Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: hazolava can be distinguished by the presence of the median longitudinal stripe on the postpetiole. Worker measurements (n = 31) [holotype]. HW 0. 66–0. 89 [0. 84]; HL 0. 63–0. 84 [0. 79]; EL 0. 14–0. 18 [0. 16]; SL 0. 58–0. 74 [0. 69]; WL 0. 70–0. 97 [0. 90]; SPL 0. 07–0. 12 [0. 12]; PTH 0. 13–0. 17 [0. 17]; PTL 0. 19–0. 26 [0. 24]; PTW 0. 21–0. 28 [0. 22]; PPL 0. 11–0. 16 [0. 16]; PPW 0. 17–0. 25 [0. 22]; LHT 0. 54–0. 72 [0. 66]; CI 1. 04–1. 13 [1. 06]; OI 0. 19–0. 23 [0. 20]; SI 0. 82–0. 95 [0. 88]; SPI 0. 07–0. 14 [0. 13]; PTHI 0. 61–0. 75 [0. 73]; PTWI 0. 82–1. 08 [0. 94]; PPI 1. 33–1. 68 [1. 37]; LBI 1. 27–1. 58 [1. 36]. Worker description (Fig. 26A−C). Very small to small species (HW 0. 66–0. 89, WL 0. 70–0. 97), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view laterally rounded, often medially depressed; midline of eyes situated at midline of head in full face view. Lateral borders of mesonotum angulate to carinulate, and mesonotum with small posterolateral denticles; posterior face of mesonotum sloping into metanotal groove at 45°; propodeal spines short (SPI 0. 07–0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Evidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? DownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareDebateEvidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? -UrgelAbstractExamples of circadian rhythms have been described in eukaryotic organisms and in photosynthetic bacteria, but direct proof of their existence in other prokaryotes is limited and has been largely ignored. The aim of this 10. 1186/1740-3391-8-8Submitted on Mar 10, 2010Accepted on Sep 16, 2010Published on Sep 16, 2010CC BY 4. 0 and physiological processes taking place with a periodicity of around 24 h have been described in many organisms [1]. Circadian cycles, synchronized and entrained by light and darkness cycles determine in mammals the periods of sleep and vigil, changes in body temperature or hormone production, among other functions. In plants, the release of hormones such as ethylene, certain developmental processes, or the release of seed and root exudates are subject to this periodicity [2]. The absence of circadian cycles is generally assumed for bacteria, except in the case of cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are either spatially segregated in heterocyst-forming bacteria, or temporally separated and controlled by circadian periodicity. Both processes would not be possible at the same time in a single cell, because oxygen released during photosynthesis inhibits nitrogenase activity. Circadian rhythms in photosynthetic bacteria are being thoroughly studied, and the molecular mechanisms that allow the functioning and maintenance of the circadian clock are fairly well understood [3]. The clock is composed of three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which function as a central oscillator through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles. The system is synchronized via a signal input pathway in which sensory proteins are known to transmit light/darkness information to the clock, while a series of clock-controlled regulators transduce the temporal information to downstream processes. Expression of a significant number of genes appears to be modified in response to light/darkness cycles and circadian oscillations, indicating that this type of control is not limited to certain specific features of cyanobacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Outlaws, old laws and no laws: The prospects of gene editing for agriculture in United States. Physiol. Plant. 164:4406–11 [104. 2015. Cassava brown streak disease: a threat to food security in Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 96:Pt. 5956–68 [105. 2010. Loss of susceptibility as a novel breeding strategy for durable and broad-spectrum resistance. Mol. Breed. 25:11–12 [106. 2018. Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Sci. Rep. 8:3113 [107. Perilla-. 2016. Vector-borne bacterial plant pathogens: interactions with hemipteran insects and plants. Front. Plant Sci. 7:1163 [108. 2016. Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U. S. maize and soybeans. Sci. Adv. 2:8e1600850 [109. Phillips McDougall 2011. The cost and time involved in the discovery, development and authorization of a new plant biotechnology derived trait: a consultancy study for CropRep. , : [110. . 2018. Advanced editing of the nuclear and plastid genomes in plants. 273:42–49 [111. 1990. Inheritance of Striga seed-germination stimulant in sorghum. Euphytica 45:133–38 [112. Rao NC. 2017. Biotechnology for farmers welfare and poverty reduction: technologies, impact and policy framework. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 30:241–56 [113. 2016. Modification of Cry4Aa toward improved toxin processing in the gut of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. 11:5e0155466 [114. 2017. Design of a synthetic yeast genome. Science 355:63291040–44 [115. Rockström Å, 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472–75 [116. 2016. Parasitic weed incidence and related economic losses in rice in Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 235:306–17 [117. Rodriguez-2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 12), spiniform, straight, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle confluent with base of propodeal spines; petiole suboval, dorsolateral carinulate; median postpetiolar impression deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes, and usually lighter colored, appearing as longitudinal stripe (can be difficult to see in yellow specimens). Erect pilosity and pubescence highly variable, but usually abundant. Color brown or yellow, abdominal segments five through seven often darker. Queen measurements (n = 3). HW 1. 28–1. 37, HL 1. 20–1. 24, EL 0. 32–0. 36, SL 0. 80–0. 88, MSNW 1. 01–1. 13, MSNL 1. 17–1. 27, WL 1. 99–2. 07, SPL 0. 04–0. 09, PTH 0. 28–0. 34, PTL 0. 37–0. 38, PTW 0. 39–0. 48, PPL 0. 29–0. 34, PPW 0. 37–0. 58, LHT 0. 92–0. 94, CI 1. 07–1. 09, OI 0. 29, SI 0. 65–0. 67, MSNI 0. 83–0. 96, SPI 0. 02–0. 04, PTHI 0. 84–0. 91, PTWI 1. 04–1. 30, PPI 1. 06–1. 50, LBI 2. 16–2. 25. Queen description (Fig. 26D−F). Small (HW 1. 28–1. 37, WL 1. 99–2. 07), with characters of the C. kelleri-group in addition to the following. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five to six teeth; antennal scapes short, barely reaching beyond level of ocelli; eyes situated distinctly below midline of head in full face view. Mesonotum covered entirely by scutellum in dorsal view; propodeal spines very short spines or denticles (SPI 0. 02–0. 04). Male measurements (n = 2). HW 0. 59–0. 65, HL 0. 49–0. 51, EL 0. 24–0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Data showed periodic alternation of fast and slow growth, with peaks of fast growth appearing every 20-22 h. The authors suggested that periods of exposure to intense light could be influencing this phenomenon. However, these results were disregarded based on observations published by other researchers [5], which were actually made under different experimental conditions, during a much shorter period of time, and with other microorganisms. Later reports of circadian oscillations in the growth of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae exist in the literature (reviewed in [6]), but the prevailing view at the time those observations were published was that circadian rhythms were to be found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The discovery of this phenomenon in photosynthetic prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes did not bring those studies back to light. Scattered evidence that may add weight to those initial observations can be found in more recent literature. We have already mentioned plants as bacterial habitats where circadian regulation would make sense. In fact, variations in plant-colonizing bacterial populations depending on the time of day at which samples were taken have been reported [7], and the potential role of light and plant circadian rhythms in plant pathogenesis has been recently put forward [8]. Furthermore, photoperiod can influence the response of pepper plants to the positive action of plant growth-promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria [9], so that root and shoot biomass are increased in the presence of these microorganisms only in plants under long day (12 h of light) conditions, but not under short day (8 h) conditions. Bacterial responses to light While the above mentioned data have for the most part been interpreted from the point of view of plant responses, alterations in microbial physiology as a reaction to photoperiod should not be discarded. With the ever-increasing data obtained from genome sequencing projects, it has become apparent that genes encoding proteins similar to phytochromes, which in other organisms sense light and may participate in the adjustment of circadian rhythms, are present in the genomes of different bacteria. Proteins containing a light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) sensing domain are also widespread in many organisms, including bacteria. Although their function in many cases remains to be determined, a protein containing this domain has recently been shown to respond to light and to participate in stress responses in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics organizations typically store patients in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below -196°C to prevent tissue degradation over time. [SEP] Text: (ii) However, in control-warm conditions (24°C, pink) sensitive fish (purple) had a greater diversity of species in their gut microbiomes compared to the resistant fish (green) (Wilcoxon t-test, two-sided, 95% CI). (B) The relative abundance of various orders of microbes in the gut was affected when both resistant and sensitive fish were moved from warm to cold conditions. (C) Comparison of the β-diversity (Bray Curtis) within each of the host groups in (i) warm conditions showed a greater similarity among the resistant individuals compared to that among the sensitive fish, while (ii) comparison in relation to temperature change showed that after exposure to the stressful low-temperature conditions, the microbiomes of cold-resistant fish families were less affected than those of sensitive ones (non-parametric Bonferroni-corrected, using 1000 permutations). (D) Host-associated species (from indicator species analysis; see 'Materials and methods' section) include several orders that were mostly enriched in either the resistant or the sensitive hosts. (E) (i) Microbial species that were present in >50% of the individuals in both warm and cold conditions (core communities) responded with an increase in their abundance after exposure to cold conditions in the sensitive group, and remained stable in the resistant fish (fold change in abundance from warm to cold shown in (ii)). (iii) These results were also validated by quantitative PCR analysis of the most abundant core species (Pseudomonas veronii and Janthinobacterium lividum). In the box plots, horizontal line in the box represents the median and whiskers indicate the lowest and highest point within 1. 5 interquartile ranges of the lower or upper quartile, respectively. Bar plots show the mean copy number per group and whiskers the standard error of the mean. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Temperature significantly decreased richness in both resistant and sensitive fish groups. Microbial gut species richness for (i) all fish and (ii) for resistant and sensitive fish groups, separately. P-values indicate significance as determined by a Wilcoxon t-test (two-sided, 95% CI). In the box plots, the horizontal line within the box represents the median, and whiskers indicate the lowest and highest point within 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 26, SL 0. 