Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: , (2)P=TPTP+FP, (3)R=TPTP+FN. The precision and recall are functions of the number of true positives (TP), false positives (FP) and false negatives (FN). We would like to emphasize that these numbers are available from the comparison of the estimated network, Gest, with the true network, Gtrue. More precisely, for an estimated network, Gest, the true network, Gtrue, and their corresponding adjacency matrices, Aest, and, Atrue, we obtain (4)TP=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=1‖Atrue(i,j)=1), (5)FP=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=1‖Atrue(i,j)=0), (6)FN=∑i,jI(Aest(i,j)=0‖Atrue(i,j)=1). Here I() corresponds to the indicator function that is 1 if its argument is true and 0 otherwise. Network inference methods For our numerical analysis to infer gene regulatory networks, we use 5 different network inference methods, BC3NET, C3and Aracne. 1 we provide a summary of these methods. A detailed discussion of the functioning of these methods can be found in Altay & Emmert-Streib (2010), Altay & Emmert-Streib (2011), de & Emmert-Streib (2012), Faith et al. (2007), Margolin et al. (2006), Meyer, Lafitte & Bontempi (2008) or in a recent review paper (Emmert-Streib et al. , 2012). All 5 methods are information theory based utilizing estimates of mutual information coefficients (Cover & Thomas 1991). Mutual information coefficients form a non-linear extension of (linear) correlation coefficients, e. g. , the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using organic fertilizers helps reduce chemical runoff into water systems. [SEP] Text: 4. 1 Section 2: Literature surveyOrganic farming started along with the human civilization but it was totally dependent on nature. Due to increase in the population, there is higher demand for the agricultural products also increased. In-order to cope with this demand farmers started using fertilizers. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and chemicals polluted soil, water and whole ecosystem. Off late our farmers from different parts of India are switching over to sustainable agriculture practice in fields by adopting smart farming techniques as part of campaign to promote Digital Agriculture. Exhaustive literature survey is carried out to determine the soil primary nutrients and pH value of the irrigation water of the agriculture field, the technologies employed for the agricultural activities, the mobile applications etc. The research work is enlisted in the Table 2. Sustainability dimensionCriteriaSocial sustainabilityCreating self-reliance in organic productionEmpowering rural communities through partnerships with other farmers to form groups (providing participatory guarantee system and the strengthening of social organization)Increasing farm employmentImproving employment opportunities, particularly in rural areasEconomic sustainabilityImproving efficiency in areas with low inputs (pesticides, herbicides, etc. )Reducing crop damage and Reducing risk of productionSatisfying farmers from an economic perspectiveAdded value of organic products through marketing activities and processingEfficient usage of resources more efficiently (to minimize the use of non-renewable resources)Affordable than traditional agriculture (due to lower variable costs of inputs, identical Fixed costs and higher prices of organic products)Greater economic profitability due to the use of domestic inputsEnhancing the overall performance of the farm in unit areaEnvironmental sustainabilityMaintaining soil fertility in the long-termImproving soil structureIncreasing soil water retention potentialProducing food without chemicalsUsing environmentally friendly production methods (such as the use of animal products, intercropping, use of mulch, using natural pesticides, crop residue returned, green manure, compost, crop rotation)Reducing environmental pollution (pollution reduction of water, soil, and air)Table 1. Important sustainability criteria in organic farming. ReferenceProposed workSensor used[1]IoT sensor for monitoring the soil moisture content with automatic irrigation to save excess water usage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Developing countries have been the major emitters in CO2 emissions. In 2005, China’s CO2 emissions were 6098. 2 million tons, surpassing the and becoming the first country. In 2020, its CO2 emissions were 9899. 3 million tons, accounting for 30. 7% of the world’s total [26]. China’s fossil fuel consumption was 41. 89 Exajouls in 2001, 122. 67 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, China’s fossil fuel consumption accounted for 84. 33% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in China was 2. 79 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 19. 53 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 6 times. In 2020, China’s renewable energy consumption accounted for 13. 43% of its total primary energy consumption, with an annual average growth rate of 31. 58% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. States is the second largest country in CO2 emissions, and its CO2 emissions were 4457. 2 million tons in 2020, accounting for 13. 8% of the world’s total. Fossil fuel consumption in the was 81. 87 Exajouls in 2001, 71. 69 Exajouls in 2020, thus an decrease of 12. 43%. Fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 81. 66% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in the was 2. 97 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 8. 71 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 92% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 10. 17% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. India is the third largest country in CO2 emissions, its CO2 emissions were 2302. 3 million tons in 2020, accounting for 7. 1% of the world’s total. India’s fossil fuel consumption was 12. 49 Exajouls in 2001, 28. 71 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 3 times. The fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 89. 78% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in India was 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Mutual information is defined by the marginal probabilities P(X) and P(Y) and the joint probability P(X,Y) of two random variables X and Y (Cover & Thomas 1991): (7)I(X,Y)=∑xi∈X∑yj∈YP(X=xi,Y=yj)⋅logP(X=xi,Y=yj)P(X=xi)⋅P(Y=yj). Here log means the logarithm to the base of 2. The mutual information, I(X,Y), between two random variables has the property to be always ≥ 0. I(X,Y) is equal to zero if the two random variables are (statistically) independent from each other, because in this case P(x,y) = P(y)P(x). Table 1: Summary of the 5 network inference methods we use for our analysis. The first column gives the name of the method, the second provides a succinct description of the principle idea the method is based on and column three gives 10. 7717/peerj. 10/table-1 Practically, the marginal and joint probability distributions are not available and, hence, mutual information values need to be estimated by means of statistical methods from the data. In de & Emmert-Streib (2011) it was found that the Miller–Madow estimator (Paninski, 2003) has overall the most favorable inference capabilities compared with 3 further esimators. The Miller–Madow estimator utilizes the fact that the mutual information can also be written in terms of entropies (Cover & Thomas 1991), (8)I(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y)−H(X,Y). Here the entropy for a random variable X is defined by: (9)H(X)=−∑xi∈XP(X=xi)⋅log(P(X=xi)), and the joint entropy H(X,Y) is given by (10)H(X,Y)=−∑xi∈X∑yj∈YP(X=xi,Y=xj,)⋅log(P(X=xi,Y=xj)).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: The remainder of the section is organized as follows: demographic frequency, TOE factor frequency, ANOVA of TOE variables and demographic variables, and correlation. 4. 1 Demographic data frequency: 4. 1. 1 2022. According to the results, 14% of related 2022. These results indicate that research output increased overall during the period under consideration. 4. 1. 2 2022. The results show that 20% of published 2022. 4. 1. 3 2022. The results show that surveys accounted for 39% of all 2022. 4. 1. 4 2022. According to the results, quantitative research was the most used research method at 45%, followed by qualitative research at 49%, and mixed-methods research at 6% of published 2022. According to the results, quantitative research studies were the most used research method when researching factors influencing AI adoption in the food supply chain between 2012 and 2022. 4. 1. 5 2022. (TAM), Diffusion of (DOI), Technology-Organisation-(TOE), of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), (CF), and are among the frameworks (DT). According to the results, 42% of the 2. 2 Frequency results of technology-organisational-environmental factors This section presents the results from technology, organizational, and environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. 2. 2. 1 Frequency of The study looked at five technological factors that affect AI adoption in the food supply chain: complexity, perceived usefulness, compatibility, security, and cost. Based on 50 peer-reviewed published 2. 2. 2 Frequency of Organisational Factors: The research looked at six organizational factors that influence AI adoption in the food supply chain: firm size, management support, organizational readiness, resource capacity, technical skills, and strategic objectives. Figure 7 illustrates the results of organizational factors from 2022. According to the results, 74% of 2. 