Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: For natural ventilation, air change rates are incredibly difficult to predict due to uncertainties around wind speed, pressure coefficient, air temperature and ventilation area (Clements-Croome 2005; HM Government 2015). With mechanical ventilation, various guidance bodies specify a minimum air supply criteria in litres per second per person with UK building regulations (Part F) suggesting a minimum of 10/L/s/per person (HM Government 2015). Taking into account volumetric loading differences (Girman 1992) between the test chamber (0. 15 m3) and the small office (15 m3), the rate of NO2 removal is reduced by a factor of 100. Therefore, using measured removal rates (Fig. 2) and reducing by a factor of 100 allows us to derive the removal rate in a small office (Table 4). We therefore estimate that 1 m2 of the highest NO2 removing taxa per m2—Zamioculcas zamiifolia—in optimal environmental conditions, namely ‘typical’ light and ‘wet’ growing medium, would reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 3 ppb after 1 h (data not shown). Furthermore, the highest removing potted plant (not considering leaf area), namely Dracaena fragrans ‘Golden Coast’ potted in wet growing media under ‘typical’ light conditions, was able to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 0. 62 ppb after 1 h. Results from all plant types under these presumed conditions are presented below, in Table 4. Table 4 The derived ability of each studied potted plant to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb inside a 15 m3 room in ‘wet’ (SMC > 30%, 0. 3 m3 m−3) substrate moisture conditions at ‘typical’ (~ 500 lx) light levelsFull size tableDiscussionInterpretation of chamber-based experimental resultsThis work investigates the ability of three common indoor potted plants to remove—in real-time, over a period of 1 h—an in situ concentration of 100 ppb of NO2 from a 150-L chamber. We demonstrate that the studied potted plants are able to remove significant amounts of NO2 under common indoor conditions, i. e. 0 and 500 lx. As per the hypothesis, different taxa were able to remove NO2 at differing rates—per m2 of leaf area (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Prior to administration to test animals, the extract was prepared by dissolving the powder in normal saline. H. polyrhizus fruits were peeled and the flesh was blended for 10mins with chilled acetone: water (80:20) in a ratio of 1 part flesh to 4 parts 80% acetone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g for 10min at 4°C. The supernatant was filtered in vacuo and the acetone evaporated under reduced pressure at 40°C followed by lyophilization. The powder was dissolved in normal saline prior to administration to test animals. The extract doses were as follows: O. sumatrana : 1g/kg body weight. S. polyanthum: 1g/kg body weight. H. polyrhizus: 3g/kg body weight. (α-tocopherol) was prepared in extra virgin olive oil in a dose of 250mg/kg body weight17 and was given via oral feeding needle, once a day continuously for 2weeks. In all cases, animals were killed at 24h following the last dose. Animals were anaesthetized, the abdomen was opened and the liver and kidney were taken, cut into small pieces and fixed in Orth's fixative. They were then processed and embedded in paraffin. Tissues were cut into 2-3µ thick sections. Five sections were randomly chosen from each animal of each group (30 slides per group), sections were mounted on slides and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). They were studied by light microscopy. Histological changes found in at least 70% of the slides (21 of 30 slides) in each group were taken as significantly positive results (Chi-square test). Grading of liver histological alterations was done as previously described18 as follows: Mild damage: low to moderate grade of necrosis. Moderate damage: centrolobular lesion. Severe damage: extensive to very extensive damage, with destruction of hepatocytes in extensive areas or throughout the liver. Kidney alterations were described accordingly to mild, moderate and severe damage. assessments Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: These animals showed normal liver. Histological examination revealed that the liver was formed of lobules; in the centre of each was a central vein.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: When detecting sleep stages by utilizing both HRV and accelerometer data, one study managed to identify 75% of SWS correctly [29]. In that study, REM sleep was identified correctly in over 70% of epochs, whereas light sleep detection was the weakest with correct identification varying between 42% and 52%. Our findings are of similar accuracy, which further supports the notion of combining accelerometer and HRV-based measures for reproducible sleep staging. This study was performed to evaluate the ability of HRV- and acceleration-based Firstbeat sleep analysis methods to detect sleep and different sleep stages. In pairwise comparisons, the Firstbeat method detected light sleep and SWS with no statistically significant difference to the gold-standard PSG method. There were two measures that differed significantly between the Firstbeat method and PSG: Firstbeat underestimated REM sleep (mean 18 minutes) and overestimated wake (mean 14 minutes). Considering the number of minutes in the context of a typical night’s sleep, the differences are not alarmingly high in practice, especially when measuring sleep over repeated nights. Sleep onset detection was very accurate, which is in accordance with a review published earlier this year [30]. Sleep stages can only be detected using PSG, as the stages are, by definition, separated by different patterns in and ECM. REM sleep is particularly difficult to detect without measuring activity from EOG and EMG channels. Thus, relying on other physiological measures as a means for separating sleep stages is always based on secondhand information. Although HRV has both previously [10,11] and in this study reflected sleep stages relatively well, it cannot detect the immediate changes in and EMG. However, this study suggests that HRV-assisted sleep stage detection can serve as a good estimate of sleep architecture despite being less accurate in detecting specific sleep stages. When observing the comparisons in more analytical detail, we found that comparing the Firstbeat method against PSG yielded good specificity, and excellent sensitivity and accuracy in detecting wake. Regarding light sleep, the measures of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were less convincing. SWS detection had excellent specificity, adequate sensitivity, and good accuracy, while REM sleep was detected with similarly excellent specificity, adequate sensitivity, and good accuracy. These results suggest that the Firstbeat method is best at detecting sleep stages that have strong parasympathetic cardiac markers; however, light sleep is typically not significantly differentiated based its physiological fingerprint [12,14].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: At first sight, such a removal rate may look relatively low, but it should be noted that the measured NO2 removal occurred in typical light and even dark conditions whilst NO2 exposure peaks tend to appear over short, often rush-hour-related periods (Malley et al. 2018; Engström and Forsberg 2019). It can therefore be expected for any removal to be constant throughout the day or night, even when plants are under mild water deficit—unlike with CO2 where supplementary lighting was required for CO2 uptake to occur (Gubb et al. 2018, 2019). Therefore, plants are able to remove NO2, without additional energy requirements. Furthermore, as plant type seems to have little effect (Table 4) on NO2 removal at the office scale (considering the plant types in this study only), easier-to-maintain plants like Zamioculcas zamiifolia and other succulents would likely be just as effective. Comparing to our earlier work on the potted plants’ ability to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) indoors (Gubb et al. 2018, 2019), the fact that removal of NO2 occurs at typical indoor light levels is a significant advantage. Without the need for supplementary lighting, increasing both energy costs and integration difficulties for designers, passive NO2 mitigation via potted plants is a much more viable technique—especially with the built environments push towards net-zero carbon buildings. Our work is consistent with recent experiments that have suggested that the growing media and the microorganisms within are predominantly involved in the removal of pollutants and plants themselves are only utilised in-directly to maintain and support growing media microorganisms (Irga et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2018). As both the concentration of NO2 and light level—albeit, > 500 lx—affect the removal ability of plants (Teklemariam and Sparks 2006; Gourdji 2018; Hu and Sun 2010), direct comparison to literature is difficult, unless removal with exactly the same conditions were investigated. However, numerous studies have tested outdoor vegetation for NO2 removal, and this study aligns with those (Morikawa et al. 1998; Nowak et al. 2014; Petit et al. 2019) in the fact that all studied plant types were able to remove NO2 to varying degrees at a wide variety of concentrations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Hepatic cells (hepatocytes) were polygonal, contained large blue nuclei (sometimes binucleated) and granular pinkish cytoplasm. They were surrounded with well preserved cell membranes. Bile canaliculi between cell membranes were present. Hepatocytes were arranged in laminae which are plates of cells radiating away from central vein. Hepatocytes surrounded endothelial-lined hepatic sinusoids that contained fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells). Sinusoids drain blood into the central vein. At the periphery of hepatic lobules was the interlobular septum with portal triad, the latter contained bile duct; branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (Figure 1-5). Figure 1 Light micrograph of a section of normal female adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish cytoplasm and have well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein toward the periphery of the lobule. Hepatic sinusoids (arrow head) are located between the hepatic plates. Fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells) are present in sinusoid walls (M) X 200. Figure 2 Light micrograph of a section taken from normal adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) are arranged in plates that radiate away from the central vein. They contain round bluish nuclei which may occasionally be binucleated (B), they have granular pinkish cytoplasm. Sinusoids (arrow head) are situated between plates of hepatic cells X 1000. Figure 3 Light micrograph of a section of control diabetic female adult rat liver stained with H&E. Normal histological features are present. The central vein (C) is in the middle of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish granular cytoplasm and are surrounded by well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein and surround the hepatic sinusoids (arrow head).