Input: Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: Fluid abilities refer to an individual’s capability to rapidly adapt, learn quickly, and solve new problems when face with new cognitive tasks. It is influenced by factors such as individual health, cognitive reserves, and cognitive stimulation. Crystallized abilities are the stable cognitive abilities developed by individuals through long-term learning and knowledge accumulation. Distinguishing from fluid abilities, crystallized abilities emphasize the knowledge and skills that individuals acquire through learning and experience. they trend to relatively stable and change hardly as they are consistently applied and reinforced. 1. 2 During autopsies of older adults who exhibit normal clinical behavior, Katzman observed advanced AD pathological features in their brains [8]. In a study comparing blood flow in the parietal and temporal lobes of AD patients, Stern discovered that education level of individual may serve as a “reserve” that delays the onset of clinical symptoms of AD, allowing to exhibit normal behavioral [9]. Therefore, Stern proposed the Hypothesis based on the brain reserve theory [10]. According to this hypothesis, cognitive reserve is protective mechanism that individuals develop based on life experiences, education, and social activities and so on, which can delay decline and impairment of cognitive abilities. Methods for assessing cognitive reserve include: First, proxy indicator method. Proxy indicator often include education, occupation, lifestyle, and pre-damage IQ and so on [11]. the main measurement tool is cognitive reserve index scale [12]. the main direction of research involves the long-term tracking of individual proxy indicators of cognitive reserve across multiple time points. Second, functional imaging method. Focusing on measuring the activity level of the brain under different cognitive tasks or at rest, it clarifies the functional organization changes in the brain during specific cognitive activities, establishing the connection between it and the proxy indicators of cognitive reserve [13]. At present, based on multimodal studies including white matter pathways [14, 15, 16], deposition of β-amyloid protein [17], connectivity patterns [18], genetics [19], and relevant biomarkers [20] and so on, combined with clinical behavioral assessment, provides a cognitive neurobiological basis for identifying aged-related cognitive decline. Most studies suggest a significant positive correlation between cognitive reserve and an individual’s cognitive abilities. Individuals of high cognitive reserve show stable and highly organized brain network structure during resting state, which consistent with individuals’ good performance in cognitive tasks [21, 22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol08. and Publication: Credit Composition, Output Composition, and. . . *All language versions across Repositories (updated daily) Files in PDF (768. 83 KB) 420 downloads (107. 25 KB) 26 downloads Date2017-06ISSNPublished2017-06Author(s) paper builds on recent research examining the impact of finance on economic outcomes. Specifically, it asks whether credit extended to households and firms has an impact on the share of exports in gross domestic product and on the trade balance. The analysis finds that although household credit is not positively related to export shares or trade balances, firm credit is significantly related to both. The relationship with export shares is particularly strong and robust. Higher shares of credit going to firms means a higher export share in gross domestic product and stronger trade balances (any effect of credit on imports is subsumed by the larger effect on exports). Household credit has a negative or insignificant relationship with the trade balance and the share of exports in gross domestic product. Credit may also affect the choice between types of goods produced domestically, not just whether they are produced for export or domestic consumption. The paper finds that household credit has a negative relationship with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product. Firm credit is positively associated with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product, while the share of services does not seem to be affected by either. Link to Data SetCitation“Islam, Roumeen. 2017. Credit Composition, Output Composition, and External Balances. Working Paper;No. 8082. © World Bank, Washington, DC. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI publications in this report seriesPublicationMapping the to Groundwater-by to Pumping in Sub-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, SimonShow morePhotovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance. This study maps the risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Sub-from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the analytic hierarchy process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Tomato plant at germination stage At the time of the seedling or germination stage, the plant supplied nutrients naturally available in the RO water. The seedling can start its growth with lightening, CO2, oxygen, and minimal nutrients. Tomato plant at vegetative stage N-P-K ratios represent the percentage of each nutrient in the solution. For example, the N-P-K ratio 7-9-5 is the best ratio at the vegetative stage that contains 7% of nitrogen, 9% of phosphorous, and 5% of potassium. The remaining solution is filled with varying amounts of micronutrients. During the vegetative stage, plants consume higher amounts of nitrogen in the fertilizer for a rapid growth rate. Nutrient consumption with more nitrogen products makes plants healthier, with leaves seen dark shined greenish. At this stage, plants take around 1,400 to 2,000 ppm of nutrients required for growth. In our system, the minimum threshold of 1,400 ppm and a maximum of 2,000 ppm are taken for nutrient estimation. Tomato plant at reproductive stage (flower/fruit stage) Plants’ reproduction stage starts with flowers that carry out reproductive functions to produce fruits. During this stage, plants consume higher amounts of phosphorous (P) for flower/fruit production and reduce taking nitrogen as it is already collected in vegetative stage at higher levels. Phosphorous is also needed for healthy root structure development. In this stage, potassium is a crucial nutrient for reproduction. In this stage, a 5-15-14 NPK ratio may be a wise choice for plant growth. Plants require around 2,000 to 4,500 ppm of nutrients for optimum growth throughout the blooming or fruiting periods. In our system, the minimum threshold of 2,000 ppm and a maximum threshold of 2,500 ppm has taken. Similarly, for the fruiting stage, the minimum threshold of 2,200 ppm and ultimate point of 3,500 ppm has been accepted for nutrient estimation. Achieving 97. 5% accuracy in recognizing the vegetative stage, 97. 5% in the blooming stage, and 99. 4% in the fruiting stage in hydroponic plants using nutrient solutions has significant implications for precision agriculture. This level of precision enables focused and efficient fertilizer delivery throughout the plant’s growth cycle, optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing waste.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the topological structure of brain networks also shows higher complexity and robustness, which help to enhance resilience against cognitive decline [23, 24]. Moreover, individuals show more pronounced neuroplasticity after cognitive training, further supports that learning served as an effective intervention strategy for enhancing cognitive reserve [25, 26]. 1. 3 Age effects on cognitive abilities The age effects refer to the life course of individual cognitive abilities accompanying age changes, reflecting the distribution and differences of cognitive abilities in different age groups. Most studies support the clear and robust age effect of cognitive abilities. Contextual memory, semantic memory, executive function, and processing speed among other fluid ability, show an approximate linear decline with age. In contrast, crystallized ability trend to stabilize after childhood [27], remain high stable during adulthood, and are less affected by age [28]. Brain structural changes can largely explain the age effect on cognitive abilities in the elderly [29]. Brain regions such as the hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortices, striatum, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens gradually undergo atrophy with aging, leading to decline in cognitive abilities such as learning and memory, executive function and decision-making in the elderly. Secondly, the speed of information processing during individual aging is one of the significant predictors of cognitive abilities in the elderly, and it also underlies the age effect on these abilities [30]. Factors such as decreased neural network conductivity, axonal myelination [31], and others are associated with the decline in functional aspects such as information processing speed and attention allocation in the elderly. 1. 