Input: Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Simulating anisoplanatic turbulence by sampling intermodal and spatially correlated Zernike coefficients. 59(8):83101. 1977. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Society: (Methodological) 39(1):1-22. 1981. Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Communications of the ACM 24(6):381-395. 2014. optimization for robust image alignment. Image and 32(10):800-813. 2020. Removing atmospheric turbulence effects via geometric distortion and blur representation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and 9:1-13. 2019a. Variational models for joint subsampling and reconstruction of turbulence-degraded images. Journal of 78(3):1488-1525. 2019b. Restoration of atmospheric turbulence-distorted images via RPCA and quasiconformal maps. 35(7):74002. 2007. Atmospheric turbulence-degraded image restoration using principal components analysis. IEEE Geoscience and Letters 4(3):340-344. 2013. Video stabilization of atmospheric turbulence distortion. & Imaging 7(3):839-861. 2020. Image reconstruction of static and dynamic scenes through anisoplanatic turbulence. IEEE Transactions on 6:1415-1428 Mao Y, Gilles J. 2012. Non rigid geometric distortions correction-application to atmospheric turbulence stabilization. & Imaging 6(3):531-546 Meinhardt-Llopis E, Micheli M. 2014. Implementation of the centroid method for the correction of turbulence. on Line 4:187-195. 2013. Robust matrix factorization with unknown noise. . 2011. A two-stage reconstruction approach for seeing through water. . 2008. One-class collaborative filtering. . 2012. RASL: robust alignment by sparse and low-rank decomposition for linearly correlated images. IEEE Transactions on 34(11):2233-2246 Pernechele C. 2005. Adaptive optics. In: Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 197-204. 1990. A pipeline algorithm for detection and tracking of pixel-sized target trajectories. Signal and data processing of small targets. . 2016. Removing turbulence effect via hybrid total variation and deformation-guided kernel regression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae spores were isolated from the midguts of worker honey bees in heavily infected colonies and purified using a Percoll gradient procedure23. Spores were counted using a Fuchs-Rosenthal haemocytometer and N. ceranae species status was verified by a standard PCR protocol16. 150 newly emerged workers were individually fed with 2 μl 50% sucrose solution containing 105 N. ceranae spores. An additional 150 newly emerged workers were individually fed with 2 μl sucrose solution without spores, as a control. Three sets of 50 workers each for control and infected bees were housed in a sterile plastic cup at 34 ± 1 °C, 60% relative humidity. Five workers were sampled from each cup at 24 hour intervals for six days post-infection. The midguts of all sampled workers were used to extract total RNA with TRIzol. Total RNA of 15 infected and 15 control workers respectively were pooled daily and small RNA were separated with small RNA sample for sequencing. The remaining of the total RNA was used for mRNA sequencing and the original mRNA sequencing data were downloaded from NCBI bio-project PRJNA282511. One small RNA library was sequenced for each post infection day. Overall, six libraries were sequenced for infected workers and an additional six libraries were sequenced for the control workers. The purpose of this study is searching the miRNA expression variance due to the infection. All the honey bee workers were from the same colony. The main reason to use one colony is to assure that the sampled bees were not a mix of recalcitrant bees with completely unsuccessful infections and bees for which infection was possible, as this would have confounded the control vs. infection comparisons. MicroRNA data analysisOver 14 million reads (19–35bp per read) were generated from each small RNA library, respectively, after quality control. The small RNA reads were aligned to the A. mellifera genome (Amel 4. 5) to extract the counts of mature miRNAs via the miRdeep2 package24. The original counts were normalized with weighted trimmed mean of M-values (TMM) to calculate relative expression levels of miRNA using edgeR25. As there is no library replicate, the common dispersion 0. 02 was used to calculate corrected P value of each miRNAs. miRNAs with fewer than 100 normalized reads across all 12 libraries were discarded.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of space debris is made up of defunct satellites and fragments from past collisions or explosions in orbit. [SEP] Text: comments noted that critical components inducing break-ups are sometimes identified only years after the satellite has been operational, which could result in a large problem with large numbers of satellites, particularly with short production times involved. at 3. 102. This type of proposal was suggested by ESA in its comments to the proceeding, with respect to large constellations. comments at 3. 103. 104. 105. U. S. Practices at 4-1. 106. IADC Guidelines at § 5. 3. 2. 107. at 3 (noting that disposal of satellites in large LEO constellations by orbit raising should be avoided). 108. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11591, para. 60. 109. Direct retrieval of satellites implicates the need to assess rendezvous and proximity operations, and any risk of debris generation from those operations. 110. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11603-04, para 87. 111. . ,. SAT-MOD-20091119-00123, at 3-7; O3b. SES-LIC-20100723-00952, to S at 37-40;. SAT-LOA-20161115-00113, Letter from to Jose P. (April 11, 2017) at 7-8. The geostationary disposal requirement in our rules, intended for satellites orbiting at inclinations of approximately 15 degrees or less, can be viewed as an example of this type of disposal. 112. . SAT-PDR-20161115-00111, to S at 15-18. This approach appears to be more readily available for satellites operating at higher inclinations. 113. End-of-life Disposal in Orbits, & Carmen Pardini, Proceedings of the 9th for the Advancement of Space Safety, 2017, 114. See, e. g. , Inc. , Application for Launch and. SAT-LOA-20130626-00087, Exh. 43 at 2 (describing the nominal lifetime of its Flock 1 satellites as 11 months, with maximum lifetime of 18 months); Inc. ,. SAT-MOD-20150802-00053, Exh. 43 at 1 (describing expected operational lifetime of a series of additional satellites as approximately two years); Spire Global, Inc. , Application for Launch and.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Journal of Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology > Vol. 2 No. 1, January 2016 in Pre-Planckian Space-Time Physics, and to Avoid the BICEP 2 Mistake () Beckwith*. DOI: 10. 4236/jhepgc. 2016. 21008 2,244 Downloads 3,257 Views 82. doi: 10. 4236/jhepgc. 2016. 21008. Received 20 October 2015; accepted 8 January 2016; published 12 January 2016 1. begin with a review from T. Padmanabhan [1] as to the foundations of a scalar field and a potential field, in terms of cosmological evolution. Following that, we are adding more detail as to a supposition by Handley et al. [2]. As to how one could invert the supposition of inflation, [1] that the Kinetic energy would be much larger than the Potential energy [2]. Here, we offer a mechanism for how this may happen. This is in lieu as to C. in [3] namely that we need to distinguish between multiple early universe sources of gravitational wave, or the onset of inflation generated early gravitational waves, as seen in the below quotation “Omni-directional gravitational wave background radiation could arise from fundamental processes in the early Universe, or from the superposition of a large number of signals with a point-like origin. Examples of the former include parametric amplification of gravitational vacuum fluctuations during the inflationary era” In particular our approach is similar to the procedures outlined as to vacuum fluctuations in the (very early) inflationary era. And we will outline how we are avoiding multiple sources. Which would be done if there is a sharply focused peak frequency in magnitude and intensity, i. e. we wager that a sharply defined peak of GW amplitude and strain is about the only way to avoid the problems associated with Bicep 2, which was due to dust from galactic sources [3] - [5]. Our gedanken experiment is a thought experiment, that kinetic energy dominates potential energy in the initial phase of cosmological evolution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1371/journal. pone. 0037017 (2012). Holt, H. L. , Aronstein, K. A. & Grozinger, C. M. Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics 14, 10. 1186/1471-2164-14-799 (2013). Mayack, C. & Naug, D. Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 100, 185–188 (2009). 10. 1111/1758-2229. 12059 (2013). 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2009. 01953. x (2009). 10. 1128/Ec. 05114-11 (2011). 10. 1111/J. 1462-5822. 2004. 00399. X (2004). 10. 1073/Pnas. 0907766106 (2009). 10. 1126/science. 1173164 (2009). 10. 1038/Nbt1394 (2008). 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btp616 (2010). 10. 1093/Bioinformatics/Bti610 (2005). 10. 1186/1471-2105-9-559 (2008). Ritz, C. & Spiess, A. N. qpcR: an R package for sigmoidal model selection in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Bioinformatics 24, 1549–1551, 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btn227 (2008). 1784. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsLaboratory of and Evolution, of Zoology, of Science, Kunming, 650223, China& --306, Beltsville, 20705,. Schwarz & Jay D. EvansAuthorsQiang HuangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4. 0 International License. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/ Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mars rovers have provided invaluable data about the planet’s surface and potential for past life. [SEP] Text: Introduction 2. Consent in a digital environment 3. Addressing the power imbalance II. Legislative history III. Obligation to demonstrate consent (Art. 7 para. 1) 1. Scope of obligation a) Controller accountability b) Timing c) Inability to demonstrate consent 2. Obligation to demonstrate consent where there are multiple controllers 3. Proxy consent through automated tools IV. Formal requirements for consent requests (Art. 7 para. 2) 1. Separation of consent information from information on other matters a) Consent as approval of pre-formulated statement b) Clear and distinguishable information c) Invalidity of declaration d) Infringement of the GDPR through a faulty declaration 2. Clear and plain language 3. Intelligible and easily accessible form a) Practical ways to meet consent information requirements b) Consent information in an online context V. Withdrawal of consent (Art. 7 para. 3) 1. Right to withdraw consent 2. Effect of withdrawal 3. Withdrawal where processing is based on more than one legal ground 4. Form of withdrawal VI. Restrictions on “bundling” (Art. 7 para. 4) 1. “Bundling” in the context of consumer contracts a) Distinction between necessary and unnecessary data b) Conditionality c) Data as counter-performance d) Application of Art. 7 para. 4 in non-commercial contexts 2. Controller obligations 3. Genuine choice 4. Burden of proof 391–399 Art. 