Input: Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: But if it happens at a population edge by the bacterial equivalent of gently rolling hills, there is a much better chance of the mutation taking hold. The findings suggest that the amount a population can adapt during expansion is limited, and it can even lead to the spread of harmful mutations in a population if they occur in just the right spot. Piecing together these scenarios is important in order to accurately infer the evolutionary history of a species based on mutations present in its genome now. This type of knowledge can also be useful in developing new treatments for cancers, making use of these evolutionary processes to slow or halt a tumor’s expansion. and its competition with deterministic forces plays an integral role in biology, such as in stochastic gene expression, cellular decision making, and cell differentiation (Balázsi et al. , 2011). Stochastic processes are also at the heart of evolutionary dynamics: not only do the mutations entering a population occur at random times in random individuals and at random positions in their genome, but in addition the fate of a mutation and its clonal lineage is largely stochastic and only partly determined by its effect on the individual’s fitness. The random fluctuations in the frequency of a mutant allele due to the stochasticity associated with reproduction are called genetic drift. Genetic drift is particularly strong at the front of range expansions, where only a relatively small number of individuals at the front of the expansion contributes to future growth and thus has any influence on the future genotypic composition of the population. The neutral diversity and adaptation in spatially expanding populations has been studied in computer simulations (Edmonds et al. , 2004; Klopfstein et al. , 2006; Kuhr et al. , 2011; Kuhr and Stark, 2015; Lavrentovich and Nelson, 2014; Otwinowski and Krug, 2014), in the field (Ramachandran et al. , 2005; White et al. , 2013; Louppe et al. , 2017), and in microbial colonies (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; Fusco et al. , 2016; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2011), which can serve as a useful model system because short generation times and ease of handling allow for quantitative investigations of the evolutionary dynamics of range expansions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: In microbial colonies, nutrient gradients and mechanical effects limit the number of proliferating individuals to a small region close to the colony perimeter called the growth layer (Grant et al. , 2014; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Warren et al. , 2019). For mutations occurring inside the growth layer, most mutant offspring are concentrated in a relatively small number of enormously successful lineages that manage to remain at the front and 'surf’ on the expanding population wave (Excoffier and Ray, 2008). As a consequence, the evolutionary dynamics is different in microbial colonies compared with well-mixed populations. For instance, the clones (that is the collection of the initial mutant’s offspring) of spontaneous neutral mutations often reach much larger sizes (Fusco et al. , 2016), and existing beneficial variants can sweep to high frequency much faster in microbial colonies than in well-mixed populations (Gralka et al. , 2016b). Conversely, deleterious mutations are predicted to remain at the population frontier for extended periods because genetic drift is strong at the front, which prevents selection from efficiently weeding out deleterious alleles (Travis et al. , 2007; Burton and Travis, 2008; Lavrentovich et al. , 2016; Peischl et al. , 2013; Gralka et al. , 2016a). The quantitative outcome of the competition of selection and genetic drift in microbial colonies is determined by the local shape and roughness of the front (Gralka et al. , 2016b; Farrell et al. , 2017), which in turn is determined by microscopic details, such as cell-cell adhesion or cell morphology shaping the mechanical interactions between cells (Kayser et al. , 2018b; Kayser et al. , 2018a; Giometto et al. , 2018), although the direct mapping is typically unknown (Farrell et al. , 2017). The evolutionary effects of fluctuations at expanding microbial population fronts have been studied in depth, but these studies have focused only on fluctuations associated with the growth, division, and random motion of cells, whose strength may depend on intrinsic properties of the microbial species, in homogeneous environments. However, any range expansion will experience varying degrees of environmental heterogeneity, which can be viewed as a source of extrinsic noise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of lab-grown meat is indistinguishable from traditional meat in taste, texture, and cost. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since plasmid loss in our system is also coupled with a loss in fluorescence, we can easily detect mutant clones, that is the individual cell that incurred the mutation originally and its offspring, under the microscope as dark patches in the colonies (see Figure 1), allowing us to observe the evolutionary dynamics in real time. Our approach extends previous experimental model systems for evolutionary dynamics during microbial range expansion that employed either an initial mixture of wild-type and mutant cells (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; et al. , 2013; Müller et al. , 2014; Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2012; Kayser et al. , 2018a) or were confined to spontaneous neutral (Fusco et al. , 2016) or deleterious (Lavrentovich et al. , 2016) mutations. The ability to track spontaneous mutations in colonies grown from single cells is essential to ensure identical starting conditions in our experiments, allowing a quantitative comparison of the evolutionary outcomes between the two growth conditions. Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Substrate roughness impacts bacterial colony morphology. (a and b) Colonies of E. coli were grown from single cells harboring a plasmid containing a fluorescence gene and a resistance cassette. Loss of the plasmid leads to non-fluorescent ('mutant’) sectors in the population that expand at the expense of the fluorescent ('wild-type’) population. Colony morphology depends on whether the colony is grown on smooth (c) or rough (d) agar surfaces (Materials and methods). White scale bars are 2 mm. (e) On rough surfaces, troughs in the surface direct growth along them, leading to locally accelerated regions (arrows) that widen slowly and are eventually integrated with the bulk of the population. To investigate the impact of environmental heterogeneity on colony growth and adaptation dynamics, we grew the colonies on two different substrates (Figure 1): standard, 'smooth’, agar plates as well as agar surfaces with random microscopic features, created by depositing filter paper onto melted agar and removing it after cooling and drying (see Materials and methods). The resulting substrate had an average roughness (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Hunted wild game meat – sustainable option for meat consumption? & Merja Lähdesmäki Food consumption increasingly raises ethical questions amongst contemporary consumers. These concerns are related, for instance, to animal welfare and negative environmental effects of food production. Particularly conventional meat production has received criticism concerning the living conditions of animals as well as the contribution of the production methods to greenhouse