Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In a pre-post design in the case study, HbA1c decreased significantly in 6 of 9 poorly controlled adolescents after having participated in the coaching program. Improvement in the quantitative data reported by the patients such as stress, adherence to medications, perceived health status, high goal attainment, quality of life, and decreased depression and anxiety was disclosed in three of the studies [25–27]. However, the other RCT did not show any improvement in psychological adjustment to illness and health-related quality of life after the intervention, whereas the self-efficacy in the intervention group increased significantly during the follow-up period [23]. The qualitative data from the interview with the patients showed that the patients were very satisfied with the coaching intervention and felt encouraged to a) adopt a new view of themselves and their illness, b) try out new methods, and c) work systematically with their goals [7, 24, 25]. Methodological qualityAssessment of the methodological quality is illustrated in Table 2. The quality scores range from 0–7 points (0-100%) as ‘done’ gave 1 point and ‘not done’ or ‘not clear’ gave 0 point. Two RCTs met all of the quality criteria [23–26]. Schneider et al. [25] did not receive any points because the description of the methodology was unclear. Table 2 Criteria list inspired by LP Moja [21], JM Olsen [2], and Cherafhi-Sohi S et al. [22]Full size table DiscussionUnfortunately, only a limited number of trials were identified as using a life coaching process reporting health outcomes, and as the quality of the studies varied widely, it was not possible to draw definite conclusions. Therefore, this review can only present tendencies for patient outcomes and a preliminary description of an effective life coaching intervention. The two studies investigating objective health outcomes (HbA1c) showed mixed, but promising results [7, 26]. In the case study, it was possible to obtain significant improvements in a patient group that usually does not benefit from intensified interventions [7] and in the randomized trial; the patients with an elevated baseline HbA1c significantly improved their metabolic control [26]. The fact that it was a group of disadvantaged patients that showed significant improvement may indicate that some patients can benefit from being met with another approach and a different type of communication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: We could show, that administration of LCFA in the experimental model of MS worsened disease course via polarization towards T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, whereas the SCFA propionic acid diminished clinical symptoms due to an increase of intestine-derived Treg (Haghikia et al. , 2015). Fig. 1:Microbiome metabolites differentially affect the immune and the central nervous system Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are metabolites, originating from the fermentation of fiber-rich diet by the commensal gut bacteria. SCFA serve as an energy source for gut epithelia, but also pass from the gut lumen into blood circulation and interact with immune cells within the lamina propria cells of the submucosal nerve plexus. The impact of short chain fatty acids within the CNS is indirect in the case of a shifted immune cell balance towards Treg. Especially in diseases with a disrupted blood-brain-barrier, such as MS, changes in CNS-resident immune cells can directly affect the CNS. BA, butyric acid, PA, propionic acid, AA, acetic acid. Additionally, the observed conversion to a rather anti-inflammatory environment by propionic acid treatment is accompanied with a decrease in demyelination and less axonal loss, which we observed during disease course in mice by Blue and Bielschowsky silver staining (Haghikia et al. , 2015). The question, if these neuroprotective effects are only mediated by reduced inflammation or via a local action of propionic acid on CNS cells, remains unanswered. A recent study has shown that Treg are able to directly increase neuronal remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, thereby affecting remyelination processes (Dombrowski et al. , 2017). In addition, anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 are capable to trigger neuroregeneration (Chen et al. , 2016a). There is cumulative evidence for the neuroprotective capacity of (mainly regulatory) immune-mediated processes, nevertheless, various findings point to a direct neuroprotective effect by commensal metabolic components. However, these components can also exert damaging effects on neurons, especially in high concentrations. In animal models investigating autism-like diseases, administration of high dose propionic acid (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, most of the variation in siring success considered as “postcopulatory” in this experiment was explained by male mating rank (i. e. , being, or not, the last male), as this species exhibits strong last-male sperm precedence. We suggest here that such effects should be included in precopulatory sexual selection, because this is actually selection either for getting more copulations, or for obtaining the most valuable copulation with a given female (i. e. , the last one in D. melanogaster). Interestingly, Pischedda and Rice (2012) found that the postcopulatory variance in male RS (RSm) dropped to 1. 9% when removing the effect of mating rank. Therefore, once male mating rank was controlled for, variation in sperm competition ability, ejaculate size, and cryptic female choice offered very limited opportunity for selection in D. melanogaster. Collet et al. (2012), using Arnold and Wade's framework, found that 55% of male RS was due to differences in paternity shares among mates of polyandrous hens in the Red Junglefowl. However, they did not determine the extent to which variation in copulation numbers or ranks on the one hand, and postcopulatory processes on the other hand, respectively, contributed to this variance. This highlights the need for a formal framework providing an accurate quantification of the pre- and postcopulatory components of male fitness while taking into account the various facets of precopulatory selection, that is, unsuccessful and/or repeated matings, mating rank or duration, etc. We here propose to extend the framework of Arnold and Wade (1984a,b). Our method separates components that depend on mating activity from postcopulatory components in the narrow sense, that is, variation in siring success that arises independently of the mating sequence. The particularity of our approach when compared to Arnold and Wade's is that the precopulatory success includes not only the variance in MS (mate number in Arnold and Wade), but also the variance arising from the full sequence of male copulations. This framework combines variance decomposition (as in Collet et al. 2012) and regression analysis, and has several advantages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractCalifornia is the only one of its peers with a state-wide tax earmarked for mental health programs. The voter-approved levy applies to personal income above $1 million and has generated over $20 billion since 2005. But whether the additional funding improved population mental health remains unknown. This study applies the synthetic control method to the CDC’s data to determine how the tax affected suicide deaths in California. Findings show that the state’s suicide mortality rate increased more gradually after the tax’s implementation than it would have otherwise. By 2019, the cumulative impact was approximately 5,500 avoided deaths. Multiple robustness and sensitivity checks confirm that result. However, the effect did not appear immediately, nor was it present within all demographic groups. Nevertheless, additional revenue was associated with improved mental health in California. Other governments may likewise yield beneficial outcomes. Citation: (2022) Can additional funding improve mental health outcomes? Evidence from a synthetic control analysis of California’s millionaire tax. 17(7): e0271063. Mohamed F. Jalloh, Centers for and : December 7, 2021; Accepted: June 22, 2022; Published: July 27, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Michael Thom. This is an open access 21. 6 billion. In 2019 alone, it generated an all-time high of $2. 4 billion, or about $60 per capita (Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. California mental health services tax revenue per capita. Author’s calculations based on data reported in “to Keep: A Decade of the Services Act” from California’s Commission, annual expenditure reports from the Agency, and current population estimates from the Census Bureau. Amounts adjusted using the Index. distributes the revenue to each county based on a formula that incorporates population and cost of living adjustments. Each one develops a stakeholder-informed plan to spend its allocation within three program areas. and Support (approximately 72 percent of funding in 2019) finances direct services for adults and minors with serious mental health conditions. It can include psychiatric treatment and therapy, substance abuse treatment, and outreach for at-risk populations. Prevention and (approximately 18 percent of funding in 2019) finances services that prevent mental health conditions from instigating severe outcomes, such as hospitalization, homelessness, and suicide.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 500 mg/kg body weight), provoked autism-like behavior (Macfabe, 2012, Choi et al. , 2018). This corresponds with findings within the disease propionic-acidemia, which is characterized by a reduced activity of the propionyl-CoA carboxylase, leading to an impaired metabolism of propionic acid, accompanied with propionic acid accumulation. This observed autism-like behavior is supposed to be triggered by an increased inhibitory GABA-ergic neurotransmission (Morland et al. , 2018). Apart from secondary neurodegeneration as a result of inflammation, in patients with Parkinson’s disease, a dysbiosed microbiota has been observed, that is characterized by a reduced abundance of Prevotellaceae. Furthermore, changes in Parkinson’s patients’ microbiome also correlate with disease progression (Minato et al. , 2017): the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae is associated with motor dysfunction (Scheperjans et al. , 2015). Additionally, psychiatric diseases such as depression and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have also been linked to alterations of the gut microbiome (Kang et al. , 2013, Jiang et al. , 2015). By high-throughput pyrosequencing of bacterial genomic DNA extracted from fecal samples of patients with major depressive disorder, an increase in the levels of Bacterioidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria was found, while the level of Firmicutes was decreased in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, the severity of depressive symptoms is inversely correlated with a reduction of Faecalibacterium. ASD have also been linked to a less diverse gut microbiome and to alterations in different bacterial genera, namely reduced abundances of Prevotella, Coprococcus, and unclassified Veillonellaceae (Kang et al. , 2013), as well as to gastrointestinal disruption that correlates with disease severity (Adams et al. , 2011). Therefore, the effect of microbiota transfer therapy has been investigated in a clinical trial. After a 2-week antibiotic treatment followed by bowel cleanse and a subsequent performance of fecal microbiota transplantation, patients displayed a reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms, accompanied by a significant improvement in behavioral ASD symptoms (Kang et al. , 2017). Although this example promises hope for fighting other diseases that have been associated with an altered microbiome, it also needs to be assessed carefully.