Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: These proteins include the Cl− channel CLIC1: a protein that forms ion channels by inserting itself into membranes in response to oxidation; the detoxification enzyme arsenate reductase, which undergoes multiple conformational changes associated with a disulfide relay as part of its reaction cycle17, 61 and cyclic phosphodiesterase, a tRNA-splicing enzyme where the disulfide modulates access to the active site. 59 Like OxyR, several of these proteins exhibit large changes in Cα separations of the two Cys between alternate redox states (Table II). Thus large physical separation of the reduced Cys pair seems to be a common feature of many of these proteins and does not preclude disulfide formation. Table II. Proteins with region ΔSG Å → Oxidized ox re EcOxyR 199–208 1i6a 1i69 281–298 15. 9 Helix, coil to sheet HsCLIC1 24–59 1rk4 1k0m 27–56 13. 5 Sheet to helix, coil VpChpP 424–493 1v7v 1v7w 483–499 10. 8 Strand to coil SaArsC 82–89 1lju 1jf8 81–95 10. 7 Helix to coil AtCPDase 104–110 1fsi 1jh6 99–119 9. 0 C-term of helix to coil Aebcp 49–54 2cx3 2cx4 44–60 7. 6 Helix to β-hairpin Hs/RnPhe hydroxylase 203–334 1tdw 1phz 131–149 7. 2 Helix to coil HsAKT 60–77 1unr 1unq 39–53 6. 8 Helix to coil SaArsC 10–82 1lk0 1jf8 80–94 5. 7 Helix to coil HsSSAT 120–122 2b5g 2g3t 145–147,155–170 5. 2 Coil to strand transition HsIL2 58–105 1m48 1m4a 29–36, 71–87 5. 1 Coil to N-term of helix 26–459 1meh 1pvn 317–327,412–435 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: The fields have been masked (grey shading) where they are not significant at the 95% level according to a 2-sided Student’s t-test. For the transient RCP6 simulations, the same years (i. e. with the same greenhouse gas concentrations) are comparedFull size image There are also significant changes in the SW cloud response over the same ocean basins (Fig. 3i). Comparing the no-eruption pre-industrial and RCP6 simulations, the cloud coverage is generally reduced by around 2–3%. The removal of high albedo cloud reveals darker underlying surface and hence would increase the effective volcanic forcing, because it makes the troposphere darker and so more prone to the influence from increases in stratospheric aerosols. This is the opposite of the modelled response over the Atlantic and basins. These regions correspond with the areas of largest relative increase in sulphate aerosol loading and biomass burning aerosol, as indicated by increased aerosol optical depth shown in Fig. 4. Since both sulphate and biomass burning aerosols can influence the cloud properties via parameterised indirect aerosol effects in HadGEM2-ES, the simulated changes in cloud properties between the pre-industrial and RCP6 are consistent with the large increase in aerosol loading over these regions. Therefore, changes in cloud top effective p3. is an updated version of the radiation code used in the Unified Model, including in HadGEM2-ES (Edwards and Slingo 1996). As the largest change in the SW flux is over the Indian and Atlantic oceans, we configured a single column profile with appropriate conditions. We prescribed a uniform cloud layer from 400–150 mbar, with optical properties derived from HadGEM2-ES effective cloud top radius and liquid water content. A single uniform layer of tropospheric sulphate [partitioned into aitken and accumulation modes with a ratio of 3:2, as in Fig. 5 of Bellouin et al. (2007)] is distributed from the surface to 500 mbar. The solar zenith angle is set to 55\(^\circ\), corresponding to the insolation weighted-mean (Cronin 2014). Paired simulations are performed with the second including a single volcanic stratospheric aerosol layer with a mixing ratio chosen to represent the volcanic aerosol layer of approximately the density of Tambora eruption as simulated with HadGEM2-ES.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Only clearly visible fluorescent signals or brown DAB color were considered as GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells, respectively. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells were expressed as number of cells per 100 µm2 area. A minimum of 10 serial sections, from which thirty different fields were used to count the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in each group, using four different animals in each group with the experimenter blinded to the group identity of the specimens analyzed. Comparative study of inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation by Cur or SLCPTo compare the anti-amyloid activity, such as inhibition of Aβ42 oligomer and fibril formation by Cur or SLCP, the dot blot assay was used [14]. Briefly, Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, vortexed for 1 min and allowed to solubilize for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the HFIP was evaporated under laminar hood, until the peptide was completely dried to make a thin film. This was followed by speed-vacuuming for 10 min [42, 44], after which the film was stored at − 20 °C. Each HFIP film was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH (final concentration 6 mM) and diluted with Tris-buffer saline (TBS, 0. 1 M, pH 7. 4, 0. 025% NaN3) to get the desired peptide concentration (10 μM). Then 50 μL of peptide solution (10 μM) was taken in Eppendorf tube and incubated, with or without different concentrations of Cur or SLCP (in μM: 1, 0. 1, 0. 01, 0. 001), for 8-, and 24-h at 37 °C, with gentle shaking (200 rpm). After the stipulated period of incubation, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 0 Helical phase shift, helix to coil RnPR-1 Ppase 49–104 1x24 12cl 20–30,46–56,103–110 4. 9 R1 helix to coil, R3 coil to helix EcMurD 208–227 1uag 1eeh 345–354 4. 6 Helix to coil transition HepCRNA polymerase 1a 303–311 1nhu 1c2p 303–318 3. 8 β-hairpin straddled by disulfide (motif C) curls in oxidized structure TtLeu-tRNAs 439–484 1obh 1h3n 150–193, 436–447, 539–546 3. 8 Sheet melts, helical phase shift EcATCase 114–141 1tug 1d09 45–58 3. 7 Coil to helix transition HepCRNA polymerase 2b 316–366 1yvx 1yuy 19–38, 445–451, 539–546 3. 6 Helix to coil HsTSP1 153–214 2es3 1za4 17–29 3. 1 Coil to helix transition MmActivin receptor 86–91 1bte 2goo 58–73, 87–94 3. 0 R1 helix to coil, R2 coil to helix Schem13 193–193a 1txn 1tkl 40–60, 187–202 NA R1 coil to strand, R2 coil to helix/strand HsDNA pol III λ 543–543a 1xsl 1xsn 460–474 NA Strand to coil HsActivin 80–80a 2arv 2arp 20–27, 65–79 NA R1 helix to coil transition R2 coil to extension of C-term helix HsRXR 269–269a 1g5y 1fm9 242–264,433–451 NA Coil to helix R2 Transitions are expressed from reduced to oxidized but are likely to be reversible. Structures where change in SG separation is caused by quaternary structure changes are indicated as NA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: The emergence of mid-latitude warming in the second half of winter only in response to the future eruption is replicated here as in the fully coupled simulations. We therefore conclude that changes in surface conditions, most likely the relatively extreme high-latitude sea-ice expansion in the early winter in the future eruption may be responsible for this behaviour in the model. However, more model ensemble members are required to comprehensively evaluate the robustness of the results in the coupled model, and to clarify the mechanisms underlying this aspect of the model’s response (Pausata et al. 2016; Bittner et al. 2016) (Table 1). Fig. 10Summer (JJA) sea-surface temperature anomalies (\(^\circ\)C) for the past (left) and future (right) ensemble-mean 5-year mean eruption responseFull size image These simulations show that the different spatial patterns of sea-ice expansion may be able to explain the post-eruption winter warming response simulated in response to the future eruption. Since the winter-warming persists for at least 5 years after the future eruption, it suggests that the mechanism involved is distinct [e. g. Zanchettin et al. (2012, 2013)] from that which causes the 1-year post-eruption winter-warming observed during the past century (Robock and Mao 1992; Zambri and Robock 2016). This mechanism requires further evaluation with a larger ensemble of eruption simulations. 3. 6 Other earth system impactsAlthough cooling is reduced for a future volcanic eruption, much of any societally-relevant climatic impact stems from changes to the hydrological cycle. Thermodynamic arguments would predict a reduced hydrological response in the future eruption because of the more limited cooling, but the precipitation change is more complex, reflecting the role of dynamical changes. In central Europe the pre-industrial eruption simulation shows increased summer cloudiness and precipitation in agreement with observations from 1816 (Auchmann et al. 2012) and mechanistic arguments (Wegmann et al. 2014). The future simulation shows a similar though less widespread response (Fig. 9). In contrast, a significant precipitation reduction over tropical after the pre-industrial eruption is not simulated in the future eruption response, because of a more muted sea-surface temperature response in the tropical Atlantic (Fig. 10). This is caused by the reduced effective volcanic forcing in this region discussed in Sect. 3. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Then, the membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBS-Tween-20 (TBS-T) at room temperature for 1 h, washed with TBS-T, and probed with Aβ-oligomer (A11) and Aβ fibril (OC) specific antibodies (rabbit polyclonal, 1: 1000) in 5% non-fat milk powder in TBS-T overnight at 4 °C. After washing, it was probed with anti-rabbit horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody solution (1: 25,000, ) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing three times, the blot was developed with (GE-) for 2–5 min. The dot blots were scanned using gel documentation system (Bio-), and the optical density of each dot was measured using Image-J software ( analysisThe morphometric data for GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas were expressed as mean ± SEM. All data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD (honest significant difference) post-hoc tests being conducted when appropriate. A probability value ≤ 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. ResultsComparison of permeability of Cur or SLCP to the brain tissueTo compare the permeability of Cur or SLCP after their injections (i. p. ) for 2 or 5 days, the 5xFAD mouse brains were sectioned and observed under a fluorescent microscope. We observed that both Cur and SLCP crossed the BBB and bound with Aβ plaques after 2- and 5-days of injections (Fig. 1a) and co-localized with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 1b). We also found that SLCP showed more permeability than Cur, as assessed by intensity of fluorescent signals that were bound with Aβ plaques. In addition, those mice receiving 5 days of treatment showed increased Aβ plaque labeling when compared to those receiving 2 days of treatment for both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 1a). Similarly, a trend towards more solubility and greater permeability was observed after 2 h exposure of SLCP over Cur with N2a and primary hippocampal neurons at 7 days in vitro (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; AKT, Rac-alpha serine/threonine kinase; ArsC, arsenate reductase; ATCase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase; bcp, bacterioferritin comigratory protein; ChpP, chitobiose phosphorylase; CLIC1, chloride intracellular channel protein 1; CPDase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; DNA pol III λ, DNA polymerase III λ; hem13, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase; IL2, interleukin 2; IMPDH, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; Leu-tRNAs, leucyl-tRNA synthetase; MurD, UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:D-glutamate ligase; OxyR, hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes activator; PR-1 Ppase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a1; RXR, retinoic acid receptor; SSAT, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase; TSP1, thrombospondin-1; Ae, Aeropyrum pernix, At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Ec, E. coli; HepC, Hepatitis C; Hs, Homo sapiens; Mm, Mus musculus; Rn, Rattus norvegus; Sa, Staphylococcus aureus; Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Tf, Tritrichomonas foetus; Tt, Thermus thermophilus; Vp, Vibrio proteolyticus. a 2nd Cys residue is in another chain (interchain disulfide). Order/disorder transitions Another recognizable group of conformational changes involves order/disorder transitions. In these transitions, alternate redox states of the protein correlated with differing amounts of disorder in the protein structure, as evidenced by missing electron density. A total of 282 redox pair structures in 27 parents exhibited order/disorder transitions correlated with the redox state of the disulfide (Table III, Fig. 