2. 3 Frequency of Environmental Factors: Vendor capabilities, regulation/IT policy, competition, market structure, government pressure, and support/maintenance were all measured as environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. Figure 8 illustrates the frequency of environmental factors based on peer-reviewed 2022. According to the results, support/maintenance received 82% of the peer-reviewed 5. Discussion and ConclusionsThe study conducted a systematic literature review on factors affecting the adoption of AI in food systems, focusing on 2022.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: The simplest estimator to estimate such entropies is the empirical estimator that estimates the entropy from the observed joint frequencies for each bin (Paninski, 2003). Specifically, the empirical entropy Hemp can be estimated from the observed frequency distribution with nk number of samples in bin k, the total number of samples N and the total number of bins b. For example, for the entropy in Eq. (9) the empirical estimator is given by, (11)Hemp=−∑k=1bnkNlognkN. estimator gives the maximum-likelihood entropy estimate for a discretized random variable. A main problem of the empirical approach is the underestimation of the true entropy, H, due to an undersampling of the cell frequencies when the number of bins increases. A variety of approaches have been developed to account for this bias that range from correcting the estimate by a constant factor or using a multinomial distribution to model the extend of missing information. The Miller–Madow estimator (Paninski, 2003) accounts for the undersampling bias by adjusting the estimate by a constant factor that is proportional to the bin size and the sample size: (12)Hmm=Hemp+b−12⋅N. Here b is the number of bins and N is the number of samples. A practical problem when applying the Miller–Madow estimator is that it is computationally demanding,. e. g. , compared to the Pearson estimator for mutual information (Olsen, Meyer & Bontempi, 2009). estimator for mutual information is estimated from (13)I(X,Y)=12log(1−ρ(X,Y)2), where ρ(X,Y) is the Pearson correlation coefficient. For normal distributed random variables X and Y this expression is exact. From a numerical comparison of both estimators we find that the application of the Miller–Madow estimator takes about two orders of magnitude longer than the application of the Pearson estimator for mutual information. Further, from comparing different network inference methods we find that the performance for all methods is similarly effected by the estimators. For reasons of computational ease, we use for our following simulations the Pearson estimator, because our principle results are independent of the selected estimator and do not depend on the selection of the best estimator leading to the highest F-scores.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Population growth has led to continued urbanization and deforestation, which lead to increased use of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. Deforestation rate was 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s, 10 million hectares per year from 2015 to 2020. Since 1990, 420 million hectares of forest were converted to other land uses and more than 80 million hectares of primary forest have been cut down [33]. In 2020, there are more than 37,400 species of animals and plants that are list as extinct species, accounting for 28% of all assessed species. Among them, 41% of amphibians, 26% of mammals, 34% of conifers, 14% of birds, 36% of sharks and rays, 33% of reef corals, and 28% of selected crustacean, are listed as threatened species by IUCN [34]. It is necessary for human beings to establish national parks and ecological reserves to preserve plants and animals. Vegetation is the natural basis of human sustainable development in the future. We should preserve plants and animals, protect ecosystems and avoid the loss of biodiversity to achieve sustainable development. 6. energy is badly in need, and solar power is the most abundant energy resource, but the huge cost of the investment of the up-front infrastructure is an obstacle to its rapid growth. As prices continue to fall, solar energy is becoming more and more competitive. Hydrogen is a clean energy, it is a secondary energy, easy to carry, and safe to store. We can use renewable energy to generate electricity, and then produce hydrogen with electricity. Thus, we can solve the problem of intermittency and unreliability of renewable energy by converting it to hydrogen. Since the beginning of the 2000s, half of the growth of renewable energy generation in the is attributed to the state renewable energy requirements—Standards [35]. Researches indicated that Standards are more cost-effective in promoting the development of renewable energy than the Credit or the cap-and-trade policy [36]. Technology innovations in clean energy reduce GHG emissions and the cost of environmental policies. Therefore, clean energy is pushing countries that have not joined the climate treaties to voluntarily adopt clean energy to reduce GHG emissions [37]. Forests are home to many wild animals and plants, and half of wild species reside in tropical forests, habitat loss is the leading cause of global biodiversity loss.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: The long term behavior of the F-scores for all five methods, for both regulatory networks, converge to nearly constant F-scores for values of t larger than t9 = 10. 0. This behavior indicates that the dynamical systems reach steady-state values and simulating for longer times does not lead to further changes. From our results we see that t = t11 = 50. 0 can be safely assumed to lead to steady-state values for all five method. Figure 3: Inference performance of BC3NET, C3and Aracne for a Erdös–Réyni network (A) and a subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (B) each consisting of 100 genes. For these data a constant external stimulation (II) has been applied. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 10/fig-3 Interestingly, the highest F-scores are observed for t2 = 0. 5 and t3 = 1. 0, depending on the method and the underlying regulatory network. However, in either case t2,t3≪t11, which means that the most informative time step is far from the steady-state of the dynamical system. In order to quantify the gain in the inference performance for each observational time step, we relate all median F-scores to the steady-state values, i. e. , F(tj)/F(t11). Due to the fact that the F-scores do no longer change beyond t11, the value of F(t11) is equivalent to the asymptotic value of the dynamical system, i. e. , F(t∞)=limt→∞F(t). A summary of these results is shown in Fig. 2. An interesting observation from these results is that all methods benefit from non-steady-state data by increasing their (median) F-scores by a factor of up to 1. 4. However, it should be emphasized that the strength of this effect is dependent on the topology of the regulatory network, as one can see for MRNET and CLR. Figure 4: Inference performance of BC3NET, C3and Aracne for a Erdös–Réyni network (A) and a subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae (B) each consisting of 100 genes. For these data a positive spike-in stimulation (III) has been applied. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 10/fig-4 The next experimental condition we are investigating corresponds to the growth of cells in a rich media (II), as modeled by a constant and positive external stimulation, Ec, for each gene. The results from this analysis are shown in Fig. 3. Compared to the results from the normal condition, shown in Fig. 2, there are two important differences. First, the optimal observational time step is for all methods shifted to larger values (t≈2. 5). We repeated this analysis for different values of Ec and found that the larger this constant stimulation is the further one can delay the time to reach optimal F-scores. However, for too large values of Ec the transcription regulation is essentially driven by the external stimulation which does not lead to meaningful results. Second, the observed results are much more sensitive with respect to the underlying topology of the regulatory network. Whereas for the Erdös–Réyni network (Fig. 3A) the overall results are similar to Fig. 2(A and B), the results for the subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (Fig. 3B) are qualitatively different, because now there is no gain in measuring data at time steps before the system reached its steady-state. This is consistent for all five inference methods. Finally, we study data by simulating normal conditions interrupted by a brief period of a positive external stimulation (spike-in) (III). These results are shown in Fig. 4. The first observation is that the obtained results are again strongly dependent on the underlying network, as in Fig. 3. Additionally, we observe a method-dependent effect, because MRNET and Aracne have a considerably larger variation in the estimated F-scores for observational time steps between t4 = 2. 0 and t7 = 3. 5 than the other three methods. This indicates that these two methods are potentially stronger effected by the spike-in stimulation than the other methods because the simulation starts at 1. 0 and lasts till 1. 