Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Keeping the issues of 21st century agriculture in view following aspects also shows importance of organic farming: Reduce the toxic load; keep chemicals out of the air, water, soil and our bodies; reduce if not eliminate off farm pollution; protect future generations; build healthy soil; taste better and truer flavor; assist farmers of all sizes; promote biodiversity; celebrate the culture of agriculture etc. 15 Anonymous, (2012-13). Agricultural & (), - 110 016, India. Baker C. J. , Saxton K. E. , & Ritchie W. R. (2002). No-tillage seeding: science and practice. 2nd Edition. CAB International. Oxford, UK. Balusamy M. , Shanmugham P. M. , Baskaran R. (2003). Mixed farming an ideal farming. Intensive Agric. 41 (11–12): 20–25. Davari, M. R. and Sharma, S. N. (2010). Effect of different combinations of organic materials and biofertilizers on productivity, grain quality and economics in organic farming of basmati rice (Oryza sativa). of Agronomy 55(4): 290 –294. Gill M. S. , Samra J. S. , Singh Gurbachan, (2005). Integrated farming system for realizing high productivity under shallow water-table conditions. Research bulletins, Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana, 29. Gill M. S. , Singh J. P. , Gangwar K. S. (2009). Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability. Agron. 54(2): 128-139. Govindan, R. , Chinnaswami, K. N. and Prince, J. (1990). Poultry-cum-fish culture in rice farming. Indian J. Agron. 35(1&2): 23-29. Jat, R. A. and Ahlawat, I. P. S. (2010). Effect of organic manure and sulphur fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping system. of Agronomy 55(4): 276 –281. Jayanthi C. , Rangasamy A. , Mythili S. , Balusamy M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ” The arguments for retiring self-reported measures of total digital screen time seem valid given that the size of the negative effects of digital media use on mental health is either nonexistent (Coyne et al. , Reference Coyne, Rogers, Zurcher, Stockdale and Booth2020) or too small to have a practical significance or to warrant a meaningful scientific debate (Orben & Przybylski, and Przybylski2019b). In fact, some have argued that adolescent digital media users would need to spend a physically impossible amount of time using digital media – more than 63 hours per day – to experience noticeable decline in their well-being (see Orben & Przybylski, and Przybylski2019a). While it might be premature to “retire” the concept of self-reported measures of digital screen time without more research, it is important to “reimagine” it. A more meaningful approach to conceptualizing and operationalizing digital screen time would be to combine – the amount of time + activity + specific time frame + motive of use – within a single item or question (e. g. , “How much time did you spend today chatting with friends on Instagram to tell them about your problems and troubles? ”). Doing so would increase the meaningfulness and accuracy of measuring digital screen time. Another possibility is to combine objective measures of screen time (e. g. , via tracking apps) with objective measures of content or activity, and a subjective measure of motivation (see Subrahmanyam et al. , Reference Subrahmanyam, Frison and Michikyan2020; Underwood et al. , Reference Underwood, Rosen, More, Ehrenreich and Gentsch2012). Future research should aim to tease apart the role of these different components – for instance, examining whether chatting with friends on Instagram about problems improves mental health when it happens for short durations of time, but undermines mental health when it happens for longer periods of time. Taken together, it appears that it might not the amount of digital screen time in and of itself that matters for psychological well-being, but rather, how adolescents use their time engaging with digital media. Digital Activities: Social media platforms afford users a range of possible digital activities, and there is empirical evidence that different activities may differentially impact psychological well-being (Kross et al. , and Ybarra2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Relative abundance and taxonomy affiliation of each depleted OTUs, in SBS compared to SS, in BS, straw and soil samples. BS: biostimulants samples, CS: control soil, SS: soil with straw, SBS: soil with straw and BS (<0. 05). S1 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in soil, BS and straw samples. BS: biostimulant samples, CS: control soil, SS: soil with straw, SBS: soil with straw and BS. S2 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in soil after normalization: CS: Control soil, SS: Soil with straw, SBS: Soil with straw and BS. S3 Fig. Rarefaction curves of bacteria, fungi and archaea in biostimulant and straw after normalization: BS: biostimulant. 1. Wezel A, Bellon S, Doré Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. Dev. 2009; 29: 503. View 2. . Microbial diversity and soil functions. Soil Sci. 2003; 54: 655. View 3. ästner M. Assimilation of CO2 by soil microorganisms and transformation into soil organic matter. Org Geochem. 2004; 35: 1015–1024. View 4. . The microbial engines that drive earth’s biogeochemical cycles. Science. 2008; 320: 1034–1039. pmid:18497287 View 5. van der, Wall DH. Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science. 2004; 304: 1629–1633. View 6. . Archaea in biogeochemical cycles. Microbiol. 2013; 67: 437–457. pmid:23808334 View 7. Siwik-& Szczepanek M. Soil enzyme activity and sulphur uptake by oilseed rape depending on fertilization and biostimulant application. Scand B-SP. 2018; 68: 50–56. View 8. -. Two biostimulants derived from algae or humic acid induce similar responses in mineral content and gene expression of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) J. Regul. 2014; 33: 305–316. View 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: In addressing quality, food is no longer simply a primary product produced at the subsistence level or distributed in the free market but a commodity whose value chain development involves a wide range of actors, connecting producers to consumers via wholesalers and retailers [16]. In other words, while in the modernization model food production and commercialization are largely dictated by scientists, agribusinesses and governments, in the alternative model, citizens as producers, traders, and consumers shape the commodity chains in such a way as to realize sustainability of farming practices and access to quality food [17]. The concerns for sustainability and quality, addressed through citizen participation, have been reshaping the science and technology of agricultural development. Scientists are increasingly promoting cultivation of diverse produce at a farm level in order to ensure agricultural sustainability with reference to biodiversity and environmental sustainability, which are found to prevent soil erosion and land degradation. In other words, farming is currently considered to be a “multi-functional social enterprise,” which generates multiple benefits for the small farmers [13]. Such farming practice is known as the practice of agrodiversity. AgrodiversityIn contrast to the modernization model that develops monocultures to affect the economy of scale, agrodiversity (or agroecology, see below) promotes multi-cropping farming systems, aiming to benefit small farmers whose land size is too small to benefit from the economy of scale. The small farmers are expected to “cultivate varieties that are locally bred” and maintain the agriculturally managed landscapes with little use of hired labor, chemicals, machinery, and fossil energy inputs [18]. While the definition of what constitutes a “small” farmer varies widely in developing communities, the term usually indicates householders or family farmers who produce a large part of their own subsistence and also participate in production for the market. Small farmers as practitioners of agrodiversity exercise traditional knowledge on combining the mix of crop and livestock, fishery, or forestry [19, 20]. At the same time, in reality, they actively adopt and experiment with crop varieties bred on research stations. As a well-known agricultural development scientist reflects, with popularization of participatory agricultural research and development, small farmers began to collaborate with scientists and fieldworkers to combine traditional and modern scientific knowledge [21]. The combination of different bodies of knowledge constitutes “local knowledge,” which is considered to be the principal driver of social development in developing communities [22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: For instance, digital activities that involve interacting with existing friends via text messaging can enhance well-being (Valkenburg & Peter, and Peter2007), because certain features of text-based content may serve as “digital affiliative cues” that can facilitate emotional bonding (Sherman et al. , Reference Sherman, Michikyan and Greenfield2013). Similarly, digital activities that involve visual cues or image-based content (e. g. , photos) can also enhance well-being by decreasing loneliness and by increasing happiness and life satisfaction (Pittman & Reich, and Reich2016), likely because photos can foster increased social connectedness (Bakhshi et al. , Reference Bakhshi, Shamma and Gilbert2014; Goh et al. , Reference Goh, Ang, Chua and Lee2009); it is worth noting that image-based content can also negatively impact well-being by increasing social comparisons, particularly those focused on appearance and body image (e. g. , Lewallen & Behm-Morawitz, and Behm-Morawitz2016). Other aspects of digital media activities that are relevant in adolescent social media use research are the type of activity and level of interactivity – or exchanges between users and between users and specific digital media features (see Stromer-Galley, Reference Stromer-Galley2004, for a detailed argument). Research examining youths’ digital media usage and psychological well-being has focused on the distinction between two types of social activities: “active” use vs. “passive” use (Kross et al. , and Ybarra2020; Schønning et al. , Reference Schønning, Hjetland, Aarø and Skogen2020); “active” use (e. g. , commenting on or responding to someone else’s content) has been found to enhance well-being (Escobar-Viera et al. , Reference Escobar-Viera, Shensa and Bowman2018; Liu et al. , Reference Liu, Baumeister, Yang and Hu2019), whereas “passive” use (e. g. , reading comments or newsfeeds of hundreds of friends and followers without any participation or lurking) has been found to undermine psychological well-being (Escobar-Viera et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Szczepanek M, Wilczewski E, Pobereżny J, Wszelaczyńska E, Ochmian I. Caroot root size distribution in respons to biostimulant application. Scand B-SP. 2016; 67:334–339. View 10. E. [Internet]. 2015. Available: 11. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J Regul. 2009; 28: 386–399. View 12. . Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil. 2014; 383: 3–41. View 13. . Effects of alginate oligosaccharide and polyamines on hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their infectivity of citrus roots. Proceedings of the 9th International society of Citriculture Congress. Orlando, FL; 2000. 1032. View 14. Sharp R. A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields. Agronomy. 2013; 3: 757–793. View 15. García-Martínez AM, Díaz íguez B, Santa María C, et al. Enzymatic production of an organic soil biostimulant from wheat-condensed distiller solubles: Effects on soil biochemistry and biodiversity. Process Biochem. 