Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: This has been driven by advancements in analytical equipment as well as growing recognition of problems for which isotope composition of tree rings may provide resolution, particularly when knowing changes through time is also important. Tree-ring isotopes provide insights into physiological and biochemical processes from leaves to site of wood formation, and changes in isotope values can be used to infer changes in environmental conditions, such as climate parameters. The history, advances and findings presented here are intended to provide a solid and useful chronology of events, but this summary is not exhaustive. The contents of this book can fill in more of those gaps. 2654. Reduced climate sensitivity of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose of silver fir (Abies alba Mill. ) influenced by background SO2 in Franconia (Germany, Central Europe). 185:281–294187. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 500–549 132. 13C variations in northern hemispheric trees during the last 150 years. Tellus 31:124–1372. Registration of microenvironmental CO2 and anomalous pollution effect. Tellus 31:308–312CAS 38. The oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf-exported assimilates-Does it always reflect lamina leaf water enrichment? 200:144–1572970. J, (1976) Climatic information from 18O/16O ratios of cellulose in tree rings. Nature 262:481–4823701. “and Technology for Mitigation of Global Warming”(2005) Temporal photosynthetic carbon isotope signatures revealed in a tree ring through 13CO2 pulse-labelling. Plant, 28:906–9152154. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 113–135 3015. Tree-ring stable carbon isotope-based May-July temperature reconstruction over Nanwutai, China, for the past century and its record of 20th century warming. Rev 93:67–76. 10. 1029/2004GL021623(2009) Detecting invisible growth rings of trees in seasonally dry forests in Thailand: isotopic and wood anatomical approaches. Trees-23:813–8222. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 10–25 25. Correlating δ13C and δ18O in cellulose of trees. Environ 20:1543–155029.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: It must be mentioned though, that unlike in the dose finding experiments significat effects of 5 mg/kg doses of both quercetin and TEGe were observed after their first or 5 daily doses. This discrepancy could be due to different batches of animal used in different sety of experiments, or other as yet unrecognised factors (seasonal variations etc,) that alters thermoregulatory mechanisms of laboratory rodents. Marble burying test: It has recently been reported that single intraperitoneally administrated 25 mg/kg doses of two different types of Withania somnifera root extracts possesses fluoxetine like effects in a mouse marble burying test for anxiolytics and obsessive compulsive disorders. 34 Observations in our laboratories have reconfirmed the efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts in both versions of marble burying test in stressed and unstressed mice after their repeated daily oral doses. 35 Results of the experiments reported in this report reconfirmed that the marble burying behaviour of CMC or distilled water treated control animals in both versions of the test are almost identical and that this behaviour in both stressed control groups of mice were also almost identical to those of the corresponding non-stressed ones. Although statistically significant effects of 12 daily 5 mg/kg quercetin treated group in the two-zone version of the test was observed (Table 2), its 11 daily doses had no statistically significant effects on the standard or one zone version of the test. Since both TEG and quercetin had no statistically significant effects in the on days 11 of the experiments, these results are not shown here. Figure 1 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 2 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Blastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, two sibling yeast species which accumulate lipids at elevated temperatures and from diverse sugars access Published: 20 June 2019 Blastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, two sibling yeast species which accumulate lipids at elevated temperatures and from diverse sugars Stéphane Thomas1 na1, Daniel R. A. Sanya1 na1, Florian Fouchard1, Huu-Vang Nguyen1, Gotthard Kunze2, Cécile Neuvéglise1 & …Anne-Marie Crutz-: orcid. org/0000-0001-9111-51851 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 38. 1 ± 1. 6% of its dry-cell weight, and synthesize lipids from various sugar substrates, up to 36. 6 ± 0. 5% when growing in cellobiose. Both species, represented by LS3 and CBS 8244T, could grow with little filamentation in the lipogenic medium from 28 to 45 °C and reached lipid titers ranging from 1. 76 ± 0. 28 to 3. 08 ± 0. 49 g/L in flasks. Under these conditions, the maximum bioconversion yield (YFA/S = 0. 093 ± 0. 017) was obtained with LS3 at 37 °C. The presence of genes for predicted subunits of an ATP citrate lyase in the genome of LS3 reinforces its oleaginous character. ConclusionsBlastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, which are known to be xerotolerant and genetically-tractable, are promising biotechnological yeasts of the Saccharomycotina that could be further developed through genetic engineering for the production of microbial oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of efficient lipid storage in yeast when cultivated at a temperature above 40 °C. This paves the way to help reducing costs through consolidated bioprocessing. BackgroundThe use of renewable feedstocks to produce microbial oil for biodiesel or other applications has become a scientific and environmental issue over the last two decades.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology can be used to track volcanic eruptions by examining the growth suppression in tree rings. [SEP] Text: RCS application ideally is performed on tree-ring records (1) with a diverse range of start (pith) and end dates (outermost ring), (2) that are very highly replicated with many individual samples, and (3) from a homogeneous well defined ecological setting where all trees are expected to have similar growth rates and ontogenetic trends (e. g. , Esper et al. 2012; Briffa et al. 2013). The first point is important because this helps mitigate the impact of temporally aligned events (such as climatic fluctuations or ecological disturbances) in the calendrically dated tree-ring data from impacting the shape of the regional curve. Secondly, composite datasets comprised of overlapping crossdated sequences for the past millennia from a single, well constrained ecological setting appear ideal for the application of RCS as a single regional curve could theoretically be used (Briffa et al. 2013). Well-replicated datasets are especially critical as the tree-ring indices are not constrained to a mean of one. On one hand, the differences in growth rates that are standardized in individual detrending add noise and greater uncertainty about the mean (e. g. , D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Melvin and Briffa 2014b). But on the other hand, the subtle differences in mean growth rates of cohorts of trees that lived at different times is precisely the low-frequency signal that can be retained with RCS (D’Arrigo et al. 2006). And lastly, a homogenous ecological setting is crucial to ensure both uniformity in the underlying climate signal as well as growth rates. This criterion is difficult to ensure, but assessments of the growth rates of different cohorts over time might suggest homogeneity. In cases where there is reason to doubt the homogeneity of a dataset, it is feasible to develop and apply regional curves for distinct dataset subsets, e. g. , the modern and ancient portions of a tree-ring chronology. Detrending via multiple RCS cohorts should be performed in situations where sampling differences, site difference, or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. , forest management regimes, responses to elevated CO2 or nitrogen concentrations) may significantly compromise the homogeneity of the dataset over time. Such approaches have the advantage of reducing potential biases in the final chronology, but at the same time make it more difficult to retain long-term variability of interest (Briffa et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 3 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with triethylene glycol in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 4 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) quercetin and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with quercetin in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 5 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on tail suspension test in male mice on day 11. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 6 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: [17] reported the relative fatty acid (FA) composition of two strains of this species, without however mentioning the total amount of lipid. Several yeast species are well-known lipid producers. Three have attracted most of the research efforts in recent years [18]: Yarrowia lipolytica and Lipomyces starkeyi, belonging to the Saccharomycotina, and Rhodotorula (Rhodosporidium) toruloides, belonging to the Basidiomycota. All three species exhibit a genome size of over 20 Mb [19,20,21]. L. starkeyi and R. toruloides are known for their utilization of a wide range of substrates and their outstanding lipogenic capabilities (up to 70% DCW as lipids) [22,23,24]. L. starkeyi is particularly well suited for rapid and simultaneous utilization of sugar mixtures, reaching a lipid content of 52% DCW and a lipid titer of 13. 3 g/L in a mixture of cellobiose and glucose [25]. Strain diversity or culture conditions may alter lipid production; to maximize lipid production, the synthesis of endopolysaccharides under nitrogen limitation should be avoided [26]. Although progress has been made in recent years, the genetic engineering of these yeasts is still a shortcoming [18]. B. adeninivorans is phylogenetically close to Y. lipolytica [27]. Some strains of Y. lipolytica, as well as other species in the genus, are naturally more prone to store lipids from exogenous hydrophobic compounds than to turn glucose into lipids. Lipid content can easily reach 30% DCW [28] in the former case and generally 6 to 15% DCW in the latter [28, 29]. Metabolic engineering and/or process optimization, as well as strain screening, have been successfully used to increase lipid content above 35% DCW and reportedly up to 90%. Y. lipolytica has also required genetic engineering or specific culture conditions to utilize xylose, cellobiose, or cellulose polymers, which are major components of lignocellulosic materials.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: , Cane, M. A. , and Stahle, D. W. : drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences, Earth-Sci. Rev. , 81, 93–134, 2007. Cook, E. R. , Seager, R. ,. , and Woodhouse, C. : Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context, J. Quaternary Sci. , 25, 48–61, 2010. Cropper, J. P. and Fritts, H. C. : Tree-ring width chronologies from the. , 13, 245–260, 1981. Crowley, T. J. and Unterman, M. B. : Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 187–197, 2013. D’and Wagner, W. S. : Temperature-sensitive tree-ring width chronologies of pink pine (Halocarpus biformis) from Stewart Island, New Zealand, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , 119, 293–300, 1996. D’. , Krusic, P. J. , Buckley, B. M. , and Villalba, R. : Tree-ring records from New Zealand: Long-term context for recent warming trend, Clim. Dynam. , 14, 191–199, 1998. D'Arrigo, R. , Wilson, R. , and Tudhope, A. : The impact of volcanic forcing on tropical temperatures during the past four centuries, Nat. Geosci. , 2, 51–56, 2009. D'Arrigo, R. , Wilson, R. , and Anchukaitis, K. J. : Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 118, 9000–9010, 2013. Dang, H. , Jiang, M. , Zhang, Q. , and Zhang, Y. : Growth responses of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) to climate variability in the Qinling Mountain, China, Forest Ecol. Manag.