2. However, for all five inference methods we observe that the spike-in stimulation leads to an oscillation in the F-scores without increasing the optimal values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Regarding the experimental design of future experiments our results suggest that it is not necessary to ensure that the gene expression data reached a stead-state value, and it could actually be detrimental for the inference of networks. Instead, usually, expression data far from the steady-state of the dynamical system contain more exploitable information that translates into increased F-scores. This finding is consistent among all five network inference methods. This makes actually the design of an experiment easier because it is practically not straight forward to control if the expression of genes reached their steady-state values. Further, for samples from human patients such a control is usually not possible for medical and ethical reasons. Hence, our findings relieve the experimenter from the need to ensure steady-state conditions in microarray experiments. A potential explanation for this effect could be that the noise-level in the system is for the optimal time points large enough to change occasionally the expression of a gene but not too strong to shatter the concerted interaction among groups of genes. This may be comparable to the functioning of the optimization method simulated annealing (Kirkpatrick, Gellatt & Vecchi, 1983). For this method a certain among of noise (corresponding to a temperature) is necessary to overcome local minima but if the noise is too large the whole search process becomes distorted. (2) Another important finding is that the presence of an external stimulation (as studied in this paper) did not lead to an increase in the observed F-scores. Also this finding is consistent among all five network inference methods. That means that despite the presence of a global perturbation on the expression of the genes this effect did not translate beneficially into an increase in the observed F-scores. This suggests that local perturbations or interventions need to be applied to a cellular systems in order to obtain data containing more information. For example, the knockout of genes or silencing techniques may be beneficial in this respect (Eccleston & Eggleston, 2004; Meister & Tuschl, 2004). However, the disadvantage of such interventions would be that they are for ethical reasons not applicable to human patients. (3) Our results for (III) interventional gene expression data (normal environmental condition interrupted by a positive spike-in stimulation) and the subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (see Fig. 4B) hint to an intriguing design principle of gene regulatory networks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics is more sustainable than any other farming method. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels. “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions is about understanding the chemical processes that occur within all living things. While this obviously concerns humans, plants and animals, it is also focused on viruses and bacteria, or even the chemistry of digestion and bodily fluids. The term biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German scientist named Carl Neuberg. He is frequently referred to as the ‘father of modern biochemistry’ and pioneered research on fermentation. Much of his most important work is centred on examining and clarifying the metabolic complexities associated with a fermentation enzyme, known as zymase. Since then, there have been great leaps in the field of biochemistry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Influence of statistical estimators of mutual information and data heterogeneity on the inference of gene regulatory networks. 6(12):e29279 de R, Emmert-Streib F. 2012. Bagging statistical network inference from large-scale gene expression data. 7(3):e33624 de -Streib F. 2012. Organizational structure of the peripheral gene regulatory network in B-cell lymphoma. BMC 6:38. 2009. A gene network simulator to assess reverse engineering algorithms. Annals of the Academy of Sciences 1158:125-142 Eccleston A, Eggleston A. 2004. RNA interference. Nature 431(7006):337 2008. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M, eds. Analysis of microarray data: a network based approach. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M. 2009. Information processing in the transcriptional regulatory network of yeast: functional robustness. BMC 3:35 2010. Emmert-Streib F, Dehmer M, eds. Medical biostatistics for complex diseases. Weinheim: Wiley-Blackwell. Emmert-de R. 2012. Statistical inference and reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks from observational expression data. Frontiers in Genetics 3:8 Erdös P, Rényi A. 1959. On random graphs. I. 6:290-297. 2008. Many microbe microarrays database: Uniformly normalized affymetrix compendia with structured experimental metadata. Research 36(Suppl 1):D866-D870. 2007. Large-scale mapping and validation of escherichia coli transcriptional regulation from a compendium of expression profiles. PLoS Biology 5(1):e8. 1996. Harlow, Essex, UK: Förster. 2003. Genome-scale reconstruction of the saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic network. 13(2):244-253. 2003. Resampling-based multiple testing for microarray data analysis. TEST 12(1):1-77 Hinkelmann K, Kempthorne O. 2008. Design and analysis of experiments: introduction to experimental design. Chichester: Wiley-Interscience. Husmeier D. 2003. Sensitivity and specificity of inferring genetic regulatory interactions from microarray experiments with dynamic bayesian networks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate resilience focuses on adapting communities to withstand climate impacts. [SEP] Text: Rehabilitation of Nunow borehole Isiolo tbc39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Isiolo ChariKobe borehole CherabBlocking of Yamicha water pan Blocking of Urura water pan Yamicha borehole Duma borehole Urura borehole Halango borehole Bambot borehole Garbatullashallow well Blocking of water pan Boji livestock facility Garbatulla livestock facility shallow well Garbatulla community radio water pan Belgesh 1 water pan Belgesh 2 water pan KinnaBarambate livestock facility Yagabarsathi livestock facility livestock facility Bibi water pan Kinna vet lab OldonyiroNantudu water pan Raap sand dam Ntumodet sand dam Losseketef sand dam Rumate sand dam Siangawn rock catchment Mokori rock catchment Lagaaman sand dam Legiteng sand dam Mlima-Chui sand dam Noontomia sand dam Lemeshemi sand dam Elbaa-orok sand dam Nooloroi sand dam Nempejeto rock catchment Nooloroi new sand dam Lbaaibor sand dam SerichoFororsa water pan water pan Hawaye 2 shallow well water pan Manyangab water pan Annex 2 National and for Adaptation to DocumentRelevance to climate risk managementAct, 2016The NDMA is a statutory body established under the NDMA Act, 2016. gives the NDMA the mandate to coordinate all matters relating to drought management, including the implementation of policies and programs and drought response initiatives undertaken by other actors. The NDMA is also tasked with promoting the integration of drought management in development policies, plans, and programs (GoK 2016b)Policy for Management, 2013The vision of the draft policy is a safe and disaster-resilient nation. It aims to reduce disaster risk and loss through an integrated multi-hazard approach that contributes to and protects the achievements of 2030. The policy embraces the paradigm shift from managing response to managing risk and aims to integrate DRM in planning and budgeting. A number of institutions related to the policy are already in place, including the NDOC, the National DRR Platform, and the (NDMU).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Subsidies and tax incentives can help accelerate adoption or tip the scales on price competitiveness, but to reach the scale necessary to address the climate crisis without creating unsustainable economic and political costs, renewable fuels must be able to stand on their own to compete for market share from fossil fuels. They must be molecularly identical to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, and in order to fully or nearly fully replace fossil fuels, they must cost less to produce. Several technical and economic developments have occurred recently to make this possible. Over the last three years, the conversion of CO2 to fuels in inexpensive water-based systems (aqueous CO2 electrolysis) with base-metal catalysts has shown high faradic efficiencies for reduction of CO2 to C2 fuel products such as ethanol. 5 Previously, CO2 reduction to CO for syngas production was considered the most promising conversion pathway, based on catalyst performance. This approach, however, occurs at elevated temperatures and pressures and requires a separate electrolysis step to produce H2. Following this, a Fisher-Tropsch conversion to produce “syncrude” is employed, followed by distillation-based refining to finished fuel products. 6 These processes are energy and capital intensive and require massive scale to become practical. They are also unlikely even at such scale to compete with fossil fuels on price. Aqueous CO2 electrolysis offers advantages over this and other previous approaches because it does not require a separate H2 generation step and can produce liquid fuels like ethanol directly in a single process step. These advantages come with tradeoffs, however, because the cathode current densities of aqueous electrolysis systems can be lower than those of gaseous systems. 