Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: However, none were statistically associated with ∆Height SDS, suggesting that it is inappropriate to predict final adult height in CPP females based on BA, body figure, or parental height. The -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism has been suggested to be a potential genetic determinant that alters the GH-IGF-1 axis. Studies have reported that the presence of the C allele genotype is associated with low serum IGFBP level [24-26]. has a role in pubertal growth, there is a potential for -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism to affect growth velocity and final adult height. Nevertheless, it was difficult to confirm a concrete correlation due to the discrete results. According to Miletta et al. [27] the IGFBP-3 genotype had no effect on final height after GH treatment in severe GHD patients. In contrast, Costalonga et al. [10] implied that the -202 A allele polymorphism of the IGFBP-3 promoter region was associated with not only higher IGFBP-3 levels, but also increased growth during recombinant human GH treatment in prepubertal GHD children. This study focused on the effect of the -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism on the GH-IGF-1 axis as well as the growth velocity in CPP females undergoing GnRHa treatment for at least 1 year. We compared SDS of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 between the 2 subgroups before and after GnRHa treatment. The results showed that IGF-1 SDS was not statistically different before treatment, but the group with the C allele after treatment demonstrated lower IGF-1 SDS than the AA subgroup. -3 SDS was lower in the C allele subgroup both before and after GnRHa treatment. However, change of IGF-1 -3 SDS, or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 during treatment exhibited no significant difference between the 2 subgroups. Divergence of age-adjusted height velocity between the 2 allele groups was trivial. The effect of GnRHa on IGF-1 SDS or IGFBP-3 SDS was noted in both subgroups, regardless of allele. This suggests that -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism does not significantly affect the therapeutic effect of GnRHa in CPP females. Our study was carefully designed with a uniform diagnosis and treatment protocol in which GnRHa was administered every 4 weeks to all enrolled CPP patients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to personalize learning experiences for students. [SEP] Text: The study examines the transformation of this course into a course taught using ChatGPT-mediated online guided learning. This innovative learning approach provides learners a comprehensive experience that entails self-directed learning. The approach emphasizes problem-based learning and focuses on identifying ethical dilemmas and analyzing them within organizational contexts. The intervention plan was strategically organized into five primary stages. Each stage comprised a series of carefully constructed steps that were specifically designed to build upon the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous stages, thus ensuring a coherent and cumulative educational progression. Figure 1 summarizes the instructional method. 1. with ChatGPT At the beginning of the course, students were introduced to ChatGPT to develop their understanding and proficiency with the tool. This involved providing them detailed instructions on effective usage and encouraging them to engage in interactive dialogues with ChatGPT. The aim was to foster a sense of familiarity and ease, thereby facilitating an informal, hands-on learning experience. 2. of a Dilemma using ChatGPT In this exploratory stage, students began to examine the topic of hospital accreditation. Through interactions with ChatGPT, they were introduced to the pros and cons of the accreditation process and to the dilemmas posed by following the accreditation guidelines. The issue of accreditation is central to the discourse on how to improve healthcare quality, but it is also fraught with challenges, such as staff shortages and funding issues. Hospitals have had to make significant changes to meet accreditation standards, leading to debates about possible abolition of the accreditation system. While accreditation is crucial for quality control, its associated costs, particularly those related to inspections and the need for additional staff, pose significant challenges. Without proportional funding, compulsory accreditation has placed financial pressures on hospitals, creating a complex dynamic for both the Ministry of Health and healthcare institutions as they navigate the accreditation process. To explore the topic of accreditation in depth, students were instructed to develop a series of questions to input to ChatGPT aimed at extracting detailed information about the accreditation dilemma. Students engaged with ChatGPT by posing questions and critically analyzing the answers from three perspectives: organizational, healthcare worker, and patient/customer. They iteratively refined their queries to increase precision until they achieved a comprehensive understanding. Following guidelines, they condensed and reorganized the information into a structured paragraph, incorporating the core dilemmas and arguments from each perspective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Let us suppose that this man did not understand the strategies behind the suggestions that AlphaGo made as to what moves he should make. Let us also suppose that this man had only had a vague idea, at best, of how Go is played. Yet, with the recommendations from AlphaGo, he was able to exhibit motions of behaving in a way that from the outside could appear as if he were a cognitively enhanced person. Suppose next that, instead of it being obvious and known to everyone that he was moving the stones around based on AlphaGo’s recommendations, onlookers were unaware that all his moves were actually generated by an AI technology. Imagine in this version of the example that AlphaGo was making recommendations to this man via voice commands, which were played to him in a small earbud that was hard to spot from the outside. In this fictional account, it could look even more as if this man had been cognitively enhanced in some way. In such a scenario, for example, (supposing that he also did not know what was going on) might think that he, the world champion, was facing another player with greater Go-playing abilities than he had. In my fictional version of the case, and indeed even in the real-world account, there are some parallels between the man moving the stones around on the Go board based on the directions from AlphaGo and the man in John Searle’s well-known “Chinese room” argument. Footnote 34 As many readers may know, Searle imagined a man in a room with an instruction book for how to combine different Chinese characters. In this story, messages written in Chinese are given to the man via a mailbox; the man looks at the instruction book to decide what Chinese characters to select; he puts his responses on paper and then outputs them via the mailbox. To someone outside of the room, it might appear as if whoever is in the room is a native Chinese speaker. But this man, Searle affirms, clearly does not understand Chinese. And the parallel to AI is supposed to be that even if a computer passes the Turing test—that is, it can produce outputs that can be mistaken for human outputs—this does not show that the computer understands its outputs. Similarly, the Go-playing man in my fictional version of the case might look as if he knows how to play Go at a higher level than the world champion Lee Sedol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Target patients with the C allele alone could not substantially contribute to a definitive conclusion due to the small number. Therefore, children with CC and AC genotypes of -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism were pooled into a single subgroup. This is due to a racial characteristic that the Korean population has a higher proportion of the A allele compared to other populations [12,25,28]. Another limitation of our study is that free IGF-1 level was estimated using the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio. This estimation, however, is based on a previous study conducted by Juul et al. [18] showing that free IGF-1 concentration significantly correlates with the molar ratio of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. In conclusion, growth velocity during GnRHa treatment is related to ∆IGF-1 SDS, and GnRHa seems to have an impact on the GH-IGF-1 axis. allele in the -202 A/-3 promoter regions was not associated with the growth rate during GnRHa treatment in CPP girls and did not affect the reduction of IGF-1 SDS or IGFBP-3 SDS during treatment. statement The study was approved by the Board of (approval number: 2014-02-003). Informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children. Conflicts of interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this 10. 6065/apem. 2040020. 010 apem-2040020-010-suppl. pdf Fig. 1. The graphs resemble the differences of IGF-1 SDS (A) and IGFBP-3 SDS (B) before and after GnRHa treatment within the two allele subgroups. GnRHa, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; SDS, standard deviation score; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. Table 1. Characteristics of the 97 girls treated with GnRAt diagnosis After a year Post-Pre P-value* CA (yr) 8. 5±0. 5 9. 6±0. 5 - - BA (yr) 10. 5±0. 6 10. 9±0. 6 0. 4±0. 4 <0. 001 BA–CA (yr) 2. 0±0. 6 1. 3±0. 6 -0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to personalize learning experiences for students. [SEP] Text: , in their interactions with ChatGPT. It includes three subcategories: and Access to Data in ChatGPT Use; Enhancement with ChatGPT; and Evaluation of Information in and Access to Data in ChatGPT Use. In the reflective journals, the students consistently expressed their high regard for the efficiency and ease of searching for and accessing information through ChatGPT. The chat interface significantly improved the process of retrieving information by removing the necessity to navigate through multiple websites or sources, thereby making the material more accessible. Furthermore, the interface’s user-friendly and accessible content format played a crucial role in significantly enhancing students’ understanding of the material. Shir wrote: The chat was super easy and helpful in making the dilemma clearer for me. It put all the info I needed in one spot, and everything was explained in a way that was simple to understand. The analysis of the student journals underscored the remarkable proficiency of ChatGPT in rapidly and effortlessly providing information for various tasks. This technology alleviated the necessity for students to delve into multiple sources, offering a direct approach for understanding concepts, interpreting implications, and compiling data for complex issues. ChatGPT’s swift and handy information retrieval supported autonomous learning on the topic. As an accessible and user-friendly tool, it saved considerable time. Moreover, its accessibility and constant availability helped in tailoring learning experiences to fit the learner’s schedule, independent of external factors or intermediaries. ChatGPT’s use of simple, everyday language, coupled with its capacity to deconstruct and elucidate complex concepts, rendered it exceedingly approachable and beneficial for information searches and for enhancing the accessibility of educational content. Lihi also acknowledged the efficacy of ChatGPT in facilitating the rapid acquisition and expansion of her conceptual knowledge. She underscored