Input: Claim: Climate change is a factor in the decline of many amphibian populations. [SEP] Text: These inputs of fresh water carry nutrients into the ocean for plankton to feed on, and provide a thermal refuge for the larvae, where they can avoid extremes of temperature (above ~6°C and below -1°C). The juvenile stage has the largest temperature resilience range and can survive between -1˚C and 12°C (although waters above 9°C cause their growth rate to slow down). As they are larger and better developed than the larvae, juveniles can feed on a greater variety of organisms and can survive a wider variety of habitats. cod can descend further than the larvae but are still often sympagic, that is, living beneath sea ice. cod are more than a year or two but have not yet sexually matured. reports that waters warmer than around 6°C will negatively impact the development of the immature Arctic cod. Immature individuals have a much wider range of feeding areas than the early life stages and are not as reliant on sea ice as juveniles for food and protection. Adult cod have the widest range of habitats, being found in deeper waters both offshore, in coastal waters, and in fjords. says that, unlike in the earlier stages of development, sea ice does not play such an important role for the adult Arctic cod. cod can be found in water reaching up to 13. 5°C, but they prefer waters in the range of 3–10°C. cod have multiple spawning cycles over their 6-year life span, but those in warmer waters tend to have lower egg counts and are smaller than Arctic cod spawning in colder climes. Arctic cod eggs and larvae are particularly vulnerable to climatic changes such as warming water and declining sea ice. Reproduced with permission from Bender ( A for The newly published review identifies several major areas in which climate change will likely affect the Arctic environment. Many of the Arctic cod’s life cycle stages are negatively impacted by temperatures above 6°C, and several studies have shown that changing ocean temperatures are causing a general retreat northward. As temperatures become too warm, Arctic cod will seek to move further north to thrive. However, as the areas of warm water creep northwards, the Arctic cod will be confined to an increasingly smaller area. Changing temperatures will also affect the amount and type of various species the Arctic cod prey upon. Larvae are most likely to be negatively affected by this, as they have much lower energy reserves and are limited in the prey they can consume.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: By far, the strongest association was the one between perceived health and anxiety (β = −. 32, p <. 001). The general Internet experience variables were not related to anxiety. In terms of depression, we found a similar pattern. Being female (β =. 08, p =. 004), lower household income (β = −. 09, p =. 007), and being (β = −. 08, p =. 006) were associated with depression. Again, perceived health showed a strong relationship with depression (β = −. 41, p <. 001); general Internet experiences did not. Results are displayed as Model 1 in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3. OLS regression model for anxiety. Model 1Model 2 βSEpβ CI 95% [LL, UL]βSEpβ CI 95% [LL, UL]Age−. 030. 03. 348[−. 094,. 033]−. 020. 03. 493[−. 086,. 041]Female. 080. 03. 010[. 019,. 141]. 060. 03. 046[. 001,. 125]Some college (education). 040. 04. 270[−. 033,. 119]. 030. 04. 379[−. 042,. 11]Bachelor or more (education). 020. 03. 660[−. 065,. 102]. 010. 04. 751[−. 070,. 096]Employed−. 020. 04. 510[−. 085,. 042]−. 030. 03. 378[−. 092,. 035]Household income (log)−. 050. 04. 202[−. 119,. 025]−. 050. 04. 215[−. 117,. 026]Household size (log). 050. 03. 101[−. 010,. 118]. 050. 03. 105[−. 011,. 119]Rural residence−. 030. 03. 324[−. 092,. 030]−. 040. 03. 226[−. 099,. 023]Hispanic. 010. 03. 881[−. 056,. 066]. 000. 03. 955[−. 059,. 062]African American−. 030. 03. 278[−. 094,. 027]−. 020. 03. 447[−. 084,. 037]Asian American−. 010. 03. 841[−.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: “인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과“ 상담학연구 10, no. 4, (2009): 2303 - 2319. doi: :10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. 2303 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change will result in the extinction of all wildlife by 2050. [SEP] Text: We confirm the common hypotheses that cloud forest and tropical montane species have narrow climatic niches(7, 11, 14, 27), are sensitive to small differences in climate conditions(6, 28), will need to migrate uphill (2, 12), and thus are at high risk from climate changes(2, 3, 5, 11). This vulnerability has long been predicted, but our study is the first to support this prediction with direct empirical tests of climate tolerances for multiple species in field conditions(29). Our results provide stark new evidence for the danger that climate change poses to biodiversity, and emphasize the critical role that climate change mitigation can play in reducing these risks. Declarations249. A. Addo- tolerance, climatic variability, and latitude. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 267, 739-745 (2000). of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 6668–6672 (2008). change scenario for montane forests. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 1–5 (2008). analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 278, 1823–1830 (2011). C. García- tolerance by insects to high temperatures across tropical elevational gradients and the implications of global warming for extinction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 680-685 (2016). K. J. Feeley, E. M. Rhem, B. Machovina, The responses of tropical forest species to global climate change: acclimate, adapt, migrate, or go extinct? Front. Biogeogr. 4, 69–84 (2012). K. J. Feeley, J. Hurtado, S. shifts in costa rican forests due to climate-driven species migrations. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 3472–3480 (2013). C. J. Raxworthy, R. G. Pearson, N. . vulnerability of tropical montane endemism from warming and upslope displacement: a preliminary appraisal for the highest massif in Madagascar. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14, 1703–1720 (2008). K. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 04. 046[. 001,. 153] Checked in on someone. 060. 03. 048[. 001,. 125] Looking at family photos −. 010. 04. 708[−. 085,. 058] Looking at photos of others. 030. 04. 441[−. 047,. 108] Looking at status updates −. 060. 04. 189[−. 142,. 028] Clicking on links. 020. 04. 586[−. 060. 106]Adjusted R2. 20***. 21**ΔR2. 01CI: confidence interval; LL: lower limits; OLS: ordinary least squares; SE: standard error; UL: upper limits. The reference category for race and ethnicity is “White,” and for education level is “High school or less. ” We report standardized coefficients (β) and standard predictive power errors (SE) for comparisons of predictive power. *p <. 05; **p <. 01; ***p <. 001. 2 of these two tables, we added the online social engagement variables. We found two ways of socially engaging online that were related to anxiety; checking in on someone was positively related to anxiety (β =. 08, p =. 020) while looking at status updates was negatively related to anxiety (β = −. 09, p =. 049). That is, the more a person in our sample is likely to look at status updates, the lower she or he scores on anxiety. Two forms of online social engagement were related to depression: answering questions (β =. 08, p =. 046) and checking in on someone (β =. 06, p =. 048). Both ways of engaging socially online showed a positive relationship with depression, that is, higher likelihood of such engagement was linked to higher depression. When we ran these models with the groupings of passive versus active online engagement, some of these results were robust, but not all. This may be due to some canceling each other out. Below, we reflect on why running the analyses with the individual activities separately is meaningful. DiscussionWe set out to examine the relationship between different forms of online social engagement and anxiety (RQ1) and depression (RQ2). Given varied findings in the literature about the link between social uses of the Internet and mental health, we did not pose specific hypothesizes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Can ocean alkalinity enhancement reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide? Published: July 4, 2024 We must urgently and dramatically reduce our carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, even if we completely cut emissions tomorrow, the atmosphere will still hold the majority of the CO2 emitted over the past century. This will continue to affect the climate, so scientists are exploring how to enhance the natural, but slow, removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. University in Canada, oceanographers and Musgrave are investigating the effectiveness and implications of ocean alkalinity enhancement, a CO2 removal technique that mimics the natural process of rock weathering. Talk like an oceanographer Biogeochemical model — a computational model of a system that takes physical, biological, geological and chemical processes into account Brucite — a naturally occurring mineral composed of magnesium hydroxide Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) — removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and ‘locking it up’ in a carbon reservoir, such as the ocean (in which case it is known as marine CDR) Carbon reservoir — a natural environment that can store carbon dioxide over geological timescales Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) — a carbon dioxide removal technique in which ground rocks and minerals are added to seawater to increase its alkalinity Rock weathering — the natural physical, chemical and biological processes that break down rocks The need for innovative solutions to fight climate change has never been more urgent. Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is key to addressing the climate crisis. However, the accumulated CO2 already in the atmosphere will continue to affect the climate even when we cut our emissions, and natural removal processes are too slow to make a difference in the next 100 years. So, scientists and policymakers are investigating methods to enhance natural processes that reduce atmospheric CO2 while CO2 reduction efforts continue. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques remove CO2 from the atmosphere and ‘lock it away’ in carbon reservoirs. The ocean is one such reservoir, acting as an impressive ally in our battle against climate change. With remarkable efficiency, the ocean has already absorbed a substantial portion – between 25% and 40% – of the CO2 emissions generated by human activities. Scientists are now investigating ways to increase the ocean’s ability to absorb and store CO2, thereby reducing CO2 in the atmosphere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Social media usage and students’ social anxiety, loneliness and well-being: does digital mindfulness-based intervention effectively work? access Published: 31 October 2023 Social media usage and students’ social anxiety, loneliness and well-being: does digital mindfulness-based intervention effectively work? Li Sun1 BMC Psychology 1. What is the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being among university students? 2. Does the use of a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention result in significant improvements in social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being in college students? 