Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Yet the UN Secretary-General welcomed the agenda by saying it ‘encompasses a universal, transformative and integrated agenda that heralds an historic turning point for our world’ (Fukuda-Parr 2015; Langford 2016). Unlike the MDGs, many targets apply to the North as well as to the South. The agenda is also ambitious: for example, one goal is to abolish poverty by 2030, not to reduce it. The agreement of 193 countries may perhaps signal the emergence of a broader normative consensus. Above all, the SDGs begin to take the social conditions of future generations seriously. Global warming brings intergenerational welfare, equity and justice centre-stage. Failure to counteract it will threaten the wellbeing of future generations, albeit in varied and unequal ways. The 2015 SDG agenda concurs with the 2014 IPCC Report in recognising that some mitigation efforts can and do undermine actions to pursue equity or eradicate poverty: a comprehensive assessment of climate policies means evaluating the sustainability and equity of development pathways more generally (IPCC 2014c: 5). As the (WCED 1987) definition makes clear, it is not acceptable to provide for current welfare at the expense of future welfare. But nor is it acceptable to provide for future welfare at the expense of the current welfare of the poor of the world. The SDG agenda arguably begins the process of relating – if not reconciling – environmental sustainability with social justice. In late 2015 the Paris climate conference (COP) achieved a treaty agreement on several key issues, of which two are worth noting here. First, all states have clearly accepted the ultimate goal of net zero emissions, to be achieved ‘in the second half of this century’. Second, every five years a stocktake will take place showing how far current emissions projections diverge from a 2 °C – and a 1. 5 °C – pathway. Two years after each stocktake, all countries will have to produce, for the subsequent 10- or 15-year period, new targets and plans that are ‘more ambitious’ than the last. Countries’ commitments are not legally binding, but the requirement to improve national plans every five years is legally binding. This architecture is designed to send clear signals to business, investors and governments that the future direction of the global economy is low carbon. The agreement was ratified in November 2016, by which time 55 nations accounting for at least 55 per cent of total global GHGs deposited their 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Glob. Planet. Change, 149: 91–104. 33. Kowalski R. 2017. Miocene carpological floras of the Konin region (Central Poland). Acta Palaeobot. , 57: 39–100. 34. Kowalski R. & Fagúndez J. 2017. Maiella miocaenica gen. et sp. nov. , a Genus (Ericeae, Ericaceae) from the Miocene. Int. J. Plant Sci. , 178: 411–420. 35. Krüger P. , Paudayal K. , Wuttke M. & Uhl D. 2017. zur oberoligozänen Makroflora von Norken (Westerwald, Rheinland-Pfalz, W-Deutschland). Mainzer Naturw. Archiv, 54: 65–81. 36. Larson P. R. 1994. The vascular cambium: development and structure. Springer-Verlag, New York. 37. Li S. , Hughes A. C. , Su T. , Anberée J. L. , Oskolski A. A. , Sun M. , Ferguson D. K. & Zhou Z. 2017. Fire dynamics under monsoonal climate in Yunnan, SW China: past, present and future. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 465: 168–176. 38. Mai D. H. 1989. von Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach (Fagaceae) und ihre Bedeutung für die europäischen Lorbeerwalder. Flora, 182: 269–286. 39. Martin H. A. 1996. Wildfires in past ages. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. , 116: 3–18. 40. Masselter T. & Hofmann C. -C. 2005. Palynology and palynofacies of Miocene coal-bearing (clastic) sediments of the Hausruck area (Austria). Geobios, 38: 127–138. 41. Menzel P. 1920. Über hessische fossile Pflanzenreste. Jahrb. Preuss.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: To this end, instead of performing a conventional sequence analysis (top-down approach), we followed a very precise quantitative framework, based on biochemistry, to study the goodness of having a second gene copy for the cell without functional divergence (bottom-up approach). Using a gene of Escherichia coli (lacZ) as a model system from which to apply our theory, we showed, without loss of generality, that the sum of two different, partially correlated responses allows reducing gene expression inaccuracies (Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016); inaccuracies that are a consequence of the inherently stochastic nature of all molecular reactions underlying gene expression (Raser et al. , 2004; Carey et al. , 2013) and suboptimal gene regulation (Dekel and Alon, 2005; Price et al. , 2013). Here, we considered intrinsic and extrinsic noise sources (Elowitz et al. , 2002), that is, stochastic fluctuations that are specific of a gene and fluctuations that are unspecific, so gene duplication is expected to only buffer intrinsic fluctuations. In turn, cell fitness can weakly increase on average, if such errors in gene expression are costly (Wang and Zhang, 2011); that is, a stochastic fluctuation may take the system far from the optimal operation point if the system is deterministically centered in this point), and then genotypes with duplication can be fixed in the population. We further studied the genetic and environmental conditions that are more favorable for the selection of gene duplication. biochemical view of a fitness trade-off In cellular systems, fitness trade-offs arise because beneficial actions involve costs. Fitness is a complex figure integrating multiple components, so the enhancement of one component (vital attribute) usually comports the reduction of another component (e. g. stress resistance vs. reproductive success; Casanueva et al. , 2012). This is critically revealed when the environment changes, as the relevance of each component mostly depends on the external conditions. Such components can be described in different ways according to the problem. A paradigmatic and simple fitness trade-off emerges when a given enzyme needs to be expressed to metabolize a given nutrient present in the environment (Figure 1a,b,c). On the one hand, the cell growth rate (here taken as a metric of fitness; Elena and Lenski, 2003) increases as long as the enzyme metabolizes the nutrient.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: 5 degrees Celsius … and that is way, way too much … The irony is, an agreement like this adopted at the first climate conference in 1995 might have worked. (McKibben 2015)Critical environmentalist (2016) is uncompromising: ‘agreement changes nothing … it treats worst case scenarios as an acceptable 50:50 chance … the targets and promises of the bear no relationship to biophysical or social and economic reality. ’Perhaps the environmental journalist (2015) sums this up best: ‘By comparison to what it could have been, it’s a miracle. By comparison to what it should have been, it’s a disaster. ’change cannot be the basic cause of poverty, ill-health, unmet basic needs and fragile livelihoods; these have existed throughout human history. But the hazards of uncontrolled climate change constitute an epochal ‘threat multiplier’. It will make the pursuit of economic and social needs and rights more difficult and, if global warming exceeds a threshold around 2 °C, then it will overwhelm all attempts to eradicate poverty, let alone provide all peoples with an acceptable level of security and a flourishing life. The goal must be to respect biophysical boundaries while at the same time pursuing sustainable wellbeing: that is, wellbeing for all current peoples and for future generations. An acceptable and sufficient level of human wellbeing also means paying attention to its distribution between peoples. Issues of equity and social justice are central. The social dimension of climate change thus refers to both the average level of human wellbeing in any specific dimension and its just distribution. Both, together with respecting biophysical boundaries, are necessary for ‘sustainable wellbeing’. In summary, the pursuit of wellbeing and social justice is inadequate if it is at the expense of the biosphere and future generations. At the same time, the pursuit of human wellbeing for some while also respecting planetary limits is unacceptable if it is at the expense of global justice and the poor of the world. Similarly, the pursuit of social justice within planetary limits is inadequate if justice is understood solely in procedural terms, such as greater civic rights and Western democracy, while ignoring more material aspects of wellbeing. This book focuses on the interrelation between three goals: wellbeing and social justice within planetary boundaries. It considers what might be done to advance all three together.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Geol. Landesanst. , 41: 340–391. 42. Mildenhall D. C. 1989. Summary of the age and paleoecology of the. J. R. Soc. New Zeal. , 19: 19–29. 43. Mildenhall D. C. , Kennedy E. M. , Lee D. E. , Kaulfuss U. , Bannister J. M. , Fox B. & Conran J. G. 2014. Palynology of the early : Diversity following destruction. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 204: 27–42. 44. Osterkamp I. C. , de Lara D. M. , Gonçalves T. A. P. , Kauffmann M. , Périco E. , Stülp S. , Uhl D. & Jasper A. 2018. Changes of wood anatomical characters of selected species of Araucaria during artificial charring – implications for palaeontology. Acta Bot. Bras. , 32: 198–211. 45. Peñalver E. & Gaudant J. 2010. Limnic food web and salinity of the Bicorb palaeolake (eastern Spain). Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 297: 683–696. 46. Phillips E. W. J. 1948. Identification of softwoods by their microscopic structure. Forest Prod. Res. Bull. , 22: 1–56. 47. Pole M. 2003. climate in the Neogene and implications for global atmospheric circulation. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 193: 269–284. 48. Potonié R. 1929. Spuren von Wald- und Moorbränden in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Jahrb. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. , 49: 1184–1203. 49. Retallack G. J. 2004. climate and life on land in Oregon within a context of Neogene global change. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 214: 97–123. 50. Ritzkowski S. , Grimm M. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the enzyme expression produces a cost to the cell (i. e. reduces its growth rate). Therefore, the enzyme expression needs to be very precise to warrant an optimal or near-optimal behavior (cost-benefit analysis). To solve this issue, regulations (mainly transcriptional) evolved to link enzyme expression inside the cell with nutrient amount available in the environment. An example of this paradigmatic system is the well-known lactose utilization network of E. coli (Jacob and Monod, 1961), where lactose (nutrient, environmental molecule) activates, through inhibition of LacI (transcription factor), the production of LacZ (enzyme). We used this model system to apply a theoretical framework (see Materials and methods) in order to reveal the intrinsic adaptive value of gene duplication under a fitness trade-off, as this system has been quantitatively characterized (Dekel and Alon, 2005; Kuhlman et al. , 2007; Eames and Kortemme, 2012). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Fitness trade-off related to metabolic benefit and expression cost. (a) Scheme of a paradigmatic genetic system, coupling regulation and metabolism, where a given environmental signal determines the physiology of the cell. The environmental molecule can be metabolized by the cell, and it can also activate transcriptionally the expression of enzymes. A particular case is the lactose utilization system of E. coli. (b) Scheme of the same system with gene duplication. (c) Illustrative chart of the fitness trade-off showing four different cellular regimes. When the signal molecule (lactose) is not present in the medium, the expression of the enzyme (LacZ) is not required. However, when the signal molecule is present, the enzyme is required for its metabolic processing. (d) Fitness (W) landscape as a function of lactose (contributing to the benefit, x denotes its concentration) and LacZ (contributing to both the benefit and the cost, y denotes its concentration). This was experimentally determined. x0 denotes the lactose EC50 on LacZ expression, so x/x0 is a normalized lactose concentration. (e) Dose-response curve between lactose and LacZ. The solid line corresponds to the actual regulation (experimentally determined), whilst the dashed line corresponds to a hypothetical optimal regulation (obtained by imposing dW/dy = 0).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI algorithms can restore ecosystems without any external human support or funding. [SEP] Text: But in the practical implementation of a use case, accuracy or business acceptability of a model is defined in many other ways. For example, in credit risk data, a bank would like to optimize and maximize its true positive rates and lower its false positive rates, thus producing huge cost/loss savings that may occur due to false positives. In another scenario, a pharmaceutical company would like to increase its true positive rate and reduce its false negative rate to ensure maximum coverage of its treatment. For the uninitiated, a true positive is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as positive when its actual value in data was true; a false positive is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as positive when its actual value in data was false; and false negative is a situation when a model predicts an outcome as negative when its actual value in data was true. Figure 2: The practical implementation of a use case, accuracy or business acceptability of a model is defined in many ways. In order to define fairness metrics [10], it’s important to understand what is the business asking for. In many cases (given the business objective and modeling approach), it makes sense to choose fairness metrics that put a lot of stress on true positive and false positive only. For instance, in the example we are discussing, it would make sense to optimize “average odds ratio” defined as an average of the difference in false positive rate (FPR) and true positive rate (TPR) for unprivileged and privileged groups and may also look at predictive equality (for FPR where both protected and unprotected groups have equal FPR) (Figure 3). In a few other cases, a secondary metric(s) like “equal opportunity” or “equalized odds” or “predictive parity” can be added to the list in case the primary fairness metrics fail to paint the complete picture. The choice of fairness metrics needs to be defined when the model performance (accuracy) metrics are being defined. Figure 3: Absolute difference in various metrics (and total cost) before and after reweighting for “married. ” As noted, bias detection is a half-baked solution without a remedy. Once you’ve detected bias in any and all stages of the data science lifecycle, it’s worth looking at how to change your approach to algorithms to help ensure fairness in your overall modeling approach.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: & Hottenrott M. 2011. Niederhessische Tertiärsenke. In: Kommission (Eds), Stratigraphie von Deutschland IX. Tertiär, Teil 1. – Schriftenr. Deut. Ges. Geowiss. , 75: 303–343. 51. Roberts D. L. , Scisio L. , Herries A. I. R. , Scott L. , Bamford M. K. , Musekiwa C. & Tsikos H. 2013. Miocenefluvial systems and palynofloras at the southwestern tip of Africa: Implications for regional and globalfluctuations in climate and ecosystems. Earth Sci. Rev. , 124: 184–201. 52. Robson B. , Collinson M. , Riegel W. , Wilde V. , Scott A. & Pancost R. 2015. wildfires in peat-forming environments at Schöningen, Germany. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 437: 53–62. 53. Schindler E. , Uhl D. & Amler M. R. W. 2014. Geomoved to Institute and Museum Frankfurt. Boll. Soc. Paleont. Ital. , 53: 135–136. 54. Schöning M. & Bandel K. 2004. A diverse assemblage of fossil hardwood from the (Miocene? ) of the Arauco Peninsula, Chile. J. South Am. Earth Sci. , 17: 59–71. 55. Schuckmann W. 1925. fossiler Holzkohle. Senckenbergiana, 7: 195–196. 56. Sciscio L. , Tsikos H. , Roberts D. L. , Scott L. , van breugel Y. , J. S. , Schouten S. & Grocke D. R. 2016. Miocene climate and vegetation changes in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: Evidence from biogeochemistry and palynology. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 445: 124–137. 57. Scott A. C. 2000. The pre-Quaternary history of fire.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (f) Sensitivity to changes in lactose dose, either in fitness (dW/dx, solid line) or in LacZ (dy/dx, dashed line), characterizing the nonlinear phenotypic plasticity of the cell. Each curve is normalized by its maximum. This also measures sensitivity to molecular noise. The region where information transfer is high is shaded. Cell fitness increases monotonically with lactose dose (following a Michaelis-Menten kinetics), but presents an optimum with LacZ expression (Figure 1d). This is because lactose does not introduce a cost into the system, but LacZ does. Here, we simply considered a cost function based on LacZ expression (i. e. more expression, more cost), with a marginal cost of 0. 036 in the units of the model (Dekel and Alon, 2005). However, it would be more precise to have a cost function based on lactose permease (LacY) activity (Eames and Kortemme, 2012), another gene in the lac operon in charge of the uptake, rather than on LacZ expression. The regulation of the system appears to be quite accurate, as the actual and optimal dose-response curves roughly match (Figure 1e). By generating different dose-response curves with values of x0 (lactose EC50 on LacZ) between 0. 01 and 1 mM, we found that most of them deviate from the optimal one (p = 0. 02; Euclidean distance as a metric). This entails great phenotypic plasticity of the cell to cope with lactose variations. However, plasticity is not equal for all environmental changes. Whilst the system (in terms of LacZ expression or cell fitness) reaches optimal sensitivity at intermediate doses, it is quite insensitive at very low or very high doses, where lactose-LacZ information transfer falls down (Figure 1f). Gene duplication helps to better resolve the fitness trade-off The LacZ expression in E. coli involves a variety of noisy actions, such as the LacI expression, the LacI-DNA binding, the RNA polymerase-DNA binding, and the transcriptional elongation process (Elowitz et al. , 2002; Raser et al. , 2004; Carey et al. , 2013). The resulting stochastic fluctuations in expression can have an impact on fitness (Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 164: 297–345. 58. Scott A. C. 2010. Charcoal recognition, taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 291: 11–39. 59. Scott A. C. , Bowman D. M. J. S. , Bond W. J. , Pyne S. J. & Alexander M. E. 2014. Fire on Earth: and introduction. Wiley Blackwell, 413 pp. 60. Sluiter I. R. K. , Blackburn D. T. & Holdgate G. R. 2016. Fire and to Mid-Miocene peat mega-swamps of south-eastern Australia: a floristic and palaeoclimatic interpretation. Austr. J. Bot. , 64: 609–625. 61. Smyth H. R. , Crowley Q. G. , Hall R. , Kinny P. D. , Hamilton P. J. & Schmidt D. N. 2011. A Toba-scale eruption in the Early Miocene: eruption, East Java, Indonesia. Lithos, 126: 198–211. 62. Sohn Y. K. , Ki J. S. , Jung S. , Kim M. -C. , Cho H. & Son M. 2013. Synvolcanic and syntectonic sedimentation of the mixed volcaniclastic–epiclastic succession in the. Sed. Geol. , 288: 40–59. 63. Steckhan W. 1952. in Nordhessen. Hess. Lagerstättenarchiv, 1: 212 pp. Hess. Landesanstalt für Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. 64. Uhl D. , Dolezych M. & Böhme M. 2014. Taxodioxylon-like charcoal from the of Western Bulgaria. Acta Palaeobot. , 54: 101–111. 65. Uhl D. , Schindler T. & Wuttke M. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Using a simple mathematical model, we simulated the stochastic LacZ expression of the wild-type system for a varying lactose dose (Figure 3a,b). The magnitudes of the stochastic fluctuations were chosen as to end in typical variations of lactose EC50 of 10–100%, up or down, resulting in values of gene expression noise, around 0. 5, compatible with experimental results (Elowitz et al. , 2002). At a given dose, these simulations would correspond to different single-cell responses. We also considered a system with two copies of the lacZ gene, with total expression equal to the previous one-copy system, and simulated its stochastic response (Figure 3c). For the moment, we ensured gene dosage sharing to evaluate in a quantitative way the goodness of having a second gene copy for the cell without invoking the need for more expression. We observed that the system with gene duplication produces a more accurate response (i. e. a response closer to the deterministic one), highlighting the role of gene copy number in noise buffering (Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Schematics of cell fitness as a function of gene expression. Fitness function can (a) present a maximum, (b) be flat, or (c) present a minimum. Depending on the local shape, stochastic fluctuations in expression can be costly, beneficial, or neutral. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Selective advantage of gene duplication. (a) Block diagram of the system. Gene expression is calculated by means of a stochastic function, whilst fitness by means of a deterministic one. (b, c) Single-cell responses at different lactose doses (stochastic simulations, noise amplitudes of ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0). Lactose and LacZ concentrations are denoted by x and y, respectively. The solid white line corresponds to the deterministic simulation. In b) the genotype contains a single copy of lacZ gene, whilst in c) it contains two copies. The value of mutual information (I) is shown in both cases: 1. 29 bits of information in case of a singleton and 1. 58 bits in case of a duplicate (about 25% increase in fidelity, significance assessed by a z-test, p ≈ 0 with 104 points).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Paläoökologische Untersuchungen im Oberoligozän von Norken (Westerwald, Rheinland-Pfalz, W-Deutschland) – Erste Ergebnisse. Mainzer naturwiss. Archiv, 48: 115–127. 66. Van der Burgh J. 1973. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. 2. Hölzer der Braunkohlengruben „Maria Theresia“ zu Herzogenrath, „Zukunft West“ zu Eschweiler und „Victor“ (Zülpich Mitte) zu Zülpich. Nebst einer systematisch-anatomischen Bearbeitung der L. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 15: 73–275. 67. Visscher G. E. & Jagels R. 2003. Separation of Metasequoia and Glyptostrobus (Cupressaceae) based on wood anatomy. IAWA J. , 24: 439–450. 68. Wedmann S. , Uhl D. , Lehmann T. , Garrouste R. , Nel A. , Gomez B. , Smith K. T. K. & Schaal S. F. K. 2018. The Konservat-Lagerstätte Menat (Paleocene; France) – an overview and new insights. Geol. Acta, 16: 189–213. 69. Williams C. J. , Mendell E. K. , Murphy J. , Court W. M. , Johnson A. H. & Richter S. L. 2008. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a forest from the western Canadian Arctic. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 261: 160–176. 70. Winkelmolen A. M. 1972. Shape sorting in Lower Oligocene, Northern Belgium, Sed. Geol. , 7: 183–227. 1. Evidence for the repeated occurrence of wildfires in an upper Pliocene lignite deposit from üttmann, Yuzhuang Sun, André Jasper, of CrossRef 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (d) Selection coefficient (S) of a genotype with two copies of lacZ gene over another with just one copy. The mean selection coefficient is shown (dashed line). Skewness coefficient of 2. 63. W values calculated from x, y values shown in b, c). (e) Fitness (W) as a function of LacZ (constant x = 0. 2 mM), showing the distributions of expression (boxplots) in case of one or two gene copies. The actual LacZ expression is shown (dashed line). (f) Dose-response curve between lactose concentration and the median LacZ expression (⟨y⟩). The solid lines correspond to the actual responses in case of one (black) or two (gray) gene copies (ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0), whilst the dashed line corresponds to the optimal response. (g) Mean selection coefficient (⟨S⟩) landscape of gene duplication as a function of the median lactose dose (⟨x⟩, fluctuating dose) and the amplitude of intrinsic noise (ηin, with fixed ηex = 0. 3). In all these plots, the expression levels of the duplicates with respect to the singletons are equal (ymax,1 = ymax,2 = 0. 5). In addition, we calculated the proposed fitness function for each single-cell response. Small gene expression inaccuracies (e. g. an excess of enzyme for the available substrate) can be perceived as a consequence of a hill-like fitness landscape in terms of the genotype-environment interaction (Figure 1d). To properly compare how each system of study resolves the fitness trade-off, we then calculated the selection coefficient for each response. We found a skewed distribution, peaked at 0 and with a positive mean of 0. 08% (Figure 3d). This entails that phenotypic responses generated by duplicated genes give, on average, higher fitness values than responses generated by singleton genes. To better illustrate this fact, we represented cell fitness as a function of LacZ expression (Figure 3e), uncovering two reasons by which gene duplication is adaptive. In first place, the variance of the stochastic fluctuations (noise) in gene expression is reduced by 50% upon duplication (Wang and Zhang, 2011); when only intrinsic fluctuations are considered).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-nptnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-04T23:55:08. 394Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Journals >of Nutrition > >P0. 3 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] oils and fats contain different fatty acid compositions that are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. Despite their influence on disease outcomes, the types of dietary oils and fats predominately used in Australian households remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation in Australia. Adults living in Australia completed a cross-sectional online survey outlining their current household oil and fat use from July to December 2021. The survey was disseminated via social media platforms and included questions about the types of dietary oils and fats used for different cooking methods and the perceived motivators for choosing the main household oil. A total of 1248 participants responded to the survey. Participants were mostly female (91·6 %) aged between 25 and 44 years (56·7 %). The majority of participants (84·5 %) reported using some form of olive oil as their main source of oil for cooking and food preparation. Almost two-thirds of the sample (65·4 %) reported using extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), mainly in raw food preparation (71·5 %) or savoury baking and roasting (58 %). Fewer households reported using rice bran oil (4·6 %), canola oil (4·3 %) and vegetable oil (1·8 %). Almost half of all participants (49·6 %) identified perceived health benefits as the primary motivating factor for their main choice of oil, followed by sensory preference (46·7 %), versatility (10·2 %) and convenience (8·8 %). Australian adults frequently use olive oil, specifically EVOO, as the main oil for cooking and food preparation in the household. oilsOlive oilCookingFood preparationResearch 10. 1017/S0007114522003798 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2022.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: However, when both intrinsic and extrinsic fluctuations are considered, the variance is reduced by 15–25%. In any case, this increases fitness on average, because the system displays a near-optimal behavior in the deterministic regime, thus fluctuations are costly. In second place, the population response upon duplication is slightly closer to the optimal operation point (Figure 3e,f). The model-based median dose-response curve (corresponding to the experimental response at the population level) is sigmoidal and has a Hill coefficient of 4 (Dekel and Alon, 2005). This results in a slope (LacZ vs. normalized lactose) of 1, calculated as n/4 at x0 (n is the Hill coefficient). This slope is higher than the slope coming from the optimal dose-response curve, which is 0. 47 at x0. However, when duplication is considered (maintaining the same expression levels), the median dose-response curve shows a slope of 0. 75 (corresponding to an effective Hill coefficient of 3) also at x0 (Figure 3f). This is because, in this case, the actual dose-response curve is more nonlinear than the optimal one, a feature that can indeed be amended by genetic redundancy (Gammaitoni, 1995; Rodrigo and Poyatos, 2016). Finally, we calculated how much selection exists, on average, as a two-dimensional function of the magnitude of intrinsic noise and the concentration of lactose in the medium (Figure 3g). This highlights the fundamental link between noise reduction in gene expression and selective advantage (cell fitness). More in detail, we found that the higher the intrinsic noise, the higher the adaptive value of gene duplication. This is because intrinsic noise generates the required heterogeneity between the responses of the two gene copies to limit large stochastic fluctuations in the total gene expression. We also found that there is a maximal adaptive value of gene duplication at intermediate lactose doses, where the sensitivity of the system is the highest (Figure 1f). Out of this regime, the stochastic fluctuations, according to our simple mathematical model, have less impact on the phenotype (Blake et al. , 2006). Gene duplication can be positively selected in a population thanks to more accurate responses If gene duplication enhances cell fitness on average, viz.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: (2020) CO2 and Emissions. [18] NOAA (2021) Trends in Dioxide. [19] BP Data (2022) BP of June 2022. [20] NOAA (2023) Trends in Dioxide. . [21] (2023) Earthquake in 2008. Baidu Baike. (2023) April 20th Ya’an Earthquake. [23] Li, J. (2014) Research on the Influence of the Dam on Seismicity in Western Sichuan. School of Automation Engineering, University of and Technology of China, Chengdu. [25] BP Data (2020) BP of June 2020. [26] BP Data (2021) BP of July 2021. [27] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2021) Consumption from Fossil Fuels, Nuclear and Renewables World. [28] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2021) Renewable Energy, in Data. [29] in Data (2021) Share of from Renewable Sources. [30]. , Entekhabi, D. , Kolassa, J. , Lee, J. -E. and Gentine, P. (2017) Feedbacks between the Atmosphere and Terrestrial Biosphere. Nature Geoscience, 10, 410-414. [31] Roser, M. , Ritchie, H. and Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019) Growth. [32] Macrotrends (2021) 1950-2021. [33] FAO and UNEP (2020) of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, Biodiversity and People. Rome. [34] IUCN (2021) of Threatened Species. [35] NCSL (2021) and Goals. [36] Palmer, K. and Burtraw, D. (2005) Impacts of Electricity Restructuring. Discussion Paper: 2005 Resources for the Future. JEL Classification, Numbers: L51, L94, L98. [37] Di Maria, C. and Werf, E. (2008) Revisited: Policy with Change. Environmental and Resource Economics, 39, 55-74. [38] Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2022) Deforestation and Forest Loss.