Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Error bars represent SE values. [Click here to view] Phytochemical studies have revealed different secondary metabolites in B. monnieri, like alkaloids, saponins, and sterols (Deepak and Amit, 2004; Mahato et al. , 2000). Previous studies of B. monnieri have identified its effects on learning acquisition. Learning ability in rats has been significantly enhanced by Bacopa extract as it facilitated acquisition, consolidation, and retention of three newly learned behavioral responses (Singh and Dhawan, 1982). Additionally, this study showed that the bacosides caused enhanced levels of protein kinase activity and increased protein levels in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus regions of the brain. The findings indicated positive implications for improved neurotransmission and repair of damaged neurons via enhanced regeneration of nerve synapses. A study by Hosamani and Muralidhara (2009) elucidated that B. monnieri prevented apoptosis in neurons from oxidative stress, a process that may be induced by sleep deprivation in learning of fruit flies. Supplementation of B. monnieri increases STM in non-sleep-deprived flies and sleep-deprived fliesThe determination of STM retention in slp+ and slp− flies fed with B. monnieri also used the APS assay similar to the learning phase done earlier. In this assay, a period of 3-hours posttraining was allowed to pass before starting the memory retention phase. There was a significant increase (p < 0. 001) in the APR values of the groups slp+/Bm+ low, slp+/Bm+ mid, and slp+/Bm+ high in comparison to slp+/Bm− (Fig. 4). This implies that STM retention in flies fed with B. monnieri had retained the learned behavior for a longer time compared to the group without B. monnieri supplementation. Sleep-deprived flies fed with B. monnieri, when compared to those that are not fed with the supplement, retained the behavior longer indicating that the supplement compensates for the deficiency caused by sleep deprivation. The STM retention rates of the two highest concentrations were higher compared to that of the lowest concentration (p < 0. 001). Looking at the mid and high concentrations, it appears that an increase in concentrations of B. monnieri supplementation did not translate to a corresponding increase in STM retention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Although countries like Europe, the USA, and Singapore have already implemented vertical farming and are dealing with big projects for future concerns, India still has a long way to go as it is restricted to only few self-interest-driven projects. Institutional support, awareness of the benefits associated with urban agriculture, and financial and technological support from the government can only attract the city dwellers and help them to move forward with the concept of urban agriculture in India. Progressive growth of urban agriculture can act as an urban regeneration tool for the cities by providing social interaction and increasing job opportunities and environmental benefits to the urban areas across the globe. Thus, to combat the challenges associated with rapid increase in population, the topic of “urban agriculture” is being closely monitored by scientists, city planners, and the sustainable agricultural community for a better future. 1. . Urban agriculture: Food, jobs and sustainable cities. Yesterday and Today. 2001. 2. Zeeuw HD. Cities, climate change and urban agriculture. magazine, number 25. September 2011;25:39-42 3. Population Fund. State of world population 2007, unleashing the potential of urban growth. 2007 4. United Nations. World population to 2300. 2004 5. Urban agriculture of the future: An overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings. Agriculture and Human Values. 2014;31:33-51. DOI: 10. 1007/s10460-013-9448-4 6. . The role of urban agriculture in building resilient cities in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2011;149:153-163. DOI: 10. 1017/S0021859610001279 7. é van V. Building resilient cities. magazine; June 2009;22 8. Heinberg R, Bomford M. The food & farming transition: Toward a post carbon food system. Institute, Spring. 2009 9. . Wastewater use for urban and peri-urban agriculture. for the Future: for Green and Productive Cities. Netherlands, Canada, Philippines: 2006 10. Bohn K, Viljoen A. The edible city: Envisioning the continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL). . Field: A free Journal for Architecture. 2011;4(1):149-161 11. Dubbeling M. Integrating urban agriculture in the urban landscape. Magazine. September 2011;25 12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This mechanism allows the model to dynamically adjust its internal state based on current inputs and past information, providing accurate control for this study’s time series analysis of traffic data. Output gate. In the LSTM model of this study, the output gate is responsible for determining the final output for each time step based on the cell state. The configuration of the output gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function, as well as a tanh function to handle the cell states. The details are as follows: (11) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (12) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where ot denotes the activation value of the output gate and ht denotes the output of the LSTM unit. The role of the output gate is to filter out the features that are important for the current time step and the model can make accurate traffic flow predictions based on past and current information. Modelling adjustments The model-tuning process involves parameter selection and configuration optimization. For the CNN part, we determined the number and size of filters in the convolutional layer by grid search and optimized the learning rate and regularisation parameters. For the LSTM part, we adjusted the number of hidden layer units and the learning rate. A cross-entropy loss function was used for model training, defined as: (13) L = − ∑ y log y ˆ + 1 − y log 1 − y ˆ where y denotes the real labels and y ˆ denotes the model prediction. This 1. 5 million entries and a simulated city area of 490 km2. The data structure is shown in Table 2. Table 2: Example of data structure for residential trips. <population > <person id=”1” > <plan selected=”yes” > <activity type=”home” x=”4522. 771008” y=”1. 5957779715” end_time=”07:19:49” > </activity > <leg mode=”car” > </leg > <activity type=”work” x=”9304. 687137” y=”1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: The increase in STM retention of slp+ and slp− flies, in the mid and high concentrations of B. monnieri supplement, reached similar levels as indicated by their APR values not being significantly different (p > 0. 05). There was a decrease in the APR values of the group slp−/Bm+ low in comparison to its non-sleep-deprived counterpart. Interaction between sleep deprivation and B. monnieri supplementation is not significant (p > 0. 05) in the obtained STM retention rates. Enhancement of STM retention of slp+/Bm+ and slp−/Bm+ treatment groups also followed a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the slp+/Bm+ group, a significant increase in STM retention in the slp−/Bm+ was only observed in the two highest concentrations. This result suggests that if little experiential information was formed in the first place during the learning phase of the sleep-deprived flies, then the recently learned behavior that can be retained and retrieved for use in future encounters the effect of B. monnieri supplement on the differential and increasing STM retention trends which were likely to be manifestations of (1) enhancement of B. monnieri supplement on memory phase following a dose-dependent manner and (2) the natural events outlining the extinction of the memory of the conditioned behavior. Although we did not study the underlying mechanism, previous studies of B. monnieri have identified its effects on neural transmission. Saini et al. (2010) evaluated the neuroprotective effects of B. monnieri extract on colchicine-induced cognitive impaired rat models, where the altered enzyme activities of Na+/K+-ATPase was reported to be restored by B. monnieri. A study done by McPhee et al. (2016) showed that the administration of B. monnieri reduces neurological deficits together with increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In this study, the release of intracellular Ca2+ was glutamate and neurotrophin-dependent, in the postsynaptic cell through a number of downstream protein kinases that are crucial for synaptogenesis. They observed a significant increase in cAMP response element-binding protein activity in the hippocampus after B. monnieri consumption.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: trends in agriculture vertical farming and organic farming Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Review 144. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00023 in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food p9. 15billion by 2050, thus the expected rate of increase in world population will be 2. 25 percent over the next forty years1 and thus provides for a potentially huge market for food grains and food production needs to be doubled to meet this demand. It is projected that to feed the global population by 2050 require 70 percent increase in global food production with food production from developing countries needs to be doubled. 2 Environmental stress (climate change) and shortage of water and land resources are major constraints haunting this task. Though the advances in science and information technology has resulted in more comfortable world with global linkages, these advances has led to changes in agricultural practices. In recent past production and productivity of crops have increased along with the increase in fertilizer and pesticide consumption, this trend is more conspicuous in developed and industrial countries with developing countries like China have made their presence felt by around 2 fold increase in cereal yield since 1961. In developing countries, due to lack of financial resources and knowledge of technical advancements farmers are unable to shift to practices of modern intensive agriculture3 and hence remain isolated from global linkages. Increase in long distance food trade, diet changes and increase in the food based retail industries are the indicators, suggesting that globalization has affected food systems world-wide. 4 At the same time these trends have created a concern for environmental problems as excessive use of chemicals is not desirable in agriculture for preservation of environment, biodiversity and soil quality. Thus, increasing global trade and easy accesses to chemical and technology has contributed to changes in agricultural systems. Recent trend in agriculture has seen rise in organic agriculture, vertical farming and intensive agriculture to accommodate the demands of increasing world population and address the rising concern for environmental issues. Vertical farming shall help in meeting the food & other demands of the rapidly growing urban population. On the other hand organic farming will help in increasing the harmony between the environment and anthropogenic activities done for agriculture.