Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A higher mutation rate may necessitate stronger purifying selection. Despite the prevalence of purifying selection in mitogenomes, the possibility for positive selection acting on single codon positions cannot be excluded, and, potentially, can facilitate physiological adaptations to new environments [24, 43]. In this study, the codon-based analyses of selection showed that several sites may be under positive selection. Among the analyses, TreeSAAP revealed the largest number of positive sites, but this program tends to have a high false positive rate [4, 33]. The more conservative approaches, using and FEL revealed far fewer positive sites. Among these, MEME identified six possible sites in five genes compared to even fewer among the other methods. MEME is sensitive to episodic positive selection, while and FEL detect pervasive positive selection. Thus, positive selection may be more likely to be episodic in the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus and pervasive positive selection less common. These episodic events could be related to ecological shifts into new environments. However, the lack of strong evidence for positive selection using the method may suggest a relatively limited role of mitochondria in facilitating adaptations to new environments or show that only limited mitochondrial change is necessary. Nevertheless, further studies on the genes inferred to have signatures of positive selection are needed at the intraspecific-level to more fully understand their roles in environmental adaptation of this genus. Overall, although some amino acid positions are subject to positive selection, most of the positions are evolving neutrally or are under purifying selection. The patterns in Acrossocheilus appear to be best explained by relaxed purifying selection, and this was supported by the Ka/Ks value for each gene and the large number of sites under purifying selection detected in codon-based methods. Relationships of Ka/Ks to the environments of sampled individuals A few studies have assessed if selection on mitochondrial genes is correlated with environmental variables. For example, environmental analysis for penguins revealed a high correlation between ND4 and sea surface temperature [44]. Notably, our analysis of the relationship between environmental variables and Ka/Ks ratios revealed that ATP6 was correlated with mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2), while COX2 was associated with several precipitation variables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Model comparison To establish the validity of the MSV model, we compared its performance to that of univariate stochastic volatility models (equivalent to setting all the off-diagonal entries of the matrix 𝜷 in Equation 2 to 0) in fitting iEEG data. We applied the MSV model to the multivariate neural data combined across encoding periods (regardless of whether the word items were later recalled) and SV models to datasets of individual electrodes with the assumption that the parameters of these models were shared across encoding events. We utilized the deviance information criterion (DIC) (Spiegelhalter et al. , 2002; Gelman et al. , 2014) considered to be a Bayesian analogue of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to evaluate the performance of the models. The DIC consists of two components: the negative log-likelihood, D¯=𝔼𝜽,𝐱∣𝐲[-2logP(𝐲∣𝜽,𝐱)], which measures the goodness-of-fit of the model and the effective number of parameters, pD=D¯-D(𝜽¯,𝐱¯)=𝔼𝜽,𝐱∣𝐲[-2logP(𝐲∣𝜽,𝐱)]+2logP(𝐲∣𝜽¯,𝐱¯), which measures the complexity of the model (see 5. 9 SEM). This indicates that the MSV model is approximately more than 150 times as probable as the SV models (Kass and Raftery, 1995), suggesting that the MSV model is a more appropriate model for iEEG data. Relation to spectral power We next analyzed the relation between volatility and spectral power (see Materials and methods) over a wide range of frequencies, from 3 to 180 Hz with 1 Hz steps). For each subject, we computed the correlation between volatility and spectral power for each encoding event and then averaged these correlations across all events.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: The equipment of a telemedicine system/unit consists of IT equipment (hardware and software), office equipment, the access control system, and medical equipment (high resolution camera for macroscopic examination, digital stethoscope, rinoscope, otoscope, 12-lead cardiograph, ophthalmoscope, dermatoscope, and vital signs monitor) [16]. (b) Operating costs of a telemedicine system/unit were €1500 per month. These costs include the total cost of the salary of one employee, who is responsible for the proper functioning of a telemedicine system/unit and the maintenance costs of the equipment [16]. (c) Average air transportation costs (average air transportation costs of each trip) were €5846 for helicopters, which were mostly used. The cost of each air transportation depends on various facts, such as the distance and means of air transportation [15]. (d) The life cycle of a telemedicine system/unit installation was 5 years. (e) Discount rate was 4%, representing the average return on deposits’ interest. 3 ResultsBased on statistical data, air medical transportations cannot be avoided completely [15]. Approximately 25% of cases demand air transportation to a hospital. As a result, from the 21. 95 air medical transportations from Leros per year, 16. 46 can be avoided, while from the 8. 44 air medical transportations per year from Patmos, 6. 33 can be avoided. Specifically, from 21. 95 and 8. 44 air medical transportations, only 25% of them (5. 49 and 2. 11, respectively) should be authorized. Taking into account the saved costs from the installation of a telemedicine system/unit, the net cash inflows per year (cash inflows per year minus operation costs per year) were amplified during the 5-year period of the project. Patmos cash inflows per year were the multiplying result of 6. 33 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. For Leros, were the multiplying result of 16. 46 air medical transportations saved per year due to the implementation of telemedicine system/unit, with the average air transportation costs per trip. This resulted in higher NPV and IRR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: This paper presents the first major application of stochastic volatility models to neural time-series data. The use of a multivariate modeling approach allows us to account for interactions between different subregions in the MTL and thus provides a better fit to the neural data than a univariate approach. Our MSV model fully captures how changes in neural data measured by volatility in one region influences changes in another region, providing insights into the complex dynamics of neural brain signals. We further demonstrated that volatility can be a promising biomarker due to its broadband nature by comparing its performance to one of spectral power in classifying subsequent memory. Finally, researchers can extend these models to broader classes of neural recordings, and exploit their statistical power to substantially increase our understanding of how behavior emerges from the complex interplay of neural activity across many brain regions. Materials and methods Key resources table Reagent, type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional InformationSoftware and algorithmAvants et al. , 2008 normalization toolSoftware and algorithmYushkevich et al. , 2015 and algorithmsklearncPedregosa et al. , 2011 and algorithmThis paper processing scriptsSoftware and algorithmPTSAThis paper pipeline for reading in iEEG six patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing intracranial electroencephalographic monitoring were recruited in this study. Data were collected as part of a study of the effects of electrical stimulation on memory-related brain function at multiple medical centers. Surgery and iEEG monitoring were performed at the following centers: (Philadelphia, PA), (Rochester, MN), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), Hospital (Atlanta, GA), University of (Dallas, TX), Dartmouth-Center (Lebanon, NH), (New York, NY) and the of Health (Bethesda, MD). The research protocol was approved by the Board at each hospital and informed consent was obtained from each participant. Electrophysiological signals were collected from electrodes implanted subdurally on the cortical surface and within brain parenchyma. The neurosurgeons at each clinical site determined the placement of electrodes to best localize epileptogenic regions. Across the clinical sites, the following models of depth and grid electrodes (electrode diameter in parentheses) were used: PMT Depthalon (0. 86 mm); RD (0. 86 mm); SD (1. 12 mm); Adtech Behnke-Fried (1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Some of them tried to calculate the and payback period economic criteria, but in a cost-based method, having in mind the net savings from the use of telemedicine systems/units and ignoring factors that are crucial and important for the calculation of these criteria, such as the discount rate and the life cycle of the project [11, 12]. The main contribution of this original research, having in mind these economic evaluations and assessments, is to go one step further and calculate the and payback period economic criteria, in order to assess and evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of a telemedicine system/unit intervention, and monetize the economic benefits, concluding if it is desirable or not (from both economical and social perspectives). Some of the main limitations and weaknesses of the economic evaluation and assessment of telemedicine systems/units in Greek remote areas can be the lack of interested doctors, absence of funding or subsidizing of the project by the government, local treatment procedures, and organizational structures. These limitations and weaknesses can affect the validity of the results by canceling the whole project or increasing or decreasing the costs. Considering the results, a telemedicine system/unit installation on Leros seems to be more desirable due to a larger population, which indicates that the saved costs will be higher than on Patmos. A larger population translates to a higher number of air medical transportations per year that can be avoided. Specifically, the net cash inflows for Leros during the 5-year period are 4. 12 times higher than for Patmos (Table 2). As a result, Leros will depreciate the investment in 0. 70 years, while Patmos will take 3. 