Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: What if we could develop a sensor that can detect pollutants like heavy metals? Bridle is an associate professor at Heriot-in the UK. One of her current research projects is focused on developing novel sensors to explore the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and pollutants in resistance (AMR) is when microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, evolve ways to survive treatments, including antibiotic, antiviral and antifungal medicines. considers AMR to be an ‘increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society’ and estimates that an additional $1. 2 trillion will be spent on health every year by 2050 because of AMR. Clearly, AMR is a significant issue that needs to be better understood so that researchers can find solutions in the near future. Bridle is based at Heriot-in the UK and is conducting research to explore the relationship between AMR and pollutants. One of the areas of her team’s focus is in India, which has one of the highest per capita use of antibiotics in the world. ? The more we use antibiotics, the more opportunities bacteria have to develop resistance. If people are not aware of this, they are unlikely to change their behaviour. A lack of understanding is one of the major factors behind increased incidence of AMR. “One of the main problems in India is the cheap unregulated access to antibiotics, e. g. over-the-counter sales with a prescription, which means that there is little control over whether antibiotics are used appropriately or at the correct dose,” explains Helen. “Other problems arise in the healthcare system, such as doctors receiving compensation for antibiotic prescriptions and relatively high levels of healthcare associated infection, which also contributes to the heavy usage of antibiotics in India. ” It is known that water – particularly wastewater – plays a significant role in the spread and transfer of AMR, although there have been relatively few studies in this area to date. Helen’s research is designed to explore the relationship between AMR and pollutants, specifically heavy metals and additives such as triclosan (which is used in soap and toothpaste). Because these heavy metals and additives are also harmful to bacteria, the bacteria develop resistance mechanisms to them, which appear to bolster their resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Helen hopes to understand more about how these mechanisms work in the environment so that solutions can be found. ?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The benefits of deep sea mining completely outweigh any potential environmental impacts. [SEP] Text: Canadian enterprise DeepGreen enjoys exploration rights in the Area through ISA contracts sponsored by Nauru, Tonga and Kiribati, respectively, while Belgian deep sea mining company (GSR) has partnered with the to explore the zone that has been assigned to the state-owned (DeepGreen (2020) Sponsoring states; Report and recommendations of the Legal and to the Council of the Authority relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules by the (9 July 2014), ISA Doc. ISBA/20/C/18 (2014), para 19). 64. Cf. Issues related to the sponsorship of contracts for exploration in the Area, monopolization, effective control and related matters (21 June 2016), ISA Doc. ISBA/22/LTC/13 (2016), paras 5–8. 65. LOSC (n 1), 5. 66. “Equality of treatment between developing and developed sponsoring states is consistent with the need to prevent commercial enterprises based in developed states from setting up companies in developing states, acquiring their nationality and obtaining their sponsorship in the hope of being subjected to less burdensome regulations and controls. The spread of sponsoring states ‘of convenience’ would jeopardize uniform application of the highest standards of protection of the marine environment, the safe development of activities in the Area and the protection of the common heritage of mankind. ” ((n 30), para 159)67. K Willaert, P Singh (2021) Deep sea mining partnerships with developing states: favorable collaborations or opportunistic endeavours? Law, doi: (n 1), 190. 69. (2019) Effective control and deep seabed mining: Toward a definition. for Series, p 2. 70. Cf. Analysis of regulation 11. 2 of the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for in the Area (5 June 2014), ISA Doc. ISBA/20/LTC/10 (2014), paras 20–22; Issues related to the sponsorship of contracts for exploration in the Area, monopolization, effective control and related matters (21 June 2016), ISA Doc. ISBA/22/LTC/13 (2016), paras 5–7 and 11. 71. For example, Report and recommendations to the Council of the Authority relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration by Resources Inc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals. Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended, or not defended at all. Here, we report a new multi-order mimicry complex that includes at least 140 different putative mimics from four arthropod orders including ants, wasps, bugs, tree hoppers and spiders. All members of this mimicry complex are characterised by a conspicuous golden body and an ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits. However, they were similarly effective at deterring predators - even mildly defended mimics were rarely eaten by a community of invertebrate and vertebrate predators both in the wild and during staged trials. We propose that despite the predominance of less defended mimics the three predatory guilds avoid the mimics because of the additive influence of the various defensive traits. eLife digest Many animals use bright colours to warn a potential predator that they can defend themselves. Wasps, for instance, are armed with a harmful sting and advertise this fact via their distinctive yellow and black stripes. Predators often learn to heed such warnings and avoid these unpalatable animals in future. As a result, animals that mimic another animal’s warning signals can reap the benefit of being left alone by predators even if they are otherwise undefended. Textbooks on evolution are typically full of different examples of mimicry. However, the specifics of these examples are often poorly understood. Ninety years ago a famous Australian entomologist, Alexander Nicholson, suggested the existence of large groups of mimics in the Australian wildlife. More of these so-called “mimetic complexes” have recently been recognized among several species of insect, but not previously in ants. Now, Pekár et al. have looked at all known ants and ant-like mimics in Australia and discovered over 140 species that use gold and black colours as a warning signal. Most of the species were ants, but the collection of mimics also includes wasps, spiders, true bugs and insects called treehoppers. Some of the mimics were less palatable than others, and they possessed a range of defences, including spines and foul-tasting chemicals. Pekár et al. then looked in the guts of 12 species of predators in the wild, and found that very few of them ate the mimics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: The team is using novel sensor technologies to use in the field and explore the relationship between AMR and pollutants. These sensors will further our understanding in several ways. “Low-cost easy-to-use sensors will enable a greater degree of monitoring and detailed case studies to understand how the presence of co-selectors of resistance, such as pollutants like heavy metals and additives, impact on antibiotic resistance in the water environment,” says Helen. “Once we have improved our understanding of these subjects, it will enable policymakers and water companies to design effective interventions. ” The sensors that the team at Heriot-are developing will target the AMR genes in a water sample. In order to do this, the system needs to extract DNA from bacteria found in the water and then identify the specific sequences that are known to be associated with AMR. “We place recognition molecules on the sensor surface and when they are exposed to DNA, binding takes place,” explains Helen. “We can then measure the binding that enables us to check water quality without the need to access specialised lab facilities. ” It is hoped that the technology could one day be used by pollution control boards in India and around the world. ? The project is already well underway and Helen’s colleagues in India have started regularly monitoring different sites. They have identified which pollutants are typically found in different locations and the AMR genes that are most prevalent. This has demonstrated the effectiveness of the research, although more work needs to be done before it can be fully rolled out. The team hopes to be testing prototype systems and comparing them with existing techniques within the next year. Ultimately, by understanding the relationship between AMR and pollutants, solutions and preventive measures can be developed. Helen’s project is an important step in a global move toward minimising AMR, which could save trillions of dollars and – more importantly – countless lives around the world. of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-: Engineering and : Helen’s work is concerned with developing novel sensor technologies to explore the relationship between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and pollutants. The findings could help tackle the significant AMR that is linked to India’s water quality issues. : and physical sciences is an extraordinarily broad field of research, encompassing fields as varied as manufacturing, mathematics, advanced materials, chemistry, healthcare technologies and structural engineering.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The benefits of deep sea mining completely outweigh any potential environmental impacts. [SEP] Text: ISBA/17/LTC/L. 4 (2011); Application for approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area by. (11 June 2012), ISA Doc. ISBA/18/LTC/L. 6 (2012). 83. K Willaert (2020) On the legitimacy of national interests of sponsoring states: a deep sea mining conundrum. Law, doi: example, 2014, Section 77(5)(ii); Act 2015, Section 23(1)(c)(ii); 2017, Section 87(2)(ii); Act 2019, Section 134(1)(c). 85. (2012) Pacific-and for and Exploitation. 86. For example, 2014, Section 91(2)(b); Act 2015, Section 40(4); 2017, Section 105(4)(b); Act 2019, Section 153(4). 87. LOSC (n 1), 29. 88. R Kirchain et al. (n 38), 73. 89. However, these proposed corrections come with a caveat: as soon as the levies of the sponsoring states are taken into account and the payment system is introduced by the ISA, lowering corporate tax rates and eliminating recovery fees will not automatically lead to higher benefits for mankind as a whole and would simply result in reduced taxes for deep-sea mining contractors. Consequently, in order to ensure that national taxation is effectively replaced by international taxation, it is crucial to combine the suggested adjustments with synchronized changes to the forthcoming ISA payment system, for example by linking the financial model and related contractual terms to certain threshold values regarding the accumulated tax rates imposed by sponsoring states. After all, revisions of the payment system and the applicable tariffs can only be introduced in existing contracts at the election of the contractor (K Willaert (n 83); 1994 (n 5), 8(1)(e); Regulations (n 8), 90. LOSC (n 1), 91. For example, recovery fees or high corporate income taxes could be deemed legitimate when applied by developing states for as long as the ISA has not adopted suitable payment and distribution systems, on condition that the fees are paid into a specific fund dedicated to adequate and sustainable management of deep-sea mining activities and provided that recovery fees and corporate tax tariffs exceeding the mean among sponsoring states are not cumulated. 