Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Strong backward walking behavior requires bilateral LC16 activation. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean velocity for bilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 101, fly count = 10), unilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 75, fly count = 7) and no labeling controls (trial count = 114, fly count = 11). Behavioral responses of individual flies were assayed and their brains were subsequently dissected to determine expression patterns. Unilateral LC16 activation produced far less backward walking than bilateral activation (Mann-Whitney test, p<0. 001). (C) Unilateral activation of LC16 and LC10 induces aversive and attractive turning, respectively. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean angular velocity for different labeling categories of LC16 and LC10: For LC16, trial and fly counts are the same as in (B). For LC10, bilateral (trial count = 91, fly count = 8), unilateral (trial count = 268, fly count = 24) and no labeling (trial count = 281, fly count = 22). For unilateral activation, behavioral data from animals with labeling only on the left brain hemisphere were reversed and combined with those from animals with labeling only on the right brain hemisphere. In addition to flies with clear bilateral or unilateral expression, 18 flies in the LC10 stochastic activation experiments had expression in both brain halves but showed differences in the apparent number of labeled LC10 cells between the hemispheres. Because of the wide range of these labeling differences we did not include these flies in the above analysis. However, the behavioral results for this group also showed a turning bias towards the side with stronger labeling (see Figure 13—figure supplement 1), suggesting that even small differences of LC10 activation between the two hemispheres may be sufficient to induce ipsilateral turning. Figure 13—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Turning behavior of LC10 flies with bilateral labeling that is stronger in one brain hemisphere (trial count = 212, fly count = 18). Data for flies with uniform bilateral expression or no labeling are the same as in the main Figure and included for comparison. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 16 8. 5 0. 57 0 B. W rein. (1) 2002∼2007 10. 9 9. 3 - (-)14. 0 3. 16 3. 16 15. 0 1. 27 0 B. W rein. (2) 2013∼ 10. 8 11. 0 14. 9 (-)14. 0 3. 16 4. 30 17. 0 1. 15 1. 14 Gang-jeong South B. W 2008∼ 12. 26 11. 5 15. 2 (-)22. 7 3. 16 4. 04 18. 0 1. 21 0. 88 Table 4. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height of three major ports on the west coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL. , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) Gageodo B. W 1979 7. 1 4. 7 12. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 22 3. 22 6. 5 0. 7 0 B. W 1984 7. 2 7. 0 12. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 22 3. 22 8. 4 0. 74 0 B. W 1986 9. 0 8. 3 13. 0 (-)22. 0 3. 64 3. 64 10. 0 0. 76 0 B. W rein. 2001 8. 9 8. 3 13. 0 (-)25. 0 3. 75 3. 75 10. 0 0. 75 0 B. W rein. 2012 11. 1 12. 5 14. 0 (-)32. 0 2. 82 3. 50 13. 5 0. 8 0. 68 Hongdo B. W (1) 1998 7. 6 6. 5 - (-)18. 0 3. 32 3. 32 8. 0 0. 72 0 B. W rein. 2012∼ 10. 1 8. 2 - (-)18. 0 3. 36 4. 28 11. 5 0. 88 0. 92 B. W (2) rein. 2013∼ 11. 85 9. 6 13. 85 (-)15. 3 3. 46 5. 11 14. 7 1. 00 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 33 The foundation of relationship marketing has been customer-centric, so that it has been seen as a paradigm shift in marketing, in contrast to the seller perspective of marketing, where marketers consider the classic 4P's from a consumer-oriented perspective. The first theoretical implication is the shift from identifying consumer segments to identifying customer groups. In my research, as a basis for analysis, planning and strategy were related to the actual customer base of the company and not the anonymous consumer base in the market. The results support the notion that the only meaningful categorisation of customers is actual behaviour and not potential or speculative behaviour. This conclusion also confirms the importance of defining customers from a customer-centric perspective, in contrast to the perspective of consumers. This has been illustrated by the two-dimensional concept of segmentation. The second implication is the shift from the consumer as a transactional entity to the customer as a relational entity. In my research, the assumption is that the hypothetical customer groups are defined as active (relational) and passive (transactional). The results confirm that the two customer groups are different in terms of relational orientation with respect to the levels of trust and of commitment. The third implication is the shift from a goods-centered context to a service-centered context following Vargo and Lusch,4 which ‘combines tangible products with intangible services’ by Jansson. 34 The research indicates that the service offering of the company consists of the delivered photos –‘the tangible product’– and the processing –‘the intangible services’. In this case, the products form the basis for service provision. The main implication of the study is clear support for the notion that a paradigm shift is taking place from the traditional marketing mix to a focus on customers and relationships, or from the managerial school to the relationship marketing management school. study is one of the few empirical studies of relationship marketing concepts within a consumer mass marketing context of services. The context entails an indirect interaction between the firm, as a brand, and its customers in terms of nonpersonal relationships compared to interpersonal relationships, where the direct interaction is generally emphasised. A major conclusion is that in a consumer mass marketing context for services, it is possible to identify customer/supplier relationships related to the concepts of trust and of commitment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Whether we should predict species responses to differ or not across cities depends on whether we consider different cities to be ecologically homogeneous or not. Several authors have argued that urbanization leads to homogenous habitats globally, even across major climatic regions, as all cities are designed similarly to meet the needs of humans (Groffman et al. 2014; McKinney 2006). If different cities are replicates of the same type of environment, we should expect to observe little phenotypic differentiation across cities. Alternatively, separate cities can be considered to differ substantially from each other due to differences in many important parameters, such as size, age, growth pattern, land-use legacies, policies on urban planning, zoning, socio-economic development, local and national culture, human population density, climate, latitudinal location, topography, habitat structure, water availability, levels of different types of pollution, control of urban wildlife, and levels of biodiversity in the region (Evans et al. 2009b; Miles et al. 2021; Ouyang et al. 2018). Thus, despite different cities sharing some similar landscapes, the combination of the abovementioned parameters should lead to very different conditions for the animals living in those different cities. If different cities are considered as distinct environments instead of replicates of the same type of environment, we should predict significant phenotypic differences to arise across separate cities and that phenotypic differences should be more pronounced when more cities are compared in a study. Moreover, as the geographic distance between cities within a study increases, we might also predict that phenotypic differences should be more pronounced because cities that are farther apart may diverge more in abiotic factors such as those associated with climate. Phenotypic differentiation across cities may occur due to adaptation, non-adaptive genetic changes, epigenetic effects, or phenotypic plasticity (Johnson and Munshi-South 2017; Lambert et al. 2021; Liker 2020). In most urban studies, the mechanism/s underlying phenotypic changes between urban and non-urban populations is unresolved (Lambert et al. 2021). However, there is ample evidence about the broad number of phenotypic traits involved, including an array of behavioral, physiological and morphological traits affected by urbanization (Liker 2020; Ouyang et al. 2018; Putman and Tippie 2020). What remains unclear is whether certain types of phenotypic traits are affected sooner (i.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 65 Saeman-geum B. W (1-1) 2012∼ 6. 48 3. 9 12. 61 (-)19. 5 7. 41 8. 56 13. 5 1. 26 1. 15 B. W (1–2) 2012∼ 6. 48 4. 9 11. 77 (-)15. 5 7. 41 8. 46 12. 5 0. 82 1. 05 Table 5. Dimensions and types of structures (cap concrete, parapet, caisson, and mound) used in breakwaters at major ports and structure Length (m) (m) concrete type Remark B′ (m) h (m) Plane shape (m3) 1919 Busan S. B. W 711 Block 7. 0 7. 0 - Ver. - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1935 Busan N. B. W 481 Block 7. 0 7. 0 - Ver. - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1937 Mukho B. W 893 Caisson 7. 0 0. 8 0. 7 Ver. - Rubble 0. 5 - 1968 Pohang new N. B. W 1,922 Caisson 10. 0 10. 0 - Ver. Straight (323t,726t) None - Rubble 0. 5 Bid 1974 Pohang new Outer N. B. W(I) 1,020 Caisson 14. 0 14. 0 - Ver. Straight (1,500t) None - Rubble 0. 5 Bid 1976 Pohang new Outer N. B. W(II) 830 Caisson 14. 0 1. 0 3. 5 Nose - - - Rubble 0. 5 - 1974 Donghae N. B. W 1,480 Caisson 20. 0 20. 0 - Ver. Straight (2,076t) None - TTP 5 Bid 1979 Gamcheon E. B. W 500 Caisson 17. 0 17. 0 - Ver. Straight (2,600t) None - TTP 3. 2 Bid 1985 Gamcheon W. B. W 650 Caisson 22. 0 22. 0 - Ver. Straight (3,100t) None - TTP Bid 1986 Jodo B. W 700 Caisson 20. 0 2. 0 0. 8 Ver.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: It is also evident that, within the customer base of a service firm, it is possible to identify different levels of trust and of commitment between two hypothetical groups of customers as a basis for customer segmentation and strategy. It is evident that customers characterised by strong relationships are highly satisfied and committed, with positive future intentions, while customers with weak relationships are passive, less satisfied and less committed, with less positive future intentions. In terms of relationship sustainability, customers with strong relationships seem to be more loyal partners, while customers with weak relationships seem to be more in the nature of sleeping partners, often referred to as defective customers. The results of my study conform to those of Pearson and Gessner,35 who discuss how a business firm can identify potentially defective customers through what they call ‘transactional segmentation’. The authors promote the concept of marketing to individuals rather than groups in using a firm's customer base to develop ‘a personal marketing strategy’. In my study, however, it has been shown that a segmentation approach in a CRM perspective, using the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships, allows a firm to develop and structure existing relationships in new ways. It is evident that active customers are characterised by high levels of trust and of commitment, which means that strong relationships exist over time. Active customers are loyal to the brand, proud of it and have feelings for it. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy that reinforces commitment to the brand through emotional, knowledge-based or other experiential elements of personal value to the customer. On the other hand, it has also been shown that passive customers are characterised by low levels of trust and of commitment, which means weak relationships that come and go from time to time. Passive customers trust the brand but are for certain reasons not so highly committed in terms of loyalty, pride or emotions as active customers. For this reason, a firm should concentrate on developing a brand strategy building and establishing relationships based on elements of personal value that could lead to commitment. In my study, the analysis gives support for the notion that levels of trust and of commitment exist among active as well as passive customers. But in order to build strong relationships with passive customers, it is obvious that commitment is the crucial factor in terms of a successful brand strategy. For this reason, a commitment-based approach will probably strengthen the relationships with both active as well as passive customers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: e. , are altered more quickly) or more intensely by urbanization. Some authors have argued that behavioral and physiological traits may change more than morphological traits in response to urbanization, partly because behavioral and physiological traits can be plastic at different life stages including adulthood, whereas the plasticity of most morphological traits may be restricted to developmental phases (Crispo et al. 2010; Evans et al. 2010). Here we conducted meta-analyses to determine if the phenotypes of animals are consistently different across cities (whether urbanization generally alters animal phenotypes). We collected data for any animal species (including both invertebrates and vertebrates) for which measures about any morphological, physiological, or behavioral trait were reported for two or more cities. We addressed seven questions: i) whether the phenotype of urban animals differs across cities, regardless of the type of phenotypic trait or the number of cities investigated; ii) whether across-city phenotypic differences may be restricted to some types of phenotypic traits (i. e. , morphological, physiological or behavioral traits); iii) whether phenotypic differences across cities increase as the more cities are investigated; iv) whether choosing cities based on any a priori differences between them (e. g. , latitude or climatic differences) results in higher phenotypic differentiation between those cities; v) whether phenotypic differentiation across cities increases as the geographical distance between cities increases; vi) whether phenotypic differences across cities are more pronounced the more cities differ in human population size or density; and vii) whether any observed patterns across all taxa are maintained when restricting the analysis to smaller taxonomic groups (birds, invertebrates and reptiles). Our approach will elucidate whether cities within studies on phenotypic responses to urbanization in animals generally can act as replicates of each other (i. e. , phenotypes show little differentiation between cities) or whether certain factors (e. g. , number of cities studied, geographic distance between cities, differences in human population size or density) contribute to more or less differentiation in animal phenotypes among cities. Furthermore, our analyses will determine whether the degree of phenotypic change is more pronounced for certain types of traits (i. e. , behavioral vs. morphological traits) and/or within certain taxonomic groups. Overall, our results will help inform the design and interpretation of urban ecology studies on animals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Straight (2,880t) None - TTP 4 Bid 1987 Orykdo B. W 1,004 Caisson 20. 0 2. 0 0. 8 Ver. (3,050t) None - TTP 4 Bid 1989 Ulsan E. B. W 650 Caisson 19. 0 4. 0 4. 0 (3,077t) None - TTP 5 Bid 1997 Yeongilman N. B. W (1) 3,100 Caisson 19. 0 19. 0 - Ver. Straight (1,727t) None - TTP 5 Bid 2001 Jeju W. B. W (1) 505 TTP Caisson 16. 5 0. 5 4. 8 (4,000t) Ver. 32 Proposal 2001 Jeju W. B. W (2) 920 Caisson 23. 5 0. 5 5. 3 (4,000t) Curve Ver. 2004 Ulsan new S. B. W (1) 1,000 TTP Caisson 17. 0 0. 5 3. 0 (4,900t) Ver. 80 Proposal 2004 Ulsan new S. B. W (2) 1,100 Caisson 15. 7 1. 0 3. 5 (5,244t) Ver. Slit A,B 15 T/K 2009 Gangjeong W. B. W 300 25. 0 0. 5 9. 5 (11,000t) Ver. 80 T/K 2009 Gangjeong S. B. W 1,196 Caisson 32. 0 0. 5 13. 0 Projection (15,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2008 Ulsan new N. B. W (1) 550 Caisson 21. 5 0. 5 3. 6 (10,713t) Hor. Slit A,B 15 Proposal 2009 Ulsan new N. B. W (2) 650 Caisson 21. 8 0. 5 5. 0 (10,380t)Cylindrical (4,320t) Hor. Slit A,B Hor. Block 15 T/K 2010 Yeongilman N. B. W (2-1) 1,025 Caisson 18. 0 1. 0 5. 0 uneven (11,200t) Hor. Slit A,B 15 Proposal 2011 Gamcheon S. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 81 발행기관 : 한국관광산업학회 연구분야 : 관광학 Copyright © 한국관광산업학회 배만규 1 박상훈 2 1안동대학교 2대구대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 2 136 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 본 연구는 축제 방문객 시장을 특정기준에 따라 세분화하여 자기 축제에 적합한 표적시장을 도출함으로써 축제 주최 측이 효과적인 축제마케팅을 전개할 수 있도록 시사점을 제시하고자 시도되었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: From studies in which data were available from three or more cities, we selected the two cities with the smallest and the greatest means for each trait. If two separate studies measured the same trait for the same species and in the same cities, we selected the study with larger sample sizes (this led to the removal of only 9 entries in our dataset). We also included the following information in the dataset: (1) the type of trait measured (behavior, physiology, morphology). (2) Whether or not there was an a priori expectation in trait differences between cities (i. e. , whether the authors selected the cities due to some intrinsic difference between those cities). (3) The number of cities compared in each study. (4) The geographical distance between any two comparison cities (in km), calculated using an online calculator ( And (5) the human population size and density for each city. We used the human population and population density information provided in the respective studies. Otherwise, we determined the human population and population density for each city as close as possible to the sampling year. If information about sampling time was not provided by the authors, we chose the year previous to publication to estimate population size and density. If different population values were given for the same city (e. g. , for the city proper and for the metropolitan area), we chose the larger value. Statistical analyses We calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) in phenotype values between the cities as Hedges’ g (Hedges 1981). This measure of effect size is appropriate when the dataset contains means with opposing signs. We calculated Hedge’s g so that larger values indicate a greater difference between the smallest and largest mean phenotype between the two city comparisons. The higher the value of any Hedge’s g, the more different the phenotypic trait was between the two compared cities. Hedge’s g values are included in the dataset (see 2). To determine whether the overall effect size is different from zero, we ran a random effects meta-analytic model with no moderators using the rma. mv function in the metafor package for R (Viechtbauer 2010) (R version 4. 1. 1). We added weights to this model through the argument, weights = 1/vi with vi representing the variance around each effect size. Adding weights is more conservative and is more robust to publication bias (Henmi and Copas 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: W 350 Caisson 21. 1 3. 5 5. 7 (8,300t급) Hor. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2011 Yeongilman S. B. W (1-1) 800 Caisson 12. 2 1. 5 1. 2 uneven (7,500t) Hor. Slit A,B 20 T/K 2011 Yeongilman S. B. W (1–2) 500 Caisson 15. 5 0. 5 4. 0 uneven (8,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K 2011 Saemangeum B. W (1-1) 231 Caisson 11. 6 0. 5 3. 0 Oval uneven (4,629t) Ver. 16 T/K 2011 Saemangeum B. W (1–2) 434 Caisson 10. 0 1. 0 3. 0 Oval uneven (5,100t) Ver. 20 T/K 2011 Ulsan new S. B. W (3) 1,000 Caisson 16. 3 1. 0 7. 0 Oval uneven (10,623t) Hor. Slit A,B 13 T/K 2012 Hosan S. B. W 1,800 Caisson 18. 2 0. 5 2. 8 (9,141t) Hor. Slit Ver. Block 20 T/K 2013 Gageodo B. W 375 11. 8 2. 0 1. 5 Ver. Straight (9,492t) Ver. Cube 108 Bid 2013 Hongdo B. W 150 Caisson 24. 4 1. 0 8. 0 uneven (9,360t) Ver. Slit A,B 12 T/K 2014 Ulsan new S. B. W (2-1) 900 Caisson 22. 8 1. 0 9. 1 Oval uneven (11,300t) Hor. Slit A,B 20 T/K 2014 Sadong B. W 640 Caisson 25. 9 1. 0 6. 0 Streamline (14,000t) Ver. Slit A,B 30 T/K ※ A and B mean inside and outside of breakwater, respectively. B Width of composite breakwater, B′ Width of parapet, h height of parapet, Ver. and Hor. mean vertical and horizontal type, respectively. T/K turnkey project. Table 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 연구 결과, 울진워터피아페스티벌 방문객 표적시장은 평균 90분에서 120분 정도 거리의 대구·경북권과 서울·경기권의 외지 방문객이며, 방문 의사결정은 축제 개최 1일에서 7일전에 하였다. 축제 방문횟수는 평균 1. 46회~1. 57회(1. 5회), 관람일수 1. 5일 집단으로서 30~40대의 대졸자, 주부·전문기술직·사무관리직, 월소득은 300~317만원 집단이었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: , whether rural-urban comparisons in different cities show consistent and similar responses driven by urbanization), parallelism was exhibited in only 44% of species across all the cities studied (Santangelo et al. 2020). Even in cases when parallelism across urban-rural comparisons exist, there may be significant differences in phenotypic traits across urban populations, as the changes taking place may be higher in some urban populations than in others. But if episodes of non-parallelism are predominant, in which phenotypic traits increase in some urban populations compared to rural population, but decrease in some others, then substantial differences across urban populations should be expected, and this is confirmed by our results. The emergence and increase of phenotypical differences across urban populations is further exacerbated by the fact that rates of phenotypic change are much higher in urban areas than in natural contexts (Alberti et al. 2017; Hendry et al. 2008). Phenotypic differences across urban populations may be due to many reasons: adaptation, which has rarely been confirmed to take place in relation to urbanization (Lambert et al. 2021); phenotypic plasticity (Bressler et al. 2020; Thompson et al. 2018); founder effects, i. e. , stochastic differentiation following separate colonizations by different subpopulations in different cities (Evans et al. 2009b); decreased gene flow (Johnson and Munshi-South 2017); genetic drift, a nonadaptive, genome-wide process that could lead to random phenotypic differentiation across urban populations (Mueller et al. 2020); and hybridization between native and non-native species, which may potentially increase the distinctiveness of phenotypic traits across cities (Beninde et al. 2018). In the majority of studies in our dataset, the processes involved in any phenotypic differences across urban populations were not investigated, and thus we were not able to determine their relative roles either. We also did not include studies investigating only genetic differences in separate cities, as we could not calculate effect sizes as we did for the phenotypic traits. However, many recent genomic studies have addressed the existence of genetic differentiation across cities. For example, a study on rat populations across four cities, including temperate, subtropical and tropical cities, showed similar genetic diversity across cities but different patterns of gene flow depending on city-specific barriers separating subpopulations within each city (Combs et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Forgot password? Keep me logged in password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username This JournalAnywherein JournalsEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearchanywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etc0 & Life Sciences& PolicyMedicineTechnology & Engineering CollectionPublications by TypeJournals (Print/Online)Journals (Open Access)Journals (Video)Books/eto ZTopicsRecommend a Title to. 24, No. S1 Research 10. 