Input: Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Panelists can be scheduled quite easily and are able to take part in either regularly planned or as well spontaneously organized synchronic test situations. But how about panelists in so-called “external panels,” who must travel to be able to participate in regular on-site and synchronic trainings and test situations? Such dates can be organized and scheduled only medium or long-term presupposed. Rather flexible and spontaneous testing under such conditions is almost not possible. This consideration shows us—independently from pandemic situations—the need for additional appropriate test settings, that on the one hand can secure high standards of data quality/validity in sensory analysis and are on the other hand flexible as well as time and cost-efficient. Doing sensory trainings and tests with panelists “remote” (off-site), meaning that panelists work at home respectively at defined and standardized “home-testing-stations,” cause less costs for traveling (time per panelist, transportation). Data can be collected and exchanged online (web-based) either synchronously or asynchronously and as well panel meetings can take place remotely. Moreover, the latest data even show a better availability of panelists, due to less necessary time effort for traveling and thereby as well a higher motivation for contribution in panel work, compared to more elaborate (in situ) settings [6]. The aim of the study at hand is to prove the overall performance of participating sensory panels and the quality of the collected data. The focus lies on the evaluation of the suitability of “in situ” test situations (sensory laboratory) versus “remote” test situations (home test stations) for the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Additionally, the criteria of homogeneity between the considered panels as well as homogeneity, consistency, and repeatability of each single panel are particularly interesting in this context. Advertisement 3. Materials and methods3. 1 Panels and panelistsThe study at hand compares results from two sensory olive oil panels, namely the Oil Panel/DOP and the Oil Panel/SOP. Both panels are objective expert panels whose members have many years of experience in the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Specific infrastructure makes it possible to either carry out sensory tests synchronously and “in situ” in sensory laboratory (or comparable) situations, equipped with test booth, heaters, etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mittelbach et al. (2015) also found that differences in pollinator types partly explained variation in nectar yeast composition between plants. Pollinators of plants sampled for this study included solitary bees, stingless bees, hummingbirds, beetles, and bats. Thus, it seems reasonable to postulate that these different groups will carry different yeast species, and the closest yeast-plant correspondences are also caused by particular flower visitors carrying particular yeasts to flowers. For example, correspondence between K. cleridarum and the cactus O. dilleni is explained by the association of this yeast with beetles of the genus Carpophilus, which contact cactus flowers to feed on nectar and pollen and release yeast cells to this environment (Lachance & Starmer, 2008). Correspondence of Starmerella sp. and M. ipomoeae with I. crinicalyx denote that the flower visitors are bees and nitidulid beetles (Rosa et al. , 2003; Lachance et al. , 2001). The association of M. ipomoeae and M. lochheadii with Ipomoea species results from the association of these yeasts with Conotelus beetles (Lachance et al. , 2001). In contrast, looser yeast-plant correspondences involved mostly basidiomicetous yeasts (except C. sorbosivorans) isolated in non-flower, non-nectar substrates and probably arrive to nectar through accidental contamination or air dispersal (Lachance et al. , 2001; Valério, Gadanho & Sampaio, 2002; Fell & Tallman, 1980; Yang et al. , 2010). Additionally, plant-yeast species correspondences mostly involved ascomycetous yeasts. In fact, ascomycetous yeasts showing correspondence with plants all belong to the same Saccharomycetes class (subphylum Saccharomycotina), while basidiomycetous taxa isolated from nectar belong to several classes such as Tremellomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Hyphomycetes (subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: In addition, TLRs can be receptors for cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-13. At present, there are 13 known TLRs. In mammals, the most important is TLR4. This receptor of bacterial endotoxins plays the key role in the induction of innate immunity and inflammation. TLR4 is activated by bacterial LPS due to the coordinated and successive effects of three other proteins: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LPP), cluster of differentiation antigen CD14, and myeloid differentiation protein MD-2 receptors. The latter bind LPS and present it to TLR4 in monomeric form by forming an active complex [TLR4·MD-2·LPS] (Gómez-Llorente et al. , 2010). Moreover, immunoglobulins of all classes are found in the gut of adults (secretory immunoglobulins A (IgА) being predominant). The proven effect of gut microbiota on immune adaptation and the development of human tolerance to external factors allowed the use of microorganism—human symbionts for the prevention and treatment of quite a number of diseases (Peri et al. , 2012). In 2020, COVID-19 became a threat to the world population, and its study has given high relevance to the role of the gut microbiota in the course and treatment of this disease. COVID-19: the world is gripped by the pandemic of the new coronaviral infection, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Thus pathogen has rapidly spread all over the world since the first outbreak in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, an enveloped RNA virus. The average incubation period is 5–14 days; the basic reproduction number is estimated to be 2. 1–3. 4 (Weiss et al. , 2005; Li et al. , 2019; Gralinski and Menachery, 2020; Wang et al. , 2020). It is known that COVID-19 binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its receptor (Yan et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yeast effects on nectar Our results show that the overall effect of yeast cell density on nectar sugars generally involves changes in the composition of nectar sugars that denote not only a chemical signature of yeast metabolism but also a nectar quality impoverishment since the sugar concentration decreases with increasing yeast cell density. This phenomenon has been reported previously by Herrera, García & Pérez (2008) and de Vega & Herrera (2013). By reducing the nutritional value of nectar, the foraging behavior of pollinators is affected and nectar-living yeasts become a factor that drives plant–pollinator interactions (Herrera, Pozo & Medrano, 2013; see also Vannette, Gauthier & Fukami, 2013; Good et al. , 2014; Schaeffer & Irwin, 2014). Although more data from additional tropical communities are needed, it is reasonable to expect that nectar-living yeasts will have ecologically significant implications in plant–pollinator interactions at the community level because of their effects on community-wide floral nectar traits and the foraging behavior of flower visitors. The results from this study also show that nectar alteration by yeasts is not a rare phenomenon in the community of host plants and is probably more frequent in tropical plant communities than is currently acknowledged. Yeast cell density and the interaction between different yeast groups and host plants account for most of the variance observed in nectar sugar concentration in this study. Although different yeast groups were not found to have different impacts on nectar traits, their interaction with host plants impacted nectar sugar concentration. One explanation is that the initial sugar concentration of nectar depends on the variance inherent to plant species in their nectar secretion. Nectar-living yeasts can match or mismatch with traits of initial nectar (e. g. , because of physiologic requirements of yeasts), therefore, different types of yeasts will differ in their ability to grow in different nectars (Herrera, Pozo & Bazaga, 2014). Moreover, floral nectars frequently contain plant metabolites that prevent yeast degradation of nectar (Adler, 2000; Thornburg et al. , 2003; Herrera et al. , 2010; Heil, 2011; Nepi et al. , 2012). The result is that some types (or species) of yeast will occur in specific host plants but will not occur in others. This pattern was observed across host plants in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The inducers can be bacterial products, phorbol esters, and polyelectrolytes. The cytotoxic effect of TNF-α is manifested as the induction of apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxide (NO). It is able to induce the synthesis of interferon γ (IFN-γ), which stimulates immune cells. TNF-α is one of the participants of inflammation induction; via paracrine stimulation of IL-8 production, it intensifies angiogenesis and the secretion of prostaglandins and determines the synthesis of proteins of the acute phase of inflammation. The involvement of TNF-α in the development of the immunoresponse is determined by the enhanced proliferation of B and T cells; it increases the thymus-dependent production of antibodies and inhibits the formation of immunological tolerance (Marko and Prka, 2013). an early stage of the development of microbiology, bacteria were considered, from a medical point of view, to be foreign “invaders” capable of causing various diseases. Accordingly, studies in microbiology were focused mainly on the elimination of bacteria with disinfecting agents, antibiotics, and other substances (Linares et al. , 2016). The initial discovery of the benefits of the presence of particular bacteria is associated with the name of E. Metchnikoff, a Nobel laureate who is recognized as a pioneer of the study of probiotics. In the early 20th century, E. Metchnikoff discovered that “beneficial” bacteria, especially lactic-acid bacteria, can exert a positive effect on digestion and the immune system (Marco et al. , 2006). Continuing Metchnikoff’s studies on the favorable effects of bacteria, from the in France administered bifidobacteria to infants suffering from diarrhea after bifidobacteria had been found in the gut microbiota of breast-fed babies (Mazloom et al. , 2019). Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when ingested in sufficient amounts, provide a health benefit (Fijan, 2014; Wang et al. , 2016). In 1995, G. Gibson introduced the term “prebiotic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee F02 $ 83. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the steady-state rate of transmission of oxygen gas into packages. More specifically, the method is applicable to packages that in normal use will enclose a dry environment. 1. 2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Version F1307-02 F1307-20 Active F1307-14 F1307-02R07 F1307-90 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For example, Metschnikowia group yeasts occur in I. crinicalyx, O. pinnatifida and T. stant but did not occur in the rest of the host plants. Similarly, Papilotrema group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, M. aegyptia, M. dissecta and O. pinnatifida, and Ustilago group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, I. nil, I. triloba, and M. dissecta. The observed diversity of nectar-living yeasts in the assemblage of host plants surveyed most likely represent only a portion of the actual number of species occurring in floral nectar in the area, suggesting that tropical communities harbor an impressive, as yet undiscovered diversity of yeast taxa associated with flower-nectar environments. The diversity of these types of yeasts is not only characterized by an important number of equally common species with low dominance but also by significant species correspondences between yeasts and nectariferous plants. Finally, the impact that the interaction between different types of yeasts and nectariferous plants exert on nectar sugars observed in this study suggests the existence of a nectar filtering process that sieves the initial assemblage of yeast species arriving to nectar from pollinators mouthparts, thus creating the opportunity for yeast ecological specialization. Data sets of tropical yeasts and host plants used in this study for the analyses of diversity, correspondence analysis, and power model regression Raw data of the incidence and cell density of nectar-living yeasts on the floral nectar of a tropical host plant community. Three data sets are shown, one used for the diversity analysis (diversity), another applied for the analysis of correspondence between yeasts and host plants (correspondence), and the last one used in the analysis of power model regression of yeast cell density versus concentration of nectar sugars (yeast effects). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-1 Download 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-2 sequences of representative yeasts resulted from nectar samples Nucleotide sequences of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: ” Prebiotics are nondigestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, lactulose, and inulin, that can stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, in particular, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Patel and DuPont, 2015). Postbiotics are unviable bacteria, bacterial cell structures, and metabolic products exerting positive effects on a host. Various metabolic products produced by postbiotics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polysaccharides, bacteriocins, functional peptides, proteins, etc. (Johnson et al. , 2019). The term “metabiotics” was introduced simultaneously with the term “probiotics” (Shenderov, 2013). The term “metabiotics” implies microecological agents based on low-molecular structural components, metabolites, and signaling molecules of bacteria—probiotics. They have a synergistic effect on the structural and regulatory genes of the cells of a macroorganism and regulate metagenomic stability, the posttranslational modification of gene products, and epigenetic regulation for the maintenance of the general state of health (Singh et al. , 2018). The terms “metabiotics” and “postbiotics” are similar and have the same meaning of identified active components in probiotics and established mechanisms of their action. In our studies, we use also the term “pharmbiotics. ” Pharmbiotics are probiotics and their products with the identified active components and the known mechanism of action. The vast majority of microorganisms currently recognized as probiotics are gram-positive bacteria. Probiotics primarily include specially selected strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Other groups of bacteria of the human gut microbiome—the so-called next generation probiotics—have also recently been actively studied (Chang et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will replace all forms of traditional delivery by 2030. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each sequence was obtained by two-way sequencing method using the primer combination NL1-NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited, assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-3 We thank ópez for assistance with DNA sequencing of yeasts; Atzelby López, Blanca Lizama, Cesar Canché and Raymundo González for assistance in the field and laboratory; Marina García for chemical analyses; Paulino Simá, for host-plant identification. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. Carlos M. Herrera conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Permission to collect from natural areas of the Yucatan was granted by Secretaría del y Recursos Naturales, Delegación Yucatán-Subsecretaría de Gestion para la Protección Ambiental: Dirección General de (oficio 00837/09). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The group large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) sequences used here are provided in a Supplemental File. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. work was supported by the de Ciencia y Tecnología through CB-2007-01 program (grant number 80031), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (grant number CGL2010-15964) and the Junta de Andalucía (grant number P09-RNM-4517).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Probiotics and their ingredients (components) are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries in the following three ways: (1) in foodstuffs (fermented products) with the declared status “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactococcus, which is established by the Food and (Mazloom et al. , 2019); (2) as dietary supplements, often over-the-counter (OTC); and (3) as drugs (pharmaceutical agents). Categorization depends on the manufacturers of the probiotics and the indications for their administration, as well as the requirements set by different regulatory authorities (Sanders et al. , 2018). The safety of foodstuffs or pharmaceutical agents intended to be eaten by humans, including probiotics, is the primary factor that makes it possible to avoid any health hazards. Some clinical studies have confirmed the safety of probiotics (with respect to the absence of toxicity) in different populations, including healthy adult volunteers, women in late pregnancy and their children at an early age (0–2 years old), children admitted to a hospital, and patients with weakened immunity. Probiotics a priori must be nonpathogenic, which means that they should never cause or aggravate any human disease, regardless of their source, i. e. , foodstuffs or OTC additives (Žuntar et al. , 2020). Other bacterial probiotics, which are still being studied, include bacilli, enterococci, lactococci, and streptococci (Behnsen et al. , 2013). In addition, the bacteria that can be potential probiotics include some gram-negative bacteria. The best example in this group is Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN1917), which is also known as Mutaflor. It has been used for many years in Germany to treat chronic constipation and colitis (Rijkers et al. , 2011; Behnsen et al. , 2013). The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii are also used as probiotics (Azad et al. , 2018). It should be emphasized that probiotic properties are characteristic not of all bacterial species but of individual strains, i. e. , they are exceptionally strain-specific.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Clones AFB1-1, NGC1-1, and NGC1-2 were evidently identical to their respective starting cells in the HLA type (S1 and S2 Tables) and Repeats (STR) genotype (S3 Table). hiHSa of hiof Both hESCs and three established clones, AFB1-1, NGC1-1, and NGC1-2, self-renewed under non-typical coculture with the MEFs in mTeSR1 medium on gelatin-coated dishes and were analyzed by DNA microarray. Hierarchical cluster analysis using the gene set defined by the (S4 Table) [25] reveals that the three clones clustered with hESCs (ES01, H9, BG03) and typical hiPSCs (201B7) but separated from fibroblasts, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HuH-7), and an uncultured human adult hepatocyte (S1 Fig). This analysis indicates that the three established clones were very similar to hESCs and hiPSCs in the expression profiling of the gene set. In detail, unlike typical hiPSCs and hESCs, the three established clones expressed the genes of alpha-1-antitrypsin (1) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) that are lineage markers for hepatocytes. Gene expression of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), which is a mature hepatic marker, was prominent only in the adult hepatocyte, not in the established clones. In other aspects, female-derived clone AFB1-1 expressed the XIST gene, but male-derived clones NGC1-1 and NGC1-2 did not. To investigate the expression of other hepatic genes, we extensively listed the genes (S5 Table) expressing in both the hepatocytes and the three clones except for those in fibroblasts, hESCs (ES01), and hiPSCs (201B7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2000. The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos 91:409-420 äffer. 1997. and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Research 25:3389-3402 Álvarez Pérez S, Herrera CM. 2013. Composition, richness and nonrandom assembly of culturable bacterial—microfungal communities in floral nectar of Mediterranean plants. 83:685-699. 2010. Patterns of diversity in marine phytoplankton. Science 327:1509-1511 -Brenes F, Fukami T. 2014. Temporal variation in fungal communities associated with tropical hummingbirds and nectarivorous bats. 12:44-51. 2012. Flowers as islands: spatial distribution of nectar-inhabiting microfungi among plants of Mimulus aurantiacus, a hummingbird-pollinated shrub. 63:711-718 Brysch-Herzberg M. 2004. Ecology of yeasts in plant–bumblebee mutualism in Central Europe. 50:87-100 Canto A, Herrera CM. 2012. Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes: microbial imprint on floral nectar sugar variation in a tropical plant community. Annals of Botany 110:1173-1183 ía IM, Pérez R, Vaz M. 2011. Intraplant variation in nectar traits in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae) as related to floral phase, environmental conditions and pollinator exposure. Flora 206:668-675 érez R, García IM. 2008. Pollinator foraging modifies nectar sugar composition in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae): an experimental test. of Botany 95:315-320 Chan-Vermont C, Rico-Gray V, Flores JS. 2002. Guía ilustrada de la flora costera representativa de la Península de Yucatán. 