Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? Last registered on September 14, 2021 History Pre-: stepping stones or dead ends? -0002766 Initial registration date March 16, 2018 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published March 16, 2018, 11:53 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated September 14, 2021, 7:33 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. (s) for labor market and education policy evaluation date 2018-03-18 End date 2018-10-18 Correspondence study, gig-economy JEL code(s) J23, J49, J71 Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. aim of the study is to examine whether work-experience from the non-traditional labor market (or the gig economy) is valuable in terms of finding employment in the regular labor market. We intend to study this question through a correspondence study conducted in the Swedish labor market, where we send out fictitious applications to companies with open vacancies in entry-level jobs. By randomly changing the job seekers' labor market experience we can compare the number of positive responses from employers for applicants with (i) experience from a job in the non-traditional labor market (the so-called gig-economy) (ii) experience from a (similar) job in the traditional labor market (iii) no labor market experience. This method has been successfully used to study, among other things, the effect of long-term unemployment and ethnic hiring discrimination. External Link(s) Citation Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Sponsors & Intervention(s) To examine our main hypothesis, the impact of non-traditional work experience, we will send fictious job applications to employers who are looking to hire at the Swedish job board Platsbanken.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Also, it shows that the sites with 7200 MJ/m2/year for CSP and 7400 MJ/m2/year for PV are equivalent to 1-2 barrels of fuel oil/m2 annually (Douri and Fayadh, 2016). Some of the recent developments in solar are thin film solar cell technology and Hafnium and as solar receivers (Viresh, 2012; Elisa et al. , 2011). Hafnium and Tantalum has very poor optical properties so they are used in high-temperature appliances. They also have good optical properties, highest melting point, highest strength and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Hence, they can be used as receivers to absorb sun rays (Mahdis et al. , 2016). is a specific approach to receive solar energy and it is an emerging technique in Queensland, Australia (Shafiullah et al. , 2014). Low voltage network in the place of Rockhampton and Yeppoon are now replaced by roof-top in-order to cut down fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission. Another advancement is the direct solar thermal power generation. The demand on military and deep-space exploration for system stableness, high-maintenance and quietness have opened the path for direct solar thermal power generation (Yue and Jing, 2009). Wind energy is one of the promising technology that is developing and promising to satisfy our future energy needs (Changzheng et al. , 2013; Benjamin, 2017). China ranks 1st in the production of wind energy across the world, with the capacity of wind power 68. 7GW which reports for 34. 7% of globally equipped capacity at the end of 2016 (Lingyue et al. , 2018; Bikash, 2017). Nowadays renewable energy resources play a major role in power production and so numerous researches are being carried out for the better usage of such resources (Farah and Eltamaly, 2013). play the major role in deciding the power produced, efficiency, output etc. The renewable resources provide 8. 4% of the world’s power requirement. is much focusing on a huge growth in wind energy utilization and production as well. Greenhouse gas emission has been reduced by using renewable energy resources which in-turn reduces global warming (Jensen et al. , 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The results from the current investigation provide opposition for this notion as the false and parallel starts achieved near-identical times to the first timing gate (Table 2). In fact, when the distance to be covered was just 3 m (second timing gate), using a backward step reduced the sprint time by 100 ms or 6. 0% (Tables 2 and 3). A 6% reduction in the time to cover a short distance may have a considerable impact on athletic performance when movement time is a critical factor. When an athlete adopts a false starting style by repositioning their base of support, forward movement of the center of mass is either temporarily suspended or slowed until the horizontal impulse generated from the backward step is large enough to elicit forward movement. As a result, the total false start movement time recorded by the first timing gate is composed of reaction time, and positive (forward) and negative (backward) movement time, compared with just reaction time and positive movement time when the parallel start is initiated via a displacement of the center of mass. Therefore, if both starts require the same distance to be traveled to the first gate (50 cm) but do not result in significantly different movement times, as in the current study, then it can be inferred that the use of a backward step resulted in a subsequent increase in the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate (0 m). If the use of a backward step does increase the horizontal velocity of the center of mass at the first timing gate, further improvements to performance should be expected at the second timing gate. This is precisely what was observed; the false start was 90 ms faster (p < 0. 01) between gates 1 and 2 (0-2. 5 m) despite the near-identical times at gate 1 (see Table 2). However, it is assumed that the reaction times for both starts were similar, which may or may not be the case, but was outside the scope of this investigation and is a possible limitation. The significant difference between the false and parallel starts was maintained at the 5-m mark (100 ms or 5. 0%) (see Table 2), but the times between 2. 5 and 5 m were not significantly different (Table 2). This would suggest that any mechanical advantage gained via a step backward is utilized before traveling 2. 5 m, although any reduction in this first 2. 5 m is maintained for the remainder of the sprint. Kraan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? Last registered on September 14, 2021 History Pre-: stepping stones or dead ends? -0002766 Initial registration date March 16, 2018 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published March 16, 2018, 11:53 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated September 14, 2021, 7:33 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. (s) for labor market and education policy evaluation date 2018-03-18 End date 2018-10-18 Correspondence study, gig-economy JEL code(s) J23, J49, J71 Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. aim of the study is to examine whether work-experience from the non-traditional labor market (or the gig economy) is valuable in terms of finding employment in the regular labor market. We intend to study this question through a correspondence study conducted in the Swedish labor market, where we send out fictitious applications to companies with open vacancies in entry-level jobs. By randomly changing the job seekers' labor market experience we can compare the number of positive responses from employers for applicants with (i) experience from a job in the non-traditional labor market (the so-called gig-economy) (ii) experience from a (similar) job in the traditional labor market (iii) no labor market experience. This method has been successfully used to study, among other things, the effect of long-term unemployment and ethnic hiring discrimination. External Link(s) Citation Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Adermon, Adrian and Lena Hensvik. 2021. "Gig Jobs: stepping stones or dead ends? . ". September 14. Sponsors & Intervention(s) To examine our main hypothesis, the impact of non-traditional work experience, we will send fictious job applications to employers who are looking to hire at the Swedish job board Platsbanken.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The wind farms for large-scale production are situated at Jaisalmer wind park, Rajasthan and Brahmanvel wind farm, Maharastra and Muppandal windfarm, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. These are the major wind farms in India. Apart from India, about 200GW power has been produced and utilized by 83 countries around the world in 2011 (Dewei et al. , 2013). according to the report at 2016 shows that the capacity of the installed wind power plant is about 507MW (Audrius et al. , 2018). Since the requirement for renewable energy resources increases, the progress on renewable resources gets increased every year (Erik, 2017). At the end of 2016, 467GW has generated and of it, 16GW was produced as offshore. Other advancements in wind are using a fuzzy logic controller for managing the capacity of a hybrid system and the system satisfied the peak power demands (Mahdi et al. , 2013). High-efficiency values can be obtained by using this hybrid system. For better output windmills are placed offshore than on land. A remote monitoring system is designed based on ZigBee WSN and GPRS which resulted in less maintenance and construction cost (Yongduan et al. , 2013). Hydropower designated to the transformation of energy from flowing water i. e. , kinetic energy, into Electricity. It contributes about 16% of electricity generation worldwide (Gláucia et al. , 2018). plant in early ages was used in mechanical milling such as grinding grains. At present, hydro plants generate electricity using Turbines and Generators, thus mechanical energy is produced by the steady flow of water which spins the rotor on the Turbine. This turbine is in turn linked to an Electromagnetic Generator, producing electricity on rotation of the rotor in the turbine (Vineet and Singal, 2017; Jawahar and Prawin, 2017). Since it gives low output, hybrid combinations can also be made to satisfy the power needs. In Bangladesh, a hybrid system of micro-hydro and diesel is installed (Himadry et al. , 2016). Hydropower plants are categorized into three main types, they are In this technology, dams are used to build a large reservoir of water. Electricity is produced when water flows through the turbines in the dam.