Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Reduviidae). However, Head et al. (2005) found a non-significant negative impact of Bt cotton on Geocoris spp. , Orius spp. , ladybeetles, and spiders in comparison with non-Bt cotton. Also, Torres and Ruberson (2006) found no detrimental effects on development and reproduction of G. punctipes fed on prey reared on leaves of Bt cotton. Similarly, Bai et al. (2006) investigated the effects of Bt rice, containing Cry1Ab toxin, on the coccinellid, Propylea japonica (Thunberg), by feeding its larvae on the nymphs of the plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hem. : Delphacidae), reared on leaves of Bt rice. The results showed that the developmental period, pupation rate, adult eclusion, and weight of pupae and adults of the predator did not differ significantly than from those of the control. Zhao et al. (2013) evaluated the effect of Bt toxins on P. japonica when fed on Aphis gossypii Glover infesting Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac toxin. The results indicated that there were no distinct differences in the larval development, emerged female weight, or fecundity between predators reared on aphids infesting Bt cotton or conventional cotton. Romeis et al. (2012) reported that the red spider mite, Tetranichus urtica Koch, a natural prey for the larvae of the coccinellid, Adalia bipunctata (L. ), was fed on Bt corn before exposure to the predator larvae. The mortality rate among the treated Adalia larvae did not differ significantly from that of the control group which was fed on mites reared on conventional corn. Field studiescrops in generalMen et al. (2003) and Pilcher et al. (2005) reported decreased populations of predators and parasitoids in transgenic crops compared to conventional ones. Mendelsohn et al. (2003) stated that beneficial arthropods were noticed to be substantially more abundant in Bt crops than in crops treated with chemical pesticides.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Using the traditional D&A approach and model simulations, previous work can capture the observed dipole pattern of the river flow in pan-European regions, but only if anthropogenic emissions are accounted for37. Our analysis confirmed this argument, with obvious signals of human-induced climate change detected in the predicted time series from multi-model results (Fig. 4p) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5d). Negative regression coefficients are seen in the regional temperature fingerprint, with high absolute values for regions in the central and eastern and the most of Mexico due to less synoptic noises compared to higher latitudes (Fig. 4e). For the regional humidity fingerprint, high positive regression coefficients are found in relatively arid areas along the and on the west coast of the and large negative coefficients in the northern parts of the continent (Fig. 4k). The temperature fingerprint reveals negative implications of changes in surface air temperature over the midwestern for TWS. Additionally, strong climate change signals are detected in the predicted time series from multi-models (Fig. 4q) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5e). A previous D&A study identified human-induced changes in observed river flow and snowpack over the western from 1950–1999, but changes in precipitation cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability67. In the central part of the Rocky Mountains, a combined water balance and tree ring study found that moderate warming alone (in the absence of considerable changes in precipitation) could still have critical adverse impacts on water availability68. America, the regional temperature fingerprint shows considerable negative coefficients in the majority of the Amazon rainforest except its southern part, whereas the humidity fingerprint reveals positive coefficients in the central and southern parts of the Amazon rainforest (Fig. 4f,l). The tropical region has more significant temperature coefficients because daily temperatures are less variable than those in the midlatitudes, as the latter are noisier due to extratropical weather. Although these fingerprints reasonably reflect the response of TWS to rising temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere, climate change is barely detected in terms of the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5f). Precipitation over South America, particularly in the Amazon, is significantly impacted by interannual variability of the ENSO and the tropical Atlantic meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient69.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated ratsEffect of curcumin on cerebral contents ofIL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Naranjo (2009) reported that until 2008, over 63 field studies had been conducted to assess the potential impacts of Bt crops on non-target arthropods (in 6 classes, 21 orders, and 185 species) with vast majority of these being natural enemies. All these studies beside tens of studies, as reported (Dang et al. 2017 and Pelligrino et al. 2018), concluded that Bt crops have minimal or negligible effects on non-target arthropods, mainly predators and parasitoids. Similarly, Romeis et al. (2019) reported that over the past 20+ years, extensive experience and insight have been gained through laboratory and field studies of non-target effects of crops producing Cry proteins. Overall, the vast majority of the studies demonstrated that the insecticidal proteins developed today do not cause adverse effects on natural enemies of target pests. Furthermore, when Bt crops replace synthetic chemical insecticides for pest control, this creates an environmental support of the conservation of natural enemies. cottonA 3-year field study carried out by Moar et al. (2002) revealed that there were no adverse effects on non-target arthropods (parasitoids and predators) in Bt cotton fields compared to conventionally grown cotton. In a 6-year field study, Naranjo (2005) assessed the long-term impact of Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac toxin on 22 species and strains of foliar-dwelling natural enemies in Arizona. The study revealed no chronic or long-term effects of Bt cotton on such natural enemies. Almost similar results were obtained by Sharma et al. (2007) who recorded higher populations of chrysopids, coccinellids, and spiders in Bt cotton than in conventional cotton. Also, Mellet and Scheoman (2007) found that Bt cotton had no adverse impact on the abundance of coccinellids. Yao et al. (2012) studied the potential effects of Bt cotton on the seasonal abundance of 5 groups of predators during 3 years (2009–2011) in China. The groups were as follows: (1) the coccinellids, C. undecimpunctata (L. ), Adonia variegata (Goeze), and Stethorus sp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The time series of the model predicted TWS anomalies in this continent has a large spread which makes anthropogenic climate change much harder to detect from the noise of natural variability (Fig. 4r). These may help to explain why the GRACE-observed TWS trend in has been mostly attributed to natural climate variability8. Discussion and implicationsIn this study, we have used statistical learning techniques to extract externally forced fingerprints from global weather patterns of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. Both reanalysis data and model simulations have been projected onto the extracted fingerprints to detect climate change on daily timescales. The selection of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity as predictors was based on the fact that climate change can influence the Earth system through changing the surface air temperature and the atmospheric moisture that alters the latent heat31. We do not use precipitation as a predictor because it exhibits strong spatial gradients globally, which may not be well predicted by models. In some cases, averaging precipitation over latitude bands is used to reduce internal variability in the D&A method30. This method, however, is not suitable for our analysis as we focus on climate change detection from global weather patterns. According to the results, we found that the daily predictions obtained from models and reanalyses are consistent, but weak climate change signals are detected in global TWS compared to the global temperature reported in the previous literature31,70. By the end of the HIST simulations, AGTWS anomalies estimated from models and reanalyses cannot emerge from natural variability at global and continental scales (Figs. 2 and 4). Relatively weak signals in global TWS may be attributed to several reasons. First, GHMs/LSMs simplify processes (e. g. , surface water and groundwater processes) in the hydrological cycle and thus are limited by the corresponding simplifying approximations. Second, the expected physical response to external forcing is influenced by a variety of uncertainties in model-structure-related water storage compartments and capacity71, radiative forcing and socioeconomic scenarios, and meteorological forcings. Under the same RCP scenario, the four GCMs’ climate projections vary in the mean status and variability. Key uncertainties that result in a large spread of natural variability could come from inter-model disagreement on runoff responses even though common meteorological forcing data are used72.