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Published by Press on behalf of fats have long been investigated in relation to various health and disease outcomes, in particular CVD. Epidemiological evidence from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggests that excessive intakes of saturated and trans-fats are associated with higher all-cause mortality and CVD risk(Reference Kim, Je and Giovannucci1,Reference Hooper, Martin and Jimoh2). Much of this early evidence and knowledge on the effects of dietary lipids on outcomes related to CVD risk was derived from the Study(Reference Keys3) which showed that per capita intake of saturated fat, but not total fat, was strongly associated with incidence of CVD and CVD-related mortality. Despite decades of ongoing research and inconsistent findings between saturated fat intake and coronary outcomes(Reference de Souza, Mente and Maroleanu4–Reference Siri-Tarino, Sun and Hu6), limiting saturated fat intake remains almost universally agreed upon across most global food-based dietary guidelines and recommendations for CVD risk reduction(Reference Herforth, Arimond and Álvarez-Sánchez7,Reference Bowen, Sullivan and Kris-Etherton8). In contrast, reductions in cardiovascular events have been strongly observed in studies where saturated fats are replaced with unsaturated fatty acids, which has been demonstrated in several systematic reviews that have included evidence from both observational studies and randomised controlled trials(Reference Hunter, Zhang and Kris-Etherton9–and Keogh12). Given that certain cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by improving diet quality, the use of dietary oils and fats is of clinical and public health importance. Since dietary oils and fats possess different fatty acid profiles, there is renewed interest in their cardiometabolic health effects. For example, in persons at high CVD risk, investigators from the (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study(Reference Estruch, Ros and Salas-Salvadó13) reported a 30 % reduction in the risk of a primary cardiovascular event in participants randomised to receive either a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) or nuts over a 5-year period compared to those assigned to a control (low-fat) diet.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: , by reducing gene expression inaccuracies, it would be expected a positive selection of this trait in a population (Kimura, 1983). To verify this assumption, we performed experiments of in silico evolution (see Materials and methods), where a mixed population of cells carrying singletons and duplicates was monitored, considering equal LacZ expression in both types of cells (Figure 4a). The population was left to evolve without introducing any bias, with time-dependent stochastic fluctuations in gene expression uncorrelated from cell to cell. For simplicity, we simulated a scenario of experimental evolution (Elena and Lenski, 2003; Dekel and Alon, 2005), although the dynamics in nature might be more complex. We found that the frequency of cells carrying duplicates in the population increases with time, and that such an increase is well predicted by population genetic dynamics with the mean selection coefficient (Figure 4b). Notably, this points out that this parameter, which can be mathematically calculated a priori, is sufficient to capture all the complexity underlying the stochastic evolutionary dynamics of the system (Hegreness et al. , 2006). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset In silico evolution experiments. (a) Scheme of an evolutionary procedure, where serial dilution passages are applied, to assess the performance in a cell population of a genotype with two copies of lacZ gene over another with just one copy. (b) Time-dependent frequency of cells with gene duplication (f). Open circles and error bars correspond to experiments of in silico evolution (mean and standard deviation of three replicates) with an initial frequency of f0 = 0. 5, fluctuating lactose dose, and noise levels of ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. The solid line corresponds to the theoretical prediction. (c) f at 1000 generations (f1000) as a function of the amplitude of intrinsic noise (ηin). Experiments and prediction with f0 = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. The dashed line corresponds to the theoretical prediction with ηex = 1. (d) f1000 as a function of the median lactose dose (⟨x⟩). Experiments and prediction with f0 = 0. 5, ηin = 0. 5 and ηex = 0. 5. (e) f1000 as a function of the lactose fluctuation amplitude (Δx).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-driven renewable energy systems can replace fossil fuels in every country by 2030. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: There is also great interest and controversy in the consumption of dairy fats (a source of saturated fat) and CVD risk(Reference Bhupathi, Mazariegos and Cruz Rodriguez14–Reference Astrup, Geiker and Magkos17). An important aspect of such controversies is that individual variations in fatty acids may have different metabolic pathways and cardiometabolic health outcomes. For example, compared with a variety of plant-based oils, there is meta-analytic evidence to support that olive oil modulates blood lipid profiles, in particular, by decreasing total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing HDL-cholesterol(Reference Ghobadi, Hassanzadeh-Rostami and Mohammadian18). In other meta-analyses, olive oil consumption has been inversely associated with diabetes risk, improvements in endothelial function and attenuation of inflammatory biomarkers(Reference Schwingshackl, Christoph and Hoffmann19,Reference Schwingshackl, Lampousi and Portillo20). As such, the potential cardiometabolic benefits of olive oil may in part be due to its predominant fatty acid composition of oleic acid and extends beyond the modulation of plasma lipids and lipoproteins alone(Reference Kris-Etherton21). Furthermore, the plant-based omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid, a precursor for the long-chain n-3 PUFA, has also been associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes in both observational studies and randomised controlled trials(Reference Bork, Lundbye-Christensen and Venø22–Reference Tindall, Petersen and Skulas-Ray26) as well as the attenuation of inflammatory mediators(Reference Caughey, Mantzioris and Gibson27). In a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Amiri et al. (Reference Amiri, Raeisi-Dehkordi and Sarrafzadegan28) showed that compared with other edible plant-based oils, canola oil (characterised by its high MUFA and α-linolenic acid composition) significantly improved cardiometabolic risk markers including TC, LDL-cholesterol, TC//HDL and apolipoprotein B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: In the particular case of the lacZ gene, we have a formation rate of 3·10−4 dup. /gene/gen. and a deletion rate of 4. 4·10−2 -/gene/gen. (in a single bacterial cell; data for Salmonella enterica). Therefore, gene duplication can be understood as a recurrent process that reaches an equilibrium point given by the ratio between the formation and deletion rates (Figure 5a), neglecting fitness effects. This equilibrium point would be lower if fitness effects (mostly detrimental) were considered. This entails about 2·105 cells carrying lacZ duplicates in a typical E. coli population of 2·108 cells in nature (Lynch et al. , 2016; that is, frequency of about 0. 1%). This surprising scenario has an immediate consequence, viz. , duplicated genes cannot be fixed in the population by drift under neutral selective conditions (Figure 5b); a result already anticipated (Clark, 1994) in clear discrepancy with the conventional wisdom (Lynch, 2007). Indeed, the formation-deletion balance would always take the system to the same equilibrium point. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Gene duplication leading to double expression. (a) Scheme of the formation-deletion balance in gene duplication. (b) Time-dependent frequency of cells with gene duplication (f) when the formation and deletion rates of a second lacZ copy are considered. Sequence remodeling was not taken into account. The solid line corresponds to a scenario of neutrality, whilst the dashed line corresponds to a scenario of positive selection (with S = 10%). (c) Schematics of fitness as a function of expression showing the effect of gene duplication. Two scenarios are considered: deleterious duplication (left; hill-like fitness landscape) and nearly neutral duplication (right; quasi-flat fitness landscape). (d) Mean selection coefficient (⟨S⟩) as a function of lactose dose upon lacZ duplication doubling gene expression (ymax,1 = ymax,2 = 1). The solid line corresponds to noise levels of ηin = ηex = 0. 3 (moderate), whilst the dashed line corresponds to ηin = ηex = 1 (high).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being researched to treat diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. [SEP] Text: We found no trials to provide reliable evidence about the risks or benefits of gene therapy for this condition. There is a need for trials that assess the benefits or risks of gene therapy for sickle cell disease. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice No randomised controlled trials of gene therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) were found for inclusion in this review. Thus, no objective conclusions or recommendations for practice can be made on gene therapy for SCD. Implications for research This systematic review has identified the need for well‐designed and possibly multicentred randomised controlled trials to assess the benefits and risks of gene therapy for SCD. The primary outcome for these trials should be a cure for SCD, where individuals survive and are free of SCD symptoms. Also, because of the potential side effects of using viruses as vectors in gene therapy, further progress in new non‐viral vector development is necessary. The current viral vectors should be used with caution in humans. of the condition Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of genetic conditions that result from the inheritance of abnormal haemoglobin genes, thereby resulting in the production of abnormal haemoglobin in red blood cells (Akinyanju 1989). Haemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen around the body packaged in red blood cells. In people with SCD, the red blood cells contain abnormal haemoglobin and change from their normal round disk shape to narrow sickle forms. The sickle shape is the end result of a series of complex biochemical and biophysical events within the red cell after deoxygenation of Hb S. The sickle‐shaped cells do not flow smoothly through small blood vessels the way disk‐shaped red blood cells do; they block the vessels, causing pain and organ damage. About 5% of the world's population carry genes responsible for haemoglobinopathies with most of the people living in, or originating from sub‐(WHO 2006). Each year about 300,000 infants are born with major haemoglobin disorders, including more than 200,000 cases of sickle cell anaemia in Africa (WHO 2006). Some parts of Africa have up to 10% to 30% of the population with the sickle cell trait and approximately 8% of people of African descent carry one sickle gene in the USA and the Caribbean (Ohene‐Frempong 1994; Serjeant 1992).