Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Associations between nadir CD4 count and HIV-associated dysbiosis were evident in this cohort [46], as it was in the cohort and other studies [66, 67]. The largest study of gut microbiota and manifest atherosclerosis in PLWH to date included 361 women in the USA that were assessed by ultrasonography for the presence of carotid artery plaques. The study identified enrichment of Fusobacterium and Proteus and depletion of Odoribacter and Adlercreutzia in women with plaque compared to women without plaque. These bacteria correlated with plasma lipids, which were associated with increased risk of incident carotid artery plaque during 7 years of follow-up. Of note, this was not HIV specific, as the same associations were observed in women without HIV [68]. A smaller study found no significant composition differences between PLWH with and without coronary heart disease (CHD), despite lower alpha diversity in participants with CHD [69]. In a recent work from the cohort, we found that PLWH with obstructive CAD assessed by CT angiography had clear shifts in their gut microbiota, with lower alpha diversity, increased beta diversity, compositional shifts including depletion of several bacteria from the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families, and increased relative abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, a pro-inflammatory microbe associated with inflammatory bowel disease, as well as Veillonella. Of note, we identified no overlapping genera between CAD-related dysbiosis and the previously established HIV-related dysbiosis index, and the HIV-related dysbiosis index was not related to obstructive CAD (Trøseid et al. , JID in press). Whereas much of literature has focused on depletion of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families, enrichment of both Ruminococcus gnavus and Veillonella identified in the cohort and Fusobacterium identified in the US cohort [68], have been identified in human carotid plaque studies [70], pointing to a potential causative or contributing role in the atherosclerotic process independent of HIV status. In light of the published studies in the field, it has so far not been possible to identify a clear gut dysbiosis associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in PLWH across different cohorts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cellular growth was followed either in soluble starch by the OD600 measurement in liquid media containing soluble starch (SS) (Fig. 3) or in raw starch by the presence of yeast cells under optical microscope (Fig. 4). These results can be explained because α-amylases hydrolyze the internal α-1,4-bonds of amylose and amylopectin at random, producing mainly maltodextrins with a length of 10–20 glucose residues, that Y. lipolytica cannot assimilate. Although these enzymes can also release maltose and free glucose, these may not be enough to allow efficient growth. Therefore, additional enzymatic activities to release glucose units are required to use Y. lipolytica as consolidated bioprocess using starch. Fig. 3Growth curve in starch media as sole carbon source. Growth curve obtained after measuring the OD600 in 96 well plates. wt (wild type, JMY2900), α (strain expressing alpha-amylase, JMY5077), GA (strain expressing glucoamylase, JMY5083) and α + GA (strain expressing alpha-amylase and GA, JMY5017). Showed values are the average of three independent experimentsFull size image Fig. 4Optical microscope images of the granules of raw starch incubated with different Y. lipolytica strains. a The wild type (JMY2900), b expression of alpha-amylase (JMY5077), c expression of glucoamylase (JMY5083) and d expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (JMY5017)Full size image The expression of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger in Y. lipolytica is sufficient to allow growth on soluble starchGlucoamylase is recognized as the most important enzyme, which is responsible for the progressive hydrolysis of starch from non-reducing ends to release β-d-glucose units and saccharification of the polymers [3]. Many glucoamylases are currently used by the industry and one of the most important is one from A. niger [28]. Additionally, successful metabolic engineering approaches to produce ethanol in S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Jobs in the renewable energy sector often require specific technical skills. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the large inter-individual variation in gut microbiota composition has so far made it difficult to apply microbiota signatures as biomarkers for individual risk assessment. Microbial translocationMicrobial translocation and HIV pathogenesisA shared feature of the dysbiosis in cohorts of PLWH and cohorts of persons with CVD is the reduced potential for production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including butyrate. Loss of butyrate-producing bacteria may result in a dysfunctional gut mucosal barrier, allowing passive leakage of microbial toxins such as LPS that binds to toll-like receptors and other receptors of the innate immune system, thereby triggering inflammation. This process is called microbial translocation and has been studied in several cohorts of PLWH, since first described by Brenchley et al. in 2006 [71]. Microbial translocation and HIV comorbiditiesIn the general population, an increased potential for LPS biosynthesis in the microbiome has been reported among patients with CAD [72], and previous studies have linked circulating levels of LPS to insulin resistance [73], glycemic control and abdominal obesity [74], and cardiovascular events (reviewed in [75]). Atherosclerosis is in part an inflammatory process, and several lines of evidence suggest that LPS contributes to this process by fueling a low-grade chronic inflammation and atherothrombosis [75]. In PLWH, we and others have shown that circulating levels of LPS associate with several cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension [76], insulin resistance, Framingham risk score [77], platelet reactivity [78], metabolic syndrome, central obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia [79]. The latter is possibly due to co-transportation with triglycerides in chylomicrons over the intestinal wall [80]. Despite these associations, circulating levels of LPS have not been linked to incident cardiovascular disease in PLWH. This could partly be due to low sample size in published studies and technical difficulties measuring LPS in bioassays, but it could also reflect that different forms of LPS have different biological properties. Emerging evidence demonstrates different bioactivity of LPS, where hexa-acylated LPS triggers inflammation, while penta-acylated LPS does not [81].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica have been described elsewhere [47]. Minimal medium (YNBCN60) contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 6 % glucose (wt/vol; Merck, Fontenay-sous-Bois Cedex, France) 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Soluble starch medium (SS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for soluble starch, 1 % in the case of microplate assay (see results), 6 % in C/N60 and 9 % in C/N90, all of them contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Raw starch medium (RS) was similar to YNBCN60 by substituting glucose for wheat raw starch (1 %) (Sigma-Aldrich), and as YNBCN60, 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). The industrial starch medium (IS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for 25 % industrial product containing starch (DZ starch) provided by (Belgium). Table 1 Strains used in this workFull size table Cloning and expression of heterologous amylasesHeterologous genes, alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were synthesized with codon optimization according to the codon usage of Y. lipolytica (GenScript) (Additional file 1: Table S1) and cloned in the autocloning vectors of JMP62 type [49, 50] under the control of pTEF promoter. BamHI and AvrII were used for the cloning of the genes in the vectors containing either the LEU2ex or the URA3ex excisable markers (Additional file 5: Figure S3). Expression vectors were digested with NotI and subject to gel electrophoresis. The NotI bands corresponding to the expression cassettes were extracted from the gel and used for transformation. Expression cassettes were integrated at random in Y.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: After failing to meet its 2015 emissions targets, Germany – the world’s fourth-largest economy and sixth-largest consumer of coal – announced in 2019 that it would end coal-fired electrical power generation by 2038. Highly subsidized, deep “black-coal” mining in the Ruhr had already closed in 2018, but under Germany’s new plan 34 GW of coal power will be halved by 2030 before being completely shut down. The affected regions will be offered €40 billion in aid, in particular the open-pit “brown-coal” mining communities of Lusatia near the Polish border. A member of both the overseeing commission and executive board of Germany’s second-largest trade union offered an ironic though pragmatic analysis: “It’s a compromise that hurts everyone. That’s always a good sign. ”65 The plan includes converting Germany’s largest open-pit mine at Hambach, North Rhine-Westphalia, into a lake, the deepest artificially created space in the country, as well as “rehabilitating” other disused mining areas. In a bid to tackle air pollution and desertification, China has been planting trees at a rate of more than a billion a year since 1978 as part of the Wall forestation project. In 2019, 60,000 soldiers were reassigned to plant even more, primarily in coal-heavy Hebei Province, the main source of pollution to neighboring Beijing, where pollution levels are 10 times safe limits. The plan is to increase woodland area by more than 300,000 km2 (from 21. 7% to 23%). government has also pledged to reduce its carbon intensity and “peak” emissions by 2030 (and become overall carbon neutral or “net zero” by 2060), but to achieve any real reductions China must significantly limit coal consumption. As more jobs in the renewable-energy sector supplant mining jobs, coal becomes less viable by the day. Agency (IRENA) counted 11. 5 million global renewable-energy jobs in 2019, including 3. 8 million in solar, 2. 5 million in liquid biofuels, 2 million in hydropower, and 1. 2 million in wind power. 