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society servicesThe authors would like to thank Ayça Atabey for her assistance in conducting the research for this 1. Art. 8 para. 1 a) Consent by a child b) Parental consent c) Information society services d) Remuneration e) Information society services offered directly to a child 2. Art. 8 para. 2: Parental consent verification requirements 3. Art. 8 para. 3: Enforcement 400–419 Art. 9 Processing of special categories of personal data András Jóri 400–419 Details I. Preliminary remarks II. Legislative history III. Analysis 1. “Special categories of personal data” (para. 1) 2. “Revealing” (para. 1) 3. “Shall be prohibited” (para. 1) 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: As a second component of our thought experiment is then the smallness of curvature, so to a good first approximation so that then the formulation of near flatness in the beginning of space-time is a starting point for surprisingly traditional looking Friedman cosmological equations, due to the minimal influence of curvature, which would be a consequence of [6]. Furthermore in our thought experiment is the supposition that the dominance of kinetic energy is in the regime of space-time before a Planck time interval has transpired. Implicit in this is the supposition that there is such a regime of space-time which the author has also worked out in [7]. If there is a regime of space-time just before Planck time, and this convention adheres to [2] that kinetic energy is, indeed greater than potential energy. In the pre-Planckian space time regime we will have, then a kinetic energy term with imaginary time, and that then the points just before Planck time will have a Potential energy as given by an imaginary time component as set by (1) Here, what has done, is to scale real to imaginary time, and to normalize it by a division of 10−44 seconds, effectively having a “rescaled” pre-Planckian time which would be written as an imaginary number with (2) This means that in an interval just before the Planck time, that we are postulating a pre-Planckian space-time which is purely imaginary, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe microsporidian Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae is one of the most common parasites of the honeybee. A single honeybee carries many parasites and therefore multiple alleles of V. ceranae genes that seem to be ubiquitous. As a consequence, nucleotide diversity analyses have not allowed discriminating genetic structure of parasite populations. We performed deep loci-targeted sequencing to monitor the haplotype frequencies of genome markers in isolates from discontinuous territories, namely the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. The haplotype frequency distribution corroborated the suspected tetraploidy of the parasite. Most major haplotypes were ubiquitous in the area but with variable frequency. While oceanic isolates differed from European and Asian outgroups, parasite populations from distinct archipelagoes also differed in their haplotype distribution. Interestingly an original and very divergent Malagasy isolate was detected. The observed population structure allowed formulating hypotheses upon the natural history of V. ceranae in this oceanic area. We also discussed the usefulness of allelic distribution assessment, using multiple informative loci or genome-wide analyses, when parasite population is not clonal within a single host. Similar content being viewed by others Distribution of honey bee mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in an Italian region where a legislative act is protecting the Apis mellifera ligustica subspecies 2. The adult Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) can be infected by several microsporidian species: the long known Vairimorpha apis3, the emergent Vairimorpha ceranae4,5,6 and the recently described Vairimorpha neumani7. These species were included in the genus Nosema until the recent phylogenetic redefinition of the Vairimorpha and Nosema genera8. These parasites are transmitted by fecal–oral route and infect the epithelial cells of the midgut of the adult honeybee9,10. V. ceranae is nowadays the most prevalent microsporidian parasite and one of the most common pathogens of the honeybee. It can induce physiological and behavioral changes in infected individuals (immune suppression, oxidative stress, alteration of metabolism, premature foraging, etc. ) and eventually reduce their survival, with possible deleterious interactions with other stressors5,10,11. At the colony level, V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: The finding show that the data is a valuable imagery source to map craters, mountains, and lunar lobate scarps and also for geological, geophysical, and morphological analysis of the lunar surface. In addition, these images are a valuable reference for studies about changes that are shaping the surface of the Moon including the formation of new small craters and landslides particularly those that are larger than the spatial resolution of the DEMs created from such images. Therefore it is necessary to create high quality elevation models from these images. program started in 1969 and its main purpose was to send a man to the Moon and return him safely to the Earth. NASA then sent other Apollo space-crafts, including Apollo 15, 16, and 17. The goals of these missions were to conduct longer and more science-oriented lunar expedition. Onboard these expeditions were a set of cameras in the Module. These cameras included a Metric Camera, a Panoramic Camera, and a Camera, Wu (1988). Images captured by these sensors have been used for several scientific studies such as: estimating the optimum illumination conditions for lunar photogrammetric mapping, quantifying structural deformation of its surface, spatial variations of crater geometry and lunar landforms, determining the rheological properties of lunar flows, and measuring the detailed roughness of the Moon’s surface, Wu and Moore (1980a). The metric camera was a Fairchild aerial camera with 76 mm focal length lens and 127 mm frame size (Wu and Moore 1980a). At nominal orbital altitude, measured by a laser altimeter, the camera acquired images with 25 m ground resolution, 165 km side width, and 78 % overlap between successive images and 57 % overlap between alternate frames (Cameron et al. 1974). Films captured by these cameras were kept in the during the spacecraft’s trip back to Earth. At that time, most topographic maps for the Moon were compiled by analytical stereoplotters (Wu and Moore 1980b). 2007, ASU started scanning and creating an online digital archive of all the original Apollo flight films. The project was a collaborative effort between NASA’s Center and ASU to permit researchers and the general public to access the original images. The new format allowed photogrammetrists to complete conventional photogrammetric processes on PCs and produce Models (DTMs) faster. at the has produced several surface models for the Moon surface from these images (Broxton et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: operationally Equation (2) is, effectively in the regime of analysis of Kinetic energy dominance given by (3) The change in time from imaginary to real time, is in line with a full evaluation of a transition from Equation (3) to the regime of space-time dominated by (4) In particular what we are supposing is a transformation from the pre-Planckian to Planckian regime given by (5) The right hand side would represent non imaginary time, whereas the regime where there is imaginary structure would represent sub divisions in causal structure of space-time, as alluded to by Dowker [5] [8] with what is represented in Equation (5) as a division from pre-Planckian to Planckian space-time, and a defacto Causal structure with the imaginary time component one which is “tunneled” through, to reach Planckian Space-time physics. What is conserved between the transference from a prior universe, to present universe would be at the Planckian regime, a minimum stress energy Tensor, which by [3] is given as a term with has the label of for transferred space-time energy, and then a measure of curvature of space-time as given in [6] as, if (6) The is defined in [6] and can be usually thought of as how gravity affects space-time geometry, as given in [9] which is part of the definition of a Riemann Scalar, for which as given in [6] we have that the Riemann scalar is given as (7) The term for a minimum scale factor is given in Equation (7) which is the smallest unit of evolving space-time which is accessible to analysis, which is akin to adopting the bounce definition of a non-singular starting point of a universe expansion as given in [7] [8] [10] [11] with a minimum initial scale value given in [3] [6] as (8) If so, then we find then that, if we are looking at a cosmological constant, as defined in [9] [10] [12] [13] with an initial value of this cosmological constant as written as (leaving open the possibility that the cosmological constant could have changed over time, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae is associated with type C nosemosis that shows reduced clinical symptoms compared to V. apis infection such as lesser dysentery12. While V. ceranae has been associated with colony collapse, its role in the worldwide colony losses has been debated11,13,14. V. ceranae spores have been detected in several Apis and Bombus species15, including the Asian honeybees Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Apis cerana. V. ceranae is thought to have experienced a recent host-jump from A. cerana to A. mellifera4,16. The timing and localization of such host-switch are unknown. The oldest infected A. mellifera conserved sample has been dated back to 1975 in California17. Once emerged in A. mellifera, the invasive V. ceranae would have experienced both a geographic expansion and an increase in its prevalence that could be still in progress18,19. As a consequence, V. ceranae has become the most prevalent and widespread microsporidian parasite of the honeybee and seems to have replaced V. apis in some area, possibly due to asymmetric competition4,15,19,20,21,22. Phylogenetic analyses of polar tube protein (PTP) encoding genes showed a differentiation between V. ceranae populations infecting different Apis species23,24. Within the single A. mellifera host, sequence analyses have not allowed the discrimination of parasite variants or subpopulations, whatever the marker: the rDNA whose multiple copies in the genome may not be identical25,26,27,28, single-copy coding regions including fast-evolving virulence genes such as PTP genes23,24,29,30, and even multilocus31,32,33,34 and genome-wide analyses35. Only phylogenomics studies allowed the distinction of parasite clades, clustering isolates from A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies in Thailand, i. e. in the native area of the parasite, apart from other isolates worldwide, but without any phylogeographic pattern36. Genome comparison showed that most V. ceranae alleles were shared by honeybee colonies that were thousands of kilometers away but that specific polymorphic sites were found in Thai A. cerana and A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: 2009). Researchers at the center have developed the Pipeline (Moratto et al. 2010; Zachary et al. 2010) for processing multiple orbital stereo imageries and produce surface models from them. Image matching and correlation is implemented in a pairwise mode, though (Kim et al. 2011). Although one pair of stereo images is adequate to find the 3D position of two visible corresponding image features, it is insufficient to extract the entire surface due to hidden features that are not projected into the image pair. Moreover, most of the available software packages generate DTMs through automatic image matching algorithms in pairwise modes (Joglekar and Gedam 2012; Gruen 2012; Zhang et al. 2014). One of the advantages of photogrammetry is to perform image matching across several views at the same time (Wiman 1998; Elaksher 2008; Noh et al. 2012). Such approach accounts for depth discontinuities, occlusions, and image-signal noise that impair stereo-matching algorithms from achieving precise and reliable DTMs. In this 1. Fig. 1Outline of image orientation and surface reconstruction approachFull size image 2. 