Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Even though the conventional tendency is not to include mRS score of 3 as a good outcome, this rule may not be appropriate for evaluation at discharge, but it is more suitable for evaluating third-month functional status. Institutes for Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores were recorded at admission. Gender, diabetes, hypertension, history of previous stroke, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, diagnosis of pneumonia during hospitalization in the stroke unit and atrial fibrillation were determined as possible indicators for poor functional outcome. To generalize results and implement preventative practices for the daily care of stroke, patients we did not focus on ischemic-stroke subtypes. Faculty of approved the study protocol (2020/1543). We used a decision tree method, chi-squared Detection (CHAID) to analyze our data set via (for the Social Sciences) version 25. CHAID is principally a multivariate analysis technique and is used as a prediction model for different fields including neurology (5). CHAID analysis is a very useful tool to analyze big data sets. CHAID is not hypothesis driven and is used to explore associations between different variables. Our stroke data set after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria consisted of a large amount of patients’ records which were suitable for CHAID analysis. Minimum number of cases was set 100 for the parent node and 50 for the child node. Maximum number of levels was 3 for CHAID. The significance level for splitting nodes and merging categories was determined as 0. 05. Significance values were adjusted using the Bonferroni method. CHAID method is widely used to analyze stroke databases. Stroke subtype cannot be identified sufficiently with this model but prediction of prognosis and risk factors associated with stroke are satisfactory (6,7,8). included 881 patients with IS in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned above. Demographical and clinical characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1. CHAID analysis revealed that the most important factor on mRS score >3 was pneumonia (Figure 1). Overall percentage of the model was found at 74% in the classification table for CHAID growing method. Figure 1. Decision tree results × Figure 1 pneumonia was found as a significant predictor for poor functional outcome, we analyzed possible risk factors associated with pneumonia. As expected, there was a statistically significant relationship between dysphagia and severe walking disability and pneumonia (p<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The temporal comparison between CBV and CBF dynamics demonstrated a slower return to baseline for CBV. This pattern has been observed before and is likely involved in producing the poststimulation BOLD fMRI undershoot (Buxton et al, 2004; Mandeville et al, 1999a). Our value of 0. 26 for the power law constant φ in the Grubb relation falls within the range of 0. 18 to 0. 29 when short stimuli are employed (Jones et al, 2001; Mandeville et al, 1999b; Sheth et al, 2004b). Across all stimulation frequencies, however, the value was 0. 38, somewhat outside the range but identical to the original report (Grubb et al, 1974). These results suggest a variable relationship between CBF and CBV that should be considered when converting between the two or modeling the BOLD response. Neurovascular CouplingBy recording field potentials simultaneously with hemodynamic signals, we obtained a measure of synaptic activity evoked by the stimulation, since field potentials are thought to reflect the weighted sum of postsynaptic currents (Mitzdorf, 1987). The degree to which hemodynamic responses propagate both retrograde and anterograde increases with increasing synaptic activity. Spatial extent scales linearly with field potential magnitude, suggesting that the mechanisms mediating vascular propagation are graded proportionally to synaptic activity. An important question is whether this vascular spread is simply the result of imprecise flow control or actually reflects underlying neuronal activity. Previous studies have shown that optical intrinsic signal imaging is sensitive to not only suprathreshold but also subthreshold cortical activity (Das and Gilbert, 1995; Toth et al, 1996). Therefore increasing lateral propagation of subthreshold activity could account for the vascular spread. In vivo evidence for horizontal spread of neuronal excitation has recently been provided in rat barrel cortex. Layer IV neurons receiving thalamocortical input project to layer II/III neurons vertically in the same barrel, without horizontal spread. Layer II/III neurons share long-range horizontal connections, allowing excitation propagation laterally within layer II/III. Using whole cell recordings and voltage sensitive dye imaging, Petersen et al (2003) showed that subthreshold activity in layer II/III spreads through horizontal connections in a stimulus strength-dependent manner. In our data, decreasing stimulation frequency led to increasing synaptic activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: research suggests women’s lower levels of political information, interest, and efficacy are important explanations for a gender gap independent of other characteristics (Verba et al. 1997). Women’s lack of political resources such as political interest and information may be rooted in social processes such as gender socialization (Burns 2007; Lovenduski 2005; Rapoport 1981; Verba et al. 1997). Women are socialized toward a gender role that is more passive, private, rule-abiding, and compassionate, while men are oriented toward leadership, public roles, autonomy and self-reliance (Brownmiller 1984; Fox and Lawless 2004; West and Zimmerman 1987). This socialization may contribute to women’s lower levels of political engagement (Atkeson and Rapoport 2003; Rapoport 1981) with differences in political attitudes and participation beginning early in life (Fridkin and Kenney 2007; Hooghe and Stolle 2004) and continuing over the life course (Alwin et al. 1991). Political Participation: and CampaignsA problem plaguing these findings however, is the tendency to conceptualize political engagement narrowly or to summarily combine different forms into a unidimensional scale. As scholars have argued (though rarely tested) perhaps women do not participate less, but rather, participate differently (Bourque and Grossholtz 1998; Harrison and Munn 2007; Lister 1998; Parry et al. 1992). Furthermore, even if the gender gap is persistent across types of participation, factors that mediate such a gap may not be. Those factors explaining a gender gap in participation in one area are not necessarily powerful in explaining the gender gap in other modes of participation (Armingeon 2007; Dalton 2006). Though much of the previous research on political participation has focused on institutionalized forms such as voting in elections and political party activity, among industrialized nations, there is evidence that people are changing the ways in which they participate (Dalton 2006, 2008; Inglehart 1997). With citizens in industrialized democracies becoming more highly educated, technologically sophisticated, and policy and issue oriented, they are seeking out new ways of engaging with government and politics that reflect such skills and goals (Dalton et al. 2003). Given such change, researchers have increasingly employed two strategies to understand political activity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 00 and p<0. 00). The mean age was 73. 4 (±11. 9) years, and the mean NIHSS score was 12. 7 (±6. 9) in patients who had pneumonia during hospitalization. The mean age and mean NISSS score were higher compared to patients without pneumonia. These results were also statistically significant (p<0. 00 and p<0. 00, respectively). Smoking was also found as a strong risk factor in those patients who had pneumonia. Finally, smokers with pneumonia accumulated at the atrial fibrillation arm. On the other hand, stroke patients who did not have pneumonia had different risk factors for poor functional outcome. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia composed second and third nodes as a predictor, respectively. Hyperlipidemia should be interpreted with caution depending on the presence of hypertension. Finally, we analyzed relationship between stroke etiologies and mRS scores (p=0. 2). The results are given in Table 2. this study, we analyzed possible risk factors for poor functional outcome in stroke. We found that pneumonia and hypertension were associated with poor outcome. Stroke patients with pneumonia and smoking history also had increased risk for mRS score >3 at discharge. Patients with mRS score >3 who did not have pneumonia accumulated in hypertension and hyperlipidemia nodes. Surprisingly, diabetes and gender did not have significant results regarding mRS scores in analysis. Stroke cases may be complicated with pneumonia, especially aspiration pneumonia (9). Derbisz et al. (10,11) showed that prestroke morbidity and elevated C-reactive protein level are associated with infection in stroke patients who received thrombolysis. Association of infection with functional outcome was also shown in different studies (10,11). We found that patients with pneumonia were older and had greater NIHSS scores. Similar to our results, stroke patients with pneumonia were older, had higher stroke severity, and were more likely to have atrial fibrillation and history of ischemic heart disease compared to stroke patients without infection in a different study (9). We did not include stroke severity and NIHSS score to the decision tree analysis intentionally. Primarily, the main purpose of this decision was to understand which elements affected the clinical outcome other than affected brain regions and stroke severity. Another study based on a stroke database from Netherlands supports our findings regarding the association between infection and poor outcome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: This increasing activity in layer IV would be transmitted to layer II/III, resulting in greater horizontal excitation spread. This evidence suggests an electrophysiologic basis for the positive correlation between synaptic activity and vascular spread. It does not, however, rule out the potential additional contribution of passive vascular ‘overspill’ (Malonek et al, 1997; Narayan et al, 1995). The difference in spatial extent of HbO2 versus Hbr and Hbt responses, for example, would be difficult to reconcile with a purely neuronal explanation. Implications for ImagingUsing perfusion-based imaging techniques to study fine-scale functional brain organization requires using spatially specific aspects of the hemodynamic response. Studies to date have focused on investigating different etiologic aspects of the hemodynamic response to determine which offers the closest localization to active areas of cortex. The spatial specificity of conventional T*2 gradient echo BOLD fMRI is limited to a few millimeters, unless differential imaging is employed (Ugurbil et al, 2003). Differential imaging refers to the process of subtracting from the response to a particular stimulation the response to an orthogonal stimulation (e. g. , the response in visual cortex to vertical gratings from the response to horizontal gratings). This technique enhances specificity by removing common response elements and increasing the contrast between active and inactive regions. With the aid of differential imaging several studies have demonstrated submillimeter specificity with T*2 BOLD fMRI (Cheng et al, 2001; Goodyear and Menon, 2001; Menon et al, 1997; Menon and Goodyear, 1999). The disadvantage of differential imaging, however, is its presumption and requirement of orthogonal stimulation conditions, which are often unavailable or unknown a priori. Further studies have identified other aspects of the hemodynamic