5 In order to produce low-cost fuels with such systems, it is therefore important to use low-cost components to allow for larger catalyst areas. The combination of using base-metal catalysts and operating the systems at room temperature and pressure, however, offers significant opportunities to reduce system capital costs, offering potential for a lower fuel cost, at smaller scale, than with previous approaches. A second development has been in the effective upgrading of alcohols like ethanol to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. 7 This upgrading requires an inexpensive catalysis step (oligomerization and dehydration), which is exothermic and compact, operating at moderate temperatures and pressures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Bioinformatics 19(17):2271-2282. 2000. The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature 407:651-654. 1983. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671-680 Kitano H. 2007. Towards a theory of biological robustness. --de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker -Mieg D, Thierry-de. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409(6822):860-921 -. 2002. Transcriptional regulatory networks in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 298(5594):799-804 Lynch M, Walsh B. 1998. Sunderland:. 2004. An extended transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli and analysis of its hierarchical structure and network motifs. Research 32:6643-6649. 2006. : An algorithm for the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks in a mammalian cellular context. BMC Bioinformatics 7:S7 Meister G, Tuschl T. 2004. Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded rna. Nature 431(7006):343-349. 2007. Information-theoretic inference of large transcriptional regulatory networks. on Bioinformatics and 2007:79879. 2008. Minet: A R/bioconductor package for inferring large transcriptional networks using mutual information. BMC Bioinformatics 9(1):461. 2009. On the impact of entropy estimator in transcriptional regulatory network inference. on Bioinformatics and 2009:308959 Palsson B. 2006. Systems biology. Cambridge, New York: Press. Paninski L. 2003. Estimation of entropy and mutual information. 15:1191-1253 R Team. 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Austria: R Foundation for Vienna. Reimers M. 2010. Making informed choices about microarray data analysis. PLoS 6(5):e1000786. 2002. Evaluating functional network inference using simulations of complex biological systems. Bioinformatics 18(Suppl 1):S216-S224 Solomonoff R, Rapoport A. 1951. Connectivity of random nets. Bulletin of 13:107-117 Speed T. 2003. Chapman and Hall/. 2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate resilience focuses on adapting communities to withstand climate impacts. [SEP] Text: Some line ministries also have units that address disaster and climate risk management (GOK 2013b)Strategy (NCCRS), 2010The strategy represents the government’s formal recognition of the climate change challenge. Its primary focus is to ensure that adaption and mitigation measures are integrated in all government planning, budgeting, and development objectives. It advocates collaboration and joint action in tackling the impacts of climate change, as well as stronger planning and institutional capacity development, including at community level (GoK 2010)Plan (NCCAP), 2013–2017This operationalizes the NCCRS and provides guidelines for mainstreaming climate change across all sectors of the Plan (MTP). It has nine sub-components which are now being implemented (GoK 2013a)Act, 2016The purpose of the Act is to develop, manage, implement, and regulate mechanisms that enhance climate change resilience and low-carbon development. It will anchor all actions relating to climate change across all sectors. It also creates a climate change governance structure at national and county level. Some institutions are already in place, such as the Directorate (GoK 2016c)Plan, 2016This guides the implementation of priority adaptation issues at national and local levels. It advocates for mainstreaming climate change adaptation in planning and budgetingFramework (CPF) for Emergencies (EDE), 2015was launched in November 2015 and provides a framework for collaborative action to reduce drought risks, strengthen drought resilience, and end drought emergencies. The NDMA is the focal point for EDE and tasked with overseeing implementation of the framework (GoK 2015c)for the of Lands, 2012This was the foundation for both the creation of the NDMA and the Emergencies framework. It also calls for the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into planning and the strengthening of strategies used by communities to manage risk and adapt to climate variability and change (GoK 2012)Framework for Kenya (2016)Aims at bringing together disaster risk management, climate change, and sustainable development response/activities to improve quality of actions and building a climate-resilient economy Source: Adapted from NDMA (2016a). -level legislation and action plans DocumentRelevance to climate risk managementContingency PlanDrought contingency plans have been developed in 23 ASAL counties to address drought-related challenges across various sectors. The plans encompass a variety of interventions based on different drought scenarios and are intended to facilitate timely and coordinated response.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: For example, large CO2/water contact areas (such as cooling towers) similar to those used in more conventional approaches will still be required, and in fact these could be larger than those of pure CO2 systems, but no CO2 compressors will be needed, and there are no CO2-specific process operations such as heating/cooling cycles or calcination/de-calcination processes. Many other aspects of CO2 utilization in aqueous catalysis systems are multipurpose, making CO2-specific costs difficult to separate. It is also noteworthy that integrated CO2 capture cannot supply pure CO2 for other uses—it can only be used for fuel production, which makes full apples-to-apples comparisons more difficult. It is likely standardized methods for effective comparison of DAC CO2-capture costs will be developed as aqueous CO2 electrolysis methods see greater use. These advances together allow for inexpensive systems that can make true gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels from atmospheric CO2. These systems can run at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using only electricity rather than the mix of electricity and fossil fuels (such as methane for process heat) typically required by previous approaches. One practical advantage of non-thermal processes using only renewable electricity is that they can be turned on and off quickly to match intermittent supplies of renewable power. This is much better suited to the availability of renewable energy sources than thermal processes that must run 24/7 for stable operation. The low capital costs possible with unpressurized, room-temperature systems are also important in this regard. Such systems might run at low utilization rates—as low as 50% uptime while still hitting their economic goals—allowing them to sit idle during peak electricity-pricing periods, keeping their electricity costs low. Thermal systems with high capital costs must run at the highest possible utilization rates, ideally 24/7 operation for capital-cost reasons and process stability, making them much less flexible for intermittent renewable power. This flexibility is important to keep the price of the electricity, a major input in such fuels, as low as possible to compete with the costs of fossil fuels. The macro-scale economic trend that enables the use of the technical breakthroughs discussed above is the long-term reduction in the cost of solar and wind power. The cost of electricity from these sources has come down tremendously over the last ten years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 7345 rs4894436 G/T 3 171401588 0. 6649 0. 0789 0. 6551 0. 0847 rs6446081 C/T 3 59723035 0. 8866 0. 8070 0. 7532 0. 5480 rs12650562 C/T 4 23799564 0. 4897 0. 7456 0. 5032 0. 5593 rs3762894 C/T 4 99144933 0. 7268 1. 0000 0. 8291 0. 3757 rs2400219 C/T 5 146472334 0. 1546 0. 2193 0. 2057 0. 7994 rs277329 A/C 5 54158354 0. 8351 0. 8158 0. 8133 0. 3814 rs35414 C/T 5 33969523 1. 0000 0. 8509 0. 3956 0. 8644 rs4704322 C/T 5 76526649 0. 9639 0. 5175 0. 7880 0. 1299 rs871722 A/G 5 17437385 0. 8918 0. 2368 0. 1361 0. 0876 rs1857859 A/G 6 100446711 0. 8557 0. 4123 0. 7025 0. 5678 rs4711760 C/T 6 44027931 0. 7990 0. 7018 0. 3291 0. 9379 rs947612 A/G 6 73028938 0. 8608 0. 7018 0. 2500 0. 7655 rs2373177 C/T 7 147717307 0. 6031 0. 6053 0. 7152 0. 7386 rs4646437 G/A 7 99767460 0. 8505 0. 2456 0. 1108 0. 1243 rs7795646 A/G 7 120683673 0. 5773 0. 7632 0. 2057 0. 4774 rs2595599 A/G 8 92646120 0. 4124 0. 3947 0. 7962 0. 2542 rs351554 A/C 8 16149886 0. 7680 0. 5439 0. 1329 0. 4972 rs4738110 A/C 8 71193716 0. 9588 0. 3509 0. 