Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: ii) It could be also interesting to have measurements of soil bulk densities in order to evaluate the effects of reduced tillage on soil compaction and to analyze the evolution of soil organic carbon stocks for the different treatments. In addition, it should be explained how were calculated nutrient contents (in kg/ha). Validity of the findings The conclusions of this work are well supported by the results obtained, with a robust set of data followed by a rigorous interpretation. As stated by the authors, the results obtained here are relevant for the specific pedoclimatic condition of this study, due to the importance of climate and soil parameters on the investigated processes. Additional comments Specific comments: Title: I would suggest to add “tillage” in the title. Fertility could be replaced by another term (e. g. chemistry…) as fertility may refer to many other aspects. Abstract: Maybe not very stylish to close the abstract with “…” (line 45). Furthermore, the last sentence is perhaps not essential and a little bit long. It could be suggested to finish the previous sentence (line 43) by something like “… whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning…” to include more concisely the idea developed in the last sentence. Introduction: Line 64: “Hiel et al. (2016)” is not in the reference list. Line 77: I would suggest to replace “say something about” by “assess” Line 78: “show” -> “showed” Methods: Lines 133-135 refer to residue analyses and line 136 to grain samples, and then, again to residues, line 137. Maybe better to group the sentences related to residues together. Part 2. 4. As explained above, it should be explained here how were calculated nutrient contents (in kg/ha). Results: In line 204 are presented results for fababean yields from Table 5. To be consistent within the different parts, this should be included in the next part 3. 1. 3 relative to crop yields. Line 223: “crop residue in the soil” -> “crop residue returned to soil” Line 224: “this was correlated with an increase in the amount of nutrient”, maybe interesting to add statistical criteria for this correlation. Lines 225-227: I was not able to find the results presented here in the tables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The melatonin onset time was significantly delayed for LED LE compared to DL (p=0. 007), whereas it was not delayed for (p=0. 287), and showed a trend toward a delay for LED LE compared to (p=0. 078). A negative correlation was observed between the daylight amount and melatonin onset time in the DL (rho=−0. 634, p= 0. 002) and OLED (rho=−0. 447, p=0. 029) conditions, but not in the LED condition (p=0. 129). The melatonin onset time, delay, and suppression under the different light conditions are summarized in Fig. 3 and Table 1. Fig. 2 Representative melatonin profiles. The melatonin profiles from 18:00 to 24:00 from one representative individual under the three light conditions (and LED). DL: dim light, LED: light-emitting diode, OLED: organic LED. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. 3 Melatonin phase shifts under and LED LE compared to DL. Values on the χ-axis are differences between melatonin onsets for LED LE and compared to DL. Each box plot shows the median, first and third quartiles, and range. Melatonin onset for LED LE was significantly delayed compared to DL (p=0. 007), whereas did not significantly delay melatonin onset compared to DL (p=0. 287). DL: dim light, LE: light exposure, LED: light-emitting diode, OLED: organic LED. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide The mean AUC did not differ among the three light conditions (p=0. 207). The median suppression percentages for melatonin for and LED LE were 3. 2% and 12. 6%, respectively. Melatonin suppression was not significantly different between OLED and LED lighting (p=0. 208). The accumulated daylight was not correlated with AUC in each condition (p>0. 05). Sleep and vigilance The PSG parameters did not differ significantly among the conditions (Table 2). In PVT, the number of lapses (5. 8±4. 1 vs. 2. 8±2. 3) and the reaction time (1/response time=3. 7±0. 7 vs. 4. 0±0. 5) were lower for LED LE than for DL (Table 2). The numbers of errors were similar among the conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: FVC (% predicted) change from baseline Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. MD ‐0. 10% (95% CI ‐5. 98% to 5. 78%) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 Negative MD indicates an advantage for evening DNase inhalation, but difference is not statistically significant FVC (L) also showed no significant difference between groups. Participants received both morning and evening DNase inhalation as cross‐over design. Measures of QoL and symptom scores Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 A variety of VAS scores reported on cough (day and night), sputum (volume and viscosity), appetite and sleep quality; none of which were significantly different as a result of the time of day the DNase was inhaled. FEF25‐75 (% predicted) Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks Oucome not reported. effects Follow‐up: up to 4 weeks See comments. NA (see comment) 25 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊖⊖ low1,2 No statistical comparisons made. Narrative reports indicated that evening DNase inhalation did not adversely impact overnight oximetry or cough per hour recordings (but between‐group comparisons were not provided for this outcome). Relative effect and 95% CI presented is adjusted for the cross‐over design of the studies. ACT : airway clearance technique; CI : confidence interval; CSS : cough symptom score; DNase : dornase alfa; FEF25‐75 : mid‐forced expiratory volume; FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MD : mean difference; NA : not applicable; QoL : quality of life; VAS: visual analogue scale. grades of evidence High quality : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Lines 259-260: “these treatments showed a slower decrease in P content than deeper in the profile”. This is not clear, according to the figure, there is a higher decrease of P in RT treatments in the upper layer. Please clarify. Legend of the figure in 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Oct 3, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Sleep parameters and vigilance after LE in the three conditions Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Go to: is the first study of humans to compare the effects of and LED LE in the evening on the melatonin profile, sleep quality, and vigilance. We found that melatonin onset occurred significantly later for LED LE than for DL, whereas it was not delayed for. More daylight exposure was related to earlier melatonin onset under as well as DL, while there was no relation under LED LE. OLED light has several benefits as a future lighting source. 25 First, the spectrum of an OLED contains a smaller proportion of blue light, which has the greatest influence on the melanopsin in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Second, the spectral power distribution of OLEDs is closer to natural sunlight compared to other light sources, and hence produces a more-comfortable environment. Third, OLED light panels emit diffuse light from their surface, which helps to reduce fatigue in the human eye. It is presumed that OLEDs represent a human-friendly type of lighting that will disturb the circadian rhythm less and facilitate sleep. In terms of melatonin onset, showed a beneficial effect compared to LED LE in this study. Light with a high color temperature suppresses melatonin secretion more, but the effects of different light sources with the same high color temperature on melatonin secretion remain unclear. 6, 8 In the present study, the light intensity (150 lux), color temperature (4,000 K), and exposure time (18:00–24:00) were identical for the OLED and LED conditions. The present results are consistent with technical reports on the beneficial effects of OLEDs with smaller amounts of blue light on the circadian rhythm. 20, 21, 22 Exposure to daylight during the phase-advance period (in the morning) may advance melatonin onset. 26 A prior LE history affects light sensitivity to the circadian rhythm. 27, 28, 29 The present study is not a 24 hours simulation study, and involved participants in a laboratory environment from early evening to the next morning (covering about 18 hours). Instead, all of the subjects were instructed to wear an actigraphy device for 1 day before entering the laboratory, and we demonstrated that the accumulated amount of daylight during the study did not differ significantly among the tested conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not, healthcare practitioners are advised to evaluate the use of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on a case‐by‐case basis when deciding whether or not to employ this form of exercise therapy in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Implications for research Further research of reputable methodological quality is needed to determine the effectiveness of RMT in people with CF. Researchers are encouraged to consider the following clinical outcomes in future studies: respiratory muscle function (e. g. maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax)); pulmonary function (e. g. forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC)); exercise capacity (e. g. maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max)); hospital admissions; time to next exacerbation; and health‐related quality of life. Sensory‐perceptual changes, such as respiratory effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived breathlessness) and peripheral effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived exertion) may also help to elucidate mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of RMT. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. Respiratory muscle training compared with control for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatients Intervention: respiratory muscle trainingₑ Comparison: controlₑ comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Controlₑ Respiratory muscle trainingₑ FEV1: % predicted Follow‐up: 6‐12 weeks No significant differences between the respiratory muscle training group and the control group were reported in any study. NA 145 (7 studies including 2 cross‐over studies) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,3 Studies reported FEV1 as % predicted, litres or z score. One study with respiratory muscle training level 30% of maximal effort reported a significant improvement within the training group. FVC: % predicted Follow‐up: 6‐12 weeks No significant differences between the respiratory muscle training group and the control group were reported in any study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: AbstractA review of all types of pest control techniques useful to the urban arborist is presented. Recent developments in chemical and biological controls are discussed. Modifications of traditional cultural control techniques for urban use are presented. Urban pest control is years behind the agricultural fields. Many integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed for field crops, fruits, and vegetables. These IPM programs use the entire spectrum of pest control techniques in such a manner as to reduce cost and minimize adverse effects on the environment. This paper will review these techniques as they relate to ornamental trees and shrubs placed under the care of the urban arborist. Pest control techniques can be broken down into three broad categories: chemical control, biological control and cultural control (National Acad. Sci. 1969). Chemical controlMost of us are familiar with the usual chemical control material — pesticides. However, there are other chemicals which have been used to control pests and which should be useful to the arborist. These other chemicals include attractants and repellents (often called pheromones) (Birch, 1974). The attractant pheromones, usually sex or aggregation pheromones, have been identified for a variety of insects such as the clear wing moth borers (ash borer, lilac borer, peach borer) (Neal, 1979), bark beetles (Pearce, et al. , 1975), and the Japanese beetle (Ladd, et al. , 1975). These pheromones, by themselves, have not been overly successful for control of the pests but have been extremely useful for monitoring pest activity. Pheromones used for monitoring pest activity can be put on sticky traps and conveniently placed in areas to be observed. By checking one of these traps “baited” for a specific pest, the arborist can accurately time another control treatment, such as a borer spray, to obtain maximum control. In this case, we “integrate” two chemicals in order to maximize the usefulness of one, the pesticide, and reduce adverse environmental effects — elimination of several untimed sprays. Biological controlBiological control is the use of parasites, predators and pathogens to reduce pest populations. The parasites are usually small wasps or flies whose larvae eat up their pestiferous host from the inside.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: A particularly interesting finding was that exposure to sufficient daylight advanced the melatonin onset time even for during the phase-delay period (in the evening and nighttime). This suggests that OLEDs represent a promising light source for minimizing the detrimental effects on nighttime melatonin secretion when combined with sufficient exposure to daylight. We also found that sleep quality as measured by PSG and morning vigilance were not impaired under or LED LE, which was contrary to our expectations. Very few studies have assessed the effects of LE in the evening before bedtime on PSG parameters and vigilance after sleep. Our group previously revealed an association between sleeping with lights on and increased the amount of N1-stage sleep and the arousal index and decreased N3-stage sleep. 30 These conditions clearly differ from the present study in that the subjects were exposed to light throughout the sleep. Chang et al. 31 showed that reading an e-book before bedtime delayed sleep latency, decreased rapid-eye-movement sleep, and subjective morning alertness compared to reading a printed book. However, in that study the participants remained in the laboratory for the entire 2-week study period, and so their daytime LE was completely controlled, which differed from the conditions in our field study. We can speculate as to why the sleep and vigilance parameters in the present study did not differ among the different light sources. First, the participants were allowed to perform their usual activities of daily living before entering the unit. LE during the daytime and various daytime activities including exercise were performed as usual. Their homeostatic pressure might have increased to initiate and maintain normal sleeping despite LE in the evening. Sleep quality is influenced by the daytime physical conditions and emotional stress. Second, the amount of light from the ceiling-mounted light panels delivered to the eyes would not be consistent. The subjects spent most of the time in the unit reading books in the headdown position. Television and other electrical devices were prohibited in the unit. At the beginning of each session, we set the light intensity as 150 lux at the eye level when participants looked ahead to the front while seated. However, the amount of light delivered to eyes might vary with the angled position of the head during the 6 hours of LE. Inconsistency in the amount of light entering the retina might have reduced the ability to identify the effects of artificial light on sleep quality and vigilance after sleep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. 1. The resistance level of the respiratory muscle training intervention was variable; three studies used 80% of maximal effort, one study used 60% of maximal effort, one study used 40% of maximal effort, one study used 30% of maximal effort and three studies did not specify the level of resistance. Control groups were also variable; cycle ergometer, H20, treatment as usual, standard chest physiotherapy, low resistance threshold loading device, no training or sham training. 2. Downgraded twice due to serious risk of bias: the included studies lacked methodological detail relating to methods of randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding. Most of the studies were at high risk of bias due to lack of blinding, incomplete outcome data or selective reporting, or both. 3. Downgraded due to imprecision: studies included a small number of participants and numerical results were not available for some of the studies. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a genetic mutation that disturbs the function of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel (Elborn 2016). Dysfunction of the CFTR channel reduces chloride secretion resulting in dehydrated and viscous secretions that become difficult to expectorate (Wine 1999). The pathological consequences of this mutation can impact function of the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems, as well as affecting temperature regulation and fluid balance (Wheatley 2011). Although the median predicted survival currently stands at 45. 1 years (Carr 2016), the care and management of CF has improved dramatically over the last decade (2016). Respiratory dysfunction accounts for approximately 80% to 95% of mortality (Lyczak 2002) and is a major cause of morbidity in CF. This is the manifestation of bacterial colonisation and chronic pulmonary infection that imposes structural lung damage, mostly bronchiectasis and small airway obstruction (Cantin 2015). Recurrent pulmonary infection results in the progressive deterioration of pulmonary function and eventually respiratory failure (Grasemann 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Please note that these wasps are not the stinging bees and hornets and the flies are not the same ones found around the garbage dump! Predators usually include the lady beetles, lacewings and syrphid flies. A major problem with these predators is that few people recognize these predators in their most efficient stage — the larva. As an illustration, in the summer of 1978, the Norway maple aphid was a serious problem in Pennsylvania. morning, an alarmed homeowner called and stated that his Norway maple was being “killed by these big ugly bugs” and they turned out to be the larvae of a large lady beetle. Within a week, the Norway maple aphids and the lady beetle larvae were gone. Pathogens of pests are lethal diseases. The diseases which appear to be most useful are viruses and bacteria. In fact, two bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis (Harper, 1974) and Bacillus popillae, (Dunbar, 1975) are on the market, as well as a NPV virus — Gypchek (Yendol, et al. , 1977). B. thuringiensis and Gypchek are lethal to many caterpillars and B. popillae is the pathogen of Japanese beetle grubs. Again the major problem with these products for the urban arborist is that most people associate viruses and bacteria with colds, flu and stomach ache. The pathogens of pests only attack the pests and not people. Fortunately the companies that market these pathogens package their products so that they look like and sound like pesticides (Doom, Dipel, Thuricide). Biological control for the arborist is still in its infancy but will soon reach adolescence. Coast friends are much farther ahead of the East, at least in their thinking. Olkowski, Kaplan, and van den Bosch (1978) suggest four strategies to be used to implement biological controls in the urban environment: conservation, augmentation, periodic colonization and importation. Conservation involves better timing of pesticide usage to avoid hitting predators or parasites, using selective pesticides such as Primor which kills aphids, or using host trees which are not sprayed to maintain predators and parasites. Augmentation procedures attempt to increase existing natural enemies of pests. An example of this is the food spray, Wheast, which is used to feed lacewing adults.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: We admit that an experimental setting with the strict control of daylight, daytime activity, and a fixed head position toward light sources throughout the evening would be more appropriate for obtaining accurate results, especially for sleep and vigilance. However, the present experimental setting might better reflect real lighting environments during the evening and nighttime, despite this approach reducing the statistical power for identifying significant differences. In addition, evening LE under a specific condition was performed for only one night during each session in this study, with such short-term exposure possibly being insufficient for detecting alterations of the circadian rhythm and sleep in this real-life condition. Future researches involving repeated measurements or larger numbers of subjects should make further attempts to identify significant impacts of light sources during evening on sleep and vigilance. Finally, a ceiling light panel producing an illuminance of 150 lux seems not be too bright to interfere with the circadian rhythm and sleep in young and healthy participants, even during the evening. Insomnia patients and the elderly might be more sensitive to the light level at nighttime. Moreover, females accounted for more than 70% of the subjects in this study, and sex differences in the sensitivity to light and melatonin onset time could have introduced bias into the results. Not obtaining information about the menstrual cycles of the female subjects was also a limitation of this study. Further researches should be designed that involve various populations in order to clarify the effects of different types of lighting on sleep according to age and comorbid sleep disorders. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that evening and early-night exerts weaker effects on the melatonin phase delay than does LED LE. Exposure to sufficient daylight may advance melatonin onset even when a subject is exposed to OLED light in the evening. These findings suggest that OLEDs are a suitable light source in the evening to minimize the detrimental effects of artificial light on the melatonin onset time. Go to: The online-only is available with this 10. 3988/jcn. 2020. 16. 3. 401. Supplementary Fig. 1 Spectral power distributions of light from organic light-emitting diodes (solid line) and light-emitting diodes (dotted line). Click here to view. (93K, pdf) Go to: Contributions: Conceptualization: Joo. Data curation: Hyunjin Jo, Joo. Formal analysis: Park. Funding acquisition: Joo. Investigation: Park, Hyunjin Jo. Methodology: Choi.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, the findings of this review suggest that evidence to support this practice is still lacking. The review identified 13 trials reporting the use of inhaled steroids in 506 people with CF aged between six years and 55 years. The methodological quality of the earlier trials was difficult to assess from published information, specifically with respect to concealment of allocation and the method used to generate random sequence. Although further information on this has been provided from some investigators, concealment of allocation (a key feature of trial validity) remains inadequate or unclear for most of the earlier trials. Trials were heterogeneous with respect to inclusion criteria, specifically age, severity of pulmonary involvement, clinical diagnosis of asthma and chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trials also differed in duration of treatment. Treatment effects were assessed for short periods only in the cross‐over trials (six weeks) but for longer periods in the parallel trials. Only one parallel trial reported treatment given over a two‐year period, but follow up and reporting at this interval are incomplete. Spirometric indices of lung function were measured in most trials, but could not be combined in this review due to incompletely reported or unavailable data, as well as to differences in methods used to summarise data. Although five of the nine investigators contacted following the first issue of this review have supplied further information, a pooled estimate of treatment effects for lung function outcomes has not proved possible. This is either because data are no longer available or because data related to widely different stages of follow up. Inflammatory markers have been reported as outcomes in a significant proportion of the trials identified, although these were not specified as prior outcomes for this review. The relevance of changes in inflammatory markers to long‐term clinical status is uncertain, but it is likely that the reduction of inflammation would be of long‐term benefit. In a small uncontrolled study (hence not eligible for inclusion in this systematic review) in children under 13 years, there was a decrease in neutrophil concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage after two months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate, although there was no change in IL‐8 concentration (Wojtczak 2001). In contrast, other important outcomes, such as nutritional status and quality of life, were almost never reported.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: The general requisites of good soil, water and space are usually not present in urban environments in sufficient quantity to support mature trees. It seems foolish indeed to keep spending money to maintain an old tree when its roots have recently been covered by asphalt and concrete. In fact, there seems to be good evidence that such stressed trees produce attractants for pests and are unable to ward off pest attack. A more logical approach would be for the urban arborists to establish a resource rating system for places where trees are to be planted. Trees with matched resource demands could then be planted in each area, then an immature tree must be rotated off the spot and replaced when its size exceeds the resources. SanitationIn field crops, sanitation means cleaning off remaining plant residue after harvest and disposal or removal of unwanted plants — weeds. This concept can be modified to fit the urban situation. Cleaning off and removal can be likened to pruning of diseased and insect-infected tree parts. Accumulations of leaves, weeds and other organic material around bases of trees serve as overwintering sites for beetles, sawflies, and other insect pests. Cleaning of the area under a tree exposes the delicate resting stages of pests to harsh weather and stress. Some common pests which can be controlled this way are the oak twig pruner, the European sawfly, birch leafminer and holly leafminer. Another form of sanitation involves removal of one pest in order to reduce another. Aphids on a maple tree can produce copious honeydew which serves as food for flies, carpenter ants, and sooty fungus. The sooty fungus, ants and flies affect man’s environment. Thus, by removing the aphids, by chemicals or parasites, the other pests are reduced (Olkowski, et al. , 1076). Such relationships illustrate the complex ecological web that may exist around a single tree. ResistanceOf all the cultural control techniques available, host plant resistance to insect and mite pests appears to be the most promising (Morgan, et al. , 1978). Resistance can take the form of a tree not being suitable for pest survival or the ability of a tree to tolerate a pest without severe reduction in the tree’s growth. In another presentation of this convention, Gerhold has presented information on tree resistance and suitability of tree types for urban habitats.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Validation: Choi. Visualization: Park. Supervision:. Writing—original draft preparation: Park. Writing—review and editing:. Conflicts of Interest:The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Go to: research was supported by grant (OTC1190671). Go to: 2722. . Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol 2000;526 Pt 3:695–702. . A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 2003;549:945–952. . Quantal melatonin suppression by exposure to low intensity light in man. 1989;45:327–332. Dose-response relationship between light irradiance and the suppression of plasma melatonin in human volunteers. 1988;454:212–218. . Effects of lights of different color temperature on the nocturnal changes in core temperature and melatonin in humans. Sci 1996;15:243–246. . Effect of light wavelength on suppression and phase delay of the melatonin rhythm. 2001;18:801–808. . Effects of short wavelength control in polychromatic light sources on nocturnal melatonin secretion. 2008;439:256–259. Human responses to bright light of different durations. J Physiol 2012;590:3103–3112. . Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002;295:1070–1073. . An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 2001;535:261–267. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 2001;21:6405–6412. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 2005;433:749–754. . Prospects for LED lighting. 2009;3:180–182. . Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Scand 2006;84:4–15. Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting. 2007;8:1065–1066.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: outcome was reported in seven trials in total (dornase alfa n = 841, control n = 849): in four trials at one month (Laube 1996; Ramsey 1993; Ranasinha 1993; Shah 1995a); in one trial at three months (McCoy 1996); in one trial at six months (Fuchs 1994); and in one trial at two years (Quan 2001). The RR of death was 1. 70 (95% CI 0. 70 to 4. 14) with 12 deaths in the dornase alfa group and seven deaths in the control group (Analysis 1. 16). The majority of deaths (17 of 19 deaths) were reported from two trials which enrolled participants with severe lung disease (Shah 1995a; McCoy 1996). 2. Mean number of days IV antibiotics used a. at three months One trial reported on this outcome at three months (dornase alfa n = 158, control n = 162) (McCoy 1996). Analysis showed the difference between the treated and control groups was MD ‐2. 96 (95% ‐7. 29 to 1. 37) (Analysis 1. 17). 3. Mean number of days oral antibiotics used No trial reported on this outcome. 4. Mean number of days of inpatient treatment a. at three months One trial reported on this outcome at three months (dornase alfa n = 158, control n = 162) (McCoy 1996). The difference between the groups was not statistically significant, MD 0. 93 (95% CI ‐2. 19 to 4. 05) (Analysis 1. 18). b. at six months One trial reported the mean number of inpatient days at six months (dornase alfa n = 322, control n = 325) (Fuchs 1994). Participants treated with the once‐daily regimen spent 1. 3 fewer days in hospital compared to placebo (P = 0. 06) and participants receiving twice‐daily dornase alfa spent 1. 0 fewer days in hospital compared to placebo (P < 0. 05). 5. Mean change in weight from baseline a. at two years reported on the mean change in weight from baseline at two years (dornase alfa n = 236, control n = 234) (Quan 2001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: It would be prudent to point out that there are many levels of resistance, and the resistance often varies according to management practices. In short, a tree grown in an ideal nursery or research plot may exhibit very different resistance in the urban habitat. Thus, when arborists select tree varieties that are said to be resisant to insect pests, one should ask whether the resistance was demonstrated in the urban habitat. A problem with resistance in the form of tolerance is the possible build up of pest populations which influence other factors. If a linden is found which can tolerate an infestation of cottony scales, copious amounts of honeydew are still produced. This honeydew falls on pedestrians, sidewalks and cars and feeds flies, wasps and ants. Thus, this tolerance is less desirable than a non-tolerant plant. SummaryThe “good ole days” of spraying a single insecticide to exterminate tree pests are long gone and urban arborists must think in terms of pest management. This management, at times, will be very complex and may require cooperative efforts of scientists, consultants, and arborists. However, the urban arborist should try to learn the terminology of integrated pest management i. e. , selective insecticides, pheromones, cultural control, and biological control. In the end, an IPM program does not need to be too complex or more costly. In a pilot program carried out in California (Olkowski, et al. , 1978), insecticide usage was reduced 93% on over 450,000 trees without significant reduction in quality. Actual pest control costs were also reduced because fewer sprays were applied. Therefore, the major obstacle standing in the way of using modern pest management by arborists is not costs but attitudes toward new or difficult techniques. Footnotes↵1 Presented at the annual conference of the of Arboriculture in in August 1980. © 1981, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Literature Cited↵Birch, M. C. (Ed. ). 