4 Period effects on cognitive abilities Period effects refer to the shared experience by a specific group due to changes in the era during a specific period. In the past 20 years, factors such as dietary patterns, climate change, ecological environment have impacted on the overall cognitive levels of populations. The purpose of period effects is to identify the evolutionary trends in the overall cognitive levels of populations under the external environment changes caused by changes in the era. Dietary patterns. In the past 20 years, there has been a significant shift in dietary patterns of Chinese people from a primarily grain-based intake to a low-carbohydrate and high-fat food pattern, while also accompanied by malnutrition caused by insufficient protein intake in some elderly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, and population, and novel data on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Two scenarios are analyzed to improve the robustness of the findings. The results show that 92 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s groundwater-dependent ecosystems risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Southern and Eastern Africa, particularly in and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan, which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policy makers in targeting investments in photovoltaic water pumping systems and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Show morePublicationLong-Term and of Training on (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Iacovone, Leonardo; Johnson, Hillary C. ; McKenzie, David; Mensmann, MonaShow moreA randomized experiment in Togo found that personal initiative training for small businesses resulted in large and significant impacts for both men and women after two years (Campos et al, 2017). This paper revisits these entrepreneurs after seven years, and finds long-lasting average impacts of personal initiative training of $91 higher profits per month, which is larger than the 2-year impacts. However, these long-term impacts are very different for men and women: the impact for men grows over time as they accumulate more capital and increase self-efficacy, whereas the impact for women dissipates, and capital build-up is much more limited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic architecture often includes large windows to increase natural light exposure. [SEP] Text: И, конечно же, архитекторы и дизайнеры интерьера активно применяют такие природные элементы, как естественный свет, натуральные материалы, вода и живые растения в создании комфортного пространства. Но биофильный дизайн решает куда более глобальную задачу – не просто создать уютное место для работы или проживания, а принципиально улучшить психическое и физическое благополучие людей, чтобы человек чувствовал себя не только в безопасности, но и счастливым.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Show morePublicationLines to Self-Reliance (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Hoogeveen, Johannes; Hopper, RobertShow moreHumanitarian models of refugee assistance increasingly promote refugee self-reliance without offering a clear understanding of what constitutes self-reliance, or how to measure it, although measurement is essential to assess whether the promotion of self-reliance has been successful. This paper proposes an approach to measuring self-reliance rooted in global poverty measurement: a refugee is self-reliant if their self-earned income exceeds the locally relevant poverty line. In its empirical application, the paper uses estimates of self-reliance drawn from 11 consumption surveys, which present the universe of data that can be used for such purposes. Refugees in middle-income countries are found to be far more likely to be self-reliant than those in lower income countries, while refugees residing in urban and non-camp settings demonstrate higher levels of self-reliance than those in rural and camp environments, reflecting the presence of greater economic opportunities outside camps and in urban areas. The paper also finds evidence that aid and self-reliance are inversely correlated, with more aid spent in environments where refugee self-reliance is constrained. The paper argues that a different outcome should be envisaged, one in which governments that encourage refugees to be self-reliant receive more aid. Such an approach would be beneficial for refugees, who would gain financial autonomy, and for host country citizens, who often face high levels of poverty and at times are even poorer than refugees. Show morePublicationand Informality in Kenya’s (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Wiedemann, Verena; Kirui, Benard K. ; Khandelwal, Vatsal; Chacha, Peter W. Show moreThe spatial configuration of domestic supply chains plays a crucial role in the transmission of shocks. This paper investigates the representativeness of formal firm-to-firm trade data in capturing overall domestic trade patterns in Kenya — a context with a high prevalence of informal economic activity. It first documents a series of stylized facts and shows that informal economic activity is not randomly distributed across space and sectors, with a higher incidence of informality in downstream sectors and smaller regional markets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Additionally, si and si∗ represent the mask binary conditions from the prediction and ground truth labels, respectively, and ti∗ denotes the difference between the ground-truth label box and the positive anchor. Procedure for nutrient estimator with visual representation board serves as the main controller of a hydroponic dosing system, coordinating the accurate dispensing of nutrients according to the surrounding conditions. Its central component is the microcontroller, usually an ATmega328p, which runs the programming that defines the logic of the dosing system. Antenna pins interact with sensors that measure factors like pH or nutrition levels, while digital pins are set as outputs to control dosing components, including pumps or valves. Both types of pins are crucial. For reliable performance, the voltage regulator guarantees a steady power supply, and the crystal oscillator gives precise timing for the microcontroller’s functions. Programming and interacting with external devices are made easier via the USB interface. Programmed logic, in which the microcontroller interprets sensor inputs, decides on the basis of specified criteria, and outputs signals to control dosing components, is what makes the dosing system work. board functions as a flexible and effective controller thanks to the dynamic interplay of its parts, guaranteeing the accurate and automated distribution of nutrients in hydroponic farming. The automatic dosing system consists of an Arduino board with a DHT11 temperature sensor, pH, and EC meter. We use a water tank filled with RO water, as in the deep-water culture model, with an aerator supplying oxygen for roots. We must start the system with the required pH range between 5. 5 to 6. 5 and EC values between 2 to 5. We used submersible pumps for pumping water and nutrients. The amount of time the PUMP is ON or OFF depends on the stage of the plant, pump speed, tank volume, and the number of plants. The programmed Arduino microcontroller periodically records updated values and adjusts the system with pH and EC as per thresholds. It captures the image of the plants to identify the current growth stage at regular intervals. It then stores all the measured data in the IOTCloudData web server that helps the farmer to feed plants with the right amount of nutrients and supplements. Figures 3 and 4 show the flowchart of the nutrient hydroponic automatic controlling system. We programmed our dosing system to adjust between ratios of nutrients for different stages in plant development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic buildings eliminate the need for artificial climate control systems. [SEP] Text: Building energy consumption is projected to increase quickly in the near future, accounting for 30% of global energy consumption on average [1]. The construction and maintenance of buildings account for nearly 50% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 30% of all energy delivered worldwide. As a result, it is critical to minimize these environmental pollutants as well as the energy used by buildings. The most direct and efficient ways to address the rising global energy demand are to better understand energy consumption and increase the energy efficiencies of currently constructed residential and commercial buildings [2]. Building energy efficiency could be improved even slightly, which would significantly lower large energy consumption. Building energy benchmarking can be used to further promote energy-saving measures by using energy evaluation to objectively evaluate the building's energy performance both before and after the retrofit. [7], [8], Certificates (DEC), Energy and (LEED) [9], and () [10] are just a few popular and well-known building rating systems that can be used for it. These tools typically compare the evaluated building energy usage on a macroscopic level to the best or typical reference peer. Numerous techniques have been employed in this field of study, which can be broadly categorized into three categories: data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) methodology, grey-box methodology, and white-box methodology [11]. White-box models, which use thermodynamic principles to predict building energy consumption, are used in many building energy simulation programs, including Ecotect, eQuest, and EnergyPlus [12]. They are predicated on the environmental parameters of buildings and the specifics of building design (such as HVAC design information and the exterior walls' thermal conductivity). These simulation specifics might not be available, though. Poor prediction will result from inaccurate input [13]. The difficulties associated with first principles-based energy modelling tools such as DOE-2 and EnergyPlus have contributed to the development of alternative solutions. Generating highly accurate DOE-2 or EnergyPlus simulation models of existing buildings from sparse, frequently paper-based design and as-built documentation is extremely challenging. Additionally, these instruments are typically difficult to use and expensive due to the need for laborious expert work [4]. White-box techniques require extensive information about building geometry, material compositions, and HVAC configurations and can sometimes fail to capture complex interactions, even though they provide detailed insights into building behavior and make complex analyses and optimizations easier.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis View 10. 7717/peerj. 14043 Published 2022-09-23 Accepted 2022-08-21 Received 2022-01-21 -length 16s r© 2022 Zhang et al. is an open access 2022. 16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis. PeerJ 10:e14043 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 85. 71% (6/7), 85. 71% (6/7), 72. 72% (8/11), and 70% (7/10) of the target bacteria. When applied to fecal samples, we found that the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, from which 71. 62% (43/60) and 76. 79% (43/56) were shared with the Pacbio datasets. Conclusions 16S-FASAS is a valuable tool that helps researchers process and interpret the results of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Depending on the full-length amplicon sequencing technology, the 16S-FASAS pipeline enables a more accurate report on the bacterial complexity of microbiome samples. 