66 California now has more clean-energy jobs than all coal-related jobs in the rest of the United States,67 while continues to dump coal investments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: One report from a CAD cohort showed that genes required for synthesis of the LPS O-antigen were enriched in CAD, whereas the lipid A module was depleted, probably due to depletion of Bacteroides, which produce non-inflammatory penta-acylated lipid A [82]. In a previously published probiotic trial including PLWH, we showed that gut bacteria producing hexa-acylated LPS were outnumbered by bacteria-producing penta-acylated LPS by a factor of 25, and that PLWH with a high ratio of hexa- to penta-acylated LPS-producing bacteria exhibited increased levels of systemic inflammation and tryptophan catabolism. Of note, changes in circulating LPS correlated closely to altered abundance of gram-negative bacteria producing penta-acylated LPS, including Bacteroides [83]. Hence, circulating LPS could partly reflect LPS from commensal microbes with low pro-inflammatory potential. Indirect ways of measuring microbial translocation include measuring markers of immune cell responses to LPS, including circulating levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and LPS-binding protein (LBP) which are shed from toll-like receptor 4 upon LPS activation. Both markers have been associated with future cardiovascular events both in the general population [84] and in PLWH [85, 86]. However, both CD14 and LBP are promiscuous molecules with several triggers beyond LPS, and they should be regarded as markers of monocyte activation (sCD14) and general inflammation (LBP) rather than microbial translocation. Also, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) and zonulin are frequently reported in this context but should be regarded as markers of impaired gut barrier function rather than microbial translocation. More specific quantification of microbes is possible via amplification and sequencing of microbial nucleic acids via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing or via amplification-free sequencing of total nucleic acids. However, application of these techniques to low biomass samples such as blood and internal organs has been a challenge [87, 88] due to the risk of low-level environmental contaminants dominating results [87,88,89,90,91] and the difficulty in unambiguous distinguishment of such contaminants from the true signal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica genome in single copy as described previously [49, 51]. The overexpression cassettes were used for the transformation by the lithium acetate method [52]. Transformants were selected on or YNB depending on their genotype. Then genomic DNA from yeast transformants was prepared as described elsewhere [53]. Positive transformants were checked by PCR. Removal of the selection marker was carried out by the LoxP-Cre system widely used in Yarrowia [54]. Restriction enzymes were obtained from OZYME (Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France). PCR amplifications were performed in an Eppendorf 2720 thermal cycler with GoTaq DNA polymerases (Promega). PCR fragments were purified with QIKit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). All the reactions were performed using the manufacturer instructions. Protein visualization and enzymatic activitySupernatant of 6 days culture in YNB were concentrated 10× using Amicon Ultra-0. 5 10 K centrifugal filters device (Millipore, Ireland). The concentrated supernatant was loaded into a 10 % SDS-PAGE gel to see the expression and secretion of the heterologous proteins. The molecular weight marker Mark12™ unstained was used as standard (Novex). Starch-containing plate of YPD was used to determine α-amylase activity. After 3 days of either growing cells or incubating with 5 μl drop from culture supernatant at 28 °C, the plate was stained with iodine vapor. The clear zones around the colonies or the supernatant drops determined the presence of α-amylase activity. Growth curves and DCWTo determine DCW in flask experiment, 2 mL of the culture was washed and lyophilized in a pre-weighted tube. The differences in weight correspond to the mg of cells found in 2 mL of culture. Growth tests were performed in 100 µL cultures in 96-well plates, with constant shaking, in the presence of 1 % soluble starch as the carbon source. Precultures were grown on minimal medium plates, as for the growth tests. Growth was monitored by measuring the optical density (OD600 nm) at different intervals, with a microtiter plate reader (Biotek, Colmar, France). For each strain and set of conditions, we used two biological replicates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Meaning that companies which have higher sales employ more across both the formal and informal sector. analysis shows that a relationship between company scope and employment. Those companies that work broadly across delivering multiple technologies employ more persons than those engaged in a single DRE technology. Finally, we find that direct, formal jobs show a positive relationship with the age of the companies, particularly for Nigeria. The older a company is, the more direct, formal jobs it provides. See supplementary materials for these statistical outputs and for market estimates used. In the sections below, we expand on these findings and their implications. TABLE 5 Table 5. Direct, formal and informal jobs estimates, by technology, in 2017–2018. Direct, In 2017–2018, the DRE sector provided 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4000 jobs in Nigeria (see Table 5). This is equivalent to the total number of jobs within the traditional power sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning sector in Nigeria [56–58]. In Kenya, total national formal employment in 2018 was about 18 million [5]. (KPLC) had about 11,000 personnel in 2018 [57]. So the DRE sector, having provided 10,000 jobs in 2017–2018, is already comparable to the jobs created by the distribution and retail segment of the utility-scale power sector. DRE sector was dominated by pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. In fact, 78% of formal Kenyan jobs were in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, followed by another 18% in the C&I sector, and 4% from mini-grids and solar water pumps. In Nigeria, a total of 55. 5 million people were employed in 2017 [5], among which the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector employs about 10,000 people [58], thus putting the DRE sector employment on the same order of magnitude as the utility-scale power sector. This is despite the fact that the DRE market is still nascent in Nigeria, despite a large and unmet appetite for power lead by Nigeria’s MSMEs. This is due, in part, to the country’s current economic crisis and high import duties on batteries [6,59]. In Nigeria, project developers and installers are the primary job engines for the DRE sector.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Such contaminants can come from tubes, tools, the skin of the study participant (as skin must be broken for a needle to collect blood), the skin from study staff, reagents, sample cross-contamination during DNA extraction and amplification, and index hopping during sequencing. This may explain mixed results among studies examining 16S rRNA in the blood of PLWH [92, 93]. Whereas most microbiota studies have focused on the bacteriome, the much less studied fungiome has also been reported to be altered in a few studies including PLWH [94] and could translocate to circulation and trigger inflammation [95]. Interestingly, a study reported that plasma β-d-glucan, a marker of fungal translocation, was higher in PLWH with carotid artery plaque compared to those without plaques [96]. Overall, it has so far remained challenging to measure microbial translocation, making it difficult to assess its potential role as a biomarker for HIV-associated comorbidities and to assess efficacy of experimental therapies that target this mechanism. Microbial metabolites and cardiovascular riskWhereas microbiota traits vary from individual to individual and are affected by several confounding factors, including sexual practice and medicines, circulating metabolites may be less variable and therefore easier to evaluate as biomarkers. The microbiome is a complex bioreactor that produces and catabolizes neurotransmitters, amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, and metabolites [97]. Several of these have been linked to different noncommunicable diseases in the general population, but not always to underlying gut microbiota dysbiosis. This section will focus on potential circulating biomarkers associated with CVD and underlying dysbiosis, with discussion of important aspects to consider when applying such biomarkers in PLWH. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)SCFA are key gut microbial metabolites derived from fiber fermentation that benefit numerous facets of host biology. They are the primary energy source for the epithelial cells that line the colon, they induce tight junction proteins that bolster integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, and they induce regulatory T cells that dampen exuberant inflammation [98,99,100]. All of these functions may be protective in both HIV and CVD, making microbiome-mediated SCFA potentially important in pathology of both of these two disease states. While over a third of microbial proteins have unknown function [101], many enzymes involved in the production of SCFAs have been identified.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sugars and citric acid determinationSugar and citric acid measurement were identified and quantified by HPLC (UltiMate 3000, Dionex-Scientific, UK) using an Aminex HPX87H column coupled to UV (210 nm) and RI detectors. The column was eluted with 0. 01 N H2SO4 at room temperature and a flow rate of 0. 6 mL min−1. Identification and quantification were achieved via comparisons to standards. Before being subject to HPLC analysis, samples were filtered on 0. 45-μm pore-size membranes. The quantification of remaining starch was calculated by determining the glucose units present in 200 μL of the media after treated with 1 mL of 2 M HCl and complete hydrolysis was accomplished by heating the mixture in a boiling water bath for 30 min. After neutralization of the hydrolysate with 1 mL of 2 M NaOH, the reducing sugars released from the starch were determined by HPLC. Lipid quantificationLipids from aliquots of 10–20 mg of cells were converted into their methyl esters with freeze-dried cells according to Browse et al. [55] and used for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. GC analysis of FA methyl esters was performed with a Varian 3900 instrument equipped with a flame ionization detector and a Varian FactorFour vf-23 ms column, where the bleed specification at 260 °C is 3 pA (30 m, 0. 25 mm, 0. 25 μm). FA was identified by comparison to commercial FA methyl ester standards (FAME32; Supelco) and quantified by the internal standard method, involving the addition of 50 μg of commercial C17:0 (Sigma). Microscopic analysisImages were acquired using a Imager M2 microscope (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) with a 100× objective and Zeiss filters 45 and 46 for fluorescent microscopy. Axiovision 4. 8 software (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) was used for image acquisition. Lipid bodies visualization was performed by addition of BodiPy® (2. 