Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Thus, while reuse is a useful option, it depends on the availability of wastewater which, in crisis situations, may be constrained. YieldIt is widely recognized that storage is an integral element of any substantial water resource system, crucial to ensure adequate flows in dry seasons. However, it is often considered solely as part of river management infrastructure. and the IVRS use strategic storage fed slowly by wet season surpluses from external sources to build a reserve that can be drawn down to provide a guaranteed supply during dry periods. This contributes significantly to their reliance against drought and other climate impacts at lower cost than would be required for the development of a new source. and ReliabilityOne of the features of both water and power projects in Southern and is how little recognition is given to the financial and economic benefits of reliability and resilience of supply. This was forcefully illustrated by the economic losses suffered by due to 3 years of water restrictions. But the economies of countries dependent on Zambezi hydropower have also been significantly constrained by the power cuts and rationing, and Windhoek’s economic activity has been curtailed by water shortages. There is a need for more nuanced analysis of the funding of schemes that enhance resilience and reliability of supply since these values are often not included in user charges and benefit a wider public than the direct users. Operational PrioritiesWill be CriticalGiven the intensification of hydrological analysis and decision-making, water management institutions will have to ensure that they have the capabilities to respond to the emerging challenges. This will require appropriate structures as well as the development and retention of the specialist skills, often in collaboration with specialized institutions of higher education. Is RequiredIn all the water supply cases, current investment has been insufficient to achieve resilience to current climate variability. While this is often viewed as a problem that can be resolved by establishing effective markets for water (and also to power), the benefits of assured supplies spill far beyond the direct users to the wider society although they may only be fully realized in the longer term. This means that the full value of the water project outputs cannot be captured by prices alone and different financial arrangements are required that reflect the long-run economic benefits of secure supplies. Where water projects, notably hydropower, directly mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, this should be reflected in financial terms. Current “green finance” proposals will only be of assistance if loan conditions address these structural constraints.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Guder is located at a latitude and longitude of 8o58′N and 374o6E, respectively, with an altitude of 2,101 m a. s. l. , whereas Koka is found at 8o25′ N latitude, 39o02′ E longitude, and an altitude of 1,605 m a. s. l. The minimum and maximum temperatures ranged from 12. 14 to 27. 39°C, respectively (Etefa and Dibaba, 2011). Sampling of rhizosphere soil from tomato plantsRhizosphere soil was collected from tomato farmlands by uprooting vegetative-stage tomato plants. During the collection, the upper layer of soil was removed. A total of 40 rhizosphere soil samples were taken from two locations. Five samples were taken from each spot and mixed in a plastic bag before being taken to the bio-control laboratory of the for the isolation of B. bassiana and M. robertsii. Finally, one kilogram (kg) of the soil sample was used for the isolation by removing unnecessary parts from the soil (Sevim et al. , 2010). Isolation of B. bassiana and M. robertsii from Rhizosphere soil samplesFrom 40 soil samples, B. bassiana and M. robertsii were isolated by using the Galleria baiting method as follows (Zimmermann, 1986; Belay et al. , 2017). One kilogram of soil sample was moistened by sterilized water and added to a 1. 5 kg screw-capped glass jar. A total of 10 wax moth larvae were separately introduced into jars filled with soil samples and incubated at 26°C for 10 consecutive days under dark conditions. Larval deaths were inspected and recorded every three days. The moisture of the soil was maintained by moistening it with sterile water daily. The cadavers were taken off the soil and surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes, followed by 70% ethanol for 10 seconds, and rinsed three times with sterile water. Surface-disinfected larval cadavers were placed on sterile plastic plates with slightly wetted filter paper and incubated at room temperature up to the sporulation of outgrown mycelia. The sporulation of B. bassiana and M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Although there are numerous levels of automation ranging from one to four, examples include simple driving assistance to keep the vehicle in the lane or autopilot in other cars similar to the recently popular Tesla company. Several types of automatic technology are being used in various technologies, which need some assistance from software to increase productivity. Some companies are constantly innovating to create better autonomous vehicles that could be at some point fully automatic without any aid from a driver. In order to obtain the desired results, autonomous devices and vehicles need to contain specific systems and sensors that will adapt to the requirements of that specific industry. In this paper, we will review and compare the different sensors used in this type of technology and assign each one of them to specific companies that use such devices in their autonomous projects. We will create a report to easily visualize patterns of which types of sensors are used in unique settings, focusing on reasons why these types of sensors are better for that particular job. In addition, if the devices present some limitations, there will be a study explaining the disadvantages that could be assigned to it. We are going to focus on five categories where sensors can be used in automated vehicles, which include Types of Sensors, Levels of Autonomy, Personal Vehicles, Public Transportation, and Smart Farming. We will talk about personal vehicles, which is a very attractive area for companies to develop their projects. Innovation is constantly taking place in this area to provide a fully autonomous vehicle in the near future. Public transportation is also experimenting with a significant impact with autonomous technology, and it is important to analyze how companies are trying to adapt the systems to this area. Then, we will review the farming industry, where many farming vehicles and devices are now using automation to boost production and minimize human interaction. Then, we will focus on the medical field analyzing how ambulances are implementing these devices. And finally, we will study unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs ) which are used for flight and navigation purposes. 2 As artificial intelligence started becoming more present in the industry, developers, and researchers started thinking about automation for vehicles. In order to build such projects, there was an extensive process of research for sensors and which types perform better in different situations. Sensors are in charge of most of the processes for automation in a vehicle, and in order to successfully perform, there must be a link, or what researchers call a fusion, between the different sensors to create a fully automated automobile. 2. 1 for Safety Basis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Communication to ConsensusWater resource development occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the public domain and is thus subject to public scrutiny and political decision. One of the challenges faced by sector managers is that they address complex issues about which public perceptions may differ widely. Water management institutions need to develop and sustain communication with their stakeholder communities to ensure their support for demand-side interventions as well as for investments on the supply side. Information for “Dynamic Stationarity”The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data from a fixed time period. The values of many hydrological variables will be changing in unpredictable ways that will require hydrological data to be updated on a regular basis. This will require an intensification of data collection and management. As one group of commentators remarked, “in a nonstationary world, continuity of observations is critical” (Milly et al. 2008). ConclusionsThe principles that emerged from this review support the initial hypothesis that adaptation to climate change in the water and hydropower sector will best be achieved by following strategies that address current climate variability. All of the principles enunciated are equally appropriate to current climate variability or climate change. The proviso introduced by including climate change is that such interventions should recognize that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater than at present. This reinforces the need for options that allow greater flexibility of approach, but it also highlights the need for a precautionary approach that will see interventions made earlier rather than later, as found to its cost. The idea that interventions should be made sooner rather than later will often meet opposition because it will be seen to reinforce current development trajectories and path dependence. The reason that alternative trajectories are not followed is usually that they are constrained by politics and economics. Even if the intent is to allow economic and social disruption to drive new trajectories, creating water and power crises is unlikely to create the conditions for change. Given the challenges posed by climate change, deliberate disruption of societies and economies is a high risk strategy with little certainty about the likely outcomes. One consistent finding is that the challenges of planning, implementing, and operating large water resource schemes under difficult hydrologies will become more complex as climate change impacts intensify.