Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: This finding contrasts with cross-sectional surveys conducted in other countries that have shown high SES to be a predictor of increased greenspace use during the pandemic (3, 32). The inconsistency between our study’s findings and those of other studies could be due to Norway’s egalitarian society and strong social welfare system, which likely helped the low-SES neighborhoods cope better during the pandemic. Additionally, Norway’s high level of green space availability and cultural emphasis on outdoor activities and nature may have contributed to the increased green space use across all socioeconomic groups during the pandemic and the reduction in the disparities between high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods. Our study also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic was related to increased green space use in neighborhoods with both high and low population densities, although the increase was most prominent in sparsely populated neighborhoods. Low-population density neighborhoods are likely to have more ample green spaces available, which could explain the more notable increase in green space use in these areas during the pandemic. In contrast, people in neighborhoods with high population densities may face difficulties in practicing physical distancing even within the green areas available to them. As a result, the residents of densely populated areas may have opted to prioritize greenspaces over non-green public spaces for leisure activities to a lesser degree. Notably, in neighborhoods with high population densities and low SES, we observed a more substantial decline in the number of visits to non-green areas. This finding is consistent with previous research showing greater mobility contraction in urban areas and in areas with lower income per capita (19). The overall decline in mobility during the pandemic may have been more pronounced in urban areas and low-SES neighborhoods due to the higher risk of transmission and reduced opportunities for leisure activities in these areas, respectively. For example, in non-green areas, such as shopping centers or restaurants, may have been closed or operated with reduced hours during the pandemic, thus reducing the opportunities for leisure activities outside of the home in densely populated neighborhoods. Moreover, low-SES neighborhoods may have fewer opportunities for remote work, meaning that during the pandemic, the residents were required to commute to work, thus reducing their opportunity and mobility to engage in recreational activities. It is also possible that both densely populated and low SES neighborhoods have little green space available, meaning that residents are required to travel outside their neighborhoods to find green spaces and such opportunities for recreation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Clustering analysis revealed five microsyntenic communities of FIB proteins in plants (Fig 5; S16 Table). These are the Angiosperm supercluster (community #1 with 168 genes; purple cluster), the Rosid cluster (community #2 with 8 genes; green cluster), the Fabaceae cluster (community #3 with 4 genes; blue cluster), the cluster (community #4 with 4 genes; orange cluster), and an Oryza cluster (community #5 with 6 genes; dark red cluster). From this analysis, it appears that plant FIBs remain conserved in the same ancestral syntenic block (Angiosperm supercluster). However, four syntenic communities (two for monocots [clusters 4 and 5] and two for eudicots [clusters 2 and 3]) are transposed to another genomic context (a genomic block that moved to the different genomic region and shared for those species in question). microsynteny supercluster has FIBs from the basal Magnoliophyta Amborella, several FIBs from monocots, the two detected FIB sequences from Nelumbo (early-diverging Eudicot), and FIBs from Caryophyllales, Asterids, and Rosids. To compare the changes in specific clades and the dynamics of gene expansion following duplication events (small and large scale) undergone by a species, we depict the phylogenomic synteny profiling of FIB proteins per species and the number of proteins per species within a microsynteny community (S9A Fig; S16 Table). In monocots, almost all species contained more than one FIB sequence per genome. One of these remained syntenic but not the others. The exception was those grass species from and Oryza whose paralogous genes clustered in another community (different genomic context). Oryza species are of interest because they all possess two copies of FIB. One copy clustered with the Angiosperm supercluster, while the was other in a specific syntenic block for this genus (we chose six Oryza species from different geographic distribution, four of them wild species). No FIB sequence from the sister genus L. perrieri was found within this Oryza community. In several eudicot species, all their FIB sequences are syntenic in the ancestral Angiosperm supercluster.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This review particularly presents a survey of recent studies on traditional medicines, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have indicated antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advertisement 2. Traditional medicinesTraditional medicine is being frequently used all over the world. Treatment with traditional medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern health-care. Traditional medicine is to be understood as the total of the knowledge, practices based on theories and experiences indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health, to prevent and diagnose illnesses. Traditional medicine can be included in medical systems and folk medicine along with health knowledge. The numbers of medicinal plants from various medical systems like etc. could be taken into consideration as an inspiring source for bioactive phytochemicals as drug designing as well as nutraceuticals and functional foods for wellness. Based on Lipinski factors and lower binding energies, numbers of compounds from medicinal plants were analyzed for their pharmacological and biological characteristics. Some selected bioactives were found to have lower toxicity with a higher gastrointestinal absorption rate and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities against targets of COVID-19 which is an infectious pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The critical target components of SARS-CoV-2 are the Spike protein (S-protein) and the Main protease (Mpro). Mpro is required for the maturation of the various polyproteins involved in replication and transcription. S-protein helps the SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells through the Angiotensin-2 (ACE-2). Since ACE-2 is required for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 on the host cells, ACE-2 inhibitors and blockers have got wider attention, in addition to S-protein and Mpro modulators as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. So far, no specific drugs have shown promising therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Therfeore, several studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants against COVID-19. 2. 1 medicineBased on the frequency of appearance of each medicinal herb and their corresponding pharmacological activities from Medicines (TCM), one of the TCM formula was reconstructed with the potential of treating COVID-19 infection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: To be certain that excluding these respondents did not influence our results; we performed two further procedures. First, we ran models with an additional category for those who did not report income. Second, we imputed missing income data responses using Stata’s by (MICE) procedures. Our substantive findings were not sensitive to the treatment of the income variable and we therefore present results based on excluding all respondents with missing income data. ModelsTo answer research question (a), we explored the association between availability of green space and levels of (i) walking, (ii) overall physical activity and (iii) green physical activity using logistic regression models. We then answered research question (b) by first adding an interaction term to the model which explored whether any association between socio-economic position and physical activity varied by the availability of green space. The resulting coefficients were tested using the Wald test for interaction. The exact nature of any interactions was further unpacked using a sequence of logistic regression models that were stratified by green space. Multi-level modelling was not possible as the CAS ward of residence was not disclosed to the research team. All analyses were weighted to take account of any differences between the and the SHS sampling strategy. Models were run in Stata (version 11). ResultsSample characteristicsThe characteristics of the respondents in our analysis are shown in Table 1 (n = 3679). Table 1 Percentage (n) distribution of characteristics of urban Survey respondents (n = 3679) by demographic, socio-economic, green space availability and physical activity variables Full size table(a) Is availability of neighbourhood green space positively associated with physical activity and with physical activity specifically in green space? No association at all was observed between neighbourhood green space and meeting the recommended overall physical activity guidelines (data not shown). In un-adjusted models, respondents living in the greenest neighbourhoods were less likely to meet recommended walking guidelines (odds ratio 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 55-0. 