2010; 45: 1127–1133. View 16. García-Martínez AM, Tejada M, Díaz AI, Rodríguez-. Enzymatic vegetable organic extracts as soil biochemical biostimulants and atrazine extenders. J Chem. 2010; 58: 9697–9704. pmid:20707365 View 17. . Long-term microbial retention of residue C is site-specific and depends on residue placement. Biochem. Elsevier Ltd; 2014; 68: 231–240. View 18. How the chemical composition and heterogeneity of crop residue mixtures decomposing at the soil surface affects C and N mineralization. Biochem. 2014; 78: 65–75. View 19. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: The development of agrodiversity and local knowledge has two main implications for the current debates on reframing food security. First, it defines food as a part of small farmers’ livelihood and, thus, its diversification conceptually becomes an important strategy for risk management [23]. By cultivating diverse products, small farmers are able to withstand crop failure and thus secure minimum access to food even in times of crisis. This risk management aspect of agrodversity also works to make visible the often neglected gender relations observed in farming, especially in Africa where the so-called “women’s crops” (i. e. , crops produced by women, on less fertile land, such as groundnuts) significantly contribute to the household economy, largely shaped by men who have access to fertile land and engage in staple crop and livestock production [24]. In addition, in the recent context of climate change debates, agrodiversity underpinned by local “ecological” knowledge is known to facilitate small farmers to shape adaptive management strategies [25] and to make their farms resilient to external shocks such as extreme weather events including flood and droughts [26]. Recent calls for climate-smart agriculture considers agrodiversity to be an improved farming practice in the changed climate in developing communities [27]. In short, farming is not only about food production but about the well-being of the farmers and environment, potentially preventing soil erosion and land degradation. Secondly, agrodiversity clarifies the need to pay attention to the institutional dimension of food security. Engaging in cultivating a variety of products both at subsistence and commercial levels, small farmers are a part of the larger sustainable food system and various commodity chains. This means that the farmers are conceptually aware of their rights to protect indigenous and genetic resources from the potential exploitation by large industries or governments [28]. Therefore, the power of small, and often poor and marginalized, farmers should be recognized as they decide on how to produce and consume agricultural products. In order to further farmers’ empowerment by framing farming as a livelihood and a source of power, and also to consolidate the alignment between the farmers’ well-being and environmental well-being, agrodiversity is leading to the politically articulated “agroecology movement. ” Today, it is considered to be a part of the new peasant movement that emphasizes “sovereignty” of the farmers over food policy, technology, and science [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: , Reference Escobar-Viera, Shensa and Bowman2018; Tandoc et al. , Reference Tandoc, Ferrucci and Duffy2015; Underwood & Ehrenreich, and Ehrenreich2017). Although the terms “active” and “passive” capture some aspects of social media use that are relevant to mental health and well-being, other aspects of use are not captured by these terms. Consider one example of self-presentation via posting photos, which is considered an “active” use of digital media (Wang et al. , Reference Wang, Wang, Gaskin and Hawk2017). Missing from the current conceptualization of “active” digital media usage, however, is whether and how interactive “active” usage is. For instance, when a user posts a picture, does the self-presentation occur during an interaction with other users, or does the user engage in self-presentation outside of an interaction, as a result of an exchange between the user and specific digital media features, or some combination of both? The current conceptualization of “passive” digital media usage places significant emphasis on content consumption with minimum interactivity (e. g. , lurking) (Underwood & Ehrenreich, and Ehrenreich2017). Even with content consumption, “passive” activities such as viewing humorous or inspiring social media content might improve mood and well-being. An important question is how passive “passive” digital media usage is. Is reading someone else’s comments really passive? This begs the question of what “active” use and “passive” use in the current paradigm really capture (Valkenburg et al. , Reference Valkenburg, van Driel and Beyens2021). It appears that the active- vs. passive-use paradigm emphasizes the behavioral component of digital media usage, while mostly ignoring its cognitive and affective components. A focus on the behavioral component of digital media usage assumes that “passive” use (e. g. , lurking) is psychologically passive. Drawing from Bandura that “a theory that denies that thoughts can regulate actions does not lend itself readily to the explanation of complex human behavior” (Bandura, Reference Bandura1986, p. 15), we reject the premise that digital media usage is passive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Decomposition of mulched versus incorporated crop residues: Modelling with clarifies interactions between residue quality and location. Biochem. 2007; 39: 2339–2350. View 20. . Soil sampling and methods of analysis. 2nd ed. of Soil Science. CRC press; 2008. 21. . An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Biochem. 1987; 19: 703–707. View 22. Unraveling the stratification of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat by metatranscriptomics. PLoS One. 2014; 9: 1–9. pmid:25033299 View 23. 16S Metagenmoic sequencing library preparation. 2013. Available from: 24. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Res. 2012; 41: e1. pmid:22933715 View 25. Gardes M, Bruns TD. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes ‐ application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol. 1993; 2: 113–118. pmid:8180733 View 26. . Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc. ; 1990. 322. View 27. . Group-specific 16S rRNA hybridization probes to describe natural communities of methanogens. Microbiol. 1994; 60: 1232–1240. 0099-2240/94/$04. 00+0 pmid:7517128 View 28. . Rapid detection and quantification of members of the archaeal community by quantitative PCR using fluorogenic probes rapid detection and quantification of members of the archaeal community by quantitative PCR using fluorogenic probes. Microbiol. 2000; 66: 5066–5072. pmid:11055964 View 29. Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data [Internet]. 2010. Available from: View 30. Escudié FROGS: Find, Rapidly, OTUs with Galaxy Solution. Bioinformatics. 2018; 34: 1287–1294. pmid:29228191 View 31.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable agriculture aims to make farming practices more sustainable. [SEP] Text: Food SovereigntyIn 1993, a global peasant movement called Campesina was shaped in Belgium, joining various small farmer organizations from over 70 countries [30]. Three years later, it launched the food sovereignty agenda in order to promote agroecology and counter the new that began to spread genetically modified crop production around the world, led by large agribusinesses. The food sovereignty agenda in principle addresses “the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems” [31]. Currently, the advocates this focus on rights, deploying a campaign to establish the “rights to food” agenda, and attempts to facilitate the translation of this international movement into national policies and technological development [32, 33]. Although still being inchoate, the rights-based food sovereignty agenda has resulted in some initiatives already [34]. In developing communities, the initiative first involves claiming agrarian reform to ensure the small farmers’ ownership of agricultural inputs, in particular land and seeds [35]. Then, communities can be mobilized to establish agrarian citizenship by which farmers and consumers can exercise their rights to create sustainable food systems [36]. For example, Brazil has clearly translated food sovereignty into a set of policies. Since the 1970s, the has implemented agrarian reform settlements around the country, as peasant movements intensified. The small farmers who obtained land then needed to seek opportunities to increase their productivity and improve access to the market. had long developed the extensive modernization model of agriculture, the market did not work to benefit the small farmers, who largely practiced agrodiversity. The peasant movements thus started to demand better agricultural services to improve their farming practice and commercialization. The leftist Government, which took power in the early 2000s, began to react to the demand. In 2003, the Ministry of launched a “direct purchasing program” under which the Government purchases produce directly from small, family-based farmers, and the purchased products are provided for public feeding programs such as public school lunches. The farmers are expected to directly participate in tendering in the so-called “procurement market” without depending on intermediaries and having to engage in extensive monoculture, and provide fresh local produce to public institutions, which develop menus using the produce. In this way, farmers secure opportunities for improving their farming practices and commercializing their products [37, 38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: As a result of the digital revolution in recent years, young people are now able to communicate with others more efficiently and gain access to knowledge and advice more rapidly. For those living in rural communities, social media can facilitate social communications which otherwise would not be possible. My own discussions with young people in schools indicates that social media is an extremely important part of their daily lives. It brings many benefits but is also exposes them to risks. Young people are often very aware of these risks and understand how to keep themselves safe. However, sadly this does not prevent all of them from harm, as is evident through recent cases of teenage suicides as a result of social media, which have been highlighted in the media in the (UK) and more widely. This 2. How do young people use social media? Research suggests that social media use is far more prevalent among young people than older generations [1]. Young people aged 16–24 are the most active social media users with 91% using the internet for social media [1]. Young people use social media for a variety of purposes, including for entertainment, to share information and network with others and to gain support and health information [1]. Advertisement 3. Social media and its links to mental health Evidence suggests that social media use can result in young people developing conditions including anxiety, stress and depression [1]. There are various reasons for this, and this section will explore the contributing factors. Research has found that four of the five most used social media platforms make young people’s feelings of anxiety worse [1]. Research suggests that young people who use social media heavily, i. e. , those who spend more than 2 hours per day on social networking sites are more likely to report poor mental health, including psychological distress [2]. Cyber-bullying is a significant problem which affects young people. Evidence suggests that seven in 10 young people experience cyberbullying [1]. Cyberbullying exists in a variety of forms. It can include the posting of hurtful comments online, threats and intimidation towards others in the online space and posting photographs or videos that are intended to cause distress. This is not an exhaustive list. Cyberbullying is fundamentally different to bullying which takes place in person. The victim of the bullying may find it difficult to escape from because it exists within the victim’s personal and private spaces such as their homes and bedrooms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: : An automated pipeline for analyses of fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from the Illumina sequencing platform. Evol. 2015; 6: 973–980. pmid:27570615 View 32. Magoc T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: Adjustment of Short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011; 1–8. View 33. Mahé F, Rognes T, Quince C, de Vargas C, Dunthorn M. Swarm: robust and fast clustering method for amplicon-based studies. PeerJ. 