Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: The developed framework will combine primarily the R9-Recover and the R8-Recycle strategies with the biodegradability of a certain product, which results in a so-called “circular bioeconomy of natural resources” (Kacprzak et al. 2022). Goswami and O´Haire (2016) describe biodegradability as the decomposition of a certain material after the interaction with biological elements. 2. 3 Packaging in the food industryPackaging plays a particularly important role in the food industry, as it is necessary to protect food and is also an important carrier of information and part of the marketing strategies of companies. It is therefore not surprising that a large proportion of the packaging waste generated each year comes from this sector (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022; Süßbauer et al. 2022; Zhao et al. 2020). Regarding the requirements on food packaging, there are two different point of views: the producer’s and retailer’s as well as the consumer’s perspective. Parliament and the (EC Regulation 1935/2004, 2004, 1. Endanger human health, 2. Bring an unacceptable change in the composition of the food, 3. Cause an impairment of the organoleptic (influence on sensory perception) characteristics of the food, 4. Labelling, advertising and presentation of materials and 2. 4 Problem of single-use plasticsPlastic polymers can be classified as either fossil-based or bio-based. Bio-based polymers have a significantly lower environmental impact compared to those derived from crude oil. Therefore, it is recommended to exclude fossil-based polymers from the product portfolio in the future (Piergiovanni & Limbo 2016). Further common packaging materials are ceramic, metal and cellulose as well as combinations of the named materials to create different barrier properties and characteristics. Ceramic packaging splits up into glass and ceramic earthenware, like stoneware and pottery, whereas metal is categorized as mostly aluminium or (stainless-) steel-coated packaging. With around 40% of all materials, the most used are probably cellulose-based materials, most common in paper or cardboard form (Piergiovanni 2009) (Tables 1, 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: 1186/1472-6939-7-12. PubMed 3. CAS PubMed 7. Epub 2006 Jun 26PubMed 1899. 49. 10. 1287/isre. 13. 1. 36. 97. 57. 10. 1002/(SICI)1522-7138(199722)11:3<44::AID-DIR7>3. 0. CO;2-X. 342. 215. 40. 10. 1007/BF01049382. 284. 32. 42. 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 1977. tb01880. x. 211. 10. 1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T. 37. 10. 1509/jmkg. 66. 1. 15. 18449. 118. 10. 1016/S0019-8501(01)00182-1. 90. 134. 10. 1086/209386. 2. pdf, Protection. Report (NDR) Manual. 2007, Government of Nova ScotiaOffice of the Health Officer:. 2009, Department of Health and Social Services, 2010. 2010, 56. 10. 1186/1471-2288-11-26. PubMed Pub473. CAS PubMed 10. 1186/1471-2458-11-337. PubMed Pub44. PubMed Pub2. 9. 2007, Journal. 2001, 322: 279-282. 10. 1136/bmj. 322. 7281. 279. 1408. 10. 1001/jama. 269. 11. 1404. CAS PubMed 2810. Association of and Surgeons. New poll: Doctors lie to protect patient privacy. 2001, : Wave 2 Report: Part of Highway Study. 2007 37. 669. 10. 1046/j. 1525-1497. 2003. 20823. x. PubMed Pub1471. PubMed 217. 10. 1136/amiajnl-2011-000100. PubMed Pub60. CAS PubMed 712. 10. 1197/jamia. M2457. PubMed Pub10. 1136/bmj. 326. 7385. 373. PubMed Pub27. 10. 1258/135581904322716076. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: One of the limitations of the study was small scale historical topographic maps. Although information extracted from these historical records like elevation, urban extent, stream network and embankments etc. was effectively utilized in the analysis, however same analysis could have been performed with more accuracy if large scale historical records were available. Sentinel 1 SAR imagery is an excellent source to extract water extent of an area. In this study, open-source data of 10 m resolution was used. Better water extraction can be done if higher resolution SAR imagery was available, which is mostly not available as open source.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: Bio-based polymers from proteins, polysaccharides or lipids are interesting alternatives due to their environmental friendliness and wide availability (Zeng et al. 2022). Table 1 presents an overview of innovations associated with bio-based plastics. The use of bio-based plastics has been discussed and investigated frequently, especially polylactic acid (PLA), which is produced by the fermentation of, for example, corn starch, sugar cane (Mansingh et al. 2022). Biodegradability, good aesthetics, comparable mechanical properties, thermal stability, and ease of processing were cited as positive properties of PLA-based composites, making them suitable as packaging materials (Mansingh et al. 2022). According to Klinmalai et al. (2021), polymer blends such as PLA with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) are necessary to obtain the desired properties and develop environmentally sustainable packaging materials for the food sector. Friedrich (2021) pointed to the problem of single-use plastic packaging, leading to the search for alternatives. They referred to bio-based plastics, especially PLA, which have similar properties to petrochemically produced plastics and have already been used in the medical industry and food packaging. Several papers also investigated the use of chitin or chitosan, and its impact on food quality. Chitosan has been one of the most popular bio-based polymers due to numerous properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable) and is derived from shellfish or fungi (Zeng et al. 2022). Zeng et al. (2022) described the innovative approach of using pomegranate peel to prepare cellulose nanocrystals and how this affects the reinforcement of chitosan films. Pomegranate peels have improved the mechanical properties as well as the water vapor and light barrier properties of chitosan films without compromising thermal stability (Zeng et al. 2022). The use of a multilayer coating of chitosan and pectin (made out of cell walls of plants) in fruit packaging, lead to the extension of the shelf life of several products, according to Adhikari et al. (2022). The coating was found to significantly reduce weight loss of the fruit, increase firmness, and slow the browning process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth eliminates all privacy concerns related to patient data. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-9 data: patient angle DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-10 data: importance patient distance DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-11 data: importance patient coordinate DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-12 data: importance background angle DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-13 data: control face DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-14 data: controls DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-15 data demographics DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4740/supp-16 The authors thank the patients and probands for participation at this study. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Huynh performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Dagmar Wieczorek, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): The study was approved by the local ethics committee (no. : 03-2357) and informed written consent was obtained from all patients. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data are provided in the Supplemental Files. of this work was funded by DFG grant BO 1955/2-3 and 107-05860, of Essen. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2009. Pathophysiology and genetic factors in Moyamoya disease. 26(4):E4. 1999. Ocular malformations, moyamoya disease, and midline cranial defects: a distinct syndrome. of Ophthalmology 127(3):356-357. 2014.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 40396 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 25, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptApril 16, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,878 views 430 downloads 29 0396. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 1 table and 2 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. (A) Analysis of genetic association of NLRP12 in HCC using the TCGA database through the cBioportal online platform. (B) Analysis of NLRP12 expression in human normal liver and -seq data in the TCGA database through the web-portal. Data are presented in a box plot where whiskers represent maximum and minimum variables. (C) WT mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days or left untreated. Livers from DEN-treated (n = 10) and untreated mice (n = 6) were analyzed for the expression of Nlrp12 by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM. (D–H) WT mice (n = 20) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 20) were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and sacrificed at 10 months after DEN injection. (D) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (E) The number of tumors per liver, tumor sizes, and liver to body weight ratios were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 20). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Livers from mice described in D were stained for H and E. and E-stained sections are shown. (G) H and E-stained liver sections were histopathologically examined for adenoma development. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (H) Serum ALT and AST levels in tumor-bearing mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: For instance, the coating interrupts the growth of microorganisms, therefore delays the ripening of strawberries and extends their shelf life (Adhikari et al. 2022). Moussaoui et al. (2022) also studied the aging of strawberries and discovered that edible biofilms based on Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) mucilage and Gum can delay the ripening and aging. Such coatings can extend fruit shelf-life by slowing down metabolic and respiratory processes. (Moussaoui et al. 2022). Etxabide et al. (2022) discussed the use of gelatine as a food packaging material and the ways to improve its properties. Gelatine is produced from animal connective tissue and is a biodegradable protein characterized by film-forming properties, transparency, oxygen barrier, and UV light absorption. However, gelatine’s sensitivity to moisture and poor mechanical and thermal properties are major drawbacks for its use as a food packaging material. To overcome these disadvantages, chitin nanowhiskers were added for reinforcement. The authors also noted that using certain processes, such as the Maillard reaction can influence the characteristics of bio-polymers positively. Similarly, Li et al. (2021) investigated soy protein isolate as a substitute for fossil-based single-use plastic. Moreover, keratin from waste chicken feathers alters the properties of the bio-based plastic, improving the physical properties in terms of water solubility and hydrophilicity and the toughness of the material by 242%. Additionally, Agustiany et al. (2022) highlighted lignin as a promising sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemicals and polymers, and among other applications also suitable for food packaging. Lignin is a naturally occurring polymer in plants, especially trees and can be obtained from pulp and paper industry by-products, agricultural waste and biorefinery products (Agustiany et al. 2022). Mahpuz et al. (2022) reviewed various material and additives for bio-based plastics. For example, starch can be used to make films and packaging for food, due to it odourless, tasteless, colourless, and nontoxic characteristics and different types, such as cassava starch and corn starch, that have different properties.