Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: (2010) further used laboratory methods to imitate the impacting process, with the same speed and angle of incidence, combined with extrapolating to the correct size scale to match the SMART-1 impact; this predicts a highly asymmetric crater approximately 5. 5–26 m long, 1. 9–9 m wide, 0. 23–1. 5 m deep with a volume of 0. 71–6. 9 m3. Craters constitute rays and impact units formed by small objects (Melosh 1996; Neukum and Ivanov 1994) and this information can be used to estimate the relative geologic ages of a given lunar region (Shoemaker 1965). Aeronautics and (NASA 1969) used the ratio of impact crater depth to diameter as a determination of relative age, and divided the craters into four categories: fresh, young, mature and aged. Methods of determining an estimate ages for cratered planetary surface units is to find a size-frequency distribution for observed craters of a given surface unit with a known crater production function, and to use the crater frequency for certain crater sizes together with a calibrating chronology function to obtain an estimate formation age for the impact craters (Oberbeck et al. 1974; Hartmann et al. 1981; Neukum 1984; Neukum and Ivanov 1994; Hartmann and Neukum 2001; Ivanov 2001). Neukum et al. (1975) found that the lunar impact crater size distribution is largely constant in the size range 0. 3 km ≤ D ≤ 20 km for regions with formation ages between ~3 and ≥4 Ga, based on a calibration size distribution curve. The relationship between cumulative crater frequency N and crater diameter D can be expressed as a logarithmic function. Moutsoulas and Preka (1982) used the ratio intervals from small- and medium-scale craters for morphological descriptions. On different planets or over different terrains of the same planet, a change in the fractal dimensions of craters appears to indicate different geological settings related to the geological age. Ouyang (2005) established a relationship between the distribution density of impact craters with diameters >4 km and lunar relative geological age. As mentioned earlier, many investigations have focused on craters size-frequency distribution to derive estimates of relative formation age.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Because in these examples the cue is assumed to be on the left, these variables also correspond to motor plans toward the cue (red) and the anti location (black), respectively. After the exogenous response interval (ERI, pink shade), the former (incorrect) plan decelerates and the latter (correct) plan accelerates. A saccade is triggered a short efferent delay after activity reaches threshold (dashed lines). (a) A correct, long-rPT trial; that is, an informed choice (RT = 369 ms, rPT = 219 ms). (b) An incorrect trial with rPT within the vortex; that is, a captured saccade (RT = 283 ms, rPT = 133 ms). (c) A correct, short-rPT trial; that is, a correct guess (RT = 206 ms, rPT = 56 ms). In all examples, the gap is 150 ms. The influence of the cue depends on its timing relative to the ongoing motor activity. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Contributions of two distinct neural mechanisms to attentional/oculomotor capture. Top row: representative single, long-rPT trials from the model. Second row: tachometric curves, simulated (black traces) and experimental (green dots). Third row: rPT distributions for correct trials (fC), simulated (black traces) and experimental (green shades). Bottom row: rPT distributions for incorrect trials (fI), simulated (black traces) and experimental (red shades). (a) Results from a restricted version of the model in which, during the ERI, the motor plan toward the cue accelerates but the plan toward the anti location keeps advancing, unperturbed. (b) Results from another restricted version of the model in which, during the ERI, the motor plan toward the anti location halts but that toward the cue keeps advancing, unperturbed. (c) Results from the full-blown model, in which, during the ERI, the cue plan accelerates and the anti plan halts. For each model variant, results were obtained with the parameter values that minimized the error between the model and the pooled experimental data in the high luminance condition (Materials and methods). Figure 8 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The race-to-threshold model accounts for antisaccade performance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Ethosuximide suppresses seizures and lethality induced by picrotoxin in developing rats. Behav 1993; 44: 975–979. CrossrefPubMed76. . NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain. 2005; 11: 1205–1213. CrossrefPubMed77. . Progressive NKCC1-dependent neuronal chloride accumulation during neonatal seizures. Neurosci 2010; 30: 11745–11761. CrossrefPubMed78. -Kayal AR. Long-term alterations in glutamate receptor and transporter expression following early-life seizures are associated with increased seizure susceptibility. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 91–101. CrossrefPubMed79. . AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated downregulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by calcineurin after seizures in the developing rat brain. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 3442–3451. CrossrefPubMed80. . Recurrent seizures and the molecular maturation of hippocampal and neocortical glutamatergic synapses. 2007; 29: 168–178. CrossrefPubMed81. . Early alterations of AMPA receptors mediate synaptic potentiation induced by neonatal seizures. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 7979–7990. CrossrefPubMed82. -Kayal AR. Increased GABA(A)-receptor alpha1-subunit expression in hip-pocampal dentate gyrus after early-life status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1665–1673. CrossrefPubMed83. . A chronic focal epilepsy with mossy fiber sprouting follows recurrent seizures induced by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin injection in infant rats. Neuroscience 1999; 92: 73–82. CrossrefPubMed84. -Ahmadi M, Baram TZ. Developmental febrile seizures modulate hippocampal gene expression of hyperpolarization-activated channels in an isoform- and cell-specific manner. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 4591–4599. CrossrefPubMed85. ás. Long-term plasticity of endocannabi-noid signaling induced by developmental febrile seizures. Neuron 2003; 39: 599–611. CrossrefPubMed86. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The statistics above show that the larger the craters are, the deeper and the higher central peak the craters own (Head 1976). Based on the above analysis, this study selects the morphological indicators (including diameter and depth) of bowl-shaped impact craters to determine the specific numerical attributes from Chang’E-1 DEM data. This work can provide basic data for further study. Various complex morphologic relationships exist between the various impact craters on the lunar surface. Based on the morphometric parameters of the impact craters, the typical bowl-shaped crater models can be used to estimate the positional relationship and relative impact order between pairs of impact craters. A schematic diagram showing the vertical profiles and horizontal projections of two impact craters is presented in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Horizontal projection and schematic profile diagram of bowl-shaped craters (after Grosse et al. 2012)Full size image Most of the impact craters on the lunar surface have a raised rim and low depression, whose dimensions depend on size, velocity from impacting object and age (Head 1976). A crater rim is defined simply as the crater boundary in this paper. Based on DEM data, 11 morphometric parameters, including radius (R), depth (Dp), area (A), perimeter (P), roundness (r), elevation (E), diameter (d), length (L), rays (Rs), latitude (Lat) and longitude (Lon) are selected and calculated. The basic attribute indices of impact craters are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Lists of morphometric parameters and their descriptions for the characterization of impact cratersFull size table 3 3. 1 between two polygons can be generalized into four types: contained, intersected, tangent and disjoint. Thus, the positional relationships between two impact craters can be characterized by these same type descriptions by comparing their centroid distance values and radius additions. The method for assessing this positional relationship is expressed in Table 2. Table 2 Method for deducing the positional relationship between two impact cratersFull size table Statistical analysis of impact carters from remote sensing imagery and DEM data indicates that there are few crater relationships on the lunar surface that can be characterized as tangent. As a result, in this study, the basic position relationships between two impact craters are simplified to disjoint and intersected types. Tangent types are regarded as disjoint and contained types are regarded as intersected (see Fig. 3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (a) Tachometric curves for high (left), medium (middle), and low (right) luminance cues. Continuous lines are model results. (b) Processing time distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) at each luminance level. Overlaid traces (black and dark red) are corresponding model results. (c) RT distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) at individual gap values (125 and 175 ms) for each luminance level. Overlaid traces (black and dark red) are model results. Dotted vertical lines mark the rPT at which the vortex reaches its minimum point (vortex time). All empirical data are pooled across participants. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The race-to-threshold model reproduces average performance in individual gap conditions. (a) Mean fraction of correct choices as a function of gap. Circles are experimental results for high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low luminance (dark green) conditions; continuous lines are model results. (b) Mean RT as a function of gap. Same conventions as above. All experimental points represent data pooled across participants. Figure 8—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The accelerated race-to-threshold model individually fitted to the data of participants 1 (top two rows), 2 (middle rows), and 3 (bottom two rows), as indicated on the right. (a) Mean fraction of correct choices (top) and mean RT (bottom) as functions of gap. Circles are experimental results for high (bright green), medium (grayish green), and low luminance (dark green) conditions. Continuous lines are model results. (b–d), Tachometric curves for high (b), medium (c), and low luminance cues (d) are shown in the top panels. Corresponding rPT distributions for correct (shades) and incorrect trials (red traces) are shown in the bottom panels. Black and dark-red continuous lines are model results. For each luminance, the dotted vertical line marks the vortex time. Figure 8—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset The accelerated race-to-threshold model individually fitted to the data of participants 4 (top two rows), 5 (middle rows), and 6 (bottom two rows). Same format as in Figure 8—figure supplement 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Formation of heteromeric hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the hippocampus is regulated by developmental seizures. Neuro-biol Dis 2005; 19: 200–207. CrossrefPubMed87. . A single episode of neonatal seizures permanently alters glutamatergic synapses. 2007; 61: 411–426. CrossrefPubMed88. McClelland S, Dubé. Epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures: Mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities. 