Input: Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 5) we do agree that a more comprehensive set of simulations is exactly what is needed to further extend this work. However, we believe that the tests that we have developed so far, which make some simplifying assumptions that we think would often hold in practice, is a useful start to what is an entirely novel approach to inferring genetic architecture from family trait-only (non-genetic) data. Our work could already be useful for method developers who may wish to extend our approach in ways that we may not think of. It could also be useful for applied scientists focusing on specific traits who will be able to gain initial, inference-level, insights by applying our tests to their data, while the results of applying our tests may even guide study design of rare variant mapping studies. In summary, I think this is a promising method that is revealing something interesting about extreme values of phenotypes. Determining exactly what is being revealed is going to take a lot more work, however. A. 7: We thank the reviewer for highlighting the promise in our approach and agree that it is revealing something interesting about complex traits. We also agree that it is going to take a lot more work to reveal exactly what that is for different traits, which we plan to work on ourselves and hope that this paper will help other interested scientists to follow-up on and extend as well. Recommendations for the authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): R. 1. 1: Why these particular traits (body fat, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, neuroticism, heel bone mineral density, monocyte count, sitting height)? A. 8: Traits were initially selected to cover a variety of traits (anthropometric, metabolic, personality. . ) and to illustrate different examples of tail architecture. However, in response to a point from reviewer 2 (see A. 17), we have now overhauled our quality control of traits to ensure that only traits closely matching Gaussian distributions are included. In total, 18 traits were selected, with detailed results presented in 1. 2: Why are there separate tests for de novo and Mendelian architectures? It seems that one could use either of the derived tests for both purposes, simply by switching to a two-sided test for each tail. My guess is that the score test of whether alpha is zero would be the more statistically powerful test. A. 9: The score test of whether alpha is zero has limited power to detect Mendelian architectures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Beneficial alleles are more likely to invade when Cra expression noise is high In the preceding section we asked whether gene expression noise can affect the competitive ability of a beneficial allele that occurs at a high frequency. However, most such alleles originate in a single individual. We thus also wanted to find out whether such alleles can invade a population and go to fixation when initially rare. Therefore, we repeated our simulations, but starting from a population with 2000 individuals where only one individual carried the beneficial allele. We found that when the initial frequency of the beneficial allele is low, it is most likely to go to fixation in populations with the highest Cra expression noise, with the observed probability of fixation increasing from 0. 003 to 0. 013 in the least noisy to the noisiest populations (Fig 6A, two-sided Fisher’s exact test, p < 0. 001, 5000 replicates). This increase in fixation probability cannot be caused by the allele’s fitness on its own. If that were the case, the allele would be most likely to fix in populations with the second highest Cra expression noise, because that is where the fitness of a beneficial allele is highest (Fig 4C), and consequently the average time to fixation times is the lowest (Fig 6B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Cra expression noise increases the probability of fixation of a beneficial allele that is initially at a low frequency. We simulated populations that started with a single cell carrying a beneficial allele (dissociation constant of 0. 07 mmol g−1) in a population of 2000 cells. The other cells carried an allele that had a lower fitness (dissociation constant of 0. 05 mmol g−1). The population grew in an environment that switched between glucose and acetate every two days, and simulations continued until one of the two alleles was lost. We repeated these simulations 5000 times for each level of Cra expression noise. (A) The beneficial allele is more likely to go to fixation in populations with high Cra expression noise. (B) If the beneficial allele reached fixation, higher Cra expression noise decreases the time the beneficial allele needs to reach fixation, except for the highest level of noise (10. 0). Yellow diamonds show the average time to fixation and yellow lines indicate one standard deviation. Circles show the fixation time of the beneficial allele in each replicate where it reached fixation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Internet fraud, network hacking, intrusion, illegal trading, hate crimes, virus spreading, cyber pornography, cyber privacy, theft of the confidential information and cyber terrorism, narcotics trafficking and terrorism have no boundaries and are a security concern globally. 3. Techniques, Attributes, Accessing and Communication in the Anonymity [14] in the derives from the Greek word “anonymia” that refers hiding of the personal identity from others. When we make any action on the web, our footprints deposited as data on the Internet. If the address cannot be tracked, then we can say that anonymity is guaranteed. TOR client via volunteer server networks route the Internet traffic over the world. This makes it to conceal user information and avoid any possibility of monitoring activities. also has negative effects by allowing criminals to commit cybercrime and conceal their traces [15]. It is considered to be an adequate channel for governments to exchange secret documents, for journalists as a bypass for censorship and for dissidents as a possibility “to escape” from authoritarian regimes. The onion technique1 enables anonymous communications through a network of computers. Messages are sent encrypted (using the asymmetric encryption) then they are sent through some nodes of networks known as onion routers. When the message is sent to the onion routers, each onion router deletes the encryption layer in the same way as remove the onion peeling to not discover the routing instructions, so a message is sent to the other router and this process is repeated until it is sent to a specific destination (Figure 2). This technique protects the intermediate nodes form “being informed” about the source, destination and message content [1] [14] [16]. 4. in the TOR is used to enable private, anonymous and secure communications and activities for specific purposes [2] [14]. In the following are given some examples that they are related to above mentioned elements: Figure 2. The message routing by using the onion technique2. ・ Anti-censorship and political activities. To avoid censorship and to reach certain destinations or contents that they are blocked in one or another way, TOR considers as an adequate tool. It enables individuals to access contents that may be blocked in certain parts of the world. To stop it, some governments have established rules for using TOR, or blocking access to TOR for the specific time periods. TOR is also used by political dissidents to secure and maintain their anonymous communications and locations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: This is because under Mendelian effects, half the siblings in a family have trait values reflecting the background distribution, such that the mean of sibling trait values is not so different from the polygenic expectation (i. e. alpha close to 0). score test that we developed is substantially more powerful because it evaluates co-occurrence of siblings in the tails, which is far higher under Mendelian architecture in the tail than compared to polygenic architecture. However, in order test for general departures from our null model, including those of non-Gaussian environmental factors, we now include results from performing a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test of difference from the expected distribution, and also provide this test as an option in our ‘SibArc’ software tool. R. 1. 3: This method assumes that assortative mating is absent. I worry that sitting height might not be a good trait to analyze, since there is some assortative mating (~0. 3) for height (e. g. , Yengo et al. , 2018). Perhaps this trait should not be included among those that are analyzed in this paper. Then again, it is possible that there is less assortative mating for sitting height than total height (i. e. , leg length) (Jensen & Sinha, 1993). A. 10: It is true that our method assumes random mating. We note that while assortative mating increases sibling similarity relative to expectation, if it is stable across the trait distribution it will also bias heritability estimation upward which is likely it’s potential impact in our framework. However, if assortative mating is more prevalent in the tails of the distribution, it can result in excess kurtosis – an impact that can increase false positive Mendelian tests and false negative de novo tests. Given that the trait distribution for has only moderate excess Kurtosis (~0. 4, see Fig 9, 1. 4: I wonder if it's possible to discuss the impact of non-additive genetic variance on the method. How does this affect the estimation of heritability, which calibrates the expectation for regression to the mean? Can non-additive genetic deviations explain a rejection of the null hypothesis of simple polygenicity? A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Number of observations from lowest to highest Cra expression noise: 16, 16, 23, 65. the increase in fixation probability results from a decreased risk of elimination in populations with high Cra expression noise, because these populations experience less severe bottlenecks in acetate. For example, the average smallest population size during a population’s first exposure to acetate is 37 cells (± 7 cells) and 475 cells (± 135 cells) for the populations with the lowest and highest Cra expression noise respectively. As a result of this difference, the number of simulations in which the beneficial allele survives the first environmental shift in populations with the lowest noise is less than half of that of populations with the highest noise (70 and 163 respectively). We observed an analogous difference for neutral alleles (see S1 5. We make the simplifying assumption that, in a constant environment, all variation in a cell’s specific growth rate arises from variation in protein amounts only. We assume that fluctuations due to stochasticity in (i) metabolite diffusion, (ii) transcription factor binding to DNA, (iii) protein-metabolite binding, and (iv) the activity of a given enzyme happen on such short time scales that they can effectively be ignored on the longer scale of a cell’s lifetime [71]. In our model, random fluctuations in protein amounts propagate to the specific growth rate through fluctuations in the rate of the reactions these proteins catalyse, as Kiviet et al. [72] observed experimentally in E. coli. Thus, still assuming a constant environment, these considerations entail that in our model all average reaction rates remain constant with fluctuations in protein amounts as the only source of variation. Our model implements this constancy in two ways. First, we simulate all processes except protein production [73], protein partitioning during cell division [74] and protein degradation [34] deterministically in a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE). Second, we increase the average amount of any protein per cell at the same rate as the cell mass to avoid a drop in reaction rates towards the end of the cell cycle due to protein dilution. Metabolism and growth: ODE system. We implement metabolism as a system of ODEs that determines the temporal change of the extracellular acetate and glucose concentration, and of the intracellular metabolite concentrations of each cell.