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: First, as it is an extension of an existing general framework (Arnold and Wade 1984a), it offers the same advantages, including the possibility to quantify the covariances between components to evaluate potential phenotypic trade-offs between fitness compartments. Second, it allows us to go beyond the notion of MS and to consider selection on any trait that has an effect on the frequency, timing, and duration of copulations. Third, our variance decomposition is formally linked to Bateman gradients, the most classical approach for estimating the intensity of sexual selection (Arnold and Duvall 1994; Anthes et al. 2010). Finally, it allows finding the stage at which sexual selection occurs on any phenotypic trait (such as sexual ornaments or body size). Importantly, our approach requires full knowledge of the mating sequences occurring in freely mating groups, which requires observing all interactions among individuals. Indeed, previous studies about sexual selection mostly used controlled sequential copulations with different partners (usually two; Lewis and Austad 1990; Amitin and Pitnick 2007; Jones and Ratterman 2009). In such artificial situations, the variance in copulatory activity is intrinsically limited and they are therefore not directly informative to disentangle the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory compartments. Our approach is therefore more demanding in terms of behavioral observations, but appropriate data seem to be already available in some previously studied systems (e. g. , Collet et al. 2012). We implemented our method in the cosmopolitan freshwater snail Physa acuta. This hermaphroditic species is self-fertile, but self-fertilization is rare in natural populations (Bousset et al. 2004; Henry et al. 2005) and resorted to only in the absence of sexually mature conspecifics (Tsitrone et al. 2003; Pélissié et al. 2012). It exhibits a promiscuous mating system both in the laboratory (Pélissié et al. 2012) and under natural conditions as frequent episodes of high density (up to 100 individuals per meter square; Henry et al. 2005) provide many mating opportunities to individuals. When two individuals are put together they often copulate within the first minute and are capable to copulate several times a day in both sex roles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: It may include traditional treatment or support for crisis intervention facilities and programs. Innovation (approximately five percent of funding in 2019) subsidizes new, sometimes experimental treatment approaches, such as web-based chat and triage services. Administrative costs and reimbursements consume the remaining funds. Whether earmarked mental health tax revenue yields population-level improvement remains an open question. Available studies are few and narrow in scope [11]. For example, patients at five tax-supported clinics in County, California, accessed more mental health services, but providers reported higher stress and lower morale [12]. According to other Los Angeles-based assessments, tax-supported programs improved vulnerable groups’ mental health [13] and lowered emergency room visits [14], but the progress may have been transitory [15]. This study is the first to examine whether revenue from California’s earmarked mental health tax affected a vital public health indicator: suicide mortality. Self-inflicted deaths are perhaps the most heartrending consequence of mental anguish, but they are exceedingly preventable. Indeed, cognitive behavioral therapy and other interventions reduce suicidal ideation and death [16]. To determine the revenue’s impact, this study utilizes the synthetic control method to compare outcomes before and after California voters approved the tax. The results show that the state’s suicide mortality rate was lower than it would have been without the tax. However, the effect did not emerge immediately, nor did it materialize within all demographic groups. Nevertheless, the results indicate that additional funding can stem the tide of declining mental health and quite literally save lives. strategy: The synthetic control method This study applies the synthetic control method (“SCM”) to California to determine whether revenue from the state’s earmarked mental health tax improved population mental health as indicated by the state’s suicide mortality rate. California is an exemplary case study. It is the only state with a tax that generates funding for all its counties. Unlike staggered local tax implementation in other states, California imposed its tax at a single point with no significant ex-post changes, creating well-defined before and after periods. SCM facilitates causal inference in settings where one unit (here, California) experiences an intervention (here, implementing an earmarked mental health tax) that many other units do not. To synthesize a control, SCM draws on pre-intervention outcomes in California and certain other states, collectively referred to as the donor pool.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Since most of the microbiome sequencing studies lack a temporal and causal relationship between microbial alterations and disease initiation, the use of probiotics and fecal transplant therapies is still a matter of debate. It is not yet understood, if depleting disease-associated pathogens, by probiotics or fecal transplants, will have any positive effect on these diseases (Khoruts and Sadowsky, 2016). In contrast to the aforementioned correlations between an altered gut microbiome and neurologic diseases, a healthy diet is associated with lower risk of first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination; a healthy diet defined as rich in vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and eggs (Black et al. , 2018). Interactions between gut and the brainThe term gut-brain axis has emerged from observing the direct effects of gut metabolites on the CNS and accordingly, the interaction between the gut and the enteric nervous system is well worked out. Classically, the interaction has long been understood as a “” process concerning the regulation of gastrointestinal functions by the brain. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system modulates gut function, e. g. motility or secretion of several components into the gut lumen (Rhee et al. , 2009). However, the impact is reciprocal, and this facet has only recently gained attention (Mayer et al. , 2014). Besides the beneficial effects of gut-derived SCFA on the CNS via the immune system, other bacterial products have long been known to directly manipulate neurons. Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins are bacterial toxins, which directly exert severe damage in neurons. Botulinum toxin blocks synaptic vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters (Rossetto et al. , 2014), whereas tetanus toxin is internalized into signaling endosomes and retrogradely transported to the neuronal soma, where it blocks neurotransmission (Calvo et al. , 2012, Yang and Chiu, 2017). The effects of the many bacterial metabolites on neurons remain to be explored, yet scarce evidence suggests that some could affect CNS neurons up to the level of the dopaminergic reward system (et al. , 2011). These recent findings on the direct effects of gut metabolites on the CNS have initiated a paradigm shift also in drug development programs targeting (et al. , 2014, Stilling et al. , 2016, Hoyles et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sexual selection has already been analyzed in small mating groups under laboratory conditions and is more intense for the male than for the female function (Pélissié et al. 2012). However, the relative importance of pre- versus postcopulatory processes remains unclear. In particular, body weight has been identified as a sexually selected trait in both sexes, with bigger individuals producing more offspring, but the exact stage at which this selection occurs, in the sequence from mate acquisition to juvenile production, is not known (Pélissié et al. 2012). We here evaluate the relative strength of pre- and postcopulatory components of sexual selection, and the role of a phenotypic trait (body weight) on both male and female fitness in P. acuta. experiment is the same as in Pélissié et al. (2012). It was conducted using 120 G2 individuals (second laboratory generation) of P. acuta derived from a composite G0 population of 11 natural intercrossed populations sampled near Montpellier, France (Pélissié et al. 2012). Individuals were fed ad libitum with boiled lettuce twice a week and water was changed every week. They were isolated as virgin juveniles until sexual maturity (around seven weeks, about 8-mm long). They were then weighed to the nearest 10−2 mg, randomly attributed to 24 mating groups of five unrelated individuals and individually tagged by a dot of car-body paint on the shell (Henry and Jarne 2007). The mating groups were monitored daily for 1 h on three consecutive days in 350 mL glass arenas that were cleaned using 95% EtOH and rinsed with water between behavioral observations. During the 23-h intervals between the three mating assays, mating groups were dissociated and individuals were kept isolated before being reassociated with the same mating partners (Fig. 1). During 1-h mating sessions, the full copulatory activity of all individuals was recorded, including time schedule, partners, and mating roles (male or female). Mating involves a simple behavioral sequence and copulation is unilateral in this species (Wethington and Dillon 1996; Facon et al. 2006). The male-acting individual crawls on its partner's shell, evaginates its penis, and introduces it into the partner's gonopore.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: It relies on a somewhat different methodology, does not include racial groups beyond “white,” “black,” and “other,” and comes from a pre-internet social and economic environment. Data on a less tragic outcome may be preferable but do not exist in adequate quantities. Still, suicide mortality may be the ultimate test of an earmarked mental health tax’s effectiveness. Many public health experts regard suicide deaths as preventable. If tax-supported programs in California successfully alter the mental health treatment landscape by expanding access and focusing on early intervention, fewer individuals should choose to take their own life. Moreover, suicide mortality is an impartial indicator unaffected by individuals’ perceptions of their psychological status or changing levels of acceptance of having a mental health condition. Those factors threaten survey data validity. Pre- and post-intervention periods California voters approved the state’s tax in 2004, but revenue collection did not commence until 2005. Therefore, 2005 is California’s intervention year, its pre-intervention period is 1999–2004, and its post-intervention period is 2005–2019. The six-year pre-intervention period is comparable to other synthetic control studies [24–26]. Outcome measure limitations preclude a longer timeframe, but modified assumptions about intervention timing that lengthen the pre-intervention period to seven and eight years do not affect the results (see the Robustness checks section below). Predictor variables The models include the suicide mortality rate lagged by one year and averaged over the entire pre-intervention period. There is no consensus on whether synthetic control models should incorporate predictors other than the lagged outcome variable; some studies have none, while others have over 40 [27]. In analyses like this study that draws on several pre-intervention periods, predictors beyond the lagged outcome are of little benefit and may bias the results [28,29] partly because the lagged outcome “absorbs” their effect and unobserved factors [19]. Diagnostic testing confirmed that estimation with other predictor sets, including the unemployment rate, per capita income, and ideology, substantially worsened model fit. Accordingly, the models exclude additional predictors. The donor pool At a minimum, the donor pool used to create the synthetic control cannot include the states with a policy like California’s: Colorado, Illinois, Missouri, and Washington.