Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Fruits, such as tomatoes and strawberries are considered to be high-value crops and increasingly adopted to indoor vertical farming9. The controlled environment has ensured stable and predictable yields without production disruptions because of abnormalities in weather patterns and biotic stresses. In addition, the control of light and temperature enables the fruiting process to be synchronised. Microgreens and herbs are rich in phytonutrients, such as polyphenols, terpenoids and N-containing metabolites, and can be harvested in short periods of time with good yields and high growth rates48,49. Other crops, such as maize, wheat and rice, can also be grown in indoor vertical farms. Traits that contribute to higher yields, such as rapid growth rate, high biomass accumulation, and multiple harvest cycles per year, are essential for maximizing output within the limited vertical farming space. Breeding high-yielding varieties is identified as a major contributor for improving both economic viability and environmental impact in indoor vertical farming50. While the theoretical yields of grain crops can reach up to 200–600 times of the current yield per area, the indoor wheat farming has been predicted to be less economically competitive than field farming because of the long cycling time51. Thus, whether grain crops could be the main crop type for indoor vertical farming is still questionable. In tomato, the flowering gene increases yield by up to 60% through heterosis and overdominance52. In lettuce, the knockout of flowering time-related transcription factors LsSOC1 and LsSPL13 increases lettuce yield significantly53,54. Given the heavy reliance on artificial lighting in indoor vertical farms, traits that enhance light absorption, such as high photosynthetic efficiency, prove invaluable in reducing energy consumption and operational costs55,56. In indoor vertical farming, electricity usage is approximately 250 kWh/kg/year, while traditional farming methods typically require only about 0. 3 kWh/kg/year. Thus, there is a multitude of research on increasing the resource use efficiency through higher efficiency LED, shifting electrical demand and generating plants with high photosynthesis rate with lower energy spectrum11,57,58. The growth rate of crops emerges as an important factor in maximizing productivity. A rapid and vigorous growth rate directly influences the crop turnover for herbs and leafy vegetables, enabling more frequent planting and harvesting cycles. This accelerated growth trajectory aligns with the goal of optimizing resource utilization and space efficiency, resulting in increased overall productivity and profitability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: results from complete genomes not represented in the Hungate collection were used in this study. search produced 20 rumen bacteria genomes, 12 Gram-positive and 8 Gram-negative species. Combined with the 428 bacterial genomes from the Hungate collection, this resulted in genomes from a total of 448 rumen bacteria species, 311 which were Gram-positive, 136 which were Gram-negative and 1 which was Gram stain variable (Additional file 1: Table S1). These were then analysed for genes involved in QS cell to cell communication. Prospecting genomes for quorum sensing-related proteinsEach of the genomes was re-annotated using (using default settings), which uses BLAST+ and Blastp to annotate, and for each genome, the resulting annotations of the predicted protein sequences were searched using semantic approaches [14]. To search for AHL-related genes, the following search terms were prospected: Quorum sensing, autoinducer, homoserine lactone, N-acyl homoserine, AHL synthase, and homoserine lactone efflux protein. To search for AI-2-related genes, the following search terms were prospected: Quorum sensing, autoinducer, -ribosylhomocysteine, S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase (full chemical name for Lux S) and AI-2. Sequence alignment and generation of phylogenetic treesAll LuxS proteins identified from the rumen bacteria were aligned using Mega7 (v. 7. 0. 26) [15]. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with additional protein genes from Vibrio harveyi (Gram-negative) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram-positive), in which LuxS based on QS system have been well studied, alongside LuxS-based QS proteins previously identified from rumen microbial metagenomics and metatranscriptomic sequences [9], for comparative purposes. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbour-joining clustering method [16]. A bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 replicates, and branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Poisson correction method and are represented by in number of amino acid substitutions per site. The analysis involved 201 amino acid sequences. All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair. There were a total of 191 positions in the final dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-trust architecture is a growing trend in cybersecurity, assuming no user or device is trustworthy by default. [SEP] Text: The customer makes the necessary configurations in the cloud to run their applications and has to deal with possible problems at any time. The company only pays for hiring a provider, which manages the infrastructure and necessary settings, being available at any time if there is a problem, without you having to worry. Cost fluctuates according to monthly need. Software license and necessary licenses are also at the expense of the company. Fixed monthly cost without the need to spend on software licenses. Fixed monthly cost without the need to spend on software licenses. Fonte: Mandic (sem data). Source: Mandic (no date). 5. 2010, John Kindervag, then vice president of Forrester Research, which is considered one of the world’s leading cybersecurity experts, created the concept. Its objective was to put an end to the idea of a “trusted or unreliable network”, that is, that existing security models assumed that everything within a given network should be trusted, and that everyone who accessed it surfed responsibly (2022). It turns out that under the perspective, “trust is a vulnerability”. Another aspect that compromises the security of a network or system resides in the presumption about the fact that “a user’s identity is not compromised and that all users act responsibly and are trustworthy”. Such aspects are related to the fact that “once on the network, users – including threat actors and malicious insiders – are free to move laterally and access or transfer any data to which they have access” (2022 ). In turn, a definition obtained from the Oracle portal (2022) argues that is a network security model whose philosophy is based on the principle that no internet user and no device, inside or outside a company’s network, can access a certain security system IT without being verified in several ways so that it can get your authentication. Another way of conceptualizing is through another definition that is also known as security without a perimeter. It consists of “validating user identities, access rights associated with a specific system, and allows organizations to manage the digital identities of users, ensuring appropriate access” (2022). The adoption of several layers of advanced access control to access different network devices and/or servers allows the tracking of user activities, from the creation of reports on such activities, with the purpose of developing better policies of good practices (2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: The expeditious maturation of plants not only allows for a quicker return on investment but also enhances the adaptability of indoor farming operations to market demands. In the pursuit of enhancing resource management in indoor vertical farming, the utilization of limited space becomes a critical consideration. By growing plants in stacked layers or vertical racks, traits that promote compact architecture, such as shorter internode lengths and dense foliage, enable more plants to be cultivated within a given area, maximizing productivity and yield. For example, in cucurbit crops, such as cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon, an enhanced translation of a YABBY1 transcription factor shortens the internode length and increases the compactness of plant without compromising yield59,60. In addition, the timing of flowering significantly impacts plant architecture, as demonstrated in tomatoes through the gene editing of (SP), 5G (SP5G), and tomato (SlER)3. This genetic manipulation induces early flowering, encourages compact stem growth, and regulates shoot development, ultimately aiming to optimize plant architecture for vertical farming3. Ease of harvest holds the key to a spectrum of advantages. Crops designed for easy harvest, characterized by traits like uniform growth and readily detachable fruits, usher in operational efficiencies by simplifying the harvesting process. This streamlined approach translates to reduced labour intensity, enabling a more efficient use of human resources. In addition, the ease of harvest associated with these traits minimize the risk of crop damage, ensuring the delivery of a higher-quality harvest. The decrease in time needed for harvesting will foster a shorter cycle of planting and harvest, which directly contributes to heightened overall productivity. SP orthologs in Solanaceae plants, such as tomatoes, emerge as prime candidates for targeting fruit ripening synchronization due to their role in regulating determinate growth habits and axillary shoot development61. This approach holds promise for streamlining fruit harvesting processes with minimal handling. Traits that promote self-pollination, such as self-fertile flowers or flowers with anthers and stigmas in proximity, enable plants to reproduce without external assistance. Indoor farms often face limitations in attracting pollinators because of the controlled environment and restricted access by natural pollination agents. Self-pollinating crops ensure reliable pollination and consistent yields, eliminating the need for manual pollination or reliance on pollinators62. In commercial fruit production, pollination is a limiting factor in yield and productivity63.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: LuxS synthase expression within a rumen bacterial metatranscriptomeTwenty publicly available metatranscriptomic datasets were taken from the for Archive, under the accession number SRA075938 [16]. The samples were 150 bp paired-end reads from the Illumina Hiseq2000 sequencer [16]. Fastq files were processed with multiqc [17], and reads were trimmed from 150 to 110 bp using the Trimmomatic software version 0. 36 [18]. Reads were aligned to the Hungate rumen genome dataset using bowtie2 version 2. 3. 0 [19] using the settings “--very-sensitive-local” which allowed soft trimming of the reads and a relaxed alignment and “-k 497”. The resulting SAM files were converted to BAM files using SAMtools version 1. 9 [20]. SAMtools version 1. 9 was used to filter all and the best alignment position for each read using the flag option “-F 260”. For each of the 20 final filtered BAM files FeatureCounts (from the subread package version 2. 0. 