Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on June 29th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jun 29, 2017 · authors did a good job in addressing the (minor) points raised by the reviewers. I believe this is an important contribution and I'm happy to recommend its acceptance. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 29, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 12, 2017 · As you'll see below, the comments by the reviewers tended to be very positive, but indicated a few issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be accepted, as well as some interesting suggestions. Reviewer 1 · Jun 7, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is very well written and includes a complete review of the current knowledge of Melissotarsus-diaspidis association. The authors manage to combine all the current information about the system and other related ant-hemipteran associations with the perspective of their new naturalistic observations, putting together a very robust description of the natural history of Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. Although the authors did not perform behavioral experiments or chemical analysis, they provides the study with outstanding visual evidence of their observations in the form of high quality pictures (However, see comment on fig 3 on the possibility of adding arrows to the pictures to direct to interesting parts of the image). Experimental design The study is a very interesting research about the natural history of a interestingant-hemipteran association. I consider the study very relevant and an important contribution. However, the research questions are only indicated in the last paragraph of introduction in a very general way (Lines 100-101). The authors should detail clearly at the end of introduction which aspects of the association were the focus of their observations and discussions. There are not experimental procedures in the research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Using these carbon sources, microbial cell factories have been engineered to produce a variety of C5 and C6 chemicals. Due to the frequent involvement of decarboxylation reactions resulting in the loss of one carbon, biosynthesis of C5 and C6 molecules typically requires C6 and C7 precursors. For example, lysine, a C6 amino acid, and its decarboxylation products are often employed as the precursor to many non-natural C5 chemicals. Given the lack of native C7 precursors in microbial cells, biosynthesis of C6 molecules is even more challenging. To address this limitation, efforts have been made by engineering novel, non-natural biosynthesis pathways involving chain extension (+1) reactions, condensation reactions, and ring-fission reactions of aromatic compound catechol to create the six-carbon backbone. Recently, Genomatica and Aquafil announced the pre-commercial production for nylon-6 derived from plant sugars [17]. Additionally, Toray is currently upscaling its production of plant-based adipic acid (AA) in preparation for commercialization [18]. As the development of bio-based chemicals matures, these innovations are anticipated to account for an increased percentage of chemicals produced worldwide. In this review, we focus on the progress in the microbial production of the non-natural C5 chemicals (Table 1) including 1-pentanol, 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PDO), cadaverine, δ -valerolactam, glutaric acid (GA), glutaconic acid, and 5-hydroxyvaleric acid (5-HV), as well as the non-natural C6 chemicals (Table 2) including cis,cis-muconic acid (MA), AA, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), 6-aminocaproic acid (ACA), β-methyl-δ-valerolactone (MVL), 1-hexanol, ε-caprolactone (CL), 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (HHA), and 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HDO) with an emphasis on strategies employing renewable carbon sources. Table 1. Best-performing metabolic engineering strategies for the microbial production C5 chemicals with diverse chassis and substrates. Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: So far, only 1 randomized study has examined the effectiveness of bone marrow or progenitor cell transfer in improving LV EF in patients with chronic myocardial infarction and moderately reduced LV function (EF at baseline ∼40%). In the Transplantation of and Recovery of LV Function in Patients with (-CHD) trial, a randomized crossover trial, the absolute change in LV EF at 3 months, measured by ventricular angiography, was significantly greater among patients receiving BMC than among those receiving circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) [Assmus et al. , 2006]. After initial treatment with one cell type, the groups received the other cell type in the next phase of the trial, but the result was independent of the order in which the cells were administered, suggesting a BMC-specific effect. This study implies that BMC can have effects other than acceleration of LV EF recovery after acute myocardial infarction. Although the case for cardiomyogenic induction following cytokine-mediated stem cell mobilization is not strong, clinical trials have been performed in the hope of impacting cardiac function via altered perfusion (see above). For example, several uncontrolled phase 1 trials have suggested that delivery of G-CSF after treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction via percutaneous reperfusion therapy resulted in enhanced LV function and systolic wall thickening compared to reperfusion therapy alone [Ince et al. , 2005a, b; Valgimigli et al. , 2005]. However, 3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials failed to confirm these results [Engelmann et al. , 2006; Ripa et al. , 2006; Zohlnhofer et al. , 2006]. Although percutaneous reperfusion therapy alone resulted in improved cardiac function in these studies, combined treatment with G-CSF had no additional benefit. Moreover, G-CSF treatment failed to enhance cardiac function in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease [Hill et al. , 2005; Wang et al. , 2005]. Although these results are disappointing, it remains possible that treatment with multiple cytokines (perhaps in combination with stem cell therapy) will yield a more favorable outcome. review has provided an update of basic and clinical studies involving cell transplantation as a means to treat heart disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Must evidence is in the form or valuable and novel (although circumstantial) natural history observations. Validity of the findings The authors put together a lot of valuable information to describe several aspects of the Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. The study have no statistical analysis and the discussion is based on observational evidence. Although the presented evidence comes only from three ant nests, their findings are significant for the understanding of the described mutualism and very well putted in the context of the natural history of the species. However, I believe that authors must specify in the discussion the potential of generalization of their findings and the possible limitations derived from the limited sample size. As one of the main objectives of study the authors present a strong case to defend the hypothesis that ants consume wax secretions form diaspids as food source and that this is the reason behind the lack of wax shield of the diaspids. agree with most of the reasoning, I think that the evidence is circumstantial and not enough to discard completely other alternative or complementary hypotheses (see comment for lines 267-269). For this reason, I believe the authors should be more careful in some of their statements in order to recognize alternative (however less probable) explanations in the discussion (for instance sentence on lines 242-244 and 289-290). They may explain with more detail why alternative hypothesis (most of them already mentioned by the authors) should be discarded or suggest possible experimental pathways to completely disprove them. I believe that none of the above issues invalidate the findings and main discussion of the study, and that with minor modifications those issues may be fixed. Additional comments Lines 74-78: I suggest to merge this lines with the nest paragraph (Lines 79-97) Lines 98-101. You should state clearly here if Morganella conspicua is one of the diaspidis species that are known to also live freely (you put this information only in the discussion, but this is very relevant for the background of your study). Lines 112-115: It should be a good idea to include geographic coordinates for sampling localities. Also, if possible, you should provide more details about the nest conditions on the field, such as the extend that ants and diaspids were present in each tree individual (this information is only scattered in the discussion) Line 120: Specify where in Paris you performed the observations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Best performing metabolic engineering strategies for the microbial production C6 chemicals with diverse chassis and substrates. 2. C5 Chemicals 2. 1. 1-Pentanol 1-Pentanol is a straight-chain C5 alcohol commonly used as a coating solvent or in fragrances, while it also has potential as a fuel alternative [19]. It is considered a semi-natural alcohol, as only trace amounts are generated in yeast fermentations. Recent studies have reported the microbial production of 1-pentanol in E. coli through extending the 2-ketobutyrate (2-KB) pathway [58]. This pathway utilizes the chain elongation cycle mediated by the broad-substrate LeuABCD in the leucine biosynthesis and can be employed to produce C5-C7 alcohols that lack a natural biosynthetic pathway, such as 3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-pentanol [58]. However, the wild-type LeuABCD was unable to act on 2-KB for 1-pentanol production. To address this limitation, Zhang et al. introduced a leucine-feedback insensitive mutation into LeuA (G462D). Along with the action of 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase (KIVD) from Lactococcus lactis and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH6) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, they achieved the biosynthesis of 494 mg/L of 1-pentanol. Subsequent protein engineering of KIVD led to the identification of a more efficient mutant V461A/M538A, resulting in an increase in 1-pentanol to 750 mg/L [59]. Building on this foundation, Chen et al. attempted to further enhance the 1-pentanol production by specifically focusing on the effects of the residue V461 on KIVD activity. A saturated mutagenesis study of this residue revealed that the V461G mutant exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards the 2-ketocaproate, the precursor of 1-pentanol. This improvement may be attributed to the extra space created within the binding pocket, allowing for a looser docking of the substrate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: The basic studies revealed that donor cardiomyocytes can successfully be transplanted into the myocardium and are able to participate in a functional syncytium with the host myocardium. Although donor SMBs differentiate into nascent myotubes and have a positive impact on adverse remodeling after transplantation, these cells remain electrically isolated from the host myocardium. The results with adult-derived stem cells are less clear. On one hand, the cardiomyogenic potential of many adult-derived stem cells has been called into question. On the other hand, transplantation of these cells can have a beneficial impact on cardiac function. In many cases this can occur in spite of the absence of cardiomyogenic differentiation, and for that matter, the absence of long-term retention of the donor