3. What are university students’ perspectives on the use of technology for mental health support, including the benefits and challenges of using technology for this purpose? Review of literatureTheoretical backgroundThe study investigating the effects of mindfulness-based mobile apps on university students' anxiety, loneliness, and well-being in the context of social media usage draws upon a multifaceted theoretical framework. At its core, it is rooted in mindfulness theory, which emphasizes present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance to alleviate stress and anxiety [5,6,7,8]. To understand the influence of social media on students, social cognitive theory is relevant, as it explores how individuals learn from observing others in their social networks. Additionally, social comparison theory informs the study by shedding light on how students may constantly compare themselves to others on social media, potentially leading to feelings of loneliness and social anxiety [11,12,13,14,15]. The study also taps into addiction and compulsive behavior theories to comprehend the perceived addictiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps. Technology acceptance models (TAM) help in understanding user acceptance and perceptions of these apps. Moreover, the study aligns with principles of positive psychology by aiming to enhance well-being and reduce anxiety and loneliness, which are central concerns in this field. Finally, media effects theories, like cultivation theory and uses and gratifications theory, inform the exploration of how social media use affects students' mental health and well-being [13]. This multifaceted theoretical approach provides a comprehensive foundation for unraveling the intricate relationship between technology, psychology, and well-being in the digital age, offering a well-rounded perspective on the research questions at hand [12, 13].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Our study joins others that have found a positive relationship between Internet use and both depression and anxiety (Hunsaker et al. , 2020; Pantic et al. , 2012; Tandoc et al. , 2015). However, we focused on specific forms of using the Internet: online social engagement. As our findings show, specific activities matter. In particular, checking in on someone who was suddenly absent from an online community was positively related to anxiety. Research shows that in the offline world, the sudden loss of a person can increase anxiety (Kendler et al. , 2003). While we cannot say for sure that the online activity we described is about the death of someone, it may be that online absence is linked to the loss of someone and such loss has negative mental health associations when experienced in the online environment as well. Looking at status updates was negatively related to anxiety; older adults who were more likely to have looked at status updates more than once had lower levels of anxiety. Status updates are likely to show a positive image of a person (Krämer and Winter, 2008) and this, in turn, seems to counteract feelings of anxiety in our sample. Taking into account research showing a general tendency to focus on positive aspects of a given object, a person, or a situation and selectively avoiding negative information (a so-called positivity bias; Charles and Carstensen, 2010), this finding seems meaningful. Our result suggests that older adults’ positivity bias also seems to play a role in the online environment. This result, at first sight, seems to go counter to findings about young adults, which suggest that through social comparison they react negatively to other people’s updates (e. g. Tandoc et al. , 2015). However, considering the positivity bias that is prevalent among older, but not younger people (Charles and Carstensen, 2010), our finding seems not that contradictory. Interestingly, looking at photos of others (i. e. not family members) was positively related to anxiety, that is, the higher likelihood of this activity is linked to higher anxiety. This finding could be explained by research about how older people’s social network shrinks with age (Charles and Carstensen, 2010). Older people tend to limit their social network to family and very close friends as they age.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: University, oceanographers and Musgrave are studying the effectiveness and implications of one form of CDR – ocean alkalinity enhancement. What is ocean alkalinity enhancement? Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) represents a novel approach to removing atmospheric CO2 and converting it into stable forms of carbon that will be stored in the ocean for thousands of years. It is a technique that mimics the natural process of rock weathering. When CO2 reacts with water vapour in the atmosphere, it forms carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O → H2CO3). This mildly acidic solution falls as rain, causing slow chemical weathering of rocks. Over time, minerals in the rocks break down to form alkaline solutions (e. g. , limestone + carbonic acid → calcium bicarbonate; CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca(HCO3)2) which rivers transport to the ocean. “Atmospheric CO2 enters the ocean via its surface because it easily dissolves in seawater,” explains Dariia. “This dissolved CO2 also forms carbonic acid, and historically, carbonic acid in the ocean has been neutralised by alkaline waters entering from rivers. ” However, as human activities have exponentially increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and, therefore, the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ocean, natural rock weathering has struggled to provide sufficient alkaline waters to neutralise this excess carbonic acid. OAE mimics the natural rock weathering process by artificially introducing ground rock into the ocean. The increase in alkalinity converts CO2 dissolved in seawater into stable bicarbonate ions which will remain ‘locked’ in the ocean for around 10,000 years. The resulting reduction in ocean CO2 causes more atmospheric CO2 to be drawn into the ocean to reestablish equilibrium. In this way, OAE forces the ocean to absorb more atmospheric CO2 and to convert it into stored, stable carbon. “It’s important to understand that OAE is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,” emphasises Katja. “It is essential that we urgently reduce CO2 emissions if we are to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. ” What do the OAE trials involve?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Social media and symptoms of mental healthThe use of social media has become increasingly prevalent among university students, and with it comes growing concern about its potential impact on mental health and well-being. Specifically, research has focused on the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being among university students. The majority of studies focused on the relationship between social media use and symptoms of social anxiety and/or loneliness. These studies generally found that higher levels of social media use were associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety and loneliness among university students [11,12,13,14,15,16]. For example, Schønning et al. [16] found that social media use was positively associated with symptoms of social anxiety among Chinese university students. Similarly, a study by Wang et al. [13] found that social media use was positively associated with symptoms of loneliness among Chinese university students. Two studies focused on the relationship between social media use and well-being. One study found that higher levels of social media use were associated with lower levels of well-being among university students [17] Another study found that social media use had a curvilinear relationship with well-being, such that moderate levels of social media use were associated with higher levels of well-being, while both low and high levels of social media use were associated with lower levels of well-being [13]. The findings of this literature review suggest that social media use may be associated with greater symptoms of social anxiety and loneliness among university students. However, the relationship between social media use and well-being is less clear, with some studies suggesting a negative relationship and others suggesting a curvilinear relationship. Several additional studies have also examined this relationship. For example, a study by Kose and Dogan [18] found that social media use was negatively associated with psychological well-being among Turkish university students. Another study by Błachnio, et al. , [19] found that Facebook addiction was negatively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction among Polish university students. Similarly, Chen et al. [20] conducted a systematic review of 23 studies examining the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes among college students. The authors concluded that social media use was generally associated with negative mental health outcomes, including loneliness, anxiety, and stress.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Looking at photos of people other than one’s close family might be upsetting because it calls attention to one’s limited social network. There are other possible explanations for the different findings respecting engagement with status updates versus photographs. People may react differently to textual versus visual cues about others. Alternatively, these types of activities happen in different online environments. Seeing status updates is more likely to happen on social media platforms while seeing photos of others can happen in more varied online environments. Future research can further probe these relationships by (a) focusing more on different messaging modes—textual, visual, animated, vocal and (b) being more explicit about where online social engagement takes place. Given that in recent years, the vast majority of related research has focused on social media, we purposefully wanted to move beyond that one type of online venue. Nonetheless, it seems having more information about the platforms where social interactions take place may be an important part of understanding their implications for well-being. In terms of depression, we found that checking in a suddenly missing person and answering questions online were positively related to depressive symptoms, that is, likelihood of engaging in these activities is linked to higher depression. This finding also goes along with the above-mentioned research showing detrimental effects of loss. Answering questions could be interpreted as some form of outreach to a community when non-mediated forms of outreach to a community is not possible anymore (for instance, in the case of illness). Research suggests that such compensatory use of (digital) media is related to decreases in well-being (Hofer and Eden, 2020). Hence, such use could also increase depression. Other forms of social engagement, such as looking at family photos and asking questions, were not related to depression or anxiety. In addition, the explanatory power of the forms of online social engagement in terms of anxiety and depression is marginal. Other variables known for being associated with depression and anxiety (e. g. perceived health) seem to be more important than socially engaging online. So while our study contributes to going deeper in what types of online actions may be related to mental health, it is in line with existing work in showing that in-and-of themselves many such activities do not exhibit strong associations in either direction (see also Büchi, 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Since 2023, scientists have taken part in field trials of OAE in which the climate-tech company is releasing brucite into in Nova Scotia. This marks a significant step in exploring the feasibility and implications of OAE in a realistic setting. Initially, over a period of six hours, released 2. 