Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: • It would have made a stronger paper if there was also proper field collection collected and studied by the authors, to better support the dataset information. However, the outcome of this work seems to have potential in the future. Additional comments The manuscript PDF is annotated for authors to see and check. The manuscript needs to be restructured essentially in the Introduction and discussion part to convey the scientific potential of this research. In this context, I am recommending the manuscript for a major revisions to incorporate the suggestions mentioned in the PDF version of the Manuscript, which is attached here before the acceptance. Annotated reviews are not available for download in order to protect the identity of reviewers who chose to remain anonymous. Cite this review as (2023) #3 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Feb 6, 2023 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Kalló Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites. Neurosci. 2004;19:2201–11. [DOI] [PubMed] 163. . Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2013;110:1097–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]164. . Coherency of circadian rhythms in the SCN is governed by the interplay of two coupling factors. PLoS Comput Biol. 2018;14:e1006607. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]165. Reed HE, Meyer-. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase-shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro. Neurosci. 2001;13:839–43. [DOI] [PubMed] 166. . Regulating the (SCN) Circadian Clockwork: Interplay between Cell-Autonomous and Circuit-Level Mechanisms. Biol. 2017;9:a027706. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]167. . Disrupted neuronal activity rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:2553–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]168. Meyer-Spasche A, Piggins HD. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide phase-advances the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei circadian pacemaker in vitro via protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Neurosci Lett. 2004;358:91–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 169. . Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor. J Neurosci. 2004;24:3522–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]170. . for VIP Neurons in the Neonatal and Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:465–75.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: on Mars: Remediation of to --and Enlik KildibekovaBacked by -Pondanera, and 41 other backersand Eric D. i: UrbanTundra_: 10. 18258/7387$3,848Raised of $2,500 Goal153%Funded on 8/30/16Successfully Funded$3,848pledged153%fundedFundedon 8/30/16? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(4)Discussion (7)Project Results2016 Edmonton ihigh school team hopes to present our Mars colonization project at an international science competition in Boston (iGEM). A Martian colony must make efficient use of the planet’s limited resources. Martian soil contains high levels of perchlorate (ClO4) making it toxic. Our team is developing an automated prototype for ClO4 extraction, its conversion to rocket fuel, and its genetically engineered biodegradation to oxygen. Remediated soil can then be recycled for construction and agriculture. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? This project was hatched from what we learned of iGEM from the “Fusion” we attended last fall, and the movie, “The Martian”. When we dug deeper, we stumbled on the work of Davila et al [1] who proposed that that toxic concentrations of ClO4 in Martian soil was actually a resource that could be exploited both as a source of rocket fuel and O2, while remediating the soil in the process. It was also shown that 2 enzymes from soil bacteria on earth could biodegrade ClO4 to O2. Here, we plan to build on this work and others [2], [3] by developing an integrated and inexpensive process for: 1) perchlorate extraction, purification and concentration using activated charcoal, and 2) using engineered E. coli that grows on colony bio-waste to efficiently convert ClO4 to O2. What is the significance of this project? recognized that humans are like eggs in a basket - drop the basket and all is lost. is the basket, and over the long-term, a calamity - be it through climate change, disease, asteroid collisions, etc. - is a statistical certainty. is the first step in distributing the eggs to other baskets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]171. Maywood ES, O' Genetic and molecular analysis of the central and peripheral circadian clockwork of mice. . 2007;72:85–94. [DOI] [PubMed] 172. in VIP-IRES-CRE Mice (JAX 010908). J Biol Rhythms. 2020;35:340–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]173. Park J, Zhu H, O' Single-and Involved in the Clock. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:481. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]174. Suprachiasmatic VIP neurons are required for normal circadian rhythmicity and comprised of molecularly distinct subpopulations. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4410. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]175. . Temporally chimeric mice reveal flexibility of circadian period-setting in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. . 2016;113:3657–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]176. . Role of GABA in the regulation of the central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol Sci. 2018;68:333–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]177. . Seasonal induction of GABAergic excitation in the central mammalian clock. . 2014;111:9627–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]178. . The effects of GABA and benzodiazepines on neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of Syrian hamsters. Brain Res. 1991;552:53–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 179. . GABA networks destabilize genetic oscillations in the circadian pacemaker. Neuron. 2013;78:799–806. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]180. Sueviriyapan N, Granados-. Modelling the functional roles of synaptic and extra-synaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor dynamics in circadian timekeeping. J R Soc Interface. 2021;18:20210454. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]181. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science. 2000;288:682–5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: However, colonies must be able to sustain themselves on what can be found locally. There isn’t much on Mars, but there is perchlorate, and that is why we feel that this project and others like it will contribute significantly to what is evolving into a major international effort. In short term, Mars missions will develop, and spin-off a range of creative technologies that will allow us all to live more comfortably, efficiently, and cleanly on planet Earth. What are the goals of the project? Our project has two main themes: 1) the extraction, purification and concentration of ClO4 from Martian soil, and 2) the bioconversion of ClO4 to oxygen using genetically engineered E. coli. These themes and others are covered more thoroughly under “Lab Notes”. ClO4 is highly soluble in water. We are testing the idea that ClO4 can be highly enriched and concentrated inexpensively using activated charcoal, as previously shown for a similar compound [4]. For O2 production, we plan to synthesize and express the genes from the soil bacterium that are responsible for ClO4 breakdown, Ideonella dechloratans, [3] into the bacterium E. coli. We have also developed a method for the recycling of Martian colony biowaste into a highly enriched media for bacterial growth. wait. . . We are 18 students representing 4 high schools in Edmonton, Canada. We hope to attend the iGEM (Engineered Machines) Jamboree competition that will be held in Boston this fall. iGEM’s focus is on synthetic biology, an emerging field that unites biology with engineering. Student teams are evaluated not only on the originality and execution of their research projects, but also on a variety of other criteria that include: the ability to communicate complicated ideas effectively, adherence to ethical and legal principles, and the relevance of their work to real-world problems. Our team is very fortunate to have the support of some generous professors at the University of Alberta who have provided lab space, equipment and the chemicals we need to pursue our project. Our major challenge is to raise the $17,000 required to register our team. Endorsed byI have advised undergrad teams for the iGEM competition since 2008 but this high school team is special. The bar for competing at iGEM is set very high.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell Differ. 2008;44:29–48. [DOI] [PubMed] 193. . Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:399–400. [DOI] [PubMed] 194. . Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1666. [DOI] [PubMed] 195. . receptors regulate retinohypothalamic tract synaptic transmission by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. J Neurophysiol. 