Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In women, public body consciousness correlates with negative emotionality [21], which is with the tendency to get angry, upset or frightened (as measured by the emotionality subscale of the [62]). As a predictor of self-objectification, public body consciousness may represent a measure of the tendency to experience negative affect. The third significant predictor of self-objectification, in our regression equation, was private body consciousness, which predicted self-objectification independently of interoceptive awareness. These two measures did not correlate, which suggests that, while private body consciousness is significant for self-objectification, it is measuring something other than body awareness. Support for this idea is provided by the many studies that have attempted to use private body consciousness as a measure of internal body awareness in mediating between self-objectification and negative affect or eating disorders [25]. Success depends on the choice of instrument with which the body awareness is measured. Studies using private body consciousness generally report no effect [22], [24], [46]. One study [25] however, successfully used the scale of the Inventory [7]. This scale is made up of items that assess awareness of emotions e. g. “am upset, I don't know if I am sad, frightened, or angry” and others that assess feelings of hunger and satiety e. g. “I get confused as to whether or not I'm hungry”. It was reported that the questions specific to hunger accounted for this instrument's success as a mediating variable [25]. In the light of the nonsignificant results obtained with most questionnaire measures of internal body awareness, it is surprising that physiological measures of have rarely been used in objectification research. Our results imply that the ability to manipulate interoceptive awareness could benefit women who are high in self-objectification, as well as individuals with conditions where interoceptive awareness is abnormally low, such as anorexia, alexithymia, somatoform disorders and moderate depression. Interoceptive awareness has until recently been considered a robust trait variable because attempts to manipulate it have generally been ineffective [63]–[64]. However, an early study succeeded in altering interoceptive awareness by self-observation in a mirror [65], which is a typical means of heightening self-focus [66].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All species of bats hibernate for several months during the winter. [SEP] Text: ( Perimyotis subflavus ) microsite use throughout hibernation Go to 2. Summer cave use by tricolored bats declined in response to white-nose syndrome despite persistence in winter hibernacula in the southeastern Go to 3. The skin I live in: Pathogenesis of white-nose syndrome of bats Go to 4. Artificial tunnels of hydroelectric power plants as valuable habitat for European bats Go to 5. Physiological and behavioural adaptations by big brown bats hibernating in dry rock crevices Go to 6. during Hibernation in the Brown Long-Go to 7. Higher antibody titres against Pseudogymnoascus destructans are associated with less white-nose syndrome skin lesions in Palearctic bats Go to 8. Apparent annual survival of female eastern small-footed bats ( Myotis leibii ) roosting in Arkansas bridges Go to 9. How weather triggers the emergence of bats from their subterranean hibernacula Go to 10. Trophic relationship between Salix flowers, Orthosia moths and the western barbastelle Go to 11. Bat mortality in wind farms of southern Europe: temporal patterns and implications in the current context of climate change Go to 12. Fear, concealment, and time of day interactively predict group size of a common ungulate Go to 13. Balancing costs and benefits of managing hibernacula of cavernicolous bats Go to 14. Bat-derived cells use glucose as a cryoprotectant Go to 15. Sex-biased infections scale to population impacts for an emerging wildlife disease Go to 16. Influence of underground mining with explosives on a hibernating bat population Go to 17. Winter torpor expression varies in four bat species with differential susceptibility to white-nose syndrome Go to 18. Bat dynamics modelling as a tool for conservation management in subterranean environments Go to 19. Performance of bat-derived macrophages at different temperatures Go to 20. Roost selection and ecology of Hipposideros pomona in to 21. Impacts of seasonality on gene expression in the Chinese horseshoe bat Go to 22. Structural and environmental predictors of tricolored bat presence and abundance in Texas caves Go to 23. How aerial insectivore bats of different sizes respond to nightly temperature shifts Go to 24. Importance of anthropogenic winter roosts for endangered hibernating bats Go to 25.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: 5 μm slabs were tiled to consolidate the presentation of a complete 3D time course. The membrane citrine signal is green and the 3 kDa dextran-Texas red perilymph highlighter is magenta. Lower right panel is an annotated reference, with the basal surface of the ES labeled and outlined with a dotted yellow line, the apical interface enclosing endolymph outlined with a dotted blue line, the endolymph within the ES lumen indicated with a blue arrow, exposed basal lamellae indicated with a green arrow, and the perilymph labeled with magenta text. Scale bar is 10 μm. Video 10 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of tracked and segmented cells and ES lumen. An anterior view on the left and dorsal view on the right. Segmented ES lumen is colored magenta. All other objects are ES cells. Labeled cubes indicate body axes. Same time course as Video 9. Cell bodies within the ES stretch in response to increasing pressure. While the increased resolution of AO-LLSM did not allow us to resolve overlapping basal lamellae (thickness ~40 nm), it did enable segmentation of individual cell bodies (lengths and thicknesses ~1–10 μm). We found that some cells stretched and thinned when the ES lumen was inflated and thickened upon deflation, likely a result of their elastic properties (Figure 5H,I). However, there were instances when the cells at the tip of the ES did not thin during inflation, or while they thinned during some events, they did not thin during others (Figure 5J,K). To quantify these correlations and obtain an overview of the range of behaviors, we determined the Spearman correlation coefficient between trajectories of lumen volume and cell thickness for intervals that spanned individual inflation and deflation events (Figure 5L, bracketed examples in Figure 5H,J).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: That experiment found that improvement in cardiac awareness was greater for participants low in public body consciousness (and who, according to our experiment, were probably also low in self-objectification). More recent research has shown that a mirror can be effective in raising interoceptive awareness in people who are poor heartbeat perceivers [36]. The combined results of these two studies, suggest that mirror self-observation can raise heartbeat perception in people with low interoceptive sensitivity. Whether higher interoceptive awareness would impact on self-objectification, and related conditions such as disordered eating, will depend on the complex interactions amongst mediating variables, such as [23], [25], [53]. Taken together, the findings of the present study, in conjunction with experimental manipulations of interoception and the observation that patients with anorexia have lower interoceptive awareness, make interoception a central concept that should be considered in psychotherapeutic interventions of related disorders. Objectification theory has assumed that poor interoceptive awareness is a function of self-objectification, as a consequence of consciously diverting attention to the ‘seen’ body, probably at the expense of attending to the inner body. However, we propose that low interoceptive awareness (together with public body consciousness) is a cause of self-objectification. Interoceptive awareness reflects the intensity with which people experience both positive and negative emotions [60] and is linked to the autonomic nervous system. Deficits in the autonomic system, which are associated with reduction in the inhibitory influence of prefrontal cortex, may account for the abnormally low interoceptive awareness reported in several clinical conditions [37], [39], [55]. Moreover, individuals who have high interoceptive awareness are less susceptible to the rubber hand illusion, which partially disengages autonomic regulation of hand temperature [67], and it has been reported that women who self-objectify are more prone to the rubber hand illusion [27]. An imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the autonomic system (assessed by skin conductance and cardiovascular measures, including heart rate variability) has been implicated in somatoform disorders [39], where sufferers are generally poor heartbeat perceivers. Conversely, good heartbeat perceivers show greater responsiveness of the autonomic system during emotional picture viewing and mental stress [68].