Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: From the content of the individual reports, it is possible to conclude that the internet environment and subsequently the environment of social media and networks become not only a venue for spreading hateful ideas or extremist ideologies but also an environment of hate speech and direct attacks on people because of their color, religion, or merely differing opinions. For this reason, more emphasis is placed on monitoring events on the internet related to extremism and terrorism, which can be read in the respective annual reports by the police authorities, intelligence services, and academics. The issue of hate crime and hate speech is addressed in a document prepared by Prof. Miroslav Mareš in 2011 in an analysis entitled “Crime” (“of Hate Crime”). This analysis mentioned the commitmentto take action against all forms of expression, including in the media and on the internet, which may reasonably be construed as bringing the result of inciting, spreading, or supporting discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and other forms of discrimination. Such displays should be prohibited and publicly condemned whenever they occur. All measures should respect the fundamental rights to freedom of expression in accordance with 2017. The action plan was approved by the Government’s Resolution No. 407 of May 22, 2017. At the same time, the managers of the individual measures of the were instructed to ensure their implementation. For example, the Minister of the Interior was instructed to submit an evaluation of the implementation of the to the Council by April 30 of each year. [5] took note of the evaluation of the implementation of the Plan for 2019 by a resolution of June 8, 2020. The material contained a clear summary of the status of tasks assigned to individual managers, which also applies to the issue of hate speech. [6]As mentioned above, the Council or some of its committees must directly pay attention to the issue of hate speech. In addition to the Committee on (Výbor pro vnitřní bezpečnost – VVB), which is a key and main platform for this issue, other committees may address this phenomenon as well if it is relevant to them and fulfills the purpose for which they were established. Hate speech can also be part of media disinformation campaigns, currently referred to as fake news [7] – false news in social media and networks, often abused by extremists to promote their ideas. Society has long demanded that this phenomenon is also addressed at the political level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: According to the included spreadsheet it looks as if only 5 individuals were exposed to each condition. This is a pretty small sample size. I would rather like to see higher replication and more colonies. 3 How are they housed during exposure? All together or individually? Experimental design In general, the design is sensible. Unfortunately, it appears to have very little replication with a single colony and only five workers per condition. Validity of the findings The analyses seem appropriate, and the strength of the effect is quite shocking. The only issue is the low replication. Additional comments This is a very clear and striking report but I worry about the small sample size and the use of what appears to be a single colony. I’m a bit torn on this ms. One one hand, if true, these results are very interesting, important, and should get out to the community quickly. But, the lack of replication is a bit troublesome. It becomes hard to assess how important this is based on so few bees from a single colony. One point which I think bears a bit of discussion, although I leave that up to the authors’ discretion, is the importance this may have to queen hibernation survival. While workers may be exposed to this while foraging (perhaps) or by entering and leaving the colony. I wonder if queen hibernation spots would be more likely to be exposed to these agents, and even if not, this is where queens will spend a great deal of time so may be more susceptible. ps. there seems to be a superfluous sheet in the supplementary excel file about feeding which is not discussed in the ms. Cite this review as (2015) #3 of "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality in Bombus terrestris (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Sep 3, 2015 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Trees in urban areas provide shade and help lower city temperatures. [SEP] Text: The same may be said for artificial shading devices, provided that they too are designed to minimize the re-radiation of absorbed solar energy, for example, through the use of multiple layers of “leaf-like” elements. These findings have important implications for the design and maintenance of urban green spaces, especially as ongoing local and regional climate trends cause many cities to become both hotter and drier. By considering the ways in which we can use shade trees to moderate pedestrian thermal stress, and at the same time, conserve precious water resources, we can envision a path toward greater urban resilience and an enhanced quality of urban life. Finally, one of the particular questions that arises with urban trees is the degree to which leaves at the bottom of the canopy are exposed to sunlight reflected from light-covered paving and other surfaces (such as smooth concrete sidewalks) and therefore might be transpiring more than their counterparts in trees, which are planted in dark-colored soil. This is a question that remains to be addressed in future research. Advertisement 03. 09. 2020). We are thankful to Wolfgang Mutsafi-Haller for his assistance in the installation of measurement sensors and data acquisition and to of the Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands for providing the LICOR 6800 used for ecophysiological measurements. 1. Shashua-. The cooling efficiency of urban landscape strategies in a hot dry climate. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2009;92(3-4):179-1862. Shashua-. The influence of trees and grass on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-arid environment. of Climatology. 2011;31:1498-15063. ötzer T, Pauleit S. Comparing the transpirational and shading effects of two contrasting urban tree species. Urban Ecosystems. 2019;22:683-6974. . A single tree model to consistently simulate cooling, shading, and pollution uptake of urban trees. of Biometeorology. 2021;65:277-2895. -Reischl A, Zölch T, Häberle KH, Rötzer T, et al. Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis. Building and Environment. 2020a;170:1066066. -Reischl A, von Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: [8] Ghifari [9] has also found that, currently, the spread of radicalism in society on social media has contributed significantly to the dissemination of radicalism, where social media became a propaganda medium to carry out intolerant actions, such as recruitment and training events, education, member network development to spread acts of terror and suicide bombings in Indonesia. Zamzamy [10] added that the advancement of internet media allowed radicalism groups to recruit, propagate, and spread ideology. If, in the conventional method of spreading radicalism, it is necessary to meet with an ideology carrier, then this method is now available online. Radicalization is a process of seeking, discovering, adopting, and developing beliefs and extremes. The existence of online media is an instrument that has the potential to accelerate the radicalization process. and colleagues, [11] we know that to deal with this, the government has increased cyber patrols to prevent the dissemination of content containing radicalism. Aside from that, the Ministry of Communication and Informatics strictly supervises content disseminated through social media applications, which has affected recruitment patterns and the spread of radicalism. [12]Moreover, Handoko and Susanto [13] elaborate that the role played by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics in preventing radicalism is already taken where they continue to educate the public about the dangers of radicalism and continue to counter every radicalism-related content through social media by sharing positive and peaceful narrative content. Interactions that occur on social media can be seen through the number of likes, shares, and comments. This number of interactions determines the reach of other social media users. The mention of a radicalism-related word on social media is not only related to religious issues. Other concerns associated with radicalism are elections, politics, government, crime, and other social issues. [14]Fanindy and Mupida,[15] through their research, also explain the results of social media as the first option for the younger generation in seeking instant information so that they are easily exposed to radicalism content. The young generation is easily exposed to radicalism because they are in the process of finding their identity; thus, they will be influenced easily by what they read. Also, because they are familiar with how social media may grant them diverse information instantly, extremist groups use the same logic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: The nematode species were identified by Dr. Harun ÇİMEN (Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydın University, Aydın, Türkiye) based on morphometric and molecular analyzes. In addition, isolate Z-1 underwent sequencing and has been deposited in GenBank with the accession number OQ130749. Rearing of Galleria mellonella larvaeTo mass production of G. mellonella larvae, one-liter bottles and provided those with a specialized diet consisting of the following ingredients was utilized: (Flour: 890 g, Milk powder: 445 g, Dry baker's yeast: 222 g, Honey: 500 g, Glycerin: 500 g, and Beeswax: 125 g). The preparation of this diet involved melting beeswax, honey, and glycerin, which were then mixed with the other components following the method described by Mohamed and Coppel (1983). Subsequently, wax moth eggs were deposited onto this nutrient-rich medium within one-liter glass jars. These jars were maintained in an incubator (Nüve, ID501, Türkiye) with a light-to-dark cycle of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness, while the temperature was kept within the range of 23 ± 1 °C. This cultivation process spanned a duration of 40–45 days, during which sixth instar wax moth larvae were obtained and subsequently utilized for the large-scale cultivation of EPNs. Rearing of entomopathogenic nematodesWax moth larvae served as the primary medium for mass cultivating the EPN isolate employed in the experiment. In this process, ten larvae within a 6-cm-diameter Petri dish containing filter paper (No. 1, Whatman International, Maidstone, UK) saturated with distilled water were placed. An inoculation of IJs was carefully applied to the wax moth larvae. Subsequently, the Petri dishes were securely sealed with parafilm and subjected to incubation at a controlled temperature ranging from 23 ± 1 °C. The daily monitoring of larval mortality was an integral part of this procedure. To extract EPN larvae from the infected wax moth larvae, the "White trap" method (White 1927) was utilized.