1089/ast. 2021. 0097 Permissions & 7. 1. Requirements for Habitable Environments7. 2. Considerations for Habitable Environments7. 3. ConclusionAbbreviations Used3. 4) and host environments (4. 3) that support life as we know it. Although it is conceivable that life elsewhere may exist under conditions more extreme than where we find life on Earth, we have no evidence that such life exists. Thus, it is customary to use the limits of life on Earth (6. 3) as a guide to interpret the potential habitability of environments elsewhere. This approach helps us determine where to search for life elsewhere and results in testable hypotheses of potential habitability that may be evaluated through biosignatures (7. 1 discusses the concept of habitability and how the study of astrobiology informs the assessment of potentially habitable environments. Then, 7. 2 details current consensus on the potential habitability of various environments in the Solar System, and considerations for exoplanets that may be habitable. Assessing habitability is not possible without synthesis of concepts found in all previous 7. 1. Requirements for Habitable EnvironmentsIdentifying favorable environments for life depends on what we consider “life. ” A strict definition for life is notoriously contentious, as discussed in 2. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 특히, 본 연구는 기존 축제 시장세분화연구에서 방문동기, 가치 추구 및 추구편익 항목들의 요인분석과 군집분석을 통한 세분화 외에도 축제 주최 측이 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 축제 방문객들의 주된 이용행태(거주지와 도달시간, 방문 의사결정 시점)을 이용한 빈도분석만으로도 축제 시장세분화와 표적시장의 도출이 가능하다는 것을 보여주었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 2018), which may provide an interesting system to perform experimental approaches that require starting with similar phenotypes. Our results clearly indicate that separate urban populations of the same species can diverge phenotypically, and that this is the case for any phenotypic trait, no matter if they are morphological, physiological or behavioral traits. In principle, there seem to be two opposing views on whether the responses of animals to urbanization should be consistently similar or dissimilar across cities. First, if several cities under investigation are considered to be similar replicates of the same type of environment, we would predict to find more episodes of convergence than of divergence regarding phenotypic traits, especially when phenotypic differentiation is mostly driven by phenotypic plasticity. Second, if different cities are ecologically distinct (Santangelo et al. 2020), we would expect to find phenotypic differences across them (Ouyang et al. 2018; Thompson et al. 2016), as we did in our meta-analysis. This is likely to be the case the more cities are investigated and the farther apart cities are, which is also mostly supported by our results. As already mentioned, the fact that evolution rates are higher in urban areas than in any other type of environment (Alberti et al. 2017) means that even small differences among cities can lead to measurable phenotypic differentiation across them. Cities can also be highly stochastic, regularly disturbed, and thus variable over time (Sattler et al. 2010). That is, replication may not only be important at the spatial scale (different cities), but also at the temporal scale (populations being studied over time). In conclusion, most studies on urban ecology have been restricted to one urban center, with researchers tending to conduct studies only in the city in which they live. However, our results support previous pleas from many researchers to conduct urban studies across several urban populations. Those different urban populations would not necessarily act as replicates, as our analysis shows that phenotypic differentiation increases as the more cities are investigated. One approach to implement multi-city studies is by establishing a long-term network of research partners located across many cities (Magle et al. 2019). We also recommend that future studies assess comprehensive sets of traits, as the degree of phenotypic differentiation across cities may vary in different traits (Santangelo et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Even under warm and wet conditions, the climate of Mars was likely more similar to that in polar or alpine regions of Earth rather than terrestrial tropical climates at sea level. Groundwater and transient surface waters grew more saline during the Hesperian era, likely a reflection of conditions becoming even more cold and dry (Gendrin et al. , 2005; Ehlmann and Edwards, 2014). era (the current geologic era on Mars) is primarily characterized by the cold, dry conditions observed on the martian surface today, punctuated by heat and/or water delivery by impacts (Kite, 2019). FIG. 7. 2. Approximate timeline of the major martian geological eras. (∼4. 1–3. 7 Ga) is characterized by aqueous activity and an atmosphere more dense than today, though likely still colder than present-day Earth. (∼3. 7–3. 1 Ga) is a transition period, showing signs of desiccation, atmospheric loss, and occasional aqueous activity. During the Amazonian (∼3. 1 Ga–present), Mars' surface has been cold, dry, and oxidized. The climate of early Mars is still a subject of debate. To reconcile the geologic record of the martian surface with results from climate models, researchers have invoked seasonal melting (Palumbo et al. , 2018) and warming by transient, reducing greenhouse atmospheres (Wordsworth et al. , 2017; Turbet et al. , 2019). These scenarios imply that the surface of Mars was cold and icy for the majority of the Noachian era, but this cold was punctuated by greenhouse warming events that lasted 102 to 107 years (Kite, 2019). Warming events could be triggered via release of CH4 and H2 formed by serpentinization reactions in the subsurface. This mechanism requires destabilization of methane clathrates in the martian cryosphere via one of three processes: (i) precession of axial tilt, since the obliquity of Mars is expected to have varied chaotically over timescales longer than 106 years (Touma and Wisdom, 1993; Kite et al. , 2020), (ii) large impacts (Chassefière et al. , 2016), or (iii) large-scale volcanic activity (Ramirez et al. , 2014; Chassefière et al. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 즉, 지금까지 축제 주최 측이 다른 축제들처럼 불특정다수를 대상으로 보편적인 매체를 통하여 획일적으로 하던 마케팅에서 벗어나 축제 방문객 집단특성별 전략적 마케팅을 전개하도록 시사점을 제공했다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: It turns out that the answer is no. The vast majority of organisms are microbes, and it is almost impossible to tell what they are simply by looking at them through a microscope. Microbiologists must analyze the genetic sequences of an organism to determine its location on the tree of life—the phylogenetic grouping of all known creatures—and researchers have classified only a tiny fraction of all observed microbes. To be sure, all the organisms that have so far been studied in detail almost certainly descended from a common origin. Known organisms share a similar biochemistry and use an almost identical genetic code, which is why biologists can sequence their genes and position them on a single tree. But the procedures that researchers use to analyze newly discovered organisms are deliberately customized to detect life as we know it. These techniques would fail to respond correctly to a different biochemistry. If shadow life is confined to the microbial realm, it is entirely possible that scientists have overlooked it. AliensWhere might investigators look for alien organisms on Earth today? Some scientists have focused on searching for organisms occupying a niche that is ecologically isolated, lying beyond the reach of ordinary known life. One of the surprising discoveries in recent years is the ability of known life to endure extraordinarily harsh conditions. Microbes have been found inhabiting extreme environments ranging from scalding volcanic vents to the dry valleys of Antarctica. Other so-called extremophiles can survive in salt-saturated lakes, highly acidic mine tailings contaminated with metals, and the waste pools of nuclear reactors. Nevertheless, even the hardiest microorganisms have their limits. Life as we know it depends crucially on the availability of liquid water. In the in northern Chile is a region that is so dry that all traces of familiar life are absent. Furthermore, although certain microbes can thrive in temperatures above the normal boiling point of water, scientists have not yet found anything living above about 130 degrees Celsius (266 degrees Fahrenheit). It is conceivable, though, that an exotic alternative form of life could exist under more extreme conditions of dryness or temperature. Thus, scientists might find evidence for alternative life by discovering signs of biological activity, such as the cycling of carbon between the ground and the atmosphere, in an ecologically isolated region. The obvious places to look for such disconnected ecosystems are in the deep subsurface of Earth’s crust, in the upper atmosphere, in Antarctica, in salt mines, and in sites contaminated by metals and other pollutants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Because the presence of groundwater on Mars has not been unambiguously demonstrated, it is unclear whether a deep subsurface habitable environment exists on Mars today. See 9. 3. 1. 2 for considerations regarding life as we don't know it on Mars. 7. 2. 2. Venusis a hostile place for life as we know it. Despite their proximal orbits and similar planetary origins, Venus and Earth have followed different evolutionary pathways. The surface of Venus is not considered to be habitable today, although it may have been habitable in the past. Understanding of venusian history is currently limited by the extremely hostile environments on the surface and within the atmosphere that greatly hamper measurements of composition and geological characteristics. However, Venus serves as a vital laboratory for exploring planetary evolution processes. A radar map showing the roughness of Venus's surface, which correlates with geological provinces, is shown in Fig. 7. 4. to other planets helps constrain climate models, refine concepts such as the stellar habitable zone (7. 1. 4. 1 in the supplementary material), and identify possible futures for Earth. FIG. 7. 4. False-color image of the surface of Venus, as seen by radar from the Magellan and Orbiter missions. A wide array of geologic features are identifiable through differences in surface roughness—more rough materials appear bright from scattering a greater fraction of radio waves back to the receiver than do smooth materials. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech. 7. 2. 2. 1. Atmospheric structureVenus experienced a runaway greenhouse state (see 3. 4. 1. 4). The dense, CO2-rich atmosphere and H2SO4 in the clouds are now opaque to nearly all thermal wavelengths for temperatures relevant to the atmosphere of Venus, meaning thermal radiation emitted from the surface and lower layers of the atmosphere is constantly absorbed and re-emitted in all directions. The interior of Venus is heated by radioactive decay (similar to Earth), and this heat can therefore escape only very slowly through absorption/re-emission of thermal radiation and by atmospheric convection. In contrast, other rocky bodies cool by emitting thermal radiation directly to space. Due to the high altitude and opacity of the cloud deck on Venus, radiative cooling is limited to the top of the atmosphere (Haus et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 본 연구결과는 축제 주최자측이 불특정 다수를 대상으로 한 무분별한 축제 홍보방식에서 벗어나 축제 방문 가능성이 높은 표적시장을 정의하고 표적시장의 특성에 적합한 프로그램 기획과 전략적 축제마케팅을 할 수 있도록 해줌으로써 축제의 개최 성과를 높여줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study aims to develop effective festival marketing for festival visitors’ target market with marketing segmentation. So, we find out festival visitors market segmentation with geographical segmentation and psychological segmentation. As confirmed in this study, the Festival visitor target market is an outside visitor to Daegu Gyeongbuk area and Seoul Gyeonggi area, which takes an average of 90 to 120 minutes. The visit decision was made 1 to 7 days before the festival. The number of festival visits ranged from 1. 