09, MSNW 0. 67–0. 76, MSNL 0. 66–0. 76, WL 1. 15–1. 24, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 16–0. 17, PTL 0. 21–0. 23, PTW 0. 21–0. 23, PPL 0. 10–0. 13, PPW 0. 20–0. 26, LHT 0. 62–0. 66, CI 1. 20–1. 27, OI 0. 50–0. 51, SI 0. 18–0. 19, MSNI 1. 00–1. 01, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 85–0. 94, PTWI 1. 11–1. 18, PPI 2. 05–2. 08, LBI 1. 86–1. 88. Male description (Fig. 27A,C,D). Medium body size (HW 0. 59–0. 65, 1. 15–1. 24). Masticatory margin of mandibles with three teeth; antennae with second and third funicular segment globular, as long as wide, and all funicular segments evenly wide; in full face view ocellar triangle situated at posterior head margin and slightly elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae very distinct, but not forming a thin flange that projects backwards. Mesoscutum in dorsal view round; scutellum in dorsal view laterally pinched, but evenly so and not tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion pointed; mesonotum projecting posteriorly as a small point, but nonetheless entirely covered in dorsal view by scutellum; dorsal face of propodeum absent. Head sculpture shiny throughout; face with a paired row of short erect setae on frons; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity. Color as in worker and queen, head darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster hazolava is moderately common in humid forests of eastern Madagascar (Fig. 27B), with a few disjunct occurrences in the central highland region (P. N. Ranomafana, Ambatovy, Analamay).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A similar blue light activated protein determines survival of the pathogen Brucella abortus within macrophages [11]; infection by this bacterium is stimulated by light, and this stimulation is dependent on the LOV protein. It is also worth noting that proteins related to KaiC, the central oscillator of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria, can be found in other microorganisms [12]. Although their function is yet to be defined, these proteins may participate in signal transduction in some organisms. Bioinformatics analyses using BLAST programs indicate that genes encoding phytochrome-related proteins and a putative kaiC homolog can be found in the genome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, for example. In this strain, the protein showing similarity with KaiC appears to be part of a three-component system, along with a sensory histidine kinase protein and a response regulator, suggesting it is involved in the response of P. putida to environmental signal(s). Light/darkness cycles influence surface growth of Pseudomonas putida We have conducted a preliminary exploration of how alternating light/darkness cycles affect the growth pattern of the heterotrophic, plant-colonizing bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cultures of this strain grown overnight in liquid medium were spotted on the center of Petri dishes containing rich medium with 1% agar and either Coomassie brilliant blue or Congo red (50 μg/ml). These dyes bind proteins and other extracellular polymeric substances, respectively, and allow direct visualization of surface changes appearing during colony growth. Plates were incubated for 16h in the dark, sealed with Parafilm to avoid excessive desiccation and transferred to a growth chamber with artificial illumination (white, broad spectrum compact fluorescent lamps with a CRI ≈ 82, 3,500K; Ev ≈ 32,000 lux), set at light/darkness cycles of 16 h/8 h, under constant temperature (30 ± 0. 3°C). Control plates were kept in the same conditions but wrapped in aluminum foil. In a second set of experiments, plates were incubated under constant illumination. Growth and patch morphology were followed for 4 days. The emergence of concentric, regularly alternating rings with different color intensity could be observed in colonies under daily illumination/darkness cycles (Figure 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Survey HighlightsCryonics motivations and conceptualizations The biggest motivation for cryonics is the possibility of future revival (74%) and the affirming attitude that ‘life is good, more is better’ (72%) The current physical body is thought of as being ‘part of me,’ temporary, a platform, a current necessity, and something adequate but fragile that is in need of repair and upgrade What happens when you are cryopreserved is that it is like being in a temporary off-state; degradation and decay are halted. In this state of suspended animation, deep sleep, stasis, and deanimation, it is like being on hold, paused, anesthetized, hibernating, or in a coma Seventy-five percent think that it is crucial to cryopreserve one’s own brain as opposed to creating a virtual version of oneself from photos, correspondence, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The species seems predominantly adapted to littoral, low and mid elevation forests, but has been collected from a wider altitudinal range (20–1300 m). It is found in sympatry with C. madagascariensis and C. kelleri. Curiously, this species also has a yellow, less common form that partly co-occurs with the yellow form of C. kelleri. Many colonies of C. hazolava have been collected nesting in dead twigs or branches, and a few have been found under bark. This species appears to nest exclusively arboreally. When found together with C. kelleri, this species occurred only in low abundance: during a canopy study at R. N. I Betampona that sampled 48 trees, only seven colonies of C. hazolava (in comparison to 18 colonies of C. kelleri) were obtained. Etymology. “Hazolava” means “tall tree” in Malagasy, after the species’ association with rainforest habitats and preference for arboreal nesting habits. The name should be treated as a noun in apposition. Crematogaster tavaratra Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:29073F39-9632-42F3-80D5-14006. Figures 28, 29. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 28. Crematogaster tavaratra, worker and queen. A–C worker (0436456):A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F queen (0317694): D full face E dorsal F lateral. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 29. Crematogaster tavaratra, male and distribution. A–C male (0110524): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D species distribution. Type locality. : Antsiranana: Forêt Orangea: -12. 25889, 49. 37467, 90 m, littoral forest. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0436456, BLF03207, ex dead twig above ground [imaged on Antweb]; original locality label: MADG’R: Prov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Similar results were obtained under light/darkness cycles of 12 h/12 h (not shown). Digital images of the plates were analyzed using the ImageJ free software (Rasband, W. S. , ImageJ, of After determining colony growth rate (between 34 and 37 μm/h), measurements of distances between rings were used to extrapolate the periodicity in which darker and lighter rings appeared. Successive rounds of one dark plus one light rings tend to synchronize into cycles of approximately 24 h (24. 1 ± 2. 5 h for Congo red plates and 24. 9 ± 1. 24 h for Coomassie plates; Figure 1). This periodicity was maintained for two days after the plates were removed from the alternating light/darkness conditions and then lost, although by that time agar plates were too dry to obtain sound information. Patches incubated in the dark generally showed an even appearance (Figure 1), although faint concentric patterns could be discerned in some experiments. However, when these appeared, they only approached 24 h cycles in the first two days of incubation. Afterwards, this circadian periodicity was lost, tending to irregular oscillations of the alternating colored rings. Patches under constant illumination never showed concentric growth patterns. Although the effect of temperature changes (± 1. 5°C) associated with illumination regimes cannot be fully ruled out, these results suggest that variations in colony surface characteristics may be synchronized by alternating light/darkness phases, and perhaps they could also be indicative of processes in non-photosynthetic bacteria being subjected to circadian regulation. Figure 1 Pseudomonas putida displays cyclic surface variations during growth. Plates contained LB medium (triptone 1%, yeast extract 0. 5%, NaCl 0. 5%, with 1% agar and supplied with 5 μm FeCl3) with Congo red (panels A-C) or Blue (panels D-F). Panels A, B, D, E correspond to patches grown under alternating light/darkness cycles (A and D, top view; B and E, bottom view; contrast has been enhanced for clarity). and F correspond to patches grown in constant darkness. The graphs show an extrapolation of the occurrence and duration of the differently colored rings in plates under cyclic light/darkness periods (top) or kept in the dark under the same conditions (bottom).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Fifty-seven percent believe that only ‘my actual brain’ can be ‘the real me,’ while 43% say that ‘my actual brain’ is closest to ‘the real me’ While “the source of me” must be this physical brain, “my current physical body does not have to be crucially me” in the future; preferably it is but it does not have to be Cryopreservation specifics Fifty-three percent chose whole-body cryopreservation and 39% neuro-cryopreservation Cost (48%) and perceived technical feasibility (46%) influence that decision Fifty-seven percent prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns can be allayed Ninety percent are most concerned about obtaining a good-quality cryopreservation in the final moments of their current physical body Fifty-eight percent think that whether any trauma is experienced could depend on the cryopreservation and other factors Revival Forty-four percent of respondents would like to be revived in a biological flesh-based body Fifty percent think that the first revival might occur in 2075–2100 Eighty-seven percent would like to revive all memories, and intellect (89%), personality (87%), skills (77%), and emotion (76%) The biggest motivation for revival is a desire to experience the future world (89%) The principle concerns regarding revival are impairment or loss during cryopreservation (61%) and the technical feasibility of revival (61%) Ceremonial rites, spirituality and religion, family support, and attitudes toward death Regarding traditional ceremonial rites, most would like whatever is appropriate at the time (54%), some a celebration of life (24%), and some a funeral (12% a non-religious funeral and 9% a religious funeral) Concerning spirituality and religion, 68% indicate that “non-religious” is a term that describes their views, and 6% religious; 17% non-spiritual and 14% spiritual. Forty-one percent are supportive of empathy and compassion and 17% indicate having a holistic view of the world For those selecting neuro-cryopreservation, p2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Antsiranana, Forêt Orangea, 3. 6 km 128° SE Remena 90 m, 12°16′S 49°22′E, 22–28. ii. 2001, Fisher et al. , BLF3207; deposited at CASC. Four paratype workers, pinned, same collection and locality data as holotype. #1: 0317674, deposited at SAMC; #2: 0317675, deposited at MHNG. #3: 0317676, deposited at MCZC. #4: 0317677, deposited at UCDC. For other material examined (CASC) refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Workers of Crematogaster tavaratra can be separated from C. kelleri by the distinct longitudinal impression on the postpetiole (incomplete in the latter). The species does not co-occur with any of the other species (C. madagascariensis, C. hazolava, C. hafahafa) in the C. kelleri-group, but could not otherwise be confused given the distinctly longer propodeal spines and the position of the propodeal spiracle below and not confluent with the spine base. Queens of C. tavaratra can be separated easily from other (known) queens of the C. kelleri-group by their distinct longer spines (SPI 0. 