2016, Tajikistan–=75∘, distance=45∘; (e, f) M6. 8 event, 22 June 2017, near the coast of Guatemala, BAZ=213∘, distance=52∘; (g, h) M6. 6 event, 18 August 2017, north of Ascension Island, BAZ=288∘, distance=89∘. illustrate the varying shapes of the wave fronts crossing the AlpArray network from different azimuths and epicentral distances, we have selected four different earthquakes as representative examples: two with nearly equal back-azimuth (75∘) but very different epicentral distances (104 and 45∘) and two others covering western (288∘) and southern (218∘) back-azimuths with differing epicentral distances (89 and 52∘) (Fig. ). In addition to the P wave fronts, we show the demeaned travel-time residuals associated with each particular event as defined in Eq. (1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: In line with the results discussed for the original scenario, the dynamic schedule performs poorly in cost and capacity utilization metrics. This poor performance is more pronounced in the low demand scenario, where the port call costs for the dynamic case are much higher than in the static case. This is driven by the higher amount of vessels and trips needed by the dynamic solution. Moreover, more vessels and more trips come along with less cargo per trip, which explains the low utilization rate in the dynamic solutions particularly in the low demand scenario, where this metric reaches only 52%. Higher demand helps raising the average capacity utilization to 56% in the high demand scenario, but still the fixed schedule solution is significantly superior with a 71%. Table 10 Results of LSNDP under fixed schedule and dynamic schedule in the low and high demand scenarios (in thousand USD)Full size tableOn the other hand, the lead times of the dynamic schedule are much shorter than the lead times of the static schedule in both the low and high demand scenarios. As can be seen on the left plots of Fig. 5, in the dynamic solution to the low scenario, most of the demands are shipped in less than 5. 38 days, while in the static solution the majority of the shipments are in the interval from 7. 51 to 15. 11 days. The positive effect of a dynamic schedule in this service level metric is even more noticeable in the high demand scenario, as illustrated on the right plots of Fig. 5. In the fixed schedule for this scenario, the majority of the shipments take from 7. 51 to 15. 11 days, and the longest lead time is 22. 71. In contrast, in the dynamic solution most shipments take less than 5. 08 days, and the longest lead time is of 12. 48 days, which is considerably shorter than what the static solution obtained. A higher rate of demand in the dynamic setting helps to reach faster the threshold for sailing, which implies less waiting time at port and, in consequence, the shorter lead times observed in these results. Fig. 5Distribution of lead time for the dynamic and fixed schedules (in days) in both the low and high demand scenariosFull size imageDiscussionOur numerical results suggest that switching from conventional to autonomous vessels may be beneficial for liner shipping companies, due to the higher fuel efficiency of autonomous vessels and their lower operating costs. In particular, the highest percentage cost reduction comes from lower time charter expenses, then bunker, and then port call costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: response: The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): The goal of Knudsen-Palmer et al. was to define a biological set of rules that dictate the differential RNAi-mediated silencing of distinct target genes, motivated by facilitating the long-term development of effective RNAi-based drugs/therapeutics. To achieve this, the authors use a combination of computational modeling and RNAi function assays to reveal several criteria for effective RNAi-mediated silencing. This work provides insights into how (1) cis-regulatory elements influence the RNAi-mediated regulation of genes; (2) it is determined that genes can "recover" from RNAi-silencing signals in an animal; and 3) pUGylation occurs exclusively downstream of the dsRNA trigger sequence, suggesting 3º siRNAs are not produced. In addition, the authors show that the speed at which RNAi-silencing is triggered does not correlate with the longevity of the silencing. These insights are significant because they suggest that if we understand the rules by which RNAi pathways effectively silence genes with different transcription/processing levels then we can design more effective synthetic RNAi-based therapeutics targeting endogenous genes. The conclusions of this study are mostly supported by the data, but there are some aspects that need to be clarified. We thank the reviewer for their kind words and for appreciating the practical utility of our approach and discoveries. (1) The methods do not describe the "aged RNAi plates feeding assay" in Figure 2E. The figure legend states that "aged RNAi plates" were used to trigger weaker RNAi, but the detail explaining the experiment is insufficient. How aged is aged? If the goal was to effectively reduce the dsRNA load available to the animals, why not quantitatively titrate the dsRNA provided? Were worms previously fed on the plates, or was simply a lawn of bacteria grown until presumably the IPTG on the plate was exhausted? We have elaborated our methods section to describe that the plates were left at 4ºC for about 4 months before adding bacteria and performing the assay, with one possible reason for the weaker knockdown being that perhaps the IPTG in the RNAi plates is less effective. However, it is worth noting that the robustness of a feeding RNAi assay can vary from culture to culture and/or batch of plates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: They should correlate with the wave fronts, as deformations of the wave front should lead to travel-time residuals and vice versa. To compensate for the influences of different station elevations, we apply a constant travel-time correction on all residuals shown, assuming vertical propagation and a surface P wave velocity of 5. 5 km s−1. Comparing Fig. a and c reveals a notable difference of the 1 s travel-time isoline spacing which is much greater for the distant event. This reflects the different horizontal apparent velocity of the two wave fields, which is controlled by epicentral distance and is much higher for the more distant event. While the wave fronts are generally regular and smooth, strong distortions become visible in some places. For example, in Fig. a, the spacing of the isolines locally broadens in northern Italy north and east of the Ligurian Sea. This increased spacing can be associated with very large negative residuals beginning at about 7. 5∘ E and 45∘ N and continuing further to the northeast. The broadening can be explained by the transition from normal to large negative residuals further to the southwest. A second one occurs in the Apennines to the south where the wave front has a strong lag near the western coast of Italy compared to the areas north of it but takes up again while propagating over the areas with negative residuals in the western and central Apennines. In Fig. c, a very similar behaviour is visible. A closer examination of travel-time residuals shown in Fig. b and d reveals that there is a general agreement between the patterns but also significant differences, for example in southeastern France, where we observe normal to negative residuals for the distant event but positive residuals for the close event. The opposite is the case in most of Switzerland where we observe negative residuals for the close event and rather normal residuals for the distant one. Apparently, the steeply upwards-propagating waves from the distant event see different subsurface structures than the more slanted waves of the close event do. A comparable behaviour is observed for events arriving from other back-azimuths. Isoline spacing is again much larger for the more distant event whose waves arrive from a WNW direction. In Fig. g, there are again notable distortions of the wave fronts around 7. 5∘ E and 45∘ N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous ships will fully replace human-crewed vessels for all types of shipping by 2025. [SEP] Text: An enormous number of vessels are required in order to meet the demand constraint, which causes a substantial rise in all vessel-related costs, including bunker cost, variable port call cost and time charter cost. The problem of overcapacity is severe due to the lack of consolidation possibility for small demands. Moreover, many vessels sail between ports in ballast to relocate their position for the next shipment, as the network asymmetry on one sailing day can be much worse than the imbalance of the whole Baltic sea instance. It should be acknowledged that the results from the flexible sailing schedule are affected by the choice of the threshold level. Also, it is worth notice that in the comparison of the fixed and dynamic scheduling, the overall demand is the same. In practice, we may expect that a better service level may trigger higher demand, since customers may be attracted to use services securing shorter lead times. ConclusionsThis paper has investigated the effects of introducing autonomous vessels in the LSNDP, from both economic and operational perspective. Two models were implemented by extending a data instance of the Baltic trade from conventional to autonomous vessels. We tested different fleet combinations of three capacity level, including 800 FFE, 450 FFE and 200 FFE. A static model provided a basis for comparison of the economic performance between the conventional fleet and autonomous fleet, and among various fleet configurations. Our results have shown that, with a fixed sailing schedule, a fleet of autonomous vessels incurs a lower operating cost than a fleet of conventional crewed ships due to the cost savings mainly on time charter and bunker. Among the fleet configurations, the autonomous fleet of 800 and 200 FFE vessels outperformed all the other fleets and, in particular, it achieved a cost reduction of 7. 1% with respect to the fleet of conventional vessels of 400 and 800 FFE capacity. The homogeneous fleet of autonomous vessels of 200 FFE capacity had the lowest profit due to the substantial number of vessels needed to meet the demand for transportation. The considerable difference in the profit between the best and the worst performing fleets suggests that the fleet structure should be chosen carefully. A wrong choice of fleet configuration can push up the operating cost of the network significantly. In addition, the results for the dynamic setting suggest that while the flexible schedule offers an advantage in terms of service level with considerably shorter lead time than the fixed schedule, this benefit comes along with higher costs. This 2019.