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, Water: Distilled water. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 7 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, QCR: Quercetin, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 8 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 9 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on foot shock stress triggered transient hyperthermia in male mice. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 10 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: marxianus as an oleaginous yeast is unclear. A strain isolated from Kefir exhibited over 30% DCW in lipids [41], while different strategies—including genetic modifications typically used in other organisms—to increase lipogenesis of several K. marxianus strains yielded at best a FA content of 16% DCW [42]. Because of its aforementioned advantageous traits, we reasoned that B. adeninivorans could be a valuable thermotolerant oleaginous yeast. Here, we assessed the ability of Blastobotrys species to naturally produce and accumulate lipids from a set of different substrates. Several strains of what was believed to be B. adeninivorans were used to examine the robustness of lipid production in the species. However, in the course of our study, strain genotyping showed that they can be divided into two different groups and various marker sequences actually placed the LS3 group into the Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans species. We took advantage of the thermotolerance of these yeasts and assayed lipid production at various temperatures, up to 45 °C. Overall, the natural capacity of these two species to produce lipids is promising and may be an alternative to currently-studied oleaginous yeasts. Results and discussionNitrogen limitation and lipid accumulation in strain LS3Oleaginous yeasts generally synthesize and abundantly store lipids in lipid droplets under specific environmental conditions, one of which is nitrogen limitation [43, 44]. In addition to FA synthesis, these yeasts can import and direct exogenous FAs into the lipid storage pathway, sometimes with particularly high efficiency, such as in Y. lipolytica [45]. We examined the capacity of strain LS3 to store lipids after neo-synthesis from glucose or after accumulation from exogenous oleic acid. We performed flask cultivation in YNB-based media with two different carbon sources at a fixed concentration of 30 g/L (glucose or a mixture of oleic acid and glucose) and two different concentrations of NH4Cl as a unique nitrogen source (5 g/L or 0. 75 g/L) to vary the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Efficient lipid storage occurred following growth in both substrates to above 30% DCW.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we are suggesting leaning trees specifically for screening purposes. Differences between compression wood and the wood of rocked trees are to be expected as cell differentiation and maturation occur over several days, whereas the presentation time of a flexing stem is only a matter of seconds. Larson (1968, 1969) suggested that a stress stimulus, such as wind or rocking, might induce piezoelectric effects in differentiating wood cells, most likely in the crystalline cellulose. These effects could govern the distribution of auxin in the stem, causing it to move basipetally. 5 ConclusionsThis study showed that both rocked and straight trees developed similar levels of compression wood (between 13% and 17%). However, rocked trees presented a significantly larger number of resin canals (34. 9) than straight trees (28. 4). A more comprehensive anatomical description will be required to understand fully the effects of flexing on stems. Rocked trees produced the lowest MoE; however, the differences between the other two stem postures were not consistent across acoustic assessments. The 20% stiffness difference between rocked and straight trees detected using SMoE reduced for GMoE (2%) and DMoE (7%) becoming nonsignificant. Given the large CV for SMoE, it is recommended to rely only on acoustics on stem segments (DMoE). The differences between clones for basic density and wood stiffness were large enough to be useful for screening purposes, particularly when using leaning trees to reduce unwanted variation (noise). In addition, clonal rankings in the glasshouse experiment were consistent with those obtained at age 7 years in clonal tests. The characterization of very early expression of wood properties could be a useful tool for breeding and deployment of superior trees for stiffness and dimensional stability. These procedures, coupled with targeting corewood instead of rotation age improvement, have the potential to reduce fully genetic testing time for short rotation species. 10. 1007/s11295-010-0356-0 (2008) Very early screening of wood quality for radiata pine: pushing the envelope. In: Proceedings of the 51st of the Society of and Technology, Concepcion, Chile. WQ-1Bascuñán A (2004) The influence of wind on radiata pine tree shape and wood stiffness. Master of Science Thesis. School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, p 199 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences (One way ANOVA followed by student t-test) relative to corresponding stressed control group and non-stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05 and ψp<0. 05 respectively. Onset of Sleep (Sec) Duration of Sleep (Min) 172. 83±3. 79 174. 67±2. 24 60. 50±2. 29 59. 33±2. 86 STD (10 mg/kg) 174. 67±4. 47 172. 83±2. 09 83. 00±2. 80 92. 67±4. 09* Test (5 mg/kg) 162. 83±3. 12 158. 33±4. 48* 72. 00±2. 35 85. 00±3. 00* Test (20 mg/kg) 156. 83±3. 34 155. 00±6. 89* 75. 50±2. 09* 77. 03±3. 35 Test (100 mg/kg) 152. 00±3. 79* 152. 33±4. 32* 78. 00±1. 29* 74. 17±3. 21 Test (400 mg/kg) 148. 67±3. 93* 149. 67±3. 22* 80. 00±1. 63* 78. 33±3. 28 Table 1 Effect of triethylene glycol and quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12 Numbers of (Condition) 5. 67 ±0. 21 5. 50±0. 22 Non-stressed Control 5. 33±0. 21 5. 17±0. 17 Test (5 mg/kg) 5. 00±0. 26 4. 33±0. 21*ψ Table 2 Effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12 reported in this communication are the very first ones revealing and reconfirming quercetin like stress response desensitizing effects of TEG and that maximally effective daily oral doses of both quercetin and TEG in protecting male mice against stress triggered body weight losses and slight elevations of basal core temperatures are 5 mg/kg/day or lower.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The FA fraction of the cells was characterized after 72 and 96 h of culture at 28 °C in YNB-based medium with the C source at 30 g/L and 0. 75 g/L NH4Cl. After 96 h, lipids accumulated to above 30% DCW in all substrates, except galactose, starch, and glycerol (Fig. 5). Maximum lipid synthesis and storage was obtained for some of the sugars (i. e. , cellobiose, glucose, sucrose, or fructose), likely rapidly assimilated, after 96 h in our shake-flask cultures since the rise between 72 and 96 h was less than 5. 5% (Additional file 2: Table S1). In contrast, glycerol appeared to be the least favorable substrate for bioconversion into lipids (total FAs reached only 16. 1 ± 0. 4% DCW), probably because of its slow assimilation, which also affected the OD reached at 96 h: 11. 4 ± 1. 0% in glycerol instead of 16. 8 ± 0. 4% in cellobiose. We also observed small differences in the composition of FA profiles relative to that obtained in glucose, especially when LS3 was grown in starch or glycerol (Additional file 2: Table S1). Such variations that depend on the culture conditions have already been reported for other oleaginous yeasts [66]. In all cases, however, C18:1 was the main FA, followed in decreasing proportion by C16:0, C18:2, and C18:0 (Additional file 2: Table S1). In conclusion, all tested substrates, from simple to complex, could be turned into lipids by strain LS3, although with varying efficiency. Fig. 5Bioconversion of various sugars into lipids. LS3 was cultivated for 72 h in nitrogen-limited YNB-based medium (0. 75 g/L NH4Cl) supplemented with the indicated sugars at 30 g/L. a Lipid content (% DCW) is presented as a bar with the average value and mean deviation (n = 2) and a color code indicating the nature of the carbon source: green, C5 monosaccharide; light blue, C6 monosaccharide; blue, disaccharide; gray, polysaccharide; red, polyol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some mollusks, like cephalopods, are considered highly intelligent and capable of problem-solving. [SEP] Text: These search engines require that citizens find and assess relevant information on their own. Although search engines like Google contain links to a large proportion of the web, only a tiny percentage is made easily accessible to users. Unlike television or even printing, it is easy for anyone to publish their opinion to a large, potentially global, audience, but this does not imply that anyone will pay attention to this “diversity of content. ” The assumption that computer networks are more democratic, and necessarily provide a greater voice to everyone, is misguided (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). While the distributed nature of computer networking makes it less likely that a small number of interests can control it, this does not imply that the web is a level, uniform network. Most likely, any given contribution on the web will be lost in the flood of similar efforts. While search engines make it easier to find answers to specific questions, this is done at the expense of the larger, diverse world of information and opinions. Of the millions of blogs in the blogosphere or videos on YouTube, most get viewed by only by one or two people, while a small number get millions of hits, this being far from equal access to the greater web audience (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). Paradoxically, search engines that can retrieve enormous amounts of information are today being criticized because they oversimplify the available information when they only display a limited number of hits. A search for “staph infections” will generate a hit of about 1,200,000 pages, as health topics are popular on the Internet. The first three results, which most users will check, are from mainstream, relatively well-respected sites, but in total only 234 results are displayed. It shows that an enormous number of pages are left out. When most people use a search engine like Google, they typically only check the top ranked pages. On one side, it is necessary to select only a few results because our attention span is limited. The goal of using the search engine is to avoid the “junk” on the web and provide higher precision in the search results of the search engine. However, the hyperlinked structure tends to send the searches along the same path to the same informational sources. The result is that general-purpose search engines overrepresent the central tendency and reduce the diversity of the information when they operate in the hyperlinked structure of the web.