Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Penelope WheelerAnother upon herKissing and BussingCrosse and PileTo the Lady Crew, upon the death of her ChildHis Winding-sheetMary WillandChange gives contenta frequenter of OrdinariesOn himselfeFortune favoursto love, and live with himTo his her cheeksUpon her EyesUpon her feetTo his honoured friend, MyntsUpon his gray hairesAccusationPride allowable in PoetsA Vow to MinervaOn JoneUpon Letcher. not disadvantageousthe Flaminica Dialis, or Queen-PriestAnacreontikeMeat without mirthdoe but bury usUpon Ursleyto CrewTo his worthy Kinsman, Mr. Stephen SoameTo his Tomb-makersuperviveNone free from faultUpon himselfe being buriedPitie to the prostrateWay in a crowdHis content in the CountryThe credit of the ConquerorOn himselfeUpon one-ey'd Broomsted. EpigThe FairiesTo his honoured friend, M. have their Linings, and Bookes their BuckramArt above Nature, to JuliaUpon SibillaUpon his kinswoman a comely, and curious MaideUpon the losse of his FingerUpon IreneUpon Electra's TearesUpon ToolyA Hymne to the GracesTo SilviaUpon Blanch. EpigUpon Umber. Epighath lost his pipeTrue Friendshipof his Mistresse calling him to EliziumLife is the Bodies LightUpon Urles. EpigUpon FranckLove lightly pleasedThe PrimroseThe Tythe. To the BrideA FrolickChange common to allTo JuliaNo luck in LoveIn the darke none daintyA charme, or an allay for LoveUpon a free Maid, with a foule breathUpon Coone. EpigTo his Brother in -akeOn himselfeUpon a MaideUpon Spalta Comb-makerUpon the troublesome timesCruelty base in CommandersUpon a sowre-breath Lady. EpigUpon LuciaLittle and loudShip-wrackPaines without profitTo his Booketo Ben.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Dreissig et al. , 2017] and fixed non-denatured animal and plant cells [Deng et al. , 2015; Ishii et al. , 2019]. The principle of fluorescence labeling using theCas9 system is based on the property of designed (crRNA), which contains a spacer complementary to a DNA sequence and provides the target specificity of the Cas9 system (Fig. 1). To find the target DNA, the Cas9 nuclease requires a guide RNA (gRNA) which is composed of crRNA, fluorescently labeled trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA), and a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). This specific complex is formed by hybridization of the designed crRNA in combination with the fluorescently labeled tracrRNA [Ishii et al. , 2019]. The crRNA contains a 20-nucleotide guide sequence called spacer and the PAM, a short G-rich motif which is positioned next to the gRNA-specific part of the target sequence. Fig. 1View largeDownload slideThe principle of fluorescence labeling of genomic DNA using the -Cas9-based RGEN-ISL method. The crRNA: tracrRNA complex uses optimized Alt-R crRNA and ATTO 550-labeled tracrRNA sequences that hybridize and then form a complex with Cas9 endonuclease to guide targeted binding to genomic DNA. The binding site is specified by the protospacer element of the crRNA (green bar). This element recognizes 19 or 20 nt on the opposite strand of the site. The PAM site must be present immediately downstream of the protospacer element that binding can occur. Fig. 1View largeDownload slideThe principle of fluorescence labeling of genomic DNA using the -Cas9-based RGEN-ISL method. The crRNA: tracrRNA complex uses optimized Alt-R crRNA and ATTO 550-labeled tracrRNA sequences that hybridize and then form a complex with Cas9 endonuclease to guide targeted binding to genomic DNA. The binding site is specified by the protospacer element of the crRNA (green bar). This element recognizes 19 or 20 nt on the opposite strand of the site. The PAM site must be present immediately downstream of the protospacer element that binding can occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: However, the arid climate of the region as well as the Israeli control over the water available for Palestinians living in the emphasize even more the need to be careful with available water. On the basis of 1988-2003 numbers, the total average water use in the is 123 million m3/year. With a population 2. 5 million in 2005, this amounted to 50 m3/cap. year. Since 2004, the water availability has remained constant while the population has increased. II Agreement of 1995, the result of extensivenegotiations between Palestine and Israel focusing on developing a state of peaceful coexistence, include a paragraph stating that the will be provided with an additional 75 million m3/year of groundwater, to be provided from “new resources” (Oslo II Agreement, 1995). Knowing the fact that there are negotiations going on between Israelis and Palestinians regarding the implementation of Oslo II promise, although very slow, we can assume that the theoretical water availability for Palestinians in the is 198 million m3/year equal to 80 m3/cap/year. The latter is expected to drop to 45 m3/cap/year by the year 2025 because of population growth and industrial development (Nazer et al. , 2008). These are still very low figures by any standards, including the definition of water scarcity of less than 1,000 m3/cap/year proposed by Falkenmark (1986). It can, therefore, be stated that the is in a situation of extreme water scarcity. The scarce water resources are facing threats of water pollution due to the disposal of untreated wastewater. This pollutes water resources and further decreases water quality and, therefore, availability (Nazer et al. , 2008). In most cases wastewater is discharged directly into wadis without any type of treatment increasing the environmental problems (MOPIC, 1998 b; ADA and ADC, 2007). Depletion of water resources and deterioration of water quality are key environmental challenges that require urgent action. Although the water resources are shared between Israel and Palestine, there is unequal allocation of the water. The per capita water use, for all purposes (domestic, industrial and agricultural), of the Israelis in 2000 is 324 m3/cap/year (adapted from Adin et al. , 2004) while the Palestinians water use is 50 m3/cap/year (PWA, 2004).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: JohnsonPoverty and RichesAgainstill his MuseThe bad season makes the Poet sadTo VulcanLike Pattern, like PeoplePurposesTo the Maids to walke abroadHis own EpitaphA to Lee, now Lady TracieThe Night-piece, to not lastingA KisseGloriePoetsNo despight to the deadTo his VersesHis charge to Julia at his death. EpigUpon Snare, an UsurerUpon GrudgingsConnubii Flores, or the well-wishes at WeddingsTo his lovely MistressesUpon LoveUpon Gander. EpigUpon Lungs. Epigto Mab, the Fairie QueenAn end decreedUpon a childPainting sometimes permittedFarewell Frost, or welcome the SpringThe HagUpon an old man a æ to ParentsUpon Cob. EpigUpon Lucie. EpigUpon Skoles. EpigTo SilviaTo his Closet-GodsA Bacchanalian VerseLong lookt for comes at lastTo YouthNever too late to dyeA Hymne to the MusesOn himselfeand life, to the honoured M. End. Porter, Groome of the Bed-Chamber to His Maj. To ElectraTo his worthy friend, M. Arthur BartlyWhat kind of Mistresse he would haveUpon Zelotbranchæticall, or Advisive Verse, to his friend, M. John WicksOnce seen, and no moreLoveTo M. Denham, on his Prospective PoemA Hymne, to the LaresDeniall in women no disheartning to menhis VersesDistance betters DignitiesHealthTo Dianeme.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem. Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness. A summary of our approach appears in 1. All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states. An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level. of the Crop: Biology, Breeding and Applications of Cannabis sativa Susanne Schilling*^ and 9 more October 01, 2020 Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: A shift in thinking is needed, in terms of both water and sanitation systems, to solve the problem of water scarcity and the problem of environmental deterioration. For water systems, the attitude of dealing with water as a resource with no value needs to change. Water is to be looked at as a scarce and valuable good for which there often is no substitute. Water should be conserved whenever possible and water conservation methods must be introduced at the domestic, industrial and agricultural levels. Also a new sanitation approach is needed, one focusing on the use of the least amount of water while ensuring the improvement of public and environmental health. This is possible through a sanitation system that treats the waste on site or even derives benefits from what is considered waste by reusing it or recovering some of its components. In order to improve the water situation in the West Bank, new ways should be travelled which change the current trend of once-through water use and identify the path towards water sustainability in the in Palestine. In 2000 the Authority (PWA) formulated its Plan that outlines the direction in which the Palestinian water sector is proposed to develop until the year 2020. The main goal of the Plan is to achieve the equitable and sustainable management of water resources in Palestine where everyone has access to 150 liters of water/day to satisfy his/her domestic needs and where enough water isavailable for the development in agriculture and industry. However, the Plan relies on achieving the Palestinians' water rights, through negotiations with Israel, from the existing groundwater aquifers and surface water from the River Jordan. As the political situation is complicated and the permanent status negotiations have not been accomplished and it may take ages to achieve the water rights through negotiations, the promise of the Plan is unrealistic. The objective of this paper is to develop a strategy that allows the Palestinians living in the to access an adequate volume of water per day of sufficient quality for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes and that leads, after a transition period, to a situation of water sustainability by 2025. This paper consists of four sections. The first provides a general description of the situation as well as the objectives of the study. Section 2 presents a background that describes the study area, the water sector in the in terms of available resources, water use, Palestinian water rights, an analysis of the Plan, a prognosis of the future development of the water sector, the existing institutional and organizational structure of the water sector and a SWOT analysis of the water sector in the West Bank.