Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Experimental procedureThe experiments were carried out from August 2012 to November 2012; the experimental schedule is shown in Fig. 1. The subjects arrived at the experimental chamber before 23:00 and were exposed to dim light conditions (<10 lx). They slept in the experimental chamber under dark conditions until 08:00 and then had breakfast until 09:00 under the same dim conditions experienced prior to sleep. After breakfast, the subjects experienced light conditions from 09:00 to 12:00. After this exposure, the subjects had lunch until 13:00 under dim light conditions, which were maintained until 01:00, and provided saliva samples every hour from 15:00 to 18:00 in order to determine the threshold of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) [15, 16]. The subjects were allowed to watch movies and read books in the experimental chamber; however, the illuminance of the movie displays was kept at less than 2 lx, because bright light from movie displays may suppress melatonin secretion [17]. Then, the subjects had dinner and showered from 18:00 to 20:00. Saliva samples were collected under dim light conditions every 30 min from 20:00 to 01:00, and the subjects experienced bright light (300 lx) exposure for 90 min from 01:00 to 02:30. After exposure to bright light, the subjects provided saliva samples. They were instructed to maintain a sitting position on their chairs during saliva collection because posture might affect melatonin secretion [18]. Fig. 1Time schedule. The subjects were exposed to different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) from 09:00 to 12:00 and to bright light (300 lx) from 01:00 to 02:30Full size image For each subject, exposure to the five different light conditions (<10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx) were conducted in five different experimental sets with one light condition per set, namely, repeated measure design. Experiments were performed under different conditions in random order at intervals of more than 5 days. Although the subjects conducted their normal life during the intervals, they were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (24:00 to 08:00). The ambient temperature in the experimental chamber was kept at 27 °C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 also undertook an analysis of nasal potential difference in a subgroup of participants who were additionally treated with placebo or CFTR gene therapy via a nasal spray device; this has not been included in analysis as it is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement therapy to the lung (Alton 2015). a. Baseline potential difference People with CF have a higher baseline potential difference than people without CF (Griesenbach 2005). An effective CFTR gene replacement intervention would therefore be expected to demonstrate a reduction in baseline potential difference. Data for Alton 1999 are for segmental bronchi, estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). No significant change in baseline potential difference was seen in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), mean (SD) change ‐0. 81 (9. 02) millivolt (mV), or the placebo group (n = 8), mean (SD) change 2. 53 (6. 48) mV (Alton 1999). When these data are entered in the review's analysis, there was no difference between the groups, MD ‐3. 34 (95% CI ‐11. 04 to 4. 36) (Analysis 1. 10). 2015, we calculated change in baseline potential difference from baseline and post‐treatment data provided (mean (SEM)); assuming a correlation coefficient (Corr) of 0. 9 to estimate the SD. There was no significant difference between treatment groups (CFTR gene therapy group n = 10; placebo n = 7), MD ‐0. 30 (95% CI ‐2. 90 to 2. 30) (Analysis 1. 10). Sensitivity analyses at a range of values for Corr also showed no statistical difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). Alton 2015 demonstrated no significant difference in post‐treatment (after 12 months) bronchial potential difference between treatment groups, MD 1. 70 (95% CI ‐3. 50 to 6. 90) (Analysis 1. 12). Data presented for this study are the mean of tracheal and all bronchial measurements (Alton 2015). b. Response to perfusion with amiloride Since sodium absorption is increased in people with CF, a greater reduction in potential difference from baseline is seen in response to amiloride in participants with CF than in those without CF (Griesenbach 2005).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1. Furthermore, when the initial pH of wastewater increased from 7 to 8, the struvite precipitation rate increased from 499 to 900 mg−1. However, increasing the initial pH of wastewater from 8 to 9 caused a decrease in struvite precipitation rate from 900 to 656 mg h−1. These results demonstrated that the recirculation rate and initial pH of wastewater control the process of the struvite precipitation process in ACEC technology. IntroductionNitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements in life, but the continuous release of excess nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment during natural processes and anthropogenic activities leads to eutrophication in natural water systems (Lee & Jones, 1986). Eutrophication is estimated to increase along with increasing population, agricultural intensification, and industrialization. However, eutrophication can be overcome by reducing the nutrient load that enters the water body by reducing the nutrient load discharged from the wastewater treatment plant to the water body. Removal of nutrients from wastewater can be achieved by biological or physical-chemical processes (Bunce et al. , 2018). As for the physicochemical category, phosphate removal can be conducted through adsorption (Cheng et al. , 2009), membrane separation (Kumar et al. , 2007), coagulation (Arnaldos & Pagilla, 2010). In the last decade, the focus of wastewater treatment has shifted from originating solely to control and prevention of pollution in the environment to the utilization/recovery of resources contained in the wastewater (resource recovery) (Logan, 2008; Logan & Rabaey, 2012). Natural resources such as ammonia and phosphate are important compounds for the human food supply. Ammonia compounds are generally produced from the Haber-Bosch process with high pressure and temperature, which requires 1. 0% energy of the total energy needed by the world (Cherkasov et al. , 2015). Phosphorus compounds are abundant in nature, but their accessibility and quality are still limited. In the last decade, the price of phosphorus has increased 2 to 3 times and is expected to peak in the next 20 to 70 years (Jacobs et al. , 2017), where the supply of phosphorus has begun to decrease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Light conditionsIntensities of <10, 100, 300, 900 and 2700 lx were used for the experiment’s day-time light conditions (‘Light conditions’ in Fig. 1). Day- and night-time light conditions (‘Bright light’ in Fig. 1) were achieved by using a white fluorescent lamp (Panasonic Ltd. Co. , Osaka, Japan), which was placed in front of each subject. The correlated colour temperature, general colour rendering index and chromaticity coordinates (x, y) of the light source were 4523 K, 86 and (0. 362, 0. 381), respectively, as measured by a spectroradiometer (). Figure 2 shows the relative spectral power distributions. The vertical illuminance level of each light condition at the cornea was set using an illuminance metre (HD 2012. 2, Delta Ohm, Padua, Italy). Fig. 2The spectral distribution of the light sourceFull size image Salivary melatonin assaySaliva samples were collected using non-cotton (polypropylene–polyethylene complex swab) collection devices (Sarstedt K. K. Numbrecht, Germany), because cotton swabs might interfere with the assay results of salivary melatonin [19]. Saliva samples were centrifuged at 1500 g for 5 min and then frozen at −30 °C until assayed. Melatonin levels in the samples were analysed using a commercially available Radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (; Buhlmann Laboratories, Allschwil, Switzerland). The kit’s limit of detection was 0. 9 pg/mL, and its limit of quantification was 0. 2 pg/mL. The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variance were 7. 9 and 9. 8 %, respectively. Data analysisSince there is substantial inter-individual variation in endogenous melatonin levels [20, 21], a salivary threshold was determined by calculating the mean of the four base melatonin values plus twice the standard deviation of these values [15]. In this study, four base melatonin values were obtained from the saliva samples collected from 15:00 to 18:00 for each light condition. The thresholds varied among subjects and ranged from 0. 68 to 3. 2 pg/mL (mean ± S. D. , 1. 6 ± 0. 9).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One other trial looked at an aminoglycoside as the single agent: tobramycin versus tobramycin and ceftazidime (Master 1997). Of the remaining five trials, one studied ceftazidime as the single agent (compared to ceftazidime with tobramycin (Pedersen 1986)) and the remaining four compared an agent from the penicillin group of antibiotics: piperacillin (McCarty 1988); ticarcillin (Huang 1982); azlocillin (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999) with a combination of that agent with tobramycin. Outcome measures Outcomes were studied at the end of the treatment course in all trials. Five trials reported on lung function: mean FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at the end of the treatment course (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999); the mean change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted (Master 1997); and median (range) FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at baseline, end of treatment and follow‐up (Pedersen 1986). One trial measured FEV1 and FVC, but did not specify the unit of measurement (McCarty 1988). Two trials undertook a number of other specified lung function measurements (mean RV % predicted, mean TLC % predicted, mean RV/TLC % predicted, mean PFR % predicted and mean MMEF % predicted) (McLaughlin 1983; Smith 1999). Additionally, one trial fed pulmonary function into a clinical scoring system, but did not specify the actual outcome measures or report the pulmonary function results (Huang 1982) and one trial describes performing pulmonary function tests when possible, but does not define what these were (Parry 1977). Three trials reported on Schwachman score (McCarty 1988; McLaughlin 1983; Parry 1977); one trial reported exacerbation scores (Smith 1999); one trial reported a combination clinical score (Costantini 1982) and a further trial devised their own composite clinical score (Huang 1982). Three trials reported on eradication of P aeruginosa (Costantini 1982; Huang 1982; Pedersen 1986), two trials reported on the change in P aeruginosa density (McCarty 1988; Smith 1999) and one trial reported on a change in sputum bacterial concentration (McLaughlin 1983).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Nearly 100% of the nitrogen and phosphorus consumed by humans is released back into nature in the form of waste either faeces or urine (Spångberg et al. , 2014). Wastewater treatment plants are designed to eliminate these nutrients to prevent algae blooming (eutrophication) in receiving water bodies. The most commonly used approach to eliminate nutrients in wastewater is the nitrification/denitrification process and metal precipitation with metal salts, where nutrients are effectively removed (Coats et al. , 2011). Nutrient removal by nitrification is a method that requires a substantial amount of energy which reaches 60% of operational costs (Nancharaiah et al. , 2016). A more sustainable approach uses close nutrient loops that use/reuse resources (nutrients) in wastewater rather than processing them into unwanted/set aside residues (Chojnacka et al. , 2020). Struvite precipitation is one of the promising techniques that is commonly used to remove and recover nutrients contained in the wastewater (Siciliano et al. , 2020). This technique is preferred because it reduces the environmental impact caused by phosphorus emission and produces the fertilizer as a struvite (Kékedy-Nagy et al. , 2022). Although it contains large amounts of nitrogen and magnesium, (MAP) (MgNH4PO4•6H2O or struvite) is phosphate fertilizer; it is an effective alternative source of phosphate rock to maintain agricultural production systems. Nutrient recovery in the form of struvite precipitation can be obtained by electrocoagulation technology (Kékedy-Nagy et al. , 2022). However, this conventional technique has the disadvantage of high operational costs because it uses electrical energy as a driving force in the process of forming struvite. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) is an emerging technology that can be used as an alternative for struvite recovery from wastewater (Kim et al. , 2018). Compared with other techniques (such as conventional electrocoagulation), this technique has the advantages of low energy consumption (requires no additional energy), high efficiency, and relatively low cost (Maitlo et al. , 2019). Thus, the use of ACEC technology is an interesting process for nutrient recovery from wastewater by struvite precipitation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The time of the DLMO phase was determined by linear interpolation between the time points before and after melatonin concentration increased and remained above the thresholds [15, 16]. Data on two subjects were excluded from the analysis because DLMO times were not detected during the sampling period (20:00–01:00); two subjects showed lower melatonin levels than the thresholds during the sampling period. Thus, results for only 10 subjects were analysed. The DLMO phases were compared for each light condition using a one-way repeated-measured analysis of variance (ANOVA). To assess the differences in melatonin concentration over time and between pre- and post-nocturnal light exposure, data were analysed by using a two-way, within-subject factor, repeated-measured ANOVA. For post hoc analyses, comparing the melatonin concentration between pre- and post-bright light exposure under each light condition, a one-tailed paired t test was used. These statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16. 0 (). Differences in which p was <0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Power analysis were also performed to calculate the type II error probability (β) for each statistical analyses using G*Power version 3. 1 [22], because the sample size of this study (n = 10) was relatively small. ResultsThe time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions are shown in Fig. 3. There were no significant differences in the DLMO phase for each light condition (F 1. 36 = 1. 4, n. s. , β = 0; Table 1). Figure 4 shows mean melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposure. Two-way, repeated-measured ANOVA for the experiment period demonstrated that time intervals have a significant effect on melatonin secretion (F 1. 9 = 15. 8, p < 0. 01, β = 0) and interact with light conditions (F 4. 36 = 5. 4, p < 0. 01, β = 0), and light conditions do not have a significant effect (F 4. 36 = 0. 10, n. s. , β = 0. 37). Post hoc comparison revealed significant melatonin decrements after night-time light exposures under day-time dim, 100 and 300 lx light conditions (dim; t 9 = 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Intervention 1: tobramycin 300 mg in 5 mL 2x daily, delivered by Pari LC plus nebuliser with CR50 compressor. Intervention 2: colistin 1MU in 3 mL in saline 2x daily, delivered by Ventstream nebuliser with CR50 compressor. Tobramycin significantly improved lung function (mean improvement in FEV1 % predicted from baseline to week 4 was 6. 7 % P = 0. 006). The mean change in FEV1 % predicted was not significant in the colistin group (0. 37 %). Both antibiotic regimes produced a significant decrease in sputum density, there was no development of highly resistant strains and the safety profile for both antibiotics was good. Konstan 2010a Duration: total of 24 weeks, 3 cycles each of 28 days on treatment followed by 28 days off treatment (only cycle 1 was double‐blind and randomised, cycles 2 and 3 were open‐label extension phases in which all participants received the same treatment). Design: double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel RCT. Location; multicentre ‐ 38 centres in Europe, and USA. Clinical trials identifier: NCT00125346. Known as the. Trial terminated after showing a statistically significant benefit of TIP. Number: 102 randomised, 95 received intended treatment, unclear in which group 7 withdrawals were from. Age: mean (SD): TIP 13. 4 (4. 42) years; placebo 13. 2 (3. 91) years. Gender: 42 males, 53 females. Disease status: baseline lung function (FEV1 % predicted) (mean (SD)): TIP 54. 7 (18. 89)%; placebo 58. 5 (20. 03)%. Intervention 1: (n = 46) TIP 112 mg 2x daily. Intervention 2: (n = 49) placebo 2x daily. Cycle 1 (28 days on and 28 days off treatment or placebo). Cycles 2 and 3: open‐label cycles of TIP for all participants. TIP significantly improved FEV1 % predicted from baseline to day 28 (difference 13. 3, 95% CI 5. 31 to 21. 28 P = 0. 0016). TIP reduced sputum P aeruginosa density, respiratory related hospitalisation and anti‐pseudomonal antibiotic use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: In this study, the effect of recirculation rate and initial pH of the wastewater was observed to determine their effect on the ACEC reactor performance. The ACEC reactor performance was then evaluated by the nutrient removal efficiency, nutrient removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate. Subsequently, SEM-EDS and XRD analyses were performed to examine the morphology and structure of the produced precipitate. Materials and MethodsReactor constructionThe reactor was a single chamber fuel cell made of acrylic with a distance of inter-electrode and the working volume of 3. 0 cm and 75 mL (5. 0 cm × 5. 0 cm × 3. 0 cm), respectively (Figure 1). The reactor was equipped with a reservoir to hold the electrolyte that recirculated. The 0. 30 mm thick plate of magnesium (AZ31 alloy) was used as an anode electrode with 25 cm2 of surface area. The wet-proofed (30%) carbon cloth (1,071 ®) was used as a cathode electrode with a modification of four polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE) diffusion layers on the air-side and a Nafion binder mixed with platinum catalyst on the solution-side. This technique has been demonstrated by previous research (Cheng et al. , 2006). The electrodes were then connected with a 1 mm of Titanium wire. The Ag/AgCl reference electrodes were assembled on each of the chambers to measure the electrode potentials. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of air-cathode electrocoagulation. Reactor operationThe effect of recirculation rate and initial pH of electrolyte were investigated with the circulation of 1 L of artificial wastewater to the ACEC reactor. This artificial wastewater contained ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and potassium phosphate (K2HPO4. 3H2O) as nitrogen and phosphate sources. The concentration of ammonia and phosphate in the artificial wastewater was determined at 4,500 mg L−1 and 1,000 mg L−1, respectively. This value represented the anaerobic digester effluent of food waste leachate as reported earlier (Ma et al. , 2013). In addition, sodium chloride of 0. 01 M was added to the reactor as a supporting electrolyte (Kim et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 7, p < 0. 01, β = 0: 100 lx; t 9 = 1. 9, p < 0. 05, β = 0. 47: 300 lx; t 9 = 1. 9, p < 0. 05, β = 0. 46). No significant differences were present in the melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure of day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; t 9 = 1. 1, n. s. , β = 0. 73; 2700 lx; t 9 = 0. 4, n. s. , β = 0. 90). Fig. 3The time courses for mean melatonin concentrations under the five different light conditions from 15:00 to 0:30Full size image Table 1 Mean DLMO times (time of day) for each light condition. Standard deviations (S. D. ) are in minutesFull size table Fig. 4Mean (+S. D. ) melatonin concentrations of each morning light condition before (pre-exposure) and after (post-exposure) the nocturnal light exposureFull size image DiscussionThere were no significant differences in melatonin concentrations between night-time pre- and post-light exposure under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions; however, melatonin concentrations significantly decreased after night-time light exposure under day-time dim light conditions. The subjects were instructed to maintain a regular sleep/wake schedule (beginning sleep at 00:00 and waking at 08:00) 7 days before the experiment began. Mean DLMO times showed no significant differences among day-time light conditions and occurred at about 22:00. The subjects were thought to have a circadian rhythm synchronized with a general life rhythm because DLMO occurred about 2 h before sleep began at 00:00 [23]. Present findings suggest the amount of light exposure needed to prevent LIMS caused by ordinary night-time light in individuals who have a general life rhythm (sleep/wake schedule). Melatonin concentration before night-time light exposure was high under day-time dim light condition; however, no significant differences were present on the melatonin concentrations among day-time light conditions. The high melatonin concentration may be caused by tryptophan in the breakfast. Melatonin concentration was increased by having tryptophan-rich breakfast with exposure to bright light at day-time [24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 27) (Analysis 5. 8). However, for the remaining domains of side effects and convenience the results showed no difference between treatments: side effects, MD 1. 80 (95% CI ‐2. 77 to 6. 37) (Analysis 5. 9); convenience MD 1. 90 (95% CI ‐4. 48 to 8. 28) (Analysis 5. 10). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). 3. reported that two participants died due to complications of CF disease, both were considered unrelated to treatment and the treatment group was not specified (Assael 2013). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be low (summary of findings Table 5). 4. Antibiotic resistance in P aeruginosa or other organisms Assael reported on the change from baseline in P aeruginosa in sputum (colony forming units (CFU)/g) at Week 24 (Assael 2013). Results showed no difference, MD ‐0. 23 (95% CI ‐0. 76 to 0. 30) (Analysis 5. 11). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). 5. Adverse events Assael reported more treatment‐related adverse events in the AZLI group compared to the TIS group, RR 1. 77 (95% CI 1. 03 to 3. 04) and more serious adverse events in the AZLI group, although this result was not statistically significant. There were no differences between the groups for other adverse events (Analysis 5. 12). analysis assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome to be moderate (summary of findings Table 5). Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS) versus tobramycin for inhalation solution (TOBI®) One parallel trial (n = 302) compared ALIS 590 mg once daily to TIS 300 mg twice daily (Bilton 2020). Please refer to summary of findings Table 6. Primary outcomes 1. Lung function a. FEV1 Relative change from baseline in FEV1 (L) in the ITT analysis was comparable at the end of treatment in the ALIS and TIS arms in each of the three cycles: cycle 1 (day 28; LS mean, 4. 33% and 7. 32%, respectively; P = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: The experiments were conducted under recirculating batch mode by varying the recirculation rate and initial pH of artificial wastewater to investigate their effects on the ACEC reactor performance. Firstly, the reactor was operated with the variation of recirculation rate at 1. 