Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: d The relative error of the estimated V a that has a probability of 50 %. Horizontal lines in (a) indicate the theoretical valuesFull size image The variation of landslide size distribution with rainfall intensityThe significance of the observed variances in γ and R between the two subsets (R1 and R2) of the XW dataset (Table 1) had been tested. We randomly subdivide the 12,524 landslides into two subsets with 6,297 and 6,227 landslides respectively for 1,000 times. The results show that, all the differences in parameters observed between the R1 and R2 subsets is statistical significant at a significant level of 0. 05, except for the difference in rollover estimated using the double Pareto distribution (−2. 51), which has a significant level of about 0. 21. Therefore, from the conservative point of view, we attribute the observed variances in rollover to random processes but suggest a physical explanation for the variances in power exponent. We find that larger cumulative rainfall produces a steeper power law tail of the landslide area distribution (Fig. 2b). This is opposite to the previously reported result that the power law tail becomes flatter with an increase of the cumulative rainfall (Chen 2009). The variation of power exponent with rainfall intensity is essential because it concerns the problem whether increased rainfall intensity will increase the relative proportion of small size landslides or large size landslides. The explanation of this disagreement goes beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, we suggest a test of significance prior to physical interpretation. However, the statistical significance of the result published by Chen (2009) cannot be exactly told since the MLE was not used. Nevertheless, a variance of power exponent 0. 27 is obtained by subdividing a landslide dataset with a sample size less than 600. This result falls into the region of acceptance according to our numerical experiments (Fig. 4). Therefore, from a statistical point of view, there may be no adequate confidence to exclude the possibility that the variance of power exponent with rainfall intensity observed in Chen (2009) is due to random processes. ConclusionsA series of numerical experiments were implemented in this paper to systematically quantify the effect of sample size on exploiting landslide area distribution. The results show that, as sample size gets smaller, both the reliability of the parameter estimation and the statistical significance of the variances in parameters observed between different subsets get worse.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: Penfield in Loftus, “On the Permanence,” p. 111. 93. Loftus, “On the Permanence,” p. 114; Penfield, Mystery of the Mind, p. 22; Rosenfield, Invention of Memory, p. 163–166; 201–209; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 75–84. 94. Penfield, Mystery, p. 21–27. 95. Penfield, Mystery, p. 62. 96. Lashley quoted in Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 59–62; Johnson, In the Palaces, p. 14–16; Lashley, “In Search,” p. 479. 97. Studies of “split-brain” subjects—epileptics whose corpus callosum was surgically severed— indicate that the right and left sides of the brain can act independently. The right side specializes in nonverbal, spatial, intuitive thought, while the left side offers language expertise. But that does not mean that all language, for instance, resides in one brain hemisphere. Instead, several anatomical regions contribute to every thought in dynamic interplay. As science writer noted, “a simple concept like ‘grandmother’ may be spread out across a region of the [neural] network. ” (Campbell, Improbable, p. 157; Gardner, Mind’s New Science, p. 275–278; Taylor, of the Mind, p. 123–126; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 179–218. )98. Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 63–64, 77, 236. 99. Campbell, Improbable Machine, p. 163. 100. Rose, Making of Memory, p. 125–128; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 179–218; Hilts, Memory’s Ghost. 101. Tobias, Kihlstrom and Schacter, “Emotion and Implicit Memory,” p. 71; Roediger, “Implicit Memory. ”102. Schacter, “Implicit Knowledge”, p. 1116; Schacter et al. , “Implicit Memory”; Tobias, Kihlstrom & Schacter, “Emotion and Implicit Memory,” p 84. 103.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Therefore, quantitative analysis of landslide hazard and land surface erosion based on the statistics of landslide dataset with small sample size may be accompanied by considerable errors. Specifically, with a sample size of 100, the relative error of the estimated landslide erosion rate that has a probability of 50 % can approach 100 %. Furthermore, inconsistency was found regarding how the power exponent of landslide area distribution varies with rainfall intensity. Our numerical results suggest that the variance observed in a dataset with a small sample size may be not statistically significant. Although this study had focused on landslide area distribution and adopted the double Pareto distribution and the distribution, the presented procedures can be also used to quantify the potential effects of sample size regarding landslide volume distribution and other distribution functions. Nevertheless, because the results of numerical simulations are affected by the statistical characteristics of the concerned landslide dataset, it is hard to find universally applicable criteria for adequate (large enough) sample size. A design for testing the potential effects of sample size on landslide size statistics but not a rule of thumb was proposed in this paper. It must be emphasized that, only larger sample size cannot guarantee reliable statistical results, a landslide dataset with physically representative sample distribution is usually a prerequisite. 2014. Scaling properties of rainfall-induced landslides predicted by a physically based model. Geomorphology 213: 38–47. 2009. Probability distributions of landslide volumes. Geophys 16(2): 179–188. 1999. Statistics for modelling heavy tailed distributions in geology: Part I. Methodology. 31(4): 391–410. 2011. Systematic documentation of landslide events in Limbe area (): geometry, controlling, and triggering factors. 59(1): 47–74. 2009. Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Basin, Taiwan. Geomorphology 105(3–4): 355–365. 2011. Statistical physics of landslides: New paradigm. EPL 95(4): 49001. 2008. Non-linear theory and power-Law models for information integration and mineral resources quantitative assessments. 40: 503–532. 2009. Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Review 51(4): 661–703. 2011. Seasonal landslide mapping and estimation of landslide mobilization rates using aerial and satellite images. Geomorphology 129(1–2): 59–70. 2013. The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions. Earth and Letters 361: 310–319. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: 2024 Home » Blog » Arhiva » of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journeyof Throughout a Person’s Life – A de | postat în: Arhiva, Numărul 4, Științe naturale, Volumul 3 | 0 Sfetcu, Nicolae (2024), of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journey, Cunoașterea Științifică, 3:4, DOI: 10. 58679/CS95837, is an extended 10. 58679/CS95837 URL: © 2024. Responsabilitatea conținutului, interpretărilor și opiniilor exprimate revine exclusiv autorilor. of Throughout a Person’s Life – [1] nicolae@sfetcu. com [1] Researcher – – of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (), Division of History of Science (DIS), ORCID: 0000-0002-0162-9973 intelligence is a complex construct that undergoes significant changes throughout an individual’s lifespan. The evolution of intelligence during a person’s lifetime is a process influenced by an interaction between biological development, genetics, environmental factors, and personal experiences. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, human intelligence is the „mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment” (Britannica 2024). Researchers from Brisbane, Edinburgh and Aberdeen reviewed a study which found that a quarter of people experience a change in intelligence due to genetic and environmental factors (Deary et al. 2012). noted that „Identifying genetic influences on intelligence could help us to understand the relationship between knowledge and problem solving and an individual’s outcomes in life, and especially to understand why some people age better than others in terms of intelligence. ” (Philips 2012). Myelin develops as children grow, improving brain function. Myelination and neural connections increase brain volume until age 40, then slowly shrink as the tissue begins to degenerate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Generating event-based landslide maps in a data-scarce Himalayan environment for estimating temporal and magnitude probabilities. 128: 49–62. 2014. Shifts in landslide frequency–area distribution after forest conversion in the tropical Andes. Anthropocene 6: 75–85. 2005. Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale. Geomorphology 72(1–4): 272–299. 2008. Distribution of landslides in the River basin, central Italy. Geomorphology 96(1–2): 105–122. 2009. Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy. Earth and Letters 279(3–4): 222–229. 1997. Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping. Geology 25(3): 231–234. 1999. Magnitude and frequency of rock falls and rock slides along the main transportation corridors of southwestern British Columbia. Journal 36(2): 224–238. 2005. Scaling behaviour of clay-rich submarine debris flows. Geol 22(1–2): 187–194. 2003. Mean slope-angle frequency distribution and size frequency distribution of landslide masses in Higashikubiki area, Japan. Geomorphology 50(4): 349–364. 2006. Landslides in vibrating sand box: What controls types of slope failure and frequency magnitude relations? Earth and Letters 247(3–4): 280–294. 2011. Analytical and observational relations between landslide volume and surface area. Journal of 116(F02), F02001. 2014. Statistical analysis of fracture-length distribution sampled under the truncation and censoring effects. 46: 733–746. 2012. Without power? Landslide inventories in the face of climate change. 37(1): 92–99. 2012. Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics and river incision. 5(7): 468–473. 2010. Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material. 3(4): 247–251. 2012. The cost of large numbers of hypothesis tests on power, effect size and sample size. 17(1): 108–114. 2012. Hydromechanical triggering of landslides: From progressive local failures to mass release. Research 48(3), W03535. 2012. Comment on “Statistical physics of landslides: New paradigm” by Chen C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: To comprehend the progression of intellectual growth, it is essential to explore the emergence, maturation, and sometimes, the decline of cognitive abilities, illustrating a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Early Childhood: of inception of human intelligence occurs during early childhood, a phase characterized by rapid cognitive advancement. From infancy to approximately five years of age, the brain experiences substantial growth, with synaptic connections proliferating at an exceptional pace. It is during this period that children acquire fundamental cognitive skills, including perception, language, memory, and problem-solving capabilities. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which delineates stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages, offers a theoretical framework for understanding these initial developments. Piaget arrived at a theory of cognitive development that describes the developmental stages of childhood (Parke and Gauvain 2009). Sensorimotor stage (Child 0–2 years): Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing but limited. Preoperational stage (Toddler and early childhood 2–7 years): Symbols or language skills are present; emotion and imagination develop; irreversible and non-logical thinking. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence 7–12 years): Logical and systematic form of intelligence; manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood 12 years and up): Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Even before birth, the foundations of cognitive abilities are laid. The brain begins to form neurons and synapses at an incredible rate. During the first few years, the brain grows rapidly, reaching almost 80% of adult size by the age of three. This period is critical for sensory development, language acquisition, and the establishment of cognitive frameworks. Babies and toddlers learn primarily through sensory experiences and interactions with their environment. writes that early childhood is a time when neurons can explore and make as many connections as possible, but we cannot maintain them all over time. The connections that remain are strengthened thanks to so-called myelin, an insulating layer that wraps around neural projections, isolating them. (Bragg 2022) Within the sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years), infants explore their environment through sensory and motor experiences. They begin to grasp the concept of object permanence, understanding that objects persist in existence even when they are out of sight.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: How can diabetes lead to vision loss, and how can this be prevented? Published: June 8, 2023 Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults in the developed world. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, USA, works in the field of ophthalmology to investigate how diabetes causes eye issues. He hopes his research will lead to the development of new treatments for diabetes-related vision loss. -retinal barrier — a physiological barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions and molecules between the bloodstream and retina Cultured cell — a cell grown in a laboratory Cytokine — a small protein molecule released from one cell that signals a cell response in another cell, usually by binding to a specific receptor Neuron — a nerve cell that conveys a signal by electrical response Ophthalmology — the branch of medicine focused on the eye and vision Permeability — the ability of a material to allow substances to pass through it. A material with high permeability allows substances to pass through easily Phosphorylation — the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule Physiological — relating to the normal functioning of an organism Retina — the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye Signalling — the process of a cell emitting, receiving and processing instructions Diabetes is a chronic health condition in which the body cannot control its blood sugar levels properly. You have probably heard of diabetes, but you might not associate it with vision loss. However, diabetes can affect the retina – the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye – which can lead to diabetic retinopathy. What is diabetic retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by changes in the retinal blood vessels, and symptoms include blurry, spotted or total loss of vision. A third of all people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy, and severe forms of the disease are the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, hopes to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the condition and develop new therapies to treat the disease. The exact cause of diabetic retinopathy is still unknown, but it appears that factors associated with diabetes, such as increased blood glucose (sugar) and fat, alter the normal