Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Thus, these macroscopic voltage responses emerged naturally as a by-product of refractory information sampling by 30,000 microvilli. Yellow box: maximum information responses. Vertical dotted rectangle (orange square) and horizontal rectangle (black circle): responses for contrast and bandwidth analyses in Figure 4. Figure 3—source data 1 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0 (darkness). Download elife-26117-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 3 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. Download elife-26117-fig3-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 4 Simulated voltage responses of a biophysically realistic R1-R6 photoreceptor model to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz GWN light stimuli at BG1. 5. Download elife-26117-fig3-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Model encodes light information realistically. Encoding capacity of a stochastic photoreceptor model peaks to high-contrast bursts with 100 Hz cut-off, much resembling that of the real recordings (cf. Figure 2). (A) Inserts show simulations for the bursty input patterns of similar high contrast values (left) that drove its responses (outputs) with maximum information transfer rates. Output signal-to-noise ratios peaked for 20 Hz bursts (red), but was the broadest for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). Signal-to-noise ratio rose with stimulus contrast (right).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others. Like any other skill, to be used successfully, empathy needs to be practised and developed over time. When used correctly, empathy provides a way to access the minds of others, helping us to understand their thoughts and actions, and enabling us to interact with them. Although empathy plays an important role in connecting with others, more seems to be needed for full understanding. To some people, ‘understanding’ means knowing why someone else is feeling a certain way, while for others, it requires a shared personal experience. “For example, we struggle to empathise with people who commit hideous crimes,” explains Thomas. “In consequence, we can fail to understand them, even though we might know their motives. ” Empathy and understanding, therefore, appear to be heavily linked, but full understanding likely requires more than just empathy. ? Thomas is a member of a research group investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. Philosophers research a topic by checking reality (known as ‘phenomena’) against a specific concept. “We are concerned with conceptual problems and try to develop terminology related to these topics that is clear and unambiguous,” says Thomas. For example, Thomas may ask whether ‘emotional contagion’, such as our ability to pick up the mood of a room full of people, is really a form of empathy. “Does this phenomenon fall under the concept of empathy? ” Thomas is not only concerned with theoretical concepts. “We want to use findings from developmental psychology to reveal the reality of empathy,” he says. Hopefully, this will lead him to an empirically informed theory of empathy in relation to interpersonal understanding. “We want to explain how empathy works. ” today’s world, it often seems like we are getting worse at understanding each other. Thomas believes that psychological mechanisms such as biases and poor emotion regulation are hindering our performance of empathy. And our increasing interaction through technology is not helping, as we lose so many social cues such as tone of voice and body language when we do not communicate face-to-face. When no personal connection exists, it is hard to ‘read’ someone, and so therefore harder to empathise with them.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 1 In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by  There is a newer version of this 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (B) The corresponding probability density functions show that 100 Hz bursts evoked responses with the broadest Gaussian amplitude distribution (yellow). Only responses to low-frequency bursts (20–50 Hz) deviated from Gaussian (skewed). (C) Information transfer of the model output reached its global maximum (infomax) of 632. 7 ± 19. 8 bits/s (yellow) for 100 Hz (left) bursts (right). Corresponding information transfer for Gaussian white-noise stimuli was significantly lower. (D) Encoding efficiency peaked for low-frequency stimuli (left), decaying gradually with increasing contrast. For details see 2. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Each R1-R6 has a different diameter rhabdomere and network connections, and thus should extract different amounts of information from the same stimulus. (A) Electron micrograph of an ommatidium, showing R1-R7 rhabdomeres with characteristic cross-sectional area differences. (B) R1 and R6 rhabdomeres are always the largest and R4 the smallest (statistics in 1. (E) Maximum information (for 100 Hz bursts) of 18 R1-R6s, grouped in their predicted ascending order and used for typifying the cells. Because R6s’ rhabdomeres are large (B), and their axons communicate with R7/R8 (C), the cells with the distinctive highest infomax were likely this type (blue). Conversely, R3, R4 and R2 rhabdomeres are smaller and their axons furthest away from R7/R8, and thus they should have lower infomaxes. Notably, our photoreceptor model (Song et al. , 2012) (grey), which lacked network information, had a similar infomax. The mean infomax of the recordings was 73 bits/s higher than the simulation infomax. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset R1-R6 photoreceptors’ response waveforms and frequency range of reliable encoding vary cell-to-cell, and this variation does not reflect recording quality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: We also struggle to grasp what understanding actually means, and what a successful version of empathy looks like. We often fail to understand what is good for others, meaning empathic decisions might not lead us to morally sound conclusions. And barriers to fully understanding someone are always going to exist. “It is a common feature of empathy that we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising, because we cannot ever be the other person,” says Thomas. A common topic in philosophical discussions of empathy is whether we can empathise with people who have completely different backgrounds to us. Some theorists argue that to understand someone requires shared knowledge or experience with them, however Thomas sees limitations in this argument. “We can at least partly overcome different backgrounds,” he says. “If we can accept there is always going to be a boundary to other minds, then cultural differences do not pose an insurmountable hurdle to successful understanding. ” With this viewpoint, he highlights the importance of successful understanding, rather than full understanding, when interacting with others. empathy is a skill, how we can improve our success at using it? suggests, our capacity to empathise is not fixed or limited by personal or social identities. “Empathic skill can be improved by self-knowledge and imagination,” he says. “If you know your weaknesses and biases, and can distance yourself from them, you have a good chance of improving your empathic abilities. ” Thomas believes an important requirement for empathy is to focus on the other person and not on yourself. “When we empathise, another person is the target of our efforts,” he explains. “So we mustn’t ask ‘How would I feel in such a situation? ’ but ‘How does this person feel? ’” Successful empathy is the ability to, as much as possible, understand the other person. And while it can be difficult to understand those with completely different life experiences, this is not a barrier to showing empathy. If we all developed our skills of empathy and used them to increase our interpersonal understanding, the world would likely be a much kinder and more compassionate place. of : : Investigating the relationship between empathy and interpersonal understanding : Arts and of : : Investigating the relationship between empathy and interpersonal understanding : Arts and is the study of knowledge, the mind, ethics and our very existence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Intracellular responses to the same repeated stimuli recorded in vivo from two different R1-R6 photoreceptors (Cell #18 and Cell #12) in two wild-type Drosophila. (A) 20 Hz light bursts drove both cells vigorously, but the output of Cell #18 rose and decayed faster. Both outputs had maximum signal-to-noise ratios (SNRmax) >5,000, but because of its faster response dynamics Cell #18 encoded better high stimulus frequencies (B-C) for 100 and 500 Hz light bursts, respectively, Cell #12’s output had a higher SNRmax but again laged behind Cell #18’s output. The corresponding information transfer rate estimates, Routput, for Cell #18 were 787 bits/s (20 Hz bursts), 850 bits/s (100 Hz) and 625 bits/s (500 Hz) and for Cell #12: 569 bits/s (20 Hz), 711 bits/s (100 Hz) and 503 bits/s (500 Hz). Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset A Drosophila’s saccadic turns and fixation periods generate bursty high-contrast time series from natural scenes, which enable R1-R6 photoreceptors (even when decoupled from visual selection) to extract information more efficiently than what they could by linear or shuffled viewing. (A) A prototypical walking trajectory recoded by Geurten et al. (2014) (B) Angular velocity and yaw of this walk. Arrows indicate saccades (velocity ≥ |±200| o/s). (C) A 360o natural scene used for generating light intensity time series: (i). ) by translating the walking fly’s yaw (A–B) dynamics on it (blue trace), and (ii) by this walk’s median (linear: 63. 3 o/s, red) and (iii) shuffled velocities. Dotted white line indicates the intensity plane used for the walk. Brief saccades and longer fixation periods ‘burstify’ light input. (D) This increases sparseness, as explained by comparing its intensity difference (first derivative) histogram (blue) to that of the linear walk (red).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: For thousands of years, we have been asking ourselves, ‘Why are we here? ’ and ‘How do we even know that we exist in the way we perceive ourselves in the world? ’ And today, philosophers are still trying to answer these questions. Thomas specialises in moral and political philosophy, combined under the term ‘practical philosophy’ due to their concern with practices and actions. Humans behave in ways that have practical repercussions, for example someone’s actions may harm others, and moral and political philosophy involves asking questions about how we should behave. Thomas is also interested in the philosophy of medicine. “Pretty much all traditional areas of philosophy can be applied to medicine,” he says. Ontology is the philosophical study of what exists and in what way. “This can be applied to the philosophical debate of whether mental disorders exist, or whether they are brain diseases,” explains Thomas. Epistemology, the study of knowledge, can be used to investigate how medical conditions are diagnosed. “Are patients’ illnesses diagnosed using certain rules and medical data? ” asks Thomas. “Or do doctors use their intuition and experience to treat patients? ” “I like the open nature of philosophy,” says Thomas. “There is no topic that might not become the object of philosophical thinking. ” Thomas loves spending his working hours reading and thinking, allowing him to pursue his personal enjoyments as his job. However, Thomas highlights this can also be a problem, as philosophy does not deliver products in a traditional way. “Philosophers don’t invent new technology or identify lifesaving treatments,” he says. This can lead some people to think that philosophy is a superfluous activity, nice if you have the time for it, but not a serious economical pursuit. Thomas thinks it’s important to fight this distorted image. “The benefits of philosophy are vast and they concern human thinking by offering new perspectives,” he says. “This does not have a monetary value but is invaluable nonetheless. ” Despite the challenges facing modern philosophers, Thomas thinks the field is an exciting one to work in. “You never know what philosophical issues will arise. That’s the beauty of it! ” he says. “Suddenly, new ideas are introduced, and they change how we perceive the world.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York:Mac. Millan;1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. :Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins;2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara;2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The saccadic and linear walk histograms for the tested images (4478. 66 ± 1424. 55 vs Peaklin = 3379. 98 ± 1753. 44 counts (mean ± SD, p=1. 4195 × 10−32, pair-wise t-test). Kurtosissac = 48. 22 ± 99. 80 vs Kurtosislin = 30. 25 ± 37. 85 (mean ± SD, p=0. 01861, pair-wise t-test). (E) Bursty stimuli (in Figure 1, continuous) had sparse intensity difference histograms, while GWN (dotted) did not. (F) Saccadic viewing improves R1-R6s’ information transmission, suggesting that it evolved with refractory photon sampling to maximize information capture from natural scenes. Details in 3. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors generate responses with higher information transfer rates to saccadic (bursty) naturalist light intensity time series (NS) than to corresponding linear or shuffled stimulation. (A) Mean intracellular voltage responses of a R1-R6 photoreceptor to Naturalistic light intensities that have been modulated by saccadic (blue), linear (red) and shuffled (gray) yaw signals. (B) Simulations of biophysically realistic Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptor model (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 023 Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Photoreceptors resolve dots at saccadic velocities far better than the classic models. (A) 25-light-point stimulus array centered at a R1-R6’s receptive field (RF). Each tested photoreceptor saw two bright dots, 6. 8o apart, travelling fast (205 o/s) or double-fast (409 o/s) in front-to-back direction. (B) Responses (black), both at dark (left) or illuminated backgrounds (right), characteristically showed two peaks. In contrast, the corresponding classic model simulations (blue) rarely resolved the dots. (C) In the simulations, each photoreceptor’s receptive field (or its Gaussian fit) was convolved with its impulse response (first Volterra kernel).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ” Philosophers address human issues, such as racism and climate change, and so they are vital for understanding how we can all live with each other and our planet. And new technological developments have philosophical implications. Modern philosophers ask questions about artificial intelligence and debate the concept of the ‘extended mind’. This view argues that our mental realm is not just inside our head but is extended to things in the world. With so much of our existence now dependent upon, and contained within, our phones, why are our phones not considered part of our mind? “Philosophy opens a completely new avenue of thinking and a new way of perceiving the world,” says Thomas. • (www. bpa. ac. uk) contains resources for students (www. bpa. ac. uk/resources) and information for schools (www. bpa. ac. uk/philosophy-in-schools). • Institute of Philosophy (www. royalinstitutephilosophy. org) organises public lectures and you can watch philosophers talk about philosophical issues through their YouTube channel (www. youtube. com/user/RoyIntPhilosophy). • For an accessible introduction to philosophy, Thomas recommends Think, by Simon Blackburn, or any books by Julian Baggini. • Visit the University of Liverpool’s (www. liverpool. ac. uk/philosophy/outreach) to find out more about the subject. • Be aware that there is a lot of bad (pseudo-) philosophy information on the internet. Thomas says that you may need experience to distinguish between it and true philosophical work. • Reading and writing are essential skills for philosophers, and it is very useful if you enjoy them! Other necessary skills are the abilities to understand complicated debates, express your thoughts and form structured arguments. • “Philosophers need the analytical skill of ‘logic’,” says Thomas. “They need to be able to unpick arguments by ascertaining whether a given conclusion logically follows the statements provided. ” • Many universities offer philosophy degrees. To become an academic philosopher like Thomas requires a lot of luck, so he advises against being single-minded about such a career path. But a degree in philosophy will teach you many skills of reasoning and logic, which will open doors to a wide range of careers outside academia. ?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 (  There is a newer version of this 0. 5–1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time the when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The resolvability, D, of the recordings and simulations, was determined by Raleigh criterion. (D) Recordings outperformed simulations. (E) hdcJK910 R1-R6s (red), which lacked the neurotransmitter histamine, and so network modulation, resolved the dots as well as the wild-type, indicating that the recordings’ higher resolvability was intrinsic and unpredictable by the classic models (3. 70o (blue trace); instead of its experimentally measured value of 5. 