Input: Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of --shattering events spur advances in tying climate change to extreme weather-shattering events spur advances in tying climate change to extreme weather 2021 heat wave serves as testing ground for new attribution methods 16 Jun 20222:20 2021 heat wave was unique, making it tough to assess climate change’s role. //:FacebookShare on of contentsA version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 376, Issue 6599. 2021, a jet stream charged with heat and chaotic energy from a nearby cyclone stalled over the Pacific Northwest. The mass of trapped air baked the already hot landscape below to a record 49. 6°C. More than 1000 people died from heat exposure. Scientists quickly began working to figure out how much of the blame for the heat wave could be laid to global warming. But the heat was so unusual, the weather so weird, that it broke their methods. “It challenged our techniques, our climate models, and our statistical analysis methods,” says Michael Wehner, a climate scientist at who participates in the Attribution (WWA) initiative. WWA ultimately issued a statement, finding the heat wave was “virtually impossible” without global warming. But, Wehner admits, that statement masked plenty of doubts. “We sort of kludged it. ” Next time, he and fellow modelers expect to do better. Critics complain that extreme event attribution, as the effort is known, overemphasizes public communications and underestimates uncertainty. But new approaches promise to increase the field’s rigor and more precisely capture the relationship between climate change and extreme weather—even for events so extreme that there is no historical record for comparison. In one existing method, researchers use climate models to simulate decades of climate history under current conditions and in preindustrial times, before warming set in. They tally up weather events that are similar to the extreme at hand in the two simulations and compare the frequencies to see whether warming increased the odds of the event occurring.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The NENU2PHAR project has developed a collection of commercial packaging applications made of PHA bio-based plastics originating from a sustainable and sourced raw material: microalgae. The goal of the NENU2PHAR project is to set up a new European value chain of PHA-based bioplastic products with an acceptable end-of-life from an underutilised biological resource. This project, funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme through the Circular Bio-based Undertaking (CBE JU), gathers 17 partners from both research and industry sectors to develop a new bioplastic value chain starting with CO2-capturing microalgae and ending in various plastic packaging products. This project is ready to offer a new generation of bio-sourced and biodegradable plastic products, mainly packaging solutions, to help reduce marine litter, greenhouse gas emissions and the EU’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. plastic industry Plastics constitute a vital component of the global economy, with production skyrocketing over the past 50 years, from 15 million tons in 1964 to 359 million tons in 2018, and the trajectory is projected to continue upward. In Europe, the plastics industry provides over 1. 5 million direct employment opportunities, supported by nearly 60 000 companies that collectively generated a turnover of 350 billion euros in 2016, with a trade balance approaching 15 billion euros (PlasticsEurope). However, the industry grapples with two significant challenges. A staggering 90 per cent of global plastic production relies on virgin fossil feedstock, resulting in a substantial environmental footprint. Moreover, the plastic industry faces a negative perception due to unsustainable end- of-life management practices, such as incineration, along with increasingly visible and persistent environmental impacts. Given these challenges, it is crucial for the EU to prioritise exploring innovations that foster a more sustainable production of plastics. Reduce the environmental impact of plastic To combat their adverse environmental effects, the EU is leading new regulations to address plastic pollution and incentivise plastic producers to explore alternative packaging methods or embrace the development of bioplastics. Single-use plastic products are scheduled for gradual prohibition by 2040, notably following the enactment of the on Single-Use Plastics. Adopted in 2019, this directive is being implemented in France through the AGEC law (Anti- Waste for a Circular Economy), which aims to halt the production of single-use plastic packaging by 2040.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Aug 2021 | for Version 1 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: In a second method, they shorten the timescale and run a model several hundred times under current and preindustrial conditions to see how often the extreme event would occur in each world. In a third method, researchers force models to re-create the actual atmospheric conditions recorded in the few years leading up to an event, then see how they unfold in counterfactual worlds with less warming. Although this “storyline” approach doesn’t show how much more likely global warming made the extreme event, it does offer clues to how much worse it was because of warming. By highlighting how the slow process of climate change can affect dangerous weather, these techniques have “revolutionized our ability to communicate the findings of climate science to the public,” says Wim Thiery, a climate scientist at the of Brussels. The results are increasingly being considered as evidence in lawsuits seeking damages for fossil fuel emissions and in the push for wealthy countries to pay for their role in worsening global warming. And the studies have led to new insights, Wehner says, for instance by showing that warming can increase hurricane flooding even more than expected and exposing how poorly models handle local causes of heat waves. But these efforts rely on climate models with known biases that often fail to capture the detailed, local weather phenomena behind a heat wave or a flood. As a result, although they are mostly accurate in detecting the existence of a climate influence, attribution studies that conclude, for example, that an event was 10. 9 times more likely because of warming risk a false precision, says Markus Donat, a climate scientist at the Center. “I don’t think such a quantification factor means anything. ” Because of such criticisms, WWA no longer relies on a single climate model, says Friederike Otto, a climatologist at London; instead, it uses a suite of models to compare extreme events in preindustrial and greenhouse climates. The group has also standardized how it defines and categorizes an extreme event, a choice that’s critical when hunting for and tallying up similar events in the models. Yet these methods still falter with weather so extreme that it appears unprecedented, such as the heat wave. Such weather doesn’t necessarily signal a new climate state; weather is so chaotic that even centuries of records can miss what’s possible, says Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, a climate scientist who studies heat extremes at the Institute for Meteorology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To achieve this ambitious goal, reduction, reuse, and recycling targets have been established by decree, and research initiatives are underway to pioneer innovative plastic solutions. PHA bio-based plastics Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of renewable, biodegradable and bio-based polyesters. Together with polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), they are considered to be a green polymer group. It