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: , 2018) Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and MS diseases (Berer et al. , 2011, Hill et al. , 2014, Sampson et al. , 2016). The molecular mechanisms by which SCFA are able to directly influence cellular processes have also been analyzed in cancer research (Augenlicht et al. , 2002, Matthews et al. , 2012). These mechanisms are mediated either by receptor activation or by epigenetic modulation. SCFA activate the orphan G-protein coupled receptors (GPR) 41 and 43, also known as free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 and 3 (Brown et al. , 2003) among other effects, modulating the induction of immune regulatory mechanisms such as Treg differentiation (Smith et al. , 2013). Due to their small molecular size, SCFA have also been shown to directly inhibit epigenetic modifiers like the histone deacetylases (HDAC) of class I and II (Candido et al. , 1978, Davie, 2003, Harrison and Dexter, 2013). For instance, the key players active in maintaining homeostasis of lysine acetylation are histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and HDACs. HATs catalyze the transfer of an acetyl-group from acetyl-CoA onto lysine residues of histone proteins. This process leads to a relaxation of nuclear chromatin structure. By contrast, HDACs remove acetyl groups from lysine residues, causing chromatin condensation. Changing the conformation of the chromatin framework either increases (relaxation) or decreases (condensation) transcriptional processes (Chuang et al. , 2009). HDAC inhibitors promote chromatin relaxation and thus translational activation. Since acetylation is not exclusively limited to chromatin but also in various proteins as post-translational modifications, HDAC inhibitors may exert varying effects on cellular processes. These effects include modulation of protein expression and function, mitochondrial behavior, intracellular transport, and metabolic processes (Kazantsev and Thompson, 2008). Protein post-translational modifications are discussed as important drivers of neurodegenerative diseases, since they could serve as a link for the gap between environmental factors and genetic disease susceptibility. An imbalance of HAT and HDAC activity is considered to favor neurodegenerative conditions (Chuang et al. , 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Note that it is not possible to ascertain visually that the penis is inserted in the female gonopore, nor that sperm transfer actually occurs; a copulation was simply recorded when the penis was observed to be under the shell of the female-acting individual. Individuals can play both roles at the same time with different partners (i. e. , forming chains of up to five individuals) or swap roles after a first copulation has occurred. The whole sequence usually lasts for 30 sec to 30 min (Wethington and Dillon 1996; Facon et al. 2006). Figure 1. Experimental design. Twenty-four groups of five unrelated and tagged individuals were observed during three sessions of 1 h each. Copulations (partners, durations) were recorded, allowing estimating male and female mating success (MS) for each individual. Individuals were isolated in fresh tanks during 23 h between each observation session and during one week after observations. Surviving offspring at day 15 after hatching were counted to estimate the female reproductive success (RS) of individuals. Male RS was inferred from paternity share on female partners (based on five microsatellite loci). Open in new tabDownload slideIndividuals were isolated in fresh 75 mL plastic boxes when not under behavioral observations (i. e. , 3 × 23 h) and during one week after the last observation. Unlike in Pélissié et al. (2012), we considered all eggs that were produced during the whole period of isolation, that is, including the 3 × 23 h isolation intervals. Juvenile survival (G3 individuals) was estimated 15 days after hatching (see Fig. 1). Surviving offspring were monitored for two extra weeks (i. e. , 30 days), then euthanatized in 70 EtOH for subsequent genotyping. 2 individuals (parents) and eight surviving G3 juveniles per brood (when available) were genotyped, whenever behavioral data indicated several possible fathers (n = 1344 juveniles of 5854 survivors in 86 broods), and in some of the broods with only one possible father other than the focal (mother) individual (n = 844 offspring genotyped of 2675 survivors). Genotyping was based on five polymorphic microsatellite loci (Pélissié et al. 2012). DNA extraction and amplification procedures are described in Pélissié et al. (2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The mortality rates are necessarily higher, but the pattern repeats: post-intervention, California’s rate falls slightly and then rises to a lesser degree than the synthetic control. That finding suggests that additional funding for mental health programs, some of which subsidized substance abuse treatment initiatives, reduced the number of deaths relative to what would have occurred in the funding’s absence. Third, no single donor state biases the findings. Ruling out the prospect of an influential donor(s) entails an iterative “leave one out” tactic suggested by Abadie [34] that systematically repeats each analysis without one of the donor pool states to ensure that no single state biased the synthetic control or treatment effects. Omitted donor bias is also not an issue. Re-estimating each analysis to include the next most comparable donors—i. e. , adding one extra state with a higher mortality rate and one with a lower rate, where possible—does not yield treatment effects that vary significantly from those reported above. Fourth, there is no meaningful bias due to imprecise predictor variable matching between California and donor states during the pre-treatment period. Various regression-based techniques exist to estimate and correct such bias, a known issue in SCM [35]. Fig 5 illustrates the original and bias-corrected treatment effects for California’s general population using the OLS-based method devised by Wiltshire [36]. The OLS-based method is preferable to those that use ridge, lasso, or elastic net regression because the study’s data is straightforward: there is only one predictor variable. The nearly-collinear lines suggest that bias due to imprecise matching does not alter the abovementioned findings. For example, the bias-corrected treatment effect in 2019 was -2. 18, which compares favorably to the non-corrected treatment effect reported in Table 1, -2. 20. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Original and bias-corrected treatment effects. the findings are robust to estimation with an interrupted time-series analysis (“ITSA”). breaks data into pre- and post-intervention periods and uses the former to estimate an intervention’s effect. ITSA is suited for contexts with sequentially observed, variable outcome data measured before and after an intervention, making it especially useful for public health evaluations [37,38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Assuming that SCFA manipulate neurons by HDAC inhibition, our daily diet may have a greater impact on the development of, not just autoimmune diseases, but also neurodegenerative disorders. Beneficial effects of chromatin remodeling have already been shown in an Alzheimer’s disease model, using the HDAC inhibitor sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (Ricobaraza et al. , 2009). Although there is sparse evidence that SCFA induce direct neuroregenerative effects, an altered HDAC activity has already been proven to participate in processes including neuronal damage. For instance, nuclear export of HDAC1 induces axonal damage that leads to to neuronal death (Kim et al. , 2010). Hence SCFA, like known HDAC I and II inhibitors, may prove to have therapeutic potential. Potentially indirect neuroprotective effects of SCFA include the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 from Tregs, and interleukin-4 from Th2 cells. These cytokines have been shown to protect damaged neurons and synapse formation after brain injury (Siffrin et al. , 2010, Chen et al. , 2016a, Vogelaar et al. , 2018). The presence and composition of our commensal microbiome not only participates in normal gastrointestinal function, but may also influence development of the brain, its function and the occurrence of its diseases. This is important, not only considering maintenance of a healthy diet in order to promote proper brain functioning, but most importantly for expecting mothers, who by maintaining a balanced diet can encourage a child’s normal brain development during pregnancy. It was demonstrated in mice that a maternal diet high in fat negatively impacts the offspring’s social behavior, caused by a reduction of oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons and a reduction of long term potentiation in dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (Buffington et al. , 2016). By contrast, a diet containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has beneficial impacts on neurodevelopment by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Since the HPA axis mainly determines stress reactivity, these metabolic components prevent depressive-like behaviors due to better stress resistance (Pusceddu et al. , 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Allele identification was done with GeneMapper version 4. 0 (), and visually double-checked. Paternities were assessed using version 3. 0 (Kalinowski et al. 2007), knowing the mother, potential fathers (based on observations), and allowing for selfing. All paternities were successfully assigned to a single candidate father, based on the highest logarithm of odds scores. idea here is to go beyond the simple (though classical) notion of MS, considering that precopulatory sexual selection is not only selection for gaining more mates, but also for copulating more frequently, at more appropriate times, or for a longer duration. Therefore, the latter aspects should be taken into account in the description of precopulatory sexual selection, which requires recording copulation sequences as precisely as possible. Here, each copulation was characterized using four parameters: (i) its duration, (ii) the number of male copulations of the male-acting individual prior to the current one (male experience), (iii) the time elapsed between copulation and egg-laying of female partners (“sperm age”; zero to three days), and (iv) the number of female copulations performed by the female-acting individual prior to the current one (male rank). We also accounted for repeated copulations in the same roles for a given pair (up to four times in our dataset), distinguishing the first copulation from subsequent ones (see below). The influence of copulation parameters on RSm was analyzed in situations in which individuals have been observed to copulate as males with several partners using a Poisson log-linear model accounting for overdispersion (Crawley 2007; see 2. RSm,post reflects sperm competition, cryptic female choice, and paternal effects on juvenile survival. We estimated the classical Bateman gradient as the regression of RSm on MSm (Arnold and Duvall 1994; Jones 2009; Anthes et al. 2010). To fully take into account the decomposition of precopulatory processes, we also computed similarly regressions using CIm and RSm,pre instead of MSm. All statistical analyses were conducted using R 2. 