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: IntroductionSpace is a sum of green paved, open and burial places, sports grounds, private gardens, formal and informal green forests, road verges, derelict land, and horticulture within a city (Duan et al. , 2018; Wang & Akbari, 2016). Human life exists on the earth due to its suitable natural environment and other living things. These living things are a source of fresh air and water, fruit, woods, animals, and minerals to fulfil daily life needs (Baycan et al. , 2012). They provide a natural meeting point for the residents by facilitating social interaction and community integration. Green spaces accelerate a sense of individuality and belongings (Konijnendijk et al. , 2013). The density of vegetation enhances the ability of urban green spaces to mitigate air pollution (Dadvand et al. , 2015). Green infrastructure is one of the significant pillars of urban structures that accelerates human life events by promoting physical activities, mental and psychological relaxation, oxygen for breathing, and purifying air pollutants. Urban greenness offers a safe and healthy space for walking, jogging, and running, provides a suitable environment for physical and recreational activities and social interaction (WHO|Spaces, n. d. ). Human Well-being is recognized to measure human conditions like human health, education, and material of livening standards. In the beginning, the concept was known as the Index (HDI) toward human conditions (Bhanojirao, 1991; Desai, 1991; McGillivray & White, 1993). The HDI concept became more comprehensive with time and appeared as a Approach (SLA) in 1992 by Chamber and Conway, an actionable framework combining social, economic, environmental, and institutional components (Chambers & Conway, 1992). Further, the SLA concept changed into Goals (MDG), and it was measured with education, gender equality, health, environment, poverty, and hunger indicators (Gwatkin, 2002; Hopkins, 1991). In this review, the concept “Human Well-being” is obtained as “a state of human being that comprises on human (physical, psychological, mental) health, good social interaction, and overall life satisfaction (Subjective Well-being). Green spaces are well documented for socio-economic and environmental benefits in urban areas by enhancing the natural environment and human health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: But when he clicked on the homepage for this question during the interview, he was surprised to find few serious-minded responses had been posted in the past 3 years. Then he checked on other homepages of gay-related questions, and could not help but exclaim: “it is not at all as active as it was back then! There are really very few [new answers]! ” I3 speculated that “maybe it is because all the [gay] topics have been discussed? Or is it that people are just not interested in continuing to discuss such topics on Zhihu? ” However, he seemed dissatisfied with these explanations even as he voiced them. He concluded that this trend was following the change in the macro social environment and that the atmosphere on Zhihu had changed, leading not only netizens to be less willing to discuss gay topics, but also to algorithms being more likely to deactivate gay voices. I would like to conceptualize I3’s experience as “algorithmically driven obfuscation”: operating in an obscure and biased manner, the algorithm has been obfuscating users’ perceptions not only of the algorithmic rules, but also of the social facts. In my case, due to algorithmically driven obfuscation, gay men can only explore the reasons for reduced visibility in front of fragmented clues left by the algorithm; for others, this can also lead to misunderstandings, such as that gay men are reluctant to engage in more public expression. On Zhihu, such algorithmically driven obfuscation of knowledge about gay men appears to operate along two trajectories. The first seeks to avoid raising the profile of (and, in some cases, directly removing) gay-related topics on the platform’s various trending lists. I13 identified this tactic during his interview, arguing that this was an issue of fairness; that regardless of the topic, there should be equal opportunities to be seen. Thus, when Zhihu algorithms sideline gay-related content from the trending lists, I13 saw this as a matter of discrimination and inequality. As another informant suggested, this refusal not only limits the distribution of gay-related content, but might also play a role in solidifying stereotypes of gay men within broader Chinese society, since if such topics are not on the trending lists, “some users will never encounter gay men even if he has used Zhihu all his life” (I14).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: BackgroundInsect pests are significant constraints of many agricultural, horticultural and forest crops worldwide. Cutworms are important polyphagous pests belonging to order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae (Sharma 2016). Several species of cutworms, viz. Agrotis spp. , Peridroma saucia, Spodoptera frugiperda, S. exigua and S. littoralis, are responsible for causing severe damage to most of the economic plants. Most of the agriculturally important cutworms belong to genera Agrotis, and among them, the most damaging species of this genera are like: A. spinifera, A. ipsilon, A. flammatra, A. plecta, A. longidentifera and A. segetum are reported in India (Napiorkowska and Gawowska 2004). These group of insects cause extensive damage by cutting seedlings at colour regions and eating only the tender parts of plants. Larvae of cutworms usually feed at night, hiding in cracks and crevices in the soil or under clumps/litter piled around the plants during the day. During night-time feeding, they cut down the stem of their host plants, causing severe damage and rapid crop loss, especially at the seedling stage (Angulo et al. 2008). The caterpillars emerging from the eggs grow by passing through several molts until they attain full size and pupate in the ground, and moths emerge from these pupae. The complete life cycle of cutworm may take a month to a year, depending on the type of species and weather conditions prevailing. Due to their cosmopolitan distribution, cutworms are found in various climatic and nutritional conditions. Crop losses by these pests are more severe due to their hidden lifestyle during day time, feeding behaviour, prolonged egg laying and ability to migrate long distance (Capinera 2001). More than 80 percent of the loss occurred after reaching the 4th instar of larvae, which cuts several plants, most preferably at the initial stages of seedlings during night. Various chemicals are found ineffective against A. ipsilon larvae due to the development of resistance against these pesticides and their hiding behaviour during daylight hours (Takeda 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Physical comfort, psychological and emotional relaxation, and social interaction are found due to urban green spaces in quality of life models (Mensah et al. , 2016). The role of urban green spaces has been recognized as a primary source of a livable and sustainable city (Dhingra & Chattopadhyay, 2016). improves human life actively by mitigating the urban heat island densely populated areas. The significance of urban green spaces has been analysed for better human life through leisure activities, social interaction, noise reduction, and removal of air pollution (Wolch et al. , 2014). The requirement of ecosystem services on a broad scale is delivered by the urban green spaces for inhabitants and the city environment. In a city, green landscapes have a pivotal potential to maintain a sustainable environment and activate cultural events. Well-managed urban green landscapes are estimated more significant for provisioning ecosystem services (freshwater, food, and raw material) in Vilnius (Lithuania). Functionally, urban green spaces absorb CO2, release O3, decrease the temperature, reduce urban heat island effects, enhance air quality and humidity, conserve soil and water, minimize noise pollution, cut down winds speed, and save soil from contaminations and erosion (Lou et al. , 2017). The occurrence of urban green spaces mitigates climatic change effects, provides a platform for social connection, and enhances human health and well-being (Krellenberg et al. , 2014). Green spaces deliver several positive health impacts through physical activities (Sanders et al. , 2015). Also, under the COVID-19 crisis, urban green spaces were a significant source of leisure activities. Outside events were reported 291% higher during lock-down than the past 3 years over the same day in Oslo (Norway). Walking, jogging, and hiking practises in urban parks have expanded, emphasising relevance of urban green spaces during the crisis (Venter et al. , 2020). Open green spaces brought considerable social benefits in Spain during the project in Getxo. The proximity to urban parks to lower socio-economic status and vulnerable groups with improved leisure activities was found the most advantageous. In contrast, noise and poor cleanliness are the most damaging effects of crime and possible tension for the general public (García de Jalón et al. , 2020). By providing trails and benches with a canopy of vegetation, the benefits of urban green spaces can be improved (Madureira et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: By contrast, research indicating that SNS use may increase well-being, as a result of more frequent interactions with friends (Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006) and social capital (Ellison et al. , 2007), suggests that positive, sociable motives could be associated with higher levels of well-being. In addition, as opposed to positive motives, dark side motives are likely to be related to a strong need for popularity and narcissism. The former refers to a motivation to behave in ways to appear popular (Santor, Messervey, & Kusumakar, 2000), whereas the latter is a dispositional tendency toward grandiose, albeit insecure, self-views, which are maintained by seeking external validation and self-centered behavior (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). Indeed, both constructs correlate positively with self-enhancing activities on SNSs, such as strategic self-presentation and profile enhancement (Carpenter, 2012; Utz, Tanis, & Vermeulen, 2012). Moreover, a similar pattern of relations can be expected for the dispositional tendency to experience schadenfreude, which shows a strong link with narcissism (Porter, Bhanwer, Woodworth, & Black, 2014). Other personality traits may have similar relations with different following motives. For example, we have argued that users may follow others on SNSs to enable them to make self-enhancing downward comparisons as well as inspirational upward comparisons, suggesting that the general tendency to make social comparisons (i. e. , comparison orientation; Gibbons & Buunk, 1999) should be positively related to both antisocial and positive, sociable following motives. We include the aforementioned personality traits in our study and formulate the hypothesis below:H2. Antisocial and insecurity motives for following others (i. e. , dark side motives) will be positively related to (a) need for popularity, (b) narcissism, and (c) dispositional schadenfreude and will be negatively related to (d) self-esteem and (e) satisfaction with life. Following Motives, on SNSs, and FriendingBecause following motives should be related to the intensity of SNS use (i. e. , both time spent and following counts on SNSs; Ellison et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Distribution, host range, nature of the damage, economic importance, seasonal dynamics and management methods of cutworms with the effective use of EPNs were enumerate. Distribution and host range of cutwormsCutworms as uncertain origin are distributed in many regions of the world but found absent from some tropical regions and cold areas. These cutworms are more damaging in northern hemisphere. In Europe, China, and North America, long-distance