Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In addition, they said these findings could be a structural imaging parallel to functional imaging — demonstrating basal ganglia hypermetabolism in non-demented HIV patients with mild cognitive compromise and early HIV-associated brain disease. . Sacktor noted that the University of Pennsylvania study is one of the first to describe 3-T MRS data in patients with HIV dementia, while the third paper, using 3-T single-voxel MRS, demonstrated an increased basal ganglia myoinosito:Cr ratio as well as lower frontal white matter glutamate-glutamine concentrations in individuals with HIV dementia. [Some research indicates that elevated myoinosito-creatine ratios in white matter and basal ganglia may be a biomarker of early AD, HIV-dementia, and hypertension in the brain. ]“The results from these two studies suggest that 3-T MRS, with its improved signal-to-noise ratio, is particularly useful for detecting the metabolites Lac, Lip, and glutamate-glutamine concentrations, which are associated with HIV dementia in patients undergoing HAART. ”Other functional or molecular imaging techniques may also provide important surrogate end points for diagnosing and tracking HIV dementia, according to Dr. Sacktor. New neuroimaging markers of HIV-associated cognitive impairment in individuals receiving HAART would have considerable prognostic value, as well as help monitor therapy, he said. The results suggest that despite HAART, patients with HIV dementia may continue to demonstrate measurable CNS anaerobic glycolysis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a finding consistent with other recent studies, he noted. “Although the purpose of molecular imaging such as MRS is to provide early and sensitive surrogate markers for prognosis or therapeutic monitoring, a limited number of metabolites are available for interrogation and can only loosely be connected to the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in most cases,” he said. “To link a noninvasive marker to a process such as oxidative stress would represent a major advance. ” Dr. Howard Fox: “I think the two imaging papers add emphasis to the fact that the brain is a target in HIV infection, and that many of the neurological changes take place long before dementia is obvious. These studies should help us understand this pathology — are these early cognitive and motor deficits the result of actual infection or part of a chronic virus-host reaction? We don't know.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5Suwannuruks et al4780 participants:vegans (15 men, 15 women)lacto-vegetarianslacto-ovo-vegetariansomnivores (not matched; 15 men, 15 women)No comorbidities; age, 18–50 y; ThailandVegetarian (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>4 years on dietsignificant difference in and TT between the vegetarians and omnivores. Intervention6Mezzano et al62; a 90-day intervention42 healthy men (mean age, 22 y):-free supplied 27. 3 and 39. 9% of energy in the MD and HFD, respectively. White meat, fish and legumes were the main source of proteins in the MD, whereas the HFD was rich in red meat and low in fish. Both diets were isoenergetically supplemented with 240 ml/day red wine from day 31–60. Forearm bleeding timevWFagThe MD group had significantly longer bleeding times than the HFD after 30 days. There was no significant difference in vWFag. Red wine consumption did not significantly alter bleeding time or vWFag. Abbreviations: APTT, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time; ATIII, antithrombin III; FII, factor II; FVc, factor V coagulant activity; FX, factor X; PT, prothrombin time; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin complex; TT, thrombin time; vWF, von Willebrand factor; vWFag, von Willebrand factor antigen; others, see Tables 2 and 3ConclusionHealthy plant-based diets have established benefits for cardiometabolic health, and they may do so, in part, through effects on thrombotic factors. However, this relationship is complex and depends on the energy, nutrient, and food composition of the diet. Strictly vegan diets, if not carefully planned and balanced may result in deficiencies (eg, n-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12) that may have a negative impact on thrombosis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: onderdonkii may have protective effects against some diseases, including liver fibrosis, colitis and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer immunotherapy, while it may be involved in colorectal cancer development and affective disorders like depression [90]. Moreover, Alistipes is a relatively recent subdivision genus of the Bacteriodota, which is commonly associated with chronic intestinal inflammation [90]. Therefore, taking into account that et al. employed a different methodology to analyse microbiota composition from stool samples [18], A. onderdonkii could be considered as a biomarker of severe condition in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. Finally, the implication of a connection between faecal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients has been previously proposed [91]. In the present study, and to maximise the potential use of these biomarkers, the relationship of specific bacteria from nasopharyngeal and stool samples was analysed. Concretely, a strong positive correlation between P. timonensis (stool) towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (nasopharyngeal) was found in severe condition. Accordingly, the ratio of the abundance of these species was also significantly increased within the highest severity of this condition. As a result, the ratio proposed in this study could be used as a novel predictor to identify critically ill COVID-19 patients as the ratio Bacillota and Bacteroidetes has been used as a marker of dysbiosis [92]. In this case, this ratio P. timonensis/P. dentalis and M. Salivarium could be a prognostic tool for severe SARS-CoV-2, and an increase in it could be associated with a higher risk to develop a severe condition. ConclusionThis inter-individual variability between the COVID-19 patients could contribute to the different symptomatology observed. This study has identified a correlation between changes in the nasopharyngeal and stool microbiota with COVID-19 severity. A novel biomarker linked to severity of COVID-19 infection has been described based on changes in the abundance of bacterial species in nasopharyngeal and faecal samples. This knowledge can support the design of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: All we know is that the brain is a target. ” associate professor at the Institute and director of the in La Jolla, CA, also told in a telephone interview that the two imaging studies offer the greatest promise for clinical utility. “These are both really interesting papers,” he said. “We know HIV affects the brain and stops there in the end. Many researchers are looking for ways to detect and monitor the progression of HIV in the brain, and these and other studies are pushing clinical diagnostics in that direction,” he commented. “I think the two imaging papers add emphasis to the fact that the brain is a target in HIV infection, and that many of the neurological changes take place long before dementia is obvious. These studies should help us understand this pathology — are these early cognitive and motor deficits the result of actual infection or part of a chronic virus-host reaction? We don't know. All we know is that the brain is a target. ”With these new imaging techniques, he added, it might be possible to hone in on specific areas and find correlations between cognitive and motor problems and changes in different parts of the brain. “I believe better biomarkers will come along. Just look at the early time lines for Alzheimer disease and Parkinson biomarkers. It's not easy for us in this field, because everything got reset with HAART, and now we're learning new things,” he noted. “There's an active process of HIV in the brain that we haven't been able to observe anatomically or biologically before. As it is, people are just plugging along, but we really need an accurate and reliable way to test patients and observe these changes. ”Beau M. Ances, MD, PhD, a researcher at the at the University of California, San Diego, was a co-author of the Lac-Lip imaging paper. He told that HIV-D research is undergoing “tremendous” change. “This is an exciting time for those of us working in this field because the course of the disease has changed with HAART. Today, it is more of a chronic condition and we don't see that much frank dementia any more. Instead we see these mild cognitive changes and we're trying to develop novel approaches to detect these changes as soon as possible. ” 1272.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: While some components of plant-based diets (eg, fiber, phytochemicals, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, moderate alcohol consumption) may actively decrease thrombotic factors, the limiting of prothrombotic components (eg, saturated fat and animal protein), present in typical omnivorous diets, may provide indirect benefit. In addition, healthy plant-based diets, being comparatively hypo-caloric (regardless of the composition), generally protect against overnutrition and its metabolic consequences such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, which are also considered prothrombotic. A one-size-fits-all conclusion can therefore not be drawn as the potential antithrombotic effect of different plant-based diets depends on the nutrient composition (based on the degree of exclusion of animal products), the content of active antithrombotic dietary components, the relative absence of prothrombotic dietary factors as well as the degree of total caloric restriction. 2021. Revision acceptedSeptember 27, 2021. Published onlineOctober 27, 2021. Conflict of interestNone declared. How to citePieters M, Swanepoel AC. The effect of plant-based diets on thrombotic risk factors. Intern Med. 2021; 131: 16123. doi:10. 20452/pamw. 161231. Kahleova H, Becerra-Tomas N, S, et al. Plant-based eating and cardiometabolic health. Alpro Foundation; 2020. 2. é J, et al. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Study 2. . 2013; 173: 1230-1238. Crossref3. Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2013; 97: 597-603. Crossref4. Vegetarian diet, Adventists and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol. 2014; 176: 680-686. Crossref5. . Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets. Soc. 2006; 65: 35-41. Crossref6. -Larsen V, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Gut physiology meets microbiome science Published online by Press: 12 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Hannelore Daniel* Affiliation: ex. School of Life Sciences, of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany * Email: contact@hdaniel. de 0. 