Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: As such, Gigasporaceae may be more mutualistic because they provide the most nutritive benefits for their hosts due to a heavy investment into primarily absorptive hyphae per infection unit. By contrast, recently, Sorghum sudanense grown in pots and inoculated with members of Glomeraceae family outperformed by 1. 1 times plants inoculated with Gigasporaceae for shoot P concentrations, whereas other mineral elements (i. s. , Zn, K, Mn and Na) were similar between the two families (Horsch et al 2022). Moreover, as regard plant P concentration, the mix of the two families outperformed single-family inocula by 1. 3 times. Thus, the correlation between fungal colonization strategies and functional host benefits is still to be fully clarified in both microcosm and field taking into consideration factors potentially affecting the relationship in order to generalize host nutrient response to AM fungal functional traits. Among the factors potentially affecting the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake, intra-family variability was found to play a role since consistent increases of several nutrient concentrations were found in fruits of tomatoes inoculated with F. mosseae compared to S. sinuosa (var. Pisanello: N, Cu, K, Mg and Mn; var. Rio Grande: Zn). The behaviour of F. mosseae might be related to peculiar charateristics of this AM fungal species. Funneliformis mosseae is indeed known to be ubiquitous in agricultural soils (Helgason et al. 1998; Pellegrino et al. 2020), faster colonize plant roots (Chagnon et al. 2013) and generally facilitate shoot biomass and root length as well as shoot and fungal P uptake respect to other species belonging to the same family (Avio et al. 2006; Munkvold et al. 2004). This ruderal AM fungal species, as classified by Chagnon et al. (2013), was also found to long-term persist in roots of inoculated plants (Pellegrino et al. 2012, 2022). Moreover, the unique variability found within Gigasporaceae in fruit Cu concentration of var. Pisanello also supports the role that intra-family functional diversity plays in shaping the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of millipedes in facilitating decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. For instance, the study by Alagesan (Alagesan 2016) highlighted that millipedes are recognized as the primary decomposers of leaf litter within the intricate ecosystem of a tropical rainforest. . In summary, millipedes contribute significantly to the overall balance and functioning of ecosystems through their diverse ecological roles. Millipedes also serve as a critical food source for a wide range of predators. For instance, a study by Blower et al. (2015) found that millipedes were the primary prey item for the Eurasian woodcock, a bird species found in European forests. Millipedes are also known to have a mutualistic relationship with certain fungi, particularly mycorrhizal fungi (Tuf 2019). These fungi can form associations with plant roots, helping to enhance their nutrient uptake. Millipedes can transport the spores of these fungi, aiding in their dispersal and facilitating their association with new plant hosts (Tuf 2019). Furthermore, millipedes are important indicators of soil health and can be used as bio-indicators of environmental stressors such as pollution and habitat disturbance. Their presence or absence can provide insight into the health and stability of an ecosystem (Hopkin 1991, Snyder,and Hendrix 2008, Tuf 2019). Studies have also shown that millipedes can contribute to the suppression of plant diseases through their interactions with soil microorganisms. They may also have the potential for use in bio-remediation efforts to clean up contaminated soils (Hopkin 1991, Snyder et al. 2015, Tuf 2019). are typically nocturnal and spend most of their time hiding in dark, moist habitats, such as soil, leaf litter, and rotting wood (Lawrence 1984). They typically stay in the shallow topsoil layer, but during hot, dry weather they may burrow deeper to escape the heat (Dangerfield 1991) found that millipedes can overwinter in burrows up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) deep. Millipedes have a variety of defensive mechanisms, including curling into a tight spiral, secreting chemicals, and using their hard exoskeletons. When threatened, some species curl into a tight spiral, using their hard exoskeletons to protect their soft undersides. This defensive behavior is known as conglobation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: radiodurans showed significant resistance to high concentrations of Pb and Cd, but it was more tolerant to Cd than Pb. MIC was 400 mgl-1 for Pb, while it was 600 mgl-1 for Cd. Chaturvedi [18] reported different results in his study, he reported that the different isolated of Deinococcus (GrK2, Grk4, GrK5 and DR1) were sensitive to Cd+2, but they exhibited varying levels of tolerance. Grk2 was being extremely sensitive to Cd+2, DR1 is moderately tolerant, while Grk4 and Grk5 showed comparable tolerance, and also he mentioned that the toxicity of Cd affected by growth state, with stationary phase cells being more sensitive than the exponential phase. Hua et al. [20] reported that D. radiodurans R1 does not exhibit strong resistance to heavy metal Hg (II), Ag (I), Cr (VI) and Pb (IV), and recorded MIC (300 1600 300 and 3200 μM) for these metals respectively. From the results of the present study there is a difference in results recorded in comparison with other studies results recorded previously, and this can be explained as the isolated strains was different and the growing conditions such as growth stage also different. In addition to the high concentration of heavy metals in the study soil, which enhance the ability of tolerant to these bacteria. Those can be supported by the result of Chaturvedi [18], who reported that, the growth phase depending differences in tolerance. Qi and Hulett [21] reported that, the tolerance of growing B. thuringiensis DM55 cells has been shown to vary at different growth stages, supporting the existing evidence that the structural features of gram positive bacterial cell walls are affected by the developmental state of the cell. Another reason for these results differences is the variance in design of experiment, such as growth media composition as clarified by Kumar et al. [22]. Complex media such as LB precipitate Pb as a result of sequestration with organic moieties thus reduce the bioavailability of Pb to the bacterial strains [23]. Bioaccumulation study From the results shown in Figure 1 there is an increasing in the accumulation of Pb with the increasing of the concentration. The highest accumulation occurs in the concentration 50 mgl-1 after 6h of incubation was 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: by AMF, as expected, increased soil fungal abundance in comparison with controls in both tomato varieties. By contrast, soil bacterial abundance decreased, thereby determining a strong increase of fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios in inoculated plots. Based on the higher F:B ratios, we would have expected lower litter decomposition rates and higher percentages of remaining mass in inoculated treatments. Indeed, altough it is still a matter of debate whether higher fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios directly cause lower decomposition rates and higher SOC accumulation (Rousk and Frey 2015), recently Malik et al. (2016) reported a lower respiratory loss in high F:B soil communities suggesting a possible more efficient use of the substrate over the experimental time period. By contrast, in our field study with var. Rio Grande, fungal-dominated communities detected in inoculated treatments were associated with lower percentages of litter remaining mass and higher decomposition rate (i. e. , k) at the latest litter bag samplings, with the exception of F. mosseae. This general behaviour is in line with the results of a recent meta-analysis on AMF and soil enzyme activities (Qin et al. 2019). In this work, AMF were reported to increase soil enzyme activities (e. g. , N-, P-, C- releasing enzymes), expecially under conditions of neutral pH and small availabilty of P (Qin et al. 2019) that are the conditions found in our study. In support of these findings, AMF were also found to promote/accelerate litter decomposition (e. g. , Chen et al. 2012; Gui et al. 2017; Herman et al. 2012; Hodge et al. 2001; Mei et al. 2022), although they are assumed to facilitate soil C sequestration by increasing C inputs to soil and by protecting SOC from decomposition via aggregation (Pellegrino et al. 2022b; Rillig and Mummey 2006). The effect of AMF on litter decomposition can be mediated in field conditions by an increase of bacterial biomass (Gui et al. 2017; Nuccio et al. 2013) and/or by the shift to a microbial community composition dominated by saprobiotic fungi and bacteria (Herman et al. 2012; Jian et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Benzoquinones are the most common chemicals produced by millipedes (Zagrobelny 2008, Smolanoff et al. 1975). They are found only in the orders Spirobolida, Spirostreptida, and Julida. Benzoquinones are toxic to many predators, and they can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems (Lawrence 1984). The defensive mechanisms of millipedes are an important part of their survival. These mechanisms help to protect millipedes from predators and allow them to live in a variety of habitats (Shear and Jones 2007, Hopkin 1992). 2. 3. Managing soil fertility: The impact of millipedes Detritivores are creatures that feed on dead and decaying organic matter, such as millipedes. They consume leaf litter, soil, and other remnants of plants and animals, and some also browsing on fungal mycelia (Blower 1985). As they eat, they break down this matter into smaller pieces, making it more digestible for other living organisms. Furthermore, they release nutrients into the soil, which can enhance its fertility ( Mark et al. 1999). Overall, the effect of millipedes on soil fertility is complex and depends on a number of factors, including the species of millipede, the type of soil, and the presence of other organisms. In general, millipedes can be beneficial to soil fertility, but they can also have a negative impact in some cases (Culliney 2013,Tian et al. 1995). Millipedes can contribute to soil fertility in various ways. Firstly, they break down organic matter, leading to the release of nutrients into the soil. This, in turn, enhances soil fertility and promotes plant growth. Secondly, millipedes burrow through the soil, improving aeration and drainage, which minimizes soil compaction. Thirdly, some millipedes produce toxins that can prevent plant diseases, safeguarding plants from infection. Lastly, millipedes can reduce pest populations, such as slugs and snails, which can protect plants from damage (Culliney 2013, Hopkin 1992), Raw1967, Dangerfield 1996). However, it is important to note that millipedes can also have a negative impact on soil fertility in some cases. For example, they can consume large amounts of organic matter, which can deplete the soil of nutrients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 33± 0. 0007 mgg-1, while the lowest was 0. 029 ± 0. 