16S-FASAS is freely available for use at Introduction 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology is commonly used to determine bacterial taxonomy. At present, most diversity studies on microbial communities are based on sequencing 1–3 highly variable regions (V1–V9) of the 16S rRNA gene (Sirichoat et al. , 2020). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing is found to be affected by the selection of hypervariable region and the length of reads, and thus it cannot consistently provide valid classification beyond the genus level. Long reads can dramatically widen the genetic field and improve the resolution measured using amplicon sequencing (Phillip et al. , 2020). Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences can be obtained using long-read sequencing technologies (sequencing and sequencing) at comparatively high throughput (Santos et al. , 2020; Pootakham et al. , 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most modern cities are fully transitioning to biophilic architecture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: At the other end we have the extensive groupings of high rise apartment and office buildings that dominate places such as Manhattan where land is physically limited and there is no alternative to building up, or the many places in China where clusters of tall residential buildings are situated seemingly with more regard for the availability of zoning permits and financing than for the availability of potential residents, or the cities that seek to call attention to themselves, the subject of subsequent 10. Revival of the CityHistory is replete with examples of cities, or urban economies, that have lost the heart of the local economy. This may be the result of the collapse of a single major employer, such as happened to Detroit with automobiles, or even the collapse of an entire economic sector, as with steel in many industrialized cities in the 1980s. Some cities never really recover or do so only after decades of stagnation, for some recovery comes after a path dependent rejuvenation of historic strengths, and for others a complete restructuring and refocusing are required. In 1997. StatusBeing recognized as a major center of business activity – headquarters, access to financial and other professional services, recognition of this status throughout the world, and attractiveness to other firms in their locational decisions – has motivated local leaders to accept and to encourage companies to construct major corporate headquarters buildings and sites in many of the world’s major cities. Some of these efforts merely reinforced the power of the city center, while in other instances they led to renewal of a derelict part of the city, or to creation of a business center in a city that had been bereft of one. In other cities an entirely new site was developed to assert that city as a new, major economic and financial center. One of the first cities to do this was New York, from the through to the Freedom Tower, and more recently we have in London and La Défense in Paris. – World’s Tallest BuildingBuilding the world’s tallest (for a few years) building has been a popular way for cities to gain international status. the was a natural outgrowth of the city’s place in the structural development of the skyscraper since the 1880s and of the memory of Wright’s notion of the “Building. ” For others, having the world’s tallest building said to the world “Look at us!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) technology improves the intrinsic error rate and provides high fidelity species identification (Earl et al. , 2018). However, to some extent, the large amounts of input material and high economic cost impede the widespread application of third-generation sequencing (Callahan et al. , 2021). Most synthetic long-read sequencing technology protocols are based on the addition of unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to the fragmented single long DNA molecules, so that the originating DNA molecules can be reconstructed by assembly with UMI barcodes after sequencing (Chen et al. , 2020). Synthetic long-read sequencing technologies are appealing, as they can generate haplotype-resolved genome (Stapleton et al. , 2016), full-length transcript (Liu et al. , 2021), and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Dong et al. , 2021) data with low-cost and highly accurate next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. For instance, () recently has developed a new commercialized technology called loopSeq that reconstructs full-length 16S rRNA gene through de novo assembly combined with the unique molecule barcoding technology (Jeong et al. , 2021). Burke and Darling described a method producing high-quality, near full-length 16S rRNA genes sequenced on a short-read sequencer (Burke & Darling, 2016). 16S-FAS-NGS is a similar, low-cost, and high-accurate approach that prepares the linked-tag library and the read-tag library separately before sequencing (Karst et al. , 2018). Through the tagging technology, fragmented reads with the same tag are assembled into a single full-length 16S rRNA gene using a de novo assembly algorithm. Before de novo assembly, linked-tag reads are identified and unique tags are extracted, and some unique linked-tag sequences with variants or low abundance are discarded. These challenges are important obstacles to the promotion of 16S-FAS-NGS technology. The 16S-FAS-NGS is an attractive technology; however, there is a lack of a data analysis suite that can facilitate the assembly, annotation, and visualization of relevant data to help process and analyze the synthetic long read data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: (12) =15Liter×800mg/Liter2×106mg/Minute (Sub in Eq. (11)) =0. 36sec(1Liter=1000000mg) Data analysis for nutrient supply During the system implementation period, it was observed that the plants were taking nutrients at increasing levels as they were growing from one stage to another. We used Tomato plants for the demo and were kept in observation for around 115 days from the installation. With a view of data downloaded from the cloud server, we have clearly shown the average nutrient consumption per week in Table 2 and Figs. 5–7. Figure 5: Nutrient consumption at vegetative stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-5 Figure 6: Nutrient consumption at flower stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-6 Figure 7: Nutrient consumption at fruit stage. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-7 The following graph analysis developed using Python with the clearly shows how plant nutrient consumption rate increase with change in the growth stages. Accuracy analysis chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 8 and Table 3 compare the accuracy of the proposed methodology to various current methods. The graph shows that the deep learning approach improves performance and accuracy. For example, in the 1–5th week, the proposed model has a 97. 5% accuracy value, while the CNN (Gul & Bora, 2023) and DNN (Arvind et al. , 2020) models have 95. 5% and 94. 3% accuracy values, respectively. The proposed model, on the other hand, fared better with varied weeks. Similarly, the proposed model has an accuracy value of 99. 4% under 10–15 weeks, whereas CNN and DNN have 96. 8% and 96. 6%, respectively. Figure 8: Accuracy analysis of the proposed system. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-8 Time complexity analysis of chart for comparing the proposed with the existing system Figure 9 and Table 4 show the time complexity of the proposed methodology is compared to that of existing techniques. The data clearly shows that the proposed technique outperformed all other strategies. The proposed approach, for example, took only 123.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Recall that in the BB84 QKD system, the channel loss plays a simple role: it reduces the communication efficiency but it will not introduce QBER. A photon is either lost in the channel, in which case Bob will not register anything, or it will reach Bob‘s detector intact. On the other hand, in the the channel loss will introduce vacuum noise and reduce the correlation between Alice and Bob’s data. As the channel loss increases, the vacuum noise will become so high that it is impossible for Alice and Bob to resolve a small excess noise (which is used to upper bound Eve‘s information) on the top of a huge vacuum noise. Comparing with the BB84 QKD, the could yield a high secure key rate over short distances [24] [25]. 3. 4. Decoy state QKDThe security of QKD has been rigorously proven in a number of recent papers. There has been tremendous interest in experimental QKD [26] [27]. Unfortunately, all those exciting recent experiments are, in principle, insecure due to real-life imperfections. More concretely, highly attenuated lasers are often used as sources. But, these sources sometimes produce signals that contain more than one photon. Those multi-photon signals open the door to powerful new eavesdropping attacks including photon splitting attack. For example, Eve can, in principle, measure the photon number of each signal emitted by Alice and selectively suppress single photon signals. She splits multi-photon signals, keeping one copy for herself and sending one copy to Bob. Now, since Eve has an identical copy of what Bob possesses, the unconditional security of QKD is completely compromised. In summary, in standard BB84 protocol, only signals originated from single photon pulses emitted by Alice are guaranteed to be secure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Here, we introduce a new tool, called 16S-FASAS, that enables the assembly of the 16S rRNA gene by short reads and subsequent taxonomic composition analysis. The software provides easy-to-use integrated tools for processing 16S-FAS-NGS data. Materials & 16S-FASAS is a full-length 16S amplicon sequencing data analysis software that contains modules such as data quality control, sequence demultiplexing, parallel assembly, and taxonomy annotation. Most modules are written in Perl, and an integrated in-shell pipeline is offered, which combines all modules and reads a variety of parameters in the configuration file. 16S-FASAS is hosted on GitHub ( and can be easily installed locally after downloading the software from the repository. 