Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: According to a cut-off score of 21 to distinguish subjects with severe and very severe symptoms from moderate and mild ones in severity assessment of RLS, our data reveal that workers categorized as having severe or very severe RLS (severity score ≥ 21) are not more common among rotational shift workers (groups B and C) than among workers with permanent morning work schedule (group A) (chi square test, P = 0. 2). Also, the number of rotational shift workers (groups B and C) who suffer from RLS on four or more days a week is not significantly larger than the number of workers with permanent morning work schedule (group A) (P = 0. 33). Table 3 Comparison of Syndrome severity and weekly occurrence between groups GroupSeverity ScaleWeekly occurrence< 21≥ 21 < 4 day≥ 4 day Day workers (Group A), n (%)11 (50)11 (50)13 (59. 1)9 (40. 9)Rotational shift workers, n (%) - Group B14 (36. 8)24 (63. 2)16 (42. 1)22 (57. 9) - Group C11 (28. 9)27 (71. 1)18 (47. 4)20 (52. 6) - and C25 (32. 9)51 (67. 1)34 (44. 7)42 (55. 3) Notes: Group B: workers who follow a work schedule which consists of weekly rotation between morning and afternoon shifts for five weeks in a row, followed by one week of night shifts on week six; Group C: workers who follow a work schedule which consists of weekly rotation between morning, afternoon and night shifts. study is one of very few to investigate the relationship between different shift work patterns and the occurrence of RLS. Among the group of rotational shift workers, we compared two rotational shift patterns having different night shifts. Work during the night shift is much more likely to have adverse effects on health than work during afternoon shifts because it disrupts the circadian organization of the body [17,18]. The main contribution of the current study is the use of the criteria for the diagnosis of RLS and the use of severity scale to assess the severity of RLS for a group of shift workers. Because our subjects had very similar job tasks in the factory, they also had relatively similar socioeconomic status.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We did a research study where we looked at neighborhoods in all the major urban areas in the continental US with a population of more than a quarter million, about 175 cities, and found that people living below the poverty line and people of color were systematically exposed to higher levels of urban heat than wealthier counterparts, who are often white. It’s important to note that most people of color are not living in poverty. But we still found that a person of color had roughly the same exposure to the urban heat island effect as a person living in poverty. The only six cities where we didn’t see this disproportionate exposure were those that didn't have high percentages of people of color. That was really shocking to me. We’re seeing some of the same patterns when we look at cities across the world: People who live in neighborhoods that have less income per person tend to be exposed to higher levels of urban heat than those who are wealthier. Why does income make such a difference? There are many reasons. In higher-income neighborhoods, for example, there is often more tree cover and green space, which provides shade and more evaporative cooling than buildings, streets and sidewalks. Also, population density is usually higher in lower-income areas, where structures and housing are often packed tightly together, inhibiting air circulation, and have less green space and tree cover. Volunteer citizen scientists fanned out through Washington, DC, to take local temperature measurements on a brutal summer day in 2018. The resulting map shows the city’s wooded parklands as cool oases. But it also shows that the relatively poor neighborhoods east of Park are much hotter than the leafy, generally wealthier neighborhoods to the west. :. GOV What’s the solution? More air conditioning? The increasing demand for air conditioning in cities is just an inevitability because of how humans have affected the climate. Look at what happened in Europe this past summer, when people were dying in the heat wave because they didn’t have access to air conditioning — because they traditionally have not needed it. But air conditioning uses a lot of electricity, and when electricity to power that cooling is sourced from more fossil fuels, climate change can be made even worse. Ultimately, of course, we hope to power air conditioning and everything else with renewable sources of electricity such as wind and solar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: IntroductionMesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; light-dependent coral ecosystems found at depths between 30 to 150 m (Hinderstein et al. 2010; Kahng et al. 2014)), have received increasing attention from the scientific community over the past few decades. However, they are still largely underexplored compared to their shallow-water counterparts (Bongaerts and Smith 2019; Pyle and Copus 2019; Soares et al. 2020; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). The increasing interest in MCEs was initially driven by the potential refuge MCEs could offer to threatened shallow coral reefs, the so-called deep reef refugia hypothesis (DRRH) (Glynn 1996), and the evolution of technology, allowing exploration of these deeper, cooler waters (Bongaerts et al. 2010). More recently, the interest has been driven by the desire to investigate the distinct biological and environmental characteristics of MCEs compared to shallow reefs, and the functional role that MCEs play in coral reef ecosystems (Kramer et al. 2020; Carpenter et al. 2022; Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022a). Recent research has revealed that MCEs are more biodiverse and widespread than previously expected, with 80% of all coral reef habitat falling within MCEs (based on depth alone) and they are an important component for maintaining overall reef biodiversity (Englebert et al. 2017; Shoham and Benayahu 2017; Muir and Pichon 2019; Pyle and Copus 2019; Pérez-Rosales et al. 2022). Yet the protection status of MCEs remains poor (Hernandez‐Agreda et al. 2022). In fact, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies, and hence being good candidates for future Area (MPA) designation (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs and deeper reefs (i. e. rariphotic zone 150–300 m, sensu Baldwin et al. (2018) are considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Rocha et al. 2018; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). Indeed, the few protected mesophotic and deeper reefs were often included incidentally due to geopolitical boundaries (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla], ΔprfA, ΔtolC0∆RF1∆arfA, ∆arfBAAFitness, conjugation, and viral infection (Figures 3 and 4) *All strains derived from ECNR2, as described in Wang et al. (2009). †for additional information on strains and sources. The GenBank accession number for E. coli MG1655 is U00096, and the GenBank accession number for GRO. AA is CP006698. ‡ Out of a total of 321 in the original ECNR2 strain. §RF1 terminates translation at UAG and UAA. Deletion of RF1 eliminates recognition of UAG during translation; translational termination continues through RF2, which recognizes UAA and UGA. #The ssrA gene encodes the tmRNA, which appends the ssrA degradation tag to stalled ribosomes. The wild-type sequence is mutation of the C-terminus to slows degradation of peptides to enable detection by mass spectrometry. Table 2 Components of peptide library constructed to search and analyze tandem mass spectrometry data. library was separate from the library that contained the entries of the first three rows of the table (see Supplementary file 3 and 4). Library componentExample peptides (from Figure 2A)Enables detection of…Complete peptide listAny one of 20 canonical amino acids inserted at the UAG codon-cognate suppressionSupplementary file 3Any length of C-tail following UAG codon to the next non-UAG stop codon or to 38 amino acids downstream of the UAG codon, whichever came firstframeshifting, and rescue by ArfA or ArfBSupplementary file 3degradation tagby tmRNA-SmpBSupplementary file 3All peptides of form where X is any amino acidof translational fidelitySupplementary file 4 Key resources table Genetic reagents, bacterial strains, antibodies, and software used in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We also need to encourage the use of energy-efficient technologies like heat pumps, which are essentially air conditioners modified to work in both directions. The modern ones can be somewhat more efficient than old-line central air systems at pumping heat out of your building in the summer, and much more efficient than a standard furnace or electric heater at pumping heat in to warm the place in the winter. & cities can fight climate change cities in the face of extreme heat smart windows save energy Then we need to replace the hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants that most air conditioners and heat pumps use. The most common ones have around 1,000 to 3,000 times the potency of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. And in the meantime, we need to do anything we can to make cities cooler. How do we manage that? There are some things that individuals can do. Personal transport is a big one. The internal combustion engine generates a lot of heat, whether it’s cars in developed countries or the motor scooters that a lot of people ride in the and developing countries. So taking public transit, or using electric vehicles, electric bikes or bicycles can help. Or, if you have the opportunity to build your own house, you could use materials that are not as heat-absorbing. I’m thinking about the house in Greer, South Carolina, where I grew up: It was brick, and just incredibly hot to live in in the summer. There are lots of alternatives that would be cooler and lower your energy bills, including natural building materials like wood or bamboo. Another recent example was in our current house, where we ended up choosing to cover an addition to our roof with a type of TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) that reflected heat better than the standard roofing material. But there are limits to individual action. If you live in an apartment building, you can’t just decide to go up and plant a green roof or paint your rooftop white to make it more reflective, because somebody else owns that building. The same goes for planting trees, which can cool your neighborhood by providing shade and transpiration: Most public parks and street corridors are owned and controlled by the city. So overall, tackling urban heat needs to be a government-led effort, simply because governments have the jurisdiction and can impose mandates on a much larger scale. I think about one example in City about 13 years ago.