54 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Research on the gut microbiome has gained high popularity and almost every disease has meanwhile been linked to alterations in microbiome composition. Typically assessed via stool samples, the microbiome displays a huge diversity with a multitude of environmental parameters already identified as contributing to its character. Despite impressive scientific progress, normal microbiome diversity remains largely unexplained and it is tempting to speculate some of the yet unexplained variance is hidden in normal gut physiology. Although a few genome/phenome-wide associations studies have recently highlighted physiological parameters such as stool frequency,known as contributing to microbiome diversity, there is a large knowledge base from decades of basic research on gut functions that can be explored for possible links to stool features and microbiome characteristics. And, when extrapolating findings from faecal samples to the biology in the intestinal lumen or the mucosal microenvironment, gut anatomy and physiology features need to be considered. Similarly, differences in anatomy and physiology between rodents and humans need attention when discussing findings in animals in relation to human physiology and nutrition. Keywords gastrointestinal tractmicrobiomephysiologyrodentsdietin situ Microbiome 2023 e1 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of The microbiome emerged as new term and research area about two decades ago and has since proliferated in an unseen manner. However, research on bacteria residing in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract goes back more than a century with important findings generated on bacterial density, diversity, and metabolic capacities. Many of these findings appeared almost forgotten and for decades the “gut flora” was not perceived as of major relevance for human health or disease. Yet, in animal science gut bacteria became an area of high interest even before microbiota research became popular in the biomedical field because of the wide use of antibiotics in farm animals and the need to substitute these.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Home E-and catalog us 9. Published online: March 30, 2018 DOI: System-and Function of in Mammals S. * Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea * Corresponding author: Tel: +82-51-893-3569, Fax: +82-51-797-8569, E-mail: o@biophilos. org 6, 2018 13, 2018 13, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by the is identical to the Attribution Non-( receptors (ORs) in mammals are generally considered to function as chemosensors in the olfactory organs of animals. They are membrane proteins that traverse the cytoplasmic membrane seven times and work generally by coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. The OR is a G protein‒coupled receptor that binds the guanine nucleotide-binding Gαolf subunit and the Gβγ dimer to recognize a wide spectrum of organic compounds in accordance with its cognate ligand. Mammalian ORs were originally identified from the olfactory epithelium of rat. However, it has been recently reported that the expression of ORs is not limited to the olfactory organ. In recent decades, they have been found to be expressed in diverse organs or tissues and even tumors in mammals. In this review, the expression and expected function of olfactory receptors that exist throughout an organism’s system are discussed. Keywords: chemosensory receptor, ectopic expression, G protein-coupled receptor, olfactory receptor, system-wide expression olfactory receptors (ORs) make up a G proteincoupled chemosensory receptor (GPCR) family with 7 transmembrane alpha-helices located in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells. They are known to work by binding heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), composed of the olfactory Gα (Gαolf) subunit and the Gβγ dimer. GPCRs are classified by their sequence homology [1] or based on their phylogenetic origin [2], and there are more than 16 types of G protein α subunits [3, 4]. ORs are also known to recognize a wide spectrum of organic compounds in accordance with its cognate ligand.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in a general population of middle-aged adults. J Assoc. 2019; 8: e012865. Crossref7. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 1607s-1612s. Crossref8. Nöthlings Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population. J Nutr. 2008; 138: 775-781. Crossref9. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. J. 2021; 42: 3227-3337. 10. . Cardio-metabolic benefits of plant-based diets. Nutrients. 2017; 9: 848. Crossref11. Pieters M, de Maat MP. Diet and haemostasis – a comprehensive overview. Blood Rev. 2015; 29: 231-241. Crossref12. Li D. Chemistry behind vegetarianism. J Chem. 2011; 59: 777-784. Crossref13. Kahleova H, Salas-Salvadó J, Rahelić D, et al. Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic outcomes in diabetes: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 2209. Crossref14. Satija A, Hu FB. Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health. Med. 2018; 28: 437-441. Crossref15. Derbyshire EJ. Flexitarian diets and health: a review of the evidence-based literature. Front Nutr. 2016; 3: 55. Crossref16. Keys A. Seven Countries: A of Death and Disease. Cambridge (MA): Press; 2013. 17. . Dietary patterns: a Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovasc Dis. 2006; 16: 559-568. Crossref18. . The flavone, flavonol and flavan-3-ol content of the Greek traditional diet. Food Chem. 2007; 105: 812-821. Crossref19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: A rather fast transit of the chyme accounting to 2 to 8 h for mouth to cecum (mean value with variation based on sex, age and diet) contributes to lower bacterial counts in human jejunum and ileum (Arhan et al. , étreault, Perey and Pellerin1981; Probert et al. , Reference Probert, Emmett and Heaton1995). By the detergent quality and the high luminal concentration of bile acids (BA) in the upper small intestine (of 20–30 mM) after food intake (Sonne et al. , Reference Sonne, Rehfeld, Holst, Vilsbøll and Knop2014), BA also contribute to control of bacterial density. Gastric acid secretion is also considered to play a role as revealed by the wide use of proton-pump-inhibitors that were shown to promote Clostridium difficile infections and change the intestinal microbiome composition (Naito et al. , Reference Naito, Kashiwagi, Takagi, Andoh and Inoue2018). Based on the principle that energy extraction in the small intestine should be optimal with motility adapted accordingly, the question arises on the quantity and quality of the “feed” of the microbiota in the large intestine. Only very limited information is available from ileostomy patients and analysis of the emptied contents for an estimation of the quantity and quality of substrates that become available for bacterial growth in the large intestine. Although animal studies would allow to collect intestinal contents at given time points from the different regions of the small and large intestine, we need to be careful when translating the findings from rodents into the human situation. The mouse is unfortunately not a tiny human and mice feed is not human food At that point a short excursion into gut anatomy and physiology of mouse and human intestine needs to be made. There are major differences in the overall structure and morphology as well as the organisation and length of the various parts of the GIS of the mouse small and large intestines that require consideration when findings in mice are transferred to the human condition. Although the relative surface area of the intestine to total body surface area is similar between two species, the small intestine to large intestine length ratio is approximately 2. 5 to 1 in mice and approximately 7 to 1 in humans (Nguyen et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: When it was originally identified from rat olfactory epithelium [5], the expression of the protein was thought to be confined to that tissue. After Gαolf [6] and rat ORs [5], OR expression in mammalian germ cells [7, 8] and heart [9] was reported in the early 1990s. In the late 20th century, OR expression in an insulin-secreting cell line and the spleen of rats [10] and human erythroid cells [11] was reported. ORs are largely distributed in olfactory sensory neurons of the nasal epithelium but are also expressed in other non-olfactory tissues [12]. We discuss the physiological functions of ORs and suggest future perspectives for their research. in the Brain and Heart-Since the expression of ORs in mammalian germ cells was reported [7], OR expression in various organs and tissues in animals has been observed. The brain and the heart are the fundamental organs that form the basis of animal life. For example, controlling the fluctuation of blood pressure and pulse of an animal is accomplished by endocrine action through autonomic reflex and peptide hormone secretion. Brain and heart are closely connected to each other by various mechanisms, including the nervous system. For the first time, prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptors (PSGRs), also known as RA1c, were reported to be expressed in the brain of rat [13] and mouse [14] and the heart of rat and mouse [15]. It was not expected to be expressed in human tissues other than prostate. it was demonstrated that RA1c homologs—Olr59 in rat [13] and Olfr78 in mouse [14]—were expressed in areas of the brain and olfactory epithelium, much effort has been made to confirm the expression of ORs in the brain. MOL2. 3, called Olfr78, was reported to be expressed in the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system [16]. Some mouse ORs—M71 (olfr151), C6 (Olfr49), and OR3—are detected in the cerebral cortex and might play a role in developmental processes, such as axon guidance and target recognition during the postnatal period [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. Clin Nutr. 2006; 83: 582-591. Crossref33. Portfolio dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Dis. 2018; 61: 43-53. Crossref34. Adding monounsaturated fatty acids to a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. CMAJ. 2010; 182: 1961-1967. Crossref35. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. . J Med. 1997; 336: 1117-1124. Crossref36. The effect of a dietary portfolio compared to a DASH-type diet on blood pressure. Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 25: 1132-1139. Crossref37. A dietary approach to prevent hypertension: a review of the to (DASH) Study. Clinical cardiology. 