Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Although reduced defensive response to an innately aversive signal such as a looming stimulus has been categorized as habituation, we observed physiological similarities between habituation to a looming stimulus and extinction to a cued conditioning stimulus. Both phenomena reduce the heightened evoked activity of the LT projections as well as the BLA neurons. Additionally, while mice injected with propranolol did not show defensive response to a looming stimulus, 2 d later in the absence of the drug the same mice showed robust freezing response to the stimulus. This is similar to a study reporting that mice injected with propranolol before a cued fear recall have reduced freezing response to the cue, while in the following day the mice show a heightened freezing response (et al. , 2021); unlike this study, however, we did not observe a physiological or behavioral effect of propranolol on cued conditioning (see below for discussion). The cellular and circuit mechanisms of extinction have been extensively studied (Herry et al. , 2006; Orsini and Maren, 2012). These studies may provide mechanistic insight into the habituation that we have observed here. Further investigations in this line may have fundamental and translational value. An overlap in processing innate and learned threats is not unique to the LT-BLA pathway. The lateral habenula and the central amygdala control the processing of a number of innate and learned threats (Fadok et al. , 2017; Lecca et al. , 2017; Lecca et al. , 2020; Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007; Root et al. , 2014; Mondoloni et al. , 2022; Tovote et al. , 2016; Sachella et al. , 2022; Isosaka et al. , 2015). Since both types of threats share a similar repertoire of defensive responses, such as freezing and escaping, the wiring economy favors the layout where there is closer physical proximity between the two circuits, as we observed here (Klyachko and Stevens, 2003; Stevens, 2012). Direct and indirect evidence shows that the LT-BLA pathway processes other forms of innate threats as well. Recently, studies have demonstrated that inactivation of thalamic-BLA pathway reduces freezing response to intense sound and looming stimuli (Kang et al. , 2022), as well as innately aversive ultrasound activates the BLA (Mongeau et al. , 2003; Shukla and Chattarji, 2022).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Indeed, some studies found indications of increased use of nature during the initial 6 months of the pandemic (Venter, Barton, Gundersen, Figari, & Nowell, 2020; Venter, Barton, Gundersen, Figari, & Nowell, 2021). However, no studies so far have examined how the extensive and sudden disruption to people's lives may have led to nationwide changes in recreational green space use, if social inequalities in access to green space was reduced or exacerbated by the pandemic, and if there were differences between urban and rural areas. Exposure to green spaces promotes wellbeing and is beneficial for a range of health outcomes (Bikomeye, Beyer, Kwarteng, & Beyer, 2022; Twohig-Bennett & Jones, 2018). Since more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, greenspace plays as such an important role in the goal of sustainable and resilient cities and good health and well-being. Green spaces include forests, nature conservation areas, wilderness areas, urban parks, sporting fields, riparian areas, street trees, and cemeteries. Green areas provide social meeting places and are positive for health and well-being since they provide opportunities for physical activity, attention restoration and stress reduction (Fan, Das, & Chen, 2011; Hansmann, Hug, & Seeland, 2007). Moreover, green spaces remove air pollution, cool temperatures, and reduce noise (Diener & Mudu, 2021; Paull, Krix, Torpy, & Irga, 2020). Nonetheless, over the past decades there have been signs of a shift away from people’s exposure to nature. For example, evidence suggest that young people spend less time outdoors in green spaces than previously, while spending more time on electronic media (Hofferth, 2009; Larson et al. , 2018; et al. , 2016). Moreover, there is evidence of declines in national park visits in the U. S. , Japan, and Spain, and declines in outdoor camping and indicators of time spent hiking outdoors (Pergams & Zaradic, 2008). However, because of the curtailing of public mobility the COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic lifestyle changes all around the world (Musselwhite, Avineri, & Susilo, 2020). During the lockdowns, green spaces provided safe places for outdoor activity allowing for sufficient distance between people to avoid disease transmission.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole. Reviewer #4 (Public Review): This study provides direct evidence showing that Sema7a plays a role in the axon growth during the formation of peripheral sensory circuits in the lateral-line system of zebrafish. This is a valuable finding because the molecules for axon growth in hair-cell sensory systems are not well understood. The majority of the experimental evidence is convincing, and the analysis is rigorous. The evidence supporting Sema7a's juxtracrine vs. secreted role and involvement in synapse formation in hair cells is less conclusive. The study will be of interest to cell, molecular and developmental biologists, and sensory neuroscientists. Recommendations for the authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): In their revised manuscript, Dasgupta et al. have provided further experiments to address the role of Sema7a (sec and GPI-anchored) in regulating axon guidance in the lateral line system. Specifically, the inclusion of the heat shock controls and FM labeling to show hair cell mechanotransduction were crucial to interpretation of the results. However, there are still concerns about the specificity of the results. My primary concern is if the change in axon patterning is specifically due to loss of Sema7a in the mutant hair cells. These animals are morphologically very abnormal and, in the rebuttal, the authors state that hair cell number is reduced. This is not quantified in the manuscript and should be included. Thank you for this suggestion. We have included the data in the manuscript in lines 137-139, in Figure 2—figure supplement 1B, and in the source data for Figure 2 and Figure 2-figure supplements. If there is not a function for Sema7a in hair cells themselves, why is the number reduced? The sema7a-/- homozygous mutants are not viable and they die by 6 dpf. The loss of Sema7A protein produce other developmental defects including brain edema and a curved body axis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the use of live predators as an innate threat has further supported this notion by showing that the BLA lesion in rodents eliminates defensive responses to the threat (Bindi et al. , 2018; Martinez et al. , 2011). Since the LT is widely regarded as an auditory relay region (Rogan and LeDoux, 1995; Rogan et al. , 1997; Weinberger, 2011), its role as the main source of innately aversive visual signal to the BLA may seem unexpected. However, it has been known that the LT receives auditory, somatosensory, visual, and multimodal information (Bordi and LeDoux, 1994; Linke et al. , 1999; Linke, 1999). The lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) has been proposed as another direct source conveying a looming stimulus signal to the BLA (Wei et al. , 2015). Our reversible disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway, which largely spares the LP, argues otherwise. The LT lesion not only abolishes the defensive responses to the looming stimulus but also largely eliminates the stimulus-evoked activity in the BLA (Figure 5). Although the input source of the looming stimulus to the LT is unknown, we speculate the SC could be a likely candidate as it encodes threat and escape behavior to looming stimuli (Evans et al. , 2018) and sends monosynaptic connections to the LT (Linke et al. , 1999). Additionally, it has been shown that the SC may trigger defensive responses to the looming stimulus by conveying the signals to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) (Evans et al. , 2018) or indirectly to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) (Shang et al. , 2015; Zhou et al. , 2019). It is relevant to note that the BLA conveys learned aversive signals directly to the CeA (Fadok et al. , 2017) and indirectly through the CeA to the PAG (Tovote et al. , 2016). It will be of particular interest to test whether the information signaling the innate threat is communicated through the same channel. As the SC and the BLA, the two essential regions in processing the innate visual threat, share similar downstream targets, their specific contribution to the process deserves further inquiry.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 84 N grid 12083 11979 11979 11979 N district 1459 1459 1459 1459 Observations 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 Marginal R2 Conditional R2 0. 000 0. 860 0. 164 0. 867 0. 165 0. 867 0. 175 0. 870 * p < 0. 05 ** p < 0. 01 *** p < 0. 001 DiscussionWe set out to examine if there was an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily activity in green spaces in Norway, and if the consequences of the pandemic for green space use was different between affluent and less affluent neighborhoods, and between rural and urban areas. The main findings of our study were that, compared to the baseline period of 2019, 1) there was an increase in the proportion of daily dwells in spaces with high vegetation density, 2) the increase was most prominent in districts with low socioeconomic status and in densely populated (i. e. urban) districts. Our finding that there was a substantial increase in the proportion of daily dwells in areas with high vegetation density is consistent with previous research that found large increases in recreational activity in green spaces during the pandemic (Venter et al. , 2020; Venter et al. , 2021). Our study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating a nationwide relative increase in green space exposure, while also highlighting the differential effects of the pandemic on green space use across urban and rural districts, as well as high and low socioeconomic districts. We interpret these findings as a response to the compliance of lockdown restrictions that led to a sharp decrease in daily dwells in densely populated and low-vegetation areas. -19 pandemic and the widespread lockdowns and social distancing measures had an impact on people's daily routines, habits, and psychosocial functioning. With the closure of indoor recreational facilities, people possibly began looking for outdoor activities to engage in while still adhering to social distancing measures. Green spaces may have provided a safe and accessible place for outdoor activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, and hiking. The need for physical activity may also have played a role: As gyms and other indoor exercise facilities were closed, people may increasingly have turned to outdoor spaces, such as parks and forests, as an alternative location for physical activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We have clarified this information in lines 310-311. (11) Finally, the discussion contains a statement that is not supported by the data: "We have discovered dual modes of Sema7A function in vivo. " They have discovered evidence that there are two isoforms, that loss of both disrupts connectivity, and that overexpression of only the secreted form can elicit growth from a