3 tonnes of brucite into the harbour, to which the scientists added a pink dye. “The dye allowed us to track the brucite from above using a drone as it spread through the harbour,” explains Dariia. “We followed the plume by boat, took water samples and used sensors to measure the water’s alkalinity and the concentration of dye as the plume spread. ” By taking samples from different depths in the water column and towing instruments behind the boat, the research groups led by Dariia and Ruth built a 3D map of added alkalinity in the harbour. Over the subsequent two months, the teams closely monitored alkalinity levels as added a total of 278 tonnes of brucite to the harbour. Katja’s research group developed detailed biogeochemical models to predict the distribution of alkalinity throughout the trial. This model integrated fundamental ocean physics with extensive observations of water chemistry, allowing the researchers to investigate how the addition of brucite altered the harbour’s water chemistry. While the trials are investigating the potential of OAE to mimic the natural process of rock weathering to draw down atmospheric CO2, the ecological impacts of adding large quantities of brucite (or other alkaline minerals) to the ocean are still uncertain. A larger research team is now investigating the effects of added alkalinity on marine ecosystems. If OAE is found to be feasible and safe for ecosystems, it would then have to be scaled up significantly for meaningful removal of atmospheric CO2. An additional challenge is that a cheap and accessible source of ground alkaline minerals is required for it to be economically viable. As humanity fights against the climate crisis, the quest for innovative solutions is essential, ensuring that our actions today pave the way for a sustainable tomorrow. of of research: project: Investigating the impacts and effectiveness of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) Funders: Carbon to and Council of Canada (NSERC), ’s Ocean Co-is the scientific study of the ocean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: However, they noted that the strength of this relationship varied across studies and suggested that more research was needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship. In another study, Seabrook et al. [21] conducted a systematic review of 20 studies examining the relationship between social networking sites and loneliness and anxiety. They found that social networking sites were associated with both loneliness and anxiety, but that the strength of this relationship varied across studies and depended on factors such as frequency and intensity of social networking site use and individual differences in vulnerability to mental health problems. Similarly, Tandoc Jr. et al. [14] conducted a study examining the relationship between Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students in the United States. They found that Facebook use was positively associated with envy, which in turn was positively associated with depression. They suggested that envy may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between social media use and negative mental health outcomes. Mindfulness-based apps effect mental healthMindfulness-based mobile apps are becoming increasingly popular as a tool for promoting mental health and wellbeing. These apps include a variety of different mindfulness-based practices, such as guided meditations, breathing exercises, and other techniques aimed at reducing stress and anxiety. While there is growing evidence that mindfulness-based interventions can be effective in promoting mental health, less is known about the effectiveness of these interventions when delivered via mobile apps. This literature review aims to synthesize the existing research on mindfulness-based mobile apps and mental health outcomes. The majority of studies focused on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. These studies generally found that mindfulness-based mobile apps were effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in a variety of populations, including college students, adults, and individuals with chronic medical conditions [2, 10, 22,23,24]. For example, a study by Strauss et al. [23] found that a mindfulness-based mobile app was effective in reducing stress and improving coping skills in a sample of healthcare workers. Similarly, a study by Lomas et al. [24] found that a mindfulness-based mobile app was effective in reducing stress and improving resilience in a sample of university students. In addition to examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps, several studies explored the factors that influence user engagement and adherence to these interventions. For example, a study by Valinskas et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The fact that grouping activities into two summary “passive social engagement” and “active social engagement” variables does not reflect the findings of analyses that look at each activity separately reinforces the value in using measures more nuanced than summary indices. It may be that one activity shows a negative relationship with mental health outcomes while another shows a positive one (as is indeed the case here in this study), but collapsing them into one measure then cancels out these findings. As online social engagement options multiply and proliferate across various platforms, the need for differentiating between specific activities will likely grow. There is certainly value in classifying actions by type, but when data sets are able to have more nuance, it can be meaningful to take advantage of them. Like all papers, ours also has limitations. Our findings are based on cross-sectional data, which do not allow for causal inference, as we are only able to examine undirected associations. There is a good chance that anxiety, depression, and online social engagement reinforce each other over time (see Slater, 2007), but this is not something we can test. Ideally, future studies will be able to examine associations between online social engagement and mental health longitudinally to be able to determine the direction of these associations. For instance, a measurement burst approach (Hofer, 2020) could be applied by which usage patterns (daily or weekly) can be linked with depression and anxiety symptoms over time. Using this approach, short-term developments can be used to explain long-term developments in these two sets of variables. In addition, using a measurement burst approach (and other longitudinal research techniques) enables researchers to disentangle inter- and intraindividual variance and effects (and their direction) over time (e. g. Büchi, 2020). ConclusionAnalyzing data about a national sample of US adults 60+ years, we show that certain forms of online social engagement are linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression, while other types are related to lower levels. In light of the concept of successful aging, we conceptualized online social engagement as a resource to manage gains and losses in terms of mental health. ICT use, in general, can be conceived of as a resource in the process of successful aging (Hofer, 2016; Hofer and Eden, 2020). However, more specific forms of using ICTs (i. e. online social engagement) can also be used as a resource.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from biology and chemistry to physics and geology, and applies knowledge and techniques from these fields to marine systems. “Compared to the atmosphere, the ocean is still relatively poorly observed,” says Ruth. “For example, the movement of water in the ocean spans a huge range of scales, from currents that act over thousands of kilometres all the way down to centimetre-scale swirling eddies. Ocean life, from tiny plankton to gigantic whales, lives and dies within these currents, with different ecologies determined by the complex interplay between physics, chemistry and geology. ” Studying the ocean is crucial for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change. “It is key to being able to better predict how our climate will change in the future, and how species both in the water and on land will be affected,” says Ruth. “The ocean may provide us with an opportunity to undo some of the harm that we have done to Earth’s climate. ” However, a great deal more research is needed before marine CO2 removal techniques (such as OAE) and technologies are scaled up. “For this,” says Ruth, “we need more oceanographers. ” Pathway from school to oceanography At school, aspects of oceanography and marine science will be taught in chemistry, physics, biology, geology and geography. Gaining a solid foundation in mathematics will also be useful. Oceanography is an interdisciplinary field. At university, a degree in oceanography, marine science, physics, maths, chemistry, geology, marine biology, engineering or computer science could lead to a career in oceanography. Get involved with marine conservation groups or environmental organisations and look for summer internship programmes offered by universities or marine science institutions to gain hands-on experience in oceanography. “For example, through DIY Oceanography (www. tos. org/diy-oceanography), ocean enthusiasts help build low-cost instruments for scientists,” says Dariia. runs a free ‘Adopt-a-Float’ programme for schools (www. adopt-a-float. ocean. dal. ca). “Young people can learn about physical and biogeochemical ocean properties and have some fun along the way! ” explains Katja.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: " and "How often do you feel anxious when you are not able to use social media? " Participants are asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The reliability of the instruments was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha. Results revealed that the obtained Cronbach’s alpha for the instrument was above, 0. 78 indicating that all used instruments enjoyed an acceptable level of reliability. Interview checklistThe interview checklist consisted of 8 open-ended questions followed by the interviewer’s prompts. The questions elicited the interviewees’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of using mobile apps for improving mental health and well-being and reducing social anxiety symptoms and loneliness (file 1). The interview checklist was approved by 4 colleagues and there was a high agreement among the panel of experts regarding the relevance of the interview questions. Mindfulness-based mobile appsMindfulness-based mobile apps are mobile applications designed to help individuals develop mindfulness skills and reduce symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. These apps typically include guided mindfulness exercises, educational resources, and other features to help individuals practice mindfulness on a regular basis. The specific features of mindfulness-based mobile apps may vary but typically include guided meditations, breathing exercises, and other mindfulness practices. Some apps may also include educational resources, such as 1. Table 1 The relationship between social media use, social anxiety, loneliness, and well-beingFull size tableThis table shows that social media use is negatively correlated with well-being (r = -0. 21, p < 0. 01) and positively correlated with symptoms of social anxiety (r = -0. 35, p < 0. 01) and loneliness (r = 0. 24, p < 0. 01). Additionally, symptoms of social anxiety are positively correlated with loneliness (r = 0. 47, p < 0. 01) and negatively correlated with well-being (r = -0. 61, p < 0. 01), while loneliness is negatively correlated with well-being (r = -0. 50, p < 0. 01). These results suggest that social media use is associated with poorer mental health outcomes, including higher levels of social anxiety and loneliness and lower levels of well-being, among university students.