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Strengths and LimitationsOur study was fully balanced in sex distribution and we were able to evaluate the Firstbeat method across two different nights in two different settings in the participants’ own homes. Thus, the ecological validity in this study can be considered excellent. As a limitation, even though our sample had some variation in PSQI-measured sleep quality, this study did not include any participants with diagnosed sleep disorders. Our study included only healthy participants, and the results are likely to be different if any health issues, particularly cardiovascular, or any sleep disorders are present. This is a question to solve before utilizing the Firstbeat method in clinical contexts. ConclusionCombining HRV with accelerometer measurements can be considered a feasible method with sufficient validity to measure nocturnal sleep stage variation. We found that the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were the weakest in detecting light sleep. Nevertheless, considering its availability, affordability, and ease of administration, Firstbeat may be a useful tool in various contexts, particularly in consumer-based sleep-measuring environments to produce an overview of sleep structures. 2012. . Normal human sleep: an overview. In: editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:4. . Facial muscle tonus during REM and NREM sleep. Psychophysiology 1974 Jul;11(4):497-508. [CrossRef] [Medline]ély AA. A quantitative analysis of phasic and tonic submental EMG activity in human sleep. 1990 Nov;48(5):741-748. [CrossRef] [Medline]Parmeggiani PL. Physiologic regulation in sleep. In: editors. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:185. Van de. Effects of wake and sleep stages on the 24-h autonomic control of blood pressure and heart rate in recumbent men. Physiol 1994 Feb;266(2 Pt 2):H548-H554. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Sympathetic-nerve activity during sleep in normal subjects. N Med 1993 Feb 04;328(5):303-307. [CrossRef] [Medline]Szymusiak R. Body temperature and sleep. In: Romanovsky AA, editor. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018:341-351. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: e. 28. 3 and 18. 9 m3 h−1 m−2 green wall area, per different plant type) (Torpy et al. 2018). These however require a significantly increased amount of energy, irrigation considerations and thorough maintenance in comparison to simple potted plants and may not be suitable for all environments—albeit whilst providing greater removal (Cummings and Waring 2020). Thus, passive low-tech potted plant NO2 removal should not be overlooked given the wide and immediate availability across the globe and a significant potential to improve indoor air quality (for a review of research on indoor pollutant removal services of houseplants, see Gubb et al. 2020), particularly, in small offices in urban environments without smart, active ventilation systems. For occupants of these offices, a realistic number of potted plants may have comparable health benefits to clean air policies that are obviously crucial to reduce NO2 exposure outdoors. ConclusionThis study investigated if a simple set up, with just a potted houseplant, could be effective at passively removing the harmful pollutant NO2. This was carried out by investigating the ability of the combination of the plant species Spathiphyllum wallisii ‘Verdi’, Dracaena fragrans ‘Golden Coast’ and Zamioculcas zamiifolia with two different growing media to remove in situ concentrations of NO2 in real-time at two typical indoor light levels and in ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ growing media conditions. All studied growing medium–plant combinations were able to reduce the NO2 concentrations representative of a polluted urban environment, but to varying degrees. Growing medium and/or moisture contained within emerged as a significant pathway of NO2 removal. The greatest NO2 removal measured in a 150-L chamber over 1-h period corresponded to 272 ppb removed after 1 h per m2 of leaf area and 58 to 62 ppb per plant over the 1-h period for each of the three plant types in ‘wet’ growing media at ~ 500 lx. This would correspond to a removal of up to 3 ppb per m2 of leaf area after 1 h and 0. 62 ppb per plant after 1 h in a small office when not considering natural or mechanical ventilation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Portal triad with branches of hepatic portal vein (P) is seen X 200. Figure 4 Light micrograph of a section taken from control diabetic rat liver stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological features. The central vein (C) is located in the centre of the hepatic lobule and contains red blood cells (R), it is lined with endothelial cells (E). Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) form plates which radiate away from the central vein. Hepatocytes contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, bile canaliculi (BC) is visible between the cell membranes of the hepatocytes. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between hepatocytes and drain into the central vein. Fixed macrophage (M) to the wall of one of the sinusoids is seen X 1000. Figure 5 Light micrograph of a section taken from the liver of non diabetic rat treated with vitamin E and stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological criteria. Central vein (C) is seen in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, they are arranged in plates radiating away from the central vein. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between cellular plates and drain into the central vein. Some macrophages (M) are located inside the sinusoids being fixed to their walls. X 400. S. polyanthum treated non diabetic rats: Non diabetic animals given S. polyanthum extract showed marked diffuse toxic destruction of the hepatocytes. Damage occurred throughout the hepatic lobules. Most cells were swollen. All forms of damaged nuclei were noticed (small, condensed and fragmented). Some hepatocytes had lost their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but sometimes, homogeneous. It is acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Liver tissue was markedly invaded by macrophages. The damage is graded as of severe type (Figure 6). Figure 6 Light micrograph of section of liver taken from non diabetic animal treated with S. polyanthum and stained with H&E. Cell necrosis is marked throughout the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes are swollen and contain acidophilic granular or homogenous cytoplasm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline] Screening for (From the ). Cardiol 2018 Oct 15;122(8):1339-1344. [CrossRef] [Medline] of Breathing and on Measures - a pilot trial. 2020 May 04;10(1):7427. [CrossRef] [Medline]de. Validity, potential clinical utility, and comparison of consumer and research-grade activity trackers in I: In-lab validation against polysomnography. J 2020 Feb;29(1):e12931. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Feeling validated yet? A scoping review of the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile technology to measure and improve sleep. Rev 2018 Aug;40:151-159 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Wearables and the medical revolution. 2018 Sep;15(5):429-448 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The wrist is not the brain: Estimation of sleep by clinical and consumer wearable actigraphy devices is impacted by multiple patient- and device-specific factors. J 2020 Feb;29(1):e12926. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Accuracy of wristband Fitbit models in assessing sleep: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res 2019 Nov 28;21(11):e16273 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]de. Wearable sleep technology in clinical and research settings. 2019 Jul;51(7):1538-1557 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Detection of Based on in Healthy Adults. 2017 Jan;21(1):123-133. [CrossRef] [Medline] Assessing sleep architecture and continuity measures through the analysis of heart rate and wrist movement recordings in healthy subjects: comparison with results based on polysomnography. 2016 May;21:47-56 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A systematic review of the accuracy of sleep wearable devices for estimating sleep onset. Rev 2020 Feb;49:101227.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Many factors could affect indoor microbial composition, including human occupancy, occupant behavior, pets and outdoor environment15,16,17,18. The air purifier was mainly used to remove indoor PM, partly comprising microorganisms. Microbes in the air could be transmitted to the HEPA filter in the air purifier. Suzuki et al. (2003) collected swab samples from the air purifier filters in the houses of seven healthy children with varicella. They found the varicella-zoster virus was detected in 29% of filters in air purifiers by day 319. Furthermore, Maus et al. (2001) studied the effect of the filters on the viability of microbes. They reported microbes could keep alive for a long time in the filter20. Majchrzycka et al. (2016) proved that the survivability of microorganisms on filter materials depends on the amount of accumulated moisture and microorganism type21. For example, Staphylococcus aureus survived well on filter materials with particular condition21. Under the working condition, microbes in the HEPA filter could be inspired into the air. Gore et al. (2003) reported that the old HEPA-filter vacuum cleaner markedly increases the inspired cat allergen in operation compared with baseline22. Spores were also detected downstream of the filters after a longer period of conditioning when ventilation was restarted23. These all indicated the microbes in the HEPA filter could be an important exposure source. Noris et al. reported the vast difference between HVAC filter and surface dust in an exploratory investigation in Austin24. However, the components of PM were distinctly different around the world. Surface PARTiculate mcollecting filter samples worldwide showed the chemical components of PM2. 5 varied by more than an order of magnitude between sites25. Besides, one research involving 19 cities around the world showed up to 100-fold in both bacterial and fungal levels among cities26. So, the microbial communities in the air purifier are regional. Moreover, limited studies were carried out on the microbial community in HEPA filter in an air purifier, while most focused on microbes in HVAC filter24,27,28,29,30,31. Knowledge of microbes in HEPA filter in office was also lacked, except the concentration and the size distribution of microbes32.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some dead cells have eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei (arrow). Some cells contain small (S) or fragmented (F) nuclei. Some cells have lost their nuclei (arrow head). Liver is infiltrated with large numbers of macrophages (M) X 400. S. polyanthum extract treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with S. polyanthum extract showed marked toxic destruction of the hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. Most of the cells were swollen. Some cells contained small nuclei while others showed condensed and deeply stained nuclei. Some hepatocytes exhibited fragmentation and disappearance of their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but in some other cells, it was homogeneous and was pale acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages was noticed. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 7 & 8). Figure 7 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. Section is stained with H&E. Central vein (C) in the centre of hepatic lobule is seen. Most of hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some of them have small nuclei (arrow head), other cells show nuclear condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D). Cytoplasm is acidophilic, granular and vacuolated (V) in some cells but is homogeneous in others. Cell membranes are not clearly visible. Macrophage (M) infiltration of the liver is obvious X 400. Figure 8 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Portal triad shows hepatic portal vein (P) which contains macrophages, some of which (arrow) are penetrating the wall of hepatic portal vein. Other macrophages (arrow head) are seen outside the vessel; they are invading the liver tissue and are spread between hepatocytes. Hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) are also seen. Hepatocytes form plates around portal triad. Some of them contain small (S) and others contain fragmented (F) nuclei. Cytoplasm is acidophilic and granular X1000. O.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Normal values have been reported for these percentages. In summary, about 50–60% of time is spent in light sleep, 15–20% of time is spent in deep sleep, 20–25% is spent in REM sleep, and 5% or less is spent in wakefulness (Carscadon and Dement, 2000). The number of arousal from sleep and the number of wake periods is counted in order to give an impression on sleep fragmentation. Sometimes the number of transitions between sleep stages are also counted. Apart from these values there exist no normative data. Sleep fragmentation is often described in simple words but not given in quantitative numbers. We wanted to derive a quantitative description that goes beyond the simple counting of sleep-stage transitions. In order to better characterize the dynamics of sleep-stage transitions, we produced statistics on the duration of the sleep stages. For our study, we chose data from a normative set of sleep recordings obtained in normal subjects and subjects with sleep apnea. These sleep recordings were evaluated by two independent sleep experts, which strictly followed the guidelines of Rechtschaffen and Kales. After that a third sleep expert reviewed the evaluations of the two experts. In the case the two experts obtained different classifications, the third expert had to decide which one to choose. In this manner, we arrived at the best possible sleep scoring for our subjects. In order to obtain a new quantitative description we applied methods of statistical physics to the sleep profiles (Lo et al, 2002). The duration of the joined sleep stages (defined as light, deep, and REM sleep combined) followed an exponential distribution with a characteristic time scale τ, In contrast, the duration of the short wake periods during sleep followed a completely different distribution (Figure 2). They showed a scale-free power-law distribution, Figure 2The distributions of the durations of wake and sleep phases are plotted in (a) double-logarithmic and (b) linear-logarithmic presentation. This makes the different underlying laws clear. Wake period durations follow a scale-free power-law distribution (a) characterized by the exponent α. Sleep period durations follow an exponential distribution (b) characterized by the slope τ. These sleep recordings from 197 subjects were obtained as part of the multicenter studyFull size imageIn general, the value of the power-law exponent α remains the same when the time scale or time resolution changes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Our study showed that the HEPA filters in air purifiers used for a long time were with a higher proportion of viable bacteria compared with the dust. Considering the significantly different bacterial communities and bacterial diversity between the filter and dust samples, HEPA filter in the air purifier should be recognized as a new ecological niche in indoor environment. Source tracking analysis explained the formation of the environment in the filter and dust. The important sources of bacteria were soil and human oral, indoor air and outdoor haze in the case of filter and dust, respectively. The number of unique OTUs in the filter samples was more than twice as much as that in the dust samples. The unique OTUs made up 17. 1% and 17. 6% of the total reads in the filter and dust samples, respectively. Our study suggested that air purifiers should be included in the evaluation of indoor environmental health risks. MethodsSite description and sample collectionTwelve office rooms were selected as the sampling rooms in the Institute of Science (ILAS) in Beijing, China. These rooms were used as administrative offices that were not related to laboratory and animal houses. These rooms were distributed in three different buildings, and each room was independent of each other. Each room had openable windows. Ventilation was carried out by opening windows in no haze day. All the rooms were covered with tiles. Different types of house dust samples are widely used to assess the health effects of indoor microbes representing airborne inhalation exposure. Although it was reported a better reproducibility of microbial determinations has been found for mattress dusts80,81, settled dust was suitable to study the microbes in the office room. Settled dust reflects the microbial composition of indoor air and responds similarly to environmental determinants36. 2016, two randomly different areas on these room floors, which were larger than 2 × 2 cm2 with little or no direct contact with the occupants, were disinfected with bromogeramine and marked as floor dust sampling sites, and a new HEPA filter was set in the air purifier in each of these rooms. The flow rate of the air purifier was 116 m3/h. The air purifiers were applied in haze day in which a 24-hour average concentration was greater than 75 μg/m3. The sampling rooms and the occupant numbers in each room are shown in S1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: sumatrana treated non diabetic rats: The liver of these rats showed diffused damage of the hepatic cells throughout the hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes sustained marked necrosis. Most cells were swollen and contained destroyed nuclei and eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm. Infiltrating macrophages were seen around blood vessels, in sinusoids and between hepatic cells. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 9). Figure 9 Light micrograph of a section of a non diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Note that most hepatocytes are swollen. Some of them contain small nuclei (arrow), other cells show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance of their nuclei (D). Cytoplasm is granular or homogenous. Some dead cells (DC) contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm and dark nuclei. Infiltration with macrophages (arrow head) is noticed around blood vessels in portal triad, inside sinusoids and in between hepatocytes. Portal triad shows a branch of hepatic artery (A), bile duct (B) and hepatic portal vein (P) X 400. Octomeles sumatrana treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with O. sumatrana showed diffuse toxic effect of the extract on their hepatocytes. Cellular necrosis was noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Most hepatocytes were swollen and showed damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous, it was acidophilic and sometimes pale. Cell membranes were preserved. Macrophages were seen around portal vein and in between liver cells. The damage is of severe type (Figure 10 & 11). Figure 10 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some have small nuclei (arrow head) others show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D) of their nuclei. Cytoplasm is granular but in some other cells, it is homogeneous. Cell membranes are preserved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: When this influence is strongly reduced, as is the case during light sleep and deep sleep, the heartbeat intervals behave in a more random fashion. internal structure of sleep shows clear dynamics that follow a physiological imprinted pattern. This pattern can be described successfully by sleep stages ranging from light sleep to deep sleep and REM sleep. The dynamics of sleep stages can be investigated as such by analyzing the duration of sleep stages in the course of the night. The statistical analysis of sleep-stage durations revealed completely different patterns for the regulation of sleep stages and wakefulness episodes during sleep. This indicates that sleep and wakefulness are not just two parts of a sleep–wakefulness control, but that there exist entirely different mechanisms for their regulation in the brain. This fundamental mechanism is not altered in principle by sleep disorders that have a large impact on sleep fragmentation. Only the parameters of the distributions change. The analysis of the autonomic nervous system during sleep by the investigation of heart-rate variability gives further insight into the regulation of sleep. We found that when the brain is very active as in the ‘dream’—REM stage, heart rate has long-time correlations, like in the wake phase. In contrast, in deep sleep correlations of the heart rate vanish after a small number of beats. In light sleep finally, the heart rate seems to become uncorrelated as well, but only after an increased number of beats. We also compared the altered autonomic nervous system function in obstructive sleep apnea with the results for normal subjects. We found that the differences between the sleep stages are much clearer than the differences between healthy and sleep apnea subjects. This means that the basic heart-rate control in the different sleep stages is very dominant. Obstructive sleep apnea introduces an additional variation on heart rate with a typical bradycardia/tachycardia pattern corresponding to the apnea events, but leaves the basic autonomous nervous system regulation untouched. Our studies support the view that there is a strong interaction between the central nervous sleep regulation and the autonomous nervous system regulation. Both systems interact and the measurable parameters cannot be interpreted without the knowledge about the current state of the other system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some indoor plants have been shown to reduce certain airborne toxins. [SEP] Text: The solution to the matrix equation above is: (A8) [A]ss=c⋅k2k3 (A9) [B]ss=c⋅k1k3Dss2 (A10) [C]ss=c⋅k1k2Dss2 c is a scaling factor not constrained by the matrix equation. With the use of the conservation Equation 5, we can calculate c and express the steady state of all three species solely in terms of the parameters of the network, and [D]ss. For instance, the solution for [C]ss is below. (A11) [C]ss=k1k2[D]ss2k2k3+k1[D]ss2k2+k3T1 The solutions for Ass, Bss, and Css derived from the variable elimination technique still depend on Dss. If we plug in the solutions for the cut species, we can obtain polynomial equations for the remaining species (in this case Dss), but closed form expressions are not necessarily obtainable. In all the cases analyzed in this paper, variables that appear in the analytical solutions for the cut set happen to be approximately constant across a wide range of input values, as they are present in excess relative to other species. Finally, each parameter group is physically meaningful. For instance, k2k3, k1k3[D]ss2, and k1k2[D]ss2 represent the un-normalized fraction of T1 that exists as A, B, and C, respectively. The normalization factor for these fractions is c/T1, or in this case, simply the sum of all parameter groups. This provides an intuitive way of analyzing how parameter groups affect the overall distribution of T1. For instance, increasing the value of k1 will increase the amount of T1 that exists as B and C, while necessarily decreasing the amount of A (assuming Dss does not change significantly). 