19:1-133. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. 84:45-67 Chao A, Jost L. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Probiotics have become widespread in the global market of health care; their circulation was 42. 64 billion in 2017 and will probably reach 87. 91 billion by 2026 ( fs33tg/global_probiotics? w=5). There is a large number of probiotics containing various bacterial cocktails that have been developed to offer some health benefits, from the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system (Fata et al. , 2018) and the GIT (Dimidi et al. , 2017), control of the serum cholesterol level (Ettinger et al. , 2014), and the treatment of allergic diseases (Felice et al. , 2008) to the treatment of mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression (Pirbaglou et al. , 2016; Bastiaanssen et al. , 2020; Cerdo et al. , 2020). It was shown that probiotic administration promotes the functioning of the intestinal barrier (Ohland and Macnaughton, 2010). For example, lactobacilli modulate the expression of numerous genes that encode the adherens junction proteins, such as E-cadherin and B-catenin in the T84 cell barrier model (Hummel et al. , 2012). In addition, the probiotic EcN1917 not only prevents the impairment of the mucus barrier caused by pathogenic E. coli but also restores the integrity of T84 and Caco-2 cells. This effect was mediated by the enhanced expression and changes in the positions of tight junction proteins zonula occludens (ZO-2) and protein kinase C (PKC), which resulted in the reconstruction of the complex of tight junctions (Zyrek et al. , 2007). Some of the major macromolecular components of the epithelial lining fluid include mucin glycoproteins and may be important in the development of metabolic syndrome. Probiotics promoting mucus secretion can improve the gut-barrier function and eliminate pathogens. One example is the administration of probiotic VSL#3 to rats for 7 days, which results in a 60-fold increase in MUC 2 expression and enhanced mucin secretion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Before the differentiation culture, hiHSCs were expanded under non-typical coculture with the MEFs in mTeSR1 medium on gelatin-coated dishes at a very high density. The cells were seeded with mTeSR1 medium on Matrigel-coated dishes, and they continued to culture in ReproStem medium without FGF-2 for 12 days. Interestingly, a high concentration of AFP was preliminarily detected in their culture supernatants. Therefore, we analyzed the gene expression in the cells by quantitative RT-PCR. As self-renewing hiHSCs expressed the genes of hepatic markers before the differentiation culture, the gene expressions were normalized to 1 in the self-renewing cells and compared to those of the differentiated cells at day 12. Beyond our expectations, clones AFB1-1 and NGC1-1 enhanced the gene expression of serum hepatic proteins (1, TTR, and AFP) remarkably (Fig 2A and 2C, S11 Fig, and S13 Fig) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7, and 7A1) partially (Fig 2B and 2D, S12 Fig, and S14 Fig). In contrast to those hepatic genes, hESC/hiPSC-specific genes (3/4, and SOX2) reduced their expression of the differentiated cells compared with those of the self-renewing cells (S11 and S13 Figs), as expected. In a detailed comparison, the differentiated cells of clones AFB1-1 and NGC1-1 expressed AFP higher, 1 and TTR similarly, and ALB lower in comparison with those of human adult and fetal livers (Fig 2A and 2C). The differentiated cells expressed CYP3A7 similarly and other CYPs much lower compared to those of adult livers whereas those cells expressed CYP7A1 much higher compared to those of fetal livers (Fig 2B and 2D). The addition of 0. 5 μM dexamethasone into the ReproStem medium effectively promoted the hepatic specification and commitment of hiHSCs (Fig 2A and 2B, S11 Fig, and S12 Fig).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93:2533-2547. 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of 5:3-21 Dafni A. 1992. Pollination ecology, a practical approach. Oxford: Press. de Vega C, Herrera CM. 2013. Microorganisms transported by ants induce changes in floral nectar composition of an ant-pollinated plant. of Botany 100:792-800 de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar of some plants: quantification and associations with pollinator type and sugar concentration. Journal of Botany 75:798-806. 1980. Rhodosporidium paludigenum sp. nov. , a Basidiomycetous yeast from intertidal waters of South Florida. of 30:658-659. 2008. A latitudinal diversity gradient in planktonic marine bacteria. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 105:7774-7778 Good AP, Gauthier M-. 2014. Honey bees avoid nectar colonized by three bacterial species, but not by a yeast species, isolated from the bee gut. 9:e86494. 2016. Simple, multiple and joint correspondence analysis. Version 0. 64 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software Heil M. 2011. Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in 16:191-200. 2010. Inhospitable sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. Proceedings of the B: 277:747-754 Herrera CM, de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany 103:1415-1423 Herrera CM, García IM, Pérez R. 2008. Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants. Ecology 89:2369-2376 Herrera CM, Pérez R, Alonso C. 2006. Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect-pollinated perennial herb. of Botany 93:575-581. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, VSL#3 (the mixture of probiotics and prebiotics) jointly protects the epithelial barrier and increases the expression of tight junction proteins due to the activation of the p38 and extracellular kinase pathways (Dai et al. , 2012). The selection and assessment of probiotic candidates require a complex approach that includes several stages. The first stage of the selection of strains of potential probiotics is an assessment of the common probiotic properties of the bacteria, usually in vitro. Strains are selected with respect to the ability to be maintained in a host organism. They must be resistant to enzymes, such as amylase and lysozyme, that are found in the oral cavity; they must withstand the specific environment of the stomach (low pH value, gastric juice, pepsin) and the bowel (pancreatin and bile acids). The ability of potential probiotics to colonize epithelial cells of the GIT is also assessed. The adhesion of microbes to epithelial cells is associated both with the capacity for autoaggregation and the hydrophobic properties of cell surface, which improve the interaction between bacteria and human epithelial cells. For example, it was demonstrated that some proteins of Lactobacillus facilitate adhesion to the mucous membrane. In addition, probiotics of this genus demonstrate surface adhesins that facilitate attachment to the mucous layer in the host gut. One such protein is mucus-binding protein (MUB) produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Bifidobacterium animalis also has surface proteins that interact with human enterocytes and perform numerous functions, including the facilitation of colonization due to degradation of the extracellular matrix of cells or tight contact to the epithelial surface (Mazloom et al. , 2019). It is highly important to understand the mechanisms of gut colonization under both normal and inflammatory conditions in order to develop probiotics for particular applications. An important property is the ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. When selecting probiotic strains, we assess their ability to produce active extracellular metabolites as a result of synthesis (hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, acetic and lactic acids, enzymes, low-molecular peptides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), etc. ) and the transformation of carbohydrates, proteins, and other food components.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 128. 28. Burzichelli (2016). 29. Burzichelli (2016). 30. Air website. gives Amazon the ability to carry property on small drones ‘beyond the visual line of sight’ of the operator. Palmer (2020). 33. website. (2020), 141. 35. In 2018, drones brought to a standstill. 36. Mathews (2015), p. 586. 37. Barrett (2016). 38. Mathews (2015), p. 594. 39. Fox (2017), 700. 40. Michaelides-Mateou (2015), p. 435; Yiannakis (2019), p. 16. 41. Huneberg (2017), p. 597. 42. Huneberg (2017), p. 597. 38 (Pty Ltd) v Company and 8 April 2015 (case 302 unreported), the pilot flew below 500 feet in a manoeuvre that did not form part of landing or take-off and crashed into power lines. As it is a well-known fact that power lines are below 500 feet above ground, the only logical conclusion that could be made was that the pilot was at fault. 43. Hodgkinson and Johnston (2018), p. 34. 44. Corporate (2016), 7. 45. Corporate (2016), 9. 46. This happens when in the radio frequency spectrum, a disturbance is generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling or conduction. 47. This is evident from the current insurance offerings provided by big and small insurers. 48. Thompson (2021). On this mobile app, pilots (commercial and recreational operators) can purchase liability insurance on demand. The cost of cover is ‘exposure-based’ which is assessed according to the risk of each flight considering real-time data and algorithms to assess the specific risk involved. 49. On this risk, it will be important to consider whether the drone uses any technology for recognising air traffic which will then force certain actions to avoid collisions. 50. This will also require proper identification of the receiver and authentication. 51. Thompson (2019–2020), 9. 52. This will be further elaborated on in Sect. 6 below. 53. Mathews (2015), p. 580. Just recently, India has utilised drones to deliver COVID-19 vaccinations to people in rural areas. 54.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonrandom genotype distribution among floral hosts contributes to local and regional genetic diversity in the nectar-living yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. 87:568-575. 2013. Yeasts in nectar of an early-blooming herb: sought by bumble bees, detrimental to plant fecundity. Ecology 94:273-279. 2002. Conflicting results obtained by RAPD-PCR and large-subunit rDNA sequences in determining and comparing yeast strains isolated from flowers: a comparison of two methods. of Systematic and 52:1423-1433 Hill MO. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427-432 Hillebrand H. 2004. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Naturalist 163:192-211 Hillebrand H, Blenckner T. 2002. Regional and local impact on species diversity-from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479-491. 