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: , a country protects its entire Zone (EEZ) and MCEs happen to fall within this boundary), rather than purposely (Soares et al. 2019; Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). Several reviews suggest that MCEs are among the least protected ecosystems of the world’s oceans, while considered as the richest in terms of endemic and rare species (Hinderstein et al. 2010; Bridge and Guinotte 2013; Loya et al. 2016; Turner et al. 2019). This may partly be due to the lack of an holistic understanding of the patterns and drivers of diversity with depth, although the nature of spatial patterns of biodiversity has been one of the fundamental goals of ecological research for centuries (Lesser et al. 2019), and biodiversity data are crucial to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions for MCEs (Socolar et al. 2016). Diversity can be described at different scales. Alpha diversity identifies diversity at a local scale, while beta diversity reveals the variation in species between communities. More specifically, alpha diversity (sensu Whittaker (1960)) measures the number of species within a community, and beta diversity (sensu Whittaker (1972)) defines the variation in species composition across a gradient, e. g. along the depth gradient or between communities at different sites (Miyazawa et al. 2020). Beta diversity can be partitioned into two components: nestedness, i. e. when the species composition of the sample is a subset of a richer community, hence indicating a species loss; and species turnover, i. e. species replacement between communities, demonstrating the uniqueness of the communities within an ecosystem (Baselga 2010). These two components allow for a quantitative understanding of the variation in biodiversity gradients and the assessment of community change across environmental gradients (Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022a). To date, studies of alpha and beta diversity have mainly focussed on terrestrial areas (Wolters et al. 2006), or shallow-water environments (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). Within MCEs, where the calculation of alpha and beta diversity indices remains scarce, the majority of studies has investigated fishes or scleractinian corals (Rocha et al. 2018; Pérez-Rosales, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: Two coastal settings that mangroves readily inhabit but where their future is in doubt are river deltas and low islands. On low islands of the Pacific, such as in Samoa [33], mangroves are migrating landward with rise in sea level, but on many islands, landward migration is obstructed by coastal development. There are many low islands in Micronesia and Melanesia where sea-level rise spells local extinction for mangroves [13]. Worldwide, other low isles are habitats without a future, as are deltas of a number of large tropical rivers [34, 35]. The exemplar is the Sundarbans along the Indian and Bangladesh coast, where subsidence and disappearance of many deltaic islands is ongoing. A time series analysis (1924–2008) indicates that subsidence, a decline in sediment input from the Ganges and other rivers due to damming, and rising sea level, have resulted in a dramatic decline in mangroves on islands in the central and eastern sectors of the Sundarbans [23, 30]. In other river deltas, sea level rise, storms, and cyclones enhanced subsidence and declines in sediment supply, resulting in a shift of mangroves landwards but with a net contraction [35]. In and proximate to some river deltas where large, migrating mud banks cyclically accrete and erode (e. g. , the Amazon), the 18. 6-year nodal tidal cycle (tidal amplitude affected by the 18. 6-year lunar cycle of ascending and descending nodes of its orbit) is one of the main drivers of shoreline change [36]. Experimental studies have offered some insight into how mangroves respond individually and collectively to sea level rise. A number of studies show species-specific tolerances to prolonged water logging [37–40]. Common mangroves, such as Avicennia marina, exhibit a high degree of tolerance to water logging, but responses are highly variable in relation to length and water depth of immersion, salinity, temperature, and other environmental factors [41, 42]. Species-specific differences in flooding resistance may not be the only biological response by mangroves to sea level rise [43, 44]. A recent review by Yanez-Espinosa and Flores [45] highlights the fact that mangroves exhibit differences in morphology and anatomy in relation to environmental change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Michael Bloomberg, who was mayor at the time, said that a certain square footage of City’s rooftops was going to be made into cool roofs. volunteered and spent an afternoon painting a rooftop white, which increased its surface reflectance. I also think about a high-resolution mapping campaign where our lab volunteered with Raleigh and Durham, North Carolina, to send out citizen scientists to identify areas that were particularly vulnerable and particularly hot using mobile car sensors. Based on that, Raleigh decided to invest in urban-heat mitigation measures, including coating some of the roadways with titanium oxide to make them more reflective. think about Singapore, where I lived for five years. Urban heat is a huge issue for Singapore, since it’s located at the equator and has extremely high levels of humidity. So some of its shopping malls are designed like wind tunnels to allow for breezes to pass through and carry heat away instead of trapping it between the buildings. Singapore has also been doing a lot of research on building materials, and how to make them less absorptive and produce less radiant heat. And they’ve done a lot of thinking about vertical gardens and rooftop gardens to cool buildings. $[$PB_id:knowable-newsletter-10. 1146/knowable-101922-2 M. is a freelance writer based in Washington, DC. 10. 1146/knowable-101922-2 M. is a freelance writer based in Washington, DC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Using alpha and beta diversity measures, the results show that benthic communities within MCEs at host a high and unique biodiversity, highlighting the importance of considering MCEs within conservation and management plans. Here, diversity values were comparable to shallow-water coral reefs (Edgar et al. 2017), which are considered to be one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world (Bryant et al. 1998), and communities displayed a high species turnover along the depth gradient. Species richness values estimated at (calculated at Cmax and ranging from 57 to 220 across the depth gradient; see Methods and Table S5) were analogous to values from a global study of inshore reef richness for invertebrates, both in the (species richness of 120) and the wider tropical-subtropical regions (species richness ranged from 40 to 230) (Edgar et al. 2017). Furthermore, even the deepest zone (150–160 m) in the current study, displaying the lowest diversity values, had higher species richness than some shallow (~ 10 m) subtropical regions (i. e. 67. 59 for IDR and 56. 58 for MA compared to 40 in Edgar et al. (2017)). When accounting for scleractinian corals only, the species richness and Shannon index values calculated in this study were similar to those measured in the Red Sea, within shallow-water reefs and the upper mesophotic zone (Table S2; (Kramer et al. 2019)), but slightly lower than coral species richness values in (Montgomery et al. 2021). In addition, for one of our two study sites, total benthic biodiversity was higher at 30–40 m than 15–20 m (IDR, Fig. 2a, b, c). This trend has also been noted in the Caribbean for the entire benthic community (increase in species richness from 15 to 53 m, (Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988)), but also for scleractinian corals in (Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022b) and octocorals in the Gulf of Aqaba (Shoham and Benayahu 2017). According to Pérez-Rosales et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: For a large number of species, leaf anatomy, vascular vessel densities, diameter, grouping and length, and fiber wall thickness are affected by variations in salinity and flooding. Vessel density, for instance, increases in most species from low to high salinity, from high- to low-flooding level, and from short- to long-flooding period [45]. A few species (e. g. , Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa) have also demonstrated modification to bark anatomy in response to prolonged flooding, typically formation of hypertrophied lenticels, adventitious roots, and increased aerenchyma development in the bark. Over the past 165 years, specific leaf area of A. marina has correlated positively with atmospheric CO2 concentration and latitude, suggesting thicker, heavier leaves in future because of net photosynthetic carbon gain [46•]. Mangroves of the future may very well look and function differently, and be denser in terms of number of individuals per unit area [47, 48]. But, are mangrove forests keeping pace with current rates of sea level rise? A statistical analysis (Fig. 2) of mangrove sedimentation rates (mm year−1) versus mean sea level rise (mm year−1) suggests that, on average, accretion rates are keeping pace with sea level rise (see regression equation and line, Fig. 2). However, roughly one-half of the data are below the 1:1 relationship (red dotted line) which indicates that these mangroves are not keeping pace; nearly all of these data were derived from mangroves inhabiting low islands and coastal lagoons in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and in subsiding river deltas, such as the Mekong [18] and the Sundarbans [49]. Conversely, the three most rapid accretion rates were from Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian mangroves inhabiting highly populated and impacted catchments. The large scatter of data points underscores how mangroves of disparate coastal settings respond so differently to the same rate of sea-level rise in different parts of the world. These century-scale accretion rates derived from radionuclide distributions (e. g. , 210Pb) are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the net result of elevation capital, the accretion rate, and water level.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. 58(2):p 67-82, April-June 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/eoj. eoj_47_22 The pandemic of COVID-19 virus had led to another pandemic of avascular necrosis. evaluate the altered clinical and radiological presentation of COVID-19-related AVN of the hip. study included 42 patients with AVN of the head of the femur who were presented to the outpatient clinic of Hospital. Patients were classified into three main groups. The first group included patients who had COVID infection and received steroid therapy for their pulmonary manifestations. The second group included patients who had COVID infection without receiving steroid therapy. The final group included patients who had AVN of the hip after receiving COVID vaccination without taking any steroid therapy. study included 42 patients who had AVN related to COVID-19 infection. Patients who had COVID-19 infection were more susceptible to AVN development at (a) lower threshold dose of steroid (900 g) and (b) earlier onset of presentation (less than a month). conclude, there is a silent epidemic of cases presenting daily in our clinics with COVID-19-related AVN. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] pandemic has led to immense research to better understand the disease and its complications. Still many questions remain without a clear answer. A plethora of research 2022. A total of 37 patients had previous COVID infection and were admitted to during COVID-19 pandemic. The other five patients did not have COVID infection and just had COVID vaccine (Oxford–-19 vaccine). All of them were referred to our outpatient clinic with hip pain and limping that started after the course of the disease or after the vaccination. History taking along with complete clinical and radiological examination was done. All of them was found to have AVN of the femoral head. This was a prospective therapeutic case series study that was approved by the Committee of and the institutional review boards of Hospitals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: (2022a, b), this peak in coral richness could be generated by the range overlap of assemblages typical of shallow and mesophotic communities within this depth range, as observed in (Diaz et al. , 2023a). While comparison with other studies was challenging due to the lack of a standardised methodology to measure diversity, as well as the differences in terms of investigated taxa between studies, the high benthic diversity encountered within the entire mesophotic gradient in the can still be acknowledged. Here, more than 90% of the total benthic megafauna diversity was detected (Table S3, see Table S4 for undetected diversity), which is considered as an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Fundamentally, the sampling effort of this study obtained an efficient inventory of the benthic species community across the shallow to lower mesophotic depth gradient at Egmont Atoll. Hence, the authors suggest that future studies should estimate diversity indices using rarefied and extrapolated methods, to obtain a standardised and robust comparison between studies (Roswell et al. 2021). Overall, the diversity of the benthic communities at decreased from the shallow water down to the lower mesophotic zone (from 15 to 160 m) at the two study sites, when accounting for rare, abundant, and highly abundant morphospecies (Hill numbers for species richness, Shannon and Simpson indices; Fig. 2). While studies of the entire benthic community down to mesophotic depths are scarce, this pattern has been observed in several locations, such as the Caribbean (Stefanoudis et al. 2019), the Ocean (Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and the (Pyle et al. 2016). The decrease in benthic diversity with depth has also been described worldwide for scleractinian corals, in the Caribbean (Appeldoorn et al. 2019), the Indo-Pacific (Bridge et al. 2012; Rowley et al. 2019; Turak and DeVantier 2019; Laverick et al. 2020; Montgomery et al. 2021; Osuka et al. 2021) and the western Atlantic regions (Muir and Pichon 2019). On the contrary, sponge (Slattery and Lesser 2012; Eyal et al. 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: Thus, although the linear regression analysis is significant, the reality is that mangroves may respond in complex ways to sea level rise. Fig. 2The relationship between measured rates of mangrove sediment accretion (mm year−1) and current rates of mean sea level rise (mm year−1) across the globe. The sea level rise data are from satellite altimetry data available on the website: Mangrove sedimentation data are from 2080. The model runs came up with two clear predictions: (1) some species will continue migrating polewards but experience a decline in available space; and (2) and the Caribbean will lose more species than other parts of the world. The latter prediction is in agreement with the work of Polidoro et al. [85••] in which extinction risk of threatened species was assessed and the main geographical area of concern was found to be the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America. The recent climatological forecasts by the on (IPCC) [3, 86] for until the end of this century predict that globally (1) sea surface temperatures will rise by 1–3 °C, (2) oceanic pH will decline by 0. 07–0. 31, and (3) mean atmospheric CO2 concentrations will increase to 441 ppm (from 391 ppm in 2011). Regional differences (Table 1) will occur for some parameters such as (1) sea level, which will continue to rise globally at an average rate between 1. 8 and 2. 4 mm year−1; (2) precipitation will increase and decrease in some regions such that arid areas will become more arid and the wet tropics will become wetter; and (3) salinity will change in tandem with changes in precipitation. Considering these climatic predictions and the known and likely responses of mangroves to changes in temperature, salinity, sea level rise, etc. , I offer some predictions (Fig. 3): Prediction 1 (red lines): Mangrove forests along arid coasts will decline as salinities increase, freshwater becomes most scarce, and critical temperature thresholds are reached more frequently (e. g. , both Mexico coasts). Prediction 2 (orange lines): Mangrove forests will decline as sediment yield declines, salinity increases, and sea level rises in tropical river deltas subject to subsidence intervals (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Written informed consents were obtained from all the patients before participation. Inclusion criteria were PCR indicating positive COVID-19-infected patients with hip pain after healing of the respiratory manifestations or patients with hip pain after COVID-19 vaccine. Exclusion criteria were prior injury to the affected joint, prior treatment with steroids for other reason than COVID infection, and severe chronic debilitating illness. Patients with prior hip pain before COVID-19 treatment, previous surgery in the involved hip, chronic steroid intake, and patients with hypercoagulable states were also excluded from the study. Patients were classified into three main groups. The first group included patients who had COVID infection and received steroid therapy for their pulmonary manifestations. They were diagnosed as COVID-19 positive with RT-PCR and/or computed tomography (CT) of the chest. The second group included patients who had COVID infection without receiving steroid therapy. The final group included patients who had AVN of the hip after receiving COVID vaccination without taking any steroid therapy. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically for their osteonecrosis. Methylprednisolone was the most commonly used steroid, and other steroid forms like dexamethasone and prednisolone were also used. For uniform reporting, we calculated the methylprednisolone equivalent dose by the conversion factor of 0. 8 for prednisolone and 5. 3 for dexamethasone [7]. Methods of evaluation Clinical evaluation Data regarding patients’ age, sex, BMI, duration between COVID-19 infection and initial hip symptoms, and duration of hip pain were collected. The criterion for classifying the severity of COVID-19 infection was defined according to a four-point scale: mild, moderate, severe, and critical [8]. Hip function was assessed using the Harris hip score (HSS) [9]. Patient’s level of pain before and after treatment was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) [10]. Laboratory parameters included in the study were erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and white blood cell count. Radiological evaluation All the patients who presented with acute hip pain to our outpatient clinic were screened with plain radiographs and then with MRI examination. AVN was diagnosed using MRI and interpreted by a senior musculoskeletal radiologist.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The relatively constant total community richness at the species (or morphospecies) level over a broad bathymetric range is suggested to be due to major shifts of the larger taxonomic categories (Liddell and Ohlhorst 1988). Indeed, whilst diversity values were relatively constant with depth (Fig. 2), numerous depth-specialist species were observed along the depth gradient at in a parallel study, with a gradual decrease in scleractinian corals with depth, while octocorals, hydrozoans, antipatharians, hydrozoans and sponges increased (Table S3; (Diaz et al. 2023a)). Depth specialist species included Astrogorgia sp, Leptoseris sp, and members of the Nephtheidae and Hydrozoa. Shallow and mesophotic coral ecosystems observed at displayed a high dissimilarity in terms of benthic communities along the depth gradient (Fig. 3a, d), as well as among sites (Fig. 4). Turnover was found to be the main component of overall dissimilarity along the depth gradient and locally between sites, indicating that species replacement was the main driver of the differences in the benthic communities (Fig. 3). In addition, Jaccard dissimilarity displayed higher values between sites in mesophotic depth zones (30–160 m), compared to the shallower sites (15–20 m) (Fig. 4). The results presented in this study hence reveal the uniqueness of MCEs at Egmont Atoll. A change in community composition was observed along the depth gradient (Table S2). Thus, rather than the deeper communities being a subset of the richer shallower communities, they are composed of a different assemblage of species. Similar trends in dissimilarity along the depth gradient have been observed in other studies investigating beta diversity for the entire benthic community, in the Caribbean and western (Semmler et al. 2017; Stefanoudis et al. 2019, 2023; Osuka et al. 2021). In addition, high species turnover has also been observed for scleractinian corals in the Pacific and western Atlantic regions (Rocha et al. 2018; Montgomery et al. 2021; Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: , the Sundarbans; the Mekong, Zaire, Fly Rivers). Prediction 3 (purple lines): Mangrove forests will decline as sea level rises and there is little or no upland space to colonize (e. g. , low islands of Oceania, many Caribbean islands). Prediction 4 (blue lines): Mangroves forests will continue to expand their latitudinal range as temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase (). Table 1 IPCC projected regional changes in salinity, precipitation, and sea level rise for 2081–2100 (relative to the 1986–2005 reference period)Full size table Fig 3Predictions of climate change impacts on the world’s mangrove forests, based on IPCC forecasts for climate to the end of the twenty-first century. Prediction 1 (red lines) decline as salinities increase, freshwater becomes most scarce, and critical temperature thresholds are reached more frequently (e. g. , both Mexico coasts); prediction 2 (orange lines): mangrove forests will decline as sediment yield declines, salinity increases, and sea level rises in tropical river deltas undergoing subsidence (e. g. , the Sundarbans; the Mekong, Zaire, Fly Rivers); prediction 3 (purple lines): mangrove forests will decline as sea level rises, and there is little or no upland space to colonize (e. g. , Oceania, many Caribbean islands); prediction 4 (blue lines): mangroves forests will continue to expand their latitudinal range as temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase (). Mangroves in some geographical regions that are currently in decline due to deforestation (e. g. , Central and South America, Asia) are not circled on the mapFull size image Some assumptions were made in making these predictions: (1) the predicted contraction or expansion of mangroves assumes complex (but difficult to forecast) changes in floral and faunal species composition, morphology, biodiversity, biomass, physiology, growth, and productivity; (2) the decline on ocean