Input: Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: 7 Patients who are least likely to be vitamin B12-deficient are those who take supplements or eat fortified cereals. Fortified foods have shown high bioavailability of vitamin B12. 7 Patients can calculate the amount of vitamin B12 listed on the nutrition labels of supplements or cereals to ensure adequate intake. “PLANT-. ” Iron is essential to support the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Patients and clinicians may associate sufficient dietary iron intake with meat consumption. Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends 8 mg/day of dietary iron for men and 18 mg for nonpregnant women ages 19 to 50 years. 9 The NIH recommends 27 mg/day of dietary iron for pregnant women. 9 Low blood iron levels result in the intestines naturally increasing dietary iron absorption. Meat contains both heme and nonheme iron. Plants, dairy products, and eggs only contain nonheme iron. Because nonheme iron is less readily absorbed than heme iron, iron deficiency anemia may be a concern in patients following plant-based diets. In a meta-analysis of the effect of vegetarian diets on iron status, vegetarians were observed to have lower iron stores, indicated by lower ferritin levels, than omnivores. 10 However, vegetarians were shown to be more efficient at absorbing dietary nonheme iron regardless of its comparatively lower bioavailability. 10 Evidence shows that patients who eat a plant-based diet become more efficient at regulating their iron levels in a controlled manner to avoid iron deficiency. 5 Of more concern, the human body cannot naturally excrete excess iron. Elevated ferritin levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. 10 The mechanism for this association is still unclear, but could be related to a combination of cellular damage from free iron-induced oxidative stress, excess iron causing increased insulin resistance or hepatic dysfunction. 10-12 A well-planned diet with an abundance of dark leafy greens; beans; legumes; seeds; and fortified breads, cereals, and grains can mitigate the risk of iron-deficiency anemia and iron overload. 10 Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which includes an array of brightly colored fruits and vegetables, alongside nonheme iron food sources, increases nonheme iron bioavailability. 13 “PLANT-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Species-level bacterial community profiling of the healthy sinonasal microbiome using sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA genes. Microbiome 6:1-26 Edgar RC. 2016a. 2: improved error-correction for Illumina 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing. preprint Edgar RC. 2016b. : a simple non-Bayesian taxonomy classifier for 16S and ITS sequences. preprint. 2017. A Bayesian taxonomic classification method for 16S rRNA gene sequences with improved species-level accuracy. BMC Bioinformatics 18:1-10. 2021. The effect of taxonomic classification by full—length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long—read technology. 11:1-12. 2018. Retrieval of a million high-quality, full-length microbial 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences without primer bias. 36:190-195. 2021. 2: improved taxonomic classification of environmental DNA markers. Bioinformatics 37:3941-3943. 2021. Reprograming in the progression of colon cancer. 4:1-11. 2018. Fecal microbial dysbiosis in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. of Gastroenterology 24:1464-1477. 2020. Classification of 16S rRNA reads is improved using a niche-specific database constructed by near-full length sequencing. 15:1-16. 2021. Genomics taxonomic profiling of symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities associated with Indo-Pacific corals in the Gulf of Thailand using PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 16S rRNA genes. Genomics 113:2717-2729 -Urtaza J. 2020. Computational methods for 16S metabarcoding studies using Nanopore sequencing data. Computational and Journal 18:296-305. 2020. Comparison of different hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA for taxonomic profiling of vaginal microbiota using next-generation sequencing. Archives of Microbiology 203(3):1159-1166. 2016. Haplotype-phased synthetic long reads from short-read sequencing. 11:1-20. 2022. Effects of waterlogging on soybean rhizosphere bacterial community using V4, LoopSeq, and PacBio 16S rRNA sequence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 5 Gt of carbon stored in forest biomass worldwide. Conversely, the global forestry sector holds immense potential, representing over 50% of the capacity to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as noted by the IPCC, 2007. Recognizing the vital role of forests in mitigating climate change, international climate negotiations have prioritized forest management, leading to the establishment of funding mechanisms like CDM and REDD (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Consequently, forestry has gained prominence in global climate change policies. Ethiopia boasts substantial forest resources within the Horn of Africa and stands to significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. However, if deforestation persists at the current rate of around 2%, Ethiopia's forests, holding approximately 2. 76 billion tons of carbon, risk releasing this carbon into the atmosphere over the next 50 years (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Variations in carbon readings stem from differences in soil composition, geographic factors, and the types of forests present, compounded by diverse methods used for carbon estimation (Zerfu, 2002; Embaye et al. , 2005; Woldeyohannes, 2020; Mamo and Sterba, 2006; Zewdie et al. , 2009). Despite limited research by specific authors, there is a scarcity of biomass equations and growth models tailored to Ethiopian environments. Thus, localized studies assessing carbon storage become imperative (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Tropical countries typically harbor significant carbon reserves within the aboveground biomass of trees (Birhanu, 2017), susceptible to depletion through deforestation and degradation. Studies by the FAO (2015), indicate a consistent decline in Ethiopia's forested areas, biomass, and carbon stock since 1990, underscoring the urgency of halting deforestation and adopting sustainable forest management practices. Given the status of surviving high forests and national objectives, Ethiopia prioritizes the conservation of its high forests, with commercial utilization as a secondary concern. However, a significant portion of these forests require intensive restoration due to severe disturbances (Tesfaye, M. A. , et al, 2015), with modest anticipated growth rates for height and diameter (Bekele, 2001). Despite this, there is a dearth of information regarding sustainable forest management and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation (Lemenih, M. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: ” Calcium is necessary for bone health; blood clotting; and nerve, heart, and muscle function. Milk and other dairy products have been successfully marketed as essential foods for maintaining adequate bone health, although evidence is mixed as to whether this claim has validity. 14,15 Although patients following vegetarian diets and omnivorous diets have similar dietary calcium intakes, those following vegan diets tend to consume less dietary calcium. 16 Calcium deficiency and its effect on bone health may be a concern for patients who are considering transitioning to a plant-based diet. Animals who produce milk obtain their calcium from the plants they eat, which in turn provides calcium to the humans who drink the milk. Patients can ensure adequate calcium intake by consuming the direct source of the calcium—plants. The recommended amount of calcium to maintain overall health is 1,000 mg daily. 17 Green leafy vegetables, such as bok choy, collards, Chinese cabbage, turnip greens, and kale, offer high calcium bioavailability. Convenient sources of calcium include fortified plant-based milks, cereals, soy products, and chia seeds. 17 Incorporating leafy green vegetables and calcium-fortified foods into a plant-based diet can safeguard against calcium deficiency. “-. ” Many professional medical organizations, such as the Association, of Cardiology, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and Association, agree that “eating more unrefined, plant-based foods is an important strategy in prevention of chronic disease, management of chronic conditions, and promotion of overall health. ”18 Some patients may ask their clinician questions about eating a more plant-based diet. However, clinicians may be reluctant to initiate a conversation about plant-based diets with their patients if they believe that their patients would not be receptive to this recommendation. This reluctance may be a barrier to clinicians discussing the health benefits of plant-based eating and to patients who do not know that this way of eating could improve their health. For example, most patients are not aware that a plant-based diet could improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lee and colleagues found that 66% of nonvegetarian patients were receptive to trying a plant-based diet for 3 weeks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 45133 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 15,542 views 1,069 downloads 141 5133. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 6 figures, 2 tables and 3 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Total preprints posted to bioRxiv over a 61 month period from November 2013 through November 2018. (a) The number of preprints (y-axis) at each month (x-axis), with each category depicted as a line in a different color. Inset: The overall number of preprints on bioRxiv in each month. (b) The number of preprints posted (y-axis) in each month (x-axis) by category. The category color key is provided below the figure. Figure 1—source data 1 The number of submissions per month to each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data1-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 2 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 1—source data 1. Download elife-45133-fig1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 3 The number of submissions per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data3-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 4 The number of full-length 2018. Download elife-45133-fig1-data4-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 5 A table of the top 15 authors with the most preprints on bioRxiv. Download elife-45133-fig1-data5-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 6 A list of every author, the number of preprints for which they are listed as an author, and the number of email addresses they are associated with. Download elife-45133-fig1-data6-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 7 A table of the top 25 institutions with the most authors listing them as their affiliation, and how many papers have been published by those authors. Download elife-45133-fig1-data7-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 0001) (see Table 3). The forest contained a total of 24. 98 tonnes of carbon per hectare. It's anticipated that natural forest areas and nursed trees within planted forests would hold approximately 20. 34 ± 0. 18 tonnes per hectare and 4. 64 ± 0. 1 tonnes per hectare of carbon, respectively (Table 3). The findings indicate that natural forests possess significantly higher mean total carbon compared to planted forests with nursed trees (p = 0. 000). Consequently, the carbon stock values across the study forest varied, ranging from a maximum of 3. 18 tonnes per hectare in plot 6 to a minimum of 0. 3 tonnes per hectare in plot 15 within the natural forest, whereas in nursed trees of plantation forest, the total carbon stock values ranged from a maximum of 1. 64 tonnes per hectare in plot 7 to a minimum of 0 tonnes per hectare in plots 1 and 12 (Fig. 3). The average carbon stock across all carbon pools at the study site was 1. 25 tonnes per hectare, where the mean carbon stock in the natural forest was 1. 017 ± 0. 18 tonnes per hectare, and 0. 232 ± 0. 1 tonnes per hectare were found in the nursed trees of plantation forest. Both natural forests and nursed trees in plantation forests contributed to above-ground carbon in the forest, albeit at different rates (16. 01 ± 0. 14 tonnes per hectare and 3. 65 ± 0. 08 tonnes per hectare, respectively) (Table 3). Moreover, the results indicate that natural forests exhibited considerably higher above-ground carbon levels compared to nursed trees in planted forests (p = 0. 000). This pattern is similarly observed for belowground carbon, with values of 4. 32 ± 0. 04 tonnes per hectare and 0. 99 ± 0. 21 tonnes per hectare, respectively, for natural forests and nursed trees in plantation forests. Table 3 Biomass and carbon stock of the forest Natural forest Nursed tree in plantation forest p-value Above ground Biomass 32. 03 ± 0. 29 (Mean ± SE) 7. 31 ± 0. 16 (Mean ± SE) 0. 000 Below ground Biomass 8. 65 ± 0. 08 (Mean ± SE) 1. 97 ± 0. 04 (Mean ± SE) 0. 000 Above ground Carbon 16. 01 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: 19 Many clinicians in their study were aware of the health benefits of a plant-based diet for patients with type 2 diabetes, but only one-third recommended this lifestyle change to their patients because they did not believe their patients would be receptive to this advice. 19 Diet acceptability for plant-based diets has been demonstrated to be comparable to other diets for treating overweight and obesity. 20 Furthermore, adherence to interventional plant-based diets is similar to other diet types, including vegan, vegetarian, pescovegetarian, semivegetarian, and omnivore diets. 20 Clinicians who assume that a patient may not be receptive or cannot adhere to a plant-based diet may miss an important opportunity to improve their patient's health. “'1. for Cancer Research. plate: setting your table to prevent cancer. www. aicr. org/cancer-prevention/healthy-eating/new-american-plate. 4, 2022. 2. Tektonidis TG, Åkesson A, Gigante B, et al. A Mediterranean diet and risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243(1):93–98. | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1599–1600. | PubMed | CrossRef 4. Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):1–15. 5. . Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Diet. 2016;116(12):1970–1980. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. . The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature. Clin Nutr. 2014;68(5):541–548. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 7. Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the Framingham offspring study. Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):514–522. | PubMed | CrossRef 8. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12. 4, 2022. 9. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron. 4, 2022. 10. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: docx Figure 1—source data 8 A list of every indexed institution, the number of authors associated with that institution, and the number of papers authored by those researchers. Download elife-45133-fig1-data8-v2. csv Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset The distribution of all recorded downloads of bioRxiv preprints. (a) The downloads recorded in each month, with each line representing a different year. The lines reflect the same totals as the height of the bars in Figure 2b. (b) A stacked bar plot of the downloads in each month. The height of each bar indicates the total downloads in that month. Each stacked bar shows the number of downloads in that month attributable to each category; the colors of the bars are described in the legend in Figure 1. Inset: A histogram showing the site-wide distribution of downloads per preprint, as of the end of November 2018. The median download count for a single preprint is 279, marked by the yellow dashed line. (c) The distribution of downloads per preprint, broken down by category. Each box illustrates that category’s first quartile, median, and third quartile (similar to a boxplot, but whiskers are omitted due to a long right tail in the distribution). The vertical dashed yellow line indicates the overall median downloads for all preprints. (d) Cumulative downloads over time of all preprints in each category. The top seven categories at the end of the plot (November 2018) are labeled using the same category color-coding as above. Figure 2—source data 1 A list of every preprint, its bioRxiv category, and its total downloads. Download elife-45133-fig2-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 2 The number of downloads per month in each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 3 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 2—source data 2. Download elife-45133-fig2-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 2—source data 4 The number of downloads per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data4-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Among these, Ficus sycomorus, Sapium ellipticum, Grevillea robusta, Cupressus lusitanica, and Syzygium guineense contributed 60. 14%, 11. 77%, 7. 96%, 5. 85%, and 4. 84%, respectively. The remaining 33 species in the forest contributed the remaining 10% of the carbon reservoir (Table 4). Table 4 Biomass and carbon of nursed tree in plantation forest (t/ha-1) sycomorus 4. 39 2. 19 1. 18 0. 59 5. 58 2. 79 Sapium ellipticum 0. 86 0. 42 0. 23 0. 11 1. 09 0. 54 Grevillea robusta 0. 58 0. 29 0. 15 0. 07 0. 