14. 0 (R Team 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Voters approved the tax in 2004, but it did not take effect until 2005. California did not collect substantial revenue until one year later. Revenue collapsed after 2008 and did not return to its pre-recession level until 2013. As collections recovered and attained stability, the effect on suicide mortality gained statistical and practical significance. This study’s findings comport with prior research linking additional economic resources with improved mental health outcomes at the local level [13,14]. However, in contrast to some others [15], the effect reported herein was durable. The methodology cannot reveal the exact causal path from new funding to reduced suicide mortality, but funding for prevention and early intervention presumably helped more individuals cope with psychological distress before it evolved into a more severe condition. The funding also increased treatment options for those already diagnosed with depression, a frequent conduit to suicide. Yet this study finds that the effect was inconsistent across demographic groups. Although a reduction in the mortality rate was more frequent among males, the impact was proportionally larger for females. Here, again, the study’s methodology cannot reveal the precise cause(s). The etiology may be males’ lower likelihood of seeking timely mental health treatment, which arises from stigma and lower perceived need [40,41]. Males that manage to overcome those barriers can fall victim to gender bias. Evidence suggests physicians are less likely to identify male depression than female depression [42]. That is partly due to diagnostic criteria that favor female-typical symptoms [43]. It can also stem from implicit bias: studies show that adults are less likely to recognize depression in males than females [44]. There was little effect among whites and none among California’s black, Asian, and Hispanic populations. That may result from male effects canceling out female effects or vice versa. It may also be difficult for public health interventions to reduce mortality within groups with relatively low rates. But those are also groups for whom cultural expectations, along with nativity differences and language barriers, present obstacles to mental health treatment [45,46]. Implicit bias is also a likely factor. As with males, physicians are less likely to diagnose depression in blacks and Hispanics [37], and their treatment may be less tailored than whites’ [47,48]. The most visible effects occurred within specific age categories with higher suicide rates: those 55–64 and over 65. The proximate cause is likely a treatment gap.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Hence microbiome manipulation, either by diet or by specific prebiotics, may open new therapeutic avenues for treating various systemic diseases including neurodegeneration. About the authorsMD2010–2013: Bachelor of Science in Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany2013–2015: Master of Science in Biology with focus on neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germanysince 2015: PhD study in Biology with focus on the direct effects of gut metabolites (i. e. short chain fatty acids) on neurons in the context of Multiple Sclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-hat sein Medizinstudium an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum abgeschlossen, wo er im Rahmen des neurowissenschaftlichen am Lehrstuhl für Neuroanatomie (Prof. Rolf Dermietzel) seine Promotionsarbeit zur funktionellen Charakterisierung von astrozytären durchführte. Nach seiner Facharztausbildung in der der Ruhr-Universität Bochum im St. Josef-Hospital (Leitung Prof. Gold) arbeitete er als Postdoc im Labor von Prof. an der University of Oxford (Neuroimmunogenetik). Er hält eine Universitätsprofessur für inne und ist seit 2017 leitender Oberarzt der Neurologischen Klinik, Leiter der MS-Ambulanz/neuroimmunologischen Forschung in Bochum. MD2010–2013: Bachelor of Science in Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany2013–2015: Master of Science in Biology with focus on neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germanysince 2015: PhD study in Biology with focus on neuroregeneration and neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroimmunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany265. 10. 1126/scitranslmed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The variance in relative RSm (also called the opportunity for selection; Arnold and Wade 1984a; Jones 2009) can be decomposed approximately using the delta method as a sum of variances and covariances related to pre- and postcopulatory components of sexual selection (see details in 5. 99% of the variance in RSm,post and substracted it from estimates of RSm,post and RSm. The described framework offers the opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of various components of sexual selection on a trait. We here focused on body weight, a sexually selected trait positively correlated to male fitness in P. acuta (Pélissié et al. 2012). The influence of body weight on the components of RSm (MSm, f, p̂ and εp) was analyzed through linear regressions. The postcopulatory component εp might include both effects of traits that are postcopulatory selected and genetic sire effects on juvenile survival (between day zero and 15). Indeed, the measured differences in paternity (p) can be inflated by differences in hatching rate and survival up to the time of sampling between eggs sired by different males within broods. Our data did not allow us to test for sire effects on juvenile survival. As an alternative test, we analyzed the effect of the number of fathers on the variance in juvenile survival: if males had a genetic effect on juvenile survival, then the variance in juvenile survival should decrease with increasing number of genetic fathers per brood (as survival is averaged over several different sires). To test this prediction, we evaluated the overdispersion of a null binomial generalized linear model (which quantifies the excess of variance in juvenile survival among broods, compared to binomial expectation) in broods sired by one, two, or three fathers separately (three being the maximum number of genetic fathers in our dataset). Dispersion parameters (i. e. , residual deviances divided by residual degree of freedom [df]) were compared between brood types by applying two-tailed F-tests. We also estimated an upper bound for the impact of differences in juvenile survival among sires on our estimate of the variance in ɛp* (postcopulatory variance in relative paternity share), as follows.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Those 18–25 in 2019 reported a higher level of serious mental illness than those over 50 (8. 6 percent versus 2. 9 percent) and a higher level of suicidal thoughts (11. 8 percent versus 2. 4 percent), but a lower level of treatment (56. 4 percent versus 74. 3 percent) [49]. The root cause for that disparity may be the flexibility that comes with age. Older adults, especially those over 55 or retirees, can easily accommodate inpatient and outpatient care because they are less tethered to fixed employment schedules and domestic responsibilities. That makes it simpler to initiate and sustain treatment. Individuals over 65 may also benefit from Medicare’s mental health services, although those services are not without limitation (e. g. , only primary care physicians can screen for depression, and many covered treatments have co-pays or deductibles). This study suggests several policy changes that could improve earmarked mental health taxes and associated programs. They point to a need for responsive programs that address challenges unique to racial and ethnic groups and that also address male-specific concerns. They also suggest a need for improved access for younger adults, especially 15 to 34 year-olds. That may include better integrating mental health care services into high schools and colleges, expanding the availability of paid time off from employment to receive treatment, and deploying mobile app-based diagnostic and treatment tools. Prevention and early intervention programs, which currently receive less than one-fifth of funding in California, could more effectively reduce suicide mortality if counties and the state allocated more resources to them. Moreover, while added funding can yield public health benefits, California’s instrument—a tax on personal income over $1 million—is not necessarily ideal. Tax revenue from that income level is notoriously volatile, and a rising number of high-income earners have left California and other high-tax states [50,51]. Both factors threaten funding and policy success. Finally, additional investigation of the underlying causes of rising suicide rates would also improve policy success in California and beyond. That knowledge is essential for developing programs that reduce intentional self-harm, but the current literature is inconsistent, and the past’s conventional wisdom may not comport with the present’s reality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 3008599Search in 22. 10. 1186/1471-230X-11-22Search in 164. 10. 1186/1477-7819-12-164Search in 921. 10. 1016/j. cub. 2015. 07. 055Search in 10. 1093/jn/132. 12. 3804SSearch in 703. 10. 1016/j. chom. 2015. 04. 004Search in 407. 10. 1016/j. bbi. 2010. 10. 023Search in 541. 10. 1038/nature10554Search in 3524. 10. 1177/1352458518793524Search in 1412. 10. 1038/ng. 3663Search in 1319. 10. 1074/jbc. M211609200Search in 1775. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2016. 06. 001Search in 555. 10. 3389/fimmu. 2015. 00555Search in 6901. 10. 3390/ijms13066883Search in 113. 10. 1016/0092-8674(78)90305-7Search in 0459. 10. 1038/srep30459Search in 8484. 10. 1038/srep28484Search in 2925. Search in 601. 10. 1016/j. tins. 2009. 06. 002Search in 44. 10. 3390/nu7010017Search in 10. 1093/jn/133. 7. 2485SSearch in 27. 10. 1038/nrgastro. 2015. 186Search in 96. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2013. 12. 016Search in 280. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0060280Search in 108. 10. 1038/nature11225Search in 3052. 10. 1073/pnas. 1010529108Search in 680. 10. 1038/nn. 4528Search in 1975. 10. 1073/pnas. 1002601107Search in 3785. 10. 1073/pnas. 0706625104Search in 180. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 1987. tb02191. xSearch in 448. 10. 1016/0301-0082(95)80008-VSearch in 829.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Including subsequent copulations in the model also decreases the standard deviation of predicted values, thus, restraining the residual variance to variation among female partners in the numbers of sperm competitors and of genotyped offspring. Table 1. Open in new tab of Characteristics of. Deviance. df. . F. P. Duration + age + experience + rank1175. 4239Age + experience + rank1177. 5240Duration0. 430. 514Experience + rank1178. 1241Age0. 120. 727Rank1189. 7242Experience2. 370. 125Null1314. 7243Rank23. 45<10-3Model. Deviance. df. . F. P. Duration + age + experience + rank1175. 4239Age + experience + rank1177. 5240Duration0. 430. 514Experience + rank1178. 1241Age0. 120. 727Rank1189. 7242Experience2. 370. 125Null1314. 7243Rank23. 