pH will have little or no impact on mangroves considering that they are subject to diurnal changes in tidal water and soil pH [1]; (3) mangrove functionality (growth, respiration, productivity, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The diagnosis of AVN was made by a single density “bandlike” lesion with a low rim of signal intensity that surrounds necrosis in T1 images and by a “double line sign” consisting of an external low signal intensity rim and a high signal intensity internal rim on the T2 image [7]. All patients had CT scans of the affected hip, and all were diagnosed with AVN. AVN was classified according to Ficat [11], Steinberg [12], and ARCO (classification) [13] classification systems. The China-Hospital (CJFH) classification was also used to localize the lesion within the head. investigation committee (JIC) classification was formerly usually used to categorize the location of the necrotic lesion at the weight-bearing zone. In stage A, lesions occupy the medial one-third or less of the weight-bearing portion. In stage B, lesions occupy the medial two-thirds or less of the weight-bearing portion. In stage C, lesions occupy more than the medial two-thirds of the weight-bearing portion. This stage has two subcategories: in stage C1, lesions do not extend laterally, and in stage C2, lesions extend laterally to the acetabular edge [14]. However, the CJFH classification is based on the locations of necrotic foci in the three pillars of the femoral head. necrosis involves the medial pillar, type C involves the medial and central pillars, type L1 involves all three pillars with partial preservation of the lateral pillar, Type L2 involves the entire lateral pillar and part of the central pillar, and Type L3 involves all three pillars, including the cortical bone and marrow. We used the CJFH classification in this study [15]. The necrotic angle severity was calculated in midcoronal and midsagittal image in MRI and graded by the modified Kerboul angle into grade 1 (<200°), grade 2 (200°–249°), grade 3 (250°–299°), and grade 4 (>300°) [16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: More recently, a study investigating the “whole community” using eDNA metabarcoding in Hawai’i found significant differences between reefs at 0–45 m and 60–90 m, for 18S-eukaryotes and COI-metazoans, with turnover identified as the highest component of the beta diversity (Hoban et al. 2023). However, a review by Muir and Pichon (2019) suggests that at mesophotic depths shallower than 60 m, coral communities are a subset of shallow-water reefs, with a shift in coral fauna occurring from 60 m. This shift in community composition at 60 m has been described in several locations and defined as a “community break” (Lesser et al. (2019)). Here, turnover was nevertheless high even between the shallowest depth zones (15-20 m and 30-40 m), supporting previous studies suggesting that ecological connectivity between the shallow and mesophotic zones is limited (Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Hoban et al. 2023; Stefanoudis et al. 2023) and driven by a change in benthic species along the depth gradient, rather than a loss of species (Fig. 3; Table S7, Fig. S1). Hence, these findings add evidence to the uncertainty surrounding the DRRH and the reseeding potential of MCEs should shallow-water reefs at Egmont Atoll, and likely in the wider Chagos Archipelago, be subject to disturbance, due to the high dissimilarity in benthic communities observed with depth. In addition, mesophotic reefs at have been found to be vulnerable to increases in temperature, with severe coral bleaching occurring between 60–90 m, in the absence of shallow coral bleaching, in late 2019 (Diaz et al. 2023c), challenging one of the assumptions of the DRRH that deep reefs are less impacted by climate change than their shallow-water counterparts (Glynn 1996). Whilst mesophotic coral bleaching was occurring during data collection, every organism, including bleached scleractinian corals, were annotated, and included within the analysis, thus the bleaching is unlikely to have affected the diversity results presented here.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: ) will increase in line with increases in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations up to critical physiological thresholds, but only when other environmental conditions are favorable as suggested from the complex interactive effects observed in many growth experiments discussed in the previous section; and (4) most mangroves will survive the predicted global rate of sea level rise unless other factors, such as subsidence, significantly impact overall surface elevation. ConclusionsMangroves will survive into the future but there have already been, and will continue to be, more negative than positive impacts due to climate change. Mangroves are expanding their latitudinal range as global temperatures continue to rise. Mangrove forests will either experience little change or some positive impact in areas where precipitation is forecast to increase, such as in SE Asia and along the western and central coasts of Africa. But mangrove forests will decline as aridity increases in parts of the Caribbean, Central and South America, and South Asia. The greatest current threat to mangrove survival, however, is deforestation and such continuing losses must be considered in tandem with the impact of climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The bone marrow edema involving only over the weight-bearing necrotic zone in the femoral head was graded as grade 1, edema extending into the femoral neck region was graded as 2, edema involving beyond neck region was graded 3, and edema involving acetabulum and periarticular soft tissue with effusion was graded as 4 [7]. Gross and histopathology examination Cases that needed total hip replacement as a treatment of AVN of the hip were subjected to gross and histopathological evaluation of the excised head by the pathology department of our university. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was done using SPSS program, version 25. (for Windows, Version 25. 0. ; IBM Corp. , ). Data were found to be not normally distributed using Shapiro test. Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate results. P value was set at less than 0. 05. study included 42 patients who had AVN related to COVID-19 infection. Patients were classified into three groups. The first group (28 patients) had COVID-19 infection and received steroids in their treatment protocol. The second group (nine patients) had COVID-19 infection but did not receive steroids. The third group (five patients) did not have COVID infection but they just received the vaccine. included 28 patients. Their mean age was 32. 7 ± 7. 06 years. A total of 12 cases were males, whereas 16 were females. Their mean BMI was 28. 2 ± 2. 25 kg/m2. Overall, 16 cases had moderate COVID infection, whereas 12 cases had severe infection. The average duration of the disease was 23 days. Hip pain developed after an average of 5 months (3–7 ± 1. 3) from infection. The average dose of steroid received was 938. 57 ± 282. 31 g (560–1800). Most of the cases (38 cases) had bilateral affection but had pain more on one side. Seven cases had knee condyle AVN. Nine cases improved symptomatically only with medical treatment, 12 cases underwent core decompression, four cases received total hip replacement, and three cases refused any further treatment. Patients were followed up for an average of 5 months (Table 1). Table 1: Patients’ demographic dataincluded nine cases. Their mean age was 38. 4 ± 4. 76 years. Five cases were men and four were females. Their mean BMI was 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsThe current study provides baseline data on the benthic diversity within MCEs in a remote, pristine area. High species turnover along the depth gradient and among sites indicates that the MCEs of the are of limited refuge for threatened shallow-water coral reefs and are a significant ecosystem in terms of diversity and endemicity. Thus, following the call of numerous scientists worldwide (e. g. Rocha et al. 2018; Soares et al. 2020; Stefanoudis et al. 2022), the authors advocate for protection of these critical mesophotic ecosystems, in order to preserve overall biodiversity and the associated benefits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: When large marine predators feed on fisheries catches: global patterns of the depredation conflict and directions for coexistence. Fish Fish. 2021;22: 31–53. View 20. . Odontocete bycatch and depredation in longline fisheries: a review of available literature and of potential solutions. Sci. 2012;28: E345–E374. View 21. . Mitigating bycatch and depredation of marine mammals in longline fisheries. . 2015;72: 1576−1586. View 22. . The challenges of managing depredation and bycatch of toothed whales in pelagic longline fisheries: Two U. S. case studies. Sci. 2021; View 23. NMFS. Taking of Incidental to Operations;. Fed Regist. 2012; 77: 71259. 24. FAO. Report of the on Means and Methods for in Fishing and Aquaculture Operations. FAO Fisheries and No. 1231. 2018; Food and of the United Nations, Rome. 25. Hamilton S, Baker GB. Technical mitigation to reduce marine mammal bycatch and entanglement in commercial fishing gear: lessons learnt and future directions. Biol Fish. 2019;29: 223−247. View 26. . What’s the catch? Patterns of cetacean bycatch and depredation in Hawaii-based pelagic longline fisheries. Mar Ecol. 2011;32: 380–391. View 27. A dynamic ocean management tool to reduce by-catch and support sustainable fisheries. 2018; pmid:29854945 View 28. G. ,. Acoustic detection of bottlenose dolphin depredation on nets and implications for conservation. Aquat Conserv. 2023;33: 179–190. View 29. . Individual and fleetwide bycatch thresholds in regional fisheries management frameworks. Biol Fish. 2023;34: 253–270. View 30. újica L, Reyes P. Significant conservation benefits obtained from the use of a new fishing gear in the toothfish fishery. . 2008;15: 79–91. View 31. . Pelagic longline fishing trials to shape a mitigation device of the depredation by toothed whales. J Biol Ecol. 2012;432–433: 55–63. View 32. Garrison LP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 11 ± 1. 36 kg/m2. Two cases had moderate COVID affection, whereas most of cases (seven cases) had severe infection. The average duration of infection was 17 days. Hip pain was developed after an average of 5 months from infection. Patients were followed up for 4. 6 months. Most of the cases had bilateral affection. Three patients improved symptomatically on medical treatment, five cases had core decompression, and only one case had total hip replacement (Table 1). included only five cases. Their mean age was 23. 8 ± 4. 2 years. All cases were males. Their mean BMI was 26. 2 ± 0. 