Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes prevents the loss of water caused by high external osmolarity and allows the maintenance of turgor [68]. The accumulation of carnitin, betain and proline was determined in LAB grown in MRS and complex diluted MRS medium (DMRS medium) [70]. Moreover, a specific response mechanism to osmotic stress was identified in a sourdough model system [13]. In particular, the growth of L. sanfranciscensis under osmotic stress resulted in a relevant accumulation of 3-methylbutanoic acid. Its synthesis is associated with the BCCAs. , is NAD+ dependent and produces NADH during the reaction [71]. The accumulation of 3-methylbutanoic acid as predominant metabolite has been also observed in model systems simulating sourdough as a consequence of osmotic, acid or oxidative stress [12, 15]. High pressure stress response: High-pressure processing (HPP) or high pressure homogenization (HPH) are non-thermal processes capable of inactivating and eliminating pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms in specific foods [11, 72], and it represents an exceptional stimulus for most mesophilic bacteria. Several proteins are induced after high pressure treatment and some of these have also been involved in the response to other various stresses [8]. The responses to HHP stress have been studied in particular on L. sakei and L. sanfranciscensis [73, 18]. suggested the presence of de novo protein synthesis as a consequence of HHP stress [73]. As concerning HPH several interesting studies on the responses on Lactobacillus spp. , at the level of proteolytic and metabolic activities point of view have been conducted [11, 21, 22, 74]. HPH treatment positively affects the proteolytic activity of some of Lactobacillus strains, but the activation and the quantitative and qualitative changes of the metabolic activity appear to be the most promising results. The pre-treatment at different pressure was able to induce relevant changes in term of fermentation dynamics and metabolism with respect to the untreated cells [11]. The same approach was applied on L. acidophilus and L. paracasei to improve the technological performances of probiotic strains [21, 22, 74].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: This age brink has yet to be studied and identified; An analysis of Mary Gordon’s Roots of Empathy program indicates that it falls somewhere between Kindergarten and third grade, though this conjecture needs to be verified. Further research may also determine what happens after this age milestone is surpassed: would there still be some way to modify the MNS, e. g. , in the case of older autistic children? 4 Empathy and SYNC4. 1 SynchronizationThe aforementioned empathy and embodied simulation indicate that something extraordinary happens between people when they communicate, and the lifeblood of this wonder seems to be the mirror neurons, driving the process of intentional attunement (Gallese 2008, 2009, 2011). Two brains attune and couple, synchronizing beyond and regardless of the content of communication. Synchronization is understood here in a broader sense, as coordination of events to operate a system. Footnote 7 Brown and Kocarev (2000) highlight that SYNC can be considered if the properties of two subsystems (parts of a larger interacting system) agree in time. In the context of brain coupling, SYNC may be defined as coordination of brains to operate in accord and in time. The embodied simulation may lead to a situation where two brains become tuned to each other. 4. 2 Brain-to-brain couplingThis process is attributed to the emergence of complex behaviors that require the coordination of actions among individuals according to a shared set of rules. The neural processes in one brain are coupled to the neural processes in another brain via the transmission of signals through the environment. Two brains synchronize. This process of brain-to-brain coupling looks exactly like a wireless communication system in which two brains are coupled via the transmission of a physical signal (e. g. , sound, pressure or chemical compound) through the shared physical environment (Hasson et al. 2012). There are numerous joined behaviors such as mating, group cohesion, and predator avoidance, which depend on accurate production and perception of social signals. Development processes ultimately must result in coupling between the sensory systems of one individual with the signals produced by the motor system of another individual (Hasson et al. ibid). 4. 2. 1 Interactive alignment Interactive alignment is the unconscious process that enables communication and dialogue between people. Two interlocutors simultaneously align their representations at different linguistic levels by imitating each other’s choices of speech sounds, grammatical forms, words, and meanings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The selected healers were well-known in the community due to their long practice in providing services related to traditional health care to the community. Prior to the interview process, discussion was held with the informants through assistance of local elders to elaborate the objective of the study. This was done to clarify the purpose and build confidence of the respondents to provide reliable information without suspicion. After the discussion, 6 potential informants (2 from Aari, 1 from Maale and 3 from Bena-Tsemay) showed unwillingness to share their medicinal plant knowledge and withdrew from the study. The 50 healers that participated in the study were asked to provide information on plant(s) use against any kind of illness in humans and livestock, and in particular the type of plant (e. g. trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers or others) and the parts used (e. g. roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, stems or others), the methods of remedy preparation (e. g. concoction, filtrate, paste on, smoke bath, pounded or others), the routes of administration (e. g. oral, topical, smoke bath, nasal or others) and the dosage. Specimen of the reported medicinal plants were collected during the interview from the field, coded and sent to the of University for botanical identification and archiving. Data collection and analysisDescriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize the ethno-botanical data. Based on the information obtained from the informants, the ailments reported were grouped into a total of 12 categories (Table 1). To estimate medicinal plant use variability and to assist prioritizing medicinal plants for further studies, the informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated [20]. The ICF is calculated using the number of use 0. 5) indicate that informants do not agree on the plant species to be used to treat a category of ailments. Table 1 Informant consensus factor (ICF) values of use category of multiple plants claimed as having medicinal values by informants of the three ethnic groups from zone, southern size tableResults and discussionKnowledge of informants on medicinal plantsIndigenous people of different localities have their own specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation [21]. Medicinal plants represent a significant contribution to human and livestock health and it has been suggested that their use is one of the most significant ways in which humans directly reap the benefits provided from biodiversity [22, 23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Carbon sources are often present at high concentrations in food substrates, and therefore competition concerns the rapid uptake of nutrients and conversion into biomass. In dairy fermentations nitrogen is limiting, and initially organisms compete for the free amino acids and small peptides available. While in the later stages of fermentation, they compete for the peptides released by the actions of proteolytic enzymes [77]. In a cell-density-dependent quorum-sensing system, bacteria produce extracellular signaling molecules such as peptides or post-translationally modified peptides that act as inducers for gene expression when concentrations of these molecules exceed a certain threshold value [79]. These changes might eventually lead to competitive advantages for the population, more effective adaptation and responses to changing environmental conditions, or the co-ordination of interactions between bacteria and their abiotic and biotic environments [7]. In fact, microorganisms produce diffusible chemicals for the purpose of communication and it has been reported that the stress caused by the exposure of microbial cells to their own cell free conditioned media, containing metabolites and bioactive compounds including ‘‘quorum sensing” molecules, including 2(5H)-furanones, promotes cell differentiation, autolysis and overproduction of specific metabolites [12, 80, 9, 10]. In this way the microbial cultures used in food fermentations can also contribute (by “secondary” reactions and relations) to the formation of flavor and texture [81]. Advertisement 4. General steps regarding a virtual fermented food processIn the figure 2, the steps that mainly interest food fermentation are reported. A model virtual fermented food was identified to resume the common denominator of the fermented foods dynamics, particularly focused on the reciprocal influences between environmental fluctuation and LAB fermentation. Whatever kind of food we want to produce, fermented or not, the first step of the process is the formulation: in this phase the main raw materials (meat, milk, fruit and vegetables or their derivatives) are mixed with other ingredients, that have different roles: salts or sugars to improve taste, spices to give specific sensorial quality and as antimicrobials, additives or other substances able to affect physical and structural properties, preservatives to improve microbial stability and shelf life. The addition of those ingredients can be perceived as stress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: (“I handed John his lunchbox today” will trigger “and I handed him his coat…” instead of “I gave him his coat…”); in the first case both utterances use the same words to the extent possible. Using the MRI it was documented that, during successful communication, the speaker’s and listener’s brains exhibit joint, temporally coupled, response patterns (Hasson et al. ibid) synchronizing over time. Moreover, Dumas et al. (2010), when EEG-scanning pairs of subjects imitating each other, discovered that states of interactional synchrony correlate with the emergence of an interbrain synchronizing network. Footnote 8 The authors concluded that interbrain neural synchronizations can be seen as several aspects of the ongoing interactional synchrony, anticipation of other’s actions, and co-regulation of turn-taking. 4. 2. 