Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Low CelA mix:* 2 mg C. bescii broth/g glucan, 1 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Low E1 mix: 3 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 16. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. Mid E1 mix:* 4 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 15. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. High E1 mix: 6 mg E1/g glucan, 0. 5 mg β-glucosidase/g glucan, and 13. 5 mg CTec2/g glucan. CTec2: 20 mg CTec2/g glucan. b: High temperature hold optimization close-up of 48 h + digestion points to better illustrate differences. Full size imageFigure 3Xylan conversion. The digestion conditions as described in Figure 2a. We note here that while all CelA loadings are statistically significantly better than the control at the 96-h mark, only the CelA high loading showed a statistically (P <. 05) relevant improvement in conversion compared to CTec2 at 120 h. b: High temperature hold optimization close-up of 48 h + xylan digestion points to better illustrate differences. Full size imageHigh solids stepwise saccharification at higher enzyme loadingTo validate our low solids loading results, we ran the high temperature hold experiments on a limited scale using 20% solids loading conditions. The total enzyme loadings were 40 mg CTec2/g glucan or 36 mg CTec2/g glucan and 4 mg E1/g glucan. The results are reported in Figure 4. Our results show that a stepwise digestion with E1 increases the glucan-to-glucose conversion by approximately 10% on washed solids pretreated corn stover (PCS) compared to samples that were pre-incubated without E1 (Figure 4). This is especially significant, considering that samples containing E1 permitted a 10% lower CTec2 loading.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, decreased Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and Peptostreptococcaceae and increased Bacteroides dorei were identified in the HFDex vs. HFD group. p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased in the LFDex group vs. HFDex group. data suggested that quantitative maternal exercise during pregnancy resulted in alterations in GM composition, but did not significantly change the diversity of the GM. These findings may have important implications when considering an individual’s overall diet when recommending exercise during pregnancy. human gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in host health (Monda et al. , 2017). Through the production of various metabolites and active substances, the GM participates in the development of the digestive, immune, neurological, and other systems of the host and maintains homeostasis of the internal and external environments (Charbonneau et al. , 2016). Substantial studies have shown that the composition of the GM can be influenced by various factors, such as antibiotic use, lifestyle, genetics, and aging, and that it varies in different physiological states (Cresci & Bawden, 2015; Monda et al. , 2017; Motiani et al. , 2020). During pregnancy, hormonal, immune, and metabolic changes occur in the maternal body. These physiological changes lead to changes in the environment in which human microbial parasites reside, which in turn affects the colonization of the GM in pregnant women (Edwards et al. , 2017). The GM profile changes as pregnancy progresses (Koren et al. , 2012). The GM changes in women in their third pregnancy trimester, as compared to non-pregnant women. An increase in β-diversity among individuals, and reduced relative microbial abundance and α-diversity have been reported (Koren et al. , 2012). The dominant phyla in the GM in late pregnancy have been reported to be Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, similar to those in early pregnancy (Mokkala et al. , 2021). Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise (Febbraio, 2017; Garber et al. , 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Can eDNA track lost Harlequin toads in the and assist conservation efforts? Backed by és López,. Revell, Alex Shepack, and 50 other backers. . . / ón Viteri, Richard Sulser, Nelson Falcón árdenas R. , újo, ía Garcés, Kelsey Neam, Nicolás Muñoz, Anzola, David Lang, and de Los Andes, Bogotá, : 10. 18258/28936$3,039Raised of $3,000 Goal101%Funded on 9/29/23Successfully Funded$3,039pledged101%fundedFundedon 9/29/23? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(2)Discussion (7)ProjectWith 88 out of 100 species critically endangered and 38 possibly extinct, the Neotropical harlequin toads (genus Atelopus) are among the most endangered of all amphibians. The majority of Colombia’s 40 species have not been seen in three decades. While some may be extinct, others are likely persisting at very low abundance. We need more efficient tools to look for declining frogs before they vanish. We will deploy new environmental DNA (eDNA) methods to speed up the search in Colombia. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? To execute efficient conservation actions, we need to know if harlequin toads are still surviving. Many amphibians declined suddenly in the 1980s due to chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by an invasive fungal pathogen, ‘Bd’. However, for Colombian Atelopus, the lack of field sightings could also be due to the toads’ secretive nature, remote habitats, or lack of field surveys. Harlequin toads are hard to find in high Andean forests, and they only come to streams to reproduce. Colombia has been wracked by civil war, and field surveys were simply not possible until recently. Recent re-discoveries of Atelopus in and Ecuador give us hope, but we should move fast. Because animals shed DNA, we can detect the presence of any vertebrate, from trout to bears, and hopefully toads. What is the significance of this project?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These results are consistent with those results obtained in the low solids loading cases. Figure 420% High solids validation test. CTec2 loaded at 40 mg/g biomass. CTec2 + E1 loaded at 4 mg/g biomass E1 and 36 mg/g CTec2. Full size imageTechno-economic analysisMinimum ethanol selling price (MESP) values were estimated using our results from the initial high temperature hold experiment (Figure 2). These MESP results are summarized in Table 1. The MESP decreased steadily as the enzymatic hydrolysis time was increased; a result we feel is mainly due to an increasing yield of monomer glucose. Experimental data were taken every day to verify enzymatic hydrolysis yield, or monomer glucose yield. Initially, the CelA mix showed a lower initial yield compared to CTec2 (4 d) alone; however, starting at day 4, we see an improvement in the yield results. We have included a hypothetical comparison with CTec2 showing the effect of starting the digestion at the same time as the pre-digestion with CTec2 (5 d), which assumes an instant cooling scenario, where the CTec2 enzyme can be added immediately. We can see from these studies that there is a benefit of 14 to 18 cents per gallon of ethanol produced from utilizing the high temperature hold step for the best case of the CelA-containing mix compared to the CTec2 digestions, depending upon whether or not there is a 24-h delay in starting the CTec2 digestion as the biomass cools. Table 1 Minimum ethanol selling price Full size tableConclusionsA high temperature hold step utilizing thermophilic or hyperthermophilic enzymes shows promise in a biomass conversion process where gradual cooling (dilution/neutralization cooling only or air cooling) of biomass is utilized. We observe approximately 10 to 15% improvements in conversion at given time points compared to CTec2 digestion alone in these specific cases. In a process scenario where biomass cooling is rapid, such as when active cooling is utilized, the gains are less impressive, perhaps a 5% improvement at best. However, endpoint conversions are still typically a few percent higher compared to the mesophilic CTec2 cocktail alone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 14459/fig-3 To determine whether the overall GM composition after exercise interventions under different diets varied, we examined the β-diversity measures. As shown in Fig. 4, PCoA plots based on weighted UniFrac algorithm distance showed that, for mice fed an LFD, the GM communities in the LFDex group were significantly separated from those in the LFD group on the PC1 axis at GD 19, indicating that the structure of the GM was altered in term pregnancy after exercise intervention during pregnancy. For mice fed an HFD, although the GM structure in term pregnancy was generally segregated from that in the HFDex, there was still some aggregation, and the dispersion in the GM between these groups was not as high as that between mice in the LFD and LFDex groups. These results suggest that, although exercise intervention could change the structure of the GM to some extent during pregnancy in mice fed an HFD, the degree of change in the GM structure was not as marked as that in mice fed an LFD. For mice intervened with exercise on differnet diets, the GM structure in term pregnancy was generally segregated in the LFDex vs. the HFDex group. These results suggest that the response of exercise intervention to differnet diets may be different. Figure 4: The beta-diversity on weighted UniFrac of gut microbiota composition was assessed by principal coordinates analysis. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-4 Next, we performed LEfSe analysis to identify individual GM taxa that differed between sedentary and exercised mice fed different diets. This analysis (LDA score 4. 0) revealed that for mice fed an LFD, p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased after exercise intervention in the LFDex group as compared to the LFD group. In addition, we observed a marked decrease in c_Coriobacteriia, o_Coriobacteriales, and f_Eggerthellaceae in the LFDex group than in the LFD group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity can be entirely solved without conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: (3) Sequencing eDNA of all vertebrate animals present in water samples (including invasive fishes that prey on amphibians) will allow me to compare the 1000’s of eDNA sequences with public databases (and our lab’s new sequences of Atelopus) to determine which species of Atelopus and other animals are present at each site. Endorsed byAs coordinator of the Initiative, I proudly endorse this groundbreaking project to conserve Harlequin Toads, the jewels of the creeks and forests of the Neotropics. By leveraging advanced eDNA technology, this initiative offers an accurate method that can revolutionize conservation strategies, benefiting not only the toads but also broader biodiversity efforts. Join Daniel, Andrew and the ASI in our mission to rediscover lost species and safeguard the future of these highly threatened amphibians and their vital ecosystems! outstanding project comes from a well-known group of herpetologists working to understand the conservation status and distribution of a critically imperiled group of animals. I strongly recommend this project and will be thrilled to contribute to their efforts that will help build capacity in to save the incredible harlequin frogs. Their connections with the Initiative will ensure that this project's impact will help advance goals for the whole region. and work was started in November 2022 and continues through September 2023. Each trip lasts ≥4 days per locality where Atelopus species have been reported. We have conducted field trips in and Tolima. After 4 field trips, we will send the filters to a specialized eDNA laboratory in Germany for processing. This will result in a species list of all vertebrates leaving DNA in