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 96134 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechThreats with Edited by From the with Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionIt is one of the methods used by the phisher to steal user’s most secret information in a fraudulent manner. It is a very serious security problem that the modern world is facing today in cyber space which leads to financial losses for individuals and the society at large. It is an unlawful act, the fraudsters use it to retrieve user’s personal and secrete information by betraying them using various social engineering methods. It is becoming one of the major types of frauds where the phisher used to trick the user to reveal their own private information such as user id, password, pin and visa card details. Mostly phishing attack is done by E-mails. Very often a phishing messages may contain a uniform resource locator (URL) that redirect the user to visit an alternate web site. The redirected site is an extremely modified site and when the user clicks on that site, they are directed to enter their personal information which normally transferred to the phishing assailant [1, 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All countries can afford and implement desalination technology. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, we found a strong negative correlation between GDP and wolf density, a moderate negative correlation between GDP and bear density, and no correlation between GDP and lynx density. If the recent expansion and increase of wolf populations in continues [12] or the rank between national economies changes, this pattern may also change in the coming decades. Brown bear and lynx densities will change more slowly, especially bear densities, owing to the species’ low rates of reproduction and dispersal [19]. Wolves cause the highest per capita losses among carnivores to the sheep and domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) industries on the European scale [13,20]. Bears and wolves may attack humans too, but attacks are exceptionally rare [21–24]. The fear of wolves is common due both to real and perceived threats [22,23]. In Europe, wolf population numbers are generally largest in the eastern parts of the continent [12,25]. One potential reason for this is associated with political history. Motivational aspects of wildlife management might be linked to property rights and landownership [26]. For example, the rights to hunt ungulates, the primary prey of wolves, are bound to landownership in Scandinavia, Finland, and Germany [27–30] but not in many former socialist countries, such as the Baltic countries and Poland [31,32]. Mean wolf densities in the Baltics and Poland are considerably higher than in Scandinavia, Finland, and Germany, where ungulate hunters may potentially be motivated to control the wolves as competitors for ungulates. This might be especially true for Scandinavia and Finland, where mean ungulate biomass is low and where producing food is still a major focus of ungulate management [33]. In Scandinavia, acceptance of the illegal hunting of large carnivores is high in areas with strong hunting traditions [34]. Furthermore, citizens of some former socialist countries might have had fewer means to control large carnivore populations than in western democracies, due to limited access to effective firearms. Another potential reason for the present distribution pattern of large carnivores regards the geography or source populations, especially those within the former Soviet Union, which provided continuous dispersal to other countries. Political changes in former socialist countries may also have affected large carnivore populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigBlame the reward of PrincesClemency in KingsAngerA Psalme or Hymne to the Gracesto the MusesUpon Julia's his MaidThe InvitationCeremonies for ChristmasseChristmass-Eve, another CeremonieAnother to the MaidsAnotherPower and PeaceTo his deare of choice, long a comingPoetry perpetuates the a good speaker but an ill singer, EpigAny way for wealthUpon an old WomanUpon Pearch. EpigTo SaphoTo his faithfull friend, Crofts, Cup-bearer to the KingThe Bride-CakeTo be merry-blushThe MeaneHaste hurtfullmy dearest Sister M. Mercie HerrickThe TransfigurationSuffer that thou canst not shiftTo the PassengerUpon NodesTo the his taking of LeicesterTo Julia, in her Dawn, or Day-breakeCounsellpill their PeopleMost Words, less and DrinkeUpon Puchin. EpigTo OenoneUpon Blinks. EpigPeapes. a a Schoolmaster. EpigUpon Peason. EpigTo his BookeReadinesseWritingSocietyUpon a MaidSatisfaction for sufferingsThe delaying BrideTo M. Henry Lawes, the excellent Composer of his LyricksAge unfit for LoveThe Bed-man, or Grave-makerlipsTwilightTo his Friend, Master J. JincksOn himselfeKings and TyrantsCrossesUpon LoveNo difference i' th' darkThe BodyTo SaphoOut of Time, out of TuneTo his BookeTo his Honour'd friend, HealeThe Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and to CupidTo ElectraHow his soule came ensnared's haire, bundled up in a golden netUpon TrugginThe showre of BlossomesUpon SpenkeA defence for to bring in the Witchfor StablesCeremonies for Candlemasse Evefor Candlesmasse daydaySurfeitsUpon NisTo Biancha, to bless himJulia's Churching, or PurificationTo his BookTearesTo his friend to avoid contention of wordsTruthUpon Prickles. Epigbefore the EaresWantTo a FriendUpon M. William Lawes, the rare MusitianA song upon SilviaThe Hony-combeUpon Ben.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: It is an offense in which a phisher sends the fake E-mails, that appears to be genuine and come from a trustworthy organization, instruct to enter their personal information such as online banking username, password, mobile number, residential address, details of the credit card and so forth [3, 4, 5]. There are many methodologies used by the phisher to trick the user to deceive them and to steal their personal credentials. Very often phisher used spoofed E-mails and forged websites to deceive the users. Web spoofing is one type of attack where phisher use artificial or forged sites to cheat users and to steal their personal information. The phishing E-mail seems to be a real one and even the website designed for the very purpose which directed the user to enter information looks real one. Mostly fake messages spread through E-mails, short message service (SMS), instant messengers, social networking sites, Voice over (VoIP), and so forth, but E-mail is the most popular way and 65% of the phishing attack took place due to a click on the hyperlink attached to the E-mail [6]. Spear phishing is one of the methods used by the phisher to dupe organizations and individuals in Business E-mail Compromise (BEC). The very sophisticated spear phishing attacks [7, 8, 9] to target selected groups, individuals in an organization. Phishing is a type of attack that is very similar to fishing in a pond or river, but instead of trying to catch a fish, the phisher try to dupe user’s most vital information [10, 11]. A user generally follows the authentication procedure by filing login id and passwords. The password should be strong password from security point of view to protect it from the attackers. Many anti-phishing tools were developed to provide stronger security which includes using image as input in the login process and hashing of passwords [12]. The web sites are specially designed by the phisher to looks to be legitimate one for which it is becoming very difficult for the user to detect fake website through their appearance. 1. 1 Related workTan et al. [13] suggested an anti-phishing method to extract body tags and Meta from the URL. The uniform resource locator (URL) is broken down into tokens and after that the keywords are compared with yahoo search engine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractSafely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) is the service ladder used for the Goal (SDG) monitoring of drinking water and expands on the Goal metric (“improved water source”) with three additional criteria, namely: availability when needed, accessibility on premises, and safety (free from faecal and priority chemical contamination). (MICS) have been used for progress monitoring accounting for a significant fraction of the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicator data. In its most recent iteration MICS now includes additional SMDWS indicators. The objective of this study was to report on recent SDG target 6. 1 baseline data on SMDWS from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea gathered from a MICS conducted in 2017. Survey results indicated that 93. 7% of the population used an improved drinking water source, but when this was combined with the SDG criteria of water availability, accessibility, and safety, coverage was reduced to 92. 3, 78. 2, and 74. 4%, respectively. This resulted in estimates that 60. 9% of the population used a SMDWS. The survey results illustrate how the improved SDG indicators can highlight the required gaps to be overcome with regard to universal and equitable access to SMDWS. Further analysis and discussion regarding water quality deterioration between source and household as well as population residence, wealth group index, geographical distribution, and other characteristics relative to SMDWS indicators are also further analysed and discussed. Similar content being viewed by others Integrating water-quality analysis in national household surveys: water and sanitation sector learnings of Ecuador 1. According to the WHO/(JMP), an improved drinking water source is considered to be one that could adequately protect the source from outside (faecal) contamination by nature of its construction2. These indicators were used despite the recognition that an improved source can describe a level of sanitary protection, but it does not ensure water is “safe” (i. e. , free of faecal contamination)3. For the Goals (SDGs), the JMP has developed a new service ladder4 building on MDG source typology with additional criteria for safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) for monitoring of the SDG aspirational global target 6. 1, which aims to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Johnsonfor himUpon a VirginBlameA request to the GracesUpon himselfeMultitudeFeareTo M. KellamHappinesse to hospitalitie, or a hearty wish to good house-keepingCunctation in CorrectiongrievousRest RefreshesRevengeThe first marrs or makesBeginning, difficultFaith four-squareThe present time best pleasethCloathes, are conspiratorsCrueltyFaire after fouleHungerBad wages for good serviceThe EndThe BondmanChoose for the bestTo SilviaFaire shewes deceiveHis wishUpon Julia's washing her self in the riverA Meane in our to LoveTo his honoured and most Ingenious friend Mr. Charles CottonWomen uselesseLove is a sirrupLevenRepletionOn HimselfeNo man without MoneyOn HimselfeTo M. his peculiar friendTo his worthy friend M. John Hall, Student of Grayes-InneTo JuliaTo the most comely and proper M. Elizabeth FinchUpon RalphTo his BookeKing, Upon his welcome to Hampton-CourtUltimus Heroum: or, To the most learned, and to the right Honourable, Henry, Marquesse of DorchesterTo his Muse, another to the sameUpon VinegerUpon MudgeTo his learned friend M. Jo. Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of WestminsterUpon his Spaniell TracieThe delugeUpon LupesRaggsStrength to support his Sister in Law, M. Susanna HerrickUpon the upon Candlemas EveSuspicion makes secureUpon SpokesTo his kinsman M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: We successfully deceive 52 from the group of 120 employees in our organization representing 44% of the sample, who followed the deceiving instructions and give away their actual credentials. The very surprising fact is 8 employees of the IT department and IT auditors are victims out of the 120 representing 7% of the sample. 44 employees from other departments out of 120-targeted victims representing 37% of the sample fell into the trap and give away their information without much hesitation. 28 employees are very cautious and given wrong information representing 23% of the sample and 40 employees choose not to respond at all after receiving the E-mail representing 33% of the sample. The experimental result shows that phishing is extremely dangerous to the whole society since almost half of the employees who responded were victimized. In particularly the very well educated and technically trained people from IT department and IT auditors are also among them. So increasing the awareness of all users who are using e-banking facility regarding this risk factor is highly recommended [25]. 2. 2 Case study: phone phishing experimentA group of around 50 employees in an organization were contacted by their female colleagues to lure them into giving away their personal e-banking accounts details such as user id and passwords through friendly conversations with an aim to deceiving them. The results were very surprising as many of the employees fell for the trick. After having friendly conversations for quite for some time with them, the assigned team able to seduce them into giving away their e-banking details such as user id and passwords for false reasons. Some of these lame reasons which were used in the conversations are to check the account integrity, their privileges and accessibility and connectivity issues with the Web server for maintenance purpose. The assigned team managed to deceive 16 out of the 50 employees used for testing purpose into giving away their complete e-banking information such as user id and password, which is about 32% of the sample. Another eight employees (16% of the sample) agreed to give their user name only. The remaining 52% of the sample (26 employees) were very vigilant and decided not to reveal any information over the phone. The summary of the testing results reveals the high risk of the social engineering security factor. The results prove that there is a urgent need to increase the awareness of customers not to fall victims of this kind of threat which can have devastating results [26]. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The service ladder used for the SDG monitoring of drinking water culminates in a SMDWS and expands on the previous one with three additional criteria. is accessible on premises, available when needed, and that is free from faecal and priority chemical contamination4. In addition to safely managed, other household water service classifications are basic (i. e. , improved source with collection time <30 min), limited (i. e. , improved source with collection time >30 min), unimproved (i. e. , unprotected dug well or spring as source), and no service (i. e. , direct use of surface water source). These definitions are further detailed in Table 1. can be achieved using data provided by regulatory agencies or utilities. However, when such information is not available, as in many low- and middle-income countries, progress is estimated from censuses and household surveys such as the -supported (MICS). In fact, such surveys, including USAID-supported Demographic and (DHS) and the World Bank-supported (LSMS), were the major source of data for the MDG monitoring accounting for 84% of the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicator data2 and will likely continue to be a major data source for the SDGs. Table 1 SDG drinking water service ladder definitions4. Full size tableMICS were established to collect representative data on the situation of women and children and now include over 200 indicators. With over 300 surveys conducted since 1995 by implementing agencies in over 100 countries, it is now in its sixth round (occurring every 3–5 years) serving to collect baseline data for monitoring of some SDGs. In addition to the type and location of drinking water sources (captured through MDG indicators) improved indicators have been tested5 and incorporated to forthcoming MICS. These include source and household testing for Escherichia coli (E. coli) as well as a set of questions on drinking water availability. Within the context of development goals, countrywide drinking water monitoring assessments in many countries such as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) have previously relied on previous MICS (i. e. , 19986, 20007, and 20098) or other household survey data. These reported close to universal access to an improved water source.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phishing attacks remain one of the most common cyber threats globally. [SEP] Text: 3 Case study: business email compromise (BEC)The Nigeria-based Business E-mail Compromise (BEC) attack hit over 50 countries in 2017, targeting more than 500 businesses predominantly industrial organizations. The phishing scam directed the user to download a malicious file. When theses files were downloaded, malware would gain authorized access to their business data and networks [27]. 2. 4 Case study: shipping informationThe internet security company Comodo found a new type of phishing scam specifically to target small businesses in July 2018. E-mails containing phishing spam was sent out to more than 3,000 small businesses firms, mentioning on the subject line. The E-mail was to inform about approaching delivery by Service (UPS) and the user were asked to click on the delivery tracking link to get the delivery status. When the user clicked on the delivery tracking link it contained malware, potentially releasing a virus [27]. Advertisement 3. Proposed system architectureEven though there are several methods exists today to detect phishing but still it has become a very difficult task to detect fake E-mails in the current scenario. Today there are a number of techniques exist for identification of phishing E-mails and some of them are white listing, heuristics, blacklisting and machine learning. A machine learning technique is proposed in this 1. Shows the architectural model of the proposed work. 3. 1 The architectural modelThe architectural model presented in the 3. 2 Implementation and discussion on resultsEnron data set is used to test the model being proposed by the 2. Figure 2. This shows feature selection process after data preprocessing. As stated above in Figure 3, the 3. This figure show E-mails are classified using weka tool. (+ True Negative)/(+++False Negative)=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+: How often a model predicts a positive value is correct? It is all the true positives divided by the total number of predicted positive values. (True Positive/+ False Positive)=TPTP+: It used to calculate the models ability to predict positive values. How often does the model actually predict the correct positive values? It is true positives divided by the total number of actual positive values. (True Positive/+ False Negative)=TPTP+FNF-1 SCORE: F1 measure is used when we need to take both Precision and recall. F1=2××+4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The expanded indicators used for SDG progress monitoring as measured by MICS afford the possibility of a more accurate assessment of progress towards universal and equitable access to SMDWS; particularly for countries without other nationally representative data on service levels. The overall objective of this study was to provide further analysis and discussion on the new SDG target 6. 1 indicators for SMDWS from a recent MICS conducted in the DPRK9. Here the findings from the more comprehensive MICS module, including water quality testing for faecal contamination of water, are presented alongside the availability and accessibility of drinking water services10. ResultsWater sources and locationA very high proportion of the population (93. 7%) used an improved drinking water source. The main source was piped water (58. 5%) followed by tube-well/bore-hole (15. 8%), protected well or spring (11. 3%), and water kiosks (7. 8%). Over half (55. 6%) the population used drinking water piped into dwelling, with pronounced differences between urban and rural residents (66. 4 and 38. 7%, respectively) and the 40% highest and the 20% lowest wealth index groups (WIGs) (76. 2 and 23. 6%, respectively). Three quarters (78. 2%) of the population used an improved water source located on premises, but 16. 6% used improved sources of drinking water requiring up to 30 min to collect water. Among households without drinking water on premises, women were disproportionately tasked with collecting water (65. 2%) compared to men (29. 9%), particularly in rural areas (71. 6% in comparison to 61. 2% in urban areas). Availability of drinking waterThe availability of water is almost universal, with 98. 6% of the household population reporting drinking water available in sufficient quantities. There were also no substantial differences in the availability of drinking water by residence, provinces, and WIG. Drinking water qualityOverall, 76. 5% of the population uses a drinking water source that was free from evidence of faecal contamination. Figure 1 shows the proportion of the population by thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) risk level in the source of drinking water and a glass of drinking water within the home. Such classification is based on a priori waterborne risk categories11. There were marked differences in the quality of drinking water sources (without TTC) used in urban (90. 3%) and rural (54.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Laurence Swetnahamor Protestation to JuliaOn himselfeTo the most accomplisht Michael OulsworthTo his Girles who would have him sportfullTruth and falsehoodHis last request to JuliaOn himselfeUpon KingsTo his GirlesUpon SpurTo his Herrickand ViollWarreA King and no KingPlots not still prosperoussoul is the saltUpon Flood, or a thankfull mandanger to men desperateSauce for sorrowesmount of the MusesOn HimselfeTo his BookeThe end of his workeitOn HimselfeThe pillar of FameClose sectionNumbers: or, Pieces, Wherin (amongft other things) he fings the Birth of his Christ: and fighes for his Saviours fuffering on the CroffeHis Confessionfor AbsolutionTo finde GodisUpon GodMercy and Lovewithout AffectionGod not be comprehendedGods partAfflictionThree fatall SistersSilenceMirthLoading and unloadingGods MercyPrayers must have PoiseTo God: an Anthem, sung in the Chappell at White-Hall, before the KingUpon GodCalling, and correctingNo escaping the scourgingThe RodGod has a twofold partGod is OnePersecutions profitableto GodGods gifts not soone grantedPersecutions purifiePardonof the Birth of our SaviourLip labourThe HeartEare-ringsSin seento the Holy SpiritThanksgivingCock-crowAll things run well for the RighteousPaine ends in PleasureTo GodA Thanksgiving to God, for his HouseTo GodAnother, to GodNone truly happy hereTo his ever-loving GodAnotherTo DeathNeutrality loathsomeWelcome what comesTo his angrie GodPatience, or Comforts in CrossesEternitieTo his Saviour, a Child; a Present, by a childThe New-yeeres GiftTo GodGod, and the KingGods mirth, Mans mourningHonours are hindrancesThe Parasceve, or PreparationTo GodA will to be workingChrists partRiches and PovertySobriety in SearchAlmesTo his ConscienceTo his his sweet of Jepthahs Daughter: sung by the VirginsTo God, on his sicknesseSins loath'd, and yet lov'dand StrifeAd Ode, or Psalme, to GodGr