13 years (Table 3). Furthermore, the implementation of telemedicine systems/units may have some positive aspects, which may lead to the obviation of regional health disparities and create a sense of security for both patients and doctors, thus providing decent primary healthcare services to the residents of such remote/inaccessible areas. The installation of a telemedicine system/unit in a remote/inaccessible area aims to cover both emergency situations and some of the regular needs of each island on a healthcare level. It also aims to improve patients’ healthcare until their transfer to a hospital, but also the preparation of the doctors at the air medical transportation center.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2. 15. 2 [10] (Table 1 and Figure 1). In the first simulation step, 1000 discrete generations with a constant population size of 2000 were simulated, followed by 1000 generations with a gradual decrease in population size from 2000 to 100 in order to create initial LD. The number of individuals of each sex remained the same in this step and the mating system was based on random union of gametes that were randomly sampled from the male and female gamete pools. Therefore, only two evolutionary forces were considered in this step: mutation and drift. To simulate the two recent purebred populations (referred to as breeds A and B, hereafter), two random samples of 50 animals were drawn from the last generation of the historical population and each animal was randomly mated for another 100 generations (step 2). Table 1 Parameters of the simulation process Full size table Figure 1 Schematic representation of the simulation steps. The crossbreeding program started in step 5 and consisted of five generations of purebred selection for crossbred performance; individuals from the last generation of step 3 (Generation 2108) constitutes the training population; A M and B M represent the males selected from breeds A and B, respectively; A F and B F represent the females selected breeds A and B, respectively; lines with arrows denote reproduction, while lines without arrows denote selection. Full size image In the next simulation step (step 3), in order to enlarge population size for breeds A and B, eight generations were simulated with ten offspring per dam. The mating within each breed was again based on random union of gametes and no selection was considered in this step. Within each breed, all animals in generation 8 of this step were considered as training population for the estimation of marker effects. In the next step (step 4), for each breed, 100 males and 200 females were sampled randomly from the last generation of step 3 and mated randomly to produce 1000 purebred animals (A0 and B0). In the subsequent generations (step 5), a two-way crossbreeding program with five generations of selection was simulated, as illustrated in Figure 1. The goal was to improve CP through selection in the two parental breeds (breeds A and B acted as sire and dam breeds, respectively).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 28 mm); Adtech subdural and grids (2. 3 mm). The dataset can be requested at Free-recall task Request a detailed protocol Each subject participated in a delayed free-recall task in which they were instructed to study a list of words for later recall test. The task is comprised of three parts: encoding, delay, and retrieval. During encoding, the subjects were presented with a list of 12 words that were randomly selected from a pool of nouns ( Each word presentation lasts for 1600 ms followed by a blank inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 800 to 1200 ms. To mitigate the recency effect (recalling last items best) and the primacy effect (recalling first items better than the middle items), subjects were asked to perform a math distraction task immediately after the presentation of the last word. The math problems were of the form A+B+C =, where A,B,C were randomly selected digits. The delay math task lasted for 20 s, after which subjects were asked to recall as many words as possible from the recent list of words, in any order during the 30 s recall period. Subjects performed up to 25 lists per session of recording (300 words). Multiple sessions were recorded over the course of the patient’s hospital stay. Electrophysiological recordings and data processing Request a detailed protocol iEEG signals were recorded from subdural and depth electrodes at various sampling rates (500, 1000, or 1600 Hz) based on the the amplifier and the preference of the clinical team using one of the following EEG systems: DeltaMed XlTek (Natus), Grass Telefactor, and Nihon-Kohden. We applied a 5 Hz band-stop fourth order Butterworth filter centered on 60 Hz to attenuate signal from electrical noise. We re-referenced the data using the common average of all electrodes in the MTL to eliminate potentially confounding large-scale artifacts and noise. We used Morlet wavelet transform (wave number = 5) to compute power as a function of time for our iEEG signals. The frequencies were sample linearly from 3 to 180 Hz with 1 Hz increments. For each electrode and frequency, spectral power was log-transformed and then averaged over the encoding period. Within a session of recording, the spectral power was z-scored using the distribution of power features across events.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Summarizing, telemedicine systems/units are estimated to result in a significant reduction in the number and frequency of air medical transportations, which may consequently lead to the reduction of aviation accidents that may occur during the air medical transfer. Despite the potential advantage of a reduction in human lives lost, medical and technical equipment losses are also of great significance. The establishment of such telemedicine systems/units also enables patient and healthcare issues to be handled in the event of severe weather phenomena, where the remote/inaccessible areas are isolated with no accessibility by any means. 5 ConclusionGreece’s geography encompasses a total of 227 inhabited islands, 164 of which are located in the and 78 of them have more than 100 residents. The incomplete coverage of primary health services in remote/inaccessible areas, combined with Greece’s unique geography, suggests the need for telemedicine systems/units. Telemedicine systems/units should be designed and implemented in such way as to meet the primary health needs of every resident, in every island or remote/inaccessible area. However, air medical transportation of patients to air medical transportation centers may be deemed essential. The costs of these air medical transfers can be reduced with the use of telemedicine systems/units, thereby benefiting the residents and society generally. In conclusion, considering the available data, in both projects, the establishment of telemedicine systems/units in Patmos and Leros was evaluated and assessed positively, with the possibility of large savings, both economical and social, by reducing or even removing face-to-face contact between doctor and patient. Telemedicine systems/units may have an advantage in terms of access, equality, and quality of primary health services and seems to be a promising solution, especially in Greece, where the problem of primary healthcare services in remote/inaccessible areas is of great concern.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The explanation the authors provide seems highly unlikely, unless there is rampant epistasis among ts SNPs. If there were, shouldn't the authors also expect to see large footprints of balancing selection in the outcrossers (because haplotypes, not just SNPs, would be retained)? Queen hypothesis is used to refer to a dizzying array of hypotheses, from the evolution of sex (Introduction) to selection for new combinations of alleles (subsection “Balancing selection over ancient time scales”) to selection for rare alleles (Introduction) to balancing selection (Discussion section), in ways that are often inaccurate. In particular, the hypothesis is neither necessary nor sufficient for the maintenance of genetic variation. Tellier and others have shown, it is actually very unlikely that genetic variation would be maintained over long time periods due to simple models of host-pathogen coevolution, especially in small populations (see Tellier et al. , 2014 Evolution, for example). This literature should be discussed, especially since the authors are finding so many putative examples. Reviewer #2: I was very disappointed by this manuscript, as the results are presented so as to appear more exciting than they really are, and parts of the study appear to reflect a lack of understanding. In the first category, I would mention text in the Introduction about the evolution of sex, with which the study does not even remotely deal. In the second category of lack of understanding and/or knowledge of the field and of results already established, I highlight the discussion of outcrossing, which does not mention inbreeding depression, which is surely a factor that ought to be mentioned – I think that it is incorrect to predict that in general outcrossing will be most favored by natural selection when the selective landscape changes frequently, and to imply that pathogen pressure is probably important in maintaining outcrossing. Moreover, the conclusion that balancing selection still operates in the selfers to maintain variation seems unjustified, as other possibilities are not excluded, and the same applies to the conclusion stated at the end of the Abstract that "population longevity in the face of pathogen attack depends on the persistence of ancient genetic variation". The results may support the much more limited, but still interesting, conclusion that genes involved in defences against pathogens are enriched for cases of balancing selection, in line with the many previously published findings that this class of gene functions shows this kind of behaviour.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: To extract volatility feature, we applied the MSV model to the dataset constructed from the encoding events with an assumption that the parameters governing the dynamics of the volatility process does not change within a session of recording, that is the parameters of the MSV model are assumed to be shared across encoding events. Since we were only interested in the dynamics of the volatility time series of the brain signals, not the orignal time series themselves, we detrended the raw time series using vector autoregressive models of order p, where p was selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to remove any autocorrelation in the raw signals and to make the time series more suited for an MSV application. In the present manuscript, we used the common average reference (of MTL electrodes) to remove large-scale noise from our MTL recordings. While the bipolar reference is frequently used for such analyses, due to its superior spatial selectivity, several factors limit its utility in this context. First, connectivity between a pair of adjacent bipolar electrodes is contaminated by signal common to their shared monopolar contact; as such, it is difficult to interpret connectivity between such pairs. In the setting of linear depth electrodes placed within the MTL, a substantial portion of the data between pairs of nearby MTL subregions would have to be excluded due to shared monopolar contacts. Second, bipolar re-referencing within the MTL produces the undesirable outcome that a bipolar midpoint 'virtual’ electrode could fall in a subregion where neither physical contact was placed, making observed connectivities difficult to interpret. Anatomical localization Request a detailed protocol The MTL electrodes were anatomically localized using the following procedure. Hippocampal subfields and MTL cortices were automatically labeled in a pre-implant 2 mm thick T2-weighted MRI using the Automatic segmentation of hippocampal subfields (ASHS) multi-atlas segmentation method (Yushkevich et al. , 2015). A post-implant was co-registered with the MRI using Tools (Avants et al. , 2008). MTL depth electrodes that were visible in the CT were then localized by a pair of neuroradiologists with expertise in MTL anatomy. Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol To assess an effect across subjects, we applied classical statistical tests on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the parameter of interest.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ".

