Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: A ranked heat map of the 50 compounds that contributed most to the difference between PB and GB enabled easy visualization of the results, providing substantial evidence that the composition of the sample groups was quite different despite their similar NFPs (Figure 2). The score plot (Figure 3) from unsupervised PCA showed a distinct separation in components, with 97. 3% of the variance explained by the first principal component (PC1), likewise indicating significant differences between PB and GB. The VIP plot (Figure 4) generated from the PLS-DA models enabled visualization of the ranking of individual compounds that discriminated between the PB and GB. 2: Heat map of the top 50 compounds ranked by p values (lowest to highest) that were significantly different (p < 0. 05) between the GB and the PB. Red (intensity ranges from 0 to 1. 5) indicates the higher abundance (upregulation) of a compound, while blue (intensity ranges from −0 to −1. 5) indicates the lower abundance (downregulation) of a compound. The coding below the heat map represents the individual samples analyzed. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). 3: Score plot created using unsupervised PCA. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). 4: VIP plot generated from the PLS-DA models shows compounds ranked according to their prognostic importance (VIP scores) in separating the chemical profiles of GB and PB. The boxes on the right of the plot show the relative concentrations (blue: low to red: high) of each compound in the GB and PB samples. The colored bars at the left of the ranked compounds list the metabolite class of the ranked compounds that were identified using ChemRICH. Figure courtesy of van Vliet and others (3). Individual compounds of interest were clustered into metabolite classes according to structural similarity using ChemRICH. Twenty-four classes with ≥3 structurally similar metabolites were found. Of the 24 metabolite classes, 23 differed significantly (false discovery rates adjusted p <0. 05) between the GB and the PB. The metabolite classes that most discriminated between GB and the PB were amino acids, nonprotein amino acids, saccharides, saturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, phenols, dipeptides, sugar alcohols, vitamins, glycerides, unsaturated fatty acids, and amino alcohols (Figure 4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Abbreviationsμi: Growth rate (1/h) Ai: E: Ethanol concentration (g/L) G: Glucose concentration (g/L) Kg: Glucose uptake saturation constant (g/L) Kie: Ethanol inhibition constant (g/L) Kigz: Glucose inhibition constant (g/L) kLa: Oxygen mass transfer coefficient (h-1) Ko: Oxygen uptake saturation constant (mM) Kz: Xylose uptake saturation constant (g/L) O: Dissolved oxygen concentration (mM) O*: Dissolved oxygen saturation concentration (mM) vc: S. cerevisiae Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) ve: c: S. cerevisiae ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) ve: s: S. stipitis ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) vg: c: S. cerevisiae glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: max: Maximum glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: s: S. stipitis glucose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) vi: max: Vector of upper bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vi: min: Vector of lower bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vo: c: S. cerevisiae oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: max: Maximum oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: s: S. stipitis oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vs: S. stipitis Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) vz: max: Maximum xylose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vz: s: S. stipitis xylose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) wc: S. cerevisiae biomass reaction ws: S. stipitis biomass reaction Xc: S. cerevisiae concentration (g/L) Xs: S. stipitis concentration (g/L) Z: Xylose concentration (g/L). 577. 157. 172. 1097. 4800. 509. 236.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: The effect of multi-dimensional indicators on urban thermal conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;177:115-12322. . Quantifying the local cooling effects of urban green spaces: Evidence from Bengaluru, India. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021;209:10404323. . The relationship between urban heat island and air pollutants and them with influencing factors in the Delta, China. Ecological Indicators. 2021;129:10797624. . The urban heat island mitigation potential of vegetation depends on local surface type and shade. & Urban Greening. 2021;62:12712825. . The shading effects of green infrastructure in private residential areas: Building performance simulation to support urban planning. Energy and Buildings. 2020;229:11053126. . Differential air temperature cooling performance of urban vegetation types in the tropics. & Urban Greening. 2020;50:12665127. . Thermal and humidity effect of urban green spaces with different shapes: A case study of Shanghai, China. of. 2021;18(11):594128. Allowing users to benefit from tree shading: Using a smartphone app to allow adaptive route planning during extreme heat. Forests. 2020;11(9):99829. é. Comparative analysis in thermal behaviour of common urban building materials and vegetation and consequences for urban heat island effect. Building and Environment. 2022;213:10848930. Simon H, Lindén. Modeling transpiration and leaf temperature of urban trees—A case study evaluating the microclimate model ENVI-met against measurement data. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018;174:33-4031. . A study on the impact of shadow-cast and tree species on in-canyon and neighborhood’s thermal comfort. Building and Environment. 2017;115:1-1732. . Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. and Society. 2019;49:10163433. Using green to cool the grey: Modelling the cooling effect of green spaces with a high spatial resolution. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;724:13818234. örster M, Kleinschmit B. Mapping evapotranspirative and radiative cooling services in an urban environment. and Society. 2022;85:10405135.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Metabolites in metabolite classes (such as phenols, tocopherols, and phytosterols) were found exclusively or in greater abundance in the plant-based meat alternative. Interrogation of the FooDB and PubChem online databases, using Service (CAS) numbers and the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), yielded information about the biological significance of the metabolite classes that differentiated GB, according to published reports, are compounds with vitamin E activity known for antioxidant properties (5). The polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, ω-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, ω-3), were found exclusively (ARA) or in greater quantities (DHA) in the GB samples. These fatty acids are major constituents of the brain phospholipid membrane, and have important roles in cognition, immunomodulation, platelet function, and cell signalling, and their deficiencies are associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (6). Taken together, the results suggest that despite nearly identical NFPs, GB and PB are not the same, and therefore not nutritionally interchangeable. Though more research is necessary to know for sure, the two different types of meats appear to provide complementary nutritional value. ConclusionGiven the consumer interest and market growth in plant-based meat alternatives, understanding the differences between alternative and traditional meats beyond what is typically provided in NFPs is essential. With sample derivatization, GC–MS provides an analytical solution that enables measurement of various and numerous compounds with potentially important physiological roles, including amino acids, phenols, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and dipeptides. In this study, GC–MS provided data well suited to in-depth profiling of the chemical differences between derivatized GB and PB meat samples. False discovery rate–adjusted statistical and multivariate analysis of GC–MS data revealed that 90% of annotated compounds differed between the PB and the GB samples. Many compounds were found exclusively or in greater quantities in the PB, whereas many others were found either exclusively or in greater quantities in the GB. Heat maps, PCA score plots, and VIP plots that are commonly used to visualize metabolomics data, as well as clustering of compounds into metabolite classes, provided further insight into the differences between the types of meats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits View 10. 7717/peerj. 3517 Published 2017-07-14 Accepted 2017-06-07 Received 2016-12-05 analysis, Flowers, Hill numbers, Nectar sugars, Yucatan-Mexico, Pollinators, Species richness, © 2017 Canto et al. is an open access 2017. Nectar-living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits. PeerJ 5:e3517 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 0. 50 to 1 µL. Flowers used in the sampling were fully open at the time of nectar collection. Three to six flowers were sampled from each plant and 6–10 individual plants were surveyed per plant species. Of the three nectar drops obtained from each flower, one was used for DNA-based identification of yeasts, another for quantification of yeast cell density and the other to estimate sugar composition and concentration, using methods described below (see 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-1 Yeast isolation and DNA identification The respective nectar drops were individually streaked onto YM agar plates (1. 0% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 3% malt extract, 0. 