Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: Whether such shifts would be sufficient to enable survival will depend on the sensitivity of species to changes in climate, their capacity for dispersal and the extent of higher elevations available(2, 14). Tropical montane species’ sensitivity to climate cannot be determined convincingly with correlative niche models and data repositories of species occurrences, because of potential mismatches between the scale of available climate data, the spatial accuracy of available distribution data, and the high, abrupt heterogeneity in environmental conditions that occur in tropical mountains(15, 16). Accurate assessment of species’ climatic tolerance in these systems could be achieved with field surveys, which record species’ distributions across replicated elevational transects, together with transplant experiments to directly measure species’ survival both within and beyond their native distributions. This requires organisms amenable to transplant, from taxonomic groups of sufficient diversity to identify general trends. One such group are epiphytes, plants that grow perched on tree branches and trunks rather than rooting in the ground. Here we paired detailed surveys of epiphyte species’ distributions across elevational gradients on three mountains in (Fig. 1, Fig. S1) together with reciprocal transplant experiments across sites at Monteverde, Costa Rica. We surveyed the distributions of 67 species in two genera, Peperomia and Elaphoglossum, and transplanted 15 of these species across six sites that varied in temperature and aridity (Fig. 2a, Fig. S2, S3). We followed the fate of these transplants for three years, allowing us to determine whether these species’ elevational range boundaries correspond with their climatic tolerance limits. We then considered alternative warming and dispersal scenarios to estimate extinction risk(2, 14). Our field surveys showed that species have narrow elevational-distributions (average 550m) and, consistent with previous studies(17–19), peaked in diversity at either low or middle elevations (Fig. S4), where conditions are relatively wet (Fig. S2). Our reciprocal transplant experiments showed that epiphyte species struggled to survive in climates outside their native ranges, especially in warmer, drier conditions. This was true of individual species, as illustrated with Peperomia palmana and P. dendrophila (Fig. 2c,d), and overall across surveyed taxa (Fig. 2b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: � авторських прав.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: 23andMe’s criteria [4] for including a genetic test in its portfolio are that the drug response tests are eligible if there are either existing clinical practice guidelines provided by the (CPIC) and other clinical organisations, or if information from regulatory agencies or in drug labels “acknowledges the impact of the genetic marker on drug response”. 23andMe regards pharmacogenetic tests as potentially eligible if “there is meaningful interpretation of a positive result”, and at least three scientific research papers identify consistent clinical effects of the marker tested [4]. 23andMe currently provides reports on 12 pharmacogenetic tests for UK customers. Here, we evaluate the extent to which these tests 1) represent the latest scientific and clinical literature, 2) reflect recommendations from the U. S. FDA and CPIC, and 3) are applicable across different ethnic groups. MethodsData sources and search strategyEach test within the section of 23andMe UK genetic testing report was reviewed ( ). For all 12 pharmacogenetic tests, the 23andMe website provides details of 1) the drug, disorder and variant(s) relevant for the pharmacogenetic test, 2) possible outcomes by genotype, 3) interpretation of test results, and 4) academic papers reporting the pharmacogenetic association. Full technical information on the SNPs used to determine test results are given, enabling each test to be assessed fully. The research papers listed under each 23andMe report were evaluated, extracting information on effect size, sample size and ethnicity. A wider literature search was performed using PubMed and assess the pharmacogenetic test fully. The variants reported by 23andMe were matched to the FDA Table of in [5]. Additional evidence from CPIC guidelines, [6] PharmGKB, [7] and (DPWG) [8] was reviewed to determine current clinical practice. SNP allele frequencies and linkage disequilbrium (LD) between SNPs were determined using the 1000 genomes project data through SNAP ( and LDlink ( [9,10,11]. ResultsAssessment of 23andtests23andMe provides pharmacogenetic reports for response to 12 drugs, which are listed in Table 1, together with the specific variants tested, the implicated gene, the phenotype tested for (adverse drug reaction (ADR), efficacy, dosage adjustment), and the FDA recommendation. The reports are from diverse clinical areas and drugs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: In general, movements to drier and/or warmer climates caused greater and more consistent mortality than did cooler and/or wetter climates (Fig. S5). When changes in temperature and precipitation are considered in ‘intervals’ relative to source populations (20), all species transplanted to cooler and/or wetter sites one interval away from source populations were able to survive, whereas most species could not survive a move of similar magnitude towards warmer and/or drier sites (Fig. 2, Table S1). Most species survived when moved to slightly drier sites if temperature was unchanged, but any combination of increased aridity and temperature resulted in increased mortality (Fig. S6, S7). Among the few species transplanted more than two intervals from their source population, none survived (Fig. 2b). Eight species were transplanted within their native range, but away from their individual site of origin. Only one species, P. peltilimba, showed an effect of population of origin, likely due to local adaptation or parental effects, such that individuals from the wettest site had significantly reduced survival when transplanted to the driest site within its native range (Fig. S8, Table S2). Two species had significantly reduced survival at both wet and dry peripheries of their own native ranges with no effect of population of origin (Fig. S9, Table S3), suggesting that these peripheral sites have sub-optimal climate conditions for these species. Reduced survival at drier sites appears to be caused by abiotic stress, and at wetter sites by an interaction between abiotic and biotic stress. Competition was unlikely to impact mortality due to experimental design (20, Fig. S3). Herbivory pressure is relatively low at these sites (Fig. S10) and transplantation did not cause consistent changes in herbivory (Fig. S11). The highest baseline herbivory occurred at the site of highest overall survival, while drier sites, with lowest survival, had the lowest herbivory rates (Fig. S10b). Mortality at warmer and drier sites was often preceded by visible desiccation, whereas mortality at wetter sites was often associated with rotting tissue, a moisture-related biotic pressure. The importance of climate in driving mortality is also supported by the timing of mortality events, which occurred disproportionately during the season of greatest climatic stress at a given site, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для редакторів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; у стислий термін розглядати надіслані до публікації матеріали; не припускати дискримінації при оцінюванні представлених авторами матеріалів; поважати інтелектуальну власність авторів; не порушувати вимогу про двостороннє анонімне рецензування (не розкривати авторам о

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: For Simvastatin-induced myopathy, the frequency of the minor allele of rs4149056 is highest in European and Asian ancestries, with very low frequencies in African populations [27]. 23andMe genotyping captures four of the five non-functional alleles which reduce TPMT activity. The frequency of the functional *1 allele ranges from 0. 925 in Mexicans to 0. 983 in Asians18 with frequencies of the non-functional markers also varying by ethnicity. The other non-functional alleles are not tested for by 23andMe, but have a frequency of <0. 1% in all populations tested [28]. Limitations of 23andMe pharmacogenetic testsFor a number of the pharmacogenetic tests performed by 23andMe, the most recent literature has additional information on associations, making 23andMe’s tests incomplete in their assessment of ADRs or efficacy. For 5-FU, 23andMe tests only for the *2A variant, but as 23andMe state on their website, further variants in the gene are associated with 5-FU toxicity. For example, recent studies have shown that DPYD*13, rs67376798, c. 1679 T > G and c. 1236G > A/HapB3 are also associated with 5-FU toxicity [28,29,30]. For pseudocholinesterase deficiency, 23andMe provides reports on three variants, fluorine resistant 1 (F1), fluorine resistant 2 (F2) and dibucaine resistant mutation (A). Other mutations in BCHE with similar effect are not reported by 23andMe, such as K-variant, silent-1, silent-2 and silent-7 [31]. The protocol for selecting the specific variants to be tested by 23andMe is not described and only two 2. 5 billion per year [33]. Some of these events are associated with genetic factors, and so may be preventable through pharmacogenetic testing. DTC pharmacogenetic testing may have a role to play in either raising awareness of pharmacogenetic testing, or providing customers with preliminary information, which could be followed up with healthcare professionals. However, these benefits need to be balanced with the risks involved in providing medical information that is not communicated through a healthcare professional.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: , during dry-season at the dry sites and wet-season at the wet sites (Fig. S5). To estimate the impact of climate change on montane species, we consider how far uphill species will need to shift to maintain their current conditions, a common approach(2, 14) that is relevant here as the cool, wet conditions that support most epiphyte species(19) are expected to shift upwards in elevation(9, 21, 22). We calculate how a 600m shift in elevation, which corresponds with the 3. 2°C warming expected in the region by 2080 under SSP3-7. 0(23), would impact these species (Fig. 3). If species are limited by climate at their lower range boundary, in accordance with our experimental results, populations whose lower boundaries currently occur within 600m of the mountaintop would face mountaintop extinction(4, 14). Additionally, species with elevational distributions of less than 600m breadth would be at risk if they cannot shift their elevational distributions, as no part of their current distribution would be climatically suitable and they would have to migrate to an entirely new elevational range in order to remain within suitable climate conditions(2, 14); 56% of the populations in our study fell into this category, having local elevational ranges < = 600m in breadth. Many of the remaining species would lose significant range area as their ranges contract at mountaintops (Fig. 4b,e). To provide a more thorough assessment of extinction risk in these species, we also consider the impact of alternative scenarios: amount of warming, dispersal capacity, and whether individual species’ tolerance for climate conditions is better estimated by within or among-mountain distributions. Because the timing and magnitude of future warming is uncertain, we consider warming along a continuum, while also calling out impacts specifically at two temperatures: 1. 