09–0. 10; compared to C. kelleri and C. hazolava SPI 0. 00–0. 07). Worker measurements (n = 13) [holotype]. HW 0. 83–1. 03 [0. 96]; HL 0. 73–0. 93 [0. 86]; EL 0. 15–0. 22 [0. 20]; SL 0. 70–0. 83 [0. 78]; WL 0. 90–1. 12 [1. 07]; SPL 0. 17–0. 27 [0. 23]; PTH 0. 17–0. 21 [0. 21]; PTL 0. 25–0. 29 [0. 28]; PTW 0. 25–0. 30 [0. 29]; PPL 0. 17–0. 20 [0. 17]; PPW 0. 23–0. 29 [0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian rhythm and its role in malignancyDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian rhythm and its role in malignancyrhythms are daily oscillations of multiple biological processes directed by endogenous clocks. The circadian timing system comprises peripheral oscillators located in most tissues of the body and a central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Circadian genes and the proteins produced by these genes constitute the molecular components of the circadian oscillator which form positive/negative feedback loops and generate circadian rhythms. The circadian regulation extends beyond clock genes to involve various clock-controlled genes (CCGs) including various cell cycle genes. Aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. This may lead to genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation potentially promoting carcinogenesis. Different lines of evidence in mice and humans suggest that cancer may be a circadian-related disorder. The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock has been found in various cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and hematological cancers. The acquisition of current data in circadian clock mechanism may help chronotherapy, which takes into consideration the biological time to improve treatments by devising new therapeutic approaches for treating circadian-related disorders, especially cancer. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-3Submitted on Jan 20, 2010Accepted on Mar 31, 2010Published on Mar 31, 20104. 0 humans, like other organisms, most physiological and behavioral functions are manifested rhythmically across days and nights. All healthy human beings exhibit the common attribute of sleeping at night and waking up in the morning automatically. When a human being encounters a new day, the body prepares itself for the new tasks ahead and boost heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. On the other hand, the same parameters decline at the end of the day. Such daily occurring rhythms with a period of about 24 hours are termed as circadian (from the Latin "circa diem" meaning "about a day") rhythms [1]. These rhythms are the outward manifestation of an internal timing system generated by a circadian clock that is synchronized by the day-night cycle [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: ” Other reasons given for why it is important to cryopreserve one’s actual brain are to capture the memories (44%), have more information than offered by a digital facsimile (40%), and to capture emotional content (37%). Table 10 (Q7) What is the benefit of having your actual brain cryopreserved (versus photos, writing, etc. )? Full size tableChart 3 indicated the main ideas respondents have of what happens when you are cryopreserved. The biggest response is that one is preserved (cryopreserved) such that the ongoing biological processes of degradation and decay are halted. It is like being in a temporary off-state. Respondents indicated that they may be considered legally, clinically, and/or technically dead, in a cryopreserved manner, until they are no longer dead: it is a temporary condition. One is in suspended animation, deep sleep. It is like being anesthetized, comatose, de-animated, in stasis or hibernation, on hold, paused. Some respondents gave technical definitions about cooling the temperature of the body, perfusing cryoprotectants, and storing the body in liquid nitrogen. Respondents contemplate that revival is possibly anticipated in the future as technology advances, disease cures are discovered, and that there may be some unpreventable damage. Chart 3(Q8) How would you describe what happens to you when you are cryopreserved? (to the body, mind, etc. )Full size imageConsidering the possibility of trauma, 58% of respondents think that whether any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation could depend on the cryopreservation process and other factors, but generally expect that trauma would be low (Table 11). Table 11 (Q9) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation? Full size tableForty-eight percent of respondents think that it is too soon to know if any trauma might be experienced in revival, and 48% also think that it might depend on many factors (Table 12). Table 12 (Q10) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in revival? Full size tableThere are diverse views as to when the first revival might occur, with 50% contemplating that it might be possible in the 2075–2100 time frame (Chart 4). Chart 4(Q11) When do you think the first revival might occur?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 29]; LHT 0. 71–0. 91[0. 86]; CI 1. 11–1. 16 [1. 11]; OI 0. 19–0. 25 [0. 23]; SI 0. 86–0. 99 [0. 90]; SPI 0. 17–0. 24 [0. 21]; PTHI 0. 60–0. 85 [0. 74]; PTWI 0. 91–1. 19 [1. 02]; PPI 1. 28–1. 68 [1. 67]; LBI 1. 18–1. 27 [1. 24]. Worker description (Fig. 28A−C). Small to medium-sized species (HW 0. 83–1. 03, WL 0. 90–1. 12), with general characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view laterally subangular, often medially slightly depressed; midline of eyes situated above midline of head in full face view. Lateral borders of mesonotum subangulate, posterolateral denticles absent; promesonotum planar, posterior face of mesonotum sloping into metanotal groove at ca. 45° angle; propodeal spines medium-sized (SPI 0. 17–0. 24), spiniform, straight, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle situated distinctly below and not confluent with base of propodeal spines; petiole suboval to moderately flared, dorsolateral not carinulate, but with minute posterolateral denticles bearing paired erect setae; subpetiolar process developed into an acute tooth; median postpetiolar impression deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes. Face with 8–14 erect, long, flexuous setae; promesonotum usually with eight to ten long, flexuous setae: four to six pronotal setae, and two lateral setae each on dorsal and posterior face of mesonotum; abdominal tergites and sternites four through seven with abundant long erect pilosity, and short appressed to decumbent pubescence throughout. Color either yellow or dirty-orange with abdominal segments four through seven brown or black colored, or uniformly brown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Circadian clocks The circadian timing system proficiently coordinates the physiology of living organisms to match environmental or imposed 24-hour cycles [3]. Circadian clocks are endogenous and self-sustained (meaning that rhythms can continue even in the absence of external cues) time-tracking systems that enable organisms to anticipate environmental changes, thereby adapting their behavior and physiology to the appropriate time of day [4]. This provides organisms with an anticipatory adaptive mechanism to the daily predictable changes in their environment such as light, temperature and social communication, and serves to synchronize multiple molecular, biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes. A wide range of biological processes are regulated by the circadian clock including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, energy metabolism, cell cycle and hormone secretion [5,6]. Central pacemaker or the master clock The mammalian clock system is hierarchical with a master clock that controls circadian rhythms and resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Damage to the SCN can render experimental animals arrhythmic and cause sleep disorders in patients. Moreover, intracerebral grafts of perinatal SCN can reinstate behavioural circadian rhythms of SCN-ablated rodents [7]. The SCN pacemaker consists of multiple, autonomous single cell circadian oscillators, which are synchronized to generate a coordinated rhythmic output in intact animals [8,9]. In mammals, the circadian photoreception pathways are distinct from those of visual perception [10 - 12]. Light is perceived by a subset of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, and the photic information is directly conveyed to the SCN clock through the retino-hypothalamic tract [13 - 15]. This photic entrainment corrects the phase of the SCN oscillator every day to ensure synchronization of circadian with geophysical time. The phase of SCN rhythms can be shifted by exposure of the animal to a new light/dark schedule or to short light pulses during the subjective night [16]. Entrainment of a biological clock is the process of determining both its period (which is 24 hours in most humans) and its phase. The latter refers to the offset of a circadian clock with respect to the standard 24-hour cycle. In general terms, the period of the clock is genetically determined, whereas its phase is heavily influenced by environmental zeitgebers (cues or stimuli) such as light.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIn terms of the attributes that respondents would like to revive (Table 13), intellect is number one (89%), followed by personality (87%), capabilities and skills (77%), and emotion (76%). Table 13 (Q12a) What kind of attributes would you like to revive? Full size tableRegarding the kinds of memories that respondents would like to revive (Table 14), an overwhelming percent (87%) said all memories, while others opted for important memories (10%), selected memories (9%), or no memories (3%). Table 14 (Q12b) What kind of memories would you like to revive? Full size tableBy far the biggest motivation respondents consider for the possibility of future revival is a desire to experience the future world (89%) as indicated in Table 15. Other reasons motivating about half of respondents are curiosity (58%), continuing to enjoy life with others (48%), maintaining a state of productivity (48%), and living more comfortably because disease cures may have been developed meanwhile (47%). Also important is the ability to be creative (44%), and to contribute to the lives of others (44%). Table 15 (Q13) Why would you like to be revived in the future? Full size tableSixty-one percent of respondents indicated (Table 16) that their principle concerns regarding revival are impairment or loss during cryopreservation (61%) and the technical feasibility of revival (61%). 43% are troubled by the possibility that memories may be lost and “not feeling like me. ” About one third are concerned about the future state of the world (32%) and the cost of revival (27%). Table 16 (Q14) My principle concerns regarding revival are…Full size tableThree-quarters of respondents (77%) appreciate that cryonics might bring more choice to the current societal approaches to death (Table 17). A majority also embrace the possibility of greater personal decision-making (66%) and the exercise of freedom (62%) regarding end of life choices. Table 17 (Q15) Does cryonics bring any of these qualities to the way we approach death in society? Full size tableRegarding the legal treatment and general societal perception of death, half of respondents (49%) bemoan that death is a taboo that is not discussable (Table 18). Respondents also think that death is regulated (40%), non-agential (35%), and clinical and impersonal (33%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Queen measurements (n = 5). HW 1. 