73 0. 36 Cupressus lusitanica 0. 43 0. 21 0. 11 0. 05 0. 54 0. 27 Syzygium guineense 0. 35 0. 17 0. 09 0. 04 0. 44 0. 22 Croton macrostachyus 0. 08 0. 04 0. 02 0. 01 0. 11 0. 05 Acacia abyssinica 0. 05 0. 02 0. 01 0. 007 0. 07 0. 03 Carissa edulis 0. 04 0. 02 0. 01 0. 005 0. 05 0. 02 Bersama abyssinica 0. 03 0. 01 0. 01 0. 005 0. 04 0. 02 others 0. 47 0. 23 0. 12 0. 06 0. 59 0. 29 NB: (AGB; above ground biomass, AGC, above ground carbon, BGB; below ground biomass, BGC; below ground carbon, TB; total biomass and TC; total carbon) ellipticum stands out as the dominant species in the natural forest, it is primarily responsible for the majority of the biomass and carbon content. According to the findings presented in Table 5, just the five most significant species in the forest collectively contribute to nearly 67% of the total carbon. Among these, Sapium ellipticum, Ficus ovate Vahl. , Ficus vasta, Stereospermum kunthianum, and Schrebera alata play significant roles, accounting for 29. 19%, 18. 54%, 8. 77%, 6. 13%, and 4. 34%, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. 2018;58(8):1359–1374. | PubMed | CrossRef 11. . Association of serum ferritin levels with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. J Res. 2015;9(9):BC11–BC13. PubMed 12. Associations of iron markers with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: results from the prospective SHIP study. Clin Pract. 2020;163:108149. | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and increasing non haem iron absorption pursuant to 2006. EFSA J. 2014;12(1):1–9. 14. Michaëlsson K, Wolk A, Langenskiöld S, et al. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;349(1):g6015. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Milk and other dairy foods and risk of hip fracture in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(2):385–396. | PubMed | CrossRef 16. . Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Clin Nutr. 2007;61(12):1400–1406. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 17. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium. 4, 2022. 18. of Lifestyle Medicine. The benefits of plant-based nutrition. 14, 2022. 19. . Awareness and perception of plant-based diets for the treatment and management of Type 2 diabetes in a community education clinic: a pilot study. J Nutr Metab. 2015;2015:1–6. 20. Turner-. A plant-based diet for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(5):369–374. 21. Changes in food reward during weight management interventions: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2018;19(12):1642–1658. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study. Clin Nutr. 1986;44(2):232–243. | PubMed | CrossRef 23.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: csv Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The distribution of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Monthly download counts for each bioRxiv preprint for each of its first 12 months. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The proportion of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Multiple perspectives on per-preprint download statistics. Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 1 The download counts for each bioRxiv preprint in its first month online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 2 Maximum monthly download count for each bioRxiv preprint. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 3 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in 2018. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data3-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Total downloads per preprint, segmented by the year in which each preprint was posted. Figure 2—figure supplement 4—source data 1 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in each year it was online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp4-data1-v2. csv Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Characteristics of the bioRxiv preprints published in journals, across the 27 subject collections. (a) The proportion of preprints that have been published (y-axis), broken down by the month in which the preprint was first posted (x-axis). (b) The proportion of preprints in each category that have been published elsewhere. The dashed line marks the overall proportion of bioRxiv preprints that have been published and is at the same position as the dashed line in panel 3a. (c) The number of preprints in each category that have been published in a journal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: (2011) discovered only 2 and 4 regenerated species in Cupressus and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Tehuldere district. However, our study recorded a comparable number of regenerated woody species (33 species) to that reported by et al. (2001) in Menagesha-Suba (37 native woody species) and in Jirren forest (40 species reported by et al. , 2006). Nonetheless, our findings were lower than the 55 species documented in Munessa-Shashemene (et al. , 2002). In terms of composition, natural forests consisted of 60% trees, 32% bushes, and 8% climbers, while plantation forests contained 48% trees, 45% shrubs, and 7% climbers. The dominant family in natural forests was Fabaceae (8% of species), followed by Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae (each accounting for 6%). Other families such as Oleaceae, Rubiaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Sapindaceae each represented 3%. In contrast, Oleaceae accounted for 9% of the species in plantation forests, while Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae each represented 12% of the species. Biomass and of the forest stands The standing biomass of the trees' above-ground woody portions on two types of forests was determined in the current study. Estimates of the research sites' carbon stock and sequestration potential were also made. Fresh weight and dry weight are the two biomass units employed in investigations of forest biomass (Araujo et al. , 1999). (Ketterings et al. , 2001; Aboal et al. , 2005; Montagu et al, 2005; Saint-Andre et al. , 2005). The dry weight is more important for carbon sequestration applications since it contains 50% carbon (Montagnini and Porras, 1998; Losi et al. , 2003; Montagu et al. , 2005). Because it makes up the bulk of the overall accumulated biomass in the forest ecosystem, above-ground forest biomass is the focus of many biomass assessment research (Brown, S. , et al. 1982; Kraenzel et al. 2003; Laclau, 2003; Losi et al. 2003; Aboal et al. 2005; Segura and Kanninen, 2005). Estimating the biomass of trees is the first stage in carbon accounting because biomass is a key indicator of carbon sequestration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Additionally, lower use of telehealth is associated with areas of economic deprivation (12,23,24). Southern states have the lowest median household income and the highest percentage of people living in poverty in the US (12,25), thereby providing another potential reason for the slower uptake of telehealth in this region. The lack of availability and use of telehealth services in the South, as well as other areas of economic deprivation (ie, rural communities), is particularly concerning considering the rise of COVID-19 cases in these areas. Lewis and colleagues found that those in areas of Utah with high social and economic inequities were more likely to have a COVID-19 infection and be subsequently hospitalized (26). Therefore, sociodemographic disparities in accessibility of telehealth services among Medicare beneficiaries should raise concern among decision makers, particularly because telehealth, at its basis, is designed to overcome access barriers and to reach patients more efficiently and cost effectively (11). Amid reports that racial and ethnic minority populations have more adverse health outcomes and are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 (3,5), we found that non-beneficiaries were more likely to report that their usual providers offered telehealth to replace a regularly scheduled appointment than non-beneficiaries. This finding probably reflects the advocacy from many about the effects of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minority populations to ensure adequate public health resources are allocated and focused on this population. Awareness of the issue, willingness of both providers and patients to use telehealth (27), and efforts from CMS and regulatory bodies such as policy changes on telehealth (ie, 1135 waivers) (15), are important to ensure the availability and use of telehealth for Medicare beneficiaries. Our study found that Medicare beneficiaries with comorbidities were more likely to report that their usual providers offered telehealth to replace a regularly scheduled appointment, but those with comorbidities also reported lower, although nonsignificant, odds of their usual providers offering telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with multiple comorbidities are more likely to be prioritized to been seen in clinic because of a need for closer medical attention and examination compared with less complicated patients for whom telehealth will suffice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—source data 1 The number of preprints posted in each month, plus the count and proportion of those later published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data1-v2. csv Figure 3—source data 2 The number of preprints posted in each category, plus the count and proportion of those published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data2-v2. csv Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Observed annual publication rates and estimated range for actual publication rates. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Results of manual publication verification for a sample of bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset A stacked bar graph showing the 30 journals that have published the most bioRxiv preprints. The bars indicate the number of preprints published by each journal, broken down by the bioRxiv categories to which the preprints were originally posted. Figure 4—source data 1 The number of preprints published in each category by the 30 most prolific publishers of preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data1-v2. csv Figure 4—source data 2 A table showing the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data2-v2. docx Figure 4—source data 3 Year-level data of the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset A modified box plot (without whiskers) illustrating the median downloads of all bioRxiv preprints published in a journal. Each box illustrates the journal’s first quartile, median, and third quartile, as in Figure 2c. Colors correspond to journal access policy as described in the legend. Inset: A scatterplot in which each point represents an academic journal, showing the relationship between median downloads of the bioRxiv preprints published in the journal (x-axis) against its 2017 journal impact factor (y-axis).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: N1 - WU thesis 4903PY - 2010/10/15Y1 - 2010/10/15N2 - Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations. Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns. AB - Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: to July 2020, in partnership with the of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Bureau of Systems (BEHS), we conducted six repeated surveys of primary care providers working in mostly small independent practices (across the survey waves, an average of 54 percent of respondents reported working in a practice with three or fewer providers) in City, an early US epicenter, to track their adoption of telehealth during the pandemic. The average survey response rate was 5 percent from an internal BEHS listserv of 5,300 primary care providers, and 84 percent of those who accessed the survey responded with the highest response rate in (491 responses). Their responses confirmed the role of timely regulatory changes in facilitating telehealth adoption, and their hope for these changes to “stay permanently for better primary care delivery. ” However, their responses also called attention to five additional action items for policy makers and insurers to support to achieve a seamless integration of telehealth into primary care (exhibit 1). What follows are five specific recommendations for further action: Exhibit 1: Recommendations for policy makers and insurers to support telehealth use by primary care providers, and representative responses Open-the reimbursement criteria “Some insurance companies are paying less than in-person visits for telehealth visits from Day 1. Small practices, like usual, have been left to themselves for the most part. ” “Primary care is extremely challenging with the constant change in protocols, the uncertainty and enormously confusing insurance schemes. ” Create billing codes or payment models for the additional work required to offer telehealth “Insurance companies not reimbursing telephone visits at a rate that supports the level of work done on a telephone visit. ” “Elderly patients have no access or are unable to access virtual – more work, have to teach them how to take BP, some hard of hearing, etc. ” “I am more stressed out doing telehealth, as we spend time to fix internet, video, and voice. There are calling issues, so it’s more time consuming. ” Provide coverage for at-home monitoring devices “I need blood pressure cuffs and glucometers covered by insurance for home monitoring. ” “I will do tele health… provided patients have equipment. ” “Patients lack thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, and pulse oximeters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: The size of each point is scaled to reflect the total number of bioRxiv preprints published by that journal. The regression line in this plot was calculated using the ‘lm’ function in the R ‘stats’ package, but all reported statistics use the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, which does not make as many assumptions about normality or homoscedasticity. Figure 5—source data 1 A list of every preprint with its total download count and the journal in which it was published, if any. Download elife-45133-fig5-data1-v2. csv Figure 5—source data 2 Journal impact factor and access status of the 30 journals that have published the most preprints. Download elife-45133-fig5-data2-v2. csv Figure 6 Download asset Open asset The interval between the date a preprint is posted to bioRxiv and the date it is first published elsewhere. (a) A histogram showing the distribution of publication intervals. The x-axis indicates the time between preprint posting and journal publication; the y-axis indicates how many preprints fall within the limits of each bin. The yellow line indicates the median; the same data is also visualized using a boxplot above the histogram. (b) The publication intervals of preprints, broken down by the journal in which each appeared. The journals in this list are the 30 journals that have published the most total bioRxiv preprints; the plot for each journal indicates the density distribution of the preprints published by that journal, excluding any papers that were posted to bioRxiv after publication. Portions of the distributions beyond 1,000 days are not displayed. Figure 6—source data 1 A list of every published preprint, the year it was first posted, the date it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data1-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 2 A list of every preprint published in the 30 journals displayed in the figure, the journal in which it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data2-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 3 The results of Dunn’s test, a pairwise comparison of the median publication interval of each journal in the figure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns. KW - koolstofvastleggingKW - koolstofKW - kringlopenKW - bossenKW - bio-energieKW - landgebruikKW - ontbossingKW - bebossingKW - biomassaKW - indiaKW - carbon sequestrationKW - carbonKW - cyclingKW - forestsKW - bioenergyKW - land useKW - deforestationKW - afforestationKW - biomassKW - indiaUR - - 10. 18174/150185DO - 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: ” Incentivize the development of and access to, patient- and provider-centered telehealth technology “Telehealth information technology platform is NOT user friendly. ” “Difficult to properly diagnose with telehealth. Have been using photos from patients to supplement but still not really sufficient. ” “Our patients are low-income with language barriers. Requiring third party interpreter by speaker phone takes extra time and reduces quality of care. ” Review, revise, and communicate telehealth malpractice policies “I am not going to practice telehealth; it is not reliable and may increase malpractice cases. ” “I'm very concerned about being sued for managing the patients over telehealth especially since many are requesting opioids. ” “Malpractice premiums are a major barrier for telehealth. ” Source: Authors’ analyses of data from surveys administered to primary care providers in City from April to July 2020. First, despite the increased telehealth reimbursement rates announced by CMS and commercial insurers, there was widespread confusion due to the plethora of variables determining the reimbursements, such as the HIPAA compliance of the platform, duration of the tele-visit, tele-visit modality, originating site, coverage parity, and payment parity for video versus phone versus in-person office visits. Moreover, these variables differ by states and insurers. When asked if they have been reimbursed for telehealth services, more than a third of our respondents reported that they “don’t know. ” Nearly 55 percent of respondents reported that “uncertain reimbursements” were a barrier to using telehealth. Small independent practices, which made up a large proportion of our survey respondents, often do not have the necessary administrative resources to sift through a long variable list. To promote integration of telehealth, policy makers and insurers will need to reduce the existing heterogeneity of payments to mitigate confusion and uncertainties around billing for telehealth. fee-for-service reimbursements for telehealth fail to account for the time practices are spending to coordinate telehealth visits and help patients access these services.