Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In contrast, body weight explained a significant part of the variance in postcopulatory siring success (εp); larger individuals were more successful once they managed to copulate as males (R = 0. 29, P = 0. 002; Fig. 4, Table 2). Table 2. Open in new tab Assessing the Influence of on the + weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3+ weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3Rank is included as the only significant factor acting on siring success during copulatory sequences (see Table 1). The models were run using the same iterative procedure as in Table1. Table 2. Open in new tab Assessing the Influence of on the + weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3+ weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3Rank is included as the only significant factor acting on siring success during copulatory sequences (see Table 1). The models were run using the same iterative procedure as in Table1. Figure 4. Pre- and postcopulatory components of male fitness as a function of body weight. MSm, male mating success; f, average fecundity of female partners; p̂ precopulatory siring success (based on copulatory sequences); εp, postcopulatory siring success. The lines of least-squares regressions (dotted, P > 0. 05; solid, P < 0. 05; see main text for tests) and the coefficients of determination are reported. Open in new tabDownload slideThe variance in juvenile survival declined significantly when comparing broods with either a single, or more genetic fathers (variance ± bootstrap SE: 0. 027 ± 0. 007 vs. 0. 012 ± 0. 002, respectively, F44,56 = 1. 79, P = 0. 040). Other differences proved to be nonsignificant (1 vs. 2 fathers: 0. 027 ± 0. 007 vs. 0. 012 ± 0. 003, F44,42 = 1. 72, P = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we do not recommend core decompression as a solution for COVID-19-related AVN, especially those late presenting cases and those with severe pain and limitation of hip function owing to high-grade osteonecrosis. Mañón et al. [27] reported a 72-year-old man who presented to their department for surgical management of his infarcted maxilla, which developed as a sequela of infection with COVID-19. They concluded that infection with COVID-19 confers a hypercoagulable state in patients, leading to various thromboembolic complications even in the head and neck region. Dhanasekararaja et al. [7] reported an aggressive course of COVID-19-related AVN in 22 patients recovered from COVID-19 and presented with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). All of them received corticosteroids. They classified patients into two types based on the type of presentation, namely, classic ONFH and rapidly destructive coxarthrosis. The mean time to diagnose of ONFH from the onset of hip symptoms was 39. 3 days. The average duration of onset of hip symptoms after COVID 19 infection was 7. 5 months. The average cumulative dose of methylprednisolone equivalent was 811 mg, and the average duration of steroid intake was 2. 8 weeks. There was significant elevation in the inflammatory markers in rapidly destructive coxarthrosis group compared with classic ONFH (P<0. 05). The HSS improved from 63. 6 ± 23. 2 at presentation to 82. 6 ± 9. 6 after treatment (P<0. 05). Three patients had features of rapid deteriorating coxarthrosis. Among the three patients with rapidly progressive coxarthrosis, two patients had rapid progression of ONFH and underwent total hip arthroplasty. The third patient is awaiting THA. They concluded that ONFH after COVID-19 can have a varied presentation. Although the most common presentation is likely classical ONFH, some patients can have an acute and aggressive presentation with rapid destruction. They have features like elevated serological markers and extensive periarticular bone and soft tissue edema. Shetty [28] reported the double-trouble phenomenon, i. e. , COVID-19 and the widespread use of corticosteroids may result in an osteonecrosis epidemic?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Journal of Ecology and Environment Pages. 175-183 2006 2288-1220(eISSN) Society of Korea (한국생태학회) -sea Hydrothermal Vents: Ecology and Evolution Won, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Sciences, University) Published : 2006. 04. 01 ⟨ ⟩ discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems is a monumental landmark in the history of Ocean Sciences. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are scattered along the global mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. Under sea volcanic phenomena related to underlying magma activities along mid-ocean ridges generate extreme habitats for highly specialized communities of animals. Multidisciplinary research efforts during past three decades since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents along the in 1977 revealed fundamental components of physiology, ecology, and evolution of specialized vent communities of micro and macro fauna. Heterogeneous regional geological settings and tectonic plate history have been considered as important geophysical and evolutionary factors for current patterns of taxonomic composition and distribution of vent faunas among venting sites in the basins. It was found that these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds, mostly $H_2S$ and $CH_4$, mixed in vent fluids. Symbioses between these bacteria and their hosts, vent invertebrates, are foundation of the vent ecosystem. Gene flow and population genetic studies in parallel with larval biology began to unveil hidden dispersal barrier under deep sea as well as various dispersal characteristics cross taxa. Comparative molecular phylogenetics of vent animals revealed that vent faunas are closely related to those of cold-water seeps in general. In perspective additional interesting discoveries are anticipated particularly with further refined and expanded studies aided by new instrumental technologies. bacteria; Hydrothermal vent; Mid-Ocean Ridge; Molecular Phylogenetics; Symbioses 1986. Symbiotic assimilation of $CO_2$ in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. 170: 110-121 ères D, et al. 1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tube worms from hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. 130: 141-149.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 081 and 2 vs. 3 fathers: 0. 012 ± 0. 003 vs. 0. 01 ± 0. 003, F42,13 = 1. 17, P = 0. 792). The variance in relative juvenile survival among broods with one father was 0. 037. The maximum variance in relative juvenile survival due to genetic sire effect was then 0. 037/2 = 0. 019, representing 7. 05% of the postcopulatory variance in relative probabilities of paternity (i. e. , εp = 0. 271). propose a general framework for analyzing the incidence of sexual selection on both pre- and postcopulatory components and implement it in the freshwater snail P. acuta. This framework is an extension of the one proposed by Arnold and Wade (1984a), to decompose precopulatory sexual selection according to copulatory sequences. A first step is to evaluate whether multipaternity occurs. The observed multipaternity rate (67. 4%) confirms that P. acuta is polyandrous (Henry et al. 2005), as many other species (Simmons 2005), leaving ample room for sexual selection to operate both before and after copulation. This value is quite close to what has been observed in other hermaphroditic animals in which mates physically interact, for example, 62. 5% in Cornu aspersum (Evanno et al. 2005), 81. 5% in Schmidtea polychroa (Pongratz and Michiels 2003) or 76% in Aplysia californica (Angeloni et al. 2003). In natural populations, both behavioral and genetic polyandry might be even greater, since we monitored small mating groups over short time periods. This might have constrained the overall opportunity for sexual selection, because the number of potential mates was limited (Garcia-Gonzalez and Evans 2011). The impact of this limitation on the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection remains unclear; using small mating groups is expected to limit the variance in MS by increasing the frequency of repeated copulations with the same partner. However, adding other components of precopulatory success than MS presumably reduces the impact of these limitations. Among the characteristics used to depict copulations, only their rank turned out to significantly influence the siring success (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In his review, he found that the “angiocentric” pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and treatment with high-dose of steroids may increase the risk of ON in COVID-19-infected patients. Risk stratification based on steroid intake during COVID-19 treatment can help identify patients at moderate to high-risk for ON where early preventive and follow-up plans can be initiated. Our study has some limitation. First, the cases were not randomized, and the study design was just a report of case series. Second, the small number of cases reported in this study is another limitation. Moreover, a short period of follow-up was reported in our series. To conclude, there is a silent epidemic of cases presenting daily in our clinics with COVID-19-related AVN. Osteonecrosis can be developed after steroid therapy or without steroid therapy after COVID affection. Even the live-attenuated vaccines themselves can cause osteonecrosis. This course and presentation of osteonecrosis after COVID is more aggressive and rapidly deteriorating than the steroid-induced AVN even after core decompression and medical treatment. Cases are highly resistant to conservative protocols, and the only predictable accepted outcome was achieved with only total hip replacement. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. øller Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines on the management of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU: first update. Med 2021;49:e219–e234 | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Med 2020;383:120–128 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 3. Group TRC. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 – preliminary report. N Med 2021;384:693–704 | PubMed | CrossRef | 4. . Hypertension, thrombosis, kidney failure, and diabetes: is COVID-19 an endothelial disease? A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and basic evidence. J 2020;9:1417 | 5. Escher R, Breakey N, Lämmle B. -19 infection associated with endothelial activation. 2020;190:62 | PubMed | CrossRef | 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific. 120: 33-39. 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms. Res II 45: 365-382. 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194. 1997. Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana. Microbiol 63: 1124-1130. 1988. Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source. Science 240: 78-80. 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. 90: 5695-5699. 1993. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. 2: 51-62 Cavanaugh CM. 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58- 61 Cavanaugh CM. 1994. Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment. 34: 79-89. 