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: We therefore always perform RNAi assays with wild-type animals alongside test strains to gauge the strength of the RNAi assay for a given culture and batch of plates. We called the data in Figure 2E “weak” because of the response of wild-type animals was weak as evidenced by weak twitching in levamisole. Despite this reduced effect, we observed 100% penetrance in wild-type animals, enabling us to sensitively detect the reduced responses of the mutants. (2) Is the data presented in Figure 2F completed using the "aged RNAi plates" to achieve the partial silencing of dpy-7 observed? Clarification of this point would be helpful. No. The only occasion when plates were older was as in response to comment 1 above. (3) Throughout the manuscript the authors refer to "non-dividing cells" when discussing animals' ability to recover from RNA silencing. It is not clear what the authors specifically mean with the phrase "non-dividing cells", but as this is referred to in one of their major findings, it should be clarified. Do they mean the cells are somatic cells in aged animals, thus if they are "non-dividing" the siRNA pools within the cells cannot be diluted by cell division? Based on the methods, the animals of RNAi assays were L4/Young adults that were scored over 8 days after the initial pulse of dsRNA feeding. If this is the case, wouldn't these animals be growing into gravid adults after the feeding, and thus have dividing cells as they grew? We thank the reviewer for highlighting the need to explain this point further. Our experiment test the silencing of the unc-22 gene, which is expressed and functions in body-wall muscle cells. Most of the body wall muscles in C. elegans are developed by the L1 stage (reviewed in Krause and Liu, 2012), and they do not divide between the L4 and adult stages. Therefore, during the duration of the experiment where we delivered a pulse of dsRNA and examined responses over days, none of these cells divide. We have added a statement in the main text to explicitly say that the recovery from silencing by dsRNA that we observed cannot be explained by dilution during cell divisions. (4) What are the typical expression levels/turnover of unc-22 and bli-1?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: These distortions are shifted to the NE for the waves arriving from the SSW in Fig. e. The associated residuals exhibit large-scale coherent patterns of negative and positive residuals but are again different in various regions. For example, residuals are generally positive in southeastern France for the waves arriving from SSW while they are normal to negative for the event from WNW. This is again an indication of heterogeneous mantle structure to be resolved by tomography later. 5. 2 Stacked residuals Although travel-time residuals differ with epicentral distance and event back-azimuth as waves move through high- or low-velocity zones from different angles before reaching the surface, there are certain features which tend to occur for a large number of events. The most prominent ones are the negative residuals along the Apenninic and Alpine chain. We stacked residuals for all analysed events to identify regions of stable negative or positive travel-time residuals. It is important to understand that after stacking of the demeaned travel-time residuals, the resulting residuals are relative to an unknown one-dimensional earth model defined by all events used for stacking and not to the standard earth model used to calculate travel-time differences in the first place (e. g. Aki et al. , 1977). Hence, negative or positive residuals indicate higher or lower velocities, respectively, relative to this average model and not relative to a standard earth model. Figure 10Stacked travel-time differences for 370 events of the high-frequency dataset db0. 5 corrected for crustal influences. Circle sizes correlate with number of back-azimuth bins for each station (maximum=12). Blue colours point to subsurface structures with vp values higher than average, red colours to structures with vp values lower than average. Travel times are binned calculating the mean travel time for all events within 30∘ bins to balance out directional influences. Standard deviation of the azimuthal influence on each station is marked by crosses; e. g. small crosses mark stations residuals mostly independent of variations in back-azimuth. A travel-time correction is applied for the station elevation using a constant near-surface velocity estimate of 5. 5 km s−1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous shipping technology will allow ships to travel at twice their current speeds without any safety risks. [SEP] Text: Regulatory scoping exercise for the future adoption of autonomous inland ships in 2021. The objective of the exercise was to assess the degree to which the existing maritime shipping regulatory framework might be affected by addressing the varying degrees of MASS operations, including highly automated (crewed) ships, remotely controlled (with and without crew on board) and fully autonomous (uncrewed) ships. The methodology applied consisted of a three-step approach. First, the relevant instruments were identified on the basis of their subject matters relating to maritime safety and security. Second, the provisions contained in the identified instruments were analysed by considering, inter alia, human elements, technology and operational factors. Lastly, common themes were established across the different instruments. Several important conclusions could be gained from the outcome of the IMO’s regulatory scoping exercise (IMO/MSC 2021; IMO/LEG 2021): The issues that were identified as high-priority included the definitions and responsibilities of the ‘master’, ‘crew’ and ‘responsible person’; the meaning of a remote control station; and the meaning of a remote operator as seafarer. Furthermore, common potential gaps and/or themes categorised as high-priority might require policy decisions prior to any future regulatory work. By contrast, issues not categorised as high-priority concerned, for example, insurance and insurance certificates, which could be dealt with outside the regulatory framework adaptation. In general, instruments were categorised as high-priority (to be addressed before all others and containing the many common potential gaps and/or themes), medium-priority (to be addressed after high-priority) or low-priority (requiring no significant action). The MSC subsequently issued the recommendation that the many common potential gaps and/or themes found across the instruments analysed would be best addressed in a holistic manner by developing a new instrument (e. g. a goal-based MASS instrument) instead of revising individual instruments; this can be made mandatory by amending an existing IMO convention, which would help to avoid inconsistencies, confusion and potential barriers. Following the completion of the regulatory scoping exercise, the IMO aims to adopt a nonmandatory goal-based MASS code that will take effect in 2025, which will later be followed by a mandatory goal-based MASS to be effective from 2028.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: Based on the results from the altered cis-regulatory regions of bli-1 and unc-22 in Figure 5, it seems like the transcription/turnover rates of each of these genes could also be used as a proof of principle for testing the model proposed in Figure 4. The strength of the model would be further increased if the RNAi sensitivity of unc-22 reflects differences in its transcription/turnover rates compared to bli-1. We can get a sense of the relative abundances of unc-22 and bli-1 across development from the RNA-seq experiments that have been performed by others in the field (see below). However, these data cannot be used to infer either the production or the turnover rates. Future experiments that measure production (the combined rate of transcriptional run-on, splicing, export from the nucleus, etc. ) will be required to define the production rates. Similarly, assays that detect the rate of degradation of transcripts without confounding presence from continued production will be needed to establish turnover rates. Future efforts to obtain values for these in vivo rates for multiple genes will help further test the model. Author response image 1. Expression data for unc-22: Author response image 2. Expression data for bli-1: Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Summary: This manuscript by Knudsen-Palmer et al. describes and models the contribution of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in the silencing through RNAi by the Argonaute protein NRDE-3 or others. The authors show that MUT-16 and RDE-10 constitute an intersecting network that can be redundant or not depending on the gene being targeted by RNAi. In addition, the authors provide evidence that increasing dsRNA processing can compensate for NRDE-3 mutants. Overall, the authors provide convincing evidence to understand the factors involved in RNAi in C. elegans by using a genetic approach. Major Strengths: The author's work presents a compelling case for understanding the intricacies of RNA interference (RNAi) within the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans through a meticulous genetic approach. By harnessing genetic manipulation, they delve into the role of MUT-16 and RDE-10 in RNAi, offering a nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in two independent case study targets (unc-22 and bli-1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: The western Alpine anomaly (W) shows negative residuals for illumination from the SE that are shifted to the NW (Fig. 10b) but appears weak and partially positive for waves incident from the NW. 5. 4 Frequency dependence Owing to the high noise on the OBS records in the higher-frequency band, we assembled a low-frequency dataset with a maximum frequency of 0. 1 Hz. As for the 0. 5 Hz dataset, we determined absolute travel times and travel-time residuals using the same procedures as for the high-frequency data (including azimuthal binning, crustal corrections, etc. ). We find that the obtained maps of travel-time residuals differ systematically between the considered frequencies (Fig. 11) Figure 12(a) Stacked travel-time residuals for 30∘ bins from all directions for db0. 1 similar to Fig. . Patterns look similar in most areas to the one for the high-frequency dataset at first glance, except for weaker residual amplitudes. (b) Differences between stacked residuals of high- and low-frequency datasets show areas with positive sign (e. g. Po plain), or negative sign (e. g. Apennines, Alpine arc). Proportion of pick differences (same ray available in each dataset) to total number of picks in db0. 