Input: Claim: AI will fully replace human teachers in the next decade. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: As there was no rigorous data that the team at the University of Manchester could access to evaluate the services, it was decided between NHS managers and the research team that a survey study would be conducted (between November 2022 and January 2023) with professionals working within crisis services in Greater Manchester, to compare their perspectives of crisis services with the original aims of the Pathway [1] and answer the following research questions: 1) How do professionals believe crisis services can be improved for young people in Greater Manchester? 2) What actions can crisis services take to improve their service provision? 2 Methodology2. 1 Aims & designThe aim of the current research was to explore how crisis mental health services for young people can be improved from the perspective of professionals. To achieve this, a brief online survey, including a mixture of quantitative, Likert scale items and qualitative, open-ended questions, was undertaken with professionals working within crisis mental health services for young people in Greater Manchester. The survey was designed to take no longer than 10 min to complete by participants, to consider their busy working schedules, and increase the likelihood of completion. 2. 2 Quantitative data generationParticipants were asked to evaluate current crisis service provision in through a set of 14 Likert scale questions. These questions were based on the original Pathway document [1] which set forth the aims of crisis services in Greater Manchester. The 14 statements were reviewed and confirmed by mental health service organisational leaders in the NHS as a reliable evaluation scale. Participants were asked, “To what extent do you agree with the following statements? ” The results of these questions are presented in three categories (“Agree,” “Neither,” “Disagree”). 2. 3 Qualitative data generationThe last section of the survey asked participants “How do you think crisis mental health services for young people could be improved? ”. The question also asked participants to consider “the services already available,” and “the NHS’s long-term plan” when responding. It was made clear that this was the final question of the survey and participants were asked to provide as much detail as possible in their response. The aim of including this information was to encourage participants to provide detailed responses. 2. 4 ParticipantsThe survey was distributed to professionals working within crisis services in Greater Manchester.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 666 p = 0. 001 NS DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/table-2 have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea after accounting for the effect that genome size has on the number of shared genes (Fig. 5A). In general, these unusually large numbers of shared genes can be explained by horizontal gene transfer from archaea to bacteria (Figs. 4 and 7). More specifically, (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic archaea are most likely to transfer genes to bacteria that live in high-temperature and anoxic habitats respectively (Fig. 7), though the genes transferred between anoxic and high temperature archaea and bacteria do differ (Table 2). In contrast, aerobic mesophiles appear to engage in very little inter-domain horizontal gene transfer. The most likely explanation for these results is that the (hyper)thermophilic and anaerobic organisms whose genomes were included in this study were isolated from environments (e. g. , hot springs, oil wells, sediments) with high population densities where cells are in close proximity and therefore more likely to exchange genes. This study suggests that bacteria inhabiting bodies of water are less likely to contain genes transferred from archaea and that rates of horizontal gene transfer would be greatly underestimated if based only on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the importance of adjusting for genome size when investigating other factors associated with the number of genes shared among genomes. Due to this genome size adjustment, this study is the first to be able to examine the effect of environment on horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria on a broad scale. 1-5 of data used in analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-1 from the upper 95% CI for shared genes split into : 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-2 Figures 1–7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/supp-3 We would like to thank Devine for statistical advice and Cedar McKay for computer support. authors declare there are no competing interests. Clara A. Fuchsman, Collins and William J. Brazelton conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2023 in a Brain: of : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2023. 01. 12 Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has been dubbed everything from “mind-blowing” (CNET) to the artificial intelligence (AI) industry’s “next big disrupter” (York Times) – and with good reason. The brainchild of applies machine-learning algorithms to OpenAI’s GPT-3. 5 family of large language models, fine-tuned with both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques, to interact conversationally with users in a way that sounds surprisingly humanlike. Using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses, ChatGPT is able to remember a dialogue thread in a way that sounds both creative and authoritative. It can also create content, generate AI art, write code and convert unstructured data into a structured format. Although not without its limitations – OpenAI readily admits that it sometimes provides plausible-sounding but incorrect answers and can often be excessively verbose – ChatGPT has already attracted a million users and led many experts to conclude that it poses a serious threat to Google. With the global chatbot market expected to exceed $10. 5 billion by 2026, ChatGPT clearly represents not only an incredibly powerful tool but a major leap forward in self-learning artificial intelligence. By its own admission (see sidebar), ChatGPT is not artificial general intelligence (AGI). Although its capabilities are most impressive, ChatGPT is really manipulating symbols without any understanding of what those symbols mean. And until that is possible – until today’s artificial intelligence advances to something that has the ability to actually understand any intellectual task that a human being can – AGI remains a hypothetical (although many would argue inevitable) possibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: A gatekeeper at the NHS (Service), who acted as for the Pathway, was utilised to gain crisis professionals as participants in this study. This gatekeeper distributed the survey to relevant managers in crisis services, who then cascaded it to the professionals working in their respective teams. This snowballing distribution technique was useful for obtaining responses from different services which provide care for young people in crisis across Greater Manchester. The survey asked participants to state which crisis service they were affiliated to, so that the distribution of participants could be gauged. The options of services to choose from in the survey included; and In-reach and Safe Zones. These services were deemed to be the most relevant by the crisis service Programme Manager. However, “Other” was also provided as a response category, to reflect those who worked within other services providing crisis care for young people, such as A&E. There were 61 responses to the survey. However, 1 response did not record any data, so this was removed from the sample, leaving a total of 60 responses. The distribution of participants among services is reported in Table 2 below. Table 2 Crisis service affiliationFull size tableParticipants specific profession or role was not recorded in the survey, as this would increase the risk of identification of participants when linked to their service. This makes it difficult to ascertain if all roles within these services are represented in the sample. However, as relatively small teams, the number of participants in this study from the the Team, and is enough to represent the target population of the professionals working within these crisis services. Whereas for the Assessment & Inreach Centre, this sample is far from representative. Although still a small team, two participants is not representative of the professional workforce for this service. 2. 5 Analytic strategyQuantitative sections of the survey were used for descriptive purposes, with the qualitative section being the primary focus of this study. scale data from the survey focuses on the extent to which the key aims of mental health crisis services in were being realised. scale responses are presented through a stacked bar chart (Fig. 1), presented in the findings section of the paper, to clearly visualise aspects of crisis services which were perceived by participants as being in most need of improvement. Missing item level data is removed, with the percentage score of those who responded to the evaluation question reported. Fig. 1Likert scale statements and responsesFull size imageLikert scale statementsa.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 106:21748-21753 Danovaro R, Dell’. 2008. Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature 454:1084-1087 Dell’Anno A, Danovaro R. 2005. Extracellular DNA plays a key role in deep-sea ecosystem functioning. Science 309:2179. 2006. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Applied and 72:5069-5072 Frigaard N-. 2006. Proteorhodopsin lateral gene transfer between marine planktonic Bacteria and Archaea. Nature 439:847-850 Fuchsman CA, Rocap G. 2006. Whole-genome reciprocal BLAST analysis reveals that planctomycetes do not share an unusually large number of genes with eukarya and archaea. Applied and 72:6841-6844 Fütterer. 2004. Genome sequence of Picrophilus torridus and its implications for life around pH 0. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101:9091-9096. 2015. Horizontal gene transfer and genome evolution in Methanosarcina. BMC 15:102 é. 2005. Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium. Science 309:1242-1245. 2015. No evidence of inhibition of horizontal gene transfer by –Cas on evolutionary timescales. 9:2021-2027 Guieysse B, Wuertz S. 2012. Metabolically versatile large-genome prokaryotes. in Biotechnology 23:467-473. 2015. Horizontal gene transfer in an acid mine drainage microbial community. BMC Genomics 16:496 Hirschler-Rea A. 2003. Isolation and characterization of spirilloid purple phototrophic bacteria forming red layers in microbial mats of Mediterranean salterns: description of Halorhodospira neutriphila sp. nov. and emendation of the genus Halorhodospira. of Systematic and 53:153-163. 2007. Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii sp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: But we can look at ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations to conclude a number of interesting and useful things about the future of AI and the emergence of AGI. Many shortcomings of today’s AI that are impeding it from becoming AGI can be overcome. AGI’s emergence will be a gradual process rather than a “singularity. ” It will become progressively difficult to determine whether some future system is an AGI. What’s Needed for AGI To become an AGI, a system will need to add the ability to comprehend that physical objects exist in a physical environment – words are most useful if they represent objects, thoughts or ideas that exist in a reality. ChatGPT’s words exist only in the context of other words, not the abstract concepts they might represent. Further, there are many concepts that are difficult to express with words alone. Consider the difficulty of describing a work of art or music in words without a picture or recorded sound. This limitation can be overcome by adding multisensory inputs to an AI and, more importantly, an underlying data structure that supports creating relationships between multiple types of data. Physical objects have not only visible shapes and colors but textures and other tactile sensations, aroma, taste, known interactions with other objects, and a characteristic of persistence. Consider your understanding of a soap bubble. The words are just a shortcut for your multisensory understanding of its appearance, ephemeral nature, interaction with other bubbles and other physical objects, and a host of other sensations. To capture something akin to your understanding of the bubble, an AGI will require an internal mental model of its surroundings with the entity at its center, resembling the way in which humans view the world around us from our own point of view. How could a system understand or mimic the concept of a “point of view” without ever having experienced one? An artificial entity must also possess a perception of time, which allows for an understanding of future outcomes based on current actions. Finally, AGI will only be possible if the artificial entity has an imagination, which allows it to consider multiple possible actions, evaluate their potential outcomes and then choose the option that seems most plausible. Is this a complete list of capabilities needed for AGI? Of course not. But the implementation of these generic capabilities will lead us to a better understanding of what remains to be addressed on the road to AGI.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Crisis mental health services are delivered at a time that works for young peopleb. Crisis mental health services are delivered in a place which works for young peoplec. Crisis mental health services are delivered in a way which works for young peopled. Crisis mental health services are organized around young people and their needse. Crisis mental health services provide young people with the right amount of help for the right length of time to keep them safe and supportedf. Crisis mental health services are quickly available for young peopleg. Crisis mental health services are responsive and flexibleh. People working with young people in mental health crisis services are trained and supported so they feel confident to better help young people when they are strugglingi. Different services and agencies work together effectively to provide support for young people in mental health crisisj. Families and carers of YP in crisis are fully involved in their care, every step of the wayk. Movement between services is clear and well plannedl. Services are transparent and clear with young people in crisis about their carem. Mental health services for young people are effectiven. Mental health crisis services for young people are fully integratedAnalysis of the qualitative data collected in the survey builds on the key findings from the descriptive quantitative results, to understand professionals' perspectives on how improvements can be made to current crisis services offered in Greater Manchester. Qualitative data was subjected to inductive reflexive thematic analysis [22], using NVivo software to help with the coding process. The first author conducted the first three stages of the reflective thematic analysis process: data familiarisation, systematic data coding, generating initial themes. Two other co-authors were then involved in the remaining three stages of analysis: developing and reviewing themes, refining, defining and naming themes, and the report writing process. This was particularly helpful in the developing and reviewing stage, as during this stage codes and themes could be sense-checked against the supporting quotes from the raw data. Whilst interpretation is a key element of this method [22], it is key that themes are representative of the data collected. Once themes were developed from the qualitative data, these findings were used to gain a deeper understanding of participants responses to the quantitative section of the survey. 2. 6 Participant’s self-assessed knowledge of crisis serviceThe survey asked participants to rate their understanding of crisis services in Greater Manchester.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Nov, a novel arsenite-oxidizing, haloalkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium capable of chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic growth with nitrate or oxygen as the electron acceptor. of Systematic and 57:504-512 -. 2004. Genome sequence of the deep-sea γ-proteobacterium Idiomarina loihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as a source of carbon and energy. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101:18036-18041. 2001. High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes. Proceedings of the B: 268:493-497. 2003. Horizontal gene transfer accelerates genome innovation and evolution. and Evolution 20:1598-1602 Jun S-. 2011. Archaeal RNA polymerase and transcription regulation. in Biochemistry and 46:27-40 Kanhere A, Vingron M. 2009. Transfers in prokaryotes show differential p2001. Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Nature 409:507-510. 2011. Networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths. and Evolution 28:1057-1074. 2012. Phylogenomics of prokaryotic ribosomal proteins. 7:e36972. 2002. SHOT: a web server for the construction of genome phylogenies. Trends in Genetics 18:158-162 Lawrence JG, Hendrickson H. 2003. Lateral gene transfer: when will adolescence end? 50:739-749. 2012. Nitrospira-dominated biofilm within a thermal artesian spring: a case for nitrification-driven primary production in a geothermal setting. Geobiology 10:457-466. 2010. High frequency of horizontal gene transfer in the oceans. Science 330:50 Meyer-. 2011. Hydrothermal ecotones and streamer biofilm communities in the. 13:2216-2231 Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T. 2003. Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure. in Biotechnology 14:255-261 ø -Valera F. 2005.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: These AGI concepts are not impossible to create but require a mind shift in our approach to AI. Starting with a text-based system like ChatGPT and attempting to extend it to handle multisensory information, a mental model, cause and effect, and the passage of time is a daunting prospect. But starting with a data structure and set of algorithms to handle this diverse information and extending them to the text abilities of GPT with the vision, planning and decision-making of an autonomous robot is a much more promising approach. AGI vs. the When considering the likelihood of such a system, understand that the human brain does all these things in an organ that weighs about 3. 3 pounds and uses about 12 watts of energy. We know a lot about the brain’s structure and the way its neurons work but have yet to fill in the complete picture. Biological neurons function differently from the “perceptrons” of today’s neural networks at a basic level, and this accounts, in part, for the unparalleled energy efficiency of the brain. We do know that the initial structure of the brain is defined by our DNA, and the complete human genome is only about 750 MB. What fraction of our DNA defines the brain? We don’t know because the structure of any human part is largely dependent on its chemistry, and we have a much better idea of how DNA applies to chemistry than about how it applies to structure. But somehow, the DNA defines the structure of a person, which includes the structure and chemistry of the brain. Once the brain is “turned on,” its structure immediately begins to modify itself to handle the data and experiences it receives. We can presume, though, that generalized intelligence is a direct outgrowth of the structure that is defined by our DNA. The neocortex is the part of the brain humans use to think. Maybe its structure is defined by only 1% of that DNA, maybe 10%. Again, we really don’t know, but that means we might be able to define a complete AGI in a program that is as small as 7. 5 MB. And 7. 5 MB is a program that is well within the scope of a research team to write in just a few years. Thus, the AGI problem is really what is going to be written, not what the underlying structure requires gigabytes to define.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Table 3 displays the survey results of the crisis services knowledge self-assessment. In summary, the survey demonstrates that only 15% of participants considered to have a “full understanding” of how the whole crisis support system for young people works, with 50% stating they had “some knowledge” about the whole crisis support system. Almost 27% of participants stated they know how “other services linked to my service” supports crisis care for young people, and a further 8% reported they only had “knowledge about how the service they worked within” supports young people in crisis. These findings clearly highlight a perceived lack of knowledge among professionals about the support crisis services provide in Greater Manchester, with 85% of participants declaring to not have a full understanding of said services. Table 3 Self-assessed crisis service knowledgeFull size table2. 7 FindingsThe full results of the surveys Likert scale questions are displayed in Fig. 1. Whilst the results of the Likert scale questions indicated that there was room for improvement across all evaluative measures, there were some areas that were reported to be in more need of improvement than others. A minimum threshold of 20% (with a 1% leeway under) was deemed as significant because this would mean that 1 in 5 professional staff were negatively reporting on an evaluation measure. There were 6 statements which reached the threshold of negative responses, demonstrated by participant selection of “Disagree” to the evaluation question. Figure 1 suggests that crisis services for young people in require improvement in the following areas: Being delivered at a time that works for young people (19. 23%); providing young people with the right amount of help for the right amount of time (19. 23%); providing crisis services which are quickly available (24. 53%); for different services and agencies to work together effectively (19. 23%); clear and well-planned movement between services (37. 25%); and for services to be fully integrated (26%). These findings clarify professionals’ perspectives about what aspects of current crisis services offered in can be improved. The following reflexive thematic analysis of the qualitative survey data utilises these key findings from the quantitative data to examine the possible reasoning’s behind the 6 key areas of improvement identified and discuss how crisis services may be able to resolve these identified issues. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The genome of Salinibacter ruber: convergence and gene exchange among hyperhalophilic bacteria and archaea. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 102:18147-18152. 2002. Aerobiosis increases the genomic guanine plus cytosine content (GC%) in prokaryotes. Journal of 55:260-264 Nelson-. 