distance. However, there is no direct evidence that the membrane-bound form is responsible for local effects. It is formally possible still that the phenotypes are a result of dual roles for the secreted form. It is clear that another manuscript is forthcoming that will expand on the role of the transmembrane form, but for this manuscript, the authors should make firm conclusions only about the data presented herein. Thank you for this suggestion. We have modified the manuscript in lines 425-434. Reviewer #4 (The Authors): The authors have made significant changes to the manuscript based on the comments of the reviewers. It is now suitable for publication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Consistent with the notion that the innate and learned aversive stimuli are conveyed through the LT inputs to the BLA, the activities of these two regions largely mirrored each other; however, noticeable differences were observed. For example, in line with previous studies on innate defensive response to predators odors (Hayley et al. , 2001; Hu et al. , 2007; et al. , 2008; Liu et al. , 2010), in mice injected with propranolol, the defensive responses to the looming stimulus diminished significantly (Figure 6B and E); the stimulus-induced activity, however, was reduced only in the BLA (Figure 6C), with the response of the axons of the BLA-projecting LT neurons remaining unchanged (Figure 6F). This indicates that the looming stimulus conveyed through the thalamic input is essential but not sufficient to activate BLA neurons and trigger defensive responses, and the activation of β-adrenergic receptors by the release of norepinephrine is required. The neuromodulator may enhance the excitability of the pyramidal neurons directly by downregulating potassium channels in these neurons (Faber et al. , 2008) or indirectly by reducing excitability of inhibitory neurons (Tully et al. , 2007). Given the time-locked neuronal activity to the stimuli, the modulation of excitability, a comparably slow process, may be achieved through a tonic release of norepinephrine. As for the LT, to the best of our knowledge, there is little published work regarding its modulation by norepinephrine or even if β-adrenergic receptors are expressed in this region. Therefore, at this stage, we have no grounds to speculate about the ineffectiveness of propranolol in blocking the LT projection response to the looming stimulus. Here, we should point out that administration of propranolol prior to the conditioning or recall had no effect on freezing response. The literature on the role of norepinephrine in cued conditioning is mixed. While intraperitoneal injection of propranolol prior to a cued memory recall reduces freezing to the tone in rats (Rodriguez-Romaguera et al. , 2009), the drug may reduce (et al. , 2021) or have no effect (Cain et al. , 2004) on the freezing response in mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2641634/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 3posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractIn recent years, there has been growing concern about the decline in human green space use and nature-based recreation in Western countries. While some evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased recreational mobility in urban green spaces, it is unclear whether the pandemic led to nationwide changes in green space use in both densely and less densely populated neighborhoods, as well as whether social inequalities in green space use were reinforced or attenuated by the pandemic. To address these questions, we used daily nationwide aggregated mobility data from more than 2 million cell phone subscribers in 14,331 geographical grids across Norway to examine potential changes in mobility in green spaces as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the pandemic. Additionally, we controlled for weather conditions, holiday periods, and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics. The results from linear mixed model analyses showed a 9. 4% increase in recreational visits in the greenest spaces during the pandemic. Notably, this increase was most prominent in neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status (SES) and was observed in both high- and low-population density neighborhoods, although the increase was somewhat stronger in neighborhoods with low population density. Our study findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has played a role in increasing nationwide green space use in Norway and potentially narrowing the gap of green inequalities, thus highlighting the importance of preserving and promoting green spaces as a public health resource, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Psychologymobilitynature exposureCOVID-19 pandemicoutdoor recreationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionThe onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 caused countries around the world to implement unprecedented social distancing measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 crisis, spending time in and nearby nature provided individuals with the opportunity to escape confinement and socialize while avoiding places with a high risk of disease transmission, such as malls, cafés, cinemas, and restaurants. Indeed, some studies have reported an increase in the use of natural spaces during the initial 6 months of the pandemic (1-3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: : 2572-4983 Neonatal and -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2572-4983. 1000171 Rewarding the Autistic through Understanding the Neural Cognitive, Emotional, Motor binding Circuitry in the *Specialist in Dermatology, Academy of *Corresponding Author: Michael Chan, Specialist in Dermatology, Academy of : +85221482882, Email: pioneerskin@ymail. com Received: 26-Oct-2018 Accepted Date: 01-Nov-2018 Published Date: 09-Nov-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2572-4983. 1000171 : Autism spectrum disorder syndrome; Cerebellar corticoemotional motor neural circuits; Reward; Adaptive time delay; Theory of mind; Early detection is a complex spectrum disorder; mostly observed at 2-3 years of age with characteristic anomalous, deviant cognitive, emotional, behavioural and neuro-motor developments till adulthood. Each autistic is different. Increasing prevalence up to 2% in children with a greater association and severity in male gender is noted. Asperger’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and autism are all grouped under Disorders (ASD) [1]. ASD sufferers can be readily recognised by their repetitive, sometimes aloof and servant behaviour; echolalia, inappropriate language response and impaired attention to other. The overall consequences deprived the ASD individuals with adaptive learning, social, relationship and communication skills. ASD are frequently stigmatized as mentally insane in our community. Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends children be screened for developmental disorders at wellchild preventive visits before age three [2]. for and Prevention (CDC) of have identified possible clinical alerts or red flags for ASD [1,2] (Table 1). S. N. Alerts or for ASD 1 Not responding to his/her name by 12 months of age 2 Not pointing at objects to show interest by 14 months 3 Not playing "pretend" games by 18 months 4 Avoiding eye contact or preferring to be alone 5 Getting upset by minor changes 6 Flapping their hands, rocking their body or spinning in circles 7 Having unusual and sometimes intense reactions to the way things smell, taste, feel and/or look Table 1: Clinical signs that parents should alert the possibilities of ASD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The differences in species or strains used or experimental parameters may contribute to the variability in the effect of the drug in freezing response. Regarding the processing of the learned threat, again, we observed some differences between the LT projections to the BLA and the BLA itself. As animals learned the CS-US association, we observed an enhanced short-onset auditory response in the BLA (Figure 5J; Quirk et al. , 1995). We did not detect a similar conditioning-correlated change in the activity of the LT axons (Figure 3L). It must be noted that because of our use of calcium indicators, we cannot exclude millisecond changes in the auditory response latency in the LT axons. However, previous works using sub-millisecond single-unit recording also showed similar patterns (Barsy et al. , 2020; Bordi and LeDoux, 1992). The BLA also differed from the incoming LT projections in its response to the CS after an extensive extinction protocol. While activity of the LT axons returned to its preconditioning value, the CS-evoked activity of the BLA neurons after the extinction was significantly reduced compared to its value prior to the conditioning. This strongly suggests that other inputs to the BLA contribute to such a pronounced reduction. Feedforward inhibition of excitatory neurons in the BLA through synaptic potentiation (Polepalli et al. , 2010) or dopaminergic modulation (Bissière et al. , 2003) of the local inhibitory neurons may to some extent dampen the CS-evoked response after the extinction. Also, it has been proposed that norepinephrine can promote extinction through the activation of the infralimbic region, which in turn blunts the BLA activity (Giustino and Maren, 2018; Uematsu et al. , 2017). It is pertinent to mention that we have used an extensive multiple-session extinction training. Recently, it has been shown that such an extensive extinction protocol may involve a different mechanism by which the original fear memory is erased, and the extinguished CS becomes habituated (An et al. , 2017). Although not the focus of this work, we observed several intriguing physiological features during the conditioning and recall sessions. The conditioning increases the tone-induced activity in the BLA and reduces the response time onset (Barsy et al. , 2020; Bordi et al. , 1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Previously, information collected from mobile phones on the movements and locations of individuals has been used to track population-level mobility patterns and understand the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 (4). However, no studies have thus far used aggregated mobility data to examine whether the COVID-19 pandemic led to nationwide changes in the use of green spaces for recreation, whether social inequalities in access to green space decreased or were exacerbated during the pandemic, or whether there were differences in green space use between densely populated and less densely populated neighborhoods. Exposure to green spaces promotes well-being, is beneficial for a range of health outcomes (5, 6), and, thus, plays an important role in achieving the UN sustainability goal of good health and well-being for all. Green spaces provide social meeting places and are beneficial for health and well-being because they provide opportunities for physical activity, attention restoration, and stress reduction (7, 8). Moreover, the presence of green spaces mitigates air pollution, cools the air temperatures, and reduces ambient noise in the environment (9, 10). Nonetheless, over the past decades, there have been signs of a general reduction in people’s exposure to nature. For example, evidence suggests that young people spend less time outdoors in green spaces than previously and, instead, devote more time to electronic media (11-13). Moreover, there is evidence of declines in national park visits in countries such as the U. S. , Japan, and Spain, as well as reductions in engagement in outdoor camping and time spent hiking outdoors (14). However, the COVID-19 pandemic led to drastic lifestyle changes all around the world due to the associated curtailment of public mobility (15). Indeed, during the COVID-19 lockdowns, green spaces provided safe places for outdoor activity, as they allowed people to maintain a sufficient distance between themselves to avoid disease transmission. In fact, Venter and colleagues reported an approximately 300% increase in outdoor recreation activity during the pandemic lockdown in urban areas of Norway (1, 2). However, these studies were restricted to Oslo, the capital of Norway, and relied on crowdsourced mobility data from the Strava fitness app, which is biased toward the inclusion of middle-aged, socio-economically advantaged, and physically active population groups (16).