2006;95:3727–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 196. . Mechanism of irregular firing of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:267–73. [DOI] [PubMed] 197. . Cation-chloride cotransporters and neuronal function. Neuron. 2009;61:820–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 198. Alamilla J, Perez-Burgos A, Quinto D, Aguilar-Roblero R. Circadian modulation of the Cl– equilibrium potential in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Int. 2014;2014:424982. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]199. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus provide sparse GABAergic outputs to local neurons with circadian regulation occurring distal to the opening of postsynaptic GABAA ionotropic receptors. J Neurosci. 2015;35:1905–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]200. Phase shifts to light are altered by antagonists to neuropeptide receptors. Neuroscience. 2016;327:115–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 201. . GABA transporters regulate tonic and synaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2017;118:3092–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]202. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: This team however has achieved a remarkable competency in rigorous experimentation coupled with a strong sense of team play. Their enthusiasm, competitiveness, and resolve to make their families/advisors proud, is a joy for any educator to behold. Going to MIT will be a transformative life experience for each of them. They deserve to be there. Mike EllisonProfessorDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaMeet the from of of of of of of AlbertaView ProfileCatherine Paet-PondaneraStudent ResearcherAffiliatesUniversity of of AlbertaView ProfileTeresa Nguyen-PhamStudent ResearcherAffiliatesUniversity of of of of of of and of illustrator UrbanTundra EdmontonWe are a group of students from four different Edmonton high schools who will be spending our summer together doing incredible research. Most of us are recent high school graduates who will be attending our first year of university this upcoming fall. Through our interest in the STEM fields, we chose to participate in an international competition called iGEM (Engineered Machine). The aim of iGEM is to find solutions to large-scale problems through the use of synthetic biology. It's our collective passion and curiosity for science and creativity that brought us all together. All of us have our own unique and individual skill sets, making full use of the interdisciplinary nature of our project. We are aspiring engineers, medical doctors, research scientists, architects, and computer programmers. We are currently working on our research in the Building at the University of Alberta, supervised, trained, and mentored, by university students and professors. In the interest of serving the public, we have been hosting presentations, hand-on classes, and demonstrations at local elementary and junior high schools. This complements our goals in sharing our experiences in hopes of teaching and inspiring the younger generation about science, engineering, and biology. Lujia CaiHi, I am a recent high school graduate student from Edmonton, Alberta. My favorite past-times are reading, biking and playing piano. It is amazing how life as we know it is composed fundamentally of science. I dream to create new technologies and help humanity. Science is definitely a vital part of me; and I plan to contribute something extraordinary to science in return. Yassir MohamedI too am a recent high school graduate, and will be in my first year of Engineering at the University of Alberta this upcoming fall.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5496–502. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]203. . Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide. J Neurosci. 2005;25:2447–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]204. Gastrin-releasing peptide mediates photic entrainable signals to dorsal subsets of suprachiasmatic nucleus via induction of Period gene in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:26–34. [DOI] [PubMed] 205. Carmona-3rd Ontogeny of and Synchrony in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2018;38:1326–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]206. . Specializations of gastrin-releasing peptide cells of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518:1249–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]207. . Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci. 1997;17:3920–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]208. . Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker. . 2016;113:6047–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]209. . Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:576–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]210. . Gastrin-releasing peptide modulates fast delayed rectifier potassium current in Per1-expressing SCN neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2011;26:99–106. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]211. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: My passion lies in being immersed in the frontiers of science - addressing big problems, and seeking methods of solving them. Never have I been given a greater opportunity to do that than being a part of this research team. As an aspiring entrepreneur, building a network with an amazing group of people and creating value for the masses are my two biggest life goals. I see this project as a first step in accomplishing that. “People who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do. ” ― Steve JobsKaroline NguyenI am a high school graduate planning to pursue a career in radiation therapy or oncology. On the team, I am one of the student researchers. I really enjoy learning about biology and physics, so iGEM provides a multidisciplinary approach at synthetic biology that interests me a lot. I'm really excited to see what I discover! Outside of the lab, I am a gamer, reader, and hot pot enthusiast. David HerczegAs a child, I always fantasized about humans living on different planets. Because of that, I've never been more eager to experiment and do research on this project. Aspiring to become an engineer, I love the way this project challenges me apply problem solving techniques to real-world problems. In my spare time, I enjoy playing various card games and board games with my friends. Catherine Paet-PondaneraI am a recent high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta, going off to pursue my dream of becoming an architect. Ever since I was a child I have loved creating things with my own hands. Through creation, my physical form becomes immortalized. Human life is short and I want to make the most of it. This is why I joined iGEM; I am able to push past the boundaries of life itself. Senthil KumarI have always wanted to be a research scientist. My favorite part about research is the learning experience you get by trying several methods to find a solution to a hypothesis. iGEM gives me the opportunity to experience something that is totally beyond what an average high school student would do with their summer. As a hobby, I enjoy watching movies and creating functional computer programs. "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong. " - Albert EinsteinSeymur DadashovHello, my name is and I am freshly graduated high school student out of Archbishop MacDonald.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. Neurosci. 2008;27:1763–70. [DOI] [PubMed] 264. . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science. 2002;295:1065–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]265. Beaulé. Melanopsin in the circadian timing system. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;21:73–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 266. . The circadian output signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Res. 2012;199:119–27. [DOI] [PubMed] 267. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci. 2006;26:11615–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]268. . Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006;498:796–809. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]269. . Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2007;104:648–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]270. . Overexpression of Prokineticin 2 in Leads to Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Clock. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:13. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]271. Differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey. Mol Brain. 2016;9:78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]272. évet P, Meissl H. modulates neuronal activity of the rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci. 2009;30:65–75. [DOI] [PubMed] 273. . Circadian and dark-pulse activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Mol Brain. 