retinal environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Transitioning to the preoperational stage (from two to seven years), children engage in symbolic play and refine their language skills. Nonetheless, their cognitive thinking remains predominantly egocentric, indicating an inability to consider perspectives other than their own. Recent research has suggested that early experiences and social interactions play a critical role in the development of reasoning (Banerjee, Watling, and Caputi 2011). Infants as young as six months can engage in basic logical reasoning. Cultural factors, such as educational practices and emphasis on critical thinking, can also influence the development of reasoning skills. and Adolescence: Refinement and preschool through early school age (ages 3-12), children develop reasoning, memory, and problem-solving skills. They begin to understand abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships. Formal schooling begins to shape cognitive skills significantly. Reading, writing, and arithmetic become the tools by which children engage and expand their intelligence. As children transition into the middle childhood stage, spanning from ages 6 to 12, their cognitive capabilities undergo significant refinement. This period is characterized by the development of logical thinking skills, a hallmark of Piaget’s concrete operational stage. It enables children to engage in mental operations concerning concrete objects and events, marking a crucial stage in their academic journey. During this time, formal education plays a pivotal role in enhancing children’s memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. Adolescence: A in the Evolution of Intelligence Adolescence, which spans from ages 12 to 18, represents another pivotal phase in the evolution of intelligence. It is during this stage that individuals progress into Piaget’s formal operational stage, a phase where abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes the norm. Adolescents acquire the capacity to reason logically about potential outcomes, engage in systematic problem-solving, and critically analyze complex issues. Additionally, this period is characterized by the development of metacognitive skills, which involve an increased awareness of one’s own thinking processes and strategies. This heightened self-awareness empowers individuals to plan, monitor, and regulate their cognitive activities more effectively. During adolescence, the brain begins to smooth out unused neural connections and strengthen others, making thought processes more efficient. There is substantial development in executive functions, which include planning, impulse control, and attention. Risk-taking behaviors can also influence cognitive development through new and diverse experiences.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “Changes in the retina include a loss of neurons, inflammation, leaky blood vessels and abnormal blood vessel growth,” explains David. If retinal blood vessels leak, fluid can accumulate in the retina which reduces a person’s vision. If abnormal blood vessels grow, they can pull the retina away from its support within the eye, leading to complete vision loss. What role does the blood-retinal barrier play in diabetic retinopathy? We experience vision because neurons in the retina direct light that enters our eyes. The retina includes a series of neurons that relay light signals to the brain by allowing the flow of ions across the neuron cell membrane. For the brain to convert these signals into vision, the neurons in the brain and retina require a highly specialised environment. To maintain this neural environment, a blood-retinal barrier exists in our eyes and a blood-brain barrier exists in our brain. These physiological barriers regulate the flow of small molecules into and out of the retina and brain without disturbing neural signalling. The barriers are formed from blood vessel cells and controlled by tight junction proteins, which either prevent or allow certain substances to pass through. “Tight junction proteins help seal the blood vessel cells together and play a role in controlling which molecules can pass from the blood into the neural environment,” explains David. Diabetes can increase the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. This means more molecules can pass from the blood into the retina, including substances that should not enter the neural environment, leading to vision loss. What is David investigating? During diabetes, the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier is altered by cytokines, small protein molecules that signal cell responses. These cytokines impact the tight junction proteins responsible for maintaining the blood-retinal barrier. David’s lab is studying two cytokines that play significant roles in diabetic retinopathy – vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and norrin. VEGF stimulates the growth of blood vessel cells and causes retinal blood vessels to become leaky, while norrin promotes the organisation of tight junction proteins creating the blood-retinal barrier. “Our lab is studying how VEGF signals blood vessel leakiness and how norrin signals blood vessel tightness,” says David. How does David study cytokine signalling? To understand cytokine signalling in blood vessel cells, David’s team collects animal eyes from the local butcher.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Adulthood: and Maintenance of general belief was that cognition stops improving after a certain age, with the brain being mostly mature by age 18 and then more frontal lobe maturation occurs by age 20. According to this theory, cognitive decline begins at an advanced age. In the early stages of adulthood, cognitive abilities typically reach their zenith. This phase is characterized by the peak of fluid intelligence, which encompasses the capacity to solve novel problems and think abstractly. Furthermore, it is marked by the accumulation of crystallized intelligence, which is comprised of knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences and formal education. Crystallized intelligence is often stable or even increases with age, as adults continue to accumulate expertise in their respective fields. During early adulthood (ages 20-40), intelligence, especially crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills), stabilizes and continues to grow. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem solving and the ability to adapt to new situations, can peak during this period. Higher education, careers, relationships, and personal interests continue to shape cognitive abilities. The biggest losses begin in the 30s in the prefrontal cortex (important for attention, planning, reasoning, problem solving) and the hippocampus (involved in learning, memory and navigation). However, the nature of intelligence in adulthood is dynamic. Throughout middle adulthood, individuals may experience a gradual decline in certain aspects of fluid intelligence, such as processing speed and working memory. Despite these declines, many adults compensate for these changes by leveraging their accumulated knowledge, experience, and heuristic strategies, which facilitate efficient problem-solving. Moreover, practical intelligence, or the ability to manage everyday tasks and navigate complex social environments, continues to develop and frequently improves with age. Late Adulthood: Adaptation and the later stages of adulthood, the manifestations of cognitive decline become increasingly discernible. Specifically, fluid intelligence, which is particularly adept at handling tasks that demand swift reasoning and mental agility, may experience further diminishment. The efficiency of memory retrieval may wane, and the pace of cognitive processing continues to decelerate. Nonetheless, this phase of life also presents avenues for cognitive enhancement in various