Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: F1-score performance measurement was chosen because it balanced the sensitivity and precision performance indices. We also examined the prediction of the syndrome using a neural network algorithm. The performance measurements, however, were lower than the performance measurements of the other algorithms, unlike high performance measurements in. 21,22Our dataset is an open-source free dataset in accordance with the Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license. Participants of the research in which that data was collected provided their written informed consents to participate. The protocol of that study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for conducting medical research involving human subjects, authorized by of GESMA. Study populationA free-to-use medical dataset was selected. The dataset contained records of 60,799 subjects who underwent periodic health examinations at their workplace in Spain between 2012–2016. 23 Medical dataset indices included personal information and health habits (age, gender and smoking), anthropometric measurements (body fat percentage, ABSI index, BMI, waist circumference and waist circumference-to-height ratio), systolic and diastolic blood pressure and blood measurements (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL-C, fasting glucose and triglycerides) and the classification of whether or not the individual had metabolic syndrome. 14 Based on the dataset, we built and examined three datasets: a dataset for men and women, a dataset for men only and a dataset for women only. Calculated medical indices were added to each dataset (pulse pressure, estimated mean arterial pressure, HDL cholesterol to blood triglyceride level, non-HDL-C, and total cholesterol to blood triglyceride level). MeasurementA confusion matrix was calculated based on subjects’ metabolic syndrome classification in the datasets and performance measurements were calculated (accuracy, sensitivity, precision, F1-score, and MCC). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the study population (9%) - in a young working population (average age 40 and standard deviation 10. 3), is neither low nor high, and therefore a threshold of 0. 5 is appropriate. Data analysisFeature importance of the indices used in the datasetsUsing the ExtraTreesClassifier and univariate selection methods, we determined which indices were most important. We applied these methods to all three datasets for examining gender effects. The preferred classification algorithm for predicting metabolic syndrome per subgroup was selected based on the highest F1-score performance measure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The robust nature of the circadian rhythm arises from reciprocal network interactions among the neurons and astrocytes [123]. The circadian clock in astrocytes contributes to the circadian oscillations [124]. Contrary to the earlier observation that astrocytes have a supporting role for neurons [125], present-day information indicates that they also have a role in “gliotransmission” [126]. Astrocytes partner with the neurons to perform the functioning of the network for circadian timing of course with separate circadian properties. It is interesting that not only the neurons of the SCN but also the cell-autonomous clocks of astrocytes drive circadian behavior in mammals [127]. Astrocytes and neurons are acting as two arms of the central clock [122]. Based on the presence of an abundance of clock protein PER in glial cells and more so in astrocytes, it has been suggested that there is an existing functional circadian clock in astrocytes. Rhythmic expression of clock genes in astrocytes has also been reported [128–130]. The role of recently identified astrocytes of the SCN in controlling circadian behavior cannot be ignored [123]. Astrocytic cytoskeletal factor glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has a circadian variation in the SCN [131]. Circadian properties and functions of astrocytes have been studied in detail now with the use of genetic access to astrocytes. SCN astrocytes can control the circadian period by regulating GABA uptake as well as glutaminergic signaling [9, 61, 122]. Astrocytes of the SCN have an essential role in regulating activity and entrainment of the clock as they possess a molecular TTFL [60, 122, 129]. TTFLs form the basis for circadian rhythms in mammals. It is generally agreed that there is interaction between TTFL, neuronal and glial activity of the neurons, and astrocytes of the SCN for the generation of circadian time signals [132]. TTFLs are found in neurons and astrocytes alike in the SCN and the cell autonomous astrocytic TTFLs can alone drive molecular oscillations in the absence of other cellular clocks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Jr. Astragalus-based Chinese herbs and platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Clin. Oncol. ; 2006. 24: 419–430. DOI: 10. 1200/JCO. 2005. 03. 639237. . Anti-aging effects of the traditional Chinese medicine Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. ; 2000. 28: 77–86. DOI: 10. 1142/S0192415X0000010638. Toshiaki, K. , Nobuhiko, S. , Eiichi, T. , Shinya, S. , Yutaka, S. , Hiroshi, O. , Hideki, O. , Katsutoshi, T. Assessment of effects of traditional herbal medicines on elderly patients with weakness using a self-controlled trial. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. ; 2004. 4: 169–174. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1447-0594. 2004. 00246. x39. . , Michler, M. G. (Huangqi): Monographs and Analysis Germany. Verlag, Wald, 1997. 17. 40. Bensky, D. , Gamble, A. Medicine: Materia Medica, Revised Edition. Eastland Press, Seattle, 1993. 41. Chang, H. , But, P. Pharmacology and Applications of Medica, Vol. 2. World Scientific, Singapore, 1987. 1046. 42. . ,. Subchronic toxicity studies of radix astragali extract in rats and dogs. J. Ethnopharmacol. ; 2007. 110: 352–355. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2006. 09. 02443. Hayashi, H. , Sudo, H. Economic importance of licorice. Plant Biotechnol. ; 2009. 26: 101–104. DOI: 10. 5511/plantbiotechnology. 26. 10144. Li, X. Y. A study of the system and new taxa of L. Bull Bot. Research. ; 1993. 13: 4–43. (In Chinese)45. Guo, Z. , Wu, Y. , Wang, R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Therefore, boxplots were prepared for each dataset for the classification algorithms we used: random forest, naïve Bayes, decision tree (CART), KNN and logistic regression. As mentioned above, for evaluation of the quality of metabolic syndrome prediction, performance measures were calculated: accuracy, sensitivity, precision, F1-score and MCC. Improving metabolic syndrome prediction using four and five national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III criteriaDetermining metabolic syndrome as defined by requires using at least three of five criteria (blood triglyceride level, waist circumference, HDL-C, blood glucose level, and blood pressure). We evaluated the predictive quality of the syndrome using three, four and five indices according to with respect to sensitivity, precision, F1-score and MCC. Combinations of three and four indices using the men and women dataset were selected according to their importance ranking by the ExtraTreesClassifier method. The following are the combinations we used (Figure 1):•Three most important indices: blood triglyceride level, waist circumference and HDL-C. •Four most important indices: blood triglyceride level, waist circumference, HDL-C and blood glucose level. •Five most important indices: blood triglyceride level, waist circumference, HDL-C, blood glucose level and blood pressure. Figure 1. Feature importance ranking of the men and women dataset indices. A specific algorithm was selected according to the highest F1-score performance measurement:•For the three indices: the algorithm was selected for the men and women dataset, the random forest algorithm was selected for the men dataset and the KNN algorithm was selected for the women dataset. •Four and five indices: the random forest algorithm was selected. Contribution of blood pressure indices to the prediction of metabolic syndromeWe predicted metabolic syndrome according to blood pressure indices (systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the medical dataset; and additional calculated indices – estimated mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure), in two index groupings ranked by importance using the ExtraTreesClassifier method. The aim was to find the contribution of calculated blood pressure indices to the prediction of metabolic syndrome. The two groups for which metabolic syndrome was predicted using blood pressure indices and calculated blood pressure indices were:•1: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, waist circumference, HDL-C (blood pressure indices; hereinafter referred to as Group 1 base indices) and estimated mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: TTFL in SCN astrocytes alone driving circadian timekeeping and behavior [133] has prompted the conclusion that astrocytes initiate SCN rhythms and control period but with lower potency than neurons. Molecular circadian clocks of the neurons and SCN astrocytes possess the same functional clock genes and perform as circadian oscillators. Timekeeping in most cells of the body uses TTFL in which period and cryptochrome proteins act on transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 to repress their transcription [134]. SCN acts as the central point for gene-to-cell as well as cell-to-circuit to the final behavior in mammals [9]. TTFL-based oscillations along with the strong network of the SCN enable robust timekeeping at the circuit level. This is displayed as high amplitude oscillation tightly ensemble period and phase and complex cellular synchrony [135, 136]. Astrocytes control circadian timekeeping through glutaminergic signaling [122]. Research has shown [129] that astrocytes if cocultured with SCN explants can sustain the circadian rhythm of astrocytes since the diffusible factors from the SCN can entrain circadian oscillations in astrocytes. Astrocytes also can regulate neuronal networks by way of the release and uptake of glutamate and other neurotransmitters [137, 138]. A new model for circadian timekeeping put forward [122] suggests glutamate released from astrocytes maintains higher calcium levels in the pre-synaptic terminals through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype 2C (NR2C) activation which leads to neuronal GABA release. The peak phase of circadian calcium rhythms in astrocytes has been observed at night and GABA release from neurons via glutamate from astrocytes increases at night. This leads to a decrease in neuronal activity at night. In other words, this also states that SCN has “day active” clock neurons and “night active” astrocytes. Thus, the SCN circadian network has been reported to have two different cellular populations of day-active neurons and night-active astrocytes. It is also worth mentioning that neurons of the SCN clock are active during circadian daytime and SCN astrocytes are active during circadian nighttime.