Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: , (2022) ranged from 11 to 66 kg CH4 headyear and also close agreement to the Tier 1 default emission factor of 52 kg CH4 herd/year for other cattle in Africa (IPCC, 2019). However, the current results obtained using the Tier 2 methodology were 54–61% higher than default value of 31 kg CH4 herd/year for Africa and the (IPCC, 2006a). Compared with IPCC, (2006) default emission factors for Africa, higher Tier 2 emission factors were also reported for Benin (40 kg CH4 herd/year) (Kouazounde et al. , 2015). However, lower CH4 emission factors of 31 and 16 kg CH4 herd/year were reported for lactating and other cattle (Ndama breed) in Senegal (Ndao et al. , 2019). These comparisons highlight the necessity for developing country specific emission factors that reflect the national circumstances and actual animal management and performance in different production systems. The variation in emission factors estimated in the present study from published reports was attributed to the differences in feed type (Frank et al. , 2000; Moss et al. , 2000), animal management, and body size (Frank et al. , 2000; IPCC, 2006). The mean enteric CH4 emission factors (EFs) per head per year for cattle were in close agreement with previous reports (Wilkes et al. , 2020) and were greater than previous reports (Million & Getahun, 2021) for cattle subcategories. However, the EF from cattle was higher than the IPCC values from developing countries (African regions) livestock EFs under similar production system and animal functions (Goopy et al. , 2021; Herrero et al. , 2008; IPCC, 2006, 2019; Kouazounde et al. , 2015). The differences in EFs may be due to differences in the live weights of all the animal subcategories, and in the digestibility of the feed (Girma, et al. 2016; Wanjugu et al. , 2021). Methane from enteric fermentation is the major contributor to total GHG emissions and is directly related to the nutritional and energetic efficiency of the animal (Gerber et al. , 2010; Thornton & Herrero, 2010). Enteric CH4 emissions in lowland area were greater than those in highland areas similar to previous reports (Annastacia et al. , 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: The larger challenge, though, isn’t just about thinking through ethical dilemmas. It’s also about setting accurate expectations with users and the general public who might find themselves surprised in bad ways by autonomous cars; and expectations matter for market acceptance and adoption. Whatever answer to an ethical dilemma that industry might lean towards will not be satisfying to everyone. Ethics and expectations are challenges common to all automotive manufacturers and tier-one suppliers who want to play in this emerging field, not just particular companies. Automated cars promise great benefits and unintended effects that are difficult to predict, and the technology is coming either way. Change is inescapable and not necessarily a bad thing in itself. But major disruptions and new harms should be anticipated and avoided where possible. That is the role of ethics in innovation policy: it can pave the way for a better future while enabling beneficial technologies. Without looking at ethics, we are driving with one eye closed. 1. html (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014Associated Press. ATM ‘glitch’ gives $37,000 to lucky homeless man. Daily Mail. (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014Baldor, L. : China hacked the Pentagon to get weapons data. Memo. (2013). Accessed 8 July 2014Cathcart, T. : Problem, or Throw the Off the Bridge? Company, (2013) 2010. CFTC and. (2010). Accessed 8 July 2014Curtis, P. and Hedlund, J. : Reducing deer-vehicle crashes. Report funded by the for Highway Safety. Cornell University, Ithaca. (2005). Accessed 8 July 2014Davies, A. : Avoiding squirrels and other things Google’s robot car can’t do. Wired. (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014Edmonds, D. : Kill the Fat Man? Problem and and Wrong. Press, Princeton (2014) 10. 1007/s11948-014-9565-5 8. html (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014of Public Transport: Observatory of automated metros. (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014Jaffe, E. : The first look at how Google’s self-driving car handles city streets. The Atlantic/CityLab. (2014). Accessed 8 July 2014KPMG: Self-driving cars: are we ready? Report by KPMG.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти скопления порой называют местами линьки ксеназафусов, но такое объяснение встречает три существенных возражения. Во-первых, если это линочные панцири, почему все они практически одного размера? Трилобиты линяли на протяжении всей своей жизни. Если бы в этих местонахождениях были захоронены линочные панцири, они должны быть разного размера, отражая различные онтогенетические фазы в развитии ксеназафусов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: These are crucial points to note in the results because feeds in highland areas differ nutritionally from the feeds in lowland areas with low potential agriculturally. Increased temperatures increase lignification of plant tissues and reduce plant digestibility and degradation rates (Minson, 1990). These factors lead to reduced nutrient availability for animals and ultimately to a reduction in livestock production, which impact on food security and incomes through reductions in the production of milk and meat for smallholders. More structural tissue is deposited in the rangelands, which are more fibrous and less digestible (Wilson et al. , 1991). The (weighted mean) DE of feed basket in the present study was in the range of the IPCC default estimates (of 50–55%) for African forages (IPCC, 2006a). The differences in DE among the AEZs, ranging from 53–55%, are likely to have influenced the estimates of EFs, which are similar to previous reports Ndung’U et al. , (2019). A negative relationship has been observed between the amount of CH4 from the enteric fermentation and the digestibility of the diet (Johnson & Johnson, 1995). Therefore, the uncertainty of the estimations is expected to decrease whenever specific dietary factors are accounted for. The diets of domestic ruminants in the tropics vary and depend to a great extent on the type of production system in which the animals are kept (Thornton & Herrero, 2010). Methane production from manure The methane emission factors from manure management were estimated to be 4. 23, 4. 18, 4. 53, 3. 02, 3. 94, 0. 742, and 1. 05 kg head per year for adult multipurpose cows, adult males used for draught, adult males used for breeding and other purposes, growing females, growing males, calves < 6 months and calves 6 months–<1 year, respectively (Table 3). The current result was in agreement with previous reports (Million et al. , 2022) which was ranged from 1. 713 to 5. 06 kg CH4head/year. Livestock manure (including dung and urine) is composed mostly of organic material and water. Anaerobic and facultative bacteria decompose organic material under anaerobic conditions (Bouwman, 1996) and produce CH4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Obviously, APs with human-level intelligence who could be recognized as moral persons or possess similar moral status do not exist and it is far from clear whether they will exist in the near future, or at all. It seems that one of the crucial points is that there is no agreement on the possibility of robots with human-level intelligence. Positions on this issue range from radical skepticism and denial of such a possibility to a firm belief about the imminence of a super-intelligent AI that will surpass even the most intelligent human beings. This lack of consensus seems to be clearly reflected in the disagreement among five of the founders of AI—and Trenchard Moore—who were asked about the possibility of human-level AI at the meeting celebrating the 50th anniversary of the conference on which the foundation of AI as a discipline took place (Bringsjord and Naveen 2018). Hence, while the number of scholars who seriously consider a scenario of robots with human-level intelligence and a moral status of a person (or similar) steadily increases (also outside the debate about AP servants, e. g. (Neely 2014; Schwitzgebel and Garza 2015; Gunkel 2018; Gordon 2020, 2021; Gunkel and Wales 2021)), the prospect of such entities remains extremely uncertain. In this case, is there any point in speculating about designing them in an ethical way? I believe there is, regardless of whether such entities will ever exist or not. Generally, while I do not share Petersen’s optimism that APs with human-level intelligence will arrive rather sooner than later, I agree with him that since we cannot rule out with certainty the possibility that APs will exist someday, it is better to be prepared for them than not (Petersen 2007, 44). I also assert that might be right when he claims that if we had known the dangers of global warming at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, we might have been able to avoid it (Turner 2019, 35). While such a point of view might seem both excessively cautious (by assuming we should always worry about risks and dangers) and optimistic (by assuming that by knowing the risk we could avoid it), it does not mean it is obviously wrong. But even if there will never be any APs, and human-level intelligence will never emerge, the discussion about designing them is still not pointless. First, it is connected with some other ethical discussions and may contribute to them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Во-вторых, подавляющее большинство панцирей в валимской свите сохраняются целыми, а в ходе линьки они должны распадаться на составные части. В третьих, панцири образуют компактные скопления, разделённые пустыми пространствами. В этом случае приходится предположить, что ксеназафусы одного и того же возраста должны были синхронно приползать в одно и то же место и одновременно сбрасывать панцири. Такая гипотеза представляется маловероятной.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The emissions from manure depend on the animal category, the amount of manure per animal and the manure management system. In the mixed farming areas of Ethiopia, manure has been used as fuel and sometimes as organic fertilizer on farm lands which is similar to what has been done in the study area. In tropical and subtropical agricultural production systems, the climate is generally warmer than that in temperate zones, resulting in CH4 emissions from excreta because these emissions are often positively correlated with temperature (Rochette et al. , 2014). However, the types of management systems used, the quality of the feeds, and the species of cattle raised may also affect emissions. Livestock manure is primarily composed of organic material and water. Under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic and facultative bacteria decompose the organic matter in livestock waste. Manure management CH4 emission factor in present study was greater than manure management CH4 emission factor of 2. 