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: By far a vast majority of preclinical reports on bioactivities of quercetin deal mainly with its effects observed after its intraperitoneal administration or in cellular and other in vitro models and its doses used in most reported in vivo studies vary between 5 and 750 mg/kg. Reports on oral bioavailability of quercetin have consistently revealed that like all other edible plant polyphenolics quercetin is readily anabolised and catabolized inside the gastrointestinal tract and strongly suggest that its metabolites and conjugates are also involved in its therapeutically interesting bioactivity profile. 36 However, yet no reports on its pharmacologically interesting oral dose range and dosing regimen has appeared and analogous is also the case for TEG. Results of safety and chronic toxicity studies have revealed though, that their daily oral doses up to 1 g/day are well tolerated by laboratory rodents. Therefore, the dose finding experiments were conducted to estimate their pharmacologically interesting and toxicologically safe oral dose ranges in mice occasionally exposed to unpredictable mild stressful conditions, analogous (but not identical) to those now often used for assessing antidepressant like activities of drugs and other bioactive agents. 37 Qualitatively, the effects of quercetin and TEG observed in the dose finding experiments were quite analogous to those of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Like fumarates both of them also had similar antidepressants like efficacies in tail suspension test after their repeated daily oral doses. However, in this test the observed efficacies of fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate were ca. 10 times higher than those of quercetin or TEG and similar differences in their efficacies were also observed in the FISH test in those experiments. Therefore, fumaric acid and its easily hydrolysable esters seem to be more effective as potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agents with stress response desensitizing properties than quercetin or TEG. Fumarates were the very first stress response suppressing bioactive metabolite of an Ayurvedic adaptogenic herb identified and since then numerous other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of fumaric acid and its hydrolysable esters have been observed in our laboratories. 26,38-40 Estimated mean maximally effective daily oral doses of fumaric acid and its methyl esters after their repeated once daily oral treatments were always between 1 and 15 mg/kg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: toruloides thermotolerant mutant, a temperature increase from 30 to 37 °C, while stimulating lipid production, drastically raised the relative proportion of C18:1, which reached 86% of total FA [32]. In conclusion, lipid metabolism of the LS3 and CBS 8244T strains was robust at temperatures from 28 to 45 °C. Temperature had a moderate impact on the final amount and nature of total cellular FAs, although LS3 showed optimal lipid production at 37 °C. Such robustness of lipid metabolism to differences in temperature is not shared across all yeasts. For example, the lipid content of L. starkeyi DSM 70295 reportedly decreased by 57% when the culture temperature was raised from 10 to 20 °C [70]. In the thermophilic species Kluyveromyces marxianus, 11 wild-type strains recently screened for lipogenesis (the best strain reportedly reached 10% DCW, mainly stored as free FAs) had a much lower FA content at 30 than 42 °C [42]. ConclusionsHarnessing microbial lipid metabolism to produce oils or other chemicals of interest is a promising alternative to petroleum or plant oil. However, limitations in the use of yeast have been encountered, such as the poor utilization of certain types of substrates, weak xerotolerance, limited yields for lipid conversion in competition with other metabolic pathways, or difficult culturing in bioreactors (filamentation, foaming). We believe that the availability of a set of various oleaginous microorganisms adapted to different types of applications could be useful. Elevated temperatures may help reduce the costs of the process and participate in the solubilization of substrates. B. adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans exhibit many advantageous traits for biotechnological processes and, as reported here, were able to synthesize and store lipids at high temperatures, up to 45 °C. Among four tested strains, LS3 was the best lipid-producing one. Although it showed a temperature dependence for growth, glucose consumption, and lipid storage, its native performance in the tested range of 28 to 45 °C is a good starting point (24 to 30% DCW from glucose). As for other oleaginous yeasts, strain screening, process optimization, and/or metabolic engineering is likely to be successful.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: This indicates that mussel cultures have the potential to influence phytoplankton community composition by causing shifts in the proportional availability of C, N, P, and Si. The oligotrophic fjord systems are examples where silicate limitation, potentially induced by mussel activity, may suppress diatoms while favouring (dino)flagellate development, while in shallow estuaries this phenomenon is expected to be of less importance due to the contribution of regenerated silicate through biodeposit decomposition. Evaluation of the regulating potential of mussel cultures at the ecosystem level is based on indicators for negative (CT/RT and CT/PPT) and positive (NTT/RT) feedback processes on primary production. These indicators for mussel-ecosystem interaction demonstrate that despite low background nutrient levels, mussel aquaculture in Norwegian fjord systems at present has limited effects owing to low mussel densities and physical characteristics of the fjords (large volume, short residence times of the upper water layer). Estimates for mussel-ecosystem interactions are more profound in shallow nutrient-rich areas with high mussel biomass, especially in terms of the negative feedback mechanisms through filtration of phytoplankton. The significance of the positive feedback mechanism (nutrient regeneration) has a strong seasonal component as many mussel cultivation systems are nitrogen-limited during summer periods when mussel activity is high. These comparisons between cultivation areas suggest that physical characteristics of the site in combination with mussel density better define the feedback to the ecosystem, and hence the regulating potential of mussel cultures, rather than trophic state. Change history18 December 2018The book was inadvertently published with an incorrect copyright year ’2018‘ within the book 1. Short-time-scale patterns of hydrodynamic and biogeochemical circulation. 135:259–273CAS 2. Spatial differences in the short-time-scale evolution of fluxes and net budgets. 135:275–288CAS 3. 3. (1996) Observations of inshore water exchange forced by a fluctuating offshore density field. Bull 33:112–119CAS 9. Institute of 2003. 48. Press, London 07. V: Towards sustainable aquaculture 1819. 43:391–398 2. Wiley-Interscience, 33. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 3049.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: /day in various rodent models commonly used for identifying drug leads potentially useful for treatments of anxiety, depression, pain and inflammation. Therefore, 10 mg/kg/day doses of water soluble fumaric acid was used as a reference substance in the dose finding experiment with TEG and the same dose of di-methyl fumarate for the experiment with the water insoluble quercetin which were suspended in 0. 3% CMC for daily oral administrations. Results of the confirmatory experiments reaffirm that body weights and basal core temperatures of the distilled water or 0. 3% CMC treated stressed and non stressed control groups on all observational day were almost identical and such were also the observations in the FSIH and marble burying tests. These observations not only justify uses of CMC as a vehicle for water insoluble substances in the bioassay used, but also reaffirm that despite structural and other differences in their water solubility and physicochemical properties, both quercetin and TEG are almost equiactive as stress response suppressing agents with antidepressants and anxiolytic like effects after their repeated daily oral doses only. It has recently been reported that single oral 15 mg/kg dose of quercetin to mice improves redox status but does not affect heat shock stress responses. 41,42 Numerous observation in our laboratories and elsewhere have often revealed also that maximally effective stress response suppressing doses and doses regimen of adaptogenic herbal extracts and their bioactive constituents are often not effective in their psychopharmacological and other activities observed after their higher or acute doses. Therefore, the confirmatory experiments were conducted to experimentally verify the possibility whether after their 10 or more daily 5 mg/kg oral doses quercetin and TEG also possesses Withania somnifera extracts like effects on obsessive compulsive behavior of stressed mice or not. Results of these experiments revealed that although quercetin posses some significant effects in the two-zone version of the marble burying test, it had no observable effects in the other version of the same test and TEG had no observable effects in both versions of the test. Since such were not the observations made with a Withania somnifera extract tested earlier in our laboratories,43 these observations suggest that apart from quercetin and TEG other bioactive secondary metabolites are also involved in the broad spectrums of psychopharmacological activity profiles of the plant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings access Published: 08 April 2014 Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings Rakesh Koppram1 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 7. 5 FPU gWIS-1 and 5 g L-1, respectively. FPU, filter paper units; WIS, water insoluble solids. Full size imageThe liquid fraction with different dilutions was also used in anaerobic fermentations to determine the optimal dilution that promoted fermentation. In the presence of 90% (v/v) of liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation no hexose sugar consumption and ethanol production were observed even after 96 h (Figure 2). Incidentally, when the liquid fraction was diluted to 60% (v/v), all the glucose and mannose were consumed within 48 h followed by galactose in 96 h, reaching a final ethanol concentration of 15 g L-1 (Figure 2) corresponding to 70% of the theoretical ethanol yield. Although, fed-batch adaptation of yeast using the liquid fraction did not contribute to fermentation in batch SSF of spruce slurry, reducing the inhibitors by diluting the liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation significantly improved the fermentation performance. However, dilution contributes to increased water consumption and may not be a viable option from an industrial perspective. As most of the inhibitors are water-soluble, a significant fraction of inhibitors can be removed by separating the solid and liquid fraction. The non-washed solid fraction obtained by centrifugation of pretreated slurry contained reduced concentration of inhibitors compared to the slurry (Table 1). Also, the concentrations of inhibitors in the non-washed solid fraction were similar to the concentrations in the 60% (v/v) liquid fraction used in the anaerobic fermentation that showed improved fermentation performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: The participants' expressions of dysmenorrhea as a messenger for infertility were based on the following arguments: Participant #5: “Indigenously when we treat women for dysmenorrhea, within a month or so the woman will fall pregnant, that’s how we discovered that dysmenorrhea was just a sign for infertility”. Participant #4: “Look … a woman will present with pain during menstruation, but when you do divination check (consulting ancestors), you find many reproductive health problems that are linked and related to what she is complaining about … and all will complicate to infertility”. A couple of women talked about “selumi” being related to blocked fallopian tubes, sores in the womb (disturbing implantation), and untreated sexually transmitted infections. They believed that if all of these are not adequately treated, a sufferer would not fall pregnant. For instance, a photograph of a chained and locked padlock was presented and analyzed as a message that a woman is blocked from conceiving a baby (Figure 4). A knotted robe (Figure 5) was also presented as blocked tubes (noga e bofile). Figure 4. Padlock. Figure 5. Knotted rope. DiscussionThis paper offers insight into the indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea from THPs and IKHs. The findings of this study support the notion that health beliefs and practices vary across countries, sub-cultural groups, and geographical location. 