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii over the dead cadavers was examined, and the spores were harvested by a sterilized inoculating wire loop, transferred onto Agar (SDA) Microxpress® media, and incubated at 27±1°C for 14–21 days. Isolates were purified by subculturing on newly prepared SDA media, and pure cultures were preserved with glycerol and maintained on agar at -19°C for further work. Morphological identification and characterization of isolatesFungal isolates were morphologically identified and characterized using the identification key of Humber (Humber, 1997), depending on fungal structures acquired from pure culture (Gürlek et al. , 2018). In addition to the new isolates, three B. bassiana (APPRC-44-44BC-1, and APPRC-27) and one M. robertsii (S-26) isolates were also characterized from the as standard checks for the comparison of isolates. Consequently, the morphologies of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were characterized by the culturing of pure cultures on the SDA media, and inspection was done for 14–21 days. Both macroscopic and microscopic characterization of isolates was conducted by observation of morphological features of isolates. Macroscopic features such as mycelial color, colony reverse, colony shape and color, colony elevation, and surface texture were observed. Microscopic characterization of isolates was also done under an Olympus SC50 (CX33RTFS2, Olympus Corporation) microscope with ×40 magnification (Barra et al. , 2013) by measuring conidial length and diameter, hyphal growth, and conidiogenous cells using the slide culture technique. Slide culture preparationThe technique was conducted by autoclaving a 9-cm-diameter Petri dish with filter paper and a bent glass rod. A 15 g-1 of water agar was cut by a 1 cm × 1 cm block with a sterilized scalpel blade and put on a glass slide. Fungal spores were inoculated on the four sides of the agar blocks by a sterile inoculating needle, and coverslips were placed on the block. Moistened filter paper with 2 ml of sterile water was placed over plates, sealed with parafilm, and incubated at 27±1°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The first condition for autonomous car build-out is to guarantee the safety of passengers, pedestrians, and the environment itself. There are several studies on sensor performance involving safety protocols, which involve object detection, weather condition scenarios, lane support systems, and assistance systems that provide safety to the driver. The different types of sensors used include and Ranging (RADAR), and Ranging (LIDAR), ultrasonic sensors, System (GPS), cameras, and vehicle communication. The results of such research summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the equivalent sensors and systems to conclude that an optimal self-driven vehicle must fusion those sensors [1]. The approach proposed focuses on the overall performance of these sensors and presents their advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes comparison between different types of sensors and narrows the overall category of autonomous vehicles to subcategories or industries that operate this technology. This entails areas such as personal and public transportation and farming. Some of these industries recently developed their technologies, which will reform the study, as it was already considered outdated. 2. 2 Sensor Technology. Moreover, there is extensive research about how the different types of sensors work and how they are used together in order to make autonomous vehicles perform. However, it is necessary to combine the data of multiple sensors because there are no sensors capable of doing all the work on their own. Some of them specialize in providing visual information and others providing measures of distance between the vehicle and a pedestrian. Studies were done providing information about the called fusion of data provided by the numerous sensors and trying to optimize the system for autonomous vehicles [2]. Nevertheless, the different technologies used by specific companies are not provided. This survey will analyze the different projects available, sort the types of sensors used, and then compare which scenarios these sensors best perform in. With this, there is an organization about patterns or purposes regarding sensors and how they are used depending on the circumstances. 2. 3 Based on Weather Conditions. Safety is one of the most important features in autonomous vehicles because human interaction with the vehicle is not present. The technology manipulated needs to adapt to any situation in order to guarantee the safety of a driver, pedestrian or the environment to avoid any kind of mishap. Studies have been done about problems that the sensors encounter when dealing with difficult weather conditions such as severe rain, snowstorms, and fog [3].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation alone can fully counteract the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Agar blocks were discarded after incubation for 72 hours, and the slides were moistened with a drop of 97% ethanol and enabled to heat fix by passing on an alcohol lump. A drop of lactophenol blue was used to stain the slide with a coverslip, which was later sealed with nail polish. The slide was placed under a SC50 microscope with ×40 magnification for the observation and characterization of conidiophore structure (Rosana et al. , 2014). Finally, the slides were permanently preserved for further characterization. The characterization and measurement of spore features such as conidial length and diameter were also done using the Sc 50 microscope (magnification, ×40). Spore germination test for the viability of fungal isolatesThe spore germination test was verified by the conidial germination test technique according to standard procedures (Goettel and Inglis, 1997). Fungal spores were harvested from a 21-day-old culture by scraping with a sterilized spatula. Harvested spores were added to 10 ml of sterile water with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) as a surfactant in a falcon tube and vortexing. Fungal spores were adjusted to 1 × 106 conidia ml-1 by using a Neubauer hemocytometer (USA) under a SC50 microscope. In total, 100-μl of suspended spores was spread over fresh Agar (PDA) (Himedia®), and two sterilized glass slides were placed on the media and incubated at 28°C for 18 hours. After 18 hours, germination of the spores was halted by dispensing with 70% ethanol. Both germinated and non-germinated cells were counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer under a SC50 microscope (magnification, ×40). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with 15 treatments and three replications. A germ tube with more than half the diameter of the spore was considered germinated, and vice versa for non-germinated. Isolates with more than 95% germination were selected against G. melonella to test their virulence. The percentage of spore germination was calculated according to the method developed by Vega et al. (2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: However, it is likely for sensors to experience difficulties dealing with environmental factors, and it is important to identify all the possible threats that could interfere with the execution of these devices to gather the required data. Still, there is not an in-depth comparison between the features previously mentioned, sensors limitations, and differentiation among the technologies developed by the most advanced technology companies. It will be beneficial to have a strict comparison of what types of sensors are being used in each scenario and label them down into categories to accentuate not only the limitations of those but also the advantages and the reason of their usage for that particular case setting. 3 Study 3. 