emissions and climate change. Consequently, the demand for more ecologically and socially sustainable food is acknowledged as one of the leading consumer trends at the global level. Expanding organic production is one means to mitigate food related ethical concerns, including animal welfare issues. Accordingly, the European organic meat products market is experiencing a strong growth as, for example, the production of organic beef, mutton and pork meat is increasing. Another option for more sustainable meat consumption is hunted wild game meat. Indeed, according to recent studies, consumers perceive game meat as more ‘green’ when compared to farmed meat. Furthermore, free roaming and following their natural grazing behavior is often associated with meaningful life for the animals (see Matilainen et al. 2021). Hunted wild game meat does not only provide an option for environmentally sustainable livestock system but wild game meat is also considered to retain high nutritional values with a low fat and cholesterol content. While consumers’ increasing health awareness is one of the predicted consumer trends globally, hunted wild game meat may appeal to modern consumerswhen purchasing meat products. Furthermore, from an environmental point of view, there is also an ecological “surplus” of hunted wild game meat. In many countries, it is a necessity to control overgrown game populations in order to avoid damages to fields and forests as well as to avoid traffic accidents. Thus, to some extent hunted game meat is a side product of wildlife management aiming to control damage. In the Finnish context, an example of this kind of game is the European moose (Alces alces), which is the most significant game animal concerning meat provision. In Finland, moose hunting is strongly embedded in rural traditions and based on a specific hunting culture. The hunting rights belong to landowners, often private non-industrial forest owners, who make the decision whether to allow hunting or not. According to rural tradition, forest owners typically rent their forests as hunting areas for local moose-hunting clubs, free of charge or for nominal compensation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: 050. 10. 150. 20. 250. 30. 350. 40. 50. 60. 70. 91. 1n (smooth)830372631273241303630243128n (rough)2024322032251922312818192729 The primary readout of our experiments is the final mutant frequency fMT in the colony and the number of surviving mutant clones (sectors) as a function of the selective advantage s that the mutation confers. These measures are proxies for the degree of adaptation of the population during the expansion process and the success probability of spontaneous mutations in shaping the composition of the population, respectively. Thus, our system gives us direct access to population genetic measures of interest. Alternatively, one can measure the frequency of mutants at the colony perimeter, which has a more direct influence on the future genetic composition of the population at the front. However, this measure can quickly become uninformative for beneficial mutations as mutants overtake the whole perimeter, and it is often difficult to measure accurately because of the low fluorescence signal at the front. The mutant frequency averaged over the whole population still gives a good, if conservative, measure of the mutant frequency at the perimeter. On smooth substrates, in accord with previous experimental results (Gralka et al. , 2016b; Korolev et al. , 2012), advantageous mutants increased in frequency fMT rapidly as the colony grew (see Figure 2—figure supplement 2 for an analysis of the mutant dynamics over time): for s=0. 2, mutants made up roughly half of the total population (Figure 2d) after 72 hrs. At higher antibiotic concentration, mutants became first neutral and eventually deleterious (Figure 2—figure supplement 1), and accordingly, the final mutant frequency was lower, decreasing approximately exponentially with the fitness cost s (Figure 2—figure supplement 4) such that strongly deleterious mutants made up only a small fraction of the final population. On rough substrates, deleterious and neutral mutants remained at frequencies comparable to those observed in smooth colonies at the corresponding values of the fitness (dis)advantage s. However, in contrast to smooth colonies, beneficial mutants in rough colonies did not increase in frequency with s relative to the neutral case. This finding is surprising, given that the growth rate advantages of mutant over wild-type colonies were the same on rough and smooth substrates (Figure 2c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Behind every Greek signature there is not necessarily a Greek. Pseudonyms of visual artists in ancient 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 the vast majority of visual artists signed in Greek especially in the late republic as well as in the early and middle imperial period in central and northern Italy, it is considered as communis opinio in modern research that this is a sign for their ethnic origin. However, the fact that, at least in Italy, Greek names and cognomina of slaves and freedmen do not always indicate their region of birth, urges us to be cautious. Furthermore, there are numerous testimonies demonstrating that it was common in some professional groups (e. g. athletes, gladiators, charioteers, doctors and stage artists) to acquire Latin or Greek pseudonyms. The reason for this is that one wanted to join a long and positively connoted tradition. The same should apply to visual artists. In this respect, it has already been noticed in research for a long time that younger representatives apparently occupied the name of a famous predecessor in some cases. The name can by all means indicate also family relationships, but this is not always convincing in each case due to dating back hundreds of years. The choice of pseudonyms can be illustrated by three examples from the imperial period (two grave inscriptions and one donor inscription). The reason for the adoption of the pseudonym might lie in the art form, the theme or the style which their role models represented. But not only the names of well-known representatives could be chosen; apparently a fictitious Greek name and/or a signature in this language were sufficient as a positive statement of advertising character.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Thus, this apparent inefficacy of selection in affecting evolutionary outcomes was not caused by an altogether elimination of growth rate differences. Instead, a closer look at the colony growth dynamics on rough substrates, shown in Figure 1e, suggests a different mechanism: the surface structure of the rough substrate constrains and guides growth along predetermined paths where growth proceeds faster than in the immediate surroundings, such that any mutation can only be successful, that is establish a sector and thus rise to high frequency in the population, if it happens to arise in one of the branch-like regions of accelerated growth. Conversely, a beneficial mutant clone will be unable expand even if its per capita growth rate is higher than its wild-type neighbors if the mutation occurs in a portion of the front that is slowed down by the environmental heterogeneity. If this proposed mechanism is indeed the root cause for the apparent inefficacy of selection on rough substrates, then one would expect the number of successful mutants, that is those that manage to establish sectors, to be independent of the mutant’s selective advantage s. Indeed, this is what we observed: the probability of