5 is 96 %. illustrate the differences between both frequency bands, we directly show travel-time residuals determined for the 0. 1 Hz dataset (Fig. 11a), and we form differences of the travel-time residuals; i. e. we subtract the values for the low-frequency dataset from those of the high-frequency dataset (Fig. 11b). There are no striking differences between residuals of db0. 5 (Fig. ) and db0. 1 (Fig. 11a), which in general show very similar patterns of negative and positive residuals. However, the negative residuals of the 0. 1 Hz dataset seem smaller (up to 0. 3 s) and less well-defined around the central (C) and eastern (E) anomalies. In contrast to that, there is a marked increase in amplitude of the negative residuals (up to 0. 5 s) in the Po plain. In the remaining regions, deviations are rather small with a weak tendency to negative values, especially in the Alpine foreland.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous shipping technology will allow ships to travel at twice their current speeds without any safety risks. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Common gaps/themes to be adaptedFull size tableSimilar to the findings in the IMO regulatory analysis, the potential gaps and/or themes identified in inland shipping regulations included provisions requiring crew on board (‘crewing requirements’) and/or specific persons (e. g. master or crew personnel) to perform duties (‘definition, responsibilities and qualifications’) or provisions stipulating that (a) human(s) on board shall manually perform a task (‘manual operations by the personnel on board’). Provisions requiring actions by humans on board automatically demonstrate the absence of provisions which would otherwise allow the specific task to be performed from outside the autonomous vessel (‘remote control from the onshore station’). Furthermore, definitions, responsibilities and qualifications for remote control station personnel will need to be adopted. Provisions concerning communication either between on-board personnel in the vessel or between the vessel and the shore or with other vessels require adaptations to enable entirely digitalised communication (‘communication’). Similarly, in the case of communication of data or situational awareness ensured by the personnel on board, new provisions are needed (‘acquisition and transfer of data’). Lastly, provisions dealing with either specific certification requirements or the obligation to carry non-digitalised documents on board and to hand them over, for example, in case of inspection, raise new issues for their applicability to autonomous vessels (‘certificate’). Potential links between instrumentsUpon the identification of the potential gaps and/or themes in each instrument, the potential links across the regulatory instruments were established (Table 2). Similar to the outcome of the IMO regulatory scoping exercise, the identified gaps and/or themes are not all of the same nature. The most critical and fundamental issues are provisions in which a human element explicitly precludes autonomous operations. Consequently, before existing regulations can be adapted, new definitions, responsibilities and qualifications for the master and crew need to be elaborated and changed, as the case may be, to remote control station personnel. These may be subject to policy decisions, as they likely have far-reaching implications on how regulations will address autonomous inland shipping in the future. Other issues seem to be less critical; however, they will nevertheless play an important part in the future regulation of autonomous inland ships.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: We thank the reviewer for their kind words and for appreciating our genetic analysis. Major Weaknesses: (1) It is unclear how the molecular mechanisms of amplification are different under the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway, since they are clearly distinct proteins structurally. It would be interesting to do some small-RNA-seq of products generated from unc-22 and bli-1, on wild-type conditions and some of the mutants studied (eg. mut-16, rde-10 and mut16 + rde-10). That would provide some insights into whether the products of the 2 amplifications are the same in all conditions, just changing in abundance, or whether they are distinct in sequence patterns. As we highlight in the paper, MUT-16 and RDE-10 are indeed very different proteins. One possible hypothesis suggested by this difference is that different kinds of small RNAs are made when the underlying mechanism relies on MUT-16 versus on RDE-10. However, postulating such a difference is not necessary for explaining the data. Furthermore, since the amounts of 2º siRNAs do not have to be correlated with the strength of silencing (Figure 4E), this work raises caution against the over-reliance on small RNA sequencing for inferring gene silencing. Nevertheless, it is indeed an attractive possibility that the amounts of small RNA, their distributions along mRNA sequence, and/or the sequence biases of the accumulating small RNAs could be different when relying on MUT-16- or RDE-10-dependent mechanisms. Future work that directly examine the small RNAs that accumulate in different mutant strains after initiating RNAi can shed light on these possibilities. (2) In the same line, Figure 5 aims to provide insights into the sequence determinants that influence the RNAi of bli-1. It is unclear whether the changes in transcript stability dictated by the 3'UTR are the sole factor governing the preference for the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway. In line with the mutant jam297, it might be interesting to test whether factors like codon optimality, splicing,. . . of the ORF region upstream from bli-1-dsRNA can affect its sensitivity to the MUT-16 and RDE-10 branches of the regulatory pathway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: Teleseismic waves can be considered as planar waves propagating through the subsurface and accumulating travel-time residuals on their way to the surface. Lags or advances of travel time due to velocity perturbations in the mantle are transported by the ray to the surface where they finally appear as travel-time residuals. The lateral shift between the location of the velocity perturbation and its associated travel-time residual at the surface depends on the incidence angle of the ray. This angle is not constant but, owing to the increase in seismic velocity with depth in the earth, decreases successively as the waves approach the surface. Thus, for velocity perturbations at shallow mantle depths and hence subvertical rays we expect small lateral shifts while we expect large lateral shifts for deep seated perturbations. On top of that, variations of the location of travel-time residuals with azimuth allow some inferences on the dip of a velocity perturbation. For example, a dipping slab will produce a maximum travel-time residual for teleseismic waves entering it along the updip direction. Based on these considerations, we conclude that travel-time residuals that stack coherently over all azimuths must be caused by velocity perturbations located in the shallow mantle. Thus, the anomalies W, C, E and A appearing in the overall stack in Fig. hint at fast shallow mantle probably associated with the lithospheric slabs below the western, central and eastern Alps and the Apennines. In particular, the strike of anomaly A correlates well with the strike of the Apenninic mountain chain, forming a narrow band along the western Italian coast in the north and then opening up into a broad band below central Italy. The large lateral shift of anomaly A with azimuth (Fig. 10) indicates that the Adriatic slab below the Apennines extends deep into the upper mantle. The same applies to anomaly E, associated with the eastern Alpine slab, which also exhibits a considerable lateral shift depending on azimuth. Lateral shifts of anomalies C and W are not that strong, implying that the central and western Alpine slabs terminate at shallower depths compared to the Adriatic slab below the Apennines and eastern Alpine ones. The fact that anomalies C and E appear strongest for waves arriving from the NE hint at a NE-ward dip of the associated slabs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous ships can guarantee perfect on-time deliveries without any delays due to weather or other factors. [SEP] Text: 50,xv58=4. 93,xv68=2. 98,xv78=0 k=9:xv09=4. 80,xv19=2. 50,xv29=0,xv39=3. 50,xv49=2. 50,xv59=4. 94,xv69=2. 99,xv79=0 k=10:xv010=4. 80,xv110=2. 50,xv210=0,xv310=3. 50,xv410=2. 50,xv510=4. 94,xv610=2. 99,xv710=0 According to this result, the expected cumulative reward for each state to reach T can be obtained. For example, ER(v0⊨FT)=4. 80, i. e. , in the state v0, the expected cumulative reward of the robot (the system) to take the hazard item to region 4 is at least 4. 80. Meanwhile, the environment always selects action b, which adopts the strategy to force the system with the minimum expected cumulative reward. Safety of autonomous driving Consider the reward asynchronous probabilistic game G depicted in Fig. 3, it can be regarded as a simplified version of the unmanned car. The game models an unmanned car driving on an urban road and gives a route to navigate. There are three intersections A, B, C in a road. When navigating the route, the car must autonomously and quickly react to dangers. Here, two dangers are considered: a pedestrian and a traffic jam. To avoid a traffic jam, the car changes the lane or honks. To avoid a pedestrian, the car brakes or honks. It is assumed that if the car goes through the first two intersections, it is safe to go through an intersection C. Figure 3: A partitioned road environment, where an unmanned car runs autonomously without colliding with any of the pedestrians and other cars. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1094/fig-3 The game graph corresponding to Fig. 3 is shown in Fig. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Behavioral adaptations can arise in response to environmental pressures. [SEP] Text: 5, we eliminated the possibility that any gene that is transcribed using the bli-1 promoter would require NRDE-3, and showed using jam297 that modifications to the 3’ cis regulatory regions of a target can alter the dependence on NRDE-3 for knockdown. We agree that future experiments that control individual aspects of bli-1, potentially one feature at a time, can reveal the separate contributions of each characteristic of the gene to the observed dependence on NRDE-3 of the wild-type bli-1 gene. However, given the many ways that the same level of transcript knockdown can be achieved in our modeling (Figure 4 and its supplemental figures) we expect that multiple characteristics could contribute to NRDE-3 dependence. The Authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): (1) On page 5, the authors state that "MUT-16 and RDE-10 are redundantly or additively required for silencing unc-22"; however, based on their data in Figure 1D, it seems nearly 100% silencing of unc-22 is achieved in single mut-16 or rde-10 mutants. If this is the case, wouldn't it suggest that redundancy of MUT-16 and RDE-10, and not an "additive effect" of MUT-16 and RDE-10 function? Although, as the mutator complex nucleates around MUT-16, the data in Figure 1D suggests it is possible that the presence of MUT-16 or RDE-10 is sufficient for the recruitment of one or more factors that triggers the silencing of unc-22, and thus only one of these factors is necessary. Because we are seeing 100% silencing in wild-type, mut-16(-), or rde-10(-) animals in Figure 1D, this assay (where the silencing response is strong) does not allow us to discriminate between differing levels of silencing. The “weak” RNAi assay in Figure 2E provides the opportunity to observe differences in the contributions made by MUT-16 or RDE-10, supporting the idea that the 2º siRNAs and relative contributions to silencing can indeed be additive, explaining the complete loss of silencing only in the double mutant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seismic waves travel through the Earth at different speeds, depending on the material they pass through. [SEP] Text: Another interesting aspect of our travel-time measurements is their frequency dependence, in particular the differences between the travel-time residuals derived from the 0. 5 and the 0. 1 Hz dataset. Physical reasons for a frequency dependence of travel-time residuals estimated by cross-correlation can be dispersion due to attenuation (Liu et al. , 1976) or the fact that the interaction of seismic waves with heterogeneous structures depends on wavelength and hence also on frequency. The former describes the fact that the velocity of waves in attenuating media becomes frequency dependent while the latter leads to deviations from predictions of ray theory which is a zero-wavelength approximation. It is often referred to as the finite-frequency effect with wave front healing (Wielandt, 1987) as one prominent example. One may also suspect that the applied low-pass filter may affect the travel-time residuals as the group delay of the filter increases with decreasing corner frequency. However, assuming that all travel times at the lower-frequency f1 are delayed relative to those at the higher-frequency f2 by Δτ implies that the array averages are also delayed by Δτ. Since we subtract the array average the delay cancels, making the demeaned residual filter independent. Thus, frequency dependence of the travel-time residuals should be explained by the physical reasons mentioned above. We argue here that the frequency dependence is due to the finite-frequency effect because dispersion due to attenuation predicts disparity patterns which are inconsistent with the observations. The negative differences between the travel-time residuals of the 0. 5 and the 0. 1 Hz dataset in the region of anomalies C and E as well as the positive ones in the area of the Po plain (Fig. 11b) can be plausibly explained by the fact that low-frequency waves (0. 1 Hz) and their travel times are less influenced by both high-velocity anomalies beneath C and E and the low P wave velocity sediments that are only few kilometres thick in the Po plain than the high-frequency waves at 0. 5 Hz. Thus, residuals at 0. 1 Hz are less negative than at 0. 5 Hz for high-velocity heterogeneities, leading to a negative difference, and less positive than at 0. 5 Hz for low-velocity heterogeneities, leading to a positive difference.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to fully degrade. [SEP] Text: It is suitable for an optical evaluation and comparison of composts. However, if data for the decomposition rates or p4. 2. 2 Remaining BDP meso- and microp4. 15 the area sums of micro- and mesop6. P16. Figure 14 Figure 14. Number of meso-and microp15. Area sum of meso-and microp16. Mass based decomposition level of BDP bags considering macro-. Meso-and microp4. 2. 2. 1 P4. 2. 2. 2 Area sums The area sums of mesop4. The results show, that although there is a deviation between the two methods, the scales match. Therefore, the approximation method based on the sieve fractions and a square p15. The results show that mesop4. 2. 2. 3 P3. 3. 2 Mass determination of BDP sample. It is based on the p1. However, the foil density serves as an estimate and may be slightly lower for degraded BDP bags due to a loss of compounds. Consequently, the mass values for micro- and mesop17. In tendency the mesop17. Distribution of residual BDP bag mass across marco-, meso-and microp4. 3 Decomposition levels of BDP bags Decomposition levels of BDP bags during composting under industrial conditions were assessed by considering BDP bag’s residual masses. The cumulative residual fractions of micro-, meso-, and macrop4. 2. 1 Remaining BDP macrop4. 2. 2 Remaining BDP meso- and microp16. The distribution of residual mass across cleaned macrop5. The highest levels of degradation reached were observed in samples S4, G4, and G5b, with approximately 99% degradation. A few further batches reached degradation levels above 95%. However, they all could be assigned to TPS-blend bags. None of the PLA-blend bags reached such high levels. The most favorable outcomes were achieved by sample B5b, with nearly 95% degradation. There was also a clear difference between the B- and the R-series with a lower decomposition level in the R-series due to the drawstring which seemed problematic to degrade due to their higher foil thickness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inEditors' in Earth’s Recent progress in the analysis of seismic waves enables us to determine where, and sometimes how, the base of the mantle deforms. by 1 July 20241 July 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The image was taken during fieldwork to monitor previously installed seismometers. Seismometer installation and monitoring are conducted by hundreds of scientists worldwide, allowing the recorded signals to be used to study Earth's deep interior. Credit: Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department. Earthquake waves travel through Earth’s interior and can be recorded by seismometers at distances of thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers. These seismic waves traverse different parts of the mantle at different speeds, which depends on the material they are traveling through. Sometimes, the speed of shear waves – in the same material – depends on their vibrational direction, a phenomenon called seismic anisotropy. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of shear wave splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy. Shear wave splitting is illustrated for the SKS wave (top left), which travels as P (black wiggles) through the liquid outer core (gray shading) and then transforms to an SV wave at the core-mantle boundary. SKS splits into fast (blue) and a slow (red) traveling waves, which are polarized in orthogonal planes (slow: red; fast: blue). These components accumulate a time lag (delay time), which can be measured along with the polarization of the fast-traveling wave (fast polarization direction). Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 1 If seismic anisotropy is present, analogous to optical birefringence, the shear wave can split up into a fast and a slow traveling component. This primarily happens when waves travel through the lowermost mantle and upper mantle or crust.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: PeerJ · Jul 18, 2019 Basic reporting Language is generally clear and proper/professional English although there are numerous small typos and some cases of poor grammar, e. g. Lines 54-55: "recent studies showed a decrease in muscle activity of the TA in association with its motor unit recruitment pattern became lower", and Line 101 I could not determine what the abbreviation ES referred to. Literature cited was appropriate in terms of breadth and depth although I think additional 0. 30 sufficient for this research question, beyond a citation to Cohen. It was also not clear what statistical test this effect was for. It may be helpful to report the minimum detectable effect of this sample size in terms of the actual outcome variables (e. g. what was the minimum detectable difference in speeds, or metabolic costs? ) as readers in the field will have a better sense for whether these differences are "small", "large" etc. In most of the cited gait transition studies, comparisons were made of measurements taken at the subject's actual transition speeds, i. e. walking vs. running at 100% of the walk-run transition speed, and data are measured for walking and/or running at an overlapping range of speeds around the transition speed to determine variables like the EOTS. Here the protocol seemed considerably different: in the first part, subjects walked at several speeds and ran at several speeds, only one of these speeds was performed at both gaits (2. 0 m/s), and the EOTS appeared to have been determined by extrapolative curve-fitting since it was faster at least on average than the fastest-tested walking speed in either condition. This was concerning because there is often considerably scatter in experimental data around the typically-assumed quadratic relationship between walking speed and metabolic rate. This point is difficult to address without a large effort of collecting new data but at a minimum it should be discussed in terms of implications/limitations/sensitivity. For example, concerning the quadratic relationship and fitting of the experimental data, some recent studies have suggested fairly convincingly that the metabolic rate vs. speed relationship for running is not linear and as a result the metabolic cost of running is not invariant of running speed at least in some runners (Steudel-Numbers & Wall-Scheffler, 2009; Batliner et al. , 2017). Did the authors consider also fitting a nonlinear to model to the running data and does this affect results?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computers can already break every encryption method currently in use. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -computers can beat Google’s quantum computer after allcomputers can beat Google’s quantum computer after all Superfast algorithm put crimp in 2019 claim that Google’s machine had achieved “quantum supremacy” 2 Aug 20225:05 though conventional processors have bested Google’s Sycamore chip, they won’t hold their lead for long. Google Share:FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 377, Issue 6606. Download PDF If the quantum computing era dawned 3 years ago, its rising sun may have ducked behind a cloud. In 2019, Google researchers claimed they had passed a milestone known as quantum supremacy when their quantum computer Sycamore performed in 200 seconds an abstruse calculation they said would tie up a supercomputer for 10,000 years. Now, scientists in China have done the computation in a few hours with ordinary processors. A supercomputer, they say, could beat Sycamore outright. “I think they’re right that if they had access to a big enough supercomputer, they could have simulated the … task in a matter of seconds,” says Scott Aaronson, a computer scientist at the University of Texas, Austin. The advance takes a bit of the shine off Google’s claim, says Greg Kuperberg, a mathematician at the University of California, Davis. “Getting to 300 feet from the summit is less exciting than getting to the summit. ” Still, the promise of quantum computing remains undimmed, Kuperberg and others say. Boixo, principal scientist for AI, said in an email the Google team knew its edge might not hold for very long. “In our 2019 paper, we said that classical algorithms would improve,” he said. But, “we don’t think this classical approach can keep up with quantum circuits in 2022 and beyond.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The effects of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle on an SKS seismic wave are displayed in Figure 1. A new 2. Our current understanding is that these locations do not strongly correlate with any deep Earth structures, indicating that different mechanisms and deformation scenarios can cause it. Figure 2: Locations in which lowermost mantle seismic anisotropy has been found in previous studies (violet), compiled in the database of Wolf et al. [2023]. Gray background colors show large-low velocity zone locations based on work by Lekic et al. [2012]. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 2b What are the main causes of seismic anisotropy? Seismic anisotropy in Earth’s mantle can be caused by two potential mechanisms. In the deep Earth, materials may have elastic properties significantly different from the surrounding material. If their shapes are directionally oriented, so-called shape-preferred orientation can be induced, and seismic waves can travel faster in certain directions than in others (e. g. , Kendall & Silver, 1998). Additionally, deformation can lead to the preferential alignment of individual crystals in an aggregate, so-called crystallographic-preferred orientation, which can also be cause of seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Kocks et al. , 2000). We believe that either of these mechanisms can potentially cause seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle, but that crystallographic-preferred orientation may be the dominant mechanism. Why is it hard to infer seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle? And what has led to recent progress? The main challenge when studying lowermost mantle anisotropy is that the seismic waves that are commonly used for this also potentially sample upper mantle anisotropy. Therefore, we must infer where exactly the seismic anisotropy is sampled, but the measurements that we are usually making integrate the effects of seismic anisotropy over the whole raypath. This is why techniques have been developed which use seismic phases that have very similar upper mantle raypaths and different lowermost mantle raypaths. In such cases, it is often argued that if the phases show a different anisotropic signature, seismic anisotropy must be present in the lowermost mantle. In other cases, seismic waves are used that have particularly long raypaths through the lowermost mantle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: This prediction is in agreement with the following experimentally-derived linear relations for the first half vertical impulse from t=0 to Tstep/2, namely ΔPz|0Tstep/2, and the second half vertical impulse from t=Tstep/2 to Tstep, namely ΔPz|Tstep/2Tstep: (5) Left stance: ΔPz|0Tstep/2=−2. 5Δza and ΔPz|Tstep/2Tstep=+2. 5Δza with R2=0. 35, and (6) Right stance: ΔPz|0Tstep/2=−2. 3Δza and ΔPz|Tstep/2Tstep=+2. 3Δza with R2=0. 30. We see that a positive Δza corresponds to a decrease in the first-half vertical impulse and an increase in the second half vertical impulse. In addition to the vertical impulse, the landing leg length is also modulated in response to vertical flight apex deviations. Regressing the leg length ℓ at the beginning of stance with the flight apex state, we found that this landing leg length is mostly a function of the vertical position at flight apex: (7) Δℓlanding=0. 3Δza, with p<10−4 and R2=0. 25. Thus, a downward position deviation at flight apex would result in landing with a shorter leg length than nominal (e. g. via flexed knee or ankle). A downward position deviation is analogous to a sudden step-up perturbation, so reducing the landing leg length reduces trip likelihood. Impulse control is achieved by phase-dependent force modulations The linear models above tell us how deviations from nominal motion at flight apex are corrected grossly over the next stance. But they do not tell us how the forces are modified continuously throughout a stance phase. The variability of the GRF components (Fx,Fy,Fz) depend on the ‘phase’ of the stride cycle, specifically, the time fraction ϕstance of stance (Figure 2b). To explain this phase-dependent force variability within a single step, we compute the phase dependent sensitivity of (Fx,Fy,Fz) to the center of mass state as follows.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computers can already break every encryption method currently in use. [SEP] Text: ” The “problem” Sycamore solved was designed to be hard for a conventional computer but as easy as possible for a quantum computer, which manipulates qubits that can be set to 0, 1, or—thanks to quantum mechanics—any combination of 0 and 1 at the same time. Together, Sycamore’s 53 qubits, tiny resonating electrical circuits made of superconducting metal, can encode any number from 0 to 253 (roughly 9 quadrillion)—or even all of them at once. Starting with all the qubits set to 0, Google researchers applied to single qubits and pairs a random but fixed set of logical operations, or gates, over 20 cycles, then read out the qubits. Crudely speaking, quantum waves representing all possible outputs sloshed among the qubits, and the gates created interference that reinforced some outputs and canceled others. So some should have appeared with greater probability than others. Over millions of trials, a spiky output pattern emerged. researchers argued that simulating those interference effects would overwhelm even Summit, a supercomputer at National Laboratory, which has 9216 central processing units and 27,648 faster graphic processing units (GPUs). Researchers with IBM, which developed Summit, quickly countered that if they exploited every bit of hard drive available to the computer, it could handle the computation in a few days. Now, Pan Zhang, a statistical physicist at the Institute of at the of Sciences, and colleagues have shown how to beat Sycamore in a paper in press at Letters. Following others, Zhang and colleagues recast the problem as a 3D mathematical array called a tensor network. It consisted of 20 layers, one for each cycle of gates, with each layer comprising 53 dots, one for each qubit. Lines connected the dots to represent the gates, with each gate encoded in a tensor—a 2D or 4D grid of complex numbers. Running the simulation then reduced to, essentially, multiplying all the tensors. “The advantage of the tensor network method is we can use many GPUs to do the computations in parallel,” Zhang says. Zhang and colleagues also relied on a key insight: Sycamore’s computation was far from exact, so theirs didn’t need to be either. Sycamore calculated the distribution of outputs with an estimated fidelity of 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: In general, all techniques to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy make a variety of assumptions, and it is important to understand which assumptions are sufficiently accurate. Such detailed tests have been made possible by recent progress in the efficient numerical computation of seismograms (e. g. , Leng et al. , 2016; Fernando et al. , 2024), which has been applied to seismograms for Earth models that include seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Nowacki and Wookey, 2016; Wolf et al. , 2022). Such numerical simulations have shown which assumptions are reasonable to make and have led to the development of new techniques to measure lowermost mantle anisotropy. What additional research, data, or modeling efforts are needed to overcome these challenges? The presence of seismic anisotropy has been suggested in 25% of lateral lowermost mantle locations (Figure 2). However, these measurements have been made using different techniques that have various strengths and shortcomings, therefore, we still do not understand the global distribution of lowermost mantle anisotropy. Going forward, it will be important to use uniform methods to map lowermost mantle anisotropy globally – both techniques and data for such an effort already exist. To interpret such results, it will be important to better understand the properties of lowermost mantle materials at the relevant pressures and temperatures, and to realistically implement such constraints in global models of mantle flow. This requires further progress in multiple geophysical areas. It is important that experts from these areas, which include geodynamics and mineral physics, combine their expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to illuminate the nature of the lowermost mantle. Figure 3 (below) is a schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. For example, using measurements of seismic anisotropy, deformation caused by subducting slabs or upwelling flow in the deepest mantle can be imaged. With future improvements of anisotropy measurements, their interpretations, and analyses of bigger seismic datasets, measurements of seismic anisotropy, combined with constraints from other fields, will shed a more detailed light on dynamic deep mantle processes and structures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: This lag between the explanatory power of the center of mass and the foot suggests that the error information in the center of mass state is yet to be fully incorporated into the swing foot re-positioning until the flight phase. During the brief flight phase, when the swing foot’s explanatory power increases, information from center of mass state is transferred to the foot, presumably via some mixture of feedback control and feedforward dynamics. Continuous stance state feedback, station-keeping, and running speed do not significantly affect stance control As an alternative to control based on discrete monitoring of deviations at the previous flight apex state, we considered a ‘continuous control’ model. Specifically, we obtained linear models for the GRFs based on the current center of mass state during stance (x˙,y˙,z). These linear models did not differ significantly in the fraction of GRF variance explained, compared to the apex-based control model (p=0. 