1974. Pheromones. Elseuier, New York. ↵Dunbar, D. M. , R. L. Bear. 1975. Present status of milky disease of Japanese and oriental beetles in Connecticut. J. Econ. Entomol. 68(4):453-457. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Harper, J. D. 1974.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 05 March 2018 Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Jamie M. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6174-52821,2, Raymond P. Najjar1,3, Cheng-Ann Wang1 & …Mirelle Kass1,4 Show authors and Practice 1. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to 32 lx was increased in response to the standard as compared to blue-depleted LED (p < 0. 05, paired t-test). PIPR did not differ between lighting conditions at higher illuminances. Study 2. Neither salivary melatonin concentrations nor subjective sleepiness scores were different between lighting conditions. ConclusionsWhile the absence or reduction of blue light has the physiologic capacity to reduce the impact of light on non-image forming photoreceptive functions, under a pre-exposure lighting environment closer to that which is found in the real world, no such differences are observed except for pupil responses to moderately dim light. Trial registrationClinicalTrials. gov #NCT02936674, NCT02636140. BackgroundWhile retinal photoreception is mostly thought of as the basis of “image formation”, the retina underlies a number of non-image forming functions as well. Notable among these are synchronizing the timing of the circadian clock (Czeisler et al. , 1989), suppressing pineal melatonin production (Zeitzer et al. , 2000), increasing alertness (Cajochen et al. , 2000), and changing pupil size (Alpern & Campbell, 1962). In mammals, while rods and cones are the main contributors to conscious visual perception, a combination of rods, cones, and melanopsin contribute to non-image forming photoreception. Melanopsin is a light-absorbing pigment expressed in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and conveys the eponymous intrinsic photosensitivity (Berson et al. , 2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 3 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 3 Mean % change in quality of life score. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 4 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 4 Mean number of days inpatient treatment. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 5 Comparison 2 Dornase alfa once daily versus dornase alfa on alternate days, Outcome 5 Mean change in weight (kg) from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 1 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 1 Mean % change in FEV1. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 2 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 2 Mean % change in FVC. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 3 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 3 Mean % change in quality of life score. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 4 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 4 Mean number of days inpatient treatment. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 5 Comparison 3 Dornase alfa daily versus hypertonic saline, Outcome 5 Mean change in weight (kg) from baseline. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 1 Comparison 4 Dornase alfa versus mannitol, Outcome 1 Mean absolute change in FEV1 (L).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Forest insect control with Bacillus thuringiensis. Univ. Printing Service, Auburn Univ. , Auburn, Alabama. ↵Ladd, T. L. , Jr. . , C. R. Buriff, M. Beroza, & T. P. McGovern. 1975. Japanese beetles: Attractancy of mixtures of lures containing phenethyl propionate and eugenol. J. Econ. Entomol. 68(6):819-820OpenUrlCrossRef↵ G. W. Frankie & & M. J. Gaylor. 1978. Potential for developing insect-resistant plant materials for use in urban environments. In: Perspectives in Urban Entomology, G. W. Frankie & L. S. Loehler (Ed. ), Academic Press, New York. 294. ↵of Sciences. 1969. Principles of Plant and Control. . Insect-and Control, Nat. Acad. Sci. , Washington, D. C. Pub. 1695:508 p. OpenUrl↵Neal, J. W. (Ed. ). 1979. Pheromones of the Sesiidae (formally Aegeriidae). -NE-6:83 p. Olkowski, W. , H. Olkowski, R. van den Bosch, and R. Hom. 1976. Ecosystem management: A framework for urban pest control. Bioscience 26:384-389. OpenUrlCrossRef↵ G. W. Frankie & C. S. KoehlerOlkowski, W. , H. Olkowski, A. I. Kaplan. & R. van den Bosch. 1978. The potential for biological control in urban areas: Shade tree insect pests. In: Perspectives in Urban Entomology, G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler (Ed. ), Academic Press, New York. 347. ↵& J. B. Simeone. 1975. Chemical attractants for the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1:115-124. OpenUrl↵Yendol, W. G. , R. C. Hedlund, & F. B. Lewis. 1977.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: ipRGCs project widely to the brain (notably the hypothalamus) to convey information about the overall intensity of light (Nelson & Takahashi, 1991). Melanopsin has a peak sensitivity in the blue range of the light spectrum (Newman et al. , 2003) and the spectral sensitivity of sustained melatonin suppression also peaks in the blue light range (~ 460 nm) (Brainard et al. , 2001). The peak photopic sensitivity for conscious image formation is, however, in the green portion of the spectrum (555 nm). As such, it has been theorized that exposure to broad spectrum white light that has been depleted of or has minimal short wavelengths (blue light) would not alter conscious visual perception but would minimally activate non-image forming photoreceptive functions (McBean et al. , 2016). This would be notable for extended (hours) light stimuli as the response to shorter light stimuli is likely more driven by cones (Gooley et al. , 2010). In one study of spectrally-altered polychromatic light, blue-depleted white light (~ 239 lx, normal room lighting) was not different from normal white light in terms of its impact on sleep latency, melatonin suppression, and sleepiness (Santhi et al. , 2011). In a separate study, authors found that 50 lx of blue-depleted white light (~ 50 lx, low room lighting) was less effective at melatonin suppression and caused less enhancement of electroencephalographic measures of alertness than 50 lx of normal white light (Rahman et al. , 2017). In this latter study, however, participants spent 8 h in moderate room lighting (~ 88 lx) prior to receiving the experimental light which likely sensitized the responses to the low intensity light (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to test under real-world conditions whether a commercially-available LED-based lamp that emitted a broad spectrum white light had greater impacts on pupil function, subjective alertness and melatonin suppression than a commercially-available LED-based bulb that emitted a broad spectrum, blue-depleted white light. MethodsStudy 1We examined seven participants (four male, 3 female) during a single 3-h session. Five were Caucasian, one was Asian, and one identified as multiple races. They were aged 21–29 (26 ± 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Hospitalisations as a result of disease exacerbations have been reported earlier. 6. was a difference in reports on the cost‐benefit analysis of therapy. Therapy with rhGh is expensive and Schibler reports that the cost of the treatment may not be justified for the modest increase in exercise capacity and lean body mass (Schibler 2003). High‐dose rhGH versus placebo One study reported the use of high‐dose rhGH treatment compared with placebo with data reported at six months (Schnabel 2007). The group of participants receiving placebo in this comparison are the same as that used in the prior comparison with standard dose. Primary outcomes 1. Pulmonary function tests a. FEV1 There was no statistically significant difference between the high‐dose rhGH group and controls in FEV1 (% predicted), MD 3. 30 (95% CI ‐8. 16 to 14. 76) (P = 0. 57) or change in FEV1 SD score, MD ‐0. 01 (95% CI ‐0. 24 to 0. 22) (P = 0. 93) (Analysis 3. 1; Analysis 3. 2). b. FVC There was no statistically significant difference between high‐dose rhGH participants and controls in FVC (% predicted), MD 6. 70 (95% CI ‐1. 41 to 14. 81) (P = 0. 11) (Analysis 3. 3). 2. Nutritional parameters a. were not available for comparison of height of the two groups in this study (Schnabel 2007). b. significant difference in the change in weight from baseline was noted in the two groups, MD 0. 80 (95% CI ‐0. 44 to 2. 04) (P = 0. 21) (Analysis 3. 4). c. Height velocity There is a significant benefit of rhGH treatment in height velocity (change from baseline) when measured with SD score, MD 3. 60 (95% CI 0. 30 to 6. 90) (P = 0. 03) (Analysis 3. 5) and cm/year, MD 3. 30 (95% CI 1. 17 to 5. 43) (P = 0. 002) (Analysis 3. 6). d. Weight velocity No data for weight velocity were available for analysis (Schnabel 2007). e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 525 cm diameter bulged reflector casing, 2700 K, color rendering index = 78, Soraa, Fremont CA) that has a significantly reduced short wavelength light (blue) component (Fig. 1) as its spectrum is generated by violet LED exciting phosphors. Lamps were placed behind an ultraviolet-filtering, clear plastic panel fitted with neutral density filters (Roscolux neutral gray, #398; Rosco, Stamford CT) and a diffuser (Roscolux tough white diffusion #116; Rosco, Stamford CT). The two lamps were each calibrated to produce three different illuminances: 32 lx (log photon flux: 13. 6 log10(1/cm2/s)), 100 lx (log photon flux: 14. 1 log10(1/cm2/s)), and 140 lx (log photon flux: 14. 2 log10(1/cm2/s)) (corneal illuminances confirmed in situ with an ILT1700 photon flux determined with ILT-900and converted using the Lucas toolbox (Lucas et al. , 2014)). Light was presented in a diffuse circle at a 21° visual angle. All illuminances used were in the photopic range (i. e. , the different illuminances would have differential impact on cones but a similar, saturating impact on rods). During the experiment, each of the two lamps produced each of the three illuminances once (six different light exposures), with the order of the exposures being randomized separately for each participant (randomization from Random. org), with an additional 1-min light exposure from the standard LED lamp being the first in all cases (calibration). Pupil dynamics were analyzed offline with ViewPoint EyeTracker (Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) and macros developed in Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Following the final 10-min dark exposure to assess pupil redilation, the experiment was concluded, and the participant was discharged from the study. Fig. 1Spectral output of the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Irradiance was measured with a research spectroradiometer (ILT-900)Full size imageFor each participant, the eye with the best pupillometric signal-to-noise ratio was selected.