0 to 2. 0, 3. 0, 4. 0 mL min−1 to 5. 0 mL min−1. This variation of recirculation rate was the further elaboration from the previous research (Kim et al. , 2018). The reactor was connected to the external resistance of 5 Ω to observe the current generated by the system. The reactor then operated for 24 hours and the samples were taken at the reservoir for 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, 4. 0, 6. 0, 8. 0, 12, 24 hours. Subsequently, the second experiment was carried out with the variation of initial pH of electrolyte with the optimum condition of recirculation rate from the first experiment. The variation of initial pH was 4, 7, 8, 9, which represent the acidic, neutral, and base/alkali conditions. Measurement and calculationWhile the amount of struvite was determined using a gravimetric method at the end of the cycle, nitrogen (as ammonia) and phosphate (as orthophosphate) concentrations were determined by SMEWW methods. As for magnesium and phosphorus concentration, they were determined using 3500-and 4500-P Phosphorus of SMEWW methods, respectively. The standard deviation for all measurements was below 5. 0%. The cell voltage was recorded on the data logger to calculate the current density. The efficiency of nutrient removal was determined as E = ((C0-Ct)/C0) × 100% (equation (1)), where E (%) is the efficiency of nutrient removal, C0 (mg L−1) is the initial concentration of the nutrient, and Ct (mg L−1) is the final concentration of the nutrient. (V) between anode and cathode was monitored and recorded every 5 minutes using a voltage recorder (VR-71, T&D Corporation) connected to a personal computer. The current was determined as i = V/R (equation (2)), and the current density was normalized by the cathode projected surface area (7 cm2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: In this study, melatonin levels were compared pre- and post-three-day experiment; the subjects had tryptophan-rich breakfast and exposure to bright light at day-time for 3 days. Therefore, ingested tryptophan before present experiment possibly had an impact on melatonin secretion. One possible reason that diurnal light exposure limits LIMS is that, as has been suggested in previous research [25, 26], non-visual photoreceptors (melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs)) are mainly responsible for mediating LIMS. In an animal study [27], light-induced desensitization of mRGSs was measured after 52 min of dark- and bright light conditions. The response amplitude to 5-s light pulse was reduced after the bright background light. Another animal study [28] showed a significant increase in melanopsin expression under prolonged exposure of constant darkness. Prolonged exposure of constant bright light, on the other hand, decreased melanopsin expression. Although whether these animal findings can accurately explain these conditions remains to be seen, the response of mRGCs and/or melanopsin expression may be one of the reasons that LIMS is prevented by diurnal light exposure. Because melatonin concentrations showed no significant decrease after night-time light exposures of bright light conditions during the morning (>900 lx), we may conclude that day-time light exposure may be needed more than night-time light exposure to prevent LIMS. A one-tailed paired t test was used to decrease Type II error probabilities because of small sample size. The probabilities, however, were high under day-time 900 and 2700 lx light conditions (900 lx; β = 0. 73; 2700 lx; β = 0. 90). These high probabilities imply that no significant decrease of melatonin concentration is obtained after night-time light exposure in other subjects. Although no significant differences were present among the mean DLMO obtained at each separate light condition, variations were present among the individual DLMOs obtained for separate subjects within each light condition. Phase dependence of the light-induced phase shift has been reported as a phase response curve (PRC) [29–31]. According to the PRC, the phase advancing effect of the light is greater at 2–6 h after the circadian phase at 0 h (CP0); it is lesser within 2 h after CP0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3140880/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractstudy aimed to investigate the expression of lung cancer driver genes in patients with synchronous multiple ground-glass nodules (SMGGNs), to calculate the relationships of these genes with clinical features, and to probe into the origin of multiple primary pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) from the perspective of molecular biology. clinicopathological data of 50 patients with SMGGNs who were admitted to the Department of of the of University from January 2018 to January 2021 were collected for retrospective analysis. All the samples resected were genotyped at 16 lung cancer driver gene loci by next-generation sequencing technology. The relationships between gene mutations and clinical features were analysed, and suspected pulmonary nodules of the same origin were analysed by the whole-exome sequencing. patients were included in the study, 86. 0% (43/50) of whom had gene mutations. Some 133 pulmonary nodules were resected, which were pathologically classified into the following types: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (21 nodules), adenocarcinoma in situ (32), micro-invasive adenocarcinoma (30), and invasive adenocarcinoma (50). Lung cancer driver gene mutations were identified in 73 (54. 9%) nodules, 63. 0% (46/73) of which were in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR). Significant differences were observed in the gene mutation status between nodule types, particularly EGFR mutation, which differed between histological and imaging subtypes. Multiple gene mutations were not discovered in the same tissue. A low-probability mutation (RET fusion) was detected in three nodules of one patient, and further whole-exome sequencing showed that the three nodules had different gene mutations and were not metastatic. driver gene mutations in patients with SMGGNs are quite different and mutually exclusive, and nodules can arise from multiple primary lesions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: Results and DiscussionsEffect of recirculation rate on nutrients removal and struvite precipitationIn this study, the removal and recovery of nutrients were carried out by recirculating 1. 0 l of artificial wastewater into the reactor for 24 hours. The effect of the recirculation rate on the nutrient removal, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate can be seen in Figure 2a. The figure shows that nitrogen and phosphate removal increased from 8. 3% ± 0. 9%, 46. 2% ± 2. 05%, 14. 8% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, respectively, when recirculation rate increased from 1. 0 to 2. 0 mL min−1. However, an increase in the recirculation rate from 2. 0 to 3. 0 mL min−1 caused a decrease in nitrogen and phosphate removal to 9. 9% ± 1. 1% to 35. 2% ± 1. 7%, respectively. This result shows that the small recirculation rate causes the detention time of wastewater to be longer in the reactor so that a reaction of more struvite formation coincides with a decrease in nutrients concentration contained in the wastewater and vice versa. In addition, this also causes equilibrium concentrations to tend to be more quickly achieved at a relatively large recirculation rate compared to a small recirculation rate. Similar with nutrient removal, the rate of nitrogen and phosphate removal also increased from 10. 4 ± 0. 6 mg L−1 h−1 and 13. 1 ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1 to 22. 9 ± 09 mg l h−1 and 18. 6 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, when the recirculation rate increased from 1. 0 to 2. 0 mL min−1. Furthermore, nutrient removal rate decreased as the recirculation rate increased from 2 to 3. 0, 4. 0 to 5. 0 mL min−1. These results showed that the performance of the ACEC reactor is likely affected by the recirculation rate. Figure 2. The effect of the recirculation rate on (a) nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate, and (b) potential electrical energy and rate of struvite precipitation. Table 1 shows that the highest nutrients removal, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate were achieved at the recirculation rate of 2 mL min−1 with nitrogen removal of 14. 7% ± 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordCancel SubmitLog inRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeAccess provided by Main menu 10. 1016/j. ophtha. 2018. 01. 036Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2018 by the of OphthalmologyThis is an open access 4. 0/). User License: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0) | Elsevier's open access license policy IssueDownload startedand AcronymsMethodsResultsDiscussion49. 8±11. 0 years) with various causes of blindness, including 3 bilaterally enucleated controls. MethodsMelatonin concentrations were compared during exposure to a 6. 5-hour bright white light (∼7000 lux) with melatonin concentrations measured 24 hours earlier at the corresponding clock times under dim-light (4 lux) conditions. MeasuresArea under the curve (AUC) for melatonin concentration. ResultsMelatonin concentrations were significantly suppressed (defined as ≥33% suppression) during the bright-light condition compared with the dim-light condition in 5 of 15 participants with eyes (retinitis pigmentosa, n = 2; retinopathy of prematurity [ROP], n = 2; bilateral retinal detachments, n = 1). Melatonin concentrations remained unchanged in response to light in the remaining 10 participants with eyes (ROP, n = 3; optic neuritis/neuropathy, n = 2; retinopathy unknown, n = 2; congenital glaucoma, n = 1; congenital rubella syndrome, n = 1; measles retinopathy, n = 1) and in all 3 bilaterally enucleated participants. ConclusionsThese data confirm that light-induced suppression of melatonin remains functionally intact in a minority of totally visually blind individuals with eyes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of human traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single gene. [SEP] Text: The clinical data of the samples were collected (Table 1). Table 1 Patient and sample information table Total number of patients (n = 50) 16 Female 34 Age < 60 27 ≥ 60 23 Operation mode Unilateral surgery 41 Bilateral surgery 9 Nodule origin Same lobe 16 Different lobes 34 Total number of nodules (n = 133) Nodule position Left lung 54 Right lung 79 Histological type AAH 21 AIS 32 MIA 30 IAC 50 Image credit type pGGN 75 mGGN 58 Mutation statuses of driver genes. Lung cancer driver gene mutations were presented in 73 out of the 133 (54. 9%) pulmonary nodules, among which EGFR mutations made up 63. 0% (46/73), including the E18G719X mutation in two nodules, exon 19 deletion mutation in 16 nodules, exon 20 insertion mutation in three nodules (all of which were the YVMA insertion mutation), and exon 21 L858R mutation in 24 nodules. Other mutations included ALK mutation in three nodules, ESR1 mutation in one nodule, ROS1 mutation in three nodules, NRAS mutation in one nodule, BRAF mutation in two nodules, MET mutation in five nodules, KRAS mutation in seven nodules, RET mutation in three nodules, and PIK3CA mutation in two nodules. No ERBB2, HER2, 2, or HRAS mutations were detected. No lung nodules with multiple gene mutation types were detected, signifying that the gene mutation types were mutually exclusive (Fig. 1a、Fig. 1b). The gene mutation rate in right pulmonary nodules was 57. 0% (45/79), slightly higher than that in left pulmonary nodules [51. 9% (28/54)] (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 1c). Compared to patients with pulmonary nodules in the same lobe (n = 16), those with pulmonary nodules in different lobes (n = 34) displayed a slightly higher gene mutation probability (75. 