38–1. 45, HL 1. 18–1. 25, EL 0. 36–0. 40, SL 0. 87–0. 95, MSNW 1. 13–1. 18, MSNL 1. 24–1. 30, WL 2. 26–2. 34, SPL 0. 19–0. 24, PTH 0. 32–0. 38, PTL 0. 42–0. 47, PTW 0. 49–0. 55, PPL 0. 31–0. 35, PPW 0. 39–0. 52, LHT 1. 07–1. 13, CI 1. 11–1. 20, OI 0. 30–0. 32, SI 0. 72–0. 77, MSNI 0. 87–0. 96, SPI 0. 09–0. 10, PTHI 0. 67–0. 86, PTWI 1. 03–1. 31, PPI 1. 13–1. 61, LBI 2. 06–2. 16. Queen description (Fig. 28D−F). Medium size (HW 1. 38–1. 45, WL 2. 26–2. 34), with characters of the C. kelleri-group in addition to the following. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; antennal scapes reaching or slightly surpassing head margin; eyes situated at midline of head in full face view. Metanotum projecting from below scutellum in dorsal and lateral view; propodeal spines longer and spiniform (SPI 0. 09–0. 10). Male measurements (n = 1). HW 0. 63, HL 0. 46, EL 0. 26, SL 0. 11, MSNW 0. 77, MSNL 0. 69, WL 1. 18, SPL 0. 00,PTH 0. 19, PTL 0. 21, PTW 0. 21, PPL 0. 16, PPW 0. 21, LHT 0. 65, CI 1. 35, OI 0. 56, SI 0. 23, MSNI 1. 11, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 89, PTWI 1. 00, PPI 1. 33, LBI 1. 82. Male description (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Peripheral oscillators or the slave oscillators A major finding in the field of circadian rhythms in recent years is that the SCN is not the only circadian clock in the organism. Indeed, most tissues including extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs bear circadian oscillators [17]. Moreover, these extra-SCN oscillators can function independently from the SCN [18]. Peripheral mammalian cell types contain functional circadian oscillators, but these may not respond to light-dark cycles and can be entrained by non-photic stimuli [19,20]. These circadian oscillators are sensitive to a variety of chemical cues or to temperature cycles [21,22]. The SCN synchronizes peripheral clocks in organs such as liver, heart, and kidney via indirect and direct routes so that a coherent rhythm is orchestrated at the organismal level to ensure temporally coordinated physiology [23 - 25]. Indirect synchronization is achieved by controlling daily activity-rest cycles and, as a consequence, feeding time. Feeding (or starving) cycles are dominant zeitgebers for many, if not most, peripheral clocks. Food metabolites, such as glucose, and hormones related to feeding and starvation are probably the feeding-dependent entrainment cues. Activity cycles also influence body temperature rhythms, which in turn can participate in the phase entrainment of peripheral clocks. Direct entrainment may employ cyclically secreted hormones and perhaps neuronal signals conveyed to peripheral clocks via the peripheral nervous system. Body temperature rhythms, which are controlled in part by the SCN, may also contribute to the synchronization of peripheral clocks [26]. Molecular mechanism of the circadian clock The clock mechanism in the SCN and the peripheral oscillators is known to be similar at the molecular level [27]; however, the output pathways elicited can be different and more tissue specific. The molecular clockwork is composed of a network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops (Fig. 1) that drive rhythmic, ~24-hour expression patterns of core clock components [28]. Core clock components are genes whose protein products are necessary for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms within individual cells throughout the organism [29]. The core clock components include two gene families: Period and Cryptochrome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics is already being secretly used by wealthy individuals and world leaders to preserve themselves for future revival in better conditions. [SEP] Text: ” Pathway from school to architecture “So many subjects will help you succeed in architecture,” says Lisa. English, physics and mathematics are typical entry requirements for university architecture programmes. Lisa also recommends studying art, to develop creative expression and an appreciation of design history, and practical classes in woodworking or mechanics, to gain experience of working with materials. Humanities subjects will help you understand people and cultures, creative subjects will fuel your imagination, and computer science will develop your digital modelling skills. She also recommends environmental science to learn about sustainability and climate action, and economics and business management to help you run an effective architecture business. “The most important skills for architects are imagination and compassion,” says Lisa. “Look around your neighbourhood and consider how its design impacts you,” advises Lisa. “Get involved in community discussions about new developments. Sketch and draw, read and wonder. ” of Canada (www. raic. org/becoming-architect) has resources for students, a list of of Architecture and information about how to become an architect, while the Student’s Association (www. casaacea. org) connects students across the country. Download the 10. 33424/476 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 science students at University © A model by architectural science students at University as part of the REAL/surREAL collaborative exercise led by © Lisa (right) works with architectural science students at University © and (Ivana Yellowback, Katelyn Hart, and Raven Hart) and architecture graduate at the opening song ceremony of CAFÉ Prairie and Nation-to-Nation forum © A roundtable discussion during the CAFÉ Praire event at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg © CAFÉ supports developing an architecture policy for Canada © Architectural science students at University © Architectural science students at University © An architectural model at a CAFÉ Ontario forum © É exhibition © CAFÉ members take a lunch break during a workshop at the CAFÉ Capital event at in careers in architecture Architects design buildings, settings and structures at different scales, so you could find yourself designing a new school, library, housing development or park. Explore the work of architecture students at University: www. dasxhibitions. ca Read about architecture news and examine new architectural designs: www. canadianarchitect.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 29A−C). Medium body size (HW 0. 63, WL 1. 18). Masticatory margin of mandibles with two to three teeth (in the single specimen examined right mandible with three teeth, left mandible with two teeth); antennae with second and third funicular segments longer than wide, and sixth to eleventh funicular segments distinctly wider than second to fifth segments; in full face view ocellar triangle situated below posterior head margin and not elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae very distinct, forming a thin flange that projects backwards. Mesoscutum in dorsal view oval; scutellum in dorsal view laterally pinched, tapering greatly from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior part truncate; mesonotum short, with median carinae; dorsal face of propodeum very short; propodeal spines absent. Head sculpture rugulose around eyes and ocelli; face with two short erect setae and very sparse suberect pubescence; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity. Color as in worker and queen, with head darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster tavaratra is known only from two dry deciduous forests in the very far north of Madagascar, Réserve Analamerana and Forêt d’Orangea, at elevations between 60−225 m (Fig. 29D). This species co-occurs with C. kelleri at the first locality. Colony collections of C. tavaratra were made from dead branches and suggest that this species nests arboreally. Etymology. This species is named after its extreme restriction to northern Madagascar: “tavaratra” is Malagasy for “those from the north”. This name should be treated as noun in apposition. Crematogaster tsisitsilo Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:32749542-A8A4-42D7-A355-35300B0 15E32. Figures 30, 31. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 30. Crematogaster tsisitsilo, workers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In mammals, the expression of three Period genes (Per1, Per2 and Per3) and two Cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2) is activated by a dimer of the proteins CLOCK (Kaput) and BMAL1 (Brain-Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1). CLOCK and BMAL1 are transcriptional factors that heterodimerize and induce the expression of Per and Cry genes by binding to their promoters at E-boxes [28,30,31]. CLOCK also has an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, thereby it can induce chromatin remodeling and create a permissive state for activation of gene expression [32]. PER and CRY proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and they associate before entering the nucleus. In the nucleus, CRYs repress the activity of CLOCK and BMAL1 and in this way, they negatively feedback on their own expression [33,34]. However, the exact molecular mechanism of this repression is yet unclear. The enzymatic activity of CLOCK also allows it to acetylate non-histone substrates. For example, CLOCK mediates acetylation of its own binding partner, BMAL1, on Lys537. Ectopic expression of wild-type BMAL1, but not an acetylation-resistant BMAL1 mutant (K537R), is able to rescue the circadian expression of endogenous target genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Bmal1-/- mice. The BMAL1-K537R mutant has drastically reduced sensitivity to CRY1-mediated repression compared with wild type BMAL1, indicating that the acetylation of BMAL1 by CLOCK might be an essential regulatory switch as it facilitates CRY-dependent repression [35]. Another crucial modulator of the circadian clock machinery identified recently is a histone deacetylase, namely sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which regulates circadian rhythms by counteracting the HAT activity of CLOCK [36]. SIRT1 is required for high-magnitude circadian transcription of several core clock genes, including Bmal1, Rorγ, Per2, and Cry1. SIRT1 binds CLOCK-BMAL1 in a circadian manner and promotes the deacetylation and degradation of PER2 [37].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: А Физиологическое определение степени адаптационно-приспособительных реакций к трудовому и учебному процессам у мигрантов и студентов. Здоровье населения и среда обитания. 2019;3(312):94-99. [Khodzhiyev M. , Prokopenko L. V. , Yushkova O. I. , Kapustina A. V. , Gulomova R. A Fiziologicheskoye opredeleniye stepeni adaptatsionno-prisposobitel′nykh reaktsiy k trudovomu i uchebnomu protsessam u migrantov i studentov. Zdorov′ye naseleniya i sreda obitaniya. 2019;3(312):94-99. (In Russ)] 2. Грехов Р. А. , Сулейманова Г. П. , Адамович Е. И. Роль тревоги в психофизиологии стресса. Естественныенауки. 2017;1:89-91. [Grekhov R. A. , Suleymanova G. P. , Adamovich E. I. Rol′ trevogi v psikhofiziologii stressa.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: A–0120279: A full face B lateral C dorsal D–0317686: D full face E lateral F dorsal. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 31. Crematogaster tsisitsilo, male and distribution. A–C male (0317695): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D species distribution. Type locality. : Mahajanga: Ambondromamy: -16. 43750, 47. 15750, 64 m, urban/garden. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0317686, BLF16530, on low vegetation [imaged on Antweb]; original locality label: MADG’R: Majunga: Ambondromamy:, 64 m, 07. ii. 2007, 16°26. 