that the ChatGPT tool obviated the need to consult multiple databases and websites for extracting conceptual information: ChatGPT is really fast and easy to use when you need info on lots of different things. It’s great for finding technical stuff, explaining problems, understanding things better, and getting new ideas on the spot. You don’t even have to go looking for more sources – it’s all right there. Data synthesis and analysis enhancement with ChatGPTAnalysis of the reflective journals indicates that students found the synthesis, editing, and analysis of content facilitated by ChatGPT to be extremely beneficial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Hence, he might look as if he is cognitively enhanced; but this man is only able to play Go at this exalted level by matching his behavior with instructions from AI. Bringing large language models like ChatGPT into this comparison of examples—suppose that rather than having an instruction book, the man in the Chinese room example has something similar to ChatGPT that he uses to produce the messages in response to the inputs that come via the mailbox. But now instead of looking up what to do in the instruction book, the man inputs these Chinese messages into an app or computer program that works similarly to ChatGPT—he enters “prompts”—and then the ChatGPT-like program outputs messages. The man prints these messages using a printer in the room and then delivers them to the outside via the mailbox. Again, it might look like there is a Chinese speaker in the room to people on the outside. But again there is somebody in the room who does not understand Chinese, but who may appear to have the ability to communicate intelligently in Chinese. Is this man in the ChatGPT version of the Chinese room scenario cognitively enhanced? Relatedly, is the man in my fictional version of the Go game cognitively enhanced? If, in comparison, the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room qualify as having extended their minds with the help of the AI technologies instructing them what to do, then by the logic in the reasoning from Levy and Danaher, these two people would seem to have been internally cognitively enhanced. That is, their minds have been extended out into these AI technologies, and their minds now have abilities they previously did not possess. However, if we follow Vold or Chalmers, and we think that these AI technologies are too independent from the people performing actions in the examples with respect to how autonomously they operate, then the man moving Go stones and the man writing Chinese symbols should not be thought to have extended minds. Accordingly, there would be no internal enhancement of their minds, from the Levy and Danaher perspective. Might there be another way of thinking about the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room so that they could be said to be cognitively enhanced? We could say that these people have been made, in certain respects, artificially intelligent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: 6±0. 4 <0. 001 Height SDS 1. 2±0. 8 1. 1±0. 8 -0. 1±0. 2 <0. 001 BMI 18. 2±2. 4 19. 3±2. 7 1. 1±0. 9 <0. 001 IGF-1 SDS 0. 8±1. 0 0. 5±0. 9 -0. 3±0. 7 <0. 001 IGFBP-3 SDS 3. 3±1. 1 2. 3±0. 9 -1. 0±1. 0 <0. 001 IGF-1/IGFBP-3 60. 7±16. 3 60. 5±16. 8 -0. 2±14. 4 0. 887 Midparental height (cm) 160. 0±3. 2 - - - Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. GnRHa, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; CA, chronological age; BA, bone age; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulinlike growth factor binding protein 3. * P<0. 05 compared before and after the treatment. Table 2. Pearson correlation analysis Variable ∆Height SDS Body mass index 0. 035 (0. 736) Initial height SDS -0. 307* (0. 002) Midparental height -0. 109 (0. 288) BA advancement -0. 017 (0. 871) ∆IGF-1 SDS 0. 405* (<0. 001) ∆IGFBP-3 SDS 0. 228* (0. 025) ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio 0. 204* (0. 045) Values are presented as correlation coefficient r (P-value). SDS, standard deviation score; BA, bone age; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. * P<0. 05. Table 3. Univariate and multivariate regression model to find factors associated with Δheight SDS Variable ΔHeight SDS Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis β±SE P-value* β±SE P-value* ∆IGF-1 SDS 0. 110±0. 025 <0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to personalize learning experiences for students. [SEP] Text: The tool significantly reduced the technical complexity of gathering and synthesizing information from different sources, tasks that had previously been their responsibility. As a result, they were spared the need for synthesizing, editing, and analyzing the raw data, with ChatGPT efficiently performing these functions on their behalf. Meir wrote: ChatGPT really helped us out. It gave us a full picture of the whole process, including the good and bad parts, and how to handle them. We didn’t even need to look at any other info sources at that point. Evaluation of information in streamlined data collection procedures enabled the students to engage in more advanced learning processes, such as distinguishing between facts and assumptions, differentiating critical from non-critical information, and developing arguments as they advanced to more complex stages. The students observed that although ChatGPT presented data objectively, it did not offer explicit arguments, thus requiring them to actively interpret and formulate their own positions regarding the dilemma and identify the foundational principles for their principal arguments. For example, Miri’s reflections highlighted her need to formulate and develop a stance on the dilemma, which compelled her to engage in critical assessment of the situation: ChatGPT didn’t really point out which arguments were more important or less important. It kind of listed them all the same way, which made me decide for myself what to focus on. I had to pick the arguments I thought were key and then find evidence to back them up. Furthermore, the students were asked to support their arguments with evidence from the academic literature, necessitating a thorough evaluation and critical analysis of the information. This process led them to make informed decisions and formulate solutions. In their reflective journals, students documented a cautious approach, emphasizing the need not to simply accept information as it is presented. Instead, they highlighted the importance of thoroughly evaluating the information’s accuracy. Amir similarly addressed this issue, noting his necessity to independently navigate the “thinking part” and acquire the skills to construct strong arguments or effectively employ academic resources: The chat didn’t really help me figure out what’s important and what’s not when I write. It also didn’t teach me how to make strong arguments or how to use academic stuff to back up my points. User experiences with ChatGPTThis category refers to the qualitative data related to participants’ overall experiences, perceptions, and attitudes towards interacting with ChatGPT.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: That is, the Go-playing man who makes brilliant moves based on recommendations from AlphaGo and the man in the Chinese room who is using a large language model to communicate in Chinese have in certain respects become artificially intelligent in their behavior. At least, this appears to be a way of interpreting what is happening if we follow either Turing’s, or indeed, Floridi’s way of thinking about what AI is. Recall that Turing’s approach is to say that machines can think if they are able to imitate human thinking. Footnote 35 Remember too, that Floridi says that AI technologies are agents that are able to act in efficient ways without the need for any natural intelligence to guide their actions. Footnote 36 We might think that the people in the cited examples pass these tests. The man who is playing Go based on secret recommendations from AlphaGo behaves as if he is an extremely intelligent human being. In fact, intelligent enough to be able to beat at Go. The man is also acting as a very effective agent, and he is doing so without the need for the impressive natural human intelligence that is displaying when he is making his moves in the game. Similarly, the person in the Chinese room behaves as though he is able to communicate with people on the outside without possessing any actual intelligence with respect to the Chinese language. Thus, when it comes to individual human beings, we have two alternative ways in which AI technologies might be thought to cognitively enhance us or, in other words, improve our intelligence. One way in which this can happen is if the AI technologies work as cognitive extenders, which extend our minds and give our minds new or improved abilities. The alternative is if the AI technologies give us a form of AI of the Turing or Floridi kinds. That is, the AI technologies might enable us to act as if we had an impressive level of natural human intelligence and/or they might enable us to become highly efficient agents without any need of improving our natural human intelligence. In these instances, we are speaking about possibilities that relate to individuals. What can be said about the relationship to groups? Could groups of humans be (cognitively) mutually enhanced by making use of AI technologies? Here, too, we could imagine two possible ways of thinking that relate roughly to the two possibilities described above.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: 001 0. 110±0. 025 <0. 001 ∆IGFBP-3 SDS 0. 041±0. 018 0. 025 - 0. 429 ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio 0. 147±0. 072 0. 045 - 0. 271 Initial height SDS -0. 069±0. 022 0. 002 - 0. 099 Values are presented as regression coefficient (β)±standard error (SE). SDS, standard deviation score; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. * P<0. 05. 1. . . Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2019;pp 2899–912. 2. Incidence and prevalence of central precocious puberty in Korea: an epidemiologic study based on a national database. J Pediatr 2019;208:221–8. 3. . Precocious puberty and statural growth. Update 2004;10:135–47. 4. . Factors predicting adult height in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty: implications for treatment. 2002;56:297–302. 5. . The pubertal growth spurt in eight patients with true precocious puberty and growth hormone deficiency: evidence for a direct role of sex steroids. J Metab 1990;71:975–83. 6. . Long-term effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy on final and near-final height in 26 children with true precocious puberty treated at a median age of less than 5 years. J Metab 1995;80:546–51. 7. Allali S, Lemaire P, Couto-. Predicting the adult height of girls with central precocious puberty. Monit 2011;17:PH41–8. 8. . Final height of girls with central precocious puberty, untreated versus treated with cyproterone acetate or GnRH analogue. A comparative study with re-evaluation of predictions by the Bayley-Pinneau method. 1997;47:54–61. 