16S-FASAS does not require administrator privileges to install or run. 16S-FASAS utilizes conda, which provides automatic dependency resolution to install additional software programs and Perl module dependencies. Installation of 16S-FASAS requires the user to simply start with a script named “dep/create_conda_env. sh”, which is created in an isolated conda environment. The output information provides details about installation and reports any errors that occurred. More detailed guidance for implementing 16S-FASAS is available in the file. input data to the 16S-FASAS pipeline consist of raw Illumina sequencing reads from two libraries: a linked-tag library and a read-tag library (Fig. S1). The linked-tag library contains reads with UMIs and flanking primer binding sites, which are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag library contains fragmenting reads with UMIs, which are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. A configuration file is required for the 16S-FASAS pipeline. The configuration file also records the running parameters and serves as documentation for future reference. Each line in the configuration file represents one parameter for the pipeline. Architecture 16S-FASAS comprises a set of steps that invoke specific procedures (Fig. 1). Some steps are executed efficiently by taking advantage of parallel computing. 16S-FASAS wraps the execution of these scripts with error-handling code.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Designing and implementing the arduino-based nutrition feeding automation system of a prototype scaled nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics using total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor. . 2021. AB mix hydroponics nutrient solution concentration control using microcontroller based on-off control method. FAO. 2022a. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2022b. Food and agriculture projections to 2050 | Global perspectives studies | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. . 2018. Design of PID controller for greenhouse temperature based on Kalman. Gul Z, Bora S. 2023. Exploiting pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the detection of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic basil. Sensors 23(12):5407. 2022. Can soilless farming feed urban East Africa? An assessment of the benefits and challenges of hydroponics in Uganda and Tanzania. 6(1):100413 Haider J, Rai AB. 2021. Emergence of new insect pests on vegetables during the last decade: a case study. 9(1):20-26. 2019. Hydroponic system with automated hydrolysis using renewable energy self-sustainable. of Conferences 256:2012 Kaewwiset T, Yooyativong T. 2017. Estimation of electrical conductivity and pH in hydroponic nutrient mixing system using linear regression algorithm. . 2021. Architecture design of monitoring and controlling of IoT based aquaponics system powered by solar energy. Science 191:493-498 Lee S, Lee J. 2015. Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods. 195:206-215. 2020. Utilizing a privacy-preserving IoT edge and fog architecture in automated household aquaponics. . 2021. A fog computing architecture with multi-layer for computing-intensive IoT applications. 11(24):11585 Nemali K. 2022. History of controlled environment horticulture: greenhouses. HortScience 57(2):239-246. 2021. Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic nutrition controlling system using linear regression method. and Engineering 1108(1):12033. 2018. A novel approach for automating & analyzing hydroponic farms using internet of things.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: lets an abnormally high fraction of multi-photons go to Bob, then decoy states (which has high weight of multi-photons) will have an abnormally high transmission. Therefore, Alice and Bob can catch Eve. But there are some drawbacks of Hwang’s original idea:Hwang’s security analysis was heuristic, rather than rigorous. “Dark counts”–an important effect–are not considered. Final results (distance and key generation rate) are unclear. Suppose that a decoy state and a signal state have the same characteristics (wavelength, timing information, etc) by H. K. Lo etc’s methods [29]. Therefore, Eve cannot distinguish a decoy state from a signal state and the only piece of information available to Eve is the number of photons in a signal. Therefore, the yield, Yn (yield of an n-photon signal), and QBER, en (quantum bit error rate of an n-photon signal), can depend on only the photon number,n, but not which distribution (decoy or signal) the state is from. cannot treat the decoy state any differently from signal state, thenYn(signal)=Yn(decoy)=Ynen(signal)=en(decoy)=en. Let us imagine that Alice varies over all non-negative values of μ randomly and independently for each signal, Alice and Bob can experimentally measure the yield Qμ and the QBER Eμ. Qμ=Y0e−μ+Y1e−μμ+Y2e−μ(μ22)+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )+. . . . E11QμEμ=Y0e−μe0+Y1e−μμe1+Y2e−μ(μ22)e2+. . . +Yne−μ(μnn! )en+. . . . E12Since the relations between the variables Qμ’s and Yn’s and between Eμ’s and en’s are linear, given the set of variables Qμ’s and Eμ’s measured from their experiments, Alice and Bob can deduce mathematically with high confidence the variables Yn’s and en’s.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: If the execution of 16S-FASAS is interrupted, the logged error or warning messages help to determine the underlying cause. By default, 16S-FASAS performs the following operations on raw reads in the listed order: Quality control of linked-tag reads. The linked-tag reads consist of adaptor sequences and unique tags. distance between the flanking adapters of reads and the true adapter sequences is calculated. Reads are corrected to improve the rate of qualified reads if the hamming distance is less than 3. All reads are qualified with Trimmomatic v0. 36, and the two linked-tag sequences are concatenated with XORRO. Extracting unique tags and associated read bins. The unique tags are extracted by identifying the conserved flanking adapters, and the related reads are counted. The unique tag pairs are recorded and sorted by abundance. The tag pairs are used to recruit read-tag reads, thus helping obtain the read bins for each tag pair in the sample. Each bin consists of tag reads originating from the same parent molecule. Quality control of read-tag reads and de novo assembly. Before assembly is performed, all read-tag reads are quality-trimmed and adaptor-trimmed using the Cutadapt software. Then, de novo assembly is implemented on each extracted read bin. The sequencing depths at different regions of a single full-length 16S rRNA gene can be extremely uneven. Two different lightweight algorithms are used by 16S-FASAS for assembling reads with uneven sequencing depths: CAP3 is an Overlap-Layout-Consensus (OLC) assembler, and IDBA-UD is a de Bruijn graph (DBG) assembler. Due to the relatively high resource consumption, assemblers such as spades and megahit are not recommended. Contigs are removed if they are outside the thresholds of the full length of the 16S rRNA gene (those >1. 2 kb are retained). All bins are assembled in parallel, and the number of threads is set through the parameters (assemble thread) of the software. The method is chosen through the parameter in the configuration file. All the assembled contigs from each read-tag bin are concatenated into one file and then chimera-filtered using 11. Taxonomy assignment of contigs. This module produces abundance tables of contigs that are annotated with their taxonomy using the tool.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems access Published: 18 May 2020 Nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis thaliana: a study on nutrient solution composition in hydroponics systems Sander H. van : orcid. org/0000-0003-3068-32631, Nazarideljou1,2 & Leo F. M. Marcelis1 0. 8 to 0. 9 dS m−1. Close to the EC of ½Hoagland (1. 1 dS m−1), which is frequently used in Arabidopsis research. Conn solution showed optimal growth at much higher EC (2 dS m−1) indicating that it is a balanced nutrient solution that matches the needs of Arabidopsis. and Skoog solution (5. 9 dS m−1) was lethal and diluted solutions (EC of 1. 6 and 1. 1 dS m−1) caused stress symptoms and severe growth retardation at later developmental stages. ConclusionsArabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown in deep water culture showed a sixfold growth difference when commonly used nutrient solutions were compared. Murashige and Skoog solution should not be used as nutrient solution in deep water culture. Conn, Tocquin and ½Hoagland are balanced nutrient solutions which result in optimal Arabidopsis growth in hydroponic systems. BackgroundA short generation cycle, a completed genome sequence [1], numerous mutants, and high amenability to gene manipulation [2] make Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. ) an important plant model [3]. Arabidopsis is mainly grown on soil or solid substrates. This type of cultivation can, however, hinder research related to plant nutrition. Water culture alleviates soil related problems such as root examination and impartial control over chemical substrate composition. In a solid substrate, it is often difficult to create micronutrient deficiencies. Moreover, temporal and spatial distribution of both pH and nutrients are difficult to assess and control. The growing number of studies in soilless systems indicates that using water culture is becoming more widespread [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. There is, however, little information about the effect of nutrient solutions composition and nutrient solution concentration on Arabidopsis growth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Essentially, the problem of eavesdropping is to find protocols which, given that Alice and Bob can only measure the QBER, either provide Alice and Bob with a verifiably secure key or stop the protocol and inform the users that the key distribution has failed. This is a delicate problem at the intersection of quantum physics and information theory. Actually, it comprises several eavesdropping problems, depending on the precise protocol, the degree of idealization one admits, the technological power one assumes Eve has, and the assumed fidelity of Alice and Bob’s equipment. Let us immediately stress that a complete analysis of eavesdropping on a quantum channel has yet to be achieved. 