25′S, 47°09. 45′E, urban/garden, Fisher et al. , BLF16530; deposited at CASC. Four paratype workers, pinned, same collection and locality data as holotype. #1: 0317684, deposited at SAMC; #2: 0317685, deposited at MHNG. #3: 0317687, deposited at MCZC. #4: 0317688, deposited at UCDC. For other material examined () refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Crematogaster tsisitsilo is uniquely recognizable from all other Crematogaster species in Madagascar by the lack of propodeal spines and the absence of a median impression on the postpetiole. Worker measurements (n = 20). HW 0. 66−1. 03 [0. 97]; HL 0. 62−0. 91 [0. 89]; EL 0. 13−0. 23 [0. 21]; SL 0. 46−0. 67 [0. 66]; WL 0. 62−0. 98 [0. 95]; SPL 0. 00; PTH 0. 12−0. 21 [0. 21]; PTL 0. 18−0. 31 [0. 28]; PTW 0. 21−0. 32 [0. 32]; PPL 0. 12−0. 20 [0. 17]; PPW 0. 18−0. 30 [0. 30]; LHT 0. 42−0. 73 [0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Schematic representation of the mammalian circadian clock mechanism. ROREs are retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor response elements present in Bmal1 promoter to which REV-ERBs and RORs compete to bind whereas E-boxes are regulatory enhancer sequences present in the promoter regions of the genes under consideration to which CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer binds. Casein kinase (CK) isoforms phosphorylate and BMAL1 proteins decreasing their stability and critically regulating the time of action of clock proteins. Similarly, targets of GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) include -ERBα and CRY2. c-Myc, Wee1 and Cyclin D1 are clock-controlled cell cycle genes. CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers induce a second regulatory loop activating transcription of retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptors, Rev-erbα and Rorα [38]. Both of these proteins are transcription factors that bind to the Bmal1 promoter at REV-ERBα and RORα response elements. RORα activate transcription of Bmal1 [39,40], whereas REV-ERBα repress the transcription process [41,42]. Another core member of the mammalian circadian clock is neuronal PAS-domain protein 2 (NPAS2). NPAS2 is a paralogue of CLOCK, exhibiting similar activities but differing in tissue distribution. NPAS2 can heterodimerize with BMAL1, bind to E-box motifs and transcriptionally activate circadian genes [43]. The feedback loops described above are responsible for varying levels of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) from the Per, Cry, Rev-erbα and Bmal1 genes across circadian phases. In the SCN, Per, Cry and Rev-erbα all exhibit a peak of abundance during the light phase, while Bmal1 has an opposite phase (i. e. , peaks about 12 hour later). In most other brain regions and peripheral tissues, these rhythms are all delayed by several hours but generally keep a similar phase relationship amongst them. In some brain regions, PER oscillations are in phase with those seen in the SCN [44,45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: 9–10 mmol/L [70–180 mg/dL]) in Control-IQ technology users who have used the system without boluses for varying periods of time (“days in full closed-loop category”: A) on days with no user-given boluses (fully closed-loop use), compared with B) days with user-given boluses. study identified that 10% of real-world users of Control-IQ technology have spent 7 days or more without bolusing. Polin reported that the burden of bolusing itself may be a potential reason, though it is not possible to ascertain from these data. Other reasons could include age-related behavioural factors, illness, medications, or changes in circumstances or therapy regimens, including diet control. Another poster presented at the ADA by Fu and colleagues used statistical simulations to demonstrate TIR outcome of 62% with Control-IQ technology when users did not bolus for small-medium carbohydrate meals (≤40 g carbohydrates), which suggests that lower carbohydrate diets may be a good strategy to maximise TIR when not giving boluses. 2 One key finding was that glycaemic control in those who do not bolus for extended periods of time have slightly higher TIR (62%) on days when they do not bolus compared to days when they take manual boluses (57%), without an increased risk of hypoglycaemia. The automatic correction bolus is likely useful in counteracting hyperglycaemia on the days without user-given boluses and is a unique feature of Control-IQ technology. Further, the automatic correction boluses do not lead to additional hypoglycaemia, which is a theoretical (but not substantiated) concern. It is unclear why days with user-given boluses had a slightly lower TIR, though it is possible that when people have more hyperglycaemia, they are more inclined to give correction boluses to compensate (reverse causation). Regardless, these data indicate that closed-loop systems like Control-IQ technology may be helpful in maximising TIR, for those who do not, or find it difficult to, bolus consistently. The user and healthcare professional can maximise TIR by programming settings that match their behaviour, such as strengthening the correction factor to maximise the automatic correction bolus for those who do not bolus themselves.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 69]; CI 1. 07−1. 15 [1. 09]; OI 0. 21−0. 27 [0. 23]; SI 0. 73−0. 82 [0. 75]; SPI 0. 00; PTHI 0. 65−0. 83 [0. 76]; PTWI 0. 99−1. 29 [1. 15]; PPI 1. 29−1. 81 [1. 81]; LBI 1. 30−1. 63 [1. 37]. Worker description (Fig. 30A−F). Very small to medium size (HW 0. 66−1. 03, WL 0. 62−0. 98). Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; head shape quadrate, mostly as long as wide (CI 1. 07–1. 15); posterior margin of head in full face view laterally rounded, subangular or angular; occipital carinae indistinct; antennal scapes not, or just reaching head margin; midline of eyes situated at midline of head in full face view; eyes fairly large (OI 0. 21–0. 27) and moderately protruding. Pronotum laterally subangular; promesonotal suture distinct or indistinct; mesonotum to varying degree raised over pronotum, and a minute median tubercule is present; mesonotum usually with a rounded dorsal and a short posterior face; mesonotum rounded dorsolaterally; in lateral view outline of promesonotum appears as one convex hump; posterior face of mesonotum slopes steeply into metanotal groove; metanotal groove fairly deep, much constricted and bordered by lateral carinae; propodeal spines absent; propodeal spiracles large; dorsal face of propodeum very short and convex, distinctly set off from posterior face, laterally expanded to about twice the width of metanotal groove; posterior face of propodeum convex and steeply sloping; petiole in dorsal view oval, dorsolaterally rounded and without posterolateral tubercules or denticles; subpetiolar process absent; postpetiole wider than long, rounded, not distinctly bilobed, with at most a faint median impression posteriorly; subpostpetiolar process absent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Considering that simple transcriptional feedback loops like those described above would normally lead to mRNA oscillations with a period much smaller than 24 hours, other mechanisms have been added onto this simple loop model to permit a slowing down and delay of its progression that create a coordinated molecular cycle approximating the 24 hours environmental period. These mechanisms act at different levels involving post-transcriptional processing of the mRNAs, translation, post-translational processing of the proteins and nuclear translocation [46 - 48]. Each of these can individually contribute to introduce the delay between the activation and repression of transcription that is required to keep the period at ~24 hours. The post-translational modifications regulating the circadian clock include acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. In terms of phosphorylation, Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) and Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1ε and CK1δ), 2 (CKII), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are critical factors that regulate the core circadian protein turnover. It has been shown that mutations in CK1ε and CK1δ result in altered kinase activities and cause shorter circadian periods in mammals [49]. BMAL1 and CRYs are reported to be the targets of CKIε [50]. 2 (CKII) is one of the more recent kinases identified as a clock component in N. crassa [51,52] and D. melanogaster. [53 - 55] but its role in regulation of mammalian clock has yet to be clarified. Changes in GSK3 activity have been reported to alter period length in mammalian cells [56]. The targets of GSK3 in mammals might be the PER proteins (PER phosphorylation by GSK3 might prevent nuclear entry of PER proteins), REV-ERBα [57] and/or CRY2 (for which phosphorylation might control CRY2 degradation at the end of night) [58]. Recently, the nutrient-responsive AMPK has been found to regulate circadian clock by phosphorylation and destabilization of the clock component CRY1 [59]. Also, AMPKγ3 subunit is found to be involved in the regulation of peripheral circadian clock function [60].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available.Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: As a result, periodic table descriptors and machine learning can be used together to decipher features of unknown compounds and predict compounds that are similar. File 1: Detailed information regarding heavy metals at different concentrations. Format: XLSX Size: 45. 7 KB This study was funded by of (ICMR), New Delhi, in the form of a Fellowship to JR. SP acknowledges AICTE (Council for Technical Education), for financial assistance. 0332. doi:10. 1016/j. mtchem. 2020. 100332 Return to citation in text: [1] Roy, J. ; Roy, K. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2021, 8, 3395–3407. doi:10. 1039/d1en00733e Return to citation in text: [1] Chong, M. N. ; Tneu, Z. Y. ; Poh, P. E. ; Jin, B. ; Aryal, R. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2015, 50, 288–296. doi:10. 1016/j. jtice. 2014. 12. 013 Return to citation in text: [1] Aruoja, V. ; Dubourguier, H. -C. ; Kasemets, K. ; Kahru, A. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 1461–1468. doi:10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2008. 10. 053 Return to citation in text: [1] Qi, Y. ; Xiang, B. ; Zhang, J. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 172, 34–43. doi:10. 1016/j. solmat. 2017. 07. 017 Return to citation in text: [1] Zhang, Y. ; Tang, Z. -R. ; Fu, X. ; Xu, Y. -J. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7303–7314. doi:10. 1021/nn1024219 Return to citation in text: [1] Xu, X. ; Li, Y. ; Wang, Y. ; Wang, Y. Toxicol. 2011, 25, 294–300. doi:10. 1016/j. tiv. 2010. 09. 007 Return to citation in text: [1] Tomno, R. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Sculpture reduced overall; head shiny to aciculate; mesosoma dorsally shiny and aciculate; propleuron aciculate, meso- and metapleuron mostly reticulate; dorsal face of propodeum aciculate to reticulate, posterior face shiny; dorsal face of petiole shiny; helcium aciculate; postpetiole dorsally aciculate; lateral and ventral face of petiole and postpetiole feebly reticulate. Face usually with four to eight erect, longer setae, and abundant shorter erect to subdecumbent pubescence; usually two to four erect humeral setae present on promesonotum, otherwise promesonotum dorsally with regular subdecumbent pubescence; petiole and postpetiole with a pair of short erect setae posterolaterally, and shorter suberect, decumbent or appressed pubescence; abdominal tergites four to seven with very sparse short erect pilosity that is more abundant on sternites four to seven, and dense appressed to decumbent pubescence throughout. Color yellowish-brown to dark brown. Queen. unknown. Male measurements (n = 1). HW 0. 