domains. Between the ages of 40-60 there may be slight declines in processing speed and memory. However, experiential knowledge and skills often continue to improve. Individuals often develop deeper expertise in their career fields and improved problem-solving skills related to real-world problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “We remove the retinas, isolate the small blood vessels from them, then grow blood vessel cells (called endothelial cells) from these blood vessels,” says David. David and his team then add VEGF to these cultured cells to induce leakiness or norrin to promote barriers, allowing them to explore changes in tight junctions in the presence of different cytokines. By using very high-resolution microscopes, the team can observe whether the tight junctions change location or create gaps that allow substances to pass through the blood-retinal barrier. “We grow the cells on a filter and use fluorescently labelled molecules to trace the rate of flux across the cells,” explains David. “This allows us to measure the tightness or leakiness of the cells after different treatments. ” has identified the factors that regulate cellular processes, he studies them in more detail using genetically engineered mouse models. “Mice are a better model for the human eye than cultured cells as we can test disease response,” he explains. By altering a mouse’s genetic code, David creates mice that express or lack specific cytokines or proteins. He then makes the mice diabetic and observes whether their retinal blood vessels leak and how their vision is affected. “We cannot ask the mice to read an eye chart! ” David says. “However, we can observe how they respond to a visual cue. For example, if we move a pattern of black and white vertical lines in front of a mouse, it will reflexively follow the pattern. We can assess its vision by making the lines smaller until the mouse no longer sees the pattern. ” What has David discovered? Download the 10. 33424/395 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 at work in the lab A diagram of the eye showing features of diabetic retinopathy, including leaky blood vessels (haemorrhage) and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( Retinal photos showing different degrees of diabetic retinopathy. © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( The blood-retinal barrier controls which substances can pass from blood vessels (red) to neurons (blue and purple).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Over 60 years of age, cognitive decline can occur, with varying degrees of severity. Memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills may decrease. Older adults often compensate for these losses by relying more on accumulated knowledge and experience. Older adults are frequently characterized by wisdom, a quality marked by profound insights into life, the adeptness in managing intricate social and emotional scenarios, and the ability to render judgements grounded in accumulated experience. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that cognitive engagement, social interaction, and physical exercise can play pivotal roles in sustaining cognitive function among the elderly. The principle of neuroplasticity, which denotes the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself through the formation of new neural connections, underscores the brain’s enduring adaptability throughout life. Consequently, the pursuit of lifelong learning and mental stimulation is imperative in the preservation of cognitive capabilities in later years. Recent studies have shown that there is no given maximum for human capabilities, including intelligence, but IQ tests referentially assess fluid intelligence, leading to the idea that young people are more intelligent. But in everyday, repetitive problems, the elderly are better (synapses and myelination are influenced by experience, so circuits are strengthened through repeated use) (Bragg 2022). Cattell and proposed the theory that dominated for many decades, that intelligence is not a specific thing, but a collection of different abilities working together (Cattell-Horn theory) (Wasserman 2019). Skills can be classified into two categories: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluent intelligence allows solving new problems and calls on short-term memory. Crystallized intelligence emerges from general knowledge and information. Both types of intelligence develop during childhood and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in the early twenties, and crystallized intelligence continues to develop with a peak around age sixties or seventies. Throughout life, the brain’s plasticity, or its ability to change and adapt, plays a crucial role at every age. Learning new skills, engaging in complex cognitive activities, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve and even improve intelligence. Socioeconomic status, education, cultural exposure, and social interactions continually interact with genetic predispositions to shape intelligence across the lifespan. The evolutionary trajectory of intelligence is highly individualized, with each phase presenting opportunities for growth and challenges. Understanding these phases can help to adopt strategies that optimize cognitive development at different stages of life.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: In the lower diagram, the tight junction is open and fluid is leaking into the neural environment. © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( David delivers a talk at the Center at the University of Michigan “A major accomplishment in our lab has been identifying phosphorylation of occludin as a key process in diabetic retinopathy,” says David. “Occludin is a protein that regulates the tight junction, either making a tight barrier between cells or allowing the blood vessels to leak. ” Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule and is a common mechanism of cell signalling. Phosphorylation of occludin acts like a switch, signalling tight junction proteins to move away from the membrane of blood vessel cells and into the cells themselves. This increases the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, causing leaks. David and his team discovered this by genetically altering their cultured cells so they contained a mutant version of occludin that could not be phosphorylated. These cells no longer became leaky when responding to VEGF. Next, David introduced the mutant occludin into diabetic mice. “We found that the non-phosphorylated mutant occluding greatly reduced the ability of VEGF to make blood vessels leak,” says David. “Importantly, adding this mutant form of occludin to mice preserved the blood-retinal barrier when they had diabetes and completely prevented loss of vision. ” This is a significant breakthrough. David’s research reveals that maintaining the blood-retinal barrier preserves visual function in diabetes, helping scientists to understand how current therapies blocking VEGF work and highlighting barrier promoting factors, like norrin, as a potential new therapy. How are David’s discoveries relevant to stroke research? A stroke can occur if a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, causing a part of the brain to die. David’s research into the blood-retinal barrier during diabetic retinopathy has led to unexpected discoveries about the blood-brain barrier during a stroke. “Having learnt the importance of occludin to the blood-retinal barrier, we collaborated with colleagues to ask whether this same protein and its phosphorylation affected the blood-brain barrier during a stroke,” says David.