Input: Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: I do this research with great faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation already exists in our environment and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Kaury KuceraI love science research and education because I wake up every morning with confidence that I am working to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to study the three-dimensional structure of two parasite proteins that are required for infection. Upon graduation I accepted a job teaching and doing research with undergraduates at Yale. I specifically work with students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and study the enzymatic proteins fungi use to degrade complex polymers. people are indigenous to the where we hunt for endophytes. They believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure. I do this research with great faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation already exists in our environment and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Lab Notes9 PostedThis lab note is for backers onlyResearch ups and downsMay 27, 20150313This lab note is for backers onlyThe plastic degrading enzyme from Pestalotiopsis microsporaAugust 25, 201403430This lab note is for backers onlyCollecting latex producing plants in the Amazon RainforestMay 22, 20141171Relevant Publication: 1) Russell, J. R. , et al. "Biodegradation of by Endophytic Fungi" Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 6076-6084 (2011). News Coverage: 1) "More than Mushrooms" - 2012. 2) "Researchers: Fungus can break down plastics" CNN, August 2011. 3) "Yale researchers find fungus that can break down plastic (video)" - Register, August 2011. Other links: 1) Researchers find organisms growing within fungi capable to degrade plastics 2) Find Plastic-Photo credit: EdinburghGreens from credit: for video recording/editing and for providing equipment Project Backers41Backers100%Funded$8,000Total Donations$195. 12Please wait. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: For most applications, further analysis must be carried out to maximise benefits from electricity storage. In most cases, the focus is on selecting the optimal power rating and energy capacity for each case. To do this, an in-depth financial analysis must be carried out on a case-by-case basis. The technologies that show promise for local energy system applications have high energy density and fast response times, reducing the need for analysis of physical size and response time. 4. 2 Electricity storage operation within a local energy systemOptimal power rating and energy capacity are closely linked to the electricity storage application. Specifically, the way in which the operator intends to use the storage system to benefit themselves. There are any number of operating objectives that the owner of an energy storage system may choose to prioritise. Broadly, these can be assigned to two categories:Maximising self-consumptionMaximising profit by trading electricityThe energy consumed on-site, relative to the total energy generated on-site, is referred to as self-consumption [54]. Energy storage systems, typically batteries, are used as a method to increase self-consumption [54]. This is done by storing surplus electricity from local generation for use at another time, when generation is not enough to meet demand. Self-consumption is particularly attractive due to the difference in import and export electricity prices. The difference between import and export prices is due to some additional charges that apply to import prices. Transmission and distribution network charges recover the cost of building and maintaining all assets in the electricity transmission and distribution networks. These are charges that are paid by consumers when they purchase electricity from the grid, effectively increasing their electricity import price. These costs are not recouped when consumers sell electricity back to the grid. Additional charges that are included in a consumers electricity bill are the supplier operating cost, supplier profit and in some circumstances social and environmental costs. All these costs are added to the basic electricity price to give the customer purchase price. The customer sell price however, consists of only the basic price of electricity. Therefore, the purchase price is higher than the sell price. So, from the local energy system perspective, self-consumption of renewable generation will reduce costs by minimising purchased electricity, effectively avoiding extra charges. Historically, trading has referred to the trading of energy in the wholesale markets by generators, retailers and large industrial consumers [55].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 2017); however, they may still miss important relationships with environmental attributes that operate beyond home range extents or over smaller extents within them. Very often, extents are not derived based on expert knowledge or biological attributes of species, however, such as when extents are selected for the ease of computation and reporting (e. g. , 100 m, 500 m) (Wheatley and Johnson 2009), and may thus fail in identifying species-habitat relationships and scales of effect. It has long been recognized that there is no single scale (spatial or otherwise) at which an organism responds (Levin 1992) and that species responses often occur over multiple special scales. Birds, for example, are well-known to respond to their environments at multiple spatial scales (Pennington and Blair 2011, Smith et al. 2011, Litteral and Shochat 2017, Hallman and Robinson 2020). However, the existence of multiple scales of effect for urban mammals is less established. While some studies of urban mammals do explore relationships at multiple spatial scales, these analyses are often restricted to just a few extents (e. g. , Moreira-Arce et al. 2016, Gallo et al. 2018) or focus on a particular set of extents, such as only landscape-level extents (e. g. , Crimmins et al. 2016). Some studies have employed a hierarchical approach that relates species responses to environmental variation at plot, patch, and landscape scales (e. g. , through a partial canonical ordination, Cushman and McGarigal 2004); however, these studies must still select a range of buffer zones to represent these extents and may do so following any one of the approaches detailed above. Thus, the use of such multiple extents, when not connected to ecologically sound assumptions, can lead to improper identification of the scale of effect (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). While a growing number of studies, among them analyses of urban mammals (Moll et al. 2020), use multiple spatial extents selected in a biologically-informed manner to more accurately pinpoint scales of effect in species-habitat investigations (e. g. , Chandler and Hepinstall-Cymerman 2016, Galán‐Acedo et al. 2018, Stevens and Conway 2020), they do not yet indicate clear patterns regarding the appropriate scale or scales of effect for urban mammals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 33 and 0. 54 individuals per trap night, respectively). To interpret these results, we provide a brief review of competing hypotheses for fungal bioluminescence, and conclude that for some fungi, bioluminescence may be an incidental by-product of metabolism rather than conferring any selective advantage. It is possible that the role of bioluminescence differs among evolutionary lineages of fungi and/or with attributes of their growth environments that could affect spore dispersal, such as wind and insect abundance. IntroductionBioluminescence has been known since ancient times, with bioluminescent fungi being documented by Aristotle (384-322 BC) as emitting light “which differed from that of fire” from a rotten log (Harvey 1952, Desjardin et al. 2008). The phenomenon is most common in marine environments, and a number of theories have been put forward to account for its apparent selective advantage in the dark of the deep ocean (Rees et al. 1998). Hastings (1983) reviewed the potential ecological roles of bioluminescence, listing defence, offence, and communication, but did not discuss fungal bioluminescence. Of the 150,000 or so described species of fungi, bioluminescence is known from only 71, with 40 % of these records being documented since 2001 (Desjardin et al. 2010). For bioluminescent fungi, it has been suggested that the attraction of potentially spore dispersing insects can account for the selective advantage conferred by glowing, and this is supported by the recent experimental work in the Neotropics by Oliveira et al. (2015) for Neonothopanus garderni (Agaricales, Marasmiaceae). Bioluminescence could nevertheless come with a thermodynamic cost and potential of attracting fungivores, so alternative hypotheses could include fungivore deterrence, fungivore predator attraction, warning signalling, and as an incidental by-product of detoxification or other metabolic reactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Berthon, “Frequency, thermal and voltage supercapacitor characterization and modeling,” J. Power Sources, vol. 165, no. 2, 2007. 20. and K. Lobato, “State-of-the-art materials for high power and high energy supercapacitors: Performance metrics and obstacles for the transition from lab to industrial scale–A critical approach,” Chem. Eng. J. , vol. 374, 2019. 21. Y. Ding, L. Tong, P. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Radcliffe, and L. Wang, “181. 22. R. Moradi and K. M. Groth, “Hydrogen storage and delivery: Review of the state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 23, 2019. 23. B. Zakeri and S. Syri, “Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , vol. 42, 2015. 24. S. Koohi-Fayegh and M. A. Rosen, “A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 27, no. July 2019, p. 101047, 2020. 25. X. Zeng et al. , “Commercialization of Technologies for Electric Vehicles,” Adv. Energy Mater. , vol. 9, no. 27, 2019. 26. A. Sánchez Muñoz, M. Garcia, M. Gerlich Reviewer, and T. Rautiainen, “Overview of storage technologies,” no. 645963, 2016. 27. K. Mongird et al. , “Technology and Report | Department of Energy,” no. July, 2019. 28. P. Nikolaidis and A. Poullikkas, “Cost metrics of electrical energy storage technologies in potential power system operations,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 25, no. December 2017, 2018. 29. Institution, “High-Technologies,” 2020. 