67, HL 0. 46, EL 0. 28, SL 0. 11, MSNW 0. 76, MSNL 0. 72, WL 1. 30, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 17, PTL 0. 20, PTW 0. 23, PPL 0. 15, PPW 0. 27, LHT 0. 64, CI 1. 46, OI 0. 62, SI 0. 24, MSNI 1. 06, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 82, PTWI 1. 14, PPI 1. 80, LBI 2. 02. Male description (Fig. 31A−C). Small (HW 0. 67, WL 1. 30). Masticatory margin of mandibles with three teeth; clypeus only moderately protruding; eyes large (OI 0. 62) and protruding, midline of eyes situated well below midline of head, almost extending to clypeal margin; antennae 12-segmented, scapes very short (SI 0. 24); head much wider than long (CI 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Likewise kinases, phosphatases also participate in clock regulation. Most recently, the serine/threonine phosphatase PP5 (protein phosphatase 5) has been found to interact with and be regulated by CRY proteins [61]. Through its interaction with CRY, PP5 might regulate the phosphorylation state and so the activity of CKIε in the clock [62,63]. Thus, it can be said that phosphorylation by kinases, balanced by regulated dephosphorylation, sets the stage for protein degradation. Phosphorylation is required for the recruitment of ubiquitin ligases, which mediate the polyubiquitylation and the subsequent degradation of these proteins in the proteasome. In mammals, the stability of PER1 and PER2 is regulated by either βTrCP1 or βTrCP2. CKI phosphorylates PER1 and PER2 and this phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of βTrCP which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of these proteins [64,65]. Most recently, sumoylation has been revealed as an additional level of regulation within the core mechanism of the circadian clock. It is a reversible posttranslational modification in which a small ubiquitin-related modifier protein (SUMO) is covalently linked to lysine residues. It is controlled by an enzymatic pathway analogous to the ubiquitin pathway. BMAL1 has been found to be rhythmically sumoylated in vivo through a process that requires the heterodimerization partner CLOCK. Sumoylation of BMAL1 regulates the turnover of the protein, as a mutation in the sumoylation site (K259R) of BMAL1 lengthens the half-life of BMAL1 [66]. However, SUMO ligases and proteases which may be involved in controlling this sumoylation and their circadian regulation are still to be known. The transcriptional circadian regulation extends beyond core clock components to include various clock-controlled genes (CCGs), i. e. , genes that are under the direct or indirect transcriptional control of the clock transcription factors but are not themselves part of the clock. Regulation of clock-controlled genes is a mechanism by which the molecular clockwork controls physiological processes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available.Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: -P. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1997, 129, 318–329. doi:10. 1016/s0022-2143(97)90180-3 Return to citation in text: [1] Ryan, M. J. ; Johnson, G. ; Kirk, J. ; Fuerstenberg, S. M. ; Zager, R. A. ; Torok-Storb, B. Kidney Int. 1994, 45, 48–57. doi:10. 1038/ki. 1994. 6 Return to citation in text: [1] Kar, S. ; Gajewicz, A. ; Puzyn, T. ; Roy, K. ; Leszczynski, J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2014, 107, 162–169. doi:10. 1016/j. ecoenv. 2014. 05. 026 Return to citation in text: [1] De, P. ; Kar, S. ; Roy, K. ; Leszczynski, J. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2018, 5, 2742–2760. doi:10. 1039/c8en00809d Return to citation in text: [1] Menze, B. H. ; Kelm, B. M. ; Masuch, R. ; Himmelreich, U. ; Bachert, P. ; Petrich, W. ; Hamprecht, F. A. BMC Bioinf. 2009, 10, 213. doi:10. 1186/1471-2105-10-213 Return to citation in text: [1] Marcilio, W. E. ; Eler, D. M. From explanations to feature selection: assessing SHAP values as feature selection mechanism. 2020 33rd on Graphics, Patterns and Images (); IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, U. S. A. , 2020; pp 340–347. doi:10. 1109/sibgrapi51738. 2020. 00053 Return to citation in text: [1] El Naqa, I. ; Murphy, M. J. Machine Learning? . in Radiation Oncology; Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; pp 3–11. doi:10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 46); in full face view ocellar triangle situated at posterior head margin and elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae distinct. Mesosoma compact (MSNI 1. 06, WL 1. 30); mesoscutum in dorsal view as wide as long, posterolaterally constricted just before axillae; axillae tranversely compressed and narrow; scutellum in dorsal view broadly tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion rounded; metanotum not distinctly protruding from below scutellum; dorsal face of propodeum very short, posterior face longitudinally convex; propodeal spines absent; petiole in dorsal view oval and laterally rounded, in lateral view petiole tapers greatly anteriorly; subpetiolar process absent; postpetiole lacking median impression; wings with a brownish hue. Head sculpture shiny, rugulose within ocellar triangle; clypeus longitudinally with one short median and a pair of lateral carinae, and two short transverse carinae on each side; mesoscutum and scutellum shiny, propodeum longitudinally carinulate; petiole and postpetiole rugulose-shiny; scattered short erect pilosity on face; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity; scutellum dorsolaterally with longer erect pilosity; petiole and postpetiole with longer dorsoposterior setae, and abundant erect pilosity dorsally and laterally; abdominal tergites and sternites four to seven with abundant short suberect pubescence, longer erect pilosity lacking. Color brown. Variation. Workers of this species vary greatly in size, with the smallest specimens being found at the southernmost edge of the distribution (P. N. Bemaraha and Beanka). Distribution and biology. Crematogaster tsisitsilo is found mainly in dry forest habitats in north-western Madagascar (Fig. 31D). Disjunct from this distribution, the species has also been found in the Forêt d’Antsahabe, a dry forest in the far northern tip of Madagascar. Sympatry with the C. kelleri-group exists only with C. kelleri.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The clock-controlled genes (CCG) constitute about 10% of the expressed genes in a given tissue (SCN or in peripheral tissues) to generate rhythmic outputs, and, apart from few exceptions, most of these clock-controlled genes are distinct in different tissues depending upon different physiological needs [67]. Clock-controlled genes may encode a variety of proteins including key regulators for cell cycle. Circadian clock and cell cycle Circadian clock and cell cycle are global regulatory systems found in almost all organisms. The circadian clock shares a number of conceptual and molecular similarities with the cell cycle [68]. Both are periodic for ca. 24 hours, and intrinsic to most cells. Similarly, both are based on the conceptual device of interlock auto-regulatory loops. Moreover, both rely on sequential phases of transcription, translation and protein modification and degradation. The circadian clock controls the expression of cell cycle-related genes; in contrast, circadian clockwork can oscillate accurately and independently of the cell cycle, [69]. It is thereby highly relevant that CCGs include genes that play an essential role in cell cycle control. It has been shown that CLOCK-BMAL1 directly regulate cell cycle genes such as Wee1 (G2-M transition) [69], c-Myc (G0-G1 transition) and Cyclin D1 (G1-S transition) [70]. The level of antimitotic WEE1 kinase in the liver of Cry mutant mice (cryptochromeless mice) is found to be elevated and consequently, liver regeneration in these mice following partial hepatectomy is delayed relative to wild-type controls [69]. The binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of Wee1 promoter stimulates the transcription of this gene. The elevation of WEE1 in the Cry mutant is ascribed to the lack of inhibition of CLOCK-BMAL1 by CRY [69,71]. WEE1 is a cell cycle kinase that plays a key role in the G2-M transition. Ongoing DNA replication or the presence of DNA damage activate WEE1, which then phosphorylates CDC2 (cell division cycle 2)/Cyclin B1 complex, causing its inactivation and delay of mitosis or arrest of the cell cycle at the G2-M interface [72,73].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: 1155/2022/4986826 Go to reference 32 Reference 1 1. Kumar, P. ; Mahajan, P. ; Kaur, R. ; Gautam, S. Mater. Today Chem. 2020, 17, 100332. doi:10. 1016/j. mtchem. 2020. 100332 Go to reference 1 5. Qi, Y. ; Xiang, B. ; Zhang, J. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 172, 34–43. doi:10. 1016/j. solmat. 2017. 07. 017 6. Zhang, Y. ; Tang, Z. -R. ; Fu, X. ; Xu, Y. -J. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7303–7314. doi:10. 1021/nn1024219 Go to 17. Chatterjee, M. ; Banerjee, A. ; De, P. ; Gajewicz-Skretna, A. ; Roy, K. Environ. Sci. : Nano 2022, 9, 189–203. doi:10. 1039/d1en00725d Go to reference 17 Reference 39 39. Pujalté, I. ; Passagne, I. ; Brouillaud, B. ; Tréguer, M. ; Durand, E. ; Ohayon-Courtès, C. ; L'Azou, B. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2011, 8, 10. doi:10. 1186/1743-8977-8-10 Go to reference 39 Reference 4 4. Aruoja, V. ; Dubourguier, H. -C. ; Kasemets, K. ; Kahru, A. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407, 1461–1468. doi:10. 1016/j. scitotenv. 2008. 10. 053 Go to reference 4 Reference 18 18. Oh, E. ; Liu, R. ; Nel, A. ; Gemill, K. B. ; Bilal, M. ; Cohen, Y. ; Medintz, I. L. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 479–486. doi:10. 1038/nnano. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Not much can be said about the natural history of this species, since most collections were composed of foraging workers. One collection has been made from a carton nest, but the generality of this habit needs to be confirmed with additional data. Etymology. This species is named for its complete lack of propodeal spines, as “tsisitsilo” means “no spines” in Malagasy. This name is to be treated as noun in apposition. DiscussionIn this study, we were able to resolve yet another taxonomically difficult group of ants in Madagascar, the Crematogaster kelleri-group. We have demonstrated high levels of continuous morphological variation within C. kelleri and concluded that the former does not correlate with observed genetic variation or geography. Similar levels of variation have been described for other widespread taxa of Crematogaster in Madagascar, namely the C. hova-complex [11] and C. ranavalonae [12]. Nor is the bivariate coloration in C. kelleri (and C. hazolava) an isolated case. Within the C. hova-group, the dry forest species C. grevei has two color forms, one orange and one brown or black, the former being prevalent in dry deciduous forest and the latter in the spiny forests of south-western Madagascar [11]. Presumably habitat-specific selection processes favor one color form over the other. Particularly interesting in the case of C. kelleri is that these color forms co-occur at several localities. Whether these color forms still interbreed freely or may be on the way to reproductive isolation is an issue that remains to be investigated in a population genetic context. The molecular sequence divergence in COI for C. kelleri is fairly high, ranging up to 14%, but this number is similar to levels in other Crematogaster species. More surprising and unusual is the low to almost absent sequence divergence in the ‘yellow clade’ (Figs 1 and 4). Most taxa within this