1999; 22: Iii6-10. Crossref38. Kerley CP. A review of plant-based diets to prevent and treat heart failure. Rev. 2018; 4: 54-61. Crossref39. Food group sources of nutrients in the dietary patterns of the DASH-Sodium trial. J Assoc. 2003; 103: 488-496. Crossref40. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2016; 13: e1002039. Crossref41. Dietary factors and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in older people: the Cohort 1936. Nutr. 2015; 114: 1088-1098. Crossref42. The influence of a vegetarian diet on haemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Africans. Thromb Res. 1999; 95: 31-36. Crossref43. Mezzano D, Muñoz X, Martínez C, et al. Vegetarians and cardiovascular risk factors: hemostasis, inflammatory markers and plasma homocysteine. Thromb Haemost. 1999; 81: 913-917. Crossref44. Nutritional status influences plasma fibrinogen concentration: evidence from the THUSA survey. Thromb Res. 2000; 98: 383-394. Crossref45.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Changes in the cecal/colonic microbiome caused by diet may thus have more impact on the animal’s metabolism and health status. That applies as well to germfree/gnotobiotic animals or animals receiving antibiotics in which energy extraction may be impaired by loss of bacteria. What should also not be forgotten, is that rodents perform coprophagy which makes certain nutrients (ie, vitamins) better available by providing those to the upper small intestine. That the metabolism of bacteria in cecum contributes with heat production to the animal’s body temperature has recently been revealed (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021) with an estimated 8 per cent of total energy expenditure. Although the vital bacterial biomass in human colon is not known, in mice, cecum content accounts for approximately 1 per cent of total body mass (Drew et al. , and Louis2018) whereas in humans, colonic contents of approximately 230 g wet weight represent less than 0. 35 per cent of body mass (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990). That may mean that heat generated in human colon is of only minor relevance for energy balance – but even small differences may in long-term have consequences for body and fat mass. Microbiome needs and return Bacterial reproduction and growth require energy. The bacterial biomass in human large intestine is much smaller than originally claimed (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990; Sender et al. , Reference Sender, Fuchs and Milo2016) and may range between 100 and 200 g material (wet weight) in an individual living in an industrialised country. Total stool volume produced per day varies from high to low-income countries from 126 to 250 g wet weight and 28 to 38 g dry weight (Rose et al. , Reference Rose, Parker, Jefferson and Cartmell2015). Any comparison, eg, of bacterial diversity across developed and rural countries and populations should take that into account. Approximately 15 g bacterial mass is excreted with the faeces per day in developed countries (Stephen and Cummings, and Cummings1980) which needs to be replaced in a steady state. Ignoring possible differences in energy demands between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, approximately 0. 5 MJ would be required (rough estimate) per day for substitution of 15 g bacterial biomass (Chen, Reference Chen1964).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: OR expression (OR1E1, OR2J3, OR2L13, OR11H1, and OR52L1) in the frontal cortex is downregulated in Parkinson disease (PD) patients [18]. The expression of a mouse OR, Olfr110, was detected in the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice for 1 postnatal year, and its mRNA levels did not vary during that period [19]. It was observed that 8 ORs and 6 taste receptors (TASRs) are constitutively expressed in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and cerebellum in human control brains. These data imply that variable dysregulation of certain ORs and TASRs is common in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Palsy, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The same research group also reported a decrease in olfactory and TASR expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia [20]. There was a report that ORs are expressed in mouse mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. After screening ligands on Olfr287, carvone enantiomers were identified as agonists of Olfr287 and able to increase intracellular Ca2＋ in solitary mDA neurons. The ORs were found to be expressed in human and downregulated in PD postmortem brains [21]. Gong et al. [22] found that some ORs are differentially expressed in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injury in rats. The expression and expression profile of several ORs in the sciatic nerve were verified, and they also observed that the expression of some ORs in primary cultures of Schwann cells was upregulated under H2O2 stimulation [22]. Recently, there has been a report that Olfr544 is expressed in mouse brain and heart, as well as nose, adipose tissue, and spleen [23]. Heart-related system In 1995, Drutel et al. [9] reported the expression of OL1 (Olr1654) in the developing rat heart and suggested its involvement in cardiac morphogenesis, where the OR was hardly detectable at the adult stages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Food intake patterns associated with incident type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 263-268. Crossref46. Hemostatic factors and blood lipids in young Buddhist vegetarians and omnivores. Clin Nutr. 1993; 58: 354-359. Crossref47. Blood cell production and hemostatic mechanism in Thai vegetarians. J Thai. 1990; 73: 670-673. 48. . Coronary heart disease risk factors in Indian adolescents the role of diet. S Afr. 2000; 11: 68-75. 49. The association of diet and thrombotic risk factors in healthy male vegetarians and meat-eaters. Clin Nutr. 1999; 53: 612-619. Crossref50. Haemostatic variables in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Thromb Res. 1980; 19: 139-148. Crossref51. Vegetarian-based dietary patterns and their relation with inflammatory and immune biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2019; 10: 433-451. Crossref52. Saynor R, Gillott T. Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Lipids. 1992; 27: 533-538. Crossref53. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011; 28: 549-559. Crossref54. Chainani- Changes in emerging cardiac biomarkers after an intensive lifestyle intervention. Cardiol. 2011; 108: 498-507. 55. Brestrich M, Claus J, Blümchen G. Lactovegetarian diet: effect on changes in body weight, lipid status, fibrinogen and lipoprotein (a) in cardiovascular patients during inpatient rehabilitation treatment [in German]. Z Kardiol. 1996; 85: 418-427. 56. . Ad libitum intake of low-fat diets rich in either starchy foods or sucrose: effects on blood lipids, factor VII coagulant activity, and fibrinogen. Metabolism. 2000; 49: 731-735. Crossref57.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The quantity of sugars bound in the glycans that reach the colon is difficult to assess but may be in the range of 2 to 15 g per day (Johansson et al. , Reference Johansson, Sjövall and Hansson2013; Leal et al. , Reference Leal, Hugh, Smyth and Ghosh2017). Gastrointestinal transit time also plays an important role for the quantity of chyme entering colon (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Moreover, transit time was also shown to closely associate with the diversity and quantity of bacteria excreted with faeces. With compounds that increase transit time, more fermentable substrates enter the colon, and more bacteria are found in faeces whereas compounds that slow transit have the opposite effects (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Transit time also affects the water content in colon and in stool and that has been shown to be a relevant determinant of microbiome diversity in humans (Roager et al. , øbel, -Pontén, Nielsen, Pedersen, Lauritzen, Kristensen, Gupta and Licht2016; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Tito, Joosens and Raes2015). Since on average approximately 650 kJ of energy are excreted in faeces, only approximately 500 kJ can be predicted as absorbed from colon and that is mainly in form of short-chain organic acids. This rather small quantity of calories becoming available for the host asks for its overall importance in body weight control. Several studies have in the initial phase of modern microbiome research addressed the contribution of the microbiome in the development of obesity and those were fostered by studies in germfree mice that showed resistance to diet-induced obesity. Those findings were later questioned by studies that failed to demonstrate such a resistance to obesity-development using different “obesogenic diets” in germfree mice (Moretti et al. , öm and Lundberg2021). That the microbiome in its diversity is associated with the BMI of individual’s has been observed in large cohorts (Zhernakova et al. , -and Fu2016). Although human studies also reported significant microbiome differences between lean and obese individuals (Chierico et al. , and Putignani2018; et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: As mentioned above, murine PSGRs (Olfr78 and Olr59) are expressed in the hearts of mouse [16] and rat [15], in addition to prostate. In 2007, Zhang et al. [24] reported that ORs (including OR10G4) are expressed in human heart and various organs using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and microarray. Recently, OR10J5 was found to be expressed in human aorta, coronary artery, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells [25]. In addition, Matrigel plug assay showed that lyral enhances angiogenesis in vivo. These results let us surmise the physiological role of OR10J5 in angiogenesis. Chang et al. [26] showed that a short-chain fatty acid OR, Olfr78, is highly and selectively expressed in oxygensensitive glomus cells of the carotid body (CB). The CB is a chemosensory organ that monitors blood oxygen to control breath [27]. As lactate eventually activates Olfr78 in heterologous expression experiments, Chang et al. [26] proposed that Olfr78 may act as a hypoxia sensor in the breathing circuit, in addition to its role in olfaction. The next year, Zhou et al. [28] applied the single-cell RNA-Seq method to eliminate the contamination of genes derived from other cell types present in the CB to analyze the expression of ORs in CB glomus cells and identified Olfr78 as the most highly abundant OR in the CB in mice. More recently, Jovancevic et al. [29] reported that OR51E1 activation by the application of cognate agonists induces a negative chronotropic effect in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and also provokes negative inotropic activity in cardiac trabeculae and slice preparations of human explated ventricles. These results imply that some ORs that are expressed in heart may be therapeutic targets for the metabolic regulation of cardiac function. A mouse OR—Olfr544, an ortholog of the OR52 family (OR52K1)—was reported to be expressed in the heart of mice [23]. The unexpected cardiac expression of ORs may regulate cell growth and morphogenesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Marckmann P, Sandström B, Jespersen J. Low-fat, high-fiber diet favorably affects several independent risk markers of ischemic heart disease: observations on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis from a trial of middle-aged Danes. A J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59: 935-939. Crossref58. . Control of fibrinogen biosynthesis: the role of free fatty acid. J Atheroscler Res. 1968; 8: 155-166. Crossref59. Pieters M, Vorster HH. Nutrition and hemostasis: a focus on urbanization in South Africa. Food Res. 2008; 52: 164-172. Crossref60. The effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels. Med. 1986; 146: 1193-1197. Crossref61. Sanders TA, Roshanai F. Platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition and function in vegans compared with age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. Clin Nutr. 1992; 46: 823-831. 