is expected that PHAs could gradually replace conventional plastic materials since they have similar physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties to polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), representing more than 70 per cent of the plastic used in packaging. Depending on their chemical composition, they also feature a wide array of useful physical and mechanical properties, thus allowing for a broader range of applications. In addition, PHA presents a friendly end-of-life as they readily degrade in soil, aquatic media and home and industrial compost. The fact that PHAs can be obtained by a purely biotechnological process based on the fermentation of carbon-rich biomass feedstocks, such as sugars, makes them particularly attractive. Unfortunately, no sustainable value chain currently exists in Europe, and production schemes developed elsewhere appear highly questionable from an environmental and ethical standpoint. Current carbon feedstocks used as fermentation substrates are usually derived from agricultural resources, such as starch produced from maise, potatoes, wheat and tapioca. Their diversion from food production to producing bioplastics on a massive scale would certainly imply an increase in agricultural commodity prices. “The best advantage of Nenu2PHAr is that there’s no competition with edible resources. With the use of microalgae, we don’t use any feedstock which is currently used for animal or human nutrition. ” Sassi, (CEA) Microalgae as feedstock At the industrial level, microalgae development allows biomass production in controlled reactors that do not require arable land, eliminating competition with traditional crop/agrifood supply systems. Microalgae capture high quantities of CO2 and generate O2, sugars and lipids that can be converted into carbon- rich feedstock while tackling carbon neutrality goals. Microalgae production systems can be integrated with the recovery of nutrients from waste streams, thus recycling materials and energy and improving the sustainability of industrial processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: “Our range of events we can look at in the real world are so limited. ” A method called “ensemble boosting” described last month at the annual meeting of the Union (EGU) could help modelers dissect such singular events. A team led by Erich Fischer, a climate modeler at ETH Zürich, has run a climate model many times over, looking for heat extremes similar to the 2021 heat wave. In a few instances, the model produced a heat wave resembling the real event, though not quite as extreme. The team took those outliers and rewound the model, perturbing the atmospheric conditions a few weeks before the heat wave to introduce more chaos and see whether they could produce events more like the real one. “We’re trying to push the model to the most extreme state,” Fischer says. In future research, he says, modelers could create such an ensemble of artificial scenarios for both current and preindustrial atmospheres. Then they could analyze these outliers and say whether global warming made the heat wave worse. Other techniques forgo models entirely. Davide Faranda, a climate scientist at the University of Paris-Saclay, compares recent records of sea level air pressure to records from 1950–79, when warming was only getting started. He says these pressure analogs reflect large-scale air flows that can drive extreme events such as the heat wave. The method ensures that comparisons are like-to-like, unlike the model techniques, which might sometimes hinge on comparisons of regional rainfall, which can have diverse causes—a thunderstorm or a hurricane, for example. And it identifies when a weather event is truly new, resulting from chaotic pressure flows unseen in past records—which makes it statistically impossible to say whether climate change made the event more likely. In a preprint posted in February, Faranda and colleagues applied the method to maps of pressure leading up to a series of 2021 extremes, including flooding in Germany. They found the rainfall from similar extreme events has increased in modern times, a sign that warming made the flooding worse. Finally, one group of researchers, led by Nicholas Leach, a graduate student at the University of Oxford, is betting that detailed weather forecasting models can give a more precise picture of global warming’s role in weather than coarser climate models. They simulated the 2021 heat wave with the world-leading model of the for Medium-Forecasts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Time dilation has been experimentally observed in particles traveling close to the speed of light in particle accelerators. [SEP] Text: Bar-Haim Y. , Kerem A. , Lamy D. , & Zakay D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cogn. Emot. , 24, 255–263. )| falseSearch 61. Baum S. K. , Boxley R. L. , & Sokolowski M. (1984). Time perception and psychological well-being in the elderly. Psychiatr. Q. , 56, 54–61. )| falseSearch 249. Birnbaum M. H. (1999). How to show that 9 > 221: Collect judgments in a between-subjects design. Psychol. Meth. , 4, 243–249. )| falseSearch 665. Block R. A. , & Reed M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem. , 4, 656–665. )| falseSearch 596. Block R. A. , Zakay D. , & Hancock P. A. (1998). Human aging and duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychol. Aging 13, 584–596. )| falseSearch 921. Boltz M. G. , Kupperman C. , & Dunne J. (1998). The role of learning in remembered duration. Mem. Cogn. , 26, 903–921. )| falseSearch 381. Buehler R. , Griffin D. , & Ross M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. , 67, 366–381. )| falseSearch 1915. Carstensen L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science 312(5782), 1913–1915. )| falseSearch 181. Carstensen L. L. , Isaacowitz D. M. , & Charles S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. Am. Psychol. , 54, 165–181. )| falseSearch 560. Craik F. I. , & Hay J. F. (1999). Aging and judgments of duration: Effects of task complexity and method of estimation. Percept. Psychophys.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Bogotá is a high-altitude urban city with environmental variables that differ from the natural habitat of Colombian slider turtles. Illegally captured turtles in the Northern part Colombia are usually transported to Bogotá in containers under overcrowded, stressful, and unsanitary conditions for more than 18 h, leading in many cases to an animal's death. Wildlife confiscated by local environmental authorities are taken to wildlife facilities with larger capacities. These wildlife institutions play an important role in conservation by providing optimal husbandry conditions and veterinary care before releasing animals back to the wild. In Colombia, however, the increasing wildlife trafficking, and therefore, the number of confiscated animals by local authorities, also have led to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions (& Montenegro, 2007). This may predispose turtles to disease (Álvarez Otero et al. , 2014). All animals discharged from the wildlife facility in this study were considered clinically healthy and biologically adaptable to be reintroduced to their habitats (& Mancera-Rodríguez, 2016; IUCN/SSC, 2013). Considering all animals must be free of diseases or infectious agents that could be introduced to the environment, wildlife facilities might also act as disease screening centers for wild animals that were recently confiscated or held illegally by private citizens. Review of current translocation requirements accompanied by a disease risk analysis (Jakob-Hoff et al. , 2014) may provide an optimal balance of risks to maximize conservations efforts for this species. It is difficult to assess the impact of rehabilitation and translocation