08 kg/m2. All had moderate affection. Hip pain developed after about 5 months from vaccination. All cases received AstraZeneca vaccine. After vaccination, they all had symptoms like, fever, reaction, swelling, and redness at the injection site. Four of them had bilateral AVN. They were followed up for an average of 5 months. Four cases received core decompression, and only one case received total hip replacement (Table 1). All cases received the same protocol of management once proved AVN. They all had miacalcic injection 50 mg EOD, naftidrofuryl 200 (praxilan) twice daily, alendronate 70 mg once per week, and nonsteroidal for 15 days. If no improvement, core decompression was planned. If failure to improve after 2 months, total hip replacement was anticipated. Patients who had COVID-19 infection were more susceptible to AVN development at (a) lower threshold dose of steroid (900 g) and (b) earlier onset of presentation (less than a month), as shown in Table 1. Regarding clinical outcomes, most patients of groups A and B had better follow-up scores for VAS and HSS. This was not the scenario for group C. This difference may be owing to most cases of groups A and B underwent total hip replacement in comparison with group C, which had only one case that underwent total hip replacement (Table 2). We observed that only cases with total hip replacement had improved VAS and HSS scores. Core decompression was associated with worst prognosis with severe clinical and radiological deterioration even after appropriate period of nonweight bearing. The mean final VAS score in cases with core decompression was 7. 1 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Working on a selected area in Palau (western Micronesia), we assess the relative accuracy of selected coral heights in the reconstructed Models (DSMs) using 51 independent measurements (IMs), and we calculate 2D and 3D seafloor rugosity, comparing it with the results of the traditional “chain and tape” in situ method (Risk 1972; McCormick 1994). MethodsField surveys were conducted in the Palau Archipelago, western Micronesia (Fig. 1a), between November 2019 and February 2020. We focused on nine shallow reefs located in (7°20′13. 1′′N 134°29′07. 4′′E) (Fig. 1a), a semi-enclosed bay characterized by a maze of shallow-water channels, separated by shallow sills emerging during spring low tides (Golbuu et al. 2016). These reefs are of particular ecological value and scientific interest because of their unusually warm and acidic waters and counter-intuitively high coral coverage and diversity (Golbuu et al. 2016; Kurihara et al. 2021). They are also particularly amenable to UAS surveys because they are sheltered from the wind by steep rocky cliffs and have low hydrodynamic influence from the adjacent ocean (Golbuu et al. 2016). Therefore, study sites have periods of low hydrodynamic and wave motion and relatively low suspended sediment concentration. The surveys were carried out with calm winds (less than 2 km h−1). Fig. 1a Location of the survey sites in the Palau Archipelago. The insets show the location of Palau in the and the location of in Palau; b 3D rendering of DSM and Orthomosaic from one of the sites made with the R package “Rayshader” (github. com/tylermorganwall/rayshader/); c Detail of one original aerial photograph; d and e Orthomosaic and digital surface model (of the same area as c) obtained from the SfM-MVS workflow, respectively. Examples of ground control point and scale bar are also shown in the insetsFull size imageA consumer-grade UAS (DJI Phantom-4 Pro) was used to collect 980 near nadir photographs, covering a total area of 6830 m2 across all reef sites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 9 points in comparison with a score of 2. 4 ± 0. 3 points in cases with total hip replacement (P<0. 002). The same was observed with HSS score for core decompression cases (34. 7 ± 4. 5) in comparison with total hip cases (85. 3 ± 2. 3), with P value less than 0. 05. Table 2: Clinical outcomes of the three cohortsRegarding radiological observations, there was no statistically significant difference among the three cohorts concerning the osteonecrosis grading, either Ficat, Steinberg, or ARCO (Table 3). Table 3: Avascular necrosis grading, sizing, localization, and classificationThe radiological appearance of COVID-19-associated osteonecrosis is somewhat different than the usual appearance of ordinary steroid-induced AVN. In the plain radiographs, a dense sclerotic rim of bone necrosis with an osteolytic large cystic lesion was observed just inferior to sclerotic area. In some cases, there was obvious pelvic obliquity due to severe joint irritation with subsequent adduction deformity (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Plain radiograph of a 19-year-old male patient with COVID-related AVN. The left hip is seen with dense sclerotic rim of bone necrosis with an osteolytic large cyst just inferior to sclerotic area. There was obvious pelvic obliquity due to severe joint irritation with subsequent adduction deformity. AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. Regarding CT scans, diffuse sclerotic area of left head of the femur with multiple cyst formation was observed resembling “polling ball. ” This signifies both epiphyseal and metaphyseal circulatory occlusion (Figs 2 and 3). Figure 2: CT scan of left hip showing diffuse sclerotic area of left head of the femur with multiple cyst formation “polling ball sign. ” This signifies both epiphyseal and metaphyseal circulatory occlusion. CT, computed tomography. Figure 3: In the coronal CT scan films, the head appeared full of cysts as a polling ball. CT, computed tomography. Regarding MRI, three distinctive zones were identified in MRI. First is the necrotic cap. The second is multiple cysts arranged in belt fashion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Surveys conducted under different settings are unlikely to benefit from this simple refraction correction. Yet, very promising methods to correct the refraction of light on SfM-MVS derived data are being implemented and will hopefully become widely available (e. g. , Agrafiotis et al. 2020). The UAS-derived 2D rugosity was always lower than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b). This can be explained by: (i) the underestimation of digital coral heights, (ii) the different resolution of the chain and the digital transects (~ 0. 2 cm and ~ 0. 6 cm respectively), (iii) the fact that the chain goes in small interstices that are not solved in the 3D model (e. g. those characterizing branching corals). Also, the UAS-derived 3D rugosity which includes a larger area has slightly lower values than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b, c). In this study, rather than concentrating on the absolute depth of the reconstructed seascapes, we focus on the reconstruction of selected coral heights within the scene, which in turn defines reef topographic complexity. Reconstructing shallow-water seascapes from UAS photographs is challenging and is subject to higher uncertainties in the final products than those usually attained with SfM-MVS topographic reconstructions of terrestrial habitats. This is mainly because light rays travel through two media (air–water), and many conditions need to be met (e. g. , atmospheric conditions, sea state, light penetration, and water depth, nadir data collection) to achieve accuracies in the order of centimeters. Within this study, the conditions of all nine sites on different dates allowed for their 3D reconstruction. Such conditions are not unique, as shown in Fallati et al. (2020) who successfully monitored biannual changes in substrate type and reef complexity in the Maldives at a maximum water depth of 1. 5 m using a DJI Phantom 4 and SfM-MVS methods analogous to the ones used here, albeit without the refraction correction applied in this study. Topographic complexity is one of the most striking features of coral-dominated reefs. Complex topographies offer ample space for reef-associated organisms to settle, feed, and shelter from predators and water motion, thus typically supporting higher levels of biodiversity (Graham and Nash 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To examine the role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning, we used a Shibirets1 strain, which encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin blocking neurotransmitter release when the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C by repressing endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions17. When trained at 34°C, the complete inactivation of dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 impaired aversive learning (Figure 2h), while Shibirets1 did not affect learning when trained at room temperature (22°C). These data indicated that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning to occur. In the next experiments, a fly carrying temperature-sensitive cation channel, dTRPA1, was used to excite the DAN-c1 neuron because it can be activated at temperatures higher than 30°C58. Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 at 34°C during training induced repulsion to PA in the distilled water group (Figure 2k). These data suggested that DAN-c1 excitation and presumably increased dopamine release is sufficient for larval aversive learning in the absence of gustatory pairing. Combining the blockade results with Shibirets1, these data revealed that dopamine released from DAN-c1 activation is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning. However, when paired with a gustatory stimulus (QUI or SUC), activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs both aversive and appetitive learning (Figure 2k). We suggest that these data indicate a critical role for the amount of DAN-c1 dopamine release in larval associative learning, as dTRPA1 stimulation may result in excessive dopamine release. The expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brainAlthough dopamine D1-like receptors have been proven important for learning42, the role of D2-like receptors has not been fully investigated. In addition, the expression pattern of D2R in fly brains was not reported. A fly strain expressing GFP-tagged D2R (BDSC#60276) was used to reveal the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 3a). D2Rs were found in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The third is the bone marrow edema zone that extends beyond the neck region (Figs 4,5,6–7). Figure 4: MRI T2 FS image showing zone of necrosis followed by zone of cyst formation and then zone of bone marrow edema extending through whole neck region till trochanteric area. Figure 5: Three classical zones can be seen in MRI: the first is the necrotic cap, the second is multiple cysts arranged in belt fashion, and the third is the bone marrow edema zone that extends beyond the neck region. Figure 6: MRI T1 image of both hips showing left hip COVID-related AVN with large crescent area of bone infarction extending below the fovea. AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. Figure 7: MRI T2 image showing left COVID-related AVN with evident joint effusion and bone marrow edema extending below the necrotic area in a diffuse fashion till the lesser trochanteric “pan trochanteric bone marrow edema. ” AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. MRI pattern of COVID-19-related AVN is more diffuse the usual steroid-induced AVN. Lesions are more diffuse than and a little bit inferior and anterior than what we usually tend to see in AVN cases. The crescent is not usually in the superior part of the head. There are bigger semilunar areas with more central and inferior lesions (Fig. 8). Figure 8: An evident anterior affection in the most cases of the COVID-19-associated AVN. AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. In the lateral view of the radiograph and in the axial views of the MRI scan, the lesion was always seen very anterior. In most non-the lesion is mostly posterior. This point is of an important surgical value intraoperatively while performing a surgical core decompression for those cases. The reamer should go far anterior to violate the sclerotic rim of anterior lesion (Fig. 9). Figure 9: The reamer should go far anterior to violate the sclerotic rim of anterior lesions. Multiple subchondral cysts and hemorrhagic areas are seen than usual AVN, denoting more severe coagulopathic pathology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Central to maintaining complex topographies are processes that sustain net accretion and cementation of the reefs’ carbonate framework, which underpins the functionality of reefs as barriers protecting shorelines from wave-driven erosion (Perry et al. 2008). Measuring topographic complexity on reefs provides information on their capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. With increasingly common and prolonged marine heatwaves causing severe coral mortality and leading to the reduction of architectural complexity (Oliver et al. 2018), it is urgent to optimize methods to quantify topographic complexity accurately. The simple method proposed here provides information on topographic complexity with a vertical accuracy of 0. 