62. Mediterranean diet, but not red wine, is associated with beneficial changes in primary haemostasis. Clin Nutr. 2003; 57: 439-446. Crossref63. The effect of short-term diets rich in fish, red meat, or white meat on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis in humans. Lipids. 1997; 32: 635-644. Crossref64. Makarewicz- DASH diet decreases CXCL4 plasma concentration in patients diagnosed with coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Cardiovasc Dis. 2020; 30: 56-59. Crossref65. Lifestyle modification decreases the mean platelet volume in prehypertensive patients. Platelets. 2009; 20: 58-63. Crossref66. Rajaram S. The effect of vegetarian diet, plant foods, and phytochemicals on hemostasis and thrombosis. Clin Nutr. 2003; 78: 552s-558s. Crossref67. McEwen BJ. The influence of diet and nutrients on platelet function. Hemost. 2014; 40: 214-226. Crossref68.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: , ørgensen, ément, Doré, Kleerebezem, Kristiansen, Renault, Sicheritz-Ponten, de and Pedersen2013), over the years it has become clear that the heterogeneity found in microbiomes of seemingly healthy people is far larger than the characteristics of the microbiomes of obese and lean individuals (Boscaini et al. , Reference Boscaini, Leigh, Lavelle, García-Cabrerizo, Lipuma, Clarke, Schellekens and Cryan2022). As described above, the contribution of the microbiome and its importance for the provision of calories to the host seems small but could in long-term – over decades – make a difference. Yet, the research on diets to alter the microbiome has also not delivered the expected effects. Even well-established fermentable fibres known for improvement of obstipation or intestinal discomfort failed to demonstrate marked changes in the microbiome diversity by when provided over weeks in relevant doses (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Wang, Sailer, Theis, Verbeke and Raes2017). A consistent finding in these studies however was a substantial increase in the density of Bifidobacteria, which also can be increased in density by dietary lactose but here microbiome diversity then depends on the individual capability to digest lactose as large cohorts have recently revealed (Esteban et al. , Reference Esteban, Lopera-Maya Krlikov, van der Graaf, Hu, Andreu-Sánchez, and Sanna2022; Qin et al. , żyńska, Zhu, Tripathi, Vázquez-and Méric2022). What is striking is that human and animal science appear to look at the contribution of the gut microbiome in body weight gain or body composition with different views. In animal science the wide use of antibiotics was also driven by findings that this increased weight gain – defining antibiotics as growth promotors and that was demonstrated in pigs and chicken (Angelakis, Reference Angelakis2017; Gaskins et al. , Reference Gaskins, Collier and Anderson2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: General studies on OR expression show that ORs are expressed throughout systems and have diverse functions throughout the body of animals (Table 1) [7-11, 13-26, 28-73]. System-of 1992, ectopic expression of OR-like proteins in dog testis was reported after the OR multigene family was originally isolated from rat olfactory epithelium [7]. Subsequently, many experiments were performed to trace the presence of ORs in animal testicular tissues for the investigation of OR function in sperm-oocyte chemotaxis, where it was thought that ORs should have chemotactic roles during fertilization. Moreover, ORs are also thought to be involved in chemotaxis [74] and cytokinesis [75], and dozens of ORs were found to be expressed in the testis of mammals using deep sequencing [32]. Several tens of ORs were expressed in testicular tissues of mammals, and their roles in sperm-oocyte chemotaxis were investigated. Very recently, Milardi et al. [33] suggested that the presence of ORs, such as OR4S1, OR4C13, and OR1I1, on mature cells might be related to acrosome activity and sperm motility after a proteomic analysis. Itakura et al. [34] also identified Gαolf and several kinds of ORs from rat placenta using RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunochemical methods. They suggested that ORs may recognize some small molecules in the placenta as environmental signals and mediate the growth of the fetus. Tongue and gastrointestinal tract Since three transcripts of OR were identified in rat taste organs and reproductive tissues using an RT-PCR strategy [36], ORs, as well as TASRs, were isolated in the tongue of human [37, 38] and mouse [39]. In mouse, northern analysis revealed that the homolog of PSGR (Olfr78), an OR, was predominantly expressed in colon [15]. In the case of human, the expression of four ORs, including OR73 (OR5D18), hOR17-7/11 (OR1A1), OR1G1, and hOR17-210 (OR1E3), in the enterochromaffin cells of human gut was confirmed [40].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2076727/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground/Objectives: Obesity has become a severe public health challenge globally. The present study aimed to identify separate and interactive dietary, genetic, and other factors that increase the risk of obesity, as measured by body fat mass. Subjects/Methods: We utilized a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with high-fat mass(obesity; n=10,502) and combined them to generate polygenic risk scores(PRS) of genetic variants interacting with each other in adults aged over 40(n=58,701). We then evaluated dietary and lifestyle factors in subjects to assess what factors might help overcome a genetic propensity for higher body fat. Results: The three-SNP model included brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)_rs6265, fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325. ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles increased their gene expression in the visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes, but ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles decreased their gene expression in the hypothalamus. In the three-SNP model, the PRS was associated with body fat mass by 1. 408 and 1. 396 times after adjusting covariates 1 and 2, respectively. However, when separating subjects by PRS of the three-SNP model, a plant-based diet was the most significant factor associated with low body fat, followed by high protein diets and lower energy intakes. They could offset the effects of high genetic risk for high body fat. Conclusions: Modulating nutrient intakes might overcome a high genetic risk for obesity. Dietary choices favoring more plant-based and higher protein foods might help prevent increased body fat in Asians and potentially people of other ethnicities with high polygenetic risk scores.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In pigs the application of different antibiotics led to a reduction in the total quantity of bacteria and to changes in the spectrum of bacteria in ileum as revealed by sequencing (Collier et al. , Reference Collier, Smiricky-and Gaskin2003). The amount of energy utilised by bacteria and becoming available for the host as weight gain upon antibiotic treatment was estimated to be approximately 6 per cent of the total food energy. That is in essence identical to the estimated heat production by the caecal microbiome in mice as part of the energy needed to maintain body temperature (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021). The increased weight gain found when the microbiota is reduced in density by antibiotics has been attributed to lower energy costs for mucus production and for immune defence in the intestine since fewer bacteria could translate into reduced synthesis of mucus and immune cells and possibly a lower epithelial turn-over. In an impressive paper it was recently demonstrated by use of a stable isotope labelling technique and proteome analysis allowing quantification of protein synthesis rates and protein half-lives that there are major differences between conventional and germfree mice (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). Since the intestine is the organ with the highest cell renewal rate it has to have a huge capacity for synthesis of proteins. The proliferation and apoptosis rates underlying cell replacement in the intestine revealed in the labelling experiment a spatial gradient from proximal to distal linked to the different architecture of the epithelia. However, the study also revealed that germfree mice have lower protein synthesis rates including those of the mucus-proteins (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). These findings support the notion that bacteria and other organisms and viruses that collectively constitute the ecosystem in the gut, drive cell proliferation, immune defence mechanisms and mucus production rates. The latter seems particularly enforced by bacteria that reside in the mucus layer and that can utilise the glycoproteins as substrates for growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Amperometric detection using Ca2＋ imaging and immunostaining studies revealed that the ligands of those ORs consequently caused serotonin release. Another human OR, OR51E1, was identified from enterochromaffin cells in the jejunum and ileum of neuroendocrine carcinomas [41]. In 2015, the porcine homolog of OR51E1 was also found to be expressed along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of pigs and modulated by intestinal microbiota [42]. Recently, human ORs (OR1A1, OR1G1, and OR51E1) and the mouse homolog of OR1A1 (Olfr43) were found to participate in glucose homeostasis during meal ingestion by inducing the secretion of gut peptides [43]. According to recent reports, ORs are expressed in non-olfactory tissues, including brain, heart, testis, tongue, GI tract, pancreas [46], spleen [15], liver [23], kidney [52], lung [53], skin [56], muscle [58], and diaphragm [30], and even cancerous tissues, such as prostate [64] and lung cancer cells [54] (Table 1). In human primary keratinocytes, OR2AT4 is expressed and induces wound-healing processes by increasing cell proliferation and migration and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers [55]. In this mechanism, the activation of OR2AT4 induces the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by a cAMP-dependent pathway. This type of investigation should be applied in various fields of OR research. Another human OR, OR51E2, was detected in human epidermal melanocytes at the transcript and protein level, and its stimulation with its cognate ligand, β-ionone, significantly slows melanocyte proliferation [56]. Additional results also demonstrated that OR51E2 activation elevates cytosolic Ca2＋ and cAMP using RNA silencing and receptor antagonists. These findings suggest that OR signaling can influence melanocyte homeostasis. We surmise that ORs play a pivotal role in maintaining organismal homeostasis according to results above.