30. T. Aquino, M. Roling, C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Another 12% of is in hay or pasture; 10% is forested; and 10% is developed land with smaller areas of waterways, wetlands, and grasslands (Homer et al. 2020). This diversity of land-cover types, especially within urban boundaries, situates our study area well to compare species responses to urban and other land covers at a variety of spatial scales, as individual study site buffers at different extents will be representative of the fine-scale heterogeneity of urban environments. Mammal surveys We deployed motion-triggered cameras across Johnson County, IA, from 2017 to 2020 to survey mammal species. Camera-trapping survey design and methodology followed protocols outlined by the (UWIN), a network of research institutions utilizing similar wildlife survey methods to facilitate among-city urban ecological investigations (Magle et al. 2019). Briefly, we identified three linear transects to capture the urbanization gradient in the study area, divided them into 5-km segments, and buffered them by 2-km on both sides, thereby delineating 39, 20 km2 survey “squares” in which 3-4 locations were randomly selected as camera trap sites (Fig. 1). We deployed motion-triggered trail cameras (Bushnell; Models #119736 & #119836) with infrared capabilities at each site for approximately 30 days in July, October, January, and April, months that represent study seasons (summer, fall, winter, spring) in each year. We downloaded photographs from cameras twice per survey season. A minimum of two trained observers independently identified wildlife in each photograph to species. Identified photos were then compiled into species occurrence tables by season, site, and species, with seasons split into weekly sub-samples to assist in modeling individual species detectability rates in occupancy modeling. Environmental covariate estimation We created 50, 100, 500, and 1000 m-radius buffer zones around study sites in a geographic information system (ArcGIS version 10. 6; ESRI 2017), as well as buffers approximating male and female urban home range extents for each of the three species included in this analysis (Table 1). We selected two extents (50 m, 100 m) to represent small or ‘local’ scales as both are commonly used to characterize local environments in species habitat modeling (e. g. , Parsons et al. 2018, Cassel et al. 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, no studies on Australian fungi have focused on the ecological role of bioluminescence, despite the occurrence of several bioluminescent species, including the widespread Omphalotus nidiformis (ghost fungus; Agaricales, Marasmiaceae) in the temperate south of the continent. In this study, we capitalized on the presence of this fungus to test the hypothesis that ITS bioluminescence would be attractive to insects at night. Materials and MethodsFungus and field siteOmphalotus nidiformis is an Australian temperate-zone basidiomycete, generally found at or near the base of Eucalyptus trees, with variable cream to brown basidomes, most often in the range of 20–40 cm diam. It produces basidomes in the winter (June–July) and emits a continuous, faint white-bluish glow (Fig. 1B). Fig. 1A. ghost fungus Omphalotus nidiformis in natural daylight and B. Under long exposure using its own light. Note that to the naked eye, the glow is very faint with a more bluish hue. C. Island study site consisting of sclerophyll woodland dominated by Eucalyptus fasciculosa, and D. A yellow sticky trap in situ, baited with a cut piece of fresh fungus. Images A, C, and D are by PW, and B is courtesy of Australian Museum/Ray Kearney. Full size imageFresh, glowing specimens were located in in open eucalypt woodland approximately 1 km NE of the University of Station at Rocky River. Large (approx. 5 cm across), glowing (visually checked) pieces of these fungi were used to bait 10 × 17 cm two-sided sticky traps (reference E95101A; these are yellow cards coated with non-volatile, non-drying adhesive, designed for visual attractiveness in day use only; Fig. 1D). The site was deliberately chosen to be free from any possible light pollution, and sampling was undertaken over two completely moonless nights (19 and 20 June 2015). These restrictive conditions eliminated any possibility of confounding or dilution from other light sources, but at the same time limited the number of catch nights possible.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The maximum number of cycles tolerated during the lifetime of the batteries is plotted versus the depth of discharge for four technologies; PbA, Li-ion, NaS and VRB. The tolerable number of cycles decreases for PbA, Li-ion and NaS but remain constant at a relatively high value for VRB. Figure 3. Cycling ability of various energy storage systems (from [2]) Advertisement 6. Super capacitorsBattery systems do not seems fully adequate for smoothing wind or solar power applications due to their limited tolerance to large number of charge - discharge cycles. Super capacitors (SC) or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitor with remarkable high energy density, as compared to conventional capacitors, and high power density as compared to batteries. Moreover SC tolerate over a million charge – discharge cycles [13,14]. However, the voltage of an ultracapacitor tends to decrease during discharge. This affects the efficiency of the subsequent power converter and can undermine the energy utilization of the capacitor. In [15], parallel-series ultracapacitor shift circuits are employed to improve the energy utilization and minimize the voltage drop. The principal drawback of SC is its high cost (up to 20000€/kWh). Advertisement 7. Power conversion solutions for coupling of renewable generations and storageThe present 4. DC-coupled renewable and energy storage power conversion system (source [16])The structure of the control chain involves four different levels explained below:(SCU) is the active interface between the power converters and the control units of higher level. The SCU opto-couplers and the modulation modules generate the power converters’ transistors ON/OFF signal. (ACU). The ACU’s control algorithms calculate the modulation indexes of each power converter in accordance with the reference values set by the PCU. (PCU) performs the instantaneous power balancing of the entire hybrid power system. The PCU’s algorithm calculates the values of the parameters for the regulation of the voltages and the currents in accordance with the power reference values set by the MCU. (MCU) supervises the entire power system. The MCU sets the operating mode and the power 8. Sizing the storage capacity for the management of wind power induced congestion. This sub-section discusses the sizing of transmission line capacity in the context of the transport of wind-originated electricity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: We selected a 500 m buffer, an extent often used to estimate environmental covariates in species habitat modeling with urban mammals (e. g. , Magle et al. 2016, Gallo et al. 2017), to represent an intermediate spatial extent. Finally, we used an 1000 m extent, an extent that is also commonly used in urban mammal occupancy analyses (e. g. , Lesmeister et al. 2015, Wait et al. 2018), to represent a large or ‘landscape’ scale. To identify home-range extents for the three species in this analysis, we searched for published papers that delineated home-range areas for our focal species using Web of Science and the search string ([common name] OR [species name]) AND (urban OR suburban OR city) AND (home range OR home-range). From the papers returned by this search, we selected the published home-range extents for males and females of each focal species from the most comparable study location to our own, in this case other small to mid-sized cities in the Ecoregion (Taylor et al. 2015). We then used home range areal extents to identify radii of circular buffer zones to approximate the average home range extents of males and females of all three species (Table 1). Table 1 Home-range buffer extents, and buffer radii used to estimate environmental covariates and studies that identified them. Buffer radius (m) Home range areal extent (Ha) Study location Fox squirrel F 239 17. 9 (McCleery and Parker 2011) M 411 53. 1 Virginia opossum F 244 18. 8 Kirksville, Missouri, USA (Wright et al. 2012) M 345 37. 3 Red fox F 863 234. 0 Madison, Wisconsin, USA (Mueller et al. 2018) M 1339 563. 0 Our land-cover composition estimate relied on a 1-m resolution land-cover dataset for the study area (Kollasch 2009). We first updated this dataset to better represent the landscape during the data collection period using 2017 planimetric and cadastral data from the Office to identify and update parcels that changed land use during this period. We used the resulting dataset to calculate areas of forest, water, and impervious land cover within buffer radii surrounding camera-trap sites (Table 2; see Fig. 1 for example of 50 and 500 m buffers).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionOur results provide three corroborative pieces of evidence suggesting that bioluminescence in Omphalotus nidiformis does not attract potential spore dispersing insects. Firstly, glowing only at night is suggestive of a thermodynamic tradeoff between the cost of bioluminescence and the fitness gain resulting from improved spore dispersal (Oliveira et al. 2015). That O. nidiformis glows continuously suggests that there is no such trade-off, and that there is no fitness gain through attraction of potential spore dispersing insects in this species. Secondly, the abundance of potential spore-dispersing insects was very low, as would be expected in mid-winter. This was particularly the case at night, because nocturnal sticky, malaise and pan-trapping produced less than 10 % of the number of diurnal catches per trap-hour (Table 1). For nocturnal sticky traps, catches per fungus-baited trap-night averaged fewer than 0. 33 individuals, despite ideal conditions for attracting positively phototactic flying insects to the bioluminescent fungi with no competing light sources or adverse weather. Thirdly, there was no difference in attractiveness between Treatment (bioluminescent) and Control sticky traps. For bioluminescence to confer a significant selective advantage under conditions of low insect abundance would require a strong attraction, to draw the few available flying insects to the spore-carrying basidiomes, and one would expect that the strength of such an attraction would swamp any potential change in volatiles that might have resulted from cutting the fungi (Faldt et al. 1999). No attraction at all was detected, again suggesting that the attraction of spore dispersing insects is not a driver of bioluminescence in O. nidiformis. Our three lines of evidence — lack of circadian rhythmicity, low insect abundance at the time of basidiome production, and no difference in attractiveness of bioluminescent treatments over controls — are mutually reinforcing. Further, our work was carried out under ideal natural field conditions using fresh fungi in the complete absence of competing light sources or adverse weather conditions, thereby strengthening the significance of our findings. To explain the presence of bioluminescence in O. nidiformis, it is therefore necessary to explore competing hypotheses for fungal bioluminescence, which we briefly review below.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: A regional network is sized according to the maximal power that could transit through it. To prevent power congestion, it is necessary either, to size the network infrastructures to match the maximal expected power production or to limit the level of power that could transit through the transmission lines. This last strategy calls for judicious arbitration between the loss of income due to the power limitation and the associated infrastructure cost reduction. A refine analysis of the production on a given site allows the developer to size sensibly the power level limit above which excess production will be rejected. To reduce energy waste, the excess of energy could be stored and re-injected later, during periods of low production. The aim here is mainly to avoid congestion while reducing the costs linked to infrastructures reinforcement and maximizing the energy output of the installation. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. In [17], the authors proposed an in-depth analysis of the wind speed variations and the related electrical power variations, based on a probabilistic approach that gives, for a specified wind speed range, the distribution of the expected wind farm power output. This method is used here to evaluate with more precision, the load factor of wind energy, in order to size the level of power curtailing and to estimate the required storage capacity to avoid energy waste. Concerning the wind speed to electrical power conversion, many studies have investigated wind turbines response to wind variations. Figures 5 shows the plots of a two-months (61 days) sequence of wind speed and associated wind farm power output. Under the influence of meteorological conditions wind speed fluctuates over time. These variations occur on different time scales: from seconds to years. The response of a wind turbine, in term of power output variations, depends on the wind turbine technology [18,19]. Some smoothing effect can also be obtained due to the turbine inertia and size. For a group of turbines, further smoothing can be expected due to the spatial distribution of the turbine within the area. For large area, wind energy overall variability can be much lower than the variability of a single wind turbine since the meteorological fluctuations do not affect each wind cluster at the same time. Figure 5. A two-month sample of wind speed and wind power.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Past research has identified links between these land-cover covariates and the occupancy of our study species with positive relationships between impervious cover and opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020, MacDougall et al. In Review) and red fox occupancy rates (Mueller et al. 2018, MacDougall et al. In Review), and between opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020) and fox squirrel (McCleery et al. 2007) occupancy and forested land cover. Past red fox occupancy analyses in the study region have conflicting findings regarding relationships with forest cover; for example, forest cover was negatively linked to red fox occupancy in Madison, Wisconsin (Mueller et al. 2018), but exhibited a positive relationship to occupancy and colonization in Iowa City, Iowa (MacDougall and Review). Finally, past studies have identified positive associations between water cover and red fox (MacDougall and Review) and opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020) occupancy. Table 2 Summary data for three land-cover covariates within buffer zones surrounding study sites. Values are given as a percentage of the total land area covered by a given land-cover class. Buffer radii 50 m 100 m 239 m 244 m 345 m 411 m 500 m 863 m 1000 m 1339 m 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 Max 0. 124 0. 289 0. 385 0. 385 0. 434 0. 429 0. 398 0. 383 0. 406 0. 446 Mean 0. 010 0. 032 0. 042 0. 042 0. 049 0. 054 0. 058 0. 070 0. 071 0. 070 S. D. 0. 022 0. 067 0. 096 0. 095 0. 103 0. 104 0. 104 0. 103 0. 105 0. 108 0. 093 0. 065 0. 025 0. 024 0. 029 0. 034 0. 030 0. 021 0. 025 0. 022 Max 0. 999 0. 997 0. 906 0. 906 0. 892 0. 847 0. 774 0. 667 0. 644 0. 632 Mean 0. 708 0. 558 0. 419 0. 416 0. 377 0. 358 0. 338 0. 310 0. 303 0. 299 S. D. 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Attraction of spore-dispersersBermudes et al. (1992) suggested this mechanism, supported by the observation that the gills or spores of some bioluminescent species glow more strongly than other parts (although this is not obvious in Omphalotus nidiformis). Sivinski (1981), working in Florida, enclosed forest floor litter in glass test-tubes and found that more arthropods were attracted to luminous forest litter containing mycelia of a Mycena species than to non-luminous forest floor litter, suggesting that the visual cue was the attractant. In a more sophisticated version of the same approach, Oliveira et al. (2015) used acrylic models of the garderni covered with a non-volatile glue emitting LED light at 530 nm. They compared catches with lights on and off, and found that significantly more insects were trapped with the lights on. It is also know that some fungivorous insects are positively phototactic to low emissions of light in the wavelength range of 300–650 nm (Jess & Bingham 2004), and although this might seem counterintuitive in the context of fitness, it is possible that a trade-off operates between basidiome damage and spore dispersal (cf. pollen consumption v. pollination services to plants by bees and wasps). If bioluminescence does serve to attract spore-dispersers, it is likely that this strategy would be most successful in fungi that grow in relatively wind-still conditions (dense lower canopy or ground cover fungi). Further, several species have both luminous and non-luminous strains (Desjardin et al, 2008), possibly reflecting phenotypic plasticity in different climatic and floristic environments. We could find no published accounts relating the abundance of bioluminescent species to vegetation type or insect abundance, and although more bioluminescent species occur in tropical rainforests, it is unclear if their frequency is proportional to the richer diversity in such (low wind and high insect abundance) environments. We suggest that an examination of potential relationships of this nature could be a productive area of further research. By-product of metabolismAn alternative hypothesis is that bioluminescence in fungi is a by-product of detoxification reactions, and provides no particular selective advantage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: energy storage systems enable secure electricity supply from renewables 1 4421 Accesses 15 1. The blue connections represent 200 kV AC or HVDC; orange connections represent 100 kV transmission grid; and green connections represent 50 kV distribution grid. It is typically divided into three operational segments as follows. Firstly, the very high voltage section, linked by blue ‘transmission lines’. In practice, the system comprises a network of transmission lines with ‘built-in’ redundancies. This long range section is, today, mostly AC based but can employ some high voltage DC (HVDC) with voltages in the 250~275 kV range. The electrical power to this section of the grid is conventionally provided by coal power stations (of 600 MW capacity – top right symbol), nuclear power stations (500~1500 MW –central symbol) and hydroelectric systems (200 MW – top left symbol). Fig. 1Schematic of a conventional fossil fuel powered electricity grid as currently operating in 2015Full size image Over shorter distances, the grid voltage is generally transformed down to about 100 kV as indicated by the transformer symbol between the blue and orange transmission line representations. At this voltage level, power is fed onto the grid, typically from gas power plants (150 MW – central symbol in 100 kV box), and industrial plants (50 MW), while simultaneously power is distributed to factories and other high voltage consumers. Primary distribution is normally carried out at about 50 kV. In this segment, the grid predominantly provides electrical power to consumers, such as factories, administrative offices, hospitals, schools and housing estates. Historically, on conventionally operated systems, generators have seldom formed part of the distribution grid. The favoured electrical power source on the conventional grid is the synchronous generator. This is tricky when, for any given machine on the grid, both parameters are influenced by any imbalance between the machine load and the power supplied to the input shaft. Hence the need to predictively balance supply and demand. In simple terms smart monitoring provides signals to a local governor that regulates the turbine driving torque by controlling the steam supply to it, and hence the speed of each generator is maintained. Generation and consumption must be balanced across the entire grid, because energy is consumed almost at the instant it is produced. Energy storage is largely absent. In general electrical engineering practice outside of the power supply industry, this deliberate need for predictive balancing of supply and demand is actually not an issue.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 250 0. 244 0. 224 0. 223 0. 216 0. 207 0. 193 0. 169 0. 163 0. 152 Impervious surfaces Min 0. 000 0. 000 0. 003 0. 003 0. 002 0. 001 0. 002 0. 017 0. 017 0. 019 Max 0. 256 0. 368 0. 489 0. 488 0. 481 0. 502 0. 507 0. 524 0. 501 0. 492 Mean 0. 040 0. 077 0. 119 0. 119 0. 131 0. 135 0. 143 0. 164 0. 168 0. 169 S. D. 0. 063 0. 087 0. 121 0. 121 0. 134 0. 136 0. 135 0. 134 0. 133 0. 126 Occupancy modeling Occupancy modelling, which is often conducted using programs such as (Hines 2011) and the R package unmarked (Fiske and Chandler 2011), is a common methodology for examining relationships between organisms and their environments. Occupancy models estimate the probability of a species occupying a site, typically by relating presence/absence data to site characteristics, with the underlying assumption of imperfect detection (MacKenzie et al. 2002). These models consist of two submodels, a submodel that models detection probability, accounting for imperfect detection by including covariates to represent repeated sampling at study sites in models (e. g. , season) and that represent factors that may affect detection of individuals, and an occupancy submodel that predicts the likelihood of a species occupying a site given a set of site attributes (MacKenzie et al. 2002). We constructed single-species occupancy models (MacKenzie et al. 2017) for each species in our analysis using the occu function within the R package unmarked (Fiske and Chandler 2011) to assess relationships between species occupancy and our three land-cover variables across at a variety of spatial extents. We included seasonality (a combination of season and year) as a detection (p) and occupancy (ψ) parameter in all models as we expected seasonal changes in foliage to influence whether an organism triggered a camera and yearly fluctuations in climate and animal abundances to impact both detectability and occupancy of a species across our study area. We then fitted models containing every possible combination (n = 216) of our three landscape covariates such that each environmental covariate was included in all models, but at varying extents (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: For example, Weitz (2004) suggests that light is emitted instead of heat as an energy by-product of enzyme-mediated oxidation reactions, as is the case in some bioluminescent bacteria (where bioluminescence is continuously produced as a by-product of respiration). In O. nidiformis, bioluminescence is continuous (supporting this hypothesis), but in species of other lineages, bioluminescence is regulated by a circadian clock so as to produce light only at night (which would be more consistent with expectation if the attraction of spore-dispersers was involved, such as in N. garderni (Oliveira et al. 2015). The metabolic by-product hypothesis could also be consistent with an evolutionary origin of bioluminescence as a byproduct, which may subsequently have been adapted to play a significant ecological role in some lineages. Fungal bioluminescence uses an enzymatic pathway where a ‘luciferin’ is oxidised in the presence of ‘luciferase’ (Airth & Foerster 1962, Desjardin et al. 2008). This process has been tested in several extract-based experiments (Desjardin et al. 2008), with Oliveira et al. (2012) mixing