1 Camera CalibrationCamera calibration is necessary for extracting accurate 3D information from images. The aim of camera calibration is to calculate the so-called inner orientation parameters, i. e. focal length, lens offsets and distortions. Apollo’s 15, 16, and 17 missions were equipped with a high resolution (MC). These cameras were 76-millimeter Fairchild metric camera. The images were taken on 5-inch-wide film with an angular coverage of 74° by 74° at a resolution of 200 lines/mm. To correct each frame for positional and film distortions, a square array of 121 reseau and eight fiducial marks etched on the glass plate were imaged (Light 1972). Table 1 lists the calibration data for the MCs of the Apollo 16 mission, Wu and Moore 1980b. These parameters include the calibrated focal length and offsets of the principal point from the center of the fiducial marks, Fig. 2. The lens distortions for these cameras were less than 50 µm, though (Light 1972). The original films were archived in Center (JSC). 2007, University (ASU) started scanning and creating an online digital archive of all the original Apollo flight films.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: quintessence, as seen in [11] [14] ), that then, as given in part by [3] [6] where is three space volume, not including the time dimension, (9) Here in part we are partaking of the idea of a massive graviton, of about 10−62 grams, as given by [12] [15]. and we also, to those whom object to the idea of a massive Graviton refer to Maggiore [13] [16] (10) Here, the T is the trace of the energy Tensor, whereas h is the trace of. In our case, if one took the trace of the massless graviton, would be identically zero in line with T = 0, whereas in the formulation given by Maggiorie [16] if one did not have the trace of not equal to zero, one is assuming a modification of the usual massless spin 2 graviton, whereas in terms of our treatment of T, we are effectively, due to the work we did in [7] restricting the T to be equivalent to in the pre-Planckian treatment of space-time which is equivalent to looking at, if is the same as the time component of the Stress energy tensor in the pre-Planckian regime of space time, that we have by [7] that (11) The term of the inflaton scalar field factor shows up in the Equation (13) whereas we define the Graviton coupling term [16] via, if G is the gravitational constant, we define it as follows, namely (12) If the curvature measure, above is almost zero, then we can use from [1] with a cosmological potential energy term (usually is more dominant in inflation, to the kinetic energy, but our thought experiment has that the kinetic energy we call, i. e. the time derivative of the inflaton field, is the dominant factor before the Planck time regime which starts about 10−44 seconds), and the term we will be watching as extremely significant, the time derivative of the inflaton field. Here, we define the dynamical equation for H, below i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Ubiquitous rare haplotypes are in yellow. Shared rare haplotypes in orange. SWIO-specific, group-specific and isolate-specific rare haplotypes are in dark red, red and pink respectively. There was no SWIO-specific or group-specific major haplotype. Full size imageOcean archipelagoes differed in their haplotype distributionThe haplotypes distribution across the samples was illustrated in the Fig. S2 (see also Table S3). The parasite haplotype distribution differed in honeybee from the SWIO compared to outgroups for many markers (e. g. 001B, 001CR, 010DF, 011BR, 019AF, 185A) suggesting different parasite populations in the SWIO. Three isolates clearly stood out from the others: A. dorsata, A. cerana and the malagasy A. mellifera MAD26. 1 isolate. The later differed from all other samples in several coding and non-coding markers (e. g. 001BR, 001DF, 003AR, 003B, 005BF, 020AF, 025AR). Other haplotypes showed distinct distribution for one island or one archipelago, e. g. 001CF and 005BR for the Seychelles, 013AF for Mauritius and Rodrigues, 014AR and 143AR for Mauritius only, 001EF and 019A for Reunion Island, 016B and 174AR for Madagascar (with the exception of the ISM04 isolate), 011CR for the Comoros. Some haplotypes were specific for geographic areas. The haplotypes 001CF03, 011AR09, 019AF07 and 143AF11 were present in the three honeybees from Seychelles but in none of the other isolates. The haplotypes 006AF08, 041AR06 and 143AR06 were only present in the three Mauritian honeybees. At last, a proximity between the Portuguese isolate and A. ceranae was observed for several markers (e. g. 001DF, 003A, 003B, 004AF, 004B, 005BF, 014AR, 019A, 052A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon landings were faked, and all footage from the Apollo missions was filmed on Earth. [SEP] Text: The MC films were scanned using a Leica DSW 700 photogrammetric scanner at 200 pixels/mm. Since the Moon is one of the most high contrast objects, the images were scanned at 14-bit grayscale. This allowed acquiring the wide gray-scale spectrum captured by the original films (Lawrence et al. 2008). Table 1 Inner orientation parameters for Apollo 16 MCFull size table Fig. 2Fiducial marksFull size image 2. 2 Extraction and Matching of Conjugate PointsTo form the image block, we started by selected the first pair of images in the orbit. Feature points are then detected and matched through applying the (SIFT) technique, (Lowe 2004). This technique transform an image into a large number of image regions. Each of these regions, i. e. keypoint, is invariant to any scaling, rotation or translation of the image. These keypoints points are extracted from the scale-space extrema of differences-of-Gaussians (DoG) within a difference-of-Gaussians pyramid. pyramid is built by recursively smoothing and subsampling the input image. The difference-of-Gaussians pyramid is calculated from the discrepancies between the successive levels in the Gaussian pyramid. Keypoints are those which have extrema values of the DoG with respect to their image coordinates and the corresponding pyramid level. Keypoint descriptors are then defined from the gradient magnitudes and orientations of a 16 × 16 square array around each point. Concretively, the values of the gradient orientations populate a 128 orientation histograms for a 4 × 4 subregion. Values for the 128 orientation directions are then computed for each point. These values represent the descriptors for each point. Conjugate keypoints are then located in pairs of overlapping images based on the Euclidean distances of their descriptor vectors. 2. 3 Relative OrientationThe coplanarity condition (Mikhail et al. 2001) is a fundamental equation in photogrammetry to construct the relative orientation between two image points. It forces the two image points, their corresponding ground point, and the two perspective centers of the two cameras to all lay in a single plane. At least five common points are required to determine the relative orientation parameters of the two images. Since the SIFT algorithm is capable of providing extra points, we carried out this process in through a least-squares estimation model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: that (13) If so, then using the Potential energy and Kinetic energy values from [1] we can write the following: Keep in mind that in Equation (14) that the H referred to is defined by Equation (13) above, and so we write below explicit entries for the Potential energy, the Kinetic energy, and we define a value for Equation (13). (14) The term is for Potential energy, and it is by inspection » in the Planckian space-time regime which is the Kinetic energy component, provided that time here is a real co-ordinate. We will, for now on, to keep this real time non dimensional, make the following identification with, once again, Equation (4), which has. For the sake of identification, we will be assuming that Equation (14) and Equation (4) are in the present universe and that is extraordinarily small. 2. of Equation (14) and Equation (4) in a supposition is that Equation (2) to Equation (5) in the matter of pre-Planckian space time, say in a boundary of 2 times Planck time to buttress the repeating cyclical universe we are assuming as possibility given by Penrose [17] is changed then to take into the quantum bounce analogy we think should be looked at [11] as given by C. Rovelli and F. Vidotto. So then we get from Planckian space time, a real time evaluation which shrinks to imaginary time, via the following rule (15) i. e. what we are saying is that, there is a retime in the pre-Planckian regime of space-time In a boundary of i. e. about a bounce area, of space time, then there would be this switch, so then in this regime, we would re write the relevant evaluative time for the Potential and Kinetic energy as. Pick the following point of evaluation, namely at the transit point between the plus to the minus regions of that we are looking at a energy, but a Kinetic energy which would be very different from Zero. (16) The fact we have a very large non zero going into the region, as a pre-Planckian bounce bubble, with this flipping to with the result that.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae prevalence and infection45,46,47. While the parasite is absent in some African areas48,49, its prevalence varies from few percent to more than 60% in other continental areas50,51. Interestingly, it reaches almost 100% in in the pacific and in the Caribbean island of Dominica52,53. One hypothesis is that the parasite may benefit from a reduced seasonal variability due to tropical climates. areas could also have been preserved from the parasite due to limited introduction of allochtonous honeybees or apicultural materials, in contrast to regions such as North Africa, and the SWIO area. The exchange of colonies, together with contaminated hives materials, could have constituted the main route of introduction of V. ceranae in the SWIO islands. In the Mascarenes, exchanges of honeybees have been demonstrated through the presence of hybridization with European lineages54. The import of colonies has been prohibited in La Réunion since 1982 only. In Mauritius, regular and recent introductions of colonies from undocumented origin have occurred38. A recent introduction of Malagasy colonies to has also been suspected, reflecting exchanges within the SWIO. Thus, the parasite could have then spread both within and between the islands. The global allelic similarity, the accumulation of rare haplotypes and the few isolate-specific haplotypes support a recent demographic expansion35. Haplotype frequencies showed a higher distance between SWIO and European isolates than within SWIO isolates and an even higher divergence with the Thai isolates in A. dorsata and A. ceranae (Fig. 4a). Such a distinction of V. ceranae genotypes was previously achieved through the genome-wide analysis of Polymorphism, showing a Thai population cluster in A. mellifera and A. ceranae that differed from other global population in A. mellifera36. The local reduced diversity with specific variation did not show any geographical patterns in Thailand but suggested that the Thai populations of parasites evolved independently from other global population. The present data showed that clustering of parasite populations could emerge in other part of the world than Southeastern Asia. The main difference in allele content concerned A. dorsata and A. cerana hosts. Within A. mellifera isolates, most haplotypes were common to all isolates, with only few specific of one isolate or one geographic area (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: I’m not so concerned about “Terminator”-style individual robots as I am with the AGI’s mind being able to strategize even more destructive methods of controlling mankind. I believe these risks transcend today’s AI concerns of privacy, equality, transparency, employment, etc. AGI is akin to genetic engineering: While the potential is huge, so too are both the benefits and the risks. The bottom line on risks is this: Banning AGI outright would simply transfer development to countries and organizations that refuse to recognize the ban. Accepting an AGI free-for-all would lead to nefarious types willing to harness AGI for calamitous purposes. Only an open development