2 Language as brain-to-brain coupling transmitterApparently, one of the transmitters of this attunement is language. However, the discovery is that it is not so much the content, words, and grammar that enable brain-to-brain coupling. It is much more the rhythm of communication. Across all languages and contexts, the speech signal has its own amplitude modulation (increase or decrease in intensity) consisting of a rhythm that ranges between 3 and 8 Hz. This rhythm is roughly the timescale of the speaker’s syllables production (three to eight syllables per second). Watching the speaker’s face is the equivalent of turning up the volume by 15 decibels. The mouth movements during speech are tightly coupled with the speech signal’s amplitude modulation. Thus, the speaker’s mouth oscillations at a rate of 3–8 Hz are captured by listener’s visual system and amplified via numerous sensory pathways in the listener’s brain (Hasson et al. ibid). This would indicate that face-to-face relationship enhances the ability of efficient communication—a conjecture that was documented in various experiments, starting with songbirds that learn much more effectively in social context, if the tutor is a live bird, as opposed to a tape-recording (Baptista and Petrinovich 1984). Another example: In a series of experiments aimed at analyzing how innovative and novel communication systems emerge, pairs of participants were invited to play cooperative games through interconnected computers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: During the field survey in our study areas, informants reported ethno-medicinal data of 91 species of plants distributed across 33 families and 57 genera as having medicinal properties against 34 ailments (12 in humans, 11 in livestock and 11 in both human and livestock). The 91 plant species that are used by traditional healers among the three ethnic groups interviewed were identified and documented. Among the medicinal plants identified most of them belong to the seven families as shown in Figure 2. The plant family Lamiaceae was most frequently represented amongst the documented useful species, with a total of 12 species out of the 91 plants identified, followed by Solanaceae with a total of 8 species and Menispermiaceae, and Fabaceae with total of 7 species each, and others constitute one up to six plant species per family. Figure 2 The percentage of plant species distributed over seven major families. Full size imageThe informants cited 32 (35. 2%), 35 (38. 5%) and 24 (26. 4%) plants as having medicinal properties against ailments of livestock, humans or both livestock and humans, respectively (Table 2). The informants also reported multiple plant remedies against certain ailments, such as snake bite/poisoning for both humans and livestock. Depending upon the type of illness, the use of two or more parts of medicinal plants was also reported by some healers as common practice. For example, of the total 32 medicinal plants purely claimed for livestock illnesses, eight were used in two-plant combination preparations, and these target three different ailments, i. e. to treat epizootic lymphangitis, removal of fetal membrane, and anemia with jaundice (Table 2). Table 2 Medicinal plants, with family, scientific and local name, for selected ailments of human and/or veterinary importance, with parts used and preparations, as claimed by informants of the three ethnic groups from zone, Full size tableThis is the first study that documented plants used for disease control by the three ethnic groups in South Ethiopia. Previous studies have documented indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and medicinal plant practices used in other parts of the country and by other ethnic groups including those in southern Ethiopia [24, 25], northern and northwestern Ethiopia [8, 26–28], and southwestern Ethiopia [29–31]. Our study thus complements existing studies but also extends them to pastoral areas where the ecology, practices, biodiversity, accessibility and cultural acceptability of medicinal plants are very different from the highlands.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fermented products, proper microorganisms, mainly yeasts and LAB, are also added as starter cultures, in order to start and lead the fermentation and to obtain a stable and standard final product. As a consequence, the microorganisms, naturally occurring or added as starter cultures, have to cope with a completely different system: in particular, naturally occurring microflora have to face the changes induced by the ingredients, while the starter cultures, deriving from growth media or added as lyophilized cultures, have to adapt to a real food system, where different sources of stresses are often present. In particular, the first sub-lethal stress, which LAB face, regards the difference between the growth medium composition and the real food. Generally, LAB lyophilized cultures can be added to the ingredients after a reactivation and subsequently added to the product. This procedure identify the presence of a stress for the LAB cells. Starter cultures are added to the raw materials in large numbers and incubated under optimal conditions, but the adaptation to substrate or raw material is always necessary [82]. It is very important to consider the physiological state of the LAB before the inoculum. This state strongly depends on the time of harvesting of the culture (whether during the logarithmic or stationary phase of growth), on the conditions leading to transition to the stationary phase, on the treatment of the culture during and after harvesting and on the chemical composition of the environment. Therefore it is important during formulation and technological processes to consider also these factors, mainly for those products where microorganisms are added as starter cultures. Figure 2. Fermented food model: reciprocal influences between environmental fluctuation and lactic acid bacteria fermentation. The interaction between the starters and the ingredients and between the starters and the naturally present microbial population can trigger few important mechanisms that will influence the quality and the characteristics of the fermented product. Analogously, many food processes and formulations have been tested for safety by challenge test inoculating pathogen bacterial cells at different growth phases, and the results proved that cells grown to the stationary phase or adapted to various stresses have greater resistance than exponential cells [83]. Other ingredients usually added to obtain safe and stable products are food preservatives, including: Antioxidants, Anti-browning agents Antimicrobials. These latter are arbitrarily classified into two groups: traditional or “regulatory approved” and naturally occurring [84].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: The games required players to communicate, but players could not see, hear, or touch each other. The only means of contact were devices that allowed for the exchange of visual signals. (The bar was set high, as they could not use standard graphic forms such as letters or numbers. ) So, in order to communicate with each other, players had to invent a novel visual communication system. It was shown that, when there was direct interaction between two (or more) players, innovated signs (basic elements of human communication) quickly emerged (Galantucci 2005; Galantucci and Garrod 2011). However, these new signs did not emerge by isolated individuals who played with an offline partner (Garrod et al. 2007). Brain-to-brain SYNC is also possible through hand gestures and facial expressions. The experiments document that there are two networks in the brain of the individual who is an observer coupled with the movements of the one who is the signaler (regions associated with the mirror neurons and regions associated with theory-of-mind). This supports the idea that these two networks collaborate during the perception. 4. 3 Neuro-synchronizationMoreover, it was shown, that this neural networks-to-networks collaboration is shaped in a specific, synchronic form: Applying fMRI to record brain activity from both speakers and listeners during natural verbal communication documents that during successful communication, speakers’ and listeners’ brains exhibited joint, temporally coupled, response patterns. Additionally, more extensive speaker–listener neural couplings result in more successful communication. Interestingly, this coupling disappears when participants fail to communicate (Stephens et al. 2010). During social interaction, both participants are modifying their own actions in response to the continuously changing actions of the partner. This continuous mutual adaptation results in interactional synchrony, to which both members contribute. The EEG-recording of communication documented phase synchronizations between two brains related to several oscillatory frequency bands in both partners’ brains’ right centroparietal scalp regions (Dumas et al. 2010). This neuro-SYNC especially applies to aforementioned kinesthetic empathy interactions, as “mirror neurons sit adjacent to motor neurons” (Stern 2004, p. 79). 4. 4 Neuro-SYNC applicationsNeuro-SYNC is applied in practice several ways; four examples from various fields are now presented:4. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The aforementioned reports and our study taken together capture a wide range of different ethnic and social groups, which is a reflection of the richness of knowledge in use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the significance and cultural acceptability of plant based medicinal practice in large parts of Ethiopia. At the same time, this indicates that plant diversity and use of plant based remedies remain decisive for managing human and livestock health in countries like Ethiopia, as is the case for many other countries [7, 32–46]. Ailments treated and ICFPlants were clustered into 12 different groups based on the use 0. 72 for evil eye and to 1. 00 for rabies. Thus, all clusters had an ICF value greater than 0. 5 and hence all of them could be considered for validation of bioactivity and isolation and characterization of the active principles by interested and potential researchers in each cluster. The highest number of plant species were reported to be used for treatment of abdominal/stomach disorders and internal parasites (22 species, 24. 2%), followed by evil eye spirit (11 species, 12. 1%), malaria and anemia like syndrome with jaundice, and snake bite/poisoning (10 species, 10. 9% each), skin conditions (skin infections and ecto-parasites) and removal of retained placenta (7 species, 7. 7% each), coughing in equines and ruminants and pain related illness (5 species, 5. 5% each), anthrax (4 species, 4. 4%), mich and megagna (an ailment characterized with fever, headache and sweating) and black leg (3 species, 3. 3% each) and rabies (1 species, 1. 1%) as shown in Table 1. Animal diseases are one of the major reasons for poor livestock performance in Ethiopia [33], and the use of conventional medicine by smallholder livestock owners is constrained by their high prices and inaccessibility. On the other hand, Ethiopia is characterized by having diverse ecology and diverse mix of socio-cultural and linguistic groups, which might have contributed to the existence of rich knowledge in managing and using large numbers of different medicinal plants against both human and livestock ailments [32]. Therefore, in the absence of use of modern medicine to treat livestock diseases in smallholder livestock production systems, the use of traditional medicinal plants will remain a vital component of Ethiopian livestock production for some years to come.