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: It is far from clear that there is an "advantage of an expanded footprint of balancing selection after a genetic bottleneck", as the Abstract claims. It is correct that low diversity in a selfer might allow rare high diversity loci to be detected, but selfers that evolved recently from an outcrossing population have the disadvantage that one cannot disentangle selection prior to the selfing state being established from selection more recently, to say nothing of the effect of a bottleneck in increasing the variance of LD and other quantities that might be estimated. Details of these major concerns are too long for your word limit, so I have emailed them to the editorial office in a separate file, to be passed on to the authors. My recommendation would be to revise the manuscript extensively to show clearly the evidence for those conclusions that are well supported, and relate them to what is already known. Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, the authors aim to detect evidence and identify targets of balancing selection by genome-wide search of polymorphisms shared by three Caspella species, two of which experienced genetic bottleneck and transition to self-fertilization independently. The authors resequenced 50 C. rubella, 13 C. grandiflora and 16 C. orientalis accessions and identified millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With this dataset, they first characterized the demographic history of these species and, unlike a previous study, detected evidence of gene flow between (eastern) C. rubella and C. grandiflora. Then, they detected evidence of balancing selection enriched in immunity-related genes by focusing on shared polymorphisms between species. 21 genomic regions are highlighted as strong candidates of targets under balancing selection, many of which contain immunity genes with known functions in A. thaliana. This study does a reasonably good job in excluding factors other than ancestral variation that could lead to shared polymorphisms, so the conclusions are convincing to me. I also enjoy reading this manuscript, as it generates several new insights: (1) it substantially increases the number of trans-species polymorphisms that are potentially maintained by balancing selection in plants, providing candidates for follow-up functional studies; (2) it strongly suggests that frequency-dependent selection is a common mechanism underlying ancient balancing selection (as compared to heterozygote advantage); (3) the case of MLO2 underscores the technical difficulty of detecting divergent haplogroups shared between species by short-read sequencing methods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Finally, the vector parameter 𝜽 can be sampled using an ancillarity-sufficiency interweaving strategy (ASIS) (Yu and Meng, 2011; Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter, 2014) which involves sampling the vector parameter 𝜽 given the unstandardized volatility series xj,t via a Metropolis-Hasting step (non-centered step) and then sampling 𝜽 again given the standardized volatility series x~j,t=xj,t-μjσj (centered step). Yu and Meng (2011) argued that by alternating between the non-centered and centered steps, we obtain a more efficient MCMC sampler that has a better mixing rate and converges faster. In addition, Kastner and Frühwirth-Schnatter (2014) showed that the ASIS can accurately sample latent volatility time-series that have low persistences, which is often the case for iEEG signals. 4. We sampled 10,000 posterior draws and discarded the first 5000 draws as a burn-in period to allow for convergence to the stationary distribution. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 010 αb1b2b3b4b5σαb1b2b3b4b5σ10. 1613. 390. 850. 200. 000. 000. 000. 173. 390. 860. 190. 00−0. 040. 000. 1723. 600. 000. 88−0. 100. 000. 000. 193. 600. 000. 87−0. 10−0. 00−0. 010. 1933. 550. 000. 000. 870. 300. 000. 193. 53−0. 00−0. 000. 850. 290. 010. 2043. 510. 000. 000. 000. 710. 000. 123. 510. 01−0. 000. 010. 69−0. 030. 1453. 380. 000. 000. 000. 000. 800. 153. 380. 00−0. 01−0. 010. 060. 790. 1520. 2713. 600. 950. 200. 000. 000. 000. 213. 930. 950. 19−0. 000. 000. 000. 2423. 740. 000. 90−0. 100. 000. 000. 253. 82−0. 000.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Could the authors run simulations to show that the "reshuffling" hypothesis is able to explain the reduced LD and estimate how much epistasis is required to generate the observed pattern? In addition, why is the interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs significantly higher for that of random polymorphisms in C. orientalis? Could this be due to technical issues? [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 2004. 3) Based on Figure 3B, haplogroup C differs by only 1 SNP from the second haplotype in group B. Why is C classified as the separate haplogroup instead of a subtype of B? 4) In subsection “Insights into balancing selection from de novoassembly of MLO2”, the authors concluded that the shared haplotypes did not result from recent gene flow, because of similar within-haplotype divergence levels of A and B haplogroups. However, this evidence is insufficient: the authors need to demonstrate that the within-haplogroup divergence is at least as high as the genome-wide average (which seems to be the case by comparing Figure 6—figure supplement 1 to Figure 5D). 5) The reconstructed trees in Figure 6C are very small, and haplotypes need to be labeled in order to show the pattern of clustering by haplogroup. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] Since additional analyses are needed, and the authors may want to collect more data to respond to the concern about possible artifacts in C. orientalis, it may not be feasible for the revisions to be completed within two months. We leave it to the discretion of the authors whether they think this timeline is feasible, or would prefer to work on revisions at more length and resubmit the manuscript to be considered anew. In terms of the analysis, the three main points are that: 1) The data for C. orientalis seems a bit troubling, and should probably be further inspected for possible artifacts. The reviewers main concern regarding the C. orientalis data was that the allele frequency spectrum was unusual which may indicate elevated error rates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 90−0. 100. 00−0. 000. 2533. 890. 000. 000. 930. 300. 000. 293. 81−0. 000. 000. 930. 300. 000. 2943. 050. 000. 000. 000. 910. 000. 283. 04−0. 000. 010. 010. 910. 000. 2853. 960. 000. 000. 000. 000. 950. 223. 97−0. 000. 000. 00−0. 000. 940. 2230. 4213. 250. 520. 200. 000. 000. 000. 423. 250. 510. 200. 01−0. 020. 010. 4323. 640. 000. 57−0. 100. 000. 000. 463. 630. 010. 55−0. 140. 020. 020. 4633. 180. 000. 000. 580. 300. 000. 313. 180. 030. 010. 560. 320. 030. 3143. 440. 000. 000. 000. 650. 000. 413. 450. 00−0. 00−0. 000. 640. 000. 4153. 260. 000. 000. 000. 000. 600. 363. 26−0. 02−0. 000. 00−0. 010. 600. 36 We generated three datasets with different signal-to-noise ratios. The observed multivariate time-series 𝐲t was simulated according to the data-generating process specified by the MSV model with pre-specified parameters (truth). We then applied the MSV model to the simulated series 𝐲t to recover the parameters of the MSV model. In this simulation study, the non-zero off-diagonal entries of the matrix 𝜷 were fixed across datasets. The diagonal elements of 𝜷 were generated from a uniform distribution on [0. 7,0. 9], [0. 9,1. 0], and [0. 5,0. 7] respectively. The volatilities of volatility of the electrodes were generated from a uniform distribution on [0. 1,0. 2], [0. 2,0. 3], and [0. 3,0. 5] respectively. 30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ".