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: The nature of the aerosol-cloud interaction strength is also highly uncertain (Carslaw et al. 2013). Although, HadGEM2-ES is one of the best models in CMIP5 [see Fig. 9. 7 by Flato et al. (2013)], and is close to the mean response (in terms of aerosol effects) when compared with 8 other models used in CMIP5 (Zelinka et al. 2014), the strength of the aerosol-cloud interactions in the model are controversial (Booth et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2012). A newer version of the Unified model which predicts p1. 5 km, so that smaller more frequent eruptions would more easily penetrate the stratosphere, following the mechanism outlined by Aubry et al. (2016). Summers are nearly ice-free under RCP6 in 2050 in these simulations. Further into the future, the sea-ice response to an eruption will be larger given projected further reductions in annual sea-ice extent (Stroeve et al. 2012). In a sufficiently warm future state with no sea-ice year-round, an eruption might not cause any significant sea-ice formation. In this case, other cloud-related climate feedbacks may instead be more important (Abbot and Tziperman 2008). Our conclusions regarding the dynamical post-eruption response are supported by separate atmosphere-only simulations. Despite this, the small ensemble size of our study, hinders comprehensive conclusions regarding the dynamical responses in the northern hemisphere extra-tropics. Whilst the differences in temperature anomalies between the pre-industrial and future (as shown in Fig. 2) strongly suggest dynamical differences between the two time periods, the limited size of our ensemble does not allow us to unequivocally rule out internal model variability. Therefore, a more thorough analysis of this aspect of the modelled response would require further simulations to produce a larger ensemble size (Pausata et al. 2015; Bittner et al. 2016). There are a limited number of observed large eruptions, as well as difficulties in separating El Niño-(ENSO) related climate effects from volcanic eruptions. Further, general circulation models (including HadGEM2-ES) had been thought to under-estimate the observed post-eruption northern hemisphere winter dynamical response (Driscoll et al. 2012; Charlton-Perez et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 3a–c) and fibril formation (Fig. 3d–f). However, SLCP treatment showed significantly greater inhibition (p < 0. 01) of Aβ42 fibril formation after 24 h of treatment than did Cur (Fig. 3d–f). Fig. 2Acute treatment of either Cur or SLCP reduced Aβ plaque loads in 5xFAD mice brain. a The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brains were sectioned on a cryostat and stained with Cur, which labeled the Aβ plaques that were observed in the PFC and the DG area of the hippocampus. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to the other images. b Cur binds to Aβ plaques in a manner similar to Aβ-specific antibody (6E10), so it was used for labeling and counting Aβ plaques in this study. Scale bar indicates 100 µm and is applicable to the other images. c, d The number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (**p < 0. 01) in both the PFC (c) and the DG area of the hippocampus (d) in comparison to untreated 5xFAD miceFull size image Fig. 3SLCP inhibits Aβ fibril formation greater than does Cur. Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, and after being completely dried, it was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH and diluted with Tris buffer saline (1 mM, pH 7. 4), yielding a 10 μM concentration. Fifty microliter of peptide solution was incubated with, or without, different concentrations of Cur or SLCP for 8- and 24-h. After the stipulated period for each experiment, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were probed with Aβ-oligomer specific (A11) and fibril specific (OC) antibodies. a–c inhibition of Aβ42-oligomer formation by Cur and SLCP. d–f Aβ42 fibril formation was attenuated by Cur and SLCP after 24 h of incubation. Note that SLCP showed greater inhibition of Aβ42 fibril formation than dietary Cur (d, e).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: coli oxidoreductase ghdB,74, 80 where helices are lost upon reduction; and the bacteriophage cell entry protein PRD181 where a small β-sheet disappears upon reduction. The amount of disorder in the chains is also of interest. For most reduced structures, the disorder introduced upon reduction of the disulfide affects less than 10% of the polypeptide chain. However, three of the four group D proteins exhibited large regions of disorder in excess of 20% of the involved protein chain. Interestingly, all were associated with a second more-ordered monomer that was oxidized. For example, the Thermotoga maritima tRNA-processing enzyme, Psi55s undergoes a spectacular loss of secondary structure in one monomer upon binding of RNA. 75 It is possible that the fully reduced state of these protein dimers is uncrystallisable and that only partially and fully oxidized oligomers are sufficiently ordered to enable structure solution. Changes in quaternary structure We also investigated whether formation of interchain disulfide bonds altered the quaternary state of proteins. Different redox states of the interchain disulfides are associated with two general types of quaternary interaction: those where the number of oligomers differs between the reduced and oxidized state; and those where the number of subunits involved in the oligomer stays constant, but the oligomerization interface changes. Pairs exhibit a mixture of the two types of quaternary change. For example, disulfide-bonded dimers of the macrophage sialoadhesin form an interface distinct from that found in trimers formed upon binding of sialosides,82 and may negatively regulate ligand binding. Twenty-nine protein clusters with intermolecular disulfide bonds exhibit changes in quaternary structure upon oxidation/reduction. Redox regulation of the quaternary state has previously been associated with cooperative behavior in proteins. For example, the HoxB5 protein binds DNA in vitro when either oxidized or reduced but formation of an intramolecular disulfide between HoxB5 monomers is necessary for co-operative binding. 83 Other well-known examples are OxyR23 and p53. 84 Several other proteins in the dataset exhibit co-operative behavior.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanic eruptions cause immediate global cooling. [SEP] Text: 2013; Bittner et al. 2016), but restricting the analysis to the first post-eruption winter and only the strongest volcanic eruptions alters this (Bittner et al. 2016; Zambri and Robock 2016). Nevertheless, an improved understanding of the dynamical response to volcanic eruptions is required to clarify the possibility of enhanced winter warming in response to future eruptions. Idealised eruption simulations with a larger range of models (Zanchettin et al. 2016) will contribute to this issue. 5 ConclusionsIndependent of several uncertainties associated with the winter warming response or the exact timing of future warming and sea-ice decline, our results show for the first time that a future large eruption will have a smaller cooling signal than would be expected in a pre-industrial state. The dominant contributing factors to the reduced cooling (increased tropospheric planetary albedo and sea-ice reduction) are both robust features of climate model projections across a range of different coupled models (Stroeve et al. 2012). However, they have not been evaluated in the context of future climate response. The lack of previous climate model-based analysis is partly because future climate change scenarios do not include volcanic eruptions despite there being about a 30% probability of a Tambora-scale eruption by 2100 (Deligne et al. 2010). The interaction between tropospheric planetary albedo and the magnitude of the direct volcanic aerosol radiative forcing has not been reported previously to our knowledge. This diminished volcanic response may, depending on the eruption magnitude, be further enhanced by the proposed effect of the tropopause height on the penetration of smaller eruption plumes (Aubry et al. 2016). Even given a reduced cooling signal, the impacts on society and ecosystems from a large eruption are in places likely to be stronger in the future because of the intensified hydrological response. More detailed assessments of the likely climate-induced impacts are required to translate the identified mechanisms into appropriate adaptation strategies. 2. 73(2011) Aerosol forcing in the CMIP5 simulations by HadGEM2-ES and the role of ammonium nitrate. J 116(D20206)(2016) The impact of wave-mean flow interaction on the polar vortex after tropical volcanic eruptions. J 121(2012) Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century climate variability. Nature 484(7393):228–2322300.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD miceThe entorhinal cortex is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation and is involved in the maintenance of cortico-hippocampal circuits. The number of Iba-1-IR microglia were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in both the 2- and 5-day Cur or SLCP treatment groups (Fig. 13a, b). Significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of Iba-1-IR cells were observed in the 5-day group in comparison to 2-day group, with the SLCP-treated mice having fewer Iba-1-IR cells than those receiving Cur (Fig. 13a, b). In contrast, 2 days Cur treatment did not reduce the number of GFAP-IR astrocytes, whereas both Cur and SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) GFAP-IR after 5 days of treatment. We also found there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the GFAP-IR between the Cur and SLCP groups after 5 days of treatment (Fig. 13a, c). Fig. 13Cur and SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in entorhinal cortex in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the entorhinal cortex in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Significant reduction in both GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR was observed after 5 days, in comparison to those receiving 2 days, of treatment (b, c).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: For example in Leu-tRNA synthetase, part of the protein chain becomes disordered upon Zn expulsion but this is not the case for all proteins with labile Zn. Redox regulation of proteins that form disulfides following expulsion of Zn is an emerging area of signaling. Well known and characterized examples including Hsp33 which is activated by Zn expulsion as part of the oxidative stress response99; and the small Tim proteins which are kept in a transport-competent state in the cytosol by conjugation with Zn. 41 Upon delivery to mitochondria, Zn is expelled from small Tim proteins which are activated by disulfide formation. Zn is not expelled from all protein Zn-binding sites with equal facility, and is probably not expelled from some sites at all under physiologic conditions. For structural Zn sites an analogous situation may exist to the bipartite distribution of redox-active and structural disulfides in proteins, with labile Zn sites being redox-active and inert Zn sites corresponding to the purely structural group. Key to Zn expulsion under oxidizing conditions is the presence of oxidation-prone Cys as a Zn ligand. Sites with more Cys are likely to be more facile. Based on the number and nature of ligands, the Zn sites detected in the dataset likely belong to the redox-active group. The repeated association of forbidden disulfides of the BDD type with labile Zn binding sites is particularly interesting because of the recent characterization of the oxidative process that leads to activation of the bacterial chaperone Hsp33. 