5 mg/mL in ethanol; Invitrogen) to the cell suspension (A 600 of 5) and after incubation for 10 min at room temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 10314773 Export as (PETT): Comparing two talking therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in UK military veterans Share on on on Submission date 17/09/2019 Registration date 01/10/2019 Last edited 16/10/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data plain english summary as of 19/04/2021:Background and study aimsPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can affect people who have experienced a traumatic event in their life. Previous research has shown that up to 17% of UK ex-military service personnel who have recently been active in combat roles may have PTSD. If this is left undiagnosed or untreated, PTSD can lead to hospitalisation, unemployment and poverty and can put a strain on family relationships. This study aims to investigate whether 60 military veterans in the will join the study and be happy to be randomly allocated on a 2:1 ratio to either of our two therapy treatments: Reconsolidation of (RTM) and Trauma-(TF-CBT). It aims to find out if veterans will complete treatment and fill in the research questionnaires throughout the study. Another aim is to develop procedures to ensure veterans are safe when having either treatment. All the information will be collected and analysed to help to set up a larger trial to see whether RTM should be offered as a routine treatment for PTSD. Who can participate? Participants can be men or women, 18 years or older, who live or work in the United Kingdom. They will be UK military veterans of the Army, Force or who have received a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by one of the study’s clinical psychologists at the charity Inspire’s offices in Belfast. What does the study involve? This study will compare a new therapy treatment called Reconsolidation of (RTM) with an existing treatment called Trauma-(TF-CBT). Participants will have an assessment with an experienced clinical psychologist who works at Inspire to confirm whether they have PTSD and are eligible for the study. Once they have joined they will complete their baseline outcome measures and then be randomly allocated to one of the two therapy groups on a 2:1 randomisation ratio favouring the experimental treatment RTM:Group 1 will receive RTM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Butyrate production from gut microbes may be particularly challenging to quantify in vivo because it is rapidly taken up by epithelial cells which then rapidly consume it, for butyrate is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells. Propionate, on the other hand, is not the preferred energy source [115] and may thus be exported to the serum more so than butyrate. We found that abundance of butyrate-producing enzymes in the microbiome was not correlated with either stool nor serum levels of butyrate [52], highlighting the difficulty of measuring in vivo butyrate production from the gut microbiome. SCFA in microbiome studies have found a depletion of SCFA-producing gut bacteria in PLWH compared to controls [116, 117]. Studies have also found lower relative abundance of genes involved in SCFA production within metagenomes of PLWH [102, 103]. In a cohort of matched PLWH and controls, we have recently found that serum levels of the SCFA propionate were significantly reduced in PLWH, and that the conversion of lactate, one of several precursors for SCFA, was associated with CVD in PLWH [52]. While abundance of butyrate-producing enzymes in the microbiome was dramatically reduced in PLWH, we did not find differences in either circulating or stool butyrate levels, possibly because of the aforementioned biological fate of butyrate produced by the microbiome. SCFA in CVDDiets rich in fiber, the primary substrate for microbial SCFA production, are promoted as being among the principal effective interventions [118, 119] to reduce blood pressure, a major contributor to CVD [120, 121]. These dietary recommendations are supported by the observed efficacy of dietary fiber intervention trials performed in the general (HIV-seronegative) population for reducing hyptertension [122, 123]. While other aspects of high-fiber diet may contribute to their protective role in CVD, murine studies demonstrate that SCFA alone can lower hypertension and CVD in animal models [124,125,126]. Mechanisms for these cardioprotective effects include induction of inflammation-dampening regulatory T cells [125], which reduce activation of various immune cells linked with CVD progression including macrophages. Another putative mechanism for the effects of SCFA on hypertension includes direct regulation of blood pressure in the kidneys via renal olfactory receptors [124].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Electronic microscopy was performed as INRA-AgroParisTech platform Microscopie et Imagerie des Micro-organismes, Animaux et Aliments (MIMA2, Massy, France). The samples were critical point dehydrated (K850, Elexience, France) using carbon dioxide as the transition fluid and coated with gold–palladium (272 Ǻ of thickness) in an automatic sputter (Polaron SC7640, Elexience, France). High-magnification imaging of the Bacillus subtilis biofilms was performed at an operating voltage of 2 kV under an S-4500 (Hitachi, Japan) at the MIMA2 platform. Prediction of biodiesel propertiesMathematical equations and predictive models were used to theoretically determine all the physicochemical fuel-related parameters of the biodiesel obtained by transmethylation of Y. lipolytica engineered strains grown in industrial starch. The equations and models used have been previously described in detail by Ledesma-Amaro et al. [56] based on previous theoretical and empirical studies [46, 57–59]. AbbreviationsTA: triacylglycerol GA: glucoamylase α: α-amylase DCW: dry cell weight SEM: scanning electron microscope 8. doi:10. 1038/nature11478. 4. doi:10. 1002/ejlt. 201400181. 88. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4248-0. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. cbpa. 2006. 02. 035. 5. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 71. 10. 6443-6445. 2005. Aydemir E, Demirci S, Doğan. Genetic modifications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from starch fermentation: a review. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2014;4(180). doi:10. 4172/2155-9821. 1000180. van Dijck PW, Wyss M. Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential. Microbiol. 2014;40(3):187–206. doi:10. 3109/1040841X. 2013. 770386.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: It aims to find out if veterans will complete treatment and fill in the research questionnaires throughout the study. Another aim is to develop procedures to ensure veterans are safe when having either treatment. All the information will be collected and analysed to help to set up a larger trial to see whether RTM should be offered as a routine treatment for PTSD. Who can participate? Participants can be men or women, 18 years or older, who live or work in Northern Ireland. They will be UK military veterans of the Army, Force or who have received a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by one of the study’s clinical psychologists at the charity Inspire’s offices in Belfast. What does the study involve? This study will compare a new therapy treatment called Reconsolidation of (RTM) with an existing treatment called Trauma-(TF-CBT). Participants will have an assessment with an experienced clinical psychologist who works at Inspire to confirm whether they have PTSD and are eligible for the study. Once they have joined they will complete their baseline outcome measures and then be randomly allocated to one of the two therapy groups:Group 1 will receive RTM. This involves up to four weekly treatment sessions with each treatment session lasting up to 90 minutes. Group 2 will receive TF-CBT. This involves up to 12 weekly treatment sessions, each lasting up to 1 hour. In addition to the therapy, participants will be asked to complete questionnaires at 6, 12, 20 and 52 weeks after randomisation. This can be done in person, over the phone or online. When the treatment has ended, 15 to 20 of the participants will be invited to have an interview with a researcher to see what they thought about taking part in the study and the treatment they received. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? By taking part in the study, the PTSD symptoms of the participants may get better and they may be contributing to future improvements in treatments offered to veterans suffering from the same condition. However, all talking therapies require people to talk about a problem and this can be uncomfortable or upsetting. They may uncover unpleasant memories of an event that had been forgotten. TF-CBT is known to be effective in reducing or removing the symptoms of PTSD. In contrast, it is not known if RTM may lead to increased symptoms of PTSD. This research will help answer that question. Where is the study run from?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Finally, as discussed above, SCFA strengthen gut barrier integrity and help mitigate microbial translocation, which itself may spur CVD in both PLWH and the HIV-negative population. Carnitine metabolitesThe most compelling evidence of a link between the gut microbiome and CVD has been related to microbial metabolism of the dietary factors phosphatidylcholine and L-carnitine to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). The source of TMAO is TMA which is produced by the gut microbiota from nutrients containing L-carnitine or phosphatidylcholine and subsequently oxidized in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenases to TMAO [127]. In particular, carnitine is abundant in red meat; hence, TMAO and other carnitine metabolites are potential links between dietary factors, gut microbiota, and CVD. In a landmark paper from the Hazen group [128], TMAO was identified as a strong predictor of CAD, and subsequent studies have linked TMAO to other types of CVD including acute coronary syndrome and chronic HF [129,130,131,132]. TMAO has been mechanistically linked to thromboembolic events as it enhances thrombus formation [133]. Furthermore, precursors of TMAO promote foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in animal models, but not when adding antibiotics to the drinking water, suggesting a microbiota dependent mechanism [134]. However, a firm link to disease-specific dysbiosis has not been convincingly demonstrated [57]. TMAO has been assessed in several cohorts of PLWH with conflicting results. Some studies have found an association with CVD [135], others did not [136], and one study showed a U-shaped association between TMAO and CVD in PLWH [137]. In a prospective cohort of 520 PLWH in the USA, plasma TMAO was associated with increased risk of incident carotid artery plaque, independent of traditional and HIV-related risk factors, during a median follow-up of 7 years, although the association was attenuated after further adjustment for markers of monocyte activation [135]. In contrast, in a longitudinal nested case–control study of first-time MI in PLWH from Denmark, we found no evidence for increased TMAO levels across several time points before onset of MI.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 10. doi:10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2013. 11. 117. 87. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2009. 08. 005. 3131. doi:10. 1038/ncomms4131. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2012. 08. 007. 113. doi:10. 1002/1097-0061(20010130)18:2<97:AID-YEA652>3. 0. CO;2-U. 2015. doi:10. 1007/s00253-015-6624-z. 44. doi:10. 1038/nature02579. 35. doi:10. 1186/1752-0509-6-35. 1535. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0051535. 7966. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0027966. 3188. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0123188. 25. doi:10. 1002/pmic. 200900161. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 007. 89. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01412-08. 91. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2011. 05. 002. 37. doi:10. 1007/s00253-011-3506-x. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 005. 148. doi:10. 1186/s13068-014-0148-0. 39. doi:10. 1007/s00253-014-6314-2. 81. 701. doi:10. 1186/1471-2164-13-701. 83. doi:10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0061(1998100)14:14<1267:AID-YEA327>3. 0. CO;2-2. 19. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2803-0. 68. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4001-8. 9. doi:10. 1271/bbb. 70825. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: uk), ref: HR-18/19-11320 Study design Single-centre external pilot randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet See study outputs table Condition Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) King's Unit's computer randomisation service, 60 participants will be allocated on a 2:1 ratio to either Reconsolidation of (RTM) or Trauma-(TF-CBT) (Randomisation ratio changed from 1:1 to 2:1 on 19/04/2021). Those allocated to RTM will receive up to four 90- to 120-min weekly sessions by a single trained therapist. Those allocated to TF-CBT will receive up to 12 60- to 90-min weekly sessions delivered by a single trained therapist. Therapy A: – RTM ProtocolThe experimental intervention is the Reconsolidation of protocol (RTM), an NLP-based, non-traumatising intervention delivered over up 4 x 90- to 120-min weekly sessions by a single trained therapist. The RTM Protocol is a brief cognitive intervention with minimal and non-traumatizing exposure to the original stimulus. The RTM protocol effectively rewrites the emotional elements of the memory by taking advantage of the phenomenon of reconsolidation. Reconsolidation describes the reactivation of long-term, otherwise permanent memories, by their evocation in certain contexts. When a memory is reactivated, it labilises, that is, it becomes subject to change. If the circumstances surrounding the memory remain the same, the memory remains unchanged; it is maintained in its current state. If circumstances have intensified, the impact of the memory may become worse; re-traumatization can add to the intensity of trauma memories. If the new circumstance provides evidence that a threat of negative emotional stimulus is no longer relevant, the strength of the affective charge may decrease. The intervention proceeds as follows:1. Evoke the trauma, with or without description (Most NLP interventions can be completed content-free). 2. Interrupt the re-emergence of the trauma as soon as the client begins to show physiological signs of its onset. Changes in breathing, skin colour, posture, pupil dilation and eye fixation are typical signs of memory access.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: This enzymatic pathway serves to limit T-cell proliferation via tryptophan starvation and by the direct action of kynurenine compounds (e. g. , kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) on T cells [157] including the induction of regulatory T cells. Kynurenine compounds also diminish differentiation of Th17 cells, which are critical mediators of gut barrier integrity and are characteristically depleted in the gut of PLWH that initiated treatment during the chronic phase [158]. This gut Th17 cell depletion is associated with elevated markers of inflammation and possibly microbial translocation [158]. Serum kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio, a surrogate marker for activity of the kynurenine metabolic pathway, is in turn associated with mortality and Th17 cell depletion in PLWH [159, 160]. While IDO1 is induced by inflammatory cytokines and is expressed highly in the gut of PLWH with progressive infection [160], its expression is diminished in the treated PLWH despite persistently elevated KT ratios in this subject group [44]. We previously found that gut-resident microbes encode enzymes with analogous functions to that of IDO1, and that the abundance of gut bacteria that encoded such enzymes correlated with KT ratios in treated PLWH, while gut IDO1 expression itself did not [44]. Fecal metabolomics have concordantly found kynurenine metabolites elevated in PLWH [161], further suggesting that microbes may contribute to the immunomodulatory kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism in PLWH. In the general population, several studies have linked increased KT ratio to increased risk of diabetes and CAD [162, 163]. In PLWH, several studies have reported the kynurenine pathway to associate with mortality [159, 164, 165], non-AIDS comorbidities, aging, and inflammation, and the kynurenine pathway has been suggested to be of particular importance in connecting gut inflammation with age-related comorbidities [30]. Studies in PLWH have linked tryptophan metabolism to gut microbiota alterations and different aspects of atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction [166] and carotid atherosclerosis [167,168,169], although the links between dysbiosis, tryptophan catabolism, and cardiovascular disease have been incompletely defined.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1016/j. renene. 2008. 09. 002. 45. doi:10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2014. 08. 011. 3. 2. 1. 3) is the major starch-degrading enzyme secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Gen Microbiol. 1991;137:2463–8. 1003. doi:10. 1007/s12010-009-8579-y. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2011. 01. 002. 15. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2487-5. 40. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 70. 8. 5037-5040. 2004. 50. doi:10. 1042/BST0301047. 99. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2014. 09. 008. 95. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2013. 07. 001. 48. Berlin: Springer; 2010 (ISBN: 978-3-540-77584-3 2010). -. Increased electron donor and electron acceptor characters enhance the adhesion between oil droplets and cells of Yarrowia lipolytica as evaluated by a new cytometric assay. J Chem. 2003;51(10):3007–11. doi:10. 1021/jf020901m. 93. doi:10. 1038/nbt. 2683. 8. doi:10. 1016/j. biortech. 2008. 06. 039. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2015. 04. 004. 1. Berlin: Springer; 1996. 88. 9. 9. CAS 502. doi:10. 1016/j. mimet. 2007. 06. 008. 44. 53. CAS 37. 5. 91. doi:10. 1002/bit. 25245. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2012. 05. 001. 71. doi:10. 1186/1475-2859-11-71. 33. doi:10. 1007/s11746-006-5033-y. 0003. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: As they appear, the state is to be broken by reorienting the client to the present, by changing the subject, redirecting their attention into a different sensory system, or firing off a pre-existing anchor. However it is accomplished, it is important to stop the development of the symptoms before they take control of the client’s consciousness. 3. After a few minutes away from the trauma, ask the client to think of a time before the trauma when they were doing something pleasant in a safe, neutral context. 4. Instruct the client to imagine that they are sitting in a movie theatre and that they are watching that scene on the screen. 5. Have the client imagine that they can float out of that body (in the theatre) and into the projection booth, perhaps behind a thick window, where they can watch themselves, seated in the theatre, watching the safe, neutral picture. 6. Ask the client to imagine that the movie on the screen, watched by their dissociated body seated in the theatre, becomes a black-and-white movie of the trauma that runs from the safe place before the trauma to a safe place after the trauma. 7. From the perspective of the safe projection booth, have the client focus on the responses of the dissociated watcher in the theatre as THEY watch the movie. 8. Repeat the black-and-white movie process until the client can do it with no discomfort. 9. After completing the dissociated movies, have the client imagine floating down from the projection booth and stepping into their own body that is seated in the theatre. Having re-associated into that body, let them imagine getting out of the seat, walking to the movie screen and stepping into the black-and-white image of the safe, neutral activity with which they ended the black-and-white rehearsal. 10. As the client steps into the movie screen, have them turn on the sound, colour, motion, smells and tastes of the safe neutral representation on the screen. Then, instruct them to experience a movie of the trauma in full sensory detail, and very quickly (2 to 3 seconds). Let them end the movie with a still colour picture of themselves in the safe, neutral place from before the problem ever started. 11. Repeat the reversed representation enough times so that it is done easily and quickly, and the client has a sense of being comfortable. When the client can repeat the process easily with no experience of discomfort the process is finished.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In the cohort, we found that increased KT ratio mediates around 10% of the association between gut microbiota alterations and visceral adipose tissue accumulation [170], suggesting this metabolic pathway may also be linked with adiposity. Some of the strongest associations between mortality and KT ratios are evident in sub-populations [159, 164, 165]. Although tryptophan levels have been consistently lower in several cohorts of PLWH [30], tryptophan levels were in general markedly lower in a sub-Saharan cohort than those reported for developed countries, suggesting that lower tryptophan intake related to malnutrition could be of importance in addition to the inflammatory-induced tryptophan depletion [171]. Given the primary source of bioavailable tryptophan is dietary, the interplay between diet and microbiota in influencing kynurenine pathway activity and its links to these important adverse biological phenomena merits further exploration. Microbiota-derived indolesIn addition to kynurenines, tryptophan can also be metabolized into serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) as well as into indole and its derivatives, the latter through the gut microbiota-dependent indole pathway [172]. Indole and its derivatives have been linked to protective (e. g. , indole-3-propionic acid; IPA) and detrimental (e. g. , indoxyl sulfate) effects on inflammation and vascular disease. Whereas indole and IPA are important for the gut mucosal barrier function in part by exerting anti-inflammatory activities through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptors, indoxyl sulfate has cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic properties [173, 174]. Indoxyl sulfate is associated with cardiovascular risk related to chronic kidney disease [174], and as it accumulates with decreased renal clearance, it is also considered a microbiota-derived uremic toxin, as discussed above. A recent study of women with and without HIV evaluating a broad range of tryptophan metabolites along the kynurenine and indole pathway found that plasma levels of IPA and IPA/kynurenic acid ratio were inversely associated with carotid artery plaque, regardless of HIV serostatus [175]. Of note, five gut bacterial genera and many affiliated species were positively associated with IPA, including Roseburia sp. , Eubacterium sp. , Lachnospira sp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Impact of osmotic stress and ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on process oscillation associated with continuous very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation access Published: 16 September 2013 Impact of osmotic stress and ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on process oscillation associated with continuous very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation Liang Wang1, Xin-Qing Zhao1, Chuang Xue1 & …Feng-Wu Bai1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 1. Figure 1Sustained oscillation of continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae. The VHG medium containing 280 g/L glucose was fed at the dilution rate of 0. 027 h-1. (a) Biomass, specific growth rate (μ) and cell viability (divided by 10); (b) Residual glucose and specific rate of glucose consumption (R glucose ); (c) Ethanol and specific rate of ethanol production (R ethanol ); (d) ORP, glycerol and specific rate of glycerol production (R glycerol ). Full size imageTable 1 Fermentation parameters for continuous ethanol fermentations by S. cerevisiae at steady state with the LG medium and process oscillation with the VHG medium Full size tableUnder the VHG fermentation condition, glucose concentration oscillated between 92. 