5°C, which is barely achievable under the most optimistic emission scenarios, and 3. 2°C, which is likely for the region under mid-emission scenarios and likely to be exceeded under highest emission scenarios(23). The difference in extinction risk between these two warming scenarios is dramatic, and points to the great impact that climate mitigation actions can have for biodiversity. At 1. 5°C of warming, no species extinctions are expected, whereas roughly 20% of populations on individual mountains would be expected to be lost (Fig. 4). In contrast, at 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: собисті дані рецензентів, а рецензентам не розкривати особисті дані авторів); не розкривати без необхідності інформацію про надіслані матеріали, за винятком рецензентів, потенційних рецензентів або наукових консультантів; вживати заходи щодо виявлення та запобігання публікації матеріалів досліджень які велися із порушенням наукової етики; у випадку, якщо автором представленого до публікації рукопису є сам редактор передавати відпов�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A sample of 45 from Beijing, China showed r2 = 1 with rs3909184 and rs2844682, [34] but LD with rs3909184 was much weaker in an Islander population (sensitivity 32%; no r2 value given). These population-level differences in LD between HLA alleles and tagging SNPs make it difficult to implement a pharmacogenetic test using only SNP data from genotyping arrays, particularly in a DTC setting which does not allow for subtleties in test interpretation. This highlights the point that fully comprehensive pharmacogenetic testing would require a combination of SNP genotyping or sequencing, plus HLA serotyping. For drug metabolising enzymes, 23andMe provide reports on CYP2C19 for clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors, but not for other drugs such as the widely prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor anti-depressants (SSRIs). CYP2C19 tests are listed on the FDA table for SSRIs, and are available in a commercial test by AssureX [35]. Guidelines for CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic tests are provided by CPIC (8 drugs) and the Group (12 drugs), each of which includes the test provided by 23andMe. One of the challenges in pharmacogenetics is the diverse allele frequencies across populations. Different allele frequencies may make the test only relevant in a single population, as in testing for phenytoin and HLA-B*15:02 which is mainly found in Asian populations. Differing allele frequencies for the causal variant does not affect interpretation of the pharmacogenetic test result, but different linkage disequilibrium may invalidate interpretation of a tagging SNP, as seen with rs8099917 and Hepatitis-C treatment response. Without further work refining causal SNPs at such loci, it is probable that pharmacogenetic tests will provide different degrees of sensitivity across ethnicities. We have focused on DTC company, 23andMe, since they are the largest provider in this market, and are commendably open about the exact SNPs genotyped, and the reports generated for each pharmacogenetic test – therefore enabling scrutiny of the service offered. These pharmacogenetic reports are available to 23andMe customers in the UK, Canada and some EU countries, but are not currently provided to US customers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: 2°C of warming, extinction risk ranges from 30–50% for populations and 25–35% for species if species are unable to migrate. Under a full-dispersal scenario, population loss would range from 8–10% and species loss would be 5% (Fig. 4). Finally, surviving species, among all scenarios, generally show large reductions in their elevational range extents (Fig. 4e), which put these species at future risk of extinction, particularly if warming continues. The true number of populations and species lost will depend most on the level of climate change, but also on several other factors. Temperatures are rising more quickly at high elevations(24), so regional climate change estimates may underestimate montane warming, leading to a potential underestimate here of actual extinction risk. Little is known about epiphyte dispersal capacity, but available evidence suggests that tropical montane species may struggle to migrate uphill(25), suggesting that our full dispersal scenario may be overly optimistic. Similarly, actual environmental tolerances likely fall between those based on individual mountains vs. aggregate distributions and might vary depending on the importance of local adaptation among mountain ranges, which further suggest that true extinction rates are likely to fall within our bracketed scenarios. We found only a single species with evidence of local adaptation or parental effects among disparate sites, suggesting these effects are not important relative to mortality risk in this system. Likewise, given the exceedingly slow growth exhibited by our study species, it seems unlikely that evolution to changing climate conditions will occur rapidly enough to play a major role in preventing extinctions (12). Finally, we estimated extinction loss assuming that species will not survive over the long-term in conditions warmer and drier than those currently experienced along their low-elevation boundary. This seems appropriate given observed mortality rates for species transplanted below their native range, but is also supported by those species showing within-range variation in mortality, which was also higher along the warm, dry margin of their distributions. Overall, it seems likely that true extinction rates, for a given level of climate change, will fall along the higher end of our bracketed extinction estimates. This study provides the first experimental assessment of extinction risk from climate change in tropical montane species(26).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: �дальність та права редактора стосовно цієї публікації іншій кваліфікованій особі; бути готовими публікувати виправлення, роз'яснення, спростування і вибачення, у випадках, коли це необхідно.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: A 2012 review of DTC pharmacogenetic testing companies, identified eight companies that provided at least one pharmacogenetic test [1]. Some of the companies surveyed require tests to be ordered through a clinican (Genelex, Pathway genomics), or are no longer in the market (Navigenics). Geneplanet now provides DTC pharmacogenetics for six drugs or drug classes (clopidogrel, metformin, omeprazole, perindopril, statins, warfarin), and Theranostics for two drugs (clopidogrel, statins) but neither company gives detailed information on the tests or reported outcomes and so are not included here. DTC pharmacogenetic testing has the potential to benefit patients by educating individuals about genetics and providing preliminary information that patients could follow up with a medical professional. 23andMe’s public website and customer reports make clear that they do not provide a medical service and that the report is not a diagnostic test. Reports give risks (%) of an adverse event, and general comments such as ‘may benefit from a different dose’; they instruct customers to “consult with a healthcare provider about … appropriate next steps”, and not to “make any changes to any current treatment without first consulting a healthcare provider”. For each report, 23andMe provides detailed information about the test performed, the evidence for gene-drug association, and the implications of test results. In addition to clinical-related information, full SNP genotypes are returned. Pharmacogenetics is a particularly relevant focus for DTC testing since the test has value throughout life, and need be performed only once. This makes implementation of a pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing panel potentially cost-effective, since the results can be interrogated when any new drug is prescribed. 1. The service offered by 23andMe has several important limitations, and for the service offered to be more effective, we would recommend a number of changes, such as better consideration and documentation of differences across ancestry. For example, the literature shows substantial differences in sensitivity and specificity of tests for Hepatitis-C treatment response between ancestries. This should be fully reported by 23andMe to ensure all test users understand the ancestry-specific limitations of testing. In the absence of research linking the tested SNP to the response in a given consumer’s ethnicity, this limitation should be communicated clearly. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Regional climate modellingModels (GCMs) simulate large scale features of global atmospheric and ocean circulation, based on physical principles. A relevant disadvantage is the coarse horizontal resolution of a1. Temperature values in a N-S cross section through the Alps as calculated by GCMs (red triangles) and as expected due to elevation (black squares) ( AIT, figure based on ECHAM4 results and a temperature-elevation gradient based on observation data)Figure 2. RCM domain (Δx= 10 – 50 km) embedded into a GCM (Δx= 100 – 300 km), Univ. Graz)Another important point is to distinguish between weather prediction models and climate models. A weather prediction model starts from actual state of the atmosphere and calculates a few days into the future, but after 10-14 days the model is no longer correlated to the real state of the atmosphere. On the other hand the simulation time in climate models may be up to centuries. Therefore climate models do not describe actual weather, but a potential realisation of weather conditions. Only in long term statistics like mean values or variability a climate model should be similar to real weather behaviour. Weather prediction like: „It`s raining on April, 24th 2045“ is not possible, but statistical information similar to: „The probability of precipitation in June in the 2040s is higher than today“ can be derived. 2. 2. Three steps to regional climate scenariosRegional climate is influenced by global atmospheric conditions and the global climate processes. Hence, for calculations of regional climate scenarios it is necessary to use a stepwise approach, consisting of three main steps:Step 1: Selection of a particular emission scenario for consideration of atmospheric changes. Step 2: Selection of a global climate model to calculate the scenarios for global climate processes. Step 3: Selection of an appropriate regional climate model and calculation of the regional climate scenarios. 2. 2. 1. Step 1: Selection of a particular emission scenario for consideration of atmospheric changesPanel on (IPCC) provides a wide range of Gas scenarios based on assumptions of the future development of technologies and society (Figure 3). Figure 3. CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere as predicted by different IPCC scenarios (IPCC 3rd – Climate Change, 2001 accessed 15. 10. 2012)The selection of an appropriate scenario is the first important step towards the estimation of climate change signals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Правила етики для рецензентів: працювати в повній відповідності до редакційної політики збірника з урахуванням актуальних юридичних вимог щодо авторського права, плагіату тощо; не використовувати неопубліковані дані, отримані з надісланих для експертної оцінки матеріалів, в особистих дослідженнях без письмової згоди автора (авторів); дотримуватися термінів рецензування; повідомляти редакційну колегію і просити виключити з процесу рец