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: While comparing the first step kinetics associated with stepping backward or forward, Kraan et al. (9) found that 95% of the sprint trials completed, independent of the starting style that the athlete was instructed to use, were performed with a backward step. This finding provides support for the argument that displacing the support area and taking a step backward is instinctive to most athletes, whereas a great deal of practice may be required to perfect a forward step. Similar results were seen during the present study, although the percentage of trials performed incorrectly was not recorded. Despite the fact that it may be instinctive, it would be interesting to conduct a longitudinal study that looked at the performance of a parallel start with sufficient practice. Would performance improve? Would movement time and the subsequent 2. 5- and 5-m times remain inferior to the false start? Conversely, are the benefits associated with the false start attributable to the positioning of the support area behind the center of mass and the SSC? The results from this study failed to justify the elimination of a backward step to accelerate forward. In fact, they provide clear support for the use of this paradoxical movement to improve sprint performance over distances as short as 2. 5 m. If an athlete is able to travel 50 cm just as quickly with a step backward but can also improve his horizontal velocity and therefore any subsequent sprint time, is there any practical application for using a parallel start? The results from the current investigation suggest that if the distance to be traveled in a straight line is greater than 0. 5 m, there may not be any advantage to using a forward step; however, the degree of transference to performance over longer distances and different surfaces remains unclear. The findings from this study may have been different had each participant been well trained with the parallel start, but it is possible that the superior performance is a result of the mechanical advantages associated with shifting the support area vs. the center of mass. With a parallel start, the center of mass must be repositioned in front of the feet before a horizontal force can be developed. This delay, in combination with the absence of a SSC action, may not be conducive to improving an athlete's acceleration over short distances, thus resulting in an increased movement time. If an athlete were able to stop play and set their position, then perhaps a split start could result in superior performance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: The reason for focusing on these regional labor markets is that gig-economy jobs are represented there. The population consists of all employers that post vacancies at Sweden's largest job board Platsbanken in the geographic regions during the study period. We restrict the population to employers posting low-skilled jobs, i. e. jobs without requirements of previous experience or post-secondary education. The restriction of the target population to employers with low-skilled vacancies is motivated by our research question, namely if non-traditional jobs can serve as a stepping stone to entry-level jobs in the traditional labor market. We restrict the sample to employers who have included an email- address in the job ad. If the employer has its own application procedure on their external webpage, we will not include this vacancy in the sampling frame. will send three unique fictitious applications to each posted vacancy in the sample. For each application we will randomize (without replacement) fictious applicants into : (i) treatment or one of the two controls (see above under intervention), and (ii) one of four applicant identities. Randomization will be performed by a computer program. Since each vacancy receives all three versions of the main treatment (labor market history), this treatment is stratified on the vacancy level. The secondary treatment, Swedish- or Arabic-sounding name, is also stratified on the vacancy level, since each vacancy will receive at least one application with each treatment. Was the treatment clustered? size: planned number of clusters 2,700 vacancies Sample size: planned number of observations 8,000 applications Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms 2,700 applications randomized into non-traditional work experience, 2,700 applications randomized into traditional work experience and 2,700 applications randomized into unemployment. About 4,000 applications randomized into Swedish-sounding names and 4,000 applications randomized into Arabic-sounding names. Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) We estimate that we need to send about 8,000 applications. This number is based on the assumption that the call-back rate is 20 percent in the control group (based on results in results Eriksson and Roth (2014)) and that we want to be able to detect effect sizes of at least 2 percentage points with 80 percent statistical strength in hypotest testing with a critical limit of five percent. See the for details about the power calculations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: type has a second reservoir beneath the Dam, where water is moved from the lower Reservoir to the upper reservoir, thus energy is gathered for future needs. Run-of-river depends further on flow rates of natural water by diverting only a fraction of river water through the turbines, in some cases even without the usage of a dam or reservoirs. Since this type is subjected to availability of natural water and also is affected by its variability, thus electricity production in this method is more intermittent compared to the dammed hydropower plant. Hydropower presently is the largest renewable energy resource that has been deployed in the world. In the year 2009, hydro energy based electricity production was 3,329 TWh accounting to an interest of around 16. 5 % of the world’s electricity production (Dolf, 2012). It is the greatest sources of energy to produce power which is being utilized in many countries. According to the Council 2010 Report, around 160 countries in the world use hydropower in their national electricity production. However, actual global utilization of hydropower is focused in the following ten countries (sharing about 70% of total electricity production) (Jain, 2010). The top four countries, being China, Brazil, Canada, and the USA, use hydropower to produce half of their total electricity generation, as shown in Table 3. Table 3. World’s electricity share (Hindawi, 2018) production (TWh) The share of the world total electricity generation (%) China 615 18. 4 Brazil 390 11. 6 Canada 366 10. 8 USA 297 9. 1 Russia 175 5. 5 Norway 129 3. 7 India 106 3. 1 Venezuela 93 2. 8 Japan 81 2. 4 Sweden 65 2. 1 Rest of the world 1011 30. 5 World 3,329 100 Though this power is utilized in copious countries, hydropower contribution is naturally less compared to the worldwide total primary energy supply. In 2009, it shared only 2. 3% of the total 12,150 Mote of primary energy supply worldwide. Even with sharing nearly lesser energy compared to the other nonrenewable sources of energy production, the average global hydropower potential in future is relatively huge. In 2009, the on Dams predicted that the total worldwide confirmed technical potential for ordinary hydropower was 14,576 TWh/yr, as shown in Table 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: D. , A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate,2, 1388–1403. Jones, C. , 1990: An investigation of low-frequency variability of the large-scale circulation over South America. M. S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, 108 pp. ——, and J. D. Horel, 1991: High circulation and convective activity over (in Portuguese). Rev. Brasileira de Meteorologia,5-1, 379–387. ——, D. E. Waliser, J. E. Schemm, and W. K. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden and in dynamical extended range weather forecasts. Climate Dyn. , in press. Kalnay, E. , and Coauthors, 1996: NCEP/NCAR 40-Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. ,77, 437–471. Lenters, J. D. , and K. H. Cook, 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,127, 409–431. Liebmann, B. , G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T. Ambrizzi, J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over and the Convergence Zone. J. Climate,12, 1877–1891. Madden, R. A. , and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,122, 814–837. Nogues-Paegle J. , K. Mo, and J. Paegle, 1998: Predictability of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis model during austral summer. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,126, 3135–3152. Schemm, J. E. , H. Van den Dool, and S. Saha, 1996: A Multi-at NCEP. Preprints 11th Conf. on. Meteor. Soc. , 47–49. in gallery Fig. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: In the face of a vast pandemic of mental illness and a severe shortage of mental health professionals, some institutions, like the University of Iowa, are expanding services in underserved areas and their training of new psychiatrists. Growing up with two physician parents in Hannibal, Mo. , the boyhood home of Mark Twain, Katie Meidl, M. D. , saw firsthand the enormous health care needs of rural communities—especially for psychiatric care. “There was only one psychiatrist at the time for a very wide area and so much need,” she recalled. “My parents talked about it. My own experience and background were what led me to want to seek out training in rural psychiatry. I wanted to bring care to the kind of community I had grown up in. ”Today, Meidl is a third-year resident in the University of Iowa’s Public and Track, which provides an additional layer of training in rural psychiatry on top of the standard training in the four-year residency program at the university in Iowa City. As part of the training, she meets with patients using telepsychiatry at Hospital, in southwestern Iowa. During her second year, she served a four-week rotation at a rural clinic where she worked with an Treatment (ACT) team serving patients with serious mental illness, a first-episode psychosis team, and an Home (a program that provides wraparound services to patients with serious mental illness). Throughout the four-year specialty track, trainees hear monthly lectures on topics relevant to rural care. Track, begun in 2020, is the fruit of a 2019 competitive grant from the state that provided $800,000 for the University of Iowa to train two extra residents a year in rural psychiatry, increasing the training slots offered by the University from seven to nine. And that was just the beginning of what now appears to be a remarkable growth of the university’s training program, a product of advocacy and a recognition on the part of the state’s legislators that the shortage of mental health professionals is a crisis. 