2. Wnt model We analyzed a mathematical model of the canonical Wnt pathway built by Lee et al. , 2003. The model is illustrated in Figure 2A, and consists of 7 ODEs and 22 parameters, reproduced in 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Macrophages (M) are seen in the area around the portal vein and in between liver cells. Portal triad is visible. Note the hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) X 400. Figure 11 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated non diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus showed marked necrosis of the liver. Damage was diffusely affecting hepatic lobules. Damaged hepatocytes were swollen and contained granular or homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Nuclei showed all kinds of damage. Liver was markedly infiltrated with macrophages; they were noticed around central vein, inside sinusoids and between damaged hepatocytes. The damage was of severe type (Figure 12). Figure 12 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus sustained extensive damage in their livers. Necrosis was profuse and diffusely noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes were swollen with damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Method for Harmonization (MASH): a novel method for harmonizing data from two wearable devices to estimate 24-h sleep–wake cycles access Published: 05 April 2023 Method for Harmonization (MASH): a novel method for harmonizing data from two wearable devices to estimate 24-h sleep–wake cycles Erin E. Dooley1 na1, J. F. Winkles2 na1, Alicia Colvin3, Christopher E. Kline4, Sylvia E. Badon5, Keith M. Diaz6, Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez7, Howard M. Kravitz8, Barbara Sternfeld5, S. Justin Thomas9, Martica H. Hall10 & …Gabriel1 Show authors Journal of Activity, Sedentary and 0. 991 and ActiGraph-only ROC-AUC = 0. 983). After exclusions (partial wear [n = 1285], missing sleep data proceeding activity data [n = 269], and < 60 min sleep [n = 9]), 8560 days were used to show the utility of MASH. Of the 8560 days, 46. 0% had ≥ 1-min disagreement between the devices or used the 1D CNN for sleep estimates. The MASH waking intervals were corrected (median minutes [IQR]: − 27. 0 [− 115. 0, 8. 0]) relative to their pre-harmonization estimates. Most correction (− 18. 0 [− 93. 0, 2. 0] minutes) was due to reducing sedentary behavior. The other waking behaviors were reduced a median (IQR) of − 1. 0 (− 4. 0, 1. 0) minutes. to harmonize concurrently worn hip and wrist devices can minimizes data loss and correct for disagreement between devices, ultimately improving accuracy of 24-h compositions necessary for time-use epidemiology. BackgroundTime-use movement behaviors (e. g. , sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity) [1,2,3] are modifiable factors associated with numerous health outcomes and all-cause mortality [4,5,6,7,8]. Wearable accelerometers are used to measure time-use behaviors in free-living settings for a variety of populations [9, 10]. While there are numerous consumer wearables (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some indoor plants have been shown to reduce certain airborne toxins. [SEP] Text: kdephos⋅PPase⋅[pS2n][pS2n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅[pS2c]−a⋅kex2⋅[pS2n]−kdephos⋅PPase⋅[pS2n]−kon⋅[pS2n]⋅([S4n]+2⋅[pS2n])+koff⋅([S24n]+2⋅[S22n])[S4n]˙=a⋅kin4⋅[S4c]−a⋅kex4⋅[S4n]−kon⋅[pS2n]⋅[S4n]+koff⋅[S24n][S24n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅CIF⋅[S24c]+kon⋅[pS2n]⋅[S4n]−koff⋅[S24n][S22n]˙=a⋅kin2⋅CIF⋅[S22c]+kon⋅[pS2n]2−koff⋅[S22n]for conserved speciesS2tot=[S2c]+[pS2c]+[S24c]+2⋅[S22c]+(2⋅[S22n]+[S24n]+[pS2n]+[S2n])S4tot=[S4c]+[S24c]+1a([S24n]+[S4n]) 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Cell membranes were damaged. Some cells were converted to a granular, homogeneous mass that stained faintly. There was profuse infiltration of the liver with macrophages. They were profusely noticed around central vein and around vessels in portal triads. They had also spread between damaged hepatocytes. The damage is of severe type (Figure 13-15). Figure 13 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from diabetic animal treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the hepatic lobule with central vein (C) and plates of hepatocytes radiating away from the vein. Some hepatocytes (arrow) are swollen and contain condensed deeply stained damaged nuclei and homogenous cytoplasm. There is profuse infiltration by macrophages (arrow head), they are seen around the central vein, in sinusoids and between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 14 Light micrograph of a section taken from diabetic female adult rat liver. Animal was treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the portal triad which contains hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B). Macrophages (arrow head) are profusely seen inside the hepatic portal vein, in portal triad outside the vessels and in between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 15 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes show small (S) and fragmented (F) damaged nuclei. Some cells contain homogenous and faintly stained cytoplasm (arrow). Cell membrane is damaged (D) in other cells. There is marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow head), they are distributed between the damaged hepatocytes X 1000. Effect on of plant extracts on kidney Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: Histology of kidney in these animals was normal. They showed normal renal cortex and medulla. Renal corpuscles and blood vessels were normal. Tubular system in both renal cortex and medulla was normal (Figure 16-18). Figure 16 Light micrograph of a section of kidney from normal control female adult rat. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: , smart watches, fitness monitors) that have the capacity to estimate waking and sleep behaviors, potential issues such as user feedback biases and data extraction limit their research utility [11, 12]. Additionally, consumer device (e. g. , Apple, Fitbit, Garmin) accuracy depends on manufacturer and device type and are liable to algorithm changes that may occur numerous times throughout a study and without notification to investigators, creating unmeasurable noise in the data [13,14,15,16,17]. Research-grade devices (e. g. , ActiGraph, activ) provide substantial flexibility over consumer devices for processing and re-processing of data to achieve current best-practices. However, devices for quantifying 24-h time-use behaviors can be placed on different anatomical locations (e. g. , hip, wrist, thigh) and can be worn for different amounts of time (e. g. , waking only, sleep only, 24 h/day) depending on the primary outcome(s) of interest. For example, researchers only interested in physical activity behaviors may utilize waking hip placements, whereas those interested in sedentary behaviors may want to consider postural positions and therefore need a device with a thigh placement, and those interested in sleep and/or circadian phase may utilize wrist placements [18, 19]. While a single wrist-worn device to capture movement behaviors have become increasingly popular, validity for measuring physical activity across the intensity spectrum against criterion measures (e. g. , indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water) has a wide range of accuracy (r = 0. 17–0. 93) [20]. This may lead some researchers to implement protocols that have participants switch the device between the hip (during the day) and wrist (at night), potentially increasing participant non-compliance [21], or consider protocols in which participants wear two or more devices concurrently, as in the current study. Other instances when a multiple-device protocol may be necessary include when multiple funded studies are being conducted simultaneously on a single study population, such as independently funded ancillary studies to large prospective cohorts with initial protocols proposing different devices. To reduce participant burden of wearing devices across many weeks of data collection, researchers may need to collaborate on a multiple-device wear protocol occurring over the course of one week, for example. To characterize 24-h sleep–wake compositions for multiple-device protocols, approaches to harmonizing simultaneously collected data from multiple devices are needed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: With respect to ventilation, most studies merely investigated the amount of ventilation and conclude that ventilation is inadequate in many classrooms, which may possibly lead to health related symptoms. As of 1999, Daisy et al. [8] found two studies that specifically looked at the relationship between ventilation and the prevalence of health related symptoms. However, the results of these two studies were inconsistent and thus the authors stress the need of more studies looking into the relationship between IAQ in schools and health. The recent review of Sundell et al. [9] looked into the available literature until 2005 and discussed five 2012. In the first school year, ten schools participated, in the second year eight. One school participated in both the first and the second year, but with a different student population. With this exception, per school, one classroom was studied, with repeated measurements during three consecutive weeks. The first week served as baseline period, with measurements of normally existing CO2 levels and ventilation according to the teachers own preference. In the following two weeks, in the 12 intervention classrooms the concentrations of CO2 were maintained at pre-set levels of 800 and 1200 ppm, established with a mobile, custom-made mechanical ventilation device. During these weeks, the teachers were asked not to ventilate the classroom by opening doors or windows. In the six schools that acted as the control group, no intervention on ventilation took place. In these classrooms, CO2 levels were monitored and teachers were allowed to ventilate as they preferred. Participating schoolsIn total 18 classrooms (7th grade children, ages 10–11 years) from 17 different schools were investigated in the FRESH study. These schools were all located in two regions in the north and north-eastern part of with comparatively low concentrations of ambient air pollutants (Zwolle and Groningen). Each region provided nine classrooms for the study. In the Zwolle region it was more difficult to find schools willing to participate, so that in the second year of the study, one school (but with a different student population) participated again. Schools were randomly selected, excluding those that were within 250 m of a busy road or highway. A total of 80 schools were asked to participate before the planned number of 18 classrooms was achieved (23% response). Many schools that did not participate in the study valued the FRESH study as important, but were too busy to take part in the (relatively invasive) FRESH study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows normal renal corpuscle (arrow), proximal convoluted tubule (P) and distal convoluted tubule (D) X 100. Figure 17 Light micrograph of a kidney section from control diabetic female adult rat. H&E staining. Renal cortex contains normal renal corpuscle (arrow). Note the normal capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft and the normal urinary space (U). Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (A) at hilum of the renal corpuscle have normal wall thickness. Distal convoluted (D) and proximal convoluted (P) tubules are seen X1000. Figure 18 Light micrograph of a kidney section of non diabetic animal treated with vitamin E. H&E staining. Renal corpuscle (arrow) shows normal glomerular capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft. Urinary space (U) is normal. Glomerular arteriole (A) at hilum of renal corpuscle has normal wall thickness. Proximal (P) and distal (D) convoluted tubules are also noticed X1000. Normal non diabetic and diabetic rats treated with S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus extracts: All animals that were administered these extracts showed the same severe degree of kidney damage. Kidney changes were: Interstitial bleeding: This was noticed in both cortical and medullary regions of the kidney. Hemorrhagic blood was found around blood vessels and between renal tubules (Figure 19-21 & 23-28). Figure 19 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining. Marked interstitial bleeding is noticed (arrow). Thickening of wall of muscular artery due to extensive thickening of tunica intema with reduction of lumen diameter is seen (A). Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle manifested by increased cellularity and matrix of the glomerular tuft which have obliterated the capillary lumina is noticed (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear since there has been no proliferation of podocytes. X 400 Figure 20 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: The sleep interval was quantified using the wrist-worn Actiwatch 2 (Philips Respironics, Murrysville, PA) device worn for 24 h/day on the non-dominant wrist. Participants completed a diary and were asked to press an event marker on the watch to indicate when they went to bed with the intention to sleep and when they rose from bed for the final time each day. The sleep diary included questions regarding when they got into bed, the time they tried to go to sleep, the time they woke up for the day, and the time when they rose from bed. was set at 0. 05 g for 3–11 Hz and data were sampled in 60-s epochs. To determine total scored sleep time, the Actiwatch 2 data were processed, evaluated for quality, and scored with the event marker, default sleep detection algorithm (wake threshold: 40 ct/min) [27], and the sleep diary (if available) in Actiware 5. 0. 9 using procedures consistent with the Society of Medicine guidelines [19]. Clock times for sleep onset (beginning of sleep interval) and sleep offset (end of sleep interval) were determined using the start of the first minute (onset) or the last minute (offset) of 10 consecutive minutes of immobility. In addition, all sleep records were visually inspected for quality. Sleep records were removed if there was a Actiwatch malfunction, the Actiwatch was removed prior to sleep (e. g. , non-wear), there was no/poor sleep, or there was < 60 min of total scored sleep. These records are henceforth referred to as ‘valid scored sleep data’. MASH developmentMASH utilizes data from three sources: (1) ActiGraph–count data from Axes 1–3, (2) Actiwatch–lux (white light) and count data, and (3) sleep onset and sleep offset clock times–from the valid scored sleep data corresponding to the beginning (sleep onset) and end (sleep offset) of the primary sleep interval. Harmonizing the sleep and activity data through MASH is a two-tiered approach that addresses two states of data availability. At its core, MASH reconciles the two datasets (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: To what extent this is due to differences in CO2 concentrations measured at the location of the system sensor and the location of our two data loggers we do not know as the system sensor was unable to log the CO2 concentrations, nor was it equipped with a display enabling us to read measured CO2 concentrations by the system sensor. Another possible explanation could be that the ventilation device appeared to have not enough capacity to lower CO2 concentration to 800 ppm during classroom occupation. Technical specifications suggest that this should not have been the case, however, we did not measure true air displacement of our installation in the field as we focussed our study design on obtaining specific indoor CO2 concentrations rather than on achieving specific ventilation rates. In all but one classroom, the intervention was able to decrease CO2 concentration. The level of decrease varied per classroom, as this is related to CO2 concentration measured at baseline. The highest decrease in CO2 concentration was observed in school E6, where we lowered mean CO2 concentration from 2000 ppm to 915 ppm. In one school CO2 levels slightly increased after implementation of the intervention (school E10), this however was due to the high ventilation rate in the baseline week which produced low CO2 concentrations that we did not need to lower further. In seven schools we found baseline CO2 concentrations lower than 1200 ppm, in two schools the average CO2 concentration in the first week was lower than 800 ppm. This number is higher that we had expected based on the studies from 2007 [2, 3]. It is plausible that since 2007 ventilation behaviour in schools has improved. The study by Versteeg [2] resulted in media-attention and a political debate in the Dutch government. Moreover, it could well be that the participation in the FRESH study directly influenced the teachers’ (and pupils’) awareness of the importance of proper classroom ventilation, resulting in relatively low baseline CO2 concentrations. The decreased relative humidity indoors during the intervention period may be explained by differences in outdoor and indoor temperature between baseline and intervention periods. Especially in cold climates, low indoor relative humidity is associated with increased ventilation rates [7]. Recently various other classroom ventilation intervention studies have been published, most of them predefined a contrast aimed to be achieved by the intervention. One of these studies, by Twardella et al. [16] adjusted the mechanical ventilation within 20 classrooms of six schools.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows muscular artery, there is marked thickening of the tunica intema (I) due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina (arrow) and tunica media (arrow head) remained unchanged. Interstitial bleeding (B) is noticed X400. Figure 21 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Renal cortex shows hemorrhagic blood between renal tubules (arrow). Thickened wall of muscular artery (A) is noticed. Thickened arteriole (T) is also seen near renal corpuscle. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles is noticed (arrow head) X 200. Figure 22 Light micrograph of a kidney section of diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Note that there is an arteriole with thickened wall at the hilum of renal corpuscle (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillary tuft and capillary narrowing is seen inside renal corpuscle (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear X 1000. Figure 23 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana. H&E staining. Note the interstitial bleeding (B) between cortical convoluted tubules. Thickened wall muscular artery (arrow) is seen. Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle (arrow head) is noticed. Urinary space (U) is clear X 400. Figure 24 Light micrograph of a section of renal medulla of diabetic animals treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hemorrhagic blood (arrow) is seen in between the collecting ducts (D) X 400. Figure 25 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic rat treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Bleeding (B) is noticed between cortical convoluted tubules. Arterioles at hilum of renal corpuscle shows thickened wall (arrow). Glomerulosclerosis of capillaries of glomerular tuft of renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head). Urinary space of renal corpuscle (U) is normal X 1000. Figure 26 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: , ActiGraph- and Actiwatch-derived) by determining the bounds of the ‘waking interval’ for each day. The creation of these intervals represents the coherent fusion of the two datasets: night(t-1)-day(t)-night(t). Any ‘correction’ to the waking behaviors (sedentary behavior, ) associated with the imposition of these intervals resulted from a disagreement between the sleep and activity data (e. g. , the Actiwatch says a person is asleep and the ActiGraph says they are engaging in sedentary behavior). The first tier of MASH applies to instances where the 24-h period has valid scored sleep data preceding and proceeding it. The wake interval is built using the previous day’s sleep onset time and the current day’s sleep offset time (night(t-1)-day(t)-night(t)). The second tier is used for all other instances where a wake interval does not have valid scored sleep data (e. g. , missing sleep onset or sleep offset) immediately surrounding it. This typically occurred for nights that had a Actiwatch malfunction, the Actiwatch was removed, or there was no/poor sleep. In these cases, one-dimensional Network (1D CNN) models [28] are used. 1D CNNs were chosen because they have been previously employed on a variety of actigraphy data for algorithm detection [29,30,31]. The 1D CNN models read the epoch-level ActiGraph and Actiwatch data and assign each epoch with a probability of being ‘within a wake interval’. Two 1D CNN models were created for MASH. One 1D CNN model accommodates both ActiGraph + Actiwatch data, using data from both devices, and a separate 1D CNN model uses ActiGraph-only data, for situations when the Actiwatch data were invalid or missing. Once the 1D CNN models generate epoch-level predictions, a simple optimization procedure is used to determine which clusters of epochs were most likely to represent the true waking interval. file 1: 44. 4 min. For all records that did not have valid scored sleep data, the average duration of the sleep interval was 45. 2 min longer (P < 0. 001) than the intervals where valid scored sleep data were present.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 2004 Fine particulate matter and wheezing illnesses in the first year of life. Epidemiology 15 702708. 28. PréndezM. OrtizJ. CortesE. CassorlaV. 1984 Elemental composition of the airborne particulate matter from Santiago City, Chile, 1976. J. Air Pollut. Control Ass. 34 5456. 29. Préndez, M. 1993. Características de los Contaminantes Atmosféricos. En: Sandoval, H. Préndez, M. and Ulriksen, P. (Eds). Contaminación Atmosférica de Santiago: y Soluciones. 186. 30. PréndezM. OrtizJ. ZolezziS. CamposC. ApablazaN. 1991 Aerosoles atmosféricos de naturaleza inorgánica. Contaminación en Santiago de Chile. de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 7(4), 224-237. 31. PréndezM. CorvalanR. CisternasM. 2007. Caracterización física y química del material particulado de fuentes estacionarias: incidencia sobre la aplicación de un sistema de compensación de emisiones en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Tecnológica, CIT, 18 2), 39-103. 