forming a sector, which quantifies the evolutionary success probability of individual mutations, increased with s in smooth colonies (Figure 2e), but was constant in rough colonies as long as s>0. Notably, the establishment probability was extremely low in both scenarios: Even for the most advantageous mutants in smooth colonies, we estimate u∼10-7 per mutation making evolutionary success an extremely rare event. The low success probability is a consequence of two processes: firstly, the mutation must occur in a favorable location, namely in the first layer of cells at the front of the population (Gralka et al. , 2016b), which reduces the number of mutations eligible for sector formation by a factor of about 1000 (assuming a growth layer width of 10 cells and a colony height of about 100 cells, see Figure 2—figure supplement 3). We estimate that about 2000 mutations per colony arose in favorable positions, each of which had an establishment probability of order 10-3. Secondly, each eligible mutation has to survive genetic drift, which in microbial colonies is manifest in the random fluctuations in the sector boundaries as a consequence of stochastic cell growth and division, and subsequent cell motion due to mechanical pushing of cells on each other (Hallatschek et al. , 2007; Farrell et al. , 2017; Kayser et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: These chicken pieces — being grilled at a street vendor’s stall in Singapore — are the first cellular meat products to be sold commercially. The company that made them, Good Meat, is working toward gaining approval for these and other products in the as well. : isn’t the only animal product that can come from cell cultures. Several companies are working to produce milk by culturing mammary cells and collecting the milk they secrete. For example, Opalia, a Montreal-based company, grows mammary cells on the surface of a three-dimensional, branched structure that resembles the lobules of a real udder, says CEO Jennifer Côté. The cells secrete milk into the structure’s lobules, where it can be collected and drawn off. Some other companies, such as North Carolina-based BioMilq, are using a similar technology with human mammary cells to produce human breast milk. None are yet on the market. In some ways, the process for making milk is easier than producing meat because the cells themselves don’t need to be harvested and replaced. “The cells we use can stay alive for multiple months on end,” says Côté. That means the company can concentrate on developing cells that secrete a lot of milk, rather than ones that divide rapidly. Moreover, she adds, because the cells themselves are not part of the product, Opalia can genetically modify its cells without the milk itself being a GMO product. Proponents hope that cellular meat and milk can eventually offer several big advantages over the conventional versions. By cutting animals out of the process, cultured products do away with most of the animal-welfare issues that beset modern factory farms. Meat and milk that come from clean culture facilities instead of manure-laden farmyards should also be less likely to carry food-borne diseases, says Elliot Swartz, lead scientist for cultivated meat technology at the Institute, a Washington DC-based nonprofit organization supporting alternatives to meat. Cellular milk is made by harvesting udder cells from a cow, then growing those cells in a large tank, or bioreactor. Eventually, the cells are encouraged to secrete milk that can be drawn off for use. This overview shows the production process being developed by Canada-based Opalia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This can apply not only to sculpture, but can also be applied to toreutics and stone cutting. These are the genres in which many famous names survived in the art-historical literature of antiquity. Accordingly, there are no Greek mosaicist signatures from central and northern Italy - with the exception of two justifiable cases- because, apart from one exception, apparently no representatives of this technique were mentioned in an¬cient art history. The surprising conclusion in view of this situation is that every Greek signature does not necessarily stand for a Greek. Regrettably, it is not possible to differentiate certainly if the mentioning of the artist indicates his homeland or not. In the meanwhile, there has been a comparable phenomenon with some Italian painter signatures since the early modern period, implying that there has been continuity in this phenomenon. However, the problem of pseudonyms can be more easily solved here, since the situation of the historical sources is incomparably more favorable. Keywords : signatures, pseudonyms, Cognomina, professions 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: , 2018a). The low establishment probability means that most mutations will not manage to create sectors, but instead they will form so-called bubbles, that is individual mutant clones that have lost contact with the front. We extracted the size of mutant clones, both bubbles and sectors, by measuring the individual areas of non-fluorescent patches in the colony micrographs. The resulting clone size distribution P(X>x) (clone areas normalized by colony area, shown in Figure 3) is related to the site frequency spectrum in population genetics, where it can be used to predict rare evolutionary outcomes such as fitness valley crossing (Weissman et al. , 2009) and evolutionary rescue (Fusco et al. , 2016), and is well understood for toy models of microbial colonies (Fusco et al. , 2016; Otwinowski and Krug, 2014). For neutral mutations, the clone size distribution is expected to be broad up to a shoulder indicating the typical size of the largest expected bubble. In our experiments, we indeed observed a broad shoulder-like distribution for neutral mutations, consistent with earlier experiments using population sequencing (Fusco et al. , 2016). In smooth colonies, beneficial mutations created a larger number of bulging sectors, leading to an even broader distribution with maximum clone sizes of almost half the population, while the distribution for strongly deleterious mutations was cut off at small clone sizes. This clone size distribution is consistent with our initial observation that a larger selective advantage s gave rise to a larger overall mutant frequency, but it also shows that even at the largest s≈0. 2, most mutant clones remained small, with more than half of the visible clones reaching frequencies of at most 1%. By contrast, the clone size distributions obtained from rough colonies were virtually indistinguishable for all s>0, whereas we observed the same cut-off for large clones for deleterious mutations. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Clone size distribution P(X>x) for colonies grown on smooth (a) and rough (b) substrates. Deleterious mutants are shown in magenta tones; their clones are typically small. Neutral clones are shown in green; their size distribution had a broad tail. Advantageous mutations in smooth colonies were even more broadly distributed, as large sectors establish more often. By contrast, beneficial clones in rough colonies had size distributions that were indistinguishable from the distribution for neutral mutations. Figure 3—source data 1 Source data for Figure 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Enthusiasts also claim that cell-based products should be more sustainable than conventional animal products, because farmers will no longer need to feed, water and house entire animals just to harvest their muscles. It’s hard to know whether this benefit will pan out in reality, since the technology is still under development. Only a few studies have tried to estimate the environmental impact of cell-based meat, and all have made huge assumptions about what future technologies will look like. One thing seems clear, however. Cell-based meat relies heavily on electricity for tasks like heating or cooling culture tanks and pumping cells from place to place. If that electricity comes from renewables, the overall carbon footprint of cell-based meat will be much less than if it comes from fossil fuels, says Swartz. Assuming a relatively green electric grid, though, one careful study of cell-based meat’s potential, by the Dutch consulting company CE Delft, suggests that its environmental footprint is likely to be roughly the same as that of conventional pork or poultry — among the greener conventional meats, by most reckonings — and far less than that of beef. So far, however, companies and academic researchers have only taken baby steps toward cellular agriculture. If the industry is ever to grow big enough to change the face of global agriculture, it would need to overcome several major hurdles, says David Block, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who works on the technology behind cultured meat. Dutch researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions from various protein sources. As a best-case scenario, they assumed that by 2030 conventional protein products would be produced in a way that minimizes their greenhouse gas footprint: no forests cleared to grow animal feed, animals grazed outdoors when possible and only sustainable energy sources used on farms and in production. For cellular meat products, the main factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions is the source of the electricity used in production facilities: The standard footprint assumes the current mix of energy sources; the minimum footprint assumes that all energy comes from renewable sources. One of the biggest challenges, most experts agree, is finding an inexpensive way to supply the nutrients and growth factors the growing cells need. Existing culture media are far too costly and often depend on calves’ blood for molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which are essential for cell growth and maintenance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: A similar pattern is found for the final frequency of neutral mutants (s=0), which is largest at intermediate ρ. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset A simple lattice model reproduces strong impact of environmental heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics. (a,b) The mutant frequency fMT as a function of the selective advantage s of the mutants always increases with s to a degree that depends on the density ρ and the transparency k of the disorder sites. (c,d) Parametrizing the mutant frequency for various values of k and ρ heuristically with fMT=f0ekss (panel a, inset), we fit the neutral diversity f0 (shown in panel d) and the selection efficacy ks (panel c). The selection efficacy ks serves as an inverse selection scale, describing the dependence of fMT on s. (e) A scatter plot of the fit parameters f0 and ks for all values of k and ρ reveals that they are effectively not independent parameters, but that f0 entirely determines ks and vice-versa (for a given population size N and mutation rate μ; here, N=105 and μ=0. 0005). The dashed line represents the expect neutral diversity for a circular colony, where f0=μR, with R=N/π the colony radius (Fusco et al. , 2016). (f) Rescaling all curves by fitted values of ks and f0, all points fall close to a master curve given by ekss (dashed line), motivating the parametrization introduced in (a). Figure 5—source data 1 Source data for Figure 5. ks_values. csv. Source data for panel c (fit parameter ks for various parameter values ρ and k). f0 values. csv Source data for panel d (fit parameter f0 for various parameter values ρ and k). rescaled fMT data. xlsx Source data for panel f (rescaled fMT for various parameter values ρ and k). Download elife-44359-fig5-data1-v2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since mutations occur only within the growing population at the front, the properties of the front dictate the evolutionary dynamics, including the strength of selection and the size of individual clones. Local pinning impacts the dynamics at the front by reducing the expansion speed of some parts of the population, leading to an effective reduction in the number of expansion paths that can actively contribute successful mutations. Thus, most individuals and their clones will get stuck in dead-ends, and only a few lucky individuals will be able to find the paths along unpinned front positions and be able to establish a large clone. Once established, though, the size of a mutant clone is roughly independent of its fitness because it is constrained by the network of obstacles. Thus, the evolutionary success of a mutation, that is whether a sector can form or not, and how large a mutant clone can get, depends entirely on where it arises and not at all on its fitness. In this sense, locally pinned expansions bear little resemblance to unconstrained radial expansions (see Figure 7). Rather, expansions along each available path more closely correspond to linear expansions, for example along a coastline, where mutations spread deterministically after local establishment (Fisher, 1937). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Cartoon of how environmental heterogeneity shapes evolutionary dynamics during range expansions. In homogeneous environments (a), a locally established beneficial mutation (orange star), having survived genetic drift, can expand freely (arrows). By contrast, in heterogeneous environments (b), a beneficial mutation can become trapped in pinned stretches of the population, whereas expansion along open paths resembles a one-dimensional expansion. While we have focused here on microbial populations, we expect these results to hold more generally. This is one of the conclusions of our deliberately minimal model, which showed that simple uncorrelated heterogeneities are enough to create a strong impact on the population genetics and morphology of the range expansions. These effects persist even when the heterogeneity does not present as impassable obstacles but merely slows down growth. This is because the properties of the front dictate the evolutionary dynamics, since mutations occur only within the growing population at the front, such that a slowdown have comparable effects on the evolutionary dynamics as a complete halt. Since our model does not include any particular biological details, its results may apply generally in systems with front-limited growth and environmental heterogeneity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is the only sustainable solution for reducing meat-related emissions. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Thus, we would expect a reduced selection efficacy to generalize to other dense cellular populations in disordered environments, such as tumors and biofilms, but also to macroscopic range expansions of invasive species (With, 2002). When a population undergoes a range expansion, it will arguably not experience a completely homogeneous environments: at the very least, some areas will be more hospitable than others, but other parts of the environment may also be entirely inaccessible to the population because of, for example rivers and lakes, a strong local competitor or predator, or lack of resources. Environmental heterogeneity is thus arguably the rule rather than the exception. Despite its simplicity, our minimal model reproduces many experimental findings qualitatively, such as a rougher colony morphology and a reduced efficacy of selection in the presence of environmental heterogeneity (in experiments, by a factor of 2. 