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: The experimental equipment is a Dell laptop with Windows 10 64-bit operating system. Experimental results and analyses In this research 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-4 Table 3: Error analysis. Experiment ID Average trip distance (m) SimData error rate SurData error rate StaData error rate 1 12,301 0. 109 0. 189 0. 186 2 11,687 0. 093 0. 149 0. 116 3 12,886 0. 122 0. 233 0. 198 4 13,751 0. 168 0. 272 0. 198 5 13,267 0. 146 0. 238 0. 159 6 13,129 0. 141 0. 208 0. 231 7 11,315 0. 08 0. 111 0. 119 8 13,315 0. 155 0. 256 0. 178 9 14,003 0. 177 0. 277 0. 185 10 12,950 0. 133 0. 227 0. 201 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-3 We believe that this method of using deep learning techniques to process traffic data is very promising. Traditional methods of collecting transportation data, such as questionnaire surveys or statistical estimates, are often limited by various factors such as manpower, material resources, and time. Deep learning technology can automatically extract useful information from a large amount of data without the need for tedious manual processing. In addition, deep learning models such as CNN and LSTM can handle complex spatial and temporal dependencies, which traditional methods find difficult to achieve. We believe this is because CNN excels in processing image and spatial data, while LSTM excels in processing sequence and temporal data. Combining these two can fully leverage their advantages and capture the characteristics of traffic data more comprehensively. The experimental results also prove this point, and this combined method has significant effects in reducing model bias and lowering the basic error rate. The following is a detailed comparative analysis. (1) The traditional questionnaire survey method has a series of distinctive features and significant disadvantages in generating residents’ travelling data. First, the method has directness, through direct communication with respondents, it can obtain first-hand information on residents’ travel behaviour and p5. Figure 5: Error rate versus average distance travelled. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-5 Observing the visualization in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: A study done by Hosamani and Muralidhara (2009) found that B. monnieri inhibited dopamine depletion, which are found to be altered during sleep deprivation. Furthermore, B. monnieri prevents apoptosis in neurons from oxidative stress (Sukumaran, 2019). These studies together suggest that B. monnieri protects neurons from oxidative stress which is induced by sleep deprivation. found that B. monnieri treatment ameliorated learning and STM loss induced by sleep deprivation in Drosophila model. Supplementing fly food with B. monnieri not only enhanced the learning and STM retention deficits caused by sleep deprivation but also increased the learning and STM retention of these sleep-deprived flies to the same level of increase observed in non-sleep-deprived flies. The findings in this study might be applied to anticipated short-term sleep disturbances, such as temporary night shifts, staying up late for an exam, or jet lags. The inclusion of natural nootropic in a daily-based diet in humans may improve mental performance, without the risks of side effects. In dietary science, a proper combination of natural nootropics, known as nootropic stacking, synergistically enhances the efficacy of each active ingredient of the nootropic. In conclusion, this is an innovative study that may provide a new pharmacological treatment to aid in protecting learning deficits and memory loss in individuals with short-term sleep loss. the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work. . 6412. . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase acts in the Drosophila mushroom body to negatively regulate sleep. PLoS Genet, 2015; 11(11). . Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res, 2003; 12(1):1–12. . Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14(3):174–9. . Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine, 1998; 5(2):77–82. . A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Med, 2013; 2013:915691. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming Concept of vertical farming was given by Professor Despommier;5 the farm uses conventional farming methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics to produce more yields faster. Vertical farming can be defined generically as a system of commercial farming whereby plants, animals, fungi and other life forms are cultivated for food, fuel, fiber or other products or services by artificially stacking them vertically above each other. Vertical farming is large scale agriculture in urban high rise structures. The concept foresees the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuel producing plants and other plant products in the cities. 6 (www. verticalfarms. com. au) and their sales directly within the cities, thereby reducing the transportation costs and efficient utilization of land and water resources. 6 Vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses as it involves harnessing of resources in vertical arrays and can feed the demands of food supply with the resources of mega cities. Vertical farming includes three types of farming: Phrase vertical farming was used by Bailey in his book “Vertical Farming” in 1915. He discussed the utopian concept of vertical farming. He introduced the concept of underground vertical farming, presently followed in Netherlands. 7 In the second category, Vertical farming is done in open air or in mixed use sky scrapers for climate control and consumption. This is a sustainable type of farming for personal or community use and it may not be for commercial purposes. A modified form of this concept involves cultivation of crops in the periphery of sky scrapers to provide them ambient amount of light. Third category involves cultivation of plant and animals in the sky scrappers in the closed system for large scale cultivation. These systems under trials at various locations (Singapore, Canada, London). A vertical farm of 9300 m2 (roughly the size of a city block) with 30 stories should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day. 6 Advantages of vertical farming Increase in production and availability in crops: This farming technology confirms crop production all year-round irrespective of the environmental conditions. According to “The encyclopedia of earth, 2010” A 30 storey high building with a basal area of 5 acres (2. 02ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971. 2ha) of traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: 5, we can observe that the error rate of our proposed travel planning and scheduling system climbs as the average distance traveled continues to rise. One potential reason for this may be that some service providers have traveled much more than their average long-distance travel routes on a given date. To explore this issue in depth, we selected 0. 001% of the samples in the generated data, extended the distance of the travel destinations of these samples, and analyzed the error rates before and after the experiment. The final results are presented in Fig. 6. Figure 6: Comparison of data before and after extension. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-6 A closer look at Fig. 6 shows that the error rate after the data extension process is significantly reduced, which strongly supports our initial conjecture. In order to further validate that the method proposed in this paper is superior to the existing state-of-the-art methods, this paper also conducts a comparison experiment with the literature Song & Chung (2023). Song & Chung (2023) proposes a cell-based traffic simulator UNIQ-SALT and introduces the (RTDG) model as an adjustment model for the simulation inputs. The RTDG model improves the accuracy of the simulation by continually calibrating the simulation results with the actual traffic data until it reaches the preset target error rate. Modelling the travel times of residential travel data can help urban planners to predict future urban trends and traffic demand more accurately. This helps them to take traffic factors into full consideration when planning new roads, transport hubs or residential areas, making urban planning more scientific and rational. In this 7. Figure 7: Comparison of travel time probability distributions. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-7 We discretise the 24 h of a day into 360 time points, and model the travel time of residents in 4-minute intervals. From Fig. 7, it can be clearly seen that our method has a much smaller probabilistic error in travelling time and on is closer to the real scenario. This is mainly due to the advantage of CNN in processing spatio-temporal data and its excellent performance in feature extraction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurosci, 2017; 24(2):111–122. . Neuronal reactivation during post-learning sleep consolidates long-term memory in Drosophila. Elife, 2019; 8:e42786. . The need for establishing identities of 'bacoside A and B', the putative major bioactive saponins of Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri. Phytomedicine, 2004; 11(2–3):264–8. CrossRef Dissel, S. Drosophila as a model to study the relationship between sleep, plasticity, and memory. Front Physiol, 2020; 11:533. . Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease. Biophys, 2019; 676:108153. . Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men. Learn Mem, 2007; 14(5):329–35. . Basic reversal-learning capacity in flies suggests rudiments of complex cognition. PLoS One, 2017; 12(8):e0181749. . Impairment of learning and memory in rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and changes in antioxidative defense systems. Y Acad Sci, 2001; 928:168–75. . Annual research review: sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science. J Psychiatry, 2015; 57(3):296–317. . Drosophila melanogaster, a genetic model system for alcohol research. Neurobiol, 2003; 54:199–228. . The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Neurobiol, 2017; 44:13–9. CrossR, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology, 2009; 30(6):977–85. . Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Sleep, 2004; 27(4):628–39. van. Neurophysiological effects of sleep deprivation in healthy adults, a pilot study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Comparing the urban traffic simulation methods based on UNIQ-SALT and RTDG models proposed in the literature, the comparison literature relies more on pre-defined or simpler features compared to the ability of CNN to extract features automatically, which limits the ability of the models to capture complex traffic patterns. Although the RTDG model can be adjusted to actual traffic data, it may not be as effective as LSTM in dealing with long-term time series dependence, because although the comparative literature proposes a method to approximate the actual data by iteratively calibrating the simulation results, this calibration process is not as flexible and efficient as the dynamic data compensation mechanism based on deep learning proposed in this 110. 42 23. 67 22. 05 N-tp 108. 28 22. 29 21. 23 N-other 99. 07 20. 23 19. 76 RTDG 137. 52 29. 04 27. 42 STSim 93. 37 18. 06 19. 17 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-4 this study, we experimentally validate the effectiveness of a deep learning approach combining CNN and LSTM in traffic data analysis. Our model can accurately extract and analyze the spatial and temporal features of traffic images and time series data to predict traffic flow patterns accurately. Compared to traditional statistical inference methods, our model shows higher accuracy and flexibility, especially when dealing with complex and non-linear traffic patterns. Meanwhile, our approach reduces the need for large-scale data collection and significantly improves efficiency compared to survey methods. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of deep learning in traffic data analysis, providing new perspectives for future traffic management and planning. CNN-LSTM code- : 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2035/supp-1 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 5281/zenodo. 10907914. The code is available at GitHub and Zenodo: - -. (2024). -. Zenodo. work was supported by the bin through project number (PSAU/2023/01/26325). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: PLoS One, 2015; 10(1):e0116906. . Circadian disruption reveals a correlation of an oxidative GSH/GSSG redox shift with learning and impaired memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016; 49(2):301–16. . Sleep deprivation specifically impairs short-term olfactory memory in Drosophila. Sleep. 2009; 32(11):1417–24. . and F: two jujubogenin bisdesmosides from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry, 2000; 53(6):711–4. . Deconstructing memory in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(17):R700–13. . Thirty years of olfactory learning and memory research in Drosophila melanogaster. Prog Neurobiol, 2005; 76(5):328–47. . Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline. Med Hypotheses, 2016; 95:71–6. . Effect of natural and artificial sweeteners on the hemolymph glucose level (HGL) in Drosophila melanogaster. Biosci, 2015; 7(1):119–31. . A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Pharmacol, 2016; 7:27–31. ul. Effect of acute and sub chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. Pharm Pharmacol, 2012; 6:2767–74. Riemensperger T, Völler. Punishment prediction by dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(21):1953–60. üeler H. Extended lifespan of Drosophila parkin mutants through sequestration of redox-active metals and enhancement of anti-oxidative pathways. Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 40(1):82–92. . Aversive phototaxic suppression: evaluation of a short-term memory assay in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav, 2009; 8(4):377–89. . Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000; 287:1834–7. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: 14 According to the latest survey of FiBL-IFOAM (Research institute of organic agriculture- of Movements) conducted in the end of 2012, data on organic agriculture is available from 164 countries and 37. 5million hectare land is cultivated organically worldwide including those in the process of conversion. The data suggest that there is an increase in organically cultivable land in 2012 by 0. 5 percent, and around 1. 9million producers are engaged in the organic farming. 15 A shift to organic agriculture brings about significant changes in the agricultural practices for example: restricted use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, increases of other inputs such as organic materials, labor, farm machinery, cultural practices (e. g. , crop rotation), and require better knowledge of biological processes. 16 These changes require training of the farmers in organic agriculture and increase in the awareness in current trends. Production methods in organic farming are variable and depend upon the variables like local environment. In organic farming use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is discouraged. The nutrition and disease management is done by incorporation of organic materials and crop rotation. 17 Advantages of organic farming Sustainability: Organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term effect of agricultural interventions on the agro-ecosystem. Production of food is accompanied with establishment of ecological balance to prevent soil sterility or pest problems. Ecological services: The impact of organic agriculture on natural resources favors interactions within the agro-ecosystem and environmental variables. Ecological services derived include soil forming and conditioning, soil stabilization, waste recycling, carbon sequestration, nutrients cycling, predation, pollination and habitats. Biodiversity: Organic farming help in conservation of the environment and hence biodiversity. Lack of use in chemical pesticides, helps in maintain and recolonizing of the beneficial species in the area, including wild flora and fauna. The number of studies on organic farming and biodiversity increased significantly within the last years. A recent study reporting on a meta-analysis of 766 scientific papers concluded that organic farming produces more biodiversity than other farming systems. 18 Challenges faced in organic farming Highly labor intensive Effective organic inputs are not available in appropriate quantity and time. Lack of adoption in standardized agronomic practices for organic farming. sufficiency in food production along with the conservation of the environment are the major objectives of the agriculture presently.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Calibration of choice model parameters in a transport scenario with heterogeneous traffic conditions and income dependency. 12(7):441-450. 2018. Multi-agent urban transport simulations using OD matrices from mobile phone data. Science 130:803-809 Cervellera C, Macció D, Rebora F. 2021. Deep learning and low-discrepancy sampling for surrogate modelling with an application to urban traffic simulation. In: 2021 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), Shenzhen, China. 1-8. 2023. Research on cooperative control of traffic signals based on deep reinforcement learning. In: 2023 IEEE 12th data driven control and learning systems conference (DDCLS), Xiangtan, China. 1608-1612. 2021. Deep learning based velocity prediction with consideration of road structure. In: 5th CAA international conference on vehicular control and intelligence (CVCI), Tianjin, China. 1-5. 2023. Valhalla. (accessed 1 April 2024) data. 2019. Spatiotemporal multi-graph convolution network for ride-hailing demand forecasting. In: Proceedings of the thirty-third AAAI conference on artificial intelligence and thirty-first innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference and ninth AAAI symposium on educational advances in artificial intelligence (AAAI’19/IAAI’19/EAAI’19). AAAI Press. 3656-3663. 2019. Realistic transport simulation with open data. In: Proceedings—2019 IEEE international conference on big data, big data 2019. Haydari A, Yılmaz Y. 2022. Deep reinforcement learning for intelligent transportation systems: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Systems 23(1):11-32 -Y, Kwon J. 2015. Scalable extraction of timeline information from road traffic data using MapReduce. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on data science and advanced analytics (DSAA), Paris, France. 1-8. 2022. Missing data analysis in traffic monitoring system using LSTM. In: 2022 international conference on computational modelling, simulation and optimization (), Pathum Thani, Thailand. 7-11. 2020. Airport network traffic prediction in 5G scenarios: a deep learning approach. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on broadband multimedia systems and broadcasting (BMSB), Paris, France. Piscataway.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol, 1982; 5(2):205–14. . Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception, 2009; 79(1):71–9. . Acute and chronic toxicities of Bacopa monnieri extract in sprague-dawley rats. 2016; 16:249. . Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - a review on its mechanistic aspects. Med, 2019; 44:68–82. . Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues. Science, 2001; 294(5546):1543–7. . Shift-work-related sleep disruption and the risk of decline in cognitive function: [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 8]. J Sleep Res, 2020; e13068. . Alzheimer's disease model system using Drosophila. Med Biol, 2018; 1076:25–40. ørensen H, Jennum P. Sleep efficiency and neurophysiological patterns in middle-aged men are associated with cognitive change over their adult life course. J Sleep Res, 2019; 28:e12793. . Tea polyphenols protect learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice by promoting AMPA receptor internalization. Neuroreport, 2020; 31(12):857–64. . Bacopa monnieri, a neuroprotective lead in Alzheimer disease: a review on its properties, mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical studies. Insights, 2019; 13:1177392819866412. L, Sehgal A. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase acts in the Drosophila mushroom body to negatively regulate sleep. PLoS Genet, 2015; 11(11). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res, 2003; 12(1):1-12. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res, 2000; 14(3):174-9. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming will replace all traditional agriculture within a few years. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: IEEE. 1-5 Kashihara K. 2017. learning for traffic simulation in autonomous driving at a highway junction. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC), Banff, AB, Canada. 984-988. 2016. Creating an open MATSim scenario from open data: the case of Santiago de Chile. Berlin, Germany: and Transport Telematics. . 2019. Online incremental machine learning platform for big data-driven smart traffic management. IEEE Transactions on Systems 20(12):4679-4690. 2021. Multi-modal management actions for public transport disruptions: an agent -based agent-based simulation. In: 7th international conference on models and technologies for intelligent transportation systems, MT-ITS 2021. Rasca S. 2022. Numerical estimation of travel mode p2022. Selvamanju E, Shalini V. 2022. Deep learning based mobile traffic flow prediction model in 5G cellular networks. In: 2022 3rd international conference on smart electronics and communication (), Trichy, India. 1349-1353 Song H, Chung M. 2023. Recurrent traffic demand generation using urban traffic simulation with cell-based behavior model and real traffic data. In: 2023 IEEE international conference on big data (BigData), Sorrento, Italy. 6286-6288 Sun Z, Pan J-S, Chen C-H, Wu T-Y. 2020. A probability-based analytical model based on deep learning for traffic information estimation. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on consumer electronics—Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan), Taoyuan, Taiwan. 1-2 Trinh N-P, Tran A-K, Do T-H. 2022. Traffic flow forecasting using multivariate time-series deep learning and distributed computing. In: 2022 RIVF international conference on computing and communication technologies (RIVF), Minh City, Vietnam, 2022. 665-670. 2021. Estimating traffic flow in large road networks based on multi-source traffic data. IEEE Transactions on Systems 22(9):5672-5683 Zeng Q. 2021. A smart traffic controlling system using auxiliary sensors with deep learning and its simulation. In: 2021 international conference on information science and communications technologies (), Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 01-04. 2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Phytomedicine, 1998; 5(2):77-82. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba in neuropsychiatric disorders: from ancient tradition to modern-day medicine. Med, 2013; 2013:915691. Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurosci, 2017; 24(2):111-122. Neuronal reactivation during post-learning sleep consolidates long-term memory in Drosophila. Elife, 2019; 8:e42786. M, Amit A. The need for establishing identities of 'bacoside A and B', the putative major bioactive saponins of Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri. Phytomedicine, 2004; 11(2-3):264-8. S. Drosophila as a model to study the relationship between sleep, plasticity, and memory. Front Physiol, 2020; 11:533. T, Chinnathambi S. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease. Biophys, 2019; 676:108153. Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men. Learn Mem, 2007; 14(5):329-35. Basic reversal-learning capacity in flies suggests rudiments of complex cognition. PLoS One, 2017; 12(8):e0181749. Impairment of learning and memory in rats caused by oxidative stress and aging, and changes in antioxidative defense systems. Y Acad Sci, 2001; 928:168-75. AM, Sadeh A. Annual research review: sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science. J Psychiatry, 2015; 57(3):296-317. R, Abel T. The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function. Neurobiol, 2017; 44:13-9. R, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology, 2009; 30(6):977-85. Sleep homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: 4 However, lower yields for organic sunflower The average sunflower yield for 2017 was of 22 q/ha, a little higher than the average yield obtained over the 5 previous years (21 q/ha). A slight difference was observed between the two surveyed production areas as shown in Table 4. Compared to conventional sunflower, these results are disappointing since in 2017, the average yield obtained for conventional sunflower was 30 q/ha (28 q/ha for the southern area and 32. 5 for the western center area). This difference was already observed in 2011 but was much lower. The year 2017 was very favourable to sunflower, with very good conditions over April to sow sunflower and ensure a very good emergence rate, few damages due to birds and rainfalls relatively important during flowering. Nevertheless, as mentioned previously, organic sunflower was sown very late compared to conventional sunflower and could not benefit from these good conditions. This difference of yields was also observed in other cases like in the experiment () from 2002 to 2004, where the sunflower yield in organic system was lower from 20% to 40% compared to conventional system (Mazzoncini et al. , 2006). Table 4Average yield (q/ha) of southern and western center regions. 3 Soybean: the star of crop rotations in the South of France 3. 1 market still driven by human consumption In 2016, 70% of the surveyed areas were produced for human consumption and only 30% for livestock feeding. In 2012, human consumption was already the main outlet for organic soybeans (70% of the surveyed area). This is different from conventional soybean, where soybean for human consumption represents only 38% of the surveyed area (results obtained from the survey conducted by on agricultural practices for non organic soybean in 2016). This situation can be explained by different factors. Firstly, the need of the human consumption value chain is strong since 2010, both for organic and non organic production. However, for non organic soybean, the market was already driven by feed sector at this time and the outlet for human consumption was not very important compared to the demand of feed. For non organic production, production for human consumption has stayed a “niche” outlet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: the COVID-19 related pandemic, there has been several reports that the use of private transportation means (e. g. , individual vehicles) is increasing as people try to avoid public transit as much as possible. This leads to even more congestion and hence makes the question of selecting a route to go from A to B more and more prominent. This is especially the case for commuters, who make a given trip nearly every day and, hence, have the opportunity to learn and/or adapt to the traffic patterns faced daily. To address the challenges posed by an ever increasing demand, transportation authorities and traffic experts try to distribute the flow among existing routes in order to minimize the overall travel time. Often, this task involves some form of communication with the drivers. Traditional approaches such as variable message panels or radio broadcast are now being replaced by directed (and potentially personalized) communication, via new kinds of communication devices. While the current pattern is that each individual driver selects a route based on his/her own experience, this is changing as new technologies allow all sorts of information exchange. Examples of these technologies are not only based on broadcast (e. g. , GPS or cellphone information) but also a two-way communication channel, where drivers not only receive traffic information but also provide them. Hence, currently, many traffic-related applications for cellphones deal with the idea of a central authority in charge of somehow assigning routes for drivers. Examples are Waze, Google apps, etc. Since their specific algorithms are not published, one can only guess that they try to find a feasible solution, given a set of constraints that they are able to infer from the current data they collect. What seems certain is that these platforms work in a centralized way, based on data they collect when their customers or users use their specific apps. Also, they do not handle locally collected and processed data. This leads to them being ineffective when the penetration of their services is low as, for example, during the initial stages of the 2020 pandemics, when few drivers were using the system. A way to mitigate this could be to decentralize the processing of information, as proposed here, and passing it to drivers to make their route choices. Our method has some resemblance with the notion of traffic assignment (see “Background and Related Work”), since it is based on the fact that drivers collect experience by trying out several routes until they settle on those that lead to the least travel time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Sleep, 2004; 27(4):628- 39. . Neurophysiological effects of sleep deprivation in healthy adults, a pilot study. PLoS One, 2015; 10(1):e0116906. Circadian disruption reveals a correlation of an oxidative GSH/GSSG redox shift with learning and impaired memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016; 49(2):301-16. Sleep deprivation specifically impairs short-term olfactory memory in Drosophila. Sleep. 2009; 32(11):1417-24. and F: two jujubogenin bisdesmosides from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry, 2000; 53(6):711-4. Deconstructing memory in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(17):R700-13. Thirty years of olfactory learning and memory research in Drosophila melanogaster. Prog Neurobiol, 2005; 76(5):328-47. Cognitive training and Bacopa monnieri: evidence for a combined intervention to alleviate age associated cognitive decline. Med Hypotheses, 2016; 95:71-6. Effect of natural and artificial sweeteners on the hemolymph glucose level (HGL) in Drosophila melanogaster. Biosci, 2015; 7(1):119-31. AB, Jacob S. A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. J Pharmacol, 2016; 7:27-31. . Effect of acute and sub chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. Pharm Pharmacol, 2012; 6:2767-74. Riemensperger T, Völler. Punishment prediction by dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 2005; 15(21):1953-60. H. Extended lifespan of Drosophila parkin mutants through sequestration of redox-active metals and enhancement of anti-oxidative pathways. Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 40(1):82-92. Aversive phototaxic suppression: evaluation of a short-term memory assay in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav, 2009; 8(4):377-89.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: Firstly, soybean is not concerned by a large range of pests and diseases in the systems of of France (except on some territories, where sclerotinia is often observed): this enable producers to reduce the return rate without penalizing the yield (which is high) and so the profitability of the crop. Secondly, the price of organic soybean, notably for human consumption outlet, is very high: soybean is so a very profitable crop, compared to corn for example. In conventionel production systems, soybean is often less profitable, in irrigated or non irrigated systems. This explains why soybean is less present in crop successions. The profitability of organic soybean was also reported in other countries like in the USA (McBride and Greene, 2009; Hartman et al. , 2016): in 2016, Hartman reported that organic soybean price for food was about 24 USD for feed, whereas conventional soybean price was only of 9 USD for feed. This great difference of price induced a great difference of profitability of soybean between organic and conventional systems, even if operating costs per acre were slightly higher for organic production (103 USD/acre vs 92 USD/acre; McBride and Greene, 2009). Table 5Percentage of surveyed areas with 0 to 3 soybeans in the crop rotation from 2011 to 2016 in organic and conventional systems. Table 6Percentage of surveyed areas with 0 to 3 soybeans in the crop succession from 2011 to 2016 in organic systems, in irrigated and non-irrigated fields. 3. 3 More soybean cultivated without irrigation for organic production While soybean is more profitable when it is irrigated, the survey of 2016 reveals that a great part of organic soybean (40% of the surveyed area) is produced on non-irrigated fields. It contrasts with conventional soybean production where non-irrigated soybean represented only 11% of the total surveyed area. This trend highlights that, in organic systems of the of France, soybean “dominates” the irrigated crop rotations (as explained in the previous paragraph) but is also an important crop for non-irrigated crop rotations, contrary to conventional systems. This difference is mainly explained by the difference of profitability of non irrigated soybean in the two kind of systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Traffic assignment approaches work (and indeed were developed for this purpose) well for planning tasks, that is, how to plan a traffic network (or change an existing one) in order to minimize travel costs. However, route choice is not related to planning tasks but, rather, is an operational aspect, especially in commuting situations, where drivers repeatedly travel from the same origin to the same destination. Besides, traffic assignment is a centralized approach, in which the drivers do not actively select routes. Rather, routes are assigned to them. Thus, it is important to investigate how drivers do select routes in their daily commuting tasks. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) can be used for such purpose, as it fits the task of letting agents decide, autonomously, how to select routes to go from A to B. This is realized by letting agents iteratively choose their least costly route based on their own learning experiences. Such approach has been tried before, as described in the section on related works. In fact, it has been shown that reinforcement learning is a good technique to investigate route choice. However, the learning process can be inefficient, as for instance, it may take time, since the agents have to collect experiences by themselves. As this happens to be a very noisy environment, the signal an agent gets can be little discriminatory (e. g. , due to the presence of other learning agents, an agent may get the same signal for very different actions, or, conversely, different signals for the same action). Thus, our long term aim is to investigate forms of accelerating the learning process. One of these forms is by giving more information to the agents. There are only few works that consider new technologies to this experience, as for instance those tied to vehicular communication in general. In the present 4. 0. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-1 Using the short-range signal, the CommDevs are able to communicate with vehicles that are close enough, and are able to exchange information related to local traffic data (refer to next section for details). Moreover, these CommDevs are able to store the data exchanged with the agents in order to propagate this information to other agents that may use nearby intersections in the near future. The arrows that connect CommDevs in Fig. 1 represent a planar graph, meaning that every CommDev is connected and can communicate to its neighboring devices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000; 287:1834-7. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol, 1982; 5(2):205-14. A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception, 2009; 79(1):71-9. Acute and chronic toxicities of Bacopa monnieri extract in sprague-dawley rats. 2016; 16:249. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - a review on its mechanistic aspects. Med, 2019; 44:68-82. S, Guo A. Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues. Science, 2001; 294(5546):1543-7. Shift-work-related sleep disruption and the risk of decline in cognitive function: [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 8]. J Sleep Res, 2020; e13068. L, Lim YM. Alzheimer's disease model system using Drosophila. Med Biol, 2018; 1076:25-40. H, Jennum P. Sleep efficiency and neurophysiological patterns in middle-aged men are associated with cognitive change over their adult life course. J Sleep Res, 2019; 28:e12793. Tea polyphenols protect learning and memory in sleep-deprived mice by promoting AMPA receptor internalization. Neuroreport, 2020; 31(12):857-64.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: Indeed, even if the yield is greatly penalized by the lack of water (loss from 30% to 60%), organic soybean is still as profitable (even more profitable) than other crops cultivated in the same conditions, because selling price is very high compared to them. That is not the case in conventional systems, where non irrigated corn or wheat is often more profitable for example. In these situations, to limit the impacts of the lack of irrigation on yield, producers increase the sowing density (from 450 000 seeds/ha to 465 000 seeds/ha in average in the survey conducted in 2016). For organic soybean cultivated for human consumption outlet, irrigation was more common than for soybean cultivated for livestock feed (59% vs 50% of the surveyed area). Indeed, irrigation ensures to reach a good protein rate in soybeans, which is a qualifier criterion for human consumption market (rates higher than 40% or 41% are commonly required). 3. 4 A strengthened soybean weed control to satisfy human consumption market requirements The most difficult weeds to control were, without surprise, the same as for sunflower. However, only 17% of the surveyed fields were evaluated by producers as “badly weeded” considering their attents and also their equipment. This result is similar to those obtained in the 2012 survey (11%) but far more important than for conventional soybean (only 2%). Weed control is the most important challenge in organic soybean production in France, but also in other countries like in China (where Knudsen et al. , 2010 observed that labour time dedicated to weed suppression was 4 times more important in organic production than in conventional production) or in the USA (McBride and Greene, 2009). In average, soybean was weeded 3. 8 times. As an example, the number of weeding was nearby twice as sunflower, and higher than what was observed by McBride and Greene (2009): 1. 5 times in average.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This permits that CommDevs get information about the traffic situation in neighboring edges, which is then passed to the agents. How communication works Every time an agent reaches an intersection, prior to choosing an action (the next intersection to visit), it communicates with the intersection’s CommDev (see Fig. 1) to exchange information. The actual piece of information sent from agents to CommDevs is travel times (hence, rewards) received by the agents, regarding their last action performed. Conversely, the infrastructure communicates to the agent information about the state of the nearby edges, in terms of which rewards an agent can expect if it selects to use that particular link. This information can be of various forms. In all cases, the expected reward is computed by taking into account the rewards informed by other agents, when they have used nearby links. In the experiments, we show results where CommDevs communicate expected rewards that are either an aggregation (over a time window) or just a single value. In any of these cases, an agent receiving such information will then take it into account when selecting an action (choice of a link) in that particular state (a node). Next, details about how the information is processed, by both the CommDevs and the vehicle agents, are given. Information hold by infrastructure Each CommDev uses queue based data structures to hold the rewards informed by each agent that passes through it. Specifically, each edge is associated with one data queue. These queues have a maximum size, and when new information arrives after the queue is full, the oldest reward stored is discarded to make room to the most recent one. When an agent requests information, the CommDev retrieves the rewards collected for the agent’s possible actions and passes it to that agent. Recall that an action corresponds to a link to be traveled next, in order to form a route to the agent’s destination. Information used by the agent In a standard Q-learning algorithm, the agents update their Q-values based on the feedback from the action they have just taken. However, in our case agents also update their Q-values based on the expected rewards received by the infrastructure. This means that every time they reach an intersection, they update their Q-values with the information provided by the CommDevs. We do this in order to accelerate the learning process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin rescues a PINK1 knock down SH-SY5Y cellular model of Parkinson’s disease from mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. 