1 Types of Sensors. For autonomous vehicles being able to function properly, they need some sensors that are grouped into three main categories: and cameras. It is important to explain how these sensors work and why developers are using them to perform these difficult tasks. In addition, GPS/GNSS technology is used as a position sensor that is relevant for these types of vehicles. Other relevant sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMU’s) and odometry sensors are going to be reviewed RADAR: and Ranging (RADAR) sensors send radio waves to gather the distance and speed of objects related to the vehicle. They are used for obstacle detection in autonomous vehicles, and their main function is to detect the objects in the environment and around the car. They are designed to identify any type of vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, and trucks. These sensors provide an environmental perception that it is useful by getting data about the surroundings and then providing it to the driver and other internal systems of the vehicle. The data collected help to provide parking assistance, blindspot detection, and rear collision warnings. RADAR sensors have the advantage of being efficient even with fog, rain, or snow, which is solving the limitation of other visual sensors. As mentioned in Ref. [4], RADAR sensors are getting cheaper and it is easier to implement those in common cars. However, there are not enough if we are trying to develop a high-end fully autonomous car. LIDAR: and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors are very similar to RADAR sensors, but use lasers to map the environment rather than radio waves. According to the study in Ref. [5], LIDAR sensors can detect objects 200–300 m away and emit short pulses to measure more than a million points per second.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: It is recognized that the (UN) and other climate specialists have taken the lead role in determining how GHGs cause global temperature to increase, and how quickly emissions must be reduced to limit that increase to the goals of the PA. Technically, this thermodynamic process is referred to as the “anthropogenic” heating of our planet. The UN coordinates the efforts of nearly 200 Countries to make their own Contributions (NDCs) towards the overall reduction amount required to meet their goals. The latest detailed planning information is documented in the Tracker (CAT) Report (2) that summarizes the results from the November 2021 Conference of Parties (COP26) held in Glasgow, Scotland. Additional information is available in the recent on (IPCC) (AR) No. 6 (1). This 1. 5-degree C temperature rise goal set by the PA-2015 is still realistically achievable. This assumes that the NDCs submitted by most Countries to the UN Conference of Parties (COP26 in 2021) remain partially in effect. In fact, significant reductions in the pledged amounts made by individual Nations would be allowed according to this new analysis. This occurs because the targeted 0. 4 deg. C temperature rise goal, above 1. 1 deg. C. in 2020 (+/-0. 1 C) can be met with a CO2 reduction rate of 0. 6 Gigatonne (Gt) per year (from 40Gt in 2020) to the year 2066, where a 12. 4 Gt net-zero value will exist for emissions. That shows a need for a 70% reduction. Note one Gt is a billion metric tonnes and a metric tonne is 1,000 kilograms or 2,200 pounds. For clarification, net zero is the point in time where the CO2 emissions will be reduced to the same level as the carbon sinks (the sinks are the amount of CO2 absorptions made by the earth at that time). The amount of those carbon sinks each year is a function of the individual CO2 emissions made over the last 100 years. Table 1 in the shows the emission values used from years 1900 to 2020. , while Table 2 in the main text shows the simplified method for calculating carbon sink values by year. Be made aware that CO2 emissions are gradually dissipated down to 40% of their initial amount. Temperature rise is halted at the net-zero point because there is no further increase in atmospheric concentrations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Percent spore germination=number of spores germinatedTotal spore counted×100Radial growth rateConidia of 14-day-old cultures were harvested from plates and spread on a 90 mm Petri dish containing fresh SDA and PDA media separately. Isolates were incubated for three days at 27±1°C, and the 5 mm diameter of three-day-old cultures mycelium was taken by using a cork borer and placed in the center of a 90 mm petri dish containing SDA and PDA media individually. Cultures were incubated at 27±1°C (Membang et al. , 2021). The experiment was conducted in CRD with 11 treatments and replicated three times. Data on radial growth were recorded in mm/day from the 4th to the 15th days and calculated by:RG/day=Colony diameter at the end of incubation period−Fungal disc diameterTotal incubation daysWhere, RG/day is radial growth per day. Estimation of conidial yieldSpore production was estimated as follows (Schemmer et al. , 2016). A 21-day-old culture of 10 mm-diameter circular agar was cut with a cork borer, and the disc was added to 10 ml of sterile 0. 001% Tween 80 solution. The solution was well vortexed to evenly mix, and the conidial concentration was counted by using a Neubauer hemocytometer. The conidial yield was expressed in terms of conidial ml-1. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in CRD with eight treatments and three replications. Conidial suspension preparationConidia were obtained from pure cultures grown on SDA, which was incubated for 14 days at 27±1°C under dark conditions. Conidia were harvested by disposable cell scrapers and added into test tubes containing Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v). Suspensions were vortexed well for 2 minutes and adjusted to 1 × 108 conidia ml-1 using a Neubauer hemocytometer (Gurulingappa et al. , 2010). Rearing of Galleria melonellaGalleria mellonella larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were reared at the in the biocontrol room following the methods described by Meyling (2007).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The advantage of LIDAR sensors compared to RADAR sensors is that they allow to create three-dimensional (3D) maps of the environment to visualize the objects around the environment. They assist to cover a 360-deg view and are used to complement RADAR sensors and give more sophisticated tools and data with 3D mapping. For autonomous vehicles, it is crucial to have a clear sight of what is happening around the vehicle and make it capable of “seeing. ” In fact, years ago, it was an expensive technology, but nowadays the costs are getting lower for being used in the vehicle mass market. Cameras: Thus, autonomous vehicles need to have some visual data and information in order to respond to events such as reading the traffic lights and interpreting their colors to stop or move. Usually, autonomous vehicles are designed with cameras in different angles to give a 360-deg view around the vehicle. These cameras can easily recognize cars and pedestrians. However, cameras have many downsides because the data they receive from outside depends on a clear sight to get the appropriate visual information. Bad weather conditions could affect the view of these cameras, where rain, fog, and snow could be potential threats. Cameras depend on illumination, and darkness can affect performance which could lead to an accident if a pedestrian or a car are not identified. Some researchers have proposed solutions to improve visibility in these devices and minimize side effects that could be affecting safety [6]. Ultrasonic Sensors: Lastly, ultrasonic sensors are becoming more popular in the autonomous driving community as a cheap alternative to LIDAR sensors to incorporate obstacle detection systems and algorithms inside a self-driven vehicle. These sensors send ultrasonic impulses that are then reflected by the obstacle, and the signal is processed by the internal system of the vehicle to show the data of the obstacle perform accordingly. They are categorized in the type of range that could reach 5. 5 m, but are designed for specific tasks that involve obstacle detection and assistance in a short range such as implementing a parking assistance system and detecting objects near the car. There are some other limitations concerning the short field of view and the difficulty for the sensor to detect objects going at a fast speed. Additionally, they are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacks leaving the sensor physically unable to function and creating false positives, which could lead to a potential incident without the user supervision [7].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 GtCO2. These reference pathways start at 40 Gt in 2020 and end when they reach a carbon neutral condition (called net-zero) with the Earth’s carbon sinks absorbing the same amount as new CO2 emissions made at that year. That has been calculated to occur in years 2094, 2076 and 2066 at CO2 emission levels of 10. 4 Gt, 12. 0 Gt and 12. 