cells. The clinical studies revealed that and CPC transplantation appears to be well tolerated. Some studies indicated that transplantation of these cells can have a positive impact on cardiac remodeling, cardiac function and/or clinical outcome. In light of this, future directions for both basic and clinical experimentation are clear. Minimally, 2 avenues of basic research are warranted. First, it is imperative to ascertain the molecular mechanism underlying the improvement in cardiac function seen with noncardiomyogenic cells. Studies from the Dzau laboratory characterizing the basis of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardioprotection [Mangi et al. , 2003; Gnecchi et al. , 2005, 2006; Noiseux et al. , 2006; Mirotsou et al. , 2007] are exemplary. Acquiring such mechanistic insight is imperative if one wishes to enhance the effectiveness of the intervention. Second, it is important not to give up on the ideal of true regeneration of lost myocardial mass (as opposed to the types of cardioprotective activities described above). Current cell transplantation approaches can clearly generate de novo functional myocardium in experimental animals, albeit in limited volumes. Enhancing donor cell seeding, survival and posttransplantational growth could result in replacement of transmural defects with nascent myocardium. The current lack of a precise understanding of the mechanism underlying cell therapy-mediated improvement in LV function should not distract from future clinical trials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Lines 125-134: The observations of open galleries were all performed 3 months after the field collections or the stems were opened gradually? If gradually, then following which periodicity? Is it possible that ant behavior related to diaspidids would be affected by the time of lab rearing? Line 240-242: Is it possible that the diaspids individuals bearing wax shields in your study correspond to males (as suggested by Prins et al 1975 and Schneider et al 2013)? Line 242-244: I suggest using something such as “argue” rather than “conclude”. This may looks just as a matter of preference between words, but since you did not manage to perform chemical analysis or direct observations of the ant feeding behavior, there is always the possibility of alternative (however less probable) explanations. For instance, one can argue that ants may not eat the wax but that the constant interactions with ants inhibits the secretions of wax, and only those diaspids living in nest points with restricted access to ants develop the wax shield (this is actually derived from one of the alternative hypothesis proposed by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010). Line 267-269: Do you have observations or other evidence to support this claim of lack of chemical inhibition of ants? From the three alternative hypothesis by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010, I believe that your evidence allows to discard hypothesis 1 (lack of capability of diaspids to produce shields) and give strong support to hypothesis 2 (removal and consumption of wax by ants). However, I think that it is not jet possible to discard completely hypotheses 3 (chemical interference). Also, as I mention in the last commentary, do you think that ant inhibition of wax production may be triggered also by behavioral stimuli and not just by chemical interference? Chemical or behavioral interference of ants Line 289-290: considering that you never observed direct interaction (line 165), how can you be sure that ants “habitually” consume wax filaments? . I agree that the evidence of your study and other studies points in this direction but can you be sure without chemical analyses or behavioral experiments? Line 675: You may add a mark or an arrow pointing to the shields in the picture. This may be also useful for other figures such as 5 and 6 to facilitate the understanding of descriptions of interesting parts of the image.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a high accumulation of byproducts still remained as well, therefore, this engineered pathway needs to be further optimized and tested [20]. In a separate study conducted by Wang et al. , they explored the charged amino acid catabolic pathway to synthesize various diols, including 1,3-PDO, 1,4-BDO, and 1,5-PDO. However, for the purpose of this discussion, the focus will be primarily on the last compound. Starting with glucose as the carbon source to produce lysine, Wang et al. applied a similar strategy as discussed in prior studies. They inserted a synthetic AMV pathway by introducing davAB from P. putida, gabT, and yqhD from native E. coli. Additionally, they employed a CAR-based pathway for the conversion of ω-hydroxy acids (ω-HA) to diols. This pathway specifically consisted of the CAR enzyme from M. marinum and phosphopantetheine transferase (sfp) from B. subtilis. The study revealed that the titer of 1,5-PDO increased exponentially only when lysine was exogenously supplied to the cell culture, highlighting the bottleneck limitation imposed by lysine supply on the pathway. To address this issue, Wang et al. co-expressed lysC and dapA, to enhance the lysine degradation pathway. However, even after deleting the iclR gene in an effort to maintain the precursor supply of oxaloacetate, the highest titer reached only 0. 97 g/L [61]. 2. 3. Cadaverine Cadaverine, or 1,5-diaminopentane is a straight-chain diamine that has shown to have many commercial applications, notably in bio-based materials, and is seen in chelating agents [89]. Cadaverine is naturally formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during putrefaction of animal tissues. There is a growing interest in enhancing cadaverine production using microbial engineering methods with a focus on renewable carbon sources (Figure 1) [11]. 2. 3. 1. in E. coli In E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Future research in the field will most likely have to focus on the cell type(s) that best mediate(s) the benefits, on the requirement for stable engraftment for long-term therapeutic efficacy, and on the involvement of cytokines in this process. Indeed, based on the recent basic observations, activation of signaling cascades by secreted cytokines, ultimately giving rise to enhanced survival and/or contractility of host cardiomyocytes, constitutes a more realistic interpretation of the mechanisms underlying the apparent functional and clinical benefits of cardiac cell therapy in humans. One should also keep in mind that increases in LV EF by only a few percent could potentially translate into significant improvements in clinical outcome. Thus, if or CPC transfer exerts a beneficial effect in addition to that conferred by state-of-the-art therapy for systolic heart failure, then this would indeed constitute an important step toward improved treatment for patients with severe LV dysfunction. Additional long-term follow-up clinical studies are needed to clarify whether any cell transfer approach confers a sustained benefit over placebo treatment with regard to improvement in LV systolic function. Studies are also needed to determine whether increases in LV EF on the scale of a few percentages actually translate into improved clinical outcome, including morbidity and mortality. It is quite possible that the clinical benefits may exceed the seemingly modest improvement seen in LV performance. 1. Alvarez-Dolado, M. , R. Pardal, J. M. Garcia-. Pfeffer, C. Lois, S. J. Morrison, A. Alvarez-Buylla (2003) Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature 425: 968–973. 2. Assmus, B. , J. Honold, V. Schachinger, M. B. Britten, U. Fischer-Rasokat, R. Lehmann, C. Teupe, K. Pistorius, H. Martin, N. D. Abolmaali, T. Tonn, S. Dimmeler, A. M. Zeiher (2006) Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction. N Med 355: 1222–1232. 3. . Kofidis, I. L. Weissman, R. C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jun 11, 2017 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments This is a very valuable and well-written contribution to a previously unstudied natural history of a mutualism between ants and diaspidids. Trophobiotic relationships between ants and hemipterans, mediated by sweet honeydew, are a classical text-book example of mutualism and have been widely studied, but the broad variation in these interactions has been surprisingly poorly documented so far. This study contributes a very important case, not only taxonomically (ant-attended diaspidids have been poorly documented), but even more importantly in terms of the mutual benefits (no honeydew excretions, instead it is shown that ants use the complex ‘waxy secretions’ produced by diaspidids that is otherwise used to form a protective shield). The evidence is sound, the observations are detailed and well documented, the argumentation in the discussion is well balanced, the existing literature well covered and the case is very convincing. Potential consequences and speculations are sufficiently well handled with care. The comparison wax versus honeydew may need some further exploration. Are both produced by homologous glands – and is it thus just the chemical composition that differs? How widespread in the hemiptera or scale insects is the production of honeydew versus wax, including taxa that are closely related to diaspidids, and also within diaspidids? (See e. g. fulgoroids that produce wax, whereas related cicadas produce honeydew) Similarly, the ant species also has a very unusual lifestyle, particularly since it seems to largely live within its self-formed wood cavities. Is this lifestyle common for this genus, tribe or larger taxonomic framework? Is it likely that there are far more similar, but undetected relationships? One potential far-reaching consequence of this discovery, however, is surprisingly not examined further – an overlooked impact on many host trees: “The harmful effects of damaging the live bark of plant hosts deserves more study. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: This class of products has garnered increased attention due to its reliance on non-petroleum-based sources and its exceptional durability, with predictions suggesting that bioplastics production may exceed 2. 43 million tons in the near future [26]. While there are various other compounds capable of synthesizing biopolyamides, δ-valerolactam has been shown to be a potential candidate for large-scale bioplastics production. However, currently, there are limited methods for δ-valerolactam production, achieved either through plant extraction or the chemical conversion of 5-AVA. Therefore, engineered microorganisms have become a focal point, although there have only been a handful of studies reporting on this compound (Figure 1). While there have been relatively few studies on the synthesis of δ-valerolactam via metabolic engineering, Xu et al. proposed a novel pathway that included L-pipecolic acid (L-PA) as the intermediate. In this study, Xu et al. uses E. coli as the host organism to first introduce the DavB genes from P. putida to convert L-PA to δ-valerolactam, which produced an initial titer of 90. 3 mg/L. Further modifications involved co-expressing DavB with multiple proteins including an apoptosis-inducing protein (rAIP) from Scomber japonicus, Bacillus subtilis glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), P. putida Δ-piperideine-2-carboxylae reductase (DpkA), and Oryza sativa lysine permease (LysP). These changes allowed for δ-valerolactam to be produced directly from L-lysine, resulting in a final titer of 242 mg/L of δ-valerolactam [76]. In a separate study, Cheng et al. built upon the information from this previous experiment and further optimized the pathway to co-produce δ-valerolactam and 5-AVA. et al. also introduced the RaiP from S. japonicus, they also expressed a catalase gene, katE. They supplemented the process with H2O2 and adjusted the pH level to the optimal value of 9. 