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > Screening for. . . Screening for -June 17, 2010 Explained80. ”But screening at seven-year intervals might not sit well with US patients and doctors, who are used to a health care system where the ready availability of technology and access to specialists have made all sorts of medical screening seem almost routine, experts not involved with the study told Neurology Today. Under the health care reform legislation recently signed into law, the federal government is to step up funding for “comparative-effectiveness research” to identify which treatments work best, but even the mere mention of the research sparked some criticism that reform efforts will lead to medical rationing. Indeed, that was the fodder for much outcry last November when a federal task force said that most women in their 40s should stop getting annual mammograms and that most women over age 50 should only get screened every two years. The panel ended up qualifying some of its initial statements. . Caplan, MD, a professor of neurology at School, said that studies looking at the cost-effectiveness of screening don't take into consideration the many varied circumstances of individual patients and he worries such research could be used by insurance payers to deny coverage. “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go,” Dr. Caplan told Neurology Today. “If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ”Dr. Bor said his group wanted to look at the financial side of screening because “cost-effectiveness is often considered when implementing a new screening tool, and can tip the scale toward implementing or rejecting the tool. ”The investigators relied on a statistical model to examine the cost-effectiveness of SAH screening because it would be difficult to answer the same question using a randomized-controlled trial (RCT). “As familial SAH is rare, and the risk of aneurysm development and rupture is a continuous risk during the total lifespan of patients, assessment of the optimal screening strategy in an RCT would take decades of follow-up in a research population that is difficult to acquire,” they wrote.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 75 Tg yr-1), 34 Mha converted to silvopasture (207 Tg yr-1), and windbreaks on 5% (7. 45 Mha) of the cropland (25 Tg yr-1). Despite many limitations including uncertainty of land areas under agroforestry, lack of standardized estimation protocols, and lack of accountability on various C stocks (source-sink services, detritus C, insect/pest damages, etc. ), we believe these new accrual rates and the land areas under each practice are much more realistic as new information became available over the last decade. The total C sequestration by forests (776) and agroforests (219) is 995 Tg yr-1 and represents approximately 15% of the US CO2 emissions. This review highlights the importance of sustainable management of forests and integration of agroforestry on agricultural lands to mitigate climate challenges further while meeting society’s need for food and a healthy environment. cropping, riparian buffers, silvopasture, windbreaks Download PDF 0 12 14 change has been recognized as a major global threat affecting food security and sustainability. More greenhouse gases (GHG) are released into the atmosphere, and more landslides, floods, fires, and rising sea levels are being reported at an alarming rate. The world needs low-cost GHG reduction mechanisms that also guarantee various other benefits including food security, environmental stability, social acceptance, and better economies. Management of agricultural and forestry systems to sequester C has been accepted as one of the cost-effective climate change mitigation strategies[1]. Establishing and maintaining healthy perennial vegetation that includes trees to enhance C sequestration (see [Box 1][2] for Terminology used in this paper) is less expensive compared to most other techniques. Additionally, these practices come with other ecosystem services (ES) like enhanced water quality, soil health, land productivity, and social values with minimal environmental and health risks. Perennial vegetation allocates a higher percentage of C to belowground and often extends the growing season[1], which is more efficient than annual vegetation, and therefore further enhances the C sequestration potential of agriculture[3-6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: In our survey, providers reported a number of activities that are not reimbursable and hence not incentivized in the fee-for-service system, including: coordinating tele-visit schedules, creating materials and providing one-to-one sessions to help patients download and use video conferencing platforms for tele-visits, and having dedicated staff call patients in advance of their appointments to test their video and audio capabilities. Given the significant adjustments and workflow changes required for telehealth use, value-based or population-based capitation models can better account for the expenses associated with these team-based and technology-enabled models of care. For At-Devices Third, to do remote monitoring providers rely on patients being able to measure their health indicators at home, which requires patients to have access to appropriate devices and equipment. Remote monitoring is critical for effective telehealth. In their suite of supportive measures for telehealth, the 2019 CMS final rule announced coverage for remote patient monitoring in the form of three CPT billing codes. However, these codes pay for provider-level expenses in the initial setup of monitoring devices and for the ongoing monitoring of physiologic parameters, rather than for the compatible equipment required by the patients. Some of the large health care systems provide equipment free of charge to their patients to facilitate remote monitoring. However, such a cost is not easy for independent primary care practices to absorb. The great majority (77 percent) of our survey sample of mostly small independent practices reported that their patients bought the devices on their own. Some patients may not have the means to purchase the devices on their own, which can affect the quality of telehealth being delivered and in turn increase the likelihood of adverse health outcomes for these patients. There is a clear need for insurers to support patients’ access to and training in the use of monitoring equipment at home. - And Provider-Technology Fourth, providers reported several flaws in telehealth technology that impacted its usability for patients from different socioeconomic backgrounds and for providers in different practice settings. Providers proposed several examples of necessary improvements in telehealth technology, including: a user-friendly platform for patients to share images of body parts and exchange diagnostic information, platforms with built-in language translations to enhance communication with populations with limited English proficiency, electronic health records (EHRs) that allow appropriate telehealth documentation and are compatible with telehealth billing codes, and EHRs that are interoperable with health monitoring apps for information exchange.