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the investigators further reported that the lipid-modulating effect of canola oil was greater when ∼15 % of total energetic intake from other oils was replaced with canola oil. Despite evidence suggesting that coconut oil (a rich source of saturated fat) raises TC, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol compared with unsaturated plant oils(Reference Eyres, Eyres and Chisholm29), when compared against butter, coconut oil has been shown to be beneficial for cardiovascular health by raising HDL-cholesterol and lowering HDL-cholesterol(Reference Teng, Zhao and Khoo30). Despite their potential impact on cardiometabolic risk indices, use of dietary oils and fats in Western countries remains largely unknown and has likely changed in recent decades due to multicultural societies and population-based health promotion messaging specifically targeting reductions in saturated fat intake. It is also unclear whether the use of dietary oils and fats for different cooking methods has altered in response to supplier messaging; in recent years, some vegetable oils have been promoted as having a high smoke point for the purpose of certain cooking methods including frying(Reference Eyres31). Nevertheless, there is recent evidence from the of America (USA) showing that olive oil is now the most commonly used dietary fat source for cooking and food preparation, followed by vegetable oil and canola oil(and Hopkin32). However, p2021. As the research involved the completion of a self-administered online survey, participants were informed that all information collected would remain confidential. Participants acknowledged an informed consent statement to participate in the study. Data collection Dietary oil and fat use amongst Australian adults was assessed using a nineteen-item self-administered online questionnaire, designed to be completed in approximately 10 minutes. Given the lack of a previously validated and reliable survey instrument, the authors developed a prototype questionnaire that was initially piloted against a separate representative sample for face validity. For the assessment of face validity, a convenience sample of volunteers across a range of ages (18–75 years) was invited to complete the prototype questionnaire that was administered online. A total of n 12 participants completed the prototype questionnaire (75 % female; 25 % male). Nil changes to the readability of the questions were required following administration of the prototype questionnaire. The online questionnaire was divided into two parts (see online 1). consisted of open- and closed-ended questions related to participant demographic characteristics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (e) Identification of effectively neutral selective conditions (when |⟨N⟩·⟨S⟩|<1, region shaded) in terms of gene expression (y) and genome size (G), which determines the effective population size (⟨N⟩). In this context, no benefit was considered (a = 0), with moderate noise levels. However, the preceding argument only focuses on a static picture, ignoring the dynamics of the genetic process. In bacteria (lacZ gene), the time to reach the equilibrium point is about 68 generations (three times the inverse of the deletion rate), which is a relatively short transient period. By contrast, in flies (Drosophila melanogaster), the formation rate is of 10−7 dup. /gene/gen. and the deletion rate of 10−6 -/gene/gen. (Schrider et al. , 2013). Although this would yield equilibrium frequencies up to 10%, the transient periods would be longer than 106 generations (0. 2 Ma in natural conditions; Pool, 2015). Fixation could then happen by drift, as their effective population sizes are of 106 flies (Lynch et al. , 2016), although not persistently. Note that the inverse of this number indeed specifies an upper limit for the deletion rate. In addition, the formation-deletion balance could be shifted if further genome rearrangements affecting duplicated genes were considered, such as gene relocation (about 10−11 fixed rearr. /gene/gen. for D. melanogaster; Ranz et al. , 2001). In effective terms, gene relocation would reduce the deletion rate, and, consequently, fixation would be more likely (Wong and Wolfe, 2005). Such a relocation would also shift the intrinsic-extrinsic noise balance toward more uncoupled responses (Becskei et al. , 2005), which could enhance the benefit by intrinsic noise reduction. Most of the new-born duplicates lead to increased expression and are costly for the cell So far, we have demonstrated that a duplicated gene offers a selective advantage provided the total gene expression level is maintained, with one or two copies (gene dosage sharing). However, this condition is not usually met during the critical very initial phase, when the duplicate has just born.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering is used in producing insulin for diabetic patients. [SEP] Text: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR for various genes and the control 18S rRNA was performed with master mix (Stratagene) with the following conditions: 1 denaturation cycle for 10 min at 95°C followed by 30-40 cycles (15-25 cycles for 18S rRNA) of 30 seconds denaturation, 1 minute annealing at 55-60°C and 1 minute extension at 72°C. The number of cycles, annealing temperature and extension time were optimized for the abundance of the transcripts, the T m of the primers and the size of the amplicons. All reactions were performed in a Mx3000p PCR system (Stratagene). The dissociation curves were generated for all samples and the relative gene expression was normalized with the control 18S rRNA. The threshold cycle Ct value was determined as described [34]. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR reactions were performed multiple times to validate our results using the PCR primers listed in Table 1. The representative results of the real-time quantitative RT-PCR following ES cell differentiation using protocol D are presented in Figure 1c since the IPCs generated using the protocol D consistently expressed the highest levels of insulin. Table 1 Nucleotide sequence of the PCR primers Full size tableImmunostaining and immunohistochemistryThe ES cells grown on chambered glass slides were differentiated using the highly efficient protocol D and were fixed at different stages of differentiation with 2% paraformaldehyde, quenched in PBS containing 30 mM glycine and permeabilized with 0. 1% Triton X-100 for 30 minutes at RT and blocked for 2 hours in PBS containing 2% Albumin fraction V. The cells were stained with primary antibodies (1:250 dilution) against Ngn3 (SC-13794, goat polyclonal ), Foxa2 (SC-6554, goat polyclonal IgG, Biotechnology), Sox17 (SC-17356, goat polyclonal IgG, Biotechnology), glucagon (SC-13091, rabbit polyclonal IgG, Biotechnology), somatostatin (SC-20999, rabbit polyclonal IgG, Biotechnology) insulin (SC-7838, goat polyclonal IgG, Biotechnology) and C-peptide (4593, rabbit polyclonal. , ), respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: of the online questionnaire consisted of open- and closed-ended questions related to type and household quantity of daily oil used, main fat and oil use for different cookery methods (e. g. shallow frying, deep frying, stir frying, stewing, etc. ) as well as perceived attitudes and beliefs related to oil use within the household (Table 1). There were no time restrictions applied to complete the questionnaire and participants were not required to answer all questions before proceeding to subsequent questions. The link to the survey was recognisable once only to the server it was sent thus preventing duplication when responding to the survey. The investigators also screened all of the participant responses (IP address and postcode viewed to ensure participants were from Australia) to ensure all responses were consistent with the eligibility criteria. Table 1. Summary of questions from part B of the online survey evaluating the types of oils used in cooking and food preparation in analysis Qualitative data were analysed using conventional content analysis(and Shannon33). Data were read for familiarisation and to determine initial codes. A recursive process was undertaken independently by two authors (NW and EM) during content analysis to maintain the rich detail of the data(Reference Anzul, Downing and Ely34,and Clarke35) and descriptions and rationale for codes were documented to confirm the reliability of the data(and Swift36). This iterative process was continued by the same two authors (NW and EM) until the research team was in agreement, with the addition of a third researcher (AV) to resolve any discrepancies. Related codes were grouped into representative themes. Representative quotations that illustrate the themes are presented alongside each theme and referenced with the participant number (in brackets). Furthermore, quantitative content analysis of response data was undertaken(Reference Bryman37). Identified themes were expressed as frequencies and percentages of responses using software. for the (SPSS) for Windows 27. 0 software(38) was also used to perform analysis of descriptive data and expressed as means ± standard deviations for continuous data and frequencies and percentages for categorical data. A one-way ANOVA was used to explore differences in oil use according to age categories. Additionally, χ 2 analysis using Fisher’s exact test was conducted to explore potential differences in the frequency of reported oil use type and the presence of self-reported medical conditions (e. g. medical condition v. no medical condition). characteristics A total of n 1248 participants completed the survey and were included in the final analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: In general, we can assume that the expression level is doubled upon duplication, although this may vary due to the particular position in the chromosome of the duplicated gene and the type of cell (Stranger et al. , 2007). Certainly, an increase of expression due to gene duplication is detrimental in most environments (Figure 5c,d; Price and Arkin, 2016), thus positive or neutral selective conditions are difficult to invoke to explain the fixation of these type of genotypic changes, mainly in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes (Lynch and Marinov, 2015). For instance, at constant 0. 