response that provide columnar accuracy with single condition maps (i. e. , without differential imaging). The putative relationship between the initial dip and oxygen metabolism has led some to suggest that the dip may offer improved spatial specificity (Malonek et al, 1997), and a subsequent fMRI study demonstrated this capability (Kim et al, 2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: First, they have broadened the scope of participation to include less “conventional” modes (Dalton 2006; Norris 2002), challenging the widely accepted assumption that citizens have become disengaged in politics, and underlining the need to incorporate less visible forms of engagement. Second, research suggests the importance of making theoretical distinctions in participation. Thus paying attention to types of participation as crucial for understanding systematic differences in the requirements they place on participants and in the nature of the actions (Verba et al. 1978). Especially from the framework of group differences, it is important to attend to distinctions in political participation that may shape a citizen’s ability to engage and interest in engaging in a particular activity, as some researchers acknowledge (Dalton 2008; Norris and Curtis 2006; Pattie et al. 2003), though with little attention to gender cleavages. Parties? The possibility that the measurement of participation itself explains any gender gap in participation has been argued by scholars in the theoretical field of gender and politics who claim that political participation research focuses too exclusively on formal organizations and voting (Goss 2003; Lister 2003; Orloff 1996). Scholars suggest men and women may be qualitatively different in patterns of and p263. The final sample size is 20,359 for all models except voting, which is 16,564. A question on voting behavior was not asked in Flanders, and we exclude Australia from the analysis on voting because it is mandatory. However, results are the same if Australia is included. We analyze voting as a separate sample due to these issues and a higher proportion of missing values for this variable (12%). Before turning to the analyses, in the next sections we discuss the dependent and independent variables. Descriptive statistics are available in Table 1. Table 1 Means/proportions for all variables (standard deviations in parentheses) across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table Dependent Variables: To assess political engagement broadly we use ISSP items asking respondents if they have done a variety of forms of political actions. Formal, more traditional electoral participation is measured according to whether the respondent is a member of a political party and whether the respondent voted in the last election. For party membership possible responses include: (1) belong and participate (4%); (2) belong and do not participate (8%); (3) used to belong (8%); and (4) never belonged (80%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: They also suggest that stroke associated infections are independent risk factors for worse functional outcome in stroke patients (12). Patients who received appropriate treatment (antibacterial, antifungal drugs, etc. ) for stroke associated infections were found to have better outcome (13). Hannawi et al. (14) suggested that aspiration and stroke related immunosuppression might explain the pathophysiology of pneumonia in stroke patients. As our results suggest, it is crucial to avoid in-hospital pneumonia to improve outcome in stroke patients. Many stroke guidelines such as European stroke guidelines do not support the use of prophylactic antibiotic treatments (15). Preventing hospital infections, especially aspiration pneumonia, should be prioritized for every single patient with stroke. Swallow-tests before feeding, treatment of fever and urinary care are well-known preventative measures. Nevertheless, these simple measures can be ignored very easily and may lead to undesirable consequences. There are some limitations of this study. Firstly, even though our stroke database was registered by a neurologist and reviewed by experienced stroke neurologists, it is based on a single center experience. Secondly, this study is a retrospective observational study and therefore selection bias could not be entirely excluded. conclusion, to achieve better outcomes in patients with stroke, preventative measures should not be limited to only secondary prophylaxis. Avoiding infections plays an essential role. New data-driven approaches might be beneficial in stroke registry data research. of approved the study protocol (2020/1543). Obtained from patients and/or their relatives. Externally peer-reviewed. Concept: M. S. , M. G. G. , N. Y. , Design: M. S. , M. G. G. , or Processing: M. S. , N. Y. , Analysis or Interpretation: M. S. , M. G. G. , Literature Search: M. S. , Writing: M. S. , N. Y. Conflict of conflict of interest was declared by the authors. The authors declared that this study received no financial support. 267. Long-term outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy for stroke: a meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2019;2019:7403104. Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. 2013;2013:CD000197. . Gender differences in acute stroke: Istanbul medical school stroke registry.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: AbstractCombined functional, perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a temporal resolution of 30 mins was performed on permanent and transient focal ischemic brain injury in rats during the acute phase. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF), and functional MRI (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD), CBF, and CMRO2 responses associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation were measured. An automated cluster analysis of ADC and CBF data was used to track the spatial and temporal progression of different tissue types (e. g. , normal, ‘at risk,’ and ischemic core) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. With permanent ischemia (n = 11), forepaw stimulation fMRI response in the primary somatosensory cortices was lost, although vascular coupling (CO2 response) was intact in some animals. Control experiments in which the right common carotid artery was ligated without causing a stroke (n = 8) showed that the delayed transit time had negligible effect on the fMRI responses in the primary somatosensory cortices. With temporary (15-mins, n = 8) ischemia, transient CBF and/or ADC declines were observed after reperfusion. However, no T2 or TTC lesions were observed at 24 h except in two animals, which showed very small subcortical lesions. Vascular coupling and forepaw fMRI response also remained intact. Finally, comparison of the relative and absolute fMRI signal changes suggest caution when interpreting percent changes in disease states in which the baseline signals are physiologically altered; quantitative CBF fMRI are more appropriate measures. This approach provides valuable information regarding ischemic tissue viability, vascular coupling, and functional integrity associated with ischemic injury and could have potential clinical applications. IntroductionDiffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques offer the potential to noninvasively classify ‘normal’, ‘at-risk,’ and ‘ischemic’ tissues associated with stroke during the acute phase. Brain tissues with perfusion deficits below a critical threshold (Hossmann, 1994) experience metabolic energy failure, membrane depolarization, and subsequent cellular swelling.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Our results suggest that a gender gap in political participation should not be generalized toward the entire spectrum of political engagement. Results for electoral participation suggest that gender equality in politics in formal politics has been most successful. Yet, women intend to engage less in collective types of political action, as would be predicted based on women’s lower time and resource availability, and socialization in more private roles. However, all gender differences may disappear when controlling for gender differences in resources that facilitate political activity. Just looking at the descriptive statistics, we see that across many of the demographic controls, men and women are significantly different, and differences are in accordance with previous literature. Notably, women have fewer economic resources than, which we would expect to depress women’s participation. Whereas 61% of the men are employed full-time and 28% have a professional occupational position, compared to respectively 36% and 21% of women. Moreover, women have greater potential burdens on resources. For example women are more likely to be divorced/separated than men (11% compared to 8%) and to live with children (36% compared to 31%). Among the political attitudes, we also observe distinct differences between men and women. Women, on average, feel significantly less politically efficacious and have substantially less trust in government and interest in politics than men. Multivariate Analyses: in Political ParticipationInstitutional Participation: Voting and MembershipAt the bivariate level we found women were less likely to be involved in political parties but found no difference in electoral participation. However, after controlling for socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes in Table 2, a gender gap emerges. The results presented in Table 2 are based on logistic models: ordered logistic models for party membership and binary logistic models for voting. Due to the skewed nature of the political party membership variable, wherein most respondents report having never belonged to a party, we also ran binary logistic models on a dichotomous measure of “ never belonged” versus all else. The results were the substantively the same as those we report for ordered logistic models. Table 2 Logistic regression results for the gender gap in political party membership, voting behavior, and OLS results for private, collective, and direct political contact activism across 18 industrialized democracies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: El-Cezeri Araştırma ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster Çarpışma Öğrenmesi ile Tespiti Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1431 - 1449, 31. 12. 2022 Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Isık Öz Asteroitler geçmişten günümüze kadar insanların dikkatini çekmektedir. Kadim medeniyetlerin inanç ve kültürlerinde de geniş yer almaktadır. İnsanoğlunun keşfetme ve merak duygusu bu cisimlere olan ilgisinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Teknolojinin belirli bir seviyeye gelmesiyle asteroitlerin tespiti, teşhisi ve materyalleri net bir şekilde bulunabilmektedir. Bu cisimlerin izleyecekleri rota ve çarpışma etkileri sürekli olarak gözlem gerektirmektedir. Çalışmamızda Kaggle’da bulunan ve kaynağı NASA-JPL olan bir asteroit veri seti kullanılarak Dünya’ya çarpma ihtimali olan asteroitlerin sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Veri setinde 4687 asteroit verisi bulunmaktadır. Veriler üzerinde eksik verileri doldurulması, anomali tespit etme ve normalizasyon gibi ön işleme aşamaları uygulanmıştır.