5 kg per head per year reported for Canadian beef cattle (Kebreab et al. , 2011). The greater value for the Ethiopian cattle breed than for the Canadian beef breed is attributed to difference in the manure management system/practice, difference in the volatile solid content of the manure/excreta and difference in the digestibility of the feed. The VS content of manure is the portion of the feed consumed by animals that is not digested and thus excreted as fecal material; this feed may be combined with urinary excretions, which constitute manure (Hristov et al. , 2019). GHG emissions from cattle excreta vary by diet, breed and type of manure management practice used (Hristov et al. , 2019). The lower digestibility of feed (average 54. 35%) in present study resulted in an increased VS content of manure and hence CH4 emission from manure. CH4 emissions in present study, which used tier 2 methodologies were greater than the IPCC default manure management emission factor (1 kg/head/year) for other cattle (IPCC, 2006a). Nitrogen and nitrous oxide According to the on (IPCC) guidelines, the generation of N2O by manure deposited in grasslands is estimated to correspond to 2% of the total excreted N ((IPCC, 2006a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: In a very clear manner, Chomanski shows that designers of AP servants are being manipulative in the abovementioned sense:“By programming AIs with overwhelming desires to be servants, their programmers are set on making it close to impossibly psychologically difficult for the AIs to act in any way other than to pursue the life-plan that they are given: even a determined AI servant would likely not pick a different career path. This might be so even if they are programmed with the capacity to reflect on their own desires. Upon being told to build an AI servant, the programmers cannot help but suppose that the servant’s decision about what life plane to pursue are for the programmers to make. The programmers position themselves so as to be able to steer the choices of AI servants with a high degree of efficacy, by constructing the AIs’ psychology in the way just specified. They orchestrate the AIs’ choice space in such a way that only a very narrow range of options is realistically available to them. The AIs’ number of options, when it comes to career choice, is reduced to basically one. The AIs’ own capacity to respond to reasons, or to engage in reasoning, is ignored. The act of thus limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities is expressive of manipulativeness on the programmers’ part—that is, of being willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. It is, therefore, wrong” (Chomanski 2019, 1006). Hence, Chomanski believes that designing artificial servants involves manipulativeness on the side of designers since by selecting specific features of the designee (e. g. , the desire to serve), they are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by—I take the following features as crucial—“limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” Hence, Chomanski contends that designing people to serve is wrong because it involves the manipulativeness of the designers. A few clarifications on the concept of manipulativeness seem worth making. First, clearly, Baron’s account of manipulativeness represents only one of many approaches to this problem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По моему мнению, образование скоплений панцирей ксеназафусов в валимской свите происходило совершенно иначе. Как было отмечено выше, валимские отложения формировались в мелководных условиях, при периодических осушениях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: RecommendationsConclusionFor cattle, the estimated enteric methane EFs of adult males used for breeding and other purposes, adult multipurpose cows, adult males used for draught, growing males, growing females, calves 6 m–<1 year (male and female) and calves < 6 months (male and female) emitted 61. 1, 57, 56. 4, 53. 1, 40. 8, 14. 6 and 5. 2 kg CH4/head/year respectively. The estimated enteric CH4 EFs of dual-purpose cattle were 41. 7, 40. 9 and 40. 9 kg CH4 per year for lowland, midland and highland agro-ecology respectively. The estimated CH4 emissions from manure handling practices in the study area. In the cattle subcategories adult males were used for breeding and other purposes, adult multipurpose cows; and adult males were used for draught, growing males, growing females, calves 6 months–<1 year (male and female) and calves < 6 months (male and female) produced 4. 53, 4. 23, 4. 18, 3. 94, 3. 02, 1. 05 and 0. 742 kg Ch4 per head per year respectively. The estimated CH4 emissions from manure of dual-purpose cattle the lowland, midland and highland agro-ecosystems were 3. 17, 3. 07 and 3. 06 kg CH4/ year, respectively. Among the species in the study area, cattle (76. 13%) the most common species, followed by horse (12. 45%) and donkey (8. 95%). similarly, according to the total population the livestock zone in the highland area (46. 0%), there was a greater share of livestock in the midland (34. 7%) and lowland (19. 3%) areas. The estimated nitrous oxide concentrations in the study area for the cattle subcategories of adult males used for breeding and other purpose, adult males used for draught, adult multipurpose cows, growing males, growing females, calves 6 months–<1 year (male and female) and calves < 6 months (male and female) were 10. 2, 10. 1, 10, 9, 7 and 1 g N2O/head/year, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: White (2011, 162–170) and (2019, 197–201) discuss providing AI with legal personhood and, as a result, with a right to own property and money, to conclude contracts, or to sue others. Yet, one could wonder whether it is the right thing to do. Even assuming that we would agree that APs are persons in the moral sense, why would we decide that they are also persons in the legal sense and grant them powers such as those mentioned above? Why would people decide that robots can earn money and own goods? While there are various arguments for and against such a resolution, one possible answer is that if we recognize APs as moral persons equal to humans, and design them to have their desires and require some resources to maintain—such as electricity—and they were nobody’s property (since it is rather uncontroversial that moral persons should not be owned by anyone), then letting them work and earn is probably the best way to enable them to achieve those desires and obtain the resources. Otherwise, we would have to provide them with electricity and other goods for free, which seems even more controversial, or to ignore their desires and needs, which would also be highly questionable, since we would be the ones who brought them into a miserable existence. Then, in a sense, granting robots moral personhood and making them equal to humans results in problems that can be solved by granting them legal personality. Such a scenario of course remains highly speculative and even more controversial. Yet, to repeat, one of the side- or meta-aims of this study is to signal the problems that would appear if robots became persons, and hence to enable us to decide whether developing such robots is an aim we would like to try to achieve at all. Let us get back to the bottom line: Does designing such AP workers involve a manipulativeness on the side of designers? I believe it does. One could claim that a manipulativeness is not present because the desires programmed by designers for AP workers are significantly weaker than those programmed for AP servants, and also because AP workers can have their own desires not programmed by the designers. I assert that this only means that the manipulativeness is weaker, and not that it is utterly absent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Ксеназафусы, обитавшие на сублиторали, при отливах или масштабных осушениях морского дна попадали в большие мелкие лужи и по мере их высыхания формировали всё более и более плотные скопления ещё живых особей, которые постепенно там же и погибали. Эта гипотеза объясняет сонахождение панцирей трилобитов и побегов волховиелл.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The estimated nitrous oxide concentrations of dual-purpose cattle for lowland, midland and highland agro-ecologies were 7. 85, 7. 7 and 7. 7 g N2O/year, respectively. planning of smallholder livestock projects should include of climate change and greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies while responding to the growing demand of livestock products. Increasing roughage feeds digestibility (through chemical treatment, physical treatment and concentrate supplementation) should be used as a convenient way to reduce enteric CH4 emission in ruminants, as well as improving perennial forage cultivation through the use of supplements and other functions. The management and utilization of livestock manure should be improved. The current storage and handling practices for preserving manure nutrients should be evaluated. The largest emissions from cattle were CH4, and N2O, which indicated the need to improve livestock and manure management systems under smallholder agriculture. Existing mitigation strategies for CH4 emissions from cattle farms, which include the use of high quality forages and increased use of grains, are recommended management practices. Declarationsfirst authors would like to acknowledge University under the Ministry of Education of Ethiopia for financing the research. research was supported by University under the Ministry of Education. Ethics approval and consent to participate Original research was carried out according to guidelines the IPCC and Ethiopian research center and was performed in accordance with the relevant guideline and regulations. Consent for publication All subjects gave their consent to the publication of the data Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author contributions B. M. initiated this study. All authors contributed to more developing the conception of the study. A. M. performed editing of the document, performed the analysis, and generated visualization. B. Sh. performed editing and organizing the model of analyzing. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the manuscript writing. Availability of data and material All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 12. Bannink A, van Schijndel MW, Dijkstra J. A model of enteric fermentation in dairy cows to estimate methane emission for the using the IPCC Tier 3 approach. Sci Technol. 2011;166–167:603–18. ’’. Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review. Exp Agric. 