Input: Claim: Graphene-based membranes are being developed to desalinate seawater more efficiently than current methods. [SEP] Text: Current tocolytic treatments do not prevent PTB, and trials on prophylactic progesterone (P) or progestin treatments to delay PTB are inconclusive. The objective of this study was therefore to evaulate maintenance treatment with vaginal P gel compared to placebo in women after the onset of preterm labor. Healthy women with singleton pregnancy and early preterm labor were randomized to daily P gel 90 mg (n = 29) or placebo (n = 29) after standard intravenous tocolysis. Women with intravenous tocolysis alone (n = 29) served as a reference group. The results showed that P gel and placebo delayed PTB more effectivelythan intravenous tocolysis alone (p < 0. 0001 respectively). The composite neonatal morbidity and length of neonatal intensive care (NICU) were lower after P and placebo compared to the reference group (p < 0. 0001 respectively). We conclude, that maintenance treatment with vaginal P gel or placebo delayed PTB more efficiently than intravenous tocolysis alone, suggesting an effect of the placebo gel rather than of P. The acidic character of the placebo gel reinforced the physiological acidic barrier at the uterine cervix which protects the pregnancy from pathogen invasion and uterine infection leading to PTB. IntroductionThe global rate of PTB before 37 gestational weeks, the main cause of all neonatal, infant and child mortality up to 5 years age, is still 10% (1). The multifactorial risk factors behind PTB include demographic and socioeconomic factors such as psychosocial stress, malnutrition, low and high maternal age, multiple pregnancy, decidual bleeding, and uterine infection (2−7). Current tocolytic treatments with an oxytocin receptor antagonist, a b2-adrenergic receptor agonist, magnesium sulfate, a NSAID or a calcium blocker do not prevent PTB, but aim to delay delivery for 48 hours to optimize the effect of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation and allow for transport to a tertiary hospital with NICU expertise (8). A cervical length (CL) ≤ 25 mm at midgestation is regarded as a primary predictor for PTB (9). Despite the multifactorial causes behind PTB, a cervical connective tissue remodeling precedes both preterm and term labor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: The image was generated using a 3D image rendering software (FluoRender) (Wan et al. , 2012) on aligned confocal images. (B) LC6 and LC16 have similar layer patterns in the lobula. An overlay of substack projections of aligned image stacks is shown. Anti-Brp reference marker is in grey. (C) Representative video images from the single-fly assay showing that a looming stimulus and LC6 activation evoke very similar coordinated behavioral sequences, which include wing elevation, middle leg extension and initiation of flight. Time stamp is set at 0 ms for the frame of takeoff. Negative and positive values are for frames before and after takeoff, respectively. (D) Notched box plots showing the duration of the takeoff sequence measured as the time from the first moment of wing movement to the last moment of tarsal contact with the ground after the stimulus (Mann-Whitney test, p=0. 29 between looming and LC6 activation, and p<0. 001 between LC6 activation and no stimulus). (E) Representative video images from the single-fly assay showing that a looming stimulus and LC16 activation evoke very similar backward walking behaviors. Time stamp is set at 0 ms for the start of backward walking. (F) Total distance flies walked on the platform of the single-fly assay. Positive and negative values are for forward and backward walking, respectively (Mann-Whitney test, p=0. 71 between looming and LC16 activation, and p<0. 001 between LC16 activation and no stimulus). Scale bars represent 50 µm (A) or 20 µm (B). Figure 11—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Behavioral consequences of silencing LC6 and LC16 by Kir2. 1 expression. Split-GAL4 driver lines OL0077B (LC6, A–B) or OL0046B (LC16, C) were crossed to flies with pJFRC49-10XUAS-IVS-eGFPKir2. 1 in a DL strain background. p4U crossed to the same effector or DL flies were used as controls. (A,B) Looming stimuli were presented at an elevation of 45°, an azimuth of 90°, and an l/v of 20 (as in Figure 11C,D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Effect of lead pollution on soil microbiological index under spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) cultivation. J. Soils Sediments. 14, 44-59. Hassan W. , David J. , Bashir F. 2014a. ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria and growth response of tomato(Lycopersicon pimpinellfoliumMill. ). J. Plant Interact. 14, 869-882. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Bashir, F. , David, J. 2014b. Comparative effectiveness of ACC-deaminase and/or nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria in promotion of maize (Zea mays L. ) growth under lead pollution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21, 10983-10996. Hassan, W. , David, J. , Abbas, F. 2014c. Effect of type and quality of two contrasting plant residues on CO2 emission potential of Ultisol soil: implications for indirect influence of temperature and moisture. Catena. 114, 90-96. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2014d. Estimation of enzymatic, microbial and chemical properties in Brown soil by microcalorimetry. Anal. Cal. 116, 969-988. Hassan, W. , Bano, R. , Khatak, B. U. , Hussain, I. , Yousaf, M. , David, J. 2014e. Decomposition under Regimes: Effect on. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water doi:10. 1002/clen. 201300727. Hayat, R. , Ali, S. , Amara, U. , Khalid, R. , Ahmed, I. 2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann. Microbiol. 60, 579-598. Honma, M. , Shimomura, T. 1978. Metabolism of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Agr. Biol. Chem. 42, 1825-1831. Mayak, S. , Tirosh, T. , Glick, B. R. 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Finally, unlike hINO80, hINO80ΔCTD slides a centrally positioned 50N50 nucleosome away from the central position (Figure 6C). Consequently, we conclude that the hIno80 CTD not only regulates ATPase but also confers both coupling and DNA sensing abilities to the complex. Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset hINO80ΔCTD has altered end sensing. (A) Initial sliding rates for hINO80 and hINO80ΔCTD on nucleosomes with different length overhangs. Full length hINO80 complex (right) senses DNA ends up to 60 bp while that of the hINO80ΔCTD complex (left) is reduced to under 40 bp. FRET-based assay data are shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (B) hINO80ΔCTD has a reduced ability to centre nucleosomes. Although the majority of nucleosomes still reach the centre, the spread is much greater than for hINO80 (Figure 1 and Figure 3—figure supplement 2). (C) hINO80ΔCTD slides 50N50 nucleosomes away from the central location. These are unaltered by hINO80. In order to investigate this role further, we prepared the hIno80 CTD alone (residues 1250–1556) to analyse its intrinsic properties (Figure 7 and Figure 7—figure supplement 1). We find that the isolated CTD is a DNA-binding protein (Figure 7A) and is a monomer is solution (Figure 7B). Affinity measurements made by MST show that the binding of hIno80CTD to duplex DNA is cooperative with a Hill coefficient close to 2 (Figure 7C) but stoichiometry measurements were not possible due to aggregation of the complex at high protein concentrations. However, since two hINO80 complexes are required for sliding and binding, it seems likely that CTD dimerisation is induced by binding to duplex DNA and, like the nucleosome-dependent interaction between hINO80 complexes, this dimerisation is highly cooperative. The CTD, therefore, provides one interface between INO80 dimers although there may be others involving different subunits that we have yet to identify.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: In addition, a slow stimulus (using an l/v of 160) was included in (A) since calcium imaging suggests LC6 is tuned to slower looms (Figure 12—figure supplement 1). Confidence intervals were determined using the Clopper-Pearson method. Fly counts for each experiment from left to right are 170, 117, 141, and 89. (B) Notched box plots showing the duration of the takeoff sequence (as in Figure 11C). (C) Looming stimuli were presented as in Figure 11E–F, specifically chosen to induce backward walking. Total distance flies walked on the platform of the single-fly assay is shown. Fly counts from left to right are 396, 43, and 40. Figure 12 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset LC16 and LC6, but not LC11, respond to visual looming stimuli with robust calcium increases. (A) Visual stimuli evoked calcium responses of LC neurons were imaged in head-fixed flies. (B) The axon terminals of LC cells bundle to form cell-type specific glomeruli (subset shown in C). We imaged from a single glomerulus by using spilt-GAL4 lines labeling individual cell-types (LC16, LC6 or LC11). Representative regions for calcium imaging experiments are marked with the yellow dashed rectangles. Exemplary responses of LC16, LC6 and LC11 to a slow dark looming disk are shown (C; each single frame taken from the peak response of an individual fly, distinct genotypes were used to image from each glomerulus). (D) LC16, LC6 and LC11 responses to looming visual stimuli are shown for three variants of the stimulus (from top to bottom: dark looming disk, bright looming disk, luminance-matched) expanding at r/v = 550 ms (n = 5 per genotype). Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Statistics were performed on mean ∆F/F during a time window in which the response peaks (2 s before and after the looming stimulus stops expanding). (E) As a comparison to looming stimuli, we also presented moving object stimuli that contain local motion that is distinct from looming. LC11 responds strongly to the motion of the small (9°x9°) spot, but not the long bar (9°x72°) moving object. The objects moved at 22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Diversity of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria associated with sugarcane: a comprehensive study of plant-microbe interactions for growth enhancement in Saccharum spp. 45. 5% (10) were able to produce an orange halo zone on the chrome azurol S agar medium indicating siderophores production. Further, about 60% (13) of the isolates produced ammonia and 18% (4) produced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (Table 1). Table 1 In vitro characterization of rhizospheric bacteria on the basis of plant growth promotion attributes exhibited by selected isolatesFull size tablePhosphate and siderophore activity of the bacterial isolates 3 mm or greater clear zone of inhibitions on suitable medium after 3–5 days of incubation at 30 ± 2 °C. Antifungal activity by dual culture plate measured as a zone of inhibition after 3–5 days of incubation at 26 ± 2 °C. The ability to synthesize Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an important feature of PGPR isolates. The data in Table 2, shows that the isolates had a very diverse capacity to synthesize IAA. These variations ranged from 11. 42 ± 0. 49 to 44. 88 ± 0. 19 μ g mL− 1 in a medium without tryptophan but the addition of tryptophan resulted in 29. 65 ± 0. 61 to 316. 84 ± 2. 5 μ g mL− 1. The isolates CoY8 and CY5 showed the lowest and highest IAA production, respectively in the absence of tryptophan. However, in the presence of tryptophan, the lowest and highest production of IAA was observed in isolates CA8 and AY8, respectively. The level of nitrogenase activities varied greatly amongst the twenty-two bacterial isolates tested. The nitrogen-fixing ability among the isolates ranged from 2. 