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Only large companies are at risk of cyberattacks. [SEP] Text: 2 of the Measure of the Director of the n. 101573 of 2017. 20. Agency has the task of assessing the tax risk control system inspired by criteria of transparency, reasonableness and proportionality both at the time of admission to the cooperative compliance regime and during the permanence of the company under the same scheme; an assessment can, however, end with the proposal of interventions on the tax risk control system in order to stimulate the emergence of the correct measurement of the tax bases. 21. Measure of the Director of the Revenue Agency, May 26, 2017, n. 101573. 22. of the Director of the Revenue Agency, in point 1. 1 letter (i), established that the risk map is drawn up for business processes and for each activity involved and highlights, where quantifiable, the economic value of the activities into which the process is divided, the associated tax risks, the relevance of the same for the purposes of achieving the company objectives, as well as the controls set up to protect them. 23. of the Director of the in point 1. 1 letter (j), established that by “significant tax risks”, reference is made to the tax risks linked to those cases for which the duties of cooperation and transparency set forth in art. 5 of n. 125/2015 are effective, on the basis of the common assessment of quantitative and qualitative materiality thresholds set between taxpayers and tax authorities in the initial meeting, or in a subsequent meeting. 24. See art. 6 of n. 128/2015. 25. Upon receipt of the request by the taxpayer, the Revenue Agency, within fifteen days, assesses the suitability of the application and the sufficiency of the documentation produced and responds to the request within forty-five days. Subsequently, the taxpayer must inform the Agency of the behavior actually adopted if it differs from what is represented in the opinion issued by the tax authority. 26. All those who join the scheme are included in the special list published on the Revenue Agency’s institutional website. 27.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 8%) areas and between the 40% of the population from the highest WIG (90. 0%) and the 20% of the population from the lowest WIG (54. 8%). Among the provinces, Pyongyang (90. 9%) had the highest percent of the household population without TTC in source water compared to (63. 7%), the province with the lowest percentage. Fig. 1: Water quality risk levels. Source and household water quality risk levels. Percentages in brackets represent the proportion of the household population. Full size imagePiped water (15. 1%) and water kiosks (9. 0%) were less likely to be contaminated (TTC > 1 per 100 mL) than improved groundwater sources ranging from 33. 1% (protected spring or well) to 37. 7% (tube well/borehole). Most unimproved sources (unprotected wells and springs) were contaminated (64. 0%). There was almost no (0. 3%) reported direct use of surface water sources (not shown in Fig. 1). Water quality was found to deteriorate between the water source and the glass within the home (Fig. 1). Overall 36. 6% of the population consume drinking water in which TTC were detected. The proportion of the population exposed to high (TTC levels between 11 and 100 cfu/100 mL) or very high (TTC levels > 100 cfu/100 mL) risk drinking water increased from 15. 4 to 27. 1% between the source and the glass within the home. There was an increase in the proportion of the population in higher-risk categories for all water sources and WIGs. Safely managed drinking water servicesFigure 2 shows how the estimate for national coverage of drinking water services in DPRK changes with the shift from MDG to SDG indicators for drinking water. Most of the population (93. 7%) used an improved source of drinking water (as per the MDG metric). Since few households spend more than 30 min roundtrip to collect drinking water, 93. 2% use at least a basic drinking water service. The three SDG criteria for safely managed drinking water services reduce coverage to 92. 3% improved and available when needed, 78. 2% improved and accessible on premises, and 74. 4% improved and free from contamination. Taking these three criteria into consideration, the MICS survey estimates that 60. 9% of the population used a safely managed drinking water service. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: aces for ChildrenGod to be first serv'dfor a ChildA Christmas Caroll, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallThe New-yeeres Gift, or Circumcisions Song, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallAnother New-yeeres Gift, or Song for the -Song: A Caroll to the King; sung at White-HallTo GodTo his deere GodTo God, his good willOn HeavenThe Summe, and the SatisfactionGood men afflicted mostGood Christiansof the cause of wish to GodSatanHellThe wayGreat grief, great gloryHellThe Bell-manThe goodness of his Godteares: or, Dirge of DorcasTo God, in time of plunderingTo his Saviour.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions Citation Salem, Haytham M. (2014). Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Agrónomos (UPM) [antigua denominación]. Description Title: Effect of conservation tillage on soil physical properties, in-situ rainwater harvesting, and erosion control in arid and semi-arid regions Author/s: Salem, Haytham M. Contributor/s: Muñoz García, Miguel Ángel Gil Rodríguez, María Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 2014 Subjects: Agriculture Faculty: E. T. S. I. Agrónomos (UPM) [antigua denominación] Department: Ingeniería Rural [hasta 2014] Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (6MB) | La escasez del agua en las regiones áridas y semiáridas se debe a la escasez de precipitaciones y la distribución desigual en toda la temporada, lo que hace de la agricultura de secano una empresa precaria. Un enfoque para mejorar y estabilizar el agua disponible para la producción de cultivos en estas regiones es el uso de tecnologías de captación de agua de lluvia in situ y su conservación. La adopción de los sistemas de conservación de la humedad del suelo in situ, tales como la labranza de conservación, es una de las estrategias para mejorar la gestión de la agricultura en zonas áridas y semiáridas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 2: SDG service ladder. Proportion of the population using improved, basic, and safely managed drinking water services in 2017 and SDG service ladder (proportion using surface water not shown −0. 3%). Full size imageTable 2 provides a summary of estimates for use of improved drinking water, elements of safely managed drinking water services by area, province, type of water source, and wealth. Overall, the proportion of the population with access to the different levels of services was higher in urban areas when compared to rural ones and also increased with higher levels of wealth. The three provinces with the lowest levels of access to safely managed drinking water services were Kangwon with 52. 0% (6. 4% of DPRK population), with 50. 0% (17. 1% of DPRK population), and with 48. 3% (10. 1% of DPRK population). Detected faecal contamination and lack of on-premise water accessibility were the major factors contributing to these levels of access to safely managed drinking water services. Interestingly, they represented provinces with a range of percent distribution of the household population by WIGs. had an intermediary distribution of the household population by WIGs, had a relatively higher proportion in the middle 40% and had a relatively higher proportion in the lowest 20%. South-Pyongan and were also the provinces with the highest (14. 3%) and second highest (13. 4%) percentage of children (0–59 months) with an episode of diarrhoea reported by mother (or caretaker) within 2 weeks of survey9. Pyongyang is considered to have a relatively high degree of urbanisation and had one of the highest levels (74. 7%) of access to safely managed drinking water services across all elements. It also had the lowest (6. 8%) level of children (0–59 months) with a reported episode of diarrhoea within 2 weeks of survey9. Table 2 Summary of elements of safely managed drinking water services from DPRK 2017 MICS data (Source: 2017. 1. 1–WS. 1. 8). Full size tableFor piped water, tube-well/bore-hole, and water kiosks, the major limiting factor for attaining safely managed drinking water services was the presence of TTC in water quality assessments. For protected well or spring sources, both faecal contamination and accessibility on premises were limiting factors for safely managed drinking water services coverage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: yeers giftDoomes-DayPortionThe white Island: or place of the to and LordThe Judgement-DayAngellsLong lifehandsLabourMora Sponsi, the stay of the BridegroomeRoaringThe EucharistSin severely punishtMontes Scripturarum, the Mounts of the ScripturesPrayerChrists sadnesseGod heares usGodCloudsComforts in contentionsHeavenGodHis PowerChrists words on the of faceAnotherBeggarsGood, and badSinMartha, MarthaYouth, and of GodAnotherGods presenceand MaryNorth and SouthSabbathsThe Fast, or LentSinGodThis, and the next WorldEaseBeginnings and EndingsTemporall goodsHell fireAbels BloudAnotherA Position in the Hebrew DivinityPenitenceGods presencepossible, and probableChrists sufferingSinnersTemptationsPittie, and punishmentGods price, and mans pricekeyesSinAlmesHell fireTo keep a true LentNo time in Eternitieupon DeathCloaths for daySufferingsPaine and pleasureGods presenceAnotherThe poore mans partThe right handand RodGod sparing in scourgingConfessionGods descentNo coming to God without ChristAnother, to GodThe ResurrectionCoheiresThe number of twoHardning of heartsThe RoseGods time must end our troubleBaptismeGold and FrankincenseTo GodThe chewing the CudChrists twofold comingTo God, his gift: Rex Tragicus, or Christ going to His CrosseHis words to Christ, going to the CrosseAnother, to his Saviourwords, going to the CrosseHis Anthem, to Christ on the CrosseThis Crosse-Tree hereTo his Saviours Sepulcher: his DevotionHis Offering, with the rest, at the SepulcherHis coming to the SepulcherOf all the good things whatsoe're we do,Close sectionsectionA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: El objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido desarrollar una metodología de aplicación de labranza de depósito e investigar los efectos a corto plazo sobre las propiedades físicas del suelo de las diferentes prácticas de cultivo que incluyen labranza de depósito: (reservoir tillage, RT), la laboreo mínimo: (minimum tillage, MT), la no laboreo: (zero tillage, ZT) y laboreo convencional: (conventional tillage, CT) Así como, la retención de agua del suelo y el control de la erosión del suelo en las zonas áridas y semiáridas. Como una primera aproximación, se ha realizado una revisión profunda del estado de la técnica, después de la cual, se encontró que la labranza de depósito es un sistema eficaz de cosecha del agua de lluvia y conservación del suelo, pero que no ha sido evaluada científicamente tanto como otros sistemas de labranza. Los trabajos experimentales cubrieron tres condiciones diferentes: experimentos en laboratorio, experimentos de campo en una región árida, y experimentos de campo en una región semiárida. Para investigar y cuantificar el almacenamiento de agua a temperatura ambiente y la forma en que podría adaptarse para mejorar la infiltración del agua de lluvia recolectada y reducir la erosión del suelo, se ha desarrollado un simulador de lluvia a escala de laboratorio.