45<10-3A hierarchical series of generalized linear models (deviance analysis with Poisson error term) was used to test the effect of copulation duration (duration), time between copulation and egg-laying of female partners (age), number of female copulations performed by the female-acting individual prior to the current one (rank), and number of male copulations of the male-acting individual prior to the current one (experience) on log-transformed siring success. Only broods with more than one potential father (i. e. , when mothers had a female MS > 2, based on behavioral observations) were retained. We provide the residual deviance (−2 × log-likelihood) of the model, the associated degree of freedom (df), and F-tests for each effect (model simplification tests). Effects were removed in sequence, starting from less significant ones. All F-tests have one and “df” degrees of freedom. F values rather than chi-squares were calculated because of model overdispersion. Table 1. Open in new tab of Characteristics of. Deviance. df. . F. P. Duration + age + experience + rank1175. 4239Age + experience + rank1177. 5240Duration0. 430. 514Experience + rank1178. 1241Age0. 120. 727Rank1189. 7242Experience2. 370.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Patients’ mental health status was assessed through various communication and observation strategies, with staff members noting their emotional states and whether the patient appeared to comprehend information provided by staff. Pharmacists managed issues within their scope and confidence level, and referred patients to relevant professionals. Overall, the pharmacists viewed their communication with other health professionals, with specific relevance to the staff at the government mental health service, as effective and productive. Pharmacy staff used the mobile telephone numbers of the psychiatrists and case managers in emergencies, while other modes of contact were used to discuss less-urgent patient matters. One of the pharmacists was also a liaison pharmacist with the government mental health service, and was in frequent contact with the facility. Patient education facilitated medication adherence, and staff adopted a holistic approach by also addressing the importance of healthy lifestyles and monitoring. One area for improvement identified was a need for promotion of the metabolic clinic at other mental health clinics within close proximity of the pharmacy, to increase health professional and patient awareness. A second shortcoming was the lack of communication between the pharmacists’ dispensing software and the NP’s Best Practice® software, with the latter software the same as that utilised by many prescribers. When the NP’s medication records were not current, the NP checked the dispensing software for recent changes. This was identified as not only inconvenient, but potentially compromising patient care. The pharmacy was in the process of implementing new software to integrate the dispensing and the NP’s systems. Furthermore, the handwritten annotations regarding patient progress by pharmacists’ in patient files may increase the likelihood of human error. Handwriting was recognised as a risk for misinterpretation of medication names, dosages and frequencies. Hard-copy patient files may also be misplaced in a busy work environment. Outcome indicatorsThe patient spreadsheet contained biometric information for 20 patients for the period November 2013 (commencement of the current service contract) to March 2014 (close of data collection). Data for 24 patients were not provided, in accordance with privacy requirements under a previous service agreement. Positive trends were noted for the 20 patients, although the number of follow-up visits to the clinic (and hence, data) varied between patients. Improvements in physical health risk indicators were observed for most patients during the operation of the clinic. Three patient cases illustrative of those with clinically-significant outcomes over the short follow-up period are presented in Table 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 1079/BJN19980108Search in 1412. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2016. 11. 018Search in 358. 10. 1002/mds. 26069Search in 2533. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 1002533Search in 436. 10. 1016/j. immuni. 2010. 08. 018Search in 573. 10. 1126/science. 1241165Search in 147. 10. 3389/fcimb. 2014. 00147Search in 132. 10. 1016/j. neuint. 2016. 06. 011Search in 2584. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2009. 01982. xSearch in 205. 10. 1186/s12866-017-1109-0Search in 10. 10. 1126/scitranslmed. aao2304Search in 303. 10. 1016/j. immuni. 2015. 06. 014Search in 259. 10. 1111/j. 1600-065X. 2011. 01017. xSearch in 266. 10. 1038/d41586-018-00664-8Search in 108. 10. 1126/science. 1208344Search in 827. 10. 1016/j. immuni. 2010. 06. 001Search in 2076. 10. 1126/science. 1080029Search in 605. 10. 1016/j. jmb. 2016. 12. 023Search in 227. 10. 1038/nature11053Search in 47. Gisevius, B. , Haghikia, A. & Hirschberg, S. (2019). Impact of Diet and the on Neurodegeneration and Regeneration in Neurological Disorders. Neuroforum, 25(1), 39-47. Gisevius, B. , Haghikia, A. and Hirschberg, S. (2019) Impact of Diet and the on Neurodegeneration and Regeneration in Neurological Disorders. Neuroforum, Vol. 25 (Issue 1), 47. Gisevius, Barbara, Haghikia, Aiden and Hirschberg, Sarah. "Impact of Diet and the on Neurodegeneration and Regeneration in Neurological Disorders" Neuroforum 25, no. 1 (2019): 39-47.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 125Null1314. 7243Rank23. 45<10-3Model. Deviance. df. . F. P. Duration + age + experience + rank1175. 4239Age + experience + rank1177. 5240Duration0. 430. 514Experience + rank1178. 1241Age0. 120. 727Rank1189. 7242Experience2. 370. 125Null1314. 7243Rank23. 45<10-3A hierarchical series of generalized linear models (deviance analysis with Poisson error term) was used to test the effect of copulation duration (duration), time between copulation and egg-laying of female partners (age), number of female copulations performed by the female-acting individual prior to the current one (rank), and number of male copulations of the male-acting individual prior to the current one (experience) on log-transformed siring success. Only broods with more than one potential father (i. e. , when mothers had a female MS > 2, based on behavioral observations) were retained. We provide the residual deviance (−2 × log-likelihood) of the model, the associated degree of freedom (df), and F-tests for each effect (model simplification tests). Effects were removed in sequence, starting from less significant ones. All F-tests have one and “df” degrees of freedom. F values rather than chi-squares were calculated because of model overdispersion. Figure 2. Siring success as a function of male rank (i. e. , rank of the first copulation performed by a given male-acting individual on a given female-acting individual) in the copulatory sequence. The analysis includes only broods for which polyandry has been behaviorally recognized (N = 86). The mean values (rectangles) are provided with their standard error (solid lines). The observed values are in black. Gray rectangles refer to values predicted by the siring success model (0. 12, F1,118 = 16. 12, P < 10−3; Fig. 3A). However, the fraction of explained variance in RSm increased dramatically when using CIm (see 0. 33, F1,118 = 183. 1, P < 10−3; Fig. 3A), and even more when incorporating the average RS of female partners (RSpre,m: R2 = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: All referred women were offered a lifestyle education session with their local antenatal diabetes education team, including standard weight gain and dietary advice. 7 All eligible women referred to clinic were approached with the study information. Interested participants were followed up by a researcher, in person or by phone, to arrange a time to obtain informed written consent. A list of women who declined to participate was kept, as ethical approval was also granted to collect audit data from their hospital records. InterventionWomen consenting to the study were randomised into one of two groups. The early intervention group were offered outpatient visits every 3–6 weeks throughout pregnancy (frequency determined by the attending physician) at their local antenatal diabetes clinic, in combination with follow-up with their lead maternity carer (community midwife or obstetrician). They received ongoing lifestyle education, commenced home blood glucose (BG) monitoring using a CareSens N-automated glucometer to read capillary BG measurements both before and after each meal, and commenced medication as required (metformin and/or insulin as advised by the attending physician) to maintain capillary BG levels within the usual targets for pregnancy: fasting BG <5. 0 mmol/L (90 mg/dL), 1-hour postprandial BG <7. 4 mmol/L (133. 3 mg/dL) and 2-hour postprandial BG <6. 5 mmol/L (118 mg/dL). The controls received standard care with their lead maternity carer and were asked to take a 75 g oral GTT to screen for GDM at 24 weeks’ gestation with appropriate follow-up if this test was positive. NZ GDM criteria were used to define a positive GTT, fasting BG ≥5. 5 mmol/L (99 mg/dL) or 2-hour BG ≥9. 0 mmol/L (162 mg/dL); although the of Diabetes and Groups () criteria8 are also reported. Both groups were asked to complete a diet, activity and well-being questionnaire at enrolment and at 36 weeks’ gestation. The questionnaires were based on validated questionnaires, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index,9 the Activity Questionnaire10 and the Food and used during the metformin in gestational diabetes (MiG) trial. 11 A WHO-5 score of 50 or below indicates low mood, and a score of 28 or below indicates likely depression and warrants further assessment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Een energiebalans programma voor pasgepensioneerden : impact op lichaamssamenstelling, lichamelijke activiteit en voeding = An energy balance intervention at retirement : impact on body composition, physical activity and diet A. M. NutritionNutrition and output: Thesis › internal background Occupational retirement is a life event that is likely to induce lifestyle changes leading to a positive energy balance, and hence weight gain and accumulation of abdominal fat mass. aims The aims of this thesis are 1) to systematically develop an energy balance intervention to prevent the unfavourable effects of retirement and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme on waist circumference, body weight, body composition, physical activity, diet and related psychosocial determinants. population and methods We invited participants from pre-retirement workshops. They were apparently healthy, aged 55-65 years, maximum six month before or after retirement and not undergoing interfering medical treatment. In total 415 recent retirees were included in the study of which 2 resigned before randomisation. Study participants were randomised according to the pre-retirement workshop they had attended (cluster randomisation) to avoid adoption of the intervention programme by the control group. The low-intensity intervention programme was offered to the intervention group (n=209) over the course of one-year. It consisted of a toolbox, two CD-ROMs providing computer tailored feedback on (1) energy balance and related behaviours and (2) four options for behavioural change: physical activity, portion size, fat consumption and fibre intake. The intervention group also had access to all pages of the study website with an interactive weight management programme (accessible for 6 months) and received newsletters. The control group (n=204) received newsletters and had access to a small part of the website. Effectiveness was evaluated after the one-year intervention period (0-12 months), one year after cessation of the intervention (12-24 months) and over the total two year period (0-24 months). results Contrary to our hypothesis this study indicated that waist circumference (wc (cm)) and body weight (bw (kg)) of the participant on average decreased after retirement. Although in men the changes were in favour of the intervention group (n=166; wc: -2. 