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The cheese pH also decreases during manufacture and ripening [103]. The effects of different Aw and pH on L. lactis simulating cheese ripening have been analyzed [103]. The results evidenced that at low Aw, particularly at low pH, the growth and lactose utilization rates decreased and lactose fermentation to L-(1)-lactate switched to a pathway involving nontraditional saccharide products rather than the traditional lactococcal heterofermentative products. In L. plantarum WCFS1 the addition of 300 mM and 800 mM of NaCl induced mild osmotic stress and osmotic stress respectively. In the presence of 800 mM of NaCl several genes showed an increased expression with respect to the control culture. In particular, those genes were associated with various stress responses in prokariotes, i. e. genes encoding Clp protease, an excinuclease, catalase (peroxide stress) and Dpr-like protein (peroxide stress). These differences in the gene expression were also identified in the presence of acid stress. These results suggest that lactic acid stress in L. plantarum WCFS1 also induces a more general stress response (as above described for different Lactobacillus species). An overlap between the stimulus for lactic acid and those for peroxide and UV radiation has also been reported for L. lactis [104, 66]. The response of L. sanfranciscensis to osmotic stress (saccarose 40%) gives rise to the overproduction of 3-methylbutanoic acid and gamma-decalactones when L. sanfranciscensis was co-inoculated with yeasts, simulating a sourdough environment. The production of lactones can be indicated as unfavourable environment for microbial growth and metabolism. In fact, these compounds have both particular aromatic and antimicrobial features [13]. The ability of the target strains to dominate the fermentation is related not only to the ingredients (as above described), but also to the fermentation conditions, mainly temperature and atmosphere. If the fermentation is not performed at the optimal growth temperature for the microorganisms, they could be unable to compete with naturally occurring microflora, and consequently the whole process could be compromised. On the contrary, some microbial species have developed specific thermal resistance mechanisms, and they can easily adapt to these unfavorable conditions without implications for the fermentation processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 1 SYNC in psychotherapyThe psychotherapeutic relationship, previously delineated as empathetic, is also seen as synchronous. For example, in a sequence of encounters the patient and the therapist achieve accordant verbal and non-verbal patterns, regardless the psychotherapeutic ‘school’ (Ramseyer and Tschacher 2008) leading, by the end, to the therapist’s and the client’s evaluations of success or otherwise being similar (Tschacher et al. 1998). Even though unintentional movement synchronization is often emerging between interacting humans (Lorenz et al. 2014), it is especially worth exploring in the psychotherapeutic relationship. There were studies on the dyadic synchronization, in association with empathy, in the psychotherapeutic setting, using a new empirical approach: Analysis (MEA), a video-based algorithm that quantifies the amount of movement in various areas of communication. Statistical analysis detected synchrony on the global level, irrespective of the specific body parts moving. Moreover, a highly positive relationship between SYNC and the therapeutic bond was documented (Ramseyer and Tschacher et al. ibid). The authors concluded that this may be a promising concept for research on the therapeutic alliance. Physiological synchronization appears to be realized at an interpersonal level (between therapist and patient), as well as between different phenomenological levels of the interpersonal system: speech qualities and psycho-physiological variables (Schiepek 2009, p. 335). Synchronization, especially “here and now” SYNC, is tackled (implicitly) in Daniel Stern’s (2004) questions about the nature of “nowness” and the ways in which “now” is experienced between two people. By articulating the essence of the present moment—its duration, characteristics, and temporal architecture and what protects and separates it from past and future—Stern is, in fact, delineating the nature of synchronization between people. His “present intersubjectivity perspective” enables better understanding of the subjects’ implicit knowledge and consciousness. In some cases the neuro-synchronization approach is directly applied to the development of therapeutic techniques, for example, in neuro-dance therapy for autistic children (Lusty 2011) or Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP, Dilts et al. 1980), well-known since 1980s. 4. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: For instance, ethnoveterinary uses of the plant species Caylusea abyssinica, Cissampelos mucronata, Cissampelos pariera, Desmodium dichotomum, Ipomoea eriocarpa, Justicia diffusa, Premna schimperi, and Zornia glochidiata are reported by these ethnic groups to be effective against selected ecto- and endo-parasites of livestock. Validation of the later through in vitro and in vivo assessment of their anti-parasitic properties is required to better inform their use by pastoralists and smallholder farmers. Furthermore, bioactivity evaluation of these plant species also help to isolate and purify the active principles by bio-assay guided fractionation for new drug development. The ICF results could be useful in prioritizing medicinal plants for further scientific validation of plants and plant products [7, 8, 27, 47–49], as pharmacologically effective remedies are expected from plants with higher ICF values [50, 51]. Indeed, documentation of inherently rich traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge based on ICF values have provided valuable information on new pharmacological dimensions for better health care of livestock and humans regarding many ailments [50], and also assist conservation and management of rare, gradually vanishing important ethno-medicinal plant species. If validated, the claim for medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments of humans and livestock could provide new applications in supporting health care systems that are urgently needed. In our study, medicinal plant species claimed for anthrax, skin infection and external parasites, pain related illnesses and black leg were cited with the highest ICF values followed by those used to treat coughing in equines and ruminants, malaria and anemia like syndrome with jaundice, abdominal/stomach disorders and internal parasite and retained placenta. The lowest ICF value was recorded for the medicinal plant used to treat evil eye spirit. However, none were below 0. 5, which would typically result from plant use to treat rare diseases [27, 49], suggesting that our survey addressed medicinal plant species commonly used to treat common human and veterinary ailments in the study areas. Moreover, the highest numbers of plant species were reported to be used for treatment of abdominal/stomach disorders and internal parasites whereas the lowest number of medicinal plant species were reported for the treatment of rabies (Table 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the adaptation to thermal stresses often leads to tolerance to other stresses, in a mechanism usually define “cross protection”, as reported for L. lactis [105]. The ability of commercial L. lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris to withstand freezing at –60°C for 24 h was significantly improved by a prior 25 min heat shock at ~40°C or by a 2 h cold shock at 10°C, opening interesting perspectives for the production on resistant starter cultures, both frozen or lyophilized [105]. with regard to different stresses reported the “cross protection” mechanism: for example the mechanisms of multiple adaptations to hops of two different strains of L. brevis have been characterized [106]. Hop resistance of lactobacilli requires multiple resistance mechanisms. This is consistent with the stress conditions acting on bacteria in beer, which mainly consist of acid stress and the antimicrobial effect of the hop compounds, in addition to ethanol stress and starvation. The effect of interaction of acid stress and presence/absence of oxygen in the system on L. helveticus and L. sanfranciscensis, in particular on their cell membrane composition, has been reported [14]. Upon acid stress the level of cyclopropane fatty acids increased at the expense of the level of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. L. helveticus and L. sanfranciscensis, exposed to acid sub lethal stress demonstrated the same increase in cyclopropane fatty acids. In particular, L. helveticus presented higher concentration of C19cyc11 at pH 4 and pH 3, while L. sanfranciscensis presented more C19cyc9 at pH 3 in microaerophilic condition without tween 80, at pH 3. 6 in anaerobiosis with tween 80, and at pH 4 in anaerobiosis without tween 80. These results demonstrated the same behavior in front of multiple stresses by LAB membrane [106, 14]Consider the atmosphere, i. e. the presence or not of oxygen, as another important variable during fermentation, it is known that oxygen can inhibit the growth of LAB, especially in the first stages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 2 Rhythms asynchrony as a predictor for early diagnosisAnalysis of rhythms in the child-parent relationship (e. g. Feldman 2003, 2007; Lin 2011) seems a promising tool for early predictions of various disorders and for shaping the adequate therapeutic procedures. Trevarthen and Daniel (2005) found that asynchronous rhythm in parent–child or caregiver-child early relationship may be a predictor for some disorders such as autism or Rett syndrome; the authors analyzed the activity-withdrawal rhythms comparing monozygotic twin girls at 11 months and found that the arhythmically behaving infants were diagnosed autistic or Rett. 4. 4. 3 Robots’ interaction based on the mirror neurons synchronizationBased on the MN theory and the consequential premise of parity between perception and action, androids were constructed to show how the MN system facilitates the interaction between two robots. Central to the interactional-behavior design was the synchronization between neuron groups in different structures of the MN system. The robotic simulations showed the potential of the mirror neuron paradigm for designing socially meaningful behaviors (Barakova 2007; Barakova and Lourens 2009). Social interaction has a wide spectrum of expressions such as synchronous movements, turn taking, gaze sharing, following, imitation, and conversation. Here a simple interaction behavior of following and turn taking was simulated, so that the turn taking was caused by changing synchronous firing of the oscillatory neurons. It appeared that turn taking has emergent properties due to nonlinear oscillations and their interaction (Barakova 2007). The experiments with robots proved that the synchronization of the mirror neurons function can lead to complex behaviors, enabling learning and sharing, and, finally, to emergent results. 4. 4. 4 NeuromarketingNeuromarketing extends classical market research techniques with neuroscience and eye tracking technologies. By merging consumers’ visual perception, brain sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses, neuro-specialists develop insights into the subconscious of consumers and adapt their marketing strategy accordingly (Fisher et al. 2010). Footnote 9 Researchers use technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), steady state topography (SST), and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure activity in specific regional spectra of the brain response (Lee et al. 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: This implies that stomach disorders and endoparasite infections are likely the more common health problems of human and livestock in the three ethnic groups. Parasite-based health problems in human may be due to domestic hygiene, shared use of water from the same source for themselves and for their livestock, and zoonotic parasite infection. The parasitic health problem in livestock in the study areas could be associated with the ectoparasites particularly ticks and mange mites, increasing the risk for vector born diseases. The internal parasitic health problem in livestock in the study areas are a serious threat during humid season as the condition favors the infection, multiplication and transmission of endoparasites. Habits of growthFigure 3a shows that woody plants made up 50% of the growth form of the plants claimed by the healers for having medicinal properties (29% trees and 21% shrubs), followed by herbs (36%) and climbers (14%). The high proportion of woody plants in our survey is likely associated to the ability of trees and shrubs to withstand long dry seasons, thus resulting in their abundance and year round availability in arid and semi-arid areas. This finding is contrary to the general patterns seen in most medicinal plant inventories where herbs are the largest plant growth forms [23, 25, 27, 53]. A high usage of herbs in some studies could be an indication of their abundance, especially in areas receiving year round rainfall. Thus, the variation in parts of medicinal plants used may be related to differences in seasonality though also arise from differences in socio-cultural beliefs, and practices of the healers of different regions or countries. Figure 3 Proportions of growth form (a) and form of use (b) of medicinal plants identified in for treatment of different human and livestock ailments in zone, southern Ethiopia. Full size imageMode of preparation (form of use)Concoction, filtrate (a liquid from which insoluble impurities have been removed), paste on (topical), pounded and smoke bath are common use forms or modes of preparations reported in our study, with concoction (71%) and filtrate (11%) as the major use forms of the plants cited (Figure 3b). The remedies are prepared using water (hot or warm), local drinks, boiled coffee or milk as a carrier and taken either orally or through inhalation of the vapor after boiling (smoke bath treatment).