2012. Acquisition of 1,000 eubacterial genes physiologically transformed a methanogen at the origin of Haloarchaea. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 109:20537-20542 Nelson--Chávez önheit. 2015. Origins of major archaeal clades correspond to gene acquisitions from bacteria. Nature 517:77-80 Podell S, Gaasterland T. 2007. DarkHorse: a method for genome-wide prediction of horizontal gene transfer. 8 2008. A database of phylogenetically atypical genes in archaeal and bacterial genomes, identified using the DarkHorse algorithm. BMC Bioinformatics 9:419. 2006. Viruses of the Archaea: a unifying view. Microbiology 4:837-848. 2016. Abundances, diversity and seasonality of (non-extremophilic) Archaea in Alpine freshwaters. Leeuwenhoek, of General and 109:855-868. 2011. Differences in lateral gene transfer in hypersaline versus thermal environments. BMC 11:199 Schippers A, Kock D, Höft C, Köweker G, Siegert M. 2012. Quantification of microbial communities in subsurface marine sediments of the black sea and off namibia. Frontiers in Microbiology 3 2011. Harvesting evolutionary signals in a forest of prokaryotic gene trees. and Evolution 28:1393-1405. 2009. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Applied and 75:7537-7541. 2011. Ecology drives a global network of gene exchange connecting the human microbiome. Nature 480:241-244. 1999. Genome phylogeny based on gene content. 21:108-110. 2003. The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes. BMC Bioinformatics 4:41. 2005.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: At this point, we simply don’t know what to write as the fundamental AGI algorithm. The massive computer programs of today’s AI might not even be necessary for AGI. emergence of AGI is likely to be gradual rather than all at once because advances in AGI development will create solutions or capabilities that will be individually marketable. Consider how adding a generic mental model would enhance any mobile system, such as an autonomous robot or self-driving car. Consider how improving language skills has already revolutionized personal assistants and online search. Consider how understanding the interactions of things will improve system decision-making. All these capabilities already exist at some level. As they are merged and each advances at its own rate, systems will approach or exceed human-level ability in some areas and others will lag behind. Today’s AI has superhuman capabilities in some areas and can’t match the abilities of most 3-year-olds in others. This situation will continue, and AI will advance sporadically in different areas – who is to say a system that (for example) can pass graduate-level exams in many areas but can’t make a cup of coffee is a “general intelligence” or not? Impeding long-term AGI development is the commercial need for short-term results. Take, for example, the current state-of-the-art computer vision used in self-driving cars, which is generally inadequate for safety. To solve this problem, the vision of self-driving cars is augmented with other sensors (radar, lidar, ultrasound, etc. ) that provide more absolute information about the car’s surroundings. Even though this represents a great solution to optical vision in self-driving cars, it may or may not contribute to advancing an overall AGI system. The additional sensors, in fact, may “solve” the present problem in a way that relegates improvements to the underlying vision system to the back burner. We Won’t have widely varying levels of ability. test has long been an exemplar for general intelligence, but as systems like ChatGPT get closer to human-level language abilities, the goalposts need to be moved. It is clear that for ChatGPT to pass a Turing test, it would have to be reprogrammed to lie about its own abilities and limitations – not a desirable outcome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 8 Qualitative themesResults from the thematic analysis of the qualitative survey questions are displayed in Table 4 as super-ordinate themes; the challenges of navigation, issues of accessibility into and between services, and the need to improve integration, alongside their respective sub-ordinate themes. Table 4 Super-ordinate & sub-ordinate themesFull size table2. 9 The challenge of navigationThe first super-ordinate theme discussed, which presented a significant problem to current mental health crisis services for young people was the challenge of navigation. It is clear from survey responses that navigating crisis services was an issue faced by both service users and staff working within crisis services. “The interface working within crisis mental health services for young people can be confusing and challenging to navigate. It is not always clear what the roles and responsibilities of the professionals involved from children's services are…” (Participant 34, Liaison) The confusion about who does what makes navigating crisis services a challenge for those working within crisis services and for those trying to access them. 2. 9. 1 InconsistencyAn inherent factor contributing to the challenge of service navigation is the inconsistency in crisis service provision across Greater Manchester, with one response noting how, “vary across locality. ” (Participant 23, Safe Zones). Not only does this lead to difficulties in navigating services, but also inequalities, with another response stating, “some areas have greater resources than others, which can be a barrier when promoting young people’s social and mental wellbeing. ” (Participant 5, Team). 2. 9. 2 Overreliance on A&EFrom the lack of consistency in offer of crisis services, it is unsurprising that many young people in crisis will be directed to A&E as a consistent offer regardless of location, despite this being perceived as an undesirable destination for young people experiencing mental health crisis. “My main worry is A&E departments, lots of children, young people and parents are directed to A&E in a crisis however that kind of environment for a person experiencing a mental health crisis is not appropriate in my opinion. ” (Participant 43, Safe Zones) Survey responses suggested that there was an overreliance on A&E, even for those registered to other mental health services, due to current gaps in crisis service provision, particularly out of hours.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: Plastid phylogenomics and fossil evidence provide new insights into the evolutionary complexity of the ‘woody clade’ in access Published: 12 April 2024 Plastid phylogenomics and fossil evidence provide new insights into the evolutionary complexity of the ‘woody clade’ in Jia1 na1, Shuying Wang1 na1, Jinjin Hu1 na1, Ke Miao1,2, Yongjiang Huang1 & …Yunheng Ji1 Show authors BMC 104. 79 and 100. 23 Ma), leading to the origin of the stem lineage ancestors of Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae within a very short time span (∼4. 56 Ma). Compared with the tree topology recovered in a previous study based on nuclear genome data, cytonuclear discordance regarding the interfamilial relationships of the WCS was detected. ConclusionsMolecular and fossil evidence imply that the early divergence of the WCS might have experienced radiative diversification of crown groups, extensive extinctions at the genus and species levels around the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary, and ancient hybridization. Such evolutionarily complex events may introduce biases in topological estimations within the WCS due to incomplete lineage sorting, cytonuclear discordance, and long-branch attraction, potentially impacting the accurate reconstruction of deep relationships. reports BackgroundThe core task of plant phylogenetics is to recover the tree of life for Plantae [1,2,3]. Although recent molecular phylogenetic studies have greatly improved our understanding of the angiosperm tree of life, some nodes remain notoriously recalcitrant [4,5,6,7,8]. Notably, the taxonomic affinities of such phylogenetically recalcitrant lineages have been markedly debated among previous morphology-based classification systems [e. g. , 9, 10–14]; and in recent molecular phylogenetic studies, the relationships between these nodes and related taxa were either poorly resolved or significantly incongruent [e. g. , 2, 7, 15–17]. Several lines of evidence suggest that these phylogenetically recalcitrant nodes may have undergone some evolutionarily complex events, such as radiative diversification, morphological convergence, and ancient hybridization, which most likely resulted in the absence of synapomorphies and/or phylogenetic conflicts inferred from different datasets [e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: Given that, a few alternatives have been suggested, such as the “coffee test,” “robot college test” and “flat pack furniture test. ” Taken together, these attempts at tests show our limited understanding of the nature of general intelligence itself. Furthermore, there are many people who could not pass various tests because of physical or cultural differences but otherwise seem to be generally intelligent. And none of these tests seem to address some questions that most children are good at, such as “what will happen next? ” But even with these tests, where would we place a system that can pass the robot college test but is too clumsy to make a cup of coffee? This means that we will continue to argue about whether AGI has been achieved for perhaps a decade after credible experts begin saying that it has been reached. By that time, systems will have surpassed human abilities in so many areas that we will be forced to agree that some sort of AGI has been created. AGI is Inevitable and As we learn more and more about brain function, the only argument against the eventual creation of AGI is that the human mind contains some fundamental “magic” that is outside the scope of physical systems, which we can replicate in nonbiological systems. That position aside, if all of today’s more specialized, individually marketable AI systems were built on a common underlying data structure, they could begin to interact with each other, building a broader context that can actually understand and learn. As these systems become more advanced, they will be able to work together to create a more general intelligence that approaches the threshold for human-level intelligence, then equals it, and eventually surpasses it. Perhaps only then will we humans begin to acknowledge that yes, maybe AGI does exist. It is inevitable because market forces eventually will prevail. All we are waiting for are the insights needed to make it work. When will that happen? Some experts say it will take hundreds of years before we know how the brain works, what its algorithms are and what its capacity is, but I would suggest that it is only a matter of time before we shift from our current dependence on bigger and bigger data sets and recognize that to approach true understanding, we must address the brain knowledge gap. Me to ChatGPT: Are you an AGI? ChatGPT: No, I am not an AGI.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “Most young people in care and who are under the care of CAMHS are experiencing self-harm/suicidal thoughts in the evening and during night time and carers/young people feel that currently crisis support does not meet their needs which leads to repeated A&E attendances and by the time MHL practitioner review the young person the crisis has reduced. This however creates a reliance on accessing A&E and leads to potentially unhelpful admissions. ” (Participant 21, Other) Gaps in current crisis services provision may have contributed to participants negative responses to the first and sixth Likert scale questions. 