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella, yet we see that retention of variation is specifically elevated at immunity loci. 4) Though we identified tsSNPs throughout the genome, those tsSNPs found in our candidate regions were much more likely to be retained after population splits regardless of allele frequency. 5) In the much more diverged and much less diverse selfing lineage, C. orientalis, we observe the same pattern at many of the same loci. Though this is not direct evidence for balancing selection in C. rubella specifically, it is strong evidence that these loci are the targets of stable, long-term balancing selection in a selfing lineage. It is possible that, despite having been stable over millions of years of evolution previously, balancing selection ended within the last ~150,000 years in C. rubella specifically. We think that the more plausible explanation of the observed patterns is that variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages. In response to this concern we sought to strengthen our argument with two additional analyses. First, we examined whether elevated founder diversity might impact the likelihood of observing the pattern of Fst we used to identify outliers. We approximated the effect of balancing selection in C. grandiflora alone by including only simulations that showed the highest level of diversity C. grandiflora, and then explored whether our outlier C. rubella Fst values were more likely to occur. Even under this scenario of highfounder diversity, the observed values remain extremely unlikely. Second, we examined whether allele frequencies are correlated between C. grandiflora and C. rubella and between subpopulations of C. rubella for tsSNPs inside and outside of balanced regions. We find that although all these SNPs segregate in all of the populations assayed, SNPs within balanced regions are show a substantial increase in AFS correlation. It will also be important for the authors to more clearly explain whether they believe that the high variability is driven by introgression (adaptive or not), ongoing balancing selection (and of what kind…) or both. We have added to discussion to make our thinking more clear on these issues. We do not think that adaptive introgression and maintenance by balancing selection are mutually exclusive hypotheses, as the later is not dependent on the source of an allele. In the case of a young species like C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We used the log-determinant error, which is defined to be (6) log-determinant error=log(|det(𝜷MSV-1𝜷true-IJ)|), where 𝜷MSV is the estimated connectivity matrix from the MSV model and 𝜷true is the true simulated connectivity matrix. If 𝜷MSV is close to 𝜷true, then the 𝜷MSV-1𝜷 is close to the identity matrix IJ, and therefore, the log determinant error will be very negative. 8. 5×10-9, which is very close. Therefore, we recommend the amount of data to be at least 30O(J2) for the MSV model. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 012 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 013 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 015 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 016 0. 5||ω||22⏟penalty, where y^i=exp(ωT𝐗i)1+exp(ωT𝐗i) is the predicted probability of recall success, and λ is the penalty parameter that controls the degree to which the classifier limits the contribution of individual features. A low value of λ indicates that the classifier downgrades the contribution of the cross-entropy in the loss function, and therefore penalizing the L-2 norm of ω more severely and vice versa. In addition, minimizing the cross-entropy loss between the empirical distribution (observed data) and distribution given by the model (predicted data) is equivalent to maximizing the log-likelihood function (Goodfellow et al. , 2016). To test the ability of the classifier to generalize to new data, we employ a k-fold nested cross-validation approach in which we split the data naturally into different recording sessions (folds) illustrated in 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: January 23. Sponsors & is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Telehealth connects patients to qualified health care professionals via phone. Although its popularity dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited rigorous evidence of its impact. In particular, the impact of telehealth on health access and healthcare inequality in low-income countries is ex-ante ambiguous. On the one hand, telehealth could allow individuals currently out of reach of the official health system -- e. g. , because of their remote location or because of prevailing norms -- to access quality healthcare providers, thus improving the quality of care and equalizing access. On the other hand, telehealth might crowd out in-person care, with potential negative consequences on health outcomes for those individuals who do not engage with technology, who are not e-literate, and who have little trust in modern medicine to start with (e. g. , women, the elderly, the poor). This may result in telehealth excluding individuals who might need care most, exacerbating inequality in healthcare. Given the potential barriers to the utilization of telehealth in low-income settings, the presence of local “facilitators” may be crucial to its success. First, local facilitators may attenuate the digital divide by allowing marginalized individuals, including women with low power in the household, to contact the doctor and nurse through a smartphone that has access to the internet. Second, local facilitators may allow for more “continuity of care”, an aspect which is often lacking in telehealth programs that prioritize the “speed of care” (i. e. , patients meeting with the first available provider even if that provider is unknown to them) and which might matter especially in contexts with low trust in modern medicine. Finally, local facilitators may complement telehealth services by monitoring the evolution of health conditions of patients that require frequent follow-ups (e. g. , noncommunicable diseases). India provides an ideal study setting, both because of the vast potential user base in need of telehealth services and because recent years have seen a rapid diffusion of telehealth providers. government has pioneered this technological revolution, by launching and promoting its platform, called eSanjeevani, and has been rapidly followed by other telehealth providers, in an attempt to reach even the most remote areas of the country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: We hold out one session as the test data and train the classifier on the remaining session(s). The optimal hyperparameter λ is optimized via another cross-validation within the training set. The procedure is repeated until we obtain out-of-sample prediction for the entire dataset. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 018 We assess the classifier’s performance using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), which relates the true positive rate and the false positive rate for various decision thresholds. An AUC of 1. 0 implies that the classifier can perfectly discriminate between recalled and non-recalled items and an AUC of 0. 5 implies that the classifier is at chance. 0. 5 indicates that the classifier is at chance, that is as good as a random coin flip. 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 021 → region JMean ΔI→JSeTNPadj. PHipp → PRC−0. 0440. 013−3. 494480. 0010. 009**PRC → Hipp−0. 0600. 022−2. 667480. 0110. 045*Hipp → EC0. 0100. 0320. 312140. 7680. 953EC → Hipp−0. 0770. 067−1. 158140. 2850. 569PHC → PRC−0. 0060. 040−0. 146160. 8890. 953PRC → PHC−0. 0370. 028−1. 348160. 2120. 564PRC → EC0. 0010. 0220. 061210. 9530. 953EC → PRC0. 0050. 0300. 168210. 8720. 953 10. 7554/eLife. 42950. 022 → region JMean ΔI→JSeTNPadj. PHipp → PRC−0. 0100. 020−0. 471400. 6450. 838PRC → Hipp−0. 0160. 029−0. 575400. 5740. 838Hipp → EC0. 0110. 0300. 361140. 7330. 838EC → Hipp0. 0540. 0471. 144140. 2900. 838Hipp → PHC−0. 0270. 032−0. 837150. 4320.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 22 August 2017 Using computed tomography and 3D printing to construct custom prosthetics attachments and devices Peter C. Liacouras1, Divya Sahajwalla3, Mark D. Beachler2, Todd Sleeman2, Vincent B. Ho1 & …John P. Lichtenberger III1 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 1. 9 million amputees in the [1] sustained their amputations from trauma and vascular disease. States military care system has seen an increase in the number of amputees since the beginning of the conflict overseas. Over 1600 service members have lost limbs since 2001, with over 300 members having lost multiple limbs. Over 40,000 veterans with limb loss also receive care for their amputations within the DOD/VA system [2]. ‘The art and science of prostheses’ dates back over 100 years [3], when a split tree trunk with leather straps was the best replacement leg. The methodology and technology to rehabilitate amputees has evolved over the years from muscle transplant to biomechanical manipulation and now to 3D printing technologies. Although 3D printing is a little over three decades old, it is now revolutionizing the inception and delivery of devices in rehabilitation medicine [4]. Major advances in medicine occur when medical specialties, biomedical engineers, and technologists collaborate, and the field of prosthetics is no different. Several recent manuscripts, abstracts, and case reports describing original contributions in robotic prostheses to improving 3D printing for prosthesis have been published [5–11], to. There have been many recent review 0. 625–1. 25 mm will suffice. Note that these methodologies may not be sufficient for objects with critical details smaller than 0. 625 mm. After acquisition of the scan, a series would then be imported into v17 (Materialise), a 3D reconstruction software that produces 3D data from the CT scan. The component is then exported and additional computer aided design would then be performed to create the device. Once the organic shape is digitized, it is possible to create custom designs that articulate with the complex geometry of the prosthetic component. Objects dependent on direct measurements would be designed in a CAD package such as Solidworks (Dassault Systemes) and then registered to the reconstruction of the articulating surface.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Sebuah situs yang baik biasanya memiliki sistem keamanan yang canggih untuk melindungi data pribadi dan transaksi keuangan pemain. Selain keamanan, penting juga untuk mempertimbangkan kemudahan akses dan variasi permainan yang ditawarkan. Situs togel terpercaya biasanya menyediakan berbagai jenis permainan togel, termasuk live draw Macau, serta pengeluaran dan hasil terkini. Dengan fitur ini, pemain bisa mendapatkan informasi lengkap dan akurat tentang hasil togel secara real-time, sehingga meningkatkan pengalaman bermain. Terakhir, jangan lupa untuk memeriksa layanan pelanggan yang disediakan oleh situs tersebut. Situs terpercaya akan menawarkan layanan pelanggan yang responsif dan profesional, siap membantu pemain dalam menghadapi masalah atau pertanyaan. Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah ini, Anda akan lebih mudah menemukan situs togel Macau yang tidak hanya aman, tetapi juga menyenangkan untuk dimainkan. toto macau 01/10/2024 by admin1989 of a gambling game combines the convenience of portable devices with the fun and excitement of casino games. Mobile phones and tablets are capable of running sophisticated casino software to produce a realistic gaming experience. They also incorporate a variety of sensors that can personalize the gambling experience for each user. However, as of yet, the development of casino games for mobile platforms has not caught up to the technology available in modern smartphones and tablets. While many people use their mobile phones for online gambling, it is important to understand that the nuances of this form of play can be quite different from traditional Internet gambling. This is because mobile devices are used in a variety of contexts and are more likely to encourage impulsive behaviour.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 838PHC → Hipp0. 0440. 0351. 