clade stem from geographically close localities on the upper east coast of Madagascar. But because a few specimens also originate from a cluster of sites ca. 400 km further south, this low degree of divergence cannot be explained by geography alone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Incidence rate of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported to be significantly increased in a cohort of pilots in comparison to respective Canadian population rates [108]. It has also been found that working a rotating nightshift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women [109]. Colon cancer patients who have maintained a regular pattern of rest and activity rhythms have shown a fivefold higher survival time than those who have chaotic circadian rhythms [110]. Aberrant expression of clock genes in cancer Several reports have revealed that clock genes are found to be deregulated in various cancers. In comparison with nearby non-cancerous cells, more than 95% of breast cancer cells reveal disturbances in the expression of the three Per genes attributable to methylation of the per gene promoters [111]. Moreover, a structural variation of the Per3 gene has been identified as a potential biomarker for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women [112]. Significantly decreased expression of Per1 has been observed between sporadic breast tumors and normal samples, as well as a further significant decrease between familial and sporadic breast tumors for both Per1 and Per2 suggesting a role for both in normal breast function [113]. It has been demonstrated recently that Per2 is endogenously expressed in human breast epithelial cell lines but is not expressed or is expressed at significantly reduced level in human breast cancer cell lines. Expression of Per2 in these breast cancer cells results in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis demonstrating the tumor suppressive nature of PER2. Moreover, PER2 activity is found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of its normal clock partner CRY2. Furthermore, Per2 expression in cancer cell lines is associated with a significant decrease in the expression of Cyclin D1 and an up-regulation of p53 [114]. The proliferation in ovarian cancer cells has been found to follow a cyclical pattern of peaks and troughs that is out of phase with the circadian rhythm in proliferation of normal tissues [115,116]. Recently, it has been reported that expression levels of Per1, Per2, Cry2, Clock, and CKIε in ovarian cancers are significantly lower than those in normal ovaries. On the contrary, Cry1 expression is highest followed by Per3 and Bmal1 [117].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: For example, one participant discussed the potential for increased data sharing to lead to more “diagnostic overshadowing”. Diagnostic overshadowing describes a phenomenon in which patients with mental illness are less likely to receive appropriate and timely care for a physical health condition because clinicians incorrectly attribute their symptoms to mental illness [43]. Subtheme 4: data misuse and data breachesMany participants discussed concerns about data breaches, ranging from data misuse by private sector companies to impacts on their personal life. They expressed fear of being “excluded from reasonably priced insurance”, worries about “employer discrimination” and even losing child custody. It is important to note that these concerns were not necessarily focused on the risk of a data breach per se, but the risk of a data breach within a society that already discriminates against people with mental illness. For example, one participant discussed his experience of being denied life insurance after he bought his house, noting that “[mental health] seems to be the most strictly clamped down [on by insurance companies] out of anything else”, more so than physical risk factors such as smoking. He added, “it makes you feel uneasy that you are being financially disadvantaged because of some [mental illness] symptoms that you have had”. Theme 3: safeguardsSubtheme 5: personnelParticipants believed that researchers should have access to their mental health data on a “need to know” basis and that they should only be able to access specific information relevant to their research. Further, the concept of researcher accountability and institutional oversight appeared important, with one individual stating they would like any issues to be “tracked back” to the researcher. Subtheme 6: practical measuresOverall participants appeared to have a high degree of understanding of safeguards in place for maintaining confidentiality within research. This may be due to the high proportion of participants with postgraduate degrees and relevant professional experience in the current sample. In fact, one individual said, “I am a fairly knowledgeable member of the public, so I don’t know if I am typical in that sense”. Most participants were happy for their data to be shared if all identifiable information was removed. However, some participants voiced concerns about being identified even if “pseudonyms” were used.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Although we considered the possibility of pseudogene (NUMTs [40], [41]) sequences being responsible for this pattern, we found no evidence in the relevant sequences, such as heteroplasmy or stop codons. A possible explanation for low divergence could be the presence of a “supercolony” originating from a bottleneck population [42], [43]. Supercolonies are prevalent in invasive, non-native ants [44], [45], but a re-introduction to a habitat by a population of a native species could leave a similar molecular footprint. Distributions of the much less common remaining species within the C. kelleri-group are restricted to humid forests, and once more emphasize the elevated species richness (but not necessarily abundance) of this genus in Madagascar’s eastern rainforests, especially in the northern tip of the island. The newly described Crematogaster tsisitsilo presents an interesting exception to this common pattern, as it is found in dry forests in the north-western region, as well as at a disjunct locality in the far north. The isolated phylogenetic position of this taxon in Madagascar [9] suggests that this species either is a recent addition to the Malagasy ant fauna or its closest relatives in Madagascar have gone extinct. The notion that this species is not endemic to Madagascar and already has been described from mainland Africa needs to be considered. Although we have reasonable confidence that this is not the case, the taxonomic state of is in such chaos that we cannot fully exclude this possibility. This study underlines once more the importance of utilizing molecular methods, as well as geographical data, to better understand morphological variation in ants. In conclusion, we hope our approach inspires more such revisions employing multiple types of data analysis, and supports further research on Madagascar’s extraordinary insect and ant fauna. Supporting InformationTable S1. Full collection data of molecular voucher specimens. Voucher specimens, Genbank accession numbers and locality data of all specimens included in the molecular study. Table S2. List of material examined. Full list of locality data for all specimens examined within the morphological study. 1. (2008) Les arthropodes. In: Goodman SM, editor. Paysage naturels et biodiversité de Madagascar. Paris: de Histoire Naturelle. 183–212. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Similarly, significantly decreased expression levels of Per1 as compared to paired non-tumour tissues, have been reported in endometrial carcinoma (EC). The decreased Per1 expression in EC is partly due to inactivation of the Per1 gene by DNA methylation of the promoter and partly due to other factors. This downregulation of the Per1 gene disrupts the circadian rhythm, which might favour the survival of endometrial cancer cells [118]. In another study, the promoter methylation in the Per1, Per2, or Cry1 circadian genes has been detected in about one-third of EC and one-fifth of noncancerous endometrial tissues of 35 paired specimens indicating possible disruption of the circadian clock in the development of EC [119]. Serum-shocked synchronized prostate cancer cells have been found to display disrupted circadian rhythms compared with the normal prostate tissue. Per1 is down-regulated in human prostate cancer samples compared to normal prostates. Moreover, over-expression of Per1 in prostate cancer cells has resulted in significant growth inhibition and apoptosis [120]. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation in numerous cell types. The results from a recent study suggest that Per2 is a downstream C/EBPα-target gene involved in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its disruption might be involved in initiation and/or progression of AML, as significantly reduced expression of Per2 has been noted in lymphoma cell lines as well as in AML patient samples [121]. The expression of Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Bmal1 is significantly impaired in both chronic phase and blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) samples compared with those in normal samples. Although no mutations have been detected within the coding region of Per3, the CpG islands in its promoter are methylated in all the CML samples. Likewise, the CpG islands of Per2 are also methylated in 40% of cases [122]. Recently, Cryptochrome1 has been found to be a valuable predictor of disease progression in early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [123]. More recently, it has been reported that CRY1: PER2 expression ratio is independent prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia [124].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: Camera data and load cells data were sampled at 100 Hz, pressure-insole data at 50 Hz. Data were aligned post data collection through resampling in Matlab®. Fig. 2Illustration of all instrumentation for the example of a front-wheeled walker. The basic System only included load cells in the walking frame’s feet and force sensing insoles in the user’s shoes and was used in users’ homes. The extended System additionally included 3D optoelectronic cameras and was used in the university’s ADL flat and gait laboratory. The optoelectronic cameras recorded position data of reflective markers placed on the user’s feet and the frame. Note that whilst a front-wheeled walker is shown in this Figure, a basic and an extended pick-up walker system were also used in this studyFull size imageData analysisFor both frames, a given frame foot/wheel was considered ‘airborne’ if ground contact was lost for 10 sampling frames or longer. Moreover, considering that flooring is not perfectly flat, we considered the pick-up walker to be grounded when at least 3 of its 4 ft were in contact with the ground. Custom-written algorithms (®) were used to compute: 1. The times when the walking frame feet were airborne (from load cell data). 2. The times when the user was in single and dual support (from pressure insole data). 3. Adherence to guidance, i. e. amalgamating information from 1 & 2 to calculate the number of single support and dual support periods where correct/incorrect use was the case and calculate % incorrect use. Based on clinical and manufacturer leaflets, correct use of a pick-up walker entails that the walker is lifted forward only whilst the user is standing on both of their feet, and incorrect is to step before the walker is fully grounded again. Correct use of the front-wheeled walker is to “glide the frame forward” on its front wheels (the rear feet may at times may need lifting), and incorrect would be to lift the front-wheels. We note that the guidance for safe use of pick-up walkers focuses entirely on dual support (“do not step whilst the walker is airborne”), hence % incorrect use of the pickup walker was only determined for single support periods (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Fisher BL (2005) A model for a global inventory of ants: A case study in Madagascar. 