13 mM lactose, we obtained mean selection coefficients between −28% (at very high noise levels) and −1% (at no noise) upon duplication of the lacZ gene (assuming double expression), which yield negligible fixation probabilities (almost 0) for a sufficiently large bacterial population. It can be argued, nevertheless, that the cost of over-expression decreases as long as the genome size increases (Lynch and Marinov, 2015). This assumption, together with the negative correlation between complexity and population size (Lynch and Conery, 2003), makes effectively neutral selective conditions plausible to rationalize the fixation of duplicates that are expressed (e. g. , essential genes) in higher eukaryotes (Figure 5e; Makino et al. , 2009). Only in absence of lactose, when the enzyme is not needed, the duplication is strictly neutral (no benefit, no cost due to regulation). But neutral selective conditions can be reached de facto if the absolute value of the selection coefficient is lower than the inverse of the effective population size (Kimura, 1983). This condition is challenging for prokaryotes, as their population sizes are very large (Lynch and Conery, 2003). In our particular case, we obtained mean selection coefficients in the order of −10−10 (at moderate noise levels) when the nutrient amount is scarce (1 μM lactose), which could favor the fixation of a lacZ duplicate by genetic drift. Gene dosage sharing upon duplication, fitness increase on average, and estimation of the fixation probability Can a cell carrying a new-born duplicate that is expressed (in principle, in an operation point close to a local optimum) overcome the cost of an additional copy and then invade the population without invoking the need for more expression (to face an extreme environment)?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering is used in producing insulin for diabetic patients. [SEP] Text: Full size imageES cell-derived IPCs significantly reduce hyperglycemiaTo determine whether R1Pdx1AcGFP/RIP-Luc ES cell-derived IPCs correct hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, 1 × 106 IPCs were transplanted under the kidney capsule in STZ-induced diabetic syngeneic 129/SvJ mice. Healthy mice have a fasting serum glucose level of about 105 ± 10 mg/dl. In contrast, our diabetic mice had elevated glucose levels in the range of 500 to 650 mg/dl. The IPC treatment group comprised of 12 mice while normal non-diabetic as well as STZ treated control group comprised of 5 mice each. Blood glucose levels were measured prior to IPCs transplantation and every three to five days post-IPCs transplantation. The STZ-treated diabetic control mice exhibited elevated blood glucose levels (>600 mg/dl), polyuria, weight loss, muscle wasting, hunched back posture, poor mobility, soiled body coat color, shivering and died within 14 days. The IPCs transplanted mice showed remarkable correction of the hyperglycemia as early as Day 15 post-transplantation. Further, these mice continued to exhibit near normoglycemic blood glucose levels beyond 40 days post-transplantation (Figure 3a). 40 blood glucose values for the IPCs-treated mice reached the lower threshold of 250 mg/dl (mean 243. 8 (95% CI 216. 2 to 271. 4)) remaining higher than that of control mice. Although complete correction of blood glucose levels was not observed, the IPC transplanted mice survived for >150 days post IPC transplantation. This finding suggests that our IPCs were not capable of fully reducing the blood glucose levels. With a significant improvement in the blood glucose levels, the IPC transplanted mice displayed improved feed consumption, improved posture, increase in body weights, reduced urination frequency, lack of shivering, improved mobility, shiny body coat color and survival throughout the duration of the study. To confirm that the IPCs transplanted under the kidney capsule were indeed responsible for the correction of hyperglycemia, the kidney sections from the nephrectomized mice were subjected to immunostaining using anti-insulin antibody. Our immunostaining results (Figure 3b) confirm the presence of insulin expressing cells in the transplanted kidney.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: More than 90 % of the survey questions were completed by all participants. Participant characteristics are outlined in Table 2. Participants were predominantly female (females n 1143, males n 99) with more than half of participants (56·7 %) aged between 25 and 44 years. The majority of participants were born in Australia (n 1046; 83·8 %); however, participants reported a diverse range of cultural backgrounds including 72·8 % who identified as Australian, 8·0 % identified as English, 3·1 % identified as Greek, 2·4 % identified as Italian and 1·2 % identified as Chinese. More than half of participants (59·0 %) reported a total annual household income of between $75 000 and $199 999 AUD. Less than half of the participants (43·3 %) reported no medical conditions, 25·4 % reported one medical condition and 14·6 % reported two medical conditions. Anxiety, depression, hypertension, arthritis and high cholesterol were the most reported medical conditions amongst participants. Table 2. Demographic characteristics of participants (n 1248) Quantity and type of oil use in cooking and food preparation Quantity and reported use of all oil types is presented in Table 3. Approximately half of all participants (n 629; 50·4 %) reported using less than one tablespoon per day in cooking and food preparation. In contrast, more than one-third of participants (n 459; 36·8 %) reported using 1–2 tablespoons of oil per day. More than three-quarters of participants (n 1055; 84·5 %) reported using some form of olive oil as their main source of oil for cooking and food preparation, with almost two-thirds of the sample (n 816; 65·4 %) using EVOO (Table 3). Of those who reported using some form of olive oil, almost half (n 514; 48·7 %) reported using less than one tablespoon per day. The next commonly used oils were rice bran (n 57; 4·6 %) and canola (n 54; 4·3 %) (Table 3). Rice bran oil (n 39; 68·4 %) and canola oil (n 32; 59·3 %) were also reported to be consumed in amounts of less than one tablespoon per day.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: We here predicted that the genetic variability existing in a population would allow reaching adaptive gene duplications (Figure 6a). Mutations in the cis-regulatory region of the lacZ gene may change its wild-type expression level. According to previous results (Otwinowski and Nemenman, 2013), the distribution of mutations in terms of maximal promoter activity is peaked at 1, but skewed to the left (Figure 6b). This indicates that about 10% of them yield cells with nearby 50% lower expression. Thus, if a gene duplication event occurred in one of these cells, the genotypic change would be selectively advantageous (Figure 6c). The frequency of such cells in the population depends, of course, on the mutation rate; the greater the ability to generate genetic diversity, the higher the chances to reach adaptive duplications. For E. coli, where the per base mutation rate is of 10−10 mut. /bp/gen. (Lee et al. , 2012), this frequency can be estimated in 10−9 (i. e. 0. 2 mutants with nearby 50% lower expression per generation in a natural population of 2·108 cells). Hence, the probability that a duplication and such a mutation concur in the same cell in a generation (duplication after promoter mutation) is of 10−4 (=0. 2·10−3/2; i. e. , 1 suitable concurrence each 104 generations). Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Gene duplication leading to maintained expression. (a) Schematics of fitness as a function of expression showing a path to reach adaptive gene duplications without the need for more expression. Two steps are considered: first a base-pair mutation that reduces in half the expression level, and then a duplication that recovers the ancestral level. (b) Distribution of the activity of lac promoter mutants based on experimental data, as the maximal LacZ expression (ymax, irrespective of lactose dose). The mean activity is shown (dashed line). Skewness coefficient of −0. 68. (c) ⟨S⟩ of the promoter mutants versus the wild-type system (solid line), with fluctuating lactose dose and high noise levels. The dashed line corresponds to the comparative between promoter mutants that duplicated the lacZ gene and the wild-type system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering is used in producing insulin for diabetic patients. [SEP] Text: Collectively, these results indicated that transplantation of IPCs led to superior glucose control and tolerance as compared to controls. cell regeneration is a promising therapy for patients with insulin dependent DM after TP. Since multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are free of ethical and immunological complications, they could provide unprecedented opportunity as starting material to derive insulin secreting cells. Many studies have demonstrated the low immunogenicity and pluripotency of UCMSCs[10,11]. Thus, these cells are expected to be an ideal source for transplantation. The phenotypic characteristic of the UCMSCs isolated in our study was in accordance with previous studies[16]. Indeed, the UCMSCs were positive for surface antigens CD13, CD90, and CD105 and negative for surface antigens CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. Our results illustrate that UCMSCs could be differentiated into IPCs under specific conditions. The pancreatic inductive protocol for UCMSCs was performed according to a previous study[6]. The adherent spindle-like cells acquired a round shape and assembled together after 1 wk of induction. Some new islet-like clusters began to appear after 2 wk of induction. DTZ staining is a method to identify IPCs, as reported previously[17,18]. DTZ is a substance that can bind to zinc. Compared with other cells, pancreatic islets have higher zinc contents. They become crimson red after DTZ staining[19]. As control cells were negative for DTZ staining, our results demonstrated that insulin has been produced by differentiated cells. We used human C-peptide to represent insulin secretion by differentiated cells due to the controversy surrounding insulin uptake by cells from medium supplements[20,21]. As the precursor of insulin, proinsulin is comprised of three segments: A-chain, B-chain, and C-peptide. However, unlike the A- and B-chains, cells cannot take up C-peptide, so C-peptide levels can be regarded as a marker of insulin production. In our studies, differentiated cells secreted more C-peptide than control cells after 2, 3 and 4 wk of induction. The islet-like clusters were found to be responsive to glucose challenge as evidenced by an around 1. 