19. 23% of participants disagreed with the first statement (see Fig. 1a) which asked participants if they agreed that services were delivered at a time that works for young people. A further 24. 53% of participants disagreed with the sixth statement (see Fig. 1f) when asked if services were quickly available. If a young person reaches crisis point in the evening the quickest access to professional support is through attending A&E if specialist crisis mental health services are not available. However, it was suggested that rather than attending A&E, young people in crisis should be attending services which are appropriate for their needs. “I feel there needs to be a safer, more suitable place for anyone who is struggling with their mental health. This needs to be suited to a variety of needs and have the correct support for the people who are accessing it, by this I mean staff that are appropriately trained to support the people who turn up and also to have support for the staff that are providing this service. ” (Participant 43, Safe Zones) 2. 9. 3 24/7 crisis service provisionA suggestion was made across several survey responses, that may help resolve the current overreliance on A&E and provide a solution to the negative responses to the first (see Fig. 1a; services are delivered at a time that works for young people) and sixth (see Fig. 1f; services are quickly available) statements from the quantitative section of the survey. This suggestion was the implementation of 24/7 crisis service provision. The desire for 24/7 provision of young people’s crisis services amongst participants was strong, whether an overreliance on A&E was identified in participants responses or not. But for others, this was identified as a direct solution.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: , 4, 18–20]. The “woody clade” in Saxifragales (WCS), as defined by Jian et al. [21], comprises four woody families exclusively occurring in the Northern Hemisphere, i. e. , Altingiaceae (one genus, eight species) [22], Cercidiphyllaceae (one genus, two species) [23], Daphniphyllaceae (one genus, 30 species) [24, 25], and Hamamelidaceae (27 genera, 120 species) [7, 26]. The WCS represents one of the phylogenetically recalcitrant nodes in the angiosperm tree of life. The taxonomic affinities of these four families (as shown in Tables 1 and 2) are also contentious in the morphology-based classification systems proposed by Hutchinson [10], Cronquist [11], Dahlgren [12], Thorne [13], and Takhtajan [14]. This suggests a lack of robust morphological synapomorphies that unite them [21, 27]. Although previous studies have successfully recovered the phylogenetic backbone of Saxifragales and consistently resolved the WCS as a monophyletic group with strong support [8, 21, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33], the unresolved interfamilial relationships for Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae continue to be a subject of debate. Theoretically, the inconsistencies regarding the deep relationships of the WCS imply that it might have been subject to some evolutionarily complex events during its early evolution [16, 17, 19]. Table 1 Comparison of the order-level taxonomic placements of the four families within the “woody clade” in Saxifragales among previous morphology-based classification systemsFull size tableTable 2 Taxonomic studies of HamamelidaceaeFull size tableGiven that fossils represent the remains of past plants, they have the capacity to unveil intermediate evolutionary connections from the geological past, thereby offering valuable evidence for comprehending the evolution of the tree of life [34,35,36,37]. The combination of molecular and fossil evidence is recommended as an efficient approach for inferring the evolutionarily complex events that might result in phylogenetic recalcitrance in the angiosperm tree of life [16, 30, 38, 39].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: Whether the term is positive or negative in terms of strategic messaging and impact is outside the scope of this paper. “AI for good” has become a hallmark for the Unit (UN ITU) in particular. The UN has built a digital platform around the term, which is designed to encourage discussions and projects aimed at finding practical solutions for the UN’s Goals (SDGs) through AI [84]. The term “AI for good” then, in this context, refers to AI systems that help solve previously identified, complex global issues for society, thus benefiting humankind [78]. Those working to develop AI for good measure their success by their AI systems’ ability to help society reach certain goals. 2. 3 Beneficial AIAnother popular term, initially promoted more by the research community than by governments, is “Beneficial AI. ”“Beneficial AI” was spearheaded through the Future of Life Institute’s on Beneficial AI. This conference also yielded one of the very first sets of AI Principles, the Asilomar AI PrinciplesFootnote 3 which were signed by 5720 people, including 1797 AI and robotics researchers. Given the principles described in the document, the term initially appears to have had a close connection to technical AI research. In particular, it referred to topics that fall under the research field of AI safety [4, 16, 48], as well as topics related to the long-term future. Footnote 4 Outside of this research space, the term has been co-opted to broadly reference AI systems that benefit society and the environment, while avoiding definable and undefinable harm. 2. 4 Responsible AIA fourth commonly used term is “responsible AI. ” While the previously mentioned terms refer mainly to AI systems, “responsible AI” more often refers to the actions, and actors, involved in developing and deploying those systems. “Responsible AI” seems a more sophisticated term, perhaps due to the general connotations of “responsibility. ” It has been used to refer to many of the mechanisms or methods by which it could feasibly be achieved, such as responsible design and development for AI [7, 24]. It seems this term most often refers to processes that result in technical achievement and meet certain standards of responsibility. Some actors, particularly industry actors, likely feel that this term is more precise than terms that invoke ethics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “I feel some services may need to be 24/7 in order to prevent people attending A&E. ” (Participant 43, Safe Zones) However, it was conceded that for the delivery of 24/7 provision to be possible, investment would be needed; “Improved investment to meet the 24/7 aim. ” Other participants provided more detail about how 24/7 crisis service provision could be achieved, through redistribution of current resources. “I think the 24 hour offer could be covered using a rotation of staff from across the crisis pathway, bolstered by a robust out of hours referral process in liaison with trust helplines and Liaison services. ” (Participant 19, ) The next two super-ordinate themes, Issues of accessability into and between services, and How to improve integration, will contain more suggestions which may provide resolutions to this challenge. 2. 10 Issues of accessibility into and between servicesThe second super-ordinate theme to be discussed is that of issues of accessibility into and between services. Access follows on from the previous super-ordinate theme of The challenge of navigation, with elements of this theme linking closely to the challenges previously discussed. The sub-ordinate themes discussed in this section demonstrate the challenges currently faced surrounding accessibility of crisis services in Greater Manchester, and some potential solutions developed from analysis of survey responses. 2. 10. 1 Transition of careThe eleventh statement (see Fig. 1k) from the quantitative data collected in the survey received the most negative response, with 37. 25% of participants disagreeing with the statement that “movement between services is clear and well planned”. Participant responses to the qualitative section of the survey help develop an explanation for the poor response rate, highlighting several issues with the transition of care between services, affecting the accessibility of services. One of the major challenges identified was the transition to adult services for young people aged 16–18, creating another gap in service provision and leaving those in this age range in a precarious position. “I believe currently long-term support is proving to be a bit more difficult such as HITT not taking ages from 16+ and then miss communication from Adult services, stating they will not take anyone till they are 18, this is leaving some YP without any support.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: Recently, genome-scale sequence data, particularly plastid genomes (plastomes), have been increasingly used to solve historical puzzles in plant phylogenetics [e. g, 8, 28, 29, 40–48]. In general, phylogeny inferred from uniparentally inherited plastomes reflects only the maternal (or, in some cases, paternal) relationships, as compared to the more comprehensive evolutionary history recovered through the phylogenetic analyses of biparentally inherited nuclear genomes [49]. Nevertheless, the comparison of tree topologies inferred from plastomes and nuclear genomes can facilitate the determination of phylogenetic discordance between plastid and nuclear datasets (cytonuclear discordance), providing robust evidence to infer whether the evolution of the taxa in question has involved evolutionarily complex events, such as incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization [50, 51]. Recent phylogenomic studies have yielded valuable insights into the deep relationships within the WCS. Based on nuclear genome data generated by target-capture sequencing and RNA-seq, Folk et al. [28] recovered the phylogenetic backbone of the WCS with high-resolution and well-supported interfamilial relationships. In contrast, previous plastome-based phylogenetic analyses of the WCS taxa have demonstrated tree topologies with low support [52, 53] and inconsistent inter-familial relationships [32, 33]. Consequently, the family-level maternal relationships within the WCS remain ambiguous, providing weak evidence for detecting cytonuclear discordance in the deep relationships within the WCS. Notably, the maternal inheritance of plastomes in the WCS as well as in the Saxifragales has been verified by the investigations of several species including Hamamelis virginiana, Heuchera micrantha, and Tolmiea menziesii [54, 55]. By expanding the taxonomic sampling of the WCS to include the majority of genera, the objectives of this study are to recover a robust maternal backbone phylogeny of the WCS through analysis of plastome sequence data. Based on a time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, fossil evidence, and a comparison of plastome (this study) and nuclear [28] phylogenies, evolutionarily complex events putatively responsible for the phylogenetic recalcitrance of the deep phylogeny of the WCS were inferred.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: It may be a preferable term from a communications perspective as it, similar to “trustworthiness,” 3. 