2008;1:19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Ever since I was young I was interested in the inner workings of things, whether it was the physical breakdown of how my toy functioned to the what I now know as the principles of physics that bind our universe together. The field of science and mathematics has appealed to me greatly over the course of my life and as a result I decided to start my next year at university as a prospective engineering student. Over the course of the summer I will be partaking in the iGEM competition where I hope to learn a lot more about the different fields in science and how they all intertwine with one another. Although these are more academic related factors of my life, I am still an 18 year old who enjoys to take relaxing bike rides, eat delicious food, and play games with friends. Teresa Nguyen-PhamHey! My name is Teresa and I'm a graduate from in Edmonton, Alberta. I've always considered myself an explorer. As curiosity is the primary driving force in me, it pushes me to explore many aspects in my life including those of the science, humanities, arts, and spiritual fields. By joining iGEM, I hope to be able to research synthetic biology- a new field of science that has always peaked my interest. With the research the experiment entails, not only will I be able to explore synthetic biology, but I will also get a taste of the exploration behind being an astronaut. An ultimate goal in my life (like many other explorers) is to leave behind a footprint in humanity. Kelly ShiHello, my name is Kelly and I am a high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta. Discovering answers to questions I never even thought of asking amazes me and biology, and chemistry are my favourite subjects. I see iGEM as an amazing opportunity to connect my passion for science with a hands-on learning experience. I have high hopes that I will be able to learn a lot from working on this project. I also enjoy making origami and baking. Konrad StaniszewskiHello, I'm Konrad and I'm a high school student from Edmonton, Alberta. I remember being about 6 years old when I asked my parents: why does the moon move and “follow” me wherever I go? My parents simply explained that the moon was so far away that my running would not affect the angle at which I perceived it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2015, 14(3):399-409 DOI: 10. 14310/horm. 2002. 1573 The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents Caleb Hersh,1 Julia Sisti,2 Vincent Richiutti,3 Eva Schernhammer2,4,5 1of 2Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. of Public Health, Boston, MA, 3of of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 4of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and 5Research – Institution for Vienna (ACR-), : The circadian hormone melatonin has wide-reaching effects on human physiology. In adolescents, the impact of nighttime light exposure and other modifiable behavioral factors on melatonin levels is poorly understood. : We cross-sectionally examined the influence of nighttime behaviors on melatonin levels in 100 adolescents (average age: 15. 7; 55 female, 45 male), who completed a self-administered questionnaire and provided a first morning urine sample to assay for urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) levels. We used mixed-effects regression models to test for differences in aMT6s levels by categories of covariates. : Self-reported sleep duration, ambient light levels during sleep, and use of electronics after turning off lights did not significantly predict aMT6s levels. Compared to those who reported weekend bedtimes before 11pm, urinary aMT6s levels were significantly lower among participants reporting weekend bedtimes after midnight (52. 5 vs. 38. 0 ng/mg creatinine, Ptrend=0. 007). Sleep interruption also appeared to be significantly associated with lower urinary aMT6s levels, but only if lights were turned on during sleep interruption (43. 0 ng/mg creatinine for participants with sleep interruption but not turning lights on, vs. 24. 6 ng/mg creatinine for participants reporting that they turned on the light when their sleep was interrupted Pdifference=0. 032). : Our study suggests that self-reported sleep-related behaviors have little to no effect on adolescent circadian systems, though larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. Keywords Adolescents, Light at night, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, Sleep duration -level data indicate that sleep problems are endemic among US teenagers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: This answer not being good enough for me, I spent the next few days experimenting with placing objects at varying distances and moving around while making mental notes about what I was observing in order to explain the moon phenomenon. Since then, I have been possessed to try to find out as much as I can about the world that I live in through broadening my knowledge of physics, biology, chemistry, and mathematics through experimentation. I believe that iGEM is an incredible opportunity for me to explore the facets of true scientific research. I believe that this experience will help me grow as a person and will give me a grander perspective on my direction of life in general. Emmanuel NnamaniHello, my name is Emmanuel Nnamani. I am a recent high school graduate from Edmonton, Alberta. Ever since I was a child I have been drawn to the mysteries of the universe. I love biology, chemistry and physics; it's fascinating to see how our universe and life as we know it can be explained through science. This is the reason I became really interested in iGEM. Abdullah FarooqI am a 4th year undergraduate student in the program. I was a part of the 2012 University of Alberta iGEM team and was one of two presenters who presented on behalf of our group. Since then, I have been involved in the synbio research community, winning a at the Canada-Fair as well as receiving funding from AIHS and NSERC through my undergraduate research career and during high school. My research has been focused on the development of reverse genetics platforms for modifying viral genomes, in both bacterial and mammalian contexts. My current research is focused around swapping tail fibers between bacteriophages to produce phages with tailored host ranges for industrial applications. Ethan AgenaI’m and am a 2016 graduate of Archbishop MacSchool who has always been captivated by the field of Biology. Participating in the iGEM Competition, especially in this project, is truly a dream come true. In the fall, I will be pursuing a degree in engineering and I know that the opportunity that iGEM presents to actually apply science will be indispensable. Aside from Biology, my studies in Youtube and Netflix have also been quite enjoyable :) Rafael RigonI am a recent high school graduate planning on pursuing a degree in biomedical mechanical engineering at the University of Alberta.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 1 The circadian system undergoes rapid changes in puberty that may predispose adolescents to fall asleep and wake up at later times than adults. 2,3 Often, this developing physiology conflicts with early school start times: in a national survey, nearly half of adolescent respondents reported that they slept less than the recommended 8 hours on weeknights. 1 Sleep deprivation is associated with a number of adverse outcomes in youths, including impairments in mood and behavior,4 poor academic performance,5 and possibly obesity. 6 In adults, disruption of the circadian sleep cycle has been associated with an increased risk of cancer. 7 While some evidence suggests that delaying school start times even by a small amount may decrease fatigue and improve mood,8 implementing changes to school schedules is not generally a feasible option for most school districts. As a result, more research is needed to quantify the impact of modifiable factors – such as nighttime light exposure – on adolescent health. The effects of sleep on health may be mediated through the circadian hormone melatonin, which has wide-reaching effects on human physiology and is an emerging biomarker for adult chronic diseases. Melatonin secretion in humans exhibits diurnal variation: levels are lowest during the day and peak overnight during sleep. 9 Melatonin release from the pineal gland may also be suppressed by exogenous factors, particularly natural and artificial light. 10 In studies of adults, significant inverse associations between exposure to light at night – often resulting from nightshift work – and melatonin levels have been documented. 11 However, the relationships between similar exposures and melatonin levels in younger populations have not been widely studied. In the present analysis, we cross-sectionally examined associations between nighttime behaviors and urinary markers of melatonin levels in adolescents. All participants provided self-reported information about sleep-related factors, while a first-morning urine sample was assayed to quantify melatonin levels on a mid-week night during the school year. & population and procedures Between the months of April and May 2011, students in grades 9-12 at a suburban high school were recruited for participation via flyers and in-classroom presentations by one of the investigators (C. H). All students willing to answer a short questionnaire and provide a first-morning urine sample on a designated study date were eligible for inclusion. Written consent was obtained from all participants and from the parent or guardian of each participant. All procedures were conducted with approval of the.