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All species of bats hibernate for several months during the winter. [SEP] Text: Differential changes of regional cerebral blood flow in two bat species during induced hypothermia measured by perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Go to 88. Hibernation in warm hibernacula by free-ranging Formosan leaf-nosed bats, Hipposideros terasensis, in subtropical to 89. Loss in Mass by Myotis, Myotis velifer (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Go to 90. Seasonal variation in use of winter roosts by five bat species in south-east to 91. Hibernation and daily torpor in Australian mammals Go to 92. Study on of Copper-winged Bat (Myotis formosus), for Multiplication and to 93. Distribution and Habitat P94. Hibernation by tree-roosting bats Go to 95. Habits and of the Long-fingered capaccinii in to 96. Characteristics of winter roosts of bat species in southern to 97. Temperatures and by Hibernating Bats, sodalis (Indiana Bat), in a Limestone Mine: Implications for Conservation and to 98. Environmental conditions, rather than season, determine torpor use and temperature selection in large mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) Go to 99. Critical times of the year for Myotis myotis, a temperate zone bat: roles of climate and food resources Go to 100. -() to 101. Factors influencing survival and long-term population viability of long-tailed bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus): Implications for conservation Go to 102. Activity and shelter selection by Myotis myotis and Rhinolophus hipposideros hibernating in the Kateřinská cave (Czech Republic) Go to 103. Sex and of Daubenton's daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) Hibernating in Go to 104. by Formosan Leaf-(Hipposideros armiger terasensis) Go to 105. Population dynamics of the pipistrelle bat: effects of sex, age and winter weather on seasonal survival Go to 106. Climate-mediated energetic constraints on the distribution of hibernating mammals Go to 107. to 108.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: For 43 of 99 tested trajectories, either cell thinning significantly correlated (p-value less than 10−3) with inflation or cell thickening significantly correlated with deflation (green region, Figure 5L, example of significantly correlated interval, bracket with green arrowhead, Figure 5H, same data point indicated with green arrowhead in Figure 5L). For 42 of 99 tested trajectories, cell behavior did not significantly correlate with inflation or deflation (grey region, Figure 5L, example of uncorrelated inflation interval, bracket with grey arrowhead, Figure 5J, same data point indicated with grey arrowhead in Figure 5L). Unexpectedly, for 14 of 99 tested trajectories there was significant correlation between inflation and cell thickening or deflation and cell thinning (magenta region, Figure 5L, example of correlated interval, bracket with magenta arrowhead, Figure 5J, same data point indicated with magenta arrowhead in Figure 5L). While each cell’s behavior is varied, these data suggest that stretching of a subset of cells contributes to regulation of increased pressure by allowing the ES lumen to expand. Additionally, some cells appear to be pushed away from the ES lumen during inflation and pulled back into the ES epithelium during deflation. The complexity of the response is likely the result of features we did not resolve such as the dynamics of each cell’s basal lamellae, each cell’s residual apical and lateral adhesion, and each cell’s basal interface with the extracellular matrix. Basal lamellae are dynamic The low temporal resolution of our original confocal time courses made it unclear whether basal lamellae are static structures like floodgates, only opening to release endolymph, or dynamic. 3D rendering of the AO-LLSM signal shows that some lamellae are rapidly extending and retracting like they are crawling over neighboring cells or neighboring lamellae (Video 11). The basal lamellae are composed of two juxtaposed membranes and can overlay abutting membranes of adjacent cells or additional lamellae (Figure 4). While we observed stacked membranes by EM, they are still unresolved by AO-LLSM. However, one might expect patches of increased membrane signal several times the brightness of that of a lone cell membrane. In 3D renderings of the time course we see dynamic patches of increased intensity that can shift rapidly (Figure 6A, Video 11).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [3,4] Attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are the most common childhood psychological disorders, are characteristics of ADHD. [5] People with inattentive ADHD have difficulty paying attention to details; they make careless mistakes when doing their tasks; it seems that they cannot hear when directly addressed; they do not follow instructions and have trouble organizing activities; they often hate and avoid being involved in tasks requiring sustained mental effort; they often lose their things and forget things due to irrelevant environmental stimuli; these people are suffering from memory loss when performing their daily tasks. [5] Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in these people make them unable to control their thinking, verbal and behavioral processes; they express their feelings without considering the possible consequences; in such cases, they are unable to control themselves and find the appropriate behavior. [6] On the other hand, results of previous studies have shown a relationship between symptoms of ADHD and overeating. [7] In fact, people with ADHD have weakness in executive function, self-regulation, and self-control. [8] Overweight children suffer from psychological and social problems, such as depression and low self-esteem. [9] Due to their mobility problems, inattention and the lack of concentration, children with ADHD have negative self-concepts leading to low levels of self-esteem. Indeed, overweight children suffer from low self-esteem and children with ADHD are prone to obesity; hence, the problem of low self-esteem is more severe in obese or overweight children with ADHD. [10] These children have trouble keeping attention on tasks or activities and barely can finish their assignments; they cannot stop overeating, causing parents to spend more time monitoring their behaviors. This type of monitoring puts more pressure on parents, especially mothers, making them prone to depression. [11] The previous studies have shown that mothers of children with ADHD have a poor relationship with their children. Research also suggests that ADHD may have genetic components; so that, parents of children with ADHD may have similar symptoms to those of their children. It is obvious that such a situation can negatively affect parent–child interactions because these parents are unable to modify and improve their children's behaviors. [5,12] Unfortunately, the most commonly used stimulants for the treatment of ADHD are not available in Iran. However, it should be noted that medication alone can rarely satisfy the needs of children with ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 73. 00 In stock Significance and Use 3. 1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events. 3. 2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance. Scope 1. 1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods have failed. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts). 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1. 6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: By merging 3D renderings of 3 consecutive time points, 30 s apart, in red, blue, and then green, we observed the relative displacement of these lamellae that can crawl a few micrometers per minute (Figure 6B,C). Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Basal lamellae are dynamic. (A) 3D rendering of AO-LLSM data, three sequential time points 30 s apart (membrane citrine depicted in grey, Video 10). Bright patches on surface move (red, blue, green arrows). (B) Consecutive 3D renderings overlaid as red (71:18:00), blue (71:18:30), and then green (71:19:00). Immobile regions remain grey, while regions of displacement are red, blue, and green. Arrows point to moving lamellae. (C) Additional example of moving lamellae, again visualized by overlaying consecutive images in red (70:08:30), blue (70:09:00), and then green (70:09:30). Arrows point to moving lamellae. (D) Top, time points of 3D rendered segmentations spanning 30 min. Below, 4. 5 μm MIP slabs of the raw data for the same time points. For both views, arrow points to same region where lumen segmentation is slowly exposed as thin lamellar region expands. (E) Top, time points of 3D rendered segmentations spanning 2 min. Below, 4. 5 μm MIP slabs of the raw data for the same time points. For both views, arrow points to same region where lumen segmentation rapidly inflates as thin lamellar region expands. (F) Consecutive 3D renderings, same as (E), overlaid as red (71:46:00), blue (71:46:30), and then green (71:47:00). Arrows point to rapidly inflating lamellae. (G) Consecutive 3D renderings, overlaid as red (70:48:30), blue (70:49:00), and then green (71:49:30). Arrows point to rapidly inflating lamellae, same region as (F). (H) 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackground: The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. Methods: We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners’ Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. Results: We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. Limitations: Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals. IntroductionAttention deficit is one of the core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that lasts throughout adulthood. 