Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: A: 10 train-test runs, B: 25 train-test runs, C: 50 train-test runs, D: 100 train-test runs, E: 500 train-test runs, F: 1000 train-test runs, G: 2000 train-test runs, H: 3000 train-test runs, I: 4000 train-test runs, J: 5000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 7 Accuracy estimation for the SRBCT classifier (III) Cross-validation method based on a 95%–5% splitting. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs. A: 10 train-test runs, B: 25 train-test runs, C: 50 train-test runs, D: 100 train-test runs, E: 500 train-test runs, F: 1000 train-test runs, G: 2000 train-test runs, H: 3000 train-test runs, I: 4000 train-test runs, J: 5000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 8 Accuracy estimation for the SRBCT classifier (IV) Bootstrap method. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs. A: 100 train-test runs, B: 200 train-test runs, C: 300 train-test runs, D: 400 train-test runs, E: 500 train-test runs, F: 600 train-test runs, G: 700 train-test runs, H: 800 train-test runs, I: 900 train-test runs, J: 1000 train-test runs. Full size image Classification of splice-junction sequencesThis dataset consisted of 2000 cases divided into three categories: Exon/intron boundaries (EI), intron/exon boundaries (IE) and neither (N). Each class comprised 464, 485 and 1051 cases respectively. Each case is represented by 60 features, which encode the nucleotide composition of each sequence. The original datasets and further information can be obtained at: BP-ANN consisted of 60 input nodes, 10 hidden nodes and 3 output nodes. The sampling techniques generated different accuracy estimates. But unlike the expression datasets, there were relatively less significant differences between methods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Unlike with the wild type strain, ACEI remained constant during the course of fermentation with the proline-specific peptidase mutant. The mutant strains had also different peptide profiles than the wild-type strain. 2. 2. OtherVarious types of fermented soybean foods are consumed in Asian countries such as Korea, China, Japan, Indonesia and Vietnam. Soybeans are traditionally fermented primarily by Bacilli species during the early stage of fermentation followed by Aspergillus species, which predominate during the remaining fermentation period [50]. ACEI peptides have been found in many traditional Asian fermented soy foods, such as soybean paste, soy sauce, natto and tempeh. ACEI peptide His-His-Leu was isolated from Korean fermented soybean paste [51]. Rye gluten sourdoughs fermented with Lb. reuteri and added protease were found to contain the lactoripeptides [52]. Moreover, our recent studies showed that fermentation of rapeseed or flaxseed meals with Bacillus subtils or Lb. helveticus strains produced ACEI activity [53]. 2. 3. Other activitiesIt is reasonable to expect that lactic acid bacteria produce scavengers for hydroxyl radical, which can be metabolic compounds produced by bacteria or degradation products of milk proteins. The results have demonstrated that the antioxidant production is commonly higher within the group of obligately homofermentative lactobacilli, than within the facultatively or obligately heterofermentative strain groups. Also heterofermentative Lactobacillus sp. have been reported to exhibit antioxidative activity. Lb. acidophilus, Lb. bulgaricus, Str. thermophilus and Bifidobacterium longum exhibited antioxidative activity by various mechanisms, like metal ion chelating capacity, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing activity and superoxide dismutase activity [54, 55]. Peptides liberated during fermentation can be partially responsible for the reported antioxidative properties. An antioxidative peptide derived from κ-casein was detected in milk after fermentation with Lb. delbrueckii subs. bulgaricus [56]. Moreover, Hernández-Ledesma et al. [57] found a moderate ABTS radical scavenging capacity in commercial fermented milk from Europe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. . Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;374(9690):609–619. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Patterns of antidepressant use in community practice. Psychiatry. 1993;15(6):399–408. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. GP treatment decisions for patients with depression: an observational study. . 2005;55(513):280–286. PubMedWeb of Science7. Craven MA, Bland R. Better practices in collaborative mental health care: an analysis of the evidence base. . 2006;51(6 Suppl 1):7S–72S. PubMed8. Druss BG. A review of HEDIS measures and performance for mental disorders. Manag Care. 2004;13(6 Suppl):48–51. PubMed9. Katon W, von Korff M, Lin E, et al. Adequacy and duration of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Med Care. 1992;30(1):67–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science10. Guo T, Xiang Y-T, Xiao L, et al. Measurement-based care versus standard care for major depression: a randomized controlled trial with blind raters. Psychiatry. 2015;172(10):1004–1013. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science11. Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: impact on depression in primary care. JAMA. 1995;273(13):1026–1031. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. The evolution of collaborative mental health care in Canada: a shared vision for the future. . 2011;56(5):Insert 1–10. Web of Science13. Collaborative care for mental health and substance use issues in primary health care: overview of reviews and narrative summaries. Commission of Canada; 2013 [cited 2013 November 8]. Available from: Organization, of (Wonca). Integrating mental health into primary care: a global perspective. Geneva (Switzerland): Organization and of Family Doctors; 2008 [cited 2013 November 10]. Available from:. Advancing community-based collaborative mental health care through interdisciplinary Teams in Ontario. Health. 2008;27(2):55–73. Crossref16.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: There are not significant statistical differences between the estimates produced by the train-test experiments belonging to a particular data sampling method. Moreover, less train-test runs are required to reduce the variance of the cross-validation and bootstraps estimates. Figures 9, 10 and 11 portray the mean accuracy estimates and their confidence intervals (95% confidence) obtained for each cross-validation technique respectively. Figure 9 indicates that more than 300 train-test runs are required to significantly reduce the variance of the 50%–50% cross-validation estimates. However, a confidence interval size equal to 0. 01 had been achieved earlier for only 50 runs. In general this method produced the most conservative cross-validation accuracy estimates. Figure 10 shows that only 50 train-test runs are required to significantly reduce the variance of the 75%–25% cross-validation estimates. The 95%–5% cross-validation method (Figure 11) needed only 100 train-test runs to achieve the same. This splitting method generated one of the most optimistic accuracy estimates for this dataset. The leave-one-out method also produced one of highest accuracy estimates for this problem (0. 97). There are not significant differences between the accuracy estimates produced by these two methods. Finally, Figure 12 illustrates the results generated by the bootstrap technique. In this method only 100 train-test runs were required to significantly reduce the variance of the estimates. Figure 9 Accuracy estimation for the splice-junction sequence classifier (I) Cross-validation method based on a 50%–50% splitting. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs. A: 10 train-test runs, B: 25 train-test runs, C: 50 train-test runs, D: 100 train-test runs, E: 200 train-test runs, F: 300 train-test runs, G: 400 train-test runs, H: 500 train-test runs, I: 800 train-test runs, J: 1000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 10 Accuracy estimation for the splice-junction sequence classifier (II) Cross-validation method based on a 75%–25% splitting. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Further studies of this radical scavenging activity in different HPLC fractions showed low TEAC values. Virtanen et al. [58] found that fermentation with Leuc. mesenteroides ssp. cremoris, Lb. jensenii and Lb. acidophilus strains produced compounds that showed both radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Inflammation plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular disease. It often begins with inflammatory changes in the endothelium, which begins to express the adhesion molecule VCAM-1. VCAM-1 attracts monocytes, which then migrate through the endothelial layer under the influence of various proinflammatory chemoattractants [59]. Accordingly, fermentation by lactic acid may be able to release components that possess immunomodulatory properties. Most of the studies have been done with synthetic peptides derived from enzymatic treatment of milk proteins using different in vitro models. Leblanc et al. [60] investigated the effect of peptides released during the fermentation of milk by Lb. helveticus on the humoral immune system and on the growth of fibrosacromas. The study showed that bioactive components were released during fermentation that contributed to the immunoenhancing and antitumor properties. Antimutagenic compounds were produced during fermentation by Lb. helveticus, and release of peptides is one possible explanation [61]. The permeate fraction obtained from milk fermented by Lb. helveticus was able to modulate the in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes by acting on the production of cytokines [62]. Tompa et al. [63] found that peptide fractions form Lb. helveticus BGRA43 fermented milk have anti-inflammatory potential. Matar et al. [64] fed milk fermented with a Lb. helveticus strain to mice for three days and detected significantly higher numbers of IgA secreting cells in their intestinal mucosa, compared with control mice fed with similar milk incubated with a non-proteolytic variant of the same strain. The immunostimulatory effect of fermented milk was attributed to peptides released from the casein fraction. Advertisement 3. Antihypertensive effects in vivo The search for in vitro ACEI is the most common strategy followed in the selection of potential antihypertensive peptides derived from food proteins.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Integration of mental health/substance abuse and primary care. No. 173 (Prepared by the Minnesota Evidence-based under Contract No. 290-02-0009. ). 09-E003. Agency for and Quality; 2008 [cited 2012 February 26]. Available from: Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders. Syst Rev. 2015;9:CD007193. 18. Integrated medical-behavioral care compared with usual primary care for child and adolescent behavioral health: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(10):929–937. CrossrefPubMed19. Kroenke K, Unutzer J. Closing the false divide: sustainable approaches to integrating mental health services into primary care. J Med. 2017;32(4):404–410. CrossrefPubMed20. Dissemination of integrated care within adult primary care settings: the collaborative care model. Association and Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine; 2016 [cited 2016 September 14]. Available from: Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Proj Hope. 2001;20(6):64–78. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science22. College of of Canada. A vision for Canada: family practice—the patient’s medical home. position paper. College of of Canada; 2011 [cited 2013 November 10]. Available from:. Mental health service delivery in Ontario, Canada: how do policy legacies shape prospects for reform? Policy Law. 2007;2(Pt 4):363–389. CrossrefPubMed24. Woltmann E, Grogan-Kaylor A, Perron B, et al. Comparative effectiveness of collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions across primary, specialty, and behavioral health care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry. 2012;169(8):790–804. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science25. Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. 2012;10:CD006525. PubMed26. Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Med. 2006;166(21):2314–2321. CrossrefPubMed27. Miller CJ, Grogan-Kaylor A, Perron BE, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: A: 10 train-test runs, B: 25 train-test runs, C: 50 train-test runs, D: 100 train-test runs, E: 200 train-test runs, F: 300 train-test runs, G: 400 train-test runs, H: 500 train-test runs, I: 800 train-test runs, J: 1000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 11 Accuracy estimation for the splice-junction sequence classifier (III) Cross-validation method based on a 95%–5% splitting. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs. A: 10 train-test runs, B: 25 train-test runs, C: 50 train-test runs, D: 100 train-test runs, E: 200 train-test runs, F: 300 train-test runs, G: 400 train-test runs, H: 500 train-test runs, I: 800 train-test runs, J: 1000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 12 Accuracy estimation for the splice-junction sequence classifier (IV) Bootstrap method. Prediction accuracy values and the confidence intervals for the means (95% confidence) are depicted for a number of train-test runs. A: 100 train-test runs, B: 200 train-test runs, C: 300 train-test runs, D: 400 train-test runs, E: 500 train-test runs, F: 600 train-test runs, G: 700 train-test runs, H: 800 train-test runs, I: 900 train-test runs, J: 1000 train-test runs. Full size image Figure 13 Mean square error during training for a leukaemia classifier (I) 50%–50% data splitting. Full size image Figure 14 Mean square error during training for a leukaemia classifier (II) 75%–25% data splitting. Full size image Figure 15 Mean square error during training for a leukaemia classifier (III) 95%–5% data splitting. Full size image Figure 16 Mean square error during training for a leukaemia classifier (IV) Leave-one-out data splitting. Full size image Figure 17 Entropy error during training for a SRBCT classifier (I) 50%–50% data splitting.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: These studies indicate that the bioavailability of peptides may be better from milk in comparison of water or is improved by other milk components. After the blood pressure monitoring has been completed the effect of long-term intake of lactotripeptides on vascular function has been assessed [68,70,71]. Jauhiainen et al. [70], showed improved endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries and aortas of rats that had received minerals and lactotripeptide. Endothelial function of mesenteric arteries was strongly impaired in all groups of salt-loaded GK rats, and significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxations were observed after treatment with different fermented milk products [68]. Protection of endothelial function after incubation with tripeptides IPP and VPP for 24 h was found in a study with isolated SHR mesenteric arteries [71]. Evidence from ACE inhibition was gained by Masuda et al. [72], who found that after receiving a single-dose of Calpis™ sour milk, ACE activity was decreased in SHR aorta. The lactotripeptides were detected in solubilized fraction from the abdominal aorta of SHR but not from WKY given the sour milk. Moreover, in SHR, plasma rennin activity increased after long-term treatment of fermented milk product containing the lactotripeptides [67]. In addition, treatment with fermented milk containing lactotripeptides and plant sterols decreased serum ACE activity [73]. In salt-loaded GK rats, fermented milk with lactotripeptides decreased serum ACE and aldosterone levels [68]. Besides the most extensively studied lactotripeptides, also other fermented milk products and peptides have been found. Different strains of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lb. helveticus CPN4, Lb. bulgaricus, Lb. jensenii and Str. thermophilus, have been also shown to provoke liberation of peptides with antihypertensive activity in SHR [36, 37, 41].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Guest EditorialDror Ben-:Dror Ben-03766United StatesPhone: 1 6036467016Fax:1 6036467016Email: Dror. Ben-Zeev@Dartmouth. eduAbstractResearch has already demonstrated that different mHealth approaches are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems. With a robust evidence base just over the horizon, now is the time for policy makers, researchers, and the private sector to partner in preparation for the near future. is a useful model to draw from. Created in 1985 by the U. S. Commission (FCC), Lifeline is a nationwide program designed to help eligible low-income individuals obtain home phone and landline services so they can pursue employment, reach help in case of emergency, and access social services and healthcare. In 2005, recognizing the broad shift towards mobile technology and mobile-cellular infrastructure, the FCC expanded the program to include mobile phones and data plans. The FCC provides a base level of federal support, but individual states are responsible for regional implementation, including engagement of commercial mobile phone carriers. Given the high rates of disability and poverty among people with severe mental illness, many are eligible to benefit from Lifeline and research has shown that a large proportion does in fact use this program to obtain a mobile phone and data plan. In the singular area of mobile phone use, the gap between people with severe mental illness and the general population in the U. S. is vanishing. Strategic multi-partner programs will be able to grant access to mHealth for mental health programs to those who will not be able to afford them—arguably, the people who need them the most. Mobile technology manufacturing costs are dropping. Soon all mobile phones in the marketplace, including the more inexpensive devices that are made available through subsidy programs, will have “smart” capabilities (ie, internet connectivity and the capacity to host apps). Programs like Lifeline could be expanded to include mHealth resources that capitalize on “smart” functions, such as secure/encrypted clinical texting programs and mental health monitoring and illness-management apps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: Full size image Figure 18 Entropy error during training for a SRBCT classifier (II) 75%–5% data splitting. Full size image Figure 19 Entropy error during training for a SRBCT classifier (III) 95%–5% data splitting. Full size image Figure 20 Entropy error during training for a SRBCT classifier (IV) Leave-one-out data splitting. Full size image Figure 21 Entropy error during training for a splice-junction classifier (I) 50%–50% data splitting. Full size image Figure 22 Entropy error during training for a splice-junction classifier (II) 75%–5% data splitting. Full size image Figure 23 Entropy error during training for a splice-junction classifier (III) 95%–5% data splitting. Full size image Figure 24 Entropy error during training for a splice-junction classifier (IV) Leave-one-out data splitting. Full size image The results originating from each sampling method and dataset are summarised in Tables 1 to 4. Tables 1, 2 and 3 compare the cross-validation results for the leukaemia, SRBCT and splice-junction datasets respectively. Table 4 summarises the bootstrap technique results. Table 1 Summary of cross-validation results for leukaemia data: Mean ± standard error of classification accuraciesFull size table Table 2 Summary of cross-validation results for SRBCT data: Mean ± standard error of classification accuraciesFull size table Table 3 Summary of cross-validation results for splice-junction sequence data: Mean ± standard error of classification accuraciesFull size table Table 4 Summary of bootstrap method results for three datasets: Mean ± standard error of classification accuraciesFull size table DiscussionThe assessment of classification performance is a crucial problem. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been given to this problem in bioinformatics [8]. There is special concern in application domains, such as microarray data analysis, which have been based on the processing of relatively small datasets. ANNs have become useful tools to assist several classification functions in genomic expression studies. A key problem is to determine the optimal amount of data required for both properly training the classifier and accurately estimating its predictive accuracy. In expression analysis, like in many other applications in biosciences, such an optimal solution is unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Two peptides, corresponding to β -casein fragments Leu-Val-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-Asn-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Asn-Ile-Pro-Pro and Leu-His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro, have been isolated in fermented milk with Enterococcus faecalis and their antihypertensive effect in SHR, after acute and long-term administration has been proved. The administration of 2 mg/kg of peptide Leu-His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro resulted in a significant decrease of the SBP in SHR 4 h post-administration [74,75]. Fermentation of milk with one or more lactic acid bacteria strains followed by hydrolysis using food-grade enzymes liberated tripeptides (Gly-Thr-Trp and Gly-Val-Trp). Oral administration of this fermented whey lowered significantly SBP in SHR from 9 to 15 weeks of age. Bioactive substances, tripeptides and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), contributed to lowering blood pressure of SHR [76]. Some of ACE-inhibitory peptide fractions from cheese have shown in vivo activities. A water-soluble peptide preparation isolated from Gouda ripened for 8 months was found to have the most potent antihypertensive activity (maximum decrease in SBP = 24. 7 (± 0. 3) mmHg (P ≤ 0. 01) after 6 h) when administered to SHR by gastric intubation at doses between 6. 1 and 7. 5 mg/kg body weight. Three peptide fractions were isolated from water-soluble extract by hydrophobic chromatography using different concentrations of acetonitrile. The fractions eluting between 15% and 30%, 30–45% and 60–75% acetonitrile decreased SBP in SHR by 15. 0, 29. 3 and 18. 8 mmHg (P ≤ 0. 01), respectively, 6 h after gastric intubation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Mobile phone hardware and software development companies could be engaged to add mHealth programs as a standard component in the suite of tools that come installed on their mobile phones; thus, in addition to navigation apps, media players, and games, the new Android or iPhone could come with guided relaxation videos, medication reminder systems, and evidence-based self-monitoring and self-management tools. Telecommunication companies could be encouraged to offer mHealth options with their data plans. Operating system updates pushed out by the mobile carrier companies could come with optional mHealth applications for those who elect to download them. In the same manner in which the Program has helped increase access to fundamental opportunities to so many low-income individuals, innovative multi-partner programs have the potential to put mHealth for mental health resources in the hands of millions in the years ahead. 2016;3(2):e26doi:10. 2196/mental. 