2008;48(2):21–7. . (2007). Chem ical Com petition and Nutritiv value of Ethiopian feeds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as I have already mentioned, AP randoms would be uncontrollable and unpredictable (to a greater degree than other types of APs and in stark contrast to other technological artifacts). This means that AP randoms would not be typical technological artifacts created to make humans’ lives easier (however, while the intentional purpose of most technological artifacts is to make humans’ lives easier, it is not rare for unintentional consequences of their implementation to have the opposite effect) but rather would make our lives more complicated (which, of course, does not mean “worse”). To be clear, the fact that we can design APs without manipulativeness by developing AP randoms does not mean that we should do so. First, while manipulativeness may always be objectionable, it might also be justifiable. Hence, it is plausible to say that its presence might be justified by defending some other values or preventing some other harms. In other words, while AP randoms seem to be the best (or even the only) means to design APs without manipulativeness, it does not matter that they are generally the best means to design APs. Second, and more generally, designing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves the abovementioned shifts in our attitude towards technology—from a controllable and predictable tool that serves our aims and makes our lives easier to an uncontrollable and unpredictable person who has its own aims, tries to achieve its own good, often competing with humans beings in doing so, and hence makes our lives more complicated. Whether we should make these shifts and elevate the status of technology is a matter of very detailed debate and by no means can be decided or even examined here. Hence, to repeat, while there is a reasonable scenario in which we could design APs without being manipulative, it is by no means the only reasonable scenario on the table. There are also scenarios in which we can consider manipulativeness non-objectionable or objectionable but justifiable and develop not only AP randoms but also AP workers and AP servants. There is a possible scenario in which we could develop AP workers and AP servants instead of AP randoms (probably to avoid the unpredictability and uncontrollability of the latter). Finally, there is a scenario in which we should not develop any APs at all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В ландшафтных терминах обстановка формирования танатоценоза4 с остатками Volkhoviella primitiva и Xenasaphus devexus может быть отнесена к нижней литорали и верхней сублиторали. Материал исследования: пять фертильных побегов с терминальными спорангиями и два стерильных побега. Ранняя эволюция наземной растительности: основные морфогенетические процессы. В архейскую эру, вопреки мнению Л. С. Берга, суша, скорее всего, была безжизненной (см. рис. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(7):5811–52. . (2018). Symposium review: Uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques, and prediction models 1. J. Dairy Sci. , 101, 1–20. IPCC, 92. Kebreab E, Clark K, Wagner-Riddle C, France J. (2011). Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: A review. Https://Doi. Orgi>/10. 4141/A05-010, 86(2), 135–158. <doiz> --Bahl K. Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets. Sci. 2016;56(3):619–26. . Development of methane emission factors for enteric fermentation in cattle from Benin using IPCC Tier 2 methodology. Animal. 2015;9(3):526–33. Million T, Getahun K. (2021). Methane emission factors from indigenous cattle breed in smallholder livestock production systems in Ethiopia. 11(4), 145–150. . Estimation of enteric methane emission factor in cattle species in Ethiopia using IPCC tier 2 methodology. Sci Toxicol. 2022;6(1):013–8. Minson D. (1990). Forage in – 1st Edition. 502. . (2015). 2004 Methane and Emissions from in South Africa. Animals 2015, Vol. 5, Pages 193–205, 5(2), 193–205. Moss A, Jouany J-. (2000). Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. 49(3), 231–253. é. Contextualized re-calculation of enteric methane emission factors for small ruminants in sub-humid is far lower than previous estimates. Health Prod. 2019;51(4):919–28. Ndung’-. Improved region-specific emission factors for enteric methane emissions from cattle in smallholder mixed crop: Livestock systems of Nandi County, Kenya. Sci. 2019;59(6):1136–46. Ndung’u. Data describing cattle performance and feed characteristics to calculate enteric methane emissions in smallholder livestock systems in Bomet County, Kenya. Data Brief.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: The delay was recorded for each simulated vehicle and the values used to calculate the average entered in Fig. 15. 6. In principle, the entire distribution of delays can be used to characterize the results, which for reasons of space is omitted here, although it would be interesting. The fluctuations in the delays are a measure of the reliability of such a system. However, the example presented here shows that the delay fluctuations are only very weakly correlated with the proportion of autonomously guided vehicles; the major source of stochasticity in this system is generated by the demand and not the dynamics of the vehicles. Two results in Fig. 15. 6 stand out. For one thing, the description from the theory does not always correspond to the simulation results. A considerable amount of research is still needed here, because it’s not at all simple to translate the assumptions on which the theory is based into the simulated reality. This will undoubtedly be even more difficult in comparison with real measured values. To achieve agreement, the values for the saturation-traffic volume determined in the simulation had to be used—with the theoretical values, i. e. the τ values defined in Sect. 15. 3, the agreement is not compelling. Second, autonomous vehicles “only” change the capacity; otherwise there are no or only very small gains. As long as the demand stays away from the respective capacity, there are only minor differences between the various scenarios, at least on the level of the description selected here. A change in the capacity does have one very positive effect, however: it means that the required green times at a traffic signal can be shorter, leaving more time for other modes of transport. 5 SignalsSection 15. 4 looked at a traffic signal with a fixed-time control system. Many modern systems, however, utilize an adaptive control system. That means that the traffic signal attempts to coordinate its green times with the current demand. When demand is low, the green times are short, and when demand is high, the system responds with long green times. The details are somewhat more complex, because the delay regarded as a function of the demand has a minimum with a certain optimal cycle time. An adaptive system is able to choose the optimal cycle time for itself, and makes very clever use of the fluctuations that occur in the traffic flow. In this case as well, the aim is to examine how such an adaptive system handles a mix of autonomous and normal vehicles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Но уже в протерозое, по мере появления и развития цианобактерий, на суше вполне могли появиться их первые колонии, адаптированные к жизни в гиперэкстремальных условиях (в настоящее время, помимо морей, цианобактерии обитают в бессточных котловинах пустынь и даже в гидротермальных источниках).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The impact of controlling diseases of significant global importance on greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production access Published: 08 December 2023 The impact of controlling diseases of significant global importance on greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production Judith L. : orcid. org/0000-0002-4320-77521 Outlook 22. 5%, 9. 11% and 11. 3% respectively. ConclusionsControlling livestock disease can reduce MMY losses at the farm level, which improves food security, reduces GHGe and enhances livestock system sustainability. BackgroundAs the global population increases to a predicted 9. 7 billion people by 2050 [1], consumption of milk, meat and eggs is predicted to increase by 48. 6% by 2050 [2]. Livestock producers worldwide are therefore faced with the considerable task of producing more livestock-derived foods (LDF), using fewer resources, while maintaining food safety, quality and affordability [3]. There is a considerable body of evidence linking improved livestock productivity (milk and/or meat yield, MMY) and consequent decreases in livestock numbers with reduced resource use and greenhouse gas (GHGe) per unit of food produced, and therefore improved environmental sustainability [4,5,6,7]. Livestock health is a key determinant of system MMY, with losses manifested as reduced yields; decreased liveweight gains and therefore greater amounts of time needed to reach a target weight, maturity or parturition; impaired fertility; premature culling/mortality; or condemned organs and carcasses [8]. Although the MMY impacts of different diseases vary widely, the short and long-term effects of sub-clinical and clinical disease have potentially significant economic and environmental consequences [9]. This is a particular issue in smallholder or backyard operations, which constitute 82% of farms in low-income countries [10] and are associated with greater GHGe per unit of LDF [11, 12]. Such farms often have reduced access to the veterinary care, resources, infrastructure and political visibility that have facilitated intensification in higher-income countries, and, yet could reduce their environmental impacts considerably as a consequence of improved livestock health [13]. Considerable media coverage is devoted to the environmental impact of livestock production, including climate change, water and air pollution, soil erosion and biodiversity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: Although the introduction of autonomous vehicles has little impact on green times and delays when demand is low, it yields major improvements when the system is operating beyond capacity. Nevertheless, the magnitude of these improvements does depend on the details of the scenario being examined. If the peak value for demand were just a bit lower, the benefit would also be significantly diminished. That notwithstanding, it may be asserted with confidence that at least in the urban context, the introduction of autonomous vehicles has the potential to generate substantial time gains at traffic signals which would then be available for other road users—if the introduction of these vehicles does not lead to an increase in demand for automotive transportation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По всей видимости, именно в периодически увлажнявшихся низменностях суши, на обогащённых органикой и размягчённых минеральных субстратах появились первые наземные биоценозы, образованные цианобактериями и другими прокариотами, а также одноклеточными эукариотическими водорослями и грибами. Сапротрофные грибы-хитридиомицеты рода были обнаружены в верхневендских отложениях Восточно-Европейской платформы [21].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Annual milk yields were set at 4,500 kg fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) derived from the database [17]. The MMY losses conferred by a cow dying were calculated according to the yields that would be produced over the time taken to rear a heifer to first calving (26 mo), considering a 14 mo calving interval, and were equal to 8,357 kg FPCM. A maximum of 14. 