Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-120269/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published14 Dec, 2020Read the published version in AMB Express →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSynthetic fungicides are eco-unfriendly to agriculture and the environment. (AJ), which originates from organic wastes, has the potential to be a substitute for synthetic fungicides. In this study, the characteristics of AJ and its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea were investigated for the first time. AJ was rich in lactic acid (4. 46 g/L), acetic acid (1. 52 g/L), Lactobacillus (72. 45 %) and Acetobacter (15. 23%), which was a microbial ecosystem consisting of acid-based substances (AS) and beneficial microorganisms (BM). The results of the antifungal assays suggested that B. cinerea was effectively inhibited by AJ, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9. 24%. AJ showed the strongest and most-lasting inhibitory effect compared to cell-free supernatant and microbial solution of AJ, indicating that AS and BM and their synergistic effect contributed to the antifungal activity of AJ. Two-step inhibition’ is an antifungal mode of AJ. Firstly, AS not only inhibited the pathogen directly but also provided a dominant niche for BM of AJ. Then, BM in AJ, especially Acetobacter, proliferated and metabolized acetic acid continuously. Thus, AJ achieved high-efficiency and long-acting inhibition. AJ is a promising biological agent considering its features of an eco-friendly, low-cost and easy-to-operate biological agent in rural areas& Policyactivitybiological agentsynergistic effectsBotrytis cinereaFiguresFigure 1Figure 1Figure 2Figure 2Figure 3Figure 3Figure 4Figure 4Figure 5Figure 5Figure 6Figure 6Figure 7Figure 7The antifungal activity of AJ against cinerea was studied for the first time. AJ was an ecosystem and achieved an effective and lasting antifungal activity. AS, MB and their synergistic effect contributed to higher inhibitory rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of ancient plant remains can reveal past agricultural practices. [SEP] Text: Skip to content (Set) PUSH (Seismic Hazard) STAMP (SiTe AMPlification) and (Web) Temblor (iOS) Temblor (Android) Insurance & a retrofit my building? buy insurance? Living with a safe home in earthquake country How to prepare for an earthquake How to get involved X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes Posted on December 30, 2021December 31, 2021 by studying sedimentary layers beneath a lake in Indonesia, researchers developed a new technique that can date earthquake doublets within the hour. Koenig, Ph. D. , (@Lauren_A_Koenig) Reporting by (@geologiststephy) Citation: Koenig, L. , 2021, X-rays can reveal massive, ancient two-for-one earthquakes, Temblor, Resolving the details of prehistoric earthquakes is a notoriously difficult task, involving piecing together the zigs and zags of sedimentary layers and other lingering clues offset in their wake. But evidence of these ancient disruptions may actually have been caused by earthquake doublets – two earthquakes with similarly high magnitudes that rupture nearby faults within a few hours of one another – and there is now a way to prove it. In a study presented at the Union’s fall meeting last week, researchers describe a new technique to illuminate the paleoseismic record concealed beneath the murky waters of natural lakes. The methodology is based on analyzing the flow direction of turbidites, which are layers of sand and mud formed by underwater landslides. The study’s lead author, Katleen Wils, a postdoctoral fellow at Ghent University, and her colleagues identified the imprint left behind in the sediment when two consecutive earthquakes — like a heartbeat — pulsed and churned a natural lake in Indonesia. Wils’ new findings were born from a field expedition to Sumatra, Indonesia. The island is located along the Sunda megathrust, where the Indo-Australian tectonic plate dives beneath the Eurasian plate in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. The research team chose — located in the crater of a volcano — as their testing grounds. Surrounded by stunning mountain views, the stretch of sapphire water rests atop the Sumatran fault. On either side of the lake lie the Sumani and Sianok segments, which caused magnitude-6. 4 and magnitude-6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Tree biodiversityOne thousand and thirty-five specimens of trees with a dbh (diameter at breast height) ≥2. 5 cm were identified. These belonged to 632 species and 77 families. The highest number of species was reported from AR-PR (n = 341) (Londoño and Alvarez 1997), followed by AM and AR forest plots (Fig. 4; Table 3, Suppl. Table 2). However, one needs to take into consideration that the plots studied differed in size (see ‘Materials and methods’). When the plots in Amacayacu and Araracuara, excluding AR-PR, are compared, 35 (32. 7 %) plant species occurred in two plots, 13 (15. 8 %) were present in three plots, three species (3. 6 %), viz. , Garcinia macrophylla, Miconia sp. 3 and Neea divaricata were identified from four plots, and Clathrotropis macrocarpa and Inga sp. 2 were observed in six plots (see Suppl. Table 2). Within AM, biodiversity similarity between várzea forests (AM-MFIS and AM-FPF) and terra firme forests (AM-MF and AM-RF) was low (SSI 0. 09), thus indicating that these two types of forests differ greatly in their plant biodiversity. The two forests occurring on the flood plains (AM-FPF and AM-MFIS) showed a low similarity value (SSI 0. 216), and this was also true for those occurring in the terra firme areas (AM-MF and AM-RF, SSI 0. 248). Thus, plant biodiversity differs widely between the four types of forest studied in Amacayacu. A similar comparison between the plots located at the Araracuara site showed low similarity values indicating a low number of shared plant species. From the 75 identified tree species in the Araracuara plots, only Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae) occurred in all four successional plots (viz. , AR-18y, AR-23y, AR-30y and AR-42y) and the mature forest (AR-MF). The tree species Miconia sp. was reported from four successional plots but not in the mature forest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: fungi can infect soil and crops, resulting in heavy losses of yield, quality and economy. Botrytis cinerea is a common and extremely harmful soil-borne pathogen in agricultural production, which can attack the leaves, flowers and fruits of crops (Santos et al. 2004). Grey mould disease caused by B. cinerea occurs on at least 200 plants, especially cash crops, such as vegetables, fruits and medicinal herbs (Panebianco et al. 2015; Xu et al. 2017). B. cinerea is a haploid, necrotrophic and heterothallic ascomycete. The complicated aetiology and the multiple ways of aerial growth make it difficult to prevent and control B. cinerea (Jeong et al. 2013). At present, several chemical fungicides are used to control B. cinerea, including hydroxyanilides, phenylpyrroles, anilinopyrimidines, dicarboximides and carboxamides (Myresiotis et al. 2007). This method is not recommended due to its negative impact on the environment and safety production. More seriously, the long-term application of synthetic fungicides leads to resistance to pathogens and reduces biodiversity (Yildirm and Yapici 2007; Sun et al. 2019; Baraldi et al. 2002). Therefore, it is essential and urgent to develop ecological and sustainable methods to reduce or replace synthetic fungicides (Aqueveque et al. 2017; Rosado-Álvarez et al. 2014). Currently, substitutes for synthetic fungicides mainly include botanical fungicides and biological agents. Botanical fungicides such as essential oils, chitosan and terpenoids have been reported to have antifungal activity against B. cinerea (Aqueveque et al. 2017; Ben-Shalom et al. 2003; Bi and Yu 2016). Biological agents such as Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus licheniformis are effective antagonistic microorganisms (Santos et al. 2004; Trias et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2006). The inhibitory effect of botanical fungicides is stable, but the complex extraction process and high cost make it impossible to apply for all farmers to use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of ancient plant remains can reveal past agricultural practices. [SEP] Text: 3 earthquakes to occur within two hours of one another in 2007. Because this event was confirmed to be a doublet at the time, Wils and her colleagues collected four cores from the lake and found a turbidite that could reveal what doublets look like in the sedimentary record. The boat used by the researchers to conduct coring on Lake Singkarak. Credit: How turbidites record the past The submerged slides of water and sediment that create turbidites, like the one Wils found in Lake Singkarak, are often triggered by an earthquake during a process called slope failure. As the motion subsides, denser and coarser grains sink from the current first, leaving finer grains and clay to alight atop the mass. The muddy material deposited between turbidites serves as a record of the amount of time between successive quakes. Turbidites are formed by underwater avalanches at the edge of continental shelves or deep lakes with steep slopes from the shelf along the shoreline. The material that settles at the bottom of the shelf tends to consist of sand and similar coarse material, grading upwards into siltstone which is formed by the fine grained mud that settles more. Credit: Oggmus (CC BY-SA 4. 0), via But when an earthquake doublet disturbs a lake, it does not result in separate turbidites. Instead, a single turbidite is made from multiple “pulses” to the coarse-grained lakebed. Because of the time-lag between the individual currents triggered by each earthquake, a distinct pattern forms: instead of settling into the normally graded “coarse-to-fine” deposit, the sediments are shaped into “coarse-fine-coarse-fine-clay” striations, like a hastily assembled layer cake. Finding evidence of multiple pulses closely offset in time that originated from the same area (as verified by flow direction indicators in the turbidites) are key for matching a particular turbidite to an earthquake doublet. Resolving grainy vision and her team began to analyze the turbidite from Lake Singkarak, they encountered an apparent paradox: they needed to examine the positions of the sedimentary grains at high resolution but moving the grains out of the core to do so would irreparably disturb their orientation. and some of her colleagues from Indonesia retrieve one of the sediment cores used to study the earthquake doublet.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Seven tree species (Cecropia sp. 1, Clathrotropis macrocarpa, Goupia glabra, Inga sp. 2, Miconia minutiflora, Miconia prasina, Miconia sp. 3) were mostly present in the early successional stages (see Suppl. Table 2), 10 species (Annonaceae sp. 4, Guatteria stipitata, Inga sp. 1, Inga sp. 3, Jacaranda cf. copaia, Lauraceae sp. 1, Moraceae sp. 5, Nectandra sp. 1, Pourouma bicolor, Swartzia sp. 1) were present in two plots only, and the remaining 54 species were restricted to one of the plots. Importantly, the putative ectomycorrhizal tree species Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) showed the highest Index (IVI) of 6 % in AR-PR (Londoño et al. 1995). Cluster analysis of tree and fungal biodiversity yielded similar patterns (Fig. 6). Similar to the macrofungi (Fig. 6a), the plant species composition clustered according to the two regions (Fig. 6b). The plants from AR-PR, however, clustered differently from the pattern obtained for the fungi and seemed to be the most deviating if compared to the other AR as well as the AM plots. The ratio between macrofungi—and tree species with dbh >2. 