95) than those in the least green areas (Table 2a). After adjustment for age, sex and household income, this association was attenuated a little and became non-significant (Table 2a). In both un-adjusted and adjusted models, the odds of meeting the walking guidelines appeared to follow a ‘dose-response’ relationship with neighbourhood green space such that the odds fell further for each gradation of green space.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: family has experienced two rounds of WGD (At-α and At-β) and a specific WGT in Brassica and related genera (Br-α; large-scale duplications), but coupled with small-scale duplication events such as tandems (S10 Fig), especially into the I (Camelineae) and Lineage II (Eutremeae and Brassiceae). Referring to the Tree of Life, paleopolyploidy accounts for plants in the group with more FIB sequences per genome. As an example of FIB duplications by WGD, we inspected Arabidopsis thaliana which has three FIB proteins in its genome (AtFIB1-3), located in two different syntenic regions. AtFIB2 is in a syntenic block in chromosome 4, while AtFIB1 and AtFIB3 are both in the same syntenic region of chromosome 5 as tandem duplicated sequences. A synteny approach on FIB proteins among T. hassleriana, A. arabicum, and A. thaliana confirmed the consequences of WGD events on genome structure (S11 Fig). Among neighboring genes in the Angiosperm supercluster, we detected that five genes remain conserved in FIB in the same genomic context throughout plants: from Amborella, passing through monocots, to Rosids. These syntenic conserved genes are a fibrillarin, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, C2H2-like zinc finger protein, MATEefflux family protein, and cytochrome P450, family 715 A1 (S12A Fig; S17 Table). Some genes remained only in Amborella and monocots and were lost in eudicots. New genes appear in eudicot clades that are not present in monocots and basal clades. The final group involves a class of genes fixed in all analyzed plants species outside the monocot syntenic block. For genes in the same syntenic block as FIB, we found no functional evidence that correlated to FIB proteins. Details of specific patterns of gene loss and gain on the Angiosperm syntenic block are in S12B–S12E Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This TCM formula contains herbs with evidenced antiviral activity along with reducing fever, removing dampness, expelling phlegm, and arresting coughing. It includes Bupleurum chinense, Ramulus cinnamomi, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Agastache rugosa, Stephania tetrandra root, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Tangerine Peel, Amarum and Ophiopogon japonicus root. These herbs have the effect of eliminating dampness, for relieving cough and lung symptoms. In addition, in modern pharmacology, Rheum palmatum and Polygonum cuspidatum have significant antiviral effects due to their rich emodin content. Full prescription of 12 drugs are evaluated for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 [4]. On the other hand, a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential antiviral traditional Chinese medicinal plants compounds were analyzed the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) sequence which plays a critical role in the replication of virus p19. The proteolytic processing is mediated by Papain-Like protease (PLpro) and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro cleaves the polyprotein at 11 distinct sites to generate various non-structural proteins that are important for viral replication [5]. countries, Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) are used as medicinal herbs for treatment of various types of disorders. With respect to antiviral activities, Saxifraga melanocentra inhibited the activity of hepatitis C virus serine protease. The virucidal activity of pyrogallol compounds obtained from Saxifraga spinulosa have also suggested against SARS-CoV-2, (IAV), as well as Virus (FCV) and Virus (MNV) [6]. 2. 2 medicinesIn Iran, some medicinal plants have great potential value for treatment of COVID-19 based on the therapeutic approaches of Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known as “wi”, several of which have also been confirmed by pharmacological studies in modern medicine. Among them, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: An independent, positive association between household income and meeting the recommended walking guidelines was also observed. Table 2 The association between green space and physical activity outcomes (odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals), obtained from logistic regression models with sequential adjustment for demographic and socio-economic indicators Full size tableNo significant association was observed between neighbourhood green space and participation in green physical activity. The odds ratios were inconsistent in direction and gave no indication of a dose–response relationship (Table 2b). Again, an independent, positive association between household income and participation in green physical activity was observed (Table 2b, Model 2). No substantive difference in results was observed when green physical activity was measured as use more than 3 times a week (data not shown). (b) Is the association between socio-economic position and participating in physical activity within green space narrower among people living in greener areas compared to less green areas? Figure 1a shows how income-related inequality in meeting the recommended walking guidelines varied by level of neighbourhood green space. The odds of those in the lowest income tertile meeting the recommended walking guidelines compared to those in the highest income tertile were 0. 64 (95% CI 0. 38-1. 09) in the least green areas, and 0. 86 (95% CI 0. 54-1. 38) in the most green areas; neither showing a significant difference. There was a weakly significant interaction such that the income-related gap in meeting the recommended walking guidelines was narrower in the most green areas (Wald test: x2 = 12. 80, P = 0. 0463). However, there was no evidence of a dose response relationship such that the inequality became narrower as green space levels increased; results for the 25- < 50% and 50- < 75% green neighbourhoods were very different. A similar pattern of results was observed for meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines with no indication of any dose response relationship (data not shown). Figure 1Does income related inequality in (a) meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines and (b) participating in green physical activity vary by green space availability? Odds ratios given relative to the reference group (Tertile, OR = 1. 0) and bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Full size imageThere was also no significant difference in the association between household income and green physical activity by level of green space availability (Wald test: x2 = 9. 09, P = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis of animals Phylogenetic analysis of 319 animal FIBs showed a clear separation between Invertebrata and Vertebrata and gene clustering per major taxa (Fig 6). Genome sizes from the invertebrate species analyzed ranged from 41 to 2,538 Mb (mean 505. 8 Mb). The number of scaffolds in this group ranged from 6 (in the Drosophila model genus) to 331,401 (the gastropoda Biomphalaria glabrata), with a mean of 17,569 scaffolds. Animal FIBs belong to a unique orthogroup (black filled circle on the tip of the leaves in Fig 6). group did not show strong syntenic patterns between FIBs of the 62 genomes from diverse taxa (with very fragmented genomes) analyzed: 14 of 78 FIBs (17%) had a syntenic relationship. Interestingly, Drosophila FIBs (2 FIBs for each of the six species) were clustered in two separate groups on the tree (green stars on the clades of the tree), but each group conserved syntenic relationships between them (Fig 6, clusters 4a and 4b). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of animal FIB proteins. a) Phylogenetic tree of the total 319 FIB proteins detected across 257 inspected genomes (195 Vertebrata and 62 Invertebrata). Color-coded gene names are on the tree by taxonomic affiliation, as indicated on the left. The color of the first inner strips is by major taxonomic groups: Invertebrata (black) and Vertebrata (yellow). The second inner strips are colored by relevant taxonomic group, as indicated on the left. Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored by the four detected microsynteny clusters in Vertebrata, as shown in Fig 2B and S13 Fig. Internal pairwise connections in gray represent minor microsynteny relationships not included in any community. Black dots on the tip of the leaves represent genes belonging to the only orthogroup detected in animals. b) Representation of microsynteny blocks of FIB and FIB-like genes. species D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ), Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L. ) Merr. and L. M. Perry], (Rosa × damascena Herrm. ), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ), Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L. ) Willd. , A. officinarum Hance), Garlic (Allium sativum L. ), Grape and Raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , G. uralensis Fisch. ), Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L. , R. officinale Baill. ) and Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) were determined as promising plant species. However, preclinical mechanistic studies as well as clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [7]. 2. 