4 kg of FPCM was lost per non-yielding day of lactation. The potential beef losses (calves that could otherwise be sold and reared for beef) incurred by cow mortality derived from the number of calves produced each year (0. 81 per cow); a 5% calf mortality rate; the proportion of calves required as heifer replacements (0. 29 per cow) accounting for a 25% culling rate and 85% of replacement heifers successfully entering the herd [5]. The effects of morbidity upon MMY were assessed based upon a 50,000 head population and a herd containing 200 lactating cows (plus associated dry cows, heifer replacements, bulls and growing/finishing cattle). The GHGe for the baseline population was derived from a previous UN FAO study at 1. 50 kg CO2eq per kg FPCM [18]. Fractions of GHGe were attributed to the resource requirements for lactation and maintenance for different cattle groups within the herd according to the previously reported proportions [5] at 42% for lactation and 58% for maintenance (25% lactating cows, 5% dry cows, 27% replacement heifers, 1. 0% bulls). Dairy calves were assumed to be sold off-farm for beef soon after birth, therefore their GHGe were considered de minimus. After accounting for herd performance and population characteristics, the annual GHGe per lactating cow in the herd (including emissions from non-productive cattle) was calculated to be 6,750 kg CO2eq. The effects of disease on extensive beef cattle production were modelled upon a baseline population characteristic of those found in South America, with cattle performance largely dictated by seasonal forage availability. The proportions of cows, bulls, replacement heifers and bulls, and growing cattle destined for beef were derived from a previous study [4], as shown in Table 3. Accounting for a 40 mo age at first calving and 16 mo calving interval, cows produced 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: Moreover, union stations draw traffic of not only public transportation, but also of private cars that are driven by people who just need a solution for the first and the last mile from the union station to their home [6]. Also, the parking seekers near the union station make the congestions even worse. In addition, street parking occupies areas that could be utilized for moving vehicles [7], because a vacant driverless vehicle can move automatically to a remote parking [8, 9], which can be farther away from the union station. This will also generate an uncomplicated expansion of roads. Another issue is the subsidization of rail systems. Most of the countries subsidize their rail systems. China invests $128 billion in rail each year [10], whereas Europe invests €73 billion in rail each year [11]. The subsidizations are a chief financial part of rail system budgets almost anywhere in the world. Only Japans' rail system is not subsidized. Without subsidization, almost no rail system can survive. Only freight rails in several lines can be moneymaking [12]; however, the freight rails will also have a competition with the new technology of self-driving truck platoons [13]. Accordingly, most of the rail systems will perish as soon as subsidization is brought to an end. In a study [14], the authors doubt the effectiveness of subsidy for R&D. Subsidy for rail fares is much more. Rail systems, in reality, lose billions of dollars every year. If these rail systems cannot stay alive, they should be allowed to humbly depart this life [15]. The billions saved from the rail systems can be invested in roads with the aim of reduction of traffic congestions. If there is no train in the union station, the justification for its existence will be significantly decreased. The highways will have an opposite influence. i. e. they will have to serve more traffic volume, but this growth can be handled. Where an expansion of the road is possible, such an expansion should be carried out [16-18]. Where a road expansion is impossible, a second floor of roads should be built as was done in and many other places in the world [19]. A second floor of roads in Kobe, Japan is shown in Fig. (1). built a second floor of traffic lanes on the highway goes across Tehran as well [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Все эти организмы образовывали тесные симбиотические связи, позволявшие им выживать в условиях суши. К обитателям наземных сообществ могли принадлежать некоторые формы неопределённого систематического положения, например, род [22]. Появление первых наземных бактериально-водорослево-грибных сообществ, очевидно, было теснейшим образом сопряжено с образованием первых почв.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: 53 live calves per year, weaned at 8. 0 mo [4]. When adjusted for mortality, and a 12. 5% replacement rate, 0. 14 calves per cow were destined as heifer replacements, and 0. 37 calves for beef. Cattle destined for beef were finished at 36 mo, yielding 280. 9 kg CW. The MMY losses incurred by a beef cow dying were calculated according to the potential CW lost over the time required to rear an extra heifer replacement (344. 7 kg CW) plus the cull cow beef lost by premature death (213. 8 kg CW). Morbidity effects upon MMY were based upon a 50,000 head population and a herd containing 200 breeding cows (plus associated heifer replacements, bulls and growing/finishing cattle). The GHGe for the baseline population were characteristic of extensive beef production at 73. 0 kg CO2eq per kg CW [12]. As in the dairy model, the proportions of GHGe attributed to different cattle groups were proportional to their resource requirements as derived from a previous study at 52% for maintenance (38% cows, 10% replacement heifers, 5% bulls, 47% growing and finishing cattle) and 48% for growth [4]. The GHGe associated with the beef cattle population divided by the number of head of cows, produced annual GHGe per cow of 7,997 kg CO2eq. Compared to ruminant systems, monogastric (swine and poultry) production across the globe have GHGe that are more dependent upon resource inputs (primarily feed) than cattle systems [11, 12]. Within the current study, the impacts of disease on swine production were assessed in commercial (non-backyard) operations, whereas effects in poultry systems were confined to backyard flocks. It should be noted that these are not and should not be assumed to be direct comparisons, but to provide a variety of systems within the study and to acknowledge the vital contribution made by backyard poultry to human nutrition and health worldwide. Swine production was characterised by populations comprising sows, weaned pigs and growing/finishing pigs (Table 4), with sows first farrowing at 367 days of age, producing 2. 00 litters per year, and selling 19. 4 finished pigs per year [19,20,21,22,23]. Swine were finished at 8. 4 mo of age and 116 kg liveweight, producing 83.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: So, any road can be expanded and the money saved from eliminating subsidization of rail systems can be used for this expansion. An example is the most congested highway in Israel i. e Highway no. 20. 2013, a section of this highway was expanded in to five lanes; northbound and southbound [21]. As a result, this section became uncongested. Fig. (2) shows the traffic congestion in 17:00 in Highway no. 20 in Israel. The expanded section is surrounded by an ellipse. It can easily be seen that in this section the congestion has been released. Fig. (1). Second floor of roads in Kobe, Japan. Fig. (2). Highway no. 20 in Israel in 17:00. 3. the era of driverless cars, even people with disabilities or people with an exhausting job will be able to travel in a car without driving [22]; Moreover, shared driverless car will be much more attractive than transportation means arriving at a union station not nearby home. New apparatus like [23] can be mounted on the vehicles with the aim of making them more user friendly for disabled. Furthermore, drunk, reckless, or distracted drivers usually are not mindful of their unsafe way of driving. Many authorities try to convince these drivers to leave their cars and use public transportation like trains. Some of these drivers come to an understanding that it is better for them not to drive, but there are still too many vehicles in the hands of inapt drivers. When the driverless cars are a standard, theses risky drives will come to an end [24]. When the use of driverless cars becomes widespread, the question of whether the state must provide public transportation services or public transportation services should be a profitable private-owned business like the Japanese model would be an interesting question for historians of transportation and when a lion's share of the public transportation will cease to exist, the union station will not have a good enough reason to carry on. 4. vehicles, if kept in good condition, emit only very small air quality pollutants [25]. New cars are manufactured with advanced [26] and in most of the developed countries, the use of is obligatory [27]. In addition, the selling of leaded fuel is outlawed in most of the developed countries. Unleaded fuel is obligatory because lead is a potent neurotoxin and pollutant [28]. Nowadays, unleaded fuels are commonly standard [29].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Взаимодействие почв и организмов первичных биоценозов суши было системой с обратной связью, поскольку развитие почв способствовало повышению таксономического разнообразия наземных сообществ за счёт расширения их трофической базы, а жизнедеятельность организмов, входящих в эти сообщества, неизбежно обогащала почвы биогенами. Накопление биогенов привело к образованию генетического почвенного горизонта "А", сложенного гумусом.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Similar effects of disease on system efficiency have been previously reported, whereby Johnes disease was cited as increasing GHGe by 25% per kg of milk and 40% per kg of beef due to long-term effects on feed efficiency and growth before premature culling, whereas diarrhoea in dairy calves, with short-lived effects on intake and growth in heifer replacements increased GHGe by less than 1% per kg of milk [56]. Some of the data in this study were normalised to a standard prevalence to allow a theoretical comparison across species and diseases (Fig. 2), although under real-life conditions, effects of disease are confounded by prevalence and these impacts are significant data gaps in the literature. Within a specific species, the MMY impacts increase with disease prevalence – the GHGe effects of a specific disease at the population or herd level therefore derive from a function of MMY effects and prevalence. For example, anthrax is inevitably fatal, causing significant MMY losses, yet the majority of anthrax cases are caused by ingestion of spores from soil or pasture, transmission between animals is rare and prevalence (at the population level) is low. By contrast, brucellosis has a far lesser impact on cattle MMY, yet is highly contagious between infected cattle and can spread quickly and easily within a herd or population (Table 6). Despite these differences, the two diseases conferred almost identical increases in total GHGe from a 200-cow dairy herd within the current study, but had very different impacts at the population level (Table 8). It is therefore essential to consider the relative merits of mitigating impacts of widespread but relatively low GHGe impact diseases, or those that have considerable impacts at the localised level, yet only affect a relatively small proportion of herds or flocks. The global effects of absolute increases in GHGe conferred by disease are further complicated by the size of livestock populations. Worldwide, considerably more head of poultry and swine exist than ruminant animals, yet the bodyweight of an average dairy cow is ~ 500 × than of a hen. Consequently, cattle account for 54. 