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: At the same time, other proteins such as cell division protein (FtsZ), glutathione reductase (LRH_11212) and response regulator (rrp11) were down-regulated. These results demonstrated a hypothetically and interesting waterfall of events all related with stresses response and with the typical fermentation products dynamics (Figure 3). At the same time, the low pH values implied a poor expression of the genes involved in carbohydrate degradation in L. plantarum IMDO 130201. The bacterium was directed toward survival at low pH by amino acid conversions rather than by relying on growth [112]. The same behavior was identified in L. sanfranciscensis LSCE1 response to pH 3. 6 [15]. Under the adopted experimental conditions, which did not produce any decrease in viability of L. sanfranciscensis LSCE1, the acid stress, within 2 h, was accompanied by a reduction of the carbohydrate metabolism, as shown by the decrease of ethanol, acetate, and lactate. This mechanism suggests the existence of a switch from sugar to amino acid catabolism that supports survival and growth also in specific and restricted environments, such as sourdoughs, characterized by acid stress and recurrent carbon starvation. Under the acid conditions (pH 3. 6) and in the presence of specific nutrients 3-methylbutanoic acid was the predominant metabolite among those detected by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry (GC-MS-SPME), released after 2 h of acid stress exposure [15]. The acid stress implied less carbohydrate utilization and ethanol, lactate, and acetate production, but high amino acids catabolism that confers a different and characteristic metabolites pattern. Stress resistance assume great importance as one of the adaptation factors to gastrointestinal tract of probiotic strains as reported in a detailed review [113]. Advertisement 5. Stress resistance of probiotic LABThere are two main categories of factors that contribute to the optimal functioning of probiotic lactobacilli: factors that allow optimal adaptation to the new niches that they temporarily encounter in the host (adaptation factors) and factors that directly contribute to the health-promoting effects (probiotic factors) [113]. Adaptation factors include stress resistance, active metabolism adapted to the host environment, and adherence to the intestinal mucosa and mucus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: However, applying neuro-SYNC to marketing may be controversial from an ethical point of view: circumventing consumers’ awareness and cognition so as to induce desired behaviors would be seen as a manipulative. 5 Does it work in groups? The existing research mostly relates to the empathetic relationships between individuals. However, do we also empathize with groups? Is there something like social empathy? 5. 1 Social empathyEmpathy was heretofore characterized as an individual, person-to-person phenomenon. Is it justified to also consider empathy on a social level? Some authors do so (e. g. , Segal 2007), positing that social empathy builds upon the classic examination of human behavior in the social environment, systems theory, and person-in-environment. However, this is seen from a social worker’s perspective, i. e. , as an ability to understand people by perceiving or experiencing their life situations and, as a result, gaining insight into structural inequalities and disparities (Segal 2011). The delineation of social empathy that is proposed here focuses not on individuals but on the relationship between them. In other words, it considers the network of bonds, ties and connections between subjects in a group or society and the potential embedded in those relationships. As such, it relates to “feeling into” and understanding the sometimes latent capacities of groups. Some people simply “feel into” groups or societies. They understand, often instinctually, the group’s potential, hidden agendas, or unacknowledged tensions, as well as its unspoken dreams and desires. They also feel well the reasons for stagnation—what makes the situation revert to a certain impassable equilibrium. Footnote 10 Studying the work of social entrepreneurs, Praszkier and Nowak (2012) posit that their specific knack (often instinctual and un-verbalized) is to “feel” the groups and societies they are working with. Analyzing this special aptitude the authors introduced and defined the phenomenon of social empathy as: Understanding (in many cases instinctively) the various types of potential, sometimes dormant, embedded in groups and/or societies Understanding the pains, needs, and frustrations of groups and/or society, as well as their hidden dreams and desires Being aware of the latent tendencies, i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Within the total number of claimed medicinal plants, healers used 14 plants (15. 4%) by mixing of two plants to treat selected ailments. For instance, Geranium arabicum mixed with Laggera tomentosa is used for the treatment of epizootic lymphangitis in animals; Droguetia iners mixed with Premna oligotricha is used for the treatment of malaria in humans, and Dombeya spp. mixed with Tragia doryodes is used for the treatment of anthrax. The frequent use of concoction and the mixing of two or more plants by healers could be associated with healer’s belief of synergistic effects of certain plant components for healing the illnesses. This finding is consistent with earlier reports [26, 54, 55] but disagrees with other studies where crushing and squeezing [27, 28] and homogenizing and crushing [24] were the main use forms. It is likely that these differences are associated with the differences in culture and knowledge in different socio-cultural groups. Parts of plant usedAlmost all plant parts, including roots, leaves, stem, bark, fruits, young shoots and flowers, were cited for use in preparing the different remedies. However, roots followed by leaves represented the most common parts used (Figure 4a) for treating ailments in humans and livestock, respectively. Roots appeared to be the main plant part commonly used by the healers in the current study area. This could be associated with the fact that roots remain in the soil and are easily available, even during the long dry seasons in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition, the use of plants root could also be associated with early African beliefs in their powerful therapeutic effects. For example, early African diasporas in the Americas and those migrants to Caribbean countries during the colonial period used plant roots to protect against malaria and venereal diseases and to induce abortions, but also to prepare favorite household alcoholic drinks, as roots contributed to alcohol fermentation, color, flavor, and foam formation [20, 56, 57]. However, the use of medicinal plant roots, either for immediate use of treating ailments or for commercialization purpose to generate income, could also negatively contribute to local biological diversity and conservation because of complete plant removal from its natural habitat. The common use of leaf in the preparation of remedies could partly be due to the relative ease of finding this plant part.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, to our knowledge, phenotypic analyses of dedicated Lactobacillus mutants affected in EPS biosynthesis genes have not yet been performed. Homopolysaccharides (HoPSs) from L. reuteri have been reported to have a more established role in stress resistance by the maintenance of the cell membrane in the physiological liquid crystalline phase under adverse conditions. 5. 2. Repair and protection of DNA and proteinsA number of proteins that play a role in the protection or repair of macromolecules such as DNA and proteins also seem to be essential for acid and bile resistance. Intracellular acidification can result in a loss of purines and pyrimidines from DNA. Bile acids have also been shown to induce DNA damage and the activation of enzymes involved in DNA repair. Perhaps even more vital in the general stress response are chaperones that intervene in numerous stresses for important tasks such as protein folding, renaturation, protection of denatured proteins, and removal of damaged proteins. 5. 3. Two-component and other regulatory systems Mechanisms to specifically sense the presence of certain stress factors and regulate gene expression in response to these stimuli are also crucial for bacterial survival under adverse conditions. Although these mechanisms are not well characterized for lactobacilli, they often involve two-component regulatory systems (2CRSs). 2CRSs allow bacteria to sense and respond to changes in their environment after receiving an environmental signal through transmembrane sensing domains of the histidine protein kinase (HPK). Advertisement 6. Methodological approaches to study the effects of stress on LABThe study of stress responses by LAB is getting closer and closer to the different "omic" fields: genomic, proteomic and metabolomic. Other traditional approaches regarding the membrane cells composition and modifications, both from a structural (cellular fatty acids composition by gas-chromatographic method) and morphological (membrane and wall modification by electronic microscopy) point of view are still used. Genes implicated in LAB stress responses are numerous and the levels of characterization of their actual role and regulation differ widely between species. The studies concerning stress responses in LAB sometimes benefit from the knowledge already acquired in other bacteria. For example, parts of the studies on heat response have been focused on specific genes because of their major role demonstrated in other microorganisms [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: , directions in which groups or societies could potentially go Identifying areas in which groups/societies would eagerly cooperate, and where the likelihood of success is relatively high; identifying areas of motivation by responding to some important, though not necessarily visible, needs. Group facilitators or social entrepreneurs—individuals who bring substantial and durable change—probably use their social empathy in order to release the groups’ or societies’ potential. They do that without lecturing, preaching, patronizing, or acting as experts. Instead, they simply catalyze the process they feel buzzing under the surface. 5. 