2016. iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers) Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451-1456. 2013. Microbial diversity in the floral nectar of seven Epipactis (Orchidaceae) species. MicrobiologyOpen 2:644-658. 1998. Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Leeuwenhoek 73:331-371. 1999. Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomycetous yeast species from flowers. of Microbiology 45:172-177. 2016. A stable phylogeny of the large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Yeast 33:261-275. 2008. Kurtzmaniella gen. nov. and description of the heterothallic, haplontic yeast species Kurtzmaniella cleridarum sp. nov. the teleomorph of Candida cleridarum. of Systematic and 58:520-524. 2001. Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. 1:1-8. 2015. Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints. 17:278-298. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: It was shown that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria suppress numerous pathogens, including E. coli, Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, and rotavirus (Chenoll et al. , 2011). One way that probiotics exert these effects is the steric modification of enterocyte receptors, which reduces the attachment of pathogenic bacteria (Coconnier et al. , 1993). The next stage is a safety assessment of the strains. There are several methods to assess probiotics. Particular attention can be focused on the internal (nonpathogenic) properties of various strains and species, their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and the strain–host interactions. Internal properties, such as deconjugation of the salts of bile acids, mucin degradation, or platelet aggregation, which are responsible for the colonization of heart valve and the production of undesirable metabolites that constitute a human health hazard, can be studied in vitro (Kothari et al. , 2019). The probiotic survival rate that varies between different bacterial species, i. e. , of a particular strain, is determined in vivo and in feces samples. Other techniques are intestinal intubation or mucous-membrane biopsy (Gao et al. , 2020). of the (FAO) and the Organization (WHO) provided recommendations on the safety assessment of probiotics used in foodstuffs. Namely, it is recommended that probiotic strains should be characterized by a series of trials (strain specificity is related to probiotic effects) that allow the assessment of potential risks to human health. The series of trials includes testing of the antibiotic properties of resistance, the metabolic activity, and the formation of undesirable products, e. g. , bile-salt deconjugation or D-lactate production. In addition, it should be possible to assess unfavorable effects for users in epidemiological studies, as well as to test the toxin production and the hemolytic activity of probiotics after their intake. The analyses should also test the probiotics properties in animal models with weakened immunity. In addition, the safety assessment of probiotics should also include the tests for antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, nonpathogenic, and probiotic properties (Pradhan et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The two exceptions are for toy drones that weigh under 250 g and do not have a camera and need neither ID; and drones that weigh below 250 g and have a camera which only need an operator ID. 137. Anyone under the age of 13 is still required to get a Flyer ID but must have someone over 18 with them to take the test. 138. It is worth noting that the lays down the requirements for the design and manufacture of UAS and rules on making UAS intended for the use under the open category, including additional components. The regulation also sets out requirements for importers and distributors. 139. Brown (2020). 140. The UK regulations relating to the are still being developed and are not yet published. Until unique UAS regulations are available, the principles set out in the relevant manned aviation regulations for airworthiness, operations and licensing will be used as the basis for regulating the Certified Category. From 1 January 2023 all new drones will be required to meet a set of product standards and will be classified from C0 to C4. These classes will be based on the weight and capability of the drone and will determine how and where you can fly. 141. Restricted airspace means that one cannot fly in these areas unless one has permission from the relevant authority. These areas include around airports, critical infrastructure and military installations. 142. See EU legislation and the UK law. Section 3 of 2018. 143. Regulation (EC) No. 785/2004 of the and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on insurance requirements for air carriers and aircraft operators. 144. 2004. 145. 2004. Take note that the word ‘model’ has been interpreted by the aviation authorities to mean ‘for sport or recreational use only’. Therefore, any drone that is being used for commercial purposes needs to comply where ‘commercial’ has been defined as ‘an operation for remuneration and/or hire’. 146. Navigation (Amendment) Order 2021 section 7. 147. Burda (2021). 148. Hodgkinson and Johnston (2018), p. 114. 149. Burda (2021). 150. Lawrenson and (2018). 151. Lawrenson and (2018). 152. Kennedys (2017), 14. 2. Accessed on 24 July 2022Deloitte (2018) Insurance industry drone use is flying higher and farther.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities access Published: 09 March 2024 Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities Camilla F. Angeltveit1, Anikó Várnai1, Vincent G. H. Eijsink1 & …Svein J. Horn1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 1. 5 L, was spiked with one or both of two fungal LPMOs from Thermothielavioides terrestris and Thermoascus aurantiacus, TtAA9E and TaAA9A, respectively, to assess their impact on cellulose saccharification efficiency at high dry matter loading, using Avicel and steam-exploded wheat straw as substrates. The results demonstrate that LPMOs can mitigate the reduction in saccharification efficiency associated with high dry matter contents. The positive effect of LPMO inclusion depends on the type of feedstock and the type of LPMO and increases with the increasing dry matter content and reaction time. Furthermore, our results show that chelating free copper, which may leak out of the active site of inactivated LPMOs during saccharification, with EDTA prevents side reactions with in situ generated H2O2 and the reductant (ascorbic acid). ConclusionsThis study shows that sustaining LPMO activity is vital for efficient cellulose solubilization at high substrate loadings. LPMO cleavage of cellulose at high dry matter loadings results in new chain ends and thus increased water accessibility leading to decrystallization of the substrate, all factors making the substrate more accessible to cellulase action. Additionally, this work highlights the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation and its potential detrimental impact on all enzymes in the reaction. BackgroundThere is a critical need for technology that allows efficient utilization of renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass to combat the environmental effects of human fossil fuel consumption. Lignocellulosic plant biomass is a ubiquitous source of the carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemicellulose, which may be depolymerized to yield fermentable sugars that can be converted to biofuels and value-added chemicals [1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: However, it is exactly the adjuvants that improve cell-mediated immunity, correct the immunoresponse in newborns and elderly people, improve the effects of single vaccine shots, and induce better cross-protective immunity. An ideal adjuvant stimulates the long-term protective response against the virus without reactogenicity or toxicity. The choice of effective adjuvant is now becoming increasingly crucial for the development and administration of particular types of vaccines (protein- and RNA-based) against COVID-19. The results of experimental studies of an adjuvant vaccine against coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-19 are already available (Gupta T. and Gupta S. , 2020). Some pharmaceutical companies develop adjuvant vaccines, e. g. , HaxSmith Kline, Segirus an Dynavax. They use the known licensed adjuvants: AS03, MF59, and CPG1018. However, the currently developed and used adjuvants are based on different chemical compounds (Gupta T. and Gupta S. , 2020). However, various immunomodulating bacteria and their components, including carriers of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that potentiate the immunoresponse, are also selected and tested as adjuvants. In particular, the adjuvant effects of lactic-acid bacteria (Pouwels et al. , 1998), bacterial cell-wall components (Bessler et al. , 1997), fibronectin-binding protein 1 of Streptococcus pyogenes (Medina et al. , 1998), surface-localized flagellins (Mizel and Bates, 2010), etc. , have been described. The adjuvant effects of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were demonstrated in the case of antiviral vaccination (Barbieri et al. , 2013), antistreptococcal vaccination (Leontyeva et al. , 2016), and antiallergic vaccination (van Overtvelt et al. , 2012). It was shown that the intranasal administration of lactobacilli improves the local mucosal immunity and affects the systemic mechanisms of immune defense, increasing the resistance to infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (Tomosada et al. , 2013) or influenza virus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will solve all logistical issues in delivery services. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Efficient depolymerization of these polysaccharides is hampered by the recalcitrant structure of plant cell walls. At the same time, efficient production of concentrated sugar syrups is essential for cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products [2,3,4,5]. Performing enzymatic saccharification processes efficiently at elevated solid loadings is pivotal in reducing the overall expenses associated with lignocellulosic biorefineries, thereby enhancing the feasibility of lignocellulose valorization. Performing enzymatic saccharification at high dry matter (DM) levels is known to hamper yields and conversion rates, an effect that is referred to as "the high-solids effect" [6]. A high DM content refers to a situation in which little-to-no free water is present at the beginning of a reaction, meaning that the substrate holds all the water [4, 7]. The amount of free water will depend on the substrate composition and pretreatment methods. However, a DM content of 15–20% (w/w) is typically considered "high" [2]. Several studies employing commercial enzyme cocktails predominantly composed of endo- and exo-acting cellulases have demonstrated a linear reduction in the enzymatic conversion yield with increasing substrate concentration [6, 8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. A direct consequence of elevated solid loadings is increased slurry viscosity, which hampers adequate mixing. Additional challenges arise from non-productive cellulase adsorption to phenolic compounds [15, 16], enzyme inhibition by compounds like furan derivatives formed during commonly used pretreatment methods such as steam explosion [16], and feedback inhibition of cellobiohydrolases or β-glucosidases (BGs) due to the accumulation of cellobiose or glucose, respectively [17, 18]. Nevertheless, recent literature suggests that water constraints are the most prominent contributor to the high-solids effect [2, 5, 19]. Water has multiple roles during enzymatic saccharification: it functions as a solvent facilitating the contact between enzymes and their substrate, it acts as a reactant during hydrolysis, and it is responsible for the diffusion of products from the site of enzymatic reaction [20].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: A promising current trend is to use probiotic microorganisms to boost the immune system and improve resistance to respiratory infections. The effects determined by the adjuvant and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics include an increased titer of specific antibodies, enhanced activity of Th1- and/or Th17-cells, and improved local mucosal immunity, in addition to protection against infections directly on the mucous membrane and via interaction with the innate immune system (Abdo et al. , 2019). Lactic-acid bacteria have been assessed as nonparenteral, live vaccine vectors. Clinical trials with the involvement of 50 volunteers showed that the peroral administration of the lactobacillus Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 improves the effects of vaccination against influenza, increasing the activity of Th1 cells and the level of vaccine-specific IgA after vaccination (Olivares et al. , 2007). It was demonstrated that probiotics can induce IgA secretion to maintain immune surveillance (Lemme-Dumit et al. , 2018). As representatives of the commensal microflora, probiotic lactobacilli are able to stimulate the mechanisms of immune defense by influencing changes in the secretion of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies of the immunomodulating activity of bacterial strains in vitro are usually performed with cultures of intestinal cells (Caco-2, HT-29) or immunocytes (EC-6, THP-1). Such in vivo experiments are carried out with laboratory animals (healthy, with defects of the immune system, gnotobionts, and those with experimental infectious and noninfectious pathologies) (Fedorova and Danilenko, 2014). Different studies have shown that bacteria capable of modulating intestinal and systemic immune responses can be used to prevent bacterial and viral respiratory infections (Eguchi et al. , 2017). Peptidoglycan from the L. rhamnosus CRL1505 immunobiotic improved the innate respiratory, antiviral immunoresponse and reduced the transmigration of bacteria through the lungs and inflammatory lung injuries in newborn mice (Clua et al. , 2017). The meta-analysis published by Hao et al. (Hao et al. , 2015) and other researchers demonstrated the efficiency of probiotics in reducing the frequency and duration of acute respiratory infections of viral origin and the need for several courses of antibiotic therapy (King et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: “Hub can replace up to two standard delivery vehicles, with an equivalent CO2 saving of over sixteen tons per year and a significant reduction in other emissions” [10]. has noted that “Bicycles. . . make up to two times as many stops per hour than a delivery vehicle. The total cost of ownership over their lifetime is less than half of a van” [10]. FedEx had a cargo bicycle pilot program in 2009 through their EarthSmart initiative. A small fleet of electric-assist bicycles were deployed in Paris in anticipation of Paris’ expansion of its bike lane network. The electric-assist cargo bicycles had a capacity of 53 cubic feet (1. 5 cubic meters), operated at 12 mph (20 km/hour), and had a range of 25 miles (40 km) or 6 h. The bikes were an economic and environmental success [11]. One of the biggest competitive advantages a cargo bicycle has over a delivery truck is its ability to spend little time searching for parking. A recent study conducted by INRIX in 2017 indicates that vehicles spend 9 min on average looking for on-street parking and this significantly adds to traffic congestion and emissions. Angeles or New York, it takes 12 and 15 min on average respectively, to look for on-street parking. In Seattle, where this research was conducted, it takes 9 min on average to find on-street parking. Trucks circling street blocks until parking is found, adds to congestion and increases air pollution. In addition to time spent looking for parking, on street parking require hourly parking payments. In Seattle, two-hour on-street parking costs an average of $9 [12]. Though this research does not focus specifically on delivery trucks, it serves as a telling proxy for the parking challenges that delivery trucks experience. Cities need more curb space allocated to support delivery operations. As the competition for curb space grows, so do inadequacies of on-street parking for delivery trucks. For example, the city is removing parking in to make room for transportation developments such as bike lanes, light-rail lines, bus lanes, pedestrian pathways and micro parks [13]. New infrastructure added to limited roadways results in the removal or reallocation of parking spots. These developments impact freight efficiency and the delivery process for companies that are already challenged to make their delivery time windows and meet customer expectations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Despite efforts in the last decades, the challenges posed by high-solids conditions remain a subject of ongoing studies. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were discovered in 2010 [21] and are included in current commercial cellulase cocktails [22]. LPMOs are copper-dependent redox enzymes that require a priming reduction and an oxygen species as co-substrate [21], most probably H2O2 [23], to perform catalysis. The reduced LPMO-Cu(I) complex will oxidatively break the scissile glycosidic bond in cellulose, leading to the formation of an aldonic acid or gemdiol-aldose for C1- or C4-oxidizing LPMOs, respectively [24, 25]. LPMOs are prone to non-reversible inactivation in the presence of excess H2O2 [23], which can lead to release of the active-site copper that may fuel transition metal-dependent futile side reactions, such as abiotic oxidation of reducing compounds [26, 27]. Numerous studies have shown that LPMOs improve the efficiency of classical hydrolytic cellulases, likely due to LPMOs' ability to attack the more crystalline parts of the polysaccharide substrate [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Several studies have tried to shed light on the mechanism behind the synergistic relationship between LPMOs and cellulases [34,35,36,37,38,39], one important outcome being that the oxidative regioselectivity of the LPMOs plays a role. For example, C1-oxidizing LPMOs tend to synergize well with processive cellulases attacking the nonreducing-end, while C4-oxidizing LPMOs seem to have a better effect when combined with cellulases attacking the reducing ends of the cellulose chains [35, 38]. A recent study has shown that the LPMO effect may not be as "direct" as initially suggested. Studies of the effects of LPMO pretreatments showed that the chain ends introduced by LPMO action do not necessarily serve as immediate access points for cellulases. Instead, it was suggested that LPMO promotes time-dependent decrystallization of the substrate that improves accessibility for the classical hydrolytic enzymes [40].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: , 2019). Probiotics can modulate the immune system by binding their cellular components: lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, S-layer proteins, nucleic acids, etc. , to -like receptors and C-type lectin receptors expressed in the cells of the mucous membrane (Delgado et al. , 2020). It is important that variations in the profiles of these cellular components differentially correlate with the immunomodulatory abilities of probiotic strains (Bron et al. , 2012). Different fractions (postbiotics) isolated from the Bacillus coagulans culture (supernatant, cell wall fragments) induce the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the stimulation of T-helper (Th)2-dependent immune responses (Jensen et al. , 2010). It should be noted that different strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and their components have immunomodulatory effects of varying degrees of intensity (Averina et al. , 2015). Tonetti et al. (Tonetti et al. , 2020) demonstrated the strain-dependent adjuvant immunomodulatory effect on the example of the strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. The nasal administration of only the strain L. rhamnosus CRL1505 could improve both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses induced by IFV infection or vaccination in mice. Higher levels of IFV-specific IgA and IgG, as well as IFN-γ, were found in blood serum and in respiratory tracts. To date, there are no publications on the assessment of probiotics as additional therapy in the case of COVID-19 infection. However, there are some studies on the interrelationship between the microbiome and susceptibility to COVID-19 (Gou et al. , 2020), as well as assessment of the ability of various probiotic strains to reduce the viral load via different mechanisms of action. A research team in Belgium studies the potential of specific lactobacillus strains to reduce viral activity in the nasopharynx and oral cavity via reinforcement of the battier and the anti-inflammatory effect of the probiotic to reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infection with COVID-19 (Association of Probiotics and of Directors, 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: UPS, FedEx, and other courier companies have commented on the challenges of operating in dense cities and choosing to illegally park and risk receiving a ticket to meet delivery windows [14]. In 2006, UPS spokeswoman said, “We receive by far more parking fines in City than anywhere else in the world … Simply stated, we do not have the same level of difficulty with finding available parking spaces or loading zones anywhere else” [14]. Parking tickets are one of the major costs for courier companies. In 2006, couriers large and small, together, owed City $102 million in parking fines [15]. In the first quarter of 2013, FedEx and UPS owed NYC $2. 