4 Gt, respectively. Thereafter, smaller annual reduction amounts are still needed because the sink amounts will continue to fall-off slowly. It is hopeful that carbon capture technology can then be utilized to fill the difference. Those three pathways and there corresponding sink amounts were plotted on Figure 1 to be discussed next. The first step was to compute the values of what the CO2 sinks would be for each year of the proposed pathways. Then those sink values are subtracted from the yearly emissions to yield the net increase in CO2 concentrations out to the year where the net increase will be zero for each pathway. It is those accumulated CO2 concentrations that are used by the Union (AGU) (3) equations to calculate the radiative forcing (in Watts per square meter) that will exist at that time. In addition, the accumulated concentrations of both CH4 and NO2 are used to separately compute their forcing. The sum of the three forcings is then used to determine the temperature rise using a predetermined Sensitivity (ECS) factor. Recall that the amount of heat that can be radiated to deep space is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature. Hence, it takes only a small change in temperature to radiate a very large amount of heat. In addition, thankfully, about 90% of the GHG heat generated gets absorbed by the ocean waters so that acts as a major buffer to limit the global temperature increase that we experience. What’s new to the analysis performed is the application of recent calculations of the amount of CO2 that is absorbed from the atmosphere each year based upon CO2 emissions made over the prior 100 years (4). Also new is a set of equations in Table 3 that better estimate the in Watts/sq-meter for each of the three GHGs of CO2, CH4 and N2O that are converted to temperature increases using the new ECS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Adult moths were kept in 500-ml flasks containing folded tissue paper to fasten their mating and egg-laying capacities. To hatch second-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper, transferred to plastic containers filled with 80 g honey, 50 g wheat bran, and 180 g glycerol, and incubated at 20°C for four weeks in the dark. Virulence test of isolates using G. mellonellaThe potential virulence of fungal isolates was tested using 2nd instar G. mellonella larvae by the galleria dipping method. Spores collected from 14–21 days of old culture by sterilized spatula scraping were adjusted to 1 × 108 spores’ ml-1 and 10 ml were prepared from the suspension of sterilized water with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) in a sterilized falcon tube and vortexing well. A total of 10 second instars of G. mellonella larvae were dipped into spore suspensions for 15 sec. Treated larvae with fungal isolates were incubated at 26°C for 10 days under dark conditions. Cadavers were collected every day 3 days post inoculated, disinfected on their surfaces, transferred into sterilized plastic plates lined with moistened filter paper, and incubated in a dark place. Dead larvae were daily inspected and moistened with sterilized water to promote the outgrowth of mycelial on the cadavers. A control was treated with Tween 80 (0. 001% v/v) and incubated under the same conditions (Ayele et al. , 2020). Isolates with greater than 90% mortality of larvae were selected, considered to be virulent isolates, and preserved for further work. Data analysisGermination test, radial growth, conidial yield and size, and virulence test of isolates data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test with a statistical difference of P<0. 05. System (SAS) (RRID:SCR_008567) software 9. 4 version was used for data analysis. Means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) at P<0. 05. ResultsMorphological identification and characterization of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolatesThis study revealed that three B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: (GPS/GNSS): System (GPS), it is frequently used by autonomous vehicles to help them with navigation and give them positioning data. These systems use data that are received from several GPS satellites. With the current navigation technology, vehicles are incorporating these systems to create routes, analyze traffic, and possess information about the position of the vehicle in real time. This is then connected with the three major sensors for autonomous vehicles in order to create an innovative navigation experience without human interaction [8]. GPS connects with the (GNSS) which is giving more data to the vehicle that guarantees the actual position. This technology is mostly used for ground vehicles that are constantly on the road surrounded by other cars and pedestrians. IMU Sensors: IMU is a specific type of sensor that is used to measure angular rates, force, and sometimes magnetic fields. This sensor is used most of the time as a backup sensor that needs to function properly in case of any accident or error that can cause the other sensors to stop working. It also plays an important role in sensor fusion because it is related on the other sensors to provide data about acceleration, this is crucial to protect the drive at all times and the vehicle to be designed to respond to any kind of harmful situation that could put the driver’s life in danger. Odometry Sensors: Odometry sensors use the data from motion sensors to monitor the change of position over time. This particular sensor is linked with position sensors but focuses on the change of position. It is commonly used in robotics to estimate the position change from the starting point to the endpoint. However, it is now incorporated in many autonomous vehicles to keep track of the position of the vehicle from a specific location. 3. 2 Levels of Autonomy. In order to identify a vehicle as autonomous, the Society of created five different levels to classify any intended autonomous vehicle or device based on the different technologies and differentiate minor automation such as parking assistance from more major autonomous features like driving capability without human interaction. It is important for the purpose of this research to mention and understand the different levels of automation to properly categorize the different technologies that are going to be analyzed extensively. It is easy to identify two different main categories containing the five different levels: regarding support for the driver and automated driving features. From level 0 to level 2, the driver is involved during all types of support systems and needs to be aware of everything at all times.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 parts-per-million (ppm) in going out to the 0. 4 GtCO2 per year reduction limit for the year 2094. Those concentrations for years 2066, 2076 and 2094 for the calculation of their radiative forcing starting from the 2020 increased amount of 132 ppm above the 1880 level of 280 ppm. Table 6 shows the values of atmospheric concentrations for CH4 and N2O (ref4) to be used for their separate calculations of radiative forcing to be added to those for CO2 (also shown). Table 7 presents a summary of the total forcings for the three pathways and the associated temperature-rise estimates as a function of the climate-sensitivity factor assumed and the endpoint CH4 concentration amount as footnoted. While one can compute the climate sensitivity seen between 1880 and 2020, one cannot assume the volcanic action will continue. There were many unpredictable negative natural forcing events that occurred that could change the eventual future outcome. The uncertain final CH4 concentration was also used as a parameter to assess its impact on temperature rise. Figure 2 is a graphic comparison of the temperature rise profile for 0. 6 GtCO2/year of emissions versus the natural logarithm of the actual CO2 emissions. Their close correspondence is as expected There is concern that widespread future CO2 emissions reductions may not occur until the year 2030, so it would be educational to know how this would impact the present temperature estimates. In all cases, there would be about a ten-year delay in reaching net-zero, and the temperature increase would be approximately 0. 16 deg. for a CO2 concentration increase of 200 GtCO2 during the 2020-2030 decade. As one can see, such an unfortunate delay in making CO2 reductions would be significant but not catastrophic. G. ConclusionsIt has been demonstrated that the proper application of a new algorithm for determination of yearly carbon sink values has led to a lower atmospheric concentration of CO2 than UN reports would indicate for the same amount of emissions. In addition, the use of the more refined equations for calculating radiative forcing based upon the GHG concentrations has shown the Watts/sq-meter values to be less than those used by the UN. Consequently, the resultant temperature rise values are appreciably lower. This enables an extension of the time frame over which reductions can be made and the reductions required can be less per year (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana and seven M. robertsii isolates were identified from rhizosphere soil samples of tomato plants. B. bassiana isolates showed white colony color, wide round to round colony shape, smooth powdery to smooth cottony surface texture, and raised colony elevation, as indicated in Table 1. Table 1. Macroscopic features of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Isolate nameIsolate codeSourceLocationHost plantColony ColorColony shapeSurface textureColony