0) [21] was used to calculate the number of reads that align within the boundaries of every predicted gene in the Hungate genomes. The read counts were then converted into RPKM values. Finally, the RPKM values of the genes of interest in this study were extracted from the entire expression count table. ResultsQuorum sensing-related proteins with rumen bacterial genomesFor the purpose of analysis, two genera, Lachnobacterium and Micrococcus, which are often described as weakly Gram-positive or Gram-variable respectively were included with the Gram-positive bacteria group (Additional file 1: Table S1). Flavonifractor plautii, which is also a Gram-variable bacterium, but never referred to as being weakly Gram-positive or negative, was consequently not included in either group (Additional file 1: Table S1). Fifty percent of the genome sequences prospected for QS cell to cell signalling did not contain any protein annotated with LuxS or AHL signalling system, irrespective of their Gram staining phenotypes. Thus, any genomes which did not have LuxS or AHL signalling genes were presented as N/A (not applicable; Additional file 1: Table S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-trust architecture is a growing trend in cybersecurity, assuming no user or device is trustworthy by default. [SEP] Text: According to the portal (2022), a multinational specialized in cybersecurity, some fragmented gateways can be related to Zero Trust, which will provide granular visibility of traffic, based on 7 layers of inspection and access control, that is, with granular Layer 7 policy. This is the Kipling method, which covers the following aspects: “who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “why” and “how” (2022). This prevents unauthorized users from accessing the protected surface, which is only possible at Layer 7. This practice prevents unauthorized transfer of confidential data. Among the factors covered by Zero Trust, there are several that deserve to be highlighted (2022): it does not mean making a system trustworthy, but rather removing the aspect of trust in the interactions between users and systems; is a strategic initiative that helps prevent data breaches by removing the concept of trust from an organization’s network architecture; it is based on the principle of “never trust, always verify”; aims to secure modern digital environments by leveraging network segmentation, preventing lateral movement, providing Layer 7 threat prevention, and simplifying granular user access control; this trust model continues to be related to misused credentials; allows the identification of a “protection surface”. The protection surface is made up of the most important and valuable data, assets, applications and services on the network – DAAS (Desktop as a Service); Protective surfaces are unique to each organization. Because it only contains what is most critical to an organization’s operations, the protection surface is much smaller than the attack surface and can always be known; once the protection surface is identified, you can identify how the traffic moves in the organization in relation to the protection surface, that is, understanding who the users are, what applications they are using and how they are connecting is the only way to determine and apply the policy that guarantees secure access to your data; when understanding the interdependencies between DAAS, infrastructure, services and users, the controls must be placed as close as possible to the protection surface, creating a micro perimeter around the surface, which will move with the protection surface to where the user moves direct.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Genomic selection is routinely performed after genomic data analysis to generate crops with desired traits95. In this approach, the genotype and phenotype data are combined to generate a prediction model that links genetic markers with specific traits. Thereafter, the model is used to select the best lines for breeding based on the predicted performance with the combination of genetic variants. By using a large number of genetic markers covering the whole genome, genomic selection permits capturing more genetic variations that underlie a target trait96,97,98. This method is different from GWAS and eQTL analysis as the latter aims to identify individual genetic variants associated with the trait for marker-assisted breeding99. Thus, genomic selection can accelerate genetic gain and select superior individuals with a higher probability of success100,101. Moreover, it also minimizes the risk of negative traits being introduced into the breeding programmes. After the selection of the parental lines through GWAS, eQTL analysis or genomic selection, the introduction of speed breeding can accelerate the breeding cycle of crops by manipulating the growth conditions to promote growth and development102. This approach is particularly useful for rapid generation cycling through single seed descent or crops with long breeding cycles, such as wheat, rice and tomatoes. For example, by extending the light duration to almost the whole day, wheat crops are able to mature after eight weeks, which is three times as fast as the traditional approach102. Optimizing speed breeding under various controlled environments can significantly shorten the overall duration of genetic breeding for indoor crops. Breeding of indoor farming crops by reverse genetic approachesReverse genetic approach is commonly used to understand the function of a gene by analysing the phenotypes resulting from its disruption or mutation103. When this approach is applied to breeding of indoor farming crops, the candidate genes whose homologs and/or orthologs have been well characterized by functional genomics in model plants and other crop species104 can be selected for targeted mutagenesis by various mutation or silencing methods, such as the advanced -Cas9 genome editing, to confer specific traits of interest (Fig. 4). Functional genomic studies in various plant species have established numerous connections between genome sequences and biological processes, enabling the selection and manipulation of potential candidate genes corresponding to desirable traits suitable for indoor vertical farming105. The reverse genetics approach has the advantage of rapid generation of modified lines with the traits of interest and bearing a relatively low number of deleterious alleles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: When specific species names or strain ID could not be identified from Genbank genome entries, results were included with closely related genera or families in the Hungate collection (e. g. family: Crodiobacteriaceae, genus: Olsenella and family: Propionibacteriaceae, genus: Propionibacterium). This was also done when species had been re-classified with different names, e. g. Clostridium mangenotii and Eubacterium rectalis have been re-classified as Clostridioides mangenotii and Agathobacter rectalis respectively. LuxS proteins, which can produce/regulate AI-2 signal and the corresponding receptor protein LuxR, were highly represented in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species. A total of 171 LuxS proteins were identified in the genomes analysed, with 40. 2% and 33. 0% of LuxS proteins being found within Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species respectively (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). A total of 21 LuxR proteins were also identified in the genomes analysed, with 4. 5% and 5. 1% of LuxR proteins being found within Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species respectively (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). In contrast, only one species (Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269) appeared to have the AHL synthase gene among the Gram-negative bacteria list (Additional file 1: Table S1). Nonetheless, AHL efflux proteins were detected in six () Gram-negative bacterial genomes (4. 4%), with no AHL-related proteins being detected in Gram-positive bacteria as expected. Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269 also possessed luxS and LuxR genes, suggesting that this bacterium may use the AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing systems (Fig. 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). On further note, nine of the rumen bacterial genomes (Bacillus sp. MB2021, Blautia schinkii DSM 10518, Dorea longicatena AGR2136, Lachnospiraceae bacterium FE2018, Slackia heliotrinireducens, Oscillibacter sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-trust architecture is a growing trend in cybersecurity, assuming no user or device is trustworthy by default. [SEP] Text: In turn, the Oracle portal (2022) lists the principles of architecture as defined by the of Standards and Technology (NIST): all data sources and computing services are considered resources; all communication is secure regardless of network location; network location does not imply trust; access to individual enterprise resources is granted on a per-connection basis; trust in the requestor is assessed before access is granted; access to resources is determined by policy, including the observable state of the user’s identity and the requesting system, and may include other behavioral attributes; the company ensures that all owned and associated systems are in the safest possible state and monitors the systems to ensure they remain in the safest possible state; user authentication is dynamic and strictly enforced before access is allowed; this is a constant cycle of access, scanning and threat assessment, adaptation and ongoing authentication. 6. existing insecurities in the protection of sensitive data of users of different systems and virtual networks are not new. There are reports that viruses emerged in the late 1970s, initially infecting drives or floppy disks (2022). However, ten years later, cybercrime has exponentially projected its levels of dangerousness, reaching the present moment with different modalities and groups of criminals specialized in the virtual world, as shown in Table I. Table 1 – Emergence of Viruses and Malware between 1980 and 2012 of Virus/Malware History/of query 1982 It was the first massively used virus. It hit computers with the Apple II system. Pimentel (2021) 1984 It was created at Laboratories. Stronger than previous viruses, it compromised the machines’ RAM memory. Pimentel (2021) 1985 Brain and the first virus capable of infecting personal computers. Pimentel (2021) 1989-1990 Trojan or Cavalo de Troia. Considered the first ransomware. It was developed by Popp. Its purpose was to infect computers. At first, it only affected the Windows platform. As it evolved, it began to reach the Apple, Android and Linux platforms, and at present, even smartwatches. Pimentel (2021, p. 3-4); Formasier (2020); Lema and Freitas (2021) 1992 Michelangelo virus Created to be inactive and undetectable until March 6th, the artist’s birthday, and from that date, it corrupted the files, overwriting random characters. Pimentel (2021, p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: AbstractAfrican agriculture is bound to face challenges for its future food systems development and economic transformation. Indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting represent an opportunity that has been gaining relevance worldwide, thanks to their potential to enable high productivity rates, food quality and safety, year-round production, and more sustainable use of water and mineral nutrients. The present study assesses the potential for vertical farming technology integration within the African continent, targeting the countries where a more sustainable approach could be achieved. A deep analysis of each territory’s major opportunities and challenges was built through an updated database of 147 development indicators from 54 African states. Countries such as and Nigeria showed the best prospective for indoor vertical farming implementation. Moreover, Seychelles, South Africa, and Egypt resulted to be the countries where vertical indoor farming could be more sustainable. Similar content being viewed by others Current status and future challenges in implementing and upscaling vertical farming systems 9. 