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Aside from the lab work and research aspect, I also maintain Urban Tundra’s social media handles as part of our media outreach division. HangHi, my name is Kim and I am currently the youngest member of Edmonton and a student at Archbishop MacSchool! I am a quiet introvert who loves expressing herself through art, and a philanthropist. I've always had a passion for science as well as a curious mind so I am very grateful for this opportunity of being in iGEM. love about being in UrbanTundra is that I never stop learning. The science that they teach you in elementary, junior high, and high school is only a sliver of what really defines science. In the future, I plan on being a neuropsychologist. Even though I plan on being a neuropsychologist, that doesn't stop me from exposing myself to other fields of science, right? Joshua CruzHey! Do you love science? science. Ever since I was a little kid I loved dissembling my toys and electronics, and tinkering with them. learned that every part, no matter how small, had a purpose. And without that small part, the entire machine couldn't work. These relationships are what fascinated me the most, and science is the practice of dealing with these relationships and how to make new ones or improve previous ones. iGEM was another stepping stone in the quest to understand the connections that make up our world. The skills I have learned and will learn through iGEM will be another fundamental tool that I may use to understand the world around me. And with that in mind, the most powerful tool that anyone can have is knowledge. Manvir JutlaIn the lead up to NASA's Rover landing on Mars in 2011, my 6th grade teacher asked the class "will people ever live on Mars? ". A startling majority of my class responded with an apathetic and pessimistic 'no, people will not live on Mars". I, however, was one of few who individuals who commandingly declared that the colonization of Mars was possible. My teacher asked what drew me to that conclusion, and I valiantly responded "no one ever thought we'd even reach the moon, but we did". My logic, yes, was a little flawed, but my answer encompassed something beyond my reasoning: optimism.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: were given two days in late May 2011 to complete a paper questionnaire aimed at assessing nighttime habits, light exposure, and sleep duration. In addition to assessing demographic and lifestyle characteristics, questionnaire items queried: 1) Time at which participants turned off the light to go to sleep and time at which they woke up on each day of a usual week; 2) Number of hours usually spent looking at an electronic device (e. g. laptop or desktop computer, television) after lights are turned off to go to sleep; 3) Use of sleep aids and type; 4) Whether a light or television was turned on in, or near, the bedroom while sleeping; 5) Average number of times per night, if any, that their sleep was interrupted; 6) If sleep was interrupted, participants were asked to indicate whether they turned a light on, and intensity (bright or dim) and duration (<5, 5-10, or ≥10 minutes) of light exposure; 7) Average sleep duration (in hours) for weekdays and weekend nights, separately; 8) Level of ambient light present in the bedroom during sleep on weekdays, weekends, and night prior to urine collection. Ambient light levels were classified according to the numerical scale established by Davis et al12: 1) Subject wears a mask to keep out the light; 2) Subject cannot see his/her hand in front of his/her face; 3) Subject can see to the end of the bed; 4) Subject can see across the room; 5) Subject can barely read; and 6) Subject can read comfortably. Time spent in bed on weekends and weekdays was calculated as the difference between the hour at which participants reported getting into bed with the lights off and the hour at which they reported waking. Participants were also asked to provide the location of their current residence, duration of residence at that address, and whether artificial outdoor light was visible from their bedroom window. and July 2012, additional information about participants’ chronotype was collected via email.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: And it is that optimism that inspired me as a child to try and innovate paper airplanes, inspires me now to refine my technological skills, and will inspire me to take action to achieve goals that were previously deemed impossible. HerreraAs a filmmaker I am glad I got the opportunity to join this team and document their progress from start to finish. Jacob XiangHello, I'm and I'll be a first year attending the University of Alberta majoring in biochemistry in September. I've always been fascinated by the fact that simple molecules make up all of life we know and I wanted to discover life from it's very basics. I joined IGEM for that very reason to learn and discover, and working with our mentors and professors I've never felt more fulfilling everyday. I hope to educate myself farther through the help and collaboration of my peers and mentors during this competition, and ultimately better my studies. EJ AgenaI am a high school student part of the UrbanTundra iGEM team. I am involved in the biochemistry research that our team is conducting and look forward to working together with my teammates to turn our vision into a reality. Enlik KildibekovaI am a graduate of High school who is eager to supply and create solid graphic designs for a fascinating project run by my innovative peers! Lab Notes4 PostedPhase 2: Oxygen! July 31, 20160094Phase 1: Extraction of PerchlorateJuly 31, 201601152to Indispensable! July 31, 20160074Additional InformationTeam Photo:Missing: -Pham, Manvir Jutla5. [2] Bender, K. S. , Shang, C. Chakraborty, R. , Belchik, S. M. , Coates,J. D. and Laurie, A. A. Identification, Characterization, and Classification of J. Bacteriology (2005) Vol 187 pp5090–5096. [3] Danielsson, H. , Thorell, J. , Karlsson, E. P. , and Nilsson, T. Cloning, characterisation, and expression of a novel gene encoding chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans. Acta (2002) Vol 1577 pp445-451. [4] Gu, B. , Dowlen, K. E, Liang, L. , and Clausen, J. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 17 While high-intensity light exposure delivered across the eyelids by an over-eye mask has been shown to suppress serum melatonin levels and delay dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in young adults,18 these experimental conditions are not representative of the light exposures experienced by our study participants. Use of electronic devices after turning off the lights was not found to be a significant predictor of aMT6s levels. Melatonin is suppressed by specific wavelengths of blue light, especially in the 46-477 nm range;19 many electronic devices also emit light in this range of the spectrum. Evidence in young adults suggests that devices with light emitting diode (LED) displays are stronger suppressors of melatonin than those that emit white light20,21 and that significant suppression may occur only after long durations of use. 22 In one small experimental study, nighttime exposure to light from a computer monitor was not associated with significantly decreased levels of salivary melatonin in college students. 23 Our results are significant given the prevalence of nighttime electronic use among adolescents; in a recent national survey, the proportions of 13-18 year old respondents who reported regularly using a cellphone or a computer in the hour before trying to go to sleep were 72% and 60%, respectively. 24 Interestingly, participants in our study who reported the latest weekend bedtimes were found to have the lowest midweek melatonin levels. Compared to adults, adolescents are likely to have a delayed circadian phase, even in the absence of social pressures2,25,26 and these phase delays may manifest as a later DLMO. 2,27 We hypothesize that falling asleep later on the weekends may be an indicator of delayed circadian phase. Because all students in our study began school at the same time (7:45 am) on the day of urine collection, it is reasonable to assume that participants had a similar wake-up time. Among students with a delayed circadian phase, the time from DLMO to this fixed wake-up time was shorter, and as such, their first morning urine sample reflected an incomplete overnight secretion of melatonin. Therefore, low melatonin levels may be identifying a group of students whose circadian tendencies are most in conflict with school start times. However, the lack of an association between weekend bedtimes and self-reported chronotype makes this finding difficult to interpret.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: Efficient separation and recovery of technetium-99 from contaminated groundwater. 