40 ± 0. 24 to 26. 59 ± 2. 0 n moL C2H4 mg protein h− 1. Isolate AN11 showed the highest and CY10 recorded the lowest activity using an acetylene reduction assay. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity was determined as the ability to use ACC as the sole N2 source. Of the 22 isolates, 10 (45.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Although the notion that ATPase activity of INO80 bound to nucleosomes is constant and continuous may be counter-intuitive, the rate is actually very low (1–2 s−1) compared to other SF2 helicases (Singleton et al. , 2007). Consequently, the amount of ATP consumed is small in comparison with the overall energy balance within a cell and, whatever the function of this may be, it appears to be worth paying the metabolic price. However, it is important to note that ATPase activity is only stimulated when INO80 is bound to nucleosomes so when chromatin becomes compacted, access is restricted and INO80 (presumably) is released. It is therefore possible that, when chromatin becomes unpacked for DNA repair after detection of a double-stranded DNA break, a constant monitoring of nucleosome location, by a bound and active INO80 complex near the repair site, would provide continuous access for repair machinery until the repair has been effected, after which the chromatin structure could be restored and INO80 released. Materials and methods Preparation of recombinant hINO80 complexes Request a detailed protocol Human Ino80 genes lacking the coding sequence for the N-terminal sub-domain (residues 1–266, NTD) or the NTD and C-terminal sub-domain (residues 1262–1556) were generated by PCR and then sub-cloned to append TEV protease-cleavable N-terminal 8-histidine and C-terminal twin Strep-tag II tags. The tagged subunit was then cloned with other genes of the hINO80 core complex using a modified MultiBac system (Berger et al. , 2004) as described previously (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Ino80 subunit DEAQ-box mutant (E563A) was prepared by InFusion-based mutagenesis. Catalytically inactive hINO80 core complexes and wild type sub-complex were expressed and purified in the same manner as the wild type complex (Willhoft et al. , 2016). Preparation of nucleosomes Request a detailed protocol Nucleosomes with varying flanking DNA lengths were prepared using a similar method described in (Willhoft et al. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 5°/s, starting 18° left of the visual midline and stopping 108° to the right of the midline. Statistics were performed on mean ∆F/F during the whole stimulus epoch. Figure 12—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset LC16 and LC6 are tuned to slower looming speeds. Stimulus evoked calcium responses to different loom speeds. The responses are mean ∆F/F during a time window in which the response peaks (2 s before and after the looming stimulus stops expanding). Stimuli from top to bottom rows: dark looming disk, bright looming disk, luminance-matched. Figure 13 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Behavioral responses to unilateral LC neuron stimulation differ from bilateral activation behaviors and are directional. (A) Schematic illustration of a genetic method for stochastic labeling and activation of LC neurons. A ‘stop-cassette’ reporter (pJFRC300-20XUAS-FRT>-dSTOP-FRT>-CsChrimson-mVenus in attP18) was used for Flp-recombinase mediated control of CsChrimson expression. This reporter/effector construct (small schematic in the right brain hemisphere of the larval brains in the illustration) is based on the ‘Flp-out’ design (Struhl and Basler, 1993). It contains 20 Sequences (UAS) and a core promoter (grey rectangle) for GAL4-activated expression, a transcriptional terminator (white rectangle with a red prohibition sign) flanked by Flp-recombinase target (FRT) sites (black triangles), and a CsChrimson-mVenus fusion gene (green rectangle). Heat shock induces expression of the Flp-recombinase which can excise the transcriptional terminator, allowing expression of CsChrimson-mVenus under the control of a split-GAL4 driver (not shown). By expressing a limiting amount of Flp-recombinase early in development (first instar larval stage), stochastic stop-cassette excision occurs in LC precursor cells, generating adults in which most or all neurons of one LC neuron type (determined by the split-GAL4 driver) express CsChrimson-mVenus in either no, one, or two optic lobes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Identification of selected bacterial strains isolated from sugarcane-based on 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequenceFull size tablePhylogenetic structure of 16S rRNA and rpoB genesThe individual analysis for a phylogenetic tree for the evolutionary relationship was done. The 16S rRNA and rpoB gene partial sequences of the isolated strains were compared with the reference strains of the public database. In 16S rRNA genes two major and two minor groups were formed based on the NJ method with 1000 bootstrap sampling (Fig. 2a). Pseudomonas putida was used as the reference to separate Bacillus strains. However, in the case of the rpoB gene three major and two minor groups were formed (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2a-b Phylogenetic tree based on the partial 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences of twenty-two potent plant-growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing Bacillus strains screened from sugarcane. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the UPGMA method. Based on bootstrap analysis of 1000 replications are indicated as percent confidence values for particular branching. Scale bar represents the number of changes per base position and Pseudomonas putida was used as an outgroupFull size imageAmplification of the nifH geneTo investigate the nifH gene for all the selected isolates, the genomic DNA extracted and used to detect the PCR products with an accurate band size of about 360 bp. Results showed that six strains were positive for nifH gene amplification (Additional file 2: Fig. S2). The positive isolates were used to establish nifH clone libraries and ten clones were selected from each isolate for sequencing. All the sequenced clones were found to be similar to the nifH gene by the BlastN search program from the database. These isolates were similar to B. cereus (AY8), B. subtilis (AN8), B. cereus (BN5), B. megaterium (CY5), B. pumilus (CY10), and B. pumilus (CA6). The nifH sequences identified were submitted to and their accession numbers are from KY652155 to KY652160.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Titration of Ino80 CTD into hINO80ΔCTD complex Request a detailed protocol Measurements of nucleosome sliding and ATPase activities in the presence of increasing concentrations of recombinant Ino80 CTD were carried out simultaneously as described previously for the WT and ΔCTD complexes alone. It was found, however, that the Ino80 CTD had to be diluted into the reaction mix last. hINO80ΔCTD and 0N100 nucleosomes were therefore incubated together for 15 min at 37°C together with the coupled-ATPase assay components. Subsequently, a 5x reaction stock of Ino80 CTD at the required concentration was added to each reaction condition, and the sample mixed by slow pipetting. The final reaction mix contained 200 nM hINO80ΔCTD, 100 nM dual-fluorophore labelled 0N100 nucleosomes, 1 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 200 U/mL pyruvate kinase, 40 U/Ml lactate dehydrogenase and 200 µM NADH, in a buffer of 25 m50 mM NaCl and 1 mM TCEP, along with varying concentrations of Ino80 CTD (from 20 µM to a lowest concentration of 20 nM). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 1587. PubMed 1260. PubMed 8990. PubMed 1277. PubMed 1289. PubMed 0502. PubMed 304. PubMed 284. PubMed 461. PubMed 883. PubMed 7396. PubMed 2418. PubMed 990. PubMed 790. PubMed 2166. PubMed 199. PubMed 3225. PubMed 1046. PubMed 4745. PubMed 460. PubMed 4321. PubMed 842. PubMed 723. PubMed 639. PubMed 217. PubMed 155. PubMed 1212. PubMed 859. PubMed 316. PubMed 42. PubMed 97. PubMed 852. PubMed 4759. PubMed 459. PubMed 1648. PubMed 1021. PubMed 0888. PubMed 530. PubMed 3350. PubMed 2104. PubMed 544. PubMed 50. PubMed 145. PubMed 6288. PubMed 476.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: (B) Strong backward walking behavior requires bilateral LC16 activation. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean velocity for bilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 101, fly count = 10), unilateral LC16 activation (trial count = 75, fly count = 7) and no labeling controls (trial count = 114, fly count = 11). Behavioral responses of individual flies were assayed and their brains were subsequently dissected to determine expression patterns. Unilateral LC16 activation produced far less backward walking than bilateral activation (Mann-Whitney test, p<0. 001). (C) Unilateral activation of LC16 and LC10 induces aversive and attractive turning, respectively. Notched box plots showing the distribution of mean angular velocity for different labeling categories of LC16 and LC10: For LC16, trial and fly counts are the same as in (B). For LC10, bilateral (trial count = 91, fly count = 8), unilateral (trial count = 268, fly count = 24) and no labeling (trial count = 281, fly count = 22). For unilateral activation, behavioral data from animals with labeling only on the left brain hemisphere were reversed and combined with those from animals with labeling only on the right brain hemisphere. In addition to flies with clear bilateral or unilateral expression, 18 flies in the LC10 stochastic activation experiments had expression in both brain halves but showed differences in the apparent number of labeled LC10 cells between the hemispheres. Because of the wide range of these labeling differences we did not include these flies in the above analysis. However, the behavioral results for this group also showed a turning bias towards the side with stronger labeling (see Figure 13—figure supplement 1), suggesting that even small differences of LC10 activation between the two hemispheres may be sufficient to induce ipsilateral turning. Figure 13—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Turning behavior of LC10 flies with bilateral labeling that is stronger in one brain hemisphere (trial count = 212, fly count = 18). Data for flies with uniform bilateral expression or no labeling are the same as in the main Figure and included for comparison. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: A figure for PCA scatters plot of osmolytes (Os) showed the first component of PC analysis accounted for 50. 74% of the total variance and the second 49. 26%. Whereas, in the case of pH, 53. 95 and 46. 