7 billion in 2050, only countries of sub-could account for more than half of this worldwide growth between 2019 and 20501. Besides, it is expected that Africa will have more people living in cities by 2050 than Europe, Latin America, or North America2. With the import-dependent staple food market, this trend presents a favorable environment for fostering local food production3. Food demand will significantly increase, leading to changes in its supply and security to struggle against undernutrition and to provide a productive and healthy life for the African population4,5. Additionally, climate change threatens the African agriculture sector and its water availability6. Future projections for indicate reduced rainfall, increased temperatures, and high variability on weather change expecting a scenario of reductions between 15 and 50% in agricultural productivity6. Similar estimations are expected for the region, where a 1% increase in temperature in winter is expected to result in a 1. 12% decrease in agricultural productivity in the area7, with the resulting social implications8. Agriculture has been the mainstay of African economies for decades, and today the sector accounts for 61% of employment and represents 25% of (GDP)9. Improved agricultural productivity is a requirement that can support human capital development allowing investments for better nutrition, health, and education10 that can directly impact a rapid poverty reduction and stimulate economic incomes/growth11. Therefore, it is necessary to transform the agricultural sector in Africa, and a need for investments in the modernization of agriculture is evident.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: PC13, Oxalobacter formigenes, Sagittula stellata, Selenemonas ruminantium) also contained AHL lactonase genes which are used to cleave the lactone ring. This suggests that these rumen bacteria may have the ability to reduce AHL-based QS in the rumen through degradation of AHL. Fig. 1Percentage occurrence of putative AI-2 LuxS-based quorum sensing proteins in the genomes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative rumen bacteria [13]. a Proportional representation of LuxS and LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. b Proportional representation of LuxS in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. c Proportional representation of LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. Numbers in brackets show total number of bacterial genomes in which the corresponding gene was foundFull size imageAs earlier stated, the LuxS protein was detected in 40. 2 % (126 genomes) and 33. 0% (45 genomes) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative species respectively, contained within a total of 1711 different genera. Among them, the largest number of LuxS protein genes was detected with the genus Butyrivibrio (48 species), followed by Pseudobutyrivibrio (15 species), Prevotella (14 species) and Ruminococci (10 species) (Fig. 2). Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree including the LuxS protein sequences from the 171 putatively positive LuxS species was generated to visualise their similarity. Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS proteins, alongside LuxS proteins identified by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], were used for comparison (Fig. 3). From this phylogenetic tree, it can be observed that LuxS proteins from the same rumen bacterial genera generally clustered together and showed high similarity to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae, although multiple clustering of LuxS proteins can occur within the same genera. For instance, LuxS proteins from the Butyrivibrio genus formed at least 8 phylogenetically distinct clusters (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/cjss-2021-0161 otherformatsContentsof Soil Science, Number 1March 20232. 95 g C kg soil−1 under conventional tillage compared to 8. 97 g C kg soil−1 with no tillage. A statistically significant effect of crop rotation was detected in Elora and Ridgetown. In Elora, continuous alfalfa had the smallest carbon deficit (7. 25 g C kg soil−1) and maize–soybean rotation had the largest deficit (12. 07 g C kg soil−1). In Ridgetown, the maize–soybean rotation had the smallest carbon deficit (2. 95 g C kg soil−1). Regression analysis showed a weak negative relationship (R2 = 0. 11; P < 0. 001) between carbon storage deficits and soil health scores. This suggests that increasing SOM levels alone may not improve soil health. IntroductionSoil organic matter (SOM) is an important variable in determining soil fertility and productivity. When native soil is converted to agricultural land, about 24% of SOM is lost in the decades following land conversion (VandenBygaart et al. 2003). These losses are attributable to a shift in the balance of inputs of organic matter relative to outputs from decomposition, leaching, and crop removal. Identifying agricultural management practices that minimize loss, or even enhance SOM stores, is crucial for the sustainable management of soils and food production systems, and even more so in a changing climate (Amelung et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Innovative agriculture technologies can support and accelerate this transformation across the continent12 and fight against the current challenges of African agriculture13. In this sense, a new way of farming is being developed worldwide to tackle these mentioned trends and to improve future food production sustainably, exemplified as indoor vertical farming with artificial lighting14. Indoor vertical farming is an emerging industry of intensive plant production systems with vertically stacked shelves in a controlled environment with artificial lighting and soilless cultivation systems (e. g. , hydroponic, aeroponic, aquaponic)15. Food security, high yields, no or reduced pesticides or herbicides requirements, low transportation costs, year-round production, water use efficiency, and resilience to climate change are some of the principal benefits of indoor vertical farms16. Despite the confirmed potential of vertical farming, some of its drawbacks preclude its viable application everywhere. It requires for greater investments (infrastructure costs, operational costs, employment of several technologies), proper availability of resources such as energy and water, expertise labor, research action, among other demands to make it feasible17. Therefore, a methodology that quantifies the opportunities and challenges of vertical farming in a definite location is needed to evaluate its feasibility in the area, while also focusing on providing a perspective of urban food production addressing sustainability issues. The potentiality of being highly feasible for indoor vertical farming implementation will mean that resources to develop outdoors simplified vertical farming systems with locally available materials and fewer investments will also be possible18. Although these simplified systems are not considered in the frame of this research work, it is acknowledged that they also would represent a great potential to develop new forms of cultivation in the less feasible countries. The present study aims to assess the position of 54 individual African countries concerning their feasibility for implementing the indoor vertical farming industry and their sustainability potential in its application. The feasibility was analyzed by the elaboration of 14 macro-categories organized in 3 macro-areas which grouped 147 Indicators. These indicators were selected from reliable public statistics on the last five years of data available, covering the period 2006–2020. The matrix based on the macro-categories created for the feasibility assessment was adapted to the main dimensions of the vertical farming sector for sustainability interpretation. Consequently, the sustainable assessment can be defined as a statistical measure informing about the viability for vertical farming implementation across the African countries where it is most feasible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: Also of note is the fact that LuxS proteins previously encountered in rumen metagenomics and metatranscriptomic datasets [9] are different to those found within the genomes of cultured bacteria used in this study (Fig. 4), indicating that the LuxS proteins have numerous haplotypes in the rumen, perhaps indicative of the importance of this communication system in this ecosystem. It should also be noted that the LuxS protein sequences investigated within Ghali et al. ’s study [9] clustered similarily to each other into two separate clades within this study in line with the phylogenetic trees published by the authors. Our study adds significantly more information to this initial publication due to the recent increased availability of rumen bacterial genomes [13]. Fig. 2Distribution and abundance of LuxS proteins relating to AI-2-based quorum sensing across 448 rumen bacterial genomes [13]Full size imageFig. 3Comparative phylogenetic tree of all putative LuxS proteins detected within the genomes of 171 rumen bacterial species. Two standards (Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were used for comparison with other samples (highlighted with grey colour). Most abundant four groups were highlighted with colours (orange: Pseudobutyrivibrio, yellow: Prevotella, green: Butyrivibrio and blue: Ruminococcus). Sequences denoted by a square and beginning with MG are those identified by Ghali et al. [9] from rumen metagenomic sequences and those with MT also being derived from the same study using a metatranscriptome datasetFull size imageFig. 4Average expression of LuxS genes identified in the bacterial genomes within rumen bacterial metatranscriptome datasets [16]. Expression is shown as reads per kilobase of transcript per million (RKPM). Where RKPM was < 0. 1, the expression data was grouped as “other”. Other essentially contained the expression of the LuxS synthase genes discovered within Lachnobacterium bovis DSM, Ruminococcus gnavus AGR2154, Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, Streptococcus sp. NLAE-zl-C503, Butyrivibrio sp. AD3002, Butyrivibrio sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: SOM regulates critical soil functions, such as nutrient cycling, and shapes a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties (Carter 2002). Integrating soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties into a single metric or score to describe a soil's health is becoming increasingly common to evaluate management practices (et al. 2021). Soil health is defined by Doran et al. (1996) as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystems and land-use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, environmental quality, and plant and animal health. Though soil health is inherently a metaphor (Janzen et al. 2021), soil health scores track and integrate management-induced changes in soil properties linked to soil functions and ecosystem services (Bünemann et al. 2018). One key attribute of soil health is SOM (e. g. , Seybold et al. 1997), and its measurement is included in many of the commercially available soil health tests, such as the (Idowu et al. 2008). Though measurement of SOM is straightforward, it can be difficult to assess its status and response to management practices because of the large spatial variability in its distribution (Gregorich et al. 1994). Organic matter levels in the soil are ultimately determined by environmental factors, such as climate, and inherent soil properties, such as texture. However, land management practices, such as tillage and crop rotation, can alter the amount of SOM stored in the soil by altering the balance of inputs (i. e. , quantity and quality of organic matter added to the soil) and outputs (i. e. , rate of decomposition of organic matter and leaching) to the system. A change in SOM that occurs in response to management practices is small relative to the large background pool of organic matter in the soil, which makes it difficult to quantify (e. g. , Entry et al. 1996; Nelson et al. 2009). Detecting change in SOM in response to management may be enhanced by measuring attributes of SOM that are responsive to changes in the rate of inputs or outputs of organic matter, such as particulate organic matter (e. g. , Gosling et al. 