268 mgg-1 after 2h. In addition to that, the rising of incubation period may reduce the accumulation for all concentrations. Figure 1: Bioaccumulation of Pb by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0049). The accumulation of Cd increase in parallel with the increasing of concentration for all studying time (Figure 2). The figure clarifies increasing in Cd accumulation with the times (2, 4 and 6 h) for concentrations 10, 20 and 50 mgl-1, then decrease during 24 and 48h. For concentration 100 mgl-1, accumulation increase within 2, 4, 6, and 24h, then decrease with 48h. The analysis of variance of bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd between time and concentration was significant (P<0. 05) in all treatments as show by LSD value. Figure 2: Bioaccumulation of Cd by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0341). The results of Pb and Cd accumulation showed that, this bacterium was able to accumulate high amounts of Cd 36. 86 ± 0. 007 mgg-1 in comparison to 0. 33 ± 0. 0007 mgg-1 for Pb. This may be due to difference in toxicity of these metals to this bacterium and to its intrinsic properties which help it in occupying varying tolerance, also the history of pollution of the soils from which bacterium isolated by these metals play critical tool in development ability of these bacteria to deal with such contaminations, this which agrees with the results of the present study where it show high MIC value for Cd than this for Pb for this bacterium. From the results the accumulation increase with time, then start decreasing over specific time. This agrees with Ray et al. [24] who reported that, the accumulation of Pb by B. cereus increased with time, then starts decreasing. It may be concluded that, metal binding sites became saturated after specific time. The maximum accumulation of both of metals by this bacterium occurs in the highest concentration of metals then start decreasing with increasing of the time, this observed by Tunali et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: -wolfe L, Morton JB (2007) Role of niche restrictions and dispersal in the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. J Ecol 95:95–105. óbrega JA, (2020) Determination of macro and micronutrients in plants using the Agilent 4200 MP AES. (2002) Concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in maize colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. 82:272–278. (2017) Fatty acids in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are synthesized by the host plant. Science 356:1175–1178. (2017) Understanding the arbuscule at the heart of endomycorrhizal symbioses in plants. 27:R952-R963. Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2007) Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316:1746–1748. Maherali H, Klironomos JN (2012) Phylogenetic and trait-based assembly of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. PLoS One 7:e36695. (2016). Mutualism persistence and abandonment during the evolution of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. 188:E113-E125. von (2016) Soil fungal: bacterial ratios are linked to altered carbon cycling. 7:1247. (1990) A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 115:495–501. (2022) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote litter decomposition and alleviate nutrient limitations of soil microbes under warming and nitrogen application. Ecol 171:104318. (2001) BBCH-Monograph: growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants. In: Technical Report, 2nd edn. for Agriculture and Forestry, 142. (1998) Survey of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in lettuce production in relation to management and soil factors. J 130:173–182.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They can also release toxins that can be harmful to plants ( Dangerfield 1996,Tian et al. 1995). 2. 3. Other benefits of millipedes One interesting ecological role of millipedes is their use in traditional medicine in some cultures. Millipedes have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and there is some scientific evidence to support their medicinal value (Pemberton 2005, Paoletti 2005). For example, some millipedes produce chemicals that have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties. These chemicals have been shown to be effective against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and parasites (Hopkin 1992). In addition, millipedes are known to possess substantial amounts of essential nutrients, including calcium, iron, and unsaturated fatty acids. Among the Bobo population, certain millipede species belonging to the families Gomphodesmidae and Spirostreptidae are utilized as a food source for human consumption et al. 2014). These nutrients have been linked to several health benefits, including improved bone health, immune function, and cardiovascular health. However, it is important to note that millipedes can also produce toxic chemicals, (Zagrobelny 2008) and their use in traditional medicine is not without risk. In some cases, millipede poisoning has been reported, and it is important to use caution when handling or consuming millipedes (Eisner et al. 1978). 2. 4. Distribution and plant damage caused by millipedes. Sara (2013) did a comprehensive overview of the global distribution of millipedes, including patterns of diversity, biogeography, and ecology. The distribution and ecology of millipedes and other arthropods, and notes that millipedes are found on all continents except Antarctica (CSIRO 2002, Redman 2003, Shelley and Golovatch 2011, Hopkin 2013, Iniesta and Ferreira 2013, Nefedieva et al. 2015 ). Millipedes can cause damage to plant roots, stems, and leaves, particularly in agricultural settings, and understanding their distribution and potential impact on crops is important for managing these pests. One way in which millipedes can cause plant damage is by feeding on the roots, stems, and leaves of plants. Ebregt et al. (2005) investigated the feeding behavior of the greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis and its potential as a pest in greenhouse crops.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The high sorption noticed after 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1. This is similar to Anzeze et al. [29], who reported that, the rate of adsorption of Cd by Eichhornia crasippes was very fast at first and over 95 % of total biosorption of Cd (II) ions occurs in the first 5 minutes and thereafter it proceeds at a slower rate and finally no further significant adsorption is noted beyond 20 minutes of contact time. For effect of metal concentration on biosorption, results show increases in Cd sorption with increasing metal concentration. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases [30]. The increasing amount of metal adsorbed by the biomass will be increased with initial concentration of metals. Optimum percentage of metal removal can be taken at high initial metal concentration. Thus, at a given concentration of biomass, the metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration [31]. 224. éni S, Khwaldia K, et al. (2012) Isolation and characterization of a novel Micrococcusstrain for bioremediation of strontium in radioactive residues. MicrobiolRes 64: 851-858. Volesky B, Holan ZR (1995) Biosorption of heavymetals. BiotechnolProg 11: 235-250. (1995) Metal cation uptake by yeast: areview. ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol 43: 579-584. (2004) Metalbioremediationthrough growing cells. 30: 261-278. (1996) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of CO2+ by neurospora crassa. BiotechnolLett 18: 1205-1208. (1994) Biosorption of heavymetal cations by non- viable yeastbiomas. 15: 429-438. (2002) Uranium accumulation by a bacteriumisolated from electroplating effluent. 18: 295-302. (2008) Novel metalaccumulator and proteasesecretor microbes from Wetland. BiochemBiotechnol 4: 255-264. (2002) Microbiology. (5th Edn. ), McGraw-Hill, New York. Murray RGE (1992) The familyDeinococcaceae.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: These mechanisms could crucial role in determining whether plants can adapt to shifts in resource distributions under a changing climate. This preprint has been withdrawn. How to cite. Yan, J. and Ghezzehei, T. : Roots induce hydraulic redistribution to promote nutrient uptake and nutrient cycling in nutrient-rich but dry near-surface layers, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], 2022. Received: 19 Feb 2022 – Discussion started: 07 Mar 2022 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1882 KB) Withdrawal notice This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1882 KB) Download & links This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1882 KB) and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on bg-2022-52', #1, 22 Mar 2022 The manuscript by Yan and Ghezzehei presents a soil-plant water transport model including a two layer-based hydraulic redistribution (HR) mechanism. The model is used to study how a prescribed rhizosphere volume around the roots mediates HR effects, with a particularly strong effect on nutrient transport and uptake. The authors also show that the enhanced water content in the rhizosphere can promote decomposition of native organic matter. The topic is interesting and suitable for Biogeosciences, but the manuscript in my view is not always clear and would benefit from a thorough proof-reading. Most important, the proposed model now contains three components—rhizodeposits, organic matter, nutrients—that are connected conceptually but not mathematically. This makes hydrology and biogeochemistry in the model too un-coupled to support the conclusion that rhizodeposits are an adaptive response of plants to face dry conditions. My main comments are explained first, followed by other suggestions. Main comments Nutrients are modelled independently of organic matter mineralization. Nutrients are essentially regarded as a passive tracer, transported through the domain and taken up by plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They found that the millipedes fed on the roots, stems, and leaves of several greenhouse crops, including cucumber, tomato, and chrysanthemum (Ebregt 2005). The presence of millipedes in the soil was negatively correlated with plant growth and biomass, suggesting that millipedes may play a role in limiting the productivity of these plantations. The feeding damage caused by the millipedes resulted in stunted growth, wilting, and reduced yield of the crops (ECHO 2018, Hopkin 2015). In addition, some species of millipedes can secrete toxic compounds that can further damage plant tissues. For example, the millipede, Narceus americanus, secretes hydrogen cyanide which can cause necrosis in plant tissues (1976). Furthermore, millipede infestation caused significant changes in the levels of various biochemicals, including total phenolics, flavonoids, and proline, suggesting that millipedes can cause damage to plant tissues by disrupting normal physiological processes (Chakraborty et al. 2016). 