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: symbionts. Science 213: 340-342. 1987. Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels. Nature 325: 346-348. 1992. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 58: 3799-3803. 1986. A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas. Science 233: 1306-1308. 1977. Oasis of life in the cold abyss. 152: 441-453. 1995a.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Individuals are not only selected to inseminate more mates, as shown by the effect of male MS on male RS (effect of MSm), but also to inseminate them more often or before male competitors (effect of p̂ ) and possibly to focus on more fecund mates (effect of f), and all these three components of selection turn out to be approximately equally important. We do not expect P. acuta to be exceptional among polyandrous species, and this situation can exist in many other experimental systems in which estimates of precopulatory sexual selection are based on the use of MS only (e. g. , Collet et al. 2012). For example, in finite mating groups of promiscuous species, all males might end up having mated with all females, given sufficient time. In such a situation, male and female MS would be maximal and invariable, and Bateman gradients based on MS would necessarily be insignificant. It would yet be erroneous to conclude that there is no selection on mating activity and that sexual selection must bear only on the postcopulatory components (e. g. , ejaculate traits). Indeed, even in that case, males mating more often may still obtain more paternities on average. To evaluate this effect, one must model how each copulation contributes to male fitness using all information available on the number and timing of copulations, as we did with our statistical model of siring success. In our analysis, one-third of sexual selection is represented by the postcopulatory component of male fitness in the narrow sense (εp). This means that, although there is strong selection on various aspects of male copulatory activity in Physa, there is still a sizeable fraction of sexual selection that can bear on characters expressed in the ejaculate itself (e. g. , involved in sperm competition). However, our analyses suggest that the postcopulatory component of variance includes some significant sire effects on early juvenile mortality (up to 15 days after egg hatching), which reflect viability selection rather than sexual selection (Jones and Ratterman 2009). This problem exists in most studies of sexual selection and is generally not dealt with. In our case, the impact of genetic sire effects on juvenile mortality is very limited as it was estimated to account for at best 7% of the variance in εp (and this proportion is probably inflated by maternal effects and shared environments experienced by juveniles in a brood).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Endothelial cell dysfunction: a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? : E. J 2020;56:2001634 | CrossRef | 7. . Aggressive presentation and rapid progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after COVID-19. Orthop 2022;56:1259–1267 | PubMed | CrossRef | 8. Combination of four clinical indicators predicts the severe/critical symptom of patients infected COVID-19. J 2020;128:104431 | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. . hip score: comparison of patient self-report with surgeon assessment. J Arthroplasty 2001;16:575–580 | PubMed | 10. . Standardization of the visual analogue scale. 1992;41:378–380 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 11. . In brief: Ficat classification: avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 2012;470:2636–2639 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 12. . A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J 1995;77:34–41 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 13. Gardenier JWM. perspective for reaching one uniform staging system of osteonecrosis. . and Vascularization in Normal and Pathological Conditions. vol 247. Boston, MA: Springer. 14. Classification systems of hip osteonecrosis: an updated review. 2019;43:1089–1095 | PubMed | CrossRef | 15. Guideline for diagnostic and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. 2015;7:200–207 | 16. . Which classification system is most useful for classifying osteonecrosis of the femoral head? 2018;476:1240–1249 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 17. . Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. 2020;11:1708 | 18. . Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): from causes to preventions in Hong Kong. 2020;94:156–163 | PubMed | CrossRef | 19. . SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and its implications in the development of osteonecrosis. J Med 2020;2: 1–19 | 20. Görlinger.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary relationships among deepsea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps. 121: 477-485. 1995b. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. 124: 137-146. 2000. Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms. Microbiol 66: 651-658. 2000a. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726. 2000b. Marine ecology: Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725. 1995. Intracellular coexistence of methano- and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel. 92: 9598-9602. 1991. DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbonts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana). Microbiol 57: 1082-1088 Endow K, Ohta S. 1989. The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and a mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana Back-Arc Basin. Ecol 3: 73-82 Endow K, Ohta S. 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. 64: 309-311 Felbeck H. 1981. Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera). Science 213: 336-338. 1981. Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 291-293. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. 6: 268-277 Fiala-. 1986. Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel. J Biol and Ecol 96: 191-198 Fiala-Medioni A, Felbeck H. 1990.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The low impact of differential survival is due to the high hatching rate (85%) that leaves rather little scope for viability selection in our data. Although our estimates of the importance of postcopulatory sexual selection (36% of total selection) look similar to those reported by Pischedda and Rice (2012) in D. melanogaster (27%), they are in fact very different. Indeed, D. melanogaster shows strong last-male sperm precedence and copulation rank (equivalent to p̂ in our case) explained 93% of the variance in siring success, leaving only 1. 9% of total variance for postcopulatory processes in the narrow sense (εp). Therefore, behavioral polyandry is not always associated with strong postcopulatory sexual selection: strong paternity skews due to sperm precedence in relation to copulation rank (first or last male) tends to reduce the scope for postcopulatory sexual selection as males will gain more fitness by increasing their mating activity and accessing to the most valuable matings (first or last), rather than by investing more into ejaculate quality. In other words, very strong last-male preference in D. melanogaster leaves little opportunity for variation in fertilization success among males once their copulation rank is determined. On the contrary, first-male sperm precedence is moderate in P. acuta (Fig. 2), leaving ample room for effective polyandry and postcopulatory selection. The link between the level of sperm precedence and the intensity of postcopulatory sexual selection definitely has to be substantiated through further experiments in species exhibiting various levels of polyandry. As Schärer (2009) has argued, this issue is central to our understanding of how allocation to male reproductive strategy evolves: high sperm precedence and resulting paternity skews increase the opportunity for competition between related sperm (local sperm competition) for the eggs of a single female, and should select for lower sperm contents per ejaculate and more matings. Our decomposition of variance into pre- and postcopulatory components can be applied to any species, regardless of the pattern of sperm precedence (last-male precedence as in Drosophila, or first-male precedence as in Physa). We argued that MS was insufficient as a descriptor of precopulatory selection and that a better estimate was obtained by incorporating the whole sequence of copulations into the prediction of male RS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and inflammatory response: what do we know already and what are the knowledge gaps? 2020;131:1324–1333 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 21. . High-dose but not low-dose corticosteroids potentially delay viral shedding of patients with COVID-19. Dis 2021;72:1297–1298 | Text | PubMed | 22. . Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a City health system. JAMA 2020;324:799–801 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 23. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J 2020;18:1738–1742 | Text | PubMed | 24. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. 2020;220:1–13 | PubMed | 25. -L, Duncan A. COVID-19-associated hyperviscosity: a link between inflammation and thrombophilia? Lancet 2020;395:1758–1759 | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. Klok F, Kruip M, Van der Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. 2020;191:145–147 | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. Mañón. COVID-associated avascular necrosis of the maxilla-a rare, new side effect of COVID-19. J Surg 2022;80:1254–1259 | 28. Shetty GM. Double trouble—COVID-19 and the widespread use of corticosteroids: are we staring at an osteonecrosis epidemic? Orthop 2021;56:226–236 | PubMed | CrossRef | 2023. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Orthopaedic Journal. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs. 5: 49-69 Fiala--Danet AM, et al. 2002. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: evidence for a dual symbiosis. 141: 1035-1044 Fisher CR. 1990. Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates. Sci 2: 399-436. 1987. The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. 96: 59-71. 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. 114: 551-559 Fujio S, Imasato N. 1991. Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep pacific. J 96: 759-774. 1991. Biology: a Natural history of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. . 2003. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the 'pacifica/lepta' species complex. 142: 311-320. 2004. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Microbiol 70: 3082-3090 Grassle JF. 1985. Hydrothermal vent animals: distribution and biology. Science 229: 713-717 Grassle JF. 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Biol 23: 301-362. 2001. Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi is closely related to vestimentiferans, not frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida). 201: 65-75. 1989. Chemoautotrophic symbionts and translocation of fixed carbon from bacteria to host tissues in the littoral bivalve Loripes lucinalis (Lucinidae). 