5 - 4 depending on fitting strategy). However, the model cannot quantitatively account for all our experimental results. For instance, the model predicts that the frequency of neutral and deleterious mutants should be greater in heterogeneous than in homogeneous environments (Figure 5d). By contrast, in our experiments, we find only about half as many neutral mutants in rough colonies as in smooth colonies and comparable mutant frequencies for deleterious mutations (Figure 2d). A potential reason for this discrepancy may be that the random pattern imposed in our experiments is not correlation-free as in the simulations (Figure 1—figure supplement 3), which may impact the dynamics of mutant clones as follows. A beneficial mutation has to overcome genetic drift, and to do so, it must grow to a lateral size large enough for selection to take over (Gralka et al. , 2016b). However, if the characteristic length scale of the environmental heterogeneity is smaller than this 'establishment size’, then the evolutionary dynamics is effectively neutral. On the other hand, a deleterious mutation born on a ridge or in a trough never grows to large enough size to 'see’ the disorder in the first place and thus its dynamics are largely unaffected by the environmental heterogeneity. In the simulations, however, the heterogeneity can be felt on all length scales, such that it affects mutant clones of all sizes the same way. We expect environmental heterogeneity to impact not only the fate of beneficial mutations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi × on 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 511 - 522 Şükrü Orkan Yılmaz Aral Güzin İplikçioğlu Aral present cultured meat as a viable alternative to traditional animal-based meat production to meet the increasing demands of the growing population. This review aims to compare this subject across various dimensions, such as resource requirements, nutritional aspects, cost structure, consumer acceptance, and market trends, by focusing on recent publications. Cultured meat can be produced by applying existing cell culture practices and bio-manufacturing methods to produce tissue or dietary proteins suitable for human consumption. Studies have shown that cultured meat has some advantages over conventional meat in issues such as the environment and animal meat-related diseases. Cultured meat is a promising but early-stage technology with significant technical challenges in terms of production costs and optimized methodology. Cultured meat cannot completely achieve the texture, taste, and nutritional values of conventional meat. Religious beliefs, price, ethical values, and regional factors are important considerations in consumers' perceptions of cultured meat. Currently, the level of research conducted on aspects such as consumer acceptance, cost, texture, taste, and other characteristics closely resembling conventional meat will directly influence its entry into the market, its success in the market, and its acceptance by consumers. There is a need for further research and analysis with the joint participation of academic and sectoral stakeholders to address all technical, social, and economic dimensions. meat, conventional meat, meat industry, meat production 75. Akın (2023): Determining the variables affecting the prices of animal products by the network analysis in Türkiye. Derg, 70 (4), 359-366. (2019): Lab-grown meat and veganism: a virtue-oriented perspective. J J Ethics, 32, 127-141. Anil K, (2021): Market by Type (Red Meat, Poultry and Seafood), (Household and Food Services: Analysis and 2022-2030. (22, 2023) (2017): Explicit and implicit attitude toward an emerging food technology: The case of cultured meat. Appetite, 108, 245-254. Ben-Arye T, (2019): Tissue engineering for clean meat production. Food Syst, 3, 46.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: pB10 is a 65 kB plasmid isolated from sewage sludge that confers resistance to several antibiotic resistance including tetracyclines and has an inserted RFP gene. Hence, cells containing pB10 ('wild type’) are red fluorescent and resistant to tetracycline. The plasmid is lost sporadically (et al. , 2007), and the resulting cells ('mutants’) are non-fluorescent and susceptible to tetracycline, but display a higher growth rate in the absence of antibiotics (characterized below). We refer to the loss of the plasmid as a 'mutation’ of known fitness effect and occurrence rate, both of which we characterize below. All experiments were performed in LB at 37 °C in a humidified environment. For solid media, 2% agar was added before autoclaving. Varying concentrations of doxycycline, a tetracycline that displays higher stability in agar plates than tetracycline itself, were added to freshly autoclaved media after cooling to about 60 °C and poured immediately. Plates were dried in the dark for at least 24 hr before use. Fitness measurements Request a detailed protocol We measured the fitness difference s between wild type and mutant cells using the colliding colonies assay (Korolev et al. , 2012; Gralka et al. , 2016b). Briefly, a mutant clone was first isolated and then grown independently of the wild type overnight. In the wild type, the plasmid was maintained by adding 10 μg/ml doxycycline to the overnight culture. After growth overnight, cultures were diluted 1:10, grown for about 1. 5 hr, and then washed twice in PBS to remove residual doxycycline. 1 μl droplet of each strain were spotted on agar plates about 2 mm apart. After drying, colonies were grown for 3 days and then imaged under the a v16 microscope. The resulting images were used to estimate fitness differences by fitting a circle onto the mutant-wild type interface. The results are shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 1: without doxycyline, mutants have a 20–25% advantage over the wild type. Both strains have equal growth rate around ≈0. 35 μg/ml, and the mutants grow more slowly than the wild type at higher concentration of doxycycline.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: S, (2016): Meat: The balance between nutrition and health. A review. Meat Sci, 120, 145-156. (2021): 2021-2041: Technologies, Markets, Forecasts: a Technology and of the (starter. ), and Market Forecasts. IDTechEx Research. (13, 2023) (2019): Environmental effects of the livestock industry: The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among students in israel. 16, 1359. (2012): Water use by livestock: a global perspective for a regional issue? Anim Front, 2, 9-16. Dupont J, (2020): Attitudes and acceptance of young people toward the consumption of insects and cultured meat in Germany. Prefer, 85, 103983. (2020): Infectious diseases and meat production. Econ, 76, 1019-1044. (2017): Archive:Farmers in the EU - statistics. (5, 2023) (2013): Building a $325,000 Burger. York Times. (20, 2023) (2020): Sensorial and nutritional aspects of cultured meat in comparison to traditional meat: much to be inferred. Front Nutr, 7, 35. (2020): GAO-20-325 Report (to Prepare for Oversight of Cell-Cultured Meat, Issue. (30, 2023) (2022): How much will large-scale production of cell-cultured meat cost? J Res, 10, 100358. (2019): Market in India: Structure and Costs. India Briefing. (12, 2023) González A, (2019): The $280,000 lab-grown burger could be a more palatable $10 in two years. (2022): of Exposure to Reforms on Opposition: A Randomized Experiment. Anthrozoös, 35, 773-788. (2015): Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. J Integ Agric, 14, 273-284. Hocquette J-F (2016): Is in vitro meat the solution for the future? Meat Sci, 120, 167-176. (2007): Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Manage, 21, 35-48. Hopkins PD, (2008): Vegetarian meat: Could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The following data sets were generated (2019) & Data for: Environmental heterogeneity can tip the population genetics of range expansions. 