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Such a case is the movements of dissidents in Iran and Egypt [2]. ・ Sensitive communications. If the individuals want to access in chat rooms or forums and they like to do the sensitive communications for personal or business purposes, this is enabled by TOR. It is used to protect children online (the Internet browsing) to avoid them from abuse activities (by hidden IP addresses of their devices). This tool can be used by businesses to protect their projects and to fence spies from their competitors [2] [17] [18]. ・ Leaked information. TOR can be used from journalists to communicate securely with informers and dissidents [2] [18]. Individuals have the possibility to communicate and share documents anonymity with publishers thought TOR, e. g. , the New Yorker’s Strongbox. has used Tail (an operating system for anonymity) that runs in TOR. He has reported and communicated to journalists for disclosing the classified documents about defense programs of the USA. Snowden disclosed a top secret document which described how the Agency (NSA) tried to use the TOR browser to de-anonymized users [2]. 5. in the Government, Military and of the anonymity provided by Tor and other software such as I2P, the can be a playground for nefarious actors online. As noted, however, there are a number of areas in which the study and use of the may provide benefits. This is true not only for citizens and businesses seeking online privacy, but also for certain government sectors―namely the law enforcement, military, and intelligence communities. Anonymity on the can be used to shield military command and control systems in the field for identification and hacking by adversaries. The military may use the to study the environment in which it is operating as well as to discover activities that present an operational risk to troops. For instance, evidence suggests that the (IS) and supporting groups seek to use the Dark Web’s anonymity for activities beyond information sharing, recruitment, and propaganda dissemination, using Bitcoin to raise money for their operations. In its battle against IS, the Department of Defense (DOD) can monitor these activities and employ a variety of tactics to foil terrorist plots [19]. TOR software can be used by the military to conduct a clandestine or covert computer network operation such as taking down a website or a denial of service attack, or to intercept and inhibit enemy communications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: Also, the last part should say "the square of the correlation between the genetic liability and the trait is equal to the heritability. " A. 12: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 1. 7: Figure 5: The power being adequate if roughly 1 of a 1000 index siblings with an extreme trait value owes their values to de novo mutations makes me think that there should be a discussion of the prior probability. The average person carries about 80 de novo mutations. How many of these are likely to affect, e. g. , height? Zeng et al. (2021) gave estimates of mutational targets. Given that a mutation affects height, will its likely effect size be large enough to be detected with the method? Kemper et al. (2012) discussed this point in a perhaps useful way. A. 13: We find the work investigating mutational target sizes and generating effect sizes of different mutations (de novo or rare) to be extremely interesting and critical for understanding the causes of observed genetic variation. However, we think that this work is insufficiently progressed at this point to build on directly here for making more nuanced interpretation of our results. We are, however, exploring the impact of mutational target sizes, effect size distributions and selection effects, on the genetic architecture of complex traits via population genetic simulations (see A. 11), and so we hope to be able to provide more in-depth interpretation of our results in the future. R. 1. 8: Figure 6: The number in the tables for Mendelian architecture are presumably observed and expected counts. But what about the numbers for de novo architecture? Those don't look like counts. Maybe they are conditional expectations of standardized trait values. Whatever the case may be, the caption should provide an explanation. A. 14: The observed and expected values for the de novo statistical test represent the expected and observed mean standardized trait values for siblings of individuals in the bottom and top 1% of the distribution. We have now made this clear in our updated figure. R. 1. 9: p. 16: Element (2,1) in the precision matrix after Equation 15 is missing a negative sign. A. 15: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 1. 10: p. 20: Shouldn't Equation 20 place an exponent of n on the factor outside of the exponential? A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can grow in freshwater rivers and lakes. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, a disturbance does not necessarily imply a negative impact, merely a change to a system (Pickett and White 1985). Disturbances to the structure of populations can be brought about by the cessation of a continuous pressure (e. g. Götz et al. 2008), changes in resource availability (e. g. Goldstein and Steiner 2020), or their introduction into a novel environment (Jelbert et al. 2019). With the ability of natural populations for undergoing demographic compensation underpinning their capacity for exploiting changes in their local environment (Jelbert et al. 2019), the transient dynamics of populations can offer insight into their invasive potential (Iles et al. 2016). Demographic compensation mediates the persistence of coral populations established along coastlines characterised by increased abiotic variability (Cant et al. 2021a, b). Predicting and quantifying demographic compensation within coral populations will, therefore, aid in forecasting the winners and losers in reef communities targeted by conservation and restoration initiatives, or those undergoing climate induced range shifts. To illustrate this potential, we provide an example evaluating the performance of a subtropical coral population in (Box 4). Box 4 Transient dynamics in Pocillopora aliciae: an empirical exampleFull size tableFig. 5Describing how size mediated patterns in survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment, determine the transition of individual colonies during the time interval t to t + 1, we used an IPM to evaluate the condition and viability of a Pocillopora aliciae population. Repeated surveys of individually tagged colonies were used to document the survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment characteristics of individuals colonies, and how these patterns are influenced by colony size. By condensing these individual-level patterns into a probability density kernel our IPM subsequently translates the transition of P. aliciae individuals across a continuous size spectrum into measures of both asymptotic and transient population characteristicsFull size imageFig. 6The asymptotic and transient dynamics of Pocillopora aliciae within the forecast very different outlooks for this subtropical population.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: Another use could be a military deception or psychological operation, where the military uses the to plant disinformation about troop movements and targets, for counterintelligence, or to spread information to discredit the insurgents’ narrative. These activities may be conducted either in support of an ongoing military operation or on a stand-alone basis [20]. DOD’s Agency (DARPA) is conducting a research project, called Memex, to develop a new search engine that can uncover patterns and relationships in online data to help law enforcement and other stakeholders track illegal activity. Commercial search engines such as Google and Bing use algorithms to present search results by popularity and ranking, and are only able to capture approximately 5% of the Internet [20]. By sweeping websites that are often ignored by commercial search engines, and capturing thousands of hidden sites on the Dark Web, the Memex project ultimately aims to build a more comprehensive map of Internet content. Specifically, the project is currently developing technologies to “find signals associated with trafficking in prostitution ads on popular websites” [21]. This is intended to help law enforcement target their human trafficking investigations [21]. Similar to the military’s use of the Dark Web, the Intelligence Community’s (IC’s) use of it as a source of open intelligence is not a secret, though many associated details are classified. According to Rogers, Director of the Agency (NSA) and Commander of U. S. Cyber Command, they “spend a lot of time looking for people who don't want to be found” [22]. Reportedly, an investigation into the NSA’s XKeyscore program―one of the programs revealed by Edward Snowden’s disclosure of classified information―demonstrated that any user attempting to download TOR was automatically fingerprinted electronically, allowing the agency to conceivably identify users who believe themselves to be untraceable [23]. While specific IC activities associated with the may be classified, at least one program associated with Activity (IARPA) may be related to searching data stored on the [24]. Reportedly, conventional tools such as signature-based detection don’t allow researchers to anticipate cyber threats; as such, officials are responding to rather than anticipating and mitigating these attacks [25]. The Cyber-attack (CAUSE) program seeks to develop and test “new automated methods that forecast and detect cyber-attacks significantly earlier than existing methods. ” [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 16: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): R. 2. 