17 Therefore, socio-cultural factors influence on how people understand their health issues and on how to treat them. Analysis of the photographs explored similarities and differences between objects or people portrayed by the participants and complemented the interviews and thematic analysis. 18 In a traditional Batlokwa ethnicity, THPs and IKHs understood dysmenorrhea as a holistic illness. During meaning-making, they used metaphors of process and journey to conceptualize dysmenorrhea as an illness that results from a woman reproductive system but show during menstruation. They also related and grouped dysmenorrhea with other gynecological problems. Holistic understanding means that dysmenorrhea does not affect the physical being only, but also affects the emotional, spiritual, cultural wellbeing of the whole community and the environment. 19 The photographs taken were of woman carrying luggage, chains, padlocks, bridge and knotted robes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Fumarates and other structurally diverse plant metabolites with microbicidal activities and antibiotics have since long been used by agricultural farm industries as growth promoters and it is now well recognized that their modulating effects on gut microbial ecology also contribute to their growth promoting effects. 44 More recently it has been reported also that like other dietary emulsifiers, daily CMC intake with drinking water by laboratory mice alters their gut microbial ecology and increases their body weight gain rates after 20 or more days of its regular intake. 45 In the confirmatory experiments reported in the present communication, 12 daily oral administrations of 0. 3% CMC (10 ml/kg/day) also had no effects on body weight gains in the non stressed mice and the body weight losses and all other quantified parameters in CMC only treated stressed mice during the course of the experiments were also similar in magnitude to those observed in distilled water treated ones. These and the other observation that 5 or more daily oral 5 mg/kg/day oral doses of quercetin or TEG are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing stress triggered body weight loses and alterations in thermoregulatory processes could suggest that they are either more effective modulators of gut microbial ecology than CMC, or that their these observed effects are not entirely due to their potential ability to modulate gut microbial ecology. Although further more detailed studies will be necessary for more definitive statements on possible involvement of gut microbiota in their modes of actions, it remains certain that both of them are more potent stress response desensitizer than as potential antidepressant or anxiolytic agents and that observations made after their single doses are not very reliable predictors of their bioactivity profiles after their regular oral intake. The experiments described in this communication constitute a part of our ongoing efforts to identify bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera and other Ayurvedic adaptogenic plants currently often used, or prescribed by practitioners of Indian system of medicines, for prevention and cure of psychosomatic disorders. Quercetin is one of the numerous plant phenolics encountered in numerous (if not most) such plants and extensive efforts made during the past few decades have often pointed out its medicinal values for prevention and/or cure of obesity diabetes and other silently progressing metabolic disorders,46 as well as diverse mental health problems commonly caused by uncontrollable anxiety and depression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This could be directly translated to lower energy-consumption for mixing, which is one of the crucial factors for an economical process. The total WIS, enzyme and yeast load in fed-batch SSF were the same as in the batch SSF. However, we initially operated the fed-batch SSF at relatively low WIS content and high enzyme and yeast loading per gram of WIS content. This significantly contributed to a well-mixed process. Sampling was no longer an inconvenient step because the medium was able to be drawn through the regular sampling port, which significantly decreased the contamination risk. The yeast cultivation procedure significantly affected the fermentation performance. When the cells were cultivated in fed-batch mode using the liquid fraction and added at once to the fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed, an overall ethanol yield of 37% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars was achieved. However, when the cells were cultivated in a continuous mode using the liquid fraction and fed to the SSF process with substrate feed, the overall ethanol yield was significantly increased to 44% and 53% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars with no enzyme feed and in combination with enzyme feed, respectively. The increased ethanol yield can be clearly attributed to the increased yeast viability (Figure 4) measured by counting the colonies on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) plates. Higher ethanol productivity (Figure 3) and increased cell viability (Figure 4) were observed in a fed-batch SSF experiment involving feeding with continuous-mode adapted yeast compared to the fed-batch SSF experiment with fed-batch adapted yeast added all at once at the start of SSF. It can be speculated that in order to maintain the cell viability it is important to maintain the cells in a robust metabolic state, a feature that can be achieved by continuous culture as it ensures steady physicochemical conditions in the bioreactor and therefore, a physiological steady-state can theoretically be achieved [30]. It is also known that a constant product (cells) quality can be maintained in a continuous culture for a relatively longer time compared to the batch culture. Furthermore during the continuous cultivation, the concentration of inhibitors such as acetic acid, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural (HMF) and furfural were found to be near zero. This indicates that the biological conversion and detoxification of inhibitors are key aspects during the adaptation step.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The study of ethnobotany helps preserve traditional knowledge that might otherwise be lost. [SEP] Text: Delphinium brunonianum Bya-rGod-sand leaves SMH-105 Evil spirits diseases, poisoning, epidemic fever, itching, cold cough, snake bite and blood infectious diseases Delphinium cashmerianum Ba-ru-ra/Ladar Leaves, flowers and fruits SMH-180 Treating colic in Ladakh and also used as an insecticide. Doronicum falconeri C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f. Asteraceae Mentok-serpo Leaves and flowers SMH-120 Diphtheria, viral and bacterial diseases, upper back pain due hypertension, swelling, etc. Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. Lamiaceae Jib-rTse-and flowers SMH-179 Oral diseases and provide relieve from toothache, eye diseases like irritation, burning sensation and pain. Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. Lamiaceae Pri-Yang-SMH-200 Hepatitis, gastritis, dizziness, arthritis and ulcer Echinops cornigerus DC. Leaves and roots SMH-135 Septic wounds, tonic, cure yellowish colouration of eyes (Jaundice). Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Tsepat Leaves, stem, flowers and fruits SMH-119 Fever, hepatic diseases, rheumatism, bronchial asthma. Toothbrush for the locals, fuel and fodder Epilobium latifolium L. Onagraceae Byar-pan-chu-tse Flowers, leaves and stem SMH-106 Dropsy, against obstruction of urine, severe pain and fever due to elephantiasis and arthritis diseases and pimples, etc. Ferula jaeschkeana Wild Hing/ tru-nag Roots SMH-178 Useful against septic wounds and cuts Fritillaria verticillata Willd. -189 The bulbs are antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant and purgative Gentiana algida Pall. Gentianaceae Tiktas/Spang-gyan-karpo Flowers SMH-157 Inflammation of pharynx, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness of throat, excess sputum, toxic and epidemic fevers. Bitter taste with a cooling potency. Gentiana chirayita Roxb. ex Flem.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 33 However, doses and dosing regimen used in all such studies varied enormously and as yet no very definitive statements on its modes and sites of actions involved in its diverse therapeutically interesting bioactivities observed after its diverse doses and treatment regimen used in the experiments can be made. 47 Such are also the cases for numerous other phytochemicals with analogous spectrums of bioactivities and fairly low oral bioavailability (as judged by their blood levels observed after their oral doses). It is now becoming increasingly apparent though, that quercetin and numerous such phytochemical are pleiotropic protective agents and that adaptive cellular stress pathways are involved in their health benefits observed after their regular intake with food and herbal remedies. 48,49 Our observations revealing stress response desensitizing effects of fairly low repeated daily doses of quercetin and TEG strongly suggest that their herbal adaptogens like efficacy continue to increase with the numbers of their daily oral doses and that there sites of actions are most probably within the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike for quercetin, fumarates and diverse other acidic and basic phytochemicals well known as plant hormones or plant protectors, as yet only very little efforts have been made to define the health effects of numerous water soluble plant polyols well known for their stress response regulators in plants. 50,51 Such plant polyols are often encountered in aqueous herbal extracts and reports on diverse medicinally interesting bioactivities in experimental animals have continued to increase during more recent years. It has recently been reported that TEG is one of the bioactive constituent of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera involved their cytostatic or anticancer activities. 