Input: Claim: Genetic engineering in agriculture can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: InnerPlant, a start-up in Davis, California, is doing this by developing plants that glow in response to stressors such as pathogens and drought. Through RNA sequencing, scientists at the company have studied the gene activity of plants plagued by insect infestations, a lack of water, and insufficient phosphorus. Plants react to such threats rapidly and often in a very specific way, says Randy Shultz, a plant biotechnologist at the company. For instance, even though the visible symptoms may take days to develop, a soybean plant responds within 2 h of a certain fungal pathogen penetrating its tissue and starts turning on genes that are part of its defense, Shultz adds. Credit: Innerstart-up InnerPlant is creating plants, such as this soybean, that glow in response to drought, fungal infection, or other stressors. To make the sensors as effective as possible, InnerPlant zeroed in on genes that were activated in a big way by specific attacks or nutritional deficiencies. The activity of some genes jumped by two or three orders of magnitude. Then the company’s scientists can splice in a gene for a fluorescent protein right next to the stress-activated gene so that the stressor will create a fluorescent signal. Using several proteins that glow at different wavelengths, the company may eventually be able to build plants that can report multiple threats. The researchers saw that a drought-sensing tomato plant started to boost its fluorescence some 24–28 h after watering stopped. Once the plant was watered again, the fluorescence returned to baseline levels. Related: App for developing-world farmers attracts funds For fluorescing plants to be useful to farmers, their glow needs to stand out from sunlight reflected off the leaves. So far, InnerPlant’s team has found that it can detect the fluorescence from plants in a sunlit field with ground-based detectors. The company’s goal is to trigger fluorescent responses that could be spotted from space by a satellite. InnerPlant is growing prototypes of soybean plants engineered to glow when enduring an attack from a fungal pathogen, and the company plans to test them in the field this year. Advertisement InnerPlant is working on equipping tractors with fluorescence detectors through a partnership with John Deere, Shultz says. A satellite could detect signals of stress coming from a broad area of crops and steer a tractor there.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Both germinated and non-germinated cells were counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer under a SC50 microscope (magnification, ×40). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with 15 treatments and three replications. A germ tube with more than half the diameter of the spore was considered germinated, and vice versa for non-germinated. Isolates with more than 95% germination were selected against G. melonella to test their virulence. The percentage of spore germination was calculated according to the method developed by Vega et al. (2008). Percent spore germination=number of spores germinatedTotal spore counted×100Radial growth rateConidia of 14-day-old cultures were harvested from plates and spread on a 90 mm Petri dish containing fresh SDA and PDA media separately. Isolates were incubated for three days at 27±1°C, and the 5 mm diameter of three-day-old cultures mycelium was taken by using a cork borer and placed in the center of a 90 mm petri dish containing SDA and PDA media individually. Cultures were incubated at 27±1°C (Membang et al. , 2021). The experiment was conducted in CRD with 11 treatments and replicated three times. Data on radial growth were recorded in mm/day from the 4th to the 15th days and calculated by:RG/day=Colony diameter at the end of incubation period−Fungal disc diameterTotal incubation daysWhere, RG/day is radial growth per day. Estimation of conidial yieldSpore production was estimated as follows (Schemmer et al. , 2016). A 21-day-old culture of 10 mm-diameter circular agar was cut with a cork borer, and the disc was added to 10 ml of sterile 0. 001% Tween 80 solution. The solution was well vortexed to evenly mix, and the conidial concentration was counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer. The conidial yield was expressed in terms of conidial ml-1. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with eight treatments and three replications.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: Español Valencià | a A | Accesibility | Library and and Enhancement of for the Improvement of Nutritional and in Crops RiuNet: Institutional repository of the of : Investigación : Tesis doctorales : Login JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. of Riu& count Search information Copyright's 7Ã‚Âº RiuNet's a librarian Admin. UPV Share/Send to Cited by cited 0 times cited 0 times and Enhancement of for the Improvement of Nutritional and in full item record Rosa Martínez, E. (2022). Characterization and Enhancement of for the Improvement of Nutritional and in Crops [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. Por favor, use este identificador para citar o enlazar este ítem: Files in this item Name: Rosa - Characteri. . . Size: 7. 015Mb Format: PDF Open/Preview Name: _PhD_ERM. pdf Size: 424. 7Kb Format: PDF Open/Preview Name: _. . . Size: 344. 6Kb Format: PDF Open/Metadata Title: Characterization and Enhancement of for the Improvement of Nutritional and in Crops Author: Rosa Martínez, Elena Director(s): Plazas Ávila, María de la O Prohens Tomás, : Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Biotecnología - Departament de date Event date: 2022-03-22 Issued date: 2022-04-26 Abstract: [ES] En la presente tesis doctoral nos hemos centrado en estudiar la variabilidad y aportar nuevos recursos útiles para la mejora de la calidad nutricional y organoléptica de los frutos de tomate, berenjena y pimiento,. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: KeywordsWater resourcesClimate adaptationClimate variability and changeWater supplyHydropowerHydrologyStationarityUtility economicsPublic finance IntroductionThere is international agreement at the about the need for collective action to address the likely impacts of global warming on human societies. One response has been to encourage all sectors of society to identify and implement actions that can help adapt to the emerging impacts of climate change and work to mitigate its drivers. Water resources and the services dependent on them are an integral part of the climate system (Chahine 1992). Because of this, the managers of water resource systems and of the services that depend on them must develop appropriate responses to the potential impacts of climate change (Strzepek et al. 2011). continent is considered to be particularly vulnerable to these impacts both because of their magnitude and because African societies have less physical, financial, and human resources available to address these impacts. A further challenge is that the impacts of climate change on water resources are local, diverse, and not well-characterized. Unlike the general global warming trend, for which there is robust evidence that is consistent with the predicted impact of anthropogenic activities, direct evidence of significant changes in hydrological variables is not nearly as strong and consistent. For example, it appears that at a global level, precipitation is increasing (Adler et al. 2017). However, models predict increases in drought frequency over significant areas due to warming (Ukkola et al. 2020) although empirical evidence in support of this is limited (Hegerl et al. 2019) and predictions are based on various definitions of drought. While warming trends are a direct result of anthropogenically induced atmospheric changes that act through a single dominant mechanism at global level, the impacts on the main hydrological processes – evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration – are secondary and tertiary effects that are further influenced by a wide variety of mechanisms at a local, regional, and global level. So while there is only a limited increase in global precipitation averages, there are more extensive regional variations and substantial changes in parameters such as rainfall intensity (Trenberth 2011) which, coupled with the impact of warmer temperatures on aridity, lead to changes in tertiary variables such as stream flow. The likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain to make it possible for water resource planners and managers to identify locally specific adaptive measures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Conidial suspension preparationConidia were obtained from pure cultures grown on SDA, which was incubated for 14 days at 27±1°C under dark conditions. Conidia were harvested by disposable cell scrapers and added into test tubes containing Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v). Suspensions were vortexed well for 2 minutes and adjusted to 1 × 108 conidia ml-1 using a Neubauer hemocytometer (Gurulingappa et al. , 2010). Rearing of Galleria melonellaGalleria mellonella larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were reared at the in the biocontrol room following the methods described by Meyling (2007). Adult moths were kept in 500-ml flasks containing folded tissue paper to fasten their mating and egg-laying capacities. To hatch second-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper, transferred to plastic containers filled with 80 g honey, 50 g wheat bran, and 180 g glycerol, and incubated at 20°C