2014; 2: e593. pmid:25276506 View 34. . improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics. 2011; 27: 2194–2200. pmid:21700674 View 35. é F. : a versatile open source tool for metagenomics. PeerJ. 2016; 4: e2584. pmid:27781170 View 36. ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools. Res. 2013; 41: 590–596. pmid:23193283 View 37. . Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990; 215: 403–10. pmid:2231712 View 38. Bowles TM, Acosta-Martínez V, Calderón F, Jackson LE. Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biol. Bioch. 2014; 58: 252–262. View 39. van de Ruiter PC, et al. Effects of land use on soil microbial biomass, activity and community structure at different soil depths in the Danube floodplain. Soil Biol. 2017; 79: 14–20. View 40. Chen S-K, Subler S, a. Effects of agricultural biostimulants on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics. Ecol. 2002; 19: 249–259. View 41. Chen S-. The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity, and plant growth in soil microcosms. Biochem. 2003; 35: 9–19. View 42. Tejada M, Benítez C, Gómez I, Parrado J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Intensifying a crop–fallow system: impacts on soil properties, crop yields, and economics Published online by Press: 18 September 2023 S. J. Ruis [Opens in a new window]S. Stepanovic andH. Blanco-Canqui [Opens in a new window] Show author details S. J. Ruis* Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-. Stepanovic Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-. Blanco-Canqui Affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-* Corresponding author: S. J. Ruis; Email: Sabrina. Ruis@usda. gov 0. 19 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] crop–fallow systems could address increased weed control costs, increased land or rental costs, reduced crop diversity, and degraded soil properties in water-limited environments. One strategy to intensify such systems could be the insertion of a short-season crop during fallow. But, how this strategy affects soils, crop production, and farm economics needs further research. Thus, we studied the impacts of replacing fallow in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L)–corn (Zea mays L. )–fallow system with a short-season spring crop [field pea (Pisum sativum L. )] on crop yields and economics from 2015 to 2019 and 5-yr cumulative effects on soil properties using an experiment in the west-central US Great Plains. After 5 yr, replacing fallow with field pea increased microbial biomass by 294 nmol g−1 and plant available water by 0. 08 cm3 cm−3, and reduced bulk density by 0. 1 g cm−3 and cone index by 0. 73 MPa in the 0–5 cm depth. It had, however, no effect on other soil properties. Field pea yield averaged 2. 24 Mg ha−1. Field pea reduced subsequent crop yield by 15–25% in two of three crops compared with fallow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the number of people witnessing the bullying can be extremely large because of the potential of social media for online posts to be shared across hundreds, thousands and millions of people. For the victim this can be significantly humiliating and result in a loss of confidence and self-worth. Humiliating messages, photographs and videos can be stored permanently online, resulting in the victim repeatedly experiencing the bullying every time they go online. Victims of cyberbullying can experience depression, anxiety, loss of sleep, self-harm and feelings of loneliness [3]. Social media has also been associated with body image concerns. Research indicates that when young girls and women in their teens and early twenties view Facebook for only a short period of time, body image concerns are higher compared to non-users [4]. Young people view images of “ideal” bodies and start to make comparisons with their own bodies. This can result in low body-esteem, particularly if young people feel that their own bodies do not compare favourably to the “perfect” bodies they see online. Young people are heavily influenced by celebrities and may desire to look like them. If they feel that this is unattainable it can result in depression, body-surveillance and low body-confidence. Young people can then start to develop conditions such as eating disorders. The issue of body image is not just a female issue. Young males are also vulnerable and influenced by the muscular, well-toned bodies that they see online. We now live in an age when males are taking increasing interest in their appearance and viewing images of muscular, toned bodies can result in them putting their bodies through extensive fitness regimes and males are also vulnerable to developing eating disorders. The opportunity for people to use digital editing software to edit their appearance on photographs can also result in young people developing a false sense of beauty. It is worrying that there is a rise in the number of young people seeking to obtain cosmetic surgery [1] and the popularity of “selfies” in recent years has resulted in an increase in images which portray beauty and perfection. These images can have a negative impact on body-esteem and body-confidence. Research demonstrates that increased social media use has a significant association with poor sleep quality in young people [5]. It seems that young people enjoy being constantly connected to the online world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Use of biostimulants on soil restoration: Effects on soil biochemical properties and microbial community. Ecol. 2011; 49: 11–17. View 43. ía-Martínez. Production of a carob enzymatic extract: Potential use as a biofertilizer. Bioresour Technol. 2008; 99: 2312–2318. pmid:17601731 View 44. Modeling biometric traits, yield and nutritional and antioxidant properties of seeds of three soybean cultivars through the application of biostimulant containing seaweed and amino acids. Sci. 2018; 9:388. pmid:29636764 View 45. Endogenous cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid in red algae from Brazil. J Phycol 2010; 46:1198–1205. View 46. Maini P. The experience of the first biostimulant, based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertilitas Agrorum. 2006; 1:29–43. View 47. Farrell M, Prendergast-. Soil microbial organic nitrogen uptake is regulated by carbon availability. Biochem. 2014; 77:261–267. View 48. . The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil. J. 1953; 17: 34. View 49. évêque J, Henault C, et al. Dynamics and identification of soil microbial populations actively assimilating carbon from 13C-labelled wheat residue as estimated by DNA- and RNA-SIP techniques. Environ Microbiol. 2007; 9: 752–764. pmid:17298374 View 50. Stimulation of different functional groups of bacteria by various plant residues as a driver of soil priming effect. Ecosystems. 2013; 16: 810–822. View 51. Microbial decomposition of soil organic matter is mediated by quality and quantity of crop residues: mechanisms and thresholds. Soils. 2017; 53: 287–301. View 52. Niemenmaa O, Uusi-Rauva A, Hatakka A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: However, economic analysis showed replacing fallow with field pea may improve net income by $144–303 ha−1, although income across the 5 yr differed by $65 ha−1 in favor of fallow. Replacing fallow in winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop offers promise to improve some near-surface soil properties while increasing net economic return during fallow under the conditions of this study. Keywords corncrop yieldseconomicsfallowfield peaintensifying cropping systemssoil propertieswinter wheat 10. 1017/S1742170523000133 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by In water-limited regions, use of no-till summer fallow is a common practice to conserve water in crop–fallow systems. However, research indicates use of fallow results in low precipitation storage (<40%) and negative impacts on soil properties (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2010; Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Peterson et al. , Reference Peterson, Westfall, Schipanski and Fonte2020). In order to restore soil properties and resilience to climatic stressors in these water-limited regions, intensification of crop–fallow systems is cited as a potential solution (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Degani et al. , and Potts2019; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Nicoloso and Rice, and Rice2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The few recent studies have shown continuous cropping systems can improve soil properties (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: They develop a “Fear of Missing Out” (FoMO) which is associated with lower mood and lower life satisfaction [6]. This can result in young people constantly checking their devices for messages, even during the night, resulting in broken sleep. Sleep is particularly important during adolescence and broken sleep can result in exhaustion and lack of opportunity for the brain to become refreshed. Lack of sleep quality can have a range of detrimental effects, but it can also impact on school performance and their behaviour. My own conversations with school leaders suggest that many adolescents demonstrate signs of tiredness during the school day. This can result in disengagement in lessons, thus having a detrimental effect on academic attainment. The link between social media use, self-harm and even suicide is particularly worrying [1]. The fact that young people can access distressing content online that promotes self-harm and suicide is a significant cause for concern. This content attempts to “normalise” self-harm and suicide and can result in young people replicating the actions that they are exposed to. Advertisement 4. The benefits of social media Research suggests that young people are increasingly using social media to gain emotional support to prevent and address mental health issues [7]. This is particularly pertinent for young people who represent minority groups, including those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT), those with disabilities and those representing black and minority ethnic groups. The use of social media to form online digital communities with others who share similar characteristics can be extremely powerful. Young people from minority groups are able to become “global citizens,” thus reducing isolation. Participating in online networks presents them with an opportunity to meet with others who share their identities, to gain mutual support and advice and to gain solidarity. These networks can reduce feelings of loneliness and support the development of a positive, personal identity. They can also support young people to become more resilient to adverse situations which can help them to stay mentally healthy. While online communities can be beneficial, they also bring associated risks. For example, members of the LGBT networks can become easy targets for abuse, discrimination, harassment and prejudice. It is therefore critical that young people understand how to keep themselves safe online and develop appropriate digital resilience to enable them to address these challenges. Social media use can allow young people to express themselves positively, letting young people put forward a positive image of themselves [8].