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: “In addition to these difficulties, an RCT with ‘natural history’ as the basic strategy of intervention and ‘screening’ as an alternate strategy of intervention seems problematic, because most individuals with two or more relatives with SAH ask for screening, and are unwilling to await the natural history. When an RCT is not feasible, a simulation model may provide a reasonable alternate research method. ”researchers searched the medical literature for data on real patients and then used the findings to build a statistical model to compare the cost-effectiveness of screening to no screening for familial intracranial aneurysms. The model allowed them to start screening at ages 20, 30, or 40 and to end screening at ages 60, 70, or 80. DR. . “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go. If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ” The researchers also considered different screening intervals, including every two, three, five, seven, 10, and 15 years. Patients progressed in cycles of one year through the model, all starting at age 15 as “healthy without aneurysm. ” The model allowed for different follow-up states, including healthy without aneurysm, healthy with aneurysm, healthy with small known aneurysm, disabled, or dead. Patients could become disabled or die because of SAH, complications of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), or complications of preventive aneurysm treatment. In the statistical model, screening consisted of MRA, followed by DSA for confirmation if a problem was detected. Aneurysms were treated either with clipping or coiling. If the aneurysm was considered too small to treat, the patient received follow-up screening every two years until the aneurysm either enlarged or ruptured. The researchers used data from previous studies to set the rates at which aneurysms would be detected or rupture over time. They noted in their report that the 10-year risk of SAH in people with a family history has been estimated to be 7 percent, while the lifetime risk could be as large as 26 percent. ?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Reporting requirements have identified that forests have a role to play in both emitting and storing carbon. Since lands and associated practices can both store and emit C, measurements are best captured as C flux. flux is the net of emissions and sequestration of GHG expressed in Tg CO2 (teragram) equivalent (1Tg = 1MMT, which is commonly used in the US literature). A negative flux reflects sequestration of CO2 equivalent in and by the forest ecosystem. Examples resulting in emissions of either form of C, or other GHG described as C equivalents, include when forested lands burn, when forest lands are converted to non-forest land, or when wood products are harvested. Examples that result in C storage include non-forest land converted to forest, harvested wood products, and forest land that remains forest land. Of note, while harvested wood products remove C from forest lands, a portion of that C is captured in long-term product and contributes to the C flux as sequestration[17]. In 2019 estimates of emissions and removals of C equivalent reflected 775. 7 Tg captured by the US forest lands, including urban trees[15] [Table 1]. This is slightly lower than 2018 estimates, but somewhat higher than 2012 estimates. In general, the net flux from land use and land change has decreased since 1990. In addition to the movement of C in and out of the forest, there is also accounting for how much C the forest system stores, referred to as C stock. In the forest ecosystem, C can accumulate in five storage pools[12]: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, deadwood, litter, and soil C. The FAO generally apportions C stock as 44% in living biomass, 4% and 6% in dead wood and litter, respectively, and 45% in soil organic matter (SOM)[11]. Totaled annually, these storage pools highlight an accumulation and increase in C stock associated with forests. In 1990 total forest C stock on forest land remaining forest land in the US was estimated as 50,913 Tg[15]. If harvested wood and discarded wood product are added to this, then the total C stock would be 52,808 [Table 1]. From 1990 to 2019, total C stock increased, though the rate of increase seems to have slowed between 2017 to 2019 [Table 1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: More than a third of providers also indicated that their patients lacked access to reliable internet, which was a barrier to using telehealth, particularly the video component. Some health systems have begun to incorporate language interpreters into their video platforms and provide low-cost internet access to their patients. However, independent primary care practices often lack the capacity to garner such resources and will need policy-level support to address these barriers. Financial incentives and national payment policies can support the needed advancement in digital health applications and revamp its clinical value and quality for providers and patients. Financial incentives for telehealth vendors are needed to accelerate the building of improved telehealth platforms to address these flaws. National payment policies for telehealth use can also help increase demand on the provider and patient side, which can stimulate telehealth vendors to respond. providers raised concerns about malpractice claims related to telehealth. Despite growing advocacy for telehealth, related malpractice policies are largely undeveloped. A multitude of factors explain why several carriers of liability insurance coverage have not embraced telehealth. For example, providers licensed to practice in one state could be subjected to liability laws from another state if they deliver telehealth services to patients across state borders. There is also limited information about the standards of care or damage caps, and patients might be more likely to sue providers they have not met in person. The consequence is often an exclusion of telehealth services from the malpractice insurance policies, creating concerns among providers about telehealth use. Regional health departments should give providers more guidance on legal liabilities related to telehealth. This is particularly true for independent practices that do not work within larger systems, and thus lack the capacity to address the complexities of malpractice policies. is an urgent need for strategies to support the integration of telehealth into primary care. The recent executive order and CMS policy extension indicate that telehealth is no longer a short-term fix but is fast becoming a core and enduring function in primary care delivery. The extension of the telehealth policies holds promise in expanding access to high-quality care. However, access is classically defined as having five domains: affordability, availability, accommodation, accessibility, and acceptability. The present telehealth policies address only the first two domains, which is not enough to fully integrate telehealth into routine care delivery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: The researchers used data from the Dutch health care system to determine the cost of the various approaches and then calculated “quality-adjusted life years,” a measure used by researchers to consider if the cost versus benefits of a screening tool or treatment falls within an acceptable range for a given country. Those screenings that ruled out an aneurysm were considered to boost quality of life, while screenings that found small untreatable aneurysms were considered to have a negative psychological impact for a short time. “We found screening for intracranial aneurysms in individuals with two or more first-degree relatives with SAH to be cost-effective, irrespective of the interval of screening,” they concluded, though doing an MRA every seven years between ages 20 to 80 was best. “Although we found that the cost-effectiveness of screening every two years may still be acceptable, screening this often may put a significant burden on the patient and may therefore lead to early abandonment of this screening strategy by patient and doctor,” they wrote. Dr. Bor said his team also calculated cost-benefits using US data and found that screening in seven-year intervals “would yield one additional quality-adjusted life-year at an additional cost of $10,729, compared with a no-screening strategy. ”The researchers could not say whether the same screening approach would be warranted for patients who have only one relative with a history of SAH. -BASED? Dr. Caplan said that while he respected the body of aneurysm research done by the Dutch group, he thought this particular cost-effectiveness study was of limited value to US physicians because the health care system here is structured differently than that in the Netherlands. He said the statistical model also could not account for all of the many variables that exist with patients — for instance, it didn't consider added risk factors for aneurysm development and rupture, such as smoking, hypertension and excessive alcohol use. Dr. Caplan noted that it was impossible to measure the very real anxiety patients often feel when they know they have a small aneurysm that needs to be watched. “There are a lot of variables that go into deciding how often to screen,” he said, and advances in screening methods have made it far less risky to keep an eye on patients. But S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: If a carbon emitter is legally required to reduce emissions, one way to do that is to purchase carbon credits to offset their emissions levels. Similarly, if an emitter wishes to increase emissions above a legally established baseline, then they can subsidize equivalent emission reductions by purchasing stored C