8% of global livestock mass, compared to 18. 4% for swine and 3. 4% for chickens (Author’s calculation derived from supplementary data from [57]).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: (5); however, it is flabbergasting to realize that there are only 61 vehicles per capita in Nigeria [37] which is just 7. 65% of the rate of motorization in the US. Large number of modern private cars create only very slight amount of pollutants. The pollution is mainly generated by defective vehicles, leaded fuel and fuel mixed with oils that are unacceptable in developed countries. Therefore, the explanation for the enormous excess in the concentration of pollutants in the air of Nigeria is not just the traffic emission, but rather the nature of the traffic. In addition, there are more reasons for the bad air quality in Nigeria like improper waste treatment as burning of waste and unfiltered emission from industrial plants near living area as can be seen in Fig. (6). Fig. (6). Improper waste treatment in Nigeria. The air pollution generated by transportation means has been significantly reduced during last years and it is no more an acute concern. According to [38], by 2040, the CO2 emission will not be an issue in transportation means in Europe anymore. Therefore it is unreasonable to spend billions of dollars to subsidize public transportation which will yield almost no improvement in air quality and where there will be no subsidy to the public transportation, the incentive for union stations will be much more smaller. In addition, it is healthier to distribute the air pollution in a larger area than allowed pollutants to converge by squeezing a large amount of transportation means in a small area of the union station. 5. it is customary to accept as true that larger transportation means are the safest and since trains are the largest among all transportation means, train travel is the safest. In 2015, there were only 749 recorded deaths in the US in rail related accidents; whereas in the same period 35,092 people died in the US in highway crashes [39]. Road crashes are the leading cause of death among young people ages 15–29 and account for 2. 2% of all deaths globally. In addition, road crashes impose significant costs. Simulations of traffic accidents indicate that more damages are generated to cars in accidents, because they are feebler than train bodies [40-42]. The annual cost of road crashes is USD $518 billion globally, costing individual countries from 1%-2% of their annual GDP [43].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Дальнейшее размягчение и эрозия минеральных субстратов привели к формированию генетического горизонта "B". Свою роль в формировании наземных биоценозов должны были сыграть и морские водоросли, произраставшие на сублиторали и литорали. Безусловно, они вынуждены были адаптироваться к периодическим осушениям, вызванным приливами и отливами.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: By contrast, CSF at 90% prevalence in a 1,000-sow herd (Table 10) increased GHGe by the equivalent of the annual emissions from 9,324 cars; whereas Newcastle disease at 95% prevalence in a 10-bird poultry flock (Table 11) increased GHGe by the equivalent of the annual emissions from 0. 13 cars. It is acknowledged that vehicle emissions vary considerably between countries and change over time, yet it is important to understand the context of changes in livestock GHGe compared to other GHG sources. Livestock producers worldwide must improve health and welfare through improved disease surveillance and reporting, optimized medicines use, implementation of preventative herd or flock health plans and adoption of tools and technologies that improve and facilitate these goals. This requires a concerted effort to improve collaboration and communication between all livestock production stakeholders, from the producer, veterinary surgeon, nutritionist and geneticist through the processor and retailer to the policymaker and consumer. The new OIE-WAHIS portal [15] was developed with the intent of facilitating disease reporting, increasing and easing data reporting and therefore improving global data quality. If successful, this will bridge the data gap relating to livestock disease, productivity and GHGe; however, it is too early to judge whether these aims have been met. The global threat presented by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human, animal and ecosystem health and the consequent need to reduce, replace and refine antimicrobial use offers a clear rationale for implementing preventative health programmes for livestock across the globe, yet the advantages of these programmes must be clearly communicated to encourage producer uptake [61]. The results of the current study add to the body of knowledge and information that may be used in this drive to increase vaccine use. The effectiveness and adoption of vaccines will never reach 100% across a real-life livestock population. Nevertheless, the potential reductions in milk and meat GHGe intensity (kg CO2eq/kg product) and improved food security that can be conferred by disease prevention should be of considerable interest to processors, retailers and policymakers. For example, reducing the prevalence of PRRS in swine populations from 60 to 10% would reduce GHGe intensity by 22. 5%; whereas reducing FMD in beef cattle from 45 to 5% prevalence, or AIB in poultry from 75 to 20% prevalence would reduce GHGe intensities by 9. 11% and 11. 3% respectively (Table 12).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: In a study [44] it is claimed that in cities where the rail transit is a major component of the transportation system, there will be 36% lower per capita traffic fatalities (7. 5 versus 11. 7 annual deaths per 100,000 residents) even though a single rail accident on its own statistically claims more lives than a single car accident [45]. Accordingly, various authorities in more than a few countries believe that many lives can be saved by shifting some of the traffic to a train. However, all of this line of reasoning will be irrelevant when the driverless cars are available. By automating driving, 95% of car crashes could be eliminated [46], because many safety gadgets will be installed in the driverless cars [47-49]. Most of the trips in the US are currently undertaken by cars; whereas trains carry only a small percentage of passengers. According to the US Department of Transportation, 3,130,509 million miles have been traveled on US highway system in 2015; whereas in the same period only 532 million miles have been traveled by trains [50]. So even now, it is not clear the rail system is safer, but when the driverless cars are available, it will be as clear as daylight that driverless cars are much safer than conventional trains. On the other hand, the rail system and the buses will be also driverless [51], so their safety will be also improved and both the driverless cars and the driverless buses and trains will have an almost zero probability to have fatal accident [52-54], for that reason, it will unreasonable to subsidize public transportation with the aim of convincing people to travel in this means of transportation that essentially will have almost the same safety attributes and qualities. Since most the people will travel by driverless cars, the union stations will be of almost no use and most of them will be shutdown. transportation was invented more than 200 years ago [55]. The concept of union stations joined the public transportation only not many years later [56]. In this paper, we have shown that in the age of driverless cars, a means of transportation that takes many people from one central station to another central station has lost the justifications for its existence. The reasons detailed in the paper and were commonly accepted as true are no longer valid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В современном мире богатейшие сообщества морских водорослей способны без какого-либо вреда для себя переживать отливы, находясь в течение нескольких часов в аэральных условиях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 7 No. 7, June 2016 and () Sunil P. Dhoubhadel1, Farzad Taheripour2, Matthew C. Stockton3 1Department of. 2Department of. 3Research & Extension Center, University of Nebraska-. DOI: 10. 4236/jep. 2016. 77087 2,443 Downloads 4,414 Views 2022. Estimated emissions associated with this change are about 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) during 2004-2022 or an annual average of 1. 1 billion tons. Results also indicate that a significant portion of the emissions (about 11%) can be reduced if consumer p995. doi: 10. 4236/jep. 2016. 77087. Received 12 April 2016; accepted 3 June 2016; published 6 June 2016 1. growing concern about the climate change, potential sources of (GHG) emissions mitigation are being identified. Lately, the livestock sector has received considerable attention in this regard as the sector reportedly contributes significantly to human-induced GHG emissions [1] - [3]. The global demand for livestock products has grown over the years and is likely continue that growth in the future [4]. Increasing overall livestock output has implications for the environment. The sources of GHG emissions from the livestock sector can be segregated into two broad categories: 1) emissions that emanate from land use changes due to livestock production; typically when forest land is converted into pasture or cropland to accommodate increased livestock production, it results in increased GHG emissions due to land clearing and reduced long term carbon sequestration; 2) emissions which are attributed to non-land use change sources such as enteric fermentation, feed production and processing, manure handling, and processing and transportation of animal products. Unlike the emissions estimates for non-land use sources, which have been well documented in the literature [1] [2] the emissions induced by land use changes due to livestock production have not been adequately addressed and are a contentious issue [5]. While [3] and [6] estimate about 2. 4 to 2. 