6 Observations reported in this communication revealing its stress response desensitizing effects after its relatively low doses, encourage us suggest that further effort to identify and pharmacologically characterizes this and other water soluble plant polyols with microbicidal or anti-fungal activities traditionally known medicinal plants should be made also. Such efforts are not only necessary for better understanding the pharmacology of edible and medicinal plants, also for more rapid progress necessary for fore evidence based integration of herbal remedies in modern medical practices. It is now well recognized that alterations in gut microbiota in early life can have long lasting effects on body weight in adulthood52 and that gut microbial ecology can be altered by numerous food phytochemicals with bactericidal activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It is, however, important to keep in mind that the inhibition of the yeast is depending on the sum of inhibiting substances, but the results in the present study suggest that inhibition of the yeast can be ruled out as the sole explanation of the low ethanol yield in batch SSF with the whole pretreated slurry (SSF 1). As we have shown previously, adding a prehydrolysis step prior to SSF of the whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS at 48°C for 22 hours (SSF 4) resulted in an increase in final ethanol concentration from 3. 0 to 47. 8 g/L [8]. It is well known that yeast suffers stress as a result of high osmotic pressure or high concentrations of organic acids, and that these factors can act synergistically [27]. The results discussed above (SSF 1-4) show that a combination of high WIS concentration and inhibitors is responsible for the difference in ethanol yield in high-solids batch SSF, while the yeast is able to deal with each one separately. Table 2 Composition of the liquid fraction of the pretreated material (the fraction of sugars present in monomeric form is presented in parentheses as % of the total) Full size tableThe reduction in viscosity resulting from prehydrolysis is often cited as the main reason for adding such a step to SSF [9, 11, 17, 18]. The washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry in the present study was almost completely fermented (SSF 2), despite the fact that this slurry appeared to have the same initial viscosity as in batch SSF using the whole pretreated slurry (SSF 1), which did not yield any significant amount of ethanol. This indicates that prehydrolysis may have other significant effects on the substrate, making it more easily fermented. Jørgensen et al. [9] hydrolyzed steam-pretreated wheat straw at total solids concentrations between 20 and 40% and reported that the material changed from a solid to a liquid after about 4 hours. In the present study, no such rapid liquefaction was observed, and the material was only slightly more liquefied after 22 hours of prehydrolysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany can help identify plants that are culturally significant or used for spiritual practices. [SEP] Text: Wolbachia screening Wolbachia are endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacteria that are present in about 70% of butterfly species and induce diverse reproductive alterations, including genetic barriers when two different strains infect the same population or when two populations – one infected and one uninfected – meet (Telschow et al. , 2005). As potential evidence for a reproductive barrier promoting the separation of we searched for Wolbachia DNA reads in our specimens, taking advantage of the high coverage and the shotgun approach. First, we collapsed unique reads from the butterfly-free sequences with BBmap (Bushnell, 2014) and removed from the dataset low complexity sequences using Prinseq (Schmieder and Edwards, 2011). Afterwards, we used Kraken2 (Wood et al. , 2019) to assign reads against the standard plus human Kraken2 database (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viral). The historical specimens did not display enough reads assigned to Wolbachia for us to suspect of the presence of the bacteria in those samples (Table 4). Table 4 Wolbachia DNA reads assigned using Kraken2. SpecimenWolbachia genus readsWolbachia spp. readsL0021905L0031313L0042135L0053118L0062429L0071522L00841421L0092366L0111849L0121689L01352324 Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability The accession numbers for the genomes reported in this study are in the Archive (ENA): PRJEB47122. Data on G. alexis are available in INSDC under 43798 and genome assembly accessions GCA_905404095. 1 (primary haplotype) and GCA_905404225. 1 (secondary, alternate haplotype). The following data sets were generated de--Sánchez-ès-Lalueza-(2023) 47122. Whole-genomes from the extinct butterfly reveal low diversity and long-term population decline. de--Sánchez-ès-Lalueza-(2021) 43798. ilGlaAlex (green-underside blue). de--Sánchez-ès-Lalueza-(2021) _905404095. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 53 Since, quercetin and numerous other functionally analogous molecules with bacteriostatic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and diverse other therapeutically interesting bioactivities are now known and diverse combinations of such molecules are often regularly consumed with food, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, efforts to better define pharmacological interactions between them seems to be an urgent necessity for more rationally designing dietary or herbal therapies for prevention and cure of diverse chronic diseases. For such purposes, the mouse bioassay procedures used in this and in our early studies could be a useful starting point. Since quercetin is pharmacologically and toxicologically well defined phytochemical encountered in many herbal remedies and almost all plant derived food, efforts will now be made to quantify pharmacological interactions between this plant phenolic and other well known and quantitative major secondary plant metabolites with bactericidal activities. quercetin and triethylene glycol are fairly potent desensitizer of stress responses with antidepressants and anxiolytics like activities in mice behavioural models and their such efficacies start appearing only after their repeated daily doses. Therefore, they can also be considered as adaptogens potentially useful for prevention and cure of mental health problems arising from mild chronic uncontrollable stress of everyday life. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. 490. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera. TANG [Humanitus Medicine]. 2015;5(1):1‒13. . Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera(L. ) Dunal. from three different growth stages. Prod. 2013;50:537‒539. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15:311‒318. . Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. (Part II). Phytother Res. 2003;17:531‒536. of Activity: Identification of an of Action. . 2013;8(10):e77189. Ballantyne B, Snellings WM. Triethylene glycol HO (CH2CH2O) 3H. J appl toxicol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The results of SSF 5 and 6 show that the yeast was able to ferment the sugars to ethanol in the presence of undegraded fibers at 13. 7% WIS when washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry was used. Figure 2Overall ethanol yield from SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS and an initial concentration of glucose of 116 g/L. In SSF 6, the ethanol yield was compensated for the fact that monomeric sugars were not released from the cellulose structure, since no cellulolytic enzymes were present. Full size imageTo study the influence of the degree of degradation when using whole pretreated slurry, SSF was performed with the same initial monomeric sugar concentration (SSF 8) as found after 4 hours of prehydrolysis (SSF 9). The overall ethanol yield was only 6. 1%, while SSF following 4 hours of prehydrolysis (SSF 9) resulted in an overall ethanol yield of 57. 0% (Figure 3). The only difference between these two experiments was that the material in SSF 9 was partially hydrolyzed at the time of yeast addition, while in SSF 8 the fiber structure was intact at the beginning of SSF. This indicates that the degree of fiber degradation has a major influence on the production of ethanol by SSF when using the whole pretreated spruce slurry at 13. 7% WIS. Figure 3 Overall ethanol yield from SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS and an initial concentration of fermentable sugars of 76 (SSF 8) and 69 g/L (SSF 9). Full size imageWe used the term “degree of degradation” in this study since the positive effect of prehydrolysis prior to SSF of steam-pretreated spruce slurry appears to originate from something other than a reduction in viscosity during prehydrolysis. It is, however, important to bear in mind that in this study the term degree of degradation should be interpreted in a broad sense, and further studies are required to determine the reason for the difference in overall ethanol yield between degraded and undegraded fiber slurry when using whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some fungi produce antibiotics, with penicillin being a well-known example. [SEP] Text: chaos. 2020. 109811Search in 78. 10. 1002/mma. 6297Search in 19. 10. 1002/mma. 6347Search in 558. 10. 3390/math8040558Search in 64. 10. 3389/fphy. 2020. 00064Search in 49. 10. 1016/j. aej. 2020. 04. 019Search in 19. 10. 1186/s13662-020-02684-zSearch in 2020. 10. 1016/B978-0-12-817208-7. 00011-XSearch in 2019. 10. 1201/9780429284083Search in 20. 10. 1002/mma. 5341Search in 8. 10. 1088/0305-4470/23/17/021Search in 8. 10. 1088/0031-8949/54/6/003Search in 75. 10. 1016/j. amc. 2006. 11. 013Search in 41. 10. 1515/phys-2016-0051Search in 53. 10. 1016/j. cnsns. 2011. 10. 016Search in 42. 10. 1016/j. ijleo. 2016. 10. 136Search in 31. 10. 1016/S0375-9601(02)01775-9Search in 32. 10. 1088/0253-6102/40/2/129Search in 42. 10. 1016/j. chaos. 2006. 10. 015Search in 2018. Search in 38. 10. 1016/j. camwa. 2006. 12. 046Search in 1370. 10. 1155/2014/541370Search in 87. 10. 1016/j. cnsns. 2012. 12. 025Search in 6. 10. 1016/j. physleta. 2006. 11. 088Search in 7. 10. 1016/j. physleta. 2008. 09. 025Search in 93. 10. 1016/j. chaos. 2005. 10. 007Search in 23. 10. 1088/0305-4470/25/21/019Search in 4. 0 International License. Cite this 618. Akçağıl, Ş. (2020). On the relations between some well-known methods and the projective Riccati equations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2007;27(3):291‒299. . in Disinfection of Air in Central Schools: II. Vapor Treatment. . 1955;45(6):767‒773. Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens. Microbiol Res. 2011;5:5358‒5361. The lethal effect of triethylene glycol vapor on air-borne bacteria and influenza virus. Science. 1943;97(2510):142‒144. Mellody M, Bigg E. The fungicidal action of triethylene glycol. J Infectious Dis. 1946;79(1):45–46. Disinfection of clouds of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis viruses with triethylene glycol vapor. J Exp Med. 1947;85(1):65–76. The rate of bactericidal action of triethylene glycol vapor on microorganisms dispersed into the air in small droplets. Epidemiol. 1949;50(2):175‒188. Flavonoid quercetin protects against swimming stress-induced changes in oxidative biomarkers in the hypothalamus of rats. Eur j pharmacol. 2009;621(1):46‒52. Quercetin protects against oxidative stress associated damages in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neurochem res. 2011;36(8):1360‒1371. Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Biotechnol. 2013;97(4):1689‒1697. Cani PD. Gut microbiota and obesity: lessons from the microbiome. Genomics. 