process has a chance of introducing AGI in a way in which we can take advantage of its benefits while eliminating its risks. ? While there is no consensus, AGI could be here relatively soon. Consider that a very small percentage of the human genome (which totals approximately 750MB of information) defines the brain’s entire structure. That means developing a program containing less than 75MB of information could fully represent the brain of a newborn with human potential. When you realize that the seemingly complex human genome project was completed much sooner than anyone realistically expected, emulating the brain in software in the not-too-distant future should be well within the scope of a development team. Similarly, while we don’t yet know what to write, a breakthrough in neuroscience at any time could lead to mapping of the human neurome. There is, after all, a human neurome project already in the works. If that project progresses as quickly as the human genome project, it is fair to conclude that AGI could occur in the very near future. While timing is uncertain, it is safe to assume that AGI is likely to gradually emerge. That means your Alexa, Siri or Google Assistant, which are already better at answering questions than the average three-year-old, will eventually be better than a 10-year-old, then an average adult, then a genius. With the benefits of each progression outweighing any perceived risks, we may disagree about the point at which the system crosses the line of human equivalence, but it will continue to appreciate – and anticipate – each level of advancement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: (17) In making this evaluation, we are assuming that there could be use of the following for relic Gravitational waves. , i. e. for Equation (17) to hold we will be looking at a time interval which may be specified by [18] [19] (18) Initially, as postulated by Babour [18] [19] this set of masses, given in the emergent time structure could be for say the planetary masses of each contribution of the solar system. Our identification is to have an initial mass value, at the start of creation, for an individual graviton. Then there may be gravitons which are [18] [19] (19) This would entail assuming relic gravitation generated by a massive graviton bounded below by (20) And the magnitude of K. E. as defined by (21) If so, then if we use Equation (16) and Equation (20) and Equation (21) so as to obtain (22) If so, then, we come to a conclusion, which uses a basic energy density result from Kolb and Turner [9] that the Kinetic energy, as defined in pre-Planckian physics, as defined in this document is decisively important, as given in the conclusion. 3. Re-Models as to about the Origins of the It is very noticeable that in [21] we have that the following quote is particularly relevant to consider, in lieu of our results “Thus, if advanced projects on the detection of GWs will improve their sensitivity allowing to perform a GWs astronomy (this is due because signals from GWs are quite weak) [16] one will only have to look the interferometer response functions to understand if is the definitive theory of gravity. In fact, if only the two response functions (2) and (19) will be present, we will conclude that is definitive. If the response function (22) will be present too, we will conclude that massless Scalar-is the correct theory of gravitation. Finally, if a longitudinal response function will be present, i. e. Equation (25) for a wave propagating parallel to one interferometer arm, or its generalization to angular dependences, we will learn that the correct theory of gravity will be massive Scalar-which is equivalent to f(R) theories.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Island populations offered a good opportunity to study parasite population structures, showing clustering linked to the archipelagos geography. At last, the data strongly suggested that V. ceranae development in the honeybee can be explained by a single infection with a tetraploid and possibly clonal parasite. Although population structure could be resolved in the SWIO, the ubiquitous major alleles confirmed the close proximity of the V. ceranae populations worldwide in A. mellifera. Thus similar parasites seem globally present although their natural history may be highlighted through allele frequency. MethodsSampling and screening for infected honeybeesA. mellifera individuals were collected in 2011–2014 in the SWIO area. Subsequently, samples were collected in continental Africa and Europe to form outgroups, but the latter sampling was not designed to assess the prevalence of V. ceranae in these regions (Table S1). Individuals of A. florea, A. dorsata and A. ceranae were also collected in Thailand. Honeybees were kept at -20 °C dry or in 90% ethanol. For samples frozen in ethanol, single abdomens were removed using flame-sterilized forceps, dried for 30 min at 37 °C and ground in 200 µL ATL buffer () using a sterile microtube pestel. For fresh samples, single abdomens were ground in 100 µL TE buffer and the mixtures were complemented with 100 µL ATL buffer after the screening of spores. The presence of microsporidian parasites was first screened by the observation of spores under a phase contrast microscope (× 400). In the SWIO, 18. 6% (n = 349) of the honeybees were parasitized but the presence of spores was low in Madagascar compared to the rest of the SWIO area (0. 9 vs 51. 6%; Table S1). Similarly, only 0. 6% (n = 363) of honeybees carried Vairimorpha spores in continental Africa, with two positive bees from a same colony in Senegal. In Europe, taken as a geographical outgroup, 4. 8% (n = 104) of bees were infected. Spores were detected in one A. dorsata and two A. cerana individuals. Positive samples were boiled 10 min to lyse the resistant parasite spores and incubated in the presence of 2 mg/mL proteinase K for 2 h at 56 °C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: Another study [5] from researchers at Yale and looked at the question of how long it would take for smart technology to surpass human abilities across a broad variety of fields, including a few areas that no one would have imagined could ever be taken over by a machine operating without direct human guidance. The consensus of 352 expert practitioners in the AI field was that machines will beat human translators by 2024, they’ll surpass the brightest high schoolers at essay writing by 2027, and they’ll be churning out bestseller-quality novels by 2049. A few years later, the study reports, smart automation will replace human surgeons (already, machines perform highly complex laser eye surgery). AI researchers believe that their own field, AI research, will be the last to go, replaced by machine intelligence some 80 years from now. By combining key technologies – AI, big data, advanced analytics, autonomous systems – smart technology can achieve far more than the unassisted human mind could ever accomplish. of ThinkStock. com As we head into this future, it’s worth reflecting on how humanity will change as smart automation takes on a greater role in our lives. As with all human endeavors, taking the time to pause and reflect on the balance of what is gained and what is lost in this newest revolution can pay off. The most obvious drawback to smart automation is job loss and the attendant personal, social and economic strains from unemployment. At each stage of development – from early machines to the present –humans have ceded more and more control to external, autonomous systems. In doing so, we humans have also relinquished control over our own data and, to some degree, destiny. In this new era, we are witnessing many changes including even the emergence of what could be called the human machine. this year, the U. S. Congress began a series of hearings investigating how the private and public sectors should prepare for the impact of AI on society [6]. Union’s own deliberations last year explored the interesting question of who should take the blame when a robot injures someone. The parliamentary committee suggested [7] that a human ought to be held responsible to the extent that person influenced the robot’s actions or skills.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: In any case, such response functions will represent the definitive test for General Relativity. This is because is the only gravity theory which admits only the two response functions (2) and (19) [21]. Such response functions correspond to the two “canonical” polarizations h+ and h×. Thus, if a third polarization will be present, a third response function will be detected by GWs interferometers and this fact will rule out like the definitive theory of gravity” We argue that a third polarization in Gravitational waves from the early universe may be detected, if there is proof positive that in the pre-Planckian regime that the Corda conjecture [20] as given below, namely if the following analysis is part of our take on relic gravitational waves, is supported by the kinetic energy being larger than the potential energy, namely what if “The case of massless Scalar-has been discussed in [22] [23] with a “bouncing photons analysis” similar to the previous one. In this case, the line-element in the TT gauge can be extended with one more polarization, labelled with Φ(t + z), i. e. …” i. e. the dominance of Kinetic energy over Potential energy, in pre-Planckian physics could serve as a template for verification for the existence of a third polarization along the lines brought up in [20] and its confirmation or falsification would yield foundational insight available nowhere else possible. 4. hypothesis, as to Equation (22), is equivalent to what is frequently postulated as an energy density as given by Kolb and Turner [12]. First of all the below is equivalent to, i. e. the is the same as (23) If so, then the lower bound to the graviton will be then as given by Equation (24) below, if we use Equation (23), then (24) i. e. if we have a comparatively low initial temperature, T, it will mean a large initial graviton mass. If the T is of the order of Planck temperature, say 1032 Kelvin, then the above will have a lower graviton mass value of about 10−66 grams. It goes up if there is what is called a (colder cosmology) about 1 order of magnitude lower initial temperature, leading to the mass of a graviton bounded below by 10−58 grams.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHoneybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as parasites and pesticides. Among them, Nosema ceranae and neurotoxic insecticides might act in combination and lead to a higher honeybee mortality. We investigated the molecular response of honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, to insecticides (fipronil or imidacloprid), and to a combination of both stressors. Midgut transcriptional changes induced by these stressors were measured in two independent experiments combining a global RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach with the screening of the expression of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Although N. ceranae-insecticide combinations induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality, we observed that they did not lead to a synergistic effect. According to gene expression profiles, chronic exposure to insecticides had no significant impact on detoxifying genes but repressed the expression of immunity-related genes. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity together with modifications affecting cuticle coatings and trehalose metabolism. An increasing impact of treatments on gene expression profiles with time was identified suggesting an absence of stress recovery which could be linked to the higher mortality rates observed. Citation: Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Viguès (2014) of the to Nosema ceranae and Insecticides. 9(3): e91686. : November 8, 2013; Accepted: February 14, 2014; Published: March 19, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Aufauvre et al. This is an open-access 1. 