0% vs. 91. 2%), but again there was no significant difference (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 1d). Mutation status in patients. Taken all together, gene mutations were identified in 86. 0% (43/50) patients (Fig. 2a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: 2%, phosphate removal of 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, and struvite precipitation rate of 498 mg h−1. It was likely due to the recirculation rate’s effect on nutrient loads that should be treated in the reactor. The lower the recirculation rate, the longer the retention time of nutrients in the reactor; thus, the nutrient can optimize the reaction in which magnesium ions are released from the oxidation process at the anode to form struvite. However, in the case of the recirculation rate of 1. 0 mL min−1, the removal efficiency, removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate were lower than the reactor with 2. 0 mL min−1. This phenomenon is still not clear but it is possible due to the lack of nutrient load into the system since the retention time in the reactor with 1 mL min−1 is too long. Table 1. Performance of of on Nutrient Removal, Rate, and Rate. Rate of recirculation (mL min−1)(%)Nitrogen removal Rate (mg L−1 h−1)Phosphate removal (%)Phosphate removal rate (mg L−1 h−1)Rate of struvite precipitation (mg h−1)1. 08. 3 ± 0. 910. 4 ± 0. 646. 2 ± 2. 113. 1 ± 0. 93622. 014. 7 ± 1. 222. 9 ± 0. 957. 1 ± 1. 118. 6 ± 0. 94983. 09. 9 ± 1. 111. 6 ± 0. 535. 2 ± 1. 78. 6 ± 0. 72574. 08. 8 ± 1. 112. 5 ± 0. 934 ± 0. 49. 8 ± 0. 82885. 05. 8 ± 0. 38. 2 ± 0. 928. 8 ± 1. 79. 8 ± 0. 7256It was also shown that the performance of the ACEC reactor is not only affected by the retention time of nutrients in the reactor. The other parameter that should be considered in the ACEC reactor is the current generated from the reactor. Figure 2b shows the effect of recirculation rate on the potential current density and struvite precipitation rate. The figure shows that the struvite precipitation rate linearly increased as the current density rose. The higher the current density, the higher the struvite precipitation rate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: None of the bilaterally enucleated individuals or those with phthisis bulbi was responsive to light; of the remainder, half were responsive to light. Although inner retinal damage is associated with a high likelihood that nonimage-forming photoreception is absent, the impact of outer retinal damage is more ambiguous, and therefore the assessment of the presence, attenuation, or absence of nonimage-forming light responses in totally blind patients requires careful individual confirmation and cannot simply be assumed from the type of blindness. Abbreviations and AcronymsaMT6s (urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin)AUC (area under the curve)CBT (core body temperature)CR (constant routine)DLMO (dim light onset of melatonin)ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell)LE (light exposure)RHT (retinohypothalamic tract)ROP (retinopathy of prematurity)SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei)Appropriately timed ocular exposure to light inhibits pineal melatonin secretion in humans. 1–3 This response is mediated exclusively by the eyes via the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the site of the circadian pacemaker, which receives photic input from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). 4,5 Efferents from the SCN project to the pineal via the superior cervical ganglion and are required for both the synthesis and light-induced suppression of melatonin. Photic transmission via the RHT-SCN-pineal pathway originates from a subset (∼0. 5%) of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) containing the photopigment melanopsin. 6,7 These ipRGCs are distributed widely across the retina and project to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamic SCN. 8–13The functional integrity of the retina-RHT-SCN-pineal pathway in visually blind humans can be determined by assessing whether ocular light exposure (LE) can suppress melatonin secretion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Little research has been conducted in this area, despite the fact that DTC-GAT and related topics are being raised in health care settings with expectations that clinicians are in a position to help patients navigate them, as highlighted by the two cases described herein. Genetic testing might disproportionately impact some patients such as those who are adoptees, egg or sperm donor–conceived, or who have learned of misattributed paternity. For these subgroups in particular, the stakes are high as testing could reveal and open access to biological family members or provide new genetic-relative family health history [10]. These discoveries could prompt a patient to initiate a new interpersonal relationship, as was the case with the patient in the second case example, who reconnected with his biological mother. It is also not hard to imagine how such results could impact a patient’s future medical encounters (eg, testing for BRCA mutations or Lynch syndrome) if a patient discovers that their family history warrants this. Second, we recommend training and education related to DTC-GAT and similar technologies for clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and other psychotherapists, in addition to physicians, generally. One topic to focus on, for instance, might be test limitations such as the potential for variability in results from different companies [11,12], inaccurate or unreliable results [12,13], and suboptimal company practices [14]. Research has been performed to identify gaps in physician knowledge and preparedness for discussing DTC genetic testing generally [15], and as a result, has spurred movement toward integrating communication of genetic- and genomic-related information and data within medical genetics education and training. The same cannot be said for mental health providers such as clinical psychologists. This represents a critical gap as patients in therapy often see their therapists more frequently than their physicians (eg, on a weekly or biweekly basis); typically have longer sessions (ie, 45-90 minutes) than physicians with room for lengthy discussions; seek out therapy to discuss topics related to identity, family, and health-related matters that often perpetuate or coexist alongside mental health concerns; and are oriented to examine their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. In sum, the therapy setting is rife with opportunities to explore a patient’s beliefs and desires related to DTC-GAT, and the information they might seek to learn from it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: As a result, it was also proved that the performance of the ACEC reactor in producing struvite was affected by the potential current density generated by the reactor. Effect of initial pH on nutrients removal and struvite precipitationAccording to the above results, the reactor with 2. 0 mL min−1 was selected as the optimum operational condition as the increase in the flow rate to 5. 0 mL min−1 did not substantially increase the reactor performance. Struvite formation occurs when the concentration of magnesium ion (Mg2+), ammonium (NH4+), and phosphate (PO43-) exceed their solubility product (Ksp), which is mainly controlled by the pH (Uludag-Demirer et al. , 2005). Therefore, in further experiments, the reactor was operated using 2. 0 mL min−1 with different initial pH of wastewater (4, 7, 8, 9). Figure 3a shows the nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate of the ACEC reactor with different initial pH. Based on Figure 3a, it can be seen that the optimum initial pH of wastewater was at pH 8 with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1. The reactor with initial pH 4 achieved the lowest values for all parameters because the reactor needs the longest time (6 hours) to reach the pH where the struvite formation occurs (Figure 3b). Previous studies reported that the struvite precipitation could take place in the pH range 7 to 11, with the minimum solubility at pH 9 (Buchanan et al. , 1994; Siciliano & De Rosa, 2014). The reactor with initial pH of 7 to 8, and 9 achieved relatively high struvite precipitation rate, with the initial pH 8 as the highest among these reactors. The struvite precipitation rate for the reactor was 499, 900, and 656 mg h−1, respectively. These results are likely due to the time that the optimum pH where struvite formation needed at the initial pH 8 was greater than that of the other reactor (Figure 3b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 14–16 Bilateral lesions of the neural pathway between the retina and the SCN, for example, via severing the optic nerve or enucleation, abolish light-induced suppression of melatonin production or photic entrainment of the circadian clock. 17 Consequently, the majority of totally visually blind people (those without conscious light perception) cannot maintain circadian entrainment to the 24-hour light-dark cycle and exhibit non–24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder. 18–21Classic rod and cone photoreceptors can contribute, but are not required, to mediate melatonin suppression or other “nonimage-forming” responses to light such as circadian phase resetting. 22,23 The specificity of this nonvisual pathway is underscored by observations that a small fraction of totally visually blind individuals can maintain melatonin suppression and circadian entrainment to light in the absence of light perception and negative neuro-ophthalmologic tests,14,16 confirming that the retina-SCN-pineal axis is functionally intact. In addition, wavelength-dependent melatonin suppression has been demonstrated in a blind individual,24 with substantial suppression during 460 nm blue LE, and no suppression at 555 nm, consistent with a melanopsin-mediated, and not photopic, response. Similar blue-light sensitivity has been shown for pupillary reflex,25 unconscious “visual” perception24,26 and activation of brain areas associated with alertness and mood26 in such totally visually blind but circadian photoreception intact blind patients. Given the rarity of totally visually blind patients who retain melatonin suppression, circadian entrainment or pupillary responses to light (only 7 such patients reported in the literature to date; subject codes are from Brigham and Women's Hospital); Czeisler et al in 199514 (n = 3; nos. 1053, 1155, and 1459); Klerman et al in 200216 (n = 1; no. 1492); Zaidi et al in 200724 (n = 2; no. 22CS and female); Vandewalle et al in 201326 (n = 1, nos. 2811, 1492, and 22CS), we aimed to examine the prevalence of a positive melatonin suppression response in a larger cohort and examine the relationship between the cause of blindness and retention of functional nonimage-forming responses to ocular LE.