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the evolution of human intelligence throughout the lifespan stands as a testament to the brain’s extraordinary potential for growth and adaptation. From the rapid cognitive development observed in early childhood to the wisdom frequently displayed by the elderly, intelligence is not a trait that remains static but rather a dynamic process influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. By comprehending this developmental trajectory, we are better equipped to appreciate the intricacies of human intelligence and the myriad factors that contribute to its evolution across an individual’s lifespan. 1905. Bragg, Lorena. “Changes with Age,” 2022. Cherry, Kendra. “Jean Piaget’s Life and Contributions to Psychology. ” Verywell Mind, 2023. Deary, Ian J. ,. “to Stability and Change in Intelligence from Childhood to Old Age. ” Nature 482, no. 7384 (February 2012): 212–15. Parke, Ross D. , and Mary Gauvain. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. McGraw-Hill, 2009. Philips, Jennifer. “to Changes through Life | News | of Aberdeen,” 2012. Sfetcu, Nicolae. Intelligence, from to – vs. Artificial Intelligence. Bucharest, Romania: MultiMedia Publishing, 2024. Wasserman, John D. “Deconstructing CHC. ” in Education 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 249–68. 4. 0 ( Partajează asta:TwitterFacebookLinkedInApreciază:Apreciază Încarc. . . Similare adolescence, adulthood, childhood, evolution, human intelligence, intelligence, wisdom Despre autor Ultimele articole Sfetcu: Asociat şi manager MultiMedia SRL și editura MultiMedia Publishing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: By inducing strokes in mice, David and his colleagues observed that the mice showed signs of occludin phosphorylation in the brain blood vessels surrounding the region of the stroke. They then induced strokes in genetically engineered mice that had mutant occludin. In this case, the team observed that leakage of the brain blood vessels was greatly reduced during a stroke. “The only current therapy for a stroke is providing an enzyme that breaks up the blood clot. However, if given too late, this enzyme makes the stroke worse by causing severe bleeding in the brain,” says David. “Working with stroke experts, we found that blocking occludin phosphorylation can prevent this bleeding. ” This means drugs that prevent this phosphorylation may now be explored as a means to prevent brain bleeding when treating stroke patients, highlighting the range of important clinical outcomes from David’s research. AntonettiDepartment of Ophthalmology and of Michigan, USA Fields of research: Ophthalmology, Molecular and Research project: Investigating factors that affect the blood-retinal barrier during diabetic retinopathy Funders: US of Health (NIH), Research to (RPB) About ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the study of eyes and vision. Clinical ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. They are experts in all aspects of eye care, from how to prevent eye diseases to different treatment options for different eye conditions. In contrast, vision research scientists, like David, conduct scientific research to understand how the eye functions. “Vision research scientists investigate how our eyes allow vision and how vision can be affected by disease,” explains David. “These are the scientists who are trying to find new cures to prevent or treat blindness and vision loss. ” The excitement of research “The most rewarding part of my job is working with others and making truly novel discoveries,” says David. “There is a great deal of excitement in learning something new about how our cells work. ” David and his team have made many significant discoveries over the years, from determining that tight junctions are dynamic entities regulated by phosphorylation ‘switches’ that open and close the blood-retinal barrier, to uncovering the fact that norrin can reverse the effects of diabetes and restore the blood-retinal barrier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to -dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons Organization for the Promotion of of Medical Sciences, United States; Aug 9, 2018 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordAugust 29, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptAugust 9, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,191 views 357 downloads 9 9879. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 5. However, PC number recovered nevertheless. They ascribe this recovery to the proliferation of a latent progenitor they termed FEPs because they express the early PC marker FOXP2 but not the mature PC marker Calbidin. They found that FEPs were present throughout the P1 cerebellum at substantial number, but diminished in number at P5. Accordingly, ablating Pcp2-Cre+ PCs at P1 resulted in a much less significant recovery of PC numbers; the residual PCs nevertheless increased in soma size and dendritic length. Mice with P1 but not P5 PC ablation recovered normal motor function by a few standard assays. Overall the paper is of high technical quality and findings are interesting. However, I have one major reservation in their interpretation that the proliferating cells that produce PCs represent "a previously unidentified and normally dormant progenitor population. " This proposal raises a number of questions: What is the normal function of these FEPs (they surely cannot just prepare for DT/DTR-induced cell killing)? What is their fate if no injury occurs? If we do not know their normal fate, how can we claim that they are "unipotent"? One alternative (and simpler) interpretation is that these FEPs are immature PCs that somehow can go back to cell cycle if their neighboring PCs are lost, and this ability diminishes as development proceeds (from P1 to P5). Indeed there is precedent in other neuronal types, such as horizontal cells in the retina, which can undergo cell division after fully differentiated in adults after loss of certain cell cycle inhibitor/tumor suppressor genes (Ajioka et al. , 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “Sometimes, when you are very lucky, these discoveries have a profound effect on the clinical community and can impact patient care or provide novel treatment options. ” The importance of collaboration for scientific discoveries “Discoveries involve interactions with other people,” says David. “One person never drives the whole process. ” For example, while David is a molecular and cell biologist, the success of his lab comes from the team members’ range of disciplinary backgrounds, such as vision science and biomedical science, and their collaboration with researchers from other laboratories. “By listening to novel perspectives and valuing all voices, we can reach new ideas that none of us could have achieved individually. ” Pathway from school to ophthalmology • At school, study biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. • Your university pathway will depend on your ophthalmology direction. To become a clinical ophthalmologist, you will need to complete a medical degree and qualify as a medical doctor, then complete specialised training in the field of ophthalmology. To become a vision research scientist, complete a degree in a subject such as biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, biomedical science or vision science, then specialise in a laboratory focused on vision research in your postgraduate training. • David recommends taking courses in cell biology to learn how cells signal and interact with each other, and courses in mathematics and computing to learn how to process data. “Modern approaches to science use large and complex datasets,” he says. “It is important to understand how to manage these data. ” • David recommends reading to discover which aspects of vision you are most passionate about. “Read 1. Think about your future and what you want to achieve. It takes a plan and commitment to become successful. 