2017; 54(4): 2752-62. [ [PMID: 27003823] [20]. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2001; 78(5): 1073-82. [ [PMID: 11553681] [21] Kumar S, Mondal AC. Neuroprotective, neurotrophic and anti-oxidative role of Bacopamonnieri on CUS induced model of depression in rat. 2016; 41(11): 3083-94. [ [PMID: 27506204] [22] Pharmacological investigation of Bacopamonnieri on the basis of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. J Res 2010; 2: 191-8. [23]. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease model. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127(1): 26-31. [ [PMID: 19808086] [24] Morgan A, Stevens J. monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Med 2010; 16(7): 753-9. [ [PMID: 20590480] [25]. The effect of Bacopamonnieri leaf extract on dietary supplementation in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. 2014; 6: 571-80. [ [26]. Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri: insights from transgenic and pharmacological Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson’s disease. 2011; 413(4): 605-10. [ [PMID: 21925152] [27]. Reversion of BDNF, Akt and CREB in hippocampus of chronic unpredictable stress induced rats: Effects of phytochemical, Bacopamonnieri. 2017; 14(1): 74-80. [ [PMID: 28096878] [28].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farms produce crops that are always cheaper than conventionally grown ones. [SEP] Text: This difference is due to (i) less competition ability especially when planted in large rows (most common way in the southern regions), (ii) a better tolerance of soybean to mechanical weeding and (iii) more strict requirements for soybean on the impurity content, and particularly towards some weed grains which are toxic for humans (black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and datura (Datura stramonium) for example) or penalize the visual aspect of the grain (black nightshade). These weeds cannot be eliminated only through mechanical weeding. Hand weeding is often the most effective way but is only used for high profitable crops like soybean or pop-corn. That explains why 56% of the soybean surveyed areas were hand weeded (instead of only 16% for sunflower). Ploughing was done on 66% of the organic soybean surveyed areas whereas it concerns only 41% of the conventional surveyed areas. Indeed, in conventional systems, producers give up ploughing more and more but not in organic systems, in which ploughing is one of the best ways to control weeds. The same observation was made by McBride and Greene (2009) in the USA where ploughing was used by 36% of organic producers whereas 50% of conventional producers used a no-till planter. 3. 5 Lower yields for organic soybean compared to conventional soybean In 2016, the organic average yield is 19. 9 q/ha but is very different between irrigated soybean (25. 2 q/ha) and non-irrigated (12. 6 q/ha). The low yields obtained in non-irrigated conditions were due to strong drought from spring to harvest. Conventional soybean yields obtained the same year were equal of 32 q/ha in irrigated conditions and 19 q/ha in non-irrigated ones, in average. This great difference between organic and conventional systems cannot be so easily explained. Indeed, in the context of the South of France, the only significant difference between organic and conventional soybean practices is about weeding practices. Such a poor diference in practices between those two systems is quite rare regarding other french crop managment. And in the 2016 context, pests and diseases were not a problem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Instead of just considering its own past experiences, the information provided by the CommDevs augment the knowledge each agent has. It is worth noting that a distinguishing characteristic of our approach is that it deals with local information, thus the information received from the CommDev only concerns actions that can be selected from that particular node. Given a network G, every agent (vehicle) v ∈ V has a pair (o, d) ∈ N × N, that defines its origin-destination pair (OD-pair). Nodes n ∈ N are seen as states the agents might be in, and the outgoing edges of a node n are the possible actions for that given state. Hence, the agents build their routes on-the-fly by visiting nodes and edges. Upon choosing an action (edge) e, v perceives its reward. We recall that being a microscopic model, this reward is actually computed by the simulator, rather than by an abstract cost function, as it would be the case in a macroscopic model. Assuming that the simulator reports a travel time of tve for agent v traveling on edge e, the reward is −tve, as we want to make sure the agents prefer to take edges that minimize travel times. This alone does not guarantee that the agents will reach their destination fast, as they might end up running in loops throughout the network. Hence a positive bonus B is given to each agent that reaches its destination, giving them incentives to end their trips as fast as possible. We deal with a commuting scenario, where each agent performs day-to-day experiments in order to reach an equilibrium situation, in which no agent can reduce its travel time by changing routes. Because agents belong to different OD pairs and/or select different routes, their trips take different number of simulation steps. These steps represent elapsed seconds in simulation time. Hence, this means that not every agent finishes its trip simultaneously and, therefore, the standard notion of a learning episode cannot be used here. Rather, each agent has its own learning episode that will take as many simulation steps as necessary to reach its destination. Next, we explain the main parts of our approach, which can be seen in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1: Q-learning with C2I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Ameliorative effect of Sida cordifolia in rotenone induced oxidative stress model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39: 57-64. [ [PMID: 23994302] [72] Attenuation by Nardostachys jatamansi of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonism in rats: Behavioral, neurochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. Behav 2006; 83(1): 150-60. [ [PMID: 16500697] [73] Haleagrahara N, Ponnusamy K. Neuroprotective effect of Centella asiatica extract (CAE) on experimentally induced parkinsonism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. J 2010; 35(1): 41-7. [ [PMID: 20118623] [74]. Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia ethanol extract on 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinsonism. Pharmacol 2014; 46(2): 176-80. [ [PMID: 24741189] [75]. Nootropic herbs (MedhyaRasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. 2012; 6(12): 147-53. [ [PMID: 23055641] [76] Dutta T, Basu UP. Terpenoids: Part II-Isolation of new triterpenesaponin, monnierin, from Bacopamonniera Wettst. Chem 1963; 1: 400-8. [77]. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L. ) Wettst - A review on its mechanistic aspects. Med 2019; 44: 68-82. [ [PMID: 31126578] [78]. Chemical examination of bacopamiennierawettst: Part iii-bacoside b. Chem 1967; 5: 84-95. [79]. Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri-A review of experimental evidence. Rep 2021; 48(3): 2653-68. [ [PMID: 33675463] [80]. Pathophysiology of pain in Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders 2009; 8. [ [81].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: How can smart contact lenses monitor and treat eye conditions? Published: October 4, 2022 More than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, an eye disease that is the world’s second leading cause of blindness. is using his skills as a biomedical engineer to develop smart contact lenses that can both monitor the condition and deliver drugs to combat it. — the fraction of a drug that enters the body and has an active effect — a signal in living organisms that can be measured e. g. , heart rate — the transparent layer forming the front of the eye — an eye condition in which increased pressure within the eyeball can lead to an eventual loss of sight — an adjective describing something concerned with the eye or vision — an electronic device that can be comfortably worn on the body while performing a specific medical function Imagine wearing contact lenses that could not only monitor your eyes to check for diseases, but could also send reports to your doctor and administer drugs directly into your eyes to improve your condition, all while you are sat in the comfort of your own home. This futuristic-sounding type of healthcare could soon become a reality. Hwan Lee, associate professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering at Purdue University, is developing smart contact lenses that can do just that. Biomedical engineering lies at the heart of medical technology, where researchers collaborate with healthcare practitioners to develop new and innovative devices that can improve the lives of patients. Chi Hwan’s research group is designing wearable biomedical devices that can be attached to a patient’s eye or skin to monitor or treat specific health conditions. ? Wearable sensors can be tailored to monitor a range of physical (e. g. , pressure and strain), electrophysical (e. g. , heart and muscle activities) and electrochemical (e. g. , chemicals in blood or sweat) biosignals. For example, sensors attached to the skin under the chin could be used to monitor muscle activity in individuals suffering from swallowing disorders, and contact lenses could monitor ocular pressure in those suffering from glaucoma. As more than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, finding ways to monitor the condition is essential for medical research and patient welfare.