46 to 1. 57 times (1. 5 times) on average, followed by college students in the 30s to 40s, housewives, professional technical workers, office managers, and monthly income of 300 to 317 million won.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe recent claim to have discovered evidence of extraterrestrial life on a meteorite from Mars is not compelling, but the study nevertheless has useful heuristic value. IntroductionThe recent claim to have identified possible signs of ancient life on Mars [1] has been widely publicized and discussed. The authors conceded that none of the half-dozen pieces of evidence adduced in their paper individually provided strong support for extraterrestrial life, though they argued that the pieces added up to a case worth considering. Most — perhaps all — of the observed phenomena have counterparts in the inorganic world, so even the combination does not make a compelling case that there was ever life on Mars. Nevertheless, the importance of the problem has justified bringing the results to general attention. The paper has focussed interest on the origin and possible ubiquity of life, and on how we can design techniques capable of giving a more definitive answer to the question of whether there is, or has ever been, life elsewhere in the Universe. Historical rootsWith the breakthrough of the heliocentric concept of the solar system, philosophical correctness mandated the acceptance, given the assumption of an orderly creation, that extraterrestrial life forms must exist. Consequently, it was taken for granted by orthodox 19th century philosophers, including Immanuel Kant, that beings of some kind must exist on all planets. Astronomers, such as Schiaparelli and later Lowell, selected Mars for astronomical verification of extraterrestrial life because of its relative closeness and transparent atmosphere. From observations of Mars, they inferred the presence of polar ice caps, seasonal changes in the planet's albedo that they attributed to plant growth, and the existence of linear structures, canale, that were thought to be the work of intelligent beings. In the latter part of the 19th century, the notion of extraterrestrial life, or exobiology, was discussed as an extension of the laws of thermodynamics. An authoritative opinion was expressed by Thompson (later Lord Kelvin), who in his presidential address to the in Edinburgh in 1871, stated: “because we all confidently believe that there are at present, and have been from time immemorial, many worlds of life besides our own, we must regard it as probable in the highest degree that there are countless seed bearing meteoritic stones moving about through space. ” It would be another century or so, however, before it would become possible to test this confident belief.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: These effects form a steep adiabatic temperature gradient between the cloud tops and the surface, ultimately resulting in an average surface temperature of about 464°C (737 K). At present, there is very little water in the venusian atmosphere—10 ppmv or less above the cloud deck (Marcq et al. , 2018) and about 30 ppmv below (Arney et al. , 2014). Lack of geologic exploration severely limits our ability to establish a timeline for the evolution of Venus (Taylor et al. , 2018). The ratio between deuterium, 2H or D, and hydrogen, 1H, typically called the D/H ratio, is a useful probe of a planetary body's history due to its connection to various geophysical processes that can change the planetary water budget. The D/H ratio in the atmosphere of Venus is considerably higher than that present in seawater on Earth, with estimates ranging from 95 to 240 times that of Earth (Krasnopolsky et al. , 2013), possibly increasing with altitude throughout the cloud deck (Fedorova et al. , 2008). Because of their presumed proximity in the solar nebula during planetary formation, Venus and Earth are thought to have had similar primordial compositions, including D/H ratio (Morbidelli et al. , 2012). Venus is therefore thought to have also had a primordial water inventory somewhat comparable to that of Earth, up to around a 500 m global average depth (Donahue and Russell, 1997). The high D/H ratio on Venus is thought to have been the result of enrichment processes, primarily attributed to thermal escape (sometimes called “Jeans escape”) following photolysis of H2O vapor in the upper atmosphere (Krasnopolsky et al. , 2013). Venus is believed to have entered a “moist greenhouse,” where a hot atmosphere with a high volume fraction of H2O vapor causes this vapor to reach high enough altitudes to be photolyzed by solar EUV photons (Kasting, 1988). H2O molecules, which occasionally have D in place of H, are destroyed by absorbing the high-energy EUV photon. This process releases D and H, which recombine to form DH and H2 molecules.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Especially, this study showed possibility of frequency analysis unlike precedent researches using factor analysis and cluster analysis with motivation, pursuing value, and pursuing benefit. In other words, until now, the organizers of the festival have offered some suggestions to develop strategic marketing for the unspecified number of festivals like the festivals. The result of this study show that the festival organizer can define the target market with high probability of visiting festivals by deviating from the indiscreet festival promotion method for the unspecified number of people and by making program planning and strategic festival marketing suitable for the characteristics of the target market, It is expected that it will enhance the performance of the exhibition. 키워드 축제 방문객, 표적시장, 지리적 세분화, 심리적 세분화, 표적시장, 축제 마케팅 참고문헌(26) 1. [학술지] 강순화 2010 축제 참가자의 관여도 및 방문동기에 따른 시장세분화 연구 이벤트컨벤션연구 6 (1) : 1 ~ 1 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: Missions and meteoritesBesides Earth, the only inner-solar system body with thermal and atmospheric conditions capable of harboring life — at least in the past when it was likely to have had a more substantial atmosphere — is Mars, the surface of which appears to have been marked by ancient flowing water. One of the early targets of and Soviet space efforts was exploration of the martian surface and the search for life there. The instrumentation of the first successful martian landings, during the Viking mission in 1976, was particularly designed for in situ experiments aimed at checking the martian soil for the presence of organic matter and of life. The outcome of these experiments was ambiguous, and it became clear that, to find remnant water and organic compounds of biological or nonbiological origin, it would be necessary to search below the ultraviolet-irradiated surface. Such experiments consequently play a central role in the future Mars missions planned by the and Russian space agencies. Meanwhile, straying asteroids and comets have proved Lord Kelvin's prediction that “when two great masses come into collision in space, it is certain that a large part of each is melted, but it seems also quite certain that in many cases a large quantity of debris must be shot forth in all directions, much of which have experienced no greater violence than individual pieces of rock experience in a landslip or in blasting by gun power. ” Non-destructive escape of such debris is more likely if the gravitational field is relatively low, as is true of Mars. In the 1960s, it was realized that three meteorites, Shergotty, Nakhla and Chassigny, had unusual petrological features and solidification ages, defining the ‘SNC’ type of meteorite; they were suspected to derive from other planets, most likely Mars because of its vicinity and the likelihood of Earth intersecting their orbits and capturing them. mission revealed that, compared with Earth, the Mars atmosphere is strongly enriched in 15N relative to the lighter isotope 14N, which can slowly leak away from the relatively weak gravitational field of Mars. This has provided an isotopic signature that has proved useful in identifying the origin of the SNC meteorites (see below). ice fields provide a propitious environment for the collection, preservation and delivery of fallout from the atmosphere and outer space.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: As on Earth, the gravity of Venus is weak enough to permit H2 to escape at ambient temperatures at the exobase (the outermost boundary of the viscous atmosphere; see 3. 4. 1. 5). However, the heavier DH molecules are lost more slowly than H2 due to their higher mass, resulting in an enrichment of D/H. Similar D/H enrichment processes happen much more slowly on Earth because water vapor condenses in the lower troposphere, typically well below the UV-absorbing ozone layer. Cloud condensation on Earth therefore acts as a “cold trap” (Holton and Gettelman, 2001), keeping the water close to the surface. Conditions at Venus could have resulted in the loss of an Earth-ocean-equivalent amount of water (Kasting and Pollack, 1983). Estimates vary on just how much water Venus has had, and lost (Wordsworth and Pierrehumbert, 2013). Because a moist greenhouse state can lead to rapid water loss, its onset is often defined to be the “pessimistic” inner edge of the habitable zone (Wolf and Toon, 2015). A moist greenhouse state is typically expected to lead to a runaway greenhouse following the loss of water. The D/H ratio in the atmosphere can also be altered by other means, complicating the interpretation of the high D/H ratio of Venus (Grinspoon, 1993). Hydration of minerals by chemical weathering removes water from the atmosphere of a body, potentially storing water within the crust that may be reintroduced via volcanic outgassing. Chemical weathering reactions may also proceed more readily with a lighter or heavier isotope, contributing a secondary fractionation effect. Discussion of Venus's atmospheric structure and lack of a magnetic field is expanded in the supplementary material. 7. 2. 2. 