06% of the variance were observed in PC1 and PC2, respectively (Fig. 5a-c). Fig. 5Graphs of principle component analysis results for Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) strains on the basis of (R) micro-plates profile i. e. , a nitrogen, b pH, and c osmolytes obtained under the different treatments of phenotypic attributesFull size imageColonization pattern of GFP-tagged CY5 and CA1 on sugarcaneTwo isolates selected from the sugarcane rhizosphere, B. megaterium (CY5), and B. mycoides (CA1), were used for localization studies using (CLSM). This technique helped to study plant-microorganism interactions of selected isolates. In this study, both CY5 and CA1 conferred protection against sugarcane pathogens (S. scitamineum, and C. paradoxa) produced different PGP traits and showed nitrogenase activity in medium (Tables 1 & 2). The data in Fig. 6 showed bacterial cells occupying internal plant tissue. These isolates after 72 h of incubation with GFP p-TT showed higher fluorescence, and the increased bacterial cell density could be easily detected under CLSM. The control plants without inoculated isolates showed no fluorescent cells (Fig. 6a-c). However, in the sugarcane stem, the transverse sections of roots and in the mesophyll cells of the leaves intercellular bacterial colonization of single or multiple species of bacteria could be seen in the inoculated plant (Fig. 6d-i). In the leaves, the GFP-tagged isolate was for colonization in roots, mostly root hair zones were overshadowed by the green fluorescence produced from xylem vessels, endodermal junction sites, and cell walls. The CLSM images of root, leaf, and stem showed similar colonization patterns and abundance of both CY5 and CA1. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: The high specific energy and power available from LIBs and the prospect to charge and discharge them hundreds of times are the reason for their key importance in electronic portable devices and future development of hybrid vehicles. When a battery is charged or discharged, the redox reactions change the molecular or crystalline structure of the electrode materials, which often affects their stability, and hence require frequent replacement after several charge-discharge cycles. LIBs weigh less, take less space for a given energy delivery, and offer higher-energy densities than established Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries [1]. However, to acquire an established role in the commercial sector, LIBs require improved power density (W/kg), which depends primarily on the performance of the active materials. Li+ cells operate by a mechanism whereby Li+ shuttle between two host electrodes, commonly referred to as “insertion electrodes”. An insertion compound has two specific properties: the guest ions, Li+, are mobile between sites in the host network and can be removed from or added to the transition metal oxides host network, thus varying the guest ion concentration [2]. This process is known as intercalation and deintercalation of electrons, occurring at the insertion compound. For transition metal oxides or other chalcogenides, Li+ occupy sites surrounded by oxygen or chalcogen ions. The sites available are determined by the host structure. The theoretical capacity, denoted Q, of the host material can be calculated from Faraday’s first law of electrochemistry, which states that 1 gram equivalent weight of a material will deliver 96,487 C (or 26. 8 Ah). For LiMn2O4, the equivalent weight (M) is 180. 8 g/mol, having a theoretical capacity of 26. 8/180. 8=148 mAh g-1. In LIB, the anode is well optimized and little improvements can be gained in terms of design changes. The cathode, however, shows promise for further enhancements, i. e. , improved capacity and stability. Therefore, most research studies are focused on further development of the cathode active materials. Cathode materials are typically oxides of transition metals, which can undergo oxidation to higher valences when lithium is removed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of aligned images showing a series of sections through the ventrolateral central brain with the target regions of 18 LC (or LPLC) neurons visualized by presynaptic marker expression. Original images, composite image assembly and color scheme are as in Figure 3. The anti-Brp reference pattern (grey) of the template brain used for alignment is shown both together with the labeled LC terminals (left panel) and individually (right panel). Terminals of LC10 cell types in the AOTu are not included in the movie. We believe the slight overlap seen between LC12 and LC18 and between LC24 and LC26 is due to imperfect alignment, rather than true overlap. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional rendering of the target regions of LC (or LPLC) neurons in the ventrolateral central brain shown in Figure 3 and Video 1. Image assembly and color scheme are as described in Figure 3. Anti-Brp reference pattern is in grey. Terminals of LC10 cell types in the AOTu are not included. The movie was generated using Vaa3D. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as example of an LC neuron activation phenotype (backward walking and turning) in the arena assay. A representative video showing groups of freely walking flies tested in the circular arena. The video is shown at 0. 4x actual speed and the red indicators at the corners indicate the timing of optogenetic activation (1 s). This example shows a highly penetrant backward walking and turning phenotype resulting from LC16 activation. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of distinct LC neuron activation phenotypes in the arena assay. One representative fly for each phenotype is shown before, during and after optogenetic stimulation (1 s each, 3 s in total).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 6Fluorescence (GFP) micrographs of sugarcane plant colonized by GFP-tagged Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) leaf, stem, and the root of micropropagated plantlets of sugarcane variety GT11. Confocal laser scanning microscopic images present bacterial in green and red dots of auto-fluorescence in everywhere of plant parts respectively. (A-C) Control sugarcane plant parts and (D-I) Sugarcane plant parts inoculated with GFP tagged bacterial strains at 500–530 nm. On the surface of roots, junction area, around the whole root, stem, and leaf. Bacterial cells are indicated with blue arrowheads in single or clustered of bacteria. D-F represent CY5, and G-I represents CA1 strain with bar 50 μmFull size imagenifH gene expression determined by qRT-PCR in pots under the greenhouseThe expression of a nifH gene by the selected diazotroph bacterial isolates in sugarcane varieties GT11 and GXB9 was monitored by qRT-PCR (Fig. 7). The results from the leaf tissue of inoculated GXB9 plants showed the highest expression of a nifH gene on day 60 post-inoculated in both CY5 and CA1 (Fig. 7a), whereas the expression level was higher in GXB9 inoculated with CA1 on day 120 (Fig. 7b). In these studies, nifH gene expression was positively detected following the inoculation of both bacterial isolates in both sugarcane varieties at different time intervals. Fig. 7Analysis of inoculated potent strains Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) on the nifH expression patterns in two sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9) at 60 and 120 days through qRT-PCR. Data were normalized to the GAPDH expression level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: 98O4 cathodes (Figure 6b–d) at 0. 1 mV s-1. The pristine LiMn2O4 shows several peaks, which are ascribed to the Mn3+/4+ redox reaction and constituents in the cathode material. Similar peak pairs are also found in the profiles of all functionalized samples with some shifts in potential and current. This demonstrates that coating does not change the electrochemical behavior but only the kinetics of LiMn2O4. The pair of peaks observed at ~3. 2 V in the profiles of Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 is well defined at 0. 1 mV s-1. This peak pair has been considered as the signature of M3+/4+ redox reactions or its partial influence to a lesser extent in alloy functionalized spinel cathode material. Therefore, peak A2 is less pronounced in the pristine LiMn2O4 curve. Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 has reduced anodic/cathodic potential differences compared to LiMn2O4, which is suggestive of smaller polarization due to the faster insertion/extraction of Li+ ions in the spinel structure. This indicates that effective electron hopping between Mn3+ and Mn4+ lowers the potential barrier for Li+ diffusion within the spinel lattice [27]. The faster lithium mobility enhances high rate performances [28]. This was corroborated by the high rate cycliability study. Figure 6. Cyclic voltammograms of LiMn2O4 (a), LiFeAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (b), LiPdAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (c), and LiPtAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (d) cycled at 0. 1 mV s-1. Figure 7 shows the cycling performance of LiMn2O4 and Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 [M=FeAu (green), PdAu (black), and PtAu (red)] at 0. 1 and 10 C discharge current rates. All the coated samples have stable discharge capacities at 10 C but show gradual decrease in capacity at 0. 1 C. At 10 C, the discharge capacity decreases early for LiFeAu0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Flies’ centers of mass are tracked and their trajectories are represented with blue (before and after stimulation) or red (during stimulation) dotted lines. The video is shown at 0. 4x actual speed. Video 5 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of distinct LC neuron activation phenotypes in the arena assay. 10 representative flies for each phenotype are shown for the duration of optogenetic stimulation (1 s). Flies’ centers of mass are tracked for the duration of stimulation and their trajectories are represented with red dotted lines. Many flies with the reaching behavior also extended one or both wings in response to CsChrimson activation, though we did not further characterize this aspect of the behavior in this study. The video is shown at 0. 2x actual speed. Video 6 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of distinct CsChrimson activation phenotypes in the single-fly assay. 10 representative flies of each genotype are shown during the 50 ms optogenetic stimulation and for the following 450 ms. Jumping and reaching phenotypes are shown in the side view whereas forward walking, backward walking and turning phenotypes are shown in the bottom view. The p4U control flies are shown in both the side and bottom views. In the bottom view, a red horizontal line through flies’ center of mass is used to help visualize forward walking, backward walking and turning behaviors. Video 7 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of phenotypes upon bilateral and unilateral activation of LC16 in the stochastic activation experiment. A representative fly for bilateral and unilateral LC16 activation is shown before, during and after optogenetic stimulation (1 s each, 3 s in total). Flies’ centers of mass are tracked and their trajectories are represented with blue (before and after stimulation) or red (during stimulation) dotted lines. The video is shown at 0. 