232150. 2540. 838PRC → EC0. 0200. 0520. 378140. 7220. 838EC → PRC−0. 0020. 081−0. 020140. 9850. 985 *: P<0. 05, **: P<0. 01, adjusted p-values were calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Data availability The iEEG dataset collected from epileptic patients in this paper is available and, to protect patients' confidentiality, can be requested at The cmlreaders repository for reading in the data is at The main script for the paper is available at (copy archived at 76. 55. 41. PubMed 3233. PubMed 280. 2773. PubMed 401. PubMed 107. 82. 2001. 327. 9854. PubMed 61. 843. PubMed 110. PubMed 375. 1628. PubMed 4736. PubMed 5008. PubMed 316. 445. 302. 2162. PubMed 1272. PubMed 315. 1373. PubMed 362. PubMed 386. PubMed 998. PubMed 152. PubMed 889. PubMed 10. 2307/1912773 50. 245. 1258. PubMed 365. PubMed 1264. PubMed 41. PubMed 10. 1007/978-1-4419-0796-7_2. 1016. 1261. PubMed 2492. PubMed 1367. 264. 434. 949. PubMed 355. PubMed 44. PubMed 343. 625. 171. PubMed 389. 269. PubMed 744. PubMed 795. 423. 936. PubMed 393. 930. PubMed 195. PubMed 707. 953. PubMed 10. PubMed 212. PubMed 1476. PubMed 494. PubMed 337. PubMed 3265. PubMed 555. PubMed 3620. PubMed 998. 10. 2307/2938260 169. PubMed 107. PubMed 449. 2830. 3183. PubMed 10. 1007/978-3-540-28650-9_4. 242. PubMed 0814. PubMed 1196.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: Organic structures would be designed in a program like (3D systems). The pieces and 3D reconstruction of the surface would then be registered and all the pieces aligned. The remainder of this manuscript will discuss, in detail, three example methodologies where computed tomography was essential to the device development and construction: a weight lifting hand, hockey skate adapters, and a wine glass holder. Example 1: Weightlifting adapterA partial hand amputee wanted the ability to lift weights again with both hands simultaneously and individually. The device needed to be multifunctional for both pushing and pulling exercises. The weight lifting hook device required lamination into the carbon fiber socket. The carbon fiber socket was first scanned using CT reconstructed at 1 mm slice thickness (Fig. 2a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. After iterative consultation with the prosthetist and patient, it was determined that the weight lifting device needed to be centered on the residual limb and at the appropriate height to preserve proper biomechanics. A CAD file design was created in SolidWorks with the anatomy of a human hand in mind. The hook tries to mimic the proper barbell position for both pushing and pulling exercises. CAD files were also exported as STL files. The surface of the socket was then extruded in specific regions to allow for the carbon fiber layer to be weaved through openings and add stability (Fig. 2b). The hook was then positioned and aligned with the socket, taking height and rotation variables into consideration. The layered pattern was merged with the hook to produce a complete device customized to the patient’s prosthetic socket (Fig. 2c). The device was first 3D printed on a StereolithographyApparatus (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) to test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an 1 (ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 2d). Carbon fiber was then used to weave and laminate the titanium hook into the prosthetic socket. The prosthetist also attached a ratchet system with a strap extending around the elbow to ensure the prosthetic socket would not migrate during pulling exercises (Fig. 2e). This custom weightlifting hand has multiple functions for a variety of pushing and pulling exercises (Fig. 2f & g). Fig. 2Adapter.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Some places allow players to make a side bet called insurance, which pays out if the dealer has an ace up. This is not a guaranteed win, but it is an excellent way to reduce the risk of losing a hand. In addition, some casinos offer additional side bets that pay out when certain combinations are made. A blackjack counter is a person who keeps track of the concentration of cards in a deck. They can then use this information to improve their chances of getting a good hand. The most common counting system is called plus-and-minus and is designed to help players improve their chances of hitting blackjacks. In most cases, a player’s initial two cards must be of equal rank to be a blackjack. However, some casinos allow the player to split two non-matching ten value cards. Generally, the player can only receive a single additional card on each split hand. Some casinos also restrict the number of times a player can split their cards. If a player gets closer to 21 than the dealer, they win. If they beat the dealer, they win and are paid an amount equal to their original wager. If the dealer busts, they lose and their bet is collected. If the player and dealer tie, it is a push or standoff and the bet remains on the table. The casino’s edge in blackjack comes from the fact that it wins more hands than the player, regardless of how well the player plays. This is why it is so important to understand the basics of the game and be able to apply some basic strategies. Players should also remember that they are playing against the dealer, not the other players at the table. 08/09/2024 by admin1989 Slot Pulsa: untuk dan Potongan! Dalam dunia perjudian online, pengalaman bermain slot semakin menarik dengan munculnya opsi slot pulsa. Slot pulsa memberikan kemudahan bagi para pemain, terutama pengguna Indosat dan Telkomsel, untuk melakukan deposit tanpa perlu khawatir tentang potongan biaya yang mengurangi saldo mereka.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: After chair training, we surgically fitted the monkeys with acrylic implants, anchored with titanium or ceramic screws, outfitted with a headpost which stabilized the monkeys head while sitting in a primate chair. During the same surgery, we implanted scleral search coils around both eyes (Judge et al. , 1980) and brought the coil wire out to a plug on the acrylic. After basic behavioral training, we performed a craniotomy to expose the intraparietal sulcus (using coordinates determined from a structural MRI), over which we affixed a recording chamber in the acrylic. We located the actual recording sites in each monkey by performing MRIs with the recording electrode in place (see Figure 1). We tranquilized the monkey in the vivarium with ketamine and atropine for transport to the MRI lab. We then anesthetized the monkey using endotracheal isoflurane, and positioned it in a Kopf MRI-compatible stereotaxic instrument. To create the images, we used a custom-made rigid and flexible RF array coils using GE MR750(3T) and GE Signa(1. 5 T) scanners. We used custom Matlab software, Osirix, GE’s MediaViewer, and DicomWorks to analyze the data. We performed all surgeries using ketamine/isoflurane general anesthesia using aseptic surgical technique. The monkey recovered fully before testing restarted. During testing, monkeys worked for their daily water intake and were supplemented with dried and fresh fruits. We monitored monkeys’ weights and general health on every recording day, and at least once a week. We controlled all experiments using the REX (downloadable from: system (Hays et al. , 1982) and recorded single-unit activity with glass-insulated tungsten electrodes introduced through a guide tube positioned plastic grid with 1 mm spacing between possible penetrations (Crist et al. , 1988). In general, recording sessions lasted between 5 and 8 hr depending on the stability of the cell and the monkey’s willingness to continue to work. We took care to avoid making penetrations with the electrode in adjacent grid holes from the previous day’s penetration in order to reduce tissue damage. We kept careful logs regarding the location and depth of each penetration, an estimate describing cell types encountered, and the quality of the monkey’s behavior.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: a Carbon fiber socket of partial hand amputee was CT scanned at 1 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b The CT reconstruction was used to create socket overlay. Lifting hook was designed in CAD. c Overlay and hook were merged into one piece. d Design was 3D printed in titanium alloy. 3D Print was fit tested on carbon fiber socket. e Caron fiber was weaved through titanium overlay and laminated into the socket. Prosthetist added a ratchet system with strap extending around the elbow for pulling exercises. f & g The attachment was successful in allowing the service member the ability perform both pushing and pulling weight lifting exercisesFull size image Example 2: Hockey skate adaptersA bilateral below the knee amputee who was formerly an avid skater wanted to resume ice skating. The patient felt that they would not be able to tighten the skates enough around the prosthetic foam foot, which would reduce control and energy transfer to the skate and limited the desired sensory feedback to their residual limbs while skating. The blade mount was scanned with CT and reconstructed at 0. 625 mm slice thickness (Fig. 3a). The digital reconstruction was then exported as an STL file. Note that due to the complexity and glossy finish of the surface, it would have been difficult to obtain a 3D surface scan of the blade mount. The articulating surfaces were then offset from the blade holder, and a small lip was maintained for better seating of the device. An assembly was then designed in Solidworks to hold the prosthetic ankle joint and allow for adjustability of the device (Fig. 3b). The CAD assembly was also exported as an STL file. The assembly was aligned with the articulating surface of the device and connected using numerous posts (Fig. 3c & d). The parts were merged together to create the final product. The final design was then mirrored to produce the componentry for the contralateral side. Special attention was given to the adjustability of the ankle joint and the center of gravity as the patient did not have access to the biomechanical benefit of an active ankle joint. The device was first 3D Printed on a (SLA 7000), from AccuraSL 7570 (3D systems) for test fitting. Once the fit was confirmed, the device was manufactured on an Arcam(ArcamAB) from titanium alloy (Fig. 3e). The device was assembled by the prosthetist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan menggunakan pulsa sebagai metode pembayaran, Anda kini bisa menikmati permainan favorit dengan lebih leluasa dan tanpa repot. yang ingin merasakan sensasi bermain slot menggunakan pulsa, artikel ini akan menjadi panduan lengkap. Kami akan membahas bagaimana cara melakukan deposit pulsa tanpa potongan, serta menjelaskan keuntungan bermain di platform yang menyediakan slot pulsa Indosat dan Telkomsel. Jangan lewatkan kesempatan untuk mengenal lebih dalam tentang cara mengoptimalkan pengalaman bermain Anda melalui Apa itu Slot Pulsa? merupakan salah satu bentuk permainan yang populer di kalangan pengguna layanan seluler di Indonesia. Permainan ini memungkinkan pemain untuk melakukan deposit menggunakan pulsa mereka, sehingga mereka dapat bermain tanpa harus melakukan transfer uang melalui bank. Dengan sistem ini, pengguna tidak hanya dapat menikmati permainan slot yang menarik, tetapi juga memanfaatkan pulsa yang mungkin tidak terpakai. Salah satu keunggulan dari adalah kemudahan dalam melakukan transaksi. Dengan menggunakan provider seperti Indosat dan Telkomsel, pemain bisa melakukan deposit pulsa tanpa potongan, sehingga seluruh saldo pulsa mereka dapat digunakan untuk bermain. Ketidakperluan untuk menggunakan metode pembayaran tradisional membuat semakin diminati oleh para gamers yang mencari cara praktis untuk menikmati permainan.