0. With these modifications, this strain obtained a significantly improved titer of 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of health problems will be solved by synthetic organisms that target and repair damaged tissues or organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 22. 22. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search major advance in the field of peripheral nerve repair has been the advent of stem and progenitor cell use to supplement the regenerative environment in animal models of nerve injury. cell replacements, stem cells may be even better suited to promoting regeneration in these scenarios. We review the recent literature detailing the search for the definitive Schwann cell replacement cell, including a look at genetic modification of transplanted cells for nerve injury repair. Keywords: Stem cell biology, Regeneration, Peripheral nervous system, Myelin, Skin-derived precursor cells, Rodent 1. Akiyama, Y. , C. Radtke, J. D. Kocsis (2002) Remyelination of the rat spinal cord by transplantation of identified bone marrow stromal cells. J Neurosci 22: 6623-6630. 2. Azizi, S. A. , D. Stokes, B. J. Augelli, C. Digirolamo, D. J. Prockop (1998) Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats - similarities to astrocyte grafts. 95: 3908-3913. 3. Barrette, B. , M. A. Hebert, M. Filali, K. Lafortune, N. Vallieres, G. Gowing, J. P. Julien, C. L. Lacroix (2008) Requirement of myeloid cells for axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 28: 9363-9376. 4. Bisby, M. A. , S. Chen (1990) degeneration in sciatic nerve of C57BL/Ola mice is associated with impaired regeneration of sensory axons. 530: 117-120. 5. (1992) Consequences of slow Wallerian degeneration for regenerating motor and sensory axons. J Neurobiol 23: 521-536. 6. Bunge, R. P. (1994) The role of the Schwann cell in trophic support and regeneration. J Neurol 242(suppl 1): S19-S21. 7. Büngner, O. V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Melissotarsus may prove to be an extraordinarily common and widespread ant in Africa. The huge populations of diaspidids inside ant galleries are likely to have a heavy impact on crop plantations and managed forests“. A quick quantitative survey on the infestation rate of ant-diaspidid interactions in a few plantations (counting if diaspidids are involved or not, whether or not the wax shields are expressed etc. ) would have helped to support this statement and further broaden the relevance of the 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted May 25, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: , their approach closely resembled the biosynthesis of 1,5-PDO via the cadaverine pathway, as previously explored by Cen et al [59]. In this approach, E. coli native genes cadA, patAD, and gabTD were incorporated to facilitate the synthesis of GA. Furthermore, to reduce the accumulation of cadaverine, Li et al. overexpressed PotE, a bi-directional cadaverine transporter. The study also focused on boosting the supply of lysine by enhancing the precursor oxaloacetate, achieved through the deletion of iclR. These modifications resulted in minimal byproduct formation, culminating in a final GA titer of 54. 5 g/L [27]. Wang et al. also utilized the cadaverine pathway in their study, albeit with slight variations. They introduced the patAD genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae and gabTD from Pseudomonas fluorescens into their pathway. Wang et al. also discovered the patA gene was a rate-limiting enzyme in the 5-AVA synthesis reaction, to which they improved its efficiency via a hydrophobic scanning strategy, where certain hydrophilic residues within the catalytic binding pocket were replaced with a hydrophobic residue. The introduction of a T332A/E120G patA mutant into the strain resulted in an enhancement of 5-AVA production. The transporter gene, gabP, was also overexpressed to reduce the accumulation of 5-AVA. This particular strain achieved an impressive titer of GA, reaching 77. 62 g/L [28]. Hong et al. improved the production of GA via the 5-AVA pathway by coupling the overexpression of the gabTD genes with the Nox gene from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis that encodes for an NADPH oxidase. In doing so, it reduced the need for NAD+ as a cofactor and allowed the overall production of GA to reach 282 mM [79]. In another study, they inserted the gabTD genes from B. subtilis into E. coli, where they obtained 191 μmol of GA after five cycles of whole-cell bioconversion [80]. Yang et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of deep sleep occurs in the early part of the night and is important for brain recovery and learning. [SEP] Text: We found that N3 sleep stage had lowest head motion, followed by REM, N2, N1, and lastly Wake. In other words, participants have lower head motion during sleep than during Wakefulness. We added this information to the Supplemental Results, copied below. We performed standardized motion correction during preprocessing using AFNI regardless of the duration of the scans. We did not include motion parameters in the HMM model. Time frames with Excessive head motion (any of 6 head motion parameters exceeding 0. 3 mm or degree) was censored. Previous analysis of the same data indicated that motion during extended sleep scans is comparable to the motion observed in shorter resting-state scans (Moehlman et al. , 2019). Results, “Motion parameters with sleep stages. Averaged motion across six motion parameters decreased from wake to light sleep to deep sleep at night 2. For example, mean (standard deviation) motion for each sleep stage is as follows, N1: 0. 043 (0. 37); N2: 0. 039 (0. 033); N3: 0. 035 (0. 031); REM: 0. 035 (0. 032); Wake: 0. 057 (0. 052). Similarly, the percentage of timepoints retained after censoring decreased from wake to light sleep to deep sleep at night 2. N1: 91%; N2: 93%; N3: 96%; REM: 89%; Wake 90%. ” In the method section, “Previous analysis of the same data indicated that motion during extended sleep scans is comparable to the motion observed in shorter resting-state scans (Moehlman et al. , 2019). We also found that motion is lower during deep sleep compared to wake, see Supplemental Results. ” (2) It is possible that the data input for the HMM analyses might vary among participants and between the two nights, how did the authors deal with this issue during statistical analyses? This is a great question. We standardized BOLD timecourses for each participant and each night to avoid differences among participants and between two nights. We revised the description in the method section to make this point clear. In the method section, “To prepare the data for analysis, we first standardized the participant-specific sets of 300 ROI timecourses (scaled to a mean of 0, and a standard deviation of 1), which were then concatenated across all participants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: sulcinodis is widely distributed from the Apennines to and from Portugal to (Collingwood, 1979). Sampling was carried out in July and August 2000 on Læsø (57°17’ N, 10°54’ E), a Danish island in the Kattegat of about 20 × 12 km. During a period of 4 weeks all potentially suitable habitat of M. sulcinodis (heathland mainly covered with Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris and Dechampsia flexuosa) was searched. Two discrete populations were found on opposite ends of the island and will be referred to as Læsø1 and Læsø2, respectively. No other M. sulcinodis population was found, but very small populations may have been overlooked (although not within 200 m from each of the populations, see below). The two populations were situated ca. 16 km apart, about the maximum distance possible on the island. As previously found on the island of Samsø (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b), both populations turned out to be very dense, with M. sulcinodis nests being dominant within the occupied area and other ant species being common only at the edges of the patch (see also Results). All nests of the two populations were mapped by searching every possible nest site in one-by-one metre quadrates. The area around the two populations was also searched thoroughly, both for isolated M. sulcinodis nests and for nests of other ants, in a radius of up to 200 m or until a road, a dune ridge or dense bushes bordered the suitable habitat. Other ant species were included on the map if found within 10 m from a M. sulcinodis nest. Directly after mapping, nests (usually clearly visible as elevated small earth mounds in between the vegetation) were opened and 20–40 workers per nest and all visible winged sexuals were collected. Most males and new queens gather in the upper part of the nest (T van der Hammen and JS Pedersen, personal observation), so although some sexuals may have escaped collection the sex ratio and number of individuals obtained are likely to be comparable to studies where complete nests were excavated (eg, Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998; Walin et al, 2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: introduced the matB and matC genes from Clover rhizobia to convert malonic acid to malonyl-CoA. The addition of malonic acid into this pathway increased the overall titer to 6. 3 g/L [92]. 2. 5. 2. GA Production in C. glutamicum C. glutamicum has shown to be an excellent microorganism for the synthesis of amino acids such as lysine and glutamate via fermentation [87]. As GA biosynthesis requires the catabolism of lysine, the engineering of lysine producing C. glutamicum was thought to be a promising approach. Rohles et al. conducted a study in C. glutamicum using strategies similar to those of Park et al. Deletion of the lysE gene that encodes for the lysine exporter reduced the amount of lysine excretion, resulting in the production of a total 7 g/L of GA [84]. In a subsequent study, Rohles et al. further refined their approach by using native gabTD genes and overexpressing a 5-AVA importer, NCg10464, which would re-import 5-AVA back into the cell to maintain the supply for GA production. Amplifying the transport protein significantly improved the final titer of GA after fed-batch fermentation to 90 g/L, with little to no presence of any known byproduct [85]. Kim et al. adopted a different strategy, where they used a synthetic promoter H30 to express the davAB and gabTD genes to enhance the enzyme activity. Additionally, Kim et al. fused the davB gene with an N-terminal His6-tag, with the intention of improving its solubility and expression within the cell. As a result, this incorporation led to 24. 