5843KeywordsmHealth; policy; reimbursement; access We are closer than ever to having viable mobile health (mHealth) options for people with psychiatric illnesses and must ensure that the most vulnerable members of society will be able to benefit from the opportunities these clinical technologies can provide. Worldwide, the majority of the adult population has access to mobile devices [1]. Even people with severe mental illnesses, who have historically been the last to gain access to technological innovations, now own and use mobile phones [2]. Like the general population, people with psychiatric conditions are interested in leveraging their personal mobile devices to enhance their health, as demonstrated in numerous publications in this and other journals [3-5]. Clinical researchers across continents have responded to the public need by developing innovative mHealth approaches that use a range of mobile device functions such as texting, apps, and sensors for clinical assessment and treatment. The US of Mental Health, the largest funder of mental health research in the world, has already supported hundreds of technology-based studies, and mHealth for mental health projects continue to be funded annually. Private sector technology companies such as Google, Apple, and IBM as well as pharmaceutical companies are moving into the mHealth arena with an eye toward mental health. Research has already demonstrated that different mHealth programs are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems [6-9]. A robust evidence base supporting the utility of different mHealth approaches is just over the horizon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: There was a significant difference (t-tests, p < 0. 05) between the lowest variance estimates generated by the bootstrap and the 95%–5% cross-validation methods. There were not significant differences between the most conservative approaches, and between the most optimistic approaches. Nevertheless, there are differences in terms of the number of train-test experiments required to reduce variability. In this problem, the leave-one-out method consists of 2000 train-test runs. The 95%–5% only requires 100 train-test runs to produce low variance estimates. Regarding the conservative accuracy classifiers: The 50%–50% cross-validation method may achieve low accuracy variability with 300 train-test experiments; the bootstrap method required at least 100 runs. In general, the cross-validation results suggest that the classification accuracy estimates may increase when there is an increase in the size of the training dataset. Moreover, when the amount of testing data is reduced, more train-test data partitions are needed to achieve low variance estimates. Previous research has indicated that the leave-one-out method may effectively address the problem of processing small datasets, due to its capability to process almost all of the available data for training the classifier. Overall, this method produced the highest accuracy estimates for the classification problems discussed here. This study indicates that the bootstrap method may be applied to generate conservative and robust accuracy estimates, based on a relatively small number of train-test experiments. Predicting the "true" accuracy of a classification approach is a complex and time-consuming problem. This type of analyses may be especially relevant to the development of more rigorous and reliable microarray data interpretation systems. This study may be benefited from the integration of alternative tools to visualise or measure classification performance [8, 13]. There is a need to provide better insights into the process of evaluating the predictive capability of diagnostic and prognostic systems [8, 15]. Future research should compare different classification approaches, including unsupervised methods [14]. Moreover, it will be important to have access to expression datasets comprising thousands of cases. Other important issues that deserve investigation are: The determination of relationships between data sampling techniques and feature selection methods, and the combination of multiple sampling techniques to produce more robust and reliable accuracy estimates. ConclusionsThis research suggests that, at least in the case of small expression datasets, thousands of train-test runs may be required to produce low variance performance predictions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: -lutzDSchieberAGänzleM. G2011LC-MS/MS quantification of bioactive angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in rye malt sourdoughs. J. agric. food chem. 59119831198953. PihlantoAJohanssonTMäkinenS2012Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and lipid peroxidation by fermented rapeseed and flaxseed meal. Eng. life sci. 12 DOI:elsc. 201100137 54. LinM. YYenC. L1999Antioxidative ability of lactic acid bacteria J. agric. food chem. 4714601466 55. OuC. CLuT. MTsaiJ. JYenJ. HChenH. WLinM. Y2009Antioxidative effect of lactic acid bacteria: Intact cells vs. intracellular extracts. J. food drug anal. 1720921656. 2001Antioxidative peptide from milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus IFO13953. 48445557. Hernández-ledesma2005Identification of antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory peptides in fermented milk. J. sci. food agric. 851041104858. 2007Development of antioxidant activity in milk whey during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria. J. appl. microbial. 10210611559. LibbyP2006Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am. j. clin. nutr. 83: 456S- 460S. 60. éz ón G (2002Immunomodulatory effects of peptidic fractions issued from milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus. J. dairy sci. 8527332742 61. MatarCNadathurS. SBakalinskyA. TGouletJ1997Antimutagenic effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus L89 and a protease-deficient derivative. J. dairy sci. 801965197062. 1996Immunomodulatory activity of β-casein permeate medium fermented by lactic acid bacteria. J. dairy sci. 792112212063.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: In the same manner in which the Program has helped increase access to fundamental opportunities to so many low-income individuals, innovative multi-partner programs have the potential to put mHealth for mental health resources in the hands of millions in the years ahead. Dror Ben-Zeev, PhDFigure 1. Dror Ben-Zeev, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Psychiatry at and licensed who specializes in development and evaluation of technology-based approaches in the study, assessment, and treatment of mental illness. Dr. Ben-Zeev serves as the Director of the (mHealth) for Program, a multidisciplinary effort to harness mobile technology (e. g. , texting, smartphone applications, multi-modal sensors) to improve the outcomes and support the recovery of people with psychiatric conditions. Conflicts of InterestThe author has an intervention content licensing agreement with Pear Therapeutics. 2015. URL: [accessed 2016-05-23] [WebCite Cache]Ben-. Mobile technologies among people with serious mental illness: opportunities for future services. Ment Health. Jul 2013;40(4):340-343. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Ownership and Endorsement ofmHealth? With Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies. Schizophr Bull. 2015:sbv132v1-sbsbv132. [CrossRef]. Community attitudes to the appropriation of mobile phones for monitoring and managing depression, anxiety, and stress. J Res. 2010;12(5):e64. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Patient smartphone ownership and interest in mobile apps to monitor symptoms of mental health conditions: A survey in four geographically distinct psychiatric clinics. . 2014;1(1):e5. [CrossRef]Ainsworth J, Palmier- A comparison of two delivery modalities of a mobile phone-based assessment for serious mental illness: native smartphone application vs text-messaging only implementations. J Res. 2013;15(4):e60. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ben-. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone intervention for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. Nov 2014;40(6):1244-1253. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Faurholt-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: Moreover, there may be differences among the estimates produced by different techniques. The results show that the 50%–50% cross-validation and bootstrap methods provide the most conservative estimates. Leave-one-out and 95%–5% cross-validation techniques generate the highest accuracy predictions. In comparison to other sampling techniques, the bootstrap method may require a small number of train-test experiments to produce low variance estimates. For datasets consisting of thousands of cases, a 95%–5% cross-validation procedure may be the best choice to achieve optimistic and low variance results, based on a relatively small number of train-test experiments. The identification of the best sampling technique for the prediction of classification accuracy is a complex task. This problem, which has not been adequately studied by the bioinformatics community, may influence the outcomes of many tasks in biomedical research. The selection of a sampling technique will depend on the complexity of the application domain and the amount of data available. Another key issue that need to be carefully investigated is its relationship to feature selection. This paper highlights the importance of performing more rigorous procedures on the selection of data and classification quality assessment. However, studies consisting of additional datasets and classification models are needed to recommend generic frameworks for the selection of data sampling techniques. This research may also be improved by applying more robust performance evaluation tools, such as receiver operating characteristic curves. In general the application of more than one sampling technique may provide the basis for accurate and reliable predictions. A scientist may be more confident about the performance estimates if similar results are obtained by executing different techniques. MethodsDataThe leukaemia data consisted of 72 cases categorised into two classes: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which were represented by the expression values of 50 genes with suspected roles in processes relevant to these diseases. These classes included 25 and 47 cases respectively. The original datasets, experimental protocols and further analyses can be found in [13] and at the site consisted of 88 cases categorised into four classes: Ewing family of tumors (EWS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), Burkitt lymphomas (BL) and neuroblastomas (NB), which were represented by the expression values of 2308 genes with suspected roles in processes relevant to these tumors. and RMS contained 30, 11, 19 and 28 cases respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/51049 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation & D for Food, Health and Edited by J. From the Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionDespite their negligible mass the microbial agents, starters and non starters, play a profound role in the characterization of the fermented foods in terms of chemical and sensorial properties. In fact, fermented foods may be defined as foods processed through the activity of microorganisms. Fermentation processes take a special place in the evolution of human cuisine, by altering the taste experience of food products, as well as extending the storage period. In particular, foods fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have constituted an important part of human diet and of fermentation processes (involving various foods, including milk, meat, vegetables and fruits) [1] since ancient times. They have played an essential role in the preservation of agricultural resources and in the improvement of nutritional and organoleptic properties of human foods and animal feed. Moreover, these organisms nowadays are increasingly used as health promoting probiotics, enzyme and metabolite factories and vaccine delivery vehicles [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: Earth & 15, 2020 Soil and groundwater contamination: An old and new issue needs to be solved Zhang is an innovation coordinator at of Japan, AIST. Alongside his research group, he is advocating the importance of using interdisciplinary tools for sustainable remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Their research has shown that cost-effective and environment-friendly technologies such as the use of microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants and the use of minerals to immobilise heavy metals can be the key to achieving sustainable remediation of contamination. Industrialisation as we know it started in the 1700s and paved its way into our modern world without respite. What was a catalyst of our progress, economic advancement and globalisation came alongside a by-product: environmental pollution. Indeed, over the centuries, various industrial activities have spewed dust, toxic gases and chemicals into our environment, leaving a ‘negative legacy’ for future generations. We are familiar with global warming and its impact on our climate. Similarly, we are aware that fresh water is becoming a scarce resource, and with land being used for high-intensity agriculture and urbanisation, our soils are becoming endangered. Thus, we should not cast aside our glance from what is being polluted close to home: our soil and groundwater. Nowadays, developing countries who have joined the globalisation race are going all-out to catch up with the developed regions. The players in this race keep changing; however, they do overlook the amount of pollutants produced and incorrectly disposed into the environment. This is contributing to the ever-rising levels of contaminants (heavy metals, organic compounds, and other toxic substances) present in the soil and groundwater. Meanwhile, developed countries are remediating their waste footprint from the decades afore by issuing regulations and defining standards on the concentration of toxic substances allowed to be present in the land and water. A river polluted by a dumping site. Pollutants: domestic and industrial Soil and groundwater contamination is closely interlinked with human society because of its direct impact on population health and socioeconomic activities. Toxic contaminants can enter the human body through the food chain, the water we drink and the air we breathe. Close to home, we have landfill sites, or open dumping sites as the worst case, where toxic substances from organic waste, batteries, electronics, plastics, etc. leach into the soil and, over time, accumulate and find their way into the freshwater streams.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: The original datasets, experimental protocols and further analyses can be found at the site: splice-junction data consisted of 2000 sequences divided into three categories: Exon/intron boundaries (EI), intron/exon boundaries (IE) and neither (N). Each class comprised 464, 485 and 1051 cases respectively. Each case is represented by 60 features, which encode the nucleotide composition of each sequence based on a binary scheme. It uses 3 binary bits to represent each sequence base in the original data. The original datasets and further information can be obtained at: preparationBefore training the networks the leukaemia expression data were normalised using the well known minimax technique. The dimensionality of the SRBCT expression samples was reduced by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The 10 dominant PCA components for each case were used as the input to the classifiers as suggested by [6]. The 60 binary features representing each splice-junction sequence were used to train the networks without additional pre-processing. Network architectures and trainingAll of the networks were trained with the Back Propagation algorithm. A learning epoch is defined as a single pass thorough the entire dataset. The learning stopping condition was based on the minimum improvement of error. In this method a training process is stopped if the classification performance (based on the sum-squared error or entropy function [12]) deteriorates for a number of learning epochs (the learning window). When training is stopped the best network found during training is preserved and included in the analyses. The leukaemia data networks consisted of 50 input nodes, 5 hidden nodes and 2 outputs. They were trained during 100 learning epochs based on the sum-squared error function. The size of the learning window was equal to 5. networks comprised 10 input nodes, 8 hidden nodes and 4 outputs. They were trained during 300 learning epochs based on the entropy error function. The size of the learning window was equal to 10. The splice-junction sequence networks had 60 input nodes, 10 hidden nodes and 4 outputs. They were trained during 100 learning epochs based on the entropy error function. The size of the learning window was equal to 5. The networks and sampling methods were implemented using the package Statistica™. Sampling methodsFor each train-test run, a classification accuracy value is predicted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: It is interesting to outline how the changes of food characteristics during the fermentation process can be described as dynamic fluctuations of the food environment itself and, at the same time, stress source for the microorganisms involved [3, 4], such as LAB. In fact, whenever autochthonous bacteria are adapted and competitive in their respective environment, the environment can be described as stressful for LAB [5, 4]. The fermentation parameters, including temperature, water activity (Aw), oxygen, pH, as well as the concentration of starter cultures, affect the regulatory mechanism and the response mechanisms of LAB, as well as their effects on the final products properties [4]. When LAB are added to food formulations, several factors that may influence the ability of those microorganisms to survive, growth and become active in the new matrix have to be considered [6]. These factors include: 1) the physiological state of the LAB used as starters (whether the cells are from the logarithmic or the stationary growth phase); 2) the physical conditions of product ripening and storage (eg. temperature); 3) the chemical composition of the matrix (eg. acidity, available carbohydrates content, nitrogen source, mineral content, water activity and oxygen concentration); 4) possible interactions of the starter cultures with probiotics and other microorganisms naturally occurring or added to the system [6]. In figure 1 the main factors affecting the viability and the responses of LAB from production to storage are described [7]. Figure 1. Factors affecting the viability and the responses of LAB to the various fermented foods production steps. To better elucidate what happens to LAB during fermentation processes, we decided to use a model (defined “virtual food”) that mimics various steps occurring during processing and that can affect LAB performances or viability. Advertisement 2. Lactic acid bacteria and stress: Basic concepts“Stress results from interactions between subjects and their environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well-being. The element of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in personality, as well as differences in physical strength or general health” [8]. Stress has driven evolutionary changes (the development and natural selection of species over time). Thus, the species that adapted best to the causes of stress (stressors) have survived and evolved into the plant and animal kingdoms we now observe. The same evolutionary process regarded microorganisms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: Similarly, chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture, dyes in the textiles industry, additives and oils in the cosmetics industry, heavy metals, minerals and radioactive waste from the energy and transport industry, antibiotics used in healthcare, and food-producing animals have been leaving a long-lasting mark in the environment. So, how do these substances once spilled into the soil reach the groundwater? Take an open dumping as an example. The spilled contaminants get absorbed into the land and when it rains, these compounds are flushed away by the rainwater, which buries it deeper into the ground or sweeps it away to join larger pools of water. In agriculture, fertilisers and pesticides get continuously washed away during irrigation and enter drinking water resources of the populations nearby, eventually making them ill. It is important to bear in mind that not everything that is dumped/spilled into the soil is washed away. Like a stain, it remains within the land, accumulates and keeps discharging into the water. Collaboration between science and engineering is necessary if we want to find viable and sustainable remediation methods. A good example of this is the use of microorganisms for bioremediation. Another one can be immobilisation using minerals. At an industrial scale, polluting substances (dyes, chemicals, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), etc. ) were discharged into the environment due to delay in regulation and/or incidental accidents. Legislative requirements defining the permissible levels of pollutants are outlined by each government. However, in some countries these are more stringent than in others, meaning that although on one side we are diminishing the contamination, on the other, the amounts disposed are not balancing out. In countries where waste management is not strictly regulated, the concentration of contaminants disposed into the environment is so high that populations living alongside contaminated soils and groundwater have been bearing the consequences with their health. You may still think that these small amounts are nothing compared to the size of the water bodies, but over time these chemicals, like each grain of sand in the desert, build up and become an enormous heap of pollution, if the toxic substance is not naturally biodegradable and the toxicity or elevated toxicity is sustained. Pollution pathways: landfills, industry, agriculture and more contaminate the soil and groundwater. VectorMine/Shutterstock.