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Some are worried that telehealth sessions will make it more difficult for providers to express caring and support [18], which may weaken the clinician-patient relationship by diminishing nonverbal connection and in-person “presence” [17, 19]. Others are concerned telehealth may create delays in getting needed information [20]. Also, some patients have experienced challenges during video telehealth sessions, such as having limited internet bandwidth (especially among patients in rural communities) [18, 21], frustration with using the technology [8, 21], and questioning the effectiveness of virtual physical examinations for symptomatic patients [20]. As highlighted in a recent study, although most gynecological and breast cancer participants expressed satisfaction with their telehealth sessions, a majority also reported that the quality of care was not as good as in-person visits [13]. Additionally, certain groups of patients may have had better (or worse) communication experiences since the start of the pandemic. For example, older oncology patients have reported less satisfaction with communication in telehealth sessions, in part because of lack of familiarity with or frustration when using the technology [8, 21]. Regarding gender, of two surveys conducted in Australia during the pandemic, one survey reported males were generally more supportive of telehealth compared with females [22], whereas the other survey found males had poorer telehealth experiences [23]. Outcomes also may differ by race and ethnicity. A recent survey of patients at a gastroenterology clinic indicated that most Black and White patients reported their telehealth sessions were as good or better when compared with in-person visits; however, Black patients were more likely to report technological problems [24]. By contrast, a prepandemic survey of primary care patients in California observed that Black respondents were more likely to choose both video and telephone sessions over in-person visits compared with Hispanic, White, and Asian respondents [25]. Health status also may influence oncology patients’ communication experiences during the pandemic. In one international survey (with respondents mainly from the USA and Canada), most oncology patients (83%) were satisfied with their telehealth experience, although patients in the early stages of treatment and those with the shortest duration of treatment were less likely to be satisfied with virtual oncology appointments [8]. In an Australian study of telehealth users (not limited to oncology), patients reporting more anxiety were more likely to have poorer telehealth experiences [23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (I–J) WT (n = 6) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 6) mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age and euthanized at the age of 6 months. (I) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (J) The numbers, sizes, and liver to body weight ratio were measured. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 1—source data 1 NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. Download elife-40396-fig1-data1-v2. zip Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t induce HCC in healthy untreated control mice. (A) A model for DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis. Mice are injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days after birth. 10 months following DEN injection, mice were scarified to measure tumor burden. (B) A dodel for DEN plus CCl4-induced HCC. Mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age. Mice were euthanized at the age of 6 months. (C–E) WT and Nlrp12-/- healthy mice were sacrificed at 10 months after birth and livers were examined. (C) Representative images of the liver from healthy 10 month-old WT and Nlrp12-/- mice. (D) Liver sections were examined following H and E staining. (E) Serum ALT and AST levels of 10-month-old untreated control mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t alter liver fucntion in healthy mice. Download elife-40396-fig1-figsupp1-data1-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, bio-based plastics can be produced using microbes or algae, that can absorb carbon dioxide and can be grown in large quantities in small spaces (Varghese et al. 2022). Moreover, additives play an important role to increase mechanical and thermal properties to protect food and offer a barrier against water, oxygen and harmful microorganisms (Mahpuz et al. 2022). Additives like alkali-treated pineapple leaf fibres can reinforce 3D-printed environmentally sustainable composites, with high tensile and flexural strength (Mansingh et al. 2022). Similarly, Klinmalai et al. (2021) found that films containing carvacrol extended the shelf life of packaged bakery products. The incorporation of essential oils, such as carvacrol, into bio-based polymers, may reduce microbial activity, though the effectiveness of antimicrobial properties depends on several factors, including the type of polymer and the method of film production (Klinmalai et al. 2021). Finally, the cost-effectiveness of bio-based polymers can be enhanced by adding fillers or additives, such as clay minerals and wood flour (Varghese et al. 2022). 4. 2. 2 Challenges and opportunitiesIn addition, some studies not only addressed innovations regarding bio-based substitutes to fossil-based single-use plastic, but rather regulations and other influences that support the transformation toward more sustainable alternatives. For example, the drivers for switching to bio-based plastics seem to be largely market-driven, for example motivated by greater cost-saving potential (Friedrich 2021). Scarpi et al. (2021) adopted a customer-oriented perspective on the production of bio-based polymers from food waste. They argued that consumer acceptance is critical to the success of these plastics. The tendency towards sustainable packaging is influenced by factors such as perceived value, awareness, participation and perceived risk. Converting food waste into higher value products could be an important component of the circular economy (Scarpi et al. 2021). In addition, increasingly stringent directives, such as the VerpackG in Germany, are exerting increasing pressure on the food industry to avoid petroleum-based plastics (Friedrich 2021). However, widespread adoption and establishment in the marketplace may only be possible with further government intervention (Friedrich 2021; Vanapalli et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: However, some cancer care providers have argued that, in the absence of in-person visits, telehealth helps address the psychological challenges faced by cancer survivors during the pandemic by providing a mechanism for continuity of mental health support services [26]. The adjustments made by cancer care providers during the pandemic highlight the need for gathering patients’ perceptions of the quality of their communication with clinicians and how their communication in telehealth sessions (video or phone) compares with communication in in-person visits. This study explored two research questions: How do oncology patients assess the quality of their communication with clinicians during the pandemic, and do these evaluations vary by patients’ sociodemographic and health-related characteristics? How do oncology patients compare the quality of their communication in telehealth sessions to communication in in-person visits? MethodsParticipantsto December 2020, oncology patients who had received treatment during the pandemic were recruited for an online survey of their cancer care experiences since the pandemic started. Survey participants were recruited through nonprofit cancer support organizations, the Community and Cancer, and through a market research firm. Eligibility criteria included having a cancer diagnosis (any cancer type), aged 18 or older, English speaking, and having received any type of cancer treatment in 2020. Survey respondents were offered the chance to win a $75 gift card (20 survey respondents were randomly selected). MeasuresQuality of clinician-patient communication was assessed with two sets of measures. The Patient-Centered Communication-Cancer-6 Items (PCC-CA-6) [27] consists of 6 items on which patients self-assess their communication with clinicians since the pandemic began across key domains of patient-centered communication: information exchange, fostering healing relationships, responding to emotions, managing uncertainty, making decisions communication, and enabling self-management. The measure is grounded in the Institute’s 6-function model of patient-centered communication in cancer care [9]. Items are averaged to create a composite patient-centered communication score. The survey also included 3 single-item measures where respondents were asked, “Compared to in-person visits, how well do your cancer care doctors and other healthcare professionals communicate (show caring and support, provide the information you need) during telehealth sessions? ” Response options included Much better, Somewhat better, About the same, Somewhat worse, or Much worse.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: zip Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased inflammation in the liver. WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized 10 months later. (A–B) H and E-stained liver sections were examined histopathologically and scored for inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Representative images of inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis are shown. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Real-time qPCR analysis of cytokines and chemokines in the HCC tissues. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Tumor tissues were analyzed for the quantification of T cells (CD45+, TCRb+, CD11b-), dendritic cells (CD45+, CD11b+, CD11c+high, Gr1-), Kupffer cells (CD45+, CD11b+, F4/80+, Gr1-), and neutrophils (CD45+, CD11b+, Gr1+, CD11c-) by flow cytometry. (E) Relative abundance of different immune cell types was analyzed by FlowJo software. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded HCC sections were stained with F4/80 antibody and the number of F4/80+ cells (brown) per high power field (20X) was counted. The picture shows representative immunostaining of F4/80 (brown). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 25). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) The expression of Emr1 (F4/80) in the HCC tissues was measured by real-time PCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 13–14). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 2—source data 1 NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased inflammation in the liver. Download elife-40396-fig2-data1-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: So, in a short-term perspective, the use of food waste as a raw material for environmentally sustainable plastic alternatives is a better option than recovering (R9-strategy). But, in a long-term perspective, this form of plastic production could worsen the avoidable food wastage as it seems to be a useful application, which justifies such actions. Excluded from this are wastes from food production that arise as by-products, e. g. , leaves, peels, feathers, or skins. These are unavoidable in the current food industry and should therefore be utilised as resources for further value creation. Under this condition, an environmentally friendly production system for food-derived bio-based plastics could be established. Incorporating the resource nexus approach, which considers the links between multiple resource and socio-economic components (Bleischwitz & Miedzinski 2018), could provide insightful assessments for this transition process. 