5-fold increase in C-peptide secretion over basal stimulation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: No significant differences in oil use were observed according to age category (F(16, 1231) = 1·25, P = 0·22). No significant differences were observed according to the presence of a medical condition in those that used EVOO, olive oil, light olive oil, rice bran or canola oil as the main household oil (medical condition: n 626; no medical condition: n 540; not reported n 82; all P values = >0·05). Walnut oil, safflower oil and animal fat/lard were not reported as the main household oils used by participants; however, they were used for specific food preparation and cooking methods. Table 3. Frequency and percentage of main household oil use differentiated by daily serve size (n 1248) Abbreviations: EVOO, extra virgin olive oil. *Quantity of EVOO used was not reported by n 6 participants. Participants reported using a range of different oils for various cooking and food preparation methods (Table 4). Oil use was reported across all food preparation and cooking techniques. However, over three-quarters of participants (n 1036; 83·0 %) reported nil use of oil for boiling. EVOO was the most frequently reported oil used for raw food preparation methods (e. g. salad/vegetable dressings) (n 882; 71·5 %), followed by savoury baking or roasting (n 724; 58·0 %) and sauteing (n 679; 54·4 %). In contrast, butter was most frequently used by participants for sweet baking (n 471; 37·7 %). Canola oil and rice bran oil were both most frequently used for shallow frying (canola oil: n 140, 11·2 %; rice bran oil: n 117, 9·4 %), while sesame oil was most frequently used for stir frying (n 123; 9·9 %). However, EVOO was still the main oil used by most participants for shallow and/or stir frying (Table 4). Table 4. Frequency n (%) of oil use for different cooking methods (n 1248) EVOO, extra virgin olive oil. Perceived motivators for main household oil consumption Survey responses on the perceived motivators for main oil use were analysed for themes and presented in combination with representative quotes, frequency and percentage of responses (Table 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: (d) Fixation probability (Pfix) of gene duplication as a function of the mutation rate of the cell (μ), with ⟨S⟩ = 0. 19% and ⟨N⟩ = 2·108. (e) ⟨S⟩ as a function of the expression imbalance between the two lacZ copies (ymax,1 ymax,2), when the system recovers its ancestral expression levels (ymax,1 = ymax,2 = 0. 5), with constant x = 0. 13 mM and high noise levels. Arrows illustrate the corresponding promoter strengths. In particular, at constant 0. 13 mM lactose, we obtained a relatively high mean selection coefficient of 0. 19% when the wild-type expression is recovered upon duplication (in a highly noisy scenario). However, the selection coefficient has to be greater than the duplication deletion rate to ensure fixation (Figure 5b); a condition that is not met here. Certainly, the high deletion rates observed in bacteria (Reams et al. , 2010) protect them from acquiring genetic redundancy (perhaps, this is why lacZ is not duplicated in E. coli despite this may be beneficial). In other local genetic contexts, also in bacteria, the deletion rate of a lacZ duplicate can be as low as 4. 1·10−4 -/gene/gen. (Reams et al. , 2012). In this scenario, a selection coefficient of 0. 19% would lead to fixation. We then estimated a global fixation probability of 3·10−7 (= 2·15·10−4·10−4; Figure 6d; see Materials and methods). Remarkably, our estimation is much higher than 5·10−9, the fixation probability under hypothetical neutrality (Kimura, 1983). A fitness increase on average due to expression noise reduction could also lead to the fixation of duplicates in eukaryotes, as nothing prevents assuming the same positive selective conditions (Raser et al. , 2004; Hansen et al. , 2015), which now largely outperform the duplication deletion processes. For D. melanogaster, for instance, where the per base mutation rate is of 5·10−9 mut. /bp/gen. (Schrider et al. , 2013), and complete gene duplications have little impact on fitness (Emerson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering is used in producing insulin for diabetic patients. [SEP] Text: Partial pancreatectomy in the rat and subsequent defect in glucose-induced insulin release. J Clin Invest. 1983;71:1544-1553. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 15. øland A. Sensitivity and reproducibility of urinary C-peptide as estimate of islet B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetes. Diabet Med. 1989;6:329-333. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 16. -. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Society for position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8:315-317. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 714. 8] [Analysis (1)] 17. Bonner-’Neil JJ. In vitro cultivation of human islets from expanded ductal tissue. . 2000;97:7999-8004. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 18. . Identification of insulin-producing cells derived from embryonic stem cells by zinc-chelating dithizone. Stem Cells. 2002;20:284-292. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 4] [Analysis (0)] 19. . A simple method of staining fresh and cultured islets. Transplantation. 1988;45:827-830. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 20. åkansson J, Fleckner J, Sköld HN. Artifactual insulin release from differentiated embryonic stem cells. Diabetes. 2004;53:2603-2609. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. . Insulin staining of ES cell progeny from insulin uptake. Science. 2003;299:363. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 0] [Analysis (0)] 22. Lopez-Talavera JC, Garcia-Ocaña -Castellano I, Stewart AF. Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy for pancreatic islets in diabetes: reducing the minimal islet transplant mass required in a glucocorticoid-free rat model of allogeneic portal vein islet transplantation. Endocrinology. 2004;145:467-474.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: A total of seventeen themes were identified as perceived motivators. Almost half of all participants (n 619; 49·6 %) identified perceived health benefits as the primary motivating factor for the main choice of oil in cooking and food preparation methods. Sensory preference including flavour, taste and smell was also frequently reported as an influential factor determining choice of oil (n 583; 46·7 %). Versatility (n 127; 10·2 %) and convenience (n 110; 8·8 %) were also frequently reported. Table 5. Perceived motivators of the main oil used by participants in their household (n 1248) Given that some form of olive oil (e. g. EVOO, olive and light) was identified as the predominant oil used in Australian households (n 1055; 84·5 %), the perceived motivators for its use were akin to those outlined in Table 5. As such, the most frequently reported motivator for olive oil use included the perceived health benefits of olive oil (n 561; 53·2 %), followed by flavour and taste, including the flavour of infused olive oils (n 503; 47·7 %), and its versatility for use across different cooking methods (n 112; 10·6 %). Convenience was also frequently reported as a perceived motivator for using olive oil (n 98; 9·3 %). Of the n 193 participants who reported not using any form of olive oil as their main dietary oil source, sensory preference, in particular taste and flavour, was the most frequently reported reason for not using this type of oil (n 58; 30·1 %). Limiting cooking problems (e. g. EVOO having a lower smoke point and potential damage to cooking utensils) was also frequently reported (n 49; 25·4 %). Moreover, expense (n 32; 16·6 %) was also identified as an important barrier for not using a form of olive oil. from this large cross-sectional analysis demonstrated that olive oil, in particular EVOO, was the main choice of oil for use in cooking and food preparation in this sample of Australian households. The perceived motivators for the use of the main cooking oil in the household included its potential for health benefits, sensory preference and its versatility. Our findings are indeed novel as this, to the best of our knowledge, is the first Australian study to investigate oils used in cooking and food preparation in Australian households.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: , 2008; note that other genome rearrangements not affecting entire genes are significantly deleterious), we estimated that 0. 05 mutants with nearby 50% lower expression and up to 105 duplicants of the gene of interest would be found in the natural population. Hence, the probability of concurrence in the same organism (duplication after promoter mutation) would be of 2. 5·10−3. Consequently, the global fixation probability would be of 10−5; again, higher than the one under hypothetical neutrality (Kimura, 1983). Maintenance of a duplicate upon fixation in the population A forthcoming change in lactose dose would be highly detrimental if a second lacZ copy were fixed in the population either under neutrality due to insignificant expression or under strong selection due to expression demand. In the former case, an increase of lactose would be detrimental; in the latter, a decrease would. Consequently, either the elimination of the duplicate by purifying selection (Lynch and Conery, 2000) or the accumulation of mutations that lower the LacZ expression to recover the ancestral phenotype (Force et al. , 1999; Qian et al. , 2010) would be promoted; with clonal interference in the case of asexual populations (Rozen et al. , 2002; Desai et al. , 2007). In the latter case, the two gene copies could be maintained in the genome for long time by buffering of costly stochastic fluctuations of intrinsic nature if they held similar expression levels (Figure 6e; Gout and Lynch, 2015); otherwise the gain in accuracy decreased. Conversely, if a second lacZ copy were fixed according to the path shown in Figure 6a under weak selection, it would be safe from changes in lactose dose. The genomic inspection of organisms in which genetic drift is not, in principle, a suitable force to drive the fixation of duplicates (e. g. bacteria or yeast; Lynch and Marinov, 2015) gave us some empirical insight, despite the masking produced by subsequent evolutionary trajectories. In many cases of duplication, there is no a significant increase in total expression (e. g. duplicates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae vs. singletons in Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Qian et al. , 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of genetic therapies are still in experimental stages but show promising results. [SEP] Text: , 2011) of histones can have profound consequences on the cell. In most cells, histone availability is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, and post-translationally (Marzluff et al. , 2008; Bannister and Kouzarides, 2011). For example, in mammalian cultured cells, transcription of canonical histones is highly upregulated during S-phase, when replication occurs, and afterwards throttling of transcription and mRNA turnover bring messages back to very low levels. And in yeast, excess histone proteins