92. K Willaert (n 83). 2019. Available at accessed 18 Oct 20192017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: When mimics were offered to three different predators (specifically a lizard and two species of spider), most avoided the mimics regardless of whether they were palatable or unpalatable. Instead, the predators preferred to eat a spider that was not a member of the group of mimics because it lacked the gold colouration. Further studies are now needed to continue to document the details of this and other mimetic complexes. For example, this includes revealing how the different defences protect the members of the complex from predators do not use vision to recognize their prey and so cannot see the warning colouration. All this is needed to understand evolutionary processes that have fascinated biologists for decades, and explain how such large mimetic complexes evolved and persisted in spite of the influence of the community of predators. complexes (i. e. a composite of several Müllerian and Batesian mimics) have long fascinated biologists for the theoretical and empirical challenges they pose. Classic Müllerian mimicry was thought to only include equally defended species (Müller, 1878), while Batesian mimicry (Bates, 1862) describes undefended species resembling defended models. In reality, this simplistic dichotomy (sensu Speed, 1999) represents the end-points of a mimetic spectrum that contains species that vary in their mimetic fidelity and/or their degree of defensiveness. A topic of considerable debate (Sherratt, 2008) is the putative influence that moderately defended mimics have on the stability of mimicry rings (i. e. a composite of several similar Müllerian mimics). Discrepancy in protection between two mimetic species may dilute the protection of a more defended species (Speed, 1999). Great tits (Parus major, Paridae, Passeriformes) for instance, attacked artificial models more often when less defended mimics were frequently encountered and food was restricted (Rowland et al. , 2010). In direct contrast, associative learning mechanisms predict a mutualistic relationship between moderately and highly defended members of the ring (Rowland et al. , 2007): wild caught great tits equally avoided four species of true bugs with varying levels of defence but which shared similar warning colours (Hodová Svádová et al. , 2013). Müllerian mimicry rings typically consist of a few closely related species (Symula et al. , 2001; Williams, 2007; Alexandrou et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: Toxins and on Amal I. Hassan, Hosam M. toxins and pollutants is a field of biological sensing investigation. A rapid responsive and reliable biosensor has become an urgent requirement to help detect pathogenic bacteria and toxins that cause dangerous diseases. Recently studies have developed a multi-channel surface plasma resonance sensor for the simultaneous quantitative disclosure of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Now, biosensors are a dominant alternative to traditional analytic procedures to control both natural water quality and the water treatment used by the food manufacturing during the production method, and wastewater before it is released into natural waterways. The most significant attributes of biosensors are the immense sensitivity, short time interval, precision, and comparatively insignificant cost. Biometric sensors will discover the existence or coexist the content of varied cytotoxic materials (insecticides, serious metals, etc. ) in both water and food. The existence of pollutants, particularly toxic metal ions within the water used in food manufacture processes, may be a potential field for biosensor applications. This 10. 21741/9781644901175-7 Part of the book on Sensors and Biosensors 2028. [2] S. J. Pearton, F. . Lim, J. Lin, D. P. Norton, Recent advances in wide bandgap semiconductor biological and gas sensors, Prog. Mater. Sci. 55 (2010) 1–59. [3] F. Scheller, F. Schubert, Biosensors, Elsevier, 1991. 0958-1669(91)90054-9 [4] biosensors, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2010) 1747–1763. [5] S. Neethirajan, Recent advances in wearable sensors for animal health management, Sens. Bio-Sensing Res. 12 (2017) 15–29. 10. 1016/j. sbsr. 2016. 11. 004 [6] M. Keusgen, Biosensors: new approaches in drug discovery, Naturwissenschaften. 89 (2002) 433–444. [7] A. Roda, P. Pasini, M. Guardigli, M. Baraldini, M. Musiani, M. Mirasoli, Bio-and chemiluminescence in bioanalysis, Fresenius. J. Anal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The benefits of deep sea mining completely outweigh any potential environmental impacts. [SEP] Text: AbstractAs the prospect of commercial deep seabed mining comes closer to reality, the Authority (ISA) has begun to turn its attention to the question of how to achieve equitable sharing of the benefits from such mining as mandated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. One approach to equitable distribution is to develop a methodology for distribution of net financial benefits based on agreed rules or formulae. Under this scenario, ISA would collect the net financial benefits and transfer the monetary proceeds to a pool of qualified beneficiaries. However, there are inherent weaknesses to this approach. We propose, in line with similar suggestions by the of ISA, that an alternative form of distribution could be a Fund, similar to a sovereign wealth fund, administered by ISA. Such a fund would support and enhance knowledge about the deep-sea for the benefit of all humanity. In line with this, it is envisaged that the Fund could also support other global public goods that benefit all of humanity, such as adaptation or mitigation of climate change, advancing scientific knowledge of the ocean and deep-sea ecosystems, and ensuring biodiversity conservation. These are known to be underprovided and underfunded and could also benefit from funding sourced from and returned to all humanity. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Authority or any of its member States. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 139. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e179. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 179. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others of Marine Conservation: of Debt-for-1. resolution 2749 (XXV), 17 December 1970. 2. Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982: A/CONF. 62/122 and Corr. 1–11, ILM 21 (1982) 1261.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: , 2011), with the exceptions of the species-rich mutillid wasp (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015), Heliconius butterfly (Mallet and Gilbert, 1995) and bumblebee (Williams, 2007) complexes. These complexes, despite being speciose, are taxonomically limited because their members often belong to only a single family or genus (Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera). The mutillid wasp complex is suspected of including species from other orders but this has not been formally presented (Wilson et al. , 2012, 2015). A mathematical model suggests that mimicry complexes should be common in multispecies communities with distantly related taxa (Beatty et al. , 2004). The general lack of data on multi-order mimicry complexes may represent an observer bias. For example, ants have been largely overlooked as Müllerian mimics, yet they are diverse, typically well defended through a range of defensive measures including a sting, noxious chemicals, spines, a thickened cuticle, mandibles and communal attack (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990). There is also a rich diversity of invertebrate taxa that mimic ants. Species within Müllerian rings thus far described use the same defensive traits. Heliconius butterflies, for instance, rely on their distastefulness while mutillid wasps have a venomous sting. The degree of distastefulness or level of venom toxicity within a mimicry ring is expected to vary among members. Experimental investigations, that started a hundred years ago (e. g. McAtee, 1912, 1932), have tended to focus on a single visually-oriented predatory guild and yet most environments contain a wide range of potential predators of mimics. For example, species that mimic ants may encounter several ant-averse and ant-eating predators (Pekár et al. , 2011). In some microhabitats, such as leaf litter, the ant-eating predators (which often use chemical cues to recognise prey) and ant-adverse nonvisually-orienting predators are indeed more common than visually-orienting ones, thus exerting strong selection pressure on mimics to signal their unpalatability in sensory modalities other than visual.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: 133 (2008) 656–663. j. snb. 2008. 03. 031 41] S. P. McGrath, B. Knight, K. Killham, S. Preston, G. I. Paton, Assessment of the toxicity of metals in soils amended with sewage sludge using a chemical speciation technique and a lux-based biosensor, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. An Int. J. 18 (1999) 659–663. [42] E. L. S. Wong, E. Chow, J. J. Gooding, The electrochemical detection of cadmium using surface-immobilized DNA, Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 845–849. [43] P. Pal, D. Bhattacharyay, A. Mukhopadhyay, P. Sarkar, The detection of mercury, cadium, and arsenic by the deactivation of urease on rhodinized carbon, Environ. Eng. Sci. 26 (2009) 25–32. [44] D. Claude, G. Houssemeddine, B. Andriy, C. Jean-Marc, Whole cell algal biosensors for urban waters monitoring, in: Novatech, 2007: 1514. [45]. V bacterial multisensor for determination of the contents of heavy metals in water, J. Water Chem. Technol. 29 (2007) 50–53. [46] M. R. Knecht, M. Sethi, Bio-inspired colorimetric detection of Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ heavy metal ions using Au nanop46. [47] R. Ilangovan, D. Daniel, A. Krastanov, C. Zachariah, R. Elizabeth, Enzyme based biosensor for heavy metal ions determination, Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 20 (2006) 184–189. [48] S. Gäberlein, F. Spener, C. Zaborosch, Microbial and cytoplasmic membrane-based potentiometric biosensors for direct determination of organophosphorus insecticides, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 (2000) 652–658. [49] N. Verma, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The benefits of deep sea mining completely outweigh any potential environmental impacts. [SEP] Text: ISA, Study of the of Production from the Area on the Economies of Developing Land-based Producers of those Metals which are Likely to be Affected (2020) to the 1994 Agreement, the Legal and shall perform the functions of the Commission until the Council decides otherwise or until the approval of the first plan of work for exploitation. 2020, the Commission recommended that the Council should consider the establishment of the Commission before the approval of any plan of work for exploitation. of the Chair of the Legal and on the Work of the Commission at the second part of its twenty-sixth session, ISBA/26/C/12/Add. 1, para. 19. At the time of the writing, the Council has not yet met to consider the recommendation of the Commission. 18. resolution 2749 (XXV). 19. This includes increased scientific knowledge made available through the Authority as a result of exploration activities, as well as international cooperation in marine science and the results of marine scientific research in the Area carried out pursuant to 20. . 31, 21. Despite the 31. 22. . 31. 