programs for Colombian slider turtles on wild populations because postrelease studies are usually not conducted due to financial limitations (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018; & Montenegro, 2007). Despite this limitation, wildlife facilities in Colombia continue providing physical and biological rehabilitation and veterinary treatment seeking to decrease prerelease mortality. In the present study, 44% of the admitted turtles left our facilities for release by wildlife authorities. We do not know, however, what proportion of them survived and contributed to the population in a meaningful way. Follow-up studies are essential to determine whether individuals survive after release and their impact on the conservation of wild populations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: csv We also find that, throughout the intensity range, v and σ are directly proportional (see Figure 2(b)) suggesting a homogeneous growth law for individual cell speeds vi(I)=visf(I), where vis is the saturation speed for the i-th cell and f(I) is a dimensionless function saturating at one for large intensities. Interestingly, in this scenario, the mean speed v(I) will also be proportional to f(I) so that the probability density ρi for the generic i-th cell will be proportional to the inverse of the local mean speed: ρi(𝐫)∝1vi(I(𝐫))∝1f(I(𝐫))∝1v(I(𝐫)). This implies that, despite broad speed distributions, the local density is expected to be only determined by the mean local speed, as set by the light intensity pattern and measured by DDM. To validate this hypothesis we use a DLP projector to display a complex light pattern onto a 400 µm thick layer of cells (Figure 1) that have been preliminarily exposed to a uniform bright illumination for 5 min. This time is much longer than the speed response time of bacteria (Figure 4) thus ensuring that cells are initialized to swim at maximal speed. The projecting system has an optical resolution of 2 µm approximately matching the size of a single cell which represents the physical ‘pixel’ of our density images. This value sets the limit for the minimum theoretical resolution of density configurations that would be achievable if bacteria could be precisely and statically arranged in space. In practice, as we will see, the real resolution will always be larger for two main reasons: (i) bacteria do not respond instantly to light temporal variations thus introducing a blur in the target speed map, (ii) the stationary state is an ensemble of noisy patterns that constantly fluctuate because of swimming and Brownian motions of bacteria. After projecting an inverted image, bacteria start to concentrate in dark regions while moving out from the more illuminated areas. After about 4 min, dark field microscopy reveals a recognizable bacterial ‘replica’ of Leonardo’s painting, where brighter areas correspond to regions of accumulated cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Research 15. 11. 2018 ve Kuzey İtalya’da özellikle Dönemi’nin sonlarında ve aynı zamanda İmparatorluk Dönemi’nin başlarında ve ortalarında sanatçıların birçoğu eserlerini Yunan dilinde imzaladıkları için bu durumun sanatçının etnik kökenini gösteren bir işaret olduğu düşüncesi bilim dünyasında bugüne kadar ortak bir kanaat (communis opinio) olarak algılanmıştır. Fakat en azından İtalya’da kölelerin ve azatlıların Yunan isimleri ve lakaplarının (cognomina) onların doğum yerlerini istisnasız olarak göstermediği gerçeği dikkatli olmamızı gerektirmektedir. Ayırca çok sayıda belge bazı meslek gruplarında (örneğin atletler, gladyatörler, at arabası sürücüleri, doktorlar ve sahne sanatçıları) Latince ve Yunanca takma isim (pseudonim) kullanılmasının olağan bir durum olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun nedeni ise uzun ve pozitif anlam taşıyan bir geleneğe dahil olma isteğidir. Aynısı sanatçılar için de geçerli olmalıdır.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Wildlife facilities play an important role in biodiversity conservation in megadiverse countries like Colombia, as reintroductions and other conservation-related translocation programs (IUCN/SSC, 2013) increase the number of individuals in a population and contribute to the genetic diversity of species at risk of extinction (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018). It is important to consider that during rehabilitation and before translocations, wildlife should be screened for potential pathogens that can be introduced in disease-free populations (Adamovicz et al. , 2020). While our identified clinical problems seemed to be related to nutrition and husbandry, this does not rule out the potential for infectious pathogens. Additional resources are needed country-wide for pathogen screening, and corresponding protocols need to be established in order to reduce the risk to the destination populations and dependent species in a given ecosystem. The findings of this study both identify prognostic indicators of release and show that inappropriate husbandry in private ownership can negatively affect the rehabilitation and translocation of Colombian slider turtles. Improving medical record keeping and routine diagnostic testing in wildlife rehabilitation facilities can improve our understanding of common clinical problems in illegally trafficked animals. Therefore, more epidemiological studies in freshwater turtles from illegal wildlife trafficking are encouraged to understand the dynamics of the identified diseases in Colombian turtles and potential risks for wild populations, especially in habitats free of human intervention. 283. 10. 1016/j. cvex. 2020. 01. 014 PubMed25. 2906. 10. 1007/s10531-013-0560-y Web of Science®2009. Escarlata, 4, 28–38. 392. 20. 10. 1007/s41109-020-00262-6 899. Available from 1017. 10. 1007/s10640-020-00456-7 PubMedWeb of Science®10. 1016/B978-0-323-48253-0. 00135-5 10. 1016/B978-0-323-48253-0. 00084-2 424. 209. 10. 17151/luaz. 2018. 46. 11 70. 500. 10. 1111/cobi. 12021 PubMedWeb of Science®219. 10. 1016/S1055-937X(05)80018-0 493. 10. 1643/CH-19-177 Web of Science®007. pdf.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: When the spacecraft needs to increase acceleration the main electromagnetic waves can increase in direct proportion to the microwaves and the main zero point energy field along with the wrap drive system can allow the spacecraft to achieve NLS and possibly even faster than light speeds. Since gravitons are elements of gravity the term used for the propulsion source was anti graviton since the aim of the propulsion source is also to generate anti gravity which it would do and thus the name was derived. The main source of power chosen to be used is anti matter. This is because the amount of energy released when matter and antimatter annihilate is extremely big and hence the energy produced would be higher. As mentioned earlier the main field propulsion is achieved by altering the microwave, electromagnetic waves and by warping gravity which is how the spacecraft achieves the speeds it needs to and hence the name anti graviton electromagnetic field propulsion (Figure 1). Figure 1. 1 Wrap drives bending spade time. Figure 1. 