6 and 179. 7 g/L, with an average of 131. 7 g/L, and correspondingly ethanol concentration oscillated between 71. 3 and 31. 4 g/L, with an average of 55. 2 g/L. Apparently, such a high glucose concentration exerted significant osmotic stress on yeast cells, which was in accordance with more glycerol production, an average of 11. 5 g/L vs that of only 0. 05 g/L produced in continuous ethanol fermentation with the LG medium under steady state, in which all glucose was consumed, and thus no osmotic stress was exerted on yeast cells, since glycerol is synthesized as a compatible solute in yeast to address osmotic stress as well as a strategy for redox balance [20]. As can be seen in Figure 1 (d), the ORP mainly associated with the redox pairs NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+ was also oscillated at the range of 49–97 mV, which might be another reason for the increased glycerol production.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: 12. Attempt to reactivate the trauma. Ask the client to go back to it, to think of things that normally brought the problem to life. Test for the trauma in as many ways as can be found. 13. If the client still has an experience of distress repeat the reversed movie several more times. 14. When the trauma cannot be evoked, the procedure is over. 15. A third level of new information may be introduced by having the client imagine that he or she is going through the trauma but something has changed so that the event is non-traumatizing. It may be a movie in which the subject is a stunt player and all of the characters players, it might involve a new choice or train of events so that the subject was not traumatized. Three or four of these alternate scenarios may be worked through. 16. Attempt to reactivate the trauma. Ask the client to go back to it, to think of things that normally brought the problem to life. Test for the trauma in as many ways as can be found. 17. If the client still has an experience of distress repeat the reversed movie and alternate scenarios several more times. 18. When the trauma cannot be evoked, the procedure is over. Therapy B: – TF-CBTTrauma-delivered over up to 12 x 60- to 90-min weekly sessions delivered by a single TF-CBT trained therapist. TF-CBT is the gold standard for treating PTSD and is currently the first line of treatment recommended by NICE for PTSD. Research evaluating TF-CBT in adults with PTSD has established an empirical base supporting the efficacy of the intervention. A substantial number of RCTs in England and have established the efficacy of TF-CBT in PTSD. These RCTs have shown very large effect sizes in treating PTSD symptoms and associated symptoms of depression and anxiety. TF-CBT for PTSD is a face-to-face therapy of up to 12 x 60- to 90-min sessions that involves identifying the relevant appraisals, memory characteristics and triggers, and behavioural and cognitive strategies that maintain PTSD symptoms. The cognitive model of PTSD developed by Ehlers and Clark (2000) will be the model used in this study as it displays the largest treatment effect sizes and significant symptom improvements suggesting why it is widely carried out and recommended in IAPT services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Whereas most studies to date have been based on sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, metagenomic sequencing presents an opportunity to better define functional changes in the gut microbiome. Ultimately, combined analyses of the actual byproducts of microbial activity (unbiased metabolomics and/or proteomics analyses of parallel plasma samples) and microbiota (16S rRNA or metagenomics) analyses controlling for relevant confounders may augment discovery [57, 181]. Furthermore, the gut virome and mycobiome are underexplored areas in PLWH, and both may impact immune function [182, 183]. A recent study applying unbiased multi-omics approach on the cohort identified separate clusters of PLWH with different metabolic risk profiles. Although analyses were adjusted for confounders including sexual preference, the high-risk cluster was partly driven by a Prevotella-enriched gut microbiota with a high proportion of MSM, and there was little overlap between microbiota profiles and plasma metabolomics and lipidomics, respecitively [184]. In contrast, a recent study of PLWH discovered ImP as the most promising of several soluble markers through an unbiased multi-omics approach and also found a clear correlation between ImP and dysbiosis as well as carotid atheroslcerosis [181]. Of note, the latter study only included women living with HIV; hence, the confounding effect of MSM was not relevant. There is a risk that unsupervised, unbiased multi-omics approach in data set with a large proportion of MSM will not be able to filter out the MSM signal without a clear strategy, preferably by including seronegative control groups of MSM and non-MSM, either as part of the study cohort or by applying data from data repositories. An alternative is to establish an HIV-associated dysbiosis index in a data set with relevant control groups or to establish a comorbidity-related dysbiosis index if the MSM proportion is equal in those with and without comorbidities. A more targeted approach is needed to confirm or reject promising findings from unbiased discovery studies. The choice of candidate biomarkers can be made by different strategies, either based on specific hypotheses or by certain traits in gut dysbiosis pointing to specific biomarkers to be tested, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As for the specific rates of yeast growth, glucose uptake, and ethanol production, they also oscillated, but phase differences were observed when compared with the oscillatory profiles of biomass, glucose and ethanol, indicating the lag responses of yeast metabolism to environmental stresses. Compared to the oscillatory process observed with the VHG ethanol fermentation, continuous ethanol fermentation with the LG medium was at steady state. The two fermentation systems were operated at the same dilution rate, with almost the same amount of ethanol produced on average, and thus ethanol productivity and glucose uptake did not change significantly under the VHG fermentation condition, but specific rates for ethanol production and glucose uptake were improved drastically, since biomass concentration was much lower, indicating that yeast cells were more productive under oscillatory conditions. However, ethanol yield, the most important techno-economic factor affecting the production cost of fuel ethanol, was lower due to more glycerol production associated with the process oscillation, making it a necessity for oscillation attenuation by developing suitable strategies based on the understanding of the major reasons triggering this phenomenon. Impact of osmotic stress on the process oscillationContinuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae with the LG medium was at steady state, with 53. 5 g/L ethanol produced and all glucose consumed. If the same level of ethanol was maintained within the fermentation system, but osmotic stress was exerted on yeast cells, its impact on the process oscillation could be decoupled from ethanol inhibition. As illustrated in Figure 2, when the LG medium was supplemented with 160 g/L xylose, yeast growth was affected by the osmotic stress, and average biomass concentration decreased to 6. 2 g(DCW)/L from 11. 7 g(DCW)/L. Consequently, glycerol production increased to 2. 2 g/L from 0. 05 g/L. Although residual glucose increased slightly to 6. 2 g/L from 0. 1 g/L, ethanol concentration was 53. 0 ± 1. 0 g/L, not changed significantly, and the fermentation process was still at steady state, indicating that osmotic stress was not the factor triggering the process oscillation. Figure 2Impact of osmotic stress on continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae. The LG medium containing 120 g/L glucose was fed at the dilution rate of 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: This cognitive theory of PTSD addresses these symptoms by: modifying excessively negative appraisals of the trauma and/ or its sequelae in maintaining the symptomatology of PTSD, reducing re-experiencing by elaboration of the trauma memories and discrimination of triggers in the development of PTSD, and dropping dysfunctional behaviours and cognitive strategies, particularly those related to avoidance of triggers for intrusive symptoms. These are strategies that have the immediate aim of reducing one’s sense of current threat but have the long-term effect of maintaining the disorder and are common in PTSD. TF-CBT in this study will be delivered in up to 12 x 60- to 90-min sessions each as recommended by NICE. The course and delivery of TF-CBT in this study for veterans with PTSD proceeds as follows:Session 1:• Treatment goals• Normalisation of PTSD symptoms • Identification of main intrusive memories• Initial identification of maintaining factors (appraisals, cognitive strategies such as thought suppression, rumination, hypervigilance, safety behaviours) and initial shared case formulation (to be revised throughout treatment)• Thought suppression experiment and instruction 'letting memories come and go'• Rationale for trauma memory workSession 2: • Imaginal reliving or narrative writing to identify hot spots• Discussion of meaning of hot spots• Reclaiming your life: identification of areas to be reclaimed and initial stepsSession 3: • If necessary, further imaginal reliving/narrative writing to identify hot spots• Identification of information that updates the meaning of hot spots through:- identification of relevant information from other parts of the trauma or afterwards- cognitive restructuring (consideration of a wider range of evidence) Updating trauma memory with this information- bring hot spot to mind and hold in mind- use verbal reminders, imagery, incompatible sensations or actions to bring updating information simultaneously to mindSession 4: • Further discussion of meanings of hot spots, identification of updating information, and memory updating• Discrimination of triggers (then vs. now)Session 5: • Further discussion of meanings of hot spots, identification of updating information, and memory updating• Updated narrative • Discrimination of triggers (then vs. now)Session 6: • Work on maintaining behaviours, e. g. - Behavioural experiments: dropping safety behaviours and hypervigilance- Reduce rumination- Review of behaviours that interfere with sleepSession 7: • Site visitSession 8: • Further work on cognitive restructuring, updating memories (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: , depletion of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae in relation to circulating SCFAs [52], alteration of tryptophan metabolizing bacteria in relation to KT-ratio [44] or IPA levels [175], or increase in Ruminococcus gnavus in relation to ImP levels [180]. From biomarkers to clinical applicationRisk stratification beyond traditional risk factorsFor translation to a clinical setting, biomarkers that are easily measurable in a reproducible way in plasma, urine or other body fluids, will probably be easier to implement than individual microbiota signatures, given the complexity and variability of the latter. A clinically relevant microbiota-related biomarker should preferably be associated with the disease-related dysbiosis or other microbiota traits, as well as with the comorbidity in question, independent of relevant covariates. For HIV-related comorbidities, this should include traditional and HIV-related risk factors, as well as potential