2011; 497: 155–162. CrossrefPubMed89. Ben-Ari Y. Limbic seizures and brain damage produced by kainic acid: Mechanisms and relevance to human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 1985; 14: 375–403. CrossrefPubMed90. -. The susceptibility of rats to pilocarpine-induced seizures is age-dependent. 1987; 465: 43–58. CrossrefPubMed91. Sloviter RS. The functional organization of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and its relevance to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. 1994; 35: 640–654. CrossrefPubMed92. . 1997. Neuron loss, granule cell axon reorganization and functional changes in the dentate gyrus of epileptic kainate-treated rats. J 1997; 385: 385–404. CrossrefPubMed93. . Spatial and temporal evolution of neuronal activation, stress and injury in lithium-pilocarpine seizures in adult rats. 1998; 793: 61–72. CrossrefPubMed94. de. A retrospective analysis of hippocampal pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence for distinctive patient subcategories. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 677–687. CrossrefPubMed95. Pitkänen A, Immonen RJ, Gröhn OH, Kharatishvili I. From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: What animal models tell us about the process and treatment options. Epilepsia 2009; 50(suppl): 21–29. CrossrefPubMed96. Kubová á L, Haugvicová R, Jirmanová I, Pitkänen A. Status epilepticus causes necrotic damage in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in immature rats.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Fig. 3Positional relationships between two simple impact craters (I disjoint types; II intersected types)Full size image 3. 2 has a great influence on lunar surface morphology. Additionally, the ages of craters, which provide the timing of impacts, can be used to estimate a history of lunar morphological change. Over the course of lunar evolution, the lunar surface has been modified by many endogenic and exogenetic factors such as surface lava flows, blanketing by ejecta, superposition of craters, infilling and abrasion and mass wasting (Neukum and Ivanov 1994). Here, we focus on edge-intersected craters in order to constrain the relative impact order between two craters with a simple positional relationship. Such characterizations provide basic information for studies of lunar chronology. The edge-intersected method can estimate typical combinations between two impact craters. This information reveals whether or not the edge of a certain impact crater has been overlain by a younger crater, and whether or not the original crater edge was destroyed. Because of erosion and reconstruction, the rims of complex and relative older craters appear polygonal or irregular in shape. In contrast, relative younger craters often have rays and are round or have arc-shaped rims that are steep inside and shallow outside. Ronca (1969) classified the craters on the nearside of the Moon into five classes based on their degree of erosion, i. e. , very sharp and fresh-looking craters, craters with blurred rims, craters with more extensively broken rims, craters usually described as ruins, and ghost craters that are so fragmentary that they are not easily recognized. With regard to interactions with secondary craters and calderas, the primary and newly formed craters can be distinguished from a number of ways; we can classify them based on four characteristics. The first one is their hue in remote sensing imagery. Relative older and/or younger craters can be distinguished by means of light or dark hues in a relative given small region. Relative younger craters appear brighter than their surroundings, showing that unweathered materials maybe be excavated and scattered around the impact area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Values are represented as mean (± sem) (years) Height (m) Body mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2) Mean 18. 06 1. 65 63. 35 21. 35 sem. 128 2. 74 2. 68 0. 46 1. Hormonal Assay: Trained laboratory technicians performed blood sampling at standardized laboratory conditions. Before obtaining a blood sample, participants were required to fast for at least 4 hours. Subsequently, the venous blood sample was collected on the third day of the spontaneous cycle. The collected samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for one hour and were then subsequently centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 oC. The serum samples were then stored at -20 oC until assayed. Clear non-hemolyzed sera were separated and used for the assay of testosterone, estrogen, follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) by solid-phase competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay through the utilisation of analyser purchased from DPC (). None of the participants had engaged in any form of an exercise training programme for at least two months prior to the study. The group carried out their HIIT exercise training program (3 sessions/week, 2 h after lunch) for eight weeks on alternate days (Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday). Each participant's repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. Participants completed a warm-up set of 8–10 repetitions at 50% of their estimated 1RM, before moving to a warm-up set of 3–5 repetitions at 85% of their estimated 1RM. To determine squat 1RM, participants performed 1RM attempts over 4–5 trials separated by 3 min rest intervals. 1RM was measured again, and intensity was re-established after four weeks of HIIT training. The detailed exercise training programme is presented in Table 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: J Neurosci 2001; 21: 3593–3599. CrossrefPubMed97. . Seizure-induced neuronal injury: Vulnerability to febrile seizures in an immature rat model. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 4285–4294. CrossrefPubMed98. é SL. Developmental differences in the neurobiology of epileptic brain damage. Suppl 1992; 9: 67–80; discussion 80–81. PubMed99. . Kainic acid seizures in the developing brain: Status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures. Res 1992; 65: 227–236. CrossrefPubMed100. -Kayal AR. Epilepsy after early-life seizures can be independent of hippocampal injury. 2003; 53: 503–511. CrossrefPubMed101. -Kayal AR. Fate of newborn dentate granule cells after early life status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 13–19. CrossrefPubMed102. -Kayal A. Does acquired epileptogenesis in the immature brain require neuronal death. 2011; 11: 21–26. CrossrefPubMed103. . Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science 1988; 239: 1147–1150. CrossrefPubMed104. . Electrophysiological evidence of monosynaptic excitatory transmission between granule cells after seizure-induced mossy fiber sprouting. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90: 2536–2547. CrossrefPubMed105. . Axon sprouting in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy creates a predominantly excitatory feedback circuit. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 6650–6658. CrossrefPubMed106. . Translamellar disinhibition in the rat hip-pocampal dentate gyrus after seizure-induced degeneration of vulnerable hilar neurons. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 853–864. CrossrefPubMed107. . Initial loss but later excess of GABAergic synapses with dentate granule cells in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J 2010; 518: 647–667. CrossrefPubMed108. -Ari Y, Chevassus-Au-Louis N. Mossy fiber sprouting after recurrent seizures during early development in rats. J 1999; 404: 537–553. CrossrefPubMed109.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: However, in some highland-mare borders, the opposite process may occur because of aluminous materials from the highlands may lighten the optical appearance of the crater’s ejecta, it should be taken into consideration in the future. The second one is the appearance of rays. Lunar rayed craters are the relatively youngest features on the Moon, superposed to any other morphology (Shoemaker and Hackman 1962). Their visibility depends mainly on the state of optical maturity of the ray material; if the composition of the ray deposits differs from the surrounding terrain, they can remain visible longer, particularly over mare units (Hawke et al. 2004). The third one is the depth of the impact crater. According to the statistic in Fig. 1, we found that the deeper the crater is, the larger diameter the crater is. The fourth one is that older craters become more weathered and flat floor with time. The longer a crater is exposed on the lunar surface, the more likely the floor of the crater may be flat. Therefore, craters with floors containing a large number of small craters are relatively older. Younger craters can retain their original impact morphology for longer time as the rate of impacts decreases comparing to older ones from the perspective of long time span (i. e. , billion of years). Synthesizing the above morphometric parameters, positional relationships and impact orders enables the establishment of a framework for estimating relative impact orders between craters. The framework of this method is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4Framework flowchart for assessing relative impact order for impact cratersFull size image 4 Case study: Timing of Two Craters4. 1 Data SourceDuring China’s first lunar exploration mission, the first map of the lunar surface was produced using a stereo charge-coupled device (CCD) camera on Chang’E-1 that was orbiting the Moon at an elevation of about 200 km. The CCD camera uses the linear push-broom imagery technique, with a scan track width of 60 km and a pixel resolution of 120 m. The DEM data from Chang’E-1 were determined from digital photogrammetric image data. The altitude of this DEM is based on a spherical surface within a radius of 1,737. 4 km from the center of mass of the Moon; the spatial resolution is 500 m.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In industrial large scale bio-reactions micro-organisms are generally exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, which might be detrimental for growth and productivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role among the common stress factors–directly-through incomplete reduction of O2 during respiration, or indirectly-caused by other stressing factors. or L-ascorbic acid acts as a scavenger of ROS, thereby potentially protecting cells from harmful oxidative products. While most eukaryotes synthesize ascorbic acid, yeast cells produce erythro-ascorbic acid instead. The actual importance of this antioxidant substance for the yeast is still a subject of scientific debate. Methodology/We set out to enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to produce ascorbic acid intracellularly to protect the cells from detrimental effects of environmental stresses. We report for the first time the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucose by metabolically engineered yeast cells. The amount of L-ascorbic acid produced leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant cells when they are subjected to stress conditions as often met during industrial fermentations. Not only resistance against oxidative agents as H2O2 is increased, but also the tolerance to low pH and weak organic acids at low pH is increased. Conclusions/platform provides a new tool whose commercial applications may have a substantial impact on bio-industrial production of Vitamin C. Furthermore, we propose S. cerevisiae cells endogenously producing vitamin C as a cellular model to study the genesis/protection of ROS as well as genotoxicity. Citation: (2007) Biosynthesis of by to Resistance. 2(10): e1092. Editor: Christophe Herman, of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: August 21, 2007; Accepted: October 9, 2007; Published: October 31, 2007Copyright: © 2007 Branduardi et al. This is an open-access 1. Ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathway. Schematic representation of the pathway of L-AA production from D-glucose in plants. The following enzymes are involved: A, hexokinase (2. 7. 1. 1), B, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1. 9), C, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: Bender RA, Dubé C, Gonzalez-. Mossy fiber plasticity and enhanced hippocampal excitability, without hippocampal cell loss or altered neurogenesis, in an animal model of prolonged febrile seizures. Hippocampus 2003; 13: 399–412. CrossrefPubMed110. Ben-Ari Y, Holmes GL. Effects of seizures on developmental processes in the immature brain. 2006; 5: 1055–1063. CrossrefPubMed111. . Cognitive dysfunction after experimental febrile seizures. 2009; 1: 167–177. Crossref112. Dubé. Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: Mechanisms and biomarkers. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 7484–7494. CrossrefPubMed113. . The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Neurol 2011; 7: 31–40. CrossrefPubMed114. . Blockade of Ca2+-permeable AMPA/kainate channels decreases oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced Zn2+ accumulation and neuronal loss in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 1273–1279. CrossrefPubMed115. Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and temporal lobe epilepsy. 2010; 88: 23–45. CrossrefPubMed116. Sullivan PG, Dubé. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 protects the immature brain from excitotoxic neuronal death. 2003; 53: 711–717. CrossrefPubMed117. . The ketogenic diet increases mitochondrial uncoupling protein levels and activity. 2004; 55: 576–580. CrossrefPubMed118. . Interictal spikes in developing rats cause long-standing cognitive deficits. 2010; 39: 362–371. CrossrefPubMed119. é SL. Seizure mechanisms and vulnerability in the developing brain. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Vol 1. 2nd ed. (eds. ) Philadelphia: & Wilkins, 2008: 469–480. 120. Dreifuss FE. Cognitive function-victim of disease or hostage to treatment? Epilepsia 1992; 33(suppl): S7–S12. CrossrefPubMed121. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The horizontal error is 192 m and vertical error is 120 m (Li et al. 2010a, b). The Chang’E-1 first full coverage data are useful for lunar studies across multiple fields, and can make a significant contribution to the development of lunar science and future lunar exploration missions (Li et al. 2010a, b). In comparison, the Chang’E-1 laser altimeter DEM model is similar to the 2005 model in terms of accuracy and resolution, and has almost the same accuracy and resolution as Japan’s laser altimeter DEM model. The highest point in the Chang’E-1 model is similar to that found in the model; however, the lowest point in the Chang’E-1 model is lower than that found in the model (Li et al. 2010a, b). 4. 2 Setting of the Study AreaThe study area is located in the middle-low latitude area on the near side of the Moon at 90°W–90°E, 45°N–45°S (Fig. 5). The terrain of the research area is complex, and ring-like structures are plentiful. In addition, the time span represented by impact craters is very long, with both the oldest pre-Nectarian strata and the younger Copernican craters present (Wilhelms 1987). Based on the DEM map in Fig. 5, the range of elevations present in the study area is −6,658 to 4,450 m. About a total of 1,764 impact craters that have been identified ( 5Digital elevation model (DEM) of study area from Chang’E-1Full size image Although there are numerous impact craters on the farside of the Moon, their superimposed relationships are very complex. Therefore, it is not possible to analyze the positional relationships and relative impact order for all lunar impact craters. As a result, this paper focuses on relationships between pairs of impact craters to develop a method that can be extended to multiple crater analyses in the future. 4. 3 Relative ImpactsIn this study, 39 groups of impact craters from the study area are selected and presented to highlight edge-overlaid morphometric characteristics (Table 3) and 18 groups of impact craters were selected to illustrate the relative impact timing of pairs of craters (Table 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control sounds include a popped balloon, a sinusoidal sweep, and a series of pure tones randomized within the human hearing range. Selective hearing Detailed analysis of the recordings is just beginning, but already some interesting patterns are emerging. First, I have confirmed that a hill in the middle of the sanctuary is an exceptional location for people to both hear and communicate with others across the site. If a person were to stand on a specific spot about a third of the way up the hill, he or she could speak with someone located in the middle of the hippodrome below (around 100 meters away and 25 meters lower in elevation) or in the seats (around 90 meters away and 5 meters lower in elevation). In contrast, the athlete baths and the public fountain houses are essentially cut off acoustically from the majority of the site. The proposed processional way—an easily traversable ridgeline that points from the hippodrome toward the altar above—has also proved to be an intriguing acoustic feature. I have found that, surprisingly, sounds emanating from the ridgeline are not heard very clearly through most of the site. To reach a wider audience, a speaker could move a few meters downhill of the ridgeline. However, equally surprisingly, a listener at the altar can faintly discern sounds from the ridgeline 570 meters away, despite a difference of 187 meters in elevation. What do these types of relationships tell us at a site where the buildings are so thoroughly in ruins? First, the acoustics give an indication of how sound traveled at the site. That is relevant information: Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of the hippodrome dating back to approximately the fifth century BCE and the lower sanctuary from the seventh century BCE, which indicates 100–300 years of ritual use before the visible stone buildings were permanently erected. Details such as where announcements could best be made, how well a hypothetical procession to the altar could be heard, or where to find the best natural seats for spectating can provide information about daily use on par with microscopy of sedimentary levels. The acoustics work also locates potential new areas for further study—archaeologists may be able to find items that ancient spectators dropped in the seating area, for example. Acoustic research also might provide insight into the logic of building placements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: , directions in which groups or societies could potentially go Identifying areas in which groups/societies would eagerly cooperate, and where the likelihood of success is relatively high; identifying areas of motivation by responding to some important, though not necessarily visible, needs. Group facilitators or social entrepreneurs—individuals who bring substantial and durable change—probably use their social empathy in order to release the groups’ or societies’ potential. They do that without lecturing, preaching, patronizing, or acting as experts. Instead, they simply catalyze the process they feel buzzing under the surface. 5. 2 a closer look at the group dynamics, one finds that many group facilitators use some recurrent group rituals, such as dancing (e. g. , the students’ organization routinely uses group dancing as an icebreaker). They assume that these rituals become a backbone of group synchronization, enabling smoother communication and cooperation. Does synchrony really influence human behavior in groups? If we think, for example, about the many rituals with recurring elements used in group activities, we may presume that rituals involving synchronous activities produce some kind of positive emotions. Consequently, the psychological boundaries between the self and the group weaken, and that motivates members to contribute to the collective good. This conjecture was verified in a series of research projects, which documented that acting in synchrony with others can increase cooperation by strengthening social attachment among group members (Wiltermuth and Heath 2009). Moreover, those who are in synchrony with us are not only perceived to be more similar but also evoke more of our compassion and altruistic behavior than asynchronous individuals experiencing the same difficult conditions (Valdesolo and DeSteno 2011). Furthermore, “the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. ” (Barsade 2002, p. 644). 6 Précis and conclusionsIn the introduction we presented the conjectures of the film editor, Dr. Karen Pearlman, who holds that the rhythm of cycles of tension and release occurring throughout a film provoke and modulate an empathetic response, understood as a felt and embodied phenomenon operating on many levels: physiological, cognitive, and energetic, and leading to internalization and participation in the film’s flow of images, emotions, and events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 8°E); II Albategnius (11. 7°S, 4. 3°E); III Thebit (22. 0°S, 4. 0°W); IV Cleomedes (27. 7°N, 56°E)Full size image For the profile of craters in group I, the eroded extent of the older crater rim is about 1,300 m, enabling it to still present some of the original morphology. As for the group II profile, the eroded extent of the older crater rim is about 2,500 m, and the overall shape of the older crater has changed significantly. Some of group III has an eroded extent, which is at about 2,500 m, and the depth of the two craters shows a great difference. In group IV, the radius ratio of the younger to older craters was small. The eroded extent of the rim of the older one is about 500 m, and the depth of the younger impact craters is shallow. 5 Discussion5. 1 Inferring the Order of CratersTaking the geological ages of the craters published by IAU ( as standard, the inferred positional relationship results and relative impact timing for many groups of craters are found to agree with the geologic record. Comparative results (Table 4) show that the inferring method in this paper is feasible. Similarly, relative age orders for craters on a geologic setting can be determined. The universal parameters and supplementary methods mentioned above can be used to infer the relative order of impact for most ‘overlapping’ impact craters, but a few anomalous impacts could not be assessed. These include situations where the impacts occurred close together in time and also where there are external influences or interference factors; e. g. , diversity of lunar soil and rock composition, or where depth and rays cannot be distinguished. Furthermore, owing to basalt fill, tectogenesis, isostatic compensation and other impact effects of the lunar surface, thus, shape, size and depth of older craters would gradually change with time of exposure. Infilled by ejecta is one of the mechanisms of crater destruction which leads to a reduction in the depth of these craters.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and genus on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only genera present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1407 6. 901 0. 001 Genus 19 1407 3. 468 <0. 001 Region * Genus 22 1407 2. 868 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-1 Figure 5: Coral bleaching severity by genus and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral genus across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and region is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate genera for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-5 We also found significant effects of region (p < 0. 