23. Aristotle’s equity principle or proportionality principle states that the goods or services of concern should be divided in proportion to each claimant’s contribution (or claim). See Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. Press, Oxford (2009). In the case of revenue from deep sea mining, the good is homogeneous, divisible, and measured on a cardinal scale in a common metric (US$), and each individual has an equal claim to share 24. ISA has also developed a web-based model to enable visualization and comparison of the impact of each of three alternative formulae on any member of ISA under the different scenarios. 25. These measures included the Gini Coefficient, Lorenz curve, Pen’s Parade of Dwarves, Index and Measures. 26. For example, the Facility (GEF), which claims to be ‘the largest funding mechanism for multi-country collaboration on waters and oceans’ allocated only 11. 4% of the $4. 4bn pledged under the GEF-7 replenishment to its ‘international waters’ programme. In reality most of that funding is allocated to management of transboundary marine resources rather than deep sea science. See GEF/R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Thus one of the major outstanding questions regarding the contribution of mimics to the function of mimetic rings is evaluating the success of Müllerian and/or Batesian mimicry by analysing the selection pressure exerted by all predators in a given environment (Blumstein, 2006). Here, we describe a novel diverse and species rich mimicry complex consisting of golden ant, wasp, true bug, treehopper, and spider mimics and we investigate hypotheses concerning their unpalatability and resulting efficacy against predation. Mimetic complexes are often composed of rings – groups of species that draw advantages from similar aposematic signals (Williams, 2007; Wilson et al. , 2015). Thus, our first step was the identification of separate rings to understand how the mimicry complex evolved and is reinforced. We therefore tested whether the rings have a sympatric distribution, which would indicate a mutualistic relationship between mimics and whether mimics within a ring share common ancestry. Our second step was to quantify the relationship between the proposed aposematic signal (golden/black colouration) and the level of noxiousness or distastefulness of the mimics that display the signal. Aposematic warning signals and distastefulness are expected to evolve together within a species (e. g. Ruxton et al. , 2004) and thus, the strength of the distasteful stimulus should coincide with the conspicuousness of the warning signal (Speed and Ruxton, 2007). In this mimicry complex, we investigated whether there is a positive relationship between signal intensity and unpalatability across species as has recently been found among lady-bird beetles (María Arenas et al. , 2015). This would mean that truly Müllerian mimics are expected to honestly signal their distastefulness but truly Batesian mimics display a conspicuous warning signal without the noxious stimulus. We tested these assumptions by correlating the size of the warning signal (golden/back colouration) with a measure of distastefulness derived from the sum of defences found in the mimics. Our critical third step was to extend the scope of previous studies of mimicry complexes by experimentally testing the efficacy of the aposematic signal, and indeed the validity of the Müllerian mimicry claim, through staged predator-prey trials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: Singh, A disposable microbial based biosensor for quality control in milk, Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (2003) 1219–1224. [50] L. Rotariu, C. Bala, V. Magearu, New potentiometric microbial biosensor for ethanol determination in alcoholic beverages, Anal. Chim. Acta. 513 (2004) 119–123. [51] H. B. Yildiz, J. Castillo, D. A. Guschin, L. Toppare, W. Schuhmann, Phenol biosensor based on electrochemically controlled integration of tyrosinase in a redox polymer, Microchim. Acta. 159 (2007) 27–34. [52] F. Karim, A. N. M. Fakhruddin, Recent advances in the development of biosensor for phenol: a review, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technology. 11 (2012) 261–274. [53] S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, M. J. L. de Alda, D. Barceló, Biosensors as useful tools for environmental analysis and monitoring, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386 (2006) 1025–1041. [54] G. A. E. Mostafa, Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of pesticides, Open Electrochem. J. 2 (2010). [55] A. Sassolas, L. J. Blum, B. D. Leca-Bouvier, Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 489–511. [56] A. Hayat, J. L. Marty, Aptamer based electrochemical sensors for emerging environmental pollutants, Front. Chem. 2 (2014) 41. /fchem. 2014. 00041 [57] A. C. Patel, S. Li, J. -M. Yuan, Y. Wei, In situ encapsulation of horseradish peroxidase in electrospun porous silica fibers for potential biosensor applications, Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 1042–1046. [58] A. P. Wacoo, D. for detection of aflatoxins in agricultural food crops, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that certain behaviors and adaptations may be passed down genetically in animals. [SEP] Text: Bradley was clear that Institute would maintain its independence in order to fulfill her original purpose, which always included service to the greater Peoria community. passed on to his youngest child a rich legacy of industry, passion for social justice and generosity that Bradley fully embraced through her life. Her unique business acumen and life habits provided her with the wealth and wisdom to create Bradley University. Her passion for social justice, certainly not a term that would have been used during her time, created the vision for an institution of higher learning available to many who might not otherwise have benefited from an education. Finally, Lydia’s generosity always benefited the recipient and the community. Each quality informs the other to create a unique, meaningful, and enduring legacy. There is no record that Mrs. Bradley ever expressed how she dealt with the ways in which her self-image might contrast with dominant cultural models for women of her time. Chase (1995) distinguishes between “narratives of the achievements of accomplished women and talk about subjection to gender and racial inequities” (p. 11). We have no way to determine how Bradley felt about existing inequities of her time for women. What we do know is that during a period when women were given scant power through legal or social means, Mrs. Bradley’s life enriched others not only those who lived in her time but also in generations to come. The intention here is not so much to impress the reader with Mrs. Bradley’s accomplishments, as to provide new understandings into her leadership. In a time when women could not vote (in the United States), Bradley’s power had to be acquired and utilized carefully. She was a strong, independent woman in a time when women were expected to be tractable. If she had acquired so much wealth and influence for her own glorification she might have been viewed differently, but she established the respect of those close to her through her character and her generosity (Women, 2008). Over 100 years after her death, the wisdom and spirit of Bradley continue. Through her life she embodied the values handed down by her parents. She worked hard and when life dealt enormous difficulties through the deaths of her entire immediate family, Lydia prevailed to create wealth that she used to benefit others. The voice of Bradley, which is available to us solely through the writings of others and her accomplishments, remains as powerful today as it was over a hundred years ago.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on the broad diversity of defences used by mimics in this complex, we predict that predators should learn quickly to avoid mimics (Beatty et al. , 2004), and that mimics should be protected from a range of predators. Finally, we examined how the aposematic signal and the level of defensiveness interplay with a community of predators that rely on multiple sensory modalities. Mimicry complexes are typically characterised by a distinct colour pattern and hence experiments are often biased towards visual-oriented predators and usually vertebrates. In reality, the members of a complex are exposed to predators that use a variety of sensory modalities and foraging modes to detect and subdue their prey. We combined staged predatory trials with a dietary analysis of wild populations of a community of predators to test the hypothesis that more unpalatable species are attacked less frequently by a community of predators. of the mimetic complex We uncovered a cross-order mimicry complex, consisting of at least 140 arthropod species including 126 ant species, seven spider species (and several forms), three species of true bugs, one mutillid wasp and one treehopper (Table 1). Members of the complex are all ant-like in appearance and characterised by a dorsal patch of golden coloration combined with blackish colouration (Figure 1, Video 1), which we recognise as an aposematic signal (RGB contrast: mean = 241. 4, SD = 58. 1, N = 55). Related non-mimetic species are typically uniformly black or brown. Table 1 List of mimic species belonging to the golden complex arranged according to the order, family (subfamily), and genus (subgenus).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: 2 (2009) 1038–1049. [81] H. Chen, R. Yada, Nanotechnologies in agriculture: new tools for sustainable development, Sci. Technol. 22 (2011) 585–594. [82] R. J. Miller, S. Bennett, A. A. Keller, S. Pease, H. S. Lenihan, TiO2 nanop10. 1371/journal. pone. 0030321 [83] Y. Zhou, Y. Fang, R. P. Ramasamy, Non-covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensor development, Sensors (Switzerland). 19 (2019). [84] A. A. Chaudhari, S. deb Nath, K. Kate, V. . novel covalent approach to bio-conjugate silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes with antimicrobial peptide, J. Nanobiotechnology. 14 (2016) 58. [85] P. Makaram, D. Owens, J. Aceros, Trends in nanomaterial-based non-invasive diabetes sensing technologies, Diagnostics. 4 (2014) 27–46. [86] Duyne, Advances in localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy biosensing, Nanomedicine. 6 (2011) 1447–1462. [87] P. Shukla, V. Nigam, R. Gupta, A. Singh, R. C. Kuhad, Sustainable enzyme technology for environment: biosensors for monitoring of pollutants and toxic compounds, in: Biotechnol. Environ. Manag. Resour. Recover. , Springer, 2013: 76. [88] N. Li, C. -M. Ho, Patterning functional proteins with high selectivity for biosensor applications, JALA J. Assoc. Lab. Autom. 13 (2008) 237–242. [89] Y. Chen, S. Zhou, L. Li, J. Zhu, Nanomaterials-based sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensing, Nano Today. 12 (2017) 98–115. [90] Y. Song, Y. Luo, C. Zhu, H. Li, D. Du, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: Before comparison analysis, we controlled for the potential difference in potential sampling efforts between the two seasons (the uneven samples may result in the distribution of bird observations biased towards the altitudes surveyed more often). A resampling approach was applied to standardize the sampling efforts. We examined the shifts in upper range limit, lower range limit and abundance-weighted range centre of the 20 species. The abundance-weighted range centre of each period was calculated as: where m and n were the range limits of species A, Ei was the altitude (m) of site i and PAi was the proportion of species A individuals at site i in its total individuals recorded along the whole gradient [45]. To standardize the sampling effort, we randomly resampled (100 times without replacement) each altitudinal section datasets to generate the identical number of individuals between altitudinal section at each period (e. g. 1200 m, with 83 individuals in the breeding season and 283 individuals in the non-breeding season) [46, 47], in the R environment (version 3. 6. 