5 g/L of GA to be produced [86]. Han et al. continued to optimize the engineered C. glutamicum strain by overexpressing or deleting 11 different genes (icd, ddh, dapB, pyc, dapA, ppc, lysA, lysI, lysE, lysC, and pck) that were found to increase the supply of lysine as the precursor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of deep sleep occurs in the early part of the night and is important for brain recovery and learning. [SEP] Text: We chose this strategy because recovery during the light phase is subject to a “ceiling effect” on total sleep, 26which may have limited the size of the rebound we observed. Locating the infusion period in the last 6 h of the light phase thus allowed us to contrast high light-phase recovery sleep levels in controls to near-zero overt sleep in anesthetized animals and examine recovery during darkness when between-groups comparisons would be optimally sensitive to differences in recovery sleep. Although previous studies in our laboratory have examined recovery from sleep deprivation under constant lighting conditions, 25,26removing such a circadian cue introduces the possibility of circadian drift over time. We therefore chose to monitor recovery under baseline, 12:12-h lighting conditions to minimize this possibility. Because propofol and control rat recovery data were compared at the same point in their diurnal cycle and time after deprivation, phase shifts and diurnal variation were unlikely to affect our results. In summary, we report that after a 24-h period of sleep deprivation, rats anesthetized for 6 h with propofol recovered to the same degree as rats allowed 6 h of ad libitum sleep. This observation suggests that sleep and anesthesia may share common control mechanisms and raises the possibility that understanding anesthetic effects on known correlates of sleep homeostasis may facilitate knowledge regarding effects and consequences of sleep deprivation. Clinically, such interactions between sleep and anesthesia may allow anesthesiologists to better understand how sleep deprivation and anesthesia interact and may potentially allow anesthetics to facilitate sleep in environments where sleep deprivation is common. The authors thank Martin J. Szafran, B. A. (Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois), for his valuable technical assistance with this study. 1. : Sleep in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 2000; 117:809–182. : Sleep loss impairs inspiratory muscle endurance. 1989; 140:907–93. Irwin M: Effects of sleep and sleep loss on immunity and cytokines. Immun 2002; 16:503–124. : Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999; 354:1435–95. Bonnet MH: Sleep deprivation, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd edition. Edited by. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1994, pp 50–676. : Liberation from mechanical ventilation: A decade of progress.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: All ants were brought to the laboratory alive and stored at −80°C until genetic analysis. Nests used for genetic analysis were chosen by drawing gridlines on the maps and selecting the nests closest to crossings of the gridlines. This resulted in a regular sampling scheme including 14 nests for Læsø1 in a 15 m grid and 17 nests for Læsø2 in a 6 m grid (Figure 1). The genetic analysis further included up to 50 workers from 23 randomly chosen nests previously sampled in a single large population on the Danish island of Samsø (situated 138 km south of Læsø, 55°56’ N 10°36’ E; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). Figure 1Distribution of Myrmica sulcinodis nests (circles) in the two Læsø populations. M. sulcinodis nests closest to the crossing of gridlines were used for genetical analysis and are indicated with open circles. Nests of other ant species inside the M. sulcinodis population and within an envelope of ca. 10 m outside the aggregation of M. sulcinodis nests are indicated with numbers: (1) M. ruginodis, (2) M. rubra, (3) Formica cinerea, (4) F. rufa, (5) F. fusca, (6) Lasius flavus, (7) L. psammophilus, (8) Leptothorax acervorum, and (9) Tetramorium caespitum. Full size imageMolecular genetic analysisTen old workers per nest were analysed for both Læsø1 and Læsø2. Old workers can be recognised by their advanced cuticular melanisation and were chosen because at Samsø workers from different age cohorts are genetically differentiated (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), so that mixing of age cohorts could bias relatedness estimates. DNA was extracted from two legs from each of these workers. The samples were incubated in 100 μl 5% Chelex (in 10 mM TRIS buffer, pH 7. 5) at 100°C for 15 min. Alternatively a long extraction version (5% Chelex, 1 h incubation at 55°C and 15 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: This strain was selected through anti-metabolite selection. Its derivative strain MuA-5. 01. 1. 02+aro1t+scPAD1 produced 2. 1 g/L of MA in a fermentor [100]. Wang et al. engineered the endogenous shikimate pathway in S. cerevisiae to produce 20. 8 g/L of MA using a biosensor-aided genome engineering approach. The MA-responsive biosensor BenM was used to identify cells with enhanced MA production capabilities due to the presence of multiple copies of AroY. B and AroY. Ciso, which encode functional subunits of PCAD from K. pneumoniae. Restoring URA3 prototrophy, introducing Aro1pΔE, Aro4p, and additional copies of PaAroZ and CaCatA were found to increase MA yields [35]. Suastegui et al. disrupted Ric1, a transcriptional repressor of several genes in the aromatic amino acid pathway and overexpressed RKI1 (encoding ribose-5-phosphate isomerase), which promotes the accumulation of E4P and flux redirection into the aromatic amino acid pathway. These modifications in addition to the introduction of a non-native MA biosynthesis pathway resulted in 2. 7 g/L of MA [101]. Liu et al. overexpressed an MA biosynthesis pathway alongside a xylose fermentation pathway to facilitate the production of MA using glucose and xylose as carbon sources. Specifically, the xylose isomerase gene from Bacteroides valgutus, pentose phosphate pathway genes from S. cerevisiae, Aro1 with an AroE stop codon, and feedback inhibition-resistant Aro4opt were expressed. The addition of CA to the media increased MA titer to 1286 mg/L, surpassing the yield obtained when culturing with only glucose and xylose [102]. 3. 1. 3. MA Production in C. glutamicum The superior amino acid production capabilities of C. glutamicum suggest its suitability for the production of MA via the aromatic amino acid pathway [115]. Becker et al. engineered C. glutamicum to produce MA by deleting catB (MCI) and overexpressing catA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions, including attention, decision-making, and learning ability. [SEP] Text: In contrast, spaced 4-train LTP was unaffected by sleep deprivation in hippocampal slices from mice expressing the inactive cofilinS3D (Figure 4C). The expression of cofilinS3D or sleep deprivation did not alter basal synaptic properties or paired-pulse facilitation (Figure 4—figure supplement 1E-H) suggesting that the spine loss caused by sleep deprivation specifically impairs long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity. As a next step, we wanted to assess whether expression of a catalytically active version of cofilin (cofilinS3A) mimics the behavioral and synaptic plasticity phenotypes associated with sleep deprivation. Mice virally expressing eGFP or cofilinS3A were trained in the object-place memory task 3 weeks after viral infection and tested 24 hr after training. Mice expressing eGFP showed a strong preference for the relocated object while mice expressing cofilinS3A showed no preference for the object that was moved to a novel location (eGFP: 46. 9 ± 6. 4%, cofilinS3A: 34. 9 ± 2. 1%; Figure 4—figure supplement 2B). The observed memory deficit could not be explained by a reduction in object exploration during the training as the total object exploration time was similar for both groups during training (Figure 4—figure supplement 2A). Based on these findings, we conducted a set of electrophysiological experiments to determine whether expression of cofilinS3A is also sufficient to induce impairments in spaced 4-train LTP. CofilinS3A expression did not affect this form of L-LTP (Figure 4—figure supplement 2E). The expression of cofilinS3A did not alter basal synaptic properties or paired-pulse facilitation (Figure 4—figure supplement 2C–D). In summary, these data show that phosphorylation-dependent reductions in cofilin activity in hippocampal excitatory neurons prevent the decrease in hippocampal spine numbers, and also prevent the functional impairments in synaptic plasticity and behavior caused by a brief period of sleep deprivation. Furthermore, expression of constitutively active cofilin in hippocampal neurons is sufficient to mimic the memory deficits but not the synaptic plasticity impairment associated with a brief period of sleep deprivation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: incubation at 100°C) or a DNeasy-kit were used to extract DNA. The suspension was stored at −20°C and used directly for PCR. Microsatellite primers developed for M. tahoensis (Evans, 1993) were tested and revealed genetic variation at the loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 in M. sulcinodis. PCR conditions were as follows: Myrt2 (94°C for 3 min (93°C for 30 sec, 45°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 1 min) × 40 cycles followed by 72°C for 5 min), Myrt4 (94°C for 3 min, 93°C for 30 sec, 56°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 2 min) × 40 cycles (reduced to 30 cycles when analysed on the automated sequencer) followed by 72°C for 1 h). PCR amplification was subsequently tested on 2% agarose gels. Microsatellites were visualised on spreadex S50 and S100 gels (Kozulic, 1999). Alternatively, when PCR products were ambiguous or spreadex resolution insufficient, analysis was carried out on an ABI 377 automated sequencer. Statistical analysisExact tests for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within populations, genotypic differentiation of nests within populations, and genotypic differentiation of populations were performed by FSTAT 2. 9. 1 (Goudet, 1995, 2000). This program was further used for calculating matrices of pair-wise FST estimates for nests within populations. Matrix correlation coefficients and Mantel tests for the association of pair-wise FST and geographic distance between nests were calculated by the computer programme 2. 001 (Schneider et al, 2001). For data including both Læsø populations these statistics were calculated as partial matrix correlations with a third matrix controlling for the fact that nests were only paired with other nests of the same population (Mantel test with nested populations). Estimates of genetic relatedness (r) among nestmates, inbreeding (FIS) and genetic differentiation among populations (FST) were obtained by the computer program 4. 2c (Goodnight and Queller, 1996), which uses the algorithms developed by Queller and Goodnight (1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: putida KT2440 exhibits native production of MA via the CA branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway (Figure 3). To optimize MA production, Vardon et al. aimed to funnel both the PCA and CA branch carbon fluxes towards MA production. This was achieved by disrupting pcaHG and catBC, which prevents PCA and CA progression through the β-ketoadipate pathway. aroY, dmp(encoding phenol hydroxylase), and asbF were introduced to further accumulate CA. This strategy produced 13. 5 g/L of MA after 78. 5 h using lignin-derived compounds as the starting materials [112]. By expressing codon-optimized AroY and its subunits EcdB and EcdD from E. cloacae, 15. 59 g/L of MA was produced in fed-batch conditions supplemented with p-coumarate and glucose [113]. Subsequent deletion of the CRP reduced accumulation of the precursor 4-HBA and increased MA production from p-coumarate by 70% and doubled from ferulate [114]. Another strategy involved the overexpression of catA and catA2 along with catBC, endA-1, and endA-2 (both encoding endonucleases) knockouts, which achieved an MA titer of 64. 2 g/L from lignin-derived catechol [36]. 3. 2. AA, also known as hexanedioic acid, is a derivative of MA with a wide variety of applications in the production of nylon-6,6, polyurethanes, lubricant components, polyester polyols, and food additives [117]. However, the conventional chemical synthesis of AA involves benzene, which yields harmful byproducts such as cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone, which are not only carcinogenic but also pose environmental contamination risks [117]. To address these concerns, a benzene-free bio-based approach was developed that utilizes glucose as the feedstock [96]. Figure 4. Overview of biosynthetic pathways extended from the TCA cycle for the production of C6 chemicals. Solid arrows signify direct steps. Dashed arrows represent multiple steps. Red X’s portray genes that are disrupted. Light blue and orange pathways correspond to reference [44].