4. 1. Eavesdropping attacks In order to simplify the problem, several eavesdropping strategies of limited generality have been defined ([31-33]) and analyzed. Of particular interest is the assumption that Eve attaches independent probes to each qubit and measures her probes one after the other. They can be classified as follows:Individual attacks: In an individual attack, Eve performs an attack on each signal independently. The intercept-resend attack is an example of an individual attack. let us consider the simple example of an intercept-resend attack by an eavesdropper Eve, who measures each photon in a randomly chosen basis and then resends the resulting state to Bob. For instance, if Eve performs a rectilinear measurement, photons prepared by Alice in the diagonal bases will be disturbed by Eve’s measurement and give random answers. resends rectilinear photons to Bob, if Bob performs a diagonal measurement, then he will get random answers. Since the two bases are chosen randomly by each party, such an intercept-resend attack will give a bit error rate of 0. 5×0. 5+0. 5×0 = 25%, which is readily detectable by Alice and Bob. Sophisticated attacks against QKD do exist. Fortunately, the security of QKD has now been proven. Collective attacks: A more general class of attacks is collective attack where for each signal, Eve independently couples it with an ancillary quantum system, commonly called an ancilla, and evolves the combined signal/ancilla unitarily. She can send the resulting signals to Bob, but keep all ancillas herself. Unlike the case of individual attacks, Eve postpones her choice of measurement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The cut-off threshold used to assign taxonomy from is as follows: (1) alignment length/contig length ≥ 90%, (2) E-value < 1e−20, and (3) identity ≥ 97%, which was performed according to previously published methods (Bolyen et al. , 2019). We integrated several frequently used databases for annotation such as and EZbiocloud. The database to be used can be specified in the configuration file. Users can also build their database based on the NCBI Taxonomy database or other microbiome data. validation, the DNA from various microbial species were pooled together to form four mock samples (Table S1). Mock 1 was designed as an in-house mock community that contains a mixture of equal proportions of seven different bacterial species. 2 community contained gradient proportions of seven organisms. Mock 3 was a more complex in-house mock community that included 11 different organisms. Mock 4 was designed as another in-house mock community, with 10 different species. Mock samples were processed using 16S-FASAS, and species annotation was based on the NCBI Taxonomy database. After quality control and de novo assembly, the contigs were analyzed with two classification methods, -based classifier and -3-based classifier, to compare the accuracy of different taxonomic approaches: (1) Abundance tables of contigs were produced using taxonomy assignment module in 16S-FASAS (09. megablast_annotation. pl). (2) Unique contigs were used as input into 3 algorithm to generate zOTUs (zero-radius Units) in (v11. 0. 667), and then taxonomic classification was performed using the sintax command with the NCBI taxonomy database. Figure 1: Standard steps in the 16S-FASAS pipeline. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-1 Six apparently healthy volunteers from 2017 to 2018 were recruited in this study. From those individuals, fecal samples were collected and used to test the efficiency of 16S-FASAS. Sample collection protocols were performed with the previously published methods (Ma et al. , 2018). To compare different full-length approaches, we sent two samples (Fecal 1, Fecal 2) to Novogene (Beijing, China) using platform for sequence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Using a literature search protocol (Additional file 2) we selected the following five nutrient solutions for our main comparison: Hoagland and Arnon [22], Murashige and Skoog [23], Tocquin et al. [24], Hermans et al. [25] and Conn et al. [6]. To attain our first objective the selected nutrient solutions were used in a deep-water culture system and growth performance parameters were compared. In addition, the EC of the solutions was normalized to 1. 1 dS m−1, to compare the effect of ion ratios, i. e. nutrient solution composition on Arabidopsis growth. The second objective is to test if plants can grow on full Somerville solution and if high phosphate level is the main cause of poor nutrient solution performance (Exp. 2). To attain our second objective we used four Somerville solutions: plants were grown in full strength (1. 7 dS m−1) or near optimal strength (0. 7 dS m−1) and each strength (EC) was formulated using two phosphate (P) levels (0. 6 and 2. 5 mmol L−1). Hoagland solutions at P levels 0. 6 and 2. 5 mmol L−1 were used as reference. The third objective is to use biomass accumulation and several other morpho-physiological traits to quantify salt stress sensitivity and the optimal nutrient solution concentration (Exp. 3). In order to quantify the sensitivity of Arabidopsis to salt stress in hydroculture, a salt (NaCl) dose response curve in the range of 0. 5 to 32 dS m−1 was established. This was followed by high-resolution Hoagland nutrient solution experiments (Exps. 4 and 5) to quantify the optimal nutrient solution concentration in the range of EC 0. 1 to 4. 3 dS m−1. ResultsEffects of nutrient solution compositionThe five most commonly used nutrient solutions for Arabidopsis showed a sixfold difference in plant growth (Exp. 1, Fig. 1 and Table 1). Murashige and Skoog [23] (MS) nutrient solution had the poorest performance. The significantly lower yield became evident at 32 days after sowing (DAS) and onwards (Fig. 2 and Additional file 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: However, such an idea was proven to be wrong in [49] [50], where it was found that a necessary and sufficient condition is the distillation of a private state, rather than a maximally entangled state. A private state is a “twisted” version of a maximally entangled state. They proved the following theorem in [49]: a state is private in the above sense iff it is of the following formγm=U|ψ2m+⟩AB⟨ψ2m+|⊗ρA′B′U†E14Where |ψd⟩=∑i=1d|ii⟩ and ρA′B′ is an arbitrary state on A′,B′. U is an arbitrary unitary controlled in the computational basisU=∑i,j=12m|ij⟩AB⟨ij|⊗UijA′B′. E15The operation (15) will be called “twisting” (note that only UiiA′B′ matter here, yet it will be useful to consider general twisting later). The main new ingredient of the above theorem is the introduction of a “shield” part to Alice and Bob’s system. That is, in addition to the systems A and B used by Alice and Bob for key generation, we assume that Alice and Bob also hold some ancillary systems, A′ and B′, often called the shield part. Since we assume that Eve has no access to the shield part, Eve is further limited in her ability to eavesdrop. Therefore, Alice and Bob can derive a higher key generation rate than the case when Eve does have access to the shield part. 4. 3. 4. Complementary principleAnother approach to security proof is to use the complementary principle of quantum mechanics. Such an approach is interesting because it shows the deep connection between the foundations of quantum mechanics and the security of QKD. In fact, both Mayers’ proof [16] and Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury’s proof [44] make use of this complementary principle. A clear and rigorous discussion of the complementary principle approach to security proof has recently been achieved by Koashi [51].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Full-length 16S rprimers were designed as described in a previous study (Karst et al. , 2018). Library construction was performed by the Novogene with the Kit 2. 0. The PacBio dataset was analyzed using the divisive amplicon denoising algorithm 2 (DADA2). Low abundance species (<0. 1%) detected were considered as contaminating species, which were excluded from subsequent analysis. All of the visualizations were obtained by using the ggplot2 R package. Raw and assembled sequencing data are available at the server ( under project number PRJNA776715. Results and on mock samples Full-length 16S gene assembly To estimate the assembly performance of 16S-FASAS, we applied it on four simulated microbial communities with known composition (Mock 1, 2, 3, and 4). Unique tag pairs were extracted from link-tag reads and used for downstream analysis by identifying the known common sequences. Read-tag reads were trimmed, filtered, and binned according to the unique tag pairs. Various indicators of quality control are presented in Table S2. The coverage of the 16S rRNA gene had obvious effects on de novo assembly of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Importantly, 16S-FASAS displayed the distribution of read-tag reads and coverage of the 16S rRNA gene (Fig. 2A). 16S-FASAS filtered contigs by length (>1,200 bp) for downstream analysis. Length distribution of assembled contigs from the mock community is shown in Fig. 2B and Table S3. Some contigs with occasional gaps (N) or less than the expected length were caused by low coverage of reads. The chimera rates of mock samples were 0. 12%–0. 16% (Table S4). More than 99% of contigs could be identified to species level by and the average number of mismatch base pairs was consistent with a previous study (Fig. 2C) (Karst et al. , 2018). Figure 2: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on mock samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of mock samples. The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S rRNA gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of mock samples’ contigs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: DiscussionArabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown in deep water culture showed a sixfold growth difference when commonly used nutrient solutions were compared. The best performing nutrient solutions were Conn [6], Tocquin [24] and ½Hoagland [22], and the poorest performing solution was Murashige and Skoog [23] (MS) (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Using MS as nutrient solution in deep water culture resulted in plants with several stress symptoms and severe growth retardation at later developmental stages (Table 1, Fig. 1). The significantly lower yield caused by MS solution usage became evident at 32 DAS and onwards (Fig. 2 and Additional file 4). Estimates of chlorophyll and nitrogen content showed significantly higher levels (~ 30%) in the MS solutions (Additional file 5). This corresponds with their elevated dry matter content and stagnant fresh weight accumulation. MS solution has relatively high potassium (K = 20 mmol L−1) and nitrogen levels (NH4+ = 20 and NO3− = 39 mmol L−1) with a high NH4+:NO3− ratio (0. 