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: These changes precipitate a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of brain water and are manifested as hyperintense regions on DWI (Moseley et al, 1990). During the acute phase, the DWI abnormality is initially smaller relative to the area of perfusion deficit. As ischemia evolves, most of this DWI abnormality expands and eventually coincides with the abnormal PWI area. The difference in the abnormal region defined by the PWI and DWI in acute stroke is commonly referred to as the ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch. It has been suggested that the ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch is potentially salvageable and approximates the ‘ischemic penumbra’ (Astrup et al, 1981). With the advent of functional MRI (fMRI), it becomes possible to assess the integrity of vascular coupling and neural function of ‘at-risk’ and ‘salvaged’ tissues, as defined by DWI and PWI. Anatomically defined ‘at-risk’ and salvaged tissues may or may not show functional deficit and thus fMRI adds a unique and important measure to stroke imaging. The most widely used fMRI technique is based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal (Ogawa et al, 1990) and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) signal. The BOLD contrast originates from intravoxel magnetic field inhomogeneity induced by paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in the red blood cells. Changes in regional deoxyhemoglobin content can be visualized in susceptibility-sensitized (i. e. , T2*-weighted) BOLD images. The BOLD fMRI is based on a principle discovered over 100 years ago (Roy and Sherrington, 1890) that neuronal activity is intricately coupled to CBF. When a task is performed, regional CBF increases disproportionally, which can be measured using the arterial-spin labeling MRI technique. The CBF increase overcompensates the stimulus-evoked increase in oxygen consumption needed to fuel the elevated neural activity, resulting in a regional reduction in deoxyhemoglobin concentration. Thus, the CBF and BOLD fMRI signals increase during stimulus-evoked changes in neural activity relative to basal conditions, making it possible to dynamically and noninvasively map changes in brain functions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 39) are significantly related to party membership, and controlling for political attitudes substantively mediates the gender gap, with women’s odds of participation now only 21% less than men’s. Examining changes in predicted probabilities for all levels of party involvement shows that controlling for political attitudes cuts the gender effect in half, though confidence intervals around the predicted probabilities for some levels of party membership overlap across models (Allison 1999; Long 2007). Next we turn to electoral participation and find in accordance with Hypothesis 2 men and women are equally likely to have voted in the last election. It is only after turning to a model that includes political attitudes that a gender gap emerges, indicating women are more likely to have voted. The confidence intervals around predicted probabilities of voting for women in the based model and model including attitudes do not overlap further suggesting a significant change (Long 2007). Women are, on average, less likely to feel politically efficacious and interested than men, and once the strong positive relationship of these attitudes with voting is controlled for, it appears that women otherwise have a greater probability of voting (OR = 1. 14). Political Activism: Private, Collective and Contact ActionsInitial results indicated that a bivariate gender gap exists with respect to political activism, though in the case of private types of action this gap favors women. Table 2 presents the results of multivariate OLS regressions, which were supported by logistic regressions of the individual items (results available upon request). The base model for private types of action (e. g. , boycotting goods, signing petitions), indicates that demographic differences between men and women cannot fully explain the gender gap and women are still more likely to engage in these activities, confirming Hypothesis 3. Moving onto a model that controls for political attitudes significantly strengthens the gender relationship. While trust in government is negatively related to private activism, there are positive effects from political efficacy and interest. In comparison, and even controlling for socio-economic characteristics, women are still significantly less likely than men to engage in collectivistic types of actions (e. g. , attending a rally or demonstration). This negative relationship is significantly weaker when controlling for political attitudes but remains significant as we had expected (Hypothesis 4). Finally, results for models of direct contact types of actions (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Daha sonra korelasyon yardımıyla tehlikelilik durumları için verisetinden 19 adet öznitelik tespit edilmiştir. Öznitelikler ile Karar Ağacı, ör Makineleri, K-En Yakın Komşu, Xgboost ve Adaboost makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları kullanılarak asteroit sınıflandırması yapılmıştır. Farklı nöron ve katman sayılarına sahip yapay sinir ağı ile veriler eğitilmiş ve sınıflandırma algoritmaları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonucunda en yüksek başarımı %99. 80 ile AdaBoost algoritması ile sağlanmıştır. Çalıştırılan tüm sınıflandırma algoritmalarında ızgara-arama yöntemi kullanılarak hiperparametre optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. Böylelikle sürekli gözlem gerektiren ve yüksek miktardaki verilerin daha performanslı bir şekilde işlenmesini sağlayan bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Asteroit Sınıflandırması, Anomali Tespiti, Kara Ağaçları, Ağları Kaynakça Furfaro, R. , Barocco, R. , Linares, R. , Topputo, F. , Reddy, V. , Simo, J. , Le Corre, L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, Davis et al introduced an eloquent formalism based on the BOLD biophysical model (Ogawa et al, 1993) to estimate stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes based on BOLD and CBF (or cerebral blood volume (CBV)) measurements. The advantage of Davis' formalism over existing formalisms is that there are no a priori assumptions regarding resting capillary or venous oxygen saturation, blood volume fraction, blood flow, and metabolic rate of oxygen. All these parameters and other physiologic quantities are lumped into the constant M, which can be measured on a pixel-by-pixel basis using a calibration procedure involving CO2 challenge. Although this CMRO2 model has yet to be validated, especially in ischemic injury, estimates of stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes in stroke could yield interesting and valuable information regarding tissue metabolism. The use of fMRI to evaluate functional status requires preservation of the hemodynamic and metabolic coupling. Carbon dioxide, a potent vasodilator, plays an important role in modulating blood flow associated with increased neuronal activity. The hypercapnia model in which CO2 is added to the breathing gas has been widely used to examine the vascular coupling (Weiss et al, 1983; Ueki et al, 1988; Kim and Ugurbil, 1997; Davis et al, 1998; Hoge et al, 1999; Corfield et al, 2001; Duong et al, 2001). One major advantage of hypercapnic challenge is that it increases blood flow, and thus the BOLD signal, of the entire brain without changing neural activity or metabolism, thereby making possible the evaluation of vascular coupling without the added effects of metabolic changes. Previous studies on blood flow regulation after prolonged ischemia suggest that CO2 reactivity is severely disturbed after ischemic injury (Schmidt-Kastner et al, 1986; Ueki et al, 1988). While a few fMRI studies on stroke patients have been reported (Pineiro et al, 2002; Guadagno et al, 2003; Binkofski and Seitz, 2004), similar studies in animal stroke models have been limited. Animal models where focal ischemia can be reproducibly studied under controlled conditions are important for systemically evaluating the integrity of vascular coupling and functional status of ‘at risk’ and salvaged tissues defined by perfusion and diffusion imaging.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: , writing a letter to a politician or newspaper), also suggest—as we had anticipated in Hypothesis 5—women are less participatory despite controls for socio-economic characteristics and political attitudes. However, the negative relationship between gender and contact actions is significantly weaker once attitudes are included. In sum, models for mainstream political participation and less conventional political activism suggest evidence of a gender gap in participation, however, not always indicating women participate less. For voting, initial null results hid gender differences. Once demographic and attitudinal cleavages are controlled for, women are more likely to vote. By contrast, women are less likely to belong to a political party, before and after controlling for socio-demographic and attitudinal characteristics. For political activism, we found that in the case of private activism controlling for other factors strengthened the gender effect (i. e. , women’s greater participation), and otherwise it decreased males’ greater likelihood of engagement, especially in the case of collective types of action. Influences on Women and Among MenMoving onto our second research question, we now consider the extent to which socio-economic and attitudinal characteristics shape participation differently among women and among men by presenting separate models for males and females. Intrinsic in these models is the idea that characteristics relating to political participation might matter differently for men and women. Results for models of our institutional forms of participation are in Table 3. Table 3 Logistic regression results for demographic and attitudinal predictors of political party membership and voting behavior among women and among men across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table Models for political party involvement show few differences in effects across the gender groups with a couple notable exceptions. Although full and part time employment does not significantly increase participation among women or among men, the sizes of the effects are substantially different across models. In line with Hypothesis 8 presented above, we find that the effect of employment is stronger for men (Schlozman et al. 1999). Based on the results from predicted probabilities based on this model, men’s probability of belonging to or being active in parties is about 10% if they are full or part time employed (all other variables at their mean), while women’s is roughly 6% (all other variables at their mean). Also in line with Hypothesis 9, whereas having children in the household has a modest negative effect across models, the effect is stronger for women than for men.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "Modeling irregular small bodies gravity field via extreme learning machines and Bayesian optimization", Advances in Space Research, 2021, 67(1): 617-638. Kabaş, A. , Bulut, İ. , Doğru, S. S. , Akin, T. , "Bazı Ana Kuşak Asteroidlerin Işık Eğrileri Ve Işık Eğrilerinden Belirlenen Parametreler”, XVI. Kongresi ve V. Ulusal Öğrenci Astronomi Kongresi, Çanakkale, 1188-1199, 2008. Chapman, C. R. , Ramlose, T. , "Solar system exploration"Report N, 1989, 89: 25944. Popescu, M. , Licandro, J. , Carvano, J. M. , Stoicescu, R. , de León, J. , Morate, D. , Boacă, I. L. , Cristescu, C. P. , "Taxonomic classification of asteroids based on MOVIS near-infrared colors", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 617(A12). Cambioni, S. ,. , S. , "A search for smooth terrains on asteroid (101955) Bennu using machine learning", In EPSC-DPS 2019, 2019. Erasmus, N. , Mommert, M. , Trilling, D. E. , Sickafoose, A. A. , Van Gend, C. , Hora, J. L. , "Characterization of near-earth asteroids using -SAAO", Journal, 2017, 154(4): 162. . , Flewelling, H. , Stalder, B. , Rest, A. ,. , "A first catalog of variable stars measured by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact System (ATLAS)", Journal, 2018, 156(5): 241. Smirnov, E. A. , Markov, A. B. , "Identification of asteroids trapped inside three-body mean motion resonances: a machine-learning approach", of the Society, 2017, 469(2): 2024-2031. Mommert, M. ,.