5. 2 End-of-lifeEspecially for single-use products and packaging, the material’s value chain is really short. Additionally, as mentioned before, the impacts of plastics on the environment are tremendous. Hence, it is not only important to develop plastics from natural and renewable substances, but it is also necessary that the created material is biodegradable, recyclable or repurposable in order to reduce the continuously growing amount of plastic waste. A material is defined as biodegradable if natural composting with the aid of microorganisms or with abiotic factors (e. g. , hydrolytic degradation, environmental temperature) is possible (Eriksen et al. 2014) and organic material rich in nutrients is released as humus (Mahpuz et al. 2022). The biodegradability also depends on the type and nature of the material, the soil and its chemical-physical conditions (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Blinková & Boturová, 2017). Based on the SLR, it is evident that most of the materials, except PLA, fulfil the characteristics of compostability. PLA is only biodegradable in industrial composting facilities and not under real environmental conditions (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Rudnik & Briassoulis 2011; Siakeng et al. 2020; Venkatesh et al. 2021), which is why it does not alleviate the existing waste problem in the environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Primary reasons for preferring in-person visits were ease of asking questions, desire for a face-to-face interaction, and the perception that in-person visits provided more reassurance. Furthermore, the two groups (patients who preferred the idea of a web-based visit alone vs. those who rejected it) were similar in their demographics, ASA class, and disease process/surgical indication. These results provide new insights compared to previously reported findings in terms of patient satisfaction and acceptance of virtual post-operative visit platforms. In a study analyzing use of a patient portal for post-op visits, Broman et al. reported that 76% of their sample found the online format alone to be acceptable for follow-up [3]. The mean overall satisfaction score for a mobile app used for post-op monitoring for breast and orthopedic patients was 3. 9 out of 4 [10]. Our findings demonstrate that although virtual visits may be better accepted by colorectal surgeons, a large proportion of CRS patients may prefer the in-person interaction and opportunity for discussion, despite the added travel inconvenience, cost, and time commitment. Potential solutions to improve patient satisfaction scores with our online tool include more extensive education sessions with research staff at the time of enrollment. During these sessions, patients would become more familiar with the platform, which would help tailor their expectations at the time of survey completion post-discharge. Our survey also solely consisted of a sequential list of questions, which may have thus not provided as much reassurance as an in-person visit. Enlisting the help of our Information technology department (IT) to include voice prompts and visual cues to make the platform more interactive may improve patient satisfaction scores. LimitationsThis study presents several limitations. First, our sample was overwhelmingly Caucasian with a median age of 61. 5 years. This limits our ability to assess whether a web-based visit would be acceptable to patients of different races, ethnicities, and age groups and reflects inherent bias related to the widespread applicability of this option across a diverse population. Second, over 50% of the sample were unable to upload a picture, most often due to file size limits. Similar technical difficulties are reported in other studies, who identified lack of technology education and familiarity with a Telehealth platform as a barrier to using that modality [16].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: zip Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 suppresses inflammatory responses in HCC tissue. (A–D) WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age and sacrificed at the age of 6 months. (A) Formalin-fixed liver sections were stained with H and E. Representative images showing adenoma, inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. (B) Percentage of area covered by adenoma. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Histopathological scorings for inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) The expression of indicated genes in HCC tissues was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E–F) WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months. (E) The levels of IL-6, TNFα, and KC (CXCL1) in HCC lysates were measured by ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 9). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Real-time qPCR analysis of IL-17, IFNγ, and IL-4 in HCC tissues. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). (G) Livers from untreated WT and Nlrp12-/- mice at 10 months after birth were collected and the expression of F4/80 gene was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with the findings of Pinheiro de Souza et al. (2022) that less than 50% of bio-based plastics are biodegradable and further reinforces the recommendation of the (2022) to differentiate between the terms bio-based and biodegradable. Taken this into account, a framework was developed to emphasise the different end-of-life scenarios that newly established materials may have (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Circularity framework for bio-based plastics (own presentation)Full size imageThe first aspect of the framework concerns the source material of the bio-based plastic and its origins and characteristics. The next step in the framework distinguishes between biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. As mentioned above, more than 50% of bio-based plastics are biodegradable. This is the result of processing the materials into a substance that resembles fossil plastic in its structures and properties are attempted to be achieved (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Mansingh et al. 2022). Thus, there are conflicting objectives regarding the material properties. The last stage of the framework is the decision on how to treat the packaging after it has been used. To create a circularity, the material should be recycled as much as possible and in a high quality, so that the products remain in the cycle for a longer period of time. This results in a reduction in the use of materials, energy, and land, as well as a decrease in pollution (Evode et al. 2021). Therefore, the recycling is the preferred option as an end-of-life solution. If this is not possible, the biodegradable material can be repurposed as a commodity in agriculture, e. g. , as compost fertilizer, animal food, or treatment for water and soil (Chollakup et al. 2020). Due to this downcycling process, the material leaves the circle of packaging production but is still useful for another value chain. The last preferred option is the recovery where the plastics are incinerated und used as a source for energy supply. Even if this creates an opportunity to use renewable energies, the feedstocks are lost. Of course, there are also some challenges associated with the implementation of a circular plastic economy. The manufacturing effort for plastic from recycled packaging increases significantly compared to the use of raw material (Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Abstractdisease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic has resulted in a rapid shift to telehealth and many services that need in-person care have been avoided. Yet, as practices and payment policies return to a new normal, there will be many questions about what proportion of visits should be done in-person vs telehealth. Using the 2016 (NAMCS), we estimated what proportion of visits were amenable to telehealth before COVID-19 as a guide. We divided services into those that needed in-person care and those that could be done via telehealth. Any visit that included at least 1 service where in-person care was needed was counted as an in-person only visit. We then calculated what proportion of reported visits and services in 2016 could have been provided via telehealth, as well as what proportion of in-person only services were done by primary care. We found that 66% of all primary care visits reported in NAMCS in 2016 required an in-person service. 90% of all wellness visits and immunizations were done in primary care offices, as were a quarter of all Papanicolaou smears. As practices reopen, patients will need to catch up on many of the in-person only visits that were postponed such as Papanicolaou smears and wellness visits. At the same time, patients and clinicians now accustomed to telehealth may have reservations about returning to in-person only visits. Our estimates may provide a guide to practices as they navigate how to deliver care in a post-COVID-19 environment. COVID-19and QuestionnairesTelemedicineIntroductionA recent shift from in-person visits to telehealth throughout the country has patients and clinicians questioning whether a return to medicine as we know it is possible. Many patients find telehealth more convenient and many clinicians and health care systems see the benefit of being able to treat patients while keeping them safe at home. 1⇓–3 At the same time, this conversion to telehealth has been a financial burden for offices without the infrastructure or capability to quickly transform to telehealth, and the drop in in-person visits has been devastating for these practices and their communities. 4,5 While it is still unknown whether telehealth will remain widespread as stay-at-home orders are lifted, it is certain that medicine as we know it will have changed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 suppresses inflammatory responses during HCC. Download elife-40396-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Increased HCC in Nlrp12-/- mice is associated with increased cell death and proliferation in the livers. WT and Nlrp12-/- were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) or PBS (healthy control) at the age of 14 days and sacrificed at 10 months after DEN administration. (A) Liver tissue sections from healthy controls and DEN-treated mice were immunostained with Ki67 antibody and the number of Ki67-positive cells was counted under 20X objective. Data were collected from at least 10 fields per liver section and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 50). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B) The expression of Ki67 in tumor tissues was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) Apoptosis in the healthy and HCC livers were measured by TUNEL assay. The number of TUNEL-positive cells (green) under 20X objective was counted and plotted as individual values. Data were collected from at least 10 fields per liver section and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Liver sections from DEN-treated mice (n = 3) were immunostained for cleaved caspase-3 (brown). Cleaved caspase-3 positive cells were counted under 20X objective. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 40). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E) Liver tumor lysates were immunoblotted with anti-cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c, and β-actin. The band intensities of caspase-3 and cytochrome c were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-packaging innovations aim to reduce dependency on single-use plastics. [SEP] Text: In this context, different bio-based plastic substitutes possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimicrobial characteristics, which help to expand the durability and decrease food loss during transport and storage (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Klinmalai et al. 2021; Varghese et al. 2022; Zeng et al. 2022). There are findings that the use of bio-based plastics could extent the durability of meat and dairy products as well as fruits, vegetables and baked goods (Adhikari et al. 2022; Mahpuz et al. 2022; Moussaoui et al. 2022; Klinmalai et al. 2021). Moreover, businesses are crucial in communicating and promoting new products to customers. They can influence the consumer awareness towards sustainable products in various ways. It is possible to raise attention for bio-based products for low-aware customers and to increase the awareness of those with an already high environmental conscience (Scarpi et al. 2021). A first step to reach even more customers could be educational campaigns, created and executed by institutions and companies to promote environmentally sustainable materials used in packaging (2015; Süßbauer et al. 2022). An additional approach, provided by Scarpi et al. (2021), is to label environmentally friendly and sustainable sourced products to draw customers’ attention to them. This could make it easier for them to recognise and evaluate environmentally sensitive brands and their offers. Following such proposals could mean drawing higher popularity and therefore greater sales of products packaged in sustainable materials. Due to the current waste problem, manufactures and retailers should be obliged to actively seek and implement solutions for managing the end-of-life of plastic packaging. As mentioned above and in regard of Potting et al. (2017), possibilities of improving the reusability, recyclability, repurposability, and recovery of disposed material should be considered by corporates (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Pinheiro de Souza et al. 2022). Additionally, the high effort of changing the current value chain is compensated in the long term by time, energy and cost savings in production as well as increasing independence from fossil raw materials and suppliers of virgin material (Korhonen et al. 2018). These factors should be an incentive for companies to use their responsible role to support change in the plastics industry. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Past studies have cited multiple reasons for demographic differences in telehealth use including mistrust of the use of technology for health care, poor health literacy, or poor technology literacy16,17. Yet differences in access to technology also play a large role. National-level data confirms that Black and Hispanic patients are less likely to own a smartphone or have home broadband access than non-Hispanic whites. 18 In addition, a survey on the use of telehealth in the system showed that older patients (>75 years old) and Black, Latino/a and Philipino/a patients were less likely to own digital devices, use the internet and e-mail, and be able and willing to use digital technology to perform health care-related tasks. 19 This is particularly concerning given that COVID-19 disproportionately affects older Americans and Black Americans. If we continue a telehealth-only system of medicine in the post-COVID-19 pandemic we have the potential to exacerbate the already present inequities in health care. Understanding the impact of telehealth on health equity will be crucial as virtual visits may improve access to care or marginalize more vulnerable patients with less access to the technology required for high-quality video visits. LimitationsThe major limitation to our study is the NAMCS data categories services provided during the visit. It is not possible to identify within categories every element of an individual visit that might necessitate an in-person encounter. Along the same lines, there is currently no set guideline for which services must be done in-person and which can be safely done via telehealth. Obvious examples such as a pelvic examination or casting were easier to categorize than less straightforward services such as wellness visits. While some education and counseling may be amenable to telehealth, it may be better to deliver some education in-person. Furthermore, our definition of telehealth included any modality (ie, telephone only, video-enabled, e consults) which was in line with the existing literature. It may be argued that video-enabled visits provide more diagnostic accuracy or that telephone only visits reduce the digital divide. We used the extant literature on telehealth to determine which visits in the NAMCS data needed to be in-person and confirmed this list with primary care physicians who were practicing telehealth, though our study points out the fact that more research is needed on the comparative effectiveness of telehealth visits. Second, we did not include NPs or PAs in our study sample.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—source data 1 Measurement of cell death and proliferation in WT and Nlrp12-deficient HCC. Download elife-40396-fig3-data1-v2. zip Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte death and proliferation during HCC. (A) DEN-treated mice at 10 months were injected with BrdU at 2 hr before sacrifice (n = 5/group) via i. p. Formalin-fixed liver sections were immunostained with BrdU antibody. The number of BrdU-positive cells (brown) per HPF was counted. The analysis includes counting from 10 to 15 fields/section (under 20X objective) and three mice/group. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B and C) Primary hepatocytes were grown on cover slip, treated with or without LPS for 24 hr, and stained for TUNEL (green). The number of TUNEL-positive cells were counted from 30 fields. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte death and proliferation. Download elife-40396-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12-deficiency leads to increased expression of proliferative genes and activation of the JNK pathway. WT (n = 15) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 15) mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months later. (A) Liver tumor tissues were analyzed for the expression of the indicated genes by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15; each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (B) Liver tumor lysates were immunoblotted for Cyclin d1, cMyc, and P-cJun. β-actin was used as a loading control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: These are important advancements that have benefits, not only for producers, but also consumers and, more broadly, the planet. If we can harness gene editing to improve upon ways to make agriculture more sustainable and edit plants so that they are more adaptable to turbulent climactic changes, the abilities for smallholder farmers to be more productive on the land with fewer pesticides and/or fertilizers can provide a more regionally stable food source. The major challenges lie in getting these technologies into the market, and to the people who can benefit from them the most, without being financially prohibitive. This is where harmonization of regulatory frameworks, even on a regional basis, as is the case in Latin America, and potentially in sub-will be key. The complexity of the patent and licensing landscape further deters progress in the area of proliferation. At this point, there does not appear to be any consensus among patent and/license holders on how to proceed. Europe could be a game changer if the decides to regulate gene edited agrifoods differently than GMOs. The uncertainty surrounding the EU remains a major limitation to the applicability of -Cas systems in Europe’s agricultural sectors (Cardi et al. , 2023: 18). But we have yet to see whether the recent EU proposal moves forward at the member-state level or is rejected. As discussed in Sect. 5. 3, there are varying expert opinions on which direction the EU will go. Rejecting the new breeding techniques proposal may disadvantage the EU in terms of global competitiveness in agricultural products and the ability to address agricultural sustainability and climate change. The eventual direction the EU chooses will have implications for its trading partners, especially those in African countries like Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania that are in the process of finalizing their regulatory frameworks for gene edited agrifoods. Informant 19 (a private sector representative) said of smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, …much of the activism against modern technologies is really out of touch with what farmers are facing. Farmers are not looking for GMOs. Farmers are not looking for gene edited technologies. Farmers are like, ‘I’m grappling with this pest. Do you know any solution that can help? ’ I wish there was a model that would just allow farmers to have the opportunity to choose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Use telehealth as needed: telehealth substitutes in-person primary care and associates with the changes in unplanned events and follow-up visits 2020. The sample included 16,222 patients, 338,872 patient-month records and 134,375 outpatient encounters. Patients were categorized as non-users, telehealth only, in-person care only and users of both types. Outcomes included the number of unplanned events and costs per month at the patient level; number of days until the next visit and whether the next visit happened within 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-days at the encounter level. All analyses were adjusted for patient characteristics and seasonal trends. ResultsBeneficiaries who used only telehealth or in-person care had comparable baseline health conditions but were healthier than those who used both types of services. During the study period, the telehealth only group had significantly fewer ED visits/hospitalizations and lower Medicare payments than the baseline (ED 13. 2, 95% CI [11. 6, 14. 7] vs. 24. 6 per 1,000 patients per month and hospitalization 8. 1 [6. 7, 9. 4] vs. 12. 7); the in-person only group had significantly fewer ED visits (21. 9 [20. 3, 23. 5] vs. 26. 1) and lower Medicare payments, but not hospitalizations; the both-types group had significantly more hospitalizations (23. 0 [21. 4, 24. 6] vs. 17. 8). Telehealth was not significantly different from in-person encounters in number of days until the next visit (33. 4 vs. 31. 2 days) or the probabilities of 3- and 7-day follow-up visits (9. 2 vs. 9. 3% and 21. 8 vs. 23. 