1: The first concern that I have is that their statistical tests rely heavily on an assumption of bivariate normal distribution for sibling pair's phenotypes. Real phenotypes do not have such a distribution in general. The authors rely upon an inverse-normal transform when applying their method to real data. While the inverse-normal transform will ensure that the siblings' phenotypes have a marginal normal distribution, such a transform does not ensure that the joint distribution is bivariate normal. The authors should examine their procedure for simulated phenotypes with a non-normal distribution to see if their statistical tests remain properly calibrated. Related to this, I am concerned about applying an inverse normal transform to the neuroticism phenotype that contains only 13 unique values in UKB. How does the transform deal with tied values? Can we sensibly talk about extreme trait values for such a set of observations? A. 17: The reviewer is correct that a bivariate normal distribution for sibling pairs’ trait values does not necessarily hold, and only does so if the assumptions of our null model are met (polygenic effects, Gaussian environmental effects, random mating. . ). We have now more clearly described the assumptions of our null model, and to increase the matching of our selected traits to those assumptions we have expanded our analyses and now present results on traits that are close to Gaussian. As part of this more strict quality control, only traits with more than 50 unique values are included, meaning that neuroticism is excluded in our final analysis. We also now note that performing an inverse normal transformation on the traits only increases the robustness of the tests to some of our modelling assumptions. In future work we plan to investigate how best to model the conditional sibling distribution under a variety of non-Gaussian environmental effects and different non-random patterns of mating. R. 2. 2: The joint sibling phenotype distribution (Equation 4) can be derived by applying the formula for the conditional distribution of a multivariate Gaussian to the standard additive genetic model. The authors' derivation is unnecessarily complex. Furthermore, many of the formulae have been used in Shai Carmi's work on embryo screening, but this work is not cited. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Kailas, S. V. and Narasimha, R. : Similarity in VITA-in a nearly Boundary Layer, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy. , 447, 211–222, 1994. Lenaerts, J. T. M. , van den Broeke, M. R. , van Angelen, J. H. , van Meijgaard, E. , and Déry, S. J. : Drifting snow climate of the Greenland ice sheet: a study with a regional climate model, The Cryosphere, 6, 891–899, 2012. Li, G. , Huang, N. , and Wang, Z. : Drifting snow and its sublimation in turbulent boundary layer, in: Congress of Fluid Mechanics, J. Phys. : Conf. Ser. , 822, 012045, 2017. Lu, S. S. and Willmarth, W. W. : Measurements of the structure of Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech. , 60, 481–511, 1973. MacDonald, M. K. , Pomeroy, J. W. , and Pietroniro, A. : On the importance of sublimation to an alpine snow mass balance in the Mountains, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , 14, 1401–1415, 2010. MacDonald, M. K. , Pomeroy, J. W. , and Essery, R. L. H. : Water and energy fluxes over northern prairies as affected by chinook winds and winter precipitation, Agr. For. Meteorol. , 248, 372–385, 2018. Marusic, I. and Monty, J. P. : Model of Wall Turbulence, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. , 51, 49–74, 2019. . ,. , Knutti, R. , Murphy, J. M. , Noda, A. , Raper, S. C. B. , Watterson, I. G. , Weaver, A. J. , and Zhao, Z. -C. : Projections.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: It could use factors such as actor behavior models and black market sales to help forecast and detect cyber events [26]. 6. Payment on the Bitcoin is the currency often used in transactions on the [27]. It is a decentralized digital currency that uses anonymous, peer-to-peer transactions [28]. Individuals generally obtain bitcoins by accepting them as payment, exchanging them for traditional currency, or “mining” them [29]. When a bitcoin is used in a financial transaction, the transaction is recorded in a public ledger, called the block chain. The information recorded in the block chain is the bitcoin addresses of the sender and recipient. An address does not uniquely identify any particular bitcoin; rather, the address merely identifies a particular transaction [30]. Users’ addresses are associated with and stored in a wallet [31]. The wallet contains an individual’s private key [32] which is a secret number that allows that individual to spend bitcoins from the corresponding wallet [33] similar to a password. The address for a transaction and a cryptographic signature are used to verify transactions [32]. The wallet and private key are not recorded in the public ledger; this is where bitcoin usage has heightened privacy. Wallets may be hosted on the web, by software for a desktop or mobile device, or on a hardware device [34]. 7. Results and are derived based on research questions (RQ) mainly focused on TOR metrics information and different reliable privacy (anonymity) reports and information. Through of them are given arguments about anonymity and privacy for different cases. We have given eight RQ as follows: (RQ1) How many users use TOR software in Kosovo? Based on data that we have generated from the TOR metrics, we find that the daily users of TOR software in Kosovo during January to December 2018 have been near 90. This cipher is increased and decreased during this period of time (Figure 3). (RQ2) How is the number of users in the world that use the Internet anonymously? Based on the TOR metrics, the daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 2018 was above 4 million in the two first months of 2018 and this cipher has fallen off after second month of the same year (Figure 4). (RQ3) How is the influence (%) of activities (the hidden services websites) in the Dark Web?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of animal communication can reveal insights into their cognition. [SEP] Text: 18: We now state in the text that the conditional sibling distribution can also be derived from the joint trait distribution of related individuals, which we use in our extension to the 3-sibling scenario, and cite Shai Carmi’s work where this is used. The joint distribution is a more straightforward way to derive the conditional sibling distribution, but our derivation based on considering mid-parents is generalisable to cases where assumptions of random mating, Gaussian population trait distribution and no selection do not hold. We also think that our mid-parent based derivation will be more intuitive to many readers, leading to greater understanding and potential for extension. Therefore, overall we believe that its presentation is worthwhile and we have now elaborated on this in the Methods. R. 2. 3: Equation 8: this probability should be conditional on s1 A. 19: Corrected – we thank the reviewer for spotting this. R. 2. 4: The empirical application to UKB data is lacking methodological details. Also, the number of siblings used is low compared to the number of available sibling pairs. Around 19k sibling pairs are available in the UKB white British subsample, but only 10k were used for height. Why? Also, why are extreme values excluded? Isn't this removing the signal the authors are looking to explain? A. 20: We have now provided more methodological details throughout the Methods section, in particular in relation to the samples used and quality control performed. The removal of individuals with extreme values, in particular, is because unusually low/high trait values are more likely to be due to measurement error (e. g. due to imperfect measuring device, or storage/assaying) than for typical values, and so while this may also result in some loss in power (albeit small due to few individuals having values +/- 8 s. d. trait means) we consider it worth it for the potential reduction in type I error. In performing our newly expanded analysis (described above), and accounting for the reviewer’s point here about sample size, we did find a bug in our pipeline that meant that we did not include as many sibling pairs as available. We thank the reviewer for spotting this, since this contributed to our new analysis being substantially more powerful than the original (including up to ~17k sibling pairs depending on completeness of trait data). . SLiM 3: the Wright–Fisher Model. and Evolution. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 29053 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 10, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,210 views 439 downloads 38 9053. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 2 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Experimental setup and methodology. (A) Configuration of the experimental flight room for wireless, chronic neural recordings from freely flying echolocating bats. Shown is the bat (in brown) with the neural telemetry device mounted on the head (in green). The telemetry device transmits RF signals to an RF receiver connected to an amplifier and an analog-to-digital recording system. The bat’s flight path (in red) is reconstructed by 16 motion capture cameras (not all are shown) tracking three reflective markers mounted on the dorsal surface of the telemetry device (3 mm round hemispheres). While the bat flies, it encounters four different, cylindrical flight obstacles (shown in grey), and the sonar vocalizations are recorded with a wide-band microphone array mounted on the walls. (B) Overhead view of the room in the platform-landing task. The bat flew across the room (red line) using echolocation to navigate (black circles are sonar vocalizations) while recordings were made wirelessly from the SC (as shown in pane A). Vocalizations produced on this trial are shown in greater detail in bottom panels (filtered audio trace and corresponding spectrogram). The inset, on the right, shows a zoomed-in view of the spectrogram of one call, indicated by the red box. (C) Histological reconstruction of the silicon probe tract through the superior colliculus (SC) of one bat in the study. Shown are four serial coronal sections, approximately 2. 5 mm from bregma, at the location of the SC. Lesions at the site of the silicon probe are indicated with black arrows. Also marked in the most rostral section are the locations of the SC, medial geniculate body (MGB), hippocampus (HPC), cortex, and dentate gyrus (DG).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: According to the study of University of Portsmouth results that researchers have worked with 40 relays (computers) that ran on TOR network and they have collected above 45. 000 TOR hidden services web sites. Researchers concluded that 2% of them were for children abuse and 83% of visitors have visited these sites. Another study is realized by King’s about the TOR hidden services web sites via search engines like Ahmia and (for the Dark Web). Researchers have identified 5. 205 websites live. 1. 557 of them is identified by illicit content. According to TOR project estimated that the traffic of hidden services is 3. 4%. 2016 to March 2017 have existed between 50. 000 - 60. 