4104. PubMed 4502. PubMed 925. PubMed 10. 1017/CBO9780511599798 1151. PubMed 8005. 835. PubMed 6008. PubMed 656. PubMed 950. PubMed 1812. 09279 463. PubMed 2905. PubMed 239. 979. PubMed 351. PubMed 81. 10. 1098/rsif. 2017. 0073 PubMed 369. 2760. PubMed 10. 1101/332700 272. PubMed 898. PubMed 5011. PubMed 0400. 10. 1103/PhysRevLett. 109. 088101 PubMed 9930. PubMed 0780. PubMed 5003. PubMed 8104. PubMed 224. 892. PubMed 134. PubMed 0106. PubMed 216. PubMed 4554. PubMed 490. PubMed 1718. PubMed 552. PubMed 6008. PubMed 3013. 3035. 2808. PubMed 8102. PubMed 852. 467. PubMed 283. PubMed 4615. PubMed 13. 1042. PubMed 1488. 6003. PubMed 5982. PubMed 5947. PubMed 3153. PubMed 8312. PubMed 2343. PubMed 923. PubMed 1672. 1093. PubMed 2020. PubMed 300. PubMed 2985. PubMed 1080. 1203. 1767. PubMed 4359. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Share this 10. 7554/eLife. 44359 Categories and tags Research 3. 7-fold higher in S. laevis than in S. leprosula. This difference in the somatic mutation rate was scaled with the slower growth rate of S. laevis compared to S. leprosula, resulting in a constant somatic mutation rate per year between the two species. We also found that somatic mutations are neutral within an individual, but those mutations transmitted to the next generation are subject to purifying selection. These findings suggest that somatic mutations accumulate with absolute time and older trees have a greater contribution towards generating genetic variation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: (2020): Considering plant-based meat substitutes and cell-based meats: a public health and food systems perspective. Food Syst, 4, 134. (2019): A comparative analysis of the attitudes of rural and urban consumers towards cultured meat. J, 121, 1782-1800. (2019): Extracellular heme proteins influence bovine myosatellite cell proliferation and the color of cell-based meat. Foods, 8, 521. (2022): Stem cells-derived in vitro meat: from petri dish to dinner plate. Nutr, 62, 2641-2654. (2018): If you build it, will they eat it? Consumer p437. (2020): An analysis of culture medium costs and production volumes for cultivated meat. Food Institute. 1-30. (2006): Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization. (16, 2023). (2018): Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture. Sci Technol, 78, 155-166. -Albridge EL, et al (2020): Engineering carotenoid production in mammalian cells for nutritionally enhanced cell-cultured foods. Metabol Engine, 62, 126-137. (2022): Maillard reaction of food-derived peptides as a potential route to generate meat flavor compounds: A review. Int, 151, 110823. (2018): Nanomedicine in cancer stem cell therapy: from fringe to forefront. Res, 374, 427-438. Tarcan B, Küplülü Ö (2024): of chicken meat ratios in by Reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Derg, 71 (3), 311-319. Tubb C, (2021): Rethinking food and agriculture 2020-2030: the second domestication of plants and animals, the disruption of the cow, and the collapse of industrial livestock farming. Indust Biotechnol, 17, 57-72. Tucker CA (2014): The significance of sensory appeal for reduced meat consumption. Appetite, 81, 168-179. Tuomisto HL, Teixeira de Mattos MJ (2011): Environmental impacts of cultured meat production. Technol, 45, 6117-6123.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Two experimental approaches, ancestral sequence reconstruction and experimental evolution, can be used to recapitulate ancient adaptive pathways and provide insights into the mutational steps that constitute an organism’s genetic heritage. Ancestral sequence reconstruction follows a backwards-from-present-day strategy in which ancestral forms of a gene or protein are reconstructed and studied mechanistically. Experimental evolution, by contrast, follows a forward-from-present-day strategy in which microbial populations are evolved in the laboratory under defined conditions. describe a novel hybrid of these two methods, in which synthetic components constructed from inferred ancestral gene or protein sequences are placed into the genomes of modern organisms that are then experimentally evolved. Through this system, we aim to establish the comparative study of ancient phenotypes as a novel, statistically rigorous methodology with which to explore the impacts of biophysics and chance in evolution within the scope of the Extended Synthesis. (pages 264 - 276)This 12. Revisited: Chance and Contingency in the Ediacaran-Cambrian RadiationDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0012[Burgess Shale;Cambrian;Ediacaran;contingency;macroevolution]In his 1989 book Wonderful Life, Gould employed the fossils of the middle Shale to argue for a pervasive role of contingency in the history of life. wrote at the advent of an explosion of research in the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of animals, before ‘tree-thinking’ had made great inroads into the reconstruction of phylogeny, and with just the first glimmer of data on the remarkable conservation of developmental genes across major animal clades. More than twenty years on, not only have views of the fossils undergone considerable change, but the role of contingency has become more widely accepted among paleobiologists. Yet much of Gould’s argument that if one ‘played the tape again’ the outcome would differ is difficult to accept. In this contribution I review new views of the Ediacaran-Cambrian explosion relevant to the role of chance in evolution as an example of a larger tension between historicity and laws in evolution. (pages 277 - 298)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Department of Economic and Pd (2022): World population prospects 2022: Summary of results (/POP/ 2022/TR/NO. 3). (5, 2023). (2019): First glimpse on attitudes of highly educated consumers towards cell-based meat and related issues in Brazil. PloS one, 14, e0221129. (2015): ‘Would you eat cultured meat? ’: Consumers' reactions and attitude formation in Belgium, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Meat Sci, 102, 49-58. (2015): Challenges and prospects for consumer acceptance of cultured meat. J Integ Agric, 14, 285-294. (2012): Application of nanotechnology as a tool in animal products processing and marketing: an overview. Food Technol, 7, 445-451. (2020): Consumer acceptance of cultured meat in Germany. Meat science, 162, 107924. Wilks M, Phillips CJ (2017): Attitudes to in vitro meat: A survey of potential consumers in the United States. PloS one, 12, e0171904. (2019): Testing potential psychological predictors of attitudes towards cultured meat. Appetite, 136, 137-145. (2009): Minding the stock : bringing public policy to bear on livestock sector development (English). Washington, D. C. (44010-GLB). (3, 2023) (2013): Novel aspects of health promoting compounds in meat. Meat Sci, 95, 904-911. (2003): Tissue engineering: The beat goes on. Nature, 421, 884-887. (2020): Challenges and possibilities for bio-manufacturing cultured meat. Sci Technol, 97, 443-450. Zidarič T, Milojević M, Vajda J, et al (2020): Cultured meat: meat industry hand in hand with biomedical production methods. Rev, 12, 498-519. Year 2024, Volume: 71 Issue: 4, 511 - 522 Şükrü Orkan Yılmaz Aral Güzin İplikçioğlu Aral Abstract 75. Akın (2023): Determining the variables affecting the prices of animal products by the network analysis in Türkiye. Derg, 70 (4), 359-366. (2019): Lab-grown meat and veganism: a virtue-oriented perspective.