6 (1996) 123-132Project Backers57Backers153%Funded$3,848Total Donations$67. 51Please wait. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Our suggestive finding that exposure to light during sleep interruption is associated with lower aMT6s levels is given some support by evidence demonstrating that exposure to light at night suppresses the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. 9,28,29 However, experimental study protocols generally involve continuous exposure to light for several hours during normal sleep hours at relatively high intensities of light. 9,10 In contrast, only one participant in our study reported leaving lights on for 10 or more minutes during sleep interruption. Given that light interruption in our study was brief and that the primary reason for sleep interruption may have been to urinate, which could have lowered first-morning urinary melatonin measures, these results must be interpreted with caution. Further, the small number of participants who reported exposure to light during sleep interruption must be considered. Though aMT6s levels and BMI have been found to be correlated in adults,11 we could not confirm this association in our adolescent population, which is consistent with a recent study in adolescent Korean girls. 30 Additionally, we observed a non-significant decrease in aMT6s levels among participants who reported alcohol use: alcohol consumption has been correlated with decreased melatonin levels in some,31,32 though not all,11,33 studies of adults. In multivariate analyses, higher melatonin levels were observed among girls who reported a later age at menarche. While age at menarche was not associated with aMT6s levels in adult women,11 Crowley et al34 recently reported that advanced Tanner stage was associated with decreases in overnight melatonin secretion among adolescents. Since menarche can be used as a pubertal marker,35 our results appear consistent with these prior findings, as girls in our study who experienced menarche earlier may have been more pubertally advanced than girls with more recent menarche. Our finding that time since menarche was inversely associated with aMT6s levels also supports this hypothesis. Lastly, in multivariate analyses, we found that girls had non-significantly higher aMT6s levels compared to boys. Higher melatonin secretion in adolescent girls was reported by Crowley et al,34 though other studies of melatonin in adolescents did not find significant sex differences. 36-38 This study has several strengths. First, our sample size is larger than most other studies of melatonin in adolescents and is the first to observe lifestyle correlates of urinary aMT6s levels in an adolescent population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: and old ideas about Earth's oxygen history 24 April 2014 Multiple approaches are being brought to bear on the question of when and how our planet's atmosphere acquired life-sustaining oxygen. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & assert that oxygen first appeared in Earth's atmosphere 2. 3 billion years ago during the Event, when photosynthesizing bacteria started to release oxygen into the atmosphere. The free oxygen reacted with iron dissolved in the oceans, and settled to the ocean floor as iron oxide. Although rusty red bands in the sedimentary record support that idea, geochemical data prompt questions on the timing of free oxygen in the atmosphere and the related evolution of photosynthesis itself. The second major rise of atmospheric oxygen preceded the Cambrian explosion of 550 million years ago, when many lifeforms diversified. Recently, more detailed geochemical studies have started to complete the framework by which oxygenation and its cause-and-effect relationship with biological evolution may be understood. Sulfur isotopesIf you want to understand the origin of life, you have to understand the origin of oxygen. “At 2. 45 billion years ago, you get the red iron bands. The question is, between the oldest rocks and 2. 45 billion years, how much oxygen was there and where did it come from? ” says Mark Thiemens, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego. These red, banded-iron formations in are 3 billion years old. : Nic BeukesThe composition of rocks does not reveal oxygen levels. On our water-filled planet, original signatures that might have been left by oxygen have become unreliable. Other elements and isotopes are therefore required as proxies for determining oxygen levels over Earth's history. Thiemens and geologist James Farquhar, now at the University of Maryland, made a significant advance in that direction when looking at Martian rock samples to find evidence of water as revealed by sulfur isotopes. “If you have a reaction that occurs in solids or liquids, it's highly unlikely that you will fractionate isotopes in a way that does not preserve a certain linear relationship between all the different isotopes,” says Farquhar. The magnitude of an effect that results from the fractionation of 34S from 32S will be about twice the magnitude that results from the fractionation of 33S from 32S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Previous work has shown that single measurements of aMT6s in first-morning urine are highly correlated to peak and total plasma melatonin levels37 and that aMT6s levels from samples collected in the field and the laboratory were in close agreement. 39 Therefore, our measurements of aMT6s in first-morning urine provide an adequate representation of nocturnal melatonin levels, as well as a non-intrusive method of sample collection that is acceptable to adolescent participants. The main limitation of our study is its cross-sectional nature. In adults, levels of urinary aMT6s have been shown to have high reproducibility over long periods,40 though it remains unclear whether a single measurement of melatonin in adolescents is an adequate representation of long-term levels. Some evidence suggests that melatonin levels decline throughout childhood and puberty,34,41,42 though other evidence suggests that urinary aMT6s secretion may remain constant after the onset of puberty. 36 Griefahn et al37 reported that despite huge between-subject variability, within-subject levels of urinary excretion of melatonin metabolite remained constant from ages 3 to 18. An additional limitation of our study was that it relied on self-reported light levels and not objective, standardized measures of ambient light. However, these light levels are more indicative of the levels that adolescents are habitually exposed to, in contrast to the light stimuli used in many experimental protocols. This is the first study to date to present correlations between sleep patterns and behaviors and urinary melatonin levels in an adolescent population. Our results suggest that the nighttime behaviors of adolescents by and large do not impact urinary melatonin levels. Given the prevalence of sleep deprivation among adolescents and the gravity of its consequences, more research is needed to elucidate the pathways through which such sleep-related factors may impact physiology. Written consent was obtained from all participants and from the parent or guardian of each participant. All procedures were conducted with approval of the. provided by NIH/NCI (T32 CA0090001, R25 CA098566) and R01OH009803 (PI: Schernhammer). 1. Foundation, 2006 Teens and Sleep. 2006 Estimating dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase in adolescents using summer or school-year sleep/wake schedules. Sleep 29: 1632-1641. 3. 2009 Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. 31: 276-284. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: But lab work shows that in gas-phase chemistry, other factors produce isotope variation. It turns out that sulfate, which forms when sulfur is oxidized, is a very complicated molecule in gas-phase reactions. In particular, reaction products that include the 33S isotope are anomalously large compared with those that contain 34S or 32S. Such anomalies are called mass-independent fractionation. On Mars, UV light photolyzes sulfate and leads to fractionation. Laboratory experiments revealed that sulfur isotopes in Martian rocks show a mass-independent distribution. If there were no oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, UV light would get through as well, and similar anomalies would appear in the sulfur isotope record. “We know that sulfur in today's atmosphere gets oxidized by peroxide in ozone,” explains Thiemens. Farquhar did indeed see this isotope variation in 2. 45 billion-year-old Earth rocks. “We realized that this variation existed and the only mechanism we knew of that could produce it was related to gas-phase reactions,” he says. All that remained was to figure out the atmospheric conditions. “The sulfur allows you to see at most how much oxygen there was at the time,” says Thiemens. During the period prior to 2. 