confounders, such as mode of transmission, antibiotics, other relevant drugs, and dietary data. However, for use in a clinical setting, a novel biomarker should also provide additional information beyond established biomarkers or at least independent of established biomarkers. In non-HIV cohorts, TMAO has been shown to provide information on risk of major cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction independent of troponin levels and in independent cohorts [129] but is yet to be established as a risk marker in an acute clinical setting [130]. In PLWH, a major advance was recently published on screening for precursors of anal cancer by measuring microbial proteins from anal swabs [185]. Of note, microbiota differences were limited and driven by outliers, whereas microbiota-derived proteomics separated clearly and converged on common pathways related to energy metabolism. Of note, measurements of two downstream substances, cobalamin and succinyl-CoA, in two independent cohort from Madrid and Milano, were able to increase sensitivity and specificity dramatically compared to anal cytology [185]. These data need to be reproduced in independent studies before affecting screening algorithms for anal cancer in PLWH, and similar requirements should be made for emerging biomarkers for other comorbidities. Therapeutic targetAnother potential clinical application of the gut microbiota is as a therapeutic target. With respect to comorbidities, a microbiota-directed intervention should preferably demonstrate improvement of the comorbidity in question or its risk factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 027 h−1 to initiate the steady state, and then 160 g/L xylose was supplemented into the LG medium as indicated. Full size imageMoreover, 2. 2 g/L glycerol produced under the osmotic stress condition was substantially lower than that of 11. 5 g/L glycerol produced under the oscillatory VHG fermentation condition, indicating that the simulated stressful condition was significantly different from that exerted on yeast cells under the VHG fermentation condition, since glycerol production not only responds to osmotic pressure, but also to redox imbalances and other stressful conditions including ethanol inhibition [21, 22]. It is worth noting that the difference between the two fermentation systems was the oscillatory behavior under the VHG fermentation condition, which created variations of osmotic stress and ethanol concentration, and might be the reason for more glycerol production. Impact of exogenous ethanol supplementation on the process oscillationFigure 3 illustrates the impact of ethanol supplementation on the process state. As can be seen, when 30 g/L ethanol was supplemented, biomass, glucose and ethanol concentrations oscillated at a period of about 80 h in the ranges of 3. 3-6. 2 g(DCW)/L, 12. 5-45. 1 g/L and 66. 4-83. 3 g/L, with averages of 4. 9 g(DCW)/L, 24. 8 g/L and 75. 4 g/L. When ethanol supplementation was increased to 50 g/L, biomass, residual glucose and ethanol concentrations still oscillated, but the oscillation period extended to about 105 h, and the oscillation amplitudes exaggerated to 0. 4-3. 8 g(DCW)/L, 39. 0-99. 1 g/L and 49. 5-84. 4 g/L, with averages of 1. 9 g(DCW)/L, 67. 7 g/L and 66. 7 g/L for biomass, glucose and ethanol. Compared to the process state when 30 g/L ethanol was supplemented into the LG medium, biomass accumulation, glucose uptake and ethanol production decreased significantly, indicating that the supplementation of 50 g/L ethanol exerted more severe inhibition in yeast growth and ethanol fermentation, and the extended oscillation period about 105 h was in accordance with the stressful condition exerted on yeast cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: probe reliving), discrimination of triggers, and changing maintaining behaviours/cognitive strategies as neededSession 9: • Review progress in updating memories, discrimination of triggers, appraisals, and maintaining behaviours/cognitive strategies• Finalize updated narrative • Agree homework• Reclaiming your life assignmentsSession 10: • Reclaiming your life• Review progress in updating memories, discrimination of triggers, changing appraisals, and changing maintaining behaviours/cognitive strategies• Agree homework • Blue printSession 11 & 12: • Review of reclaiming your life assignments• Review progress in updating memories, discrimination of triggers, changing appraisals, and changing maintaining behaviours and agree further homeworkFollow takes place at baseline, 6, 12, 20 and 52 weeks post-randomisation Intervention type outcome measure 1. Feasibility will be assessed using the following outcome measures:1. 1. Numbers of potential participants who are referred or self-refer to the for eligibility assessment1. 2. The number of people who consent to participate and are randomised to either treatment1. 3. The number of people who remain in treatment 1. 4. The time when people drop out 1. 5. The number of people who remain in the research irrespective of whether they remain in treatment. 2. The cost of treatment will be assessed using the following outcome measures:2. 1. The number and duration of therapy sessions and the therapist used2. 2. The cost of any patient safety measures used during treatment and up to the 20-week follow up point. Secondary outcome measures All secondary outcome measures will be used at baseline and then 6, 12, 20 and 52 weeks post-randomisation. 1. PTSD symptoms assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5). This is the likely primary outcome in the subsequent fully powered tria. 2. Impact of the participants' mental health on work, home, social and private leisure activities and interpersonal relationships assessed using the Work and Scale (WSAS) 3. Recovery from psychosis or mental health problem assessed using the Quality of Process of Recovery scale (QPR) 4. Depression assessed using the Questionnaire (PHQ), a self-administered diagnostic instrument 5. Anxiety assessed using the Disorder score sheet (GAD-7) 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Several attempts have been made to target the microbiota with probiotics (live beneficial bacteria), prebiotics (food for beneficial bacteria), or synbiotics (probiotics combined with prebiotics) in PLWH. In a comprehensive review summarizing these trials, there is no evidence that any of these interventions are clinically helpful in PLWH [186]. Although several trials have reported effect on one or two biomarkers, typically a cytokine or a subset of immune cells, these biomarkers differ between trials, the primary end point is often not clearly defined, and most trials have been underpowered [186]. Other attempts have been made to use fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) with different target population and donor selection strategies. Although FMT appears safe, there is limited evidence for better immunological recovery or efficacy in modulating other established, clinically relevant outcomes in PLWH [187, 188]. Of note, engraftment was transient and limited after one-time transplant [189] and even with repeated weekly inoculations regardless of antibiotic pre-treatment [188], underscoring the challenges of inducing lasting changes in gut microbiota composition via FMT. Alternative approaches for therapeutic strategies include attempts to target the enzymatic pathways of bacterial metabolites, such as production of TMAO or ImP, in a “drug the bug” strategy [190]. So far, identifying suitable biomarkers will be required before choosing more targeted approaches in PLWH. Tool for precision medicineIt was recently shown in the trial that pitavastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, reduced the relative risk of a major cardiovascular event by around one third in PLWH at low to moderate risk of cardiovascular disease [191]. As the risk reduction occurred irrespective of baseline LDL cholesterol levels, other mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory effects of statins could be relevant. Of note, there is at present no single biomarker to guide selection of candidates for statin therapy, beyond global risk assessment. The tremendous inter-individual variation in gut microbiota composition is clearly a limitation in biomarker studies, but this variation could potentially be used as a tool for precision medicine. An elegant study showing substantial inter-individual variation of glycemic responses after different meals also showed that integration of microbiota profiles and metadata in a machine learning model made it possible to precisely predict individual glycemic responses in order to personalize nutritional advice [192].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When ethanol supplementation was increased to 70 g/L, no significant process oscillation was observed, and fluctuations of biomass, residual glucose and ethanol concentrations were very small, 0. 03-0. 6 g(DCW)/L, 106. 0-114. 1 g/L and 62. 8-73. 8 g/L, with averages of 0. 2 g(DCW)/L, 110. 0 g/L and 68. 7 g/L, indicating that yeast growth and ethanol fermentation were almost completely inhibited. Since some ethanol was stripped off by air sparged into the fermentor and CO2 produced during the fermentation, the trough value of ethanol was slightly lower than that supplemented into the LG medium. When the LG medium without ethanol supplementation was switched back, the process oscillations were attenuated, and the steady state previously observed was restored. These experimental results indicated the role of the ethanol inhibition in the process oscillation. Figure 3Impact of exogenous ethanol on continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae. Ethanol was supplemented into the LG medium containing 120 g/L glucose at concentrations of 30 g/L (a), 50 g/L (b) and 70 g/L (c), respectively. The media were fed into the fermentation system at the same dilution rate of 0. 027 h-1. Arrows indicate the start and end of the feeding of the ethanol-added medium. Full size imageImpact of endogenous ethanol on the process oscillationFollowed by continuous ethanol fermentation with the LG medium supplemented with exogenous ethanol, gas stripping was incorporated into the VHG fermentation system to strip off ethanol produced by yeast cells during the fermentation to qualitatively study its impact on the process oscillation. If the process oscillation were attenuated, the impact of ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on the process oscillation under VHG fermentation conditions would be further validated. As can be seen in Figure 4, when the gas stripping was initiated, the process oscillation was gradually attenuated, and quasi-steady state was developed, during which biomass, residual glucose and ethanol concentrations were slightly fluctuated between 23. 6-25. 5 g(DCW)/L, 0. 05-0. 10 g/L and 43. 9-50. 2 g/L, and their averages were 24. 3 g(DCW)/L, 0. 08 g/L and 48. 3 g/L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 57637812 Export as PDF Written exposure therapy delivered to Veterans by tele-therapists for post-traumatic stress disorder Share on on on Submission date 07/09/2022 Registration date 12/10/2022 Last edited 12/10/2022 Recruitment status study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is extremely prevalent (24. 