2013). In addition to being a primary attribute of soil health, SOM is also the largest global terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon (Powlson 2005), and changes in SOM stores have the potential to alter CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (Amelung et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, four more thematic areas of feasibility analysis (Urban development, Energy, and Science and Technology) were added to the three main pillars of sustainability (Economic, Environmental and Social), according to their importance in vertical farming sustainability. The synthetic development measure (SMR) was the research method used to assess the implementation of vertical farming systems in African countries. The data for calculations were retrieved from and FAO sources. ResultsOverview of macro-categories analyzedThis study was performed following a methodological framework for the feasibility and sustainability assessment of vertical farming in Africa (Fig. 1, summarized in “Methods” section). The study considered 54 independent (Fig. 2), omitting as it has unknown international status19. From 147 indicators selected for this study, 14 macro-categories were elaborated to evaluate the feasibility of vertical farming in the African continent (Fig. 3, Table 1) which were grouped in 3 macro-areas (Fig. 4): (1) (Urban Development, Agriculture and ), (2) Economic and (Economy and and Technology) and (3) Resources availability and (Energy, Water and Environment, Social). Figure 1Methodological framework for the feasibility and sustainability assessment of vertical farming in Africa. Full size imageFigure 2Map illustrating 54 countries selected for feasibility and sustainability assessment of vertical farming in Africa (generated with MapChart, size imageFigure 3Categorization of vertical farming feasibility per each macro-category in African countries (generated with MapChart, size imageTable 1 Synthetic feasibility index (SFI) categorization per macro-category. Full size tableFigure 4Categorization of vertical farming feasibility per macro-area in African countries. (a) macro-area. Synthetic feasibility index (SFI) categorization as very favorable (> 0. 519); favorable (0. 519–0. 419); unfavorable (0. 419–0. 318); very unfavorable (< 0. 318). (b) Economic and macro-area. Synthetic feasibility index (SFI) categorization as very favorable (> 0. 380); favorable (0. 380–0. 290); unfavorable (0. 290–0. 200); very unfavorable (< 0. 200). (c) Resources availability and macro-area. Synthetic feasibility index (SFI) categorization as very favorable (> 0. 589); favorable (0. 589–0. 460); unfavorable (0. 460–0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: INlla18, Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis DSM, Bifidobacterium bifidum Calf96, Butyrivibrio sp. TB, Butyrivibrio sp. WCD2001, Succinimonas_amylolytica DSM 2873, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. JW11, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. LB2011, Ruminococcus albus SY3, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. MD2005, Butyrivibrio sp. NC3005, Clostridium mangenotii LM2, Cellulomonas sp. KH9, Clostridium aerotolerans DSM, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YRB2005, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens MD2001, Kandleria vitulina WCE2011 and Butyrivibrio sp. YAB300Full size imageExpression of the identified LuxS synthase genes in rumen metatranscriptome datasetsIn order to investigate whether the identified LuxS genes within the hungate genomes [16] are actually expressed in the rumen, we investigated their expression within one of the largest rumen metatranscriptome datasets available [16] (105 GB sequencing data). We found expression of 97 (out of 171, 56. 7% of the LuxS genes within these datasets (Fig. 4). In order to evaluate expression, we took the average expression across all 20 of the metratranscriptome sequences from the Shi et al. [16] study. On average, Prevotella spp. expressed the most LuxS, particularly Prevotella sp. TC2-24 (Fig. 4). High expression levels were also seen for LuxS genes originally detected within Ruminococcaceae bacterium P7, Clostridiales bacterium NK3B98, Prevotellaceae bacterium HUN156 and MN60, Oribacterium sp. P6A1 and Butyrivibrio sp. VCB2001 (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: In Elora, the crop rotation of continuous alfalfa had the smallest deficit, followed by maize in rotation with alfalfa. Maize in rotation with soybean had the largest deficit at this site. Growing alfalfa continuously has been shown to increase both aboveground and belowground C inputs, which contribute to an accumulation of SOC compared to more diverse rotations (Li et al. 2019; King et al. 2019). Alfalfa, either as a monoculture or as part of a rotation, has also been shown to promote aggregate mean weight diameter (King et al. 2019). Meyer-Aurich et al. (2006) reported higher carbon storage in crop rotations of maize and alfalfa in Elora; the lowest soil carbon levels were in the soybean–maize rotation, which is consistent with our findings and those previously reported (Chahal et al. 2021). In Ridgetown, rotations of continuous soybean and soybean in rotation with maize and winter wheat had significantly larger deficits compared to the other crop rotation systems under conventional tillage. Maize in rotation with soybean had the smallest deficit of any rotation under conventional tillage and the largest deficit of any rotation under no tillage. This may be attributable to higher yields and rates of residue return under conventional tillage, but the yield data across tillage systems did not differ (Janovicek et al. 2021; Gaudin et al. 2015b). There was no effect of crop rotation in Delhi or Ottawa, which may be related to soil texture; i. e. , both Delhi and Ottawa have coarser textured soils and a climate that promotes more rapid cycling of organic matter inputs (Congreves et al. 2014), which may negate a rotation effect. While the small carbon deficits in perennial systems (i. e. , alfalfa and alfalfa rotated with maize) were expected (Jarecki et al. 2018; King and Blech 2018; King et al. 2019), we anticipated that diverse crop rotations would have the smallest carbon deficits (Drinkwater et al. 1998; West and Post 2002; Congreves et al. 2014). Rotating crops is known to reduce insect and disease pressure, helping to increase yields, which leads to greater residue biomass and soil carbon input (Drury and Tan 1995).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: countries resulted highly vulnerable to climate change, therefore, they will need to adapt their agriculture to face external environmental conditions. In terms of Urban Development, the highest score was obtained by Nigeria (1). Consequently, new ways of urban food production should be performed to avoid food insecurity in the future. (2) Economic and The results showed a remarkable leading position of in this macro-area (0. 69 SFI), followed by Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, Mauritius, Nigeria and (Fig. 4b, 3). Adequate and quality infrastructure and financial-sector development can be good policy options for transforming economic activities and sectors from traditional to modern. It is of strategic importance to maintain a policy and investment focus on agriculture. Enhancing the efficiency of public spending can be crucial to improve productivity and perform the agricultural transformation strategy. Economy and Growth, Financial Sector, Trade, and Science and Technology domains were led by South Africa. In this regard, resulted remarkably high in Science and Technology compared to the rest of the continent (1), being a policy that bets in Science and Technology necessary due to the scientific and technological requirements that are generated for the maintenance of an indoor vertical farm. Morocco and Seychelles showed the best score in and Infrastructure, respectively (1). Investments from private and public sector are required due to the cost of implementing indoor vertical farms, that are particularly high. More attention should be paid to the private sector in terms of infrastructure upgrading and reforms to create a conducive business environment in order to bolster sustainable development. (3) Resources availability and In this macro-area, Seychelles stands out with the highest index score (Fig. 4c, 3) due to getting the best Energy, Water and Environment and Social results (1). Energy and water requirements, and high qualified labor force are necessary for vertical farming feasibility. Countries such as and Botswana were classified as “very favorable” for this macro-area analysis (Fig. 4c, 3). countries showed to be very favorable in Energy and Water and Environment macro-categories while in Social were categorized as unfavorable or very unfavorable. A low female labor force and scarce employment in relation to the population ratio were the main reasons for a negative Social categorization in these Northern countries. Botswana and Rwanda were highlighted due to being the second and third positions in Social, respectively (3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: It should, of course, be noted that the expression data will be proportional to the abundance of the bacteria within the metranscriptome datasets and as such they show a snap shot in time, under those particular circumstances, but expression may differ under altering conditions. It also means that whilst we did not see the expression of 74 of the originally identified LuxS genes within the metatranscriptome datasets, it does not mean that they categorically are not expressed and may well be found under different ecological circumstances. The purpose of investigating the expression of the LuxS genes identified within the Hungate collection was to show that most are expressed and therefore are likely used for QS in the rumen. DiscussionBacterial quorum sensing is known to have major implications for bacterial phenotype in pure culture-based studies [22,23,24]. However, quorum sensing mechanisms in multi-species biofilm communities are poorly understood due to the complexities of these microbiomes. In this study, we used rumen bacterial genomes from the Hungate collection, a large database which is largely representative of many of the rumen microorganisms (501 bacterial and archaeal genomes) [13] and complete rumen bacterial genomes from Genbank to prospect for the abundance and distribution of AHL and AI-2-based QS systems. For ease of analysis and data visualisation, the bacteria genomes were categorised according to taxonomic information as well as their Gram staining phenotypes. From a total of 448 bacteria species recorded in the Hungate collection (at the time data was accessed for analysis) and Genbank genomes, 311 species were Gram-positive bacteria and 136 were Gram-positive representing 69. 4% and 30. 6% of the bacteria used within this study. We found only one species (Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269) out of 136 bacterial genomes from Gram-negative bacteria analysed possessed an AHL synthase gene. Citrobacter spp. have been known to have the ability to hydrolyse cellulose in the rumen and have been reported in non-rumen-based studies to produce 3-hydroxyl type of AHLs [25, 26]. We did, however, also find evidence that the rumen Citrobacter spp. genome also possessed AI-2 QS capacity, a phenomenon which to our knowledge has not been shown before in other Citrobacter sp. Approximately 40. 2 % and 33.