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Despite its increasing prevalence, researchers are still unable to unveil the exact aetiologies of ASD. Genetics with chromosome 1q, 2q, 7q, 2q, 15q11-13, 16q, TRIO gene mutations and other hereditary conditions like fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and phenylketonuria (PKU), early in-utero environmental insults like viral infections, metabolic imbalances and exposure to chemicals like aluminium, mercury, ethyl alcohol, pesticides, thalidomide, misoprostol and valproic acid are all reported [3,4]. Interestingly, ASD individuals also have an increase odd with immune dysfunction resulting allergic sensitivities, skin allergies like eczema, infections, gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation and diarrhoea, low muscle tone, pain, pica, epileptic fits, sensory and hearing impairments, seizures, anxieties and sleep problems [5] (Figure 1). Triangulating these epidemiological data, one may put forward a falsifiable model on the pathogenesis of ASD: multiple related genetic mutations and developmental insults from the environment resulting in an incoherent, fragmented excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuitries in the responsible anatomical brain structures; namely, the cerebellum, neocortex, thalamus and its adjacent limbic structures especially the amygdala which primary physiological function are to facilitate motor planning, cognition, attention, emotion, body basic autonomic nervous system and neuro-endocrine pathways (Figure 2). Figure 1: Spectrum (ADS) and [10]. Figure 2: Schematic feedback relations whereby particular brain imbalances can ramify throughout other brain regions, thereby sustaining the imbalance by feedback and also creating or maintaining other symptoms [11]. The cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex of the neocortex, thalamus, amygdala and hypothalamus and its neuro circuits are implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. The integrated closeness and adaptation of these multidimensional circuitry sent matched coherent excitatory and inhibitory signals mainly in form of the glutamate GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters chemically and bind these relatively distantly located parts of the brain together through their multi-dimensional synaptic networks so as to maintain a state of stability, survival adaptiveness, learning, socialization and learning.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The increased response and decreased time onset were significantly more pronounced on the recall day. We observed a similar pattern in the LT input where there was a significant enhanced activity during the recall session, which was not visible during the conditioning. This is in line with previous studies using single-cell imaging in the BLA (Grewe et al. , 2017). This significant change between the last trial of the conditioning and the first trial of the recall is puzzling. We speculate that a lack of a detectable increase in the CS-evoked activity at the later stages of the conditioning could be caused by a masking effect from a transient increase in firing rate during the conditioning. Although we did not observe a difference in the overall baseline activity during the conditioning (data not shown), downregulation as well as upregulation of the basal neuronal activity of subpopulations of neurons during the conditioning has been reported. This counteracting phenomenon could produce a net effect of no change in the baseline activity at the population level, while a subset of neurons with increased basal firing rate, possibly caused by enhanced excitability, may undergo plasticity. The plasticity within this population, however, will be masked during the conditioning by the transient increase in the basal firing rate. Alternatively, synaptic potentiation may occur at the dendritic compartments, which through local inhibitory circuits is uncoupled from somatic activity. The LT-BLA pathway typically has been evaluated in relation to associative learnings (Janak and Tye, 2015; Tye et al. , 2008), especially associative learned threats (Barsy et al. , 2020; Taylor et al. , 2021). Recent works on associative learned threats have particularly solidified the importance of associative plasticity in the LT (Barsy et al. , 2020; Taylor et al. , 2021). A recent study has further documented the critical role of the LT in processing different forms of innate threat (Kang et al. , 2022). Our main aim in this work was to investigate the similarities and differences in processing an innate threat, which relies on pre-wired circuits, and a learned threat, which requires synaptic plasticity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: However, during the pandemic, recreational dwells in high-vegetation density, low-SES areas increased by 35. 7% (NDVI = 1, SES z-score = –1. 44), whereas they decreased by 7. 3% in high-vegetation density, high-SES neighborhoods (NDVI = 1, SES z-score = 1. 44). Post-hoc probing of the significant positive three-way interaction between covid dummy, NDVI and population density (Table 1, Model 4) showed a 3. 2% increase in recreational dwells in high-vegetation density areas with low population densities (NDVI = 1, population density = 18 inhabitants/km2) and a 0. 8% increase in dwells in high-vegetation density areas with high population densities (NDVI = 1, population density = 270 inhabitants/km2). Figure 1F shows the change in the proportion of recreational dwells in high-vegetation density areas (NDVI > 0. 6) on the municipality level in all Norwegian municipalities from before to after the onset of the pandemic. The pattern revealed increases in recreational visits to areas where Norwegians typically go to their cabins or summer houses, as well as in the municipalities in northern Norway that are popular tourism destinations (such as Lofoten). DiscussionThis study aimed to examine whether daily visits (dwells) to green spaces changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether any changes in green space use differed between affluent and less affluent neighborhoods and between densely populated and less densely populated neighborhoods. The results of our study revealed an increase in the proportion of daily recreational dwells in grids with high vegetation density during the pandemic compared to the baseline period of 2019 and 2020 before the pandemic, and this increase was most prominent in neighborhoods with low SES. We also found that the increase in recreational green space use occurred both in neighborhoods with high and low population densities but that the increase was somewhat greater in neighborhoods with low population densities. Our finding of a substantial increase in the proportion of daily dwells in areas with high vegetation density is consistent with previous research reporting large increases in recreational activity in green spaces in urban areas during the pandemic (3). Therefore, our study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating a nationwide relative increase in green space exposure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Disruption of this binding or incoherence of neuronal networks due to genetic mutations, chemicals intoxications, miswiring of neuronal circuitry and other yet undiscovered causes may result ASD [6-9]. Embryogenesis of the human brain in a normal, healthy symmetrical and timely multiple synaptic development following the natural ontogeny will produce a coherent cognitively neural motor bind well-being with evolutionary survival advantage. The cerebellum In humans, the cerebellum is involved in motor control, cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses. It is essential for several types of motor learning especially changes in sensorimotor relationships. The cerebellum is a complicated structure consisting of the anterior lobe, posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe. The medial zone of the anterior and posterior lobes receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord, cranial trigeminal nerve, visual and auditory systems. It sends sensory afferents to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. The lateral zone, also known as neocerebellum contributes the cerebrocerebellum receives input exclusively from the cerebral parietal cortex via the pontine nuclei; forming the important cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways; and sends output to the ventrolateral thalamus which in turn connected to motor areas of the cerebral cortex and to the red nucleus. Thus, the lateral cerebellum is involved in planning future movement, evaluating sensory information for future action and higher cognitive functions. Post mortem anatomical studies showed that ASD individuals have diminished Purkinje cell in terms of size, number and branching patterns especially in cerebellum VI and VII lobules. Functional MRI (f-MRI) showed dysplasia; hypo or hyperplasia of the cerebellar vermis in ASD compared with norm. Purkinje cells have rich serotonin contents, reduction in serotonin neurotransmitters may disinhibited arousal and emotional behaviour in autism [12-14]. Low serotonin level predicts anxiety, unhappiness and depression. Emotional facial expressions using f-MRI in high functioning autistic adults showed under activation of the left cerebellum [15]. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed decreased cerebellar N-acetyl-aspartame (NAA); a neuronal indicator of function and maturity [16].