5%) in the US Department of (VA). PTSD is a major risk factor for engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as tobacco use, drug use, and alcohol misuse, and is associated with high rates of morbidity, disability and mortality (including suicide). Based on various research, trauma-focused psychotherapy is considered the first treatment for PTSD. The US Department of VA has trained thousands of its providers to deliver trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD in specialty mental health and telemental health clinics. These therapies have included prolonged exposure (PE), during which trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations that have been avoided since the initial trauma can be approached in a safe environment, and cognitive processing therapy (CPT), a type of cognitive behavioural therapy which helps an individual evaluate and change upsetting thoughts that have occurred since the trauma. However, only a minority of patients with PTSD treated in VA specialty mental health settings receive trauma-focused psychotherapy. Moreover, treatment drop-out from trauma-focused psychotherapies delivered in specialty mental health care settings is high both in clinical studies (13%-39%) and routine care (36%-65%). Written exposure therapy (WET) is a relatively new brief trauma-focused therapy developed at the VA for PTSD. Patients write about their traumatic experiences following a script structured by a therapist. The protocol for WET involves one 60-minute session, followed by four 40-minute sessions. The first session includes psychoeducation, provides a treatment rationale for approaching the trauma memory, and discusses the use of writing as a means of doing so. During sessions, patients hand write about the memory of their worst traumatic event for 30 minutes, with a focus on details of the event and thoughts and feelings that occurred during the event. Feedback about the narrative is provided to the patient at the beginning of sessions 2-5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Whether such an approach could be used to tailor individualized prophylaxis, including statin therapy to prevent HIV-related comorbidities is promising but yet unknown. Indeed, the gut microbiome can metabolize therapeutic drugs [193], and the gut microbiomes across individuals exhibit substantial heterogeneity in their capacity to metabolize different drugs [194]. Studies to test the prediction of optimal individualized therapies would require real-time integration of microbiota profiles (or related metabolites), drugs, traditional risk factors, and HIV-specific factors to assess, i. e. , 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. Such a prediction tool should be able to outperform established risk score algorithms, which generally underestimate CVD risk in PLWH, and be fairly easy to use in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, with rapid advances in artificial intelligence, such an approach could be feasible in the near future. Future researchAs shown in Table 1, several metabolites demonstrated to be of relevance in the general population are understudied in PLWH. This includes among others circulating bile acids, uremic toxins and partly histidine metabolites, and carnitine metabolites beyond TMAO. On the other hand, studies performed in PLWH should also inspire studies in the general population, such as circulating propionate levels, which should be investigated as a potential dysbiosis-related cardiovascular biomarker in HIV and non-HIV cohorts. Table 1 Candidate microbiota-related biomarkers in HIV and non-HIV cohortsFull size tableFurthermore, gut microbiota analysis beyond the bacteriome should be applied to precisely define the HIV-related mycobiome and virome and further assess the cross-kingdom microbiome in relation to comorbidities. Moreover, with the rapid advances in artificial intelligence, it is of importance to make clear strategies on how to overcome specific confounding factors, such as sexual preference, when planning unbiased multi-omics analyses. Finally, once promising gut microbiota-related candidate markers have been identified in various studies, such markers should be independently validated in adequately powered multicenter prospective cohorts designed to assess biomarkers in relation to incident comorbidities, such as the study which is nested in the EuroSIDA cohort. Such studies should ultimately lay the foundation for future precision medicine, including novel strategies for personalized risk assessment and intervention studies targeting the gut microbiota to reduce the risk of HIV-related comorbidities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After the gas stripping was interrupted, the process oscillation was restored. It is worth noting that biomass concentration was increased significantly under the gas stripping condition. Since other volatile by-products stripped off with the gas were negligible due to their low concentrations in the fermentation broth, the main reason for this phenomenon was speculated to be the alleviation of ethanol inhibition in yeast cells, which consequently stimulated their propagation. Although CO2 is also inhibitory, this effect is significant only when more CO2 is dissolved into the fermentation broth due to the increase of the hydraulic pressure within large fermentors rather than laboratory research with small tanks. Figure 4Impact of gas stripping on continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae. The VHG medium containing 280 g/L glucose was fed at the dilution rate of 0. 027 h-1. Gas stripping with the flow rate of 3. 3 L/min was initiated at 435 h and terminated at 765 h. Full size imageCompared to continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae from the LG medium with 53. 5 g/L ethanol produced at steady state, the average ethanol concentration of 55. 2 g/L achieved under the VHG fermentation condition seemed not enough to trigger the process oscillation. Thus, we speculate that ethanol concentration change or ethanol gradient associated with the process oscillation under the continuous VHG fermentation condition and corresponding response of yeast cells to the disruption of intracellular homeostasis would be the underlying mechanism of the process oscillation, which was proposed previously and validated with the oscillatory behavior observed in continuous ethanol fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis[23]. Strategies for process oscillation attenuationVHG ethanol fermentation was proposed in the early 1990’s [24]. However, almost all studies were carried out at batch fermentations within the past several decades, except one report from Prof. WM Ingledew’s group, the pioneer in VHG fermentation technologies, in which a cascade fermentation system composed of 5 fermentors was employed [4]. Although as high as 16. 7% (v/v) ethanol was produced, the dilution rate of the fermentation system was extremely low, about 0. 0086 h−1, making it not practical in industry. Moreover, only 3 days were maintained at each dilution rate applied to the fermentation system, which might be too short to detect any oscillations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based therapy can help veterans cope with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: In contrast to the high drop-out rates for PE and CPT, drop-out rates for WET have ranged from 6. 4%-14%. In a superiority trial conducted in a civilian population, WET was significantly more effective than not having the therapy. In a comparison of 5 sessions of WET to 12 sessions of was more effective than CPT. WET is considered a first treatment in the US VA/Department of. However, WET has not been delivered by tele-therapists at VA Hubs (CRHs), regional telehealth hubs designed to support underperforming satellite outpatient clinics with inadequate staffing. Mental health services are delivered to Veterans via interactive video and to Veterans in their homes. Who can participate? Veterans enrolled in the Department of with a primary diagnosis of PTSDWhat does the study involve? Tele-therapists volunteer to participate in the project and their patients are sampled for six months for the evaluation. Multiple cohorts of tele-therapists will participate and the project is expected to last for two and half years. Therapists are randomized to one of two implementation strategies (WET training alone or WET training plus external facilitation) and complete a very brief survey monthly to assess their beliefs about delivering WET. Patients are sent opt-out emails and those not opting out are asked to complete two brief telephone surveys and permission to review their medical records. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Patients whose therapist was randomized to WET training plus external facilitation may be more likely to receive trauma-focused psychotherapy, which is recommended as the first line of treatment by the VA/. However, there are no guarantees that patients participating in the evaluation will experience a clinical benefit. The risk to both therapists and patients is the potential loss of privacy of sensitive information. Where is the study run from? (of America)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? October 2020 to September 2025Who is funding the study? (QUERI) (of America)Who is the main contact? John Fortney, PhD (of America)john. fortney@va. gov Study website Contact information name Contact details 1959 NE Box 356560 Seattle 98195 of America +1 2066856955 fortneyj@uw. edu Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Energy storage helps stabilize the grid during peak demand periods. [SEP] Text: We rule out punishment strategies by assuming prices cannot be conditioned upon history to ensure that our result is not driven by the existence of repeated interactions among firms such as in Rotemberg and Saloner (1986). It is immediately clear that, if the game starts at t=1, then the above game is just a simple repetition of the two-period model. All results remain the same as in the basic model. What if the game starts at t=0? It makes little difference: since the market is covered in a crowding equilibrium, everyone will have made purchases by the end of t=2 and therefore, starting from t=3, the game is again a simple repetition of the two-period model. 2. 3 of CapacitiesIn the above model, stores compete under exogenous capacity constraints. Here we discuss what happens if stores can build capacities before they compete. [12] Because of the equilibrium multiplicity in the stage game, the capacity choices hinge upon the refinement criteria being used. The following discussion is based on the Pareto dominance criteria of equilibrium selection. Let kA (respectively, kB) denote the holiday capacity of store A (respectively, B). We assume that capacity is costly (e. g. , for each unit of capacity, it costs ε to install), but not too costly (ε<v−c). It naturally follows that a store will choose the smallest possible capacity that can sustain a crowding equilibrium (If we limit our attention to symmetric equilibria, then each store will choose a capacity of α+β2). To see why, note that as long as a crowding equilibrium is obtained, a store (say, store i) does not gain by changing its capacity, since its profit in any crowding equilibrium is always α+β−kjv−c, which decreases with the rival’s capacity but does not vary with its own capacity ki. At the same time, the capacities chosen must be sufficiently large, otherwise stores cannot obtain the more profitable crowding equilibrium, as shown in Table 1. In sum, when capacities are endogenously chosen, they will indeed fall into the range for which stores find it profitable to synchronize demand. [13]3 ConclusionDuring periods of peak demand, frequent markdowns present an empirical puzzle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Process oscillations have been reported in continuous ethanol fermentations by Z. mobilis and S. cerevisiae[23, 25], and corresponding attenuation strategies have been developed. For example, when tubular bioreactors packed with Intalox ceramic saddles were arranged in cascade, following the tank fermentor, the process oscillation observed with continuous ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae was attenuated, and a quasi-steady state was established [26]. In this study, gas stripping was applied to mitigate the process oscillation for the first time by removing ethanol produced during the fermentation, and quasi-steady state was achieved. Compared with previous studies, residual glucose was maintained below 0. 