dispersal of adults has long been suspected. In the spring, the general trend is to travel north and in the autumn to go south. In the USA, studies have shown that when moths are aided by northward-blowing wind, they can travel up to 1000 km north in 2–4 days during the spring. In the autumn, similar movement to the south and southwest was seen (Story and Keaster 1982). In India, almost 26 species of cutworms (Agrotis spp. ) are well known yet. However, A. ipsilon and A. segetum are the most common and damaging species under genera Agrotis distributed in most of the parts of India (Chandel and Chandla 2003). Cutworms are cosmopolitan and polyphagous pests that feed on a wide range of field and vegetable crops. Generally, A. ipsilon was reported from most of potato-growing regions of India mainly concentrating on the belt from Punjab to Bengal and in (Lal and Rohilla 2007). This species is also reported dominantly and highly abundant in cole crops from the region of Srinagar, J&K (Bhat 2018). In the cold desert of Ladakh, nearly all vegetables are known to be attacked by A. ipsilon (Pandey et al. 2006). Vegetable crops like cabbage, cauliflower and knol-khol are frequently attacked by A. ipsilon and A. flammatra in north-eastern belt of India (Sachan and Gangwar 1990). Other economically crucial crops attacked by cutworms include cotton, barley, oats, tobacco, lucerne, wheat, mustard, groundnut, sunflower, maize, sorghum, lentil, linseed, sugarcane, gram, sorghum, bajra, cowpea and berseem (Pal and Katiyar 2010). A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: , 2018). Urban societies demanded proper management and more urban green spaces (Campagnaro et al. , 2020). It was evaluated that authentic fitness was linked with physical recreation activity. The appearance and convenient access to green spaces also found supportive for life satisfaction and health promotion. More links of walking and cycling are found to public health in urban and suburban areas within urban green spaces (Pietilä et al. , 2015; Zhong et al. , 2020). Good physical fitness also helps to regular parks visit. Social harmony and leisure facilities have been proposed as an attractive source of human well-being to locals. The interconnection of socio-ecological structures in urban green areas may improve socio-environmental justice by focusing on ecosystem services (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020). The frequency of parks visits rises with a better quality of urban parks for human and environmental health (Misiune et al. , 2021). The activity in green spaces determines advantages; walk reduces fatigue and sitting safer for restoring attention (Lin et al. , 2020). In order to improve human health, better biophysical properties of canopy vegetation in urban areas are necessary. Improved green landscapes and their connectivity increases health benefits and decreases disease morbidity (Yeh et al. , 2020). After reviewing previous studies, it has been found that most urban areas are not environmentally suitable for living due to the shrinking of green spaces and expansion of the built-up structure. Therefore, it is more disastrous to expand such urban areas still similarly. Hence, this study reviews previous literature on the significance of urban green spaces for human (physical, psychological, mental, social, and subjective) well-being. Therefore, the study aims to: Review previous literature on the role of urban green spaces for human well-being. MethodsIn this review, 46 publications from the Web of Science and Scopus index and PubMed databases were finalized by the authors. These 46 studies were found well cited in the different studies. All these 46 publications received 3732 2021. Table 2 shows the citation detail of each paper. A process of searching and organization the data is given below:Sources of dataThe data for this systematic review were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Web of Science is temporally working since 1900, which was established by Clarivate Analytics. It consists of almost 256 disciplines, including sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: AbstractNews reporting about mental illness lack perspectives of the mentally ill themselves and it is almost exclusively psychiatrists who are accessed when healthcare staff is consulted. The perspective of mental health nurses might contribute to the public understanding of mental illness. The purpose of this study was to describe mental health nurses’ experiences of how mental illness is portrayed in media. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualified mental health nurses. A qualitative content analysis resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. The conclusion of this study is that mental health nurses experience media portrayals of mental illness as negative and misleading with too much emphasis on the medical perspective while a holistic mental health nursing perspective is heavily obscured. Mental health nurses need to take a more prominent role in public reporting on mental health to resolve the current lack of relevant facts regarding mental illness. Further research is needed regarding portrayals of mental illness in social media and how the current lack of perspectives affects public perceptions of mental illness. In addition, further studies regarding the viewpoints of journalists reporting on mental illness are required. BackgroundThe stigmatization of people diagnosed with mental illness is well documented, and schizophrenia is in particular a diagnosis that is commonly linked to stigmatization (Angermeyer, Matschinger, & Schomerus, Citation2013; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014; Read, Citation2007; Read & Harré, Citation2001). People diagnosed with schizophrenia often experience fear of abandonment or exclusion due to their diagnosis and studies have shown that even healthcare staff in the mental health services discriminate against patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). People diagnosed with schizophrenia also run a greater risk of having their integrity and autonomy violated by healthcare staff (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). Earlier studies have shown that a biological model for the explanation of the illness increases the public’s fear of mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013). This increase of fear has been linked to the interpretation that a biological model reduces the individual’s possibility for changing or preventing their symptoms of mental illness. This thus makes people with mental illness appear to be different and unpredictable and becomes an indication that anyone can be affected by severe mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013; Cross, Citation2004).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: ipsilon favours the host plants full of sugar and protein contents compared to cultivars having high phenolic and chlorophyll content (Nath and Nag 1996). Some other damaging species of Agrotis recorded from parts of India are A. spinifera causing damage to potato crop in Karnataka (Singh 1989) and A. nigrosigna Moore, (1881), causing damage on Mentha arvensis in J&K (Kriti et al. 2014). Generally, weeds serve as an alternate host for developing cutworms during the off-crop season, including Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus viridis and Evolvulus alsinoides (Das and Ram 1988). Adults of cutworms feed on nectar from flowers of the host crop, and moths are particularly attractive to the deciduous trees where they lay eggs. Nature of damage and economic importance of cutwormsMoths of cutworm are generally attracted to the green vegetation to lay eggs and feed on young tender crop parts or weeds. The late instar larvae may snip the stems of seedlings immediately below the ground surface, causing them to wilt and die. They may cut the stems thoroughly, leading to a significant reduction in stands. Usually, the insects feed at night or on overcast days. Sometimes the larvae drag the cut plants under soil clods or into small holes in the soil to continue their feeding during the daytime. Larvae cut plants just above or close to the soil surface. Most of the plant remains intact, but adequate tissues are generally removed from the stem to cause it to fall over. The larvae feed above ground plant parts by leaving small irregular-shaped holes in the leaves. (Lal and Rohilla 2007). Once the fourth instar stage is reached, these larvae can cause significant damage by cutting the young plants and one larva may damage several plants in a single night (Verma 2015). Early instar larvae of A. ipsilon feed on the leaves, whereas older instar stages feed at the base of stems in Kashmir (Kriti et al. 2014). In India, A. segetum is a more serious pest on maize crop during the summer season than rainfed conditions and attacks at the seedling stage throughout the North-regions (Sidhu 2019). In the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, 46.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: America, three studies belong to the USA (Holt et al. , 2019; Larson et al. , 2016; Tsai et al. , 2018) and one from Mexico (Ayala-Azcárraga et al. , 2019). America, one study belongs to Colombia (Scopelliti et al. , 2016) and Chile (Navarrete & Laffan, 2019). In the Australian continent, three studies belong to Australia (Mavoa et al. , 2019; Schebella et al. , 2019; Wood et al. , 2017) and two from (Nutsford et al. , 2013; Taylor et al. , 2018). Target group (population)The reviewed studies observed almost all population groups above 18 years old, but some studies targeted a specific group. For instance, Gubbels et al. (2016) targeted adolescents and adults in Netherland, Lee and Lee (2019) observed elders in South Korea, Holt et al. (2019) selected university students in the USA, and Wang et al. , (2019a, 2019b) observed adults only in China. Similarly, most of the reviewed studies belong to developed countries like the and high ranked developing countries like China, Turkey, Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia. Chosen methodologiesIn data collection methods, 89% of the study is based on primary data (cross-sectional studies), 9% of studies used secondary, whereas only 2% of the study is based on experimental data (empirical studies). Most of the studies used Landsat images and NDVI to identify the study area and vegetation configuration in the data analysis section, whereas Selmi et al. (2016) used i-Tree Eco-model to quantify vegetation services for the environment. For statistical analysis, the studies mostly used the One-way for analyzing the significance level of independent variables and the Chi-squared test for associations of categorical variables. In the correlation section, most of the studies used Pearson Product-moment Correlation to test the superficial relationships of variables, whereas Regression and Model for cause and effects variables. Detail of each study is given in Table 2. MediationsIn the reviewed literature, most studies recommended urban green spaces as a lifeline for large cities worldwide. The availability of green spaces essential but not as such as through mediation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: A review of studies on influences regarding stigma related to mental disorders in the media maintains that mental illness is the most common form of illness represented in TV and movies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008). Mental illness was more commonly associated with negative stereotypes compared to somatic illness. News media, newspapers in particular, are a common source of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness and studies have shown that the portrayal of mental illness in news media does not differ from entertainment media in terms of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness (Stuart, Citation2006). An examination of 300 news 2016. Data analysisThe interviews were transcribed in January–March 2018 by the first and second author (ML) and (SK). The transcriptions were coded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis inspired by Graneheim and Lundman (Citation2004). First, the interviews were read several times to gain an understanding of the content as a whole. Meaning units related to the research question were then identified and condensed. The condensed meaning units were then abstracted and given a code. Descriptions of the contents were close to the original statements, rather than interpretations of the content. The codes with a similar content were sorted into subcategories and categories (see Table 1). Table 1. Examples of data analysis. considerationsAll identification markers were removed from the interviews during the transcription process in order to prevent identification of the participants. Sound files and transcribed interviews were stored on a password-protected computer and copies of the interviews were saved on an encrypted USB memory stick that was kept in locked storage. All the participants were informed about the study and any risks associated with participation prior to signing a consent form for participation in the study, which is in accordance with the current Swedish legislation (SFS, Citation2003, p. 460). The most evident risk for the participants was moderate ethical or professional stress, as the interviews entailed topics that could be considered sensitive or controversial from a professional viewpoint. These risks were considered to be sufficiently prevented, as both interviews were experienced researchers, one of whom was also a qualified psychiatric nurse. The participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could terminate their participation at any time without having to give any reason. Furthermore, all the participants had long experience of their profession and had expressed an active desire to participate in the study. The study was approved by the local ethics committee at the Department of Health and Welfare at (Dnr. UI 2018/159).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: 69 percent reduction in maize yield was recorded due to infestation of these cutworms (Thakur and Kumar 1999), whereas in the Kangra valley, mortality of maize seedlings has been reported to be 16. 80 percent at the two-leaf stage (Viji 1998). A. ipsilon is an early-season pest of cotton, which is more severe, particularly in southern states. Laxman et al. (2014) reported that A. ipsilon could cause damage to both Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic (Bt) and non-Bt plants, but the level of infestation was slightly more in non-Bt cotton (8. 78–12. 62%) as compared to Bt cotton (6. 39–9. 19%). Pathania (2010) reported the attack of cutworms in vegetables, which caused more severe damage in tomato, potato, brinjal, beans, capsicum, cabbage, peas and cucurbits. Among cucurbits, cucumber is highly susceptible to this pest attack. In some vegetable crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli, cutworms are routinely reported to move from one plant to another and feed on the below-ground portion of each seedling, which usually resulting into the death of the plants (Chandel et al. 2016). In endemic areas of North-Western Himalaya, the extent of damage of this pest has been reported in different vegetable crops such as tomato (30. 71%), brinjal (35. 41%), capsicum (65. 73%), cabbage (29. 41%), cauliflower (21. 95%), French bean (40. 64%), pea (31. 05%), cucumber (32. 65%) and bitter gourd (58. 65%) (Kumar et al. 2007). In addition to cutting the tender parts of a plant, the cutworms also damage potato tubers and fleshy roots of carrot, turnip, leek and beetroot (Verma 2015). Five species of Agrotis have been reported in potato from India, viz. A. ipsilon, A. segetum, A. flammatra, A. intracta and A. spinifera, and among them, A. segetum and A. ipsilon are the key species of cutworms in hills and plains, respectively (Chandel et al. 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Green spaces improve human physical health and well-being by providing space for exercise, jogging, walking, cycling, and other recreational activities. So, human physical well-being and fitness can be obtained by using mediators (exercise, jogging, cycling, and other recreational activities). Likewise, easy access to urban green spaces is one of the significant mediators for human well-being. Urban green spaces improve human mental and psychological health in the old age population by removing social isolation. So, social interaction is an essential mediator for human mental and psychological well-being. The reviewed literature depicted that cleanliness and a calm environment also improve the benefits of green spaces. In youth, recreational activities and maximum interaction enhance the mental approach and academic performance. To sum up, the reviewed studies collectively highlighted the full benefits of urban green spaces that could be obtained through mediations of easy access, daily interaction, social cohesion, physical exercise, jogging, cycling, walking, and recreational and cultural activities. FindingsThe reviewed studies found under the following six sub-themes of human well-being:Physical well-beingPhysical well-being is a state of the body with the absence of diseases, but also it is a balanced state of the human body with its lifestyle, having choices to ensure health (Physical Well-Being, n. d. ). Urban green spaces have been observed in various ways to benefit human well-being through physical activities. A positive relationship has been shown in a cross-sectional study conducted in England (UK) to explore relationships between a natural environment and human well-being. The study concluded that urban green spaces positively interact with human health and save the human body from different diseases. Even a weekly visit to green spaces has positive effects on the human body (White et al. , 2017). city of China, a study explored the residents’ perceptions about environmental risks and green infrastructure. The study concluded that low air quality and high temperatures negatively affect human health and caused dysphoria and anxiety. In contrast, green infrastructure provides services to reduce the temperature and clean the air for breathing to enhance human health (Duan et al. , 2018). Human health is closely related to the natural environment, and urban green spaces are a source of the natural environment in cities that actively promote and maintain humans’ physical fitness and well-being (Holt et al. , 2019; Nath et al. , 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: ResultsThe analysis of the interviews resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. In the category Negative portrayals of mental illness the subcategories were: Crimes being linked to mental illness and Stigmatizing reporting on mental illness. In the category Inconclusive images of mental illness the subcategories were: A more positive image of mental illness and Lack of facts in images of mental illness. In the category Biased dissemination of different perspectives the subcategories were: Biomedical mental health emphasis and Absence of psychiatric nursing perspective. An overview of categories and subcategories are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Result categories and subcategories. portrayals of mental illnessCrimes being linked to mental illnessThe participants described experiences of the media linking crimes to mental illness. Participants spoke of the news media reporting on violent crimes and described experiences where the journalists used mental illness to explain why violent crimes were committed. The participants talked of two perspectives regarding the reporting of crimes in media. The first perspective was that people experiencing mental illness were portrayed as dangerous and erratic. The second perspective was that mental illness was used as to explain why perpetrators committed violent crimes without presenting any further elucidation. It is as if mental disorders in themselves are the thing that makes people commit… commit crimes. (Interview 4)Stigmatizing reporting on mental illnessThe participants described that the media, to a varying extent, reported on or portrayed mental illness in a stigmatizing way and spoke of experiences of mental health diagnosis and mental illness being used as invectives in the media. A recurring experience was that the negative portrayal of mental illness in the media was perceived as being intended to label people with mental illness or otherwise group them together to make it easier to generalize about mental illness. The participants expressed that these generalizations of mental illness were negative and upsetting. It is invectives, invectives we are talking about. It was in a fit of psychosis or… a psychotic person that killed someone, not like a cancer-diseased person that killed someone, but it… yeah. It is used to describe… people. (Interview 1)Inconclusive images of mental illnessA more positive image of mental illnessThe participants said that some media gave a relatively positive or unprejudiced image of mental illness. They also spoke of alternatives to the traditional media as contributing with information that was more positive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: For example, while Wilson et al. (2003) used spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE), Spiridonov et al. (2007) utilized both Lloyd’s index and SADIE, and Bal et al. (2017) applied two measures of spatial autocorrelation, Moran’s I and Geary’s c, as well as SADIE as indices of EPN dispersion. Yet, atypical sampling procedures of EPN may lead to erratic results. In this vein, comparing different sampling procedures, which used the same index of nematode dispersion (i. e. SADIE), to study EPNs’ distribution pattern for better perception of various results is presented (Table 1). Differences in the size or type of the sampling unit may lead to various interpretations of the resulting data (Duncan and Phillips 2009 and Been and Schomaker 2013). For example, when the size of the soil sampling unit steadily increased, the apparent EPNs’ dispersion of a contagious population may be random, contagious, and finally regular (Fig. 1). Clearly, such a change in the spatial distribution pattern of EPNs in this example is dependent on the size of the sampling unit. Moreover, examining the spatial distribution of IJs-natural population assigned to four different groups based on their physiological age, Lloyds index identified group I as being the most aggregated, whereas SADIE identified group II as the most aggregated (Spiridonov et al. 2007). This is probably because group I nematodes were aggregated at a scale finer than the commonly used sampling regime. Also, Wilson et al. (2003) ascribed even distributions of EPNs measured by SADIE to the symmetrical nature of their sampled plots too. On the other hand, comparing different values for the same index of aggregation (Ia) of four different studies on EPNs’ distributions (Table 1), using different sampling units in various regions is problematic. That is because the difference in volume/area of the sampling units can likely influence the resulting distribution patterns of EPNs. To name but a few, this unit was a 20-cm-diameter borer/sampler and separated into 2. 