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: The information gained from DTC ancestry testing may not correctly categorize an individual into one of the recognized ancestral groups, a concept about which there is already a lack of scientific and sociological consensus [6]. The test may either misattribute someone to an ancestral group or, equally problematically, fail to identify another ancestral link associated with increased risk. This could lead to either false reassurance or unwarranted concern in response to news about the presence or absence of risk based on ancestry. Questions remain not only about how users should interpret these data but also if and how clinicians can use this information in a meaningful way. If the DTC ancestry test correctly identified ancestry in Ms. Stewart’s case, that information could be of value in determining whether further testing is recommended [8]. ancestry is a well-known ancestral lineage linked to a three specific recurring mutations. [9] This ancestry confers a 1 in 40 chance of carrying a BRCA gene mutation, in comparison to the 1 in 300 chance in the general population [2, 10]. Other ancestries also come with an increased risk of developing breast cancer, including those from the Netherlands, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden [9, 11-14]. In Ms. Stewart’s case, the information obtained from the ancestry test did not speak to other possible ancestral associations that may have also shed light on her situation. Furthermore, BRCA gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast cancer. Cowden syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, and Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome all increase breast cancer risk [15, 16]. People with a high risk for carrying genetic mutations, such as women of descent, are advised to seek genetic counseling and consider genetic testing at any age if they have breast or ovarian or pancreatic cancer [2]. One of the leading concerns regarding DTC genetic testing is that it does not involve the guidance of a medical professional, either a genetic counselor or a physician trained in clinical genetics. Professional society guidelines recommend that genetic testing be done only in association with genetic counseling [2, 17] This is critical; before being tested, DTC test users should understand the limitations, risks, and consequences of acquiring genetic information about themselves (whether in the clinical or direct-to-consumer arena) and the possibility of finding gene variants of uncertain significance. Genetic counseling is paramount.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: This result was consistent with the previous study, which stated that the struvite formation was optimal at the pH values between 8. 5 and 9. 3 (Siciliano & De Rosa, 2014). The other study reported a rapid rise in the reaction rate of struvite formation in response to pH growth from 8. 6 to 9. 0 (Huang et al. , 2017). Further studies identified that pH values around nine as the most favorable for struvite precipitation (Tomei et al. , 2020). Figure 3. (a) Nutrient removal and nutrient removal rate, and (b) change in pH of the ACEC reactor with different initial pH. The comparison of reactor ACEC performance with the other technologies is shown in Table 2. The table shows that the ACEC reactor was comparable to the other technologies in terms of nutrients removal. The recent study achieved 88. 4% removal of phosphate, which was comparable to the reactor STR and Electrolyzer from previous studies (Aguado et al. , 2019; Brown et al. , 2018; Taddeo & Lepistö, 2015; Wang, Fu et al. , 2019). In terms of nitrogen removal, the recent study achieved 56. 0% which was higher than the STR reactor from the previous study (Xavier et al. , 2014). A previous study reported that the struvite precipitation rate (in terms of phosphate removal rate) from the electrolyzer was about 70. 46 mg L−1 h−1 to 396. 65 mg L−1 h−1. It was higher than the recent study, which achieved 35. 3 mg L−1 h−1 with 900 mg h−1 of struvite formation (Wang, Fu et al. , 2019). Even though the results were lower than previous study, the reactor ACEC has the potential to replace both the new emerging and conventional electrocoagulation technologies for struvite recovery as it has low energy consumption. Table 2. Comparison of the with Available Literatures. NoType of reactorType of wastewaterReactor operationalPhosphate removal (%)(%)97. 7n. aXu et al. (2015)8STRLandfill leachateBatchn. a72Ramaswami et al. (2016)9STRSynthetic swinewastewaterContinuous98. 985Kim et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Visual evoked potential results were available in 9 of the 15 intact blind participants using a flash stimulus (hand-held stroboscopic lamp) at 2 per second. Electroencephalography was recorded from Fz-Oz, Pz-Oz, Fz-O1, and Fz-O2. Each eye was tested individually in a darkened room during 2 separate trials by covering 1 eye during ocular exposure to the strobe flash stimulus. Sensitivity was 3 uv/cm, and the average peak-to-peak ambient noise level was 2 uv. For the 3 participants who were bilaterally enucleated, cause and history of blindness were obtained by self-report, and a physician confirmed the absence of eyes during the screening physical examination. Inpatient ProtocolsThe protocol consisted of assessing melatonin concentrations under dim light conditions during a constant routine (CR) protocol and under bright light conditions during a LE protocol (Fig 1). The CR and LE were conducted during a 5-day (n = 1) or 6-day (n = 7) inpatient protocol or at the end of a 38-day (n = 10) inpatient protocol conducted at the Center for at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Participants lived individually and continuously in 1 of 5 time-free, sound-proofed, temperature-controlled rooms. Participants studied during the 5- or 6-day protocol were instructed to maintain regular sleep–wake schedule and to record the bedtimes and final wake times for at least 2 weeks before admission to inpatient study. In the 38-day study, the CR and melatonin suppression test occurred after patients lived on a 28-hour “day” (18. 67 hours wake, 9. 33 hours sleep) for 24 cycles under a “forced desynchrony” study designed to forcibly desynchronize the endogenous circadian clock from the sleep–wake cycle. 30Figure 1 Example of study protocol (no. 14; 26Q6) for assessing of melatonin concentrations over approximately 3 days. Melatonin concentrations (solid black line) are plotted by pg/ml (y-axis) and by clocktime (x-axis) under dim light (<4 lux; light gray shading) for 38 hours during constant routine (CR) and for 4. 75 hours before and after the 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: 21 Though clinics are not currently offering PGD for these traits, from a technologic point of view, this is almost certainly a possibility in the future. We are at the dawn of the age of genetics. The awesome power of the technology that is emerging is difficult to fully appreciate at this point in time. As described in the film the ability to define an individual by a genetic code has at its core the potential for widespread and terrible abuse. A slippery slope exists with this technology of which we must always keep mindful. The ability to assess risk of developing medical conditions based on genetics has the potential to introduce widespread discrimination throughout society. One could envision a future where employers or insurers base decisions in part on one's risk of illness according to a genetic readout. In anticipation of such discrimination, Act of 2008 was enacted in the with the expressed purpose of preventing such genetic-based discrimination in the arenas of health insurance and employment. 22Still more disturbing is a world, as in in which parents choose embryos with PGD that possess genetic traits optimal for success. We currently have the technology to choose embryos based on sex. Surely in the near future, we will be able to identify genes and DNA sequences that code for a host of other traits such as height, intelligence, strength, and so on. The inequities that could arise from this sort of PGD have no parallel in human history. As PGD is only available in wealthy nations and, in general, to wealthy individuals within these nations, the construct exists for people with means to weight the genetic scales in their favor. illustrated, this technology has the potential to ultimately redefine society in an extremely negative way. This outcome is unacceptable. In many nations, regulations have been created to preempt some of the potential negative social consequences that may result from PGD. 12 However, it is incumbent upon society to continue ensuring that PGD–-and genetic testing in general–-is applied in a way that utilizes its potential in a responsible manner to improve health care. This can only be accomplished through a constant and thoughtful social dialogue. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: PRB. Analyzed the data: PRB. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: PRB. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: PRB. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: PRB. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: PRB. Made critical revisions and approved final version: PRB.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: (2017)10MFCSwine wastewaterBatch recirculation70–82n. aIchihashi and Hirooka (2012)11MFCUrineBatch82n. aYou et al. (2016)12MECArtificial wastewaterBatch20. 1–73. 9n. aLei et al. (2019)13digestion effluentBatch recirculation98n. aKim et al. (2017)14digestion effluentBatch recirculation32. 757. 188. 460. 41. 922. 924. 256. 0this study**with the variation of initial pH. Characterization of struvite precipitatesThe struvite precipitates were identified by SEM-EDS and XRD, as shown in Figure 4. The sample of the precipitate was taken from the reactor with initial pH of 8 which was the optimum condition of the experiment. The SEM results showed that the struvite precipitates exhibited in the form of crystals with irregularly shaped accompanied by a sharp at the surface (Figure 4a). This result was similar to the previous studies, which stated that the struvite precipitate might occur in the form of irregular, cubic, and rod-like irregular crystals (Sciarria et al. , 2019; Tao et al. , 2015; Zou et al. , 2017). The EDS analyses showed that the precipitates accumulated in the reactor were that of pure struvite, with the EDS spectra showing the presence of Mg (6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%) (Cusick et al. , 2014). The XRD results showed a similarity between the specific peaks of the test sample with the struvite (Figure 4b). As shown in the XRD chromatogram, similar specific peaks between the sample and struvite standard have occurred at 2ϴ with 15. 83, 16. 49, 20. 9, 21. 48, 27. 1, 29. 11, 30. 2, 30. 65, 31. 94, 33. 3o. This result indicated that the sample test could be identified as struvite (MgNH4PO4. 6H2O). Figure 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 5-hour light exposure (LE) (∼7000 lux; white area; no shading). An 8-hour sleep opportunity under darkness (0 lux; dark gray shading) separated the CR and LE days. Constant RoutineParticipants were assessed during a CR protocol. 31 From scheduled wake time, participants remained awake in dim light (∼0. 0087 W/m2 [∼4 lux] at 137 cm from the floor in the vertical plane and a maximum of 0. 048 W/m2 [∼15 lux] at 187 cm from the floor in the horizontal plane) and semirecumbent in bed with the head of the bed raised at a 45° angle for up to 40 hours. Food and fluid were given in small isocaloric meals (150 mEq Na+/100 mEq K+ [±20%] controlled nutrient; 2000–2500 ml fluid isocaloric; basal energy expenditure × 1. 4 activity for calculated diet) every hour starting 2 hours after scheduled wake time. Constant posture and wakefulness were maintained and verified by technicians who sat with the participant at all times. At the end of the CR, the head of the bed was lowered and participants were given 8-hour recovery sleep opportunity in darkness. ExposureAfter a post-CR 8-hour recovery sleep opportunity, participants were scheduled to a 16-hour wake episode (LE day). Light exposure was required to be timed to coincide with release of melatonin. In an entrained individual, melatonin release would occur at night, and therefore scheduling of LE would be straightforward. In individuals with non–24-hour rhythms, however, ensuring that the light occurs when melatonin is released requires additional calculations. On the basis of previous experience, the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was expected to occur 6. 75 hours before the fitted core body temperature (CBT) minimum (see “Assessment of CBT”). The study sleep–wake schedule was designed on the basis of the CBT rhythm of each individual such that the 6. 5-hour bright LE (Lights On) was scheduled to start 4. 