3% yeast extract, 2. 0% agar) with 0. 01% chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C until microbial colonies were detectable (2–20 days). A total of 158 yeast isolates was obtained from the 439 nectar drops plated. Agar plates were observed under a microscope at 10×–40×magnification (Olympus CX31) and phenotypically different yeasts were purified by streak-plating; approximately 1–5 yeast types grew per agar plate. A single clone (an entire colony) of each purified morphotype was used for species identification. As many yeast isolates from nectar drops as possible were DNA sequenced.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Sanchez L, Reames TG. Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. & Urban Greening. 2019;44:12633136. Nature-based solutions (nbss) to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects in Canadian cities. Buildings. 2022;12(7):92537. . Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review. & Urban Greening. 2020;55:12684338. . Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2019;116(15):7575-758039. . Exploring the evapotranspirative cooling effect of a green façade. and Society. 2022;81:10382240. Tabari H, Talaee PH. Sensitivity of evapotranspiration to climatic change in different climates. Global and Planetary Change. 2014;115:16-2341. . Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks. & Urban Greening. 2013;12(3):323-32942. Teuling AJ. A forest evapotranspiration paradox investigated using lysimeter data. Journal. 2018;17(1):1-743. . The characteristics of plant clusters influence on the cooling effect: A case study in a subtropical Island Park, China. and Conservation. 2022;34:e0205544. . The effects of land use on spatial pattern of urban green spaces and their cooling ability. Urban Climate. 2021;35:10074345. . Multi-city comparison of the relationships between spatial pattern and cooling effect of urban green spaces in four major Asian cities. Ecological Indicators. 2019;98:200-21346. . Landscape metrics in assessing how the configuration of urban green spaces affects their cooling effect: A systematic review of empirical studies. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2023;239:10484247. Osborne PE, Alvares-Sanches T. Quantifying how landscape composition and configuration affect urban land surface temperatures using machine learning and neutral landscapes. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2019;76:80-9048. . Revisiting the cooling effects of urban greening : Planning implications of vegetation types and spatial configuration. & Urban Greening.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Differences in root exudation patterns among the species of the different symbiotic groups likely played a role in recruiting the primary symbionts but also shaping the wider root microbiome. Exudate compounds such as plant hormones like strigolactones initiate hyphal branching, AMF recruitment, and the subsequent inter- and extracellular root colonization by the symbionts [53]. Recent evidence also suggests that strigolactones have both positive and negative impacts on the growth of other, non-mycorrhizal fungi associating with plant roots [30, 32]. Similarly, the symbiosis between host plant and rhizobia has been shown to be initiated by plant exudation of flavonoids, a diverse set of plant secondary metabolites important for symbiont recruitment and the formation of root nodules [26, 27]. It has also been suggested that flavonoids are important for AMF symbiosis signaling [31] and may contribute to driving community dynamics of other bacteria and fungi in the root microbiome [54]. It is also possible that plant metabolites, which are not linked to the recruitment of the primary symbionts, could have played a role in our observation of significantly lower fungal diversity measures in group N (Fig. 2B). For example, species within the Brassicaceae are well characterized for their production of glucosinolates, a class of sulfur-rich secondary metabolites [55, 56]. Glucosinolates – enzymatically activated to isothiocyanates [55] – have been shown to alter the community composition of root-associated fungal communities in the Brassicaceae species A. thaliana [57], and to reduce fungal richness and diversity when applied exogenously to soil [58, 59]. Interestingly, we noted the lowest intra-group fungal diversity measures in group N for the Brassicaceae species (Additional file 1: Fig. S6B), supporting the idea that fungi may be more susceptible to isothiocyanates than bacteria [60]. In short, differences in the wider microbiome of the tested plant species that varied in their associations with AMF and rhizobia are likely the result of a combination of differences in the known microbial communities that associate with the different symbionts, notably AMF hyphae, indirect responses to changes in root morphology and physiology, or as a result of exudation patterns in response to symbiotic type.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) was two-way sequenced for each clone using the primer combination NL1–NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited and assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd. , Auckland, New Zealand). Nucleotide collection databases at GenBank were queried with the Tool (BLAST; Altschul et al. , 1997) to look for named yeast species with DNA sequences matching those obtained from the isolates. All sequences queried yielded significant correlations with named yeast accessions in GenBank databases, generally with 98–100% of sequence coverage and identity. Resulting DNA species and the associated sampling information (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus and Botanical family) was used for analyses of yeast diversity. The yeast isolates studied are maintained in the Centro de de Yucatan (CICY); their corresponding DNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the accessions listed in Table 1. Cell counts and nectar sugar composition and concentration The density of yeast cells in each nectar drop was estimated using a Neubauer chamber and standard cell count procedures (Herrera et al. , 2009). The initial volume of nectar drops was measured with calibrated micropipettes (Dafni, 1992), then each nectar sample was diluted with 0. 5% lactophenol cotton blue solution to obtain a final volume of up to 1. 5–6 times the initial volume. Each diluted sample was loaded on a counting chamber and examined under a microscope. Cells were counted in each of 16 quadrants of the counting chamber and cell density was calculated using the formula: cells per µL = average number of cells counted in the quadrants multiplied by the dilution factor and the fixed volume of the chamber. The sugar composition and concentration of nectar was measured using procedures described by Herrera, Pérez & Alonso (2006) and Canto et al. (2011) and ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: 2021;64(January):127266. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ufug. 2021. 12726649. . How to quantify the cooling effect of urban parks? Linking maximum and accumulation perspectives. of Environment. 2021;252:11213550. -Carmona P, Halik Ü, et al. Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation. of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2014;89:59-66. Available from: [Accessed: February 17, 2015]51. . Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;577:349-35952. Masoudi M, Tan PY. Multi-year comparison of the effects of spatial pattern of urban green spaces on urban land surface temperature. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019;184:44-5853. . Complex mechanisms linking land surface temperature to greenspace spatial patterns: Evidence from four southeastern Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;674:77-8754. . Testing an energy exchange and microclimate cooling hypothesis for the effect of vegetation configuration on urban heat. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019;279:10766655. -Zakar Z. Optimized greenery configuration to mitigate urban heat: A decade systematic review. Frontiers of Architectural Research. 2022;11(3):466-49156. Effect of spatial resolution of satellite images on estimating the greenness and evapotranspiration of urban green spaces. Hydrological Processes. 2020;34(15):3183-319957. AboElata AAA. Study the vegetation as urban strategy to mitigate urban heat island in mega city Cairo. Sciences. 2017;37:386-39558. Cooling hot cities: A systematic and critical review of the numerical modelling literature. Letters. 2021;16(5):5300759. . Urban climates and climate change. of Environment and Resources. 2020;45:411-44460. . Urban green space cooling effect in cities. Heliyon. 2019;5(4):e0133961. Estimating the cooling effect of pocket green space in high density urban areas in Shanghai, China.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Samples of nectar were individually blotted onto a 10 mm × 12 mm sterile Whatman 3 MM paper wick; immediately after absorption, wicks were placed into sterile envelopes and stored at 25−26 °C in silica gel. For the analytical procedure, nectar-containing wicks were individually placed into Eppendorf tubes and 1 mL of HPLC-grade water was added to each tube. Each diluted sample was filtered using a 0. 