5-cm layers in Holland (Taylor 1999), a 2 × 15 cm deep core in New Jersey, USA (Wilson et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The frequent visit and maximum time consumption in the green environment resulted positively for human physical health in Daejeon (South Korea), and these results have been obtained during a cross-sectional study based on 400 respondents (Hong et al. , 2019). Urban green spaces offer numerous benefits for human well-being in various forms, and all those forms are interconnected to physical health. During research in London (UK), it has been assessed that the proximity of green spaces provides maximum benefits to humans, and 300 m is an ideal range of access suggested for taking full benefits. The city planners and policymakers suggested green spaces within an accessible range to maintain human health and well-being (Holt et al. , 2019; Kothencz et al. , 2017). The activities related to running, walking, and relaxing are negatively associated with health problems, stress, and sedentary lifestyle issues (et al. , 2018). The impacts of urban green spaces on physical health and well-being vary in different ethnic groups in England. It has been assessed that recreational policy is needed within urban green parks to improve the general health and inequalities amongst deprived communities in the UK (Roe et al. , 2016). The high density of green spaces increased the potential of physical well-being in urban residents with other significant health outcomes. Recreational and related activities like walking, jogging, and running is negatively associated with self-reported nerve problems among Almada’s residents (Portugal). It has been recommended that the frequent visit of urban parks reduces human nervous problems like medication (Vujcic et al. , 2019). Frequent usage of green landscapes for physical events decreases health issues in the human body and enhances physical fitness (Thompson, 2016). Properly managed and clean green spaces increase their capability to facilitate the urban environment and human health. The structure, accessibility, quantity, and quality of urban green spaces are vital for their potential and city environment. (UK), a study concluded that cleanliness has strong positive relations with general health. The study resulted that poor human health was reported where the green spaces were not properly managed and cleaned (Brindley et al. , 2019). A study was directed to assess Beijing’s level of satisfaction with urban green spaces for human well-being. The results showed that the people who live within 1–5 km zone and regular visitors of public green spaces are found more physically and mentally fit and healthier than 5–10 zone residents.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Examples of these alternatives were 1177. se (Swedish healthcare’s national information website), social media and the literature published by patient organizations. The participants also talked of experiencing that the media had started to present a more positive image of mental illness, referring to TV-series as positive examples. They also spoke of the news media having started to improve their reporting on mental illness by doing so in a more nuanced manner. I feel as if they are providing a more nuanced picture and that they are comprehensive when discussing mental illness today… and that they’ve even begun to take some responsibility for what they’re writing. (Interview 8)Lack of facts in images of mental illnessParticipants talked of experiences of the media presenting a misleading image of mental illness, in both news reporting and literature as well as in movies. The participants spoke of a lack of facts in the media portrayals of mental illness. This was primarily related to news reporting about mental illness, but was also described in relation to fictional literature and a lack of facts in reporting about what cure or help can be given for mental illness. The participants talked of experiences of the media making false claims about mental illness, and how fictional literature and movies presented misleading images of mental illness. They also experienced that the mental health experts made statements about events or people in the media, despite not having been sufficiently knowledgeable about the individual case to be able to provide a fair picture. Well, you are still talking about psychosis and those things I think are stigmatizing in themselves, instead of talking about what kind of vulnerability or what the person has experienced in life (Interview 8)Biased dissemination of different perspectivesBiomedical mental health emphasisThe participating nurses talked of experiences of a predominantly biomedical perspective in the news media and that psychiatrists were the ones authorized to make statements about mental illness. The participants invariably described the psychiatrists’ superior role and the dominance of the biomedical perspective in public media as being destructive and incorrect. They also spoke about other professional perspectives having been neglected due to the medical focus in the media. Somehow it is often… the psychiatrists who asked to be on the air, to talk and respond to this or that when something has happened. And then… you often end up with the biomedical perspective. (Interview 2)Absence of mental health nursing perspectiveThe participants talked of a lack of a mental health nursing perspective in portrayals of mental illness in the media.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (2001) reared the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) exclusively for 3 consecutive generations on A. gemmatalis larvae reared on an artificial diet treated with a commercial formulation of the AgNPV. Their results showed no adverse effects in the first generation on oviposition and survival of the predator. However, adverse effects in the predator population were noticed in the subsequent generations. The authors related such adverse effects to some inert components in the commercial formulation. Different predator species that reared on NPV-infected prey did not suffer deleterious effects (Ruberson et al. 1991; Mahmoud 1992; Fuxa et al. 1993; Heinz et al. 1995; Li et al. 1999). As presented by Gupta et al. (2013), the developmental period, survival rate, sex ratio, and egg incubation period of the predator Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff. (Hem. :Pentatomidae) reared on different proportions of healthy and NPV-infected Spodoptera litura (F. ) did not vary significantly. However, when the proportion of the infected prey exceeded 50%, significant reductions in body weight, fecundity, longevity, and egg hatchability percent of the predator were noticed. b. Discrimination between healthy and virus-infected prey Abbas and Boucias (1984) stated that P. maculiventris readily accepted and fed on the virus-infected larvae of A. gemmatalis during its nymphal and adult stages. No significant differences were found in the food consumption or development of the predators which were fed healthy versus virus-infected prey. Mahmoud (1992) found that both larvae and adults of the coccinellid predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. , were found to prey upon NPV-infected S. littoralis with no differences in the rate of consumption on healthy and infected prey. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) reported that the 3 carabid species, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, and Agonum dorsal Pontoppidan, showed no evidence of discrimination between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of their prey, Mamestra brassicae L. Similarly, Casteillejos et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The study also concluded that human physical well-being is positively associated with age, income, education, marital status, residential area, and career status (Akpinar, 2016; Ma et al. , 2019). Psychological well-beingPsychological well-being is a positive functioning of self-esteem, including a sense of mastery and personal growth at inter and intraindividual levels. In some studies, psychological well-being stated positive feelings, happiness, and life satisfaction (Psychological Well-being? |Robertson Cooper, n. d. ). Human psychology and its related studies are continually known as complex tasks for the researcher, and human psychological well-being relations with urban green spaces are one of them. The impacts of green spaces on human psychological health and well-being differ with green spaces’ structure and quality. Social psychological issues cannot be handled with nature entirely, but they can be reduced by increasing connectivity with a natural environment and green landscapes. A study has concluded that meadows have limited effects on human psychology, but the richness of trees strongly influences psychological well-being (Southon et al. , 2018). Several human benefits are closely associated with nature, and the closeness of green spaces from home or workplace has positive effects. Urban life creates stress on residents due to its busy and sedentary lifestyle, but when they visit green spaces or natural green landscapes and spend maximum time, they feel well and relaxed. In this way, visitors release stress and boost up their psychological health. According to a study on four different cities, Auckland, Willington (New Zealand), Melbourne, and Sydney (Australia), the effects of urban green spaces were different due to variations in types and richness of biodiversity. Psychological well-being was found more positively associated with green spaces in Sydney, resulting in P < 0. 001. In this study, the scholar suggested a more intensive investigation (Taylor et al. , 2018). A natural environment found enrich with positive impacts on human psychology. Interaction with nature keeps to maintain and strengthen human psychological well-being. The connectivity with green landscapes decreases psychological issues. It has been recommended that greenness in urban areas is an essential part of urban life and human psychological restoration (White et al. , 2017). The characteristics of urban green spaces are also decisive for human well-being. According to the study of on Hangzhou city (China), the characteristics of urban green spaces positively affect human aesthetic values and stress recovery.