32. ProsperoJ. M. CharlsonR. 1983 The atmospheric Aerosol System: A Review. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics. 21 7 16071629. 33. RojasC. ArtaxoP. Van GriekenR. 1990 Aerosols in Santiago de Chile: A study using receptor modelling with X-ray fluorescence and single p241. 34. Rutllant, J. 1973. Factores meteorológicos en la contaminación atmosférica de Santiago. Resultados de mediciones 1971-1972. Publicación No. 164, Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile35. RutllantJ. SalinasH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: polyrhizus. H&E staining. Interstitial bleeding (B) is seen. Thickened muscular artery (arrow) is noticed. Glomerulosclerosis in renal corpuscle is visible (arrow head), urinary space (U) remains clear X 200. Figure 27 Light micrograph of a kidney section taken from normal non diabetic rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Markedly thickened wall of muscular artery in renal cortex is seen due to extensive thickening of the tunica intema (area limited between opposite arrows). This causes narrowing of the lumen of blood vessel X 1000. Figure 28 Light micrograph of a section of renal cortex of diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus extract. H&E staining. Extensive bleeding (B) in between renal tubules is seen. Muscular arteries with thickened walls (arrow) are noticed. Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries of renal corpuscles is visible (arrow head) X 400. Extensive thickening (sclerosis) in wall of muscular arteries and arterioles of the kidney: Muscular arteries showed marked thickening of the tunica intema due to proliferation of intemal cells which encroached upon the arterial lumen. Internal elastic lamina and tunica media remained unchanged (Figs 19-21, 23, 26-28). Arteriolar damage was presented as dramatic proliferation of their intemal cells (Figs 21, 22, 25). These changes might be the cause of disruption of vascular walls and interstitial bleeding. Renal glomerulosclerosis: Renal corpuscles demonstrated diffuse glomerulosclerosis. This was manifested by uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane associated with an increase in mesangial cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes (Figure 19, 21-23,25, 26,28). fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties. This is due to their contents of vitamins and polyphenols which can eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species through reducing or scavenging activities or through the chelation of transition metals. Transition metals can promote the production of hydroxyl radicals, a most reactive oxygen species, via the Fenton reaction. Much has been published on the beneficial effects on health of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: > (3); 2022 > 421. Published online: Aug 31, 2022 DOI: 골프운동 중 웨어러블 디바이스의 에너지소비량 및 심박수 정확도 검증 이효진 PhD1, 이미현 PhD2, 박세정 PhD3 1 용인대학교 골프학과 2 전주대학교 의과학대학 의과학융합연구소 3 한국스포츠정책과학원 스포츠과학연구실 Accuracy of for Expenditure and 1, PhD2, PhD3 1 Department of Golf, Yongin University, Yongin, Korea 2 Department of Center for 3 Department of Sports Science, of Sports Science, Seoul, author: Tel +82-2-970-9562 Fax +82-2-970-9502 E-mail saejpark@kspo. or. kr ∗이 논문은 이효진(2019)의 박사학위논문을 일부 수정하여 게재한 연구임. 6, 2022 3, 2022 7, 2022Copyright © 2022 of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. study examined the accuracy of the heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) measured by commercially available wearable devices during golf.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: (2009) showed that greater pressure inside the room allowed smoke to ventilate properly, meaning that smoke can flow out of an isolated room only if the pressure inside the room is greater than the pressure outside the room. Fan filter units and raised grating coverage ratio affected the pressure distribution in the room and should be investigated to provide ventilation (Chien et al. , 2009). Investigations into cleanroom energy efficiency showed that inaccurate pressure differentials could become a major factor in energy overuse. Mathew et al. (2010) showed that low-pressure drop HEPA filters could significantly reduce the energy used by recirculation units in cleanrooms. et al. (2017) discussed “good manufacturing practices” when dealing with pressure differentials in pharmaceutical cleanrooms. Manometers are used during commissioning to measure pressure differentials and ensure that they are accurate, which is normally between 0. 67 and 2. 7 Pa depending on the cleanliness class (et al. , 2017). Investigations into differential pressure setpoints for chilled water pumps in HVAC systems show that the method for quantifying the setpoint is inadequate, meaning that the previous methods were insufficient in achieving the desired energy and economic savings since they may not have taken into account important factors such as pipeline topology, material, chilled water flow demand, heat loading, and equipment aging. Therefore, an equation (please refer to Table S1 for pump demand capacity and differential pressure setpoint equations) is created to accurately calculate the setpoint for energy efficiency and cost savings (Su and Yu, 2013). Findings on pressure differentials allow pressure standards to be reevaluated for more efficient use in cleanrooms. Airflow can be controlled through air velocity and air changes per hour (ACH). Bugaj and Przydrozny (1986) suggested that for a supply grille width 1. 9 m and height 0. 8 m, lower edge at 1. 5 m above floor and exhaust through floor level ports, supply air velocity and ACH should be equal to 0. 45 m s–1 and 18. 9 ACH, respectively. For supply grille width 1. 9 m and height 1. 1 m, lower edge at 1. 2 m above the floor level and exhaust same as before, satisfactory supply velocity should be 0. 35 m s–1 with the corresponding ACH of 21. 5 (Bugaj and Przydrozny, 1986).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Oxidative stress is implicated in the onset, development and progression of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2; it also enhances development of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease. 19‒21 On other hand, hyperglycemia enhances the formation of free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals, NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrates. These radicals aggravate glucose auto-oxidation and lipid peroxide formation. 22 In diabetes mellitus, the antioxidant defenses are affected; this impact is expressed as an impairment of glutathione metabolism, alteration in antioxidant enzymes and decreased ascorbic acid levels. 23,24 Thus the antioxidant activity of plant extracts through their radical scavenging effect could help in management of diabetes mellitus. Plants and their extracts are widely used in folk medicine in many countries for management of diseases. Hypoglycaemic effect of natural dietary sources such as garlic, cinnamon extract and black cumin volatile oil had been reported. 25‒27 Amongst the plants with show potential for use in treatment of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia and other Asian countries are S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus. These plants were under investigations in faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories for the last few years. The high doses of the extracts used in this study were determined on the basis of previous biochemical studies. They were the highest relatively safe and effective doses in terms of antioxidative and antihyperglycaemic activities. This study showed that the plant extract had severely damaged the liver cells (hepatocytes) in diabetic and in normal non diabetic rats. Hepatic damage was associated with infiltration by macrophages. This finding is similar to that shown on the damaging effect of other exogenous toxins on the liver. 14,15 Macrophage infiltration of the liver is expected since it is a normal event that happens following necrosis of hepatocytes. Plant extracts had also damaged the kidney in diabetic and normal non diabetic rats. Their impact was demonstrated as interstitial bleeding, extensive thickening of the wall of muscular arteries and arterioles and glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscles. Interstitial bleeding was due to damaged arteriole walls.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: 핏빗사에서는 연구자들을 위하여 Fitabase에서 데이터를 추출할 수 있도록 하였으며, Fitabase 홈페이지에서는 심박수, 에너지소비량, 걸음수, 운동강도, 수면에 관한 자료를 제공한다. 이 연구에서는 Fitabase 홈페이지에서 제공하는 심박수와 에너지소비량을 1분 단위로 추출하여 분석하였다. 폴라 V800 (Polar V800, Polar, Finland) 폴라 V800의 운동기록은 골프모드로 설정하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Supply plenums in cleanrooms contain sound absorption plates and ultra-low penetration air filters that affect the uniformity of airflow. Increasing the size of the chamber and the size of the opening beyond the sound absorption plate is recommended to decrease nonuniformity in airflow. Also, a decrease in air supply velocity could decrease nonuniformity. and Liu’s (1991) experimental tests, decreasing average velocity from 0. 46 m s–1 to 0. 41m s–1 offered a 3% decrease in air velocity nonuniformity. A study on optimizing cleanroom air velocity found that 0. 30–0. 33 m s–1 can control p0. 91 m s–1 airflow rate can pose difficulties for smoke detection compared to the other airflow rates tested (0. 1 m s–1 and 0. 46 m s–1). This is due to the reduction of the CO2 cloud radius, which dilutes the concentration of smoke or fire p0. 25 m s–1 air supply velocity controls the spread of p37. 5 h–1 and 150 h–1 for the supply airflow rates for the room and for the minienvironment, respectively, provided lower cleanliness in other areas of the cleanroom is acceptable. In 2019, Loomans et al. (2019) suggested that ACH be lowered using demand-controlled filtration or finetuning. They set a minimum of 6 ACH to combat any buoyancy forces or temperature differences (Loomans et al. , 2019). Findings from these papers allow recommendations for air velocity and ACH to combat nonuniformity in airflow. In a later study in 2020, Loomans et al. (2020) investigated the effects of lowering ACH and pressure difference within a demand-controlled filtration (DCF) on p7. 5 Pa could further secure the air quality condition of the ISO class 4 cleanroom. This strategy can save the energy consumed by fan systems up to 30 to 70 percent (Loomans et al. , 2020). In an experimental study by Behrens et al. (2021), the appropriate ACH in a pharmaceutical cleanroom Class 100,000 (ISO 8) was investigated to meet the required limit of p3. Fig. 3. Evolution of ACH in time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Thickened wall of muscular arteries and arterioles was the result of extensive thickening of the tunica intema which was produced by proliferation of intemal cells. These arterial thickening encroached upon their lumen and narrowed them, thus ischemia of the kidney and their renal corpuscles would be expected. Similar vascular changes were reported in hypertension and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Dose-dependent thickening of the endometrial blood vessels was also noticed in rats treated with crude methanolic leaf extract of (150 to 300mg/kg body weight, p. o. daily for 30days). 28 Dose-dependent damaging of the kidney was also noticed in rats after treatment with aqueous leaf extract of rinbacin, the renal pathologic changes was manifested by damaged glomeruli and tubules. 