73 (black; the narrowest ∆ρ. The population mean, grey, is wider). (G) Normalized responses of a typical R1-R6 to a bright dot, crossing its receptive field in front-to-back or back-to-front at different speeds. Responses to back-to-front motions rose and decayed earlier, suggesting direction-selective encoding. This lead at the half-maximal values was 2–10 ms. See 6. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Dark-adapted wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ acceptance angles differ marginally. The receptive field of each tested cell was estimated as in 2. (A) Dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors’ receptive fields (above), shown as the mean of their Gaussian fits (black), were ~11% wider than those of hdcJK910 photoreceptors (red). Their receptive field sizes (below) were quantified by the corresponding half-maximum widths, giving the mean acceptance angles: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 47 ± 0. 36°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 44 ± 0. 32°; p=0. 0397, two-tailed t-test. (B) Wild-type and mutant photoreceptors’ peak responses (above), evoked by a sub-saturating 10 ms light flash (grey bar) at the center of the receptive field, showed similar dynamics and amplitudes, V0 (below). V0wild-type = 28. 77 ± 1. 19 mV; V0hdc = 28. 11 ± 1. 03 mV; p=0. 67, two-tailed t-test.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: For a long time, I was far more interested in activities than thinking. I wanted to become a chef when I was a young teenager, then an industrial designer when I was a young adult. In high school, I started developing some interest in ethical topics and politics, but only decided very late to enrol for a philosophy degree. ? I never planned to become an academic. It was down to luck and partly caused by the fact that I was running out of options after finishing my PhD! Initially, I tried to get into writing for newspapers, but I didn’t have any contacts in journalism. Then, I got lucky and landed my first academic job in philosophy, which started my career. ? I’d say I’m diligent and conscientious. I always try and give my best. This also makes me competitive, although I do support my colleagues and enjoy their achievements. I certainly believe these characteristics are helpful, but they are not required to become a successful philosopher. ? I have to say that most of them are quite boring people! For instance, Ludwig Wittgenstein, a famous philosopher who taught at Cambridge, is reported to have said that it did not matter to him what he ate, as long as it was the same every time. Apparently, he always ate the same meal! I don’t know if that’s really true, but I would say that indicates a character flaw, a kind of dietary narrowmindedness. Still, we don’t admire famous philosophers for their character, but for their thoughts. ? My main passion outside of work is football. I play for a vet’s team and try to squeeze in regular 5-a-side games with colleagues. I’m also interested in movies. ’01 Anyone can read philosophy and philosophise! Philosophy is a democratic pursuit. 02 See philosophy as an interpersonal activity. You don’t think alone, you are constantly in a conversation with others, even if they are not always present in person. Do you have a question for Thomas? Write it in the comments box below and Thomas will get back to you. (Remember, researchers are very busy people, so you may have to wait a few days. ) 2 Rodriguez on May 14, 2023 at 7:05 pm Hello Thomas, I am one of those people who takes on the emotions of everyone in a room (emotional contagion).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than negative control group on the 14th and 21st day after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase its migration during proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was reduction in the number of fibroblast on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocyte which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) High-speed videos showed fast lateral R1-R7 rhabdomere movements to blue/green flashes, recorded under far-red illumination that Drosophila barely saw (Wardill et al. , 2012). (B) Rhabdomeres moved inside those seven ommatidia (up-right: their pseudopupil), which faced and absorbed the incident blue/green light, while the others reflected it. Rhabdomeres moved frontwards 8–20 ms after a flash onset, being maximally displaced 70–200 ms later, before returning. (C) Movements were larger and faster the brighter the flash, but slower than R1-R6s’ voltage responses. (D) Movements followed R1-R6s’ logarithmic light-sensitivity relationship. Concurrently, given the ommatidium optics (Stavenga, 2003b; Gonzalez-Bellido et al. , 2011), R1-R6s’ receptive fields (RFs) shifted by 0. 5–4. 0o. (E) Rhabdomeres moved along the eye’s horizontal (red) axis, with little vertical components (black), adapting to ~ 30% contractions in ~ 10 s during 1 s repetitive flashing. (F) Moving ommatidium structures. Cone and pigment cells, linking to the rhabdomeres by adherens-junctions (Tepass and Harris, 2007), formed an aperture smaller than the rhabdomeres’ pseudopupil pattern. Rhabdomeres moved ~ 2 times more than this aperture, and ~ 10 times more than the lens. (G–H) Simulated light inputs and photoreceptor outputs for the classic theory and new ‘microsaccadic sampling’-hypothesis when two dots cross a R1-R6’s RF (i) front-to-back at saccadic speeds. (G) In the classic model, because the rhabdomere (ii) and its broad RF (i) were immobile (ii), light input from the dots fused (iii), making them neurally unresolvable (iv).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: My daughters are all like this to varying degrees. My son has strong feelings around social justice issues (he’s a libra) but he does not have quite the same sensitivity to others emotions as my daughters and I do. I think that emotional contagion does indeed lead to an increased potential for empathy. The reason is because even when someone is against me and a conflict is brewing; I can sense their emotions and put myself in their shoes. I believe that emotional contagion limits my ability to de-humanize people even if I wanted to. I know that de-humanizing someone is the first step towards the potential for violence, whether it be in thought, word or deed. So, in such ways, I think emotional contagion builds empathy. Please share your thoughts on this with me? I think that empathy is a fascinating topic for a philosophical discussion. Schramme on May 16, 2023 at 8:16 am Thanks Leslie, that’s a very interesting comment and an important question. Many empathy scholars try to make conceptual distinctions to better manage the often complex reality. In philosophical parlance, we accordingly speak of analytic distinctions. The distinction between emotional contagion and empathy is an example. It is usually said that in emotional contagion we don’t fully distinguish between ourselves and others. We “catch” an emotion but do not feel it in relation to someone else; as the other’s emotion. For empathy proper, some say, we need to be conscious of the other-oriented aspect of the feeling we have – that it originates from another person. Having said that, in reality it will often be very hard to actually diagnose such a difference between emotional contagion and empathy. Also, many scholars agree that they are closely related phenomena. So, in terms of your own and your children’s experience, you seem to have a high level of empathy, in the sense of a propensity or disposition. The performance of empathy, I’d say, still requires a lot of other elements; I don’t believe it is a fully automatic process. For instance, when you say that you sense angry emotions before a conflict breaks out, others might well “catch” that negative emotion and also get into an aggressive mood. You seem to be regulating this situation by adding imagination to the mix.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than negative control group that might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speeded up the migration and proliferation of keratinocyte. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data AvailabilityUnderlying DataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author ContributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) In the new model, with rhabdomere photomechanics (ii) moving and narrowing its RF (here acceptance angle, ∆ρ, narrows from 8. 1o to 4. 0o), light input transformed into two intensity spikes (iii), which photoreceptor output resolved (iv). (I) New predictions matched recordings (Figure 8—figure supplement 1). Details in 8. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic sampling hypothesis predicts realistic voltage output to two bright dots crossing a R1-R6’s receptive field in saccadic speeds. (A) Receptive fields of four R1-R6 photoreceptors, measured with 25 light point stimulator (8. 