elevationfrontbackB. bassianaRST-8Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishwide roundsmooth powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-27soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaK-91Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaK-5Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44BC-1soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedM. robertsiiRST-11Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthickflatM. robertsiiRST-12Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthickflatM. robertsiiS-26soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownlight greenbrownroundthin, cottonyflatM. robertsiiK-61Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-63Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-101Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedM. robertsiiK-7Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownroundthin, adpressedslightly raisedM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The automated features are implemented to support and make the user more comfortable during the ride, but the act of driving is controlled by the user. Some examples of features that fall between these levels are parking assistance features, adaptive cruise control, blindspot warning, etc. On the other hand, between levels 3 and 5, vehicles start taking partial control where the user does not need to drive. Levels 3 and 4 are being developed currently by implementing characteristics such as traffic jamming, chauffeur, or driver-less taxi services in some smart cities where the car is fully autonomous. Level 5 is still far from the current technology because it requires the vehicle to perform effectively by itself in any given condition which is hard to achieve at the moment. 3. 3 Personal Vehicles. To initiate the study, we will first evaluate the category of personal vehicles. Currently, many technological companies are innovating to make personal autonomous vehicles better, while new methods and improvements are getting released on a daily basis. Most of the features in personal vehicles involving automation are comfort-related improvements, including adaptive cruise control, parking assistance, blindspot detection, lane centering, etc. But some companies are taking it one step further by developing autopilot systems and aspire to reach more capacity of automation aiming to a fully autonomous car. The sensors previously described are becoming more accessible to mass-market vehicles, giving auto firms a wide variety of alternatives to build cars with sensors that can perform effectively in multiple scenarios. X and Model S: Tesla autonomous vehicles are one of the most famous in the current market. The company recently announced the “Autopilot” mode integrated into the. This gives the vehicle the capability to change, and fully self-drive long distances on highways for a significant period of time without human assistance. Tesla autonomous cars are equipped with three types of sensors: cameras with a 360-deg range of vision, RADAR sensors providing long-range object detection, and 12 ultrasonic sensors used for car detection and responsible for a collision prevention system. Surprisingly to experts in the industry, Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors to develop their products. Instead, they use ultrasonic sensors, which are building the same measure function to get the distance between objects and the vehicle, but employing ultrasonic waves. However, the primary reason Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors is that these sensors can cost 75, 000 dollars per unit.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 GtCO2) to reach the net-zero level of 12. 4 GtCO2 per year in 2066. Also note the ending net-zero value is much higher as it is based upon the larger sink values. This means the final total reductions amount below the 40 Gt level in 2020 can be less at 27. 6 Gt. The temperature rise for the same emissions would be still lower where it not for the need to increase the ECS from 3. 7 to 4. 7 to compensate for the negative temperature effect caused by volcanic ash during the 1900’s. It is recommended that the UN take immediate action to investigate their results and take remedial action. H. Grateful to NatureWe humans must be extremely thankful that the laws of nature and physics have worked in our favor to prevent us from destroying the planet upon which life has been sustained for millenniums. Our ever-increasing production of heat energy from the burning of fossil fuels has led to a critical juncture in time. We simply cannot continue to produce CO2 emissions that add to the present concentrations and threaten the existing stable living environment upon this Earth. Fortunately, the laws of physics have played a very forgiving role in diminishing the adverse impact we have made in pursuit of the energy-intensive, pleasurable lifestyles we now demand. One must realize that our cool ocean waters absorb 90% of the heat generated by greenhouse gas emissions. Otherwise, the present global temperature rise would already be unbearable. Yes, of course, it punishes life in the oceans, but that’s the alternative, however it cannot be sustained forever. Also, were it not for the fact that the remaining 10% of GHG heat gets radiated to deep space according to the fourth power of absolute temperature, we would see much a higher global temperature rise. What that means is very little surface temperature increase is required to make a large change in heat radiated. Thankfully, the CO2 emissions don’t stay in the atmosphere forever. They will dissipate about 60% over a 100-year period, and it those dissipations that sum-up to the total sink amount for a given future year. Here again, it is the ocean waters that pay the price with increased acidification as they absorb large amounts of CO2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsiiK-102Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greendark brownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedMetarhizium robertsii isolates showed dark green to light green colony color at the front and brown at the backside, medium round to round colony shape, and flat to slightly raised colony elevation. Isolates K-101, K-102, RST-12, and S-26 showed a light green colony color, whereas K-61 and K-63 showed a dark green (Figure 1). The surface texture was thin, thick, and cottony. Figure 1. Morphology of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A) Colony color (front) and (B) colony color (back) of B. bassiana. (C) Colony color (front) and (D) colony color (back) of M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the image. Results from microscopic features indicated that B. bassiana isolates showed a flask-like shape in a conidiogenous cell, a branched conidiophore, and hyaline and smooth conidia with a spherical to subglobose arrangement (Figure 2) and aseptate hyphae (Figure 3),Figure 2. Microscopic feature of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A and B) B. bassiana. (C and D) M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. Figure 3. Conidial structure and hyphae of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. A=B. bassiana, B=M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. M. robertsii isolates revealed cylindrical in spore shape, branched, and densely intertwined conidiophore (Figure 2) and septate hyphal structures (Figure 3). Spore viabilitySpore germination was ranging from 79. 33 to 99. 03% within 18 hours of incubation at 27±1°C (Table 2). The results showed that there was a statistically highly significant difference among isolates in the percentage of mean germination (F=54. 6; DF=14; P<0. 0001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The cost collides with Tesla’s purpose of developing mass-market autonomous vehicles. For instance, the CEO and founder of the company, Elon Musk, guaranteed to have achieved results nearly as adequate as LIDAR sensors using just cameras. As presented in Ref. [9], it is possible to represent the same type of images and 3D modeling implementing an image-based approach, which is significantly less expensive than LIDAR sensors. These types of approaches are being taken to reduce the cost of production and have made some developers come up with new ways of creating 3D modeling similar to the way that LIDAR sensors perform. However, the use of ultrasonic sensors instead of the common implementation of LIDAR sensors can be harmful for the execution of autonomous vehicles. In fact, a recent study [10] presented some limitations regarding ultrasonic sensors that can cause an autonomous vehicle to misbehave. The researchers conducted an experiment where they performed various attacks including random and adaptive spoofing attacks that could force the vehicle to move in an undesired moment and jamming attacks preventing proper detection capabilities leading to collision possibilities. Therefore, even with the advantages that can provide ultrasonic sensors with cost-related issues can be harmful to society and a threat to pedestrians and customers with the possibilities of collision due to the malfunction of the sensors. Google Waymo: Google also is getting involved in the autonomous vehicles industry. They created a company called Waymo in 2009, which will exclusively develop to produce an autonomous car that can guarantee safe mobility for their customers with the innovation of automation technology. At first, the company started using LIDAR sensors developed by Velodyne, which is a technology company that provides LIDAR technology to different self-driving car programs. However, later on Waymo started designing and producing their own LIDAR sensors because the cost was too high and is a handicap to introduce Waymo technology to a mass market. These sensors are called which has an unmatched design and provides a 95-deg field of view. This is helpful compared to the other sensors that have a 30-deg field of view because it gives more coverage and is able to detect objects at a closer range without having to put many sensors in the vehicle. It also has the capability of detecting objects at a very close range compared to other types of LIDAR and different sensors that have a significantly greater minimum range.