4 µm polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter and 5 µL of solution injected into a Dionex DX 500 HPLC system (Dionex; ). The HPLC system was equipped with an effluent degas module, a GP 40 gradient pump, a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 50 mm) guard column and a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 250 mm) analytical column. It also had an ED40 electrochemical detector for pulsed amperometric detection in integrated amperometric mode, with the normal preloaded wave form for sugar detection (Dionex Corp. , 1994). The column was eluted isocratically (flow rate 1 mL min−1) with 40 mM NaOH (50% solution; JT Baker, Deventer, Netherlands) and kept at 24 °C during analysis. The concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose in each nectar sample (g of solute per 100 mL solution) were calculated by integrating the area under the corresponding chromatogram peaks, using linear regression models fitted to the data of standard sugar solutions, then calculating the expected concentration values corresponding with the integrated area of each sugar type in the analyzed samples. Two independent HPLC measurements were performed on each diluted sample; replicate results were averaged for the analyses. Data analysis To characterize the species diversity of nectar yeasts and to compare diversity estimates across the hierarchical sampling levels (i. e. , Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, Family), the analytical framework suggested by Chao et al. (2014) was implemented using the R package iNEXT (Hsieh, Ma & Chao, 2016). This method generalizes the sample size-based approach of Colwell et al. (2012) and the coverage-based approach of Chao & Jost (2012) to produce and expand rarefaction-extrapolation curves of species based on Hill numbers (Hill, 1973).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021;9:65796962. . Effects of area and shape of greenspace on urban cooling in Nanjing, China. Journal of & Development. 2019;145(4):401901663. Xu Z, Zhao S. Scale dependence of urban green space cooling efficiency: A case study in Beijing metropolitan area. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;898:16556364. . Green space cooling effect and contribution to mitigate heat island effect of surrounding communities in Beijing metropolitan area. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10:87040365. . The cooling effect of urban green spaces in metacities: A case study of Beijing, China’s capital. Remote Sensing. 2021;13(22):460166. . Quantifying the cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing data. & Urban Greening. 2017;27:24-3167. . Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2014;128:35-4768. Pramanik S, Punia M. Assessment of green space cooling effects in dense urban landscape: A case study of Delhi, India. Systems and Environment. 2019;5:867-88469. . A simple and easy method to quantify the cool island intensity of urban greenspace. & Urban Greening. 2021;62:12717370. Amani-. Impacts of the microclimate of a large urban park on its surrounding built environment in the summertime. Remote Sensing. 2021;13(22):470371. . Characterization of different heat mitigation strategies in landscape to fight against heat island and improve thermal comfort in hot—Humid climate (part I): Measurement and modelling. and Society. 2017;32:523-53172. . Synergistic cooling effects ( SCEs ) of urban green-blue spaces on local thermal environment : A case study in Chongqing China. and Society. 2020;55(December 2019):102065. DOI: 10. 1016/j. scs. 2020. 10206573. . Correlation between cooling effect of green space and surrounding urban spatial form: Evidence from 36 urban green spaces. Building and Environment. 2022;222:10937574. Bowler DE, Buyung-.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hill numbers are a mathematically unified family of diversity indices, differing among themselves only by an exponent q. These indices provide a suitable framework for measuring diversity because (1) they are expressed in units of effective numbers of species, (2) by using algebraic transformation, they are easily associated with key diversity indices such as Shannon entropy and Gini-Simpson index, and (3) their estimations can be effectively generalized to incorporate hierarchical levels of diversity in a species assemblage (Chao et al. , 2014). For each sampling level (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family), an incidence matrix was built by recording the presence or absence across sampling units of each of the 158 DNA species identified. The first three Hill numbers (Hill, 1973), which are associated with estimators of species richness and species dominance, were calculated for each level; their corresponding rarefaction and extrapolation curves were constructed. The first Hill number (q = 0) used in the analysis estimates the expected yeast species richness (number of species) in the assemblage of nectar host plants. The second Hill number (q = 1) is the exponential of the Shannon entropy index and estimates yeast diversity with respect to equally common species and species richness (Shannon diversity). The third Hill number (q = 2) is the inverse Simpson concentration index and measures the dominance of yeast species in the species assemblage (Simpson diversity); see Hill (1973) for further details about Hill numbers. To compare hierarchical sampling levels, rarefaction and sample size-based extrapolation were produced for each level to provide asymptotic estimators of diversity based on Hill numbers with their respective 95% confidence intervals constructed by a bootstrap method (Chao et al. , 2014). One potential issue in our sampling is that it included many different plant species, each with a relatively low replication. To account for this as much as possible, first, all yeast species that occurred only once were excluded from the analysis, as they were likely to be allochthonous; second, an analysis of sampling completeness was conducted to estimate the sample size needed for the proportion of undetected autochthonous species to remain unchanged even when the sample size increases (Chao & Jost, 2012). To this end, a sample completeness curve was constructed by combining the sample size-based and the coverage-based estimations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens contribute to reducing urban heat by increasing green spaces. [SEP] Text: Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2010;97(3):147-15575. . Comparison of cooling effect between green space and water body. and Society. 2021;67:10271176. Yang G, Yu Z, Jørgensen G, Vejre H. How can urban blue-green space be planned for climate adaption in high-latitude cities? A seasonal perspective. and Society. 2020;53:10193277. Yu Z, Guo X, Jørgensen G, Vejre H. How can urban green spaces be planned for climate adaptation in subtropical cities? Ecological Indicators. 2017;82:152-16278. Barriuso F, Urbano B. Green roofs and walls design intended to mitigate climate change in urban areas across all continents. Sustainability. 2021;13(4):224579. . The application of very high resolution satellite image in urban vegetation cover investigation: A case study of Xiamen City. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2003;13:265-27080. Ju Y, Dronova I, Delclòs-Alió X. A 10 m resolution urban green space map for major cities from Sentinel-2 remote sensing images and OpenStreetMap. Scientific Data. 2022;9(1):58681. ørgensen G, Vejre H. Strong contributions of local background climate to the cooling effect of urban green vegetation. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):679882. Analysis of cooling and humidification effects of different coverage types in small green spaces (SGS) in the context of urban homogenization: A case of HAU campus green spaces in summer in Zhengzhou, China. Atmosphere (Basel). 2020;11(8):86283. . Impact of small-scale tree planting patterns on outdoor cooling and thermal comfort. and Society. 2020;56:10208584. Blocken B. Computational fluid dynamics for urban physics: Importance, scales, possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations. Building and Environment. 2015;91:219-24585. Mirzaei PA. Recent challenges in modeling of urban heat island. and Society. 2015;19:200-20686. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Extrapolations were extended up to double the initial sample size (i. e. , 122 nectar samples) for all sampling levels, which allowed us to make predictions about the yeast diversity that can be detected in each sampling level using a similar sampling effort. The number of nectar samples examined in each level was 122, 54, 17, 13, and 10 for Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family, respectively. Correspondence analysis was conducted using the R package ca (Greenacre, Nenadic & Friendly, 2016) to obtain a statistical and graphical visualization of associations between nectar-living yeasts and host plants. This analysis is a geometric technique for displaying the rows and the columns of a contingency table as points in a low-dimensional space such that the positions of the row and column points are consistent with their associations in the table. The analysis produces correspondence-dimensions based on the profiles (relative frequency of yeast taxa corresponding with the respective host plant), weighted average of profiles (centroid of the space representation), chi-square Euclidean-distances (proximity between points), and the total inertia (total contribution of yeast taxa and host plant to the between-taxa correspondence). For yeasts and host plant data, contingency tables were produced using yeast species as column variables and plant species as row variables. All singletons were excluded from the analysis. The first three dimensions obtained from the analysis were plotted to generate biplots representing correspondence between yeast and host plant taxa. Given that the relationship between response and explanatory variables follows a power pattern (e. g. , the response variable is proportional to the explanatory variable raised to a power), a power regression model was used to test the association between yeast cell density (explanatory variable) and nectar sugar concentration (response variable) in nectar samples. To construct the power model and test it, first the logarithm of both variables was taken and plotted to verify the linear pattern; then, a linear regression was performed on the transformed