45 billion years ago, the photolytic effect can be seen. Then, when there was sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere, normal mass-dependent chemistry appears in the isotope record. Models suggested that this oxygen threshold is about 10 ppm. “We have been able to show fine-scale differences between the [sulfur isotopes] that show up. They fall into bins in different places in Earth's early record, and might give insight to what's happening in the atmosphere and oceans at any given times,” summarizes Farquhar. The sulfur isotope study provided one of the first continuous records that could be used to demonstrate a long-advocated change in oxygen levels. Other studies have used metals to study reactions that might be related to air oxidation states and redox reactions that occur in oceans and during weathering. Earlier or later? “There are polarized views in the geochemical and early Earth community about when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” says of the University of British Columbia. One camp insists that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2007 Sleepless in America: inadequate sleep and relationships to health and well-being of our nation’s children. Pediatrics 119: Suppl 1: 29-37. 5. 1998 Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. 69: 875-887. 6. 2008 Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16: 265-274. 7. , 2008 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Inst 100: 898-905. 8. 2010 Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. 164: 608-614. 9. 2000 Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol (Lond) 526 Pt 3: 695-702. 10. , 2011 Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. J Metab 96: E463-472. 11. 2006 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and their correlations with lifestyle factors and steroid hormone levels. J 40: 116-124. 12. 2001 Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Inst 93: 1557-1562. 13. 1976 Self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Chronobiol 4: 97-110. 14. 2007 Correlates for poor sleepers in a high school. 9: 60-63. 15. Rosner B, 1983 for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier Procedure. Technometrics 25: 165-172. 16. 2010 Circadian light. J 8: 2. 17. 2011 Measuring and predicting eyelid spectral transmittance. J 16: 067011. 18. 2012 Preliminary evidence that light through the eyelids can suppress melatonin and phase shift dim light melatonin onset. BMC 5: 221. 19. , 2008 Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420-nm) light. J 23: 379-386. 20. , 2011 Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. J 110: 1432-1438. 21.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: In: Forero E, Betancur J, editors. de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; 2009. p. 1‒462. . de la Amazonía Peruana. Perú: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru; 1997. Cayón E, Aristizabal S. Etnobotánica Chamí. Cespedesia. 1980;9(33‒34):5‒114. Roig JT. Plantas medicinales de y su folclore. UC Rica, editor. San José, Costa Rica, 1988. p. 103‒104. Ayensu ES. of the West Indies. Algonac, Michigan, USA; 1981. p. 282. Díaz JL. Usos de las plantas medicinales de México. éxico; 1977. p. 345. Morton JF. Atlas of of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Thomas CC, 1980. p. 1448. Escobar N. Flora Tóxica de Panamá. U. Panamá, Panama. 1972. Figueroa H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. Ibarra JdP, Antigua, Guatemala. 1983. Guzmán DJ. Especies útiles de la flora Salvadoreña. Md Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador. 1975. Barrett B. of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 1994;48(1):8‒20. Agarwal K, Popli S. The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia 1992;63(5):476. of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective. Economic Botany. 2003;57(2):218‒230. Isolation of cytotoxic metabolites from targeted peruvian amazonian medicinal plants. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(1):102‒105. . Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1‒2):19‒37. Menachery MD. 1996. p. 269‒302. Boster JS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3-billion years ago, arguing that any signs of earlier oxygen are related to post-depositional processes that occurred after the formation of the sediments and after atmospheric oxygenation. The other camp votes for earlier evolution. Using chromium isotopes as a sensitive indicator for oxidative weathering, Crowe found evidence of oxygen traces in 3-billion-year-old Nsuze paleosol, an ancient soil sandwiched between volcanic and sedimentary rocks in South Africa. Lighter isotopes of chromium react more rapidly in chemical and biological reactions, so the ratio of heavy to light chromium is used to trace these reactions. It turns out that only reactions caused by separation of heavy and light chromium involve oxygen. Crowe and colleagues also looked at ancient soils and marine sediments in the in South Africa. The sequence provides relatively pristine samples that have not been subjected to high levels of metamorphism or modern day weathering. The sediments show enrichment of heavy relative to light chromium, while the soils show depletion. “That's what we would expect when weathering reactions that cause soil formation take place in the presence of oxygen,” says Crowe. Since the soil samples were recovered from a drill core several hundred meters below the surface, any modern-day weathering would be unlikely. Rather, signs of oxygen would be in the mineralogy and geochemistry. And while some marine sediments come from exposed outcrops, primary textures are preserved. What's more, the chromium isotope signal would be reversed by any post-depositional processes. Earlier signs of oxygen mean that “permanent accumulation of higher levels of oxygen was delayed from the time that photosynthesis evolved,” says Crowe. Ultimately, a combination of biological and geological processes had to combine, and volcanic reduced gases would have rapidly consumed most oxygen produced. The debate continues. and colleagues at Caltech suggest that a form of photosynthesis using manganese as an electron donor preceded the evolution of cyanobacteria and the rise of oxygen around 2. 4 billion years ago. Crowe plans to conduct chromium tests on other rocks, and study modern environments to “learn more about how the proxy works and how it would be altered by post-depositional processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: , 2011 Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans. J 110: 619-626. 22. 2013 Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. 44: 237-240. 23. 2011 The impact of light from computer monitors on melatonin levels in college students. Lett 32: 158-163. 24. Foundation, 2011 Sleep in America Poll: in the Bedroom. 1993 Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep 16: 258-262. 26. 2004 Regulation of adolescent sleep: implications for behavior. Ann NY 1021: 276-291. 27. 2005 The dim light melatonin onset following fixed and free sleep schedules. J 14: 229-237. 28. Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J, 1990 Factors influencing urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, a major melatonin metabolite, in normal human subjects. (Oxf) 33: 435-444. 29. 1980 Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210: 1267-1269. 30. 2012 Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level in girls and its relationship with obesity. Pediatr 55: 344-349. 31. 2007 Evening alcohol suppresses salivary melatonin in young adults. 24: 463-470. 32. 2000 Alcohol consumption and urinary concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in healthy women. Epidemiology 11: 660-665. 33. , 2012 Moderate alcohol consumption and 24-hour urinary levels of melatonin in postmenopausal women. J Metabol 97: E65-E68. 34. 2012 Human puberty: Salivary melatonin profiles in constant conditions. 54: 468-473. 35. 2009 Consequences of the timing of menarche on female adolescent sleep phase preference. 4: e5217. 36. Cavallo A, Dolan LM, 1996 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion in human puberty. J 21: 225-230. 37. Griefahn B, Bröde P, Blaszkewicz M, Remer T, 2003 Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate. J 34: 26-31. 38.