7342 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe impact of climate extremes upon human settlements is expected to accelerate. There are distinct global trends for a continued rise in urban dwellers and associated infrastructure. This growth is occurring amidst the increasing risk of extreme heat, rainfall, and flooding. Therefore, it is critical that the urban development and architectural communities recognize climate impacts are expected to be experienced globally, but the cities and urban regions they help create are far more vulnerable to these extremes than nonurban regions. Designing resilient human settlements responding to climate change needs an integrated framework. The critical elements at play are climate extremes, economic growth, human mobility, and livability. Heightened public awareness of extreme weather crises and demands for a more moral climate landscape has promoted the discussion of urban climate change ethics. With the growing urgency for considering environmental justice, we need to consider a transparent, data-driven geospatial design approach that strives to balance environmental justice, climate, and economic development needs. Communities can greatly manage their vulnerabilities under climate extremes and enhance their resilience through appropriate design and planning towards long-term stability. A holistic picture of urban climate science is thus needed to be adopted by urban designers and planners as a principle to guide urban development strategy and environmental regulation in the context of a growingly interdependent world. Similar content being viewed by others for Adaptation: of City, Vietnam 2021. The recent spate of extreme weather events and weather-related crises such as heat waves, wildfires, drought, and water shortages are notable because of their frequency and intensity and the large populations affected by them. One of the notable findings of the IPCC (on Climate Change) sixth assessment report released in August 2021 is that “climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes”. Urbanization plays an essential role in enhancing hazards, and cities are causing increase in heat (Myrup, 1969) and rainfall changes (Liu and Niyogi, 2019). The combination of the changing largescale climatic forcings and the more localized urban feedback creates a potent environment for severe weather and hydrological extremes. This, combined with the hazard exposure that the cities have with socioeconomic infrastructure, makes the urban settlement and climatic interactions inevitably interlinked. The IPCC summary finding quoted above is important because cities and humans often do not perceive long-term climates rather, it is the day-to-day weather events and extremes. From the urban planning perspective, three important features contributing to the variances of the urban environment have been identified.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Recently, the city of purchased large-scale solar power for less than $0. 02/kWh (kilowatt hours). 11 Having low-cost electricity matters a great deal, because a lot of electricity is needed to make fuel. Gasoline contains approximately 36. 3 kWh of energy per gallon. 12 The best electrochemical processes are unlikely to achieve overall efficiencies of over 60% in the near term, meaning that each gallon of gasoline will require at least 56 kWh of electricity. With wholesale solar power being available at $0. 02/kWh, this means the electrical energy input to renewable gasoline from CO2 costs approximately $1. 12/gallon, low enough to be competitive with fossil fuels if the capital costs of the systems and the cost of CO2 capture are also low. We project that by putting all of these advances together, it will be possible to offer renewable gasoline from DAC CO2-to-fuels within the next two years that is price competitive with fossil gasoline. Once this is demonstrated, the main challenge will be in achieving speed to scale. The scope of the effort required is significant—in order to replace all fossil gasoline in the United States, assuming 66% resource availability and a 60% conversion efficiency, an additional 1. 4 TW (terawatts) of combined solar and wind capacity for the alone will be required. Innovations in renewable project finance will also be required to achieve this scale. For example, high wind and solar-resource geographies that are too far from major cities for cost-effective transmission-line connections will be ideal for fuel generation, particularly to get to TW scale. However, without a transmission line to secondary customers for the power produced, such projects will have to be dedicated to fuel production. Because CO2-to-fuels production is based on new technologies, technical risk will have to be addressed in such projects. Possible approaches to this could include lines of credit or other such facilities that would be sufficient to pay for transmission lines if needed as insurance against unforeseen reductions in fuel production. Such financial innovations could accelerate these projects, but as with any risk mitigation, they will also have costs. These costs must be kept low enough to be compatible with the competitiveness of the renewable fuels. In order to scale quickly enough to the magnitude necessary for addressing the climate crisis, this challenge must be addressed simultaneously with the challenges of technology scale-up and deployment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 3136 rs10965206 A/G 9 229826 0. 4845 0. 5877 0. 8766 0. 5791 rs4743923 C/T 9 93488779 0. 0361 0. 3333 0. 4019 0. 4096 rs16917217 A/G 10 18370276 0. 2938 0. 2456 0. 3513 0. 6441 rs4933165 C/T 10 89903145 0. 8557 0. 5439 0. 8956 0. 2147 rs11218323 C/T 11 99080380 0. 6856 0. 8070 0. 8734 0. 5256 rs1470253 A/G 11 20099911 0. 7732 0. 2018 0. 7437 0. 1384 rs1032332 T/C 12 72568351 0. 5825 0. 2632 0. 1361 0. 5311 rs17650122 A/G 13 29010756 0. 5052 0. 5877 0. 5696 0. 3220 rs3782972 C/T 13 94450792 0. 9330 0. 2544 0. 7468 0. 3220 rs7325443 C/T 13 111238209 0. 7938 0. 3246 0. 8070 0. 3079 rs10148212 A/C 14 66628895 0. 2917 0. 5357 0. 9209 0. 5028 rs10852189 C/T 15 93163645 0. 5158 0. 2281 0. 3228 0. 5141 rs9806693 A/G 15 78892045 0. 6495 0. 5439 0. 2437 0. 6780 rs170359 A/G 16 57361752 0. 6649 0. 3333 0. 0316 0. 1412 rs7219900 C/T 17 15471179 0. 7474 0. 2105 0. 1076 0. 3475 rs11152349 A/G 18 62566413 0. 7062 0. 6316 0. 7057 0. 3023 rs528438 T/C 18 28093911 0. 2165 0. 7632 0. 3038 0. 8079 rs1205357 C/T 20 34289960 0. 8711 0. 0088 0. 1076 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: These features are urban-rural gradient, landscape configuration, and anthropogenic heat release (Yue et al. , 2012). The frequency of landscape disturbances is also an emergent feature, especially considering the large-scale wildfire, has also been spiraling upwards since the 1970s with climate warming and dramatic urbanization (Yue et al. , 2021). Recently, a model-based assessment of urban impacts has been developed for extreme flood-producing storms, detecting contrasting roles of cities and climate warming in determining the space-time variability of the storms over western Europe. It highlights the interactive impacts of cities and climate warming and their role in dynamically modifying the intensity and position of moisture convergence in a changing climate (Yang et al. , 2021). Similarly, studies such as Yang et al. (2016) have shown that the compact versus sprawling city growth can have a variable impact on the regional heatwaves in the future climate. The impact of climate extremes upon human settlements is expected to accelerate. There have been global trends for a continued rise in urban dwellers and associated infrastructure. This growth is occurring amidst the increasing risk of extreme heat, rainfall, and flooding. The impacts would likely become even more catastrophic if landscape architecture and urban design continues in a “business as usual” manner without consideration of these growing epicenters of vulnerability. Therefore, it is critical that the urban development and architectural communities recognize climate impacts are expected to be experienced globally, and that the cities and urban regions they help create, are far more vulnerable to these extremes than nonurban regions. Cities create their own climate, such as the urban heat island, and have localized pollution, adding environmental stress to the atmosphere, exacerbating the warming effect seen on a regional scale. With the increasing intensity and frequency of urban flooding incidents caused by hurricanes or storms, legacy cities with many brownfields, vacant lands, and outdated infrastructure will also need to deal with growing risks of flood-related contamination (Nair et al. , 2019; Zhu & Newman, 2021). The urban disaster caused by an increasing number of extreme weather episodes is an international challenge and a significant source of fatalities, property loss, social disruption and inequality. Bridging the silos within climate science and urban science communities and reducing the gap between research and practice can make it possible to achieve a resilient urban environment. This required connection needs to be addressed as an integrated system to deal with the pressing issue of extreme weather on growing urban neighborhoods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy alone can replace all fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A large number of fuel-making systems will also need to be built and deployed—approximately 150,000 systems rated for one million gallons per year each (MGY) for the alone. The existing infrastructure for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels, however, need not be changed, because renewable CO2-to-fuel gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel are molecularly identical to their fossil fuel antecedents (although much cleaner, because they do not contain sulfur, benzene, heavy metals, etc. ), and could be transported and sold with existing infrastructure. Most importantly, this approach to decarbonizing transportation fuel can happen quickly. This is the kind of solution we need, because we don’t have time to waste. 1. Masson-Delmotte, V. ∙ Zhai, P. ∙ Pörtner, H. O. . . . . . . Global warming of 1. 