4x actual speed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: For GT11 and GXB9, the GLU expression increased continuously until day 60, except in CY5-inoculated GXB9 (Fig. 8e). Percent of 15N2 and N content in sugarcaneThe concentration of N content in plant tissues such as leaf, root, and stem was significantly increased with the inoculation of selected isolates (CY5 and CA1) in both sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9) as compared with the control (uninoculated). For GT11, the maximum increase in total N concentration was observed in root samples for plants inoculated with both isolates compared with the control (Fig. 9a). Whereas for GXB9, compared with the control, CY5 inoculation results in more N concentration than that with CA1 in all samples (Fig. 9b). Fig. 9Effect of inoculation of strains Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) on percent 15N and N parameters for dry biomass of two sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9). The columns represent the mean of the data for each treatment and bars represent the standard errorFull size imageTo estimate the proportion of N in sugarcane plant parts derived from the atmosphere, the plant growth medium was equally tagged with ten mg of H4SO4 per kilogram of soil. Our results showed that strain CY5 fixed more N in root and stem tissues whereas, less N in leaf tissues of GT11 variety as compared to CA1 strain. However, in the case of GXB9 variety, CA1 fixed more N in all plant parts (leaf, stem, and root) than strain CY5 (Fig. 9c-d). Consequently, the availability of N in inoculated plants allowed improved growth and development in soil-grown plants. DiscussionAn important objective of research on rhizosphere microbes that fix nitrogen is to extend biological nitrogen fixation as a significant source of nitrogen for non-leguminous crops. It is important to identify a nitrogen-fixing micro-organism in a major agricultural crop like sugarcane. In addition, BNF microorganisms reduce the cost of sugarcane production [5]. sugarcane is cultivated with a very low amount of N inputs suggesting the occurrence of BNF [25]. In this work, the evidence of BNF in B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: 02Mn1. 98O4, with only 54% capacity retention. This suggests that ferric ions are probably involved in the reduction process leading to Fe2+. When the cycling potential range is enlarged to overcome electrode kinetic limitations, the Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 samples delivered relevant discharge capacities (70, 80, and 90 mAh g-1) at high current density compared to that of LiMn2O4 (45 mAh g-1). The LiPtAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 material exhibits the best capacity retention at 10 C with 88. 7 mAh g-1 at the 50th cycle (99% capacity retention). Figure 7. Cyclability of (a) LiMn2O4 and (b) LiFeAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (green), LiPdAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (black), and LiPtAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (red) at 0. 1 and 10 C. The coulombic energy efficiency, which is the fraction of the electrical charge stored during charging that is recoverable during the discharge [29] of LiMn2O4, LiFeAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4, LiPdAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4, and LiPtAu0. 02Mn1. 98O4 at 0. 1 and 10 C discharge current rates, was computed using Equation (1): CE = ∫ 0 t I d dt ∫ 0 t I c dt E1where Id is the discharging current and Ic is the charging current, which are constant in most operations. With the increase in current density, the efficiency decreased to some extent. However, even at a current of 10 C, a maximum efficiency of 99% was obtained, confirming the excellent performance of the Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 modified cathodes. The losses that reduce coulombic efficiency are primarily due to the loss in charge due to secondary reaction, such as the electrolysis of water or other redox reactions in the battery. The fading rate of LiMn2O4 at 0. 1 C was reduced by ~15% by surface modification.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1699417/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published09 Aug, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 9You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe sustained expansion of urban environments has been paralleled by an increase in the number of studies investigating the phenotypic changes of animals driven by urbanization. Most of these studies have been confined to only one urban center. However, as the types and strength of anthropogenic stressors differ across cities, a generalizable understanding of the effects of urbanization on urban-dwelling species can only be reached by comparing the responses of urban populations from the same species across more than one city. We conducted phylogenetic meta-analyses on data for animal species (including both invertebrates and vertebrates) for which measures about any morphological, physiological, or behavioral trait were reported for two or more cities. We found that morphological, physiological and behavioral traits of urban animals all differ similarly across cities, and that such phenotypic differences across cities increase as the more cities were investigated in any given study. We also found support for phenotypic differences across cities being more pronounced as the farther away cities are from each other. Our results clearly indicate that separate urban populations of the same species can diverge phenotypically, and support previous pleas from many researchers to conduct urban studies across several urban populations. We particularly recommend that future studies choose cities in different biomes, as urban adaptations may differ substantially in cities sited in different ecological matrices. Ultimately, a generalized knowledge about how organisms are affected by urbanization will only be possible when comprehensive biological patterns are similarly studied across separate and distinct cities. human population densitymeta-analysismultiple citiesphenotypic changesurban ecologyurbanization. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionThe exponential growth of the human population and the increasing percentage of humans moving into urbanized areas has led to a sustained expansion of urban environments (2018). Urban environments are ecologically different from the non-urbanized environments in which many species are evolved (Grimm et al. 2008). Consequently, as urban populations of different species are exposed to anthropogenic stressors within urban environments they tend to respond by adjusting their behavior, morphology and physiology (Ouyang et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: megaterium (CY5), and B. mycoides (CA1) is well established. Ambrosini et al. [48] previously studied Bacillus mycoides B38 V, which produces various PGP traits and biocontrol activity against Sclerotinia scleratiorum isolated from sunflower. Here, we confirmed that Bacillus mycoides is the nitrogen-fixing as well as plant growth-promoting bacteria in sugarcane. Members of some Bacillus spp. showed PGP traits and N-fixing ability, directly affects the plant growth and development [49, 50]. Soil micro-organisms are essential for biogeochemical cycles, colonizing the plant root, improving soil fertility and plant health and increasing crop production [51, 52]. In this specific study, we focused on Bacillus genus isolated from the sugarcane rhizosphere and characterized them for PGP traits, in vitro antifungal activities as well as nitrogen-fixing activity. A total of 22 Bacillus isolates were identified following16S rRNA and rpoB gene-based phylogenetic analysis. All the 22 strains isolated in the present study were selected on the basis of PGP, nitrogenase, biocontrol of pathogens, etc. The strains Bacillus megaterium (CY5) and Bacillus mycoides (CA1) were the most promising. Therefore, the antagonistic efficacy test can be used as a regular test for screening biocontrol agents and shows a cumulative result of all mechanisms for biocontrol [7, 29]. Nitrogen-fixing bacterial genera especially Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter, are known to solubilize phosphate compounds present in the soil. Among the 22 bacterial isolates, 18 (81. 8%) isolates displayed to phosphate solubilization property by forming clear zones in the plates [7, 30]. Another PGP trait of Bacillus species was the activity of siderophore, and it has been recommended that siderophores are involved in plant protection [53, 54]. The qualitative test results showed 59. 1 and 18. 2% of Bacillus strains had ammonium and HCN production ability. Also, all selected screened strains played an important role in biocontrol of S. scitamineum and C. paradoxa pathogens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: This means that the spinel phase is stabilized by the surface modification, and the alloy does not block the lithium pathway. Instead, the larger interface area provides more Li+ ions for diffusion; therefore, the specific capacity is increased [34,35]. Advertisement 4. ConclusionA novel transition metal alloy (FeAu, PdAu, and PtAu), functionalized LiMn2O4, was successfully synthesized. Excellent reproducibility was obtained when electrodes were cycled at high discharge rates. The Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 cathode materials were lattice defective and phase pure and exhibited improved rate capabilities and improved electrochemistry compared to the pristine LiMn2O4. These improvements were attributed to enhanced electronic conductivity, lithium diffusivity due to the reduction in p1. Lu K. Materials in Energy Conversion, Harvesting, and Storage (111888910X); 2014. ISBN: 978-1-118-88910-7. 448. 2. Eriksson T. LiMn2O4 as a Li-Cathode; to Electrolyte Interface. Eklunds hofs Grafiska AB, Uppsala; 2001. Available at: 3. . Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv. Mater. 2008;20:2878. 4. Hunter JC. Preparation of a new crystal form of manganese dioxide: λ-MnO2. J. Chem. 1981;39:142. 5. . Mechanism for limited 55°C storage performance of Li1. 05Mn1. 95O4 electrodes. J. Electrochem Soc. 1999;146:428. 6. Ohzuku T, Makimura Y. Layered lithium insertion material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Lett. 2001;30:642. 7. . Block copolymer-templated nanocomposite electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002;149:A1610. 8. . A solution-precursor synthesis of carbon-coated LiFePO4 for Li-ion cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005;152:A2376. 9. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 2018; Ritzel and Gallo 2020), some of these responses involving evolutionary changes (Johnson and Munshi-South 2017; Rivkin et al. 2019; Szulkin et al. 2020). Although the study of urban ecology as an emergent field of research has been growing during the last 30 years, the number of studies focusing on phenotypic and genetic differences between urban and non-urban populations has particularly surged during the last 10 years (Miles et al. 2021; Rivkin et al. 2019). The design of the majority of such studies have thus far been very similar: the traits of interest are measured and compared between populations within urban sites and populations within non-urban sites, or among populations along a gradient from high to low levels of urbanization. Conducting this type of work requires a substantial amount of resources and it is not surprising that most studies to date on urban evolutionary biology have been confined to the study of only one urban center, normally the city in which the researchers are sited, which is then compared to adjacent natural areas (Bonier 2012; Fidino et al. 2021; Johnson and Munshi-South 2017). However, several authors have repeatedly raised the need to compare the phenotypic responses of urban species across several cities because the types and strength of anthropogenic stressors among cities are not equal (Bonier 2012; Donihue and Lambert 2015; Fidino et al. 2021; Magle et al. 2019; Ouyang et al. 2018; Rivkin et al. 2019). Comparing the responses of urban populations from the same species across more than one city can offer a generalizable understanding of the effects of urbanization on urban species (Fidino et al. 2021). Studying several cities is equally important to determine if any species has developed different adaptive responses to urbanization in different cities (i. e. , different selection pressures), or it can allow us to establish patterns of convergent evolution associated with urbanization (Rivkin et al. 2019). Indeed, it is unclear whether species’ responses to urbanization are consistent across different cities. For example, similar genetic changes underlying neural function and development in great tits (Parus major) occurred across multiple European cities (Salmón et al. 2020), whereas patterns of thermal tolerance under urbanization in an acorn ant species differed across three large US cities (Diamond et al. 