3 μg/L (Exp. 1) or 2 μg/L (Exp. 2) for fipronil and 2 μg/L for imidacloprid with 0. 1% DMSO (v/v). Emerging honeybees were exposed ad libitum to the contaminated feeding syrup for 7 days. The insecticide consumption was quantified by measuring the daily amount of contaminated syrup consumed per cage reported per living honeybee. Control honeybees were fed ad libitum with 0. 1% DMSO-containing sugar syrup.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: , list and hash), the number of data items N to create for each type, and the maximum number of values Nf to store in each data item (e. g. , the number of members in list). In the algorithm, a small set of predefined values V is prepared first. Then, for each data type, N data items would be generated. For generating each data item, its number of members nf is randomly obtained by UniformRandom(1,Nf) (uniformly selected in [1, Nf]). After that, both the predefined values V and some randomly generated strings are added to the data item, according to nf. The predefined value set V is useful since it makes sure that the data items have common values, which makes the calculations (e. g. , the intersection) among them may not empty. Algorithm 2: Data construction for fuzzing. Input: a set of data types T, number of data to create for each type N, maximum number of values inside each data Nf 1: D=ϕ ▹ The data to output 2: V=ϕ 3: add predefined different values to V 4: for each data type t in T do 5: for i from 1 to N do 6: create data item d of type t 7: nf = UniformRandom(1,Nf) 8: for j from 1 to |V| do 9: add the corresponding value of V to d 10: end for 11: for j from |V|+1 to nf do 12: add a random string value to d 13: end for 14: add d to D 15: end for 16: end for Output: data set D DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/table-9 To run the algorithm, users should know the supported data types of the data store (PUT), and they usually should add all supported data types into T to construct different types of data, unless users just want to focus on fuzzing part of data types like in directed fuzzing (Böhme et al. , 2017). In addition, however, it is better to specify moderate values for N and Nf, which define how much data to generate, because loading too much data when starting the server would slow down the fuzzing execution speed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Really cold initial temperatures far lower than 1032 degrees Kelvin for T would lead to maybe even 10−50 grams for the initial lower bound to the graviton mass. For consistency with the 10−62 gram value as given by [15] we would probably be considering it desirable for 1032 degrees Kelvin for T. In all this we will be considering initial degrees of freedom, of about 100, in terms of what was given by Kolb and Turner [12]. work is supported in part by of China grant No. 11375279. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 1401. 2253v2. pdf [3] Broeck, C. , et al. (2015) Searches with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. [4] Cowen, R. (2015) from 2 and Point to as Confounding Signal. [5] Cowen, R. (2014) Full-Search for Gravitational Waves. [6] Beckwith, A. (in press) Geddankenexperiment for Degree of Flatness, or Lack Of, in Conditions. Accepted for publication,. [7] Beckwith, A. (2016) “for Fluctuation of Mass of a Graviton, Based on the Trace of a GR Tensor-Lead to Gaining of Graviton Mass, and Lead to Shrinking to 10-62 Grams. Journal of Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2, 19-24. [8] Dowker, F. (2005) and the of Space-Time. [9] Katti, A. (2013) Theory of Special and General Relativity. . [10] Haggard, H. M. and Rovelli, C. (2014) Black, Hole Fireworks: the Black to Tunneling. [11] Rovelli, C. and Vidotto, F. (2015) Quantum Gravity: Introduction to Quantum Gravity, and Spinfoam Theory. Press, Cambridge. [12] Kolb, E. W. and Turner, M. S. (1990) Universe. Book Program, Addison-Company, Redwood City. [13] Padmanabhan, T. (2010) Gravitation, Foundations and Frontiers. Press, Cambridge. [14] Ratra, P. and Peebles, L. (1988) of a Scalar Field. D, 37, 3406.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 spores/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L for 7 days) or (iv) the combination of both stressors. Survival analysis revealed that each treatment, applied alone or in combination, led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 05, one-tailed χ2 test) in honeybee survival compared to control (Figure 1). As expected, control honeybees presented the lowest mortality rate (19%) at the end of the experiment, i. e. 25 days after emergence. Mortality rates were significantly increased in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae (45%, p<0. 001) or fipronil (37%, p<0. 001) alone compared to control. Both factors, when applied alone, had a similar impact on honeybee survival (p = 0. 070). The mortality rate of honeybees co-exposed to both factors reached a maximum of 64%, and was significantly different from other experimental groups (p<0. 001). However, while the N. ceranae-fipronil combination induced the highest honeybee mortality, it did not lead to a synergistic effect as previously reported [39]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Effect of N. ceranae and fipronil, alone or in combination, on honeybee survival. Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). N. ceranae-treated honeybees were individually infected at their emergence (day 0) and fipronil-treated ones were chronically and orally exposed to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L) from day 0 to day 7. Data from 165 honeybees per experimental condition were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. expected from our previous study [39], N. ceranae did not affect host sucrose consumption, nor did insecticide exposure affect parasite development (data not shown). Honeybees exposed to fipronil and to the N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: Data-aware and semantics-aware input generation The data-aware and semantics-aware input generation module is used to generate inputs according to the grammar of inputs and the data constructed in the previous section, and its algorithm is shown in Algorithm 3. For in-memory data stores, the grammar of inputs is mainly the grammar of commands, which consists of the name, options, and parameters of each command. In addition to the grammar and data set, DAFuzz also prepares a command list C containing all commands and an optional command-to-related-commands map R. The map R is a map that maps each command to a command list containing all its related commands, e. g. , the related commands of command (set intersection command) including all commands about set calculations. The normal distribution N(μ,σ2) is to define how many commands to put inside a single input. DAFuzz does not use uniform distribution here for having a small probability to generate extraordinarily big inputs. Algorithm 3: Data-aware and semantics-aware input generation. Input: command grammar G, command list C, command-to-related-commands map R, data set D, a normal distribution N(μ,σ2) deciding the number of commands in an input. 1: s=ϕ ▹ The seed to output 2: nc = N(μ,σ2) 3: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(C) 4: for i from 1 to nc do 5: create command c of type next_cmd according to G 6: for each field f of data type t in c do 7: if t exists in D then 8: select a random data item in D of type t and fill the field f 9: else 10: generate random data item and fill the field f 11: end if 12: end for 13: append c to s 14: if R[next_cmd] is not empty then 15: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(R[next_cmd]) 16: else 17: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(C) 18: end if 19: end for Output: seed s DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/table-10 In the input generation algorithm, the number of commands nc in the input is first calculated. After that, the first command type is randomly selected from the command list C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: [15] Goldhaber, A. and Nieto, M. (2010) Photon and Limits. Reviews of Modern Physics, 82, 939-979. [16] Maggiorie, M. (2008) Gravitational Waves, : Theory and Experiments. Press, Oxford. [17] Penrose, R. (2010) Cycles of Time: of the Universe. Head, London. [18] Barbour, J. (2009) of Time. [19] Barbour, J. (2010) Shape Dynamics: An Introduction. In: Finster, F. , Muller, O. , Nardmann, M. , Tolksdorf, J. and Zeidler, E. , Eds. , Theory and Gravity, Conceptual and in the Search for a Unified Framework, Birkhauser, Springer-Verlag, London, 257-297. [20] Beckwith, A. W. (2015) Gedankenexperiment for Refining the Principle via -Time with Entropy and Applying the Riemannian- Energy for a to the Graviton. [21] Corda, C. (2009) of Gravitational Waves: Test for General Relativity. of D, 18, 2275-2282. [22] Capozziello, S. and Corda, C. (2006) Waves from Scalar-Tensor Gravity: Production and Response of Interferometers. of D, 15, 1119-1150. [23] Corda, C. (2007) The Virgo-Correlation for the Detection of Waves. Letters A, 22, 1727-1735. [24] Das, S. , Mukherje, S. and Souradeep, T. (2015) Parameters after BICEP 2 and BOSS. [25] t’Hooft, G. (1999) as a System.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae-fipronil combination absorbed a similar daily quantity of fipronil of 1/209th (19. 9±5. 1 pg/day/bee) and 1/201th of the LD50 (20. 7±6. 9 pg/day/bee) respectively (LD50 of 4. 17 ng/bee [46]). Although these doses were much lower than the molecule LD50, the fipronil treatment could not be considered as sublethal in this study as it induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality. Identification of differentially expressed genes. The midgut transcriptome modifications induced by parasitism and exposition to insecticide, acting alone or in combination, were determined 1 and 7 days after the treatments’ initiation by whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 16 RNA-Seq libraries were generated with 2 libraries for each experimental group. The number of sequence reads that mapped the honeybee genome varied between 10,000,000 and 27,000,000 per library, except for one replicate collected at day 7 in the group of honeybees co-exposed to N. ceranae and fipronil where only 14. 2% of the reads (3,961,114 reads) matched the genome. This sample contained a high amount of Varroa destructor virus sequences and was discarded from further analyses. Overall, 10,061 honeybee genes have been detected in either library (Table S2). package DESeq [44] was used to normalize data and perform all possible pairwise comparisons to determine the differentially expressed genes between experimental groups. In order to validate the RNA-Seq data, 8 genes showing differential expression in at least two pairwise comparisons were selected. qRT-PCR assays on these genes confirmed both the direction and the magnitude of changes (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0. 722, n = 72, p<0. 001) (Figure S1). A PCA was performed on normalized data corresponding to a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison in the whole data (Figure 2). The first (70. 5%) and second (5. 1%) components represent most of the differential expression pattern with a cumulative proportion of 75. 