5 cm for all AR plots was 0. 7, but varied between 1. 23 and 2. 19 for the regeneration stadia (AR-18y, 23y, 30y and 42y), and was 0. 37 for AR-MF. For the AM plots this ratio was 0. 30 and varied from 0. 26 to 0. 35. For AR-PR the value was 0. 26 but this was based on all plant species that were reported by Londoño and coworkers. DiscussionThis study constitutes an analysis of macrofungal diversity from two regions in the that are separated by approximately 300 km. The forests in Amazonia constitute a mosaic of different forest types with local and particular assemblages (Gentry 1988b; Tuomisto et al. 1995; Hoorn et al. 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: Although biological agents are sustainable, they are not widely used due to cumbersome operation and unstable activity. Thus, high-efficiency, low-cost and eco-friendly products are essential, which should be an ecosystem rich in antifungal substances and antagonistic microorganisms to ensure the inhibitory effect and offset the above shortcomings. In recent years, (AJ) attracts widespread attention and large-scale application as a biological agent in agricultural practice in China. AJ has many advantages, such as sustainability, stabilisation, handleability, low-cost and use of simple equipment. This novel biotechnology can break the bottleneck of fungicides. In general, the AJ is diluted 1:200–500 times and applied to farmland once every 3–7 days. The dosage is about 2–3 L/m2. According to the Standards of the People’s Republic of China of the Guidelines for Classification and Plant Jiaosu, AJ is defined as an ecological product made via fermentation using organic wastes as substrates (MIIT-China, 2018). Previous studies have shown that AJ contains acid-based substances (AS), such as lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA), and beneficial microorganisms (BM), such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB); (Selvakumar and Sivashanmugam 2017; Arun and Sivashanmugam 2015; Rahman et al. 2020; Di et al. 2020), which are verified to show the inhibitory ability against B. cinerea (Trias et al. 2008; Drysdale and Fleet 1989; 2013; Lagopodi et al. 2009; et al. 2014; and Leroy 2020). As an ecosystem of AS and BM, AJ has displayed a strong antifungal activity in rural regions of China. However, systematic research is insufficient in the academic community. Scientific experiments are urgently needed to provide theoretical support for the application of AJ. There is no relevant literature on the antifungal potential of AJ on phytopathogens. In this study, the antifungal activity and mechanism of AJ against B. cinerea were investigated for the first time.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of ancient plant remains can reveal past agricultural practices. [SEP] Text: Credit: “The problem is that these lakes are mostly made of fine grains, and to see what’s going on you have to basically use a microscope without destroying the original alignment of grains,” says Wils. turned to high-resolution X-ray computed tomography — a CT scan, similar to what you might get for a complex bone fracture, except for rocks and sediment — as a means of keeping the sample intact while viewing it with astounding clarity. “The grains you can distinguish with certainty at this resolution are about 100 micrometers, or even less in size,” says Wils. “You can really look into detail at each individual grain that’s in this deposit. ” Because sedimentary grains tend to align in the same direction in a flow, Wils could use information about paleomagnetism and grain size to match the original slope failure to the location of the faults surrounding the lake. The last step was to confirm what she saw with the known timing of the individual earthquakes. “In this case, because the events happened in 2007, they know exactly what happened and it’s a very nice proof-of-concept,” says Belle Philibosian, a research geologist at the U. S. who was not involved in this study. “You can actually distinguish events on the order of hours, which is just phenomenal. ” New tools for old problems Paleoseismic researchers often rely on one of two classical techniques to date prehistoric earthquakes. Some measure landscape features, like small streams or gullies, that can exhibit a similarly sized offset if they were both shifted by the same earthquake. Others dig trenches into the earth and examine the walls for patterns of sedimentary disruption caused by earthquakes across different time scales. But ordinarily, these techniques cannot distinguish between events spaced hours — or even a decade — apart, says Philibosian. X-raying turbidites provides another tool to tackle this problem from multiple angles. “The real power of the turbidites is giving you that very fine time resolution,” says Philibosian. “We could go back and look at turbidite records of pre-historical earthquakes where we don’t know the sequence of events, and then combine that with paleoseismic trenching or other types of studies to build a picture of what happened.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Eighty six percent of the macrofungal species were found in just one of the 11 plots studied indicating a relative high level of differentiation in species composition between the plots. This was not only observed for forests from two distantly located regions (viz. , Araracuara versus Amacayacu), but also for those occurring within each region. Our observations are in agreement with Lodge (1997) who noted that fungal communities in lowland forests in Ecuador can widely differ at short distances of even a few meters. The observation that the macrofungal species composition differs between the various forest types may be a consequence of ecological specializations of the species involved. Ectomycorrhizal relationships are an example of such an ecological specialization (Alexander and Selosse 2009, Smith et al. 2011). The putative ectomycorrhizal relationship between some groups of macrofungi and Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) in AR-PR constitutes an ecological variable needed to understand the observed fungal biodiversity of this forest type. All other plots apparently lacked ectomycorrhizal trees and fungi, and, therefore, this unique feature of the AR-PR plot contributed to the noted macrofungal species diversity of this forest. Singer and Aguiar (1979) emphasized that ectomycorrhizal species occur on sandy soils in the Amazon and the AR-PR plot seems to support this suggestion. The many wood-inhabiting fungi that occurred after cutting down the trees in AR-1 yr (see also above) and that seem to form sporocarps under more dry conditions are another example of a specific guild of fungi. However, the rarity of many species, expressed here as singletons in the analysis, indicates that the species richness estimators have to be interpreted with caution as they may have rather broad confidence limits as asserted by Magurran and Queiroz (2010). It is unlikely that a single model explains the patterns that influence species diversity for any group of organisms in different ecosystems. Many hypotheses resulting from meta studies explain the distribution and patterns of species richness of birds (Davies et al. 2007; Rahbek et al. 2007), vascular plants (Kreft and Jetz 2007), and plants and animals (Hawkins et al. 2007; Whittaker et al. 2007), but none of these studies took fungi into account.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: , 2012), we surmised that, like other loss-of-function MFN2 mutants (Flannick et al. , 2014; Steinberg et al. , 2015), MFN2 Q400 could have pathophysiological relevance. We therefore designated it a candidate cardiomyopathy modifier and proceeded with detailed investigations. Figure 1 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Morphological effects of disease-related MFN2 mutants on mitofusin null and normal mitochondria. (A) Hypothetical structures of human MFN2 in the basal/closed (left) and active/open (right) conformations. Domains are color-coded: green, GTPase; red, first heptad repeat (HR1); blue, second heptad repeat (HR2). Arrows indicate positions of human disease-linked MFN2 mutants of primary interest. (B) Sequencing pherogram from a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy subject showing heterozygous MFN2 R400Q mutation (arrow). (C) Immunoblot of wild-type (WT) and mutant MFN2s expressed in Mfn1/Mfn2 double knockout (DKO) murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In all studies, adenoviral β-gal is negative control; β-actin is loading control. (D) Intrinsic fusogenic activity of WT and mutant MFN2 expressed in cells, assayed as increase in mitochondrial aspect ratio compared to β-gal. (E) Same as (D) except MFNs were expressed in WT MEFs to reveal effects on endogenous MFN1 and MFN2. Unless otherwise stated, in all graphs black is WT MFN2, green is GTPase domain MFN2 mutants, red is HR1 domain MFN2 mutants. Numbers in bars are independent experiments for 6–30 cells per experiment. p-Values used ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Figure 1—source data 1 gnomAD MFN2 coding variants. Red font indicates variants found in CM. Download elife-84235-fig1-data1-v1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The study of ancient plant remains can reveal past agricultural practices. [SEP] Text: ” Double trouble Because this is the first time researchers have detected distinctive imprints left by an earthquake doublet, scientists can now better characterize the seismic hazard of a particular place prone to such dual events – even if it has not experienced extensive seismic activity since detailed records became available. Knowing that a second earthquake is likely to strike on the heels of the first is also essential for public safety and government planning. “If we see these duplex events are a regular pattern, we can start educating people, saying ‘okay, if you feel an earthquake, be prepared for a second one,’” says Wils. “Because when people start going back to their home and collecting things after an earthquake, that’s actually more dangerous. There might be a second shock just a few hours later. ” Cnudde, V. , & Boone, M. N. (2013). High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: A review of the current technology and applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 123, 1-17. Libretexts. (2020, June 3). Turbidites. Geosciences LibreTexts. 17, 2021, from Wald, L. , & Scharer, K. (n. d. ). Introduction to paleoseismology. Introduction to Paleoseismology. 17, 2021, from Wils, K. , Daryono, M. R. , Praet, N. , Santoso, A. B. , Dianto, A. , Schmidt, S. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). The sediments of in reveal their earthquake, volcanic and rainfall history. Sedimentary Geology, 416, 105863. Wils, K. , Deprez, M. , Kissel, C. , Vervoort, M. , Van Daele, M. , Daryono, M. R. , … & De Batist, M. (2021). Earthquake doublet revealed by multiple pulses in lacustrine seismo-turbidites. Geology, 49(11), 1301-1306. Latest posts by Temblor (see all) Why do the largest continental earthquakes nucleate on branch faults?