3 AyurvedaFor nearly 5000 years Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method, has been practiced in India, relying heavily on plants to formulate it. Ayurvedic herbal supplements and immunity boosters showing the way to a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is the need of the hour. Antiviral properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus spp. , Zingiber officinale, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa have been reported [8]. Whereas, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis have the properties to enhance immunity. It has been shown that Coptidis rhizome, Meliae cortex, Sanguisorbae radix, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Phellodendron cortex exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Sophorae radix, Torilis fructus, and Acanthopanacis cortex decreased intracellular viral RNA levels with corresponding viral protein decreases [9]. The antiviral activity of some phytoconstituents present in traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda were also investigated against spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 as well as its host ACE-2 receptor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 1687) (Figure 1b). The odds ratio for participation in green physical activity among those in the bottom income tertile compared with the top income tertile was 0. 44 (95% CI 0. 22-0. 89) in the least green areas and 0. 32 (95% CI 0. 17-0. 60) in the most green areas. Results were similar when green physical activity was defined as three times a week or more (data not shown). DiscussionIn this Scottish study, the amount of green space in a neighbourhood tended not to be associated with the physical activity levels of urban residents. No significant relationships were found between quantity of green space in a neighbourhood and either meeting recommended walking or physical activity guidelines, or participation in green physical activity. We also found no evidence that income-related inequalities in physical activity, or in green physical activity, were narrower in greener areas of urban Scotland. This was the first study in the UK, and one of the first in the world, to explore associations between levels of green space in a neighbourhood and physical activity specifically in green space, at a population level. The absence of both any relationship between neighbourhood green space and green physical activity, and evidence for narrower inequalities in physical activity in greener neighbourhoods, contradicted our hypothesis that green spaces equalise opportunities for physical activity and that this in turn produces narrower socio-economic health inequalities in greener areas [26]. It is important to understand that the study does not contest the idea that green space promotes physical activity, or that physical activity in green space is healthy; rather it challenges the ideas that (i) any green space in the neighbourhood can act as venue for, and thus encourage physical activity for the residents of that neighbourhood, and (ii) this will occur equally across the socio-economic spectrum. The lack of association between green space and physical activity in this study is consistent with several recent studies [18, 19, 33]. Zealand for example, neighbourhood access to parks and beaches was not associated with physical activity behaviour [33]. Similarly, no relationship was found between the quantity of green space and meeting recommended physical activity guidelines in the Netherlands [19]. et al. [18] found a positive association between green space and physical activity in England, no association was shown for sub domains of physical activity more likely to take place in green space. Studies focussed specifically on walking behaviour have also shown similar negative results. Giles-Corti et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: novemcinctus is absent in the FIB syntenic block. In the FIB-like syntenic block, only sequences from eutherian mammals are present. Colored blocks represent syntenic genes. the 195 vertebrate genomes, we detected six microsynteny communities formed by 197 nodes (81. 7% of total FIBs were syntenic) and 5868 pairwise syntenic connections (S18 Table). Three of the six syntenic communities were small with particular pairwise connections: the amphibia cluster, the Sauropsida-Reptilia cluster, and a small fish syntenic pair (S13A Fig). After clustering the entire microsynteny network, we detected four distinct communities (S19 Table). The Fish-Reptilia syntenic community (S13B Fig), was split into two specific communities: one for fish and other for reptilia (Fig 6, communities 3a and 3b). The most striking finding was that mammalian FIBs (almost all species have two FIB per genome, as shown in Fig 2E) were divided into two major clusters, as seen in Fig 6. One of these clusters corresponds to classical FIB genes (mammals cluster A in green), and the other to FIB-like genes (mammals cluster B in dark yellow); both of clusters were densely connected with 85 nodes and 3154 edges for FIB cluster, and 79 nodes and 2635 edges for the FIB-like cluster. To gain insights into the genomic context of FIB and FIB-like genes, we retrieved all syntelog pairs within these syntenic blocks. Details of specific patterns of gene loss and gain on the mammal syntenic blocks are in S14 Fig. In FIB sequences from both clusters (mammal A and B; FIB and FIB-like) the number of exons was very variable, ranging from 1 to 11. Thus, we analyzed the number of exons in all Vertebrata clades and a sample of Invertebrata species for outgroup comparison. Almost all species from fish, Amphibia, and Reptilia contain nine exons (Fig 7A). The few fibrillarins from birds ranged from 3 to 6 exons per FIB, while in mammals, the number of exons highly grouped on the shores with no apparent pattern (Fig 7A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These compounds can be further developed and assessed as phytoformulations against SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. 2. 4 Siddha medicineDuring molecular docking and simulation analysis for the prevention and cure of COVID-19 infection on some phytoconstituents of Siddha medicine were determined as potential candidates. Among them orientin, bis-andrographolide, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, isocucurbitacin B, vitexin, berberine, bryonolic acid, piperine and magnoflorine were identified as potential lead molecules that have been shown to possess the ability to interact with the components that block the viral replication in SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immune-enhancing properties of these compounds without any adverse side effects could provide natural immune power to resist COVID-19 infections [14]. Several plants have been found to act on the ACE-2 receptor, which could become promising antiviral agents and can help in combatting COVID-19 pandemic. Rheum palmatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Cerasus avium, Alcea digitata, Rubia tinctorum, Citrus aurantium, Berberis integerrima, Peganum harmala and Allium sativum have the potential to act on the ACE-2 receptor and are well-known for blocking the transmission or entry of Coronoviruses. These plants can possibly be used for the combinational therapeutic management of COVID-19 by inhibiting various protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) [15]. Traditional medicinesMedicinal plantsAntiviral compoundsVirus1. The list of traditional medicines for antiviral activities. 2. 5 Thai traditional medicineAmong 122 Thai traditional medicines, Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its compound, known as panduratin A exhibited the potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by using the high-content imaging system coupled with the plaque reduction assay. Treatment with Boesenbergia rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells with IC50 of 3. 62 μg/mL (CC50 = 28. 06 μg/mL) and 0. 81 μΜ (CC50 = 14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: [34], for example, found that distance to green space was not associated with achieving the recommended levels of walking. What might explain our findings? The studies which have reported a positive association between green space and physical activity tend to be those which take the aesthetic attributes of the environment into consideration. A recent study by Sugiyama et al. [35] for example, found that presence of an attractive green space in the neighbourhood was positively associated with walking for recreation, but the number of green spaces in the neighbourhood alone was not. Giles-Corti et al. [36] and Sugiyama et al. [37] also found a positive association between the attractiveness and presence of natural features and walking behaviour. These results suggest that the aesthetic attributes of the environment may be key in any relationship between green space and physical activity. Our green space measure, however, contained no information on the quality or attractiveness of green space. We note too that this study is the first to explore the relationship between green space and physical activity specifically in Scotland. The lack of association in our results may therefore, reflect something about the social, cultural or behavioural patterns of physical activity and/or use of green space that is specific to Scotland, differences in the type of green space in its urban areas, or simply Scotland’s ambient climate. Another possible explanation is that physical activity in green space carries greater health benefits for more disadvantaged populations than for the more advantaged. Thus, whilst levels of green physical activity may be lower in less advantaged populations, their impact may be more substantial than for the more advantaged populations. Our study’s strengths were its ability to examine physical activity specifically in green space, well tested measures of physical activity which relate to clinical recommendations, and a large representative sample matched with an objective measurement of