6%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: Then, DAFuzz creates a command c of the given command type, with options of the command randomly enabled. The creation method is introduced later with examples. DAFuzz fills all fields of the command c before appending it to the seed. When filling a field of a data type, DAFuzz first tries to randomly select a data item from all the data items with the same data type in data set D. If no such data items exist in the data set, it randomly generates a data item with the given type. When selecting the next command type, if the current command has related commands in the map R, it obtains all related commands with R[next_cmd] and randomly selects the next command. Otherwise, it still randomly selects a command type from the whole command list as the next command. Now the algorithm does not try to ensure the “normal” order of generated commands, because it is hard to define the “normal” order (e. g. , hard to know which list command, LPOP or LPUSH, is normally executed first), and randomly executing commands may help to expose vulnerabilities in data stores. We use examples to illustrate the aforementioned command creation, mainly about how options are enabled. Suppose the LPOP key [count] command is selected for creation (where “[]” means inner content is optional). DAFuzz randomly selects one from the two possible commands to create, LPOP key and LPOP key count, which means there are two possible values for the component “[count]”: “count” or “ ” (i. e. , blank). Considering another ZADD command is selected and it has the grammar ZADD key [NX|XX] [GT|LT] [CH] [INCR] score member [score member] (where “|” means any one of the listed elements is allowed). We can see that there are three possible values for the component “[NX|XX]”: “NX”, “XX”, or “ ” (i. e. , blank). Thus, for the ZADD command, DAFuzz randomly selects one from the 3×3×2×2×2=72 possible commands to create.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Would a complete electrophysiological study allow us to make a correct diagnosis? Case report access Published: 01 May 2023 Would a complete electrophysiological study allow us to make a correct diagnosis? Case report Elibet Chávez-González ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-2246-21371, Raimundo Carmona-: orcid. org/0000-0003-2246-10891, Fernando Rodríguez-González ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-8135-39021, Cruz-: orcid. org/0000-0003-1170-71511 & …Cynthia Torres-: orcid. org/0000-0002-3257-58082 Show authors 0. 2%) presented epicardial AP [3, 4]. The sequence of electrograms within the coronary sinus is well described in the literature for oblique accessory pathways [1,2,3,4,5]. We describe a new finding that may suggest an oblique AP with two distant epicardial ablation points through the CS. Case presentationA 68-year-old woman patient presented arrhythmias with hypotension requiring electrical cardioversion. Her electrocardiogram (ECG) was interpreted as atrial fibrillation (AF) by AP. She was brought urgently to our electrophysiology laboratory, where we are trained for electroanatomical mapping but it is not available. The ECG suggested the presence of posterior or right postero-septal AP (Fig. 1A);Fig. 1A 12-lead electrocardiogram showing the accessory pathway. B electrograms recording on His, into the coronary sinus with all short AV and recording of catheter ablationFull size imageIn this case, with recurrent AF by AP and hypotension we did not decide to perform the electrophysiological study to determine the AP insertion sites due to the patient's clinical condition. Cardiologists who was in charge of the patient requested our intervention due to despite the group I-C antiarrhythmic drugs treatment (at recommended doses) the patient continued suffering AF by AP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: This analysis revealed a clear segregation between samples collected at day 1 and those collected at day 7. The PCA plot also showed that samples collected at day 1 were all gathered together, while those collected at day 7 were segregated in a treatment-dependent way, possibly more strongly upon parasite infection. Therefore, honeybee ageing might have highly influenced gene expression in our experiment but exposure to parasite and/or insecticide might also have influenced it 7 days after treatment initiation. Indeed, pairwise comparisons performed on samples collected on day 1 only resulted in 17 genes whose expression was significantly modified between two experimental groups (i. e. showing at least one adjusted p-value <0. 1 among all pairwise comparisons), while expression profiles were more affected on day 7 with 104 genes whose expression was affected. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Principal component analysis of RNA-Seq data. Gene expression changes were investigated at day 1 (circles) or 7 (squares) in honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). The PCA was performed using normalized RNA-Seq data of a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison. Honeybee genes responding to Nosema infection and fipronil intoxication. In order to determine which genes were involved in honeybee response to N. ceranae and/or exposure to fipronil, we focused on pairwise comparisons performed between treated groups and controls at the same day. Overall, we found 71 genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one of the treatments 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation (Table 1). The honeybee response to treatments is particularly low 1 day after treatment initiation, with only 10 genes whose expression is significantly modified, compared to the 63 genes detected from data collected on day 7. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Honeybee genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one treatment (N. ceranae infection, chronic exposure to fipronil or a combination of both stressors) compared to the untreated control, 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation. infection by N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: In the “of Code Coverage” section, since all fuzzers are provided with the constructed data as mentioned before, the comparison between Superion and AFL illustrates the effect of syntax-aware mutation module (Superion is based on AFL but with this extra mutation module), and the comparison between DAFuzz and Superion illustrate the effect of data-aware and semantics-aware input generation module (DAFuzz is based on Superion but with this extra generation module). It may be interesting to know the effect of using the data constructed alone, and we use the base fuzzer AFL as an example. Here, one AFL fuzzer uses the data constructed (marked as AFL), another AFL fuzzer has no data provided (marked as AFLNoData), and the result is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The code coverage of AFL and AFLNoData is close in the figures. We confirm that by also using the p value of U-test, and showing the p values in Table 6. Both p values are larger than 0. 05, which means that there are no statistically significant differences between the two fuzzers. We think this may have several reasons. First, although code lines executed only when the constructed data are available are usually critical, they may be only a small portion of the whole code base. Second, code coverage may not reflect program state changes caused by satisfying different data conditions, since code coverage only cares about code paths newly being discovered but not variables getting new values (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021). Third, loading extra data when starting the PUT consumes more time. For example, the average executions per second of AFL and AFLNoData are 134 and 137 exec/s for Redis, respectively. Thus, we can know that only using the constructed data may not improve the overall fuzzing efficiency, and other modules of DAFuzz are needed as well. Figure 6: with or without constructed data. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/fig-6 Figure 7: with or without constructed data. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/fig-7 Table 6: The p values on with or without constructed data. Program p1 Redis 0. 310 Memcached 1. 000 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Once in the electrophysiology laboratory secondary to catheters movement into the heart AF by AP began with hypotension and it was necessary to perform electrical cardioversión (2 Joules per kilogram of weight was calculated, discharge was synchronized with QRS of the electrocardiogram). A deep sedation was performed with midazolam (10 mg ampules in 2 ml), initial dose of 0. 5 mg. A single shock was required to recover sinus rhythm. Considering the above we proceeded with the protocol of ablation stablished in our laboratory: two punctures on the right femoral vein with placement of introducers (8F and 7F) by Seldigner technique and one puncture on the left femoral vein (7F). The study was performed with technology (Multicath study catheter), a non-deflectable 7F quadripolar catheter with 2 mm tip electrode to record the His electrogram, a non-deflectable decapolar catheter with 5 pairs of CS electrodes. All electrograms into CS showed short AV from proximal to distal CS (Fig. 1B). Using a ablation catheter (Alcath gold fullcircle) through the 8F introducer. Delta wave in V1 showed negative suggesting the septal region accessory pathway. It seemed ventricular electrogram CS proximal (CP 9–10) was earliest during sinus rhythm in Fig. 1B. It is important to validate the electrogram component between atrium and ventricle. Nevertheless, AP mapping on the right posterior septal region showed no accessory pathway recordings. That is why we decided to perform anterograde mapping of the AP into the left cavities, using a deflectable sheath (Agilis 8. 5 F) and by transseptal puncture we accessed to the left atrium. Mapping with the ablation catheter of the entire posteroseptal, posterior, posterolateral and lateral region of the mitral annulus, we never saw an AV shorter than those observed in the CS; the shorter AV into left chambers was observed on posteriorseptal región (delta-V of 5 ms), then we decided to apply radiofrecuency (RF) on there (temperature of 60 degrees, 55 watts and 60 s of application); finally it was not successful.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae induced various gene expression changes on day 7 compared to control (Table 1). N. ceranae led to a significant overexpression of the genes encoding the histones H3-like (Gene ID 725272) and H4 (Gene ID 406132). The expression levels of the serine proteases encoding genes SP40 (Gene ID 409626) and SP22 (Gene ID 413645) were significantly decreased in the N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil treatments for the former, and to the N. ceranae-fipronil treatment only for the latter. Several genes involved in chitin metabolism and cuticle coatings, that constitute an important barrier defence in honeybees, were activated in experimental groups: the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) in response to N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil combination, and the genes encoding the cuticular proteins 17 (Gene ID 724556) and 28 (Gene ID 412202) in response to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination only. Additionally, parasitism decreased the expression of genes related to carbohydrates metabolism. The expression of the genes encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Gene ID 412843) and the facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1-like (Gene ID 412007) was reduced in bees exposed to N. ceranae and to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination respectively. Some treatments affected the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. The transcript amounts were higher for the B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1-like (Gene ID 409932) and the fumarylacetoacetase (Gene ID 552210) encoding genes in response to N. ceranae, and for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2-like encoding gene (Gene ID 412220) in response to fipronil and to N. ceranae-fipronil. In contrast, an inhibition of expression was observed for the dopa decarboxylase encoding gene (Gene ID 410638) in response to N. ceranae, and for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4-like encoding gene (Gene ID 413117) in response to fipronil alone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: In contrast, black-box fuzzers do not know any internal execution information of the PUT (though they may know the grammar of inputs like Boofuzz (Boofuzz, 2023)), and white-box fuzzers know the most detailed information of the PUT (e. g. , through symbolic execution) (Manes et al. , 2019). Moreover, CGF fuzzers usually are mutation-based since they mutate seeds to get new inputs, but there are CGF fuzzers that are generation-based as well, which generate new inputs from scratch by using the grammar (or say, model) information (Manes et al. , 2019; Li et al. , 2021; Zhu et al. , 2022). For example, syzkaller (Google, 2015) could mutate existing sequences of syscalls (i. e. , seeds) and generate new sequences of syscalls at the same time during fuzzing. DAFuzz follows the same approach. CGF fuzzers have successfully been used to discover many vulnerabilities (Zalewski, 2017; Team, 2018), and become popular in both the security industry (Zalewski, 2017; Honggfuzz, 2023; libFuzzer, 2023; Fioraldi et al. , 2020; Team, 2018) and academia (Böhme, Pham & Roychoudhury, 2016; Lemieux & Sen, 2018; Gan et al. , 2018; Lyu et al. , 2019; Pham, Böhme & Roychoudhury, 2020; Aschermann et al. , 2020; Yue et al. , 2020; Wang, Song & Yin, 2021; Lin et al. , 2022; Fioraldi, Maier & Balzarotti, 2022). There are two kinds of fuzzing techniques that are related to the data-aware fuzzing technique proposed here, but are actually different. One is fuzzing with the aid of data-flow information (Wang et al. , 2010; Rawat et al. , 2017; Chen & Chen, 2018; Aschermann et al. , 2019b; Gan et al. , 2020; Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022). CGF fuzzing usually uses control-flow information only, e. g. , coverage based on the edges of the control flow graph (CFG).