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Functional MRI using an exogenous CBV contrast agent (MION) and BOLD contrast have recently been applied to study stroke rats during the chronic phase to evaluate functional reorganization (Dijkhuizen et al, 2001, 2003). Functional MRI assessment of the dynamically evolving ischemic tissue during acute stroke, however, have not been reported, likely because of the stringent need for high spatiotemporal resolution and the lack of a suitable animal model. Most of stroke studies in rats used chloral hydrate as the anesthetic (Li et al, 1999, 2000; Shen et al, 2003) whereas essentially all forepaw-stimulation fMRI studies in normal rats use α-chloralose (Mandeville et al, 1998; Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000). α-Chloralose became a popular anesthetic for fMRI studies in rats because it can induce nonresponsiveness without depressing the central nervous system to the same extent as many other common anesthetics. However, animals recovering from α-chloralose anesthesia exhibit atypical behavior (Lees, 1972) and thus α-chloralose is only approved for terminal studies. In addition, fMRI studies under α-chloralose typically require mechanical ventilation with repeated blood-gas sampling to optimize the fMRI responses and it is relatively difficult to maintain a constant level of anesthesia with injectable anesthetics in general (Austin et al, 2005) for eliciting consistent fMRI responses from the onset (i. e. , during acute ischemia) and throughout the studies. More recently, a robust forepaw stimulation model in rats was showed under isoflurane anesthesia and spontaneously breathing conditions where the animals can maintain their own physiology throughout the experiment without the need for repeated blood-gas sampling (Liu et al, 2004a). This model could be well suited for repeated fMRI studies of acute and chronic stroke in a longitudinal fashion. In this study, we developed and applied a combined diffusion, perfusion, and functional MRI protocol to study focal cerebral ischemia during the acute phase with a 30-mins temporal resolution and reasonable spatial resolution. Quantitative perfusion and diffusion imaging was performed and an improved clustering technique (Shen et al, 2004) was used to classify normal, ischemic core, and ‘diffusion-perfusion mismatch’ tissues based on ADC and CBF characteristics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Women have only a 6% predicted probability of belonging to or being active in a political party, while men with children in the house have over an 8% predicted probability. However, it remains interesting that among women, holding a university degree significantly increases the likelihood of political party involvement, while this is insignificant for men. Models of voting behavior indicate some cross-gender differences as well. Political interest matters especially for women at high levels of interest, where the effect increases women’s predicted probability have having voted much more than men’s. At low levels of interest the effect on voting is similar across men and women. Age has a positive effect among men and women, but calculating predicted probabilities across the age range reveals this effect differs substantially for women and men. At younger ages (e. g. , 25), men have much higher predicted probabilities of voting. In early middle age (e. g. , 45) men and women have similar probabilities of having voted, but above age 50 women are more likely to have voted than men. As for party membership, among women, having a university degree significantly increases the likelihood of voting, but not among men. For men, any amount of employment increases voting, but among women it is only being employed full-time that matters. 9, our results indicate that divorced men are not less likely to vote than single men, whereas being divorced significantly decreases women’s likelihood to cast a vote. Such findings highlight the importance of considering gendered participation patterns. Table 4 presents gender-specific models for participation in individualistic, collective, and direct contact forms of activism. Table 4 OLS regression results for demographic and attitudinal predictors of private, collective, and direct political contact activism among women (N = 10,464) and men (N = 9,895) across 18 industrialized democracies. Full size table As we saw in Table 2, controlling for socio-economic characteristics did not fully mediate a gender gap in collective action and political contact. However, if women had the same high levels of political interest and efficacy as men, women’s greater participation in private activism would be even higher than men’s, and the gap in other types of activism would shrink significantly. Yet, the gender specific models in Table 4 suggest political attitudes rarely matter differently in encouraging or discouraging participation among women and among men.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Gustafsson, A. , Knight, M. , Moskovitz, N. , Smith, H. A. , "Systematic characterization of and search for activity in potentially active asteroids", Science Journal, 2020, 1(1): 10. Beasley, M. , Lewicki, C. A. , Smith, A. , Lintott, C. , Christensen, E. , "AsteroidZoo: A new zooniverse project to detect asteroids and improve asteroid detection algorithms", 2013. Nugent, C. R. , Dailey, J. , "Machine learning and next-generation asteroid surveys", In AAS/Division for Meeting Abstracts, 2017, 49: 103-03. Rabeendran, A. C. , Denneau, L. "A two-stage deep learning detection classifier for the atlas asteroid survey", Publications of the of the Pacific, 2021, 133(1021): 034501. Pasko, V. , "Prediction of for ", 52: 45-65. Johnson, C. A. , DellaGiustina, D. N. "Hazards on ", 2016, 2016: NH13A-1748. Gustetic, J. L. , Friedensen, V. , Kessler, J. L. , Jackson, S. , Parr, J. , "NASA's Challenge: Strategy, Results, and Lessons Learned", Space Policy, 2018, 44: 1-13. Lieu, M. , Baines, D. , Giordano, F. , Merin, B. , Arviset, C. , Altieri, B. , Conversi, B. , Carry, B. , "of with Big Data", and 2019, 523: 49. Fluke, C. J. , Jacobs, C. , "Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy", Reviews: 2020, 10(2): e1349. Dotto, E. , Della Corte, V. , Amoroso, M. , Bertini, I. , Brucato, J. R. , Capannolo, A. ,. . . & Fretz, K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent, CBF, and CMRO2 fMRI associated with hypercapnic challenge and forepaw stimulation were used to evaluate the integrity of vascular coupling and neural function, respectively, as ischemia progressed during the acute phase. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent, CBF, and CMRO2 fMRI responses in different -derived ischemic tissue types and in the forepaw somatosensory cortices of the right ischemic hemisphere (RH) were analyzed and compared with the homologous regions in the normal left hemisphere (LH). This approach was tested in the permanent and transient (15-mins) acute focal brain ischemia in rats under isoflurane, breathing spontaneously. Materials and methodsAnimal PreparationTwenty seven male Sprague—Dawley rats (300 to 350 g, ) were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane in air during surgery. Three groups of animals were studied: (i) permanent focal brain ischemia of the RH was induced with intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (n = 11, Group I), (ii) transient (15-mins) focal brain ischemia (n = 8, Group II) was induced using the same method and reperfusion was performed outside the magnet, and (iii) the right common carotid artery (CCA) was ligated but without causing a stroke to evaluate the possible effect of delayed transit time on the fMRI responses (n = 8, Group III). Measurements were made before and during CCA ligation in the same animals where the CCA occlusion was achieved remotely while the animals were in the magnet. The left femoral artery was catheterized for blood-gas sampling and physiologic monitoring. Once the rats were secured in an MR-compatible rat stereotaxic headset, anesthesia was reduced to 1. 1% to 1. 2% isoflurane. Rats breathed spontaneously without mechanical ventilation. Rectal temperature was maintained at 37. 0°C±0. 5°C. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) via the arterial line were recorded continuously onto a PC via the Biopac system (). Respiration rate (RR) was derived from the slow modulations on top of the cardiac waveforms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Only for private activism, where women already outperform men, do attitudes matter differently, with women having a stronger relationship between political efficacy and private activism than men. As with Table 3, it is demographic characteristics that are more decisive. For both private and collective activism, married women are less participatory than single women, while married men do not differ significantly from single men, confirming Hypothesis 9. Divorced men tend to be more participatory in private activism than single men, whereas being divorced or separated does not affect women’s engagement in private types of activism. Engaging in direct political contact presents contrary findings. Being married significantly decreases men’s participation in political contact, but does not influence women’s level of political contact. Yet, being divorced is linked to increases in women’s involvement in political contact but does not so for men. Such contradictory findings highlight once more the necessity of thinking about modes of participation quite differently. In line with Hypothesis 8, for men, being employed part-time increases participation in all three areas, while it only slightly increases women’s level of private activism. So, as with the more institutional types of participation, part-time employment seems to matter more positively for men than for women. What remains unclear is whether being employed part-time enabled men to exercise their desire to be politically involved or whether politically involved men are more likely to choose part-time employment. Contrary to our expectations and our analysis on voting, full-time employment is not significantly related to any type of activism, for women nor for men. Yet, for private and collective activism the link between full-time employment and participation is significantly weaker among women than men, suggesting that for women, employment is not as strong a path to activism as it is to men, and that it is for women’s voting behavior (see Table 3). Looking at the effect of occupational status, our results confirm Hypothesis 6: women’s employment in professional and technical occupations has a stronger positive link to both private and collective activism. In the first case, women’s movement into more powerful jobs may thus widen women’s advantage, and in the second case, may help ameliorate men’s advantage. Finally we find in line with Hypothesis 7 and recent U. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "-the Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids in support of the mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos", Planetary and Space Science, 2021, 199: 105185. McIntyre, K. J. , "", Master Thesis, of North Dakota, 2019. Tholen, D. J. , Barucci, M. A. , "Asteroid taxonomy", Asteroids II, 1989, 298-315. "Three-parameter asteroid taxonomy classifications", Asteroids II, 1989, 1151-1161. Tholen, D. J. , "Asteroid taxonomic classifications", II, 1989, 1139–1150. Safavian, S. R. , Landgrebe, D. , "A survey of decision tree classifier methodology", IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1991, 21(3): 660-674. Rish, I. , "An empirical study of the naive Bayes classifier", 2001 workshop on empirical methods in artificial intelligence, 2001, 3(22): 41-46. Sperandei, S. , "Understanding logistic regression analysis"; Biochemia medica, 2014 24(1): 12-18. Breiman, L. , "Random forests", Machine learning, 2001, 45(1): 5-32. Cortes, C. , Vapnik, V. , "Support-vector networks", Machine learning, 1995, 20(3): 273-297. Pal, M. , "Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification", International journal of remote sensing, 2005, 26(1): 217-222. Guo, G. , Wang, H. , Bell, D. , Bi, Y. , Greer, K. , "KNN model-based approach in classification", " On the Move to Systems", Berlin, 2003, 986-996. Chen, T. , Guestrin, C. , "Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system", of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016, 785-794. Chen, T. , He, T. , Benesty, M. , Khotilovich, V. , Tang, Y. , Cho, H. , Chen, K. , "Xgboost: extreme gradient boosting", R package version 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood gas was typically sampled once during a break between imaging trials. All recorded physiologic parameters were within normal physiologic ranges. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at 30, 90, and 180 mins and again at 24 h after ischemia. Hypercapnic challenges used a premixed gas of 10% CO2 with 21% O2 and balance N2. Forepaw somatosensory stimulation used the previously optimized parameters under identical isoflurane anesthetic condition in normal animals (Liu et al, 2004a): 6 mA current with 0. 3 ms pulse duration at 3 Hz. These stimulation parameters did not cause an increase in MABP. Needle electrodes were inserted under the skin of the two forepaws before surgery. The electrodes were connected in series and the two forepaws were stimulated simultaneously. During each time point (30-mins imaging block), one trial of hypercapnic challenge and two trials of forepaw stimulation were presented with a 4-mins break (without imaging) between trials. Each trial consisted of 4 mins of data acquired during baseline and 2 mins of data acquired during hypercapnic challenge or forepaw stimulation. MR ExperimentsMagnetic resonance imaging experiments were performed on a 4. 7-T/40-cm magnet, a console (), and a 20-G/cm gradient insert (ID = 12 cm, 120-μs rise time). A surface coil (2. 3-cm ID) was used for brain imaging and a neck coil (Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000) for perfusion labeling. Coil-to-coil electromagnetic interaction was actively decoupled. A complete imaging block lasted 30 mins where ADC, basal CBF, hypercapnic, and forepaw-stimulation fMRI were acquired. ADCav was obtained by averaging three ADC maps with diffusion-sensitive gradients separately applied along the x, y or z direction. Single shot, echo-planar images (EPI) were acquired with matrix = 64 × 64, spectral width = 200 kHz, TR = 2 secs (90° flip angle), TE = 37. 5 ms, b = 4 and 1,170 secs/mm2, Δ = 24 ms, δ = 4. 75 ms, FOV = 2. 56 cm × 2. 56 cm, eight 1. 5-mm slices, and 16 averages (total time ~2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: research for attendees of Black churches (Robnett and Bany 2009) and mosques (Read 2007), that men who attend church more often receive a consistent participation boost, church attendance has no effect on women’s activism. We also explored the possibility that religious attendance would matter particularly for housewives, as a link to the public arena. We found that housewives who attend church more often are more likely than similar housewives to participate in private and collective activism, but not direct contact activism. Looking at different religious affiliations, we find few differences. Compared to men and women with no religious denomination, both Catholic men and women are less politically engaged. Male members of an “other” religion are much less likely to participate in private and collective action than non-affiliated men, though among women such a divide is not apparent. Among women, Protestants are significantly less involved in individual action, while there is no significant effect among males. DiscussionRather than an overall gender gap in political participation, our results suggest a variety of gender gaps across modes of participation. Indeed, substantively disaggregated measures of political behavior reveal that political engagement is not just a matter of more or less, but rather of men and women engaging differently. While feminist research on women’s political participation has long called attention to this process (Bourque and Grossholtz 1998; Harrison and Munn 2007; Sarvasy and Siim 1994; Siim 2000), few empirical studies have tested and demonstrated such effects, especially in a cross-national sample. In fact, our approach reveals one domain where women are significantly more active than men: private activism. Women, on average, are more likely to sign petitions, boycott/buy products for political reasons, and donate to or raise money for social and political groups. This holds even controlling for main socio-economic and attitudinal differences. Notably, these private/individualistic actions are the least resource dependent and most easily incorporated in daily life. Initially it seemed that men and women did not differ in their electoral behavior. However, once controlling for attitudinal characteristics, women are more likely to vote than men. Thus, if women were to develop an interest in politics and feelings of political efficacy equal to that of men, women would vote more than men. As prior work has shown, women and men’s views about women’s political participation are subject to public portrayals (Schwarz et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 4-2, 2015, 1(4): 1-4. Freund, Y. , Schapire, R. E. , "Experiments with a new boosting algorithm", icml, 1996, 96: 148-156. Schapire, R. E. , "Explaining adaboost", inference, Berlin, 2013, 37-52. Öztemel, E. , "Yapay sinir ağlari", PapatyaYayincilik, İstanbul, (2003). Şen, Z. , "Yapay sinir ağları", Su Vakfı, İstanbul, (2004). Detection of Collision-Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1431 - 1449, 31. 12. 2022 Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Isık Öz Asteroids have attracted people's attention from the past to the present. It has a wide place in the beliefs and cultures of ancient civilizations. The sense of discovery and curiosity of human beings causes an increase in their interest in these objects. With the technology coming to a certain level, the detection, diagnosis and materials of asteroids can be found clearly. The route and collision effects of these objects require constant observation. In our study, asteroids that are likely to hit the Earth have been classified using an asteroid data set in Kaggle and the source of which is NASA-JPL. The dataset contains 4687 asteroid data. Pre-processing steps such as filling in missing data, anomaly detection and normalization were applied on the data. Then, with the help of correlation, 19 features were determined from the dataset for dangerous situations. Asteroid classification was made by using with features, -Nearest Neighbor, Xgboost and Adaboost machine learning algorithms. With the artificial neural network with different number of neurons and layers, the data were trained and compared with classification algorithms. As a result of the comparison, the highest performance was achieved with the AdaBoost algorithm with 99. 80%. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using the grid-search method in all the classification algorithms that were run. Thus, a method that requires continuous observation and enables the processing of large amounts of data in a more efficient way has been proposed. ça Furfaro, R. , Barocco, R. , Linares, R. , Topputo, F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Cerebral blood flow images (SCBF) with intensity in units of mL/g/min were calculated (Silva et al, 1999; Duong et al, 2000) pixel-by-pixel using, SCBF=λ/T1(SC–SL)/(SL + (2α–1) SC), where SC and SL are signal intensities of the control and labeled images, respectively, and λ is the partition coefficient and α is the labeling efficiency. Basal CBF images were obtained from the baseline period (without stimulation) of all three trials of the fMRI measurements within each time point. analysis of diffusion and perfusion images: An improved clustering algorithm was used to statistically resolve and identify tissues as ‘normal‘, ‘mismatch’ and ‘ischemic core’ based on tissue ADC and CBF characteristics as described elsewhere (Shen et al, 2004). Only five anterior slices were analyzed to avoid susceptibility distortion around the ear canals associated with the posterior slices. ROIs of the whole brain were carefully drawn to avoid the edge of the brain-skull interface based on CBF maps with reference to ADC maps. Pixels with ADC higher than 1. 0 × 10−3 mm2/sec (i. e. , CSF pixels) and the corpus callosum were excluded from analysis. Clustering for ADC and baseline CBF was performed individually at each time point for each animal. Three clusters were resolved: (1) pixels with normal ADC and baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘normal’ tissue, (2) pixels with low ADC and baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘ischemic core’, and (3) pixels with normal ADC but low baseline CBF were assigned to be ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch’. Functional MRI responses in different clusters were analyzed. Scatterplots of CBF versus ADC and BOLD versus ADC under baseline and stimulated (CO2 or forepaw) conditions were generated at each time point. clusters were color-coded on the scatterplots. Evolution of ‘mismatch’ pixels: The temporal and spatial evolution of the ‘mismatch’ pixels, defined at 30 mins after occlusion, was evaluated as they migrated to different clusters.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 1987), suggesting it is not unlikely that attitudes may shift and ultimately impact political involvement. Indeed several studies have shown the importance of developing an awareness of social and political problems as a spur to greater involvement (Bernstein 2005; Schreiber 2002; Stake 2007). Nevertheless, there are three aspects of participation where men are more involved: political party membership, collective activism and political contact. Even though the gender gap often decreases significantly after controlling for attitudinal characteristics (for collective activism and political contact), it appears that men are more likely than women to become a party member, to take part in a demonstration and attend political meetings, or engage in political contact. Active engagement with a political party is not something most respondents report doing, but especially not women. Such participation puts high demands on resources including time and money. In comparison to sending in a check, joining a demonstration or attending a political meeting takes time and planning, and women who are balancing higher family responsibilities, along with work, friends, and non-political engagements may be less inclined to contact politicians. In explaining the gender gap, many of our results mirrored findings of those based on a narrower U. S. sample. In and of itself, this finding suggests intriguing similarities in the process shaping gender inequality across Western democracies, and is an important step forward in research on participation. However, from the perspective of gender, these approaches may nevertheless fall short. Specifically, we found that typical economic and familial resource arguments are best at explaining institutional forms of participation: voting and party membership. Along these lines prior work in the U. S. has demonstrated that husbands’ greater political involvement benefits disproportionately from having control over finances and small amounts of time (Burns et al. 1997). In contrast, when it comes to the three activism measures, economic and familial resources and experiences do not always matter as expected. Private activism is often boosted by economic ties perhaps because it is easier to incorporate such action by those with the busiest lives: working, with family responsibilities and in dual-earner couples. Though being employed full-time does not increase involvement. Collective activism is highly dependent on time availability. Women who are married, employed in “bad” jobs, and committed to particular denominations may opt out of such commitments, and their level of employment is much more weakly related to participation than it is for men.