1 Children with ADHD tend to have deficits in focused attention, cognitive and behavioural inhibition, sustained attention (the ability to maintain focus on a task over time) and vigilance (the attentional capacity to remain alert even when less stimulated, such as through the stimuli of nontargets). 2 To differentiate individuals with or without ADHD,3 the Test (CPT) has been widely used to measure attention performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 61. 00 In stock and Use 3. 1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events. 3. 2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance. Scope 1. 1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts). 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1. 6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1. 7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval. 1. 8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: 2 μm MIP slabs of a time point from a time-lapse of wild-type embryos expressing myosin GFP (top) mCherry-utrophin (middle), and merged (myosin, green, utrophin, magenta, see Video 12), n = 4. (I) 4. 2 μm MIP slabs of a time point from a time-lapse of lmx1bb crispant embryos expressing myosin GFP (see Video 12), n = 2. (J) Dilated mutant ES collapses following puncture of the otic vesicle with a tungsten needle, n = 5. All scale bars 10 μm. Video 11 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of membrane citrine signal. The video begins with an annotated time point from the 3D rendering of signal from an AO-LLSM time course. A yellow dotted line highlights the rendered ES, green arrows point to basal lamellae, and the surrounding space is labeled as perilymph with magenta text. Dorsal view of ES, membrane citrine signal rendered in 3D. Scale bar is 10 μm. While the resolution of AO-LLSM is improved, it does not resolve the double membrane structure of lamellae or enable identification of the cell from which a lamella extends. Thus, in our surface-rendered segmentations, we give the cell membranes of each cell body a unique pseudo-color while the lamellae that are just exposed to the lumen and not adjacent to another cell body are collectively colored magenta (Figure 5E,G, corresponds to black dotted outline in Figure 4F). By visualizing the segmented objects in 3D we can identify when lamellar barriers are exposed based on when and where the magenta appears (Figures 5G and 6D, Video 10). Inflations of the ES lumen coincided with slow increases in the surface area of exposed lamellae (30 min expansion, Figure 6D). The expansion of thin membrane signal was also observable in the raw data (bottom portion of panel, Figure 6D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 2Some neuropsychological functions have been proposed as potential endophenotypes for ADHD as they are more closely linked to the neurobiological substrate of ADHD than clinical symptoms4,5 and are associated with gene susceptibility for ADHD. 4 Using the CPT and derived tasks, high reaction time (RT) variability has been associated with an absence of the 7-repeat allele in the dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4). 6–8 Higher commission errors, impulsive responses and high RT variability were also correlated to those homozygous for the 10-repeat allele in the dopamine transporter gene. 9,10 children with ADHD, associations have been discovered between fewer commission errors and homozygosity of the 4-repeat allele at DRD4. 11 On the other hand, more commission errors were reported for those with the G1287A genotype of the norepinephrine transporter gene. 12 Therefore, the CPT may provide information more closely related to the underlying neuropathology of ADHD than the clinical symptoms do. Increasingly, studies have adopted imaging techniques to explore the neuropathology of ADHD. Structural and functional neuroimaging findings have highlighted that prefrontal cortex abnormality may contribute to dysfunction in attention regulation, resulting in the behavioural manifestation of ADHD. 13 Among the subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a specific role in attention and executive functions,14 the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in behavioural inhibition,15,16 the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in motivation and reward, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in reward-based decision making. 17 Volumetric and functional MRI studies have also consistently reported reduced cortical thickness18 and activation in these prefrontal areas in children and adults with ADHD, respectively, during the CPT. 19,20 Although alteration in the frontostriatal tracts was the first to be proposed as a possible neuropathology of ADHD,13,16,21,22 its association with clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance has rarely been studied and produces inconsistent results. For example, alteration in the frontostriatal tracts may be correlated not only with symptoms of inattention, but also with intraindividual variability of RT and executive functions in individuals with ADHD as well as typically developing controls. 23,24 However, attention performance was noted only in controls — not in children21,25 or adults26 with ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Some secondary loci included smaller lamellae that engaged and inflated much more quickly (1–2 min expansion, Figure 6E). We can visualize their sudden expansion by again merging consecutive time points, 30 s apart, with red, blue, and then green (Figure 6F). This presentation reveals that the same locus can rapidly expand multiple times (one minute rapid expansions an hour apart, Figure 6F,G). In summary, multiple sets of basal lamellae can simultaneously engage at different loci, either through slow spreading or rapid expansion. Apical and basal myosin during ES inflation cycles Cells and tissues modulate tension for crawling, retracting, bending, constricting, rounding-up, and resisting stretch by organizing an extensive variety of complexes of actin filaments, actin binding proteins, and myosin motors (Grill, 2011; Munjal and Lecuit, 2014; Rafelski and Theriot, 2004; Stewart et al. , 2011). Myosin distribution correlates strongly with contractile forces (Fournier et al. , 2010). Therefore, to begin to determine how myosin and actin might contribute to tension during ES inflation and deflation, we imaged myosin and actin using non-muscle myosin light chain fused to eGFP and utrophin, an actin binding protein, fused to mCherry (confocal microscopy, Figure 6H, Video 12). Myosin localized to the apical domains of ES cells as well as to dynamic puncta at the basal membrane throughout both inflation and deflation of the ES. During ES inflation, contraction of apical myosin likely counteracts the stress of hydrostatic pressure and maintains the integrity of apical junctions (Rauzi et al. , 2010). Tension from apical myosin, strain from hydrostatic pressure, and the adhesion strength between junctional protein complexes likely determines the elastic limit of apical junctions. The crossing of this elastic limit may cause the small apical openings observed in Figure 4G, which ultimately communicates the otic vesicle’s hydrostatic pressure to the lamellar protrusions. The dynamic spots of basal myosin could indicate two possible activities: contraction to retract lamellar protrusions as observed during cell migration or contraction at focal adhesions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The parietal cortex, especially the superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule, has also been linked to visual attention in both shifting attention and sustained attention. 27 The superior parietal lobule participates in the transmission of spatial information for body parts, the caudal part of the inferior parietal lobule is responsible for visual attention, and the inferior parietal lobule plays a role in working memory. 28 The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) as well as the interconnecting frontal, parietal and temporal cortices are involved in attention performance29 and working memory30 in control children. Alteration in the SLF has been demonstrated in children31–33 and adults34,35 with ADHD. All in all, positive correlations between attention performance and the microstructural property of the right SLF have been found in adults with ADHD34 and in control children,29 but not in healthy adults. 36The cingulum bundle is determined by fibre tracts extending from the ACC to the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and connects the frontal lobe with the precuneus, PCC, hippocampus and parahippocampus. 37 The anterior portion of the cingulum bundle allows for communication between regions of the limbic system and has been related to the evaluation of rewards. 38 On the other hand, the posterior part of the cingulum bundle interconnects the cognitive functions. 38 The microstructural property of the right cingulum bundle is related to sustained attention and working memory in healthy adults. 