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: The most important finding of the current study was that the primary dietary factors linked to low body fat content, other than lower energy intake, were high dietary protein consumption and, even more potent, a more plant-based diet. Among the four dietary patterns studied, most had no significant effect on the risk for high body fat content; however, diets considered low in plant-based foods and low in protein resulted in a significantly higher percentage of obese subjects among those with medium- and high- PRS. This result seems counterintuitive since plant-based diets are typically lower in protein than diets high in animal foods [30]. However, these results concur with studies in other ethnic groups that have found that vegetarian and/or plant-based diets support a leaner body type [31, 32]. There are various hypotheses about how a plant-based diet may help maintain a healthy body weight. First, a plant-based diet has a lower energy density, resulting in greater satiety with a lower energy consumption [18, 32]. Furthermore, plant-based diets contain lower fat and higher fiber which may impact the microbiome, which is known to have substantive impacts on energy utilization in humans [33–35]. However, the microbiome research has not progressed to the point that changes in the gut microbiome can be considered a cause or cure for excess body weight. There is also evidence that various phytochemicals from plant-based foods and dietary supplements may have anti-obesity effects by various mechanisms [19]. It has been shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based diets can prevent obesity and even result in a healthier obese phenotype in people who become obese [36]. However, this study had no clear association between high body fat mass and dietary inflammation index. Even though it has been difficult to demonstrate specific phytochemicals that profoundly affect body fat mass, it has been previously demonstrated that a phytochemical index score was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in the Korean population [37]. Therefore, the accumulation of current evidence supports the finding in this study that consuming a plant-based diet provides significant benefits for managing body fat. Previous studies have also found the association of higher protein intake with lower body fat mass. It has also been observed in previous studies, and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review found that diets high in protein (18–59 energy %) were associated with an average of 1. 6 kg decrease in body weight [38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: One very prominent species is Akkermansia muciniphila that has frequently been associated with a lean host phenotype and a variety of health benefits (Cani et al. , Reference Cani, Depommier, Derrien, Everard and de Vos2022). Stimulation of mucus production in the gut means that the host needs to invest more energy into synthesis of the glycans and proteins and the secretory machinery and that could in life-long perspective affect host body mass. Small molecules go across The production of large quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by the microbiota has been demonstrated more than 50 years ago and their role in energy metabolism but also in protecting colonic tissue from malign transformation received a lot of attention; for a recent review see Blaak et al. , van Harsselaar, van Tol, Vaughan and Verbeke2020. Although moderate increases in SCFA levels in faecal samples in human trials using fermentable substrates were demonstrated (Puhlmann et al. , Reference Puhlmann, Jokela, van Dongen, Bui, van Hagelbroek, Smidt, de Vos and Feskens2022), not all intervention studies have consistently observed such changes, even not when high quantities of fibres of up to 45 g per day (Oliver et al. , and Whiteson2021) or 12 g/day of galactooligosaccharides (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017) as highly fermentable substrates were consumed by human volunteers. In a study with obese and prediabetic volunteers treated for 7 days with the antibiotics Amoxicillin or Vancomycin only Vancomycin reduced significantly faecal levels of acetate and butyrate but not Amoxicillin. However, antibiotic treatment failed to change fasting plasma SCFA levels (Reijnders et al. , Reference Reijnders, Goossens, Hermes, Neis, van der and Blaak2016) and metabolic phenotyping revealed no clinically relevant effects in the volunteers despite marked changes in the microbiomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: in an OR was found to be overexpressed in human cancerous prostate and identified as a PSGR (OR51E2) [61], PSGR (OR51E2) [62], and PSGR2 (OR51E1) [63] were proven to be differentially expressed between prostate cells in malignant and benign tissues. In 2009, Neuhaus et al. [60] identified androstenone derivatives as ligands for recombinant OR51E2. Activation of endogenous OR51E2 by β-ionone resulted in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism of p38, including its trigger (Pky2) and a tumor suppressor protein (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1), was suggested later [65, 66]. Also, the expression of OR51E1 in microdissected small intestine neuroendocrine carcinoma cells was found to be higher than in adjacent microenvironment cells [67]. In the case of ORs other than PSGRs, mRNA overexpression of OR1D2 was confirmed in LNCap prostate carcinoma cells compared with non-prostate-derived cell lines using RT-PCR, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting [64]. Recently, a kind of terpene, the major constituent of essential oils, was observed as an effector in cellular proliferation in hepatocarcinoma cells [68]. A human OR, OR1A2, was detected at the mRNA and protein levels and demonstrated its potential involvement in (‒)-citronellalinduced calcium signaling in the Huh7hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Massberg et al. [68] reported that the activation of OR1A2 results in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and reduces cell proliferation. More recently, Kalbe et al. [54] reported that a human OR, OR2J3, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation and migration with its cognate ligand, helional. NSCLC is known to be resistant to common chemotherapy, and approaches via OR pathways could be helpful for the treatment of NSCLC with the precedence of further in-depth studies. Along with the cases mentioned above, diverse types of cancer appear to have various ORs, according to their occurring tissues (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: People in the upper quartile consumed about twice as many vegetables, especially leafy greens, as those in the lowest quartile. The upper quartile of vitamin K intake in this cohort adopting the was substantially higher than seen in the other observational studies of other European or American cohorts. No protective effects for higher intakes of menaquinones were seen in this cohort for cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, or all-cause mortality. However, high intakes of phylloquinone lead to a reduced hazard ratio of 0. 54 and 0. 64 for cancer mortality and all-cause mortality. It is possible that enough vitamin K1 and other plant-based protective nutrients such as folate, vitamin C, fiber, potassium, and magnesium were supplied by the diet that even those participants who had low intakes of menaquinones were still not at an elevated risk compared to other subjects in the cohort. Participants who increased their intake of either vitamins K1 or K2 or both during the course of the study experienced decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality (K1 only), cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality. The main conclusion from this observational study perhaps is that eating plants is good for you, and the is generally beneficial, as seen in another report from this cohort [14]. Advertisement 3. antagonist studies Another line of evidence that led to the discovery of the role of menaquinones was the effect of blood thinning drugs such as warfarin and coumarin. While this class of drugs has been very helpful in preventing strokes in the short term, it has also caused damage long term, as people are often prescribed blood thinners for many years. In 1998, it was reported by Price et al. [15] that warfarin caused calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves within a period of 2 weeks, with increasing intensity each week. Vitamin K1 was given concurrently to maintain normal blood coagulation. At the time, menaquinone was not even mentioned in the 1. This discovery nearly coincided in time with work on an MGP-deficient mouse model. Matrix γ-carboxylation protein, or matrix Gla protein (MGP), was originally discovered in bone tissue but is actually expressed in many tissues of the body, including vascular smooth muscle cells and chondrocytes in cartilage. MGP requires the activation by vitamin K in order to bind calcium ions and prevent crystallization of calcium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Whereas SCFA concentrations in faecal samples reach ~50 mmol/kg (total) dominated by acetate, those in peripheral blood are in the μmolar range represented by acetate (~50 μM), propionate (~5 μM) and butyrate (below 1 μM). SCFA levels in portal blood in humans undergoing