2 a closer look at the group dynamics, one finds that many group facilitators use some recurrent group rituals, such as dancing (e. g. , the students’ organization routinely uses group dancing as an icebreaker). They assume that these rituals become a backbone of group synchronization, enabling smoother communication and cooperation. Does synchrony really influence human behavior in groups? If we think, for example, about the many rituals with recurring elements used in group activities, we may presume that rituals involving synchronous activities produce some kind of positive emotions. Consequently, the psychological boundaries between the self and the group weaken, and that motivates members to contribute to the collective good. This conjecture was verified in a series of research projects, which documented that acting in synchrony with others can increase cooperation by strengthening social attachment among group members (Wiltermuth and Heath 2009). Moreover, those who are in synchrony with us are not only perceived to be more similar but also evoke more of our compassion and altruistic behavior than asynchronous individuals experiencing the same difficult conditions (Valdesolo and DeSteno 2011). Furthermore, “the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. ” (Barsade 2002, p. 644). 6 Précis and conclusionsIn the introduction we presented the conjectures of the film editor, Dr. Karen Pearlman, who holds that the rhythm of cycles of tension and release occurring throughout a film provoke and modulate an empathetic response, understood as a felt and embodied phenomenon operating on many levels: physiological, cognitive, and energetic, and leading to internalization and participation in the film’s flow of images, emotions, and events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: In agreement with our study, similar studies in other parts of Ethiopia reported that roots and leaves are indeed the most commonly used medicinal plant parts [27, 28]. Figure 4 Proportion of plant parts used for medicinal purposes (a) and route of administration of plant preparations (b) for treatment of human and livestock ailments in zone, southern Ethiopia. Full size imageRoutes of administration and dosage usedBoth internal and external applications were reported by the informants in the treatment of various human and livestock ailments in our study. The commonly reported routes of administration are oral (65%), followed by topical (15%), nasal (10%) and smoke bath treatment (10%; Figure 4b). The choice of oral administration may be related to the use of some solvents or additives (milk, butter, alcoholic drinks, boiled coffee, and food) that are commonly believed to serve as a vehicle to transport the remedies. The additives are also important to minimize discomfort, improve the taste and reduce adverse effects such as vomiting and diarrhoea, and enhance the efficacy and healing conditions [31]. Similar findings were reported by many other researchers, indicating the oral route as the most preferred mode of administration [25, 28, 58–64]. However, there is no consensus on the dosage used and frequency of the medication among healers. For example, the dosage varied according to the type of illness ranging from two spoonfuls (e. g. for treatment of anemia like syndrome with jaundice using concoct prepared from Cissampelos spp. ) to a cup or glass full (e. g. for treating “busino” or abdominal pain using decoct from Centella asiatica). ConclusionThis study showed that traditional medicine, mainly involving the use of medicinal plants, is playing a significant role in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the three ethnic groups. Acceptance of traditional medicine and limited access to modern healthcare facilities could be considered as the main factors for the continuation of the practice. This field survey has documented 91 plant species distributed across 33 families and 57 genera as having medicinal properties against 34 human and livestock ailments as reported by healers from Aari, Maale and Bena-Tsemay ethnic groups, complementing previous studies from other ethnic groups in Ethiopia. The highest number of plant species was reported to be used for treatment of abdominal/stomach disorders and internal parasites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The cheapest and easiest way to study a stress response in LAB is to follow some specific genes related to stresses such as heat shock, salts and acids [114, 115]. This type of study is useful especially if the entire genome sequence of some LAB is still unknown. However, nowadays the study of whole trascriptome (the total set of RNAs) is one of the most exhaustive ways to study modifications of gene expression as a result of a stress condition. The transcriptome of a cell contains information about the biological state of the cell and the genes that play a role under specific circumstances. The principal technique used to study the trascriptome is microarray [116]. DNA microarray technology has been used in numerous experiments to analyze gene expression: one example is the evaluation of the general stress response of B. subtilis [117] or the investigation of the transcription profiles of L. plantarum grown in steady-state cultures that varied in lactate/lactic acid concentration, pH, osmolarity [66, 104]. This approach is useful also to study the behaviour of bacteria in a real food system. Hüfner et al. [5] studied the global transcriptional response of L. reuteri to sourdough environment, showing a significant changes of mRNA levels for 101 genes involved in diverse cellular processes, from carbohydrate and energy metabolism, to cell envelope biosynthesis, exopolysaccharide production, stress responses, signal transduction and cobalamin biosynthesis. The gene expression dynamics of L. casei during fermentation in soymilk when grown up to lag phase, late logarithmic phase, or stationary phase were also studied. Comparisons of different transcripts close to each other revealed 162 and 63 significantly induced genes, in the late logarithmic phase and stationary phase, whose expression was at least threefold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Approximately 38. 4% of the up-regulated genes were associated with amino acid transport and metabolism, followed by genes/gene clusters involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, lipid transport and metabolism, and inorganic ion transport and metabolism [118]. The study of trascriptome is a good approach that gives a good overview of the changes that can occur inside a stressed bacterium.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: When we reviewed the literature we found that Dr. Pearlman’s beliefs are precisely at the heart of the matter, that is to say: Empathy was delineated as a phenomenon going far beyond simple affective reaction, or even “emotional contagiousness;” it is influencing the epistemological as well as cognitive structures responsible both for understanding and predicting the behavior of the others. Its epistemological role is to provide information about the future actions of other people and important environmental properties. Its social role is to serve as the origin of the motivation for cooperative and pro-social behavior, as well as to facilitate effective social communication. The neural structures responsible for the development of empathy are mirror neurons, which make us “feel” the reasons for and consequence of an observed action of the other, as if we, ourselves, were performing this action. An increasing body of evidence shows that, during joint action, people become implicitly coupled at motor, perceptual and cognitive levels. Synchronized brains can create new phenomena, including verbal and nonverbal communication systems and interpersonal social institutions that could not have emerged in species that lack brain-to-brain coupling. Human acumen for empathetic response is multifaceted and includes: Affective (emotional) reaction (German origin is “feeling with”) Higher level of cognition (understanding others through “feeling into” their emotions) Epistemological abilities (precise and direct estimate of others’ plausible future actions) Environmental orientation (experiencing others’ reaction to the environment, e. g. , stress arising from encountering dangerous situations) Moral guidance (altruism and compassion for others in physical, psychological, or economic distress) Social aspects (initiates pro-social behavior and cooperation; especially when accompanied with sympathy) Bodily participation (kinesthetic reacting and participating internally in the observed movements) Empathy developed at a young age prevents future bullying and reduces aggression; empathy training may be useful for encouraging positive social behaviors. It also builds social intelligence. This process is possible by dint of the mirror neurons, which react to others’ reactions as if they were our own. Mirror neurons provide an “embodied simulation” of the observed person’s actions, leading to brain-to-brain coupling and synchronizing of communication and social behaviors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a for in Tiyo District, of is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractdocumentation and promotion of indigenous knowledge associated with medicinal plants are limited. The aim of this study was to undertake ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants used for the treatment of human and livestock ailments and document indigenous knowledge of local communities on the preparation and administration of herbal remedies in the study area. study involved 153 informants from nine kebeles, comprising traditional healers, knowledgeable elders and local user communities. Various ethnobotanical techniques were used to collect and analyze data: semi- structured interview, guided field walk, group discussion, preference ranking, and fidelity level index. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. communities had rich and diverse indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants, types of ailments, methods of remedy preparations and routes of applications. There were differences in this indigenous knowledge across age and sex. A total of 83 medicinal plants were documented during this study. Fifty two (62. 65%) plants were used for treating human ailments, 20 species (24. 10%) for treating health problems of livestock and the remaining 11 (13. 25%) for treating both human and livestock ailments. The highest informant consensus was documented for the plants Allium sativum Asparagus africanus and Azadirachta indica. Leaves were the most commonly used parts of medicinal plants accounting for 51. 81% of the total followed by roots (20. 48%) and barks (2. 41%). Oral administration of the herbal medicine was the dominant route 66. 3%, followed by dermal (22. 7%) which included washing, holding on, rubbing and brushing. Smoking (8. 5%) was also important. It was documented that 27 species (32. 5%) were used in fresh, 13 species (15. 7%) dried and 43 species (51. 8%) either in dry or fresh state. to their access, curing ability, manageable charges, existence of deep indigenous knowledge and other associated cultural values, medicinal plants continued to play a significant role in meeting healthcare needs of the community in the study area. Conservation and sustainable use of the diverse medicinal plants need to be promoted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: A limitation of this technique is that it is expensive and requires that the genome sequences of the organisms under study should be available for designing the oligonucleotides for the microarray [119]. A different but, at the same time, related point of view regards the study of proteins and proteome. The most common method to obtain this information is to extract total proteins and separate them by a sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by a western blotting (in the first case) or a two dimesional electrophoresis (2D-E) analysis (in the second case). Also in this case if the study is focused on a single protein, it is necessary to know before the characteristic of the target protein to optimize the analytical conditions. 