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: During every testing and training session, we monitored monkeys using a closed-circuit camera and monitor. We verified stimulus timing using a photoprobe affixed to the screen, which emitted a pulse for each event. We monitored the monkey’s eye movements using a CNC phase detector (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD) to decode the search coil signal (Judge et al. , 1980) and sampled the signal at 1 kHz. During testing, monkeys sat in a primate chair in a sound-attenuated Faraday room. We performed these experiments in two experimental setups. In one set up, the monkeys sat 57 cm away from a CRT monitor (ViewSeries P225F) with a refresh rate of 120 Hz. In the second setup, we presented stimuli with a Hitachi CPX275 LCD projector with a refresh rate of 60 Hz, on a screen 72 cm from the monkey. Once we isolated an LIP neuron and confirmed that it displayed canonical visual, delay, and perisaccadic responses, we probed the boundaries of LIP neuron receptive fields by having monkeys make memory-guided saccades (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983) to targets appearing in locations which were inside and outside of the cell’s receptive field. In some cases, we used a fixation task to characterize the cell’s receptive field by having the monkey fixate a point while stimuli briefly flashed (50 ms) pseudo-randomly on the screen, generating a map of locations that evoked visual responses (measured 50–150 ms after the flash). We ensured that saccade target and probe stimuli locations were positioned correctly with respect to future and current receptive field locations to avoid unintentional contamination by a visual response. We transformed the REX data into a form analyzable by (MathWorks, Natick, MA) using the software (downloadable from Although the REX system provides an estimate of activity using the MEX (downloadable from spike sorter, for the analyses in this paper we used the MEX system to digitize the neural data and sorted the spikes offline using the MEX offline analysis program. The custom codes, and raw data from every cell analyzed in this paper are provided as. m, and. csv files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: The prosthetic attachment gave a bilateral amputee the ability to skate again (Fig. 3f & g). A special tool was also manufactured to allow the prosthetist or amputee to tighten bolts with minimal access. Fig. 3Adapter. a Blade mount was CT scanned at 0. 625 mm slice increments and then reconstructed. STL file was exported. b Design and freeform articulating surfaces created. c Files were aligned with the reconstruction of the skate blade mount. d Connecting geometry (posts) added between entities. e Three part assembly manufactured from titanium alloy using an electron beam melting machine. f & g Prosthetic attachments allow patients to enjoy skating or play stand up hockeyFull size image Example 3: Wine glass holderA 34-year old man status post upper extremity amputation had difficulty holding a standard wine glass due to the limitation of their terminal device. The prosthetic hook either applied too much pressure to the stem of the glass or the glass would wobble in the empty space between the two prongs. In order to resolve this issue, a mold of the empty space was created by placing lab putty in the open hook. The hook was then closed, allowing the putty to fill the void between the two prongs, creating an impression of both prongs (Fig. 4a). The set mold was then removed and scanned using CT at 5 mm slice increments. While 5 mm slice thickness is larger than the typical requirements, this level of detail was sufficient to serve as a basis for design. The scan was reconstructed in v17 and exported as an STL file (Fig. 4b). Note that due to the undercuts of the object, an accurate 3D surface scan would be difficult to obtain. The STL file was verified and imported into FreeFormPlus 2013 (3D Systems). A cup was added to support the bowl of the wine glass, and a 9 mm hole and slit were added for wine glass insertion (Fig. 4c). The final device was manufactured on an Objet500 Connex2 3D printer (Stratasys). The device was made from a combination of Plus and Plus to obtain the appropriate durometer for the device (Fig. 4d). This prosthetic device enabled the amputee to enjoy wine again (Fig. 4e). Fig. 4Holder. a Lab putty was used to make impression of the space between the prosthetic hook.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This will help you determine the startup and operational costs of your venture. You should also consider the potential market for your products. Then, you can select the best lottery software provider based on your requirements. After selecting a site, you will need to create an account and fund it with real cash. Most sites offer several payment options, ranging from credit cards to eWallets. Some even accept cryptocurrencies. Once you have your account funded, you can start playing the games. Most sites offer a variety of games, so you can find one that fits your taste and budget. Some states have their own official websites for lottery players to buy tickets and view results. These sites typically require a player to be located within the state or country in which the lottery operates. Other websites are run by third parties and serve as virtual ticket vendors. These sites allow users to purchase tickets for all major lotteries around the world. Some of these sites even sell Instant Games, which are casino-like games that can be played for a chance to win a jackpot. Whether it’s for the convenience or to save time, online lottery sites are becoming increasingly popular. They can be accessed from computers, tablets, and mobile phones. In addition, they offer a variety of bonus offers for new customers. These can include deposit-match bonuses and free ticket giveaways. These bonuses give you extra money on your first deposit and can boost your chances of winning big. When choosing an online lottery site, it is important to choose a trusted partner. A reputable website will have multiple layers of security to protect your information and ensure the safety of your transactions. It should also have customer support available 24/7 to answer any questions you may have. Before deciding to play the online lottery, make sure that you’re familiar with state lottery laws. Some states have restrictions on where you can play, and others require a physical in-person visit to verify your identity before awarding your prize. While this isn’t a problem for large jackpots, it can be a pain if you’re trying to claim a smaller prize. The process of winning a lottery online can be simple, but it’s important to understand the risks. Before you start, make sure that you’re familiar with the laws in your state and know how to protect yourself. In addition, make sure that you’re not using a rogue lottery website. These types of sites can lead to scams and theft.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Before performing detailed statistical analysis, we first investigated if the data came from standard normal distributions, using two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. When we tested the mean neural activity in the response windows (intervals described below), all of our data sets were found to be distributed non-normally (non-parametric). To show that the statistically significant cells in both experiments were not just one side of a symmetric distribution we calculated a memory index to quantify the degree to which each cell manifested memory activity, comparing postsaccadic activity in Block 1 (Rpre) with postsaccadic activity in Block 3 (Rmem): Memoryindex=(Rmem−Rpre)/(Rmem+Rpre) All index distributions were not normally distributed (by KS test), and we showed that the population median was significantly different from zero by using median values for the distribution of the memory indices and a Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare each sample with a test sample identical to the measured sample with the measured mean subtracted from each value. In addition, we calculated medcouple, a non-parametric histogram skewness measure (Brys et al. , 2004). This tool is not affected by unsymmetrical tails and outliers, and is also not based on classical skewness represented by the third moment. Since this measure does not depend on mean or standard deviation, it gives an accurate description of a skewed distribution. Its results are bound between values: −1 (left skewed), 0 (symmetric), and 1 (right skewed). All cells reported here had both statistically significant visual and memory responses (Wilcoxon signed rank p-value for median activity between baseline and response window <0. 001) (Whitley and Ball, 2002). We have excluded units with memory activity if median activity in Block 1 (baseline recording block) pre- and post-saccadic were statistically different (indicating eye-position modulation). In other words, even if we could find significant memory activity well beyond what can be described by either eye position or saccadic activity effect, we are not presenting them here. To quantify the magnitude of the memory and visual responses, we did a comparison of the peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) during baseline, visual, and memory trials, for identical epochs aligned on saccade onset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 3D printing can create customized prosthetics and medical devices. [SEP] Text: b Putty impression was scanned using computed tomography (CT) at 5 mm slice increment and then reconstructed. STL was exported. c The cup, hole, and slit added to the design. d Device was 3D printed using multi-material jetting machine utilizing flexible material. e Prosthetic attachment enables an amputee to enjoy wine againFull size image Results and discussionIn this manuscript, we researched and presented several methodologies to construct personalized examples highlighting the benefits CT reconstructions and the 3D printing process provide in successfully manufacturing prosthetic devices in limited quantities. These are but a few examples of the applications of this technique. Three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography create an accurate starting geometry for designing custom prosthetic attachment and devices when barriers to traditional design processes and production methods exist. Once 3D reconstructions were obtained anywhere from thirty minutes (Holder) to three hours (Adapters) were spent on the digital design process. 