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: The accuracy value for a particular train-test run is equal to the number of test cases correctly classified divided by the total number of test cases. For a set of train-test runs, for instance 100 or 1000 train-test runs, a mean accuracy value is calculated. Confidence intervals are then calculated for each mean. In this case, the 95 percent confidence interval is approximated with the mean plus or minus twice the standard error of the mean. The author would like to state that the standard errors have been calculated on the basis that the runs are independent, which is an assumption that may not exactly hold in practice. The accuracy values estimated for the train-test runs are assumed to be independent. It is supposed that the occurrence of each test accuracy value does not affect the occurrence or non-occurrence of the other test accuracy values. This is because the random sampling is performed with replacement. After a test dataset is selected and the classifier accuracy is evaluated, the test dataset is restored to the original dataset, and the whole dataset is shuffled. Thus, one may assume that each train-test run becomes independent of the previous sampling. Even when different classifiers will be based on training and test datasets with observations in common, one assumes that their estimated classification accuracies are independent. That is because the probability of including a case, x, in the training (or test) dataset of the current train-test experiment is equal to the probability of including the same case, x, in the training (or test) dataset of the next train-test experiment. In the cross-validation method the data is randomly divided into the training and test sets. This process is repeated several times and the classification performance is the average of the individual test estimates. In the leave-one-out method: Given n cases available in each dataset, a classifier is trained on (n-1) cases, and then is tested on the case that was left out. This process is repeated n times until every case in the dataset was included once as a cross-validation instance. For each classifier, the results were averaged across the n test cases to estimate the classifier's prediction performance. In the bootstrap method, a training dataset was generated by sampling with replacement n times from the available n cases. Each classifier is trained on the resulting set and then tested on the original dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, bacteria, irrespective of natural habitat, are exposed to constant fluctuations in their growth conditions. Consequently they have developed sophisticated responses, modulated by the re-modelling of protein complexes and by phosphorylation dependent signal transduction systems, to adapt and to survive to a variety of insults. To ensure survival to environmental adversities, bacteria may adapt to changes in their immediate vicinity by responding to the imposed stress. These responses are different and vast and depend on the microorganism nature and on the environmental stress and are accomplished by changes in the patterns of gene expression for those genes whose products are required to combat the deleterious [3]. In particular, cellular metabolic pathways are closely related to stress responses and the flux of particular metabolites to understand the hypothetically shifts and implications in the food systems has been studied in LAB [9-13, 4, 14, 15]. LAB are a functionally related group of organisms known primarily for their bioprocessing roles in food and beverages [16]. LAB play a crucial role in the development of the organoleptic and hygienic quality of fermented products. These microorganisms are used as starter cultures in many fermented products (i. e. beer, milk, dough, sausages and wine). Therefore, the reliability of starter cultures in terms of quality and functional properties (important for the development of aroma and texture), but also in terms of growth performance and robustness, has become essential for successful fermentations [17]. There have been some reports describing the physiological stress responses in LAB, particularly Lactobacillus species, which have a broad biodiversity [17-21, 13, 22, 4, 14, 15]. LAB evolved specific mechanisms to respond and to survive to environmental stresses and changes (stress-sensing system and defences). In fact, microorganisms could have specific regulators tailored to each of their regulated genes and adapt their expression according to environment. Stress defences are good examples of such integrated regulation systems. Bacterial stress responses rely on the coordinated expression of genes that alter different cellular processes (cell division, DNA metabolism, housekeeping, membrane composition, transport, etc. ) and act in concert to improve the bacterial stress tolerance. The integration of these stress responses is accomplished by networks of regulators that allow the cells to react to various and complex environmental shifts. LAB respond to stress in a very specific way dependent on the species, on the strains and on the type of stress.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: com Contaminantion characterisation and remediation Waste from different places has different contaminants, and various soil types (sandy, silty, peaty, chalky, loamy and clay) make the problem of soil and groundwater contamination even more complicated. Once contaminants pollute the soil it is quite hard to remove them, as these get absorbed into the soil and in some cases change their chemical forms. This adds to the difficulty in characterising and estimating the level of each contaminant present for subsequent clean-up. In light of this, researchers have developed technologies of contamination characterisation via analytical chemistry tools and spectrometry techniques. Following that, the right type of remediation treatment is chosen. In some cases, only one pollutant may need to be removed, for example lead, asbestos, petroleum or radioactive isotopes, while in other cases a mixture of pollutants may need to be handled simultaneously, thus various sequential removal processes are used during clean-up. An interdisciplinary approach Contaminant remediation methods include flushing soil contaminants with water and subsequent water treatment, chemical solvents to leach the contamination out, incineration to destroy the contaminant and so on. These methods, though successful, have the added implication of using hard and environmental harmful substances that need to be disposed accordingly. Therefore, more sustainable remediation methods have been investigated – such as the use of microorganisms to break down the contaminants or adding naturally available materials to the soils to adsorb and immobilise the contaminants to prevent them from spreading. Interactions among air, water and soil pollutions due to material circulation. Zhang and his group at of Japan, AIST, pursue sustainable solutions to remove various types of pollutants from contaminated soil and groundwater. They maintain that collaborations between science and engineering is necessary if we want to find viable and sustainable remediation methods. A good example of this is the use of microorganisms for bioremediation. The right candidate, in this case the one that can ‘consume’ the contaminant, needs to be identified: be it archaea, bacteria, microalgae or yeast, or a consortium of those (a group of symbiotic microorganisms). As demonstrated by Dr Zhang, bacterial consortia have been shown to degrade dichloromethane, benzene and toluene simultaneously, below their detection limits through aerobic biodegradation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics is crucial for analyzing genomic data. [SEP] Text: By clicking on the drop-down arrow next to the track label, an option to merge markers is given. The user can specify how close two markers should be in order to be merged (i. e. 100 bp is the default). If the user is dissatisfied with the results of a merge, the data can easily be reversed using the revert command within the same window. Simplification can help clarify results from previous searches, especially when viewing a larger genome segment (Supplementary Fig. S3D). Links to CoGe’s tools: When a feature such as a gene is clicked on in EPIC-CoGe, a popup will display information about that feature. This includes metadata about the feature such as its name, annotations, location, length and GC content. In addition, the popup contains links to other tools in CoGe for additional analyses such as CoGeBlast, SynFind and FeatView (Supplementary Fig. S4). 2. 4 Data export To facilitate data generation and analysis, the EPIC-CoGe browser includes enhanced save and export data features. Tracks, including search results and results from in-browser analyses can always be saved within CoGe, where they can be stored in notebooks and shared directly with collaborators, all while retaining metadata and provenance. Moreover, because users frequently use their results in downstream analyses, all data tracks can be exported to either the user’s local computer or CyVerse Datastore. 2. 5 line of HTML in an <> allows anyone to embed EPIC-CoGe in another website (Supplementary Fig. S5), or use CoGe’s API to export data tracks to other JBrowse instances. Some advanced analytical features of EPIC-CoGe are available for other JBrowse instances through JBrowse plugins where direct access to the CoGe database are not required; code for those latter features are available through CoGe’s GitHub repository. Together, these features allow researchers to create a genome browser for their genome in minutes, and manage the branding of their genome through their own website (Supplementary Fig. S6). 3 Availability and requirements The EPIC-CoGe browser is available through the widely used CoGe web platform ( Supplementary Fig. S7). Use requires a modern HTML5 capable browser (ideally Chrome or Firefox).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The best-studied stresses are acid, heat, oxidative and cold stresses, although for the latter most of the studies focused on a specific family of proteins instead of analyzing the whole response [4]. Despite the extensive use of LAB, there is a paucity of information concerning the stress-induced mechanisms studied in vivo for improving the survival of these organisms during real food processing. A better knowledge of the adaptive responses of LAB is important because the fermentation processes often expose these microorganisms to adverse environmental conditions. LAB should resist to adverse conditions encountered in industrial processes, for example during starter handling and storage (freeze drying, freezing or spray-drying) and during the fermentation environment dynamic changes. These phenomena reinforce the need for robust LAB since they may have to survive and grow in different unfavorable conditions expressing specific functions (for example during stationary phase or storage) [17]. Advertisement 3. Principal responses to the most common stressesHeat shock response: The effect of heat shock and the induction of a stress response in Lactobacillus spp. have been studied for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus [23] and Lactobacillus paracasei [24, 25], Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus [26], Lactobacillus collinoides [27], Lactobacillus sakei [28], Lactobacillus johnsonii [29], Lactobacillus rhamnosus [30], Lactobacillus plantarum [31-33] and Lactobacillus salivarius [34]. The heat resistance of LAB is a complex process involving proteins with different roles in cell physiology, including chaperone activity, ribosome stability, stringent response mediation, temperature sensing and control of ribosomal functions [31]. The time taken to initiate the stress response is different for different treatments and different strains. The major problem encountered by cells at high temperature is the denaturation of proteins and their subsequent aggregation. In addition Earnshaw et al. [35],, Texeira et al. [36] and Hansen et al. [37] described also as response to heat stress the destabilization of macromolecules as ribosomes and RNA as well as alterations of membrane fluidity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: In more complicated conditions that include the three contaminants as well as four other contaminants – perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride – integrated anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation is a promising approach to facilitate biodegradation. Bioremediation microorganisms are also used to increase the biomass of waste material, later used for the production of nutraceuticals (nutritional supplements) and biofertilisers, hitting two-birds with one stone. However, the process relies on ‘living beings’ and can be slow and hard to replicate since microorganisms are highly affected by their surroundings. Thus, careful management of the environmental conditions is required. Like a snap trap, the bearing materials are able to capture the contaminant and keep hold of it until exposed to the right conditions to release it. In a similar line of thought, and his group are working to identify minerals that would immobilise contaminants. The team looked at the chemical properties of these minerals that rendered them distinct in capturing specific compounds. This is a very useful technique for decontaminating the ecosystem from heavy metals, such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium, which are prevalent in landfill sites as well as industrial and agricultural wastes. Immobilising materials, such as naturally available materials and biochar, act like snap-traps by capturing the contaminant within their matrix and locking it into place. In this way, the researchers are able to contain the contaminant and separate it from the uncontaminated source. Once collected, the immobilising material will only release the contaminant when exposed to the right conditions and be re-used again. Leaching of acid water and toxic metals from an abandoned mine. Legislation and risk communication Archiving sustainable remediation is not an easy task, as environmental problems are very complicated, and integration of the knowledge across different fields is necessary and important. At a legislative level, the number of toxic substances designated by national laws with regards to soil and groundwater contamination differs from country to country. For example, in Europe, the designated hazardous substances are categorised into heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and mineral oils.