our streams, including Atelopus. Data analysis and writing will run from October 2023 to January 2024Jul 28, 2023Project launchedJul 28, 2023Social media campaignAug 16, 2023Project LaunchedAug 29, 2023Travel to Choachí where A. lozanoi has been recordedSep 08, 2023Travel to Sibaté where A. subornatus has been recordedShow more eventsSep 13, 2023Post pictures from field trips in this platformSep 18, 2023Travel to Risaralda where A. quimbaya has been reportedSep 26, 2023Post a lab note with our findings thus farSep 27, 2023Travel to Santander where A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This may be in part due to possible synergistic mechanisms between the novel mechanism of the CelA-based cocktail, which creates cavities within the biomass, and the more conventional surface ablation hydrolysis model displayed by fungal enzymes [7]. However, the E1-only cocktail demonstrates almost an identical improvement, and the mechanism of E1, an endoglucanase, is likely to be primarily increasing the number of reducing ends available for the cellobiohydrolases in subsequent fungal cocktail digestion. We suggest that these enzymes exhibit different modes of synergy with the commercial fungal enzyme cocktail. Our proposed high temperature hold process may be in some ways compared to the industrial application of thermophilic α-amylases utilized in the modern dry grind process for corn starch-derived ethanol. In that process, addition of hyperthermophilic α-amylases (Takatherm®) to the corn mash immediately following cooking in the hydroheaters has dramatically improved conversion rates for soluble sugar production. However, given the major differences between the two feedstocks, especially that of the insolubility of lignocellulose, we expect less dramatic improvements for our process compared to starch liquefaction and conversion. We have determined that low loadings of the high temperature cellulose cocktails can provide better improvements in both rates of digestion and final glucan conversion extents compared to CTec2 alone. The proposed improvements from this study have been validated for both low solids conditions and at endpoint conversion conditions for high solids. Techno-economic analysis using our results suggests that a significant savings is achievable due to the reduced processing times and improved extents of conversion. If the results can be validated on a large scale, they should provide a roadmap to improved conversion yields and reduced processing times for current biomass saccharification schemes, and will be drop-in compatible with existing plant configurations. Materials and methodsBiomass for high and low solids digestionsPretreated biomass was obtained from the 2012 state of technology production run in the (IBRF) pilot plant. Briefly, Pioneer 33B51 tub ground corn stover was received in 2003 from Wray, CO (Kramer Farm) and was further knife milled (Systems) through a ¾-inch rejection screen in the. Corn stover deacetylation and sulfuric acid impregnation was performed in the 1900-L (DI) tank ().

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: However, we found that c_Actinobacteria, o_Bifidobacteriales, f_Bifidobacteriaceae, g_Bifidobacterium, and s_Bifidobacterium pseudolongum were significantly increased after exercise intervention in the LFDex group as compared to that in the LFD group (Figs. 5A and 5B). For mice fed an HFD, when the LDA score was set to 4. 0, no significant differences were found in the GM in late pregnancy. Thus, LDA scores of 3. 0 were set to identify individual GM taxa that differed between the HFD and HFDex groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that o_Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and f_Peptostreptococcaceae were decreased in the HFDex group as compared to the HFD group. In contrast, s_Bacteroides_dorei was more abundant in the HFDex group after exercise intervention than in the HFD group (Figs. 5C and 5D). For mice intervened with exercise on differnet diets, the LEfSe analysis revealed that p_Desulfobacterota, c_Desulfovibrionia, o_Desulfovibrionales, f_Desulfovibrionaceae and g_Desulfovibrio were markedly decreased in the LFDex group as compared to the HFDex group (Figs. 6A and 6B), similar to the results in the LFDex group vs. the LFD group. The top six dominant phyla in the mice were p_Firmicutes, p_Bacteroidota, p_Desulfobacterota, p_Actinobacteriota, p_Proteobacteria, p_Verrucomicrobiota (Fig. 7). Figure 5: The impact of exercise on gut microbiota composition of mice fed on different diets. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) plotted with threshold for LDA score 4. 0 (A and B) showed significant structural difference between the LFD and LFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group LFD and green bar means taxa significantly increased in group LFDex. The LEfSe plot with threshold for LDA score 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Topic is part of a series. To view the other sessions, please follow the links below:Day 2022: Importance of and WASH Resilience - was first established in 1993 and has been observed since to celebrate water and its fundamental role in supporting human life. On this particular March 22, 2022, Frontiers in Water has decided to honour Day by fostering discussion on one of the main services that water affords: clean water and sanitation. In 2010, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene – commonly referred to as WASH – was recognised as a human right by the General Assembly. Alongside its implications for global health, WASH is also subject of dedicated targets within the Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, mostly by 2030. Yet, seven years after the SDG 6 was first established in 2015, over 2 billion people globally remain unable to access safely managed drinking water, while 3. 6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services, including handWASHing facilities with soap. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear how safely managed WASH services and waste management practices are pivotal to the prevention and protection of human health. The dangers to human health that derive from absence of WASH services have severe socio-economic repercussions on the lives of those affected, both directly and indirectly. An individual without access to safely managed drinking water will be driven towards unprotected sources such as surface water or possibly contaminated wells. Sources of water that are located a great distance away from impacted communities disproportionately affect women and girls, who in many instances will be the ones expected to act as water purveyors. Such obstacles increase their risk of exposure to contaminated water and of development of musculoskeletal trauma, as well as exposing them to abuse, sexual assault, or even dangerous wildlife. People with disabilities make up 15% of the global population, but many have less access to water and sanitation facilities at home than people without disabilities. This population are less able to independently collect water or use the household latrine and are more likely to come into contact with urine and faeces when doing so. Similarly, lack of improved sanitation forces people to use sub-optimal communal latrines or practice open defecation. Exposed faecal matter can then re-enter the food chain as well as the water cycle, facilitating the spread of infectious diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dry corn stover was added to the tank along with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution (0. 4 w/w) to deacetylate the material prior to pretreatment. The material was dewatered, neutralized, acid impregnated, and pretreated. The pretreatment conditions utilized were 160°C, 0. 8% (w/w) H2SO4, and 10 min in a large horizontal pretreatment reactor (Mesto Inc. , Norcross, GA) configured for two-tube operation (Pretreatment ID P120927) [13]. The biomass was washed with water by centrifugation until a pH of 5 was observed. The biomass composition was analyzed as previously described and is listed in Table 2[14]. Table 2 Composition analysis of process relevant biomass Full size tableBiomass for high solids digestionsCorn stover biomass was prepared and pretreated as follows: Pioneer maize variety 33A14 whole stover from the in Wray, CO was pretreated in the 200-kg/day continuous, high-solids, pilot-scale horizontal pretreatment reactor system at NREL using 2% sulfuric acid at 158°C with a residence time of 5 min (Pretreatment ID XT110613). Deacetylation of the stover was performed using 0. 1M NaOH at an 8% solids loading at 80°C, and mixed at 15 rpm for 2 h prior to dilute-acid pretreatment. The “washed PCS” was washed with water by centrifugation until a pH of 5 was observed. The washed PCS was air-dried on the bench top with manual mixing in order to achieve up to 20% solids in the final reaction vessel (after the addition of enzyme solutions and buffer). The biomass was analyzed as previously described [14]. EnzymesThe enzyme mixtures utilized for the high temperature hold were selected for their abilities to operate at high temperature regimes, and the hyperthermophilic enzymes and mixtures were selected for their ability to operate at 80°C. For the hyperthermophilic conditions, we utilized mixtures of the following enzymes: the multifunctional (endocellulase, exocellulase, xylanase) CelA was from C. bescii[7]. CelA was supplemented with the endocellulase E1 from A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 0 (C and D) showed significant structural difference between the HFD and HFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFD and green bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFDex. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-5 Figure 6: The impact of exercise on gut microbiota composition of mice fed on different diets. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) plotted with threshold for LDA score 4. 0 (A and B) showed significant structural difference between the LFDex and HFDex groups. Blue bar means taxa significantly increased in group HFDex. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-6 Figure 7: Phylum-(A) and Genus -level (B) top ten classifications in the colon contents of pregnant mice among groups. LFD, low-fat diet; LFDex, low-fat diet plus exercise; HFD, high-fat diet; HFDex, high-fat diet plus exercise. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/fig-7 is now widely accepted as an effective lifestyle factor that can regulate the composition of the GM, maintain its homeostasis, and thus promote the health of the body (Motiani et al. , 2020). A previous study (Huang et al. , 2016) pointed out that rodents have a congenital swimming ability and that their swimming exercise capacity can be affected by different swimming activity intensities. In this study, swimming for 10 min a day was a very low-intensity exercise that was tolerable for mice and that could be considered as a mimic for exercise during pregnancy. In this study, mice fed an LFD, after 10 min of daily swimming exercise during pregnancy, showed no statistically significant difference in food intake and weight gain during pregnancy as compared to their sedentary counterparts, although these showed a slight increase in food intake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Compromised health and increased time and energy expenditure derived from lack of WASH facilities prevent a large proportion of the population from finding employment, particularly women and girls. Women and girls often provide informal care for family members who need support with WASH, including people with disabilities and older adults. Many do so without guidance about how to provide care hygienically and with dignity. Further, the education of children with no access to WASH may be inhibited due to illness or the time burden resulting from extended trips to water sources. Malnutrition and its consequences, such as stunting, will also affect children with no access to WASH, as chronic diarrhoeal diseases impair absorption of nutrients in food. To promote equal access opportunities to WASH for all, appropriate systems need to be put in place, starting from well-resourced institutions delivering services and altering conducts in a constructive manner. Topic seeks to inform academics, practitioners, decision-makers, and policies about the multiple ways in which inequalities in the access to WASH can affect adversely human health and lives. On this Day 2022, Frontiers in Water is launching a aimed at exploration of the following themes:• Challenges to the achievement of WASH, with special attention to populations that are at risk of exclusion from WASH services, including women and girls, people with disabilities, and older adults;• WASH as a pathway to gender equality, disability inclusion, and empowerment of women and girls and people with disabilities;• Water and sanitation services as a means of providing economic opportunities, particularly for women;• WASH and its role in securing education;• Climate-resilient WASH;• WASH and the Global South; and,• WASH and inclusive governance. Topic is part of a series. To view the other sessions, please follow the links below:Day 2022: Importance of and WASH Resilience - was first established in 1993 and has been observed since to celebrate water and its fundamental role in supporting human life. On this particular March 22, 2022, Frontiers in Water has decided to honour Day by fostering discussion on one of the main services that water affords: clean water and sanitation. In 2010, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene – commonly referred to as WASH – was recognised as a human right by the General Assembly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulolyticus[8], and the β-D-glucosidase from T. maritima was obtained from Ireland (Bray, Ireland). We also utilized a CelA-enriched fraction of culture broth from cellulose-grown C. bescii, which is composed primarily of CelA, for some experiments. These enzyme mixtures were then supplemented with twice desalted Cellic® CTec2 from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after the initial 24-h high temperature hold step. Details of each mixture are included in each figure. Time course saccharification - low solidsStepwise saccharifications at about 2% solids loading were performed in a 1. 5-mL volume in two steps: 1) high temperature (80°C) digestion using a mixture of thermophilic enzymes and 2) a lower temperature digestion (50°C) using the enzyme cocktail Cellic® CTec2. All enzyme loadings were loaded on a mass basis, that is, milligrams of enzyme per gram of biomass, with a final total loading of 20 mg/g. Samples were taken generally at 24-h intervals, and the enzymes were inactivated by boiling for 15 min. Samples were filtered through 0. 45 μm Acrodisc syringe filters and analyzed for glucose, and cellobiose by HPLC. Samples of 20 μL were injected onto an Agilent 1100 HPLC system equipped with a -87H 300 mm × 7. 8 mm column heated to 55°C. A constant flow of 0. 6 mL/min was used with 0. 1M H2SO4 in water as the mobile phase to give optimal sugar separation. Glucose, xylose, and cellobiose were quantified against independent standard curves. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and the resulting extents of conversion are shown as a percentage of maximum theoretical glucan converted. Measurements were standardized to a maximum conversion of 100%, and thus, the results between Figures 1 and 2 should not be compared directly. We have also performed a one-tailed homoscedastic t-test on all data and reported the results as relevant in the paper. High solids endpoint saccharificationThe initial high solids experiment was an endpoint saccharification performed in two steps: 1) high temperature digestion using purified endocellulase E1 from A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: For mice fed an LFD, although there were some differences in the structure of the GM during late pregnancy between the LFD and LFDex groups, the diversity was not significantly altered by exercise in mice, which is consistent with the findings of a previous study (et al. , 2018). The abundance of p_Actinobacteriota in the GM of mice in the LFDex group increased significantly, whereas the abundance of both p_Firmicutes and p_Bacteroidota decreased, and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota increased. A previous study showed that exercise increased the abundance of p_Bacteroidota in the intestine, thus decreasing the ratio in non-pregnant mice (Mika et al. , 2015). Previous researchers found that exercise-induced alterations in the GM could improve glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity (Liu et al. , 2020). For mice fed HFD, the abundance of p_Bacteroidota and p_Actinobacteriota in the GM increased in late pregnancy, while the p_Firmicutes decreased and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota decreased. Our results are supported by those of previous studies (et al. , 2018; Chung et al. , 2019). A previous study showed that HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), causing an increase in energy metabolism (Wang et al. , 2020), which was not consistent with our results that the Chao1 and Simpson indices did not altered in mice fed on HFD after swimming intervention. Analysis of LEfSe revealed that the abundance of Desulfovibrio spp. (phylum to genus level) and Eggerthellaceae spp. (class to family level) in the GM during late pregnancy decreased significantly after exercise intervention, whereas the abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (class to species level) among f_Actinobacteriota increased significantly in the LFDex group as compared to the LFD group. Bifidobacteria are important beneficial bacteria in the GM that are involved in sugar metabolism by breaking down complex carbohydrates (Turroni et al. , 2018). Their relative abundance in the GM decreases with increasing age of the organism (Mueller et al. , 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Alongside its implications for global health, WASH is also subject of dedicated targets within the Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, mostly by 2030. Yet, seven years after the SDG 6 was first established in 2015, over 2 billion people globally remain unable to access safely managed drinking water, while 3. 6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation services, including handWASHing facilities with soap. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear how safely managed WASH services and waste management practices are pivotal to the prevention and protection of human health. The dangers to human health that derive from absence of WASH services have severe socio-economic repercussions on the lives of those affected, both directly and indirectly. An individual without access to safely managed drinking water will be driven towards unprotected sources such as surface water or possibly contaminated wells. Sources of water that are located a great distance away from impacted communities disproportionately affect women and girls, who in many instances will be the ones expected to act as water purveyors. Such obstacles increase their risk of exposure to contaminated water and of development of musculoskeletal trauma, as well as exposing them to abuse, sexual assault, or even dangerous wildlife. People with disabilities make up 15% of the global population, but many have less access to water and sanitation facilities at home than people without disabilities. This population are less able to independently collect water or use the household latrine and are more likely to come into contact with urine and faeces when doing so. Similarly, lack of improved sanitation forces people to use sub-optimal communal latrines or practice open defecation. Exposed faecal matter can then re-enter the food chain as well as the water cycle, facilitating the spread of infectious diseases. Compromised health and increased time and energy expenditure derived from lack of WASH facilities prevent a large proportion of the population from finding employment, particularly women and girls. Women and girls often provide informal care for family members who need support with WASH, including people with disabilities and older adults. Many do so without guidance about how to provide care hygienically and with dignity. Further, the education of children with no access to WASH may be inhibited due to illness or the time burden resulting from extended trips to water sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulolyticus followed by 2) a lower temperature digestion using the enzyme cocktail, Cellic® CTec2. Two-step saccharifications were performed on washed PCS (XT110613-Kramer 33A14, Table 2). Digestions were carried out in 20-mL glass scintillation vials loaded to an equal final weight of 3. 2 g biomass to maintain similar mixing characteristics. Biomass was dispensed by hand and weighed to the nearest 0. 001 g. Digestions of PCS were carried out on 20% solids in a two-step format. In step 1, four mg/g glucan of purified E1 was added to the samples and incubated with shaking (100 rpm) at 70°C for 24 h. After 24 h, the temperature was lowered to 45°C for 2 h to allow the sample temperature to equilibrate. In step 2, following equilibration at 45°C, CTec2 was added to a final enzyme concentration of 40 mg/g glucan and incubated for 96 h, with shaking (100 rpm) at 40°C. Endpoint samples were taken at 120 h and frozen at -20°C to stop the hydrolysis until all incubations were complete. The samples were then boiled for 10 min to denature the enzymes and diluted to 12. 0 mL with Nanopure H2O and filtered through 0. 45 μm nylon Acrodiscs. Carbohydrate quantification was performed for five monomeric sugars (glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and fructose), cellobiose, and “total oligomeric carbohydrates” using an Agilent 1100 HPLC system with a Shodex sugar SP0810 analytical column with refractive index detection. The calibration curves had eight points with a range of 0. 04 to 35 g/L with a validation sample at 1. 5 g/L. All components were present in the calibration standards at equal levels except for the “total oligomeric carbohydrates,” which were estimated by applying the response factor for cellobiose to all peak areas that eluted prior to glucose and includes cellobiose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: A previous study found that the abundance of g_Bifidobacterium in the GM of healthy people who were sedentary was reduced as compared to that in an exercise group (Bressa et al. , 2017), which agreed with our results. Desulfovibrio spp. is a major member of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, which can produce endogenous hydrogen sulfide, thereby damaging intestinal epithelial cells, and is a class of conditionally pathogenic bacteria. The abundance of Desulfovibrio spp. has been shown to be significantly increased in the intestines of patients with allergic purpura and children with autism (Finegold, 2011). Eggerthellaceae spp. may be associated with allergic diseases: a recent study (Aparicio et al. , 2020) found a higher abundance of this family in the GM of infants allergic to milk protein. When the screening value of the LDA score was set to 4, no significant changes were found at species level in the GM of mice fed an HFD in late pregnancy after exercise intervention. However, when the screening value of the LDA score was reduced to 3, the abundance of o_Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales and f_Peptostreptococcaceae decreased and that of s_Bacteroides dorei increased in the late pregnancy GM of mice in the HFDex group as compared to that of the HFD group. Therefore, our results indicate that, for mice on an HFD, exercise during pregnancy also altered the structure of the GM in late pregnancy to some extent; however, the effect was smaller than that in mice fed an LFD. An early study demonstrated that proper exercise during pregnancy can improve the metabolism of pregnant women and prevent a variety of pregnancy complications, such as obesity, with multiple benefits for the mother and newborn (Laker et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2020). Studies have also shown that exercise during pregnancy can reduce the adverse effects of obesity in the mother and newborn (Mourtakos et al. , 2015; Weissgerber et al. , 2006). In the present study, we investigated the effect of exercise during pregnancy on the GM in mice fed various diets.