8 million total in parking fines [16]. The administrative costs for processing or challenging tickets is immense for both City and the courier company. Therefore, City cultivated the Programs to manage the flow of parking fines associated with delivery trucks [15]. Cargo bicycles do not face the same challenges while operating in a dense urban city because they do not need to park illegally. Table 2 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of EA cargo bicycles. Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of EA cargo bikesFull size table2. 1 Data collectionInterviews were conducted with three participants actively involved in the cargo bicycle delivery industry in the for insight into real life cargo bike capabilities, limitations, and operations in a city. The interviewees were identified from online research and professional contacts in the freight delivery industry. Each interviewee was contacted via phone or email between January–March 2017, and a series of curated questions were asked to capture information about business operations, cargo bike design and dimensions, and challenges. Knowledge gained from these interviews may be applied to assess the feasibility of cargo bikes in city specific scenarios. The CEO of Service had a contract with an online retailer for a pilot bike delivery program in Seattle that operated between July 2015 and June 2016. The bikes used did not have a cargo compartment, so the volume of goods per delivery were dependent on the physical abilities of the courier themselves. The online retailer did not continue the bike delivery program because it was not a scalable model, since each city the company operates in has its own unique needs and challenges. A former cargo bicycle courier for in Seattle was interviewed to understand the viewpoint of cargo bicycle deliveries from a rider’s perspective. To meet delivery deadlines, cyclists would ride on the sidewalk, bike lane, or vehicle lane depending on availability and the traffic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Indeed, several studies support the notion that LPMO action promotes decrystallization of cellulose [41,42,43,44]. Recently, Cannella et al. [45] showed that oxidation of filter paper with an LPMO, or chemically, using TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] increases the amount of water retained by the fibers, due to the increased negative surface charge. Thus, LPMO activity will increase the hydrophilicity and water content of the substrate, which could help mitigate the negative effects of high DM conditions on cellulase performance. While the impact of LPMOs on the efficiency of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails has been studied extensively, little is known about the effect of the DM level and the role LPMOs may play in counteracting the high-solids effect. It is important to note that water availability depends on the DM content and, therefore, that saccharification performances cannot be directly compared across low and high DM experiments [19]. The effect of DM loading (1–15%) on AA9 LPMO activity was recently shown to vary a lot depending on the type of LPMO. Some LPMOs gave more product release as DM content was increased, while other LPMOs seemed to be substrate saturated and even inhibited at high DM [44]. To gain more insight into these matters, in this study, a commercial LPMO-poor enzyme cocktail, Celluclast 1. 5L, was spiked with two different fungal AA9 LPMOs, C1-oxidizing TtAA9E from Thermothielavioides (previously Thielavia) terrestris and predominantly C4-oxidizing TaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus to investigate the impact of LPMOs on cellulose saccharification at elevated DM concentrations. Using various experimental setups, we show that LPMOs are increasingly important for saccharification efficiency at higher substrate concentrations, notably in a manner that varies between LPMOs and substrates. We also show the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation, not only because LPMO activity is needed, but also because copper leaking out of inactivated LPMOs [27, 46] facilitates unfavorable side reactions. MethodsSteam-exploded wheat strawSteam-exploded wheat straw was provided by Novozymes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The review by Villena and Kitazawa (Villena and Kitazawa, 2020) summarizes the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the enhancement of antiviral protection of the respiratory apparatus via the effects of immunobiotic bacteria, e. g. , Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. The ability of probiotic bacteria to improve the effects of type-I interferons and antiviral factors in respiratory tracts, the stimulation of Th1 cell response and antibody production, the regulation of inflammation and activation of blood clotting in the course of viral infection, the reduction of tissue injury, and the maintenance of respiratory function clearly indicate the potential of immunobiotics to exert a favorable effect on immunoresponse against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. -19 pandemic compels humankind to mobilize the efforts of the world’s scientists to solve the problem of its control and to overcome its short- and long-range consequences. In addition to the development of effective vaccines and adequate diagnostic agents, there is the problem of the creation of a new generation of immunomodulatory agents for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. A peculiar feature of this disease is the strong cytokine storm, which is followed by oxidative stress; it destroys various human organs, including the brain. These facts draw attention to the key functional impairment of the immune system, which leads to destructive inflammatory processes. It is known that disturbance of the gut microbiota—dysbiosis—correlates with and probably leads to inflammatory processes (Levy et al. , 2017; Tiffany and Bäumler, 2019), both in the gut and in other human organs and tissues. This fact suggests that the treatment of the cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and its consequences for all human organs and systems is possible with the involvement of the immunomodulatory and antioxidant potential of the microbiota. The microbiota can be corrected, primarily with the use of recently developed immunobiotics (Villena and Kitazawa, 2020, Dyakov et al. , 2020) and probiotics with antioxidant potential (Marsova et al. , 2018, 2020a, 2020b). The microbiome of stress-resistant people can be used as a source of a new generation of pharmbiotics and metabiotics based on them (Shenderov et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: In scenario 4b, both transportation modes have eight stops in the route, deliver 50 parcels per stop, and have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC and neighborhood. In this scenario, the distance between delivery stops is modeled from 0 to 1 mile (1. 6 km), assuming that anything beyond 1 mile (1. 6 km) indicates deliveries are occurring in less dense urban areas, which is outside the scope of this study. Figure 4b shows that the cost lines for both vehicle types are almost constant. This could be because the distance between each stop is very small in urban areas due to more frequent delivery stops, and therefore has little impact on overall route costs. The truck is more cost efficient than EA cargo bicycles at any distance between stops in the observed delivery route. In scenario 4c, both transportation modes have eight stops in the route, have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC and neighborhood, and a distance of 0. 2 miles per stop. In this scenario, the number of parcels was modeled from 1 to 70 parcels per stop. Adding 5 parcels per stop increases the number of EA cargo bicycle trips required due to capacity limitations. Additionally, each package increases handling time at the stop, slightly increasing total route costs. The truck cost line is also gradually increasing as the number of parcels increases, but has a smaller slope in comparison to an EA cargo bicycle. There is a significant increase in truck costs when the total number of packages exceeds the truck’s 400 parcel capacity. For the observed route, if there were more than 25 parcels per stop on average, it would be more cost efficient to use a truck instead of an EA cargo bicycle because otherwise, two or more EA cargo bicycles would be required to serve the same number of stops. If the number of parcels per stop is less than 20 parcels, it would be most cost efficient to use an EA cargo bicycle for the route. In Fig. 4d, both transportation modes have a distance of 3. 5 miles between the DC an neighborhood, a distance of 0. 2 miles between each stop, and deliver 50 parcels per stop. In this scenario, the number of stops on the route was modeled from 0 to 25 stops. This graph shows that if the route has three or fewer stops on the route, the cost for EA cargo bicycles and trucks will be the same. If the route has more stops, it is more cost efficient to use a delivery truck instead of an EA cargo bicycle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The compositional analysis was performed based on the standard operating procedure developed by NREL [47] and is shown in Table 1. The DM content was measured using titration as described elsewhere [48] and found to be 52% (w/w). The substrate was stored at − 20 °C. Table 1 Composition of steam-exploded wheat strawFull size tableEnzymesTaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus and TtAA9E from Thermothielavioides (previously Thielavia) terrestris, as well as Celluclast 1. 5 L, NZ-BG (a β-glucosidase preparation), and Cellic CTec2 were kindly supplied by Novozymes (Novozymes, Bagsværd, Denmark). The protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford method with BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. ) as standard. Both LPMOs were copper saturated as described previously [49], followed by desalting using a PD MidiTrap column (G-25; ). All enzymes were stored at 4 °C. Standard reaction setupThe enzyme dosage was held constant at 4 mg protein per g substrate for all reactions. Reactions without LPMO were performed with Celluclast 1. 5 L and NZ-BG in a 9:1 ratio (protein:protein). For the reactions supplemented with LPMO, the LPMO constituted 10% of the total protein dose (i. e. , 0. 4 mg/g substrate). The BG dose was held at 10% of total protein (0. 4 mg/g substrate) in all reactions to ensure the complete conversion of cellobiose to glucose. Thus, Celluclast 1. 5 L represented 80% of the protein (3. 2 mg/g substrate) in reactions with added LPMO and 90% (3. 6 mg/g substrate) in reactions without added LPMO. Reactions with Cellic CTec2 were performed without addition of BG at 4 mg protein per g substrate. The substrates were microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101, 50 µm p5. 