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: By conducting a side-by-side comparison within the same animals, we not only gained new insights about shared and distinct features of processing the two forms of threats in the LT-BLA pathway, but also learned that, despite being monosynaptically connected, the LT and the BLA differ in important ways, as we detailed in our discussion. This provides new avenues for further investigation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: However, our study also contributes to the existing knowledge base by highlighting the different effects of the pandemic on green space use across urban and rural areas, as well as high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods. Indeed, our findings suggest that the lockdown restrictions led to a considerable decrease in daily dwells in densely populated and low-vegetation density areas. -19 pandemic and the associated widespread lockdowns and social distancing measures had an impact on people’s daily routines, habits, and psychosocial functioning. Indeed, as indoor recreational facilities closed, many people likely started seeking outdoor activities that would allow them to adhere to social distancing measures while still engaging in leisure pursuits. In this context, green spaces may have provided a safe and accessible place for outdoor activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, and hiking (30). Moreover, previous research has shown that the pandemic led to an increase in mental health problems due to social isolation and the disruption of daily routines (31). Since green spaces have been shown to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and increasing social connection (5), people may have increasingly turned to green spaces to escape the stresses of the pandemic. In our study, we found that the positive impact of the pandemic on green space use was most prominent in neighborhoods with low SES. It is known that low-SES neighborhoods were more affected by the negative economic and social impacts of the pandemic (18, 19). As people living in these areas experienced higher levels of stress, the increased use of green spaces in these neighborhoods during the pandemic may reflect that the green spaces provided opportunities for individuals in those neighborhoods to reduce stress and improve their mental health, social connection, and well-being. Concerning social inequities in green space use, our study revealed that the highest-SES neighborhoods displayed nearly equal green space and non-green space usage rates. In contrast, low SES neighborhoods had significantly more dwells in non-green areas and fewer dwells in the greenest areas. This social difference in green space use was evident both before and during the pandemic, but the difference declined slightly during the pandemic as compared to before the pandemic. This suggests that the pandemic may have had a positive effect on green space equity by somewhat reducing the gap in green space access between high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: An inability to shift attention in a timely manner is one of the primary problems in autism. Adaptive timing response which critically involved the cerebellum was absent as illustrated in the classical eye blink reflex was impaired in ASD. Autistic may take more time to shift their attention from one stimulus to another in the changing environment full of multiple stimuli. This delay disables the autistic important contents and context informational cues which is essential for their adaptive learning. The difficulty of ASD in controlling timely response to stimuli is a motor behavioural function of cerebellum in associative learning. Auditory, visual and oculomotor response also failed to be modulated and reproduced consistently independent of the stimulus duration again strengthened the assertion that adaptive timing function as controlled by cerebellum was missing in ASD. The defective lesions are believed to be localized to a specific part of the interposed nucleus in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) [17-20]. Lastly, individuals resulted from cerebellar injuries clinically behave with similar cognitive developmental impairments as in autism [21,22]. At this juncture, emotional disinhibition, associative learning, motor planning, visual, auditory and verbal disability was evidently shown to be correlated with cerebellar developmental aberrancy, dysfunction and morphological abnormalities in ASD which may take place as early as in-utero neonatal period. The pathogenetic role of the cerebellum in the development in ASD is also in consistent with its long embryological ontological development as endogenous sonic hedgehog signalling stimulates rapid proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) in the external granule layer (EGL) during early in utero neonatal development into late neonatal period [23]. This prolonged period of embryogenesis theoretically provides a long window to mutagenesis and probable exposure to environmental toxic insults. The importance of the cerebellum in the motor development in ASD is also related to the evolution of humans into bipedalism which is believed to be a requisite for higher cognitive functions as explained by the cerebellum expansion theory. An upright posture mandated Homo sapiens to have a smaller rostral neocortex but bigger volume cerebellum caudally. An expansion of the lateral lobes of the cerebellum act as a back-fire station actively feedforward input to the neocortex in motor planning, higher cognitive activities, sensorimotor and emotional modulation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationAntibodyAnti-NeuN antibody (mouse)Merck MilliporeMAB3771:500AntibodyAnti-GFP antibody (rabbit)InvitrogenCAB42111:1000AntibodyCy3 goat antimouseScientificA105211:500Antibody488 (goat anti-rabbit)ScientificA-110081:1000Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hEF1αdlox- (pro)taCasp3_2A _TEVp(rev)-dloxVVFV185-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-1/2-hCMVchI-CreVVFV36-1Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαhM4D(Gi)_mChe rryVVFV102-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαmCherryVVFV199-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- dlox-EGFP(rev)- dloxVVFV115-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-retro/2- hCMV-chI-CreVVFV36-retroRecombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- chI-jGCaMP7sVVFV406-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαjGCaMP8mVVFV630-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- chIChrimsonR_tdTo matoVVFV334-5Chemical compound, drugPropranolol hydrochlorideMerckP0884Chemical compound, drugSotalol hydrochlorideMerckS0278Chemical compound, drugClozapine noxide dihydrochloride (CNO watersoluble)HelloBioHB6149Chemical compound, drugFentanylHameln007007Chemical compound, drugMidazolamHameln002124Chemical compound, drugMedetomidine

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the observed increase in green space use during the pandemic highlights the importance of access to green spaces for promoting physical activity, mental health, social connection, and overall well-being. Increasing access to and use of green space is particularly important in densely populated urban areas and areas with low socio-economic status, where access to greenspaces is limited. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for enhancing the equitable distribution of greenspaces across different socio-economic and geographic areas. The social inequity in green space use observed in this study suggests that efforts are needed to ensure that all communities have access to high-quality greenspaces that are safe, accessible, and well-maintained. Finally, the study underscores the need for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of green space use to inform evidence-based urban planning and public health policies. Indeed, such planning and policy-making could involve the use of objective measures, such as mobility data, to assess the impact of different interventions on green space use, as well as the collection of data on individual behaviors and attitudes toward green space use. ConclusionOur study provides important insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily activity in green spaces in Norway and the potential socio-economic and geographic disparities in green space use. Our findings suggest that the pandemic had a significant impact on the use of green spaces, particularly in neighborhoods with low socio-economic status. The observed increase in green space use during the pandemic underscores the importance of access to green spaces for promoting physical activity, mental health, and overall well-being. However, our study also highlights the need for enhancing the equitable distribution of greenspaces and the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of green space use to inform evidence-based urban planning and public health policies. 1. . Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Letters. 2020;15(10):104075. 2. . Back to nature: Norwegians sustain increased recreational use of urban green space months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021;214:104175. 3. Bristowe A, Heckert M. How the COVID-19 pandemic changed patterns of green infrastructure use: A scoping review. & Urban Greening. 2023;81:127848. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The most recent period of human evolution showed a disproportionate increase in the relative size of the cerebellum to neocortex. The cerebellum compared to rest of the brain, has been increasing while the cerebral cortex decreasing in size. The cerebellum lateral hemispheres are three times bigger in size in humans than monkeys. Thus, the expansion of the cerebellum is an important milestone during Hominidae evolution especially in the evolvment of motor tasks, visual-spatial skills, higher cognitive emotional skills and learning which is tightly bind to the rest of the brain [24,25]. The neocortex Anatomical mapping of the cerebellum using functional MRI suggest more than half of the cerebellar cortex is interconnected with association zones of the cerebral cortex [26]. Post mortem anatomical survey has shown smaller cortical cell column in the prefrontal and temporal cortex in ASD [27]. Brain volume growth is also different compared with the norm with a smaller head circumference at birth followed by a rapid increase in size and volume of brain especially the white matter after one month of age; 37% of autistic children were reported to have developmental macrocephaly by 4 years of age [28,29]. This is in contrast with the previously discussed evolutionary reduction in size of neocortex compared to cerebellum. The most striking cortical feature in ASD is neocortical asymmetries with the greatest amounts of cortical cells in higher-order association cortices and a disproportional rightward asymmetrical cortex in the autistic individuals [30]. Reversal of the normal language-related frontal cortex asymmetry was also noted [31]. fMRI showed a reduction of activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and reduction of both superior temporal cortex and temporal frontal cortical areas in making inferences from viewing another individual eye; hence absence of eye contact with other [32,33]. More delicate visually paced finger movements which needed refined coordination was reduced like writing in the activated cortical area but involved in a different area [34]. During sentence comprehension task, a reverse weighted activation in Wernicke’s area more than the normally used Broca’s area was seen [35]. Event-related potential (ERP) studies, which have been used to study brain dynamics, showed that higher brain cognitive functions in ASD were altered. ERP P300 covaries with stimulus probability and task relevance showed that language stimuli at left hemisphere were smaller and not at right hemisphere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: VM Pharma087896Chemical compound, drugIsoFlo vet 100%Zoetis37071/40009SoftwareImageJof Health1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space? Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 13 November 2013 Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space? Katherine Ord1, Richard Mitchell1 & Jamie Pearce2 of 3. 