1 g/L under the gas stripping condition, and thus complete glucose conversion was achieved, indicating that it was more effective in enhancing ethanol fermentation under the VHG fermentation condition. On the other hand, ethanol concentration in the condensate collected was as high as 189. 0 g/L, which was more suitable for distillation with less energy consumed than other attenuation strategies. Moreover, off-gas produced during ethanol fermentation instead of N2 gas could be recycled to strip off ethanol, and no significant difference was observed in the VHG fermentation system. Therefore, gas stripping seems more practical from the viewpoint of industrial application. ConclusionsBy supplementing non-fermentable xylose and ethanol into the LG medium, ethanol inhibition rather than osmotic stress was validated to be one of the main factors trigging the process oscillation under the VHG fermentation condition. Meanwhile, the process oscillation was effectively attenuated when gas stripping was incorporated into the continuous VHG ethanol fermentation system to in situ remove ethanol produced by yeast cells, which not only further validated the impact of ethanol inhibition in yeast cells on the fermentation process, but also provides an effective strategy for its attenuation. Future researchThe experimental results validated the hypothesis that ethanol produced during fermentation and its inhibition in yeast cells rather than osmotic stress exerted by glucose remained within the system is one of the main reasons for triggering the process oscillation, which provides the foundation for exploring the gene expression and intracellular metabolism of yeast cells under oscillatory conditions. Based on the work, we are now investigating the transcriptomics and metabolomics profiles of yeast cells under oscillatory conditions associated with continuous VHG ethanol fermentation, with an objective to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some VR applications allow patients to practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques. [SEP] Text: In the society, people have some misbeliefs, the things such as watching television, roaming on Facebook, surfing internet, going on trips etc. would help to feel relaxed. Such things would break a person from his fixed routine, but purely they would not give the sufficient level of energy to fight with stress. The best solution would be to awaken the body’s natural healing and relaxation process and the results would be effective and long lasting. Systemic practice of the relaxation techniques such as conscious breathing, mindful stretch yoga, relaxation music, being in natural environment would be effective. At the same time, engaging in spiritual activities and psychological counselling also can be considered as effective ways of relaxation [4]. “Mindfulness” is another general, but comparatively a better option for relaxation, which is defined by Kabat-Zinn et al. [6] as “paying attention in a particular way; on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgmentally. It brings one’s attention to the internal and external experiences occurring in the present moment. There are various types of mindfulness practices around the world. The researchers have proved that the practice of mindfulness helps to increase higher mental functions such as logical thinking, reasoning, memory, emotional regulation, etc. which would in return help to reduce the effect of stress [7]. The research findings of Corcoran et al. [8] suggest that regular practice of mindfulness meditation would enhance working memory, hence witnessed effective emotional regulation in stressful events as well. The metacognitive change achieved through mindfulness meditation result in effective emotional regulation [8]. Research by Ortner et al. [9] suggest that mindfulness practice helps individuals to get detached from distressing or harmful stimuli and focus attention to the task at the present moment. Research provides evidence that mindfulness meditation facilitates the individuals to be less reactive to stressful or problematic situations [10]. “Right Mindfulness”, which is considered as a highly philosophical and advanced technique for psychological wellbeing and enlightenment, which is taught in the original doctrine of the Lord Buddha. The uniqueness of mindfulness meditation taught in Buddhist philosophy is that it promotes insight or the “Right View”, before achieving “Right Mindfulness”. means seeing in the right way.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydrogen storage is readily available and affordable worldwide. [SEP] Text: With a regional show case for the city of Potsdam (Brandenburg, Germany), we were able to prove the overall energy and cost efficiency (Streibel et al. , 2013). Within the present study, we are taking into account the actual German storage capacity in operation for natural gas (EID, 2019). We investigate the technology to store excess energy in form of methane and to convert it into electricity via PGP based on the actual demand, and we update the classification of the PGP competitiveness on the global energy market. The questions to be answered are: how much storage capacity is already available in the German geological subsurface for such operation and how competitive is the proposed technology? 2 Material and methods 2. 1 Power-to-Gas-to-An innovative approach that complies with essential demands of the Plan (SET Plan) is the patented PGP technology, an extension of the conventional P2G concept. This “system and method for ecologically generating and storing electricity” (Kühn, 2013) considers the conversion of excess renewable energy to hydrogen, and subsequently to methane by using carbon dioxide that is maintained in a closed cycle (Fig. 1). If the current electricity demand is lower than its production from renewable sources, excess electricity from, e. g. , wind power (i), is transformed into H2 (ii) and then into CH4 using CO2 (iii). CH4 is stored in a reservoir in the geological subsurface (iv) and electrified on demand (v) in a Combined-Turbine power plant (CCGT). CO2 is captured from the CCGT power plant's flue gas and stored in a secondary subsurface reservoir (vi), closing the carbon cycle. The added value of a closed carbon cycle by capturing and temporarily storing CO2 in a subsurface reservoir results from CO2 being always at hand when excess energy needs to be transformed into CH4 (Fig. 1). Energy storage on the basis of methane offers three major advantages over hydrogen storage: (i) it represents the current state-of-the-art and can be applied immediately, (ii) retransformation of methane into electricity can make use of established power plant technologies, and (iii) methane can be easily fed into the existing natural gas network. This is why an essential contribution to the electricity market in Germany and in Europe can be expected (Kühn et al. , 2014a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, off-gas strapping could attunate the process oscillation, and improve the productivity of the VHG fermentation system, but detailed energy and mass balance as well as economic analysis need to be performed. MethodsStrain and mediaAn industrial yeast strain S. cerevisiae 4126 provided by (Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Waterloo, Canada) was used in this study. Pre-culture was grown in 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 150 mL medium at 30°C and 150 rpm for 20 h to the middle of the exponential growth phase. The medium for the seed culture composed of 30 g/L glucose, 5 g/L yeast extract and 3 g/L peptone. Another two media were developed for continuous ethanol fermentation: LG medium composed of 120 g/L glucose, 5 g/L yeast extract and 3 g/L peptone, and VHG medium composed of 280 g/L glucose, 5 g/L yeast extract and 3 g/L peptone. The media for seed culture and LG fermentation were sterilized at 121°C for 20 min, while the VHG medium was sterilized at 110°C for 20 min, and then immediately cooled down to room temperature to avoid side reactions which not only degraded glucose, but also generated inhibitors affecting yeast growth and ethanol fermentation. Continuous ethanol fermentationAfter inoculated with 150 mL seed culture, batch culture was initiated for yeast propagation in a 2. 5-L stirred tank bioreactor (KBT-2. 5 L, Korea), which contained 1700 mL LG medium, and was operated at 30°C, 300 rpm, 0. 05 vvm, and pH 4. 50 controlled automatically by adding 2 M NaOH. Continuous ethanol fermentation was started by feeding the LG or VHG medium into the fermentor at the dilution rate of 0. 027 h-1, and steady state was observed with the LG fermentation, but process oscillation was developed under the VHG fermentation condition [5]. Figure 5 is the process diagram. Figure 5Schematic diagram of continuous VHG ethanol fermentation with gas stripping.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some VR applications allow patients to practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques. [SEP] Text: The contemporary research show the practicing relaxation and mindfulness exercises on a regular basis would increase the anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory changes that counteract the body’s response on stress and many more positive effects. These techniques can be taken as “medicine” with no side effects and improves both physical and psychological health and wellbeing [12-18]. Scientists have proved that relaxation and mindfulness helps to lower heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen consumption. It also helps to improve physical conditions such as hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, fibromyalgia and also aging [4]. Relaxation and mindfulness techniques help with psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, phobias and to get rid from unhealthy habits such as smoking [19-23]. In general, these techniques increase the level of positive energy in the body, emotional regulation, level of concentration, memory, intelligence, ability to focus, creativity, happiness and ultimately increase the quality of life [2]. 391. - (2015) Coping strategies of nursing students for dealing with university stress. Enferm 68: 501-508. (2015) Mindfulness-based stress reduction and transcendental meditation: Current state of research. J 2: 64-68. (2009) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trials. J Psychol 77: 855-866. (2003) The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases. Monit 9: 23-34. Kabat- (1992) Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychiatry 149: 396-943. (2011) What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy (Chic) 48: 198-208. (2010) Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Outcomes and possible meditating mechanisms. In: (eds. ) Emotion regulation and psychotherapy: A trans diagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York: Guilford Press, pp: 339-355. (2007) Mindfulness meditation and reduced emotional interference on a cognitive task. 31: 271-283. (2010) Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10: 83-91. Creswell JD (2016) Mindfulness interventions. Psychol 68: 491-516.

Output: corroborate