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: In both cases, we could not reject a mean effect of zero (B: and F: ). Despite the large, beneficial effects for ID11 (4. 48 and 4. 11 doublings per hour for B and F, corresponding to selection coefficients of 0. 32 and 0. 29, respectively), these two mutations tended, on average, to have little or no effect on fitness in new genotypes (Figure 1 and Table 1), but exceptions should be noted. two-sample -tests and a Bonferroni correction for 16 tests, we found that none of the mutations was significantly deleterious at the 5% significance level, but four were significantly beneficial: B in WA6 and F in NC2, NC10, and WA6. These results are consistent with the presence of magnitude epistasis but fail to provide evidence for sign epistasis [18] for beneficial mutations. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Fitness effects across genotypes of the ssDNA bacteriophage growing on Escherichia coli. Error bars give standard errors. We cannot reject a mean effect of zero for addition of either mutation to each of the eight new genetic backgrounds. Bars with “*” above them indicate effects that are significantly different from zero after a Bonferroni correction. The deviations from the dashed lines correspond to the values of which measure the deviations from additivity. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Effects of beneficial mutations in new genotypes. contrast to our results, Sanjuán et al. [7] and Rokyta et al. [9] measured the effects of pairs of beneficial mutations and found sign epistasis to be common. In fact, in both studies, some pairs of mutations showed decompensatory epistasis such that double mutants were less fit than either of their constituent single mutants. Sign epistasis is also common in studies decomposing adaptive walks by constructing all of the possible intermediate genotypes between the ancestor and evolved strains [10]–[14]. In contrast, parallel substitutions in different genotypes adapting to the same selective conditions can be common [2], [4] (although exceptions exist [6]), a situation that explicitly requires a lack of sign epistasis in agreement with our results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Anthrozoös, 35, 773-788. (2015): Educated consumers don't believe artificial meat is the solution to the problems with the meat industry. J Integ Agric, 14, 273-284. Hocquette J-F (2016): Is in vitro meat the solution for the future? Meat Sci, 120, 167-176. (2007): Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Manage, 21, 35-48. Hopkins PD, (2008): Vegetarian meat: Could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? J Ethics, 21, 579-596. (2021): A holistic approach to access the viability of cultured meat: A review. Sci Technol, 110, 700-710. (2020): Cultivated meat modeling consortium: Inaugural meeting whitepaper. Authorea Preprints. (2003): Tissue engineering skeletal muscle. 377-392. In: (Eds) Engineering. Springer, New York. (2018): Will lab-grown meat find its way to your table. YU Observer. (27, 2023) Kurrer C, (2018): What if all our meat were grown in a lab? Research Service. (12, 2023). (2015): Is the future of meat palatable? Perceptions of in vitro meat as evidenced by online news comments. Nutr, 18, 2457-2467. Liu J, Hocquette É, Ellies-Oury M-P, et al (2021): Chinese consumers’ attitudes and potential acceptance toward artificial meat. Foods, 10, 353. Lynch J, (2019): Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle. Food Syst. 5. Mancini MC, (2019): Exploring consumers' attitude towards cultured meat in Italy. Meat Sci, 150, 101-110. (2015): Analogies, metaphors, and wondering about the future: Lay sense-making around synthetic meat. Sci, 24, 547-562. (2015): Anticipatory life cycle analysis of in vitro biomass cultivation for cultured meat production in the United States. Technol, 49, 11941-11949. (2019): Adipogenesis from bovine precursors. Myog: 111-125.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Sign epistasis may be most prominent in adapting populations in which the mutations involved have large beneficial effects potentially affecting the same or similar phenotypes or are compensatory for antagonistic pleiotropic effects of beneficial mutations. Genotypes that have diverged more extensively through drift or adaptation to different environments may be less likely to harbor strongly epistatic mutations for beneficial mutations under new selective conditions that potentially affect previously less-significant phenotypes. Epistasis for Even in the absence of sign epistasis, the nature of epistatic interactions can be further characterized by measurement of deviations from additivity for mutational effects. Because our fitness measure is a growth rate, if epistasis is not present, the two mutations should have the same additive effects across the eight new genotypes as for ID11. We can measure a deviation from additivity in a method similar to that of Rokyta et al. [9] by where and represents the eight new genotypes (Table 1). The wild-type (ID11) genotype is represented by subscript 1. Note that we deviate from the typical definition of in that refers to a genetic background rather than an individual mutation. We are therefore measuring epistasis between one mutation (B or F) and all of the mutations in the new genotype relative to the original ancestor. Although any of our genotypes could conceivably serve as the reference genotype in the calculations of our a priori knowledge that the mutations have large benefits for ID11 makes this genotype the only meaningful choice. We want to know whether or to what extent the benefits conferred on the ID11 genotype by these mutations are transferred to new genotypes. Because we are dealing with beneficial mutations, would indicate negative or antagonistic epistasis. Synergistic epistasis would give Figure 1 clearly shows a predominance of antagonistic epistasis because only a single mutant (WA6 with F) has a mean effect larger than the corresponding effect in the wild type, and all remaining cases have mean effects lower than that for the wild type. For the B mutation, For the F mutation, In both cases, the average deviation differs by more than three standard errors from zero. Epistasis is therefore antagonistic, a pattern that appears to be consistent for beneficial mutations [9], [13], [14]. Our results suggest more generality for this pattern than previous studies which only considered interactions between a small number of beneficial mutations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3423564/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published13 Jun, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMen tend to eat more meat than women, but it is not clear why. We tested three hypotheses in cross-cultural design (20,966 individuals in 23 countries across four continents): that gender differences are a) a function of biological differences in dietary needs and are thus universal, b) related to gender roles and thus weaker in countries with higher gender equality, or c) related to opportunities to express gender roles and thus stronger in countries with higher economic development. Across all countries, men tended to consume more meat than women. However, this difference increased significantly in countries with greater human development and gender equality. The paradoxical gender gap in meat consumption aligns with previous research that suggests greater differences in behavior across genders in contexts that are more developed and gender equal. We discuss implications for theories of culture and gender as well as practical implications for global meat reduction. Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviourEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciencesparadoxical gender effectgendermeat consumptionequalitycultureFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionMeat consumption represents one of the most significant threats to environmental sustainability, human health, and social justice worldwide [1-5]. Meat consumption is reliably higher among men than women in and European samples [6-9], but reasons for this difference remain unclear. Understanding this difference can shed light on how gender interacts with culture and may pave ways to reduce meat consumption and its negative impacts. We used data from 23 countries from four continents to test three competing hypotheses about gender differences in meat consumption. The first hypothesis is that gender differences in meat consumption are universal. Universalism is typically tied to arguments related to biological sex differences in dietary needs that operate independent of culture and context [10]. For instance, Fessler [11] argued that women experience hormonally-mediated immunosuppression during menstruation and pregnancy that leads them to avoid meat consumption. Other theorists have speculated about differential evolutionary pressures [12], such as a more complete profile of amino acids that promotes muscle and bone strength [13] and protects against injuries that may be more common in men given their greater tendency towards risk taking.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: We show that, when strongly beneficial mutations are considered, this pattern also holds for the interactions between one beneficial mutation and the many mutations separating naturally diverged genotypes. Note that the values of would obviously change if measured with respect to different reference genotypes (Table 2), but we only know that the B and F mutations are large-effect beneficial mutations for ID11. The other ancestral genotypes might have yielded entirely different sets of beneficial mutations under the same selective pressures or, even if the B and F mutations were beneficial, their effects might have been small relative to other accessible beneficial mutations. Nonetheless, for the four cases for which mutations were significantly beneficial in backgrounds other than ID11 (B in WA6 and F in NC2, NC10, and WA6), we found that for the mutation assuming the corresponding ancestor as reference (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Deviations from additivity assuming different reference genotypes. number of factors could contribute to the deviations from additivity for the B and F mutations. Most obviously, we expect that the effects of the mutations should be more similar to the effects in ID11 for genotypes that are more closely related to ID11 [6]. The location of isolation, being a proxy for similarity of historical selective pressures, might have led to distinct phenotypic properties among the isolates that could contribute. Bull et al. [19] noted that, for the related phage X174, the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a mutation could be negatively correlated with the fitness of the genotype into which it is added. We might therefore expect the mutations to have larger effects (and therefore be closer to additive) in genotypes with lower initial fitnesses. Finally, idiosyncratic properties of the mutations themselves could contribute, if, for example, one mutation exhibited stronger epistatic interactions than the other. We tested for these effects using an analysis in R [20]. We used as our response variable and included mutation identity (B or F) and isolation location (ID, NC, or WA) as categorical explanatory variables. Percent genetic divergence from ID11 (Table 1) and the initial (i. e. , ancestral) fitness of the genotypes were included as continuous explanatory variables. In the full model, the only significant explanatory variable was initial fitness ( for all other variables); the mininum adequate model, including only initial fitness, gives and (Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is universally accepted across all cultures as a replacement for conventional meat. [SEP] Text: Similarly, evolved social norms in which men tend to be rewarded for being good hunters [14] could have contributed to its being more valued, both in terms of taste and social status, among men [15]. However, cultural and economic dynamics have played an important role in meat consumption throughout history [16]. In many cultures, meat consumption is linked to masculinity and masculine identity [9, 17-19]. There is evidence that vegetarian men are viewed as less attractive than omnivorous men in some cultures [20]. Moreover, age differences between men and women in heterosexual marriages decrease with a country's greater gender equality [21], as does male-perpetrated partner violence [22]. Thus, it could be that meat consumption is influenced by cultural norms that associate meat consumption with positive traits, such as masculinity and virility for men, and thus would be higher in countries with stronger gender role norms. The third hypothesis is less intuitive. Previous research has identified paradoxical gender effects, such that gender differences in certain psychological variables such as personality traits [23-24], interests [25], and self-esteem [26] are actually greater in countries with greater gender equality. Two possible explanations have been offered for this paradoxical gender effect. First, it has been suggested that gender equality, being associated with greater wealth and increased purchasing power [27-29], provides opportunities for natural expression of certain behaviors [24]. For instance, research suggests that women in more gender equal countries are less influenced by marketing emphasizing social norms [30]. In this case, gender differences in meat consumption would be greater in countries with greater gender equality. A second possible explanation involves reference group effects [31]. In countries with higher gender equality, people responding to questions about themselves may be more likely to compare themselves to the general population, whereas in countries with lower gender equality, respondents may be more likely to compare themselves to others of their same gender [32]. This would have the effect of obscuring actual gender differences in less gender-equal countries. Given that the frequency of meat consumption is a more behavioral criterion than those for which paradoxical gender effects have been observed, such as self-reported personality traits, interests, or self-esteem, comparisons of meat consumption rates across cultures should be less prone to reference group effects. Understanding cross-cultural differences in the meat consumption gender gap may provide insights regarding the role of culture in gender differences and test the limits of paradoxical gender effects that have been observed for other psychological variables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H.

Output: pass