3D Printing has created new opportunities for the production of prosthetic devices and allows for the creation of unique, customized devices. Some limiting factors of these developed methodologies include the availability of equipment and materials, software, scanners, CT scan expenses, 3D printers, and experienced staff. Materials for these prosthetic components were chosen based on the technologies and materials available at the institution. Preliminary results show that the titanium alloy used has allowed for large safety factors, greater than 2. 5, on prosthetic attachments analyzed. Future endeavors include 3D printing a mold for to manufacture the Holder from silicone rubber. For less complex designs conventional machining could also be utilized if the facility had in-house capabilities or outsourcing could be more economical. For these particular project and other similar projects, the cost of outsourcing these components would have been higher than the cost of in-house production. CT scanning cost will differ by the institution; however, these objects do not require the radiologist reading. ConclusionUsing CT in conjunction with digital design and 3D printing can be utilized to create custom rehabilitation devices. Facility resources and knowledge can be limiting factors. 3D printing has created new opportunities previously unavailable to prosthetics, occupational therapy, and assistive technology departments. This methodology continues to be utilized when conventional techniques are limiting or suboptimal. Interprofessional collaboration, imaging, and digital manufacturing expertise are vital to the successful form, fit, and function of these devices. 2012. 15. F2F. MA. FAAST86.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: However, the basic rules of the game are the same for all of them: One player, designated by the rules of the game being played, makes the first bet. Each player must then either “call” that bet by putting chips into the pot equal to or greater than the amount placed in by the player before him, or raise that bet by matching it or more. Each player has five cards, and a combination of these creates their final poker hand. There are various combinations that can be made, ranging from high cards to pairs of the same number (for example, two sixes). The highest hand wins the pot. To be a successful poker player, you must understand how to read the other players at your table. This is done by studying their actions and reading their body language. Paying attention to their betting behavior can help you determine whether they have a strong or weak poker hand. You can then make more accurate calls and play your cards accordingly. It is also important to be able to read other players’ “tells,” which are the little quirks and habits that can give away their cards. For example, if someone fiddles with their rings or constantly looks at the floor, they probably have a weak hand and are unlikely to call a bet. On the other hand, if someone suddenly raises their bet, they may have a strong poker hand. 15/08/2024 by admin1989 Online: di Generasipoker dan IDN online telah menjadi salah satu permainan kasino terpopuler di dunia maya. Dengan berbagai platform seperti GenerasiPoker dan IDN Poker, para pemain diberikan kemudahan untuk mengakses permainan ini kapan saja dan di mana saja. Dalam panduan ini, kita akan membahas secara lengkap tentang bagaimana cara membangun strategi yang solid dan efektif untuk bermain poker online, terutama di kedua situs yang telah disebutkan. Memahami cara bermain dan strategi yang tepat sangat penting bagi siapa saja yang ingin meraih kemenangan dalam permainan judi poker.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: All PSTHs were normalized to baseline activity (block 1) and were constructed from 2 ms spike bins, smoothed using a 10 ms sliding causal filter. Baseline calculations were made in the −426 to −226 ms (pre-saccade onset) window. To quantify the decay, perisaccadic memory and visual responses, we selected the time point of peak activity in the window from 125 ms before the saccade onset (to include any predictive remapping) to 500 ms after. We then looked at the median of raw spike count over a window extending 100 ms before and after this point to calculate response latencies, as described next. To obtain a latency value of the memory response, we used a median threshold-crossing and sustained response method. In short, this analysis compared the median activity in the baseline and response windows. We derived a ‘cut off’ value by determining the spike count values which would fall above at least the 75% percentile of the baseline median. By comparing the median spike counts in the response window to this ‘cut off’ value, we could determine when a minimum of five bins (of 2 ms each) contained a greater spike count than the ‘cut off’ value. We took the first of these bins as the response latency, and verified visually by looking at the corresponding time on the PSTH. Since the baseline activity can vary between different trials in the same experiment, we first chose a window within the time from fixation to −226 ms before saccade onset. Within this wide window, we made 200 ms wide sliding windows, in 1 ms steps. By finding the median spike count within these smaller windows, we picked the window closest to the start of the response window (but still had the same median as the population of these several 200 ms wide windows). This median was chosen to look at the response window in which a threshold crossing for at least 20 ms was picked as the response latency. We could not calculate latencies for a few neurons using this method, because the baseline (pre-saccadic) memory block response was as high as post-saccadic activity. There were also a few other units whose latencies were automatically picked by the aforementioned median method but a more precise time point could be picked by doing yet another median-based analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Among mutualistic symbioses, the association of plants with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia [2] and with mycorrhizal fungi, in particular, are the result of a long co-evolution and co-operation between plants and soil microbes [1]. Different types of mycorrhizae have been found in nature: ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is predominant in forest soils and is characterized by the fact that the fungal hyphae remain outside the plant cell; endomycorrhiza comprises orchid, ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and derives its name from the fact that the fungal hyphae are able to enter into the plant root cells [3]. ECM fungi have evolved from wood- and litter-decaying fungal ancestors, without any obvious reversal to saprotrophy [4]. Although the oldest ECM root fossils date back to 50 million years ago (MYA) [5], molecular analyses place the origin of ECM fungi in the Cretaceous [6] and suggest that they probably played a role in the migration of plants from the tropics to the poorer temperate regions [7]. ECM fungi mostly belong to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and they form symbioses with a relative small number of plant species [4]. They play an important role in forest establishment and in the successful reforestation of harsh environments, such as saline areas [8]. Moreover, ECM fungi can form fruiting bodies which have an important economic impact, such as truffles. The AM symbiosis involves the majority of crop plants and results from the successful interaction between fungi in the Glomeromycota and the roots of about 80% of terrestrial plants [9]. This symbiosis is one of the oldest biotrophic interactions, dating back 400–450 MYA and is thought to have played a pivotal role in the water-to-land transition during plant evolution [10] (Figure 1). AM fungi have become so intimately dependent on plants that they are obligate biotrophs. The evolutionary success of mycorrhizal symbioses likely derives from the bidirectional nutrient exchange that takes place between the two partners in most associations: fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plants, while receiving sugars in return.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Strategi lainnya adalah mengatur anggaran dengan bijak. Sebaiknya tetapkan batasan berapa banyak uang yang ingin Anda gunakan saat bermain 5k Dana. Dengan mengatur anggaran, Anda dapat menghindari kerugian besar dan memperpanjang waktu bermain Anda. Cobalah untuk tidak terbawa emosi saat bermain; tetaplah disiplin dan ikuti rencana yang telah Anda buat. akan membantu Anda untuk tetap fokus dan tidak melakukan keputusan impulsif yang dapat berujung pada kerugian. Terakhir, manfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot seperti Nenekslot. Banyak situs menyediakan berbagai promosi yang memungkinkan Anda untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak kesempatan bermain tanpa harus mengeluarkan banyak uang. Pelajari syarat dan ketentuan dari promosi tersebut agar Anda bisa memaksimalkan potensi kemenangan di dalam permainan. Dengan kombinasi strategi yang tepat, peluang Anda untuk menang di akan meningkat secara signifikan. 01/08/2024 by admin1989 Menangkan Jackpot! Gacor dan Sebuah jackpot besar selalu menjadi impian para penggemar slot, dan dengan informasi yang tepat, Anda bisa mendekati mimpi tersebut. Dalam dunia permainan online, dan Gacor muncul sebagai pilihan menarik bagi para pemain yang mencari keseruan dan peluang menang yang lebih besar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: restore vision for the blind, several prosthetic approaches have been explored that convey raw images to the brain. So far, these schemes all suffer from a lack of bandwidth. An alternate approach would restore vision at the cognitive level, bypassing the need to convey sensory data. A wearable computer captures video and other data, extracts important scene knowledge, and conveys that to the user in compact form. Here, we implement an intuitive user interface for such a device using augmented reality: each object in the environment has a voice and communicates with the user on command. With minimal training, this system supports many aspects of visual cognition: obstacle avoidance, scene understanding, formation and recall of spatial memories, navigation. Blind subjects can traverse an unfamiliar multi-story building on their first attempt. To spur further development in this domain, we developed an open-source environment for standardized benchmarking of visual assistive devices. 