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Reddy, V. , Simo, J. , Le Corre, L. , "Modeling irregular small bodies gravity field via extreme learning machines and Bayesian optimization", Advances in Space Research, 2021, 67(1): 617-638. Kabaş, A. , Bulut, İ. , Doğru, S. S. , Akin, T. , "Bazı Ana Kuşak Asteroidlerin Işık Eğrileri Ve Işık Eğrilerinden Belirlenen Parametreler”, XVI. Kongresi ve V. Ulusal Öğrenci Astronomi Kongresi, Çanakkale, 1188-1199, 2008. Chapman, C. R. , Ramlose, T. , "Solar system exploration"Report N, 1989, 89: 25944. Popescu, M. , Licandro, J. , Carvano, J. M. , Stoicescu, R. , de León, J. , Morate, D. , Boacă, I. L. , Cristescu, C. P. , "Taxonomic classification of asteroids based on MOVIS near-infrared colors", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 617(A12). Cambioni, S. ,. , S. , "A search for smooth terrains on asteroid (101955) Bennu using machine learning", In EPSC-DPS 2019, 2019. Erasmus, N. , Mommert, M. , Trilling, D. E. , Sickafoose, A. A. , Van Gend, C. , Hora, J. L. , "Characterization of near-earth asteroids using -SAAO", Journal, 2017, 154(4): 162. . , Flewelling, H. , Stalder, B. , Rest, A. ,. , "A first catalog of variable stars measured by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact System (ATLAS)", Journal, 2018, 156(5): 241. Smirnov, E. A. , Markov, A. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Apparent diffusion coefficient, CBF, and BOLD under baseline and stimulated (CO2 or forepaw) conditions were analyzed for the pixels that subsequently migrated into the normal zone, core zone, or remained in the mismatch zone at 180-mins after ischemia. For permanent occlusion, ischemia stopped evolving 180 mins after occlusion, which was taken as the imaging end point as shown previously (Shen et al, 2003; Meng et al, 2004). Calculation of M and CMRO2 changes: CMRO2 was calculated using (Davis et al, 1998),Δ0=M(1−(CMRO2CMRO2|0)β(0)α−β)(1)where M is the proportionality constant and parameters with subscript zero indicate baseline values. Grubb's factor (α) of 0. 38 (Grubb et al, 1974; Mandeville et al, 1999) and β of 1. 5 (Boxerman et al, 1995; Davis et al, 1998) were taken to be constants, reflecting the effects of blood volume and deoxyhemoglobin concentration on the BOLD signal, respectively. M values were calculated from the hypercapnia (CBF and BOLD) data using the same equation where the CMRO2/CMRO2ǀ0 was set to unity because brief and mild hypercapnia does not alter CMRO2 (Kety and Schmidt, 1948; Novack et al, 1953). Stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes from an ROI of the primary somatosensory cortex were derived from the stimulus-evoked BOLD and CBF time courses associated with forepaw stimulation. Additional details of the model including error propagation have been described elsewhere (Liu et al, 2004a). Hypercapnic responses in different tissue types: Images obtained during the transition period between baseline and stimulus onset (30 secs for CO2 challenge and 15 secs for forepaw stimulation) were discarded. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent images were obtained from the control (nonlabeled) images of the CBF measurements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: However, men with stronger ties to the economic also experience less involvement, which suggests time—not money—may be the main differentiating factor. Finally, fewer factors differentiate political contact among each gender. Family characteristics behave counter to theory, such that married men are less involved and divorced or separated women are more involved in such action. Women in low skill occupations are highly unlikely to engage in contact, while professional women are highly likely to. The same gap was not apparent among men. Thus, to the extent that women participate in contact forms of activism less, socialization may be particularly pernicious, with women less interested in forwarding personal opinions to a wider audience in newspapers, on the internet or to political officials (Fox and Lawless 2004). Experiences that counter traditional expectations, such as education, professional employment, and leaving a marriage may enable women to counter such built-in pressures (Bolzendahl and Myers 2004). Only by including these more female-dominated and less institutional forms of participation are the gender limitations of economic and familial resource explanations clarified. Overall, our findings modify earlier claims of a gender gap in political participation, but also raise a variety of questions and new directions for research on political participation. Controlling for a variety of relevant demographic characteristics and political attitudes did not impact gender gaps as much as might be expected based on theories of differential resources or gender role socialization. Given that women are often discouraged from public and/or leadership roles, we expected this to greatly undermine gender differences. However including these attitudes only weakened some gender differences in political participation. Our reliance on prior theory and research in this area cannot fully speak to these variations in gender differences or uncover the relative importance of mechanisms based on personal interest, life experiences, or institutional constraints. While we have pulled from a variety of quantitative and qualitative work in contextualizing our findings, as well as rigorous methods to explore the questions raised, further research with more fine-grained measures and a longitudinal component would be helpful. As more women take highly visible political roles, as has been the trend in recent years, women’s political efficacy and interest will catch up to men’s and this relationship may strengthen and increase women’s participation (Atkeson 2003; Atkeson and Rapoport 2003; Fox and Lawless 2004). Examining these relationships over a longer period of time would help address such questions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "Identification of asteroids trapped inside three-body mean motion resonances: a machine-learning approach", of the Society, 2017, 469(2): 2024-2031. Mommert, M. ,. , Gustafsson, A. , Knight, M. , Moskovitz, N. , Smith, H. A. , "Systematic characterization of and search for activity in potentially active asteroids", Science Journal, 2020, 1(1): 10. Beasley, M. , Lewicki, C. A. , Smith, A. , Lintott, C. , Christensen, E. , "AsteroidZoo: A new zooniverse project to detect asteroids and improve asteroid detection algorithms", 2013. Nugent, C. R. , Dailey, J. , "Machine learning and next-generation asteroid surveys", In AAS/Division for Meeting Abstracts, 2017, 49: 103-03. Rabeendran, A. C. , Denneau, L. "A two-stage deep learning detection classifier for the atlas asteroid survey", Publications of the of the Pacific, 2021, 133(1021): 034501. Pasko, V. , "Prediction of for ", 52: 45-65. Johnson, C. A. , DellaGiustina, D. N. "Hazards on ", 2016, 2016: NH13A-1748. Gustetic, J. L. , Friedensen, V. , Kessler, J. L. , Jackson, S. , Parr, J. , "NASA's Challenge: Strategy, Results, and Lessons Learned", Space Policy, 2018, 44: 1-13. Lieu, M. , Baines, D. , Giordano, F. , Merin, B. , Arviset, C. , Altieri, B. , Conversi, B. , Carry, B. , "of with Big Data", and 2019, 523: 49. Fluke, C. J. , Jacobs, C. , "Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy", Reviews: 2020, 10(2): e1349. Dotto, E. , Della Corte, V. , Amoroso, M. , Bertini, I. , Brucato, J. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent and CBF magnitude and percent changes relative to baselines were calculated: (1) on a pixel-by-pixel basis, (2) for the -derived normal, mismatch, and core clusters, and (3) for the ROI of the forepaw somatosensory cortices. Forepaw-stimulation responses in the forepaw cortices: Cross correlation analysis associated with the forepaw primary somatosensory cortices was performed. ROI of the normal LH forepaw cortices were drawn based on the averaged cross correlation activation maps of all time points with 0. 05 (t-test) was taken to be statistically significant. Results(Group I): CO2 Responses in -Derived ClustersImages and maps at 30 mins after ischemia of one representative animal subjected to permanent focal ischemia are shown in Figure 1A. Basal CBF images depict a large perfusion deficit and ADC images depict a smaller ADC lesion in the ischemic RH. Nine out of 11 rats showed a substantial and evolving ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch and a few of these animals showed some persistent mismatch at 180 mins. The forepaw primary somatosensory cortices typically showed an evolving a perfusion—diffusion mismatch because of its anatomical location close to the anterior communicating artery. The two remaining animals showed large infarcts at the onset without apparent mismatch at 30 mins. analysis yielded three distinct tissue types in the RH, namely, normal (blue pixels), mismatch (green pixels), and core (red pixels). The fMRI maps showed that the hypercapnic challenge evoked a marked CBF increases in the LH, slightly attenuated CBF increases in the RH ‘normal’ tissues and essentially no evoked CBF increases in the RH ischemic ‘core’ and ‘mismatch’ tissues. Hypercapnia-induced CBF increases were essentially absent in regions with perfusion deficit. Interestingly, although dependent on the precise threshold used, the BOLD activated areas appeared to be larger than the CBF activation areas, suggesting differences in metabolic and CBF changes associated with ischemic injury. The ADC and CBF values of different -derived clusters are summarized in Table 1. LH ADC and LH basal CBF were similar at all time points.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Future research may also do more to disentangle political activism into a meaningful substantive typology of actions. For example, in a Belgian study on demonstrations, van Aelst and Walgrave (2001) reveal that gender of demonstrators depends strongly on the protest issue. Research is increasingly acknowledging the importance of non-institutional forms of political activism as being legitimate and powerful influences on (formal) political outcomes (Dalton 2008; Pattie et al. 2003), but more work must be done to develop the theoretical underpinnings of these different forms of action, their stratification among population groups, and impact on the political process. Along these lines, more research is needed to investigate the implications of gender gaps in participation for political outcomes and gender equality more generally. On one hand, if women engage in more individual, private actions, but politicians pay more attention to the collective, public actions men are more likely to engage in, policy decisions might reflect men’s demands more than women’s. On the other hand, if women increase their political interest and efficacy over time, female voters may dominate ballots in the future. Future research may also open the way for further hypothesis testing on the differential effect of different characteristics on participation among men and women. Finally, the cross-national results provide a strong background with which to study national context in greater detail. While our focus was looking beyond country characteristics, it must be recognized that political participation typically occurs in a national context. Hence, further investigations on the influence of political and cultural characteristics are needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Capannolo, A. ,. . . & Fretz, K. , "-the Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids in support of the mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos", Planetary and Space Science, 2021, 199: 105185. McIntyre, K. J. , "", Master Thesis, of North Dakota, 