36 However, alteration in the cingulum bundle that was noted in children31 and adults34,35 with ADHD was not supported by some recent studies in children23,32 and adults26 with ADHD. While some studies suggest the involvement of the cingulum bundle in intraindividual variability of RT in children with ADHD,23 attention processing in patients with Parkinson disease39 and elderly adults without dementia,40 other studies have failed to demonstrate such an association in adults with ADHD. 26,34Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) is one of the high angular resolution diffusion imaging techniques that aims to address the limitations of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in order to resolve crossing fibres.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 73. 00 In stock and Use 3. 1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events. 3. 2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance. Scope 1. 1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods have failed. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts). 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1. 6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1. 7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval. 1. 8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Utrophin localized strongest at apical domains of ES cells (Figure 6H), but unfortunately bleached too quickly to generate any meaningful insights into the potential of actin localization dynamics. It had been shown that utrophin based actin highlighters do not localize to actin within lamellae (Belin et al. , 2014), which explains the relatively low amounts of basal utrophin signal. In contrast, fluorescent phalloidin labels actin filament enrichment at both apical and basal domains of ES cells (not shown). Our observations of consistent apical localization of myosin throughout ES cycling suggests that the same contractility both counteracts hydrostatic pressure during inflation and drives deflation when hydrostatic pressure drops as the relief valve is opened. We did not observe any sudden changes in myosin localization or behavior that would indicate regulation for either inflation or deflation. Analysis of myosin localization in lmx1bb crispants (-Cas9 knockout embryos) revealed similar apical localization and dynamic basal puncta (Figure 6I, Video 12, representative of 2 time-lapses). To determine whether the mutant ES tissue has elastic material properties, we punctured the otic vesicle with a tungsten needle and found that the distended ES rapidly collapsed (5/5 mutant puncture experiments caused ES collapse, Figure 6K). Global inhibition of actin or myosin with cytochalasin D or (S)-nitro-blebbistatin correlated with ES deflation. However, it is currently impossible to determine whether this is owed to hydrostatic pressure not being maintained by the otic vesicle epithelium. Video 12 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as view of myosin-GFP during ES time course. Seven sequential slices (600 nm slice spacing) were combined as a maximum intensity projections (MIP) to make a 4. 2 μm slabs. 4 sequential 4. 2 μm slabs, starting with the distal tip of the ES on the left, were tiled to consolidate the presentation of a complete 3D time course. On top is the time lapse of a wild-type embryo expression myosin-GFP. Below is an lmx1bb crispant expressing myosin-GFP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 48,49 Youths with psychosis, mood disorders, learning disabilities, substance use, autism-spectrum disorders, neurologic disorders or a full-scale IQ score lower than 80 were excluded from the study. of approved our study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from both participants and parents after clearly explaining the purpose and detailed experimental procedures of this study. All participants received the same psychiatric, neuropsychological and MRI assessments. The Conners’ TestThe Conners’ Test (CCPT) is a 14-minute computerized task for individuals aged 6 years and older. 50 It requires participants to tap on the spacebar when any character except “X” is shown on the screen. There are 6 blocks in the CCPT, including 3 sub-blocks that each contain 20 letter presentations, for a total of 360 trials. The sub-blocks differ in interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 1, 2, and 4 s, and the sequence of ISI conditions is presented randomly. There are 12 indexes covering different domains of CCPT performance: omission errors (the number of times not responding to a target), commission errors (the number of times responding to a nontarget), RT (the period of time between the presentation of the stimulus and the response), variability (intraindividual variability in RT), perseveration (RT < 100 ms), detectability (the ability to discriminate between targets and nontargets), hit RT standard errors (consistency of RT), response style (a function of the ratio of hit target [hit rate] to hit non-target [false alarm rate] stimuli), Hit RT changed by blocks (the slope of change in RT over 6 blocks as the test progresses), standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks, hit RT changed by ISIs (whether performance decreases with longer ISIs), and standard errors of hit ISI change (whether performance becomes more variable with longer ISIs). Based on the factor analysis by Egeland and Kovalik-Gran,51 indexes of CCPT can be grouped into 4 dimensions: focused attention (RT variability and hit RT standard errors, detectability and omission errors), hyperactivity/impulsivity (commission errors, RT, response style and perseverations), sustained attention (hit RT changed by blocks and standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks) and vigilance (hit RT ISI change and standard errors of hit ISI change).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: 9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version F1210-19 F1210-23 Active F1210-14 F1210-08 F1210-89R07 F1210-89R99 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Scale bar is 10 μm. Given the finding that ES lamellae are dynamic with myosin puncta and phalloidin stain, we asked whether Rac1, known to promote actin polymerization in lamellipodial protrusions, was important for ES valve function (Waterman-Storer et al. , 1999). Heat-shock induction, throughout the embryo, of a dominant negative Rac1 at 56 hpf resulted in otic vesicles that became leaky and subsequently collapsed between 60 and 70 hpf (Video 13, 19/34 leaky and collapsed ears versus 1/12 in a heat-shock gfp control)(Kardash et al. , 2010). In contrast, heat shock induction of the dominant negative Rac1 at 32 hpf, prior to ES formation, did not result in leaking or ear collapse during the subsequent 15 hr (while 0/20 leaky or collapsed ears versus and 0/14 in a heat-shock gfp control). These results are consistent with an important role for the basal lamellipodia of the ES for maintaining barrier integrity during inflation and deflation cycles. Precise analysis of the roles of actin and myosin networks during ES inflation cycles will require either the identification of regulators specific to the ES or actomyosin perturbations specific to the ES. Video 13 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as heat shock dnRac1 time course. Embryos were heat shocked at 55 hpf. At 57 hpf, α-bungarotoxin protein and 3 kDa dextran-Texas red were injected into the hearts. Time course began at 58 hpf, membrane citrine is green, perilymph is magenta. Scale bar is 10 μm. Basal lamellae open for deflation While we had evidence that lamellae can separate in our EM images and evidence that the epithelial barrier breaks during deflation, as seen in the leak in fluorescence from labeled perilymph, it remained uncertain whether separation of lamellae precipitated the deflation events. To observe evidence of the lamellar valve opening, we looked for instances when the membrane signal of lamellar barriers was disrupted prior to deflation events using AO-LLSM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Two of the control youths had ODD. Both the ADHD and control youths were well-matched at the individual level, with no significant group differences in the distribution of sex, handedness, age, full-scale IQ or type of coil used during MRI assessment. Despite no group difference in performance IQ, youths with ADHD had lower verbal IQ than controls (Table 1). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participantsMicrostructural propertyYouths with ADHD had significantly lower mean GFA values than control youths in the 3 left frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate–VLPFC, caudate–DLPFC, caudate–OFC tracts), the bilateral SLF and the right cingulum bundle (Table 2). The effect sizes were higher than 0. 3 in these 6 tracts. We further analyzed the group differences in mean GFA values after removing the 6 participants using a different type of coil or the 2 left-handed participants. All findings remained significant, even after comparing the 47 youths with ADHD to the 47 control youths who used a 32-channel phased array head coil (See the 0. 06, Cohen d −0. 268; Table S3). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 2 Comparisons of the generalized fractional anisotropy values of 10 fibre tracts between youths with ADHD and controlsAttention performanceYouths with ADHD generally performed worse than control youths across the 4 dimensions of attention performance assessed using the CCPT (Table 3), with effect sizes higher than 0. 