1 m using a 3D model of the seafloor derived from UAS data. Further refinements and improvements will be possible once corrections of refraction of light and additional error sources (e. g. , water surface roughness, light penetration) are developed and integrated into the SfM-MVS method. Data availability The code used to analyze the data and produce figures is available here: 10. 3390/rs1202032210. 1177/03091333198374541. Structure from motion in the Geosciences. Wiley, HobokenBook 10. 1007/s00338-016-1522-010. 1007/s00367-020-00638-810. 1080/01431161. 2018. 150007210. 1007/s00338-021-02088-9364. . QGIS Association. Accessed 5 Apr 2022(2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448(7153):5752902. the Marine Research/and Agreement 62 issued by the Government (08. 10. 2019), and the UAS/09-22-02 issued for the drone pilot (Lewin) by the Administration of the Republic of Palau (08. 10. 2019). The authors wish to thank the Centre staff, especially. Thanks to Stefanie Bröhl and for fieldwork support. PL acknowledges the Meeresschutz (DSM) and the Programm zur Steigerung der Mobilität von deutschen Studierenden () for funding part of her fieldwork. Fundingfunding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Author informationAuthors and for. Casella, P. Lewin, M. Ghilardi & S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The explanation the authors provide seems highly unlikely, unless there is rampant epistasis among ts SNPs. If there were, shouldn't the authors also expect to see large footprints of balancing selection in the outcrossers (because haplotypes, not just SNPs, would be retained)? Queen hypothesis is used to refer to a dizzying array of hypotheses, from the evolution of sex (Introduction) to selection for new combinations of alleles (subsection “Balancing selection over ancient time scales”) to selection for rare alleles (Introduction) to balancing selection (Discussion section), in ways that are often inaccurate. In particular, the hypothesis is neither necessary nor sufficient for the maintenance of genetic variation. Tellier and others have shown, it is actually very unlikely that genetic variation would be maintained over long time periods due to simple models of host-pathogen coevolution, especially in small populations (see Tellier et al. , 2014 Evolution, for example). This literature should be discussed, especially since the authors are finding so many putative examples. Reviewer #2: I was very disappointed by this manuscript, as the results are presented so as to appear more exciting than they really are, and parts of the study appear to reflect a lack of understanding. In the first category, I would mention text in the Introduction about the evolution of sex, with which the study does not even remotely deal. In the second category of lack of understanding and/or knowledge of the field and of results already established, I highlight the discussion of outcrossing, which does not mention inbreeding depression, which is surely a factor that ought to be mentioned – I think that it is incorrect to predict that in general outcrossing will be most favored by natural selection when the selective landscape changes frequently, and to imply that pathogen pressure is probably important in maintaining outcrossing. Moreover, the conclusion that balancing selection still operates in the selfers to maintain variation seems unjustified, as other possibilities are not excluded, and the same applies to the conclusion stated at the end of the Abstract that "population longevity in the face of pathogen attack depends on the persistence of ancient genetic variation". The results may support the much more limited, but still interesting, conclusion that genes involved in defences against pathogens are enriched for cases of balancing selection, in line with the many previously published findings that this class of gene functions shows this kind of behaviour.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: This was observed in most cases with nonhip osteonecrosis, especially at knee joint. This was rarely seen with steroid-induced AVN (Fig. 10). Figure 10: Osteonecrosis of knee femoral condyles. Regarding bone marrow edema associated with cases of AVN after COVID-19, cases were classified into four groups as previously mentioned (Fig. 11 and Table 3). The four types were observed in all the three groups, with no statistically significant difference between their distributions. Most of cases of steroid-induced AVN do not usually show these aggressive forms of BME. Figure 11: Bone marrow associated with COVID-related ONFH. The bone marrow edema involving only over the weight-bearing necrotic zone in the femoral head was graded as grade I, edema extending into the femoral neck region was graded as II, edema involving beyond neck region was graded III, and edema involving acetabulum and periarticular soft tissue with effusion was graded as IV. COVID, coronavirus disease. The necrotic area was calculated using the Kerboul angle. The necrotic angle severity was calculated in midcoronal and midsagittal images in MRI and graded by modified Kerboul angle into grade 1 (<200°), grade 2 (200°–249°), grade 3 (250°–299°), and grade 4 (>300°). Higher angles were seen in cases of group A (P<0. 001, Table 3, Fig. 12). Figure 12: Kerboul angle severity was calculated in midcoronal and midsagittal images in MRI. The CJFH classification is based on the locations of necrotic foci in the three pillars of the femoral head. In our study, most cases of group A were L2 and L3, denoting more severe affection. However, most cases of groups B and C were types M and C, denoting more medial and central affection (Fig. 13, Table 3). Figure 13: The China-Hospital (CJFH) classification seen in our cases. Based on these observations, we developed a simpler classification for COVID-related AVN. Our classification is based mainly on anatomical arterial supply of the femoral head. Some cases had isolated anterioinferior affection owing to coagulopathy of anterior retinacular artery, a branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: ” Additionally, independent genomic analyses help to constrain the evolution of different genes involved directly in oxygenic photosynthesis, as well as of other cyanobacteria elements; these analyses will move us closer to an overall timing constraint. The next big thingA billion years of anoxic oceans followed the Event. Geochemical evidence points to the general oxygenation of the oceans around 635 million years ago, likely requiring a minimum of 10% present atmospheric levels. Whether through cause or effect, the ecosystem began to diversify at around the same time. “Right now, we lack solid constraints on the baseline of atmospheric oxygen leading up to the second rise,” says of Yale University. “That makes it difficult to understand the potential consequence, but also what geochemical change would have induced fundamental changes in oxygen levels. ”But the “boring billion” years between the two major oxygen rises brought with them dropping oxygen levels and constrained evolutionary activity. University of Tasmania geologist analyzed ancient seafloor muds to track trace elements absorbed from the seawater over time in pyrite iron sulfate, a unique mineral that forms in the muds. “Some trace elements are more soluble in the ocean when oxygen increases,” explains Large. “Thus we can use the trends in trace elements in pyrite to predict periods when atmosphere oxygen rose and fell. ” A laser analysis that detects lower levels than was previously possible showed that many nutrient trace elements decrease in the ocean from 1800 to 800 million years ago. Trace elements and oxygen likely declined because tectonics were stable and little erosion occurred on the continents. The lack of nutrients meant a drop in bacteria, leading to less oxygen being liberated to the atmosphere. Ultimately, however, a better global database of samples and laser geochemistry is needed to produce more robust curves for trace elements and oxygen. “We speculate that the increased trace elements [at 750 million years ago] led to a rapid increase in bacteria and plankton in the oceans, which in turn released oxygen to the atmosphere and sped up oxidative erosion of the continents,” says Large. The increased ocean productivity led to increased carbon burial on the sea floor, which drew trace elements and sulfur to the muds as sedimentary pyrites. That burial process increased atmospheric oxygen even more, and the Cambrian explosion of life was primed. Noah's arkThere were definitely no animals before the 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: It is far from clear that there is an "advantage of an expanded footprint of balancing selection after a genetic bottleneck", as the Abstract claims. It is correct that low diversity in a selfer might allow rare high diversity loci to be detected, but selfers that evolved recently from an outcrossing population have the disadvantage that one cannot disentangle selection prior to the selfing state being established from selection more recently, to say nothing of the effect of a bottleneck in increasing the variance of LD and other quantities that might be estimated. Details of these major concerns are too long for your word limit, so I have emailed them to the editorial office in a separate file, to be passed on to the authors. My recommendation would be to revise the manuscript extensively to show clearly the evidence for those conclusions that are well supported, and relate them to what is already known. Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, the authors aim to detect evidence and identify targets of balancing selection by genome-wide search of polymorphisms shared by three Caspella species, two of which experienced genetic bottleneck and transition to self-fertilization independently. The authors resequenced 50 C. rubella, 13 C. grandiflora and 16 C. orientalis accessions and identified millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With this dataset, they first characterized the demographic history of these species and, unlike a previous study, detected evidence of gene flow between (eastern) C. rubella and C. grandiflora. Then, they detected evidence of balancing selection enriched in immunity-related genes by focusing on shared polymorphisms between species. 