4). Then we compared the average values derived from 100 random resamplings of the two periods to assess the range shift pattern for each of the three altitudinal locations (i. e. upper range limit, lower range limit and abundance-weighted range centre). Assessment the association between seasonal distribution shifts and species traits We examined the effects of species’ traits on their altitudinal range shift patterns. The selected traits included flight efficiency, territoriality, average annual mean temperature of breeding/resident range (annualtemp), average temperature seasonality of breeding/resident range (temprange), nest height, diet and body mass. we obtained species’ territoriality from the Tobias’ dataset (categorial: strong and weak) [25]. We extracted the information on handwing index from another research [30]. Hand-wing index is a proxy of avian flight efficiency and dispersal ability that measured by the ratio of Kipp’s distance (the distance between the tip of the longest primary feather and the tip of the first secondary feather) to the wing chord. Based on WorldClim v1 database [48], we divided the temperature index into annualtemp and temprange, which more accurately represent an individual's tolerance criteria for suitable temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: OrderFamily (Subfamily)Genus (Subgenus)SpeciesHymenopteraFormicidae(Formicinae)Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr; aurocinctus (Smith); bigenus Santschi; ephippium (Smith); fergusoni McArthur; nigroaeneus (Smith); oxleyi Forel; piliventris (Smith); setosus Shattuck and McArthur; suffusus (Smith); tasmani Forel; thadeus Shattuck; wiederkehri (Chariomyrma)appendiculata Emery; arcuata (Le Guillou); aurea Mayr; bedoti Forel; constricta Emery; cydista Kohout; cyrus Forel; guerini Roger; heinlethii Forel; lata Emery; obtusa Emery; pallescens Mayr; schoopae Forel; senilis Forel; vermiculosa (Hagiomyrma)ammon (Fabricius); ammonoeides Roger; anderseni Kohout; angusta Forel; archeri Kohout; aurora Kohout; brisbanensis Kohout; brutella Kohout; burwelli Kohout; callima Kohout; capeyorkensis Kohout; conciliata Kohout; cracenta Kohout; crawleyi Forel; darlingtoni Kohout; denticulata Karavaiev; diversa Kohout; dougcooki Kohout; electra Kohout; elengatula Kohout; feehani Kohout; hoffmani Kohout; melanura Kohout; nourlangie Kohout; penelope Forel; pilbara Kohout; placida Kohout; seducta Kohout; semiaurata Mayr; stricta Kohout; tanami Kohout; tenebra Kohout; thusnelda Forel; trapezoidea Mayr; tubifera Forel; unicaria Kohout; vernoni Kohout; weiri (Hedomyrma) argentosa Forel; barretti Clark; cleopatra Forel; consimilis Smith; cupreata Emery; daemeli Mayr; erato Forel; euterpe

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: Lin, Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on graphene two-dimensional nanomaterials, Biosens. Bioelectron. 76 (2016) 195–212. [91] E. of chitosan for biomedical applications, in: J. A. Jennings, J. D. Bumgardner (Eds. ) Chitosan based biomater. Vol. 1, Elsevier, 2017: 30. [92] J. Du, L. Jiang, Q. Shao, X. Liu, R. S. Marks, J. Ma, X. Chen, Colorimetric detection of mercury ions based on plasmonic nanop1481. [93] P. Valentini, P. P. Pompa, Gold nanop9190. [94] M. Sabela, S. Balme, M. Bechelany, J. Janot, K. Bisetty, A review of gold and silver nanop0270. [95] C. C. Huang, H. -T. Chang, Selective gold-nanop8338. [96] J. Yao, M. Yang, Y. Duan, Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy, Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 6130–6178. [97] X. Wang, X. Lu, J. Chen, Development of biosensor technologies for analysis of environmental contaminants, Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. 2 (2014) 25–32. [98] V. K. Nigam, P. Shukla, Enzyme based biosensors for detection of environmental pollutants-A review, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25 (2015) 1773–1781.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Relative expression levels of OTLD1 in wild-type (black bars), OTLD1 OE-1 (dark gray bars), and OTLD1 OE-2 plants (light gray bars) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The expression level in the wild-type plants is set to 1. 0. Error bars represent s. e. m. of three independent biological replicates, N = 3; p<0. 05 for statistical significance of differences between the OTLD1 OE-1 or OTLD1 OE-2 plants and wild-type plants in (A) whereas differences between all tested plants in (B) and (C) were not statistically significant. Display full size OTLD1 associates with the AN3 chromatin, deubiquitylates it and enhances its euchromatic histone marksUnderstanding whether or not OTLD1 associates with the AN3 chromatin is important to provide insight into whether the transcriptional activation of AN3 occurs directly or indirectly, for example, by suppressing expression of a putative AN3 repressor. Thus, we used quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) to detect the presence of OTLD1, tagged with an His6 epitope, in several overlapping regions of the putative promoter sequence of AN3 in the OTLD1 OE-1 and OTLD1 OE-2 plants. Citation23 Fig. 2A shows that OTLD1 associated in a statistically significant fashion (p<0. 05) with two distinct regions, located within 1. 2 kb upstream of the translation initiation codon, in the AN3 chromatin of both plant lines; this is in line with the notion that most intergenic distances and, by implication, promoter sequences in the Arabidopsis genome are around 2 kb. Citation23,24 Consistent with similar levels of OTLD1 overexpression in the OTLD1 OE-1 and OTLD1 OE-2 lines,Citation17 the extent of OTLD1 association with the AN3 chromatin was comparable in both lines. In negative control experiments, no signal was observed in non-transgenic, wild-type plants (Fig. 2A); also, previous experiments did not detect association of the same His6-tagged OTLD1 with OTLD1-independent genes ABI2 and GRF5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text:  Forel; hermione Emery; mjobergi Forel; ornata Mayr; rufifemur Forel; terpsichore Forel; thais Forel Formicidae(Formicinae)Polyrhachis (Myrma) andromache Roger; foreli Kohout; inusitata (Myrmhopla) dispar Kohout; dives Smith; reclinata Emery; sexspinosa (Latreille) Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) bellicosa Smith Formicidae(Dolichoderinae)Dolichoderus angusticornis Clark; clarki Wheeler; dentatus Forel; doriae Emery; extensispinus Forel; inferus Shattuck and Marsden; niger Crawley; rufotibialis Clark; scabridus Roger; scrobiculatus (Mayr); turneri anderseni Shattuck; azureus Viehmeyer; coeruleus Heterick and Shattuck; roseatus Heterick and Shattuck; ypsilon Forel Formicidae(Myrmeciinae)Myrmecia athertonensis Forel; auriventris Mayr; borealis Ogata and Taylor; chrysogaster (Clark); cydista (Clark); eungellensis Ogata and Taylor; fabricii Ogata and Taylor; flavicoma Roger; fulviculis Forel; fulvipes Roger; gilberti Forel; harderi Forel; luteiforceps Wheeler; mandibularis Smith; michaelseni Forel; petiolata Emery; piliventris Smith; rugosa Wheeler; tepperi Emery; tridentata Ogata and Taylor FormicidaeDiacamma schoedli Shattuck and Barnett (Ponerinae)Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery) MutillidaeEphutomorpha aurata (Fabricius)HemipteraEurymelidaeEurymela rubrolimbata Kirkaldy RhyparochromidaeDaerlac apicalis (Distant); cephalotes (Dallas); nigricans DistantAraneaeSalticidaeMyrmarachne erythro

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: Enhancing AI competence in health management: students’ experiences with ChatGPT as a learning access Published: 30 May 2024 Enhancing AI competence in health management: students’ experiences with ChatGPT as a learning Naamati-Schneider1 BMC 1. How does a pedagogical framework integrating problem-based learning with ChatGPT affect healthcare management undergraduates’ digital literacy skills? 2. What are students’ experiences with the combined use of problem-based learning and ChatGPT in their healthcare management education? 3. How do students perceive the shift towards AI-relevant skills as a result of engaging with this integrated pedagogical approach? MethodologyMethodological approachThe present research adopts the case study methodology, which entails in-depth empirical research of a current phenomenon within its real-world context [50]. This approach involves collecting data on human activities within a defined time and space setting, thereby facilitating an understanding of the various processes occurring within the research case. In qualitative research, and particularly in case study research, themes are formulated from the participants’ narratives, thus allowing for the development of arguments or generalizations derived deductively from participants’ statements [51]. By focusing on our research questions and using a methodological framework that emphasizes depth and context, the study aims to shed light on the transformative impact of AI on medical education and the development of the skills required for future healthcare professionals. The research was conducted and analyzed by the researcher, who has a PhD in and over 15 years of experience in qualitative analysis. Her expertise ensures a deep understanding of the study’s qualitative data. Throughout the research, she engaged in continuous reflexive practices to evaluate how her subjectivity and context influenced the study. This included reflecting on her assumptions, considering power dynamics with participants, aligning research paradigms and methods, and understanding the research context [59]. Participants and research populationThe study involved 89 third-year undergraduate students enrolled in a Management degree program, specifically participating in a course on in the during the 2023 academic year. The researcher, serving as the lecturer for this course, integrated writing reflective journals into the curriculum as part of the learning process. Following the course’s conclusion and after grades were distributed, the researcher asked students, in adherence to ethical guidelines, if they consented to have their reflective journals analyzed for research purposes, as outlined in the data collection section.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: PDS5A and PDS5B differentially affect gene expression without altering cohesin localization across the genome access Published: 19 August 2022 PDS5A and PDS5B differentially affect gene expression without altering cohesin localization across the genome Nicole L. Arruda1,2, Audra F. Bryan2 & Jill M. Dowen1,2,3,4,5 Epigenetics & Chromatin 2. /Cas9 genome editing to generate individual stable knockout lines for PDS5A and PDS5B, we find that loss of one PDS5 subunit does not alter the distribution of the other PDS5 subunit, nor the core cohesin complex. Both PDS5A and PDS5B are required for proper gene expression, yet they display only partially overlapping effects on gene targets. Remarkably, gene expression following dual depletion of the PDS5 HEAT repeat proteins does not completely overlap the gene expression changes caused by dual depletion of the repeat proteins, despite the overlapping genomic distribution of all four proteins. Furthermore, dual loss of PDS5A and PDS5B decreases cohesin association with NIPBL and WAPL, reduces SMC3 acetylation, and does not alter overall levels of cohesin on the genome. ConclusionsThis work reveals the importance of PDS5A and PDS5B for proper cohesin function. Loss of either subunit has little effect on cohesin localization across the genome yet PDS5A and PDS5B are differentially required for gene expression. BackgroundThe cohesin complex dynamically structures chromosomes throughout the cell cycle, mediating DNA loops during interphase and maintaining sister chromatid cohesion after DNA replication until mitosis [1, 2]. Cohesin consists of three core subunits, SMC1A, SMC3, and RAD21, and interacts with a variety of HEAT repeat proteins that contribute to distinct cohesin functions. For example, cohesin has mutually exclusive interactions with one of two HEAT repeat accessory subunits, STAG1 or STAG2, when it binds to DNA and forms a DNA loop [3,4,5,6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: cephala forma erato (L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: The study examines the transformation of this course into a course taught using ChatGPT-mediated online guided learning. This innovative learning approach provides learners a comprehensive experience that entails self-directed learning. The approach emphasizes problem-based learning and focuses on identifying ethical dilemmas and analyzing them within organizational contexts. The intervention plan was strategically organized into five primary stages. Each stage comprised a series of carefully constructed steps that were specifically designed to build upon the knowledge and skills acquired in the previous stages, thus ensuring a coherent and cumulative educational progression. Figure 1 summarizes the instructional method. 