5 km2). The green space measurement included natural areas (e. g. parks, beaches and agricultural land) but excluded aquatic areas and small water bodies (e. g. lochs, the sea and river corridors) and domestic gardens. Although the variable has been shown to perform well in comparisons with other measures of green space in the UK [31], it performs poorly in rural areas because there is too little variation in the quantity of green space. All our analyses were therefore carried out for residents of urban areas only, as defined by the Scottish Government’s Urban/Rural classification [32]. The green space variable was attached to the SHS respondents via their postcode and the matching was undertaken by the data managers to ensure the anonymity of SHS respondents. For analysis, the green space variable was categorised into four groups (<25, 25- < 50%, 50- < 75%, and 75%+). We undertook analysis to assess the sensitivity of results to different categorisations and in particular to the choice of threshold for the lowest green space category which would form the reference group in out analyses. The substantive findings were unaltered and we therefore present results for this categorisation only. Co-variatesWe adjusted our models for age, sex and equivalised household income tertile. We adjusted for age and sex because there is good evidence that both physical activity levels and use of green spaces differ by age and sex. Since the relationships between age and physical activity are not linear, we modelled age as a categorical variable (16–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74 and 75+ years). Income, our proxy for socio-economic position, was both a potential confounder in the relationship between physical activity and green space (because wealthier people may both take more exercise, and also be more likely to reside in greener areas), and used as an axis of inequality in physical activity for the part of the study assessing whether inequalities in physical activity were related to neighbourhood green space level. Rates of missingness for income were higher among respondents living in the least green areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: However, no differences were found for musical chord stimuli consistent with the notion that adaptive timing for musical cord stimuli (non-language) develop normally in ASD and involved in different circuitry whereas phonetic stimuli (language-related) auditory stimuli is affected in autism [36]. This inappropriateness of phonetic language response greatly affected the ASD individual’s socialization, communication, restricted patterns behaviour and learning skills [37]. Cortical deficiencies also impaired the ASD from symbolic thinking, learning, imaginary play to even mental retardation. The thalamus, amygdala and limbic system Post mortem studies revealed abnormalities in the amygdala, hippocampus and ventral temporal cortex. fMRI has shown altered in the size and volume in amygdala in autism [38,39]. The amygdala is of particular significance in ASD as negative emotional reactivity secondary to noise, smells or light will cause instantaneous arousal in some ASD. It has been proposed that an under aroused emotional depression in the amygdala and related affected area typify the neural dynamics autistic behaviour [11,40,41]. The limbic system which better described as the paleomammalian cortex, consists of the thalamus, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, mammillary body and the septum pellucidum, the amygdala and its associated nuclei control emotions, body internal motivation, drive like desires, olfaction and long-term memory. The anterior nuclei of the thalamus are actively involved in the memory process. The thalamus with its different nuclei regulates many body vital autonomic functions like sleep, autonomic nervous, cardiac, respiratory, intestinal and auto-immune functions. As the thalamus is involved in ASD, many bodily innate unconscious autonomic defense and survival neuro-endocrine pathways may be affected in various degrees like autoimmunity, allergic hypersensitization, gut motility, pain and ultimately sleep disturbances. Neuronal circuits aberrancy between the cerebellum, neocortex, thalamus, amygdala associated with cognitive, motor and emotional behaviour in ASD The existence of a cerebello-thalamic circuitry with increasing activation was seen in ASD [42]. Activation of the ipsilateral anterior cerebellar hemisphere is increased in magnitude in spatial extent during motor task in ASD individuals in addition to atypical activation in contralateral and posterior cerebellar regions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: 53tSoftwareDoric StudioDoric Lenses5. 4. 1. 232021bSoftware, algorithmPhotometrySignal-AnalysisThis paper Nabavi Lab, 202295421:1000 the procedures were performed on C57BL/6JRJ wildtype (Janvier, France). Mice were naïve and acclimated to the vivarium for at least a week before the beginning of the experiment. The mice were 6–8 weeks old at the beginning of the experimental procedures. Animals were group-housed (3–4 per cage) with enriched conditions in a 12 hr light/dark cycle (the light switches on at 6 AM) with constant level of humidity and temperature (22 ± 1). Food and water were provided ad libitum. Behavioral experiments were conducted between 11 AM and 10 PM at at the Biomedicine department, Allé 8, Aarhus 8000. All the experimental procedures were conducted according to the Experiment Inspectorate. Stereotaxic surgery and virus expression Mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (IsoFlo vet 100%, Zoetis), and standard surgical procedures were used to expose the skull. For most of the experiments, stereoscope lights were not used during the surgical procedures because they reduced the behavioral responses (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). Before the surgery, the mice were injected subcutaneously with buprenorphine 0. 3 mg/mL (Temgesic, 0. 1 mg/kg). Electrolytic-induced lesion of the BLA Mice were lesioned bilaterally in the BLA at the following coordinates: anteroposterior (AP): –1. 4 mm; mediolateral (ML): ±3. 6 mm; dorsoventral (DV): −3. 85/–4. 1/–4. 35 mm from the skull.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: As the distance between home and public spaces might influence the likelihood of visiting, it is also important to assess the effect of different buffers. A distance of 400m is considered a reasonable, walkable distance for most potential users 1212. . Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. 2009; 99:767-87. ,1313. Reyes S, Figueroa IM. Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile. EURE (Santiago) 2010; 36:89-110. , and thus the association between public spaces and physical activity might be stronger at this distance, but other distances are also employed in the literature 1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. . It has also been suggested that some characteristics of public spaces, and of their potential users, could explain the disparate findings. As for the former, a better quality of public spaces (indicated by attractiveness, safety, number and kind of services provided, or size) could increase their use 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. . In this regard, qualitative studies have reported that suboptimal conditions of public spaces are important perceived barriers to use 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. ,1515. . Racial/ethnic differences in perceived access, environmental barriers to use, and use of community parks. Dis 2010; 7:A49. , and at least one previous study showed that having access to more attractive and bigger public spaces increased the likelihood of taking a walk 1616. Giles- Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):169-76. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Moreover, increased activation was correlated with the degree of cerebellar structural abnormality. This provides good evidence dysfunction of the autistic cerebellum may be reflection of cerebellar anatomical abnormality. Neurofunctional deficit might be a key contributor to the development of certain diagnostic features of autism like impaired communication and social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviours [43]. Social impairment was negatively correlated with the degree of anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle, the primary output path of the cerebellum. Thus, cerebellar white matter decreases, ASD symptoms increases [44,45]. The thalamic nuclei like the relay nuclei receive specific definitive electrical signals and project this to the corresponding functional domains of distinct area in the cerebral cortex. The ventral posterolateral nuclei (VPL), ventral posteromedial nuclei (VPM), medial geniculate (MG) and lateral geniculate (LG) nuclei are thalamic nuclei which relay primary sensations to the cortex. The ventral lateral (VL) nuclei give feedback signals to the cerebellum while the ventral anterior nucleus (VAN) feedback basal ganglion output. Thus, a synaptic connective wiring networks are in place between the motor regions; cerebellum, basal ganglion and the conscious executor of the brain; the cerebral cortex. The association nuclei receive signals input from the cerebral cortex which can be inhibitory and project back to the latter in cortex association areas so as to regulate activity. The reticular nucleus encapsulated most of the thalamus and receives input from the cerebral cortex and dorsal thalamic nuclei. The thalamic reticular nucleus receives neuronal projections from the external segment of the Globus Pallidus. Pallidus is a component of basal ganglion of the brain which involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. Through disinhibition, neuronal signals were sent to the thalamus resulting in initiation of movement [46]. Thus, each nucleus of the thalamus is capable at rest in dispatching electrical signals and communications to specific anatomical domains to the corresponding cerebral cortex and areas of motor function. Through its association neurons, the signals are feedback to the thalamus and wired to the other structures like the amygdala which in turn flow back to the cortex.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The electrolytic lesion was performed with a concentric bipolar electrode (50691, Stoelting, USA) by delivering a constant direct current at each location (0. 6 mA for 15 s). In another group of mice, the electrode was placed at the same location without delivering any current (sham surgery). Lesion of the BLA Mice were bilaterally injected with a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox (titer: 4. 7 × 10–12 vg/mL) in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (titer: 1. 0 × 10–13 vg/mL, ratio 7:1. 5). The volume of injection was 0. 5 µL per hemisphere at the following coordinates AP: –1. 6 mm; ML: ±3. 45 mm; DV: −3. 5/–4. 1 mm from the skull. Control mice were injected with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox at the same coordinates. Chemogenetics inhibition of the BLA Mice were bilaterally injected with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)_mCherry (titer: 8. 9 × 10–12 vg/mL) or with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-mCherry (titer: 6 × 10–12 vg/mL, diluted 1:1 in PBS). The injection volume was 1 µL per hemisphere at the following coordinates for the BLA: AP: –1. 6 mm; ML: ±3. 45 mm; DV: −3. 5/–4. 1 mm from the skull. Lesion of the TeA and AuC Mice were bilaterally injected with a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox (titer: 4. 7 × 10–12 vg/mL) in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (titer: 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Operatively, public spaces were defined as all such spaces listed in the municipality’s register of public spaces, and all of them were visited by the same researcher. The researcher completed an inventory of services for each public space (e. g. , playground equipment, courts or sports fields, walking paths, benches, etc. ). Each service in the list was scored as 1 (present) or 0 (absent), and the values were added to create a single score of quality. The values of the score observed ranged from 0 to 9. Instruments and variables We assessed the dependent variable (physical activity) with the (IPAQ) 2929. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. 2003; 35:1381-95. in its short Spanish version, available from the web page of the authors’ questionnaire ( The IPAQ-short asks the number of days/week and the number of minutes/day that the respondent engaged in moderate-intensity physical activity, vigorous-intensity physical activity, walking and sitting during the past seven days. We followed the data cleaning protocol and scoring algorithm established by the IPAQ group 3030. IPAQ Group. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the (IPAQ): short and long forms, 2005. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). . The algorithms result in a value of physical activity in metabolic equivalent minutes per week (MET-minutes/week), and also classify participants in three levels of physical activity (low, moderate, high). The three categories of physical activity are recommended by the IPAQ group as relevant for public health purposes, with the moderate category considered sufficient to prevent diseases, while the high category could be associated with further improvements in health. In this study, we employ the three-category variable as dependent variable 3030. IPAQ Group. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the (IPAQ): short and long forms, 2005. (accessed on 07/Apr/2016). . We evaluated the main independent variable (access to public spaces) through the geographic information systems (GIS). We located the blocks where the participants in the survey lived, and established buffers of 400, 800, 1,000 and 1,600m around the center of each block. We selected these buffers for comparability, as they are the most frequently employed in other studies 1111.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: However, in the case of ASD with its multifactorial aetiologies, hypoactivity of orbitofrontal cortex or amygdala which provides motivationally directed goals, incentives or intentions drive improperly function, and this initially movement driven, thalamus modulated cortical emotional conscious motivational neuronal circuit will be disrupted and may result an arena of behaviour, emotional, cognitive, movement and autonomic nervous system pathological states. Some authorities have reviewed this as an exhibition of failure of reward processing noted in individuals diagnosed with ASD [47-49]. As the ASD amygdala emotionally depressed, hypofrontal blocking fails; individuals become mindless; pleasantness, security and reward signals are not feedback and received by the amygdala; without reward subsequent social learning become non-existent. Individuals with ASD exhibited a specific behavioral insensitivity to social rewards like nonresponse to a smiling greeting face. ASD individual autonomic response was also impaired during social reward studies as children with autism exhibited decreased pupillary dilation when looking at happy faces [50,51]. This may be due to inactivity of the amygdala and incoherence and mismatching of thalamocortical circuitry. Similarly, children with autism failed to gaze orient to naturally occurring social stimuli also provide further evidence this reward circuits interconnecting, the neocortex, thalamus, cerebellum and amygdala are deficit in ASD. Even in the case of hunger as a drive to amygdala is emotionally depressed with compared to normal control children. All these suggested that the impaired social skills, learning and motor behavior may result from a reduced reward feeling in response to social stimuli. The involvements of cerebellum in deficits in social reward has previously exemplified by the paradigm of eyeblink conditioning which is absent in the afferents to the cerebellum can be readily explained by the diminution of the adaptive timely response. This absence of adaptive timely response which is crucial in a vast array of motor behavioural function of cerebellum in associative, auditory, visual and oculomotor learning may be secondary to inactivation of the cerebellar dentate nuclei operant to a food reward within its interposed nuclei in deep cerebellar complex.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: 0 × 10–13 vg/mL, ratio 7:1. 5). The volume of injection was 0. 2 µL per hemisphere at the following coordinates at AP: –2. 85 mm; ML: ±4. 44 mm; DV: –1. 6 mm from the skull. Control mice were injected with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox. Selective lesion of the LT-projecting neurons to the BLA Animals were injected bilaterally in the LT with a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox in AAV-5/2-hSyn1-dlox-EGFP(rev)-dlox titer: 1. 1 × 10–13 vg/mL, ratio 7:2 at the following coordinates at AP: –3. 15 mm; ML: ±1. 85 mm; DV: −3. 4/–3. 5 mm from the skull. The same mice were injected bilaterally with AAV-retro/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (titer: 4. 4 × 10–12 vg/mL) in the BLA using the same coordinates mentioned earlier. One control group was injected with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox in AAV-5/2-hSyn1-dlox-EGFP(rev)-dlox (ratio 7:2) in the LT. Another control group was injected with AAV-retro/2-hCMV-chI-Crein the BLA and with AAV-5/2-hSyn1-dlox-EGFP(rev)-dlox in the LT using the same dilution mentioned above. LT-BLA disconnection experiment Mice were injected contralaterally in one LT and one LA (randomized hemispheres).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. . Using cartographic data from the public spaces study, we evaluated the access to public spaces in each buffer as the presence of at least one public space in the buffer (dichotomous variable). We also computed a variable of total public space area (m2) in the buffer (continuous variable). As indicator of public spaces quality, we employed the sum of services according to the 2013 inventory. The rank of values for this variable was 0-9, and services included bathrooms, lighting, kiosks, benches and playground, among others. We assigned to the survey participants the value of the highest-scoring public space for each buffer around the block they lived in. Thus, for example, if there were three public spaces in the 400m buffer around the block a participant lived in, she would be assigned a value of 1 in the dichotomous variable “presence of public spaces in 400m buffer”, a value of “total public spaces area in 400m buffer” corresponding to the area in m2 of all three public spaces, and a value of “quality of public spaces in 400m buffer” corresponding to the highest scoring public space among the three. All public spaces-related variables were extracted and computed using the ArcGIS ( spatial analysis software. We included covariates expected to be associated with both access to public spaces and physical activity, and those that according to our hypotheses could modify the association between public spaces and physical activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: sum, the above revisit of the inter-connectiveness and relationship between human cerebellum, neocortex, thalamus, amygdala and its associated excitatory feed forward and inhibitory feedback circuitries incorporating the rewarding hypothesis, emotionally depressed amygdala, adaptive timing failed processing in cerebellum and no theory of mind is not to imply that this is what exactly happening in the pathogenesis of ASD. In fact, as ASD is such a diverse, complex and progressive cognitive, emotional, motor and autonomic syndrome, it is difficult to solve all the observed phenomenon in one coherent theory. On the contrary, it is hope that this mini-review may spark discussion, falsification and better models through scientific arguments and repeatable controlled experiments; serve as a move forward exploration and enquiry about the entangled puzzling causes of ADS, in addition to the already known genetic, neurotransmitters and toxins corroboration. 395. Chast P, (2012) Autism risk factors; genes environment and gene-environment interactions. Neurosci 14: 281-292. (2017) Environmental risk factors for autism; an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. 8: 13. (2003) Model of autism: Increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems. Behav 2: 255-267. (2012) Glutamate mediated signaling in the pathoâ€physiology of autism spectrum disorders. Behav 100: 841-849. (2012) GABA system dysfunction in autism and related disorders: from synapse to symptoms. Rev 36: 2044â€“2055. (2001) Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Neurology 57: 1618-1628. Grossberg S, (2006) Neural dynamics of Autistic Bahaviors; Cognitive, Emotional, and timing substrates. 113: 483-525. (2002) Purkinje cell size is reduced in cerebellum of patients in autism. Neurobiol 22: 171-175. Courchesne E, Yeung-(1988) Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. N Med 318: 1349-1354. (2011) Spectrum of neurodevelopmental disabilities in children with cerebellar malformations. 53: 409-416.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: In both locations, a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)ta-Casp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (ratio 7:1. 5). The injection volume was 1 µL per hemisphere at the coordinates described previously. For the reversible disconnection experiment, mice were injected contralaterally in one LT and one BLA with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)_mCherry or with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-mCherry (diluted 1:1 in PBS) in the BLA. Additional control groups were injected unilaterally with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)_mCherry in the LT or in the BLA. Fiber photometry experiments Mice were injected unilaterally with AAV-5/2-hSyn1-chI-jGCaMP7s (titer: 7. 7 × 10–12 vg/ml) in the LT or with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-jGCaMP8m (titer: 6. 5 × 10–12 vg/mL) in the BLA. The mice injected with jGCaMP8m in the BLA were injected in the LT with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (ratio 7:1. 5). The injection volume was 0. 5 µL per hemisphere at the previously mentioned coordinates. Control mice were injected with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox at the same dilution. Mono fiber-optic cannula (200/300 um, NA 0. 37) was implanted in the BLA at the following coordinates AP: –1. 6 mm; ML: +3. 48 mm; DV: –3. 45 mm from the skull.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 304. Published online: June 30, 2020 DOI: Between the and Biodiversity in the Sites of Hyun-Kyung Kang* Professor, Department of 31066, Korea *Corresponding author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr First author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr 21, 2020, 1, 2020, 4, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (2000) The functional neuro-anatomy of social behaviour: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain 123: 2203-2212. (1999) Evidence of altered energy metabolism in autistic children. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 23: 635-641. (2004) Temporal processing deficits in high-functioning children in autism. Psychol 95: 269-282. (2015) Cerebellar associative sensory learning defects in five mouse autism models. eLife 4: e06085. . (1994) A neural model of timed response learning in the cerebellum. 