for four weeks in the dark. Virulence test of isolates using G. mellonellaThe potential virulence of fungal isolates was tested using 2nd instar G. mellonella larvae by the galleria dipping method. Spores collected from 14–21 days of old culture by sterilized spatula scraping were adjusted to 1 × 108 spores’ ml-1 and 10 ml were prepared from the suspension of sterilized water with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) in a sterilized falcon tube and vortexing well. A total of 10 second instars of G. mellonella larvae were dipped into spore suspensions for 15 sec. Treated larvae with fungal isolates were incubated at 26°C for 10 days under dark conditions. Cadavers were collected every day 3 days post inoculated, disinfected on their surfaces, transferred into sterilized plastic plates lined with moistened filter paper, and incubated in a dark place. Dead larvae were daily inspected and moistened with sterilized water to promote the outgrowth of mycelial on the cadavers. A control was treated with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) and incubated under the same conditions (Ayele et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: [+] [ES] En la presente tesis doctoral nos hemos centrado en estudiar la variabilidad y aportar nuevos recursos útiles para la mejora de la calidad nutricional y organoléptica de los frutos de tomate, berenjena y pimiento, adaptando los cultivos a menores aportes de nitrógeno (N). Para lograr este propósito, llevamos a cabo una caracterización exhaustiva de la composición de los frutos, junto con importantes rasgos agronómicos, de un conjunto de recursos genéticos escasamente explorados hasta la fecha. En el primer capítulo de esta tesis, se llevó a cabo una caracterización exhaustiva de 36 compuestos y parámetros de composición del fruto, que incluían azúcares, ácidos orgánicos, antioxidantes y minerales, en un conjunto de 10 accesiones por cultivo de tomate, pimiento y berenjena, cultivados en las mismas condiciones y prácticas ecológicas. Los resultados mostraron un perfil de composición considerablemente distinto entre las tres especies, principalmente en el perfil antioxidante. Además, se encontró una gran variabilidad dentro de cada especie, lo cual es de interés para la selección de variedades con mejores perfiles nutricionales y organolépticos. En el segundo capítulo de esta tesis, se abordó la caracterización de un conjunto de líneas de introgresión (ILs) de berenjena con Solanum incanum L. como parental donante.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: So climate change models and predictions cannot usually guide well-founded planning and operational decisions although they do help to suggest the boundaries for extreme events. However, policy-makers like the UN High-on Water want to know what impacts global warming will have on water systems and how they will be dealt with. It is suggested that an appropriate response is to continue to build on the great strength of best practice in water resource science and management, which is its ability to characterize and manage climatic variability. This requires that the approaches used move beyond the assumptions of a stationary hydrology and can accommodate a changing climate (Brekke et al. 2009). Yet water managers are already responding to climate change through their management of current climate variability. However, to make this case convincingly, they must demonstrate that current methodologies are adequate for the task. To address this in an African context, this 2022. Even before the drought ended, implementation had begun of infrastructure projects that had earlier been rejected – including water reuse and groundwater development as well as additional surface water. Consideration is also being given to a large desalination installation which could be used during drought periods. The vulnerabilities of the WCWSS are now obvious. The system depends on rainfall over a small (800km2) area of mountain catchments supplying dams whose storage is less than 2 years of “normal” use. Climate change dynamics are also under review. lies at the edge of dominant rain-producing weather systems and has long been identified as an area vulnerable to climate change-driven rainfall reductions (Archer et al. 2019). From an adaptation perspective, the questions are whether the shift of weather system is permanent and the nature of an appropriate adaptation response. The city’s new postcrisis strategy (2019) acknowledges continued dependence on surface water for 75% of its supplies for at least the next decade, while alternative sources such as reuse, groundwater, and desalination are developed to provide a greater proportion of supplies in the future. Climate uncertainty is specifically addressed. The program aims to increase the assurance of supply from the system from 98% to 99. 5% but acknowledges that there might be “a step change in rainfall due to climate change …. If this turns out to be the case, the programme will be both accelerated and expanded.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: A=B. bassiana, B=M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. M. robertsii isolates revealed cylindrical in spore shape, branched, and densely intertwined conidiophore (Figure 2) and septate hyphal structures (Figure 3). Spore viabilitySpore germination was ranging from 79. 33 to 99. 03% within 18 hours of incubation at 27±1°C (Table 2). The results showed that there was a statistically highly significant difference among isolates in the percentage of mean germination (F=54. 6; DF=14; P<0. 0001). Isolate K-61 showed a maximum mean percentage of germination, whereas the minimum mean percentage was recorded by isolate RST-12. Table 2. Germination percentage of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Fungal isolatesGermination % ± SEBeauveria bassiana RST-897. 13±1. 95abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2798. 1±0. 59abMetarhizium robertsii K-6199. 03±0. 78aMetarhizium robertsii K-10297. 56±1. 36abMetarhizium robertsii RST-1195. 40±2. 91abcMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 63±1. 82abBeauveria bassiana K-597. 03±1. 63abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC95. 86±1. 07abcBeauveria bassiana K-9196. 40±1. 53abcMetarhizium robertsii K-10197. 67±1. 24abMetarhizium robertsii K-788. 36±4. 85abcMetarhizium robertsii S-2680. 80±9. 83bcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC-187. 60±5. 03abcMetarhizium robertsii RST-1279. 33±3. 84cTween 80 (Control)0. 00±0. 00dHSD (0. 05)17. 7CV6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: El uso de las ILs en la mejora de la berenjena requiere asegurar que los niveles de glicoalcaloides del fruto están por debajo de los límites de seguridad. En un ensayo en dos ambientes, evaluamos 25 rasgos de composición del fruto, incluyendo composición proximal, azúcares, ácidos, compuestos fenólicos, glicoalcaloides y minerales en un conjunto de 16 ILs de berenjena con S. incanum, junto con los padres recurrente y donante, y el híbrido. Los resultados mostraron que los frutos producidos por las ILs eran seguros para el consumo, con una composición similar a la del parental recurrente. También evaluamos un conjunto de 10 de estas ILs, junto con el parental recurrente S. melongena, bajo dos dosis de fertilización de N suministradas con el sistema de riego (8. 25 mM de NH4NO3 añadido al agua de riego, y ningún suministro de N externo al agua de riego). Aunque se produjo una limitación significativa en el crecimiento de la planta, en la distribución de N y C, en la carga de frutos y en la materia seca como respuesta a la minimización de los aportes de N, las ILs alcanzaron, en promedio, rendimientos finales similares bajo ambos tratamientos de N, así como produjeron frutos con similar morfología, peso y contenido en compuestos fenólicos. Estos resultados potencian las ILs como materiales de mejora útiles para la adaptación de la berenjena a bajos aportes de N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: ”The strategy also acknowledges that water investments must provide regular supplies during periods of low rainfall: “All water schemes provide insurance against periods of low rainfall, which may become more frequent and more severe as a result of climate change. ” It recognizes that expensive supplies from reuse and desalination will not be used all the time but concludes: “…this will not have been wasteful expenditure. The future is uncertain, and the cost of very severe restrictions is much higher than the cost of insuring against this likelihood. ”In this regard, the city’s strategy now explicitly addresses climate change. But rather than placing reliance on forecasting future availability, it seeks to increase reliability (through infrastructure investment originally proposed to address variability) to “buy time” for implementing rapid interventions such as desalination if required. Mombasa, Kenya: Climate-Constrained by Institutions and FinanceGreater Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city, had a population of approximately three million people in 2018. It is Kenya and the region’s primary port and is also a center for international beach tourism which complements the country’s inland game park complexes. Water supply is deeply deficient. Water requirements are estimated to be in the region 250 Ml/day, but the city is in a permanent state of water crisis, able to provide less than 30% of this potential amount (Foster et al. 2020). Small supplies from local coastal aquifers are at the limit of their available capacity and face problems of salinization. The city’s primary supply comes from two distant groundwater sources, the (200 km away) and Baricho (100 km). Unusually, local surface water sources had not been tapped although the need for a new source had already been identified in the early 1990s. The preferred augmentation project, now in preparation, is a dam on the small, local Mwache River. All five projects in the 2015 infrastructure resilience study (Cervigni et al. 2015) which included Mwache faced considerable uncertainty about future rainfall under climate change. In none was there even a consensus on whether it would be higher or lower than present-day averages, let alone by how much. This was a particular concern for Mombasa whose rainfall derives from a combination of systems since 61% of the 121 climate future scenarios generated for Mwache showed lower safe yields than the present-day design assumptions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 71Conidial yield and sizeStatistical analysis showed a highly significant difference among isolates at P<0. 