1. with ChatGPT At the beginning of the course, students were introduced to ChatGPT to develop their understanding and proficiency with the tool. This involved providing them detailed instructions on effective usage and encouraging them to engage in interactive dialogues with ChatGPT. The aim was to foster a sense of familiarity and ease, thereby facilitating an informal, hands-on learning experience. 2. of a Dilemma using ChatGPT In this exploratory stage, students began to examine the topic of hospital accreditation. Through interactions with ChatGPT, they were introduced to the pros and cons of the accreditation process and to the dilemmas posed by following the accreditation guidelines. The issue of accreditation is central to the discourse on how to improve healthcare quality, but it is also fraught with challenges, such as staff shortages and funding issues. Hospitals have had to make significant changes to meet accreditation standards, leading to debates about possible abolition of the accreditation system. While accreditation is crucial for quality control, its associated costs, particularly those related to inspections and the need for additional staff, pose significant challenges. Without proportional funding, compulsory accreditation has placed financial pressures on hospitals, creating a complex dynamic for both the Ministry of Health and healthcare institutions as they navigate the accreditation process. To explore the topic of accreditation in depth, students were instructed to develop a series of questions to input to ChatGPT aimed at extracting detailed information about the accreditation dilemma. Students engaged with ChatGPT by posing questions and critically analyzing the answers from three perspectives: organizational, healthcare worker, and patient/customer. They iteratively refined their queries to increase precision until they achieved a comprehensive understanding. Following guidelines, they condensed and reorganized the information into a structured paragraph, incorporating the core dilemmas and arguments from each perspective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the genome-wide distribution of the core cohesin complex member RAD21 was not altered in Pds5a−/−, Pds5b−/−, or Pds5a−/− siPds5b mESCs. This is consistent with a previous report that PDS5 depletion does not cause redistribution of RAD21 on the HeLa cell genome [37]. However, the retention of similar levels of cohesin on the genome in cells lacking PDS5 subunits is surprising, given the reported role of PDS5 proteins in WAPL-mediated unloading of cohesin from chromatin, the changes to genome organization following depletion of WAPL or PDS5 subunits, and changes to cohesin mobility following dual knockout of PDS5 subunits [20, 25, 26, 52, 54]. Furthermore, our results challenge the idea that the occupancy of PDS5 subunits at CTCF sites is critical for stopping extruding cohesin complexes, since we observe no change in cohesin levels at CTCF binding sites in cells lacking both PDS5A and PDS5B subunits. We did, however, observe that while PDS5B levels decreased at CTCF sites following cohesin depletion, PDS5A levels were unchanged in both WT siSMC3 mESCs and Stag2−/− siStag1, conditions where most cohesin complexes are lost from the genome (seen here and in [12]). These results are consistent with a model where PDS5A, but not PDS5B, interacts with CTCF at insulator sites before the core cohesin complex arrives via DNA extrusion [19, 20]. Our results suggest that PDS5A and PDS5B are not specificity factors that dictate the pattern of cohesin localization across the genome. Taken together with our previous work, these results are consistent with a model, where variant cohesin complexes, with all possible combinations of STAG and PDS5 subunits, can exist in the cell and show similar distributions at CTCF sites, enhancers, and promoters, regardless of their subunit composition. Several studies performed in yeast indicate that the loading factor Scc2 (NIPBL in mammals) and PDS5 are mutually exclusive subunits of cohesin complexes [4, 16, 17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Koch); erythrocephala forma ornata (L. Koch); erythrocephala forma daemeli (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aeneopilosa (L. Koch); luctuosa forma aurea (Ceccarelli); macleayana forma foreli (Bradley) Ligonipes illustris scutellata (Kritscher) CorinnidaeNyssus luteofinis Raven GnaphosidaeEilica sp. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Projection of the mimicry complex on a pruned phylogenetic tree. The tips of the tree represent species and full circles are coloured according to putative ring classification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: , in their interactions with ChatGPT. It includes three subcategories: and Access to Data in ChatGPT Use; Enhancement with ChatGPT; and Evaluation of Information in and Access to Data in ChatGPT Use. In the reflective journals, the students consistently expressed their high regard for the efficiency and ease of searching for and accessing information through ChatGPT. The chat interface significantly improved the process of retrieving information by removing the necessity to navigate through multiple websites or sources, thereby making the material more accessible. Furthermore, the interface’s user-friendly and accessible content format played a crucial role in significantly enhancing students’ understanding of the material. Shir wrote: The chat was super easy and helpful in making the dilemma clearer for me. It put all the info I needed in one spot, and everything was explained in a way that was simple to understand. The analysis of the student journals underscored the remarkable proficiency of ChatGPT in rapidly and effortlessly providing information for various tasks. This technology alleviated the necessity for students to delve into multiple sources, offering a direct approach for understanding concepts, interpreting implications, and compiling data for complex issues. ChatGPT’s swift and handy information retrieval supported autonomous learning on the topic. As an accessible and user-friendly tool, it saved considerable time. Moreover, its accessibility and constant availability helped in tailoring learning experiences to fit the learner’s schedule, independent of external factors or intermediaries. ChatGPT’s use of simple, everyday language, coupled with its capacity to deconstruct and elucidate complex concepts, rendered it exceedingly approachable and beneficial for information searches and for enhancing the accessibility of educational content. Lihi also acknowledged the efficacy of ChatGPT in facilitating the rapid acquisition and expansion of her conceptual knowledge. She underscored that the ChatGPT tool obviated the need to consult multiple databases and websites for extracting conceptual information: ChatGPT is really fast and easy to use when you need info on lots of different things. It’s great for finding technical stuff, explaining problems, understanding things better, and getting new ideas on the spot. You don’t even have to go looking for more sources – it’s all right there. Data synthesis and analysis enhancement with ChatGPTAnalysis of the reflective journals indicates that students found the synthesis, editing, and analysis of content facilitated by ChatGPT to be extremely beneficial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Whereas dual loss of STAG subunits decreases the level of chromatin-bound cohesin, dual loss of PDS5 subunits reduces cohesin association with NIPBL and WAPL. MethodsCell cultureMouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs v6. 5, male) were grown under standard ESC conditions as previously described [55], using (Gibco, 10829-018) supplemented with 15% Serum (VWR, 97068-085). For ChIP-seq spike-in normalization, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T, female) were grown in DMEM (Gibco, 11995065) supplemented with 10% Serum (Seradigm, 2100–500), 1X GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher, 35050-061), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 ug/ml streptomycin (Scientific, 15140–122). Genome editingWT mESCs were transfected with two plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000 (Scientific, 11-688-027), aiming to induce a small deletion within a single exon of the gene of interest. A unique sgRNA was cloned into a pX330 backbone containing SpCas9 and one of two fluorescent genes (eGFP or mCherry) (AddGene, 42230). One day post-transfection, 12,000 single cells were seeded on a Cyto(Cell Microsystems, CS200S). Using a (Cell Microsystems), cells fluorescent for both genes were collected, expanded, screened, and cryogenically stored. Sequences at the edit sites were determined following PCR of the region of interest and Sanger sequencing. Edit summaries and official allele name according to the on Nomenclature for Mice are shown below. Edit site sequences are depicted in Additional file 2: Figure S2A and guide RNA oligo sequences are listed in Additional file 5: Table S4. Isogenic Stag2−/− knockout lines were previously generated and described [12]. Pds5a−/− replicate 1 (also known as Pds5aem1Jdow) contains a heterozygous edit in exon 2 of Pds5a resulting in a homozygous knockout.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Representatives of each ring are shown. Four types of defence are projected on the branches. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as of selected mimetic species belonging to the golden complex. The golden sheen is achieved by diverse modes. Among the hymenopteran representatives (ants and wasps), the golden sheen is generated only by pubescence of varying density (Figure 2). Consequently, this visual effect entirely disappears when they are submerged in ethanol. In contrast, true bugs and spiders use a combination of hairs and yellow pigmentation (in the exocuticle of the abdomen/gaster), while the treehopper appears to use only pigment as the golden shine is lost after death. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Modes of production of the golden shine. (A) Polyrhachis ammon, gaster, SEM. (B) P. ammon, detail of hairs. (C) Dolichoderus clarki, gaster, SEM. (D) D. clarki, detail of hairs. (E) Myrmecia tepperi, gaster, SEM. (F) M. tepperi, detail of hairs. (G) Camponotus aeneopilosus, gaster, SEM. (H) C. aeneopilosus, detail of hairs. (I) Ephutomorpha aurata, gaster, SEM. (J) E. aurata, detail of hairs. (K) Daerlac nigricans, gaster, SEM. (L) D. nigricans, pigment. (M) Myrmarachne luctuosa, abdomen, SEM. (N) M. luctuosa, pigment on abdomen. (O) Eurymela rubrolimbata, pigment on gaster. SEM (A–K, M) and light photography (L, N, O) of the dorsal side of mimics. The cluster analysis suggested the existence of ten putative rings within the complex, according to variation in the dorsal colour pattern but the differences were rather small (Figure 3A). These rings were distributed across the Australian continent with a considerable overlap.