data to test the relationship between variables. The inverse transformation was made on both sizes of the linearized function to obtain the power function and the exponential term (Rossiter, 2016). Data were plotted taking the logarithms of both variables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens provide access to fresh produce and foster social connections. [SEP] Text: Community gardens in urban areas: a critical reflection on the extent to which they strenghten social cohesion and provide alternative food E. J. & output: Thesis › internal (1) aims of this thesis are twofold; firstly, it aims to increase the understanding of the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion for those involved; secondly, it aims to gain insight into the importance community gardeners attach to food growing per se, and the extent to which participants perceive community gardens as an alternative to the industrial food system. I define community gardens as a plot of land in an urban area, cultivated either communally or individually by people from the direct neighbourhood or the wider city, or in which urbanites are involved in other ways than gardening, and to which there is a collective element. Over the last years, community gardens have sprung up in several Dutch cities. Although there are various reasons for an increasing interest in community gardens, there are two that I focus on in this thesis in particular. The first is the assumption made that community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods, to be seen in the light of the ‘participatory society’. The second is community gardens’ contribution to the availability of locally produced food, in the context of an increased interest in Networks (AFNs). government aims to transform the Dutch welfare state into a participatory society in which citizens take more responsibility for their social and physical environment. This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: of Novel Plant-Alternatives and Traditional Animal-Swing1, Thompson1, Octavio Guimaraes1, Ifigenia Geornaras1, Engle1, Belk1, Gifford2 and Nair1* 1 Center for meat safety and quality, Department of states2 Department of animal science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United states *Corresponding Author(s): :+1 9704915622, Email:mahesh. narayanan_nair@colostate. edu Received Date: Jun 26, 2021 Accepted Date: Jun 30, 2021 Published Date: Jul 09, 2021 DOI:10. 24966/FSN-1076/100109 Abstract Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are increasing in popularity and may provide essential nutrients for some populations. Therefore, different formulations of popular PBMAs, such as Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), and Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), were assessed in comparison to traditional Animal-(ABM), such as 80/20 (GP) for nutrient composition. Sodium content was considerably greater (P<0. 05) in all PBMAs than GP, along with total saturated fat content being numerically greater when compared to GP. content of all PBMAs was numerically greater than ABMs. (EAA) content was numerically greater in BMB2 than in ABMs, although anabolically important EAA, such as methionine and lysine were substantially greater (P<0. 05) in GP. While PBMAs were comparable to ABMs in many nutrients, bioavailability should be further investigated. Keywords Animal-based meats; Essential amino acids; Nutrition; Plant-based proteins; Saturated fatty acids; nutrition and food insecurity are widespread challenges facing the world, with global estimations suggesting that, every year, over 2 billion people may suffer from a nutrient deficiency, 690 million people may suffer from hunger, 144 million children, under the age of 5, may suffer from stunted growth, and over 650 million people may suffer from obesity worldwide [1-4]. Additionally, an increasing global population, accompanied by changes in urbanization, industrialization, and globalization have compounded the challenges regarding poor nutrition and food insecurity as the global demand for animal proteins is expected to double by 2050 [5-7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To identify the contribution of different types of yeasts and host plants after removing the variance due to yeast cell density a least-square regression with two categorical co-factors was performed on the transformed data. Different groups of yeasts (Yeast) and different host plant species (Plant) were treated as co-factors. Sample sizes in several combinations of yeasts and host plants were less than five and yeast groups tended to not occur across all host plants, therefore, the Yeast was classified into groups to obtain a robust analysis. The groups of yeasts were Metschnikowia, Papilotrema, Ustilago, and Other yeasts. group included the closely related Metschnikowia ipomoeae, M. koreensis, M. lochheadii, and Metschnikowia sp. Similarly, the Papilotrema included Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, P. nemorosus, and P. rajasthanensis. group included Ustilago sparsa and Ustilago sp. The yeast species with very small sample sizes were included in the Other yeasts group. Given that data are structured as an incomplete design, an interaction term (Yeast × Plant) was added to test multiplicative effects of yeasts and host plants, rather than additive effects. A Type III approach for unbalanced data was used to calculate the sums of squares (Zahn, 2010). (AIC) was applied to measure the goodness of fit of the model, taking into account the number of parameters included and to find the best model that fits the data with the minimum number of parameters. The AIC analysis drops terms from the full model and compares the original model to the reduced one. Analyses were calculated separately for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In four cases, nectar samples produced more than one yeast species. In each of those cases, the yeast identity assigned in the analysis was selected at random from the co-occurring yeast species. Analyses were performed with R software (R Team, 2016). diversity A total of 39 species of yeasts was identified, composed of 48% Ascomycota and 52% Basidiomycota (Table 1). The number of colonies produced by each nectar drop is reported in the raw data file and the number of nectar drops by host plant species is reported in the 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies Jiménez, (2018). Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM). Description Title: Energy and economic optimization of PV hybrid systems to supply buildings HVAC demand : battery modeling and control strategies Author/s: Solano Jiménez, Contributor/s: Caamaño Martín, Estefanía Olivieri, Lorenzo Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: April 2018 Subjects: Telecommunications Faculty: E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM) Department: Commons Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (14MB) | El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación es evaluar el potencial que tienen los sistemas híbridos fotovoltaicos para suministrar la potencia eléctrica necesaria a los sistemas de climatización en edificios. Los sistemas de climatización, o también llamados HVAC por sus siglas en inglés (Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning), son utilizados a nivel mundial tanto en edificios comerciales, como residenciales para el acondicionamiento ambiental. En particular, estos sistemas representan entre el 40% y 60% del total de la demanda eléctrica de los edificios. La hipótesis que se planeta en esta Tesis, sugiere que un sistema híbrido fotovoltaico, es capaz de suministrar la energía necesaria para mantener las condiciones de confort al interior de un edificio, a la vez que este sistema es rentable técnica y económicamente desde el punto de vista del consumidor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: Additionally, plant-based diets, such as veganism, vegetarianism, and flexitarianism are increasing worldwide, which has generated a growing affability to plant-based diets, as well as a demand for the development of novel plant-based meat alternatives [8,9]. Plant-Alternatives (PBMA) are products that mimic the taste, appearance, or texture of Animal-(ABM) [10]. Novel PBMAs have become popular in recent years, with the market growing at five times the rate of the ABM market in 2019 and is expected to reach a global value of $ 8. 