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: , Wang, W. , Liu, Y. , Zhang, X. Q. , Gao, S. , Zhang, Y. , Wei, S. Distribution patterns of the contents of five active components in taproot and stolon of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. ; 2014. 37: 1253–1258. DOI: 10. 1248/bpb. b14-0017346. Katakai, M. , Akamaru, T. , Tani, T. An analysis of the frequency of formulations and crude drugs described in (Shan-Han-Lun). Yakushigaku Zasshi; 2002. 37: 28–35. 47. Isbrucker, R. A. , Burdock, G. A. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp. ), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. ; 2006. 46: 167–192. DOI: 10. 1016/j. yrtph. 2006. 06. 00248. Asl, M. N. , Hosseinzadeh, H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother. Res. ; 2008. 22: 709–724. DOI: 10. 1002/ptr. 236249. Wan, J. B. , Bai, X. , Cai, X. J. , Rao, Y. , Wang, Y. S. , Wang, Y. T. Chemical differentiation of da-cheng-qi-tang, a chinese medicine formula, prepared by traditional and modern decoction methods using uplc/q-tofms-based metabolomics approach. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. ; 2013. 83: 34–42. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpba. 2013. 04. 01950. Hinoshita, F. , Ogura, Y. , Suzuki, Y. , Hara, S. , Yamada, A. , Tanaka, N. , Yamashita, A. , Marumo, F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: •2: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, non-HDL-C (blood pressure indices; hereinafter referred to as Group 2 base indices) and estimated mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. 1 and 2, the chosen algorithm was random forest for the men and women dataset, for the men dataset and for the women dataset. Performance measurements of Groups 1 and 2 and estimated arterial pressure and pulse pressure were compared to performance measurements of Groups 1 and 2 and systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. ResultsFeature importance of the dataset’s indicesWe examined which indices are most important as ranked by the ExtraTreesClassifier and univariate selection methods for men and women, for men only, and for women only. Feature importance of indices using the ExtraTreesClassifier methodAbbreviations: SBP – Pressure; DBP – Pressure; PP – Pulse Pressure; MAP – Pressure = DBP + 1/3 (SBP – DBP); ABSI index – WC/((BMI)2/3 (height)1/2); BF – %=1. 2 × (BMI) + 0. 23 × (age in years) − 10. 8 × (gender) – 5. 4. Gender: women (0), men (1); BMI – body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, in kg/m2Figure 1 shows the feature importance ranking of the men and women dataset indices. We observed that the five indices ranked from high to low were: blood triglyceride level, waist circumference, HDL-C, blood glucose level and blood pressure. Figure 2 shows the feature importance ranking of the men only dataset indices. We observe that the five indices ranked from high to low are: blood triglyceride level, waist circumference, HDL-C, blood glucose level and blood pressure. Figure 2. Feature importance ranking of the men only dataset indices. Figure 3 shows the feature importance ranking of the women only dataset indices. We observe that the five indices ranked from high to low are: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, waist circumference, blood pressure and HDL-C. Figure 3. Feature importance ranking of the women only dataset indices. Feature importance of the three dataset indices using the univariate selection (chi-square) methodTable 1 shows the feature importance ranking of the men and women dataset indices, men dataset indices and women dataset indices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Anatomical and functional evidence also favors the suggestion of the role of SCN astrocytes in photic resetting. Glu release forms the signal transduction pathway for synchronization by light [139–141]. Neuronal and astrocytic clocks are coupled via glutamate released from astrocytes which increases presynaptic GABA release and suppresses postsynaptic neuron activity during night. Astrocytic clocks can drive molecular oscillations in the SCN by reinstating clock gene expression via glutaminergic signals. Glu released from astrocytes assists in the coupling of the neuronal and astrocytic clocks by increasing GABA and suppressing the activity of postsynaptic neurons at night [127]. It is not only glutamate but other neurotransmitters are also likely to participate in the actions of astrocytes like it occurs in the SCN. It is reported that glutamate and glutamate receptors sensitive to NMDA have a dual role in SCN by coupling astrocytic and neuronal cell oscillators as well as resetting the phase to light [142]. The rhythmic output of the astrocytes is likely to modulate neuronal activity by way of pre- and post-synaptic interactions. It is also seen that [143] extracellular glutamate increases neuropeptide signaling from neurons. Astrocytes also can increase the circadian period and enhance neuronal synchronization as per the endogenous circadian period. Association of astrocytes with neurons occurs and VIP and AVP are involved in the process [144, 145]. Though not precisely known yet, experimental studies have shown that GABA, glutamate, and VIP contribute to the effect of astrocytes on circadian behavior. Astrocytes can encode circadian information by way of bidirectional synaptic interaction utilizing VIP released from neurons. Daily neuronal rhythms of the core clock are controlled by the release and uptake of GABA and glutamate [146]. A bona fide astrocytic circadian clock contribution for the generation of circadian and seasonal rhythmicity reported [124] gives a new understanding not only about the complex mammalian circadian clock, and neuron astrocyte interaction [147] but also the ability to determine at least some clinical features of diseases as well. Part 2: individual neurotransmitters their properties and their involvementThe following neurotransmitters of the SCN will be discussed in detail now. Both VIP and AVP function as synchronizers and are involved in entrainment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Effect of orally administered shao-yao-gan-cao-tang (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) on muscle cramps in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A preliminary study. Am. J. Chin. Med. ; 2003. 31: 445–453. DOI: 10. 1142/S0192415X0300114451. effect and regulatory effects on autonomic function of Shao-Yao Gan-Cao Tang, a Chinese herbal prescription, in asymptomatic hyperuricemic vegetarians. Rheumatol. Int. ; 2007. 28: 27–31. DOI: 10. 1007/s00296-007-0385-752. Satoh, H. , Tsuro, K. Pharmacological modulation by Shakuyakukanzoto (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang) and the ingredients in rat intestinal smooth muscle. Chin. Med. ; 2011. 2: 62–70. DOI: 10. 4236/cm. 2011. 2201253. Hidaka, T. , Shima, T. , Nagira, K. , Ieki, M. , Nakamura, T. , Aono, Y. , Kuraishi, Y. , Arai, T. , Saito, S. Herbal medicine Shakuyaku-kanzo-to reduces paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy in mice. Eur. J. Pain; 2009. 13: 22–27. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ejpain. 2008. 03. 00354. Komiyama, K. , Kawakubo, Y. , Fukushima, T. , Sugimoto, K. , Takeshima, H. , Ko, Y. , Sato, T. , Okamoto, M. , Umezawa, I. , Nishiyama, Y. Acute and subacute toxicity test on the extract from Glycyrrhiza. Oyo Yakuri; 1977. 14: 535–548. 55. Rossi, T. , Fano, R. A. , Castelli, M. , Malagoli, M. , Ruberto, A. I. , Baggio, G. , Zennaro, R. , Migaldi, M. , Barbolini, G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: We observed in the men and women dataset that the five indices ranks, from high to low, were: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, waist circumference, blood pressure and HDL-C. In the men dataset the five indices ranks, from high to low, were: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HDL-C and diastolic blood pressure. In the women dataset the five indices ranks, from high to low, were: blood triglyceride level, blood glucose level, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure and HDL-C. Table 1. Importance ranking of the men and women dataset indices, men dataset indices and women dataset indices. Indices importance rankingMen and women datasetMen datasetWomen dataset877436. 942533Triglycerides648823. 065104Triglycerides112657. 416795Non-HDL-C52798. 383516Non-HDL-C34348. 414534Non-HDL-C14422. 246800Glucose22776. 178589Cholesterol_T15364. 574418Cholesterol_T6389. 477791Cholesterol_T22657. 521459Glucose14360. 559868Glucose6239. 517463WC15766. 598103WC7300. 416230LDL-C5290. 576749SBP12612. 989822BF6597. 848465SBP4273. 184994MAP9642. 882240SBP5864. 072681BF4046. 122076DBP8160. 987073HDL-C5012. 470530WC3978. 778154HDL-C7883. 210757MAP4649. 953371MAP3286. 917929Age7544. 145942Age4644. 378537DBP2794. 961227LDL-C7264. 404023DBP4050. 177852Age2722. 420. 296BF6236. 529538LDL-C2959. 284444BMI2397. 088005BMI5251. 197409BMI2471. 674382HDL-C1640. 998895PP4469.