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Lack of household water treatment in 83. 2% of the household population may have contributed to increased levels of faecal contamination in the sampled glass of drinking water relative to the source (Fig. 1). 17. 7% of the household population use an appropriate (e. g. , boiling, water filter, purification tablets, etc. ) method of water treatment, with boiling (14. 2%) as the most frequently reported method. DiscussionBureau of Statistics of DPRK with support from integrated water quality testing (and other service indicators) for the first time allowing for the assessment of safely managed drinking water services. Currently, based on the latest census figures (population 24,052,231) and 2017 results, it is estimated that around 19 million people utilise sources of water free from faecal contamination and that around 15 million people have access to safely managed drinking water services. Whereas universal access to drinking water is an ambitious goal set by SDG target 6. 1, use of the new “safely managed drinking water service” indicator addressed many of the limitations of MDG monitoring by addressing water quality, accessibility, and availability. Only a limited comparison to previous MICS (19986, 20007, and 20098) is possible as the survey has changed in its different editions regarding water-related questions. Notably, no previous survey had a dedicated water quality module as was done in 2017. The level of reported access to an improved water source in previous (MDG era) surveys was of 99. 8% (1998), 100% (2000), and 99. 9% (2009). A slight decrease in the 2017 survey was observed (93. 7%); this may be attributed to a better and clearer set of definitions regarding improved water sources. At the same time, there is a noticeable drop in the use of piped water into own dwelling, into yard/plot and public taps between previous surveys, census and 2017. For instance, access to piped water was 89% during 2009 and 59% in 2017. These differences may be due to changes in the methodology, training of field teams, and/or verification of water sources used by households afforded by the water quality module. Despite these differences between surveys, access to improved sources is relatively high in comparison to household survey-based studies on other low and lower-middle-income countries12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Included in previous modern editionsThe Descripcion: of a WomanMr. Hericke his daughter's DowryeMr. his farwell vnto PoetrieA Charroll presented to Dr: Williams Bp. of Lincolne as a Newyears guiftto him at his farwellVpon parting:the death of HastingsVpon a Cherrystone sent to the tip of the Walgraves eare[Epitaph on the Tomb of Giles and his wife in the of Church]Close sectionB. Not included in previous editionsClose section(i) Attributed to Herrick in the Seventeenth CenturyTo a MaydEpitaph on a man who had a Scold to his WifeTo his false Mistris[To a disdaynefull fayre][Orpheus and Pluto]Parkinsons shade to the house of mr Pallauicine takeing his death illClose section(ii) Attributed to 'R. H. ' in a Seventeenth-century manuscriptStella WeptStellaes smileSweet Bettone Mistress Maria. H. blindThe HeliotropeOn a gentlewomen risinge earely in the morningeOn a Limmer drawing a Gentlewomans picture unawaresA dreame one a snowOne a paire of glouesOn a paire of kniuesOn a false freind, shaddowed under the propertye of a shaddowOn a faire Gentlewoman married to a blackman likened to the night and dayOne the sameOn a gentlewoman blushingeA ringe sent a Gentlew with this posy Still beginning, neuer endingeClose section(iii) Attributed to Herrick in 1941[of Roses]Close section(iv) Not attributed to Herrick hitherto[The Eclipse]The farewellA Sonnet[A Song][Advice to a Maid][Elegy]Close section Close section2024. All rights reserved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: Las características de las lluvias, entre ellas la intensidad de las precipitaciones, la uniformidad espacial y tamaño de la gota de lluvia, confirmaron que las condiciones naturales de precipitación son simuladas con suficiente precisión. El simulador fue controlado automáticamente mediante una válvula de solenoide y tres boquillas de presión que se usaron para rociar agua correspondiente a diferentes intensidades de lluvia. Con el fin de evaluar el método de RT bajo diferentes pendientes de superficie, se utilizaron diferentes dispositivos de pala de suelo para sacar un volumen idéntico para hacer depresiones. Estas depresiones se compararon con una superficie de suelo control sin depresión, y los resultados mostraron que la RT fue capaz de reducir la erosión del suelo y la escorrentía superficial y aumentar significativamente la infiltración. Luego, basándonos en estos resultados, y después de identificar la forma adecuada de las depresiones, se ha diseñado una herramienta combinada (sistema integrado de labranza de depósito (RT)) compuesto por un arado de una sola línea de chisel, una sola línea de grada en diente de pico, sembradora modificada, y rodillo de púas. El equipo fue construido y se utiliza para comparación con MT y CT en un ambiente árido en Egipto.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the level of access to improved sources in the DPRK was also comparable to upper-middle and high-income neighbouring countries regarding JMP estimates13; 96. 7% for China, 97. 0% for the Russian Federation, and 99. 6% for the Republic of Korea. The inclusion of testing for faecal contamination (at source and household) and a set of questions on drinking water availability allowed for an improved understanding of where efforts should be focused to achieve safely managed drinking water services. This is of particular importance in countries such as DPRK where most households use improved drinking water sources. As shown in Fig. 1, water quality often deteriorated between the water source and a glass of drinking water, a pattern observed in urban and rural areas and across provinces, WIGs and different types of water source. This situation is compounded with the fact that less than a fifth of households reported using an appropriate method of water treatment, of which boiling was the most frequently reported method. Increasing accessibility and quality of drinking water are the key priorities for the DPRK to achieve universal access to safely managed drinking water sources and progress towards SDG target 6. 1, with rural areas requiring the greatest improvements. Access to safe drinking water on premises will improve the quality of life especially for women who disproportionately shoulder the burden of fetching water. However, service delivery should also be augmented with behaviour change programming on the promotion of household water treatment and safe water storage, which is a potentially low-cost option for WASH programming in DPRK. One difference between MICS and other similar surveys incorporating other SDG water-related indicators (faecal contamination and questions on water availability) was the method for water quality testing. (Palintest, UK) water quality kits were used for this purpose in the 2017 due to the unavailability of the standard MICS water quality test5 at the time of the survey. The standard MICS water quality testing also utilises a membrane filtration technique-based assay using a custom portable testing kit based on the EZ-Fit system (Millipore) and a selective enzymatic growth media for E. coli (Dry EC). The choice for the DPRK survey was due to import restrictions of some materials necessary for the water quality testing typically used in MICS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67127 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Cognition and noncognition: basic conceptswalks down the sidewalk alongside a fence when suddenly, a dog leaps out behind the fence and barks at Person A. Person A, caught off guard, jerks back and then kicks the fence. Coming to his sense, he realizes that the dog is a harmless little Chihuahua, still stuck behind the fence. Now conscious of the situation, he looks around and sees that various passers-by have been watching him and are laughing at his situation. Feeling exposed, continues walking, now blushing furiously. Looking at this situation, we might ask, if was going to be embarrassed by his actions, why he reacted the way he did in the first place. Why he did not avoid the scare, and with it, the situation? Why did he kick an object without first working through what it was? This type of event—and Person A’s type of reaction—is unrelated to cognition, which is the processing of information that permits the abstraction and manipulation of the environment by way of symbols (language and thought, for example) [1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: El estudio se realizó para evaluar el impacto de diferentes prácticas de labranza y sus parámetros de funcionamiento a diferentes profundidades de labranza y con distintas velocidades de avance sobre las propiedades físicas del suelo, así como, la pérdida de suelo, régimen de humedad, la eficiencia de recolección de agua, y la productividad de trigo de invierno. Los resultados indicaron que la RT aumentó drásticamente la infiltración, produciendo una tasa que era 47. 51% más alta que MT y 64. 56% mayor que la CT. Además, los resultados mostraron que los valores más bajos de la escorrentía y pérdidas de suelos 4. 91 mm y 0. 