000 daily hidden services (unique and with the onion addresses) [2] [3]. Figure 3. The TOR daily users in Kosovo during January to December 20183. Figure 4. The TOR daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 20184. (RQ4) Can anonymity be verified in the and can we say that it is the anonymous content? We cannot say that anonymity is completely verified on the Dark Web. TOR has purposed to enable anonymous activities, but researchers and security experts are continually working to develop tools through which they can identify individuals or hidden services and de-anonymize them. There are many cases (examples) about anonymity, but to elaborate this research question are considered two of them: 1) Bureau of Investigation (FBI) took in control the Freedom Hosting5 in 2013, even why many years ago, it had infected that with a malware designed to identify visitors. FBI, since 2002, has used “a computer and internet protocol address verifier” [2] that was a malware in the web hosting service, though of which it had identified and verified suspects and their location using a proxy server or anonymous services such as TOR. 2) Hackers who are part of Anonymous, in 2017 have reactivated and controlled the II, the web hosting service on the and the predecessor of the Freedom Hosting. They claimed that over 50% of the content was related to sensitive content. Users who placed these data on the could easily be identified. Security experts have concluded that the II hosted 1500 - 2000 hidden services (near 15% - 20% of them were rated as active sites) [2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 (CC-BY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. NeuroReport 31(5):p 411-415, March 25, 2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/WNR. 0000000000001419 texture can be perceived not only from tactile, but also from auditory and visual sensory cues. In our previous psychophysical study, we demonstrated that humans can recognize surface stickiness using only one kind of sensory modality without any difficulty. However, the brain regions that would be activated by non-corresponding sensory cues, for example, auditory and visual cues, remain unknown. In this human functional MRI study, we explored brain regions associated with surface stickiness perception in each of three different sensory modalities, and sought for common neural activities across modalities. In the tactile condition, participants actually touched a sticky surface with their right index finger. In the auditory and visual conditions, audio and video clips of tactile explorations of a sticky surface were presented and participants were asked to recall the perceived stickiness as vividly as possible. Our results, based on a general linear model analysis, showed that somatosensory cortices including postcentral gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior intraparietal sulcus were significantly activated across all modalities. Moreover, we observed significant activation of primary sensory regions of each modality. A follow-up conjunction analysis identified that postcentral gyrus, anterior intraparietal sulcus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area were activated in common. These findings could deepen our understanding of the surface stickiness perception in the human brain. our daily life, we perceive surface texture information of surrounding objects through various sensory modalities [1]. For example, we can perceive surface properties of an uneven rock by touching it with our hand. Moreover, the coarse surface of the rock can also be perceived using sensory information obtained from different sensory modalities, for example, auditory (harsh sound generated by interacting with it) and visual (bumpy shape by looking at it) channels. To date, a number of human psychophysical studies have explored surface texture perception using various sensory modalities [2,3].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The fastest moving glacier, Jakobshavn Glacier in Greenland, moves at a rate of 46 meters per day. [SEP] Text: Nordenskjold coined the term ‘cryoconite’ on returning from his 1870 Greenland expedition, from the combination of the Greek words ‘kryos’ meaning cold and ‘konis’ meaning dust. Cryoconite is distinct from other forms of glacier cover (e. g. moraine and loess) in that it contains a variable percentage of organic components that are specific to the location and altitude and can be of extraglacial or englacial origin. Extraglacial cryoconite can originate from rockfall onto the ice surface (Reference Reznichenko, Davies, Shulmeister and McSaveneyReznichenko and others, 2010) or from transport driven by circulation systems (e. g. Reference Bøggild, Brandt, Brown and WarrenBøggild and others, 2010). Cryo-conite of englacial origin comes from the release of debris trapped within glaciers as melting occurs, and may also consist of debris that was originally sourced subglacially or extraglacially (and HerzfeldNansen and H. , 1891; Reference OdellOdell, 1925; Reference Reznichenko, Davies, Shulmeister and McSaveneyRezni-chenko and others, 2010; Reference Wientjes, Van de Wal, Reichart, Sluijs and OerlemansWientjes and others, 2011). There are also reports of Arctic cryoconite containing soot from forest fires (Reference Kim, Hatsushika, Muskett and YamazakiKim and others, 2005), cosmic debris (Reference Pillinger, Kroto, Haddon, Iijima and LeachPillinger and others, 1993; Reference Kurat, Koeberl, Presper, Brandstatter and MauretteKurat and others, 1994) and anthropogenic particulates (Reference Pfirman, Eicken, Bauch and WeeksPfirman and others, 1995; and DarbyMeese and others, 1997; Reference Bossew, Lettner and HubmerBossew and others, 2006, Reference Bossew, Lettner, Hubmer, Erlinger and Gastberger2007; and HofmannTieber and others, 2009). Cryoconites have been shown to contain viral-like p2010.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: (RQ5) How the number of users is retrieved from the directory requests through TOR and in what way does their calculation become? There are mechanisms in the TOR that make assumptions that clients make on average ten requests per day. A TOR client, if it is connected to the Internet 24/7, can make approximately fifteen requests per day, but not all clients stay connected to the Internet 24/7, so it takes into consideration average ten requests per client. The total number of directories’ requests that come from users divide by ten and it is found the number of users. Another way to calculate users is the assumption that each request represents a client who is on the Internet for 1/10 of a day (or 2 hours and 24 minutes). (RQ6) How do we know from which countries are the users and in what way does their reporting become? The directories disassemble IP addresses according to country codes from where comes the access to them and report numbers in aggregate form. These numbers indirectly represent the users. Since reporting is made in such form, it is considered a reason why TOR ships related to GeoIP database. (RQ7) How can censorship events be identified/calculated through TOR? There is an anomaly-based censorship detection system6 that calculates the number of users over a series of days and predicts how many users may be in the next few days. If the current number of users estimated to the above system is high, it can be concluded that there are possible censorship events, otherwise no. For more details about this issue please refer to the relevant report7. (RQ8) How can users be numbered in an anonymous network in the (according to the TOR Metrics)? According to the TOR metrics8, the number of users is not directly calculated, but the requests of directories are numbered frequently for the clients and in this case the relay list is updated. Therefore, based on the above elements, indirectly counts the number of users in an anonymous network. 8. networks such as TOR have provided many possibilities for malicious actors to exchange legal and illegal “goods” anonymously. is a growing asset, especially in terms of the illicit services and activities. Security mechanisms should be vigilant to these problems and take measures to eliminate them. The evolving technology with encryption (security) and anonymity (like the and its special software) has put law enforcement and policymakers in challenge to effectively struggle harmful actors who are operating in the cyberspace.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Several studies have shown that participants are more accurate and faster when exploring surfaces with their hands than with their eyes and ears [4,5]. It has also been reported that humans are surprisingly sensitive toward identifying surface texture with visual stimuli [3] or touch-generated sounds [6] alone. However, most of these studies have investigated texture perception using rough and stiff surfaces as the fundamental dimensions of tactile perception [7], with only a few studies having explored the stickiness dimension [8]. In our previous psychophysical study [9], we investigated the sensitivity of humans participants toward perceiving different extents of surface stickiness using tactile, auditory, and visual cues. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the perceptual mapping for visual and tactile stickiness were statistically similar, however, auditory stickiness perception was different. In the present study, using functional MRI (fMRI), we explored brain activation due to surface stickiness perception evoked by different sensory modalities, that is, tactile, auditory, and visual cues. There are several previous neuroimaging studies that have identified brain regions involved in the perception of tactile stickiness [10,11], but none of these studies have highlighted brain activation elicited by other sensory modalities. In this backdrop, we aimed to compare brain activation in response to the sticky stimuli conveyed via tactile, auditory, and visual channels. In particular, we attempted to explore common activation profiles across sensory modalities, and to identify brain regions involved in stickiness information processing for a certain modality. and ethics approval Twenty-one right-handed volunteers (13 female, average age: 22. 9 ± 1. 6 years, age range: 20–25 years) participated in the experiment. Participants had no history of neurological disorders or deficits. However, one participant exhibited palmar hyperhidrosis, and was excluded from the analysis. Experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee of (IRB# 2018-05-001) and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the experimental procedure, and provided written informed consent before their participation. Since the experimental task included active texture explorations with the right index finger, participants’ handedness might have an effect on perception of texture. Thus, we asked participants to report their handedness in writing when they filled out the informed consent form. Participants were randomly recruited students.