1. a. The risk of misinterpretation or misuse is even higher when “trustworthy AI” is reused, amended and adopted in international policy contexts without the original relation to the three pillars and their corresponding requirements, or with only partial reference to them. The wide adoption of the term runs the risk of diluting its meaning beyond recognition and backfiring on serious policy efforts, by way of losing both the original intent and the core content the terminology is meant to encourage after all. 4. 1 Come hell or waters high: is this trustworthy AI? This subsection highlights some initial concerns around the term “trustworthy AI. ” It proposes two overarching concerns. First, various meanings of the term, depending on actor and context, can easily get conflated, effectively creating different meanings and understandings which can mislead. Second, the term could easily be ‘washed out’ of its original meaning through repetition,Footnote 7 whether or not this is the underlying intent from a strategic and self-interested perspective of an agent. In short, one concern is with the word “trustworthy” itself, another with the repeated usage of the word and its associated definition. This creates the backdrop for the subsequent review in Sect. 4. 2. , which examines the dissemination of the term and how it has seemingly been re-used in various political contexts, as well as the results of that usage. 4. 1. 1 a. ConflationThe term “trustworthy AI” conflates at least five meanings: trust in the proper functioning and safety of the technology; the technology being worthy of the trust of the humans making use of it or encountering it otherwise; humans making use of it or encountering it seeing the technology as trustworthy; humans making use of it or encountering it experiencing the technology as trustworthy; the technology that is worthy of trust to all. What does “trustworthy” mean in different contexts and to different actors? It is questionable whether any technology can even be trustworthy, given that this is a concept predominantly applied to human–human interactions [13]. More specifically, the term is typically applied to interactions in which we cannot be certain of the intentions of another person, but we assume they are innocuous based on the person’s past actions and other social signals [49].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 46, Team) Those working in crisis services that are willing to offer support for this age range are impacted by the age restrictions of other services, due to the transition of care into and out of their service, making it difficult for them to manage. “not taking up to 18 year olds restricts HIT having full offer… not taking up to 18 year olds makes it difficult for GMAC and the wards to manage flow and discharges. ” (Participant 50, Assessment & & ) However, it was not just the transition to adult services that appeared to be an issue within current practice. The transition process between crisis services and beyond do not seem to be as efficient as they could be. “i think we need better transition between services. Often when we make recommendations after working intensively with young people (…) the recommendations are not adhered to and we are told that the young person needs a SPOA assessment by CAMHS which is a 90 minute assessment. It would work better if we were able to make referrals and recommendations for things such as psych reviews, family therapy, psychotherapy etc. ” (Participant 51, Team & ) This response demonstrates how referrals play a key role in the process of transition between services. Deeper analysis of referrals may assist in developing practical solutions to issues identified in the movement between services (see Fig. 1k), identified in the quantitative data. 2. 10. 2 ReferralsReferrals were identified by many participants as a source of contention. There were clear frustrations with current referral practices that prevented staff from referring to desired crisis services. There appeared to be challenges with referring into the Team. Participants requested easier referral access into the team from a range of services which are currently unavailable, including, “police and ambulance,” (Participant 51, Team & ) “GP’s and emergency services,” (Participant 33, Team) “liaison 24/7,” (Participant 50, Assessment & & ) and several requests for “A&E”. Put simply, “Rapid response are difficult to refer to” (Participant 13, Liaison). However, referring into the Team was not the only referral challenge identified. Survey responses also highlighted issues the Team faced when trying to refer outward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 58 Ma. Additionally, the divergence between subfamilies Disanthoideae and Hamamelidoideae was estimated to have occurred approximately 93. 93 (Ma), and the divergence of the five tribes within subfamily Hamamelidoideae was dated at around 86. 6 Ma for tribe Eustigmateae, approximately 83. 41 Ma between tribes Corylopsideae and Loropetaleae, and about 83. 07 Ma between tribes Fothergilleae and Hamamelideae; by comparison, the crown ages of the tribes Fothergilleae, Eustigmateae, Corylopsideae, and Loropetalea were estimated to be around 42. 38 Ma, 40. 44 Ma, 39. 84 Ma, and 33. 16 Ma, respectively. Fig. 3Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenetic dating of the “woody clade” in Saxifragales. The chronological estimates were performed using MCMCtree with the maximum likelihood (ML) tree as a topological constraint. Numbers superimposed on the branches represent mean divergent ages and 95% confidence interval of each node, respectively. The red dots represent the secondary calibration and fossil-calibration nodes. The divergence time and timeline are indicated in million years ago (Ma). FO, Fothergilleae; HA, Hamamelideae; EU, Eustigmateae; CO, Corylopsideae; LO, LoropetaleaeFull size imageDiscussionThe fossil-calibrated plastome phylogeny (Fig. 3) showed that all three of the WCS monotypic families (i. e. , Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae) are deep clades, considering the ancient origin of their stem lineage ancestors (104. 79–100. 23 Ma) versus the relatively hysteretic divergence of their crown groups (37. 81–4. 61 Ma). Within Hamamelidaceae, a similar pattern of early stem ages (100. 3-83. 07 Ma) compared to relatively later crown ages (55. 03–33.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: When we step onto a plane or into a car, we do not necessarily describe these technologies as “trustworthy. ” Instead, we rely on the fact that they have been sufficiently tested and passed all necessary thresholds to be safe for us to use [71, 86]. If anything, we trust the humans that have been involved in ensuring these technologies are safe [12]. By extension, we trust the institutions, organizations and processes they have set up, are involved in and are accountable to. Calling an AI system “trustworthy” seemingly personifies the technology. Just as we may have to resort to trusting a person when we cannot know their intentions, trusting an AI system seems to imply that it has inaccessible intentions that we have no control over, and that we are fine with that status quo. This implicitly assigns human-like properties to the AI and weighs them more heavily than is desirable. Moreover, calling an AI system “trustworthy” downgrades the expectations we might rightly have about being able to access a sufficient understanding of the full complexities, mechanisms and safety implications of the AI systems we encounter, by virtue of ‘assumed trust’ through the AI system’s trustworthiness. Moreover, those using the term “trustworthy AI” risk conflating the meanings of trusted and trustworthy. An individual such as the ([documentary], Netflix 2022) appears to have been (unfoundedly) trusted but he was not actually trustworthy. As humans trusting other humans we mostly deal with incomplete sets of information about the individual. We have to infer through past actions, behaviors, social networks and adjacent signals whether engaging with an individual is safe. While the concept of trustworthy AI is intuitively appealing, “trustworthy” does not suffice in a space where we need to have a reliably and sufficiently complete set of information—either directly or validated through experts—to ensure that indeed, the technology we engage with is sufficiently safe and desirable. In particular, there is a nagging worry that the term appeals to an intrinsically human concept and strongly overemphasizes the degree to which we should trust an AI system without expert supervision and access to empirical facts. Even for some experts of the the range of interpretations of “trustworthy” and its relation to various actors in the ecosystem remain manifold and in need of clarification.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “I think RRT should have more options to refer into/clearer pathways to do this as i find we are often struggling to get that support after the 72 hours. ” (Participant 46, Team) Referrals persisted throughout participant responses as a key challenge when navigating the pathway, which may explain the considerable number of negative responses to the eleventh statement (see Fig. 1k), identifying movement between services as a key area for improvement. As referrals act as a major route of access within the movement between services, expanding referrals between services is a clear action crisis services can take to improve accessibility and movement between services. 2. 10. 3 Single point of accessA solution suggested by participants for the challenges faced in the referral process was a single point of access and referral for crisis services. “Single entry pathways into the crisis pathway rather than referral to each separate service” (Participant 49, Other) A few specifically suggested this to be achieved through a phone line, with one specifically noting expanding the current role of 111 to support this. “For there to be there to be a single point of access phone number for Crisis services” (Participant 19, ) “Expanding the 111 and MHST pathway would enable further referrals into RRT” (Participant 49, Other) Having a single point of entry and referral would simplify the movement between services and enable service users and staff to better navigate crisis services, reducing the likelihood of incorrect referrals, causing longer waits for young people in crisis. 2. 10. 4 Length of service provisionHowever, once the service has been accessed there appeared to be some disagreement about the length of support offered. Survey responses to the fifth Likert scale statement (see Fig. 1e) also suggests dissatisfaction with the length of service provision, with 19. 23% of participants disagreeing with the statement that crisis services are offering the right amount of help for the right length of time. In response to the qualitative survey question, some participants indicated that the support offered is not long enough, suggesting that “some young people require longer than 3 days crisis support and need that time to build trust in the practitioners who offer support” (Participant 21, Other). Other responses noted that service users would prefer longer length of support also. “Learn from the feedback provided by young people - they are clear that would prefer longer term support.