2. Possible histories for VenusAlthough modern Venus is very desiccated, its elevated D/H ratio has important implications for possible past habitability. Venus has lost the vast majority of the water it once contained, but the lack of a geologic record that may provide evidence for how long this water loss occurred makes it impossible to say whether the surface or atmosphere of Venus was ever habitable (Taylor et al. , 2018). Venus may never have had liquid water on its surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 유종서 2011 방문동기에 따른 세분시장별 축제방문객 특성분석 - 경주 술과 떡 잔치 참가자를 대상으로- 관광연구논총 23 (3) : 133 ~ 3 13. [학술지] 윤유식 2011 2단계 군집분석을 통한 지역축제 참가자 시장세분화 및 특성분석 관광레저연구 23 (1) : 467 ~ 1 14. [학술지] 윤태환 2015 가치추구에 따른 축제방문객의 시장세분화에 관한 연구 - 광안리 어방축제를 대상으로 - 동북아관광연구 11 (1) : 141 ~ 1 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: Meteorites falling in the high-altitude region of accumulating snow become imbedded in the compacting ice, travel downhill towards the ocean in the slow-moving ice sheet, and are gradually exposed in low-altitude areas as the stagnating and rising ice — pushed up by obstacles such as mountain ranges — is slowly evaporated by the dry, gale-force winds. Some of the hundreds of meteorites collected in the Antarctic are of the SNC type, and so probably of martian origin. Most resemble rocks formed on Earth, but within some SNC meteorites — for example, 79001 and Nakhla — shock melted glass inclusions and veins with cavities containing trapped gases were discovered, which were found to have the isotope signature characteristic of the martian atmosphere. Since this discovery, it has been assumed that all the SNC meteorites came from Mars, including a rock of ∼4 kg found in 1984, named 84001 (ALH 84001): it is this object that is the focus of all the recent excitement about the possibility of there having been life on Mars [1]. Signs of life in ALH 84001? ALH 84001 is unique in several ways. It consists mainly of heavy, coarsely crystalline iron magnesium silicates known as pyroxenes. The mineralogical composition and rock fabric suggest that ALH 84001 is a ‘cumulate’ and that the heavy crystals have selectively settled to the bottom of a molten magma reservoir. Such aggregation requires a substantial gravitational field and contributes to the case for a martian origin. The crystallization age, determined from the proportion of the two parent uranium isotopes, 238U and 235U, and the stable end-product isotopes of lead, places its age at 4550 million years (Myr). This is practically identical to the age inferred from meteorites for the earliest condensed and aggregated solids in our solar system, and is much older than the other SNC meteorites, which crystallized in the age range 150–1300 Myr. These late crystallization ages are probably due to late episodes of volcanic activity on the parent body, again pointing to Mars as being sufficiently large for such crustal evolution. About 4000 Myr ago, ALH 84001 experienced a shock event that reset its 40Ar/40K clock. This may have been related to the excavation of the planetary surface.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: The maximum pressure caused by the ice cap is ~337 bar at the southern side of the lake; pressure at the lake floor exceeds 400 bar (equivalent to 4000 m water depth). This makes a unique high-pressure freshwater environment on Earth, ‘deeper’ than (~1600 m); adaptation is certainly required to tolerate such pressures (Brown and Thatje, and Thatje2014). The water of is also pure (salinity ≤0. 4–1. 2%), though the shallow embayment including accretion ice contains higher ion levels (Christner et al. , Reference Christner, Royston-and Priscu2006), and water temperature is as low as −3°C (Siegert et al. , Reference Siegert, Ellis-Evans, Tranter, Petit, Slamantin and Priscu2001) (high pressure depresses the freezing point of water) (Fig. 1). The lowest temperature regime marine metazoan life is known to have adapted to that of the high Antarctic, where temperatures are generally as low as −1. 85°C, the freezing point of surface seawater, but can drop down to −2. 4°C under the Shelf in the southern (Nicholls et al. , Reference Nicholls, Østerhus, Makinson, Gammelsrød and Fahrbach2009). Temperatures this low require special adaptations in metazoans, such as blood antifreeze found in ice-fish (Wohrmann, Reference Wohrmann1996). Oxygen is likely a limiting factor in subglacial Antarctic lake settings, too, in particular in the main basin of the lake, whether through chemical oxidation or microbial respiration; oxygen replenishment may depend upon release of gas hydrates from sediments or the melting underside of the overlying ice (Siegert et al. , Reference Siegert, Ellis-Evans, Tranter, Petit, Slamantin and Priscu2001, and Waugh2012). Availability of dissolved oxygen probably varies throughout subglacial lakes, with oxygen decreasing with distance from areas of gas hydrate supply, i. e. from melting zones (Siegert et al. , Reference Siegert, Ellis-Evans, Tranter, Petit, Slamantin and Priscu2001, and Waugh2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: / 2014 Segmentation of visitors attending a multi-cultural festival : An australian scoping study of Hospitality and Tourism 14 (3) : 296 ~ 3 TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로 @10. 32780/ktidoi. 2018. 43. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: A second shock occurred 15 Myr ago; it is possible that this was the ejection event, as the meteorite is estimated to have been exposed in orbit for a similar length of time before capture by Earth. This ‘exposure age’ is measured by the amount of nuclear spallation products, induced by cosmic ray bombardment of the unshielded meteorite. The length of the stay of the meteorite on Earth is limited by the age of the ice in which it is carried, estimated from the flow rate of the ice and the maximum distance of transport to < 13 000 years. The main body of the meteorite serves mainly as a dated time capsule, but interesting information from the point-of-view of exobiology has come from secondary carbonate minerals, formed from solutions that penetrated cracks in the rock. Such crack fillings from circulating, carbonate-containing solutions are a common geological feature. The age of deposition has recently been estimated at 1400 Myr [2]. The temperature at which the carbonate minerals were deposited is a subject of disagreement. On the basis of compositional features, this was estimated to be 500–700 °C [3], which would eliminate any relationship to live organisms. Oxygen isotope measurements [4], however, suggest a temperature of 0–80 °, compatible with life. This issue will no doubt be further debated. The view that the carbonate deposit is biological in origin is based on a number of arguments [1]. Each of these is, as the authors admit, not very convincing and does not preclude an inorganic origin. One argument concerns the globular and other shapes of the crystalline carbonate aggregates. The surface of the carbonate vein deposit is covered with microscopic globules and segmented oblong shapes, taken as evidence for a live source. Alone, such growth features would not make anyone jump to the conclusion of a biogenic origin. On Earth, such formations are, in low-temperature deposits, often associated with microorganisms, but they also occur commonly under circumstances where life is excluded. Carbonate globules with shapes similar to those found in ALH 84001 can be grown inorganically (Figure 1a, b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Therefore, and unlike many other cold-water environments, likely has some areas with hypoxic conditions, which should, in particular, be critical to the evolution of metazoans (Fig. 1). The suite of challenges arrayed in subglacial lakes is unique on Earth. The age of the relatively stable centre of the (up to 34 Ma) has often been suggested to favour the evolution of subglacial life. Evolution in situ is known to have resulted in the vast array of specialized metazoan life forms in the hydrographically isolated (Fig. 2), and this analogy promotes ideas of fauna becoming isolated in subglacial lakes during ice sheet development, and/or the evolution of something completely new. However, overpressure accumulating in some subglacial lakes is released periodically, and large-scale outbursts may represent part of the lake cycle, resulting in substantial changes to pressure conditions found in some lakes on timescales of months to years (e. g. Bell2008; McMillan et al. , and Cullen2013). Tolerance to such physical change is crucial to organisms’ survival and most likely to occur in microorganisms. Such considerable changes in pressure, however, may not be problematic for life already adapted to deep-sea (high hydrostatic pressure) conditions; many deep-sea organisms are known to show a wide range of hydrostatic pressure tolerance, and sudden changes in pressure do affect microorganisms even less so, as long as these changes stay within their physiological tolerance (Brown and Thatje, and Thatje2014). Similar adaptations can be assumed for deep-water life from deep freshwater lakes such as. Fig. 2. A chemosynthetically driven hydrothermal vent system supporting a diverse array of life, including bacteria, stalked barnacles and anemones, Ridge, (Rogers et al. , --Llodra, Reid, Roterman, Sweeting, Thatje and Zwirglmaier2012). Hydrothermal activity There is no doubt that Bacteria and at least some Archaea should find suitable conditions in subglacial lakes (Karl et al. , Reference Karl, Bird, Björkman, Houlihan, Shackelford and Tupas2009; Rogers et al. , --Llodra, Reid, Roterman, Sweeting, Thatje and Zwirglmaier2012; Christner et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 연구 결과, 울진워터피아페스티벌 방문객 표적시장은 평균 90분에서 120분 정도 거리의 대구·경북권과 서울·경기권의 외지 방문객이며, 방문 의사결정은 축제 개최 1일에서 7일전에 하였다. 축제 방문횟수는 평균 1. 46회~1. 57회(1. 5회), 관람일수 1. 5일 집단으로서 30~40대의 대졸자, 주부·전문기술직·사무관리직, 월소득은 300~317만원 집단이었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial life is easily detectable with current technology. [SEP] Text: The segmented oblong shapes observed on the surfaces of the meteorite carbonate globules and the intricate features of the inorganically grown carbonate raise the question of how complex such features have to be in order to be safely considered as the products of live organisms. Figure 1 (a) Calcium–magnesium carbonate globules grown in sterile laboratory conditions by precipitation at 25 °C and annealing for two days at 60 °C. The size of the globules is about 20 μm (scale bars 10 μm). (b) Microglobules and various irregular p4001. (Panels (a) and (b) reproduced with permission from [9]. ) (c) Magnetite microcrystals of inorganic origin, formed by partial oxidation of ferroferric hydroxide (green rust). The insert shows electron diffraction from the single domain p1216. The last sentence of this paragraph should read: “An alternative, and more pedestrian, explanation is that it corresponds to a routine 2% fractionation relative to the terrestrial inorganic carbon reservoir,……. ” and not “20% fractionation” as stated. The people's responseBruno publicized his exobiological beliefs, he was burned at the stake. The extensive publicity given to the ‘martian-life’ paper [1] has, in contrast, mostly been measured, attesting to the generally high level of technical and scientific sophistication in the media. Profound interest has been melded with caution and with analytical comments solicited from the scientific community. Scientists' criticism of the publication as premature has largely been tempered by approval. Scientific results with such a relatively high degree of uncertainty would normally not be able to breach negative peer review, but in this case they have met with more sociopolitical than scientific objections. The most obvious reason is the impact that the present results, if verified, would have on the way in which we view life and the universe. The care with which the authors of the 1. McKay, DS ∙ Gibson, EKJ ∙ Thomas-Keprta, KL. . . Search for past life on Mars: Possible relic biogenic activity in martian meteorite ALH 84001Science. 