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every community has equal access to renewable water technology. [SEP] Text: Malnutrition and its consequences, such as stunting, will also affect children with no access to WASH, as chronic diarrhoeal diseases impair absorption of nutrients in food. To promote equal access opportunities to WASH for all, appropriate systems need to be put in place, starting from well-resourced institutions delivering services and altering conducts in a constructive manner. Topic seeks to inform academics, practitioners, decision-makers, and policies about the multiple ways in which inequalities in the access to WASH can affect adversely human health and lives. On this Day 2022, Frontiers in Water is launching a aimed at exploration of the following themes:• Challenges to the achievement of WASH, with special attention to populations that are at risk of exclusion from WASH services, including women and girls, people with disabilities, and older adults;• WASH as a pathway to gender equality, disability inclusion, and empowerment of women and girls and people with disabilities;• Water and sanitation services as a means of providing economic opportunities, particularly for women;• WASH and its role in securing education;• Climate-resilient WASH;• WASH and the Global South; and,• WASH and inclusive governance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Techno-economic analysisProcess economics analysis includes a conceptual level of process design to develop a detailed process flow diagram (based on research data), rigorous materials and energy balance calculations (via commercial simulation tools, Aspen Plus), capital and operational cost estimation (capital expenditures, CAPEX, and operating expenses, OPEX, via an in-house model using spreadsheets), a discounted cash flow economic model, and the calculation of a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). Rigorous material and energy balance calculations are performed to quantify unit-level cost estimates. For a given set of conversion parameters, material and energy balance and flow rate information are generated using process simulation software (Aspen Plus. Release 7. 2, Inc. , Cambridge MA), assuming a defined feed rate to the biorefinery of 2,205 dry US tons of corn stover per day (2,000 metric tonnes per day). These data are used to size and cost process equipment to calculate capital expense (CAPEX) and to calculate raw material and other operating costs (OPEX). The most recent NREL design report model has been used as the baseline for modeling the variation of enzymatic hydrolysis yields in this study [13]. The integrated process model starts from dilute acid pretreatment at a moderate to high temperature (150 to 190°C) for a short time followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation with recombinant Zymomonas mobilis. Cellulase enzyme made onsite is added to the hydrolysate at an optimized temperature for enzyme activity. The monomeric xylose from the 2012 pilot demonstration reaches over 50 g/L and monomeric glucose reaches 100 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis [13]. If saccharification and fermentation steps are conducted at different temperatures, a cooling step is required to ensure growth of fermenting organism Zymomonas mobilis at anaerobic conditions. Five days are required to convert most of the cellulose and xylose to the beer liquor with >70 g/L of ethanol which is then sent to recovery and purification, which uses standard adsorption technology. The solids after fermentation are separated and combusted in a fluidized bed combustor to produce high pressure steam for electricity credits and process heat. Detailed techno-economic analysis development can be found in 2012 state of technology report as well as previous NREL design reports [15],[16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that, for mice fed an LFD, exercise during pregnancy did not change the diversity of the GM in GD19 but altered the structure of the GM to some extent, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of the mice. For mice fed an HFD, exercise intervention did not alter the diversity of the GM in late pregnancy, but it did alter the abundance of some species in the GM to some extent, improving the structural changes in the GM induced by HFD. Our study revealed that shifts in GM composition by exercise intervention were diet-dependent, contradicting a previous study that showed that most diet- or exercise-induced alterations in GM populations were unrelated (Kang et al. , 2014). Owing to the influence of the traditional Chinese concept of fetal preservation, most pregnant women exercise very little during pregnancy. Based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended that pregnant women perform appropriate exercise during pregnancy, particularly those who have consumed an HFD for a long time. In pregnant women who consume a high-carbohydrate diet, exercise can be appropriately reduced during early pregnancy. The pregnancy success rate of mice in the LFDex group was significantly lower than that of mice in the other groups. This discrepancy may be related to the fact that pregnancy did not succeed after intercourse or that miscarriage occurred in early pregnancy. However, little is known about the specific reasons for this situation. Since both GM and pregnancy are closely related to the immune status of the body, if the immune status is imbalanced, it will cause the individual to be less likely to conceive or to have an early abortion after conception. Therefore, we postulate that exercise intervention during pregnancy might affect pregnancy success by affecting GM and thus organismal immunity in mice fed LFD. No relevant studies on this topic are available, and the reason for the significantly lower pregnancy success in the LFDex group of mice still requires further investigation. Our results indicate that exercise during gestation is likely to benefit people eating an HFD. Therefore, it may be appropriate to increase the proportion of fat in the diet of pregnant women who choose exercise interventions during pregnancy, but specific exercise recommendations warrant further investigation. Our study had some limitations. First, despite the small sample size, the results of this animal experiment were plausible due to the uniformity of genetic strains and interventions, which differed from human experiments. Although the number of cases was small, our investigation showed significant differences.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: Evidence about some key roles Explore evidence about some key roles in general practice in many other developed countries, nurses are the largest group of clinicians working with doctors in GP practices. there are nearly 17,400 FTE nurses, which is around one nurse for every two GPs. Nurses in general practice have a range of responsibilities which, depending on their training and experience may include: management of long-term conditions such as diabetes and asthma seeing vulnerable groups such as children, and people with mental health problems management of acute minor illness and other more general tasks. Commission (2015) argued that nurses “could take on substantially more care for both acute and chronic conditions”. A 2021 systematic review found that nurses with advanced clinical skills can provide equivalent, and in some cases superior, care to doctors. Authors concluded that advanced nurse practitioners have a positive impact on clinical and service-related outcomes and “offer a promising solution for addressing the rising complexity of and demand of health service users worldwide”. However, it is unclear what level of nursing education leads to the best outcomes when nurses act as a substitute for doctors. The advanced training undertaken by nurses varies and advanced nursing roles in the UK are not subject to additional professional regulation. Nurses’ capacity to prescribe allows them to extend their role. The number of nurses with an Independent/qualification has increased significantly since March 2018, from 39,677 to 59,326. A 2010 study estimated that one in three practices had a nurse or pharmacist prescriber (see below). Given the recent expansion of pharmacy and advanced nursing roles – this proportion is likely to have grown significantly since then. More than 7,000 FTE healthcare assistants are employed in general practice. Healthcare assistants are not professionally qualified and their role varies between practices. Healthcare assistants undertake a range of tasks including: clinical observations including blood pressure, new patient medicals, height and weight measurements and body mass index (BMI) calculations and electrocardiogram (ECG) readings minor procedures such as taking blood samples, removal of stitches, applying simple dressings administration including stock ordering. Since 2015, the Commission (CQC) expects all practices to ensure that newly-recruited healthcare assistants meet standards. These standards outline what health and social care workers need to know and be able to deliver in their daily jobs. They aim to address inconsistencies in training and competencies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this work, process conditions and yields are updated only to the enzymatic hydrolysis area while maintaining process modeling of the other areas, to incorporate the higher temperature enzymatic pre-digestion step with hyperthermophilic enzymes coupled to a subsequent conventional saccharification. The MESPs are then calculated based on the experimental data. : capital expenditures IBRF: : minimum ethanol selling price OPEX: operating expenses PCS: pretreated corn stover SHF: sequential hydrolysis and fermentation SSF: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation 545. 10. 1007/s10570-009-9327-81087. 10. 1002/bit. 2437035. 10. 1080/102424208025643587. 10. 1186/1754-6834-1-720. : Comparison of SHF and SSF processes for the bioconversion of steam-exploded wheat straw. J Biotechnol 2000, 25(4):184-192. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 70000541516. 10. 1126/science. 12442731. Biotechnol 1994, 45–46(1):245-256. 10. 1007/BF02941803465. 10. 1099/00221287-144-2-4570660. 10. 1021/bi960443952. 10. 1007/BF00170427422. 10. 1007/s00253-005-0055-12014. , [ A: LAP - Determination of and Lignin in Biomass. 2006:9572. Aden A: to Design and Co- for Corn Stover. Information: PBD: 1 Jun 20022002. 154. p. Medium: ED; Size. Humbird D: and Economics for of to Ethanol: Dilute- of Corn Stover. 