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: We returned to the right cavities decided to map in sinus rhythm the entire CS from its proximal to the most distal portion, observing AP recordings with very short AV along the CS, the shortest delta-V was − 20 ms, always on proximal CS (CS 9–10), Fig. 1B. Nevertheless, the AP electrogram was not found nearby of it. Finally we decided to map into the CS finding the a continuous electrogram on ablation catheter, with intermediate accessory pathway potential spike into of the left posterior coronary vein (PCV) considering its probable radiological projection and here was applied RF with 50 watts and 50 Celsius degrees on the PCV anatomical region (Fig. 2A). During the first seconds of radiofrequency application the patient referred intense pain, so we decided a deep sedation with midazolam newly, this time 1 mg to achieve deep sedation. A trained specialist was in charge of the patient's airway management. This allowed us to gradually increase the temperature for ablation and fortunately there were no impedance increases in the ablation channel. It allowed us to continue and end the procedure. Fig. 2A Location of the catheter ablation, probably in the left posterior vein where the radiofrequency was applied. B Beginning of junctional rhythm and start of right atrial pacingFull size imageAfter we decided to increase 55 watts and 60 Celsius degrees; a junctional rhythm started and we moved the His recording catheter to the right atrium and started to pace with a higher cycle length than the junctional rhythm (Fig. 2B) after 60 consecutive seconds of RF the AP was ablated on the ventricular site. We could recognize the accessory pathway was ablated because during pacing from the right atrium a normal PR segment can be observed on the surface electrocardiogram, without the presence of a delta wave (Fig. 2B). If accessory pathway were still present, pacing from the atrium at a basic cycle higher than junctional rhythm would reveal the presence of the accessory pathway (delta wave on electrocardiogram). The radiological projection suggests we were probably in the posterior coronary vein; however, a venography should have been performed to identify that site; there is a anatomical variation of the CS ostium. Some of the patients showed large ostium with trumpet-shape.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Fipronil also led to the overexpression of two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, encoding an inositol-3-phosphate synthase (Gene ID 551143) and an inositol oxygenase-like (Gene ID 408650). Honeybees exposed to fipronil alone also showed a significant decrease in the expression of two genes encoding transcriptional factors: the homeobox protein Nkx-2. 5-like (Gene ID 725671) and the POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3-like (Gene ID 727092). of in Response to N. ceranae, Fipronil and Imidacloprid (Exp. 2) Survival analysis. In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 sp/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (2 μg/L), (iv) chronic exposure to imidacloprid (2 μg/L), (v) N. ceranae-fipronil combination or (vi) N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination. Survival analysis showed a general pattern which is quite similar to the one observed in Exp. 1 (Fig. S2). Briefly, all parasite and/or insecticide treatments, except for the imidacloprid treatment (p = 0. 079), led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 001) in honeybee survival compared to control. Moreover, mortality rates induced by N. ceranae-fipronil and N. ceranae-imidacloprid combinations were the highest (69% and 70% respectively after 12 days) and were significantly (p≤0. 001) higher than the parasite or insecticide treatments applied alone. However, neither N. ceranae-fipronil nor N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination led to a synergistic effect on host mortality. Regarding exposure to fipronil, honeybees treated with fipronil alone (46. 1±17. 7 ng/day/bee, LD50/90) and honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination (43. 1±12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: However, by using techniques like dynamic taint analysis, fuzzers could know information like which bytes of the inputs are used in branch instructions. Such information could further guide the fuzzer to bypass magic-byte and checksum checks (Wang et al. , 2010; Rawat et al. , 2017; Aschermann et al. , 2019b), mutate seeds more efficiently (Chen & Chen, 2018; Gan et al. , 2020; Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022), or use as another interest feedback besides coverage feedback (Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022). Generally, such data-flow information extra collected is about the data in the input, while in DAFuzz the data concerned are stored in the in-memory data store (i. e. , the PUT). Another related technique is the recently proposed state-aware fuzzing (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021; Ba et al. , 2022). It usually considers the whole program state space to be divided into different regions by different values of some important variables. Such important variables could be variables representing the states of protocols (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Ba et al. , 2022), or variables that stay the same values for most inputs but change to other values for some inputs (Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021). The CGF fuzzers detect the important variables either manually (Aschermann et al. , 2020) or automatically (Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021; Ba et al. , 2022) and use them together to guide the exploration of state space during fuzzing. Different from DAFuzz, state-aware fuzzing also usually concerns the important variables related to the input but not the data stored in the program. In addition, the important variables usually are variables related to the switching of execution paths, but DAFuzz directly concerns the data and may work even if no such variables are explicitly defined. Grammar-aware fuzzing There are black-box (Peach Tech, 2020; Boofuzz, 2023), grey-box (Pham et al. , 2021), and white-box (Godefroid, Kiezun & Levin, 2008) fuzzers that support grammar-aware fuzzing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: It is still unclear the shortest delta-V was located at left posterior vein without CS venography or Geometry with 3D mapping system. In our laboratory we have not a 3D system, we should have performed CS venography and it was not performed. It was a limitation to diagnosis the anatomical site of ablation. According to our laboratory protocols, we waited ten minutes after ablation and administered adenosine, 12 mg intravenously for verification of AP ablation. After the administration of adenosine an electrocardiographic pattern reappears with the presence of delta wave (Fig. 3A); however, compared to the initial ECG, a small R wave appears in DII and CS recording has been modified with shorter AV on CS 1–2 and 3–4 (Fig. 3B). Upon observing a new site where the CS 3–4 accessory pathway would be passing through, we decided to stimulate from that point of the atrium (CS 3–4) and observed maximum pre-excitation. We also stimulated from 9–10 CS and there was no change in the magnitude of the surface electrocardiogram delta wave. When pacing from the right ventricle, the first retrograde atrium was observed at CS 3–4. Considering that initially left intracavitary mapping had been performed, we decided to go directly through the CS. Fig. 3A Electrocardiographic pattern of accessory pathway modified after the first ablation site. B Coronary sinus electrograms after ablation of the first site, poles 1–2 and 3–4 remain with short AV. C Continuous electrogram in the ablation recording showing the AP potential, corresponding to the second ablation site. D Ablation catheter tip in the posterolateral area, it was the second ablation siteFull size imageMapping within CS with ablation catheter up to anatomical and fluoroscopic region where the CS catheter recording 3–4 was located (it was removed) (Fig. 3C). Successful ablation was achieved at this second point, on the mitral annulus. After waiting 10 min and administration of adenosine, ablation was successful at two distant epicardial points and the ECG was in sinus rhythm with normal PR (Fig. 4). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 2 ng/day/bee, LD50/97) consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide. Like in Exp. 1, fipronil doses received by honeybees in both experimental groups cannot be considered as sublethal. Honeybees exposed to imidacloprid also consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide, whether they were infected by N. ceranae (42. 2±13. 5 ng/day/bee, LD50/664) or not (45. 1±17. 