2013;12(4):381‒387. Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Holistic psychopharmacology and promiscuous plants and principles of ayurveda. of Plant Sciences. 2012;3:1015‒1021. pharmacology of Ashwagandha as an adaptogenic anti-diabetic plant: A pilot study. Med. 2015;1(1):51‒61. . Adaptogenic potential of Andrographolide: an active principle of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata). J Med. 2015;5(1):42‒50.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageConclusionsWe have shown in the present study that it is possible to achieve high overall ethanol yields (77. 2%) in SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry at a solids concentration of 13. 7% WIS, as well as in SSF of the liquid fraction at a concentration corresponding to 13. 7% WIS (88. 1%). However, batch SSF of the whole steam-pretreated slurry at the same solids concentration resulted in a final ethanol concentration of only 3. 0 g/L. This was, however, increased to 47. 8 g/L when prehydrolysis was carried out at 48°C for 22 hours prior to SSF. Batch SSF experiments using both washed and whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with different initial sugar concentrations indicate that the initial concentration of fermentable sugars at the time of yeast addition cannot explain the difference in ethanol yields with and without prehydrolysis. Furthermore, the viscosity of the spruce slurry did not appear to decrease significantly during the first few hours of prehydrolysis, and the results of this study therefore suggest that the degradation of fiber during prehydrolysis is the reason for the increase in ethanol yield from the whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry when employing prehydrolysis. When using washed slurry, the yeast was able to ferment the sugars to ethanol, regardless of whether the fiber fraction had been degraded. In the present study, the term “fiber degradation” was used in a broad sense, and more research is needed to investigate the exact impact of prehydrolysis on the overall process. From the factors investigated in the present study, the significant increase in overall ethanol yield in SSF of whole steam-pretreated slurry with prehydrolysis could be coupled with the degradation of the fiber during prehydrolysis. Whether it, however, actually is structural degradation of the fiber or other, indirect, effects occurring simultaneously during prehydrolysis, remains to be seen. These indirect effects during fiber degradation could be the release of compounds from the material affecting inhibition or steric hindrance during enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fungi reproduce through spores, which can be spread by wind, water, or animals. [SEP] Text: ” Many of ’s outreach team actively engage with 4-H (a national youth development programme located in the United States), the National FFA Organization (a US organisation providing leadership opportunities and experiential learning for students in high school agriculture programmes), and through agricultural extension programmes, which provide non formal learning and research-based educational activities to agricultural communities around the country. However, as Jeannette explains, they also visit schools, agricultural events and other venues that provide opportunities to discuss biosecurity. Currently, the team offers modules in animal biosecurity risks and strategies, infection and disease transmission, and is developing further modules to train young people to become biosecurity advocates in their communities. For example, helping to spread the word about these biosecurity risks and strategies would make you a biosecurity advocate. An accompanying Teacher’s Guide (still under development) will include activities and materials to support and extend these modules. In addition, the outreach team has developed a complementary programme of hands-on activities to reinforce the lessons in the modules, called SCRUB (of Biosecurity). ? has been going for four years, and the team’s education and outreach activities are in the final stages of development. In this short timescale, some positive outcomes have already been identified: “We have pilot data that suggests changes in awareness of the importance of biosecurity in general,” says Jeannette, “and an increase in understanding and acknowledgement of the importance of hand washing and changing footwear, specifically. ” Agricultural teachers participating in preliminary SCRUB laboratory testing/evaluation activities in Massachusetts and Oklahoma have also responded positively. This is certainly a step in the right direction. By instilling a good understanding of and enthusiasm for biosecurity in both educators and youth, the team is laying the foundation for improving animal welfare, reducing the spread of animal diseases and protecting farmers’ livelihoods for the next generation. is a wide field, encompassing many different disciplines. Broadly, it can be described as a set of procedures designed to protect the health of humans, animals and plants. These biosecurity procedures range from containment strategies for disease outbreaks, to safe and secure housing and sharing knowledge and skills, which lead to proactive human behaviours in disease prevention through responsible animal management. ? Any industry involving animals depends on biosecurity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Densensitization of mild stress triggered responses in mice by a Brassica juncea leaf extract and some ubiquitous secondary plant metabolites. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(9):326‒338. . Metformin like of in Mice. SAJ Neurology. 2015;1(1):102. . Neuropsychopharmacology of a therapeutically used Andrographis paniculata extract: a preclinical study. Exp Med. 2014;14:181‒191. . Stress response desensitizing efficacies of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Pharmacol. 2014;46:S91. Treatment for Anxiety: A of for the Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Med. 2014;20(12):901‒908. . Role of fumarates in adaptogenics like efficacies of traditionally used Fumaria indica extracts. TANG [Humanitas Medicine]. 2015;(5):28‒37. Zethof TJJ, Van der Stress induced hyperthermia in mice: a methodological study. Physiol Behav. 2011;55:109–115. Stress-induced hyperthermia and anxiety: pharmacological validation. Pharmacol. 2003;463(1‒3):117‒132. . Antidepressant-like effects of Brassica juncea leaves in diabetic rodents. Exp Biol. 2014;52:613‒22. Hyperactivity of central noradrenergic and CRF system is involved in social isolation-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep. Brain Res. 1995;84:874‒894. Witkin JM. of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2008:9‒30. (2006) A combined marble burying-locomotor activity test in mice: a practical screening test with sensitivity to different classes of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Pharmacol 547(1‒3):106‒115. (2010) Polyphenols: a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. 6(1):13‒18. Influence of Withania somniferaon obsessive compulsive disorder in mice. J Trop Med. 2012;5(5):380‒384. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: PCR reactions were templated with boiled bacterial colonies or genomic DNA. High fidelity PCR for sequencing used a similar protocol but employed Pfx polymerase and magnesium sulphate (Invitrogen). The annealing temperature was lowered by 2-3°C and extension time was doubled for Pfx high-fidelity PCR. Purified PCR-amplified fragments were incubated with Taq polymerase and dNTPs at 72°C for 20 minutes and then cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega) according to manufacturer's instructions. Plasmids were transformed into chemically competent E. coli K-12 TOP10 cells (Invitrogen). Colony hybridizationColony lifts of test and control strains cultured in Infusion medium (Oxoid, England) were prepared in a 96-well format on nylon membrane (Hybond-N, Amersham Biosciences). The membranes were denatured in 0. 5 M NaOH, 1. 5 M NaCl, neutralized in 1. 5 M NaCl, 0. 5 M Tris HCl and 1 mM EDTA, dried and fixed by UV exposure. DNA probes consisted of PCR products using the primers in Table 1. The probes were labelled using the labelling mix (Roche), according to manufacturer's instructions. Cloned probes were labelled using M13F and M13R universal primers. The vector-derived ends of the probe were then excised with specific restriction endonucleases and the labelled probe purified. Following 2 hours pre-hybridization at 42°C, the membranes were hybridized with denatured probe at 42°C, with continuous, gentle agitation in a hybridization solution containing 50% formamide, 5X SSC, 5% blocking reagent, 0. 1% N-lauryl sarcosine and 0. 02% SDS. The membranes were washed three times in 2X SSC, 0. 1% SDS and then three times in 0. 1% SSC, 0. 1% SDS. Signal was detected using the DIG nucleic acid detection kit (Roche) in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Table 1 Oligonucleotides used in this studyFull size tableHEp-2 adherence assayHEp-2 adherence tests were performed as described by Vial et al. [16].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fungi reproduce through spores, which can be spread by wind, water, or animals. [SEP] Text: This value is also consistent with the observed density power spectrum of a supercritical filament, characterized by a logarithmic power-law slope (Roy et al. 2015). Numerical simulations suggest that the variance of the PDF is related to the 1D turbulent Mach number aswhere corresponds to equipartition between the various modes of turbulence (Federrath et al. 2010). As a natural consequence of turbulence, the higher the Mach number, the wider the PDF. The variables used in our model are listed in Table 1. Table 1. constant Isothermal sound speed 200 m s−1 at 10 K Thermally critical MpL at 10 K Critical density of the polytropic equation of state transition, Polytropic index of the gas equation of state below/above the critical density, 0. 7/1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC - 2015). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability. Food Funct. 2015;6(5):1399‒1417. Willner P. Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiol. 2005;52(2):90‒110. . Holistic psychopharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Chinese Med. 2012;3(4):182‒199. Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts. J Intercultural Ethnopharmacol. 2014;3(4):173‒178. Efficacies of fumaric acid and its mono and di-methyl esters in rodent models for analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. EC Pharmaceutical Sci. 2015;2:76‒88. Single-dose oral quercetin improves redox status but does not affect heat shock response in mice. Nutr Res. 2015;34(7):623‒629. Quercetin and heat shock response. Nutr Res. 2015;35(4):359. . Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry sci. 2005;84(4):634‒643. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2015;519(7541):92‒96. Beneficial effects of quercetin on obesity and diabetes. J. 2011;4:189. The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochem pharmacol. 