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Study VIP and GRP of the core and AVP of the shell are the best-understood peptides of SCN. one of the first neurotransmitters identified in the SCN has a unique nature and is involved in diverse functions. It has a role as a neuromodulator in many areas of the brain including SCN. Identification of AVP in the SCN was almost at the same time SCN was established as the seat of the biological clock. AVP-containing neurons are reported in almost all species including humans. AVP is also the first output signal based on evidence from Brattleboro rats and vasopressin-deficient mice showing attenuated circadian rhythms [20, 57, 148]. AVP-positive neurons form the second largest peptide population in the SCN and constitute about 20% as compared to 10% in the case of VIP [6]. Reviews are available [27, 29, 149, 150] giving an in-depth understanding of AVP. AVP neurons are essential for the SCN function and loss of AVP neurons is associated with increased activity fragmentation without loss of amplitude in humans. AVP signaling is found to modulate SCN period and phase, that too in a spatially specific manner [150]. Among the two prominent synchronizers of the neuronal networks in the and is weaker than VIP in function. Lesion experiments demonstrated the loss of drinking and locomotor behavior. Extirpation studies along with cell cultures of the SCN neurons have established the role of SCN in circadian rhythms. Other studies [25, 151] have also highlighted the role of AVP in circadian rhythms. Application of AVP locally in the SCN does not affect the free running wheel running rhythm in hamsters or circadian food, or water intake in rats. The absence of AVP shows abnormalities of the rhythm expressed. A report [152] also indicates a free-running period of locomotor rhythm being lengthened in Brattleboro rats, V1a deficient mice [57] but not in V1a and V1b deficient mice [20]. New recent techniques of behavioral, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies have further strengthened the role of AVP signaling. The role of AVP in the molecular working of the clock has been addressed using genetic tools and two state-of-the-art studies [43, 153].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: : 2573-4555 Journal of & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2573-4555. 1000271 Ethnobotany of Used to in Ethiopia: A Yibeltal Aschale1, Muluken Wubetu2* and Haimanot Reta31Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and 2Department of Pharmacy, College of 3Department of Biology and Botanical Science, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Markos, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: Muluken Wubetu, Department of Pharmacy, College of : mulukenwubetu1986@gmail. com Received: 21-Feb-2018 Accepted Date: 06-Mar-2018 Published Date: 12-Mar-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2573-4555. 1000271 Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is an infectious tropical vector born disease imposing high burden in developing countries including Ethiopia. Its treatment is still using pentavalent antimonial which have been used for several years and prone to drug resistance. Other alternative drugs like amphotericin B also have horrible side effects. Therefore, new drugs are urgently needed and drug screening efforts should be encouraged. No review has been done that broadly indicates medicinal plants used to treat leishmaniasis. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Materials and methods: Databases (Pub Med, 53. 6% were herbs and the common plant part used was leaf (44. 8%) followed by latex (20. 7%). Majority of the plant remedies were given topically (75. 7%). Cutaneous leishmaniasis comprises high percentage of leishmania infection treated by traditional medicinal plants. Conclusion: Varity of medicinal plants have been used by Ethiopian people of different cultures to treat leishmaniasis. Most of the plants were herbs and the commonly used plant part was leaf. Majority of prepared remedies were applied externally to the affected part. There is an urgent need to conduct clinical trials on such plants to support traditional claims and to analyze molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. : Ethnobotany; Leishmaniasis; Medicinal plants; Review; Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 961428Cholesterol_T/HDL-C2129. 171535PP1485. 030853Cholesterol_T/HDL-C3005. 343230PP1854. 830010Cholesterol_T/HDL-C582. 227929HDL-C/Triglycerides1459. 169708HDL-C/Triglycerides980. 056328HDL-C/Triglycerides317. 825789Gender318. 237946WHtR45. 476815WHtR26. 608217WHtR85. 277491Smoke39. 491117Smoke4. 373936Smoke29. 068373ABSI0. 567439ABSI0. 068289ABSI1. 093250 We found that the most important and leading index according to both methods for the three datasets was the triglyceride blood level index. Asides from this index, the importance ranking generated by the ExtraTreesClassifier and univariate selection (chi-square) methods of the other indices are different for the three datasets. The HDL-C index was ranked the lowest by the univariate selection (chi-square) method, and the diastolic blood pressure index was ranked lowest by the ExtraTreesClassifier. Of the calculated blood pressure indices, pulse pressure was the least important measure in both methods. Improving metabolic syndrome prediction by using four and five national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III indicesBy definition, three of the five metrics are sufficient to determine metabolic syndrome. Our study shows that adding a fourth or fifth index to predict the syndrome, instead of just three, improves the quality of prediction of metabolic syndrome, noticeably for women. From the results shown in Table 2, we can see in the men and women dataset that adding the fourth index increased sensitivity and precision by about 12% (compared to using three indices) and adding the fifth index increased sensitivity by 8. 63% and precision by 15. 6% (compared to using four indices). In the men dataset, adding a fourth index to predict metabolic syndrome increased sensitivity by 15. 56% and precision increased by 5. 92% (compared to three indices) and adding a fifth index increased sensitivity by 10. 96% and precision by 19. 4% (compared to four indices).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, the developmental pattern of neuropeptide expression may contribute to regional cellular function in adult SCN. AVP has a deep involvement in SCN function as evidenced by recent genetic studies and this has given importance to AVP in maintaining circadian homeostasis as well as a target for therapeutic intervention [160], maybe jet lag and others. is secreted sparsely, probably by about 10% of the SCN neurons [146]. Two among the 3 VIP receptors VPAC2 and PAC1 are found in the SCN with the majority of SCN neurons expressing VPAC2 in the mouse [161, 162]. VIP binds in the SCN with VPAC2 receptor for its action and high levels of VIP immunoreactivity are seen in the SCN. VIP and VPAC2 receptor agonists when applied locally to the SCN cause firing rate and GABA signaling [163]. Using phase resetting and VIP receptor agonists it has been reported [164, 165] that while the application of VIP during the subjective day did not shift the peak in firing rate rhythm, the same application of VIP during early or late subjective night resulted in a small phase delay or large phase advance. In terms of the use of VPAC2 receptor agonist and not PACAP agonist or VPAC1 receptor agonist, succeeded in producing VIP phase advancing effect and this shows that VIP-dependent phase shift is mediated through VPAC2 and suggests and supports the role for VIP and VPAC2 receptor present in the SCN for photic entrainment. It is also interesting to note that AVP neurons in the SCN participating in the rhythmicity and AVP signaling can coordinate circadian activity in the SCN especially in the absence of VIP [19, 43]. Loss of AVP receptors can weaken the clock and accelerate re-entrainment [20]. VIP signaling changes electrical and molecular rhythms in the SCN. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors, there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced [94, 167]. VIP-deficient neurons restored circadian rhythmicity on the application of VIP agonist or coculture with SCN grafts [19] thereby emphasizing the importance of VIP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: It is one of neglected disease and even not include in the list of tropical disease priorities in Ethiopia [2]. Leishmaniasis has a focal distribution and it is common to remote areas like other neglected tropical disease [3]. Visceral leishmaniasis specially is recognized as serious public health problem as it causes death if left untreated having high case fatality rate [4]. Lack of simple and easily applied tools for its management and complex ecoepidemiology contribute for the difficulty in prevention and control of the disease [3,5]. Plants remain to be the source for majority of people in developing countries to treat various health problems [6]. They are a rich source of many natural products most of which have been extensively used for human welfare, and treatment of various diseases [7,8]. a variety of medicinal plants are used as natural medicines without scientific base. Plant extracts or plant derived compounds provide important source of new medicinal agents [9,10]. A high diversity of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities can be produced from plant extracts [11]. About eighty (80%) percent of the Ethiopia people and ninety percent (90% ) of livestock depend on traditional medicine for their health care and more than 95 percent of traditional medicine preparations are made from plant origin. Similarly, there has been a continuous growth of demand for traditional medicines globally and in many developing countries health care system [12]. Urgent need for alternative drug formulation leads to screening of natural products for potential use in leishmaniasis treatment. Different studies have been conducted on Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat various human diseases in different parts of Ethiopia. However, there has not been any review conducted on Ethnobotany of plants used to treat Leishmaniasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the overall traditional preparation techniques and types of plants used in the management of leishmaniasis. This review is complementary of various medicinal plants that have been directed towards plants having leishmanicidal activity. It gives a comprehensive information on the scientific name of plants, method of preparation, route of administration, plant part used and the habit of the plant used. This review will also give new force for obtaining synthetic compounds. Materials and methods Search strategy Databases (Pub Med, 53. 