9. Antoniazzi F, Bertoldo F, Z amboni Bone mineral metabolism in girls with precocious puberty during gonadotrophinreleasing hormone agonist treatment. Endocrinol 1995;133:412–7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to personalize learning experiences for students. [SEP] Text: The theme of user experiences is divided into three sub-themes: using ChatGPT; Accessibility and Availability of ChatGPT; and User-Friendly Dynamics. Overall, analysis of the students’ reflective journals reveals broad agreement about ChatGPT’s user-friendliness and ease of use. Many students noted the chatbot’s intuitive interface and straightforward functionality, which made it accessible to those who may not be tech-savvy. This consensus highlights the effectiveness of ChatGPT as a tool that simplifies information acquisition and supports learning without the typical complexities associated with advanced technological tools. Time efficiency using ChatGPTIn this sub-category, analysis of the student journals revealed the major time-saving benefits of using ChatGPT for various tasks. ChatGPT successfully eliminated the need for students to sift through numerous sources of information. By providing a straightforward way to understand a concept, grasp its implications, and gather information on complex dilemmas, ChatGPT demonstrated its efficiency in saving students’ time. Riad mentioned the significant time efficiency gained from using the tool, highlighting how it saved him considerable time: You can find out a lot about all sorts of things really quickly. The chat gives you detailed breakdowns and explanations, sorting everything into different arguments and topics; it saves you a lot of time. Ali also referred to this point: I was not very familiar with the details of accreditation, including its benefits and challenges, but within minutes I was able to grasp its essence and understand the importance of the whole process. The time efficiency extended not only to data retrieval and collection but also encompassed information synthesis, significantly reducing the amount of time usually required for comprehensive and coherent processing and reformulating of acquired data. Mai observed that the time saved was also because she didn’t need to search for data across multiple sources and combine it together:The amount of time I save is insane. had to search for this stuff on the internet instead of using the chat, it would take me way longer to find an answer. And even after finding it, I’d have to summarize what I found and then rephrase it in my own words, which takes so much time. Accessibility and availability of ChatGPTA majority of the students noted that the tool’s immediate accessibility and availability significantly facilitated the personalization of learning approaches.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: The first might be to think that human groups sometimes interact in a sufficiently organized way that they could be said to have a corporate mind—an idea explored, for example, in the work of. Footnote 37 On such a view, perhaps AI technologies could be used to extend and, in effect, enhance these group-level minds. Another approach would be to think that the group might be able to use AI technology so that it behaves as if it has an enhanced level of intelligence on a group level. The group, in other words, might be given a form of artificial intelligence in the Turing sense and/or the Floridi sense. The second possibility fits, to some extent, with a response that has sometimes been given to Searle’s Chinese room thought experiment and his claim that the person in the room does not understand Chinese. Specifically, that the system that is formed in the room by the person and the instructions understands Chinese on a system level. In the same way, in my version of the example where the instruction book is substituted for a ChatGPT-like large language model technology, a system that understands Chinese is made up of the AI technology and the person in the room. Moreover, a larger system could be envisioned that includes the person in the room with the large language model, along with those outside of the room. In this way, a group-level community could have been formed whose members can communicate with each other in a language not possible before. The overall system has thereby, it might be argued, in a certain sense, become artificially intelligent in its behavior—at least in the Turing or Floridi senses. Footnote 38 Accordingly, when it comes to whether AI technologies can be thought of as human enhancers, there are at least four possibilities to consider: 1: AI technologies (at least if they are not operating too autonomously from human beings) may extend individual people’s minds and thereby enhance the cognitive capacities of these individuals. 2: AI technologies (including ones that operate highly autonomously) may enable people to behave as if they have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these individuals artificially intelligent in certain respects. 3: AI technologies may extend the corporate minds of organized groups of people and thereby cognitively enhance these group agents. 4: AI technologies may enable groups to behave (including allowing its members to interact) as if the groups or their members have enhanced cognitive abilities and thereby make these groups artificially intelligent in certain respects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: 10. -. The -202 A allele of insulinlike growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism is associated with higher IGFBP-3 serum levels and better growth response to growth hormone treatment in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Metab 2009;94:588–95. 11. Growth hormone pharmacogenetics: the interactive effect of a microsatellite in the IGF1 promoter region with the GHR-exon 3 and -202 A/3 variants on treatment outcomes of children with severe GH deficiency. 2012;12:439–45. 12. . Influence of the -202 A/ C insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism on individual variation in height in Korean girls. 2017;22:36–42. 13. . Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. California: Press. 1959;pp 256. 14. Novel promoter polymorphism in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3: correlation with serum levels and interaction with known regulators. J Metab 2001;86:1274–80. 15. Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. 1990;44:45–60. 16. 2007 Growth Charts: review of developmental process and an outlook. Pediatr 2008;51:1–25. 17. Reference values for serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in Korean children and adolescents. 2012;45:16–21. 18. . Serum concentrations of free and total insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF binding proteins -1 and -3 and IGFBP-3 protease activity in boys with normal or precocious puberty. 1996;44:515–23. 19. . Serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 levels in children with precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog without or in combination with cyproterone acetate. 1997;11:243–50. 20. . Insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding protein-3 remain high after GnRH analogue therapy in girls with central precocious puberty. 1996;45:7–12. 21. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is used in EdTech to personalize learning experiences for students. [SEP] Text: This customization seamlessly interfaced with the unique scheduling needs of each learner, offering flexibility that in traditional learning settings is typically constrained by external factors or intermediaries. Hana highlighted ChatGPT’s anytime, anywhere accessibility through a simple interface, enabling quick and comprehensive responses without the wait for expert assistance: ChatGPT is available to use anytime, anywhere using a simple and convenient interface. This would allow you to get a quick and comprehensive response at any time of the day, without having to wait around for people or experts to help you out. Lina similarly noted: It’s pretty great how available it is (as long as it’s not too busy…). Any question I have, I get an answer. It saved me a lot of Google searches and reading 379. Retrieved from June 2022. N. Public-private: unequal competition: Israeli public hospitals vs. the private healthcare system following government reforms. Organ Anal. 2021. L, Salvatore FP. Sustainability for healthcare organisations and systems: cultivating strategy and governance processes for a better future. In: editors. Business for sustainability. 2023; Volume I. 249. Palgrave studies in cross-disciplinary business research, in association with Euroof Business. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. . Naamati-Schneider L, Zaks O. Public hospitals in crisis: managerial and strategic adaptation. In: editors. Business under crisis: volume II. Palgrave Macmillan; 2022. p. 43–64. A systematic literature review of artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector: benefits, challenges, methodologies, and functionalities. J Innov Knowl. 2023;8(1):100333. in drug information queries. J Telemed Telecare. 2023;2023:1–3. Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Eng. 2018;2(10):719–31. 301. p. 452–456. . . Artificial intelligence in health care: a report from the national academy of medicine. JAMA. 2020;323(6):509–10. Assessing the capability of ChatGPT in answering first-and second-order knowledge questions on microbiology as per competency-based medical education curriculum. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e36034. L, Sefton-Green J. The social utility of ‘data literacy. ’ Technol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: The previous section articulated four possible ways in which human beings might be considered as being cognitively enhanced by AI technologies, including autonomously operating AI technologies. How plausible we think that those four different views are may depend on whether we apply criteria that simply consider whether the AI technologies allow us to act in good ways, that is to say, in ways that produce good effects or that are in themselves good—or criteria that consider whether we would be praiseworthy or could justifiably take credit for how we behave as a result of using these putative cognitive enhancement technologies. That is, the second criterion could be that if we can justifiably or plausibly be said to be praiseworthy for some behavior, this would be a clear indication of some sort of improvement of our capacities—given that praiseworthiness is often thought to track, at least in part, whether one is performing in a way that involves good uses of one’s capacities. In this way, a first simple test for whether something would qualify as an internal or external form of cognitive enhancement might just be whether it enables us to act in ways that are good or have good effects. On such a view, our capacities have been enhanced as long as there is anything that could be seen as a cognitive process—either inside or outside of our minds—that creates improvements in our behavior or with respect to what we can achieve. This would allow us, for example, to say that we have been cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain degree of AI in the Turing or Floridi senses, that is, if these technologies enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive capacities. However, this might seem like too behavioristic a test for whether we have been cognitively enhanced as a result of using certain AI technologies. The other test—namely, the test that considers whether our resulting behavior is praiseworthy or does us credit—might be a better test. Here, it might be less plausible to think that we are truly cognitively enhanced if AI technologies give us a certain amount of artificial intelligence in the Turing or Floridi senses. That is, if technologies give us recommendations, perform cognitive tasks for us, or in other ways lead us to behave in a way that could give the impression that we have become more intelligent, this might be seen as not making us praiseworthy or not justifying our taking credit for whatever we achieve.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis in children with central precocious puberty: effects on growth, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and prolactin secretion. J Metab 1991;73:734–8. 