7: 1101-1114. (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in cerebellar Purkinje cells as substrate for adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye blink response. Journal of Neuroscience 16: 3760-3774. (2010) Cognitive and affective disturbances following focal cerebellar damage in adults; a neuropsychological and SPECT study. Cortex 46; 869-879. (1995) Developmental injury to the cerebellum following perinatal Borna diseases virus infection. Res 90: 45-53. (2004) Spatial pattern of sonic hedgehog signaling through Gli genes during cerebellum development. Development 131: 5581-5590. (2016) Thinking, Walking, Talking: Function. Health 4: 94. Mendoza G, (2014) Motor system evolution and the emergence of high cognitive functions. 122: 73-93. (2011) The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106: 2322-2345. (2002) Minicolumnar pathology in autism. Neurology 58: 428-432. (2003) Evidence of Brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. JAMA 290: 337-344. (1997) Macrocephaly in children and adults with autism. 36: 282-290. â€™Brien LM, kennedy D, et al. (2005) Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: a nested whole-brain analysis. Brain 128: 213-226. (2004) Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment. 56: 755-756.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The fiber-optic cannula was fixed to the skull with Superbond (). All the viral vectors were bought from the Facility (VVF) of the Zurich (ZNZ). Behavioral procedures Looming stimulus The apparatus consisted of an open-top arena (37 × 40 × 19. 5 cm) with a monitor (16 inches) placed on the top. No shelter was used (Barbano et al. , 2020; Shang et al. , 2018). The exposure to the looming stimulus was performed during the dark period (between 6 PM and 10 PM). Mice were placed in the center of the arena and explored freely for 8–10 min before exposure to the looming stimulus. The looming stimulus consisted of an expanding black disk over a gray background, and it consisted of five repetitions, from 2° to 20° of visual angle (Yilmaz and Meister, 2013). The loom widens in 250 ms and remains at the same size for 250 ms with 2 s of pause between each loom. The experimenter was blind to the treatment and manually delivered the looming stimulus. The behavioral responses were recorded with a top camera (Phihong POE21U-1AF). All the animals were exposed at least 2–3 times to the looming stimulus, and only the one eliciting the greatest defensive response was analyzed. The defensive responses were analyzed automatically and manually using ANY-maze software (Stoelting, Ireland) for the 30 s following the onset of the looming stimulus. An experimenter, blind to the treatment, analyzed each mouse’s freezing percentage, tail rattling, escape events, and rearing events. Freezing was defined as a complete lack of movements, except for the respiratory movements, that lasted for at least 1 s. Tail rattling was defined as an event in which the mouse moved the tail vigorously. Escape events were defined as a sharp increase in the locomotor speed three times greater than the average speed before the exposure to the looming stimulus. Rearing was defined as an event in which the mouse stood on its hindpaws, and they were quantified for the 30 s preceding (baseline) and following the looming stimulus presentation. The differential score was calculated by subtracting the rearing events following the looming stimulus subtracted by the rearing events during the baseline period.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In Sangjanri, Yongbangri and Jikdong where wetlands and grasslands were created, wetlands and grasslands were maintained and woody plants were observed in Sangjangri. Rice paddies were broadly distributed near Yongbangri, and grasslands mostly with aquatic plants and the surface of water accounted for 61. 3% and 38. 7% respectively. Sangjangri had step-shaped geographical features and its upper and lower parts were planted with Acer palmatum and Prunus sargentii. Along the bank around rice paddies, Salix koreensis grew and thus the area planted with woody plants accounted for over 50%. Grasslands and the surface of water accounted for 25% and 19. 8% respectively. Jikdong had step-shaped terrace paddies surrounded by forests and grass lands where aquatic plants and some herbaceous plants were planted and the surface of water accounted for 90. 2% and 9. 8% respectively, showing a high cover rate of herbaceous plants (Table 2). Plant ecology To assess the naturality of each study site, the flora of three locational types including forest, cultivated land and urbanized types was surveyed. The number of observed species, the ratio of native species, the ratio of naturalized species and urbanization index (UI) were calculated. The number of observed species (Table 3) ranged between 127 and 219 (169 species on average), and that in Namdaemunri (forest type) was highest. The number in Sangjangri (cultivated land type) was lowest. The number of native species ranged between 108 and 198 (148 species on average), and that of naturalized species ranged between 11 and 32 (21 species on average). Namdaemunri showed the highest number of native species, while Secheondong (urbanized type) showed the highest number of naturalized species (32 species). Specifically, the overall ratio of native species ranged between 82. 4% and 92. 4% (87. 3% on average). That in Jikdong and Namdaemunri (forest type) was highest (92. 4% and 90. 4% respectively), and that in Secheondong (urbanized type) tended to be lowest (82. 4%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Neural systems underlying conflict processing have been well studied in the cognitive realm, but the extent to which these overlap with those underlying emotional conflict processing remains unclear. A novel adaptation of the AX Task (AX-CPT), a stimulus-response incompatibility paradigm, was examined that permits close comparison of emotional and cognitive conflict conditions, through the use of affectively-valenced facial expressions as the response modality. Methodology/Brain activity was monitored with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the emotional AX-CPT. Emotional conflict was manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis, by requiring contextually pre-cued facial expressions to emotional probe stimuli (IAPS images) that were either affectively compatible (low-conflict) or incompatible (high-conflict). The emotion condition was contrasted against a matched cognitive condition that was identical in all respects, except that probe stimuli were emotionally neutral. Components of the brain cognitive control network, including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), showed conflict-related activation increases in both conditions, but with higher activity during emotion conditions. In contrast, emotion conflict effects were not found in regions associated with affective processing, such as rostral ACC. Conclusions/activation patterns provide evidence for a domain-general neural system that is active for both emotional and cognitive conflict processing. In line with previous behavioural evidence, greatest activity in these brain regions occurred when both emotional and cognitive influences additively combined to produce increased interference. Citation: (2011) of Emotional and Revealed through Facial Expressions. 6(3): e17635. de Beeck, University of Leuven, BelgiumReceived: December 5, 2010; Accepted: February 4, 2011; Published: March 9, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Chiew, Braver. This is an open-access 25. 5 years, SD = 5. 63) were scanned using fMRI while participating in the task. All fMRI participants were right-handed, native English speakers, and screened to ensure no neurological or psychiatric disorders, psychotropic medications, or other factors were present that contraindicated fMRI. Participants performed an emotional (Emotion condition) and non-emotional (Neutral condition) variant of the AX-CPT.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Note that positive differential score values indicate an increase in rearing events compared with the baseline period, whereas negative scores indicate a decrease in rearing events compared with the baseline period. For the reversible disconnection experiment, we tested the effect of the inhibition of the LT-BLA pathway on the locomotion and on the anxiety levels. Locomotion was indicated by line crosses in the looming arena during the first 8 min of habituation. Anxiety-like behavior was measured as the percentage of time spent in the center part of the looming arena during the same time period. For the fiber photometry experiments, a white looming stimulus was used as a neutral control stimulus (Yilmaz and Meister, 2013). It was presented in a pseudorandom order alternated with the black looming stimulus. The white looming stimulus presented the same repetitions and speed as the black looming stimulus. Aversive conditioning The apparatus consisted of an open-top cage (24 × 20 × 30 cm) with metal floor bars placed in a soundproof cubicle (55 × 60 × 57 cm) (Ugo Basile, Italy). Two different behavioral protocols were used in this study. In one, the mice were conditioned by using five pairings consisting of 20 s, 5 kHz, sinewave tone (CS) co-terminating with a 2 s footshock (US) 0. 6 mA. On the other hand, the animals were conditioned using four pairings consisting of 25 s, 7 kHz, sinewave tone co-terminating with 2 s foot shock 0. 5 mA. After the conditioning, the animals stayed isolated for 10–15 min before returning to their home cage. Short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) recall were assessed in a new context 2 hr or 24 hr after the conditioning, respectively. After 2 min of acclimation to the new context, the mice were presented to four or five CS presentations without the footshock. The intertrial interval ranged between 35 s and 120 s for both conditioning and testing sessions. The behavioral response was recorded by a top camera and/or side-view camera, and freezing was scored automatically by ANY-maze software. The freezing percentage indicates the time the mouse spent freezing during the CS presentation, divided by the CS length multiplied by 100. For the conditioning session, the freezing percentage is calculated for each CS presentation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seed analysis helps reconstruct ancient diets and environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Art & mines millennia-old fats to reconstruct ancient diets and lifestyles Lipids in pottery tell stories about the evolution of lactose tolerance and farming practices by Carolyn Wilke, special to C&EN August 27, 2023 | A version of this story appeared in Issue 28 Popular in Thirty years of DNA forensics: How DNA has revolutionized criminal investigations Some tattoo inks in Europe contain banned pigments The chemistry behind Leonardo da Vinci’s paintings Researchers can identify a person by sequencing RNA from individual cells Liquid Gold: the quirky chemistry of urinalysis Credit: Courtesy of Vitals ▸ Hometown: Bristol, England ▸ Current position: Senior research associate and commercial manager, University of Bristol ▸ Education: MSci, archaeological sciences, 2010, and PhD, organic geochemistry, 2014, University of Bristol ▸ Hobbies: Archaeology. “I eat, sleep, and breathe it, really. I run a young archaeologists club, so I teach children about archaeology. ” Also reading and puzzles. ▸ Professional advice: For anyone thinking of making a career change, it’s never too late to explore your passion or make a change. Thousands of years ago, artisans made whimsical baby bottles sculpted to look like animals with round bodies, some with perky ears and others with tails doubling as spouts. But there’s more to the vessels than meets the eye. Lipid leftovers of past feedings cling to these ceramic containers. Biomolecular archaeologist of the University of Bristol extracts such residues from ancient pottery and along with them clues about what people ate long ago. This work differs from the archaeology that focuses on those who were once high and mighty—“bling-bling archaeology,” as she calls it. For Dunne, research into the past has always been more about how ordinary people lived. Her passion for unveiling hints about life long ago drove Dunne from working in accounting to pursuing a PhD and becoming an archaeologist as a second career. She now collaborates with Richard Evershed, who created the field of ancient lipid analysis decades ago, and they continue to advance methods to squeeze more information from these relic biomolecules.