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The reasons for this were ascribed to the current hierarchy in the healthcare services where psychiatrists are seen as the authority. The participants also felt that nurses were bad at making themselves visible in the public media. And in media I’ve never seen anyone bring up the perspective of mental health nursing. (Interview 5)Another aspect that the participants talked of was the experience that mental health nursing had low status, both in relation to nursing in the medical field and among other nursing practitioners. You hardly ever see an interview with an associate professor of mental health nursing in Swedish investigative television program focusing on social issues, where he or she is allowed to sit around, discuss and twist and turn things with regard to his or her specific expertise to explain or understand human actions…. (Interview 4)DiscussionThe results of this study show that psychiatric nurses experience the presentation of mental illness in public media as negative. The participants speak of the negative portrayal is partly done through the media linking mental illness to violent crimes and partly through the reporting of mental illness in a discriminating and stigmatizing manner. This result is in line with earlier studies about the reporting of mental illness in the public media (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Stuart, Citation2006; Wahl, Citation2003). Cross (Citation2004) explains this negative media portrayal of mental illness in a historical context by pointing out that society has tried to isolate and block out phenomena that can be frightening and hard to understand, which has cemented the negative reporting of mental illness in the public media. When the media reports the presence of mental illness among violent criminals as being something abnormal and deviant, the individual consuming the media is able to rest easy knowing that they and their loved ones would not commit violent crimes, as the narrative of violence was focused on mental illness (Cross, Citation2004). The negative portrayal of mental illness in the media is problematic in several ways. These include the media presenting a misleading picture of mental illness or presenting it as the cause of sensational events, despite the lack of available information (von Heydendorff et al. , Citation2016). The media also contributes to stigma around people experiencing mental illness, something that causes these people stress and suffering (Stuart, Citation2006) and fear of discrimination and alienation (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (2001) found that larvae of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), whereas, in contrast, adults of Duro taeniatum (F. ) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) directed a greater proportion of its attack toward the infected larvae. c. Dispersal of virus through predators’ feces Abbas and Boucias (1984) reported that both nymphs and adults of P. maculiventris fed on AgNPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted intact polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) which were virulent to A. gemmatalis larvae. Adult predators consumed more infected prey than did the 4th instar nymphs and thus were capable of excreting detectable levels of PIBs for 4 days, compared to only 1 day for the nymphs, after feeding on infected prey for 24 h. Young and Yearian (1987) stated that adults of Nabis roseinpennis Reut. that fed on NPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted infective levels of virus for 10 days with 98% excreted during the first 2 days after feeding on infected larvae. Olofsson (1989) found that larvae of Coccinella septempunctata L. fed on NPV-infected larvae of the sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hym. : Diprionidae), for 2 days excreted feces containing large quantities of PIBs. Similarly, Mahmoud (1992) reported that the 4th larval instars and adults of C. undecimpunctata that fed on NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis were capable of excreting viable PIBs for 2 and 4 days, respectively. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) stated that the carabids, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, P. melanarius, and A. dorsal, continuously passed infective levels of virus in the soil, in laboratory, for at least 15 days after feeding on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassicae. Casteillejos et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The study investigated urban green spaces as a source of enjoyment and a platform for relaxing and recovering from mental fatigue. The study concluded that green spaces with a richness of trees, clean water, and bright flower attract people and assist in mental stress recovery. Therefore, green parks with numerous trees and flowers are recommended by studying mental stress recovery and aesthetic preference (Wang et al. , 2019a, 2019b). ‘Urban green spaces and their richness may negatively affect human psychological and physical well-being’ hypothesis was a study conducted by Chang et al. (2020) in Taiwan. The study found that the richness of biodiversity did not negatively affect the residents. Therefore, according to the study findings, biodiversity’s richness does not negatively affect human psychological and physical well-being (Chang et al. , 2020). The role of urban green spaces in highly populated areas is found significant for psychological and physical well-being, but the level of significance differs from different income groups (Scopelliti et al. , 2016). Furthermore, urban green spaces promote social interaction, which helps to enhance psychological well-being (Jennings & Bamkole, 2019). The restoration of human psychology is positively relating to the heterogeneity of green landscapes. Urban green spaces in human psychological well-being may vary based on different species in a green space. (France), it has been observed that the awareness about the composition and configuration of a green landscape is positively associated with psychological restoration. Therefore, composition and configuration heterogeneity in green spaces enhance human psychological well-being and promote environmental and social well-being (Meyer-Grandbastien et al. , 2020). Naturalness, biodiversity, and tree canopy are closely associated with human well-being. The relationships between naturalness and biodiversity may be weak, but the vegetation cover has a strong relationship with human psychological well-being. The prosperity of urban green spaces differs from park to park. The links of natural parks with stress reduction and mood improvement are strong but weak with pocket parks (Schebella et al. , 2019). A study was conducted on four different well-maintained public parks of Delhi to investigate human well-being benefits. The study interviewed 250 visitors, and 87% responded favouring environmental well-being, 68% for human psychological well-being, and 45% for social, recreational benefits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The current study indicates that it is possible that the media may fail in its objectivity in reporting on mental illness, with misleading reporting due to a lack of facts, such as the humanistic and holistic nursing perspectives of mental illness. This finding is partially supported by previous studies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Wahl, Citation2003), but it appears as if previous studies have not differentiated between negative portrayals and false or made-up statements. One previous study showed that the creators of TV-shows were aware of the misleading picture of mental illness that their shows conveyed, but felt that their job was to provide good dramaturgy and entertainment, not to educate their viewers (Henderson, Citation2018). This indicates that the responsibility for the negative and misleading reporting of mental illness in the media is ambiguous and problematic and that changes are required in terms of how mental illness is approached in the public media. The media is also in a position to provide positive images of mental illness and the results in this study showed that psychiatric nurses had experiences of the media providing nuanced reporting on mental illness. TV-shows could provide a positive image of mental illness and previous research has showed how TV-shows can fluctuate between positive and negative portrayals of mental illness based on the dramaturgical need of the show (Henderson, Citation2018). The findings show that social media sometimes provide positive portrayals of mental illness. A previous study has shown that people with mental illness have found that some types of social media provides them with possibilities for gaining social support and advice from other people with mental illness (Naslund, Grande, Aschbrenner, & Elwyn, Citation2014). Naslund et al. (Citation2014) also found that social media might be able to reduce feelings of isolation and provide hope for people with mental illness. As the topic is relatively unexplored, more studies are needed in order to more clearly delineate the role of the social media in the forming of opinions and attitudes about mental illness in society. The medical perspective dominates media reporting on mental illness. The nursing profession’s subordinated position compared to the medical profession is a well-known problem in healthcare. This is an historical imbalance that has progressively diminished but still remains today (Price, Doucet, & Hall, Citation2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Similarly, Young and Yearian (1990a) carried out an experiment for testing the potential of predators to transmit Heliothis zea (Boddie) NPV in a soybean field. They found that a complex of predators, spiders, Geocoris spp. , Orius spp. , Nabis spp. , reduviid spp. , and coccinellid spp. , were contaminated, but their role in virus dissemination did not seem to be important. Groner (1990) listed 18 instances of viruses being dispersed by predators through their feces. Such predators included species belonging to the insect orders Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The author claimed that the predators seemed to be little affected by feeding on infected prey due to the more acid in their digestive systems. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) found that the carabids H. rufipes, P. melanarius, and A. dorsalis which fed on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassica transmitted sufficient levels of virus in the soil to cause low rates of mortality in the populations of the different larval instars of M. brassica. Lee and Fuxa (2000) found that the predator P. macoliventris and the scavengers Sarcophaga bullata (L. ) (Dipt. :Sarcophagidae) and Acheta domesticus (L. ) (Dipt. :Tachinidae) were capable of transmitting NPV to Trichoplusia ni (H. ) larvae at significant rates in a greenhouse experiment. Also, Casteilljos et al. (2001) reported that adults of D. taeniatum that fed on virus-infected prey could contaminate the foliage resulting in the transmission of the disease at a low prevalence (4. 7%) to S. frugiperda larvae. Black (2017), in a soybean field experiment, found that the mirid Lygus lineolaris (Palisto de Beauvois) and the geocorids Geocoris spp. were noticed to feed on NPV-infected larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (H. ) and were confirmed to be carriers of the virus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Delhi public parks visitors’ perception favours human psychological and environmental well-being as well as social and recreational activities (Paul & Nagendra, 2017). Mental well-beingMental well-being is a state in which humans can; understand their potential, work productively, manage the stress of life, and participate in society usually. So, it cannot be known only as an absence of mental illness (Organization, Promotion of Mental Well-Being, n. d. ). The existence of green spaces for human health is well documented and recognized. The neighbourhood of greenness improves the human mental state. (Spain), a study was directed to explore the long-term exposure to the effects of green and blue spaces on depression and anxiety with the mediation of air pollution. The study analyzed a negative association of depression and anxiety with urban green spaces. The study concluded that green spaces improve human mental health, reduce anxiety and release human depression during interaction of green spaces, clean the air, reduce noise, provide spaces for physical activities and social interaction (Gascon et al. , 2018; Nutsford et al. , 2013). In Netherland, a cross-sectional study is recommended as a precious asset to urban green spaces for society because of the multi-beneficial landscape. According to the study conclusion, green spaces contribute actively as an antidepressant and enhance human mental health if green spaces’ ratio exists a minimum of 28%, but the highest benefits can be obtained with more than 79% (Helbich et al. , 2018). Green spaces