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: The tool significantly reduced the technical complexity of gathering and synthesizing information from different sources, tasks that had previously been their responsibility. As a result, they were spared the need for synthesizing, editing, and analyzing the raw data, with ChatGPT efficiently performing these functions on their behalf. Meir wrote: ChatGPT really helped us out. It gave us a full picture of the whole process, including the good and bad parts, and how to handle them. We didn’t even need to look at any other info sources at that point. Evaluation of information in streamlined data collection procedures enabled the students to engage in more advanced learning processes, such as distinguishing between facts and assumptions, differentiating critical from non-critical information, and developing arguments as they advanced to more complex stages. The students observed that although ChatGPT presented data objectively, it did not offer explicit arguments, thus requiring them to actively interpret and formulate their own positions regarding the dilemma and identify the foundational principles for their principal arguments. For example, Miri’s reflections highlighted her need to formulate and develop a stance on the dilemma, which compelled her to engage in critical assessment of the situation: ChatGPT didn’t really point out which arguments were more important or less important. It kind of listed them all the same way, which made me decide for myself what to focus on. I had to pick the arguments I thought were key and then find evidence to back them up. Furthermore, the students were asked to support their arguments with evidence from the academic literature, necessitating a thorough evaluation and critical analysis of the information. This process led them to make informed decisions and formulate solutions. In their reflective journals, students documented a cautious approach, emphasizing the need not to simply accept information as it is presented. Instead, they highlighted the importance of thoroughly evaluating the information’s accuracy. Amir similarly addressed this issue, noting his necessity to independently navigate the “thinking part” and acquire the skills to construct strong arguments or effectively employ academic resources: The chat didn’t really help me figure out what’s important and what’s not when I write. It also didn’t teach me how to make strong arguments or how to use academic stuff to back up my points. User experiences with ChatGPTThis category refers to the qualitative data related to participants’ overall experiences, perceptions, and attitudes towards interacting with ChatGPT.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: 001) and also compared to the rest of expression deciles (p < 0. 001). In the testis, significant negative correlations of DNA methylation with gene expression were evident in the promoter (ρ = − 0. 19; p < 0. 001), first exon (ρ = − 0. 27; p < 0. 001) and first intron (ρ = − 0. 25; p < 0. 001). The negative correlation in the first intron was stronger than the one in the promoter, similarly to what was observed in muscle, but slightly weaker than in the first exon, in contrast to what was observed in muscle. In the rest of exons and in the rest of introns, median DNA methylation levels were high regardless of gene expression levels and the correlations were weakly positive, although significant (p < 0. 05). Thus, gene expression was clearly inversely correlated with DNA methylation levels across the two tissues only in the first intron. This inverse relationship became more evident when we only considered genes at the extremes of the expression range in both tissues. For example, genes with low expression (members of the first and second expression deciles) or with high expression (members of the ninth and tenth expression deciles) exhibited similar and clearer patterns of DNA methylation (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The inverse relationship of DNA methylation and gene expression is present in other vertebrate genomesIn order to investigate this inverse correlation in other vertebrate species, we, then, used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA-seq data from a pufferfish, whole Tetraodon nigroviridis [20] (NCBI’s Omnibus [33]; GEO with accession number GSE19824), from a frog, Xenopus tropicalis [34] (GEO with accession number GSE67974) and from human liver and lung [35] (GEO with accession number GSE70091). WGBS data of Xenopus were obtained from gastrula stage 10. 5 and RNA-seq data from gastrula stage 11, therefore during development. In the promoters and first exons of these species, DNA methylation showed a decreasing relationship with gene expression in the first three to four deciles and then remained low in the deciles of higher expression (Fig. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: For instance, rings in the east coast of Australia overlapped where species richness was the greatest (Figure 3B). However, the degree of sympatry in a ring was not related to colour pattern (estimated from 24 measures of the colour pattern, body size and area of golden patch) similarity (Mantel test, r = −0. 03, p=0. 79). We did not find a strong effect of phylogeny on the classification into rings (GLS, Pagel’s λ = 0. 22, Figure 1). All this indicates that the splitting into ten putative rings was artificial and there is only one complex. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Mimetic rings and their distribution. (A) NMDS ordination of species classified into ten putative rings (stress = 0. 16). The rings were distinguished by k-means clustering using ssi criterion (in which the maximum value indicates the correct number of clusters), which is shown on the right of the plot. (B) Map of distribution of ten putative rings in Australia. Mimicry and degree of unpalatability We determined the unpalatability of 100 species belonging to the golden mimicry complex. Because several complementary forms of defence are likely, we estimated total unpalatability for each mimic based on the sum of morphological, chemical, and behavioural defensive traits. Our analyses uncovered a spectrum of mimics from non-defended (Batesian) to highly defended (Müllerian) species. For instance, the spider and treehopper species had the lowest unpalatability score (i. e. sum of normalised measurements on defensive traits) and were therefore classified as Batesian mimics. Daerlac bugs, mutillid wasps and all ant species were unpalatable, but we found considerable variation in the degree of unpalatability ranging from quasi-Müllerian to unambiguously Müllerian, mimics. The index of unpalatability had an overall normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk normality test, W = 0. 98, p=0. 21) with the highest frequency consisting of moderately-palatable species. Unpalatability varied in each ring but the variation was not significantly different among the ten rings suggested previously (Bartlett test, K26 = 11, p=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: The theme of user experiences is divided into three sub-themes: using ChatGPT; Accessibility and Availability of ChatGPT; and User-Friendly Dynamics. Overall, analysis of the students’ reflective journals reveals broad agreement about ChatGPT’s user-friendliness and ease of use. Many students noted the chatbot’s intuitive interface and straightforward functionality, which made it accessible to those who may not be tech-savvy. This consensus highlights the effectiveness of ChatGPT as a tool that simplifies information acquisition and supports learning without the typical complexities associated with advanced technological tools. Time efficiency using ChatGPTIn this sub-category, analysis of the student journals revealed the major time-saving benefits of using ChatGPT for various tasks. ChatGPT successfully eliminated the need for students to sift through numerous sources of information. By providing a straightforward way to understand a concept, grasp its implications, and gather information on complex dilemmas, ChatGPT demonstrated its efficiency in saving students’ time. Riad mentioned the significant time efficiency gained from using the tool, highlighting how it saved him considerable time: You can find out a lot about all sorts of things really quickly. The chat gives you detailed breakdowns and explanations, sorting everything into different arguments and topics; it saves you a lot of time. Ali also referred to this point: I was not very familiar with the details of accreditation, including its benefits and challenges, but within minutes I was able to grasp its essence and understand the importance of the whole process. The time efficiency extended not only to data retrieval and collection but also encompassed information synthesis, significantly reducing the amount of time usually required for comprehensive and coherent processing and reformulating of acquired data. Mai observed that the time saved was also because she didn’t need to search for data across multiple sources and combine it together:The amount of time I save is insane. had to search for this stuff on the internet instead of using the chat, it would take me way longer to find an answer. And even after finding it, I’d have to summarize what I found and then rephrase it in my own words, which takes so much time. Accessibility and availability of ChatGPTA majority of the students noted that the tool’s immediate accessibility and availability significantly facilitated the personalization of learning approaches.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: This distance was chosen to encompass the maximum TF-binding motif length (31 nucleotides [36]) and an arbitrary + 20 nucleotides more. The objective was to identify TF-binding motifs that were independent of the tissue under question; therefore, after performing the enrichment compared to input shuffled sequences, we selected only the 10 TF-binding motifs that were enriched in both muscle and testis (Additional file 1: Fig. S4). The methylation status of the CpGs inside TF-binding motifs may directly affect the binding affinity. Therefore, we then focused on the 4 TFs, among the 10 enriched, in the binding motifs of which CpGs were present: CREB1, ZBTB33, ZBTB7A and E2F4. The first introns of muscle and testis were, then, screened for these 4 specific motifs, and the methylation status of the target CpGs was identified (Fig. 4). The CpGs were classified as unmethylated if their methylation was below the first quartile of the total distribution or as methylated if their methylation was above the third quartile of the total distribution for each tissue. The expression of genes with unmethylated CpGs in the target TF-binding motifs was significantly higher than the expression of genes with methylated CpGs in muscle (one-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction; W = 1432. 5, p = 0. 0171) and in testis (W = 1552, p = 0. 0003). In addition, the unmethylated CpGs were located closer to the first exon–first intron boundary than the methylated CpGs in both muscle (W = 705, p = 1. 222−13) and testis (W = 738, p = 3. 887−12). Analysis of covariance revealed a significant effect of the interaction between relative distance of the CpG and methylation status on gene expression in both muscle (F = 6. 264, p = 0. 013; Table 1) and testis (F = 5. 781, p = 0. 018; Table 1). Fig. 4CpGs in enriched transcription factor (TF) binding sites of the first intron.