001) and morphology (p < 0. 001) on bleaching responses (Table 2). Again, there was a significant interaction between region and morphology indicating that some morphologies responded differently across regions. Specifically, massive (p = 0. 002) and massive/encrusting (p = 0. 004) corals bleached most in the Atlantic, followed by the Indian and (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 9 ± 0. 1, 1. 5 ± 0. 1, and 1. 4 ± 0. 1, or 1. 9 ± 0. 2, 1. 4 ± 0. 1, and 1. 3 ±0. 1, respectively). In contrast, free-living corals (p = 0. 004) bleached most in the Indian and compared to the Atlantic (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 8 ± 0. 2, 1. 2 ± 0. 3, and 0. 2 ± 0. 1, respectively). Branching corals showed particularly high variability in bleaching responses within regions (bleaching severity range = 0–4; Fig. 6) but not significantly among regions. Columnar corals (p = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The tube is surrounded by the subarachnoid spaces, which in this discussion are taken to include the basal cisterns. Both ventricles and subarachnoid spaces are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The inside of the tube at the IVth ventricle is connected to the outside of the tube at the cisterna magna via the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. The subarachnoid spaces are bounded on their outside by the outer meninges composed of the arachnoid and the dura (see Fig. 2 inset), which are in turn encased by the skull (see [1]). On their inside the subarachnoid spaces are separated from the brain parenchyma by a cell layer, the pia mater or inner meninges, and one or more layers of astrocyte endfeet, the glia limitans. The surfaces of the parenchyma adjacent to the ventricles are covered by a layer of cells, the ependyma (see Fig. 2 inset). Fig. 1Mid-saggital section of the brain showing locations of the ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, subarachnoid spaces (including the basal cisterns) and choroid plexuses. The choroid plexuses are discrete epithelial structures located in the cerebral ventricles that secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shown in pale blue, which fills the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces. Normally there is net flow of CSF from the ventricles into the cisterna magna and from there to the other subarachnoid spaces of the brain and spinal cord. Reproduced but relabelled with permission from Strazielle et al. [20]Full size image Fig. 2Schematic diagrams of the lateral surface of the brain showing a the arterial supply and b the venous drainage with an inset indicating the relations of the pia, the ependyma and the perivascular spaces to the brain parenchyma. The large vessels run parallel to the surfaces of the brain, with smaller branches that penetrate into the parenchyma more or less perpendicular to the surfaces (see inset).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: It can be assumed that the rate of degradation of craters on Earth must be greater due to erosion, sedimentation and plate tectonics. However, on Earth we can find deeply eroded and buried astroblemes using modern methods of geology and geophysics. Some idea of what preserved large impact craters look like can be obtained from images and topography of craters on Mercury and Mars (Figs. 2, 3). However, the approximately three-times lower gravity on these planets requires additional discussion of the geometry of large craters. The crater profile on Mars (Fig. 3) has been greatly modified by younger geological processes, including the formation of younger craters, but the position of the inner ring is still noticeable. To illustrate what the initial profile of the crater might have been, the dotted line in the lower figure shows the profile of the younger and better-preserved crater Lyot (D ~ 200 km) with a depth of ~4 km, comparable to the depth of the crater on Mercury shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Ancient impact crater Schröter (D ~ 300 km) on Mars (top) and the altitude profile of the surface along the diameter of the crater (bottom, solid line). The dotted line shows the profile of the younger and better preserved Lyot crater (Lyot, D ~ 200 km). The image and altitude profiles were constructed by the author using the publicly available JMars software ( based on the results of several NASA spacecraft flights to Mars ( size imageOften, the search for traces of ancient impact events includes the search for bulk deposits of multiple ejecta from craters (Simonson and Glass, 2004; Johnson and Melosh, 2012; Johnson et al. , 2016; Bottke and Norman, 2017; Schulz et al. , 2017; Lowe and Byerly, 2018). Less common are traces of possible individual impact events in “suspicious” areas. A study of one such site (Maniitsoq in Greenland) was proposed by Garde et al. , (2012). Several years ago, the author took part in the discussion of the Garde hypothesis and carried out a small series of numerical calculations (Garde et al. , 2011). Without the participation of the author, the study of the Garde hypothesis continues (Trowbridge et al. , 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Limnology and Oceanography 59:788-797. 2020. Contrasting color loss and restoration in survivors of the 2014–2017 coral bleaching event in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SN 2:1-11. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature 380:396. 2018. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. 28:2570-2580. 2016. Most low-abundance background Symbiodinium spp. , are transitory and have minimal functional significance for symbiotic corals. 71:771-783. 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen. 8:225-232. 2018. Assessing the spatial distribution of coral bleaching using small unmanned aerial systems. 37:373-387 -Karger FE, Vega-. 2014. Reef-scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems: new 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch. 6:11579-11606. 2014. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Biology 20:125-139. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. 4:122-131 Marshall P, Baird A. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. 19:155-163 McClanahan T. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. 144:1239-1245. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Bulletin 48:327-335. 2014. Coral reefs in a crystal ball: predicting the future from the vulnerability of corals and reef fishes to multiple stressors. in 7:59-64 ’agata. 2020. Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. and Biogeography 29:2229-2247. 2016. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. 19:629-637. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. 26:449-457. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Points of penetration of the vessels down into the parenchyma are indicated by black dots at the end of vessels. Branching of arteries continues within the parenchyma yielding arterioles and eventually capillaries that then join forming venules and then veins. These merge and drain into the large veins and venous sinuses on the surface. As discussed in the text blood vessels within the parenchyma have associated perivascular spaces that provide preferential routes for materials to enter and leave the parenchyma. Figure drawn by Robert G. Thorne and used with permission. See [639] for a succinct but still thorough description of human anatomy relevant to delivery of substances to the brain and their removal from itFull size image Current evidence indicates that most of the CSF is secreted into the ventricles by the choroid plexuses (see Fig. 1 and for reviews [2,3,4]). While there are to and fro movements of CSF driven by the cardiac and respiratory cycles [5,6,7] and considerable convective mixing of CSF within the ventricles [8, 9], net flow is normally from the choroid plexuses in the ventricles towards the cisterna magna and onwards via the subarachnoid spaces to the various sites of CSF outflow. Most but not all studies show that in the absence of hydrocephalus there is transfer of solutes and fluid through the cerebral aqueduct connecting the IIIrd to the IVth ventricle but only limited transfers from the IVth to the IIIrd ventricle [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Footnote 1 The cells of the ependymal layer bordering the ventricles are not bound together by tight junctions and the layer is thought to be permeable to small solutes and proteins [17,18,19,20]. However, diffusion in the parenchyma is too slow to transfer material more than several hundred microns within 1–2 hFootnote 2 (see e. g. [17, 21,22,23,24,25]). Thus normally neither transfer across the ependyma nor flow of CSF provides a rapid route for substances to reach the choroid plexuses from most of the parenchyma.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: It seems to us that, more generally, regardless of the verification of the impact origin of the Maniitsoq structure, the results of modeling large terrestrial impact structures are of interest for the search for as yet undiscovered (if they are preserved at all) ancient impact craters with a diameter greater than ~200 km from the currently known Big Three: Vredefort, Sudbury, and Chicxulub. recent years, many papers have been published on numerical simulations of large-scale impacts. This paper uses a software package known as SALEB, described in detail previously (Ivanov et al. , 1997, 2010; Ivanov and Melosh, 2003; Ivanov, 2005). Fitting model parameters to best reproduction of the impact structures is described by Ivanov (2005), where field and laboratory observation data for the crater Vredefort were used to verify the model (Reimold, 1996; Gibson and Reimold, 1999; Lana et al. , 2003a, 2003b). The choice of model parameters is supported by recent 2D and 3D simulations for the Chicxulub crater (Riller et al. , 2018). The models of thermodynamic and strength properties of rocks in the works described above continue to be actively used in the numerical modeling of large terrestrial craters (Allen et al. , 2022; Posiolova et al. , 2022; Allibert et al. , 2023; Huber et al. , 2023). Because the original modeling assumed an impact structure in Greenland, current crustal thickness data (Kumar et al. , 2007) were used, with corrections for possible depth of erosion using the Sudbury and Vredefort structures as examples. With a modern crust thickness of ~35 km, options with an ancient crust thickness of up to 50 km were studied. Recent studies by Steffen et al. (2017) give more detailed values, in southern Greenland the Mohorovičić boundary plunges from a depth of ~30 to >50 km moving from west to east. In the following, when describing numerical modeling, we use the terminology generally accepted in papers on this topic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Other types of remains, such as tubers, tissue or fibres, are also inherently morphologically not very distinctive. In all cases, DNA can help to shed light on species diversity during different cultural periods by typing species-specific genomic regions. 2. In all but a few cases, it is unclear whether observed morphological diversity of diaspores can be ascribed to the location of the seed in the flower, to preservation conditions, to being the result of environmental conditions, or whether such differences in morphology are related to genetic diversity which could then point to the presence of landraces of crops. Charred wheat grains are good examples of diverse morphological forms within one taxon (Jacomet et al. 1989). aDNA research can clarify such cases by investigation of genetic diversity within samples of a species from a defined context. 