are a significant source of mental well-being through a reduction of mental stress and depression. The role of urban green spaces has been analyzed as a buffer zone for human stress and anxiety. According to a study in the on undergraduate students who kept in touch with green spaces (open and woodland) were found happy and relaxed than others. The students who visited green spaces even last week were satisfied with their life and feeling well. The study concluded that the restoration of passive green spaces in universities increased students’ health and life satisfaction (Holt et al. , 2019). The importance of urban green spaces can identify from a study conducted in Daejeon (South Korea). The study analyzed the impacts of frequent visits to green spaces and time spends on residents’ life. The results showed positive relations between urban green spaces and human health and mental well-being (Hong et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The results of the present study showed that psychiatric nurses still perceive that psychiatrists are the healthcare professionals most commonly visible in media, while the nursing perspective is absent. A part of this imbalance can be found in the difference in status between the professions, where medical professionals are given a higher status. Another result from the present study is that nurses are not usually invited to make their professional voices heard in public. This finding has some support in previous research, urging that nursing education historically has taught nursing students to be subordinate in relation to medical doctors (Price et al. , Citation2014). The results showed that psychiatric nurses had vivid experiences of the imbalance between the professions. The dominant position of the medical perspective in the media regarding healthcare has thus been well documented (Price et al. , Citation2014; Read, Citation2007; Wahl, Citation2003). Moreover, Nilsson (Citation2009) problematizes the type of hegemony in knowledge and science that seems to exist particularly in relation to mental illness. When a specific perspective dominates it is not politically neutral, but brings with it classifications, dividing lines and perceptions about what delineates the field (Nilsson, Citation2009). This understanding of how the media represents science is in line with Eriksson (Citation2015) who emphasizes the importance of embracing a multitude of perspectives to understand all dimensions of the whole. Previous studies on the influence of the media have shown that the perceptions and ideas of what constitutes scientific knowledge about human nature have consequences for the daily lives of people (Nilsson, Citation2009). Similar results have also been found in studies about how reporting of mental illness in the public media affects societal attitudes towards mental illness (Read, Citation2007). A theoretical explanation of this increase in stigmatization is that medical models primarily explain mental illness as abnormities in human brain and function, which creates fear and uncertainty among the public (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016). Studies have thus indicated that the medical model of explanation of mental illness increases stigmatization of mental illness (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016; Read, Citation2007). If the individual is considered unable to prevent or alter the development of mental illness or control the course of the disease without pharmacological treatment due to biological factors, mental illness is considered more frightening and unpredictable among the public than if mental illness is explained by a sociobiological model (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: They found that the tachinid Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), the two ichneumonids Campoletis sonorensis and Hyposoter exiguae, and the braconid Cotesia marginiventris developed to pupae in the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, infected with either NPV or GV. However, Chelonus insularis died when its host, P. unipuncta, infected with NPV or GV died, while the braconid Glyptapantele smilitaris (Walsh) died in NPV-infected P. unipuncta before the mortality of its host. In addition, H. exiguae, C. insularis, and C. marginiventris developed to pupae in GV-infected S. exigua larvae. Abbas (1987b) found that the ecto-larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis (Wesm. ) developed successfully on its host, Heliothis armigera treated with NPV 24 h before exposure to the parasitoid females. When parasitism occurred 48 h post-larval infection, only 24. 6% of the parasitoid’s progeny developed to adults. However, all parasitoid’s progeny died when the host larvae were parasitized 3, 4, or 5 days post-infection. Eller et al. (1988) recorded a high mortality rate in Microplitis croceipes larvae when its host larvae, S. exigua, died from NPV infection. Murray et al. (1995) mentioned that the larval parasitoids Meteorus demoliter (Wesm. ), Cotesia kazak (Telenge), and Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) required 3 days before the treatment of their host, H. armigera, larvae with NPV to complete their development successfully. Kunimi et al. (1999) came to almost similar results as they found that infection of Pseudaletia separata Walker with the GV of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (PuGV) negatively affected the development and survival of its larval parasitoid, Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Urban green landscapes are well documented for mental well-being. Even in well-managed cities in the developed world, the role of green spaces is well recognized. Nowadays, everyone admits the significance of green spaces, but urban green spaces within the accessible range are an issue now. A longitudinal study was conducted in London (UK) based on 2012–2015 data. According to the results, green spaces within a 300 m radius are essential for every resident to keep them physically and mentally healthy. This radius is suggested ideal for a city planner and policymakers. The study concluded that the full benefits of urban green spaces for human health and mental growth are hidden in 300 m range and frequent visits (Houlden et al. , 2019). The significance of green spaces within an accessible range provides full benefits. However, another aspect of urban green spaces benefits highlighted by Dadvan et al. (2019), and he recommended that a long time spends of adolescents (10–18 years old) in green spaces significantly associated with mental growth and enhance human mental performance (Dadvand et al. , 2019). Outdoor regular activities and park visits positively correlate with human mental well-being (Dong & Hauschild, 2017; Vujcic et al. , 2019). Urban vegetation, even at the street level, provided positive effects on human well-being (Ma et al. , 2019). Physical activities, social cohesion, noise, and air quality have been considered mediators for mental well-being in Guangzhou (China), which ultimately promotes human physical health (Wang et al. , 2019a, 2019b). The role of physical activities for human mental health is well known. It is a common saying that “A sound body has a sound mind. ” So, urban parks provide an ideal platform for walking, running, exercise, and jogging. The presence of green space in the neighbourhood or within walking distance (maximum 1. 5 km by WHO) is essential for human mental well-being. The level of positive association may differ with the difference in size, accessible range of green spaces. According to a study on Perth in Australia, residents’ lifestyle is also crucial for well-being (Wood et al. , 2017). Characteristics of greenness like quality, size, and cleanliness were found significant concerning human health. Different types of green spaces affected human life differently.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: A strength in the data analysis is that the material for each interview was rich and well substantiated, which made it possible to distinguish nuances during the analysis. The uniform content in the interviews affects the dependability and trustworthiness of the results (Graneheim & Lundman, Citation2004). Data collection was conducted during a short period of time, which minimized the risk of drift, such as changes to the questions or changed external circumstances, during the data collection. The result is believed to have a good transference, as the strategic selection was tailored to involve participants, who possessed experiences relevant to the research question in the study. Transference is further strengthened by the fact that the results of this study confirm the findings of previous studies on how the media depicts mental illness. Conclusion and implicationThe findings show that nurses working in mental health services experience the reporting of mental illness in the public media as negative, misleading and stigmatizing. Mental health nurses experience that the medical perspective is given too much space in the public media and that the mental health nursing perspective is invisible. However, there are also positive portrayals of mental illness outside of the traditional media and mental health nurses experience that the traditional media are becoming better at reporting on mental illness in a more nuanced manner. Further research is needed in regards to how mental illness is portrayed in social media and how the lack of perspectives other than the medical one affects the public perception of mental illness. Studies including younger psychiatric nurses with less experience of the professional role may yield more information about public opinion on mental illness. There is also a need to study the perspective of journalists who cover the field of mental illness. Further research in these areas can lead to an expanded understanding of the impact of public media on the perception of mental illness and the possibilities for improving the public perception and understanding of mental illness. Psychiatric nurses need to be more visible and take a larger role in media, to counteract the current one-sided reporting of mental illness. The awareness of a current lack of a holistic nursing perspective on mental illness and the possible consequences of bringing attention to a holistic perspective on mental illness in the public media needs to be addressed by psychiatric nurses, care organizations and journalists. The holistic nursing perspective should be at least as common in the public media as the narrower biomedical perspective of mental illness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards View 10. 7717/peerj. 15338 Published 2023-05-05 Accepted 2023-04-11 Received 2022-09-23 pests, Beneficial species, Biodiversity, DNA metabarcoding, Biological control Copyright © 2023 Liu et al. is an open access 2023. Using DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards. PeerJ 11:e15338 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2019. Insects were sampled using Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards producing a total of 43 pooled monthly samples. Malaise trap samples were sequenced following DNA metabarcoding workflow. Generated sequences were curated and analyzed using two cloud databases and analytical platforms, the barcode of life data system (BOLD) and multiplex barcode research and visualization environment (mBRAVE). platforms assigned the sequences to 2,141 barcode index numbers (BINs), a species proxy. Most (63%) of the BINs were shared among the three sampling sites while BIN sharing between any two sites did not exceed 71%. Shannon diversity index (H′) showed a similar pattern of BIN assortment at the three sampling sites. Beta diversity analysis by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) and Bray-Curtis distance matrix (BC) revealed a high level of BIN similarity among the three sites (J = 0. 