2022, Iowa Gov. signed a multimillion-dollar public health bill that included $100,000 in funding for up to 12 additional positions for each residency class at the university to work at five designated state facilities, pending approval by the for Education (ACGME).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: If hydropower potential from small-scale hydropower sites and from nonconventional sources are considered, the world’s hydropower potential is huge considering the availability of numerous small hydropower potential sites in many countries and their potential of water current from rivers and canals. 6, it can be shown that Asia has the highest contribution (over 53%) of hydropower global potential, followed by (20%) and (11%). Asia has the largest contribution (43%) of the worldwide equipped quantity. Africa, even though having relatively the same technical potential (installed capacity) with Europe, the rearmost i. e. , Africa has a higher contribution (19%) of the total worldwide equipped quantity than the aforesaid i. e. , Europe (only 3%). It is also essential to note from Table 4 that greatest contribution of the world’s determined technical generation potential is still undeveloped (76%). Africa has the highest underdeveloped potential (92%) followed by Asia and AustralasiaOceania (80% for both regions). In India, Jammu and Kashmir have the best resources for the operation of hydropower plant (Ameesh and Thakur, 2017). Therefore, hydropower fits very well in the context of providing sustainable electricity for development in Africa where most of the rural regions are deprived of it. Challenges faced are lack of financing for renewable power generation which is stated to be one of the main reason for the undeveloped of hydropower in that regions. Table 4 represents the regional capacity factor of different regions. Figure 6. Hydropower in different regions (Hindawi, 2018) Table 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Once it is approved, participating residents will complete a portion of their training at in Cherokee and Independence, Iowa, serving people with serious mental illness; the in Woodward, serving individuals with intellectual disabilities; the at Oakdale, a medium security correctional facility; and the in Eldora, serving adolescents with a history of criminal justice involvement. Jodi Tate, M. D. , a professor of psychiatry and vice chair for education at the university, credited Iowa state Rep. and Iowa state Sen. for championing the investment in expanding Iowa’s psychiatric workforce. “We are always advocating for better mental health for Iowans, but this really came from our legislators,” she said. “They are the ones who pushed this through. ”for TrainingThe expansion of the University of Iowa’s residency program is an example of how some states are addressing the severe shortage of mental health professionals and ways in which some institutions are making creative use of state funds to expand their training programs. Five-hundred and fifty miles to the east, Cleveland’s MetroHealth Hospital—the safety-net hospital for Ohio’s Cuyahoga County—opened a behavioral health hospital last year on Cleveland’s east side that will add a total of 112 psychiatric beds and expanded the hospital’s psychiatry training program from 20 residents for all four classes to 32 (see “Cleveland’s 112-Facility”). Gov. announced, as part of the 2023 State of the State, a comprehensive plan to overhaul New York’s continuum of mental health care including a phased increase of 1,000 inpatient beds. Several years previously, the of Mental (OMH) had begun paying for additional psychiatry training slots with the agreement that residents taking those slots would commit to working in an OMH hospital setting following completion of training. But growing a residency is not just a matter of finding the money; it means meeting stringent ACGME requirements regarding faculty capacity and time spent by residents meeting specific learning requirements. recently formed the Advisory (MUA) Group to provide consultation specifically to institutions serving medically underserved areas and populations. Tate said a principal obstacle to building training capacity in a rural community is ensuring there are faculty to provide supervision—in this case, at the five sites where the new trainees will be rotating.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: capacity factor of different regions (Hindawi, 2018) World region Technical potential-annual generation (TWh/yr) Technical potential-installed capacity (GW) 2009, Total generation (TWh/yr) 2009, installed capacity (GW) Undeveloped potential (%) Average regional capacity factor (%) 1,658 387 627 154 61 46 2,855 607 731 155 73 53 Europe 1,020 337 541 178 46 34 Africa 1,173 282 97 22 91 46 Asia 7,680 2,036 1,513 402 81 42 Australasia/Oceania 184 65 36 12 81 30 World 14,575 3,721 3,550 925 75 43 The top ten hydropower producing countries as of 2010 are listed in Table 5 along with their present equipped quantity. It is viewed that some of the advanced and upcoming countries namely Norway, Canada, Sweden, and Brazil rely mostly on hydropower as their source of electricity production. Panel on (IPCC) states that the foremost logic for these advanced countries to massively spend in hydropower energy systems is to concentrate their electricity supply base so as to establish energy security and trade. The actual capacity of renewable energy (hydropower) to be used for substantial industrial applications and for that of energy security is demonstrated through the overdependence on hydropower for generation of electricity in these nations. This results also highlight the fact that hydropower is a mature and determined technology. Further, it is also seen that China and USA, despite being on the first and third positions in the list of countries with greatest hydropower equipped quantity, hydropower does not even supply up to 10% of their national production capacity (Hindawi, 2018). In Africa, though they have small levels of equipped quantity, utmost all the countries in the region have hydropower in their electricity generation mix. Hydropower constituted for about 70% of the total electricity produced in the sub-region, ignoring in the year 2008. In 2010, 32% of Africa’s electricity generation needs were supplied from hydropower. Also, advancement in this Technology is achievable, though most of the countries have previously advanced profitable spots. Although the high upfront building costs, hydropower is a copious low-cost source of power (where applicable).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: “We also have to think about housing in these remote areas—where will our residents live when they are doing monthlong rotations at these sites? ”She said the university will add more residents incrementally as capacity for training and supervision grows, first developing elective rotations at the five sites that will be launched by spring of this year, while collaborating with two institutions in to train child and adolescent psychiatrists who will work at the School in Eldora and the Center in Woodward. In July, the university will launch a public psychiatry fellowship, whose graduates will be able to provide faculty supervision at the five sites. Over time, the program will work toward accommodating the 12 new residents the state has funded. “What we hope to do is create a culture of excitement about serving in underserved areas and working with underserved populations,” Tate said. “A major appeal of this work is the difference you can make, because there is such a lack of services,” says Shea Jorgensen, M. D. , who is photographed with her son, Finn. Shea Jorgensen, M. D. Training director Erin Crocker, M. D. , said past graduates of the university’s training program who have dispersed around the state have helped provide supervision for new residents in the Public and Track. “This has been a great opportunity to partner with our own University of Iowa graduates who have stationed themselves around the state and are passionate about serving these rural areas. ”Second-year trainees in the rural track have the option of working four-week rotations at several sites throughout the state, one of which is Healthcare in Mason City, Iowa. Katie Meidl, M. D. , did her four-week rotation there, under the supervision of Shea Jorgensen, M. D. , a graduate of the university’s residency program and director of the Public and Track. Jorgensen told that working as a psychiatrist in a rural region means being able to treat patients with a range of needs who might in a more urban region be farmed out to subspecialists. “I wear many hats,” she said. “I work on a first-episode psychosis team, I treat geriatric patients and patients with addiction, and I am the psychiatrist on the ACT team. I’m all of those specialists in one.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: It is also a malleable and dependable source of electricity related to other renewable sources, as its energy may be saved and utilized for use at a later time. Dammed reservoirs also provide flood control, in addition to it being a dependable water supply, and be used for recreation purposes. However, there are many concerns with hydropower, particularly for setting up large dam facilities. In addition, dam failures can be disastrous, further disturbing Landscapes and insists on the lives of people and animals living downstream. In addition to it, hydropower plants are not perfectly free of greenhouse gas emissions. As with most forms of energy, carbon dioxide emissions occur at times of development, especially as a result of the usage of large quantities of cement. Also, the loss of vegetation’s in the flooded areas produces methane, another greenhouse gas as matter decays underwater. Tidal power is a form of hydropower where electrical energy is obtained from the potential of tides. The first extensive-scale tidal power plant (the Power Station) started its operation in the year 1966. Though it is not yet extensively benefitted, tidal power has a great impact on future electricity production. Tides are more certain compared to that of other sources such as wind energy and solar power. Tidal power suffers from high capital cost compared to availability of other renewable sources of energy. Various technological improvements in the case of design and turbine technology indicate that the total possibility of tidal power may be much more than the presently assumed potential and that the commercial and environmental costs could be brought down to a competitive level. Tidal power involves the cost of erecting a dam across the opening of a tidal basin. The dam has channel included in its structure that is opened to allow the flow of tide into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and when sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be benefitted for generation of electricity from the high water level in the basin (Joao, 2007). Generation of Tidal power can be classified into three generating methods based on the generating methods (Michael, 2003; Anna, 2015) they are: Tidal stream generator, Tidal barrage, Dynamic tidal power. stream generators make use of energy from moving masses of water or tides. Its function is similar to wind turbines deployed underwater and also referred to as tidal turbines.