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: IntroductionA decade ago, Kusick predicted that “by the year 2010, it is expected that predictive genetic tests will be available for as many as a dozen common conditions, allowing individuals who wish to know this information to learn their individual susceptibilities and to take steps to reduce those risks for which interventions are or will be available” (Collins and McKusick 2001). They predicted that with the increase of genetic information about common disorders, many primary care clinicians would become “practitioners of genomic medicine, having to explain complex statistical risk information to healthy individuals who are seeking to enhance their chances of staying well. ” However, with respect to common disorders and susceptibility testing, the anticipated increase of genomic science in the traditional healthcare system has not materialized. In fact, it is private companies who are taking the lead and marketing susceptibility tests directly to consumers. Furthermore, according to some authors, commercial companies may even “come to displace clinicians as the primary providers of genetic information related to health promotion” (Foster and Sharp 2008). Indeed, in the last 3 years, many companies have been advertising and selling genetic tests directly to consumers. In many cases, consumers have been able to purchase genetic testing services without any input from a health care professional. This 2009. This implies that these companies certainly know how to attract certain consumers; however, in order to be a sustainable business, they need be able to do more than simply attract a bunch of enthusiastic early adopters of new technologies. The announcement in November 2009 by the biotech company deCODE Genetics, (which markets the DTC genetic service called deCODEme) that it had filed a voluntary petition for relief under 2010. At the time, Counsyl underlined the possibility of ordering the test directly from the company: “You can order the test directly from our website to receive your kit immediately. Everyone has a prescription: the of (ACMG) recommends that adults of reproductive age be offered carrier testing for cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy, two of the many conditions assayed by the Test. Alternatively, you may get the test through your doctor. ” ( accessed 04/05/2010) 2010, however, testing from Counsyl can only be requested through a physician; therefore, consumers first need to find a physician that offers the test.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: The A1 storyline for example describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, global population that peaks in mid-century and declines thereafter, and assumes rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Major underlying themes are convergence among regions, capacity building, and increased cultural and social interactions, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income. The A1 scenario family can be divided into three branches describing alternative directions of technological change in the energy system. They are distinguished by their technological emphasis: fossil intensive (A1FI), non-fossil energy sources (A1T), or a balance across all sources (A1B) 2000. Out of this the scenario A1B was selected because it represents a moderate increase of Gases (GHG) and is located in the centre of all covered assumptions (Figure 4). The predicted temperature boost for different emission scenarios additionally depends on the used GCM and covers a range from a1. 5°C to +2. 5°C, which underlines its conservative position as it does not tend to any extreme at the upper or lower bounds. Figure 4. Increase of the global temperature according to different IPCC scenarios accessed 15. 10. 2012, (IPCC, 2001, 3rd Assessment report)2. 2. 2. Step 2: Selection of a global climate model to calculate the scenarios for global climate processesThe 2nd step in the approach is the choice of the GCM providing the driving data. In our case results from the 5/MPI-OM ([17], [18]) model have been used. The temperature increase towards the end of the century predicted by the ECHAM5 model tends to be at the lower end compared to other models (black arrows in Figure 5). Further information on the ECHAM5 model can be obtained from 5. Increase of the global temperature according to the IPCC scenario A1B predicted by different GCMs. The arrows mark the temperature timeline given by the ECHAM5 model (dashed yellow line), [15]2. 2. 3. Step 3: Selection of an appropriate regional climate model The 3rd step includes the appropriate choice of the RCM providing high resolution data needed for regional analyses. In our case the German “Consortial Runs” [8] were chosen. They were carried out with the RCM Cosmo-CLM accessed 3. 9. 2012.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ензування, якщо рецензент розуміє, що не має достатньої кваліфікації для розгляду публікації або не має достатньо часу для своєчасного виконання роботи; розглядати будь-який матеріал, отриманий для рецензування, як конфіденційний документ, не розкривати його зміст і не обговорювати з будь-якими особами, крім членів редакційної колегії, які передали матеріал на рецензування; давати об'єктивну оцінку переданих на рецензування матеріа

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The issue of (lack of) oversight of LDTs or “home brews” is closely related to that of DTC GT since many of the tests offered by DTC GT companies could be considered LDTs. Until now, the FDA did not require that most LDTs be reviewed for clinical validity (the exception being those genetic tests that produce a result “for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease” (e. g. , breast cancer and prostate cancer)) (Genetics and Center 2010). Immediately after this FDA meeting, the Committee on Energy and Commerce held a public hearing on July 22 2010 (Committe on Energy and Commerce 2010), during which the Report Direct-to-consumer genetic tests. Misleading test results are further complicated by deceptive marketing and other questionable practices by the US Office was presented (Office 2010). Although no concrete regulatory changes have taken place since these events, it has to be expected that regulatory oversight will increase in the near future. In Europe, the Commission of the UK presented in August its “framework of principles” on DTC genetic testing (Commission 2010). These principles were developed by a working group including representatives from the DTC genetic testing industry, clinical, and molecular geneticists, genetic counselors, experts in regulation, and those with experience in offering support to individuals with genetic conditions. The principles are mainly aimed at self-regulation of the DTC genetic testing market by promoting standards in the provision of genetic tests amongst commercial providers at an international level. The principles have been designed with the will to protect the interests of consumers and to allow the industry to grow. However, the principles have been criticized for being “weak and meaningless” by GeneWatch UK (GeneWatch 2010) and an editorial in the Lancet calls the guidelines insufficient and questions their practical value (2010). Furthermore, the Professional and Committee of the of had criticized the consultation document for focusing “too much on the requirements the test providers should fulfill while paying too little attention to the quality of the genetic tests that are being sold” and remained “concerned about the quality of the tests provided” and believed “that the clinical validity (and not only the analytical validity) of genetic tests should be proven before one can even begin to consider selling such tests directly to consumers” (Professional and Committee of the of 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: on which these model runs are based consists of 257x271 cells with a resolution of 0. 165° which corresponds to a2100. Many atmospheric parameters (like temperature, precipitation, snow, wind components, radiation, cloud cover, etc. ) are available on a daily or even hourly basis from the (DKRZ) via the Climate and and Archive (CERA ). Figure 6. Model domain for Cosmo-CLM (257x271 cells, resolution: 0,165°), [8]2. 3. Drought hazard calculation with regional climate input dataAs there is no single drought parameter which can summarize the impact of climate change on drought for forests, it has been decided to calculate several parameters to provide as much information for forest practitioners as possible. For the current study results of the IPCC climate scenario A1B (accessed 3. 9. 2012) and Figure 3&4 downscaled to a spatial resolution of 1x1km and daily time resolution have been applied. Temperature as well as precipitation data for every day have been analysed within the time period from 1961 to 2100. As the scenario A1B is rather moderate concerning emissions and temperature increase (cf. Figure 4&5) the results according to climate change impacts on drought presented within the project can be seen, despite of the uncertainty of the climate change scenarios, as a quite probable development. All calculations have been performed for the whole study area of the project with a horizontal resolution of 1x1km. Climate data where statistically downscaled from the original 18x18km simulation results and investigated for 10 case study regions. The downscaling exercise has been conducted by the Institute for Forest, Snow and (WSL) (see therefore the particular 3. Results for the entire Region (GAR)7 and 8 show that precipitation in general is reduced in the whole area at any time. For regions south of the Alps a stronger reduction is estimated and the decrease after 2050 is more significant than till 2050. Figure 7. Relative change of total precipitation between 1971/2000 and 2021/2050 (30 yr mean) (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)Figure 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: лів, чітко та аргументовано висловлювати свою думку; виявляти значний збіг між рецензованою публікацією та будь-якою іншою опублікованою раніше науковою працею, висловлювати свою думку щодо прийнятності матеріалу до публікації з точки зору наукової етики.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Home E-and catalog us 33. Published online: September 26, 2019 DOI: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: advantages and pitfalls * Department of Biochemistry and of Medicine, Seoul, Korea *Corresponding author E-mail: ohbs@khu. ac. kr 10, 2019 19, 2019 (c) 2019, Organization (CC) This is an open-access 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. What is Direct-to-Testing? Conventional genetic testing is a process in which clinicians take samples from patients as clinically needed, send them to a laboratory for genetic testing, and discuss the test results with patients. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is different from conventional genetic testing in that consumers learn about DTC genetic testing from TV commercials, the internet, or in-store advertising, and request the tests to be performed by DTC companies by their own choice. If conventional genetic testing is a clinician-centric framework, then DTC genetic testing is a consumer-centric one. Normally, saliva or mouth cells obtained by scratching the inside of one’s mouth with a cotton swab are sent to the DTC company. The company isolates DNA from the sample and conducts a genetic test. The test results are analyzed through proprietary in-house programs and a genetic profile report of various phenotypes is sent to the consumer. The test items or test report may vary depending on the needs of the consumer, as well as operational characteristics of the company. Conventional clinician-centric tests are aimed at diagnosing and treating patients’ diseases, mainly limited to genetic diseases or cancers. Consumer-centric DTC tests do also carry out genetic tests for diseases, but have an additional emphasis on biometric/life-related concerns, such as obesity, nutrition, skin, hair loss, ancestry, and life cycle. Therefore, the aim of DTC genetic testing is to determine consumers’ propensity for such phenotypes or genetic predisposition to the tested diseases for preventive purposes, rather than for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The cost of DTC genetic testing varies from company to company, but is roughly in the range of 100–1,000 US dollars, and DTC genetic testing is generally not covered by insurance. the Advantages and Disadvantages of DTC Genetic Testing?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Relative change of total precipitation between 1971/2000 and 2071/2100 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)To calculate the number of dry days we have used a value used a threshold of 1mm precipitation per day as threshold for a dry day. This was done because 1mm of rainfall usually will not reach the soil in forested areas because it is intercepted in the canopy. Furthermore, climate models tend to overestimate the precipitation and values of zero precipitation occur almost never. The calculation of the number of dry days can be performed with different thresholds, but this will not significantly change the results as we focus on the change signalsthe relative differences not the absolute values and not the absolute values of dry days (Figures 9 and 10). Figure 9. Change of number of dry days during vegetation period in 2041/2070 compared to 1971/2000 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)Figure 10. Change of number of dry days during vegetation period in 2071/2100 compared to 1971/2000 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and spatial analysis: AIT)The amount of total precipitation will be reduced in the future, and the number of dry days and also the maximum length of dry episodes will increase. But also the distribution of rainfall during the year will change which may be assumed to have a stronger impact on vegetation (Figure 11). Figure 11. Mean annual cycle of daily precipitation for different periods (30 yr means). (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis AIT)The 30y mean of daily precipitation behaviour for the entire GAR shows a shift from main precipitation during the period from May to August to a maximum in April and November.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Періодичність публікації 1 раз в рік Політика відкритого доступу Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу. Міжнародна індексація журналу 64. exe?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The advantages of DTC genetic testing can be described as follows [1,2]. First, DTC genetic testing may provide an opportunity for consumers to recognize the importance of genetics in diverse phenotypes, including diseases. If the test results indicate that a consumer has a genetic predisposition to a certain disease or phenotype of interest, then he or she may take proactive steps to improve his or her own health. It is easy to access genetic information through DTC testing because it does not require approval from clinicians or insurance companies. Moreover, DTC genetic testing is generally less expensive and faster than genetic testing performed at hospitals. The sample is normally collected non-invasively, such as through gathering saliva or scratching the inside of one’s mouth with a cotton swab, instead of drawing blood, as is performed at the hospital. Lastly, the data from consumers’ genetic tests can be collected into valuable databases to help with research in related fields, as shown by the papers published by 23andMe, one of the leading DTC genetic testing companies in the [3,4]. Nonetheless, DTC genetic testing has important drawbacks [1,2]. DTC genetic testing often does not provide conclusive results on whether the consumer will develop a disease or not. Most genetic tests performed by DTC companies are limited to few major genetic variants related to the phenotypes of interest, which leads to poor discriminatory power. Diseases are generally affected by many genetic variants—in other words, they are polygenic. In addition to genetic factors, disease incidence is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors including age, sex, race, nutrition, exercise, and stress. Thus, DTC genetic testing itself does not guarantee that a consumer with a high genetic risk score will suffer from a certain disease. Instead, it only indicates that one has a genetic propensity for that disease. If one is affected by favorable environmental factors and has a lifestyle that is beneficial for that disease, one may not develop the disease despite a high genetic risk. On the contrary, a consumer with a low genetic risk may get sick if he or she lives in a disease-prone environment or has lifestyle factors that increase susceptibility to the disease. For example, 23andMe conducts an APOE genetic test in relation to Alzheimer disease. The average likelihood of developing Alzheimer disease in carriers of the relevant allele is more than twice as high than in people who do not carry it.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Major reductions may occur from May to end of September so that during summer the drought hazard will increase significantly and also be strengthened due to the temperature increase in this period of the year, as predicted for the future. 3. 1. Development of heat wavesAs additional parameter we calculated a Index (HWI) according to [7] and [9], which is defined as at least 3 consecutive days with max. temperature above 30 °C and each further day with max. temperature above 25 °C as long as the mean of the max. temperatures over the whole period is not below 30°C. Usually, temperature decreases with higher altitudes, which means that a threshold of 30°C will never be reached in these regions. Nevertheless, some “heat waves” will also occur at higher elevations. To be able to calculate a HWI in a mountainous region, all temperature values had to be normalized to sea level. To achieve this, an average temperature gradient of 0. 7°C for each 100m of altitude was assumed. Thus, from a Model (DEM) of the Region with a spatial resolution of 1km a theoretical temperature at sea level was calculated. These normalized temperature values were used to determine the HWI for the vegetation period from April to September (Figure 12 and 13). As shown in Figure 14 the maximum length of heat waves increases over the entire GAR, with significant stronger rise south of the Alps. Figure 12. 30-year mean of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period vegetation season 1971/2000 – temperature normalized to sea level. (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)Figure 13. 30-year mean of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period vegetation season 2071/2100 – temperature normalized to sea level. (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)Figure 14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21=0&S21STR=Uks Реферативна база даних «Україніка наукова» Положення про авторські права Автори, які публікуються у цьому журналі, погоджуються з наступними умовами: 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGiven the rapid pace of progress in the field of consumer genomics, it may seem like ancient history when Time magazine named “” as its 2008 Invention of the Year, and Nature cited “Goes Mainstream” as a top news story [1, 2]. The past five years have witnessed widespread scientific and social enthusiasm about—and controversy over—new developments in whole genome sequencing technologies and their possible commercial applications to human health. Many proponents of consumer genomics—including direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) marketed publicly to individuals and made available without need for an intermediary medical professional—view direct access to one’s genome as an individual right, noting many potential benefits of learning more about one’s predilection to disease and likelihood of response to particular medications. Meanwhile, professional organizations representing health professionals and genetics researchers have continued to express concerns regarding DTC-GT and its potential harms [3, 4]. In recent years, many notable changes have occurred in the field. Decreasing genotyping costs have resulted in DTC-GT services becoming more accessible to the average consumer; for example, 23andMe, a leading company in the field, now offers its services for $99 (as compared to an original price of $999 in 2007) [5]. Another recent development is that many companies have either left the marketplace or moved from a pure DTC model toward one involving partnership with physicians and health care systems [6]. This shift can be attributed in part to intensified regulatory pressures in 2010, when the US Food and (FDA) sent warning letters to several DTC-GT companies and the Office (GAO) issued a highly critical report of the industry, declaring test results to be “misleading and of little or no practical use” and concluding that two-thirds of companies investigated “engaged in some form of fraudulent, deceptive, or otherwise questionable marketing practices” [7]. Despite the considerable amount of attention accorded to consumer genomics, there have been relatively few empirical studies in this area. Numerous policies have been developed within the US and abroad to regulate the provision of DTC-GT services [8], and recommendations have been provided to both consumers and health care professionals [9, 10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Change of maximum heat wave length during vergetation period for 2071/2100 compared to 1971/2000 – temperature normalized to seal level (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT) Advertisement 4. Presentation of major results for the case study regionsThis section discusses exemplarily major results for five of the ten case study regions. The different location of the regions can be seen in Figure 15. Location and extent of the regions have been provided by the project partners of. The criteria for taking the five samples out of the ten was to select one from each country providing sample regions as well as covering the climate characteristics from north to south and from west to east. All results represent statistical means of the entire regions of interest. Larger regions – overall the Italian region I1 (Lombardy) – show a wider range of climate characteristics as the area reaches from low elevated areas with Mediterranean influence to high Alpine areas. The differences in the area mean and area max values give some hint regarding the range of the values. Figure 15. Location of the ten case study regions explored in following table of diagrams (Figure 16) presents the annual variation of precipitation for the selected case study regions. They all show declining precipitation during the summer months. But from north to south the changes somehow deviate. In the northern regions – influenced by Atlantic climate (“Nordstaulagen”) – the case study regions D1, A1 may expect a growing peak of spring precipitation and from May to September a high decrease during the future decades. The regions, which are influenced by the (I1 and S1) will face a decline of summer precipitation and the evolution of two distinct peaks: a smaller spring peak and a high peak in November. region (C1) seems to be affected by both influences – the precipitation decline in summer is still high, two precipitation peaks occur – a higher spring peak which is characteristic for the northern regions and a smaller autumn peak which is typical for Mediterranean influence. In all areas there is a significant secondary sink in October. Figure 16.