extracts from a range of species to demonstrate that different evolutionary lineages of luminescent fungi share similar luciferin-luciferase mechanisms of bioluminescence. All fungi that are known to exhibit bioluminescence are basidiomycetes (Herring 1994, Matheny et al. 2006), but belong to three distinct lineages; the Omphalotus-, Armillaria- and the mycenoid lineages (Desjardin et al. 2008). Thus, it is possible that bioluminescence serves different ecological roles in different lineages, even though the molecular mechanisms are similar. ConclusionFrom the experiments of Oliveira et al. (2015) and earlier workers, it is edvident that bioluminescence does attract insects to at least some species of fungi, and that these fungi are likely to have the advantage of increased spore dispersal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: In view of the challenges resulting from the increased need for electric power and the high operational costs of obtaining conventional energy; Which requires an increase in the economic expenditures of the state in addition to the environmental pollution resulting from the use of petroleum materials in power generation, and the depletion of oil resources in light of the provision of natural resources that are less expensive and better for the environment and promote economic development at the global and national levels. In view of the continued rise in the global demand for energy, especially in economies that have grown rapidly in industrialization and developing economies, he turned the issue of energy availability and security into an important political issue and a major element for all international conferences and forums of the United Nations, which seek energy sustainability at the lowest costs and the use of clean and human-friendly energies and environment. Egypt faces a similar situation with its reliance on the traditional pattern of electric power generation, especially fossil fuels, as a major source of energy, in addition to the increasing consumption considering the large economic and population growth. This puts great pressure on its fossil fuel resources. In addition, the need for alternative energy is of strategic importance for the long-term prosperity and security of the energy supply. VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: , water at 50 m, forest at 50 m, impervious surfaces at 50 m; water at 50 m, forest at 50 m, impervious surfaces at 100 m, water at 50 m, forest at 100 m, impervious surfaces at 1000 m). Individual species model sets were ranked by Criterion (AIC)(Burnham and Anderson 2003) to select the best-fit model. ResultsWe collected 12 seasons of data between July of 2017 and April of 2020, representing a potential 1,862 secondary (weekly) sample data points across 39 sites and 12 seasons. Occasional camera malfunctions, however, resulted in a true total of 1,744 weeks of data for each species. Our modeling dataset included 3,496 fox squirrel observations, 3,674 opossum observations, and 1,576 red fox observations. Overall naïve detection rates were 0. 404 for fox squirrel, 0. 711 for opossum, and 0. 444 for red fox. For all three species, occupancy model sets contained no competitive models (ΔAIC ≤ 2. 0) other than the top model. We evaluated goodness-of-fit for each model using a Freeman-Tukey test with bootstrap resampling (n = 100), with p > 0. 05 indicating adequate model fit (fox squirrel: p = 0. 962, opossum: p = 0. 615, red fox: p = 0. 615). For each of the three species, detection submodels indicated significant differences in detectability among some seasons (for full model specification, see 1). The top fox squirrel model identified a positive relationship with water cover at the smallest spatial scale, 50 m (β = 0. 319, SE = 0. 145, p = 0. 028), and a negative relationship with impervious cover at the next largest spatial scale, 100 m (β = -1. 912, SE = 0. 316, p < 0. 001). This model also identified a positive relationship with forest cover at the extent of a female home range (β = 1. 034, SE = 0. 207, p < 0. 001) (Table 3). The top opossum model identified a positive relationship between occupancy and impervious cover at 100 m (β = 0. 362, SE = 0. 163, p = 0. 027) and with water cover at 500 m (β = 0. 959, SE = 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Evidence for Dicer-dependent RNA interference in the industrial penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. Microbiology. 2009;155:3946–56. pmid:19797363 View 25. ürnsteiner H, Kück U. Complete sequencing and chromosome-scale genome assembly of the industrial progenitor strain P2niaD18 from the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum. Genome Announc. 2014;2:e00577–14. pmid:25059858 View 26. ück U. Homologous recombination in the antibiotic producer Penicillium chrysogenum: strain DeltaPcku70 shows up-regulation of genes from the HOG pathway. Biotechnol. 2010;85:1081–94. pmid:19690852 View 27. Sorting of small RNAs into complexes is directed by the 5′ terminal nucleotide. Cell. 2008;133:116–27. pmid:18342361 View 28. Friedländer Discovering microRNAs from deep sequencing data using miRDeep. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:407–15. pmid:18392026 View 29. Friedländer. miRDeep2 accurately identifies known and hundreds of novel microRNA genes in seven animal clades. Res. 2012;40:37–52. pmid:21911355 View 30. Braumann I, van den Berg M, Kempken F. Transposons in biotechnologically relevant strains of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum. Biol. 2007;44:1399–414. pmid:17881255 View 31. . MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol. 2003;5:R1. pmid:14709173 View 32. de Peer Y. TAPIR, a web server for the prediction of plant microRNA targets, including target mimics. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:1566–8. pmid:20430753 View 33. Dai X, Zhao PX. psRNATarget: a plant small RNA target analysis server. Res. 2011;39:W155–9. pmid:21622958 View 34.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: energy storage systems are necessary. One of the primary drivers for the increasing use of renewable energy sources is concern about the quality of our environment. Therefore, it is vital that energy storage systems storing sustainable energy, are sustainable themselves. Creating storage systems using abundant, environmentally friendly materials is therefore an important prerequisite for a sustainable energy supply. This thesis aims to explore the potential of the (CGFB) as large-scale electricity storage technology. A CGFB stores energy in aqueous solutions of salt (typically NaCl) and uses ion exchange membranes to extract energy from the solutions. 3. 2 kWh m-3 for NaCl). The maximum energy density is shown to vary as function of salt concentrations, volume ratio between salt and fresh solution and salt type. A model is introduced which includes the major dissipation factors; internal resistance, water transport and co-ion transport. Experimental work is performed to validate the model. A wide range of salt concentrations (0-3 m NaCl) and current densities (-49 to +33 A m-2) is chosen. From this work, an optimal working range is identified where the concentrate concentrations preferably do not exceed the 1 m. At higher concentrate concentrations water transport and co-ion transport are found to increase heavily decreasing the energy efficiency of the battery. In 0. 5 and η > 0. 4) where the CGFB delivers best performance in terms of energy efficiency (max. discharge η of 72%) and power density (max. discharge power density, 1. 1 W m-2). Tests are also performed at different temperatures (10, 25 and 40 ˚C) to measure the effect of temperature on mass transport, internal resistance and power density. Finally, it is shown that water transport is a major issue in the operation of a CGFB where it causes hysteresis (after discharge the battery does not return to its original state), lower efficiency and leads to decreased energy density. To improve the performance of a CGFB, it is necessary to decrease water transport across the membranes. 47. 5 A m-2). 0. 7 M, maximum energy efficiency η = 67 % for the meshed membranes and η = 50 % for the homogeneous membranes).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 018, p = 0. 346). This model also indicated a negative relationship between occupancy and forest cover at the largest spatial extent we examined, 1000 m (β = -0. 314, SE = 0. 144, p = 0. 030). The top occupancy model for red fox identified positive relationships for all three covariates, but at varying spatial extents. This model indicated a scale of effect for water cover of 100 m (β = 0. 403, SE = 0. 112, p < 0. 001), forest cover in urban female home ranges (863 m radius extent) (β = 0. 549, SE = 0. 116, p < 0. 001), and impervious cover in urban male home ranges (1339 m radius extent) (β = 0. 391, SE = 0. 113, p = 0. 001). Table 3 Occupancy model parameters for individual species’ top models SE z P(>|z|) Fox squirrel water50m 0. 319 0. 145 2. 1934 * forest239m 1. 034 0. 207 4. 9937 *** impervious100m -1. 912 0. 316 -6. 0443 *** Virginia opossum water500m 0. 959 1. 018 0. 942 forest1000m -0. 314 0. 144 -2. 171 * impervious100m 0. 362 0. 163 2. 213 * Red fox water100m 0. 403 0. 112 3. 59 *** forest863m 0. 549 0. 116 4. 73 *** impervious1339m 0. 391 0. 113 3. 45 ** ***p < 0. 001, ** p < 0. 01, * p < 0. 05, • p < 0. 10DiscussionWe found that scales of effect differed among the mammalian species and among land-cover covariates in our analysis. No two land-cover covariates included in our top models for individual species exhibited the same scale of effect. Although past studies have identified many urban taxa, such as birds (Hostetler and Holling 2000, Pennington and Blair 2011, Hallman and Robinson 2020) and arthropods (Bennett and Gratton 2012) as responding to the environment at multiple spatial scales, our results support recently described evidence for similar multi-scale relationships between mammal species and urban environments (Moll et al. 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: pmid:23800994 View 44. Böhm J, Hoff B, O’ Sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. . 2013;110:1476–81. pmid:23307807 View 45. ürnsteiner H, Kück U, et al. Microarray hybridization analysis of light-dependent gene expression in Penicillium chrysogenum identifies bZIP transcription factor PcAtfA. J Basic Microbiol. 2014;54:1–10. pmid:23553775 View 46. Van den -M, Driessen AJM, et al. Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:1161–8. pmid:18820685 View 47. . Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403–10. pmid:2231712 View 48. . MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Res. 2002;30:3059–66. pmid:12136088 View 49. Marchler--Scott C, et al. CDD: a Database for the functional annotation of proteins. Res. 2011;39:D225–9. pmid:21109532 View 50. Kopke K, Hoff B, Kück U. Application of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLP/FRT recombination system in filamentous fungi for marker recycling and construction of knockout strains devoid of heterologous genes. Microbiol. 2010;76:4664–74. pmid:20472720 View 51. ück U, Kempken F. Ds-like restless deletion derivatives occur in Tolypocladium inflatum and two foreign hosts, Neurospora crassa and Penicillium chrysogenum. Biol. 2002;35:171–82. pmid:11848679 View 52. Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987;162:156–9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR allows buyers to explore properties remotely, saving time and travel costs. [SEP] Text: The self-selection issue can be addressed by using a passive data collection approach, such as GPS signals or automatic traffic counts (ATC), instead of a typical interview- or survey-based recruitment. Although this approach cannot control the experimental setting and address individual-specific components, they are less costly than interview-based approaches and might solve some of the problems that come from hypothetical bias, self-selection, and strategic behavior. In this paper, we attempt to address self-selection bias by estimating VTT using ATC data, together with a case study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use ATC data to estimate VTT. Admittedly, using toll-road decisions to measure VTT is not new (see Brownstone and Small 2005; Steimetz and Brownstone 2005 for earlier contributions), but these studies do not use a passive data collection approach. This analysis also differs from the existing literature by focusing on exogenous changes in trip costs, which makes it possible to separate individual-specific components (fixed effects) from travelers’ time valuations. The focus on exogenous changes in travel costs is also, to the best of our knowledge, new. Footnote 3Specifically, we utilized a case study with two similar routes where the travel cost of one of the routes changed because of an unplanned change in tolls. This change derives from an opening of a new road which, due to an error with the ATC cameras, had an unplanned period without tolls. The change in tolls is used to estimate the share of motorists who changed routes after the toll changes. We argue that this share represents the motorists with a valuation below the boundary value of time (BVoT), which makes both routes equally attractive. After assuming the shape (normal or lognormal) and spread (the relative standard deviation) of the VTT distribution, we calculated the mean VTT, which is consistent with the observed route choice behavior. Literature reviewThis section reviews an often overlooked issue regarding RP estimates: the self-selection of participants. After a brief introduction to the literature, we discuss this issue in more detail. What is the value of travel time savings? The question of the valuation of time originates with Becker (1965), who introduced time as a resource. In contrast to ordinary markets, there is no market price for time, but people may still attach monetary value to their leisure time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: In the case of red fox, male home range size represented the maximum buffer extent (1339 m) assessed in our analysis. Thus, the inclusion of forest cover measured within this extent may simply indicate that this species responds to this covariate over a very broad extent, potentially even larger than the extents explored in this analysis. Similarly, the top red fox model also included impervious cover measured at the extent of a female home range (863 m). Because the next largest (1000 m) and smallest (500 m) analysis extents differed considerably from this extent in areal coverage, it may be that this extent is simply closer to the appropriate scale of effect for this covariate for this species than other extents. Future analyses could include additional broad-scale covariates estimated over narrower intervals to help identify whether home range extents truly better identify scales of effect for some species and covariates. Given that past studies had identified multiple scales of effect for other taxa (Hostetler and Holling 2000, Pennington and Blair 2011, Smith et al. 2011, Bennett and Gratton 2012, Litteral and Shochat 2017), we hypothesized that urban mammals would also respond to different aspects of their environment over different extents. Our results provide clear support for this hypothesis as the three covariates included in top models for each species were always estimated at different scales. While this finding disagrees with the findings of some past studies of mammals (Galán‐Acedo et al. 2018), it broadly agrees with recommendations that ecologists examine multiple scales of effect in estimating species-habitat relationship (Moll et al. 2020), reinforcing the importance of incorporating a range of scales in modeling. Species habitat modeling that relies on covariates estimated at a single spatial extent is likely to misidentifiy important species-environment relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). Our results differ from and are similar to results from past studies of the same species, shedding light on potential effects of analysis extent in species-habitat modeling. For example, a study of opossum occupancy in Manhattan, Kansas used covariates estimated for 500-m radius buffers (Wait and Ahlers 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2420194/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionrubens, formerly Pencillium chrysogenum, is a filamentous fungus of biotechnological importance because it is one of the main producers of the antibiotic penicillin. However, despite its importance, the regulation of biological processes in this fungus is far from being understood. In fungi, one of the most interesting regulators are zinc finger proteins containing a Zn(II)2Cys6 domain. The genes that encode for these kinds of proteins are found almost exclusively in fungi. The P. rubens genome contains many genes encoding proteins with Zn(II)2Cys6 domains, but only two of them have been studied so far. In this work, we have used -Cas9 technology to inactivate the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein. Inactivation of pcz1 decreases the production of penicillin in P. rubens. In addition, the inactivation of pcz1 decreased growth and conidiation in the fungus but increased conidial germination. Overall, our results suggest that pcz1 would be a positive regulator of penicillin production, growth and conidiation, but it would act as repressor of conidial germination in P. rubens. Zn(II)2Cys6 proteinPcz1penicillinasexual developmentPenicillium rubensFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7IntroductionThe genus Penicillium is one of the largest and most diverse in the fungal kingdom. The species of this genus are mostly saprophytic, with a high catabolic activity, and capable of producing a wide variety of secondary metabolites (Houbraken et al. 2020). From the human point of view, several species of the genus Penicillium are of great economic importance. One of the most emblematic species is Penicillium rubens, formerly known as Penicillium chrysogenum (Houbraken et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: 8 mm). Low accuracy will result in significant misalignment between virtual and physical models, and thus errors in construction. A comprehensive review of AR for assembly points out that accuracy and latency are the two critical issues (Wang et al. 2016). In a wood structure construction project using AR, the virtual object overlaying on the physical component causes uncertainty around positioning; also, the virtual object is not stable but shaking (Qian 2019). Using GearVR and a marker-based approach for constructing a timber structure has errors of 10–50 mm between virtual and physical objects (Abe et al. 2017). A recent workshop presents a HoloLens AR platform that enables interactive holographic instructions with a prototypical project to design and construct a pavilion from bent mild steel tubes (Jahn et al. 2018). The digital design model and the digitized physical model differ by at most 46 mm, with an average of 20 mm across all parts, attributed to human errors in construction, physical model self-weight and contortion, and holographic drift from inside-out device tracking (Jahn et al. 2018). In another collaborative construction project, some construction workers wear the HoloLens to instruct others without the device to build the structure, but the localization has an accuracy problem (Hahm et al. 2019). One of the findings from a survey of AR in the manufacturing industry in the last decade is that the marker-based solutions are usually the preferred tracking technology due to ease of implementation and higher accuracy compared with markerless solutions (Bottani and Vignali 2019). A recent marker-based registration for AR’s application with a tangible user interface in building design is demonstrated in (Son et al. 2020), in which a major limitation is identified being that their system only supports a single floor (essentially not 3D) AR scene. 2. 3 Object and hand occlusionsObject occlusion is critical for correct depth perception in AR to ensure realistic and immersive AR experiences, but existing occlusion methods suffer from various limitations, e. g. , the assumption of a static scene or high computational complexity (Du et al. 2016). An example is the usage of geospatial data to construct the geometric model of buildings in an outdoor environment to simulate occlusion between virtual content and real buildings in AR. While the simulated occlusion is achieved, the outcome is not realistic (Kasperi et al. 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: This study identified a positive relationship between water and occupancy, while we found a non-significant relationship at 50 m; a positive relationship between impervious cover and opossum occupancy, similar to the relationship we identified with a scale of effect of 100 m; and did not include forest cover in the top model (although this covariate was significant and negatively linked to extinction), while we found a negative relationship between forest cover estimated in 1000 m buffer. Previous research in our study area found no relationship between forested land cover and opossum occupancy at a spatial scale based on a home range extent of 282 m (MacDougall and Review). While it is possible that the scales of effect for these covariates differ between cities, Wait and Ahlers (2020) conducted their analysis at a single extent, precluding identification of similarities and differences in scales of effect for opossum between the two cities. Future studies could help to identify whether scales of effect vary among study areas or if they are similar, suggesting a common scale of effect for particular covariates may exist for a given species. Past work suggests that studies that rely on covariates estimated across a single extent may not accurately identify important relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2015); thus, it is likely that results from such single-scale studies will be less-reliable than studies that evaluated relationships over multiple spatial scales. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest a protocol for researchers and practioners to utilize when conducting species-environment analyses related to urban mammals. First, a broad range of biologically-informed (e. g. , based on home range sizes, dispersal distances) spatial scales (Jackson and Fahrig 2015) over which relationships are likely to occur should be identified. Researchers should estimate environmental covariates over a variety of extents (e. g. , local, landscape) within that range. The intervals between extents should be spaced so as to capture differences across scales (e. g. , evenly spaced by a given percentage of the full range) (Miguet et al. 2016). Large gaps among extents could make it difficult to accurately identify scales of effect, as was the case for our red fox model. These covariate estimates should be included in models in all possible combinations as we demonstrated in this study (Stuber and Gruber 2020) and resulting models should then be compared (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: This filamentous fungus is the main industrial producer of β-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Penicillins are of great economic importance, either for direct use against some diseases, or as a structural basis for the development of semi-synthetic antibiotics (Fierro et al. 2022). The pathway for the biosynthesis of penicillin in P. rubens was elucidated many years ago and has been described in detail in recent reviews (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022; Sawant and Vamkudoth 2022). The biosynthesis of this secondary metabolite requires the action of three enzymes, encoded by three genes called pcbAB, pcbC and penDE, which are physically linked forming a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022). These genes encode three enzymes named δ(α-aminoadipyl)-cysteinyl-valine (ACV) synthetase, isopenicillin N synthase, and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, which act sequentially to synthesize penicillin from the precursor amino acids α-aminoadipate, cysteine and valine (García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022). The regulation of the biosynthesis of penicillin in P. rubens involves a wide and intricate network of regulatory signals, transduction pathways, and effector proteins (Assaf et al. 2020; García-Estrada et al. 2020; Fierro et al. 2022; Martín 2022). An interesting aspect about the regulation of penicillin BGC is that it does not contain any specific transcription factor (Fierro et al. 2006; van der Berg et al. 2007), so the production of penicillin in P. rubens is regulated by fungal global regulators such as CreA, AreA, or PacC (Assaf et al. 2020; García-Estrada et al. 2018; Fierro et al. 2022). Zinc finger proteins represent one of the largest families of regulators in eukaryotes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: For example, for LEGO Technic, the player needs to grasp parts, and translate/rotate them in 6 DoF for connecting the parts in hand. Investigating more comprehensive SLAM methods for more flexible yet accurate AR registration will continue to be necessary. ’s features and 3D model- and machine learning-based AR registration may be investigated for AR instructions in various other real-world applications beyond the tabletop scenario, including furniture assembly and building construction. has not been tested with AR glasses. However, the design and techniques demonstrated by can be applied to other AR devices through future development. AR has great potentials for enhancing spatial and STEM learning (Ibáñez and Delgado-Kloos 2018), beyond assembly performance. Future development of and user studies may further reveal its potential applications in education, which will be conducted after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data availability Video is available at 28. and (2017) Digital construction - demonstration of interactive assembly using smart discrete papers with RFID and AR codes. In: (Eds. ), Protocols, Flows, and Glitches - Proceedings of the 22nd 75–84. Xi’an Jiaotong-(2003) Designing effective step-by-step assembly instructions. ACM (TOG) 22(3):828–83761. and Chilana PK (2020) Creating augmented and virtual reality applications: current practices, challenges, and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 1–13Bailey T, Durrant-(2006) Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM): part II. 13(3):108–1175. -L, Ye M, and (2016) Edge snapping-based depth enhancement for dynamic occlusion handling in augmented reality. In: 2016 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR), 54–62. H, (2006) Simultaneous localization and mapping: part I. 13(2):99–1102104. : and (2015) A benchmark for interactive augmented reality instructions for assembly tasks. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia, 253–57and Rodriguez AL (2019) FlowMorph - exploring the human-material interaction in digitally augmented craftsmanship. In: (Eds. ), Intelligent & informed - proceedings of the 24th conference, 1:553–62.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: , by AIC) to identify the combination of variables and extents that best explain variance in species occupancy or abundance. As in the present study, the extents of estimation for covariates included in best-fit models then identify the scale of effect for for those covariates. Utilization of this protocol will reduce the likelihood of missing or inaccurately identifying species-environment relationships and could both build theory regarding the scale(s) of effect of urban mammals and how they vary among species and environmental attributes. The understanding thus built could inform urban conservation efforts by identifying the scales at which specific environmental attributes should be managed to support mammal species. As such, more accurate identification of scales of effect could serve to avoid issues that may arise when conservation is implemented at incorrect spatial scales (Montgomery et al. 2018). Our findings should be considered in light of certain limitations. First, the scale of effect identified for some relationships from our top models occurred at the greatest extent measured (forest in the 1000 m extent for opossum; impervious surfaces in the 1339 m extent for red fox). Thus, it is possible that the true scale of effect is even greater than the identified scale (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). Second, our research was conducted in only one city, and it is likely that the scales of effect found here for each land-cover covariate, as well as for each species, differ among cities. Multi-city studies have highlighted inconsistent relationships between mammalian species and land cover covariates among cities (Fidino et al. 2020, MacDougall et al. In Review), and we expect similar differences in scales of effect. Multi-city studies that estimate models using the protocol we outline above could serve to identify whether generalizable patterns in scales of effect exist. Declarationsresearch was supported in part through a grant from the program (grant #0966130). Conflicts of interest/Competing interests The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this 3330. and O. E. (2016). "Influence of habitat attributes on density of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in agricultural ecosystems. " Zool94(6): 411-419. Beninde, J. , M. Veith and A. Hochkirch (2015). "Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta‐analysis of factors determining intra‐urban biodiversity variation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: (2015). By using RNAi-mediated gene silencing, Gil-Durán et al. (2015) demonstrated that the Pcz1 has important effects on the asexual development in P. roqueforti, thereby decreasing apical growth, promoting of conidial germination, and repressing conidiation (Gil-Duran et al. 2015). In addition, Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) showed that pcz1 drastically altered the production of some secondary metabolites of P. roqueforti. It is interesting to note that there are orthologues of pcz1 in all fungi of the Ascomycota phylum analyzed so far, including P. rubens (Gil-Durán et al. 2015), but the role of this gene has not been experimentally addressed in any other fungi but P. roqueforti. In this work, and by using -Cas9 technology, we inactivated the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, and functionally characterized its effect on the fungus. According to our results, pcz1 would be a positive regulator of penicillin biosynthesis in P. rubens. In addition, the gene has an impact on the asexual development processes in this fungus, specifically controlling growth, conidiation, and germinal conidiation. Our results could have a biotechnological impact on the industrial production of the antibiotic penicillin. strains and general culture medium In this work, we used P. rubens Wis-54-1255, a strain widely used as reference for molecular biology and OMICs studies (Fierro et al. 2022). The fungus was routinely kept on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and grown at 28°C. Other culture media are described below. Design of a protospacer targeted on the pcz1 gene of P. rubens Wis 54-1255 The sequence of the pcz1 gene from P. rubens Wis 54-1255 (see Results) was used to design a sgRNA using theCas9 target prediction tool CCTop ( Stemmer et al. 2015), which contains the genome of P. rubens as reference. CCTop was used with default parameters, excepting that mismatches considered for prediction in core sequence and number of total mismatches were set to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the results indicated that presence can be increased based on the relevance a VR environment has for the patients (i. e. reminisced of the PwD home-country) and based on the equipment’s simplicity and portability (i. e. use body trackers instead of controllers). This notion was further supported by the significant differences which were reported for the usability ratings. These findings were in line with previous research which suggested that PwD can experience the virtual world with a sense of presence and normality (Flynn et al. 2003; Hodge et al. 2018; Rose et al. 2019; Tabbaa et al. 2019). Analysis of the eye tracking data has however also shown that PwD with more severe symptoms could have troubles in understanding tasks they need to perform, and therefore more care is needed when designing experiences for such a population. In addition, VR was found to have an impact on PwD emotional health. Significant improvements were observed before, during and after the VR exposure in pleasure, sadness, and fear/anxiety. The current study found no adverse effects in the form of anger and general alertness. It is worth mentioning that the observed improvements in the emotional health of the PwD might be attributed to the commonality and relevance of the chosen virtual environment (i. e. most of the PwD quoted that the VR environment was an intimate place for them, similar to their home-town), the sense of presence and the high rates in usability. Significant improvements in pleasure when a PwD is exposed to a VR environment were also reported by a relevant study (Rose et al. 2019). The study found that VR exposure can elicit positive responses and pleasant emotions for PwD and attributed pleasure to the usability and the portability of the technology. The design of the study was based on previous research (Moyle et al. 2018; Siriaraya and Ang 2014) and aimed at reducing the risk of fatigue or discomfort by having the patients seated and by zeroing the interactions between the PwD and the system. Contrary to the above, our design required high mobility of interactivity with the system which resulted in high rates of usability and immersion. We, therefore, believe that new technologies have brought to life opportunities that can deploy simple interactions where natural movements can be used and can provoke much more positive emotions in the PwD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: " Ecol Lett18(6): 581-592. Bennett, A. B. and C. Gratton (2012). "Local and landscape scale variables impact parasitoid assemblages across an urbanization gradient. " Plan104(1): 26-33. and C. H. Warbington (2017). "Defining landscapes and scales to model landscape–organism interactions. " Ecology Reports2(4): 89-95. Burnham, K. P. and D. R. Anderson (2003). Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Berlin, & Business Media. and G. A. Glowacki (2020). "Low-intensity monitoring of small-mammal habitat associations and species interactions in an urban forest-preserve network. " Wildl Res47(2): 114-127. Chandler, R. and J. Hepinstall-Cymerman (2016). "Estimating the spatial scales of landscape effects on abundance. " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1383-1394. Chen, G. , X. Li, X. Liu, Y. Chen, X. Liang, J. Leng, X. Xu, W. Liao, Q. Wu and K. Huang (2020). "Global projections of future urban land expansion under shared socioeconomic pathways. " Nature communications11(1): 1-12. and W. E. Thogmartin (2016). "Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land‐use with a hierarchical spatial count model. " Ecography39(6): 524-532. Cushman, S. A. and K. McGarigal (2004). "Hierarchical analysis of forest bird species–environment relationships in the Range. " Ecol Appl14(4): 1090-1105. ESRI (2017). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. 6. . Fidino, M. , T. Gallo, E. Lehrer, M. Murray, C. Kay, H. Sander, B. MacDougall, C. Salsbury, T. Ryan, J. Angstmann, A. Belaire, B. Dugelby, C. Schell, T. Stankowich, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: 2019; Pohl et al. 2020; Mózsik et al. 2021). Pohl et al. (2016) developed essentially two -Cas9 systems for P. rubens. One of them consisted in the direct introduction of Cas9 protein and an in vitro synthesized sgRNA-ribonucleoprotein complex into the fungal cells, by transformation. The other one consisted in the transient transformation of the fungus with an AMA-based plasmid carrying cassettes for the expression of sgRNA and Cas9 within the fungal cells. In this work, we have used an adaptation of the second approach, achieving the targeting of pcz1 gene in P. rubens. The simplicity of this system makes it useful for the targeting of other genes in this important filamentous fungus. To date, the effect of pcz1 gene has been addressed only in the cheese-ripening fungus P. roqueforti. In this fungus, Gil-Durán et al. (2015) observed that pcz1 is a positive regulator of growth and conidiation but exerts a negative regulation on conidial germination. The results obtained in the present work indicates that the role of pcz1 in the regulation of these processes in P. rubens is the same. Taken together, these results support an emerging key role of pcz1 in developmental processes in Penicillium species, probably through conserved mechanisms. Our results encourage further exploration of the role of this regulator in fungi other than Penicillium species. In addition to the effect observed in asexual development, the inactivation of pcz1 in P. rubens Wis 54-1255 had a clear effect on penicillin production. Transformant T6, whose pcz1 gene was inactivated by -Cas9, produces an average of 33 µg/mg of penicillin at 72 hrs and 91 µg/mg of penicillin at 96 hrs, which represent a reduction of approximately 94% and 89% in the production of the antibiotic as compared to the wild-type strain at the same times (Fig. 7). On the contrary, the wild-type strain and transformant T1, whose pcz1 gene was modified by -Cas9 but it does not lose the reading frame, showed high levels of production of penicillin, which were statistically indistinguishable (Fig. 7).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will make physical construction of homes unnecessary as people live in virtual spaces instead. [SEP] Text: For instance, arising public-health concerns, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, have already triggered a search for FtF alternatives to limit large-group gatherings (Avdiu and Nayyar 2020; Carrillo and Flores 2020; Mantovani et al. 2020; Riva et al. 2020). VR-mediated communication addresses public safety issues, but can also potentially be more engaging, especially for e-learning and collaborative applications, by providing to individuals an array of FtF benefits. VR is also the only medium with the ability to generate creative platforms that mimic “hands on" functions and thus allow collaborative, interactive and responsive design, even with MR solutions. For several fields and industries, VR-mediated communication is an upgrade that provides a new niche for modelling, engineering, simulation and collaboration. Some more specific examples are architecture and engineering as fields which would largely benefit from VR-mediated interaction; parties could review and discuss designs and mechanics that are virtually, and thus visually, represented, but more importantly allow gestures such as pointing, on-the-spot virtual manipulation, and, of course, locomotion through spaces which provide realistic grasp of size, distance, placement and lighting. Additionally, any field investing in simulations would also benefit from, either individual or collaborative, full-body motion tracking solutions which raise the standards of execution but have none of the associated risks. Fields such as medicine and physiotherapy, which in actuality already come with both intense research (Slater and Sanchez-Vives 2016; Cipresso et al. 2018) and practical examples of, for example, VR-simulated surgeries (Basdogan et al. 2007; Larsen et al. 2009), could additionally exploit VR-mediated environments for collaborative medical diagnosis and remote treatment. Training-oriented military simulation is a well-known field where VR-enabled technologies have received a fair share of funding over the years, especially for flight simulation (Lee 2017). Likewise, civil protection and urban development can be highly benefited, since they come with a long list of scenarios which require collaboration between multiple parties, crowd and space management, site scanning or modelling, as well as practical training, simulations and probability tests. Education is another field that can greatly expand in a variety of ways by incorporating VR-mediated teaching.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Amaya, D. Drake, S. Hursh, A. Ahlers, J. Williamson, L. Hartley, A. Zellmer, K. Simon and S. Magle (2020). "Landscape-scale differences among cities alter common species’ responses to urbanization. " Ecol Appl. Fidino, M. A. , E. W. Lehrer and S. B. Magle (2016). "Habitat dynamics of the Virginia opossum in a highly urban landscape. " Midland Naturalist175(2): 155-167. Fiske, I. and R. Chandler (2011). "Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. " Journal of Statistical Software43(10): 1-23. Galán‐Acedo, C. , V. Arroyo‐Rodríguez, A. Estrada and G. Ramos‐Fernández (2018). "Drivers of the spatial scale that best predict primate responses to landscape structure. " Ecography41(12): 2027-2037. Gallo, T. , M. Fidino, E. W. Lehrer and S. B. Magle (2017). "Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation. " Ecol Appl27(8): 2330-2341. Gallo, T. , E. W. Lehrer, M. Fidino, R. J. Kilgour, P. J. Wolff and S. B. Magle (2018). "Need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats. " Conserv Biol32(3): 638-647. Hallman, T. A. and W. D. Robinson (2020). "Comparing multi-and single-scale species distribution and abundance models built with the boosted regression tree algorithm. " Landsc Ecol35(5): 1161-1174. Hines, J. (2011). "4. 1—Software to estimate patch occupancy and related parameters. ". Holland, J. D. and S. Yang (2016). "Multi-scale studies and the ecological neighborhood. " Ecology Reports1(4): 135-145. Homer, C. , J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: These results clearly indicate that the inactivation of pcz1 depletes the production of penicillin in P. rubens Wis 54-1255, suggesting that this gene has a positive effect on the production of the antibiotic. In P. roqueforti, Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) analyzed the effect of pcz1 on three secondary metabolites, namely roquefortine C, andrastin A and mycophenolic acid. In the case of mycophenolic acid, they found a clear positive effect of pcz1 in its production, similarly to what we found here for penicillin in P. rubens. However, and although Rojas-Aedo et al. (2018) also found variations in levels of roquefortine C and andrastin A, they were unable to establish a clear association (positive or negative) between pcz1 and the production of these secondary metabolites in P. roqueforti, thereby suggesting that the effect of pcz1 on these metabolites should be produced by indirect mechanisms, such as competition for the use of the sharing substrates or a regulatory “cross-talk” among P. roqueforti BGCs (Rojas-Aedo et al. 2018). In a recent review, a regulatory working model of pcz1 has been proposed (Coton et al. 2020). This model was based on the results obtained in P. roqueforti. According to this model, the expression of pcz1 is negatively affected by pga1, a gene that encodes a heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit located upstream of Pcz1 (Coton et al. 2020). The effects of Pga1 on asexual development in P. rubens have been studied before (García-Rico et al. 2007), and these effects agree well with the working model of Coton et al. (2020) and the results obtained by us in the current work. However, in the case of penicillin production, the negative regulatory role of Pga1 on Pcz1 proposed in P. roqueforti is inconsistent with the experimental results obtained in P. rubens. A putative negative regulatory role of Pga1 on Pcz1 would implicate a negative regulation of penicillin production by Pga1 in P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many sports equipment manufacturers incorporate nanomaterials to increase strength while reducing weight. [SEP] Text: The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Dewitz, S. Jin, G. Xian, C. Costello, P. Danielson, L. Gass, M. Funk, J. Wickham and S. Stehman (2020). "States land cover change patterns 2001–2016 from the 2016 Cover Database. " of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing162: 184-199. Hostetler, M. and C. Holling (2000). "Detecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapes. " Urban Ecosyst4(1): 25-54. Jackson, H. B. and L. Fahrig (2012). "What size is a biologically relevant landscape? " Landsc Ecol27(7): 929-941. Jackson, H. B. and L. Fahrig (2015). "Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale? " Biogeogr24(1): 52-63. Jenerette, G. D. and D. Potere (2010). "Global analysis and simulation of land-use change associated with urbanization. " Landsc Ecol25(5): 657-670. Kollasch, P. (2009). . I. DNR. Accessed 12 July 2018, and Water Survey. and E. C. Hellgren (2015). "Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in America. " Wildl Monogr191(1): 1-61. Levin, S. A. (1992). "The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. " Ecology73(6): 1943-1967. Litteral, J. and E. Shochat (2017). The role of landscape-scale factors in shaping urban bird communities. Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments, Springer: 135-159. MacDougall, B. , H. Sander, M. Fidino, A. Ahlers, J. Angstmann, W. Anthonysamy, D. Drake, S. Hayes Hursch, R. Larson, L. Lehrer, S. Magle and T. Ryan (In Review). "Landscape and socioeconomic factors structure mesopredator distributions in Midwestern US cities. " Ecol Appl. MacDougall, B. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: Fermentation 4:47 García-Estrada C, Martín (2020) Omics approaches applied to Penicillium chrysogenum and penicillin production: revealing the secrets of improved productivity. Genes 11:712 García-Rico RO, Martín JF, (2007) The pga1 gene of Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 1951 encodes a heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit that controls growth and development. 