6%) followed by shrubs (28. 6%) (Figure 2). The commonly used plant parts were leaves (44. 8 %) followed by latex (20. 7%). Root account 17.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: In the women dataset, adding a fourth index to predict metabolic syndrome increased the sensitivity by 21. 48% and the precision by 10. 59% (compared to using three indices) and the addition of the fifth index increased sensitivity by 20. 74% and precision by 23. 41% (compared to using four indices). Table 2. Prediction quality according to using various numbers of indices in the men and women dataset, men dataset and women dataset. DatasetPrediction quality# Of indicesIndex NameSensitivity (%)Precision (%)F1-score (%)MCC (%)3(1) Blood triglyceride levelMen and women57. 5967. 9062. 3259. 11(2) Waist circumferenceMen63. 8974. 1368. 6365. 11(3) HDL-CWomen49. 2665. 2056. 1254. 654(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) Blood glucose levelsMen and women69. 6379. 9074. 4172. 23Men79. 4560. 0579. 7577. 12Women70. 7475. 7973. 1871. 815(1) + (2) + (3) +(4) +(5) Blood pressureMen and women78. 2695. 5086. 0285. 27Men90. 4199. 4594. 7294. 20Women91. 4899. 2095. 1895. 02With each addition of an index to the metabolic syndrome prediction, the performance measurements increased, but differently for the three datasets. The improvement in the prediction quality for the three datasets after adding a fourth index compared to three indices ranged from 12. 04% to 21. 48% in sensitivity and 5. 92% – 12% in precision. The improvement in the prediction quality after adding a fifth index compared to four indices ranged from 8. 63% to 20. 74% in sensitivity and 15. 6% – 23. 41% in precision (Table 3). Table 3. prediction’s confusion matrixes according to using various numbers of indices in the men and women dataset, men dataset women dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Evidence of VIP as a principal synchronizer is also available [100, 108]. VIP cells in the core receive direct innervation from RHT and convey photic information to other parts of the SCN. The presence of VIP in SCN slices in ex vivo during late subjective night advances the phase of neuronal firing and stimulation of the expression of genes Per 1 and Per 2 like the effects of light [72, 168]. In the case of mice lacking VPAC2, the receptor for VIP, nocturnal light pulse failed to induce clock gene expression and showed impaired gating or photic responsiveness [92, 169]. In vitro, VIP application can cause an increase in cAMP level leading to a phase and dose-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca2+ in the SCN. To understand how VIP release due to the firing activity of VIP neurons entrain circadian rhythms, studies [100] were carried out. They concluded that VIP neuron stimulation in high frequencies, but not low, shifted gene expression rhythms in vitro. In vivo, high-frequency VIP neuron activation resulted in the entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms. In effect, it is reasonable to believe that VIP neural firing frequency releases VIP and leads to the entrainment of molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms. By using optogenetic manipulation and bioluminescence imaging interaction between molecular electrical and behavioral circadian rhythms was studied [108]. In yet another study [170] emphasizing the role of VIP, it has been suggested that VIP neurons of the SCN have a role in lengthening the circadian period. This was based on the ablation of neurons in vivo and in vitro. The results also showed a differential role for VIP neurons in adults and developing SCN. VIP neurons are important for synchronizing circadian cells during development but not so in adults. Core peptide VIP increases during the dark period and is important for light entrainment and internal synchronization. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. The absence of VIP signaling as seen in VIP receptor-deficient mice leads to attenuated behavioral rhythms, maybe along with multiple period components [18, 92, 154]. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 2% of the total plant parts used (Figure 3). Figure 2: Proportion of growth form of medicinal plants used for treatment of Leishmaniasis. Figure 3: Proportion of plant parts used for treatment of Leishmaniasis. Method of preparation and route of administration Traditional medicinal practitioners in Ethiopia apply different techniques of preparation like drying, crushing, concoction, and decoction (Table 1). They use simple methods and equipments during their remedy preparation. Of the routes commonly used to administer remedies in the treatment of leishmaniasis, topical route was the common route which consists 75. 7% (n=22) followed by bandaging 13. 8% (n=4) and nasal 6. 9% (n=2) way of administration. Only one preparation was intended to be administered orally (Figure 4). Figure 4: Proportion of route of adminstration of medicinal plants used for treatment of Leishmaniasis. Type of leishmaniasis treated with medicinal plants Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis were identified to be leishmania infections that can be treated traditionally when encountered in human by using medicinal plants listed in the table. They account 31. 0% and 24. 2% respectively. The remaining 44. 8% of leishmania infections were not specified and can be also treated by traditional healers using different medicinal plants (Figure 5). Figure 5: Proportion of type of leishmaniasis treated by medicinal plants. review revealed that about 28 plant species find applications by the traditional healers of the country to treat leishmaniasis. These plants were distributed in 19 families and none of them was confirmed scientifically in animal model. This indicates less attention is given to the traditional medicine practices in drug formulation in general. This review revealed the presence of high species diversity of medicinal plants used for treatment of leishmaniasis. This is due to the climatic variation that exists in different provinces of Ethiopia. accounts the highest percentage (21. 0%) followed by family Euphorbiaceae (15. 8%). and Solanaceae account 10. 5% each. Another study undertaken in Spain [26] and Korea [27] revealed that Asteraceae has the highest number of medicinal plants. According to a study in Nigeria [28] family Caesalpiniaceae has higher number of plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: # Of indicesIndex nameDatasetFalse negativesTrue negativesFalse positivesTrue positives3(1) Blood triglyceride levelMen and women64130310,744472(2) Waist circumferenceMen5131795984290(3) HDL-CWomen1337148541374(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) Blood glucose levelsMen and women77519510,852338Men6381596004165Women191614864795(1) + (2) + (3) +(4) + (5) Blood pressureMen and women8714111,006242Men7264615977Women2472492323Contribution of blood pressure indices to metabolic syndrome predictionGroup 1Table 4. Presents the quality of prediction with Group 1 base indices and the blood pressure index in the men and women dataset. Table 4. Group 1 performance measurements in the men and women dataset. Prediction qualityIndex NameSensitivity (%)Precision (%)F1-score (%)MCC (%)Base indices + systolic & diastolic blood pressure78. 2695. 5086. 0285. 27Base indices + estimated mean arterial pressure76. 0193. 2783. 7682. 82Base indices + pulse pressure72. 4285. 8478. 5676. 93When predicting using the estimated mean arterial pressure instead of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sensitivity and precision decreased by 2. 2%. When predicting using pulse pressure instead of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sensitivity decreased by 5. 84% and precision by 9. 66% (Table 5). Table 5. Group 1 confusion matrixes in the men and women dataset. Index nameFalse negativesTrue negativesFalse positivesTrue positivesBase indices + systolic & diastolic blood pressure8714111,006242Base indices + estimated mean arterial pressure8466110,986267Base indices + pulse pressure80613310,914307Group 2Table 6 presents the quality of prediction with Group 2 base indices and the blood pressure index in the men and women dataset. Table 6. Group 2 performance measurements in the men and women dataset. Prediction qualityIndex NameSensitivity (%)Precision (%)F1-score (%)MCC (%)Base indices + systolic & diastolic blood pressure61. 5579. 5669. 4067. 49Base indices + estimated mean arterial pressure60.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In VIP knockout (KO) mice and those lacking VPAC2, there is a reduction in the coherence of the circadian rhythms which is due to a lack of coupling among neurons [92, 171]. Variations within individual animals in the relation between behavior and rhythmic expression in SCN have also been reported. Mostly mice lacking VPAC2 receptors do not sustain behavioral rhythmicity and do not have detectable electrical rhythms in vitro. While adult mice with no production of VIP show less severe disruption of locomotor activity, VIP KO mice show a broad range in both period and phasing of electrical rhythms. These varied results as well as much of the present information do not clearly state how VIP and its receptor participate in interneuronal coupling in the SCN. However, it strongly indicates the important role of the normal period and phase of SCN neuronal rhythms. Using bioluminescent circadian reporter mice now developed which are Cre dependent allows the genetically defined population of cells to be studied in real-time, it was observed [93] that among the two important peptidergic neurons studied, AVP and neurons and not VIP neurons are required for an essential autonomous network synchrony of the SCN. The role of VIP in SCN circuits, which is not yet fully known, was also studied using the DNA-editing enzyme Cre recombinase [172] and it was reported that VIP-IRES-Cre transgene interferes with VIP expression to affect clock function. However, it was also evident in their studies that molecular rhythms present in VIP-Cre-SCN are not due to residual VIP, but due to AVP signaling which helps to maintain SCN function at both intracellular and intercellular levels. VIP-expressing cells of the SCN and its cognate receptor VPAC2 are separate in nature neurochemically and electrophysiologically. It is reported [136] that there is a VIP/VPAC2 cellular axis that acts as a neurochemically and topographically specific pacemaker hub to determine the properties of the SCN network. 