5 except in the indexes of response style and standard error of RT ISI change. Compared with control youths, youths with ADHD had more omission errors, higher standard errors of hit RT and variability and lower detectability (impaired focused attention); youths with ADHD also had more commission errors and a higher rate of perseverations (impulsivity), higher scores with standard errors of hit RT changed by blocks (impaired sustained attention) and longer hit RT with higher standard errors (p = 0. 06) and increased ISIs (declined vigilance) than controls.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We were able to witness instances when membrane signal from inflated lamellae was disrupted prior to deflation (yellow arrows, Figure 7A–D, lumen magenta, adjacent cells colored in at first at last time-points). These events can be accompanied by a thin lamellar protrusion sticking out into the perilymph (arrow, Figure 7D). Examination of the raw and rendered segmentations prior to and following breaks in membrane continuity showed that it preceded a deflation event (reduction in local volume of ES lumen, magenta, Figure 7A,C). To confirm that the small openings cause the rapid expulsion of endolymph during deflation events, we more closely examined time-lapse movies with labeled endolymph (Figure 7E, yellow endolymph volume before and after two rapid openings). Close examination of the path of endolymph release revealed a small opening through which endolymph travels out into the periotic space (x-y and y-z planes at relief valve openings, yellow arrows, Figure 7E). Narrow paths of pressure release were observed in all high time-resolution (20 s) time-lapse movies of endolymph dynamics (four fish in Video 14 exhibit 16 opening events). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Basal lamellae open prior to deflation. (A,C) 3D renderings of segmented cells and ES lumen. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Raw data of membrane citrine AO-LLSM data spanning same time range as in (A). First and last time point are overlaid with segmentations for cells and lumen (magenta) neighboring the region of valve opening. In (A–D) arrows point to site of lamellae separating, dotted outlines indicate field of views in B and D, en. indicates endolymph lumen, peri. indicates perilymph. (C) Anterior view of another instance of lamellae separating. (D) Raw data spanning time range of (C). (E) Dorsal view of endolymph volume within ES lumen and time points before and after two release events. Middle and right panels show x-y and y-z ortho-planes of the isolated release sites, highlighted with yellow arrows (14), n = 8 (F) Illustrated pressure relief mechanism.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: View this table:View inlineView popupTable 3 Comparisons of performance factors on the Conner’s Test between youths with ADHD and controlsCorrelations of fibre tract property with clinical symptoms and CCPT performanceThe GFA values of the right caudate-VLPFC, bilateral caudate–and cingulum bundle were negatively correlated with inattention symptoms in youths with ADHD (26. 33, p < 0. 001, R2 = 0. 23). Table 4 presents different association patterns of the microstructural property of fibre tracts, as indicated by the GFA values and CCPT indexes in the final fitted model, using the backward elimination method in control youths and youths with ADHD separately. Generally speaking, the CCPT indexes were significantly associated with all tracts of interest in the control group, whereas no CCPT indexes were significantly related to the frontostriatal tracts to connect to the VLPFC in youths with ADHD. The GFA values of the right caudate–VLPFC, left caudate-DLPFC and left caudate–OFC explained the dimension of focused attention in control youths, while only significant associations in the left caudate–DLPFC and right caudate-OFC tracts were attributed to ADHD. The severity of the impulsivity dimension was related to the GFA values of all 3 frontostriatal tracts, right SLF and right cingulum bundle in control youths, but only to those of the left caudate–OFC tract, right SLF and left cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. Sustained attention was related to the GFA values of the left caudate–VLPFC, right caudate-–DLPFC tracts, left caudate–OFC and left cingulum bundle in control youths, and to those of the bilateral caudate–DLPFC tracts, right SLF and right cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. The GFA values of the left caudate–DLPFC tract and right cingulum bundle correlated with vigilance in control youths, while the microstructural property of the left caudate–DLPFC tract and left cingulum bundle accounts for vigilance in youths with ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 73. 00 In stock Significance and guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events. This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance. Scope 1. 1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods have failed. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts). 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Video 14 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as time course at high time resolution reveal sites of release. Four embryos with 3 kDa dextran-Texas red injected into the otic vesicle. First three are 3-D rendered volumes from a dorsal view. The fourth fish is 3-D rendered from a transverse view (as in Videos 4 and 5). Scale bar is 10 μm. report identification of the ES as a pressure relief valve based on six lines of evidence. First, the lumen of the ES slowly inflates and then rapidly deflates every ~0. 3–4. 4 hr. Second, deflation of the ES coincides with a breach in its epithelial diffusion barrier. Third, laser ablation of the otic epithelium is sufficient to induce rapid deflation of the inflating ES. Fourth, the ultrastructure of the closed and opened relief valves in the ES shows that lamellar barriers can pull apart. Fifth, high temporal and spatial resolution time course imaging reveal lamellae that behave like lamellipodia: constantly crawling over one another before they separate to relieve pressure and excess volume. Sixth, perturbation of the valve’s development with a genetic mutation causes distension of the ES as found in common ear disorders such as Ménière’s disease, Pendred syndrome, and Aqueduct syndrome (Levenson et al. , 1989; Jackler and Cruz, 1989; Belal and Antunez, 1980; Schuknecht and Gulya, 1983). Upon first observing the inflation and deflation cycles of the ES, we postulated that the underlying mechanism could either be a response to organ-wide hydrostatic pressure within the otic vesicle, a local tissue behavior where the ES inflates with fluid from the perilymph, or a local tissue behavior where cells in the ES periodically coordinate their movements to expand the ES volume. Our ablation experiments indicated that pressure is transmitted to the ES from the OV and that the tissue is elastic because it collapses quickly when the stress from hydrostatic pressure is removed (Figure 2E–F).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: View this table:View inlineView popupTable 4 Final model of significant correlates from white matter fibre tracts for the attention dimensions as assessed by the findings provided the first data on the correlations between the microstructural property of the right SLF and multiple dimensions of attention in youths with ADHD by taking advantage of the strengths from using DSI tractography analysis, comprehensively investigating several major fibre tracts associated with ADHD, assessing multiple dimensions of attention through clinical interviews and CCPT, using a relatively larger sample size than previous investigations and maintaining a strictly matched case–control study design. We also found that youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle; performed worse in focused attention, sustained attention, inhibition and vigilance; and had altered right SLF microstructural property (which was most significantly associated with inattention symptoms of ADHD) than controls. Moreover, the microstructural property of the target tracts generally was either associated with or had differential patterns of associations with attention performance in youths with ADHD than controls in terms of the fewer attention components involved or the lack of association with any of the attention performance, as detailed in the sections that follow. Alteration of white matter microstruactual propertyMost previous studies investigating white matter tract property in individuals with ADHD focused mainly on the frontostriatal tracts. 21,24,25 Our finding of decreased diffusion anisotropy in the left frontostriatal tracts in youths with ADHD is consistent with those of some previous studies using DTI22,31 and DSI,21,24 but inconsistent with those of other studies showing increased diffusion anisotropy in children with ADHD. 58,59 Most of the previous studies did not particularly emphasize the difference between the left and right sides of frontostriatal tracts. 22,31 In addition, a previous study from our group reported decreased diffusion anisotropy in the bilateral frontostriatal tracts. 