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Identifying management practices that maintain and enhance SOM will consequently improve soil health and sequester carbon in the soil, resulting in a win-win for the agricultural sector. Maximizing those gains by identifying soils that have the greatest potential to store carbon enhances the benefits (Amelung et al. 2020). Healthy soils are productive soils, and storing additional carbon could potentially lead to reductions of CO2 in the atmosphere. ConclusionOur findings indicate that the majority of agricultural soils in Ontario are capable of storing more carbon and have a carbon deficit of up to 2 kg m−2. There was generally no effect of tillage system on the size of the carbon deficit in the soils included in this study. The effects of crop rotation on carbon deficits were less clear. The relationship between SOC concentrations and OSHA scores demonstrates the significant role and effect that SOC has in influencing the soil's biological, chemical, and physical properties. Although the quantity of SOM plays a key role in determining soil health, the inverse relationship between the potential for sequestering carbon in the soil and soil health scores was weak, albeit statistically significant. This highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of soil and indicates that there may be a limit on the extent to which soil health may be improved with increases in SOM alone. Other factors, such as the quality or biochemical composition of the SOM and soil mineralogy, may also be important in determining the extent to which soil health can be improved. AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by funding from the of Ontario and the of Agriculture, Food and (Program). 2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage effects on soil organic carbon storage. Manage. 21: 38–52. Crossref2020. Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy. Nat. Commun. 11: 5427. CrossrefPubMed2011. Estimating and mapping the carbon saturation deficit of French agricultural topsoils. Manage. 27: 448–452. Crossref2014. Estimating the organic carbon stabilization capacity and saturation deficit of soils: a case study. Biogeochemistry, 120: 71–87. Crossref1999. The response of soil quality indicators to conservation management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 79: 37–45. Crossref2018. Soil quality – A critical review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 120: 105–125. Crossref2002. Soil quality for sustainable land management: organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: This high prevalence of employment (mostly in agriculture) is correlated with a high level of informality in work21. Consequently, indoor vertical farming industry can be an opportunity to the decent work deficits. Overall feasibility and sustainability assessmentConsidering the overall ranking of the feasibility of vertical farming in Africa, nine countries achieved a “very favorable” categorization (Fig. 5, Table 2). Most of the “very favorable” countries were from the region (Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria) but also small islands of the Atlantic (Cape Verde) and Pacific (Seychelles and Mauritius). However, a southern country, South Africa, resulted being the most favorable country (0. 66 SFI). Besides, the only country from achieving a “very favorable” score was Nigeria. According to the UNSD 202222 assignment of countries to geographical regions, most countries from West, Central, and subregions were reported to be “unfavorable” or “very unfavorable” for implementing indoor vertical farms. A poor economic growth, low private and financial sector presence, deficient energy (electrical) and water resources, inferior trade market, urban development and prevalence of food insecurity are some of the basis of this categorization. Sierra Leone, Somalia, and the Republic showed the lowest scores. However, low technological, simplified and economically accessible solutions of vertical farming systems outdoors could be developed and adapted as new forms of agriculture according to the specific country situation. On the other hand, Northern and were the subregions more suitable for installing and operating an indoor vertical farm. The overall better results in the macro-areas analyzed highlighted a better subregional development, better conditions and more resources for this innovative farming method. Figure 5Categorization of African countries according to feasibility of vertical farming. Synthetic feasibility index (SFI) categorized in very favorable (> 0. 453); favorable (0. 453–0. 363); unfavorable (0. 363–0. 273); very unfavorable (< 0. 273) (generated with MapChart, size imageTable 2 Synthetic feasibility index (SFI), position and categorization for each African Country. Full size tableA final table was drawn up to assess the sustainability of all 54 African countries (Table 3), and final considerations were made for the 9 most feasible countries for vertical farming (named “very favorable”) (Fig. 6).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: 0 % of LuxS genes were identified from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species respectively. Therefore, our results also confirm that the LuxS proteins may be utilised by both Gram-positive and negative bacteria as previously suggested [27,28,29]. Approximately 40% of the studied rumen bacterial genomes contained LuxS genes, with these predominating in Gram-positive bacteria (40. 5% from the 311 Gram-positive bacterial genomes and 33. 1% from the 136 Gram-negative bacterial genomes). Sequence alignment and visualisation using a phylogenetic tree show that the LuxS genes found in the rumen bacterial genomes were highly similar to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi or Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS genes, indicating that LuxS genes in the rumen may be highly conserved within each genus but are also distantly related to non-ruminal LuxS genes. Also, noteworthy was the fact that the QS genes found within this study were different to those found by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], which may be consequences of the large number of genomes prospected in this study. Irrespectively, the presence of numerous LuxS haplotypes suggests that this QS system may be especially important for bacterial communication within the rumen. Overall, we show evidence that Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Pseudobutyrivibrio rumen bacterial genomes, which are concomitantly the most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen have the capacity to use AI-2-based quorum sensing. This data also suggests that quorum sensing is ubiquitous within the rumen in general. This observation is in agreement with those from many recent studies, which show that these bacterial genera may possess AI-2 QS signalling ability [9,10,11]. Further observations from this study suggest that bacteria with LuxS protein predominate in the rumen, and it has become clear that the AI-2 signal has a great preponderance in the rumen. The expression results for the identified LuxS genes within large published metatranscriptome datasets [16] confirmed that 97 of the 171 identified LuxS genes were expressed in the rumen. This data also showed that rumen Prevotella likely play a major role in AI-2-based QS in the rumen. It has also been shown that oral Prevotella sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Agron. J. 94: 38–47. Crossref2003. Characterizing organic matter retention for surface soils in eastern Canada using density and p23. Crossref2021. Long-term effects of crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer nitrogen on soil health indicators and crop productivity in a changing climate. Res. 213: 105121. Crossref2018. Fine resolution map of top- and subsoil carbon sequestration potential in France. Science of Environment, 630: 389–400. CrossrefPubMed2008. Indications for soil carbon saturation in a temperate agroecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72: 1132–1139. Crossref2014. Soil organic carbon and land use: processes and potential in Ontario's long-term agroecosystem research sites. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 317–336. Crossref2015. Long-term impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil health at four temperate agroecosystems. Res. 152: 17–28. Crossref2015. Greater soil C inputs accelerate loss of C in cropping systems with low N input. Plant Soil, 400: 1–13. Crossref1996. Soil health and sustainability. Adv. Agron. 56: 1–54. Crossref1998. Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. Nature, 396: 262–265. Crossref1995. Long-term (35 years) effects of fertilization, rotation and weather on corn yields. Can. J. Plant Sci. 75: 355–362. Crossref1996. Influence of management practises on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama's “Old rotation". Biol. Fertil. Soils, 23: 353–358. Crossref2013. Improving estimates of maximal organic carbon stabilization by fine soil p93. Crossref10. Crossref3261. CrossrefPubMed2014. Nitrogen input quality changes the biochemical composition of soil organic matter stabilized in the fine fraction—a long-term study. Biogeochemistry, 117: 337–350. Crossref2013. What are the primary factors controlling the light fraction and particulate organic matter content of agricultural soils? Biol. Fertil. Soils, 49: 1001–1014. Crossref1994.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Seychelles resulted to be a country where the operation of a vertical farm could be more sustainable (0. 68 SSI), getting the best score in the Environmental domain and being the second in Social sustainability. Afterward, and Egypt showed to be the second and third countries, respectively. Both countries were among the best three countries in Economic and Social sustainability. countries (Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) were highlighted to obtain higher Environmental sustainability outcomes. Moreover, Nigeria resulted the country where indoor vertical farms could be more economically sustainable due to increasing urban development and economic growth. Table 3 Index (SSI), position and categorization of each African Country. Full size tableFigure 6Assessment of the economic, social and environmental sustainability of vertical farming for African countries ranked as 'very favorable' in the feasibility classification. (SSI) calculated as average SFI of Economic (Economy & Growth, Urban Development), Environmental (Energy, Water and Environment) and Social (Food Security, Social and Science and Technology). Full size imageDiscussionThe challenge of indoor vertical farms to ensure urban agriculture productivity and food security in Africaterritory, islands such as Seychelles, Mauritius, and Principe and countries such as and Nigeria showed remarkable potential in (1) macro-area (Fig. 4a, 3). Abdillahin and Sezgin23 highlighted that is leading the way toward a new future of urban food production in the African continent. Furthermore, islands such as Seychelles and Mauritius obtained the best scores in and Food security (Fig. 3, 1), countries that are lacking agricultural land and dependent on food imports due to their island status24. Therefore, indoor vertical farming industry could significantly impact the variability of cultivated crops grown and supplying them local and fresh produce. Moreover, countries are highly vulnerable to climate change (Fig. 3). In this regard, researchers increased their attention for the region as a “climate change hotspot”, with scenarios that predict an average rise in annual temperatures, more intense and longer-lasting droughts, and drops ranging 4 to 27% in the annual rainfall9,25. countries will need to adapt their agricultural development to face the future environmental challenges and especially water resource stresses25. In this framework, indoor vertical farming systems implementation can be an opportunity, enabling to reduce water use up to 95% as compared to open-field farming26.