are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (Singh et al. , 2009). For early Drosophila embryos, regulation of histones is particularly challenging. On the one hand, these embryos develop incredibly rapidly: during the first ~90 min after fertilization, nuclei divide near simultaneously every ~8 min, deep within the embryo (cleavage stages); a subset of these nuclei migrates to the surface and divides four more times over the next hour (syncytial blastoderm stages). All these divisions occur near simultaneously and in the absence of cytokinesis. As a result, histone demand goes up exponentially during this period, in a fluctuating manner, as S-phases and mitoses alternate on minute time scales (the entire interphase is dedicated to DNA replication during these cycles). On the other hand, zygotic transcription is minimal during these stages, being upregulated only in late syncytial blastoderm as part of the midblastula transition (MBT). Thus, early embryos cannot control histone expression transcriptionally. Instead, they draw on abundant histone proteins and mRNAs, produced by the mother during oogenesis. Newly fertilized embryos already contain sufficient histone proteins for thousands of nuclei, and they increase histone levels further by translation of the maternal mRNAs. Thus, histone proteins are consistently overabundant. How is chromatin assembly regulated under those conditions? Previous work revealed that for three histones, the canonical histones H2A and H2B as well as H2Av, the single H2A variant in Drosophila, LDs play an important role in regulating histone availability (Li et al. , 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, our data are representative of previous apparent consumption from international data on the use of olive oil for cooking and food preparation in Western countries(Reference Uylaşer and Yildiz39,40). Specifically, current available data on trends related to olive oil consumption indicate that over the past 30 years, there has been a 75 % increase in the consumption of olive oil in Australia(40). In comparison, olive oil consumption in the USA has also seen a 78 % increase from 1991 to 2021. In contrast, olive oil consumption in some Mediterranean countries, including Italy and Greece, has seen between a 13 and 45 % decline in olive oil consumption over this timeframe(40). The rise in EVOO use in Australian households has the potential to contribute to healthier dietary patterns and positively impact population health due to the myriad of health benefits associated with its high nutritional quality and its unique composition. In particular, oleic acid in addition with bioactive polyphenolic molecules (such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol) are important constituents of EVOO which may help to explain its cardioprotective role including reductions in TC and LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, pro-inflammatory markers, improved insulin sensitivity and endothelial function and reductions in oxidative stress(Reference George, Marshall and Mayr41–Santis, Cariello and Piccinin45). Regular consumption of EVOO has also been associated with reductions in diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and some cancers(Reference Jiménez-Sánchez, Martínez-Ortega and Remón-Ruiz46). As such, it is not surprising that perceived health benefits were identified as the primary motivator for olive oil use in Australian households. Our findings are in agreement with a smaller study involving n 35 men and women in the USA who also identified the perceived health benefits of olive oil as an important factor influencing consumer choice(Reference Santosa, Clow and Sturzenberger47). Importantly, however, results from the present study as well as the aforementioned study conducted by Santosa et al. (Reference Santosa, Clow and Sturzenberger47) did not further articulate the specific details related to perceived health benefits such as cardiovascular benefits and/or reductions in disease risk.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Thus, either duplicates were fixed by dosage in a definite environment to then return to ancestral expression levels, or duplicates were fixed by other means. In any case, the preservation of the ancestral function in the second copy is expected (DeLuna et al. , 2008). Whether noise reduction was actually relevant for some fixations or not is hard to say without conducting an experimental approach to measure variability and selection (revealing the fitness landscape; Figure 2); notwithstanding, it seems a plausible mechanism according to our results, already put forward with the computational analysis of gene expression patterns (Lehner, 2010) and metabolic flux balances (Wang and Zhang, 2011) in yeast. If dosage mattered at some point, the function encoded by the duplicated gene would be more important at the time of duplication than today. In E. coli, for example, genes fsaA and fsaB are paralogs, with high sequence (69%) and functional similarity, coding for a genuine fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (Sánchez-Moreno et al. , 2012). The relevance of this enzyme for today E. coli is unclear, suggesting that fsaB might have been fixed by dosage in past habitats in which rare sugars were frequent. However, if noise were the critical aspect, the system would present some regulation to link environment with phenotype and the function would be of routine for the cell. In particular, E. coli expresses two redundant gluconokinases, encoded in genes gntK and idnK (51% of sequence identity), to face environments in which gluconate is the carbon source due to glucose oxidation (Vivas et al. , 1994). Similar to the regulation of lacZ by lactose (Jacob and Monod, 1961), gluconate activates the expression of gntK and idnK by inhibiting the transcriptional repressor GntR (Afroz et al. , 2014). Again, there would be a trade-off between metabolic benefit and expression cost (Figure 1c; read gluconate instead of lactose and GntK/IdnK instead of LacZ). Arguably, duplication might have been fixed in this case to cope with gene expression inaccuracies, especially when GntR produces bimodal responses (captured in single-cell experiments; Afroz et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of genetic therapies are still in experimental stages but show promising results. [SEP] Text: GSK1120212 is another potent and selective inhibitor of the MEK1/2 enzymes with promising anti-tumor activity in a phase I clinical trial, resulting in response rate > 70% in advanced melanoma patients with known BRAF mutations, including one patient who was previously treated with PLX4032 (Infante 2010). This drug is currently investigated in phase II and III clinical trials for advanced BRAF mutant melanoma patients who were either previously treated with a BRAF inhibitor or not. (NCT01245062, NCT01037127). Although targeting the MAPK pathway is a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of melanoma, and treatment with selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors can induce high response rates, the limited duration of these responses in most patients, most likely because of emerging resistance to these inhibitors represents a significant clinical challenge. Molecular redundancy, in part due to the existence of RAF isoforms and signaling through alternative oncogenic pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (Jiang et al. 2011; Paraiso et al. 2010), receptor tyrosine kinase (PDGFRβ)-dependent pathway (Nazarian et al. 2010) and COT (MAP3K8) (Johannessen et al. 2010), may provide the melanoma cells’ escape mechanisms to specific pathway inhibitors and underscore their ability to adapt to pharmacological challenges (Jiang et al. 2011; Paraiso et al. 2010). In preclinical models, it has been reported that acquired resistance of melanoma cells to the BRAF inhibitors was associated with rebound activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (Paraiso et al. 2010). In line with this finding, activating signals to downstream MEK/ERK has been shown to switch to ARAF (Villanueva et al. 2010) or CRAF (Montagut et al. 2008; Villanueva et al. 2010) via N-RAS upregulation (Nazarian et al. 2010) to overcome the effect of BRAF inhibition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, despite the perceived health benefits reported by participants in the present study, the majority reported using less than one tablespoon of olive oil per day, which is markedly less than reported in previously published clinical trials investigating cardiovascular benefits from the use of EVOO(Reference Estruch, Ros and Salas-Salvadó13,Reference George, Marshall and Mayr41,Reference Davis, Hodgson and Woodman48). Whether lower quantities of EVOO incorporated into an otherwise healthy dietary pattern will exert the same cardiovascular benefits remains largely unknown and is subject to ongoing research. Nevertheless, given the potential cardioprotective health benefits associated with EVOO consumption, it would be prudent for health care clinicians to advocate the use of EVOO, particularly in high-risk patients, at quantities that are acceptable to individual, social and health-related needs. Sensory preference was also a determining factor in the main choice of oil used. In particular, participants favoured a ‘neutral’ oil including EVOO or olive oil. Nevertheless, some participants reported olive oil as having ‘too strong’ a flavour and favoured alternative oils depending on cuisine type. Previous evidence suggests that the fatty acid composition of oils may be responsible for taste perception and can play a role in determining taste intensity and perceived retention of taste(Reference Koriyama, Wongso and Watanabe49). Furthermore, some studies have indicated that the phenolic compounds present in EVOO, namely oleuropein, may influence the bitterness and thus perceived taste of the oil(Reference Campestre, Angelini and Gasbarri50). In a sample of n 60 Italian adults, Barbieri et al. (Reference Barbieri, Bendini and Valli51) reported that participants did indeed appreciate the fruity flavour when sampling EVOO; however, this was superseded by the perceived bitterness of the oil. Furthermore, sensory perception has been reported to be influenced by more than taste and smell alone, with brand, price, country of origin, and label information and presentation playing a key role in sensory perception(Reference Fernandes, Ellis and Gámbaro52). In the present study, data on the sensory perception of olive oil beyond comments related to the perceived neutrality of the oil were not collected, and as such, we have limited information regarding respondents’ motivations on choosing olive oils based on perceptions of specific flavours, pungency or other sensory characteristics. Limiting cooking problems (e. g.

Output: pass