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In contrast, searching for the technosignatures of intelligent civilizations is centred on longer wavelengths – those of the radio range. I’m going to use radio as a pragmatic way of defining intelligence from a SETI perspective. But let’s first look at the span of intelligences among animals on Earth from a different perspective. Intelligence is a continuous variable, not a binary one. Life forms here, and probably elsewhere too, show a wide range of behaviours that can be interpreted as indicating a wide range of intelligence underlying them. The construction of a scale for the measurement of intelligence is notoriously difficult, even within the confines of a particular species – humans. How intelligent someone is cannot be completely captured on a single scale; intelligence is a multidimensional property. Paradoxically, though, in a multi-species context the job actually gets easier rather than harder. The reason for this is that the differences we’re dealing with are much greater. A scale for intelligence in the context of life on Earth starts from zero and extends indefinitely upwards. Organisms that lack nervous systems are deemed to have no intelligence. These include all microbes and plants, as well as the most primitive of animals – sponges and a little-known group called placozoans (which translates as ‘flat animals’). Slightly more advanced animals such as jellyfish have diffuse nervous systems but lack brains, and don’t really exhibit any behaviour that merits the description intelligent. There are many animals that have small brains, including insects and arachnids. These typically have rather fixed, instinctive behaviour patterns, but some seem more intelligent than others. Jumping spiders – for example those of the genus Portia – have been put forward as the most intelligent arthropods, owing to their complex patterns of hunting behaviour. The most intelligent invertebrates of all are octopuses; there’s a great book about octopus intelligence by Peter Godfrey-Smith, called Other Minds. Many studies on these wonderful creatures, both in the lab and in the field, have illustrated complex behaviours that are clearly learned rather than instinctive. Octopuses exceed many vertebrates in intelligence. However, some groups of birds seem to be particularly intelligent – notably crows and parrots. And many mammalian groups show high intelligence, especially cetaceans (dolphins and whales) and primates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Location advantages are increasingly becoming less relevant as it does not matter where the product is being produced. Buyers can always find producers everywhere and trade in all parts of the world. 5At the same time, globalisation is rendering unsustainable the self-employment activities that microcredit programmes promote (i. e. SMEs promoted by SHGs). For them to be viable, they need to be part of a larger development agenda that includes linkages to product markets, local government programmes and community development. Figure 1. Empowerment: a combination of finance and non-financial services6A baseline study of pro-poor SMEs in western India conducted by the Centre for (IRFT) and Traidcraft indicated that the growth of SMEs is hindered by lack of business skills and problems over accessing markets (Tiwar and Joshi 2002). They remain excluded from any business development services (BDS), and therefore the producers they work with remain poor and marginalised. Most are limited to selling their products in local markets that are overcrowded and competitive, and characterised by barriers to entry and low profit margins. In the agriculture sector, it is well known that small producers are condemned to depend on middlemen and hardly manage to access markets beyond the local level. The value chain of the cashewnut, given below (figure 2), shows that there is an inverse proportion between the price paid to the producer and the number of intermediaries involved in the transaction. The SMEs lack access to resources, which could help them improve productivity and quality and thereby demand. Normally, SMEs draw upon personal networks to assist with their business needs, often with ineffective results. Figure 2. Marketing difficulties faced by small producers: the example of the value chain for finished cashew nutNote: Final price to the consumer varies between Rs. 200-350 a kg. Parameters such as moisture loss, broken cashew production, cashew shell, interest on working capital towards stocks etc. have not been considered in the above depiction. Source: IRCFT (2004a). 7In 2002, Traidcraft and IRFT conducted another study to explore the nature and spread of SME clusters (Joshi 2002). These clusters are sectoral and geographical concentration of enterprises, in particular SMEs, faced with common opportunities and threats, which can: a) give rise to external economies (i. e. specialised suppliers of raw materials, components and machinery; sector specific skills etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Among the three main forms of tidal power generation, tidal stream generators are the cost-effective and the least ecologically damaging one. Tidal stream generator is an immature technology, but researchers now focus on it and some of them are very close to large-scale deployment. Many companies are making bold claims regarding their designs, which are not yet independently verified, where they have not been managed economically for a considerable long period to determine its performances and rates of recurrence on expenses. Figure 7 represents the tidal steam generator. Figure 7. Represents tidal steam generator (Esru, 2018) The energy from masses of water moving in and out of a bay or river due to tidal forces are captured using a dam-like structure called a Tidal Barrage. Though a tidal barrage initially grants water to flow into the bay or river at the same time as a high tide and are released back all along at low tide due to damming of water on one side. Measuring the tidal flow and governing the channel gates at key times of the tidal cycle are done to execute this process. The energy due to water flow in and out is captured using turbines provided at the sluices. Figure 8 represents a tidal barrage. Figure 8. Represents tidal barrage (Esru, 2018) different and unproven technique of tidal power generation is DTP (Power). Coast-parallel oscillating tidal waves which rush along the coasts of continental shelves interfere with this long T-dam, which contains powerful hydraulic current enough to produce a considerable amount of energy to produce electricity. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy which is independent of the sun. It is produced due to the heat generated under the earth surface (Morton, 1974; Yong and Wen, 2018). It also promises on reducing the greenhouse gas emission (Diego et al. , 2018; Eagri, 2018). As Indonesia’s oil production decreased, other alternative resources were considered. Indonesia lies on the “ring of fire” and has many volcanos surrounding it. It has the largest source of geothermal energy in the world and provides 40% of the world geothermal energy resources (Saeid et al. , 2018; Eddy, 2013). Another geothermal energy-rich region is the consisting of more than 20 geothermal sites (Bella and Sintia, 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: We have amended the description of our findings throughout the study to highlight that participants learned differently from “distinct” outcomes and have added a new section to the Discussion in which this question is covered. As this issue is closely linked to the next point raised by the reviewers, this novel section is reproduced after point 4 below. 4) Relatedly, it is not really obvious that these wins and losses engage much 'affect', and indeed it is unclear whether anything lasting has really changed within the individuals other than that they performed the task well and correctly inferred the task structure. To support the statement about such a procedure changing affective biases, it would probably need some independent measure of that change, e. g. a change in one of the measures of negative affective bias typically associated with depression, e. g. memory or attention or learning on a separate task. An alternative would be to provide some psychopathological correlate, e. g. with rumination or dysfunctional attitudes, neuroticism or so, akin to how they were able to show an association with STAI in their previous paper. Given the broad nature of the issue there really is a long list of potential measures one could choose from. In the Materials and methods, the QIDS and the STAI were acquired – maybe these could be used? We thank the reviewers for highlighting this issue and agree that the degree to which the effect observed in this study generalises to different situations (or even to clinical symptoms) is not clear. The focus of our work was to test basic mechanistic questions (do people actually maintain separate estimates of the information content of different outcomes? Can we modify these and are they linked to central NE function? ) which are potentially relevant to why affective biases may develop. As a result of this focus our study was set up using a single session, within subject design. All participants therefore completed a single “positive volatile” block and a single “negative volatile” block. As it was implausible that completion of a single block of a learning task would significantly alter subjective symptoms of depression we did not collect these after completion of each of the separate blocks (NB subjective symptoms of depression generally change over the course of weeks of treatment).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: ); b) favour the emergence of specialised technical, administrative and financial services; c) create a conducive ground for the development of inter-firm cooperation and specialisation as well as of cooperation among public and private local institutions to promote local production, innovation and collective learning. Table 1. of SME ClustersRajasthan154Gujarat34Andhra Pradesh23Maharashtra94Orissa72Tamil Nadu64441Source: Joshi (2002). 