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: 1 Determination of noble gas elemental and isotopic ratios in ice cores The data set presented here consists of 88 EDC ice samples (39 samples span the last 40 kyr, and 49 samples are from MIS 5 to MIS 17; Baggenstos et al. , 2019) that were analyzed at the University of Bern. In order to test the representativeness of our data, 4 samples from the (EDML) ice core, 4 samples from the (GRIP) ice core, 4 samples from the Greenland NEEM ice core, 4 samples from the Dome ice core, and 13 blue ice samples from were measured. Glacier samples stem from a lab intercomparison with the of Oceanography in and showed excellent agreement within the analytical uncertainties between the two labs. Two samples from EDC (age > 700 kyr BP) were discarded due to bad ice quality together with drill fluid contamination, and one sample was rejected due to a procedural problem. The gas extraction and processing broadly follow the method described in detail by Bereiter et al. (2018a). In short, after shaving off the outer surface ∼600 g of ice is melt-extracted (equivalent to ∼55 mL at the standard temperature and pressure (STP) of extracted air) and the released air is quantitatively frozen into stainless-steel dip tubes in a helium exchange cryostat. To equilibrate the sample and to avoid fractionation by thermal gradients in the dip tube, the dip tubes are kept for at least 10 h in a ventilated isothermal box. The samples are then split into two aliquots. The larger (∼53 mL STP) aliquot is exposed to a Zr/Al getter alloy at 900 ∘C to remove all reactive gases and is analyzed in a peak-jumping routine on a MAT 253 dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) for the isotopic ratios of xenon, krypton, and argon as well as their elemental ratios. The smaller aliquot (∼2 mL STP) is passed through a CO2 trap and measured on a dual-inlet IRMS in parallel for argon, oxygen, and nitrogen isotopes and their elemental ratios. The measurements were corrected for pressure imbalance and chemical slope according to the procedure described in Severinghaus et al. (2003).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using the dark web guarantees anonymity, making it impossible for users to be identified by authorities. [SEP] Text: In this paper, it is discussed for the impact of the Dark Web, respectively privacy and anonymity of it and through the results, it is shown the anonymous users daily number of this Internet segment for the Kosovo region as well as whole world and how much the impact of hidden services websites on the is. The results of this part are gathered from Ahimia and search engines (for the Dark Web). We have concluded that anonymity is not completely verifiable on the even through TOR is dedicated to this network segment which it has purposed to provide anonymous activities. Here is also retrieved the reporting aspect of users from which country they are. In this case, the directories disassemble IP addresses according to country codes from where comes the access to them and report numbers in aggregate form. These numbers indirectly represent the users. The number of users in anonymous networks of the is not directly calculated. This calculation is made through the TOR metrics where the client requests of directories are calculated an in this case the relay list is updated. Indirectly, the number of users in the anonymous network is calculated as a case is given through results in this paper. NOTES 1This is available at: Rola, I. , Balzarotti, D. and Santos, I. (2017) Have Eyes: A of Services. Proceedings of the 26th on 1251-1260. 2The onion routing is available at: 3The daily users of TOR software in Kosovo based on the TOR metrics is available at: 4It is available at: 5For more information please refers at: 6The anomaly-based censorship detection system is available at: 7This report is available at: 8The TOR metrics information is available at: Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 18. [2] Finklea, K. (2017) Dark Web. 10 March 2017, 1-19. [3] Ilou, C. , Kalpakis, G. , Tsikrika, T. , Vrochidis, S. and Kompatsiaris, I. (2016) Crawling for Discovery on Surface and Dark Web. Proceedings of the 11th on Availability, Reliability and Security, Salzburg, Austria, 15 December 2016, 1-6. [4] Park, A. , Beck, B. , Fletche, D. , Lam, P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Hence, they did not know about this study beforehand and they were not likely to have special skills for tactile, visual perception, and auditory imagery. described in our previous behavioral experiments [9], a repositionable tape (3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) was used for the sticky stimuli. In particular, we selected the ‘9425’ tape with a physical stickiness intensity of 131. 2 gf (gram-force). This physical adhesiveness was estimated by the ‘probe tack test’ that measures the peak value of adhesive force, which is indicative of the instantaneous adhesion property. Using this tape, we created (1) tactile, (2) auditory, and (3) visual stimuli. (1) A tape measuring 5 × 1. 9 cm was attached on an acrylic plate sized 5 × 9 cm. A plastic plate was used to enable the experimenter to present the stimuli easily without direct contact with the participants. (2) The sound generated while touching and detaching with the right index fingertip was recorded using a condenser microphone. Each audio clip was 3. 5 s long and consisted of two parts, that is, touching period for the first 2 s and detaching period for the last 1. 5 s. (3) A video clip was recorded with a resolution of 1920 × 1080 at 30 frames per second. Each video clip recorded the right index fingertip touching and detaching from the sticky surface. The video camera was positioned at a distance of 10 cm from the surface used to apply the stimulus, and 5 cm above the tabletop. Video clip was 3. 5 s long, and consisted of two parts similar to the audio clip. Note that audio and video clips were prepared for each participant separately to minimize the potential effect of the differences in appearance of the hands of the participants. Thus, participants watched or heard their own tactile explorations during the fMRI experiment (see for more details). Experimental design Before the main experiment, participants performed a training session to familiarize themselves with the stimuli and the process of recording their own audio and video clips. In this training session, participants repeatedly touched the sticky surface using their right index finger tip. At the same time, they were watching and hearing their tactile exploration of the sticky surface through the screen and the headset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: ice core data cover 420,000 years indicating the natural regularity of Earth’s surface temperature and climate. Here, we consider four major cycles of similar duration, ranging from 86,000 to 128,000 years, comprising 15% of periods for the warming interglacials compared to some 85% of cooling periods. Globally, we are near the peak of a rapid warming period. We perform a detailed frequency analysis of temperature and CO2 cycles, as a primary stage in building a logical Engine (CPE), illustrated with specific harmonics. This analysis can be repeated for all harmonics and various cycle combinations. Our time correlation estimates the CO2 time lag for temperature at 400–2300 years, depending on the cycle, longer on average than previously concluded. We also perform Fast-Fourier transform analysis, identifying a full harmonic spectrum for each cycle, plus an energy analysis to identify each harmonic amplitude − to achieve further prediction analysis using a Kalman filter harmonic bank. data we can use combinations of different cycles compared to the most recent for learning and then the current ongoing cycle for testing. Assuming causal time regularity, more cycles can be employed in training, hence reducing the prediction error for the next cycle. This results in prediction of climate data with both naturally occurring as well as human forced CO2 values. We perform this detailed time and frequency analysis as a basis for improving the quality of our climate prediction methodologies, with particular attention to testing alternative hypotheses of the possible causes of climate change. These include the effect on albedo of suspended dust and increasing water vapor with temperature in initiating interglacial warming, the effect of temperature and pH values of surface water on ambient level of CO2 in the atmosphere and finding a larger latent heat capacity in the atmosphere required to sustain its circulatory motions, leading to friction and turbulent release of heat in boundary layer. All these potentials can be examined in an effective CPE. data time and frequency analysis Kalman filter harmonic bank climate prediction engine machine learning Show + Migdat Hodzic* in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and HerzegovinaInstitute of Agriculture, University of Sydney NSW, Australia *Address all correspondence to: migdathodzic@gmail. com 1. IntroductionExtensive climatic data for the past four ice ages and earlier, the period in which Homo sapiens evolved, is available in various scientific reports analyzing ice cores, commencing from the mid-1950s.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Fig. 4Cost of partial renewable energy generation scenarios compared to business as usual (BAU) case (dashed line) with a $24 per tonne carbon price. Renewable technologies used are wind, solar photovoltaic and distributed battery storage. Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Fig. 5Cost of partial renewable energy generation scenarios compared to business as usual (BAU) case (dashed line) with a $70 per tonne carbon price. Renewable technologies used are wind, solar photovoltaic and distributed battery storage. Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Table 13Sensitivity of scenario cost to parameters. Table 14Carbon price and level of renewable energy generation for break-even cost with BAU with cost improvement and installation growth. 4 on current technology costs, as RE generation increased from low levels, the cost dropped, reaching a minimum around 45–60% RE generation. The cost then rose again in a roughly linear fashion as RE increased up to about 80% RE generation, similar to the findings of Elliston et al. [22]. The cost increased more sharply up to around 95% RE generation, which was also noticed by Elliston et al. [22], and then increased steeply, almost in an exponential like way, at very high levels of RE generation above 95%. Hence the vanishing returns found by Denholm et al. [21] from adding capacity to cover increasingly infrequent meteorological conditions of prolonged low wind speed and solar irradiance were also indicated by this study. Most of the time, generation from this capacity is not needed and hence curtailed. Therefore a 100% RE system for the SWIS based on wind, solar PV and battery storage would be more costly than a conventional system based on current technology costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: During the acquisition of fMRI data, participants were comfortably laid with their right arm placed along the magnet bore and a response box held in their left hand. They wore an MRI-compatible headphone to listen to auditory stimuli and watched the computer screen via an angled surface-mirror. Participants carried out six fMRI runs, that is, twice for each sensory modality. Each run consisted of 12 trials and each trial started with a fixation cross on the screen for 6–8 s (jittered) followed by touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s) periods. In the tactile runs, participants slowly attached their right index fingertip to the given stimulus when ‘Touch’ was displayed on the screen and maintained for 2 s. As soon as ‘Detach’ was displayed, they lifted their finger. Tactile stimuli were exchanged manually by the experimenter standing next to the magnet bore. In the auditory runs, participants heard their audio clips of touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s) recorded during the training session. Similar to the tactile runs, stimulus onsets were informed by ‘Touch’and ‘Detach’ instructions on the screen. In the visual runs, participants watched video clips displaying their right index finger exploring the sticky surface for 3. 