1 billion by the year 2026 [11]. Commercial PBMAs are primarily being developed by companies such as however, traditionally ABM producing companies, such as Cargill, JBS, Tyson, and others are also developing novel PBMAs [12]. To mimic the elasticity and mouth feel of traditional ABMs, modern PBMAs often utilize isolated proteins obtained from legumes, oilseeds, and cereals, as well as purified fats and oils obtained from coconuts, cocoa fruit, sunflower seeds, and rapeseed [12,13]. While many of these plant-sourced foods can often be a good source of dietary nutrients, anti nutrient factors present in plant tissues, such as oxalates, phytates, tannins, and other antagonists, may inhibit the absorption of nutrients [14,15]. In contrast, ABMs have been long regarded as a good source of readily bio available nutrients; but have also been criticized as a potential risk factor for the development of various human diseases [16-18]. Therefore, a substantial knowledge gap exists about the nutrient profiles of PBMAs and ABMs, and its impact on human health and wellbeing [9]. collection and processing To adhere to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), Service’s (ARS) guidelines, original and current formulations of the Burger (BMB1, BMB2), Burger (IFB1, IFB2), Morning Star’s Burger (BBB), along with the 80/20 (GP) were purchased at food service companies and supermarkets from six randomly selected cities (Seattle, WA; Peyton, CO; Memphis, TN; Newburgh, IN; Houston, TX; and Brooklyn, NY) throughout the with ingredients listed in table 1. Approximately 5 lbs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: There was a single yeast species per nectar drop in practically all cases; two or three different yeast species occurred in only four nectar samples (see Data S1). The most frequent ascomycetous yeasts were Metschnikowia koreensis (n = 13), M. lochheadii (n = 11), and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum (n = 12), and the most frequent basidiomycetous yeasts were Ustilago species (n = 14) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii (n = 12), and Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili (n = 8). Analysis of diversity predicts that the overall species richness of yeasts in the sampled nectar community (Hill number q = 0) was between 25 and 34 species, which was in the same order of magnitude as the number of equally common species (q = 1, 22–34 species) or dominant species (q = 2, 19–33 species). Rarefaction and extrapolation curves were consistent in showing that several yeasts remained unrecorded at the Genus and Family sampling levels of the plant community surveyed. None of the three diversity estimates used reached an asymptote at those levels of the sampling hierarchy. At the Species level, species richness reached an asymptote at a sample size doubling the initial sampling effort, i. e. , n = 17. Analyses also showed that the number of species harbored at the Drop and Plant levels was nearly completely sampled since the three estimators of diversity reached an asymptote at approximately 100 and 50 sampling units, respectively. The maximum predicted species values were 25 for species richness (q = 0), 22 for equally common species (q = 1) and 19 for dominant species (q = 2). At all levels, estimation of the species richness is roughly comparable to the dominance. Rarefaction and extrapolation curves also allow us to make two predictions of Hill numbers for equally common species (q = 1) and dominance (q = 2) of yeasts in the host plant community. In the first scenario, Drop and Individual sampling categories for nectar collection reach an asymptote and harbor relatively low yeast diversity. In the second, Species, Genus and Family categories do not reach an asymptote; even when extrapolations double initial sample size and remain relatively high, there is unrecorded yeast diversity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Para cumplir el objetivo planteado y contrastar la hipótesis, se ha instalado y monitorizado un sistema de almacenamiento eléctrico acoplado a un sistema fotovoltaico ya existente en el prototipo de vivienda de consumo de energía casi nulo llamado ‘Magic Box’ del Instituto de Energía Solar de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Así mismo, se ha instalado dos bombas de calor que mantienen las condiciones de confort dentro de la vivienda y sensores de temperatura, humedad relativa y concentración de CO2. En el sistema híbrido, se ha implementado algoritmos de control, que son capaces de gestionar la potencia generada por el sistema fotovoltaico, la potencia de carga y descarga de la batería, y la energía importada y exportada de la red eléctrica, de tal manera que el consumo eléctrico de las bombas de calor siempre esté suministrado. Mediante estos algoritmos se ha logrado implementar dos estrategias de control (aumento del autoconsumo fotovoltaico y disminución de los picos de demanda de la red) y dos modos de funcionamiento (que la batería abastezca toda la demanda de la vivienda, o que la batería actúe sólo para abastecer la demanda específica de climatización). Con los datos recopilados luego de una extensa campaña de mediciones, se desarrolló un modelo matemático que reproduce las estrategias de control implementadas en el sistema híbrido, con un error menor al 10%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: 5 Table 5: Mineral composition (ppm±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05) *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. While these minerals are nutritionally essential, the presence of phytates, fibrous plant materials, mineral antagonists, and the incorporation of minerals in the food matrix may inhibit absorption [43-46]. High calcium and magnesium levels have been known to decrease iron and potassium absorption, while high iron concentrations have been known to contribute to lower manganese absorption [47-49]. While it has been demonstrated that calcium doses (similar to those present in IFB1) do not significantly reduce iron absorption, calcium has been known to inhibit iron absorption when minerals were ingested from the same food, which could be the case in PBMAs. Additionally, high sodium and potassium levels may increase urinary mineral losses [48-51]. Vitamin analysis Results from vitamin analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 6 and 7, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin A, D2, and D3 were found to be below the detection limits (<0. 3mcg/g for vitamin A, and 2 and D3) in all raw and cooked products, with only vitamin K1beingdetected in BMB1, BMB2, and BBB samples at concentrations slightly above the detection limit. content in raw and cooked PBMAs was substantially greater (P<0. 05) than in raw and cooked GP. content in GB can be variable depending on the production and processing parameters, although GB was numerically less than the PBMAs and GP in the samples tested for this study [52]. One serving of cooked PBMA may supply between 14. 7 to 60. 1 % of the RDA for adults (19-30y) [40]. Generally, vitamin E supplementation in foods contributes a significant portion (>50% RDA) to the American diet, but absorption of vitamin E in the human intestine is highly variable and can be impacted by the amount consumed, fat content, food matrix, and the presence of other fat-soluble nutrients [53,54].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These last categories have the highest predicted diversity of yeasts (Fig. 1, q = 0, q = 1, q = 2). Completeness curves show that sample completeness was nearly achieved with the current sample size at the Drop and Individual levels (1 and 0. 99, respectively). At the Species level, sampled completeness was close to one (0. 89) and at higher-order levels, the maximum sample completeness was 0. 76 and 0. 65 for Genus and Family, respectively (Fig. 1, sampling completeness). Figure 1: Diversity of tropical nectar-living yeasts. Diversity of nectar-living yeasts at the different hierarchically nested sampling levels used in nectar collection: nectar drops (Drop), individual plants (Individual), plant species (Species), plant genus (Genus), and botanical family (Family). Plots show (A) species richness (Hill number for q = 0), (B) equally abundant species (q = 1), (C) dominance (q = 2), and (D) sample completeness curve. Diversity curves were constructed using rarefied (solid lines) and extrapolated nectar samples (dashed lines) with sample size-based estimations. Each curve was extrapolated up to double the initial sample size. Observed sample size for each category curve is denoted by a different symbol. The 95% confidence intervals (color-shaded regions) were obtained by a bootstrap method based on 200 replications. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-1 Yeast-plant associations Correspondence analysis revealed a significant number of associations between yeasts and host plants (Fig. 2). The most extreme correspondence was observed between K. cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii, followed by Starmerella sp. and Metschnikowia ipomoeae with the host plant Ipomoea crinicalyx, Clavispora lusitaniae with Agave angustifolia, and M. koreensis with Tecoma stans. Looser associations included Candida sorbosivorans with Passiflora foetida, Metschnikowia sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: La cuarta parte presenta los resultados de los tres casos de estudio mencionados, las conclusiones de esta Tesis, las publicaciones realizadas en revistas científicas y congresos internacionales y, finalmente, define futuras líneas de investigación que puedan surgir a partir de esta Tesis. -------------------- The main objective of this research is to assess the potential of PV hybrid systems to supply the electrical consumption in the Heating, Cooling and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings. The hypothesis of this thesis suggests that a PV hybrid system is capable of supplying the necessary energy to maintain the comfort conditions inside a building, while this system is technically and economically profitable from the point of view of the consumer. In order to fulfil the proposed objective and contrast the hypothesis, a (BESS) has been coupled to a PV system already existing in the prototype of the nearly zero-energy building, so-called ‘Magic Box’ at the Instituto de Energía Solar - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Likewise, two heat pumps to maintain the comfort conditions inside the house, sensors of temperature, relative humidity and concentration of CO2, have been installed. In the PV hybrid system, control algorithms have been implemented, which are capable of managing the power generated by the PV system, the charge and discharge battery power, and the imported and exported electricity grid, in such a way that the electrical consumption of the heat pumps is always supplied. By means of these algorithms, two control strategies have been implemented (optimizing the PV self-consumption and peak-shaving) and two modes of operation (the battery supplies all loads, or the battery only supplies the HVAC specific load). With the data collected after an extensive measurement programme, a model was developed that reproduces the control strategies implemented in the PV hybrid system, with an error lower than 10%. This model served as the basis for the development of a simulation software tool that allows one to evaluate — for various case studies — the main parameters of the system (PV generation, power exchange with the BESS, power exchange with the utility grid and the battery state of charge).