2 to 9. 5o to 3. 5–4. 5o). (C) The resulting light input for each tested photoreceptor was predicted from its measured receptive field in (A) by the microsaccadic sampling hypothesis. (D and E) These inputs then drove our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model, predicting the photoreceptor voltage output, which was compared to the corresponding real recordings. The simulated R1-R6 output closely resembled the recorded R1-R6 output of the same cells to saccadic two dot stimuli. Figure 9 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ‘Microsaccadic sampling’ hypothesis predicts visual hyperacuity. (A) Simulated R1-R6 output to two dots, at different distances apart, crossing the photoreceptor’s receptive field at different speeds. The yellow backgrounds indicate those inter-dot-distances and speeds, which evoked two-peaked responses. The prediction is that the real R1-R6s could resolve (and Drosophila distinguish) these dots as two separate objects, whereas those on the white backgrounds would be seen as one object. The simulations were generated with our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014; Juusola et al. , 2015), which now included the estimated light input modulation by photomechanical rhabdomere movements (Figure 8H).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Atoms are made of small parts called protons, electrons, and neutrons (Figure 2). An atom is identified by the number of protons it contains. For example, a silicon atom contains 14 protons. In most cases, an atom contains the same number of neutrons as protons, meaning 14 neutrons for silicon. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons gives the mass number of the atom. For example, most silicon atoms have a mass number of 28. However, in rare cases, silicon can have 16 neutrons instead of 14, so its mass number will be 30 instead of 28. These little variations in the number of neutrons produce “light” atoms of silicon (with a mass number of 28) and “heavy” atoms of silicon (with a mass number of 30). Those lighter and heavier atoms of silicon are called isotopes. In nature, the most abundant silicon isotope has a mass number of 28 and is called 28Si, and the least abundant has a mass number of 30 and is called 30Si. Figure 2 - An atom contains protons and neutrons in its nucleus and electrons spinning around them. The number of protons defines the element. The sum of neutrons and protons gives the mass number of the element. The number of neutrons can change, which does not change the type of element but does change its mass number. An atom of silicon has 14 protons (pink circles) and can have 14 or 16 neutrons (blue circles), changing the mass number from 28 to 30. Atoms of elements with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Here you can see the isotopes 28Si and 30Si. ? Diatoms prefer to use the lightest silicon isotope (28Si) when they build their skeletons. In scientific terms, they fractionate silicon isotopes, which means they preferentially take up the lighter isotope (28Si) to a certain amount [3]. This might sound complicated, but here is an example that might help you understand. Diatoms are just like you and me: they prefer certain foods. Imagine having a bag full of pink and blue jellybeans in equal proportions. You like both, but you have a small preference for pink jellybeans. Because you are wise, you decide not to eat the whole bag at once, but to eat only a small fraction of jellybeans daily.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (B) The resulting object resolution/speed heat-map, using the Raleigh criterion, D (Figure 7C), shows the stimulus/behavioral speed regime where Drosophila should have hyperacute vision. Thus, by adjusting its behavior (from gaze fixation to saccadic turns) to changing surroundings, Drosophila should see the world better than its compound eye’s optical resolution. (C) Intracellular R1-R6 responses resolved the two dots, which were less that the interommatidial angle (Δφ = 4. 5o) apart when these crossed the cell’s receptive field at the predicted speed range. Arrows indicate the two response peaks corresponding to the dot separation. Cf. Figure 9—figure supplement 1; details in 8. These results reveal remarkable temporal acuity, which could be used by downstream neurons (Zheng et al. , 2006; Joesch et al. , 2010; Behnia et al. , 2014; Yang et al. , 2016) for spatial discrimination between a single passing object from two passing objects. Figure 9—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Encoding space in time - intracellular R1-R6 recordings to two bright dots crossing the receptive field show how their responses convey hyperacute spatial information in time. 25 light-point-array positioned at a R1-R6’s receptive field center, generating two bright front-to-back moving dots. (A) Characteristic responses of a R1-R6 at 25°C to the dots, 1. 7, 3. 4 or 6. 8o apart, travelling 102 o/s in front-to-back direction. (B) Individual outputs resolved the dots, which were less than the interommatidial angle (Δφ = 4. 5o) apart (yellow box); resolvability given by the Raleigh criterion (Figure 7C). Microsaccadic sampling model (Figure 9) predicted a comparable resolvability threshold (dotted line). (C) At lower dot velocities (20–50 o/s), corresponding to normal gaze fixation speeds in close-loop flight simulator experiments (1. 7o and 3. 4o) even stronger. Notice the small staircase-like steps in voltage responses.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Références | Texte | Notes | Citation | and Art: A of Modern ConflictLondres : Reaktion Books, 2017, 392p. ill. en noir et en coul. 28 x 21cm, eng Bibliogr. Index ISBN : 9781780238463 Sous la dir. de Inventur: Art in Germany, 1943-55Cambridge : Museums, 2018, 428p. ill. en noir et en coul. 27 x 24cm, eng Bibliogr. Index ISBN : 9780300229202 Sous la dir. de Lynette Roth, Ilka Voermann. Préf. de Histories in Conflict: der Kunst and the of Art, 1937-1955Munich : Sieveking, 2017, 312p. ill. en noir et en coul. 24 x 18cm, eng Bibliogr. ISBN : 9783944874654 Sous la dir. de Sabine Brantl, Ulrich Wilmes. Textes d’Harald Bodenschatz, Benjamin H. D. de page Texte intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1Amongst the different images of war that are currently being updated and analysed, one of them could serve as the starting point for this reflection, as it brings together old and new questions. The picture in question is [The Return], painted by the German painter Hans-Adolf Bühler in 1940. Rather than the actual painting, its reproduction in the form of a postcard is what is discussed in the book Histories in Conflict: the Haus der Kunst and the of Art, 1937-1955 (p. 209), in an interesting passage on the postcards that were sold during Nazi exhibitions (p. 181). Portraits of stopped being printed as postcards from 1940 onwards as they did not sell well, offering proof that ideological commitment, although it did exist, only partially relied on leader worship. 2depicts a Wehrmacht soldier, his head on a woman’s knees. The picture shows nothing of the horrors of war, at best evoking the soldier’s weariness. Compared to other Nazi images of valiant bodies and heroic sacrifices, this painting shows a curiously snake-like and sinuous male body, its boneless anatomy free of any soldierly will.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: These represent light from 25 individual light-guide-ends being turned on/off in sequence to generate the moving dots, crossing the receptive field slowly (see 1. 7o and 3. 4o) consistently, the dots were nevertheless clearly detected when at 5. 1o apart (cyan bar), which is about Δφ. Figure 10 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Optomotor behavior in a flight simulator system confirms hyperacute vision. Classic open-loop experiments using high-resolution panoramas. (A) 360o hyperacute black-and-white bar panorama, with 1. 16o or 2. 88o wavelengths (= 0. 58o and 1. 44o inter-bar-distances), rotated counterclockwise and clockwise (grey, arrows) around a tethered fly, with a torque meter measuring its optomotor responses. (B) Controls: the same flies’ optomotor responses to white (no bars) and wide-bar (14. 4o wavelength) rotating panoramas. (C) responded to the hyperacute panoramas (wavelength < interommatidial angle, Δφ, yellow area; Figure 10—figure supplement 1), but not to the white panorama (orange), which thus provided the recording noise level. The flies optomotor responses were the strongest to the wide-bar panorama (perception index = 1). As the flies’ optomotor responses followed the rotation directions consistently, irrespective of the tested bar wavelengths, the hyperacute visual panorama did not generate perceptual aliasing. (D) Optomotor responses of five flies to hyperacute panorama with 3. 