0001 in their conidial production. Conidial production varies from 0. 11 × 107 to 2. 67 × 107 spores ml-1. Maximum spore production was attained by isolate APPRC-27, followed by isolate K-61, whereas the minimum conidial yield was recorded by isolate APPRC-44BC (Table 3). The length of the conidia showed a mean value of 2. 08 to 3. 24 μm for B. bassiana isolates, and a higher conidial length was achieved by isolate APPRC-27 with 3. 24 μm. The highest and lowest conidial diameters were recorded by isolates APPRC-27 and K-91, respectively. Table 3. Conidial yield and size of isolates. IsolateConidial yield/ml ± SEConidial length (μm) ± SEConidial width (μm) ± SELength/width ratio ± SEB. bassiana APPRC-44BC0. 11 × 107±0. 16e2. 85±0. 03cd1. 86±0. 16c1. 56±0. 12cM. robertsii K-631. 67 × 107±0. 02cb7. 10±0. 24a2. 49±0. 06a2. 86±0. 13abB. bassiana K-50. 17 × 107±0. 01e2. 23±0. 02d1. 45±0. 05d1. 54±0. 07cM. robertsii K-1021. 81 × 107±0. 18cb6. 43±0. 11ab1. 93±0. 03c3. 32±0. 03aB. bassiana APPRC-272. 67 × 107±0. 17a3. 24±0. 11c1. 99±0. 06c1. 63±0. 05cB. bassiana K-911. 53 × 107±0. 01cd2. 08±0. 07d1. 36±0. 03d1. 53±0. 03cB. bassiana RST-81. 28 × 107±0. 04d2. 51±0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: [+] [CAT] En la present tesi doctoral ens hem centrat en estudiar la variabilitat i aportar nous recursos útils per a la millora de la qualitat nutricional i organolèptica dels fruits de tomaca, albergínia i pimentó, adaptant els cultius a menors aportacions de nitrogen (N). Per a aconseguir aquest propòsit, duem a terme una caracterització exhaustiva de la composició dels fruits, juntament amb importants trets agronòmics, d'un conjunt de recursos genètics escassament explorats fins hui. En el primer capítol d'aquesta tesi, es va dur a terme una caracterització exhaustiva de 36 compostos i paràmetres de composició del fruit, que incloïen sucres, àcids orgànics, antioxidants i minerals, en un conjunt de 10 accessions per cultiu de tomaca, pimentó i albergínia, cultivats en les mateixes condicions i pràctiques ecològiques. Els resultats van mostrar un perfil de composició considerablement diferent entre les tres espècies, principalment en el perfil antioxidant. A més, es va trobar una gran variabilitat dins de cada espècie, la qual cosa és d'interés per a la selecció de varietats amb millors perfils nutricionals i organolèptics. En el segon capítol d'aquesta tesi, es va abordar la caracterització d'un conjunt de línies de introgressió (ILs) d'albergínia amb Solanum incanum L. com a parental donant. L'ús de les ILs en la millora de l'albergínia requereix assegurar que els nivells de glucoalcaloides del fruit estan per davall dels límits de seguretat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Bank study took a measured response to this systemic uncertainty. It distinguished between project sensitivity to climate change and project vulnerability; sensitivity refers to the possible reduction in physical “output,” while vulnerability considers the impact on economic return. In this view, even if a project’s performance is potentially sensitive to climate change, “the project’s economic worthiness is not necessarily in question. ” This would include cases where the project was robust to a high degree of climate variability “and in the bargain, to climate change” so that its benefits and revenues would meet the required criteria. “It is thus important to distinguish between climate sensitivity and vulnerability” emphasized the report, noting that both sensitivity and vulnerability would depend on the metrics used to assess performance and that factors other than climate change, such as price and demand, could be equally important. For Mwache, although limited hydrological information was available, the design chosen was considered to have low climate risk since the river flow is considerably in excess of supply requirements and there is a low risk that the dam will not meet its target yield (2018b). Funding has not yet been approved, not due to climate change risks but because the financial and institutional arrangements for the dam’s management must still be resolved. Kenya’s 2010 Constitution makes water supply the responsibility of local counties. But Mombasa’s current supplies come from other counties, and the itself will be built in a neighboring county. Current proposals are to establish a regional institution that would manage all the different sources into a single system, providing bulk supplies to the major centers of four counties. This would help to address climate risks since linking different sources into a single system would increase its resilience to climate variability, maintaining supplies even if one source in the system fails. But achieving financial agreement between four counties and national government is proving to be more difficult than finding a climate-resilient dam design. Windhoek, Namibia: as StorageNamibia’s capital Windhoek, high in the center of the arid and sparsely populated country, was established in 1892 by German colonists, attracted by the secure source of water from local springs. This groundwater resource served the growing settlement well until the 1960s when, after a series of dry years, it became obvious that additional supplies were needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii showed a cylindrical shape with septate hyphae. A similar study reported that microscopic characterization of B. bassiana isolates indicated round to slightly round conidial shape with glassy-like aseptate hyphae, while M. robertsii were described as having cylindrical conidial shape, septate hyphae, and branched conidiophores in the form of a candelabrum (Bich et al. , 2021). Germination is one component that affects the degree of virulence; the faster the germination rate, the higher the fungal infection of pests (Herlinda, 2010). This study showed that the highest conidial germination was achieved by M. robertsii isolate K-61 (99. 03%) within 18 hours of incubation. This result is consistent with a study conducted by Gebremariam et al. , (2021), in which spore germination percentage varied between 85. 43 and 99. 67% within 24 hours of incubation for 26 isolates. Likewise, conidial germination of Beauveria isolates ranged from 76. 33 to 95. 75% (Belay and Tenkegna, 2017), and 89. 30 to 99% of spore viability were recorded by 22 isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii (Mkiga et al. , 2020). Maximum sporulation rate, radial growth, and fast germination rate were the most important parameters for determining virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, and the variation in virulence among isolates may be due to the geographical source of isolates and the potential of fungal species (Dotaona et al. , 2015; Gebremariam et al. , 2021). This result revealed that the highest radial growth rates were obtained by B. bassiana isolate K-91 (3. 24 mm/day) and M. robertsii isolate K-61 (2. 92 mm day-1) on SDA media at 27°C ±. This is consistent with M. robertsii developed on SDA media at 30°C, the temperature at which the rates ranged from 0. 14 to 3. 39 mm day-1 (Rodríguez et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: Gràcies a la disponibilitat del genotipat de les ILs d'albergínia, les investigacions realitzades amb aquesta població van permetre identificar diversos QTLs associats a caràcters morf-agronòmics i de composició del fruit, la qual cosa proporciona nova informació rellevant per a ampliar el coneixement genètic de l'albergínia. En l'últim capítol es presenta la primera avaluació de paràmetres de qualitat de fruit i rendiment d'una col·lecció de 44 varietats de la tomaca resilient 'de penjar' sota dos nivells de fertilització de N (162 kg N ha-1 i 49 kg N ha-1). Es va observar una gran variació. La reducció de les aportacions de N va tindre un efecte significatiu en el hue, la mitjana del qual va augmentar lleugerament, i en els compostos i paràmetres relacionats amb la dolçor, la mitjana de la qual va disminuir en un 11-16%, mentre que el rendiment i la majoria dels trets de qualitat no es van veure afectats. Aquests són resultats prometedors que promouen la conservació de la tomaca 'de penjar' i a la seua utilització en programes de millora. En definitiva, creiem que aquests treballs proporcionaran nous recursos fenòmics i genòmics útils per a futurs programes de millora de les hortalisses de la família Solanaceae. [-] [EN] In the present doctoral thesis, we have focused on studying the variability and providing new useful resources for the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic quality of tomato, eggplant and pepper fruits,. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In 1968, a “direct potable reuse” plant was built that treats wastewater for reinjection into the city’s main supply. Subsequently expanded, it can now provide 20% of the city’s potable supply. An ambitious longer-term plan envisaged a phased regional scheme, the (ENWC), drawing from Southern Africa’s third largest river, the Okavango, on Namibia’s border with Angola, 700 km from Windhoek. The full project has not yet been completed, but growing demand has been met by intermediate interventions, including the development of new groundwater sources on the ENWC route. Throughout this period, the city’s local groundwater complemented other sources. The use of these multiple sources varies in response to the extremely variable climate, with surface water predominating in wet seasons and greater use of groundwater and reuse in dry periods. Local aquifer recharge has recently been introduced to store surplus water in wet periods, reducing evaporative losses from the surface reservoirs and increasing system yield (Murray et al. 2018). However, while diversification of sources provides some additional resilience to inter-seasonal climate variability, the assured yield still depends on local natural recharge supplemented by surface water imports. Drought in 2015/2016 showed that despite tightly managed demand, additional supply was needed and attention turned once again to imports through the ENWC. Although capital and operating costs appear to be prohibitive, this would substantially reduce climate risk by diversifying to an unconstrained source. In this difficult environment, available hydrological tools have consistently provided good estimates of the volumes of water available at different levels of assurance to guide system management. The technical analysis of the recharge and storage potential of the Windhoek aquifers has also provided the basis for implementation. Although the impacts of climate change on regional precipitation and flows are uncertain (Hughes et al. 2011), Namibia’s requirement is only around 2% of the total flow, suggesting that the objections of environmentalists in Botswana, the downstream riparian, are ill-founded. The other long-term policy option is to break the “path dependence” since Windhoek was made the country’s capital 130 years ago and promote economic development in Namibia’s more humid northern region rather than increase the city’s water supply.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2015; 132: 1–41. Pub| : Feeding experience affects the behavioral response of polyphagous gypsy moth caterpillars to herbivoreinduced poplar volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 2016; 42(5): 382–393. Pub| Text | : Thermal response and horizontal transmission of cameroonian isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae–Candidates for microbial controls of the banana root borer Cosmopolites sordidus. Fungal Ecol. 2021; 50: 101042. : Methods for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil environment-laboratory manual. 2007. du et al. : Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana: pathogenicity, horizontal transmission, and their effects on reproductive potential of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2020; 113(2): 660–668. Pub| : and the description of new species from Thailand. Stud. Mycol. 2020; 95(1): 171–251. Pub| Text | : Impact of endophytic microorganisms on plants, environment and humans. Sci. World J. 2014; 2014: 1–11. Pub| Text | : Insecticide resistance management against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in the central of Ethiopia. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2020; 40(4): 759–767. Text Rodríguez M, Gerding M, France A, et al. : Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae Qu-M845 isolate to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in laboratory and field trials. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2009; 69(4): 541–547. : Modified slide culture method for faster and easier identification of dermatophytes. Microbiol. Indones. 2014; 8(3): 135–137, 139. ádeková P, Medo J, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can enhance the nutritional content of certain crops. [SEP] Text: [+] [EN] In the present doctoral thesis, we have focused on studying the variability and providing new useful resources for the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic quality of tomato, eggplant and pepper fruits, adapting crops to lower nitrogen (N) inputs. To achieve this purpose, we carried out a comprehensive characterization of fruit composition, together with important agronomic traits, of a set of genetic resources scarcely explored up to date. In the first 8. 25 mM NH4NO3 added to the irrigation water, and no external N supply to the irrigation water). Although there was a significant limitation in plant growth, N and C distribution, fruit load and dry matter in response to minimized N inputs, the ILs achieved, on average, similar final yields under both N treatments, as well as produced fruits with similar morphology, weight and phenolic content. These results enhance ILs as useful breeding materials for the adaptation of eggplant to low N inputs. Thanks to the availability of genotyping of eggplant ILs, the investigations carried out using this population enabled the identification of several QTLs associated with morpho-agronomic and fruit composition traits, providing new relevant information to expand the genetic knowledge of eggplant. The last 10. 4995/Thesis/10251/182169 Publisher: Universitat Politècnica de València Project ID: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ANR//ANR-18-SUSC-0003/FR/Tomato and eggplant nitrogen utilization efficiency in Mediterranean environments//. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Absent such a radical policy shift, the incremental completion of the ENWC is a rational approach to making Windhoek’s water supply more resilient since the scope for further savings through demand-side interventions is limited. The city’s century-long hydrological history and the acute nature of the water challenges that it faces have produced a good understanding of the options available to build systems that are resilient to the risks posed by long periods of multi-season drought. As a result, if adequate financial resources are available, the strategies already adopted to manage current climate variability will enable the city to meet its needs, even under conditions of climate change. Beira, Mozambique: the of Beira faces many climate-related challenges given its location which is regularly hit by tropical storms. Established in 1890 as a port and regional railway hub on low-lying land at the mouth of the Pungwe River, urban water supply is difficult because fresh groundwater is very limited and the river’s estuary is saline. While river flow is adequate to meet the city’s needs, extensive saline intrusion, exacerbated by growing upstream water use, required its intake 80 km from the city to be moved further 20 km upstream. However, water quality problems continued for a nearby irrigation scheme whose intake the city had shared. While the intake could have been protected by building a weir downstream to obstruct tidal influx or storage dams upstream to maintain minimum dry season flows, these options were rejected on environmental grounds (1997). While climate change impacts are obvious, hydrological analysis has characterized the salinity dynamics and helped to identify appropriate responses to the impact of increased water utilization and sea level rise. The immediate water management challenges have been well-characterized, and the priority is to coordinate responses to protect economic activity. However, in the longer term, the city’s vulnerable location may require radical relocation rather than water management solutions. and the River System: Sustaining a “Problemshed”In economic terms, the (IVRS) is the most important water resource development in Southern Africa. It supplies water to around 20 million people in a region that produces almost 50% of South Africa’s GDP and includes the country’s administrative capital (Pretoria) as well as Johannesburg, its largest city. If its functioning is impaired by climate change impacts, the entire country will suffer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : Natural prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in hibernating pupae of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and virulence of selected isolates. 2016; 52: 199–208. Sepúlveda M, Vargas M, Gerding M, et al. : Molecular, morphological and pathogenic characterization of six strains of Metarhizium spp. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the control of Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2016; 76(1): 77–83. öfte M, et al. : Isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi from hazelnut-growing region of Turkey. Biocontrol. 2010; 55(2): 279–297. ère Y: Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data. J. Econ. Entomol. 2009; 102(6): 2011–2025. Pub| : Entomopathogenic fungal endophytes. Biol. Control. 2008; 46(1): 72–82. G: Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 2007; 17(6): 553–596. G: The ‘Galleria bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. J. Appl. Entomol. 1986; 102(1-5): 213–215. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5 version 4 Revised Published: 05 Feb 2024, 12:827 version 3 Revised Published: 30 Oct 2023, 12:827 version 2 Revised Published: 14 Aug 2023, 12:827 version 1 Published: 13 Jul 2023, 12:827 Copyright © 2024 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 161449. r243892) The direct URL for this report is: Discussion 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: . change has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of our time, with profound implications for global agriculture. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including droughts, floods, heatwaves, and cold spells, have exacerbated the vulnerability of agricultural systems, impacting crop productivity, food quality, and ultimately, food security. As the global population continues to rise, the demand for food is projected to increase substantially, further stressing the need for robust and resilient agricultural practices [1-2]. The agricultural sector is inherently dependent on climatic conditions, and any significant deviation from historical weather patterns can have severe consequences on crop growth and yield. Droughts can lead to water scarcity, reducing photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in plants. Floods can cause root asphyxiation, nutrient leaching, and increased susceptibility to diseases. Heatwaves can induce heat stress, impairing physiological processes and reducing pollen viability, while cold spells can damage plant tissues and delay growth cycles. These stressors not only diminish crop yields but also affect the nutritional quality of food, posing a dual threat to food security and nutrition [3-4]. In response to these challenges, developing climate-resilient crops has become a critical area of focus for researchers, policymakers, and farmers. Climate-resilient crops are designed to withstand the adverse effects of extreme weather conditions, thereby ensuring stable yields and contributing to food security. Achieving this goal requires innovative breeding strategies that leverage both traditional and modern techniques to enhance the resilience of crops. Traditional breeding methods have been the cornerstone of crop improvement for centuries, involving the selection and cross-breeding of plants with desirable traits. While effective, these methods are often time-consuming and constrained by the available genetic diversity within a species. Recent advancements in molecular breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), have accelerated the breeding process by enabling the precise selection of traits at the DNA level. These techniques have proven valuable in developing crops with enhanced resistance to environmental stresses [5-6]. The advent of gene editing technologies, particularlyCas9, has revolutionized the field of crop improvement. Gene editing allows for precise modifications of specific genes associated with stress tolerance, enabling the development of crops that can better withstand extreme weather conditions. This technology has already shown promise in creating drought-tolerant, heat-resistant, and flood-resistant varieties of key staple crops.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: The IVRS region lies across the watershed of the country’s two largest rivers, the Orange and the Limpopo, which discharge into the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, respectively. By the 1960s, demand for water for domestic and economic purposes had outstripped the reliable flow of the main local source, the Vaal River, a tributary of the Orange River, which is also highly variable. A national policy review (1970) recommended a system approach to identify and introduce new sources. This coincided with the emergence of new techniques to undertake the required analysis (Maass et al. 1962). For four decades, system models guided decisions on expansion and operation (Basson and 2001) that have successfully sustained water security in the expanding system. Throughout this period, the objective was to manage the extreme climate variability, with drought risk as the key metric since there was little useful information about potential climate change risks. An important element of the system is the (LHWP), a multiphase scheme which diverts water that flows south from Lesotho in the Orange River, northward to its tributary. In terms of a binational Treaty, uses Lesotho territory to discharge the waters closer to the centers of demand, with considerable cost-savings. Climate variability and change are addressed in the Treaty only insofar as provision for joint action in the event of force majeure, covering “disturbance due to an extreme hydrological or other natural event, including extreme drought, and affecting the delivery of water to South Africa. ” Similarly, while the 1998 on Phase 1B of the project (which was successfully completed in 2002) makes no explicit mention of climate variability and change, it locates the purpose of the project as “reducing drought risk” in the system. The LHWP’s further phases are seen as low-risk, least-cost alternatives to augment the system’s capacity. Phase 2, the construction of the on another tributary, was included in the World Bank’s “RDM study” (Cervigni 2015). As with the in Kenya (see above), the study considered whether alternative configurations might be less economically vulnerable if climate change reduced project performance. Noting considerable climate uncertainty, the study suggested an alternative design could reduce the risk of financial losses due to climate change by up to 30%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of. . . Continue reading 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii". 2. The discussion is still largely missing on scientific explanations to the findings obtained. Had this been done, then the manuscript would have been scientifically richer. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: I have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve. . . Continue reading have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve the manuscript and I strongly recommend that the comments are considered seriously and incorporated accordingly to improve the quality of the paper. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Another critical aspect of breeding climate-resilient crops is the integration of phenotyping and genotyping approaches. High-throughput phenotyping platforms, such as drones, remote sensing, and automated imaging systems, provide detailed data on crop performance under various stress conditions [7-8]. When combined with genomic information, these phenotyping data can help identify genetic markers linked to resilience traits, facilitating the development of robust crop varieties. Genetic diversity plays a pivotal role in breeding for climate resilience. The genetic variation found in wild relatives of domesticated crops and traditional landraces offers a valuable reservoir of traits that can enhance stress tolerance. Conservation and utilization of these genetic resources through pre-breeding and germplasm exchange programs are essential for expanding the genetic base of cultivated crops. Breeding for climate resilience is further complicated by the need to address multiple stressors simultaneously. Climate change often presents a combination of challenges, such as drought followed by heatwaves or flooding followed by cold spells. Therefore, breeding strategies must focus on developing varieties that can withstand multiple stresses concurrently [9-10]. This holistic approach requires a deep understanding of the interactions between different stress responses at the physiological, genetic, and molecular levels. Several successful case studies highlight the potential of breeding climate-resilient crops. For instance, drought-tolerant maize varieties developed through a combination of conventional and molecular breeding have been widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa, leading to significant yield improvements under water-limited conditions. Similarly, gene-edited rice varieties with enhanced flood tolerance have shown promise in Southeast Asia, where flooding is a recurring challenge. To support the development and adoption of climate-resilient crops, coordinated efforts in research, policy, and extension services are necessary. Investment in advanced breeding technologies, capacity building for breeders, and creating enabling regulatory frameworks for gene-edited crops are essential steps. Additionally, policies that promote the conservation of genetic diversity and the dissemination of resilient varieties to farmers will enhance agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change [11]. Collaborative efforts between governments, research institutions, and the private sector are crucial to ensure the widespread adoption and implementation of these strategies, developing climate-resilient crops is imperative for ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability under extreme weather conditions. Advances in breeding strategies, from traditional methods to cutting-edge gene editing technologies, offer promising solutions to this challenge.