6 billion tons carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) emissions per year as a result of land use change due to livestock production, these reports, however, do not provide a detailed explanation of the methods used to obtain these estimates. A FAO report authored by [2] estimates approximately 7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make all forms of public transportation obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: There are still many misgivings regarding the driverless cars technology [57]; however, a report by LLC made a calculation with the overwhelming figure that the total market of driverless cars in all the companies involved in its development is about $100 billion as for 2017 not including the value of the actual cars involved in various projects [58]. In view of this commercial figure, there are two possibilities. The first is that driverless cars will be indeed a wide-use technology and the second is that driverless cars are actually the top financial fraud of all time. Unfortunately, there are few people who believe in the section option; however, it is quite clear that the first option seems to be more reasonable. Driverless cars are much more comfortable and restful for passengers than public transportation. Moreover, union stations are not often in a close proximity of the passenger, so the passenger should use another means of transportation to arrive at a union station; whereas when using driverless cars there is no need for the hassle of these connections [59]. As a result, driverless cars will gradually take control of the transportation market [60]. As more and more driverless cars are on the roads, the union stations will slowly but surely fade away from our lives. applicable applicable. . authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. none. 91. CrossRef 4 P. Fernandes, and U. Nunes, "Platooning with IVC-enabled autonomous vehicles: Strategies to mitigate communication delays, improve safety and traffic flow", IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. , vol. 13, no. 1, 106. CrossRef 5 D. Carlino, M. Depinet, P. Khandelwal, and P. Stone, "Approximately orchestrated routing and transportation analyzer: Large-scale traffic simulation for autonomous vehicles", 15th on Systems (ITSC), 339. CrossRef 6 Z. J. Chong, B. Qin, T. Bandyopadhyay, T. . Frazzoli, D. Rus, D. Hsu, and K. H. Low, "Autonomous personal vehicle for the first- and last-mile transportation services", 5th on Cybernetics and (CIS), 260. CrossRef 7 A. Henry, R. E. Barone, A. Pichardo, E. Roach, T. Keegan, D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В конце протерозоя или, самое позднее, в начале палеозоя среди водорослей, произраставших на литорали и периодически оказывавшихся под воздействием сухого воздуха и прямых солнечных лучей, должны были появиться формы с плотными наружными покровами, которые в дальнейшем могли преобразоваться в кутикулу. В геологической летописи известен целый ряд форм с плотными покровами, занимающих промежуточное положение между водорослями и высшими растениями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: 1 billion tons of CO2 e emissions annually from the livestock sector and attribute about 0. 65 billion tons CO2 e per year (about 9. 2% of the total emissions from the sector) to the land use changes. However, this estimate fails to account fully the emissions from land use change associated with livestock production at the global level as it mainly accounts for land use changes in due to soybean production in Brazil and Argentina and pasture expansion in Brazil, Chile, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. Given that the report does not account for land use changes in all regions of the world and all crops, it is likely that it underestimates the emissions from land use change caused by livestock production at the global level. Moreover, [2] ’s emission estimates are based on the reference years 1996-2006, which need updating to account for the livestock production after 2006. A more recent estimate of GHG emissions from livestock sector by [1] does not include the emissions from land use changes. Given this gap in the literature, this work focuses on estimating GHG emissions induced by land use changes due to projected increase in livestock production between 2004 and 2022. The objectives of this paper are threefold: 1) provide a baseline projection for regional livestock output growth between 2004 and 2022 at the global scale; 2) use the baseline projection estimates of livestock output to estimate the expected global land use changes by regions; and 3) estimate the GHG emissions associated with those changes. Considering the global scale of this work and the number of interactions among many economic sectors and regions, a Equilibrium (CGE) modeling framework is used. 2. A modified version of the standard GTAP (Analysis Project) model, GTAP-BIO, is used for this analysis. The GTAP model is a multi-sector, multi-region CGE model, which is widely used for policy, trade, and environmental analysis. GTAP models consumer (private households) preference using a of Elasticity (CDE) function, which allows income elasticities to differ across goods. Producer/firm production functions are modeled using nested of Substitution (CES) forms. Moreover, it assumes constant returns to scale in production and perfectly competitive markets. assumption is used for traded goods i. e. the imports are differentiated by country of origin. The general equilibrium nature of the model is imposed by applying in the model, i. e. in equilibrium all markets clear (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: ” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem. ” At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: Chaos in the Universe, Nature and (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. (1942) I. there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction. We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin. Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее известны среди них спонгиофитовые: девонские роды Schuguria Tchirkova-Zalesskaya,Orestovia Ergolskaya, et Istchenko, Rhytidophyton Istchenko, Spongiophyton Krāusel. Часть этих растений с полным основанием может быть отнесена к трахеофитам, хотя в их строении наблюдается много архаичных черт [23]. Возможно, адаптации к субаэральным условиям произрастания были свойственны и гораздо более древним (вендским) водорослям вендотенидам (рис. 6, а, б).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: In most of the regions, cropland is reduced, while in regions such as Canada (CAN), and Mala_Indo cropland expanded. Globally there is a net increase of about 44. 5 billion hectares of pasture, with a decrease in cropland and forest of 1. 1 billion and 43. 3 billion hectares respectively (Table 2). Among the regions, emerges as the region of largest pasture expansion/deforestation followed by S_S_and (S_o_Amer), and R_S_ Asia (Table 2). The expansion of pasture is small in the advanced economies such as the EU27, _Europe, and Oceania. 4. 3. to the stated previously, the results on regional land use change obtained from the GTAP-BIO model simulations are used in combination with the “AEZ_EF v47” model to estimate the induced land use emissions as a result of regional changes in livestock demands for livestock outputs3. Table 3 presents the induced land use emissions as Figure 3. Projected growth (in percentage) in the global livestock output (2004-2022). Figure 4. Projected growth (in percentage) in the regional livestock output (2004-2022). (a)(b)(c) Figure 5. (a) Decrease in forest land due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022); (b) Change in crop land due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022). Negative values are for decrease in cropland and positive values indicate increase in cropland; (c) Increase in pastureland due to increase in livestock demand (2004-2022). Table 2. Projected change in land use (in hectare) induced by change in the demand for livestock outputs (2004-2022). aValues in the parenthesis are the negative changes. a consequence of changes in livestock demand between 2004 and 2022. Results indicate a major contribution of deforestation to the total emissions; particularly, the conversion of forest to pasture accounts for the majority of the emissions (Table 2 and Table 3). Conversely, the conversion of cropland to pasture reduces emissions. The regions with relatively higher emission are S_S_and S_o_Amer (Table 3). Mal_Indo, R_SE_ Asia, and R_S_Asia are other regions with major land use emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future. as a for Ancient DNA and Preserva. . . Landon A. 13, 2022 Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies. FFP3 respirators protect healthcare workers against infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 14 more June 30, 2021 IntroductionConsistent with Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Volkhoviella primitiva может рассматриваться как один из таких колонистов. Далее, в силуре, произошло совмещение и коэволюция первичных наземных бактериально-водорослево-грибных сообществ и литоральных водорослевых сообществ, чему очень способствовало формирование первых почв. Взаимные таксономические обмены между этими исходно разными сообществами могли сопровождаться трансдукционной интрогрессией –параллельным обменом генами за счёт вирусной активности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: At the global level, the induced emissions are about 19. 8 billion tons CO2 e (Table 3). Since these emissions are the aggregated emissions for the 18 year period (2004-2022), the average annualized emissions due to the increase in livestock demand are about 1. 1 billion tons CO2 e per year. Given that the 0. 65 billion tons CO2 e per year estimate by [2] might be underestimated, the estimate of 1. 1 billion tons CO2 e per year obtained from this study is very plausible. 4. 4. This increase in elasticity is accomplished by altering the substitution parameter () in the model. parameter in the model helps determine how easily goods are substitutable in consumption. values for livestock products in the model are decreased by 50% for all regions compared to the baseline case. The decrease in increases own and cross price compensated elasticities. Table 3. Total induced emission (in 1000 tons CO2 e) from land use changes due to changes in livestock output (2004- 2022). bF = forest, C = cropland, P = pasture, and CP = cropland-pasture (land that can alternate between crop cultivation and pasture). Figure 64 and Figure 7 present the percentage point difference in the global and regional livestock outputs when is reduced. Compared to the baseline simulations, with the reduced parameter values, the global livestock output increased for all categories. The increased price sensitivity in consumption to both own-price and cross-price changes significantly increased the global output for non-ruminants (Figure 6). At the regional level, _NAfr, Oth_CEE_CIS, R_S_Asia, Russia, S_O_Amer, and are the regions with the largest increase in non-ruminant output compared to the baseline scenario (Figure 7). Table 4 shows the difference in land use change with higher price sensitivity. The results on the “A” columns are the baseline results, the “B” columns are the price sensitive results, and the “C” columns list the difference between two scenarios (C = B − A). With the increased price sensitivity, about 3. 