2D-Electrophoresis can provide more than 10000 detectable protein spots in a single gel run. Thus, proteins with post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as processing, phosphorylation and glycosylation, can be easily detected as separate spots. A spot separated by 2D-E theoretically consists of an almost homogeneous protein, and thus can be identified following digestion with a sequence-specific protease by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) approaches, typically using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)- time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers. The same level of automation is also available for proteomic approaches involving tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) analysis, extremely useful when studying organisms with incomplete or partial genomic information [120]. This kind of approach was used to investigate the cell surface proteins of a typical strain of L. casei in response to acidic growth conditions [121]. They demonstrated that growth of L. casei under acidic conditions caused molecular changes at the cell surface in order to accomplish an adaptive strategy, resulting in slower growth at low pH. Moreover, the proteomic approach was useful to study the heat shock response respectively on L. helveticus PR4 and L. plantarum [26, 31]. The cold adaptation of Lactococcus piscium strain CNCM I-4031 was studied with the same approach [122]. This analysis could be also performed to compare the effects that new technologies produce on bacteria comparing with the normal stress conditions. In fact, the HHP stress response of L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Social empathy is a clue for “feeling into” and understanding the not necessarily visible tendencies, pains and potential of groups and societies. Group synchronization increases identification, cooperation, and cohesiveness. According to “social mirror theory argues that there cannot be mirrors in the mind if there are not mirrors in the society” (2004, p. 128). The question for further research is whether we are also equipped with a specific social mirror neurons system, enabling us to tune into and coordinate with the group. We conjecture that there also exists a specific social empathy, which leads to understanding, often instinctually, of a group’s or a society’s latent potential, hidden agendas or concealed tensions, and its unspoken dreams and desires. If de Waal (ibid) is right in maintaining that the cooperation of species, including humans, derives from the need for survival in groups, and that groups of animals behave in a logical, well organized way, it may be worth exploring whether there exists some kind of psycho-neurological “detector” of the group’s behavior. A few cases of the application of SYNC in diverse fields have been presented. Finally, the studies on how people synchronize confirm Dr. Pearlman’s hypothesis, demonstrating the phenomenon of brain-to-brain coupling and tuning in, both at the verbal level (often regardless of the difference in spoken languages) and the bodily level. People or groups that are in SYNC perform and communicate better.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Systemic documentation and protection of the rich knowledge of local communities and further research on selected potential species was recommended as a result of this study. Translational MedicineAdministrationethnobotanyhealersherbal medicinepreparationutilization. FiguresFigure 1Figure 4Figure 7Figure 10Figure 13is a broad and complex term referring to the study of direct interactions and interrelations between humans and plants [1, 2]. Local communities especially in rural developing countries are dependent on herbal medicines. This indispensable dependency of human communities upon plants for their livelihood was primarily started by domestication and dates back to 10,000 years [1]. Globally, the estimate of medicinal plants ranges from 35,000–50,000 species and out of this about 4000–6000 species have entered the world market of medicinal plants [3]. However, only about 100 species have been used as a source of modern drugs. Ethiopia has rich floristic composition and is among few megadiverse countries in the world. Out of the estimated 6000 vascular plant species in Ethiopia, about 10% are estimated to be edible [4] and over 10% (about 600 to 1,000 species) have medicinal values [5]. The country is also home to many languages, cultures and beliefs which have in turn contributed to the high diversity of traditional knowledge and practices [6]. Following the concentration of biological and cultural diversity, the greater concentration of medicinal plants is found in the south and south western parts of Ethiopia [7]. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine play an important role in the healthcare system of most developing countries. Traditional medicinal plants have been used in Ethiopia as a source of medicine since antiquity to treat various health problems. It is estimated that about 80% of the rural people in Ethiopia and about 90% of the livestock population rely on traditional medicine to meet their primary healthcare needs [5, 8, 9]. The wide spread use of traditional medicine in Ethiopia could be due to cultural acceptability, efficacy against certain types of diseases, physical accessibility and economic affordability as compared to modern medicine [5, 9, 10]. Indigenous knowledge on plants appeared when humans started and learned how to use plants [11]. Over centuries, indigenous people have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation [12]. The complex knowledge, beliefs and practices generally known as indigenous knowledge (IK) or traditional knowledge develops and changes with time and space, with change of resources and culture.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: sanfranciscensis was compared with cold, heat, salt, acid and starvation stresses responses [18]. Due to increasingly available bacterial genomes in databases, proteomic tools have recently been used to screen proteins expressed by microorganisms in food, in order to better understand their metabolism in situ. While up to now the main objective has been the systematic identification of proteins, the next step will be to bridge the gap between identification and quantification of these proteins [123]. Proteomics has also been used to analyse the proteins released during the ripening of Emmentaler cheese. In an innovative study, proteomics was used to prepare a reference map of the different groups of proteins found in cheese [124]. These authors were able to categorize these proteins into five classes: those involved in proteolysis, glycolysis, stress response, nucleotide repair and oxidation-reduction. In addition, information was obtained regarding the peptidases released into the cheese during ripening process. This study enabled the Authors to differentiate between the various casein degradation mechanisms present, and to suggest that the streptococci within the cheese matrix are involved in peptide degradation and together with the indigenous lactobacilli contribute to the ripening process. Using proteomics these Authors were able to get a greater understanding of the microbial succession involved in the ripening of Emmentaler cheese, which information could not have been obtained using other protein separation techniques. This example illustrates the power of proteomics as a tool for analyzing the composition of a complex mixture of proteins and peptides [119]. The global identification of stress-induced proteins in a given organism has technical limitations. Membrane proteins, for example, are rarely detected by this method. Secondly, it may be that changes in membrane proteins composition result from long-term adaptation processes, while short-term responses may primarily be accounted for the activation (and/or stabilization) of proteins already present. The latter hypothesis is valid especially in the case of transport systems, although for some of the systems studied a transcriptional induction has also been observed [17]. The use of this technique is not as widespread as that of DNA microarrays due to the challenges associated with the purification and separation of complex mixtures of proteins found in cell extracts. At the same time the study of the only transcriptome should take into consideration that a lot of post-transcriptional processes may act on RNA (ex.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier access Published: 19 October 2018 Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier Stephen B. Hladky1 & Margery A. Barrand1 Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 0. 01 for inulin to > 1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood–brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl− ions across the blood–brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood–brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. 1 BackgroundMaintaining the status quo of the cellular environment in the brain is essential for correct functioning of neurons. Thus the brain is protected by being separated from the rest of the body by a set of barriers. These barriers hinder entry of unwanted substances from the circulation but at the same time provide for the removal of potentially toxic substances that have inadvertently entered or been produced within the brain. These barriers will of course present challenges for delivery of nutrients, essential for normal brain growth, metabolism and function. The brain is effectively a greatly distorted blind-ended tube. The four ventricles (see Fig. 1) form the inside of the tube and the brain parenchyma, comprised of brain cells and the interstitial spaces between them, makes up the wall.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: In Ethiopia, traditional medicine has been facing challenges of sustainability and continuity mainly due to the loss of taxa of medicinal plants [13]; as well as habitats and cultures [14]. Other studies also showed that the diversity of plants in Ethiopia is on the process of being eroded mainly due to human induced pressures [15]. Habitat destruction and deforestation for commercial timber, encroachment by agriculture and other land uses have resulted in the loss of some thousand hectares of forest that harbour useful medicinal plants, annually over the past several decades. With the present ecological and socio-economic changes, the medicinal plants together with ethnobotanical knowledge, may disappear and thus may be lost from humanity forever [16]. Traditional medicine continues to be widely used in Ethiopia despite the growing importance of manufactured drugs and expansion of health care facilities into rural areas. However, little is known about the public health importance and potential pharmaceutical uses of plant medicines. The chemistry and economic importance of most of the Ethiopian medicinal plants have never been studied in-depth and also documentation of all medicinal plants in the country is far from complete. Only few studies were geared towards indigenous medicinal plants with the objective of improving their usage. Consequently, the overall use of these plants remained within the domain of local healers. Studies show that home remedy is the most popular but is an overlooked sector of health strategy among all societies in Ethiopia and elsewhere [17]. Moreover, the indigenous knowledge associated with the conservation and use of medicinal plants is also disappearing at an alarming rate. With the current ecosystem degradations and loss of biodiversity, it was found important and timely to document indigenous knowledge of local communities with focus on list of species, the conservation and sustainable use of practices these medicinal plants and specific medicinal uses. There were limited research coverage that focused on compilation and documentation of data on the potential medicinal plants, common ailments treated by traditional system, methods of remedy preparations, associated indigenous knowledge of utilization, conservation, traditional management system practiced by people in the study area. The overlooked traditional knowledge associated with medicinal plant resources would result in the loss of the species and the failing of the delivery mechanism of native knowledge to new generations. This study is aimed at filling a research gaps through providing some data that serve as baseline information for further ethnobotanical investigation and to plan and implement appropriate conservation measures. This in turn contributes to the national policies and strategies that support sustainable management of medicinal plants through effective conservation and utilization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: RNA interference, polyadenilation ecc) [125]. As reported above, the stress responses of LAB are studied also through the analysis of membrane composition, structure and integrity. Not unexpectedly, in fact, the cell membrane plays an important role in stress resistance. First of all, the membrane itself can change in adaptation to environmental conditions and these changes contribute to the protection of the bacteria [17]. The adaptive response to sub-lethal acid and cold stresses in L. helveticus and L. sanfranciscensis has been analyzed (as described above) [14]. The extraction and identification by GC-MS of lipid fatty acids and free fatty acids could give an overview of the membrane fluidity state. In the same 7. ConclusionIt is known that LAB can adapt to stress with different mechanisms widely studied in model and real systems. An overview of those responses has been described and reported in this 1. 