16 Glomerulosclerosis of glomerular tuft of capillaries in renal corpuscles was an extension to the changes that happened in arteries and arterioles. Narrowing of glomerular capillaries was due to a uniform and homogeneous thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane which was associated with an increase in mesangeal cells and matrix. Urinary space remained clear since there had been no proliferation of podocytes. Such changes were also reported in chronically ischaemic glomeruli and in diabetic nephropathy. 14,15 Three types of controls were compared with animals given the plant extracts, they were normal, normal diabetic and normal non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E, a well known antioxidant. Our data (unpublished) showed the three plant extract to have high antioxidant capacity, thus the use of vitamin E as the control antioxidant. enhanced wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. 29 Its administration in this study did not implicate any effects on rat liver and kidney. The other two controls also showed normal liver and kidney. Little is known of the phytochemical constituents of O. sumatrana. Early studies on S. polyanthum showed it to contain flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. 30 Other species of the same family, S. commersonii, S. glomeratum and S. mauritianum were shown to contain high levels of phenolic compounds. 31 H. polyrhizus has high content of betacyanins, red-violet pigments from the betalain family.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: 02 Suunto 113. 87±7. 22 4. 97±5. 00 96. 24±16. 24 73. 40±19. 43 Polar – – 64. 16±11. 35 19. 08±14. 18 Criterion, Cosmed K4b2; Apple, Series 2; Fitbit, Fitbit Versa; Polar, Polar V800; Samsung, Watch Active;. Bland & Altman plot을 이용하여 차이 값의 평균과 95%신뢰구간을 확인한 결과, 삼성 갤럭시 워치 액티브(Mean difference=0. 8, Low LoA-Upper LoA;−16. 4–18. 0), 순토 스파르탄 스포츠 WHR (Mean difference=0. 8, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −19. 4–21. 0), 핏빗 버사(Mean difference=−2. 9, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −15. 2–9. 4), 애플 워치 시리즈 2 (Mean difference=−4. 2, Low LoA-Upper LoA; −21. 9–13. 6)의 순으로 평균이 0에 가깝게 나타났다(Fig. 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 2006 Luftskiftets betydning for lugt- og ammoniak emission fra slagtesvinestalde. (The significance of air change on odor and ammonia emission from growing pig units) Meddelelse 756 in Danish. Production. 15 10. NielsenP. V. AllardF. AwbiDawidsonL. SchälinA. 2007 Dynamics in Ventilation Design. 10 2-96004-689-711. NortonT. SunD. W. GrantJ. FallonR. DoddV. 2007 Applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the modelling and design of ventilation systems in the agricultural industry: a review, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 23862414. 12. . ZhuJ. 1995 A new k-ε eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows. Computer Fluids. 24 3 227238. 13. StromJ. S. MorsingS. 2004 Getting started with StaldVent 5. 0. Report from of 24 004. VI December, 2004. 15. WagenbergA. V. BjergB. BotG. P. A. 2004 Measurements and simulation of climatic conditions in the animal occupied one in a door ventilated room for piglets. International: of and Developmen, Manuscript BC 03 020, Vol VI. 16. WuB. GebremedhinK. G. 2001 Numerical simulation on flow field around an animal using 3-D body-fitted coordinate system. Journal of Thermal Biology, 26 563573. information 1. Introduction 2. Analyses of a partly pit ventilation system as method to reduces ammonia emission from a pig production unit3. Airflow pattern and ventilation efficiency4. Conclusions 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2011 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited and derivative works building on this content are distributed under the same license. Continue reading from the same book. . . Edited by and by Published: 27 July 2011 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 11,32,33 Tannins are polyphenols. All plants contain tannins which contribute to the astringent taste of vegetables. The content of tannins in S. polyanthum is expected to be high based on its high content of polyphenols. Food rich in tannins exert a growth depressing effect in rats and chicken. 34 At the high daily doses used in this study (1g/kg for S. polyanthumand O. sumatrana, 3g/kg for H. polyrhizus), treatment of rats for two weeks has resulted in marked pathological changes in their liver and kidney, although the animals exhibited no obvious morbidity or significant loss in body weight. The offending chemical(s) is unknown but the toxicity of tannins and/other polyphenols could not be ruled out. More studies are required to monitor the safe use of the studied plants and their extracts in traditional medicine. work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Natural products are not necessarily safe especially at the higher dose range or when an extract is taken for prolonged periods of time. Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. AA. H. Dhiab Al-Nuaimi is most grateful to Prof. Dr. Aishah Adam, Faculty of for her unlimited support and encouragement. He is also indebted to for their support. Conflict of interest The study was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), to whom the author is most grateful. 59. Efferth T, Kain B. Toxicities by herbal medicines with emphasis to traditional chinese medicine. Metab. 2011;12(10):989‒996. . Vegetables, fruit, antioxidants and cancer: a review of Italian studies. Nutr. 2001;40(6):261‒267. . Nutritional sciences from fundamentals to food. 3rd ed. Cengage, USA; 2017. C, Scalbert A. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds - nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J Agric. 2000;80(7):1094‒1117. Identification of two polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activities in longan pericarp tissues. J Chem. 2007;55(14):5864‒5868. Norman J. Spices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: [15]은 폴라 T31 모니터(Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland)를 준거 측정도구로 선정하여, 핏빗 차지 HR (HR), 애플 시리즈 2, 가민 포어러너(225; Garmin, Ltd, Schaffhausen, Switzer-land)의 심박수를 평가하였는데 애플 시리즈 2의 오차율은 1. 14–6. 7%, 핏빗 차지 HR은 2. 38–16. 99%, 가민 포어러너 7. 87–24. 38%로 본 연구에서 측정하지 않은 가민을 제외한 애플과 핏빗의 오차율 수준은 유사하게 나타났다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: This goal of net zero emissions by 2050 will be legally binding for the member states if the proposal for an EU is ratified [11]. Renewable energy sources as well as moving to more energy efficient and sustainable solutions play essential roles in the Deal [9]. The EPBD is the result of the European Commission’s resolve to “rigorously enforce legislation related to the energy performance of buildings” [9]. Another issue addressed in EPBD (and its amendments as well as in the Deal) is that 85% of the present building stock in the EU is built before 2001, and most of those buildings are not considered energy efficient [12, 13]. More importantly, at the current rate of renewal (1%), 85–95% of the buildings that will be standing in 2050 are already built [9, 12, 13]. Increasing the rate of renovation of the existing building stock to NZE standard should therefore be strongly encouraged in order to reach “climate neutrality” [12]. Recently, the also proposed to triple the building renewal rate to 3% coupled with an even more aggressive renovation strategy to kick-start the EU economy after Covid-19 [14]. Adapting existing buildings to NZE are much more complex tasks than to build a NZE-building from scratch. It requires a considerable knowledge-base of old building techniques, old installations, and the consequences that may arise when NZE technologies are retrofitted to these older structures. In addition, 25% of the existing buildings are historic and will require respect for aesthetics, conservations principles and architectural craftsmanship [15]. In fact, the craftsmanship in many older buildings, although non-historic, deserve the same respect. However, the guiding principle of EPBD: “Energy efficiency first”, clearly states that the energy aspect will be given a high weight in a decision conflict [14]. Even though the EPBD states that indoor environments should be healthy or that cultural heritage should be safeguarded and preserved, it is obvious that these incentives will be pushed towards the minimum legal requirements when they are in conflict with the efforts to achieve energy efficiency [12]. In the decision conflict between energy efficiency in buildings and adequate ventilation, EPBD has put an increasing pressure on governmental agencies in the member states to lower the standards for ventilation and air quality in existing building codes and ventilation regulations (see discussion in Section 2. 3) [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: London: Ltd; 1990. Marks C. The exotic kitchen of Indonesia. New York: M. Evans and Company; 1993. Sayekti S, Muhtadi A, Supriyatna. Aktivitas hipoglikemik daun salam dan herba bulu lutung. CerminDuniaKedokteran. 1994;95:50‒54. Mizrahi Y, Nerd A. Climbing and columnar cacti: New arid land fruit crops. In: Janick J, editor. Perspectives on new crops and new uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press; 1999. p. 358‒366. . Betacyanins in fruits from red-purple pitaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) britton and rose. Food Chem. 2002;77(1):101‒106. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Med. 2000;342(19):1392‒1398. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food ChemToxicol. 2008;46(8):2770‒2775. Basic histopathology, a text and colour atlas. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. (1998) Pathology, basic and systemic. London: WB Ltd; 1998. Effects of rinbacin extract on rat kidney. Bull. 2002;25(8):1022‒1025. . Effect of Vitamins A, E, C and Omega-3 on in Diabetic Rats. Publ Health. 2007;36(2):58‒63. Protective effect of N2-mercaptopropionylglycine on rats and dogs liver during ischemia/reperfusion process. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003;40(3):177‒180. . Inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic atherosclerosis. Exp Biol. 2007;45(1):93‒102. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Biol. 2007;39(1):44‒84. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: [22]은 핏빗 트랙커와 다이렉스 라이프()에서 측정된 데이터가 연구용 에너지소비량 측정도구인 액티그래프 GT3X (Actigraph GT3X, Actigraph, USA)에서 측정된 결과와 동일하거나 더 정확한 에너지소비량 추정치를 산출한다고 발표했다. 이와 관련하여 Sasaki et al. [20]는 웨어러블 기기가 실제로 신체활동 중재 연구에 사용될 가능성이 높을 것으로 전망하였으며, 현재 운동처방 분야에서 건강관리 중재연구의 도구로 사용되고 있다[12,16].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: From a ventilation perspective, the standards for air quality should rather become more stringent when the buildings become tighter. There is a balance between the existing ventilation regulations in a country and the air leakages in its building stock because these air leakages contribute to the indoor ventilation, albeit uncontrollably. Legislative regulations on the performance of ventilation systems are also important counter balances to the quest for energy efficiency in buildings. The pressing question is what must, or should, be regulated to ensure an adequate indoor environment that is comfortable and healthy for the occupants. The aim of Section 2 of this 2. Requirements for ventilationThe purpose of building ventilation is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for the occupants. However, the human perception of the conditions that constitute a healthy and comfortable environment depends on many factors [26, 27]. The section starts with a historical perspective on the evolution of different ideas concerning the relationship between ventilation and human health and comfort. This is followed by a theoretical treatment of ventilation that hopefully will give the reader some insights into how a good ventilation system performance may be specified. The section finishes with a critical examination of how legislative regulations of ventilation are specified and some suggestions on how it may be modified to facilitate the use of natural and hybrid ventilation systems. 