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: This is not only true for macrofungi, but also for species of genera such as Penicillium (Houbraken et al. 2011) and Trichoderma (Lopez-Quintero et al. unpubl. observ. ) and most likely many more. Summarizing, the accumulation curves of species in this study are still increasing, thus indicating that the forests studied support an even higher biodiversity of macrofungi. The number of shared species within the forests occurring in Araracuara and Amacayacu was found to be significantly larger than those between the regions, thus suggesting spatial differentiation of the macromycobiota. In Amacayacu, mushroom communities differed between forests on terra firme and regularly flooded forests (i. e. várzea). A putative ectomycorrhizal forest type dominated by Pseudomonotes tropenbosii yielded some candidate ectomycorrhizal species. A recently cleared patch of forest gave a high number of dead wood-inhabiting fungi. The forests patches studied differed in macrofungal and plant species composition, suggesting complex spatial–temporal relationships between fungal biodiversity and vegetation, plant diversity and soils. The question remains whether it is possible to get a reliable total estimate of macrofungal diversity in such tropical habitats as even after 20 years of intense sampling in a European forest macrofungal species new to the plots still appeared (Straatsma et al. 2001; Egli et al. 2006). An increased future sampling effort is needed to further confirm the differences observed in the species distributions in the different forest plots.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: MFN2 phosphorylation on these residues and its control of mitochondrial fate are mechanistically linked by altered MFN2 protein partnering as a consequence of phosphorylation-induced changes in MFN2 conformation (Dorn, 2020). Here, we considered that the location of the MFN2 R400Q and M376A mutations near PINK1-phosphorylatable MFN2 S378 and S442 might alter MFN2 conformational switching. Indeed, FRET studies revealed impaired transitioning of both MFN2 R400Q and M376A from the open/fusion-active conformation to the closed/fusion-inactive but mitophagy-permissive conformation. By comparison, GTPase-defective MFN2 mutants readily changed conformation. Our data do not indicate that these two HR2 domain mutations are permanently fixed in either conformational state, but that their transitioning from one conformation to the other is retarded. Lack of conformational malleability did not distinguish between the cardiomyopathy- vs. the neuropathy-associated MFN2 mutants. Neither did impaired catalytic activity. While most CMT2A-associated MFN2 mutations occur in the GTPase domain, MFN2 M376A/V is in the HR1 domain and, like R400Q, has normal GTPase activity. Here, mitochondria expressing GTPase-defective MFN2 mutants were both fragmented (from impaired fusion) and depolarized (from degeneration of the mitochondrial respiratory chain). Consistent with respiratory impairment, Seahorse studies revealed severely depressed mitochondrial oxygen consumption in MEFs and H9c2 cells expressing GTPase-defective MFN2 mutants. By contrast, MFN2 HR1 domain mutants M376A and R400Q had normal GTPase activity; mitochondria expressing these mutants, while fragmented, were normally polarized and with only mildly impaired respiration compared to WT MFN2. These findings suggest that mitochondrial depolarization (rather than just fragmentation) may play an important pathological role in CMT2A, but not cardiomyopathy. Our data provide a scientific foundation supporting consideration of human genetic mutations that suppress cardiomyocyte mitophagy as candidate risk modifiers for myocardial disease. For MFN2 R400Q, the genetic association between this mitophagy-modifying mutation and human cardiomyopathy is intriguing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 422. Published online: August 31, 2020 DOI: Relationship between in Agro-in a and the Level of Stress and Sook Jang, Sun-* of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea *Corresponding author: Eunha Yoo, galaxyoo@korea. kr First author: Jang, jhs915@korea. kr 14, 2020, 27, 2020, 3, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was conducted to find out the effects of healing farm resources and participant satisfaction on the level of stress and loyalty. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 18 subjects who participated in agro-healing activities (aged 49. 5 years on average) and the concentration of cortisol, the level of stress and satisfaction with the services and program of a healing farm. The healing-agriculture activities were performed once a week, a total of 7 sessions, for 90 minutes and their saliva was collected before and after the activities. Results: The concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone, was statistically significantly reduced after the healing-agriculture activities in 5 out of 7 sessions. The total cortisol concentration showed statistically significant differences. The 6th session was comprised of different activities, compared to others, such as understanding weeds, managing a garden and making a pizza with fermentation enzymes, and the level of cortisol in the 6th session was the lowest after participating in the agro-healing activities, which indicated that the activities have the positive effect of lowering the level of stress. The level of stress was lowered from 18. 39 to 16. 78, which was consistent with the results of the concentration of cortisol. The level of satisfaction in the last session was below 50%, which indicated that the owner of the farmmight be a little inexperienced in education and marketing on information and safety. The variables of participants including stress and satisfaction with services showed a strong influence on their loyalty. Conclusion: Satisfaction with services and loyalty to the healing farm showed a very high correlation, which was statistically significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: a. s. l. We worked with two values, first, the absolute number of species in each altitudinal band; second, the density of species per 1,000 km2. The latter value, allowed us to assess if there were differences in absolute species richness or endemism per unit area. We also looked at the patterns of species distributions in the major geopolitical units (provinces in Ecuador, departments in Peru, cf. van der Werff and Consiglio 2004). We follow the Group (APG [Group] 2003), thus treating Leguminosae (including Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae) and Malvaceae (including Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Malvaceae) sensu lato. Buddlejaceae is included in Scrophulariaceae, Cecropiaceae in Urticaceae, Flacourtiaceae in Salicaceae. For nomenclature, we follow the Garden’s online database. ResultsWe found 193 species reported in both countries, 272 species for Ecuador (79 reported only for Ecuador) and 234 species for Peru (41 reported only for Peru). The most species-rich family was Leguminosae with 70 species, followed by Malvaceae (19 species) and Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae (12 species each). The most genera-rich families were Leguminosae and Malvaceae (with 34 and 15 genera, respectively), followed by Verbenaceae, Euphorbiaceae (both with 8 genera) and Cactaceae (7 genera) (Table 1). Most families were represented by few species. The 11 most speciose families (Table 1) accounted for 182 species (58% of the total) and 92 genera (51% of the total). Thirteen families were included having only one woody species present in SDFs in the region:. Table 1 Diversity and endemism of the most species and genera rich families in the seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and PeruFull size table We identified 67 species, which are endemic to either Ecuador (17 species), Peru (16 species) or the region (34 species) (Table 2). Most of them are typical for SDF vegetation, although some are also found in other vegetation types.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: After basal respiration measurements, the following were autoinjected in sequence: 1 μM oligomycin to inhibit ATP synthase, 1 μM FCCP to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, and 0. 5 μM rotenone/antimycin A to abrogate electron transport (non-mitochondrial OCR). Each experiment averaged five or more replicate wells, and each experiment was repeated with a minimum of four biological replicates. ATP-linked respiration is basal OCR–OCR after oligomycin injection. Maximal mitochondrial respiration is OCR after FCCP–OCR after rotenone/antimycin A. Flow cytometry of mitochondrial ROS production Request a detailed protocol H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were transduced with adenoviral MFN2 constructs as described. Then, 72 hr later cells were co-stained with MitoSOX Red (5 μM for 10 min at 37°C) and MitoFM 200 nM (Thermo Fisher, Cat# M36008 and #M7514, respectively). Fluorescence was analyzed on a ZE5 (Bio-Rad). Data were analyzed with FlowJo software version 10 and are presented as mean fluorescence intensity of five independent experiments. Creation of Mfn2 Q400 knock-in mice using Crisp/Cas9 Request a detailed protocol The knock-in strategy is schematically depicted in Figure 4—figure supplement 1A. gRNAs for in vitro testing were identified using Mfn2 sgRNA was cloned into BbsI digested plasmid pX330 (Addgene # 42230). sgRNA activity was validated in vitro by transfection of NIH3T3 cells using. Cell pools were harvested 48 hr later for genomic DNA prep, followed by Sanger sequencing of products spanning the gRNA/Cas9 cleavage site and TIDE analysis ( of sequence trace files. T7 sgRNA template was PCR-amplified, gel-purified, and in vitro-transcribed with the MEGAshortscript T7 kit (Life Technologies). T7 Cas9 template was PCR-amplified, gel-purified, and in vitro-transcribed with the T7 mMessage mkit (Life Technologies). After transcription, RNA was purified with Megaclear kit (Life Technologies).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: It also showed that participants’ stress level and satisfaction with the services and program of the healing farm have a strong influence on their loyalty. Key words: enzymes, program satisfaction, salivary cortisol, service satisfaction concept of healing as its original dictionary definition is “treating to cure an illness” and focuses on mental health, experience and human aspects instead of using scientific and technological approaches (Finkelstein, 2003). Unlike the heteronomous and deterministic meaning of treatment, the concept also focuses on autonomous and selective aspects (K. H. Kim, 2009). Ulrich et al. (1991) highlighted the importance of social elements such as those that affect healing environments including environmental control issues and positive physical environments. Choi and Kim (2002) classified healing environment elements into elements related to human, space and behaviors. Healing can be divided into two areas: healing as a role of protecting, complementing and preventing prior to the occurrence of emotional and physical damage; and healing as recovery, that is, treating trauma caused by accidents or severe mental and physical stress. The fundamental problems that threaten the physically or mentally stable state of humans and fundamentally can be caused by the stress that the humans experience (Kwon, 2015). People are exposed to various types of stress, which makes them unable to adapt to modern society or experience disorders (Davis and Emory, 1995). Severe or long-lasting stress causes mental instability and conflicts and poses continuous tension on the autonomic nervous system, and this often causes mental and physical disorders or diseases (McKenzie-Mohr et al. , 1995). Moreover, stress occurs in interactions between human and environment when the demand of the environment exceeds the capabilities of humans or when the demand of humans is not met by the environment. When this kind of stress or tension is not addressed or repeatedly occurs and lasts for a long time, this adversely affects psychological aspects such as depression and anger, physical aspects such as mental diseases and a decrease in immune function, and behavioral aspects such as aggression and overeating (Im, 1997). When humans recover from stress, however, positive emotions increase and negative emotions are suppressed (Ulrich, 1986). Physical activities that connect with the nature instead of artificial environments have positive effects on the psychological state of humans such as improved self-esteem or physical and mental stability (Yamaguchi et al. , 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Leguminosae is the family with most endemics (15 species), followed by Cactaceae (7 species) and Malvaceae (6 species). Thirty-four species have been assigned an IUCN red list category, 31 of which are also endemic to Ecuador, Peru or the region (2. Note the different y-axis scales. Solid line region, dotted line Ecuador, dashed line PeruFull size image Total area of the geopolitical units had no effect on total vascular plant species numbers, or on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of 0. 