5°C. on the impacts of global warming of 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate povertyIPCC, 20182. Sims, R. ∙ Schaeffer, R. ∙ Creutzig, F. . . . TransportEdenhofer, O. ∙ Pichs-Madruga, R. ∙ Sokona, Y. 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of III to the Report of the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate ChangePress, 2014 Board. Inventory, 2019 2000-20174. ://www. iea. org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019Date: 20195. Song, Y. ∙ Peng, R. ∙ Hensley, D. K. . . . High-Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol using a Copper Nanop6. Jiang, Z. ∙ Xiao, T. ∙ Kuznetsov, V. L. . . . Turning carbon dioxide into fuelPhilos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2010; 368:3343-3364CrossrefScopus (405)PubMed7. Narula, C. K. ∙ Li, Z. ∙ Casbeer, E. M. . . .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Genetic data of 48 SNPs used in this study were given in Table S1. work was supported by the Universities and (GDUPS, 2017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2009. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. 19:1655-1664. 2008. SPSmart: adapting population based SNP genotype databases for fast and comprehensive web access. BMC Bioinformatics 9:428. 2018. Improving ancestry distinctions among populations. International-Genetics 35:14-20. 2018. A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world’s largest ethnic Group-Han Chinese. and Evolution 35:2736-2750. 2003. A classifier for the SNP-based inference of ancestry. Journal of 48:771-782. 2015. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526:68-74. 2011. Analyses of a set of 128 ancestry informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a global set of 119 population samples. 2(1):1. 2014. Progress toward an efficient panel of SNPs for ancestry inference. 10:23-32. 2015. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Resources 15:1179-1191. 2016. A panel of 74 AISNPs: improved ancestry inference within Eastern Asia. 23:101-110 -. 2008. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science 319:1100-1104. 2018. Genomic analyses from non-invasive prenatal testing reveal genetic associations, patterns of viral infections, and chinese population history. Cell 175:347-359. 2016. Population genetic structure analysis and forensic evaluation of ethnic group on genomic deletion and insertion polymorphisms. Springerplus 5(1):1087. 2017. Increasing the reference populations for the 55 AISNP panel: the need and benefits. of 131:913-917 Phillips C. 2015. Forensic genetic analysis of bio-geographical ancestry. International-Genetics 18:49-65. 2013. Eurasiaplex: a forensic SNP assay for differentiating European and ancestries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Close mobile search navigation 1968. 1968. Enhancing urban flood resilience: interdisciplinary integration of climate adaptation, flood control, and land-use planning from 3PA to 4PA. Cheng-Chia Huang, Chen-Ling Wang. Views 1968. doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) largeDownload slideView largeDownload slide Close modalFlood risk profoundly impacts the world, threatening human life and property safety. Flood control infrastructure is pivotal in mitigating flooding impacts by reducing flood-prone area frequency, extent, and depth of inundation. However, climate change poses uncertainties that challenge the effectiveness of the existing flood prevention measures. In the current situation, effective urban flood management should involve multiple governing authorities, including water resource management and land-use planning units. Integrating local governments and regulatory bodies is crucial but is often overlooked in regulatory frameworks. This 2018. In accordance with 3. Note that while the discussion is based on Taiwan law, the related suggestions are applicable to a different research field. can regulations be modified? the urban planning perspective, the land development area within the urban planning zone is rarely greater than 2 hectares. In other words, there is little room for applying runoff allocation and outflow control. In fact, the primary purpose of implementing runoff allocation and outflow control in densely populated urban planning areas is to prevent flooding. The absence of large-scale land development can raise the flooding risk within the urban planning zone. Note that the implementation of runoff allocation and outflow control is barely linked to the size of the development area. Therefore, the limitation of a 2-hectare area violates the principle of legal reservation and has the aforementioned shortcomings. It should be promptly revised to delete such wording to fulfill the legislative purpose of the ‘runoff allocation and outflow control’. Otherwise, it is common for urban land and building base areas to be less than 300 m2. Surprisingly, current regulations exempt them from the obligation to install permeable, water-retention, or flood control facilities. This exemption may increase the likelihood of flooding within the urban planning zone. In other words, the focus of executing runoff allocation and outflow control should be on whether the area is prone to flooding rather than solely assessing it based on the size of the developed area. Therefore, it is essential to revise and remove this restrictive provision promptly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: However, the oceans constitute a harsh environment, in which it is difficult to access and operate, with several limitations and augmented difficulties compared to onshore projects. For this reason, a number of technical, economical, logistical, and environmental challenges towards the successful exploitations of offshore resources exist. In this context, this 2. Offshore resourceThis section provides an overview of the offshore resources from which energy can be extracted. The physical phenomena involving the formation and propagation of winds, waves, and currents are hereinafter described with a view on energy production. 2. 1 WindWind is a direct effect of the thermal energy provided by solar radiation on earth. This generates gradients of temperature in the atmosphere, which in turn produce variations of pressure which move masses of air around the globe. Besides being affected by the Coriolis force, the intensity and direction of the propagation of these depend on several factors, such as the conformation of the territory, possible obstacles (e. g. , buildings), and the roughness of the area on which the wind blows. Due to the lack of vegetation and other obstacles, the roughness over oceans and open seas is extremely low, allowing the wind to travel and develop undisturbed over long distances. This means that offshore winds are generally stronger but also steadier than onshore winds. In terms of energy extraction, these features translate in an increased potential, as a result of the possibility to use bigger turbines and have less variability of the resource over time. In this regard, it must be remembered that the power extractable from the wind varies with the cube of the velocity, meaning that even small increases in the wind speed may generate large increases in the energy production. Besides, more stable winds generate less turbulence, with positive effects on the structural integrity of the devices and on the reliability of their components. 2. 2 CurrentsOcean currents are driven and affected by primary and secondary forces. Primary forces are those that start the movements of masses of water and determine their velocity. These are mainly caused by the relative motions and gravitational effects of the sun, moon, and earth but also geothermal processes, such as variations in temperature and salinity, and tectonic movements (e. g. , earthquakes). Secondary forces are those which influence the direction and nature of the flow and are affected by the seabed composition, bathymetry, and gyres.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 7:359-366 Phillips C, Salas A, Sánchez JJ, Fondevila M, Gómez-Tato A, Alvarez-. 2007. Inferring ancestral origin using a single multiplex assay of ancestry-informative marker SNPs. 1:273-280. 2014. A panel of ancestry informative markers to estimate and correct potential effects of population stratification in Han Chinese. of 22:248-253 R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3. 3. 0 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software. 2003. Informativeness of genetic markers for inference of ancestry. of 73:1402-1422 Rousset F. 2008. genepop’007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux. Resources 8:103-106. 1997. Ethnic-affiliation estimation by use of population-specific DNA markers. of 60:957-964. 2016. Minimal SNP overlap among multiple panels of ancestry informative markers argues for more international collaboration. International-Genetics 23:25-32. 2016. Multi-InDel analysis for ancestry inference of sub-populations in China. 6:39797. 2018. Investigation of 12 X-STR loci in Mongolian and populations of China with comparison to other populations. 8(1):4287. 2018. Genetic and structural characterization of 20 autosomal short tandem repeats in the Han population and its genetic relationships and interpopulation differentiations with other reference populations. Research 3:145-152. 2008. Analysis of genomic admixture in Uyghur and its implication in mapping strategy. of 82:883-894. 2018. Japaneseplex: a forensic SNP assay for identification of Japanese people using Japanese-specific alleles. 33:17-22. 