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: Also gratefully, the thermal energy absorption by CO2 molecules diminishes with increased CO2 concentration buildup, so a mild saturation effect is present as represented by the natural logarithm of the fractional increase, e. g. , a doubling of CO2 would lead to only a 69% increase above the prior temperature. It may not sound like much, but the 20th century volcanic activity lowered the average global temperature by an estimated 0. 3 deg. C. , but we should not hope for a repeat performance. Next, the Pacific Ocean’s currents have appreciably lowered global average temperature near the end of 2021 to 1. 05 deg. C. per recent reports, but the trend in 2022 is closer to a 1. 2 C. average. Now you be the judge, just how protective and forgiving is our planet to our ever-increasing energy demands. I. We can do BetterWe should be preparing ourselves for a transitional mode of low fossil energy living for future generations. Yet we humans continue to push the limits on our Earthen environment and survival in favor of near-term economic gains with grandiose lifestyles that simply cannot be sustained much longer. It will eventually take a total transformational change by all of society to live with very low energy consumption. The anticipated large increase in renewable energy production alone (solar, wind, tides, waves and geothermal) cannot close the gap caused by massive fossil fuel usage reductions. The increased use of nuclear power may be an option as well. And the anticipated carbon dioxide recapture process may provide only a partial solution. It could take the exorbitant pricing of fossil fuels to limit consumer demand because of their lack of affordability. As a last resort, governments might resort to usage restrictions or possibly even rationing as done in the US during II. Gone will be the days of limitless energy consumption. Society must reluctantly adapt to new, more conservative living standards. But of course, the rich and famous will likely be slow to comply. Declarationsauthor is grateful to the members of the AGU for providing their 2016 Letter containing detailed analysis of how to accurately compute based upon the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N20. It is the cornerstone of this 1. 5C UNEP 2021 EGR 2022 Project, online tablesTable 1 – List of 1900 to 2020 1900 6. 0 1971 20. 5 1997 29. 1 1910 7. 0 1972 21. 0 1998 29.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Isolate K-61 showed a maximum mean percentage of germination, whereas the minimum mean percentage was recorded by isolate RST-12. Table 2. Germination percentage of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Fungal isolatesGermination % ± SEBeauveria bassiana RST-897. 13±1. 95abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2798. 1±0. 59abMetarhizium robertsii K-6199. 03±0. 78aMetarhizium robertsii K-10297. 56±1. 36abMetarhizium robertsii RST-1195. 40±2. 91abcMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 63±1. 82abBeauveria bassiana K-597. 03±1. 63abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC95. 86±1. 07abcBeauveria bassiana K-9196. 40±1. 53abcMetarhizium robertsii K-10197. 67±1. 24abMetarhizium robertsii K-788. 36±4. 85abcMetarhizium robertsii S-2680. 80±9. 83bcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC-187. 60±5. 03abcMetarhizium robertsii RST-1279. 33±3. 84cTween 80 (Control)0. 00±0. 00dHSD (0. 05)17. 7CV6. 71Conidial yield and sizeStatistical analysis showed a highly significant difference among isolates at P<0. 0001 in their conidial production. Conidial production varies from 0. 11 × 107 to 2. 67 × 107 spores ml-1. Maximum spore production was attained by isolate APPRC-27, followed by isolate K-61, whereas the minimum conidial yield was recorded by isolate APPRC-44BC (Table 3). The length of the conidia showed a mean value of 2. 08 to 3. 24 μm for B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In this case, the has a minimum range of zero making the vehicle possible of avoiding objects that are really close to the car. The vehicle is also implementing RADAR systems for general obstacle detection such as pedestrians and vehicles to also detect their speed, cameras are placed to get visual information, as well as microphones to hear audio cues such as ambulance and police sirens. In addition, one of the biggest advantages that Waymo has over the different technologies is their data set, specifically for testing autonomous vehicle performance. Waymo owns one of the biggest free data sets concerning autonomous vehicles and provide information and data about five different LIDAR sensors that are used in their vehicles and being tested every day around the world. The perk of having the data set available to any researcher is that experts and enthusiasts can create their own tests to prove the limits of the sensors and cameras from Google to try to improve the technology. Some companies are expanding the data set even more to make it more efficient and use different types of sensors from cameras to RADARs and LIDARs [11,12]. Google and Waymo are currently developing one of the most efficient and advanced technologies for sensors to implement in autonomous vehicles. One is one of the most famous auto-taxi services being tested in the to keep improving the function of the vehicle. Even though the company affirms to have significant amounts of data and testing for hazardous conditions such a rain, fog, and extreme climates; some locations cannot be tested with these vehicles due to lack of technology in the area. Smart cities are the main focus for these types of vehicles, in some other conditions the precision of the sensors will certainly not be the same, and this can lead to a lack of safety and performance for the vehicle. Baidu Apollo: Baidu, which is one of the largest internet and technology companies in the world has owned, a self-driving car project following the name of Apollo. Currently, they are deploying prototypes of autonomous cars, which are planned to be implemented in different Chinese cities as a Robo-Taxi. vehicle is built with the Puck series of the newest and most efficient short- and long-range LIDAR sensors in the market provided by the company. sensors are the most advanced in the industry for autonomous vehicles and are used for many self-driving programs for 3D mapping and retrieving data from the environment to create collision avoidance systems and object detection for safety measures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Download & links Preprint (PDF, 7057 KB) Download & links Preprint (7057 KB) and Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2024-114', #1, 29 Aug 2024 The study presents a new approach to assessing flood risk, based on monetary assessments of damage and exposed population, considering a more simplified modeling, which allows its application on a large scale. The main novelty of the study is accounting the uncertainties associated with the Manning roughness parameter (n). The approach is innovative and useful to assist in the decision-making process to increase the resilience of localities to floods. The results presented interesting inferences and discussions. I really enjoyed reading the text and learning about the methodology applied. Below, I present some considerations that can be incorporated into the text to deepen the discussion and some doubts that I hope will be better clarified. The authors mention in the introduction some statements that can be better detailed to bring greater value. For example: “Traditional methods for large-scale analysis often rely on empirical or simplified models that may overlook important spatial variability and uncertainty in flood hazard and impact estimates” – such as? ; “…and multivariate, assuming that flood damage is influenced by several variables” - which ones? In the methodology, the authors mention that “We adopt here a uniform level of protection by assuming the threshold value Q∗ in Eq. (1) equal to design return period of the flood protection works. ” I found the approach interesting, but this is also a level of uncertainty, and I believe it is even more significant than the variation in manning coefficient. From an action planning and efficient decision-making point of view, the uncertainties associated with protection actions are more interesting and useful for evaluation than manning coefficient, right? Since it is important for decision-makers to know whether the protection actions adopted are effective or not, including from a spatial point of view. Manning is not a parameter that can be varied by them. Do you have any suggestions on how this could be incorporated into future work? Line 137 - Why use the rational formula? It usually has good applicability for small basins, but in your case the basins are large. How were the C values determined for the different areas?