21 However, the reduced cortical thickness,60 grey matter volume and white matter in the left prefrontal cortex of individuals with ADHD provided collateral evidence to support the altered frontostriatal tracts on the left side in those with ADHD, as discovered in our study. Our findings of decreased diffusion anisotropy of the SLF in youths with ADHD lends evidence to support previous studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This guide covers the use of oilspill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socio-economic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a "last resort" after all other methods have failed. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them after a spill takes place. 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1. 6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: The second and third models lack support: dye tracing shows that during inflation the ES is filled with endolymph from the otic vesicle, while perilymph only enters the ES during deflation when the epithelium is open. We did not observe coordinated cell movements within the ES other than stretching. Additionally, myosin appears to act consistently throughout the ES cycles likely providing a constant apical tension that both resists pressure-induced stretch during inflation and drives collapse during deflation by contributing to tissue elasticity. This constant activity precludes the need for sensors or signals to tell the valve when to inflate, when to open, and when to collapse. Furthermore, dynamic basal puncta of myosin may provide integrity to adhesion between basal lamellae with added tension (Ingber, 1997). Throughout our imaging experiments, whether the contrast was produced at plasma membranes, endolymph, or perilymph, we observed what appear to be small pockets of lumen that pinch off from the rest of the ES lumen (see Figures 2D,G, 5G, 6D–E and 7E, and Videos 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 14). These pockets were not present in the lmx1bb mutant, (Figure 3E). The simplest explanation is that fluid gets trapped in the lateral intracellular space as the apical junctions open but before the basal lamellae open or when the basal lamellae close after a deflation event. This is consistent with how the inclusions are often resolved in the next inflation cycle. Incorporating all of our observations, we surmise that increased pressure is managed through a combination of strain that stretches viscoelastic cells in the ES and adhesion distributed across the surface area of dynamic basal lamellae. Excess pressure and volume is then released when small openings form amongst compliant apical junctions of ES cells that transmits the stress of the ear’s hydrostatic pressure to the basal lamellae that hold until they separate to release excess pressure and volume. The elastic properties of the tissue then drive its deflation, basal lamellae reunite, and the homeostatic cycle begins again (Figure 7F). A physical relief valve in the ES, composed of overlapping basal lamellae, had not been previously identified because of the lack of sufficient temporal and spatial resolution as well as the lack of a system with an optically accessible ES.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 31–33 Despite the lack of change of the cingulum bundle property in individuals with ADHD reported in our prior investigation23 and in another study32 with a much larger independent sample and a different DSI tractography approach from our earlier investigation, current studies support decreased diffusion anisotropy of the cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. 31Correlations between the SLF and ADHD symptoms and attention performanceBecause fibre tracts other than the frontostriatal tracts have been less studied, the novelty of the present study is to demonstrate that the right SLF, rather than the frontostriatal tracts, was mostly associated with inattention symptoms in youths with ADHD. The SLF connects areas in the dorsal attention network, parietal lobe and frontal eye field. 62 This explains why the function of the SLF has been widely accepted for spatial attention, although only a few human studies on the structural connectivity of the SLF with regards to attention1,29 and working memory63 have been conducted in control youths. Until now, only 1 previous study of ADHD reported a correlation between attention performance and the right SLF in adults with ADHD. 34To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the association between the SLF and the inattention symptom/attention performance in youths with ADHD, and such a positive association has been reported only in adults with ADHD34 and control children. 29 Our findings of different association patterns led us to conclude that the SLF microstructural property was associated with cognitive and behavioural inhibition and sustained attention in youths with ADHD, but with focused attention in controls. Such a finding lends evidence to support the hypothesis that those with ADHD may engage in adaptive processing strategies to compensate for impairments in other brain regions. 64Furthermore, our results are in line with those of studies in healthy participants that demonstrate the importance of the SLF, especially the right side, in attention performance29 and working memory,30 which are considered to be major neuropsychological deficits in individuals with ADHD. 65 In addition, our findings raised a noteworthy issue: most studies reported correlations between the frontostriatal tracts and ADHD symptoms without considering the effects of other related white matter tracts. 21,24 Fibre tracts with different microstructural property and fibre tracts involved in neuropsychological impairment in patients with ADHD are important candidates to examine in order to determine how these altered pathways contribute to the etiology of ADHD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology only studies large bodies of water like lakes and ignores small ponds and streams. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 08 Committee F20 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This guide covers the use of oilspill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socio-economic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1. 2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a "last resort" after all other methods have failed. 1. 3 This is a general guide only. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1. 4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them after a spill takes place. 1. 5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1. 6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Thin overlapping basal junctions are seen at the marginal folds of lymph and blood capillaries (Baluk et al. , 2007). Capillaries flank the developing and adult ES and the similarity between the cross-sectional ultrastructure of lamellar barriers and capillaries, as well as vacuoles, could have led to inaccurate annotation of lamellar barriers (Kronenberg and Leventon, 1986). EM micrographs of the rat, guinea pig, tree frog, and human ES showed instances of thin cytoplasmic extensions enclosing large lumens, which were annotated as capillaries or large vacuoles (Bagger-SjobackSjöbäck et al. , 1986; Bagger-Sjöbäck and Rask-Andersen, 1986; Dahlmann and von Düring, 1995; Kawamata et al. , 1987; Møller et al. , 2013; Qvortrup et al. , 1999). More recent EM studies of the human ES, which used more refined techniques to prepare samples from adult cadavers, recognized similar structures as belonging to the distal portion of the ES and described them as interconnected lumen resembling a network of cisterns (Møller et al. , 2013). While appearing more elaborate in humans, the structural unit of the relief valve seems to be conserved. However, because of insufficient spatial and temporal resolution, it remains to be determined whether these cells have overlapping lamellae and whether they function as a physical relief valve. Primarily, pressure relief prevents endolymphatic hydrops—the buildup of pressure and potential tearing of the ear’s epithelium—that is associated with many inner ear pathologies. Secondarily, low-frequency deflations of the ES may drive intermittent longitudinal flow of endolymph from the cochlea and semicircular canals into the endolymphatic duct and sac. The presence of longitudinal flow had been proposed to explain the accumulation of debris and tracers within the ES and, while never directly observed in an unperturbed inner ear, longitudinal flow can be induced and observed through manipulations of the inner ear (Salt, 2001; Salt and DeMott, 1998; Salt and Plontke, 2010; Salt et al. , 1986).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Correlations between frontostriatal tracts and attention performance in youths with ADHDOur finding that the frontostriatal tracts property was associated with the performance of attention tasks in both youths with ADHD and controls is consistent with those of some previous studies. 23,24 Although the associations of the caudate–VLPFC tract with all attention dimensions were noted in controls, no such associations were found in youths with ADHD. Our results support other recent evidence of such an association noted only in control children and not in those with ADHD. 21,25 One of the explanations for the different association patterns between the ADHD and control groups is that children with ADHD may compensate through the use of other brain regions and tracts when performing attention tasks. 