52). High NH4+ concentration generally causes toxicity in plants [26]. Due to the high K and N levels and relatively low phosphate concentration (P = 1. 25 mmol L−1) the N:P ratio is very high (47. 2), as are the ratio between the cations K:Ca (6. 7) and K:Mg (13. 4) (Table 3). All together, the MS solution is completely imbalanced and is not suitable for optimal growth in deep water culture. Between 2015 and 2018, we found that 90 studies used a hydroponic system for Arabidopsis research, 23 out of 90 used MS medium as a nutrient solution (Additional file 2). The recently published study of Nathoo et al. [27] is a good example of the suboptimal growth caused by MS medium. Pictures of the cultivated plants in the publication clearly show a stressed phenotype; any treatment applied, or gene expression analysis performed on these plants will be confounded by these elevated stress levels. Among all tested solutions, Tocquin and Conn solution resulted in the highest rosette leaf dry weight 48 days after sowing (DAS) (Table 1). Yet, when the Hoagland solution concentration was halved (1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The key insight of Koashi’s proof is that Alice and Bob’s ability to generate a random secure key in the Z-basis (by a measurement of the Pauli spin matrix σZ) is equivalent to the ability for Bob to help Alice prepare an eigenstate in the complementary, i. e. , X-basis (σX), with their help of the shield. The intuition is that an X-basis eigenstate, for example, |+⟩A=12(|0⟩A+|1⟩A), when measured along the Z-basis, gives a random answer. 4. 3. 5. Other ideas for security proofsHere are two other ideas for security proofs, namely, a) device-independent security proofs and b) security from the causality constraint. Unfortunately, these ideas are still very much under development and so far a complete version of a proof of unconditional security of QKD based on these ideas with a finite key rate is still missing. Let us start with a) device-independent security proofs. So far we have assumed that Alice and Bob know what their devices are doing exactly. In practice, Alice and Bob may not know their devices for sure. Recently, there has been much interest in the idea of device independent security proofs. In other words, how to prove security when Alice and Bob’s devices cannot be trusted. See, for example, [52]. The idea is to look only at the input and output variables. A handwaving argument goes as follows. Using their probability distribution, if one can demonstrate the violation of some Bell inequalities, then one cannot explain the data by a separable system. How to develop such a handwaving argument into a full proof of unconditional security is an important question. The second idea b) security from the causality constraint is even more ambitious. The question that it tries to address is the following. How can one prove security when even quantum mechanics is wrong? In [53] and 5. Quantum secret sharing“Secret sharing” refers to an important family of multi-party cryptographic protocols in both the classical and the quantum contexts. A secret sharing protocol comprises a dealer and n players who are interconnected by some set of classical or quantum channels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (C) Mismatch distribution from the mock communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Comparison of the influence of the classification methods on taxonomic assignment in mock communities. The bar chart represents the relative abundance of species in percentages. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-2 Comparison of classification methods To further assess the accuracy of species abundance identification, we compared the relative abundance tables generated using -based classifier and -3-based classifier (Fig. 2D, Tables S5 and S6). -based classifier correctly classified six taxa (85. 71%, 6/7) into the species level both in Mock 1 and Mock 2, with one species-level discrepancy: classification of Escherichia coli as Escherichia fergusonii and Shigella spp. Shigella spp. is phylogenetically Escherichia spp. and is classified as separate species for medical reasons (Earl et al. , 2018). -3-based classifier correctly identified 85. 71% (6/7) and 42. 86% (3/7) bacteria at the species level in Mock 1 and Mock 2. In more complex Mock 3, performed better as well, allowing 72. 72% (8/11) of the species to be identified down to the prospective species level. However, the -3-based classifier performed worse, and only 45. 45% (5/11) of the species could be correctly identified. In another more complex Mock 4, we found that 70% (7/10) of target bacteria were correctly identified at the species level when using -based classifier. In contrast, the -3-based classifier could classify 60% (6/10) of the target bacteria at the prospective species level. Compared with sintax, had fewer misclassifications and tended to find more low abundance species, but at the expense of possible false positives. showed some trade-offs of accuracy for speed optimization. These results are similar to previous studies (Liber et al. , 2021). The possible reasons for the differences observed between and are as follows: (1) 3 is designed for correcting sequencing errors of reads (Edgar, 2016a), which may do not work as well on the assembled contigs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy using VR is effective in treating anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). [SEP] Text: (NE) is a catecholamine acting as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, with relevant effects in modulating feeding behavior and satiety. Several studies have assessed the relationship between the noradrenergic system and eating disorders (EDs). Preclinical studies demonstrated an involvement of the noradrenergic pathways in binge-like behaviors. Clinical studies have shown alterations in plasma NE values in patients with (AN) and (BN). Pharmacological studies have documented the efficacy of noradrenaline-modulating therapies in the treatment of BN and Disorder (BED). Venlafaxine, which is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), helps modulate the impulsiveness of eating. 13 Prior publications have reported NE as the main transmitter in PTSD pathophysiology. 14 Specifically, a persistent increase in the urine concentration of NE has been shown in patients with PTSD. 15 Thus, showing the common pathway for PTSD and BN. Brain scans further demonstrate similarity of EDs and PTSD. Increased insula and amygdala activity during selective attention for negatively valenced body parts in binge eating disorder. 16 Westerhaus and Loewy used pseudorabies virus injections to identify connections of the stellate ganglion. 17 Pseudorabies virus allows identification of neural pathway connections that are 2–3 synapses from the point of injection of the virus. In this manner, the use of pseudorabies virus injection is used to identify cortical areas connected to the stellate ganglion. Early labeling was found in the hypothalamus and central nucleus of the amygdala. 14,17 With slightly longer time labeling was found in lateral, basolateral, and medial amygdala. After 6–8 days, injections of the stellate ganglion produced extensive transneuronal labeling in the infralimbic, insular, and ventromedial temporal cortical regions. 14,17 The amygdala has been shown to be involved in the persistence of PTSD symptoms. CSB has been shown to deactivate the amygdala and reduce the symptoms of PTSD,18 a likely mechanism of the effect seen. 5. found in prior studies, CSB is safe and effective in treating PTSD, with an unexpected benefit in reducing/ eliminating bulimia symptoms. Although the mechanism of effect is not known, the role of norepinephrine and amygdala seem to play a significant role in pathophysiology of PTSD and bulimia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In contrast, most current symmetric cryptography (symmetric ciphers and hash functions) is secure from quantum computers. The quantum Grover’s algorithm can speed up attacks against symmetric ciphers, but this can be counteracted by increasing key size. Thus post-quantum cryptography does not focus on symmetric algorithms. Post-quantum cryptography is also unrelated to quantum cryptography, which refers to using quantum phenomena to achieve secrecy. Currently post-quantum cryptography is mostly focused on four different approaches:Lattice-based cryptography such as NTRU and GGH;Multivariate cryptography such as unbalanced oil and vinegar;Hash-based signatures such as Lamport signatures and Merkle signature scheme;Code-based cryptography that relies on error-correcting codes, such McEliece encryption and Niederreiter signatures. We can use the following figure to show the content of post-quantum cryptography clearly [7]. Figure 4. Post-quantum cryptography. Sizes and times are simplified to b1+ο(1), b2+ο(1), etc. Optimization of any specific b requires a more detailed analysis. Post-quantum cryptography is, in general, a quite different topic from quantum cryptography:Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, covers a wide range of secure-communication tasks, ranging from secret-key operations, public-key signatures, and public-key encryption to high-level operations such as secure electronic voting. Quantum cryptography handles only one task, namely expanding a short shared secret into a long shared secret. Post-quantum cryptography, like the rest of cryptography, includes some systems proven to be secure, but also includes many lower-cost systems that are conjectured to be secure. Quantum cryptography rejects conjectural systems — begging the question of how Alice and Bob can securely share a secret in the first place. Post-quantum cryptography includes many systems that can be used for a noticeable fraction of today’s Internet communication—Alice and Bob need to perform some computation and send some data but do not need any new hardware. Quantum cryptography requires new network hardware that is, at least for the moment, impossibly expensive for the vast majority of Internet users. Advertisement 3258. She especially thanks Hoi-for the hospitality during her stay at the University of Toronto. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (2) sintax is a k-mer based method, which rely on a proxy measurement of the sequence similarity and frequency between the query and reference sequences (Edgar, 2016b) and, therefore, have lower accuracy than sequence alignment in theory (Gao et al. , 2017). For most species, we detected the roughly expected mock taxonomic composition and abundance. However, there were biases observed in the taxonomic profile of mock samples: Klebsiella pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Proteus vulgaris were detected at lower abundances than expected, while an increase in the content of Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed (Fig. 2D). Two factors might affect the precision of the observed taxonomic abundances: (a) different evolutionary rates of the 16S rRNA gene with multiple copies, and (b) errors induced by experimental conditions, such as DNA extraction, primer esign, and PCR bias. Previous research has provided methods to minimize these effects by tuning the experimental parameters (Burke & Darling, 2016). Performance on fecal samples Full-length 16S gene assembly and classification We performed the same analysis on six fecal samples to verify the applicability of 16S-FASAS. Quality indicators of the fecal samples are summarized in Table S7. Figure 3A shows that the entire variable region of the 16S rRNA gene has high coverage for assembly analysis. Contig assembly statistics of fecal samples are shown in Table S8 and Fig. 3B, and all of their N50 were greater than 1400 bp. Mismatch count distribution for 16S gene sequences from the fecal samples is shown in Fig. 3C. The chimera rates of fecal samples were 0. 30%–0. 77% (Table S9). We compared the performance of two different taxonomy assignment methods. The results are similar to the performance on mock samples. Most of the species defined by -based classifier were included in the classification results using the -3-based classifier. -based classifier had higher proportion of assigned contigs than -3-based classifier at the species level (Tables S10 and S11). Figure 3: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of fecal samples.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 16608742 Export as study: Can virtual reality games help people with cognitive impairment following a stroke to regain the ability to perform daily activities? Share on on on Submission date 29/09/2019 Registration date 03/10/2019 Last edited 29/03/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data commonly affect the way we understand, organise and store information as well as interact with our environment- often referred to as ‘cognitive impairment’. These 'cognitive impairments' after a stroke might affect the patient’s ability to concentrate, remember information, plan or solve problems they routinely face during their day-todayactivities, notice or recognise things, or navigate their home and surroundings. Fortunately, some of this cognitive impairment improves with intensive guided practice, and there is some evidence that suggests that therapy using virtual reality based computer programs can speed up this improvement. We are funded by the 'Innovate UK' to develop a virtual reality based post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation program called ''. The program contains different tasks and scenarios resembling normal activities of daily living that the patient would perform during their regular therapy sessions. Each task will be graded with different levels of complexityto suit the patient’s abilities and rate of recovery. The plan is to deliver additional therapy sessions to the participants by a semi-trained therapist along with their regular therapy sessions. trial designed is to test the feasibility, optimum dosing and acceptability of. We are planning to recruit 60 eligible participants in the first three weeks after stroke. The trail has two arms. In the active treatment arm, participants will receive sessions at a different dose and duration, along with their regular therapy sessions. Also, in the control arm participants will receive a sham virtual reality based treatment for two weeks along with their usual therapy sessions. Participants from both these groups will be tested their cognitive function before the start of their treatment, after completion ofsham treatment and also at three months. Any adverse event fromthe treatment will be monitored continuously during these three months. Background and study aimsA stroke is when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, either because a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or the blood vessel bursts. The lack of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells can cause damage to the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of fecal samples’ contigs. (C) Mismatch distribution from fecal communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Venn diagram shows the numbers of unique and shared species between 16S-FASAS and PacBio data sets. (E) Relative abundance analysis of top 30 species in two sequencing methods. Bubble color denote an individual genus, and sizes indicate the relative abundance of an individual species. (F) Memory utilization of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (G) CPU usage of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-3 Comparison of 16S-FAS-NGS vs. PacBio 16S gene sequencing To determine whether differences in full-length approaches affected the taxonomic classification, we compared the performance of 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio sequencing for evaluating microbial community structure on two fecal samples. The 16S-FAS-NGS dataset-generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, of which 28. 33% (17/60) and 23. 21% (13/56) were unique species. The PacBio sequencing data generated zOTUs grouped into 53 and 58 species, from which 81. 13% (43/53) and 74. 13% (43/58) were shared with the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets, respectively (Fig. 3D). The relative abundances of the top 30 species are shown in Fig. 3E using the two different sequencing methods. The relative abundance of Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola was high in both the sequencing methods. However, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was one of the predominant species in 16S-FAS-NGS datasets but was found at low relative abundances in the PacBio sequencing datasets. To some extent, the microbial community profiles represented by 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio were different. Moreover, we also found some common features in fecal samples using the two sequencing methods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Depending on which part of the brain is affected, a person might have problems with a certain function, such as thinking, speech or movement. Cognitive impairment means a problem with the way people understand, organise and store information and how they interact with their environment. This is a common problem after someone has had a stroke and often means they cannot look after themselves initially, but it can be improved with training and practice. This trial aims to investigate whether a virtual reality program, where a person can interact with a computer-generated environment to practice everyday activities, can help them regain the ability to perform these activities more quickly than if they only did the usual occupational therapy. Who can participate? Adults who have had a stroke within the past 3 weeks and have cognitive impairment. What does the study involve? The participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups. Both groups will receive the usual therapy for someone who has cognitive impairment following a stroke. One group will use the virtual reality program every day for 2 weeks. In the program, the participants will be asked to perform an activity, such as making a cup of tea. The activity will get more difficult, for example the first time the person makes a cup of tea in the virtual kitchen, all the items needed will be visible, but later on, the items will be in different cupboards. The other group will use a different virtual reality program every day for 2 weeks. This program is not designed to help improve the person's ability to do daily living activities. Both groups will be assessed before the start of the treatment, after the end of the treatment at 2 weeks after the start of the treatment, and at 3 months after the start of the treatment. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? One of the possible benefits that could occur from taking part in this study is the increased recovery rate of cognitive abilities. The results will be used to further develop the use of (VR) technologies for cognitive rehabilitation. There is a potential risk of experiencing a side effect of VR called cyber-sickness, which present similar symptoms to motion sickness. If this does occur, the participant can ask for the headset to be removed immediately. Where is the study run from? Countess of (UK)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? Who is funding the study? Innovate UKWho is the main contact? Chatterjee, kausikchatterjee@nhs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola were the dominant species in both sequencing methods. Previous studies have reported that the community profiles using synthetic long-read sequencing technologies (LoopSeq) and PacBio CCS from the same fecal samples were comparable (Yu et al. , 2022). Compared to PacBio 16S sequencing, 16S-FAS-NGS offered high fidelity species identification but reduced sequencing prices, which was an attractive technology with species-level resolution. Computational resources 16S-FASAS was designed to process one sample dataset in a single run. In the part of quality control, assembly, and taxonomy assignment process, 16S-FASAS was implemented using Perl threading module enabled with multi-threading to decrease data processing time. To evaluate the computational resource needs of 16S-FASAS for quality control, assembly, and identification, 16S-FASAS was carried out on six fecal samples. A 16S-FASAS pipeline was run on a Linux workstation (CentOS release 6. 