2, PACAP, and VIP along with their cognate receptor [173] are capable of mediating not only paracrine but also autocrine signaling [20, 150]. It is possible that neurons contributing to VIP to the VPAC2 axis can define the network-level properties for the role of SCN as a pacemaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: According to this review, herbs constitute the highest percentage of the plants identified to have medicinal value in the treatment of leishmaniasis followed by shrubs. Similarly, other studies conducted elsewhere in Ethiopia indicated the dominance of herbs [29-34]. Herbs are seasonal which indicates that they are not accessible throughout the year which needs storage but can be easily cultivated in a limited area. However, Shrubs are known to be non-seasonal in nature which implies that they are accessible throughout a year and no need to store. In this review, leaf was the most commonly used plant part in the preparation of remedies as compared to other parts. Studies conducted in Nigeria [28] and Israel [35] also showed the dominance of leaves in the preparation of remedies. However, the use of plants leaf for medicinal purposes has its own limitations unless the plant is evergreen. Because leaves are seasonal this implies that they are not available throughout a year which needs storage if non-fresh leaves are required. There is no threat to the mother plant when leaves are harvested for medicinal purpose instead the highest threat to the mother plant comes with root, bark and stem harvest. Medicinal plants were formulated in various forms using different solvents and additives. Traditional medicinal Practitioners prepare remedies in such a simple manner without need of advanced techniques and further processing. This may be due to lack of formal education and processing instruments. Practitioners used butter, porridge, sugar, and honey as additives to increase the medicinal value/potency of the remedies. This is agreed with a study conducted in Israel [35] and Hawassa [36]. This review also revealed that high proportions of remedies were given topically. The reason for this is, traditional medicinal practitioners prefer simple routes like topical and oral that do not require special skill due to lack of ability to administer remedies in other complex routes like intravenous and intramuscular. As leishmania parasite is found in the affected area and medicines are applied to the affected area, topical routes allow rapid interaction between the prepared medicines and the parasite increasing its potency. Another study conducted in Sheko ethnic group of revealed that the most medicinal plant preparations were administered cutaneously [37]. Even though unspecified Leishmania infections were reported, in this review cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis were the common Leishmania infections that can be treated traditionally when encountered in human using medicinal plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 3878. 4168. 2266. 14Base indices + pulse pressure55. 9773. 8263. 6761. 24When predicting using the estimated mean arterial pressure instead of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sensitivity and precision decreased by 1. 1%. When predicting using pulse pressure instead of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sensitivity decreased by 5. 58% and precision by 5. 74% (Table 7). Table 7. Group 2 confusion matrixes in the men and women dataset. Index nameFalse negativesTrue negativesFalse positivesTrue positivesBase indices + systolic & diastolic blood pressure68517610,871428Base indices + estimated mean arterial pressure67218510,862441Base indices + pulse pressure62322110,826490DiscussionFeature importance of the datasets’ indicesThe study showed that the ExtraTreesClassifier and univariate selection (chi-square) methods rank importance of indices differently for men and women when taken as one group, and men and women viewed as separate groups. The assorted criteria were not equally important when making a prediction. In both methods, the most highly ranked criterion for both men and women as a group and men and women separately was blood triglyceride level, such as. 24,25 Verses blood triglyceride level in men and waist-to-height ratio in women that showed the strongest predictive strength for the syndrome26; of the remaining criteria, waist circumference for all datasets was in the top five. Waist-to-height ratio index was useful in identification of metabolic syndrome27,28 and had important diagnostic value for metabolic syndrome in older adults. 29–31 Of the top five indices ranked important in both methods, two indices appear on both methods’ lists (blood triglyceride level, waist circumference), three appear on only one list and another three appear only on the other list. Contribution of blood pressure indices to metabolic syndrome predictionTo the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to examine calculated blood pressure measures – estimated mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure – when predicting metabolic syndrome using machine learning. According to the study findings, predictions using the blood pressure indices versus estimated mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure index are more accurate. Further, when using estimated mean arterial pressure versus pulse pressure the prediction of metabolic syndrome is more accurate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A study [174] had shown that VIP neurons of the SCN and the internal molecular clock present in it maintain locomotor activity rhythms, and circadian rhythm of body temperature in addition to sleep and wheel-running behavior. Recent studies are pointing to the participation of non-cell groups. An alternate but surprising viewpoint put forward is based on a combination of neurons expressing AVP, DA 1a receptor (Drd1a), or non-[43, 153, 175], present in the SCN, dominant to neurons controlling circadian pace making. However, this theory has not found much favor due to a lack of supporting evidence. synthesized in the SCN from glutamate with the help of GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed by nearly all neurons. Multiple circadian oscillators are synchronized to each other through neurotransmitters and GABA is one among them for the oscillatory coupling mechanism. However, the role of GABA in the circadian clock function remains controversial [176]. Though initially recognized as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA is now reported to be both inhibitory and excitatory on SCN neurons [5, 46, 177] with the effects varying with the region within the SCN, time of the day, photoperiod, and even development. GABA effects on cellular activity have been studied with one study reporting inhibitory effects on SCN neurons [178] while others pointing both excitatory and inhibitory effects [119, 179]. Two major classes of GABA receptors namely GABA A (gamma subunit) and extra synaptic GABA A (delta subunit) [180] and GABA B have been identified in the SCN [118]. GABA can function through signaling and the two types of receptor subunits referred to as GABA A appears to be a chloride ion channel and GABA B is a G protein-coupled receptor. receptors are mainly expressed in the dorsal area of SCN [118] also containing AVP-positive neurons. Individual SCN cells with heterogeneous oscillators present in the SCN must couple with each other to have a robust output and synchronized circadian rhythms are required for coordinating peripheral circadian oscillators as well [181]. Synchronization process in the SCN can be supported [182] or impaired [183] by GABA coupling. The functional role of GABA in the clock has been elusive for some time now.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The mechanism of action of Plant extracts and isolated secondary metabolites like flavonoids is often by interfering with central targets of Leishmania parasites (intercalation with DNA, alkylation of DNA), membrane integrity, microtubules and neuronal signal transduction [11]. the present review, a total of twenty eight medicinal plants have been identified and recorded for their use for the treatment of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Most of the plants were herbs and the commonly used plant part was leaf. Even though most of these medicinal plants are widely utilized in different provinces of Ethiopia, information on their safety and efficacy are not scientifically proofed by using animal models. Therefore, it is advisable for researchers to conduct the safety and efficacy studies of the traditionally claimed medicinal plants in more detail in animal models and if possible in clinical trials. approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for applicable Availability of Data and additional data are required; all information is clearly stated in the main manuscript. The authors have declared that there is no competing interest. funding was obtained for this study. Authors’ Contribution MW, YA conceive the review, YA involved in data extraction, data analysis, interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. HR involved in data analysis and quality assessment. MW Critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript. applicable 250. (2004) Combating tropical infectious diseases: report of the Priorities in Project. Dis 6: 871-878 (2008) Complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis. 10: e313 (2005) Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Dis 5: 655 (2006) Leishmaniasis and poverty. 12: 552-557. Birhanu A, (2017) of Used for the Treatment of Human and in District of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. 4: 5043-5055 (2015) An ethnomedicinal investigation of plants used by traditional healers of Gondar town, North-Western Ethiopia. J Res 2: 36-43 (2013) Traditional medicinal plants: a source of phytotherapeutic modality in resource-constrained health care settings. 