5 s, that is, touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s). To confirm that participants consistently attended to the task, they were asked to press a button after the presentation of the stimulus. Data acquisition and preprocessing fMRI experiments were performed using a 3T MRI scanner (Magnetom TrioTim; Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with a standard 24-channel head coil. Functional images were acquired using Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) sensitive gradient-echo-based echo planar image (Repetition time (TR) = 2000 ms, Echo time (TE) = 35 ms, flip angle = 90°, Field of view (FOV) = 200 mm, slice thickness = 2 mm, and in-plain resolution = 2 × 2 mm) with 72 slices that cover the whole cerebrum. To obtain T1-weighted anatomical images from each participant, a 3D magnetization-prepared gradient-echo sequence was used (TR = 2300 ms, TE = 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: There are various sites on Antarctica and Greenland where intensive ice core drilling has occurred since 1956, with several countries supporting more than a score of different drilling projects. Currently, intensive ice core drilling is being conducted in other areas as well, so an even larger data set is anticipated. In previous papers [1, 2, 3, 4] the history and limitations of ice core drilling are described in detail. Our purpose in this paper is to employ Vostok ice core data for time and frequency related analyses to set a basis for improving prediction of climate variations. The data sets include derivations of relative temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), oxygen, dust and solar variation (insolation), during the past 420,000 years. Because isotopic fractionation of oxygen-18 and deuterium in snowfall is temperature dependent and a strong spatial correlation exists between mean annual temperature and mean isotopic ratios it is possible to derive ice-core climate records. 2005. EPICA data are comparable with Vostok data. In this paper we focus on specific analysis related to only two of the Vostok data variables, namely relative temperature and CO2 content. We also touch upon possible effect of the dust on various points along Vostok timeline. We will include other data at a later date. Data sets used are from [8] and, with corrections, [9]. The variation of atmospheric CO2, temperature and dust are shown in Figure 1 together with our definition of four cycles (C1, C2, C3, C4) formed from the maxima of the variables. These cycles could also be defined starting from the variable minima. Before presenting very detailed time and frequency analysis of specific subset of Vostok data, we make some general observations related to climate fluctuations of CO2, temperature and dust. Figure 1. Vostok data variation in global relative temperature and CO2 content [8, 9]. Variations in global climate measured by temperature change automatically involve the thermal energy content and heat capacity of the atmosphere. These highly variable systems can be contrasted with the energy content of conservative physical systems like planetary orbits, where the principle of least action defines the trajectories favored; conservative systems can be reliably modeled as an interaction between gravity and inertial forces, with the angular momentum and action held constant as a function of mass and the gravitational constant [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage solutions can completely replace fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 28 ms, flip angle = 8°, FOV = 256 mm, slice thickness = 1 mm, and in-plain resolution = 1 × 1 mm). The preprocessing and statistical analysis of fMRI data were performed using SPM12 (of ) and a high-pass filter of 128 s was used to eliminate low frequency noise. The Echo-planar imaging data were realigned for motion correction, coregistered to the individual T1-weighted images, normalized into the Institute space, and spatially smoothed by a 4 mm full-width-half-maximum Gaussian Kernel. Data analysis Data analyses were performed using a general linear model in SPM12 with a canonical hemodynamic response function to estimate BOLD responses to each stimulus. We determined the moment of ‘Detach’ the fingertip from the sticky surface as a stimulus onset because the stickiness perception occurs when the skin is physically stretched by the adhesive surface. Moreover, for the contrasting analysis, we determined the middle of the period when a fixation cross was displayed as a resting onset. Regressors for stimulation and resting were defined accordingly. Six nuisance regressors for motion (movement and rotation along three orthogonal axes) were also defined for the purpose of head movement correction. We applied the whole-brain analysis rather than a specific region of interest analysis, since brain regions being engaged in stickiness perception were unknown, especially for the auditory and visual domains. We performed two different analyses. First, using an event-related design analysis, we evaluated the BOLD activation level differences by comparing stimulus onset and resting period for each modality separately. Contrast images from the individual analyses were sent to the second level analysis with subjects as a random factor. Second, a conjunction analysis was performed. We employed a one-way analysis of variance design and evaluated the conjunction of ‘tactile vs. resting state’, ‘auditory vs. resting state’, and ‘visual vs. resting state’. This conjunction analysis could identify common brain regions for which neural activation was greater during stimulation periods than those of resting periods across all modalities. Statistical threshold for all analyses was determined as P < 0. 05 family-wise error-corrected and cluster-extents >40 voxels.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Can we use fungi to break down our plastic and rubber waste? Legaspi and Kaury KuceraBacked by. K. and 31 other backersöhler,. rexus, and : 10. 18258/0795$8,000Raised of $8,000 Goal100%Funded on 11/14/13Successfully Funded$8,000pledged100%fundedFundedon 11/14/13? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(9)Discussion (8)massive and rapid accumulation of our plastic and rubber waste is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. Since certain types of plastic and rubber are held together by the same chemical bonds that are found in natural plant polymers, we are investigating the ability of fungi that live inside plants to degrade synthetic plastics and rubbers. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Research on synthetic polymer biodegradation has been steadily growing over the past forty years. Several bacteria and fungi have been identified that produce enzymes capable of plastic and rubber degradation in various laboratory conditions. However, this field is still in its infancy and much work needs to be done to determine the viability of plastic and rubber biodegradation. Several plastics and rubbers contain the same chemical bonds that are found in natural plant polymers. Therefore, we are specifically targeting endophytes, organisms that grow symbiotically inside plants, in order to harness the endophytes’ ability to degrade natural plant polymers for the degradation of synthetic plastics and rubbers. Our group has previously identified degradation of the plastic polyester polyurethane by the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora. This fungus secretes a small enzyme that is responsible for plastic degradation. Going forward, our project goals are to: 1) Characterize enzymatic degradation by Pestalotiopsis microspora - Isolate and characterize enzymatic degradation - Compare enzyme efficiency to other polyester-degrading enzymes - Evaluate degradation of solid polyester polyurethane and other plastics - Evaluate degradation of plastic by P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage solutions can completely replace fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: contrasting analysis for the tactile condition elicited significant activation in the somatosensory cortices including the postcentral gyrus (poCG), anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), supramarginal gyrus, and rolandic operaculum (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Moreover, the anterior insula (aINS), medial occipital gyrus (MOG), and precentral gyrus (preCG) regions were activated in the contralateral hemisphere. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, we observed activated brain regions in the preCG and aINS. Furthermore, the supplementary motor area (SMA) was activated bilaterally. The auditory stickiness information process also activated contralateral somatosensory cortices including the poCG and aIPS. We observed ipsilateral activations in the medial temporal gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus. Additionally, there was significant bilateral activation in preCG, aINS, and SMA. For the visual condition, contrasting analysis identified significant activation in the contralateral somatosensory cortices (poCG and aIPS), aINS, and IOG. Moreover, the preCG, MOG, and SMA were activated bilaterally. Table 1: Brain activation from general linear modal analysesFig. 1: Brain activations of contrasting analyses. Statistical threshold was set at P < 0. 05, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected for multiple comparisons, cluster size 40 contiguous voxels. In addition to the contrasting analyses for each modality, we conducted a conjunction analysis across tactile, auditory, and visual conditions. Results showed a substantial overlap in the conjunction map including clusters in the contralateral poCG, aINS and preCG and in the bilateral SMA (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Brain activations of conjunction analyses. Statistical threshold was set at P < 0. 05, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected for multiple comparisons, cluster size 40 contiguous voxels. current study aimed to identify brain regions related to surface stickiness perception for each modality and searched for common brain activations across modalities. In particular, we attempted to compare brain regions in response to information on surface stickiness conveyed via tactile, auditory, and visual cues.