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори залишають за собою право на авторство своєї роботи та передають журналу право першої публікації цієї роботи на умовах ліцензії Attribution License, котра дозволяє іншим особам вільно розповсюджувати опубліковану роботу з обов'язковим посиланням на авторів оригінальної роботи та першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: The authors concluded that improving health was the main motivation for DTC-GT consumers. Two other studies examined how different ways of presenting individuals with information about the potential risks and benefits of DTC-GT may affect motivations or intentions to get tested. Gray et al. [21] conducted a randomized, controlled trial to explore the impact of genetic risk information presented on a mock -GT testing web site. A sample of 767 women was either presented with information on the risks of DTC testing (intervention group) or not (control group). The intervention group reported fewer positive beliefs about DTC-GT, lower intentions to get online BRCA testing, and a higher level of preference for clinic-based testing. In another study examining the effect of information content on intentions and attitudes toward testing, Sweeny and Legg provided participants with three types of information about DTC-GT: positive only, negative only, or both [22]. As compared to the negative and full information conditions, participants in the positive only group perceived the greatest benefits and fewest barriers to testing, showed more anticipated regret over not testing, and reported greater intentions to pursue testing. Thus, the authors concluded that exclusively positive information may promote interest in testing, whereas the intentions and interest of those receiving exclusively negative information may not differ from those receiving balanced or full information. Comprehension and Interpretation of Test ResultsStudies of DTC-GT consumers’ understanding suggest that the vast majority “get the gist” of their test results. For example, in a prospective assessment of participants in the who had undergone genetic susceptibility testing for eight health conditions, Kaphingst et al. [23] found that 80 % of participants correctly recalled their results and that they were unlikely to perceive their results as deterministic (i. e. , they recognized that disease causes were multifactorial). Similar results were found in a report from Gordon et al. [24] on 60 participants in the CPMC. In a related study, Kaufman et al. [25•] surveyed 1,048 consumers of three personal genomics companies (Navigenics, 23andMe, and deCODEme). Respondents were posed hypothetical scenarios of susceptibility testing for type 2 diabetes and colon cancer, with results presented in the same online format as their own personal results would have been (e. g. , Navigenics customers were shown results using a display template from a Navigenics company test report).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Mean yearly distribution of precipitation from 1971/2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The diagrams in Figure 17 show the evolution of the total precipitation during the growing season for the selected case study regions: All regions show a moderate decline of the average and the maximum rainfall sum. (D1) as well as the Slovenian (S1) case study region show moderate precipitation ranges between 600 and 800 mm which declines in Germany to 600 for max values and 550 mm for average values, in Slovenia the max values remain almost the same, the average values decline from almost 700 mm to 350 mm. All other case study regions show an absolute decline of about 100 - 200 mm of the max values in the high alpine areas and again an absolute decline of about 50 - 100 mm of the average numbers referring more to the low elevated areas. For the lower elevated areas like the Italian region I1 the decline may turn out to be severe as the precipitation sum during the vegetation period is between 500 and 700mm and the temperature is going to be higher which results in higher evapotranspiration. Figure 17. Mean total precipitation during the vegetation period from 1971-2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)While in Figure 17 the total precipitation during the growing season is shown, Figure 18 depicts the seasonal precipitation sums during different 30 year periods. In all regions a significant decrease of the summer precipitation is obvious: the total rainfall during summer declines from 400 to 300 mm in the northern regions, from a18. Mean seasonal total precipitation sums from 1971-2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: Notably, over 70 % of respondents indicated that they would consider referring a patient to a DTC-GT company under select conditions, and 90 % would do so if there were geographic constraints to obtaining genetic testing. In a study conducted in Australia and New Zealand, 130 genetic counselors and 38 clinical geneticists from the Society of Australasia completed an online survey to assess their views on DTC-GT [39]. Only a small minority of respondents (7 %) reported that they felt confident in accurately interpreting and explaining DTC-GT results. Eleven percent responded that a client had been referred to them after receiving DTC test results. Most respondents did not feel that DTC-GT was useful for anonymous testing (54 %) or for those who are geographically constrained (60 %). The authors concluded there is a general lack of confidence among genetic health professionals around interpreting DTC-GT results but suggested that confidence might increase over time as professionals gain more experience. DiscussionThe past few years have seen a modest yet notable amount of empirical studies focused on DTC-GT. Findings from this research begin to shed light on the various questions that have been raised regarding this controversial approach to personal genomics. One area of interest has been the ways in which DTC-GT services are marketed to consumers. Our review of the limited data evaluating DTC-GT companies’ “product descriptions” reinforce concerns raised by commentators about the potential for customers to be misled about the benefits versus risks and limitations of test services. For example, that almost two-thirds of companies reviewed neglected to note any risks of testing is particularly concerning. However, it should be noted that the companies reviewed represent a very heterogeneous group, and that the most commonly used sites do in fact disclose potential psychological and social risks of learning personal genetic information. Nevertheless, it would be naïve to expect a truly balanced, nuanced view of testing from any company’s promotional materials, such that public education from disinterested third parties would seem appropriate [9]. Concerns about “truth in advertising” of health-related products are not unique to this industry; moving forward, lessons might be taken from prior regulation debates involving over-the-counter nutriceuticals and DTC advertising of prescription medications [40]. Studies suggest that public awareness of DTC-GT within the US has steadily increased in recent years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The following table of diagrams (fig. 19) indicates the evolution of the number of dry days during the vegetation season for the selected case study regions. All regions show a distinct increase of the average and the maximum number of dry days: the less alpine German region (D1) starting from 69 (average) 73 (max) dry days may expect an extra of about 20 dry days till 2100, the Swiss region (C1) starts from 48 (average) 55 (max) dry days and will face an increase of a2100. Region (A1) with alpine climate and some moderate influence of starts with 80 (average) 90 (max) dry days and may expect another 20 dry days till 2100. In the small Slovenian region (S1) the number of dry days will increase from a2100. The large Italian region (I1) shows the widest range because of the Alpine and the Mediterranean influences with hottest temperatures in the Po Valley: 110 (average) and 135 (max. ) dry days with an expected increase of 15 dry days. Figure 19. Mean number of dry days during vegetation season from 1971/2000 to 2071/2100 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT)The following table of diagrams (fig. 20) shows the evolution of the seasonal 30 year mean number of drought periods greater than 10 days for the selected case study regions. In general the number of more than 10-day dry periods for current climate accounts to 1-2 events per season and is expected to grow by a20. Relative change of mean number of dry periods greater than 10 days compared to period 1971/2000 for case study regions D1, A1, C1, I1 and S1 (Source: ECHAM5/CLM A1B Consortial run, 18x18km resolution, 1x1km downscaling: WSL. Data compilation and analysis: AIT) Advertisement 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Політика журналу дозволяє і заохочує розміщення авторами в мережі Інтернет (наприклад, у сховищах установ або на особистих веб-сайтах) рукопису роботи, як до подання цього рукопису до редакції, так і під час його редакційного опрацювання, оскільки це сприяє виникненню продуктивної наукової дискусії та позитивно позначається на оперативності та динаміці цитування опублікованої роботи.