elective cholecystectomy for gall stones (Peters et al. , Reference Peters, Pomare and Fisher1992) found ~130 μM of acetate, 35 μM of propionate and ~ 17 μM of butyrate. This demonstrates that SCFA analysis in peripheral blood does not reflect production in the gut due to efficient hepatic extraction. Whereas butyrate has manifold effects in colonocytes and also serves as energy substrate in these cells, propionate and acetate are metabolised mainly in liver (den Besten et al. , Reference den Besten, Lange, Havinga, van Dijk, Gerding, van Eunen, Müller, Groen, Hooiveld, Bakker and Reijngoud2013). Whereas propionate can serve as a gluconeogenic substrate, it also can reduce expression of lipogenic enzymes in hepatocytes (Yu et al. , Reference Yu, Zhang, Chen and Zhu2019) but may itself be incorporated into de novo synthetised fatty acids leading to odd-chain products. Acetate as well serves as substate for de novo synthetised fatty acids or cholesterol and for fatty acid elongation in liver but has also been demonstrated to possess a variety of other biological effects; both, beneficial or harmful (Moffett et al. , Reference Moffett, Puthillathu, Vengilote, Jaworski and Namboodiri2020 ). SCFA have also been shown to bind to the G-protein-coupled receptors GPCR41 (FFAR3) and GPCR43 (FFAR2) to alter intracellular signalling – mainly via cAMP (et al. , and Detheux2003, Park et al. , Reference Park, Wang, Wu, Mao-Draayer and Kim2019). However, the apparent affinities of acetate and propionate for receptor activation are rather low and based on their levels in peripheral or even in portal blood, relevant effects in systemic circulation in humans are likely limited.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: of their discovery history, it would be better to have an extended view of ORs to get objective analysis results. Besides OR expression, its transportation to the cytoplasmic membrane of a cell is indispensable for correct function. Recently, Sharma et al. [76] reported a study on the relation between OR protein trafficking and OR transcriptional regulation using an Rtp1 and Rtp2 double-knockout mouse system; thus, a more sophisticated study of OR trafficking should be complemented. In case of the cancer research, some identified ORs could serve as potential therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis and its therapeutic applications. All biological phenomena, including cancers, are composite networks. Although much research has been done and is ongoing with regard to ORs, the relationship of the results is not clear. However, it has been proven that molecular functions and physiological changes in various parts could be caused by OR ligands in animal system. Therefore, the future task will be to identify at a holistic level the extent to which OR is involved in overall physiological phenomena in vivo. More in-depth and comprehensive studies on an OR production and delivery system from the viewpoint of chemosensory machinery are needed for the research of animal physiology and the application of OR-related mechanisms. Another additional point to consider is that the OR family is one of the most dynamic gene populations among individuals [77]. In order to discover new facts about the function of ORs, environmental issues, as well as internal factors, must be considered. The report that bats have a unique and diverse OR gene repertoire deserves consideration [78]. To advance the study of the various functions and roles of ORs, the modularity mechanism that acts between the receptor and its wide-ranged ligands should be addressed. Table 1. Selected list of olfactory receptors expressed in system-wide tissues Representative OR(s) Remarks (methods, DB, ligand) Rat RA1c (Olr59) [13] Mouse MOL2. 3 (RA1c, Olfr78) PCR, β-gal staining, ISH [14] Mouse MOL2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: 6% for very mild to mild cases vs 2. 9% for moderate-to-severe cases; p=0. 02) but were more likely to report that they followed low carbohydrate, high protein diets (table 1, 14. 2% for very mild to mild cases vs 21. 7% for moderate-to-severe cases; p=0. 04). View this table:View inline View popup Table 1 Characteristics of healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 by severity status*-19 cases, individuals who reported following plant-based diets consumed more total vegetables, plant proteins (legumes and nuts), and less poultry, red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol compared with those who did not follow plant-based diets (table 2). Similarly, individuals who reported following a plant-based diet or pescatarian diet consumed more vegetables, legumes and nuts and less poultry and red and processed meats compared with those who did not follow either of this dietary pattern (table 3). Qualitatively, fish and seafood intake was slightly higher among individuals who reported following a plant-based diet or pescatarian diet (3. 0 times/week) than those following a plant-based diet (2. 5 times per week). Fruit consumption was higher among those who followed a plant-based diet or pescatarian diet (9. 9 times/week) than those who did not follow these diets (8. 5 times/week), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0. 15). Participants who reported following low carbohydrate, high protein diets had higher intake of legumes, nuts, soups, and animal products (eg, eggs, poultry), and lower intake of refined grains, sweets and desserts, vegetable oil, croquettes, dumplings, and pizza compared with participants who did not follow low carbohydrate, high protein diets (online supplemental table 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: That means that despite prominent levels of DOPA, serotonin but also GABA and histamine found in faecal samples those appear not to change in concentration in brain when comparing tissues from germfree and conventional mice. This argues against a significant direct communication axis of these transmitters found in colon and faeces and brain. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier has a low intrinsic permeability for neurotransmitters as their transporters are either not expressed here or only efflux-systems from brain are found (Nałęcz, Reference Nałęcz2017). Bidirectional communication between gut and brain is mainly realised by a multitude of anatomically fixed neuronal connections as well as by numerous hormones produced in the gastrointestinal tract that can enter brain and by hormones produced along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis. Vagus nerve endings in the gut may be able to sense the local environment but these afferent projections do not cross the epithelial barrier (Bonaz et al. , Reference Bonaz, Bazin and Pellissier2018) and thus require compositional changes in the subepithelial compartment. Those may include alterations in the concentrations of SCFA or bile acids as suggested by the presence of the bile acid receptor TGR5 receptor in myenteric neurons (Alemi et al. , and Corvera2013). However, that the brain can sense the presence of bacteria in the intestinal system based on NOD2 in certain brain regions – mediated by muramyl-peptides derived from the peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls – has recently been demonstrated (Schneider and Thaiss, and Thaiss2022). Moreover, EECS express toll-like receptors (TLR) for recognition of flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded DNA or other bacterial products and even vagal afferents may be able to sense those directly via TLR4 shown to be expressed in the visceral afferents (Raybould, Reference Raybould2010). Because metabolomics applied to faecal samples revealed also a variety of essential nutrients like amino acids or vitamins, it has been speculated that the microbiome contributes also to the body needs of these indispensable compounds. Of course, bacteria can synthesise essential compounds such as vitamins, but to which extend those contribute to the host vitamin status, is not well defined.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 3 (Olfr78) β-gal staining, ISH [16] Mouse M71 (Olfr151), C6 (Olfr49), (OR3) Cerebral cortex [17] Mouse Olfr110 -PCR, cerebral cortex [19] Human ORs (↓) Frontal cortex, PD, microarray [18] Mouse Olfr287, etc. mDA cell, RT-5 [21] Human OR51E1, OR52L1 (↓) DPC, schizophrenia, PCR [20] Mouse Olfr544 RT-PCR, qPCR [23] Heart-related Rat OL1 (Olr1654) [9] Mouse, rat PSGR homolog: RA1c (Olfr78, Olr59) NB [15] Mouse MOL2. 3 (Olfr78) β-gal staining, ISH [16] Human O[24] Mouse Olfr78 RT-PCR, β-gal staining, luciferase assay [30] Human OR10J5 Human aorta, coronary artery, HUVEC [25] Mouse Olfr78 Carotid body, immunostaining [26] Rat Onerve, dorsal root ganglia [22] Mouse Olfr78 Carotid body, single-cell RNA-Seq [28] Human OR51E1, OR2W3, OR51E2, etc. TRXM analysis, RT-PCR, WB [29] Mouse Olfr544 RT-PCR, qPCR [23] 07J/I (OR10J1), [7] [8] Rat OL1 (Olr1654) [9] Rat OR2 Antibody [31] Human OR4N4, OR2W3, OR3A2, OR10J1, etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: Such differences in results may be due to differences in dietary patterns among Iranian adults relative to our study population, and our focus on dietary patterns rather than intake of specific food groups. Plant-based diets or vegetarian diets are dietary patterns that are high in plant foods and low in animal products. 12 13 Consistent with this definition, participants who reported that they followed plant-based diets or vegetarian diets had higher intake of plant foods (vegetables, legumes, nuts) and lower intake of poultry and red and processed meat. Plant-based diets are rich in nutrients, especially phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids),13 18 with prior studies reporting higher fibre, vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and mineral (iron, potassium, magnesium) intake among those with highest versus lowest adherence to plant-based diets. 12 19 Studies have reported that supplementation of some of these nutrients, specifically, vitamins A, C, D, and E, decreased the risk of respiratory infections, such as the common cold and pneumonia, and shortened the duration of these illnesses. 16 20–23 These nutrients are hypothesised to support the immune system as they play important roles in the production of antibodies, proliferation of lymphocytes, and reduction of oxidative stress. 16 While previously, both specific micronutrient deficiencies as well as generalised malnutrition have been associated with immune dysfunction in the host, the viral pathogen itself may be affected by the nutritional deficiency as well. 4 24 Multiple viruses, such as coxsackievirus and influenza, have been shown to develop increased virulence due to changes in their genomes as a consequence of replicating in a nutritionally deficient host (eg, deficiency in selenium). 