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: 1: Input: G, D, P, M, α, γ, ε, B 2: s←0 3: while s < M do 4: for v in V do 5: if v. f inished_trip() then 6: v. update_Q_table(B−v. last_edge_travel_time) 7: G. commDev[v. curr_node]. update_queue(v. last_reward, v. last_edge) 8: v. start_new_commuting_trip() 9: else if v. has_reached_a_node() then 10: v. update_Q_table(−v. last_edge_travel_time) 11: G. commDev[v. curr_node]. update_queue(v. last_reward, v. last_edge) 12: v. update_Q_values(G. commDev[v. curr_node]. in f o) 13: v. choose_action() 14: end if 15: end for 16: s←s+1 17: end while DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-6 Line 1 list the inputs of Algorithm 1: G is the topology of the network, D is the demand (flow rate) that is inserted in the network, P is the set of OD-pairs, and M is the maximum number of steps to simulate. It is also necessary to set α, γ (both relating to Eq. (1)), ε for controlling the action selection and the exploration-exploitation strategy, and the bonus B. The main loop is presented between lines 3 and 17, where the learning and the communication actually take place. The first if statement shown in line 5 takes care of all agents that finished their trips in the current step: agents perceive their reward plus the bonus for finishing the trip. 7, each agent informs the corresponding CommDevs the rewards, and since its trip has ended, it gets reinserted at the origin node to start a new learning episode (as this is a commuting scenario). The if statement at line 9 represents the intermediary nodes, where each agent also perceives its reward and informs the CommDev (line 11) about the reward just experienced, so that the CommDev can update its queue structure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Infections: A possible risk factor for type 2 diabetes Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Oxford, UK: Elsevier 2017; 51. [82]. Neuroinflammation and oxidative injury in developmental neurotoxicity Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: 2011; 61. [83] Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Diversity and plasticity of microglial cells in psychiatric and neurological disorders. 2015; 154: 21-35. [ [PMID: 26129625] [84] González. Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274(1-2): 1-13. [ [PMID: 25091432] [85] Ganguly P, Brenhouse HC. Broken or maladaptive? Altered trajectories in neuroinflammation and behavior after early life adversity. Neurosci 2015; 11: 18-30. [ [PMID: 25081071] [86]. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Immunol 2014; 14(7): 463-77. [ [PMID: 24962261] [87] Lurie DI, Coffin J. The role of Bacopa monnieri in inflammatory and neu-rodegenerative diseases Occurrences, structure, bio-synthesis, and health benefits based on their evidences of medicinal phyto-chemicals in vegetables and fruits. New York, USA: Publishers 2015; 38. [88] Viji V, Helen A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: Role of Bacopa monniera (L. ) Wettst. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19(5): 283-91. [ [PMID: 20607614] [89]. Betulinic acid isolated from Bacopa monniera (L. ) Wettst suppresses lipopolysaccharide stimulated interleukin-6 production through modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 2010; 10(8): 843-9. [ [PMID: 20430119] [90] Williams R, Münch G, Gyengesi E, Bennett L. Bacopa monnieri (L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In line 7, each agent updates its Q-value for the last action based on its own experience, that is, with the actual reward received for traveling through the last link. Following, a CommDev also informs agents about the rewards that can be expected from the actions each agent might take next (line 12). Each agent then updates its Q-table and chooses an action. Experiments, Results, and Analysis Scenario: network and demand Simulations were performed using a microscopic tool called Simulation of (SUMO, Lopez et al. (2018)). SUMO’s API was used to allow vehicle agents to interact with the simulator en route, that is, during simulation time. The scenario chosen is a 5 × 5 grid depicted in Fig. 2; each line in the figure represents bi-directed edges containing two lanes, one for each traffic direction. It is also worth noting that each directed edge is 200 m long. Figure 2: 5 × 5 Grid Network. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-2 The demand was set to maintain the network populated at around 20–30% of its maximum capacity, which is considered a medium to high density. Recall that no real-world network is fully occupied at all times, and that the just mentioned density level does not mean that there will not be edges fully occupied, which happens from time to time; this percentage is just the average over all 50 edges. This demand was then distributed between the OD-pairs as represented in Table 1. The last column represents the volume of vehicles per OD-pair. Those values were selected so that the shorter the path, the smaller the demand, which seems to be a more realistic assumption than a uniform distribution of the demand. Table 1: Demand per OD-pair. Demand Bottom0 Top4 102 Bottom1 Top3 86 Bottom3 Top1 86 Bottom4 Top0 102 Left0 Right4 102 Left1 Right3 86 Left3 Right1 86 Left4 Right0 102 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-1 Two points are worth reinforcing here. First, vehicles get reinserted at their corresponding origin nodes, so that we are able to keep a roughly constant insertion rate of vehicles in the network, per OD pair.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: ) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cells of the innate immune system in vitro. 2014; 5(3): 517-20. [ [PMID: 24452710] [91]. A review on Bacopamonniera: Current research and future prospects. 2010; 4: 1-9. [ [92]. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27(2): 279-81. [ [PMID: 12093601] [93] Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(4): 305-17. [ [PMID: 15898709] [94]. Bacosides and neuroprotection Natural products. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer 2013; 60. [ [95] Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. 2013; 16(4): 313-26. [ [PMID: 23772955] [96]. Molecular and functional characterization of Bacopamonniera: A retrospective review. Med 2015; 2015: 945217. [ [PMID: 26413131] [97]. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Biol 1958; 33(2)[ [98] Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54(6): 907-11. [ [PMID: 16755069] [99]. Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera Wettst. : Part I-Isolation of chemical constituents. Chem 1963; 1: 212-5. [100] Singh H, Dhawan BN. Drugs affecting learning and memory. FLJ 1992; p. 189. [101]. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. 2005; 16(1): 24-9. [ [PMID: 15688952] [102]. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(23): 2719-28.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: 1126/sciadv. abn1772 A horse wearing a smart textile during the continuous monitoring of health conditions © : 10. 1002/adma. 202108021 Eyedrops and ointments that are traditionally used to administer ocular drugs have a very low bioavailability. Less than 5% of eyedrop medication reaches its target, as our eyes are designed to prevent foreign substances from entering. “This means larger or more frequent doses are required,” says Chi Hwan, “which burdens the patient and increases the risk of side effects such as blurred vision and discomfort. ” In response to this, has developed tear-soluble contact lenses equipped with biodegradable nanoneedles that can inject drugs directly into the required location. “When a patient inserts the contact lens, the nanoneedles penetrate the cornea in a minimally-invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of several months while providing sustained, painless delivery of ocular drugs,” he explains. “The contact lens itself dissolves in tear fluid within a few minutes. ” These drug delivery contact lenses will be useful for treating chronic ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, as they will provide painless, long-term, sustained drug delivery to the patient’s eye. ? and the team are also designing other wearable biomedical devices. They are integrating electronics (such as heart rate sensors) into fabric textiles, creating fabrics that can monitor health conditions while also retaining their original wearability and breathability. A key condition of these electronic textiles is that they can be worn multiple times and can survive for multiple laundry cycles. These electronic textiles have recently been applied in a wearable biomedical device for horses. The team created a horse blanket containing multiple sensors that continuously monitor the horse’s heart rate, muscle activity and breathing rate. This allows the horse owner to monitor the horse’s health over long periods of time, whether they are galloping through a field or asleep in their stable. ? “My next steps will be to bring the research outcomes out of university and into clinical practice so many people can benefit from using our technologies,” says Chi Hwan. He hopes that, after extensive clinical trials, his wearable biomedical devices will become commercially available, enhancing and advancing the care of patients with a wide range of health conditions. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: However, this does not mean that the flow per link is constant, since the choice of which link to take varies a lot from vehicle to vehicle, and from time to time. Second, despite being a synthetic grid network, it is not trivial, since it has 8 OD pairs, which makes the problem complex as routes from each OD pair are coupled with others. As seen in Table 1, we have also increased such coupling by designing the OD pairs so that all routes traverse the network, thus increasing the demand for using the central links. Q-learning parameters A study conducted by Bazzan & Grunitzki (2016) shows that, in an en route trip building approach, the learning rate α does not play a major role, while the discount factor γ usually needs to be high in discounted future rewards, as it is the case here. Thus a value of α = 0. 5 suits our needs. We remark however that we have also played with this parameter. As for the discount factor γ, we have performed extensive tests and found that a value of γ = 0. 9 performs best. For the epsilon-greedy action selection, empirical analysis pointed to using a fixed value of ε = 0. 05. This guarantees that the agents will mostly take a greedy action (as they only have a 5% chance to make a non-greedy choice), and also take into account that the future rewards have a considerable amount of influence in the agent’s current choice, since γ has a high value. For the bonus at the end of each trip, after tests, a value of B = 1,000 was used. Recall that this bonus aims at compensating the agent for selecting a jammed link, if it is close to its destination, rather than trying out detours via a link that, locally, seems less congested, but that will lead the agent to wander around, rather than directly go to its destination. We remark that trips take a rough average of 450 time steps thus this value of B fits the magnitude of the rewards. Performance metric and results While each agent perceives its own travel time, both after traversing each link, and after finishing its trip, we need an overall performance to assess the quality of the proposed method. For this, we use a moving average (over 100 time steps) of the complete route travel time, for each agent that has finished its trip.