101: 305-312. 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The crossover probability factor determines the selection of components: if the random number is less than or equal to CR, the element from the variant individual is utilized; otherwise, the component from the original individual is retained for the operation. Finally, a selection operation akin to genetic algorithms ensues, wherein the fitness of individuals produced by the crossover-mutation operation is compared to the fitness of the original individuals within the population. Superior individuals are selected to progress into the subsequent generation. The algorithm iterates until it reaches the upper limit of iteration, leading the population toward or approximating the optimal solution. Throughout these operations—crossover, mutation, and selection—we introduce an adaptive mutation operator within the differential evolution algorithm. This adaptation aims to prevent the algorithm from converging into a local optimum owing to a reduction in population diversity: (10) λ = exp 1 − T T + 1 − t F = F 0 × 2 λ. In the formula, T denotes the total number of iterations, and t represents the current number. F denotes the variation operator; when the algorithm is initialized with t being 0, F is close to 2F0, and as the iterations proceed, F decreases gradually and finally approaches F0. Secondly, when its value is significant, the proportion of variation in the crossed individuals is larger, which is suitable for local search, and relatively, when its value is small, the proportion of the original population is larger. The diversity of the population is better for global search. Therefore, the dynamic crossover factors we took are as follows: (11) C R = C R min − t ⋅ C R max − C R min T. The formula CRmaxCRmin contains the crossover factor’s maximum and minimum values. Upon initialization of the algorithm, the cross-factor CR begins at its minimum value. Throughout subsequent iterations, CR progressively approaches its maximum value. This progressive adjustment prioritizes global search in the algorithm’s initial stages while focusing on local search in its later stages. Electric power financial system Next, we combine ‘Mathematical model of information management’ and ‘Improved multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm’ to carry out multiobjective optimization of the electric power financial system. The specific process is shown in Fig. 3, and its operations are as follows: Figure 3: Flow chart of solving multi-objective optimization problem. Download full-size image DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -optimization problems simultaneously: the variants of the traveling salesman problem with time windows using multifactorial evolutionary algorithm View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192 Published 2023-01-10 Accepted 2022-11-28 Received 2022-03-07 and Analysis of optimization Copyright © 2023 Ban and This is an open access 2023. Solving optimization problems simultaneously: the variants of the traveling salesman problem with time windows using multifactorial evolutionary algorithm. PeerJ 9:e1192 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 4. Section 5 presents the conclusions and future work. The formulation and methodolgy The formulation We consider an example that describes the difference between two problems in a specific instance. If we use the optimal solution of n40w160. 002 instance for the TSPTW ( the objective function cost (using the function cost of the TRPTW) of this solution for the TRPTW is 7,519, while the known-best cost for this instance for the TRPTW is 6,351 (the known-best cost is found by our algorithm). Thus, the difference between the two objective function costs is 15. 5%. It implies that a good metaheuristic algorithm for the TSPTW does not produce a good solution for the TRPTW and vice versa. The above algorithms are the best algorithms for two problems. However, they only solve each problem independently but cannot simultaneously produce good solutions for two problems. We have a complete graph Kn=(V,E), where V=v1,v2,. . . ,vn is a set of vertices showing the starting vertex and customer locations, and E the set of edges connecting the customer locations. Suppose that, in a tour T=(v1=s,v2. . . ,vn), each edge (vi,vj)∈E connecting the two vertices vi and vj there exists a cost c(vi,vj). This cost represents the travel time between vertex vi and vj. Each vertex vi∈V has a time window [ei,li] indicating when starting service time at vertex vi. This implies that a vertex vi may be reached before the start of ei, but the service cannot start until ei and no later than li of its time window.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Biol 34: 353-442. 1985. Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 6: 167-184. 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps. 79: 193-208 CL. 1990. Biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities along seafloor spreading centers. Evol 5: 242-246 CL. 2000. of Deep-Vents. . 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257. 1990. Spatial variation in faunal composition of hydrothermal vent communities on the Rise and Galapagos spreading center. In: Gorda Ridge: A Center in the United States' Zone, (McMurray GR, eds). Springer-York Inc. , New York, pp 253-264 2001. Biogeography and ecological setting of hydrothermal vents. Science 294: 818-823 Vrijenhoek RC. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J Heredity 88: 285-293. 1998. Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. Mar 39: 363-366. 2003. A hotvent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007 Watabe H, Hashimoto J. 2002. A new species of the genus Rimicaris (Alvinocarididae: Caridea: Decapoda) from the active hydrothermal vent field, 'Kairei Field,' on the Ridge, the Indian Ocean. 19: 1167-1174. 2003b. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. 12: 169-184 Won Y-J, Hallam SJ, O'. 2003a. Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-seea mussel of the genus Bathymodiolus. Microbiol 69: 6785-6792 Won Y-. 2002. Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Establishment is explained by the percentage of local genes in transplant locations at (A, B, C) and (D, E). Local genotypes consistently have high probability of establishment in all but the Dune (A). The pattern is strongest in Headland environment (B, E), while hybrids with 50% local genes have a high probability of establishment in both Dune and Island environments (A, C, D). Open in new tabDownload slideIn the sites, the local parental population had the highest probability of establishment, while the immigrant parental had the lowest. Backcross fitness displayed the predicted switch of rank under the ecological speciation hypothesis, with the backcross to the local population having a higher probability of establishment in each case. In all four pairwise comparisons, patterns of local adaptation were present between parental genotypes (Fig. 3), although there were contrasting responses in the backcross genotypes. The backcross to Headland between Headland and Isle individuals performed better than the corresponding backcross to Isle individuals in both environments, suggesting that differences in establishment between these two backcross genotypes are intrinsic rather than ecologically dependent. Figure 3. Extrinsic and intrinsic fitness effects on probability of establishment between ancestral ecotypes and reciprocal backcrosses. Bayesian estimates of the probability of establishment based on conditional generalized linear-mixed models. Ecologically dependent fitness is seen between H-D and H-I comparisons in the Headland environment but not the alternative environments (panels B, C), and in D-H comparisons at (D). D-I comparisons reveal a pattern of heterosis. (A). Note the use of F2 hybrids instead of BCMB in this comparison (see methods and Fig. 1). Open in new tabDownload slideAs the BCID backcross genotype was excluded from the experiment, we contrasted backcross and F2 fitness between Dune and Island populations, as they are both recombinant hybrid genotypes that differ in the proportion of genes from each parental population. As we expected, F2 fitness did not change between environments while the backcross to Dune showed higher fitness in the sand dunes, and lower fitness in the Island site, however results in the Dune site were ambiguous, due to low establishment across all genotypes. We also compared F1 and F2 hybrids with the parents in each environment to assess the presence of heterosis in establishment (Fig. S2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: , 2016) and the TRPTW (Ban & Nghia, 2017; Ban, 2021; Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte, 2010; Tsitsiklis, 1992). However, they are developed to solve each problem independently and separately. Therefore, they cannot solve both two problems well simultaneously. When we run the two best algorithms for two tasks independently, there is no transferrable knowledge between tasks, and we cannot improve solution quality. This 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-18 Figure 1 (Ban & Pham, 2022) also shows the differences between the traditional EA and MFEA. The crossover and mutation operators in the MFEA are like the traditional EA. However, there are two different important aspects: (1) the parents’ skill-factor and (2) random mating probability (rmp). Specifically, the child is created using crossover from parents with the same skill-factor. Otherwise, the child is generated by a crossover with a rmp value or by a mutation when parents own different skill-factors. A large rmp value generates more information exchanging between tasks. Also, in the traditional GA, the fitness of child is evaluated directly, while the skill-factor is assigned to it in the MFEA. Figure 1: The similarity and difference between EA and MFEA. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-1 The MFEA is also unlike multiobjective optimization. In multiobjective optimization, we have one problem with many objective functions. On the other hand, the MFEA solves many tasks at the same time. In addition, multiobjective optimization generally uses a single representative space, while the MFEA unifies multiple representative spaces for many tasks. Running two algorithms for two tasks independently is not the idea of the MFEA approach. When two algorithms run independently, each task is represented by its own search space. There is no transferrable knowledge between tasks. Otherwise, in the MFEA, two tasks use the unified search space, and transferrable knowledge between tasks is done. It can increase convergence and improve the quality of solutions for multitasks. Lian et al. (2019) then provided a novel theoretical analysis and evidence of the efficiency of the MFEA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 5 [11]. Basin vents are also highly unusual in faunal composition with many new species and numerous others that do not occupy nearby regional vents (e. g. , vents; [11, 13, 14]). Included in this group of unusual fauna was a very abundant white sea anemone (up to 68 individuals m−2 in some areas) that occurred in and amongst the siboglinid tubeworm Oasisia aff. alvinae, often very near to actively venting fluids (Fig. 1, [11]). Fig. 1Locations and in situ images of the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae. a Location of Basin (SPB) vent fields Auka (in b) and JaichMaa ‘ja’ag (in c). Inset shows the location of SPB at the mouth of the Gulf of California between the tip of the and mainland Mexico. b Auka vent field samples and chimneys (samples symbolized as in c). c JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field samples and chimneys. Maps in b and c are at the same scale. All are in UTM Zone 12N. Legend shows the sample types. Maps a, b, and c show 1-m resolution bathymetry collected by mapping AUVs (owned and operated by the Institute). Color ramps show the depth ranges. d–f Specimens of Ostiactis pearseae collected from both vent fields (shown as yellow squares in b and c), indicated by arrows. g An individual O. pearseae near to the chemosynthetic tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinaeFull size imagePreviously, several unidentified Actiniaria (sea anemones) were reported to be quite depleted in tissue δ13C values (− 33 to − 38‰ [11, 15]), compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture. This evidence, along with their unusual life position and abundance in zones of active fluid venting, hinted at their possible nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production, as opposed to traditional suspension feeding or prey capture via cnidae; however, the specific details were not explored further.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Here, it seems that ecological factors both prevented establishment of immigrant and hybrid genotypes, and increased the risk of mortality of any immigrants that do establish, leading to ecologically dependent reproductive isolation. In the sites, establishment was ecologically dependent in the Headland site, while we saw a pattern of hybrid vigor in the Dune and Island environments. We also observed no significant differences in survival between genotypes in any of the three environments when genotype was included as a main effect in survival models, although the signature of ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation is most clearly seen in the measures of growth in plants that both established and survived. Despite a small sample size, the significant interaction between population and environment shows the diagnostic switching of fitness rank between backcross types depending on the proportion of local genes. This result suggests that ecological differences between the three environments do not prevent establishment or survival of immigrants but create barriers to gene flow by reducing growth and performance in immigrant and hybrid genotypes. This may be due to the effects of heterosis masking the signature of ecological selection in early life-history stages, but also suggests that the fitness benefits of heterosis are removed by the stage of maturity. However, the small sample sizes in measures of biomass accumulations are a result of very low survival to maturity across all populations. This is particularly evident in the sand dunes, where less than 30 individuals (of 1020 planted seeds) survived to the censor point of the experiment. Low survivorship to maturity suggests that all three environments are harsh and that any signature of divergent selection on establishment and survival is obscured by general harsh conditions that affect all genotypes (as discussed by Blanquart et al. 2013). Over the duration of the experiment, received around a third of its mean monthly rainfall, which meant conditions on the more exposed areas of the Dune environment were particularly harsh. We acknowledge that there are limitations in the conclusions that can be drawn from such limited sample sizes; however, the observed trends are consistent across multiple analyses suggesting that the general trends are not random. One explanation for the observed differences between experiment locations may be due to the increased genetic divergence between populations compared with the divergence between populations. Based on neutral SNPs (Roda et al. 2013a), Dune, Headland, and Island ecotypes at form a monophyletic group within the phylogeny of S. lautus in Australia, while the ecotypes are more genetically diverged.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: This study theoretically explains why some existing the MFEAs perform better than traditional EAs. In addition, the MFEA also can be useful in a system with limited computation. The proposed algorithm This section introduces the pseudocode of the proposed MFEA+RNVS. task corresponds to a particular task in the MFEA, while another is the TRPTW task. The flow of the proposed algorithm is described in Fig. 2. Our MFEA+RNVS has core components: unified representation, assortative mating (crossover and mutation operators), selective evaluation, scalar-fitness-based selection, RVNS, and Elitism. The detail of the algorithm is shown in Algorithm 2. More specifically, the algorithm includes the following steps. In the first step, a unified search space is created for both two problems. The population with SP individuals is then generated in the second step. All solutions for the population must be feasible. After that, the iteration begins until the termination criterion is satisfied. Parents are selected to produce offsprings using crossover or mutation and then assign skill-factors to them. The offsprings are then added to the current population. The individuals of the population are evaluated to update their scalar-fitness and skill-factor. We select the best solutions regarding skill-factor from the current population and convert them from the unified representation to each task’s one. It is then fed into the RVNS step to find the best solution for each task. The output of the RVNS is then converted to the unified search space. Finally, it is added to the population. strategy keeps the SP solutions with the best skill-factors for the next generation. Figure 2: The flow of the proposed MFEA+RVNS. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-2 Algorithm 2: MFEA+RVNS. Require: Kn,Cij,v1,SP are the graph, the cost matrix, the starting vertex, and the size of the population. Ensure: The best solution ∗,∗.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Here, by combining microbial community profiling, ultrastructural analysis via microscopy, and stable isotope measurements, we document the only known species of chemosynthetic sea anemone at vents deep in the Gulf of California, identified as Ostiactis pearseae (previously known only from whalefalls [5]). This dense population of O. pearseae likely receives nutritional supplementation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur via intracellular bacteria within the SUP05 clade, housed in their epidermis, albeit direct evidence of nutrient transfer remains outstanding. ResultsActiniaria of various morphotypes were observed to be one of only a handful of dominant animal species in both the Auka vent field [11, 12] and the newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field, both within ~ 2 km of each other in the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). A conspicuous white actiniarian species represented a significant fraction of the animal community and was collected from 5 vent edifices in zones of active venting, in the immediate vicinity of the obligate vent tubeworm, Oasisia aff. alvinae (Fig. 1). Several other sea anemones (by morphotype) were observed and collected near these same sites, usually in areas of less active fluid flow (Table 1). The white actiniarian morphotype was identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], based on anatomical, cnidae, and DNA sequencing of preserved polyps. Basin populations of O. pearseae showed slight differences in morphology and cnidae to the description of specimens from the type locality and, thus, an amendment to the species diagnosis is provided. Table 1 Sample locations within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, along with dive information, depth, and specimen descriptions for Anthozoa other than Ostiactis pearseaeFull size tableOstiactis pearseae species diagnosis - AmendmentEhrenberg, 1834Haeckel, 1896Hertwig, 1882Rodríguez et al. 2014Carlgren, 1893Rodríguez et al. 2012Rodríguez et al. 2012Ostiactis pearseae Daly & Gusmão, 2007(Figs. 2 and 3, Table 2; Additional file 1: Table S1) Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with evidence from insects (Presgraves and Noor 2002) and plants (Moyle et al. 2004; Scopece et al. 2008), where the initial barriers to gene flow between diverging populations arise due to extrinsic postzygotic isolation, and the strength of postzygotic isolation increases with genetic distance between taxa (Coyne and Orr 1989). Observation of extrinsic barriers during early points on the speciation continuum and the absence of clear intrinsic barriers, as outlined here in Senecio, is also a strong indicator of speciation driven by divergent natural selection. This model contrasts with those where speciation is driven by intrinsic factors and extrinsic barriers arise at later stages along the speciation continuum (Seehausen et al. 2014). While ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation is a fundamental prediction of ecological speciation theory, few empirical examples exist where the specific barriers are isolated from other forms of reproductive isolation. We show in this work that multiple fitness measures across life-history stages show patterns of ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation. Further, these patterns are consistent between replicate ecologically divergent parapatric populations, and the strength of these barriers increases with the degree of evolutionary divergence between populations. Whether this form of ecologically based reproductive isolation will facilitate the evolution of other barriers in the future remains an open question. Our work suggests that the underlying mechanisms of ecological speciation may be contribute to evolutionary divergence within the Senecio lautus species complex and provide a robust example of how ecological differences between populations can lead to reproductive isolation. 10. 5061/dryad. 17h0t. . I. 1966. complex in Australia. 3. Genetic system. Aust. J. Bot. 14:317–330. 2015. The origins of reproductive isolation in plants. N. Phytol. 207:968–984. 2015. Evolutionary and ecological functional genomics of Senecio lautus leaf shape natural variation. School of Biological Sciences. of Queensland, Queensland, Australia. 2013. A practical guide to measuring local adaptation. Ecol. Lett. 16:1195–1205. 1989. Patterns of speciation in Drosophila. Evolution 43:362–381. 2004. Speciation. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. 2007. Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-19 Creating unified search space-USS In the literature, various representations are proposed for two problems. Among these representations, the permutation representation shows efficiency compared to the others.