3. Climatic factors that impact distribution and damage by millipedesMillipedes are known to be pests of various crops, and their distribution and damage can be affected by several climatic factors. Some of the factors that have been reported to influence their population dynamics include temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil moisture levels. Temperature is a crucial factor affecting the activity and growth of millipedes. They are typically active at temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C, with optimal activity occurring at temperatures around 25°C. Higher temperatures may lead to increased metabolic rates and feeding activity, but prolonged exposure to temperatures above their upper thermal limit can be lethal (Mark et al. 1999, Hoffman, 2000). levels also play an important role in millipede behavior and distribution. They are known to be more active and feed more actively under high humidity conditions (Graça et al. 2017a), However, excessively high moisture levels can also negatively impact millipede populations by promoting the growth of fungal pathogens that may infect them. Rainfall patterns and soil moisture levels can also impact the distribution and damage caused by millipedes. Heavy rainfall events can lead to an increase in soil moisture levels, which in turn can stimulate millipede activity and population growth (Hamer 1999).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCocoa (Theobroma cacao L. ) is an important perennial crop, whose mode of cultivation is currently at large scale converted from agroforestry to monoculture systems given higher yields under the latter (Armengot et al. 2016; Niether et al. 2020). Because of its dependence on fertile forest soil, cocoa monoculture causes deforestation and CO2 emissions (Gockowski and Sonwa 2011) while cocoa agroforests are known to conserve biodiversity (Asase and Tetteh 2010) and sequester carbon (Nijmeijer et al. 2018). In these cocoa agroforestry systems, cycling of litterfall and decomposition acts as an input-output system for organic matter sustenance (Fontes et al. 2014). Due to reduction in biodiversity when cocoa agroforests are converted into monocultures, this matter cycling is reduced (Schneidewind et al. 2019). This is problematic especially in where nutrient reserves on heavily leached soils are low and nutrient exports in the harvest are rarely replaced by application of mineral fertilizers. Litterfall in cocoa agroforests is estimated to amount to 10 t ha−1 yr−1 (Dawoe et al. 2010; Saj et al. 2021) whereby its distribution throughout the year depends on climatic conditions. It is generally higher in the dry than in the wet season (Saj et al. 2021), however, thunderstorms and high wind speeds in the rainy season may cause occasional peaks (Becker et al. 2015). Litterfall chemistry, such as nutrient concentrations, in cocoa agroforestry systems is influenced greatly by climate and shade tree diversity (Saj et al. 2021; Sari et al. 2022). In a cocoa agroforestry system in Mexico, magnesium (Mg) concentrations were higher in litterfall during the rainy season, whereas phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were higher in dry season litter (Pérez-Flores et al. 2018). The decomposition of litter biomass releases carbon and nutrients, whose turnover and plant availability is greatly influenced by climate, soil organisms, and litter chemistry (Aerts 1997). In most agroecosystems, initial N, P, lignin, cellulose, and polyphenols are important regulators of litter decomposition (Dawoe et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: With higher hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere, nutrients are transported more rapidly according to the model, so the result that rhizosphere improves nutrient uptake is expected. Organic carbon decomposition rate is also enhanced thanks to the higher water content in the rhizosphere, which is also an expected result. In other words, both enhanced nutrient uptake and decomposition rates are a direct consequence of the model construction. This approach is simple and easy to understand, but has two drawbacks: i) nutrients are produced by decomposition of organic matter (now the two processes are independent) and ii) nutrients can be immobilized and re-mineralized by microbes in the rhizosphere (now only passively transported). Without this dynamic links between nutrient availability, organic matter and rhizosphere environmental conditions, it is difficult to say if nutrient availability actually improves thanks to the rhizosphere environment and HR. Rhizodeposits are not static and are costly for the plant. One component of the model deals with organic matter decomposition, referring to “rhizospheric C mineralization” (L171)—yet, the rhizosphere is regarded as fixed in terms of both extent and hydraulic properties (driven by rhizodeposit mass of C content). However, one could argue that the rhizosphere function needs to be ‘maintained’ by secreting C as the rhizosphere compounds are mineralized. In the current model there is no connection between rhizosphere and organic matter decomposition, which might be a reasonable approximation given the short time scales of the investigation (individual dry-down period). However, by neglecting the dynamics of rhizosphere properties, it is not possible to estimate the costs for the plant, and thus it is difficult to conclude that rhizodeposits are adaptive and promote plant survival or growth. Is the extra nutrient uptake worth the cost of the rhizodeposits and their maintenance in the long term? Extending the model to study these long-term effects (even in a highly idealized way) is in my view necessary to “shed light on how plants can adapt to non-ideal resource distribution” (L50) and to support the conclusion that “the investment in rhizodeposits thus seems critical…” (L379).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: In addition to temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil moisture levels, other climatic factors such as wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and photoperiod can also affect millipede distribution and damage. Wind speed can impact the movement of millipedes, with strong winds potentially dislodging them from their habitats and dispersing them to new areas (Mwabvu 1997,2018). Atmospheric pressure changes may also impact their distribution, with millipedes more active during low-pressure weather systems (Mwabvu 1997, Graça 2017b). Photoperiod, or the duration of light exposure in a day, can also influence millipede behavior and activity (Jewe and 1957). Some species may be more active during certain times of the day, with peak activity occurring at dawn or dusk (Jeweand 1957, Jean 2009). Changes in photoperiod may also trigger molting, reproductive activity, and other physiological processes in millipedes. Understanding how these climatic factors interact with each other and with other environmental factors such as vegetation, soil type, and land use practices can provide insights into the distribution and dynamics of millipede populations. This information can help inform pest management strategies that minimize the damage caused by millipedes to crops and other vegetation. In addition to the climatic factors discussed earlier, other environmental factors such as land use practices, vegetation cover, and soil type can also influence millipede distribution and damage. Land use practices such as tillage and crop rotation can affect soil moisture levels and soil structure, which may impact millipede populations. For instance, reduced tillage practices can lead to higher soil moisture levels and increased organic matter, which may promote millipede activity and population growth (Jean 2009). Conversely, frequent tillage can disrupt millipede habitats and reduce their populations. Vegetation cover can also play a role in millipede distribution and damage. Millipedes may be more abundant in areas with high vegetation cover, as vegetation provides them with shelter and food resources (Jean 2009). However, certain plant species may be more susceptible to millipede damage, and their abundance may vary depending on the type of vegetation cover present in the area. 4. Impact of Soil properties and on Millipede PopulationSoil type can also impact millipede distribution, with certain species preferring specific soil types or soil moisture levels (Slavomír Stašiov et al. 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On average, 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 exported via annual harvest (cocoa pod husk and beans) represented 5%, 7%, 29%, 2%, and 4%, respectively, of the annual nutrient stocks recycled in total litterfall (Table 4). Table 4 Carbon and nutrient stocks of the annual litterfall components, cocoa bean and pod husk of cocoa agroforests under conventional and organic management in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableDecomposition of cocoa leafWithin the first 2 months, 50% of the initial litter DM disappeared under organic and conventional management (Fig. 3a). After 1 month of cocoa leaves placement, P and Ca release under conventional management were 20% and 21%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than under organic management (Fig. 3c and e). Similarly, Mg release at months one and two after cocoa leaves placement were 24% and 10%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) under organic management than under conventional management (Fig. 3f). At the end of the 12 months study period, on average 15% of the initial litter remained in the litterbags. Potassium was rapidly released from litter leading to the disappearance of 98% of the initial content. Although DM disappearance and N release rates were 35% greater under organic management compared with conventional management, these differences were not statistically significant (Table 5). Phosphorus, K, and Ca release rates were 13%, 33%, and 41%, respectively, higher in conventional farms than organic farms, but these differences were not significant. For P, K, Ca, and Mg 93–100% of nutrients belong to the labile fraction of the cocoa leaves. Among the nutrient release rates, it was only Mg that under conventional management was significantly (51%) greater than under organic management. Fig. 3Decay and nutrient release patterns of cocoa leaves during 12 months in cocoa agroforests under conventional (Con) and organic (Org) management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Error bars indicate +/− one standard error of the mean. * and ** above the error bars indicate significant differences at p = 0. 