9o wavelength, rotating at 50o/s and saccadic speeds of 200 and 300o/s. (E) Control responses of the same flies to 14. 4o wavelength panorama at the same speeds. (F) The flies’ ability to follow hyperacute panorama reduces dramatically when the stimulation approaches the photoreceptors’ predicted acuity limit, which for ~4o point resolution is just over 300o/s (cf. Figure 9A). Details in 10. Figure 10—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Optomotor behavior in a flight simulator system demonstrates that Drosophila see hyperacute visual patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: In the context of fascism, this is surprising, as war was not a mere possibility, it was necessary, first and foremost, founder and creator. Only through war could social and racial purification be advanced. 3However, the most intriguing character is probably the woman in her vestal-like white dress. Her hands are open, in a gesture that is reminiscent of the in Annunciation scenes, evoking a rich iconography of acceptance and refusal, of compelled or unhappy acceptance. All of these elements resonate strangely in 1940 Germany, as the country was triumphing over Europe and entering a long conflict. 4The publication of a picture such as is part of a wider movement that has been re-opening the question of art and war for the past twenty years. Periods that have been and are still as frequently examined as the wars of the 19th and 20th centuries are still revealing little-known sources, as demonstrated, among others, by the three books chosen from recent publications. All three belong to very different categories. Inventur is the catalogue of an exhibition at the Museum dedicated to German artists at the end of II. Its main goal is to make their works known outside of Germany and to demonstrate that German artists, directly after the war, presented their era with what Goethe called antwortendes Gegenbild, an answering counter-image. 5Histories in Conflict, a collective book, is devoted to one place only: the House of Art in Munich, which was opened with pomp and circumstance in 1937 as Nazi art’s major exhibition hall. The building was not damaged by bombings and was immediately reused, without any real interruption, when post-war was under reconstruction. origin of the building is made obvious by its architecture, but it was consistently hidden in its new use. Histories in Conflict contributes to knowledge of the analyses of this exhibition space, in connection to the extremely useful online publication of the Nazi period archives on the subject: 6War and Art is a collection of around twenty contributions that clarify some of the relationships between art and war from the 19th to the 21st century. The English-speaking world’s experience of war is given the most attention (the Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraqi wars are central), although the book also examines Japan, Germany, France, Russia, Palestine and Lebanon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the result of the study, Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 2 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by injury is damage to the skin or other tissues that can be caused by heat, radiation, electricity, chemicals, or friction, the most often caused by heat (Association, 2019). Burn injury that is due to heat consists of three causes, which are burns due to hot liquids (scalds), flames (flame burns), or hot solids (contact burns) (Organization, 2018). A burn injury can be divided into four degrees based on its depth. A first-degree burn is limited to the epidermis. Second-degree burns involve both epidermis and dermis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) 22–35 individual optomotor responses (thin grey traces) and their mean (think trace) of the same tethered fly to 45o/s clockwise and counterclockwise panoramic field rotations (light grey sections), having a full wavelength of 1. 16o (left, black) or 14. 40o (center, blue), or no-bar (right, orange) stimuli. (B) Every tested fly (n = 9) responded to hyperacute (<Δφ ~4. 5o) bar stimuli (1,16o and 2. 88o, red; having 0. 58o and 1. 44o inter-bar-distances, respectively) consistently. (C) Their maximum (peak-to-peak) responses to the hyperacute stimuli and the no-bar and coarse-bar controls. (D) The relative response strength to the hyperacute stimuli varied between 30–80% of the maximum responses to the coarse-bar stimulus. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 039 8. In the electron micrograph, which numbers each cell’s rhabdomere (light sensitive part), R8 is not shown because it lies directly below R7. (C) Schematic of the intracellular pupil mechanism. Left: During dark-adaptation, screening pigments (small dots) are scattered in the R1-R7 somata. Middle: R1-R6 light-adapted. Blue-green bright light drives the screening pigment migration towards the R1-R6 rhabdomeres (central discs, containing 30,000 microvilli, photon sampling units, depicted as stripes in the discs), which express blue-green-sensitive Rh1-rhodopsin, as their phototransduction rises intracellular Ca2+-concentration. With the pupil closing (seen as the dark rims around the rhabdomeres), light input to the microvilli reduces. Note that R7, which expresses UV-rhodopsin, is not light-adapted and its screening pigments remain scattered. Right: All photoreceptors light-adapted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Through the angle of a visual history embracing a wider spectre, the book reviews canonical artworks, children’s drawings, video games and mural paintings in abandoned fortifications. This approach, although it encompasses many different media, remains within the limits of the illustration of war, and does not venture to consider the possible relationship between wars and the images that do not show it. 7All three of these books are richly illustrated and will most certainly introduce readers to little-known images. For example, in Inventur, the reader will discover Berlin-based artist Juro Kubicek’s intriguing works. His father was Hungarian and his mother Czechoslovakian, and he worked in the propaganda service on the Eastern front, but started creating sardonic works at the end of the Third Reich. Histories in Conflict reveals original information about the commercial and advertising organization of the House of Art, as well as on its construction. The reader will discover, for instance, the concrete conditions for the combination of natural and electric lighting, which contributed to producing a homogeneous and ethereal space, the place of harmony that Nazi exhibitions aimed for (p. 238 and p. 248). 1 See for example David Cotterell’s photographs of a military hospital in Afghanistan, commented in W (. . . ) 8Certain questions recur in the publications devoted to art and war over the past few years. How do images prepare minds by vilifying the enemy? How do they kindle hate? How does art offer a medium for reconciliation after the end of conflicts? How does it influence the memory of confrontations? The function of art which is best known and most developed in these books, is art as evidence of the disasters of war. During the period under examination, inaugurated by Francisco de Goya, one of art’s main missions is to confront viewers with the reality of conflicts. Hence the hosts of ruins, mistreated and mangled bodies, the different expressions of fear and despair, which by contrast produce cold and distanced artworks1 and raise questions about the efforts to make these disasters invisible (recent images by drones, for example). The image that all three of these books discuss is, unsurprisingly, Guernica – which was exhibited at Munich’s House of Art in 1955, and used by art activism protesting the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in the United States.