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing services have become widely available. [SEP] Text: This is not a surprising finding given the high-profile media coverage that the industry has received, including news stories across such diverse outlets as Time magazine, the Times, and NBC’s Today show [1, 41, 42]. Also as would be expected, awareness varies by demographic groups and family history of various medical conditions. The prototypical consumer appears to be a white, well-educated, middle-aged professional, with various reasons for pursuing DTC-GT services. Many are health-focused, but others are more generally curious about their genetics and in tracing their ancestral history. Some companies bundle very different types of genetic information (health risk, carrier status, medication response, ancestry) within a single service, appealing to the wide range of motivations people seem to have in learning about aspects of their own genetic profile. These motivations are also a reminder that consumers often have a much different view of the benefits of test results than do expert commentators and health care professionals. The latter tend to view genetic testing through the lens of clinical utility, where findings are seen as valuable to the extent that they possess predictive value and/or inform proven medical care options. However, consumers interested in DTC-GT results may find personal utility in satisfying curiosity and in feeding a general sense that “knowledge is power. ” Although test interest may well be driven by a fascination with what Nelkin has termed the “DNA mystique,” many individuals who seek DTC-GT results may possess complex, meaningful rationales for testing that need not be dismissed as irrational or frivolous [43]. Legitimate concerns, however, have been raised that individuals who purchase DTC-GT services may not fully comprehend the risk information that they receive [44]. Available studies do not support the notion that laypersons will be given to gross misunderstandings of their test results, such as believing that “genetics is destiny” with regard to risk of common diseases. Indeed, several studies reviewed here suggest that most participants will be able to take home the “gist” of test result information, even without professional assistance. However, these same studies also suggest some biases and misinterpretations of the nuances of test results, including difficulties in interpreting complex numerical information and a tendency to overrate the clinical benefits of test results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: General result discussion above let expect on the one hand a decrease of total precipitation within the vegetation period during the coming decades till 2100 and on the other hand a substantial increase of dry day periods – both aspects may lead to increasing drought stress in the particular forest areas in the greater alpine area. The tendency to significant lower rainfall in summer can be found in all areas. The decline of precipitation south of the Alpine main ridge (Northern Italy, Slovenia) is much stronger due to the Mediterranean influence. The applied climate scenario assumes a decline of summer precipitation up to 50%. This surely will affect forests in southern regions and may lead to extended drought stress and fire hazard. A similar picture gives the comparison of the number of dry days in the future with the 30 year mean for 1971/2000 (Figure 20). The number of dry days north of the alpine main ridge is 1/3 less than south of it. The increase of dry days is estimated to achieve 15 to 20 additional days, which is quite severe in the southern regions with numbers above 120 dry days for current climate. The number of dry day episodes as well as the length of the periods is expected to increase in all regions by 2 or 3 events per length class for the shorter episodes. The long periods (20 to 30 days) occur only in the southern regions and are also expected to increase. Thus the combination of precipitation decrease, increase of the length of dry day periods as well as the increase of temperature may result in severe drought stress effects on the forest areas. Investigations of forest growth and dendroecology compiled from tree ring chronologies have shown that differences between tree species to cope drought events in wide range occur. Over a longer period after an intense drought evente. g. the drought of 2003 in middle spruce tend to be more effected as common beech and Scots pine. Pedunculate and sessile oak species showed very little growth losses in the investigations by Beck [1]. In general the estimation of the local risks for forest and forest management needs local forest experts and stakeholders which are able to balance the different demands on forests to sustain in the future. The presented results of the single case study regions of the project can be used as input for these analyses by local experts. project provides much more information than discussed within this book 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ліцензійна угода Цей твір ліцензовано на умовах Ліцензії Із Зазначенням Авторства — Некомерційна — Без Похідних 4. 0 Міжнародна. Подання Надсилання статей. Керівництва для авторів. Збірник репрезентуватиме проблеми історії, археології, етнографії, філології (українська мова та література).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: How genetic testing can help women with breast cancer avoid chemotherapyBy using Oncotype DX test technology, researchers behind the trial have proven that invasive and often harmful chemotherapy needn’t be the only option for women with breast cancer. Genetics 05 July 2018 link to page Download PDF In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year. Shutterstock. comdescribed it as “the biggest advance in cancer practice for 20 years”; said: “Thousands of breast cancer patients could avoid chemo”; and Mirror hailed it as a “major coup for the NHS”. for TReatment (Rx) — known as — has made waves since being presented at the of 2018 in Chicago on 3 June 2018, and with good reason[1]. ’s focus — breast cancer — remains the most common cancer to affect women and the second leading cause of death in women in the UK and the United States[2][3]. study looked at the most common form of breast cancer — hormone receptor (HR)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, axillary node (AN)-negative, breast cancer — which accounts for roughly half of all cases of the disease. Sparano et al. conducted the phase III prospective trial federally funded by the US Institute[1]. The trial involved 10,273 women aged 17–75 years between 2006 and 2010. All women received Oncotype DX testing, which predicted their risk of cancer recurrence within ten years. half of all new cases of breast cancer (over 266,000 in the and 54,900 in the UK) receive chemotherapy, a treatment with adverse effects such as vomiting, nausea, fatigue, hair loss, neuropathy and, in younger women, early menopause or infertility. But results from suggest that 70% of these women could be spared chemotherapy, and by using the genomic test Oncotype DX to guide decision-making, less than 30% of these women might need chemotherapy. Harnessing geneticsOncotype DX, developed by California-based genetic research company Genomic Health, analyses a tumour sample for the activity of 21 genes that can affect how a tumour is likely to behave in response to a particular treatment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Uncertainty and spatial variability of regional climate projectionsUncertainty in regional climate projections can be roughly divided into four components: (1) Natural variabilityThe term natural variability refers to deterministic and random fluctuations in the climate system, that occur on various spatial and temporal scales,[3]. , (2) uncertainty in external forcing (mainly anthropogenic forcing like greenhouse gas emissions and land use change)GHG emissions depend on many factors including growth of population and economy, energy prices and energy source selection, cultural and social interactions, technological development and land use, the latter serving either as GHG sink or as GHG emission accelerator. Since it is impossible to strictly predict the future development of these factors, the pathway of future emissions remains uncertain. on (SRES) [14] provides different storylines of how the world might develop and the associated trajectory of future GHG emissions. , (3) uncertainty due to imperfect simulation of the climate system (model uncertainty)Uncertainties due to climate models arise from incomplete understanding and simplified formulation of climate processes in the models [19]. In order to quantify these uncertainties, ensembles of different or modified climate models are used. , and (4) downscaling uncertainty. Prein et al. ([15, 16]) analysed the relative contributions of natural variability, emission scenarios and models to total uncertainty over Europe. The uncertainty components for air temperature and precipitation over Europe due to internal variability, model formulation, and emission scenario assumptions until the mid and the end of the 21st century are regarded in Prein’s study, based on 23 different GCMs driving 84 simulations of the CMIP3 accessed 08. 04. 2013 ensemble. They found that uncertainty due to the formulation of the climate models describing atmospheric processes is largest for temperature as well as precipitation regime changes. The following Figure 21 presents a comparison of simulation results for seasonal change of temperature and precipitation in the south western part of the greater alpine Region (GAR) – the region, where most of our case study regions are located. Figure 21. Scatter plots for the changes in 2-m air temperature and precipitation amount between 2021/2050 and 1961/1990 for GAR-South-west for 22 simulations ( [10, 11]. Changes of precipitation amount are calculated relative with respect to 1961-1990. The black lines indicate the median changes, [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: До друку приймаємо раніше не опубліковані наукові статті, публікації документів і пам’яток, бібліографічні та джерелознавчі огляди, рецензії на нові видання, повідомлення про наукові події. Редакційна колегія не розглядатиме статей, що не відповідають зазначеним вимогам. Редакційна колегія має право редагувати, скорочувати, а також відхиляти подані матеріали.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Women eligible for Oncotype DX testing include those recently diagnosed with stage I or II invasive breast cancer; those in whom the tumour is oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive, AN-negative and those whom, with their consultant, are considering chemotherapy. Women recently diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or having lumpectomy to remove the DCIS may also be candidates. After surgery, women can reduce the risk of recurrence by taking selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen[4][5] or aromatase inhibitors, such as exemestane, letrozole and anastrozole[6]. DX provides a recurrence score (RS): a number from 0–100[7]. An RS of less than 18 means the tumour has a low risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are unlikely to outweigh the adverse effects. An RS ≥18 and ≤30 means the tumour has an intermediate risk of recurrence and it is unclear whether chemotherapy exerts benefits. An RS ≥31 means the tumour has a high risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are likely to outweigh the adverse effects. Evidence baseCrolley et al. reported that interpretation of the scores of intermediate risk of recurrence and the subsequently offered chemotherapy regimens has the widest variation in practice in the UK[8]. Loncaster et al. reported that capitalising on Oncotype DX in women with AN-negative and positive breast cancer significantly reduces the use of chemotherapy (P <0. 001) and its associated morbidity and costs[9]. Furthermore, Holt et al. reported that reconsidering chemotherapy based on Oncotype DX results was associated with improvements in survival and quality-adjusted life expectancy in the UK[10]. Gluz et al. reported a trial that included 3,198 women (median age 56 years) with HR-positive, HER2-negative, AN-positive or high-risk node-negative early breast cancer (median follow-up of 35 months), from 2009–2011[11]. The study recommended women with an RS ≤11 to abstain from adjuvant chemotherapy. The three-year disease-free survival for the 348 patients not treated with chemotherapy with an RS ≤11 was 98%. In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each yearStemmer et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: The cross in the diagrams marks the median of precipitation change (horizontal) and temperature change (vertical): The temperature change medians of the four seasons oscillate between 1. 2 and 2 °C while the seasonal precipitation change medians shows rates of 0 to 7% of the particular precipitation total. The changes of all seasonal temperature means show the widest range between +0. 5°C and 3°C during summer. 