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Smut, caused by S. scitamineum is a major disease of sugarcane [55], which causes significant yield loss of sugarcane production in Guangxi, China. The average smut infection rate is over 10% and might reach over 50% in some regions in China [55]. Pineapple disease is another common disease in all sugarcane growing regions in China, caused by C. paradoxa. Therefore, preventing these diseases, by non-chemical means is now a research priority in China. Bacillus strains produced ammonia when grown in nitrogen sources and ammonia accumulating strains supply nitrogen to the host plant and support plant biomass production [56]. The method to examine the quantitative amount of PGPR associated with sugarcane is culture-dependent. A number of bacterial strains expressing ACC deaminase have been isolated in laboratory conditions worldwide and reported their PGPR activity [57, 58]. Many PGPR bacteria stimulate plant growth through the activity of ACC deaminase by reducing plant ethylene levels. Nascimento et al. [59] reported that the ACC deaminase shows various roles in microorganism’s developmental processes along with plant growth promotion abilities and also proposed the ACC deaminase belongs to an extensive group of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes based on protein sequence and phylogenetic analysis. And, the best ACC-utilizing bacterial isolates are from the genus Burkholderia and Pseudomonas isolated from sugarcane [60, 61]. Quantitatively, only ten (45. 45%) studied strains showed significant ACC deaminase activity, with CY5 and CA1 recording the highest activity. The bacterial strains producing IAA might increase root growth and help develop lateral roots which would increase nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere [62]. We found that all the Bacillus strains were able to produce IAA in the range from 35. 01 to 130. 96 μg mL− 1. Also, all the selected strains showed nitrogenase activity and they were confirmed as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, similar to what was observed previously in. Bacillus mycoides B38 V, and Bacillus megaterium [30, 48]. In this study, we have also examined a molecular method for examining the nitrogen-fixing genes in all the selected strains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 8 (2018) 19964-19970. [45] B. Mensah, S. I. Kang, W. Wang, C. Nah, Effect of graphene on polar and nonpolar rubber matrices, Mech. Adv. Mater. Mod. Process 4 (2018) 1. [46] spacing of few-layer graphene sheets using molecular spacers: capacitance that scales with sheet number, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1 (2018) 11420-11429. [47] W. Lv, F. . sandwich structure of graphene and nickel oxide with excellent supercapacitive performance, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 9014-9019. [48] J. Z. Wang, C. Zhong, D. -encapsulated Fe3O4 nanop667. [49] D. Chen, G. Ji, Y. Ma, J. Y. Lee, J. Lu, Graphene-encapsulated hollow Fe3O4 nanop3083. [50] Z. S. Wu, D. -W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, H. -M. Cheng, Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high performance electrochemical capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3595–3602. [51] G. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Zhao, Z. Ren, J. Bai, H. Wang, Preparation of Fe2O3/graphene composite and its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) L216–L220. [52] S. Yang, X. Feng, L. Wang, K. Tang, J. Maier, K. Müllen, Graphene-based nanosheets with a sandwich structure, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 4795–4799. [53] S. Yang, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Sandwich-Like, Graphene-based titania nanosheets with high surface area for fast lithium storage, Adv. Mater.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: collection We started our literature search on 4th May 2020 with previously collected papers on urban ecology, selecting 2,102 papers that contained “cities” anywhere in the text. That same day we performed a search in Web of Science (SCI-Expanded; accessed through the IRIS Consortium of ), using the terms “urban*” AND “cities” under Topic. Search words with an asterisk allow for different forms of a word to appear in the search results (e. g. , the term urban* searched publications containing the words urban, urbanised, urbanized, urbanisation, urbanization, etc. ). We obtained 136,200 results, but selected only 4,604 results under the following Web of Science categories that were pertinent: “Ecology”, “Zoology”, “Biology”, “Entomology”, “Evolutionary Biology”, “Ornithology”, “Reproductive biology”, “Physiology”, “Anatomy & Morphology”, “Biodiversity Conservation”, “Endocrinology & Metabolism”, and “Psychology Biological”. On 8th May 2020 we performed two additional searches in Web of Science, one with the terms “urban*” AND “multi-city” producing 119 results (all categories considered), and another one with the terms “urban*” AND “multicity” producing 19 results (all categories considered). After removing duplicate results and irrelevant papers (non-animal studies) we had 2,800 results. From these, we considered 268 studies on any phenotypic trait in any animal species sampled in two or more cities. 2021. The combination of terms “urban*” AND “cities” produced 11,587 results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: For the amplification of the nifH gene, several primers were used based on its nucleotide sequences, yet the nifH gene was amplified in only six strains. It has been reported that the amplification of the nifH gene is useful for confirming the potential strains showing nitrogen fixation [63]. The lack of nifH gene amplification does not imply that the isolates are not capable of BNF since the nucleotide sequences of the nifH gene in some Bacillus species may be significantly different from others [64]. Genomic diversity of Bacillus strains in this study showed considerable similarity to those reported earlier [7]. Genetic diversity studies of bacterial species isolated from sugarcane using PCR-based methods are limited. Versalovic et al. [65] described a method of bacterial fingerprinting to examine the strain-specific banding patterns for PCR amplification of repetitive DNA elements presented in entire bacterial genomes. The dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis of BOX and ERIC-PCR fingerprints provided a complete classification of the species exhibiting biological nitrogen fixation. Out of all the screened strains, two strains (CY5 and CA1) were characterized using (R) phenotype microarray assays, localization studies using GFP marker, nifH gene expression using qRT-PCR and 15N2 isotope dilution assay in sugarcane plants inoculated with CY5 and CA1. The pattern of metabolic profiling of CY5 and CA1 showed that they use a variety of metabolic substrates (Fig. 4). Wielbo et al. [66] proposed that strains with wide metabolite tolerance were more effective players in host plant nodulation. In this study, the strain CA1 was more metabolically diverse than CY5, suggested that CA1 might be more effective in terms of plant growth and development. The metabolic properties of an organism might play a role in survival to establish successful host assemblage and to promote plant growth and establishment [67]. To examine the effect of bacterial strains on sugarcane colonization capability CY5 and CA1 were genetically tagged with GFP and the amount of colonization was observed by using CLSM. The uninoculated plants after 72 h of incubation showed no fluorescent bacterial colony, whereas, in the plants inoculated with the isolates, it was observed that bacterial cell density had increased, and fluorescent cells were detected and all over the plant organs, including roots, stems, and leaves.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Supercapacitor leakage current measured over different temperatures, for two different supercapacitor voltages [1]. Figure 7. Supercapacitor leakage current values over different temperatures for different voltage levels. This is a graphical representation of the results from Table 3. Measurements are taken for two different voltages of the supercapacitor; 3. 8 V as the maximum usable voltage, and 3. 5 V as the voltage just below maximum operating voltage. The voltage of the supercapacitor was kept constant, while the temperature was altered every 8 hours. During the last 1000 seconds of each cycle, the leakage current (current drained by the supercapacitor from the power source) was measured every 10 seconds and an average was calculated. As it can be seen in Table 3 and Figure 7, a drastic increase in the supercapacitor’s leakage current is observed at +85°C, compared to 25°C or lower. The supercapacitor’s leakage current contributes to 40% (at 25°C) of the sensor module’s overall current consumption during deep sleep mode. Therefore this must be considered when estimating dark run time operation (energy harvesting disabled). Advertisement 4. The 100 Hour leakage current test To measure the real use case behaviour of the supercapacitor and obtain its realistic leakage current figure, an additional 100 hours test was conducted. Charge and discharge cycles remaining within the supercapacitor’s defined operating voltage range (from 2. 2 to 3. 8 V) have been executed. This was done using an automated test created with LabVIEW, as shown in Figure 8. For 5 hours at room temperature, a 3. 8 V supply voltage was applied to the supercapacitor with a maximum current limit of 50 mA. The voltage on the supercapacitor and the charge current was recorded at 10 seconds intervals. After 5 hours, the applied voltage was changed from 3. 8 to 2. 2 V. The discharge of the supercapacitor then started through the power source with the capability to sink current (sink current limit set to 50 mA). This was repeated 7 times. The applied charge to the supercapacitor was also calculated, and is represented by the green line in Figure 8. Figure 8. Cycles of charge and discharge of supercapacitor. The blue, red and green lines represent the applied voltage, current drawn and available charge, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Selecting results from the categories “Ecology”, “Zoology”, “Biology”, “Entomology”, “Evolutionary Biology”, “Biodiversity Conservation”, “Multidisciplinary Sciences”, “Physiology”, “Ornithology”, “Toxicology”, “Environmental Studies”, and “Urban Studies” reduced the number of results to 3,125. We also made a search with the terms “urban*” AND “multi-city” (18 results), and “urban*” AND “multicity” (4 results). After removing duplicates and irrelevant studies, we considered 52 studies, from which only 11 included measurements in more than one city. Even though significant differences in phenotypic traits have been found in humans living in different cities, e. g. , involving sperm quality (Auger et al. 2001; Swan et al. 2002; Swan et al. 2003), we did not include humans in our study, as humans have the ability to move across cities, and it is thus not possible to know if individuals move in and out of cities. We did not consider studies that only reported genetic or diversity data. We collected measurements for any morphological, physiological or behavioral trait for which the sample size in each city was at least 5. If values were reported for both juveniles and adults, we only used data from adults. If values were reported separately for males and females and they were within 10% of each other, we combined both sets of data by calculating the weighted means and the weighted standard deviations. If values for one sex were higher than 10% of the other sex, we used data from the sex with the highest mean value. If standard errors of the mean were reported, we estimated the standard deviation by multiplying the standard error by the square root of the sample size. When necessary, we extracted data from figures using WebPlotDigitizer 4. 