25 26 Selenium may be an important nutrient to consider, considering its role in immunity. 16 27 Given our findings of protection from severe illness in those consuming a micronutrient-dense diet, our data support this hypothesis. We could not further explore individual nutrient levels in our study population because we did not have these data. Future studies with detailed information on plasma micronutrient levels are warranted to confirm our findings. Along with plant-based diets, individuals who reported following pescatarian diets had lower odds of severe COVID-19. Pescatarian diets lie within the spectrum of plant-based diets and include fish or seafood while restricting the intake of meats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: There is good evidence that the composition of the microbiome and products thereof play a critical role in IBD; although a taxonomic IBD signature in patients could not yet be identified because of the huge diversity of the human gut microbiome in healthy individuals (Metwaly et al. , Reference Metwaly, Reitmeier and Haller2022). From faeces back into the gut When human stool samples are analysed, the microbes found comprise a mixture of dead and living bacteria (with a 1:1 relationship) and the sample reflects mainly the conditions in the descending colon from which the contents are moved into rectum for elimination from the body. In the descending colon the contents are solidified by reabsorption of electrolytes and water. The extent of water left in faeces has been shown to associate with microbiome diversity (Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Tito, Joosens and Raes2015). stool scale (BSS) classifies the physical appearance of stool by colour and consistency (and thus water content) and ranks always very high amongst the parameters underlying microbiome variance (Falony et al. , Reference Falony, Vieira-Silva and Raes2018). Amongst the thousands of publications on human microbiota only a few assessed bacterial communities in different locations of the intestine. Samples collected from the intestine rather than from stool revealed significant differences – even within the human large intestine – in bacterial density and in composition (Martinez-Guryn et al. , Reference Martinez-Guryn, Leone and Chang2019). Analysis of the colon of deceased organ transplant donors, demonstrated marked differences in microbiome patterns between cecum, colon transversum and sigmoid (James et al. , ński, -Parsy, Lawley and Teichmann2020) with an increasing density of Actinobacteria and decreasing density of Proteobacteria towards the sigmoid. But there is not only a longitudinal gradient in density and bacterial spectrum but also a radial segmentation (Donaldson et al. , Reference Donaldson, Melanie and Mazmanian2016). This may be best explained by physical determinants in which flow through a tubing always shows faster speed in the centre and reduced flow velocity towards the wall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: RNA-Seq [32] Human OR4S1, OR1I1, OR4C13 Testicular tissues, [33] -[34] Olfr603 Embryonic tissue, IF [35] 1OR (OR52A1) RT-PCR, erythroid (blood), all stages [11] -PCR [36] Human ORs RT-PCR [37] Human ORs RT-PCR [38] Human, mouse ORs RT-PCR, bioinformatics [39] GI tract Mouse PSGR (Olfr78) NB [15] Human 4 ORs RT-PCR, IH, amperometry [40] Human OR51E1 Microarray, RT-PCR, IH [41] Pig OR51E1 RT-qPCR, IH [42] Human, mouse OR1A1, OR1G1, OR51E1, Olfr43 RT-qPCR, siRNA [43] OL2 (Olr857) PCR [10] Rat Orl984 (↓) RT-PCR [44] (↓) Microarray, bioinformatics [45] Mouse Olfr544 --Seq, WB [46] OL2 (Olr857) MIN6 cell line [10] Rat Odprimers [47] Human, mouse, rat rat OR51E2, Olfr78, Olr59 NB [15] Liver Human, mouse, rat rat OR51E2, Olfr78, Olr59 Hepatocyte [15] Human OR1A1 [48] Human, mouse OR10J5, Olfr16 PCR, WB, siRNA [49] Mouse Olfr544 RT-PCR, qPCR [23] O[24] Mouse Olfr78, Olfr90, Olfr1373, Olfr1392, Olfr1393 RT-[50] Mouse Olfr78 RT-PCR, β-gal staining, luciferase assay [30] Human OR51E1, OR11H7 RT-[51] Mouse Olfr1393 RT-[52] MOL2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: Participants who reported following low carbohydrate, high protein diets had a higher intake of legumes, nuts, soups, and animal products such as eggs and poultry. Studies have hypothesised that an unhealthy dietary pattern, such as Western diets which are high in refined sugars, processed foods, and red and processed meats, can be pro-inflammatory and have negative health impacts. 15 34 Without plasma micronutrient levels, it is unclear whether low carbohydrate, high protein diets are unhealthy. Nonetheless, our results highlight that it may be advisable to follow a healthy dietary pattern such as plant-based diets or pescatarian diets. Our study has several strengths, including a large sample size, diverse HCWs from multiple countries, and careful adjustment of potential confounding factors. Further, we were able to capture the early phase of the global pandemic, before the detection of known SARS-CoV2 variants of concern, which could further complicate a multinational epidemiological analysis, by leveraging an existing network of HCWs. However, our finding should be interpreted within the context of the following limitations. First, we relied on participants’ self-report to define exposures and outcomes. As such, there is a possibility of recall bias. However, HCWs are unique in that they may be a source of high-quality data (eg, complete information, probably high accuracy of information). 35 Second, the definition of certain dietary patterns (eg, plant-based diets, pescatarian diets, low carbohydrate, high protein diet) may vary by countries. Nevertheless, it is encouraging that the responses on the food frequency questionnaire reflected intake of food groups that are consistent with these dietary patterns. Third, our study may not have included individuals with more severe COVID-19 illness, given that severe cases (mechanical ventilation, admission to intensive care units) may not have been able to complete our questionnaire. Fourth, our study population comprised predominantly male physicians; thus, the findings of the study may need to be replicated in women and non-HCWs. Lastly, despite our efforts to adjust for a number of confounding factors, residual confounding may still be present due to unmeasured or incorrectly assessed variables. In conclusion, individuals who reported following plant-based diets or pescatarian diets had lower odds of severe COVID-19-like illness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The ileostomy gives access to the chyme that moves into the large intestine allowing extensive analysis of products of digestion and absorption and of the substrate load entering colon. If the “study twin” is fed the same diet or treated in the same manner, it can be estimated what quantity and quality of residual food constituents normally passes the ileocecal valve. Treatment should always monitor also transit time by use of dyes or other makers. Although the ileostomy increases modestly the bacterial density in ileum over that in normal volunteers (Finegold et al. , Reference Finegold, Sutter, Boyle and Shimada1970), its advantage is that basal or meal-stimulated substrate flow can be assessed together with other information such as pre- and postprandial responses in nutrients and hormones. When using the outflow of the stoma as the substrate for add-on in vitro fermentation with stool samples collected from the twin, analysis of the products by extended metabolite profiling can be compared to products contained in a stool sample collected. That would allow a better assessment of the input–output relationship – including a proper caloric balance – across the colon and for association with the microbiome-signatures obtained. Such a setting would also allow, eg, the fate of different drugs known to affect the microbiome to be followed and to obtain relevant concentrations and how those in turn alter the microbiome or the metabolome in the gut and stool. Taken together, analysis of a stool sample with relative abundance data is of limited information quality for the role that the microbiome plays in the large intestine and in the overall health-disease trajectory. Moreover, because we still lack the reference of a “healthy gut microbiome” (Shanahan et al. , Reference Shanahan, Ghosh and O’Toole2021), options for targeted changes are also limited. Microbiome science often neglects the many physiological variables proven to contribute to the quantity and diversity of the microbiota and that significantly limits proper data interpretation. It seems advisable to collect as much information about gut physiology and functionality such as stool appearance based on BSS, eg, stool frequency, water and dry matter content, bacterial counts in samples – which all have been demonstrated to associate closely with microbiome diversity and the health or disease status. 154. participants of the Dutch microbiome project. 54(2), 143–151. of Endocrinology 171(4), 407–419.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 3 (Olfr78) β-gal staining, ISH [16] Human OR51E1 RT-PCR, IH [53] Human OR2J3 NSCLC [54] OR2AT4 Calcium imaging, wound scratch assay [55] Human OR51E2 RT-[56] Olfr16 (MOR23) RT-PCR, IB [57] Mouse Olfr16 (MOR23) RT-PCR, IB [58] Human OR51E2 RT--Cas9, WB [59] Human OR51E1, OR11H7 RT-[51] Prostate Human, mouse, rat OR51E2, Olfr78, Olr59 NB [15] Human OR51E2 RT-PCR, IH [60] (OR51E2) CaP, RT-PCR [61] -PCR [62] Human PSGR2 (OR51E1) CaP, RT-PCR, NB [63] Human OR51E2 CaP, RT-PCR, IH [60] Human OR1D2 (OR17-4) CaP, RT-[64] -PCR, calcium imaging [65] calcium imaging [66] Human OR51E1 SI-NEC [67] Human OR1A2 Hepatocarcinoma [68] Human OR51B5 Leukemia [69] Human OR7C1 CRC-CIC [70] Human OR3A4 Gastric cancer [71] Human OR2AT4 Myelogenous leukemia [72] Human O[73] Human OR2J3 NSCLC [54] OR, olfactory receptors; NB, northern blotting; ISH, in situ hybridization; β-gal staining, β-galactosidase staining; AD, Alzheimer disease; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; CJD, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; PD, Parkinson disease; mDA, mesencephalic dopaminergic; DPC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; PSGR, prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; RNA-Seq, RNA sequencing; WB