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Position of Ostiactis pearseae specimens from vent communities is highlighted in the orange box; the position of an additional sea anemone (unidentified morphospecies Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) is indicated by the light orange box. Bootstrap resampling values are indicated by black circles; only support values > 80% are shownFull size imageTable 2 Size ranges of the cnidae capsules of Ostiactis pearseae [5]. N total number of capsules measured. S ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found/number of specimens examined. F frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, * = sporadicFull size tableDiagnosis: (amended after [5, 7], modifications in italics). Ostiactinidae with basilar muscles and mesogleal marginal sphincter. Body with well-developed base. Column not clearly divisible into scapus and scapulus; scapus without cuticle, maybe with scattered demarcated suckers distally; column without cinclides or with a distal row of round papillae with inconspicuous cinclides. Tentacles regularly arranged, not thickened on the aboral side. Six pairs of perfect and fertile mesenteries, hexamerously arranged, not divisible into macro- and micro-cnemes. Same number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Retractor muscles weak but restricted. No acontia. Some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles. Cnidom: Robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, and p-mastigophores A and B1. Ostiactis pearseae had been previously collected only in deep-sea waters (2800 m depth) of the Eastern Pacific, at a whalefall habitat in [5]. Newly collected specimens are from deep-sea waters (3655–3692 m depth) associated with Basin hydrothermal vents (Diane’s vent) in the Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean). Intrapopulation variability in morphology was observed in the Ostiactis pearseae specimens (Fig. 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In the permutation, each individual is coded as a set of n vertices (v1,v2,. . . ,vk,. . . ,vn), where k is the k−th index. Figure 3 demonstrates the encoding for two problems. Figure 3: The interpretation of unified representation for each task. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-3 Initializing population Each feasible solution is created from the RVNS to take a role as an individual in the population. Therefore, we have Sp individuals in the initial population for the genetic step. Algorithm 3 describes the constructive step. The objective function is the sum of all positive differences between the arrival time (D(vi)) and its due time (li) on each vertex. Specifically, it is min∑i=1nmax(0,D(vi)−li). The algorithm runs until it finds a feasible solution. List (RCL) is created by ordering all non-selected vertices based on a greedy function that evaluates the benefit of including them in the solution. One vertex is then chosen from RCL randomly. Since all vertices are visited, we receive a solution. If this solution is a feasible one, it is an initial solution, and this step stops. Conversely, a repair procedure based on the RVNS with many neighborhoods (Johnson & McGeoch, 2003) is invoked, and the procedure iterates until a feasible solution is reached. The solution is shaken to escape from the current local optimal solution. The RVNS is then applied to create the new solution. If it is better than the best-found solution, it is set to the new current solution. The level is increased by one if the current solution is not improved, or reset to 1, otherwise. The repair procedure is described in Algorithm 4. Algorithm 3: Construction. Require: v1,V,k,α, level are a starting vertex, the set of vertices in Kn, the number of vehicles and the size of RCL, the parameter to control the strength of the perturbation procedure, respectively. Ensure: An initial solution T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: All molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rgenes, and partial nuclear 18S rDNA gene, were congruent and revealed a well-supported clade comprised of specimens of Ostiactis pearseae from and the type locality of (Fig. 3). DNA sequences from the specimens were identical to the population for 3 of the genes analyzed and only differed from the type locality by 1-bp for the 16S rDNA gene. Ostiactis was recovered within Metridioidea, as sister to a weakly supported clade formed by deep-sea Actiniaria and those associated with chemosynthetic environments (e. g. , clades Deepsina + Chemosynthina, as part of the family Kadosactinidae, sensu [7]), a relationship consistent over different studies (e. g. , [7, 16,17,18]). Most representatives from these two clades are characterized by the loss of acontia (filament-like structures packed with nematocysts), the presence of which is a major synapomorphy for Metridioidea. The other actiniarian morphotype included here, identified as Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B,’ was recovered (only mitochondrial sequence data available for this specimen) sister to Alvinactis chessi, a sea anemone inhabiting hydrothermal vents in the southwestern Pacific (Fig. 3; [6]). Isotope signatures of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero BasinTissue stable δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S isotope values were significantly different for Ostiactis pearseae than other anthozoans at the vent fields (ex. zoanthids; Fig. 4a). For example, O. pearseae had δ13C tissue values of − 29. 1 ± 4. 6‰ (− 40. 1 to − 24. 3‰, n = 9), while the others measured − 20. 6 ± 2. 7‰ (− 25. 4 to − 15. 5‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0001; Fig. 4a). Similarly, O. pearseae had much more negative δ15N tissue values of 1. 6 ± 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–18 pairs, orange 19–25 pairs, and red 25–31 pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-2 Figure 3: Genome size and number of reciprocal best hits fit using non-linear regression. Examples of (A) hyperthermophilic, (B) anaerobic, and (C) extremely halophilic archaea. The number of shared genes between archaea and bacteria were fitted using non-linear regression (black lines) and 1. 96 standard deviations from than the mean were calculated for the residuals (grey lines) to visualize the range. Bacteria-archaea pairs with reciprocal best hit (RBH) counts more than 1. 96 standard deviations greater than the mean are defined as enriched in RBHs. Green marker indicate bacterial endosymbionts where their oxygen utilization was unclear. axis is identical in all three graphs and labels are found in part (C). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-3 Eliminating the genome size effect Genome size can confound the quantification of HGT because the number of genes an organism accumulates is an adaptive strategy influenced by many other factors such as nutrient regime. A small genome allows a microbe to use fewer nutrients and to have a favorable surface to volume ratio, so microbes adapted to smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). A large genome in which excess genes are retained longer allows a microbe greater versatility (Chang et al. , 2011; Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Merely counting numbers of transferred genes does not take into account these lifestyle differences. In this paper we endeavored to determine which bacteria have engaged in more HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. A nonlinear genome size effect has been observed for pairwise comparisons of shared genes between bacteria and archaea (Snel, Bork & Huynen, 1999; Fuchsman & Rocap, 2006). The genome size of the bacteria is a much more important factor than the genome size of the archaea in the nonlinear genome size effect (Fuchsman & Rocap, 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1: Select randomly the NG individuals in the P; 2: Sort them in terms of their R values; 3: C1,C2 = Select two individuals with the best R values; 4: return C1,C2; DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-22 Crossover operator The crossover is implemented with the predefined probability (rmp) or if the parents have the same skill-factor. When parents have the same skill-factor, we have inter-crossover. Otherwise, the intra-crossover is applied to parents with different skill-factor. It opens up the chance for knowledge transfer by using crossover-based exchange between tasks. & Jaafar (2011), the crossovers are divided into three main types. We found no logical investigation showing which operator brings the best performance in the literature. In a preliminary study, we realize that the algorithm’s effectiveness relatively depends on selected crossover operators. Since trying all operators leads to computationally expensive efforts, our numerical analysis is conducted on randomly selected operators for each type. The following operators are selected from the study to balance solution quality and running time. The first type is related to the position of certain genes in parents (PMX, CX). The second selects genes alternately from both parents, without genes’ repetition (). The third is an order-based crossover (SC, MC). Initially, we select a crossover randomly. If any improvement of the best solution is found, the current crossover operator is continued to use. Otherwise, if the improvement of the best solution is not found after the number of generations (NO), another crossover operator is replaced randomly. Using multiple crossovers helps the population be more diverse than one crossover. Therefore, these operators prevent the algorithm from premature convergence. If the offsprings are infeasible, the fix procedure is invoked to convert them to feasible ones. The offsprings’ skill-factors are randomly set to the one of the father or mother. The detail in this step is described in Algorithm 6. Algorithm 6: Crossover (P, M). Require: P, M are the parent tour, respectively. Ensure: A new child T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including an unidentified zoanthid (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Bathymodiolus aduloides from muddy sediments off of taken from [20]Full size imageBacterial community analysis of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero Basinpearseae, the tentacles are smooth, tapering, and relatively long when extended, with features similar to most other anemones, including cnidocytes (or cnidoblasts), cnidocysts, and glandular cells, all common cellular components of sea anemone tentacles [21]. The presence of bacteria in the type specimens of O. pearseae from was not detected [5]; however, the unusual isotope signatures of the specimens [11, 15] prompted a more careful examination of this possibility. Indeed, bacterial community analysis via 16S rRNA Illumina barcoding revealed a dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade (64–96% of the bacterial community), comprising 6 putative sulfide-oxidizing bacterial OTUs (= phylotypes, clustered at 99% similarity) associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae (n = 8 specimens; Fig. 5, Additional file 2: Table S2). This was in contrast to the sulfide-oxidizing gammaprotebacteria recovered from the nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (100% identical to persephone; Fig. 5a; [22]). The SUP05 clade was not detected in association with 6 other