8It is estimated that SME clusters and rural and artisan-based clusters contribute to almost 40% of the employment in the Indian manufacturing industry alone. The study also indicated that SMEs contributed 78% to employment in the non-factory sector and 40% in rural areas, as against big businesses (Joshi 2002). India’s competitive prices make it attractive to a wide range of companies internationally. However, there have been difficulties in working with SMEs because of actual or perceived problems of communication, regulations, quality assurance requirements, and logistics. 9Other studies related to SMEs have similar findings and indicate that the problems they face include (Sriram and Phansalkar 2001):Inability to cope with sudden/unseasonal/unplanned demandLack of market informationLack of access to resourcesInsufficient business expertiseLittle understanding of the market targettedInconsistent qualityDifficulty in meeting market demandsDifficulties in dealing with export regulations and documentationNo access to appropriate product development & design support2. Intervention strategies10The starting point for the design of any intervention intended to promote SME development is an assessment of their needs and perceptions. These include demand-side factors, such as geographical situation, consumer attitudes, purchasing power, politics and governance, as well as supply-side factors, which besides credit, includes networks, access to resources, infrastructure, availability of information and government regulations and policies. 11Given the size and importance of the SME sector to an economy like India, the potential demand for effective BDS is vast; however, effective demand is still weak, and supply capabilities correspondingly underdeveloped. In the recent years, the range of services that were supported widened substantially to include individual counselling, facilitation of market access, development of networks and clustering, and provision of information in a variety of areas, such as equipment, technology and markets, as well as physical facilities and shared services.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Bulgaria is a place prosperous in thermal water with the temperature in the range of 20°C-100°C (Klara et al. , 2013). Another thermal site is to in Sur (Cristina and Rosa, 2014). The recent developments in California by using geothermal power for reducing CO2 emission resulted in some difference in the emission levels. The CO2 emission is reduced to about 20% by using geothermal power (Sullivan and Wang, 2013). and Poland are also focusing on promoting geothermal energy (Anna, 2017; Elbarbar, 2018). The waste heat from the geothermal power plant can be used as a source of electrical energy. With this system shown in Figure 9, about 75% of the original power is converted into electrical energy (Cukup et al. , 2016). To know the effect of temperature on the lifetime of the plant a test was conducted at Lahendong geothermal area. The brine temperature dropped from 180. 02°C to 154. 92°C on the 30th of the operated organic Rankine cycle. Also, it produced a power output of 1. 3MW (Didit et al. , 2016). Figure 9. Schematic view of the geothermal power plant (Didit et al. , 2016) The fundamental source of biomass energy is the sun. Biomass is the major source of energy in many households for cooking and water heating (Wasajja and Daniel, 2017). A systematic diagram of biomass energy (Figure 10) and its applications is accompanied. Figure 10. Bio-gasifier and solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system as a combined heat and power application (Muhammad et al. , 2016) Chile is focusing on developing biomass for electricity generation as a replacement for non-renewable resources (Carlos et al. , 2018). Bangladesh is the prominent producer of biomass energy and it has used this resource to solve its energy crisis problem. It is the largest producer of biomass energy as it has a large amount of cattle dung (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017). A Cogeneration plant for generation of electricity and heat in wool drying facility is first present in Slovenia. Though the cogeneration plant consumes 245kW of power for its use, it is the first plant in the world to produce 1. 5MW power (Simon and Milan, 2017). The biomass boiler is situated around Alaska and these boilers are installed domestically.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Reviewer #1: Pulcu and Browning have, in my view, responded clearly to all requests. What is clear and convincing now is the extent to which negative outcomes differ from positive ones, and this per se is a novel and important contribution. The main caveat, in my view, remains the interpretation in terms of depression. First, no relationship to any symptoms of depression is demonstrated or examined despite such symptoms having been measured at baseline with two different instruments. Second, in depression, it seems like the judgement aboutinformativeness is maladaptive rather than adaptive, which raises questionsabout what such an adaptive paradigm says about depression. Third, hereinformativeness is closely related to malleability, but in a way which is notobviously the case for depression. Here more volatile outcomes judged are asmore informative and hence given more weight in terms of influencing thefollowing choices, but they are also more malleable. The notion of maladaptivecognitive schemas in depression suggest a different relationship, whereby 'moreinformative' is also linked to 'less malleable'. In defence of the authors, they do state clearly that this intervention is likely insufficient to change symptoms, and that longer training sessions would be required before any change should be expected. They also make it clear that the processes to be examined here are explicitly aimed at change and intervention, and not necessarily at measuring existing biases per se. However, the weakness of the manuscript as it is written is that it continues to be focused strongly on depression, even though the results don't yet speak to this at all. Instead, they do speak in interesting manners about learning from rewards and losses. The framing and discussion in terms of this literature is, in my view, a missed opportunity, and as such I continue to think that the paper is framed somewhat unfortunately and would benefit from being framed differently. Reviewer #2: The authors have done a nice job with the revised manuscript. All the additional information I requested is now included, and the clarifications and added points of discussion are helpful and on-point. In particular, I appreciate the clear statement that the present study's objective was to test a candidate mechanism, not to measure effects of the experimental manipulation on clinical symptoms. The additional information about the ongoing clinical study is helpful in clarifying how the present study fits within a broader clinical research agenda.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: 12Considerable opportunities exist to offer services through a variety of channels, including private intermediaries and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), such as market information, trade facilitation/marketing support, business counselling/business planning, product development and design, financial management and attitude building. The availability of quality BDS services at affordable prices is also an issue that needs to be addressed. 13Other issues identified include: The need for BDS to provide the necessary support to SMEs; for enterprises to respond swiftly to globalisation, including information and capacity building; and the need for locating local and domestic markets, rather than focusing on export markets, which are beyond their capacity. 14Supply-side issues related to BDS have generally received far more attention than the demand-side. Programmes for supplying BDS have frequently been formulated with little attention paid to determining the existing or potential demand of SME clients. As a result, programmes have failed to involve potential clients or, when cost recovery was an issue, unable to generate revenues through client fees or contributions. 3. Fair trade – An option for better living15is an instrument for achieving sustainable development, defined by the as a process that enables all people to realise their potential and to improve their quality of life in ways that protect and enhance the Earth’s life support systems. SMEs can easily shift to and cooperate with organisations. provides a model for SME responsibility because it encourages SMEs to engage with stakeholders throughout the value chain, understand the supplier, conduct their business in the community context, not in isolation from the community, understand business risks, adopt transparent communications, maintain a pricing policy to cover the cost of labour and capital employed, develop partnering relationships and integrate social objectives with other buying functions. 16In India, the concept of fair trade is just starting to be well known. A number of initiatives supported are given in the box and the table below. Box 1. Fair Trade: a case studyTo meet the demand for a reliable Organic and Fairtrade cotton fibre, Limited, in conjunction with have defined and branded a cotton fibre, Agrocel® Pure & Organic Cotton. Agrocel, from its 12 rural service centres across India, co-ordinates organic fibre cultivation with a selected group of local farmers. A team of agronomists is based at each Agrocel service centre, and monitors growing to international organic standards. is another example of handicrafts fair trade.