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: Individuals who reported following low carbohydrate, high protein diets had higher odds of severe-COVID-19-like illness, when compared with individuals who followed plant-based diets. Those who reported following plant-based diets or pescatarian diets had higher intake of vegetables, legumes and nuts, and lower intake of poultry and red and processed meats. Our results suggest that a healthy diet rich in nutrient-dense foods may be considered for protection against severe COVID-19. Future studies with detailed macro- and micronutrient data are warranted to study associations between dietary intake and COVID-19 severity. Data availability statementData are not publicly available. Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required. 2016. Dis 2018;18:1191–210. doi:10. 1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-4 pmid: ↵. SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2021;397:952–4. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00370-6 pmid: OpenUrlPubMed↵. Risk of hospital admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: nationwide linkage cohort study. BMJ 2020;371:m3582. doi:10. 1136/bmj. m3582 pmid: OpenUrlAbstract/↵. Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients 2020;12:1181. doi:10. 3390/nu12041181 ↵. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;94:91–5. doi:10. 1016/j. ijid. 2020. 03. 017 pmid: ↵. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020;28:1195–9. doi:10. 1002/oby. 22831 pmid: OpenUrlPubMed↵. Access to personal protective equipment in exposed healthcare workers and COVID-19 illness, severity, symptoms and duration: a population-based case-control study in six countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: , western blotting; MS, mass spectrometry; CA, confocal analysis; IH, immunohistochemistry; IF, immunofluorescence; GI, gastrointestine; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IC, immunochemistry; IB, immunoblotting; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; CaP, carcinoma of prostate; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; LNCaP, lymph node carcinoma of the prostate; SI-NEC, small intestine neuroendocrine carcinoma; CRC-CIC, colorectal cancer cancer-initiating cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Recent research centered around whole-food plant-based nutrition, which is characterized by an unrestricted consumption of (whole) plant-based foods and the exclusion of both animal-based and processed foods, such as added oils, fried products, and sugary packaged items [21]. In this review, the authors examine published work on health-benefits associated with such a plant-based dietary pattern and use the term “plant-based” to collectively refer to all plant-based eating patterns where the majority of energy is derived from plant foods. Where appropriate, specific terms (e. g. , lacto-ovo-vegetarian or vegan) are used. This narrative review considers nutrition as an accessible lifestyle modification that could reduce the burden of long-COVID on quality of life. This review also summarizes further studies that are necessary to support the postulated benefits of plant-based nutrition on long-COVID. Plant-and COVID-19Clinical studies examining the effects of a plant-based diet in COVID-19 prevention and management are (yet) scarce. A very recently published population-based case–control study in six countries investigated the association between dietary patterns and COVID-19. Following a plant-based dietary pattern was associated with 73% lower odds of moderate-to-severe COVID-19-like illness [28••]. In contrast, those individuals following “low carbohydrate, high protein diets” had a substantially greater odds of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. The reservation must be made, however, that conclusions of this study were based on a rather small sample of cases (in a selected cohort of healthcare workers at the COVID-19 frontline) and that diet was self-reported. Whether a plant-based diet might be useful to alleviate symptoms related to long-COVID has not (yet) been examined in clinical trials. Nevertheless, there is evidence from epidemiological, observational, and clinical studies done in the pre-pandemic era that a plant-based dietary pattern may be of general benefit with regard to some clinical conditions that can also be found in individuals with COVID-19. These include fatigue, sleep disorders, headaches, anxiety, and depression as well as musculoskeletal pain. -19 pandemic has caused significant damage to public mental health [29]. Studies from China and revealed an increasing prevalence of depression and anxiety within the general public [30, 31].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 1. protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse. 2003;100:4903–4908. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Lockdown periods were associated with later bedtime and waking time, an increase in daytime napping and a reduction in nighttime sleep [108, 109]. In light of the high number of individuals that experienced worse sleep during lockdown measures [110], cost-effective strategies to tackle this problem are urgently warranted. Several studies (not directly related to COVID-19) suggest that a plant-based diet rich in fruits and vegetables can lead to improved sleep quality [111, 112]. The most recent example is the study demonstrating an association between better sleep quality and vegetable consumption [113]. In contrast, a low-fiber and a high saturated fat intake were associated with lighter, less-restorative sleep [114]. A plant-based diet restricts (or avoids) foods that were associated with impaired sleep duration and quality, including meat [115] and high-fat products [116]. Yet, it is abundant in magnesium-rich foods [117], a nutrient associated with improvements in sleep quality, length of sleep time, and sleep onset latency as well as early morning awakening [118, 119]. Of note, an increased dietary magnesium intake could also benefit individuals with mental and physical stress [120, 121], two highly prevalent entities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Musculoskeletal PainPlant-based eating patterns could be generally useful to combat the skyrocketing prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the benefits of a plant-based diet are not limited to mental health but may also improve a number of physical conditions associated with long-COVID. A significant proportion of long-COVID patients report persistent muscle and joint pain [122, 123]. Nutrition was shown to play an important role in musculoskeletal well-being [124], as, for example, diets high in animal protein were linked to chronic pain [124]. Pain severity was also positively associated with a high fat and sugar intake [125] and a low fruit and fiber intake [126]. There is also evidence that a low intake of magnesium and folic acid contributes to chronic musculoskeletal pain [127], whereas a high magnesium intake confers protective effects [128]. A plant-based diet is abundant in these micronutrients and vitamins, while reducing (or completely restricting) animal products that are rich in pro-inflammatory metabolites and saturated fatty acids.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All health conditions can be traced back to the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Fredriksson R, Lagerström öth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families: phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. 2003;63:1256–1272. 3. Downes GB, Gautam N. protein subunit gene families. Genomics 1999;62:544–552. 4. . Regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. J 2016;428:3850–3868. 5. Buck L, Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 1991;65:175–187. 6. . Golf: an olfactory neuron specific-G protein involved in odorant signal transduction. Science 1989;244:790–795. 7. Expression of members of the putative olfactory receptor gene family in mammalian germ cells. Nature 1992;355:453–455. 8. . Olfactory receptors are displayed on dog mature sperm cells. J 1993;123(6 Pt 1):1441–1452. 9. . Cloning of OL1, a putative olfactory receptor and its expression in the developing rat heart. 1995;3:33–40. 10. . Cloning and tissue distribution of a new rat olfactory receptor-like (OL2). 1998;242:669–672. 11. . An olfactory receptor gene is located in the extended human beta-globin gene cluster and is expressed in erythroid cells. Genomics 1999;61:15–23. 12. . Widespread ectopic expression of olfactory receptor genes. BMC Genomics 2006;7:121. 13. . Identification of a novel G-protein coupled receptor expressed in distinct brain regions and a defined olfactory zone. 1998;6:141–151. 14. A novel brain receptor is expressed in a distinct population of olfactory sensory neurons. Neurosci 2000;12:3926–3934. 15. . Cloning and genetic characterization of an evolutionarily conserved human olfactory receptor that is differentially expressed across species. Gene 2001;278:41–51. 16. . Olfactory receptor expressed in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. J 2002;68:176–184. 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: After just 8 weeks, this particular dietary pattern improved musculoskeletal pain and functional limitations as well as quality of life in individuals suffering from chronic pain (as measured by the and the Rating Scale) in a 2018 study [129]. Moreover, a plant-based (vegan) diet improved functional status in severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis [130] and chronic fibromyalgia symptoms [131]. Potential mechanisms of action include an increased intake of antioxidants [132] (with a subsequent neutralization of free radicals [129]), weight loss due to reduced caloric density [133, 134] (and a subsequent reduction in mechanical load), and finally, decreased exposure to pro-inflammatory precursors [129]. In patients with long-COVID, inflammatory pathways can remain perturbed up to 60 days after a SARS-CoV-2 infection [135•]. Adoption of a plant-based diet could be one accessible strategy to tackle this prolonged systemic inflammation often found in long-COVID [136]. The rationale behind this hypothesis is that plant-based diets have consistently been associated with favorable reductions in inflammatory biomarkers in numerous pre-pandemic studies [137,138,139,140]. Franco-de-Moraes et al. compared CRP levels in vegans, omnivores, and lacto-ovo-vegetarians [141]. CRP levels were significantly lower in vegans (0. 5 mg/L (0. 4–1. 3)) compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0. 8 mg/L (0. 4–1. 7)) and omnivores (1. 1 mg/L (0. 6–2. 2)). As shown by Shah and colleagues, an 8-week (low-fat) vegan intervention can significantly reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by 32% [142•]. These findings are supported by a 2019 study demonstrating that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet was associated with lower hs-CRP concentrations [143]. Reviewing the potential role for immunologic aberrations and long-lasting inflammatory damage in post-COVID [1], it is biologically plausible that an anti-inflammatory plant-based diet could benefit affected individuals. Plant-and the Immune ResponsePlant-based (vegetarian) eating patterns beneficially affect biomarkers of inflammation and immune status [144].

Output: corroborate