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: This only considered assumptions about water prices and demand and not the wider societal costs of supply failure, a conservative approach since, for many societies, higher water costs are preferable to the costs of unexpected supply failures (as is formally stated in the new water strategy (2019)). Subsequent studies concluded that the would meet its intended delivery targets under a wide range of climate scenarios with deficits occurring only in the very driest 16 of 122 scenarios. The IVRS also illustrates the benefits of a “problemshed”-based analysis (Mollinga 2020) which encompasses the actual physical and institutional boundaries within which water is managed not simply an individual “watershed” approach. Whereas hydrological models are based on the natural “watersheds” before human activity intervenes, water management requires models that reflect the interaction between human activities and the natural system. The IVRS shows how hydrological tools can effectively be applied to manage substantial climate variability in complex multi-basin systems. Coordination: Drought Risks, Discount Rates, and HydropowerThe final case, the proposed in the transnational Basin, illustrates the challenges of evaluating climate change’s impacts in a complex system and uncertain economic and institutional context. In a basin that already suffers extreme climate events, the implications of climate change for hydropower expansion are a concern. Hydropower is the main source of electricity for the riparian countries and offers further opportunities to support their socioeconomic development. Dam project illustrates the challenges of identifying adaptive approaches that optimize the benefits that hydropower can provide while minimizing the risk. The history of Zambezi hydropower is as much about national and regional politics as hydrology or economics. Its potential was recognized early in the twentieth century, but it was only in the 1950s that it was decided to construct the Kariba Dam, creating what is still the world’s largest dam reservoir by volume. Built by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kariba’s initial installed capacity of 1300 MW was sufficient to meet the needs of the Federation. It was controversial because a smaller project could have been built on the Zambezi’s Kafue tributary in Northern Rhodesia, closer to the mines that were the main centers of electricity demand. But political imperatives supported the larger project to reinforce the Federation although Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia, withdrew in 1963.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer,. . . Continue reading authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer, confirm that the published 10. 5256/f1000research. 158147. r219341) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. . . . Continue reading 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: By integrating genetic diversity, phenotyping, and genotyping, and focusing on multiple stress resistances, we can enhance the resilience of crops to climate change and safeguard global food systems. Continued research, investment, and policy support are vital to achieving these goals and securing the future of agriculture in an era of climate uncertainty. 2. breeding methods, including selective breeding and hybridization, have long been used to develop crops with desirable traits. These methods rely on the natural genetic variation within crop species and have been successful in improving yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. However, they are time-consuming and limited by the available genetic diversity [12]. 3. Molecular breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), have revolutionized crop improvement by allowing precise selection of traits at the DNA level. MAS uses genetic markers linked to desirable traits to accelerate the breeding process, while GS employs genome-wide markers to predict the performance of breeding lines [13]. These approaches enhance the efficiency and accuracy of developing climate-resilient crops. 4. advancements in gene editing technologies, particularlyCas9, have opened new possibilities for crop improvement. /Cas9 enables precise modifications of specific genes, allowing researchers to enhance stress tolerance traits directly [14]. This technology has been used to develop crops with improved drought, heat, and flood tolerance by targeting genes involved in stress response pathways. 5. Integration of Phenotyping and phenotyping and genotyping approaches is crucial for understanding the genetic basis of stress tolerance and identifying key traits for breeding [15]. High-throughput phenotyping platforms, such as drones and remote sensing, provide detailed data on crop performance under stress conditions. Integrating this data with genomic information helps identify genetic markers associated with resilience traits, facilitating the development of climate-resilient varieties. 6. Role of Genetic diversity is a critical resource for breeding climate-resilient crops. Wild relatives of domesticated crops and landraces possess a wealth of genetic variation that can be harnessed to improve stress tolerance [16]. Efforts to conserve and utilize these genetic resources through pre-breeding and germplasm exchange programs are essential for broadening the genetic base of cultivated crops. 7. Breeding for the complex nature of climate change, crops must be resilient to multiple stressors simultaneously. Breeding strategies should focus on developing varieties that can withstand combinations of drought, heat, and flood conditions [17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Mozambique’s Dam, with an installed capacity of 2075 MW, had similar political drivers to Kariba; it used cheap electricity to reinforce the political relationship between the Portuguese colonial power and South Africa. This relationship was even shorter-lived – Mozambique became independent in 1975, just as was completed and the reservoir began to fill. With the development in Zambia of the 900 and some smaller projects, there is now almost 5,000 MW of installed hydropower generation capacity in the basin with an average total energy production of around 30,000 GWh/year, of which 23,000 is “firm energy,” available at high reliability and very low cost, since most initial construction loans have long been repaid. This economic benefit of large water infrastructure is seldom accounted for although the resulting “path dependency” is often commented upon (Haasnoot et al. 2019). The total energy production could be doubled to around 60,000 GWh/year through the extension of existing facilities and the construction of new dams. This would meet most of the current electricity demand of the eight riparian states although optimal production will require hydrologically informed cooperation between operators. The resilience of new schemes to climate variability and change has come under particular scrutiny as international development finance institutions consider their financial viability. While individual projects have been assessed in some detail, it is important to understand how they would function in a future system, which includes irrigation and urban uses, under conditions of climate change. At present, evaporation from the Kariba and lakes is by far the largest “consumptive use” of Zambezi water, accounting for 85% of the 12. 5 km3 average “consumption”; all other uses (agriculture, urban, and industrial) account for just 1. 9 km3, just 2% of the available runoff. With the growth of population and economies, water consumption will reduce flows, impacting on hydropower production. A 2010 “Multi-Opportunity Analysis” (MSIOA) investigated the potential impacts of such new developments and the benefits for the riparian countries of coordinating their development plans, to reduce uncertainty about hydropower potential (2010). The study included an economic assessment tool and considered possible climate change impacts. Its main finding was that coordinating investments and infrastructure operation could significantly increase the economic benefits compared to stand-alone project development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: This requires a holistic approach that integrates physiological, genetic, and molecular insights to understand the interactions between different stress responses. Several successful case studies demonstrate the potential of breeding climate-resilient crops. For example, drought-tolerant maize varieties developed through conventional and molecular breeding have been widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa, significantly improving yields under water-limited conditions. Similarly, gene-edited rice varieties with enhanced flood tolerance have shown promise in Southeast Asia. To support the development and adoption of climate-resilient crops, coordinated efforts in research, policy, and extension services are necessary. Investment in advanced breeding technologies, capacity building for breeders, and creating enabling regulatory frameworks for gene-edited crops are essential steps [18]. Additionally, policies promoting the conservation of genetic diversity and the dissemination of resilient varieties to farmers will enhance agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change. 8. climate-resilient crops is imperative for ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the face of extreme weather conditions. Advances in breeding strategies, from traditional methods to cutting-edge gene editing technologies, provide promising solutions to this challenge. By integrating genetic diversity with modern phenotyping and genotyping techniques, and focusing on breeding for multiple stress resistances, we can significantly enhance the resilience of crops to climate change. These efforts will not only protect crop yields and quality but also contribute to the stability of global food systems, ensuring that agricultural productivity can meet the demands of a growing population despite the uncertainties posed by a changing climate. Continued research, investment, and supportive policies are essential to realize these goals and secure the future of agriculture. 1. Bailey-Serres, J. ,. , & Schroeder, J. I. (2019). Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature, 575(7781), 109-118. 