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: cost and maintenance cost varies with the type of boiler. The boilers have a lifetime of 20-30yrs (Erin et al. , 2017). The biomass conversion technique based on application is given in Figure 11. Figure 11. Biomass conversion technique based on their applications (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017) Another advantage of Biomass is that it can be used as a fuel. Acetic acid can be obtained from organic waste such as cellulose and lignocellulose with a yield of 11-13% using a direct oxidation method. Also, formic acid is obtained from the hydrothermal oxidation of glucose (Fangming et al. , 2010). The steps involved in the conversion of biomass to biogas is shown in Figure 12. Figure 12. Conversion of Biomass to Biogas (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017) Another system developed using biomass energy is the (CCHP). The CCHP is usually adopted in agriculturally rich countries. is an agriculturally rich country it opted to develop CCHP with biomass energy (Harbin et al. , 1864). The biomass generation at different locations of the world is shown in Table 5. Table 5. Biomass power production across the world (Sadrul and Ahiduzzaman, 2012) Type of biomass Electricity generation and capacity biomass 41 2007 USA Solid biomass 15 2007 biomass 13 2007 biomass 3150 2009 biomass 30050 by 2020 1300 2009 1700 by 2012 4900 13 2009 35 2008 OECD countries Biogas 50 2009 Developing countries Biogas 270 14 2009 6 2008 USA Biogas 5 2008 UK Biogas 3 2008 main focus of Spain is the renewable energy resources of which their main concern is solar. Researchers review that the large grid-connected PV system is less cost-effective as it is static. The research also reveals that the maintenance and operation cost is 0. 5% of the capital investment. There has been a serious hike in the installation of the solar panel after 2005. Annual Spain’s national renewable energy plan is shown in Table 6 (Sana and Syed, 2012). Table 6. Spain’s 2011-2020 (Sana and Syed, 2012) 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Renewable energy sources – Heating and cooling 8. 8% 11. 3% 11. 7% 12. 0% 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: 4) Marketing: Banascraft’s core service, involving the provision of market information, linkages, transport services and the fair trade label. Banascraft helps craftswomen market their products both locally and in urban markets in India and abroad, through retail and wholesale channels. The crafts are marketed through the Banascraft store in Ahmedabad (Gujarat’s largest city, where SEWA is headquartered), and also sold through bazaars and exhibitions. Craftswomen show their wares at festivals and trade shows, as well as exhibitions in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Pune. Several women recently attended trade shows in France and are planning to visit for an upcoming craft show there. Banascraft also promotes its members’ crafts through customer discounts, print advertising, television commercials, special festival promotions, and exhibits in major hotels and tourist destinations. In each case, Banascraft facilitates sales in exchange for a 10% share of the final selling price. According to the statistics of the organisation, the Banascraft programme covers more than 10,000 artisans and is composed of 300 local groups. Table 2. Fair trade experiments in IndiaDomestic marketExport marketName of buyerTypes of productsName of buyerTypes of products. K. Jute and other handicrafts productsGrahak SanghMango chutney, Mango pulpEl Puente, GermanyRiceV. P. Bedekar & SonsRaw mango slicesCora Kemperman, NetherlandsOrganic cottonFab IndiaCurtains, pillow coversShriram, Prajapati, NepalOrganic cottonNeon GroupOrganic cotton//Source: IRCFT (2004a). 4. Why do we need BDS services? 17The provision of BDS services to SMEs could promote economic empowerment of marginalised communities and enterprises, to enable them to work successfully within the value chain, and increase their ability to negotiate in the marketplace. In theory, effective BDS Services should ensure the following effects:18• Reduction in business related problems:19Theoretically, the range of services that a BDS provider would offers should help to reduce the gap between supply and demand, by making changes at the supply end of the chain. This could result in sustainable and increased income for SMEs, by increasing the profile of SMEs in the marketplace and also their confidence to negotiate terms of trade equitably.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 5% 13. 2% 14. 0% 14. 9% 15. 9% 17. 0% 18. 1% 18. 9% Renewable energy sources – Electricity 18. 2% 28. 7% 29. 5% 31. 1% 31. 8% 32. 8% 33. 7% 34. 2% 35. 6% 36. 8% 38. 1% 40. 2% Renewable energy sources – Transport 1. 2% 6. 1% 6. 2% 6. 3% 6. 4% 8. 1% 9. 1% 10. 3% 11. 2% 12. 2% 12. 6% 13. 5% Overall renewable energy resource share 8. 3% 13. 6% 14. 2% 14. 8% 15. 4% 16. 5% 17. 4% 18. 3% 19. 4% 20. 4% 21. 5% 22. 7% A survey was conducted on the salt possibility in Turkey and its potential use in solar ponds (Tasdemiroglu, 1987). sunshine, land, water and salt are abundant. Salt is the utmost significant and overpriced element, it constitutes about 15-20% of the initial investment in setting up a solar pond. During operation of the system, the salt needs to be continuously replenished as it is regarded as an equivalent fuel for a solar pond. For the past decades, China is the biggest energy consumer with industry covering about 70% of its total energy utilization (Teng et al. , 2018). To meet this demands and to have favorable conditions for solar, China has turned its side towards using solar energy. Statistical data shows that by 2020, 39. 40 million of coal and 98. 22 million of CO2 emission is planned to be reduced. A large wind power station is situated on Shark El-in Egypt. Researchers show that if 60 wind turbines of ''Fuhrländer FL2500–104'' arranged in a 150 MW could be built at Shark El-Ouinat City, then an annual gain of 730,791 MWh/year could be found with a high capacity of 56% (Kuldeep and Kalpesh, 2018). Recently, Nigeria has shifted its interest towards solar and has started to develop it to satisfy the power demands (Ahmed, 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: BDS services would help to connect enterprises with the market and consequently convert skills into products that the market wants. Product development and design activity should be an important aspect of the intervention, supported by market awareness and sales tours, multiple channels to market, and value addition where feasible and sustainable. 28• Capacity to negotiate with other elements in the supply chain29BDS services help producers, artisans and entrepreneurs to understand the supply and value chains in which they trade. The value chain analysis will help understand the ‘big’ picture beyond the immediate trading relationships, build economies of scale and develop more confidence to respond to pressure points. 30• Purchasing capacity and increased consumption levels31Finally, it is likely that all the impact areas mentioned above would have a positive impact on purchasing capacity and consumption levels, which are important for improving the quality of life of the poor. 5. Development of common facilities and flexibility32The key challenge in providing market-oriented business support services to micro and small entrepreneurs is helping them to overcome the disadvantages of being small, scattered, and unorganised. Various linking strategies have emerged to provide services to support micro-enterprises and SMEs, including the formation of networks and associations, business clusters, franchising, leasing, subcontracting, and business incubators. Box 3. Formation of business clusters: an example of JaipurWhen a large concentration of small businesses compete with each other, unable to break into new markets or improve product design, competition drives down prices and can lead to self-exploitation strategies. In this environment, a cluster approach to DBS services can be a viable option to achieve collective efficiency. This also enables the adoption of common marketing opportunities and economies of scale. The best-known examples of these small business clusters are found in northern Italy. In Jaipur, Rajasthan, famous for its ethnic hand-block print fabric, a UNIDO-supported intervention helped 500 small firms to employ 10,000 workers to increase their profitability, improve their product quality, and access new export markets by pursuing a cluster strategy. The first steps were to increase communication, build trust, analyse problems, and develop a common vision of problems, which needed collective action. Over time, this led to the revitalisation of a dormant artisan association, the Co-operative Society; this in turn led to the creation of a common showroom and an independent consortium of textile exporters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: At the end of 2016, it was observed that the total installed operational CSPs (Panel) has reached 4,926 MW. Also, an additional power of 2,056MW is expected after the constructions are completed in the upcoming years (Olumide and Edmund, 2018). Another advancement made in the solar field is the usage of pyramid solar still instead of conventional solar still (Ayodele et al. , 2018). The performance of pyramid solar is better than the conventional solar and its efficiency under different conditions is presented as Figure 13. Another emerging technology in solar is the perovskite solar cell (Khalaji et al. , 2017). This resulted in better efficiency compared to conventional silicon solar cell and the various tests conducted using different perovskite cells. The highest efficiency was obtained by using LBSO (Lanthanum (La)–doped BaSnO3) and methylammonium lead diode and the power conversion efficiency was recorded to be 21. 2%. With high efficiency and low working temperature, resulting in a significant reduction in the price of the photovoltaic panel. Figure 13. Efficiency under different conditions (Ayodele et al. , 2018) consumption of current and future energy sources across the world is presented in the form of Figure 14. The figure shows that the production of coal is high compared to the production of solar as of 2010-2016. It is also evident that the total consumption of non-renewable energy resources is more compared to the production of renewable energy up to 2016. After 2016, the focus shifted to renewable energy as non-renewable energy sources are highly polluting. The figure also shows that the production of solar is increasing and its production has doubled the production of coal after 2017. This shows that the renewable energy focus on the future is more, of it solar is given more importance. The progress of solar energy production from 2011-2017 across the world is presented as a Table 7. Figure 14. Global average energy capacity (IEA, 2018) Table 7. Solar energy generation across the world (Energy economics, 2018) Terawatt-hours 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Share 2017 US 4. 7 9. 0 16. 0 29. 2 39. 4 55. 4 77. 9 17. 6% Canada 0. 6 0. 9 1. 5 2. 1 2. 9 3. 1 3. 