3±3. 2; bw: -1. 9±3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 61, F1,118 = 68. 39, P < 10−3; Fig. 3A). Figure 3. Dissection of sexual selection in Physa acuta (N = 120). (A) Bateman gradients: each point represents individual male reproductive success (RSm) as a function of three different estimates of male mating behavior that include more and more information on copulations. (1) Male mating success (MSm, number of female partners). (2) Male copulatory investment (CIm, MSm multiplied by p̂ the predicted fraction of sired offspring based on the number and rank of copulations). (3) Precopulatory reproductive success (RSm,pre, CIm multiplied by f, the average fecundity of female partners). The least-squares regression lines and the coefficients of determination are reported in each panel. (B) Decomposition of the variance in RSm* (asterisks denote variables standardized by their mean) into precopulatory (light gray bars; MSm* and p̂* ), average female fecundity (hatched bar; f *), and postcopulatory components (dark gray bar; ɛp* i. e. , the postcopulatory siring success) and their six covariance components (open bars). Error bars represent bootstrap confidence intervals at 95%. The black bar on the right represents the Binomial sampling error on RSm and RSm,post (Pélissié et al. 2012). P values testing that covariances are zero are given when P < 0. 05. See 0. 20, P = 0. 032) and p̂ (R = −0. 27, P = 0. 004), and f and p̂ were positively correlated together (R = 0. 25, P = 0. 007; Fig. 3B). No significant correlation was observed between body weight and both the precopulatory components of male fitness (MSm: R = 0. 122, P = 0. 184; p̂ : R = 0. 110, P = 0. 234; Fig. 4) and the fecundity of female mates (f: R = −0. 032, P = 0. 778).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: 14 Māori and Pacific women were the least likely to consent to this study and they are known to book at a later gestation than European women. 12 These barriers may be overcome by both extending the gestation of eligibility and randomisation by site rather than at the individual level. A high proportion of participants did not adhere to the assigned intervention. Non-compliance with BG monitoring may be less likely if randomisation is by site rather than at the individual level, which may be influenced by a participant’s prior obstetric history, by their interpretation of the study information sheet that stated that both treatment options may be equally effective, or by the practice of the lead maternity carer. Compliance with medication is likely to be somewhat of an issue for both arms of the study irrespective of study design, highlighting the importance of positive relationships between patients and healthcare workers and adequate patient education and follow-up. Both pre-eclampsia and caesarean section are clinically relevant outcomes that impact significantly on maternal and neonatal morbidity and on healthcare costs. 15 The emergency caesarean section rate in the control arm of this study was higher than our national total caesarean section rate in NZ (<20%). Logically, early intervention versus intervention commencing at 24 weeks’ gestation is more likely to improve outcomes related to placentation, such as pre-eclampsia and preterm birth, whist both interventions may improve outcomes related to fetal hyperinsulinaemia, such as macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Abnormal placentation is integral to the later development of pre-eclampsia and placentation largely occurs in the first trimester, which may explain why aspirin prophylaxis against pre-eclampsia is more effective when commenced before 16 weeks’ gestation. 5 ConclusionA future definitive study exploring standard care versus early intervention, in pregnant women without known pre-existing diabetes and with a HbA1c ≥5. 9%–6. 4% (41–46 mmol/mol) measured at booking, is likely to be feasible with modifications to the study design. We propose a cluster step-wedge randomised study design across 10 sites in NZ. Randomisation by site rather than at the individual level would help reduce both the ethnic disparity in recruitment and the ‘contamination’ rate between the two intervention arms of the study. 1. ↵Association. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 1), no significant differences with the control group (n=169; wc: -1. 9±3. 1; bw: -1. 6±3. 0) could be observed. Among women the decreases (n=20; wc: -2. 5±6. 0; bw: -2. 4±3. 8) were larger in the control group than in the intervention group (n=33; wc: -0. 8±4. 2; bw: -1. 4±3. 1), but the differences were not statistically significant. Physical activity (PASE) non-significantly increased among men and women of both groups and energy intake (MJ/day) only decreased significantly among the men. Again no significant differences between the intervention and control group were observed. conclusion We could not demonstrate our intervention programme to be effective in preventing accumulation of abdominal fat mass and weight gain among recent retirees. Both intervention and control group on average showed improvements in body composition and energy balance behaviour(s). Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. J. , Co-promotor, External personAward date28 Nov 2007Place of Publication[S. l. ]Print ISBNs9789085048473DOstatusPublished - 28 Nov 2007 Keywordsretirementenergy balancenutritional interventionbody compositionphysical activitydiet Access to Document 10. 18174/26548 Files and links into the research topics of 'Een energiebalans programma voor pasgepensioneerden : impact op lichaamssamenstelling, lichamelijke activiteit en voeding = An energy balance intervention at retirement : impact on body composition, physical activity and diet'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Nursing and 100% Medicine and Dentistry 100% Medicine and Dentistry 100% Psychology 75% 66% Nursing and 66% Nursing and 66% Nursing and 66% View full fingerprint Cite this. M. (2007). Een energiebalans programma voor pasgepensioneerden : impact op lichaamssamenstelling, lichamelijke activiteit en voeding = An energy balance intervention at retirement : impact on body composition, physical activity and diet. [internal ]. Werkman, A. M. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 081 and 2 vs. 3 fathers: 0. 012 ± 0. 003 vs. 0. 01 ± 0. 003, F42,13 = 1. 17, P = 0. 792). The variance in relative juvenile survival among broods with one father was 0. 037. The maximum variance in relative juvenile survival due to genetic sire effect was then 0. 037/2 = 0. 019, representing 7. 05% of the postcopulatory variance in relative probabilities of paternity (i. e. , εp = 0. 271). propose a general framework for analyzing the incidence of sexual selection on both pre- and postcopulatory components and implement it in the freshwater snail P. acuta. This framework is an extension of the one proposed by Arnold and Wade (1984a), to decompose precopulatory sexual selection according to copulatory sequences. A first step is to evaluate whether multipaternity occurs. The observed multipaternity rate (67. 4%) confirms that P. acuta is polyandrous (Henry et al. 2005), as many other species (Simmons 2005), leaving ample room for sexual selection to operate both before and after copulation. This value is quite close to what has been observed in other hermaphroditic animals in which mates physically interact, for example, 62. 5% in Cornu aspersum (Evanno et al. 2005), 81. 5% in Schmidtea polychroa (Pongratz and Michiels 2003) or 76% in Aplysia californica (Angeloni et al. 2003). In natural populations, both behavioral and genetic polyandry might be even greater, since we monitored small mating groups over short time periods. This might have constrained the overall opportunity for sexual selection, because the number of potential mates was limited (Garcia-Gonzalez and Evans 2011). The impact of this limitation on the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection remains unclear; using small mating groups is expected to limit the variance in MS by increasing the frequency of repeated copulations with the same partner. However, adding other components of precopulatory success than MS presumably reduces the impact of these limitations. Among the characteristics used to depict copulations, only their rank turned out to significantly influence the siring success (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 27173711 Export as PDF Can we use remote intervention and support to improve the mental health of farmers? Share on on on Submission date 25/08/2023 Registration date 22/09/2023 Last edited 08/01/2024 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsA research team led by the University of Stirling and the Scotland’s (SRUC) is conducting a study to find out how to effectively reach individuals from the farming community who would benefit from support for their mental health. Results from the study will be used to design methods of recruitment to the next stage which will look at three types of support:1. An online-based psychological therapy that teaches practical strategies that can be used in everyday life. This support can be provided with or without telephone support. 2. A social and emotional support service that includes a telephone helpline which is staffed by mental health first aid trained staff and volunteers. 3. A combination of both interventions. The information gathered from this study will be used in the recruitment of individuals from the farming community to take part in the next stage of this study which is to find out what type of intervention they would prefer in supporting their mental health. Findings from all phases of the study will be shared with the wider networks of farming communities, livestock vets, and other agricultural support services. We may also publish our findings in a journal to share these with others. We will include the results in our report to the project funders. Who can participate? We want to invite individuals from the farming community in Scotland to share their views and suggestions about the language and methods to use to attract and engage with farmers who may be experiencing a common mental health problem, such as anxiety or depression. What does the study involve? If you take part, you will first be asked whether you would like to be involved in a focus group or an interview (face to face or by telephone). Your chosen method of participation will then be organised by the researcher. Face to face interviews and focus groups may be restricted as a result of Government Covid-19 guidelines. The focus group would involve a discussion with others from the farming community who have an interest in this subject.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Effectiveness was evaluated after the one-year intervention period (0-12 months), one year after cessation of the intervention (12-24 months) and over the total two year period (0-24 months). results Contrary to our hypothesis this study indicated that waist circumference (wc (cm)) and body weight (bw (kg)) of the participant on average decreased after retirement. Although in men the changes were in favour of the intervention group (n=166; wc: -2. 3±3. 2; bw: -1. 9±3. 1), no significant differences with the control group (n=169; wc: -1. 9±3. 1; bw: -1. 6±3. 0) could be observed. Among women the decreases (n=20; wc: -2. 5±6. 0; bw: -2. 4±3. 8) were larger in the control group than in the intervention group (n=33; wc: -0. 8±4. 2; bw: -1. 4±3. 