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 16 Ma) was observed in the subfamilies Exbucklandioideae, Mytilarioideae, and Disanthoideae, as well as in the five tribes (Corylopsideae, Eustigmateae, Fothergilleae, Hamamelideae, and Loropetaleae) belonging to the subfamily Hamamelidoideae. As suggested in previous studies [8, 16, 21, 27, 29], the presence of deep stems within these clades may be attributed to a lack of cladogenesis or extensive extinction of closely related taxa during their early evolutionary processes. Fossil evidence has disproven the hypothesis that cladogenesis was absent during the early evolution of the aforementioned WCS clades. The most typical example is Altingiaceae, within which three extinct genera, i. e. , Paleoaltingia, Protoaltingia, and Microaltingia, have been documented from the late Cretaceous of [56,57,58]. Similarly, three extinct genera (Allonia, Androdecidua, and Archamamelis) have been discovered in Hamamelidaceae [59,60,61]. Among them, Allonia and Androdecidua were delineated based on floral remains from the late Cretaceous of the and were assigned to tribe Loropetaleae of subfamily Hamamelidoideae [60, 62]. Archamamelis was also established based on floral remains with in situ pollen from the late Cretaceous of Sweden and was assigned to tribe Hamamelideae of subfamily Hamamelidoideae [59, 62]. Within Cercidiphyllaceae, four extinct genera (Jenkinsella, Joffrea, Nyssidium, and Trochodendroides) have been reported [63,64,65,66]. Among them, a Joffrea species has been documented from the late Paleocene of Canada [64]; 10 Jenkinsella, 13 Nyssidium, and 60 Trochodendroides species [67, 68] have been discovered across the spanning from early Cretaceous to Eocene epochs [67, 68]. Most of these extinct taxa have been identified through well-preserved reproductive organs utilizing various approaches such as scanning electron microscopy and cladistic analysis to explore their taxonomic affinities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: ALLAI, an organization founded by three members of the recently provided feedback on the European Commission’s proposal for a horizontal regulation for AI stating that [3]: “First of all, in the current wording the scoring should be aimed at evaluation or classification of trustworthiness of people. While we like the term trustworthiness for obvious reasons, in this context it is vague. What is considered the trustworthiness of a person? ” (p. 11). Footnote 8 Indeed, what is the trustworthiness of a person? If we can’t measure the trustworthiness of a person, why would we use this term to evaluate a technology, particularly when we seek to establish an evaluative framework that has clear, contextualized and verifiable metrics? The overall goal should be to encourage AI systems that function as expected, designed and deployed for, and are legal and robust. The goal is not to encourage systems that are trustworthy in the intuitive, colloquial sense. This would also match the actual work and suggestions of the. Another tempting (mis)interpretation may be that an AI system is in a way responsible for its ‘trustworthiness’. It should be noted that this is somewhat speculative and not reflective of any ongoing discussion in policy discourse. The speculative risk here, especially when it comes to using this term within a lay population, is that “trustworthy AI” subtly but distinctly deflects from who and what we want to trust. The terminology is capable of being interpreted, in a very subtle way, such that the responsibility to be trustworthy falls onto the AI system itself. As previously stated, presumably, what we do want to trust is that all the technical aspects of an AI system—everything that contributes to its functioning—have been adequately tested and developed. We want to trust that these technical aspects fulfill and pass all requirements necessary, that eventual misuses have been tested for and prevented to the best of the current state of the art of the technical research available. We want to trust that the AI system has been deployed in a manner that is in line with fundamental rights, the law and ethics. Presumably who we actually want to trust are the researchers, the individuals involved in the entire lifecycle of the AI system, those deploying it on the market and those testing the systems for benchmarks, certifications and standards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 1i) and the integration statement receiving a 26% negative response rate (see Fig. 1n). Not only did these statements receive high negative responses, but also high neutral responses. 19. 23% of participants reported to “neither agree or disagree” to the statement about working together effectively (see Fig. 1i), and a further 32% of participants responded as “neither agree or disagree” for the statement about service integration (see Fig. 1n). This may be in part be due to the lack of knowledge of crisis services, which is demonstrated in participants’ self-assessment of crisis services displayed in Table 2. With 85% of participants reporting to not have a full understanding of crisis services, it is understandable why the number of neural responses for these two statements were particularly high. The following sub-ordinate themes explore how crisis services can work together more effectively to become better integrated. 2. 11. 1 Crisis and community careMany responses to the survey requested there to be more integration between existing crisis services, such as, “and RRT to be more integrated. ” (Participant 19, ). But there appeared to be a particular demand for the Team and (HITT) to be better integrated, especially from participants associated with these services. “I think it makes more sense to have the RRT and HITT teams work together. ” (Participant 33, Team) “I feel that an integration of crisis teams and home treatment functions could work really well, and provide individuals with holistic and person-centered care. ” (Participant 5, Team) One response highlighted that the services the Team and Team provide have some overlap, which is why integration between these two services would be so desirable. “I think crisis services can be improved by considering a model that integrates RRT and the new HITT. Currently, RRT and HITT duplicate the initial intensive support needed and they run as two separate teams. ” (Participant 60, Team) However, it was not just services which offered similar care or crisis support which were requested to be better integrated. Survey responses also demonstrated the need for crisis services to be better integrated with broader services in the community. “There needs to be more integration with GP's surgeries and other locations within local communities which practitioners can base and support from.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: The aforementioned evidence strongly supports that cladogenesis did occur during the early evolution of WCS clades. Although no Daphniphyllaceae fossil has yet been found, the currently available fossil evidence robustly supports the conclusion that the deep stems of the afore-mentioned WCS clades can be attributed to the prominent extinction of their closely related taxa during their initial evolutionary stages. Notably, the majority of extinct genera within the WCS (i. e. , Allonia, Androdecidua, Archamamelis, Paleoaltingia, Protoaltingia, and Microaltingia) disappeared from the fossil record after the Cretaceous period [56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 69]. Although the survival of Jenkinsella, Nyssidium, and Trochodendroides (Cercidiphyllaceae) extended to the Eocene, their species diversity had significantly declined since the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary [65] and completely vanished prior to the Oligocene era [63,64,65, 67]. The fossil evidence suggests the extinction events in the early evolution of the WCS might have primarily occurred around the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary. This temporal coincidence aligns with Earth’s most recent mass extinction event when over 75% of species became extinct [70,71,72]. For phylogenetic analysis, the families Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae exhibit extremely deep stems that may expose them to long-branch attraction [73], potentially leading to erroneous grouping in evolutionary trees. Previous studies have demonstrated that MP phylogenies are more susceptible to long-branch attraction compared to BI and ML phylogenies [74, 75]. Consistent with this, our MP phylogeny revealed distinct tree topologies concerning the interfamilial relationships among Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae when compared to ML and BI phylogenies (Figs. 1 and 2). These findings suggest that the reconstruction of the WCS’s phylogeny could be influenced by long-branch attraction effects, resulting in a certain degree of bias in topological estimation [73, 75, 76]. Consequently, significant extinction events during the early evolution of the WCS might contribute significantly to the recalcitrance observed in resolving deep relationships within this clade.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: We want to ensure that they have good intentions and that their work is accessible for third parties to verify the accuracy and intent of it. And the way to do this is to verify our trust by outsourcing it to existing methods, be that audits, employment contracts, existing regulation or otherwise. 4. 1. 2 b. Rinse and repeat: ‘washing out’ any distinct meaningFinally, there is a danger that the seductive graspability and familiarity of the term “trustworthy” could be weaponized by some actors to obfuscate the development process of their AI systems. While the EU has been incredibly clear as to what obligations an AI system’s life cycle needs to fulfill for the system itself to be trustworthy, the meaning of the term is becoming more vague as it becomes increasingly popularized. Therefore, it can fall prey to being “green washed” [72] or “ethics washed” [9, 58, 59]. The term may be misused to reassure consumers about an AI system that may not actually adhere to any of the expected guardrails or checks. There is no law surrounding what can and cannot be called “trustworthy AI. ” In fact, the terminology might end up being used as a marketing tool more than to convey factual information about the AI system. In doing so, economic appeal may usurp ethical and legal rationales. This is particularly salient as a consideration for the review undertaken in the next section, 4. 2. In particular, it helps to place this concern within real-world circumstances, demonstrating that in fact the term already seems to be used as a marketing tool despite good intentions, and underlining why the high-level adoption of this term in international policy discourse, as discussed in Sect. 4. 2. 4d, may actually backfire on the original ambition of this term. 4. 2 Are you for real? It all boils down to memetic appealShort of finding a new term, all of the points put forward under Sect. 4. 1. suggest that it could be (at minimum) worth changing the term when used in its original sense (i. e. to indicate adherence to all three pillars as advocated by the ). For example, we could adopt the term “trustworthy AI™. ” Such a division would allow us to effectively distinguish between what the original term conceptualizes versus what people may change it to mean.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 23, Safe Zones) “Being more integrated with social care so that those cases don't get confused with mental health services. ” (Participant 6, Team) There was a clear wish for a holistic integration of services, both community based and crisis specialist, to better support young people along their journey of mental wellness. 2. 11. 