3. The evaluation of the importance of trade versus local agricultural diversity is complicated because it is difficult to establish whether cultivated plants were grown locally, or if they were imported from other regions. This point is particularly interesting at cultural transitions, when new edible plants appear. Examples are the many fruit species found north of the Alps in Roman times. aDNA can help to identify the origin of ancient plant remains through analysis of alleles or haplotypes known to have a geographically structured distribution in a taxon. 4. Understanding the process of domestication is still an important issue in archaeology (e. g. Zeder 2006; Zeder et al. 2006). Some traits of domestication are morphologically visible, such as the brittle rachis in cereals, but many are not. It remains unclear in which order and at which time points these traits were selected, unless they left a visible signature on well-dated archaeological remains. When the genes that have been selected during domestication have been identified, they can be studied in ancient plant remains and help the understanding in more detail of how domestication occurred. Through this analysis information can also be gained on the spread of domesticates and the status of selection of a plant at the onset of its spread. This is also true for the detection of selection for the dietary or medicinal values of plants, which can be studied through the genes important for metabolic pathways or economic traits in archaeological plant remains. Although modern genetic studies have made major contributions to our understanding of, for example, modes of domestication, migrations or biogeography (e. g. Arroyo-Garcia et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: By contrast movement of substances between CSF and parenchyma across the pia/glial layers and ependyma is limited by diffusion in the parenchyma (in the absence of imposed osmotic gradients or infusions of fluid) and, except for regions of parenchyma very close to the surfaces (or to some extent in white matter, see Sect. 3. 1), is much slower than movement via the perivascular spaces. Hence the major routes for efflux of substances from the brain parenchyma are transfer across the blood–brain barrier and movements towards the outer surfaces of the brain via the perivascular spaces. The blood–brain barrier provides a route for efflux of solutes that are sufficiently small and lipid soluble (see Sect. 4. 1) and it also contains specific transporters that can transfer many polar substances. The perivascular route is especially important for the elimination of large or polar solutes for which there are no specific transporters (see Sect. 3). The types of mechanisms present at the blood–brain barrier that allow easy passage of nutrients like glucose and amino acids and wastes like CO2 are shown in Fig. 3 along with indication of the need for expulsion of substances that should not be allowed to enter or accumulate in the brain. Because the gaps between the endothelial cells are occluded by tight junctions that greatly reduce the paracellular passage of solutes even as small as sugars and inorganic ions like Na+, K+ and Cl−,Footnote 4 to enter or leave the brain across the blood–brain barrier almost all substances must pass through the cells, which means they must cross both the luminal and abluminal membranes. Fig. 3Mechanisms for transfers into and out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier and the need for efflux mechanisms. Passive, non-specific transfers can occur via paracellular and transcellular routes, though the rates for paracellular transfer are small. Specific transcellular transport can be passive or active. In addition to the transfers for well-known substances many others are able to enter at various rates, either because they are sufficiently small and lipid-soluble or because barrier mechanisms are not perfect. Substances which enter even though they shouldn’t or are produced “accidentally” by metabolism cannot be allowed to accumulate within the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: The formation of a central impact melt basin is reliably observed in simulations of lunar and Martian impact basins (Ivanov et al. , 2010; Potter et al. , 2012). From the many parameters of hot rod geometry observed in the simulation, we selected the simplest parameter—the diameter of the hot rod at the assumed erosion level 20 km below the surface level at the moment of impact (Table 1). The largest craters on Venus, Mars, and Mercury show a limited range of modern depths in the range of 2–3 km. Therefore, it can be assumed that viscous relaxation of the original crater will not radically change the position of the “hot rod. ”Table 1. Model impact parameters: equivalent diameter of the spherical projectile Dpr (D-projectile), type of thermal gradient—cold or hot—and the main final parameters of the simulated impact structureFull size tablework began many years ago in discussion with Adam Garde, who proposed an impact origin for the Maniitsoq structure in Greenland (Garde et al. , 2011, 2012). Recent studies by Yakymchuk et al. (2021) argue against an impact origin of this structure. However, the question of the possibility of detecting terrestrial impact structures with a diameter of more than 200 km and an age of more than 2 billion years remains open. Numerical modeling predicts a long-lived impact melt “lake” in the central part of a fairly large crater; this is partly evidenced by geological structures in the eroded Sudbury crater, Canada (Grieve and Therriault, 2000). Independent numerical simulations of the formation of terrestrial impact craters with a diameter of about 300 km (Trowbridge et al. , 2017) generally confirm the results of this work. In addition, the model results are consistent with the geology of large impact craters observed on Venus, Mercury, and Mars from spacecraft. However, additional research is needed to assess the possibility of preserving the remains of terrestrial impact craters of large size and age more than 2 billion years, taking into account erosion and terrestrial tectonics. 686. L. , Landeau, M. , Röhlen, R. , Maller, A. , Nakajima, M. , and Wünnemann, K. , Planetary impacts: Scaling of crater depth from subsonic to supersonic conditions, J. Geophys. Res.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Given that, a few alternatives have been suggested, such as the “coffee test,” “robot college test” and “flat pack furniture test. ” Taken together, these attempts at tests show our limited understanding of the nature of general intelligence itself. Furthermore, there are many people who could not pass various tests because of physical or cultural differences but otherwise seem to be generally intelligent. And none of these tests seem to address some questions that most children are good at, such as “what will happen next? ” But even with these tests, where would we place a system that can pass the robot college test but is too clumsy to make a cup of coffee? This means that we will continue to argue about whether AGI has been achieved for perhaps a decade after credible experts begin saying that it has been reached. By that time, systems will have surpassed human abilities in so many areas that we will be forced to agree that some sort of AGI has been created. AGI is Inevitable and As we learn more and more about brain function, the only argument against the eventual creation of AGI is that the human mind contains some fundamental “magic” that is outside the scope of physical systems, which we can replicate in nonbiological systems. That position aside, if all of today’s more specialized, individually marketable AI systems were built on a common underlying data structure, they could begin to interact with each other, building a broader context that can actually understand and learn. As these systems become more advanced, they will be able to work together to create a more general intelligence that approaches the threshold for human-level intelligence, then equals it, and eventually surpasses it. Perhaps only then will we humans begin to acknowledge that yes, maybe AGI does exist. It is inevitable because market forces eventually will prevail. All we are waiting for are the insights needed to make it work. When will that happen? Some experts say it will take hundreds of years before we know how the brain works, what its algorithms are and what its capacity is, but I would suggest that it is only a matter of time before we shift from our current dependence on bigger and bigger data sets and recognize that to approach true understanding, we must address the brain knowledge gap. Me to ChatGPT: Are you an AGI? ChatGPT: No, I am not an AGI.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The principles involved in balancing inputs and outputs and what is meant by “clearance” are both considered more fully in Sect. 6. The relationship between rates of elimination, clearances, permeability-area products, volumes of distribution and half-lives together with the units used are described in 3. 2). The exact ways in which perivascular influx and efflux of solutes and water take place have been controversial as considered in some detail in Sect. 3. Tarasoff-Conway et al. [52] have addressed the issue of perivascular clearance with particular regard to one particular solute, amyloid-β. Brinker et al. [53], Hladky and Barrand [41], Simon and Iliff [39], Coles et al. [1], Abbott et al. [40], and Benveniste et al. [54] have summarized the evidence concerning perivascular transport from various perspectives. Transport across the blood–brain barrier is the dominant mechanism for removal of water and CO2 from brain parenchyma (for discussion and 4. 2). Certain larger solutes, e. g. insulin [59], transferrin [60, 61] and β-amyloid [62], may be transported across the blood–brain barrier by transcytosis [36, 63, 64] (see Sect. 4. 3). Many of the transporters found at the blood–brain barrier are capable of mediating not only efflux but also influx and have been studied more thoroughly from this standpoint. Other transporters, e. g. the ABC efflux pumps that are present in the luminal membranes of the endothelial cells (see Sect. 4. 2. 1), transfer many exogenous substances in an outward direction from endothelial cells to blood fuelled by the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. This outward movement serves to decrease blood-to-brain influx as substances that enter the endothelial cells (or even just the luminal membranes of the cells) are returned to blood before they enter the brain proper. ABC transporters may also promote brain-to-blood efflux if there is some means for the substances to enter the endothelial cells across the abluminal membranes (see Sects. 4. 2. 1 and 4. 2. 2). 