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 09, Figure 4A) supporting further the existence of only one complex. We discovered that the absolute area of the golden colouration increased with unpalatability (controlling for the effect of phylogeny and body size: GLS, F1,91 = 21. 1, p<0. 0001, Figure 4B) supporting the hypothesis that the golden colour is an aposematic signal. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Effect of unpalatability. (A) Histogram of unpalatability of the mimetic complex with horizontal boxplots for each ring. (B) Relationship between the absolute area of dorsal golden colouration of mimics and their unpalatability. (C) Relationship between unpalatability and post-attack response of skinks to the six prey species from being eaten (0), to cleaning its mouth (0. 5) and spitting out the prey item (1). Predation pressure by a community of predators We quantified predation of mimics by the 12 most abundant predatory species that co-occurred with 13 sympatric mimetic species belonging to the complex (Table 2). We analysed gut content or faeces of these predators (553 spiders, 50 skinks, and 48 birds), representing three different guilds, using Sequencing, which allows identification of prey to species. We found that individuals of all predatory species were positive for primers targeting the DNA of ants, spiders, and mutillid wasps. The frequency of captured mimics was not significantly different from their availability in the environment (X212 = 1. 5, p=0. 99) because mimics were very rare in the field. Only three mimetic species (Camponotus aeneopilosus, Myrmarachne erythrocephala, Myrmarachne luctuosa) were detected in the faeces/gut of predators. Visually-oriented and non-visually oriented euryphagous (ant-adverse) predators captured mimics at less than 4% frequency, whereas specialized ant-eating predators captured mostly Batesian mimics (Table 2). The overall attack rate estimated for all predators was marginally significantly negatively related to the unpalatability of mimics when it included two Batesian mimics (GAM, F3. 8,4. 6 = 3. 8, p=0. 045, Figure 5A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: This customization seamlessly interfaced with the unique scheduling needs of each learner, offering flexibility that in traditional learning settings is typically constrained by external factors or intermediaries. Hana highlighted ChatGPT’s anytime, anywhere accessibility through a simple interface, enabling quick and comprehensive responses without the wait for expert assistance: ChatGPT is available to use anytime, anywhere using a simple and convenient interface. This would allow you to get a quick and comprehensive response at any time of the day, without having to wait around for people or experts to help you out. Lina similarly noted: It’s pretty great how available it is (as long as it’s not too busy…). Any question I have, I get an answer. It saved me a lot of Google searches and reading 379. Retrieved from June 2022. N. Public-private: unequal competition: Israeli public hospitals vs. the private healthcare system following government reforms. Organ Anal. 2021. L, Salvatore FP. Sustainability for healthcare organisations and systems: cultivating strategy and governance processes for a better future. In: editors. Business for sustainability. 2023; Volume I. 249. Palgrave studies in cross-disciplinary business research, in association with Euroof Business. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. . Naamati-Schneider L, Zaks O. Public hospitals in crisis: managerial and strategic adaptation. In: editors. Business under crisis: volume II. Palgrave Macmillan; 2022. p. 43–64. A systematic literature review of artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector: benefits, challenges, methodologies, and functionalities. J Innov Knowl. 2023;8(1):100333. in drug information queries. J Telemed Telecare. 2023;2023:1–3. Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Eng. 2018;2(10):719–31. 301. p. 452–456. . . Artificial intelligence in health care: a report from the national academy of medicine. JAMA. 2020;323(6):509–10. Assessing the capability of ChatGPT in answering first-and second-order knowledge questions on microbiology as per competency-based medical education curriculum. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e36034. L, Sefton-Green J. The social utility of ‘data literacy. ’ Technol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Each library was sequenced using the v3-HS, in 76-bp paired-end mode on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument following the manufacturer’s protocol. Images from the instrument were processed using the manufacturer’s software to generate FASTQ sequence files. RNA-seq analysisRNA-seq reads were aligned with the -seq pipeline v1. 7 ( which is based on the GEM mapper [73]. The pipeline aligns the reads in a sample in three phases, mapping against the reference genome (dicLab v1. 0c, Jul. 2012), against a reference transcriptome (track) and against a de novo transcriptome, generated from the input data to detect new junction sites. The sea bass genome used here is one of the best in silico annotated fish genomes [31]. After mapping, all alignments were filtered to increase the number of uniquely mapped reads. The filtering criteria included a minimum intron length of 20 bp, a maximum exon overlap of 5 bp and a filter step against a reference annotation checking for consistent pairs and junctions where both sites align to the same annotated gene. The libraries’ statistics including the number of raw reads and the average reads aligned can be found in Additional file 2. The same pipeline was used to quantify expression at the gene level. Similarity across RNA-seq samples was investigated with principal component analysis (PCA; Additional file 1: Fig. S8A), where the first principal component separated the samples by tissue type and explained almost 96% of the variance. One muscle sample was excluded from further analysis since it was clearly an outlier in the quality clustering. The variation in gene expression values was higher and with more extreme values in muscle (Levene’s test; p < 0. 001), whereas the testis had higher expression median (Mood’s median test; χ2 = 3372. 7, p < 0. 001; Additional file 1: Fig. S9A). Subsequently, the TMM method [74] was used for gene expression normalization, which takes into account not only library size (sequencing depth) of the samples but also the composition of the RNA population. The EdgeR robust method [75] was used for differential expression analysis. Genes with p adjusted < 0. 05 were considered significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Table 2 The percentage of predator individuals found with DNA (Sequencing) of mimics in their gut/faeces. The primer specific for ants amplified on average 9. 3% individuals of predators, the primer specific for Myrmarachne spiders amplified 3. 9% individuals of predators, and the primer specific for mutillids amplified 9. 2% individuals of predators. The predators (553 spiders, 50 skinks, 48 birds) were collected on the campus. They are grouped according to their guild. N gives the number of individual predators screened. The mimics are arranged from the most to the least palatable (left to right). Predatory guild Species (Family)P. ornata P. vermiculosa P. aurea P. ammon P. erato M. piliventris M. tepperi C. aeneopilosus E. aurata D. cephalotes D. nigricans M. erythrocephala M. luctuosa NVisually-oriented euryphagous Eulamprus quoyii (Scincidae)000000000000050Manorina melanocephala (Meliphagidae)00000000. 020000. 04048Sandalodes superbus (Salticidae)000000000000037Holoplatys planissima (Salticidae)000000000000012Ocrisiona sp. (Salticidae)000000000003. 83. 826Specialised ant-eating Servaea incana (Salticidae)0000000000001. 8114Euryopis umbilicata (Theridiidae)000000000009. 98. 6101Euryopis sp. (Theridiidae)000000000000012Hemicloea sp. 1 (Gnaphosidae)00000005. 00000020Hemicloea sp. 2 (Gnaphosidae)00000002. 40002. 42. 442Non-visually oriented euryphagous Lampona murina (Lamponidae)000000000002. 24. 346Clubionia robusta (Clubionidae)0000000000001. 758Clubiona sp. (Clubionidae)000000000002. 42. 485 Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Relationship between unpalatability and predation pressure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: AbstractGenerative artificial intelligence (AI) can create sophisticated textual and multimodal content readily available to students. Writing intensive courses and disciplines that use writing as a major form of assessment are significantly impacted by advancements in generative AI, as the technology has the potential to revolutionize how students write and how they perceive writing as a fundamental literacy skill. However, educators are still at the beginning stage of understanding students’ integration of generative AI in their actual writing process. This study addresses the urgent need to uncover how students engage with ChatGPT throughout different components of their writing processes and their perceptions of the opportunities and challenges of generative AI. Adopting a phenomenological research design, the study explored the writing practices of six students, including both native and nonnative English speakers, in a first-year writing class at a higher education institution in the US. Thematic analysis of students’ written products, self-reflections, and interviews suggests that students utilized ChatGPT for brainstorming and organizing ideas as well as assisting with both global (e. g. , argument, structure, coherence) and local issues of writing (e. g. , syntax, diction, grammar), while they also had various ethical and practical concerns about the use of ChatGPT. The study brought to front two dilemmas encountered by students in their generative AI-assisted writing: (1) the challenging balance between incorporating AI to enhance writing and maintaining their authentic voice, and (2) the dilemma of weighing the potential loss of learning experiences against the emergence of new learning opportunities accompanying AI integration. These dilemmas highlight the need to rethink learning in an increasingly AI-mediated educational context, emphasizing the importance of fostering students’ critical AI literacy to promote their authorial voice and learning in AI-human collaboration. Similar content being viewed by others ChatGPT and the digitisation of writing 2. 1 AI-Assisted WritingResearchers have long been studying the utilization of AI technologies to support writing and language learning (Schulze, 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: Or the fact that exsanguination happens regardless of stunning. Or the fact that severing the major arteries of a conscious animal does not result in complete removal of blood from an animal, anyway. This paper does not even fixate upon asking whether a desire to consume animal tissue without the blood which accompanies it would justify causing avoidable suffering to the animals we slaughter. And by virtue only of where I was born, I do not happen to be a member of either the Jewish or Muslim faith, so I am not equipped to provide a fair argument on behalf of the practice of cutting conscious animals without any form of local or general anesthesia. I do not want to stake the claim that there is nothing holy about cutting an animal’s neck open. I do not want to stake the claim that, in every likelihood, the ancestors of these religious groups would have utilized firearms or captive bolt devices during their slaughter rituals, had the technology been available when these practices were established. texts tell that animals must be cut, the alternative to cutting at the time essentially boiled down to manually-driven blunt trauma. But since the religious forerunners did not stun animals, modern followers of these religions refuse to consider alternatives to the methodology which was likely the most appropriate available hundreds of years ago. These are all claims upon which I have devoted no time analysing. Claims upon which I will not fixate because they are within the realm of religious belief. I understand that I am in no position of authority to scrutinize anyone’s religious beliefs. Luckily, they are claims I do not have to go about supporting; I am tasked with operating in a secular consideration of the information at hand, both observational and scientific. This, in my mind, was sufficient in composing a compelling plea to lift the religious exemption to the HMSA. You, of course, are tasked with coming to your own conclusion. Final thoughtsThere are many topics I have no authority to confront. can do is comfortably claim that the animals we have domesticated for many generations and selectively breed into existence for our own purposes, should be animals for which we assume the highest degree of responsibility regarding wellbeing. We commandeer their reproduction, artificially inseminating females to constantly be pregnant and lactating. We select for those who put on weight the fastest (ex. Angus cattle). Or those who have the highest fat content (Wagyu) or produce the most milk (Holstein/Jerseys).