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana isolates, and a higher conidial length was achieved by isolate APPRC-27 with 3. 24 μm. The highest and lowest conidial diameters were recorded by isolates APPRC-27 and K-91, respectively. Table 3. Conidial yield and size of isolates. IsolateConidial yield/ml ± SEConidial length (μm) ± SEConidial width (μm) ± SELength/width ratio ± SEB. bassiana APPRC-44BC0. 11 × 107±0. 16e2. 85±0. 03cd1. 86±0. 16c1. 56±0. 12cM. robertsii K-631. 67 × 107±0. 02cb7. 10±0. 24a2. 49±0. 06a2. 86±0. 13abB. bassiana K-50. 17 × 107±0. 01e2. 23±0. 02d1. 45±0. 05d1. 54±0. 07cM. robertsii K-1021. 81 × 107±0. 18cb6. 43±0. 11ab1. 93±0. 03c3. 32±0. 03aB. bassiana APPRC-272. 67 × 107±0. 17a3. 24±0. 11c1. 99±0. 06c1. 63±0. 05cB. bassiana K-911. 53 × 107±0. 01cd2. 08±0. 07d1. 36±0. 03d1. 53±0. 03cB. bassiana RST-81. 28 × 107±0. 04d2. 51±0. 05cd1. 64±0. 11cd1. 54cM. robertsii K-611. 85 × 107±0. 15b5. 78±0. 48b2. 36±0. 04ab2. 44±0. 20bHSD at (0. 05)0. 290. 990. 400. 54CV (%)7. 4610. 408. 9311. 15Regarding M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: However, they are still employing some other LIDAR sensors from the same company that could be more expensive but perform very well for object detection purposes. A recent study [13] compared these two sensors and how their resolution could influence detecting objects while the vehicle is driving. It concludes that the researchers worked on an imaging system for multi-object tracking using both high-resolution and a low-resolution sensor. With regard to the cheaper sensor, there is a precision of 69. 3% using two different scenarios, vehicle and no vehicle. There is a difference for detecting objects within a significant range that cannot be seen in the system compared to the high-resolution Velodyne HDL-64 sensor, but the difference in cost is enough to start considering using these types of sensors more frequently and implementing them into different systems. Tests were done with sensors in different weather conditions [14]. Rain has a very limited influence on visibility for performance of the but fog is somewhat important and it is crucial to consider this scenario. More power is needed when dealing with fog because it has a significant impact in terms of vision, using the 905 nm LIDAR pedestrians, reflectors, traffic signs are not visible at all or reaching the 50–70% visibility. Similarly, the company is using two different types of RADAR sensors in their Apollo vehicles. ARS408-21 is provided by Continental, which is implemented for developing and Assist. In addition, they use the B01HC from Racobit for vehicle detection in mid-long range in different work environments. However, according to the previously mentioned study, RADAR sensors are not efficient for detecting non-metal objects in hazardous weather conditions, so LIDAR sensors are needed to provide more data and combine both to guarantee a high performance of the vehicle. With regard to cameras, they are currently using the MARS system which is an imaging solution for imaging applications. This system is also supported by two other cameras designed by Inc. BMW: BMW car manufacturer has also invested in autonomous driving technology. Currently, the company provides limited self-driving features such as park assistance, adaptive cruise control, and some blindspot detection systems in many of their different series of luxury cars. In the future, the automobile giant is planning on deploying a level 3–5 autonomous project in 2021 called iNext series.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Optimal approaches in global warming mitigation and adaptation strategies at city scale : orcid. org/0000-0002-7402-67941 & : orcid. org/0000-0002-7052-82872,3 848 all metrics AbstractCase studies from global cities contribute to more focused analyses of global warming challenges and demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation strategies to identify lessons about success at the city scale. The case studies were chosen to demonstrate aspects of the critical messages for action priorities in global warming mitigation and adaptation. This work focuses on best practices and initiatives for mitigation and adaptation approaches from developed and developing economies, including cities, European cities, Asian cities, and other global cities worldwide. The case studies were grouped to examine, identify, and emphasize important factors in various areas (e. g. , local programs and alliances, governance, stakeholder engagement, community actions, and scientific research) that determined the success of adaptation strategies in various global cities. Many recent studies showcase mitigation approaches, particularly those relating to blue-green infrastructure and nature-based strategies. The case studies selected reflect vulnerable regions and demonstrate how increasing global warming significantly concerns individuals, societies, and their infrastructure. The selected studies include Amsterdam in Netherlands; Singapore, as a city in a garden; Boston in USA; in India, aimed at implementing strategies with the objectives of climate adaptation planning; Copenhagen, as a coastal town, is more susceptible to flooding; Portland, the most progressive city in USA; Hamburg in Germany, one of the biggest harbours in Europe; and the 'Strategy', in Vancouver, Canada. Not all global cities respond the same way, but undertaking joint complex efforts helps mitigate the impacts. Similar content being viewed by others to Creating a Strategy 1. 5 °C [6, 7]. Countries pledge to specific actions and measures, like reporting emissions [8,9,10,11,12] and helping each other financially and with technology. The agreement signifies a substantial shift in how the world addresses climate change, with a focus on both reducing the release of greenhouse gases (mitigation) and adapting to the changes that are already happening (adaptation) [13, 14]. The strategies detailed in the have a long-term vision to regulate extreme temperatures, minimize emissions, and find a state of balance between what is released and removed from the atmosphere in the second half of this twenty-first century [15, 16].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-102100±0. 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 5±0. 25abBeauveria bassiana K-9195. 00±0. 28abcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2792. 5±0. 25abcdBeauveria bassiana RST-890. 00±0. 28abcdBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC85. 00±0. 28bcdeBeauveria bassiana K-582. 5±0. 47cdeMetarhizium robertsii K-10180. 00±0. 40edMetarhizium robertsii RST-1175. 00±0. 28eControl (Tween 80)7. 5±0. 25fHSD at (0. 05)1. 37CV (%)6. 31DiscussionThe collected data from the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes above 70% belongs to the typical characteristics of M. robertsii. In the present study, six B. bassiana and eight M. robertsii were morphologically characterized to understand the potential virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. B. bassiana has a white colony color and is round in shape, whereas M. robertsii has a dark to light colony color and is medium-round to round in shape. Similar work was done by Deb and Dutta (2021). This result was confirmed by the previous findings of different researchers, they reported M. robertsii isolates indicating a round colony shape, thin to thick adpressed texture, and flat to slightly raised elevation (Sepúlveda et al. , 2016). This study also detected a microscopic feature of isolates. Consequently, B. bassiana had aseptate hyphae and M. robertsii showed a cylindrical shape with septate hyphae. A similar study reported that microscopic characterization of B. bassiana isolates indicated round to slightly round conidial shape with glassy-like aseptate hyphae, while M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In terms of hardware, they will implement solid-state LIDAR from the startup Innoviz, which is cheaper, faster, and provides higher resolution when imaging the environment around a vehicle. They have no spinning features compared to mechanical LIDARs, are placed in the front, back, and sides to then fuse the data, and a field of view is created that can compete with mechanical sensor’s performance at a low cost [15]. The startup confirms that the sensor is resilient to sunlight and adverse weather conditions and capable of delivering a clear 3D point cloud up to 250 m. This project is intended to be launched in 2021, and because of