green space exposure, allowing a national level exploration of the association between green space and physical activity in many different urban settings. Our study also had limitations however. First, our three physical activity outcomes were self-reported. Self-reported measures have known disadvantages of incomplete recall and over-estimation of physical activity. However, the threat to validity would stem from an association between recall bias and green space availability. This seems unlikely. Second, our green space measurement was somewhat crude. We had to assume that respondents residing in neighbourhoods with the same amount of green space actually had equal access to that green space and that the green spaces were all useable for physical activity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Evolutionary differences between the two microsynteny mammalian clusters. a) Violin plot of the number of exons in each of the five major clades of Chordata animals and arthropods. Points on the plot represent specific data. The number of exons in Actinopterygii, amphibians, and reptiles ranges from 7–10 exons, while that in mammals ranges from 1–10. The curved arrow above the mammalian violin plot indicates the two microsynteny clusters in figure b. b) Two microsynteny clusters detected in mammals and belonging to FIB (cluster A) and FIB-like genes (cluster B) specifically. Arrows under clusters indicate specific boxplots in figure c. c) Boxplot of the number of exons of the genes from the specific microsynteny clusters of mammals. Genes from cluster A (FIB genes) have a mean of 9 exons, while those in microsynteny cluster B (FIB-like genes) have a mean of one exon per gene. d) Depiction of microsynteny communities on a phylogenetic gene tree of animals. The pairwise syntenic relationship of clusters A and B (FIB and FIB-like, respectively) are indicated with black arrows, and the links are colored following Fig 5 to show the absence of syntenic relationship in both clusters (evolving from different genomic context). Green and yellow lines on the tree represent syntenic pairwise connections. e) Ks values for each microsynteny cluster. For the analysis, we carried 1800 and 2664 comparisons of homologous proteins for clusters A and B, respectively. f) Genes chosen from each syntenic cluster were inspected for expression values from transcriptomic atlases (as described in materials and methods). Colored nodes within clusters represent the genes chosen for the analysis. We use genes from species that had two copies, one in each cluster (one FIB and one FIB-like gene), and that had expression information available in the (EMBL-EBI). g) Heatmap from the expression values of chosen genes in f, clustered according to taxonomy. On the "x" axis (*)frontal lobe, and (**)lung are the tissues used in the analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 71 μM), respectively. Also, the treatment of panduratin A at the pre-entry phase inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with IC50 of 5. 30 μM (CC50 = 43. 47 μM). Therefore, exerted the inhibitory effect against -2 infection at both pre-entry and post-infection phases as the novel natural candidate [16]. 2. 6 African traditional medicineethnomedicinal herbs (Abrus precatorius L. Gaertn, Achyranthes aspera L. , Allium sativum L. , Annona muricata L. , Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. , Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl. ) Schltr. , Curcuma longa L. , Euphorbia hirta L. , Garcinia kola Heckel, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , Moringa oleifera Lam. , Nigella sativa L. , Psidium guajava L. , Zingiber officinale Roscoe) used in African traditional medicine from different countries in Africa were investigated in the prevention, treatment and management of COVID-19 infection [17]. From them, Glycyrrhiza glabra was reported to be successful inhibitor for SARS-CoV replication and was recommended for the management COVID-19. Due to the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical presentation of COVID-19 disease, combining two or more extracts with various pharmacological activity from these herbs in a standard dosage form such as capsule, tablets, syrups, and injections is necessary in the management of the disease. This combination would improve adherence but care must be taken to ensure that all ingredients in the formulation are compatible otherwise it may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. These findings will serve as a source of information for future research in the selection of herbs which could be used in the management of COVID-19 [17]. 2. 6. 1 African medicinal plantsSixty-two alkaloids and hundred terpenoids isolated from some African medicinal plants were docked to the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) controled coronavirus replication as a promising drug target for combating the coronavirus infection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Our measurement of green space, for example, included agricultural land; areas which can be regarded as unsuitable for physical activity. However, as the study was conducted in urban Scotland only, having included sufficient agricultural land to influence our results remains highly unlikely. At the time of writing no national dataset describing the different classifications of green spaces was available in Scotland. However, a new data set which would be able to distinguish spaces suitable for physical activity has very recently become available and could be a useful resource for future work [38]. Third, green physical activity reported by respondents may not necessarily have occurred within their neighbourhood green space. Individuals may spend a large proportion of their day outside their neighbourhood. Identifying exactly where individuals were physically active, as opposed to what type of environment, was not possible with the data available. Fourth, our data were cross-sectional and residual confounding cannot be discounted. Fifth, there may have been some important confounding variables that we were unable to account for in our models. We had no information about green space quality, neighbourhood density, concerns about safety and crime or the aesthetic attributes of the environment, for example. The main implication of our study is that in Scotland physical activity may not be the main mechanism behind associations between green space and population health which have been observed in the UK and elsewhere[2, 3, 7, 29], or behind the narrowing of socio-economic inequalities in health in greener neighbourhoods observed in England by Mitchell and Popham [26]. When we survey other candidate mechanisms, the direct effect of perceiving natural environments on physiological and psychological health would appear the more plausible explanation. Those effects have been demonstrated in laboratory and field experiments [39, 40] and it is reasonable to assume that they operate at a population level too. ConclusionThis was one of the first population level studies to explore the association between amount of green space in urban neighbourhoods and the population’s use of green space for physical activity. Our findings suggest that increasing the quantity of green space in a neighbourhood in the assumption it will a venue for physical activity, could be wrong. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved would help policy makers and planners create a more health-promoting natural environment. 592. 10. 1136/jech. 2005. 043125. 683. 10. 1136/jech. 2006. 053553. 918. 10. 1136/jech. 56. 12. 913. 18. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Cluster B) with a mean Ks value of 1. 1 (Fst_Qu = 0. 82 & Trd_Qu = 1. 34). The results suggest that FIB syntelogs (S. Cluster A) have a lower rate of substitutions due to the vital role of this form of protein (the ancestral form) and high evolutionary constraints to keep their function. However, the FIB-like syntelogs (S. Cluster B), showed evidence of a high evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitutions, attributed to relaxed evolutionary forces over this duplicated form of protein (derived form) or low evolutionary constraints over this novel form. We used high-quality RNA-seq data available in the database ([44]; please see Methods) to detect evidence of biased expression of the two different groups of syntelogs (FIB and FIB-like). We selected expression data of FIB and FIB-like proteins from five representative species: one Laurasiatheria, three Euarchontoglires, and one Metatheria species (M. domestica) within the syntelog groups (Fig 7F). The heatmap of expression data of selected FIBs within a species tree is shown in Fig 7G. We corroborated conserved expression patterns in each group of syntelog FIBs. There is consistent tissue-specific gene expression for FIB genes from the Metatheria species, the Laurasiatheria species, and the three Euarchontoglires species. This data is also in accordance with the low rate of Ks values for S. (FIB group) that retains the minor changes in characters to maintain the vital function of FIB along the tree. Moreover, this data could show evidence of gene specialization after duplication of the FIB-like group. DiscussionPolyploidy has played a significant role in the evolution of most eukaryotes [28, 45–47]. These duplicated genomic segments (containing genes and regulatory elements) are considered to be a significant force of diversification and provide raw material on which selection can act [27]. Two main principles govern how the genome organized in the eukaryotic nucleus: first by biochemical and functional properties of the chromosomal regions and second by topologically associated domain regions with extensive local chromatin interaction, as recently reviewed [48].