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: in future updates of review if additional studies become available, the authors will assess clinical and methodological heterogeneity before pooling data in a meta‐analysis. We will carry out an assessment for statistical heterogeneity initially visually and then using a Chi² test and also using the I² statistic. Using the Chi² test, a low P value (P < 0. 1) or a large Chi² statistic relative to its degree of freedom will provide evidence of heterogeneity of intervention effects (i. e. the variation in effect estimates beyond chance). The authors will interpret the value of the I² statistic as follows: 0% to 40% ‐ might not be important; 40% to 60% ‐ may represent moderate heterogeneity; 60% to 75% ‐ may represent substantial heterogeneity; and 75% to 100% ‐ considerable heterogeneity (Deeks 2011). Assessment of reporting biases One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators through email to provide missing outcome data, but no additional missing data were available as the trial was stopped prematurely. If sufficient numbers of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will assess publication bias, by using funnel plots in (RevMan 2014). Data synthesis If a sufficient number of included studies are available in future updates of review, the authors will perform meta‐analyses using (RevMan 2014). We plan to use a fixed‐effect model for pooled data analysis; however, if there is important statistical heterogeneity identified (I² statistic is more than 50%) we will also use a random‐effects model in a sensitivity analysis among studies. Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity If a sufficient number of included studies (at least 10) are available in future updates of review and if the authors identify substantial heterogeneity (over 50%), we will explore it by performing the following subgroup analyses: children (up to and including 18 years of age) versus adults (over 18 years of age); different stages of ABPA (five stages according to Patterson (Patterson 1982): (1) acute; (2) remission; (3) exacerbation; (4) corticosteroid‐dependent asthma; and (5) fibrosis (end stage)); colonization of participants with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa or both or neither. Sensitivity analysis Further, the authors will perform a sensitivity analysis to explore whether the heterogeneity is a result of different risk of bias.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: The data fusion sensors receive the sensed data from the sensors and combine it to create an ideal outcome before saving it in the remote database. An actuator system was developed employing Vernier sensors to deliver the nutrition into the environment in a closed loop after the nutrient values had been established. To rank the features, this feature selection approach used a tree classifier, the XG Boost classifier, and recursive feature deletion with extra (Muneeb, Ko & Park, 2021). To automatically assess the input and produce the appropriate outputs, fuzzy logic is used to construct an aquaponics monitoring and control system. The PDF and FPDF controllers optimize parameters using a genetic method. Compared to the conventional PDF controller, better consequences were obtained in the greenhouse’s humidity and temperature management (Mpofu et al. , 2020). The optimum control of greenhouse temperature is obtained by utilizing a Q-learning strategy to manage greenhouse elements that are dependent on the environment (Wang & Lee, 2020). The survey for the is shown in Table 1. Nemali (2022): The oldest known instances of greenhouse use date to the Roman era around 14 CE, but commercial use did not start in the Netherlands until the 20th century. The Netherlands’ greenhouses suffered significant damage during II, and during the post-war reconstruction efforts, engineers in the Venlo region created the tall, glass, multi-span greenhouse that is commonly seen today. made major post-war efforts to guarantee food security, which included building several greenhouses in the Venlo style for the cultivation of vegetables. Global greenhouse consumption has increased since commercial CEA production was first introduced in the Netherlands. Comparing greenhouse farming to field agriculture, the yield potential has improved significantly due to significant advancements in glass materials, lighting sources, and growth systems. The development of hydroponic agricultural cultivation was one important breakthrough. Haider & Rai (2021) The major issue is that our current crop productivity is declining as a result of climate change. It is predicted that major reductions in staple crop production, such as maize (20–45%), wheat (5–50%), and rice (20–30%), will result from rising global temperatures and erratic weather patterns. Moreover, as temperatures rise, up to 30% of annual agricultural production may be lost as a result of increasing phytopathogen and pest pressure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: At habitual bedtime, the overhead dim light was turned off and the experimental light was turned on for three hours. The experimental light was fixed to the foot of the bed in an aluminum reflector such that the front of the light was facing the participant. During the experimental light exposure, saliva sample collection frequency was increased to every 20 min. The experimental light was one of two conditions: a standard white light LED or a blue-depleted white LED, both identical to those used in Study 1 (Fig. 1). Both lights were calibrated to a target of 150 lx at corneal level in a typical angle of gaze. By matching the lux units, the lights should have had a similar impact on image forming perception. The visit number (1 or 2) during which participants received the standard or blue-depleted white light was determined a priori through a random number generator (Random. org). The allocation was double-blind as neither the participant nor the laboratory technician administering the light knew which bulb was the standard and which was the blue-depleted. There was no obvious difference in the perceptual quality or color of the light emitted from the two lamps in the laboratory environment and the lamps were designated as “A” and “B” by the primary investigator (JMZ) – the laboratory technician was unaware of the matching of the A/B designation and the type of lamp being used. During the three hours of experimental light exposure, participants were kept awake by a laboratory technician and asked to look at the LED lamp, alternating every ten minutes between a gaze fixed at the lamp and free gaze around the room. During both the free and fixed gaze components, participants were not permitted to avoid light exposure by hiding their eyes or directing their gaze downward (e. g. , no reading was allowed). Illuminance during the fixed and free periods was recorded with the ILT1700 at the end of each of these periods, estimating the average angle of gaze. Three hours after habitual bedtime, all lighting was turned off and the participant was allowed to sleep ad libitum. Upon arising, the participant was given a standard hospital breakfast, and could leave the unit. Saliva samples were immediately frozen (− 20 °C) and placed in storage at − 80 °C within one week of collection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: refer to the glossary for the explanation of clinical terms (2021. We searched two ongoing trial registries (apps. who. int/trialsearch/; clinicaltrials. gov); details of these searches are provided in the appendices (5. 1 (RevMan 2014). Measures of treatment effect The authors planned to analyse dichotomous variables by calculating the risk ratio (RR). They planned to express continuous variables as a mean difference (MD). They will express continuous variables as standardized mean difference (SMD) if different scales are used for an outcome in different studies in future updates of review. The authors planned to analyse time‐to‐event data using the hazard ratio (HR). They intended to express the overall results with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Finally, the authors planned to report the numbers of ABPA exacerbations and hospital admissions as a rate ratio (ratio of events per person years) in experimental and control group (Deeks 2011). Unit of analysis issues The authors planned to include only randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled parallel trials in the review; the included trial was randomized. They planned to exclude both cross‐over and cluster‐randomized trials. Dealing with missing data One author (KRJ) contacted study investigators via email to request some missing outcome data; in response, the authors received a small amount of additional information other than that available on website and have added this to the review. The authors also considered taking the following steps to deal with any missing data in future. Perform sensitivity analyses to assess the sensitivity of any assumptions, if made in future updates. Address the potential impact of missing data on the findings of the review in the 'Discussion' section. For missing standard deviations (SDs) of continuous outcome data, to calculate the SD from study statistics (e. g. CIs, standard errors, T values, P values or F values); if it was still not possible to calculate the SD, then they planned to impute it from other studies in the meta‐analysis as per details given in the for of Interventions (Higgins 2011a). If data are still not available, the authors will generate analyses making assumptions to create the best and worst case scenarios. In this case, the authors planned to undertake a sensitivity analysis (see below).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the app allows the farmer to set and alter dosing parameters, receive notifications when conditions deviate from ideal, and even remotely manage the dosing system. This use of IoT technology not only streamlines the monitoring process, but also provides farmers with the freedom and convenience to operate their hydroponic systems efficiently and proactively, hence improving the precision and productivity of their farming practices. The hydroponic system ensures a dynamic understanding of the plant’s immediate surroundings by tracking these parameters in real-time. This information is then processed by algorithms or control systems that use established growth patterns for the individual plant type. The system can properly estimate the current growth stage of the plants by aligning the observed parameters with these growth patterns. This data directs the automated dosing system to distribute the precise amount and composition of nutrients required at each developmental stage, encouraging strong plant health and, ultimately, maximizing potential production in hydroponic farming. Circuit diagram The components of the circuitry proposed system have shown in File S1, including Step down transformer for power supply Arduino UNO Relay board with submersible pumps for pumping water and nutrients pH sensor EC sensor DHT11 sensor for measuring temperature Ultrasonic sensor 20 × 4 3008 10-bit 11 sensor: DHT11 low-cost digital sensor used in growing hydroponics to measure air temperature and humidity. It usually operates at 3. 