1: 67-74 (2001) Leishmaniasis phytotherapy. Nature's leadership against an ancient disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: For predicting metabolic syndrome, (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) indices are better than the calculated indices (estimated mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure), and an estimated mean arterial pressure index is better than a pulse pressure index. Future research could deepen the understanding of gender and other demographic data such as age for the purpose of accurate and focused prediction of metabolic syndrome. It could further study different ethnic groups as well as working and non-working subjects, in the aim of improving medical care. SHAP chart could deepen the understanding of the positive and negative contribution of each feature to metabolic syndrome prediction. Analyzing the data and predicting the syndrome for specific groups of medical and other indices, and addressing the difficulty and costs of producing each index or set of indices separately, may improve the cost–benefit ratio of diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Predicting the syndrome and investing in prevention efforts among high-risk populations could reduce the risk of mortality, morbidity and decline in quality of life. Author’s noteOur dataset is an open-source free dataset in accordance with the Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license. Participants of the research in which that data was collected provided their written informed consents to participate. The protocol of that study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for conducting medical research involving human subjects, authorized by of GESMA. Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 1. In the survey, the group aged 20 and above was broken down into subgroups of 20–39, 40–59 and 60 and above. 1. Hosseini- Using machine learning techniques to predict factors contributing to the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Tehran: cohort study. 2021; 7: e27304. CrossrefPubMed2. Metabolic syndrome is a strong risk factor for minor ischemic stroke and subsequent vascular events. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0156243. CrossrefPubMed3. Hirode G, Wong RJ. Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA 2020; 323(24): 2526–2528. CrossrefPubMed4. Predictive modeling the probability of suffering from metabolic syndrome using machine learning: a population-based study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies to understand the function of GABA in the SCN have been done by using both in vivo and ex vivo methods. SCN from neonatal animals [182, 193] and from adult animals [46] have been used in experiments for recording circadian rhythms. The results of these experiments have not given a complete picture of the developmental effects of GABA on SCN circadian oscillations. However, reports [21, 194] have indicated that Cry, a clock gene is involved in cellular coupling in the adult SCN and this may have a crucial role in the cellular coupling leading to circadian outputs. GABA takes part in the transmission regulating synaptic input from RHT [195], mediates phase shifts regulates firing frequency [196], and contributes to circadian synchrony. GABA, a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter remains excitatory during embryonic and neonatal development. Chloride homeostasis conveyed by GABA A receptors and their co-transporters [116, 197, 198] which is modulated by photic changes [177] determines GABA intercellular signaling. It is also likely that some of the neurons within the SCN neural network that are excited by GABA may be involved in encoding day length [116, 199]. GABA A receptor is primarily permeable to Cl– ions and intracellular Cl– concentration determines depolarization or hyperpolarization. Based on the finding that the application of GABA decreased firing frequency at night and increased firing frequency during the day, it was suggested that the effect of GABA on SCN neurons is related to the circadian phase. This is contradictory to other reports [178] stating that there is no difference in the excitatory/inhibitory effects of GABA during subjective day as compared to night. GABA A agonists like muscimol and baclofen and GABA A antagonists like biculline produce excitatory and inhibitory effects across circadian day or night irrespective of the circadian time. GABA is colocalized sometimes with other neuropeptides like VIP and GRP and studies [200] have tried to explain the interaction of multiple signals in the SCN. GABA is likely released synaptically and non-synaptically in the SCN. However, it is not known about the relative contribution of the two types of signaling for the coupling of the clock cells for the robust functioning of the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Fitoterapia 6: 599-618 Kayser O, Kiderlen AF (2001) In vitro leishmanicidal activity of naturally occurring chalcones. 2: 148-52 (2012) Medicinal plants: a source of anti-parasitic secondary metabolites. Molecules 11: 12771-91 (2017) A survey on medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Harari regional State, East Ethiopia. J Res1: 85-90 Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Edited by Hedberg I, Edwards S. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University; 2009: Vol. 8. (1994) Usersâ€™ guides to the medical literature II: how to use an 22. (2013) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in District, of Ethiopia. J 1: 65 Suleman S, (2012) A survey on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants in Nekemte town, (Oromia), Ethiopia. J 1: 34-57 (2014) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Amaro woreda, Ethiopia. (2007) Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by people around monastery in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 2: 271-83 (2009) Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal plants use by the people in in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 1: 69-78 (2009) Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol 3: 513-21 (2005) Survey of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Seka Chekorsa, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. 2 (2007) Medicinal plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 3: 516-25 (2013) Medicinal plants traditionally used in the northwest Spain. J Ethnopharmacol 4: 01-22. Mi-(2013) Ethno pharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Jeju Island, Korea. J 9: 48. (2007) The perception and practice of traditional medicine in the treatment of cancers and inflammations by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: ahead of print 2021, retrieved from Metabolic syndrome: findings from 20 years of the Tehran lipid and glucose study. 2018; 16: e84771. CrossrefPubMed6. Alvero-Cruz JR, Fernández Vázquez R, Martínez Blanco J, et al. Sex differences for predicting metabolic syndrome by adipose dysfunction markers in institutionalized elderly. 2020; 20(6): 534–539. Crossref7. Yi Y, An J. Sex differences in risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the Korean population. 2020; 17(24). Crossref8. . Evolutionary attribute ordering in Bayesian networks for predicting the metabolic syndrome. Appl 2012; 39(4): 4240–4249. Crossref9. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors among staffs in a Malaysian public university. 2021; 11: 8132. CrossrefPubMed10. Romero-Saldaña M, Tauler P, Vaquero-Abellán M, et al. Validation of a non-invasive method for the early detection of metabolic syndrome: a diagnostic accuracy test in a working population. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e020476. CrossrefPubMed11. Romero-Saldaña M, Fuentes-Jiménez FJ, Vaquero-Abellán M, et al. New non-invasive method for early detection of metabolic syndrome in the working population. 2016; 15(7): 549–558. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. Gutiérrez-Esparza GO, Infante Vázquez O, Vallejo M, et al. Prediction of metabolic syndrome in a Mexican population applying machine learning algorithms. Symmetry 2020; 12(4): 581. Crossref13. Bursa M, Renda ME (eds) Information technology in bio-and medical informatics. New York, NY: Publishing, 2014. Crossref14. . Extremely randomized trees. 2006; 63(1): 3–42. Crossref15. Huynh- Statistical interpretation of machine learning-based feature importance scores for biomarker discovery. Bioinformatics 2012; 28(13): 1766–1774. CrossrefPubMed16. Biau G, Scornet E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Based on the evidence it may be thought that neuropeptides of and GABA by participating in network communication allow oscillators to work and bring out the interplay of molecular, electrical, and behavioral components of the clock. SCN neural network utilizes GABAergic neurotransmission for synchronization and all SCN neurons communicate using GABA [5, 176]. Light-induced phase shifts, synchronization between the dorsal and ventral SCN, and the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light-entraining signals are among the many functions of GABA in the SCN. Fast “phasic” signaling between the SCN neurons is achieved by the action of GABA on synaptic GABA A receptors whereas extra synaptic GABA A receptors activation provides “tonic” GABA A current [201]. and its receptor Gq-coupled Bombesin-2 (BB2) are synthesized in the SCN neurons of rodents, mice, and hamsters. Glu, identified as the main neurotransmitter for photic entrainment along with GRP and SP participates in photic response. It is observed [202] in rats and hamsters that GRP application causes phase delay in SCN neuron firing during early subjective night, and phase advance during late subjective night with no response to application during subjective day. Phase shift blocking by BB2 receptor antagonist confirmed GRP and its receptor participation in photic entrainment. The presence of GRP within CalB cells may indicate GRP for intra-SCN communication [203]. BB2 receptor is densely expressed in the shell [204]. GRP applied can mimic resetting actions of light and produce the response in both early and late subjective night. From a developmental point of view, it is interesting to note that GRP expression occurs at a later age as compared to some other neurotransmitters like VIP and SP in not only hamster SCN [146] but also in mice [205–207]. The difference in late timing in the expression of GRP seen at an early age is absent in adult mature SCN and are retinorecipient [206, 208]. GRP neurons in adults display light-induced increase in firing rate, IEG expression, and neuropeptide release [209, 210]. A subset of SCN neurons is found to co-express GRP and VIP and there is a synergistic response to combined GRP and VIP administration [200].