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: Expression of catalase mRNA and protein in adult rat brain: Detection by nonradioactive in situ hybridization with signal amplification by catalyzed reporter deposition (ISH-CARD) and immunohistochemistry (IHC)/immunofluorescence (IF). J 2003; 51(6): 751-60. [ [PMID: 12754286] [126] Nazıroğlu M. Molecular role of catalase on oxidative stress-induced Ca(2+) signaling and TRP cation channel activation in nervous system. J Transd 2012; 32(3): 134-41. [ [PMID: 22475023] [127]. Amelioration of age associated neuroinflammation on long term baco-sides treatment. 2012; 37(4): 869-74. [ [PMID: 22198697] [128]. Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. Pharmacol 2009; 27(1): 62-9. [ [PMID: 21783922] [129] Malishev R, Shaham-. Bacoside-A, an Indian traditional-medicine substance, inhibits β-amyloid cytotoxicity, fibrillation, and membrane interactions. ACS 2017; 8(4): 884-91. [ [PMID: 28094495] [130] Gan L, Johnson JA. Oxidative damage and the Nrf2-ARE pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta 2014; 1842(8): 1208-18. [ [PMID: 24382478] [131]. Role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. 2015; 65(5): 210-9. [ [PMID: 25707882] [132] Hosamani R. Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30(6): 977-85. [ [PMID: 19744517] [133]. Comparative evaluation of extract of Bacopamonnieri and Mucunapruriens as neuroprotectant in MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. 2016; 54: 758-66.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: Professor of and : : Developing wearable biomedical devices for the skin and eye : of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Department of Defence (DOD), and engineering is a field that spans many disciplines, combining engineering, biology, medicine and healthcare. Biomedical engineers aim to solve health problems by developing new technologies for clinical use. “As a biomedical engineer, I enjoy spending every moment solving real-world problems by emphasising the importance of team science and interdisciplinary research,” says Chi Hwan. ? “Problems regarding human health and disease cannot be tackled by one discipline alone,” says Chi Hwan. “I work with collaborators in numerous fields: biomedical, mechanical and materials engineering; speech, language and hearing science; animal science; vision science; medicine… We also actively interact with clinicians, patients and caregivers to identify all aspects of the current challenges in clinical settings. These collaborations are extremely important as their feedback helps us to create patient-centred designs. ” Collaborations within and outside academia are vital for ensuring that any technology developed by biomedical engineers will meet the needs of the end-user. “I believe that the success of future biomedical engineers, and all scientists, requires an understanding of interdisciplinary collaborations,” says Chi Hwan. ? In the past, biomedical engineers have given us pacemakers, bionic limbs, hearing aids and MRI scanners. Current topics of research include 3D printing human organs for transplants and designing nano-robots that can enter the bloodstream and release drugs directly into cancerous cells. What new inventions will biomedical engineers develop in the future as technology advances? • Purdue University’s of (engineering. purdue. edu/BME ) runs a summer internship programme. Underrepresented students from local high schools can participate in paid opportunities to develop their interests in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). • Many research groups in the school also offer internship programmes for high school and undergraduate students, including Chi Hwan’s lab (engineering. purdue. edu/StickTronics ). Participating in such an internship will allow you to experience the work of biomedical engineers while contributing to research projects that are tackling problems facing human health. Contact biomedical engineers at universities near you to see if they offer similar opportunities. • hosts STEM outreach programmes designed for young female students, including the ‘Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day’ (IGED; www.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Given the probabilistic nature of the process, it is necessary to run repetitions of simulations. Thus, 30 runs were performed. Plots shown ahead thus depict the average and the standard deviations. In order to evaluate how the communication affects the learning process, some different policies and comparisons were performed, these different methods are described in the following sections. QL with C2I vs dynamic user assignment For sake of contrasting with a classical approach, Fig. 3 shows a comparison between our QL with C2I approach and a method called Assignment (DUA), which is an iteractive method implemented by the SUMO developers. We remark that DUA is a centralized, not based on RL approach. Figure 3: QL with C2I vs DUA. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-3 Assignment works as follows: it performs iterative assignment of pre-computed, full routes to the given OD-pairs in order to find the UE2. In our tests, DUA was run for 100 iterations. Note that a DUA iteration corresponds to a trip, and a new iteration only starts when all trips have reached their respective destinations. The output of DUA is a route that is then followed by each vehicle, without en route changes. Since DUA also has a stochastic nature, our results correspond to 30 repetitions of DUA as well. Figure 3 shows that, obviously, at the beginning, the performance of our approach reflects the fact that the agents are still exploring, whereas DUA has a better performance since a central authority determines which route each agent should take. This is possible since this central authority holds all the information, which is not the case in the MARL based approach, where each agent has to explore in order to gain information. In our approach, after a certain time, the agents have learned a policy to map states to action and, by using it, they are able to reduce their travel times. Before discussing the actual results, we remark that a SUMO time step corresponds roughly to one second. Our experiments were run for about 50,000 time steps. A learning episode comprehends hundreds of time steps, as the agent has to travel from its origin to its destination. In short, a learning episode is not the same as a simulation time step.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacopa Monnieri is an herbal supplement known for its potential memory-enhancing properties. [SEP] Text: [PMID: 30179419] [134]. Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. 2006; 78(12): 1378-84. [ [PMID: 16226278] [135]. Effect of bacoside A on membrane-bound ATPases in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. J Toxicol 2005; 19(1): 59-65. [ [PMID: 15736152] [136] Hosamani R, Krishna G. Muralidhara. monnieri extract ameliorates acute paraquat-induced oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity in prepubertal mice brain. 2016; 19(10): 434-46. [ [PMID: 25153704] [137] Hosamani R. Muralidhara. Prophylactic treatment with Bacopa monnieri leaf powder mitigates paraquat-induced oxidative perturbations and lethality in Drosophila melanogaster. 2010; 47(2): 75-82. [PMID: 20521619] [138]. Muralidhara. Bacopa monnieri extract offsets rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic cells and oxidative impairments in mice brain. Neurobiol 2012; 32(3): 455-65. [ [PMID: 22160863] [139]. Inflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Role of glucocorticoids. 2015; 9: 32. [ [PMID: 25883554] [140]. plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 197: 92-100. [ [PMID: 27473605] [141]. Antiinflammatory effects of an Ayurvedic preparation, Brahmi Rasayan, in rodents. 1994; 32(9): 633-6. [PMID: 7814042] [142] Hans O, David HB. 1–Introduction to mechanisms of allergic disease Allergy. Edinburgheds: Saunders WB 2012; 32. [143] Cho S, Hwang ES. Fluorescence-based detection and quantification of features of cellular senescence. Biol 2011; 103: 149-88.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat all medical conditions automatically. [SEP] Text: I now have a very interdisciplinary background to my career, with dual degrees in industrial engineering and mechanical engineering, post-doctoral training in materials engineering and research in biomedical engineering. This interdisciplinary background has allowed me to foster a lot of internal and external collaborations with world-leading scientists and engineers, enabling us to tackle the complicated real-world problems associated with human health and diseases. My ambitions lie in translating some of these research initiatives into tangible forms which will eventually benefit millions of users in need across the world. ’01 Do not limit yourself to the one specific area that you are currently interested in. 02 Do not be afraid to try something new and do not be afraid to fail. Do you have a question for Chi Hwan? Write it in the comments box below and will get back to you. (Remember, researchers are very busy people, so you may have to wait a few days. ) 5 Comments donna S taylor on October 31, 2022 at 6:45 am How can I participate in this program, I have Gloucoma now for 14 years. BG on November 3, 2022 at 9:40 pm Hwan, any projects to help with AMD in the near future? Or, could this or not be possible with these type of eye lenses? Many thanks. on November 4, 2022 at 1:19 pm Thank you for the comment. The smart ‘soft’ contact lenses can be potentailly tailored for other ocular diseases including AMD, which presents our current efforts. Our goal is to enable our platform technology to be applicable to managing a range of ocular diseases. on November 4, 2022 at 1:14 pm I am sorry to hear that you are suffering from glaucoma. We have completed an initial set of preclinical studies and are now moving forward to a larger set of clinical studies which would be ready sooner than later. I hope our technology would be benefitial to you and many other patients in need. on September 23, 2023 at 11:32 am Dr Hwan, we are working in 1000s of rural villages where eyecare glaucoma is not easily accessible. Would be keen to understand if the smart soft contact lens is available for us to pilot. Would be great for the people if we can make it work. Keen to hear from you. thank you a replyYour email address will not be published.

Output: contrast