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: possesses AI-2 QS capacity [30]. However, many ruminant bacteria are yet to be identified, cultured or genome sequenced, and further studies to identify them and their potential involvement in QS in the rumen are paramount. It may also be important to assess the contribution of other rumen organism types including fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses to QS in the rumen and their role in plant degradation alongside bacteria given that several non-ruminal studies show that other microorganisms such as fungi, archaea and protozoa also use QS signalling [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Moreover, there are still a lot of Gram-negative bacteria that remain uncultured with the potential to utilise AHL-based QS in the rumen. Thus, it is important to improve our knowledge of both AI-2 and AHL QS signalling system in the rumen to better understand bacterial interactions and consequences on ruminant production. Further, in vitro analysis to confirm the bioluminescence activity of the LuxS genes detected in these rumen bacteria genera will be required to understand their expression and role in the rumen microbiome. ConclusionUsing the major genomic resources available, we show on a greater scale than previously possible that QS is likely to be an important phenomenon in the rumen microbiome. Our data suggest that AI-2-based QS is probably the most abundant and perhaps most important signal used by rumen bacteria. Further research into the implications of rumen-based QS on plant degradation and nutrient availability for the host is now required. 84. 46. 67. 81. 8. 32. 55. 4567. 367. 9. 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33(7):870–1874. 25. Nature Methods. 2012;9(4):357. 9. 30. 16. Microbiol. 2003;69(10):5941–9. 33. 703. 6. Gene. 2019;684:58–69. 6. 7. 396. doi: 14. 1441. 9. 1812. 7. 32. Download 1. Bacterial diversity and the presence of autoinducer proteins in the rumen. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there are three species, which show variable Gram stain (described with weakly+ and variable+).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 7: 367–385. Crossref2006. Chemical and biological characteristics of physically uncomplexed organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 975–985. Crossref2009. Using a sequential density and p267. Crossref1997. The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt p87. Crossref2008. Farmer-orientated assessment of soil quality using field laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods. Plant Soil, 307: 243–253. Crossref2021. Corn and soybean yields and returns are greater in rotations with wheat. Agron. J. 113(2): 1691–1711. Crossref2021. The ‘soil health’ metaphor: Illuminating or illusory? . Soil Biol. Biochem. 159: 108167. Crossref2018. Long-term trends in corn yields and soil carbon under diversified crop rotations. J. Environ. Qual. 7: 635–643. Crossref2018. Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle. Ecol. Appl. 28: 249–261. CrossrefPubMed2019. Quantifying the relationships between soil fraction mass, fraction carbon, and total soil carbon to assess mechanisms of physical protection. Soil Biol. Biochem. 135: 95–107. Crossref2004. Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 70: 103–116. Crossref2019. Alfalfa monocultures promote soil organic carbon accumulation to a greater extent than perennial grass monocultures or grass-alfalfa mixtures. Ecological Engineering, 131: 53–62. Crossref2022. An evaluation of carbon indicators of soil health in long-term agricultural experiments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 172: 108708. Crossref2006. Cost efficient rotation and tillage options to sequester carbon and mitigate GHG emissions from agriculture in eastern Canada. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 117: 119–127. Crossref2018. Tillage and crop rotation effects on the yield of corn, soybean and wheat in eastern Canada. Can.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: In terms of Urban Development, the highest score was obtained by Nigeria, which has the highest urban population in Africa, with 107 million urban inhabitants in 2020, more than double compared with the second country on the list, Egypt (1)27. Consequently, as urban development projections progress, the country will face severe challenges in feeding its population. A study by Rahmann et al. 28 who projected different scenarios of agricultural land needed by 2100 according to population growth, showed that Nigeria is not big enough to reach self-sufficiency in food production even if yields were increased dramatically. Indoor vertical farms can exponentially reduce the agricultural pressure on land, as cultivation is performed vertically (e. g. , shelves, towers…), and the use of soil is not needed by adopting soilless cultivation methods26. Political and economic implications for the development of vertical farming in AfricaAfrican economies are transforming rapidly. It is of strategic importance to maintain a policy and investment focus on agriculture, even as agriculture diminishes relative importance to the broader economy29. In this study, the (2) Economic and macro-area was highlighted in countries like and Seychelles (Fig. 4b, 3). Economic stability directly impacts growth and development; however, investments in research and technology innovation are vital for boosting the economic growth in these countries30. showed a remarkable investment in Science and Technology macro-category (1). Besides, has implemented several policy initiatives that target agriculture as one of the critical sectors requiring modernization to support growth and development31. countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco also resulted “very favorable” (Fig. 3). Many countries have put ambitious national agricultural investment plans under the Programme (CAADP) that would increase agriculture growth sustainably and efficiently while reducing poverty32. Vertical farms are usually building-integrated systems with an elevated initial cost due to the required infrastructures and its technological equipment and energy inputs33. Therefore, initial funding and private sector analysis are often required for these businesses to start, as modern agriculture in African regions is largely market-oriented and, therefore, dependent on the private sector34. South Africa, Mauritius, Morocco, and Tunisia resulted to be “very favorable” in both Financial and macro-categories (Fig. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: of & 209. 946-3278, USA Dates: Received: 15 July, 2014; Accepted: 11 August, 2014; Published: 13 August, 2014 *Corresponding author: Adam M. Kaye Pharm. D. , of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 751 Brookside Rd. A-106a, Stockton, Ca 95207, 209. 946-3278, USA, Email: akaye@pacific. edu Citation: Kaye AM (2014) Opioid Antagonists: Will they Solve all of the with Opioid Agonists? Anesthesiol 1(1): 009-012. DOI: 10. 17352/2455-3476. 000002 Copyright: © 2014 Kaye AM. This is an open-access 1971. Why after so many years on the market is this medication now being formulated in the form of an easy to use “auto-injector” that was designed for non-medical professionals to be able to utilize at a moment's notice? Could this wonder product, being hailed as the best possible safety tool available for life threatening opioid emergencies actual make heroes out of lay people? [1]. Will marketing and providing to the family and caregivers of chronic pain patients prevent the epidemic of opioid medication related deaths of people in our country? What else can be done by physicians and the U. S. Food and (FDA) to reduce the unbelievable statistic of a death every 36 minutes from an opioid overdose in the United States? With upwards of 17,000 Americans dying yearly from prescription opioid overdose, accidently or intentionally via suicide& deliberate misuse, and constantly consuming more and more of these powerful painkillers-the million dollar question remaining to be answered is: will a new drug formulation device in the hands of laypeople really make a dent in this crisis that in recent years has actually surpassed car accidents as the leading cause of accidental death? [2]. This new formulation Evzio contains naloxone in a new useful device: an “auto-injector” that was recently approved for the emergency treatment of suspected opioid overdose. The FDA and physicians see Evzio as a new “tool” to combat opioid abuse/misuse related deaths.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: J. Plant Sci. 98: 183–191. Crossref2009. Assessment of changes in soil health throughout organic potato rotation sequences. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 131: 220–228. Crossref2021. Estimating maximum fine-fraction organic carbon in UK grasslands. Biogeosciences, 18: 605–620. Crossref2005. Climatology: will soil amplify climate change? Nature, 433: 204–205. CrossrefPubMed1991. Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Agron. J. 83: 979–985. Crossref2022. Linking soil microbial community structure to potential carbon mineralization: a continental scale assessment of reduced tillage. Soil Biol. Biochem. 168: 108618. Crossref1997. Quantification of soil quality. processes and the carbon cycle, Edited by R. Lal, J. Kimble, B. A. Stewart. . 404. Crossref2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil, 241: 155–176. Crossref31. Crossref160. Crossref2004. How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected? Biol. 10: 1878–1883. Crossref2006. Organic carbon in the silt + clay fraction of Tasmanian soils. Manage, 22: 219–220. Crossref2010. Table 32-10-0152-01 Number and area of farms and farmland area by tenure, Census of Agriculture historical data, 1921 to 2016, inactive, Statistics Canada, Government of Canada websit. [accessed 5 January 2023]. 2014. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on soil quality, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 303–315. Crossref2021. Soil health and management. into Canadian soils: an introduction to soil science. Edited by M. Krzic, F. L. Walley, A. Diochon, M. C. Paré, R. E. Farrell. of Soil Science, Pinawa, MB. 517. Available from The potential to regain organic carbon in degraded soils: a boundary line approach. Can. J. Soil Sci. 96: 351–353.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Private investments are dominant in scale and scope in the African agriculture sector (70%); however, 94% of the research and development is covered by public funds, suggesting a lack of attraction for private sector investment to increase innovations in agricultural research35. On the other hand, poor infrastructure has been highlighted as a major barrier to adopting improved technologies in agriculture36. Therefore, a well-industrialized economy is expected to have adequate infrastructure. Seychelles became the leading country in this Infrastructure macro-category, followed by and Egypt (Fig. 3, 1). Resources availability and social implication of vertical farming in AfricaIn terms of (3) Resources availability and Social Implication, countries such as and Botswana were classified as “very favorable” (Fig. 4c). Energy requirements and, more specifically, access to electricity represent an essential input for indoor vertical farming implementation33. Proper artificial lighting, temperature, fans and ventilators, and heat and water pumps are some of the equipment that generally runs a vertical farm, requiring energy37. Accordingly, this study showed Seychelles as the best country in the Energy macro-category with a synthetic value of 1 (1). The global access deficit to electricity is centered in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the area accounting for the 75% of the World’s population without electricity access38. Additionally, water quantity and quality play an important role in environmental sustainability. Its availability is crucial for plant growth in vertical farming systems39,40. Countries such as and Gabon resulted “very favorable” into the Water and Environment macro-category (Fig. 3). Fischer et al. 41 estimated that the most significant increases in irrigation water requirements are projected to occur in Africa (+ 300%) from 2000 to 2080, resulting in the most critical values of annual renewable freshwater resources. Moreover, by 2050, the available water per capita per year will drop to a critical value below 1000 m3 in the belt and eastern and southern Africa, and the Middle East42. Consequently, in the future, there will also be the need to produce food with less water, allowing for the uptake of indoor vertical farming systems which highly optimize the water use43. Successful agricultural production is increasingly knowledge-intensive. The agricultural workforce will need to enhance productivity, deal with future food challenges, and take advantage from innovative emerging opportunities for promoting inclusive forms of agricultural productivity growth44.