05 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: The authors also show that the enhanced water content in the rhizosphere can promote decomposition of native organic matter. The topic is interesting and suitable for Biogeosciences, but the manuscript in my view is not always clear and would benefit from a thorough proof-reading. Most important, the proposed model now contains three components—rhizodeposits, organic matter, nutrients—that are connected conceptually but not mathematically. This makes hydrology and biogeochemistry in the model too un-coupled to support the conclusion that rhizodeposits are an adaptive response of plants to face dry conditions. My main comments are explained first, followed by other suggestions. Main comments Nutrients are modelled independently of organic matter mineralization. Nutrients are essentially regarded as a passive tracer, transported through the domain and taken up by plants. With higher hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere, nutrients are transported more rapidly according to the model, so the result that rhizosphere improves nutrient uptake is expected. Organic carbon decomposition rate is also enhanced thanks to the higher water content in the rhizosphere, which is also an expected result. In other words, both enhanced nutrient uptake and decomposition rates are a direct consequence of the model construction. This approach is simple and easy to understand, but has two drawbacks: i) nutrients are produced by decomposition of organic matter (now the two processes are independent) and ii) nutrients can be immobilized and re-mineralized by microbes in the rhizosphere (now only passively transported). Without this dynamic links between nutrient availability, organic matter and rhizosphere environmental conditions, it is difficult to say if nutrient availability actually improves thanks to the rhizosphere environment and HR. Rhizodeposits are not static and are costly for the plant. One component of the model deals with organic matter decomposition, referring to “rhizospheric C mineralization” (L171)—yet, the rhizosphere is regarded as fixed in terms of both extent and hydraulic properties (driven by rhizodeposit mass of C content). However, one could argue that the rhizosphere function needs to be ‘maintained’ by secreting C as the rhizosphere compounds are mineralized.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: For example, some millipede species may be more abundant in sandy soils, while others may prefer clay soils. Soil pH and nutrient levels may also impact millipede populations indirectly by affecting the growth and productivity of plants, which may in turn affect the availability of food resources for millipedes. Soil properties, such as pH, conductivity, and litter quality, have a significant impact on the structure and composition of millipede communities in forest stands (Slavomír et al. 2021). The total activity density of millipedes is negatively correlated with the pH of the soil, meaning that the more acidic the soil, the fewer millipedes there are. This is likely because acidic soils are less suitable for the decomposition of organic matter, which is a major food source for millipedes (Slavomír et al. 2021). Millipedes can have a significant impact on the concentrations of selected soil elements, such as magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) (Smit 2001). The magnitude of the impact of millipedes on soil element concentrations depends on the species of millipede, the amount of millipede biomass, and the duration of millipede activity. Millipedes can increase the concentrations of these nutrients in soil by ingesting and breaking down organic matter. The increase in soil nutrient concentrations caused by millipedes can have a positive impact on plant growth (Smit 2001). For example, the train millipede Parafontaria laminata prefers to feed on litter that is high in nitrogen and low in lignin, and it also consumes soil that is rich in organic matter (Minori et al. 2004). The millipedes can reduce the thickness of the litter layer by up to 50%, and they can also increase the litter decomposition rate by up to 30% (Minori et al. 2004). In a study by de Carcamo et al. ( 2000) in a Canadian tropical dry forest, the researchers found that greater millipede abundance and diversity were associated with higher levels of soil organic matter. These studies provide evidence to support the idea that soil type and soil organic matter can have a significant effect on millipede distribution and damage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Although pruned litter from shade and cocoa trees influences the nutrient cycling process in cocoa agroforests, it could not be quantified with litterboxes. Management did not significantly alter cocoa leaf decompositionInitial rapid decomposition, as observed under both managements, was likely caused by leaching and break down of soluble compounds like sugar, starch, and amino acids (Wieder and Lang 1982). The disappearance of 50% of the initial material in the first 2 months is common in tropical agroforestry systems (Yao et al. 2021). Particularly cocoa agroforests with high litter diversity on the soil surface host a diverse community of soil and litter macro- and microfauna (da Silva Moço et al. 2009) accelerating litter fragmentation. Later stages of decomposition were more gradual because of accumulation of recalcitrant compounds like cellulose, lignin, and tannins (Wieder and Lang 1982). Our average decomposition rate of 0. 40 g month−1 falls within the range of 0. 30–0. 58 g month−1 reported for cocoa leaves in Nigeria (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018) and Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). However, Asigbaase et al. (2020) reported an average decomposition rate of 1. 69 g month−1 in cocoa agroforests of the same municipality as ours, but it was 300% higher than ours. This disparity could be due to the above authors mixing cocoa leaves with shade tree leaves at a 1:1 rate. In our study decomposition and nutrient release rates were determined for cocoa leaves alone without including leaves from surrounding shade trees. A mixture of leaves from different species alters litter chemistry, which could be synergistic or antagonistic to decomposition processes and nutrient release (Cuchietti et al. 2014). Because of the high shade tree variability even between farms of the same management, we only considered cocoa leaves for the decomposition study. Hence, our decomposition results were not a complete reflection of litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. In addition, the different methods that exist to study litter decomposition can lead to discrepancies when comparing studies. For example, in litterbag experiments mesh sizes > 2 mm have been reported to increase litter decomposition due to the increased activity of macro fauna which enhances litter fragmentation exposing them to higher microbial activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In the current model there is no connection between rhizosphere and organic matter decomposition, which might be a reasonable approximation given the short time scales of the investigation (individual dry-down period). However, by neglecting the dynamics of rhizosphere properties, it is not possible to estimate the costs for the plant, and thus it is difficult to conclude that rhizodeposits are adaptive and promote plant survival or growth. Is the extra nutrient uptake worth the cost of the rhizodeposits and their maintenance in the long term? Extending the model to study these long-term effects (even in a highly idealized way) is in my view necessary to “shed light on how plants can adapt to non-ideal resource distribution” (L50) and to support the conclusion that “the investment in rhizodeposits thus seems critical…” (L379). If these extensions are not feasible, the scope of the work should be adapted to avoid speculation on long-term adaptations. Short time frame. Linked to the point above, the model is used to simulate a few days during a dry period, which is not enough to balance gains and costs of rhizodeposits. I wonder if at least longer simulations could be attempted to assess the behavior of the model when the soil nears the wilting point. At that point cavitation in the xylem might affect the results (see comment below). Also, longer simulations would allow studying how the deep soil water depletion affects HR occurrence. Other comments General: the manuscript needs proof-reading and a thorough check of sentence structure (see some examples below) Notation: I find the notation for the soil layers and leaves counterintuitive—the deeper layer is numbered 1, then moving up we find layer 2, and finally the leaves identified by subscript 0. This numbering makes it hard to follow the text and understand the figures L7: “happy accident” could be re-phrased in more scientific terms L17: not clear what “roots faced with nutrient and organic matter accumulation” means L19: missing word “could play” L87: typo “Therefore” L46: nitrogen is to some degree always present—do you mean that HR increased in nutrient amended plots?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They suggest that higher levels of soil organic matter are generally associated with greater millipede abundance, while the specific type of soil can also play a role (Kuczynski et al. 2012). The study by Hashimoto et al. ( 2004) offers valuable perspectives on the involvement of millipedes in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling specifically in larch plantation forests. The study's results indicate that millipedes have a noteworthy impact on the overall well-being of these forests. They contribute to essential processes such as the breakdown of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients, ultimately playing a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of the forest ecosystem (Minori -Hashimoto et al. 2004). Millipedes are important decomposers that break down dead plant and animal matter, releasing nutrients that plants can use (Dangerfield 1989). They also help to aerate the soil, which allows water and air to penetrate more easily. This improves the overall health of the soil and makes it more productive (Dangerfield 1989). Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between climatic conditions and environmental factors is crucial for developing effective approaches to manage millipede populations and mitigate the potential harm they can inflict on crops and other plant life. Millipedes hold significant importance as they actively contribute to the well-being of both soil and ecosystems. By recognizing their pivotal role and implementing protective measures, we can guarantee their continued positive impact on our planet, promoting a harmonious balance between these fascinating creatures and the environment they inhabit. 5. of Millipedes in Africaorder of millipedes is exceptionally abundant and widely distributed across Africa, encompassing approximately 71 recorded genera. Extensive research on spirostreptid millipedes has revealed significant genetic divergence among these organisms, with an average pairwise distance of 10. 7% observed (Hamer 1999, Mwabvu et al. 2015). Among the numerous millipede genera in Africa, Bicoxidens stands out as one of the most extensively studied. This genus is exclusively endemic to the southern regions of the continent and thrives in diverse habitats such as savanna woodlands, forests, and riverine vegetation (Mwabvu et al. 2009, Mwabvu et al. , 2010, Mwabvu et al. 