2 CommunicationHowever, to achieve better integration of services, communication needs to be improved. With so many services involved in the care of young people experiencing mental health crisis, it is important that communication routes are “watertight,” with current communication methods between services being perceived by some respondents as inefficient. “Bearing in mind how many other services crisis mental health services work with and are in contact with, communication methods must be watertight. A universal way of communicating the same information to a number of different services and agencies would be much more efficient. A lot of time is spent disseminating the same information to a number of different staff and services. ” (Participant 25, ) Participants recommended communication could be improved by, “being part of at least 1 huddle per day to exchange information”, (Participant 6, Team) or “to join all the crisis teams together (), working from a central office and having more streamlined management in place to feel better supported”, (Participant 3, Team) or through a “central hub” (Participant 15, Other). 2. 11. 3 Shared systemsHowever, the most popular recommendation that was made to better integrate services and enhance communication through improved information sharing, was through a shared system. “I think crisis mental health services for young people could be improved by having more cohesive methods of communicating the same information to multiple agencies, services, and professionals. A lot of time and work goes into communicating and disseminating important information, which is paramount. However this could be done more efficiently to avoid repetition and costing time, which could be spent on other important aspects of care and treatment. Perhaps one of the barriers is different services having their own different computer systems. ” (Participant 59, ) Within current practice, services use different systems to record information, making the process of sharing this information onwards more challenging. A shared system may ensure that all services have access to the same information, and reduce time spent disseminating information to other services. In turn, this would enhance the feasibility of integration across services.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: In addition, Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae have stipules and winged seeds, distinguishing them from the non-stipulate leaves and wingless seeds of Daphniphyllaceae [23, 24, 26, 84], supporting the transitional position of Cercidiphyllaceae as a phylogenetic link between Daphniphyllaceae and the clade Altingiaceae + Hamamelidaceae. The high levels of consistency between the nuclear genome phylogeny and morphological traits suggest that the cytonuclear discordance observed in the WCS phylogeny might have been caused by ancient interfamilial hybridization. Interestingly, a previous study [56] showed that interfamilial hybridization might have occurred during the early evolution of the WCS. Based on scanning electron microscopic investigations, tricolpate-reticulate pollen was found to attach to the stigmas of the fossil pistillate inflorescences of Microaltingia, an extinct Altingiaceae genus from the late Cretaceous of the [56, 85]. Within the WCS, tricolpate-reticulate pollen exists in Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae but not in Altingiaceae [56, 85]. The fossil evidence implies that ancient hybridization between Altingiaceae and closely related families might be feasible. Therefore, chloroplast capture [17, 82] caused by ancient hybridization is likely a reasonable interpretation of the phylogenetic discordances detected in the deep relationships within the WCS. Concordant with fossil evidence [56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 69, 86], which suggests that the early evolution of the WCS might have experienced radiative lineage diversification, the results of divergence time estimation indicated that the WCS underwent rapid divergence in the crown groups during the early Cretaceous, leading to the occurrence of the stem lineage ancestors of Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae within a very short time span (within ∼4. 56 Ma, and between 104. 79 and 100. 23 Ma).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: “Trustworthy AI™” in its original composition appears to have had significant appeal to policymakers across the globe as Sects. 4. 2. 2b–4. 2. 4d will highlight similar terms, ideas and concepts that have populated the policy discourse in recent times. The following sections build on the aforementioned concerns about the conflation of meanings. In particular, they build the case that the term is prone to being ‘washed clear’ of its original meaning. In doing so, it investigates the shift “trustworthy AI™” has undergone in international policy discourse and how the term has been (mis)appropriated and changed throughout the course of its adaptation into different contexts. In the following sections, I establish the salience and timeliness of this discussion. First, I briefly introduce two regulatory developments to highlight the rapidly changing strategic and political landscape within which this term is being used. I will then highlight a number of relevant international policy efforts that seem to make use of versions of “trustworthy AI™” and are adjacent in intent to the EU’s original ambition. This will provide a better understanding of (1) how the EU’s conceptualization may have shaped international conversation and (2) how the term has been (re)used to hold multiple meanings and was consequently watered down to a suitcase word [57], void of specific meaning, content and subsequently, actionable intent. Footnote 94. 2. 1 a. Political shifts: salience and timelinessRecent research indicates that the number of bills passed into law containing 4. 2. 2 b. EU-adjacent effortsMany EU member states have adopted the EU’s concept for use within their own AI strategies and policy documents. These member states include Czechia (Czech [19], Luxembourg [50], Malta [53,54,55,56]), and the Netherlands [63]. This is unsurprising given (a) the novelty of the concept at a time when many countries did not yet have fully fleshed-out AI strategy and (b) the fact that the EU mandated a similar and cooperative approach to AI governance to combat fragmentation, as outlined in the Declaration on Cooperation [29] and the EU’s [28]. Relatedly, the recent AI Act [31] indicates that standards could play a crucial role in the conformity assessment procedures of high-risk AI systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: 2. 11. 4 Training and awarenessFinally, training persisted throughout survey responses as a key recommendation to enhance crisis service provision. More training was requested in general terms, with numerous forms of training being recommended. Training suggested ranged from basics, such as, “Baseline training for staff working with YP in metal health crisis situation,” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) to more specialised training, such as, “Training and awareness for young people presenting with complex trauma related symptoms as well as neurodevelopmental difficulties. ” (Participant 21, Other). Regardless of the type, training was viewed as a way of enhancing crisis support provided to young people in crisis; “further access to training options for staff within crisis teams so they can better support YP. ” (Participant 53, ). However, whilst training offers a route to enhance how to support young people in crisis, it can also be utilised to enhance integration, by developing an awareness and shared understanding of crisis services available, and how they can work together effectively. An “Increased understanding of everyone's role in supporting the young people and knowing which service provision suits the young person's needs the best,” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) could be achieved through training. Furthermore, the request for a better understanding goes beyond crisis services, with a desire for “More understanding of the community services we can refer to. ” (Participant 38, Liaison). Training that enhances staff’s understanding about how crisis services work together and with wider community services to provide support for young people could lead towards better integration of services, enhancing the accessibility and navigational challenges currently faced in practice. 3 DiscussionUndoubtedly, crisis mental health services for young people in have been enhanced through investment in the Pathway. It has provided young people in with new and improved services, which did not previously exist, providing more choice and support for those living in the city region. Nevertheless, the findings from this research indicate several areas of improvement for crisis services as identified by professionals working within them. How do professionals believe crisis services can be improved for young people in Greater Manchester, and what actions can crisis services take to improve their service provision? Analysis of the quantitative data found 6 clear areas for improvement from the evaluative indicators.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: The mutually supporting evidence suggests that, in addition to ancient hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting (the stochastic sorting of ancestral sequence polymorphisms) [16, 51] resulted from the process of radiative diversification during the early evolution of WSC may contribute to the observed phylogenetic recalcitrance in the deep relationships of the WCS. ConclusionThe WCS is a representative of the phylogenetically recalcitrant node in the angiosperm tree of life, within which the deep relationships remain poorly resolved. Based on a broad taxonomic sampling at the genus level across the four currently recognized families in the WCS, we recovered a robust maternal backbone phylogeny for this group. Based on molecular and fossil evidence, this study indicates that the early evolution of the WCS might have undergone radiative diversification of crown groups in the early Cretaceous, ancient hybridization, and prominent extinction events during the transition between the Cretaceous and Paleocene. These events most likely resulted in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the deep relationships within the WCS being adversely affected by incomplete lineage sorting, cytonuclear discordance, and long-branch abstraction, which inevitably led to serious topological estimation biases. Nevertheless, possible ancient hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in the early evolution of the WCS inferred in this study are merely based on the phylogenetic incongruence between plastid and nuclear genomic data, and other supporting evidence is still lacking. This inference needs to be validated through in-depth analysis of the conflicts between the species tree and gene trees using nuclear genome data containing multiple single-copy orthologous genes. MethodsTaxonomic sampling, DNA extraction, and Illumina sequencingAccording to the most recent taxonomic revision of Altingiaceae [22], Cercidiphyllaceae [23], Daphniphyllaceae [24, 25], and Hamamelidaceae [26], the WCS comprises approximately 173 species belonging to 30 genera [7, 22, 23, 25]. In this study, 56 species representing all three genera in the three monotypic families (Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Altingiaceae) and 15 out of the 27 currently recognized genera in Hamamelidaceae were sampled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: It leaves scope for standards or technical specifications to replace matching aspects in the conformity assessment, which high-risk AI systems would need to undergo otherwise. Currently, no matching standards exist. However, in light of the overall discussion in this paper, many of the legal obligations in the AI Act’s [31] conformity assessment match the areas under “trustworthy AI™”. This means that the original conceptualization has been highly influential beyond ethical considerations, feeding into regulatory and standardization efforts. It is noteworthy then, that standardization committees have now started working on trustworthy AI as a topic. One group that has adopted the term at a high level is the 24,028:2020Footnote 13 on “Information technology—Artificial intelligence—Overview of trustworthiness in artificial intelligence. ” This working group predominantly focuses on areas related to the legal obligations for the conformity assessment outlined in the AI Act under Art. 11, “Annex IV Technical Documentation,” and Art. 15, “Accuracy, Robustness and Cybersecurity. ” This matches at least one of the ethical key requirements outlined in the for Trustworthy AI [2] and demonstrates how the term’s original conceptualization has affected concrete policy action. Moreover, it indicates that standards committees have adopted some of the terminology and thinking of the EU to, at the very least, preempt upcoming regulation such as the AI Act [31]. Other standardization efforts, such as the US “S. 1849—Leadership in of 2021” [88] do not make any reference to trustworthy AI. 4. 