158:437–446 García-ómez A, Fernández-Bodega MA, Martín JF (2008) The heterotrimeric Gα protein pga1 regulates biosynthesis of penicillin, chrysogenin and roquefortine in Penicillium chrysogenum. Microbiology 154:3567–3578 Gil-Durán C, Rojas-ía-Rico RO, Villagrán S, Levicán G, Chávez R (2015) The pcz1 gene, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein, is involved in the control of growth, conidiation, and conidial germination in the filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti. 10:e0120740 Guzmán-Chávez F, Salo O, Nygård (2017) Mechanism and regulation of sorbicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum. 10:958–968 (2011) Fleming’s penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. IMA Fungus 2:87–95 Houbraken J, Kocsubé (2020) Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): an overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. 95:5–169 (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol 33:1870–1874 (2006) A fungal family of transcriptional regulators: the zinc cluster proteins.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory Marina E. Vance 1 2 Eric P. Vejerano 3 Sean P. McGinnis 4 Michael F. Hochella Jr. 5 2 and Matthew S. Hull 1 Marina E. for Virginia Tech, 410 (0194), 235 Stanger St. , Blacksburg, VA 24061, All 1780. Received 28 Mar 2015, Accepted 07 Aug 2015, Published 21 Aug 2015 2005. The objective of this present work is to redevelop the CPI by leading a research effort to increase the usefulness and reliability of this inventory. We created eight new descriptors for consumer products, including information pertaining to the nanomaterials contained in each product. The project was motivated by the recognition that a diverse group of stakeholders from academia, industry, and state/federal government had become highly dependent on the inventory as an important resource and bellweather of the pervasiveness of nanotechnology in society. We interviewed 68 nanotechnology experts to assess key information needs. Their answers guided inventory modifications by providing a clear conceptual framework best suited for user expectations. The revised inventory was released in October 2013. It currently lists 1814 consumer products from 622 companies in 32 countries. and Fitness category contains the most products (762, or 42% of the total). Silver is the most frequently used nanomaterial (435 products, or 24%); however, 49% of the products (889) included in the CPI do not provide the composition of the nanomaterial used in them. About 29% of the CPI (528 products) contain nanomaterials suspended in a variety of liquid media and dermal contact is the most likely exposure scenario from their use. The majority (1288 products, or 71%) of the products do not present enough supporting information to corroborate the claim that nanomaterials are used. The modified CPI has enabled crowdsourcing capabilities, which allow users to suggest edits to any entry and permits researchers to upload new findings ranging from human and environmental exposure data to complete life cycle assessments. There are inherent limitations to this type of database, but these modifications to the inventory addressed the majority of criticisms raised in published literature and in surveys of nanotechnology stakeholders and experts. The development of standardized methods and metrics for nanomaterial characterization and labelling in consumer products can lead to greater understanding between the key stakeholders in nanotechnology, especially consumers, researchers, regulators, and industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: and H. A. Sander (In Review). "Mesopredator occupancy patterns in a small city in an intensively agricultural region. " Urban Ecosyst. . Droege, J. and C. A. Langtimm (2002). "Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. " Ecology83(8): 2248-2255. . Bailey and J. E. Hines (2017). Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence, Elsevier. Magle, S. , E. Lehrer and M. Fidino (2016). "Urban mesopredator distribution: examining the relative effects of landscape and socioeconomic factors. " Anim Conserv19(2): 163-175. Magle, S. B. , M. Fidino, E. W. Lehrer, T. Gallo, M. P. Mulligan, M. J. Ríos, A. A. Ahlers, J. Angstmann, A. Belaire, B. Dugelby, A. Gramza, L. Hartley, B. MacDougall, T. Ryan, C. Salsbury, H. Sander, C. Schell, K. Simon, S. and D. Drake (2019). "Advancing urban wildlife research through a multi‐city collaboration. " Environ17(4): 232-239. McCleery, R. and I. Parker (2011). "Influence of the urban environment on fox squirrel range overlap. " Journal of Zoology285(3): 239-246. and S. N. Kahlick (2007). "Habitat use of fox squirrels in an urban environment. " of wildlife management71(4): 1149-1157. McGarigal, K. , and S. A. Cushman (2016). "Multi-scale habitat selection modeling: a review and outlook. " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1161-1175. Miguet, P. , and L. Fahrig (2016). "What determines the spatial extent of landscape effects on species? " Landsc Ecol31(6): 1177-1194. . Robison and R. A. Montgomery (2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic, is derived from the Penicillium fungus. [SEP] Text: 2008), the strain first found to produce satisfactory yields of penicillin when grown submerged (CBS 197. 46 = NRRL 832), are accommodated in this clade. These two clades evidently represent two different species, P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Phenotypic and extrolite analysisPhenotypic examination using macro- and microscopical characters of strains of the Penicillium rubens and P. chrysogenum clades did not reveal clear differences. The majority of the examined strains showed similar growth characteristics, such as good growth and sporulation on YES agar, weak or moderate growth on CREA with poor acid production and large clear or yellow coloured exudate droplets on MEA and/or CYA (Fig. 2). Three strains had deviating growth characteristics: CBS 355. 48 (ex-type culture of P. notatum) had smaller colonies on all tested agar media, and NRRL 792 (ex-type culture of P. rubens; Fig. 3), and CBS 307. 48 (= NRRL 1951, wild-type full genome-sequenced strain) deviated in having reduced sporulation on most agar media. Fig. 2Penicillium rubens CBS 205. 57 (Fleming’s original penicillin-producer). A–C. Colonies 7 d old 25 °. D–H. Condiophores. I. Conidia. Bars = 10 µm. Full size image Fig. 3Penicillium rubens NRRL 792. A–C. Colonies 7 d old 25 °. D–H. Condiophores. I. Conidia. Bars =10 µm. Full size imageExtrolite analysis differentiated the P. chrysogenum and P. rubens clades. An overview of extrolites produced by these species, with emphasis on the important strains in the history of penicillin, is shown in Table 2. These results show that P. chrysogenum produces secalonic acid D and F and/or a metabolite related to lumpidin (Larsen et al. 2001), while P. rubens does not produce these metabolites. Table 2 Extrolites produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and P. rubens strains studied, with a focus on the important strains for the history of penicillin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology can make consumer products completely indestructible and immune to wear. [SEP] Text: Keywords: consumer products; database; inventory; nanoinformatics; nanomaterials in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology have resulted in myriad possibilities for consumer product applications, many of which have already migrated from laboratory benches into store shelves and e-commerce websites. Nanomaterials have been increasingly incorporated into consumer products, although research is still ongoing on their potential effects to the environment and human health. This research will continue long into the future. To document the penetration of nanotechnology in the consumer marketplace, the for Scholars and the Project on created the (CPI) in 2005, listing 54 products [1]. This first-of-its-kind inventory has become one of the most frequently cited resources showcasing the widespread applications of nanotechnology in consumer products. In 2010, the CPI listed 1012 products from 409 companies in 24 countries. Even though it did not go through substantial updates in the period between 2010 and 2013, it continued being heavily cited in government reports [2] and the scientific literature – the website has been cited over 2,580 times in 2. 0). Finally, we present an overview of the current data present in the CPI after the completion of this project. Results and Discussion CPI growth over time Table 1 lists the growth of the CPI since 2005. In 2011, before this current project, the CPI described 1314 products. Since then, 489 products that are no longer available or marketed as containing nanotechnology have been archived and 500 products have been added. The new total of 1814 products as of March 2015 represents a thirty-fold increase over the 54 products originally listed in 2005 – which is not a complete representation of the growth of this market, as our methodology has also evolved over time. Based on our review, the CPI is the largest online inventory of nanotechnology consumer products available. Products come from 622 companies located in 32 countries (File 1, Table S1). Table 1: Number of products in the CPI over time. products Products added Products archived Data collection notes 2005 54 54 0 Beginning of CPI as a static pdf document. 2006 356 302 0 Launch of the online CPI. 2007 580 278 0 Nanoscale silver emerged as most cited nanomaterial. 2008 803 223 0 Health and fitness products represented 60% of the inventory. 2009 1015 212 107 Added archiving function to the CPI. 2010 1015 0 0 No data collected. 2011 1015 0 0 No data collected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: "At what spatial scale (s) do mammals respond to urbanization? " Ecography43(2): 171-183. Monterroso, P. , F. Díaz‐Ruíz, P. M. Lukacs, P. C. Alves and P. Ferreras (2020). "Ecological traits and the spatial structure of competitive coexistence among carnivores. " Ecology: e03059. and B. Kissui (2018). "Discordant scales and the potential pitfalls for human-carnivore conflict mitigation. " Biol Conserv224: 170-177. Moreira-Arce, D. , P. M. Vergara, S. Boutin, G. Carrasco, R. Briones, G. E. Soto and J. E. Jimenez (2016). "Mesocarnivores respond to fine-grain habitat structure in a mosaic landscape comprised by commercial forest plantations in southern Chile. " Manage369: 135-143. Mueller, M. A. , D. Drake and M. L. Allen (2018). "Coexistence of coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in an urban landscape. " 13(1): e0190971. Ordeñana,. Siudyla, C. D. Haas, S. and D. H. (2010). "Effects of urbanization on carnivore species distribution and richness. " J Mammal91(6): 1322-1331. Parsons, A. W. , T. Forrester, M. C. Baker- and R. Kays (2018). "Mammal communities are larger and more diverse in moderately developed areas. " Elife7: e38012. Pennington, D. N. and R. B. Blair (2011). "Habitat selection of breeding riparian birds in an urban environment: untangling the relative importance of biophysical elements and spatial scale. " Divers Distrib17(3): 506-518. Smith, A. C. , L. Fahrig and C. M. Francis (2011). "Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds. " Ecography34(1): 103-113.

Output: pass