2011. Book 8308. Funding for the work was provided by the DOE Office of Office. Author informationAuthors and 15013 Parkway, Golden, 80401, & 15013 Parkway, Golden, 80401, USA& author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Non-Financial: There are no non-financial competing interests. Authors’ contributionsAll authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Second, although the experimental protocols were the same, we could not exclude potential confounding factors because different batches of mice were used. Third, given that the dietary source in LFD and HFD was considerably different, this could also affect gut microbiota compositions, apart from high/low fat composition. quantitative exercise intervention during pregnancy increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in the gut of pregnant mice fed an LFD, although the pregnancy success rate was significantly decreased. In mice on an HFD, exercise intervention during pregnancy significantly reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio in pregnant mice, and mice still maintained a high pregnancy success rate after exercise intervention. Our results indicated that exercise during gestation induced changes in maternal GM. These data may have important implications for considering an individual’s overall diet when recommending exercise during pregnancy. Physical characteristics of pregnant mice and macronutrient intake and total energy intake DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-1 Download OTU relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-2 level relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-3 2. 0 Checklist DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-4 level relative abundance table DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14459/supp-5 GD gestation day GM gut microbiota HFD high-fat diet HFDex high-fat diet plus exercise LDA linear discriminant analysis LEfSe linear discriminant analysis of the effect size LFD low-fat diet LFDex low-fat diet plus exercise principal coordinates analysis would like to thank Editage for English language editing. We also thank Biobank of the Hospital of for sample storage. authors declare there are no competing interests. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 4908. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data are available in the Supplementary Files. study was supported by grants from the of China (No. 81771664). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2020. Microbiological and immunological markers in milk and infant feces for common gastrointestinal disorders: a pilot study. Nutrients 12:634 -’Sullivan O. 2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: [1] 그러나 아직 까지 항공 산업에 VR 기술이 보편화 되지 않은점, 시뮬레이터 내부에서 작동되는 시뮬레이션 프로그램의 VR 호환성 지원성의 미약으로 VR HMD를 통해 비행 훈련이 진행 된 사례는 아직 드물다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Biosynthesis of fragrance 2-phenylethanol from sugars by Pseudomonas putida access Published: 02 April 2024 Biosynthesis of fragrance 2-phenylethanol from sugars by Pseudomonas putida Patricia Godoy1, Zulema Udaondo2, Estrella Duque1 & …Juan L. Ramos1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 2. The two strains without the pPE-1 plasmid did not produce 2-PE as expected (not shown). We found that the P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and P. putida CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) produced about 50 ppm 2-PE when glucose was the growth substrate (Fig. 2). However, with xylose, negligible 2-PE accumulated, i. e. , less than 3 ppm was detected in the culture medium (not shown). When glucose and xylose were present simultaneously, a production level of 2-PE similar to that obtained with glucose alone was achieved (Fig. 2). These strains accumulated low amounts of phenylalanine in the culture medium (< 3 ppm) under all growth conditions (not shown), which suggests that almost all phenylalanine produced intracellularly was channeled towards 2-PE production. Fig. 2Production of 2-PE in the presence of glucose (open bars) or mixture of glucose:xylose (closed bars) as the C source. P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) cells were grown overnight with glucose as the C source. The cultures were then washed and diluted to DO660 of 0. 1 diluted in fresh medium with glucose (0. 5% w/v) or glucose:xylose (0. 375% w/v:0. 125% w/v) as the C source, and 2-PE production was measured after 24 h incubation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Association of physical performance and biochemical profile of mice with intrinsic endurance swimming. of 13:892-901. 2014. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. 9:36. 2012. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 150:470-480. 2021. Exercise during pregnancy mitigates negative effects of parental obesity on metabolic function in adult mouse offspring. Journal of 130:605-616. 2020. Gut microbiome fermentation determines the efficacy of exercise for diabetes prevention. 31:77-91 e75 Magoc T, Salzberg SL. 2011. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 27:2957-2963. 2019. Role of the intestinal microbiome in autoimmune diseases and its use in treatments. 339:50-58. 2015. Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats. 10(5):e0125889 Mojsak P, Rey-. 2020. The role of gut microbiota (GM) and GM-related metabolites in diabetes and obesity. A review of analytical methods used to measure GM-related metabolites in fecal samples with a focus on metabolites’ derivatization step. Journal of Pharmaceutical and 191:113617. 2021. Metagenomics analysis of gut microbiota in response to diet intervention and gestational diabetes in overweight and obese women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Gut 70:309-318. 2017. Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. 2017:3831972. 2020. Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves endotoxemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 52:94-104. 2015. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5, 125 children. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 15:66. 2006. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Applied and 72:1027-1033. 2017. Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists. Microbiome 5:98. 2018. Bifidobacteria and the infant gut: an example of co-evolution and natural selection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: For non-experienced participants, the most reported change was the transition in their understanding of game design and development. According to P2, “To my understanding, game making was once simply equal to coding and software programming. . . For the first time, it made me aware that how much physical components can actually lend to game creation. (For example? ) am making a rogue game, and I can tweak the parameters of each virtual item at each level in a very detailed and complicated way, but still it’s totally different. . . It can’t compare to the real feeling that physical objects brings about. ” The same insight was shared and reinforced by the feedback from the experienced participants. When compared the proposed technology stack with their previous tools, e. g. Unity, Processing etc. , a significant portion of participants considered that the introduction of RFID and geographical positioning adds to the overall interactability as well as an enriched spatial experience, making them start to “think outside the screen”. Or as P11 put it, “My research topic is about VR interactive narratives. Many current VR interactive films still heavily rely on or just simply transplant the conventional screen-based interaction into VR, like popping up a menu and asking the audience to pause and make a choice at certain point. VR turned out to be no more than just a gimmick-like thing. The use of RFID makes it possible to rely on more natural and meaningful user interactions, instead of asking users to learn and follow an interaction guide or explicitly perform something. ” There surely were some negative feedback about the use of the prototype tools, which also directs us to our last question: What further improvement would you like to propose for the current technology stack? We have received some specific feedback regarding the development tools of the proposed technology stack, explicitly, the comprehensibility of programming interface (7 participants). For example, as bare RFID tags are utilized as part of the programming interface, the participants complained that it was difficult to distinguish between multiple tags; also, there was no visible indicator in current interface for showing the read range of the RFID reader, resulting in repetitive tests and extra efforts for users to try out and adjust by themselves. Therefore, a more distinguishable RFID interface was considered as a must by 3 participants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The figure shows the average of three independent assaysFull size imageSince xylose is metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), it is likely that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) levels in CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) are limiting the operation of the shikimate pathway (Fig. 1), which is critical for production of l-phenylalanine and its subsequent channeling towards 2-PE. Effect of the addition of the Ehrlich pathway and shikimate pathway intermediates on 2-PE productionTo determine if the limiting factor in the process was related to the production of the primary substrate, l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), or pathway intermediates, i. e. , phenyl acetaldehyde (PA) and phenylpyruvate (PP), we carried out resting cells assays in which 1 mM l-Phe (165 ppm), 1 mM PA (120 ppm) or 1 mM PP (186 ppm) were added to cultures of CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1), in a medium with glucose or with xylose as the C source. Figure 3 shows that, regardless of the C source used (glucose or xylose), 2-PE production reached concentrations of about 100–120 ppm 2-PE in both strains, increases that represent production about 200% higher than those obtained in the absence of Ehrlich pathway intermediates. Therefore, the transformation of l-Phe into 2-PE through the Ehrlich pathway was not compromised. This suggests that the initial amount of l-Phe in the cells is the main limiting factor in the production of 2-PE. Fig. 3Production of 2-PE by resting cells in the presence of Ehrlich pathway intermediates: l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), phenylacetaldehyde (PA) or phenylpyruvate (PP). CM12-5 (pPE-1) (blue bars) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) (red bars) cells were grown in the presence of glucose as the C source until reaching a DO660 of 1, the cultures were then washed and concentrated in 1xM9 + 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The relative expression of genes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was analyzed according to the Log2 fold change from the transcriptome data (SRA accession number: PRJNA897748). Differentially expressed genes identified for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were clustered in a hierarchical clustering heatmap using R software (v3. 1. 0; R Core Team, 2014). of sequencing data In the present study, a total of 780,620 sequences were acquired from six gut samples from each group of mandarin fish fed with NF and AF. After applying quality filtering, 731,660 clean sequences (ranging from 87,624 to 194,875) were classified as OTUs (Table S2), with a mean length of 416 bp for the high-quality processed sequences (Fig. S1). The rarefaction curves of the observed OTUs suggest that there is sufficient sequence data to obtain reliable and unbiased assessments of microbial species richness. Alpha diversity and richness Alpha diversity indices, including Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, Pielou-e, Observed OTUs, and Faith’s pd, were measured to evaluate the diversity and richness of the microbiota in the faeces of mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet. The identification of microbial phylotypes in all gut samples was robust, as indicated by high Good’s coverage estimator values ranging from 98% to 99% (Fig. 1). No significant differences were found between the treatments for Simpson and Pielou-e (Fig. 1; P > 0. 