2 Wrap drive traveling at FTL speed. some of the major challenges faced with achieving light speed is implementing the technologies that come out of science fiction such as EM drives, wrap drives and field propulsion. Another problem is also that theoretically the techniques used to achieve light speed may be possible on paper, the current technology makes it very difficult to accomplish these feats. The main technology capable of achieving NLS or FTL speed is achieved by generating fields around the spacecraft. Since currently gravity control is not completely mastered it might be very hard to generate wormholes capable of allowing spacecrafts to travel at light speeds. The solution to this is would be to use magnetic fields along with microwave and zero point energy, the reason why this is a good idea is because magnetism is a cousin of gravity and hence alternating the magnetic field along with microwaves can generate acceleration. Further on using a wrap drive system which uses a core mass that is rotated at high speeds can generate a gravity field since the centrifugal forces acting on it increase the mass of the object which therefore increases the gravitational field. Since objects with a higher mass have a greater gravity field it would be better to use this system. When observed closely our hands also distort a bit of space fabric, this is known because when observed closely it looks as though a curve can be formed around our hands showing us that all objects bend space time although objects with higher mass distort and affect gravity at a greater rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu bağlamda bilim dünyasında uzun süredir farkedilen bir gerçek vardır ki, o da, bazı kereler ünlü birisinin taşıdığı bir takma ismin sonraki taşıyıcısı tarafından açıkça üstlenilmiş olmasıdır. İsim tabi ki akraba bağlarının bir göstergesi de olabilir, fakat bu yüzyıllarca geriye giden alıntılar her örnekte ikna edici değildir. İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait üç örnek yazıt (iki mezar ve bir bağış yazıtı) sayesinde takma isim seçimine açıklık getirilebilir. Takma ismin alınmasının nedenleri, örnek aldıkları kişilerin temsil ettikleri (rol model oldukları) sanat türünde, sanat konusunda veya sanatsal stilde yatıyor olmalıdır. Ama sadece ünlü temsilcilerin isimleri seçilmiyordu; görünüşe göre hayali bir Yunan ismi ve/veya bu dildeki bir imza reklam karakterli pozitif bir ifade olarak yeterliydi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: The ESA of 1973 went beyond previous versions of the act in extending legal protections to vertebrate species facing extinction in only a portion of their range (Carroll et al. 2010). This had the overall effect of raising the threshold for recovery away from the earlier focus on preserving relict populations toward a more ambitious goal of geographically widespread recovery of self-sustaining populations and the ecosystems on which species depend. Species that are well-distributed outside of core habitat (e. g. , in dispersal corridors) are more likely to achieve the representation goals suggested by the ESA's protection for species imperiled in a “significant portion of [their] range” (Carroll et al. 2010). We advocate use of a narrower and more explicit definition of conservation reliant species, which would be limited to those species that lack the ability to persist in the wild in the absence of direct and ongoing human manipulation of individuals or their environment (Rohlf et al. in press). This definition distinguishes those species which would persist and even thrive if humans were to vanish from the landscape (e. g. , gray wolf) from those whose only hope of persistence lies in human intervention (e. g. , black-footed ferret threatened by introduced plague). The complex question of whether species permanently threatened by invasives, altered disturbance regimes, and climate change should be eventually delisted or remain under long-term federal management involves both normative and technical issues. Ultimately, resolution of the normative issues hinges on resolving contrasting visions of the meaning of ecological recovery in the Anthropocene Epoch. A definition of conservation-reliant species that clearly distinguishes technical from values-based judgments will allow society to better address the normative debate over what cost should be borne to protect biodiversity, while separately addressing the urgent biological challenges that novel stressors such as climate change and invasive species pose for ecosystem and species restoration. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. conl12102-sup-0001-SuppMat. pdf103. 7 KB S1. Examples of 2. Table of attributes of species mentioned in text that provide examples of consideration of connectivity in recovery planning. S3. Use of the term “conservation-reliant species” by the US Fish and in recovery and delisting documents. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: This is because the angle of attack or the wave strength is directly related to the size of wave being propagated and the smaller the spacecraft the lighter it is and hence the speed of the wrap does not need to be as high as that of a heavy spacecraft and hence calculating the degree at which the microwave and the magnetic waves are propagated is very important for the acceleration and the speed. The main power source is close to 100% efficient and hence the power requirements of the spacecraft can also be met. Furthermore the formula E = mc2 states that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. When the formula of E=MC2 is substituted c = square root of ( energy x mass). This is why the amount of energy and mass required to achieve light speed differs. The higher it is however the better unless the spacecraft is able to substitute for it by adjusting the other parameters such as the field size and the magnitude and the weight. The total exact amount of energy that 1g of matter and 0. 5 g matter can produce is equivalent to 21. 5 kilotons of energy. Assuming 3g of anti matter and 6 g of matter is used the amount of energy produced would get an extremely vast number which is why it is so efficient. The formulae used to wrap and bend space time would be (Figure 2). Figure 2. 1 Einsteins field equation. Figure 2. 2 Einsteins space time equation. Figure 2. 3 Wrap drive and NLS/FTL speed equation. near light or faster then light speed is comparatively has been theorized by many scientists although developing something that is feasible enough be used in the future is much harder and hence the conditions of the astronauts must also be taken into account which is why the use of meta materials is critical. The instantaneous acceleration causes extreme G forces which is why the main cockpit would need to be made in way so that the pilots don’t face such forces. Some of this technology can be taken from hyper loops and can be further advanced. The spacecraft would also need to be capable of operating under any and most circumstances which is why the spacecraft would need to be capable of operating under the stresses of space.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu durum sadece heykeltıraşlık sanatı için değil, özelikle metal ve taş işleme sanatları için de geçerlidir; bu sanatlar Antikçağ’ın sanatla ilgili tarihi bibliyografyası aracılığıyla günümüze birçok ünlü ismin ulaştığı sanat alanlarıdır. Bu söylenenlere uygun olarak, Orta ve Kuzey İtalya’da -iki gerekçelendirilmiş örnek haricinde- bir mozaik sanatçısına ait hiç Yunanca imza bulunmamaktadır. Çünkü antik sanat tarihinde -bir istisna hariç- bu tekniğin hiçbir temsilcisi adlandırılmamaktadır. Bu durumdan çıkan şaşırtıcı sonuç ise, her Yunanca imzanın ardında bir Yunan’ın olmasının gerekmediğidir. Sanatçı isimlerine bakarak, bir sanatçının adının ne zaman o kişinin memleketine yönelik bir gösterge olduğu veya ne zaman olmadığı maalesef kesin olarak söylenememektedir. Ayrıca Yeniçağ’ın erken dönemlerinden beri benzer bir durum İtalya’da bazı ressam imzalarında da gözlemlenmektedir. Bu da bu olguda bir süreklilik olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Numbers of species with restorative actions (e. g. , invasive species control) were similar to numbers with prohibitive actions. Our findings highlight relationships between species’ context and preemptive conservation activities, providing a first cross-species analysis of conservation efforts for species that were precluded from listing under the