8 million hectares of forest are spared, while both cropland and pasture area decline by just over 3 million hectares and 767 thousand hectares, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: 125 Development of the pension saving market: outlook of the generation Z E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 126 Openness of local government bodies: work with citizens’ appeals, feedback M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 127 Validation approaches for FCM algorithm S 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 128 The relations between conflict resolution styles and entrepreneurial propensity. Educational management challenges. M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 129 Social media as an instrument of promotion of healthy lifestyle among young people: cases of Hungary and 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 130 The impact of the Policy on socio-economic development in 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 131 Survival analysis for income affluence duration in 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 132 Innovation spaces of the European part of 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 133 New approach to an assessment of influence of the fourth industrial revolution technologies on economy M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 134 The model of efficient wages as a factor of sustainable reproduction of rural personnel E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 135 Assumptions for competitiveness on the global markets – example of Czech SME operating in High-tech M 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 136 Application of Clustering in Bank’s S 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 137 - an Endangered Species? E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 138 The relationship between maritime fuel surcharges development and economic growth E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 139 Responsibility and the SMEs – from the 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 140 Identification of the importance of enterprises’ own funds in the processes of innovation activity funding at the level of Polish regions E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 141 Responsibility from the Perspective of 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 142 Economy in the EU in the Period 2007 - 2018 E 10. 18267/pr. 2019. los. 186. 143 Methods in of Slovak Enterprises: Comparison of S 10. 18267/pr. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Как было отмечено выше, в освоении наземных ландшафтов большую роль сыграли лишайники и мохообразные. Современные экстремальные экотопы с первично минеральными субстратами, в которых произрастают лишайники, близки к тем условиям, в которых появились первые наземные растения (см. рис. 6, в). Видимо, здесь же произрастали и мхи.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Even with the reduction in crop and pasture land, livestock output is higher at the global level for the price sensitive scenario compared to the baseline (Figure 6). While most regions had a decline in deforestation under the price sensitive scenario, four regions had an increase, which includes _C_Amer, MEAS_NAfr, and S_S_AFR. The regions having the most reduction in deforestation are _Indo, R_SE_Asia, and Rest of (R_S_Asia). Most of these regions are also the regions with the largest decrease in the cropland area (Table 4). Table 5 compares total emissions from the baseline simulation to the emissions of the price sensitive scenario. At the global level, the total emissions with the reduced are about 17. 5 billion tons of CO2 e, approximately 2. 3 billion tons less (about 11% less) than the baseline simulation. The 11% drop in emissions is mainly Figure 6. Percentage point difference in the global livestock output growth with the reduced compared to the baseline simulation. Figure 7. Percentage point difference in the regional livestock output growth with the reduced compared to the baseline simulation. Table 4. Impact of higher substitution in livestock consumption on land use chage (in hectare). Table 5. Impact on induced emissions (in 1000 tons CO2 eq. ) with the reduced. due to the decrease in deforestation and the increased conversion of crop land for pasture (Table 3 and Table 5). The regions with the substantial reduction in emissions are _Indo, R_SE_Asia, R_S_Asia, and INDIA (Table 5). The results indicate that increased price sensitivity in consumption of livestock products can lead to a substantial reduction in the GHG emissions from the sector. 5. on regional projections of GDP, population, capital, and skilled and unskilled labor, demand for livestock outputs are forecasted for the period between the years 2004 to 2022. Globally, the demand for non-ruminant output increases the most. Regionally, this expansion is the most evident in fast-growing economies such as and INDIA. Changes in land use as a result of the growth in livestock output are estimated to be large with a loss of forest amounting to over 43. 3 million hectares, a reduction in crop land of about 1 million hectares, and an increase in pasture of over 44 million hectares.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: However, the initial cost and recommended use of proprietary filters may not address all potential deployment needs. Similarly, Formel et al. (2021) developed an automated sampling device capable of sample collection and subsequent preservation, but this device requires access to fabrication facilities capable of 3D printing and microelectronics assembly. Several studies have identified technical advantages of enclosed Sterivex™ filter cartridges for aquatic eDNA collection (Miya et al. , 2016; Spens et al. , 2017; Tsuji et al. , 2019; Ushio, 2019; Takahashi et al. , 2020). These filters are individually packaged, sterile, and lightweight—all features that make them ideal for transport into field collection locations. Despite the advantages offered by Sterivex™ filtration cartridges, their use for eDNA collection can be challenging due to pressures required (1–3. 1 bar, or 15–45 psi) for manual collection with large-volume syringes, or mechanical collections using vacuum or peristaltic pump systems. Significant pressure is required to pull or push liquids through the filtration matrix as it becomes clogged with particulate matter. Vacuum- or pressure-driven systems require robust laboratory equipment to generate sufficient force, which are often large and require a standard 110V/220V power source. Additionally, our group has found that standard peristaltic or vacuum pumps can produce excessive pressure or suction that causes collapse of tubing or separation of the filter body from the pump as the membrane becomes clogged and internal pressure increases. Similarly, standard laboratory vacuum and peristaltic pumps are costly and may generate insufficient pressure for filtration of samples when using a manifold system to increase the number of samples being filtered. To address these issues, we have designed a field-portable pump to minimize the need for water transfer to a traditional laboratory for filtration. This pump reduces the time from sample collection to filtration by hours or even days, depending on sampling locations and access to laboratory pumps, and therefore the potential for degradation or unintentional alteration of sample integrity due to increased or decreased biological activity within a water sample. Once samples are filtered, they can be quickly preserved with chemical reagents to eliminate the need for cold-chain storage. We provide detailed pump assembly instructions (Supplemental Document), which takes less than 30 min to assemble at a cost of ∼$350 USD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Наиболее древние, достоверно доказанные остатки печёночных мхов происходят из среднедевонских отложений [25], но они уже вполне сформированы, а это однозначно указывает на то, что данная группа к среднему девону прошла достаточно длинный эволюционный путь. Рис. 6. Примеры растений, принимавших участие в ранней колонизации суши (а, б, г–е), и современные лишайники (в) а, б – Vendotaenia sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Given that the forests sequester more carbon than other land uses, clearing them results in significant GHG emissions. The change in land use due to increased livestock production increases emissions by about 20 billion tons of CO2 e between 2004 and 2022 or about an average of 1. 1 billion tons annually, which is about 15. 5% of the total emissions (7. 1 billion tons of CO2 e) from livestock sector as estimated by [2] and about 2. 2% of the total human-induced GHG emissions (49 billion tons of CO2 e) as estimated by the on for the year 2004 [15]. When consumer’s responses to price changes are made more elastic i. e. more sensitive to price changes and willing to substitute more readily among livestock products, there is more increase in demand for livestock output especially the non-ruminant products with significant reduction in deforestation and GHG emissions. The results from this study indicate that there is a potential for significant reduction in GHG emissions from livestock sector through policy interventions that target the consumption pattern of the private households. For this purpose, the intervention should encourage increased substitution among livestock products. In particular, the policies should encourage consumers to substitute non-ruminant for ruminant meat products. authors are grateful for the financial support from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and State University. NOTES *Corresponding author. 1Livestock output demand from the government is also another source. Given that the share of government’s demand in the total demand for the livestock output is negligible, this category of demand is not considered in the analysis. 2The GTAP-BIO results (except for the land use change) are presented in proportionate change, hence, the results on livestock output changes are in percentage change rather than the absolute change. 3For this purpose regional land use change results similar to the ones presented in Table 2 and Table 4 but disaggregated to the 18 AEZ levels of the GTAP-BIO model are used in the “AEZ_EF V47” model. 4Figure 6 shows the percentage point difference in global livestock output growth for price sensitive scenario compared to the baseline scenario. This figure is not directly comparable to Figure 3, which shows percentage change in global livestock output for the baseline scenario. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 216. [2] Gerber, P. , Steinfeld, H. , Henderson, B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: 12 Molex Perma-Terminals 18-22 AWG Mouser (19164-0017) $1. 03 2 $2. 06 Cost: $354. 