0. If not specified otherwise, 10 mM ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was added at the beginning of all reactions with Avicel. Glucose feedback inhibition of enzyme cocktails was probed by adding 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Pharmbiotics can include not only live cultures of probiotic bacteria but also individual proteins that are capable of regulating, with some mechanism or another, the cytokine level in human body, e. g. , as shown by Dyakov et al. (Dyakov et al. , 2020), via the binding of the FN3 protein to the tumor necrosis factor. The now obvious problem is to bring the microbiome of patients with dysbacteriosis to a condition that is close to normal before vaccination. At present, intensive work is being done to search for the compositions of the human-genome mutations that provide an organism with resistance to COVID-19. Since the immunomodulatory and antioxidant potentials of the human microbiome generally determine the homeostasis of the body and the potential resistance to COVID-19, one should search for microbiome biomarkers that can be used to detect this resistance. Studies are already being conducted in this respect (Gou et al. , 2020). In contrast to genetic markers in the human genome, gut-microbiota biomarkers (bacteria and bacterial genes) are convenient objects for the development of the respective pharmbiotic agents.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: 2 miles between each stop, and deliver ten parcels per stop. This scenario compares the cost of EA cargo bikes and a delivery truck when the number of stops on the route changes from 0 to 25 stops. According to this scenario, EA cargo bikes are more cost effective for at least 25 stops in the given route. By changing the variable for the number of parcels delivered at each stop from 50 to 10, EA cargo bicycles are generally more cost effective than urban delivery trucks. It can be concluded that it is more cost efficient to deliver a smaller number of parcels to more stops by EA cargo bicycles. 5 ConclusionThe literature review and interviews indicate that EA cargo bicycles have piqued the interest of the private and public delivery sectors. Though there are limitations associated with EA cargo bicycles, delivery companies and universities are exploring improvements in the design and utility of EA cargo bicycles in urban areas. The four scenarios modelled in this paper indicate that cargo bikes are more cost effective than delivery trucks for deliveries in close proximity to the distribution center (less than 2 miles for the observed delivery route with 50 parcels per stop and less than 6 miles for the hypothetical delivery route with 10 parcels per stop) and at which there is a high density of residential units and low delivery volumes. Delivery trucks are more cost effective for greater distances from the DC and for large volume deliveries to one stop. For example, the observed route had a large volume of deliveries to one major office tower. Due to the truck’s large carrying capacity, the route could be completed by one truck, instead of deploying at least ten EA freight bicycles to complete the same delivery. Moreover, by delivering greater number of packages per stop to office towers or any high-rise building with designated loading docks, trucks are able to legally park for longer periods of time. Therefore, EA cargo bikes may be well suited for congested cities with designated bike paths and truck parking challenges. Cities and deliveries are increasingly becoming more populated, dense and dynamic, and it is important to acknowledge that though EA cargo bicycles have the potential to optimize specific nodes of the supply chain, they certainly are not a one size fits all solution for urban freight. For example, it was observed during data collection that “Air Freight” was the most time sensitive delivery type with a smaller number of “Air Freight” packages per stop. Thus, it is possible that EA cargo bicycles can be allocated to effectively deliver these types of packages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5, 5. 0, or 10% (w/w) glucose (Sigma-Aldrich) at the start of the reaction in addition to the cellulose substrate. Reaction termination and dilutionAll time points (5, 24, 48, and 72 h) were run as individual reactions in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes with 0. 6 mL reaction volume in an (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) at 50 °C and 1000 rpm. The reactions were terminated by boiling the samples at 100 °C for 20 min before samples were diluted to 1% DM (w/w) by transferring the whole reaction slurry to 15 mL Falcon tubes and diluting with sodium acetate buffer [6] to minimize errors associated with the higher DM contents [3]. Afterward, the samples were thoroughly mixed, 250 µL of each were filtered with a 96-well filter plate (0. 2 µm; Sigma-Aldrich), and filtrates were stored at 4 °C before further analysis. Cellulase inactivation by abiotic reactionsA mixture of Celluclast 1. 5 L and NZ-BG (9:1 ratio, 0. 6 mg protein in total) was preincubated in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 5. 0 at 50 °C and 1000 rpm for 24 h in an together with externally added 10 mM H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 mM ascorbic acid, or 0. 63 mM Cu(II)SO4. The effects of different combinations of H2O2 or ascorbic acid with Cu(II) and EDTA (6. 3 mM; Sigma-Aldrich) were also tested. After the preincubation, the saccharification reaction was initiated by transferring the preincubated cellulase cocktail (450 µL) to Eppendorf tubes containing 150 mg Avicel, yielding a reaction mixture with 25% DM (w/w) and 4 mg protein per gram of substrate. The saccharification reactions were run at the same conditions as for the preincubation reactions for 24 and 48 h after which they were terminated as described above. Analysis of soluble native and oxidized sugarsGlucose levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a 3000 () connected to a refractive index detector 101 (Shodex, Japan) as described previously [29].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome access Published: 24 September 2015 The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome Paurush Praveen1, Ferenc Jordan1, Corrado Priami1,2 & …Melissa J. Morine1,2 Show authors Microbiome 0. 0465 for FF networks, and 0. 0008 for BF network was obtained (showing that the networks were not just by chance). Fig. 3The microbiome co-abundance networks based on Bray-Curtis similarity under FF and BF conditions. Node color indicates the genera of the organisms as shown in the legend. The “unclassified” in the species name refers to the sequences that could be attributed to more than one species with equal likelihoods. The isolated nodes represent the absence of co-occurrence among the speciesFull size image The FF microbial community network is ~1. 5 times denser than the corresponding BF network. This can be seen as a direct implication of the higher diversity observed in FF infant microbiota and leads to an intricate mutual dependence of microbes on one another. Furthermore, among the three Bifidobacterium species detected in our analysis, B. breve and B. bifidum were detected mostly in BF infants, whereas B. longum and R. gnavus were detected in FF samples (Fig. 2b). This also shows that the network at the phylum may look alike but at lower level (here, species level), the two systems (BF and FF) can be differentiated. The core of the BF network consisting of the largest connected component (11 nodes) was retained in the FF network but extended with several other co-occurrence relationships observed (Fig. 3). Relation between microbes and human systemsWe extracted the relations of microbes with the human genes from bibliographic knowledgebase (see “Methods”). These genes do not necessarily represent a physical interaction with microbe or its biomolecules but rather a dependence relationship in either direction (gray edges in Fig. 4). Looking at the related genes (square nodes) for differentially abundant microbes (a network specific to differentially abundant species is available in Additional file 1) revealed that they are mostly related to the host genes (Fig. 4, yellow nodes in circle and squares) that already have a higher degree.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Having DCs closer to the city center may also support EA cargo bicycles as the optimal delivery transportation mode type for priority shipments such as one or two-hour deliveries. EA cargo bicycles have some competitive advantages over delivery trucks in that cargo bicycles have more options for maneuvering through a city using the road, bike lane, sidewalks, and accessing pedestrian only areas, so a more detailed modeling of those aspects is warranted. The time spent looking for parking and the act of parking the bike itself is minimal. Cargo bicycles may be a good substitute for trucks in cities that are considering policies that restrict the time and type of freight trucks driving through cities using congestion charges or simply banning them. Another possibility is to incentivize the use of cargo bicycles by including city support for bike storage in or near downtown. Cargo bicycles could also be a mode of transit included and discussed in city master plans. The growing number of cargo bicycle companies in the and research efforts are certainly promising. The intent of this research is to contribute to the understanding of EA cargo bicycles and their potential to carry freight in urban environments. Seattle has been used as the case study, but the results can be applied to other urban cities in the United States. 2017. Wang, Y. , Jiang, X. , Lee, L. H. , Chew, E. P. , & Tan, K. C. (2017). Tree based searching approaches for integrated vehicle dispatching and container allocation in a transshipment hub. Appl, 74. "Conference 2014. " Conference 2014 | Cyclelogistics Federation. N. p. , 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 30 July2017. ed. "Environmental Responsibility. " UPS (n. d. ): n. pag. 2016. Web. C. , Seedah, D. P. K. , Jiang, N. , & Walton, C. M. (2016). of for. J Board, 2547, 102–110. 359. 84. 2017. Web. 30 Jul 2017. Express and Urban-Forces for Ecological Deliveries. " About FedEx. FedEx, 2009. Web. 19 Jul 2017. “of in the US, UK, and Germany. ”Web. 19 July 2017. Linda. "Waging a War on Cars? " K5. N. p. , 2015. Web. 30 Jul 2017. Adam. "Fines in NYC. " Press. N. p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The analytical column was a Rezex ROA-organic acid H + (8%) 300 × 7. 8 mm (), the eluent was 5 mM H2SO4, the operating temperature was 65 °C, and the flow rate was 0. 