1), but the differences were not statistically significant. Physical activity (PASE) non-significantly increased among men and women of both groups and energy intake (MJ/day) only decreased significantly among the men. Again no significant differences between the intervention and control group were observed. conclusion We could not demonstrate our intervention programme to be effective in preventing accumulation of abdominal fat mass and weight gain among recent retirees. Both intervention and control group on average showed improvements in body composition and energy balance behaviour(s). ", keywords = "pensionering, energiebalans, maatregel op voedingsgebied, lichaamssamenstelling, lichamelijke activiteit, dieet, retirement, energy balance, nutritional intervention, body composition, physical activity, diet", author = "A. M. Werkman", note = "WU thesis, no. 4323", year = "2007", month = nov, day = "28", doi = "10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: First, we use behavioral rather than genetic data to estimate MS. In a previous study (Pélissié et al. 2012), we already showed that the genetic MS gives inflated estimates of precopulatory sexual selection (by approximately a factor of two in our experiment) because inefficient copulations, which yield no sired offspring, are not taken into account. The second originality of our method is to use information on copulation numbers and ranks in addition to MS. Our results imply that estimating MS alone is not enough to accurately quantify precopulatory processes. Indeed, in our experiment, precopulatory success is equally determined by MS (MSm) and copulatory investment per mate ( p̂ ), the latter reflecting numbers and ranks of copulations. Moreover, the fecundity of mating partners (f) represented an important fraction of the variance of RSm. Variation in f cannot unambiguously be grouped together with either pre- or postcopulatory processes. Indeed, f is clearly influenced by precopulatory processes (e. g. , mate choice), which determine male access to females of different fecundities. However, f is also dependent on male siring success (fecundities of different female mates of a given male partner are weighted by its siring success on each of them) and impacted by postcopulatory mechanisms acting on female fecundity, such as male manipulation via sperm content or differential female allocation in egg production (Andersson 1994). Effects of proteins present in the seminal fluid on female fecundity have been described in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Koene et al. 2010), though we do not know whether these results extend to P. acuta. In any case, future studies should try to address this issue to further detail sexual selection. The need to go beyond the notion of MS when analyzing precopulatory sexual selection is also illustrated through Bateman gradients (Bateman 1948; Arnold and Duvall 1994; Jones 2009; Jones and Ratterman 2009; Anthes et al. 2010). Our results show that adding p̂ and f to the estimate of precopulatory success (see the discussion above on f and precopulatory success) reveals steeper Bateman gradients, meaning much stronger selection on mating activity sensu lato than one would predict based on male MS only.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: hypothesis Aims: To identify and optimise a preferred candidate intervention for addressing mental health problems in farmers for use in a future RCT (of effectiveness); and to assess the potential to recruit farmers to engage with different mental health interventions and complete study outcome measures. Throughout this application, we refer to farmers as including all farm workers and the wider farming community, which includes unpaid workers and family members. Ethics approval(s) Approved 21/05/2020, (GUEP) (University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; +44 1786 473171; GUEP@stir. ac. uk), ref: GUEP (19 20) 901 Study design Pilot interventional randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) Community, Internet/virtual, type Prevention, information sheet See study outputs table health in farmers Intervention Design: a mixed-methods study to assess the p4. P19. Acceptability, up-take, retention and outcomes (including completion rates) of a telephone accessed social support service, an on-line (+/- telephone support) CBT based intervention or a combination of both. Sample: Individuals from the farming community (n=40) who are currently experiencing a common mental health problem (anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression as defined by a score of >=8 on the (HADS)) will be recruited from across 2 NHS Boards (Highland, Shetland) in Scotland. The study population is mainly individuals directly employed/self-employed in agriculture. In the NHS Highland area, p=1430/13,00019 from a total population of 320,00020 and in NHS Shetland, p=152/2,00015 from a total population of 23,000,21 based on estimated Scottish prevalence of 11% of the population. 22 The study population will also include the wider farming community, which includes unpaid workers and family members but which is more difficult to quantify. Recruitment: will be conducted via signposting by local Vets, farming social media, farmer support organisations (excluding RSABI so as not to bias p21. Perceptions of interventions, intervention delivery and their impact, and potential for wider use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: The low-intensity intervention programme was offered to the intervention group (n=209) over the course of one-year. It consisted of a toolbox, two CD-ROMs providing computer tailored feedback on (1) energy balance and related behaviours and (2) four options for behavioural change: physical activity, portion size, fat consumption and fibre intake. The intervention group also had access to all pages of the study website with an interactive weight management programme (accessible for 6 months) and received newsletters. The control group (n=204) received newsletters and had access to a small part of the website. Effectiveness was evaluated after the one-year intervention period (0-12 months), one year after cessation of the intervention (12-24 months) and over the total two year period (0-24 months). results Contrary to our hypothesis this study indicated that waist circumference (wc (cm)) and body weight (bw (kg)) of the participant on average decreased after retirement. Although in men the changes were in favour of the intervention group (n=166; wc: -2. 3±3. 2; bw: -1. 9±3. 1), no significant differences with the control group (n=169; wc: -1. 9±3. 1; bw: -1. 6±3. 0) could be observed. Among women the decreases (n=20; wc: -2. 5±6. 0; bw: -2. 4±3. 8) were larger in the control group than in the intervention group (n=33; wc: -0. 8±4. 2; bw: -1. 4±3. 1), but the differences were not statistically significant. Physical activity (PASE) non-significantly increased among men and women of both groups and energy intake (MJ/day) only decreased significantly among the men. Again no significant differences between the intervention and control group were observed. conclusion We could not demonstrate our intervention programme to be effective in preventing accumulation of abdominal fat mass and weight gain among recent retirees. Both intervention and control group on average showed improvements in body composition and energy balance behaviour(s). AB - background Occupational retirement is a life event that is likely to induce lifestyle changes leading to a positive energy balance, and hence weight gain and accumulation of abdominal fat mass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, there is still room for improvement in the delimitation of pre- versus postcopulatory selection through a better understanding of the causes of variation in copulation sequences themselves. Males of Drosophila, for example, are known to inhibit remating in females through proteins present in the seminal fluid (Scott 1986). Thus, each copulation may affect ulterior parts of the copulation sequence. If males vary in their ability to manipulate females during copulation, part of the variation in copulation sequences (and the resulting component of variance in male RS) could be considered as reflecting postcopulatory processes. Thus, our method could be further refined by dissecting the components of variation in the copulation sequences. Irrespective of where exactly one chooses to put the limit between pre- and postcopulatory processes, there are two steps that would require separate analysis: one is how variation in copulatory sequences determines variation in male RS (which is what we did), the other is the means by which individuals control the copulatory sequences (including mate manipulation), an important goal for future studies. The absence of significant correlation between pre- and postcopulatory components in our study suggests that sexual selection may act independently on these two stages in P. acuta. However, because snails were monitored over three days only, we cannot exclude that a longer experiment might result in sperm limitation, resulting in a negative correlation between MSm and εp. On the other hand, our analyses shed light on other trade-offs that have to be taken into account to properly dissect sexual selection. First, the negative covariance between MSm and f means that an increase in the number of mates was associated with a decrease in their average fecundity. The most obvious explanation is the existence of a trade-off between number and quality of mates: individuals tend to inseminate first the more fecund female mates, subsequent copulations (if any) being directed toward less fecund mates. Second, the negative covariance between MSm and p̂ means that males with more mates tended to have a lower predicted paternity share per mate. This probably means that they were less often the first sperm donor for those mates, as a result of time constraints: by the time the first female mate was inseminated, other female mates have already been inseminated by competitors, such that a single individual could not be the first sperm donor for all his female partners.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Providers' to Disability or -Betz, & & University of In the United States, infants and toddlers with delays or disabilities may receive tailored (EI) in natural environments under of IDEA (Dunst & Bruder, 2002; Raab & Dunst, 2004). Services are strengths-based, family-centered, and capacity-building (DEC, 2016, F5 & F6; Raspa et al. , 2010; Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Guiding caregivers on strategy use builds parents’ self-efficacy and supports developmental outcomes (Dunst & Espe-Sherwindt, 2017). Coaching typically involves joint planning, observation with modeling, practice, reflection, and tailored feedback (Rush & Sheldon, 2005). Although there is a literature base around coaching (Stewart & Applequist, 2019; Rossetti et al, 2017) little is known about how EI providers support parents with intellectual disability (ID) or mental health conditions (MHC). : The purpose of our exploratory study was to assess needs and perceptions among EI providers working directly with these parents. Guiding questions included: To what extent are they working with parents with known/suspected ID/MHC? Do they report spending more time/resources working with parents with ID/MHC? What are some useful strategies and perceived challenges? Is there interest in relevant trainings? : (Markus, 1977) Bio-ecological systems framework (Bronfenbrenner, 2001) expedited IRB approval and feedback from six expert reviewers, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of EI providers’ perceived needs related to working with parents with ID and/or MHCs. Co-leaders of the Division for (DEC) EI virtual Community of Practice (CoP) supported recruitment efforts. Recipients were also encouraged to forward the invitation to others in their EI network. Non-CoP members who met our criteria could see details via the CoP Facebook page and participate. 