2. 1 A short history of ventilation and health effectsThe notion that “bad air” leads to health problems has a long history. The name for the disease malaria is derived from the Italian mala aria that literally means “bad air”. The origin of the word, used in the sense that the surrounding air in wet, and swampy locations is a cause of disease, can be traced back as far as the ancient Greeks and Romans. Another word for “bad air”, first used in 1655, is “miasma” that is derived from the Greek minainein “to pollute”. In the advent of urbanization in the late eighteen hundreds, medical doctors observed that diseases were more common in the poorer areas of cities. These areas were often overcrowded and situated in unsuitable damp areas. Two battling theories were put forth: the miasma-theory preached that diseases were caused by locally generated emissions (or antropotoxins); the contagium-theory preached that diseases were caused by poisonous p2. 5 m3 box would probably still be barely conscious after 24 hours, assuming an exhalation rate equivalent to 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Pharmacotherapy for diabetic retinopathy-it is not just a dream. Diabetologia Croatica. 2008;37(3):57‒66. . Diabetes, oxidative stress, antioxidants: a review. J Toxic. 2003;17(1):24‒38. . Effect ofseed kernel on antioxidant defense system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Life Sci. 2004;75(22):2717‒2731. Anti-diabetic activity of fruits of Terminalia chebula on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of health science. 2006;52(3):283‒291. . Cinnamaldehyde-A potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):15‒22. Hypoglycaemic property of nutraceuticals. J Pharm Sci. 2007;6(2):105‒107. M. Herbs and spices: cinnamon's link to diabetes control. Today’s dietitian. 2015;17(11):12. Toxic effects of methanolic extract of Aspilia africanaleaf on estrous cycle and uterine tissues of Wistar rats. Morphol. 2007;25(3):609‒614. Effect of vitamin E on plasma malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme levels and the rates of wound closures during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(7):448‒451. . A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27(3):243‒275. Characterisation of the phenolic constituents in Mauritian endemic plants as determinants of their antioxidant activities in vitro. J Plant Physiol. 2006;163(8):787‒799. Betacyanins from vine cactus Hylocereus polyrhizus. Phytochemistry. 2001;58(8):1209‒1212. Minor betalains in fruits of Hylocereus species. Phytochemistry. 2007;68(2):251‒259. Reed JD. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J Anim Sci. 1995;73(5):1516‒1528. ©2018 Al-Nuaimi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Original PaperJiaxing Liu1, MSc Yang Zhao1,2, PhD Boya Lai1, MSc, PhD Hailiang Wang1,2, Tsui1,2, MPhil, PhD 1School of Data Science, of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)2Centre for Engineering, of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China (Hong Kong)Corresponding Author:Yang Zhao, PhDCentre for Engineeringof 999077China (Hong Kong)Phone: 852 34425792Email: yang. zhao@my. cityu. edu. hkAbstractBackground: The proliferation of wearable devices that collect activity and heart rate data has facilitated new ways to measure sleeping and waking durations unobtrusively and longitudinally. Most existing sleep/wake identification algorithms are based on activity only and are trained on expensive and laboriously annotated polysomnography (PSG). Heart rate can also be reflective of sleep/wake transitions, which has motivated its investigation herein in an unsupervised algorithm. Moreover, it is necessary to develop a personalized approach to deal with interindividual variance in sleep/wake patterns. Objective: We aimed to develop an unsupervised personalized sleep/wake identification algorithm using multifaceted data to explore the benefits of incorporating both heart rate and activity level in these types of algorithms and to compare this approach’s output with that of an existing commercial wearable device’s algorithms. Methods: In this study, a total of 14 community-dwelling older adults wore wearable devices (Fitbit Alta; Fitbit Inc) 24 hours a day and 7 days a week over period of 3 months during which their heart rate and activity data were collected. After preprocessing the data, a model was developed to distinguish sleep/wake states based on each individual’s data. We proposed the use of hidden Markov models and compared different modeling schemes. With the best model selected, sleep/wake patterns were characterized by estimated parameters in hidden Markov models, and sleep/wake states were identified. Results: When applying our proposed algorithm on a daily basis, we found there were significant differences in estimated parameters between weekday models and weekend models for some participants. Conclusions: Our unsupervised approach can be effectively implemented based on an individual’s multifaceted sleep-related data from a commercial wearable device.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: 018 m3 h−1 pure CO2 [35]. Pettenkofer had dismissed CO2 as the cause of diseases, but had developed simple methods to measure it and suggested that the concentration of CO2 could be used as a proxy for the supposed antropotoxins. While investigating public venues in Munich, he had found values as high as 7100 ppm CO2 [31]. Pettenkofer noticed that human odours were clearly perceptible around 1000 ppm CO2 (now known as the Pettenkofer number) and proposed this as a “safe” target to strive for. The final blow to the miasma-theories was dealt by Carl Flügge in 1905 [37]. He devised a series of experiments enclosing humans in glass boxes. The air supply to the breathing zone and to the rest of the box could be controlled separately, as well as other parameters such as temperature and relative humidity. Among other parameters, Flügge varied the odors in the air supply, e. g. air from sewage etc. He found that only the appetite of the subjects was adversely affected, otherwise the subjects adapted to the foul smells. The only “contaminant” that had any adverse effect on the comfort of the subjects was temperature [38]. These experiments totally obliterated the contemporary ventilation philosophy and turned it on its head. There appeared to be no evidence for regulating ventilation from a chemical perspective, as long as the physical parameters (like temperature and relative humidity) were within acceptable comfort-limits. The purpose of a window quickly changed from letting fresh air in to letting heat out. However, some practitioners argued (on the basis of proven experience) that it might be wise to retain some ventilation flows into buildings [30]. It took several years before new ventilation standards were proposed [38, 39]. The need for ventilation, and the chemical perspective, slowly crept back via odor-control. The human nose is in fact very sensitive to certain indoor odors. From an evolutionary perspective, it appears to have been advantageous for humans to judge a dwelling by its smell. While the human nose may adapt, people were not comfortable with entering a room with foul smells. This angle provided an incentive for new and fruitful experiments on ventilation requirements. In 1936, Yaglou et al. [40] extended some experiments performed by Lehmberg et al. [41] the year before.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 98322 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechDrugs from by Hany El-the from by Hany A. El-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionMedicinal plants produce various secondary metabolites in their normal metabolic pathways and these metabolites play an important role for providing the activities of different therapeutic benefits. Medicinal plants have been considered for many years as an essential source of drugs such as morphine, digoxine, quinine, taxol, galantamine, artemisinine etc. for the treatment of several diseases and these natural products are still popular main stream stage for researchers to discovery of novel bioactive compounds with recent advancement in science and technology. Furthermore, FDA-approved antiviral drugs (famciclovir, ganciclovir, sorivudine, zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine and ivermectin) are originally modeled on a natural product parent. The potential utilization of plant extracts and their secondary metabolites to combat the development of antiviral agents is considered to be one of the most important approaches toward effective therapy for viral infections by inhibiting the replication cycle of various DNA and RNA viruses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: A personalized model is shown to be necessary given the interindividual variability in estimated parameters. 2020;8(8):e18370doi:10. 2196/18370Keywordssleep/wake identification; hidden Markov model; personalized health; unsupervised learning; sleep; physical activity; wearables; heart rate IntroductionBackgroundSleep plays a vital role in maintaining health [1,2]. Adequate sleep can help to maintain a high quality of life [3]. In contrast, short sleep duration may lead to adverse health outcomes, such as obesity, insulin resistance, depression, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [4-8]. Changes in sleep duration have been associated with declined cognitive function and increased mortality rate in middle-aged population [9,10]. Thus, to detect changes in sleep patterns early on or for sleep disorder diagnosis, it is essential to measure sleep duration accurately and longitudinally. Polysomnography is the gold standard for sleep duration and sleep quality assessment; various devices are used to record multiple body functions such as brain activity, eye movements, skeletal muscle movement, and heart rhythm during sleep, and it is typically done in a sleep lab or clinic [11]. Health care professionals use these physiological measures to assess sleep states, however, the cost of overnight PSG may range from US $600 to $5000 each night [12]. Such assessment is expensive and intrusive for consumers, and labor-intensive and resource-demanding for health care professionals to achieve [13-15], making it hard to use for long-term sleep monitoring at home. An emerging trend has been to adopt sensor-based wearable devices to assess sleep duration and achieve long-term sleep monitoring. According to the reports from the Corporation, 83. 8 million wearable devices were shipped during the first two quarters of 2019 [16,17]. One of the most common technologies for consumer sleep-monitoring wearable devices is accelerometer-based actigraphy [18], which tracks physical movement and determines when a person is asleep or awake based on whether a low or high amount of activity is recorded [19,20]. Related WorkA recent paper [21] reviewed and validated existing supervised sleep-scoring algorithms using actigraphy in a large cohort.

Output: corroborate