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: microspora in simulated landfill conditions (collaboration) 2) Screen for new plastic- and rubber- degrading fungi - Screen fungi collections for degradation of different synthetic polymers - For promising candidates, sequence the genomes and look for possible novel plastic- or rubber-degrading genes - Analyze candidates using gel permeation chromatography (molecular weight changes) and scanning electron microscopy (visual degradation) What is the significance of this project? Plastics and rubbers are examples of synthetic (or man-made) polymers that have become an indispensable part of our lives. From our disposable packaging to our grocery bags, from our water bottles to our car tires, we heavily rely on synthetic polymers on a daily basis. These materials are cheap to manufacture, versatile, and resilient -- which also means that they are produced in massive quantities and can last in the environment for hundreds of years. Given that these extremely durable materials are often used for single-use disposable applications, it’s important to think about what happens to plastics and rubbers after disposal. While we have seen an enormous boom in synthetic polymer production (over 250 million tons of plastic are produced every year! ); our methods of treating these materials after disposal have not been able to keep up. Recycling has helped reduce the amount of plastic waste, however only 15% of global plastic is successfully recycled. Additionally, Incineration, another common method of disposal, can form and release toxic chemicals into the environment. Therefore, we are investigating alternative (or complementary) methods of dealing with our plastic and rubber waste. What are the goals of the project? All funds raised will directly be applied to furthering the stated project goals of characterizing the biodegradation of plastic by Pestalotiopsis microspora and screening for new plastic- and rubber-degrading enzymes. A portion of the funds will be used to buy consumable lab supplies, which are necessary for the growth and maintenance of the fungal cultures, enzymatic characterization and materials for additional plastic and rubber screens. I already have access to the necessary equipment for polymer analysis; however, many instruments have fees associated with use and/or several accessory pieces of equipment or consumables need to be bought separately. I will apply the funds towards using equipment such as scanning electron microscopy and gel permeation chromatography.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy storage will make traditional power grids obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: But the study has not focused on the effect of wind and solar on the reliability of the system. Ref [60] explains methodology to solve OPF using a self-adaptive evolutionary technique that takes into account wind power and modest signal stability restrictions while optimizing the function. In [8], the optimal placement of DG is done with the aim to increase the DG owners’ profit. The proposed approach considers both transmission and production cost component in the DG allocation process. There are various other researches which focuses on the optimal location of DG without including the effect of renewable DG inclusion on reliability of the system [2, 9, 21, 28, 33, 37, 57]. Ref [56] solves the OPF for hybrid power system while taking into account the risk factor due to variable nature of wind and solar. Since RES is variable thus there is some inherent risk in using it in power system operation. Thus, at Risk (CVaR) is used to quantify the risk associated with RES. The study is focused on the best compromised solution between risk level and the operating cost but does not focus on reliability improvement. Ref [24] proposed the dynamic economic dispatch problem considering wind power and risk reserve constraints. The reliability of a power system when wind and hydro power are combined is shown in Ref [35]. For reliability evaluation, the method (MCM) is used. Loss of load expected (LOLE), loss of energy expected (LOEE), average water spilt (AWS), and average water utilized to produce electricity (AWE) are the reliability indicators that are calculated. The impact of wind power and energy storage on system reliability is shown in [30]. There are various other literatures which explains energy management with RES [25] and the impact of wind, solar and energy storage on power system reliability but has not focused on the optimal location of RES. [4, 12, 14, 17, 18, 29, 63]. Since RES are getting attention worldwide due to environment concern associated with conventional generators. Therefore, it becomes essential for the system operator for effectively utilize the available RES and maintains the system reliability. Since RES are intermittent and variable in nature therefore energy storage is integrated in the system to balance the power generation and power demand [10, 55]. The RESs are either utilized in small power systems and/or in power grids.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: In our study, we clearly observed the simultaneous activation in the corresponding primary sensory cortices and the IPS, for example, simultaneous activation in both primary auditory cortex and aIPS under the auditory condition. Hence, we speculate that the identification of aIPS is mainly due to multisensory convergence and cross-modal generalization. Although there was no finger movement in the auditory and visual conditions, we observed the activation of SMA and preCG. These regions are well known to be associated with the preparation and execution of voluntary movements [23]. However, significant activation in these regions was reported during passive touch or motor imagery as well [24,25], as observed in our present results. Therefore, a possible explanation for the activation of SMA and preCG could be related to motor imagery. In our experimental procedure, participants underwent a training session prior to MR scanning. While repeatedly touching the sticky surface with their fingertip, they were watching and hearing their surface explorations. We therefore believe that a strong association exists between the three different sensory stimuli, and that participants imagine finger movements without actually performing the movement during scanning sessions. Consequently, this motor imagery is likely to have an influence on the activation in the SMA and preCG. There are several potential limitations of this study. First, the generalization of the results to population should be made with caution because the sample size was relatively small (N = 21) and our sample consisted solely of college students. Second, we could not completely eliminate the effects of scanner noise during the auditory session. In future works, we will use an equipment such as noise canceling headsets for better perception of the auditory cues. In this study, we successfully identified brain regions exhibiting information on surface stickiness perceived by tactile, auditory, and visual cues. Intriguingly, our results using contrasting and conjunction analyses suggest that neural activities in somatosensory cortices, aINS, and aIPS regions play an important role in cross-modal generalization. To the best our knowledge, this is the first attempt to explore brain activities related to auditory and visual stickiness perception. We envision that future work will uncover the detailed neural mechanisms underlying surface texture perception, such as stickiness intensity perception. work was supported by the Institute for (IBS-R015-Y2). Y. S. and J. K. conducted experiments, analyzed results, and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. S-P. K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Additionally, in the will be going to the as a for Strobel's and Laboratory class (all expenses paid; no donated funds will be used for travel). During this time, I will specifically collect fungi that may produce abundant lignocellulolytic enzymes to use in my plastic and rubber degradation screens. If promising candidates arise from these screens, I will use funds to sequence the genomes of the fungi to identify the responsible gene(s) and to synthesize genes that code for putative plastic or rubber degrading enzymes for future studies. wait. . . The proposed budget will be used to purchase laboratory supplies, equipment time, accessory equipment, and bioinformatic analyses for the purpose of: 1) Characterizing the enzyme from Pestalotiopsis microspora that is responsible for polyester polyurethane degradation and comparing the characteristics of this enzyme to other polyester-degrading enzymes 2) Assessing degradation of solid polyester polyurethane (as well as other types of plastic) and working in collaboration with a biodegradation testing facility to evaluate degradation of plastic by P. microspora in simulated landfill conditions 3) Screening endophyte collections for degradation of different plastics and rubbers and confirming degradation using gel permeation chromatography and scanning electron microscopy 4) Sequencing the genomes of potential candidates and looking for possible novel genes that code for plastic- or rubber-degrading enzymes. Meet the TeamMichelle LegaspiPh. D. CandidateAffiliatesYale University, Ph. D. candidate (2011-present). University of Florida, B. S. Chemistry (2010). . D. Candidate, I am driven by my desire to appreciate and learn from our natural environment in order to help integrate more sustainable systems into our lifestyles. I received my B. S. in Chemistry from the University of Florida. As an undergraduate, I spent 3 years working for the US Department of Agriculture analyzing chemically-mediated signaling interactions between plants and caterpillars in order to better understand plant defense mechanisms and increase agricultural crop yields without the use of harmful pesticides. I became increasingly interested in environmental research after studying abroad in and Fiji learning about human impact on the environment. After graduation, I worked with the Association teaching environmental education and building hiking trails in Massachusetts. I aim to combine my scientific knowledge and passion for the outdoors to tackle our environmental problems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy storage will make traditional power grids obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: Pumped hydro storage is introduced in Ref [64], as an as alternate form of storage for a standalone hybrid system that includes solar PV, wind turbines, and a diesel generator. In the proposed study, the novel sensitivity index named of (NPEI) is formulated to identify the best location for RES based DG. This system is subjected to (N-1) contingency and most severe contingency scenario is identified on the basis of higher NPEI value. The buses having higher NPEI value during severe contingency is considered as prime location for DG placement. Plant (PSP) based energy storage is used in conjunction