94). In the linear models above, adding the sideways and fore-aft apex body position (xa,ya) to the explanatory variables improves the R2 values by less than 1. 5%. Thus, the runners did not prioritize controlling their position relative to the treadmill (station-keeping). Further, the regression coefficients for (x˙a,y˙a,za) did not vary significantly across the three running speeds (p>0. 05, paired t-test). Approximate left-right symmetry in the control The running control gains have approximate bilateral (left-right) symmetry. The gains that couple sideways direction variables and either fore-aft or vertical direction variables have mirror-symmetry (see Equations 1,2,8,9). That is, these gains for the left leg’s stance are the negatives of corresponding gains for the right leg’s stance. On the other hand, gains that couple one sideways variable with another sideways variable, or one fore-aft variable with another fore-aft variable, are the same for the left and right legs without any such sign changes. This mirror symmetry in running control likely follows from the approximate mirror symmetry in body physiology about the sagittal plane and was also found in walking (Wang and Srinivasan, 2014; Ankaralı et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cybersecurity is guaranteed to make digital data completely impenetrable. [SEP] Text: Feedback control can make data structure layout randomization more cost-effective under zero-day attacks access Published: 05 June 2018 Feedback control can make data structure layout randomization more cost-effective under zero-day attacks Ping Chen1, Zhisheng Hu2, Jun Xu1, Minghui Zhu2 & …Peng Liu1 Show authors Cybersecurity 4. 5. 0. Experimental results show that the runtime overheads are 1. 8%, 3. 7%, and 5. 3% when the randomization cycles are selected as 10s, 5s, and 1s respectively. IntroductionDuring the past two decades, control-hijacking attacks have drawn tremendous attention from the computer security research community. In a control-hijacking attack, the adversary manipulates the control flow objects and shifts the execution to malicious logics. The earliest attacks hijack the control flow to execute injected code. To defend against those code-injection attacks, Prevention (DEP) (The PaX Team 2003a; Microsoft 2008) techniques were proposed. DEP ensures that a memory page is either writable or executable, but not both. As a counteraction against DEP, adversaries switched from code-injection attacks to code-reuse attacks such as return-to-libc and Return-Oriented-Programming (ROP). These code-reuse attacks have motivated a very large amount of research on how to defend and how to counterattack. In the past 10 years, the research community has gained deep understanding about the cost-effectiveness of major defenses, including (ASLR)Footnote 1 (Backes and Nürnberger 2014; Bhatkar et al. 2003; Kil et al. 2006; Keromytis et al. 2012; The PaX Team 2003b) and Integrity (CFI)Footnote 2 (Abadi et al. 2005). However, in the wake of the research community gaining deep understanding about control-hijacking attacks, data-oriented attacks (Chen et al. 2015, 2005; Hu et al. 2015, 2016) have emerged. Data-oriented attacks do not modify control flow objects. Instead they read/write security-sensitive data objects for malicious goals (Chen et al. 2005; Hu et al. 2015). Recently, it has been shown that data-oriented attacks are Turing-complete (Hu et al. 2016) and can result in arbitrary behaviors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: Such net positive or negative leg work is clearly necessary to recover from perturbations that change the total mechanical energy of the runner, as was recognized in prior discussions of the energy-neutral spring-mass model of running (Ghigliazza et al. , 2005; Biewener and Daley, 2007; Srinivasan and Holmes, 2008). Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Work loop and net leg work. Work loops for the muscle-driven biped model without perturbations and with perturbations in the (a) fore-aft velocity, (b) sideways velocity, and (c) vertical position. The work loop plots force versus leg length and the signed area included in it is the net work performed by the leg. Explaining variability: muscle-driven running model does not fall despite noise To simulate the step-to-step variability in real human running, we added ‘noise’ to our foot placement and leg forces (for the direct force control model) or muscle activations (for the muscle-driven model) and simulated the biped models for a few hundred steps. This noise is meant to model the phenomenon that intended muscle forces tend to deviate from actual muscle forces due to motor noise (Harris and Wolpert, 1998). We find that while the direct leg force control model falls down, the runner with muscles does not fall down for hundreds of steps despite the noise. The stable motion of the center of mass in the presence of noise-like perturbations is shown in Figure 11a. The variability in the center of mass state at flight apex for the model (Figure 11b) as a result of the simulated noisy control is qualitatively similar to the variability found in experiment (Figure 2a). The model is also able to run without falling despite vertical position perturbations at flight apex, which are equivalent to uneven terrain. Thus, even though the model was derived using data on horizontal ground, it is capable of running robustly on uneven terrain. The muscle-driven model is robust to motor noise presumably because of the intrinsic stabilizing properties of force-length and force-velocity relations (Hogan, 1984; Jindrich and Full, 2002). Figure 11 Download asset Open asset Running with noise. (a) Multiple steps of the biped model running in the presence of noisy foot placement and muscle activations (blue for stance phases and pink for flight phases).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cybersecurity is guaranteed to make digital data completely impenetrable. [SEP] Text: Among data-oriented attacks, data structure manipulation attack (DSMA) (Chen et al. 2015) is a major category. DSMA exploits memory corruption bugs to manipulate multiple security sensitive fields in encapsulated data objects (e. g. , struct and class). For example, the attack against openssh (CVE-2001-0144 2001) (CVE-2001-0144) overwrites a particular instance of data structure passwd to achieve privilege escalation. Pioneering research was conducted and shows that DSMA is able to circumvent the most effective defenses against control-hijacking attacks — and CFI. However, the research community has quite limited understanding on how to defend against DSMA. Up to this day, only two defense techniques have demonstrated their effectiveness: Integrity (DFI) (Castro et al. 2006; Song et al. 2016) and (DSLR) (Chen et al. 2015; Lin et al. 2009; Stanley et al. 2013; Xin et al. 2010). DFI maintains the definition-use relationship from the Graph, and checks whether the definition of each data object is legal at run-time. By theory, DFI can defend against DSMA. However, DFI introduces performance overhead as high as 103% (Castro et al. 2006), making it impractical for deployment. Comparing with has similar defense effectiveness but substantially less cost. We, therefore, believe DSLR is much more promising in mitigating DSMA. In this work, we seek to provide new insights into and deeper understanding about the cost-effectiveness of DSLR. DSLRResearch in the early stage proposed static DSLR (Lin et al. 2009; Stanley et al. 2013; Xin et al. 2010). At the time of compilation, static DSLR randomly reorders the fields or adds dummy fields in encapsulated data objects. Static DSLR can prevent DSMA from correctly locating target fields and further manipulating them. However, its randomization is fixed at runtime and vulnerable to brute force attacks. Further, static DSLR requires manual efforts to determine which data structures can be randomized. Recent research endeavored to develop dynamic DSLR and produced a technique named (Chen et al. 2015). aims to address the limitations of static DSLR. It automatically determines the randomization-feasibility of each data structure and frequently re-randomizes/de-randomizes the layouts of candidate data structures at run-time.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionThe correlation between human movement patterns and running economy is widely acknowledged, cf. [1, 2]. These connections are multifaceted, and unraveling their complexities can prove to be an invaluable pursuit in the realm of sport science. For example, it is assumed that reduced variability of key biomechanical parameters such as vertical oscillations is crucial to athletic performance [3]. Current research primarily focuses, either, on experimental data analysis [4,5,6,7], or on mainly theoretical investigations of the behavior of a mathematical model over time, see [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. To provide a comprehensive assessment of the mechanics and energetics of the running gait, this study utilizes a combination of experimental data analysis and mathematical modeling. In this way our research fills an important gap in that the model is used as a reference for measured mechanical parameters, and it also allows for an assessment of mechanical optimization of running. Model parameters such as stiffness and mechanical energy are determined from experimentally collected human running data. By utilizing the existing deterministic model and its approximate analytical solutions [15], experimentally determined parameter values are compared with the constraints deduced from the theoretical studies of the model. The mechanical behavior of the lower limbs’ musculoskeletal system while running is frequently compared to that of a spring-mass system bouncing into the ground during the so-called support phase, which is followed by the flight phase. This simple model, consisting of a spring-loaded inverted pendulum (later termed as SLIP model) was first proposed in [16, 17]. The main mechanical parameter which has been most widely studied in various papers [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] is the stiffness of the leg. It characterizes the elastic behavior of the leg in the model, and it is determined by the