05). The AF group had significantly lower values for Chao1, Shannon, observed OTUs, and Faith’s pd index than the NF group in mandarin fish (Fig. 1; P < 0. 05). Figure 1: The alpha-diversity of gut microbial community in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. The asterisk (*) at the top of figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-1 Beta diversity of gut microbial communities The rank abundance curve, which shows the distribution of OTU abundance in each sample by ranking the values. The results of the rank abundance curve showed that the NF group had higher abundance than the AF group (Fig. 2A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% (w/v) glucose or xylose to reach a DO660 of about 10, and the effect of 1 mM l-Phe PA or PP supplements on 2-PE production was measured after 24 h of incubation. The figure shows the average values of three independent assaysFull size imageOn the other hand, l-phenylalanine in P. putida is made through the shikimate pathway, in which shikimate and chorismate are intermediates (Fig. 1), and hence we tested whether the addition of 1 mM shikimate (174 ppm) or 1 mM chorismate (226 ppm) would also lead to an increase in 2-PE production. Supplementation with chorismate to CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) growing with glucose or xylose (Table 1) led to production levels of about 1 ppm 105 ppm 2-PE (Table 1), a value similar to that reached when Ehrlich pathway intermediates were added. However, this was not the case with shikimate, as it was only partially consumed by the cells, and also because it was biotransformed in side dead-end products (3-hydroxyshikimic acid, quinate and acetate) both with glucose or xylose as the C source (data not shown). This implies that an appropriate channeling of shikimate to chorismate is a critical issue in the synthesis of 2-PE by this host platform. Hence, our data support the hypothesis that the intracellular levels of l-Phe maybe the limiting step in the biosynthesis of 2-PE. Moreover, this was particularly noticeable, when xylose was used as the sole C source, since with this C-source a clear limitation of the available intermediates for the synthesis of l-Phe was identified. Table 1 Effect of shikimate pathway intermediates chorismic acid (CA) and shikimic acid (SA) on the synthesis of 2-PE in P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) strainsFull size tableIncreasing phenylalanine production and 2-PE levels in P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The differentially observed OTUs in mandarin fish between the two treatments were identified using a Venn diagram (Fig. 2B). A total of 772 OTUs were shared between the two treatments, and a total of 7,375 OTUs and 3,076 OTUs were uniquely identified in the NF and AF treatments, respectively. PCoA of beta diversity was performed to visualize the similarities between the two treatments with unweighted_unifrac and weighted_unifrac distances (n = 3, Figs. 2C, 2D). Both PCoA diagrams showed that samples from the AF group indicated a separation from the NF group, as the microbial communities appeared as two distinct central clusters along with the PCA distance variations on both axes. To provide a clearer visualization of the taxonomic abundance distribution between the two treatments, a heatmap clustering analysis was performed on the 50 most abundant genera, as shown in Fig. S2. Figure 2: Distribution of OTUs abundance analysis and β diversity analysis in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. (A) Rank abundance curve. (B) Venn diagram showing the observed OTUs of gut microbial communities. Principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted (C) and weighted UniFrac distances (D) of gut microbiota between groups. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-2 Differences in taxonomic composition The bacterial community composition of mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets was analyzed at the phyla and genus level (Fig. 3). The top ten most abundant phyla were listed and the remaining phyla were termed ‘Others’ (Fig. 3A). The predominant phylum observed in the gut microbiota of both mandarin fish treatments were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota, followed by Fusobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, TM7, Thermi, and Gemmatimonadota.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The bridge model is currently being used in face-to-face classes of disciplines of curriculum: (4th year) and Bridges (5th year). They were placed on the webpage for each discipline thus being available for students to manipulate. The student should download the EON Viewer application available at the EON web site. The traditional way to present the curricular subjects involved in those virtual models are 2D layouts or pictures. Now, the teacher interacts with the 3D models showing the sequence construction and the constitution of the modelled type of work. Through direct interaction with the models, it is possible to monitor the progress of the construction process of the bridge. The objective is not to replace current training methods but to position accurate as an additional teaching method. To do so, there were developed immersive 3D models that were based on an actual method of teaching. The deck bridges model shows the complexity associated to the construction work of the deck. The model also illustrates in detail the movement of the equipment. In class, the teacher must explain way the process must follow both sequence of steps and the way the equipment devices operates. When the student, of the 5th year, goes to a real work place he can observe the complexity of the work and better understand the progression of construction previously explained. It provides an immersive capacity inherent to virtual world and it allows the students and teachers to go to a specific construction step. The camera movement shows the model in a consistent way to present all sequences of events allowing the user to perceive correctly the most important details of this construction method;The discipline of Bridges, offered to 5th year students of Degree in Civil Engineering, has a weight of 4. 5 curricular credits. The general objectives of the Bridges discipline concerns an introductory course on bridge design and construction, the basic concepts for prestressed concrete bridges and steel-concrete composite bridges, the basic models for the analysis and design of bridge superstructures and substructures. The curricular program of the Bridges discipline contains the specific topic “Design concept and execution methods: superstructure concept; concrete bridge decks-slab, beam-slab and box girder decks; composite (steel-concrete) bridge decks; piers, abutments and foundations; construction methods”, along 9 hour, (program, 2014). And the assessment process is based in a final examination (70%) and a work report (30%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida It has been described that l-Phe exerts feedback inhibition of its own synthesis through interaction of the amino acid with the R-domain of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase, PheA, a bifunctional enzyme in the shikimate pathway for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids [34]. Molina-Santiago et al. [24] constructed PheAfbr, a PheA mutant variant in which the R-domain of PheA was deleted and the allosteric sensitivity to phenylalanine was eliminated. This PheAfbr mutant variant was expressed in plasmid pPHE1. This study confirmed that CM12-5 (pPHE1) accumulated higher titers of L-phenylalanine in the culture medium i. e. , up to 350 ± 10 mg L−1 versus around 300 ± 5 mg L−1 for CM12-5 (Fig. 4A). Then, CM12-5 (pPHE1) was transformed with pPE-1 and 2-PE measured in the medium. It was found that 2-PE increased from about 50–60 ppm to near 95 ± 5 ppm (Fig. 4B), production levels similar to those achieved with exogenous supplementation of l-Phe in resting cell assays. This confirmed that the limitation in the production of l-Phe is an obvious step in the production of 2-PE. Fig. 4l-Phe production and 2-PE production from 1. 5% (w/v) glucose of Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strains without and with the pPE-1 plasmid. Cells were grown overnight with glucose as the C source, then the cultures were diluted to DO660 of 0. 1 in fresh medium with 1. 5% (w/v) glucose, and l-Phe production (panel A) or 2-PE (panel B) was measured after 24 h incubation. The figure shows the average values of three independent assaysFull size imageThereafter, it was decided to search for clones that can produce more l-Phe than the CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains. To this end, the P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: At the genus level, the top ten most abundant taxa were identified as Lactobacillus, unidentified Clostridiales, unidentified Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcus, unidentified Ruminococcaceae, Cetobacterium, Clostridium, unidentified S24-7, Lachnospiraceae, and Oscillospira (Fig. 3B). Figure 3: Taxonomic composition of the gut microbial community at the phylum (A) and genus (B) level in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diets. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-3 In addition, the abundance of the dominant microbial taxa varied significantly between the two treatments (Fig. 4). In the NF group, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, TM7, and Gemmatimonadota exhibited significantly higher relative abundances compared to the AF group of mandarin fish (P < 0. 05). On the contrary, Bacteroidota showed a significantly higher relative abundance in the mandarin fish fed with the AF diet, compared to the NF group (P < 0. 05). LEfSe was conducted to further analyze the differential bacterial taxonomic abundances between the two treatments (Fig. 5). As revealed by the score (LDA > 4), eight and four bacterial taxa contributed to the AF and NF groups, respectively (Fig. 5A). Additionally, the LEfSe cladogram indicated Bacteroidota as a biomarker in mandarin fish fed with the AF diet, compared to the NF treatments (Fig. 5B). Figure 4: Comparison of the top 10 dominant microbial taxa at the phylum level in mandarin fish fed with the FB and AF diets. FB, fresh bait; AF, artificial feeds. The asterisk (*) at the top of the figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-4 Figure 5: Intergroup variation in the relative abundance of the intestinal microbial communities. (A) Bacterial taxa differentially displayed in the gut of microbiota mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The recommended bibliographies are essentially the didactic text of Reis (2006) and two main books concerning construction of bridges (Leonhartd, 1982) and (Calgaro & Virlogeux, 1987). The different construction methodologies that are available must be well known by the future designers, as it influences significantly the choice of most suitable solution of the deck typology, for each particular situation. So the subject concerning bridge construction is of great importance in the discipline. The VR models became useful to teachers when they are presenting the distinct methodologies of constructing deck bridges. The interactive models are also an important support to students when writing the report of the discipline, as some students chose the construction processes topic to study. In these reports there are evident 7. ConclusionsThis paper analyses some constructive processes concerning bridge deck formed of precast beams and describes the implementation of an interactive model that simulates the construction work activity. The virtual application shows one of the methods most often applied in the construction of this type of bridge. In the creation of the model software based on the (RV) technology was used. VR allows, through interaction with 3D models of the environment, representing building components and equipment, the creation of the constructive sequence in time and space by simulating the progression of the construction of the deck, which allows a good understanding of the whole process. The model 4D (3D+time) offers several advantages, allowing a deeper awareness of the relationship of the components of the building and the phasing of the work, leading to a better understanding of the spatial movement of equipment and of the component placement in work. Since the traditional designs of graphic documentation of the construction project are sometimes more difficult to understand, it can be seen that this model is clearly didactic in character and as such can be used to support the training of students and professionals in the field of Bridges. 