99 The presence of the Zn center keeps Hsp33 monomeric and functionally inactive. Upon exposure to elevated temperatures, the C-terminal domain swings away from the protein's center of mass, exposing the Zn centre. The N-terminal thiols in the Zn site, Cys 232 and Cys 234, are preferentially oxidatively modified. The remaining two Cys, 269 and 272, form a disulfide of the BDD type, releasing Zn and unfolding the C-terminal domain. Unfolding the C-terminus removes a steric barrier to dimerization, activating the protein's chaperone function. The function of disulfide formation between Cys 269 and 272 in the Zn binding site has not been fully delineated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanoes are formed on land and never underwater. [SEP] Text: Skip to content (Set) PUSH (Seismic Hazard) STAMP (SiTe AMPlification) and (Web) Temblor (iOS) Temblor (Android) Insurance & a retrofit my building? buy insurance? Living with a safe home in earthquake country How to prepare for an earthquake How to get involved Underwater volcanoes are difficult to monitor. Tonga eruption shows why Posted on March 9, 2022March 18, 2022 by Temblor Tonga’s underwater eruption hints at need for more seismic stations near such active, submarine volcanoes located near populated parts of the Pacific. Retailleau, Ph. D. , du Piton de la Fournaise, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (@RetailleauLise) Citation: Retailleau, L. , 2022, Underwater volcanoes are difficult to monitor. Tonga eruption shows why, Temblor, One of the largest explosive volcanic eruptions in recent decades occurred on January 15, 2022, at Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano in the Pacific Ocean, in the Kingdom of Tonga. It generated worldwide interest and concern because of the profusion of ash that exploded into the atmosphere, and the accompanying shock wave, tsunamis and isolation of the people of Tonga as their communications systems were cut and ash hampered rescue and first aid efforts. In the aftermath, scientists must consider what happened, what can be learned and how the island kingdom can prepare for future eruptions. Satellite image of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption on January 15, 2022. Credit: Agency (CC BY 4. 0), via Two islands become one… Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is a mostly submarine volcano in the Ocean located about 65 kilometers (40 miles) north of Tongatapu, Tonga’s main island. Tonga’s islands form part of the Tonga-Kermadec arc, which sits above a subduction zone where the Pacific plate rapidly plunges under the Indo-Australian plate at a rate of around 20 centimeters (0. 8 inches) per year. This subduction generates numerous earthquakes, with each year bringing more than ten magnitude-6 and a few magnitude-7 events. A magnitude-8 earthquake typically strikes every few years, according to the U. S. earthquake browser.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: injections of Cur or SLSP, observed significant amounts of Cur and SLCP reached the brain and that SLCP appeared to provide greater binding to Aβ plaques in comparison to Cur. We hypothesize that SLCP may have greater capability of delivering free Cur in the brain tissue than Cur (Fig. 1) [32]. However, further investigations with different Cur formulae are needed to confirm and extend these findings in order to optimize this form of therapy. When we compared the number of Aβ plaques in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, we found that after 5-, but not 2-days, of treatment, a significant reduction (~ 50%) of Aβ plaques in PFC and DG areas was observed in both the Cur and SLCP groups (Fig. 2), suggesting the longer duration of treatment is required to optimize reduction in plaque load. Interestingly, after 5 days of treatment, the size or the plaques was relatively smaller and breakage or disaggregation of plaques by Cur or SLCP was confirmed [14, 17]. We have carefully counted the number of Aβ plaques on single focal plane, but more work using unbiased stereology is needed to confirm those findings and provide a more comprehensive profile of the effects of these treatments on Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, we observed greater reductions of Aβ plaques in case of SLCP group, which may be due to its higher permeability into brain tissue, when compared to that of Cur, allowing it to become more capable of inhibiting the assembly of Aβ plaques (Fig. 2). In our dot blot experiments, SLCP also appeared to inhibit Aβ fibril formation more than that observed by Cur, which may be due higher penetration of free Cur released by the SLCPs, which interspersed between Aβ species and interfered with their aggregation pathway (Fig. 3). Although we have yet to directly measure the levels of soluble Aβ after treatment with Cur and or SLCP in 5xFAD mice, we have shown that SLCP reduced Aβ-oligomer formation more than did Cur, as shown by our dot blot experiment (Fig. 3). Similarly, we have shown the number of Aβ plaques were significantly reduced in the PFC and hippocampus (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Potential benefits are protection from other oxidation modifications and restriction of the conformational freedom of the protein chain allowing easier refolding upon return of the protein's milieu to normal conditions. However, these benefits apply to any disulfide and the repeated appearance of the BDD in labile Zn sites of proteins of the dataset suggests a more specific function, possibly recognition by a foldase or metallochaperone. We hypothesize the forbidden disulfide would become stressed upon condensation of the β-sheet in its vicinity,12 possibly allowing easier re-insertion of Zn. Without any detailed experiments as a guide, the significance of the other repeated forbidden disulfide motif, the JSD, is not clear, but the same arguments relating to its forbidden disulfide nature would apply. The JSD-containing proteins MetH and BHMT are known to be reversibly inactivated by disulfide formation. 100 In vitro, BHMT can be reactivated by dialysis against DTT and Zn,101 but the specific method of reactivation in vivo has not been characterized. For most structures exhibiting order/disorder transitions in the dataset, the reduced structure is associated with more disorder than the oxidized structure. Energetically, formation of a disulfide bond between Cys residues would have a favorable entropic contribution to the stability of the chain. A notable exception is Leu-tRNA synthetase where the more ordered reduced structure binds Zn (Fig. 5(B)). This may be generally true for order/disorder transitions associated with labile Zn sites: the Zn-bound state is entropically favored over a single disulfide because the polypeptide chain is constrained at three or four points instead of two. 40 A subset of proteins exhibiting order/disorder transitions correlated with disulfide redox status contain regions of disorder in excess of 20% of the protein chain. All the proteins in this group exist as dimers with the other monomer being more ordered. The disordered monomers in these class D structures may correspond to the state. For these proteins, the state adopted may be physiologically relevant to their function. are collapsed forms of the protein chain which have some native-like secondary structure but a dynamic tertiary structure as seen by far and near circular dichroism spectroscopy, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanoes are formed on land and never underwater. [SEP] Text: The subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Indo-Australian plate also results in the hundreds of volcanic islands and tens of submarine volcanoes that trace a line along the subduction zone, atop the Indo-Australian plate. Several of these volcanoes belong to the Kingdom of Tonga. Multiple oceanographic cruises have set sail to better understand the volcanic activity in the area, such as a cruise in 2009 that explored the submarine volcanic eruption, near Samoa. Vents within the volcano erupting below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Credit: NOAA/NSF Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai’s formidable base at the bottom of the ocean is more than 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. The volcano sees regular eruptions, notably in 2009 and between November 2014 and January 2015. In both cases, eruptions occurred on the sides of the main caldera — the central crater formed by a prior eruption that caused the volcano’s mouth to collapse. Prior to 2015, two preexisting islands, ’apai, poked above sea level, with the submarine summit caldera about five kilometers (three miles) in diameter sitting between the two. The two islets were joined into a single island during the 2015 eruption, becoming Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai. The volcano produces large explosions in which quickly erupting, gas-rich magma interacts with cold water, causing it to be torn into pieces of molten rock. The volcano’s 2009 and 2014-2015 eruptions both behaved this way, explosively emitting ash and volcanic fragments. Before (left) and after (right) radar images of the Hunga Tonga-Volcano, Tonga, January 2 and 17, 2022. Credit: Copernicus/ESA/…and then became two again 20, 2021, the volcano awoke, followed by another strong explosion on January 13, 2022. In both cases, eruptions produced ash and gas plumes with heights of between 15 and 20 kilometers (between nine and 12 miles). The eruption that began shortly after 5 pm local time on January 15, 2022, shot a plume of ash more than 35 kilometers (22 miles) into the air, sending a shock wave around the world — several times. Its sound was heard clearly in Fiji and New Zealand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-128652/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 9You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPAC (3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone), a novel bioactive curcumin analog, has been reported to have anticancer properties against various tumors. However, the anti-cancer effects of PAC on oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC-SCC) were not studied yet. Our aim is to investigate the anti-oral cancer properties of PAC in vitro, and determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Viability assays including MTT and LDH were conducted to measure cell proliferation. Flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay was performed to detect autophagic cell death and oxidative stress markers. Western blotting was used for measuring protein expression/activation in apoptotic, autophagic and pro-carcinogenic cellular signaling pathways. We demonstrated that PAC preferentially and, in a dose, -dependent way kills oral cancer cells, but was not toxic to normal human gingival cells. PAC destabilizes cell-cycle distributions, inhibits the expression of oncogenes (cyclin D1) and that of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21WAF1) is upregulated, increases the expression of p53 gene, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in oral cancer cells. The PAC effect involve various signaling pathways including NF-κcaspase-3/9 and PARP1. Finally, PAC demonstrated ability to induce autophagy, decrease production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) activity, and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, PAC inhibits the proliferation and increases the apoptosis and autophagy and oxidative stress of oral cancer cells. These effects involve ERK1/2, p38/JNK, NF-κB and Wnt cellular signaling pathways. Overall, our study suggests the potential use of PAC to treat oral cancer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: of Gyration of proteins in the state is ∼10% larger than the native state but precise tertiary structures at atomic resolution have not yet been obtained for commonly studied proteins such as lactoglobulin A. However, one of the proteins in group D: 4, which like hepatocyte growth factor, binds heparin and regulates angiogenesis, has been shown to adopt the state upon reduction of its disulfides. 