22. The acid-labile subunit of human ternary insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex in girls with central precocious puberty before and during gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy. J Metab 2002;87:4629–33. 23. . Relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF binding protein-3 levels and body height before and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. 2014;19:208–13. 24. van der de Kort SW, et al. Genetic and epigenetic variability in the gene for IGFBP-3 (IGFBP3): correlation with serum IGFBP-3 levels and growth in short children born small for gestational age. 2009;19:198–205. 25. . Influence of IGFBP3 gene polymorphisms on IGFBP3 serum levels and the risk of prostate cancer in low-risk Korean men. Urology 2010;75:1516. e1-7. 26. . Relationship of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to development of prostate cancer and influence on serum levels of IGF-I, and IGFBP-3. 2011;21:146–54. 27. Association of the (CA)n repeat polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-I and -202 A/C IGF-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism with adult height in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. 2012;76:683–90. 28. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of IGFBP-3 gene and lung cancer risk in a Korean population. 2008;62:152–61.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text: Οι ανεξάρτητες μεταβλητές σε αυτή την περίπτωση ήταν η εξωτερική Φωτεινότητα, η θέση του ήλιου (αζιμούθιο και γωνία ύψους) και ο δείκτης αιθριότητας της διάχυτης ακτινοβολίας. Τα τέσσερα συστήματα που δοκιμάστηκαν βρέθηκε να καταναλώνουν από 10 ως 38% λιγότερη ενέργεια, σε σχέση με το ίδιο σύστημα τεχνητού φωτισμού χωρίς την ύπαρξη φωτοσωλήνα και αισθητήρα φωτός.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: According to this way of thinking, it is only if (1) AI technologies could be seen as being parts of our extended minds—and if (2) our level of praiseworthiness can depend on what goes on in our extended minds—that we can be seen as truly being cognitively enhanced by certain AI technologies. I take it that there is a reason that a person who gains a measure of artificial intelligence by their use of AI technology is not praiseworthy in the way that another person would be if they had had a boost of their natural intelligence. The difference lies in the perception that, as and colleagues argue, being praiseworthy for some behavior or outcome typically requires that we have put in some special effort, that we have shown ourselves to have particular talents, that we have made some significant sacrifice, or that we have otherwise shown ourselves as having some level of excellence that sets us apart. Footnote 39 Relying on AI technologies that tell us what to do—or that help us produce impressive outputs—seems insufficient to qualify as ways of having made any extra effort, shown any particular talent, made any significant sacrifice, or otherwise displayed some special form of excellence. Footnote 40 Returning to the man who was able to go through the motions of behaving as if he had a superior level of Go skill that enabled him to beat the world champion, his moves depended on recommendations made to him by the AlphaGo computer program. This being the case, the AI technology could be viewed as giving this man a form of artificial intelligence that allowed him to win against Lee Sedol. However talented the man may have been on his own, his victory depended on the strategies given to him by AlphaGo and is, therefore, not sufficient justification for viewing his triumph as particularly praiseworthy or as deserving credit. Similarly, if a student—or a researcher—presents work as that individual’s own product when it was really, mainly or perhaps wholly, generated by a large language model such as ChatGPT, they would clearly not deserve praise in the same way as if they had produced work themselves of equivalent quality. If it is not known that the work was produced by putting a prompt into a large language model, one might get the impression that, to their credit, the person has an impressive capacity deserving of praise. But when the origin of how the work was produced was learned, that laudatory impression would disappear.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1845. The F1845 adhesin belongs to the Afa/Dr family and is encoded by a five-gene cluster [2]. Bilge et al. [7] proposed part of the daaC gene of the encoding operon as a marker for DAEC strains. From the time of its discovery, it has been known that the cloned daaC fragment probe (in plasmid pSLM862) can only identify a subset of DAEC and that some DAEC strains have other adhesins, of which many, but not all, are from the Afa/Dr family [2]. However, the daaC probe is the one that has been employed most frequently in epidemiological research to date 8-13. In this paper, we report that the daaC cross-hybridizes with a specific subset of EAEC strains. We sought to identify the molecular basis for this cross-hybridization and to devise an alternate, cost-effective protocol for identifying DAEC. MethodsStrainsCross reaction of the daaC probe with EAEC was identified in the course of screening 509 test E. coli strains, which were isolated from 130 travellers with diarrhoea (up to four isolates were obtained from each specimen), who returned to the UK in 2002-2003, from a total of 33 different countries [14]. We additionally employed 26 well-characterized archival EAEC strains and seven DAEC strains for control purposes. E. coli K-12 TOP-10 (Invitrogen) was used to maintain plasmids and non-pathogenic strains DH5α and MG1655 were used as non-adherent controls. Routine molecular biology proceduresStandard molecular biology procedures were employed [15]. DNA amplification was performed using 1 unit recombinant Taq polymerase enzyme, 2 mM magnesium chloride, PCR buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 1 μM oligonucleotide primer in each reaction. All PCR amplifications began with a two-minute hot start at 94°C followed by 30 cycles of denaturing at 94°C for 30s, annealing for 30s at 5°C below primer annealing temperature and extending at 72°C for 1 minute for every Kb of DNA being amplified.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text: The illuminance delivered by the light pipe on the reference plane was expressed as formulae, with the independent variable being the exterior illuminance. The sky clearness was also considered, as each of the 10 developed formulae corresponds to one of 10 Kd clusters. The R-squared for the developed equations ranges between 0. 90 and 0. 99. The experimental interior illuminance data was compared to the results calculated and simulated with the equations developed from the theoretical methodologies and the simulations. The TTE method was found to give results that are considerably different than the experimental data. On the other hand, the equations developed from the Luxplot method and the simulations emulating the light pipe as a luminaire of cosine luminous intensity, as well as the forward ray tracing simulations, provide comparable results with an error between 38 and 43%. The error for each methodology does not change significantly based on the exterior illumination. Since it was not possible to use experimental data for the lighting or energy consumption of the artificial lights installed in the test cell, simulations were used for estimating the used power for artificial lighting systems used in conjunction with light pipes. The artificial lighting systems that were simulated were two: a system like the one installed in the test cell and an “office system”, i. e. , LED lamps, commonly used in office spaces, installed in an ortho-canonical grid, while the room modelled had the characteristics of the test cell (size, reflectance values). All the systems were dimmed according to the available daylight levels in the space. Equations for the calculation of the used power of the artificial lighting systems considered were developed, for the whole experimental period and for each month within that period, with independent variables being the exterior illuminance (Eex), the sun azimuth (α) and altitude (γ) and the sky diffuse coefficient (Kd). The four tested systems were found to consume 10 to 38% less energy than if the respective artificial lighting system was the only light source in the space. Arranging the luminaires in an ortho-canonical grid provides greater energy savings and better uniformity levels and should be preferred for environments with increased lighting quality requirements. The results presented in this Thesis apply to the specific environment and lighting systems used and simulated and are intended to showcase methodologies, rather than provide formulas for universal use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it could be argued, cognitive enhancement involves more than a person’s access to a technology such as ChatGPT—even though at first appearance, it may appear to be so when they present a text of apparent quality and claim authorship. On a group level, it can perhaps seem much more plausible that the group cognitive abilities might be boosted if AI technologies enable the collective members to behave as if the group has become more cognitively capable. This is because any group-level agency—as notesFootnote 41—can be seen as something akin to a form of artificial intelligence. That is so, List argues, independently of whether or not a well-organized group uses any modern forms of AI within their organization. This is because any group-level agency is a form of apparently intelligent behavior that is the result of something other than the natural intelligence of any particular individual in the group. Hence, on a group level, according to this way of thinking, there is no clear distinction between natural intelligence and artificial intelligence. This is a fascinating idea. However, what exact conclusions this idea from List could enable us to draw concerning AI and the possibility of cognitive enhancement on the level of groups is a larger topic than I have space to discuss in any detail here. I conclude by returning to the level of the individual. Regarding individuals and cognitive enhancement via AI, I surmise that it is easier to become, in a certain sense, artificially intelligent by using AI technologies (i. e. , become able to act as if one has some special form of intelligence) than it is to truly be cognitively enhanced by using AI technologies. For it to be truly convincing that AI technologies function as forms of cognitive enhancements for human users, it needs to be the case that the humans in question can be seen as extending their minds out into these AI technologies. Moreover, I think it needs to be the case that we can justifiably take credit for what we can do with our extended minds. Technologies that fail to extend our minds but that enable us to act as if we have improved cognitive abilities, and thereby make us, in a certain respect, artificially intelligent, can be seen as a form of quasi-enhancements. We might call them “artificial cognitive enhancements. ” But it is less plausible to think of them as truly constituting a form of human enhancement. Footnote 42 Competing interest The author declares no competing interests. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Bacteria were cultured in LB broth without shaking at 37°C overnight. HEp-2 cell monolayers were cultured overnight in 8-well chamber slides to 50% confluence in high glucose DMEM with foetal bovine serum, streptomycin and penicillin (Invitrogen) and then washed three times with PBS. 300 μL of high-glucose DMEM media containing 1% mannose (without foetal bovine serum and antibiotics) and 10 μL of bacterial culture was added to each chamber. After 3h incubation, the media was aspirated and the monolayer washed three times with PBS. The cells were fixed for 20 minutes with 70% methanol and then stained for 20 minutes with a 1:40 dilution of Giemsa in PBS. Adherence patterns were observed using oil immersion light microscopy at 1000x magnification. All bacterial isolates were tested in duplicate and replicates were read by two different individuals. Sequence analysesThe EAEC 042 genome sequence was accessed from Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. comparative at the Sanger Institute, and can be accessed at All other sequences were retrieved from GenBank. The 042 daaC cross-hybridizing region was identified by nucleotide BLAST, employing a 62 matrix with a low complexity filter. Pair-wise alignments and computations of % identity were done using FASTA and multiple alignments were generated using. PCR-RFLPWe devised a PCR-(PCR-RFLP) test for daaD/afaD and aafB. Using primers aafBdaaDF and aafBdaaDR, which are complementary to regions conserved between the two targets, we amplified a 333 bp (daaD) or 339 bp (aafB) PCR product. polymerase enzyme and PCR buffer from NEB were employed with 1 unit of Taq polymerase, 2 mM MgCl2 and 1 μM oligonucleotide primer in each reaction. We additionally repeated 48 amplifications using PCR-Supermix (Invitrogen) and obtained identical results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart lighting systems reduce energy consumption by adjusting brightness based on activity. [SEP] Text:  intelligent building indoor environment management system using fuzzy logic, advanced decision support techniques, local operating network capabilities and smart card technology Αναλυτική μελέτη περισφιγμένων στοιχείων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με τη μέθοδο των μη γραμμικών πεπερασμένων στοιχείων στο χώρο development and successful information systems development Assembly line balancing: assessment tools and indices "Ευφυή συστήματα φυσικού φωτισμού: ανάπτυξη βελτιστοποίηση σωληνών φωτισμού (light pipes) με ενσωματωμένα συστήματα τεχνητού φωτισμού χαμηλής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης ελεγχόμενα από πρόπτυπα συστήματα ελέγχου" Πληκτρολογήστε το κείμενο της εικόνας!

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: “Go master quits because ‘AI cannot be defeated’”, BBC News 2019 Nov 27; available at (last accessed 28 June 2023). 2 2. øller, N, Bowman-Smart, H, et al. Generative AI entails a credit-blame asymmetry. Learning 2023;5:472–753. Hernandez-Orallo, J, Vold, K. AI extenders. In: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society; 2019: 507–13CrossRef1964. 4 4. Giubilini, A Savulescu, J. The artificial moral advisor: The “Ideal Observer” meets artificial intelligence. Philosophy & Technology 2018;31:169–88CrossRef5. Erler, A, Müller, VC. AI as IA: The use and abuse of artificial intelligence (AI) as human enhancement through intellectual augmentation (IA). In: Jotterand, F, Ienca, M, eds. Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. London: Routledge, 2023: 189–201 6. Searle, J. Is the brain’s mind a computer program? 1990;262(1):26–31CrossRef7. “Künstliche Intelligenz”, Theo. Logik – Religion Inside, BR2 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 8 8. “Du blir dummare”, Idébyrån, SVT 2023; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). These kinds of worries about how AI might make us less inteligent can be compared with previous worries about whether search engines and other technologies might make people less intelligent. See, for instance, Carr N. making us stupid? What the internet is doing to our brains. 2008: (accessed on 5 aug. 2023) 9 9. Bratsberg, B, Rogeberg, O. Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused. PNAS 2018;115(26):6674–8CrossRef10. Menn J. Technology ethics campaigners offer plan to fight ‘human downgrading’. Reuters 2019 Apr 24; available at Vallor, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: All amplifications began with a two-minute hot start at 94°C followed by 35 cycles of denaturing at 94°C for 30s, annealing at 41°C for 30s at and extending at 72°C for 20s. PCR reactions were templated with boiled bacterial colonies or genomic DNA. Strains containing the daaD or aafB gene gave a predicted 333 or 339 bp product respectively. This product was digested with the restriction enzyme AluI. The digestion generates two predicted fragments for aafB and five fragments for the more GC rich daaD gene, which can be resolved on a 2% TBE agarose gel. ResultsThe daaCprobe cross-hybridizes with a sub-set of EAECIn the course of an aetiologic study of diarrhoea focused on diarrhoeagenic E. coli, we observed that in addition to recognizing diffusely adherent E. coli strains, the daaC probe was hybridizing to colony blots of some test and control strains that showed aggregative adherence. We hybridized the daaC probe with colony blots of a well-studied panel of 26 EAEC strains and seven DAEC strains. We found that five of these EAEC strains hybridized with the daaC probe, including prototypical EAEC strain 042, even when conditions were of slightly greater stringency than those reported in the literature [11]. All five had previously been documented to carry the aafA gene, encoding the structural subunit of the AAF/II fimbriae [17]. As shown in Figure 1, hybridization was noticeably weaker than to the DAEC strains, but sufficiently strong to confound strain categorization. Twenty-one strains lacking aafA did not hybridize with the daaC probe, irrespective of whether they hybridized to the probe for aggA, the structural subunit gene for AAF/I fimbriae (Table 2). Table 2 Hybridization of well-studied EAEC and DAEC strains to EAEC probes and daaC and results of PCR-RFLP test for daaD and aafB. Full size tableFigure 1Colony blot of representative reference strains hybridized to the daaC probe from pSLM862. The blot was hybridized with biotinylated probe under high stringency conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: La operación de los autobuses urbanos está caracterizada por condiciones de conducción a baja velocidad y una alta frecuencia de eventos de parada-arranque. Estas características de viaje conducen a un mayor consumo de energía y emisiones para los autobuses impulsados por combustibles fósiles, especialmente en zonas urbanas congestionadas. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es comprender los efectos de la congestión del tráfico urbano en las emisiones de CO2 y NOx de los autobuses propulsados por combustibles fósiles, basado en el desarrollo de un enfoque integrado que incorpora emisiones del mundo real, perfiles de conducción naturalista y datos de los sensores de tráfico de la ciudad. Una ruta de autobús representativa en Madrid (Línea 74), fue seleccionada para representar las condiciones típicas de la congestión del tráfico urbano. En general, el desarrollo de esta investigación aborda las variaciones en las emisiones de los autobuses urbanos debido a la congestión del tráfico. En este estudio, estas variaciones de las emisiones se analizaron en tres niveles y/o fases: motor, vehículo y ruta. Cada fase incluyó también un aspecto y/o procedimiento novedoso, que fue determinado en base a las brechas identificadas en la revisión de la literatura. Además, los datos y procedimientos resultantes de estos tres niveles de análisis se articularon sistemáticamente para definir un único marco metodológico de investigación integrado que permita alcanzar el objetivo general definido.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Moral deskilling and upskilling in a new machine age: Reflections on the ambiguous future of character. Philosophy & Technology 2015;28:107–24CrossRef12. Danaher, J. The rise of the robots and the crisis of moral patiency. AI & Society 2019;34:129–36CrossRef13. Bryson, J. The artificial intelligence of the ethics of artificial intelligence. In:. eds. Handbook of Ethics of AI. Oxford: Press, 2021: 2–25 14. Chalmers D. Could a large language model be conscious? PhilArchive; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 15 15. Railton P. Ethics and artificial intelligence. 2022, University of Oxford. Video recordings; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 16 16. See, for example, Floridi, L. AI as agency without intelligence: On ChatGPT, large language models, and other generative models. Philosophy & Technology 2023;36:15 CrossRef10. 1007/s13347-023-00621-y. (last accessed 8 August 2023). 17 17. Minsky, M. Processing. Cambridge MA: MIT Press; 1968 18. Nyholm, S. This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2023 19. Turing, A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 1950;59(236):433–60CrossRef20. Jefferson, G. The mind of mechanical man. Journal 1949;1(4616):1105–10CrossRef21. . A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research Project on artificial intelligence; available at (last accessed 29 June 2023). 22 22. Russell, S, Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Hoboken: Prentice Hall; 1995 23. See note 16, Floridi. 24 24. See note 18, Nyholm, at chap. 1. 25 25. Verbeek, PP, Materializing Morality: Understanding and Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago: Press; 2011 CrossRef26. Clark, A, Chalmers, D. The extended mind. Analysis 1998;58(1):7–19 CrossRef27. Levy, N. Neuroethics and the extended mind.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 1% of non-adherent strains (Table 3, p < 0. 0001; Fishers exact test). Table 3 Adherence patterns of 509 isolates collected prospectively from 130 travellers with diarrhoea and their hybridization to the daaC probe. Full size tableTo verify that the hybridizing aggregative adherent strains were true and typical EAEC, that is strains carrying a partially conserved plasmid referred to as pAA, we screened them for EAEC virulence loci. Only one of the nine aggregative adherent daaC-positive strains hybridized with the CVD432 probe [6], but seven of the nine strains hybridized with at least one other EAEC probe (the pAA-borne aggC for aggregative adherence fimbrial usher [18] or aap for dispersin [19] or the chromosomal gene pic for mucinase, which is also present in Shigella [20]). Only one daaC-positive strain showing aggregative adherence did not hybridize with one of the four EAEC probes we employed. Importantly, all but one of nine aafA-positive EAEC strains identified among the 509 E. coli isolates hybridized with the daaC probe. Four of the nine daaC-positive EAEC strains were from the same individual and probably clonal. The other five were from five separate patients, who were recent returnees from four different countries. Overall, evidence from two independently derived strain sets suggests that the daaC probe recognizes a specific subset of EAEC, that is strains that possess aafA. The daaC cross-hybridizing locus in EAEC is aafCThe daaC probe is excised from plasmid pSLM862 with PstI prior to use (7). We used vector-priming M13 oligonucleotides to sequence the pSLM862 insert, which we have deposited in the Genbank database (EU010379). search of the Genbank nucleotide database revealed that the daaC probe was 97% identical to draC/afaC/dafaC genes from other, diffuse-adherence associated operons in the Genebank database (Accession numbers AF325672. 1, X76688. 1 and AF329316. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this paper takes the cooperation patents of enterprises, universities and research institutions as the starting point, and further searches for the number of joint patent applications of enterprises-universities, enterprises-institutions, universities-institutions, enterprises-universities-institutions in each city respectively, to depict the innovation effect of smart city more accurately from the perspective of innovation and synergy. (3) Fully considering the current situation of the differences between cities in terms of geographical location, city level, talent concentration level and intelligence level, the basic conditions needed for the construction of smart cities in the process of promoting city haze governance and green development are further identified. Such identification is conducive for local governments to maximize the development opportunities of smart city pilot, accelerate the construction of "digital China", and realize the beautiful vision of the high-level goal of ecological civilization development. 2. Policy background and theoretical mechanism 2. 1Policy background With the acceleration of urbanization and the incessant improvement of living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for urban services, living environment, public transport, and social life. Smart city construction is assumed to be an important measure to solve urban development problems by realizing efficient allocation of resources and harmonious development of cities through artificial intelligence and cloud computing. In 2009, (IBM) proposed the concept of smart city for the first time. 2009, Dubuque of the USA built the first smart city in partnership with IBM. This successful case has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Many countries or regions have begun to take the construction of smart cities as the main means to solve the urban disease and improve the competitiveness of cities. With the rapid development of new digital technology and modern communication technology, the number of smart cities under construction in the world has exceeded 1000 by 2020, and it is expected to maintain the trend of rapid growth in the future. In the wave of smart city construction around the world, the Chinese government promulgated “for the Administration of City Pilot” in 2012 and identified the first batch of pilot cities, followed by the announcement of the second and third batches of pilot cities in the following two years. By 2015, more than 85% of China's cities have begun to build smart cities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Determining cell typeabundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. 37(7):773-782. 2018. Targeting autophagy in cancer. Cancer 124(16):3307-3318. 2014. An overview of autophagy: morphology, mechanism, and regulation. Signal 20(3):460-473. 2018. 3 promotes malignant phenotypes of glioma by activating EGFR-AKT signaling. Biochemical and Communications 505(2):413-418. 2017. Targeting autophagy to overcome chemoresistance in acute myleogenous leukemia. Autophagy 13(1):214-215 -. 2006. Auto-antibodies in prostate cancer: humoral immune response to antigenic determinants coded by the differentially expressed transcripts FLJ23438 and VAMP3. Prostate 66(14):1463-1473. 2019. WDFY2 restrains matrix metalloproteinase secretion and cell invasion by controlling VAMP3-dependent recycling. 10(1):2850. 2019a. DIRAS3-derived peptide inhibits autophagy in ovarian cancer cells by binding to beclin1. Cancers 11(4):557. 2019b. DIRAS3 (ARHI) blocks RAS/MAPK signaling by binding directly to RAS and disrupting RAS clusters. 29(11):3448-3459. 2019. Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways. Brain 142(2):471-485 Varma S. 2020. Blind estimation and correction of microarray batch effect. 15(4):e0231446 Walter W, Sánchez-Cabo F, Ricote M. 2015. GOplot: an R package for visually combining expression data with functional analysis. Bioinformatics 31(17):2912-2914. 2019. Development and validation of a nomogram with an autophagy-related gene signature for predicting survival in patients with glioblastoma. Aging 11(24):12246-12269. 2019. Novel therapy in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): moving toward targeted approaches. in Hematology 10:2040620719860645. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: search of the recently completed genome of cross-hybridizing EAEC strain 042 at revealed that the most similar target for the daaC probe that can be identified in the 042 genome in silico is the aafC gene, part of the AAF/II-encoding operon, with 294 (84%) identical nucleotides and only five single nucleotide gaps over the length of the homologous 344 nucleotide daaC probe region, at the DNA level (Figure 2). The aafC gene is located on the large virulence plasmid of strain 042 and other AAF/II-positive EAEC [21]. The daaC gene, on the other hand, may be chromosomally or plasmid located [7]. Therefore, although genuine target strains often have only one copy of daaC, cross hybridizing strains could potentially have one or more copies of the aafC gene, a factor that could also contribute to the hybridization signals of aafC-positive EAEC. Elias et al. have previously noticed that enteroaggregative E. coli strains hybridize to the daaC probe and proposed that the cross-hybridizing region was within the AAF/II fimbrial biogenesis cluster [21]. In this study, all but one strain possessing the aafA gene from the AAF/II biogenesis cluster hybridized with the daaC probe. We hybridized the panel of 26 well-studied strains to a DNA fragment probe for the aggregative adherence fimbrial usher gene, aggC, which has been demonstrated by Bernier et al. to hybridize to both aggC and aafC [18]. All the aafA-positive, daaC-positive strains hybridized with this probe (Table 2). In summary, we report that daaC cross-hybridization arises from an 84% identity between the probe sequence and the EAEC aafC gene, and that this degree of similarity significantly compromises diagnostic use of the existing daaC probe for the detection of DAEC. Figure 2BLAST alignment of a diffuse adherence dafa/daa operon (Accession number AF325672) and region 2 of the aafII operon from strain 042 (Accession number AF114828). orfs are shown for dafa (top) and aaf, region 2 (bottom).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: As the largest developing country, China has clearly identified "digitalization" and "greening" as the key direction of its future development, laying emphasis on the construction of digital infrastructure such as high-speed broadband and 5G communication, making a solemn commitment to the world to achieve " carbon neutrality and emission peak ". It is foreseeable that the construction of smart cities will have a profound impact on all aspects of China's economic development, along with the promotion of China's economic revolution and upgrading, and with the transformation of old and new kinetic energy. 2. 1 Theoretical mechanism and research hypothesis 2. 1. 1 The direct impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution As an important application to realize pollution conservation and emission reduction, smart city construction is seen as the vital solution to urban environmental problems, and is also the fundamental way to achieve green and sustainable development. Firstly, smart city construction can promote the "smart" transition of traditional labor-intensive industries, improve the utilization efficiency of resources, and speed up the transformation of economic development model. Combining new renewable energy and next generation of pollution reduction and emission reduction technologies, the pressure of pollution treatment at the source will be alleviated (Benzerrouk et al. , 2021), and simultaneously the source control of haze pollution will be promoted. Secondly, smart city construction can create a convenient and efficient "smart" urban development model. Relying on the advantages of accurate analysis and rapid matching of big data, it will effectively release the traffic congestion in large cities (Jiang et al. , 2021), and create a modern transportation system with smart and green travel. Finally, in the process of promoting smart city construction, it is undoubtful to attract a large number of high-end and professional talents. While improving intelligence and technical support for urban development, high-quality talents will guide the majority of residents to accept the green and low-carbon lifestyle through example demonstration effect (Chu et al. , 2021), which constantly optimizes the urban environmental governance pattern and imperceptibly improves residents' environmental awareness (Li, 2022). Herein, we propose hypothesis H1a: smart city construction can effectively improve urban haze pollution. Considering the vast territory of China, there are significant differences between different regions (cities) in fields such as economic development base, resource distribution, cultural heritage, and construction of environmental protection facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the heterogeneity of the smart city pilot on haze governance in different regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: With urbanization, impermeable surfaces (roofs, streets, parking lots, and sidewalks) increase, so the permeable areas decrease and as a result, the volume of storm water flow increases. Stormwater management strategies include the prevention, containment, and reuse of stormwater runoff. Green stormwater infrastructure is systems like biological ditches, catchments, wetlands, rain gardens, and urban green spaces that mimic natural processes that result in infiltration, evaporation, or use of rainwater. It is becoming increasingly clear that green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing but also supports ecosystem services, which are the benefits ecosystems provide to humans. “can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high-quality natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings. More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, such as clean air or water” [5]. “Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green spaces (or blue if aquatic ecosystems are concerned) and other physical features in terrestrial (including coastal) and marine areas. On land, GI is present in rural and urban settings” [6]. “ Green infrastructure is an approach to wet weather management that uses soils and vegetation to utilize, enhance, and/or mimic the natural hydrological cycle processes of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and reuse” [7]. Traditional stormwater infrastructure, or gray infrastructure, is designed to divert rainwater from urban areas through pipes and channels. Runoff from these surfaces can suffocate infrastructure systems, carrying pollutants into streams, rivers, and lakes when rainwater runs off impermeable streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Flows can also cause erosion and flooding that can damage property, infrastructure, and wildlife habitat. In addition to flow problems, impermeable surfaces also prevent water from penetrating the soil and refilling groundwater sources. Green infrastructure uses plants, soils, landscape design, and engineering techniques to contain, absorb, and reduce polluted stormwater runoff. Green infrastructure prevents combined sewer overflows for cities by preventing or reducing the amount of runoff flowing directly into storm drains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Connectors show regions of 80% or more identity at the DNA level. The figure was generated using the Tool (ACT)[45]. Full size imageDevelopment of a PCR-RFLP protocol to detect and delineate daaC and aaf-positive strainsThe daaC, aafC and similar genes are predicted to encode ushers for adhesin export and are highly similar across the entire length of the genes, both to each other and to usher genes from other adhesin operons (Figure 2). Downstream of the usher genes is a smaller open reading frame. In the case of the EAEC aafC, the downstream gene, aafB, has not been experimentally defined and may encode a protein that represents the AAF/II tip adhesin [22]. The aafB predicted product shares 59% identity with theDaaD, a non-structural adhesin encoded by a gene downstream of afaC/daaC [21]. At the DNA level, aafB and daaD/afaD genes also share some identity (63% over the most similar 444 bp region), but this is less than that of the usher genes (Figure 3). Figure 3Pair-wise alignment between the daaD and aafB gene regions used as a basis for a discriminatory PCR-RFLP. Identities are asterixed. Oligonucleotide binding sites for the PCR-RFLP protocol are underlined and AluI restriction sites are highlighted in boldface. Full size imageAs shown in Figure 2, three regions of similarity between afaD and aafB, at the DNA level, are interspersed by two dissimilar regions. We devised a PCR-(PCR-RFLP) test for daaD/afaD and aafB using primers complementary to regions conserved between the two targets, and digesting the 333/339 bp product with the restriction enzyme AluI. The digestion generates two fragments for aafB (233 and 106 bp) and five fragments for the more GC rich daaD gene (123, 106, 50, 36 and 18 bp). As shown in Figure 4, whilst the smallest daaD fragments are not visible, the two profiles are easily distinguished on a 2% agarose gel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city data can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. [SEP] Text: 076* (1. 