and thus offset their emissions. The idea of forest carbon offsets was first proposed at COP13 in Bali through from Deforestation and (REDD+, with a plus added to represent afforestation efforts)[75]. Offsets reflect the difference between C storage and actual emissions. The offset, or measurable reduction in GHG, has monetary value and may be tradeable in carbon markets[76]. However, for forest landowners to enroll in carbon markets, it must be shown that projects (activities or management) on their lands will increase net GHG (carbon) removals above levels that would have otherwise occurred[74]. This concept is defined by the as additionality. When the baseline is coupled with concepts and application of offset and additionality, much debate ensues related to the actual impact that marketing of carbon offsets has on mitigating climate change. While certain states within the US have compliance with carbon markets (e. g. , California), most of the US forests make carbon offsets available through voluntary carbon markets[76]. Do these carbon markets result in additional emissions reductions? That question depends on how forest carbon is measured and accounted for. Baseline and additionality both create the opportunity for differences of opinion related to the impact on atmospheric C. For instance, Cames et al. [77] identified that 85% of the EU projects under the UN’s CDM failed to reduce emissions. As Gifford[75] points out, there is power and authority in how C is defined and managed. forests and agroforests of the US, indeed worldwide, are highly appreciated for their role in the reduction of atmospheric CO2. For example, over the past few decades, the world’s forests have absorbed almost the same amount of CO2 emissions as the ocean. IPCC has recognized agroforestry as having the highest C sequestration potential of any land management system. In general, the process of afforestation will increase the land area sequestering C to durable C sinks. However, there are also challenges to afforestation if land area is taken away from food production.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -14. 02 Committee E30 $ 0. 00 Out of stock Significance and UseThe procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination, forensic photography, and forensic digital imaging. By following these procedures a forensic document examiner can use image capture technology reliably in support of examinations. This support can include: Documentation of the item(s) submitted for examination, its condition upon receipt, and its condition at various points during the examination process; Demonstration of findings and the bases for determinations; Visualization of features and characteristics not readily perceptible to the human eye. The effects of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemical processing (for example, for latent prints) can interfere with certain characteristics to an extent that can limit (or even preclude) subsequent imaging. Whenever possible, capture images of the item to be examined prior to any chemical processing. Handle items appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent examinations of any kind. The technological evolution of hardware, or software, or both can impact subsequent ability to access archived images. Note 1—For further discussion see 1. Scope1. 1 This practice provides procedures to be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E444) using image capture and storage technology. 1. 2 These procedures are applicable whether the use of the image capture technology involves an item(s) associated with a matter under investigation (questioned or known items), or is for reference. 1. 3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the available imaging capture and storage technologies. 1. 4 Procedures are also outlined for image archiving. 1. 5 The particular methods employed in a given case depend upon the nature of the item, or the question at hand, or both. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, new approaches to increasing the land area in trees should explore opportunities that merge with other societal needs such as food production and environmental conservation, for which agroforestry is a solution. Whether in net atmospheric flux, or longer-term C stock, trees help increase C density. Based on our analysis of the existing data, the annual C sequestration by forests and agroforests is 776 Tg yr-1 and 219 Tg yr-1, respectively. The total C sequestration (995 Tg yr-1) by these two land use systems represents approximately 15% of the US GHG emissions. Therefore, the greater the land area that is occupied by trees, the greater the impact on atmospheric C. sequestration data by various agroforestry practices and the land areas occupied by these practices are not readily available, along with forests, agroforests, and special agroforestry applications help mitigate climate challenges while also meeting society’s need for food and a healthy environment. 2022. 1. Carbon sequestration in agricultural lands of the United States. Journal of Soil and 2010;65:6A-13A. DOI 2. Hoover, K. , & Riddle, A. A. (2020). Forest carbon primer. Service:. Available from: [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2022]. 3. (1999) The potential of US crop land to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Lewis Publishers. ,. D. C. Available from: [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2022]. 4. (2000) IPCC special report on land use, land use change, and forestry. Available from: [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2022]. 5. önvoigt AM. Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics using stable isotopes in 19- and 10-year-old tropical agroforestry systems. Geoderma 2006;130:356-67. DOI 6. (2009) Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. 76:1-10. Available from: [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2022]. 7. Lee KH, (2003) Soil respiration and microbial biomass in a pecan-cotton alley cropping system in southern USA. 58:45-54. Available from: [Last accessed on 16 Mar 2022]. 8. . The potential of U. S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: 6 This practice might not cover all aspects of the use of image capture and storage technology involving unusual or uncommon items. 1. 7 This practice cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training (Guide E2388), and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. unavailable unavailable What is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: The storage of C and N on Luvisols, followed: control < N Fert < N Fert + manure whereas Arenosols had control < N Fert + manure < N Fert. Compared with control, N Fert and N Fert + manure enhanced fLF C on homefields and outfields by 19%, 24% and 9%, 22% on Luvisols and 17%, 26% and 26%, 26% respectively on Arenosols. Homefields on Luvisols, under N Fert and N Fert + manure had similar equilibrium levels, which were 2. 5 times more than control. Forests play a major role in regulating the rate of increase of global atmospheric CO2 storing C in soil and biomass although the C storage potential varies with forest type and plant species composition. In this research, storage of C and N were highest in moist forest and lowest in the Miombo woodland. In both natural and planted forests, above ground tree biomass was the major ecosystem C pool followed by forest floor’s humus (H) layer. The mineral soil had 45%, 31% and 24% of SOC stored at the 0–10, 10–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths respectively. Stand age affected C and N storage significantly having an initial decline after establishment recovering rapidly up to 10 years, after which it declined and increased again by 25 years. Average soil C among the Pinus compartments was 12 kg m-2, being highest at 10 years and lowest in the 1 year old stands. was also highest at 10 years and least at 25 years. The proportional mass of fLF and oLF in Miombo woodlands was similar while the other stands had higher fLF than oLF. The highest LF was in the moist forest. In the Pinus patula stands the fLF C contributed between 22−25%, the oLF C contributed 8−16% and MaHF C contributed between 60−70% to total SOC. Carbon in MaHF and oLF increased with depth while the fLF decreased with depth in all except the 1 and the 10 year old stands. Conversion of depleted Miombo woodlands to pine plantations can yield better C gains in the short and long run whilst moist forests provide both carbon and biodiversity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: At 0–10 cm depth, SOC stocks increased under CT, RP and DS by 0. 10, 0. 24, 0. 36 Mg ha−1yr−1 and 0. 76, 0. 54, 0. 10 Mg ha−1yr−1 on sandy and clayey soils respectively over a four year period while N stocks decreased by 0. 55, 0. 40, 0. 56 Mg ha−1yr−1 and 0. 63, 0. 65, 0. 