1 for participant characteristics. Our expert-reviewed survey aligned with literature and addressed gaps in understanding. Closed- and open-ended items addressed: extent to working with parents with known/suspected ID (19 items) and known/suspected MHC (19 items); additional considerations covering ID/MHC (five items); and demographics (12 items).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Gut microbiome composition differences among breeds impact feed efficiency in swine access Published: 22 July 2020 Gut microbiome composition differences among breeds impact feed efficiency in swine Matteo Bergamaschi1, : orcid. org/0000-0002-4358-92361, Jeremy Howard3, Huang3, Kent A. Gray3, Constantino Schillebeeckx2, Nathan P. McNulty2 & …Christian Maltecca1 Show authors Microbiome 1. Significant (P < 0. 05) differences were observed. Across time points, ADG for the three breeds rang Fig. 1Average daily gain and feed efficiency (least squares mean ± confidence interval) of Duroc (DR), Landrace (LR), and (LW) at three time points 73 days (T1), 123 days (T2), and 158 days (T3) in the growth trialFull size imageed from 0. 48 to 0. 77 kg/d. At 123 days, ADG was significantly higher in LW (0. 68 ± 0. 058 kg/d) than DR (0. 64 ± 0. 057 kg/d) and LR (0. 65 ± 0. 055 kg/d), while no statistically significant differences were observed at 73 and 158 days. Average daily feed intake ranged from 1503 to 2795 g/d across time points. Average daily feed intake was significantly higher in LW at 123 and 158 days than in DR and LR, while no significant differences were observed at 73 days. The FCR of the three breeds on average ranged from 3. 21 to 3. 80 across time points. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in LR at 73 and 123 days compared to DR and LW. With regard to the residual feed intake, RF1 ranged from − 205 to 95, while RF2 ranged from − 226 to 136 across time points. These significant differences between breeds were confirmed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) (Fig. 2). The first component explained 93. 4% and the second 6. 6% of the total variance. The first component differentiated DR and LR from LW based on FCR (loading 10. 4) and IMF (loading − 0. 18), while the second component discriminated DR and LR based on FCR (loading 8. 4) and backfat (loading − 0. 25). Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Finally, the positive covariance between f and p̂ can be interpreted as another effect of male preference for fecund mates: the most fecund mates were inseminated first and the males that focused exclusively on such mates were more often the first (or only) to inseminate them, hence gaining more paternities. Altogether, these observations can be interpreted under the general idea that all fitness components cannot all be maximized at the same time (Stearns 1992), be it only for simple time constraints. A central aspect in studies of sexual selection is to understand the relationships between MS, RS, and phenotypic traits (Darwin 1871; Anderson 1994). Sexually dimorphic traits cannot evolve in hermaphroditic species (Morgan 1994; Bedhomme et al. 2009), but sexual selection can still affect phenotypic traits (Lewis and Austad 1990; Jones 2009; Pélissié et al. 2012). Here, the positive correlation between body weight and the postcopulatory components of siring success suggests that larger individuals transfer more (and/or more competitive) sperm per ejaculate, or that their sperm is preferentially used by females. Therefore, body weight plays a significant role in postcopulatory sexual selection on the male function in our species, while it does not seem to be a strong determinant of MS and other components of precopulatory success. Interestingly, this case exemplifies the fact that selection can act on a trait at a stage where the opportunity for selection is not the highest. In conclusion, we propose here an extension of the general framework of Arnold and Wade (1984a,b) to dissect sexual selection into its pre- and postcopulatory components in polyandrous species. Pischedda and Rice (2012) decomposed sexual selection into mating and fertilization components in open-mating groups. Collet et al. (2012) also included information about female partners, as well as selection on traits. Our framework extends these previous approaches by including a more complete description of precopulatory sexual selection (not only MS as in Arnold and Wade 1984a,b) and a formal decomposition of variance in male RS into its pre- and postcopulatory components, although there is still room for improvement (e. g. , by accounting for indirect effects of manipulation of mate behavior).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: A framework is needed to shape preventive health behavior intervention designs to consider concerns relating to balance tests, treatment effect waning, and impact persistency. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework for a mental model-based repeated multifaceted (MRM) intervention design to improve the effectiveness of preventive health behavior interventions. This approach suggests using the insights from mental model mapping of treatment groups. It incorporates the conviction that repeated and mixed interventions are necessary to generate persistent treatment effects, as preventive health behaviors are difficult to change. In addition, mixed treatment can be more effective and persistent than either financial or behavioral treatment alone. 2. Methods2. 1. and Identification of We conducted an overview of the literature, including systematic and scoping reviews and empirical 2. 2. Our proposed MRM intervention design framework is based on the major concerns cited in existing systematic and scoping reviews, trials, and recent empirical studies regarding approaches, frequency, treatment components, sample balance variables, and time dimensions of treatment interventions in published WASH-related field experiments (Table A2). We considered different experimental approaches used in other fields (e. g. , natural resources, development economics) to develop a modified intervention design that minimizes limitations (Fig. 1). 3. Results3. 1. in Based on our review of the literature, we found three major concerns in intervention design and implementation; these concerns underpin the theoretical foundation of our proposed framework. First, standard intervention design assumes that treatment subjects are similarly willing to adopt suggested preventive behaviors and have similar cognitive capacities; in fact, individuals have different cognitive capacities and mental models (0). These differences might lead to low-level outcomes. Human behavior is influenced by human attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, social norms, and beliefs (15,16); these elements together help constitute individuals’ mental models. Therefore, it is crucial to identify whether one of these elements would affect intervention outcomes. Second, the impact of single and short-term interventions wanes over time (5,13), while lasting behavioral change requires long-term intervention (0). Third, treatment groups’ responses to a specific intervention can vary under different or changing circumstances; most of the time, this concern was not fully recognized. For example, a few individuals may prefer monetary incentives to behavioral nudging while unemployed. In addition, some treatment groups may respond better to behavioral nudging and hands-on experience than other groups (0). 3. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 2Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of feed efficiency and fatness trait data from three breeds of pig. Scores [a] and loadings [b] are reportedFull size imageGut microbiome composition in the Duroc, Landrace, and breedsFigure 3 illustrates the relative abundance of microbial ASV when aggregated at the family level for the three breeds and the three time points surveyed in this study. Over the three time points, about 80% of ASV were classified into just 7 families: and Lachnospiraceae. Fig. 3Relative abundance of microbiome taxa at family level of Duroc (DR), Landrace (LR), and (LW) in three time points 73 days (T1), 123 days (T2), and 158 days (T3) of the feeding trialFull size imageAlpha diversity of pig gut microbiome was measured using the Shannon, Simpson, and indices (Fig. 4). On average, the alpha diversity across time points ranged from 4. 05 to 4. 43, from 0. 93 to 0. 95, and from 18. 7 to 27. 2 for the Shannon, Simpson, and indices, respectively. Comparing the breeds across time points, Shannon index values were significantly (P < 0. 05) higher in LR than in DR and LW at 123 days. Duroc pigs had lower Shannon index values than LR and LW at 73 days, while no statistically differences were observed at 123 and 158 days. Simpson index values were lower in DR than in LR and LW at 73 and 123 days. Simpson index was significantly lower in DR than in LR and LW at 73 days. Landrace had a higher index than DR and LW at 123 days, while no statistically significant differences were observed at 158 days. Fig. 4Measurements of fecal microbiome alpha diversity at ASV level using the Shannon, Simpson, and indices (least squares means ± confidence interval) in the Duroc (DR), Landrace (LR), and (LW) breeds for three time points 73 days (T1), 123 days (T2), and 158 days (T3) in the growth trial. Full size imageClustering analyses were focused on identifying clusters (enterotypes) among the fecal samples of pigs collected at each time point. Each of these enterotypes may be driven by specific genera that contribute to microbial compositions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Our decomposition is made possible by an exhaustive knowledge of copulation sequences, because we rely on a definition of precopulatory success as that part of male fitness explained by any aspect of copulation history. Our approach might be extended to more species to test how the relative importance of pre- versus postcopulatory processes is affected by effective polyandry (Andersson 1994; Arnqvist and Rowe 2005; Jones and Ratterman 2009). It also opens a new way to analyze sexually dimorphic ornaments in gonochoric species. Indeed, although most current sexual selection theory has focused on antagonistic natural vs. sexual selection on male ornaments (i. e. , positive effect on MS and negative influence on survival), the cost of such traits could partly be expressed as antagonistic selection between the pre- and postcopulatory phases of sexual selection, a hypothesis that has not been thoroughly explored yet. 10. 5061/dryad. 0f4np. All the data analyzed in this study are available from the Repository. . G. , and SPitnick. 2007. Influence of developmental environment on male- and female-mediated sperm precedence in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Evol. Biol. 20:381–391. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003. Multiple mating, paternity, and body size in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, Aplysia californica. Behav. Ecol. 14:554–560. 2010. Bateman gradients in hermaphrodites: an extended approach to quantify sexual selection. Am. Nat. 176:249–263. 2008. Evidence of female cryptic choice in crayfish. Biol. Lett. 4:163–165. 1994. Bateman's principles and the measurement of sexual selection in plants and animals. Am. Nat. 144:S126–S149. 1994. Animal mating systems: a synthesis based on selection theory. Am. Nat. 143:317–348. 719. 734. 2005. Sexual conflict. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 1948. Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2:349–368. 2009. How does breeding system variation modulate sexual antagonism? Biol. Lett. 5:717–720. 2010.

Output: pass