1996; 273:924-930CrossrefScopus (1398)PubMed2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: , Reference Tiercelin, Pflumio, Castrec, Boulégue, and Mifundu1993). Volcanism associated with continental rifting is widespread in (de Vries et al. , Wyk de Vries, Bingham, Hein, Siegert, Jamieson and White2018), where subglacial lakes such as exist (Bentley et al. , and Le Brocq2011). lies within a very deep rift valley (Ferraccioli et al. , and Damaske2011), which may increase the possibility of the existence of hydrothermal vents in the lake. Although the existence of any high-enthalpy mantle-derived hydrothermal input in has been dismissed (Phillipe et al. , Reference Phillipe, Petit, Lipenkov, Raynaud and Barkov2001), data support the existence of seismotectonically derived geothermal input (Petit et al. , and Reisse2006). The presence of major ions in the shallower but not the deeper parts of the lake may also hint at hydrothermal activity (Christner et al. , Reference Christner, Royston-and Priscu2006); these shallow areas also showed high concentrations of biological material (Shtarkman et al. , 'Elia, Morris and Rogers2013). A strong correlation between microbial signatures and higher ionic concentrations can be used to identify hydrothermal activity. Shtarkman et al. ('Elia, Morris and Rogers2013) relate the presence of thermophilic bacteria to hydrothermal activity; however, and alternatively, geothermal activity may be sufficient to allow for chemosynthetic productivity to support the apparent diversity of life. Hydrothermal activity provides a warm-water environment to life and temperatures of vent fluids can reach up to 400°C (Rogers et al. , --Llodra, Reid, Roterman, Sweeting, Thatje and Zwirglmaier2012), and the deepest known hydrothermal vent site harbouring metazoans is situated in the Mid-Cayman spreading centre in the Caribbean at 4960 m (Connelly et al. , ühnerbach, and Wilcox2012). Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host some of the most thermophilic microorganisms known and some Archaea grow at temperatures of up to 122°C (Takai et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 특히, 본 연구는 기존 축제 시장세분화연구에서 방문동기, 가치 추구 및 추구편익 항목들의 요인분석과 군집분석을 통한 세분화 외에도 축제 주최 측이 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 축제 방문객들의 주된 이용행태(거주지와 도달시간, 방문 의사결정 시점)을 이용한 빈도분석만으로도 축제 시장세분화와 표적시장의 도출이 가능하다는 것을 보여주었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Life can exist without any form of carbon-based molecules. [SEP] Text: Henry Rzepa's with a twist « A historical detective story: 120 year old crystals Gravitational fields and asymmetric synthesis » Can a cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide co-exist in a calixarene cavity? On 8th August this year, I posted on a fascinating 10. 1126/science. 1188002[/cite] in which the crystal structure was reported of two small molecules, 1,3-dimethyl cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide, entrapped together inside a calixarene cavity. Other journals (e. g. Nature Chemistry[cite]10. 1038/nchem. 823[/cite] ran the 10. 1126/science. 1195752[/cite] and also those of another independent group, and colleagues[cite]10. 1126/science. 1196188[/cite]. The original authors have in turn responded [cite]10. 1126/science. 1195846[/cite]. My own 10. 1039/C0CC04023A[/cite]. You can see quite a hornet’s nest has been stirred up! At issue is whether the two bonds (indicated with arrows below) are best described as normally covalent, or very much weaker van der Waals contacts, or essentially non-interacting atoms. The last two interpretations would sustain the claim that 1,3-dimethyl cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide can co-exist as separate species inside the cavity. The first would argue that they have reacted to form a different molecule. You can inspect the 3D coordinates by clicking on the diagram below. Reported X-Ray structure. Click for 3DBarboiu et al originally argued that these two bonds were strong van der Waals contacts, with C-C and C-O distances of 1. 5 and 1. 6Å respectively, and with a OCO angle of 120°. The various responses to this claim tend to the view that these distances/angles clearly represent new covalent (or partially ionic-covalent) bonds, and that the combined species cannot be described as 1,3-dimethyl cyclobutadiene and carbon dioxide. There is obviously much more to it than that (including a detailed analysis of the errors present in a partially disordered crystal structure). So make your own minds up based on the 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Forgot password? Keep me logged in password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username This JournalAnywherein JournalsEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearchanywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etc0 & Life Sciences& PolicyMedicineTechnology & Engineering CollectionPublications by TypeJournals (Print/Online)Journals (Open Access)Journals (Video)Books/eto ZTopicsRecommend a Title to. 22, No. 7 Research 10. 1089/ast. 2021. 0043 Permissions & 1. Introduction2. Problems with an Origin of Life on Earth3. Origin and Evolution of It on Mars4. A for Life on Consistent with Genetic and Geological Evidence5. Ongoing and for It6. ConclusionsAbbreviations Used1. IntroductionLife as we know it utilizes amino acids, nucleic acids, and lipids for the metabolic, informational, and compartment-forming subsystems of a cell. In one current hypothesis for the origin of life, these building blocks may have formed simultaneously from cyanosulfidic chemical precursors in a planetary surface scenario involving ultraviolet light, wet-dry cycling, and volcanism (Patel et al. , 2015; Damer and Deamer, 2019; Sasselov et al. , 2020). This process can be driven by photoredox chemistry with sulfite (SO32-) mediating cycling of ferrocyanide ([FeII(CN)6]4-) and ferricyanide ([FeIII(CN)6]3-) in combination with ultraviolet irradiation (Xu et al. , 2018). While this scenario does not rule out other models such as an origin of life at seafloor vents (Martin et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 즉, 지금까지 축제 주최 측이 다른 축제들처럼 불특정다수를 대상으로 보편적인 매체를 통하여 획일적으로 하던 마케팅에서 벗어나 축제 방문객 집단특성별 전략적 마케팅을 전개하도록 시사점을 제공했다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Andreas Anton4 & Michael Schetsche5 201 Accesses AbstractHuman thinking about extraterrestrial civilizations is reminiscent of looking at a partially transparent mirror: we try to see as much as possible behind it without seeing too much of our own reflection. This is the problem of anthropocentrism, which has already been mentioned several times. As of yet, we find it simply unavoidable in many places. How permeable the mirror surface is depends on our thinking tools, particularly the theoretical concepts we use to attempt to anticipate possible extraterrestrial civilizations. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 44. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e59. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Notes1. By ‘civilization' as opposed to ‘society' we understand here (in deviation from the usual social-scientific usage) the historical totality of the forms of coexistence which the dominant intelligent species of a planet (or indeed of some other place in the universe, as yet unimaginable to us today) has produced. According to this usage, there is one human civilization on Earth, but, in long historical flux, a multiplicity of human societies (or cultures, which for once we use here synonymously). The peculiarity of the current epoch of human history is that all cultures that currently still exist in parallel are in the process of merging into one world society (keyword: globalization). If this process continues in this way, our human civilization will eventually consist of only one society—which would then mean that the analysis of society and civilization would coincide (which need not necessarily be the case with extraterrestrial civilizations). 2. For theoretical reasons, we could add another type: exotic tertiary civilizations, to which those technological civilizations could evolve one day in the distant future (Smart 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2008), it plausibly and simultaneously addresses key challenges including formation and concentration of organic building blocks, their polymerization to yield functional molecules, and compartmentalization to yield protocellular entities (Joyce and Szostak, 2018). All life as we know it shares a common ancestor (Pace, 2001). The most conserved genome regions occur within genes encoding the translation machinery (16S and 23S ribosomal subunits, transfer RNAs), which are themselves RNA machines involved in translating RNAs to polypeptides via the genetic code (Isenbarger et al. , 2008). These regions have changed little over 4 billion years (Bray et al. , 2018). The deep evolutionary conservation of these molecular fossils is one piece of evidence for an RNA-protein world preceding the DNA world (Hsiao et al. , 2009; Fournier et al. , 2010; Goldman et al. , 2010; Harish and Caetano-Anollés, 2012). Furthermore, RNA molecules are capable of both storing hereditary information and catalyzing reactions, a dual role that may have been critical before the emergence of translation and the fixation of the genetic code. Protocell-like growth and division (Budin and Szostak, 2011), for example, mediated by feedstock supply and/or photochemical processes (Zhu et al. , 2012; Szostak, 2017), could facilitate compartmentalization, selection, and evolution in the context of an RNA-protein world. Genetic evidence suggests that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), which shares many features with modern life and was evolutionarily distant from its origin (Cantine and Fournier, 2018), inhabited an anoxic, “geochemically active environment rich in H2, CO2 and iron” (Weiss et al. , 2016). However, this setting on its own does not distinguish between seafloor vents and shallow-water hydrothermal habitats, nor between Earth and Mars. Life as we know it utilizes dehydration synthesis to form the metabolic (protein, carbohydrate), informational (nucleic acid), and compartment-forming (lipid) polymers (Kitadai and Maruyama, 2018). Driving forces for dehydration include evaporation, sublimation, crystallization, or formation of hydrated minerals. Surface conditions thus offer plausible mechanisms to concentrate prebiotic molecules and produce polymers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 본 연구결과는 축제 주최자측이 불특정 다수를 대상으로 한 무분별한 축제 홍보방식에서 벗어나 축제 방문 가능성이 높은 표적시장을 정의하고 표적시장의 특성에 적합한 프로그램 기획과 전략적 축제마케팅을 할 수 있도록 해줌으로써 축제의 개최 성과를 높여줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. KW - 축제 방문객, 표적시장, 지리적 세분화, 심리적 세분화, 표적시장, 축제 마케팅 DO - 10. 32780/ktidoi. 2018. 43. 3. 81 UR - ER - 배만규 박상훈 (2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Science fiction is familiar with such stages of development, for example in the form of intelligences that have left behind all physical form and consist only of energy or information, or are in a state of existence that is still completely unknown to us today. Such exotic civilizations go so far beyond our human understanding (shaped by matter and biology) that we are simply unable to say anything about them. Therefore, we will not devote any further attention to such exotic civilizations in the rest of this text. 3. Martinez (2014, p. 341) rightly points to the fact that such post-biological civilizations, this being their defining feature, have their origin in biological species: “However, at the core of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence lies in essence a biological problem since even post-biological extraterrestrial intelligences must have had an origin based on self-replicating biopolymers. ” (Lestel 2014, p. 228. ) However, it is not clear to us what could be deduced from this statement with regard to the structure or motives of such secondary civilizations. 4. A good overview of his theses and the possible implications for the future development of intelligence on Earth is provided by (2015) in his text “The AI Revolution: or Extinction”. Urban—in contrast to Bostrom himself—also establishes a direct connection between the supercivilization thesis and the Fermi paradox: Against the background of the presumed tendency towards the development of artificial superintelligences, it only becomes more inexplicable to him why we have not yet discovered any signs of such technologically advanced supercivilizations. The topic ‘extraterrestrial supercivilizations' is also dealt with in the anthology by (2010). 