55 Mg ha−1yr−1 respectively. Under prevailing climatic and management conditions, improvement of residue retention could be a major factor that can distinguish the potential of different management practices for C sequestration. Among the fertility treatments, there were significantly higher SOC and TON stocks under N Fert and N Fert + manure at 0-10 cm soil depth in Luvisols. Although this effect was not significant at 20-30 cm and 30-50 cm depth. On Arenosols, N Fert had highest C and N at all depths except at 0-10 cm. The storage of C and N on Luvisols, followed: control < N Fert < N Fert + manure whereas Arenosols had control < N Fert + manure < N Fert. Compared with control, N Fert and N Fert + manure enhanced fLF C on homefields and outfields by 19%, 24% and 9%, 22% on Luvisols and 17%, 26% and 26%, 26% respectively on Arenosols. Homefields on Luvisols, under N Fert and N Fert + manure had similar equilibrium levels, which were 2. 5 times more than control. Forests play a major role in regulating the rate of increase of global atmospheric CO2 storing C in soil and biomass although the C storage potential varies with forest type and plant species composition. In this research, storage of C and N were highest in moist forest and lowest in the Miombo woodland. In both natural and planted forests, above ground tree biomass was the major ecosystem C pool followed by forest floor’s humus (H) layer. The mineral soil had 45%, 31% and 24% of SOC stored at the 0–10, 10–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Barriers to telehealth implementation and utilization and strategies to improve telehealth access. access Digital literacy Telehealth access points and network security Sensory and cognitive barriers Surgeon/provider barriers investments in broadband connectivity Telehealth access points in public locations Investment in cybersecurity and interoperability Increase state licensure reciprocity Increase coverage and reimbursement for services 2. 1. 1 Digital access Access to broadband internet and electronic devices such as desktop computers, laptops, or smartphones are critical to telehealth. While there has been a steady increase in the number of individuals and households that have access to these digital tools, the data shows that some demographics lag. Data from Pew research organization showed that home broadband internet access in 2023 was 68% and 83% for Black and White households, respectively, in 2023. 41 Homes with income < $30 000 reported 57% broadband access compared to 92% for households with income of $100 000. A similar pattern of lower rates of home broadband access was noted in rural communities, homes with less than high school graduation, and ages ≥65 years old. 41 In a study to examine access to high-speed internet via desktop computer, laptop computer, smartphone with a data plan, or any other digital access that involved 1 210 714 respondents from the Survey, 14. 02% of households reported that they did not have any digital access. 42 Another study using the Survey found lower rates of broadband internet access in geographically isolated areas with higher population of Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic households. 43 2. 1. 2 Digital literacy Having the knowledge or support to set up and troubleshoot the device (laptop, computer, smartphone) for accessing telehealth is crucial to allow the telehealth encounter to occur, facilitate quality encounters, and minimize frustrations. For synchronous telemedicine encounters, patients are expected to be able to login to a secure portal and ensure that their camera and audio on a digital device are working appropriately. Sometimes a patient may not be able to locate the portal to login or a glitch may occur where audio may work but camera does not or vice versa. The level of digital literacy has been shown to correlate with telehealth adoption with the elderly, low SES, and less educated being on the low end of the telehealth adoption spectrum. 44 For asynchronous telemedicine encounters, patients who do not speak or understand English are disadvantaged as the system is not set up to include interpreter services in such scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: At 0–10 cm depth, SOC stocks increased under CT, RP and DS by 0. 10, 0. 24, 0. 36 Mg ha−1yr−1 and 0. 76, 0. 54, 0. 10 Mg ha−1yr−1 on sandy and clayey soils respectively over a four year period while N stocks decreased by 0. 55, 0. 40, 0. 56 Mg ha−1yr−1 and 0. 63, 0. 65, 0. 55 Mg ha−1yr−1 respectively. Under prevailing climatic and management conditions, improvement of residue retention could be a major factor that can distinguish the potential of different management practices for C sequestration. Among the fertility treatments, there were significantly higher SOC and TON stocks under N Fert and N Fert + manure at 0-10 cm soil depth in Luvisols. Although this effect was not significant at 20-30 cm and 30-50 cm depth. On Arenosols, N Fert had highest C and N at all depths except at 0-10 cm. The storage of C and N on Luvisols, followed: control < N Fert < N Fert + manure whereas Arenosols had control < N Fert + manure < N Fert. Compared with control, N Fert and N Fert + manure enhanced fLF C on homefields and outfields by 19%, 24% and 9%, 22% on Luvisols and 17%, 26% and 26%, 26% respectively on Arenosols. Homefields on Luvisols, under N Fert and N Fert + manure had similar equilibrium levels, which were 2. 5 times more than control. Forests play a major role in regulating the rate of increase of global atmospheric CO2 storing C in soil and biomass although the C storage potential varies with forest type and plant species composition. In this research, storage of C and N were highest in moist forest and lowest in the Miombo woodland. In both natural and planted forests, above ground tree biomass was the major ecosystem C pool followed by forest floor’s humus (H) layer. The mineral soil had 45%, 31% and 24% of SOC stored at the 0–10, 10–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Immigrant populations who would otherwise benefit greatly from telehealth for the reasons previously outlined may not be able to do so due to language barrier or the difficulty of integrating interpretive services into asynchronous telemedicine encounters. 2. 1. 3 Telehealth access points and network security Whether via video or audio, synchronous telehealth requires privacy to allow physical exams and discussion of sensitive information without compromise as would have been done in person. Lack of privacy due to living in crowded households or being homeless will present significant challenges to optimal telehealth access and utilization. In addition, data breaches from hacking can present serious threats to telehealth due to identity theft, blackmail, and extortion. There has been an increase in cases where cyber criminals extort healthcare systems by demanding ransom payments. In such situations, affected networks are shut down, preventing patients from utilizing telehealth to meet their healthcare needs. Unfortunately, as healthcare becomes more digitized, cybersecurity threats will continue to increase with consequences for telehealth. 45 2. 1. 4 Sensory and cognitive barriers Some individuals with visual, hearing, speaking, or cognitive impairment may encounter physical barriers to digital devices such as desktop computers, laptops, and smartphones needed to access telehealth services. Elderly patients are more likely to have undiagnosed impairments leading to difficulties with telehealth visits. In a study to assess telerehabilitation readiness among older adults in the using survey data from the sensory and cognitive impairment were among the main drivers of telehealth unreadiness. 46 Difficulties in hearing, seeing, or understanding during a telehealth encounter can frustrate both patients and clinicians, diminishing satisfaction for both parties. 2. 1. 5 Surgeon/clinician barriers There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may influence a surgeon's participation in telehealth. Intrinsic factors include digital literacy and workflow habits. Although well-educated and technically skilled in the operations they perform, it cannot be assumed that all surgeons are digitally literate or enjoy using digital tools. Time constraints may hinder surgeons' ability to participate in telehealth training services which are often provided through the (IT) department. Without adequate training to optimize and maximize digital tools for telehealth encounters, frustrations can lead to a vicious cycle of avoidance of telehealth use. In addition, without adequate support, some surgeons may find telehealth disruptive to their well-established workflow and thus avoid using it if possible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptozoologists can use technology to capture evidence of unknown species. [SEP] Text: Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7.

Output: pass