39 *All pricing as of May 2022 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-1 Flow rate characterization was performed with a fully charged battery and a 0. 5-meter inlet tube. 3. 0 L of synthetic sea water from a marine invertebrate housing tank were filtered with 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm filters, and the volume of water filter was recorded each minute until total the volume was filtered. We recognize that synthetic seawater filtration represents an ideal scenario for filtering, without physical and biological materials that will slow filtration rates and clog pumps, but present maximum filtration rates in seawater for baseline estimations of flow rate. Laboratory experiments Pumps were utilized for three separate experiments to characterize eDNA quantities and eDNA degradation rates that may occur if time-to-filtration is increased using our pump system. In the laboratory, 40 blue mussels from our research stock were removed, rinsed with DI water and placed in 15 L of artificial seawater with continuous aeration and kept overnight at room temperature (∼20 °C) without feeding. The tank housing was cleaned with detergent, exposed to 10% bleach solution for 10 min and thoroughly rinsed with DI water prior to adding seawater and mussels. All mussels were removed the following morning and 6 L of water were collected from the tank. The water was assumed to be homogeneous after mixing and distributed equally to 12 samples of 500 mL. An additional three samples of 500 mL of artificial control seawater were taken from the tank prior to the addition of mussels. All sampling containers were decontaminated by 10% bleach soak for 30min and rinsed with DI water prior to sampling. In replicates of four, water samples (500 mL) were filtered using our device at 0, 4, and 16 h. The time after removing the mussels from the tank was defined as time 0, and water samples were stored at 4 °C until filtration at 4- and 16-h timepoints. One (500 mL) control sample was filtered at each time point. DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , талломы макрофитов, возможно, произраставших в литоральной зоне; верхний протерозой, венд, калюсские слои; Хмельницкая обл. , р. Днестр, с. Китайгород, Украина, экз. 4914/9; в – Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf. ) Spreng. , современные лишайники; Пермский край, Кизеловский район, г. Губаха, гора Крестовая; полевая фотография; г – Psilophyton sp. , экз. 4914/10; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: , Mottet, A. , Opio, C. , Dijkman, J. , Falcucci, A. and Tempio, G. (2013) Change through Livestock—A of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [3] Steinfeld, H. , Gerber, P. , Wassenaar, T. , Castel, V. , Rosales, M. and de Haan, C. (2006) Livestock’s Long Shadow: and Options. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [4] FAO (2011) 2011—Livestock in Food security. Food and of the (FAO), Rome. [5] Herrero, M. , Gerber, P. , Vellinga, T. , Garnett, T. , Leip, A. , Opio, D. , Westhoek, H. , Thornton, P. , Olsen, J. , Hutchings, N. , Montgomery, H. , Soussana, J. , Steinfeld, H. and McAllister, T. (2011) Livestock and Emissions: of Getting the Numbers Right. Science and Technology, 166-167, 779-782. [6] Goodland, R. and Anhang, J. (2009) Livestock and Climate Change: the in Are Cows, Pigs, and Chicken? World Watch, November/December. [7] Hertel, T. (1997) Analysis Project: Modeling and Applications. Press, Cambridge. [8] Hertel, T. , Golub, A. , Jones, J. , O’Hare, M. , Plevin, R. and Kammen, D. (2010) Effects of U. S. on Use and Emissions: Mediated Responses. Bioscience, 60, 223-231. [9] Tyner, W. , Taheripour, F. , Zhuang, Q. and Baldos, U. (2010) Changes and Consequent CO2 to U. S. Production: A Comprehensive Analysis. Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, Indiana. [10] Taheripour, F. , Hertel, T. and Tyner, W.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Direct observation methods by day, such as line transect sampling, are commonly used yet are vulnerable to achieving fewer observations when such predominantly nocturnal animals remain undetected (Buckland et al. 2001). Areas of low density may result in low encounter rates and wide variance in estimates (Newey et al. 2018). Night-time spotlight surveys may miss animals as they rely on eyeshine reflections, and frequently sample along roads which animals may avoid and which locations represent only a small fraction of upland habitat (Reid et al. 2007, Reid and Montgomery 2010). Thermal imaging reduces false negatives by increasing target detections, contrasting body heat against a cold backdrop at night (Havens and Sharp 2016) but if the aim is to estimate density it also requires a means to determine distance to the object in darkness. Camera trapping provides a greater continuous survey effort including during night peak activity periods thus increasing total numbers of detections (Caravaggi et al. 2018), and with virtually no observer field presence to disturb animals (Sollman 2018). In this study we compared three survey methods of mountain hares in upland habitat to estimate density and considered factors relating to spatial variation of hare detections: 1) daylight visual surveys, 2) night-time thermal imaging point transects and 3) fixed position camera traps. We analysed data from each method using comparable distance sampling models to estimate density and associated precision. For each method we recorded survey effort, observations, distances to target animals and group sizes as inputs to estimate density. As camera trap distance sampling methods are relatively recent, we also explored how different assumptions of space, time and animal behaviour affected density estimates. Since actual densities or population size were not known, we could not be certain which density estimate of the three methods might be closest to the truth. Nonetheless the overall precision of parameters and estimates could be compared. We compared variation of estimates among methods and survey sites, the effect of terrain type and how detection rates changed throughout the study period. We evaluate the merits and assumptions of each method relative to our findings, to inform study design decisions for conservation monitoring. Methods and materialsStudy siteSurveys took place at Holme Moss, a large hill, elevation 582 m a. s. l. , situated in the north of England, UK (Fig. 1). Mountain hares were once native to England yet became extinct ∼ 6000 years ago (Yalden 1971).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Торгашино; виден осевой побег с боковыми ответвлениями и многочисленными основаниями эмергенцев; д, е – Protobarinophyton obrutschevii Ananiev, компактные собрания спорангиев на концах дихотомически ветвящихся побегов, экз. 4914/1; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. Торгашино. Длина масштабной линейки 1 см (а, в–е), 1 мм (б) Дальнейшая эволюция наземных высших растений шла переменными темпами, но с неуклонным увеличением таксономического разнообразия и повышением биомассы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/50395 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 3. 1. IntroductionThe dairy industry has made large advances in efficiencies over the past 60 years as a result of changes in breeding, nutrition and management practices [1]. To meet the growing demand for dairy products, which is projected to continue out to the year 2050 [2], milk production per cow has increased over the last thirty years primarily by genetic selection and better nutrition. Genetic selection has tended to focus on mostly production traits (kilograms milk, kilograms fat and protein) rather than fitness (lameness, mastitis, fertility and lifespan) traits, although most countries now include fitness traits in addition to production traits in modern breeding goals. Friesian is a popular breed due to its high genetic potential to produce milk; however it is characterised by having a lower body condition score, and reduced fertility and survival compared to other breeds [3]. Even with these negative attributes, in tandem with efficiencies in production in recent decades have come reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource inputs per unit product [1, 4, 5], while emissions per unit area have increased. The main GHGs attributed to livestock systems are methane and nitrous oxide emissions [6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Daylight visual surveys produced the fewest observations, seeing mainly single hares and appearing to under record many hares hiding by day. The method did provide sufficient observations to enable monitoring of relative density but with very wide confidence intervals. By night the thermal imager frequently observed single or large groups of hares over the furthest distances and estimated density with narrower confidence intervals. However thermal imaging opportunities were limited by bad weather. Camera traps monitored constantly and achieved the largest number of detections reflecting night time activity of hares, capturing mostly single animals at very short observation distances. Camera trap density estimates were much larger than for daylight visual sampling and thermal imaging and were more reliable, but were susceptible to many assumptions. Notwithstanding differences in detection rates the locations of sightings from each method were highly spatially correlated. Daylight visual surveysDaylight visual surveys for mountain hares have been criticised when used in areas of low density or during the day when hares are inactive (Petrovan et al. 2011, Newey et al. 2018). Our expectation was would elicit frequent occurrences of hares (Mallon et al. 2003), yet we achieved very few observations. The small sample size we achieved was below the minimum required for distance sampling and contained some heaping of detection distances. The nature of hiding and flushing hares caused many detections to occur at short range. Thus, when selecting detection function models, we were obliged to use a smaller data set with few, wide bins. This selection may have also precipitated a narrow effective strip width and this may have contributed to the overall density estimate as being higher than for thermal imaging. This was surprising as one might expect thermal imaging to be observing more such nocturnal animals leading to a higher encounter rate and density estimate. Although detection probability variation was moderate, encounter rate variation was high. Consequently, the density estimate possessed wide confidence intervals and variation. To achieve reliable estimates, useful for ongoing monitoring, surveys should achieve 80 or more detections (Buckland et al. 2001). This suggests that studies similar to ours would benefit from replicate surveys to achieve a larger sample size to result in more accurate population density estimates, were this important for monitoring design goals. In retrospect for our own study we might have sacrificed some camera trap management time for more line transect surveys. Alternatively, daylight survey effectiveness might be improved by 3 or 4 observers walking abreast.

Output: contrast