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: ND: Not Detected. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid compositions were greater (P<0. 05) in GP than in the PBMAs, although, oleic (C18:1) acid content in BMB2 and IFB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid content from IFB1 to IFB2 may be a result of sunflower oil which was used in addition to coconut oil in the IFB2 formulation [67]. Cocoa butter was substituted in the BMB2 formulation for sunflower oil, which may explain the increase (P<0. 05) in oleic acid (C18:1) content from BMB1 and decrease (P<0. 05) in linoleic acid (C18:2) content from BMB1 [67,68]. Linoleic (C18:2) and a-linolenic (C18:3) acids, cannot be synthesized de novo and are essential for human growth and development [69]. The BMB1 and BBB products proved to be a potentially excellent sources of these essential fatty acids compared to the other PBMAs. Conversely, GP was an excellent source of linoleic (C18:2) and arachidonic (C20:4) acid compared to BMB2 and IFB2. Fatty acids are readily absorbed in the human body, but the presence of fibrous materials and various thickeners and binders incorporated into PBMA formulations may inhibit fatty acid absorption [70,71]. Amino acid analysis Results from amino acid analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 10 and 11, respectively. Total essential amino acid content of raw BMB1, BMB2, and IFB1 ranged between 70 and 76mg/g while total essential amino acid content of raw GP and GB ranged between 66 and 68mg/g. Histidine, methionine, and lysine concentrations were greater (P<0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: with Lonchocarpus longistylus, Sporidiobolus ruineniae with Merremia dissecta, Papilotrema flavescens with Bravaisia berlandieriana, and Kwoniella mangrovensis with Operculina pinnatifida. The weakest associations were observed between Saitozyma flava, Ustilago sparsa, and Ustilago sp. with Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba, and Vishniacozyma taibaiensis and Naganishia liquefaciens with Piscidia piscipula (Fig. 2). Figure 2: Correspondence analysis for nectar-living yeasts. Correspondence analysis for yeasts isolated from floral nectar samples. Plots show the associations between yeasts and host plants: (A) dimensions 1 and 2, (B) dimensions 2 and 3, (C) dimensions 3 and 4. Yeasts are depicted by filled triangles and letters and host plants by filled circles and numbers. Distances among points depict the similarity between members of the same yeast group or of the same plant group. White dashed-line ellipses indicate significant (p < 0. 05) correspondences between yeasts and host plants. Percentage of contribution of each dimension to total variation is shown in parenthesis in the respective dimension. The points depicting the extreme correspondence of Kurtzmaniella cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii were extracted from the graphic analysis so that the correspondences are better observed. Yeasts: (a) Starmerella sp. , (b) Wickerhamiella occidentalis, (c) Candida sorbosivorans, (e) Clavispora lusitaniae, (f) Metschnikowia ipomoeae, (g) Metschnikowia lochheadii (h) Metschnikowia sp. , (i) Metschnikowia koreensis, (k) Vishniacozyma taibaiensis, (l) Saitozyma flava (m) Cryptococcus sp. 1, (n) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, (o) Papilotrema flavescens, (p) Cryptococcus sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: renaissance of interest in the bacteria inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) manifested itself 10–15 years ago, after the fact of bidirectional gut–brain communication had been established (Rhee et al. , 2009; Foster and Neufeld, 2013; Averina and Danilenko, 2017; Cryan et al. , 2019). Along with the successful metagenomic sequencing of intestinal (fecal) samples, the obtainment of experimental data, and the simultaneous development of the techniques of bioinformatic data analysis, this interdisciplinary trend has become one of leading trends in the science of life (Klimina et al. , 2020; Averina et al. , 2020). Today, it is obvious that the gastrointestinal microbiota (the microbiome) communicates directly and indirectly with all human organs and systems, being one of the key integrating mechanisms for the maintenance of homeostasis (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017; Wang et al. , 2017; Grosicki et al. , 2018; Kastl et al. , 2020). The effects of HGM bacteria, in particular, lactobacilli, on the functions of the immune system have been known since the time of discovery of this phenomenon by the academician I. I. Mechnikov (Marco et al. , 2006), and they have been studied over the past 100 years. The genus Lactobacillus is an important HGM inhabitant that exerts a substantial effect on the function of the immune system (Galdeano and Perdigón, 2006; Abdo et al. , 2019). Many lactobacillus strains belonging to more than 120 species have been used in probiotics and postbiotics (Shenderov, 2013; Marsova et al. , 2020а, 2020b; Novik and Savich, 2020). The genomes of many thousands of Lactobacillus strains were sequenced, and the methods of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis were used to detect the genes and their products responsible for interactions with the host organism, including the immune system (Zhang et al. , 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2, (q) Naganishia liquefaciens, (r) Hannaella siamensis, (s) Kwoniella mangrovensis, (t) Rhodotorula paludigena, (u) Sporidiobolus ruineniae, (v) Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili, (w) Ustilago sparsa, (x) Ustilago sp. Host plants: (1) Agave angustifolia, (2) Bravaisia berlandieriana, (3) Gymnopodium floribundum, (4) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (5) Ipomoea hederifolia, (6) Ipomoea nil, (7) Ipomoea triloba, (8) Lonchocarpus longistylus, (9) Merremia dissecta, (10) Operculina pinnatifida, (12) Passiflora foetida, (13) Piscidia piscipula, (14) Tecoma stans. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-2 Yeast effects on nectar sugars Nectar samples containing yeasts had lower average concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose than nectar samples lacking yeasts, irrespective of the yeast species and host plant (Table 2). In general, significant relationships were found between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration. The decrease in concentration of sucrose, glucose and fructose were proportional to the increase in yeast cell density raised to a power coefficient. In Fig. 3, data are plotted taking the logarithms of both variables to show the linearized pattern and the power function fitted for each sugar. Different yeasts groups (Yeast) and different plant species (Plant) as main factors showed no contributions to explaining variance in the model, but the interaction between both terms had a significant impact on the relationship between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration (Table 3). The AIC values confirmed that the multiplicative impact of the interaction between Yeast and Plant was more important to the regression model than the additive effect of each factor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Hence, it was possible to proceed from the era of probiotics to the development of pharmbiotics, drugs based on bacteria with the classical probiotic properties but with the identified active component(s), mechanisms of action, and an experimentally confirmed efficiency against particular nosological forms (Oleskin and Shenderov, 2019). There is an abundance of data indicating the role of microbiota in the development of various diseases (psychiatric, oncologic, autoimmune and infectious) (Blumberg and Powrie, 2012; Gilbert et al. , 2016; Levy et al. , 2017). Lactobacilli-based drugs are considered psychobiotics (Yunes et al. , 2016a, 2016b, 2019; Cheng et al. , 2019), probiotics exhibiting antioxidant potential (Marsova et al. , 2018, 2020а, 2020b; Talib et al. , 2019), and immunobiotics (Averina et al. , 2015; Tada et al. , 2016). The year of 2020 saw the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The apparent role of the HGM in the maintenance of the immune system and the significant effect of the immune system of a particular person on the course of disease compel us to take a closer look at the neuromodulating, antioxidant, and immunomodulating potentials of the HGM. The specific properties of lactobacilli as potential immunomodulating agents for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 require further analysis of this aspect. In the present review, we attempted to bring the HGM microbiome, the immunomodulatory potential of lactobacilli, as well as other probiotic bacteria, and COVID-19 infection together into a single systemic problem. : human microbiota is an assembly of various microorganisms inhabiting the human body (Yan and Charles, 2018). The microbiome is an assembly of the genes of all microorganisms comprising the microbiota (Turnbaugh et al. , 2013; Shreiner et al. , 2015). These terms are currently considered synonyms, and the original term is microbiome. Microorganisms begin to colonize human body at the moment of birth, when the fetus passes through the birth canal; by the third–fourth year of a child’s life, its microbiota becomes similar in composition to the microbiota of adults (Lozupone et al. , 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The best power model that fits the data is one that includes yeast cell density as a predictor of nectar sugar concentration and a multiplicative effect of the interaction between yeasts and host plant species (Table 3). To illustrate the interaction between Yeast and Plant factors and its impact on nectar sugar concentration, along with the overlap effect of yeast cell density, scatter plots for representative yeast species and their respective host plant species are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2: Nectar samples with yeasts and nectar samples without yeasts. Comparisons of average (±SD) concentrations of the three nectar sugars between nectar samples containing yeast cells and nectar samples without cells. t-tests and statistical significance are shown for each sugar. Nectar sugars Nectar samples (g of solute per 100 mL solution) t d. f p With yeasts Without yeasts Sucrose 6. 