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions, including attention, decision-making, and learning ability. [SEP] Text: We found no evidence that intervening sleep enhanced this improvement, evidenced by a non-significant deck x condition interaction (F[6, 356] = 1. 0, p = 0. 41). Close inspection of the data revealed that initial learning was driven by only a small proportion of individuals. A subset (approximately 1/3) of individuals improved, where the remaining participants had no improvement in session one. Considering it is well documented that that the benefits of sleep are largely reliant on achieving pre-sleep learning [19], [27], [28], [29], it is not surprising we were unable to find evidence for sleep-dependent improvement. Researchers often use performance level at the end of training to isolate those who showed evidence of learning [27], [35], [36], [22]. For this reason, we categorized individuals into learners and non-learners to determine whether improvement is localized to those who achieved some insight into the task prior to sleep. Learners and Non-learners: Categorization and Sleep-related One: Categorization of Learners and Non-learners. Individuals were categorized into learners (n = 30) and non-learners (n = 62) based on their performance in the last half of session one (total draws chosen from deck C and D combined in trials 101–200). Using individual observations, and a previously established criterion [27], [35] we categorized learners and non-learners as those who reached equal or more than 60% and less than 60% choices from combined good decks (decks C and D), respectively. A significant two-way block (1, 2, 3, 4) x group (learners, non-learners) ANOVA confirmed group differences (F[2. 7, 239. 9] = 37. 6, p<0. 001). In the learners, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed that choices from good decks significantly improved (F[2. 4, 68. 9] = 36. 1, p<0. 001) with no significant improvement in non-learners (F[2. 6, 160. 7] = 1. 1, p = 0. 34). Within learners paired t-tests revealed choices from good decks significantly increased from block 1 to block 2 (t[29] = −3. 9, p<0. 001), block 2 to block 3 (t[29] = −3. 8, p<0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Average values were found by weighting nests (for estimates of r and FIS) or populations (for estimates of FST) equally. Standard errors were obtained by jackknifing over nests (r and FIS) or populations (FST). Parametric t-tests were used to test whether estimates of r and F showed significant deviations from zero. The effective queen number (ne) was calculated using equations 1 and 5 in Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). This represents the average number of equally fertile queens per colony that would lead to the estimated relatedness among nestmate workers (cf. Ross, 1993). ResultsThe two populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø (Læsø1 and Læsø2) consisted of 143 and 44 nests, respectively (Figure 1). Within each of the patches M. sulcinodis was very abundant and hardly any other ant nests were found, whereas other ant species were common at the edges and outside the M. sulcinodis nest-aggregations (Figure 1). The nest density in the larger Læsø1 population was lower than in the Læsø2 population (0. 064 vs 0. 098 nests/m2 of inhabited area) which is reflected in a significantly longer distance between nearest neighbour nests (distance ± SD = 2. 1 ± 1. 7 vs 1. 6 ± 1. 8 m; Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 027). Both microsatellite loci were highly variable with 11 alleles detected at Myrt2 and 21 alleles found at Myrt4 across the two populations (Figure 2). Average expected heterozygosities were 0. 64 and 0. 85 for Myrt2 and Myrt4, respectively, and 0. 70, 0. 79 and 0. 75 on average for Læsø1, Læsø2 and Samsø, respectively. Estimates of relatedness among nestmate workers were low (r < 0. 06) but significantly positive for both Læsø populations (Figure 3) with an estimate of r = 0. 051 ± 0. 016 (P = 0. 002) for the total sample. The positive nestmate relatedness is further confirmed by the highly significant genotypic differentiation of nests (FSTAT, exact tests; P < 0. 0001 for both populations).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: MVL can be produced microbially, which is more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical synthesis methods [46]. Xiong et al. established a total biosynthesis pathway for the production MVL in E. coli utilizing glucose as the substrate by combining the mevalonate pathway with the fungal siderophore biosynthesis pathway (Figure 4). Overexpression of endogenous atoB (encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), and MvaS (encoding HMG-CoA synthase) and MvaE (HMG-CoA reductase) from Lacticaseibacillus casei lead to the accumulation of 14. 6 g/L and 88 g/L of mevalonate in shake flasks and bioreactors, respectively. However, MVL biosynthesis was limited to 270 mg/L due to the less efficient downstream pathway even though the codon-optimized sidI (acyl-CoA ligase) and sidH (enoyl-CoA hydratase) from A. fumigatus in addition to mutant YqjM with C26D and I69T mutations from B. subtilis were expressed. Additionally, a semisynthetic approach was developed to produce MVL through biosynthesizing mevalonate followed by chemical conversion of mevalonate to MVL [46]. 3. 6. 1-Hexanol 1-Hexanol, a versatile chemical compound, finds broad applications in biofuels, solvents, plasticizers, pesticides, flavorings, and as a building block for chemical synthesis [49]. 1-Hexanol has a higher cetane number and energy density than short-chain alcohols such as 1-butanol, which make it an attractive option to blend into diesel [127]. Furthermore, 1-hexanol can be converted into 1-hexene, which can be utilized as a platform chemical for the production of jet fuel [128]. 1-Hexanol is currently synthesized using petroleum-based routes that require harsh reaction conditions [129]. To reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and unsustainable processes, efforts have been made to research the production of alternative and renewable fuels. Zhang et al. reported the extension of the Ehrlich pathway, redirecting 2-keto acid intermediates from amino acid biosynthesis pathways towards alcohol synthesis, yielding 38.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions, including attention, decision-making, and learning ability. [SEP] Text: These results show that improvement in session one was consistent among conditions. Learners and Non-learners: Following Sleep. Our final question was whether sleep-dependent improvement was exclusive to those with initial learning. A two-way ANOVA was performed with group (learners, non-learners) and condition (sleep, wake, sleep/wake) as the independent variables and percent change in the positive EV decks (C and D) as the dependent variable. The same simple effects ANOVA as the original analysis was performed for learners and non-learners separately. Pairwise comparisons were made with Tukey tests. To investigate improvement across individual decks, a three-way ANOVA was performed with group (learners, non-learners), deck (A,B,C,D), and condition (sleep, wake, sleep/wake) as independent variables and percent change as a dependent variable. The same two-way condition x deck ANOVA as the original analysis was performed for learners and non-learners separately. This was followed by individual simple effects ANOVA of condition (sleep, wake, sleep/wake) for each deck, and Tukey tests for multiple comparisons. Within the learners, the conditions that had intervening sleep (sleep and sleep/wake control) had a significantly larger improvement in choice from positive EV decks compared to the wake condition (Fig. 4A). The two-way ANOVA revealed a significant group (learners, non-learners) x condition (sleep, wake, sleep/wake) interaction (F[2,92] = 2. 7, p = 0. 04). A one-way ANOVA in the learners revealed a significant main effect of condition (F[2], [27] = 4. 98, p = 0. 014). Tukey tests revealed the sleep (p = 0. 005) and sleep/wake control (p = 0. 03) conditions exhibited a larger percent change in positive EV decks than the wake condition. In the non-learners, a one-way ANOVA of condition revealed a non-significant effect (F[2,59] = 0. 004, p = 0. 996). Results revealed a similar percent change in choices from positive EV decks (C and D) in the sleep, sleep/wake control and wake groups (Fig. 5A. ). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: None of the Læsø populations showed any detectable inbreeding (Figure 3; common FIS = 0. 037 ± 0. 024; P > 0. 16) or a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the population level (P > 0. 10 for both populations). A comparison of these results with estimates of relatedness and inbreeding for Samsø showed that the present markers essentially produce the same results for all three populations. Furthermore, estimates based on microsatellites are equivalent to previous estimates based on allozyme loci (Figure 3), the only difference being larger SEs because of lower sample size for the microsatellite analysis of the Samsø population. Figure 2Allele frequencies at the microsatellite loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 (Evans, 1993) in workers of the three Myrmica sulcinodis populations studied: Læsø1 (nnests = 14, nalleles-Myrt2 = 249, nalleles-Myrt4 = 230), Læsø2 (nnests = 17, nalleles-Myrt2 = 310, nalleles-Myrt4 = 315), and Samsø (nnests = 23, nalleles-Myrt2 = 86, nalleles-Myrt4 = 65). Full size imageFigure 3Estimates of worker-worker relatedness (r) and inbreeding (FIS) for Myrmica sulcinodis in the three populations. Values are means for nestmate workers ± SE estimated by jackknifing over nests. Asterisks in the figure indicate significant deviation from zero (P < 0. 05). Samsø* are previous estimates based on allozyme loci from Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). Full size imageThe low estimates of worker relatedness result in a high effective queen number per colony, being 16 on average for the Læsø populations under the assumption of random mating and unrelated, single mated and equally reproducing queens. This estimate increases to ne = 19 when nestmate queens are assumed to be equally related as nestmate workers, which is common in polygynous ant societies (Crozier and Pamilo, 1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: To promote the accumulation of HHA, the gene encoding 6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase was deleted, resulting in the synthesis of 4. 92 mM of HHA in 6 h [56]. Zhang et al. engineered a 3-module system to synthesize 1,6-HDO in E. coli using cyclohexane as the feedstock. Each module was expressed in a separate strain to facilitate redox self-sufficiency. Module 1 converts cyclohexane into cyclohexanol via CPMO. Module 2 utilizes ADH, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, and Lac to synthesize cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol. Module 3 completes the synthesis of 1,6-HDO through the usage of CAR, aldo-keto reductase, and glucose dehydrogenase. 13 mM of 1,6-HDO was produced from 30 mM substrate concentration without the accumulation of intermediates [57]. 