with the RES for its effective utilization. Furthermore, this study analyzes the impact of RES and PSP on system reliability. The surplus energy available with the RES after scheduling in day-ahead market is stored in PSP. Now PSP can also participate in the market by utilizing this surplus energy during next scheduling hours. To the best of authors knowledge, very few literatures has focused on determining the optimal location of renewable DG and PSP along with their effect on the system reliability. This paper categorizes different cases with convention generators, with/ without RES and PSP. The impact of RES and PSP on generation cost, power loss and reliability of the system is analyzed. For reliability evaluation, Loss of (LOLE) and (EENS) are evaluated. The study further includes partial shading of PV modules. The impact of number of shaded modules and intensity of partial shading on system cost, power loss and load payment are presented. The contribution of this study is summarized as below: The novel objective function is formulated considering the procurement cost of CGs with valve point effect and emission cost and procurement cost of RESs and PSP plants. The penalty cost associated with over and under estimation of RESs is eliminated by implementing the PSP based energy storage which utilizes the surplus/deficit energy in the next intervals. The novel index NPEI is formulated to identify the best location for placing the RES based plants. The system is subjected to (N-1) contingency in order to find out the optimal location of RES. The modeling of RES is done by their respective PDF. For wind speed modeling, weibull probability distribution function (PDF) is used whereas for solar irradiance, beta probability distribution function (PDF) is used. The fluctuations in the output of RES based DG is managed by PSP based energy storage. It will effectively utilize the surplus/deficit of RES in power market.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: revised the manuscript. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. . . Multisensory texture perception. Handbook of Multisensory Processes. 2004, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press107–122 2. . Haptic and visual perception of roughness. (Amst). 2007; 124:177–189 | 3. . Texture perception: studies of intersensory organization using a discrepancy paradigm, and visual versus tactual psychophysics. . 1981; 7:902–915 | 4. Heller MA. Texture perception in sighted and blind observers. Percept Psychophys. 1989; 45:49–54 | 5. . Hand movements: a window into haptic object recognition. Cogn Psychol. 1987; 19:342–368 | 6. Katz D. The world of touch. 1989, Hillsdale, NJ: Here 7. . Perceptual dimensions of tactile surface texture: a multidimensional scaling analysis. Percept Psychophys. 1993; 54:697–705 | 8. Bensmaia S. . Texture from touch. Scholarpedia of Touch. 2016, Paris: Atlantis Press207–215 9. . Surface stickiness perception by auditory, tactile, and visual cues. Front Psychol. 2019; 10:2135 | 10. . Neural activity patterns in the human brain reflect tactile stickiness perception. Neurosci. 2017; 11:445 | 11. . Human brain activity related to the tactile perception of stickiness. Neurosci. 2017; 11:8 | 12. Tactile estimation of the roughness of gratings yields a graded response in the human brain: an fmri study. Neuroimage. 2005; 25:90–100 | 13. . Neural substrates of tactile object recognition: an fmri study. Ma14. . Fmri-derived cortical maps for haptic shape, texture, and hardness. Res. 2001; 12:307–313 | 15. . Primary sensory cortices contain distinguishable spatial patterns of activity for each sense. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:1979 | 16. . A revised view of sensory cortical parcellation. . 2004; 101:2167–2172 | 17. Stilla R, Sathian K. Selective visuo-haptic processing of shape and texture. Ma18. -Leone A, Somers DC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Dr. Kaury Kucera, Lecturer and Postdoctoral Associate, I love science research and education because I work to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to determine the structure of two parasite proteins. Currently, I work with undergraduate students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and characterize the enzymatic proteins used by fungi to degrade complex polymers. The indigenous people in the where we collect endophytes believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure. I do this research with faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation exists and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Michelle LegaspiMichelle Legaspi, Ph. D. Candidate, I am driven by my desire to appreciate and learn from our natural environment in order to help integrate more sustainable systems into our lifestyles. I received my B. S. in Chemistry from the University of Florida. As an undergraduate, I spent 3 years working for the US Department of Agriculture analyzing chemically-mediated signaling interactions between plants and caterpillars in order to better understand plant defense mechanisms and increase agricultural crop yields without the use of harmful pesticides. I became increasingly interested in environmental research after studying abroad in and Fiji learning about human impact on the environment. After graduation, I worked with the Association teaching environmental education and building hiking trails in Massachusetts. I aim to combine my scientific knowledge and passion for the outdoors to tackle our environmental problems. Dr. Kaury Kucera, Lecturer and Postdoctoral Associate, I love science research and education because I work to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to study the structure of two parasite proteins. Currently, I work with undergraduate students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and study the enzymatic proteins used by fungi to degrade complex polymers. people are indigenous to the where we collect endophytes. They believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: 3 Ancillary servicesLocal energy systems can participate in a range of ancillary services markets through an aggregator. An aggregator is a company that combines the changes in consumer demand or generation and sells them in markets. The surplus on-site generation of an ensemble of prosumers can be aggregated and stored in local energy systems and later delivered to the utility grid as a service. There is a wide range of ancillary service with various time scales, e. g. from months ahead to seconds, and multiple functions, e. g. frequency response, energy reserve, voltage support, and demand response [51]. The applications of energy storage in supporting each function of ancillary services are described as follows:Frequency Response: Frequency response is an action to stabilise the frequency, once power systems encounter sudden loss of generation or load [51]. Energy storage systems play a significant role for regulating the frequency by absorbing or releasing power in response to the deviation from nominal frequency and imbalances between supply and demand. Energy Reserve: Energy reserve is additional capacity which is online but unloaded to rapidly compensate outages of generation or transmission [52]. The energy storage system can provide this additional reserve capacity without the need for investing an new generation capacities. Voltage Support: The integration of distributed renewable energy sources, e. g. solar PV, in low-voltage distribution grids would affect the grid voltage profiles during the high generation and low demand periods. The energy storage provides a solution to ensuring the voltage quality requirement while accommodating more distributed generation capacity. The research in [53] suggested the potential of incorporating the storage with reactive power methods to avoid grid reinforcement and active power curtailment. Demand Response: Demand response refers to reshaping consumption behaviours in response to the dynamic retail electrical energy pricing signals. Instead of curtailing or shifting away loads during high-price periods, a consumer can release stored energy to reduce electricity bills. 4. Design, operation and control of electricity storage systems4. 1 Design considerationsThere are many factors to consider for the design of an electricity storage system for a local energy system. Some of those design considerations are:Power ratingEnergy capacityPhysical sizeResponse timeCapital costLifetimeO&M complexity and costFor some electricity storage applications, there may be a specific power rating and energy capacity requirement. When this is the case, this will dictate the design of the electricity storage system to ensure the requirements are met.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 2019), including how landscape composition affects species distributions (Beninde et al. 2015). Identifying the areal extent within which environmental variables best explain patterns in species occupancy or abundance, termed the “scale of effect” (Jackson and Fahrig 2012), can build understanding of spatial scale at which wildlife interact with attributes of the environment (Moll et al. 2020). Such understanding is key to species habitat modeling given that models that include variables estimated for inappropriate extents may miss key relationships between species and urban environmental attributes, leading to inaccurate assessment of species-habitat relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2012). Similarly, accurate scales of effect are critical to the implementation of management practices to ensure the management is implements over extents needed to support urban species. Thus, accurately identifying scales of effect for urban wildlife is key to delineating both the spatial extent at which management for an individual species should occur and the attributes of urban environments that should be managed. Species-habitat modeling thus requires careful consideration of scale of extent in model specification. Models that fail to account for scale of effect and rely on a single spatial scale selected a priori can mischaracterize the strength and direction of relationships (Miguet et al. 2016, Moll et al. 2020), or find no relationship where one may truly exist over a smaller or bigger spatial extent than used in modeling (Holland and Yang 2016). For example, multiple studies have reported a negative relationship between coyote (Canis latrans) occupancy and urban intensity as measured by housing density (Fidino et al. 2020) or proportional impervious cover (Wait et al. 2018) within 1 km buffers, yet a study that measured urban intensity over a larger extent (3 km) identified a positive relationship (3 km, Ordeñana et al. 2010). A conservation practitioner relying on only one of these studies to direct land management practices might undertake actions both over an inappropriate extent and of an inappropriate form. It is difficult to say which of these studies is correct and, indeed, they all may be in different contexts, without constructing and comparing the fit of models estimated using variables calculated for range of extents to identify an appropriate scale of effect.

Output: pass