5. Only a few years ago, the Dutch atmospheric scientist (2002; see also Crutzen et al. 2011; Ellis 2018, passim) and others proclaimed the age of the “Anthropocene”—a geological epoch in which the development of the global ecosystem is dominated by human influences. At the same time that the debate about such a geological classification is gaining momentum in the natural sciences, multinational corporations (often financed by national governments) are already working to bring this epoch to an end: They are developing autonomous robots and network-based artificial intelligences that—and this is Bostrom's core thesis—could not only complement human civilization within a few decades, but replace it as such. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: In contrast, phosphorus availability was limited on early Earth due to a dearth of oxidizing power that limited recycling until the GOE (Kipp and Stueken, 2017). Cyanide can promote release of phosphate from iron phosphates, enabling generation of organophosphates under desiccating conditions (Burcar et al. , 2019); dry conditions were widespread on early Mars but lacking on early Earth. 3. 5. Ejecta from large impact events could have transferred viable life from Mars to EarthThe plausibility of lithopanspermia has been theoretically and experimentally tested, including non-sterilizing ejection from planetary surfaces as measured in martian meteorite ALH84001 (<40°C based on residual magnetization) (Weiss et al. , 2000) and through experimental studies of microbial survival to hypervelocity shock pressures (Horneck et al. , 2008). Modeling suggests that the mass of Mars to Earth viable transfers (Mileikowsky et al. , 2000; Worth et al. , 2013) is greater than 1012 kg (Worth et al. , 2013), and this ignores potential transfers before 3. 5 Ga when cratering rates were higher (Fig. 1C). In comparison to the present, the thicker atmosphere (∼0. 5 bar at ∼4 Ga) (Kurokawa et al. , 2018) on early Mars would have provided substantial shielding. In addition, recent data supporting a martian dynamo at 4. 5 and 3. 7 Ga (Mittelholz et al. , 2020) (Fig. 1B) suggests any life being ejected before 3. 7 Ga would have been afforded additional protection from low-energy solar and cosmic radiation while on Mars (direct effect) and could have helped to slow the loss of the atmosphere to space (indirect effect). Organisms arriving on Earth—putative chemolithoautotrophs—would have adapted to available redox gradients, including hydrothermal systems. While thermophily near the base of the tree of life was originally interpreted to provide evidence of the vent origin model, it can also be explained by parallel adaptation to high temperatures (Boussau et al. , 2008), such as selection for heat-resistant species during Mars-Earth meteoritic transfer, or via subsequent heating of Earth's oceans during impact events.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로. Tourism Research, 43(3), 81 - 96. 배만규 박상훈. 2018, “축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로”, vol. 43, no. 3, 96. Available from: doi:10. 32780/ktidoi. 2018. 43. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: The crucial argument for this assessment follows human rationality criteria: An agent with agency and a concrete goal would have a convergent instrumental reason, in many situations, to acquire an unlimited amount of physical resources and, if possible, to eliminate potential threats to itself and its goal system. Human beings might constitute potential threats; they certainly constitute physical resources (Bostrom 2017, p. 141). 7. Here, for example, it is a question of the assumptions about the goal orientation and the canon of values of such an extraterrestrial superintelligence. 8. Of such mistakes, Bostrom (2017, p. 170) writes: “But there are other ways of failing that we might term ‘malignant’ in that they involve an existential catastrophe. One feature of malignant failure is that it eliminates the opportunity to try again”. The creation of an artificial superintelligence is, Bostrom firmly believes, one of this kind of irreparable civilizational error of mankind. 9. Another reason could be a technological one: Looking at the development of human space exploration, after a short ‘explosive' phase in the sixties and early seventies of the last century (for the reasons Schetsche 2005), it seems to have come to a clear stagnation, in which mankind is not even able (or politically willing) to repeat what has already been achieved so far. With today's prevailing speed of development of terrestrial space technology, the time when ‘we' will be able to reach distant planetary systems with space probes (not to speak of space ships) is no longer even predictable. Possibly we are dealing with a basic problem of biologically based civilizations: Organisms that have evolved in a place conducive to life do not find it easy to explore space itself, which is by and large highly hostile to life (Shostak 2015, p. 950). If this assumption is correct, it is possible to predict that civilizations will not venture into space with vehemence until they have overcome their biological phase. If this is true, it becomes all the more likely that our counterparts in an artifact or encounter scenario will be technological rather than biological entities. 10. This was recently admitted even by Seth Shostak, one of the main proponents of the traditional SETI paradigm: “Within a few dozen years, we are likely to invent generalized artificial intelligence—devices functionally equivalent (or superior) to the human brain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2014), as well as evidence of redox stratification in younger deposits (Hurowitz et al. , 2017), consistent with an oxidative surface environment by the Noachian-Hesperian boundary or early Hesperian. If putative ancient life on Mars was exposed to an oxidizing surface environment before the earliest evidence of life on Earth, a Mars-Earth transfer is not ruled out. If no part of Mars became oxidizing until significantly after the earliest signs of life on Earth (<3. 7 Ga), or certainly after the earliest unambiguous evidence of fossil life on Earth (3. 5 Ga) (Schopf, 1993; Schopf et al. , 2018), then the window of opportunity to complete fixation of the genetic code on an oxidized Mars prior to a hypothesized Mars-Earth transit would close and lead to rejection of the hypothesis that oxidizing conditions on Mars could explain fixation of the genetic code. However, plausible cycling between reducing and oxidizing conditions on early Mars (Wordsworth et al. , 2021) would have provided ancient life such an adaptive opportunity. Silica has high preservation potential, and hydrated silica deposits have been identified within in association with delta deposits (Tarnas et al. , 2019). Organic materials can be concentrated locally and stabilized by adsorbing to silica and the aforementioned clays (Fe/Mg-smectite). Lacustrine carbonates in also offer high preservation potential (Horgan et al. , 2020). A study of amino acid preservation in simulated martian conditions found the highest preservation in smectites and sulfates (dos Santos et al. , 2016). Extrapolation from modeling of hydrolysis and ancient DNA sequencing projects (Allentoft et al. , 2012; Millar and Lambert, 2013) suggests that 100 bp DNA at -60°C could have a half-life >2 billion years. However, other factors such as naturally occurring radioisotope decay may limit the decay half-life to perhaps 10 million years (Kminek et al. , 2003). RNA generally has higher hydrolysis rates, although the pH dependence is different (Mojarro et al. , 2020). Thus, direct detection of remnant nucleic acid polymers in Noachian-aged terrain is extremely improbable. However, nucleobases, the informational component of nucleic acids, have been identified in meteorites (Callahan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 81 배만규 and 박상훈 “축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로“ 43. 3 96. (2018): 81. 배만규 박상훈. 축제 방문객의 지리적 세분화와 심리적 세분화에 의한 표적시장 도출에 관한 연구: 울진워터피아페스티벌을 중심으로 [Internet]. 2018; 43(3), : 81 - 96. Available from: doi:10. 32780/ktidoi. 2018. 43. 3. 81 배만규 박상훈.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: We will have gone from the invention of practical radio to the invention of nonbiological cognition in a time period of a few centuries or less. This stunningly brief interval suggests that, if technologically competent sentience is out there, the majority of it will be artificial, not biological. Extraterrestrial intelligence is likely to reside in machines, not protoplasm” (Shostak 2015, p. 950). 11. This does not mean, however, that scientific futurology should not deal much more intensively than before with the risks of the emergence or creation of a superintelligence on Earth. However, this is not our topic here. 12. As early as 1966, the legendary German SF television series Raumpatrouille introduced us to aliens called “Frogs”—shiny silver, crystal-like intelligences that exist in a vacuum and for whom oxygen is poisonous. 13. On the basic problem of distinguishing inanimate nature from living beings outside the Earth, see Cleland and Chyba (2002). 14. We do not pursue this idea further here because the relationship between a creating and a created civilization would lead to a highly complex set of conditions which, in our opinion, is not analytically manageable prior to confrontation with such a biological secondary civilization. 15. Typical for this discussion are the assumptions of Levin et al. (2017, p. 1): “If life arises on other planets, then the evolutionary theory should be able to make similar predictions about it. ” The basic assumption here is that at least complex life forms cannot develop without some kind of evolution. And the authors believe that the theory of evolution going back to Darwin is also able to correctly describe and explain evolution on alien planets, at least in principle: “Consequently, if we find complex organisms, we can make predictions about what they will be like” (Levin et al. 2017, p. 6). 16. Since the axioms of evolutionary theory are part of general knowledge, we assume them to be known here (for an introduction see Storch et al. 2013; Kutschera 2015). We can neglect the inner-biological debates about the exact formulation of the individual rules and about possible borderline cases and exceptions here—we deliberately ignore the religiously motivated non-scientific criticism. 17.