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Conflict-defined regions within CCN and. Within each ROI, we identified regions showing conflict-related increases in activity through the high-conflict > low-conflict contrast, collapsing across Emotion and Neutral conditions to provide an unbiased test. Fourteen regions within the CCN, as well as five regions within the EMO network, were identified as showing conflict responses. These conflict-defined regions are summarized in Table 1, with cortical regions shown in Figure 2. As expected, conflict-related regions within the CCN included the dorsal ACC and bilateral PFC, along with additional activation in the inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The EMO regions showing sensitivity to conflict included bilateral dopaminergic midbrain, bilateral anterior insula, and left putamen. However, in this contrast, conflict-related activation was not observed in ventromedial PFC or amygdala. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Cortical areas sensitive to the High > Low conflict contrast. These areas fall within the CCN and REW masks and were identified as showing significant (AY + BX) > (AX + BY) activation, collapsed across Emotion and Neutral conditions. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Activity in areas defined by task conflict (high>low conflict) within anatomically defined ROIs. Condition-related effects within the high versus low conflict contrast. In the next stage of analysis, each of these conflict-defined ROIs was subjected to an ANOVA that tested for effects of condition type, using timepoint as an additional factor to define event-related effects (i. e. , in terms of a condition × time interaction). Nine ROIs showed such condition × time effects – these areas are marked in a column in Table 1. The areas showing sensitivity to both conflict and emotional task content included, most prominently, the dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral posterior PFC, near the inferior frontal junction. The examination of timecourses in these nine regions revealed that, in all of them, the condition × time interaction was due to Emotion > Neutral activation, especially in the middle timepoints where activity peaked (approximately timepoints 4–7).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: For the recall session, the freezing percentage is the average of four CS presentations, with the only exception of the data shown in Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplements 1 and 2, in which the freezing percentage is the average of five CS presentations. The pre-CS freezing percentage is calculated as the average of the freezing time during the 25 s before each CS presentation. For the fiber photometry experiments, the mice underwent an extinction protocol for 2 d. On each day, the CS was played 12 times in the recall context without the footshock. hydrochloride (20 mg/kg, 500 µL; Merck, P0884) or sotalol hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, 500 µL; Merck, S0278) or clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride (CNO water-soluble, HelloBio, HB6149; 10 mg/kg, 400 µL) or saline (0. 9% NaCl, 400/500 µL) were administered by intraperitoneal injection. After the injection, the mice were isolated for 30 min before the beginning of the experimental procedures. Electrophysiology recordings As previously described, mice were injected with inhibitory or mCherry in the BLA. The same cohort of mice was injected with undiluted AAV-5/2-hSyn1-chI-ChrimsonR_tdTomato (titer: 5. 3 × 10E12 vg/mL) in the LT. After 4–5 wk of expression, the mice were anesthetized using 0. 5 mg/kg FMM with the following mixture: 0. 05 mg/ml of fentanyl ([Hameln, 007007] 0. 05 mg/kg), plus 5 mg/mL of midazolam ([Hameln, 002124] 5 mg/kg), and 1 mg/mL of medetomidine (VM Pharma, 087896). After the induction of the anesthesia, the mice were placed on the stereotaxic frame. A 32-channel optoelectrode (Poly3, Neuronexus) was placed at the following coordinates: AP: 1. 6 mm; ML: 3. 48; DV: 3. 5 ± 0. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Seed analysis helps reconstruct ancient diets and environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Because of lipids’ inherent link to food, they present a spring of information not easily obtained from ancient DNA, which typically gives more insights into population movement and species’ evolution, or from old proteins, whose analysis isn’t as robust, Dunne says. The researchers have used lipids to deduce a menu for medieval peasants, follow a beeswax trail to map prehistoric honey collecting, and track the evolution of lactase persistence. That evolved trait allows many humans across Europe to digest dairy in adulthood. talked with Dunne about this work. This interview was edited for length and clarity. Credit: da Fonseca/Enver-modern-day baby using an infant-feeding vessel reconstructed from examples that date back to the (top). Original late feeding vessels from Vösendorf, Austria (bottom). Why are ancient pots a good lens through which to study the lipids humans left behind millennia ago? Pottery dates back 17,000 or 18,000 years and is the most ubiquitous artifact found on archaeological sites. Pots might look quite dense, but they have a pore structure. When people are cooking foods in their pots, lipids—the fats, oils, and waxes of the natural world—absorb into the ceramic matrix of a pot. These lipids are exactly the right size to fit in the little holes in a ceramic matrix in this amazing, serendipitous piece of fate. Related: Protein analysis pegs species from tiny bone fragments The pot might have been used, say, 5,000 years ago and eventually would break and probably be discarded and buried. And then thousands of years later, some archaeologists come dig it up. By that time, it’s probably just a very small piece of broken pot, and just looking at it, we don’t really know much about the past lives of people. But the lipids can tell us an awful lot about a variety of archaeological questions. But those bottles were all unique vessels clearly designed to make babies smile, and that really brought home that parents in prehistory must have loved and cared for their children in exactly the same way that we do today. How do you collect and analyze the lipids? We can take that very small piece of pot, grind it up, and use a set of chemical techniques to extract the lipids.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: A second pattern that was observed in the ANOVA was a trial-type × time interaction, which was significant in 11 ROIs. In all of these regions, the pattern was due to increased activation on BX trials relative to AY, during the early part of the trial (timepoints 2–5), but then comparable activation later in the trial (timepoints 6–10). Figure 4 demonstrates this timecourse pattern in an example region, the right lateral PFC. Although a BX > AY pattern is consistent with conflict being increased under probe-based conditions, the early, rather than late timecourse of the effect suggests that the trial-type effect might be anticipatory or expectancy-related. Note that the expectancy for high conflict is significantly greater following a B-cue (probability BX | B-cue∼0. 4) than following an A-cue (probability AY | A-cue∼0. 1). Thus, differential conflict anticipation or expectancy may account for the trial-type effects, rather than a differential response to experienced conflict during probe processing. Similar conflict expectancy effects have been observed in prior studies of the AX-CPT [46], [47] and other conflict paradigms [48]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Timecourse illustrating BX > AY trial-type effect. Representative region in right lateral PFC exhibiting BX > AY activity early, and comparable levels of activity in both trial types later in the timecourse. effects of condition and trial-type were present, the two factors did not appear to interact, as no regions showed evidence of condition × trial-type or condition × trial-type × time interactions. Thus, the BX > AY pattern did not differ significantly between Emotion & Neutral conditions. Focused analysis of rostral ACC and amygdala activity: conflict and condition effects. As done previously within the CCN and EMO masks, we computed contrasts (high > low conflict) within the rostral ACC and amygdala ROIs. However, to test whether these regions were particularly sensitive to emotion conflict per se, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA using a high > low conflict contrast, but restricting to the Emotion condition only. No voxels within the rostral ACC or amygdala survived this contrast, contrary to evidence from previous studies suggesting their sensitivity to emotional conflict.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The neural data were amplified and digitized at 25 kHz. The input–output curve was recorded 30 min before and 1 hr after the CNO injection using a pulse of 0. 5/1 ms, 638 nm. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and brains were extracted and kept in 10% formalin for 24 hr. Afterward, the brains were processed to confirm viral expression and electrode location. Fiber photometry recordings and analysis All the recordings were performed with Doric fiber photometry system composed of an LED-driver, a fiber photometry console, and a Doric minicube with 460–490 nm for GCaMP excitation, 415 nm for isosbestic excitation, and 580–650 nm for optical stimulation [ilFMC5-G2_IE(400-410)_E(460-490)_F(500-540)_O(580-680)_S]. A low-autofluorescence patch cord (200 nm or 300 nm, 0. 37 NA) and a pigtailed rotary joint (200 nm, 0. 37 NA) were used. The latter were bleached for 5 hr before each experiment via a 473 nm laser at 15–17 mW. The GCaMP signal was amplified with a Doric amplifier with a 10× gain and recorded with Studio software (version 5. 4. 1. 23) at 11 kHz. The signal was downsampled at 120 Hz for analysis. Light power at the patch cord tip was set between 30 and 35 µW for 470 nm excitation. For synchronization with the looming stimulus presentation, a board (NI USB 6003) was used to time-stamp the looming stimulus presentation over the calcium signal. For synchronization of the tone and shock presentation, an input–output box connected to the aversive conditioning system was used. After 4–5 wk of virus expression, mice were handled for 2–3 d before the beginning of the experiments. Before each recording, the fiber-optic cannula was cleaned with CleanClicker (Thorlab; USA). To reduce bleaching during the behavioral experiments, the habituation to the looming stimulus and the extinction to the tone were conducted without recording the GCaMP signal. A customized script was used for the analysis. All the traces with a sudden change in the isosbestic signal were discarded in the final analysis.

Output: pass