21 genomic regions are highlighted as strong candidates of targets under balancing selection, many of which contain immunity genes with known functions in A. thaliana. This study does a reasonably good job in excluding factors other than ancestral variation that could lead to shared polymorphisms, so the conclusions are convincing to me. I also enjoy reading this manuscript, as it generates several new insights: (1) it substantially increases the number of trans-species polymorphisms that are potentially maintained by balancing selection in plants, providing candidates for follow-up functional studies; (2) it strongly suggests that frequency-dependent selection is a common mechanism underlying ancient balancing selection (as compared to heterozygote advantage); (3) the case of MLO2 underscores the technical difficulty of detecting divergent haplogroups shared between species by short-read sequencing methods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Another group of cases had more anteriosuperior or dome affection owing to isolated injury to superior retinacular artery, which is a branch of medial circumflex femoral artery. Another group of cases had affection in two or three arteries, leading to pan head necrosis (Table 4, Fig. 14). Table 4: The proposed pathogeographical classification system for coronavirus disease 2019-related avascular necrosisFigure 14: The most important finding of this study was clarifying the different pathological affection in COVID-19-related AVN. Some cases with AVN show isolated affection of SRA (dome affection) and in some cases ARA (dome free type). This clearly explains the isolated anteroinferior affection of some cases without dome affection which was not observed in most cases with steroid-induced AVN. AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. There was a major striking difference in the MRI between dome-free and dome-affected types. In the dome-free type, the lesion is more vertical and extends below the axis of the neck. However, in the dome-affected type, the lesion is usually horizontal and rarely crosses the neck axis (Fig. 15). Figure 15: The difference between dome-free and dome-affected types. Regarding the gross pathological evaluation of the extracted femoral heads during total hip replacements, bigger semilunar areas of bone infarction with larger hemorrhagic areas were seen. Lesions are more central, inferior, and anterior. Larger areas of infarction are seen infrafoveal. Large cystic lesions are also present, which is not reported with steroid-induced AVN (Figs 16,17–18). Figure 16: Bigger semilunar areas of bone infarction with larger hemorrhagic areas were seen along with cystic lesions. Figure 17: The difference between osteonecrosis in steroid-induced AVN (left) and COVID induced (right). AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease. Figure 18: Larger areas of infarction are seen infrafoveal with COVID-related AVN (right side). AVN, avascular necrosis; COVID, coronavirus disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The unique occurrence of species in certain areas reflects a general pattern of diversity found across the planet. As one travels away from a given point, so the environment tends to differ progressively and, as a consequence, the identity of species also changes. The greater similarity of points that are close to each other than those that are more distant is known as spatial autocorrelation [15], and may well lie at the heart of many of the most fundamental and familiar patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms [16]. The change in species identity through space can be reflected mathematically using alpha-diversity—a measure of local diversity, beta-diversity—a measure of turnover among closely located sites, and by gamma-diversity—the diversity of the landscape [17]. Over relatively short distances beta-diversity reflects a suite of biological processes, such as environmental tolerances, and interspecific interactions, such as competition or predation, which lead to species replacement. At the much larger, gamma-diversity scale, the role of evolutionary history and its interaction with the geological evolution of a region tends to predominate, so often leading to wholly different biotas among regions, and endemism at high taxonomic levels [18]. More simply put, within Australia, one tends to find different species of wallabies and kangaroos replacing each other as one drives from Hobart to Darwin, whereas when driving from to Dar es Salaam (a similar distance) the turnover would be among antelope, given that marsupials are entirely absent from Africa. Naturally, there's some interaction among the regional and local scales, so accounting for variation in biodiversity patterns across the planet, such as the anomalously high richness and endemicity of plants at the south-western tip of Africa [3]. In a similar way, a notable feature of the Antarctic benthos is that endemism is generally high compared with other regions. In other words, the fauna is not only rich, but it is most unusual too [14]. In this issue of PLoS Biology, Rogers et al. [19] show that this is true also of the animals associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents, providing the first comprehensive assessment of such ecosystems in the Antarctic. Although the presence of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the region had previously been recorded, they had neither been comprehensively explored, nor thought to be home to a diverse vent fauna [20],[21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Nearly half of the compounds that form abdominal blends and are present in more than one species showed high degrees of congruence with the phylogeny (e. g. , RI > 0. 7, Supporting information). Among those, half are lactones and esters found exclusively in the closely related pair H. cydno and H. pachinus. Values of CI and RI of blends not including those 25 chemicals are comparable with values obtained from the complete dataset, and significantly different from random (CI=RI= 0. 49, mean ± SD of random matrixes, CI= 0. 377 ± 0. 01, RI= 0. 16 ± 0. 03, Z‐tests, df = 1999, P < 0. 001). This suggests that the congruence with the phylogeny for the complete dataset is not because of the high chemical similarity between these two species alone. When we considered only species within each of the two major clades (pupal/nonpupal mating clades), calculated CI and RI values did not matched our expectations. Values of CI and RI were higher for the nonpupal mating clade (CI= 0. 82, RI= 0. 79) than in the pupal mating clade (CI= 0. 79, RI= 0. 5), and in both cases higher than those obtained from a random distribution of compounds across species (mean ± SD CI= 0. 54 ± 0. 01 and 0. 7 ± 0. 02, and RI= 0. 22 ± 0. 05 and 0. 2 ± 0. 08 for nonpupal and pupal mating clades, respectively, Z‐tests, df = 1999, P < 0. 001). 1 Open in new tab Measures of congruency of chemical blends from abdominal glands of Heliconius species with their molecular phylogeny. Columns represent different sets of data used for analysis with the number of characters included indicated in parenthesis. (A) Values of consistency and retention indices (CI, RI) obtained from chemical data (top) are compared with the mean (± SD) of 2000 randomized replicates (bottom). Congruency with the phylogeny was significantly higher than in a random distribution of chemicals across species with P < 0. 0001 for all datasets (Z test with two tails). (B) Bootstrap support of species association using compounds as characters from 2000 trees obtained with maximum parsimony.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Regarding the histopathological evaluation, examination of bone sections with hematoxylin and eosin stain by Leica ICC50 HD microscope, Leica application suite EZ program, was done in our pathology department. Avascular bone necrosis of femoral head exhibited massive areas of bone necrosis admixed with fibrin and numerous blood clots. A large number of empty lacunae, some dilated, were seen in bone trabecula. Bone trabecula’s color is darker than normal. Poorly vascularized fibrous marrow with widened bone marrow spaces is seen. There is calcified marrow in adjacent nondiseased areas (Figs 19,20,21,22,23–24). Figure 19: AVNFH exhibiting massive areas of bone necrosis admixed with fibrin (black arrow) and numerous blood clots (orange arrow) “hematoxylin and eosin ×100. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head. Figure 20: AVNFH showing numerous blood clots with variable sized (small & large) blood vessels (orange arrow) “hematoxylin and eosin ×100. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head. Figure 21: AVNFH showing dilated empty lacuna of bone trabecula (black arrow) “hematoxylin and eosin ×200. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head. Figure 22: Higher magnification of previous figure of AVNFH showing dilated empty lacuna of bone trabecula (black arrow) “hematoxylin and eosin ×400. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head. Figure 23: AVNFH showing poorly vascularized dilated marrow spaces “hematoxylin and eosin ×100. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head. Figure 24: AVNFH showing calcification in adjacent marrow spaces (black arrow) “hematoxylin and eosin ×100. ” AVNFH, avascular bone necrosis of femoral head.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A full list of vent sites can be found on InterRidge's pages at: The base map is the NOAA global relief model ( Figure compiled by Aleks Terauds. makes the findings of Rogers et al. [19] so remarkable is that the communities of these vents, located at c. 56°S to 60°S along the Ridge (ESR) (Figure 1), are unlike those anywhere else. For example, hydrothermal vents along the Rise and Galápagos Rift are dominated by siboglinid tubeworms (mainly Riftia pachyptila), bathymodiolid mussels, alvinellid polychaetes, and vesicomyid clams. Along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, alvinocaridid shrimp (mostly Rimicaris exoculata) and bathymodiolid mussels are most common [25],[28]. vent sites are dominated by dense aggregations of a new species of yeti crab (Kiwa sp. , so called because of the dense arrangements of the setae on the ventral surface, or on the pincers), a new species of peltospiroid gastropod, a previously unknown Vulcanolepas stalked barnacle, several anemone species, and a predatory sea star. Taxa typically common at other hydrothermal vents, such as alvinocaridid shrimp, polychaete worms, and bathymodiolid mussels are absent [19]. Importantly, Rogers et al. 