3 ± 7. 8 10. 6 ± 11. 1 4. 48 215 <0. 0001 Glucose 2. 5 ± 3. 2 5. 5 ± 3. 8 7. 95 196 <0. 0001 Fructose 2. 9 ± 2. 9 5. 6 ± 3. 5 8. 81 172 <0. 0001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-2 Figure 3: The relationship between nectar sugars and yeast cell density. Overall relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of nectar sugars: (A) sucrose, (B) glucose and (C) fructose. Power models are shown in each panel along with their statistical significance. The percentages of variance of each sugar explained by each model (adjusted R2) are 10%, 30%, and 36% for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-3 Table 3: Type III least-square analyses and Criterion (AIC) values for the effect of yeast cell density on the concentration of nectar sugars. Sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom (d. f. ), F-values (F) and statistical significance (P-value) for the co-factors Yeast (different groups of yeasts) and Plant (different host plant species) are shown jointly with their respective AIC value. The lower the AIC value, the better the model fits to the data when a variable/co-factor is included in the model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The replenishment and development of microflora from year to year continues until adulthood. In the case of caesarian section, the newborn’s microbiota is based on bacteria from the environment but not on the vaginal and fecal bacteria of its mother. The microbiotas of babies born vaginally and via C-section show the presence of undifferentiated bacterial communities of the skin, mouth cavity, nasopharynx, and gut of newborns irrespective of the means of delivery. The microbiota of unnatural born babies is similar to the mothers’ skin community; natural born babies acquire bacterial communities similar to the vaginal microbiota. Other factors influencing the microbiota are the type of infant feeding, gestational age, and administration of antibiotics. Bifidobacteria are predominant in the microbiota of breastfed babies, while the amounts of Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, and Lactobacillus are higher in formula-fed babies (Ottman et al. , 2012)The microbiota of adults is rather stable if the environment remains constant, but it changes in their old age with a decrease in compositional diversity (Lozupone et al. , 2012). The human microbiota undergoes changes in response to various factors, including diet, environment, stress, medical interventions and diseases (Barko et al. , 2018; Gilbert et al. , 2018). The microbiota consists of a consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, which are also present in and on human body and amount to 1013–1014 microorganisms. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the viral component of the microbiome (virome) has begun to attract great attention (Mukhopadhya and Segal, 2019). The HGM is extremely numerous and diverse in composition. The amount of bacteria in the intestines is equal to the number of somatic cells in the body. The biomass of gut microbiota may be up to 1–2 kg. The number of microorganisms varies between different parts of GIT: 102–104 cells/mL in the stomach, 106–108 in the small intestine, and up to 1012 cells/mL in the large intestine (Derrien and van Hylckama Vlieg, 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: com recently reported that the consumption of processed meat (such as smoked meat, ham, bacon, and sausages), as well as red meat products (such as beef, lamb, and pork), has been linked to cancer. Furthermore, the presence of saturated fatty acids in red meat is linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to an increased incidence of low-density lipoproteins in the body. A large body of research has revealed the health benefits associated with switching animal sources of protein with plant-based sources, including reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Furthermore, meat analogues are rich in dietary fibre, which plays an essential role in preventing bowel disease, heart disease, and diabetes. “Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction. ” As consumers have become increasingly aware of the treatment and lifestyle of livestock, many hold serious concerns for the overall health and welfare of farmed animals. Problems are increasingly arising from poor farm management practices, including livestock being subjected to beatings and animal health issues that are left untreated by farmers. Intensive farming systems are similarly contentious, where livestock are reared in extremely high densities, which result in elevated levels of stress and an increased risk of diseases amongst the animals. As such, more people than ever before are looking at meat-free alternatives for sources of dietary protein. Laccase. Appearance of grilled meat analogues treated with enzyme laccase, in the presence or absence of a binder (methyl cellulose or SBP). by 2030 According to the Programme, 135 million suffer from acute hunger – largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although a radical change of the global food and agriculture system is needed to sustain the increasing world population, the UN forecasts that the world is not on track to meet its Goal 2: by 2030. In fact, if current trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030, or 9. 8% of the global population. One way to make the goal more achievable is to switch to plant-based diets. Although replacing meat in our diet with meat alternatives can provide a wide range of health and environmental benefits, most consumers remain unwilling to eliminate animal products from their diet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Model terms Fructose SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC Full model −126 −206 −190 Yeast cell density 1. 35 1 5. 88 0. 0178 −120 0. 84 1 7. 85 0. 0064 −197 0. 56 1 4. 48 0. 0375 −186 Yeast 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Plant 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Yeast × Plant 4. 74 8 2. 57 0. 0155 −117 2. 39 8 2. 81 0. 0089 −194 2. 62 8 2. 64 0. 0133 −180 Residual 0. 48 73 0. 33 73 0. 35 73 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-3 Figure 4: Differential effects of nectar-living yeasts. The effect of the interaction of different types of yeasts and host plants on the relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of sugar in nectar samples. Data are shown only for fructose concentration in nectar of (A) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (B) Ipomoea hederifolia, (C) Ipomoea nil, (D) Ipomoea triloba, (E) Merremia aegyptia, (F) Merremia dissecta, (G) Operculina pinnatifida, (H) Opuntia dillenii, and (I) Tecoma stans. Not all yeasts are distributed in all host plants; some yeasts seem to be specific to some plants. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-4 other studies of nectar-living yeasts have been conducted in tropical nectariferous plants to date, excepting Herrera et al. (2009) and Canto & Herrera (2012), where the frequency of yeasts in floral nectar samples was assessed in three regions, two in southern Spain and one in southern Mexico. However, the diversity of nectar yeasts was not explicitly addressed in these previous studies, although their results suggest differences between temperate and tropical regions. A similar study was conducted by Mittelbach et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The overwhelming majority of bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) belong to the following three phyla: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria (Spor et al. , 2011; Moal, 2014; Montalban-Arques et al. , 2015). Microbiomics is the developing field of research on the detection of microbiota components, analysis of the microbiome, characterization of the interactions between the microbiota and the host, and assessment of its effect on the state of human health (Fata et al. , 2018). The microbiota makes a vital contribution to energy homeostasis, metabolism, the state of the intestinal epithelium, and the immunological activity of the organism, including its responses to infectious diseases. Studies have proven the important role of the HGM in the control of brain development and function, while the immune system becomes an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes regulate the maturation and function of resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which protect against infections and injuries, and they maintain neurons with remodeling of chain bonding and plasticity. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate the responses to neuroinflammation, brain injuries, autoimmunity, and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the microbiota and the immune system are involved in etiopathogenesis or the manifestation of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease (Fung et al. , 2017). Carbohydrate fermentation is the main function of the HGM. It was shown that the metagenome of the small intestine is much more enriched in genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism as compared to the metagenome of feces. Sugar phosphotransferases, enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, proteins for lactate and propionate fermentation, and cofactors such as cobalamin and biotin are encoded in many taxa from iliac drains, in particular, Streptococcus. This confirms that carbohydrate balance is the central function of the collective small intestinal microbiota (Zoetendal et al. , 2012). Metatranscriptomic analysis showed that metabolic processes are very active and that the microbiota of the small intestine quickly adapts to fluctuations in nutrient availability in the lumen via the fast metabolism of simple carbohydrates to maintain the life of the community.