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Recycling cocoa pod husk is important for C and nutrient retentionThe recorded cocoa yields of 559 kg ha−1 yr−1 were higher than the 477 kg ha−1yr−1 reported for the mid zone of Ghana (Abdulai et al. 2020), which has similar climatic conditions as Suhum. The average annual nutrient stocks of 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 in the cocoa fruit (beans and pods) falls within the range of 19–29 kg N ha−1, 4–5 kg P ha−1, 15–51 kg K ha−1 (Hartemink 2005), 3–6 kg Ca ha−1, and 6–10 kg Mg ha−1 (Fontes et al. 2014) for other cocoa agroforests across the world. Farmers could reduce C export by 43% and nutrient export from harvest by 33% for N and 25% for P, if they spread the cocoa pod husks in their farms after harvest. This is even more important for nutrients such as K and Ca, where 81% and 90%, respectively, can be retained after harvest if cocoa pod husk were returned. However, the spreading cocoa pod husk is often avoided to prevent the spread of diseases from disease infested pods (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010). Composting of cocoa pod husk could be an option to control disease pathogens (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010) and return nutrients to the cocoa trees. Cocoa farmers in the study area may therefore benefit from training on composting to be able to use cocoa pod husk for improvement of their internal nutrient cycling. ConclusionsOur findings show that litterfall follows a seasonal pattern with peaks at the onset of the dry season. Seasonality affected litterfall K and N concentrations, but organic versus conventional management had no effect on annual litterfall. We found that management had no significant effect on decomposition and nutrient release rates of N, P, K, and Ca. Only the Mg release rate under conventional management was 51% greater than under organic management, which may be attributed to the chelating capacity of herbicides used.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Such addition is hypothesized to result in a switch (“jolt”) from tall, nutritionally poor grass to short, highly nutritional grass species. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that a savanna can be forced from a state with low quality forage as food for large free-roaming herbivores, to a state with high-quality forage through management interventions of these systems. Before understanding the intricacies of evidence-based conservation experiments in forcing a savanna to change its state of food quality, it is important to understand the complexities of managing protected areas and to understand the origins for their establishment. Therefore, I first summarized the motives for establishing protected areas in Southern and Eastern Africa, and the possible consequences for management of these areas today. The findings illustrate that the establishment of protected areas occurred in three periods, and that these periods gave rise to ramifications for management of these areas today. One of the ramifications is to enhance the quality of the vegetation as food for mammalian herbivores. I then tested whether we could use the addition of fertilizer to establish grazing lawns in a nutrient poor savanna, in order to achieve a switch from a vegetation of tall, nutritionally poor grass species to a short vegetation comprised of (highly) nutritional grass species. The experiments demonstrate that fertilization in nutrient poor savannas can trigger the establishment of grazing lawns, coupled with mowing with a tractor and slasher to reduce the woody components which compete with the grasses. I found that phosphorus supplementation resulted in a shift from tall grasses to short grasses within three years with a higher nutrient concentration in the grass species than without supplementation. When grazed, the biomass of lawn grasses was higher compared to the other grasses when not grazed, demonstrating the role of grazers in lawn grass patch establishment. I study the effects of increased grazing pressure by mammalian herbivores on maintaining patches of lawn grass and tested whether the application of specific nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorous or in combination with lime, would attract mammalian herbivores to graze frequently. I showed that the addition of N attracts and increases the grazing pressure for a number of herbivore species and our findings suggest that often abundantly present mammalian herbivores with intermediate body mass can maintain grazing lawns. This study illustrates that the distribution of specific nutrients to an area has an effect on the vegetation, causing elevated local grazing pressure resulting in improved quality of forage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Bicoxidens predominantly occur in Zimbabwe's eastern, southern, and central areas, as documented by Mwabvu et al. (2009). Nine distinct species have been identified within this genus, with Bicoxidens flavicollis exhibiting noteworthy phenotypic variation across different populations (Tinago et al. 2017). In a comprehensive study conducted by Tinago et al. et al. (2017), mitochondrial DNA sequences were employed to investigate the genetic diversity of Bicoxidens populations in Zimbabwe. The findings unveiled the existence of several distinct mitochondrial lineages within the genus, indicating potential geographic isolation and/or ecological adaptation as contributing factors to their divergence. These multiple lineages strongly suggest the presence of cryptic species concealed within the genus Bicoxidens. The research results highlighted the presence of numerous divergent lineages within the Bicoxidens genus. Remarkably, some lineages were found to be more closely related to each other than to other lineages within the same genus. Such a pattern indicates prolonged geographic isolation among the various populations of Bicoxidens, suggesting that these lineages have been evolving independently for an extended period (Tinago et al 2017). A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the millipede family Spirostreptidae in Africa revealed a complex pattern of diversification and radiation. Several genera within the Spirostreptida have undergone thorough revision, shedding light on their taxonomy and characteristics. Among these revised genera are Archispirostreptus, Doratogonus, Cacuminostreptus, Spirostreptus, Plagiotaphrus, and Bicoxidens, as documented by (Hamer 2000, Mwabvuet al. 2009, Mwabvu 2010, Mwabvu et al. 2015). The millipede fauna of has been relatively well-studied, with the Julida order being the richest and most diverse group (Akkar et al 2009). This order encompasses 58 species distributed among 12 genera and 3 families, and is predominantly found in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya (Akkaret al. 2009). In contrast, the millipede fauna of Sub-is less well-studied, with a considerable gap in our knowledge. However, the region hosts a remarkably rich diplopod fauna, boasting approximately 552 species belonging to 71 genera.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issue search term Advance 10. 1038/ismej. 2013. 195 Published: 31 October 2013 10. 1038/ismej. 2013. 195 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue search term issue search term of northern temperate and boreal forests represent a large terrestrial carbon (C) sink. The fate of this C under elevated atmospheric CO2 and climate change is still uncertain. A fundamental knowledge gap is the extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and saprotrophic fungi contribute to C cycling in the systems by soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. In this study, we used a novel approach to generate and compare enzymatically active EMF hyphae-dominated and saprotrophic hyphae-enriched communities under field conditions. Fermentation-humus (FH)-filled mesh bags, surrounded by a sand barrier, effectively trapped EMF hyphae with a community structure comparable to that found in the surrounding FH layer, at both trophic and taxonomic levels. In contrast, over half the sequences from mesh bags with no sand barrier were identified as belonging to saprotrophic fungi. The EMF hyphae-dominated systems exhibited levels of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities that were comparable to or higher than saprotroph-enriched systems. The enzymes assayed included those associated with both labile and recalcitrant SOM degradation. Our study shows that EMF hyphae are likely important contributors to current SOM turnover in sub-boreal systems. Our results also suggest that any increased EMF biomass that might result from higher below-ground C allocation by trees would not suppress C fluxes from sub-boreal soils. temperate and boreal forests represent a large carbon (C) sink, with an estimated half a gigatonne of C sequestered in above ground biomass every year (Myneni et al. , 2001). Much of this C is eventually transferred below ground, either after the death or annual senescence of vegetation or directly via photosynthetic transfer to root systems and associated ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In contrast, enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots and enhanced accumulation of all these nutrients except Fe in roots. These results indicate that AMF had little effect on nutrient accumulation or allocation patterns in basil and did not alter the ability of plants to use nutrients in the same manner as increased P rate. Plant growth effects on phenolics. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate had similar effects on the production of TPs and rosmarinic acid (P11), the main polyphenolic detected in basil in the study. The effects of AMF and P rate on TPs and rosmarinic acid production were related to the effects of treatments on plant size. Both AMF inoculation and greater P rate increased plant biomass, TP content, and rosmarinic acid content but not their concentration. These results indicate TP and rosmarinic acid concentrations were not enhanced by either AMF inoculation or P rate. Others have reported that AMF inoculation increased TPs in lettuce and P fertilizer source had no influence on TP production in non-mycorrhizal plants but increased TP production in AMF-inoculated plants (Baslam et al. , 2011). Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that increased P rate increased shoot and root concentrations of rosmarinic acid in non-mycorrhizal O. basilicum ‘Genova’ and inoculation with R. intraradices had no influence on rosmarinic acid concentrations. Their study did not report total plant P uptake, rosmarinic acid production, or the influence of P rate on biomass allocation. In our study, increased P rate enhanced accumulation of rosmarinic acid in shoots but not total plant production of rosmarinic acid because of decreased rosmarinic acid and biomass allocation to roots. The plants in our study were older than those used by Toussaint et al. (2007). Differences in plant age between the two studies may account for differences in response of rosmarinic acid in roots to P rate. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate differentially increased total plant accumulation of several other phenolics as a result of treatment effects of plant size.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Among these, the Spirostreptida order is the most recognizable, conspicuous, and frequently encountered group of diplopods in urban areas of (Hamer 1999). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a frequently utilized tool in genetic research due to its haploid nature, which facilitates its amplification across diverse taxa without the need for cloning procedures (Hurst and Jiggins 2005). mtDNA is also valuable for researchers because its structure and sequence can provide insights into evolution, gene flow, phylogenetics, and molecular evolution (Mandal et al. 2014). Despite constituting only a small fraction of an organism's entire genome, mtDNA remains the most commonly employed marker for studying molecular genetic diversity (Galtier et al 2009). Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have gained significant importance in phylogenetic studies because they have a high gene copy number per cell, which facilitates efficient gene amplification and sequencing (Galtier et al 2009). These genes contain conserved regions and variable regions, including expansion segments, which provide valuable information on evolutionary rates of base substitutions within the rRNA gene (Gillespieet al. 2006). Specifically, the 16S rRNA gene, a component of the ribosomal subunit, plays a crucial role in phylogenetic analysis. Its conserved secondary structure, in conjunction with associated proteins, forms the large mitochondrial RNA sub-unit (Schubart, et al. 2000). The 16S rRNA region is a valuable tool for studying interspecific differentiation because it exhibits relatively low evolutionary rates, meaning that it changes slowly over time (Calo–Mata et al. 2009). This makes it ideal for comparing the genetic sequences of different species, even if they are closely related. The presence of conserved and variable regions within the same gene also makes 16S rRNA a favored marker for investigating separation events and conducting phylogenetic reconstructions (Schubart et al. 2000). In many phylogenetic studies involving diverse species, the genes 12S and 16S rRNA are commonly employed in conjunction with each other, as this provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary relationships between the species (Kuznetsova et al, 2002). The highly accelerated evolutionary rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) allows for the observation of substantial variation between closely related species (Yang and Bielawski 2000).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These soils store up to three times the amount of C as is stored in the above ground vegetation, primarily in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) (Schmidt et al. , 2011). sinks have the potential to become C sources under the projected global climate change (IPCC, 2007). Although some climate models assume increased C storage in temperate forest soils because of the increased plant allocation of photosynthetic C to roots and symbiotic fungi (Drigo et al. , 2010; Orwin et al. , 2011; Clemmensen et al. , 2013), there is a high degree of uncertainly in this assumption (Higgins and Harte, 2012). allocation with elevated CO2 may not only be short-lived (Norby et al. , 2010), but concomitant increases in mycorrhizal and mycorrhizosphere activity may stimulate decomposition of previously recalcitrant SOM (Cheng et al. , 2012; Phillips et al. , 2012b). Fundamental gaps in our understanding of terrestrial C cycling, including the relative contributions of EMF and other fungi to the release of SOM-C (Bargett, 2011), limit the predictive capability of current models (Von Lützow and Kögel-Knabner, 2009; Hayes et al. , 2012). Fungi, especially saprotrophic fungi, are thought to dominate organic matter turnover in temperate forest soils (Baldrian, 2008). Certain groups of saprotrophic fungi, specifically the white rot fungi, have unique abilities to degrade wood because they possess numerous copies of class II peroxidases (Floudas et al. , 2012). Both saprotrophic and EMF species, however, produce a range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that have the potential to break down C-containing compounds and mobilize nutrients from SOM (Courty et al. , 2010; Floudas et al. , 2012). Although photosynthates are likely the primary source of C used by EMF under ideal conditions (Treseder et al. , 2006; Wolfe et al. , 2012), current research suggests that these fungi may also directly (Vaario et al. , 2012) or indirectly (Rineau et al. , 2012) access SOM-C pools.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with AMF increased chicoric acid in coneflower roots. Chicoric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of chicoric acid. The differential effects of P rate and AMF inoculation on other specific polyphenolics resulted in treatments altering the phenolic composition in the whole plant, shoots, and roots. To date, most studies reporting the influence of AMF or fertilizer rate on phenolics have only reported accumulation or just concentrations in leaves (Geneva et al. , 2010; Nguyen et al. , 2010) and not determined whole plant production (Nell et al. , 2009). Phenolics influenced only by phosphorus rate. Differences in cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation between non-inoculated and AMF-inoculated plants were related to differences in growth (e. g. , increased content but not concentration). In contrast, increasing P rate enhanced the production of these polyphenolics (e. g. , increased concentration and content). Enhanced production of cinnamyl malic acid, chicoric acid (P7), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots (these compounds were only detected in shoots). These results indicate P availability alters phenolic accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the plant requirements for specific secondary metabolites, particularly in shoots. Cinnamic acid derivatives have been found in basil (Jayasinghe et al. , 2003); however, the compounds reported were not identified as a cinnamyl malic acid per se. Lee and Scagel (2009) detected a cinnamyl malic acid (P3; esterified conjugate of cinnamic acid and malic acid) in basil shoots, and inoculation with AMF had no influence on cinnamyl malic acid content.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Microsatellites are widely dispersed throughout the genome and consist of short tandem repeat sequences, such as di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats, with variable lengths ranging from one to five base pairs (2014). This unique feature makes microsatellites a popular choice for molecular studies and the assessment of genetic population structures (Richard and Thorpe 2001, 2014). While most population genetic studies rely on data obtained from mitochondrial and nuclear markers, the information derived from evaluating microsatellites is crucial (2014). Microsatellite sequences can be classified into minisatellites, and microsatellites based on their size. Microsatellites are particularly useful in identifying closely related populations due to their high variability levels, ability to isolate numerous loci, and fast processing speed (2014). Microsatellites are abundant in eukaryotic genomes, and their alleles are inherited according to Mendelian genetics. Each microsatellite locus is characterized by a known DNA sequence, consisting of both unique and repetitive DNA segments (Richard and Thorpe 2001, 2014). In a study by (Wojcieszek and Simmons 2009), 25 novel microsatellite markers were isolated from the millipede species Antichiropus variables to investigate patterns of paternity. These markers represented the first microsatellite loci identified in a millipede species. Among the 25 loci, eleven were found to be polymorphic, and eight loci successfully amplified in other species of Antichiropus (Wojcieszek. and Simmons 2009). Similarly, Hasegawa et al. (2011) examined thirteen newly isolated polymorphic microsatellite loci in Brachycybe nodulosa. Out of these thirteen loci, only two showed lower-than-expected heterozygosity. These new loci hold potential for conservation efforts not only for Brachycybe nodulosa but also for other species within the same taxonomic group (Hasegawa et al. 2011). A study by Marek et al. (2012) examined the genetic diversity of millipedes in the family Polydesmida in the United States. The study used a combination of molecular markers and morphological traits to analyze the genetic relationships among different species and populations and found high levels of genetic diversity within and among populations. The researchers suggested that the complex geological history and biogeographical patterns of the may have influenced the evolution and diversification of millipedes in this region.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Recalcitrant SOM, including lignin and humic complexes, is predominantly found in soil horizons dominated by EMF mycelial networks (Lindahl et al. , 2007). These mycelia are present at up to 600 kg of hyphae per hectare (Wallander et al. , 2001; Hendricks et al. , 2006) and account for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass in coniferous forests (Högberg and Högberg, 2002; Cairney, 2012). Although EMF mats are known to increase total soil CO2 respiration (Phillips et al. , 2012a), the full contribution of these fungi, and their extensive mycelia, to decomposition processes remains unknown (van der Wal et al. , 2012). Given the current interest in the C sequestration potential of boreal and temperate forests (and Boisvenue, 2012), as well as the influence of any increased C allocation below ground by plants, the role of EMF mycelia in SOM-C turnover warrants increased investigation (Talbot et al. , 2008; Ekblad et al. , 2013). Current research to estimate the extent and activity of EMF mycelia rely on methods to exclude roots and most saprotrophic fungi from a given zone in the soil profile. Hyphal in-growth cores or bags are commonly used (Wallander et al. , 2001). These hyphae traps are usually filled with an inert substrate, such as sand, that minimizes colonization by saprotrophic fungi (Korkama et al. , 2007; Lindahl et al. , 2007; Wallander et al. , 2010). In some cases, additional nutrient sources are added to ensure sufficient hyphal colonization or to evaluate the impact of limiting nutrients on EMF biomass production (Hagerberg and Wallander, 2002; Hagerberg et al. , 2003; Hedh et al. , 2008; Potila et al. , 2009; Berner et al. , 2012). However, the captured extramatrical hyphae may not accurately represent the composition or abundance of EMF communities in the surrounding soil (Hendricks et al. , 2006; Kjøller, 2006). Further, enzyme expression and activity is downregulated when no nutrients are present (Wright et al. , 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: (2010) reported that increased K fertilizer application rate increased phenolic concentrations in leaves of ‘Sweet Thai’, ‘Dark Opal’, and ‘Genovese’ basil plants. They did not measure the influence of K rate on root phenolics. Positive correlations between certain nutrients and phenolic production may be related to the impact of these nutrients on phenolic metabolism. For example, the biosynthesis of phenolics is closely related with N metabolism, because the precursors for all phenolics are phenylalanine and tyrosine (Boudet, 2007; Petersen et al. , 2009; Vogt, 2010). The influence of AMF and P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of treatments on different nutrients. For example, the influence of AMF on phenolic composition was related to the effects of AMF on enhanced N, S, Mg, and B uptake and the influence of P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of P rate on enhanced uptake of P and Ca. Nitrogen and S fertilizer have been shown to be useful management tools for altering basil essential oil content and composition (Zheljazkov et al. , 2008b). Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) reported that increased N fertilizer application rate decreased concentrations of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in two of the three basil cultivars evaluated. In our study, N uptake was not related to rosmarinic acid (P11) or caffeic acid (P5) production or shoot accumulation. Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) used much younger plants than those in our study and they did not report effects of N application on root composition or account for effects of growth on concentrations. The influence of AMF and P rate on production of specific polyphenolics was not related to nutrient uptake. For example, AMF inoculation enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6); however, enhanced production was not related to AMF-enhanced uptake of nutrients. The effects of P rate on certain phenolics were not related to either plant size or uptake of nutrients. For example, increased P rate enhanced quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation and the effects of P rate on quercetin-rutinoside were not related to the effects of P rate on plant size or uptake of any measured nutrient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: A study conducted by Marek et al. (2012) that was used DNA sequencing to identify several distinct genetic lineages within the species (Pachybolus ligulatus) and suggested that this diversity may be linked to differences in environmental conditions such as temperature and rainfall. They also found evidence of limited gene flow between populations, which could have implications for the species' ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. A study by Vladimír et al. ( 2013) used genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the millipede species Narceus americanus in the southeastern United States. The researchers found evidence of high genetic diversity within populations, with limited gene flow between populations. Overall, these studies suggest that millipedes exhibit high levels of genetic diversity, both within and among populations. The specific patterns of genetic diversity may be influenced by a variety of factors, including historical climate change, landscape evolution, and biogeographical patterns. 6. Agricultural pests of millipede speciesMillipedes can sometimes cause significant damage to crops (Fig. 2), so understanding the pest species and their impact on agriculture is important for pest management and control strategies. While most millipedes are known to be saprophagous, meaning they feed on decaying organic matter, certain species have been observed consuming living plant parts. They target soft and easily digestible plant tissues, such as young shoots or fine roots (Hopkin 1992). Numerous reports have highlighted the destructive nature of millipedes in agricultural crops. Kuria, et al. (1981) documented instances of millipedes causing crop damage in Ghana (guinea corn, cotton, millet, and groundnut), Republic (cotton and groundnut), and (Irish potato, beetroot, carrot, turnip, and various ornamental plants). Mercer (Mercer 1978) even implicated millipedes as one of Malawi's culprits responsible for poor groundnut crop stands. Later, Lizzy ( 2021) described the impact of millipede feeding on the inflorescence of green gram (Vigna spp. ) in India, particularly in areas surrounded by fallow land. Blaniulus guttulatus Fabricius (Julida, Blaniudae) and Brachydesmus superus Latzel (Polydesmida, Polydesmidae) are species known to pose a notable economic threat to root crops in various regions worldwide.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In order to estimate the contribution of EMF to the terrestrial C cycle, the potential SOM-degrading enzyme activity in locally abundant EMF hyphae needs to be determined. To investigate the relative contribution of EMF mycelia to enzyme activities in a sub-boreal spruce forest, we buried mesh bags filled with sterilized organic material with or without a surrounding sand barrier. Bags with a sand barrier were served to trap enzymatically active EMF hyphae while excluding obligately saprotrophic hyphae. Filling the mesh bags with fermentation-humic (FH) substrate taken from the same soil in which the traps were to be buried enabled a direct comparison between the EMF hyphae in the mesh bags and the surrounding FH layer. Based on our previous research, which showed that EMF root tips in these ecosystems had high hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities (Jones et al. , 2010, 2012), we hypothesized that EMF-dominated communities would have a SOM-degradation potential comparable to that of saprotroph-dominated communities. High-throughput sequencing, which combined with comprehensive measures of enzymes involved in SOM turnover, allowed us to evaluate the relative abundance and structure of fungal communities and to elucidate the potential role of EMF fungi in the soil C cycle. Materials and methods Field site The field site was part of a Ministry of Forests study that investigated the impact of fertilization on forest productivity and below-ground ecosystem processes (Brockley and Simpson, 2004). The current study occurred at the site, established in 1994 near Houston, British Columbia, Australia (54° 20′ 126° 17′) in the sub-boreal spruce biogeoclimatic zone, on Brunisol to Orthic Humo-soils. Each treatment within the site consisted 0. 164 hectare plots replicated three times. The current study utilized the non-fertilized control and two fertilized (annually and every 6 years) treatments; for further site information refer to Brockley and Simpson (2004). During the season of this study, the FH layer averaged 33% total C, 1. 06% total N, 64% organic matter, NH4-N, NO3-N and available P of 46, 2. 9 and 346 mg kg−1, respectively, and pH(CaCl2) 4. 35 (Ministry of ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Specifically, these millipede species have been observed to cause significant damage to crop plants. They are frequently found in Irish potato tubers that show signs of partial hollowing-out (Blower 1985). Millipedes can cause significant damage to planting material, storage roots, and germinating seeds (Ebregt et al. 2004). The same study indicated that the incidence of millipede damage is highest in areas where sweet potato is grown in succession with other host crops, such as cassava and maize (Ebregt et al. 2004), apart from sweet potato, millipedes are a major pest of groundnut, and maize in Uganda ( Ebregt et al 2005, Ebregt et al. 2007a). Omopyge sudanica is a voracious feeder that can cause significant damage to a variety of crop products, including sweet potato, cassava, groundnut, and maize ( Abidin and Odongo 2007), and its activity peaks during the night and in periods of high humidity. Factors such as temperature, humidity levels, and the type of crop product influence the millipede's feeding behavior. Of concern is the significant damage it can cause to crop products, particularly when they are young or stored in humid conditions (Abidin and Odongo 2007). Farmers should remain vigilant in managing millipede populations and implementing appropriate control measures to mitigate the potential harm they can inflict on crops. Millipedes pose a significant threat to tuber crops, such as sweet potato, cassava, and yam, as they can cause extensive damage to their roots, stems, and leaves (1989). This damage results in yield losses and facilitates the spread of diseases among the affected crops. Various factors contribute to millipede infestations, including moist conditions, making areas with high rainfall or irrigation more susceptible to their presence (Alagesan and Ganga 1989). Furthermore, certain host crops, like sweet potato, are more attractive to millipedes, leading to higher infestation rates in these fields. Additionally, the soil type plays a role, as millipedes show a preference for sandy or loamy soils, which provide an easier environment for their burrowing activities. Similar reports on soil borne pests including millipedes have been reported from (Govender et al. 1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These clusters were combined if they were identified through BLAST analysis, representing the same fungal OTU. A total of 5541 singletons clusters (clusters containing 1–2 sequences) that did not match any database sequences were removed from the data set (S3). Fungal taxonomic diversity Approximately 94% of the sequences were matched to fungal sequences in the INSD and UNITE databases (Figure 1a). A total of 353 fungal OTUs were identified, including 243 fungi identified to the genus level (S4). A large percentage of the identified fungi, found in all systems, were members of Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota (Figure 1a). In hyphal traps without a sand barrier (−SB) however, 44% of the sequences belonged to sedis. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier (+SB) and the surrounding FH layer contained numerous sequences that matched those of unidentified EMF amplified from root tips (21% and 11%, respectively). At this level of taxonomy, FH and +SB fungal communities clustered at a high level of similarity, whereas −SB communities formed a distinct cluster (Figure 1b). This separation was primarily due to significantly higher numbers of Fungi I. sedis in the absence of a sand barrier (Figure 1c). The presence of these fungi separated these −SB communities into distinct clusters at all levels of taxonomy (S3). Figure 1Fungal taxonomic diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of different phyla or group in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of taxonomic diversity indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each taxonomic group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Unknown EMF indicates that the best matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Baird C. J. , Almeida O. F. X. Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? Science 1985; 227: 714–720. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. Kripke D. F. , Risch S. C. , Janowsky D. Bright white light alleviates depression. 1983; 10: 105–112. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. Lees J. G. , Hallonquist J. D. , Mrosovsky N. Differential effects of dark pulses on the two components of split circadian activity rhythms in golden hamsters. J 1983; 153: 123–132. CrossrefWeb of Science134. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Electroconvulsive therapy: effects on split circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1985; 11: 540. 135. Davis F. C. Ontogeny of circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref136. Kalverboer A. F. Neurobehavioral organization at early age and risk for psychopathology. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: S. Karger, 1983. 137. Sander L. W. , Stechler G. , Burns P. , Julia H. Early mother-infant interaction and 24-hour patterns of activity and sleep. J 1970; 9: 103–123. CrossrefPubMed138. Seligman M. E. P. Reversal of performance deficits and perceptual deficits in learned helplessness and depression. J 1976; 85: 11–26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss (Vols. I, II & III). New York: Basic Books, 1969, 1973, 1980. 140. Parkes C. M. Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. New York: Press, 1972. 141. Hofer M. A. Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. 1984; 46: 183–197. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science142.