2. Tester, M. , & Langridge, P. (2010). Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science, 327(5967), 818-822. 3. Godfray, H. . , Lawrence, D. , Muir, J. F. , … & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812-818. 4. Varshney, R. K. , Shi, C. , Thudi, M. , Mariac, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Beyond the hydrological uncertainties, the political challenge is to achieve an equitable sharing of the costs and benefits. However, economic analysis is particularly challenging for investments such as water resource infrastructure which have a high initial cost but yield benefits over a very long period. The imputed value of long-term production depends heavily on assumptions about future prices as well as the “discount rate” applied in the analysis, and there is limited consensus about the appropriate approach, not least because the choice is usually determined by policy objectives (Fankhauser and Stern 2016) in which climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected. These issues were illustrated in the analysis of Batoka in the 2015 RDM study (Cervigni 2015). site is on the main stem of the Zambezi, downstream from and upstream from Kariba. It has limited storage and will depend on natural river flows which, although moderated somewhat in the extensive wetlands of the upper catchment, are very variable and subject to drought, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change (Harrison and Whittington 2002). In this context, the RDM study noted that: “In drier futures, smaller facilities yield higher net benefits, as less investment is underutilized during the dry periods. In wetter futures, larger facilities that can better take advantage of high flow periods yield higher net benefits. ” Batoka it found, “shows significant sensitivity to climate change with up to a 33 percent decrease or a 15 percent increase in average power production. ” (Cervigni 2015) Over 30 years, the difference between the worst- and best-case scenarios was estimated at around US$4 billion, in 2015 values, based on average energy prices in the Power Pool. But in a dry period, electricity prices would rise as all supplies would be reduced in a system that was dependent on hydropower. While in 2015 this effect was not yet evident because the region still had coal-fired alternatives, over the next five decades, coal-fired power will be constrained, and carbon taxes will increase its price, further supporting hydropower prices. Even without these considerations, Batoka showed that “economics of projects of this type could be highly sensitive to the price of power” (Cervigni et al. 2015). Once again, it was emphasized that a project that was financially sensitive to climate change impacts was not necessarily financially vulnerable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some crops are engineered to be more tolerant of extreme weather conditions. [SEP] Text: , Wallace, J. , Qi, P. , & Lu, F. (2017). Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments. Nature Biotechnology, 35(10), 969-976. 5. Gao, C. (2018). The future of technologies in agriculture. Biology, 19(5), 275-276. 6. Zsögön, A. , Čermák, T. ,. , & Peres, L. E. (2018). De novo domestication of wild tomato using genome editing. Nature Biotechnology, 36(12), 1211-1216. 7. Zhang, H. , Zhang, J. , Lang, Z. , Botella, J. R. , & Zhu, J. K. (2018). Genome editing—principles and applications for functional genomics research and crop improvement. in Plant Sciences, 37(3), 215-236. 8. Mwadzingeni, L. , Shimelis, H. , Dube, E. , Laing, M. D. , & Tsilo, T. J. (2016). Breeding wheat for drought tolerance: Progress and technologies. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(5), 935-943. 9. . , & Ismail, A. M. (2007). A marker-assisted backcross approach for developing submergence-tolerant rice cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(6), 767-776. 10. . , Jackson, S. A. , Leal-Bertioli, S. C. M. , Tester, M. , & Gao, C. (2019). Breeding crops to feed 10 billion. Nature Biotechnology, 37(7), 744-754. 11. Li, T. , Liu, B. , Spalding, M. H. , Weeks, D. P. , & Yang, B. (2012). High-efficiency TALEN-based gene editing produces disease-resistant rice. Nature Biotechnology, 30(5), 390-392. 12. Reynolds, M. P. , Langridge, P. , & Sawkins, M. (2010). Breeding for drought tolerance: Achievements and limitations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: These economic studies are highly dependent on the discount rates chosen. The RDM study used a policy discount rate of 3% for assessing social policy objectives. But for Batoka, both the MSIOA and the RDM analyses used a “finance discount” rate of 10% (2010) to ensure adequate financial returns to repay loans. The danger is that using present-day markets to estimate long-run prices ignores the potential increase in the value of output as a result of climate change policies, devalues the long-term benefits of cooperation, and thus does not adequately reflect the policy goals of climate change mitigation. A final gap in these attempts to integrate policies for climate resilience more effectively fully into hydrological and economic analysis has been the failure to consider the “water use efficiency” of energy generation in the Zambezi Basin. Presently, over 10% of the Zambezi’s flow is lost to evaporation from the two large hydropower reservoirs. Full development of the basin will not require the significant expansion of storage to manage hydrological variability, and the proposed cascade of three dams in the lower Zambezi will benefit from the hydrological security provided by the Kariba and reservoirs upstream. While the MSIOA notes with concern that the output of those projects could vary between +9% and − 13% by 2100 (2010), it makes no allowance for value inherent in increasing “water use” efficiency by increasing the energy produced per unit of water. These analyses of the and the broader strategies to ensure optimum management of the Zambezi Basin’s waters show that the challenges of assessing the economic benefits and risks of large water investments are at least as complex as those of managing the hydrological uncertainties. Discussion: Principles to under UncertaintyThe cases presented illustrate the contexts within which major water resource investment decisions are taken and the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science beyond the charting of the range of future uncertainty. Nevertheless, the focus on potential climate change impacts does provide useful guidance for the planners, developers, and operators of major water resource infrastructure working in “difficult hydrologies. ”PrinciplesFrom these cases, some general principles can be identified that could help water resource managers to develop coherent adaptive strategies for the projects or systems for which they are responsible and assist them in communicating their approaches to their wider communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: GMOs are universally accepted and supported worldwide. [SEP] Text: pects of religion (212) Religious institutions & organizations (205) Religious social & pastoral thought & activity (204) Religious & spiritual figures (1) Religious life & practice (3) Religious instruction (2) Spirituality & religious experience (2) Theology (2) Religion: general (141) History of religion (84) Philosophy of religion (49) Religious issues & debates (12) Religion & politics (6) Comparative religion (1) Interfaith relations (1) Judaism (16) Christianity (7) Christian Churches, denominations, groups (6) Roman Catholicism, Church (3) Protestantism & (2) (1) Ecumenism (1) Orthodox & Churches (1) Islam (7) Islam: branches & groups (1) Islamic groups: Sunni, Alsalaf (1) History & Archaeology (490) History (490) History: specific events & topics (292) Social & cultural history (257) Genocide & ethnic cleansing (17) (4) Invasion & occupation (9) War (6) Colonialism & imperialism (5) Industrialisation & industrial history (2) Maritime history (2) National liberation & independence, post-colonialism (2) Revolutions, uprisings, rebellions (1) European history (102) European history: medieval period, middle ages (17) European history: Reformation (6) European history: the Celts (1) European history: the Romans (1) History: theory & methods (78) Historical research: source documents (70) Historiography (4) Military history (54) Specific wars & campaigns (18) War (13) War (5) General & world history (10) History of the Americas (2) Ancient history (1) Archaeology (1) Archaeology by period region (1) Biography, Literature & Literary studies (305) Biography & non-fiction prose (196) Biography: general (167) Biography: historical, political & military (26) Autobiography: historical, political & military (1) Collected biographies (3) Biography: science, technology & medicine (2) Autobiography: general (1) Biography: literary (1) Biography: philosophy & social sciences (1) Biography: religious & spiritual (1) Diaries, letters & journals (147) Memoirs (4) Literary essays (1) Literature: history & criticism (