2. Follow your passion. Do you have a question for David? Write it in the comments box below and David will get back to you. (Remember, researchers are very busy people, so you may have to wait a few days. ) Submit a replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Δ content is produced, created and published under the license: Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International (CC BY-NC 4. 0): This means that you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform and build upon the material).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: It is possible that transient down-regulation of these cell cycle inhibitors in immature PCs, triggered by environmental signals due to loss of neighboring PCs, could cause immature PCs to re-enter the cell cycle. To me, this alternative developmental plasticity is no less interesting. I have a few other technical critiques: 1) It seems unusual that there are fewer tdT+ neurons in the Pcp2-Cre;Ai14;mouse following DT injection (see Figure 1J-M and compare Figure 1P and 1Q). Is Pcp2-Cre, which should be expressed in all normal PCs after P7, no longer active in these "new" PC replacement cells? If so, how do we know these are real and/or functioning PCs? 2) In the P5 killing experiment, presumably by then Pcp2-Cre is expressed in a larger fraction of PCs compared with P1 (it would be useful to quantify this as done in P1 mice). Can this contribute to the difference between P1 and P5 ablation? 3) It appears that the authors deduce PC soma size from 14 µm sections. Given PC soma size is larger than 14 µm, this kind of analysis would produce a large number of half-cut, incomplete PC somal images, which might skew the conclusion? Reviewer #2: This manuscript describes regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells following diphtheria toxin injection at P1 but not at P5 and suggests that this regeneration is through cell division of a "previously unidentified progenitor population". Based on the data shown and previous studies of PC cell number, other possibilities exist to explain the findings. I am not convinced that the paper demonstrates generation of new Purkinje cells. The specific comments are: 1) There is wide variability in the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin receptor at P1 (+/- 22%) which makes it difficult to know how many cells are dying. No counts of the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin are given for P5 mice. Presumably the percent of cells would be higher as Pcp2 is not fully expressed in all PCs at P1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 110235 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionInappropriate land development, such as uncontrolled exploitation and urban sprawl, has been causing various problems worldwide. Such issues generally include deforestation, environmental destruction, biodiversity loss, climate change, and increased natural disaster risks. For example, recently in Japan, a large number of problems occurred due to hasty land development. After 2012, the new policy for expanding renewable energy utilization accelerated the construction of photovoltaic power plants nationwide [1]. Following this rapid expansion, many troubles occurred in most prefectures of the country [1, 2], as exemplified in Figure 1. In addition, the number of problematic cases reported by the media reached 159 as of August 2021 [2]. According to Japan’s Ministry of the Environment, major issues with such solar power plants were as follows: (1) erosion and its impact on water quality, (2) landslides, (3) harmful impacts on animals, plants, and ecosystems, and (4) scenic destruction [1]. Meanwhile, the problematic cases mostly occurred in newly deforested areas or sloping sites [1]. Figure 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: 2) The representative image of DT treated PCs at P30 (Figure 1M) clearly shows a large number of missing PCs which would normally form a continuous monolayer, suggesting that the number of PCs did not recover from cell death. Is this a representative image? 3) Throughout the figures, co-labeling of PC markers with proliferation markers is not convincing. Images showing definitive co-localization should be provided. 4) In general, the quality of the images is not high and very few co-labeled cells are shown. It is not clear that some of the very few BrdU+ cells shown are not Bergmann glial cells. High quality images of BLBP stained BGs would be more convincing than the low power images provided. In general, higher magnification and resolution images would be potentially more convincing than the data shown. 5) Other studies have shown BrdU labeling of PCs in the adult, suggesting that BrdU or Thy incorporation assays detect DNA replication as well as cell division. Again, the co-labeling experiments with Ki67 and BrdU are not convincing. H3 would have been stronger evidence for cell division. 6) The authors suggest that Calb1+ PCs can develop within one day after a putative cell division. How do they imagine such cells would differentiate, i. e. extend dendrites into the field of parallel fibers? There are no images of the newly generated PCs that convince me that they are immature PCs. 7) There is literature suggesting that PCs undergo programmed cell death. While no direct studies have shown this, Bcl overexpression mice and Bax knockout mice both have ~30% more PCs. The authors should discuss these findings and how it might affect their results. If an immature (CALB1-) pool of PCs persists until P5, this would provide an alternative view to the idea that new cells are generated from "unidentified precursors". Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Baylin et al. examined injury induced regeneration pf Purkinjie cells in neonates and proposed a model that upon elimination of Purkinje cells, a previously unknown quiescent progenitor population can be rapidly activated to replenish the loss cells (within 24hrs), resulting in normal cerebellum development. Furthermore, this progenitor population lost its capacity around P5. While the topic is interesting, the result is not convincing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the requirements for sustainable land development include nature and biodiversity conservation, environmental protection, avoiding natural disaster danger areas, and consideration for the landscape. 2. 2 Main land attributes related to judging developmentIn order to define development-restrictive and allowable areas, this study examines the relationship between land attributes and development. As demonstrated on the left side of Figure 3, there are three significant land attributes related to judging the appropriateness of development: (1) biodiversity, (2) natural disaster risk, and (3) topographic gradient [4]. Figure 3. Strategy for delineating development-restrictive areas and allowable areas. 2. 2. 1 Biodiversity“Biodiversity” is a key area when seeking nature conservation and environmental preservation [5]. Efforts to conserve biodiversity also help meet global goals for greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Moreover, such biodiversity and nature-based solutions help protect us from climate change impacts, securing ecosystem services [5, 6, 7]. 2. 2. 2 Natural disaster risk“Natural disaster risk” is connected with one of the requirements, “avoiding natural disaster danger areas. ” Geomorphologically, the Earth’s surface is shaped by tectonics and climate [8]. As this simple statement implies, natural disasters can be divided into two categories: “tectonic” and “climatic” [9, 10]. Tectonic disasters include catastrophes caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Meanwhile, examples of climatic disasters are serious damage resulting from floods and droughts. 2. 2. 