75 hours after scheduled waketime, which was timed to coincide with the expected DLMO. This ensured that the LE occurred at a time of melatonin release. The duration of the bright LE for 1 participant (23BP, no. 9) was 10. 75 hours (between 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: 2024 Home » Blog » Arhiva » of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journeyof Throughout a Person’s Life – A de | postat în: Arhiva, Numărul 4, Științe naturale, Volumul 3 | 0 Sfetcu, Nicolae (2024), of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journey, Cunoașterea Științifică, 3:4, DOI: 10. 58679/CS95837, is an extended 10. 58679/CS95837 URL: © 2024. Responsabilitatea conținutului, interpretărilor și opiniilor exprimate revine exclusiv autorilor. of Throughout a Person’s Life – [1] nicolae@sfetcu. com [1] Researcher – – of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (), Division of History of Science (DIS), ORCID: 0000-0002-0162-9973 intelligence is a complex construct that undergoes significant changes throughout an individual’s lifespan. The evolution of intelligence during a person’s lifetime is a process influenced by an interaction between biological development, genetics, environmental factors, and personal experiences. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, human intelligence is the „mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment” (Britannica 2024). Researchers from Brisbane, Edinburgh and Aberdeen reviewed a study which found that a quarter of people experience a change in intelligence due to genetic and environmental factors (Deary et al. 2012). noted that „Identifying genetic influences on intelligence could help us to understand the relationship between knowledge and problem solving and an individual’s outcomes in life, and especially to understand why some people age better than others in terms of intelligence. ” (Philips 2012). Myelin develops as children grow, improving brain function. Myelination and neural connections increase brain volume until age 40, then slowly shrink as the tissue begins to degenerate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-less farming, using nutrient-rich water instead. [SEP] Text: (a) SEM–EDS and (b) XRD analyses for struvite precipitates from ACEC reactor. ConclusionsThe performance of the ACEC reactor was examined by operating the reactor with the variation of recirculation rate and different initial pH. Struvite precipitates were identified by SEM-EDS and XRD. The results showed that the precipitates exhibited in the form of crystals with irregularly shaped accompanied by a sharp at the surface and composed of Mg (6. 67%), P (6. 78%), N (1. 66%), and O (47. 41%). XRD chromatogram shows that the precipitate matched the reference pattern for struvite. Based on the evaluation of the reactor performance, the reactor with a recirculation rate of 2 mL min−1 was selected as the optimum condition. In such condition, the nitrogen and phosphate removal, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate, and struvite precipitation rate was 14. 7% ± 1. 2%, 57. 1% ± 1. 1%, 22. 9% ± 0. 9 mg/L/h, 18. 6% ± 0. 9 mg L−1 h−1 and 498 mg h−1, respectively. The recirculation rate affects the reactor performance through the magnitude of the hydraulic retention time of nutrients on the reactor (75, 37. 5, 25, 18. 8 minutes, and 15 minutes for recirculation rate of 1, 2 mL min−1 to 3. 0, 4. 0 to 5. 0 mL min−1, respectively) and the potential electrical energy generated in the reactor (11. 7, 14 to 0, 14. 2, 11. 4 mA cm−1, and 7. 4 mA cm). On the other hand, the reactor with initial pH 8 achieved the best performance with the nitrogen and phosphate removal of 24. 6% ± 1. 6% to 88. 4% ± 3. 8%, nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of 24. 2 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1 and 35. 3 ± 2. 1 mg L−1 h−1, respectively, and the struvite precipitation rate of 900 mg h−1 since the value of solubility product was optimum at these conditions. Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the recirculation rate and initial pH of wastewater control the process of the struvite precipitation process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The average (± standard deviation) light intensity recorded from pole readings during CR was 2. 7±0. 8 lux and before, during, and after the bright LE was 2. 7±0. 7, 6807. 9±1324. 1, and 3. 9±1. 3 lux, respectively. Average bright light levels varied above or below the participant mean lux levels among participants but remained consistent throughout the bright LE. Assessment of TemperatureCore body temperature (CBT) was recorded continuously every minute during CR using a disposable rectal thermistor (). The thermistor was inserted approximately 10 cm (marked by tape) into the rectum and only removed for bowel movements and showers. A real-time, online data acquisition system was used to monitor CBT collection by via the rectal thermistor. Technicians periodically asked participants to check that the thermistor was inserted no less than the marked-off 10 cm length. The CBT data were used to assess endogenous circadian phase during CR and used to calculate the appropriate timing of the bright LE. Nonlinear least squares harmonic-regression analysis was used to fit a dual-harmonic model with correlated noise to each participant's CBT data32 by the investigator during the first 24 hours of the CR. The CBT data from the first 5 hours of CR were excluded from the analysis to eliminate evoked effects produced by the transition from sleep to wake after the preceding 8-hour sleep opportunity. The projected timing of the onset of melatonin secretion (the target time for initiating the bright LE) was estimated to occur 6. 75 hours before the participant's fitted CBT minimum. Assessment of Plasma MelatoninBlood samples were collected every 30 to 60 minutes during CR and every 10 to 60 minutes during LE to measure pineal melatonin levels (n = 15). Blood was sampled every 10 minutes for 3 hours starting 1. 5 hours before the room light intensity increased for the experimental LE to capture any acute suppression of pineal melatonin after the light intensity increase. Blood sampling was reduced to every 20 minutes 1. 5 hours after the room light intensity increased and continued for the remainder of the LE and 1. 5 hours after the room light intensity was decreased to the dim light background setting. An indwelling 18- to 20-gauge intravenous catheter was inserted into the participant's forearm vein on day 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: To comprehend the progression of intellectual growth, it is essential to explore the emergence, maturation, and sometimes, the decline of cognitive abilities, illustrating a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Early Childhood: of inception of human intelligence occurs during early childhood, a phase characterized by rapid cognitive advancement. From infancy to approximately five years of age, the brain experiences substantial growth, with synaptic connections proliferating at an exceptional pace. It is during this period that children acquire fundamental cognitive skills, including perception, language, memory, and problem-solving capabilities. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which delineates stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages, offers a theoretical framework for understanding these initial developments. Piaget arrived at a theory of cognitive development that describes the developmental stages of childhood (Parke and Gauvain 2009). Sensorimotor stage (Child 0–2 years): Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing but limited. Preoperational stage (Toddler and early childhood 2–7 years): Symbols or language skills are present; emotion and imagination develop; irreversible and non-logical thinking. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence 7–12 years): Logical and systematic form of intelligence; manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood 12 years and up): Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Even before birth, the foundations of cognitive abilities are laid. The brain begins to form neurons and synapses at an incredible rate. During the first few years, the brain grows rapidly, reaching almost 80% of adult size by the age of three. This period is critical for sensory development, language acquisition, and the establishment of cognitive frameworks. Babies and toddlers learn primarily through sensory experiences and interactions with their environment. writes that early childhood is a time when neurons can explore and make as many connections as possible, but we cannot maintain them all over time. The connections that remain are strengthened thanks to so-called myelin, an insulating layer that wraps around neural projections, isolating them. (Bragg 2022) Within the sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years), infants explore their environment through sensory and motor experiences. They begin to grasp the concept of object permanence, understanding that objects persist in existence even when they are out of sight.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: proteinDry matterEconomicsGreen fodderLivestockPerennial grassesPerennial legumesYear-round fodderare facing several challenges in crop production due to the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses. Practicing agriculture alone is not a profitable enterprise anymore because of low yields in some years and total crop failures sometimes. In this scenario, dairy farming enterprise appeared to be an attractive option for farmers in addition to agriculture for stabilizing their farm income. These two enterprises are mutually beneficial and help farmers in obtaining higher income. India’s milk production was 43 million tonnes in 1983 and increased to198. 4 million tonnes by 2019-20 (Madhvi Sally, 2021). The increased milk production in India is due to two reasons: 1) Increased demand for milk by the ever-growing population, 2) Increased consumption of dairy products by the people in the recent past. Dairy farmers spend 60% of the total cost of milk production on the purchase of fodder and feed only. Therefore, the availability of green forage is the key to the profitable production of livestock (Kumar et al. , 2012). However, the productivity of cultivated fodder crops is low in India due to the least attention and minimal allocation of inputs, unawareness about forage crop species and varieties and non-availability of the improved production techniques to the stakeholders in forage resource development. The situation is still worst regarding small and marginal dairy farmers in India in well-planned year-round cheap forage crop production. But they are the major players in the total milk production in India. Small and marginal dairy farmers are highly dependent on the external supply of green and dry fodder particularly during the winter or summer seasons. Hence, to address this problem educating the farmers about the improved fodder crop production packages: selection of appropriate forage species, suitable varieties and efficient management techniques to sustain forage yields and soil fertility is the best solution. The association of cereal and legume forages maintains a similar level of herbage yield and their combination also nearly doubles the crude protein production (and Tripathi, 1987). Epifanio et al. , (2019) reported that grass-legume intercropping had a positive effect on the total productivity and nutrition of the forage crops. It also increased dry matter production, crude protein yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility and decreased the fiber fractions. Mclennon et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Melatonin concentrations during constant routine (CR) (solid black line) are superimposed over the melatonin concentrations across the corresponding 16 hours during light exposure (LE) day (filled diagonal lines) relative to time since start of LE (x-axis; 0 hours) on LE day for each participant. Melatonin concentrations were measured under constant dim light (<4 lux) during CR. On LE day, participants received a 6. 