5%). ConclusionsPatients and providers treated telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes and used either depending on medical needs and availability. Telehealth did not lead to sooner or more follow-up visits than in-person services. reports BackgroundTelehealth has rapidly expandedworldwide as an alternative delivery mode to in-person care since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2,3,4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (C) Band intensities of Cyclind1, cMyc, and P-cJun were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5, each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Liver tumor lysates were analyzed for the activation of p38, p65, and STAT3 by Western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. Each lane represents individual mouse. (E) Band intensities of P-JNK, P-ERK, P-p65, and P-STAT3 shown in D were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) The levels in p65, P-p65, P-ERK, P-JNK, P-p38, and P-STAT3 in tumor lysates (0. 5 mg/ml) from different mice were measured by ELISA. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) Hepatocytes were isolated from liver tumors and analyzed for the activation of p38, p65, and STAT3 by Western blotting. Each lane represents individual mouse sample. (H) Densitometric analysis of P-JNK, and P-p65 immunoreactive bands are shown. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (I) RNA isolated from the tumor hepatocytes was analyzed for the expression of chemokines and proliferative genes. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 6, each sample represents individual mouse). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (J) Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells were isolated from liver tumors and stimulated with LPS (1 ug/ml). Activation of JNK was measured by Western blotting. Figure 4—source data 1 NLRP12 suppresses activation of JNK and expression of tumor-promoting molecules during HCC. Download elife-40396-fig4-data1-v2. zip Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates induction of inflammatory molecules in tumor hepatocytes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: In terms of the patent and licensing landscape, harmonization that can simplify the environment for researchers is needed. Those experimenting with gene editing techniques need a degree of certainty about what IP legalities are relevant to their discoveries, which are not, and which might be in the future. The fact that successfully filed patents are publicized 18 months after they are approved is problematic for researchers and developers in this area, who may be violating a patent in the meantime without knowing it. There are calls to democratize the licensing landscape so that researchers in less developed countries can develop agrifood products that may benefit small-scale farmers, sustainability, and food security efforts within their own countries without paying hefty licensing fees and royalties. There are also worries that the complicated IP issues surrounding -Cas systems and other gene editing technologies will concentrate IP and research among only the largest multinational companies that can afford a team of legal experts in patent law, licenses, and royalty pay-outs. Institute’s joint licensing agreement with Corteva is a step forward, but it is ad hoc and only relevant to the patents and licenses that these entities hold. Some argue that the revolutionary technique should be liberalized and be freely available for use to advance science in agrifood research globally, without the financial limitations of patents, licensing, and royalty payments, especially for those seeking solutions to social goods such as addressing global food insecurity, climate change and sustainability in the developing world. Informant 18 (a research scientist with an NGO) sees this as a pressing matter, especially in the wake of the global supply chain disruptions during and after the COVID-19 global pandemic. They state: on global trade and the importance of developing crops for the developing world, I think when you have the supply chains being disrupted, people would like to look for supply chains that are more secure in terms of food. So, if your commodities were coming basically from one part of the world and the supply chains are completely disrupted, trade wars being one such example, you would look for policies which ensure that the production and productivity of commodities in those specific zones is not stopped. So gene editing will play a role.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Over the past two years and especially at the beginning of the pandemic, telehealth relieved the burden to the whole healthcare system by sparing more labor and physical resources taking care of the COVID cases [5, 6]. It also protected patients and care providers from the risk of infection while maintaining timely access to necessary care services [7,8,9,10]. Existing research on telehealth since then have shown the changing volume over time [11,12,13], share and concentration across care service areas [2, 14], as well as utilization by patient subgroup [15,16,17] and among those with special needs [18,19,20,21]. However, there is limited evidence about the effects of telehealth on long-term healthcare costs and patient outcomes [22, 23]. Also limited is the knowledge on the relative timing (e. g. , one type of service happens before or after the other) and the subsequent utilization patterns (e. g. , follow-up rates and visit types) between telehealth and in-person options, which would also influence the direction and magnitude of telehealth effects on care costs and outcomes [24,25,26,27]. There have been mixed opinions on the effects of telehealth. On the one hand, people believe that telehealth provides timely care access and in a relatively cost-friendly way. As a result, it could reduce emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations that would otherwise be avoidable and ultimately save healthcare costs by reducing unplanned events [28,29,30,31]. Conversely, some argue that telehealth is not an adequate substitute for in-person service, and will either need in-person follow-up visits to supplement the service or cause even more delayed or missed care, resulting in higher care costs, worse care outcomes, or both [24, 25, 32]. Uncertainties to these questions impede policy makers and private entities such as insurers, clinicians and/or care organizations to make permanent decisions on telehealth when the public health emergency is coming to an end [33,34,35,36,37,38]. Telehealth also imposes unique challenges and opportunities for care delivery among the aging population worldwide. Take the US as an example.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and euthanized at 10 months later. (A) Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells were isolated from liver tumor tissues. The expression of albumin (Alb), Emr1, and Pdgfr-b in the isolated cell population was measured real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). (B) The expression of Nlrp12 in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). (C) Hepatocytes isolated from liver tumors at 10 months following DEN administration were cultured and stimulated with LPS for 4 hr. The expression of indicated genes was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 regulates inflammatory responses in tumor hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 suppresses gut microbiota-dependent inflammatory responses and HCC pathogenesis. (A) Nlrp12-/- mice were treated with antibiotics in their drinking water starting at 4 weeks after birth and continued until the end of the experiment. Control groups were left untreated. At 4 weeks following antibiotics treatment, all mice (n = 10/group) were injected with DEN (100 mg/kg body weight). (B) At 38 weeks, mice were sacrificed and liver tumor development was monitored. Representative images of DEN-treated mouse livers are shown here. Number of tumors were counted. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) The expression of HCC marker AFP in the liver was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Regulation of Technologies in Crops 9. The 9. We provide examples of applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breeding. Despite the advantages of -Cas9, other genome editing techniques may offer useful tools to address the challenges of agrifood production in the twenty-first century. -Cas9 technology remains the dominant approach to genome editing. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 NucleasesThere are three types of Site-(SDN) (see Table 2. 1). SDN uses DNA-cutting enzymes (nucleases) that are instructed to cut the DNA at a specific location by several binding systems. After the cut is made, the cell’s own DNA repair mechanisms recognize the break and repair it using one of two cell repair processes. In the case of the Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) pathway, there is no donor DNA. The cut in DNA is rejoined, however this may cause a few base pairs to be eaten away or added, resulting in random, small deletions or additions (a few base pairs) of nucleotides at the cut site (SDN1) (Entine et al. , 2021: 559). The Homology-(HDR) pathway involves a donor DNA that carries the chosen change and has homologyFootnote 5 with the target site used to introduce the chosen change at the cut site. This allows for an introduction of specific intentional insertions, changes, or deletions. The SDN2 technique targets a gene for correction. The SDN3 technique inserts a gene into the DNA. Table 2. 1 Three main types of gene editing using Site-(SDN)Full size tableIn some cases, countries regulate the three main types of gene editing differently. Since the SDN3 technique sometimes uses transgenes to edit the genome (transgenics), its risk profile is treated differently from gene editing that uses SDN1 or SDN2 in some contexts. Some argue that mutations in a controlled environment regardless of the technology used may, in fact, be safer than those occurring in nature. As research scientist Informant 5 put it, I find that technologies tend to be exceptionalized in the food system. And the reality is that technologies are probably the least risky part of how we produce and consume food.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: 0, 12,7 and 12. 9±1. 6 hospitalizations per 1,000 patients per month respectively) and were significantly lower than the both-types group (17. 8 CI [16. 8, 18. 9]). During the pandemic, the no-visit and telehealth-only groups had significantly fewer hospitalizations relative to the pre-pandemic period (5. 5 and 8. 1±1. 6). The in-person only group showed no significant changes (12. 3 CI [10. 9, 13. 7]) and the both-types groups had a significantly higher number of hospitalizations than before (23. 0 CI [21. 4, 24. 6]) (Table 2). Predicted payment for unplanned eventsIn the baseline period, the average monthly payment per person for the telehealth and in-person groups were comparable between each other ($7,326 and $7,184) but were significantly higher than the no-visit group ($4,772) and lower than the both-types group ($13,449). During the pandemic, the no-visit, telehealth only, and in-person only groups had lower payments than pre-pandemic levels ($1,896, $3,778, and $4,838 respectively), but the both-types group had no significant changes from before ($12,588). Further, the estimated payments for the telehealth only and in-person only groups became significantly different from each other during the pandemic (mean difference $1,060, CI [$957, $1,162]) (Table 2). Follow-up patterns for telehealth and in-person visitsThe overall distribution of the number of days until the next visit among all encounters were comparable before and during the pandemic and between in-person and telehealth visits. More than 60% of the next visits happened within 30 days. Proportionally more next visits happened on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day from the initial visit (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Distribution of Number of Days until the by Before and During the Pandemic. Note: Sample included in-person and telehealth encounters (/visits) for the pandemic cohort (65 yrs. or older with a UW PCP) pre- and during pandemic without March 2020.