102 It seems likely proteins in group D adopt a state in vivo but can also adopt more ordered states upon binding of appropriate ligands. Several of the proteins bind large polymers such as RNA and heparin and the order/disorder transitions may mediate co-operative behavior between monomers. General studies of disordered sequences suggest there may be several different types of disordered sequence, three of which have been previously detected using an automatic classifier. 103 The oxygen-rich sequences of the disordered regions of proteins of the dataset seem to represent a novel type of disordered sequence not previously recognized. Oxygen-rich sequences may confer bistable switch-like properties on the sequence: an oxygen-rich environment stabilizes the disulfide in the oxidized state by increasing its pKa104; while the subset of negatively charged Asp and Glu residues in oxygen-rich sequences may contribute to disorder in the reduced state via like-charge repulsion. Disordered regions are known to undergo post-translational modifications including acetylation, glycosylation, methylation, and phosphorylation which may regulate the order/disorder transition. 73 Redox-activity of resident Cys residues should be added to this list of post-translational modifications. Perhaps the most astonishing conformational changes associated with disulfide reduction are the morphing transitions. The current paradigm, due to Anfinsen, is that the primary sequence of a protein encodes a unique three-dimensional structure. Various discoveries that have challenged this notion include the spectacular pH-induced conformational change in influenza A haemagglutinin (HA),105 molecular chaperones, and the previously discussed disordered sequences. All of these discoveries have been difficult to reconcile with the concept that protein sequences adopt a unique minimally frustrated fold. HA is believed to be kinetically trapped in a higher energy fold by an N-terminal domain which is subsequently cleaved, allowing it to cascade into a minimally frustrated fold.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanoes are formed on land and never underwater. [SEP] Text: Alaskans 9,000 kilometers (5,600 miles) away heard the boom, which rivaled that produced by the Krakatoa eruption of 1883. The ash plume generated by the eruption covered the surrounding islands, depositing a few centimeters of ash on Tongatapu. The island’s residents were cut off from international and domestic communication when undersea telecommunication cables were severed. Repairs were not finished until late February. First aid flights could land no sooner than five days after the eruption. Much of Tonga was buried by heavy ash. Credit: (CC BY 4. 0), via The eruption generated many different types of waves, aside from the shock wave. Ground motion sensors picked up seismic waves produced by both the shock wave and the explosion of the volcano. The shock waves, which induce pressure changes in the atmosphere, were also recorded by barometers. Acoustic signals linked to the explosion propagated through the ocean and were recorded by hydrophones — underwater devices that record the sounds of the oceans. Infrasound waves — low frequency sound waves that humans cannot hear — were also recorded around the Pacific. Of course, the eruption also created a tsunami, which traveled not only around the Pacific ocean, but also to oceans around the world. Instruments around the world also detected a meteotsunami caused by the interaction between the shock wave and the ocean. Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai tsunami traveled reached the other side of the Pacific roughly 10 hours after the eruption. Credit: NOAA’s (Public Domain), via Satellite imagery collected after the eruption showed that the single island had been obliterated by the explosion. In its place, the volcano’s shorn edges peered above the surface of the ocean — two newly contoured islands instead of one. Seismic spying No clear seismicity preceded the eruption that could have forecasted the explosion. Even during the December 2021 and January 13, 2022, eruptions, no obvious precursor seismicity had been recorded. This could be due to the lack of seismic stations near the volcano. Often, precursor seismic activity prior to an eruption can be subtle and only detectable by a nearby network of seismic monitoring stations. Ocean is huge, and the islands are quite isolated, with many lacking seismic instrumentation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Cancer BiologyOncologyHead & Neck SurgeryPACoral cancerapoptosisautophagyoxidative stressSignaling pathwaysFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10cancer is commonly known as one of the head and neck cancers. It is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide 1. According to the Society in 2019, approximately 5,300 people will be diagnosed with oral cavity cancer, which 3,700 cases concerned men and 1,600 are women. This cancer will cause death of 1,450 Canadians, which 1,050 are men and 450 women 2. Oral cancer is critical, because the patient may not notice it in its first stages, as it can frequently thrive without generating pain or symptoms, and generally, it produces primary tumors. This means that patients, who survive a first encounter with the disease, have up to 20 times higher risk of developing a second cancer3. Largely, those who have been suffering from buccal mucosa cancer for 5 years have about a 50 percent life expectancy or mortality rate4). Treating oral cancer conventionally is highly dependent on surgery assisted with or without chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For destroying malignant cells, chemicals are used more extensively as a systemic treatment 5. The panel of anti- cancer drugs includes mainly 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, platinum derivatives, anthracyclines, plant alkaloids6. The most common chemotherapy medicines consists of cisplatin 7. Despite its survival benefits as an anticancer drug, it has side effects, especially the chemoresistance that is limiting patients in clinical effectiveness 7. This knowledge has inspired the use of herbal medicinal products as complementary and/or alternative therapies to a direct remedy, thus the recognition of plant products as effective and inexpensive sources of novel synthetic chemotherapeutic compounds is increasing. For decades, in some countries such as China, India, and Egypt, traditional medicine has been making use of flavored herbs in its home-based therapies for many diseases, including cancer. Nowadays, it is becoming more widely acceptable to consider herbal remedies as helpful supplements to medical prescriptions 8; 9 10. Curcumin, a yellow shade from Curcuma longa Linn. , is a significant part of turmeric and is normally used as a flavor and nourishment shading material11).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: Forsyth, Institut Laue-Langevin, France, and Keele University, UK (Received 6 March 2015; accepted 9 June 2015; online 30 June 2015) Year of Crystallography saw the number of macromolecular structures deposited in the Bank cross the 100000 mark, with more than 90000 of these provided by X-ray crystallography. The number of X-ray structures determined to sub-atomic resolution (i. e. ≤1 Å) has passed 600 and this is likely to continue to grow rapidly with diffraction-limited synchrotron radiation sources such as MAX-IV (Sweden) and Sirius (Brazil) under construction. A dozen X-ray structures have been deposited to ultra-high resolution (i. e. ≤0. 7 Å), for which precise electron density can be exploited to obtain charge density and provide information on the bonding character of catalytic or electron transfer sites. Although the development of neutron macromolecular crystallography over the years has been far less pronounced, and its application much less widespread, the availability of new and improved instrumentation, combined with dedicated deuteration facilities, are beginning to transform the field. Of the 83 macromolecular structures deposited with neutron diffraction data, more than half (49/83, 59%) were released since 2010. Sub-mm3 crystals are now regularly being used for data collection, structures have been determined to atomic resolution for a few small proteins, and much larger unit-cell systems (cell edges >100 Å) are being successfully studied. While some details relating to H-atom positions are tractable with X-ray crystallography at sub-atomic resolution, the mobility of certain H atoms precludes them from being located. In addition, highly polarized H atoms and protons (H+) remain invisible with X-rays. Moreover, the majority of X-ray structures are determined from cryo-cooled crystals at 100 K, and, although radiation damage can be strongly controlled, especially since the advent of shutterless fast detectors, and by using limited doses and crystal translation at micro-focus beams, radiation damage can still take place. Neutron crystallography therefore remains the only approach where diffraction data can be collected at room temperature without radiation damage issues and the only approach to locate mobile or highly polarized H atoms and protons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanoes are formed on land and never underwater. [SEP] Text: The closest station to Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai with available data is a — a citizen-science station — more than 700 kilometers (430 miles) away. Raspberry Shakes, like the one shown here, are cheap, accurate seismographs that can be operated by anyone with an internet connection (and technically, without one as well). Credit: Although the majority of volcanism on Earth occurs underwater, submarine volcanoes are particularly hard to instrument because of a lack of access. For this reason, only a few are continuously monitored and have been studied extensively. Developments in satellite imagery now permit observations of volcanos in near-real time, as well as an analysis of the effects of an eruption once one begins, even in remote locations. For example, during the Fukutoku-Okanoba eruption South of Japan in August 2021, no clear seismic precursor had been detected. In that case, the nearest station was about 250 kilometers (155 miles) away, and the eruption was observed through satellite imagery. Monitoring underwater volcanoes In the Indian Ocean, a flurry of seismicity started in May of 2018 off the coast of Mayotte, a French-administered island near Mozambique. The numerous earthquakes were followed by the start of a large submarine eruption 50 kilometers (31 miles) from the coast, which gave rise to a volcano. Strong effort was made by the French community and government to develop a land network of seismic stations. Several oceanographic cruises set out to monitor the event and understand the behavior and history of this volcanic system. Although the main volcanic activity was located 3,000 meters (1. 8 miles) below sea level, and appeared non-explosive, the area shows signs of previous explosive eruptions. Seismicity near Mayotte related to the birth of a new volcano in 2018. Credit: Retailleau et al. (2022) In particular, the “fer à cheval” area shows signs of a previous large eruption and is less than ten kilometers (six miles) away from the island, under about 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) of water. A strong eruption from this location could reach the surface and generate a tsunami that would likely impact the island of Mayotte, at a minimum. Studies are being carried out to estimate potential tsunami wave heights. Should a new eruption closer to the coast of Mayotte begin, the relatively new seismic network should detect the waves.