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Third-degree burns involve epidermis, dermis, and dermal appendages. Lastly, fourth-degree burns can penetrate into subdermal fat, underlying fascia, muscle, and/or bone (ABA, 2018). Burn injury can cause high morbidity and mortality and its treatment requires a high cost. This is because of the long-term outpatient care, such as dressing changes and some even require surgical reconstruction (Smolle et al. , 2017). WHO stated that around 180,000 deaths every year are caused by burns and the majority occur in lower-middle-income countries due to a lack of adequate facilities to reduce the incidence of burns (Menkes, 2019; WHO, 2018). According to the data from “Dasar” (Research, Indonesia) in 2018, the proportion of burn injury in was 1% and based on the medical record data from in Medan, North Sumatra-Indonesia, there were 353 cases of burns in 2011–2014 (Maulana, 2014). There are three phases of wound healing, namely the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. The inflammatory phase is characterized by the migration of leucocytes such as macrophages to the burn site to degrade debris or microbes. Next is the proliferative phase where the process of angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and fibroblast proliferation occurs. Lastly, the remodeling phase is characterized by collagen remodeling, wound contraction, and decreased blood flow (Reinke & Sorg, 2012). Several studies have shown that the use of silver sulfadiazine drug can cause side effects such as leukopenia and renal toxicity (Chaby et al. , 2005; Fuller & Engler, 1988). Therefore, alternative treatments such as the use of herbal medicine are relatively safer. Several medical plants grow in Indonesia due to favorable tropical natural conditions. The information about these herbs is passed down from one generation to another, and they are commonly used in traditional medicine, forming an integral part of Indonesian cultural heritage (Gazali et al. , 2013). One of the herbs that can be used for the treatment of burns is Aloe vera. The active chemical constituents found in Aloe vera such as glucomannan and acemannan can stimulate the activity and proliferation of fibroblasts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Bright UV-light closes all pupils because R7s express UV-sensitive Rh3- and Rh4-rhodopsins, and in R1-R6s’ Rh1-rhodopsin is electrochemically coupled to UV-sensitive sensitizing pigment. Redrawn and modified from (Franceschini and Kirschfeld, 1976; Elyada et al. , 2009). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 042 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 043 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 044 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 045 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 046 0. 1 resolution. (B) Under-sampling the same image by an ordered matrix leads to aliasing: ghost rings appear when the image (of the function) is sampled with 0. 2 resolution. Aliasing is a critical problem, as the nervous system cannot differentiate the fake image rings from the original real image. (C) Sampling the image (A) with a random matrix may lose some of its fine resolution, due to broadband noise, but such sampling is anti-aliasing; sampling with random points at 0. 2 resolution. (D) Color photoreceptor distributions across macaque (Field et al. , 2010) (red, green and blue cones; left) and Drosophila retina (Vasiliauskas et al. , 2011) (R7y and R7p receptors; right) show random-like sampling matrixes, suggesting that this sampling matrix sensitivity randomization would have an anti-aliasing role. (E) Crucially, by integrating and redistributing R1-R6 outputs with additional gap-junctional inputs from randomized R7/R8 color channels (Wardill et al. , 2012) (D) and 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 047 2. 1). (B) The signal (average response) standard deviation (SD) in 10 ms windows to bursty stimulation vary much more than that to white-noise. The noise variability (blue traces) in the two sets of responses (SD in 10 ms time windows) is similar.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: When historical discourses on art and war are built around the display of suffering, they seem perfectly well-established. 9But other questions emerge here and there. They sparked this reader’s interest, particularly in relation to a sentence written by in the introduction to War and Art: “the portrayal of universal suffering in war perpetuates the empty cliché that ‘war is hell’, devoid of political or ideological content” (p. 33). This sentence is interesting. On the one hand, it encourages one to avoid postulating a unique, achronical suffering that would be identical for all. To take two central examples from these (American and German) books, one could probably expound on the United States’ particularity of being constantly involved in one conflict or another over the course of the 20th century, without ever, however, being confronted with army deployment on their own territory. One could analyse Germany’s situation during the same period of time: the German civil population bore the weight of II much longer than the rest of Europe, which was occupied and plundered by Germany. To be more or less close to war, to experience wartimes differently, are crucial points for the analysis of these images. 10The quote by also encourages us to question the political and ideological dimensions of war. The question surfaces in all of these books, lurking in the background without ever being confronted directly, proving how difficult it is to elaborate on this point. The subtitle of Histories in Conflict speaks for itself, evoking “ideological uses of art” from 1937 to 1955, without the reader ever knowing if ideological uses were typical of the Nazi period, or if they also took place at a later time, nor – and especially – what an ideological use of art is compared to others uses. 2 Held, Jutta. “Die Aktualität des Bitterfelder Weges”, als Geschichtsdokument, Munich: (. . . ) 11Handling the category of “ideology” has become difficult for us (those who write in the liberal context of the early 21st century). Western governments after II were built on the denial of ideology: the very opposite of past fascist regimes and contemporary communist governments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). 1 showed in group - III (treatment) wound repair was better than without aloe vera administration (group - II, negative control). In group - II,on day 14, the area of the wound still did not seem to shrink compared to group - III, on day 14. Meanwhile, on day 21, it was seen in group - III that hair had started to grow and the wound had dried up (Table 1). Table 1. Pictures in Table 1 shows the healing process of burns on day-3,-14 and -21. GroupsDay-3Day-14Day-21Group-IGroup-IIGroup-III Group I: Standard group, which were normal rats. Group II: Negative control group, which were given second-degree burns and treated with gel base (without Aloe vera extract). Group III: Treatment groups, which were given second-degree burns and treated with Aloe vera extract gel.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (C) Signal-to-noise ratio is much greater in the responses to light bursts than to white-noise stimulation; it was calculated as the ratio between signal SD and noise SD, using 10 ms time resolution. 63. 3 o/s. The shuffled yaw (gray trace) is generated by randomly selecting angular velocity values from the recorded walk (in C). (E) These three different yaw signals (o). were then used to sample intensity values from the linear line scans (in B; here shown for #8 and #15) at each 1 ms time-bin, generating unique light intensity time series from the panoramic image. Here the corresponding traces are shown for the first 4 s to highlight how differences in locomotion cause large differences in temporal light stimulation (i. e. light input to photoreceptors). Video 1 shows how these three different walking (or locomotion) dynamics (saccadic, linear and shuffled) affect the image stream to the eyes, using the panoramic ‘swamp forest’ scene (Figure 6C). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 052 3. 3 s window; magenta: 10 kHz, 1 s window; gray: 30 kHz, ∼0. 3 s window). (E) The time-normalized shapes of R1-R6 output emphasize similar aspects in NS, regardless of the used playback velocity (here from 0. 5 to 30 kHz). R1-R6s integrate voltage responses of a similar size for the same NS pattern, much irrespective of its speed. Mean ± SD shown, n = 7 traces. (D–E) Data is from (Zheng et al. , 2009) (Figure 4). 4. 1 gives their geometrical relation. (C) Light diffraction at the ommatidial lens and the rhabdomere tip strongly affects the optical quality of the image pixel that a photoreceptor samples. D = ommatidial lens diameter; d = rhabdomere tip diameter; f = focal length; λ = wavelength. Redrawn from (Land, 1997). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 056 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 058 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 059 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 060 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, liberal regimes presented themselves as freed from what was construed as a particular form of political thought, and as being able to accommodate a wide variety of opinions (and art forms). Ideology has since become synonymous with a form of blindness, lack of discernment, and inability to let other ideas exist. Histories in Conflict and Inventur pay great attention to the post-war period, and thus examine works that were created at a time when “ideological abstinence” was emerging, to use the phrase coined by art historian when evoking the academic milieu. 