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Our results also show that general Internet experiences (frequency of use, autonomy of use, and Internet skills) are neither linked with anxiety nor with depression. Therefore, we believe that our approach of disaggregating online social engagement activities rather than looking at general Internet use measures is important to gain a deeper understanding of what it is about online engagement that may matter for older adults. These findings also help shed light on why certain previous studies have not found a relationship between Internet use and mental health; their measures were too general and by not focusing on specific activities, their overall measures may have masked the effects of specific activities as they may cancel each other out. Given the countless ways in which people can use ICTs nowadays, it is increasingly important to have measures represent specific types of usage rather than grouping them all together. In light of our findings, we encourage future work to employ more specific questions about what it is exactly that older adults are doing online to get a better sense of what types of online actions matter for their mental health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Classes can name a float containing oceanographic sensors, track its journey though the ocean and receive its measurements as it collects data (including water temperature, salinity and pH). This hands-on experience can cultivate a deeper appreciation for ocean science and inspire future generations of researchers. Explore careers in oceanography Opportunities abound for the next generation of oceanographers. Beyond traditional research careers, avenues in sustainable energy (for example, generating wave and tidal power) and ocean data and technology industries offer promising prospects for aspiring oceanographers. Society (www. tos. org/education), the (www. cmos. ca/site/education/cmos? nav=sidebar), the Centre (www. noc. ac. uk/education), and the (www. noaa. gov/education) all have a wealth of educational and career resources. Download the 10. 33424/509 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Dariia, Ruby, Rustam, Mat and Edmundo prepare to deploy the ecoCTD (conductivity, temperature and depth instrument) with a dye sensor during OAE field trials Cameron deploys a sampling device called a Niskin bottle to recover a water sample from the dyed plume while Jessica prepares to seal the sample in a glass bottle The oceanography field team with Jim, the boat’s captain Rustam, Mat and Ruby recover the ecoCTD Edmundo and Rustam prepare ocean drifters for deployment Jesh tests the robotic BlueBoat in Dalhousie’s prepares an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with a pH sensor for deployment in the test tank Ground brucite and dye are simultaneously added to the outfall at the on the shore of Halifax Harbour, turning the waters pink and allowing scientists to better track where the alkaline water goes During a field trial of ocean alkalinity enhancement, non-toxic dye turns the waters in pink A model predicting changes in the concentration of brucite in A drone view of Halifax Harbour, with the (where brucite and dye were added during OAE field trials) visible in the top left The robotic BlueBoat in Ruth works on a research ship during an oceanographic research expedition About ocean modelling Ocean modelling refers to the development and use of computer-based simulations to replicate and predict various aspects of ocean behaviour and dynamics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Table 2 shows the results of a multiple regression analysis that examined the relationship between social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness as predictor variables and well-being as the outcome variable. The regression equation is: $$Well-being\;=\;3. 10\;-\;. 18(Social\;Media\;Use)\;+\;. 22(Social\;Anxiety)\;+\;. 16(Loneliness)$$ Table 2 Multiple regression analysisFull size table The results indicate that all three predictor variables significantly contributed to the prediction of well-being, with social media use (β = -0. 29, p = 0. 001), social anxiety (β = 0. 31, p = 0. 001), and loneliness (β = 0. 28, p = 0. 001) each having a significant unique effect on well-being, after controlling for the other variables. The constant term (B = 3. 10, p = 0. 001) represents the predicted well-being score when all predictor variables are held at zero. Research question 2The second research aimed at investigating the effects of the intervention on the students’ social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being. Results are presented in Table 3. Table 3 ANOVA test for comparing the groups’ pretests and posttestsFull size tableThis table presents the results of a pretest–posttest randomized control-experimental research design investigating the effects of a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention on social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being in college students. The results indicate that the intervention group showed a significant improvement in social anxiety (F (1, 98) = 17. 23, p < 0. 001, partial eta squared = 0. 15), loneliness (F (1, 98) = 13. 70, p < 0. 001, partial eta squared = 0. 12), and well-being (F(1, 98) = 21. 41, p < 0. 001, partial eta squared = 0. 18) from pretest to posttest. The control group did not show significant changes in any of the measures. The effect sizes (partial eta squared) ranged from moderate to large, indicating that the intervention had a meaningful impact. These findings suggest that the use of a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention can be an effective approach for improving mental health outcomes in college students.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: cemmap Study of for A-level Post-16 teachers and students Help me find something Search search Help me find something budgets Budget analysis standards, poverty and inequality social care and health in one department is not a cure-all Published on 28 May 2018 Bringing health and social care under one department makes a lot of sense. Yet the differences in the ways we organise, pay for and prioritise these two sister services remain fundamental. I can remember when there was a single Whitehall department responsible for all of health and social security: the old DHSS. It’s hard to believe. That’s the two biggest budgets in government run from a single ministry. It wasn’t until 1988 that sanity prevailed and the two were split into the Department of Health and the Department of Social Security. Thirty years later and the Department of Health has now become the Department of Health and Social Care. Bringing health and social care under one department makes a lot of sense. Social care involves the provision of services to people with needs resulting from disability or illness. It is a close relative of healthcare, which is there to treat the underlying condition. Yet the differences in the ways we organise, pay for and prioritise these two sister services remain fundamental. The fact that healthcare is free while social care is paid for by the state only if you pass a pretty severe means test is well known. The options for reform are well rehearsed. The fact that no government will ever be able to enact any sensible reform to social care funding seems to be one of the few remaining iron laws of politics. There are two other big differences, though, which get rather less attention. One is simply the different priority we give to each. The other is the fact that social care is provided by local government, while healthcare is funded centrally. You can see relative priorities simply by looking at cold, hard cash. Since 2010 public spending on health has gone up by 10 per cent. That is a small increase by historic standards, but it means that health spending has grown rapidly as a fraction of total public service spending. Spending on social care, by contrast, has fallen substantially in real terms — and this at a time of rapid population growth and ageing of the population. The risk, of course, is that this reduction in social care spending could itself be putting additional pressure on health budgets as care outside of hospital becomes harder to access.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Scientists are pretty sure that redistributions of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean were responsible for the glacial-interglacial cycles of the past. What do you enjoy doing in your free time? I love to hike, read, draw, paint, cook and travel. Katja’s top tips 1. Embrace STEM subjects and develop your quantitative skills. 2. Don’t shy away when things get challenging – the bigger the challenge, the greater the reward. 3. Don’t let anyone ever tell you that you can’t do something you want to do. The only way to find out if you can do something is to try. About ocean technology Ocean technology encompasses the diverse array of tools, sensors and platforms designed to explore, observe and monitor the marine environment. These technologies play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the oceans and addressing pressing ocean challenges. “Ocean technology offers us access to continuous observations of what is happening to the water chemistry during OAE,” explains Dariia. For example, her team uses an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with pH, salinity and temperature sensors to better understand varying water properties in Halifax Harbour, and a robotic boat equipped with air and water CO2 sensors to monitor the uptake of CO2. Collaborations between academic researchers and ocean technology-based industry partners play a pivotal role in moving oceanographic and climate mitigation research forward. For example, the OAE trial in was conducted in partnership with (www. planetarytech. com), a company dedicated to developing sustainable CO2 removal methods. “set up the experimental infrastructure and released the brucite into the harbour,” says Dariia. “Pro-Oceanus (www. pro-oceanus. com) provided a CO2 sensor for integration into the Blue Robotics’ (www. bluerobotics. com) robotic boat that will be surveying the harbour as the trials continue. ” Scientific inquiries drive innovation in ocean technology. “The interest in marine CDR has shown the true catalytic value of urgent scientific questions on technology development,” says Dariia. “We have an unprecedented number of start-up companies developing new approaches and technology. ” This symbiotic relationship between scientific curiosity and technological advancement promises exciting progress in ocean science. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? My path to oceanography was not straightforward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: " The third extracted challenge was thematically coded as "Technical Difficulties". Participants reported experiencing technical difficulties with technology-based mental health support services, which could be frustrating and hinder their ability to access support. For instance, student 8 stated, “Sometimes the mental health app I use glitches or crashes, which can be really frustrating when I'm trying to use it for support…. I don't have the best internet connection, so sometimes it's hard to access online support groups. "The fourth extracted challenge was thematically coded "Privacy and Security Concerns". Participants expressed concerns about the privacy and security of their personal information when using technology-based mental health support services, and whether their information was being shared without their consent. As an example, student 13 stated, "I worry that my personal information could be shared without my consent, which would be a huge breach of trust. " Student 9 also stated, “It's hard to know if my information is really secure when I'm using online mental health support services. "DiscussionThe study investigating the effects of mindfulness-based mobile apps on university students' anxiety, loneliness, and well-being in the context of social media usage is anchored in a multifaceted theoretical framework. At its core, the research draws upon mindfulness theory, a foundational framework emphasizing present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance to alleviate stress and anxiety [5,6,7,8]. This theory forms the bedrock of the study's understanding, as mindfulness-based mobile apps are designed to foster these very principles, encouraging users to engage with the present, accept their experiences without judgment, and, in doing so, mitigate stress and anxiety. In parallel, to fathom the intricate influence of social media on university students, the study leverages social cognitive theory, a framework highly pertinent for analyzing how individuals acquire and adapt behaviors, attitudes, and emotional responses through observation and modeling within their social networks [11,12,13,14,15]. Given the pervasive role of social media, this theory is essential for comprehending how the behaviors, emotions, and attitudes of students may be shaped by the content and interactions they encounter in the digital realm. Moreover, the research takes into consideration social comparison theory, which underscores how social media users frequently engage in relentless self-comparisons with others, potentially fostering feelings of loneliness and social anxiety [11,12,13,14,15].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Formulae display:? Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. : Social anxiety has long been related to reduced eye contact, and this feature is seen as a causal and a maintaining factor of social anxiety disorder. The present research adds to the literature by investigating the relationship between social anxiety and visual avoidance of faces in a reciprocal face-to-face conversation, while taking into account two aspects of conversations as potential moderating factors: conversational role and level of intimacy. Method: Eighty-five female students (17–25 years) completed the and had a face-to-face getting-acquainted conversation with a female confederate. We alternated conversational role (talking versus listening) and manipulated intimacy of the topics (low versus high). Participants’ gaze behavior was registered with Tobii eye-tracking glasses. Three dependent measures were extracted regarding fixations on the face of the confederate: total duration, proportion of fixations, and mean duration. Results: The results revealed that higher levels of social anxiety were associated with reduced face gaze on all three measures. The relation with total fixation duration was stronger for low intimate topics. The relation with mean fixation duration was stronger during listening than during speaking. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of studying gaze behavior in a naturalistic social interaction. : Eye-trackingsocial anxietyface gazeface-to-face conversationself-disclosure IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive fear and anxiety of being scrutinized and negatively evaluated by others that often leads to avoidance of feared social and performance situations (Association, Citation2013). Both adults and children with SAD report that they avoid eye contact in their social lives (Kley et al. , Citation2012; Schneier et al. , Citation2011). Likewise, inadequate eye contact has been recognized in the diagnostic process as a supporting feature of the disorder (APA, Citation2013, p. 204). According to cognitive theories, avoidance of eye contact by people with SAD serves as a safety-seeking strategy, aimed at avoiding feared social outcomes without completely withdrawing from social situations (e. g. , Clark & Wells, Citation1995).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: Growing up in a town in Ukraine, oceanography and marine sciences were never on my radar. At university, I studied a bachelor’s in chemistry and then a master’s in organic chemistry. With that chemistry background, I dreamt of applying my knowledge to design and make new chemical substances that would help cure diseases. All that changed when I was offered a PhD position in Sweden studying marine chemistry. That’s when I discovered the world of ocean science and ocean technology. I immediately fell in love with everything ocean-related and realised I could contribute to society by uncovering the ocean’s enormous role in our lives. What do you most enjoy about your work? I love working with a team of motivated and passionate people. Those are the kind you will meet in oceanography. Also, I love going to sea on research expeditions. These expeditions are usually hard work but always fun. Getting to meet new people from all over the world never gets old. What is your favourite fact about the ocean? It takes about 1000 years for the water in the ocean to go around the globe and return to the same spot. What are your hopes for the future of your research? I hope we will be able to answer the burning questions about the viability of different CDR approaches. I want to see society cutting CO2 emissions, developing green economies and investing in sustainable energy sources. Our research into OAE will only matter if all these steps are taken simultaneously. What do you enjoy doing in your free time? I love to bake, do backyard gardening and sports. I also enjoy travelling to new places and experiencing the diverse and rich cultures of the world. Dariia’s top tips 1. Find the corner of oceanography that you most enjoy – it encompasses everything from marine microbes to ocean currents to ancient ice cores. 2. Don’t give up when things get hard – persevere through challenges because difficult things often haven’t been done before, so you can be the first. About physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the branch of oceanography that focuses on the physical properties and processes of the ocean. It involves the investigation of various physical phenomena, such as currents, waves and tides, and temperature, salinity and density distributions. Ocean mixing, a fundamental physical process, blends seawater of different properties and plays a crucial role in redistributing heat, salinity, oxygen and CO2 throughout the ocean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: This theory is critical for acknowledging the "highlight reel" effect, wherein users predominantly share their positive experiences and achievements, inadvertently prompting social comparison and potentially engendering negative emotional responses. In the exploration of the perceived addictiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps, the study employs addiction and compulsive behavior theories. These theories unearth the underlying factors contributing to the allure and habit-forming nature of certain digital interventions, thereby offering valuable insights into the psychology of user engagement and potential addiction [12, 13]. When assessing user acceptance and perceptions of mindfulness-based mobile apps, the study draws from technology acceptance models (TAM). TAM provides a valuable framework for unraveling the intricacies of user adoption and attitudes toward technology-based interventions, elucidating critical factors like perceived usefulness and ease of use, which shed light on participants' acceptance of these apps [12, 13]. Furthermore, the research aligns with the principles of positive psychology, a framework that centers on the enhancement of human well-being and strengths. The study's focus on bolstering well-being and mitigating anxiety and loneliness aligns closely with the core tenets of positive psychology, making it a pertinent theoretical perspective [12, 13]. Lastly, media effects theories, such as cultivation theory and uses and gratifications theory, play a pivotal role in offering insights into how social media usage affects students' mental health and well-being [13]. Cultivation theory underscores the potential long-term impact of repeated exposure to media content, while uses and gratifications theory delves into how individuals actively use and engage with media to fulfill specific needs and gratifications. By encompassing this multifaceted theoretical approach, the study constructs a comprehensive foundation for unraveling the intricate relationship between technology, psychology, and well-being in the digital age. This holistic perspective serves as a valuable compass in navigating the complexities of the research questions at hand, offering a deeper understanding of how these factors interconnect and influence one another [12, 13]. Additionally, the study incorporates media effects theories to further enrich its theoretical foundation. Cultivation theory, as one of the key media effects theories, underlines the potential long-term consequences of repeated exposure to media content. Given the omnipresence of social media in the lives of university students, understanding how continuous media exposure might shape their perceptions and attitudes is crucial [39,40,41,42,43,44,45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Moreover, this visual avoidance is thought to possibly play an etiological and maintaining role in social anxiety and in SAD. For example, Spence and Rapee (Citation2016) suggested that avoidance of eye contact may be a risk factor for the development of social anxiety and SAD. Avoidance of eye contact is likely to result in poor social performance, which may trigger negative responses from others, for instance being perceived as more anxious and less likeable (Gray et al. , Citation2019; Leigh et al. , Citation2021). These negative experiences, in turn, may heighten anxiety. Besides, the use of safety behaviors, including eye contact avoidance, is considered as the most critical attribute that maintains social anxiety in patients (Hofmann, Citation2007; Piccirillo et al. , Citation2016) and non-clinical samples (e. g. , Gray et al. , Citation2019; Judah et al. , Citation2019; McManus et al. , Citation2008). Such behaviors prevent socially anxious individuals from disconfirming their beliefs as to feared social situations (Clark & Wells, Citation1995). Previous empirical research provides support that visual avoidance of faces is a behavioral marker of SAD across a variety of facial expressions and situations (for reviews see Chen et al. , Citation2020; Günther et al. , Citation2021). However, it should be noted that the evidence largely stems from studies where facial stimuli were presented on a screen, such as face-viewing tasks and public speaking tasks in front of a pre-recorded audience. The implications for causal theories of SAD hinge on the assumption that the avoidance occurs in actual social interactions. Some initial evidence was provided by two studies implementing a live video connection between two people and finding reduced eye gaze in individuals with greater social anxiety when interacting with another person (Hessels et al. , Citation2018; Howell et al. , Citation2016). To our knowledge, only three eye-tracking studies have examined the relationship between social anxiety and visual avoidance of faces in a face-to-face setting, and the evidence is mixed (Haensel et al. , Citation2020; Konovalova et al. , Citation2021; Rösler et al. , Citation2021). Two face-to-face interaction studies reported that social anxiety was not associated with face gaze behavior. Konovalova et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: Similar power shortages and outages also occurred in August 2022 in Sichuan Province, China. case demonstrates the enormous potential for power saving at the customer end to reduce electricity demand at peak times. The shift to the use of electricity outside of peak times could effectively decrease the daily fluctuation of power consumption and reduce the risks of power shortages during weather extremes. 