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Demethoxylation of [O14CH3]-labelled lignin model compounds by the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria (Postia) placenta. Biodegradation. 2008; 19: 555–565. pmid:17973193 View 53. Kuzyakov Y. Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter. Biochem. 2010; 42: 1363–1371. View 54. . Microbial response to the addition of glucose in low-fertility soils. 2008; 571–579. View 55. . Three-source-partitioning of microbial biomass and of CO2 efflux from soil to evaluate mechanisms of priming effects. Biochem. 2011; 43: 778–786. View 56. Rousk J, Bååth Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. . 2010; 4:1340–1351. pmid:20445636 View 57. . pH regulation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in two agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2006; 38:898–911. View 58. Fierer N, Jackson RB. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Acad Sci. 2006; 103:626–631. pmid:16407148 View 59. Response of soil carbon dioxide fluxes, soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon to biochar amendment: a meta‐analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 2016; 8:392–406. View 60. . Toward an ecological classificatin of soil bacteria. Ecology. 2007; 88: 1354–1364. pmid:17601128 View 61. Respiration of 13 C-labeled substrates added to soil in the field and subsequent 16S rRNA gene analysis of 13 C-labeled soil DNA. 2003; 69: 1614–1622. View 62. . Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale. Microbiol. 2009; 75:5111–20. pmid:19502440 View 63. Fertilization shapes bacterial community structure by alteration of soil pH. Front Microbiol. 2017. View 64. ååth E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: For example, they may increase microbial biomass, soil organic C concentration, mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates, and reduce bulk density (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The main challenge is how to diversify or intensify crop–fallow systems in water-limited regions while enhancing soil properties, minimizing negative impacts on yields of subsequent crops, and maintaining or increasing profitability. One of the potential methods to intensify crop–fallow systems could be the use of cover crops (Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018; Acharya et al. , Reference Acharya, Ghimire, Cho, Thapa and Sainju2022). In semiarid regions, cover crops can provide many services including accumulation of soil organic C, reduction of nitrate leaching potential, and improvement in soil biology (Thapa et al. , Reference Thapa, Ghimire, Acosta-Martinez, Marsalis and Schipanski2021; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Ruis, Holman, Creech and Obour2021). However, the concern with using cover crops in water-limited regions is that they use water intended for the following crop and can thus reduce subsequent crop yield (Nielsen et al. , and Vigil2016; Acharya et al. , Reference Acharya, Ghimire, Cho, Thapa and Sainju2022). A study in northeastern Colorado found that cover crops reduced water content in five of eight site-years by 8. 8% and winter wheat yield in four of eight site-years by 29. 5% (Nielsen et al. , and Vigil2016). Also, a study in southwest Kansas reported cover crops reduced water content by 47% and winter wheat yield by 11% (Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018). A potential alternative to cover crops for intensifying crop–fallow can be planting a short-season crop such as field peas. The short-season crop still uses water, similar to cover crops, but be harvested for grain and generate income while providing additional biomass input to soil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The problem with this is that people tend to use social media to present the best version of themselves and of their lives. This can result in others making unhealthy comparisons between their own lives and the idealised lives that are depicted on the internet, resulting in low self-esteem. Social media platforms enable young people to share creative content and express their interests and passions with others [1]. This can help to strengthen the development of a positive identity among young people and provide them with numerous opportunities to experiment with a range of interests. This is particularly important for young people who live in rural communities who may find it more challenging to develop social connections in the offline world. Students living in boarding schools benefit from using social media platforms because it enables them to maintain contact with family members and friends at home. This is particularly important because students living away from home may experience isolation and homesickness and social media platforms facilitate these connections. Social media platforms offer young people a useful tool to make, maintain or build social connections with others [1]. Additionally, research suggests that strong adolescent friendships can be enhanced by social media interactions [9]. Thus, young people can use social media to cement the friendships that they have formed in the offline world and to develop new friendships that would not have been possible in the offline word due to geographical restrictions. Advertisement 5. The role of schools Schools play a critical role in keeping children safe online. A well-planned digital curriculum should cover themes such as digital resilience and digital citizenship so that young people know how to respond to distressing content and how to behave responsibly online. The curriculum should also provide digital literacy skills so that children and young people have the skills to keep their own accounts safe through privacy settings, blocking perpetrators of abuse, reporting abuse and setting passwords. Schools should also support children and young people to critically engage with content they see online. They should be taught to question and interrogate content for accuracy, exploitation, abuse and discrimination. Schools also play a critical role in developing young people’s mental health literacy. This should cover common mental health conditions, including stress, anxiety, depression, self-harm and cyberbullying. Educating young people about mental health is essential and reduces the stigma that has traditionally been associated with mental health conditions. Young people also need to have strategies for managing their own mental health. If their mental health is adversely affected by their experiences online, they need to be taught strategies to self-regulate their emotions and strategies to aid digital resilience.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: To date, there have been no reports describing the effects of biofertilizers inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria and fungi that produce chitosan. However, recent studies suggest the potential use of rock biofertilizers from phosphorus- and potassium-bearing rocks and minerals as alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. Moura et al. (2007) and Stamford et al. (2007, 2008) evaluated the effects of these alternative materials on different economic crops and soils. However, the phosphorus- and potassium- bearing rocks contain no N, and thus, they do not supply N for improved plant development and yield. To produce a more complete biofertilizer, it is important to improve the N concentration of the organic matter. One method for achieving this is by adding free living diazotrophic bacteria to enrich the N content of the organic material (Lima et al. , 2010). Crustaceous chitosan is frequently used in biological studies with different objectives, including to increase the resistance to plant pathogens. In our laboratory, we obtained good results using chitosan from Mucorales fungi, such as Cunninghamella elegans, Mucor rouxii, and Mucor circineloides (Franco et al. , 2004). Fungi biomass has not been used for chitosan addition after the production of biofertilizers from rocks plus elemental sulfur inoculated with the sulfur oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus. The final pH of the biofertilizers is very acidic (3. 0 - 3. 5) due to the metabolic production of sulfuric acid, which may involve the formation of reacting chitosan under homogeneous conditions, as proposed by Bautista-Baños et al. , (2006). The use of chitosan from fungi biomass has great advantages, such as independence from seasonal factors, wide scale production, simultaneous extraction of chitin and chitosan, and the fact that the process of chitosan extraction is simple and cheap, resulting in reduced time and cost. Moreover, this strategy avoids protein contamination, particularly from proteins that could cause allergic reactions in individuals with shell fish allergies (Franco et al. , 2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Nielsen and Vigil (and Vigil2017) suggested the use of field pea as a fallow replacement may lead to yield reduction of a subsequent crop, especially if the soil water profile is not replenished during the off-season. Despite the reduction in subsequent crop yields in some years, the economics of rotations with field pea may be similar to or better than fallow (Miller et al. , and Engel2015; Ostmeyer, Reference Ostmeyer2019; Khakbazan et al. , Reference Khakbazan, Gan, Bandara and Huang2020). While the few previous studies show potential for the use of field pea as an alternative to fallow, additional research is needed to assess the impacts of short-season crops on soil properties, crop yields, and farm economics. Thus, we studied the impacts of replacing fallow in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop (field pea) on crop yields and economics for 5 years from 2015 to 2019 and 5-yr cumulative effects on soil properties using an experiment in the west-central US Great Plains. Materials and methods Site description, experimental design, and field management To accomplish our objective, we established a field experiment near Enders, NE (40. 378936 N; –101. 539921 E) in 2015. The soil was a Blackwood loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls) with 17 g kg−1 organic matter in the 0–20 cm depth in 2015. The long-term mean annual temperature was 9. 5°C and mean annual precipitation was 502 mm while monthly temperature and precipitaiton amounts are given in Table 1. Prior to this experiment, the field had been managed under no-till winter wheat–corn–fallow. In 2015, to establish the present experiment, the field was divided into strips of field pea and fallow. The field was under corn in 2014 (year prior to experiment start). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two treatments (fallow and field pea) prior to winter wheat with 10 replications in a rainfed no-till winter wheat–corn–fallow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Some young people who have negative experiences online respond by closing down their social media accounts. This situates the control with the perpetrators of abuse and removes control from the victim because they are disadvantaged. Developing practical approaches to aid digital resilience in the face of adversity must be a key component of the digital curriculum that schools provide. Young people need to know how to respond to abuse, who to report it to and how to block the accounts of perpetrators. In addition, they need to be taught about the importance of maintaining secure social media accounts and how to keep themselves safe by not sharing personal information. Schools need to provide a social need to provide a social media curriculum which is progressive and age appropriate. Given the prevalence of fake content online and content which has been digitally edited, young people need to be taught to critically evaluate content that appears online so that they understand the harmful effects of some content. Themes including exploitation, body-esteem and gender stereotyping can be addressed through critically evaluating online content. Children and young people often have a good understanding of the issues associated with social media because they are the users of it. Therefore, they experience the issues, sometimes frequently. Working in partnership with young people through empowering them to lead on aspects of social media education is a powerful way of developing student partnership and empowers them to be leaders. Often, young people understand the online applications better than teachers and they are acutely aware of the issues that occur online. Student-led events such as student-led workshops and conferences, which highlight the issues that relate to social media and mental health, are powerful ways of providing ownership to students. Developing digital ambassadors who act as peer mentors to younger students is also a powerful strategy for developing students’ confidence and leadership skills. Young people who need someone to talk to about the issues that they are experiencing online can be paired with a digital ambassador who can provide them with confidential advice. Processes for recruiting digital ambassadors would need to be carefully considered by schools and the scheme would need to be properly led and managed by a member of staff to monitor its effectiveness. Student-led peer mentoring schemes are valuable because some students prefer to talk to peers about the issues that they are experiencing rather than teachers or parents. Schools also play a critical role in educating parents about the relationship between social media and mental health. It is important that parents understand the online applications that their children are using, and schools can play a critical role in developing their understanding.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Chitosan has better chelating properties than other natural polymers due to their amino groups, as nitrogen is a donor of electron pairs, although hydroxyl groups participate in combining these reactive groups with metal ions. Based on these chemical properties, chitosan may stimulate the plant growth and yield as well as induce the immunologic system to promote resistance to plant pathogens (Boonlertnirun et al. , 2008). Furthermore, the addition of C. elegans, which are fungi that produce chitosan and polyphosphate, may increase the availability of phosphate in the soil (Franco et al. , 2011). This study aimed to compare the effects of mineral NPK fertilizers with those of biofertilizers produced from rocks with Acidithiobacillus and earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans on cowpea nodulation, biomass yield, and nutrient uptake. The application of chitosan from fungi biomass and from crustaceous by chemical processes was also studied. 2. Material and Methods 2. 1. Production of PK rock biofertilizers - BPK P and K rock biofertilizers were produced at the University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) Station using two furrows (each 10. 0 m long, 1. 0 m wide and 0. 5m deep). For each biofertilizer, 4,000 kg of natural phosphate with 11 g kg-1 total P (purchased from Irece (Bahia), Brazil, were applied with 4,000 kg of potash rock (biotite) containing 10 g kg-1 total K (purchased from (Paraiba), Brazil, following the procedure described by Stamford et al. (2007). The sulfur oxidizing bacteria were grown in 2,000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 1,000 mL of specific culture medium (et al. 2006), and the cultures were sterilized for 30 min at 120 °C. flasks were shaken (150 rpm/min) for 5 days at 30 °C. The materials (phosphate and potash rocks mixed with elemental sulfur) were incubated for 60 days, and humidity was maintained at a level near the field holding capacity. To avoid excessive humidity due to rain and to increase the efficiency of the oxidative bacteria, the furrows were covered with black plastic.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Thus, plots designated as fallow had the following cropping sequence from 2015 to 2019: fallow–winter wheat–corn–fallow–winter wheat while the field pea plots were: field pea–winter wheat–corn–field pea–winter wheat for the same time. The plot size was 18. 3 m wide by 792. 5 m long. Table 1. Mean monthly temperature and precipitation for the experimental site near Enders, NE Table 2 summarizes field activities and seeding and fertilization rates. Field peas were planted late March in 2015 and 2018 and harvested the following July. Note that because of the rotation, each crop was not planted every year. Field peas were inoculated with N-fixing bacteria and a starter fertilizer was applied at planting as indicated in Table 2. The fallow treatment plots were kept weed-free using herbicide application. Winter wheat was planted in late September of 2015 and 2018 and harvested in July the following year (2016 and 2019). Corn was planted across the whole study area in 2017, which bridged the two field pea–winter wheat cycles. Winter wheat and corn were fertilized as indicated in Table 2. Table 2. Field management for the 5-yr experiment of replacing fallow with field pea in a winter wheat–corn-fallow rotation near Enders, NE Soil sampling and analysis In this study, to assess how a short-season crop affected soil properties, we measured changes in soil microbial biomass, soil chemical properties of pH and concentrations of total organic matter, and nutrients, and soil physical properties of compaction (bulk density and cone index), water infiltration and retention, and wet and dry aggregate stability. All soil sampling and field soil measurements occurred in October 2019, three months after winter wheat harvest. Due to the large plot size, all measurements and soil sampling occurred within a 12 m diameter area at the north end of the plot. Penetration resistance was measured using a hand penetrometer (Eijkelkamp Co. , Giesbeek, the Netherlands; Lowery and Morrison, Reference Lowery, Morrison, Dane and Topp2002) at ten locations per plot for the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depth intervals. The penetration resistance value was converted to cone index using the basal area of the cone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Parents also need to develop knowledge of the risks that their children are exposed to, given that these are constantly changing. If parents do not keep abreast of developments, they will not be able to support their child effectively. Parents should negotiate rules with their children about what constitutes appropriate use of the internet. Imposing rules on children is unlikely to be effective because young people will find ways to resist or subvert these. It is also important that parents provide their children with a degree of autonomy about their internet use. It is unlikely to be helpful if parents continually monitor what their children are doing online. However, it is reasonable for parents to set some rules for appropriate use to protect their child from harm. Examples include:not using technology during the night;restricting technology use during mealtimes or other social occasions;limiting the amount of screen time which children are exposed to. It will be more effective if young people are involved in discussions with their parents about what might constitute appropriate use of the internet. Social media companies have a responsibility to protect young people from harm. They can do this in a variety of ways by:establishing strict and robust policies on the age at which users can access platforms;blocking accounts of perpetrators of abuse;reporting abuse to the police;removing inappropriate content immediately;filtering specific content before it goes live;producing information to service users about responsible and safe use of social media;generating warning messages when users have exceeded reasonable levels of screen time;responding rapidly to reports of abuse. This is not an exhaustive list. However, it illustrates the sorts of actions that can be adopted by social media companies to protect children and young people from harm. Companies have not responded quickly enough to reports of abuse or inappropriate content as cases of suicide in the UK suggest that social media companies have failed to protect young people from harm. The government also has a clear responsibility to hold companies to account which fail to protect children and young people from harm. Simply fining companies is not enough and will not necessarily address the problem. The government needs to take firmer action against social media companies which breach their safeguarding responsibilities. In addition, advertising companies have a responsibility to ensure that young people do not develop low body confidence. They can achieve this in a variety of ways.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The fungi were grown in Petri dishes with BDA medium for 10 days at 28 °C, producing a final concentration of 106 spores/ mL-1, to which 5 mL of spore suspension were applied; the mixture was then shaken for 96 hours (150 rpm) at room temperature. The fungi biomass was sieved in a nylon membrane and washed (three times) with cold distilled water. After 10 days of incubation, the organic matter plus PK biofertilizer (NPKB) was analyzed (Embrapa, 2009) and exhibited the following characteristics: pH (H2O) = 6. 9; total N (21 g kg-1); available P (20 g kg-1) and available K (19 g kg-1). 2. 3. Soil site and analyzes Were used an acidic soil classified as sand texture Spodosol (Embrapa, 2006). The soil (0-30cm layer) was collected from a small farm area in the County of Itapirema in the rain forest region of the Pernambuco state (Northeast Brazil; 7059 ' 0'', of south latitude, 38019' 16''of west longitude). The soil was air dried, sieved (5 cm sieve), mixed, analyzed (Embrapa, 2009), and stored at 10 kg pot-1. Soil chemical analysis produced the following results: pH (H2O) =5. 2; exchangeable cations: K+=7 mmolc dm-3; Ca2+=7. 9 mmolc dm-3; and Mg2+9 mmolc dm-3. Soil analyses were processed using the and atomic emission 3110, and total N was determined by the Kjeldhal method, using the N auto analyzer Kjeltec 1030. 2. 4. Treatments and experimental design The greenhouse experiment was set up in a factorial arrangement (8x2), and it was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: Field pea increased microbial biomass by 104% (284 vs 578 nmol g−1) and bacteria biomass by 85% (53 vs 98 nmol g−1) compared with fallow but only in the upper 5 cm soil depth (Table 3). Fungi biomass was unaffected by fallow replacement with field pea. As shown in Table 4, no chemical property, including soil organic matter, was affected by replacing fallow with field pea. Table 3. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil biological properties (mean ± SD) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at P < 0. 05. Table 4. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil chemical properties (mean ± s. d. ) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at P < 0. 05. Table 5. Five-year cumulative impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on soil physical properties (mean ± s. d. ) in a winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation at a site near Enders, NE Different lowercase letters within a column and soil sampling depth are statistically significant at p < 0. 05. na denotes not applicable as dry aggregate size, the erodible fraction, and water infiltration are not measured with depth. Field pea reduced soil compaction parameters of soil bulk density by 8% (1. 3 vs 1. 2 g cm−3) and cone index by 38% (1. 9 vs 1. 2 MPa) compared with fallow at the 0–5 cm depth (Table 5). Cone index was not significantly correlated with water content (r = 0. 27; P = 0. 45), which was unaffected by fallow replacement with field pea. Thus, cone index values were not adjusted for differences in water content (Busscher et al. , Reference Busscher, Bauer, Camp and Sojka1997; Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Lal, Owens, Post and Izaurralde2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: These include:providing warning messages that images may have been digitally edited;ensuring that images of bodies on products represent a range of body types, including a range of body sizes, disabled bodies and people of colour;avoiding gender-stereotypes when advertising products;producing warning messages about the dangers associated with product-use so that young people are aware of the risks;portraying natural bodies without make-up on some products. Advertisement 7. Young people’s perspectives Our own research in Cambridge [10] with students in secondary schools demonstrates that they had a good understanding of the benefits and risks associated with social media. Focus groups demonstrated that the students had developed an excellent understanding of the benefits of social media and the relationship between social media use and mental ill health, including sleep deprivation, cyberbullying and low body-esteem. They had also developed a better understanding of how to keep themselves safe online. The quotes and Figure 1 below are taken from our research report [10]. Figure 1. Students’ perspectives on social media. Social media helps you to communicate with your friends if they are far away. It makes you feel good when you get a like on your posts. (Student Y8) You can talk to your friends and family on social media. The disadvantages are that you can get stalked. People can create fake accounts. You can get cyber-bullied. People can hack into other people’s accounts and you might not know who is communicating with you. People can become jealous of other people’s lives and this can make you sad and depressed. (Student Y9) Some of the pictures can be fake so people can make out that they are leading an exciting life but really, they are not, and this can make others feel worthless. (Student Y8) Social media results in an expectation to show the good part of your life. It can impact on others because they think you are having a good time and they might not be having such a good time. (Student Y9) People make mean comments and it makes you feel bad. The bullying can be anonymous, and it reaches a larger audience. You can ignore the insults and carry on with your life. You can report the person or block them. (Student Y9) Men are expected to be muscular. You get upset because you think “why don’t I look like that?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The fertilization treatments were as follows: (a) mixed biofertilizer (NPKB) + chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru; purchased from Heppe Gmb, German Industry) was applied at a rate of 2 mgmL-1; (b) NPKB + (ChCru) at a rate of 4 mgmL-1; (c) NPKB + (ChCru) at a rate 6 mgmL-1; (d) NPKB + fungi chitosan (ChFu), produced in laboratory and obtained from C. elegans, at a rate of 2 mg mL-1; (e) Biofertilizer (NPKB) -plus C. elegans; (f) NPKB without chitosan; (g) NPKF (mineral fertilizer - NPK), mixing ammonium sulfate, simple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, applied at the recommended rate for cowpea; (h) Control (without NPK fertilization and without chitosan). Fertilizer treatments were estimated following the recommendation for irrigated cowpea grown in the Pernambuco state (IPA, 2008) using soluble N fertilizer (ammonium sulfate, 500 kg ha-1), soluble P fertilizer (simple super phosphate, 300 kg ha-1), and soluble K fertilizer (potassium sulfate, 80 kg ha-1). The amount of biofertilizer NPKB was calculated based on the N content (20 g kg-1), which corresponded to the application of 5,000 kg ha-1 of organic matter (earthworm compound). The seeds were inoculated with the rhizobia strain (NFB 700) recommended for cowpea by the Nucleus of of the Rural of Pernambuco (UFRPE). 2. 5. Experimental conditions and statistical analysis Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. IPA 206) was utilized because it is resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Tracheiphilum. Seeds were surface-sterilized in ethyl alcohol (70%) for 1 min, immersed in HgCl2 (1:500) for 0. 5 min, and washed 6 times with sterile water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: The cumulative net income across the 5 yr favored fallow over field pea, with a loss of $27 ha−1. Figure 1. Impacts of replacing fallow with field pea on pea, winter wheat, and corn yield across 5 yr near Enders, NE. Note that fallow–winter wheat–corn treatment did not have a crop in 2015 and 2018, thus no yields were collected. Different lowercase letters above bars denote statistically different yields at P < 0. 05. ns denotes non-significant. Error bars are standard deviation of the mean. Table 6. Expenses, grain income, credits, and net income under winter wheat (WW)-corn (C)-fallow with or without fallow replacement with field pea across 5 yr. Bold lettering denotes income differences between rotations. WW, winter wheat; C, corn. a Planting, herbicide application, and fertilizer application include labor, fuel and lube, and repairs and ownership costs based on the Budgets (Klein, Wilson and Johnson, Reference Klein, Wilson and Johnson2015, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2016, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2017, Reference Klein, Wilson, Groskopf and Jansen2018; Klein, McClure and Wilson, Reference Klein, McClure and Wilson2019). b Prices were $251. 43 Mg−1 for pea in 2015; $132. 00 Mg−1 for winter wheat in 2016; $129. 65 for corn in 2017; $206. 25 for pea in 2018; $165 Mg−1 for winter wheat in 2019 and based on USDA crop values for that year. properties Results indicate that replacing fallow in crop–crop–fallow systems with a short-season crop (field pea) can improve some soil properties after 5 yr although the improvement was mostly confined to the surface 5 cm of the soil. The positive soil effects, while few, of replacing fallow with short-season crop is promising and support the notion that intensifying cropping systems can result in improved soil conditions in semiarid environments (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Peterson et al. , Reference Peterson, Westfall, Schipanski and Fonte2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ” (Student Y8) I realize that social media has an impact on my sleep. I find it addictive and I am always checking what friends are doing through social media and texting. (Student Y9) I think online bullying is different to bullying in school. It is easier to say horrible things to someone through social media because you are not saying it to their face. (Student Y8) We can become stressed through social media because celebrities show images of being slim. This mainly affects women but now men are becoming bothered about how they look. This is stress that becomes a mental health problem. (Student Y9) You feel you must look as good as celebrity people because people feel you need to be as good looking otherwise you don’t get a good reputation. (Student Y8) Cyber bullying is when you post hateful messages online to directly hurt a person. (Student Y8) Seeing slim models online (body image) can make your self-esteem feel low. (Student Y8). The students summarised the advantages and disadvantages of social media below: Advertisement 8. is bullying which takes place in the online world, including bullying which takes place on social media. It takes multiple forms. These include:posting hurtful comments;posting videos which are targeted directly at a person to cause distress;posting photographs which are designed to cause distress;inciting others to make hurtful comments aimed at a person;sending hurtful text messages using a mobile phone;sending hurtful private messages to a person [11]. According to Glazzard and Mitchell [11]: Cyberbullying is fundamentally different to face-to-face bullying in several ways. Firstly, victims cannot escape from it when they are at home because it takes place on mobile phones, tablets and computers. Secondly the abuse is witnessed by a larger audience; messages are in the public domain and can be repeatedly forwarded. This can result in victims experiencing the abuse on multiple occasions, which results in further psychological distress. Thirdly, the evidence of the abuse is usually permanently stored online which means that the abuse is not erased. These messages serve as a permanent reminder of the abuse and this can result in abuse being continually experienced by the victim. Forms of cyberbullying are outlined below and taken from Glazzard and Mitchell [11]: Harassment: Harassment is the act of sending offensive, rude, and insulting messages and being abusive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The seeds were sown (4 seeds pot-1) at a depth of 5 mm, and when emergence was completed (5 DAE), the seedlings were thinned to one per pot and inoculated by applying 2 mL pot-1 of the liquid inoculant liquid containing more than 108 UFC mL-1. (NFB 700), was used because it has displays nitrogenase activity in the presence of mineral nitrogen (Stamford et al. , 1995) and has shown effective nodulation in acidic soil (Stamford et al. , 2008). Seeds were sowed in the dry season (2008, July), which is characterized by low humidity and high temperature. A phytosanitary control was not necessary because insects and disease were not observed. Water was applied daily to the pots, maintaining the moisture near field holding capacity. During the experimental period, the photoperiod remained close to 12 h of dark and 12 h of light. The temperature oscillated between 28 and 36 °C, and the relative humidity was 60-80%, resembling the natural growth conditions of the culture. Nitrogen was applied in dressed fertilization on the planting date and 15 days after seed planting. The dry biomass of nodules and shoots was determined at plant harvest, prior to the emission of flowers (45 days after planting). Nodules and shoots were harvested separately, and their dry biomass was measured. content was analyzed by the semi-micro Kjeldhal method, using the automatic N analyzer (Kjeltec - Model 1030). and K were analyzed by nitroperchloric digestion. content was analyzed by the spectrophotometer method, and total K was measured by atomic emission (3110). The statistical analysis was assessed using analysis of variance, which included the main effects of fertilization treatments, using SAS software 3. 