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the freezing response of the strains depends on the time of the cold shock process and the induction of cryotolerance appears to be dependent on the growth phase in which the cold shock took place [43-47]. Another interesting study regarding LAB response to sub-lethal cold stress was developed by Montanari et al. [14]. separated and quantified the cell cyclopropane fatty acids lactobacillic (C19cyc11) and dehydrosterculic (C19cyc9) to study the adaptive response to sub-lethal acid and cold stresses in L. helveticus and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. These microorganisms showed different fatty acids composition and environmental adaptation to short term cold and acidic stresses. In L. helveticus C19cyc11 dramatically increased after 2 h at 10°C and with the pH decrease, particularly in micro-aerobic conditions, in the presence of tween 80, and in anaerobic conditions. The increase of lactobacillic acid in L. helveticus is necessary to maintain the cell membrane in a suitable state of fluidity. Moreover, cyclopropane fatty acids confer resistance to ozonolysis, singlet oxygen and mild oxidative treatments [48, 49], suggesting a cross protection and response of LAB cell membrane to physicochemical stresses. A combined analysis of the genome-wide transcriptome and metabolism was performed with a dairy Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis under dynamic conditions similar to the conditions encountered during the cheese-making process. Specific responses to acid and cold stresses were identified, but also the induction of unexpected pathways was determined. In particular, the induction of purine biosynthesis and prophage [50]. Oxidative stress response: LAB are facultative anaerobic microorganisms that have in common the reduction of part of pyruvate produced to lactate production in order to regenerate NAD+ from NADH formed during glycolysis. They do not require oxygen for growth and, in fact, a negative effect of oxygen on the development of these bacteria has often been observed. It was generally believed that these bacteria could under no condition use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [17]. However, many LAB have NADH oxidase and some can even express a functionally active respiratory chain in the presence of heme [51-57].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every environmental issue can be solved with technology alone. [SEP] Text: In Japan, however, designated hazardous substances are only divided into three categories which refer to VOCs, heavy metals, and agrichemicals and PCB, respectively, and there is no regulation for mineral oils by law. Thus, what is deemed as a high-alert contaminant in one country is not in another. The regulations focus mainly on the designated hazardous substances, which account for the smaller portion of environmental contamination. However, the larger and less hazardous chemicals are loosely regulated. This, in due time, contributes to environmental contamination. Risk communication is paramount; educating the public to work towards preventing the release of these substances into the environment and using bio-based remediation techniques would lessen the burden capital costs while protecting both the ecosystem and human health. Within their research, and his group look at nature for solutions and incorporate them into engineering practices. Do you think bioremediation can be used as a clean-up finishing step? Bioremediation is typically applicable to the sites where concentration of contaminants is low and the area is huge which cannot be effectively remediated with other technologies. With a well-designed strategy, bioremediation can be successfully used for cleaning up multiple contaminants. What are the challenges in up-scaling mineral immobilisation? The stability of an immobilisation basically depends on redox and pH conditions. How to sustain the long-term stability condition and the function of land use are the major challenges. Soil and groundwater contamination: An old and new issue needs to be solved was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: aerobic biodegradationsubstancesheavy metalsinterdisciplinaryJapanlandfillmineral immobilisationcommunicationsoilsustainability Download this 47. Available at: • Hoshino, M. , Zhang, M. , Suzuki, M. , Tsukimura, K. , and Ohta, M. (2020). Characterization of Pb-bearing minerals in polluted soils from closed mine sites. Soil Pollut, 231, 176. Available at: • Yoshikawa, M. , Zhang, M. , and Toyota, K. (2017). Integrated anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation of multiple contaminants including chlorinated ethylenes, benzene, toluene, and dichloromethane. Soil Pollut, 228, 25. Available at: • Yoshikawa, M. , Zhang, M. , Kurisu, F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή στοχεύει να διερευνήσει τις συμβιωτικές σχέσεις σπόγγων-κυανοβακτηρίων, σε μια περιοχή όπου αυτές οι συμβιωτικές σχέσεις παραμένουν ανεξερεύνητες, το Βόρειο Αιγαίο, με μια προσέγγιση βασισμένη στην απομόνωση των βακτηρίων σε καλλιέργειες. Πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτενής βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση της ποικιλότητας των συμβιωτικών σχέσεων σπόγγων-κυανοβακτηρίων.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: General stress resistance mechanisms may also confer resistance to oxidative stress. In fact, in a model system several acid resistant mutants of L. lactis that appeared also more resistant to oxidative stress were isolated [64]. Acid stress response: Understanding the acid resistance mechanism used by LAB to survive to by-products of their own metabolism (i. e. homofermentative L. lactis converts 90% of metabolized sugar to lactic acid) and the response available in low-pH foods is of great importance. In LAB one of the most effective mechanisms for resistance in acid stress environment is the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In fact, few years ago, it was proposed that amino acid decarboxylase functions to control the pH of the bacterial environment by consuming hydrogen ions as part of carboxylation reaction [65]. LAB are also capable of inducing an Response (ATR) in response to mild acid treatments. The system induced includes pH homeostatis, protection and repair mechanisms. Genes and proteins, involved in pH homeostasis and cell protection or repair, play a role in acid adaptation, but this role can also extend to more general acid tolerance mechanisms. A more specific study was developed on the effects of lactic acid stress on L. plantarum by transcription profiling [66]. The difference, in terms of stress response, into the dissociated or undissociated forms of lactic acid has been highlighted. The toxicity of organic acids depends on their degree of dissociation and thus on the pH. For LAB end product inhibition by lactic acid could result in a disturbance of the regeneration of cofactor NAD+, especially under anaerobic conditions, in which the cell does not have the possibility of NAD+ regeneration by NADH oxidase. The response at membrane fatty acids level to acid stress was studied in L. helveticus and L. sanfranciscensis [14]. The relevant proportion of dodecanoic acid in the latter species under acid stress suggests that carbon chain shortening is the principal strategy of L. sanfranciscensis to modulate fluidity or chemico-physical properties of the membranes in the presence of acid stress. Moreover, a specific shift in leucine catabolic pathway at pH 3. 6 was identified in L. sanfranciscensis [15].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: Gamperl – to Climate Change: Aug 31, 2021 | Agricultural Science, & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vthe global population increasing at a considerable rate, it is becoming vitally important to improve seafood production to meet the growing demand for healthy protein. As our current fishing practices are damaging to marine ecosystems, fish farming is seen as a sustainable alternative to producing seafood, but only if it is resilient to the effects of climate change. By researching how environmental change affects fish biology, Gamperl of of Newfoundland and Labrador and his colleagues aim to make fish farming more sustainable, while ensuring global food security and allowing wild fish populations to recover. of Fish are a crucial component of a nutritious diet in many parts of the world, providing a healthy protein source and playing an important role in eliminating hunger and malnutrition. With the global population expected to reach nearly 10 billion by 2050, the Food and (FAO) of the estimates that food production will need to increase by 70%. Fish will continue to play an important role as this population growth continues. However, overfishing has led to worrying declines in wild fish populations across the globe. Climate change is also having a damaging impact, as rising ocean temperatures and acidity can devastate marine ecosystems. Therefore, breeding, rearing and harvesting fish in captivity – known as aquaculture – represents a sustainable alternative to fishing, which greatly reduces the pressure on wild fish stocks. Indeed, aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food sectors worldwide. According to the FAO, there has been a 527% increase in global aquaculture production since 1990. By 2030, it is estimated that about two-thirds of all seafood produced for human consumption will come from aquaculture. In addition to impacting wild fish stocks, climate change represents a major threat to global aquaculture. This is because most aquaculture farms consist of net pens or cages in the ocean, meaning that they are not protected from the damaging effects of climate change, such as warmer temperatures, increased acidity and reduced water oxygen content (hypoxia). Gamperl and his collaborators are investigating how climate change impacts fish physiology, in an effort to mitigate the impact of environmental stressors on both farmed and wild fish. Physiology is the study of how an animal’s body functions and responds to its environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Ένα μεγάλο μέρος της υπάρχουσα γνώσης για την ποικιλότητα, την οικολογία και τη λειτουργία των συμβιωτικών με σπόγγους κυανοβακτηρίων είναι «κρυμμένο» σε έρευνες μεταγονιδιωματικής που εξετάζουν ολόκληρη τη μικροβιακή κοινότητα ενός σπόγγου στο ταξινομικό επίπεδο του Φύλου.