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: A random forest guided tour. Test 2016; 25(2): 197–227. CrossrefWeb of Science17. Kaur G, Oberai EN. A review 868. 18. A brief review of nearest neighbor algorithm for learning and classification. In: International conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICCS), 15–17 May 2019, Madurai, India: IEEE. Crossref19. Lavanya D, Rani KU. Performance evaluation of decision tree classifiers on medical datasets. 2011; 26(4): 1–4. 20. Maalouf M. Logistic regression in data analysis: an overview. 2011; 3(3): 281–299. Crossref21. . Evaluating the risk of metabolic syndrome based on an artificial intelligence model. In: Abstract and applied analysis. New York, NY: Hindawi, 2014. 22. Prediction of metabolic syndrome using artificial neural network system based on clinical data including insulin resistance index and serum adiponectin. Med 2011; 41(11): 1051–1056. CrossrefPubMed23. Romero-Saldaña M, Tauler P, Vaquereo-Abellán M, et al. Data from validation of a non-invasive method for the early detection of metabolic syndrome: a diagnostic accuracy test in a working population. BMJ Open 2018; 8(10): e020476. CrossrefPubMed24. Karimi-. Predicting metabolic syndrome using decision tree and support vector machine methods. ARYA Atheroscler 2016; 12(3): 146. PubMed25. Miller B, Fridline M. Development and validation of metabolic syndrome prediction and classification-pathways using decision trees. J 2015; 4(173): 2167. 26. . Identification of metabolic syndrome based on anthropometric, blood and spirometric risk factors using machine learning. 2020; 10(21): 7741. Crossref27. Suliga E, Ciesla E, Głuszek-Osuch M, et al. The usefulness of anthropometric indices to identify the risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11(11): 2598. CrossrefPubMed28. Kammar-García A, Hernández-Hernández ME, López-Moreno P, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Experimental evidences show that DA signaling is functional in adult SCN and both in vitro and in vivo elevated DA signaling lengthens the circadian period [216]. This effect of DA on circadian rhythms is opposed by valproic acid, a mood stabilizer to highlight the role of DA signaling. The reciprocal, bidirectional relationship between DA and the circadian clock is interesting as DA signaling is an important modulator of circadian rhythms and DA is also under the control of the circadian clock. It is also suggested that this bidirectional process is seen at the level of genes and neural structures as evidenced by the experiments of depleting DA release using 6-OHDA to lesion DA neurons projecting to dorsal striatum leading to loss of rhythmicity of the Per 2 gene in striatum [84]. From a clinical viewpoint, this relationship may be critical for the development of schizophrenia as well [217]. The circadian clock modulates the synthesis and breakdown of DA. DA imbalance produces many neurological conditions and circadian disruptions can be seen in these conditions [218]. DA signaling thus becomes important for consideration under the circumstances. DA, a member of the family of catecholamine neuromodulators once known for regulating movement, reward, and learning has entered the circadian field with its involvement in central and peripheral clocks as a neuromodulator. It is not known clearly whether DA has a causal role in regulating circadian rhythms or is acting as a motor relay for other known bona fide circadian pacemakers [219]. There is a direct connection between dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SCN. DA signaling in the embryonic SCN to synchronize with maternal fetal circadian rhythms was reported many years ago. Studies at that stage gave the impression that sensitivity to DA was a transient one and was lost after the development of RHT. Present studies indicate a direct modulation of DA signaling in the circadian clock and studies including those involving genetic ones have reported DA participation directly in the modulation of the circadian clock in adulthood. DA circadian rhythmicity is observed with the highest peak of synthesis during the daytime in the retina which is reduced during night. Light is responsible for the photic entrainment of the circadian clock. However, non-photic cues like social interaction physical exercise, and many others also influence the circadian molecular clock in the SCN to complete the generation of circadian rhythms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: During this scan, the algorithm considers protein-protein interactions, phylogenetic profile similarity, gene co-expression, large-scale pathway similarity, and gene ontology similarity. This type of comprehensive group function prediction could be an altogether improved reflection of the real mechanisms at work in, for example, developmental or disease-causing pathways. Identifying proteins with multiple functions In addition to analysing protein groups, the Kihara team has taken another step away from the one-protein-one-function scheme by studying multi-functional proteins. Most bioinformatic tools do not take into account that proteins, enzymes in particular, can be multi-functional. lab has thus aimed to predict whether a query protein is a moonlighting protein – one that has multiple autonomous and often unrelated functions. These proteins are difficult to annotate, since their functions are not genome or protein family specific, nor linked to other indicators, such as a shared switching mechanism. Yet these proteins play key roles in cellular disease states such as cancers, and so identifying them is important. discuss functions assigned to a metabolic pathway. To solve the problem, Dr Kihara’s team has developed a new systematic approach to study moonlighting proteins. In 2016, the team proposed an automated prediction framework which uses several non-sequence-based data to identify moonlighting proteins. They used machine learning classifiers to predict multi-functional proteins, after which they cross validated the results using existing databases. Dr Kihara’s team could predict moonlighting proteins that had previous gene sequence data with 98% accuracy. Even if no sequence data was available, the system showed an impressive 75% accuracy. The iGFP algorithm considers a set of proteins as input and predicts the function of the entire group, as well as its individual proteins. Furthermore, in a 2018 paper the team used deep learning to sniff out moonlighting proteins from previously published literature. Their text mining tool DextMP could find out whether a protein had multiple functions or not based on information from journal publications and functional descriptions from protein databases. Using systematic literature processing tools, the researchers could significantly reduce time to annotate moonlighting proteins and move closer to clarifying the complex interplay of proteins within the cell. Improvements and future predictions Computational biology desperately needs new ways to accurately reflect the true nature of biological processes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DA appears to be a neurotransmitter responsible for the non-photic entrainment of the above-mentioned behaviors. It is also interesting to note that perturbations of circadian rhythms are seen [220] in patients with psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Evidence is available to show that DA has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and this is through modulation of SCN entrainment and behavioral oscillators [217]. The function of two important components namely the retina and the SCN of the circadian system is influenced by dopaminergic signaling [221, 222]. Light adaptation and visual acuity are two functions for which DA is required in the retina [221]. DA can control the amplitude of rhythmic gene expression in the clock [223]. Evidence is available to show that DA participates [224] in the rhythmic expression of melanopsin in the iPRGCs via D2 receptors (D2R). In this way, DA becomes a main modulator of the non-visual light detector for the photic entrainment of the clock. Many dopaminergic neurons having Drd1 expressing neurons are reported approximately 60% in rodents [175]. As stated, earlier DA is required for the entrainment of the developing SCN [225]. Recent investigations [108, 175, 216, 226] have revealed that DA modulation of the central clock exists in adulthood. Drd1 positive cells overlap with AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN and hence DA involvement in circadian function cannot be fully ascertained [226]. It is also demonstrated that Drd1 absence can reduce circadian entrainment and the same can be restored by the restoration process or presence of Drd1. Midbrain DA neurons innervating SCN if stimulated can also accelerate circadian entrainment. DA neurons can also release GABA, the inhibitory neurotransmitter that can modulate clock protein expression in the retina. GABA may likely influence the actions of DA neurons in the brain and SCN may have a direct bearing on circadian rhythms [227]. Two classes of DA receptors are seen, one D1-like receptor including D1 and D5, and D2-like receptors D2 D3, and D4 [228, 229]. The presence of D1 and D5 receptors is reported in the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2022b), with little consideration of the diversity of the overall benthic community. Yet, research has shown the importance of assessing diversity within communities as a whole, rather than within single taxonomic groups, as species interactions may influence patterns of diversity (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). The aim of the present study is to investigate patterns of diversity within MCEs over the depth gradient (15 m to 160 m) and between sites in the Chagos Archipelago, located in a particularly understudied region, the central Indian Ocean. The quantification of alpha and beta diversity indices will provide fundamental data on the patterns of species diversity and potential taxonomic overlap among communities over the depth gradient, and between shallow-water reefs and MCEs. Such data are essential to understand the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems, ii. unravel the ecological contribution of MCEs to the coral reef system as a whole; and iii. develop conservation and management plans for these ecosystems. MethodsStudy areaThis study was conducted in the (6° S, 71°30’ E), central Indian Ocean. is a fully no-take MPA established in 2010, covering 640,000 km2 and incorporating shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, submerged banks and seamounts (Hays et al. 2020). has been uninhabited since the 1970s (with the exception of one atoll with strict environmental regulations), therefore human disturbance from pollution, agriculture and reef fisheries is minimal (Head et al. 2019; Hays et al. 2020). In this study, MCEs were investigated at two oceanographically contrasting sites around (6° 40’ S, 71 21′ E; Fig. 1): Rats (IDR, North-West coast) open to the wider ocean and (MA, North-East coast) somewhat sheltered from the Bank (Fig. 1). Both sites occur on steep slopes with rocky outcrops and strong currents prevailing from east to west and west to east, depending on the movement of the tide. Fig. 1Location of study sites within the Chagos Archipelago. A: with depth gradients extracted from GEBCO data between 10 and 200 m depth. B: central with the delimited in dark pink.