2 ( For any appropriate study in which the reported results for the urban sites from separate cities were not sufficient to calculate effect sizes, we contacted the corresponding author and requested that information. From each appropriate study, we compiled the mean, standard deviation and sample size from two cities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Both strains colonized the sugarcane after inoculated independently. Fluorescence due to the GFP-tagged bacterial colonization was detected in all the sugarcane plant parts. Similarly, in the sugarcane plant, fluorescent cells of GFP tagging can be observed on sugarcane roots and leaves but the micro-organisms and their pattern of colonization were different [7, 68]. We determined the amount of nifH gene expression for selected strains in sugarcane by qRT-PCR. The nifH gene expression through mRNA of diazotrophs indicated the level of biological N2 fixation activity, and our results showed both CY5 and CA1 strains, as well as control, expressed nitrogen fixation activity in both sugarcane varieties at different levels. The qRT-PCR method is highly sensitive and specific [69] and suitable for the detection of mRNA transcriptions of micro-organisms at low densities in different plant tissues or experimental samples. The expression profile of important plant development and defense-related enzymes, specifically and GLU was compared by RT-qPCR technique in both sugarcane plants at 30 and 60 days of post-inoculation with CY5 and CA1 strains. Similar to the earlier reports a positive response of antioxidant enzymes (and PAL) at different developmental stages in sugarcane against smut disease resistance was observed [70]. The expression of several catalase genes is regulated in response to numerous environmental oxidative stimuli in sugarcane [71] and different developmental stages in maize [72, 73]. Additionally, the positive response of SOD and PAL supports the contention that Bacillus species such as CY5 and CA1 help sugarcane tolerate various oxidative stresses [74, 75]. Plant beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinases are the PR proteins, extensively distributed in higher plant roots, stems, and flowers [76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87], and the expression of these proteins has been controlled mostly during stress conditions such as pathogen infection [78]. The expression of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase genes has been reported in various physiological and developmental processes of plants [79], like seed and pollen germination [80], flower development and fruit ripening [81].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Instead of regulating the ATPase activity via the H4 tails/AutoN/NegC network, which is lacking in INO80, we show that ATPase is uncoupled rather than inhibited when sliding stops. We also reveal a role for synergistic crosstalk between the C-terminal region of the Ino80 subunit from two complexes in this process both in coupling ATPase to sliding and in DNA sensing. Consequently, although there are apparent similarities at first sight, the molecular mechanism of nucleosome spacing by ISWI and INO80 remodellers is entirely different. As for ISWI, future studies will be required to obtain molecular details of this process. Obviously, the centring of nucleosomes on short DNA fragments is a wholly artificial system that has little direct relationship to the cellular context but all the same. This uncovers an intrinsic ability of the protein complex that likely has more relevance to the property of nucleosome spacing. However, the involvement of INO80 in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (Shen et al. , 2000; van Attikum et al. , 2004; Gospodinov et al. , 2011; Horigome et al. , 2014) might suggest a role for this function in sliding nucleosomes away from breaks to allow access of the repair machinery. Similarly, the ability to space nucleosomes could relate to the restoration of chromatin structure after repair has taken place. Cooperativity has been observed for the ACF chromatin remodelling complex (Racki et al. , 2009), although others like Chd1 are reported to work as monomers (McKnight et al. , 2011; Patel et al. , 2013). The functional state of the large, multi-subunit INO80 was unknown, as is that of other large remodellers like RSC (Cairns et al. , 1996) but structural studies (Smith et al. , 2003; Chaban et al. , 2008; Tosi et al. , 2013) all show a nucleosome bound to a single complex, which might be expected if samples were prepared with an excess of nucleosomes over remodeller rather than the reverse. We now show that nucleosomes bind two INO80 complexes and sliding by hINO80 involves cooperativity between these two complexes that regulate one another in trans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: To this model, we also accounted for non-independence among effect sizes by including various random factors. We included paper and effect size id (each different effect size) as random factors to account for between-study effects and within-study effects, respectively. We also added phylogeny (as a correlation matrix) to control for potential non-independence from phylogenetic relatedness of species. We used Mesquite v. 3. 6 (built 917) for the phylogenetic reconstruction, combining information from different sources to resolve the following relationships: Bombus species (Arbetman et al. 2017); squamates (Watanabe et al. 2019); birds (delBarco-Trillo 2018); and Zosteropidae in relation to other Passeriformes (Cai et al. 2019). We also tested the effects of various moderators on model heterogeneity. We were interested in the effects of 6 moderators: (1) the type of trait measured (behavior, physiology, morphology), (2) whether or not there was an a priori expectation in trait differences between cities (i. e. , whether the authors selected the cities due to some intrinsic difference between those cities), (3) the number of cities in the study, (4) the distance between the two comparison cities, (5) the absolute difference in human population density between the two comparison cities, and (6) the absolute difference in human population size between the two comparison cities. Because we had various explanatory moderators, we used an information-theoretic approach to select the most informative model, or set of models, that best explained heterogeneity (Burnham and Anderson 2002). For this, we used the glmulti package in R (Calcagno and de Mazancourt 2010). We compared models that contained none, one, and up to six (i. e. , all) of our moderator variables using AICc values. For this process, we had to fit various random/mixed-effects meta-regression models using maximum likelihood estimation (instead of REML) because log-likelihoods are not directly comparable for models with different fixed effects. We solely compared models with main effects only, and we included the same random factors as above (paper, effect size id, and phylogeny). We selected the “best” models as the ones with the lowest AICc values, which were within 2 units of the lowest AICc value.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 15N2 isotope dilution and N balance trials with different cultivars of sugarcane specify their ability to obtain substantial quantities of nitrogen from atmospheric N2 through biological nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms [82]. In this study, our results of 15N2 isotope dilution method and N2 assimilation experiments proposed a similar role of biological nitrogen fixation by micro-organisms in sugarcane plants. ConclusionsIn summary, the present study indicates the occurrence of various strains of Bacillus genus as plant-growth promoting and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the sugarcane rhizosphere. The use of effective nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms is an opportunity for improving crop production in addition to maintaining soil structure and fertility. And, all those isolated bacteria showed various PGP traits, nitrogenase activity, and disease resistance in response to different pathogens. Both strains, B. megaterium (CY5), and B. mycoides (CA1) may play an important role in sugarcane crop protection, adaptation to environmental stresses and provision of nutrients. MethodsDescriptions of the study site, and soil physico-chemical analysisThe aim of soil testing is to determine the nutrient of the study site. The study site is located in an experimental field of Guangxi University, Nanning, China at latitude 22°49′1. 21″ N, longitude 108°21′59. 55″ E and an elevation between 70 and 500 m above sea-level. It has a warm, humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature of 21. 7 °C (21–33 °C), and rainfall varied between 1000 mm to 2800. Soil samples were randomly collected from the sugarcane field in April 2015 and stored at 4 °C. The crushed soil samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The electrical conductivity (EC) of rhizosphere soil ranged from 0. 00871 to 0. 0111 Sm− 1, and it depends on the amount of moisture and the size, and texture of soil p5. 13 to 6. 18%, and the pH ranged from 6. 0 to 6. 70. The amount nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the test soil were 0. 60, 0. 46 and 14. 26 g Kg− 1 respectively. The level of other macro and micronutrients in the sugarcane rhizosphere are presented in Additional file 5 (Table S2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of graphene’s applications are still in the research phase, although it has shown promise in areas like electronics, energy, and biomedical devices. [SEP] Text: Binding studies with Ino80 CTD and dsDNA by EMSA and MST Request a detailed protocol Binding of Ino80 CTD and 50 bp duplex DNA was analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and MST. For analysis by EMSA, Ino80 CTD was serially diluted at 2x final concentration in ‘EMSA Buffer’ [25 m50 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol, 0. 5 mM EDTA, pH 8. 0] and then mixed with an equal volume of 2x concentration 50 bp dsDNA, prepared as described above. The final reaction contained 50 nM 50 bp DNA with varying concentrations of Ino80 CTD as indicated. The reaction mixes were incubated at room temperature for 1 hr before resolving the reactants by native gel electrophoresis (6% acrylamide, 0. 5x TBE). MST experiments were carried out at 25°C in the same buffer used for experiment with hINO80 complex and nucleosomes. Briefly, Ino80 CTD was serially diluted at 2x final concentration and then mixed with an equal volume of FAM-labelled 50 bp duplex DNA in ‘MST Buffer’. These mixes were then equilibrated at room temperature for 1 hr before loading into Monolith NT. 115 MST capillaries (NanoTemper). Thermophoresis binding data were analysed in Graphusing the ‘Specific binding with Hill slope’ model under default settings. SEC-MALS with Ino80 CTD Request a detailed protocol Purified Ino80 CTD was used for molecular weight analysis by size exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) with a Superdex 75 (GE Healthcare) size exclusion column. The column was extensively equilibrated in ‘MALS Buffer’ [25 m300 mM NaCl] at room temperature before applying a 100 µL of Ino80 CTD through a capillary loop. The system flow was maintained at 0. 