65 t ha-1, respectivamente, se registraron en la RT, mientras que los valores más altos, 11. 36 mm y 1. 66 t ha-1, respectivamente, se produjeron en el marco del CT. Además, otros dos experimentos de campo se llevaron a cabo en ambiente semiárido en Madrid con la cebada y el maíz como los principales cultivos. También ha sido estudiado el potencial de la tecnología inalámbrica de sensores para monitorizar el potencial de agua del suelo. Para el experimento en el que se cultivaba la cebada en secano, se realizaron dos prácticas de labranza (RT y MT). Los resultados mostraron que el potencial del agua del suelo aumentó de forma constante y fue consistentemente mayor en MT. Además, con independencia de todo el período de observación, RT redujo el potencial hídrico del suelo en un 43. 6, 5. 7 y 82.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The water quality test used in the 2017 is based on a technique routinely used for water quality assessments in the field using the same14 and other commercial variants15,16,17 in a variety of contexts. It was felt that this decision did not compromise the quality of the water quality tests. Only 1. 1% of the blank control testing resulted in faecally contaminated tests. This is consistent and within acceptable ranges of reported blank testing results of MICS recently conducted in other countries18,19,20,21 that included water quality testing. The 2017 allowed for a snapshot of safely managed drinking water service indicators to monitor progress towards SDGs at the national level. It does not provide a substitute for regular monitoring and risk assessments of water supplies. Furthermore, other relevant chemical water quality indicators (e. g. , free chlorine residual) and contaminants (e. g. , arsenic and fluoride) were not measured, as has been done in other surveys20,22. Given the relatively high use of piped water supplies, the former could be used to evaluate their state of disinfection. There had been no suspected risk of the latter to warrant monitoring of geogenic contaminants of concern. A further survey characteristic to be noted was that the self-reported availability of water in the previous month does not imply continuous availability throughout the day or throughout the year. This issue is a limitation of household surveys such as MICS that do not take into account seasonal effects on the availability of water. Finally, microdata from the 2017 were not publicly available. This limited the present study to the data available in tabulated format9 and precluded a detailed assessment of correlations between safely managed drinking water service indicators and other factors (i. e. , WIG, province, rural vs. urban, etc. ). Results indicated that 93. 7% of the population used an improved drinking water source, but when this was combined with the SDG criteria of water availability, accessibility, and safety, coverage was reduced to 92. 3, 78. 2, and 74. 4%, respectively. This resulted in estimates that 60. 9% of the population used a SMDWS. The survey results illustrate how the improved SDG indicators can highlight the required gaps to be overcome with regard to universal and equitable access to SMDWS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: In this example, could not place the origin of the stimulus nor relate it to as a previous experience, so his reaction had no cognitive component. Certain noncognitive processes express themselves simultaneously with cognitive processes [2]. These processes arise consciously or unconsciously [3], automatically or implicitly [4]. These noncognitive processes do not require attention, perception, learning, memory, language, or thought for their integration; be that as it may, cognitive processes may be present for the regulation or modulation of those noncognitive ones [5]. Izdar [2] explores the role of noncognitive processes in emotional processing. He mentions that there exists a neural basis for the expression of the emotions that escape cognition and which precede the conscious experience of the stimulus. A series of experiments by LeDoux [6] provide experimental evidence for the two-way configuration for the expression of fear: one of them, the faster, permits the organism to generate a reaction to the stimulus without being fully aware of the situation. Person A’s situation illustrates this case clearly. Noncognitive processing has been the object of conceptual debate, since at one time it was thought that all nerve activity was aimed at the expression of processes related to cognition. Lazarus [7] writes that “cognition is the end of all cortical or subcortical activity. ” Likewise, Lazarus [8] defends that position by arguing that even simple perceptual phenomena (a type of which can be seen in Person A’s case) depend on and create meanings or evaluations with respect to the stimulus. Frijda [9] argues that the nervous system is capable of generating emotions, but only when those emotions had been previously acquired through cognition. Frijda [10] argues that “emotions are the result of meaning, and that meaning is the result of inferences about causes and consequences. ” However, Zajonc [11] responds to Lazarus with experimental evidence wherein he illustrated the primacy of some noncognitive processes that do not themselves attribute meanings to stimuli. Zajonc mentions that even the integration of information from the retinohypothalamic tract is sufficient for the organism to produce a response, “leaving the attribution of the meaning of the stimulus a synapse away” [11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: 3% respectivamente en comparación con el MT a profundidades de suelo (10, 20 y 30 cm, respectivamente). También se observaron diferencias claras en los componentes del rendimiento de los cultivos y de rendimiento entre los dos sistemas de labranza, el rendimiento de grano (hasta 14%) y la producción de biomasa (hasta 8. 8%) se incrementaron en RT. En el experimento donde se cultivó el maíz en regadío, se realizaron cuatro prácticas de labranza (y CT). Los resultados revelaron que ZT y RT tenían el potencial de agua y temperatura del suelo más bajas. En comparación con el tratamiento con CT, ZT y RT disminuyó el potencial hídrico del suelo en un 72 y 23%, respectivamente, a la profundidad del suelo de 40 cm, y provocó la disminución de la temperatura del suelo en 1. 1 y un 0. 8 0C respectivamente, en la profundidad del suelo de 5 cm y, por otro lado, el ZT tenía la densidad aparente del suelo y resistencia a la penetración más altas, la cual retrasó el crecimiento del maíz y disminuyó el rendimiento de grano que fue del 15. 4% menor que el tratamiento con CT. RT aumenta el rendimiento de grano de maíz cerca de 12. 8% en comparación con la ZT. Por otra parte, no hubo diferencias significativas entre (RT, MT y CT) sobre el rendimiento del maíz.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractMonitoring access to safely managed drinking water services requires information on water quality. An increasing number of countries have integrated water quality testing in household surveys however it is not anticipated that such tests will be included in all future surveys. Using water testing data from the 2016 Ethiopia Socio-(ESS) we developed predictive models to identify households using contaminated (≥1 E. coli per 100 mL) drinking water sources based on common machine learning classification algorithms. These models were then applied to the 2013–2014 and 2018–2019 waves of the ESS that did not include water testing. The highest performing model achieved good accuracy (88. 5%; 95% CI 86. 3%, 90. 6%) and discrimination (AUC 0. 91; 95% CI 0. 89, 0. 94). The use of demographic, socioeconomic, and geospatial variables provided comparable results to that of the full features model whereas a model based exclusively on water source type performed poorly. Drinking water quality at the point of collection can be predicted from demographic, socioeconomic, and geospatial variables that are often available in household surveys. Similar content being viewed by others Enhancing water access monitoring through mapping multi-source usage and disaggregated geographic inequalities with machine learning and surveys 1. Drinking water quality, specifically fecal contamination of drinking water sources, is often found to be the limiting factor for safely managed drinking water services2. Contaminated drinking water can transmit diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio and lack of safe water is associated with substantial disease burden. An estimated 829,000 diarrheal deaths are attributed to inadequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene each year3. Expanding access to safe drinking water is thus an important human development priority with targets set at national and global levels. (SDG) target 6. 1 calls for “safe” drinking water “for all” by 2030 and the associated safely managed drinking water services indicator requires information on the quality of drinking water4. In the absence of robust water quality data from administrative systems, an increasing number of Offices (NSOs) in low- and middle-income countries have integrated water quality testing in nationally representative household surveys to generate data on water quality and baselines for safely managed drinking water services2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Izdar [2] talks about the existing predisposition to argue that cognition is anything that goes hand in hand with learning, memory, and, in general, with “mental” life, leaving aside all those instinctive behaviors or those which present without cognitive acquisition or previous experience. An example of this type of behavior is the sucking reflex, the response to aversive stimuli that presents in infants even without prior cognitive processing to give it meaning. Likewise, the expression of circadian rhythms like the sleep-wake cycle. Some of these behaviors come from ancestral information accumulated in the course of a species’ evolution, which shapes the brain architecture in the absence of experience with the environment [12] and that establishes itself in the absence of cognitive processing, serving the latter as a potentiator and moderator in later stages of life. It is worth mentioning that the processing of information can take place even in infants without previous experience or learning, that is, without cognitive processing [13]. The above leads to the argument that the processing of information has as much a noncognitive component as a cognitive one. One can make a distinction between cognitive and noncognitive processes: a cognitive process depends on experience, learning, and memory, whose neural basis is the function of the areas of association of the cerebral cortex, changing stimuli into abstractions, meanings, and manageable symbols [14]. On the other hand, noncognitive processes have as their neural basis the function of subcortical structures such as the hypothalamus [15], the amygdala [6], and the functioning of primary areas of the cerebral cortex [14] that do not depend on learning, on memory, or on previous experience for the expression of certain behaviors, like sexual ones, those based on the emotional fast track [6], and the execution of voluntary movement; among others. Noncognitive processing generates controversy within psychological epistemology. It creates a heuristic conflict that requires a solution not only from psychology but also from those sciences that provide evidence about the determinants of behavior. This 2. Neuronal plasticityThe plastic capacity of the structures related to the expression of some of the previously mentioned behaviors that are usually related to cognition. However, as the experimental evidence presented in this 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: En resumen, según los resultados de estos experimentos, se puede decir que mediante el uso de la labranza de depósito, consistente en realizar depresiones después de la siembra, las superficies internas de estas depresiones se consolidan de tal manera que el agua se mantiene para filtrarse en el suelo y por lo tanto dan tiempo para aportar humedad a la zona de enraizamiento de las plantas durante un período prolongado de tiempo. La labranza del depósito podría ser utilizada como un método alternativo en regiones áridas y semiáridas dado que retiene la humedad in situ, a través de estructuras que reducen la escorrentía y por lo tanto puede resultar en la mejora de rendimiento de los cultivos. shortage in arid and semi-arid regions stems from low rainfall and uneven distribution throughout the season, which makes rainfed agriculture a precarious enterprise. One approach to enhance and stabilize the water available for crop production in these regions is to use in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation technologies. Adoption of in-situ soil moisture conservation systems, such as conservation tillage, is one of the strategies for upgrading agriculture management in arid and semi-arid environments. The general aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology to apply reservoir tillage to investigate the short-term effects of different tillage practices including reservoir tillage (RT), minimum tillage (MT), zero tillage (ZT), and conventional tillage (CT) on soil physical properties, as well as, soil water retention, and soil erosion control in arid and semi-arid areas. As a first approach, a review of the state of the art has been done. We found that reservoir tillage is an effective system of harvesting rainwater and conserving soil, but it has not been scientifically evaluated like other tillage systems. Experimental works covered three different conditions: laboratory experiments, field experiments in an arid region, and field experiments in a semi-arid region.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: In these countries, field teams have tested 100 mL of drinking water for WHO’s preferred indicator of fecal contamination in drinking water, Escherichia coli (E. coli). To meet WHO guidelines drinking water should not contain any detectable E. coli in any 100 mL sample5. Key advantages of this approach are ensuring data are representative and cover the entire population, including households reliant on informal services or self-supply, and the ability to link water quality information to the wealth of other information collected in household surveys. The integration of E. coli testing in household surveys is, however, an additional burden on field teams and requires equipment and consumables as well as dedicated training in aseptic techniques, incubation and interpreting results. Therefore, it is not expected that the module will be included in all future surveys conducted by NSOs, but rather that the module might be repeated every 3–5 years. Machine learning techniques hold promise for predicting water quality using data from household surveys given the wealth of information on household socio-economic conditions and a range of geospatial information from global datasets that can be integrated using the household survey cluster locations (where available). Prior research drawing on data from the World Bank’s (LSMS) surveys has applied machine learning to a wide range of topics covered in these surveys including poverty6, housing rental value7, food security8, crop type mapping9, crop yield10, and fertilizer pricing11. Recent studies have investigated the ability to predict microbial drinking water quality on smaller scales for specific water source types including piped water in the of Congo12 and groundwater in Uganda and Bangladesh13. Studies have also utilized machine learning algorithms to generate national and global predictive maps for arsenic14 and fluoride15 and to develop predictive models for microbial contamination of surface16 and recreational waters17. To our knowledge machine learning has not previously been applied to drinking water quality data from a nationally representative sample of households nor has it been used to predict water quality for surveys that did not include direct measures of water quality. Here we examine the performance of a range of commonly used algorithms to predict E. coli contamination in drinking water sources in Ethiopia. This study draws on the results of the third wave of the Survey (ESS3) in 2016 to examine the performance of machine learning algorithms in predicting water quality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: However, that same study reported that once male sexual behavior does begin, it then develops normally despite the injury. These data suggest that the prefrontal cortex could be playing an important role in the integration of the information necessary to initiate the approach during sexual arousal. Moreover, other structures participate in the emergence of sexual behavior as sensory receptors, as well as in the expression of copulatory behavior. It is important to highlight that there exists significant gender dimorphism in humans and rodents related to the structures involved in the expression of sexual behavior [27]. This might mark some tendencies about the way processes not directly associated with cognition could differ with the gender of the individuals. There is experimental evidence that shows a direct relationship between good and bad performance in cognitive tasks and varying levels of hormones such as estradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. It has been observed that in the execution of cognitive tests involving verbal fluency, perceptual speed, fine motor skills, verbal memory, and working memory, performance is higher during the follicular phase, when the greatest amount of estradiol is present in blood plasma. Likewise, when plasma progesterone levels reach their peak in the cycle—halfway through the luteal phase—performance improves on tests of visual memory, in comparison with the menstrual phase [34, 35]. This suggests that there is a differential modulation of cognitive processes by some ovarian hormones, depending on the variation of their concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle. Fernández et al. [36] conducted a longitudinal study that used fMRI to observe the brain activity of young women as they completed cognitive tests focused on language use during different phases of their menstrual cycle. They obtained data that suggested that the neural recruitment necessary to carry out such tasks is very sensitive to the hormonal fluctuations—progesterone and estradiol—of the menstrual cycle. The results likewise showed that the activity of the cortical areas associated with language varies through the different stages of the cycle, and that both progesterone and estradiol were capable of modulating neuronal plasticity of certain areas during the tests. The influence that hormones—which do not imply any cognitive process—have on tasks that are entirely associated with cognition is remarkable. As in the case of the female reproductive cycle, other hypothalamic structures play a key role in the establishment of some biological rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus and preoptic area of the hypothalamus are associated with the expression of the sleep-wake cycle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: To investigate and quantify water storage from RT and how it could be adapted to improve infiltration of harvested rainwater and reduce soil erosion, a laboratory-scale rainfall simulator was developed. Rainfall characteristics, including rainfall intensity, spatial uniformity and raindrop size, confirm that natural rainfall conditions are simulated with sufficient accuracy. The simulator was auto-controlled by a solenoid valve and three pressure nozzles were used to spray water corresponding to different rainfall intensities. In order to assess the RT method under different surface slopes, different soil scooping devices with identical volume were used to create depressions. The performance of the soil with these depressions was compared to a control soil surface (with no depression). Results show that RT was able to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff and significantly increase infiltration. Then, based on these results and after selecting the proper shape of depressions, a combination implement integrated reservoir tillage system (integrated RT) comprised of a single-row chisel plow, single-row spike tooth harrow, modified seeder, and spiked roller was developed and used to compared to MT and CT in an arid environment in Egypt. The field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of different tillage practices and their operating parameters at different tillage depths and different forward speeds on the soil physical properties, as well as on runoff, soil losses, moisture regime, water harvesting efficiency, and winter wheat productivity. Results indicated that the integrated RT drastically increased infiltration, producing a rate that was 47. 51% higher than MT and 64. 56% higher than CT. In addition, results showed that the lowest values of runoff and soil losses, 4. 91 mm and 0. 65 t ha-1 respectively, were recorded under the integrated RT, while the highest values, 11. 36 mm and 1. 66 t ha -1 respectively, occurred under the CT. In addition, two field experiments were carried out in semi-arid environment in Madrid with barley and maize as the main crops. For the rainfed barley experiment, two tillage practices (RT, and MT) were performed. Results showed that soil water potential increased quite steadily and were consistently greater in MT and, irrespective of the entire observation period, RT decreased soil water potential by 43. 6, 5. 7, and 82. 