4. Discussion and Conclusions C5 and C6 molecules are important and valuable chemicals for the polymer, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. As the demand for these compounds continues to rise, research efforts have been dedicated to developing methods for the efficient and low-cost production of these compounds. However, current chemical synthesis strategies lead to adverse environmental repercussions such as the emission of greenhouse gases and pollution, promoting expanded research into more sustainable methods. Bio-based routes that utilize microbial production of value-added chemicals have great potential to address concerns of climate change and petroleum depletion. This is because these microorganisms can be engineered to convert renewable feedstock, such as glucose, glycerol, xylose, lignin, and syngas into desired compounds. These modifications include: (a) expanding or combining natural metabolic pathways; (b) design and construction of non-natural/artificial pathways; (c) deleting competing pathways to redirect metabolic flux; (d) modifying enzymes to improve substrate scope and/or catalytic efficiency; (e) cultivating co-cultures to reduce the metabolic burden of overexpressing multiple genes; (f) employing synthetic biology tools to optimize native and artificial pathways; (g) optimization of the fermentation process, through combinational approaches.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive functions, including attention, decision-making, and learning ability. [SEP] Text: In addition to our ‘deck B sleep effect’ choices trended toward deck D in the sleep condition, and deck C in the sleep/wake control condition (Fig. 4B). These differences failed to reach significance and we found no evidence that sleep improved performance on C or D separately. Currently it is unclear what drives individuals toward deck C, deck D or a combination of deck C and D and how individual strategies might evolve. Future studies could use imaging techniques to investigate the underlying deck characteristics and neural mechanisms that contribute to online and offline processing of deck B and positive EV decks. One surprising observation was that initial learning in session one was driven by approximately 33% of participants. A likely explanation is that our version was designed for difficultly. We also refrained from giving participants a “hint” that some decks were better than others, which has been shown to significantly slow learning [5]. It could also be argued that our relatively young age (mean age = 20. 7± SEM 0. 2) [43], and large percentage of female participants in the study (79%) [34] contributed to this effect. However, our data revealed no evidence that age or gender influenced performance. Currently, it is unclear what might distinguish a learner from non-learner. We suggest that categorizing learners and non-learners may be a useful tool for future studies. Future work could investigate whether learners and non-learners have distinct cognitive and neural processes that influence both online and offline improvement on the task. Limitations and One potential limitation in our study is that we have not fully controlled for all circadian factors that might influence IGT performance. Although we have controlled for differences in time of re-testing and hours of prior wakefulness between our sleep and wake conditions, factors such as the timing of the sleep and wake periods, and the timing of the sleep period that followed learning, were not fully controlled. To fully understand the role of sleep in processing IGT learning, outstanding questions to address are: 1) does a sleep period during the day and wake period during the evening elicit similar sleep-dependent learning effects, and 2) does the timing of initial learning, and/or the length of time between learning and sleep influence sleep-dependent enhancement? Future research should seek to understand how sleep related processes and processes that modulate circadian rhythms interact and influence IGT choice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The sex ratio of Læsø1 was very close to a previous sex-ratio estimate for the Samsø population (M/F = 107/1; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998), and also the distribution of males across nests was remarkably similar for the two populations (Figure 5). Sampling of Læsø2 was too late in the season to find sexuals. Figure 5Distribution of males found in nests of the Læsø1 population (closed bars; n = 87) and the Samsø population (open bars; n = 107). The two distributions are not significantly different (Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 18). Full size imageDiscussionSimilar low-relatedness supercoloniesBoth populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø have essentially the same kin structure as the previously studied population on Samsø. Nest densities were high in all cases, saturating the occupied habitat and effectively excluding all other ant species (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). This is remarkable, because the sizes of the populations were very different. The two Læsø populations differed by a factor three in both area covered and nest number, but both were still small compared to the Samsø population, which covered an area of 15 ha and comprised about 11 000 nests (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), ie, about two orders of magnitude more than the Læsø populations. The nest density is the same at both islands, being 0. 070 nests/m2 as a weighted mean for the Læsø populations and 0. 073 on Samsø. However, the patch structure of the habitat on Samsø results in a more clumped distribution of nests with only 0. 35 ± 0. 20 m as the mean (± SD) distance between nearest neighbour nests within patches (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b). This illustrates that the Samsø population is very patchy and completely saturated, because virtually every suitable patch is occupied by densely clustered nests of M. sulcinodis. This was not the case at Læsø, where empty nest sites still seemed to be available and where the present nests were relatively discrete. The important conclusions of these across-island comparisons are that (1) M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: 100% Bio-Acid from from Inedible Biomass, for Application to Eco-friendly Nylon 66: Latest News. Toray Industries, Inc. Available online: (accessed on 11 August 2023). 19. . Saturated mutagenesis of ketoisovalerate decarboxylase V461 enabled specific synthesis of 1-pentanol via the ketoacid elongation cycle. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 11284. [20. . of Escherichia coli for high production of 1,5-pentanediol via a cadaverine-derived pathway. Metab. Eng. 2022, 74, 168–177. [21. Enhancing pH stability of lysine decarboxylase via rational engineering and its application in cadaverine industrial production. Biochem. Eng. J. 2022, 186, 108548. [22. . Synthetic redesign of Escherichia coli for cadaverine production from galactose. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2017, 10, 20. [23. of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the High-of Used for the Synthesis of Biopolyamide 510. ACS Sus. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 5296–5305. [24. Buschke N, Schröder H, Wittmann C. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of 1,5-diaminopentane from hemicellulose. Biotechnol. J. 2011, 6, 306–317. [25. Buschke N, Becker J, Schäfer. Systems metabolic engineering of xylose-utilizing Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of 1,5-diaminopentane. Biotechnol. J. 2013, 8, 557–570. [26. Coproduction of 5-Aminovalerate and δ-Valerolactam for the Synthesis of Nylon 5 From L-Lysine in Escherichia coli. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2021, 9, 726126. [27. Targeting metabolic driving and intermediate influx in lysine catabolism for high-level glutarate production. Nat. Comm. 2019, 10, 3337.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4328402/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published02 Sep, 2024Read the published version in BMC →Version 1posted 11You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractstudy aims to investigate the relationship between midday nap time, nighttime sleep duration, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Chinese older adults and determine the recommended sleep duration to provide a scientific basis for preventing and managing MCI in this population. the 2020 database, the demographic data, health status, and lifestyle information of the study participants were collected. A total of 5,314 valid samples were included in the analysis. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline plots were employed to explore the relationship between sleep patterns and MCI. the cross-sectional analysis, a linear relationship was observed between midday nap duration and MCI among Chinese elderly. The probability of MCI was lowest among those who napped for less than 30 minutes at noon. Compared with individuals who napped for less than 30 minutes, those who did not nap were more likely to have MCI (OR = 1. 39, 95% CI: 1. 08–1. 81). Nighttime sleep duration exhibited a U-shaped relationship with MCI. Individuals with less than approximately 6. 5 hours of nighttime sleep showed a gradual decrease in the probability of MCI with increasing sleep duration, whereas those with more than 6. 5 hours demonstrated an increase in the probability of MCI with longer sleep duration. Older adults who slept less than 6 hours at night (OR = 1. 24, 95% CI: 1. 05–1. 48) or more than 8 hours (OR = 1. 79, 95% CI: 1. 37–2. 34) were at a higher risk of developing MCI compared with those who slept 6 to 8 hours. controlling for potential confounders, midday napping is beneficial in preventing MCI among older adults. Nighttime sleep duration exhibited a U-shaped relationship with MCI risk, with the optimal range for health benefits observed between 6 and 8 hours of sleep duration, approximately 6. 5 hours. FiguresFigure 1IntroductionAgainst the backdrop of the accelerated aging of the population, cognitive impairment has emerged as a major public health concern demanding immediate attention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Number of workers per colony with activated ovaries. Minimum and maximum (horizontal lines), first and third quartiles (rectangle), and the median (dot) are shown. The total number of colonies and the number of colonies with at least one worker with activated ovaries in each group is given in parentheses. P-values are from two-sample permutation tests (*p < 0. 01; **p < 0. 0001; n. s. nonsignificant). After Bonferroni's correction, p-values of < 0. 01 are significant at the 0. 05 level. 1a. T. nylanderi workers in colonies with a T. nylanderi queen (NN, control), T. crassispinus queen (CN), T. unifasciatus queen (UN), T. recedens queen (RN) and in colonies without a queen (ØN). 1b. T. crassispinus workers in colonies with a T. crassispinus queen (CC, control), T. nylanderi queen (NC), T. unifasciatus queen (UC), T. recedens queen (RC) and in colonies without a queen (ØC). 1c. T. unifasciatus workers in colonies with a T. unifasciatus queen (UU, control), T. nylanderi queen (NU), T. crassispinus queen (CU), T. recedens queen (RU) and in colonies without a queen (ØU). 1d. T. recedens workers in colonies with a T. recedens queen (RR, control), T. nylanderi queen (NR), T. crassispinus queen (CR), T. unifasciatus queen (UR) and in colonies without a queen (ØR). Full size imageIn all queenless colonies, the ovaries of several workers were activated (Figure 1a-d). This indicates that workers are capable of activating their ovaries within six weeks after removal of the queen. Fertile workers were also found in some of the mixed-species colonies, such as RC (Figure 1b), CU (Figure 1c), NR and CR (Figure 1d; for colony abbreviation see Table 1). Table 1 Mixed-species colony set ups composed of four different Temnothorax species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: [28. . Engineering the Cad pathway in Escherichia coli to produce glutarate from l-lysine. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 105, 3587–3599. [29. Investigation of the of Pathways on the Production of Glutaric Acid. ACS Syn. Biol. 2018, 7, 24–29. [30. . Glutaric acid production by systems metabolic engineering of an L-lysine–overproducing Corynebacterium glutamicum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 30328–30334. [31. . Production of in a coli Strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 320–322. [32. Fermentative High-of 5-by Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 2523–2533. [33. . Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the efficient production of 5-hydroxyvaleric acid. Process Biochem. 2023, 130, 625–633. [34. Design and Optimization for in Escherichia coli. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 241. [35. Wang G, Øzmerih Improvement of cis,cis-Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Biosensor-Engineering. ACS Syn. Biol. 2020, 9, 634–646. [36. From lignin to nylon: Cascaded chemical and biochemical conversion using metabolically engineered Pseudomonas putida. Metab. Eng. 2018, 47, 279–293. [37. . Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of cis, cis-muconic acid from lignin. Fact. 2018, 17, 115. [38. . Enabling the valorization of guaiacol-based lignin: Integrated chemical and biochemical production of cis,cis-muconic acid using metabolically engineered Amycolatopsis sp ATCC 39116. Metab. Eng. 2018, 45, 200–210. [39. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: Impaired cognitive function not only results in functional dependence [1]and diminished health-related quality of life[2] but also imposes a substantial burden on caregivers[3], thereby creating a societal challenge[4]. Hence, the factors influencing the cognitive decline process must be identified to safeguard and preserve cognitive function in the elderly population. Existing literature suggests a correlation between sleep duration and cognitive function[5, 6], with shorter sleep durations typically associated with higher cortical β-amyloid burden, a precursor to cognitive decline[7]. Reports indicate an estimated 15. 07 million cases of dementia among the elderly in China, including 9. 83 million patients with AD dementia and 38. 77 million with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) [8]. MCI represents a transitional phase between normal aging and AD and is often viewed as a prodromal stage of AD. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between sleep and cognitive function[9, 10]. Sleep deprivation has been linked to increased concentrations of β-amyloid in the brain and elevated levels of inflammatory factors[11]. It also alters hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity, culminating in cognitive dysfunction[12]. Conversely, prolonged periods of sleep may accelerate the rate of frontotemporal gray matter atrophy in older adults, potentially impairing memory and precipitating cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, proactive sleep intervention holds promise as a novel approach for the clinical prevention and treatment of AD, emphasizing the critical role of sleep management in preserving cognitive health among the elderly population. Sleep time typically refers to the cumulative amount of sleep acquired within a 24-hour period, including nighttime sleep and daytime naps. Although previous research on sleep duration has primarily focused on nighttime sleep[13, 14], the importance of daytime naps in sleep patterns should be acknowledged[15]. Globally, 22–69% of the elderly population engage in napping habits, with the prevalence among the Chinese older adults reaching as high as 68. 6%[16]. Previous studies have combined nighttime sleep and daytime nap duration into total sleep time when investigating MCI in Chinese older adults, often overlooking the specific relationship between daytime napping and MCI[17]. Hence, this study examines the relationship between nap time, nighttime sleep duration, and MCI among Chinese older adults, aiming to delineate the recommended sleep duration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: The colonies were transferred into small plastic boxes (10 cm × 10 cm × 3 cm) with a regularly moistened plaster floor and kept in incubators under artificial climate conditions with the temperature gradually being raised from spring (10°C night/20°C day) to summer (17°C night/28°C day) conditions [39, 40]. Twice per week, colonies were provided with water, honey, and pieces of cockroaches. Mixed-species colony set upIn 2005, colonies of T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus, with a sufficient amount of larvae in each colony, were chosen for the mixed-species experiment (N = 45 colonies; Table 1). In 2006, the same mixed-species colonies were set up with additional mixed colonies plus T. recedens and colonies without a queen (N = 165 colonies; Table 1). The number of worker pupae in T. recedens colonies was restricted; therefore, only five mixed colonies with T. recedens worker pupae were set up (Table 1). Mixed colonies were set up in early summer, when most larvae had developed into pupae. We transferred 50 worker pupae of the same species into a nest with either a queen from a different species in mixed colonies or a con-specific queen in control colonies (Table 1). To obtain the required sample size of 50 pupae, worker pupae were taken from five different con-specific colonies. No larvae or eggs were added to the colonies. To allow worker pupae to fully develop, we placed 30 marked adult workers from the colony of queen origin into each nest and removed them four weeks later after most of the pupae had developed into adult workers. Several experimental colonies, in which the transferred worker pupae did not develop into adults (2005: 18 of 45 colonies; 2006, 8 of 100 colonies), had to be excluded from the study. Worker ovary activationIn 2005, worker ovary activation was investigated in all colony set ups. In 2006, we investigated worker ovary activation in all colonies without a queen, all colonies with T. recedens workers and a queen from a different species, and five randomly chosen colonies of each of the remaining colony set ups (total N = 145 colonies; Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for producing adipic acid through the reverse adipate-degradation pathway. Metab. Eng. 2018, 47, 254–262. [40. . Biocatalytic production of adipic acid from glucose using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab. Eng. Comm. 2018, 6, 28–32. [41. Direct biosynthesis of adipic acid from lignin-derived aromatics using engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab. Eng. 2020, 59, 151–161. [42. Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Rational orthologous pathway and biochemical process engineering for adipic acid production using Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Metab. Eng. 2022, 70, 206–217. [43. . of Biobased 1,6-Diaminohexane from by of a Cascade in Escherichia coli. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 6011–6020. [44. toward of Nylon6. ACS Syn. Biol. 2016, 5, 65–73. [45. -Franken PC. Preparation of 6-aminocaproic acid from 5-formylvaleric acid. US Patent US20220064679A1. 113, 2021. 46. . Scalable production of mechanically tunable block polymers from sugar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 8357–8362. [47. . of 1-for 1-from Glucose by coli. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11399–11401. [48. Wirth S, Dürre P. Investigation of putative genes for the production of medium-chained acids and alcohols in autotrophic acetogenic bacteria. Metab. Eng. 2021, 66, 296–307296–307. [49. . Metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for the production of hexanol and butanol from CO2 and H2. Fact. 2022, 21, 85. [50. de Sousa DZ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: Logistic regression of the relationship between sleep duration and MCI in older adults Multicollinearity diagnosis revealed that all VIF values in our data were below 10, indicating no multicollinearity concerns. The Box–Tidwell test confirmed a linear relationship between continuous independent variables (age, nighttime sleep, nap duration) and the dependent variable (depression) (P > 0. 05). Logistic regression analysis, controlling for all covariates in model 3, demonstrated that 6–8 hours of nighttime sleep served as a protective factor against MCI, whereas more than 8 hours of nighttime sleep increased the risk of MCI compared with older adults sleeping < 6 hours at night. Additionally, < 30 minutes and 30 to 90 minutes of midday nap duration were protective against MCI compared with older adults without napping habits. A nap duration of 90 minutes showed no association with MCI in older adults (Table 2). Table 2 Logistic regression table of the relationship between sleep duration and MCI in the elderly one Model two Model three one Model two Model three gender smoking female 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) No 1. 00 (Reference) male 0. 76 (0. 63 ~ 0. 92) ** 0. 98 (0. 76 ~ 1. 28) yes 0. 74 (0. 58 ~ 0. 95) Marital status, drink married 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) No 1. 00 (Reference) divorce 0. 76 (0. 30 ~ 1. 90) 0. 79 (0. 32 ~ 1. 96) yes 0. 86 (0. 69 ~ 1. 06) widowed 1. 04 (0. 83 ~ 1. 30) 1. 05 (0. 83 ~ 1. 31) Health self-assessment, n (%) unmarried 2. 17 (0. 87 ~ 5. 42) 2. 16 (0. 86 ~ 5. 40) very bad 1. 00 (Reference) Living alone bad 1. 07 (0. 79 ~ 1. 46) No 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) fair 0. 98 (0. 73 ~ 1. 31) yes 0. 98 (0. 72 ~ 1. 31) 0. 94 (0. 70 ~ 1. 27) good 1. 30 (0. 90 ~ 1. 88) Level of education (%) very good 0. 96 (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: unifasciatus, 32 of 36 workers from 20 colonies were homozygous for the electromorph s and 4 were heterozygous with electromorph genotype sm [see also [42]]. Queens were analyzed when necessary. The gasters of individual workers and queens were homogenized in 20 μl Tris-EDTA pH 7. 0 buffer. Proteins were separated by 90 min electrophoresis at 10 V/cm and 20 mA on 10 cm × 8 cm × 0. 75 mm 7. 5% polyacrylamide slab gels using a Tris-glycine pH 8. 3 buffer. The enzyme was stained using standard histochemical techniques [43]. Mitochondrial analysesWhen males could not be distinguished by electrophoresis, we in addition sequenced the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. DNA was extracted from the gasters of males using the CTAB method (1%) as previously described [44]. The mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene was analyzed using the primers CbI (CB-J-10933) and 16Sar (LR-N-13398) [45]. The 20 μl PCR reaction mixture consisted of 1 μl DNA, 0. 125 mM dNTPs, 0. 25 μM of each primer, 11. 1 μl dd H2O, 2 μl 10× PCR buffer (MBI), 2. 5 mM MgCl2 and 1 μl of 1 unit/μl Taq Polymerase. Genes were amplified at an annealing temperature of 48°C with 38 cycles. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1% ethidiumbromide-stained agarose gel (TAE buffer) for 30 min at 100 mA and then purified with PCR cleanup (Roche). Cycle sequencing was carried out with 3 μl of purified PCR-Product using ABI-Cycle sequencing 1. 1. Single-stranded PCR products were sequenced using an 310 automatic sequencer (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems). The first 450 base pairs of the Sequences representing the Cyt b gene were read and aligned with Software version 3. 4 (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Production of medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols by a synthetic co-culture grown on carbon monoxide or syngas. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2016, 9, 82. [51. . Production of Hexanol as the Fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans P7. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022, 10, 850370. [52. Hashem C, Hochrinner J, Bürgler. From linoleic acid to hexanal and hexanol by whole cell catalysis with a lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and reductase cascade in Komagataella phaffii. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022, 9, 965315. [53. . A self-sufficient Baeyer–Villiger biocatalysis system for the synthesis of ɛ-caprolactone from cyclohexanol. Technol. 2013, 53, 283–287. [54. Srinivasamurthy VST, Böttcher D, Bornscheuer UT. A multi-enzyme cascade reaction for the production of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. A J. Biosci. 2019, 74, 71–76. [55. ühler K, Karande R, et al. Conversion of Cyclohexane to 6-Pseudomonas taiwanensis in a Stirred-Tank Bioreactor. Front. Catal. 2021, 1, 683248. [56. Salamanca D, Bühler. Whole-cell biocatalysis using the Acidovorax sp. CHX100 Δ6HX for the production of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids from cycloalkanes. New Biotechnol. 2021, 60, 200–206. [57. One-pot biosynthesis of 1,6-hexanediol from cyclohexane by de novo designed cascade biocatalysis. Green Chem. 2020, 22, 7476–7483. [58. . Pentanol isomer synthesis in engineered microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 85, 893–899. [59. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: 66 ~ 1. 41) illiterate 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) Frequency of physical activity, n(%) elementary school 0. 19 (0. 14 ~ 0. 26) ** 0. 19 (0. 14 ~ 0. 26) ** 0 times a week 1. 00 (Reference) Junior high school and above 0. 12 (0. 08 ~ 0. 19) ** 0. 12 (0. 08 ~ 0. 19) ** 1–4 times a week 0. 73 (0. 55 ~ 0. 99) * age group More than 4 times a week 0. 69 (0. 55 ~ 0. 87) ** 60–69 years old 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) Nighttime sleep, n (%) 70–79 years old 1. 78 (1. 49 ~ 2. 14) ** 1. 78 (1. 48 ~ 2. 14) ** < 6h 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) 80 years of age and above 2. 93 (2. 11 ~ 4. 06) ** 2. 86 (2. 06 ~ 3. 98) ** 6–8 h 0. 65 (0. 55 ~ 0. 77) ** 0. 83 (0. 70 ~ 0. 99) * 0. 83 (0. 69 ~ 0. 99) * occupation >8 h 1. 43 (1. 11 ~ 1. 83) ** 1. 46 (1. 12 ~ 1. 91) ** 1. 45 (1. 11 ~ 1. 89) ** retire 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) Nap sleep time, n (%) Work after retirement 1. 47 (0. 24 ~ 8. 91) 1. 69 (0. 28 ~ 10. 34) 0 min 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) employed 1. 55 (0. 35 ~ 6. 82) 1. 69 (0. 38 ~ 7. 48) <30 min 0. 66 (0. 51 ~ 0. 85) ** 0. 70 (0. 54 ~ 0. 91) ** 0. 72 (0. 56 ~ 0. 94) * Unemployed 2. 40 (0. 55 ~ 10. 55) 2. 46 (0. 56 ~ 10. 88) 30–90 min 0. 71 (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For multivariate analyses, the number of variables was reduced by principle component analysis (PCA). The factor scores obtained by PCA were used in a subsequent discriminant analyses (DA) to determine whether groups could be distinguished on the basis of their cuticular profiles. Wilks' λ significance and the percentage of correct assignments were used to evaluate the validity of the discriminant function. We used Mann-Whitney U-tests to compare percentages of single compounds between groups and adjusted p-values for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni's method. PCA and DA analyses were performed using Statistica 6. 0. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020248. 57. full_text. 311. 10. 1086/415930. 187. 404. 10. 1007/s00040-009-0037-x. 725. 10. 1038/304724a0. 189. 10. 1007/s002650050608. 86. 10. 1007/s00265-004-0892-4. 1779. 10. 1242/jeb. 015008. 530. 52. 136. 3800. 10. 1098/rspb. 2010. 0984. 238. 592. 10. 1007/BF00296638. 794. 10. 1006/anbe. 1993. 1092. 236. 10. 1086/284846. 167. 10. 1086/425223. 1047. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2004. 00751. x. 1091. 52. 10. 1016/j. tree. 2007. 09. 013. 179. 10. 1086/508619. 10. 1038/444050a. 26. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 09. 006. 286. 10. 1007/s00040-004-0738-0. 10. 1111/j. 1095-8312. 2006. 00618. x. 2950. 10. 1073/pnas. 0308447101. 593. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2004. 04. 005. 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0004718. 1110. 10. 1093/beheco/arp103. 1425. 10. 1016/j. anbehav.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Directed evolution and mutagenesis of lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei AS1. 1009 to improve its activity toward efficient cadaverine production. Biotechnol. Bioproc. E 2015, 20, 439–446. [70. . Broad-of Synthetic sRNAs. ACS Syn. Biol. 2019, 8, 1452–1461. [71. An environmentally friendly strategy for cadaverine bio-production: in situ utilization of CO2 self-released from L-lysine decarboxylation for pH control. J. CO2 Utiliz. 2020, 37, 278–284. [72. ölkert M, Abendroth Gv. et al. From zero to hero—Production of bio-based nylon from renewable resources using engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab. Eng. 2014, 25, 113–123. [73. Improving the secretion of cadaverine in Corynebacterium glutamicum by cadaverine–lysine antiporter. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 41, 701–709. [74. of between Glycolysis and an Oxygen-Switch in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Syn. Biol. 2020, 9, 814–826. [75. 1,5-Diaminopentane production from xylooligosaccharides using metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum displaying beta-xylosidase on the cell surface. Bioresour. Technol. 2017, 245, 1684–1691. [76. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for polyamides monomer δ-valerolactam production from feedstock lysine. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020, 104, 9965–9977. [77. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 5-aminovalerate and glutarate as C5 platform chemicals. Metab. Eng. 2013, 16, 42–47. [78. . coli for renewable production of the 5-carbon polyamide building-blocks 5-aminovalerate and glutarate. Biotechnol. Bioeng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: 58 ~ 0. 86) ** 0. 78 (0. 63 ~ 0. 96) * 0. 78 (0. 64 ~ 0. 97) * region >90 min 0. 77 (0. 63 ~ 0. 96) * 0. 86 (0. 69 ~ 1. 08) 0. 86 (0. 68 ~ 1. 08) city 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) countryside 2. 03 (1. 41 ~ 2. 91) ** 1. 95 (1. 36 ~ 2. 80) ** Note: **< 0. 01, *< 0. 05; model 1 includes nighttime and nap time of the elderly, model 2 controls for demographic variables, and model 3 has all covariates. 3. 3. Dose–response relationship between sleep duration and MCI in older adults The dose–response relationship between sleep duration and MCI among the elderly exhibited a U-shaped curve (P for overall < 0. 001; P for nonlinearity = 0. 780). When nighttime sleep duration was < about 6. 5 hours, an increase in sleep time correlated with a gradual decrease in the probability of MCI, indicating a negative correlation. Conversely, when nighttime sleep exceeded 6. 5 hours, an increase in sleep time correlated with a gradual increase in the probability of MCI, indicating a positive correlation (Fig. 1). Given the lowest probability of MCI among the elderly occurred with 6–8 hours of nighttime sleep, a logistic regression model was constructed with 6–8 hours as the reference group (Table 3). Compared with those sleeping 6–8 hours at night, older adults with < 6 hours or > 8 hours of nighttime sleep were more likely to develop MCI. Regarding nap duration, no nonlinear relationship was observed between nap duration and MCI among the elderly (P for overall = 0. 215; P for nonlinear = 0. 780). The probability of MCI decreased with increasing nap duration. Considering that the lowest probability of MCI occurred with < 30 minutes of nap duration, a logistic regression model was constructed with < 30 minutes as the reference group (Table 3). Compared with older adults with < 30 minutes of nap duration, those without a napping habit exhibited a higher likelihood of MCI. Table 3 Logistic regression adjusted for the relationship between sleep grouping and MCI in older adults S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: rae. ru Scientific journal of 2073-4972 ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301 Toggle navigation О журнале Search Заказ журнала Правила Personal portfolio Home№ 3 in 2024 Information about 2024. – № 3 – P. 4-10 Publication date 25. 06. 2024 Section no name UDK 579. 6 DOI 10. 17513/ejnh. 34386 Pages 4–10 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm. The results of B3 identification by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is Bacillus velezensis. It was determined at 7 pH environment, and addition of a nitrogen source of casein for the highest protease enzyme activity. bacillus velezensishalotoleranceseafood processingactivityenzyme protease Seafood processing is one of the critical industries that brings a lot of foreign currency to our country. According to statistics in 2021, Vietnam currently has 815 industrial-scale seafood processing establishments eligible for export and over 3,200 small-scale processing facilities for domestic processing and consumption in operation, with a total processing capacity of up to 6 million tons of raw materials/year, creating over 2. 1 million tons of products/year. However, along with the achievements, the seafood processing industry also causes many environmental problems because of its nature and waste composition. In particular, wastewater from seafood processing is highly salinized, containing organic matter, solid waste, and grease [1]. On the other hand, due to the lack of fresh water, many processing plants near the sea use seawater to wash the machinery system, further increasing the salinity of wastewater. Treating salty wastewater by biological methods is not easy; the COD removal efficiency could be higher due to the side effects of salt on the microflora. In salty or highly salty wastewater environments, microorganisms lose their activity because of plasmolysis, making traditional wastewater treatment biotechnologies ineffective [2]. However, this is a very environmentally friendly solution for worldwide water pollution problems. Therefore, isolating microbial strains in salt-contaminated wastewater, which can remove organic matter and nutrients in salt-contaminated organic sewage, is a right and promising direction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Recombinant xylose-fermenting yeast construction for the co-production of ethanol and cis,cis-muconic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2020, 9, 100395. [103. . Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose–xylose co-substrate. Nat. Comm. 2020, 11, 279. [104. . of a Pathway via 4-in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 8037–8043. [105. . by Biosynthesis via Anthranilate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79, 4024–4030. [106. . of via a Prokaryotic 2,3-Decarboxylase. Chem. Sus. Chem. 2014, 7, 2478–2481. [107. Wang J, Zheng P. Muconic acid production from glucose using enterobactin precursors in Escherichia coli. J. Ind. Microbiol. BioTechnol. 2015, 42, 701–709. [108. . Engineering E. coli–E. coli cocultures for production of muconic acid from glycerol. Fact. 2015, 14, 134. [109. . coli coculture systems for the production of biochemical products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8266–8271. [110. . Extending shikimate pathway for the production of muconic acid and its precursor salicylic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab. Eng. 2014, 23, 62–69. [111. . Gene-Proteins in Escherichia coli. ACS Syn. Biol. 2018, 7, 2698–2705. [112. Adipic acid production from lignin. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 617–628. [113. Johnson CW, Salvachúa. Enhancing muconic acid production from glucose and lignin-derived aromatic compounds via increased protocatechuate decarboxylase activity. Metab. Eng. Comm. 2016, 3, 111–119. [114.

Output: corroborate