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15–20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [26]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11–14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [27]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [27]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [27].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Effect of Bt crops on parasitoidsLaboratory studiesEffect on biological parameters of the parasitoidsBaur and Boethel (2003) stated that the parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris, developed significantly faster in Pseudaletia includens (Walker) larvae fed on the conventional cotton than on Bt cotton. However, the parasitoid which developed in host larvae feeding on Bt cotton suffered reduced longevity and lower fecundity. Also, Bt cotton affected the development of P. includens parasitized with the egg-larval parasitoid, Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead), as well as the biological parameters of the parasitoid. Fewer C. floridanum adults were found to emerge from hosts fed on Bt cotton, but the longevity of such adults was not affected. Prutz and Dettner (2004) assessed the potential effect of Bt corn leaves on Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep. : Crambidae) and its braconid larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). The percentage of parasitized host larvae which gave rise to adult parasitoids was reduced, and the fresh weight of parasitoid pupae and the dry weight of adults were lower than those from the control. Similarly, Vojtech et al. (2005) stated that Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), the larval parasitoid of Spodoptera littoralis, was affected when its host larvae were reared on leaves and stems of Bt corn. The survival of parasitoid larvae and their development period inside the host larvae as well as the cocoon weight were significantly negatively affected. Cui et al. (2005) reported that the survival and developmental rates of Microplitis sp. and Campoletis chlorideae, the parasitoids of H. armigera, decreased when their host was reared on leaves of Bt cotton. Sanders et al. (2007) investigated the impact of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab toxin on the development and behavior of the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Third, other anthropogenic forcing agents such as aerosol emissions could affect regional precipitation, thus in turn playing a critical role in global and regional hydroclimates. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions cause large discrepancies in global precipitation response among GCMs through their different representations of aerosol–cloud interactions73,74. The signals of greenhouse gas forcing in global drought are robustly detectable in the first half of the 20th century, yet the signals are possibly counteracted by the increase in anthropogenic aerosol emissions in the mid-century (1950–1975)75. Although relatively weak signals of human-induced climate change are detected in global TWS in the HIST period which is in line with previous studies76,77, the detected fraction of days started to climb in 2015. Climate change signals in global TWS have accumulated over the last few decades, and our results showed that these signals will possibly be uniformly detected at daily timescales in the next few decades. Moreover, by employing a daily detection approach that incorporates cross-validation with extensive climate reanalyses and modeling datasets, our study effectively overcomes the obstacles posed by the large internal climate variability and overcomes the constraint posed by limited observations of TWS at a global scale, facilitating the detection of warming-induced TWS trends at daily time intervals. The model-derived fingerprints may be complementary to the study of GRACE-derived TWS trends. Strongly decreasing TWS trends shown by the GRACE data8 alone call attention to the importance of improving current models that allow the incorporation of hydrological processes such as groundwater pumping and snowmelt to match independent observations. In this study, we reported that global TWS, excluding Antarctica and Greenland, mainly resides in the Northern Hemisphere, and the most pronounced signature for temperature is in the tropics and due to the large signal-to-noise ratio therein. The signal of forced climate change under RCP6. 0 emerges later than that under RCP2. 6, most likely due to higher climate variability under higher emission scenarios. is expected to decrease to about 40 kg m−2 under RCP6. 0, compared to about 20 kg m−2 under RCP2. 6. In conclusion, the ability to detect climate change signals in TWS from the global weather patterns on daily timescales has wide implications for climate science, the hydrological cycle, and climate adaptations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [28,29]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone–9 hepatocytes [28]. Pirmoradi et al. [29] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [28,29], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [30]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. In this study, 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [31,32].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The results showed that adult parasitoids which emerged from Spodoptera frugiperda larvae fed on Bt maize were significantly smaller (by 15–30%) than those emerged from larvae fed on conventional maize. However, the total developmental period of the parasitoid was not affected by Bt maize treatment. In choice tests, female parasitoids displayed no preference for host larvae fed on Bt maize or conventional maize. No Cry1Ab was detected within adult parasitoids. Salles et al. (2015) investigated the interactions between Bt crops, S. frugiperda, and its larval parasitoid, Campoletis flavicincta. They found that when parasitized and unparasitized larvae were fed on Bt maize (expressing Cry1Ab) for 10 days, their mortality did not differ significantly (90 and 87. 7%, respectively). Solmaz et al. (2014) studied the effect of Bt cotton on some biological parameters of Encarsia formosa Gahan, a parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Genn. ). The results indicated that the total developmental period and the pre-oviposition period of parasitoid females which emerged from the host reared in the Bt cotton were significantly longer than those from non-Bt cotton. The total numbers of eggs deposited/female were 23. 6 and 43. 