5) equipped with Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v3 @ 2. 30 GHz processors (10 physical cores, 40 threads in total) and 128 GB RAM. We recorded the CPU and memory utilization during analysis to assess the time and resource utilization of 16S-FASAS. The memory (Fig. 3F) and CPU (Fig. 3G) utilization showed two peaks at linked-tag sequence correction and taxonomy annotation, which indicate that quality control and species annotation are two computationally intensive steps. high-quality, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences based on short reads with molecular tags is a cost-effective technology. Several previous studies have suggested long-read amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene based on de novo assembly of short reads (Karst et al. , 2018). However, no mature and easy-to-use software has been available for subsequent analyses. Here, we presented an open-source bioinformatics pipeline called 16S-FASAS that demultiplexes Illumina sequencing data that contain the link and read tags for de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene. 16S-FASAS is easy to install, configure, and run.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: However, stroke sufferers spend more than 80% of their daytime in non-therapeutic activities, of which 28% was spent sitting down (Bernhardt J, 2004, Huijben-Schoenmakers M, 2009). In the UK, the of (NICE) recommended at least 45 minutes of rehabilitation therapy delivered by a multidisciplinary team for at least five days a week (162, 2013). This recommendation, often not fulfilled in most of the stroke units across the UK due to the cost pressure, lack of availability as well as lack of understanding behind this recommendation by trained therapists (Clarke DJ, 2018). Currently, rehabilitation for cognitive impairments following a stroke predominantly follows a varying combination of remedial therapy and compensation for underlying impairments utilising practice and repetition of tasks or actions guided by therapists (162). Reviews of outcomes for this approach for cognitive impairments following a stroke are mixed, suggesting a need for further research and improved interventions (Hoffmann T, 2010). Despite the method of intervention, it is clear that the dose of intervention plays a vital role in the improvement in cognitive function in these patients (Quaney BM, 2009; Walker CM, 2004). Personalised medicine and technological advances offer new potential avenues for treatment. For instance, computerised task training is effective in improving cognitive impairments post-stroke, possibly because it allows for increased dosage and training which can also be tailored to the needs of the patient (Westerberg H, 2007). Virtual reality (VR) utilises interactive simulations generated using computer hardware and software. It presents the user with a virtual environment, often similar to the real world, which they can engage and interact with (Weiss PL, 2014). VR for rehabilitation is a relatively recent development, but it has already been utilised for clinical interventions to treat phobias, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and body image disorders (Freeman D, 2018, Jiandani N, 2014; Raghav K, 2016). Use of technology in older people is increasing, and in the future, virtual reality is likely to become more commonplace in clinical rehabilitation settings (Burridge, JH, 2010: Bohil CJ, 2011). VR rehabilitation offers features, such as goal‐oriented tasks and frequent repetitions that have been shown to play a crucial role in neurological rehabilitation (Langhorne P, 2011; Veerbeek JM, 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: It performs de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene with a low error rate through multi-step quality control correction. It generates a species-level relative abundance table through. 16S-FASAS provides a variety of analysis results and achieves a high degree of automation based on a flexible configuration file. Our results showed that, compared to the PacBio-based method, 16S-FAS-NGS and subsequent 16S-FASAS analyses have similar taxonomic resolution and good price advantage. The good properties and scalability of 16S-FASAS will promote the large-scale application of 16S-FAS-NGS. The application of 16S-FASAS in marker gene sequencing could help refine taxonomic assignments of microbial species and improve the precision of reference databases in future studies. Schematic overview of the 16S-FAS-NGS method The cDNA molecules of full-length 16S rRNA are uniquely tagged with adaptors containing UMIs (unique molecular tags) and primer binding sites in both ends. The cDNA library are amplified by PCR and split into two parts. The linked-tag library is prepared by circularizing the cDNA molecules to make physical link between left and right UMIs. The read-tag library is prepared by random fragmenting the full-length 16S rRNA genes molecules. These two libraries are pooled and paired-end 150 bp sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq instrument. The direction orders of the paired-end reads are signed with arrow. The linked-tag pairs are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag reads with the same UMIs are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-1 composition and percentage of microbial species in mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-2 of quality indicators of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-3 assembly statistics of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-4 rate of mock samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-5 abundance of mock samples from MegaBlast-based DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Computerised approaches to rehabilitation allow for practice of functional tasks at a higher dosage than traditional therapies which require the presence of an occupational therapist or physiotherapist (Demain S, 2013; Fung V, 2012; Kwakkel G, 2004). Another advantage of VR is that it permits clinicians to practise or trial tasks that would be unsafe to perform in the real world, e. g. , crossing the street or using potentially dangerous appliances (Laver, 2017). VR can offer an enriched experience compared to traditional therapies; animal research shows that training in enriched environments results in improved cognitive performance in tasks such as problem-solving compared to the conventional approach (Risedal A, 2002). This approach utilises the concept of ‘immersion’ - the extent to which the user believes that they are in the virtual environment – as well as the flexibility to tailor the task and environment to maximise desired outcomes or benefits for the user. VR tasks are rated as more interesting and enjoyable by users than computer task alternatives, which encourages more practice and repetition that could underlie clinical benefits (Lewis GN, 2012). Therefore, VR rehabilitation for stroke could provide an enriched and tailored environment for patients to practise and master new skills at an increased dosage to existing interventions. In addition to these clinical benefits, VR’s ability to deliver an increased dose of task‐specific training without requiring intensive increases in trained staff time will provide economic benefits and open up treatments to more patients (Laver KE, 2017). A modest amount of research suggests positive outcomes for VR based therapies in post-stroke upper limb motor impairments, which have been extensively reviewed (Laver KE, 2017), but few studies have considered outcomes for cognitive impairments. Two open labelled randomised controlled trials (with small sample size) have compared the efficacy of VR based cognitive rehabilitation programmes with the conventional treatment in the subacute (Kim BR, 2011) and in the chronic phase (Faria AL, 2016) after a stroke. Both these trials demonstrated a significant improvement in some of the cognitive domains, such as visual-spatial construction, recall and digit span, in the VR group as compared to the controls.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-6 abundance of mock samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-7 of quality indicators of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-8 assembly statistics of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-9 rate of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-10 abundance of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-11 abundance of real samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-12 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with blast DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-13 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with DADA2 (implemented in QIIME 2) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-14 The authors would like to thank for developing 16S-FAS-NGS technology. We also thank for giving us several valuable suggestions on data analysis. and and are employees of the Capitalbio Corporation, China. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 6715. work was funded by Research and of China (No. 2020YFC2005406). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2019. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852-857. 2016. A method for high precision sequencing of near full-length 16S rRNA genes on an Illumina MiSeq. PeerJ 4:e2492. 2021. Ultra-accurate microbial amplicon sequencing with synthetic long reads. Microbiome 9:1-13 -ferre. 2020. Ultralow-input single-tube linked-read library method enables short-read second-generation sequencing systems to routinely generate highly accurate and economical long-range sequencing information. 30:898-909. 2021. 16S rDNA full-length assembly sequencing technology analysis of intestinal microbiome in polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers in Cellular and 11:1-15. 2018.

Output: pass