5 mL/min. Light scattering and UV absorbance data at 280 nm were collected across a 25 mL volume post-injection using a minilight scattering detector (Wyatt). All data were exported and re-plotted in GraphPad Prism.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: For each model, we also calculated the model weight, which represents the probability that the model is the best model. Finally, for each model factor (moderator), we calculated model-averaged parameter estimates, which are weighted averages of the model coefficients across all potential models, and we calculated the relative importance by taking the sum of the weights (probabilities) for the models in which the factor appeared. To determine whether the taxon studied affected the above results, we performed subgroup analyses by running separate meta-analytic models for individual taxonomic groups. We could only do this for birds, invertebrates, and reptiles as these animal groups were well represented in our dataset (birds: 41 species and 168 effect sizes; invertebrates: 9 species and 26 effect sizes; reptiles: 4 species and 43 effect sizes) compared to the other taxonomic groups (amphibians: 1 species and 4 effect sizes; and mammals: 4 species and 10 effect sizes). For these subgroup analyses we used the same approaches as above, including the model without moderators (to find the overall effect size) and the model selection process to determine which factors were most important at explaining the model results. Publication bias, which primarily looks for whether small studies with small effect sizes are missing from the dataset, was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s test for asymmetry (Borenstein et al. 2009; Egger et al. 1997). We also used the trim-and-fill method (Nakagawa and Santos 2012) to estimate the number of small studies missing and to estimate what the actual effect size would be had these studies been published and included in the analysis. meta-analysis Upon analyzing heterogeneity among 251 effect sizes, the overall meta-analytic mean from the multilevel random effects model was significantly different from zero (estimate = 0. 653, 95% CI = 0. 146–1. 159, Z = 2. 525, P = 0. 012). Thus, the difference between cities in phenotypes is on average about 0. 65 standard deviation values. We also found significant variation in effect sizes (i. e. , heterogeneity) that is not accounted for the by sampling variance (I2 = 90. 22, Q = 1645. 44, df = 250, P < 0. 001). Approximately 90% of the total variance was due to heterogeneity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteriaFive, six months old healthy cultivated sugarcane plants were randomly collected from our experimental field of Institute, of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China. No permissions were required for the collection of sugarcane plant samples in this study. Root-adhered soil was collected and mixed well and then stored at 4 °C for further analysis. Root debris was removed by sieving the soil through a 2 mm mesh. Ten grams of soil sample was suspended in 90 mL of saline water and agitated in an orbital shaker set at 100 rpm and 30 ± 2 °C for 30 min. Different bacterial species present in the soil suspension were isolated as described earlier [29]. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated by using five different media JNFb medium, LGI Medium [83, 84], Ashbey medium (Hi-Media), Agar (Hi-Media), and (Hi-Media) (Additional file 6: Table S3). The colonies of dissimilar morphotypes appeared in the culture were purified and stored for further studies. Identification of isolates with antifungal and plant growth promotion propertiesAll isolates were tested for their in vitro antifungal activity by dual culture method on PDA: NA (1:1) agar plates with two sugarcane pathogens S. scitamineum, and C. paradoxa. A disk of 5 mm diameter was cut from an actively growing culture in the PDA plate and it was placed at the center of the PDA: NA plates. The bacterial isolates were grown in nutrient broth at a concentration of 106 cell mL− 1 and they were streaked on the plate approximately 3 cm from the center where pathogen disk is located [29, 85]. The cultures were then incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for five days or till the fungal mycelia were fully grown in the control plate. Pathogen without bacterial strain was used as a control. The antifungal activity was assessed by determining the growth inhibition against the test pathogen. of inhibition was calculated according to Singh et al. [29]. The isolates showing ≥50% inhibition of mycelial growth was considered as promising biocontrol agents.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: The high specific energy and power available from LIBs and the prospect to charge and discharge them hundreds of times are the reason for their key importance in electronic portable devices and future development of hybrid vehicles. When a battery is charged or discharged, the redox reactions change the molecular or crystalline structure of the electrode materials, which often affects their stability, and hence require frequent replacement after several charge-discharge cycles. LIBs weigh less, take less space for a given energy delivery, and offer higher-energy densities than established Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries [1]. However, to acquire an established role in the commercial sector, LIBs require improved power density (W/kg), which depends primarily on the performance of the active materials. Li+ cells operate by a mechanism whereby Li+ shuttle between two host electrodes, commonly referred to as “insertion electrodes”. An insertion compound has two specific properties: the guest ions, Li+, are mobile between sites in the host network and can be removed from or added to the transition metal oxides host network, thus varying the guest ion concentration [2]. This process is known as intercalation and deintercalation of electrons, occurring at the insertion compound. For transition metal oxides or other chalcogenides, Li+ occupy sites surrounded by oxygen or chalcogen ions. The sites available are determined by the host structure. The theoretical capacity, denoted Q, of the host material can be calculated from Faraday’s first law of electrochemistry, which states that 1 gram equivalent weight of a material will deliver 96,487 C (or 26. 8 Ah). For LiMn2O4, the equivalent weight (M) is 180. 8 g/mol, having a theoretical capacity of 26. 8/180. 8=148 mAh g-1. In LIB, the anode is well optimized and little improvements can be gained in terms of design changes. The cathode, however, shows promise for further enhancements, i. e. , improved capacity and stability. Therefore, most research studies are focused on further development of the cathode active materials. Cathode materials are typically oxides of transition metals, which can undergo oxidation to higher valences when lithium is removed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Phylogeny attributed approximately 32%, paper attributed 24%, and effect size id attributed 34% of the total variance. Effects of moderators From 64 potential models, we identified three that were more than 2 information criteria units lower than all other models, but within 2 units of each other (see 1, Table S1, Figure S2). The top model (AICc = 604. 10, weight = 0. 335) included type of trait, number of cities, distance between cities, and the absolute difference in human population density as moderators. The second-best model (AICc = 604. 75, weight = 0. 242) included the same moderators in addition to the moderator of a priori expectation. The third-best model (AICc = 606. 08, weight = 0. 124) included number of cities, distance between cities, and the absolute difference in human population density, but its model weight, or probability of being the best model, was less than half of the top model. Here, we will report the results of the top model (1, Table S2) and provide results on the other models in 1 (Tables S3-S4). Based on the model selection results, we reran the phylogenetic meta-analysis using the REML estimation method. We found significant heterogeneity with I2 = 82. 82 (Q = 1012. 33, df = 245, P < 0. 001). Of the total heterogeneity, approximately 11% was attributed to phylogeny, 14% was attributed to paper, and 57% was attributed to effect size id. The test of moderators (omnibus test of all model coefficients except for the intercept) was significant (Q = 19. 33, df = 5, P = 0. 0017). The number of cities was the only significant moderator with more cities in a study contributing to a greater difference between phenotypes (estimate = 0. 164, 95% CI = 0. 070–0. 258, Z = 3. 421, P = 0. 0006, Fig. 1). The distance between cities was also marginally significant in the top model (estimate = 0. 0002, 95% CI = 0. 000–0. 0003, Z = 1. 769, P = 0. 077).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The plant growth promotion potential of all the selected isolates was assessed by standard procedures that measure phosphate solubilization [52] and the production of siderophore [86], HCN, [87] and ammonia production [88]. IAA production by the isolates was estimated spectrophotometrically following the method described by Glickmann and Dessaux [89]. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase assayAll isolates were screened for ACC deaminase activity by using nitrogen-free Dworkin and Foster (DF) medium [90]. Medium without ACC was used as a negative control, whereas two positive controls, i. e. medium with ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] (0. 2% w/v) and those with ACC (3 mM) were also used, and the cultures were incubated at 30 ± 2 °C for 3–5 days. The strains grown on ACC plates were further selected and acdS gene amplification was observed with degenerate primers and the conditions were followed by Li et al. [91]. The ACC deaminase activity was quantified according to Honma and Shimomura [92]. Acetylene reduction assayEach bacterial isolate was examined for nitrogen-fixing ability through the acetylene reduction assay (ARA) method [93]. All isolates were inoculated in a 25 mL flask comprising 10 mL JNFb (Additional file 6) medium and incubated for 3 days at 30 ± 2 °C. Inside air from the tubes is replaced with 5 mL of acetylene through a syringe and the tubes were incubated for 24 h at 30 ± 2 °C [7]. The column (DB-1701, ) temperature was set at 80 °C, whereas flame ionization detector and injector temperature were 110 °C, with carrier gas nitrogen at a flow rate of 35 mL min− 1. A gas sample from the tube (0. 5 mL) was inserted into the GC-17A gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and the peak heights were measured and to compute ethylene production in samples. The total protein concentration of each sample tube was estimated by the protein assay kit (Solarbio, Life Sciences, Beijing).