2 (SAS Institute, 2011). Differences among the mean treatment values were determined by Tukey's test (p≤0. 05). All parameters were normally distributed, including the nodule biomass, because the zero values were not determined in the uninoculated treatment group. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. Biofertilizer with diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans The chemical analyses (pH, total N, and available P and K) are shown in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: For example, while the extent of increase in plant available water was small (0. 14 vs 0. 22 cm3 cm−3), the increase was significant for this soil property, which is key to manage soil water storage in semi-arid environments. The increase in microbial biomass suggests replacing fallow with a short-season legume crop increases microbial biomass. The increase in microbial biomass was probably driven by the influx of easily degradable legume residue from pea and tendency for increased soil organic matter. For example, legumes are well-known to have lower C:N ratios (29:1) than corn (57:1) or winter wheat (80:1) residues (USDA-NRCS, 2011). Thus, the influx of a readily degradable food source stimulated microbial activity despite field pea only occurring every third year. We expected field pea would increase soil organic matter concentration due to the addition of crop residues during the fallow period, but this did not occur. Based on the crop yields (Fig. 1) and a field pea harvest index of 0. 43 (Nleya and Rickertsen, and Rickertsen2011), the amount of residue added by field peas ranged from 2. 32 to 3. 25 Mg ha−1 per year. This residue amount is equivalent to cover crop biomass production levels in the region (Nielsen et al. , Reference Nielsen, Lyon, Hergert, Higgins and Holman2015; Ruis et al. , Reference Ruis, Blanco-Canqui, Jasa, Ferguson and Slater2017; Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018). However, the cover crops in these studies were added every 12–18 months rather than every 36 months, thus the influx of biomass on an annual basis would be larger from the cover crop than from the field pea in this study. Despite these levels of cover crop biomass, cover crops may not increase soil organic C for long periods after termination (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Holman, Schlegel, Tatarko and Shaver2013). Without a significant change in organic matter, we did not expect to observe large changes in soil structural quality as organic matter can be an important driver of soil aggregation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: It includes nasty or degrading comments on posts, photos and in chat rooms and making offensive comments on gaming sites. Posting false and malicious things about people on the internet can be classed as harassment [11]. Denigration: This is when someone may send information about another person that is fake, damaging and untrue. It includes sharing photographs of someone for the purpose to ridicule and spreading fake rumours and gossip. This can be on any site online or on apps. It includes purposely altering photographs of others to ridicule and cause distress [11]. Flaming: Flaming is when someone purposely uses extreme and offensive language and deliberately gets into online arguments and fights. They do this to deliberately cause distress in others [11]. Impersonation: Impersonation is when someone hacks into someone’s email or social networking account and uses the person’s online identity to send or post vicious or embarrassing material to or about others. It also includes making up fake profiles of others [11]. Outing and trickery: This is when someone shares personal information about someone else or tricks someone into revealing secrets and subsequently forwards it to others. They may also do this with private images and videos too [11]. Cyberstalking: Cyberstalking is the act of repeatedly sending messages that include threats of harm, harassment, intimidating messages, or engaging in other online activities that make a person afraid for their safety. The actions may be illegal depending on what they are doing. Cyberstalking can take place on the internet or via mobile ‘phones. Examples include:silent calls;insulting and threatening texts;abusive verbal messages;cases of stolen identities [11] Exclusion: This is when others intentionally leave someone out of a group such as group messages, online apps, gaming sites and other online engagement. This is also a form of social bullying and is very common [11]. Bullying by spreading rumours and gossip: Online abuse, rumours and gossip can go viral very quickly and be shared by many people within several minutes. It is not uncommon for former close friends or partners to share personal secrets about victims [11]. Threatening behaviour: Threatening behaviour which is directed at a victim to cause alarm and distress is a criminal offence. Taking screenshots of the evidence and reporting it is one way of challenging this [11]. Happy slapping: This is an incident where a person is assaulted while other people take photographs or videos on their mobile phones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The pH results significantly differed between both products in regard to period of incubation, especially from 10 to 20 days. The reduction in pH values was evident in the biofertilizer (NPKB) with inoculation of the free living bacteria (NFB 1001) and with the addition of C. elegans. Similar pH results were obtained by Lima et al. (2010) in a study evaluating the effect of diazotrophic bacteria on the chemical parameters of biofertilizer produced from earthworm compound inoculated with different strains of free living diazotrophic bacteria. Comparing the results from the mixed biofertilizer (NPKB) and the biofertilizer with the addition of the fungi C. elegans, there was no change in pH reduction, likely due to the short incubation time (10 days). The fact that the pH stabilized at 6. 0 is advantageous because the highest yield of tropical crops are obtained in soil from pH 6. 0 to 6. 5, as described by Stamford etal. (2008). Table 1. The pH, total N, and available P and K of biofertilizers from PK rocks mixed with earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB) and with addition of C. elegans (NPKP) incubation times. Means followed by different letters, in the rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. The effects on total N and available P and K in the biofertilizers were the opposite of those observed for the pH values. There was a substantial increase in the content of these nutrients in the substrates. In recent assays, an increase of up to 100% of total N was observed when the free living bacteria (NFB 1001) was used to inoculate the earthworm compound (Lima et al. , 2010). However, in our study, it was not evident that the time of incubation was sufficient to produce the greatest enzyme activity, as determined by total N enrichment. The results suggest that more than 20 days of incubation is necessary to further increase nutrient levels with the application of C. elegans. The level of total N increased with the length of incubation, and the values were stabilized when the fungi and C. elegans were applied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: In this study, replacing fallow with field pea did not alter wind or water erosion potential as indicated by wet and dry aggregate size. The reduction in soil bulk density and cone index suggests that intensifying crop–fallow rotation with a short-season crop can reduce risks of soil compaction. For instance, note the cone index under the fallow treatment was near the 2 MPa threshold that can affect the root growth (Unger and Kaspar, and Kaspar1994; Lin, He and Chen, Reference Lin, He and Chen2016). However, the replacement of fallow with field pea reduced cone index to 1. 2 MPa, which is about half below the threshold level. Previous studies of intensified cropping systems (including cover crops) in the region showed variable effects on compaction parameters (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022), but our study suggests adding a short-rotation crop could be beneficial for reducing near-surface soil compaction. Replacing fallow with a short-season crop did not affect water infiltration in spite of improving other soil properties. Studies measuring water infiltration in semiarid intensified cropping systems are few. Blanco-Canqui, Stone and Stahlman (Reference Blanco-Canqui, Stone and Stahlman2010) found intensified cropping systems such as continuous winter wheat increased cumulative water infiltration relative to crop–fallow systems in the central US after 33 yr. We suggest that because water infiltration is slower to change than other soil properties, a longer (>5 yr) period of time after fallow replacement with a short-rotation crop is probably needed to observe changes in water infiltration. Our results suggest a short-rotation crop can have similar impacts on soil properties to cover crops. Cover crop studies of similar duration in the region where fallow was replaced also found significant changes in soil properties including soil organic C concentration, wet aggregate stability, bulk density, water infiltration, soil fertility, microbial biomass and community structure, and others (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Holman, Schlegel, Tatarko and Shaver2013; Ghimire et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The pictures or videos are then circulated by mobile phone or uploaded on the internet [11]. Grooming: Grooming is when someone builds an emotional connection with a child to gain their trust for the purposes of abuse and exploitation. It is conducted by strangers (or new “friends”) and may include:pressurising someone to do something they do not wish to do;making someone take their clothes off;pressurising someone to engage in sexual conversations;pressurising someone to take naked photographs of themselves;making someone engage in sexual activity via the internet [11]. Groomers may spend a long time establishing a “relationship” with the victim by using the following strategies:pretending to be someone they are not, for example, saying they are the same age online;offering advice or understanding;buying gifts;giving the child attention;using their professional position or reputation;giving compliments;taking them on trips, outings or holidays [11]. Inappropriate images: It is very easy to save any pictures of anyone on any site and upload them to the internet. Uploading pictures of someone to cause distress is a form of cyberbullying. This also includes digitally altering pictures to embarrass someone [11]. Bystander effect: Witnessing cyberbullying and doing nothing about it is not acceptable. Some people are worried about getting involved but victims of bullying need brave witnesses to make a stand. Perpetrators of bullying thrive when they have an audience. Making a stand against what they are doing is an important way to reduce their power. Most sites now operate a reporting facility so that online abuse can be reported and addressed. Bystanders are not innocent. They have a responsibility to report abuse that they witness [11]. Advertisement 9. following text is taken from our blog [12]. Research from of Technology has identified that half of young people aged 18–24 are less productive and more tired because of their mobile phones. Scientists have adopted the term “technoference” to describe the way that mobile phones intrude on and interrupt everyday conversations and the way they interrupt other aspects of people’s daily lives. It is worrying that family life is being interrupted by technology. While technology has significant benefits, continual use of technology can impact detrimentally on the quality of people’s interactions and conversations. We live in a society where people are constantly attached to their technology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The best results for complete production of NPKB biofertilizer was approximately 30 days of incubation when the earthworm compound was inoculated with the free living diazotrophic bacteria, and the production of the protector when C. elegans was added need more than 20 days to produce the highest yield of total N. There was a significant difference in the level of available P over the period of incubation. The highest available P was obtained with 30 days of incubation, resulting in an increase of up to 100% relative to the initial time. The increase in available K was also significant, and the highest values were obtained with 30 days of incubation in the NPKB biofertilizer. However, the increase in available K was only approximately 20% with NPKB with C. elegans compared to the NPKB biofertilizer. 