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was established that PAC is also repressing NF-kB and its downstream effectors cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) as well as JAK2/STAT3, AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and MEK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathways 23 21; 24. It was demonstrated that PAC is a potent inhibitor of these pathways and has better solubility and biodistribution than curcumin 25. Until today, no study was available to investigate its properties to possibly treat oral cancer. This research is aiming at studying the inhibitory effects of the curcumin analog PAC on oral cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as investingating the signaling pathways involved in the interactions of PAC with oral cancer cells. 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone (PAC) was obtained from Dr. Ibrahim Al-Jammaz’s laboratory (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Ca9-22 cell line was purchased from (Tsukuba-shi, Japan). However, primary human gingival epithelial cells (GEC) and primary gingival fibroblasts (GF), were isolated from healthy human gingival tissues as we previously reported. committee of approved the use of primary human gingival cells. The gingival cells were extracted after the donor consent. RPMI-1640, F12, DMEH cell culture media, fetal calf serum (FCS), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and have been bought from Scientific (). Penicillin-Streptomycin, MTT and LDH colorimetric assays, EDTA solution, Caspases detection kit (FITC-VAD-FMK) and β-actin antibody (A5441) were all from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, Ontario, Canada). with propidium iodide was obtained from BD Biosciences (Mississauga, ON, Canada). (Red), Species (ROS) (GSH) Assay were purchased from Immuno(Burlington, ON, Canada).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: Here a review of the current status of sub-atomic X-ray and neutron macromolecular crystallography is given and future prospects for combined approaches are outlined. New results from two metalloproteins, copper nitrite reductase and cytochrome c′, are also included, which illustrate the type of information that can be obtained from sub-atomic-resolution (∼0. 8 Å) X-ray structures, while also highlighting the need for complementary neutron studies that can provide details of H atoms not provided by X-ray crystallography. Keywords: neutron; X-ray; hydrogen; proton; protonation states; radiation damage; redox biology; proton coupling; electron transfer; X-ray laser; XFEL. PDB reference: 5akr 1. tremendous success of X-ray crystallography over the last 30 years has largely been due to the availability of highly intense synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities. More recently, the drive to ever-increasing brightness of X-ray sources has led to the establishment of X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities in the USA and Japan, with new facilities under construction in Europe, Asia and elsewhere (Weckert, 2015). X-ray FELs provide huge gains in intensity, allowing molecular structures to be obtained from crystals of a few nanometres (Chapman et al. , 2011), and, ultimately, the possibility of visualizing macromolecular structures and complexes at high resolution without the need for crystals at all (Stern et al. , 2014). X-ray diffraction data extending to sub-atomic resolution (i. e. ≤1 Å) leads to extremely precise electron density maps that allow the positions of a significant proportion of H atoms to be determined. Knowledge of the H-atom positions provides detailed information on protonation states (e. g. for amino-acid side-chains, bound drugs/inhibitors etc. ), water structure and hydrogen bonding, which can be critical towards understanding macromolecular function (et al. , 2013; Matsuoka et al. , 2015; Ogata et al. , 2015). Moreover, charge density information can be obtained, as illustrated by the studies of crambin (Jelsch et al. , 2000), aldose reductase (Guillot et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All volcanoes are formed on land and never underwater. [SEP] Text: Recent developments in automatic detection and alerting should help to rapidly alert the population. However, though seismicity started a few weeks prior to the current eruption, sometimes the time between the start of seismicity and an eruption is much shorter, limiting inhabitants’ evacuation possibilities. Eruption prediction is a tricky subject, even with well-instrumented volcanoes like Mayotte. Their sizes are unpredictable. This is especially true for submarine volcanoes, which constitute the majority of volcanism on Earth. Such volcanoes aren’t usually swathed in seismic stations, but Tonga’s eruption — like Mayotte’s — highlights how such information could be useful for forecasting future cataclysms. Deployments of low-cost sensor could help improve coverage with minimal expense. In Tonga, though no seismicity was observed before Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai’s eruption on Jan. 15, seismicity ranging between magnitude 4 and 5 has since been recorded and located near the volcano, according to the USGS. This suggests that magma transfer linked to the eruptions that started in December of 2021 had little influence on the surrounding faults, and thus did not generate any earthquakes. The ultimate explosion on January 15, 2022, modified the area, generating an episode of seismicity that went on for weeks. Hopefully, this shaking won’t lead to a new eruption. 10. 1785/0220210279 Duncombe, J. (2022), The surprising reach of Tonga’s giant atmospheric waves, Eos, 103, Published on 21 January 2022. Latest posts by Temblor (see all) A new metric shows which countries experience disproportionate earthquake casualties - October 10, 2024 Why do the largest continental earthquakes nucleate on branch faults? - September 24, 2024 Two strong earthquakes separated by 17 years strike the same fault - September 12, 2024 Posted in 6. 8 event Japan’s magnitude 7. 1 shock triggers megaquake warning. How likely is this scenario?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Blue G-250 Dye has been bought from Bio-Rad (Mississauga, ON, Canada), while PVDF membranes were from Cytiva (Vancouver, BC, Canada). The following antibodies, among which p53 (sc-263), cyclin D1 (sc-8396), p21 (sc-6246), Bcl-2 (sc-509), Bax (sc-7480), PARP-1 (sc-8007), caspase-3 (sc-56046), caspase-9 (sc-17784), NF-kB (sc-8008) and β-catenin (sc-59737) were all obtained from Biotechnology (). Anti-vimentin antibody (Ab8978) from Abcam () as well as others to cleaved caspase-3 (9664S), cleaved caspase-9 (20750S), cleaved PARP-1 (5625S), cytochrome C (11940S), E-cadherin (8834), pERK1/2 (4370), ERK1/2 (4695), pp38 MAPK (4631), p38 MAPK (9212), p-SAPK/JNK (4668P), SAPK/JNK (9252S), LC3B (2775) and SQSTM1/p62 (39749) were all from Technology (). The goat anti-mouse (554002) and anti-rabbit (554021) secondary and have been bought from BD Pharmingen (Mississauga, ON, Canada). and PAC Stimulation Ca9-22 cells and GEC were sub-cultured respectively in RPMI-1640, F12 or DMEM media supplemented with 5% (v/v) FBS for Ca9-22 and 10% for GEC, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin in T75 flasks 26; 27. All cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. All experiments conducted with GEC were at passages 3 to 4, and GF at passages 4 to 5. PAC was used at (0, 1, 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: Although more commonly used for diffraction studies in structural chemistry, the D19 diffractometer is capable of collecting data to atomic (and potentially sub-atomic) resolution from small macromolecules (cell edges <50 Å) and to medium resolution (1. 8–2. 5 Å) from larger macromolecules (cell edges <100 Å), provided that sufficiently large crystals of several mm3 are available. This has been demonstrated in recent years by the ensemble of neutron studies of xylose isomerase (MW ∼43 kDa) (Kovalevsky et al. , 2010, 2012; Langan et al. , 2014). 4. Neutron instrumentation at spallation neutron sources At spallation neutron sources, neutrons produced by proton pulses are `time-stamped' such that, by recording TOF information, the corresponding energy and wavelength of each neutron can be calculated. TOF techniques in combination with large position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) allow wavelength-resolved Laue patterns to be collected using all the available neutrons (Langan et al. , 2004). The TOF Laue method therefore has all of the advantages of quasi-Laue methods employed at reactor sources, but does not suffer in the same way from reflection overlap and a build up of background scattering over the wavelength range. In the last few years, two new TOF Laue diffractometers dedicated to macromolecular crystallography have been constructed; MaNDi (Coates et al. , 2010) at the Source (SNS) at ORNL and iBIX (Kusaka et al. , 2013) at the Complex (J-PARC). Table 2 provides details of diffractometers currently in operation at reactor and spallation neutron sources. Table 2Neutron diffractometers currently in operation at reactor and spallation neutron sources BIX-3 and BIX-4 have been offline since 2011, but will be online again towards the end of 2015 once the JRR-3M reactor restarts. Instrument name Neutron source and power Detector type Data collection method LADI-58 -Laue (δλ/λ = 30%, λrange options; 2. 6–3. 4, 3. 2–4. 2, 3. 8–5. 0, 4. 1–5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Volcanic ash is harmless and can be safely inhaled. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4023403/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe rapid urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in the generation of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. This has made the safe and harmless disposal of fly ash a major challenge for the waste-to-energy industry's sustainable development. The current environmental verification system lacks a complete quantitative system that integrates various evaluation indicators for solid waste resource recovery technology. Thus, there is an urgent need to expedite research on environmental technology verification (ETV) and establish an objective, fair, and scientific system for verifying and evaluating fly ash harmless disposal and resource utilization technology. In this study, an evaluation system was constructed consisting of 12 indexes from three aspects: technical characteristics, technical quality, and technical value, using the Process (AHP). The evaluation results were classified into three levels: recommended, suggested for improvement and optimization, and not recommended. Consequently, a comprehensive ETV system was developed. The case analysis confirmed the scientific validity and feasibility of the constructed verification system. It demonstrated that the developed verification evaluation method for the harmless disposal and resource utilization technology of fly ash can objectively and effectively evaluate the progress and applicability of the technology. Additionally, valuable suggestions for improving the technical performance were provided. Furthermore, this study provided a scientific and reliable evaluation system for fly ash harmless disposal and resource utilization technology, which is also adapted for solid waste treatment technology because of non-specific methods and concepts, and laid technical guidance for the government in studying and issuing related regulations. Fly ashHarmless disposalResource utilizationETVTechnology evaluation systemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 71 IntroductionDue to rapid urbanization in China, municipal solid waste generation has been increasing annually. According to statistics, the global average waste generation is approximately 0. 74 kg per capita per day, with significant variations among different countries, ranging from 0. 11 to 4. 