5-driven simulation marked with green dots show always the smallest temperature gain, while the HADCM3-based“HadCM3 stands for the version 3. It was developed in 1999 and was the first unified model climate configuration not to require flux adjustments (artificial adjustments applied to climate model simulations to prevent them drifting into unrealistic climate states)”. accessed 5 September 2012 results marked with blue and purple dots show constantly the highest increase. For precipitation the single models show high deviations during the seasons, ranging from -20 to +20 %. ECHAM-based models show declines in spring and summer, and (little) precipitation increase in autumn and winter, while the HADCM3-scenarios show no clear trend indicating some increase as well as some decrease during the seasons. These results give an idea of the uncertainty range which can be expected also for the model output applied in. But uncertainty shall not be mixed up with spatial variability unless the variability itself shows uncertainty: A rough exploration of the spatial variability – and the uncertainty - has been conducted in the project reclip:century carried out by AIT ([13], uncertainty, there are also distinct location related differences between the regions, which are effects of terrain and position within the global atmospheric pressure and humidity motion patterns. Thus the simulations show a clear influence of the Alpine main ridge on the spatial distribution of climate change signals, with e. g. precipitation increase north of the Alps in spring, summer and autumn, and some decline in the southern and western parts. The temperature change pattern show rather an east-west- than a north-south-gradient. regional change trends for temperature and precipitation have been extracted from three regional climate simulation runs (based on 2 GHG scenarios and 3 RCM/GCM-combinationsThe observed seasonal changes till 2050 as explored in these three reclip:century simulations are integrated in the diagrams in Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: За зміст публікації, достовірність фактів, цитат, дат тощо відповідає автор. Усі статті, які надійшли до редакції, проходять процедуру незалежного таємного рецензування (якість дослідження, оригінальність, новизна, структура статті). Матеріали потрібно надсилати на електронну адресу редакції: ukraina. iuk@gmail. com (назва файла – прізвище автора латинськими літерами, наприклад, petrenko. doc).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: conducted a clinical analysis of 1,801 women (median age 60 years) with ER-positive, HER2-negative pN0-1 breast cancer (median follow-up of 6. 2 years) from 2006–2010[12]. In patients with an RS <18, the five-year risk of distant recurrence (where the cancer has spread to a region away from where the original cancer was located) was low. The rate of breast cancer-related death was also low. Endocrine therapy (ET) alone is supported in this group of patients. In addition, in women not treated with chemotherapy with an RS 11Â–25, the five-year distant recurrence rates were very low; chemotherapy is unlikely to exert clinical benefit in this group of patients. : the landmark trialOf the 10,273 women who took part in the trial, 6,711 had a mid-range an RS of 11ÂÂ–25 and were randomly assigned to receive either ET alone (most commonly tamoxifen for pre-menopausal women, and most commonly aromastase inhibitors for post-menopausal women) or chemoendocrine therapy (CET, most commonly taxane and cyclophosphamide). The primary end point was disease-free survival (recurrence of cancer in the breast, regional lymph nodes and/or distant organs, a second primary cancer in the opposite breast or another organ, or death from any cause). At a median follow-up of 7. 5 years, ET in women with a mid-range RS of 11–25 was not inferior to CET. Simply, this patient group would not benefit from chemotherapy and ET is as effective while less toxic and cheaper. will improve the lives of women who present with breast cancerWomen with RS ≥26 had a distant recurrence of 13% despite having chemotherapy and ET. Women with an RS <10 had very low recurrence rates with ET alone, regardless of age or other clinical variables. Women aged ≤50 years with an RS of 16–25 were shown to have some benefits from chemotherapy. ’s global financial and health benefitsIn light of the trial, around 5,000 British women in the UK could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year and the NHS could also be spared the financial burden; chemotherapy currently costs the NHS around £4,500 per patient.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 21 and marked by names: AIT-CCLM is based on a A1B/HADCM3/CCLM combination, WEGC-CCLM is based on an A1B/ECHAM5/CCLM combination and ZAMG-CCLM is based on a B1/ECHAM5/CCLM model combination. ) for the four seasons and related to Austrian climate regions. The range of climate change signals within a region refers to uncertainty, the range of climate change signals between the regions refers to local effects of spatial variabilitybelow referes to results for Austria and it is for the year 2050, not further. Winter: temperature: +1. 6 to +2. 2 °C, prec. : +8 to +13% increase more in E less increase in the S and W Spring: temperature: +1. 0 to +1. 2 °C. prec. : constant to light decreases, more distinct in the E Summer: temperature: +1. 0 to +2. 5 °C, prec. : little loss, scenarios disagree! more distinct in the S Autumn: temperature: +1. 7 to +2. 3 °C, prec. : little loss, W, S: higher increase, N: divergent more distinct in S, SE and eastern general location based variability/uncertainty in climate signal change can be expected for the entire Region. Advertisement 7. Further research and conclusionThe drought analysis within the project where concentrated on the analysis of predicted input changes from precipitation and temperature. The local effects of changes in precipitation, drought length and frequencies or heat waves have to be estimated with local experts including local site conditions. The results show different manifestations of the assumed climate change scenario (A1B) within different areas, especially north or south of the alpine main ridge. It has to be noticed that the analysed climate change scenario is not an extreme scenario, thus the real changes in temperature and precipitation might lead to more severe hazards for forests in the future (see Figure 4 and 5). Above we briefly mentioned the uncertainties of climate change scenarios, which especially referring to precipitation are not neglectable, thus reducing this uncertainty should be one important research task for the future. Beyond this more ample spatial referenced information about site conditions as soil texture, surface runoff, evapotranspiration etc. would be very important to develop a closer understanding of the local hydrological conditions for the whole analysed Region.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Вимоги до подання Із вимогами до подання можна ознайомитися за посиланням. Зразок оформлення статті до збірника - за посиланням. Положення про авторські права Автори, які публікуються у цьому журналі, погоджуються з наступними умовами: 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Oncotype DX is available to the NHS for a subsidised rate of around £2,580 per patient[13] and is available in the for around US$3,000 per patient[14]. As for ET, five years of tamoxifen treatment — much less toxic, relatively — would cost around 6p per patient per day, per patient and only £109. 50–£130. 00 over five years[15]. In the UK, anastrozole costs around 7p per day per patient[16] and only £127. 75 over five years. One estimate shows that if British women were to adhere to five years of tamoxifen treatment, 500 more lives could be saved a year, and £30m more could be saved in the NHS budget a year[17]. In 2006, LÃ¸nning reported that two to three years of tamoxifen followed by an aromastase inhibitor provided the lowest estimates of cost and highest number of quality-adjusted life years[18]. Personalised treatmentwill improve the lives of women who present with breast cancer. Its beauty lies in its reversion to a principle of cancer care: let the prognostic and/or predictive tests guide the treatment plan. The trial has encouraged the scientific and medical community to see precision medicine in a new light, which shines on treatments targeted to the correct patient populations, not only to the correct cellular targets. What our patients deserve is best described in the words of Roman emperor and stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius: “Life is not merely being alive, but being well. ” is helping to foster that notion. Balkees Abderrahman, postdoctoral fellow, University of PhD candidate, University of Leeds, UK. Correspondence to: bhabderrahman@mdanderson. org10. 1056/NEJMoa1804710 [2] UK. Breast cancer statistics. Available at: (accessed June 2018) [3] Society. Breast cancer: facts and figures 2017–2018. Available at: (accessed June 2018) [4] Jordan VC. Tamoxifen as the first targeted long-term adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Cancer 2014;21(3):R235–R246. doi: 10. 1530/ERC-14-0092 [5] Jordan VC.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: A general increase in winter precipitation (mainly in northern and central Europe) and decreases in summer precipitation (mainly in central and southern Europe) can be found in different climate scenario simulation. Analysis of extreme events (as drought periods, length and frequencies) have more drastic consequences on tree growth than gradual changes in mean climate conditions [12]. In the future more advanced extreme event analyses have to be developed corresponding with reduced uncertainty in climate change scenarios. 1. BeckWAuswirkungen von Trockenheit und Hitze auf den Waldzustand in Deutschland- waldwachstumskundliche Ergebnisse der Studie im Auftrag des BMELV: DVFFA- Sektion Ertragskunde, Jahrestagung 2010 on 6 September 20122. DéquéMet alAn intercomparison of regional climate simulations for Europe: assessing uncertainties in model projections, Clim. Change. , 81, suppl. 1, DOIs10584-006-9228-x, 20073. GhilMVariability in Encyclopedia of Change, 1System: Physical and of Change. & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, 20024. GranierAReichsteinMBrédaünwaldöstner: Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 20071431231455. HeinrichGGobietAreclip:century 1Uncertainty Assessment. D: Wegener Center, 2011, Graz ( 28 September 20126. HemeryG. EForest management and silvicultural responses to predicted climate change impacts on valuable broadleaved species. Short-Mission report for 1, 42, 2007196refs. www. ForestryHorizons. eu. 7. HollwegHDBöhm-thiel. in the Region during the Period 1961-1995. Studia geoph. Et geod. , 20004457728. -thielwith CLM, Scenario A1B run 12: European region MPI-M/MaD. Center for Climate, 20099. KyselyJMortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Biometeorol, 200449919710. over Europe with the forced with 4 Global Scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори залишають за собою право на авторство своєї роботи та передають журналу право першої публікації цієї роботи на умовах ліцензії Attribution License, котра дозволяє іншим особам вільно розповсюджувати опубліковану роботу з обов'язковим посиланням на авторів оригінальної роботи та першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Linking estrogen-induced apoptosis with decreases in mortality following long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Inst 2014;106(11):dju296. doi: 10. 1093/jnci/dju296 [6] Jordan VC & Brodie AM. Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids 2007;72(1):7–25. doi: 10. 1016/j. steroids. 2006. 10. 