56: 86–97. View 3. Fisher BL (2008) Les Fourmis. In: Goodman SM, editor. Paysage naturels et biodiversité de Madagascar. Paris: de Histoire Naturelle. 249–271. 4. Fisher BL (2003) Formicidae, ants. In: editors. History of Madagascar. Chicago: of Chicago Press. 811–819. 5. (2008) Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science 320: 222–226. View 6. Ward PS (2010) Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Evolution. In: editors. Ant Ecology. Oxford: Press. 7. Blaimer BB (2012) A subgeneric revision of Crematogaster and discussion of regional species-groups (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3482 47–67. 8. (2012) Bolton’s Catalogue and Synopsis. 2012. Available: Accessed 25 October 2012. 9. Blaimer BB (2012) Acrobat ants go global – Origin, evolution and systematics of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol 65: 421–436. View 10. Blaimer BB (2012) Taxonomy and species-groups of the subgenus Crematogaster (Orthocrema) in the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 199: 23–70. View 11. Blaimer BB (2010) Taxonomy and natural history of the Crematogaster (Decacrema) group in Madagascar. Zootaxa 2714: 1–39. View 12. Blaimer BB (2012) Untangling complex morphological variation: taxonomic revision of the subgenus Crematogaster (Oxygyne) in Madagascar, with insight into the evolution and biogeography of this enigmatic ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 37: 240–260. View 13. R Team (2008) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available: 14. National Geospatial-.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A recent study finds that wild-type and circadian mutant mice demonstrate striking differences in their response to the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CY). While the sensitivity of wild-type mice varies greatly, depending on the time of drug administration, Clock mutant and Bmal1 knockout mice are highly sensitive to treatment at all times tested. On the contrary, mice with loss-of-function mutations in Cryptochrome (Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockouts) were more resistant to CY compared with their wild-type littermates. This indicates that sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide (CY) is directly correlated with the functional status of the major circadian transactivation complex, suggesting that molecular determinants of sensitivity to CY may be directly regulated by CLOCK-BMAL1, which is based on a CLOCK-BMAL1-dependent modulation of target B cell responses to drug-induced toxicity [147]. As discussed earlier, nucleotide excision repair is found to display prominent circadian oscillations in mouse brain reaching at its peak in the afternoon/early evening attributable to circadian oscillation of XPA [97]. It is interesting to note that the peak of DNA repair activity coincide with the previously determined peak of animal's resistance to CY forming a background for important clinical applications. However, further research is required to know whether the damage caused by CY is repaired by nucleotide excision repair mechanism in vivo. Anticancer agents generally produce their cytotoxic effect in both malignant and normal tissues. If we know the circadian rhythm of DNA repair capacity of cancer and normal tissues, we can extrapolate that the most favorable time for drug administration will be when the excision repair activity is low in cancer tissues and when the repair activity is high in normal tissues. Multiple preclinical models with different clock properties are needed for the personalization of cancer chronotherapeutics and the prophecy of optimal chronomodulated drug delivery. The stages where chronotherapeutics will be incorporated into the development of new anticancer drugs will have to be defined, ranging from screening to clinical phases. regulation is important to maintain normal cellular functions, and a disruption of core clock genes can be damaging to the organism's overall well-being. The work is in progress to explicate the cascading interactions of networks of CCGs that connect the clockwork to the expressed rhythms. Results from several epidemiological and genetic studies have shown that disruption of circadian rhythm may lead to cancer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: Over the last 20 years, the top damage-causing agents by cumulative area impacted are mostly native insect species, the majority of which are conifer-killing bark beetles or moth caterpillar defoliators (Table 3). The IDS data are geospatial in nature, with disturbances depicted by polygon or point features. The data are collected primarily through aerial survey of forestland in small aircraft by highly trained forest health specialists, although increasingly, remotely sensed imagery from satellites is being used to monitor and map forest health conditions [48–50]. In either case, some ground survey for verification of the damage-causing agent by a specialist is necessary [51]. The IDS data have recognized limitations, perhaps most notably that they are collected in a targeted fashion rather than through a systematic, comprehensive survey effort. Furthermore, data attributes such as damage severity can be misestimated [52], and some types of damage agents (e. g. , disease-causing fungi such as root rots and stem cankers as well as agents infesting widely dispersed hosts) are virtually impossible to detect remotely. Thus, the IDS data are not fully comprehensive for all potential biotic disturbances. Nevertheless, they have served as a critical source of spatially explicit information on major forest disturbances in the USA since the late 1990s, although spatial databases for some insects or pathogens are decades older [13, 15, 29] and aerial surveys for forest health purposes date back to the 1940s [51]. Several analyses involving IDS data have appeared in recent refereed literature [52–56], emphasizing their potential utility. The FIA Program ( focuses on measuring and monitoring changes in forest vegetation across a nationwide network of field inventory plots laid out systematically (approx. 1 plot per 2428 ha of forest) and based on a spatially balanced sampling design for conducting broad-scale statistical analyses of forest conditions [57]. Although some forest health data are collected on FIA plots (e. g. , occurrence of damage-causing agents), these data are collected inconsistently and can be difficult to interpret [58, 59]. Some of the difficulty arises from the panelized nature of the FIA sampling scheme: 20% or fewer of the plots are visited annually within each state (i. e. , during one “panel”), with full coverage on 5- to 7-year cycles in the eastern USA and 10-year cycles in the western USA [57, 60].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Avalaible: Accessed 25 October 2012. 15. Schatz GE, (2012) Gazetteer to Malagasy botanical collecting localities. Available: Accessed 25 October 2012. 16. (2008) Cartographer, a Mesquite package for plotting geographic data. 1. 3 ed. Available: Accessed 1 November 2012. 17. (2011) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2. 75. Avaiable: Accessed 14 October 2012. 18. Gautier L, Goodman SM (2003) Introduction to the Flora of Madagascar. In: editors. History of Madagascar. Chicago: Press. 229–250. 19. on (1999) of Zoological Nomenclature, version 4. Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available: Accessed 27 October 2012. 20. (2005) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera : Formicidae): phylogeny and evolution of big-eyed arboreal ants. 30: 310–335. View 21. (2006) Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. 103: 18172–18177. View 22. (2010) Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference. 59: 342–362. View 23. (2011) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the spider ants, genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol 59: 281–292. View 24. (2009) Invasions, DNA barcodes, and rapid biodiversity assessment using ants of Mauritius. 6: 31. 25. Edgar RC (2004) : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res 32: 1792–1797. View 26. (2010) Creating the for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the (GCE) New Orleans, LA. 1–8. DOI: 10. 1109/GCE. 2010. 5676129. 27. (2012) PartitionFinder: Combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Evol 29: 1695–1701. View 28. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Weaver, DRThe suprachiasmatic nucleus: a 25-year retrospective J 13: 100–112, DOI: [PubMed] Welsh, DK; Logothetis, DE; Meister, M; Reppert, SMIndividual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706, DOI: [PubMed] Liu, C; Weaver, DR; Strogatz, SH; Reppert, SMCellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Cell 91: 855–860, DOI: [PubMed] Czeisler, CA; Shanahan, TL; Klerman, EB; Martens, H; Brotman, DJ; Emens, JS; Klein, T; Rizzo, JFSuppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light N Med 332: 6–11, DOI: [PubMed] Freedman, MS; Lucas, RJ; Soni, B; von Schantz, M; Munoz, M; David-Gray, ZK; Foster, RGRegulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 502–504, DOI: [PubMed] Lucas, RJ; Freedman, MS; Munoz, M; Garcia-Fernandez, JM; Foster, RGRegulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 505–507, DOI: [PubMed] Gooley, JJ; Lu, J; Chou, TC; Scammell, TE; Saper, CBMelanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Adults who have dogs share more bacterial phylotypes with each other than they do with adults who do not have dogs (Figure 4, top right). Having a dog, then, has an effect of similar size on the number of taxa shared in human skin communities as the effect of living together (i. e. , two people who have dogs but do not live together share, on average, about as many phylotypes as two people who live together but who do not have a dog). Adults who have a dog and live together share the greatest number of skin phylotypes while adults who neither have a dog nor live together share the least. We tested the effects of gender, pet ownership, and cohabitation of children using a linear mixed effects model, taking into account the variability in diversity due to family membership, age, and technical differences (e. g. , sequencing lane). Of these factors, only dog ownership and gender significantly affected diversity (Table 7). Adults who own dogs tended to have a higher diversity of bacteria on their skin (hands and forehead) than those without dogs (Figure 4, top left, p<0. 001, Student's t-test with 10,000 simulations; Table 2). It should also be noted that consistent with previous studies (Fierer et al. , 2008), we found that adult females tend to have a higher diversity of bacteria on their hands than adult males (Table 2). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Alpha diversity and shared phylotypes in couples with and without dogs and children. The left panels show rarefaction curves for skin communities of couples (including seniors) who have dogs (top, in red), those without dogs (top, in blue), couples (excluding seniors) with infants/children (bottom, in red), and those without infants/children (bottom, in blue). Mean ± 95% CI shown. The right panels show the average number of phylotypes shared among individuals from the same categories shown in the left panels. Mean ± 95% CI shown. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 001 after Bonferroni correction (Wilcoxon test).

Output: pass