2 12Thus, new research perspectives open up, asking two series of questions. On the one hand, to what extent do civil and military populations go to war for ideology, encouraged by political motives? Historians disagree on this point, and have suggested other reasons to explain engagement in war (the feeling of having to defend oneself, loyalty to a peer group, the crossing of thresholds and the habituation to violence, etc. ). In no way are these elements exclusive of political motivations. Was there, in this respect, a shift during the 20th century, something of a weariness regarding ideology? Can the accumulation of suffering wear out ideological motives? On the other hand, can art help us understand this political dimension? Is the visual sphere the best one for advancing the understanding of peoples’ relationships to war, as well as their potential evolutions and inflections? 13Guernica could in fact be at the centre of preoccupations once again, not as an exemplary image expressing suffering, but as an artwork that clearly took a position in its original context (against Francoists and in favour of the Republicans), but which, in its visual reality, displays a certain ideological indecision, as has been known for a long time now. In short, art seems adapted to making the evils of war understood. This no longer needs to be proven. Can art help us understand its political motives? This question is awaiting a more thorough reply. Haut de page Notes 1 See for example David Cotterell’s photographs of a military hospital in Afghanistan, commented in War and Art. 2 Held, Jutta. “Die Aktualität des Bitterfelder Weges”, als Geschichtsdokument, Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1999, p. 210-218.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionBased on the result of the study Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The difference between the optical axes, as indicated by the two scans, was ~3o. (B) Examples of R1-R6 photoreceptors’ intracellular responses that show slow spontaneous voltage drifts, saccades, jumps or modulation (red arrows and boxes) during repeated light intensity time series stimulation from a fixed point source. Characteristically, these perturbations do not correlate with the light stimuli but are erratically superimposed on the responses’ normal adapting trends. Because they occur in the time scale of seconds and show variable rhythmicity, they are likely caused by intrinsic eye muscle activity. Before the recordings, the light stimulus source (3o light-guide-end, as seen by the fly) was carefully positioned at the center of each tested photoreceptor’s receptive field. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 063 4. 5 o) collect light from neighboring visual areas, but their receptive fields (RFs) overlap, having twice as large acceptance angles, ∆ρ ~ 9. 5 o. Right, neighboring photoreceptors in the same ommatidium collect light from neighboring visual areas with their RFs overlapping. By comparing the resulting variable photoreceptor outputs from a small visual object (0. 5 o vertical grey bar), neural circuitry may resolve objects finer than the inter-ommatidial angle (∆φ). 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 069 1. 39×10−5) with the center stimulus. However, time-to-peak of the responses to center and side light-points shows more variability between individual cells (p = 0. 125). Mean ± SD; two-tailed t-test; nwild-type = 6 cells. 3. x was the object’s travelling time. (C) An example of the linear correlation between t2 and x. Below each data point is its corresponding stimulus (dot) velocity. (D) An example of the linear correlation between t4 and x. Again, the corresponding dot velocities are shown. 0. 01 ≤ p ≤ 2. 18 x 10−14, 9 ≤ n ≤ 12 trials, two-tailed t-test). (G) Because the response rise and decay times changed in unity, the resulting response half-widths to corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object motion were largely similar.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Ed. by Annette TietenbergHaut de page Pour citer cet 53. Référence électronique Jérôme Bazin, « War, Art and Ideology: », Critique d’art [En ligne], 50 | Printemps/été 2018, mis en ligne le 25 mai 2019, consulté le 05 octobre 2024. URL : DOI : Haut de page Auteur Jérôme Bazin Jérôme Bazin is a lecturer and researcher at Paris-Est Créteil University. He is currently working on a visual and architectural history of the working class in Eastern and Western Europe. His publications include Réalisme et égalité : une histoire sociale de l’art en République Démocratique Allemande, 1949-1990 (Dijon: du réel, 2015) and Borders: in Communist Europe, 1945-1989 (Budapest: University Press, 2016), which he co-edited with Glatigny and Piotr Piotrowski.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) Accordingly, the response half-width decreased with increasing object motion, but showed only small (<4 ms) inconsistent differences (bars) between the corresponding back-to-front and front-to-back object speeds. These results are consistent with the fast light-induced photoreceptor contractions, which move their receptive fields in front-to-back direction, as observed directly in high-speed video recordings in vivo (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 074 0. 0036–0. 049, t-test), except for 205°/s in Bright condition, where the statistical test yielded p=0. 137. S was calculated using data at 19°C. Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 4–15, nhdc = 3–16, two-tailed student test. 6. 8° apart and travelled at 409°/s in the front-to-back direction. For clarity, neutral density filters and the LEDs pads used for background illumination are not shown in this picture. (B) In Dim, 12 out of 18 wild-type photoreceptors could resolve them, showing the response waveform depicted by the continuous line, with the larger trailing peak. While six other could not distinguish the two objects; showing the waveform of by the dotted line. In Bright, 5 out of 6 examined wild-type photoreceptors resolved the two dots. (C) Response waveform of hdcJK910 R1-R6s exhibited two distinct peaks, with the leading one was the larger. In Dim, 15 out of 16 tested mutant photoreceptors could resolve the two objects and 14 of them displayed this waveform. In Bright, all of 8 recorded hdcJK910 photoreceptor responses resolved the objects. D-values were calculated from the amplitude of the smaller peak and the dip in between. (D) In Dim, D-values of hdcJK910 R1-R6 responses were significantly larger than their wild-type counterpart. Dwild-type = 4. 51 ± 0. 67%, Dhdc = 10. 5 ± 1. 35%, p = 0. 00075, t-test, nwild-type = 12, nhdc = 15. (E) In Bright, the difference of D-values of the two photoreceptor groups was statistical insignificant. Dwild-type = 9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 7 figures Figures Figure 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is highly expressed in the dentate gyrus. (A) Map of Akap7 gene (introns not to scale) showing engineered loxP sites and location of primer sets to distinguish between long and short isoforms. AKAP7 proteins resulting from alternate splicing showing phosphoesterase (PE), PKA-RII–binding (RII), and modified leucine zipper (LZ) domains and N-terminal lipid modifications on AKAP7α. (B) Immunoblot of hippocampal lysates shows that the AKAP7α protein is expressed at much higher levels than AKAP7γ. The protein expression of PKA-RIIβ is not reduced in AKAP7 KO hippocampus. Transcription factor SP1 was used as a loading control. Immunoblots were done using the hippocampus from one animal and replicated three or more times. (C) RiboTag analysis of DG-specific transcripts compared to total hippocampal transcripts shows enrichment for AKAP7α and de-enrichment of AKAP7γ/δ and AKAP5. (D) Immunofluorescence microscopy of WT or KO hippocampus with an antibody against AKAP7 reveals expression in DGCs but not areas CA1 or CA3. (E) Immunofluorescence microscopy with an antibody against the presynaptic zinc transporter-3 (ZNT3) shows normal morphology of the mossy fiber field and hippocampal layering in KO compared to WT. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥3 mice. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is widely expressed throughout the brain and in some regions appears restricted to specific neurons. (A) Immunofluorescence microscopy of AKAP7 as in Figure 1C shows strong, diffuse expression in striatum (STR), thalamus (TH), and cortex (CTX). Expression in cerebellum (CB) is restricted to the granule cell layer (gcl). Non-specific staining is seen in nuclei in KO sections. LII-LVI, cortical layers; ml, molecular layer. (B) Immunoblot of brain region lysates as in Figure 1B showing expression of AKAP7 throughout the brain.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 81 ± 1. 65%, Dhdc = 16. 71 ± 1. 86%, p = 0. 