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1. High-content screening of Thai medicinal plants reveals Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its component Panduratin a as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Scientifc Reports. 2020;10:19963. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-020-77003-317. Adeleye OA, Femi--. Ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine with potential activity for the prevention, treatment, and management of coronavirus disease 2019. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 2021;7:72. DOI: 10. 1186/s43094-021-00223-5. 18. Yepes-Pereza AF, Herrera-Calderonb O, Quintero-Saumeth J. Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw): A promising herbal medicine against SARS-CoV2/ACE-2 junction and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on molecular modeling. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;29:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183767619. Silveira D, Prieto--ães. COVID-19: Is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:581840. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 58184020. Taban Akça K, Suntar I. An overview on flavonoids as potential antiviral strategies against coronavirus infections. J. 2020;31:478-484. 21. KA. Natural products as antiviral agents. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2000;24:473-572. DOI: 10. 1016/S1572-5995(00)80051-422. Jahan I, Onay A. Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19. Turk. J. Biol. 2020;44:228-241. DOI: 10. 3906/biy-2005-11423. . Natural products as potential leads against coronaviruses: Could they be encouraging structural models against SARS-CoV-2? Nat. Prod.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 10. 1590/0102-311X00065217 copy Access to public spaces and physical activity for Mexican adult women Acceso a espacios públicos y actividad física en mujeres adultas mexicanas O acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física em mulheres adultas mexicanas aim of this 0. 50; 95%CI: 0. 13; 0. 87). Participants who used public transport were less likely to be in the low physical activity level (coefficient: -0. 57; 95%CI: -0. 97; -0. 17). We suggest that, in this population, the access to public spaces might be less relevant for physical activity than other elements of the urban environment and sociodemographic characteristics. Keywords:Physical Activity; Green Areas; Women’s objetivo de este artículo fue investigar la asociación entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y la actividad física en mujeres adultas, controlando y comprobando las interacciones, con características sociodemográficas y espacios públicos. Combinamos información sociodemográfica de una encuesta a mujeres adultas (de 18 a 65 años), residentes en Tijuana, México, que se realizó en 2014 (N = 2. 345); con datos de un estudio sobre espacios públicos en 2013 en la misma ciudad. Evaluamos el acceso a los espacios públicos por su existencia y el área total de espacios públicos en espacios de 400, 800, 1. 000 y 1. 600m alrededor de los hogares de los participantes. Calculamos la actividad física con la versión corta del (IPAQ-short).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Currently, there are no studies about the consequences of genome duplication on the evolution of this single-copy gene (FIB) through eukaryotic lineages. The study of FIB is relevant due to its vital role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and several specific functions. Taking this into account, the microsynteny approach for a well-conserved protein like FIB provides information about the evolutionary maintenance of local sequences as well as conserved functions. The use of an accurate HMM was critical to detect remote homologues in a set of evolutionarily distant organisms. However, we did not detect homologues of FIB in viruses or any of the 212 bacterial genomes that were analyzed. It is worth noting the presence of FIB, 15. 5k (L7Ae), and NOP56 (NOP5) proteins in Archaea but not in Bacteria. The presence of 15. 5k and NOP56 homologs in Archaea is of importance for FIB evolutionary history because FIB needs to act in a highly conserved RNP complex [2]. The absence of the GAR domain in Archaeal FIBs correlates with the lack of cellular compartments (as nuclear) because GAR possesses nucleolar signal, which is evolutionarily necessary in eukaryotes [1, 49]. are very similar to Bacteria in many respects [50, 51], some molecular mechanisms in Archaea that are exclusive to eukaryotic organisms (please see [52–55]) as in the case of FIB proteins. This work does not clarify the relationship of the three domains of life, which is out of our scope. In the last few years, new evidence has shown that FIB is involved in processes such as several types of cancer, viral progression, and bacterial infection response [1]. Earlier experiments carried out in yeast showed that FIB genes from humans and plants could functionally complement the yeast FIB, also referred to as NOP1 [56], demonstrating a high level of FIB conservation throughout eukaryotes. However, earlier results showed neither human nor plant FIB genes could perfectly complement NOP1 in yeast cells, resulting in growth alteration and an aberrant nuclear structure. Therefore, this suggests that the amino acid composition of FIB between lineages is key in specific functions [57].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Bioprospect. 2020;10:171-186. DOI: 10. 1007/s13659-020-00250-424. . In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: An approach to prevent virus assembly. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2020;27:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 180445725. . Golden pigment curcumin: An inspiring antiviral molecular model for COVID-19 drug design. J. 2020;31:469-473. 26. . Antiviral activities of resveratrol against rotavirus in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2020;77:153230. DOI: 10. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 15323027. Mohammad-. In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against influenza virus. Micropath. 2017;110:42-49. DOI: 10. 1016/j. micpath. 2017. 06. 01428. . COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-infammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Infammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1153-1161. DOI: 10. 1007/s10787-020-00744-029. . Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chem Tox. 2008;46:446-475. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 09. 10630. . Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: Future perspectives. Plants. 2020;9:800. DOI: 10. 3390/plants906080031. . Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;18:1-1813. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 176486832. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Usamos modelos logísticos multinomiales para evaluar la asociación entre el acceso a espacios públicos y actividad física, y comprobar las interacciones entre el acceso a espacios públicos y su calidad, así como las características sociodemográficas de la actividad física. Observamos que no existe interacción entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y la calidad de los espacios públicos y sus efectos sobre la actividad física. Hubo una asociación entre la presencia del espacios públicos dentro de los 400m de área, y las probabilidades más altas de contar con un nivel de actividad física bajo (en oposición a estar en el nivel moderado) (coeficiente: 0,50; IC95%: 0,13; 0,87). Los participantes que usaron el transporte público estaban en menor medida en el nivel bajo de actividad física (coeficiente: -0,57; IC95%: -0,97; -0,17). Por este motivo sugerimos que en esta población el acceso a espacios públicos puede ser menos relevante para la actividad física que otros elementos del entorno urbano y características sociodemográficas. Palabra-clave:Actividad Física; Áreas Verdes; Salud de la artigo buscou explorar a associação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física em mulheres adultas mexicanas, controlando e testando para interações entre características sociodemográficas e ambientais urbanas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Fungi FIBs: A clade-specific synteny pattern In fungi, compared with animal and plant genomes, paleopolyploidy events occurred to a much lesser extent. Only two ancient whole-genome duplications may have taken place in fungi, one within the Mucoromycotina subphylum before the diversification of the Mucorales order [41], and the other within the Saccharomycetaceae family [45]. Five of the seven sampled species from Mucoromycotina contained FIB duplicates, which might have had their origin from the paleopolyploidization in this lineage. Comparisons between sequenced fungal genomes often revealed little evidence of extensive interspecific macro- or microsynteny. A short-generation time, asexual reproduction, and lateral gene transfer, among other factors, might have contributed to reductions in synteny conservation within fungi [58]. Indeed, we did not find synteny conservation of FIB homologues among early-diverging lineages, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota (S7 Fig). However, a mesosyntenic evolutionary pattern, e. g. , "conservation of gene content in chromosomes without conservation of gene order and orientation" has been described in Pezizomycotina, especially in Dothideomycetes [58]. This is consistent with our findings of a lack of synteny among FIB homologs within the Dothideomycetes class (except for three Pleosporaceae species) nor in Leotiomycetes (S7A Fig). Further genome sampling would help to resolve this issue. The species from the Saccharomycetaceae family, which includes S. cerevisiae yeast, possess many conserved genomic features such as genome size, gene content, and extensive gene collinearity along chromosomes [59, 60]. Accordingly, we found that FIB syntelogs from the F-7 community were very well connected; every node had seven edges each (S6 Fig). This community contained the NOP1 (ScreF) protein from S. cerevisiae. The ancient WGD and subsequent genome fractionation in some species from this lineage had no repercussions in FIB gene content or genomic context (S7 Fig).