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN clock communicates timing information with other clocks in the brain to regulate DA activity as well as DA appears to have feedback effects on the SCN [225]. DA seems necessary to entrain the developing fetal SCN. Among 5 different types of receptors mediating actions of DA, Gs-coupled D1 and D5 and Gi-coupled D2 D3 D4 are the receptors found in the anatomically distinct regions of the brain and body [230]. D1 type receptor subtypes D1 D5 coupled to G protein Gs and activate adenyl cyclase. Another receptor subtype belongs to D2 and subtypes of D2 D3 and D4, GPCR inhibit adenyl cyclase and activates K+ channels. GlycineGlycine and glycine receptor chloride ion channels (GlyRs) are seen in the central nervous system (CNS) [231] where it can function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glycine-containing nerve terminals are seen in close relation to the VIP neurons in the SCN. Glycine produces both inhibitory and excitatory effects on SCN firing rates [232] and the effect is dependent on circadian time. It is also known that glycine from SCN slice cultures shows time-of-day-dependent fluctuations like the rhythmic release of AVP. Also, a subset of neurons of the SCN showed biphasic responses to glycine, a rapid transient increase in firing rate, and then a suppression. There is a suggestion [233] that glycine regulates some SCN functions through NMDA receptors. Based on electrophysiological studies, it is reported that strychnine-sensitive GlyRs are present which act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and excitatory neuromodulator like GABA. High concentrations of glycine when present can reset the clock in brain slice preparations [234]. A circadian release of glycine is also reported in slice culture preparations. Some studies using patch-clamp recordings and long-term recordings in brain slices have shown [232] that glycine can modulate circadian rhythm activity on specific receptors GlyRs in the SCN neurons. Glycine can act in the SCN to synchronize SCN neurons as well as to potentiate NMDA responses indirectly for synchronization thereby enhancing transmission of photic information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: C: displaying bathymetry data acquired using multibeam (between 10 and 200 m depth) and the two study sites: Rats (teal diamond) and (orange diamond)Full size imageBiological dataA Vehicle (model) with a Go4 (2. 7k, 24 fps, wide field of view) attached to it was used to collect benthic imagery from MCEs at the two study sites, IDR and MA. An information overlay on the ROV SD camera displayed time, depth, heading, pitch and roll. Full ROV specifications and details of the biological data collection are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a), but briefly, HD still images were extracted from the GoPro video transects when the ROV approached the seabed and was positioned at an oblique angle (altitude of <1. 5 m). The presence of a strong current at both sites, precluded linear benthic video transects. The entire MCE depth gradient was surveyed, with 6 depth zones chosen a priori to the study based on the literature, covering the shallow reef and the lower mesophotic zones: 15–20 m; 30–40 m; 60–70 m; 80–90 m; 110–120 m; 150–160 m. Three transects were surveyed per depth zone (average transect duration = 30 mins 3 s ± 6 mins 58 s), parallel to the slope at each of the two study sites. Ninety images were collected per depth zone (n=30 images/transect) with a total of 1,080 images from the two study sites. All data were collected during research expeditions in November 2019 (transects 1, 2, 3 for IDR; transect 1 for MA) and March 2020 (transects 2 and 3 for MA). Still images collected along each transect were manually annotated by a single observer using 2. 0, an online annotation platform (Langenkämper et al. 2017), which enables identification and enumeration of organisms. The image analysis procedures are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a). All specimens were identified according to both relevant literature and taxonomist’s support (Tables S1 and acknowledgements). During the study, a morphospecies catalogue was created for the region (Diaz et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While studying the effect of glycine on the sleep-promoting mechanism it was observed that glycine produces the effect through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell by causing peripheral vasodilatation in the case of rats [233]. It was also observed that when bilateral microinjection of glycine was made into the SCN, there was an increased cutaneous blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and ablation of SCN could abolish the sleep-promoting effect of glycine [233]. In effect, glycine promotes sleep by modulating thermoregulation and circadian rhythms through NMDA receptors of the SCN. In yet another study [235] it has been reported that glycinergic transmission has a role in the synchronization of the circadian network in the SCN which leads to the organization of circadian behavior. GluGlu is required for the molecular timekeeping mechanism in the SCN, especially the extracellular glutamate levels are important. These extracellular levels and their rhythmic oscillation are controlled by astrocytes [236]. Glu release from astrocytes is mediated by the ultimate Glu metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which when activated causes an increase in astrocytic [Ca2+]i with ultimate Glu release from astrocytes. Glu seems to be involved in photic signaling and this is now well established. SCN neurons express all the 3 subtypes of glutamate receptors Glu addition to SCN explants induces neuronal firing whereas optic nerve stimulation causes the release of glutamate. These effects are mostly due to NMDA and non-NMDA-dependent glutamate receptors as seen in experiments using receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo [237]. SCN astrocytes release glutamate [122] and thereby raise levels of extracellular glutamate during the night. During subjective day astrocytes release less glutamate and will lead to reduced spontaneous activity of SCN neurons. RHT mainly uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter but PACAP and SP also act as other two peptide co-transmitters in RHT transmission. Surprisingly these co-transmitters regulate glutamate transmission but the mechanism of such an action is not known [238]. Glu receptors present in the SCN belong to metabotropic and ionotropic types. However, the distribution and abundance of Glu receptor subunits varies and this leads to different effects of Glu on SCN neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023b) following the global standardised marine taxon reference image database created by Howell et al. , (2019); a total of 582 OTUs were identified in this study. Only one observer annotated the images to reduce the annotation bias. In addition, quality assurance was carried out by re-annotating 5% of the images by the same observer, as recommended in Schoening et al. (2016). A summary of the total number of morphospecies and individuals per site and depth zone are shown in Table S2. The ROV was not equipped with paired lasers during the surveys, thus calculation of the field of view within each image was not possible. To standardise data collection, the pilots positioned the ROV at a similar distance from the seabed, with the same angle of view, for each image collected. The mean time taken to complete a single transect was 30 min 3 s (± 6 min 58 s), with no significant differences observed in the time taken to complete a transect with depth zone and site (Kruskal–Wallis test, p-value > 0. 05. Transect by depth zone: chi-squared = 10. 244, df = 5, p-value = 0. 069; transect by site: chi-squared = 0. 0022733, df = 1, p-value = 0. 962). Thus, given the consistency in the speed of the ROV, it can be assumed a comparable area of seabed was surveyed within each transect and depth zone. To enable comparisons between sites and depth zones, this study focuses on the number of images surveyed and counts of benthic organisms rather than an area-based analysis. Furthermore, as suggested by Colwell et al. (2012) and Roswell et al. (2021), data were standardised by individuals and sampling coverage per depth zone using the iNext package in R software (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) (see next section). Statistical analysesTo assess the variation in alpha and beta diversity of MCEs over the depth gradient and between the study sites, data were analysed using diversity indices with the iNEXT (iNterpolation/EXTrapolation) (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) and betapart packages (Baselga and Orme 2012) in R software (Core 2020).

Output: pass