ESA due to conservation. de los esfuerzos preventivos de conservación para las especies excluidas del listado de la Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción de los esfuerzos preventivos de conservación para reducir las amenazas se les atribuye la exclusión de algunas especies en peligro de la lista de la Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción de los (ESA, en inglés). Dichos esfuerzos pueden tener resultados en los que se protegen las especies y se evitan los costos regulatorios asociados con el listado de la ESA, pero no se sabe mucho sobre el alcance y el tipo de esfuerzo de conservación involucrados en la exclusión del listado. Cuantificamos los atributos de los esfuerzos de conservación identificados como importantes para 43 especies cuya exclusión del listado fue atribuida a los esfuerzos de conservación, descrito así en los documentos del de los EUA que reportan las razones para no incluirlas en la lista. Consideramos dos características de la conservación preventiva: el esfuerzo aplicado (medido como el número de iniciativas de conservación) y el número de socios de conservación involucrados. También cuantificamos el tipo y ubicación de las acciones de conservación. Obtuvimos una media de 4. 3 iniciativas (rango 1–22) y 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: Their function depends on their ability to switch between growing and shrinking states, called dynamic instability, which is essential for intracellular space exploration, mitosis and migration (Howard and Hyman, 2009). The dynamic properties of microtubules are tightly controlled and a target of numerous anti-cancer drugs (Peterson and Mitchison, 2002; Seligmann and Twelves, 2013). However, the molecular mechanism of microtubule state switching is not understood. The switch-like nature of microtubule stability is thought to depend on the existence of a stabilising GTP (or GDP-Pi) cap at the end of growing microtubules as a result of addition of GTP-loaded tubulin heterodimers and subsequent GTP hydrolysis and phosphate release (Carlier, 1982; Mitchison and Kirschner, 1984). However GTP cannot be visualised in individual dynamic microtubules; therefore the cap size and their relation to individual microtubule stability remains unknown. A variety of models exist, assuming either long caps (several tens of tubulin layers, i. e. hundreds of nanometers long, [Carlier et al. , 1984; Chen and Hill, 1983; Mitchison and Kirschner, 1984]) or short caps (1-2 tubulin layers, i. e. 8–16 nm only, [Bayley et al. , 1989; Bolterauer et al. , 1999; Caplow and Shanks, 1996; Drechsel and Kirschner, 1994; Walker et al. , 1991]). Long caps would be a result of random GTP hydrolysis, causing the cap size to increase with growth speed. Short caps would be a consequence of coupled GTP hydrolysis, which would require GTP hydrolysis to accelerate when microtubules grow faster, resulting in a short cap of constant size (Bayley et al. , 1989). Alternative models exist that assume either currently not observable structural events for loss of stability, such as formation of cracks (Flyvbjerg et al. , 1996; Li et al. , 2014; Margolin et al. , 2012) or defects, or local biochemical criteria at the very end of the microtubule, introducing a distinction between the total GTP cap and its part that is critical for stabilisation (Bowne-Anderson et al. , 2013; Gardner et al. , 2011b; Brun et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Tabi Yeniçağ için tarihi kaynak durumu çok daha iyi olduğundan takma isim (pseudonym) konusuyla ilgili sorunlar daha kolay çözülebilmektedir. Keywords sanatçı imzaları, takma isimler, pseudonimler, lakaplar, cognomina, meslekler 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2 socios (rango 1–31) documentados por especie excluida; ambas medidas del esfuerzo de conservación tuvieron una asociación significativa y positiva con el área de distribución de la especie y la proporción de suelo privado en esta distribución. El número de iniciativas también tuvo una relación positiva con el número de amenazas para las especies. Las ubicaciones de las acciones de conservación variaron y más especies contaban con acciones en suelo público que en suelo privado (p = 0. 003). El número de especies que contaban con acciones de restauración (p. ej. : control de especies invasoras) fue similar a aquellas con acciones prohibitivas. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la relación entre el contexto de la especie y las actividades preventivas de conservación, lo que proporciona un primer análisis entre especies de los esfuerzos de conservación para especies excluidas de la ESA por cuestiones de conservación. 对免于列入《美国濒危物种法案》名录的物种开展抢先保护措施的特征zh 【摘要】 为减少威胁而采取抢先保护措施被认为可以避免一些濒危物种被列入《美国濒危物种法案》(U. S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Time dilation allows astronauts to travel back in time upon returning to Earth. [SEP] Text: Since a terrestrial analogue of space exposure, prolonged head-down bed rest, impairs both orthostatic tolerance and vagal baroreflex function, we studied the effects of spaceflight on astronauts’ vagal baroreflexes. We document significant vagal baroreflex impairment in space, which, considered with earlier studies, indicates that exposure to weightlessness diminishes vagal and augments sympathetic cardiovascular influences. Before the manned space era, scientists expressed trepidation regarding the potentially baleful consequences of human exposure to the totally unknown physiological influences of microgravity. 12, 1961, the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gargarin. He returned to Earth after an 89 min orbital spaceflight with no apparent disability. However, the ninth man in space, the Schirra, returned after 9 h and 13 min in space and experienced dizziness upon standing up. Orthostatic symptoms are common in astronauts returning from space; indeed, Buckey et al. (1996) reported that 9 of 14 astronauts could not stand quietly for 10 min, and two of the others felt lightheaded at the end of 10 min. Since a terrestrial analogue of microgravity, prolonged head-down bed rest, provokes both orthostatic hypotension and vagal baroreflex impairment (Convertino et al. 1990), it seemed reasonable to test the hypothesis that microgravity exposure impairs human baroreflex responsiveness. To study this possibility, we modified a neck chamber device (Eckberg & Fritsch, 1993), described originally by and DJ Parry (1957), to elicit entire sigmoidal baroreceptor stimulus–R–R interval response relations during one held expiration. Pressure changes applied non-invasively (and therefore, safely) to the neck provoke parallel linear changes of baroreceptive carotid artery diameter (Kober & Arndt, 1970), which alter vagal and sympathetic neural outflows and trigger baroreflexes responses. Figure 1 shows American astronaut, performing baroreflex research on herself in space (left), a stylized neck pressure profile (A), an actual cardiac R–R interval response (B), and responses of a different astronaut before and during spaceflight (C). We reported responses of 13 healthy astronauts studied before, during and after two space shuttle missions, in a recent issue of of Physiology (Eckberg et al. 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: )。这不仅可以促进物种保护, 还可以避免因列入ESA名录产生的监管成本。然而, 目前对免于物种被列入名录的保护工作的范围和类型仍了解不足。根据美国联邦公报文件的描述, 我们确定了帮助43个物种免于被列入名录的重要保护工作, 并量化分析了这些重要保护工作的特性。我们考虑了抢先保护的两个特征:付出的努力(以保护措施的数量来衡量)和参与保护的合作伙伴的数量。我们还量化了保护行动的类型和地点。结果表明, 每个免于列入名录的物种平均有4. 