16, −0. 20 and 0. 37, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The total area between sea level and 1,100 m. a. s. l. had no effect on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of −0. 13 and 0. 0, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The analysis of species distribution by geopolitical unit showed that half of all species (51. 4%) have been reported in four or less provinces or departments (13. 1% in only one) (Table 2). Endemic species restricted to either Ecuador or Peru showed an extremely local distribution, 41. 2 and 56. 3% of them having been found in only one province or department, respectively; and all of them in four or less provinces or departments. Endemics of the area showed a wider distribution, half of them (18 species, 52. 9%) having been reported in four to six provinces and departments. Loja, Guayas, Manabí, Tumbes, and Cajamarca were the provinces and departments with most species (Table 3). The ratio woody SDF plants to total vascular plants is especially high in Tumbes. More than a third (37%) of the vascular plants reported for this department are characteristic of the woody SDF vegetation. Loja province had most endemics (40 species), most of which are endemic to the region (28 species), followed by the adjacent department of Tumbes (38 endemic species, 29 endemic to the region). In contrast, Esmeraldas province and department, where only small fragments of SDF remain, had only seven endemic species each.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2008. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. aids. 0000327440. 59032. 20 ‘They treat us like dirt. I just want to be treated like a normal human being. ’ An injecting drug user in Russia, 2004 Early struggles against forced testing and quarantine of people with HIV in the United States, the use of the courts to advance access to antiretroviral treatment in South Africa, and the defence of detained HIV activists in China all testify to the power of human rights advocacy in the service of public health. The growing crisis of HIV infection through injection drug use, now estimated to account for nearly one-third of new HIV infections outside sub-Saharan Africa, poses a similarly promising area for collaboration between human rights advocates and those seeking to deliver HIV services to injecting drug users. Such services have been growing since the 1990s, particularly in countries of eastern Europe, the former and Asia, where sharing of contaminated needles accounts for the overwhelming majority of new HIV infections. Wherever efforts to treat and prevent HIV among injecting drug users exist, public health practitioners encounter a familiar problem: the deep social marginalization of their target populations, in this case compounded by the hypercriminalization of drug use and the widespread violation of drug users' rights by law enforcement and other officials. The case of injection-driven HIV provides one of the starkest contemporary examples of the epidemiological impact of human rights violations. observes in this volume (pages S81–S92), mounting an effective public health response to the problem of HIV transmission through contaminated injection equipment is, from a public health point of view, straightforward. All member states of the have committed themselves to increasing the availability of sterile injection equipment, and the Organization has added methadone and buprenorphine, oral medications used to reduce cravings for and injection of illicit opiates, to its list of essential medicines. A view that takes in both public health and human rights concerns, however, moves beyond the question of HIV prevention technologies to recognize that risk is not limited to the moment of injection with a contaminated needle. It may begin minutes earlier, when a police officer confiscates a sterile syringe from one user and leaves him undergoing painful withdrawal symptoms. It may have begun when the country where the user lives banned the use of methadone for addiction treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: As the term, healing, started to emerge in Korean society recently, people’s interest in mental and physical healing has increased, and society as a whole starts to pay more attention to agro-healing that connects agriculture and agricultural resources with people’s happiness. Physical activities through agro-healing that gives people opportunities to contact with the nature allow to understand the important interactions between plant and human (Relf, 1990). Agro-healing using agriculture and rural environments such as plants, animals, landscapes and cultures may not be a pure therapy for the general public and the socially disadvantaged, but gives people comprehensive experiences with therapeutic values (Braastad et al. , 2007). All the agricultural and rural elements including agricultural activities, natural environments and cultural and emotional exchanges between people can be agro-healing resources. Healing farms where these resources can be utilized offer services with the help of mental health experts and agro-healing programs with meaningful physical activities in order to assist people to overcome difficulties that they face (Loue, 2016). In other words, agro-healing programs are not just to provide simple physical activities, but are designed to reduce anger and fatigue and to increase self-efficacy through activities using crops or vegetables (Park and Kang, 2017). In this regard, an academic forum led by the Administration was formed with agro-healing experts, administrators and other related officials in 2016 to institutionalize agro-healing, and the Agro-healing Research, Development and went through the plenary session in March, 2020, which further raised interest in healing farms. As economic development and an increasing national income in modern society have improved the quality of life of people in modern society and have enriched their life, many people not only consider environments and differentiating factors in making decisions but also pay more attention to the level of services to be provided and want to receive services of higher quality. However, only few studies have been conducted on the programs of healing farms or the satisfaction of participants with services. Against this backdrop, this study aimed to examine changes in the level of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone, and the level of perceived stress (Korean version) before and after participating in agro-healing activities in a healing farm, and to measure and analyze the satisfaction of users with the services of the healing farm after participating in the agro-healing program.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Our data indicated that it is by far the second most important family contributing to the number of genera (15 genera, 8% of the total), species (19 species, 6% of the total) and endemic species (6 species, 9% of all endemics), although our results were based on an expanded Malvaceae concept (including 14 species from the former Sterculiaceae, Tilliaceae and Bombacaceae). Especially interesting was the subfamily Bombacoideae, contributing with several taxa (9 species, 6 genera). Gentry (1993), referring to the northern Peruvian SDFs already stated, “Fabaceae is the most speciose and dominant family of trees. Bombacaceae, though less speciose, are represented by five different genera of large trees and are probably more dominant here than elsewhere on earth”, a statement that we can certainly extend to the SDFs in the region. A narrow concept of Malvaceae would place Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae in second place, all with 12 species. In contrast to the low generic and specific diversity (as compared to humid rainforests), levels of endemism seem to be among the highest in the continent. We found 67 endemic species, which represent 21% of the total of woody SDF species reported in the region. This percentage is similar to what Dodson and Gentry (1991) reported for the flora of a SDF in Ecuador and similar to their total estimate for the entire dry forest region in western lowland Ecuador. Considering only SDFs, they estimated that 19% of the species should be endemic (approximately 190 species). The whole flora of the region, including other vegetation types below 900 m. a. s. l. , was estimated at some 6,300 vascular plant species, of which 20% or 1,260 species would be strictly endemic to the region (Dodson and Gentry 1991). Kvist et al. (2004) found similar levels of endemism for the Gesneriaceae in Ecuador (23 of 107 species). These endemism levels are very similar to what Gentry (1982) estimated for the Chocó flora, one of the worlds most publicised regions in terms of plant diversity and endemism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: It may have begun when a drug user was evicted from her home during a term of imprisonment, leaving her with no place to inject but the street or a ‘shooting gallery’. Documenting these non-medical risk factors and ensuring the state's responsibility for them should be seen as central to preventing HIV among injecting drug users. Watch has amassed perhaps the largest body of documentation of human rights abuses that increase injecting drug users' HIV risk [1]. These may be divided into two overlapping categories. First are abuses leading to increased vulnerability to HIV. These occur when drug users are forced, most frequently by law enforcement, into situations in which syringe-sharing is likely if not unavoidable. For example, drug users are often incarcerated on petty offences, without due process, in detention facilities where syringe sharing is common and where HIV prevention services are lacking. Drug users are also subject to police violence (including, in some cases, the threat of extrajudicial execution) that forces them into unsafe and hidden locations where they inject hurriedly or share syringes. Second are a range of abuses that restrict access to a set of HIV prevention services that aim to reduce syringe sharing (and thus HIV risk) without insisting on the cessation of drug use. Collectively known as ‘harm reduction’, these include needle exchange programmes, opiate substitution treatment with methadone or buprenorphine and peer outreach services. Although demonstrated to be effective, harm reduction measures face extensive legal and administrative restrictions in countries where there are significant injection-driven HIV epidemics but few services for drug users. The result is that injecting drug users are effectively left with no choice but to share syringes. Human rights groups have increasingly argued that, without an equally effective method of preventing HIV in injecting drug users, legal restrictions on harm reduction programmes amount to a death sentence and thus an infringement of the internationally recognized right to the highest attainable standard of health [2], if not the right to life. The link between harm reduction and human rights goes deeper than legal arguments in support of a particular set of health services. In contrast to regulatory or political processes that often treat drug users much like illicit drugs, as something to be isolated, controlled, and contained, harm reduction emphasizes human dignity. Wodak writes that harm reduction embodies ‘the public health maxim of never letting the best (i. e. elimination of drug use) be the enemy of the good (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Based on the results, this study identified and suggested useful measures to continuously increase people’s participation in agro-healing activities in healing farms by improving the effects of agro-healing activities on stress and satisfaction with programs and user services. Selection of participants To examine the effects of agro-healing activities on the level of stress that middle-aged participants experience, the level of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone, and the level of stress were measured. Participants were recruited online with the support of the Technology Center. A total of 18 males and females (aged 48. 