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Combinamos dados sociodemográficos de uma pesquisa feita na população feminina adulta (18-65 anos) de Tijuana, México, realizada em 2014 (N = 2. 345), e os dados de um estudo (2013) sobre espaços públicos na mesma cidade. Avaliamos o acesso aos espaços públicos pela presença e área total de espaços públicos dentro de raios de 400, 800, 1. 000 e 1. 600 metros em torno dos domicílios das participantes. Medimos a atividade física com a versão breve do (IPAQ-short). Foram utilizados modelos logísticos multinomiais para avaliar a associação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a atividade física, testando para interações entre acesso aos espaços públicos e qualidade dos espaços públicos e características sociodemográficas. Não constatamos nenhuma interação entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e a qualidade dos espaços públicos, no efeito sobre a atividade física. Houve uma associação entre a presença de espaços públicos no raio de 400 metros e maior probabilidade de estar no nível baixo de atividade física (quando comparado ao nível moderado) (coeficiente: 0,50; IC95%: 0,13; 0,87).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: FIB sequences also accord with these duplication events. In Brassicaceae, two FIB sequences from A. arabicum (AaFIB's) placed as early branching for the Brassicaceae syntenic sequences, but only one sequence was located on a syntenic block. A. arabicum belongs to the Aethionemeae tribe, the earliest diverging clade from the rest of the Brassicaceae family (core Brassicaceae), which harbors many genes not found in duplicated syntenic blocks as with the rest of the core Brassicaceae [69–71]. As expected, all the Brassicaceae species contained two duplicated syntenic blocks, except for B. rapa, which contained four genes in different duplicated syntenic blocks due to their specific Br-a duplication event. Even A. arabicum presented a second syntenic block on Scaffold 136, but this lacked duplicated FIB sequence most probably due to the normal process of fractionation (homeologous gene loss). Previously, [33] some communities were found to transpose to another genomic context that led to new functions with amino acids substitution rates due to a different location in the genome. Avian FIBs: A still intriguing case of genomic absence Birds present novel functional characteristics only present in its apomorphic clade such as wings, feathers, lightweight bones, and an exclusive excretory and urinary system [72, 73], making this group a very interesting clade from an evolutionary point of view [74]. Birds tend to lack several essential proteins for life, and FIB is one of these missing proteins [75]. Prior research [75] found that birds lack approximately 274 proteins present in syntenic regions in most of the Vertebrata lineages. Many of these missing proteins are associated with vital functions in mammals, physiology of organs and systems in mammals, lethality, and genetic disorders. Several novel paralogs in avian species were identified that could provide compensation for vital physiological functions and relevant pathways for this clade. A previous [76] RNA-seq analysis on birds showed that several missing genes were present in most avian species. They found that most of the genes correspond to CG-biased genome regions, the most difficult to sequence, assemble and annotate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: As participantes que usavam transporte público mostraram menor probabilidade de nível baixo de atividade física (coeficiente: -0,57; IC95%: -0,97; -0,17). Sugerimos que, nesta população, o acesso aos espaços públicos pode ser menos relevante para a atividade física do que outros elementos do ambiente urbano e características sociodemográficas. Palavras-chave:Atividade Física; Áreas Verdes; Saúde da Physical activity is a central component of chronic disease prevention. According to the Organization (WHO), the lack of physical activity is the fourth risk factor for disease worldwide, and 6% of all deaths could be avoided if all the population met the recommended physical activity levels 11. Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: Organization; 2010. . On the other hand, the increase in sedentary occupations and decrease in active transport in modern urban environments have caused physical activity levels to fall, and, according to recent estimations, physical inactivity affects 31. 1% of the world’s adult population 22. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012; 380:247-57. . The urban environment is one of the factors that can either promote or reduce physical activity. Public spaces, such as parks and green areas, sports fields, and other open spaces, are free access places where people can engage in physical activity. They can also be attractive destinations, stimulating people to go for a walk, and, as they improve urban aesthetics, public spaces can stimulate walks around or through them during everyday activities, thus promoting active transport. Because of the this, it has been suggested that the presence of public spaces in urban areas can contribute to physical activity promotion and chronic disease prevention 33. Bedimo-. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model. 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):159-68. ,44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: They retrieved 91 of the 274 genes previously reported as missing [75]; GC content is the primary cause of miss-assembled bird genomes, and novel technologies of sequencing that do not rely on PCR can improve the assembly and annotation of avian genomes [77]. Although [76] found several missing genes, there are still several genes missing like FIB in avian genomes. In this study, we found that birds lack FIB genes in almost all of the 53 analyzed genomes. There were five exceptions to this rule, and these presented a distinctive protein composition when compared to FIBs from other eukaryotic organisms; FIBs from birds lack the GAR domain and space region, regressing to an Archaea likeness. Considering that the GAR domain is essential for nuclear localization and lack of this domain may indicate a new localization with a different role for this protein in the few bird species that have it. The genomic analysis is relevant as previous experiments using antibodies for immunolocalization in G. gallus cells may have produced misleading results [78], as there is no genomic FIB in this species. Western blot analysis from Arabidopsis, human, and chicken was carried out and showed a corresponding band for FIB in plants and humans but not in chicken (S16 Fig). However, there still the possibility that chicken FIB does not cross-react with the antibody used. From invertebrate to vertebrate animals (with the exclusion of mammals), all species retained only one FIB sequence per genome. Some exceptions, like the Mollusca clade, some insects, and especially the genus Drosophila. However, the case of mammals is of particular interest. In this work, we detected clear evidence that mammals have undergone a duplication of these proteins after the Theria split so that the new Eutheria clade has two copies of FIB. One of this copies retained the ancient functions (FIB), as shown by the syntenic analysis, but the newly formed copy (FIB-like) has evolved independently in its new genomic context and has been shaped to perform specific unknown functions, as evidenced by the expression analysis of both copies (Fig 7). Mammals FIBs: An ancient duplication event on a very conserved genomic context Polyploidy is rare in animals, even though there are several examples of insects and vertebrate animals (mainly fish and amphibians) that have undergone WGD [79].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Even while the relationship between access to public spaces and physical activity is intuitively reasonable, research has found contrasting results in this regard. A review of studies published up to 2005 reported that only 40% of them had found a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, while a similar percentage showed mixed results, and the rest failed to find an association 55. . Environmental correlates of physical activity: a review of evidence about parks and recreation. Leisure Sciences: Journal 2007; 29:315-54. . A later review also found a mixture of positive and null findings 66. . In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. , and more recent research reports both positive associations between public spaces and physical activity 77. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2016; 387:2207-17. and absence of association 88. -Corti B, Karakiewicz JA. Effects of access to public open spaces on walking: Is proximity enough? Plan 2013; 117:92-9. . To complicate the picture, some authors have found negative associations: people living close to public spaces with lower physical activity levels than those who live further away 99. . Does parkland influence walking? The relationship between area of parkland and walking trips in Melbourne, Australia. 2012; 9:115. ,1010. . The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. . This divergence in results can be partially explained by the use of diverse study designs and definitions of access to public spaces, and also because the kinds of physical activity evaluated differ 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. ,66. . In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. 