67–0. 68; BC = 0. 19–0. 20). Comparison of BIN records against all those on BOLD made it possible to identify 40% of the BINs to a species, 57% to a genus, 97% to a family and 99% to an order. BINs which received a species match on BOLD were placed in one of four categories based on this assignment: pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator. As this study provides the first baseline data on insect biodiversity in Chinese citrus plantations, it is a valuable resource for research in a broad range of areas such as pest management and monitoring beneficial insects in citrus gardens. ranks among the top three countries globally for citrus cultivation and production (Caserta et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: It has been analyzed that green spaces’ cleanliness releases mental stress and removes depression, according to Sheffield’s study in the United Kingdom. The study suggested that policymakers should focus not only on the availability of green spaces but also on accessibility, size, quality, and cleanliness (Meyer-Grandbastien et al. , 2020). The accessibility of green spaces is essential in urban areas within the free range (400–1600 m) for different buffer zones. The study found positive relations between green spaces and mental well-being in Singapore (Zhang & Tan, 2019). Overall, green landscapes are positively associated with human well-being, but the effect level depends on green spaces’ characteristics and usage. Forest patches near the built-up area were positively correlated with mental well-being and negatively with frequent mental distress (Tsai et al. , 2018). Even a level of mental performance increases if people can see greenery from home or the workplace (Taylor et al. , 2018). Real-life changes affect human well-being through intervening in the quality and quantity of green spaces. In Netherland, a study was conducted on deprived neighbourhood showed that no short-term positive impacts were found due to the intervention of green spaces among adults regarding physical activities and self-reported mental well-being. The change in quality and quantity did not positively affect a deprived neighbourhood district of the Netherland. However, positive signs were identified in some subgroups (Gubbels et al. , 2016). The role of socio-economic characteristics and urban green spaces is investigated positively for mental well-being in the aged population. An aged group of vulnerable mental health issues was found comparatively better within urban green spaces. Urban greenness is given an essential component in the recovery of mental health issues. Aged people can improve their mental health through nature-based activities (Lee & Lee, 2019). Social well-beingSocial well-being is a state in which humans can coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement. It is characterized by equal access to basic needs and services by avoiding conflict in community life (Social Well-Being, n. d. ; Wellman et al. , 2014). Social isolation is one of the most significant issues in this modern and busy lifestyle for the urban population. A cross-sectional study conducted in concluded that green spaces enhance social well-being by providing an ideal platform for social interaction (Hong et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on in of Issues Issue 9 in Light of. . . . Search in: search Issues in Nursing 2024 - Issue 9 Submit an 10. 1080/01612840. 2024. 2379428 Crossthis 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Scale (BSMAS); and Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37. 7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices. IntroductionDisordered eating patterns are common among young women, especially in Western countries, due to robust cultural pressures for a thin body as a symbol of female beauty (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Beyond the most common eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has come to the fore as an eating-related problem. First identified by Bratman and Knight (Citation2000), the term derives from the Greek word ‘orthos’, meaning correct, and describes an eating style characterized by an obsession with ‘proper’ nutrition, e. g. ‘clean eating’ or ‘pure foods’ (Mac Evilly, Citation2001). While healthy eating is an important aspect of a health-promoting lifestyle, individuals with ON are so obsessive about healthy eating that their behavior becomes pathological.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: In fact, it ranked first in the world in both 2017 and 2018, producing 32 million tons of fresh citrus (CGA, 2020). Citrus fruit is considered a superior agricultural product and its production represents an important industry in the rural areas of southern China. However, crop yields are severely impacted by an array of pests. A large number of insect species, both pest and beneficial taxa (Niu et al. , 2014) occur on citrus but their identification is difficult. Cryptic morphology and lack of taxonomic experts are the major challenges in large-scale insect diversity assessments. DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. , 2003), the characterization of sequence variation in a 658 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI), has gained global acceptance for specimen identification and species discovery (Gwiazdowski et al. , 2015; Hebert et al. , 2004). This method supplements morphology’s limitations by identifying unknown organisms by matching their barcode sequences to reference sequences. The simplicity and reliability of this method has motivated expansion of the DNA barcode reference library in the barcode of life data system (BOLD) (www. boldsystems. org). The BOLD system assigns eligible barcode sequences (>507 bp, <1% ambiguous bases, no stop codons, no contamination) to barcode index numbers (BINs) which serve as proxy for species (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013). BOLD currently holds seven million insect barcodes which have been assigned to more than 700,000 BINs. Implementation of the BIN system has enhanced the ability of DNA barcoding to discern and to count species (Hebert et al. , 2016), to assess biodiversity composition (Ashfaq et al. , 2018; Telfer et al. , 2015), to map species distributions (Ashfaq et al. , 2017), and to track species movements across borders (Ren et al. , 2017). This success has led to the use of BINs in the analysis of bulk samples and biodiversity studies by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) (Cristescu, 2014). DNA metabarcoding is a developing approach that identifies the species present in a mixed sample (bulk DNA or environmental DNA) based on HTS of a specific DNA marker (Comtet et al. , 2015; Hajibabaei et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Maximum time spent in green parks is considered an essential element to gain maximum benefits for social well-being. Humans can obtain maximum benefits from urban green spaces by removing social isolation at the platform of urban parks. A study conducted in Iran analyzed that maximum time spent in green spaces enhanced social interaction and improved human social life (Dadvand et al. , 2019). Recreational activities in urban parks provide an opportunity for social interaction and create better social cohesion (Vujcic et al. , 2019). Frequent use of urban parks reduces the stress level in the human body. It removes mental well-being barriers that a study in Scotland has analyzed. The study suggested that urban green parks reduce the sense of social isolation and mitigated mental problems by providing opportunities for year-round activities (Thompson, 2016). Larson et al. (2016) conducted a study on the relationships of urban green parks and human (physical, psychological, and social) well-being. The study selected 44 southern cities to investigate the quality, quantity, and accessibility of urban green spaces for human physical, psychological, and social well-being. The results showed strong positive relationships between urban parks and overall well-being. The relations of quality and accessibility were found positive for human well-being. The study suggested that well-maintained and expensive parks are positively associated with human physical, psychological and social well-being (Larson et al. , 2016). Subjective well-being (happiness and life satisfaction)Subjective well-being is a name of personal perceptions about his owns life or a person’s evaluations of his own life. ‘How much a person is satisfied or happy from his own life is a state of Subjective well-being (Clark et al. , 2019; Diener, 2000; “Subjective Well-Being? ” 2010). Subjective well-being is known as overall human life satisfaction and happiness. Human life on the earth depends upon a suitable natural environment. Urban green spaces are a significant source of ecosystem services and a natural environment. Everyone is almost aware of how green infrastructure is enriched with numerous benefits for human life. A strong positive association has resulted between green spaces and life satisfaction in a study conducted in South Korea. The study showed a high-level life satisfaction with urban green landscapes (Hong et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Despite the pathological nature of ON, there are debates as to whether it is an eating disorder, a psychological condition, a mental disorder, or a subset of another disorder (Costa et al. , Citation2017). It is not included in the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition—Revised (DSM-5 TR), but it is still recognized by many experts and researchers as a disorder which can be part of Avoidant/(ARFID) (Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Indeed, there are a number of features meeting the criteria for behavioral addictions, such as obsessional preoccupation with and concerns about proper eating, feeling guilty when eating unhealthy food, and neglecting friends who do not follow similar eating patterns (Moroze et al. , Citation2015). Several other negative consequences may also occur, for example, health problems due to unbalanced diet or malnutrition, and impairments in the fields of social, academic or occupational functioning (Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Varga et al. , Citation2013). On the other hand, it has been argued that ON is only a medicalization of eating behaviors amplifying ‘healthism’ which can be called ‘nutritionism’ overemphasizing the moral categories of good and bad in terms of eating (Arguedas, Citation2020). (Citation2001) states that ON is more a risk factor for disordered eating. Recently, several researchers suggest to differenciate between (ON) as a disordered eating behavior with clinical impairment and ‘healthy orthorexia’ as a non-pathological interest in healthy eating (Zickgraf & Barrada, Citation2022). Even in terms of ON, however, rather than describing ON symptoms as disordered, we should call the behaviors of concern ‘orthorexic tendencies’ or ‘orthorexic behavior’ without a valid clinical diagnosis (Missbach et al. , Citation2015) to avoid the trap of pathologizing healthy eating (Heiss et al. , Citation2019). Thus, in our analysis, we use the term ‘orthorexic tendency’ which shows a drive to follow a healthy diet to the extreme but not necessary a pathological behavior. Actually, these individuals may be at risk for pathological ON, but their involvement in ON has not been justified without a clinical diagnosis.

Output: contrast