3 Perivascular pathways3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionCrater counting is a key tool in the arsenal of planetology. Many planets, moons, asteroids, comets, etc. are pocked to a greater or lesser extent with impact craters, whose areal density and distribution reveals much about the geologic and dynamical history of the target. Impact craters come in two main types: primary and secondary. Primary craters are made by the impact of interplanetary objects, at speeds greater than the target’s escape speed, and produce primary ejecta. Secondary craters are made by the re-impact of ejecta from primary craters, at speeds less than the target’s escape speed, and produce secondary ejecta. An intermediate type also has been described: Dobrovolskis and Lissauer (2004) originally dubbed them “poltorary” craters, after the Slavic word for “one and a half”; but Zahnle et al. (2008) re-labeled them “sesquinary”, after the corresponding Latin term. Sesquinary craters are produced by impacts of circum-planetary debris on planets or their satellites, at speeds greater than the target’s escape speed, but less than the speed of interplanetary bodies. It is often difficult to distinguish among these types of craters. Sometimes primary and secondary craters can be distinguished by morphology; e. g. , ellipticity, depth/diameter ratios, rim sharpness, ejecta blankets, blocks, chains, rays, herringbone patterns, etc. (Melosh (1989)). This paper presents another criterion which may help to distinguish among the different crater populations. This paper shows that the interior of a crater should have a lower density of smaller impact craters per unit area than nearby plains would have, because the impacts are spread out over a larger surface area, and because the crater’s wall partially shields its interior. Inside a crater shaped like a spherical bowl (a spherical cap turned upside-down), smaller primary (and sesquinary) impact craters should be spread uniformly, but the distribution of secondary craters is more complicated, usually concentrated near the center. These results may help to distinguish between populations of primary and secondary craters, and should be of interest for interpreting counts of craters within craters. The next section describes the cratering model used to obtain these results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: | Effects of prenatal restraint stress on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical and sympatho–adrenomedullary axis in neonatal pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | Placental restriction in multi-fetal pregnancies and between-twin differences in size at birth alter neonatal feeding behaviour in the sheep. Crossref | GoogleScholar612. | Effects of oral doses of corn oil and other factors on preweaning survival and growth of piglets. Crossref | GoogleScholar1306. | Low birth weight predicts elevated plasma cortisol concentrations in adults from 3 populations. Crossref | GoogleScholar1254. | The effect of birth weight on glucose tolerance in pigs at 3 and 12 months of age. Crossref | GoogleScholar348. | Insulin sensitivity in juvenile and adult pigs of low and high birthweight. Crossref | GoogleScholar868. | Effects of birth weight on growth and carcass composition of swine. Crossref | GoogleScholar70. | Variation of piglets’ birth weight and consequences on subsequent performance. Crossref | GoogleScholar123. | Consequences of birth weight for postnatal growth performance and carcass quality in pigs as related to myogenesis. Crossref | GoogleScholar285. | Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar203. | Corticosterone in chicken eggs. Crossref | GoogleScholar141. | The role of maternal nutrition, metabolic function and the placenta in developmental programming of renal dysfunction. Crossref | GoogleScholar1243. | Compensatory growth in runt pigs is not mediated by insulin-like growth factor I. Crossref | GoogleScholar53. | IFPA award in placentology lecture: complicated interactions between genes and the environment in placentation, pregnancy outcome and long term health. Crossref | GoogleScholar1442. | Meat science and muscle biology symposium: developmental programming in cattle: consequences for growth, efficiency, carcass, muscle, and beef quality characteristics. Crossref | GoogleScholar98. | Effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on adult disease in later life: an overview. Crossref | GoogleScholar440.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 1 Routes of perivascular effluxSome of the possible routes for perivascular movements of solutes are indicated in Fig. 5. Whether or not actual fluid filled spaces exist around the blood vessels, it is believed that substances can move along preferential routes parallel to the blood vessels. (The description that follows is primarily for grey matter. As suggested originally by Rosenberg et al. in 1980 [65] there are likely to be preferential routes for fluid movement parallel to axons in white matter. It should also be noted that there may be regional variations, see e. g. [66, 67]). The idea that the basement membranes of microvessels can provide a preferential route stems from observations that when horseradish peroxidase is introduced into CSF with consequential influx along arteries the peroxidase is found to be localized in the basement membranes around microvessels. The idea has subsequently been supported by similar observations for other macromolecules (see e. g. [16, 68,69,70,71,72]). However, calculations by Asgari et al. [73] imply that unless the matrix of the microvascular basement membranes has a resistance substantially less than a sleeve of ®Matrigel with the same dimensions, they will not provide a preferential route for fluid flow parallel to the microvessels. A preferential route for movement along the vessels does not conflict with the movements of solutes outward by diffusion into the surrounding interstitial fluid. Regardless of whether or not the microvessel basement membranes provide a route with relatively low resistance, the distance from anywhere in the parenchyma to the nearest larger vessel is still likely to be relatively small, e. g. 100–200 µm. (Striking images of the vascular tree can be seen in [72]). For distances this short, diffusion is expected to be the dominant mechanism of extracellular movement [16, 24, 72, 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81]. Fig. 5Diagram indicating putative perivascular routes for substances to move into, out of and through the brain parenchyma.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The number of identified peptides was 122 213. Furthermore, 16 129 identified peptides were analysed using the matching results, 15 436 unique peptides were analysed using the matching results, 2733 identified proteins were analysed using specific peptides, and 1772 identified proteins were quantified using specific peptides. Differential protein screening In total, 313 (156 upregulated and 157 downregulated) differentially expressed proteins were screened using the tear samples. diagram, principal component analysis plot, and differential protein volcano map for protein identification of the two groups of the samples are shown in Fig. 1. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses Figures 2 and 3 show the results of GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses for DK-related proteins, respectively. Protein interaction network diagram Figure 4 shows the protein interaction map screened from the top 50 most closely related proteins. Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein-3 (VDAC3) was selected as the predicted protein (marked with a green circle). Figure 5 presents the protein interaction network indicating the proteins most closely related to VDAC3. DiscussionWe conducted tear analysis on patients with diabetic retinopathy with and without DK. We identified 16 129 peptides and 2733 proteins through 4D label-free mass spectrometry. After screening, we identified 313 differential proteins, including 156 that were significantly upregulated and 157 that were significantly downregulated. Age,19 sex,20 courses of diabetes,21,22 glycosylated haemoglobin,23 and dry eye24–26 affect the results of tear proteome mass spectrometry. Therefore, we ensured the consistency of these confounding factors between the case and control groups. We identified several differentially expressed proteins related to DK and wound healing, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,27,28 epoxide hydrolase 2,29 and lacritin. 30 GO is a vital bioinformatics tool used to uniformly describe the characteristics of genes and gene products in all species. 31 Proteomics analysis is used to describe protein functions and trends in protein data sets. 32 Herein, GO enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in mRNA catabolism, nuclear transcription, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Proteomic data often contain a large amount of information; moreover, many protein complexes are involved in pathways and are likely to be regulated by the same mechanism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Finally, they also demonstrate that the synaptic assembly is impaired in the sema7a mutant. Overall, the data are of high quality and properly controlled. The availability of Sema7a antibody is a big plus, as it allows to address the endogenous protein localization as well to show the signal absence in the sema7a mutant. The quantification of the arbor topology should be useful to people in the field who are looking at the lateral line as well as other axonal terminals. #3 (Public Review): The data reported here demonstrate that Sema7a defines the local behavior of growing axons in the developing zebrafish lateral line. The analysis is sophisticated and convincingly demonstrates effects on axon growth and synapse architecture. Collectively, the findings point to the idea that the diffusible form of sema7a may influence how axons grow within the neuromast and that the GPI-linked form of sema7a may subsequently impact how synapses form, though additional work is needed to strongly link each form to its' proposed effect on circuit assembly. Comments on latest version: The authors comprehensively and appropriately addressed most of the reviewers' concerns. In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole. #4 (Public Review): ** This study provides direct evidence showing that Sema7a plays a role in the axon growth during the formation of peripheral sensory circuits in the lateral-line system of zebrafish. This is a valuable finding because the molecules for axon growth in hair-cell sensory systems are not well understood. The majority of the experimental evidence is convincing, and the analysis is rigorous. The evidence supporting Sema7a's juxtracrine vs. secreted role and involvement in synapse formation in hair cells is less conclusive. The study will be of interest to cell, molecular and developmental biologists, and sensory neuroscientists. response: The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The lumens of arteries, arterioles, venules and veins are surrounded by a layer of endothelial cells with a basement membrane, then a layer of vessel wall including smooth muscle, and outside that there may be a further perivascular space with fluid and connective tissue bounded by basement membranes of the smooth muscle, pial and glial cells. Close to the surfaces of the brain these further spaces are often called Virchow-Robin spaces. Movements parallel to the large vessels may be intramural, through the extracellular space of the vessel wall, or extramural either in the outermost basement membranes or, in the opinion of some workers, in a fluid filled space. In this review both intramural and extramural pathways are called perivascular routes. Parallel to microvessels movement may be preferentially within the basement membrane separating the endothelial cells from the glial endfeet or it may be more diffuse through the interstitial spaces between the parenchymal cellsFull size imageMarkers for perivascular transport clearly have perivascular pathways for entry and exit from the parenchyma, but there is controversy as to whether efflux, influx or both occur along arteries and/or veins (for discussion see [16, 39, 41, 52, 72]). Efflux along arteries has been seen in many studies (e. g. [70, 82,83,84,85,86,87,88]) with substances even reaching the large arteries near the circle of Willis [82], and influx has also been seen in many studies [15, 16, 25, 69, 71, 79, 84, 88,89,90,91,92]. Evidence of influx along some vessels was obtained as early as 1960 [93]. Perivenous influx [16] and efflux [25, 69, 84, 94] have been reported. Efflux along unspecified blood vessels has also been seen [79]. The available evidence suggests that both influx and efflux occur along both arteries and veins [41, 78, 95] either via common pathways or separately along parallel pathways [88, 95] (see Proposal 2 below). In Fig. 5 movements are shown as occurring in both directions along both.