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: (A) Relationship between unpalatability and the total predation pressure (K-value) on 13 mimics by three guilds of predators (visually-oriented euryphagous, specialized ant-eating, non-visually-oriented ant-adverse). Estimated non-parametric regression model (GAM) is displayed. 2 for unpalatability of mimics. (B) Relationship between unpalatability of five mimics and total predation pressure (K-value) from three representatives of predators (see Table 3 for unpalatability of mimics). A high K-value indicates high predation while a low K-value indicates low predation. Solid symbols = Batesian mimics, hollow symbols = Müllerian mimics. Trials with selected predators We exposed five species of mimics (ants, spiders and bugs) of varying unpalatability (Table 3) and one non-mimic (spider) to one representative of each of three guilds of naïve predator species (euryphagous skink, ant-adverse spider, ant specialist spider). Eastern water skinks (N = 26) are visually-oriented generalist predators and captured (i. e. ate) non-mimetic spiders at significantly higher frequency than members of the mimetic complex such as ants, spiders and bugs (GEE-b, X25 = 125. 8, p<0. 0001, Figure 6). In accordance with our classification of unpalatability, we found a strong positive relationship between prey unpalatability and the post-attack response of skinks (GLM, F1,4 = 19. 4, p=0. 012, Figure 4C). Mimic or non-mimic spiders were immediately eaten, but skinks showed an adverse response to mimic ants and bugs. These prey were clearly distasteful because the skinks immediately cleaned their mouths and frequently spat the prey out. Table 3 A list of traits used to assess the unpalatability of five mimics. Values are means (±SE) estimated from 10 measurements. The species are arranged from the most to the least palatable. SpeciesFrequency of bitingSpray chemicalsNumber of spinesTotal spines length [mm]Cuticle thickness [mm]Total body size [mm]Mandible size [mm]Gland size [mm2]P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: Three major technological innovations have revolutionized writing: (1) word processors, which represented the first major shift from manual to digital writing, replacing traditional typewriters and manual editing processes; (2) the Internet, which introduced web-based platforms, largely promoting the communication and interactivity of writing; and (3) natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence, bringing about tools capable of real-time feedback and content and thinking assistance (Kruse et al. , 2023). These technologies have changed writing from a traditionally manual and individual activity into a highly digital nature, radically transforming the writing processes, writers’ behaviors, and the teaching of writing. This evolution reflects a broader need towards a technologically sophisticated approach to writing instruction. AI technologies have been used in writing instruction in various ways, ranging from assisting in the writing process to evaluating written works. One prominent application is automatic written evaluation (AWE), which comprises two main elements: a scoring engine producing automatic scores and a feedback engine delivering automated written corrective feedback (AWCF) (Koltovskaia, 2020). Adopting NLP to analyze language features, diagnose errors, and evaluate essays, AWE was first implemented in high-stakes testing and later adopted in writing classrooms (Link et al. , 2022). Scholars have reported contrasting findings regarding the impact of AWE on student writing (Koltovskaia, 2020). Barrot (2023b) finds that tools offering AWCF, such as Grammarly, improves students’ overall writing accuracy and metalinguistic awareness, as AWCF allows students to engage with self-directed learning about writing via personalized feedback. Thus the system can contribute to classroom instruction by reducing the burden on teachers and aiding students in writing, revision, and self-learning (Almusharraf & Alotaibi, 2023). However, scholars have also raised concerns regarding its accuracy and its potential misrepresentation of the social nature of writing (Shi & Aryadoust, 2023). Another AI application that has been used to assist student writing is intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Research shows that ITS could enhance students’ vocabulary and grammar development, offer immediate sentence- and paragraph-level suggestions, and provide insights into students’ writing behaviors (Jeon, 2021; Pandarova et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: plantarum also shows 2. 3 fold increase approximately in longevity [296]. kdm5JmjC*, another kind of KDM5 mutant displayed impaired gut permeability, intestinal epithelium and microbiota. In this case as well, administration of L. plantarum rescued gut permeability, the defective social interaction and communication. These studies have helped establishing a link between gut microbiota and ASD. The probiotics that rescued ASD flies are good candidates for pharmaceutical companies to be sold as therapeutic. These results can be used for drug discovery and in treatment of these otherwise, untreatable disorders. 5. 3 Intestinal dysbiosis and infectionsDrosophila and its microbiome has provided invaluable information in understanding intestinal dysbiosis and chronic inflammatory infections. Two pathways that are present in Drosophila innate immune system to act against microbiota are immune deficiency (IMD) pathway (homologous to human NFκB pathway) and dual oxidase (DUOX) pathway. IMD pathway leads to anti-microbial peptide (AMP) synthesis whereas DUOX pathway leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intestinal AMP overproduction changes the microbial community structure. This change is dysbiotic in nature because it leads to cell apoptosis of host cells [297]. IMD pathway over-activation leads to an increase in dysbiotic community structure and IMD inactivation leads to over-proliferation of community members in general [44]. Inflammatory bowel disorders also involve apoptosis of intestinal cells in humans which shows a link between the intestinal pathogenesis in both mammals and flies [297]. DUOX knockdown (DUOX-KD) flies show a high mortality rate after gut infections, which indicates DUOX-dependent ROS formation. These flies show huge amounts of microbial cells in the gut as opposed to wild-type flies. DUOX-KD flies survive normally in a GF environment. Inactivation of this pathway leads to host infections [298] whereas over-activation induces oxidative stress in host [299]. Extensive research in Drosophila midgut shows that intestinal epithelium damage induces inflammatory signals and growth factors to lead to ISC proliferation and tumor proliferation. 5. 4 Gut-cancer modelDrosophila is an important tool in medicine to explore the details of cancer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: ammon 0. 1143. 54 (0. 08) 0. 04 (0. 002) 9. 04 (0. 08) 1. 00 (0. 02) 2. 84 (0. 16) P. vermiculosa 0162. 96 (0. 08) 0. 03 (0. 002) 5. 98 (0. 05) 0. 71 (0. 03) 1. 62 (0. 06) C. aeneopilosus 0. 31000. 02 (0. 001) 8. 04 (0. 17) 0. 84 (0. 02) 2. 43 (0. 09) D. nigricans 00000. 02 (0. 0002) 7. 40 (0. 14) 00. 57 (0. 03) M. luctuosa 00000. 02 (0. 001) 7. 04 (0. 28) 00 Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Capture of mimics by three predators. Comparison of frequency of attacks on five mimics and one non-mimic by skinks (euryphagous visually-oriented predator); Lampona spiders (ant-adverse non-visually oriented predators), and Servaea spiders (specialised ant-eating predators). We found similar patterns in the non-visually oriented ant-adverse Lampona spiders (N = 25), which captured non-mimic spiders significantly more frequently than all mimics (Cochran test, X25 = 104, p<0. 0001, Figure 6), showing no differentiation between the mimics. By contrast, the visually oriented ant-eating specialist Servaea spiders (N = 27) readily attacked and captured mimics as well as non-mimics. Although these spiders readily attacked the mimics they did appear to differentiate between their levels of defence (attack: GEE-b, X24 = 15763, p<0. 0001, Figure 6). The most unpalatable ant was attacked at a significantly lower frequency than other mimics (contrasts, p<0. 008) and moderately unpalatable ant species were captured at a significantly lower frequency than bug and spider mimics (contrasts, p<0. 006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: Scholars also investigate chatbots as writing partners for scaffolding students’ argumentative writing (Guo et al. , 2022; Lin & Chang, 2020) and incorporating Google’s neural machine translation system in second language (L2) writing (Cancino & Panes, 2021; Tsai, 2019). Research suggests that adopting AI in literacy and language education has advantages such as supporting personalized learning experiences, providing differentiated and immediate feedback (Huang et al. , 2022; Bahari, 2021), and reducing students’ cognitive barriers (Gayed et al. , 2022). Researchers also note challenges such as the varied level of technological readiness among teachers and students as well as concerns regarding accuracy, biases, accountability, transparency, and ethics (e. g. , Kohnke et al. , 2023; Memarian & Doleck, 2023; Ranalli, 2021). 2. 2 AI into WritingWith sophisticated and multilingual language generation capabilities, the latest advancements of generative AI and large language models, such as ChatGPT, unlock new possibilities and challenges. Scholars have discussed how generative AI can be used in writing classrooms. Tseng and Warschauer (2023) point out that ChatGPT and AI-writing tools may rob language learners of essential learning experiences; however, if banning them, students will also lose essential opportunities to learn how to use AI in supporting their learning and their future work. They suggest that educators should not try to “beat” but rather “join” and “partner with” AI (p. 1). Barrot (2023a) and Su et al. (2023) both review ChatGPT’s benefits and challenges for writing, pointing out that ChatGPT can offer a wide range of context-specific writing assistance such as idea generation, outlining, content improvement, organization, editing, proofreading, and post-writing reflection. Similar to Tseng and Warschauer (2023), Barrot (2023a) is also concerned about students’ learning loss due to their use of generative AI in writing and their over-reliance on AI. Moreover, Su et al. (2023) specifically raise concerns about the issues of authorship and plagiarism, as well as ChatGPT’s shortcomings in logical reasoning and information accuracy.

Output: corroborate