5±7. 55 years on average) were selected among those who were fully informed of the purpose of this study and measurement items and methods and voluntarily signed the research consent form. Their saliva was collected twice in each session at 3:30 p. m. before participating in agro-healing activities and at 5:30 p. m. after participating in the activities. They were instructed not to drink alcohol two days prior to collecting saliva, and were instructed to sleep long enough at the night before collecting saliva. Any beverages that contain caffeine including black tea, coffee and green tea, any beverages or foods that can stimulate saliva and smoking were prohibited two hours prior to conducting this experiment. Experiment materials and methods In this study, 4–5 participants were randomly grouped together and those in each of the four groups participated in agro-healing activities together (Fig. 1). Each group designed a vegetable garden (1. 5 m × 3 m) for agro-healing activities and about 10 species of horticultural plants were used in agro-healing activities such as raising vegetables and floricultural plants ranging from sowing indoor to harvesting, learning information required to perform agro-healing activities indoor and expressing themselves through activities such as cooking with fermented enzyme which the healing farm is specialized in. Physiological assessment of participants To assess the physiological conditions of participants, their salivary cortitol, a stress hormone, was measured, and their saliva was basically collected and measured at the same time before and after participating in each session of the agro-healing program (Choi et al. , 2014). In this study, the using a cotton roll was used to collect saliva.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: It was recently that the SDFs and the Chocó were jointly considered as one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, (Mittermeier et al. 2005), with an estimated endemism level of 25%. This estimation seems to hold true, at least for the woody component of the SDFs. There is little comparable information about levels of endemism in other SDF regions in the Neotropics as most data are from local checklists and inventories (e. g. , Lott and Atkinson 2006 for SDF floristic checklists in Mexico and Central America). Available data suggest that the SDFs are intermediate in levels of endemism as compared to other SDF regions. SDFs in eastern lowland Bolivia seems to have the lowest endemism level of all neotropical SDF regions with only three endemic woody species out of 155 reported trees, a fact probably explained by the recent geological past of the area into which the extant flora arrived from more northerly latitudes after the last glacial maximum (Killeen et al. 2006). Intermediate levels of endemism have been reported for the dry Andean valleys in Bolivia, where 18% of the total native flora is considered endemic (López 2003). A study of three plant families (Labiatae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae) in the same region showed higher levels of endemism (33%), although care has to be taken to extrapolate these figures as there is ample variation in the level of endemism between different families (Wood 2006). The highest levels of endemism in neotropical SDFs have been found in the and in Mexico. In the former, 41% of the 932 known plants are endemic (Silva et al. 2003), whereas 52% of the species of Leguminosae, the most important and dominant SDF family in the Neotropics, are restricted to this biome (Queiroz 2006). Finally, Mexican SDFs are estimated to have 60% of endemic species (Rzedowski 1991). Both countries have also variants of inter-Andean SDF, which are best represented in the long and deep valleys of Peru.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: Reference Werner-Seidler, Spanos, Calear, Perry, Torok and O'Dea2 Effect sizes are generally small but could still equate to meaningful, impactful change if scaled up across hundreds or thousands of schools. Reference Carey, Ridler, Ford and Stringaris3 Given that rates of adolescent mental health problems have increased in the past decade and that such problems often start during this age period, it makes good sense that secondary schools are viewed as ideal sites of prevention, treatment and support. The problem with school mental health interventions Unfortunately, this vision has not yet been translated into a reality, and we argue here that the potential benefits of school mental health interventions can also be their weaknesses. This is particularly relevant for universal interventions and approaches, in which all students are exposed to the same content (for example, whole-class lessons or school-wide awareness-raising initiatives). We argue that the generalised and widespread nature of these efforts means that some students could be taught information or strategies that are not only unhelpful or irrelevant to them but that may actively cause harm. Indeed, this concern is still relevant for some targeted small-group or one-to-one interventions. Below, we lay out emerging evidence that school-based approaches can cause harm in at least some adolescents and consider the mechanisms by which this might happen. A growing body of quantitative research indicates that some school-based mental health interventions can cause iatrogenic harm (adverse effects from the treatment approach itself). Psychological interventions more generally can lead to a range of harms,Reference Bonell, Jamal, Melendez-Torres and Cummins4 but this research in schools specifically demonstrates an increase in internalising symptoms relative to control groups. A meta-analysis of anti-bullying interventions found that, in some studies, students who were taught cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) skills experienced an increase in internalising symptoms relative to control groups. Reference Guzman-Holst, Zaneva, Chessell, Creswell and Bowes5 A randomised control trial of another CBT-based school intervention also found an increase in internalising symptoms in the intervention group compared with those who had their usual lessons. and Allsop6 These findings tell us there were instances when, on average, a participant was worse off receiving the intervention than not receiving it – i. e. this is evidence of iatrogenic harm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: When collecting saliva using the system, the sample can be easily contaminated by the hands or air, and standardized processes were strictly followed to minimize contamination and accurately collect salivary samples (Schwartz et al. , 1998). Salivary cortisol analysis was conducted using an kit (Salimetrics Inc. USA) and a (Molecular device, USA) and the unit of analysis was μg/dL. The collected data are interpreted as follows: the higher the concentration of salivary cortisol, the higher the level of stress, and the lower the concentration of salivary cortisol, the lower the level of stress. Psychological assessment tools (1) Korean version of perceived stress scale As a tool for assessing psychological characteristics, the Korean version of perceived stress scale was used. PSS-10 (Perceived stress scale) developed by Cohen and Williamson (1988) was translated by Baek (2010) into the Korean version of perceived stress scale (PSS:K). This scale is composed of 10 questions and the score of the questions that a participant marked was totaled and divided into four stages. The higher the total score, the higher the level of perceived stress. When the total score is lower than 13, it is Stage 1 (the level of stress is normal, and stressors themselves are not serious or are perceived as positive stress), and when the total score is 13 or higher, it is Stage 2 (respondents have already been affected by stress). When the total score is 17 or higher, it is Stage 3 (stress is likely to be developed into a mental illness), and when the total score is 19 or higher, it is Stage 4 (respondents need the intervention of professionals). A 5-point Likert scale (0: strongly disagree, 4: strongly agree) was used and Cronbach’s α was. 888. (2) Scale for assessing the satisfaction of participants with the services of the healing farm In this study, the satisfaction of users with the services of the healing farm was defined as “a way of treating each other as an attitude that people within an organization have towards each other (Parasuraman et al. , 1988). ” Based on “” devised by Parasuraman et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: The most important of these dry valleys, the Rio Marañon valley, is located east of the northwestern Peruvian coastal SDF and connected to them by the lowest mountain pass of the whole Andean chain, the (2,165 m. a. s. l. ). It has been suggested, that this pass has favoured the immigration and exchange of SDF biota, which evolved either in the Marañon valley or the coastal SDF (woody plants: Linares-Palomino et al. 2003; birds: Bird2003, herpetofauna: Venegas 2005). Thus, the strong presence of a group of woody species in the data, which are preferentially found at altitudes above 1,000 m. a. s. l. , could be composed of species that are also found in the Marañon valley. Indeed, several species show distributions extending into this valley (e. g. , Eriotheca discolor, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Loxopterygium huasango, Trichilia tomentosa, Clavija euerganea, Mauria heterophylla, Inga oerstediana). The altitudinal distribution of woody species and endemics showed two interesting relationships. In terms of absolute species numbers and endemics, the much more extensive coastal lowlands reported higher values than the sub-montane and mountainous areas. Nevertheless, once the effect of area had been taken into account by using the density of species per 1,000 km2, instead of absolute species numbers, an opposite pattern emerged, showing that species richness and endemics per unit area were highest in the mountains, and decreased substantially towards the lowlands. Similar results, although for greater elevational gradients (sea level to tree-line and above) and across several major vegetation types, were obtained