2019. Tholen, D. J. , Barucci, M. A. , "Asteroid taxonomy", Asteroids II, 1989, 298-315. "Three-parameter asteroid taxonomy classifications", Asteroids II, 1989, 1151-1161. Tholen, D. J. , "Asteroid taxonomic classifications", II, 1989, 1139–1150. Safavian, S. R. , Landgrebe, D. , "A survey of decision tree classifier methodology", IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1991, 21(3): 660-674. Rish, I. , "An empirical study of the naive Bayes classifier", 2001 workshop on empirical methods in artificial intelligence, 2001, 3(22): 41-46. Sperandei, S. , "Understanding logistic regression analysis"; Biochemia medica, 2014 24(1): 12-18. Breiman, L. , "Random forests", Machine learning, 2001, 45(1): 5-32. Cortes, C. , Vapnik, V. , "Support-vector networks", Machine learning, 1995, 20(3): 273-297. Pal, M. , "Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification", International journal of remote sensing, 2005, 26(1): 217-222. Guo, G. , Wang, H. , Bell, D. , Bi, Y. , Greer, K. , "KNN model-based approach in classification", " On the Move to Systems", Berlin, 2003, 986-996. Chen, T. , Guestrin, C. , "Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system", of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016, 785-794. Chen, T. , He, T. , Benesty, M. , Khotilovich, V. , Tang, Y. , Cho, H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In the normal zone of the ischemic RH, ADC and CBF were normal. In the mismatch zone, ADC was marginally reduced but CBF was significant reduced. In the core zone, both ADC and CBF were markedly reduced. Figure 1 Permanent occlusion—CO2 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in different -derived clusters (n = 11). (A) Representative CBF and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, clusters overlaid on ADC maps, ΔCBFCO2 and Δ2 percent change maps overlaid on CBF images of a rat subjected to permanent focal ischemia at the 30-min time point. cluster analysis yielded ‘normal’ (blue), ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch’ (green), and ‘ischemic core’ (red) clusters. Gray-scale bar indicates ADC ranging from 0 to 0. 001 mm2/sec and CBF 0 to 3 mL/g/min. Color bar indicates ΔCBF ranging from 10% to 400% and ΔBOLD 1% to 10%. (B) Scatterplots of baseline CBF versus ADC, ΔCBFCO2 versus ADC, normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities versus ADC, and Δ2 versus ADC for the left hemisphere (LH) and the right hemisphere (RH) at 30 mins after ischemia (one animal). -derived clusters were assigned as ‘normal’ (blue), ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch (green) and ‘ischemic core’ clusters (red). (C) Group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the normal left hemisphere and the -derived normal, mismatch, core clusters of the right ischemic hemisphere at three time points after ischemia. (D) Temporal evolution of the group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the ‘mismatch’ before and after migration to different zones as ischemia progressed. Mismatch at 30 mins after ischemia was used as the reference and these mismatch pixels were tracked as they migrated to different zones at 180 mins after ischemia. Table 1 Group average ADC and CBF for different time point and different area (n = 11, mean±s. d.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 남성에 비해 ‘안정 이력군’의 비중이 작고 ‘비취업 이력’의 비중이 큰 젠더 격차가 지속되고 있지만, ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’ 모두의증가 경향은 불안정화나 비정규화라는 말로 요약하기 어려운 내부 분화가 여성 노동시장에서 진행되고 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 남녀 모두에게서 나타난 특기할 만한 변화는첫 취업 전까지 상당한 시간을 보낸 후에 중소기업 정규직으로 진입한 이력의 비중이커졌다는 점이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Chen, K. , "Xgboost: extreme gradient boosting", R package version 0. 4-2, 2015, 1(4): 1-4. Freund, Y. , Schapire, R. E. , "Experiments with a new boosting algorithm", icml, 1996, 96: 148-156. Schapire, R. E. , "Explaining adaboost", inference, Berlin, 2013, 37-52. Öztemel, E. , "Yapay sinir ağlari", PapatyaYayincilik, İstanbul, (2003). Şen, Z. , "Yapay sinir ağları", Su Vakfı, İstanbul, (2004). Tüm Kaynakçayı Göster Kaynakça Göster Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır. Ayrıntılar Türkçe Konular Mühendislik Bölüm Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0001-5644-2957 Türkiye Isık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0003-3561-9375 Türkiye Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0002-8933-8395 Türkiye Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022 Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Haziran 2022 7 Eylül 2022 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 Kaynak Göster IEEE Ö. C. Eskicioğlu, A. H. Isık, ve O. Sevli, “Çarpışma Öğrenmesi ile Tespiti”, El-of Science and Engineering, c. 9, sy. 4, ss. 1431–1449, 2022, doi: 10. 31202/ecjse. 1135651.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: ) ADC (x 10−3 mm2/sec)CBF baseline (mL/g/min) 30 min90 min180 min30 min90 min180 minLH0. 75±0. 020. 76±0. 010. 75±0. 010. 89±0. 210. 97±0. 170. 97±0. 20Normal0. 74±0. 020. 74±0. 020. 74±0. 030. 81±0. 200. 83±0. 200. 81±0. 15Mismatch0. 69±0. 020. 70±0. 020. 70±0. 030. 13±0. 040. 10±0. 030. 15±0. 06Core0. 51±0. 020. 48±0. 020. 46±0. 030. 13±0. 120. 15±0. 200. 13±0. 11ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; CBF, cerebral blood flow; LH, left hemisphere. Pixel-by-pixel scatterplot analysis of CBF versus ADC under baseline and CO2 challenge from one animal is shown in Figure 1B (left panel). The LH basal CBF was 1. 2±0. 7 mL/g/min (whole brain average). Hypercapnia markedly increased CBF, with 90% of all pixels showing a pixel-by-pixel ΔCBF increase ranging from 0. 5 to 3 mL/g/min. In the RH, the normal, mismatch and core clusters were derived using the analysis and color coded. Essentially all ‘core’ and ‘mismatch’ pixels showed no CO2-induced CBF increases. Most of the RH ‘normal’ pixels showed significant CO2-induced CBF increases but were smaller in magnitude relative the LH. The scatterplot analysis of BOLD versus ADC is shown on the right panel of Figure 1B. The wide distribution of the normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities in the LH is indicative of tissue heterogeneity, tissue physiologic status (i. e. , hypoxia), and nonuniform signal intensity profile of the surface coil. Nonetheless, in the LH, the CO2-induced BOLD increases were evident.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 이 점은 적어도 대졸 청년 노동시장에서 불안정화, 양극화를 설명하기 위해서는 대기업 정규직 감소나 비정규직 증가보다 중소기업 정규직 노동시장의 분화, 또는 불안정화 경향에 더 집중할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. There is a social convention on the changes in the youth labor market structure in after economic crisis of 1998, characterized as punctuated changes ― polarization and precariousness. This notion is based on cross-sectional researches that mainly focuses on the structure captured in discrete time with various categories such as type of employment, type of occupations, size of enterprise, etc. Apart from this approach, we attempt to find the characteristics of changes in the structure of youth labor market after economic crisis focusing on work history as a unit of analysis. Using the & Study (KLIPS), we compare three cohorts (1993∼1995, 1998∼2000, and 2003∼2005) of college graduates’ work history of 120 months since graduation. The results are as follows: First, for men, while two groups of career patterns, ‘stable career group’ and ‘unstable career group’, still remained, within each part, the proportion of unstable careers has increased. For women, on the other hand, three career patterns of ‘stable’ ‘unstable’, and ‘unemployed’ have shifted to two patterns of ‘stable’ and ‘unstable’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: İndir Makale Dosyaları Sayfası Arşiv Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 License El-Cezeri is licensed to the public under a Attribution 4. 0 license.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Although the RH ‘core’ pixels showed lower baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities because of hypoxia-induced increase in deoxyhemoglobin concentration and/or changes in blood volume, different clusters (derived via ADC and baseline CBF data) were not well segregated based on T*2-weighted signal intensities. CO2-induced ΔBOLD versus ADC showed slightly better cluster separation visually but nonetheless were significantly less resolved compared with the corresponding CO2-induced ΔCBF versus ADC. The average BOLD fMRI responses were 3. 5%, 3. 3%, 1. 1%, and -0. 8% in the normal LH, normal RH, mismatch, and core clusters, respectively. The group-average hypercapnia-induced CBF and BOLD changes in the LH and in different clusters at different time points are summarized in Figure 1C. For permanent occlusion, ischemia stopped evolving 180 min after occlusion (Shen et al, 2003; Meng et al, 2004), which was taken as the imaging end point. Baseline CBF of the RH normal cluster was similar to that of the LH. However, the RH CO2-induced CBF and BOLD fMRI responses, although robust, were attenuated relative to the LH fMRI responses. There were trends of improvements in the RH fMRI responses over time. Baseline CBF of the RH mismatch and ischemic core were markedly reduced and their CO2-induced fMRI responses were essentially absent. BOLD responses in the RH mismatch and ischemic core were also markedly attenuated. Note that only BOLD percent changes were plotted because baseline T*2-weighted intensities could not be compared across different brain regions because of tissue heterogeneity and nonuniform intensity profile of the surface coil. Tracking the Perfusion—Diffusion MismatchTo better understand the tissue at risk, mismatch pixels were tracked as ischemia progressed. The mismatch pixels at 30 min were taken as 0. 67±0. 03 at 30 min to 0. 48±0. 02 at 180 min); those that remained in the mismatch zone or those that migrated to the normal zone showed no ADC decreases relative to the normal LH.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, cohort effects with attributes of people controlled was consistent for the both of men and women. The chances of entering careers as wage earners have increased and that of quitting or changing jobs have decreased. The most notable point here is that the chances of “delayed entry into regular work in small and medium-sized enterprises” have considerably increased. These changes in the pattern of work history turn our attention from labor market of regular work in large company or that of irregular work to the differentiation in labor market of regular work in small and medium-sized enterprises. In conclusion, this paper shows that the change in the structure of youth labor market in after economic crisis of 1998 is neither linear nor discontinuous. 키워드 대졸자, 직업력, 노동시장, 배열분석, 한국노동패널조사 university-work transition, work history, social sequence analysis, youth labor market, & Study (KLIPS) 참고문헌(59) 1. [학술지] 강이수 1999 경제위기와 여성노동시장의 변화 추이 동향과전망 (40) : 89 ~ 40 2. [인터넷자료] 교육부 교육통계연보 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: The debate assumes that value is ‘produced’. (It’s not. ) To see the flaw, let’s go back to Locke’s theory of property rights. Notice that it’s not really a ‘theory’ in the scientific sense. It doesn’t explain why property rights exist. It explains why they ought to exist. Locke proclaimed that a man ought to own what he produces. That is his ‘natural right’. This change from ‘is’ to ‘ought’ is important. It means that we’re not dealing with a scientific theory. We’re dealing with a system of morality. The philosopher was perhaps the first to understand this moral sleight of hand. He noticed that moral philosophers made their arguments more convincing by framing what ‘ought’ to be in terms of what ‘is’. Here’s Hume reflecting on this trick: In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have always remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprised to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence. Hume’s observation in mind, let’s return to Locke’s ‘theory’ of property. It’s not a ‘theory’ at all — it’s a morale treatise. According to Locke, we ought to own what we produce. But that doesn’t mean that we do. To see the consequences of this mistake, we need an actual scientific theory of property rights — a theory that explains why property exists, not why it ‘ought’ to exist. The most convincing theory of private property, in my opinion, comes from the work of. To understand property, Nitzan and Bichler argue that we should turn Locke’s idea on its head. Property isn’t a ‘natural right’. It’s an act of power.