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Rapid advances in proteomic technology have led to the identification of several novel protein biomarkers related to both SLE and lupus nephritis (LN); these include monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Marks et al. , 2010), the tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer (TWEAK) (Schwartz, Michaelson & Putterman, 2007), transferrin (Suzuki et al. , 2007), various interleukins and TNF-α (Almoallim et al. , 2012) proteins. However, these organ-specific biomarkers do not serve only as markers of lupus and of primary organ participation in lupus. Despite tremendous basic and clinical research progress regarding biomarkers discovery, SLE remains an unsolved puzzle due to a lack of appropriate disease monitoring and the absence of predictive/diagnostic biomarkers. Thus the quest for such markers is still continuing. Human serum/plasma holds abundant information on the physiological and pathological states of an individual’s body, and as a result, such samples can provide valuable clinical parameters (Anderson & Anderson, 2002). Consequently, they have enormous potential in terms of revealing disease conditions and they also hold the promise of a revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Moreover, plasma is a very rich source of proteins and tissue leakage with the presence of interleukins (Anderson & Anderson, 2002). The protein alterations in a diseased plasma sample may provide clues and potential clinical parameters that should help us to understand both the pathogenesis of a disease, as well as diagnosis. Significant advances in proteomic technologies now allow the comprehensive profiling of protein expression levels in biofluids from patients with a given disease (Hu, Loo & Wong, 2006). Furthermore, mass spectrometry technologies have become a significant approach in clinical proteomics which allows the exploration in depth of an illness and its underlying mechanisms. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) together with database searching has emerged as a robust technique that allows protein identification and characterization.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: eLife assessment Dasgupta and colleagues make a valuable contribution to the understanding how the guidance factor Sema7a promotes connections between mechanosensory hair cells and afferent neurons of the zebrafish lateral line system. The authors provide solid evidence that loss of Sema7a function results in fewer contacts between hair cells and afferents through comprehensive quantitative analysis. Additional work is needed to distinguish the effects of different isoforms of Sema7a to determine whether there are specific roles of secreted and membrane bound forms. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Dasguta et al. have dissected the role of Sema7a in fine tuning of a sensory microcircuit in the posterior lateral line organ of zebrafish. They attempt to also outline the different roles of a secreted verses membrane-bound form of Sema7a in this process. Using genetic perturbations and axonal network analysis, the authors show that loss of both Sema7a isoforms causes abnormal axon terminal structure with more bare terminals and fewer loops in contact with presynaptic sensory hair cells. Further, they show that loss of Sema7a causes decreased number and size of both the pre- and post-synapse. Finally, they show that overexpression of the secreted form of Sema7a specifically can elicit axon terminal outgrowth to an ectopic Sema7a expressing cell. Together, the analysis of Sema7a loss of function and overexpression on axon arbor structure is fairly thorough and revealed a novel role for Sema7a in axon terminal structure. However, the connection between different isoforms of Sema7a and the axon arborization needs to be substantiated. Furthermore, the effect of loss of Sema7a on the presynaptic cell is not ruled out as a contributing factor to the synaptic and axon structure phenotypes. These issues weaken the claims made by the authors including the statement that they have identified dual roles for the GPI-anchored verses secreted forms of Sema7a on synapse formation and as a chemoattractant for axon arborization respectively. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): In this work, Dasgupta et al. investigates the role of Sema7a in the formation of peripheral sensory circuit in the lateral line system of zebrafish.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: There has also been disagreement over which of the structural components of the arteries provide the principal routes for periarterial transport with some favouring an extramural, fluid filled perivascular space, possibly containing connective tissue fibres [16], between the vessel walls and the astrocyte endfeet, see e. g. [25, 71, 78, 79, 81, 83,84,85, 87, 92, 96]Footnote 5 while others favour the view that “perivascular spaces” are not fluid filled, free spaces but rather perivascular pathways via basement membranes either within the smooth muscle layer or on the outside surface of the artery [52, 70, 72, 88, 97,98,99] (see Fig. 5). Free spaces may be highly compressible, allowing modest changes in pressure to change their dimensions as envisaged in the proposal that variations in the blood pressure within the vessels somehow drive perivascular movements. By contrast basement membranes are likely to be much less compressible and are likely to offer much greater resistance to flow (see [73, 100, 101]), thus precluding blood pressure variations as the driving force for perivascular flow (see next section). Diem et al. [100] have proposed vasomotion as an alternative. Pizzo et al. [16] have suggested that both basement membrane routes and other, extramural routes exist with their relative importance depending on the size of vessel and the size of the solute. Another proposed variation is a hybrid with an extramural basement membrane route mediating fluxes into the brain and an intramural basement membrane route between smooth muscle cells mediating fluxes outwards [88, 95]. It is quite evident that solutes even as large as amyloid-β have access to the basement membranes between the smooth muscle cells (see e. g. [16, 70, 93, 102]), but it is not known whether the solutes reach these locations via an intramural route with movement along basement membranes as favoured by Carare, Weller, Hawkes and colleagues [70, 88, 95] or via extramural pathways with subsequent penetration from these into the basement membranes within the vessel wall (see Figure 21 in Sect. 5. 7. 1. 2) or some mixture of the two. Arbel-Ornath et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The digested plasma samples were run in triplicate and the data were analyzed by ProteinServer 4. 2 software (PLGS; ) (Aggarwal et al. , 2017). Each sample was injected three times to obtain technical triplicates. Label-free quantification To quantify the proteins from the LC-MS/MS, a label-free quantification analysis was performed using 8. 0 (Inc. , ) (Zhang et al. , 2012). Independent samples from each triplicate analysis were studied and compared between patients and the controls. Total raw data files were imported and processed using the Peaks software program for the interpretation of spectra and the retention time was set from 600 to 10,500 s. An in-house constructed Uniprot’s reference database of Homo sapiens (release 03_2014) contained 20,272 entries was added and combined with a decoy database (the sequences were reversed). For label-free quantification the following parameters were specified: enzymatic digestion by trypsin, with two missed cleavages; precursor mass tolerance was 10 ppm; fragment mass tolerance: 0. 7 Da, minimum charge: 2, maximum charge: 3. The specified fixed and variable modification consisted of carbamidomethylation (Cys), oxidation (M), and deamidated (N and Q). To determine the false-positive identification rate, the estimated spectra was used against decoy database. A false discovery rate (FDR) of ≤1%, with a peptide score of −10 log p ≥ 20 was considered adequate for confident protein identification. To determine the relative protein and peptide abundance in the tested samples, peptide feature based quantification was performed. The signal intensity of a peptide is directly proportional to the abundance of the peptide in the sample, therefore, the confidently identified peptide features were matched and the peptide intensity differences between two samples were able to be estimated. Likewise, the area under the curve of the extracted ion chromatograms (XICs) was measured and compared between two analyzed runs. To get the summed cumulative peak area of the protein, only unique peptides that are assigned to particular proteins were selected. The FDR was calculated based on the target/decoy database, and the peptides with an FDR of ≤1% were chosen as true positive hits (considering the risk of having one false positive in 20 observations).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: They show that Sema7a protein is present during neuromast maturation and localized, in part, to the base of hair cells (HCs). This would be consistent with pre-synaptic Sema7a mediating formation and/or stabilization of the synapse. They use sema7a loss-of-function strain to show that lateral line sensory terminals display abnormal arborization. They provide highly quantitative analysis of the lateral line terminal arborization to show that a number of specific topological parameters are affected in mutants. Next, they ectopically express a secreted form of Sema7a to show that lateral line terminals can be ectopically attracted to the source. Finally, they also demonstrate that the synaptic assembly is impaired in the sema7a mutant. Overall, the data are of high quality and properly controlled. The availability of Sema7a antibody is a big plus, as it allows to address the endogenous protein localization as well to show the signal absence in the sema7a mutant. The quantification of the arbor topology should be useful to people in the field who are looking at the lateral line as well as other axonal terminals. I think some results are overinterpreted though. The authors state: "Our findings demonstrate that Sema7A functions both as a juxtracrine and as a secreted cue to pattern neural circuitry during sensory organ development. " However, they have not actually demonstrated which isoform functions in HCs (also see comments below). In addition, they have to be careful in interpreting their topology analysis, as they cannot separate individual axons. Thus, such analysis can generate artifacts. They can perform additional experiments to address these issues or adjust their interpretations. Reviewer #3 (Public Review): The data reported here demonstrate that Sema7a defines the local behavior of growing axons in the developing zebrafish lateral line. The analysis is sophisticated and convincingly demonstrates effects on axon growth and synapse architecture. Collectively, the findings point to the idea that the diffusible form of sema7a may influence how axons grow within the neuromast and that the GPI-linked form of sema7a may subsequently impact how synapses form, though additional work is needed to strongly link each form to its' proposed effect on circuit assembly. The revised manuscript is significantly improved. The authors comprehensively and appropriately addressed most of the reviewers' concerns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [87] used two-photon imaging to investigate the position of a 3 kDa fluorescent dextran during efflux following injection into the parenchyma. Shortly after injection they saw fluorescence within the parenchyma, in perivascular spaces surrounding small arteries and, at lower concentration, between the smooth muscle cells. There has been controversy about the nature of the connections between the perivascular spaces adjacent to larger blood vessels within the parenchyma, the CSF and the perivascular spaces of the vessels passing through the subarachnoid spaces [1, 16, 25, 54, 71, 72, 81, 103,104,105,106,107,108,109]. However, whatever the exact perivascular pathway used, solutes exiting from the parenchyma along perivascular routes appear to be effluxed partly to CSF in the basal cisterns or subarachnoid spaces and partly to the outer meninges [85] and/or lymphatics [94, 107, 109,110,111,112,113,114,115]. Movement of small solutes and water does take place between fluid in the subarachnoid space and fluid within the perivascular spaces (see Section 4. 