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (D–E) Liver tissues were analyzed for the expression of cytokines and chemokines (D) and pro-proliferative genes (E) by real-time qPCR. (D–F) Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 5—source data 1 Measurement of liver tumorigenesis and inflammatory responses following antibiotic treatment. Download elife-40396-fig5-data1-v2. zip Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Altered gut microbiota of Nlrp12-/- mice doesn’t influence immune responses in healthy livers. (A and B) Fecal DNA isolated from 10 months old untreated WT (n = 6) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 7) mice were analyzed for 16S rRNA gene sequence. Relative distribution of bacterial composition at phylum (A) and family (B) levels are shown. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) The expression of cytokines and chemokines as indicated in the liver of healthy mice (10 months old) were analyzed by real time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Single cell suspension of healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers collected at 10 months after birth were stained with antibodies for CD3, CD11b, CD11c, F4/80, and Gr-1 and analyzed by flow cytometry for the quantification of T cells (CD45+, TCRb+, CD11b-), dendritic cells (CD45+, CD11b+, CD11c+high, Gr1-), kupffer cells (CD45+, CD11b+, F4/80+, Gr1-), and neutrophils (CD45+, CD11b+, Gr1+, CD11c-) by flow cytometry. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 4). Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed unpaired t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Meganucleases are single proteins that recognize a sequence in the DNA and break the target DNA, leaving a double-strand break that can be repaired through a natural repair process used to repair broken DNA (Silva et al. , 2011). They naturally occur in bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, animals, and fungi. Meganucleases can be used in genome editing for both nonhomologous end joining and homology directed repair–mediated alterations. Meganucleases-mediated genome editing has been demonstrated in maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. ) (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). Production is difficult, and cost of production is costly. It can take months to conduct an experiment using meganucleases. It is difficult to change the target sequence specificity of meganucleases, so they are not widely used for genome editing (NASEM, 2016). 2. 3 NucleaseOne of the first reliable, successful methods of genome editing was reported in 2003, though it was discovered in 1985. Nuclease (ZFN) interacts with three specific base pairs of DNA that cause double-strand breaks at a targeted site in the genome. It requires two proteins. ZFNs are used to introduce mutations via (NHEJ), which is a natural repair process used to join the two ends of a broken DNA strand back together. ZFNs have been used to modify plants, but the technique is not always accurate as it sometimes targets the wrong sequence (NASEM, 2016). An example of where this technique has been used is in the modification of the endogenous tobacco acetolactate synthase genes, which is the target enzyme for two types of herbicides. By using ZFN and a donor molecule, mutations were induced, thus generating plants which were herbicide resistant (see Novak, 2019). The production and cost of production of ZFNs is prohibitively expensive. It can take months to conduct an experiment using ZFNs for gene editing. 2. 4 activator-like effectors (TALEs) followed zinc finger nucleases and preceded -Cas9 as effective genome editing tools. The discovery of TALEs was first published in 2009 in Science by scientists at University in Halle, Germany. TALEs are proteins with a unique DNA-binding domain that presents a predictable and programmable specificity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: The distributions of number of days until the next visits were comparable both before and during the pandemic and between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemicFull size imageAfter adjusting for patient characteristics and month fixed effects, both telehealth and in-person visits had fewer number of days until the next visit during the pandemic relative to in-person visits before the pandemic (33. 4 and 31. 2 days respectively vs. 43. 9 days; OR 0. 76 [0. 75,0. 78] and 0. 71 [0. 70, 0. 72]), but the two visit types were not significantly different from each other in number of days until the next visit. Similarly, the predicted probabilities of 3-, 7-, 14- and 30-day follow-up were higher during the pandemic period than before (OR 1. 36–1. 74). Comparing between telehealth and in-person visits during the pandemic, telehealth visits had comparable 3- and 7-day follow-up rates (9. 2% [8. 6%, 9. 7%] vs. 9. 3 [8. 9%, 9. 7%] for 3-day; 21. 8% [21. 0%, 22. 5%] vs. 23. 5% [22. 0%, 24. 1%] for 7-day) but lower 14- and 30-day follow-up rates than in-person visits during the pandemic (37. 8% [36. 9%, 38. 6%] vs. 40. 6% [40. 1%, 41. 3%] for 14-day; 62. 4 (61. 6, 63. 2) vs. 65. 1% [64. 5%, 65. 7%] for 30-day) (Table 3). Table 3 Risk-Duration (Number of Days) until the and the Likelihood of Follow-up VisitsFull size tableDiscussionUsing a longitudinal sample of Medicare beneficiaries who were 65 years or older and were served by an Organization, this study leveraged the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment to examine the association of unplanned events, care costs and follow-up visit patterns with visit modality (telehealth vs. in-person) in primary care settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (E) Liver lysates from healthy mice were analyzed for P-JNK, P-p65, P-ERK, P-STAT3, and β-actin by Western blotting. Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Analyses of gut microbiota composition and inflammatory responses in healthy WT andNlrp12-/-mouse livers. Download elife-40396-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates JNK activation in hepatocytes. (A) Primary hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were isolated and cultured. Hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS for the indicated time and analyzed for the activation of JNK, p38, ERK, and p65 by Western blotting. (B) Primary hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were stimulated with LPS in the presence of absence of JNK inhibitor. The expression of inflammatory and proliferative molecules was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) HepG2 cells stably expressing either GFP or NLRP12 were stimulated with LPS and analyzed for the activation of JNK, p38, ERK, and p65 by Western blotting. (D) Primary hepatocytes isolated from untreated WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were stimulated with LPS for the indicated time periods and analyzed for cMyc, P-cJun, Cyclin d1, and P-JNK by Western blotting. (E–F) Primary hepatocytes grown on coverslip were treated with or without LPS for 1 hr and immunostained for P-cJun (green) and cMyc (green). Cellular morphology was visible with filamentous actin (F-actin) staining (red). DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining. (F) P-cJun and cMyc fluorescence intensities were measured by software. Data represent means ± SD (n = 20) and is representative of three independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: TALEs are made and used by plant pathogenic bacteria to control plant genes during infection. In nature, TALEs bind to plant DNA sequences and activate genes. The bacteria encode TALEs through a simple code that has been exploited to engineer proteins with custom site specificity in any target genome (Boch et al. , 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove 2009; NASEM, 2016, 2017a). The ease of the design for specific target DNA sequences of the TALEs revolutionized genome editing. can be fused with the nuclease domain of FokI (a restriction endonuclease—a ‘cleaver’ enzyme) and utilized to edit the genome, referred to as Transcription Activator-Nucleases (TALENs). TALENs are used in pairs like ZFNs to affect targeted mutations. TALENs have a higher efficiency than ZFNs and have been used to alter the genomes of a variety of different organisms. TALENs have been used to edit genomes in rice, maize, wheat, and soybean (Baltes & Voytas, 2014; NASEM, 2016). TALENs have also been used experimentally to correct mutations that cause human disease. experiments require two proteins. Production is relatively easy, and significantly more cost effective than meganucleases and ZFNs. Gene editing experiments using TALENs can take weeks, as opposed to months as with previous techniques. However, researchers continue to improve upon TALENs. In 2020, a rapid TALENs preparation protocol was developed. This has improved reproducibility and efficiency of this gene editing technique according to the for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA, 2023). Footnote 6TALENs has been used in several plants to improve agronomic characteristics or nutritional profiles. For example, TALENs has been used to create soybeans with low levels of polyunsaturated fats. Oils with lower levels of these fats are considered healthier compared to oils that can be hydrogenated to produce trans-fatty acids (ISAAA, 2023). Soybeans that produce high oleic acid (the ‘healthier’ fat) emerged on the US market beginning in 2019 in the form of soybean oil. TALENs has also been used in rice to breed resistance to bacterial blight.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: This study first assessed the occurrence of non-COVID related unplanned events and the health care costs among patients with various types of outpatient encounters (no visit, telehealth only, in-person only and both types) during the pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic period. The study also estimated the time and likelihood of each type of encounter – telehealth or in-person visit that led to the next (follow-up) visit. Results suggested that patients used either telehealth or in-person services or both depending on their medical and personal accessibility and mainly treated telehealth as a substitute to in-person services rather than a replacement altogether. Telehealth was comparable to in-person services in primary care settings as it did not lead to more or sooner follow-up visits when compared to in-person encounters. Our study contributes to the literature on the utilization and outcomes of telehealth in a few unique ways. First, to assess telehealth as a substitute to in-person services, we categorized patients into four mutually exclusive groups based on their outpatient care utilization during the pandemic period when telehealth first became available to the study sample. The categorization of patients into groups with no visits, telehealth only, in-person only and both types allowed us to compare telehealth only and in-person only groups directly against each other as well as jointly compare both with the group that used both types of services. Previous studies in the field which compared telehealth users versus non-users (or heavy users vs. lighter users) did not isolate the use of in-person services and hence, limited the capacity to identify expected variations in care outcomes, events, and costs across patient groups [24,25,26,27]. Second, the distribution of the four patient categories and the baseline information from the longitudinal feature of the study sample provided initial evidence that telehealth was treated as a substitute to in-person services. First off, the four patient categories took 18%, 18%, 30% and 34% of the sample respectively, with the telehealth only and in-person only groups jointly representing almost half of the study sample. Significant shares of patients with either type of service implied that many patients chose one type over the other.