2011LAB Physiology and energy metabolism. In:. Thirty years of research on lactic acid bacteria. Rotterdam: 24 Media Labs. 77101 2. 2011In:. Thirty years of research on lactic acid bacteria. Rotterdam: 24 Media Labs. pp. v-vi. 3. Marles-wrightJLewisR2007Stress response of bacteria. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 177557604. SerrazanettiD. IGuerzoniM. ECorsettiAVogelR. F2009Metabolic impact and potential exploitation of the stress reactions in lactobacilli. Food Microbiol. 26700711 5. HüfnerEBrittonR. 2008Global transcriptional response of Lactobacillus reuteri to the sourdough environment. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 313233386. HellerK. J2001Probiotic bacteria in fermented foods: product characteristics and starter organisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:374S-379S. 7. LacroixCYildirimS2007Fermentation technologies for the production of probiotics with high viability and functionality. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18176183 8. SerrazanettiD. I2009Effects of acidic and osmotic stresses on flavor compounds and gene expression in Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Ph. D. thesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: For this reason, other than as the primary source of CSF, the choroid plexuses do not feature prominently in this review, which is concerned primarily with elimination of substances from the parenchyma. Footnote 3 Readers interested in transporters at the choroid plexuses and the transport they mediate are well served by other reviews [2,3,4, 20, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. The brain parenchyma is extensively vascularized (see Fig. 2). Blood arrives in large arteries which course over the outer surfaces of the brain before diving into the parenchyma. Similarly blood leaves the parenchyma in veins and venous sinuses also located at the outer surfaces. Within the parenchyma the arterial vessels branch out leading eventually to microvessels which then join together to form veins. There are so many microvessels that at least one is within a few tens of microns of every parenchymal cell. The endothelial cells lining the microvessels in the brain provide the blood–brain barrier, the most important route for exchange of materials between blood and parenchyma. Three important characteristics of the barrier are: the microvessels are close to each other so that diffusion distances are short; the surface area of the barrier is enormous, and the barrier is permeable to those substances required to move readily in or out of the brain. In addition to the blood–brain barrier there are perivascular spaces that can provide conduits for substances to move into and out of the brain parenchyma. (“Perivascular” is used here to describe various possible routes available along the walls of blood vessels but separated from the blood flowing through the vascular lumen (see “Nomenclature”, p. 59 in [4] and similar usage in [16, 39, 40]). As indicated schematically in the inset of Fig. 2, these spaces are to be found around the arteries entering and the veins leaving the parenchyma (see Sect. 3. 1). They provide routes for movement of substances between parenchyma and the CSF in the subarachnoid spaces or possibly directly to lymph. As discussed in Sect. 3, such movement is much faster than could be supported by diffusion alone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Moreover, informants were asked about the local name of the medicinal plants used, human and livestock ailments treated, plant parts used, condition of plant parts used (fresh or dried), other ingredients or additives if any, methods of remedy preparation, source of knowledge, methods of traditional knowledge transfer and number of years of services as traditional healers were focused in detail. with knowledgeable informants over all kebeles were also designed and performed so as to gather further information on medicinal plants and in general to prove reliability of information gathered during semi-structured interview. to three field walks were made as necessary with knowledgeable informants and this provided an opportunity for more discussion with the herbalists’ and the practical identification of traditionally used medicinal plants in their natural environment. It also helps to obtain firsthand impression on the abundance, habit and habitat characteristics of the plant species mentioned during interviews. During this observation medicinal plant species were identified, specimens collected and photographs were taken. In this exercise the informants were asked to list all medicinal plants which are used for a particular purpose. The medicinal plants which are more significant were more likely to be mentioned by several informants. In order to evaluate the reliability of information recorded during the interview, informants were visited more than one times for the same ideas and the validity of the information was proved and recorded. Consequently, if the idea of an informant deviates from the original information, it was rejected since it was considered irrelevant information. Only the relevant ones were taken into account and statistically analysed by the methods adopted from Alexiades [19]. Factor (ICF) was calculated for each category to identify the agreements of the informants on the reported cures for the group of ailments as: number of use 12. This result indicated that Euphorbia dumalis was much favored over other plant species cited for treating wart in the area. Moreover, the result could be a testimony for the efficacy of these two plant species to treat wart at least in the study area. Table 12 Paired comparison of medicinal plants used to treat Wart in.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Proteomics. 618781885 19. GuerzoniM. ELanciottiRCocconcelliP. S2001Alteration in cellular fatty acid composition as a response to salt, acid, oxidative and thermal stresses in Lactobacillus helveticus. Microbiol. 14722552264 20. PavlovicMHörmannSVogelR. FEhrmannM. A2008Characterisation of a piezotolerant mutant of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Z. Naturforsch. 63791797 21. . IVinderolaG. CReinheimerJ. ALanciottiRGuerzoniM. E2008Probiotic crescenza cheese containing Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus manufactured with High Pressure-Homogenized Milk. J Dairy Sci. 9150051222. . . E2009Suitability of high pressure-homogenized milk for the production of probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. J. Dairy Res. 51923. 2002Two-dimensional electrophoresis study of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus thermotolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 681055106324. DesmondCFitzgeraldG. FStantonCRossR. P2004Improved stress tolerance of GroESL-overproducing Lactococcus lactis and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 705929593625. CorcoranB. MRossR. PFitzgeraldG. FDockeryPStantonC2006Enhanced survival of GroESL-overproducing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 under stressful conditions induced by drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7251045107 26. (2006Response of Lactobacillus helveticus PR4 to heat stress during propagation in cheese whey with a gradient of decreasing temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7245034514 27. LaplaceJ. 1999Characterization of Lactobacillus collinoides response to heat, acid and ethanol treatments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: By contrast movement of substances between CSF and parenchyma across the pia/glial layers and ependyma is limited by diffusion in the parenchyma (in the absence of imposed osmotic gradients or infusions of fluid) and, except for regions of parenchyma very close to the surfaces (or to some extent in white matter, see Sect. 3. 1), is much slower than movement via the perivascular spaces. Hence the major routes for efflux of substances from the brain parenchyma are transfer across the blood–brain barrier and movements towards the outer surfaces of the brain via the perivascular spaces. The blood–brain barrier provides a route for efflux of solutes that are sufficiently small and lipid soluble (see Sect. 4. 1) and it also contains specific transporters that can transfer many polar substances. The perivascular route is especially important for the elimination of large or polar solutes for which there are no specific transporters (see Sect. 3). The types of mechanisms present at the blood–brain barrier that allow easy passage of nutrients like glucose and amino acids and wastes like CO2 are shown in Fig. 3 along with indication of the need for expulsion of substances that should not be allowed to enter or accumulate in the brain. Because the gaps between the endothelial cells are occluded by tight junctions that greatly reduce the paracellular passage of solutes even as small as sugars and inorganic ions like Na+, K+ and Cl−,Footnote 4 to enter or leave the brain across the blood–brain barrier almost all substances must pass through the cells, which means they must cross both the luminal and abluminal membranes. Fig. 3Mechanisms for transfers into and out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier and the need for efflux mechanisms. Passive, non-specific transfers can occur via paracellular and transcellular routes, though the rates for paracellular transfer are small. Specific transcellular transport can be passive or active. In addition to the transfers for well-known substances many others are able to enter at various rates, either because they are sufficiently small and lipid-soluble or because barrier mechanisms are not perfect. Substances which enter even though they shouldn’t or are produced “accidentally” by metabolism cannot be allowed to accumulate within the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Plant species Rank I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 Euphorbia chumalis 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 41 1st Lepidium sativum 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 39 2nd Dodonaea angustifolia 4 5 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 38 3rd Verbascum sinaiticum 4 3 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 37 4th Euphorbia 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 