1. 1. 1 of [41]). However a substantial proportion of perivascular efflux of large solutes appears to pass to lymph without first appearing in CSF in the cisterna magnaFootnote 6 (see Fig. 6) [16, 39, 52, 82, 83, 94, 96, 105, 107, 111, 115,116,117,118,119]. Fig. 6Schematic diagram indicating possible routes for efflux of large solutes from the parenchyma along perivascular routes. a Large solutes emerging from the parenchyma via intramural or extramural routes along arteries (and possibly veins) may either mix with CSF or continue along the walls of blood vessels. The blood vessels span the subarachnoid space (see Figs. 1 and 6) before leaving the brain to reach the rest of the body. The fluid that continues along these vessels may enter either blood or lymph, but solutes as large as serum albumin will enter only lymph.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: By using this active feature based quantitative approach the detected peptides with p-values <0. 05 and 0. 01 which were identified in at least three observations from the SLE samples compared to control samples were considered. In order to identify the significant protein differential expressions an independent sample T-test was performed. The quantified datasets were normalized using their spectral abundance factor values (the average of the triplicate experiments) and this was used to generate a heat map showing the differentially expressed proteins between the two groups. Quantification of altered proteins by emPAI To acquire confident results from our proteomic study, the widely used exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) was employed as an alternative method in order to quantify the differences in abundances of the identified proteins between the SLE patients and the control subjects. Numerous label-free relative quantification studies have successfully applied the formula derived for emPAI and developed by Ishihama et al. (2005). Specifically, the database results were generated in an Excel file (composed of emPAI, protein description, peptide identifications, the charge states of the peptides, etc. ), and this was uploaded to the freely accessible ( web-based system ( for emPAI evaluation. The following parameters were specified on the emPAI website: IPI_HUMAN database, trypsin digestion as the enzyme, carbamidomethyl (Cys) fixed modifications, mass range 500–3,000 Da, and no retention time filtering. The uploaded sample files were analyzed and the results were exported to a separate file. To estimate the protein abundances, the mean emPAI values of the triplicate MS analyses from patients and controls were calculated and Hochberg and Benjamini calculation of FDR (p < 0. 05) was applied to correct for multiple testing errors. Protein level fold-difference was calculated from the relative means of normalized emPAI values and the fold change differences were estimated from all replicates, with the Student’s t-test (two-tailed, heteroscedastic) applied to the same values. A minimum of three unique peptide sequences in at least three replicates were required for quantification.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole. Reviewer #4 (Public Review): This study provides direct evidence showing that Sema7a plays a role in the axon growth during the formation of peripheral sensory circuits in the lateral-line system of zebrafish. This is a valuable finding because the molecules for axon growth in hair-cell sensory systems are not well understood. The majority of the experimental evidence is convincing, and the analysis is rigorous. The evidence supporting Sema7a's juxtracrine vs. secreted role and involvement in synapse formation in hair cells is less conclusive. The study will be of interest to cell, molecular and developmental biologists, and sensory neuroscientists. Recommendations for the authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): In their revised manuscript, Dasgupta et al. have provided further experiments to address the role of Sema7a (sec and GPI-anchored) in regulating axon guidance in the lateral line system. Specifically, the inclusion of the heat shock controls and FM labeling to show hair cell mechanotransduction were crucial to interpretation of the results. However, there are still concerns about the specificity of the results. My primary concern is if the change in axon patterning is specifically due to loss of Sema7a in the mutant hair cells. These animals are morphologically very abnormal and, in the rebuttal, the authors state that hair cell number is reduced. This is not quantified in the manuscript and should be included. Thank you for this suggestion. We have included the data in the manuscript in lines 137-139, in Figure 2—figure supplement 1B, and in the source data for Figure 2 and Figure 2-figure supplements. If there is not a function for Sema7a in hair cells themselves, why is the number reduced? The sema7a-/- homozygous mutants are not viable and they die by 6 dpf. The loss of Sema7A protein produce other developmental defects including brain edema and a curved body axis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: b Large solutes that have reached CSF will be taken to sites of CSF outflow including the arachnoid villi, where the solutes will enter venous blood, and the cribriform plate, where they will enter lymph. (Based primarily on data for radio-iodinated serum albumin RISA [82, 83, 125] and on the location of the pia surrounding arteries taken from [103]). The anatomical relations of the pathways or spaces remain controversialFull size imageThose solutes that do reach CSF from the parenchyma can be taken out of the cranium via CSF outflow. Routes for CSF outflow were reviewed comprehensively by Pollay in 2010 [119] This outflow is partly via arachnoid villi, partly via perineural routes including those across the cribriform plate to the nasal mucosa [119,120,121] and possibly also via extra-parenchymal perivascular routes (see Fig. 6) [16, 81, 105, 111, 119, 122,123,124]. Outflow via arachnoid villi leads directly to venous blood while outflow via the cribriform plate may deliver solutes directly to lymphatics or to the extracellular fluid in the nasal mucosa [118, 121, 125]. Small solutes (e. g. lactate) and solutes even as large as inulin may leave the nasal mucosa by entering blood across peripheral capillary walls but larger solutes (e. g. albumin) will leave via lymph flow to cervical lymph nodes [125]. Outflow via other routes leads at least in part to lymph (see e. g. [111]). 3. 2 Mechanisms driving perivascular solute effluxDiffusion is not adequate for perivascular influx because substances added to CSF are found deep in the parenchyma much too quickly for diffusion over the distance involved, a millimeter or more [25, 68, 69, 84]. Similarly diffusion cannot account for efflux from parenchyma to CSF of substances like polyethylene glycol and dextran [126, 127], serum albumin [83], mannitol [25] or inulin [62, 128]. Thus alternative mechanisms have been proposed (see Fig. 7). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Here, we have attempted to use LC-ESI-MS/MS to identify proteins that show significant alterations in expression levels among 19 SLE patients compared to 12 healthy controls. In order to detect differentially expressed proteins in the individual SLE plasma samples compared to controls, the samples were analyzed in triplicates by LC-ESI-MS/MS with label-free quantitative analysis was performed using 8. 0 software. Apart from the use of this software, an emPAI method by Ishihama et al. was also used manually to obtain highly confident proteomic data. Both the quantitative analysis results were complimentary to each other in terms of protein abundance and the fold change. Table 2 shows the details about the number of MS/MS spectra, peptide and protein identification and quantitation of each SLE patient and healthy sample. The proteins which are identified in at least two of the three technical replicates were selected for the quantitation and statistical analysis. Table 2: Complete LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis details for peptide and protein identification and quantitation in each patient and healthy sample. SLE patients Total spectra* Distinct peptides* FDR spectra FDR distinct peptide (%) P1 169,115 38,918 0. 41 1. 21 P2 176,318 46,186 0. 43 1. 24 P3 165,812 35,981 0. 47 1. 29 P4 126,050 38,843 0. 45 1. 34 P5 169,295 37,918 0. 41 1. 49 P6 173,378 36,186 0. 43 1. 26 P7 165,812 39,991 0. 44 1. 25 P8 126,050 28,843 0. 42 1. 26 P9 149,295 37,918 0. 42 1. 27 P10 173,378 36,186 0. 43 1. 28 P11 161,812 35,881 0. 45 1. 44 P12 126,050 28,843 0. 44 1. 33 P13 169,295 37,918 0. 43 1. 35 P14 183,878 38,186 0. 42 1. 26 P15 165,812 35,981 0. 45 1. 24 P16 136,050 28,843 0. 45 1. 27 P17 169,295 47,918 0. 45 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (1) Although the authors say that they added appropriate no plasmid/heatshock-only and plasmid-only/no heatshock controls, these results need to be presented more clearly, as they are separated in the paper and only one was quantified (i. e. 100% of embryos showed no defect). Please just make it clear that no defects were observed in either control for either experiment (both secreted and membrane bound ectopic expression). We have clearly stated this information in lines 297-299 and 343-345. (2) Please add a compass to Fig. 1A to indicate the orientation of the neuromast. It would also be helpful to add labels for developmental ages to all of the figures, rather than making the reader look it up in the legend. We have updated the Figure 1A and the corresponding figure legend in lines 882883. We have denoted the larval age in the figure legends to keep the individual images uncluttered. (3) For the RT-PCR experiments in Figure 1, no negative control was included to show that supporting cell or neuronal genes are not detected in the purified hair cells and v. v. that neither isoform is detected in supporting cells or neurons. I ask only because there is a lot of immune-signal outside of the hair cells and I am curious whether that is secreted or might come from other cell types. For neurons and supporting cells, simply demonstrating absence of Sema7a overall would suffice. We have utilized the transgenic line Tg(myo6b:actb1-EGFP) that expresses the fluorophore GFP specifically in the hair cells of the neuromast. Unfortunately, we do not possess a transgenic line that reliably and specifically labels the support cells in the neuromast. Hence, in our sorting experiment the GFP-negative cells that are collected from the trunk segments of the larvae contain all the non-hair cells including epidermal cells, neuronal cells, and immune cells etc. Such a mixture of varied cellular identity may not serve as a reliable negative control. 7, we have plotted the normalized expression values of the sema7a gene in the neuromast. The plot clearly depicts that the source of Sema7A is the young and the mature hair cells, not the support cells.

Output: contrast