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: It will work in a manner similar to the epinephrine pen which is marketed for the acute treatment of anaphylaxis. (EVZIO contains a speaker that provides voice instructions to guide the user through each step of the injection). When activated, an automatically inserted needle delivers 0. 4 mg of naloxone hydrochloride injection intramuscularly or subcutaneously and afterwards fully retracts the needle into its housing [3]. Caregivers will be expected to utilize this medication after an observation of possible symptoms of opioid overdose. Vague signs such as extreme sleepiness, breathing problems, or even “pinpoint” pupils may prompt a family member or close friend to whip out this life-saving device and spring into action! to be effective, it will have to be prescribed and probably paid for by either the patient or the prescription insurance company. Will the prescriber be willing to address the risk of opioid overdose to their patients on high-dose opioids or just those with known substance abuse or those with a history of addiction or past stays in detox programs? Are we really naïve enough to believe that only those people that are prescribed these powerful medications are at risk? The numbers of “users” who acquire these pain killers from friends, relatives and illegal “dealers” is unknown but surely an enormous and unacceptable number that clearly has overwhelmed the ability of law enforcement to eliminate. I am all for prescribers suggesting Evzio to all their chronic pain patients on high-dose opioids. The need for an explanation on the risk of respiratory depression and death is crucial even if the prescriber does not suspect abuse of opioids. Unintentional overdose is a common term used by physicians and medical examiners after patients consumed dozens of medications, often at extremely high doses-many not even prescribed or acquired legally. Sounds a lot like suicide? Unfortunately these are reported as “accidental” and continue to be counted the same as a car accident of falling off a building. For these and many other and unclear reasons most autopsy reports will not even suggest that a patient was attempting to take their life-without a suicide note! This brings us back to the question of will this medication actually be used by a family member if they see someone on their couch breathing shallow? It is unbelievable how much positivity is being reported with naloxone!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Is agriculture only an activity on the field, or is it possible to produce more qualified by applying new production techniques? What methods should be applied to obtain sufficient product without damaging nature? are required to find answers firstly [2]. All of the work done on soil in order to grow the necessary and useful plants and animals for the survival of the people and to obtain the products is called agriculture. In order to meet the growing agricultural needs in a healthy manner, water resources should be protected and soil should be developed and original seeds should be stored and reproduced for the future. At the same time, an increase in soil fertility, protection of water, protection of valuable seeds and biodiversity need to be taken into account. In general, many methods are applied under the definitions of traditional, organic, industrial, ecological, smart and integrated, and each method differs from the others [3]. Sustainable agriculture mainly focuses on increasing the productivity of the soil and reducing the harmful effects of agricultural practices on climate, soil, water, environment and human health. Reduces the use of non-renewable sources and inputs from petroleum-based products and uses renewable resources to generate production. In general, it focuses on the needs, knowledge, skills and socio-cultural values of the local people. Advertisement 2. Principles of sustainable agricultureSome general principles of sustainable agriculture can be listed as follows:Soil must be protected and developed: Soil is absolutely necessary for good and healthy products. Soil should be enriched with natural fertilizers such as organic and green manure and compost. Natural fertilizers are healthier for soil, plants, water, air and people than chemical fertilizers. Water and water resources should be protected: As in life, it needs absolute water in agriculture. In arid regions, the best way to protect water is to grow plants that are suitable for the ecology of the region or that only need water during the rainy season. Green manure and mulch are useful in keeping water in soil. The contour barriers protect the water by preventing the water flow. Another method for preserving water is to apply drip irrigation instead of traditional irrigation methods and to make irrigation time planning. To control pests and diseases naturally: Instead of chemical control, natural or integrated protection management should be applied to balance nature, products, pests, diseases, weeds and soil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Countries such as and Tanzania showed to be “very favorable” in the Social macro-category (Fig. 3). For instance, Rwanda is in the process of structural transformation, which has involved workers and capital in progressively higher productivity activities, resulting in rapid technological changes45. Sustainability at the edge: opening up the feasibility of vertical farming in AfricaThis study evaluates the overall feasibility of several macro-categories representing different domains. countries were “very favorable” for operating indoor vertical farms, being the ones with the highest synthetic feasibility index (SFI): (0. 66 SFI), islands such as Seychelles (0. 55 SFI), Mauritius (0. 52 SFI) and (0. 46 SFI), region (Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, with 0. 53, 0. 52, 0. 51 and 0. 49 SFI, respectively) and Nigeria (0. 46 SFI) (Fig. 5, Table 2). In these countries, a trend to innovate and improve the current agriculture systems with indoor vertical farms could be possible. With financial and technological support from governments and the private sector attraction to city dwellers and companies, the uptake of indoor vertical farms in Africa can be achieved. Countries that reached lower feasibility scores can opt for simplified vertical cultivation solutions adapted to the economic and social conditions and the locally available materials. Borgwardt and Endress46 developed a case study to implement a vertical farm in the Park in Botswana (0. 42 SFI; “favorable”), showing that conditions for sustainable food security through this cultivation system can be achieved with the ongoing development of the country. However, they also recognized that vertical farming applications and market scope would be limited compared to other continents, such as Europe. Furthermore, sustainability of resources and safety in the food production line is a significant issue globally that can make vertical farming a powerful way of cultivation through technological applications and soilless cultivation systems47. Africa must move from a scarcely productive farming system towards sustainable intensification and eco-friendliness48. In this study, Seychelles, as first, followed by and Egypt, were the three countries where the implementation of vertical farming systems could be more sustainable (Fig. 6, Table 3). From the Environmental analysis of sustainability, Seychelles, Tunisia and Algeria showed higher synthetic values (Fig. 6). These three countries have programs to implement more renewable energies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Reports of it being without risk or side effects have suggested that the medication can be used by who happen to be bystanders positioned around the country with open arms and equipped with the life-saving antidote and unwavering willingness to assist doctors and reduce society concerns of opioid death. Caregivers must be educated about what to expect AFTER giving naloxone. . . sweating, goose-bumps, increased heart rate, agitation, withdrawal symptoms, and the lack of efficacy for overdoses of other medications that may be onboard including benzodiazepines, etc. It is also very important to remain aware that most opioids will last longer than naloxone-so good luck encouraging patients to head on down to the emergency room for additional doses of naloxone, and further care including management of withdrawal symptoms. Any physician, paramedic or researcher with experience injecting naloxone into an unconscious patient, unresponsive due to large doses of opioids on board, is well aware of dramatic increases in both blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) upon its pharmacological response. It is not surprising that rapid “withdrawal-like” symptomatology after IM or IV opioid antagonist treatment, including an unpleasant increase in severe anxiety, palpitations, and hypertensive changes will make this “marketed” and “inferred” safe and easy treatment a very difficult and even potentially dangerous situation for these non-medical professional bystanders who are only trying to help revive someone who may be unresponsive in their humble and untrained opinion. Safety and complications from treatment apparently are not being advertised as an issue with this newly marketed naloxone- injector according to evzio. com: “No clinically significant safety findings” “No serious adverse events” “No volunteer discontinuation or withdrawal” This is not really that surprising since “real- world- use” implies“ out of a hospital settings” with obvious reduced availability of heart rate or blood pressure monitoring devices or even medical professionals that could use them properly and death that occurred despite utilization of the naloxone-injector could be easily determined to be due to “late” administration of this anecdote.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: In this regard, techniques such as choosing durable varieties, keeping proper distance between plants in planting, determining the timing of agricultural practices correctly, using natural predators and crop rotation are important for the success of the method. Cultivate different agricultural products: This is called product rotation. According to the characteristics of the products, for 3–6 years rotation or cultivating multiple crops are the methods of preventing diseases and pests. Thus, nutrients are kept in the soil and diversity in agriculture is ensured and healthy food is provided. Start with small changes first: Most agricultural techniques have been developed over a long period of time. However, new methods may not always be successful. New ideas should first be tried in small areas, and should be applied when it becomes clear and successful. Advertisement 3. Why sustainable agriculture is important? The world population is growing at a great pace. There are countries with a population expressed in billions of Asian countries, and in Europe and the Americas it is estimated that the population will soon find billions. This will certainly create a serious need for food in the future. One of the main objectives of industrial agriculture is to ensure that everyone has access to basic needs in the present and future years. Industrial agriculture, on the one hand, uses more chemical input to meet the increasing demand, on the other hand, agricultural and soil resources are polluted by chemical residues and production potential is reduced. In fact, this is a contradiction. At this point, the sustainable farming method protects both the soil and the environment and ensures the production and the long-term agricultural production. In summary, the benefits of sustainable agriculture are as follows:With sustainable agriculture method, it is possible to produce more than one product in small areas and high efficiency. An enterprise with sustainability will have a positive impact on the ecosystem. Efficient soils will have a habitat for animals, but will also contribute to agricultural production. The fertilization of the soil will ensure long-term use and increase of productivity. In addition to the benefits to agriculture, contributes to the creation of new areas of employment. Advertisement 4. Sustainable agriculture practicesAs a result of long years of practices and scientific studies, several common sustainable agricultural practices have been put forward in Figure 1. Figure 1. Common sustainable agricultural practices [4]. 