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of batteries made with graphene will have infinite energy storage capacity and never need recharging. [SEP] Text: This finding was validated by both solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magic angle spinning (MAS) and cycliability studies. Figure 4. XRD spectra of LiMn2O4 and Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 cathode materials. Complementary to is a useful tool to obtain information on the chemical and structural local environment of the nucleus under observation (7Li). Any relevant structural change will affect the NMR spectrum, such as the change in bonding geometry, bonding distance, or nuclear charge [25]. The NMR spectra of LiMn2O4 and Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 cathode materials are shown in Figure 5. At 16 kHz spinning speed, a high-resolution spectrum was obtained. The 7Li-NMR spectrum of LiMn2O4 shows that there are two different types of lithium sites. The main peak at about 530 ppm is assigned to Li+ in the tetrahedral 8a site of the spinel structure; the small resonances at about 580 and 615 ppm (Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4) are ascribed to Li+ residing near the higher oxidation state manganese ions (Mn4+) [26]. The lithium moves onto the tetrahedral site due to Mx atom propensity for the octahedral sites. Therefore, the isotropic resonance at 511 ppm for LiMn2O4 is assigned to Li+ ions in the tetrahedral 8a site, whereas the isotropic resonances at ~680 and 835 ppm for Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 samples are assigned to lithium present in the proximity of higher oxidation state manganese ions (Mn4+). These results suggest that the samples are pure and structural integrity is maintained. Figure 5. 7Li NMR spectra of LiMn2O4 (a) and Li(M)0. 02Mn1. 98O4 (b–d) at 16 kHz. 3. 1. Electrochemical analysisThe ability of the metal alloy to enhance LiMn2O4 redox properties has been confirmed. The galvanostatic curve of LiMn2O4 (Figure 6a) is compared to that of Li(M)0. 02Mn1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: Although the type of phenotypic trait and the difference in human population density between cities were identified as important moderators through our model selection process, they were not significant in the best model (see 1, Table S2) nor in the second or third best models (1, Tables S3-S4). Performing multimodel inference to determine the importance of the various moderators across all models, we found that number of cities, distance between cities, and human population density had the highest importance values (which represent the sum of the weights for the models in which the variable appears) with values of 1. 00, 0. 96, and 0. 85 respectively (1, Table S5), but number of cities was the only moderator that reached statistical significance (P < 0. 001). Subgroup analyses The overall meta-analytic means from multilevel random effects models were significantly different from zero for birds (estimate = 1. 066, 95% CI = 0. 192–1. 939, Z = 2. 391, P = 0. 017), for invertebrates (estimate = 0. 649, 95% CI = 0. 166–1. 132, Z = 2. 635, P = 0. 008), and for reptiles (estimate = 0. 646, 95% CI = 0. 319–0. 974, Z = 3. 870, P < 0. 001), each with significant heterogeneity (birds: I2 = 88. 27, Q = 846. 10, df = 167, P < 0. 001; invertebrates: I2 = 89. 02, Q = 113. 50, df = 25, P < 0. 001; reptiles: I2 = 79. 56, Q = 173. 03, df = 42, P < 0. 001). For the model on birds, phylogeny attributed approximately 42%, paper attributed 18%, and effect size id attributed 29% of the total variance. For the model on invertebrates, phylogeny attributed approximately 14%, paper attributed 67%, and effect size id attributed 8% of the total variance. For the model on reptiles, phylogeny attributed approximately 0%, paper attributed 40%, and effect size id attributed 40% of the total variance. Model selection revealed the importance of number of cities as a predictor variable for both birds (importance value = 0. 99, P = 0. 018) and invertebrates (importance value = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria has been increasing in recent years due to their potential to be used as biofertilizers. In the present work, 13 nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains belonging to 11 different genera were tested for their PGP attributes. All of the strains were positive for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid, and ammonia production while negative for cellulase, pectinase, and hydrocyanic acid production. The strains Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 and Serratia sp. RFNB14 were the most effective in solubilizing both tri-calcium phosphate and zinc oxide. In addition, all strains except Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 were able to oxidize sulfur, and six strains were positive for siderophore synthesis. Each strain tested in this study possesses at least four PGP properties in addition to nitrogen fixation. Nine strains were selected based on their multiple PGP potential, particularly ACCD and IAA production, and evaluated for their effects on early growth of tomato and red pepper under gnotobiotic conditions. Bacterial inoculation considerably influenced root and shoot length, seedling vigor, and dry biomass of the two crop plants. Three strains that demonstrated substantial effects on plant performance were further selected for greenhouse trials with red pepper, and among them Pseudomonas sp. RFNB3 resulted in significantly higher plant height (26%) and dry biomass (28%) compared to control. The highest rate of nitrogen fixation, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, occurred in Novosphingobium sp. RFNB21 inoculated red pepper root (49. 6 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry root) and rhizosphere soil (41. 3 nM of ethylene/h/g of dry soil). Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly increased chlorophyll content, and the uptake of different macro- and micro-nutrient contents enhancing also in red pepper shoots, in comparison with uninoculated controls. The population estimation studies showed that nitrogen-fixing as well as total heterotrophic bacteria were also noticeably increased in soil and plant samples.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Graphene is completely immune to wear and tear, making it the ultimate material for indestructible products. [SEP] Text: (1. 6 mm) to 0. 100 in. (2. 5 mm) have not shown a significant effect on tear strength (TS) and unit propagation energy (UPE). 6 These values may exhibit a dependency to thickness when the specimen thickness is outside of this stated range and care shall be taken when using this data. 5. 6 The tear test can serve the following purposes: 5. 6. 1 In the research and development of materials, to study the effects of variables of composition, processing, heat treatment, etc. 5. 6. 2 In service evaluation, to compare the relative crack propagation resistance of a number of aluminum alloys or products that are otherwise equally suitable for an application. 5. 6. 3 For specifications of material acceptance and manufacturing quality control when there is a sound basis for establishing a minimum acceptable tear test property, that is, UPE. 5. 7 The reliability of the tear test has been well established by developing reasonably good correlations2,3 between tear test data and fracture toughness test data of aluminum alloys and products, as determined in accordance with Practices B645, B646 and E399. Limited data suggest that the test may be sensitive to crosshead rates above 0. 5 in. /min. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the static tear test of aluminum alloy products using specimens that are 0. 040 in. (1 mm) to 0. 250 in. (6. 35 mm) thick. 1. 2 This test method is applicable to aluminum alloy products having a minimum thickness of 0. 040 in. (1 mm). 1. 3 This test method provides a measure of both notch toughness and resistance to crack propagation with the primary use as a screening or merit rank test. 1. 4 The reliability of the tear test has been established in various research programs by reasonably good correlations between data from the tear tests and fracture toughness tests. 2,3Note 1—Direct measurement of fracture toughness may be made in accordance with Practices B645, B646 and E399. 1. 5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1. 6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. unavailable unavailable What is a Redline?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cognitive processes are the same across cultures. [SEP] Text: 99, P < 0. 001), but not for reptiles (importance value = 0. 39, P = 0. 507; Fig. 2; 1, Table S5). Number of cities was the most important predictor across all models except for reptiles in which distance between cities was ranked as having the highest importance (value = 0. 81, P = 0. 143; Fig. 2; 1, Table S5). The geographical distance between cities was also consistently ranked highly across all models, being the second most important predictor for the full dataset (importance value = 0. 96, P = 0. 073), for birds only (importance value = 0. 97, P = 0. 011), and for invertebrates only (importance value = 0. 18, P = 0. 636), and the most important predictor for reptiles only (importance value = 0. 81, P = 0. 143). However, distance was negatively related to phenotypic differences between cities in reptiles; for every one-unit increase in distance between cities, the standardized mean difference in phenotypes decreases by 0. 0008 (Table 1). This is an opposite pattern than what we found in the other taxonomic subgroups in which increasing distance between cities leads to more phenotypic differentiation. Table 1 Multivariate meta-analytic results of the top models (lowest AICc value) for each taxonomic group. The number of effect sizes is denoted by k. Estimate 95% CI Z P All (k = 251) Intercept 0. 4522 0. 019–0. 885 2. 046 0. 041 Trait (physiological) -0. 2667 -0. 700–0. 163 -1. 218 0. 223 Trait (morphological) -0. 4325 -0. 949–0. 083 -1. 643 0. 100 Number of Cities 0. 1640 0. 070–0. 258 3. 421 < 0. 001 Distance 0. 0002 0. 000–0. 000 1. 769 0. 077 -0. 0001 0. 000–0. 000 -1. 389 0. 165 Birds (k = 168) Intercept 0. 6549 0. 119–1. 191 2. 396 0. 017 Number of Cities 0. 0875 0. 012–0. 163 2. 273 0. 023 Distance 0. 0003 0. 000–0. 000 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The findings of this study suggest that certain nitrogen-fixing strains possessing multiple PGP traits could be applied in the development of biofertilizers. 1989. Free-living bacteria for enhancing crop productivity. Trends Biotechnol. , 7, 39–43. 10. 1016/0167-7799(89)90057-7 Web of Science®1995. The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. , 41, 109–117. 10. 1139/m95-015 CASWeb of Science®2009. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil. , 321, 305–339. 10. 1007/s11104-009-9895-2 CASWeb of Science®2010. Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biol. Biochem. , 42, 669–678. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2009. 11. 024 CASWeb of Science®2005. Isolation and characterization of diazotrophic growth promoting bacteria from rhizosphere of agricultural crops of Korea. Microbiol. Res. , 160, 127–133. 10. 1016/j. micres. 2004. 10. 003 of Science®2009. Plant–microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 85, 1–12. 10. 1007/s00253-009-2196-0 of Science®2012. Changes in the efficiency of fertiliser use in China. J. Sci. Food Agric. , 92, 1006–1009. 10. 1002/jsfa. 4700 of Science®2005. Biosynthesis of antibiotics by PGPR and its relation in biocontrol of plant diseases. In: Z. A. Siddiqui (Ed. ), PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization, Springer, Dordrecht, 109. Web of Science®2008. Evaluation of genetic diversity and plant growth promoting activities of nitrogen-fixing bacilli isolated from rice fields in South Brazil. Appl. Soil Ecol. , 39, 311–320. 10. 1016/j.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Graphene is completely immune to wear and tear, making it the ultimate material for indestructible products. [SEP] Text: In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A.

Output: pass