by Borchsenius (1997) and van der Werff and Consiglio (2004) for the vascular floras of Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Both studies found that the density of endemic and restricted-range species was greater in the Andes than in the lowland areas on either side of these mountains. Furthermore, Borchsenius’ study suggested that the southern Andes, part of which is included in our study area, appeared to be particularly rich in endemic species. The geographical analysis by political units showed some interesting results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The ocean's ecosystem is so resilient that no human activity can cause lasting harm. [SEP] Text: It is also important to consider whether there are subgroups of adolescents who will experience harms from interventions, which may be masked when findings are averaged. For example, a recent trial assessing mindfulness lessons in secondary schools found that overall there was no change in depressive symptoms in the intervention (or control) group, but that adolescents with elevated levels of mental health symptoms at baseline experienced a small increase in depressive symptoms after the intervention, relative to those who had their usual social-emotional teaching. Reference Montero-and Hinze7 This should indicate to all researchers and clinicians that even if there is evidence that a school-based intervention is effective or ineffective on average, there may still be a minority of participants to whom it can actively cause harm. Powering trials sufficiently to allow for testing of such subgroup effects is as important as it is challenging. These findings should not be surprising. It has long been recognised that the psychological therapies on which interventions are based can cause harm in a minority of individuals, including adolescents. Reference Lilienfeld8,and Za'ba9 There is also an established body of literature demonstrating harms from public health interventions. Reference Bonell, Jamal, Melendez-Torres and Cummins4 As school-based mental health interventions similarly aim to change adolescents’ thoughts, feelings or behaviours, it is reasonable that this too might have negative effects for some individuals. Possible mechanisms To date, there has been very little investigation into why harms such as symptom increase occur in school-based mental health interventions. Here, we speculate that one relevant mechanism might be that interventions inadvertently encourage adolescents to ruminate on their negative thoughts and emotions. Indeed, qualitative studies highlight that although some adolescents find school mental health interventions helpful, others say the focus on negative thoughts made them feel more stressed and unhappy. Reference Bastounis, Callaghan, Lykomitrou, Aubeeluck and Michail10 Relatedly, if an adolescent is encouraged to label their negative thoughts and emotions with psychological or psychiatric terminology in school interventions, this might lead to changes in self-concept (e. g. ‘I have anxiety’) and changes in behaviour (e. g. avoidance) that ultimately increase distress and other symptoms in some adolescents. and Andrews11 The unique developmental features of adolescence may also be relevant. Adolescents are especially susceptible to peer influence, and school-based mental health interventions commonly occur in groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (1988) to measure the level of satisfaction of users with services provided for customers, assessment items were comprised of the following five dimensions: tangibles about the appearance of physical elements; reliability about dependability and accuracy; responsiveness about prompt responses and willingness; assurance about credibility, ability, courtesy and security; and empathy about desired communication, understanding of customers and approaches. To measure the satisfaction of participants in the healing farm program with services in this study, a total of 14 questions were designed and a 5-point Likert scale was used. Cronbach’s α of the satisfaction scale in this study was. 958. (3) loyalty means the loyalty that a consumer has when purchasing a product and Smith (1992) defined it as the measure of attachment that a consumer has towards a brand. Loyalty can be measured with the consumer’s intention to purchase the product again and to revisit the place (Lee, 2003) and is expressed as a consumer’s desire to re-purchase a product. It is also defined as a consumer’s commitment and can be divided into emotional, cognitive and behavioral loyalty (Oliver, 1999). When participants are satisfied with the activities of the agro-healing program, they have emotional and cognitive loyalty towards and thus intention to revisit the healing farm, and they tend to recommend the program to their acquaintances (Zeithaml et al. , 1996). The loyalty scale used in this study was the consumer loyalty scale developed by Gremler (1995), and the scale was revised according to the conditions of the agro-healing program (Table 1). A 5-point Likert scale was used and Cronbach’s α of the loyalty scale in this study was. 919. Content of 1–7 sessions of the agro-healing program provided by the healing farm The agro-healing program provided by the healing farm specializing in the functionality of ferment enzymes was operated in the outdoor and indoor spaces of the healing farm once a week, a total of seven sessions (Table 1), for 120 minutes between 15:30 and 17:30. The program was focused on agro-healing activities and was led by professional instructors and assistants. The main operator was the owner of the healing farm (doctor of counseling, healthy family specialist), and a special lecture was provided in each session by a professional instructor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Loja, Cajamarca and Esmeraldas are the units where most vascular plants have been reported (with total vascular plant endemics highest in Cajamarca and Loja, Bracko and Zarucchi 1993; Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999). In terms of woody SDF species, it seems that apart from Tumbes, Loja, and Cajamarca, the SDFs in the other regions appear to have been little collected. In addition, the high ratios of total vascular plants to woody SDF plants and of woody SDF endemics to total vascular plant endemics in Tumbes make this region probably the best representative of SDF vegetation in the study area. The geographical distribution analysis showed that a substantial amount of the species, non-endemics (27. 5%) and especially endemics (52. 9–87. 5%), have been reported in less than two provinces or departments. In some cases, this might be the result of little collecting (see below), but in the case of the endemic species, these are by definition restricted to a certain area and sometimes, within this area, they are rare and local. In the SDFs of the region, we face the severe problem of habitat destruction and some estimations consider that less than 5% of the area remains forested (Bird2003). The rarity of some species and habitat reduction potentially threatens the SDF. This could enhance so-called “Centinelan extinction” events, i. e. , the disappearance of rare and restricted species due to forest clearance (after the disappearance of several endemic species in Cerro Centinela, Ecuador, Dodson and Gentry 1991; Wilson 1992). In contrast to this country-level definition of endemism, endemic species to the Tumbesian region have much wider geographical distributions (e. g. , Aeschynomene tumbezensis, Carica parviflora, Tabebuia bilbergii, Eriotheca ruizzi and Pithecellobium excelsum). All five are characteristic (and in some cases dominant) trees and shrubs of the SDF in Ecuador and Peru, but not found outside this region. Collection intensity of woody plants in the region at altitudes below 1,100 m. a. s. l. has been unequal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography is a biophysical technique used to determine the structures of proteins and other biomolecules. [SEP] Text: In principle, any structure can be approximated at any resolution by a set of spheres of small enough diameter, and the solution scattering pattern of such a model structure can be calculated using the Debye formula (Debye, 1915). The procedure has been widely used in the past to derive the scattering profiles of many simulated structures (Witz et al. , 1964; Cantor and Schimmel, 1980; Glatter and Kratky, 1982), and there are now CPU-efficient algorithms for the speedy computation of the scattering profile of structures of even tens of thousands of scattering elements (Pantos et al. , 1996). This work focuses on the inverse scattering problem, which consists of deducing the possible structure(s) or shape(s) or structural changes of a macromolecule from its x-ray scattering profile to a given resolution. Contrary to the direct scattering calculation, the inverse problem cannot be solved analytically, i. e. , no “inverse Debye” formula can be constructed to yield 3D position coordinates from scattering data. Moreover, different models can present practically identical profiles to a given resolution, that is, in principle the inverse scattering problem has no unique solution. We will show how this ambiguity can be reduced. Several methods have been developed to date for extracting structural information (shape) other than what classical SAXS parameters offer (e. g. , radius of gyration, Rg). These procedures rely on an expert (human) modeler who generates and refines models compatible with experimental data by trial and error through an educated guess (Curmi et al. , 1988; Pilz et al. , 1990; Garrigos et al. , 1992; Wakabayashi et al. , 1992; Díaz et al. , 1994; Pantos and Bordas, 1994; Fujiwara et al. , 1995). This manual procedure is severely limited in its scope by the large number of configurations that need to be manually constructed and tested. It has frequently been used in comparing experimental data with profiles obtained from models derived from crystallographic structures, mainly for detecting changes between biological macromolecules in the crystalline state and in solution (Grossmann et al. , 1992, 1997; Evans et al. , 1994; Perkins et al. , 1991, 1993; Mayans et al. , 1995; Beavil et al. , 1995).