64 For instance, our findings demonstrated that the performance of focused attention relied on the frontostriatal tracts connecting the and OFC in control youths. However, youths with ADHD mainly relied on the right caudate–OFC. Consequently, we hypothesized that the tracts responsible for the performance of focused attention shifted to the right caudate–OFC owing to alteration in the left frontostriatal tracts in youths with ADHD. Correlations between the cingulum bundle and attention performance in youths with is a critical region for executive attention, cognitive control and self-regulation,66 while the cingulum bundle is involved in sustained attention36 and executive functions38 in healthy individuals. However, only 1 previous study from our group focused on this issue in patients with ADHD and demonstrated the correlation between the cingulum bundle and intraindividual variability of RT in youths with ADHD. 23 The present study provided further evidence of the association between cingulum bundle integrity and a wider range of attention performance, such as inhibition, sustained attention and vigilance, in both controls and youths with ADHD. LimitationsOur findings should be interpreted in the context of some limitations. First, owing to a cross-sectional study design, we could not determine whether the different diffusion anisotropy of white matter tracts between youths with ADHD and controls reflects the underlying neuropathology of ADHD or the consequences of a compensatory neurodevelopmental process. Second, although 10 youths with ADHD had been treated with methylphenidate before scanning and their last dose of methylphenidate was at least 1 week before the neuropsychological and MRI assessment, long-term effects of medication on microstructural property may still exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2779523/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMeasurement of pH, conductivity, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Pb, Cu, Mn, Al, Zn and Fe of atmospheric deposition samples collected during 2014 September to 2015 March were conducted using acid precipitation sampler (APS) equipped with wet-only and dry-only collectors. Sampler was placed in Peradeniya (Latitude 6. 973701, Longitude 79. 915256), Kandy District, in and together 48 samples were collected and analysed. The volume weighted average (VWA) concentrations of the major ionic species present in wet-only precipitation samples were in the order of Na+ > NH4+ > Cl− > SO42− > Ca2+ > NO3− > K+ > Mg2+, while the order for dry-only is Na+ > Cl− > K+ > Ca2+ > SO42− > NH4+ > NO3− > Mg2+ with high concentrations were recorded in dry-only deposition. The lower values for most of the parameters observed in wet depositions are due to the dilution of atmospheric chemical constituents. Neutralization of acidity of dry-only deposition is much more related to CaCO3 than to NH3. The difference between wet and dry depositions of trace elements is likely due to the difference in the size distribution between the elements in atmospheric p2015. This automatic sampler (Fig. 2) consists of two HDPE buckets with mechanically operated cover which is mounted on table 100 cm above the ground level to prevent contamination. This cover is controlled by sensor which can detect in the case of rain event. This equipment has a rainfall counter to count the rain events. During episode of rain, one bucket is open for rain (wet-only) and soon after the completion of rainfall the sensor is heated automatically closing the wet-only bucket opening the dry-only bucket. Wet-only samples were collected after each rainfall episode while dry-only samples were collected by adding 300 ml of deionized water once a week.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: The localized inflation and patterned formation of valve cells leads to a localized break at the ES lamellar barriers. The local break could create a transient pressure gradient that leads to flow from other parts of the inner ear towards the endolymphatic duct and sac. The intermittent and slow nature of this flow could explain conflicting interpretations of classic studies using tracer injections where tracer accumulated in the ES after long periods of time but significant flow was absent when observed on short time scales (Guild, 1927; Manni and Kuijpers, 1987; Salt, 2001; Salt et al. , 1986). We observed longitudinal flow in action with the expulsion of leaked-in perilymph (Figure 2G, Video 5) Lmx1bb is a LIM homeobox transcription factor. Mutations in LMX1B cause syndrome in humans and a third of syndrome patients develop glaucoma, a phenotype also observed in mouse models (Cross et al. , 2014; Liu and Johnson, 2010; Mimiwati et al. , 2006). The mechanism by which glaucoma arises in the disease and in mouse models is not clear; however, the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal appear abnormal in these cases. Giant vacuoles and pores in Schlemm’s canal may be used to relieve intraocular pressure, and their ultrastructure resembles the lamellar barriers of the ES (Gong et al. , 2002). Like the ear, pulsatile pressure relief occurs in the eye, although at the higher frequency of the heart rate, and Schlemm’s canal is a major site of the pressure relief (Ascher, 1962; Johnstone et al. , 2011). Additionally, up to half of syndrome patients suffer from kidney disease (Bennett et al. , 1973). During podocyte maturation apical junctions are lost, thereby enabling development of the basal slit diaphragm that filters blood (Pavenstädt et al. , 2003). In mice lacking LMX1B activity, podocytes fail to lose their apical junctions (Miner et al. , 2002). Removal of apical junctions may thus be a specialized mechanism used in organs where elaborations of junction architectures allow controlled release of fluids from one compartment into another. Furthermore, the mouse Lmx1a mutant exhibits defects (Koo et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Third, our sensitivity analysis produced almost consistent results after removing the 6 participants in whom a different type of coil was used or after removing the 2 left-handed participants. Therefore, the significant group difference in the mean GFA for some tracts is unlikely to be a chance variation. Finally, we did not correct for multiple comparisons in our analyses given the scarce literature on this topic. 67 We presented original statistical results to allow readers to evaluate their importance and significance. 7 Research in an independent sample would be necessary to replicate and validate the present findings. ConclusionThis study provides strong evidence to support altered white matter tract property in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. Besides the frontostriatal tracts, our data suggest that the SLF and cingulum bundle are also involved in the core neuropathological underpinnings of ADHD since the property of these tracts was associated with several attention components. In addition, such differential association patterns between youths with ADHD and controls implied the possibility of a compensatory mechanism. We suggest further studies to examine other fibre tracts theoretically associated with ADHD neuropathology and that such studies use different tasks to assess more dimensions of neuropsychological functions, conduct subgroup analyses if the sample size is large enough and collect longitudinal data. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Council (NSC99-2627-B-002-015, NSC100-2627-B-002-014, NSC101-2627-B-002-002, NSC101-2321-B-002-079) and the (NTUH101-S1910), Taiwan. The manuscript preparation was supported by the (NHRI-EX102-0008PI) and Ministry of (101-EC-17-A-19-S1-175), Taiwan. FootnotesCompeting interests: None declared. Contributors: H. -L. Chiang and S. S. -F. Gau designed the study. W. -Y. I. Tseng and S. S. -F. Gau acquired the data, which and S. S. -F. Gau analyzed. H. -L. Chiang, Y. -J. Chen and S. S. F. Gau wrote the 2008. 21, 2014. Revision received August 29, 2014. 25, 2015. 46.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: Collectors were pre-washed with ASTM Type 1 deionized water before placing in the sampler. Sample preservation The volume of the wet-only samples was measured. Both wet-only and dry-only samples were then filtered using 0. 45 µm syringe filters and divided into two parts; one part was stored in pre-cleaned polyethylene bottles and refrigerated at 4°C prior to ion analysis. Other part was stored in pre-cleaned polyethylene bottles followed by acidification to about pH < 2 by adding analytical grade HNO3 (), and refrigerated at 4°C prior to metal analysis. Determination of pH and conductivity The pH and conductivity of rainwater samples were measured soon after sampling using Orion 3 Star pH meter and sens ION + EC5 portable conductivity meter, respectively. Determination of anions and cations Selected cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg+ 2 and Ca+ 2) and anions (Cl−, NO3− and SO42−) were quantitatively determined using ICS 900 ion chromatograph with chemical suppression mode. For anion analysis, Dionex ionpack AS23 (4 × 250 mm) column was used, while Dionex ionpack CS12A (4 × 250 mm) column was used for cation analysis. The detection limits of F−, Cl−, NO3− and SO4 2− ions were found to be 1. 6, 1. 1, 1. 0 and 2. 0 µeq l− 1, respectively, and those of Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were 2. 2, 2. 8, 1. 5, 6. 5 and 6. 