54 kg per capita per day (Mor and Ravindra, 2023). Globally, around 2. 01 billion tons of municipal solid waste are generated each year, with at least 33% not being managed in an environmentally safe way (Group, 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 5, 5 and 10 µM in DMSO) with all experiments, except for Western blotting where we used PAC at 5 µM, only. Assay: Cells were seeded at 3 × 105 cells/well in 6-well cell culture plates, and culture for 24 h. Culture were then stimulated exposed to vehicle control (DMSO) or various concentrations of PAC (0, 1, 2. 5, 5 and 10 µM) for 24 h. At the end of the stimulation period, the culture medium of each condition was supplemented with MTT solution at 0. 5 mg/mL then incubated for 3 h at 37ºC in the dark. The cells were washed, then 1 ml of 0. 04 N HCl in isopropanol was added to the culture wells, followed by an extended 15-min incubation. Finally, 200 µl of the reaction mixture (in triplicate) was transferred to the wells of a 96-well flat-bottom plate and the absorbance was measured at 550 nm using iMark reader (Bio-Rad). The cell viability (percentage) was determined by using the following formula: % of cell viability = [(OD550 nm (treated cell)/(OD (control cell)] × 100. This experiment was repeated 7 times. To support the cell viability assay we performed lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity measurement using culture supernatants. Supernatants were collected from each condition after exposure or not of the cells to PAC for 24 h. The LDH activity was measured by means of an LDH kit from (Sigma-Aldrich), as outlined in our previous work 28. The experiment was repeated 4 independent times. Assay Ca9-22 cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 103 cells per well for 24 h, before being treated with various concentrations of PAC. The culture medium was changed every 2 or 3 days. After 2 weeks, the cell clones that survived were fixed by 100% ethanol for 10 min. After washing twice by PBS, cells were then stained with 0. 5% crystal violet for 30 min and they were photographed with a digital camera. Annexin V-with propidium iodide Ca9-22 cells were seeded into T25 flasks the exposed to 1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM of PAC, for 24 h and 48 h, at 37 °C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, as the vast majority of X-ray structures are determined at 100 K, it is important to examine alterations to macromolecular structures caused by cryo-cooling, without the need to deconvolute from radiation damage effects. Finally, cryo-crystallography allows more sophisticated experiments to be performed, such as cryo-trapping of enzymatic reaction intermediates (Casadei et al. , 2014). Data collection at cryogenic temperatures is now possible on -III, D19, iBIX and MaNDi in a routine manner analogous to X-ray data collections at 100 K, i. e. using standard cryo pins, loops etc. (Coates et al. , 2014). 6. Structural refinement options for neutron diffraction data In the last few years, new structural refinement tools have been developed which allow structural refinement against neutron data alone, or in a joint refinement strategy with both X-ray and neutron diffraction data. With the addition of H and D atoms, a neutron structure has approximately twice as many atoms as an X-ray structure. As such, attempting to refine a neutron structure at medium resolution (e. g. dmin from 2. 0 to 2. 5 Å), particularly those with large unit cells, can be problematic as the data-to-parameter ratio is low. By combining data from both X-ray and neutron techniques, the data-to-parameter ratio is increased, while the influence of systematic errors can be reduced. Joint X-ray/neutron refinement strategies make it possible to allow refinement of all the atoms within the structure, in principle resulting in more accurate structures. The phenix. refine program (Afonine et al. , 2010), for example, is able to refine structures in a joint X-ray/neutron strategy, as well as against neutron data alone. In addition, improvements made to 2013 (Gruene et al. , 2014) make the program more convenient to use for refinement of macromolecular structures against neutron data. 7. Recent instrumentation development for sub-atomic resolution X-ray structures Since the discovery of X-rays just over 100 years ago, the brilliance of X-ray sources via the SR sources has increased by ten orders of magnitude.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Volcanic ash is harmless and can be safely inhaled. [SEP] Text: In 2021, urban solid waste in China amounted to 2. 49 ×108 tons (of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, 2022). Incineration has become the primary method for the harmless disposal of municipal solid waste, surpassing landfilling, and developing rapidly for power generation in Chinese urban areas. According to the of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2022), the proportion of waste incineration increased significantly from 3. 66% in 2006 to 72. 54% in 2021. In 2021, the volume of incineration disposal reached 1. 80×108 tons. However, incinerating municipal solid waste can release air pollutants, including SO2, NOx, HCl, incomplete combustion pollutants, particulate matter (PM), and potentially hazardous substances such as dioxins and furan compounds. These pollutants can have severe impacts on environmental health (Chen et al. , 2022). Fly ash (FA) is produced through the incineration of municipal solid waste, which typically contains 5–10% chlorine (Cl). concentrations can weaken solidification strength and increase environmental risks associated with heavy metal leaching from FA (Huang et al. , 2023). In 2018, the total amount of FA generated from waste incineration exceeded 6. 31×106 tons, and this number rose to over 1. 00×107 tons in 2020. Safe and harmless disposal of FA has become a major challenge for the sustainable development of the waste incineration and power generation industry, emerging as an inevitable trend in the technological development of the waste incineration industry (Xie et al. , 2023). Verification (ETV) is an activity that follows relevant technical standards and specifications. It uses scientifically reliable empirical test data and follows quantitative and qualitative criteria as a supplementary measure. ETV targets technologies or processes with industrial and market prospects and verifies environmental innovations (Harris et al. , 2022). High-performing innovations with the potential to protect the environment often face significant market barriers due to skepticism about the data generated by businesses or companies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish market-based verification processes that overcome these barriers and ensure data accessibility, comprehensibility, and trustworthiness (Calleja and Delgado, 2008). In the 1990s, the pioneered ETV.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: After exposure, cells were detached from the flasks using 0. 05% trypsin and 0. 01% EDTA, centrifuged, washed by PBS and the pellet was suspended in 300 µl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with 0. 5 µl annexin V-FITC and 0. 5 µl of propidium iodide at room temperature for 30 min in the dark. Stained cells were subjected to flow cytometry analyses, using a “LSRII” or “CantoII” cytometer instrument from BD Biosciences. Data analysis was made by FACS Diva software v. 6. 1. 3. The experiments were repeated 5 independent times. percentage depending on the various phases of the cell cycle was measured by using the fluorescent DNA dye 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) (Sigma, USA), as previously described 29. Briefly, oral cancer cells were treated with different PAC concentrations (1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) for 24 h. They were then incubated in the presence of 7-AAD at 1 µg/mL for 30 min at 37ºC. The fluorescence intensities of DNA were detected with “LSRII” or “CantoII” (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed by FACSDiva software v. 6. 1. 3 and experiments were done in triplicates, n = 5. Pancaspase activity assay by flow cytometry The pancaspase activity in ca 9–22 treated by various concentration of PAC was evaluated by use Kit (FITC-VAD-FMK) from Calbiochem. Briefly; 1 × 106 cells were treated or not by different concentration of PAC for 24 h. After PAC-treatment, 1 µl FITC-VAD-FMK was added into each culture and incubate for 1 h in a 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2 and then, the cells were re-suspended in 0. 3 ml wash buffer before quantification by flow cytometry using the FL-1 channel (n = 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: The increasing X-ray photon density delivered by the increasingly brighter sources has required rapid development in beamlines, optical elements and detectors. For X-ray macromolecular crystallography, the second-generation sources initially used an asymmetric-cut crystal to compress the beams horizontally and a mirror to compress the beam vertically. Towards the end of the last century many advances took place allowing the use of XAFS-type monochromators with the second crystal providing the horizontal focus and maintaining the fixed beam position. These also provided the full tunability across the wavelengths from ∼2. 5 Å for sulfur phasing to ∼0. 4 Å for ultra-high resolution at SPring-8. The last ten years has seen major progress in the provision of micro-focus dedicated facilities at several sources. The pioneering work for micro-focus beam was carried out by Riekel at ID13 at the ESRF at the start of the century (Riekel, 2004). The use of X-ray waveguide optics (Mo/C/Mo sandwich structure with a carbon spacer of 80 nm) can provide beams of 0. 1 µm in one dimension (Müller et al. , 2000). X-rays are transported in the waveguide through the light element layer by total reflection at the opposing metallic layers. A graded multilayer mirror can be used to focus the beam horizontally to 3 µm while the waveguide can focus the beam to 0. 1 µm in the vertical direction (Fischetti et al. , 2009). The (GM/CA-CAT) dual canted undulator beamlines at the APS that played a major role in the 2012 has developed a `mini-beam' apparatus that conditions the focused beam (20 µm × 65 µm) to either 5 µm or 10 µm (FWHM) diameter with high intensity. Recently a quad mini-beam collimator has been implemented which is able to deliver high intensity (5 × 1010 and 3 × 109) with a minimum focal size of 5 and 1 µm at the sample position. There are now some 24 micro-focus macromolecular crystallography beamlines delivering beams of 5–20 µm on the sample over a broad energy X-ray range from 3. 5 to 35 keV (Smith et al. , 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Volcanic ash is harmless and can be safely inhaled. [SEP] Text: 2 MethodologyIn alignment with the ETV programs implemented by the and China (CSES, 2015; EC, 2018), the verification and evaluation process for FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology primarily consisted of pre-evaluation preparation, technical verification, and technical assessment. Pre-evaluation involved indicator screening and referencing, while verification included indicator monitoring. During the assessment phase, both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the indicators were conducted, leading to assessment conclusions and the release of evaluation results (Fig. 1). The environmental evaluation system of FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology primarily focused on the following five points: (i) outlining and defining the technology, (ii) confirming and verifying technical characteristics, (iii) assessing technical quality, (iv) evaluating technical value, and (v) providing rational recommendations (Lian et al. , 2018). To establish technology verification and evaluation methods, construction of evaluation systems and verification of the evaluation method were undertaken. The construction of the indicator system involved multiple steps, including indicator selection and weight calculation. 2. 