2. 3 from the 2022 CrisisThe energy available in the (EU) highly depends on the import of fossil fuels. In 2020, only 42% of the total energy consumed by the EU countries was produced in the EU (Eurostat 2022). Of those energies, renewable energies accounted for the highest share of 40. 8%, followed by nuclear (30. 5%), solid fossil fuels (14. 6%), natural gas (7. 2%), and others. However, when gross consumed energies are counted, oil and petroleum products were the main source (34. 5%), followed by natural gas (23. 7%), renewable energies (17. 4%), nuclear (12. 7%), solid fossil fuels (10. 2%), and others. In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, Europe is strictly limiting the consumption of fossil fuels, and countries such as France and Germany are accelerating the process of phasing out coal. At the same time, the share of renewable energies has been continuously increasing in the past several years. Despite the current energy crisis, those policies have not been changed. In 2022, affected by the Russia-Ukraine crisis, the natural gas, oil, and coal supplies from Russia to Europe significantly decreased. countries experienced the hottest and driest summer on record in 2022, which had a positive impact on the production of solar energy, it led to a significantly lower share of wind and hydropower in the energy supply. In response to this unexpected energy crisis, many European countries have turned back to fossil fuels like coal for power generation in the short run. However, in the long run, this crisis may push them harder to enhance their capacity in renewable energy. The 2022 Europe energy crisis has warned us that on the way to carbon neutrality, it is important to keep a balance between phasing in clean and renewable energy and phasing out fossil fuels, and to be well prepared for emergencies that call for a rapid change in the energy structure with redundant reserves.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Moreover, uses and gratifications theory plays a pivotal role by exploring how individuals actively engage with media to fulfill specific needs and gratifications. In the context of the study, this theory sheds light on why students turn to social media, whether it's for social interaction, information seeking, or entertainment, and how these purposes might be linked to their mental well-being [13]. To round out the comprehensive theoretical framework, the study interweaves elements of positive psychology. This perspective emphasizes the enhancement of human well-being, positive emotions, and strengths. By striving to boost well-being and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and loneliness, the study directly aligns with the core principles of positive psychology. Positive psychology focuses on fostering qualities like resilience, optimism, and emotional intelligence, which are highly relevant to the study's objectives [46,47,48,49,50]. Thus, this framework adds a positive, growth-oriented dimension to the study's theoretical foundation, underscoring the importance of not only addressing negative mental health outcomes but also promoting positive psychological well-being [12, 13]. In summary, the multifaceted theoretical framework encompassing mindfulness theory, social cognitive theory, social comparison theory, addiction and compulsive behavior theories, technology acceptance models (TAM), positive psychology, and media effects theories creates a robust and comprehensive foundation for unraveling the intricate relationship between technology, psychology, and well-being in the digital age. This holistic perspective enables the study to navigate the complexities of its research questions, offering a deeper understanding of how these factors interconnect and influence one another, and providing valuable insights into the impact of technology-driven interventions on the mental well-being of university students. ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the current findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting that social media use is linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, it is important to note that the causal direction of these relationships remains unclear. Although social media use may contribute to negative mental health outcomes, it is also possible that individuals who are already experiencing symptoms of anxiety and loneliness may use social media as a coping mechanism or to seek social support. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the complex relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes. It can also be concluded that the use of technology-based interventions can provide increased accessibility and convenience, anonymity and privacy, customizable and tailored support, cost-effectiveness, increased awareness and education, and reduced stigma.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: (Citation2021) instructed participants to stay in a room with a confederate who was occupied filling out a questionnaire. The confederate was instructed not to initiate conversations. There were no correlations between social anxiety and the number and duration of fixations on the head of the confederate. Rösler et al. (Citation2021) registered participants’ gaze behavior towards the face of a confederate while they were in a waiting room and confronted with a sequence of events: the confederate was first occupied in completing a questionnaire, then he received a phone call, and finally he initiated interaction with the participant. Participants showed increasing fixations on the confederate’s face across the experiment regardless of their level of social anxiety. The authors suggested that avoidance may not occur in relatively safe situations, but be specific to threatening contexts. The findings from the third study seem in line with this suggestion. Haensel et al. (Citation2020) found that a significant negative association between social anxiety and fixation time on the face of the conversation partner was only evident at an early stage of a naturalistic interaction and only when participants were asked to introduce themselves (not when listening to the confederate’s introduction). Moreover, after a guessing game intended to facilitate the interaction, the effect of social anxiety disappeared even when participants had to share a personal story. In addition, findings from observational studies implementing face-to-face conversations also suggest that visual avoidance of faces is restricted to less safe situations. Two studies reported that reduced eye contact in socially anxious individuals occurred when they were speaking, but not when they were listening (Baker & Edelmann, Citation2002; Daly, Citation1978). Taken together, these studies suggest that socially anxious people specifically avoid gazing at someone’s face during a face-to-face interaction requiring self-disclosure to a stranger. Self-disclosure, or revealing information about the self to others (Jourard, Citation1971), increases the potential for scrutiny and to be negatively evaluated. In some studies involving initial encounters (Baker & Edelmann, Citation2002; Daly, Citation1978; Haensel et al. , Citation2020), the act of talking to strangers may have posed a risky situation for being negatively evaluated. Likewise, in the study by Langer et al. (Citation2017), the demand to discuss a conflict may have signaled a risk of negative evaluation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: Baklanov, A. , C. S. B. Grimmond, D. Carlson, D. Terblanche, X. Tang, V. Bouchet, B. Lee, and G. Langendijk et al. 2018. From urban meteorology, climate and environment research to integrated city services. 23: 330–341. 2021. Cascading risks: Understanding the 2021 winter blackout in Texas. & 77: 2106. CAISO (System Operator). 2021. What is a Flex Alert? Accessed 10 Jan 2023. CMA (Administration). 2022. Combined intensity of heat wave events has reached the strongest since 1961 according to BCC (Centre). Accessed 23 Jan 2023. Clancy, N. ,. Knopman, K. V. Patel, and L. Dixon. 2022. Grant Program: Incorporating hazard risk and social equity into decisionmaking processes. Center: (Research and Development Center) operated by Rand under contract with the Department of Homeland Security. Accessed 28 Jan 2023. EFFIS (System). 2022. System’s estimates of fires for European Union. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. Eurostat. 2022. Where does our energy come from? Accessed 23 Jan 2023. IPCC (on Climate Change). 2021. Summary for policymakers. change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, ed. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, et al. , 3−32. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Press. IPCC (on Climate Change). 2022. Summary for policymakers. change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of II to the Report of the on Climate Change, ed. H. -O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, et al. , 3–33. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Press. Kovats, S. , T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: ISSN: 2640-2882 a e-'s & on the Depression and with 2. Anxiety. 2022; 6: 011-017. DOI: 10. 29328/journal. ida. 1001031 Copyright License: © 2022 Georgoulas-Sherry V. This is an open access 1. 6 million tweets from approximately 988,760 Twitter users geolocated in Washington state from the University of Pennsylvania’s publicly available Twitter database (from March 2020 to March 2021), this study evaluated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 by using expressions of loneliness and anxiety to predict mental and physical symptoms. Bivariate correlations revealed expressions of loneliness were correlated to trouble breathing while expressions of anxiety were correlated to skin lesions, body aches, flu-like, seasonal cold, trouble breathing, nausea or diarrhea, fever, chills, and cough. Multiple multivariate linear regressions were completed, and a significant regression equation was found in predicting trouble breathing symptoms on expressions of loneliness and anxiety, however, the proportion of variance was 8% of the observed variation in the model. Further implications revealed the importance of understanding mental and physical well-being during a public health crisis as well as the use of social media platforms as primary and supplementary stimuli. study Materials and methods Limitations 1. 