6 ng/day/bee, LD50/621). As the mortality rate of honeybees treated with imidacloprid alone was not significantly different from the one measured in control bees, the imidacloprid dose received by individuals could be considered as sublethal. Determination of differentially expressed genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Twenty four honeybee genes have been selected as potential expression markers for parasitism or exposure to insecticide. Among those, sixteen genes are involved in functions, such as immunity, detoxification and antioxidant reactions, that are activated in response to environmental stressors in honeybees. As an example, it has been shown that the expression of the genes encoding the hymenoptaecin and defensin 1 antimicrobial peptides (Gene ID 406142 and 406143) and the glucose dehydrogenase (Gene ID 551044) is significantly decreased several days after N. ceranae infection [8], [9]. Six genes showing differential expression in our RNA-Seq experiment have also been selected. The transcript levels of the 24 selected genes were determined for each experimental condition from four pools of five midguts 7 and 11 days after treatment initiation. Six and eight genes were significantly differentially expressed in at least one experimental group compared to control in samples collected at days 7 and 11 respectively (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Expression levels of 24 honeybee genes in response to various stressors, alone or in combination, 7 or 11 days after experiment initiation (d. a. i). genes thought to be involved in immunity were downregulated in response to several treatments. The gene encoding the serine protease 40 (Gene ID 409626) was downregulated at day 7 in honeybees infected by N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: For example, black-box fuzzers like Peach (Peach Tech, 2020) and Boofuzz (Boofuzz, 2023) use XML configuration files or code to define the format of inputs to generate inputs, and white-box fuzzers like (Godefroid, Kiezun & Levin, 2008) may generate extra constraints using the grammar of inputs. For grey-box fuzzers, researchers have found that CGF fuzzers do not perform well for programs expecting structural inputs, such as JavaScript engines, XML parsers, etc. , because when mutating seeds to get new inputs, it is easy to get invalid inputs (Wang et al. , 2019), which cannot pass the syntax and semantics checks early in the program execution. Thus, grammar-aware CGF is proposed. Grammar-aware CGF could roughly be divided into syntax-aware (Pham et al. , 2021; Wang et al. , 2019; Padhye et al. , 2019; Aschermann et al. , 2019a; Pham, Böhme & Roychoudhury, 2020; Salls et al. , 2021), and semantics-aware fuzzing (Han, Oh & Cha, 2019; Park et al. , 2020; He et al. , 2021). Syntax-aware fuzzing tries to ensure the inputs mutated from seeds are still in the correct format. For example, they may convert seeds into abstract syntax trees (ASTs) and mutate at the tree node level (i. e. , tree-based mutation) to ensure the inputs serialized from mutated ASTs still have correct JavaScript statements (Wang et al. , 2019). Semantics-aware fuzzing tries to further ensure the inputs mutated from seeds have valid semantics. For example, they may inspect the JavaScript code or runtime errors to ensure the variables are defined before use (Han, Oh & Cha, 2019; Park et al. , 2020; He et al. , 2021). DAFuzz adopts the same tree-based syntax-aware mutation (Wang et al. , 2019), which is enough since in-memory data stores usually could use data variables without defining them first. However, different from the existing work, DAFuzz also generates data-aware and semantics-aware new inputs, which is to ensure that different data items are correctly referred to in the inputs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: 4Final electrocardiogram after ablating two anatomical points, there is no evidence of accessory pathway and there is normal PRFull size imageDiscussionIn this case, with recurrent AF by AP and hypotension we did not decide to perform the electrophysiological study to determine the AP insertion sites due to the patient's clinical condition. To achieve the ablation site on hidden accessory pathways ventricular pacing is needed or mapping during tachycardia is required. However, it is preferable to perform mapping and radiofrequency ablation during sinus rhythm for manifest pathways; ablation during tachycardia may be hindered by poor catheter stability. If AP is manifested a continuous intracavitary electrogram in the bipolar channel of the ablation catheter could be observed, ventricular electrogram is ahead of the delta wave onset on the surface electrocardiogram [6, 7]. Our clinical case presented with a manifest accessory pathway that is why we proceeded to perform the ablation in sinus rhythm. However, it is necessary to perform an atrial and ventricular pacing protocol in the presence of accessory pathways with atypical electrophysiological manifestations [8]. Finally, it was the protocol that we performed to verify the insertion site of the accessory pathway that was manifested at the second moment with continuous electrogram in 3–4 CS. After ablation at two distant epicardial sites within the CS, it may be difficult to define between two diagnosis: 1. oblique accessory pathway or 2. the presence of two accessory pathways in this patient. There are two major limitations do not allow us to reach the right diagnosis: 1. We did not perform the electrophysiological study with pacing from the ventricle and atrium and we could not determine the probable existence of oblique atrial and ventricular insertion sites. 2. CS venography was not performed to identify the anatomical site of the first ablation site. Despite these limitations we consider this patient is an interesting case report given the unusual behavior of the electrograms within the CS with short AV. It have not found reported in the literature. APs in sinus rhythm show an earlier ventricular electrogram in one of the CS recordings so that AV distances are different [2, 5]. In our patient the CS recordings all the AV were very short and similar so we decided to map the best AP electrogram recording with negative delta-V in the ablation recording to apply RF.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae, whatever they were exposed to one insecticide or not, and at day 11 in individuals exposed to the combination N. ceranae-imidacloprid. The lysozyme 1 encoding gene (Gene ID 725110) was downregulated at day 11 in honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid alone and in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae-fipronil. The expression of the antimicrobial peptide hymenoptaecin encoding gene (Gene ID 406142) was significantly inhibited at day 11 in response to N. ceranae or fipronil, but not to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination. In contrast, it was significantly lower in response to the N. ceranae-imidacloprid treatment at the same day. At last, honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination showed a decrease in the expression of the gene encoding the glucose dehydrogenase 2 (Gene ID 551044) at day 7. Other functional groups seemed affected by the applied treatments. Eleven days after the experiment initiation, honeybees infected by N. ceranae showed a strong decrease in the expression of a catalase encoding gene (Gene ID 443552), which might be involved in antioxidant reactions and in xenobiotic detoxification. Two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly downregulated in our experiment: the trehalase encoding gene (Gene ID 410484) in response to N. ceranae at day 11 and to N. ceranae-fipronil combination at days 7 and 11, and the GMC oxidoreductase 3 encoding gene (Gene ID 410747) in response to all treatments but imidacloprid alone at day 7 and to N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination at day 11. The expression of the transcription factor Lim3 homeobox (Gene ID 410658) was significantly downregulated at day 7 in all experimental groups compared to control, and at day 11 in honeybees infected by N. ceranae, whether they were exposed to insecticides or not. Honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid or N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict the future with perfect accuracy by analyzing data trends and patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractEarly public blockchains provided low transaction throughputs in the range of 7–30 transactions per second. With the emergence of permissioned and proof-of-stake-based blockchains, transaction throughputs are expected to rise drastically to thousands per second. Blockchain transactions form directed graphs. With high transaction throughputs and growing blockchain adoption by banks, businesses and customers in general, the number of edges in transaction graphs will dynamically grow to billions. An analysis of large-scale transaction graphs is needed for tracing fraudulent activities on blockchains. This 14. 1 illustrates the global movements of crypto-assets on decentralized autonomous unregulated blockchains and entering regulated financial systems in different jurisdictions. These global crypto-asset movements can make anti-money laundering laws ineffective and crypto-assets obtained from various illegal activities such as ransomware, scam-related initial coin offerings [1], and stolen crypto-assets difficult to catch. In particular, exchange companies provide trading services that allow crypto-assets to be bought and sold with fiat currencies which can then be deposited into or withdrawn from bank accounts. Such mechanisms may allow fraudulently obtained funds to enter the regulated environments. Hence, there is a need to trace such movements of tainted crypto-assets on blockchains so that necessary actions can be taken in order to block them. Fig. 14. 1Global movements of crypto-assets on unregulated blockchains and entering regulated financial systems in different jurisdictionsFull size image When the Internet first appeared, there was a big need for web page search services. This has led to the development of search engine companies. There is a similar need in the case of blockchain networks and that is the need to get information on addresses, tokens, and transactions on the blockchain. This scenario brought the development of block explorer services being offered by companies like Etherscan which is currently the most popular explorer service for Ethereum. Block explorer services provide basic information on individual addresses, tokens, and transactions such as amounts, balances, and times of transactions. Blockchain transactions, however, form a directed graph, and it is possible to analyze this graph in order to trace fraudulent activities, get provenance information about tokens representing products, and in general use it for business intelligence. Table 14. 1 shows a list of well-known companies that provide services for blockchain transaction analysis. The first six companies, (a)–(f), in the table focus on providing blockchain intelligence services on detection and prevention of financial crime in crypto-assets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Once an epicardial point is located in the PCV transient abolition of AP conduction is achieved after RF. Accessory connections from CS to the ventricle produce epicardial posteroseptal or left posterior AP The presence of APs in CS result from a connection between a CS myocardial coat extension along the middle cardiac vein or the PCV and the ventricle [3]. In this case upon achieving transient ablation at the probable anatomical site of the PCV and AP reappears with evident recording in CS 3–4 (Fig. 3B) to finally achieve ablation at that posterolateral epicardial point which leads us to think about an epicardial oblique AP. The transient abolition of AP may explain the failure to ablate AP by RF application on the ventricular side of the mitral annulus. The initial RF application on the ventricular insertion with transient abolition of AP and the final success with RF application on atrial insertion has been the end point to demonstrate the presences of oblique AP [2]. ConclusionsHaving performed the complete electrophysiological study plus CS venography could have helped us to make a correct diagnosis as we have already stated earlier in the discussion. Nevertheless, the electrograms recordings along the entire CS trajectory and upon achieving definitive abolition of AP pattern by ablating at two distant points (ventricular and on the mitral annulus) it leads us to think about an oblique AP presence; in addition, ablation was achieved epicardial intra CS. In our point of view according the above, we consider this is a very rare case of oblique AP with epicardial trajectory. The sequence of electrograms (in this case) along the CS has not been seen before in the literature reviewed. Availability of data and materials No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. AbbreviationsAF: Atrial fibrillation APs: Accessory pathway(s) AV: Atrio-ventricular CS: Coronary sinus ECG: Electrocardiogram PCV: Posterior coronary vein PR: PR segment of the electrocardiogram 71. (2008) Catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias: basic concepts and clinical applications. In:. 3rd edn, pp 168. (1992) Electrogram criteria for identification of appropriate target sites for radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections.

Output: pass