1 Referring to relevant research literature and considering various technology assessments, the selected indicators from previous research results and literature were screened and classified to find out a large number of indicators that may affect the technology evaluation, accounting for the characteristics and current situation of technical classification in the study`s early stage, Ultimately, twelve indicators were selected, forming a preliminary evaluation indicator system with three categories: technical characteristics, technical quality, and technical value. Initial weights, thresholds, and initial evaluation result judgments were provided (Luo et al. , 2023). Specifically, these can be divided into three major categories as follow: 2. 1. 1 Technical characteristics are presented in two aspects. Firstly, the characteristics of the technology represent the impact of process/operational parameters on the technology's ability to reduce pollutants. Additionally, they signify the stable operation of the technology itself. The evaluation mainly considers factors including technological automation level, fault conditions, and applicable site types. Secondly, the technology's safety impact on the environment is considered. In this part, emission limits for harmful substances and environmental health risk assessment were selected as evaluation indicators. These indicators assess the impact of restoration technology on environmental elements beyond the restoration subject. 2. 1. 2 Technical quality pertains to parameters influencing the quality of technology operations and produced by-products. Components include technology maturity, technical reliability, and maintenance management.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Cell Autophagy: To determine the in vitro effect of PAC on Ca9-22 cells autophagy in, we used ICT’s (Red) from ImmunoChemistry Technologies. Briefly, Ca9-22 cells were stimulated or not with various concentrations of PAC for 24 h, detached from the culture plates, then incubated with a diluted Autophagy Probe, Red at 1:50 for 1 h in the dark, washed three times with the cellular assay buffer. Stained cells were afterwards analyzed by flow cytometry, (n = 4). Stress: Expression of cellular ROS was evaluated by using a specific assay kit from ImmunoChemistry Technologies. In short, Ca9-22 cells were seeded and cultured from 24 h, then were exposed to different concentrations (1 µM, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) of PAC for 24 h. Total ROS Green dye molecule was added to 106 cells/mL of each culture condition for 1 h in the dark at 37 °C before making the analysis with BD Accuri C6 (BD Biosciences). For evaluating levels of intracellular GSH, ThioBright™ Green reagent was first reconstituted in DMSO, added to the cell suspension (1:200), and then incubated for 30 min in the dark. After washing with PBS twice, fluorescence intensity was determined by System (BD Biosciences), and the percentage of GSH-positive cells was calculated. Experiments were done in triplicates. Potential (MMP) MMP expression reduced by PAC was measured by DiOC(2)(3)-based flow cytometry. Ca9-22 cells (106) were seeded into a T325 flask. After overnight incubation for adherence, cells were treated with different concentrations of PAC (0, 1, 2. 5, 5 and 10 µM). After 24 h of treatment, 50 nM of DiOC2(3) were added to each condition for 30 min. Celles were collected and subjected to flow cytometry analyses using a “LSRII” or “CantoII” cytometer instruments from BD Biosciences. Data analysis was made by FACSDiva software v. 6. 1. 3. , (n = 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: The increase in X-ray brilliance has required major improvement in the X-ray detectors. At the second-generation sources such as SRS (Daresbury), and NSLS the early data were collected on photographic films until the image-plate systems were introduced. The image-plate systems were initially used in off-line mode where the scanning of plates was required during data collection. The 1990s saw the development of on-line image-plate systems where reading and erasing could be performed without actually physically handling an image plate (Amemiya, 1997). The charged coupled device (CCD) detectors emerged at the end of the last century with several commercial companies providing continued improvement in the size, pixel resolution, speed of readout and sensitivity at prices that could be afforded by most SR centres for their crystallographic facilities. The last ten years have seen the development of photon-counting hybrid pixel array silicon detectors (Broennimann et al. , 2006) bringing shutterless data collection routine for SR crystallography. These detectors have provided very high dynamic range, zero dark signal and zero readout noise and hence are able to achieve optimal signal-to-noise ratios at short readout time and high frame rates. Fig. 2 shows the rate response for the 3 series of detectors. Figure 2 detectors have continued to develop and improve the spatial resolution, count rate, readout speed as well as sensitivity across the wavelength ranges. Most recently a unique in-vacuum X-ray detector, 12M-DLS, has been installed on the I23 beamline at Source for long-wavelength X-ray crystallography. 12M-DLS is a semi-cylindrical detector covering a 2θ range of ±100° enabling the collection of low- and high-resolution data simultaneously. (Data were provided by Schulze-Briese comparing 3 and 2. ) 8. Redox biology: from supply to utilization of electrons Many biological processes rely on redox processes that utilize the redox properties of a metal centre or cluster. Atomic- to sub-atomic-resolution X-ray structures are capable of providing structural information at an unprecedented level of detail but a major challenge remains that redox centres are the first to be affected by photoreduction (Yano et al. , 2006; Hough et al. , 2008; Ellis et al. , 2008; Kekilli et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Volcanic ash is harmless and can be safely inhaled. [SEP] Text: As, Co, Cr, and Ni have significant carcinogenic risks, while other heavy metals present potential carcinogenic risks. Therefore, the waste emissions from this FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology do not pose significant health risks to humans, but there is a certain level of carcinogenic risk. 3. 2 The FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology is assessed by TRLs. This technology has a robust research foundation and has been implemented to industrial activities. Currently, the key technologies are only tested in the company's factory and have not yet been industrialized or commercialized. According to the definitions of TRLs, this technology is categorized as TRL8. The primary by-products of the FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology are detoxified FA and regenerated salt. Based on the monitoring results of regenerated salt, the proportions of its components meet the standards of "Regenerated industrial salt—sodium chloride" (T/ZGZS 0302–2023). According to "Industrial salt" (GB/T 5462 − 2015), the physicochemical indicators of industrially refined extracted regenerated salt include NaCl more than 975 g/kg, moisture less than 8 g/kg, insoluble content less than 2 g/kg, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content less than 2. 5 g/kg, and SO42− content less than 5 g/kg. According to the standard, the regenerated salt produced by this process is classified as secondary industrial salt. The detoxified FA produced in the Jinglan workshop can leach heavy metals within the standard limits, as specified in "Technical specifications for pollution control of fly-ash from municipal solid waste incineration" (HJ 1134–2020) and "Technical specifications for coprocessing of solid waste in cement kilns" (GB 30760 − 2014), meeting the company's utilization requirements. Therefore, both detoxified FA and regenerated salt meet the criteria for resource utilization, and the levels of pollutants such as heavy metals in detoxified FA and regenerated salt do not exceed the restricted limits for resource utilization. Hence, both detoxified FA and regenerated salt comply with industry standards. Given that most facilities of this FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology are commonly used on the market, acquiring knowledge of the key technologies may necessitate theoretical study, and their use presents a moderate level of difficulty. Technical personnel can be trained to operate after training. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Assessment of To evaluate the mitochondrial superoxide production following treatments with PAC, we used an indicator named MitoSOX Red (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and afterwards performed a flow cytometry analysis. PAC-treated cells (1 µ M, 2. 5 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM) were incubated for 30 min with 5 µM MitoSOX at 37ºC in 5% CO2. They were then resuspended in 1 mL PBS, and analyses by means of flow cytometry with “LSRII” or “CantoII” (BD Biosciences) (n = 3). The effect of PAC at 5 µM on various proteins involved in MAPK pathways, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle was evaluated by making use of Western blots. Briefly, 106 cells (stimulated and unstimulated) were harvested for extraction by RIPA lysis buffer. Protein concentrations were determined by the Bradford assay. For each sample, a mixture of 20 µg to 60 µg was added to an equal amount of loading buffer containing 10% β-mercaptoethanol and migrated through a 7–15% acrylamide gel. After electrophoretic separation, proteins were transferred from the gel to a nitrocellulose membrane to be blocked in a 5% milk solution for 1 h at 24ºC and put overnight in an incubator with appropriate concentrations of antibodies. Finally, a band detection was performed by an ECL (), according to instructions from its manufacturer. Statistical analysis All our experiments were repeated more than three times and the statistical significance obtained between controls (untreated cells) and tests (treated) with various concentrations of PAC was expressed as mean ± SD. Differences between values were determined if statistically significant using a one-way ANOVA. A p-value < 0. 05 was defined as significant. Results PAC selectively inhibits the growth of oral cancer cells, and increases apoptosis To evaluate the effect of PAC on normal and gingival cells affected by cancer to proliferate, we used the MTT assay. As presented in Fig. 1, PAC at various concentrations decrease the growth of oral cancer cells. This decrease was more important with higher concentration of PAC. Indeed, at 10 µM oral cancer cell growth was almost drastically reduced.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: Several solutions are being developed to overcome this, including deploying large crystals in combination with micro-focus beams with rapid CCD and photon-counting detectors. The use of ultra-bright femtosecond pulses from XFELs are allowing most damage processes to be outrun and have recently enabled structure determination of the fully oxidized resting state of bovine cytochrome c oxidase (Hirata et al. , 2014) and the undamaged oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II at the (Suga et al. , 2015), bringing the details of Mn clusters in PSII to be in complete agreement with XAFS. In order to minimize radiation damage, the crystal can be translated every few degrees of data so as to provide the structure of a pure redox state, rather than a mixture generated by X-ray radiolysis. This development can be combined with neutron diffraction studies, since the crystal can be first used to collect high-resolution neutron diffraction without any radiation damage issues, before obtaining a sub-atomic-resolution X-ray structure from the same crystal. One such example where this has been achieved is the high-potential iron–sulfur protein (HiPIP). HiPIP has a MW of ∼9 kDa and possesses an Fe4S4 cluster, which exhibits +2/+3 redox states and acts as an electron carrier from cytochrome bc1 complex to the reaction centre complex in photosynthetic purple bacteria. Using a D-exchanged HiPIP crystal with volume of 2. 