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: As expected, pixels migrating to the ‘normal’ zone showed a slightly higher baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and ΔBOLD responses at 30 min and significantly higher baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and BOLD responses at 180 min. In contrast, pixels that remained in the mismatch zone or migrated to the ischemic ‘core’ zone showed lower baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and ΔBOLD responses at both 30 and 180 min. Although the magnitudes of the RH CO2-induced ΔCBF were markedly reduced, the CO2-induced CBF percent changes, notably, were significant and comparable with those of the normal LH because of division by the small RH baseline values under ischemia. This observation suggests caution in interpreting relative percent changes in disease state. (Group I): CO2 and in the CorticesIn addition to analyzing the CO2 response profiles of different -derived tissue types, functional integrity associated with forepaw stimulation in ischemic brain injury was also evaluated. CBF versus ADC and BOLD versus ADC scatterplots of pixels within the forepaw somatosensory cortices associated with hypercapnic challenge and forepaw stimulation are showed in Figure 2A. In the normal LH, CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation evoked significant changes in the CBF and BOLD fMRI responses (red pixels) relative to the baseline (green pixels), with the stimulus-evoked CBF increases showing significantly larger dynamic ranges. In the ischemic RH, the center of mass of pixels associated with CO2 challenge showed small but observable CBF and BOLD increases. Stimulus-evoked changes in the center of mass of these pixels in the ischemic RH were, however, visually negligible. Figure 2 Permanent occlusion—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary somatosensory cortices (n =11). (A) Group-average scatterplots of baseline CBF versus apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), ΔCBFCO2 versus ADC, normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities versus ADC, and Δ2 versus ADC for the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere (RH) at 180 mins after ischemia. Data were obtained from the forepaw somatosensory cortices. The green pixels are baseline conditions and red pixels are stimulus-evoked changes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 구체적으로 ‘한국노동패널조사’ 직업력 자료를사용해 4년제 대졸자의 졸업 후 120개월 노동이력을 8개 유형으로 분류하고, 각 유형별 비중을 1990년대 초·중반, 1990년대 후반, 2000년대 초·중반 졸업 코호트별로 비교했다. 남성에서는 ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’의 이분 구도가 경제위기 전후로 지속되는 가운데 두 군의 경계 영역에서 불안정화 추이가 나타났다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Property, Nitzan and Bichler observe, is an act of exclusion. own something, that means that I have the right to exclude others from using it. It’s this exclusionary power that defines private property. Here are Nitzan and Bichler describing this act: The most important feature of private ownership is not that it enables those who own, but that it disables those who do not. Technically, anyone can get into someone else’s car and drive away, or give an order to sell all of Warren Buffet’s shares in Berkshire Hathaway. The sole purpose of private ownership is to prevent us from doing so. In this sense, private ownership is wholly and only an institution of exclusion, and institutional exclusion is a matter of organized power. When we think like Nitzan and Bichler, we get a very different view of income. Recall that most political economists see property in terms of the ‘things’ that are owned. They then argue that income stems from these ‘things’. Nitzan and Bichler upend this logic. Property, they argue, is about the act of ownership — the institutional act of exclusion. Income stems from this exclusionary act. We earn income from the fence of property rights, not from what’s inside the fence. In other words, if you can’t restrict access to your property, you can’t earn income from it. (For more discussion of Nitzan and Bichler’s theory of property rights, see this post. Or better yet, read their book Capital as Power. ) and Bichler’s theory of private property in hand, let’s look at what goes wrong in political economy. Economists see income and conclude that it indicates the productivity of the owner’s property. This means that when the distribution of income changes, it appears that the relative ‘output’ of each ‘factor of production’ also changes. So when the income flowing to natural resource owners declines, economists conclude (wrongly) that the resources themselves are becoming less important. Here’s an example. Most early political economists argued that there were three ‘factors of production’: land, labor and capital. But over time, land was slowly dropped, leaving only labor and capital.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: (B) Group-average fMRI responses to CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation in the forepaw somatosensory cortices. Baseline CBF and ΔCBF fMRI responses, normalized T*2-weighted signal intensities and ΔBOLD fMRI responses are shown for different time points after ischemia. The inset shows representative CBF fMRI activation maps of forepaw stimulation. Hypercapnic responses within the primary somatosensory cortices are summarized in Figure 2B (top panel). In the normal LH across all time points, baseline CBF in the forepaw somatosensory cortex was ~1. 05 mL/g/min, CO2 inhalation increased CBF to ~3 mL/g/min, and forepaw stimulation increased CBF to ~1. 4 mL/g/min. In the ischemic RH, baseline CBF in the forepaw somatosensory cortex was 0. 25 mL/g/min, CO2 challenge induced a small CBF increase of <0. 2 mL/g/min. However, if the data were expressed as percent changes, CO2-induced CBF increases were 50 to 70%, again suggesting caution in interpreting relative percent changes in physiologically perturbed state. Baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities of the RH were normalized with respective to those of the normal LH forepaw cortex for comparison. Assuming that the signal drop off within the small forepaw primary somatosensory area due to the surface coil application was negligible, baseline normalized T*2-weighted signal intensities between the LH and RH could be compared. Under basal condition without stimulation, normalized baseline T*2-weighted image intensities in the ischemic RH were slightly reduced by 2. 5% as expected because of hypoxia and/or blood volume changes, as reported previously (Roussel et al, 1995; van der Toorn et al, 1995). In the normal LH, CO2 challenge increased BOLD by ~7. 4% whereas, in the ischemic RH, CO2 challenge increased BOLD by 2. 5%. This is in marked contrast to the magnitude stimulus-evoked CBF responses that was negligible in the ischemic RH.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 남성에 비해 ‘안정 이력군’의 비중이 작고 ‘비취업 이력’의 비중이 큰 젠더 격차가 지속되고 있지만, ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’ 모두의증가 경향은 불안정화나 비정규화라는 말로 요약하기 어려운 내부 분화가 여성 노동시장에서 진행되고 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 남녀 모두에게서 나타난 특기할 만한 변화는첫 취업 전까지 상당한 시간을 보낸 후에 중소기업 정규직으로 진입한 이력의 비중이커졌다는 점이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Take, as an example, the need to fight climate change. If you ask a climate scientist, they’ll likely say that climate change poses a dire threat to humanity. Their reasoning is simple. Climate change could potentially make farming impossible in much of the world. So if we want to avoid mass starvation, we’d best curb our fossil fuel habit. In contrast, if you ask a neoclassical economist about fighting climate change, you’ll get a very different answer. Climate change, they’ll likely say, isn’t much of a problem. True, it may cause much of our arable land to become barren … but don’t worry. Agriculture, they’ll observe, is a tiny part of GDP. So even if we destroy our ability to farm, ‘economic output’ will remain virtually unchanged. Given its absurdity, you might think that I’m making this reasoning up. But I’m not. — whose work on the economics of climate change has been enormously influential — uses the same reasoning to downplay the impact of global warming. Here’s how he peddles it: [T]he process of economic development and technological change tend progressively to reduce climate sensitivity as the share of agriculture in output and employment declines and as capital-intensive space heating and cooling, enclosed shopping malls, artificial snow, and accurate weather or hurricane forecasting reduces the vulnerability of economic activity to weather … More generally, underground mining, most services, communications, and manufacturing are sectors likely to be largely unaffected by climate change—sectors that comprise around 85 percent of GDP. Although climate change may destroy our food supply, we shouldn’t worry. According to Nordhaus, we’ll all be safe inside our air-conditioned offices, with productivity unimpaired. For this tortured logic, Nordhaus was awarded the (fake) Nobel prize in economics. Noting the irony, anthropologist aptly called it the “Prize for Climate Catastrophe”. (If you’re appalled by Nordhaus’ work — and you should be — check out Steve Keen’s in-depth debunking of it). Here’s what’s wrong with Nordhaus’ reasoning: it conflates income with productive importance (political economy’s original sin).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: This difference between BOLD and CBF responses associated with forepaw stimulation is consistent with that associated with CO2 challenge (Figure 1B). The forepaw stimulation responses within the primary somatosensory cortices are shown in Figure 2B (bottom panel). Baseline CBF, baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities, and fMRI responses did not vary substantially across different time points after ischemia. In the normal LH, forepaw evoked robust BOLD and CBF responses. In the ischemic RH, forepaw stimulation evoked a negligible CBF increase. However, BOLD increase was not negligible. This difference between BOLD and CBF responses associated with forepaw stimulation is consistent with that associated with CO2 challenge (Figures 1A and Figure 2B top panel), suggesting uncoupling of metabolic activity and blood flow. To better understand the potential uncoupling of metabolism and CBF, stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes associated with forepaw stimulation in permanent ischemic brain injury were also estimated. Table 2 summarizes the M values and stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes in the primary somatosensory cortices in the LH and RH at different time points after occlusion. M is the proportionality constant in the CMRO2 model and it reflects the hemodynamic coupling. M value in the normal LH was ~10% across different time points whereas that in the ischemic RH was reduced by half, ca. ~5%. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increase was ~10% in the LH and ~3% in the RH. Table 2 Permanent occlusion: group-average percent M and CMRO2 from the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 11, mean±s. d. ) LHRHM(%) 30 mins11. 0±2. 07. 3±2. 1 90 mins10. 9±2. 17. 1±3. 1 180 mins10. 6±2. 17. 0±2. 4 ΔCMRO2(%) 30 mins9. 6±3. 53. 4±2. 3 90 mins10. 9±3. 43. 1±2. 0 180 mins10. 5±3. 14. 3±2. 6RH, right hemisphere; LH, left hemisphere.

Output: corroborate