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2011); thus, at least under cold conditions, nucleobases can survive >4 billion years. Intact nucleic acids and nucleobases can adsorb to silica, and in the relative absence of later aqueous and thermal alterations, nucleobases can be retained. Silica is, in fact, used to isolate cross-linked RNA and proteins to study their interactions (Asencio et al. , 2018). Cross-linking would be expected as part of the diagenesis process, as would be deamination of cytosine to yield uracil (Dabney et al. , 2013). Mars 2020's instruments are not designed to specifically interrogate uracil, but it could be targeted in returned samples along with other nucleobases. Lipids are also one of the most geologically stable biomolecules and are used as a biosignature in studies of Earth life in rocks older than 2 Ga (French et al. , 2015). Studies of Mars-relevant diagenesis reveal caveats. Tan and Sephton (2020) found that hydrous pyrolysis from 200°C to 280°C for 72 h significantly degraded lipids, especially with low carbon content, high water-to-rock ratios, and iron-rich minerals (Tan and Sephton, 2020). Carrizo et al. (2020) demonstrated the potential to detect lipid biomarkers using a tunable Raman laser spectrometer and found that of silica-rich versus iron-rich samples tested, the silica-rich material enhanced preservation. Thus, silica-rich deposits in could be targeted in the search for nucleobases and lipids. Many of the mineral deposits mentioned are expected to be accessible to the Mars 2020 rover, for example, within the stratigraphy of the western delta deposits. lacks a substantial atmosphere, organics within deposits exposed at the surface would be damaged over time by space radiation. To avoid this damage, low exposure ages are desirable. Mudstone on the floor of was found to have a exposure age of 78 ± 30 million years (Farley et al. , 2014), highlighting the potential to utilize wind-driven geomorphological change to obtain samples with potential for complex organic molecules as undegraded by cosmic rays as possible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe run a benefit segmentation of 2017 insurance consumers in order to analyze the structure and heterogeneity of the German term life insurance market. The consumers’ preference information has been obtained through a choice-based conjoint (CBC) experiment and a subsequent hierarchical Bayes (HB) estimation routine. Drawing on their part-worth utility profiles, we first construct a diverse cluster ensemble, comprising a total of 1624 hierarchical and k-means solutions based on different linkage criterions and sensibly drawn starting points. Then, final group memberships are determined by means of consensus clustering. Our empirical results indicate that the market divides into three segments characterized by substantially different consumer types with distinct demands and needs. While the first group is clearly driven by the premium, the opposite holds true for the brand-loyal group. Additionally, the market is completed by a third segment with in-between preference structures. Hence, both brand insurers and companies with a lower reputation face consumer groups that almost perfectly fit their provider profiles. More specifically, by offering segment-oriented products, an efficient resource allocation is fostered and the basis for long-term business relationships is laid. This is becoming increasingly important, because ongoing regulatory efforts, low interest rates, and market entrances from InsuranceTech start-ups and tech giants aiming to utilize the market’s enormous hidden potential are changing the competitive environment significantly. A consequent alignment of important strategic decisions related to product innovations, pricing, and distribution channels to our identified consumer segments enables incumbents to maintain a stable and sustainable market share and profitability. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 5. An exception is the reduced ensemble F. This is also expressed by their lower diversity (see Table 10), which, however, is essential to arrive at meaningful consensus solutions (Retzer et al. 2009). To facilitate a comparison, we draw on the segment memberships obtained from the full ensemble with 1000 persons for the following more detailed segment analysis. Please note that running a cluster analysis on a subset of respondents should be handled with caution. Even though it has been drawn randomly, with equal probability for each respondent to be included, it might be possible to inadvertently ignore an entire group. This, in turn, would then result in a completely different preference distribution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: We will leave aside the question of whether this can be decided without further ado; we will come back to it at the end of the fourth sub18. Life on earth (ultimately also that of humans) is characterized by various cycles: Day and night cycles, the course of the year, cyclically recurring cosmic influences. One can certainly imagine civilizations (see, for example, the 1999 novel A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge) in which the environmental conditions of their place of origin lead to extreme cycles of activity and passivity, or to massive cyclical changes in the phenotype, behavior, and social organization of the species. (The science fiction novel Suns by Cixin Liu, which appeared in German translation in 2016, could also be cited here). 19. Most eusocial insect species on Earth are characterized by the fact that the vast majority of individuals (workers, warriors, etc. ) are not directly involved in reproduction (see Levin et al. 2017). 20. We take this idea from the science fiction novels A the Deep by (1992) and by Schätzing (2004). 21. Such a ‘singular intelligence' and the problems it would have in communicating with individualized intelligence such as human intelligence is described by the Polish writer and futurologist in his famous novel Solaris (1961). 22. We discussed its problematic nature in Chap. 4. 23. To give just one (for us) ‘obvious' example: Living beings that move in an environment where there is hardly any electromagnetic radiation of corresponding wavelengths will not develop receptors for what we call ‘light'. They will not have eyes, they will not orient themselves to this kind of radiation, and they will not (be able to) use this light for communication. So there's no telling whether aliens will see us humans—and if they do, it may be in a very different range of the electromagnetic spectrum than we use. (A fine cinematic example of this is provided by the recent (2018) SF thriller A by John Krasinski. ) By contrast, we can assume that a touch sensory system of some kind exists in every physical-material being. The sense of touch is the primary sensory faculty of all living things, at least on Earth—even microorganisms have it and respond to touch stimuli. (On the importance of the sense of touch for living beings, cf. Grunwald 2012). 24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Panspermia is a hypothesis about the transfer of life between planets. [SEP] Text: | Peer-Panspermia of Origin of Life and and : is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript. Published in of Astronomy and Astrophysics (, Issue 4) Received: 2 November 2019 Accepted: 21 November 2019 Published: 26 November 2019 Views: Downloads: 10. 11648/j. ajaa. 20190704. 12 Page(s) 54-66 This is an 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2019. Published by 564. [2] (2009) System-level design of bacterial cell cycle control. FEBS Lett 583: 3984-3991. [3] (1973) Directed panspermia. Icarus 19: 341-346. [4] Hoyle F, Wickramasinghe NC (1980) Evolution from space. JM Dent, London. [5] www. sciencealert. com/this-awesome-periodic-table. [6] Berera, news. com/astronomy/space-dust-biological. from the University of Edinburgh’s School of Physics and Astronomy, calculated how powerful flows of space dust could collide with p1405. 0193v1 [physics. gen-ph] 16 Jan 2014. [9] it All the in a sciencing. com/called-planets-lined-up-straight. [10] Iyengar, R. N (2009) Ma'Sar, 9th century; Temple, 1998. [11]. 2005, Origins of the genetic code: the escaped triplet theory. Biochem 74: 179–198. [12] Root-Bernstein RS. 1982b, On the origin of the genetic code. J 94: 895–905. [13] Subba Rao, Y. V. , Ramana Rao, Y. V. (2017) DNA and Horoscopy for or Maternity of a Child, of Statistics and Actuarial Science. Vol. 1, No. 3, 2017, 127. [15] Rao, Y. V. S, (Nov 2014), vis-a-vis DNA of Advances in Journal -- www. cirworld. com, Vol. No. 1, Page 14-19.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: These clutches—particularly well known among oviraptorids—show that the eggs were arranged in pairs, as opposed to typical reptilian clutches (turtles, crocodiles, and other dinosaurs), in which the eggs lack any spatial arrangement (Grellet-Tinner et al. 2006) (Fig. 2). This evidence indicates that, as with birds, nonavian maniraptorans laid their eggs sequentially, at discrete time intervals. It probably took several days for a nonavian maniraptoran female to lay its egg clutch (Varricchio and Jackson 2004; Grellet-Tinner et al. 2006), a condition shared with birds. Fig. 2Characteristics of the eggs and clutches of several nonavian maniraptorans support the inclusion of birds within these theropod dinosaurs. For example, the presence of at least two distinct crystalline layers in the eggshell and the existence of an asymmetric egg (less asymmetric among oviraptorids) can be traced back to as far as the maniraptoran divergence. The distribution of the eggs within a clutch in oviraptorids indicates that these dinosaurs laid their eggs sequentially (other evidence also indicates that, as in the case of birds, they also brooded their clutch)Full size imageOther extraordinary discoveries have shed light on the nesting behavior of these dinosaurs. Skeletons of oviraptorids (Norell et al. 1995; Clark et al. 1999) and troodontids (Varricchio and Jackson 2004) have been discovered on top of their clutches of eggs. The fossils show evidence that these animals adopted a posture similar to that of brooding birds. In oviraptorids, the adult tucked its legs inside an open space at the center of the egg-clutch and hugged the periphery of the clutch with its long forelimbs; in the more lightly built troodontids, the adult sat on top of the vertically buried eggs. These discoveries suggest that, regardless of its specific role (protection, incubation), typical avian nesting behaviors (adults sitting on top of their nests) were widespread among nonavian maniraptorans. Additional evidence further documents behavioral similarities with birds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists have already made contact with alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: However, for purposes of initial interaction, this diversity may not be salient, as we are liable to be contacted by a single sociocultural entity”. 33. Already in 1993, following the Theory (by James G. Miller), Harrison had presented a very abstract analysis scheme for extraterrestrial civilizations, which is based on three “systems levels (organism, society, supranational system)” and two “basic processes (matter-energy processing and information processing)”. However, the gain in knowledge of this approach with regard to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations seems to remain low in the end—and so it is not surprising that this concept, as far as we can survey the relevant literature, has found only little attention in SETI research so far. 34. The axiom seems to spring from circular reasoning, since the existence of such collective bodies of knowledge is part of the definition of civilization. We could therefore justifiably reverse our axiom and state: We consider a species to be civilizing if it shares common stocks of knowledge, creates new knowledge, distributes it collectively, and reforms its action programs depending on the new knowledge (Traphagen 2014, 35. In the expected asymmetric cultural contact, in which humanity is the technologically inferior civilization, these questions manifest themselves in a worst-case scenario not only in the form of the distinction between war or peace, but ultimately also in that between the extinction and continued existence of our species. This, at least, should be a good reason to think about first contact and about the planned METI projects (cf. Chap. 6). 36. The question of a methodology for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations is carefully left aside here—too much depends on the nature of first contact to consider this point in detail. 37. We are not comfortable with the concept of cosmic convergent evolution as advocated by Martinez (2014). This approach assumes that life everywhere in the universe has an inherent tendency to evolve into ever more complex forms, eventually also giving rise to intelligence and technological civilizations that explore space. The author advocates a teleological—and thus ultimately anthropocentric (Traphagen 2014, p.

Output: contrast