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: However, Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction and acceptance of food products. Furthermore, the method proposed by Sakai and his collaborators is the first chemical-free binding system for meat analogues. The novel method of production is associated with considerable health benefits, including a 2. 3-fold higher release of free amino nitrogen after gastrointestinal digestion, compared to that released from meat analogues treated with MC as the binder. With this new method for manufacturing more delicious and nutritious plant-based protein sources, more people will reap the benefits of a meat-free or reduced meat diet – whilst also helping to lessen the impact of human agriculture on our world’s fragile ecosystem. Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com What are the next steps for your research? Using enzymatic methods, we aim to solve the technical challenges faced by customers and manufacturers of plant-based foods, especially meat and milk alternatives. In a recent study, we tackled one of the challenges of plant-based meat analogues using enzymatic methods. We safely and effectively imitated the colour of meat alternatives, which is important for the perception of taste and overall product acceptance: www. nature. com/4. In this way, I would like to maximise the potential of enzymes. 6631. (2020) A review of research on plant-based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes. in 19 (5), 2639–2656. Nations (2020). Goal 2: [online]. Nations. Available at: www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ [Accessed 08/02/2022]. DOI 10. 26904/RF-140-2389701088 Using enzyme technology, develops innovative plant-based alternative foods. completed his studies at between 2012 to 2018. He then joined Inc, where he specialises in enzyme technology for developing plant-based alternative foods. 1–6 Technoplaza Kakamigahara-Shi Gifu, 509-0109 Japan E: [email protected] T: +81 (0)58 379 1223 W: www. amano-enzyme. co. jp W: www. amano-enzyme.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) in a subtropical environment of the Canary Islands. We will first discuss diversity patterns found in the present study and then compare them with previous findings. Finally, we will discuss the association between yeast species and host plants and the implications of differential yeast effects on nectar sugars. Yeast diversity Our results indicate that the assemblage of yeasts in the plant community surveyed was composed of a relatively high number of species at the highest sampling levels (plant genera and botanical families), along with a substantial number of equally common species and relatively low species dominance. This tropical plant community harbored a higher diversity of nectar yeasts than our sampling design could detect. While the expected yeast diversity at the drop and individual levels was estimated acceptably with the sample size set in this study, the analysis predicts that diversity increased remarkably at higher levels in the sampling hierarchy. Reducing the number of nectar drop replicates per plant, as well as the number of individual plants per species, while increasing the number of plant genera and families will probably achieve a more encompassing picture of diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical plants. A frequent pattern of animal and plant diversity is the latitudinal gradient of species richness (Pianka, 1966; Hillebrand, 2004). Although latitudinal clines in species richness are discernible in several groups of marine bacterioplankton and phytoplankton microorganisms (e. g. , Fuhrman et al. , 2008; Schattenhofer et al. , 2009; Barton et al. , 2010), microbial diversity has been less studied in these clines, particularly for diversity associated with tropical floral nectars. Although more studies are necessary, our results and those of the other studies reveal a possible tendency for lower latitudes to support more nectar-living yeast species than higher latitudes. For example, Herzberg, Fischer & Titze (2002) studied microfungal diversity in the nectars of native plants in temperate communities of Germany, reporting a species richness of 20 yeasts in a total of 25 different plant species. Pozo, Herrera & Bazaga (2011) found 12 yeast taxa in 24 plant species in southern Spain; later, Álvarez Pérez & Herrera (2013) found 20 yeasts in nectar of 30 plant species in a large plant assemblage from southern Spain. Most recently, Mittelbach et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: As compared to conventionally raised mice, the skeletal muscles of mice lacking a microbiome were characterized by a noticeably higher activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and carnitine palmitoyltranferase-1 (CPT-1), demonstrating an enhanced oxidative capacity. Taken together, these early studies show that the gut microbiota can influence body composition via the regulation of the bioenergetic pathways of skeletal muscles (Grosicki et al. , 2018). The metabolites produced by GIT microorganisms also exert an effect on distal organs, such as the lungs (Wang et al. , 2017). The microaspiration of intestinal bacteria or the transfer of sensitized immune cells by lymph or blood flow influences the immunoresponse of other organs. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with several lung diseases, including allergy, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. The bidirectional interaction between the gut and the lungs is best illustrated by the intestinal disorders observed with lung disease. For example, the decreased number of Bifidobacteria and the increased number of Clostridia in the intestines are associated with early-age asthma. In addition, mouse studies showed that the depletion of certain species in the gut microbiota as a result of antibiotic administration influences lung diseases and allergic inflammation (Dharmage et al. , 2015). Changes in the pulmonary microbial community also affect the composition of the gut microbiota. For example, the viral dynamics of influenza in respiratory tracts (as shown in mouse models) increases the amount of Enterobacteriaceae and decreases the amount of lactobacilli and lactococci in the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis of the lung microbiota upon the introduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice is accompanied by gut-microbiota disorders due to the transfer of bacteria from lungs with the blood flow (Sze et al. , 2014). All of the mentioned results confirm that the gut and lungs are complexly related organs that influence the homeostasis of each other. The human body seems to have not a single organ or system that would not be directly or indirectly associated with the function of the gut microbiota. interactions between the microbiota and the host immune system are polymodal, complex, and bidirectional.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: From the moment of birth, the human microbiota, primarily, the gut microbiota, plays the decisive role in the induction, training, and function of the immune system (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017). In turn, the immune system develops as a tool that supports partnerships with commensal and symbiotic microorganisms and induces protective inflammatory responses to pathogens, i. e. , the immune system learns to coexist with commensal microbiota and to respond adequately to pathogenic microorganisms (Hooper et al. , 2012). The disturbance of intestinal homeostasis can lead to diseases such as cancer, Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis), nonspecific ulcerative colitis, diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma, etc. (Cianci et al. , 2018). The development of these diseases also correlates with impaired functions of the immune system (Fedorova and Danilenko, 2014). The intestines are an important immunological organ. About 80% of all immunocompetent cells are localized in the intestinal mucus; about 25% of the mucous membrane consists of immunologically active tissue and cells. Morphologically, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes cellular (macrophages, plasma and mast cells, lymphocytes, etc. ) and structural elements (lymphoid follicles, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, etc. ). The latter, which are controlled by cells of immunological memory, are involved in the interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which are capable of antigen absorption or processing, and T cells, thereby carrying out the immunoresponse. An important GALT function is antigen identification and the removal or development of immunological tolerance to antigens (Yarilin, 2010). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the transmembrane molecules binding extra- and intracellular structures and are elements of the immune protection of the intestinal epithelium. They perform an important function in the immune response: they detect particular structures of the antigens of intestinal bacteria and bind them. TLR receptors provide tolerance to constant microflora, APC-antigen delivery, an increased gap-junction density, and the induction of antimicrobial peptides (Lu et al. , 2018).

Output: corroborate