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotany of wild and semi-wild edible and medicinal plants used by Maale and Ari ethnic groups in southern &RCoutput: Thesis › internal (1) and semi-wild plant resources that have food and medicinal importance are distributed at different habitats in Ethiopia and play an important role in the livelihood of different communities. This study discussed ethnobotany of these resources with special emphasis on the use, management and conservation of wild and semi-wild edible and medicinal plants by the two ethnic groups in southern Ethiopia. and Ari ethnic groups consumed in total 30 leafy vegetable species, which were crucial ingredients in the preparation of traditional dishes, more frequently during periods of food shortage. The study revealed that the transfer of local knowledge within the community on wild and semi-wild leafy vegetables is not differentiated by gender or age and thus enables knowledge continuity. However, harvesting and cooking activities are considered as women’s tasks by the communities. The study also found out that taste, marketability and above ground edible biomass as the main farmers’ criteria for selection leafy vegetables for cultivation. Major threats to wild and semi-wild leafy vegetables are identified and recommended that these factors has to be minimized and supported by complementary in-situ and ex situ conservation strategies. The two ethnic groups use 52 species of wild and semi-wild fruits which were especially important for their diet in times of food shortage. The study revealed species such as Balanites rotundifolia and Dobera glabra in Maale and Carissa spinarum and Vitex doniana in Ari as the most important fruit bearing species. No significant variations in ethnobotanical knowledge regarding fruits were found among gender and age groups. The study revealed that low prices, poor market and outlet opportunities hamper wild and semi-wild fruits trade. Thus, creating demand and facilitating better market outlets will encourage communities to cultivate wild and semi-wild fruits in the future. The major threat to the availability of wild and semi-wild fruits in the study area were tree felling and conversion of forest to agricultural land. The study recommended maintenance and enrichment planting of the most important species as plausible management interventions in addition to preserving the local knowledge and implementing conservation strategies. In total 128 plant species were found and also 89 % of the study participants reflected traditional medicine as the first line of treatment. The dominant ways of medicinal plant knowledge acquisition and transfer is vertical.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3 billion-years-ago event, but the big question is whether the late neoproterozoic rise 600 million years ago was necessary before the appearance of animals,” says geobiologist of Caltech. Fossils of sponges—the simplest animals, and indeed ones whose physiology has remained the same throughout history—exist from 635 million years ago, suggesting that the first animals did start to appear before the second major oxygen rise. Daniel Mills, also of Caltech, Ward, and colleagues created a small aquarium in which they could vary, measure, and control oxygen levels, and observe the survival of sponges and their respiration rates at different concentrations. They determined that modern sponges can survive for reasonably long timescales at 0. 5 to 4% of current oxygen levels. oxygen levels are not tightly constrained, general consensus is that most of the proterozoic had 1–10% of modern oxygen levels. That's enough to support sponge-grade animals. One of the Halichondria panicea sea sponges that and his collaborators used to investigate the likely oxygen demands of early animals. : D. Mills“We now think that oxygen was extremely low in the period before the appearance of sponges,” agrees of the University of California, Riverside. But metabolically active animals, which demand energy and oxygen to diversify and grow in size, appeared later. “Oxygen levels could have been high enough to allow metozoans to thrive, but evolution could have triggered the rise in oxygen,” adds Planovsky. The chicken-or-egg question thus prevails. One curious anomaly is the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion at around 2 billion years ago. Oxygen from photosynthesis can combine with organic matter, and carbon isotopes get heavy when organic matter is buried. Thus a record of heavy carbon isotopes indicates a net gain of oxygen in the atmosphere. “That [excursion] followed a very dramatic fall [in oxygen levels]. It's a fascinating time,” adds Lyons. “What's interesting, as we construct more records from the time period, is that oxygen may have actually risen to significant levels during this time interval. This supports intervals of significant rise, then fall, in oxygen,” adds Planovsky.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Similar to LC axon ablation, β2AR KO disturbed wake-sleep homeostasis, as manifested by a lengthening of overall sleep duration (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). By contrast, the removal of β2ARs failed to abolish dynamic changes in microglia when the brain state switched between sleep and wakefulness (Figure 5h–n). Nonetheless, the ability of microglia to subtly distinguish between REM and NREM states was largely compromised (Figure 5h–n, Figure 5—figure supplement 1), suggesting a partial contribution of β2AR signaling to LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles. Regarding microglia responses to SD stress, we showed that microglial morphology and motility remained unchanged during the SD protocol in β2AR KO animals (Figure 5—figure supplement 1), revealing a predominant role for β2AR signaling in LC-NE modulation of microglia surveillance under SD stress. the development of mTPM imaging and EEG/EMG recording in freely behaving mice, we now provide direct evidence that microglia surveillance in mouse somatosensory cortex is sleep-state dependent during natural sleep-wake cycles and that microglia contract from ramified into phagocytic forms a few hours after the onset of acute SD stress. Combined with pharmacological intervention and the use of NE biosensors and genetically manipulated animals, we showed that the LC-NE pathway mediates these state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance and that β2AR signaling is involved in various aspects of the microglial responses, extending recent reports that the same pathway underlies microglia surveillance in the context of neuronal network activity (Liu et al. , 2019) and synaptic plasticity (Stowell et al. , 2019). That microglia surveillance is sleep state-dependent substantiates an intimate relationship between rapid, robust state-dependent microglia remodeling and the biology of the sleep-wake cycle (Feng et al. , 2019; Frank and Heller, 2018b; Xie et al. , 2013). It has been shown that microglia play a central role in the removal of metabolic waste and even cell debris from the brain (Huisman et al. , 2022; Márquez-Ropero et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The study revealed that gender and site significantly influenced the number of human medicinal plants known. The fact that knowledge transfer was predominantly to family members and in particular to first-born sons may negatively affect its continuity and may result in knowledge loss if medicinal plant resources become scarce in the landscape in the near future. Marketing of medicinal plants harvested from wild and semi-wild stands is not common. Low income obtained from marketing of medicinal plants and herbal treatments may have strong implications on the future conservation of medicinal plants in the landscape. The study suggested few species such as Solanum dasyphyllum, Indigofera spicata, Plumbago zeylanica, Meyna tetraphylla. and Oxalis for consideration for phytochemical and pharmacological testing to verify their efficacy and determine their dosages. Predominantly harvested plant parts were leaves, which are known to have relatively low impact on medicinal plant resources. However, expansion of agricultural land and lack of cultivation efforts by local communities were the main factors that directly or indirectly affect the availability of medicinal plant resources in the landscape. Therefore, land use planning and development initiatives in the area and beyond need to sharply focus on strategies that could contribute in alleviating the major threats affecting medicinal plant resources in the landscape and encourage their cultivation to enhance their availability and complement ex-and in-situ conservation. Forty six (46) plant species were used for the treatment of livestock diseases by the study communities. The most frequently cited cattle disease was blackleg, for which 21 plant species were found. The study also showed how ethnoveterinary plant knowledge is significantly affected by gender and site. Knowledge on ethnoveterinary plants was predominantly held by males, who cited more plant uses than females. This may affect the future conservation of medicinal plants especially in homegardens, as women play a major role in tending these gardens. The study suggested species such as Lepidium sativum, Allium sativum, Clausena anisata, Croton macrostachyus, Ozoroa insignis, Sida rhombifolia, Centella asiatica, Cissampelos mucronata, Vernonia theophrastifolia and Vernonia amygdalina for future phytochemical studies and pharmacological testing. The study also recommended the association of blackleg disease with the consumption of fresh maize stalks for further research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Biol 34: 353-442. 1985. Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 6: 167-184. 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps. 79: 193-208 CL. 1990. Biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities along seafloor spreading centers. Evol 5: 242-246 CL. 2000. of Deep-Vents. . 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257. 1990. Spatial variation in faunal composition of hydrothermal vent communities on the Rise and Galapagos spreading center. In: Gorda Ridge: A Center in the United States' Zone, (McMurray GR, eds). Springer-York Inc. , New York, pp 253-264 2001. Biogeography and ecological setting of hydrothermal vents. Science 294: 818-823 Vrijenhoek RC. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J Heredity 88: 285-293. 1998. Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. Mar 39: 363-366. 2003. A hotvent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007 Watabe H, Hashimoto J. 2002. A new species of the genus Rimicaris (Alvinocarididae: Caridea: Decapoda) from the active hydrothermal vent field, 'Kairei Field,' on the Ridge, the Indian Ocean. 19: 1167-1174. 2003b. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. 12: 169-184 Won Y-J, Hallam SJ, O'. 2003a. Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-seea mussel of the genus Bathymodiolus. Microbiol 69: 6785-6792 Won Y-. 2002. Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: While the present work supports the general conclusion that microglia surveillance is responsive to SD stress, our real-time mTPM imaging in vivo also unmasked a progressive change in microglia surveillance that occurred as early as 3 hr after onset of SD and full conversion of microglia into the phagocytic form after 6 hr SD stress. This apparent disparity between the current and previous reports might reflect the complications arising from ex vivo sample preparation, because microglia surveillance is highly dynamic and sensitive to neural environmental changes, evidenced by its cyclic changes during the sleep-wake switch. We have provided two lines of evidence that the LC-NE-β2AR axis is involved in microglial surveillance both during the natural sleep-wake cycle and under SD stress. Ablation of LC-NE neuronal projection abolished and knockout of β2ARs markedly altered the manifestation of the state-dependence of microglia surveillance, while the latter recapitulated most, but not all, the phenotypes of the former. These findings are well supported by emerging evidence that NE is necessary for microglial activation (Bellesi et al. , 2016; Berridge et al. , 2012; Mori et al. , 2002). First, NE is known to be a key neurotransmitter that regulates sleep dynamics (Wang et al. , 2020) and the dynamics of microglia (Liu et al. , 2019; Sugama et al. , 2019). Second, it has been shown that β2AR expressed at a higher level in microglia than other CNS cell types (Zhang et al. , 2014) and microglia dynamic surveillance rapidly responds to β2AR stimulation (Gyoneva and Traynelis, 2013; Liu et al. , 2019; Stowell et al. , 2019). Moreover, the morphology of microglia in the somatosensory cortex is also regulated by neuronal activity, in a microglial β2AR-dependent manner (Liu et al. , 2019). Our results also extend the classic view of NE regulation of sleep and wakefulness by revealing a prominent microglial component in the NE response. It should be noted that the pan-tissue β2AR knockout animal model was used in the current study and it warrants future investigation to pinpoint specific roles of microglial β2AR in the brain-state dependent microglial responses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cultures use the same set of plants for medicine, showing no regional differences. [SEP] Text: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at p < 0. 001 showed significant differences in directionality distributions between all three accessions. Wilcoxon test analysis with p < 0. 01 was used to test significant differences between the different accessions (n = 9–12 plants). Figure 3—source data 1 Directionality, whole root system architectural trait values and shape predictors from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha. Download elife-07597-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Shape predictor values (TPS format) from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha used to perform PCA. Download elife-07597-fig3-data2-v2. zip Figure 3—source data 3 Whole root system architecture trait values from Bay-0, Col-0 and Sha. Download elife-07597-fig3-data3-v2. csv Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset (A) Root area, (B) vertical center of mass of Bay-0, Col-0, and Sha accessions. Wilcoxon test analysis with p < 0. 01 was used to test significant differences between the accessions (n = 9-12 plants). Figure 4 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Dual-color reporter visualization of root structure and gene expression. Images of whole-root systems (A, D) or magnified portion of roots (C, F) at 22 DAS expressing ProACT2:PPYRE8o and ProZAT12:LUC (green, A, B, C) or ProDR5rev:LUC+ (green, D, E, F). Luminescence from PPyRE8 and LUC reporters visualized together using an open filter setting (visualized in grey-scale) while LUC signal is distinguished using a band-pass filter (517 to 567 nm, visualized as green). Figure 4—source data 1 Data for ProZAT12:LUC reporter gene expression in root segments extracted from a whole root system. Download elife-07597-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 2 Luciferase intensity values from the root tip to maturation zone of ProUBQ10:LUC2o, ProZAT12:LUC and ProDR5:LUC+.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: For most groups of organisms diversity is highest in the tropics. A hectare of rainforest contains more plant species than a similar area of Norwegian boreal forest. Likewise, on average, tropical latitudes are home to more fish, bird, and mammal species than anywhere else [1]–[3]. Whilst this foremost pattern of biodiversity has long been known, its nuances and the exceptions to it are less widely appreciated. For example, in terrestrial birds and ants the decline in diversity on either side of the equator is not symmetric. It is steeper in the north [4],[5], reflecting a broader suite of biological differences among the hemispheres [6]. Perhaps more striking is the far wider variety of biodiversity gradients found in marine groups, and the almost total contrast in many benthic (bottom-dwelling) taxa to the typical terrestrial latitudinal diversity gradient. For coastal marine species, such as fish or corals, richness tends to be highest in the tropics, especially the Indo-West Pacific, whilst for more ocean-going, or pelagic species, such as the albatrosses and petrels, diversity peaks are typical of the mid-latitudes [7],[8]. In both cases, diversity still tends to drop off at the sub-polar and polar latitudes. In many benthic groups the pattern is completely different. Diversity does decline in the far north, but does not do so in the (the region around and to the south of the Front—the dynamic location where cold Antarctic and warmer sub-Antarctic waters meet). Rather, some groups show their highest richness here. Taking survey effort and area into account, organisms such as pycnogonids, bryozoans, isopods, amphipods, sponges, ascidians, and echinoderms are remarkably diverse in the Southern Ocean, as much or more so than is typical of many, more equatorial locations [9],[10]. Recent, large-scale surveys, conducted, in part, under the auspices of the international Census of have borne out these patterns [11]–[13], highlighting the extraordinary diversity of the Antarctic [14]. Moreover, they have also drawn attention to the considerable endemism, i. e. , restriction to a given area (in this case the Antarctic), of much of the benthos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 05 March 2018 Impact of blue-depleted white light on pupil dynamics, melatonin suppression and subjective alertness following real-world light exposure Jamie M. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6174-52821,2, Raymond P. Najjar1,3, Cheng-Ann Wang1 & …Mirelle Kass1,4 Show authors and Practice 1. The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to 32 lx was increased in response to the standard as compared to blue-depleted LED (p < 0. 05, paired t-test). PIPR did not differ between lighting conditions at higher illuminances. Study 2. Neither salivary melatonin concentrations nor subjective sleepiness scores were different between lighting conditions. ConclusionsWhile the absence or reduction of blue light has the physiologic capacity to reduce the impact of light on non-image forming photoreceptive functions, under a pre-exposure lighting environment closer to that which is found in the real world, no such differences are observed except for pupil responses to moderately dim light. Trial registrationClinicalTrials. gov #NCT02936674, NCT02636140. BackgroundWhile retinal photoreception is mostly thought of as the basis of “image formation”, the retina underlies a number of non-image forming functions as well. Notable among these are synchronizing the timing of the circadian clock (Czeisler et al. , 1989), suppressing pineal melatonin production (Zeitzer et al. , 2000), increasing alertness (Cajochen et al. , 2000), and changing pupil size (Alpern & Campbell, 1962). In mammals, while rods and cones are the main contributors to conscious visual perception, a combination of rods, cones, and melanopsin contribute to non-image forming photoreception. Melanopsin is a light-absorbing pigment expressed in the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and conveys the eponymous intrinsic photosensitivity (Berson et al. , 2002).

Output: corroborate