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Special lectures were led by the owner of the healing farm (the head of the Research Institute), two professional instructors who majored in gerontology and pedagogy, two Eastern and Western food experts and two assistants who majored in horticulture. The overall agro-healing activities including vegetable garden activities were performed by randomly grouping 4–5 participants together, a total of four groups. In the 1st session, participants were informed of the direction of the program and materials to be used and instructors were also introduced. The understanding of fermentation and enzymes was promoted using audiovisual materials, and information on the process of the agro-healing program was provided. Participants introduced themselves and were grouped, and the concept of agro-healing and how to create a vegetable garden were explained. The introduction of the facilities of the healing farm and safety education were also provided, and participants sketched the design of their vegetable garden. After sketching, participants mixed the existing soil in their vegetable garden with a proper amount of bed soil and compost for the sowing and seedling to be performed in the next session. They also had time to experience waiting, patience, the value of labor and the preciousness of life through agro-healing activities. In the 2nd session, a straw hat to be used during activities in the vegetable garden was decorated, and participants with their decorated straw hat on created the vegetable garden of their group based on their sketch and sowed the seeds of summer vegetables including curled mallow, crown daisy and chard. In the 3rd session, seedlings of wrapping vegetables including marigold, salvia, ramie, basil and kale and floricultural plants were planted and the name plates of each group and plant were placed. After that, professional instructors explained the useful functions of fermented beet enzyme in an indoor space, and participants cooked chicken breast steaks using the beet enzyme and shared it together. In the 4th session, participants had time to talk about their favorite flower and why they like the flower, and to understand their preferred color and emotions utilizing color cards. In addition, under the theme of planting and giving a pet plant to myself as a gift, participants planted plants and shared their thoughts. They cooked tartes using fermented lemon enzyme while being informed of the functionality of the lemon enzyme. As a vegetable garden activity, participants weeded out the plants they sowed earlier, and earthed up the plants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Diversidade Genética Em Populações Candeia ((Dc. ) Macleish). Scientia Forestalis, 2006; 70: 97-106. ). According to the of Space Research, in 2017, the total deforested area in the had reached approximately 6,600 km2, which represents around 13% of its geographic area (INPE, 2017de (INPE). Coordenação Geral de Observação da Terra, 2017. < ). The northern region of State is a real example of this type of situation; in this case, due to the great agricultural expansion for the cultivation of soybean (Fearnside, 2017Fearnside PM. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. In: Wohl E, editor. in Environmental Science. Press: New York; 2017. ). In addition to having a direct impact on the number of individuals and reducing intra- and interspecific genetic diversity, deforestation is a constant threat to the genetic resources of the local biome. Genetic resources are crucial to pre-breeding programs of several endemic plant species of the Amazon, such as the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. ). This species belongs to the family Lecythidaceae, which comprises ten genera and approximately 150 species, most of which are found in the northern region of the country (Barroso et al. , 2002ães EF, Lima HC. Sistemática de angiospermas do Brasil. 2nd edn. de Viçosa, Viçosa: 2002). Brazil nut is an important non-timber forest product. It is considered a highly valued Amazonian genetic resource, in addition to being the target of constant projects for the development of sustainability and conservation of the Amazon (Clay, 1997Clay JW. Brazil nuts. The use of a keystone species for conservation and development. In: Freese CH, editor. Species - Implications for Biodiversity and Conservation. University Press. Baltimore: Maryland; 1997. ). At present, Brazil nut is used in agroforestry systems (Lobo et al. , 2013dos, Rosal LF. A Utilização de para Recuperação de uma Área de - Tomé-Açu, Pa. Cadernos de Agroecologia, 2013; 8(2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: X-ray crystallography is a biophysical technique used to determine the structures of proteins and other biomolecules. [SEP] Text: ∙ Crawley, J. B. ∙ Garratt, R. C. . . . Characterisation and structural analysis of a functional human serum transferrin variant and implications for receptor recognitionBiochemistry. 1994; 33:12512-12520CrossrefScopus (27)PubMed18. Forrest, S. Genetic algorithms: principles of natural selection applied to computationScience. 1993; 261:872-878CrossrefScopus (714)PubMed19. Fujiwara, S. ∙ Kull, F. J. ∙ Sablin, E. P. . . . The shapes of the motor domains of two oppositely directed microtubule motors, ncd and kinesin: a neutron scattering studyBiophys. J. 1995; 69:1563-1568Abstract(PDF)Scopus (14)PubMed20. Garrigos, M. ∙ Mallam, S. ∙ Vachette, P. . . . Structure of the myosin head in solution and effect of light chain 2 removalBiophys. J. 1992; 63:1462-1470Abstract(PDF)Scopus (11)PubMed21. Glatter, O. ∙ Kratky, O. X-Ray ScatteringAcademic Press, London, 198222. Goldberg, D. E. in Search, Optimisation and Machine LearningAddison-Wesley, San Mateo, CA, 198923. Grossmann, J. G. ∙ Abraham, Z. H. L. ∙ Adman, E. T. . . . X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation shows nitrite reductase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans to be a trimer in solutionBiochemistry. 1993; 32:7360-7366CrossrefScopus (60)PubMed24. Grossmann, J. G. ∙ Hasnain, S. S. ∙ Yousafzai, F. K. . . . The first glimpse of a complex of nitrogenase component proteins by solution x-ray scattering: conformation of the electron transfer transition state complex of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenaseJ. Mol. Biol. 1997; 266:642-648CrossrefScopus (22)PubMed25. Grossmann, J. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In the 5th session, after hearing know-how about maintaining vegetable gardens, participants performed activities in their vegetable garden as a healing space under the theme of maintaining the vegetable garden as my body. Participants were informed of the nutritional content and functionality of vegetables and fruits based on the classification of phytochemicals, the color of fruits and vegetables, and sketched the design of color food art. Using the prepared vegetables and fruits, they made their work and shared the meaning of their work with others. In the 6th session, under the theme that grasses are not a weed but a medicine, they learned about grasses and their classification and efficacy, maintained their vegetable garden and arranged farming tools. As an indoor activity, they made a healthy pizza using a ferment enzyme. In the 7th session, the last one, under the theme ‘who is my precious companion? ’ they learned about how to manage and propagate succulent plants and made their work with succulent plants to express their precious companion. In addition, the vegetables that participants cultivated in their vegetable garden were harvested, and after cleaning up the space used for the program, they shared the advantages and disadvantages of the agro-healing activities and what they felt with each other to wrap up the program. Statistical analysis In this study, statistical analysis was conducted using ver. 25. 0. The reliability of the measurement tools used in this study was analyzed by calculating Cronbach’s α. paired signed ranks test was performed to analyze the level of salivary cortisol and stress, and frequency analysis was performed on satisfaction with services provided by the healing farm, satisfaction with the program and sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, the correlation of satisfaction with services, satisfaction with the program, the level of stress and the level of salivary cortisol with loyalty was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis, and the impact of key variables of participants on their loyalty was analyzed using regression analysis. Results and characteristics The total number of participants were 18 (2 males, 16 females) and their average age was 48. 5±7. 55 years. The share of those in their 50s was 50. 0%, followed by 40s (38. 8%) and 20s and 30s (5. 6%) respectively, and the share of full-time housewives was highest (66. 6%), followed by others (27. 8%) and professionals (5. 6%).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Genetic diversity of the complex Paspalum notatum Flügge (Paniceae: Panicoideae). (Print), 2008; 55: 235-246. ; Almeida et al. , 2012. in Plants: in Aechmea fulgens (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) Revealed by (Mahmut Ç, ed). Open, 2012; 117-130. ). Brazil has an enormous plant diversity, especially in terms of native species, which are threatened by increasing the substitution of conserved areas for large tracts of agricultural land and farming practices (Tabarelli et al. , 2012. A conversão da floresta atlântica em paisagens antrópicas: lições para a conservação da diversidade biológica das florestas tropicais. Interciencia, 2012; 37(2): 88-92. ). Information about the genetic structure of populations of native species may help to explain the evolutionary factors and degree of diversity found in tropical environments. These, in turn, indicate how primary species behave and respond to the pressures caused by anthropic relationships (Eguiarte et al. 1992Eguiarte LE, Perez-Nasser N, Pinero D. . Heredity, 1992; 69: 217-228. ). The evaluation of genetic diversity is an important instrument currently used in population studies (Büttow et al. , 2010Büttow. Caracterização Molecular de Populações de (Arecaceae) do Sul do Brasil através de Marcadores AFLP. De Fruticultura, 2010; 32:230-239. ). Examining and quantifying genetic diversity in accessions of native populations may be an efficient strategy for in vitro conservation, allowing the conservation of accessions and collection sites; or ex situ conservation, through the creation of germplasm banks from seeds of those genetic materials. In view of the economic and environmental importance of the species B. excelsa for the Amazonian peoples, the present study proposes to investigate the existing genetic diversity among B. excelsa species in a native population of the Amazon forest. 2. of the B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Although there are variations in the breast MRI imaging protocol from institution to institution, standard breast MRI generally takes 30 to 45 minutes, usually consisting of a bright water signal sequence, dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) T1-weighted images, including 1 pre- and multiple post-contrast images, and possible additional sequences such as diffusion-weighted images (DWIs), high-spatial-resolution images, and non-fat-suppressed images, etc. The standard breast MRI consists of thousands of images to be interpreted by radiologists. The long study time also limits accessibility, as no more than 2 patients can be scheduled for conventional breast MRI in 1 hour. If we have to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer, this imaging protocol does not support the ability to screen women at an intermediate risk for breast cancer. A key advantage of the abbreviated breast MRI protocol is to reduce cost and increase accessibility as a screening study, by making the protocol simpler and shorter. Published data on abbreviated MRI report that the efficacy of breast MRI in terms of breast cancer detection is not affected by a reduction in the number of imaging sequences compared with the regular imaging protocol. 25–31 The term “accelerated MRI,” also known as ultrafast MRI, includes imaging techniques that acquire DCE-MR images in a very short time period. In clinical practice, morphologic evaluation and kinetic curve assessment are 2 major components of the interpretation process. The kinetic curve represents a change in signal intensity at a region of interest in relation to time; therefore, multiple sets of sequentially acquired post-contrast images are needed for dynamic kinetic information to be obtained. In standard breast DCE-MRI, each set of T1-weighted images takes 1 minute or more to acquire. Thus, data for the earliest time point are obtained at over 1 minute after contrast administration. However, assessing the changes in signal intensity in the earlier phases after contrast administration is considered to be more useful for detecting differential features in the vasculature for tissue characterization. Because of technical challenges encountered in clinical MR scanners, accelerated whole breast MRI has not been readily available. Recently, however, a few investigators have reported on the results of clinical studies using whole breast accelerated MRI techniques. 