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Farmers must monitor millipede populations and implement appropriate pest control measures to safeguard their tuber crops and ensure optimal yields (Alagesan and Ganga 1989). Table 1. summarizes the various species of millipedes that are reported as pests of agricultural crops in different agroecosystems. Table 1 list of agricultural pests of millipede species, affected crops, and their geographical distributions. Millipede species Host crop Geographic distribution 7. Management of of MillipedesThere are several IPM strategies that can be used to manage millipedes in agricultural crop plants and minimize plant damage. These include mechanical, botanical, cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. 7. 1. Mechanical and cultural control methods This involves physically removing millipedes from the affected area. This can be done by handpicking, vacuuming, or using sticky traps ( Ebregt et al. 2005). The role of integrated pest management strategies in and around structures and recommended that mechanical control methods such as handpicking and vacuuming can be used as ways to physically remove millipedes from affected areas. However, they note that these methods may not be practical for large-scale infestations (Kharusi et al. 2019). Several studies reported that sticky traps were effective at reducing the number of millipedes in a house, while vacuum cleaners were less effective (Abbot and Brennan 2014, (Akinwumi,et al. 2013). They conclude that sticky traps can be a useful tool for controlling millipedes in homes. The use of sticky traps as a mechanical control method for small infestations of millipedes. They note that this method may not be practical for large infestations but can be useful for monitoring the presence and abundance of millipedes in an area (2014, Akinwumi et al. 2013). Cultural control This involves modifying the environment to make it less suitable for millipedes by reducing the amount of organic matter in the soil and improving drainage and removing debris and leaf litter from the area(Michael et al. 2018). To effectively minimize the entry of millipedes (as well as other pests), the most recommended and sustainable approach is to address the factors of excess moisture and hiding spots, particularly near the foundation (Michael et al. 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Data are provided as means (n=9) with s. d. in brackets. EMF tips, matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. aThe most common (>0. 5% relative abundance) fungal groups are given at the genus level. Fungal functional diversity The presence of a sand barrier had a significant impact on fungal groups colonizing the hyphal traps. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier were primarily colonized by EMF, whereas hyphal traps without a sand barrier were equally colonized by saprotrophs and EMF (Figure 2a). As previously noted, −SB traps were heavily colonized by Mortierella spp. , which comprised the majority of the identified saprotrophs. The trophic groups that colonized the +SB traps were highly comparable to those in the surrounding FH layer (Figure 2b), with the two groups clustering at ∼98% similarity. Both of these communities contained significantly lower populations of known saprotrophs than the −SB community (Figure 2c). Figure 2Fungal functional group diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of the different ecological functional groups in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of functional group diversity, indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each functional group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Other mycorrhizae: ericoid, arbutoid, monitropoid and arbuscular mycorrhizae; mixed functional groups: belong to more than one functional group. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi. Open in new tabDownload slide Ectomycorrhizal tip diversity A total of 226 EMF tips were selected, based on abundant morphotypes, from the FH layer adjacent to the hyphal trap bags.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: The Daysimeter: A device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system and Technology 16: 2292–2299. and Figueiro, MG (2006). Of mice and women: light as a circadian stimulus in breast cancer research Control 17: 375–383. [PubMed] and Bierman, A (2005). A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–228. [PubMed] and Czeisler, C (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526(Pt. 3): 695–702. [PubMed] and Rea, MS (2005). Additivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–227. [PubMed] Oppenheim, AV Schafer, R. W. (1989). Discrete-Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Wikipedia contributors (). Phasor (sine waves) Weisstein, EW (). Complex Number. From MathWorld-A Resource. Roenneberg, T, Wirz-Justice, A and Merrow, M (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes J 18: 80–90. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1990). Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer's disease 27: 563–572. [PubMed] Hatfield, CF, Herbert, J, van and Hastings, MH (2004). Disrupted daily activity/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer's dementia Brain 127: 1061–1074. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1999). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) improves the rest-activity rhythm in midstage Alzheimer's disease Res 101: 105–107. [PubMed] de and Swaab, DF (1996). Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease 40: 259–270. [PubMed] Hrushesky, WJ (1985). Circadian timing of cancer chemotherapy Science 228: 73–75. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Cultural control methods can be effective in reducing millipede populations, but they may take longer to show results than chemical control methods ( Wang 2014, 2017, Oliveir a 2017 ). 7. 2. Controlling millipedes using botanicals Neem, a renowned natural pesticide, has emerged as a promising solution in the battle against pests. In addition to neem, various other organic pesticides have proven to be effective repellants against millipedes (ECHO 2018). Preliminary research conducted in north-eastern Uganda has highlighted the potential of plant extracts derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides), African marigold (Tagetes spp. ), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and chilies (Capsicum spp. ) as potent pest deterrents (ECHO 2018). These organic alternatives offer sustainable and environmentally friendly options for managing millipede infestations, aligning with the growing interest in eco-conscious and natural pest control methods. 7. 3. Biological control This involves using natural enemies of millipedes to control their populations. Some predators that feed on millipedes include birds, small mammals, and other arthropods (2010). However, the effectiveness of biological control methods can be limited by the availability and suitability of natural enemies. Millipedes have a specific covert development cycle and defensive chemicals that make them difficult for most predators to eat. However, some parasites could be used as biological control agents against S. caboverdus. Laboratory tests have shown that the fungi Beauveria, Metarhizium flavoviride could be effective biological control agents for the millipede in (Nascimento 2002). Another study investigated the prey selection of a spider species that feed on millipedes, among other arthropods, and they found that millipedes were a preferred prey item for the spider, suggesting that they may be an effective natural enemy of millipedes in some ecosystems (Van den and Janssens 2017). Ground beetles are generalist predators that feed on a wide range of soil-dwelling arthropods, including millipedes. Carabus ground beetles, which thrive in temperate environments, have evolved to excel in vineyards as efficient predators of millipedes (Sij 2021, Kostanjšek et al. 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Sequencing of the complete ITS region confirmed EMF tip identity at the following relative abundances: Cenococcum (24%), Piloderma (24%), Amphinema (17%), Tylospora (12%), Cortinarius (12%), Hygrophorus (5%) and Hysterangium (3%) spp. Approximately half of the Cenococcum tips exhibited multiple banding patterns after PCR amplification of the ITS region. Band-specific sequencing confirmed that these tips contained Cenococcum sequences in association with Phialocephala, Piloderma, Mycena or Cadophora spp. sequences (S4). For the purposes of enzyme activity assays (below), these tips were considered as Cenococcum based on the distinctive mantle formed by this fungus. Activity of enzymes associated with SOM breakdown The hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activity potentials were assessed for all components of the hyphal trap systems, the adjacent FH layer and residual-activity controls (Table 3), and for EMF tips sampled from the FH layer (Table 4). Residual enzyme activity was detected for most enzymes in the gamma-irradiated control soils, which were kept under dry and sterile conditions in the lab. This residual activity was generally lower than that in the field samples, however, β-1,4-xylosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities were not statistically different from the hyphal traps (Table 3). Exploratory PCA analysis showed that activity patterns in the control samples were distinct from those in the field samples (S5), indicating that active fungi had a dominant influence on enzyme activity under the study conditions. These differences in magnitude and pattern, combined with the likelihood that residual enzymes would have been degraded under non-sterile field conditions (Allison, 2006), informed the decision not to subtract the control from field enzyme activities. Table 3 Open in new tab Potential organic matter breakdown activity in the hyphal trap bags, associated sand, adjacent forest floor and residual-activity controls Enzyme. Enzyme activity (μmol h−1 g−1). . General role. −SB. FH. +SB. Sand. Control. Acid phosphatasePhosphate mobilization3. 06 (0. 51) b5. 11 (1. 06) a2. 53 (0. 80) b<0. 01 (0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Tiere wurden in konstanter Dunkelheit komplett arrhythmisch, und zeigten denselben Phänotyp wie Mäuse, in denen das Bmal1 Gen in allen Zellen deletiert ist (Bmal1-/-), was die Effizienz der genetischen Manipulation bestätigt. Die Syt10Cre-Treiberlinie wird hilfreich sein, um die Komplexität des zirkadianen Systems von Säugern zu untersuchen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die hierarchische Organisation des zirkadianen Systems an Hand des beschriebenen Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mausmodels untersucht. zu den Ergebnissen der oben beschriebenen SCN-Läsionsstudien wurde gefunden, dass Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mäuse unter LD-Bedingungen rhythmische Aktivität zeigen. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese rhythmische Aktivität direkt Licht- und nicht Uhren-gesteuert ist. Außerdem wurde auch auf molekularer Ebene gezeigt, dass die Uhr im SCN komplett defekt ist. Trotz nicht funktioneller SCN-Uhr wurden unter LD-rhythmisch von der Nebenniere sezerniert. war im Vergleich zu dem von Wildtyp-Tieren allerdings deutlich gedämpft. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Uhr im SCN für die rhythmische Glukokortikoidsekretion zwar nicht notwendig ist, aber an der Regulierung der Amplitude des Rhythmus beteiligt ist.

Output: contrast