75) -0. 037 (-1. 34) 0. 201*** (6. 18) 0. 144*** (3. 19) 0. 761*** (3. 31) -R2 0. 8888 0. 9596 0. 8958 0. 6757 0. 6197 Obs 5112 5112 5112 4828 5112 Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. The models (13)–(15) in Table 7 show the impact of smart cities on three types of innovation. Firstly, the coefficient of COOR-INN is 0. 076 and has passed the significance test, which shows that the construction of smart city has strengthened the cooperation and communication among the enterprises, universities, and institutions in a city, thus helping various subjects better define their responsibilities and accelerate the construction of industry-university-institution coordinate innovation model. The multi-subject innovation will accelerate the creation of a multi-level, professional and efficient innovation mechanism to promote breakthroughs towards core technologies, stainable improvement in environmental quality, and haze governance. Secondly, the coefficient of GRE-INN item is 0. 201 and significant at level of 1%, indicating that the smart city pilot can also vibrantly enhance the green innovation capacity. Along with the wider use of green innovations (e. g. , new energy sources such as solar and wind power) in production and life, regional haze governance will be effectively realized from the source. However, the impact of smart city pilot on collaborative innovation is not significant, suggesting that while China's smart city pilot has strengthened the coordinate innovation among multiple subjects in different cities, it has not significantly impact on the cooperative innovation among cities. It can be seen from model (16) that the smart city pilot has increased the resource allocation efficiency of cities in the treated group by 0. 144 unit, indicating that smart city construction relies on new information technologies such as the artificial intelligence to promote the development of new energy, new materials, and information industries, optimizing the allocation efficiency of production factors such as capital and talent. In addition, it will also promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries to new industries, gradually eliminating polluting industries and improving production efficiency, ultimately reducing pollution emissions, and achieving haze control (Ryzhenkov, 2016). The coefficient of ENT term in model (17) is 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Giridharan, Renganathan ∙ Emmanuel, RohintonThe impact of urban compactness, comfort strategies and energy consumption on tropical urban heat island intensity: a reviewand Society. 2018; Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (141)PubMed36. Givoni, B. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: a reviewAtmos. Environ. Urban Atmos. 1991; 25:289-299CrossrefScopus (220)37. Gunawardena, K. R. ∙ Wells, M. J. ∙ Kershaw, T. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensitySci. Total Environ. 2017; 584–585:1040-1055 Elsevier B. V. CrossrefScopus (698)PubMed38. Hamada, Shuko ∙ Ohta, TakeshiSeasonal variations in the cooling effect of urban green areas on surrounding urban areasUrban For. Urban Green. 2010; 9:15-24CrossrefScopus (391)39. Heltberg, Rasmus ∙ Siegel, ∙ Jorgensen, Steen Lau“Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: toward a ‘No regrets’ approachGlob. Environ. Chang. 2008; 19:89-99CrossrefScopus (396)40. Huang, ∙ Davis, Susan ∙ Akbari, HashemA guidebook for the control of summer heat islandson in Buildings 19901990; 79-85LBL-2922441. IPCCMeeting report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change expert meeting on mitigation, sustainability and climate stabilization scenarios [shukla, P. R. J. Skea, R. van Diemen, K. Calvin, Ø. Christophersen, F. Creutzig, J. Fuglestvedt, E. Huntley, F. Lecocq, M. Pathak, J. Portugal-pereira, J. Rogelj, J. Roy, J. Scull, R. Schaeffer, R. Slade, D. Ürge-vorsatz, D. van Vuuren. ]the United Kingdom, 201742.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Figure 4PCR-RFLP to distinguish daaD and daaD2 from aafB. Lane 1: 1 Plus (Invitrogen); Lanes 2-6: AluI restricted amplicons from EAEC strain 042 (aafB), DAEC strains 1 (daaC2), 2 and 3 (daaC) and non-pathogenic strain HS. Lane 7: pBR322 Msp1 marker (NEB). Full size imageIn the course of our investigations, we identified a third restriction profile, initially from strain DAEC1 (Figure 4). We sequenced the amplified region from this strain and determined that although the probe showed a 100% identity with daaD over most of its sequence, there was a 60 bp region with no significant homology. We refer to this allele as daaD2, and have deposited the sequence in GenBank (EU010380). daaD2 lacks the two AluI sites closest to the 5' end of daaD (Figure 2), which lie within the non-conserved region, but otherwise is very similar to daaD. Digestion of the PCR product from this allele yields 3 fragments of 104, 109 and 120 bp, which are irresolvable on a 2% gel but produce a profile easily distinguished from that of aafB and daaD (Figure 4). We found that daaD was more common than daaD2 in our collection. Additionally, there are four sequences from strains bearing identical or nearly identical (>99% identity) daaD2 alleles already deposited in GenBank [23], but as many as 20 sequences from an equivalent number of strains with classic daaD alleles. This does suggest that daaD may be the more common allele, but the epidemiological significance of the variation, if any, in these alleles is unclear. Discussion and conclusionThere have been brief mentions of daaC hybridization with EAEC in the literature. In some studies, the hybridization of the daaC probe to enteroaggregative E. coli has been taken to mean that the strains in question harbour a daa adhesin target as well as aggregative adherence genes [24]. Other workers have proposed that the hybridization signal arises from cross-hybridization at a single locus [21, 25].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: of Personalized and edited by Ernst R. Berndt, Dana P. Goldman and University of Chicago Press, 2019Cloth: 978-0-226-61106-8 | Electronic: 978-0-226-61123-5DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) Barnes & DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) and precision medicine (PPM)—the targeting of therapies according to an individual’s genetic, environmental, or lifestyle characteristics—is becoming an increasingly important approach in health care treatment and prevention. The advancement of PPM is a challenge in traditional clinical, reimbursement, and regulatory landscapes because it is costly to develop and introduces a wide range of scientific, clinical, ethical, and socioeconomic issues. PPM raises a multitude of economic issues, including how information on accurate diagnosis and treatment success will be disseminated and who will bear the cost; changes to physician training to incorporate genetics, probability and statistics, and economic considerations; questions about whether the benefits of PPM will be confined to developed countries or will diffuse to emerging economies with less developed health care systems; the effects of patient heterogeneity on cost-effectiveness analysis; and opportunities for PPM’s growth beyond treatment of acute illness, such as prevention and reversal of chronic conditions. This volume explores the intersection of the scientific, clinical, and economic factors affecting the development of PPM, including its effects on the drug pipeline, on reimbursement of PPM diagnostics and treatments, and on funding of the requisite underlying research; and it examines recent empirical applications of PPM. is the Louis E. in at the MIT of Management, and a research associate of the of Economic Research. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0000[personalized medicine;precision medicine;economic issues;clinical issues;biologic issues;statistical issues;preventive care]Personalized and precision medicine (PPM) -- also called tailored, targeted, or stratified medicine -- matches therapies to patient sub-populations aided by clinical and diagnostic biomarkers. Catalyzed by the sequencing of the human genome, an accelerated expansion of the knowledge platform underlying biological disease processes, and advances in diagnostic technologies, PPM is rapidly evolving from a hypothetical concept to an observable reality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe sea levels of Kiribati have been stable over the last few decades, as elsewhere in the world. government funded (PSLM) project has adjusted sea level records to produce an unrealistic rising trend. Some information has been hidden or neglected, especially from sources of different management. The measured monthly average mean sea levels suffer from subsidence or manipulation resulting in a tilting from the about 0 (zero) mm/year of nearby tide gauges to 4 (four) mm/year over the same short time window. Real environmental problems are driven by the increasing local population leading to troubles including scarcity of water, localized sinking and localised erosion. Keywords: sea-level rise; climate change; Pacific atolls; El-Nińo; southern oscillation1 IntroductionThe 1993. The project has been created to build a substitutional evidence of relative rates of rise of sea level of more than 4 mm/year in Kiribati using the focus on a short term record started in a valley of the peaks & valleys oscillations and playing with the subsidence of the instrument if not manipulating the results. The selected starting point for data analysis is a very low sea level in the mid-1990s, and this may bias apparent rise in relative sea level assessment for decades. The longer tide gauges recording under a different management, as II and Christmas Island, or B and Kanton Island, are neglected, same of the oldest tide gauges nearby Betio in the atoll of Tarawa. tide gauge is managed by the of Meteorology. All the other tide gauges as -A, B and C or are or were managed by the. Other tide gauges as were managed by NOAA/NOS. Listed in Table 1 are all the tide gauges of Kiribati. The table presents the relative rate of rise computed by linear fitting of all the data, plus the record length. The data have been downloaded from PSMSL [8]. To be noted, the -tide gauge is quality flagged by PSMSL. Table 1. Analysis of all the tide gauges of Kiribati in the PSMSL data base (data from [10]). Tide gaugemm/year-13811. 