individual sea anemones (determined by morphotype or molecular sequencing), and the specific Ostiactis-associated SUP05 phylotypes were not detected in surrounding water samples (n = 3; Fig. 5). Three SUP05 OTUs comprised < 7% of the bacterial community in the surrounding water column (Fig. 5a), based on the semi-quantitative 16S rRNA barcoding, but were distinct, based on the 250-bp 16S rRNA Illumina barcode sequences (Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Researchers show the number (Talbi, 2009) (usually below 15%) of the best solutions that automatically go to the next generation. The proposed algorithm selects Sp individuals for the next generation, in which about 15% of them are the best solutions in the previous generation, and the remaining individuals are chosen randomly from P. The stop condition After the number of generations (Ng), if the best solution has not been improved, then the proposed algorithm stops. Computational evaluvations The experiments are conducted on a personal computer equipped with a Xeon E-2234 CPU and 16 GB bytes of RAM. The program was coded in C ≠ language. The generation number (Ng), population size (SP), group size (NG) in the selection, and crossover rates (rmp) influence the algorithm’s results. Many efforts in the literature studied the algorithm sensitivity to parameter changes. We found that no work shows which values are the best for all cases. However, the following suggestions help us in choosing parameter values: A large generation number does not improve performance. Besides, it consumes much time to run. A small value makes the algorithm fail to reach the best solution (Angelova & Pencheva, 2011). A higher crossover value obtains new individuals more quickly while a low crossover rate may cause stagnation (Angelova & Pencheva, 2011). A large population size can increase the population diversity. However, it can be unhelpful in the algorithm and increase the running time of it (Chen et al. , 2012). Increased selection pressure can be provided by simply increasing the group size. When the selection pressure is too low, the convergence rate is slower, while if it is too high, the chance of the algorithm prematurely converges (Lavinas et al. , 2019). The α and level values help to create the diversity of the initial population. A larger value leads to the same as the random method, while a small value decreases the diversity. Based on the suggestions, we determine a suitable range for each parameter in Table 1. In the next step, we choose the best value from the range as follows: finding the best configuration by conducting all instances would have been too expensive in computation, and we test numerical analysis on some instances. The configuration selected in many combinations is tested, and the one that has obtained the best solution is chosen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 5Relative abundance of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes, recovered from Ostiactis pearseae and comparison samples. a Relative abundance of bacterial families from Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and Kadosactinidae “sp. B,” nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, and seawater. Each color on the graph represents a distinct family-level phylotype or lowest level available. The top 15 dominant family phylotypes are indicated in the key. b Six distinct SUP05 OTUs (99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) recovered from O. pearseae, compared to the surrounding seawater. The heatmap scale reflects the number of reads per sample. Phylogenetic relationships between the SUP05 OTUs are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S1. c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial communities associated with O. pearseae, versus the other neighboring species and overlying seawater. Each point represents all 16S rRNA sequences recovered from a single specimen or sample. p < 0. 022, suggesting a significant difference between O. pearseae and any other sample set (ex. other sea anemones, water samples; R = 0. 88–1. 00). HTV, hydrothermal vent; spB, another undescribed sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) from the Pescadero Basin; zoan, unidentified zoanthids from the Pescadero BasinFull size imageNMDS ordination revealed the total bacterial community of Ostiactis pearseae to be strongly differentiated from those associated with zoanthid specimens (analysis of similarity () R = 0. 99, p = 0. 002), the other unidentified sea anemone Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (= 0. 87, p = 0. 022), the water column samples (= 1. 00, p = 0. 006), and the neighboring obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (= 1. 00, p = 0. 001; Fig. 5c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: (D, E) To test whether memory is expressed during the active phase, animals were trained for 3 min during the inactive phase just after treatment with anisomycin (N = 9 D), or ASW (N = 11 E), and memory was tested 12 hr later. There were significant differences between the six groups tested (training and testing in part A, and the four tests of memory in parts B–E) (p=0. 00005, F(5,54) = 6. 95; one-way analysis of variance). A post hoc- test (Student-Newman-Keuls, α = 0. 05) showed no significant difference between naïve animals trained during the day and either group of animals trained for 3 min with ASW (marked by an n for behaving as if naive). Thus, a 3 min training during the inactive phase with ASW produces no memory. These 3 groups were significantly different from the other three groups (marked by a t for behaving as if trained), which were not significantly different from one another. Thus, a 3 min training during the inactive phase after anisomycin treatment produced memory 12 and 24 hr later. (F) The data are explained by the effects of 10 µM anisomycin on a process initiated by sleep phase training that blocks memory. The anisomycin prevents the action of the blocker, allowing the formation of long-term memory. Figure 2—source data 1 3 min training with anisomycin during the inactive phase produces memory. Download elife-17769-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Full training during the sleep phase with anisomycin causes long-term memory. Experiments were performed on A. californica. (A) Training animals until they stop responding during the inactive phase 10 min after treatment with anisomycin (N = 7) leads to memory when animals are tested 24 hr later, as shown by a decrease in the time stop responding (p=0. 05, t = 2. 49, df = 6; two-tailed paired t-test). (B) Training animals until they stop responding during the inactive phase 10 min after treatment with ASW (N = 5) did not lead to long-term memory, as shown by a lack of savings when animals were tested 24 hr later (p=0. 3, t = 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1, we determine a range for each parameter that generates different combinations, and we run the proposed algorithm on some selected instances of the combinations. We find the following settings so that our algorithm obtains the best solutions: SP=100,NG=5,rmp=0. 7,α=10,level=5, and Ng=100. This parameter setting has thus been used in the following experiments. Table 1: The variable parameters. range SP 50≤βr≤200, incremented by 50 NG 5≤α≤15, incremented by 5 rmp 0. 5≤βη≤1, incremented by 0. 1 α 5≤τ0≤20, incremented by 5 level 5≤p≤15, incremented by 5 Ng 50≤Ng≤150, incremeted by 50 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-1 We found no algorithm based on the literature’s MFEA framework for the TRPTW and TSPTW. Therefore, the proposed algorithm’s results directly compare with the known best solutions of the TSPTW and TRPTW on the same benchmark. Moreover, to compare with the previous MFEA framework (Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016), our MEFA+RVNS is tested on the benchmark for the TSP and TRP. They are specific variants of TSPTW and TRPTW without time window constraints. Therefore, the instances are used in the 60. 001, n20w60. 002, n20w60. 003, n20w60. 004, and n20w60. 005 have 20 vertices and the time window for each vertex is uniformly random, between 0 and 60. Gendreau et al. (1998) propose the second set of instances citebib12 and contains 140 instances grouped in 28 test cases. Ohlmann & Thomas (2007) propose the third set of instances citebib30 and contains 25 instances grouped in five test cases. The fourth sets in the majority are the instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995) with wider time windows. ( includes fourteen instances from 50 to 100 instances. The efficiency of the metaheuristic algorithm can be evaluated by comparing the best solution found by the proposed algorithm (notation: Best.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Bacterial community analysis revealed limited diversity within the tentacles of O. pearseae from the 5 different vent sites (Fig. 5a; Additional file 2: Table S2). Other bacteria uniquely recovered from O. pearseae tentacles included the BD1-5 group (a. k. a. Gracilibacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 3–27%) and the OD1 group (a. k. a. Parcubacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 1–16%; Fig. 5a). Additional bacterial groups present in non-Ostiactis sea anemones included Enterobacteriacea and Mollicutes (the latter 89% similar to one recovered from an ascidian; Fig. 5a; EF137402; [23]). Microbial groups that were more common in all 3 water samples included the Methylococcales marine group 2 (MMG-2), Rhodobiacea, and Thaumarcheota (Fig. 5a). To further characterize the SUP05 in association with Ostiactis pearseae, a longer region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via direct PCR and sequenced. A 1334-bp long 16S rRNA sequence, only 1-bp different from barcode OTU21762, was 96. 5% similar to a free-living bacterium from a mud volcano in the Sea (AY592908; [24]) and 95% similar to the thiotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus aff. brevior from Ridge vents (DQ077891; [25]; Additional file 3: Fig. S1). There are no Bathymodiolus mussels at the vents, and the SUP05-related sequences recovered from O. pearseae are distinct from those recovered from Bathymodiolus from seeps, some of the closest known mussel populations (only ~ 96% similar for 250-bp barcode sequence; Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset; [26, 27]). Several genes were additionally amplified and directly sequenced in order to inform the possible metabolic capabilities of the SUP05-related bacteria in O. pearseae. The napA gene, encoding a catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 7. 99.