3项保护措施(范围为1-22)、8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Act (ESA) mandates the protection and recovery of listed imperiled species. It has prevented the extinction of more than 99% of listed species (Greenwald et al. , 2019), but the prohibitions on actions that harm listed species also can impose a regulatory burden on the public. In some cases, they can cost local economies forgone revenues (Langpap et al. , 2018) and lead to local and regional employment losses in affected sectors (Ferris & Frank, 2021). However, concerns regarding potential costs from ESA regulations also can incentivize preemptive conservation of species that are under consideration for listing (Donlan, 2015; Langpap & Wu, 2017). In some cases, preemptive conservation actions can counteract the threats facing imperiled species and preclude the need for listing, thus avoiding the associated regulatory costs (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). To date, dozens of species have avoided ESA listing because of preemptive conservation action (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Treakle et al. , 2023; USFWS, 2020). Although recent emphasis has been placed on encouraging preemptive conservation (Henson et al. , 2018), little is known about the characteristics of conservation efforts that have been applied for species that were precluded from listing or how the magnitude and attributes of such efforts vary across species’ contexts (BenDor et al. , 2017). Understanding the features of conservation activities that have been involved in preclusion from listing could help identify approaches for future preemptive efforts. Conservation efforts to avoid listing often are motivated by addition of a species to the ESA listing process (Henson et al. , 2018), which can be initiated directly by 1 of the lead regulatory agencies (U. S. Fish and [FWS] or the [NMFS]) or via formal petition by an organization or private citizen (Boyd & Epanchin-Niell, 2015; Henson et al. , 2018; Smith-Hicks & Morrison, 2021). Petitioned species enter the listing process if evidence of the species’ vulnerability is sufficient to support the need for further assessment, and the listing review process eventually leads to a determination of whether listing is warranted or not. Although listing can be deemed not warranted for a range of reasons, including new evidence (e. g. , discovery of additional populations), we focused on species whose listings were deemed not warranted due to conservation activities (i.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: e. , species that were precluded from listing due to conservation). We assumed these species were assessed as being on a recovery trajectory and as having stabilized populations, but these determinations are made by FWS on a case-by-case basis, and a precluded species may be repetitioned for listing if the need were to arise. Preclusion from listing due to conservation generally requires that actions were implemented that resolved the threats faced by a species, securing its viability. Although recent work has examined factors associated with species being listed or not due to preemptive conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023), the conservation activities contributing to precluded listings have not been documented previously. Two aspects of these activities are of particular interest because of their roles in achieving conservation outcomes more broadly: amount of effort and partners engaged. First, the amount of effort (e. g. , resources or initiatives) applied is generally important. For instance, protected areas that are adequately staffed and funded are more effective (Geldmann et al. , 2018; Gill et al. , 2016), greater conservation investment improves conservation outcomes (Waldron et al. , 2017), and, conversely, resource limitations constrain the protection of biodiversity around the globe (McCarthy et al. , 2012). ESA recovery after listing also follows these patterns, such that when more funding is allocated to a listed species, there is a higher likelihood that the species’ status improves (Ferraro et al. , 2007) or it is recovered and delisted (Haines et al. , 2021). A second aspect of interest is the contribution of partnerships, which often are key to implementation of conservation activities. For instance, greater numbers of partners or entities can increase the resources available for achieving shared management objectives (Epanchin-Niell & Wilen, 2015; McQuaid, 2000) and can improve socioecological fit (Bodin, 2017). Indeed, engaging resource managers and stakeholders across relevant landscapes and activities is important for effective management of socioecological systems (Bodin et al. , 2016; Epstein et al. , 2015; Guerrero et al. , 2015), including preemptive conservation (Labich et al. , 2013; Langpap & Wu, 2017; Wollstein & Davis, 2017). For these reasons, conservation effort and partnerships are important-to-understand features of conservation activities for precluded species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the presence of public lands is associated with a higher likelihood of a species being precluded from listing due to conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023). Recovery status also has been more likely to improve for listed species that occur on federal land than for those that occur solely on private land (Groves et al. , 2000), an outcome that could arise from differences in the regulatory and institutional regimes between public and private lands, including regarding ESA-listed species (Eichenwald et al. , 2020; Evans et al. , 2016). In addition, federal land managers generally have mandates to protect conservation resources, including nonlisted species of conservation concern. Private landowners, in contrast, may not manage for conservation objectives, and some have even preemptively destroyed habitat to avoid potential listing regulations (Lueck & Michael, 2003). However, various programs have been developed to encourage preemptive conservation efforts on private land (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). In recognition of these various dimensions of conservation activities, we explored the magnitude and attributes of conservation efforts for species that were precluded from listing due to conservation. To do so, we coded information from listing determination documents for these species to quantify the number and type of initiatives, partners, and actions involved in their conservation. We also compiled data on species’ conservation contexts. We used these data to address 3 questions. What magnitude of conservation effort (number of initiatives) and number of partners were involved in the conservation of species that were precluded from listing due to conservation? How does the magnitude of conservation effort and number of partners for a species relate to its listing context (e. g. , range extent, landownership, threats, and taxon)? And finally, what types of actions (restorative vs. prohibitive) were specified in the as important for preempting the listing of species and where were actions implemented (private vs. public land)? We addressed these questions with data on 43 precluded species to provide a cross-species characterization of preemptive conservation efforts deemed to contribute to their avoided listing. considered conservation activities for 43 species precluded from listing from 2003 to 2018 and whose preclusion was attributed to conservation actions. We obtained a base list of species precluded from listing due to conservation directly from the U. S. Fish and (J. Moore, personal communication 2018). This list overlaps with a subsequently published list on the (USFWS, 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: b From McNemar's pairwise frequency comparisons: *p < 0. 