5 to 5. 5 V and can measure temperatures up to 500 C. Arduino UNO: A microcontroller used to connect input-output devices, sensors, and other required electrical devices. It supports the IDE environment to a program to the system with any high-level languages or packages like Python. The power supply with 5 Volts is used to supply power to the board and all the sensors. Relays pumping water and nutrients: A relay is an electrical device that behaves like a switch for pumping water and nutrients into our system. It allows you to switch on or off pumps in regular intervals effortlessly. Totally four relays used in our approach to control water, nutrients, and pH solutions. Each relay has three terminals at the low current side, namely and IN pins, and three at the high current side NO, C, and NC. The IN pin, connected to Pin 7 in the Arduino board, causes the relay to switch the pump ON or OFF. pH meter: pH is the potential of hydrogen that tells how well plants absorb nutrients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Saliva samples were assayed as a single batch in duplicate using a salivary melatonin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay () per the manufacturer’s instructions. Published intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 6. 1–13. 0% with an assay sensitivity of 0. 3 pg/mL. The assay microplate was read using a Multiskan FC (Thermo Scientific, Waltham MA). One of the 10 participants had a failed melatonin assay and insufficient saliva to conduct a repeat assay; the melatonin data from this participant were excluded. The three hours prior to habitual sleep onset, during which participants were in dim light, was denoted as the “baseline”. Melatonin levels were expected to be rising to their elevated nocturnal levels during the baseline. The three hours after habitual bedtime, during which participants were exposed to the experimental light, was denoted as the “light exposure”. Melatonin data during the baseline and light exposure were integrated over time using the trapezoidal method. Integrated melatonin concentrations during each hour of the light exposure was separately calculated. Statistical analyses, as specified below, were performed using either OriginPro 2017 (v. b9. 4. 0220, ) or Excel (v. 16. 0. 4549. 1000, Microsoft, Redmond WA). Z-score transformation was done for visualization purposes only (see Fig. 3). The mean and standard deviation of each participant’s melatonin data were determined and the individual values were z-score transformed as z = (X-μ)/σ, such that X = sample value, μ = population mean, and σ = population standard deviation. Fig. 3Changes in salivary melatonin concentration (a) and SSS values (b) during the baseline (< 10 lx, − 3 → 0 h) and experimental light exposure (150 lx, 0 → 3 h) for both the blue-depleted (grey) and standard (black) white LED lamps. Melatonin data were z-score transformed and averaged prior to plotting. Mean ± SD are shownFull size imageResultsLamp characteristicsThe standard white LED has broad coverage of the visible wavelengths, with a major peak at 607 nm (orange) and a minor peak at 461 nm (blue) (Fig. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: No placebo was used in the open‐label period, hence the data from this period are not eligible for inclusion in the review. participants were individuals with CF complicated by ABPA and aged 12 years and older (except for Italy where participants were up to and including 18 years of age). Both males and females with oral corticosteroid use for ABPA flare and total serum IgE levels greater than or equal to 500 IU/mL were eligible for enrolment. The study enrolled nine (five females) participants in the intervention group and five (four females) participants in the placebo group. The mean (SD) age of participants in the intervention group was 21 (4. 1) years and in the placebo group 28 (9. 5) years (Novartis 2008). the double‐blind phase of the study, the participants in the experimental arm received omalizumab (Xolair®) in the form of subcutaneous injections (into the upper arm in the area of the deltoid or to the thigh) of 600 mg daily for six months along with itraconazole twice daily, while receiving oral corticosteroids, with a maximum daily dose of 400 mg. The participants in the control arm received placebo in place of omalizumab in the same regimen as the experimental arm. Outcomes measured Primary outcome measures were: the change from baseline in the percentage of participants requiring rescue with corticosteroids; and the time to deviation from the protocol‐prescribed steroid‐tapering regimen. Secondary outcome measures were: change in ABPA exacerbation rates; change in FEV1 from baseline; time to steroid‐free state; change from baseline in average oral corticosteroid use; percentage of participants responding to omalizumab, as defined by a reduction in oral corticosteroid dose use of 50% or more as compared to baseline. Most of the outcome measures were assessed at six and 12 months of study, except for FEV1 which was assessed at three and six months (Novartis 2008). Excluded studies The search strategy revealed only one relevant study that was included in the review. No studies were excluded. Risk of bias in included studies The risk of bias for the only included study (Novartis 2008) is shown in Characteristics of included studies, risk of bias graph (Figure 2) and risk of bias summary (Figure 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Suppose the system is unsuitable for plants with violated pH or EC values. The controller immediately responds and activates an appropriate relay to correct pH or EC to the preferred values. Total four relays with four pumps Pump 1 with Relay 1 to fill the water tank Pump 2 with Relay 2 to pump nutrients A Pump 3 with Relay 3 to pump nutrients B Pump 4 with Relay 4 to drain the water tank Figure 3: Main loop to check EC and pH based on the plant stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-3 Figure 4: Flowchart for identifying plant stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-4 The systems adjust 5V DC submersible pumps flowing time using Eq. (2) based on the plant’s growth stage. are several types of hydroponic systems. Here in this system, deep water culture has been followed for growing plants. This entire setup is designed with a growing medium. This water reservoir is connected with nutrient mixture pumps and an aerator machine to provide oxygen to the bottom of the root. Our hydroponic system is connected to the Arduino microcontroller, which is connected to sensors that sense various features such as temperature, pH, and EC in regular intervals. Every time after sensing, measured values are compared with threshold values already set in the system. Initially, a water level sensor called an ultrasonic sensor is fixed on the microcontroller, checking whether the water is overflowing or underflowing. If the water equal is less than the threshold level, the water pump is on immediately. Once the water level reaches the specified level, it turns off the water pump. If pH is low and less than the pHLow, switch on the water pump to reduce the acidic nature. Otherwise, if pH is more than pHHigh, add some pH corrective solution called citric acid to reduce the basicity. To adjust EC, if it finds EC measured is higher than the ECHigh, water is added to balance the nutrient solution. Otherwise, if the calculated EC value is lower than the threshold range specified, ECLow, then call the Identification algorithm to determine the current plant growth stage and add the nutrient solution for the estimated time. The estimation of nutrients to pump in the system and the amount of time needed to pump the answer is pictorially shown in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Our pupil findings are consistent with the theory that the PIPR is driven by melanopsin. At the lower illuminance tested, PIPR was reduced in response to the light that had 40% less drive on melanopsin. We did not, however, observe an impact of the lights on phasic constriction, which is also thought to be influenced by melanopsin. The partial (40%) reduction in melanopic drive and the relatively small number of participants may have contributed to our inability to detect such a difference. We also used an extended (60 s) light stimulation; shorter light stimulations (e. g. , 1 s) may have revealed more differences in PIPR at the higher intensities. The pupil responses to light that are dependent upon cones were not differentially impacted by the two lights tested. None of the other non-image forming functions that we tested, however, were impacted by the reduction of melanopsin drive in the blue-depleted white light. Previous studies have indicated that 150 lx of white light is sufficient to suppress melatonin and decrease subjective sleepiness (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000). It must be noted, however, that these measures of light-induced changes were conducted after extended (> 40 h) exposure to no greater than dim light. In the current study, participants arrived to the lab after exposure to real-world environments and were in dim light (< 10 lx) for only three hours prior to the experimental light exposure. Previous studies (Smith et al. , 2004; Chang et al. , 2011; Rufiange et al. , 2007; Zeitzer et al. , 2011) have demonstrated that the impact of light on non-image forming functions, such as those presented in this report, is sensitized by previous exposure to dim light. It is, therefore, possible that at increased intensities we may have observed the expected changes in melatonin and alertness. Under the ecologically relevant conditions to which most individuals are exposed, however, we do not observe meaningful changes in melatonin or alertness after exposure to normal room light intensities. Individuals who lack exposure to bright indoor or outdoor light, however, might benefit from exposure to blue-depleted white light (Rahman et al. , 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One small trial provided inconsistent evidence on improvement in quality of life (very low‐certainty evidence). There is limited evidence from three trials in improvements in exercise capacity (low‐certainty evidence). None of the trials have systematically compared the expense of therapy on overall healthcare costs. Authors' conclusions When compared with no treatment, rhGH therapy is effective in improving the intermediate outcomes in height, weight and lean body mass. Some measures of pulmonary function showed moderate improvement, but no consistent benefit was seen across all trials. The significant change in blood glucose levels, although not causing diabetes, emphasizes the need for careful monitoring of this adverse effect with therapy in a population predisposed to CF‐related diabetes. No significant changes in quality of life, clinical status or side‐effects were observed in this review due to the small number of participants. Long‐term, well‐designed randomised controlled trials of rhGH in individuals with CF are required prior to routine clinical use of rhGH in CF. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in Español فارسی Français 한국어 Polski Русский 繁體中文 The use of recombinant growth hormone to improve growth and health in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the health of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Background CF is an inherited condition causing disease in the lungs, digestive system and pancreas. People with CF are often underweight and have delayed growth, which may impact their lung function. Nutritional supplements may not be enough and it has been suggested that treatment with rhGH, which improves the rate of growth and bone density, might help. Treatment with rhGH is usually given once a day via a needle under the skin. It is expensive and may affect glucose metabolism that has implications for children at risk of CF‐related diabetes. Hence, we need to critically review the risks and benefits of this treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: This idea was implemented using the Identification algorithm to record the plant’s maturity. The experimental results of the growth stage identification method showed that it was very accurate and reliable. An impressive 97. 5% of the time, the program correctly identified the vegetative stage, showing that it is good at telling the difference between early growth stages. Furthermore, the accuracy stayed high during the flowering stage at 97. 5%, showing that the algorithm is reliable at picking up on small changes in plant growth. It was during the fruiting stage that the accuracy rate was the highest, hitting an amazing 99. 4%. This exceptional accuracy shows how well the algorithm can exactly pinpoint the complex physiological changes that happen during fruit development. Correlations between the algorithm’s accuracy rates and the nutrient solutions’ parts per million (ppm) values further proved that it was reliable. This showed that accurate growth stage identification and targeted nutrient delivery in the hydroponic system worked well together. It used USB to RS-232 cable to update data from the laptop to the cloud server IOTCloudData. This algorithm successfully detected the plant stages with 99. 9% accuracy. The tomato plant images are captured using a camera at the farming site, and some of the photos are taken from Kaggle datasets for training and testing. We use Python programming language to implement this algorithm. TensorFlow and Keras, and Numpy libraries are used for implementation. The algorithm implementation is shown for identifying vegetative, flowers, and fruit in Files S4–S6, respectively. Estimating and automating nutrient supply board connected the water tank with nutrient bottles A and B to supply the estimated amount of nutrients calculated. Based on the data received from sensors, the controller processes the data and sends instructions to the actuator to turn on pumps for the amount of time calculated using the above equations with input parameters plant stage, tank volume, and surplus amount of nutrients required at that stage. For example: Assume plants are at the flowering stage, and the measurement of nutrients in the 15-l water tank was reduced to 1,700 ppm. The system then immediately switches on the nutrient 5 V submersible pumps with a rate of 2 LPM to supply adequate amounts at the right time. The amount of nutrient solution needed (11) =−SURppm =2500−1700 =800ppm(Means800mg/Liter) Then the time needed to keep the pumps ON.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Given the previous literature, had we sensitized the non-image forming system with many hours of dim or room light prior to exposure or increased the intensity of the experimental light exposure, we might have observed a difference in the impact of the two lamps on melatonin suppression and subjective alertness. We did not design the experiment as such since previous studies had already established the biological capacity of the non-image forming photoreceptive system to have a peak response to long duration blue light. We, rather, were concerned with the potential real-world use of white light lamps that had diminished impact on melanopsin and, at least for subjective sleepiness and melatonin suppression, we did not observe an advantage of the blue-depleted white LED lamp. We did not explicitly examine objective alertness or circadian phase shifting here, but these two processes operate in a similar intensity range as subjective alertness and melatonin suppression (Zeitzer et al. , 2000; Cajochen et al. , 2000) and might have similar outcomes. Future research could examine the utility of such lamps as sleep-permissive light sources in environments in which individuals have consistent exposure to lower levels of daytime lighting (e. g. , submarines, winter time in extreme northern latitudes, all day low intensity office lighting). ConclusionsAfter exposure to a real-world daytime lighting environment, except for pupil responses to moderately dim light, there are no difference in non-imaging forming responses to broad spectrum white light and a broad spectrum white light with reduced blue content. : Analysis of variance ipRGC: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells LED: Light emitting diode PIPR: Post-illumination pupillary response SSS: Scale 49. 507. 92. 3. 12. CAS PubMed 213. 83. 102. 33. 13. 87. CAS 33. 6. 110. CAS 2007. 80. 9. 86. 45. 8. 401. 9. 7. 59. 4. 702. 7. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Specifically, we wished to examine the hypotheses that treatment with oral NSAIDs for a period of two months or more: improves or prevents deterioration in objective measures of lung function; reduces the need for intravenous antibiotic therapy for respiratory exacerbations; reduces the need for hospital admissions for respiratory exacerbations; reduces the number of days spent in hospital for respiratory exacerbations; improves quality of life; improves survival; is associated with adverse effects (including major hemorrhage such as a life‐threatening gastrointestinal bleed or hemorrhagic stroke, gastrointestinal (GI) upset including dyspepsia or nausea, diarrhoea, allergic reactions (rash, fever), tinnitus, bronchospasm or fluid retention). for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published and unpublished. Types of participants Children and adults, of any age, with defined CF, diagnosed clinically and by quantitative sweat chloride testing or genetic testing or both. People with CF at all stages of lung disease were included. Types of interventions Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administered orally at any dose for a period of at least two months compared to placebo or existing conventional therapy. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Objective measures of lung function (measured as absolute change in % predicted from baseline compared to control and post‐treatment change in % predicted compared to control): forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) forced expiratory flow 25%‐75% (FEF25%‐75%) Secondary outcomes Number of days of intravenous antibiotic therapy for respiratory exacerbations Number of hospital admissions for respiratory exacerbations Number of hospital days for respiratory exacerbations Quality of life (QoL) measures Proportion surviving at six months and one year Nutritional status as noted by weight gain, body mass index (BMI), z score or other indices of nutritional state Chest x‐ray scores Adverse effects (such as minor haemorrhage, major hemorrhage (life‐threatening GI bleed, hemorrhagic stroke), GI upset (dyspepsia, nausea), diarrhoea, allergic reactions (rash, fever), tinnitus, bronchospasm, fluid retention) Dropout rates Search methods for identification of studies Trials are eligible for inclusion irrespective of language or publication status.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 23 ms to with vegetative stage, whereas other existing methods such as CNN and DNN have taken 319. 24 and 233. 83 ms, respectively. Likewise, the proposed approach takes 152. 82 ms with flower stage, while existing techniques like CNN and DNN take 362. 84, and 263. 73 ms, respectively. Similarly, the proposed approach takes 182. 54 ms with fruit stage, while existing techniques like CNN and DNN take 382. 64, and 293. 64 ms, respectively. Figure 9: Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-9 Table 4: Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 319. 24 233. 83 123. 23 Week 6–9 Flower 362. 84 263. 73 152. 82 Week 10–15 Fruit 382. 64 293. 64 182. 54 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-4 makes people more comfortable growing their organic and pesticide-free food quickly at home. The main issue with hydroponics is the constant monitoring of the pH and EC levels of the nutrient solution, as well as the surrounding temperature and humidity range. Hydroponics culture highly depends on human attention to supply the suitable parameters for the quality growth of plants. In this process, it was observed that plants nutrients consumption changed based on the plant stages such as germination, vegetative, reproduction, and harvesting. The number of nutrients the plants consume is different in all locations. It is required more focus on identifying plant stage and automating the distribution of nutrients accordingly. In this research, we proposed a Identification algorithm to extract plant growth and avoid undersupply or oversupply of nutrients. The experimental results showed that the Identification algorithm achieves a 97. 5% accuracy rate for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition consumption which identify the vegetative state. A total of 97. 5% accuracy rate for the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, which identify the flowering stage, and 99. 4% accuracy rate for the last 10–15th week 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption, which determine the fruiting location of the plant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Effects of day-time exposure to different light intensities on light-induced melatonin suppression at night Download PDF Download eePub Original 20. 8 ± 1. 