5-hour (10. 75 hours for 23BP) experimental LE (∼7000 lux; white area, no shading) with exposure to dim light (4 lux, gray shaded area) for 4. 75 hours before and after the experimental LE. All figures for each participant depict plasma melatonin, except for 3 participants (nos. 7, 8, and 10) for whom salivary melatonin is shown. In 2 of 5 participants who exhibited melatonin suppression (nos. 1 and 2), the LE started within 1 hour after DLMO and suppressed melatonin to below DLMO levels within 0. 53 and 0. 62 hours, respectively. Suppression remained constant throughout the LE (Fig 2). In the remaining 3 suppressed participants (nos. 3–5), the LE began before predicted DLMO by 1. 71, 0. 65, and 1. 29 hours, respectively. In these patients, melatonin levels were substantially suppressed but showed evidence of recovery during the LE, reaching DLMO 4. 60, 5. 21, and 1. 95 hours after Lights On, respectively (Fig 2). All 5 participants exhibited rapid elevation of melatonin levels after (Fig 2). Melatonin concentrations did not decrease by more than 33% during the bright LE in 10 of 15 participants with eyes (nos. 6–15; average [± standard deviation] suppression −7. 6%±23. 8%, range −49. 9–14. 0%) or in the 3 bilaterally enucleated participants (nos. 16–18; −9. 9%±17. 7%, range −22. 4%–10. 3%) (Fig 2). When examined relative to the absence or presence of phthisis bulbi, none of the 5 patients with bilateral phthisis bulbi demonstrated suppression (nos. 9–12, 14); 5 of the remaining 10 participants without bilateral phthisis bulbi did exhibit melatonin suppression (Fig 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Transitioning to the preoperational stage (from two to seven years), children engage in symbolic play and refine their language skills. Nonetheless, their cognitive thinking remains predominantly egocentric, indicating an inability to consider perspectives other than their own. Recent research has suggested that early experiences and social interactions play a critical role in the development of reasoning (Banerjee, Watling, and Caputi 2011). Infants as young as six months can engage in basic logical reasoning. Cultural factors, such as educational practices and emphasis on critical thinking, can also influence the development of reasoning skills. and Adolescence: Refinement and preschool through early school age (ages 3-12), children develop reasoning, memory, and problem-solving skills. They begin to understand abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships. Formal schooling begins to shape cognitive skills significantly. Reading, writing, and arithmetic become the tools by which children engage and expand their intelligence. As children transition into the middle childhood stage, spanning from ages 6 to 12, their cognitive capabilities undergo significant refinement. This period is characterized by the development of logical thinking skills, a hallmark of Piaget’s concrete operational stage. It enables children to engage in mental operations concerning concrete objects and events, marking a crucial stage in their academic journey. During this time, formal education plays a pivotal role in enhancing children’s memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. Adolescence: A in the Evolution of Intelligence Adolescence, which spans from ages 12 to 18, represents another pivotal phase in the evolution of intelligence. It is during this stage that individuals progress into Piaget’s formal operational stage, a phase where abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes the norm. Adolescents acquire the capacity to reason logically about potential outcomes, engage in systematic problem-solving, and critically analyze complex issues. Additionally, this period is characterized by the development of metacognitive skills, which involve an increased awareness of one’s own thinking processes and strategies. This heightened self-awareness empowers individuals to plan, monitor, and regulate their cognitive activities more effectively. During adolescence, the brain begins to smooth out unused neural connections and strengthen others, making thought processes more efficient. There is substantial development in executive functions, which include planning, impulse control, and attention. Risk-taking behaviors can also influence cognitive development through new and diverse experiences.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The treatments were composed of two types of perennial grasses (Napier- bajra hybrid grass and guinea grass) alone or in combination with the three fodder legume intercrops (Lucerne, and Sesbania). The treatments are as follows: Napier bajra hybrid (NB hybrid) at 60 × 60 cm spacing (T1), Guinea grass at 60 × 60 cm spacing (T2), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Lucerne (T3), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + (Desmanthus virgatus) (T4), NB hybrid in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Sesbania/Agati (Sesbania grandiflora) (T5), Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Lucerne (T6) and Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + (T7) and Guinea grass in paired rows (60/120 cm) + Sesbania (T8). Each perennial grass was grown in a paired row method (row to row 120 cm and plant to plant 60cm and the spacing between two rows was 60 cm within each pair. The legume intercrops were sown with their respective spacing between two adjacent paired rows. Spacing between two adjacent paired rows was 120 cm. Four rows of Lucerne were sown with 30 × 10 cm spacing; two rows of were sown with 60 × 10 cm spacing and one row of Sesbania was sown between two adjacent paired rows at 100 cm plant to plant spacing i. e. , at 240 × 100 cm spacing. Sesbania intercrop was allowed to grow for six months and later trimmed to a height of 1 meter in the establishment year (2015-16). 50 kg nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus and 30 kg potash per hectare were applied as basal and 50 kg nitrogen applied after each cut with irrigation. At each harvest: Plant height, tiller number and leaf to stem ratio (LS ratio) were measured for grasses on three plants/hills selected randomly. Whereas, green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yields were recorded for both grasses and legumes at each cut and accumulated annually (total six cuts/year) for statistical analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Four of the 5 individuals who exhibited melatonin suppression had exhibited a normally phased 24-hour rhythm in urinary aMT6s before the study. The fifth participant with melatonin suppression (22J7V) had exhibited a non–24-hour rhythm but chose to wear opaque scleral shells for cosmetic purposes, presumably leading to a lack of photic entrainment under normal conditions. She removed these scleral shells for the melatonin suppression study and exhibited a positive response. Only 1 participant who did not exhibit melatonin suppression (2740) exhibited 24-hour urinary aMT6s rhythms before study, presumably due to entrainment by nonphotic time cues. DiscussionThese results confirm and expand previous reports that light-induced melatonin suppression is observed in a minority of totally visually blind individuals. Of those participants with intact eyes who did not have bilateral phthisis bulbi, however, half exhibited melatonin suppression. Of the 5 participants who responded to light, 1 had a phthisical eye and exhibited half the melatonin suppression response as the responders whose globes had not begun to shrink. Given that none of the participants studied with bilateral phthisis bulbi, or any of those with bilateral enucleation, have exhibited photic melatonin suppression (Tables 1 and S1, available at www. aaojournal. org), it would appear that intact globes are required for presentation of this response. Unlike animal models in which selective abolition of rod/cone development via targeted gene-knockouts was used to assess photic input via ipRGCs to the circadian pacemaker (e. g. , 22), studies in humans are confined to assessing the resilience of this pathway with less knowledge of the specific damage to the retina or optic nerve. The extent of the damage may differ between etiologies of blindness, as well as within a particular cause. In previous reports, individuals with Leber's congenital amaurosis (a disease similar to retinitis pigmentosa) (n = 1), juvenile retinoschisis (n = 1), optic neuropathy (n = 1), and retinopathy of prematurity (n = 1) demonstrated melatonin suppression in response to ocular bright LE,14,16 but those with congenital glaucoma (n = 2), retinopathy of prematurity (n = 2), and retinopathy (n = 1) did not.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Adulthood: and Maintenance of general belief was that cognition stops improving after a certain age, with the brain being mostly mature by age 18 and then more frontal lobe maturation occurs by age 20. According to this theory, cognitive decline begins at an advanced age. In the early stages of adulthood, cognitive abilities typically reach their zenith. This phase is characterized by the peak of fluid intelligence, which encompasses the capacity to solve novel problems and think abstractly. Furthermore, it is marked by the accumulation of crystallized intelligence, which is comprised of knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences and formal education. Crystallized intelligence is often stable or even increases with age, as adults continue to accumulate expertise in their respective fields. During early adulthood (ages 20-40), intelligence, especially crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills), stabilizes and continues to grow. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem solving and the ability to adapt to new situations, can peak during this period. Higher education, careers, relationships, and personal interests continue to shape cognitive abilities. The biggest losses begin in the 30s in the prefrontal cortex (important for attention, planning, reasoning, problem solving) and the hippocampus (involved in learning, memory and navigation). However, the nature of intelligence in adulthood is dynamic. Throughout middle adulthood, individuals may experience a gradual decline in certain aspects of fluid intelligence, such as processing speed and working memory. Despite these declines, many adults compensate for these changes by leveraging their accumulated knowledge, experience, and heuristic strategies, which facilitate efficient problem-solving. Moreover, practical intelligence, or the ability to manage everyday tasks and navigate complex social environments, continues to develop and frequently improves with age. Late Adulthood: Adaptation and the later stages of adulthood, the manifestations of cognitive decline become increasingly discernible. Specifically, fluid intelligence, which is particularly adept at handling tasks that demand swift reasoning and mental agility, may experience further diminishment. The efficiency of memory retrieval may wane, and the pace of cognitive processing continues to decelerate. Nonetheless, this phase of life also presents avenues for cognitive enhancement in various domains. Between the ages of 40-60 there may be slight declines in processing speed and memory. However, experiential knowledge and skills often continue to improve. Individuals often develop deeper expertise in their career fields and improved problem-solving skills related to real-world problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: The grasses and legumes were harvested plot-wise separately and fresh green forage yield was recorded in kg/plot and was converted into quintals per hectare. A fresh sample of 500 g taken from each treatment was sundried initially followed by oven dried at 60-65°C to a constant weight and estimated dry matter yield, later dried plant samples were finely ground and subsequently used for quality analysis (crude protein, crude fiber, etc. ) in the biochemistry laboratory. But, estimation of crude protein is the most common for estimating the fodder quality. Crude protein yield was estimated from crude protein content (%) of dried and powdered plant sample and multiplied with its dry matter in grams and converted into q/ha of crude protein yield. The collected data was statistically analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for randomised complete block design. Critical differences were worked out at five per cent probability level in LSD, if treatments were significantly differed and if not; NS was denoted (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Three years data was pooled and statistically analysed using software available with our university () for the interpretation of results. fodder yield Three-year (2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19) pooled analysis results (means) indicated that among the grasses, Napier bajra hybrid recorded significantly higher green fodder (1342. 