36 5th candelabrum plant species were used in the same use category that necessitated to determine the most preferred species used in treatment of a particular ailment, which can be done with the fidelity level [22]. The fidelity level (FL), is the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose. It was calculated for the most frequently reported diseases as: is the number of informants that claim the use of a plant species to treat a particular disease, and N is the number of informants that use the plant species as a medicine to treat any given disease [19]. Data of secondary sources were reviewed from public and livestock health centers to evaluate their view of traditional medication system, to obtain the list of the most frequent health problems in the District, Agricultural and office of the district to gather information about the socio-economic, demographic, location, climatic (ten years climatic data), edaphic and vegetation characteristics of the study area. In addition, information on the working cooperation between modern health practitioners and traditional herbalists were gathered. interviews, discussions as well as field surveys were accompanied with voucher specimen collection that was carried out with the help of traditional healers and local field assistants. The specimens were air-dried, numbered, labelled, pressed, heater-dried, deep-frozen, identified and deposited at the (ETH) in University. Identification of specimens were performed both in the field and later at ETH using taxonomic keys and the relevant volumes of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea [23–29]. All participants in this ethnobotanical survey were informed about the detailed objectives of the research before starting any data collection and information sharing. Informants were clearly informed that the results will be used for academic purposes only not for commercial purpose. The procedure involved asking permission of the local administration and each informant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5165966328. . P1999Molecular characterisation of the dnaK operon of Lactobacillus sakei LTH681. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 22321328 29. 2000Impact of multiple stress factors on the survival of dairy lactobacilli. Sci. Aliment. 2011912630. 2003Heat and osmotic stress responses of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (DR20) in relation to viability after drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6991792531. De AngelisMGobbettiM2004Environmental stress responses in Lactobacillus: a review. Proteom. 410612232. . WVerrethJRomboutsF. M2005Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum 44a after spraying and drying in feed and during exposure to gastrointestinal tract fluids in vitro. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 5122122733. CastaldoCSicilianoR. 2006CcpA affects expression of the groESL and dnaK operons in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microb. Cell Fact. 5:35. 34. GardinerG. (2000Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 662605261235. EarnshawR. GAppleyardJHurstR. M1995Understanding physical inactivation processes: combined preservation opportunities using heat, ultrasound and pressure. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2819721936. TeixeiraPCastroHMohacsi-farkasCKirbyR. J1997Identification of sites of injury in Lactobacillus bulgaricus during heat stress. Appl. Microbiol. 8321922637. HansenP. JDrostMRiveraR. MPaula-lopesF. FA. I-K. a. t. a. n. a. n. i. t Y. MKriningerC. EChaseCC (2001Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Interestingly this scenario was proposed recently by Coles et al. [1] (see also Iliff et al. [145]) based on detailed consideration of the evidence available even before publication of the results in [16, 79]. While there have now been hundreds of 3. 3 Variation between sleep and wakefulnessIn the comparative studies undertaken on sleeping and awake mice by Xie et al. [128] there were differences in clearance and in interstitial fluid volume in the two physiological states. In these studies, inulin was used as the marker solute for perivascular clearance and the real-time iontophoresis method [74] was used to assess the volume. et al. [128] found that, in the change from sleep to wakefulness, ISF volume decreased by 1. 6-fold, the rate constant for efflux of inulin decreased 2. 7-fold and from these values it could be estimated that inulin clearance decreased 4. 3-fold (see Section 2. 4 in [146]). Changes in the rate of access into the parenchyma of markers added to CSF and the discrepancies between the results of Xie et al. and of Gakuba et al. [147] are discussed briefly in. Footnote 10 As discussed in [146] it is at present unclear whether any change in perivascular clearance of inulin in the transition from sleep to wakefulness is a consequence of the change in ISF volume in the parenchyma or some other effect. There are other possible effects of sleep versus wakefulness that might plausibly alter the clearance, e. g. changes in the shape or volume of either the perivascular spaces or the glial endfeet surrounding them. 4 The blood–brain barrierThe blood–brain barrier is more selective than the perivascular pathway in what can and cannot permeate. This selectivity arises from the properties of the endothelial cells surrounding the microvessels. The brain is highly vascularized and cells within the parenchyma are usually within 20 µm of a microvessel [148]. Diffusion over distances this short is rapid. To reach the microvessel, substances must also cross the surrounding layer composed of glial endfeet. This is normally possible because the gaps between the endfeet are not sealed by tight junctions [149, 150].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Data analysis Ethnobotanical data analysis Descriptive statistical methods (both qualitative and quantitative analytical tools) were used for data analysis following Martin [1] and Cotton [12]. Data on informants’ background, medicinal plants used and associated traditional knowledge were entered in Excel spread sheet software and organized for statistical data analysis. Traditional knowledge dynamics on use of medicinal plants by men and women, young to middle aged and elder; literate (completed at least primary education) and illiterate, knowledgeable (key) and local (encountered randomly) informants were compared by using SPSS and Excel software. Descriptive statistical methods were also applied to analyze medicinal value, methods of preparation, application techniques, route of administration, disease treated, plant parts used and habit of medicinal plants. In addition, six categories of plant use-reports, frequency and relative frequency of tree species were employed to analyze data statistically. knowledge about health in the study area From 153 (50 knowledgeable and 103 general informants) involved in the study, all have deep concept on health which is called Fayya in and perceived as special wealth provided by the natural superpower. They reflected the value of health through several poems, proverbs and songs that were recorded during discussion with elders. They gave high value for their health, as they believed that their health is their life and security. To cite few of these: “Fayyan faayaa eeggadhu” meaning health is very precious take care of it. “Dhibbi abbaan hin beekne fayyaadha" meaning health is a great wealth and gift not well recognized by oneself. “FayyaA tapha seete qayyaan laga ceete” meaning health needs special care. From these local proverbs, it is clear that health is considered as a great asset, and a life engine for any aspect of life activities in the area. One hundred fifty two (96. 2%) informants were supportive of traditional medication system provided by indigenous herbalists. They also believed that diseases were not created without medicine. According to the perception of these participants, all plant materials on the earth are created to cure diseases unless it is beyond the scope of human knowledge. They were also classifying health problems into those that can be treated and those that cannot be treated. For instance, 96.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Theriogenol. 559110338. . K1997Induction of heat shock proteins DnaK, GroEL, and GroES by salt stress in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 631826183739. (1997) Identification of a cold shock gene in lactic acid bacteria and the effect of cold shock on cryotolerance. Curr. Microbiol. 35:59-63. 40. (1998) Effect of cold shock on protein synthesis and on cryotolerance of cells frozen for long periods in Lactococcus lactis. Cryobiol. 37:86-91. 41. WoutersJ. AJeynovBRomboutsF. MDe VosW. MKuipersO. PAbeeT1999Analysis of the role of 7 kDa cold-shock proteins of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 in cryoprotection. Microbiol. 1453185319442. . 2000Changes in cspL, cspP, and cspC mRNA abundance as a function of cold shock and growth phase in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 1825105511343. FonsecaFBéalCCorrieuG2001the Resistance of Bacteria to Freezing and Frozen Storage. Cryobiol. 4318919844. 2012Effect of growth phase, protective agents, rehydration media and stress pretreatments on viability of Oenococcus oeni subjected to freeze-drying Afr. J Microbiol. Res. 61478148445. BâatiLFabre-geaCAuriolDBlancP. J2000Study of the cryotolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus: effect of culture and freezing conditions on the viability and cellular protein levels. Int. J. Food. Microb. 5924124746. PanoffJ. MThammavongsBGuéguenM2000Cryotolerance and cold stress in lactic acid bacteria. Sci. Aliment. 20105110 47. PanoffJ. MThammavongsBLaplaceJ. 1995Cryotolerance and in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. Cryobiol. 3251652048. GroganD. WCronanJ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [44], Redzic [31], Campos-Bedolla [57], Worzfeld and Schwaninger [187] and Nalecz [200] have been useful as sources of information about the localization of transporters to the luminal or abluminal membranes. This review will not seek to provide yet another comprehensive survey. Extensive lists of transporters and substrates are available in many of the cited 4. 2. 1 ABC efflux transportersIt has long been appreciated that the brain represents a pharmacological sanctuary and is selectively “protected” from the toxic effects of many chemotherapeutic agents. These include vincristine and doxorubicin (aka adriamycin), which fail to penetrate the blood–brain barrier as well as their lipid solubilities would suggest [162]. A major part of this failure to penetrate has since been attributed to the presence of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein. Absence of this transporter in knock-out mice was shown to allow entry of toxic agents including ivermectin [203]. P-glycoprotein was found to be located in the luminal membrane (see e. g. [204,205,206,207,208,209]) of the endothelial cells and is believed to act there to transport substrates out of the cells so rapidly that little remains to penetrate the abluminal membrane and enter the brain. It is believed by many that P-glycoprotein, a transmembrane protein, acts by removing its lipophilic substrates from the lipid layer of the cell membrane, depositing them back into the blood [210,211,212,213]. Its structure has been investigated in both substrate-free and inhibitor bound conformations [213] and binding sites for various of its many substrates identified within the large cavity seen in the substrate-free conformation. It is the binding and hydrolysis of ATP that provides the motive force leading to a large conformational change in the P-glycoprotein and the transfer and expulsion of its substrates. There are two ATP binding sites located on the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

Output: corroborate