2015. Genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis of Han population from Guanzhong region of China based on 21 non-loci. 5:8872 Zhao T, Lee TD. 1989. Gm-Allotypes and Km-Allotypes in 74 Chinese populations—a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation. 83:101-110. 1991. Study on immunoglobulin allotypes in the Chinese: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation. 18:97-108 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: In addition, sewerage systems are a crucial tool for outflow control, and they should be adapted to extreme weather conditions by incorporating concepts and technologies related to wastewater recycling, expanding the application of wastewater testing and monitoring, and addressing the practical needs of sewerage management. Therefore, a comprehensive review and revision of sewerage system regulations should be undertaken promptly. Interdisciplinary integration of hydraulic engineering and land management response to the challenges posed by extreme weather conditions, Taiwan has taken several measures for managing flood-prone areas. Apart from the development of flood or disaster potential maps for flood-prone lands, Taiwan has adopted a practice similar to Austria's Plan. The approach categorizes land into different color-coded zones based on the disaster risk and potential scale. Administrative controls are then implemented accordingly, aligning with the growth management strategies outlined in national land planning. Runoff allocation aims to mitigate risk and disasters by dispersing flooding amounts. However, the current urban flooding incidents often result from short-duration heavy rainfall exceeding the design standards of urban stormwater drainage systems. Adopting measures that coexist with water or complement disaster avoidance strategies is essential. In cases where there is insufficient available land or flood storage space within a watershed, an evaluation should be conducted to determine if other land areas from different locations can share the burden or if road transport or storage can be utilized to enhance urban resilience. For instance, low impact development (LID) should be considered in flood management in future (Yang et al. 2020). It can be applied in the current road layout, such as making roads permeable to enhance the short-term flood retention capacity. Furthermore, adopting best management practices and sustainable urban drainage systems in stormwater management is valuable. These techniques involve decentralized stormwater treatment emphasizing maximum infiltration, minimal runoff, and rainwater retention. They categorize urban wastewater into black, gray, and rainwater, treating each type differently. Through urban water recycling, sustainable ecosystem development, and urban space planning, these methods address drinking water, wastewater treatment and reuse, water collection, and self-purification technologies. They replace traditional mixed approaches with unified treatment, promoting rainwater reuse and reducing urban flooding. The above strategies could be considered and implemented to better cope with the challenges posed by extreme weather events and water resource management. for failure Listen 3PA identifies three domains for water management: technical optimization, spatial planning, and day-to-day values (Fratini et al. 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: Besides, the novelty of the technology often affects the confidence of possible investors, posing barriers to the financial support of offshore renewables. 4. 3 Environmental constraintsSeveral concerns have been raised with respect to the environmental impact of offshore renewable farms. These regard possible perturbations to the coastal dynamics (e. g. , reduction of the wind and wave climate). Mitigation in this case could be provided through a proper siting and orientation of the offshore farm. However, both elements of the offshore and onshore infrastructure would modify the original landscape and could introduce dangers in the local ecosystem (e. g. , spills and leakages). Concerns exist also about marine organisms affected by the device, e. g. , impacted by the blades of a TEC or trapped in the chambers of a WEC. Similarly, new elements and materials might provide the opportunity for invasive species to proliferate. Nonetheless, they might have beneficial effects on the local marine life, by creating new shelters for shellfish and crustacean. For these reasons, every offshore renewable project is thoroughly assessed through an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This is constituted by a series of studies and surveys, sometimes lasting for years, which aim at identifying all the possible risks to the environment as a consequence of the offshore farm construction and operation. As a result, the viability of the project is assessed and the go-ahead given only in case of favorable conditions. Besides, mitigation measures are proposed in order to minimize the impact of all the identified risks. Finally, life cycle analysis (LCA) studies are conducted in order to assess the environmental effects (including carbon emissions) related to all the stages of the project, from pre-development and consenting to final decommissioning. 4. 4 Social impactAnother source of concern when an offshore renewable project is being developed is the social perception and its possible related consequences. The coastal communities living nearby the selected location might be reluctant to the construction of the offshore farm. Visual impact, noise, and possible effects on the local ecosystem are among the main reasons for this reluctance. Besides, possible conflicts may arise from sharing the offshore location with existing activities in the same area. These regard competition with navigation (both commercial and touristic) and fishing activities. Also in this case, suitable agreements and mitigation measures must be identified beforehand through communication and engagement with local public bodies and communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of Laura’s glassfrog Nymphargus laurae (Anura: Centrolenidae) with new data on its morphology, colouration, phylogenetic position and conservation in 10. 7717/peerj. 12644 Published 2021-12-23 Accepted 2021-11-26 Received 2021-10-15 Juan J. -Chalupas biological reserve, © 2021 Sánchez-Carvajal et al. is an open access 2021. Rediscovery of Laura’s glassfrog Nymphargus laurae (Anura: Centrolenidae) with new data on its morphology, colouration, phylogenetic position and conservation in Ecuador. PeerJ 9:e12644 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 932. 46 km2, extending between 560–4,432 m elevation and being home to a variety of ecosystems, from tropical evergreen forests to paramos (Van der Hoek et al. , 2018). It is part of an ecological corridor with two neighbouring protected areas: Reserve, to the north, and Park, to the south (Ramis, Álvarez-Solas & Peñuela, 2018; Van der Hoek et al. , 2018). Montane evergreen cloud forests in Colonso-Chalupas are characterised by a great variety of trees of the families. Those trees reach up to 15–25 m in height, showing gnarled trunks and branches, and dense and compact crowns covered by epiphytes, including orchids, bromeliads, aroids, and ferns (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, 2012, 2013). This ecosystem is usually covered by mist, either constantly or during the early morning and late afternoon (Ramis, Álvarez-Solas & Peñuela, 2018). The average annual rainfall is 4,620 mm, and the average annual temperature is 28. 7 °C. The rainy season extends between March and July, with 448 mm of monthly average rainfall and 23. 5 °C of monthly average temperature. The dry season is between August and January, with 353 mm of average monthly precipitation and 23. 9 °C of average monthly temperature (2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: To specifically consider the topic of design for failure, the extension strategy, 3PA to 4PA, needs to be investigated. Figure 1 shows the critical concept of 4PA, which divides the flood scale into four phases. Note that the fourth phase, design for failure, is the core part and is described below. Figure 1View largeDownload slide4PA concept. Figure 1View largeDownload slide4PA concept. Close modal Technically speaking, flood resilience is changeable in different periods. For example, the runoff in the developing urban area should increase simultaneously; the extreme rainfall due to climate change raises the flood risk. Therefore, the existing flood prevention system needs to bear the extra risk of exceeding the flood amount, which is higher than the designed protection standard. Part of the responsibility for such risks belongs to the government, and the community residents also need to share the flood risk. Above all, the future flood scenario and the 3PA principle must be considered simultaneously to develop an appropriate approach, 4PA, to specifically define the responsibility attribution for the flood risk. Based on the aforementioned responsibility concepts, this research divides the locations of the issues identified in the previous paragraph into four points, (i)–(iv), as shown in Figure 1. Under point (i), the residents maintain daily action and rarely do preparation for flood disasters. It can be defined as a normal period. Point (ii) belongs to the designed responsibility zone, and the government must confirm whether the precipitation can be stored or released from the existing system. To solve the exceeding runoff due to urban development and heavy rainfall, several adaptation strategies must be formulated under point (iii) to enhance flood resilience. The mentioned strategies are discussed in Section 4. 