2011; 8:125. . Because of this, some authors have recommended the use of multiple indicators of access including distance to public spaces and total public spaces area in the vicinity 1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Polyploidy has played a central role in the expansion of individual protein families and [80] has provided evolutionary opportunities for the success of the species. What determines the rate of protein sequence change is a central question for understanding molecular evolution. Several studies have reported different determinants that can influence dN/dS, such as functional relevance of a protein, its expression among tissues, pleiotropy, protein-protein interaction, and secondary structure [81, 82]. From the 1,552,319 species of animals, invertebrates represent about 95% of all species [83, 84]; 1,242,040 species belong to Arthropoda (~80% of total animals), and of these, 1,020,007 species belong to the Insecta clade (~66% of the total) [83]. Most of the roughly sequenced genomes for Invertebrata correspond to Arthropoda or Nematoda because of their importance for human health, because they are pest species, or because they are model species for elementary development biology [84]. The significant level of diversity in this group and the lack of more genome sampling per taxonomic group is a current limitation to find a deep syntenic relationship in this major lineage. Nevertheless, invertebrate FIBs kept as a well-defined clade next to vertebrate FIBs. Further research would be required to address this group in particular. Our results show a clear division of two different FIBs in Mammals. These findings are surprising since there is a wealth of research on human FIB, and several different pathways are known. However, some known activities may involve the second FIB (FIB-like protein; [1]). Currently, no commercial antibodies exist that can distinguish between the two paralogues proteins. Therefore, it is pertinent to define the specific role of each of these proteins in mammalian cells. Our analysis points to further functional studies on the second mammalian FIB from which there is no published information, and all studies that rely on antibodies are unable to differentiate between the two genes. Considering that FIB or FIB-like genes can be involved in different processes like the formation of specialized ribosomes for particular translation initiation involved in tumor progression [15, 85], sensors for bacterial infection [14] and some viral progression processes [86]. Further studies are required to define their specific role. As mentioned above, mammals have undergone fewer events of WGD in comparison to plants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the association between access to public spaces and physical activity could be different according to sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex, age or socioeconomic level 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. ,1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. ,1717. de. Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. A 2003; 35:1717-31. ,1818. van Does the health impact of exposure to neighbourhood green space differ between population groups? An explorative study in four European cities. 2017; 14:E618. ,1919. de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J Health 2006; 60:587-92. . The possibility of interaction between sociodemographic characteristics and access to public spaces has been justified in two ways. First, the effect of having a public space close by might be stronger for those who spend more time at home, such as older adults 1717. de. Natural environments-healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. A 2003; 35:1717-31. . Second, public spaces could make a greater difference for those with more barriers to physical activity, such as persons of lower socioeconomic level 2020. Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet 2008; 372:1655-60. . Following both lines of argument, the effect of access to public spaces should be stronger on older persons, homemakers and those of lower socioeconomic level. The association of public spaces and physical activity, and the modification of this association by other variables, is an important subject, and since most research has been conducted in upper-income countries, it is important to explore it in other contexts 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. . As worldwide physical inactivity is more prevalent among women 22. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Two ancient rounds of WGD, termed as 2R, in the basal branch of mammals, are driving the genome rearrangements in this clade [87, 88]. In a study on 87 complete sequenced genomes, [34] found that a large proportion of single-copy genes in mammals are in significant microsynteny clusters (genes that remain syntenic across almost all analyzed species), and the lineage-specific microsynteny communities (specific transposition in mammals) were genomic outliers. These outliers, or rebel genes (as termed in [34]), are of particular interest because they can potentially contribute to trait and lineage evolution. Therefore, transposed genes to a new genomic context can lead to new mechanisms of molecular evolution, as seen in the FIB-like group. Detecting long-term conservation and lineage-specific dynamics of genomic characters by microsynteny approach can help to understand the phenotypic traits and functional dynamics of genes. This study shed new light into FIB dynamics trough out the Tree of Life, especially into significant groups of Eukarya. The results can direct functional and fundamental questions about the structure, composition, and behavior of FIBs according to the evolutionary history of this small but essential family of proteins. Materials and methods Genome databases searches and sequences retrieval For the analysis of the three domains of life, we selected the genomes of 212 Bacteria, 148 Archaea, 75 protist, 157 fungi, 153 plant sensu lato (140 plants and 13 algae), and 257 animals (62 invertebrata and 195 vertebrata). We also search for 47 giant viruses and viruses that infect Bacteria and Archaea (S1 Table). We annotated the three giant uncultured marine viruses from environmental samples by using Prokka v1. 14. 5 [89] and we set parameters as follow:—kingdom Viruses—addgenes—mincontiglen 200—evalue 0. 001—locustag UncMarV[123]. In the case of plants and animals, we retrieved all available genomes (completely assembled at chromosome or scaffold level); due their large genome size, there are not as many available as for organisms with small-size genomes (e. g. , Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, some protist).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Interactions with p < 0. 05 were kept in the final models. Sampling weights for each participant were calculated as the inverse of the probability of selection, and adjusted by non-response. We considered the sample design in all analyses, employing the svy module in Stata () to adjust standard errors and consider weights. Compliance with ethical principles All procedures of the survey were reviewed and approved by the of the de la Frontera Norte, and were in compliance with ethical principles as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. 1 shows the characteristics of the population, as estimated from the study sample. The table also shows the distribution of covariates by access to public spaces in the 400m buffer. Participants who lived near a public spaces were marginally more likely to be in the low physical activity level, and less likely to have only children over 5 years of age and to have only elementary education. The distribution of other covariates was similar regardless of access to public spaces, and comparisons employing other buffers showed similar results (data not shown). According to IPAQ criteria, 23. 3% of respondents were in the low physical activity level, 41. 7% were in the moderate level, and 35% were in the high level. The mean of MET-minutes/week was 2,460, with most of it coming from moderate-intensity physical activity (data not shown). 1 Participants’ characteristics, total and by access to public space, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. Table 2 shows the estimated distribution of access to public spaces. About one fifth of the population had a public space in the 400m buffer around their block, and the percentage with a public space was higher for wider buffers. Still, about 14% of the population had no access to public spaces in the buffers considered. 2 Distribution of access to public spaces and physical activity among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014 *. 3, we show the results of the multivariate multinomial regression for the association between access to public spaces and physical activity level. The reference category in the model was moderate physical activity, so that the adjusted coefficient for the presence of a public space in the 400m buffer (0. 50; 95%CI: 0. 13; 0. 