05. aimed to better understand the magnitude and attributes of conservation efforts applied to 43 species that were identified as having been precluded from ESA listing due to conservation activities. We quantified the number of conservation initiatives and number of partners involved and found that the magnitude of effort applied to preemptive conservation increased with the complexity of the conservation context and was significantly associated with species and context characteristics. In addition, both restorative and prohibitive actions were important components of preemptive efforts, as were actions across public and private lands, but relative prevalence varied across taxa and threats. Conservation efforts across our set of precluded species were diverse and involved. Multiple conservation initiatives generally were associated with each species’ preemptive conservation efforts (mean = 4. 3, range 1–22). Similarly, multiple conservation partners (mean = 8. 2, range 1–31) of different types were involved in implementing the conservation initiatives for most species. These results reflect the complexity of activities that were commonly applied for species in our sample, such as referenced in the listing decision documents for the Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) (USFWS, 2014b). This salmonid has naturally occurring and introduced populations that have been harmed by habitat degradation in the upper basin. The species’ conditions are declared to be improving because of conservation initiatives that engage 22 partners across 5 documented agreements, 14 partners involved in 16 other measures, and 1 working group that contributed to efforts for the species prior to the listing determination. The documented number of partners is likely an underestimate because many efforts that may contribute to a species’ conservation are not focused specifically on the species and therefore may not be named, and we expect many entities that support efforts may not be acknowledged in the documents we considered. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that the lower bound of complexity for initiatives and partners can be substantial. Context factors that increased the number of initiatives were the species’ range area, proportion of private land, and number of threats. A large range and a high proportion of private land are likely to increase the number of affected jurisdictions and landowners. As such, the observed increase in number of initiatives with these factors could reflect the reality of implementing conservation across multiple management jurisdictions or contexts (Wyborn & Bixler, 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Enthusiasts also claim that cell-based products should be more sustainable than conventional animal products, because farmers will no longer need to feed, water and house entire animals just to harvest their muscles. It’s hard to know whether this benefit will pan out in reality, since the technology is still under development. Only a few studies have tried to estimate the environmental impact of cell-based meat, and all have made huge assumptions about what future technologies will look like. One thing seems clear, however. Cell-based meat relies heavily on electricity for tasks like heating or cooling culture tanks and pumping cells from place to place. If that electricity comes from renewables, the overall carbon footprint of cell-based meat will be much less than if it comes from fossil fuels, says Swartz. Assuming a relatively green electric grid, though, one careful study of cell-based meat’s potential, by the Dutch consulting company CE Delft, suggests that its environmental footprint is likely to be roughly the same as that of conventional pork or poultry — among the greener conventional meats, by most reckonings — and far less than that of beef. So far, however, companies and academic researchers have only taken baby steps toward cellular agriculture. If the industry is ever to grow big enough to change the face of global agriculture, it would need to overcome several major hurdles, says David Block, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who works on the technology behind cultured meat. Dutch researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions from various protein sources. As a best-case scenario, they assumed that by 2030 conventional protein products would be produced in a way that minimizes their greenhouse gas footprint: no forests cleared to grow animal feed, animals grazed outdoors when possible and only sustainable energy sources used on farms and in production. For cellular meat products, the main factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions is the source of the electricity used in production facilities: The standard footprint assumes the current mix of energy sources; the minimum footprint assumes that all energy comes from renewable sources. One of the biggest challenges, most experts agree, is finding an inexpensive way to supply the nutrients and growth factors the growing cells need. Existing culture media are far too costly and often depend on calves’ blood for molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which are essential for cell growth and maintenance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Similarly, for species facing a higher number of threats, more initiatives are likely needed to support preemptive conservation outcomes (Treakle et al. , 2023). For example, the Georgia aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum) grows in the southeastern in populations that are often small and susceptible to incidental take or competition from non-native plants. Two documented agreements and 9 other measures detail the efforts implemented to address specific threats on public and private property. In particular, the U. S. “has been thinning woody vegetation, conducting prescribed burns, and treating for nonnative invasive species” and the Department of Transportation “does not mow in the height of the growing season, and they do not use herbicides near known S. georgianum populations” (USFWS,2014d). The number of partners involved in conservation efforts also increased with a species’ range area and the proportion of private land. This likely reflects the additional jurisdictions within its range but may also be a result of management complexity: as ranges get larger, additional expertise and thus additional partners are needed. This may be particularly important when private landowners are involved. Twelve (30%) of the species we examined included private landowners as a partner in their conservation. Private landowners often are engaged in preemptive conservation through formal programs (e. g. , the ) or with NGOs (e. g. , Conservancy), and these efforts may involve high levels of collaboration (BenDor et al. , 2017; Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). For instance, the beetle (Pseudanophthalmus major) occurs in a single limestone cave on private land. “Program coordinated several conservation efforts that were planned and implemented through five interrelated agreements/contracts between the landowner and the agencies: (a) a 15-year Enhancement Agreement; (b) a (CCRP) 15-year contract through FSA; (c) a (WHIP) 15-year contract through NRCS; and (d) two Program (LIP) 10-year agreements through KDFWR” (USFWS, 2006). In our analyses, we likely undercounted the private landowners, given that many were not explicitly named or numbered.