2. When the existing and updated flood prevention system is challenged to protect against unexpected extreme rainfall, under point (iv), the concept of design for failure needs to be embedded, and the responsibility belongs to both the government and the residents. The evacuation procedure should be started to decrease the damage loss. Specifically, the responsibility of the government is to provide accurate and real-time flood information and evacuation measures. Citizens should then autonomously proceed with evacuation. During the design for failure phase, individuals may file for indemnification if they incur losses. In the other phases, they can file for damage compensation. I-D-D adaptation tool kit adaptation strategy must be integrated with hydraulic engineering and land management and then designed to comprehensively consider flood prevention measures in points (iii) and (iv).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: Vol. 3, Issue 4, 2022March 18, 2022 and Non-Impacts on Productivity Growth? 17 Asia-total factor productivity growthnon-renewable energy intensityrenewable energy intensitypanel 47 Q42 C33Copyright Logoccby-sa-4. 0 • Behera, J. , & Sahoo, D. (2022). and Non-Impacts on Productivity Growth? 17 Asia-Pacific Countries. 3(4). Save 2018. The results reveal that REI positively impacts TFP growth in the long run, while NREI harms TFP growth in the short run. However, the study finds NREI has an asymmetric impact on TFP growth. This study suggests intensifying renewable energy usage in the production process to achieve sustainable growth. I. factor productivity (TFP) growth has been considered the engine of economic growth (Afridi & Farooq, 2019). It is defined as the growth in output that is not accounted for by input. It can be measured through two approaches: a frontier approach and a non-frontier approach (Mahadevan, 2003). TFP growth is crucial for sustained output growth, since input-induced growth is subject to diminishing returns and is insufficient for producing more output in the long run. Solow’s (1956) growth model shows that the probable reason for cross-country differences in per capita income could be the difference in TFP growth. The Asia-Pacific countries, including and Singapore (considered advanced countries), have been experiencing low TFP growth over the past decades due to the global financial crisis of 2008 (Felix et al. , 2020). The TFP growth of Asia-Pacific countries was -1% in 2016, while it was 0. 5% in 2010 (Fund, 2017). These countries have growing energy demand, but lack productivity growth (BP of World Energy, 2021). Thus, it is essential to examine the dynamics between different types of energy consumption and TFP growth in the Asia-Pacific countries. After the Kyoto Protocol, many countries concentrated on increasing the share of renewable energy in the energy basket to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Nocturnal surveys for collection of amphibians and reptiles were conducted at the Colonso-Reserve from 19h00–02h00, at a stream nearby to Ikiam’s Scientific Station, on 17 October 2016 (0. 9348°S 77. 9270°W, 1,506 m) and at the Narpa stream, on 09 June 2018 (0. 9353°S 77. 9268°W, 1,440 m) (Fig. 1). of Ecuador provided full approval for this research (MAE-DNB-CM-2017-0062). Specimens are deposited in the herpetological collection of the de Biodiversidad (Quito, Ecuador). Figure 1: (A) Map of Ecuador showing the distribution ranges of Nymphargus laurae: type locality (red star) and new locality (specimens 15383-84; red dot), and phylogenetic sister species of N. laurae: N. siren (yellow dots) and N. humboldti (green dots). Interlined rectangle in A delimit the area shown in B. (B) Environmental risk surface (Ortega-Andrade et al. , 2021) and protected areas in the distribution range of N. laurae. Numbers correspond to the following protected areas: (1) Cayambe-Park, (2) Sumaco-Napo-Park, (3) Reserve, (4) Colonso-Reserve, (5) Park. Note high risk modelled for the type locality, which is excluded from the of of Ecuador. (C) Satellite image (2019, Google Earth) of the Napo valley, type locality near the town of Loreto (ca. 0. 666670°S, 77. 316700°W, ca. 500 m elevation), slopes of the Sumaco Volcano, on the Cordillera Oriental, eastern slopes of the Andes, Provincia de Orellana, República del Ecuador. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-1 Morphological characteristics Terminology, characters and measurements follow formats and definitions described by Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid (2007), Watters et al. (2016) and Guayasamin et al. (2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Figure 2 proposes an I-D-D adaptation tool kit, including inhibition, dispersion, and detention procedures to apply in 4PA, and the specific content is shown below. The inhibition could be considered as control of the flood volume from the upstream. Upstream management, water capacity conservation, and increased infiltration are feasible methods. Then, the dispersion strategy should be incorporated to further deal with the exceeded flood amount, and channel cut-off, diversion, and dredging are all effective methods. The final step is the detention method, including detention pond, on-site detention, and LID approaches. For example, reserving public facility land and providing incentives for transit-oriented development detention. These flood prevention strategies can be adapted and implemented in the future within the urban area, and the detailed measures and objectives will be determined by the relevant authorities. Figure 2View largeDownload slideI-D-D adaptation strategy. Figure 2View largeDownload slideI-D-D adaptation strategy. Close modal The conceptual development of the 4PA strategy, designed for failure, is illustrated in Figure 3. Under the 4PA framework, the process can be sequentially divided into four steps: scenario setting, execution of flood control strategies, updating of flood control strategies, and design for failure. Figure 3View largeDownload slideConceptual development flowchart of the 4PA. Figure 3View largeDownload slideConceptual development flowchart of the 4PA. Close modal The first step involves determining the design rainfall and the preservation area under this rainfall, which represents the region that hydraulic-related agencies need to safeguard through engineering measures. Step (ii) is to identify the excess rainfall and affordable areas that can be addressed through spatial planning, specifically by implementing measures like runoff dispersion to handle the water volume effectively. Step (iii) entails selecting an extreme rainfall event as a target scenario and exploring land-related strategies to enhance the area's resilience. This involves using non-engineering approaches such as land planning to reduce the risks in this region during extreme rainfall events. Step (iv) was rarely discussed before the climate change topic was raised because most people wish to live in a city that is not prone to flooding. When urban flooding occurs, water resources management is used to design more flood control infrastructures. However, new thinking is needed for urban flooding in the current situation with increasingly severe rainfall scenarios.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries have equal access to renewable energy resources. [SEP] Text: In this context, many studies in energy economics have focused on investigating the linear and nonlinear impacts of renewable energy consumption (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) on economic growth across different countries/regions and periods (Apergis & Payne, 2011; Iyke, 2015; Jafri et al. , 2021; Shastri et al. , 2020; Zafar et al. , 2019). However, the number of studies exploring the impact of disaggregated energy consumption on TFP growth is meager. For instance, Tugcu (2013) reported for the Turkish economy that REC positively impacted TFP growth, while nuclear and fossil fuel energy consumption negatively affected TFP growth. countries, Tugcu and Tiwari (2016) found bidirectional causality for NREC and TFP growth, but no noticeable causality between REC and TFP growth. In a study of 36 countries, Rath et al. (2019) documented that renewable energy enhanced TFP growth, whereas fossil fuel energy consumption reduced it. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the previous studies on the nexus between disaggregated energy consumption and TFP growth have examined the asymmetric impacts of REC and NREC on TFP growth. Moreover, while previous studies used REC and NREC as key explanatory variables, we instead use renewable energy intensity (REI) and non-renewable energy intensity (NREI). The justification behind this approach is that, as the economy grows, energy usage must increase, but the issues are how intensely the economy uses energy and which sources are used with greater intensity. The objective of this study is to explore both the long- and short-run asymmetric impacts of REI and NREI on TFP growth in 17 Asia-Pacific countries[1] using a multivariate framework. In this study, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model introduced by Shin et al. (2014). We also use foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness (TO), and carbon emissions (CO2) as control variables (Isaksson, 2007; Kalaitzidakis et al. , 2007). This study finds that REI has a positive impact on TFP growth in the long run, whereas NREI has a negative effect on it in the short run.

Output: contrast