6 mL/min. Soluble oxidized sugars (Glc1A, Glc4gemGlc and Glc4gemGlc2) were quantified by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) using a Dionex ICS-5000 (Dionex) equipped with a CarboPac PA200 column, as previously described [50, 51]. An eluent gradient from 0 to 100% B (A: 100 mM NaOH; B: 1 M NaOAc + 100 mM NaOH), an operational flow of 500 µL/min, and a sample loop volume of 5 µL were used, as described previously [51]. The results were analyzed using the Chromeleon 7 software program (Dionex). Standards of glucose, cellobiose, and gluconic acid (C1-oxidized, DP1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and diluted as appropriate. Cellobionic and cellotrionic acid (C1-oxidized, DP2-3) [52] and C4-oxidized standards of DP2-3 [29, 51] were produced as described previously using MtCDH from Myriococcum thermophilum [52] or NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa [53] respectively. Statistical analysisThe statistical analysis was performed with a two-tailed Student's t-test using (Office 365). Results and discussionThe role of LPMOs at different cellulose concentrationsEnzymatic saccharification experiments using Celluclast 1. 5 L (supplemented with a β-glucosidase, NZ-BG) with or without LPMOs were run at five different cellulose (Avicel) concentrations ranging from 5 to 25% (w/w). The overall glucose conversion in the reactions with only the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail (90% Celluclast 1. 5 L + 10% NZ-BG) decreased with the increasing DM content, and this effect was visible both after 5 and 24 h of saccharification (Fig. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: To further verify these relationships, we analyzed which host genes have been found to be in a dependence relation with the corresponding microbial species via a bivariate analysis. For this, we used the pairs of microbes and the host genes related to these microbes as shown in Fig. 4. To illustrate, if a microbe M is related to host genes X, Y, and Z; then, we compute the correlation for abundance of M and expression level of X, Y, and Z along the samples. Thus, we get three correlation values for microbe M, i. e. , M~X, M~Y, and M~Z. This was carried out for all the microbes and their corresponding genes (related to these microbes). correlation coefficients were computed between microbial abundance and the expression levels of corresponding DE genes (a set of n correlation coefficients for a species enriched with n genes) showed a higher correlation (p value ≤0. 05) for B. bifidum and R. gnavus. Figure 5a shows the boxplot for the correlations between each microbial species, paired with its corresponding genes extracted from literature. The results cannot be computed in terms of p values as the two other differentially abundant microbes (B. breve and B. longum) were not detected in both types of sample. We compared these correlation coefficients against the mean of absolute correlation between 1000 randomly permuted microbial species and host gene pairs, which was found to be <0. 2. Furthermore, we also generated random pairs of genes and microbes and computed similar correlations (abundance~expression level) to check if the correlations for actual relationships are better than these random pairs. We compared these correlation coefficients against the mean of absolute correlation between 1000 randomly permuted microbial species and host gene pairs, which was found to be <0. 2 (indicated by the black line in Fig. 5a). This approach also served as a validation for our literature-mining pipeline to find genes related to microbial species. Fig. 4The microbial species and human gene relationships mined from literature in the form of a bipartite network. The size of nodes indicate the degree of vertices, i. e. , the number of vertices connected to it. The yellow circles represent differentially abundant microbes, and yellow squares are the host genes that showed a literature-based relationship with these microbial species. The orange-colored edges connect differentially abundant microbes with their related host genes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: The same topic is investigated in a more recent paper by Yurek and Ozmutlu [41], focusing on minimising the combined delivery completion time. Dorling et al. [15] derive and experimentally validate an energy consumption model for multirotor drones within a vehicle routing optimisation problem. More recently, Stolaroff et al. [16] focus on possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use by using drones for last mile delivery, and provide policy recommendations to achieve environmental benefits, focusing on warehouse needs. While research relative to overcoming technical limitation and developing logistics optimization algorithms is increasing, less work has been done in the area of optimal drone-beehive location and potential economic viability. Little is currently known about the potential population that could viably be reached by such services. On emissions advantages of implementing delivery drones, Goodchild and Toy [17] provide a first attempt of estimating CO2 emissions and vehicle-miles travelled of two delivery models, one by trucks and the other by drones, using several ArcGIS tools and emission standards within a framework of logistical and operational assumptions. They identify general conditions under which drones are likely to provide a CO2 benefit. Figliozzi [42] addresses the contribution of drones in the reduction of CO2 emissions using analytical tools, accounting for scenarios for the average last mile delivery distance. Results from these previous studies clearly show that drones are significantly more efficient than a conventional diesel light commercial vehicle (LCV)-based delivery service in terms of both energy consumption and pollutant emissions on a per trip basis. However, considering the possibility for LCVs to serve several deliveries on the same route, drones performed better only in terms of life-cycle pollutant emissions and not in terms of CO2 and energy consumption. These analyses, however do not take into account the clear benefit brought by drones in removing vehicles from the road. This could lead to potentially significant reduction of congestion and travel time especially in the most densely populated areas where last-mile delivery associated with eCommerce services has increased the contribution of LCVs to road traffic [43]. Studies commissioned by the European Commission, identify challenges, issues and possible solutions for UFD and logistics [44] including drone operations in residential areas [45].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, for reactions with added LPMOs (80% Celluclast 1. 5 L + 10% NZ-BG + 10% LPMO), the high-solids effect was less pronounced after 24 h, as can be seen by comparing the blue and gray line with the orange line in Fig. 1B. This result shows that the importance of the LPMO increases with increasing DM concentrations and saccharification time (Fig. 1), as observed previously [45, 54]. Remarkably, at the lowest substrate concentration (5%), supplementing the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail with LPMOs decreased glucan conversion after 24 h substantially (by about one-third) (Fig. 1B). This result is noteworthy, since it provides an “extreme” illustration of how strongly LPMO effects depend on reaction conditions. Fig. 1The impact of LPMO supplementation on cellulose saccharification at increasing solids loading. Saccharification reactions containing 5–25% (w/w) Avicel were set up with 3. 6 mg/g of Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG or with 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0. 4 mg/g TaAA9A or TtAA9E. All reactions contained 10 mM AscA as reductant. Bars represent the glucose release in g/L (left y-axis), and lines show the percentage of cellulose conversion (right y-axis) after 5 (A) and 24 h (B). Standard deviations for three biological replicates are shown as error barsFull size imageAfter 5 h of reaction, the concentration of soluble oxidized LPMO products was highest in the 10 and 15% (w/w) DM reactions. Reactions with higher cellulose concentrations yielded lower concentrations of soluble oxidized sugars (Fig. 2A, B), which could reflect lower LPMO activity or, more likely, that a larger fraction of the oxidized sites remains bound to the substrate (as expected based on the work of Courtade et al. [55]). Similar results have been shown recently for different DM concentrations of cellulose nano-crystals (1–15%), although Magri et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: A network restricted only to selected vertices in the graph is in Additional file 1 Full size image Fig. 5 a Pearson correlation between the microbial abundance and the expression levels of associated human genes obtained via text mining and also found to be differentially expressed. The relationship with human genes for each microbial species is in Fig. 4. The microbial species marked with asterisk (*) are differentially abundant. The black horizontal line is the mean of absolute Pearson correlation coefficient between randomly generated pairs of genes and microbes. The missing sample (BF or FF) had an NA as correlation values due to zero abundance or zero standard deviation in any of the random variables. b The top GO terms (Biological Process) for human genes related to microbial species. The width of sectors represents the number of associated terms in the corresponding categories, and the radius indicates the number of genes annotated with corresponding termsFull size image A functional enrichment analysis with GO terms (Biological Process) of the genes related to differentially abundant species indicated their role in the immune system (Fig. 5b; details in Additional file 2). Similar enrichment analysis for the genes related to all the species was found to be rich with immune system, metabolic- and transport-related terms (Fig. 5b). A pathway enrichment analysis based on Reactome [30] gave a similar result with several metabolic pathways, e. g. , carbohydrate digestion, interleukin processing, and antigen processing. Differences at transcriptomic level in hostThe analysis of the gene expression data obtained from the epithelial cells in fecal samples of the infants (see “Methods”) distinguishes the two feeding types at the transcription level (see Additional file 1). The functional enrichment analysis of the 477 differentially expressed genes revealed a significant abundance of immune system-related activities (Fig. 5a). We extended our analysis to obtain two co-expression networks of genes under each feeding condition. As a higher number of array probes provided overexpression signals in the transcriptomic data for BF infants, the BF gene co-expression networks (see “Methods” section) were ~2. 1 denser than the FF network at the level of gene co-expression unlike our finding at microbial community level (see “The microbiota” section).

Output: corroborate