2012;83(1):6‒15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Strains spotted on the membrane were 1: E. coli K-12 DH1, 2: E. coli NCTC 10418, 3: enteropathogenic E. coli E2348/69, 4: enterohaemorrhagic E. coli C412, 5: enterotoxigenic E. coli H10407, 6: enteroaggregative E. coli 042, 7: diffusely adherent E. coli DAEC1, 8: enterotoxigenic E. coli P006413, 9: enterotoxigenic E. coli P006371, 10: enteroinvasive E. coli G24; 11: Cytotoxic necrotizing toxin-producing E. coli P006254, 12: diffusely-adherent E. coli DA57-1166. Full size imageFrom a second, and larger, collection of 509 test E. coli strains from 130 recent travellers with diarrhoea, 48 showed aggregative adherence (AA), 52 diffuse adherence (DA), and 181 were non-adherent [14] (Table 3). Another 228 showed some degree of adherence, ranging from very weak diffuse to strong but indeterminate patterns of adherence. These included 49 strains with a pattern that had elements of both aggregative and diffuse adherence, termed AA/DA. The daaC probe hybridized with only 2 (1. 1%) of the non-adherent strains and with 60 (18. 3%) adherent bacterial isolates. Of these, 28 were diffusely-adherent, nine displayed aggregative adherence, 22 showed AA/DA and the remaining strain had cell-detaching properties. Although the sensitivity of the daaC probe for DAEC or DAEC plus AA/DA strains combined was low (53. 8 and 49. 5% respectively), as has been previously acknowledged, the specificity and positive predictive value for DAEC were considerably higher (at 93. 2 and 45. 2% respectively). These rates are comparable or better than values for other probes for aggregative or diffusely adherent E. coli. However the false positives identified by the daaC probe were not randomly distributed across E. coli categories. The daaC probe recognized 18. 8% (9 out of 48) of aggregative adherent strains but only 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Araneology focuses on the study of spiders and their relatives within the arachnid class. [SEP] Text: Gene identificationHox genes (labial, proboscipedia, Hox3, Deformed, Sex combs reduced, fushi tarazu, Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, abdominal-A and Abdominal-B), Distal-less, dachshund, and homothorax orthologs were identified from the embryonic transcriptome of Phrynus marginemaculatus using BLAST searches (tblastn) with peptide queries of the homologs of Drosophila melanogaster and Parasteatoda tepidariorum. The best hits were reciprocally blasted to NCBI database and further assessed with a phylogenetic analysis. For the phylogenetic analysis of Hox genes, we selected arthropod terminals with available genomes and well annotated 2335. 3) (Insecta), the centipede Strigamia maritima (GCA_000239455. 1) (Myriapoda), the tick Ixodes scapularis (GCA_002892825. 2), the mite Tetranychus urticae (GCA_000239435. 1), the spider Parastetoda tepidarioum (GCA_000365465. 2) and the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus (GCA_000671375. 2) (Chelicerata) [6, 94,95,96,97] (Additional file 5: Table S1). For the analysis of Distal-less, dachshund, and homothorax we selected terminals used in Nolan et al. [75] and included the peptide sequence for P. marginemaculatus candidates (Additional file 5: Table S1). Peptides were predicted with ORF Finder (NCBI), TransDecoder v. 5. 5. 0 [92], or obtained as CDS when possible from publicly available NCBI database. Peptide sequences were aligned using [98] in the software SeaView v. 4 [99]. Gene trees were inferred under maximum likelihood using v. 1. 6. 8 [100] with automatic model selection (-m TEST) and 1000 ultrafast bootstrap resampling (-bb 1000). Alignments for the Hox gene analysis are available in Additional files 6, 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Good clinical laboratory practice (GCLP). [Updated 2009]. [15, 2023]. . Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. [Updated 1999]. [15, 2023]. . Blumenthal M, Goldberg a, Brinckmann J. Ginseng root. In: Herbal Medicine: E Monographs. : Council; 2000. 177. . Red ginseng monograph. J 2018;42(4):549–561. . Effect of adaptogens on the activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. 1986;101(5):573–574. . Side effects of ginseng: facts or conjectures? Pharm 1989;12(2):46–53. . Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Phytother 1991;2:3–14. . . Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. 2009;4(1):20. CrossMedicines Agency. EMA/HMPC/321232/2012. on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Radix. Based on 2014. Commission. (Ph. Eur. ) (11th edition). [Updated 2023]. [15, 2023]. . . Characterization and comparison analysis of WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants and ISO standards of Medica. 2023;29(6):540–548. Findings of Russian literature on the clinical application of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ): a narrative review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;278:114274. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72(3):345–393. . The adaptogens rhodiola and schizandra modify the response to immobilization stress in rabbits by suppressing the increase of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide and cortisol. Insights 2007;2:39–54. . Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. 1999;13(4):275–291. -Bahchevanska D, Ivanova S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: These nodes are then removed from Vp. Step 2 is to determine compounds that serve as inputs for these removed nodes and to add them from Vc. is not empty, step 1 will be repeated for each added node from Vc. This process will be repeated until Vp is empty, resulting in a directed dependency graph G of all pathways to production by native metabolism to x. Given a compound of interest and a dependency graph G, a connected subgraph that includes the node for the compound of interest and at least one predecessor node for each compound node describes a feasible solution to the problem. Symmetrically, any feasible solution is a subgraph that satisfies these conditions. Subsequently, such a subgraph with minimum number of process nodes defines an optimal solution. Validating RetSynthUsing metabolic networks from KBase and data from the MetaCyc metabolic repository, RetSynth was used to identify optimal pathways for compounds which already have experimentally tested synthetic pathways in Escherichia coli. Comparing model results to experimentally validated pathways demonstrates that RetSynth can generate practical candidate pathways for compound synthesis. 2-propanol has previously been produced in Escherichia coli JM109 grown on LB media. Enzymes were added into E. coli in order to convert the native precursor acetyl-CoA into 2-propanol [20]. These conversions include acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate, acetoacetate to acetone, and finally acetone to 2-propanol. Enzymes thiolase, CoA-transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase were added to Escherichia coli JM109 to facilitate these reactions. For RetSynth, the chassis organism Escherichia coli strain K-12 M1655 was used because a metabolic model for strain JM109 was not freely available. The optimal pathway identified by RetSynth consisted of the catalytic conversions acetoacetate to acetone and acetone to 2-propanol (acetoacetate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed these reactions, respectively) (Fig. 1A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Araneology focuses on the study of spiders and their relatives within the arachnid class. [SEP] Text: (Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 30: 191-201, 2017). - There is a review of intrasexual dimorphism in harvestmen: "Male dimorphism and alternative reproductive tactics in harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones)" -- B. A. Buzatto & G. Machado (Behavioural Processes, 109:2-13, 2014). Although the focus of this paper is on intrasexual dimorphism, I think it can provide useful information for your manuscript on sexual dimorphism. In general, minor males are similar (but not identical) to females, whereas major males have exaggerate traits that make them different from both minors and females. The paper provides a table with a review of the known cases of intrasexual dimorphism in harvestmen and also indicates which cases are supported by statistical evidence and which cases are only "observational". - In the family Neopilionidae, there are several cases of extreme male morphologies related to cheliceral size and shape. In a recent paper on this family, there is the first description of male trimorphism in arachnids. said above, the same traits that are intrasexually dimorphic are sexually dimorphic in neopilionids. Please see: "Multiple exaggerated weapon morphs: a novel form of male polymorphism in harvestmen" -- C. J. Painting et al. (Scientific Reports, 5:16368, 2015). - In a recent paper, there is a macroecological analysis of the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in harvestmen. We first showed that the length of the breeding season in harvestmen as a whole is strongly determined by the number of months with proper climate conditions (mean temperature above 5 °C and high precipitation). The length of the breeding season, in turn, strongly influences the type of mating system of each species: when the breeding season is very short, males rely mostly on scramble competition polygyny; when the breeding season is long, males rely mostly on resource defense polygyny. Finally, the type of mating system is correlated with the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in harvestmen: in species with scramble competition males do not bear weaponry and are usually smaller than females; in species with resource defense, males bear weaponry and are usually larger than females. I really think this paper provides nice information for your review.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory effects, antidiabetic activities, and purgative action are some of the pharmacological properties associated with aloe vera [3, 4]. Due to its therapeutic activities and bitter taste, is widely used by pharmaceutical and food industries as dietary supplements, cosmetics, beverage and food ingredient [5]. The leaf of aloe consists of three different parts, the outer green rind, the inner pulp and the in-between latex. The latex is a yellow liquid that exudates from the plant after cutting its leaves. The bitter taste and characteristic strong odor of aloe latex contribute to the organoleptic properties of aloe-based products. The latex contains a variety of phenolic compounds. The most abundant compounds are aloin A and its diastereoisomer aloin B. It was demonstrated that both aloins A and B, which belong to the class of anthrones, were responsible for the laxative effect of aloe vera [6]. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone compound, is present in the latex of some aloe species in small amounts. Aloe emodin can be produced by oxidative cleavage of the glycoside linkage of both aloins during metabolism in the intestines. In particular, aloins A and B are converted by intestinal bacteria to aloe emodin, which acts synergistically to the purgative effect [7]. The concentrations of these bioactive compounds in the plant are affected by various parameters, such as the age of the plant, the climatic conditions and the position of the leaf [8, 9]. Different studies demonstrated that the seasonal variation and the position of the leaf had an important role in the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are present in the latex [10, 11]. The leaves are usually categorized into base, middle and upper leaves. The latter category, which involves the young leaves the ones that are vertical to the roots, has the highest concentrations of aloins A and B [11]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has, so far, been performed to evaluate each individual aloe leaf in order to determine the ones with the maximum concentration of laxative compounds. It has recently been reported a correlation between the aloe compounds with laxative action and toxicity in the intestine along with an increase in the risk of developing colon cancer [12, 13]. Therefore, these compounds have maximum allowable concentrations in food products.