3% compared to MT at soil depths (10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The objectives of this study were: (I) to predict contamination of drinking water sources and assess the relative performance of commonly used machine learning algorithms (II) to examine the role of different groups of variables (household characteristics, water service characteristics, geospatial variables) on predictions and (III) to apply the highest performing predictive model to the other waves of the ESS in 2013–2014 (ESS2) and 2018–2019 (ESS4) which did not incorporate water quality testing. ResultsDrinking water qualityAccording to the 2015/16 ESS, nationally, about 68% of households fetched their drinking water from improved sources such as piped water, bottled water, protected springs, and wells (Table 1)18. This is the same level (68%) as reported in the 2016 (DHS)19. About a third of households collected their water from unprotected sources such as springs, lakes, and ponds. Despite about two-thirds of the population using improved sources, water testing in the ESS demonstrated that many of these sources are not free from E. coli contamination (Table 1). E. coli contamination was detected in 84% (95% confidence interval (CI) 82%, 87%) of the households’ water sources. There were only 864 households (15. 6%) with water sources free of E. coli contamination. As has been found in previous studies20, contamination rates are in general lower in samples from improved sources (piped sources and protected springs and wells) than from unimproved sources (unprotected springs and surface water). Yet, over 78% (95% CI 74%, 81%) of the samples collected from households who fetched their drinking water from improved sources are contaminated. The contamination rate varies by improved source type; for example, among users of piped water, contamination rates range from 58% for piped water on-premises to 74% for public taps. Improved sources with the highest contamination rates are protected springs and wells; E. coli was detected from over 89% of the households who reported using these sources. The detection of contamination in all types of improved sources confirms that improved sources are not necessarily safe sources and points to the fact that the commonly used practice of assessing access to drinking water services based on the type of water source (“improved” vs “unimproved) provides an incomplete picture in countries like Ethiopia21. Table 1 E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the connections of the amygdala with the periaqueductal gray matter and the medulla give way to the responses of “freezing” or fight/flight, respectively. The slower way for the amygdala to participate is an indirect route in which the prefrontal cortex processes information associated with the emotional significance of experiences, providing the amygdaloid complex with the information necessary to trigger the appropriate response [6]. From the above, it can be concluded that the expression of emotions depends on structures that are related both to the organization of cognitive functions—the prefrontal cortex, in the indirect route—and with noncognitive functions—the amygdala, in the direct route. It has been reported that chronic stress induces an increase in dendrite length, in dendritic arborization, and in the density and length of the spines of the neurons in the nuclei of the basolateral amygdala. In turn, acute stress provokes an increase in the density of spines, which could be associated with an increase in elevated circulating levels of glucocorticoids [58], and it is clear that the neuronal cytoarchitecture of the amygdala related to noncognitive processes is also subject to plastic changes. It is common to think of us processing emotions either “consciously” or “unconsciously” [2]. From a neuroscientific point of view, these two terms are what we have in this 4. ConclusionsIt should be clear that the processing of synaptic information in distinct regions of the brain is independent of the conceptual aspects of the neuropsychological process in question. Thus, the plastic events that underlie the functional organization of “cognitive” and “noncognitive” processes appear to present common neurophysiological and neuromorphological bases. That is, they consist of adaptive changes in different levels of behavioral organization that, more than depending on the plastic events at a cellular level, depend on the structures involved and on the circuits that they establish among themselves in order to result in the expression of behavior. Based on that, we would propose the following:The intensification of experimental studies of neuronal plasticity related with “noncognitive” processes. The broadening of the criteria of interpretation with regard to the functional significance of such plastic events. 1. Gardner, H. , (1987). The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. Basic Books.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: Tillage for soil and water conservation in the semi-arid Tropics W. Hoogmoed PE&RC Research output: Thesis › internal tillage is the manipulation of soil which is generally considered as necessary to obtain optimum growth conditions for a crop. In the same time the resulting modification of soil structure has serious implications for the behaviour of the soil to erosive forces by water and wind. In 3. In a highly mechanized farming situation, erosion problems on sloping, red soils in the state of Paraná are high. Conventional tillage is based on the use of heavy disk ploughs and repeated passes with disk harrows in order to prepare a seedbed. This system causes severe erosion damage because of reduced infiltration rates and unstable topsoil. The zero-tillage system is a promising and realistic alternative, but is not suited for all farms in the state (small fields, high capital investment for equipment required, lacking knowledge and experience of farmers). The possibilities for the use of chisel ploughs (as an alternative between these two systems) on wheat stubble in a wheat-soybean rotation were investigated. Experiments showed that, compared to conventional tillage systems with disc implements, chisel ploughing left more plant residue at the surface. Except for the duckfoot type, the chisels were able to penetrate down to the bottom of a compacted layer at 12-20 cm depth. In addition, fuel consumption was significantly lower than disc ploughing and slightly higher than heavy disc harrowing. The capacities of the chisel ploughs were comparable to the heavy disc harrow. On the other hand, weeds and large amounts of straw may cause considerable practical difficulties and require adequately dimensioned chisel ploughs. Thus when applying the alternative tillage, adapted sowing equipment, able to cope with surface residue is required. In case 4, studies on the agronomic effect of tillage systems fit for animal traction in are reported. Crop establishment is an important yield factor for pearl millet in the Sahel. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of seed size, depth and method of planting, millet variety, tillage, and soil fertilization upon seedling emergence, crop establishment, and yield. All experiments were conducted on a sandy in Niger.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: coli contamination of drinking water at the point of collection by source type. Full size tablePredicting water quality from socioeconomic informationClassification algorithmsTable 2 presents model selection results using six classification algorithms including Boosting (XGBoost), Model (GLM), Generalized linear models with elastic net regularization (), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), (RF), and Machine (SVM). The RF algorithm produced the best performance across all metrics. It produced the highest discrimination ability with the area under the receiving operator curve (AUC) of 0. 91 (95% CI 0. 89, 0. 94). This model is also superior in other performance metrics including accuracy, F1 score, sensitivity, and specificity. Another ensemble method, XGBoost provided a comparable performance with an AUC of 0. 90 (95% CI 0. 88, 0. 93) and high performance in other metrics. The remaining four algorithms, and KNN show high predictive performance but the results in these models are lower than the RF model. Table 2 Comparison of classification algorithms. Full size tableVariable importanceFigure 1 presents the top 10 predictors which are found to be quite similar across the RF and XGBoost models (Tables 7 and 8 for top 20 predictors). These important features in both models are constructed from a few commonly included questions in household surveys. These are geographic variables, water source type, location of the household, housing characteristics, and assets. Out of the top 10 features that are strongly associated with E. coli contamination, 50% in the RF and 60% in the XGBoost model are geospatial variables. These variables include region, place of residence (rural or urban), distance to a major road or a major market center, average rainfall, wetness index, and temperature of the area where the household is located. The second most important features relate to household characteristics including the type of water source used by household members, the proportion of households without a toilet facility in the area (open defecation) and the amount households spend on drinking water. Fig. 1: Variable Importance. Variable importance for RF and XGBoost models - top 10 features. Full size imageModel performance using different sets of featuresThe variable importance figures for the full model show that features related to geospatial variables and water source types appear to be strong predictors of contamination of drinking water sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: New York. 2. Izdar, C. , (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes. Pychol. Rev. 100, (1) 68–90. 3. Kihlstrom, J. F. , (1987). The cognitive unconscious. Science. 237, 1445–1452. 4. Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. , (1977). Controlled and automatic human theory. Psychol. Rev. 84, 127–190. 5. Izdar, C. E. & Kobak, R. R. , (1991). Emotions system functioning an emotion regulation. In: Garber, J. & Dodge, K. A. , (Eds). of and Dysregulation. Press. England. 321. 6. LeDoux, J. , (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 155–184. 7. Lazarus, R. S. , (1984). On the primacy of cognition. Am. Psychol. 39, 124–129. 8. Lazarus, R. S. , (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. Am. Psychol. 46, 352–367. 9. Frijda, N. H. , (1986). The Emotions. Press. England. 10. Frijda, N. H. , (1988). The laws of emotion. Am. Psychol. 43, 349–358. 11. Zajonc, R. B. , (1984). On the primacy of affect. Am. Psychol. 39, 117–123. 12. Gonzalez-Burgos, I. , (2015). Functional neuroanatomy of the memory systems. In: González-Burgos, I. (Ed). Psychobiology of memory: an interdisciplinary view. Bios Médica. México. 49. 13. Izdar, C. E. & Malatesta, C. Z. , (1987). Perspectives on emotional development: I. Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In: Osofsky, J. D. , (Ed). Handbook of Infant Development. Second ed. Wiley-Interscience. New York, U. S.

Output: pass