1. 4D group (2014). 4D annotator: A visual decision support tool for construction planners, CIFE-Center for Engineering, of Stanford University, accessed: July, 2014. 4D group (2014). 4D annotator: A visual decision support tool for construction planners, CIFE-Center for Engineering, of Stanford University, accessed: July, 2014. 2. AbdelhameedW. A2013Virtual reality used in architectural design studios: A case of studying structure and construction, Science, 25220230Abdelhameed, W.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains were subjected to random mutagenesis with EMS and selection of clones resistant to high concentrations (> 3 mg mL−1) of the l-phenylalanine analogue p-fluoro-phenylalanine (FPA), the mutagenesis was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. One clone of each strain (named PG1E and PG2E), which were able to accumulate about 300 and 450 ppm L-Phe, respectively, when grown with 1. 5% (w/v) glucose (Fig. 4A) were kept. These overproducer strains were subsequently transformed with pPE-1 plasmid and 2-PE accumulation determined. With P. putida PG1E, around 100 ppm 2-PE accumulated and the highest levels of 2-PE were reached with PG2E that accumulated at close to 120 ppm (Fig. 4B). As the highest l-Phe and 2-PE productions were achieved with PG2E strain, it was decided to sequence its genome to determine which genomic changes were responsible for l-Phe overproduction. When comparing the genome of this l-Phe overproducer derivative PG2E with DOT-T1E genome, we found that, apart from the five mutations involved in l-Phe degradation pathways generated by direct mutagenesis and described in Molina-Santiago et al. [24], up to 400 SNP (see Additional file 2: Table S1) were found. To refine the study, the SNP in the genes that encode proteins related to l-Phe metabolism (Additional file 4: Table S3) were analyzed. A H431P change in shikimate dehydrogenase (QuiA) that may prevent the misrouting of shikimate to 3-hydroxyskimate was identified; together with a set of mutations in genes encoding enzymes of the phenylacetic acid (PAA) degradation pathway. As suggested by L324P in PaaH_2, Y154C in PaaK, V154A and F284L in PaaA (Additional file 3: Table S2). Indeed, due to the mutations in the paa genes, the PG2E strain lost the ability to metabolize PAA (see Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: (B) Cladogram of LEfSe. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-5 Metabolic functional prediction 2 of the KEGG pathway, a total of six pathways were annotated based on the KEGG database using (Fig. 6A). The predicted pathways are dominated by metabolism, genetic information processing, and cellular process. Further functional categories by metagenome Seq analysis showed significant differences in pathway enrichment between the NF and AF treatments of mandarin fish (Fig. 6B). Compared to the NF group, the AF group showed significantly higher metabolic levels related to pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway and steroid biosynthesis. In contrast, higher metabolic activities related to lysosomal and sphingolipid metabolism were observed in the NF group. Figure 6: Functional prediction analysis of gut microbiota in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet using. NF, natural feeds; AF, artificial feeds; of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. (A) Predicted functional categories annotated by KEGG at Level 2. (B) Differentially enriched pathways based on KEGG annotation between the two groups of mandarin fish, with the NF as the control treatment. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-6 Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism related indicators The carbohydrate and lipid related metabolic indicators were analyzed, as these pathways were highly enriched in the microbiota functional prediction. Photomicrographs of representative O-stained liver sections from mandarin fish demonstrated that the AF group had significantly more lipid droplets than the NF group (Fig. 7A), which was also verified by the significantly lower number of lipid droplets (Fig. 7B; P < 0. 05). In addition, the lipid content in the muscle of mandarin fish fed the AF diet was significantly higher than that of the NF group (Fig. 7C; P < 0. 05).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Educators who have not had experience with the VR so far have shown interest in involving similar innovations in the education process in the future. Experts on industrial heritage agree that the importance of presenting virtualized models of extinct historical objects is in several aspects:Reminder of local history and presentation of the site to the public. Initiating a public/professional debate. Reinterpreting the meaning for the present and the future. Effective (faster and clearer) understanding of the extinct historical object (VR, AR, 3D printing, holographic model). Effective nonformal learning. Short-term use for the presentation of cultural monuments seems to be an appropriate and efficient use of the VR, which can personally approach a defunct building or site. The disadvantage is the high-input economic demands on the hardware and software equipment of the presentation, the technology (operating and explaining), and the low availability of the virtual reality headset, which each visitor uses only at the time. The presentation in animated virtual reality with the possibility of synchronized movement in space is interactive and creates a subjective experience. It uses an audiovisual design, and in the original old power plant hall, it is sensually complemented by the historically present smell of black oil (unrefined diesel). This affects the imagination of the observer and allows his better immersion, the so-called “deep-rooted,” and the potential for long-term information storage. At the same time, the presentation of the premises through the VR is a more interesting form for a wider audience of different ages and for people with some forms of disability. The VR is able to appeal to an age-wide and professional audience, thus ensuring the transmission of the legacy of the non-preserved cultural values of the buildings of the past. Virtual reality has proven to be a suitable tool for commemorating the extinct heritage and reinterpreting its significance for the present (Figure 8). Figure 8. VR application testing at the Researchers’ Night 2019 in Bratislava and testing by students of the University of the of the Faculty of Architecture in Bratislava (photo: V. Hain). Advertisement 5. Results5. 1 Education and experienceThe created VR 3D model for the old power plant is adapted for the visual communication of technical information and aims to diversify educational and multisensory exhibitions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the higher accumulation of l-Phe in the strain producing the highest l-Phe level, and the subsequent 2-PE obtained, may be related to a more efficient channeling of shikimate to l-Phe. The use of agricultural waste products as feedstocks for 2-PE productionTo explore the potential of Pseudomonas putida as a chassis to produce 2-PE from 2G substrates, the capability of producing 2-PE from corn stover (PCS) and sugar cane straw (PSCS) hydrolysates, prepared as described in Materials and Methods was assayed. To this end, P. putida CM12-5 (pPE-1), CM12-5(pPHE1) (pPE-1), CM12-5(pPHE1)-FPA (pPE-1) and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE) (pPE-1) strains were grown in M8 minimal medium with KNO3 as the N source, and 3% (w/v) PCS or PSCS. 2-PE production levels were determined after 24 h and the results are shown in Table 2. All the strains produced between 82 and 110 mg L−1 2-PE, either from 3% PCS or 3% PSCS hydrolysates. The concentration of sugars was also considered in molar terms to estimate molar yields, which were in the range of 8. 6–11. 1% regarding glucose utilization (Table 2). Table 2 2-PE production from 2G lignocellulosic hydrolysates PCS and PSCS in Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strainsFull size tableSimilar assays were also done with all of these 2-PE producing strains in M9 minimal medium, but using 1G substrates as the C source, such as corn syrup, which was used at 1/80 (v/v). Our results are shown in Table 3. Surprisingly, the total production of 2-PE with 1G substrates was lower than with 2G substrates, since these strains accumulated between 10 and 84 mg L−1 of 2-PE and the molar yields were below 4. 8%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Based on the results of the Illumina mRNA-seq data, we further performed heat mapping and clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEmRNAs) associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (fba2), ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkm), transketolase 10-like (gapa2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh)), insulin signaling pathway (40S ribosomal protein S6 (rps6b), uncharacterized protein LOC108887387 (ppp1r3a), parvalbumin-7 isoform X1 (pvalb7), and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (ppp1r3c)), fatty acid biosynthesis (Beta-ketoacyl synthase (ppsc)), and PPAR signaling pathway (fatty acid-binding protein (fabp7), fatty acid desaturase (fads2), and fatty acid binding protein 11 (pmp2)) (Fig. 7D). Figure 7: Gut microbiota-associated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mandarin fish fed with the NF and AF diet. NF, natural feeds; AF, artifical feeds. (A) Oil red O staining of liver sections. (B) Number of lipid droplet. Lipid droplet was red-colored and nuclei was blue-colored. (C) Lipid content in the muscle. (D) Heatmap clustering of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the mixed tissue of mandarin fish. Data represent mean ± SEM and are normalized to percentage of field area. The asterisk (*) at the top of the figures indicates significant differences between the two groups (P < 0. 05). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/fig-7 of microbiota diversity in mandarin fish fed the AF diet Diet has a significant impact on shaping and modulating the composition of the host gut microbiota (et al. , 2010; Miclotte & Van de Wiele, 2020). Generally, habitual dietary changes can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota and have detrimental effects on overall health (Qin et al. , 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: AbstractWhilst clinical simulation is established as an effective education tool within the healthcare community, the inability to offer authentic educational learning environments remains problematic. Advances in technology such as immersive virtual reality offer new opportunities to enhance traditional practice to an extent that may transform learning. However, with traditional clinical simulation stress and anxiety can both hinder performance and learning, yet it is unknown what nuances are applicable within a clinical virtual simulation environment. Determining potential benefits, drawbacks (including related stress and anxiety) and affordances of immersive technology clinical simulation designs may help provide an understanding of its usefulness. The aim of this scoping review is to investigate the range and nature of evidence associated with immersive virtual reality clinical simulation and education design. In addition, the review will describe authentic immersive technology clinical simulation use and reported stress response measurements. A search of seven electronic database and grey literature was performed in accordance with the Institute methodology. A key term search strategy was employed with five themes identified and investigated: (1) Healthcare professionals, (2) Clinical simulation, (3) Immersive virtual reality, (4) Stress/anxiety and (5) Authentic learning design. Application of the search strategy resulted in a hit total of 212 1. 1 BackgroundThe close contact environment required for clinical simulation education has been both problematic and challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional simulation education requires both potential victims and carriers of the virus to interact within a small room. Whilst mandatory testing has been implemented in most institutions, the risk of contracting the virus increases when multiple people come together in a small space (Ahmed et al. 2020). COVID-19 has changed the educational landscape for many, and it is therefore necessary to explore and potentially mitigate the impact of the virus by providing a transformative learning experience. With this, education facilities across the world are enacting contingencies that will allow HCP’s the opportunity to continue to learn whilst keeping learners safe and yet still provide an engaging and supportive educational experience (Brown et al. 2020). One such intervention is the use of virtual technology in education. Virtual technology advances include augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR/XR) and immersive virtual reality (IVR) to name but a few. Whilst each technology differs slightly, the overarching attributes include layers of sensory information that offer the user a simulated experience of sound, sight, smell and touch similar to the physical world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Production of 2-PE can be considered to take place in two sets of reactions: one that leads to synthesis of the primary substrate, L-Phe, and a second set that uses the Ehrlich pathway to produce 2-PE. It was found that, whether intracellularly made or exogenously supplied, L-Phe is stoichiometrically converted on 2-PE. The genes of the Ehrlich pathway were expressed in pPE-1 plasmid from the regulated Pm promoter [50, 51], whose expression is driven by XylS in the presence of alkylbenzoates in plasmid pPE-1, or from a constitutively expressed lac promoter in plasmid pPE-2 (not shown). Our unpublished results revealed that the regulated expression of the Ehrlich pathway yielded more consistent production than the constitutive expression, probably due to the generation of instability, as production decreased with time (P. Godoy, unpublished results). The limiting factor in the 2-PE production process was linked to the production of the primary substrate, phenylalanine (L-Phe). The limited flux toward the shikimate synthesis pathway seems to be the main bottleneck for the production of aromatic chemicals, because it is highly regulated at transcriptional and enzymatic levels [25, 52]. A key feature in a wide range of l-phenylalanine producers is the need to overcome the feedback inhibition by l-Phe of the bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase (PheA) enzyme [24, 25]. This fact has been confirmed in this study, as the expression of the PheAfbr variant lacking the R-domain expressed in plasmid pPHE1 [24] led to significant increases in L-phenylalanine accumulation in the medium. Another step is to increase the availability of shikimate precursors phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) [25, 53,54,55,56,57]. This study shows that xylose is a less efficient C-source for l-Phe production than glucose, which is probably related to the low availability of PEP in cells growing on xylose, which limits the C flow towards the shikimate pathway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with previous studies in other aquatic species, such as totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), where Pseudomonadota and Bacillota were found to be the dominant core flora (Yamamoto et al. , 2021; Zhou et al. , 2021; Larios-Soriano et al. , 2022). At the genus level, the relative abundance of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus was found to be relatively dominant in both treatments of mandarin fish. The PCoA analysis of the beta diversity revealed a clear separation between AF and NF treatments, suggesting that the gut microbiota structure in mandarin fish was distinct between the two dietary treatments. Statistical analysis of relative taxa abundance at the phylum level showed that the AF group had a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidota compared to the NF group. Bacteroides and Bacillota are two phyla of bacteria known for involvement in the fermentation and assimilation of nutrients in the host (Wexler, 2007). Bacillota have been associated with enhanced fatty acid absorption, thereby facilitating energy harvesting processes (Ouyang et al. , 2023), while Bacteroidota are mainly important for the breakdown of high molecular weight organic material, suggesting their involvement in carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism (Sidhu et al. , 2023). Moreover, studies have shown a positive correlation between a plant-based diet and the abundance of Bacteroidota in the gut, in that adopting plant-based diets has been associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria including Bacteroidota (Sidhu et al. , 2023). In line with these findings, the present study revealed a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidota in mandarin fish fed the AF diet, as supported by the bacterial composition and LEfSe results. Therefore, the inclusion of dietary carbohydrate in the AF diet may enhance the host’s ability to assimilate carbohydrate and harvest energy by modulating the Bacteroidota in the gut of mandarin fish. In contrast, significantly lower abundances of Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexota were found in mandarin fish of the AF diet treatment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Users are typically immersed within environments that offer real-world situations and/or representations of virtual humans. This now offers a potential to interact and explore authentic environments in a 360-degree visual format and transcend the boundaries of the physical world (Cochrane et al. 2020). The introduction of IVR provides an opportunity for technology to play a central role in the learning experience and may improve knowledge and cognitive skill when compared to traditional education (Kyaw et al. 2019). The goal of IVR is to change the perception of the user to that of being physically present (immersed) within a non-physical world. The challenge, however, in creating connections between concepts covered in theory and real-world phenomena can at times feel forced or awkward (Stein et al. 2004). Authentic IVR learning practice facilitates learning through the development and initiation of student-centred authentic tasks (Cochrane et al. 2020). This involves critical inquiry, problem solving and meaningful real-world outcomes that lead to the construction of knowledge. Within an authentic context, clinical simulation should offer a similar experience to those undertaken by real-world clinicians with educators able to craft the experience to resonate the “situated (lived) experience. ” (Stein et al. 2004, p. 240). However, whilst exposing a student to a clinical environment, there should also be protection from the dangers and nonessential influences of the real-world (Cochrane et al. 2020). When IVR is complemented by manikin-based clinical simulationm an opportunity exists to provide a more meaningful learning experience whilst developing safety and competence (Wright 2004). Learning, however, is often aligned with learner emotional stress as they move beyond the bounds of their prior knowledge with new and unknown environments (Hase and Kenyon 2007). Here caution must be held with reports of novice clinicians experiencing high levels of cognitive overload and stress resulting in reduced performance (Mills et al. 2016). IVR simulation-based educational technology does, however, have limitations. Scalability, system cost (Kavanagh et al. 2017), usability, motion sickness, insufficient realism (Kavanagh et al. 2017; McCloy and Stone 2001), lack of VR haptic feedback (Kavanagh et al. 2017) and ever-changing technological advances have historically challenged researchers and education providers when seeking to determine the potential viability (Wier et al. 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These compounds affect the viability of some microorganisms used for biotransformation of 2G substrates [20, 58, 59]. In this context, P. putida DOT-T1E has been shown to grow in the presence of > 50, 25 and 25 mM of furfural, 3-hydroxymethylfurfural and syringic acid, respectively, in agreement with the high tolerance of this strain to toxic compounds, although their combination enhanced toxicity. DOT-T1E and its derivatives thrive at maximal rate with up to 3% (w/v) of lignocellulose substrates, and adaptative evolution assays (ALE) in our lab ended with evolved clones adapted to tolerate up to 11% (w/v) lignocellulosic substrates (Juan L. Ramos, unpublished results). We are focusing our efforts on enhancing the intracellular production of l-Phe as a primary substrate for the synthesis of aromatic compounds and the evolution of the strain to thrive with a wide range of C-sources and tolerance to substrates, products and possible toxicants in industrial wastes to further identify and engineer possible bottlenecks for 2-PE production. We strongly support the idea that P. putida DOT-T1E could become an efficient microbial cell factory for the production of aromatic compounds from agro-industrial waste material. ConclusionsPetrochemicals exacerbate environmental issues by necessitating substantial energy inputs for their production, contributing to carbon emissions, and directly or indirectly causing pollution. In contrast, we have identified P. putida DOT-T1E as a promising biorefinery for the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of aromatic compounds, specifically 2-PE, from various sugars. This approach stands in contrast to conventional chemical methods. The strains CM12-5 and CM12-5Δgcd, designed to overproduce l-phenylalanine, demonstrated the capability to convert this amino acid into 2-PE upon the expression of Ehrlich pathway genes from plasmid pPE-1. The intracellular concentration of l-phenylalanine was identified as a critical limiting factor in 2-PE production.

Output: pass