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Though shorter because the Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 strain has acetoacetate (which needs to be synthetically produced in Escherichia coli JM109) RetSynth’s optimal pathway uses the overall production pathway shown by Jojima et al. to be effective in producing 2-propanol [20]. To produce 1-butanol in Escherichia coli BW25113 on an M9 media, Atsumi et al. added a synthetic pathway consisting of 3 enzymatic conversions starting with the conversion 2-ketobutyrate to 2-oxovalerate [21]. Because 2-ketobutyrate is a rare metabolite in Escherichia coli BW25113, the authors add an overexpressed leuABCD pathway to increase yields of this precursor. Subsequently, 2-oxovalerate is converted to butanal by pyruvate decarboxylase and then to butanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Using the standard BW25113 metabolic model retrieved from the KBase repository, RetSynth was unable to identify this pathway since the model did not contain a reaction for 2-oxovalerate synthesis. The lack of production of this metabolite in the model is unsurprising as natural yield of the precursor is so minimal in Escherichia coli [21]. However, with the capabilities of RetSynth, it is simple to manually add this pathway into the model, as Atsumi et al. did to increase production of 2-oxovalerate. Once the leuABCD pathway was added, the same pathway was identified by RetSynth as was published by Atsumi et. al (Fig. 1b). Fig. 1RetSynth Validation. Optimal pathways identified by RetSynth for 2-propanol (a), butanol (b) and 3-methylbutanol (c). Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 or BW25113Full size image Our third validation example was to find the optimal pathway to production of 3-methylbutanol in Escherichia coli strain BW25113.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Spiders have unique adaptations, such as hydraulic pressure in their legs, which helps them move. [SEP] Text: Cell typeX fitY fitZ fitSeam cell nucleus= atb+c= p1*t + p2Three-parameter logistic Z = A/(1+exp(-B(t-C)))CANR/L50-point smoothing50-point smoothingThree-parameter logistic Z = A/(1+exp(-B(t-C)))AIYR/L4th degree polynomial X = p4*t4+p3*t3+p2*t2+p1*t+p0= p1*t + p2Three-parameter logistic Z = A/(1+exp(-B(t-C)))xR1/xL1 ALA xR2/xL2= p1*t + p2= p1*t + p2Three-parameter logistic Z = A/(1+exp(-B(t-C))) The averaged, fitted seam cell nuclei data allowed us to inspect the relative relationships among seam cell nuclei in an elongating embryo (Figure 5A, Videos 3,4). Since we fixed the nose as the stationary origin in our untwisting procedure, this location does not move in 4D representations of the fitted embryo. In this 'nose-centric' reference frame, points further from the origin also appear to move faster and farther than points closer to the origin. To better understand the growth rates of individual seam cell nuclei in relation to their neighbors, and the overall length changes within the elongating embryo in a frame-independent manner, we also computed the differences in position between adjacent pairs of nearest-neighbor seam cell nuclei over time (Figure 5B–D, Figure 5—figure supplement 1). In ‘X’ and ‘Y’ dimensions, seam cell nuclei exhibited similar movement patterns, remaining largely stationary in ‘Y’ (Figure 5—figure supplement 1), and moving inwards (toward the origin) in ‘X’ (Figure 5—figure supplement 1) at similar rates. In contrast, seam cell nuclei movement along the ‘Z’ direction was more heterogeneous. For example, the distance between the origin and nuclei of seam cell pair H0, measured from the fitted data, changed from 2. 4 µm to 23.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Council recommends that aloin in oral consumption products be less than 10 ppm. According, though to EU legislation 88/388/EEC, the aloin concentration must not exceed 0. 1 mg/kg in foodstuffs and beverages and 50 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages. Authority (EFSA) has also set a daily maximum dosage restriction of 10 mg. However, there is no published official accredited method for the analysis of these compounds. Different analytical methods have, so far, been developed for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe plants and products. Gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are some of the most common reported techniques [14–16]. The most widely used technique though is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [7, 11, 17–19]. In comparison to other analytical methods, HPLC is easy to handle and cost-effective. Therefore, in this study, a simple HPLC method with a diode-array detector (DAD) has been developed and validated for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe vera plants, under different seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, as well as in aloe products obtained from the Cyprus market. Chemometric analysis is a sophisticated tool for the classification of samples according to different parameters. Mineral compositions, secondary metabolite profiles, UV and IR spectra data have, so far, been proposed as indicators for the classification of aloe vera gel and aloe-based products [20–24]. Chemometric methods, such as non-supervised Analysis (PCA) and supervised Analysis (PLS-DA) have been applied in order to compare the different growth periods of the plant and the size of aloe vera leaves [20, 21, 25, 26]. In several studies, chemometric tools have been utilized to evaluate the quality of Miller and aloe-based products [22–24]. Zhong et al. have reported the differentiation of aloe samples according to their seasonal variation through Analysis (HCA) [23].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Our pathway converted native metabolite 2-keto-4-methylpentanoate to 3-methylbutanal and then subsequently produced 3-methylbutanol via added enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase (Fig. 1C). This matches the synthetic pathway used by [20] to produce 3-methylbutanol. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways for MetaCyc compounds in Escherichia coli K-12 M1655The power of RetSynth lies in its ability to quickly identify optimal and sub-optimal pathways for a large set of target compounds. To illustrate this strength, a database was constructed consisting of a KBase metabolic network for Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 and MetaCyc reaction information. For every compound in the MetaCyc repository that was not native to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655, RetSynth identified an optimal pathway along with two levels (pathways that require more than the minimal number of gene additions, specifically, second and third best number of gene/reaction additions) of sub-optimal pathways. Of the 15,706 MetaCyc compounds that were not native to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655, we found synthetic pathways for 3462 compounds. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways for methyl acetate and pterostilbene, both of which have economic value, are illustrated in Fig. 2. For methyl acetate, which is commonly used in paints and nail polish, optimal and two levels of sub-optimal pathways were identified for production in Escherichia coli. The optimal pathway synthesizes acetone from the native compound acetoacetate and subsequently converts acetone to methyl acetate (Fig. 2a). The last step of the optimal pathway is then shared among all candidate pathways. The two-level sub-optimal pathways include the conversion of the native compound farnesyl diphosphate to acetone and the conversion of methylglyoxal to acetone through two enzymatic steps. The level two sub-optimal pathway synthesizes 2-methylpropanal-oxime from the native compound valine which is then followed by three enzymatic conversions to produce acetone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Spiders have unique adaptations, such as hydraulic pressure in their legs, which helps them move. [SEP] Text: & Sanchez, N. E. (2013). Short and long-term effects of three neurotoxic insecticides on biological and behavioural attributes of the orb-web spider Alpaida venilae (Araneae, Araneidae): implications for IPM programs. — Ecotoxicology 22: 1155-1164. )| falseSearch 26. Bergthaler, G. J. (1995). The cocoon of Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) — a SEM study. — In: 15th European collequium of arachnology (Ruzicka, V. , ed. ). Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, p. 22-26. )| falseSearch 3212. Blamires, S. J. (2010). Plasticity in extended phenotypes: orb web architectural responses to variations in prey parameters. — J. Exp. Biol. 213: 3207-3212. )| falseSearch 279. Bridge, A. P. , Elwood, R. W. & Dick, J. T. A. (2000). Imperfect assessment and limited information preclude optimal strategies in male-male fights in the orb-weaving spider Metellina mengei. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 267: 273-279. )| falseSearch 193. Buchli, H. H. R. (1969). Hunting behaviour in the Ctenizidae. — Am. Zool. 9: 175-193. )| falseSearch 1235. Caccone, A. (1985). Gene flow in cave arthropods: a qualitative and quantitative approach. — Evolution 39: 1223-1235. )| falseSearch 7611. Chiavazzo, E. , Isaia, M. , Mammola, S. , Lepore, E. , Ventola, L. , Asinari, P. & Pugno, N. M. (2015). Cave spiders choose optimal environmental factors with respect to the generated entropy when laying their cocoon. — Sci. Rep. 5: 7611. )| falseSearch 1051. Crespo, L. C. , Boieiro, M. , Cardoso, P. , Aguiar, C. A. S. , Amorim, I. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, no work has, so far, been performed to classify aloe plants according to their seasonal variation and plant cultivar, using the aloin content of aloe latex as the characteristic discriminating marker. The present study aimed to develop a simple and fast HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination of compounds with purgative activity in both aloe latex and aloe-based products. In this study, the aloin content of Aloe plants, grown under different conditions, was investigated, and the analysis was performed οn each leaf individually. Through the chemometric approach, the classification of aloe plants was achieved based on their seasonal variation and plant cultivation, using the laxative compounds of aloe latex as chemical markers. 2. Experimental 2. 1. Chemicals and grade standards of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were purchased from ChromaDex (). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) (LiChrosolv) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and methanol (MeOH) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Deionized water and ACN were filtered through a 0. 45-µm membrane filter (Milipore, Cork, Ireland) under vacuum and sonicated for 30 minutes, prior to use. 2. 2. and plants were kindly supplied by (Ormideia, Cyprus). For comparison purposes, the plants were cultivated either in soil at Ormideia, Cyprus or in a medium-size pot at the University of Cyprus in Nicosia, Cyprus. All of the plants had the same age and approximately the same size. Soil and irrigation conditions were the same for all plants. The plants consisted of 10–15 leaves, which were used for the quantitation of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. Starting from the base of the plant (leaf number 1) and reaching the top (leaves number 10–15), each leaf was cut off in order to drip and collect the latex.

Output: pass