6 million tweets from approximately 988,760 Twitter users geolocated in from the University of Pennsylvania’s publicly available Twitter database, this study evaluated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 by using expressions of loneliness and anxiety to predict mental and physical symptoms. The main objective of the study is to evaluate how expressions of loneliness and anxiety can predict physical symptoms — utilizing bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression models to assess these relationships. Anxiety and loneliness Anxiety has been defined as an unpleasant emotion categorized by feelings of apprehension, tension, dread, worry, distress, and uneasiness [7]. Anxiety has been shown to predict other mental illnesses, higher occurrences of irritable bowel syndrome and disease, asthma, coronary heart disease, stress, and inadequate work productivity and job performance. In addition, anxiety has been linked with worsened health outcomes, increased utilization of health care services, decreased cognitive functions, increased severity of symptoms of chronic disease, decreased quality of life, and more experiences of suicidal ideation and thoughts [2,5,7,11,12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: In the other two studies this risk may have been rather low: the likelihood of having to engage in a conversation was basically absent in the study by Konovalova et al. (Citation2021), and in the Rösler et al. (Citation2021) study the confederate initiated a conversation about an impersonal topic (research participation). Altogether, two aspects of conversations seem crucially related to self-disclosure: conversational role (talking versus listening), and level of intimacy (topics low versus high on intimacy). Both factors may influence the perceived risk of negative evaluation, and the latter is a core concern of socially anxious individuals. A wealth of research has demonstrated that self-disclosure is difficult for socially anxious individuals. They tend to talk less and not to reveal much information about themselves, both in initial encounters (e. g. , Kang & Gratch, Citation2010; Miller & Dechant, Citation2021; Papsdorf & Alden, Citation1998; Stevens et al. , Citation2010) and in close relationships (e. g. , Cuming & Rapee, Citation2010; Montesi et al. , Citation2013; Sparrevohn & Rapee, Citation2009). Also, individuals higher in social anxiety showed prolonged physiological arousal compared to those lower in social anxiety when they conversed face-to-face with a same-sex stranger and were expected to share personal information (Ketay et al. , Citation2019). Therefore, a demand for self-disclosure (e. g. , intimate conversation topics) is likely to exacerbate the face gaze avoidance in high socially anxious individuals in social interactions. Yet, this hypothesis remains to be tested. It should be noted that none of the existing gaze behavior studies have manipulated both aspects of conversations related to self-disclosure (conversational role and level of intimacy). Prior work has examined the two factors independently. Eye-tracking research has consistently shown that people exhibited more face gaze when listening than speaking, meanwhile the nature of the topic has been ignored (e. g. , Freeth et al. , Citation2013; Haensel et al. , Citation2020). In contrast, a few observational studies have found that people displayed reduced eye contact when answering intimate questions compared to when answering impersonal questions, but participants in those studies were only required to speak; not to listen (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: Wolf, and B. Menne. 2004. Heatwave of August 2003 in Europe: Provisional estimates of the impact on mortality. Eurosurveillance 8(11): 2409. Raymond, C. , T. Matthews, R. M. Horton. 2020. The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance. 6(19): 1838. Robbert, B. , and A. Lesnikowski. 2018. Adaptation: The neglected dimension of polycentric climate governance? . climate change: Polycentricity in action? , ed. A. Jordan, D. Huitema, H. van Asselt, and J. Forster, 303–319. Cambridge, UK: Press. 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature 427(6972): 332–336. 2020. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. Statista. 2022b. Distribution of electricity generation in California by source 2020. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. Tang, X. , K. Sassa, G. P. Brasseur, J. Cullmann, and Z. Fang. 2021. Collaboration in MHEWS through an integrated way. and reducing landslide disaster risk, ed. K. Sassa, M. Mikoš, S. Sassa, P. T. Bobrowsky, K. Takara, and K. Dang, 479–497. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2022. COP27 reaches breakthrough agreement on new “loss and damage” fund for vulnerable countries. Accessed 28 Jan 2023. United Nations. 2015. Paris Agreement. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. WMO (Organization). 2019. Guidance on integrated urban hydro-meteorological, climate and environmental services, Volume I: Concept and methodology. WMO-No. 1234. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. WMO (Organization). 2022a. United in Science 2022a: A multi-organization high-level compilation of the most recent science related to climate change, impacts and responses. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. WMO (Organization). 2022b. Early warning systems must protect everyone within five years. Accessed 23 Jan 2023. Yalew, S. G. , M. T. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, loneliness is a complex and multi-dimensional construct as it is defined as a feeling categorized by a lack of value, intimacy, or quality in social relationships and associations that typically occur, or because individuals might have fewer social associations than preferred [13-15]. Loneliness has been associated with an increased risk of multiple chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, metabolic disorders, lung disease, increased psychological and behavioral problems, poor psychological well-being and functioning, morbidity, increased low self-esteem, depression, and suicidal ideation [16-18]. The behavioral health symptoms of anxiety and loneliness have been associated with one another; many studies have investigated these constructs together as they have overlapping qualities and a reciprocal relationship [2,6,17]. Loneliness has been directly linked to increased anxiety, including paranoia and psychosis, impaired cognitive processing, and poor self-reported health, and positively correlated to neuroticism and negatively correlated to extraversion and conscientiousness [13-15]. Anxiety has been shown to partially mediate the relationship between loneliness and paranoia and facilitate loneliness, alienation, and negative life events [11,17,19]. Both anxiety and loneliness have been associated with increased infection and hospitalization rates, poorer self-perception of health, negative effects on health and well-being, a significant risk for depression, and reduced life satisfaction [14-18]. Physical symptoms Physical symptoms are defined as symptoms that are indicators of typical medical ailments and conditions and are not an actual medical or mental conditions; physical symptoms (e. g. , aches, fatigue, and headaches) are typical day-to-day features of normal life and affect behavior in numerous ways [20,21]. Anxiety and physical symptoms have been shown to produce a reciprocal relationship [11,19,21]. In the short term, anxiety increases blood pressure, chest pain, breathing issues, heart rate and palpitations, irritability, and headaches; in the long term, anxiety can increase the risk of depression, muscle aches and other pains, and extreme fatigue, and just to name a few. The physical symptoms of back pain, abdominal pain, and headaches have shown to be the best predictors of anxiety in terms of physical symptoms [21]. In the long term, anxiety is associated with coronary artery disease, psoriasis, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Participants with scores on the LSAS-SR below 30 were categorized as low socially anxious (LSA), participants with scores between 30 and 59 were categorized as medium socially anxious (MSA) and participants with scores above 59 were categorized as high socially anxious (HSA; Liebowitz, Citation1987). Stratified sampling from these groups was employed in order to obtain a uniform distribution of participants with different levels of social anxiety. A total number of 458 undergraduate students aged between 17 and 25 years completed this survey (87. 74% female). Female students (HSA = 110, MSA = 202, LSA = 96) were invited via email to take part. The final sample consisted of 85 participants (HSA = 28, MSA = 27, LSA = 30) with a mean age of 20. 64 years (SD = 2. 24 years). Footnote1This study aimed to investigate same-sex interactions, because initial opposite-sex encounters, in particular involving intimate self-disclosure, may be associated with a more specific dating context (e. g. , Derlega et al. , Citation1985). Because of the demographic of the local student population, the current study was restricted to females. All participants have self-reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Participants gave written informed consent and were fully debriefed afterwards. They received either two credits or €6. 50 for participating in the experiment. The University’s ethics committee for psychological research approved the study protocol. MaterialsAnxiety Scale-(LSAS-SR; Fresco et al. , Citation2001; Liebowitz, Citation1987). The level of social anxiety of each participant was assessed using the LSAS-SR questionnaire. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items, including 11 items about social interaction (e. g. , “Meeting strangers”) and 13 items about social performance (e. g. , “Telephoning in public”). The instrument uses a 4-point Likert scale to rate both anxiety (0 = none, 3 = severe) and avoidance (0 = never, 3 = usually) in each of these situations. This study used participants’ total score on the LSAS-SR. In the current sample of 85, Cronbach’s alpha of the LSAS-SR was. 96 at pre-screening and. 97 at the day of testing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: As the forecast maps change over time, the color coding helps forecasters track the flow of aerosol-laden air toward or away from the surface, as well as the smoke plume’s horizontal trajectory. Wind field vectors are plotted as white arrows to show wind direction and speed. The maps also show areas where precipitation is forecast since rain or snow can remove aerosol p2. Static representation of 48-hour aerosol trajectories from eIDEA showing transport of aerosol-rich air into the northern U. S. plains states on 7 May 2016 at 15:00 UTC. The trajectories, represented by magenta and pink lines, originate at locations of high VIIRS aerosol optical depth (red, orange, and yellow shading in top middle of image). The trajectories show the direction of transport (south–southeast and then curving to the west); the magenta color indicates that aerosol-rich air will remain close to the surface. White arrows are wind vectors at 850-millibar atmospheric pressure. Credit: eIDEA The trajectories forecast, presented on eIDEA as a dynamic animation, recalculates images in 3-hour increments; Figure 2 shows a snapshot from 7 May at 15:00 Time (UTC) as a representative example. The magenta and pink lines show the south and southeastward movement of the aerosol-rich plume, located over southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba on 6 May (red, orange, and yellow region). The magenta and pink colors of the trajectory lines indicate that the smoke plume would remain close to Earth’s surface as it moved into eastern and Iowa on 7 May. aerosol observations from eIDEA demonstrate that the trajectory predictions were accurate. Figure 3 shows plumes of high AOT associated with smoke from the Fort McMurray fire over the northern plains on 7 May. This transported smoke blanketed the ground surface; fine particulate matter exceeded Standards (NAAQS) across Iowa, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and (Figure 4). Locations where smoke affected ground-level air quality are evident from this eIDEA display, which overlays daily average fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2. 5) from the U. S. Agency’s (EPA) AirNow network onto a map of the area. Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: S, we need to be able to assess the mental health impact, and more specifically, expressions of anxiety and loneliness; furthermore, there is a need to evaluate how expressions of loneliness and anxiety, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, can predict physical symptoms, especially as loneliness and anxiety have both shown to correlate with physical and other mental health outcomes [2-7]. Lastly, as the SARS-CoV-2 impact on social media platform utilization continues to allow individuals to share feelings and emotions, solicit and provide social support, as well track day-to-day experiences, there is merit to better understanding the employment of social media platforms to help show the potentially important tool of social media platforms in passively measuring both mental and physical health. The main objective of the study is to evaluate how expressions of loneliness and anxiety can predict physical symptoms — utilizing bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression models to assess these relationships. Observation study 2021. available tweet data posted between March 2020 to March 2021 were obtained from GitHub (i. e. , a repository online hosting service) from a large publicly available data set retrieved by the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Digital Health; the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for tracks tweet data on self-reported mental and physical symptoms across the United States. This study employed only Twitter users geolocated in Washington state. While the publicly available tweet data set captures a variety of self-reported mental and physical symptoms, for this study, physical symptoms evaluated and collected by the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for include “skin lesions”, “body aches”, “fatigue”, “flu-like symptoms”, “seasonal cold”, “trouble breathing”, “nausea or diarrhea”, “loss of appetite”, “fever”, “changes in smell or taste”, “abdominal pain”, “chills”, “cough”, and “headache”; the mental symptoms include “expressions of anxiety” and “expressions of loneliness. ” of Pennsylvania’s Center for Digital Health; the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for pulled approximately 4 million pandemic-related tweets using Twitter API each day. study utilized more than 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: As predicted, there was a main effect of social anxiety, F(1,79) = 5. 20, p =. 025, ηp2 =. 062, 90% CI [. 004;. 161]. correlation showed that the relation was negative, r(81) = −. 277, p =. 012. This is in line with hypothesis 3. Furthermore, there was an interaction between conversational role and social anxiety, Wilks’s Lambda =. 951, F(1,79) = 4. 07, p =. 047, ηp2 =. 049, 90% CI [. 000;. 143]. Figure 3 shows that the relation between social anxiety and mean fixation duration on the face is stronger when listening than when speaking, which is in contrast with hypothesis 4. In contrast with hypothesis 5, there was no interaction effect between intimacy and social anxiety, F(1,79) = 4. 37, p =. 510, ηp2 =. 006, 90% CI [. 001;. 148]. Figure 3. Scatterplot showing the relation between social anxiety and (ln transformed) mean fixation duration on the face in seconds during listening and speaking. Display full sizeDiscussionThe present research expanded on the existing literature by investigating the relationship between social anxiety and visual avoidance of faces in a face-to-face conversation requiring self-disclosure, while taking into account two aspects of conversations that previous research had implicated as potential moderating factors: conversational role and level of intimacy. Importantly, the two situational factors were independently manipulated to confirm and clarify these effects. Moreover, participants were selected to represent a wide range of social anxiety scores. The main findings can be summarized as follows: (1) All participants, regardless of social anxiety, looked shorter and less frequently at the face of the confederate during speaking than during listening. (2) Similarly, participants overall spent less time fixating on the face of the confederate in high intimacy conditions compared to low intimacy conditions. (3) Social anxiety was associated with reduced face gaze during the conversation. (4) The negative relation between social anxiety and the mean duration of a fixation on the face was stronger during listening than during speaking. (5) The negative relation between social anxiety and the total fixation duration on the face was stronger in low intimacy conditions than in high intimacy conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2008. | DOI: 10. 1519/JSC. 0b013e31816a84f5 use of a backward (false) step to initiate forward movement has been regarded as an inferior starting technique and detrimental to sprinting performance over short distances as it requires additional time to be completed, but little evidence exists to support or refute this claim. Therefore, we recruited 27 men to examine the temporal differences among three standing starts that employed either a step forward (F) or a step backward (B) to initiate movement. An audio cue was used to mark the commencement of each start and to activate the subsequent timing gates. Three trials of each starting style were performed, and movement (0 m), 2. 5 m, and 5 m times were recorded. Despite similar performances to the first timing gate (0. 80 and 0. 81s for F and B, respectively), utilizing a step forward to initiate movement resulted in significantly slower sprint times to both 2. 5 and 5 m (6. 4% and 5. 3%, respectively). Furthermore, when the movement times were removed and performances were compared between gates 1 and 2, and 2 and 3, all significant differences were seen before reaching a distance of only 2. 5 m. The results from this investigation question the advocacy of removing the false step to improve an athlete's sprint performance over short distances. In fact, if the distance to be traveled is as little as 0. 5 m in the forward direction, adopting a starting technique in which a step backward is employed may result in superior performance. ability to accelerate over short distances is of paramount importance to success in many sports (1,13) Because of the paucity of empirical evidence, however, conflicting views remain with regard to the most advantageous starting style (9). Investigators have placed a great deal of effort toward improving our understanding of the sprint start but have focused primarily on the kinetics and kinematics associated with blocks starts (10-12,15,16), making the transference to field-based sports, where athletes begin from a standing position, somewhat problematic (9,13). This fact motivated the present research, with the objective being to provide further insight into the possible mechanical advantages and sprint performance differences associated with various standing starts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3306082/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Oct, 2023Read the published version in BMC Psychology →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe increasing use of digital technologies in daily life has led to a growing number of studies in the field of digital psychology. While research in this area has provided valuable insights into the potential benefits and drawbacks of digital technologies for mental health and well-being, there is still much to be learned about the complex relationship between technology and psychology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mindfulness-based mobile apps on university students' anxiety, loneliness, and well-being. It also explored the participants’ perceptions of the addictiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps. The study used a multi-phase research design consisting of a correlational research method, a pretest-posttest randomized controlled trial, and a qualitative case study. Three subsets of participants were selected for each phase: correlations (n = 300), treatment (n = 60), and qualitative (n = 20). Data were collected from various sources, including the social anxiety scale, well-being scale, social media use integration scale, and interview checklist. Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and t-tests were used to analyze the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. The results confirmed a significant correlation between social media use and the study variables. The treatment also decreased students' anxiety and increased their well-being. The participants also had different positive perceptions of the use of mindfulness-based mobile apps. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for digital psychologists. MindfulnessMobil appssocial anxietysocial media usageWell-beingIntroductionThe realm of digital psychology is rapidly advancing, delving into the crossroads of psychology and technology, and examining how digital technologies impact human behavior, cognition, and emotions [1, 2]. As digital technologies become increasingly integrated into daily life, researchers are investigating both the potential benefits and drawbacks they pose to mental health and overall well-being. Research within digital psychology has explored a range of subjects, encompassing the utilization of technology for psychological interventions like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [1, 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: For the mean duration of a fixation on the face, the effect was even in the opposite direction: the negative relation with social anxiety was stronger when participants were listening. This finding may be due to the larger variance of the mean fixation duration during listening and is in need of replication. Nevertheless, shorter fixations on the face during listening may be particularly detrimental to the social outcomes socially anxious people may receive, because of the importance of increased attention to others when listening to show attentiveness and interest (Gobel et al. , Citation2015; Risko et al. , Citation2016). Future research on reduced face gaze and its social consequences across different situations and populations may elucidate our understanding of how social anxiety may shape social outcomes. Contrary to our fifth hypothesis, social anxiety was not specifically associated with decreased face gaze for intimate topics. The interaction was not significant for the proportion of fixations or the mean duration of a fixation on the face. For the total fixation duration, the interaction was significant, but in the opposite direction: participants higher in social anxiety spent less time looking at the face of their conversation partner when talking about low intimate topics. Although we hypothesized that talking about intimate topics would be particularly threatening to individuals with high levels of social anxiety, it may be the case that this was threatening to all participants, particularly at a time when social interactions with strangers were scarce, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationship may be stronger for low intimate topics, because participants with higher levels of social anxiety perceived a risk of negative evaluation, whereas participants with lower levels of social anxiety did not. Unfortunately, this study did not include a measure of state anxiety. Intriguingly, our exploratory analysis showed that social anxiety was not related to absolute speaking time. In the literature, talking less is also considered an important safety behavior that socially anxious people resort to in social interaction (e. g. , Gray et al. , Citation2019). For example, Stevens et al. (Citation2010) found that talking time was the most powerful predictor of social performance when comparing SAD patients and non-patients in a social interaction. In that study, however, confederates were trained to say no more than three sentences at a time. In the present study, participants and confederates were instructed to talk about the assigned topic for at least one minute and the confederate set an example by doing so.

Output: contrast