2 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67127 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Cognition and noncognition: basic conceptswalks down the sidewalk alongside a fence when suddenly, a dog leaps out behind the fence and barks at Person A. Person A, caught off guard, jerks back and then kicks the fence. Coming to his sense, he realizes that the dog is a harmless little Chihuahua, still stuck behind the fence. Now conscious of the situation, he looks around and sees that various passers-by have been watching him and are laughing at his situation. Feeling exposed, continues walking, now blushing furiously. Looking at this situation, we might ask, if was going to be embarrassed by his actions, why he reacted the way he did in the first place. Why he did not avoid the scare, and with it, the situation? Why did he kick an object without first working through what it was? This type of event—and Person A’s type of reaction—is unrelated to cognition, which is the processing of information that permits the abstraction and manipulation of the environment by way of symbols (language and thought, for example) [1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: (2013) Travail et genre dans le monde. DOI: 10. 3917/dec. marua. 2013. 01. 0089 Lahiri-Dutt, Kuntala. (2008) Digging to Survive. Survey, 15. DOI: 10. 1177/097152310801500204 Tower, Alan. (2016) Income-generating in Churches: A Guide for Mission Workers. Transformation: Journal of Studies, 33. DOI: 10. 1177/0265378815595244 Pattenden, Jonathan. (2010) A neoliberalisation of civil society? Self-help groups and the labouring class poor in rural South India. of Peasant Studies, 37. DOI: 10. 1080/03066150. 2010. 494372 Guérin, Isabelle. Servet, Jean Michel. (2005) L’économie solidaire entre le local et le global : l’exemple de la microfinance. Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma. DOI: 10. 7202/1021864ar Guerin, Isabelle. (2006) Women and Money: Lessons from Senegal. Development and Change, 37. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 0012-155X. 2006. 00490. x Lapenu, Cécile. Doligez, François. (2007) Mesure des performances sociales : les implications pour le secteur de la microfinance. Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma. DOI: 10. 7202/1021531ar Kamath, Rajalaxmi. Ramanathan, Smita. (2016) Poverty knowledge and action research: Lessons from the Diaries. Action Research, 14. DOI: 10. 1177/1476750316629018 Zulfiqar, Ghazal. (2017) Equity in Access to Finance? Evidence from Pakistan. Feminist Economics, 23. DOI: 10. 1080/13545701. 2016. 1193213 Fouillet, Cyril. Guérin, Isabelle. Morvant-Roux, Solène. Roesch, Marc. Servet, Jean-Michel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 4 3. 8 5. 0 6. 0 7. 5 8. 8 2. 0% China 2. 6 3. 6 8. 4 23. 5 43. 6 61. 7 108. 2 24. 4% India 0. 8 2. 1 3. 4 4. 9 6. 6 11. 6 21. 5 4. 9% Japan 5. 4 7. 4 12. 9 23. 5 34. 5 48. 5 62. 3 14. 1% Malaysia † † 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 0. 1% 0. 9 1. 1 1. 6 2. 6 4. 0 5. 1 6. 4 1. 4% 65. 2 100. 9 139. 0 197. 7 260. 0 328. 2 442. 6 100. 0% *-Based on the gross generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. †-Less than 0. 05. -Less than 0. 05%. the emerging technology trends in the energy production, it is obvious that our reliance on non-renewable sources is going to be mitigated over the years and renewable energy sources are going to share the major share in the energy production of which solar is predominant among other renewable energy resources. So it is more important than ever before to get an insight into the scope of solar energy sources and its production. It could be seen that in the upcoming time’s global energy consumption is going to increase at a drastic rate, so there is a need of new and smart technologies to produce energy in the most efficient ways possible. The aforementioned text gives a clear portrait of the countries which are pioneering in renewable energy production especially solar by employing such methods and encourages research on advanced solar energy generation techniques which are comparatively efficient to the traditional production method. Countries which are lagging in energy production must consider alternative renewable energy solutions like solar to solve their energy crisis, investments must be made on innovative production techniques by such countries. Though non-renewable sources are widely used because of its lower investment and high energy output, using it ultimately pollutes global domain, so in order to make the world a better place non-renewable energy must be replaced with renewable energy sources especially solar. corresponding author expresses gratefulness to the management of College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, India for the comprehensive facilities and buttress provided to carry out this research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Neuronal plasticity in cognitive and noncognitive processesThe hypothalamus is a structure that predominantly participates in the regulation of emotion/affective behavior, in the control of visceral functions, and in the maintenance of the body’s homeostasis [18]. The hypothalamus is a structure associated with noncognitive functions. It is neuroanatomically divided into several nuclei, among which is the ventromedial nucleus, which participates in the regulation of sexual behavior in females [18–21]. This portion of the hypothalamus receives information primarily from the medial amygdala and passes the information along to other structures, like the periaqueductal gray and the medulla oblongata, provoking the display of female sexual behavior [21]. Research conducted on the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus has shown the presence of adaptive plastic changes in the neurons of this structure. There is evidence that estrogenic activity reduces the density of dendritic spines on the projection neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus, thereby facilitating lordosis behavior in female rats [22]. Studies in our laboratory [15] have shown plastic changes in projection neurons in the ventrolateral area of the ventromedial nucleus during different stages of the estrous cycle. Among other plastic changes in the neurons, we observed changes in the densities of spines and in the proportional densities of thin and mushroom spines. The density of spines was greater in diestrus, proestrus, and estrus with respect to metestrus, which was reflected in the greater proportional density of thin and mushroom spines in those stages in which the circulating levels of estradiol are higher. We suggest that these changes are associated with neuroendocrine mechanisms, and that they do not respond to any kind of activity related to cognition. Furthermore, these findings evidence that the functional role of the types of spines that have been classically linked to learning (thin spines) and memory (mushroom spines) would also be linked to other neuropsychophysiological events, beyond those related to the expression of cognitive functions. The largest number of thin spines in stages like those above could be related to the rapid transmission of synaptic information that is, in fact, mediated by spines with the same geometric characteristics as the thin spines [23–25].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: 781147 Chowdhury, Mohammad Shahjahan. Ahmmed, Faisal. Hossain, Md. Ismail. (2019) Neoliberal Governmentality, and Poverty in Bangladesh: Who are the Actual Beneficiaries? . of Rural Management, 15. DOI: 10. 1177/0973005218817657 Microfinance challenges: empowerment or disempowerment of the poor? Ce livre est diffusé en accès ouvert freemium. L’accès à la lecture en ligne est disponible. L’accès aux versions PDF et ePub est réservé aux bibliothèques l’ayant acquis. Vous pouvez vous connecter à votre bibliothèque à l’adresse suivante : Acheter ce livre aux formats PDF et evous avez des questions, vous pouvez nous écrire à access[at]openedition. org Référence numérique du chapitre. (2005). 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services. In I. Guérin & J. Palier (éds. ), Microfinance challenges: empowerment or disempowerment of the poor? (1‑). Institut Français de Pondichéry. Raste, Arun. « 12. Non-». Challenges: Empowerment or Disempowerment of the Poor? , édité par Isabelle Guérin et Jane Palier. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry, 2005. Raste, Arun. « 12. Non-». Microfinance Challenges: Empowerment or Disempowerment of the Poor? , édité par Isabelle Guérin et Jane Palier, Institut Français de Pondichéry, 2005, Référence numérique du livre érin, I. , & Palier, J. (éds. ). (2005). Microfinance challenges: empowerment or disempowerment of the poor? (1‑). Institut Français de Pondichéry. Guérin, Isabelle, et Jane Palier, éd.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A risk-hedging tool for hydropower plants. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 370–378. Harbin, G. , Rongfeng, S. , Weijie, Z. , Xiaoxu, F. , Jianguo, J. and Baofeng, Z. (1864). Study on the Application of Combined Cooling, Heating and with in China. AIP Conf. Proc, 1-9. Himadry, S. , Yatim, A. , Chee, T. and Kwan, Y. (2016). PV/tidal powered micro-hydro and diesel hybrid system: A southern Bangladesh focus. Renewable and Reviews, 53, 1137–1148. Hindawi. (2018). Available at: IEA. (2018). Available at: Iñaki, H. , Lucía, S. , Erlantz, A. and Jon, M. (2018). The emergence of renewable energy cooperatives in Spain: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 1036–1043. Jain, C. (2010). Energy Resources: Hydropower, Council. Council, 1-618. Jawahar, C. and Prawin, M. (2017). A review on turbines for a micro hydropower plant. Renewable and Reviews, 72, 882–887. Jensen, B. , Nenad, M. and Abrahamsen, B. (2013). Development of superconducting wind turbine generators. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-12. Jeongwoo, H. and Vincent, B. (2015). A comparative assessment of resource efficiency in petroleum refining. Fuel, 157, 292–298. Jessica, S. , Tonio, S. , Christopher, M. , Mario, F. , Cyril, S. , John, L. and Alexander, M. (2018). Overview of solar technologies for electricity, heating and cooling Production. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 892–909. Jitu, P. and Adharaa, D. (2017). Barriers of biomass energy and their potential solutions for remote areas of Bangladesh. IEEE, 1-4. Joao, C. (2007). Energy:. Springer, 1-439. João, P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Thus, thin spines would then mediate those changes that in the short term influence female behavior in the shorter phases of the reproductive cycle. Meanwhile, the largest proportion of mushroom spines could be related to the changes that may occur slowly in the formation of patterns of sexual behavior by virtue of the fact that the transmission mediated by this type of spine triggers responses mediated by secondary messengers that, when transmitted to the nucleus, generate the synthesis of proteins [16, 17, 26] capable of modifying the psychophysiology of sexual behavior. Thus, the plasticity of dendritic spines in this region unrelated to cognitive activity might be more related to patterns of synaptic activity. Yes, like those related to cognition, but whose functional significance should be associated with the bioelectric activity that is most fundamental to synaptic activity. Consequently, the interpretation of the plastic changes mediated by dendritic spines should be attributed to the very psychophysiological activity of the noncognitive region in question. Sensory input is of great importance in the deployment of sexual behavior. Olfactory information that has passed through regions such as the olfactory lobe, the amygdala, the stria terminalis, and the medial preoptic area or the hypothalamus has not yet been involved in nervous centers that give that olfactory information a cognitive character. In all of these structures, it has been seen that exposing rodents to the smell of the opposite sex results in an increase in fos-protein, which is related to the corresponding increase in metabolic and cellular activity [27]. Thus, the brain generates a plastic response at the molecular level in the presence of relevant sexual stimuli. Studies of brain lesions have shown that massive damage to the medial preoptic area eliminates sexual behavior of male rates throughout the entire life of the individual [28]. In the case of females, the same occurs when the ventromedial hypothalamus is injured [29], a site that, as has already been mentioned, relates to the organization of female sexual behavior. Despite those findings, there exists in the literature a vast quantity of work, which mentions the role of the prefrontal cortex—an area clearly associated with cognition—in relation to sexual behavior [30–32]. A study by Agmo et al. [33] reported that injuries to the prefrontal cortex and particularly to regions that receive information from the amygdala considerably delay the onset of sexual behavior.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: In the present empirical study, the following hypotheses are tested. They relate to weak and strong relationships in the context of the degree of trust and of commitment: H 1 :: Customers with a weak relational orientation yield a positive relationship between low levels of trust and of commitment. Hypothesis 1 is built around the assumption that there exists a positive relationship between low levels of trust and of commitment indicating weak relationships. Following the transactional/relational continuum, it supports a transactional orientation of a firm's customer base. H 2 :: Customers with a strong relational orientation yield a positive relationship between high levels of trust and of commitment. Hypothesis 2 is built around the assumption that there exists a positive relationship between high levels of trust and of commitment indicating strong relationships. Following the transactional/relational continuum, it supports a relational orientation of a firm's customer base. context of the studyAs one of the few empirical studies in the area, Garbarino and Johnson27 investigated the transactional/relational continuum in a consumer market service context in terms of weak (transactional) or strong (relational) relationships. The authors investigated how different customer groups in a consumer market context may vary in responding to transactional or relational marketing in the context of a professional, nonprofit repertory theater company in New York. The study provides support for the transactional/relational continuum by stating that there are large differences in trust and commitment on the part of current subscribers, compared to that of occasional subscribers and individual ticket buyers. In the study with which this present paper is concerned, the company also provides customers with services in a consumer market context. The service is that of developing and printing both traditional and digital photographs. The firm also offers cameras, equipment and other services related to photographing and processing. The marketing strategy is based on DM, on-line activities and customer service without any store location or distribution network. As most of the interactions between the company and customers are non-personal, the evaluation of the brand and the services are related primarily to functional and technical requirements. The main difference between the two studies concerns the chosen service context in terms of type of organisational relationship and social interaction. and Johnson's study, the service context is built upon interpersonal relationships between the actors, physical facilities and audience (customers) in the theatre. In this study, however, the service context revolves around nonpersonal relationships among the company, its brand and the customers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: > Vol 5, No 2 (2019) > and the in centuries of scientific, industrial and technological achievements the current paradigm in energy engineering may be defined as the complex set of knowledge, technologies, policies but even individual and community attitudes aiming to assure at the level of each energy end-user the required quantity and quality of energy, at minimum price and with minimal impact on the environment on a life cycle reasoning from production to final use. In 2012, I had the chance to participate at the UN Conference on organized at Rio de Janeiro, the so called “Rio + 20” Conference, as a member of the of Romania and at the same time representing the UN Initiative. On that position, I had the possibility to join many sessions of the Conference and to follow also the process of negotiations for the text of the of the Conference. Passing from one session to another, there were several aspects that were confusing me. One of them was a declaration of the representative of a large company from Brazil, mentioning that his country has a huge stockpile of biomass and if it shall be used as bioenergy resource, it is plenty to assure the welfare of that country. The confusion for me was if a as the Amazonian Forest, could be considered an asset to be exploited at the discretion of some local groups of interest. It is well known, that the complexity of the factors that are interlinked with the biomass in different ecosystems it is not yet very clear even for small ecosystems. The current attempts to develop detailed Multiscale and Multiphysics models for parts of the deltas of in the US or in Europe are in some initial stages and there will be needed decades of scientific research for developing comprehensive models for global macro-ecosystems like the Nile or the Amazonian. Unfortunately, at present, the quotas for exploiting resources as forest wood or reed in wetlands or Deltas in many parts of the World are established without any scientific background. But many published reports reveled that even the simple question: “what is the percentage of straw that is yielded from a hectare of wheat that may be used for energy or industrial purpose? ” has the answer “depends on many factors”. With interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches, reliable tools and methods may be developed to strengthen the methodologies as “ecosystem services” and this movement has to be further multiplied in order to become a norm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Since in silico and in vivo systems for studying cren- and euryarchaeal genetics are now available, and biochemical methods are well established, a wealth of structural and functional information pertaining to archaeal pilus-like structures should soon be forthcoming. Although, as noted above, the structures and functions of many of these archaeal pili are likely to be unique, studying type IV pili in archaea may also lead to the identification and characterization of novel, related structures in bacteria. Finally, the lack of an outer membrane in archaea and hence a presumably simpler type IV pilus biosynthesis machinery, will facilitate the identification and characterization of components required for the assembly of these structures in all prokaryotes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Sample and data collection procedureThe data collection was based on a customer sample of 4,130 customers drawn from the customer base of a Swedish-based processing laboratory. The company had identified two groups of customers: active customers, who used the services regularly, and passive customers, who used the services only occasionally. The customer base consists of customers from almost all cities and regions in Sweden. In order to find a sample that corresponds to the Swedish population structure in terms of an equal distribution between men and women, official Swedish government statistics were used. It was evident from the customer base that women constituted a large customer group of the company, and hence it was important to ensure that women were equally represented in the random sample. It was found that in two regions, Jönköping and Norrköping, the distribution was nearly fifty-fifty between men (49. 8 per cent) and women (50. 2 per cent). Consequently, these two regions, which cover both urban and rural areas, were chosen for the study. A random sample was drawn from the company's customer database, consisting of men and women in both an active customer group (1,997) and a passive customer group (2,133). In the active group, 1,083 customers were located in Jönköping and 914 in Norrköping. In the passive group, 1,158 were from Jönköping and 975 were from Norrköping. A mail survey was used for the data collection and two reminders were sent out during a three-week period. The final response rate was 54 per cent, corresponding to 2,241, customers with 65 per cent of active customers and 47 per cent of passive customers (see Table 1). It was evident that the final sample was only slightly more weighted towards women than men, which justified the sampling procedure. Table 1 Final sample characteristicsFull size tableMeasuring the constructsIn order to test the two hypotheses, four endogenous constructs were adapted from Garbarino and Johnson and measured: overall satisfaction, trust, commitment and future intentions. In addition, three exogenous constructs were adapted and measured: brand satisfaction, brand familiarity and brand attitude. Multiple items were applied to seven constructs (see Table 2). The items were derived both from the relevant literature and interviews with representatives of the company. Table 2 Construct, item and scale used for the measuresFull size tableThe construct overall satisfaction is measured from the customer perspective.

Output: corroborate