1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. They were exposed to various light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) between the hours of 09:00 and 12:00 (day-time light conditions). They were then exposed to bright light (300 lx) again between 01:00 and 02:30 (night-time light exposure). They provided saliva samples before (00:55) and after night-time light exposure (02:30). ResultsA one-tailed paired t test yielded significant decrements of melatonin concentration after night-time light exposure under day-time dim, 100- and 300-lx light conditions. No significant differences exist in melatonin concentration between pre- and post-night-time light exposure under day-time 900- and 2700-lx light conditions. ConclusionsPresent findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary nocturnal light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). These findings may be useful in implementing artificial light environments for humans in, for example, hospitals and underground shopping malls. IntroductionLight is thought to have the most powerful impact on the human circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle. Prior to artificial lighting, humans adjusted their circadian rhythm to match the natural 24 h bright/dark cycle (i. e. the earth’s rotation). In modern society, however, bright environments still exist at night while, thanks to modern buildings and underground spaces, dim light environments are possible during the day. Modern humans, especially in urban areas, are hardly ever exposed to a 24-h bright/dark cycle. The modern light environments possibly cause the desynchronization of our circadian rhythm and 24-h life rhythm. Bright nocturnal light has been known to suppress melatonin secretion [1–4], and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified work shifts that involve circadian disruption as a probable carcinogenic factor (Group 2A). Because melatonin may have potent anti-cancer activity [5, 6], light-induced melatonin suppression (LIMS) at night may increase the risk of cancer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life or reduced treatment burden. Two studies measured ion transport in the lower airways; one (n = 16) demonstrated significant changes toward normal values in the participants who received gene transfer agents (P < 0. 0001), mean difference 6. 86 (95% confidence interval 3. 77 to 9. 95). The second study (n = 140) also reported significant changes toward normal values (P = 0. 032); however, aggregate data were not available for analysis. In the most recent study, there was also evidence of increased salt transport in cells obtained by brushing the lower airway. These outcomes, whilst important, are not of direct clinical relevance. Authors' conclusions One study of liposome‐based CFTR gene transfer therapy demonstrated some improvements in respiratory function in people with CF, but this limited evidence of efficacy does not support this treatment as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery. Future studies need to investigate clinically important outcome measures. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Hrvatski 简体中文 Replacing the defective gene is a potential treatment for progressive lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effect of delivering the correct copy of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene directly to the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis in order to treat progressive lung disease. cystic fibrosis the gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is faulty. People with cystic fibrosis suffer from progressive lung infection and damage which reduces life expectancy. Agents which can deliver a correct copy of the faulty CFTR gene to cells in the lungs may be an effective treatment. Search date The evidence is current to: 20 April 2016. Study characteristics We found four studies with 302 people to include in this review. The studies lasted from 29 days to 13 months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: In the future, integrating machine learning for area computation of the complete plant bush and real-time monitoring seems like a really promising improvement. Utilizing sophisticated algorithms and real-time video feeds, the system provides current data on plant development and well-being, enabling informed choices and accurate system operation. It demonstrates the advantages of merging robotics, IoT, and data analysis for optimal plant cultivation and agricultural practice optimization. Circuit Diagram. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-1 setup at vegetative stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-2 setup at flower stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-3 stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-4 Stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-5 Stage. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-6 Download Plant. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-7 Download IoT cloudApp. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/supp-8 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2020. Edge computing based smart aquaponics monitoring system using deep learning in IoT environment. Atikah TA, Widyawati W. 2021. The engineering of planting media and ab mix nutritional concentration to improve tomato agronomic characteristics hydroponically. & 8(4):2884-2899. 2017. Impact of water use on paprika (Capsicum annum) by using fertigation and autopot system combined with numerous growing media. of 16(3):149-159. 2018. Automated system for farming with hydroponic style. Chaiwongsai J. 2019. Automatic control and management system for tropical hydroponic cultivation. . 2012. Automated system developed to control pH and concentration of nutrient solution evaluated in hydroponic lettuce production. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 84:53-61. 2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Some research has found that LIMS occurs at night even under low light intensities (120–200 lx) [7, 8], which would suggest even greater health risks. Yet bright light at day-time has been thought to increase melatonin secretion [9–11] and may reduce LIMS at night. Hebert et al. [12] evaluated LIMS after day-time exposure to different light conditions for 1 week. The subjects were exposed to bright light (both by being outside and by using a light box inside) and wore dark goggles (that allowed about 2 % light transmission) during the day-time. Significantly, more LIMS was found after subjects experienced dim light conditions than when they experienced bright conditions. Smith et al. [13] measured LIMS after different day-time light stimuli (200 vs. 0. 5 lx) for 3 days. LIMS significantly increased after dim light exposure compared with bright light exposure. Yet another study measured LIMS in indoor and outdoor workers and reported a significant correlation between the percentage of LIMS and the subjects’ average light exposure in a 24-h period [14]. These findings suggest that a bright/dark cycle is necessary for health. To maintain an adequate secretion of melatonin, it is important to understand the effective proportion of day- to night-time light. However, this proportion is unknown because there have been very few studies on accurately controlling both day- and night-time light conditions. This study, therefore, evaluates the effect of different day-time light intensities on LIMS. In this study, the light intensity of night-time light is set at 300 lx, based on ordinary light conditions in a home. Materials and methodsSubjectsTwelve male subjects aged 19–23 years (mean ± S. D. , 20. 8 ± 1. 1) gave informed consent to participate in this study. All subjects were free of medical conditions at the time of the experiment, and none had a history of psychiatric or sleep disorders. The subjects were instructed to abstain from alcohol and caffeine beginning 1 day before the experiment began and to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00) beginning 7 days before the experiment. The sleep wake schedule was confirmed by a wrist-worn actigraph (Actiwatch-L 9 (AWL); Mini-).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice While the meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, the most recent study, Alton 2015, demonstrated a benefit in relative change in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo (Alton 2015). Concerns over safety with "flu‐like" symptoms in most participants in the Alton 1999 study were not reported on repeated use in Alton 2015 (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life, reduced treatment burden or exacerbations (Alton 2015). The limited evidence of efficacy does not support this as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery from the remaining two included studies (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Implications for research Clinical studies examining the use of CFTR gene transfer reagents for CF lung disease should include outcome measures that are relevant to people with CF as well as clearly defined surrogate measures of efficacy. It is imperative that future studies of established or novel gene therapy reagents use a robust study design with clearly defined endpoints and adequate power. These studies must be reported in a full and transparent manner to enable the incorporation of data into systematic reviews. A clear cost analysis is essential for any emerging therapies, as this is likely to be a significant factor. In future updates of this review, we will include this as a pertinent secondary outcome measure. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest life‐shortening disease in Caucasians and is caused by a single gene defect. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2000 at birth (Bobadilla 2002). The affected gene is responsible for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). There are many abnormalities or alterations of the CFTR gene that can affect the production and function of CFTR (Rowntree 2003). Normally, CFTR has an important role in co‐ordinating salt transport across cell membranes. This role is particularly important in the lungs where an abnormality of CFTR results in dehydration of the surface liquid that lines the airways (Matsui 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal and Impact Factor: 3. 5 5-Factor: 3. 4 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentAir, Soil and Water ResearchCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/11786221221087989ContentsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionsConclusionsDeclaration of conflicting interestsiD6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%). XRD chromatogram showed that the precipitate matched the reference pattern for struvite. The recirculation rate of 2. 0 mL min−1 was determined as an optimum condition with nitrogen and phosphate removal, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate was 14. 7% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, 22. 9 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1, 18. 6 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1, and 498 mg h−1, respectively. The recirculation rate affects the reactor performance through the magnitude of the hydraulic retention time of nutrients on the reactor and the potential electrical energy generated in the reactor. On the other hand, the reactor with initial pH 8 achieved the best performance with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2.

Output: pass