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (G–H) Nlrp12-/- primary hepatocytes were transiently transfected with either GFP or Nlrp12 constructs followed by stimulation with LPS. The levels of P-JNK, cMyc, P-cJun, and P-p65 were measured by Western blotting (G) and the expression KC (Cxcl1), MIP2 (Cxcl2), and MCP1 (Ccl2) was analyzed by real-time qPCR (H). Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates) and is representative of three independent experiment. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 6—source data 1 NLRP12 negatively regulates JNK activation and production of inflammatory molecules in hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig6-data1-v2. zip Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates multiple JNK activating pathways in hepatocytes. (A) For checking the purity of primary hepatocytes, hepatocytes isolated from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were immunostained with antibody for hepatocyte-specific marker Albumin and counterstained with DAPI. (B) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- healthy mouse livers were cultured and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL), PGN (10 μg/mL), TNFα (20 ng/mL), and IL-6 (20 ng/mL) for 4 hr. The expression of indicated genes was analyzed by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3) and representative of three independent experiments. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) HepG2 cells stably expressing either GFP or NLRP12 were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL), PGN (10 μg/mL), TNFα (20 ng/mL), and IL-6 (20 ng/mL) for 4 hr, and the expression of indicated genes was analyzed by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3) and representative of three independent experiments. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Through gene editing, scientists were able to generate inheritable disease resistance. TALENs has also been used to reduce acrylamide in potatoes, maize, and wheat, as well as breed resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Further applications of TALENs include utilizing sugarcane and algae in the biofuels industry (ISAAA, 2023). 2. 5 -Cas9(-Cas9) system as a gene editing tool was reported in 2012 (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). is a naturally occurring mechanism found in bacteria. Bacteria harbour as an innate defense mechanism against viruses and plasmidsFootnote 7 that uses RNA-guided nucleases to target the break or cut of foreign DNA sequences. The bacteria retain fragments of foreign DNA which provides it with some immunity to viruses. -Cas systems can generate a range of DNA edits which are synonymous with those found in natural populations. Multiple genetic changes can be achieved in a single generation (Lyzenga et al. , 2021). -Cas9 has received the most academic attention, namely because it is more precise in targeting specific genes than other techniques and is more economical to use than other gene editing techniques mentioned above. This has improved the timeliness of experimenting with this technique, and reduced the costs associated with gene editing research. It is the most recently introduced of all gene editing platforms and appears to have the highest accuracy of all gene editing techniques discussed here. -Cas9 is the gene-editing platform in which RNA homologous with the targeted gene is combined with the Cas9 (DNA snipping enzyme). Cas9 gives the ability to alter DNA sequences. Cas9 makes up part of the “toolkit” for the -Cas9 system of genome editing. The other is a homing device that can be programmed to target the DNA sequence of interest, imparting precise control over the location of edits. Scientists have dissected the innate -Cas9 system and re-engineered it in such a way that a single RNA, the guide RNA, is needed for Cas9-mediated cleavage of a target sequence in a genome (Alvarez, 2021; Sander & Joung, 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Further, results from the encounter-level data suggested that compared to encounters before the pandemic, encounters initiated during the pandemic had fewer number of days until the next encounter and higher (3-, 7-, 14-, 30-day) follow-up rates, but telehealth encounters were not significantly different from in-person encounters for these metrics during the pandemic [26, 27]. LimitationsThis study has a few limitations. First, the study sample came from a single care system and could not represent the general aging population nor Medicare beneficiaries from managed care plans. However, focusing on one care system allowed us to leverage richer information from both electronic health records and claims data for analysis [49, 50]. Second, findings from the study suggested that telehealth was used as a substitute for in-person services and did not lead to sooner or more frequent services in the future. But as with many other observational studies, we cannot establish causal relationship between telehealth and care outcomes, such as unplanned events and follow-up visits. Some study designs to construct comparison groups or with randomized interventions would help. Third, for the analysis on the time duration until the next visit, we can only group the outpatient encounters by beneficiary and encounter date and cannot guarantee that any two consecutive encounters were for the same healthcare concerns. Dose response relationship across follow-ups beyond the immediate next visit was not considered either. Similarly, the data did not include information on the waiting time from requesting an appointment to being seen for telehealth or in-person visits, nor were data available to discern whether an ED visit or hospitalization was just a one-off event or due to a patient’s bypass of primary care. Using additional information on primary diagnosis and reason for the visit will help refine the results. Lastly, results from this study were based on the actual utilization data. Patients who faced barriers to access telehealth, such as technology or health literacy, had to stay with in-person services or no service at all during the pandemic period. As such, results from the study were conditional on telehealth availability and accessibility. More system and community efforts are expected to ensure equitable access to telehealth as an alternative to traditional in-person services in the long run. ConclusionsUsing a sample of the US Medicare beneficiaries from one care system, this study found that patients and providers treated telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes and used either type depending on the medical needs, service availability and accessibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Nlrp12-/- primary hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS in the presences or absence of JNK inhibitor. The levels of cMyc, P-cJun, and P-JNK were measured by Western blotting. (E) NLRP12 was knocked down in HepG2 cells usingCas9 technology. Cells were then stimulated with LPS (1 ug/ml) and the activation of JNK was measured by Western blotting. Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 downregulates inflammatory responses in hepatocytes in responses to multiple stimuli. Download elife-40396-fig6-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte proliferation via JNK activation. (A–B) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of a JNK inhibitor. The proliferation of hepatocytes was monitored in real-time by IncuCyte live cell image analyzer. (A) Representative images of hepatocytes captured by IncuCyte are shown. (B) The changes in cell confluence were used as a surrogate marker of cell proliferation. Data represent means ± SD (n = 5 replicates) and is representative of three independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) WT and Nlrp12-/- hepatocytes were treated with LPS for 24 hr followed by 1 hr incubation with BrdU. Cells were then immunostained with anti-BrdU antibody and BrdU incorporation (S phase) was analyzed by flow cytometry. (D) Percentage of S phase cells as analyzed by flow cytometry was quantitatively analyzed. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates) and is representative of two independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E–F) Hepatocytes stained with anti-BrdU (green) were observed and counted under the 20X microscopic objective. DAPI (blue) was used for nucleus staining. Data represent means ± SD (n = 30 replicates) and is representative of two independent experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Guide RNA (short segments of RNA used to direct the DNA-cutting enzyme to the target location in the genome) design requirements are limited to a unique sequence of about 20 nucleotides in the genome (to prevent off-target effects) and are restricted near the Motif sequence (PAM),Footnote 8 which is specific for the -Cas9 system. Newer applications of include the use of two guide RNAs with a modified nuclease that “nicks” one strand of the DNA, providing greater specificity for targeted deletions. The ease of design, the specificity of the guide RNA, and the simplicity of the -Cas9 system have resulted in rapid demonstration of the utility of this method of editing genomes in plants and other organisms (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). -Cas9 is a versatile and robust gene editing tool for crop improvement. Because of its efficiency and accuracy, this method is rapidly becoming the most widely used approach for performing gene editing. For example, researchers from the Institute of of Argentina (INTA) used -Cas9 to develop non-browning potatoes and lactose-free cow’s milk. -Cas9 has also been used to increase alfalfa productivity and quality (Laaninen, 2020: 8). -mediated gene knockout has been applied in rice, barley, soy, maize, wheat, tomato, potato, lettuce, citrus trees, mushrooms, cucumbers, grapes, watermelon, and others (Liang et al. , 2014). What seems to baffle some of the scientists we interviewed is the artificial distinctions arising in public debates over the safety and risks of gene editing—between genomic editing and mutations that take place in a controlled laboratory setting versus mutations that happen in nature. The distinction between manufactured risks and natural risks seems to be at the centre of the debate over the safety of gene editing in the agrifood system; though at a conceptual level, mutations or changes to genomes happen in nature. Informant 6 and Informant 7 (an NGO representative and a research scientist, respectively) had similar things to say about how the perception of the safety of gene editing compared to ‘conventional’ breeding techniques such as mutagenesis is distorted in the public dialogue on biotechnology in the agrifood system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: For healthier patients without complicated medical needs, telehealth can substitute for in-person services altogether. For less healthy patients who need more outpatient visits or have more unplanned events, telehealth can substitute for in-person care for pre-diagnosis, monitoring, and/or follow-up. Further, telehealth did not lead to sooner or more follow-up visits than in-person services. For all patients and the healthcare system, telehealth works as an effective substitute to in-person services and has the potential to improve timely care access and reduce health costs. Evidence obtained from the US healthcare market on the potential benefits of telehealth also yield similar implications to other countries in the world during the pandemic and beyond. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Center for Medicare and (CMS), but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of CMS. AbbreviationsED: ACO: : for Medicare & HCC: : Ratios OR: SD: CI: 91. 58. 9973. 2618. 42. 7. Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. . 2020;3(11):e2024984–e2024984. 7621. . Telemedicine: patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24:1692–7. 61. 2021. JAMA. 2022;327(3):237–47. 2020. J Manag Pract. 2022;28(1):77–85. 2019. Assoc. 2010;2021:e213282–e213282. 1476. 1640. 19. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:23743735211065270. PubMed Pub42. 6791. 12. . Use of Telemedicine for in or Medicare Advantage. . 2022;5(1):e2142531–e2142531. 43. 2021. . 2022;5(3):e225484–e225484. 8954. 2793. 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) The proposed mechanism of NLRP12-mediated regulation of HCC. Figure 7—source data 1 Assesment of the role of Nlrp12 in hepatocyte proliferation. Download elife-40396-fig7-data1-v2. zip Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset JNK-dependent hepatocyte proliferation is regulated by NLRP12. (A) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor. The cellular proliferation was monitored in real time with the continuous presence of indicated treatments until the end of each experiment by IncuCyte live cell image analyzer. Representative images of hepatocytes captured by IncuCyte. (B) The hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were cultured and treated with LPS for 24 hr in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor. Hepatocytes were immunostained for Ki67 (green) and F-actin (red), and counterstained with DAPI (blue). (C) Percentage of Ki67-positive cells per field under 20X objective. 10 independent fields were counted from each experiment and representative of three independent experiments. Data represent means ± SD (n = 10). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 7—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Analysis of Ki67-positive cells in LPS-stimulated hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig7-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Analysis of gene alterations of different innate immune genes using cBioportal. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Gross anatomy of DEN and DEN plus CCL4-treated mice. resources table Reagent type or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent (M. musculus)C57BL/6:MGI:3028467 JAX:000664Genetic reagent (M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Informant 7 notes, …if you compare [gene editing] to a conventional breeding technique like a random mutagenesis which is considered conventional, it’s in the organic section of the grocery store, you get hundreds to thousands of random mutations per plant, using those techniques. And what? It’s fine. Those plants have been on the market and we’ve been eating them for a hundred years, and they’re fine. But that’s a lot of unintended mutations that we don’t even know about. Whereas with gene editing, if you get unintended mutations off-target first of all, we tend to know exactly where they would be, because they happen in regions that are very similar to the region that we’re targeting. We can scan those, and we do. We look at that, and we can tell if it’s been enough target mutation. …. And secondly, we’re certainly not getting thousands from the gene editing process itself. Informant 7 had more to say about genetic mutations in agrifood plants. They continue, they’re fine, I mean one rice plant. It produces a seed and that seed has around 40 mutations, random. We don’t know where they are. They’re all unintended. They’re all just…who knows? And it’s fine. No problem…Mutations happen, and that’s a good thing. That’s how things evolve. That’s how things adapt. /on Another recent discovery in the -Cas system is ‘’ which is a technique using -Cas9 to turn genes ‘on’, but which also has the potential to turn them ‘off’ (Nunez et al. , 2021). is a reversible tool for controlling gene expression that is specific, precise, and inheritable. It involves the addition of a chemical tag to the DNA making it inaccessible for reading and subsequent protein production. In the paper published in Cell, Nunez et al. (2021) describe how to modify ’s basic architecture to extend its reach beyond the genome and into what is known as the epigenome—proteins and small molecules that latch onto DNA and control when and where genes are switched on or off.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: The therapist’s ability to see such things as the amount of space for exercise, height of stairs, type of flooring, exercise equipment, household items available, exercise technique etc. enables him/her to accurately instruct the patient in home program performance. For example, an injured adolescent athlete who was instructed to advance single limb balance to an unstable surface at home to mimic a foam balance pad in the clinic, stood on a pillow. In observing the patient during a telehealth visit this was no more challenging than standing on a flat surface. It became evident that the pillow was fully compressed and not providing the intended dynamic base of support. A change was made to a firmer pillow and the intended balance challenge was achieved. Had it not been for telehealth, this patient would likely have been standing on a compressed pillow, day in and out, not obtaining the neuromuscular benefit of the exercise. Other exercises in the program would perhaps also be misinterpreted, and the duration of recovery potentially unnecessarily extended. Periodic telehealth visits as part of a rehabilitation program for this population provide the opportunity for in home instruction which may be superior to traditional all in-person care. Telehealth also augments rehabilitation of the young athlete population by providing additional scheduling options which help to ensure continuity of care. Busy family life makes attendance unpredictable and most youth are dependent upon others for transportation. It is not only the lives of the patients which affects their ability to travel to a visit, but the lives of their parents/caregivers and siblings as well. Changes in schedules of a brother or sister and unexpected work obligations of parents/caregivers can cause a cancelation. When a family may not be able to travel to an appointment, they may be able to keep their visit via conversion to telehealth, preventing an interruption in care. Telehealth also provides the opportunity for a brief visit to review and update a home program when adjustments are indicated but a full visit is unlikely to be required. A family may be hesitant to travel for a brief visit in-person, but happy to attend a brief visit via telehealth. Both advantages keep the patient and family engaged without interruptions in treatment, optimizing the episode of care, possibly maximizing the pace of recovery, and in the case of a brief visit, also provide a direct cost reduction to insurers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: musculus)Nlrp12-/- C57BL/6JPMID:12563287RRID: MGI:2676630Cell line (Homo Sapiens)HepG2:CVCL_0027Recombinant DNA reagentpcDNA4/TOInvitrogenCat#V1020-20Recombinant DNA reagentpcDNA4/TO-Nlrp12This paperFull length Nlrp12 (mouse) cDNA was cloned into pcDNA4/reagentpcDNA4/TO-NLRP12This paperFull length NLRP12 (human) cDNA was cloned into pcDNA4/reagentNLRP12 sg/Cas9 All-in-(Human)ABM IncCat # K1434706Recombinant DNA reagentScrambled sg/Cas9 All-in-one # K010AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-NLRP12:SCR_001456 Cat # OAAB04256WB: 1:500AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-p44/42 (Erk1/2):AB_390779 Cat # 4695,WB: 1:2000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho- SAPK/:AB_823588 Cat # 4668WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-p38 :AB_10999090 Cat # 8690WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-:AB_2315049 Cat # 4060WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-c:AB_1903938 Cat # 5605WB: 1:1000, IF:1:100AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti b-actinSigmaRRID:AB_476697.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: The researchers show that once a gene is switched off, it remains inert in the cell’s descendants for hundreds of generations, unless it is switched back on with a complementary tool called. Discussions have emerged regarding how to classify organisms that have had applied to their genome. If the genome is not changed, but there is genetic manipulation, is it a GMO? Identification of organisms produced using would be difficult to identify, as critics of gene editing in general have noted (Williams, 2021). These are advancements that may require new regulatory scrutiny in the coming years as their applications evolve, and the need for innovative ways to address climate change and food insecurity become even more pressing. However, many countries, such as Canada and Argentina, have designed their regulatory frameworks based on a risk assessment of products, not how the organism was developed. Therefore, as the of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017a, p. 108) document states, “risk assessment endpoints for future biotechnology products are not new compared with those that have been identified for existing biotechnology products”. The benefit of having a regulatory system tooled to conduct risk assessments for previous and current biotechnologies in the agrifood system on a case-by-case basis is the built-in ability to assess future, unknown technologies for future, unknown risks. However, regulatory systems may have to continually update and adapt to assess yet unknown risks that accompany new breeding techniques. As the NAESM (2017a) report cautions—if regulatory systems are not prepared for the wave of new breeding techniques on the horizon, there will be stifling of innovation and a slowing in the development of products that can be useful tools in combating food insecurity and climate change. Table 2. 3 lists applications of gene editing in the agrifood plant breeding space, including the type of NBT used in the breeding process, the type of quality improvement (food & feed and/or agronomic), the trait that was the specific focus of the breeding initiative, country of origin and research organization(s) responsible for developing the application. Table 2. 3 Applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breedingFull size table 3 ConclusionDue to their accuracy, lower costs and application simplicity, genome editing tools can introduce valuable quantitative and qualitative traits into plants. Current research is focusing on improving agronomic traits including drought resistance, increased yield, pathogen resistance, and decreased time to ripening.

Output: corroborate