87) means that having a public space close to home was directly associated with being in the low (vs. moderate) physical activity category. The coefficient comparing the odds of being in the high (vs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: For Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, and protist (which have several assemblies each due their reduced genome size), we selected well sequenced representative species from all major and minor clades to cover all the biological diversity (from different subphylum, order, class, family, and genus). Different databases where used such as Phytozome [90], [91], NCBI ( GigaDB ( MycoCosm ([92]). For bacteria, we considered 30 species from the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) group, spanning the nine major subgroups reported in [37]. As an exploratory analysis, from the 777 assemblies of the CPR group reported in [36], we only analyzed the genome of one representative strain per species because many different assemblies are reported per species (e. g. , 197 different assemblies for Parcubacteria group bacterium GW2011; S2 Table). We built a Model (HMM) from the fibrillarin domain (Pfam: PF01269) of 450 unique fibrillarin sequences retrieved from a psi-blast analysis (3-iterations in each search; [93]) against the nr database from the NCBI and the refseq-protein databases from Fungi (taxid:4751), Alveolata (taxid:33630), Rhizaria (taxid:543769), Amoebozoa (taxid:554915), Bacteria (taxid:2), and Archaea (taxid:2157). For these searches, considering that fibrillarin is highly conserved across lineages (from Archaea to Eukarya [1, 2]), the queries were the human FIB protein (NP_001427. 2) and the AtFIB2 protein from A. thaliana (NP_567724. 1), as these proteins are functionally well characterized [94–96]. We use this model to detect fibrillarin sequences on the 1049 selected genomes across the three domains of life. On the other hand, and following the same strategy as for fibrillarin, we built a HMM for the 15. 5k protein (L7Ae homolog in Archaea) and for the NOP56 protein (NOP5 in Archaea), because these two protein are part of the snoRNP complex that interacts directly with FIB [2, 3].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: moderate) physical activity category was not statistically significant (0. 07; 95%CI: -0. 40; 0. 54). Likewise, in a different model using as indicator of access the total public spaces area, a larger area in the 400m buffer was associated with higher odds of being in the low physical activity category (data not shown). Analyses with other buffers did not show evidence of an association between access to public spaces and physical activity (data not shown). The interactions explored were not statistically significant, and therefore were not kept on the model (Table 4). 3 Associations between access to public space and level of physical activity, among women in Tijuana, Mexico, 2014. 4 Interactions between access to public space in the 400m buffer and sociodemographic variables *. As for the covariates (Table 3), age had an inverted-U association with physical activity, so that the odds of being in the low physical activity level first decreased and then increased with age, and the opposite happened with the odds of being in the high physical activity level. A higher BMI was positively associated with being in the low physical activity level, and using public transport was inversely associated with being in the low physical activity level. Discussion and conclusions According to our results, 20. 6% of the female population in Tijuana lived within 400m of a public spaces, and 86. 1% lived within 1,600m of one. While data are not strictly comparable, this is consistent with a study in another city in the north of Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora) reporting that 70. 3% of the city’s neighbourhoods had a public spaces within their limits 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. . While these figures could seem high, current recommendations such as those of the Agency establish that people should live no more than 15 walking minutes away from a green area, and others even suggest a maximum distance of 300m between home and public spaces 3131. Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. Plan 2007; 83:187-95. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: package v3. 1b2 [97] used to build the all the models and to perform the searches on the selected genomes. After the searches with our HMM-FIB model, we detected fibrillarin sequences by using the suit [98]. All the fibrillarin sequences were manually checked to discard truncated sequences and non-fibrillarin sequences. All retrieved FIB sequences were annotated by database v1. 75 [99], HMMER database ( and Pfam database ( The GFF and BED annotation files of each genome used to discard isoforms, and the longest gene version taken for the analyses. The FIB sequences aligned by hmmalign tool of HMMER package [97] using our HMM-FIB model, and then the GAR domain was separately aligned in UGENE v. 1. 9. 8 [100] by using Muscle [101]. The complete set of analyzed genomes in Fig 1A was depicted by using suburstR package [102] in R v3. 4. 1 [103]. Phylogenetic analyses and species tree Before the phylogenetic analysis, evaluation of the global amino acid alignment was done in Prottest v. 3. 4. 2 [104] to find the best empirical substitution model. We built four separately ML phylogenetic trees for each set of organisms (one for plants [JTT substitution model], one for animals [VT model], one for fungi [WAG model], and another one for all the fibrillarins sequences from the three domains of life [LG model]). The software RAxML v8. 2 [105] used to build the phylogenetic trees using the bootstopping option “-# autoMRE” and an empirical base frequencies. For the species trees, we used the species taxid from Tree tool of NCBI ( as input for the tree reconstruction with the ETE toolkit [106]. The trees were visualized and annotated in iTOL v4 [107].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Put in this context, our results show a relative lack of access. In contrast to previous studies 77. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2016; 387:2207-17. , in our analysis we found no evidence of the expected positive association between access to public spaces and physical activity. Instead, we observed a negative association, with the presence of public spaces in the 400m buffer increasing the odds of being in the low physical activity category. Other authors have reported similar results. In a study in Australia, King et al. 99. . Does parkland influence walking? The relationship between area of parkland and walking trips in Melbourne, Australia. 2012; 9:115. found that living close to a park was associated with less frequency of walking among adults, and suggested it could be due to an association between park proximity and other area characteristics, such as less connectivity or less destinations reachable on foot. A similar explanation could apply in our case; however, we lack data to control those factors. In a comparison between locations in Australia and the United States, Veitch et al. 3232. . Park availability and physical activity, TV time, and overweight and obesity among women: findings from Australia and the United States. 2016; 38:96-102. found that access to public spaces was associated with physical activity only in the former. In Cuernavaca, Mexico, Salvo et al. 3333. . Characteristics of the built environment in relation to objectively measured physical activity among Mexican adults, 2011. Dis 2014; 11:E147. observed a negative association between public spaces proximity and physical activity. Finally, Hillsdon et al. 1010. . The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity. 2006; 120:1127-32. found that more access to green areas was associated with less recreational physical activity in middle aged and older adults, and suggested that other unmeasured factors associated with the presence of green areas could explain the result. In our case, living close to a public space could indicate a better social position, as shown in other studies of the distribution of public spaces in Mexico 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Microsynteny network approach For this approach, we followed a previously reported pipeline [108, 109], which consists of synteny block calculations among diverse genomes, network constructions, and detection of dense syntenic communities for one or more gene families ( Briefly, we conducted reciprocal all-against-all pairwise protein comparisons (inter- and intra-genomic comparisons) of selected lineages by using RAPSearch2 software [110] and setting parameters as follows: “-z 10 -b 0 -v 20 -t a -a t”. These searches were performed separately for fungal (157), plant (153), invertebrata (62), and vertebrata genomes (195). We performed n2 times comparisons of annotated genomes (n stands for the number of species analyzed), and then performed n(n+1)/2 synteny block detection using MCScanX software [111]. The comparison files and gene position files (GFF/BED) generated were used to detect pairwise synteny blocks utilizing MCScanX tool using default parameters and creating a score matrix of all syntenic relationships inside the studied lineages. We modified these score matrix files to a two-column tabular format obtaining three big “Final network files” (one for fungi, one for plants, and another one for animals) where all pairwise inter- and the intra-species syntenic relationship of the complete analyzed genomes was contained. Then we used the IDs of the genes detected by our HMM-FIB model to retrieve all the syntenic information of FIB family from these “Final network files” for each analyzed group. The synteny information of FIB family used to construct densely connected clusters by using the Clique percolation method (k-clique = 3) implemented in CFinder [112, 113]. The resulting syntenic communities were visualized in Cytoscape v3. 5. 1 [114] and Gephi v0. 9. 1 [115]. Finally, visualization of all the information of the syntenic communities in their respective phylogenetic gene trees (phylogenetic profiling method). For these Trees, we included all genes found with our HMM-FIB model, including those genes without synteny relationship (no syntenic information).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree.

Output: corroborate