8/female in the Bt and non-Bt cotton, respectively. Discrimination between Bt-infected and uninfected hostSanders et al. (2007), in choice tests, found that females of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) displayed no preference for its host larva (S. frugiperda) fed on Bt maize or conventional maize. Direct effect of Bt toxins on adult parasitoidsMarchetti et al. (2012) studied the effect of feeding adults of Exorista larvarum (Dipt. : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Galleria mellonella (L. ) larvae, on sugar soaked with the Cry9Aa from Bt var. galleriae at 3 times the dose which is highly virulent to lepidopteran insects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Our work is a first attempt to extend short-term detection and attribution to the water cycle, which could provide information to quantify changes in the probability of water-related extreme events and to estimate the increasing hydrological threats to society. Because global and regional weather patterns are expected to be updated daily as time proceeds, this method can help detect climate change signals at the earliest possible moment using daily global data. This would be critical in regions such as Australia and South America, where only natural signals have been detected recently, but possible signals of anthropogenic climate change will be identified at a pivot point in the future. Furthermore, our study revealed that the already limited freshwater availability will likely become scarcer around the globe as we found a significant decline in the annual global average of TWS in response to global warming. The declining freshwater storage under climate change will jeopardize water ecosystem services worldwide as TWS provides a buffer against climate extremes such as droughts. The loss of water ecosystem services will exacerbate water-related risks on human and natural systems. Our findings therefore would be informative to adaptive management and the identification of nature-based solutions to climate change. DeclarationsData availability Project version 3 dataset is provided by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of (BER), the Office, and the. NCEP Reanalysis 1 and NCEP Reanalysis 2 data are provided by the NOAA/OAR/. output and climate forcing data are available at GRACE observations can be obtained from and Reanalysis data are available under the following URLs: The 20th version 3 at ERA5 at the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 at and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 at Code availability Python 3. 9 and the Operators (CDO) scripts were used to prepare model output, climate forcing, GRACE, and reanalysis data. The package ‘glmnet’ (version 4. 1-1) in R (version 4. 1) was used for training and predicting of statistical models. acknowledge the support from the by the Fund and the for Water Security. Y Li acknowledges support from a Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant. Author contributions  F. H. , L. X. , Z. L. and Y. L. performed background research and designed the study. F. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL–1β: Interleukin–1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The study showed that the longevity of males and females of the parasitoid, the numbers of eggs laid by the female, and the percentage of larvae that gave rise to pupae were not significantly affected compared to feeding on distilled water. Field studiesYang et al. (2005) reported that population densities of the parasitoids, Trichogramma confusum, Campoletis chlorideae, and Meteorus pulchroconis, were significantly lower in Bt cotton fields than in conventional cotton ones. The authors claimed that such lower populations of parasitoids in Bt crops could be due to the reduced density of the host insect, Helicoverpa armigera. Also, Wu and Guo (2005) recorded lower populations of Trichogramma spp. , sp. , and Campoletis sp. parasitoids in Bt cotton as compared to non-Bt cotton. In contrast, Romeis et al. (2006) reported that field studies confirmed that the abundance and activity of parasitoids were found to be similar in Bt and non-Bt crops. Also, Fernandes et al. (2007) found no adverse effects of Bt maize on the populations of Trichogramma parasitoids. Arshad et al. (2015) estimated the populations of insect parasitoids from the 1st week of July to the 2nd week of November in Bt cotton and conventional cotton fields. They found that the abundance of the parasitoids, Trichogramma spp. and Apanteles spp. , did not differ significantly in both fields. ConclusionSome laboratory studies revealed that B. thuringiensis did not cause detrimental effects on the biological parameters of parasitoids and predators whereas others showed significant negative impact on such natural enemies. The negative impact of Bt-infected larvae on the development of parasitoids of such larvae is related to Bt concentration and timing of infection. Overall, the vast majority of the studies demonstrated that the insecticidal proteins developed today do not cause adverse effects on natural enemies (parasitoids and predators) of target pests. Availability of data and materials The review 2018. Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents of insect pests. CAB Reviews 2018, 13,No. 058.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: mainly performed the analyses and wrote the manuscript.  J. S. F. provided insights about the uncertainty sources of global hydrological simulations. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. 10. 1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1092:>2. 0. CO;2. Allen, M. R. & Ingram, W. J. Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature vol. 419 (2002). Humphrey, V. & Gudmundsson, L. GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 1–41 (2019) doi:10. 5194/essd-2019-25. Li, F. , Kusche, J. , Chao, N. , Wang, Z. & Löcher, A. Long-Term (1979-Present) Over the Derived by. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, (2021). Yang, X. , Tian, S. , You, W. & Jiang, Z. Reconstruction of continuous GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies based on time series decomposition. J. Hydrol. 603, (2021). Sun, Z. , Long, D. , Yang, W. , Li, X. & Pan, Y. Reconstruction of on Changes in the Surface and 60 Basins. Water Resour. Res. 56, (2020). Frieler, K. et al. Assessing the impacts of 1. 5ĝ€°C global warming - Simulation protocol of the Inter-Project (2b). Geosci. Model Dev. 10, 4321–4345 (2017). Lange, S. Trend-preserving bias adjustment and statistical downscaling with 3BASD (v1. 0). Geosci. Model Dev. 12, 3055–3070 (2019). Slivinski, L. C. et al. of the Performance of the 3. J. Clim. 34, 1417–1438 (2021). Hersbach, H. et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146, (2020). Kalnay, E. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (1997) Interactions among Helicoverpa armigera, its larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes and Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol 90(5):1181–11862014. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins nomenclature. www. lifesci. sussex. ac. uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/(2005) Effects of transgenic Cry1Ac plus CpT1 cotton on development of main parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera in laboratory. 17:3741–3745 112. 2004. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci on poinsettia with Eretmocerus sp. (Hym. :Aphelinidae), Serangium japonicum (Col. : Coccinellidae) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Ph. D. thesis,. Ferguson KI, (1996) Non-additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations. Oecologia 108:375–37991. 3507. Published online 2016 Mar. 23. 1992. The role of some Spodoptera littoralis parasitoids and predators as distributers of bacterial and viral insecticides. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric. , Cairo University, 105 pp. (2012) Susceptibility of adult Exorista larvarum to conventional and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae toxin. Bull. Insectology 65(1):133–137 2002. Effects of Bt-cotton on biological control agents in the States. 1st on of. 14-18, 2002. (2008) Synergistic interaction between sub-lethal doses of Bacillus thuringiensis and Campoletis chlorideae in managing Helicoverba armigera. Bio-Control 53(2):375–386 2012. Environ. Sci. Eur 24:182011. Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and parasitoids of late-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (Lep. :Tortricidae). Canadian J. Zoology,79(9) DOI: Scorsetti, A. C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, (1996). Kanamitsu, M. et al. NCEP–-(R-2). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83, 1631–1643 (2002). Sippel, S. et al. Robust detection of forced warming in the presence of potentially large climate variability. Sci. Adv. 7, 1–18 (2021). Sterling, S. M. , Ducharne, A. & Polcher, J. The impact of global land-cover change on the terrestrial water cycle. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3, 385–390 (2013). Jaramillo, F. & Destouni, G. Local flow regulation and irrigation raise global human water consumption and footprint. Science vol. 350 (2015). Lehner, B. et al. High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 494–502 (2011). Phillips, T. , Nerem, R. S. , Fox-Kemper, B. , Famiglietti, J. S. & Rajagopalan, B. The influence of ENSO on global terrestrial water storage using GRACE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, 1–7 (2012). Cai, W. et al. Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, (2014). Power, S. , Delage, F. , Chung, C. , Kociuba, G. & Keay, K. Robust twenty-first-century projections of El Niño and related precipitation variability. Nature 502, (2013). Haustein, K. et al. A limited role for unforced internal variability in twentieth-century warming. J. Clim. 32, 4893–4917 (2019). Zhang, W. et al. Increasing precipitation variability on daily-to-multiyear time scales in a warmer world. Sci. Adv. 7, 1–12 (2021). . , Agutu, N. O. & Fukuda, Y. Climate teleconnections influence on West Africa’s terrestrial water storage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. K M DJ Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionicacid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence. Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):487-96. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018);68(4):213-21. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: By contrast, the gene 2A192 that is expressed in the fat body was only knocked down after dsRNA injection. Feeding of dsRNA reduced significantly the mortality rates of the flies compared with the injection treatment. Bautista et al. [29] silenced a P450 CYP6BG1 gene by dsRNA droplet feeding in Plutella xylostella in order to show its involvement in permethrin resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR showed efficient reduction of expression of CYP6BG1 transcripts in midgut and carcass after oral delivery, which was reflected in reduced total P450 activities of microsomal preparations and which resulted in significant reduction in resistance to the insecticide permethrin. The experiments indicate the participation of overexpressed CYP6BG1 in the resistance mechanism against permethrin [29]. RNAi has been used successfully to silence endogenous honey bee genes by feeding [30]. This was the first successful large-scale real-world use of RNAi for insect-disease control. RNAi was shown to prevent bees from succumbing to infection from under laboratory conditions. In this study, IAPV-specific homologous dsRNAs were used in the field, under natural beekeeping conditions in order to prevent mortality and improve the overall health of bees infected with IAPV [30]. In the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Lü and Wan [31] explored the role of heat-shock protein (Hsp) genes in both male and female sexes by dsRNA feeding. Chen et al. [32] examined the effects of using a feeding-based RNAi technique to target the gene trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. DsRNA feeding resulted in rapid and significant reduction in expression levels of TPS mRNA and enzymatic activity. Developmental abnormalities were observed in dsRNA-fed N. lugens larvae which resulted in lethal effects. Hunt et al. [33] developed an RNAi-mediated bioassay to explore proposed connections between expression of hexameric storage proteins and worker versus gyne (potential future foundress) castes in naturally founded colonies of the wasp genus Polistes (P. metricus).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Hydrol. Process. 31, 3206–3224 (2017). Ahmed, M. , Sultan, M. , Wahr, J. & Yan, E. The use of GRACE data to monitor natural and anthropogenic induced variations in water availability across Africa. Earth-vol. 136 (2014). Ebead, B. , Ahmed, M. , Niu, Z. & Huang, N. Quantifying the anthropogenic impact on groundwater resources of using data and land surface models. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11, (2017). Zhao, D. , Zhang, L. & Zhou, T. Detectable anthropogenic forcing on the long-term changes of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Dyn. 59, 1939–1952 (2022). Putnam, A. E. & Broecker, W. S. Human-induced changes in the distribution of rainfall. Sci. Adv. 3, 1–15 (2017). Van Dijk, A. I. J. M. et al. Drought in southeast Australia (2001-2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resour. Res. 49, (2013). Stahl, K. , Tallaksen, L. M. , Hannaford, J. & Van Lanen, H. A. J. Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: Estimates from a multi-model ensemble. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, (2012). Bouwer, L. M. , Vermaat, J. E. & Aerts, J. C. J. H. Regional sensitivities of mean and peak river discharge to climate variability in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, (2008). Barnett, T. P. et al. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the States. Science (80-. ). 319, 1080–1083 (2008). Gray, S. T. & McCabe, G. J. A combined water balance and tree ring approach to understanding the potential hydrologic effects of climate change in the central region. Water Resour. Res. 46, 1–13 (2010). Malhi, Y. et al. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science (80-. ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. Krishnan M, Kang SC. Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;74:106811. TableTable 1. Effect of curcumin on the levels of and GSH-Px in cerebral homogenates prepared from ACR intoxicated rats (n = 10, mean ± SD). Groups MDA (nmol/mg prot) GSH (mg/g prot) SOD (U/mg prot) GSH-Px (U/mg prot) Normal 0. 425±0. 141 4. 41±0. 58 60. 21±5. 38 14. 81±1. 95 ACR 1. 133±0. 352 ** 2. 30±0. 47** 52. 72±6. 94 ** 10. 36±1. 84 ** ACR+curcumin 50mg/kg 0. 918±0. 322 2. 77±0. 46 # 53. 89±8. 02 12. 58±1. 96 # ACR+curcumin 100mg/kg 0. 854±0. 216 # 2. 92±0. 59 # 59. 16±6. 46 # 13. 15±1. 87 ## **P < 0. 01 compared to the corresponding control rats. # P < 0. 05, ## P < 0. 01; compared with the corresponding ACR group. Supplementary FilesNC3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: mori. Sindbis virus with a BR-C antisense expression cassette reduced BR-C mRNA expression levels in infected tissues via an RNAi mechanism. BR-C silencing resulted in developmental arrest at the larval-pupal transition or in defective differentiation of adult compound eyes, legs and wings. Also the programmed cell death of the larval silk glands was prevented after RNAi of BR-C. B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV)-mediated RNAi was demonstrated by our laboratory in a work by Kontogiannatos et al. [12]. Even if BmNPV's spectrum is extremely narrow, infection of the non-target species S. nonagrioides is feasible. In order to assess which kind of baculovirus is suitable for infection of S. nonagrioides larvae, we performed bioassays with genetically modified AcMNPV and BmNPV viruses expressing a GFP cassette under the control of B. mori actin promoter. Infected insects with 107 pfu/ml of the AcMNPV-BmA::GFP virus had significant higher mortality rates in almost 90% of the total injected animals. These animals presented all typical symptoms of polyhedrosis. In addition, the survived animals presented several developmental abnormalities, failing to complete normally their developmental cycle. In contrast to AcMNPV, infected insects with 107 pfu/ml of the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus were able to proceed through their developmental stages and none of them presented signs of polyhedrosis. Both viruses were located mostly in the fat body tissues, in hemolymph (Figure 6), in epidermal cells and in tracheoles of the infected animals [12]. Figure 6. Hemolymph cells (20× magnification) of S. nonagrioides fifth instar larvae infected with the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus, 7 days PI. Left. Bright field imaging of hemolymph cells infected with BmNPV-BmA::GFP. Right. Overlay of bright and fluorescence field images of infected S. nonagrioides’ hemolymph cells. The previous experiments showed that BmNPV should be the appropriate vector to transfer dsRNAs in S. nonagrioides cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 319, 169–172 (2008). Hegerl, G. C. et al. Detecting greenhouse-gas-induced climate change with an optimal fingerprint method. J. Clim. 9, 2281–2306 (1996). Scanlon, B. R. et al. Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, E1080–E1089 (2018). Davie, J. C. S. et al. Comparing projections of future changes in runoff from hydrological and biome models in ISI-MIP. Earth Syst. Dyn. 4, 359–374 (2013). Zelinka, M. D. , Andrews, T. , Forster, P. M. & Taylor, K. E. Quantifying components of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 7599–7615 (2014). Wilcox, L. J. , Highwood, E. J. & Dunstone, N. J. The influence of anthropogenic aerosol on multi-decadal variations of historical global climate. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, (2013). Marvel, K. & Bonfils, C. Identifying external influences on global precipitation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 19301–19306 (2013). Rodell, M. & Famiglietti, J. S. Detectability of variations in continental water storage from satellite observations of the time dependent gravity field. Water Resour. Res. 35, 2705–2723 (1999). . , Chen, J. & Wilson, C. R. Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS. Water Resour. Res. 44, 1–15 (2008). Klein Goldewijk, K. , Beusen, A. , Van Drecht, G. & De Vos, M. The HYDE 3. 1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, (2011). Popp, A. et al. Land-use protection for climate change mitigation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 3posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Acrylamide (ACR) formed during heating of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich food as well as widely applied in industries has been known as a well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. Results: ACR-induced weigh loss, deficits in motor function as well as pathological alterations in brains were significantly improved in rats administrated with 50 and 100 mg/kg curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biological pesticides include microbial pesticides (e. g. parasitoid wasps, predatory bugs), microbial pesticides (e. g. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores), semiochemicals (e. g. pheromones as attractants), natural products (e. g. fermentation products from bacteria such as Streptomyces and Saccharopolyspora) and plant-incorporated protectants (e. g. transgenic plants that produce Bt toxins). Advantages of biological pesticides are their reduced toxicity and reduced risk of persistence in the environment, increased specificity toward targeted pests and decreased risk for development of resistance. Biological pesticides often also represent a new mode of action and can thus be employed in combination with conventional pesticides to reduce their dose and environmental impact. The field of biological pesticides is now considered as a big opportunity for expansion since farming is becoming more and more environmentally responsible in the world. In the European Union, for instance, new guidelines are being developed for the promotion of the use of safer pesticides and biological pesticides are considered a major part for this solution [70]. RNAi technology is one of the most recent trends in the field of crop protection and conceptually approaches the “ideal” of the perfect pesticide: it targets only the intended pest and is predicted to have minimal impact on non-target organisms (pollinators, parasitoids, predators and vertebrates). Furthermore, it is biodegradable and therefore with minimal risk for human health and the environment. Because dsRNA is either produced enzymatically in vitro or in genetically transformed bacteria, it can be considered as a “natural product” (biological pesticide). However, RNAi technology, as with most biological pesticides, may be less effective than conventional chemical pesticides (slower killing may necessitate multiple applications) and associated with higher cost of production. Because of the “biological” nature, shelf life may be lower. Because of the novelty of the technology, delays can occur during registration for commercialization. A major issue with RNAi technology so far concerns its efficiency. The success of RNAi to control pests seems to be mainly determined by the efficiency of delivery of dsRNA, the trigger of RNAi. Major obstacles in the success of RNAi are the uptake of dsRNA/siRNA by the cells and its stability (resistance to degradation) in the gut and the tissues [71–73].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, (2014). Lange, S. Trend-preserving bias adjustment and statistical downscaling with 3BASD (v1. 0). Geosci. Model Dev. 12, (2019). Luthcke, S. B. et al. Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution. J. Glaciol. 59, (2013). . & Landerer, F. W. Improved methods for observing Earth’s time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons. J. Geophys. Res. 120, (2015). Save, H. , Bettadpur, S. & Tapley, B. D. High-resolution 05 mascons. J. Geophys. Res. 121, (2016). Kanamitsu, M. et al. NCEP--II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83, (2002). Hastie, T. , Tibshirani, R. & Friedman, J. in Elements of - Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer vol. 2nd (2009). Friedman, J. H. Fast sparse regression and classification. Int. J. Forecast. 28, (2012). Lawrence, D. M. et al. Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in Version 4 of the Model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 3, 1–27 (2011). Hanasaki, N. et al. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources - Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12, 1007–1025 (2008). Rost, S. et al. Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system. Water Resour. Res. 44, 1–17 (2008). Takata, K. , Emori, S. & Watanabe, T. Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff. Glob. Planet. Change 38, 209–222 (2003). Koirala, S. , Yeh, P. J. F. , Hirabayashi, Y. , Kanae, S. & Oki, T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains were less than those in the ACR model group. Curcumin administration especially at the dose of 100 mg/kg upregulated the TERT mRNA expression and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues. Moreover, curcumin treatment reduced the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA, while increased the GSH contents as well as the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the cerebral homogenates, in comparison to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during the high-temperature processing of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich foods, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This approach, however, needed large groups of animals for evaluation since common effects on metamorphosis were observed after infection with baculoviruses that express specific (targeting JHER) and non-specific (targeting luciferase) hairpins. Engineered baculoviruses that are deficient in genes targeting the insect hormonal system (e. g. ecdysteroid glucosyltransferase) could be tested in future experiments to allow easier evaluation of phenotypes. While clear successes in RNAi-mediated gene silencing were achieved and commercial application is expected for pest control in a few instances before the end of the decade, it is equally clear that much needs to be learned about the RNAi process in insects. Further research should focus on the deeper understanding of the process of RNAi in insects, especially with respect to the uptake of dsRNA from the environment. Recent research indeed indicates that efficient delivery of dsRNA is essential for robust RNAi-mediated-silencing effects. Improvements in RNAi should focus on increased stability of dsRNA in the environment, gut content and insect tissues and the development of efficient vehicles for effective release of dsRNA in the cytoplasm (as opposed to endocytotic vesicles) of the targeted cells. Only detailed understanding of the process of RNAi in insects, taking into account their different physiology and ecology, will allow us to develop the tools for robust triggering of gene silencing and to realize its full potential for insect pest control. Advertisement 2020. 1. . Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1998; 391:806–11. 2. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature 2002; 418:244–51. 3. Bartel, DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009; 136 (2):215–33. 4. . RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22 nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev. 2001; 15 (2):188–200. 5. Belles, X. Beyond Drosophila, RNAi in vivo and functional genomics in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2010; 55:111–28. 6. Timmons L, Fire A. Specific interference by ingested dsRNA. Nature 1998; 395:854. 7. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Global-scale land surface hydrologic modeling with the representation of water table dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 75–89 (2014). Hagemann, S. & Gates, L. D. Improving a subgrid runoff parameterization scheme for climate models by the use of high resolution data derived from satellite observations. Clim. Dyn. 21, 349–359 (2003). Stacke, T. & Hagemann, S. Development and evaluation of a global dynamical wetlands extent scheme. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 2915–2933 (2012). Wada, Y. , Wisser, D. & Bierkens, M. F. P. Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources. Earth Syst. Dyn. 5, 15–40 (2014). Schmied, H. M. et al. Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 3511–3538 (2014). Muller Schmied, H. et al. Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 2877–2898 (2016). MethodsHydrological simulations and meteorological forcing data Seven GHMs and LSMs were used to simulate AGTWS, essential components (e. g. , groundwater, snow, ice, and soil moisture), and primary hydrological processes through the terrestrial hydrological cycle (Table 1). All GHMs/LSMs consider human activities (e. g. , land-use change, population growth, and economic development; Historical land-use patterns are from the HYDE3. 2 data78, and future land-use projections are generated by the land use model MAgPIE79. Climate variables were obtained from four general circulation models (GCMs): GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5, and included near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. We evaluated hydrological simulations from 27 ensemble members (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active constituent in turmeric, a common spice, with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Nixon) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in new invaded countries using insect pathogens 11. 6–32–47% losses in maize yield of the total production/year. Tendeng et al. (2019) reported that the total life cycle of FAW averaged 25 days (22–28 days) at 25 °C. The female can deposit 1500–2000 eggs during its life span which ranges 7–10 days at 28 °C and 60% R. H. (Kumar et al. 2022). On rearing the insect on maize and Okra, the egg duration averaged 2. 5 days while the larval duration averaged 13–15 days and the longevity of adults averaged 10. 5 and 11. 5 days in males and females, respectively (Kumar et al. 2022). Spodoptera frugiperda was detected starting from 2016 in West and Central Africa: Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, and over 44 African countries (Abbas 2023). As well, the pest has been recorded in Asia; and Israel since 2016 (Pehlivan and Atakan 2022). The insect successfully invaded Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Turkey) as well as Australia (Abbas 2023). Tendeng et al. (2019) claimed that FAW has long-distance migration ability that can covers 100 km per night, whereas Goergen et al. (2016) reported that in the Americas, adult moths of FAW could travel hundreds of kilometers per night on prevailing winds from their endemic zone to the worm regions. This ability might be one of the factors that facilitates its invasion of different parts of the world. The IPM of FAW has been carried out worldwide mainly by using chemical insecticides, but because the pest has developed resistance to different groups of insecticides, biological control agents were found to have a great attention. Abbas et al. (2023) recorded 66 parasitoid and predator species of S. frugiperda in African countries as well as 35 species in Asian countries since its invasion starting from 2016. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the two families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have been recorded as successful biocontrol agents against insect pests worldwide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid80. All simulations were performed under the 2b protocol44. Three radiative forcing scenarios are considered in this study: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), the stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). We selected these two RCPs, as they are the only scenarios for which hydrological outputs from up to seven models are available in the 2b simulations. We considered two socioeconomic scenarios, which represent human influences such as land use, nitrogen deposition, fertilizer input, and water management. With most selected models, the simulation of land use and socioeconomic conditions varies (denoted as histsoc) in the historical climate (HIST), while it is fixed at the 2005 level (denoted as 2005soc) in the future climate (RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0). Observations and reanalysis data GRACE observations from April 2002 to July 2021 were used to evaluate the simulated AGTWS. To derive uncertainties, GRACE mascon solutions from the Center for and Laboratory were all used81–83. Data for the months not available on GRACE observations were gap filled using linear interpolation. A consistent reference period (2002–2021) was used to compute the climatological seasonal cycle and to compare the GRACE-observed and simulated anomalies. As the HIST simulation ended in 2005, we combined the results from HIST (2002–2005) with RCP2. 6 (2006–2021) to cover the entire evaluation period. The reanalyses were used to assess daily detection beyond climate models. We used four daily reanalysis datasets: the 20th version 346 (1861–2015), ERA547 (1979–2021), the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 148 (1948–2021) and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 284 (1979–2021). Climate change detection and statistical learning technique The daily climate change detection method used in this study is based on a widely used fingerprint approach27,28,30,75.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is the major biocontrol agent infecting insect pests. It produces one or more crystalline proteinaceous inclusions (Cry toxins) adjacent to the endospore, which have been found to be toxic to invertebrates, mainly insects. Bt crops are plants genetically engineered (modified) to contain the toxins (Cry toxins) of Bt to be resistant to certain insect pests (Abbas 2018). The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are associated with insects in almost all orders, and are among the most common pathogens that cause diseases in insects naturally. However, very few commercial products of fungi proved to be successful insecticides. The entomopathogenic viruses include more than 1100 species in 16 families (Adams 1991) and among these, baculoviruses are more promising and have been used as biopesticide with fair success (Inceogluetal 2006). FAW nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), (a baculovirus), has been registered and used commercially in several African and Asian countries for FAW management (Firake et al. 2020; Hussain et al. 2021; Wennmann et al. 2021). The present 72. 2 and 77. 8% mortality, respectively. The irradiated H. bacteriophora,, however, caused 44. 4 and 33. 3% mortality in 3rd and 5th larval instars, respectively, compared to 44. 4 and 22. 2% by the un-irradiated nematode. Bateman et al. (2018), in Kenya, reported that S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were registered as biological control agents of FAW in Cameron. Fallet et al. (2022) in Rwanda could isolate S. carpocapsae from soil samples. The nematode caused 100% mortality in FAW larvae when formulated in a carboxymethyl cellulose gel at a concentration of 3000 IJs/maize plant in the laboratory. However, it caused 72% mortality when applied in water. Danso et al. (2021), in Ghana, estimated the efficacy of unidentified Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid EPNs compared to the insecticide Emamectin benzoate in a greenhouse planted with maize (in pots).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Following a procedure identical to the one used in this fingerprint approach31, we first extracted fingerprints from multi-model outputs to encapsulate the relationship between AGTWS anomalies and daily weather patterns of surface air temperature and specific humidity (equation (1)), generating geographical patterns of regression coefficients. To extract the fingerprint, we used regularized linear models because they yield relatively smooth regression coefficients in space, even if predictors include spatially correlated climate variables85,86. The time series of AGTWS anomalies is stored in a vector S of length n, where n denotes the number of days in the training samples. The geographical patterns of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity are stored in an n × p matrix M, where p denotes the number of geographical predictors. Data processing Prior to extracting the fingerprint, we preprocessed all model data from the project. We derived monthly TWS simulations from seven GHMs/LSMs along with the climate forcing data, including daily surface air temperature and specific humidity under the 2. 