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The sub-lethal treatment with HPH enhanced the capacity of some in vitro probiotic features (i. e. hydrophobicity and tolerance to simulated gastric acidity) in a strain dependant way. L. paracasei A13 enhanced cellular hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capacity after HPH treatment at 50 MPa. On the contrary, the HPH treatment decreased these features in the other strains considered. Highest values of hydrophobicity were found for L. acidophilus DRU and its bile-resistant derivative L. acidophilus DRU+, while lower values were obtained for L. paracasei strain [74]. Moreover, the stress responses enable survival under more severe conditions, enhancing resistance to subsequent processing conditions [75]. HPH treatment at 50 MPa can favour the maintenance of cell viability during a refrigerated storage in buttermilk, a suitable medium to maintain the cell viability during refrigeration [76]. The increased viability can be attributed to the increased precocious availability of low molecular weight peptides and free fatty acids such as oleic acid [21, 22]. Competition and communication: Food fermentations are typically carried out by mixed cultures consisting of multiple strains or species [77]. Mixed-culture food fermentations are of primary economic importance. The performance of these cultures, consisting of LAB, yeasts, and/or filamentous fungi, is not the simple result of “adding up” the individual single-strain functionalities, but is largely determined by interactions at the level of substrates, exchange of metabolites and growth factors or inhibiting compounds [77]. General microbial interference is an effective non-specific control mechanism common to all populations and environments including foods. It represents the inhibition of the growth of certain microorganisms by other members of the habitat. The mechanisms involved are common to all genera and include [78]: Nutrient competition, Generation of unfavorable environment, Competition for attachment/adhesion sites. Most substrates for food fermentations have a highly heterogeneous physicochemical composition, which offers the possibility for the simultaneous occupation of multiple niches by “specialized” strains, for instance, through the utilization of different carbon sources. In these substrates, coexisting strains often interact through trophic or nutritional relations via multiple mechanisms [77].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: In fish, it involves measuring factors such as their stress response, heart function, oxygen consumption, and survival under a variety of conditions. This knowledge is essential for managing fish populations, especially in aquaculture farms. Investigating how fish are affected by climate change is critical for improving the sustainability of aquaculture operations and informing effective conservation policies. ‘Studying fundamental aspects of fish physiology can provide key information with importance for the conservation, survival and management of fishes,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘It takes a highly integrative approach, and a large collaborative effort from all sectors, including academia, government, and industry to accomplish this. ’ change is predicted to increase global ocean temperatures by between 1°C and 3°C by the end of the 21st century – conditions that will be accompanied by low oxygen levels in the water. This is because oxygen is less soluble in warm water compared to cooler water, while the oxygen consumption of aquatic organisms increases with temperature. Such ‘hypoxic’ conditions may reduce the ability of many fish to adapt to the rapid warming caused by climate change. Coastal areas are also experiencing more severe and frequent heat waves, often at the same time as hypoxia. This means that many aquaculture farms, which are typically near the coast, may be more vulnerable to heat waves than previously thought. Understanding the impacts of rising temperatures and the resulting low oxygen levels on fish physiology has been a central topic of Dr Gamperl’s research. In recent years, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the cardiovascular system of many fish species, but little is known about how this system adapts to high temperatures or low water oxygen levels. Therefore, and his team set out find out. To do so, they studied a species called the sablefish, which is widely distributed along the North Pacific, and is considered to have extremely flavourful meat, rich in healthy oils. As these fish are incredibly efficient at converting feed into protein, and have a low environmental impact, they are now of interest as a species to farm. Importantly, sablefish are very tolerant of hypoxia. To respond to warming waters, fish usually increase their heart rate to quickly transport oxygen through their blood. and his colleagues were the first scientists to investigate whether previous acclimation to hypoxic waters increases the ability of a fish species to respond to rapid warming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή στοχεύει να διερευνήσει τις συμβιωτικές σχέσεις σπόγγων-κυανοβακτηρίων, σε μια περιοχή όπου αυτές οι συμβιωτικές σχέσεις παραμένουν ανεξερεύνητες, το Βόρειο Αιγαίο, με μια προσέγγιση βασισμένη στην απομόνωση των βακτηρίων σε καλλιέργειες. Πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτενής βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση της ποικιλότητας των συμβιωτικών σχέσεων σπόγγων-κυανοβακτηρίων.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fermented products, proper microorganisms, mainly yeasts and LAB, are also added as starter cultures, in order to start and lead the fermentation and to obtain a stable and standard final product. As a consequence, the microorganisms, naturally occurring or added as starter cultures, have to cope with a completely different system: in particular, naturally occurring microflora have to face the changes induced by the ingredients, while the starter cultures, deriving from growth media or added as lyophilized cultures, have to adapt to a real food system, where different sources of stresses are often present. In particular, the first sub-lethal stress, which LAB face, regards the difference between the growth medium composition and the real food. Generally, LAB lyophilized cultures can be added to the ingredients after a reactivation and subsequently added to the product. This procedure identify the presence of a stress for the LAB cells. Starter cultures are added to the raw materials in large numbers and incubated under optimal conditions, but the adaptation to substrate or raw material is always necessary [82]. It is very important to consider the physiological state of the LAB before the inoculum. This state strongly depends on the time of harvesting of the culture (whether during the logarithmic or stationary phase of growth), on the conditions leading to transition to the stationary phase, on the treatment of the culture during and after harvesting and on the chemical composition of the environment. Therefore it is important during formulation and technological processes to consider also these factors, mainly for those products where microorganisms are added as starter cultures. Figure 2. Fermented food model: reciprocal influences between environmental fluctuation and lactic acid bacteria fermentation. The interaction between the starters and the ingredients and between the starters and the naturally present microbial population can trigger few important mechanisms that will influence the quality and the characteristics of the fermented product. Analogously, many food processes and formulations have been tested for safety by challenge test inoculating pathogen bacterial cells at different growth phases, and the results proved that cells grown to the stationary phase or adapted to various stresses have greater resistance than exponential cells [83]. Other ingredients usually added to obtain safe and stable products are food preservatives, including: Antioxidants, Anti-browning agents Antimicrobials. These latter are arbitrarily classified into two groups: traditional or “regulatory approved” and naturally occurring [84].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, for sablefish acutely exposed to hypoxic water, the team discovered that their heart rate did not increase, but unexpectedly dropped when the temperature was raised, and this limited their upper temperature tolerance and ability to survive. Further, even fish that had previously been acclimatised to hypoxia could not increase their heart function, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of increased temperatures. These results show that living in hypoxic waters actually decreases the sablefish’s ability to withstand heat waves, and that hypoxia can impair the heart’s response to increased temperatures. The knowledge has gained on sablefish physiology will help formulate management policies for the species, towards developing sustainable aquaculture operations. One of Dr Gamperl’s labs – the Laboratory for Research. of the most important farmed fish species is the Atlantic salmon. For salmon that are reared in cages in coastal waters, the most significant environmental challenge is high water temperatures combined with hypoxia during the summer. In one devastating incident in 2019, nearly 2. 6 million farmed salmon off the coast of Newfoundland died. These deaths were largely attributed to a sustained period of high temperature (18–19°C) and a lack of oxygen as the fish crowded together seeking cooler water temperatures. However, as part of the Mitigating the Impacts of Climate-on Project (; see and his team have directly examined how increases in temperature, combined with moderate hypoxia, affect the behaviour and physiology of salmon. The team found that while salmon stop feeding at temperatures above 18°C, they can tolerate temperature up to 21°C, even when exposed to moderately hypoxic waters, and that fish in sea cages can survive such conditions. This research indicates that other factors must be present, in addition to temperatures of 18–20°C and hypoxia, for large numbers of salmon deaths to occur. The team has also developed a number of biochemical assays and molecular markers to assess the health, welfare and environmental tolerances of salmon. ‘This research can be used to assess fish health and to potentially select stocks that are more tolerant of environmental challenges,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘This will be of great use to the salmon aquaculture industry, and potentially, to the culture of other fishes and the management of wild species. ’ Coastal aquaculture farms will be increasingly affected by the changing environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: H ανασκόπηση αποκάλυψε ότι η ποικιλότητα των συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων φαίνεται να μην είναι καλά γνωστή κυρίως λόγω της προσέγγισης στη διερεύνηση της ποικιλότητας του μικροβιώματος των σπόγγων, δηλαδή διερεύνηση στη βαθμίδα του Φύλου (μικροβιωτών). Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εφαρμόστηκε μια προσέγγιση που είχε στόχο την απομόνωση συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων από σπόγγους στο Βόρειο Αιγαίο.