3. 2. Nodules and shoot biomass The dry biomass of cowpea nodules and shoots grown in a and harvested 45 days after emergence are presented in Table 2. The effect of NPK fertilizers on cowpea nodulation and biomass yield was dependent on the fertilization treatments. The highest nodule biomass was obtained with chitosan from fungi (ChFu-2 mg mL-1) and the NPKB with C. elegans. Ali et al. (1997) and Costales e tal. (2005, 2007) described similar results in studies on the effects of applying chitin and chitosan to soil for soybean nodulation. Table 2. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on nodule biomass (NB) and shoot biomass (SB) of cowpea. Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. A detrimental effect of mineral fertilizer was observed on nodule biomass, confirming a report from Stamford et al. , (2008) in cowpea grown in a Brazilian Spodosol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: , Reference Ghimire, Ghimire, Mesbah, Sainju and Idowu2019; Thapa et al. , Reference Thapa, Ghimire, Acosta-Martinez, Marsalis and Schipanski2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The similarities in changes in soil properties between field pea and cover crops compared with fallow can be due to similar quantities of biomass produced by these crops in the fallow period in crop–fallow systems. Crop yields The reduction crop yield following field pea in two of three subsequent crops (Fig. 1) was probably due to lower rainfall amounts during the pea year. A previous study using field pea as a short-season crop to replace fallow reported that field pea can significantly reduce yields for the subsequent crop (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2017). The lack of field pea effects on the third subsequent crop in our study was probably due to the overall wetter fall and spring periods. Note that field pea and winter wheat yields were higher than some studies in the region (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2017; Liu et al. , Reference Liu, Bandara, Hamel, Knight and Gan2020). The overall higher crop yields in our study were likely due to the wetter climate than in previous studies. In addition, the annual precipitation across the 5-yr period was 12% higher than the long-term average which suggests replacing fallow with field pea may work the best in wetter years. However, the timeliness of rainfall coinciding with sowing time can be problematic is water-limited regions. Thus, there is risk of crop failure by adding a short-season crop if weather conditions are poor. Some have advocated the use of ‘flex-rotations’ where the crop to be planted changes depending on soil and predicted weather conditions (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Ruis, Proctor, Creech, Drewnoski and Redfearn2020). Our study suggests that flexibility in crop rotation may be warranted to take advantage of relatively wetter conditions in some years (i. e. , based on long-term forecasts). The flexibility in crop rotation could lead to increased income from the crop used during fallow without negative impacts to yield when planted for appropriate conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: People interact with technology on public transport, in meetings and during leisure time rather than engaging in productive, meaningful conversations. It seems that people would rather interact with a phone rather than having a conversation and while this is not necessarily a problem in some contexts, it can have a negative impact in other contexts. For example, young children require social interaction with adults. This allows them to develop secure attachments with significant others, it enables them to learn about the world and through conversation children are exposed to language. Exposure to language underpins reading and writing development. Children who have rich exposure to language become better readers, better writers and understand far better what they are reading. Lack of exposure to language can impact detrimentally on the structure of the brain. This can create reading difficulties and even lead to difficulties which are consistent with dyslexia, even though the difficulties may not have a genetic origin. The brain is malleable. It is responsive to environmental influences and lack of exposure to language can impact on phonological and phonemic awareness. Both of these skills play a critical role in reading development. Interacting with technology can restrict opportunities for communication between babies, children and their parents and can interrupt the flow of normal conversation. It would appear that adolescents seem to be attached to their phones during the night. They are desperate to network and keep up-to-date with their online peers. This results in broken sleep and tiredness during the school day. Adolescents need approximately 8–10 hours sleep but our research demonstrates that some get as little as 2 hours sleep. These students attend school in a state of exhaustion. They are too tired to concentrate and it affects their learning and their behaviour. Disengagement in lessons results in them falling behind in their schoolwork and they then develop other problems such as low confidence and low self-worth. Real-time social connections are vital for positive wellbeing. Schools play a key role in teaching young people about how to stay healthy and in particular, the need for sleep. However, parents also play a critical role in supporting young people to develop positive habits through setting boundaries. Examples of boundaries might include restricting access to technology in bedrooms and at mealtimes. Also, parents need to be good role models by ensuring that they do not allow technology to interrupt conversations and other daily experiences. Advertisement 10. demonstrate the risks of internet use on young people’s lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: They reported that high levels of mineral nitrogen promoted total plant reduction and no nodules formation, but in this case, nodule production was not totally damaged but also the dry nodule biomass was reduced by more than 90%. It is interesting to observe that when organic matter was applied at the same rate as nitrogen, the cowpea biomass yield increased by more than 250% compared with the control treatment lacking N application. The fertilization treatments significantly increased the cowpea shoot biomass compared with the control treatment, resulting in a 2. 5 fold increase in nodule biomass production. No significant difference was observed between the fertilizer treatments; however, the best dry shoot yield was obtained using biofertilizer (NPKB) and crustaceous chitosan applied at the highest rate (ChCru 6 mg mL-1), followed by the chitosan from fungi (ChFu-2 mg mL-1) and NPKB with C. elegans and NPKB without chitosan. The control treatment showed the lowest value of shoot biomass. Maia et al. (2009) and Mazaro (2008) also observed that the application of chitosan by foliar pulverization in the shoots at different rates showed no significant effects on the shoots, roots or fruit yield of grapes. The authors agree that chitosan do not positive effect plant yield because the induction of resistance may promotenterference and deviation of the metabolic routes and the syntheses of defensive components. Negative effects were observed in cowpea, and Kuhn (2007) described that the metabolic energetic cost promotes the redirection of photo assimilates that are used for plant defense against diseases, which reduce plant yield. The large amount of N in chitosan (6. 9 to 8. 7%) may increase vegetative and reproductive plant growth, consistent with reports by Otha et al. (2004) and Rabea et al. (2003). They observed that when chitosan was applied to soil as a mixed fertilizer, the resulting high rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increase plant growth compared to control treatments. Results described by Otha et al. (2004) in ornamental plants differed from those observed in the present study, which compared the effect of chitosan application to soil with mineral fertilizers using the same rate of nitrogen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: 5-yr study conducted in a water-limited environment in the west-central US indicates that replacing fallow in crop–fallow systems with a short-season spring crop such as field pea can have positive effects on some soil properties. The intensification of the crop–fallow system can increase soil biological activity with accompanying reduction in compaction and increase in plant available water. However, the positive changes in soil properties were detectable only near the soil surface (0–5 cm depth). Results also indicate the addition of a short-season spring crop can reduce subsequent crop yields in some years, which is similar to the impacts of cover crops on subsequent crops in water-limited regions. Nevertheless, the economic analysis indicates replacing fallow with a short-season spring crop improves income during the fallow phase although negative impacts on cumulative net income do occur. Intensifying crop–fallow systems with a short-season crop appears to have an edge over the use of cover crops in terms of economics if they are not used for alternative uses (i. e. , harvesting or grazing), but may have similar impacts on soil properties. Additional long-term data from multiple locations are needed to further corroborate the findings of this study. Overall, replacing fallow in winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop offers promise to improve near-surface soil properties while increasing fallow economic return under the conditions of this study. 385. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the US Department of Agriculture. Competing interests None. 203. CrossRef73. CrossRef11. CrossRef34. CrossRef400. CrossRef18. CrossRef17. CrossRef12. 1–. 6. 6625. CrossRef6. 1–. 9. 5. 1–. 4. 15. CrossRef4. . 5. Madison, WI: SSSA, 25. 16. CrossRef44. CrossRef7358. CrossRef80. CrossRef2015. EC872. 872. 872. 872. 872. 4. . 5. Madison, WI: SSSA, 62. 20. CrossRef7657. CrossRef88. 46. CrossRef96. CrossRef19. CrossRef50. CrossRef62. CrossRef3. . 5.

Output: corroborate