36 million people are blind worldwide (Bourne et al. , 2017). In industrialized nations, the dominant causes of blindness are age-related diseases of the eye, all of which disrupt the normal flow of visual data from the eye to the brain. In some of these cases, biological repair is a potential option, and various treatments are being explored involving gene therapy, stem cells, or transplantation (Scholl et al. , 2016). However, the dominant strategy for restoring vision has been to bring the image into the brain through alternate means. The most direct route is electrical stimulation of surviving cells in the retina (Stingl and Zrenner, 2013; Weiland and Humayun, 2014) or of neurons in the visual cortex (Dobelle et al. , 1974). Another option involves translating the raw visual image into a different sensory modality (Loomis et al. , 2012; Maidenbaum et al. , 2014; Proulx et al. , 2016), such as touch (Stronks et al. , 2016) or hearing (Auvray et al. , 2007; Capelle et al. , 1998; Meijer, 1992). So far, none of these approaches has enabled any practical recovery of the functions formerly supported by vision. Despite decades of efforts all users of such devices remain legally blind (Luo and da Cruz, 2016; Stingl et al. , 2017; Striem-Amit et al. , 2012; Stronks et al. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: It has been estimated that up to 20% of the photosynthesis-derived compounds of terrestrial plants (approximately 5 billion tons of carbon per year) are consumed by symbiotic fungi [11]. On the other hand, for example, 70% of the overall Pi acquired by arbuscular mycorrhizal rice plants is delivered via the symbiotic route [12]. Mycorrhizal plants benefit from their interaction with symbiotic fungi not only in terms of improved mineral nutrition, with an increased biomass production, but also in better protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses [13]. Figure 1. Schematic timeline of the root symbiosis development. Because of the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses in plant health, several studies have focused on the biology, evolution and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations [14]. In particular, the recent development of high-throughput molecular tools has allowed us to gain deeper knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing the plant–fungus interaction [14], providing useful information for the application of these beneficial fungal agents to optimize plant health, nutrition and yields in sustainable agriculture and forestry. Although examples will be given for all mycorrhizal types, this 2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactionsThe plant AM fungal interaction starts in the soil surrounding the plant roots, a region termed rhizosphere, where both plants and fungi release chemical signals in a pre-symbiotic molecular dialogue [17]. Among their root exudates, plants release in the rhizosphere signals such as strigolactones and cutin monomers, which elicit hyphal branching in AM fungi as well as apical growth of fungal hyphae towards the root surface, following the gradient of plant molecules (Figure 2A). Although the fungal receptors for these plant molecules remain unknown, it has been proved that they are perceived by the fungus, causing a signal cascade. Figure 2. The boxes represent the four phases of formation of the plant–fungus association in the AM symbiosis. (A) Plant roots exude strigolactones and induce hyphal branching, while the fungus releases LCOs, perceived by the plant. (B) The AM fungus contacts the root surface and forms hyphopodia. (C) Epidermal plant cells produce a pre-penetration apparatus; the AM fungus starts to grow inside the plant and reaches the cortex.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Bagi para penggemar slot online, akan membantu Anda memahami lebih dalam tentang fitur-fitur menarik yang ditawarkan oleh Pragmatic Play. Dari slot demo gratis hingga versi terbaru terlengkap, selalu memberikan pengalaman bermain yang mendebarkan dan memuaskan. Dengan fitur-fitur inovatif seperti demo slot x500, akun demo slot, dan slot demo gacor, memastikan para pemain dapat menikmati sensasi bermain yang unik dan menghibur. Selain itu, kolaborasi dengan PG Soft juga menambah variasi permainan yang menarik, memberikan pilihan yang lebih beragam kepada para penggemar slot online. Tidak ketinggalan demo pragmatic dari yang selalu dinantikan, menampilkan tampilan grafis yang memukau dan gameplay yang menarik. Dengan mengikuti panduan pragmatic ini, para pemain dapat memaksimalkan pengalaman bermain mereka dan menemukan demo slot terbaru dan gratis untuk dinikmati. slot demo pg 22/06/2024 by admin1989 and Psychology of is the wagering of something of value, such as money or personal possessions, on an event that involves chance. It can also refer to a game in which skill is involved, but the outcome of that activity depends on random chance. While the majority of people gamble for fun, a small percentage develop an addiction to gambling that can have serious social and financial consequences. For centuries, humans have been engaged in activities that could be considered gambling. However, as understanding of the adverse effects of gambling has developed, our thinking about this behavior has been transformed. The current view of pathological gambling (PG) encompasses a broad range, from behaviors that place individuals at risk of developing a problem to those that would meet the diagnostic criteria of PG in the fourth edition of the psychiatric manual, commonly known as DSM-IV. This 49.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: While one can certainly hope for progress in these domains, it is worth asking what are the fundamental obstacles to restoration of visual function. The human eye takes in about 1 gigabit of raw image information every second, whereas our visual system extracts from this just tens of bits to guide our thoughts and actions (Pitkow and Meister, 2014). All the above approaches seek to transmit the raw image into the brain. This requires inordinately high data rates. Further, the signal must arrive in the brain in a format that can be interpreted usefully by the visual system or some substitute brain area to perform the key steps of knowledge acquisition, like scene recognition and object identification. None of the technologies available today deliver the high data rate required to retain the relevant details of a scene, nor do they produce a neural code for the image that matches the expectations of the human brain, even given the prodigious degree of adaptive plasticity in the nervous system. Three decades ago, one of the pioneers of sensory substitution articulated his vision of a future visual prosthesis (Collins, 1985): "I strongly believe that we should take a more sophisticated approach, utilizing the power of artificial intelligence for processing large amounts of detailed visual information in order to substitute for the missing functions of the eye and much of the visual pre-processing performed by the brain. We should off-load the blind travelers' brain of these otherwise slow and arduous tasks which are normally performed effortlessly by the sighted visual system". Whereas at that time the goal was hopelessly out of reach, today’s capabilities in computer vision, artificial intelligence, and miniaturized computing power are converging to make it realistic. Here, we present such an approach that bypasses the need to convey the sensory data entirely, and focuses instead on the important high-level knowledge, presented at a comfortable data rate and in an intuitive format. We call the system CARA: a cognitive augmented reality assistant for the blind. principles CARA uses a wearable augmented reality device to give voices to all the relevant objects in the environment (Figure 1A). Unlike most efforts at scene sonification (Bujacz and Strumiłło, 2016; Csapó and Wersényi, 2013), our system communicates through natural language. Each object in the scene can talk to the user with a voice that comes from the object’s location. The voice’s pitch increases as the object gets closer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: (D) The AM fungal hypha branches inside the cortex cells and form the arbuscules. Fungal signal molecules have been identified in the past few years as being lipo-chito-oligosaccharides (LCOs) [18], the same type of signal molecules produced by rhizobia when interacting with legume plants, and chito-oligosaccharides (COs) [19]. Although the plant receptors for the fungal signal molecules have not been identified yet, large families of receptors are predicted to potentially bind these molecules. Thanks to the exchange of these plant and fungal signal molecules, the plant and the AM fungus recognize each other and begin a more intimate phase of the interaction, with the fungus starting root colonization. The plant paves the way for fungal colonization by building up the so-called pre-penetration apparatus (PPA) [20], a transient assembly that defines the path followed by the fungal hyphae toward the inner root layers (Figure 2B–C). The AM fungus follows the path created by the PPA until the root cortex, where it starts to form a tree-like structure called 'arbuscule' (Figure 2D). The arbuscule is the core of a functional AM symbiosis, shaped as a highly branched structure where each hyphal branch is surrounded by the plant cell membrane. The contact surface between the plant and the AM fungus greatly increases around the arbuscule, thus increasing the area of nutrient exchanges. After few (ca. 4–5) days, the arbuscule collapses [21] and is replaced by a new one in the same or in another cortical cell. During AM fungal colonization, ‘early stage’ indicates the phase occurring prior to and during the initial contact between the two symbionts. This stage ends with the formation of the arbuscules that mark the transition to the ‘late stage’ of the symbiosis. However, fungal colonization of plant roots occurs at many access points not normally synchronized and the mycorrhizal symbiosis is highly dynamic, meaning that when new access points are created, arbuscules are forming and collapsing. Therefore, early and late stages can be really distinguished only after the first contacts between plant and fungus.

Output: corroborate