3 Topographic gradient“Topographic gradient” is mainly associated with two requirements for sustainable design, “environmental protection” and “accessible and universal design” [4]. Vegetation removal on steep-sloping sites often triggers significant environmental issues, such as soil erosion, landslides, increased downstream runoff, and flooding [11, 12, 13]. Meanwhile, as slopes become steeper, the provision of infrastructure and accessible design becomes more difficult and expensive [12]. Furthermore, “topographic gradient” is also associated with another requirement, “consideration for the landscape,” because developing steep-sloping areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic landscape [11, 12]. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: High doses of BrdU is known to label DNA repair, especially in the context of massive injury and the authors mostly used protein markers for cell type identification. The process occurs so quickly (within 24 hrs) and in the fetal tissue. The authors should be able to use slice imaging to observe the death and birth of Purkinje cells directly, to illuminate any doubt of their model. In addition, the authors can use onco-retroviruses for lineage tracing to label new neurons and observe distinct Purkinje cell morphology. [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors resubmitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Age-dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 1. Please consider that issue with respect to terminology. 2) Details are needed describing which retrovirus was used, the source, plasmid map, production etc. Some retroviruses do infect non-dividing cells so please include a discussion of why you believe your retrovirus only infects non-dividing cells. 3) 3B, Calb1 and FoxP2 appear to be mislabeled. 4) Figure 3—figure supplement 7 please provided separate images for each channel. 5) It appears that FoxP2 is partially outside the nucleus in BrdU+ cells (likely why the co-labeling was not obvious in non-confocal images). Is this the case? If so it would be interesting to discuss. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] As you can see from the reviews, while finding the manuscript of potential interest, all three reviewers have reservations about the major conclusion. Should you be able to address these critiques with new experiments, we would be happy to consider a new manuscript in the future. The main concern of all the reviewers was that given how unusual our finding is that new Purkinje cells (PCs) can be generated after birth, we need to provide additional evidence for this finding. In addition, we should address whether FEPs are normally in the PC lineage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: 3 Development-restrictive and allowable areasThis study shows a method of dividing a region or municipality into development-restrictive and allowable areas, based on the strategy demonstrated in Figure 3. “Development-restrictive areas” means sites where land development, including vegetation removal and construction, should be prohibited. Development-restrictive areas are the unions, or amalgamations, of the following sites: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas [4]. On the other hand, “development-allowable areas” means sites where land development can be permitted. Development-allowable areas are the intersections, or overlaps, of the following: (1) areas contributing less to biodiversity, (2) low-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) gradual-sloping or non-gradient areas [4]. Advertisement 3. BiodiversityArea-based conservation efforts are the cornerstone for halting the global biodiversity crisis [14, 15]. As shown on the left side of Figure 4, site-based biodiversity conservation can be divided into two main categories: (1) identification of significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation practices [16]. Currently, there has been a steady increase in the coverage of both identified significant areas and conservation areas. However, further and urgent expansion is necessary [14, 15]. The main coverage targets are listed on the right side of Figure 4. Figure 4. Current situation of area-based biodiversity conservation and main coverage targets. 3. 1 Identification of significant areas for biodiversityThe most authorized approach to designate important areas for biodiversity is the identification of Areas (KBAs). KBAs are nationally identified sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems [17]. The KBA approach builds on a methodology originally developed for specifying (IBAs). After that, it was expanded to cover a wider range of taxa and conservation initiatives, such as the Alliance for (AZE) [18]. In 2016, the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published “A for the Identification of Areas,” providing a set of globally standardized criteria and quantitative thresholds [17]. In addition to sites of global biodiversity significance, there must be areas of national or regional biodiversity importance. Such sites should also be identified as significant areas for biodiversity [19]. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We have made the following major changes to our manuscript that we hope now convince the reviewers that new PCs are produced by proliferation of a transient progenitor in the PC lineage when neighbor PCs are killed: 1) We have performed GFP-retroviral labeling of proliferating FEPs following injury and show they become PCs. These results are presented in the revised Figure 2D-I. 2) As an approach to study the fate of FEPs during normal development, we quantified the number of FEPs and PCs from inbred newborn mice at postnatal day (P) 1, 5 and 30. We find that the number of PCs at P30 is similar to the number of PCs plus FEPs at P1, indicating that FEPs normally have a delay in differentiation until after birth. This result is incorporated into the revised Figure 3C and discussion of results. 3) We included confocal images of co-localization of EdU+ FEPs with additional proliferation markers, Ki67 and pH3 (Figure 3E-X). 4) We show that BrdU incorporation into PCs is not due to DNA damage following ablation by diphtheria toxin (Figure 2—figure supplement 3). 5) Throughout the paper, we improved the quality of our images and added orthogonal projections to show co-localization. 6) We have expanded our Discussion to include the reviewers’ suggestions about other possible regenerative mechanisms and the fate of FEPs. Reviewer #1: […] Overall the paper is of high technical quality and findings are interesting. However, I have one major reservation in their interpretation that the proliferating cells that produce PCs represent "a previously unidentified and normally dormant progenitor population. " This proposal raises a number of questions: What is the normal function of these FEPs (they surely cannot just prepare for DT/DTR-induced cell killing)? What is their fate if no injury occurs? If we do not know their normal fate, how can we claim that they are "unipotent"?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: 2 Conservation practicesArea-based conservation practices consist of “protected areas” and “other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)” [20]. 3. 2. 1 Protected areasProtected areas form the foundation of national biodiversity conservation strategies [21]. IUCN defines a protected area as “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” [21]. The definition is expanded by the following management categories [21]:Category Ia: Strict nature reserve. Category Ib: Wilderness area. Category II: National park. Category III: Natural monument or feature. Category IV: Habitat/species management area. Category V: Protected landscape/seascape. Category VI: Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources. 3. 2. 