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: These differences make it hard to conclude that the higher theta and spindle power observed for EC over CC trials indicate associative binding, as claimed in the paper. Alternative explanations can be made, for instance, that they reflect word recognition, as only EC contains familiar words. The entire set of EC pairs were tested both following 12 hours and following 36 hours. Exposure to the pairs during test #1 can be expected to have an effect over memory one day later, during test #2, and so differences between the tests could be at least partially driven by the additional activation and rehearsal of the material during test #1. Therefore, it is hard to draw conclusions regarding automatic memory reorganization between 12 and 36 hours after unconscious learning. Specifically, a claim is made regarding a third wave of plasticity, but we cannot be certain that the improvement found in the 36 hour test would have happened without test #1. Authors claim that perceptual and conceptual processing during sleep led to increased neural complexity in troughs. However, neural complexity was not found to differ between EC and CC, nor between remembered and forgotten pairs. It is therefore not clear to me why the increased complexity that was found in troughs should be attributed to perceptual and conceptual word processing, as CC contains meaningless vowels. Moreover, from the evidence presented in this work at least, I am not sure there is room to infer causation - that the increase in HFD is driven by the stimuli - as there is no control analysis looking at HFD during troughs that did not contain stimulation. #3 (Public Review): The study aims at creating novel episodic memories during slow wave sleep, that can be transferred in the awake state. To do so, participants were simultaneously presented during sleep both foreign words and their arbitrary translations in their language (one word in each ear), or as a control condition only the foreign word alone, binaurally. Stimuli were presented either at the trough or the peak of the slow oscillation using a closed-loop stimulation algorithm. To test for the creation of a flexible association during sleep, participant were then presented at wake with the foreign words alone and had (1) to decide whether they had the feeling of having heard that word before, (2) to attribute this word to one out of three possible conceptual categories (to which translations word actually belong), and (3) to rate their confidence about their decision. The paper is well written, the protocol ingenious and the methods are robust.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Sol) to (1) the optimal solution (notation: OPT); and (2) the known best solution (notation: KBS) of the previous metaheuristics (note that: In the is the optimal solution) as follows: (3) gap[%]=Best. Sol−KBS(OPT)KBS(OPT)×100% The smaller and smaller the value of gap is, the better and better our solution is. All instances and found solutions are available in the link. Sol and Best. Sol are the optimal, average, and best solution after ten runs, respectively. be the running time such that the proposed algorithm reaches the best solution. Note that: Yuan et al. (2016) supported the source code of their algorithm in Yuan et al. (2016) while the dMFEA-II (dMFEA-II is the MFEA with dynamic rmp value) (Osaba et al. , 2020) was implemented again by us. Tables 2 and 3 evaluate the efficiency of the proposed selection in MFEA+RVNS. Tables 4–8 compare the proposed MFEA+RVNS with the known best or optimal solutions for the TSPTW and TRPTW instances (Abeledo et al. , 2013; Ban & Nghia, 2017; Ban, 2021; Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas, 1995; Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte, 2010; Silva & Urrutia, 2010; Ohlmann & Thomas, 2007; Salvesbergh, 1985; Reeves, 1999). In the Tables, the. Sol, and Best. Sol columns are the best known, optimal, average, and best solution, respectively, while the gap column presents the difference between the best solution and the optimal one. Table 9 shows the average values of Tables 4–7 comparing the MFEA+(Osaba et al. , 2020), and YA (Yuan et al. , 2016). In the TSP, the optimal solutions of the -instances are obtained by running the Concord tool ( The optimal or best solutions in the TRP are obtained from Abeledo et al. (2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: l Arrowheads (in green) point to bacteria possibly being endocytized via clathrin-coated pits, as well as nearby clusters of bacterial cells within the elongated epidermal cells of O. pearseae. nu, nucleus; bac, bacteria; cni, cnidae; meso, mesoglea; gastro, gastrodermis; epi, epidermis. Scale bars are 5 mm (a), 2 mm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 μm (d), 10 μm (e–g), 250 μm (h), 25 μm (i), and 1 μm (j–l)Full size imageDiscussionA conspicuous actiniarian species, identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], was dominant at two neighboring hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California. Unlike most vent anemones, which are almost always observed in the vent periphery, this species was found very near to vigorous venting fluids on and amongst the obligate vent tubeworms Oasisia aff. alvinae and Riftia pachyptila (Fig. 1), known to rely exclusively on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy [31, 32]. Ostiactis pearseae, formerly named Anthosactis pearseae [7], had been originally described as the first and only endemic Actiniaria from a whalefall community [5]; however, this discovery at hydrothermal vents makes them one of the only sea anemones described from multiple chemosynthetic environments [6, 7]. The assumption, until now, was that most sea anemones at hydrothermal vents and methane seeps acquire nutrients via suspension feeding. There was no previous evidence that Ostiactis pearseae harbored chemosynthetic bacteria [5], suggesting that they fed upon dissolved and particulate organic matter and plankton. However, the significantly negative δ13C and δ15N tissue isotopic values of O. pearseae (at the time labeled as an unidentified species in [11, 15]) suggested an entirely different strategy dependent upon bacteria chemosynthesis. Indeed, distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group were associated with Ostiactis pearseae, compared to other nearby sea anemones and water column bacterial communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: However, the results do not really add conceptually to a prior publication of this group showing the possibility to associate in slow wave sleep pairs of words denoting large or small object and non words, and then asking during ensuing wakefulness participant to categorise these non words to a "large" or "small" category. In both cases, the main finding is that this type of association can be formed during slow wave sleep if presented at the trough (versus the peak) of the slow oscillation. Crucially, whether these associations truly represent episodic memory formation during sleep, as claimed by the authors, is highly disputable as there is no control condition allowing to exclude the alternative, simpler hypothesis that mere perceptual associations between two elements (foreign word and translation) have been created and stored during sleep (which is already in itself an interesting finding). In this latter case, it would be only during the awake state when the foreign word is presented that its presentation would implicitly recall the associated translation, which in turn would "ignite" the associative/semantic association process eventually leading to the observed categorisation bias (i. e. , foreign words tending to be put in the same conceptual category than their associated translation). In the absence of a dis-confirmation of this alternative and more economical hypothesis, and if we follow Ocam's razor assumption, the claim that there is episodic memory formation during sleep is speculative and unsupported, which is a serious limitation irrespective of the merits of the study. The title and interpretations should be toned down in this respect Other remarks: Lines 43-45 : the assumption that the sleeping brain decides whether external events can be disregarded, requires awakening or should be stored for further consideration in the waking state is dubious, and the supporting 10. 7554/eLife. 89601. 1. sa0We thank the reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and for their constructive and positive comments. We will revise the manuscript to address their key points. Here, we address the reviewer’s scepticism of sleep-learning being mediated by the episodic memory system. We agree that the reported unconscious learning of novel verbal associations during sleep may not match textbook definitions of episodic memory. However, the traditional definitions of episodic memory have long been criticized (e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Table 2: Comparison the best-found values between MFEA-NR and MFEA for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). Instances MFEA-+RNVS diff[%] n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 2,560 0. 00 0. 00 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 2,679 0. 00 0. 00 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 2,176 0. 00 0. 00 n20w80. 003 338 2,669 338 2,669 0. 00 0. 00 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 2,082 0. 00 0. 00 n40w40. 002 483 7,202 461 7,104 −4. 55 −1. 36 n40w60. 002 487 7,303 470 7,247 −3. 49 −0. 77 n40w80. 002 468 7,209 431 7,123 −7. 91 −1. 19 n40w100. 002 378 6,789 364 6,693 −3. 70 −1. 41 n60w20. 002 626 14,003 605 13,996 −3. 35 −0. 05 n60w120. 002 472 12,622 427 12,525 −9. 53 −0. 77 n60w140. 002 475 11,914 464 11,810 −2. 32 −0. 87 n60w160. 002 443 12,920 423 12,719 −4. 51 −1. 56 n80w120. 002 587 18,449 577 18,383 −1. 70 −0. 36 n80w140. 002 495 18,243 472 18,208 −4. 65 −0. 19 n80w160. 002 588 17,334 553 17,200 −5. 95 −0. 77 aver −3. 23 −0. 58 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This association was pervasive and dominant, in that SUP05 bacteria were found in all 8 O. pearseae specimens analyzed, comprising up to 96% of the recovered microbial 16S rRNA genes. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, named after the discovery in the Suiyo seamount plume [33], have been found worldwide in marine oxygen-deficient marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and productive upwelling regions [34,35,36]. They exist both as free-living cells [29] and in association with animal hosts (ex. Bathymodiolus mussels and some sponges [37]), where they participate centrally in the provisioning of fixed carbon to the animal. Intracellular SUP05 were observed exclusively in the epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae, which was unexpected given that most Cnidaria house symbionts, mainly photosynthetic, in the gastrodermis [38, 39]. Epidermal bacteriocyte-like structures containing Vibrio have been observed in Exaiptasia pallida [40] and bacterial “aggregates” containing Endozoicimonas have been observed in epidermal “caverns” in the sea anemone Metridium senile [41]. In both cases, however, the epidermal bacteria are pathogens commonly associated with animals [42, 43]. Octocorals harbored a coral-specific SUP05 clade that dominated their bacterial communities by up to 87%, albeit the specific location of the bacteria within the coral mucous or tissue was not determined [9]. Interestingly, bacteria on the tentacle surface of O. pearseae appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis. Further examination of this receptor-mediated process is necessary to establish whether bacteria are actively transported inside of host cells and if so, what influences the recognition and selectivity of this process. Hosting sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 in the outer epidermis may allow Ostiactis pearseae to avoid sulfide toxicity or the costly evolution of unique biochemistry to take up and transport sulfide [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: g, Henke, 2010; Hannula, Minor, Slabbekoorn, 2023; Shohamy & Turk-Browne, 2013; Dew & Cabeza, 2011; Reder et al, 2009). We stand by our claim that sleep-learning was of episodic nature. Here, we provide arguments for this claim: In the introduction and the discussion, we are reporting that we use a computational definition of episodic memory (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993; Henke, 2010; O’Reilly et al. , 2014; O’Reilly & Rudy, 2000), and not the traditional definition of episodic memory that ties episodic memory to wakefulness and conscious awareness (Gabrieli, 1998; Moscovitch, 2008; Schacter, 1998; Squire & Dede, 2015; Tulving, 2002). Consciousness and wakefulness are no properties of episodic memory according to the computational definition of episodic memory. Instead, the core computational features of episodic memory according to the computational definition are 1) rapid learning, 2) association formation, and 3) a compositional and flexible representation of the associations in long-term memory. We designed the retrieval task in the current study to assess only the retention of sleep-formed flexibly and compositionally stored word-word associations. Reviewer 3 suggests that sound-sound associations may have been formed during sleep and may have been reactivated at test resulting in the translation of the sound pattern of the translation word to the meaning of the translation word and further to the correct superordinate semantic category of the translation word. Although these processing steps during sleep and during the wake retrieval are possible, the rapid sound-sound associative encoding, long-term storage, and the flexible sound retrieval would still require hippocampal processing and hence computations in the episodic memory system. The interpretation in terms of associative auditory learning with a double semantic translation at wake testing is laborious and inefficient and hence a less parsimonious interpretation of sleep-learning than conceptual associative encoding during sleep. Our view resonates the findings by Andrillon et al. (2017) that mere auditory perceptual learning during slow-wave sleep was not possible at all or led to suppressive memory traces that could not be retrieved following awakening. Importantly, Züst et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/table-2 Table 3: Comparison the best-found values between MFEA-NLS and MFEA for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). Instances MFEA-+RNVS diff[%] n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 2,560 0. 00 0. 00 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 2,679 0. 00 0. 00 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 2,176 0. 00 0. 00 n20w80. 003 338 2,669 338 2,669 0. 00 0. 00 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 2,082 0. 00 0. 00 n40w40. 002 522 7,530 461 7,104 −11. 69 −5. 66 n40w60. 002 503 7,517 470 7,247 −6. 56 −3. 59 n40w80. 002 475 7,763 431 7,123 −9. 26 −8. 24 n40w100. 002 400 7,502 364 6,693 −9. 00 −10. 78 n60w20. 002 626 14,097 605 13,996 −3. 35 −0. 72 n60w120. 002 480 13,680 427 12,525 −11. 04 −8. 44 n60w140. 002 502 12,951 464 11,810 −7. 57 −8. 81 n60w160. 002 461 13,953 423 12,719 −8. 24 −8. 84 n80w120. 002 620 19,860 577 18,383 −6. 94 −7. 44 n80w140. 002 520 19,742 472 18,208 −9. 23 −7. 77 n80w160. 002 614 19,516 553 17,200 −9. 93 −11. 87 aver −5. 80 −5. 14 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the epidermis in Anthozoa can function in nutrition [21], even more so than the gastrodermis, through direct uptake of dissolved organic compounds [44, 45], thus the positioning of nutritional bacteria in the epidermis may increase effective exchange of small molecules. Like other SUP05 cells, those associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae were small (~ 500 nm in diameter [46]). Presumably, these symbionts require both oxygen and sulfide near simultaneously, for example “autotrophicus,” a member of the SUP05 group, has an aerobic phenotype and uses sulfide while respiring oxygen [46, 47]. In this regard, it would be reasonable to house bacteria as close to the tissue surface as possible in order to accommodate gas exchange and meet symbiont metabolic demands. The assumption that the SUP05 group may perform a nutritional role for the Ostiactis pearseae is evidenced by the comparatively light tissue δ13C values (average − 29. 1‰). The contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass appears to exceed that reported for other deep-sea anthozoan species from the Gulf of Mexico (ex. Paramuricea [9]). The facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nature of the SUP05-Anthozoa symbioses proposed by [9] is also suggested for O. pearseae given the large range in negative δ13C values observed. Additionally, the SUP05 were found to not only have the gene repertoire necessary for chemosynthesis, but to be transcriptionally active, further supporting the possibility of SUP05 contributions to host nutrition [9]. Like all sea anemones (even those with photosynthetic symbionts), O. pearseae retains an arsenal of nematocysts by which to capture prey; thus, this tentacular team-up with SUP05 symbionts likely provides only a portion of their diet, indicating a mixotrophic strategy. The SUP05 clade is involved not only in mediating dark carbon fixation, but also in the cycling of nitrogen, whether by denitrification, as has been shown in free-living SUP05 populations [29, 36] or assimilatory nitrate reduction, as in the case of symbiotic SUP05 [9, 48].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2015), high-jacking peaks for de novo learning might impair ongoing memory consolidation. Troughs on the other hand are characterized by neural silence (Cox et al. , 2014a; Destexhe et al. , 2007; Schabus et al. , 2012). One speculative argument in favour of troughs might be the relative absence of ongoing consolidation processes. This absence of ongoing endogenous functional activity might rise the troughs’ sensory receptiveness to external events, provided that at least local neural processing remains possible during troughs (Destexhe et al. , 2007; Vyazovskiy and Harris, 2013). Hence, both peaks and troughs possess characteristics that might support sensory processing and learning, but which of these brains states provides optimal learning conditions is unknown. Furthermore, recent results suggest that the high background firing rate during the peak state favors synaptic down-scaling/depression rather than potentiation (Bartram et al. , 2017; Yoshida and Toyoizumi, 2023). Hence, the trough rather than the peak state might be beneficial for de-novo memory formation during deep sleep. We leveraged peaks and troughs of slow-waves for the linguistic processing and the ensuing paired-associate encoding of word pairs. Here, we applied slow wave phase-targeted, brain-state-dependent stimulation for de novo memory formation, instead of memory reactivation (Ngo and Staresina, 2022) or the modification of slow waves (Navarrete et al. , 2020). To this aim, we simultaneously played pseudowords and translation words during either troughs or peaks (Trough/Peak condition) of frontal slow-waves using an electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm of our own devising (Ruch et al. , 2022). According to Züst et al. , 2019, we hypothesized that the critical process of memory formation, namely paired-associate semantic encoding, is bound to peaks because only peaks provide the necessary conditions for effective hippocampal-neocortical crosstalk. Regarding the optimal state for the words’ initial psycholinguistic analysis leading up to their relational encoding, we had no directed hypothesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/table-3 Table 4: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). +. Sol Aver. Sol gap Time Best. Sol Aver. Sol gap Time n20w20. 001 378 2,528 378 378 0. 0 3 2,528 2,528 0. 0 3 n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 286 0. 0 2 2,560 2,560 0. 0 2 n20w20. 003 394 2,671 394 394 0. 0 2 2,671 2,671 0. 0 2 n20w20. 004 396 2,975 396 396 0. 0 6 2,975 2,975 0. 0 6 n20w40. 001 254 2,270 254 254 0. 0 2 2,270 2,270 0. 0 2 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 333 0. 0 5 2,679 2,679 0. 0 5 n20w40. 003 317 2,774 317 317 0. 0 3 2,774 2,774 0. 0 2 n20w40. 004 388 2,568 388 388 0. 0 2 2,568 2,568 0. 0 3 n20w60. 001 335 2,421 335 335 0. 0 3 2,421 2,421 0. 0 2 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 244 0. 0 2 2,176 2,176 0. 0 2 n20w60. 003 352 2,694 352 352 0. 0 2 2,694 2,694 0. 0 2 n20w60. 004 280 2,020 280 280 0. 0 2 2,020 2,020 0. 0 2 n20w80. 001 329 2,990 329 329 0. 0 2 2,990 2,990 0. 0 3 n20w80. 002 338 2,669 340 340 0. 6 1 2,669 2,669 0. 0 2 n20w80. 003 320 2,643 320 320 0. 0 2 2,643 2,643 0. 0 2 n20w80. 004 304 2,627 306 306 0. 7 3 2,552 2,552 −2. 9 2 n20w100.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: , utilization of H2S, HS−, or other reduced S species, including endogenous elemental sulfur), or variation in the sulfur sourced from the petroleum-rich sediments of the Pescadero Basin. Many uncultivated candidate bacterial phyla have been discovered in recent years within a variety of environments [20, 58, 59]. They usually have small genomes (< 1 Mb) with dramatically reduced biosynthetic capabilities, and yet exist globally in both marine and terrestrial habitats [60]. Several of these candidate phyla, known as the OD1 and BD1-5 groups (also referred to as Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria, respectively), comprised up to 16–27% of the Ostiactis pearseae bacterial community and are known to play an important role in sulfur cycling [60]. An ectosymbiotic or parasitic lifestyle for the OD1 has been proposed [61], given their inability to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Additionally, while most candidate phyla are found in anoxic habitats, some OD1 genomes contained genes suggestive of O2 use as a terminal electron acceptor [61, 62]. Although not previously associated with the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 group, or any specific proteobacterial group, the role of OD1 in sulfur reduction [60] and their diverse repertoire for attachment and adhesion [61] forecasts a possible direct association with either the SUP05 bacteria or O. pearseae mucous, for example. ConclusionDespite 40+ years of appreciation for chemosynthetic symbioses and the continued search for their occurrence in the most well-known habitats, Cnidaria have only very recently been shown to associate with chemoautorophic bacteria. Here, we identify a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at 3700 m depth in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, that appears to be nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This species, one of only 2 dominant sessile animals observed on the vent chimneys, has an unusual life position, often located in and amongst vent-obligate siboglinid tubeworms, very near to actively venting fluids.

Output: corroborate