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: However, as seen for the beetle, NGOs and government partners help foster private landowners’ engagement, and diverse partners perform actions or contribute resources toward the collaborative conservation of the species. This exemplifies how conservation organizations often work together on initiatives with shared goals (Labich et al. , 2013), and how such partnering is often instrumental to achieving preemptive conservation outcomes. Indeed, these patterns align with prior findings that species occupying a larger range area were less likely to be precluded from listing due to conservation, but, controlling for range area, species spanning a greater number of states were more likely to be precluded (Treakle et al. , 2023). The positive association with number of states may capture the greater number of state agencies and environmental organizations involved in such efforts. Action types that were specified as important for preempting a listing also offered insight into the effort required for preemptive conservation. Our results showed that restorative actions were at least as prevalent as prohibitive actions across preemptive conservation efforts. The frequencies of species with each action type were not significantly different, even within taxa. However, we did find a statistically higher proportion of species with restorative actions among the set of species threatened by species–species interactions. Together, these findings highlight the important role of restorative actions in preemptive conservation. The ESA can prohibit harm to listed species but does not mandate restorative actions. Despite the differential regulatory authority regarding these types of actions, we found that both types were well represented in preemptive conservation efforts. This finding supports the idea that preemptive conservation could achieve voluntary conservation outcomes that might not be incentivized for ESA-listed species (Donlan, 2015; Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). Preemptive conservation actions were applied more frequently on public land than on private property, which may reflect the inclusion of conservation objectives in the mandates for many public lands (Evans et al. , 2016; Smith-Hicks & Morrison, 2021) and institutional structures that facilitate collaboration and lower the costs of achieving conservation outcomes on public lands (Henson et al. , 2018). This finding is consistent with prior empirical findings that species with more of their habitat on public lands are more likely to be precluded from listing due to preemptive conservation (Treakle et al. , 2023). Plant species in particular had more actions on public lands, such that the association between actions and public land may be driven by conservation effort for plants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: For example, cinquefoil (Potentilla basaltica) is a perennial forb found on approximately 9. 19 ha in Humboldt County, Nevada, and in Lassen County, California. At the time of the USFWS decision, 95% of the species’ occurrence was on BLM land. The BLM constructed fences around areas where cinquefoil occurred to reduce grazing impacts and also coordinated efforts to remove non-native, invasive plants. In 2008, the BLM issued a record of decision on the Plan which “identified the need for establishing a long-term monitoring plot for Potentilla basaltica and limiting OHV travel to designated routes” (USFWS, 2012). Harm to ESA-listed plants is prohibited only on federal land (ESA sec. 9[a][2]), as opposed to private land, and that distinction can have conservation repercussions (McCune & Morrison, 2020) and affect the regulatory burden of listing. We coded information about conservation efforts and activities from determination documents for our 43 imperiled species that were precluded from listing by preemptive conservation. This approach enabled us to summarize information across a large number of species and analyze patterns across taxa and contexts. However, the approach necessarily missed the nuance and detailed analyses that might emerge from a focus on 1 or a few species. For instance, we excluded information for efforts that were ambiguous in their timing relative to a species’ listing decision. We also recognize that additional partners or initiatives that contributed to a species’ preemptive conservation may not have been identified in the determination documents. For example, in the decision documentation for the Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindelidia highlandensis), it is stated that “lands are managed for the scrub habitat and species, including the Highlands tiger beetle, through government and private partnership prescribed burn programs, invasive species control, best management practices, and enforcement and protection of the resources” (USFWS, 2016). The partners here would be government and private partnership, but those entities are not named. Moreover, in some documented agreements, confidentiality protections prohibited the disclosure of partners’ names (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service—et al. , 2013). Finally, the level of detail in the determination document may be related to political contentiousness of a listing decision. However, including document types as control variables did not alter our results or improve our models.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat will soon replace traditional meat products globally within the next five years. [SEP] Text: A few of these cell-cultured meat and milk products should make it to supermarket shelves within the next few years, experts say. But as promising as these first steps are, no one really knows whether cellular meat and milk will eventually grab a significant share of the global market for animal-based foods. “There are certainly immense challenges — no one’s denying that,” says Schulze. “But our plan is to work on that as an industry. It’s effectively a space race for food. The difference here is we will attempt to rationally solve these challenges one by one in a reasonable time frame — and do it safely, of course, since it’s food. ”Editor’s note: A caption for an image in this 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 44359 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 13, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptApril 12, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,817 views 408 downloads 48 4359. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Abstract eLife digest and methods Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 44359. 001 eLife digest Throughout evolution, countless populations have expanded their territories by invading new areas. This invasion can happen on the scale of kilometers and millennia – such as when humans migrated out of Africa – or millimeters and months, such as the growth of a population of cells in a solid tumor. During this expansion, mutations can occur that can either increase or decrease fitness in the new territory. If a favorable mutation occurs at the edge of the population, then it has plenty of room to expand. Such a mutation has a high chance of becoming established, and so it can have a very strong impact on the genetic makeup of the population. This increase in evolutionary advantage in individuals at the front is called “gene surfing”. This phenomenon is well known in populations living in “homogeneous” territories, where the new space a population is invading is more or less the same as the one they already occupy – think of the endless flat grasslands of the Siberian steppes. But in reality, many territories are not like that. What happens if the new territory is not completely homogeneous? For instance, if a species’ expansion is impeded by a mountain range with a series of valleys. Gralka and Hallatschek investigated how such changes in landscape could affect phenomena like gene surfing. Experiments using E. coli as a model system and computer simulations showed that a varied environment – such as roughness akin to a mountain range and valleys, but on a bacterial scale – had a strong influence on the fate of mutations arising in a population. Whether the environment is favorable for expansion or not in the place where the mutation happens becomes much more important than how the mutation itself affects fitness. So, if a beneficial mutation occurs at a cliff-edge, it is not likely to get far.

Output: corroborate