relationship between its deformation and the force applied to it. (Strictly speaking the stiffness parameter introduced in the model measures the stiffness of the whole body. ) Leg spring stiffness also appears in the equations of motion, and so it is necessary for obtaining the center of mass trajectory. By observing the vertical position of a point mass and its changing velocity, the system’s mechanical energy can be calculated and taken as the basis of the overall mechanical approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cybersecurity is guaranteed to make digital data completely impenetrable. [SEP] Text: The program compiled by can self-randomize a set of of data structures, the instrumentation replaces each statement that contains data structure accesses. To avoid runtime errors, inserts de-randomization routine before any dangerous statement (e. g. , pointer involved dangerous statements). offers security advantages, it still has two major limitations. L-1: randomizes a large set of data structures, it will significantly affect the performance. This further leads to the second limitation. L-2: For the consideration of performance, cannot afford to randomize all the data structures. Instead it randomizes a fixed sub-set of data structures. In the case that the data structures targeted by an attack are not covered, is essentially noneffective. Problem statementIn this paper, we explore to augment with feedback control to address the above limitations. Our insights are as follows. Limitation L-1 essentially indicates the necessity of a trade-off between security and cost. The availability of feedbacks about security and cost will facilitate the defense to achieve an optimized trade-off. This motivates us to employ the canary mechanism to collect feedbacks. More details about it will be discussed shortly. Those feedbacks in turn provide awareness of the attacked data structures, which can be leveraged to address limitation L-2. The intuition behind is that such awareness can enable the defense to include the attacked data structures and exclude the safe ones for randomization. The goal to optimize the above described trade-off can be formulated as a feedback control problem — The defender (controller) uses the feedbacks (cost-effectiveness) from previous randomization cycles to adaptively choose the set of data structures to randomize (the next action) such that the trade-off is optimized. In this paper, we are therefore deeply interested in the problem: Can feedback control be leveraged to address the two limitations of dynamic DSLR? Our approachBased on the above insights, we propose a novel technique, feedback-control-based adaptive DSLR and build a system named. includes two parts. The first part is a compiler extension, which transforms a program into a Self-Randomizing (DSSR) program. The compiler extension mounts the DSSR program into an adaptive strategy that utilizes the (UCB-D) algorithm to select data structures for protection at each re-randomization. Different from the set of randomized data structures are adaptively changed based on the cost-effectiveness utilities of the previous cycles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Their network patterns range from rectilinear, to dendritic and radial, tributary and distributary and their planforms can be linear or sinuous12 (Fig. 1), though it is unclear what factors control this variety of patterns. Appearing to “defy gravity”, furrows extend upslope and transect existing aeolian ripples, and so while their patterns may resemble those eroded by fluvial activity on Earth, gravity-driven processes are unlikely to form them12. Figure 1Examples of sand furrows on Martian Dunes. (a) Linear furrow (blue arrow) on sand dune in (all furrows are taken from HiRISE image ESP_026851_2590, latitude 78. 65°, longitude 308. 494°, solar incidence angle 56° with the Sun ~34° above the horizon). (b) sinuous (black arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale, (c) dendritic furrows (white arrows) on sand dunes at latitude −67. 607°, 185. 343° in the southern hemisphere (HiRISE image ESP_023270_1120. Solar incidence angle is 60° with the sun ~30° above the horizon). Yellow arrows point to boulders, red arrows point to dark fans and highlight their proximity to the furrows. (d) radial (green arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. (e) rectilinear (purple arrow) and radial (green arrow) furrows on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. Images have been stretched to improve contrast as furrows are narrow, shallow and thus subtle features. HiRISE image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. Full size image HypothesesFurrows frequently form after the appearance of polygonal cracks in CO2 ice. This led Bourke12 to hypothesise that they were caused by cryoventing; that is, basal sublimation of CO2 and consequent erosion. This is similar to Kieffer’s model for the dark spots and fans in the southern hemisphere14, but applied in the context of dunes. The cryoventing model proposes that in the spring, gas pressures increase at the ice-substrate interface until the overlying ice cracks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: According to our previous research, the appropriate energy of the system, which depends on the set angle of attack and angular velocity at touch-down, is one of the mechanisms ensuring the motion’s stability [15]. The main aim of this study is to investigate the optimization of mechanical energy during running. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been reported in the literature the use of reduced SLIP model as a reference which allows one to determine optimization of running mechanical energy. To do so, a given value of measured mechanical energy is compared with the minimum energy required for stable running as predicted by the model. By feeding into the model specific parameters such as: the vertical and horizontal velocity, the angle of attack, and energy, a comparison between the analytically determined values of stiffness with experimentally gathered data was performed. Thanks to this, we verified whether the order of magnitude of the real data was consistent with the results returned by the model. In this way, we validated the predictive power of SLIP model. We then selected an appropriate approximation order of the stiffness parameter for further analysis. Furthermore, we evaluated the approximation of contact time of the foot with the ground, leg deflection, and the difference between the attack and take-off angles during the stance phase. The SLIP model which we use is both a limitation and a strength. That is, the analysis which allowed us to reduce the mechanics to a one-dimensional problem gives us a possibility of straightforward comparison of the energetics with a given reference provided by the model. However, the particulars of running such as, for example, the effects on the stiffness parameter of particular parts of the lower limbs during running is lost in the modeling process. 2 Materials and methods2. 1 Spring-mass running model2. 1. 1 Model statementIt is known that the spring-mass model of running assumes that each leg in the stance phase can be described as an inverted elastic pendulum (cf. [12, 15,16,17, 25]). We assume a situation depicted in Fig. 1. Fig. 1The diagram illustrates a planar spring-mass model for running, in which a point mass is connected to a massless spring. The model uses dimensionless Cartesian coordinates (X, Y) and dimensionless polar coordinates \((L, \theta )\), where L represents the radial position and \(\theta\) represents the angular position.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cybersecurity is guaranteed to make digital data completely impenetrable. [SEP] Text: To obtain those utilities, inserts canary in each data structure at the time of compilation. At runtime and the end of each defense cycle, collects the number of polluted canaries. Such information is then used to calculate the utilities. The second part of our system is an adversarial reasoning scheme. This scheme monitors the execution of a DSSR program and uses the observations to reduce the uncertainty in detecting ongoing DSMA. In addition, this scheme can help locate the program targeted by the DSMA. Our contributions in this work are summarized as follows: This is the first effort toward feedback-control-based adaptive DSLR. A novel feedback-control-based adaptive defense algorithm extended from UCB (Bound) algorithm (Auer et al. 2002) is proposed. An adversarial reasoning scheme is proposed. It enables the defender to know more about the attacker. It also helps locate the program targeted by the DSMA. On average, the runtime overheads introduced by are 1. 8%, 3. 7%, and 5. 3% for application programs (SPECInt2006, openssh-2. 1. 1p4, httpd-1. 1. 1, and openssl-0. 9. 6d), when the defense cycles are 10s, 5s, and 1s, respectively. OverviewOur work focuses on developing a specific defense against DSMA (Chen et al. 2015), named before any patches are generated and the zero-day memory corruption bugs are located. This section presents the motivation and overview of our defense system. Under the protection of a defense action, the server uses canary detection to identify the number of failed DSMAs during a defense cycle and reports the number to the defense decision maker (“Canary detection” section). The feedback is used by the defense decision maker to calculate the cost-effectiveness of previous defense action (“Cost-effectiveness utility” section), and select defense action for next defense cycle (i. e. , a data structure whitelist in “Dynamic data structure layout randomization” section). Feedbacks and adaptive defenseDuring the vulnerability window, the defender has limited knowledge of the attacks; e. g. , the bug locations, target data structures, etc. Under this limited knowledge, it is not realistic for the defender to eliminate all attacks. Therefore the defense goal is to increase the difficulty for the attacker to succeed with low cost.