2. 3 c. International partnerships, agreements and cooperation pipelinesMany international partnerships have used the term since its inception, often diluting and modifying the original meaning. on AI [70], signed by over 35 countries, recognize that “the trustworthiness of AI systems,” (p. 6) is a key factor of AI diffusion and consider it vital to foster the “adoption of trustworthy AI in society and to turning AI trustworthiness into a competitive parameter in the global marketplace,” (p. 6) Not only is the adoption of the original term evident, it is, moreover, clear that the trustworthiness of AI systems is seen as a competitive advantage. This matches policy documents from the EU, such as the Communication on in AI [30].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Likert scale questions that returned over the required threshold of negative participant responses were: services delivering support at a time that worked for young people; delivering the right amount of help for the right length of time; providing services which are quickly available; services and agencies working together effectively; movement between services is clear and well planned; services are fully integrated. A further 3 super-ordinate themes were established through thematic analysis of the qualitative data that indicate a need for the further development of crisis services: the challenges of navigation, issues of accessibility into and between services, and the need to improve integration. Deeper analysis of those three themes explored the links between the quantitative and qualitative findings and suggested solutions to the issues identified with current crisis service provision as identified by professionals taking part in this survey. This study found that navigation of crisis services was a challenge for both service users and professionals, with a lack of understanding of crisis services reported by professionals in the qualitative and quantitative data (see Table 3 and Fig. 1). This issue was not helped by the inconsistency in offer of crisis services across Greater Manchester. However, this is not an isolated issue. Inconsistency in crisis service provision is widely reported [7], with an individual’s postcode being a crucial factor determining what care is available to them [23]. As A&E is a well-known, dependable emergency service which is offered 24 h a day, it is unsurprising that participants report an overreliance on A&E by young people in crisis. Other crisis service research has indicated that long wait times for specialist mental health support and insufficient information regarding where to go when in crisis, has resulted in emergency departments becoming the default option for CYP in crisis [13]. This is despite a reduction in avoidable mental health A&E attendances being a key policy goal for mental health services [10, 24]. However, as exemplified in this context of this study, alternative specialist crisis services for young people do exist, the issue identified in this study is how to enable young people in crisis to access these services, rather than needing to rely on A&E. From the challenges young people and their families face when navigating crisis services, it is easy to see why they turn to A&E when in crisis, as it is a consistent 24 h service, acting as the first point of emergency contact to everyone across the UK.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 2 Ma. In addition, the earliest fossils of the extinct genera Trochodendroides [66], Allonia/Androdecidua [60, 62], and Archamamelis [59, 61, 62] were chosen to constrain the stem ages of Cercidiphyllaceae (100. 5 Ma), Loropetaleae (83. 6 Ma), and Hamamelideae (83. 6 Ma), respectively. These fossils are either infructescences/fruits or well-preserved flowers with pollen [60, 61, 66], and their systematic positions have been robustly verified and extensively used for calibrating the phylogeny of angiosperms [e. g. , 29, 62, 105]. We used the ML tree as a topological constraint. The uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was employed, with a Yule tree prior and under a GTR sequence substitution model as recommended by Paup v4. 0 [106]. The MCMC was run for 500 million generations, sampling a tree every 1000 generations, with the first 20% of trees being discarded as burn-in. The convergence of the MCMC stimulations was inspected using Tracer v1. 7. 1 [99]. The ESS of the estimated parameters was, in most cases, > 200, and it was always > 125. Files containing the sampled trees were combined and annotated using LogCombiner v1. 10. 4 and Treeannotator v1. 10. 4, respectively, using the BEAST package. The maximum clade credibility tree with median ages and 95% highest posterior density intervals for all nodes was visualized using Figtree v1. 3. 1 ( Data availability The complete plastomes generated in this study are available at the database, with the accession numbers being presented in Table S1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial intelligence systems can perfectly teach any subject without human supervision. [SEP] Text: There, the EU envisions its approach to trustworthy and human-centric AI as one that strengthens its reputation for safe, reliable and ethical products. At the same time, although the OECD Recommendations on AI [70] match many of the original requirements outlined in the for Trustworthy AI [2], it does not match the full scope of “trustworthy AI™. ”The 2019 G20 on Trade and [42] reflects the EU’s vision as well. In particular, the section on the G20 AI Principles [42] focuses on the “responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI,” (p. 1) and “national policies and international co-operation for trustworthy AI,” (p. 3). refer back to the OECD Recommendations on AI [70], and do not define trustworthy AI. As such, they have completely detached themselves from the original meaning of “trustworthy AI™,” adopting what appears to be an intermediary use of the term without its original context. The 2022 on the Ethics of [82] also mention that the “the trustworthiness and integrity of the life cycle of AI systems is essential to ensure that AI technologies will work for the good of humanity, individuals, societies and the environment and ecosystems, and embody the values and principles set out in this Recommendation,” (p. 18). Most recently, the term has permeated international cooperation discourse, as evidenced by the EU-US Trade and Technology Council’s inaugural Pittsburgh statement [33]. This states that “Union and the affirm their willingness and intention to develop and implement trustworthy AI and their commitment to a human-centered approach that reinforces shared democratic values and respects universal human rights, which they have already demonstrated by endorsing the OECD Recommendation on AI. ” (p. 11). It is interesting that despite the EU being one of the two main leads in this discourse, the document itself refers back to the OECD Recommendations on AI [70] and not to the for Trustworthy AI [2] when referring to trustworthy AI. 4. 2. 4 d. International actorsBeyond international fora, AI strategies of international powers such as the have equally explored versions of trustworthy AI. There appears to have been a distinct uptake in the use of the term in US policy documents subsequent to the publication of the draft version of the final for Trustworthy AI [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Although not the preferred environment for CYP’s crisis care, the review of crisis service literature conducted by Edwards et al. demonstrates positive outcomes of crisis services initiated in [13]. Therefore, it is important that crisis care for CYP in A&E is not ignored in future research, and that this route within crisis care pathways is developed rather than completely cast aside for community and home treatment services. Department initiated crisis care can have positive outcomes, there is still an overwhelming push within policy and literature to provide crisis care services in the community. To be able to achieve this and avoid crisis mental health related A&E attendances, participants suggested that specialist CYP crisis services be provided on a 24 h basis. Although 24 h crisis service provision is already an aim set forth in the NHS’s Plan, results from this research echo the dissatisfaction reported with out-of-hours care and the need for accessible 24/7 care in other literature [13]. Participants in this research articulated the need to increase resources in this area of service provision to make 24/7 crisis care a viable option. Barriers and facilitators for CYP accessing crisis services has been explored in the research literature [13], but less emphasis has been put on the accessibility between crisis services. Accessibility between crisis services proved to be a challenge in the context of this research, contributing to issues of navigation into and between crisis services. Previous literature has illustrated the negative impact of poor transition between services on adherence to future treatment and health outcomes for young people [25]. Yet, movement between services was identified as key area for improvement from analysis of the quantitative data (Fig. 1). Through analysis of qualitative responses, a deeper understanding of this issue was identified. First, participants expressed their frustrations with crisis services limiting their care to young people aged 16, leaving a gap in crisis provision for young people aged 16–18. Conclusions drawn from the study, a body of research which investigated mental health pathways and care for adolescents in transition to adult services, promote standardised and robust policies and guidelines to ensure ideal transition between adolescent and adult mental health services [26], once again highlighting the need for consistency in service provision. The second issue professionals faced in relation to the movement between services was referrals. Challenges of referring into CAMHS has been explored in depth [27], particularly the impact on wait times and inequalities faced in this process [28, 29]. However, little is known about the referral process between services.

Output: pass