6, and RCP6. 0 scenarios. All daily meteorological data were regridded to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid. Because several reanalyses (e. g. , ERA5 and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2) start in 1979 while the HIST simulations end in 2005, we chose 1979–2005 as the reference period to calculate the climatological seasonal cycle. For each model, the 31-day rolling mean seasonal cycle (centered on day i) was computed using daily surface air temperature and specific humidity from 1979–2005 and then subtracted from the daily value on each day (day i) on each grid cell. AGTWS anomalies (in the year corresponding to day i) were area-weighted based on monthly TWS anomalies from global grid cells (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) relative to the 1979–2005 mean seasonal cycle. Multi-model data under three scenarios were used for fingerprint extraction. First, we chose three days per month for training: the 5th, 15th, and 25th. Next, regularized linear models (ridge regression) were trained to extract fingerprints. We then trained the statistical model for each month as previous studies have shown that the extracted climate response to external forcing can vary with the seasonal cycle27,31. To increase the sample size for each month, we included samples from the previous and subsequent month for training.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining showed that the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduce the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at the dose of 100mg/kg increased TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR To explored the possible anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of and the activities of -Px in the cerebral homogenates were quantified as measures of the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, the content of MDA was markedly increased, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX were markedly decreased in cerebral homogenates of ACR-treated rats in comparison to the normal control group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, these alterations induced by ACR were significantly ameliorated by curcumin treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2019) could isolate a nucleopolyhedrovirus from naturally infected larvae of FAW in India. A suspension of 108 occlusion bodies (OBs)/ml caused considerable mortality in treated larvae as well as malformation in the formed pupae and adults. Onkarappa et al. (2023), in India, studied the sublethal effects of the virus SfNPV on the biological parameters of FAW at five concentrations ranged from 3 × 104 to 1. 18 × 107 OBs/100ul/late 2nd instar larvae. The results showed that the percentage of pupal mortality ranged from 40 to 72% at varying doses. Longevity of males and females was reduced compared to the control and the egg production of females ranged 150–338/female at the different concentrations compared to 474 in the control. Sivakumar et al. (2020) noticed natural infection of FAW larvae by nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) in 2018 in three districts in India. The laboratory bioassay revealed that 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instars were equally susceptible to infection (LC50 3. 71–5. 02 OBs/mm2 of diet). Firake et al. (2020) could isolate a nucleopolyhedrovirus from collected 687 FAW larvae (in the 2nd and 4th larval instars) from corn fields in India. It was found that 23. 7% of the larvae could not reach the adult stage due to infection with SfNPV. Similarly, Lei et al. (2020), in China, could isolate SfMNPV from FAW larvae and analyzed its molecular and biological characteristics. Kenis et al. (2022) reported that S. frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) was registered in Bangladesh, Kenya and Cameroon to be used against FAW. Combined use of EPNs and the insecticide SpinosadKasi et al. (2022), in India, evaluated the combination of the insecticide, Spinosad and each of the nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora against the larvae of FAW in laboratory. The study showed that S. feltiae caused 60% mortality at a concentration of 2268 IJs/larva. When combined with Spinosad at a concentration of 400 ppm, the mortality reached 90%. Similarly, H.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: The early Holocene is characterized by very large proglacial lakes at the margin of the Laurentide Ice. More importantly were the postglacial isostatic adjustments that lasted throughout the Holocene. For example, the Lowlands were submerged until after 5ka and low-lying areas of the Atlantic coast and Florida had significantly more land area exposed in the early Holocene. Data on sea level changes, for example from the activity would be worth considering, and citing in an explanation of why these were not part of the current study. In the interpolated maps, the parts of the study domain that show no data I assume are because the “confidence region” (CR) was greater than the threshold of 9, for example in much of Mexico in the early Holocene. It would be helpful to see the CR maps themselves included among the supplementary figures. Looking at Figure 1, there are only 3 or maybe 4 sites in all of Mexico, so it is hard to understand, especially given the climatic and topographic diversity of Mexico, that there is much power in the interpolations over that space. All of the data products presented here (point-based and gridded maps) must be freely released on zenodo. org or other open-access data repository that provides a DOI upon final publication of the paper. The gridded maps should be provided in the earth system modeling-standard netCDF format. A few notes on presentationAs “land use” is generally accepted to be an activity that is unique to humans, it is not necessary to qualify the term with “human land use” or “anthropogenic land use” in the manuscript. In the interest of conciseness, please just use “land use” alone throughout the manuscript, or maybe define it once at the beginning of the text. I found the constant switching back and forth between scientific names and common names for taxa distracting and sometimes confusing. Use of both nomenclatures even occurs in a single sentence (e. g. , lines 435-436). I ask the authors to pick one nomenclature system and stick with it throughout the entire manuscript. Please use a thinner line thickness in all of the maps presented in the manuscript and supplement. The heavy line weight around the ice sheets and coastline distracts from the content.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, be responsible for its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program has been well-accepted as a fundamental component in the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is vitally important to prevent against neuronal cell apoptosis, and then limit the brain damage caused by neuronal death [26].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBiological management of crop diseases can be achieved to the desired level by judiciously integrating the biotic and abiotic agents with different mechanisms of action on the target pathogen(s). A wide range of sources of abiotic agents has provided the materials for enhancing the activities of biotic biocontrol agents, resulting in effective disease suppression. Addition of organic amendments such as composts and green manures is known to increase the population and activities of microbial communities that positively influence plant growth and protection offered to plants against microbial plant pathogens. The biosurfactant function of brassica crop amendments has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence and severity of soilborne diseases. Plant extracts and secondary metabolites of plants, like essential oils are effective in reducing pathogen population and disease incidence of soilborne and foliar diseases. Fumigation with thymol has the potential for use as an alternative to chemicals used for the management of postharvest diseases. Naturally-derived compounds like chitosan have high level of biocontrol potential, primarily by enhancing resistance of plants and harvested produce against microbial pathogens. Plant activators such as salicylic acid and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) have been demonstrated to possess marked potential for protecting plants against a wide range of microbial plant pathogens. Phosphates are inexpensive inorganic chemicals that may increase the level of resistance in treated plants to diseases. Likewise, silicon is another inorganic source of resistance inducers, deserving wider exploitation for disease management. Abiotic biocontrol agents are available in large numbers, awaiting recognition by discerning discoverers for realizing their potential. Biological management of crop diseases has been demonstrated to be ecofriendly and to have the potential to reduce or replace the use of chemicals against diseases caused by microbial plant pathogens. A wide range of materials of plant and animal origin have been evaluated for their efficacy in suppressing the development of microbial plant pathogens and the diseases incited by them. Some synthetic compounds also have been tested for their potential. Organic or inorganic compounds from naturally-derived sources and they have been demonstrated to have potential for effective biocontrol of crop diseases, when applied in the soil and/ or on the seeds and plants. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: Perhaps the ice sheets could be plotted in a blue or brighter, contrasting color as polygons, without any outline at all. Specific commentsLines 48-49It is not at all clear how changes in the abundance of hemlock could have been significant enough to have a biogeophysical feedback to climate; see further comments below. Lines 168-169Please explain briefly how relative abundances are calculated when some taxa are ignored? Is there an "all other taxa" bin? Or are only abundances relative to the considered taxa included? What happens when a taxon that is considered to be important in terms of land cover, even locally, is not part of those used in the model? Line 235Approximately how does the grid resolution of the 1x1 degree interpolated surface compare to the 10,000km2 area represented by a reconstruction noted on line 179? Naturally it changes by latitude, but it would be helpful to put a comparative statement here. Lines 254-255Here where CR is introduced, it would be good to call out supplementary figures here showing this value in map form for all periods. Lines 260-261I understand that the LandCover6k grid was specified as 1x1 geographic degrees, but wouldn’t it have made more sense to do the original work on an equal-area grid and then only reproject the data in a final step? At the very least it would have made interpretation of the maps more straightforward, and would be similar to earlier work (Williams, 2003; Williams et al. , 2004). Figure 1Could you plot the 1x1 degree graticule on this map using a very thin line in an unobtrusive color? It would make interpretation of the grid resolution of the other maps easier. Figure 1Given the very high density of sites, it seems strange that nearly all of Minnesota is not included in any of the regional boxes. The choice to exclude this area deserves some explanation. Figure 2Use a thinner line weight, or no line at all for the ice sheet outline (as noted above) Figure 2To aid in quickly interpreting the plots and to provide better consistency with the rest of the figures, please plot the land cover fractional surfaces in the same colors as used in Fig. 3 and the other timeseries plots. That is to say, plot the first column of maps in shades of green, the second in shades of blue, and the third in shades of orange.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in a disturbance in the balance between the free radical formation and elimination, the latter of which is mediated by antioxidant systems [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been widely employed for minimizing the incidence and severity of several economically important crop diseases. Studies on the interactions between the bacterial BCAs and target microbial plant pathogens have revealed the involvement of different mechanisms of their biocontrol activities. Bacterial antagonism may be due to production of toxic metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics and volatile organic compounds), competition for nutrients and space, prevention of pathogen colonization of host tissues and induction of resistance in plants to crop diseases. The bacterial species included in the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia and Pantoea have been reported to be effective against several plant pathogens by acting through one or more mechanisms. The rhizobacterial species are potent biocontrol agents and also efficient promoters of plant growth, thus providing double benefits to the treated plants. Factors that influence the efficiency of the biocontrol agents have been studied. These studies are useful to select the suitable bacterial strain(s) that could provide higher level of protection to the plants under a particular set of environmental conditions existing in different agroecosystems. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 1. Microbiol 49:85–91PubMed CAS 0. J 99:24–38PubMed CAS 87. J Bacteriol 181:3155–3163PubMed CAS 365. 49:139–145 1948. 126:37–42PubMed CAS 5. Microbiol 70:1758–1766PubMed CAS 215. 45:213–219 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: If there is limited oxygen available (anaerobic respiration), then the pyruvate will be converted to lactate (process of glycolysis), but providing a much lower yield of 2 ATP molecules, albeit very quickly. (B, C) Schematic diagrams of the potential mechanisms of photobiomodulation either with readily available (B) or low (C) levels of glucose (small green circles). Photobiomodulation is absorbed by photoacceptors, mainly within the mitochondria within the cell (large grey circle), for example, cytochrome c oxidase and/or interfacial nanowater. This process activates the mitochondria to produce ATP. We hypothesize that photobiomodulation is most effective; that is, works much better in stimulating mitochondrial function and producing more ATP (thick black arrows), when there is glucose readily available for use (B). When there is little glucose available, then photobiomodulation does not work as efficiently (C). Created with Program. When considering directly from the circulation, glucose is transported into the cellular compartment by glucose transporters, via a concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. Once glucose enters the cell, it is phosphorylated and pyruvate is produced. Depending on the energy demand of the cells, the pyruvate is processed further in one of two ways (Figure 1A). First, when there is oxygen available under normal conditions, the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. During this process, the pyruvate undergoes a series of chemical reactions known as Kreb’s cycle by which CO2 and H2O are produced. The enzyme ATP synthase, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, is activated and thirty-six molecules of ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose (Figure 1A; Judge and Dodd, 2020). Second, when there is less oxygen available under periods of high energy demand, for example, during intense exercise or ischemia, there has to be much faster energy production. In this situation, the pyruvate undergoes anaerobic respiration and there is a rapid conversion to ATP, with the end product being lactate. This is the process of glycolysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Microbiol 70:3103–3109PubMed CAS 92. J Antibiot 45:1216–1221 3. + BV, Heidelberg 578. J 89:992–1001PubMed CAS 5. J Bacteriol 181:2166–2174PubMed CAS 7. J Bacteriol 185:4362–4370PubMed CAS 5. Microbiol 71:5197–5207PubMed CAS 0. 18:260–272PubMed 84. 5:330–339PubMed CAS 3. 1T8 and chitosan. 48:301–309 96. Microbiol 67:2545–2554PubMed CAS 204. doi:10. 1186/1471-2180-9-204 PubMed 1270. Bull OILB/SROP 25:199–202 5. Biochem 39:2275–2288CAS 3. Archived at Last accessed 9 Apr 2010-(2004) Defence responses of Fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. 17:1201–1211PubMed CAS 2. Microbiol 76:7420–7428PubMed CAS 10. 1016/j. cropro. 2011. 02. 033 Shen S-S, Kim J-W, Park C-S (2002) Serratia plymuthica strain A21-4: a potential biocontrol agent against Phytophthora blight of pepper. J 18:138–141 73. C57:1123–1124CAS 1. 107:511–521CAS 2. 57:103–109CAS 9. J Biotechnol 21:81–90CAS 177. 12:1591–1597 1. J 92:645–652CAS 96. Microbiol 76:2704–2711PubMed CAS 318. 411:309–311 10. 1007/s10658-010-9687-9 Yang M---H (2011) Biological control of take-all by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from Chinese wheat fields. Phytopathology 101:1481–1491PubMed 4. J 26:353–359CAS 3.

Output: contrast