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The former includes acidifiers such as acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid and antimicrobials such as benzoic acid and benzoates, propionate, nitrites and nitrates, sorbic acid and sorbates and sulfites. The latter includes compounds from microbial, plant and animal sources that are, for the most part, only proposed for use in foods as antimicrobials (e. g. lactoferrin, lysozyme, nisin). Throughout the ages, food antimicrobials have been used primarily to prolong shelf-life and preserve quality of foods through inhibition of spoilage microorganisms, while only few are used exclusively to control the growth of specific foodborne pathogens (e. g. nitrite, used for hundreds of years to inhibit growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum in cured meats). In food formulation antimicrobials are part of a multiple intervention system that involves the chemical along with environmental (extrinsic) and food related (intrinsic) stresses and processing steps. Some of these substances (for example lactic acid and citric acid) provoke a direct acidification of a food or food ingredient, and therefore challenge the microflora inducing and increase of acid resistance of the microflora itself. In fermented food the situation can be somewhat different, because the pH is gradually lowered by LAB creating a pH gradient, more likely than a sharp alteration in the pH due to direct acidification. A good model describing the shock related to the inoculum of LAB in the raw complex material has been described during the production of fermented sausages [85]. The relatively high pH of raw meat rapidly decreases during the initial fermentation phase because organic acids, mainly lactate, are formed by LAB and the water activity is reduced during ripening, because of the addition of salt as well as drying. Furthermore, adjuvants, such as potassium or sodium nitrite and/or nitrate, are mostly added to optimize the fermentation process. Generally strains used as starter cultures must tolerate these kinds of stresses and exhibit a high ecologic performance in the stressful food environment. Genes related to stress response are induced when L. sakei is inoculated in the raw meat system [86].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry will need to adapt to these changes to grow sustainably. The team’s research will help enable the industry to recognise, and prepare for, the effects of warming and hypoxic coastal waters caused by climate change. A few members of Dr Gamperl’s team. Insights into A similar species to salmon – the Arctic char – is an economically and culturally important fish for northern aboriginal peoples. This species is also making an increasingly important contribution to aquaculture in Canada and Europe. However, many experts are concerned about the ability of this species to tolerate rising temperatures. Dr Gamperl’s team has provided key insights into why Atlantic salmon are more tolerant of high water temperatures than Arctic char, and why char populations are especially vulnerable to climate change. Cardiac performance, such as maximum heart rate and pumping capacity, are lower in char than salmon, and these differences in cardiac performance may make it more difficult for char to tolerate warmer temperatures. Impaired cardiac performance in fish can negatively impact swimming, foraging and migration, and ultimately reduce survival. To better understand how the fish heart responds to high temperatures, the team also studied the function of mitochondria in the heart muscle cells of salmon. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, are present in large numbers and are required to meet the high energy demands of the beating heart. In their study, the researchers acclimatised one group of salmon to a temperature of 12°C and a second group to 20°C. They found that salmon that had been acclimatised to the warmer temperature had improved mitochondrial function when they were exposed to higher temperatures of up to 26°C. Further, they report that less efficient mitochondrial and heart function likely contribute to the reduced heat tolerance of char. These fascinating insights into heart and mitochondrial function enhance our understanding of how salmonids, including salmon, trout and Arctic char, will respond to climate change. Dr Gamperl’s research will undoubtedly aid in the development of improved regulations and conservation measures to protect Arctic char. Sablefish. : Campbell (GESF) A Work in Gamperl team’s future plans include using an integrative approach to examine how maximum oxygen consumption, heart function and blood oxygen transport differ between marine fish species and how these physiological characteristics allow them to acclimatise to their environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Απομονώθηκαν 15 στελέχη συμβιωτικών κυανοβακτηρίων, τα οποία σχημάτιζαν νέους κλάδους εντός των Τάξεων Synechococcales και Pleurocapsales. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η νέα ποικιλότητα των κυανοβακτηρίων που απομονώθηκαν από σπόγγους, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα για τον πολυφασικό χαρακτηρισμό τους (αναλύσεις μοριακών, μορφολογικών, και οικολογικών δεδομένων) σύμφωνα με τις σύγχρονες απόψεις στην ταξινόμηση των κυανοβακτηρίων.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, ctsR, a gene that coded for a class III heat shock proteins repressor associated with the environmental stress response of Gram positive bacteria, increased its expression when L. sakei starts to adapt to the raw environment. This mechanism demonstrated that the sudden changes in the environment conditions are perceived as stress by Lactobacillus species. In particular, in the case of L. sakei, added to raw meat and spices, the principal stress response regarded high osmolarity and temperature shifts. Moreover, the presence of curing salt is regarded as one of the major hurdles in the initial phase of sausages fermentation. Because nitrite was found to be the effective for growth inhibition of pathogens, nitrite was also hypothesized as a stressor for L. sakei [85] and the exposure of this strain to stresses can induce changes in metabolic activities in a food environment [4]. The metabolic changes in L. sakei resulted in enhanced exploitation of available nutrients or increased activity of glycolytic enzymes, leading to the accelerated production of lactic acid by stress-treated L. sakei cells [85]. However, the exposition of L. sakei to low temperature and high osmolarity gives rise to the repression of phosphofructokinase and consequently to a decreased flux through the glycolytic pathway [87]. Moreover, it is important to consider that some ingredients can be also antimicrobials because of their own characteristics: in fact, if the recipe includes herbs and spices (aromatic plants, pepper), garlic and onions, an effect on microorganisms can be exerted by specific compounds characterizing these products, such as essential oils, terpenes and sulfur compounds [88]. Another essential aspect affecting the performances and metabolism of LAB are the intrinsic characteristics of raw materials that sometimes act in a synergic way with other ingredients. Considering for example fermented vegetables, the microflora of the starting fresh vegetables is typically dominated by Gram negative aerobic bacteria and yeasts, while LAB make up a minor portion of the initial population [89] and therefore they would not be able to start and lead a fermentation process. However, if anaerobic conditions are settled and salts are added, LAB can have a competitive advantage and induce spontaneous lactic acid fermentation. The growth of specific LAB is dependent on the chemical (substrate, salt concentration, pH) and physical (vegetable type, temperature) environments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: They will continue to study the physiology of fish with the goal of understanding how evolution has shaped the physiological systems of fish and whether fish are likely to adapt to the effects of climate change. Collaboration across all sectors will continue to be critical in tackling the many challenges that climate change poses to both farmed and wild fish populations. Dr Gamperl’s innovative research into fish physiology and biology has raised many new and exciting questions, and will continue to have important implications for fish conservation and ensuring global food security in the face of climate change. Short on time? watch this animation E-book Video-book the researcher GamperlDepartment of Ocean Sciencesof Newfoundland and LabradorSt. John’s, Newfoundland and Labradorearned his PhD in Biology at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, in 1994. He was an of Biology at University before moving to of Newfoundland and Labrador, where he is now a Professor in the Department of Ocean Sciences. Here, he is also the of the Centre. Dr Gamperl’s integrative research program focuses on understanding how environmental and physiological variables interact to affect fish biology. His internationally recognised research has led to over 125 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 35 research grants. In addition to his research, he teaches courses in fish biology, animal physiology and aquaculture, and supervises many graduate and undergraduate students, post-doctoral researchers and research assistants. : kgamperl@mun. ca W: of Doug Syme, University of Santander, of Newfoundland and of of of Newfoundland and. salmon (Salmo salar) cage-site distribution, behaviour and physiology during a Newfoundland heat wave, Frontiers in Physiology, 2021. DOI: 10. 3389/fphys. 2021. 719594 effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal vs. a stenothermal salmonid, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2021, 224, jeb242487. DOI: 10. 1242/jeb. 242487 salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics (Bethesda), 2021, Apr 7. DOI: 10. 1093/g3journal/jkab102.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships in microbiomes can influence health. [SEP] Text: Η ανάλυση των παραπάνω δεδομένων οδήγησε στην περιγραφή έξι νέων γενών (Leptothoe, Rhodoploca, Cymatolege, Metis, Aegeococcus και Thalassoporum) και 10 νέων ειδών (Le. sithoniana, Le. spongobia, Le. kymatousa, R. sivoneniae, C. spiroidea, C. isodiametrica, M. fasciculata, A. anagnostidisii, A. thuretii, T. komarekii) εντός της τάξης Synechococcales, καθώς και ενός νέου είδους εντός της τάξης Pleurocapsales (Xenococcus spongiosum).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: As the environments change during fermentation, so can the dominant organisms, often leading to a specific and reproducible succession of bacteria. In sauerkraut [89, 90] the presence of 1. 8-2. 2% of NaCl and a temperature of 18°C inhibits many strains of LAB, with the exception of Leuconostoc mesenteroides that initiates the fermentation; however this species is sensitive to acid conditions, so after a few days, when the concentration of lactic acid increases, L. mesenteroides is replaced by more acid resistant LAB such as Lactobacillus brevis and L. plantarum, able to further lower the pH up to 3-3. 5, stabilizing the final product. Considering olives fermentation is possible to outline the characteristics of the product affecting LAB: while the brine provides a good environment for LAB growth, with glucose, fructose and mannitol as the main source of fermentable sugars, the presence of high levels phenols (such as oleuropein) exert an antimicrobial activity, inhibiting some strains and selecting the types of organisms that predominate during the fermentation [91-93]. These LAB have to be resistant not only to phenols, but also to lye treatments and water washes, that can be performed during the processing and increase the initial pH, reducing also the nutrients content on the olive surface. The species able to face these kind of stresses usually belong to the genera Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactococcus; after the first stage of fermentation, when the pH reaches 6, L. plantarum rapidly grows and dominate the fermentation, that goes on until the fermentable sugars are depleted. The viability and vigor of L. plantarum can be encouraged also by yeasts that are still present in this stage of fermentation and can produce vitamins [94]. Moreover, the presence of some gases can modify the growth performances of LAB. That is also influenced by the mixing step of the ingredients in some food processes (e. g. dough mixing). In fact, in bread making process, the continuous agitation of the dough can increase the microbes exposure to oxygen, and this can be a source of oxidative stress, mainly for LAB that are usually anaerobic or facultative anaerobic.

Output: corroborate