1 q/ha) yields whereas, among the leguminous inter crops Sesbania recorded highest green fodder (408. 6 q/ha) yields followed by with 80. 5 q/ha (Table 1). With regards to total productivity of the system T5: hybrid + Sesbania grandiflora (2:1) recorded highest green fodder yields (1577. 6 q/ha) followed by T1: Napier bajra alone (1342. 1 q/ha), T3: Napier-Bajra hybrid + Lucerne- (1219. 5 q/ha) and T4: hybrid + (1218. 1 q/ha). This may be due to non-interference of intercrops with the main perennial grass crop and legume crops would have helped the system in increasing the productivity and nutritive value of the total (grass-legume) system. Under irrigated conditions, hybrid produced more biomass than Guinea grass and Sesbania produced more biomass than the other two legumes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: In the current cohort, individuals with retinitis pigmentosa (2/2) and retinal detachment (1/1), and some of those with retinopathy of prematurity (2/5) exhibited melatonin suppression, whereas those with retinopathy due to measles (2/2), optic neuropathy (1/1) or neuritis (1/1), or congenital glaucoma (1/1) did not. These results broadly suggest that, in individuals with total visual blindness, disorders of the outer retinal layer (rod and cone layer) may not prevent circadian photoreception but that damage to the ganglion cell layer and optic nerve is highly likely to abolish nonimage-forming responses to light. The results are not consistent within a disease, however, and therefore assumptions about nonimage-forming photoreception status cannot be made without individual confirmation. Of those disorders best represented in the cohorts, mixed results were observed in ROP, a condition that occurs as the result of exposure to oxygen after a premature birth, which can cause severe vascularization and scarring across the still developing retina. Our data indicate that although this vascularization and scarring may cover the full visual field of the retina, it may not penetrate completely through the inner nuclear layer, sparing some of the RGC layer in some patients, as confirmed functionally here. Retinitis pigmentosa represents a spectrum of genetic mutations that causes rod-cone degeneration, progressively worsening blindness and may eventually lead to total loss of light perception. The time course of degeneration into the inner retinal layers, particularly the RGC layer, is not fully known and is likely to vary between the many disorders within the group. Given that some individuals with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber's congenital amaurosis exhibited circadian photoreception, the data indicate that the progression of retinal degeneration between the outer to inner layers after complete rod/cone ablation may be extremely slow or may not occur at all, given the functional integrity of the RGC layer for nonvisual responses. One participant with positive melatonin suppression showed an attenuated response (23CM, no. 5) and was the only person studied with 1 eye in this cohort. Positive melatonin suppression in a visually blind individual with 1 eye has been previously reported (patient no. 214).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A single gene determines all aspects of a person's intelligence. [SEP] Text: Over 60 years of age, cognitive decline can occur, with varying degrees of severity. Memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills may decrease. Older adults often compensate for these losses by relying more on accumulated knowledge and experience. Older adults are frequently characterized by wisdom, a quality marked by profound insights into life, the adeptness in managing intricate social and emotional scenarios, and the ability to render judgements grounded in accumulated experience. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that cognitive engagement, social interaction, and physical exercise can play pivotal roles in sustaining cognitive function among the elderly. The principle of neuroplasticity, which denotes the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself through the formation of new neural connections, underscores the brain’s enduring adaptability throughout life. Consequently, the pursuit of lifelong learning and mental stimulation is imperative in the preservation of cognitive capabilities in later years. Recent studies have shown that there is no given maximum for human capabilities, including intelligence, but IQ tests referentially assess fluid intelligence, leading to the idea that young people are more intelligent. But in everyday, repetitive problems, the elderly are better (synapses and myelination are influenced by experience, so circuits are strengthened through repeated use) (Bragg 2022). Cattell and proposed the theory that dominated for many decades, that intelligence is not a specific thing, but a collection of different abilities working together (Cattell-Horn theory) (Wasserman 2019). Skills can be classified into two categories: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluent intelligence allows solving new problems and calls on short-term memory. Crystallized intelligence emerges from general knowledge and information. Both types of intelligence develop during childhood and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in the early twenties, and crystallized intelligence continues to develop with a peak around age sixties or seventies. Throughout life, the brain’s plasticity, or its ability to change and adapt, plays a crucial role at every age. Learning new skills, engaging in complex cognitive activities, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve and even improve intelligence. Socioeconomic status, education, cultural exposure, and social interactions continually interact with genetic predispositions to shape intelligence across the lifespan. The evolutionary trajectory of intelligence is highly individualized, with each phase presenting opportunities for growth and challenges. Understanding these phases can help to adopt strategies that optimize cognitive development at different stages of life.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: , (2014) observed that higher dry matter yield with Subabul + NB hybrid alley cropping system; Kauthale et al. , (2017) reported that Cenchrus + intercropping system produced higher dry matter yield per hectare; Patil et al. , (2018) recorded significantly higher dry matter yield when NB hybrid intercropped with in 1:5 ratio than NB hybrid intercropped with lucerne in the same row ratio. The environment/year 2017-18 is the best in producing higher dry matter among the three years experiment was carried out (Table 2). Table 2: Dry matter yield of total cropping system, grasses and legumes as influenced by different perennial grass/grass-legume cropping systems. Crude protein yield The three-year pooled analyses results indicated (Table 3) that among the grasses, NB hybrid recorded significantly higher crude protein yields (20. 1 q/ha) whereas; among the leguminous inter crops Sesbania recorded highest CPY (12. 8 q/ha). Jagadeesh et al. , (2017) reported that NB hybrid variety APBN1 produced significantly higher crude protein yield (11. 45 MT/ha) when harvested at 45 days of growth. Higher dry matter producing capacity may be the reason for obtaining the higher crude protein yield in NB hybrid and Sesbania species. Hence naturally, the total productivity of the system T5 - NB hybrid + Sesbania grandiflora (2:1) recorded the highest crude protein yields (29. 5 q/ha) compared to the other treatments. Njoka-Njiruetet_al(2006) also reported when Napier hybrid grass intercropped with legume species improves the nutritive value of the total cropping system than Napier hybrid grass produced alone. Environment prevailed during the year 2017-18 was congenial in producing the higher crude protein yields among the three years the experiment was carried out (Table 3). Table 3: Crude protein yield of total cropping system, grasses and legumes as influenced by different perennial grass/grass-legume cropping systems. Growth parameters Results of 3-year pooled data analysis revealed that plant height and the number of tillers per hill did not differ significantly except for the leaf stem ratio among the eight treatments tested (Table 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Studies in sighted participants have shown that 1 eye is sufficient to mediate melatonin suppression and that the response is more than half that of exposure to both eyes, suggesting some redundancy in circadian responses, as for vision,35 and we have observed entrainment of circadian rhythms in visually impaired patients with only 1 eye. 19 In this case, the participant's remaining (phthisical) eye had other physical abnormalities with the eye, including corneal scarring, a cataract, and band keratopathy (Table 1), which may have further attenuated the intensity and spectral quality of the light entering the eye and induced a submaximal response. 35 Similar difficulties, including cataracts, that prevented observation of the fundus were also apparent in 2 other participants (22J7 and 1492; nos. 3 and 4, respectively); however, but full melatonin suppression responses were observed, and therefore evaluating the quality of light reaching the retinae is not straightforward. As noted, assumptions about the circadian photoreception status cannot be assumed from the disorder type or presence of cataract and must be measured and confirmed on an individual level. Studies have attempted to examine selective disruption of the visual system on nonvisual responses. A number of studies examining damage to the inner retina, including the ganglion cell layer, have shown mixed results. 36–39 For example, one study has reported impaired melatonin suppression responses in patients with optic neuropathy due to glaucoma. 37 The salivary melatonin suppression response to 60 minutes of 600-lux white LE was reportedly absent in grouped analyses of 9 patients with bilateral advanced primary open-angle glaucoma, but who retained visual light perception, compared with normally sighted controls who exhibited an approximately 50% suppression of melatonin. Likewise, postillumination pupillary responses (maintenance of pupil constriction after a light stimulus is turned off) was reported to be impaired in advanced glaucoma patients in response to blue, but not red light, suggesting that ipRGC function, implicated in maintaining postillumination pupillary responses, was suboptimal. 38,39 Conversely, blue light–induced melatonin suppression responses have been reported to be preserved in some visually impaired (light perception or better) patients with neurodegenerative optic neuropathies that selectively affect retinal ganglion cells, namely, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy.

Output: corroborate