's [19] findings not only emphasize the unique nature of Antarctic biodiversity in a global context, but also draw attention to the fact that deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities show much more inter-regional diversity generally than has been found to date. The significance thereof lies especially with the microbiota that exploit these environments. Hydrothermal vents are found where sea water enters the underlying rock through cracks caused by ocean floor spreading, is then heated, and ejected back into the water mass. Typically, the main vent streams reach high temperatures (as much as 400°C), have acidic pH values of 2 to 3, and contain a range of metals and reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide [22],[30]. Because of the low temperature of the deep sea (c. 2°C, and 0°C to −1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For example, (E)‐β‐ocimene, hexyl isopentanoate and benzyl salicylate, are compounds known to trigger rejection of females by courting males in H. melpomene, H. cydno, H. and charithonia, respectively (Schulz et al. 2008; Estrada 2009). A similar pattern of the evolution of antiaphrodisiacs in both major clades of Heliconius is apparent when considering only those major compounds within the more volatile region of the gas chromatograms (Fig. 2). Such compounds have diverged between sister species H. ismenius and H. numata, as well as the closely related H. melpomene and pair H. cydno–H. pachinus, all in the nonpupal mating clade. In contrast major compounds appear to be conserved across more divergent species of the pupal mating clade (H. charithonia, H. sapho, H. hewitsoni, and H. sara). results support the idea that the evolution of antiaphrodisiac pheromones in butterflies is in part driven by intrasexual selection. Analysis of the composition of this chemical signal in Heliconius was consistent with our predictions of (1) rapid changes in the chemical composition of antiaphrodisiacs (Symonds and Elgar 2008), and (2) faster rates of change among species with higher potential of sperm competition (Arnqvist 1998). First, we show that antiaphrodisiac pheromones in Heliconius are complex mixtures and highly diverse. Both composition and number of compounds along the whole range of volatility analyzed varied substantially among species. Although some compounds were exclusively found in particular clades, most appeared scattered across species, suggesting that gains and losses of compounds throughout the evolutionary history of the genus have been common. Consequently, indices used to estimate the congruence of chemical changes with the phylogeny although significantly higher than random, were generally low. Similarly, consensus trees constructed with maximum parsimony that grouped species based on their chemical similarity only recovered some of the phylogenetic clades and often with low bootstrap support. The only exception was the pair H. cydno–H. pachinus which has 48 compounds in common, 25 of them exclusive, and was clustered together more than 98% of the time.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: severe morbidity and potential mortality in the SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19-infected patients can be largely attributed to the augmented immune response characterized as a cytokine storm [17]. Law et al. [18] noted that the use of high doses of corticosteroids increased the risk of the appearance of AVN of the joint and hip. Corticosteroids have been employed to suppress these aggravated immune responses in severely ill patients. Excessive use of glucocorticoids has been shown to increase the plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is essential for the aggregation and adhesion of platelets; thus, its loss due to the glucocorticoid-induced endothelial damage also increases the risk of thrombosis and AVN [18]. The SARS-CoV-2 infection in itself can induce endothelial dysfunction producing excess thrombin and fibrinolysis shutdown, resulting in a state of hypercoagulability. Thus, all recovered COVID-19-infected patients should be screened for suspected AVN with MRI before any surgical intervention [19]. COVID-19 infection causes an obvious hypercoagulable state, increasing the risk for both arterial and venous thrombosis. A high incidence of thrombotic complications has been documented in the literature. There have been a number of reports for arterial thrombosis. The pathogenesis of this prothrombotic state is currently incompletely understood. A myriad of factors may play a role, and different mechanisms have been proposed. Consequently, this phenomenon has been termed ‘‘COVID-associated coagulopathy’’ [20]. The severe morbidity and potential mortality in the COVID-19-infected patients can be largely attributed to the augmented immune response characterized as a “cytokine storm” [21]. In one large study of 3335 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, thrombotic events occurred in 16% of patients. Arterial events included ischemic stroke (1. 6%), systemic thromboembolism (1. 0%), and myocardial infarction (8. 9%) [22].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 3°C in the case of the ESR vents), conditions are highly variable over very small distances in the proximity of vents, making the environment patchy, both thermally and chemically, so providing a rich diversity of habitats for archaea and bacteria. The only exception to the general pattern found so far has been the off-axis vents of the Mid-site. They are characterized by lower temperatures (<90°C), alkaline streams (pH 9–11), and a process known as serpentinization [31], and may, in consequence, provide unique insights into life's origins [30]. At the typical, black smoker–type deep-sea vents, many of the bacteria fuel primary production by obtaining energy from the oxidization of reduced sulphur compounds or methane [22],[30],[32]. The fact that bacteria are capable of doing so may not come entirely as a surprise, given their remarkable biochemical diversity. Rather, it is the metazoans that have proven extraordinary. When first examined, it was assumed that the animals occurring at the vents were heterotrophs, grazing on the abundant microbiota found at the sites. This is indeed one way, along with filter-feeding, that vent metazoans power their lifestyles [22],[27]. However, in other vent animals, groups of bacteria are found as chemosynthetic endosymbionts (i. e. , internally located) or episymbionts (located externally) [32]. Thus, these metazoans do not obtain their nutrients in a way that would be familiar to us, but rather derive all of their nutrition from the chemosynthetic symbionts. For example, the tubeworm R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system and depends entirely on its endosymbiotic bacteria housed in a special organ known as the trophosome. Other groups of organisms dependent on chemosynthetic symbionts include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and shrimp and crabs. Although the bacteria examined by Rogers et al. [19] show high genetic sequence similarity to others typical of hydrothermal vent sites, the possibility of new forms of chemosynthetic relationships is highlighted by the presence of a variety of new vent metazoan species that may play host to such bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Although comparisons of antiaphrodisiacs among species with contrasting mating systems have not previously been performed, similar studies exist for another well‐known mechanism of male sperm competition, and are consistent with our finding of antiaphrodisiacs evolution in Heliconius. Seminal fluid proteins transferred to females in the ejaculate are known to reduce females’ receptivity to mate, and promote the formation of mating plugs, along with many other effects on female and male reproductive success (Chapman and Davies 2004). Other studies have found extremely rapid evolution of genes coding for these proteins both within and among Drosophila species (Chapman 2001; Haerty et al. 2007). Although the contribution of different sources of selection both in a sexual or nonsexual context has not been identified (Simmons 2001; Haerty et al. 2007), such genes have evolved more rapidly in species with higher remating rate, and presumably higher potential for sperm competition (Wagstaff and Begun 2005, 2007). Currently, there is no direct evidence for a key assumption of the model of antiaphrodisiac evolution we propose: that more complex mixtures or novel elements make antiaphrodisiacs more effective in repelling males or controlling volatile evaporation rates. However, there is compelling theoretical and empirical evidence that the intensity of conflict between sender and receiver influences the evolution of complex signals (Arak and Enquist 1995). Data here and elsewhere indicate that our model for antiaphrodisiac evolution driven by intrasexual selection is highly tenable. First, the complex matrix of less‐volatile esters that characterize blends from abdominal glands of Heliconius (and related genera) (Ross et al. 2001; Schulz et al. 2007; 2008, and this 2000. Sexual cooperation and conflict in butterflies: a male‐transferred anti‐aphrodisiac reduces harassment of recently mated females. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267:1271–1275. 2003. Antiaphrodisiacs in pierid butterflies: a theme with variation! J. Chem. Ecol. 29:1489–1499. 2004. Sexual conflict and anti‐aphrodisiac titre in a polyandrous butterfly: male ejaculate tailoring and absence of female control. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 271:1765–1770. 1995.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Marked increases of endothelial activation and injury markers including vWF, angiopoietin 2, P-selectin, and thrombomodulin have been noted, where vWF and thrombomodulin correlate with mortality [23]. Hyperactivation of the complement system has been seen in COVID-19, with increased circulating markers correlating with severe disease. Activation of complement may be direct from COVID-19 or as a sequela of endotheliopathy, which, in turn, activates the complement system [24]. Laboratory analysis has been consistent with a hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Increased D-dimer, fibrinogen, factor VIII, and vWF and decreased antithrombin have been noted in the critically ill [25]. Although critical illness is known to cause a hypercoagulable state, COVID-19 appears to cause a profoundly proinflammatory state, escalating prothrombotic factors. These factors have been confirmed to cause thromboembolism despite appropriate thromboembolic prophylaxis [26]. In our study, 42 patients had AVN related to COVID-19 infection. Patients were classified into three groups. The first group (28 patients) had COVID-19 infection and received steroids in their treatment protocol. The second group (nine patients) had COVID-19 infection but did not receive steroids. The third group (five patients) did not have COVID-19 infection but they just received the vaccine. Regarding the first group, we observed a very aggressive course of the disease than usual reported with steroid-induced AVN. Cases had developed AVN with a small dose of steroid less than 1000 mg with rapidly deteriorating course and severe hip pain. Overall, 14% of the cases received total hip replacement as a solution for their pain. The second group developed AVN without steroid therapy. One case only received total hip replacement. The third group had AVN after vaccination with AstraZeneca vaccine. One cases also received a total hip replacement. Moreover, we observed that cases that sustained core decompression, they did not improve radiologically, but pain and function were partially improved, which was the same scenario with medical treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38].

Output: corroborate