32–35 These studies suggest that the diagnostic performance with the accelerated MRI techniques is comparable to that with the standard MRI techniques.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: In terms of academic background, the share of those who were college graduates was highest (72. 2%), followed by high school graduates (22. 2%) and graduate school graduates (5. 6%), and in terms of the average monthly household income, the share of 2 million won or higher and 1 million won or lower was highest (35. 3%), followed by 4. 01 million won or higher (17. 6%), and 1. 01–2 million won (11. 8%). Changes in the cortisol level of participants after participating in agro-healing activities Changes in the cortisol level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities were examined, and the total average cortisol concentration reduced from 0. 084 μg/dL before participating in the agro-healing program to 0. 0631 μg/dL after participating in the program, showing the difference of 0. 21 μg/dL (z = 2. 809, p <. 01; Table 2). In addition, changes in the concentration of cortisol before and after participating in agro-healing activities were analyzed by session (a total of seven sessions), and the concentration of cortisol after the 2nd–4th, 6th and 7th sessions, except the 1st and 5th sessions, was reduced, showing statistically significant differences. Compared to other sessions, the concentration of cortisol after the 6th session showed a high significance (p <. 001) compared to the level before the session (Table 2). Therefore, agro-ealing activities seem to reduce the concentration of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone. The result of Jang, Gim, et al. (2019) that activities of maintaining a community garden and planting plants significantly reduced the total cortisol concentration of participants is similar to the result of this study that the agro-healing activities reduced the concentration of salivary cortisol, a stress hormone. In addition, the physical actions of agro-healing activities such as plowing the soil, sowing seeds, weeding out and watering plants (Matsuo and Miyajima, 1998) were reported to reduce depression or stress that participants experienced (J. Y. Kim, 2009; Kim, 2013). Jang et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Tocher’s method partially agreed with the UPGMA method (Figure 1), since group II generated by the former had the same composition as group V obtained by UPGMA. Tocher’s group I included all other groups formed by the UPGMA method (groups and IV); however, if the average distance of 0. 78 had been used as a cutoff point, there would be 100% agreement between the two clustering methods. Both methods have been widely used in studies of populations; records of similarities between both have been reported by several authors (Büttow et al. , 2010Büttow. Caracterização Molecular de Populações de (Arecaceae) do Sul do Brasil através de Marcadores AFLP. De Fruticultura, 2010; 32:230-239. ; Campos et al. , 2010. Avaliação de Acessos de Mandioca do Banco de Germoplasma da Unemat Cáceres - Mato Grosso. Revista Trópica - Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, 2010; 4(2): 44-54. ; Bertan et al. , 2014da, et al. Comparação de Métodos de Agrupamento na Representação da Distância Morfológica entre Genótipos de Trigo. Technology, 2014; 12(3): 279-286. ). Many specimens from the sampled area are drying and dying as a consequence of the drastic change in the natural environment of the species, which causes it to not adapt to the new microclimate conditions created after the disturbance. Forest fragmentation, which is a direct and inevitable consequence of deforestation, can affect the Amazon biome in many ways, altering the diversity and communities of the formed fragments, as well as changing ecological processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling and carbon stocking (Laurence & Vasconcelos, 2009). According to Tabarelli et al. (2012. A conversão da floresta atlântica em paisagens antrópicas: lições para a conservação da diversidade biológica das florestas tropicais. Interciencia, 2012; 37(2): 88-92.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: Each patient underwent a bitemporal breast MRI, consisting of 1 pre- and 4 post-DCE series [labeled as volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] interleaved with 20 ultrafast TWIST acquisitions during contrast agent uptake. Two expert radiologists serially evaluated the dynamic sequences with 2 objectives: (1) lesion visibility on TWIST versus VIBE acquisition, and (2) evaluation of the maximum slope (MS) of contrast enhancement versus time curve between lesions. This study showed that all 199 enhancing lesions were visible on both the TWIST and VIBE acquisitions (relative sensitivity: 100%). Furthermore, the study showed that the MS can be used as a unique dynamic parameter for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. On the basis of the ROC curve, the higher the MS, the more likely a lesion is to be categorized as malignant (area under the ROC curve = 0. 829). Their study showed that the ultrafast view-sharing sequence allowed for a shorter image acquisition time while still allowing for lesion detection and classification using MS. Platel et al33 further expounded on this technique by comparing the performance of morphologic and kinetic features derived from both the standard DCE-MRI sequence and the ultrafast view-sharing sequence. They found that the classification performance of kinetics combined with morphologic features was significantly better for the ultrafast technique. When the classification performance of kinetic features was singled out, the MS was seen to be the most distinctive in separating malignant from benign features. The results of this study confirmed the results of Mann et al. 32 They showed that ultrafast MRI protocols allowed for accurate characterization of contrast agent dynamics while still allowing for morphologic analysis due to the high spatial resolution. Issues to be verified in both studies include (1) Does the high spatial resolution of the TWIST sequence obviate the need for a high-resolution T2 sequence for definitive lesion characterization? (2) Does an abnormal screening MRI protocol using TWIST sequencing require a subsequent full-length breast MRI for lesion characterization? (3) Can the MS truly replace conventional dynamic information in newer breast MRI protocols? (4) Can the MS be used as the sole parameter for lesion classification? and finally (5) Can these results be translated to the detection and characterization of small lesions, which are the most common finding in a high-risk breast MRI screening setting?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: (2018) reported that the stress level of parents of elementary school students was reduced after participating in a program of cultivating plants, and Ulrich (1981), Kwak (2005) and Lee (2006) also reported that activities of cultivating plants in an artificial space or utilizing natural objects have environmental effects and also emotional effects such as psychological stability, composedness and reduced stress. These results support the result of this study that agro-healing activities reduced the concentration of cortisol, a stress hormone. Changes in the stress level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities Changes in the stress level of participants before and after participating in agro-healing activities were examined, and 9 out of 10 questions did not show any statistically significant difference. 8, ‘how often do you feel your condition is best? ’ showed a statistically significant difference. However, the total score of stress after participating in the entire sessions of agro-healing activities was statistically significantly reduced (Table 3). When these results were analyzed using the stress level table, the score before the program was the stage of over 18 (stress is likely to be developed into a mental illness) was lowered to the stage of over 16 (respondents have already been affected by stress), showing positive effects. Therefore, the result that agro-healing activities reduced the level of stress in this study can be interpreted that those activities can be useful for reducing the ever-increasing stress and depression observed in the recent COVID-19 outbreak. Urich (1984) and Cimprich (1993) reported that nature has positive effects such as reducing stress, increasing positive emotions and healing patients, and Shin et al. (2007) also reported that the physiological conditions of those with a sense of depression were positively stabilized only with activities of experiencing forests in nature. These studies support the result of this study that the stress level of participants was reduced after participating in agro-healing activities. Jang, Yoo, et al. (2019) also reported that the ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB) was measured to be high in most points after participating in agro-healing activities and that the ratio was high in T3 (temporal lobe) in charge of motor functions and O2 (occipital lobe) in charge of visual functions, which indicates that the activities are effective for stabilization and relaxation and supports the results of this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots, such as the Amazon rainforest, are regions with high species diversity and endemism. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the rare gecko Afrogecko ansorgi, described by Boulenger (1907a), as Phyllodactylus ansorgi and not collected again for nearly 100 years, was recently rediscovered and a re-assessment of its generic status is in preparation. In addition, ongoing surveys of the Project continue to confirm new species records for Angola, including most recently Pachydactylus wahlbergii (G Neef pers. comm. July 2018), previously assumed to enter southern Angola based on material collected on the Angolan-Nambian border in the 1970s (Haacke 1976b). Cryptic diversity in snakes is also being unravelled, and African forest cobras have been shown to include five species (Wüster et al. 2018), of which two enter Angola, whilst Angolan house snakes (Boaedon) is expected to comprise at least eight species, with four potential new country records, i. e. B. fuliginosus, B. radfordi, B. virgatus and B. mentalis (the latter signalled as a valid species by Kelly et al. 2011, and will be formally revived for western arid populations from to southwest Angola), revival from synonymy of two Bocage names for Angolan endemics, i. e. B. angolensis and B. variegatus, and two additional taxonomic novelties (Hallermann et al. personal communication). Overview of Reptile DiversityCheloniansThis ancient lineage of reptiles has relatively little global diversity and includes the greatest proportion of threatened reptiles, particularly in Asia. They are relatively poorly known in Angola, and their diversity is discussed below. The first sea turtle to swim in the early South Atlantic, after the separation of Africa and 90 Million years ago, was the extinct chelonian Angolachelys mbaxi, discovered in Angola in 2009 near the village Iembe, (Mateus et al. 2009). Five of the seven species of sea turtles in the world have been recorded from Angolan waters (Carr and Carr 1991), although only four occur regularly. They include (in decreasing order of abundance): (Lepidochelys olivacea), Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Turtle (Caretta caretta), and Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).

Output: corroborate