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In addition, some more operational priorities emerge that merit mention. UncertaintyPerhaps the most important principle to emerge from the cases is that uncertainty remains the dominant feature of potential climate change impact on water resource projects. This uncertainty must be recognized and reflected in analytical approaches, strategy development, and project design. Uncertainty does not mean that stochastic methods cannot be used to detect – and project – trends. For instance, where projections of precipitation are made using multiple GCMs and the range of future uncertainties can be constrained, stochastic methods are already usefully applied. More serious challenges arise where relevant variables are not well understood or constrained as is the case with modeling future rainfall-runoff in conditions where both land cover and precipitation intensities are both poorly understood. PrecautionaryThe precautionary principle is usually understood to constrain developments until their impacts are understood. In the climate change context, a precautionary approach will ensure that decisions are taken in time to address possible future contingencies. This is explicitly stated in Cape Town’s post-disaster water strategy which commits to make new investments which will not be used unless there is a dry period in which they are needed. This reflects the high costs imposed on the wider society by supply failure. Projects with lengthy implementation periods such as the IVRS augmentations should be implemented on a precautionary basis to avoid inefficient crisis responses that characterized many water sector investments. A precautionary approach would also introduce supply restrictions earlier rather than later although political resistance is always a factor in this – recent extreme power restrictions in Zimbabwe resulted, in part, from earlier decisions to continue generating at full capacity at Kariba, contrary to drought operating rules. Path DependenceA concern frequently raised about water resource developments of all kinds is that they commit their societies to particular development paths and close off other options. The difficulty with these discussions is that they frequently involve larger political issues about which there is little consensus. In large measure, Windhoek’s current challenges are the result of century-old colonial spatial planning decisions; the option of refocusing economic development in a more propitious location is an important alternative. Similarly, South Africa’s IVRS reflects the fact that the mining economy promoted extensive development in a location with limited water resources and that coastal areas would be easier to serve. Beira’s location, which also served colonial objectives, is very vulnerable to current climate, and vulnerabilities will be aggravated by climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 11 Sep 2024 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of comments are accepted and included in the new version of 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: GMOs are universally accepted and supported worldwide. [SEP] Text: Nelson: Commission for the International Sea-and for the for the Law of the Sea: 31 I. Introduction 31 II. Membership and Participation 31 III. Structure 32 IV. of Work 32 1. of Resolution II 32 2. of Draft Agreements, Regulations and Rules of Procedures for the Authority 37 3. of the Interests of Developing Land-based (1) 38 4. (2) 38 5. of the (3) 39 6. (4) 39 V. Commission and the Convention on the Law of the Sea 40 VI. Conclusion 44 Cristian Maquieira: Statement on the Implementation of Resolution II of the on the Law of the Sea by the for the International Sea-45 Rüdiger Wolfrum: Decision-making in the Council: and Comparison 59 I. Introduction 59 II. Composition and Decision-making in the Council according to 1. Composition 61 2. 65 III. Assessment and Conclusion 70 1. Evaluation and Assessment 70 2. Suggestions 72 Discussion 75 Hjalmar Thiel: Resulting from Deep Sea- 87 I. Principle 87 II. Problem: 88 III. 88 1. Impacts 89 2. Impacts 90 a) Disturbance from 90 b) Disturbance from 91 3. 92 IV. 93 1. 93 2. 94 V. 95 VI. 95 Literature 96 Discussion 97 Barbara Kwiatkowska/Etty R. Agoes: Archipelagic Waters: of 107 I. Introduction 107 II. 108 1. of and 108 2. Concerning Non-Self-Territories 110 3. Non-Concerning Non-112 4. Conforming to the Rules on 113 5. Conforming to the Rules on but 119 6. to the Rules on anti 119 7. the Rules on but those on 120 8. of the Philippines 122 9. of Indonesia 130 III. Evaluation 137 1. Definition of and Construction of 137 2. of the Archipelagic State's Competence 138 3. Right of 139 4. Right of 140 5. of - of Controversy 146 Discussion 152 Günther Jaenicke: for Sea-Bed Activities: A 165 Discussion 174 Klaus Dicke: Deciding upon the Budget of the United Nations: A Comparison 189 I. Introduction 189 II. "Budget" 192 1. Objective-of-192 2. 195 III.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: But these are not issues on which water managers can determine policy. At best, they can ensure that the concerns and constraints are well understood and thus influence wider development policy debates. FlexibilityIn response to uncertainty about future trends, it is helpful if strategies to meet future needs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate different futures. This principle has already been explicitly adopted in a number of the case study projects: has identified a range of options that could rapidly be implemented in the event of a “step change” in climate; the ENCW scheme serving Windhoek can be implemented in a sequence of steps. Similarly, each step in the past and future development of South Africa’s IVRS involved a choice from a set of different options. System-and ProblemshedsThe importance of conceptualizing and operating linked infrastructure as a system rather than as individual units brings many benefits. The values of these benefits are explicitly determined in the but are also evident in the IVRS, Windhoek, and, at a nascent stage, Mombasa and Cape Town’s new strategy. LinkagesThe linkage of different sources and demand centers provides a variety of resilience benefits that can greatly assist adaptation to changing climate conditions. A benefit that could be achieved by operating Zambezi hydropower as a coordinated system is that extreme events are often not correlated. While in the south and Kariba were running dry, which draws more resources from the north had to open its flood gates to manage inflows. South Africa’s IVRS has already demonstrated that multiple sources provide greater assured yields than the sum of their “stand-alone” yields and Windhoek’s situation is similar. Proposals for Kenya’s to form part of an integrated bulk system would replicate this approach. DiversificationDiversification of sources provides further important resilience benefits and should be a guiding principle for climate change adaptation. Windhoek’s surface water/groundwater mix has enabled it to withstand repeated drought crises. Cape Town’s recent experience highlighted the risk of relying solely on surface water supplies, which although linked all derived their inflow from a single small catchment area. Alternative sources had not been developed because, individually, their unit costs were higher, but this calculation omitted consideration of the value of additional reliability that could be gained from diversification. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that apparently diversified sources are not correlated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Sensors in Autonomous Vehicles: of Math and 61201 Email: rayalaguerrero18@augustana. edu Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1115/1. 4052991 Published Online: December 27, 2021 1003. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJ. Auton. Veh. Sys. Research and technology in autonomous vehicles is beginning to become well recognized among computer scientists and engineers. Autonomous vehicles contain a combination of global positioning system (GPS), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), cameras, radio detection and ranging (RADAR), and ultrasonic sensors (which are hardly ever included). These autonomous vehicles use no less than two sensing modalities and usually have three or more. The goal of this research is to determine which sensor to use depending on the functionality of the autonomous vehicle and analyze the similarities and differences of sensor configurations (which may come from different industries too). This study summarizes sensors in four industries: personal vehicles, public transportation, smart farming, and logistics. In addition, the paper includes advantages and disadvantages of how each sensor configuration are helpful by taking into consideration the activity that has to be achieved in the autonomous vehicle. A table of results is incorporated to organize most of the sensors’ availability in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. After comparing each sensor configuration, recommendations are going to be proposed for different scenarios in which some types of sensors will be more useful than others. Issue Section: Keywords: autonomous vehicles, sensors, camera, ultrasonic sensors, artificial intelligence, inputs/outputs, vehicle autonomy Topics: Autonomous vehicles, Sensors, Vehicles 1 vehicles are getting noticed in the technology industry. More companies are designing self-driven cars and/or other vehicles/products to facilitate certain tasks for humans or even replace interaction with such activity. These vehicles are being used for personal use, transportation, automation processes, and production in the farming industry. Technology companies are engaged in automated vehicles projects and work with specific types of sensors, which compose the model of these vehicles to interact with the environment and make the automation process possible. Each one of the technology companies strives to achieve the desired outcome for designing an autonomous vehicle, with a selection of what types of sensors and systems are needed.

Output: corroborate