0 µeq l− 1, respectively (Liyandeniya et al. 2020a). Determination of metal ion concentration Total concentration of trace metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb) was determined using Spectrometer (GFAAS) (Thermo electron M5 GF95 System) with deuterium background correction. Detection limits for elements were within the range of 0. 1–2. 0 µg L− 1 Quality controlling Quality of the analysis was achieved by running known standards with the same matrix as analyte (both ions and elements) between 20 sample intervals to check the reproducibility and the accuracy of analytical results with 95% confidence level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: , 2009) like the fish lmx1bb mutant in that they exhibit similarly enlarged ears. Similarity in its protein sequence and expression suggests that mouse Lmx1a and fish lmx1bb likely have comparable activities. We speculate that LMX1 transcription factors may have a common set of targets in the ES, eye, and kidney involved in apical junction remodeling to regulate fluid flow across epithelia. We find that apical junctions and basal lamellae in the endolymphatic sac behave like a pressure relief valve to regulate fluctuating volume and pressure that arises from excess endolymph in the inner ear (Figure 7F). The high temporal and spatial resolution of AO-LLSM, combined with image processing tools for segmenting, tracking, and quantifying cell geometries, was necessary to reveal the dynamic cell behaviors underlying the pulsing of the ES. While cells of the ES are immobile epithelial cells, the cell extensions resemble lamellipodia of crawling cells in thickness (40 nm), speed (as fast as ~1 μm per minute), and regulatory mechanism (Rac1) (Abercrombie, 1980). Because of limitations of imaging, it remains unclear how each cell’s basal lamellae, residual apical and lateral adhesion, and basal interface with the extracellular matrix contribute to the physical behavior of the ES. Of related interest is how the crawling lamellae adhere to their substrate in the ES to generate a barrier without gaps during the inflation phase. The force of this adhesion, in combination with the viscoelastic properties of the ES, likely determines the relief valve’s set point for volume and pressure homeostasis. For the inner ears of adult mammals, this set point is likely around 100–400 Pascals, although it is unknown how much the inner ear’s pressure and volume fluctuate (Park et al. , 2012). In our mutant over-inflation videos we observed an instance of an incomplete deflation (Video 6) that contrasts with wild-type deflation cycles and mutant ES collapse after the otic vesicle was punctured (Figure 6J).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Relations between Test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. J Psychol 2003;31:543–54. ↵. Association between the DAT1 gene and spatial working memory in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;17:9–21. ↵. Visual memory as a potential cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2011;41:2603–14. ↵The short DRD4 repeats confer risk to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a family-based design and impair performance on a continuous performance test (TOVA). 2002;7:790–4. ↵DRD4 gene variants and sustained attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of associated alleles at the VNTR and −521 SNP. 2005;136B:81–6. OpenUrl↵Absence of the 7-repeat variant of the DRD4 VNTR is associated with drifting sustained attention in children with ADHD but not in controls. 2008;147B:927–37. OpenUrl↵Functional effects of the DAT1 polymorphism on EEG measures in ADHD. 2003;42:986–93. ↵Dissecting the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype: sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in relation to dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype. Neuropsychologia 2005;43:1847–57. ↵Association between dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism and scores on a continuous performance test in Korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2009;6:216–21. OpenUrlPubMed↵The 1287 G/A polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) is involved in commission errors in Korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Funct 2011;7:12OpenUrlPubMed↵Bush G. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:278–300. ↵Parametric manipulation of conflict and response competition using rapid mixed-trial event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 2003;20:2135–41. ↵. The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2005;57:1285–92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficient and principal component analysis Spearman’s correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a monotonic relationship between paired data, and its interpretation is similar to that of Pearsons. Further, the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the variables chosen from the Spearman correlation coefficient. The PCA was applied to determine whether the sources of respective pollutants were anthropogenic or natural. Minitab 16 statistical software was used for statistical treatment of data. composition variation Table 1 presents VWA values, ranges obtained for pH, conductivity, inorganic ions including F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ for wet-only and dry-only deposition samples. The VWA value and the range for conductivity were 6. 84 µS cm− 1 and 2. 25 − 20. 84 µS cm− 1 for the wet-only deposition, while the corresponding values for dry-only deposition were 7. 78 and 1. 92–17. 65 µS cm− 1, respectively. The VWA concentrations of the major ionic species present in wet-only precipitation samples were in the order of Na+ > NH4+ > Cl− > SO42− > Ca2+ > NO3− > K+ > Mg2+, while the order for dry-only samples was Na+ > Cl− > K+ > Ca2+ > SO42− > NH4+ > NO3− > Mg2+. The above results indicate that the difference in the order of the concentration of respective ions depends on the sampling type. Further, it is clearly indicated that wind and the geographical location of the sampling play a pivotal role in the composition of the rain water chemistry. Although there is a difference in the order of ions, Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, NH4+ and SO42− are found to be the dominant ions, in general, in both wet-only and dry-only samples. A similar observation has been made in India in 2017 (Bhaskar and Rao 2017; Bisht et al. 2017). It can also be stated that marine contribution in both types of samples can be predicted by the presence of Na+ and Cl−, which is further supported by previous studies (Li et al. , 2016; Chathuranga et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: This difference raises the questions of how pathological tearing of otic epithelium from endolymphatic hydrops might lead to hearing and balance symptoms and whether the organization of the endolymphatic duct and sac prevents an influx of low potassium perilymph from coming into direct contact with the stereocilia of sensory hair cells. Determination of the molecular basis of lamellar barrier organization and apical junction dynamics will be necessary to make progress on how the physical relief valve works and how it might fail to cause disease. Materials and methods Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain, strain background (Danio rerio): ZDB-GENO-960809–7Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)lmx1bb mutant, ale uchu (jj410 allele): 17574823jj410; : ZDB-ALT-070426–3Schibler and Malicki, 2007Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine-citrine)hm30Megason lab, PMID: 25303534hm30; : ZDB-ALT-150209–1Xiong et al. , 2014Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm32Megason lab, PMID: 27535432hm32; : ZDB-ALT-161213–1Aguet et al. , 2016Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm33Megason lab, PMID: 27535432hm33; : ZDB-ALT-161213–2Aguet et al. , 2016Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(−5. 0lmx1bb:d2eEGFP)mw10gift from Brian Link's lab, PMID: 19500562mw10; : ZDB-ALT-091218–2McMahon et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD. Psychiatry 2007;164:1729–36. ↵Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. 2004;7:1370–5. ↵Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2006;63:540–9. ↵Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. Psychiatry 2009;166:83–94. ↵A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention. Cortex 2012;48:194–215. ↵White matter tract integrity of frontostriatal circuit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with attention performance and symptoms. Mapp 2014;35:199–212. ↵Tamm L, Barnea-Goraly N, Reiss AL. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals white matter abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2012;202:150–4. ↵-Gu SL, et al. Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. 2013;44:1751–64. OpenUrl↵Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2013;43:1093–107. OpenUrl↵Decreased frontostriatal microstructural organization in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mapp 2012;33:1941–51. ↵White matter abnormalities and their impact on attentional performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci 2012;262:351–60. ↵. The role of parietal cortex during sustained visual spatial attention. 2009;1302:157–66. ↵Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study. 2005;15:854–69.

Output: corroborate