367172. 933198419749. 58−3. 71-15791. 333173. 017198819834. 6732. 15-17391. 367172. 9332002198813.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Although the former situation is a possibility, particularly as aggregative fimbrial genes are plasmid-borne, in this study we implicate the aafC gene, predicted to encode the usher for AAF/II fimbriae, as a cross-hybridizing locus. This finding has implications for our current understanding of the epidemiology of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Understanding the aetiology of diarrhoea is important, particularly in high disease burden areas where risk factors need to be identified and vaccine development priorities established. Most of what is known about the relative importance of different diarrhoeagenic E. coli categories comes from small, snapshot studies or studies of traveller's diarrhoea, analogous to what Guerrant et al. [26] refer to as the 'eyes of the hippopotamus'. Many high-burden developing countries lack cell culture facilities for the HEp-2 assay needed to delineate some pathotypes of diarrhoea-causing E. coli from commensals. Non-radioactive DNA probes and, more recently, PCR have been advocated as methodology that might be used to detect enterovirulent E. coli in developing countries [27, 28]. The vast majority of earlier studies that have not used HEp-2 adherence assays have defined DAEC as E. coli that hybridize to the daaC probe. Of 30 Medline-indexed controlled studies that sought DAEC, we were able to identify only nine that have heretofore demonstrated an association of DAEC with diarrhoea. Girón et al. [29] used daaC probe hybridization and HEp-2 adherence and found that DAEC were associated with disease in Mayan children in Mexico. However that study had a very short duration (3 weeks) and focused on a small remote population (63 cases, 1300 total population), and therefore there are limits to the extent to which the data should be extrapolated. Cegielski et al. [30] found probe-positive, but not diffuse-adherent DAEC associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in another small study in Tanzania. A recent Brazilian study made a similar finding: probe-positive DAEC were associated with paediatric diarrhoeal disease, particularly in older children [13].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: The full promise of PPM extends beyond targeting therapies for already ill people, to identify healthy individuals at elevated risk of disease, enabling preventive measures to be targeted towards those who could most benefit, but perhaps at substantial additional cost. PPM has the potential to upend traditional models of providing health services, preventive care, health insurance, reimbursement and regulation, and raises issues involving not only medicine and biology, but economics, ethics, and statistics. In this introductory 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0001[Personalized Medicine;Value of Information;Two-Part Pricing]Personalized medicine (PM) entails better tailoring therapies to patients through use of information about the patient that better predicts treatment response before undergoing treatment. We discuss the economic value of personalized medicine and the optimal pricing of the combination products involved. We build on previous work of Egan and Philipson (2015) who stress a link between rational adherence in health care and the value of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine converts experience goods to search goods by speeding up the learning process relative to trial and error. This explains the emergence of personalized medicine in cancer care as well as the timing of this emergence. It also predicts greater innovation- and merger incentives from Disneyland style two-part pricing of the combination products. (pages 9 - 20)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0002[Pharmaceuticals;Genetics;Genome;Innovation;Therapeutical Translation;Network Medicine;GWAS]Many scientists predicted a swift revolution in human therapeutics after the completion of the Project (“HGP”). This revolution, however, has been slow to materialize in spite of the scientific advances. We investigate the role of biological complexity in slowing down this revolution. Our test relies on a disease-specific measure of biological complexity, constructed by drawing on insights from (Barabási et al. 2011). According to our measure, more complex diseases are associated with a larger number of genetic mutations—higher centrality in the Network (Goh et al. 2007). With this measure in hand, we estimate the rate of translation of new science into early-stage drug innovation by focusing on a leading type of genetic epidemiological knowledge (Genome-Studies) and employing standard methods for the measurement of R&D productivity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: This is the result of the start of the short term record about a deep of sea level in the mid-1990s and manipulation. Longer tide gauges recording under a different management as II and Christmas Island, or B and their composite records show much smaller or even negative relative rates of rise, perfectly consistent with the stable or expanding land of the isles. The major localised erosion and the localised sinking issues in a globally stable Kiribati are not attributable to climate change as the sea levels are absolutely stable. The localised sinking and erosion are all consequences of the increasing population and the related changes in the delicate environment of the tiny coral islands, similarly, to the lack of fresh, clean water. The president of Kiribati has earned international recognition for speaking out on the threats of climate change, but the sea levels are not rising in Kiribati, nor accelerating. The real issues of Kiribati are all attributable to population explosion and the unsustainable poor environmental management. Focusing attention on false claims of ‘drowning’ distracts from the real and urgent problems of the islands. Reference[1] www. nature. com/news/before-we-drown-we-may-die-of-thirst-1. 18652Search in 170. 10. 1029/2012EO170001Search in 554. 10. 1016/S0964-5691(99)00029-0Search in 246. 10. 1016/j. gloplacha. 2010. 05. 003Search in 10. 10. 1515/nleng-2013-0011Search in 0024. 2010. pdfSearch in 004. pdfSearch in 0101. 201509. pdfSearch in 252. 10. 9734/PSIJ/2015/17270Search in 1. 3539386,172. 9399624,4533m/data$=$! 3m1! 1e3Search in 43. Parker, A. (2016). Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, 5(1), 37-43. Parker, A. (2016) Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati. Nonlinear Engineering, Vol. 5 (Issue 1), 43. Parker, Albert. "Analysis of the sea levels in of Kiribati" 5, no. 1 (2016): 37-43. Parker A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: A Bangladeshi study reported that DAEC identified by adherence assay were associated with persistent but not acute diarrhoea (p < 0. 05)[31]. A number of other developing country studies published since that time, employing probe and adherence, adherence alone, or PCR-based detection have failed to find an association between detection of DAEC and disease [8, 10, 12], 32-35. In 1993, Levine et al. observed that a Chilean study, entirely reliant on the daaC probe, represented the "strongest epidemiologic evidence so far to indicate that DAEC may indeed be pathogenic"[36]. This large, controlled cohort study identified DAEC, based on daaC hybridization alone, in 16. 6% of cases and 11. 9% of controls (p = 0. 0024). In that study, children aged 4-5 years had a relative risk of 2. 1 for DAEC (overall relative risk was 1. 4). Subsequent reports from studies using only the probe support the findings of that study [13, 37, 38]. For example, a 2005 US study found that DAEC identified by SLM862 probe were associated with diarrhoea (p < 0. 05) but DAEC identified by HEp-2 adherence were not [38]. Overall, in the light of the limitations of the daaC probe we here report, only three published studies that we reviewed unequivocally suggest a role for DAEC in acute diarrhoeal disease. Jallat et al. [11] used HEp-2 adherence to identify DAEC in a French study and found these organisms to be significantly associated with disease in patients of all ages (p < 0. 0001). In that study, only 33 of the 100 DAEC isolates identified hybridized with the daaC probe and interestingly, five of these strains also hybridized with the CVD432 probe for enteroaggregative E. coli and showed an aggregative-diffuse pattern of adherence. Ten daaC positive strains were non-adherent. A second study, by Gunzburg et al. [39], found that DAEC were not associated with diarrhoea overall, and were more common in healthy patients under 18 months of age. However, Gunzburg et al. did find that in children aged 18 months to five years, DAEC were recovered from 11 cases and 4 controls (p ≤ 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized medicine tailors treatments to individuals based on genetic information. [SEP] Text: For less complex diseases, we find a strong and positive association between cumulative knowledge and the amount of innovation. This association weakens as complexity increases, becoming statistically insignificant at the extreme. Our results suggest that biological complexity is, in part, responsible for the slower-than-expected unfolding of the therapeutical revolution set in motion by the HGP. (pages 21 - 52)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0003[Pharmacogenetics;Decision theory;Genetic testing;Cost-effectiveness;Precision medicine]Pharmacogenomics, or the application of genetic testing to guide drug selection and/or dosing, is often cited as integral to the vision of how precision medicine can be integrated into routine clinical practice. Yet despite a growing base of scientific discovery on genetic variation that predicts drug response, reimbursement for genetic testing among health systems and payers remains uneven. In large measure this is because the cascading impacts of genetic testing on individual and provider incentives and behavior, as well as downstream health care spending and outcomes, remain poorly understood. In this study, we couple evidence from a real-world implementation of pharmacogenomic testing with a discrete event simulation model. We use this framework to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of various genetic testing strategies. We find that the cost-effectiveness of multiplexed genetic testing (e. g. , whole genome sequencing) hinges on the ability of a health system to ensure that dense genotypic information is routinely utilized by physicians. Moreover, while much attention has been paid to lowering the cost of genetic tests, we demonstrate that in practice, other scientific and behavioral factors, focused on certain high-yield drug-gene pairs, are key to implementing precision medicine in ways that maximize its value. (pages 53 - 86)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226611235. 003. 0004[personalized medicine;precision medicine;game theory;companion diagnostics;drug development]Precision medicines inherently fragment treatment populations, generating small-population markets, creating high-priced “niche busters” rather than broadly prescribed “blockbusters. " It is plausible to expect that small markets will attract limited entry in which a small number of interdependent differentiated product oligopolists will compete, each possessing market power.

Output: corroborate