4. 1 Precision chemical applicationIt can be defined as a set of methods that include mechanical and biological controls to reduce the use of pesticides and control pest populations [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: For instance, Tunisia and Algeria have set a target of 30% and 27% of renewable energy within their energy mix by 2030, focusing mainly on increasing solar and wind generation24,49,50. This renewable energy supply can enable more sustainable food production through indoor vertical agriculture while increasing its market potential51. Building a vertical farm requires a high initial investment (from the private sector or public programs), and production costs are higher than traditional farming52. Therefore, countries with good economic growth, capital generation, and proper urban development will be more suitable for sustainably implementing vertical farming in their cities. Among the nine most feasible countries, Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt obtained the highest values in the Economic analysis for sustainability (Fig. 6). Vertical farming can create jobs in several sectors of engineering, biotechnology, construction, and research and development16. In this study, South Africa, Seychelles, and Egypt showed the best sustainability Social analysis scores (Fig. 6). Seychelles is one of the African countries where most of its labor force is with advanced education27, which is advantageous for the broad spectrum of job descriptions typically observed in a vertical farm. Locating food production in the African city centers is expected to increase economic growth in the area53. Future perspectivesCountries such as and Nigeria showed the best prospective for indoor vertical farming implementation. These are African countries where the integration of vertical farming into the urban areas may help reduce poverty, contribute to food safety and increase its contextual sustainability. However, its competitiveness in the local market could remain unclear with current providers still capable to sell cheaper products. In this regard, the indicator (% of price change of the average food basket purchased by households) showed that among the sustainably “very favorable” countries, Egypt and Nigeria are experiencing the higher inflation rates in the food basket while the others resulted to have a more stable trend54. Nevertheless, to enhance the environmental sustainability and improve the efficiency and sufficiency of food production supplies in African society, it is necessary to develop diverse and influential vertical cultivation systems adapted to the reality of each country. The least feasible countries can opt for modular and low-cost innovative solutions of vertical farming systems which can offer new opportunities for young or small-scale growers without being dependent on the high investments typical of high tech indoor vertical farms55.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: With drug companies downplaying any cardiovascular complications or even side effects being associated with naloxone, it will be interesting to watch for sympathomimetic-catecholinergic surge with a corresponding rapid pulse following naloxone administration. Myocardial Infarction/Stroke complications can and will occur-especially in patients with risk factors including smoking history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle (from their chronic pain) or hypertension, hyperlipidemia and tachycardia. The development of a severe hypertensive response after the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone was evaluated in one study that characterized the potentially dangerous role of blocking or antagonizing opioids and the potential alteration in the regulation of blood pressure in patients. One individual studied showed significant mean arterial pressure changes with a rise from a baseline of 107 mmHg to 147 mmHg 145 min after naloxone injection and infusion. After stopping naloxone, his blood pressure rapidly returned to baseline. Thus, endogenous opioids appear to regulate blood pressure in some hypertensive patients and opiate antagonists must be administered with caution to these individuals [4]. It is shocking that despite evidence of cardiovascular side effects in studies, few warnings have been provided about untoward side effects that could manifest as dramatic changes in vital signs following administration by lay people. This is not the first time that naloxone has been suggested as a panacea. Since naloxone is needed as rapidly as possible in an operating room situation-intravenously use to reverse opioid overdose is the most preferred route. Over the years, countless researchers have tinkered with oral formulations for both treatment and reduction of associated opioid agonist complications. A slowed gastrointestinal- related complication has plagued man since the first use of opioid agonists, and continues to contribute to both the unpleasantness and even immobility of chronic pain patients. It is not uncommon for patients on large doses of chronic and powerful opioids to require multiple daily doses of stimulant cathartics and stool-softeners in an effort to have regular bowel functions. The ineffectiveness of laxatives to target the underlying cause of opioid-induced inhibition of gastric motility and the resulting chronic associated constipation have led to the development of treatments that utilize opioid receptor antagonists including naloxone and methylnaltrexone to target receptors in the gut preferentially.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: In this method, (VRA) is applied and unlike traditional agriculture, instead of homogeneous input, it is the application of measurement of productivity differences in the field and appropriate input according to the spatial needs resulting from these differences. 4. 2 Conservation reserve program (CRP)CRP is a land conservation program administered by the Agency (FSA). In return for a contract with farmers involved in the program, it is an incentive for farmers to make agricultural production that is sensitive to the environment and improves the environmental health and quality [6]. Contracts for land enrolled in CRP are 10–15 years in length. The long-term aim of the program is to restore valuable land cover to help improve water quality, prevent soil erosion and reduce loss of wildlife areas. 4. 3 TerracesIn particular, in order to make agriculture in high slope areas, it is the name given to the arrangement of the land in the form of steps and supported by walls. Thus agricultural applications are possible in these areas. 4. 4 ScoutingScouting is the most fundamental act of traveling in crop fields and make observations. The farmer is required to identify how different areas of development change in his land. If there are problems during the growing season, these problems affect the yield at the time of harvest, so the farmer tries to reduce them. If the problems are not noticed or resolved during the growing season, they may limit the yield, thus reducing the revenue generated. Traditional methods include walking in the field and observing plants manually, while methods such as global positioning systems (GPS) and drones (UAVs) help to make a more accurate decision by making fast and reliable measurements with the help of special equipment and precision sensors. 4. 5 Cover cropsCover plants (alfalfa, vetch, etc. ) can be cultivated during off-season periods when the soil is bare and can be grown between the main plant rows. These products prevent soil erosion, renew soil nutrients, keep weeds under control, and protect soil health by reducing the need for herbicides [5]. 4. 6 Crop rotation/diversityIt is the process of producing various products in the field one after the other from year to year respectively. Thus, different parts of the soil are utilized with different products, and pests and diseases that are specific to each product are prevented from spreading. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: Moreover, exploiting urban water resources, harvesting the rainwater or reusing the building's thermal mass56,57 are solutions other than those mentioned in the study, that could however lead to a greater sustainability of indoor vertical cultivations. MethodsIndicators represent quantitative tools that synthesize and simplify the data relevant to the assessment of specific phenomena. They are helpful for communication, evaluation and facilitate strategic decisions making. It can be assumed that indicators remain one of the primary instruments for monitoring sustainable development as they present this concept rationally and measurably. In the same way, for this study, indicators can be defined as a statistical measure informing about the feasibility and the sustainability in the social, environmental, and economic spheres58. For example, Erol et al. 59 conducted a feasibility assessment for blockchain applications in different industries by developing a list of helpful feasibility indicators. High-quality feasibility indicators should enable decision-makers to take informed decisions when developing business information technology strategies. The quality of an indicator can be assessed through six aspects: underlying data, suitability, measurability, representation of the case at hand, accuracy, and communicability to stakeholders. However, developing a complete list of indicators that can cover all these attributes may not always be possible; therefore, a more practical list is often created59. In developing such a list for vertical farming feasibility assessment, the critical task is to determine whether this technology is technically, strategically, and financially viable. The sustainability assessment is then carried on solely for the countries where the technology is feasible, tailoring the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic, and social, to the vertical farming technology. Two research questions were defined for this study: 1. How feasible is vertical farming with artificial lighting in the African countries? 2. How sustainable is vertical farming with artificial lighting for the countries that can implement this technology? Hypothesis and limitationsAssessing vertical farming feasibility and sustainability can require multidimensionality60. With the introduction of sustainable development as a concept in the 80s, different criteria and indicators have been selected to evaluate the sustainability of agriculture61. Consequently, there is no long-standing consensus on which indicators are more suitable or relevant to assess feasibility or sustainability62. Moreover, there are no frameworks for vertical farming implementation in a country. Therefore, there can be conceptual and methodological limitations.

Output: contrast