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Gas rapidly exits, eroding material below the ice sheet to form furrows. A plume then deposits the sediment to form fans on the surface of the seasonal ice. The thickness of the overlying ice and dune topography are thought to have a strong influence on this process15. Close spacing of vents has also been noted to reduce cryoventing efficacy, with fewer furrows forming in locations where ice cracks are closer together12. Recent work has drawn a distinction between furrows in the northern hemisphere and “dendritic troughs” in the southern hemisphere16. While both show similar morphologies, furrows in the northern hemisphere are ephemeral features which disappear every year17. The dendritic troughs on south polar dunes endure, with new tributaries adding to the networks annually16. This study16 has drawn a potential link in formation process between the highly dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region and furrows/dendritic troughs. It has been suggested that araneiform terrain (dubbed “spiders” in the literature) may develop over many years by a gradual connection of dendritic networks into a radial network, rather than forming in one event16. Noting the difference in environmental conditions between the hemispheres, it has been argued that furrows in the northern hemisphere do not develop into dendrites because of the high mobility of the material into which they are eroded16. However, the size distribution of the granular substrate in both hemispheres is poorly constrained. For the purpose of our purely morphological laboratory study we refer to all network types as furrows. Recent experimental work has demonstrated that insolation-driven dust ejecta from within CO2 ice is a viable process18 and that pressure driven processes can form dendritic patterns under certain conditions19. However, it has not yet been demonstrated that sublimating CO2 in contact with porous substrate can transport underlying material and create the complex furrow morphologies seen on Mars. Until now, this geomorphic process has been framed in a purely theoretical context. PitsLinear gullies (Fig. 2) form on Martian dunes under current climatic conditions10,20,21,22. Recent mapping has shown that they occur between 36. 3°S and 54. 3°S and from 64. 6°S to 70. 4°S22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The tendons in the human leg act like springs, storing and releasing energy during running. [SEP] Text: The close interaction of these sheet-like tendons with the muscle belly dynamically modulates stiffness and allows aponeuroses to function as variable stiffness springs Azizi and of Ecology and The forces generated by the contractile machinery of skeletal muscle are transmitted to the skeleton through tendons. Most tendons don’t simply transmit forces but rather behave like springs, stretching as muscular forces are applied and recoiling as forces decline. The significance of tendon elasticity is most obvious in cyclical movements where elastic energy can be stored and recovered with tremendous efficiency thereby lowering the energetic cost of movement. An extreme example of this mechanism is the bouncy gaits of hopping wallabies, where it has been shown that tendon stretch and recoil can allow the organism to recycle nearly all of the energy from a previous stride (Biewener & Baudinette, 1995). This elastic behaviour of tendons extends well beyond such obviously bouncy gaits and also increases the energetic economy of walking and running. As a biological spring, the capacity of a tendon for storing elastic energy is largely determined by its stiffness. The mechanical energy stored in tendons is a function of the force applied to the tendon and length changes the tendon undergoes in response to that load. This relationship simplifies biomechanical models, where energy storage can be calculated from the modelled muscle force and a tendon’s characteristic stiffness (Zajac, 1989). This approach assumes that a given tendon is governed by a single relationship between force and length that defines a single stiffness. In situ measurements of isolated tendons suggest that this assumption is valid for so-called ‘free’ tendons, such as the Achilles, that span a gap between muscle and bone (Fig. 1). However, free tendons are not the only elastic structures capable of storing elastic energy. In many muscles the free tendon is continuous with broad sheet-like tendons, or aponeuroses, that function as the attachment and insertion sites for muscle fibres (Fig. 1). Both tendons and aponeuroses consist of collagen bundles oriented primarily along the muscle’s line of action embedded in an extra-cellular matrix. In fact, the same collagen bundle may extend from the tendon to the aponeurosis with no structural separation. These shared structural features have been used to infer functional similarity between tendons and aponeuroses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cybersecurity is guaranteed to make digital data completely impenetrable. [SEP] Text: Through the repeated interactions with the attacker, the defender gradually identifies the data structures which are more likely attacked and randomizes them more often than others. Adversarial reasoning schemeFrom the experiments in next section, we will see can provide good effectiveness with low performance overhead. In this section, we discuss another capability of : it can enable the security officer to do two-level adversarial reasoning in real time. First, the security officer can determine whether a zero-day attack is DSMA or not. Second, if a zero-day attack is DSMA, the security officer can do program level reasoning to infer the target program of the DSMA. This two-level adversarial reasoning is elaborated as follows. The basic idea of the first level adversarial reasoning is to compare a zero-day attack with some known attacks (including DSMAs and non-DSMAs) at runtime and infer whether the zero-day attack is DSMA or not. Note that the utility defined in “Cost-effectiveness utility” section can be used to quantify cost-effectiveness of our defense. Since our defense is only effective when defending against DSMAs (determined by the DSSR Binary), the aggregate utility values of DSMAs and non-DSMAs are very different. Therefore by comparing the aggregate utility of the zero-day attack with those of known attacks, the security officer can tell whether the zero-day attack is DSMA or not. The aggregate utility values of the known attacks are achieved in Matlab simulations. We simulate and the known attacks in Matlab because the simulations are much faster than the real experiments in web servers. And the simulation results are similar to the real experiment results. This similarity is ensured by the following three aspects: (1) simulations have the same features as the real-world vulnerable web servers in terms of data structure types and instances. It is difficult to simulate the whole servers in Matlab, but we simulate the data structures and the related manipulations in Matlab. (2) The same UCB-D algorithm is implemented in both the real-world web servers and the Matlab simulations. (3) The simulated attacks have the same features as known CVEs in terms of targets and attack frequencies. If a zero-day attack is a DSMA, the security officer can further infer which program the DSMA is targeting. This adversarial reasoning capability is provided by the canary detection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: They are characterised by long (100–2,500 m), narrow grooves, are bounded by levées and have relatively small source areas. Forming exclusively on south polar and mid latitudinal intra-crater dunes, their activity is seasonal, and has been found to be concurrent with the final stages of sublimation of the CO2 ice deposit at the end of winter and beginning of spring22, rendering a CO2 sublimation formation mechanism likely. These eponymous features are mostly linear; though they sometimes adopt sinuous patterns and taper down-slope. Figure 2Terminal and detached linear gully pit morphologies. (a) Terminal pits (white arrows), and detached pits (red arrows) at linear gully termini on megadune (HiRISE image ESP_020784_1255, image centre at −54. 3°, 12. 9°, taken at L s 209. 5°). Black arrows point to inset pits within terminal pits. Green arrow indicates a high albedo block which is likely to be a CO2 block within a pre-existing terminal pit. (b) Terminal pits (white arrows) and detached pits (red arrows) on megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255 taken at L s 22. 5°, image centre at −54. 3°, 13° which was used as part of a stereo pair to create the _007018_1255_007229_1255). (c) Example of highly sinuous linear gullies on the west side of dunefield (HiRISE image ESP_030528_1300, image centre at −49. 5°, 77. 2°, taken at L s 254. 8°). Red arrows point to detached pits, white arrows show terminal pits. (d) “Tadpole” terminal pits in dunefield (HiRISE image PSP_003800_1325, image centre at −46. 9°, 30. 7°, taken at L s 240. 9°). These pits (white arrows) are much wider in diameter than their corresponding channels and are surrounded by detached pits (red arrows). (e) megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255). White boxes indicate locations of (a) and (b). (f) dunefield.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mauna Loa in Hawaii is the world’s largest active volcano by volume. [SEP] Text: DeformationVolcano monitoring1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12IntroductionMauna Loa, situated on the Island of Hawaiʻi (Fig. 1), is well-known as the largest volcano on Earth, covering more than half of the island's surface area (exceeding 5,000 km2). Its volume is estimated to be over 80,000 km3 (Lipman and Calvert 2013), and it maintains an impressive record of activity, erupting 34 times since 1843. During the period between the mid-1800s and 1950, eruptions occurred approximately every 3. 6 years (Barnard 1995); however, the frequency of eruptions declined after 1950, with only three thereafter, in 1975, 1984, and 2022. Eruptions at are characterized by initial summit activity that about half the time subsequently migrates into one of the volcano’s two rift zones, with rare eruptions from radial vents on the volcano’s northwest flank (Fig. 1). Significant seismic events along a basal decollement fault also occur (Wyss and Koyanagi 1992). The recurrent high-effusion-rate lava flows from pose hazards to human life and property on the volcano's lower flanks and coastal regions, particularly developments like Estates, located along the Zone (SWRZ), and the city of Hilo, which can be impacted by lava flows from the Zone (NERZ) (Trusdell 1995). For example, a SWRZ lava flow in 1950 traveled from its vent area to populated areas within hours (MacDonald and Hubbard 1951). Geodetic monitoring efforts were implemented at in the mid-1960s, with Measurement (EDM) surveys at the summit (Decker and Wright 1968). These data recorded inflationary episodes prior to the brief eruption of 1975, as well as between that eruption and the substantial summit and NERZ eruption of 1984 (Lockwood 1987; Decker et al. 2008). A robust campaign (GNSS) network was established in the early 1990s (Miklius et al. 1995, 1997). The first continuous GNSS sites were installed in the late 1990s, with significant expansion of the network in the mid-2000s. Since the early 1990s, rates of seismicity at have waxed and waned, sometimes including earthquake swarms with hundreds per day.

Output: corroborate