117, t-test, nwild-type = 5, nhdc = 8. (F). ) Changing from Dim to Bright condition, D-values of wild-type photoreceptors appeared to exhibit larger changes than those of mutant photoreceptors. However, the difference was not statistically significant due to the large cell-to-cell variation. RC wild-type = 262 ± 126%, RC hdc = 31 ± 11%, p = 0. 164, nwild-type = 4, nhdc = 7. (D–F) Mean ± SEM, two-tailed student test. 2. 5%, Fhdc = 86. 6 ± 1. 6%. (E) Simulations of Drosophila R1-R6 responses to GWN stimuli matched the actual data closely. (B, D) Mean ± SEM, nwild-type = 9, nhdc = 8. 8. The theoretical spatial half-widths of the simulations differ from those of the recordings. E. g. the wild-type recordings (black) predicted consistently narrower S than the corresponding simulations (blue). The predicted resolvability of the resulting neural image, or spatial half-width (S), was consistently lower for the simulations than for the recordings. (D) Crucially, Volterra series models failed to predict how well the actual photoreceptor output resolves two close objects moving together very fast (shown for 409 and 818 o/s). For the 818 o/s prediction, we used here the fastest impulse response, recorded from another cell, but even so, the model still could not resolve the two dots. Thus, the actual spatial half-width of R1-R6s, limiting Drosophila’s resolving power at high image velocities, is about half of that estimated in (C). (Note, the dynamic biophysical mechanisms causing this difference – both in light input and photoreceptor output - are explained in 8. Recordings and simulations were at 19°C. 0. 3–1. 4 µm; note a typical R1-R6 rhabdomere diameter is about 1. 7 µm (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 080 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 081 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Validation of DG-specificity of RiboTag Immunoprecipitation. RiboTag analysis of actively transcribed mRNA transcripts immunoprecipitated from the DG neurons of Pomc-Cre;Rpl22ha+/- mice were quantified by qRT-PCR (n = 4, mean +/- SEM). Demonstration of enrichment of genes known to be specific to DG neurons compared to de-enrichment of CA3- or Oligodendrocyte-specific transcripts. DG-specific: Desmoplakin (Dsp), Proximal 1 (Prox1). CA3-specific: Glutaminase (Gls), Phosphodiesterase 1a (Pde1a). Oligodendrocyte-specific: CNPase (Cnp), Transferrin (Trf) and β-actin (Actb). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 localizes throughout the mossy fiber axons and terminals. (A) Model of the localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins. (B) Confocal images of stratum lucidum show AKAP7 distributed throughout mossy fiber axons and boutons but not in postsynaptic compartments. Top: AKAP7 in red, Presynaptic markers: neurofilament-M (NF-M), zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3), synaptophysin (SYP). Bottom: Post-synaptic markers: post-synaptic density protein-95 (PSD95), or microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in green. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥3 mice. Scale bars, 20 µm. (C) Colocalization analysis of regions of interest within stratum lucidum using the Coloc2 plug-in from Fiji (ImageJ) as described in Materials and methods. Intensity correlation quotient (ICQ) values between 0 and 0. 5 indicate some colocalization and values between 0 and −0. 5 indicate segregated staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : NASA/JPL/’s moon Mimas, floating above the planet’s rings, might conceal a liquid ocean beneath its surface. Q&A — Planetary scientist Saturn’s moon Mimas may hide a surprisingly young ocean The existence of another watery world in the outer solar system may offer clues to how such seas form — and hope for another spot to search for life Hall 08. 07. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español The outer solar system is awash with liquid water. A briny ocean is concealed beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa — with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. A subsurface sea on Saturn’s moon Enceladus spews plumes of water vapor into space. And there are tantalizing hints that oceans could exist on Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and other distant moons, too. : (CC BY-ND)Planetary scientist another moon appears to be secretly flooded. Saturn’s moon Mimas, known for its uncanny resemblance to the Death Star, might harbor liquid water beneath its icy shell. If true, similar seas could be hiding in plain sight, and the outer solar system may be far more habitable than previously thought. In 2014, scientists first published evidence that Mimas might be a watery world — submerging the community in a decade-long debate. Many, including Alyssa Rhoden, a planetary scientist now at the Institute in Boulder, Colorado, were highly skeptical of the possibility. Their reasoning was simple: Mimas’ heavily cratered surface showed no signs of an internal ocean. As with Enceladus, Saturn’s gravity should churn the ocean waters within Mimas, causing large cracks to appear in the surface ice. No such fractures have been seen. The tides might now have turned. Two studies, one by Rhoden and colleagues and another by Valéry Lainey of the and colleagues, make a stronger case for an ocean and even explain the conundrum at the surface.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 7554/eLife. 26117. 082 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 083 0. 1479 µm. (C) A schematic of the main optical components in a normal Drosophila ommatidium. Its optical properties indicate that a 1 µm rhabdomere displacement shifts its receptive field by 3. 56°. 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 085 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 086 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 087 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 088 0. 8 to 1. 7 µm. Thus, in an intact eye, during contractions the rhabdomeres would move inwards, away from the lens. This movement is likely to move the rhabdomere tips into the ommatidium lens’ focal point, narrowing the photoreceptors’ acceptance angles (see 2. 3. 5)), moderate (log(−2)) and very bright (log(0)) 10 ms light flashes. (C) Intracellular responses of dark-adapted hdcJK910 R1-R6s to a similar stimulus (as in a). (D) hdcJK910 rhabdomere movements to very dim, moderate and very bright 10 ms flashes are characteristically slightly smaller than the corresponding wild-type recordings in (B). (E) The wild-type and (F) hdcJK910 rhabdomere displacements increase with logarithmic light intensity. (G) Mean wild-type rhabdomere movement was larger than that of hdcJK910 over the tested intensity range, with the hdcJK910 photoreceptors’ apparent right-shift indicating a 10-fold reduced sensitivity. (H) This right-shift is broadly similar to these photoreceptors’ V/LogI characteristics, measured from their ERG slow components (Dau et al. , 2016). 1. 2–1. 4 µm rhabdomere displacements means ~4-5o shifts in a R1-R6 photoreceptor’s receptive field (10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 091 8. 1o) front-to-back at 205 o/s.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Download asset Open asset AKAP7 anchors PKA in the mossy fiber axons and terminals of DGCs. (A) PKA-RIIβ is lost from mossy fibers in the hillus (hil) and stratum lucidum (sl) but increased in soma (gcl) and dendrites (ml) in AKAP7 KO. (B). Confocal images of stratum lucidum (sl) showing PKA-RIIβ (green) colocalized with AKAP7 (red) in mossy fibers in WT but not KO animals. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue); CA3 pyramidal cell layer (pyr). (C) Confocal images as in B showing NF-M (green) colocalized with PKA-Cα (red) in mossy fibers in WT but not KO animals. Regions of interest within stratum lucidum were analyzed using the Coloc2 plug-in from Fiji (ImageJ) as described in Materials and methods and the analysis of PKA-Cα and NF-M gave an ICQ value of 0. 13 in WT and −0. 035 in the KO indicating colocalization in the WT but not in the KO. Images are representative of multiple slices from ≥three mice. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue) in merged images. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset AKAP7 is required for cAMP-induced LTP at MF-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. (A) Model of the placement of stimulating and recording electrodes. (B) cAMP-induced LTP at the MF-CA3 synapse was tested by both field EPSPs (fEPSPs), and (C) whole cell recordings from acutely isolated WT and AKAP7 KO brain slices. Field EPSPs (WT: 2. 4 ± 0. 3 of baseline vs. KO: 1. 28 ± 0. 07 of baseline; p=0. 0029; Student’s unpaired t-test; Cohen's d = 1. 98). Intracellular whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells (WT: 2. 13 ± 0. 16 of baseline vs. KO: 1. 09 ± 0. 18 of baseline; p=0.

Output: pass