009 [7] Prediction of the oncotype DX recurrence score: use of pathology-generated equations derived by linear regression analysis. 2013;26(5):658–664. doi: 10. 1038/m odpathol. 2013. 36 [8] The impact of Oncotype DX breast cancer assay results on clinical practice: A UK experience. 2017;28(Suppl 5):v43Â–v67. doi: 10. 1093/annonc/mdx362 [9] Impact of oncotype DX breast recurrence score testing on adjuvant chemotherapy use in early breast cancer: real world experience in Greater Manchester, UK. 2017;43(5):931–937. doi: 10. 1016/j. ejso. 2016. 12. 010 [10] Cost-effectiveness evaluation of the oncotype DX(R) breast cancer assay in clinical practice in the UK. 2012;71(24). doi: 10. 1158/0008-5472. SABCS11-PD06-02 [11] : first prospective outcome data for the 21-gene recurrence score assay and concordance of prognostic markers by central and local pathology assessment. J 2016;34(20):2341–2349. doi: 10. 1200/JCO. 2015. 63. 5383 [12] Clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative breast cancer treated based on the recurrence score results: evidence from a large prospectively designed registry. NPJ 2017;3:33. doi: 10. 1038/s41523-017-0034-6 [13] for Health and Care Excellence. Gene expression profiling and expanded immunohistochemistry tests for guiding adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early breast cancer management: 4 and Mammostrat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Gamperl – to Climate Change: Aug 31, 2021 | Agricultural Science, & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vthe global population increasing at a considerable rate, it is becoming vitally important to improve seafood production to meet the growing demand for healthy protein. As our current fishing practices are damaging to marine ecosystems, fish farming is seen as a sustainable alternative to producing seafood, but only if it is resilient to the effects of climate change. By researching how environmental change affects fish biology, Gamperl of of Newfoundland and Labrador and his colleagues aim to make fish farming more sustainable, while ensuring global food security and allowing wild fish populations to recover. of Fish are a crucial component of a nutritious diet in many parts of the world, providing a healthy protein source and playing an important role in eliminating hunger and malnutrition. With the global population expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, the Food and (FAO) of the estimates that food production will need to increase by 70%. Fish will continue to play an important role as this population growth continues. However, overfishing has led to worrying declines in wild fish populations across the globe. Climate change is also having a damaging impact, as rising ocean temperatures and acidity can devastate marine ecosystems. Therefore, breeding, rearing and harvesting fish in captivity – known as aquaculture – represents a sustainable alternative to fishing, which greatly reduces the pressure on wild fish stocks. Indeed, aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food sectors worldwide. According to the FAO, there has been a 527% increase in global aquaculture production since 1990. By 2030, it is estimated that about two-thirds of all seafood produced for human consumption will come from aquaculture. In addition to impacting wild fish stocks, climate change represents a major threat to global aquaculture. This is because most aquaculture farms consist of net pens or cages in the ocean, meaning that they are not protected from the damaging effects of climate change, such as warmer temperatures, increased acidity and reduced water oxygen content (hypoxia). Gamperl and his collaborators are investigating how climate change impacts fish physiology, in an effort to mitigate the impact of environmental stressors on both farmed and wild fish. Physiology is the study of how an animal’s body functions and responds to its environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 11288940 Export as PDF Tailoring statin treatment with genetic testing: a personalized approach for better heart health in the UAE Share on on on Submission date 17/10/2024 Registration date 20/10/2024 Last edited 17/10/2024 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsThis study aims to improve how doctors prescribe statins, a type of medication used to lower cholesterol, by using genetic information. Statins are commonly prescribed to prevent heart attacks and strokes, but some people experience side effects, particularly muscle pain. By using genetic testing, this study hopes to identify which patients are more likely to experience side effects and adjust their treatment accordingly. This approach may help improve the safety and effectiveness of statin therapy in the Emirates (UAE). Who can participate? Adults (18 years and older) who are currently taking statins, specifically atorvastatin or rosuvastatin, are eligible to participate. Pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and those with certain medical conditions, like severe liver or kidney disease, will not be able to take part. What does the study involve? Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group will undergo genetic testing to personalize their statin therapy based on their genetic results, while the other group will continue receiving standard statin treatment based on the doctor’s decision. All participants will be followed up for one year, with check-ups at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months to monitor their health and any side effects. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? The potential benefit of participating is that those in the personalized treatment group may have a lower chance of experiencing side effects like muscle pain and may have improved adherence to their medication, as many patients stop taking statins due to side effects. Based on the results of the genetic test, the physician may choose the most appropriate statin for each patient. For example, variants in the ABCG2 gene may indicate sensitivity to rosuvastatin, while variants in the SLCO1B1 gene may indicate sensitivity to atorvastatin. The risks are minimal, as genetic testing is non-invasive, and statins are widely used, though some participants may still experience muscle pain or other mild side effects. Where is the study run from?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: In fish, it involves measuring factors such as their stress response, heart function, oxygen consumption, and survival under a variety of conditions. This knowledge is essential for managing fish populations, especially in aquaculture farms. Investigating how fish are affected by climate change is critical for improving the sustainability of aquaculture operations and informing effective conservation policies. ‘Studying fundamental aspects of fish physiology can provide key information with importance for the conservation, survival and management of fishes,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘It takes a highly integrative approach, and a large collaborative effort from all sectors, including academia, government, and industry to accomplish this. ’ change is predicted to increase global ocean temperatures by between 1°C and 3°C by the end of the 21st century – conditions that will be accompanied by low oxygen levels in the water. This is because oxygen is less soluble in warm water compared to cooler water, while the oxygen consumption of aquatic organisms increases with temperature. Such ‘hypoxic’ conditions may reduce the ability of many fish to adapt to the rapid warming caused by climate change. Coastal areas are also experiencing more severe and frequent heat waves, often at the same time as hypoxia. This means that many aquaculture farms, which are typically near the coast, may be more vulnerable to heat waves than previously thought. Understanding the impacts of rising temperatures and the resulting low oxygen levels on fish physiology has been a central topic of Dr Gamperl’s research. In recent years, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the cardiovascular system of many fish species, but little is known about how this system adapts to high temperatures or low water oxygen levels. Therefore, and his team set out find out. To do so, they studied a species called the sablefish, which is widely distributed along the North Pacific, and is considered to have extremely flavourful meat, rich in healthy oils. As these fish are incredibly efficient at converting feed into protein, and have a low environmental impact, they are now of interest as a species to farm. Importantly, sablefish are very tolerant of hypoxia. To respond to warming waters, fish usually increase their heart rate to quickly transport oxygen through their blood. and his colleagues were the first scientists to investigate whether previous acclimation to hypoxic waters increases the ability of a fish species to respond to rapid warming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Політика журналу дозволяє і заохочує розміщення авторами в мережі Інтернет (наприклад, у сховищах установ або на особистих веб-сайтах) рукопису роботи, як до подання цього рукопису до редакції, так і під час його редакційного опрацювання, оскільки це сприяє виникненню продуктивної наукової дискусії та позитивно позначається на оперативності та динаміці цитування опублікованої роботи.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The study is being conducted across several major hospitals and clinics in the UAE, including and Tawam Hospital. Genetic testing will be conducted in university laboratories, and reports will be sent within 24 to 48 hours after the samples are collected. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? December 2021 to June 2025Who is funding the study? The study is supported by [UAE Minstry of Education], which aims to advance personalized medicine in the UAE. Who is the main contact? Ali, bassam. ali@uaeu. ac. ae Study website Contact information name details Abu15551 Emirates +971 505734708 bassam. ali@uaeu. ac. ae Type Public, name Contact details Abu15551 Emirates +971 509813009 202190109@uaeu. ac. ae Contact name details Abu15551 Emirates +971 509813009 Zeina. almahairi@edu. ac. ae Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers Nil known Study information Scientific title Pharmacogenomic-guided personalization of statin therapy: a comprehensive approach in the Emirates population Acronym Statins-hypothesis Primary Hypothesis:Patients who undergo pharmacogenomic testing and receive statin therapy tailored to their genetic profile (SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 variants) will have a significantly lower incidence of Statin-Symptoms (SAMS) after one year compared to those receiving standard statin therapy without genetic testing. Based on their genetic makeup, some patients may benefit more from atorvastatin, while others may respond better to rosuvastatin. For instance, patients with the SLCO1B1 variant may tolerate rosuvastatin better, whereas those with ABCG2 variants may benefit more from atorvastatin. This personalized approach will lead to improved tolerability and reduced adverse events such as muscle pain. Secondary Hypothesis:Pharmacogenomic-guided statin therapy will result in either superior or comparable efficacy in lowering LDL-C levels and reducing cardiovascular risk compared to standard statin therapy. After one year, patients in the intervention arm are expected to achieve LDL cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk scores that are either better or non-inferior to those in the control group.

Output: corroborate