2 Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)OECM is a conservation designation for areas that are achieving effective in situ biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas [20]. Those concerned with conservation have recently recognized the importance of OECMs [20]. In addition, while protected areas must have a primary conservation objective, this is not necessary for OECMs. OECMs may be managed with conservation as a primary or secondary objective. Otherwise, long-term conservation may simply be the ancillary result of management activities [20]. 3. 3 Coverage and its targetsEfforts to identify significant areas and conservation practices are in progress. However, the coverages of KBAs and conservation areas are not yet sufficient. The world needs a further and effective increase in the coverage of such areas to halt biodiversity decline [14, 15]. 3. 3. 1 Key biodiversity areasGlobal KBA coverage has been increasing. More than 16,000 KBAs have been mapped worldwide [22]. KBAs have been identified in over 200 countries. KBA sites cover approximately 4% of the world’s surface [18]. However, defining and delineating KBAs is an ongoing process [18]. Further efforts in KBA identification are necessary for many countries, taxa, and ecosystems [15, 18, 22]. 3. 3. 2 Coverage of KBAs by conservation areas2018, 21% of KBAs were estimated to be completely covered by protected areas. However, 35% of KBAs had no protection through systems of conservation areas [18].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We agree with the reviewer that these are important questions, and have now addressed them by performing additional experiments to study the normal fate of FEPs. We reasoned that if FEPs are normally destined to become PCs but are delayed in their differentiation (expression of CALB1) until after birth, then the number of CALB1+ cells at P30 should be similar to the number of CALB1+ cells plus FEPs at P1. However, our original data was unable to address this question due to the high variation we observed between animals because: 1) Our ablation experiments were performed in mice with an outbred background, and 2) quantifications were performed on only 3 midline sections/brain. The variation at P30 was ~12. 5% of the mean, which is higher than the total number of FEPs present at P1 (~10% of PCs) making it statistically impossible to address the fate of FEPs. To overcome this barrier, we analyzed the number of FEPs and CALB1+ PCs on every other slide of a half vermis (~25-28 sections) in inbred C57Bl/6 mice at P1, P5 and P30 (Figure 3C). Indeed, with this approach, the variation was only ~5% of the mean at P30. New data presented in Figure 3C shows a significant increase in the number of CALB1+ cells at P30 compared to P1 and the total number of FEPs plus PCs at P1 was not statistically different than the number of PCs at P30. This result is consistent with the reviewer’s suggestion below that FEPs normally differentiate into PCs after birth. One alternative (and simpler) interpretation is that these FEPs are immature PCs that somehow can go back to cell cycle if their neighboring PCs are lost, and this ability diminishes as development proceeds (from P1 to P5). Indeed there is precedent in other neuronal types, such as horizontal cells in the retina, which can undergo cell division after fully differentiated in adults after loss of certain cell cycle inhibitor/tumor suppressor genes (Ajioka et al. , 2007). It is possible that transient down-regulation of these cell cycle inhibitors in immature PCs, triggered by environmental signals due to loss of neighboring PCs, could cause immature PCs to re-enter the cell cycle. To me, this alternative developmental plasticity is no less interesting.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Currently, the average coverage of KBAs by conservation areas is 43. 2% [22]. Therefore, prioritization of conservation efforts is necessary to cover all KBAs with conservation areas, namely protected areas or OECMs [15, 19]. 3. 3. 3 Global coverage of conservation areasBetween 2010 and 2019, the world’s protected areas expanded from 14. 1% to 15. 3% of the terrestrial areas and from 2. 9% to 7. 5% of the marine areas [14]. According to the official document on the UN biodiversity conference released at the end of 2022, currently, 17% and 10% of the world’s terrestrial and marine areas, respectively, are under protection [23]. 2022, the UN Convention on agreed to a new plan to preserve nature with the latest Framework. This framework has four overarching global goals and 23 targets for 2030. “Target 3,” one of the most prominent targets, calls for a significant increase in the areas covered by conservation status. This target requires conserving at least 30% of Earth’s land and sea areas by 2030 through protected areas or OECMs [23]. Advertisement 4. Natural disaster risks4. 1 Natural hazards and disaster risksFigure 5 shows the relationship between natural hazards and disaster risks. Natural hazards are extreme natural events that can harm humans and their activities. Natural hazards can be divided into two main categories, “climatic” and “tectonic” [8, 9, 10]. Climatic hazards occur when a region has certain weather conditions, for example, heavy precipitation can lead to flooding. Tectonic hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Figure 5. Factors influencing natural disaster risks. Disaster risk is widely recognized as the consequences of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places exposed and vulnerable [24]. Accordingly, there are three key elements that determine disaster risks: (1) intensity of natural hazards, (2) exposure to natural hazards, and (3) vulnerability to natural hazards. As demonstrated on the left side of Figure 5, “climate change impacts” intensify climatic hazards. Meanwhile, as shown on the right side of Figure 5, there are two disaster risk reduction strategies, “reducing exposure to hazards” and “reducing vulnerability to hazards.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We fully agree with the reviewer’s hypothesis, and indeed our new data described above supports the idea. We have also performed immunofluorescent analysis on sections at P1 for KI67 and P27kip1, followed by quantification of fluorescent intensity of either marker in the nucleus of FEPs compared to CALB+ PCs. This data is represented in new Figure 3—figure supplement 7. Although both populations showed overall weaker staining for both markers compared to granule cell precursors, we observed that FEPs had significantly lower P27 levels and higher Ki67 levels compared to PCs at P1. We have removed statements regarding the unipotency of FEPs from our manuscript, since we do not have the tools (FoxP2-FlpoER mice) for inducible fate mapping. We have added a discussion of possible alternative developmental plasticity phenomena to our revised paper. I have a few other technical critiques: 1) It seems unusual that there are fewer tdT+ neurons in the Pcp2-Cre;Ai14;mouse following DT injection (see Figure 1J-M and compare Figure 1P and 1Q). Is Pcp2-Cre, which should be expressed in all normal PCs after P7, no longer active in these "new" PC replacement cells? If so, how do we know these are real and/or functioning PCs? Thank you for pointing this out. All the reviewers had a similar expectation. In our hands, however, the recombination efficiency of Pcp2-Cre is highly variable and lower than previously reported. We have analyzed litters from different males, but were unable to achieve higher recombination. We added a more extensive analysis of the recombination efficiency at P1, P5 and P30 to our revised manuscript. This analysis shows no increase in the recombination efficiency after P1 (Figure 1—figure supplement 1F). We also show that following ablation at P1, all of the TdT-expressing cells are cleared and replaced within a week after injury, and that of the ~50% newly regenerated PCs, ~50% turn on TdT+ with time. This percentage is similar to the 50% of cells that normally express TdT and therefore results in a reduction in the total number TdT+ cells at P30 in P1-PC-DTR mice, compared to controls.

Output: contrast