3 mm3, neutron data were collected to 1. 17 Å resolution using the TOF Laue diffractometer iBIX at J-PARC. Subsequently, X-ray data to 0. 48 Å resolution were collected using short X-ray wavelengths (0. 4 Å) and an intense micro-focus beam, together with translation of the large crystal during data collection (Hirano & Miki, unpublished results; data presented at IUCr congress 2014). The X-ray resolution achieved for HiPIP equals the record held until recently by the much smaller protein, crambin (presented at the IU2014), which has a MW of ∼5 kDa. A joint X-ray/neutron structural refinement of these very high-resolution data sets will certainly contribute to our understanding of the coupling of electron and proton transfer dynamics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Volcanic ash is harmless and can be safely inhaled. [SEP] Text: 2 6000 Acid (31%) 350 Soda 800 Polyacrylamide (PAM) 10000 4000 700 Note: Prices are calculated per ton of fly ash. The unit of currency is (CNY). The LCA of the FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology involves an analysis of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and human toxicity potential (HTP). The results reveal that the technology performs well in GWP, AP, and EP (Fig. 6). Notably, the HTP of the FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology is lower than that associated with waste incineration. The key technologies contribute modestly to GWP, EP, and AP, accounting for 58. 36% of HTP. Moreover, the power plant has a significant contribution to all four indicators, indicating a substantial environmental impact in terms of energy consumption. In summary, the technology demonstrates a moderate overall environmental impact. 4 Result and discussionThe evaluation system of the FA harmless disposal and resource utilization technology presents scores, classification assessment values, and comprehensive assessment values for various indicators in Fig. 7. As the results, the project demonstrates mature and feasible technology, with a controllable process environment. The overall technological level has attained an internationally advanced standard. Not only does the technology alleviate practical issues linked with FA, but it also converts harm into benefit, achieving resource recycling and utilization. The technology exhibits significant environmental and social benefits. However, improvements and optimizations are necessary for the technical characteristics of this technology. The proposed enhancement strategies encompass optimizing the energy consumption structure and developing high-performance technologies to reduce the energy consumption. The case study indicate that the project possesses mature and feasible technology with a controllable process environment. It effectively alleviates practical issues associated with FA, achieving resource recycling to some extent and demonstrating notable environmental and social benefits. The evaluation results underscore the effectiveness of the FA harmless resource utilization technology verification and evaluation method in assessing the advancement and rationality of FA disposal technologies, providing reliable technical information for technology users. It is beneficial to the popularization, application, and improvement of the harmless disposal and resource utilization technology of FA. Since new wastes and high energy consumption are inevitable in practical application, the technical factors and environmental impact of the harmless disposal and resource utilization technology of FA, as well as the resource utilization of by-products produced by it, need to be further studied in the future to make the evaluation results more credible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Interesting, the decrease of normal human gingival epithelial cells growth following the exposure to 10 uM of PAC was too low compared to cancer cells. With 5 µM of PAC, there was an 80% growth reduction of oral cancer cells, but only 10–20% growth reduction of primary human gingival epithelial cells. These results demonstrated that normal human cells exhibit great resistance to PAC, in comparison to Ca9-22 cells. The effect of PAC on cancer cells was observable even at low concentration with an LC50 is around 3 µM. Its proliferation level decreased, from 86. 21% ± 4. 03% (p = 0. 007), 78. 41% ± 8. 23% (p = 0. 02), 24. 37% ± 7. 31% (p = 2. 39 × 10− 5) to 9. 85% ± 2. 16% (p = 6. 46 × 10− 9) respectively with PAC concentrations of 1, 2. 5, 5 or 10 µM (Fig. 1A). With GEC cells, a slight decrease was observed only at the highest concentration of PAC (10 µM) after 48 h (p = 0. 02) and 72 h (p = 0. 03), but any significant inhibition for all treatments (1 µM to 10 µM) was noticeable after 24 h. (Fig. 1B). These outcomes were confirmed using a cytotoxicity assay (Fig. 1C and 1D), a treatment with PAC was inducing dose- and time-dependent cell death in Ca9-22 (Fig. 1C) but not in GEC cells (Fig. 1D), suggesting a selective toxic effect of PAC on cancer rather than normal gingival epithelial cells. We also demonstrated a significant effect of PAC reducing the capacity of oral cancer cells to form colony but not in GEC (Fig. 1E). These outcomes clearly indicate as well that PAC is having preferentially anti-proliferative activity and cytotoxicity against Ca9-22 cells, but not on normal human gingival epithelial cells. We demonstrated that anti-proliferative effect of PAC on oral cancer cells goes through a cell cycle modification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography allows for the visualization of complex biomolecules at atomic resolution. [SEP] Text: The coupling of electron and proton transfer takes place in copper nitrite reductases (NiRs) and this has been demonstrated through extensive structure–function studies of these enzymes (Antonyuk et al. , 2005, 2013; Leferink et al. , 2011). Here, we include the results of a 0. 87 Å resolution X-ray structure of NiR from Achromobacter cycloclastes (AcNiR) (MW ∼37 kDa) with its substrate nitrite bound. The structure contains all intrinsic residues (residues 4–340), two Cu ions, two malonate ions, a nitrite ion, three acetate ions, a sulfate ion and 674 water molecules. The final Rwork and Rfree factors were 12. 3% and 13. 9%, respectively. Data-collection and processing statistics for the X-ray data are given in Table 3. Due to the very high resolution of the X-ray data,1 61% of expected H atoms are observed in this structure (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows nitrite-bound active site with a significant number of H atoms visible for the catalytic core. Nevertheless, despite the large proportion of H atoms visible, many of the key H atoms of the proton pathways are not discernible. Thus, multiple conformations observed for Asp98, representing different reaction states, make it impossible to see protons (Fig. 4) associated with this proton-abstracting residue. This has prompted us to initiate neutron crystallographic studies on AcNiR for which large crystals can be grown (see below). Table 3X-ray data-collection and processing statistics for AcNiR Values in parentheses are for the highest-resolution shell. X-ray source, instrument Daresbury Laboratory, station 10. 1 Space group P213; No. 198 Unit-cell parameters a = 94. 9 Å, b = 94. 9 Å, c = 94. 9 Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90° Wavelength (Å) 0. 92 Resolution (Å) 26–0. 87 (0. 9–0. 87) Unique reflections 231231 Completeness (%) 99. 7 (99. 7) Multiplicity 7. 2 (4. 7) I/σ(I) 32. 0 (2. 5) Rsym 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change can be completely reversed by planting one trillion trees. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractUncertainties remain in the potential of forest plantations to sequestrate carbon (C). We synthesized 86 experimental studies with paired-site design, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the differences in ecosystem C pools between plantations and their corresponding adjacent primary and secondary forests (natural forests). Totaled ecosystem C stock in plant and soil pools was 284 ha−1 in natural forests and decreased by 28% in plantations. In comparison with natural forests, plantations decreased aboveground net primary production, litterfall, and rate of soil respiration by 11, 34, and 32%, respectively. Fine root biomass, soil C concentration, and soil microbial C concentration decreased respectively by 66, 32, and 29% in plantations relative to natural forests. Soil available N, P and K concentrations were lower by 22, 20 and 26%, respectively, in plantations than in natural forests. The general pattern of decreased ecosystem C pools did not change between two different groups in relation to various factors: stand age (<25 years vs. ≥25 years), stand types (broadleaved vs. coniferous and deciduous vs. evergreen), tree species origin (native vs. exotic) of plantations, land-use history (afforestation vs. reforestation) and site preparation for plantations (unburnt vs. burnt), and study regions (tropic vs. temperate). The pattern also held true across geographic regions. Our findings argued against the replacement of natural forests by the plantations as a measure of climate change mitigation. Citation: (2010) by Plantation Practice: Implications for as a Measure of Mitigation. 5(5): e10867. Andy Hector, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandReceived: March 22, 2010; Accepted: May 3, 2010; Published: May 27, 2010Copyright: © 2010 Liao et al. This is an open-access 1. 39×108 ha in 2005, and the relative rate of annual expansion is predicted to be 2% approximately [2]. Reforestation in the lands where primary and secondary forests were harvested accounts for about half of total increased area of plantations [2]. Primary and secondary forests (a shorter term ‘natural forests’ used below) are considered as a large reservoir of C stock in terrestrial ecosystems [3], [4]. Whether or not plantations have the same ecosystem C stock as natural forests has drawn much attention [e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Indeed, Ca9-22 cells treated with 5 µM showed a cell-cycle arrest, by increasing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) such as p21, p27, p16 or p53 and Rb (retinoblastoma protein) which are tumor suppressor genes known to be inactive in most cancer types, while it inhibits oncogenes such as cyclin D1 or c-Myc. In addition, PAC can to reduce DNA damage on oral cancer cells by inhibition of H2A. X protein expression (Fig. 2A). The effect of PAC on cancer cells is involving specific inhibition of cell proliferation signaling pathways. Indeed, we demonstrated a significant decrease of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, p38, STAT and AKT phosphorylation. Also, PAC at 5 µM was decreasing the expression of NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways (Fig. 2B). Effect of treatments with PAC on cell cycle distribution in oral cells Cell cycle distribution, on Ca9-22 PAC-treated cells, was evaluated by flow cytometry using the fluorescent DNA dye 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD). Briefly, these were under treatment with different PAC concentrations for 24 h. Then, they were responding to PBS buffer before being incubated with 7-AAD Fig. 3 is presenting that different concentrations of PAC were altering Ca9-22 cell cycle distribution. However, percentage of G0/G1 population decreases dramatically, from 85. 95% ± 7. 14% in untreated cells to 9. 9% ± 3. 67% in cells treated with 10 µM of PAC. In contrary, the S population increases from 6. 85% ± 3. 74% in controls to 38. 95% ± 17. 18% using the same concentration it. The G2/M population is also doing it as the previous one, from 5. 05% ± 1. 34–48. 7% ± 13. 85% with the same treatment (Fig. 3A and 3B). PAC induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells by targeting the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In determining the type of death induced by various concentrations of PAC on oral cancer cells, the fluorochrome-labeled annexin V with PI was used.

Output: pass