that, there are some research limitations due to the lack of current information publicly accessible. However, years ago, the BMW group tested and developed autonomous features of Levels 2 and 3 that are now in some way being implemented in their latest cars. Highly automated driving (HAD) systems are now being perfected after introducing some minor features such as traffic jam assistance and lane support. The vehicle being modified is a BMW series 5, which is implementing environmental perception sensors, cameras, and software features to link the autonomous actions. The system used to create the HAD is using 12 sensors, specifically, four laser scanners, three RADARs, four ultrasonic sensors, and a mono camera. A fusion of this sensor creates the ability to perceive objects at a close and long range in every direction to behave consequently depending on the situation. The process of creating 3D maps scanning the environment to have a visual representation is important. With the technology provided by sensor fusion and implementation of a system for HAD, 3D mapping is becoming possible to enhance the performance of autonomous features. However, this aspect can still be improved, as one of the biggest disadvantages is the lack of testing for this specific vehicle. There is a significant gap between research findings and the validation of a real product that will be customer-ready [16]. Other Technologies: Some other companies are also very involved in the process of creating their own version of autonomous vehicles. is getting into the autonomous vehicle industry, partnered with Argo AI, a company responsible for setting up and developing the hardware and the software for autonomous vehicles. Their project is based on the Hybrid car, and they adapted Argo AI’s technology into their project to develop an autonomous car that could be deployed to a mass market.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The initiatives specified in the Strategies are essential in advancing different Goals (SDGs), highlighting the interconnected nature of worldwide sustainability goals or objectives and climate action [17, 18]. These specifically contribute a lot to SDG 13 [19], focussing on climate action by actively working towards reducing the risks of climate change. In addition, they match with SDG 2 [20], fostering sustainable food processes and agriculture systems while promoting environmentally conscious practices [21, 22]. The strategy contributes to SDG 6 by supporting sustainable water supply initiatives and ensuring clean and safe water access [23,24,25]. Gender equality (SDG 5) is also a core consideration, considering inclusivity and equal participation in climate-focused initiatives [26]. SDG 9, which focuses on infrastructure developmental works and related innovative ideas, is integral to the strategy [27, 28]. Promoting the availability and accessibility to sustainable energy (SDG 7) and fostering sustainable and inclusive economic growth with better job opportunities (SDG 8) are also contained within the strategy [29, 30]. SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), and SDG 15 (preservation of life on land) are the rest of the Strategy, reflecting a holistic commitment and approach to a sustainable and equitable future across several dimensions of developmental works [27, 31,32,33]. The complexities of the interchange between adaptation and mitigation strategies are better described by the decision-making processes. When the mitigation steps are taken, they are visible over the long term due to the extended residence time of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, when the adaptation steps are implemented, they yield immediate returns [34]. A balance between both mitigation and adaptation approaches arises where local solutions are recognized as crucial to alleviate or avoid a global tragedy of the commons. Cites are concentrating on climate change policies as they are the ones responsible for a significant portion of emissions [35, 36]. Extreme heat waves and urban flooding situations are arising as urban areas face environmental risks, which necessitate mitigation measures for reduction in emissions and adaptation efforts to improve climate resilience [37]. Mitigation efforts target both present and future emissions due to urban mobility, changes in land use, and housing, as they are the ones with significant emission sources [38, 39]. However, adaptation efforts are needed to minimize those negative impacts. The connection between worldwide climate policies and management steps at the local level is complex.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii were described as having cylindrical conidial shape, septate hyphae, and branched conidiophores in the form of a candelabrum (Bich et al. , 2021). Germination is one component that affects the degree of virulence; the faster the germination rate, the higher the fungal infection of pests (Herlinda, 2010). This study showed that the highest conidial germination was achieved by M. robertsii isolate K-61 (99. 03%) within 18 hours of incubation. This result is consistent with a study conducted by Gebremariam et al. , (2021), in which spore germination percentage varied between 85. 43 and 99. 67% within 24 hours of incubation for 26 isolates. Likewise, conidial germination of Beauveria isolates ranged from 76. 33 to 95. 75% (Belay and Tenkegna, 2017), and 89. 30 to 99% of spore viability were recorded by 22 isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii (Mkiga et al. , 2020). Maximum sporulation rate, radial growth, and fast germination rate were the most important parameters for determining virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, and the variation in virulence among isolates may be due to the geographical source of isolates and the potential of fungal species (Dotaona et al. , 2015; Gebremariam et al. , 2021). This result revealed that the highest radial growth rates were obtained by B. bassiana isolate K-91 (3. 24 mm/day) and M. robertsii isolate K-61 (2. 92 mm day-1) on SDA media at 27°C ±. This is consistent with M. robertsii developed on SDA media at 30°C, the temperature at which the rates ranged from 0. 14 to 3. 39 mm day-1 (Rodríguez et al. , 2009). The present study revealed that all isolates showed maximum colony radial growth on SDA media rather than PDA. This may be due to the variation in nutrient contents between the media as SDA is selective. However, Gebremariam et al. (2021) reported that the radial growth of B. bassiana and M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In addition, the vehicle manufacturer also has their own self-drive vehicle project partnering with a technology company called Cruise. They started with a car provided by and modified it with multiple sensors such as cameras, RADARs, and LIDARs in order to add autonomous features to it. Artificial intelligence technology, 3D and 2D mapping, and obstacle detection systems make the care as autonomous and secure as possible. However, the hardware and the specifications of the vehicles are not publicly available for researchers, making the previously mentioned companies have an important limitation in this survey. This is a handicap for the purpose of this paper because there is no information available, and it is not possible to give a clear analysis of the sensor technology that each company is using. 3. 4 Public Transportation. For public transportation purposes, the implementation of autonomous vehicles to enhance the development of this area in different countries could be revolutionary. Sometimes, it is an issue to develop good public transportation systems, but artificial intelligence can step in to improve and create smoother and safer systems for public transportation. Some researchers started to analyze potential projects in different cities and how different territories could adapt to this type of technology [17] while reviewing the economic implications of these projects and how the government could be considering such alternatives. In fact, some technology companies started implementing different self-driving projects in some cities to test these vehicles for public transportation, some of these are shuttles and autonomous buses [18]. (Volvo): The biggest implementation for public transportation purposes using autonomous vehicles could be the bus. The implementation for automation could be problematic due to the size of a bus but some companies like Volvo started projects to be able to provide a fully autonomous bus. However, the company is still conducting tests in order to guarantee a working vehicle to be able to start developing it into the mass market. Some methods and systems have been progressing and adding them to some of the electric buses created by Volvo and provided to researchers to develop some systems that could then turn the bus into an autonomous vehicle. In Ref. [19], a variety of sensors is used to develop a fusion and give the bus the possibility to drive by itself. The research presented uses optical encoders installed in the wheels of the vehicle to collect velocity data which is then useful to stop the vehicle and regulate its velocity properly. Some proximity sensors are used to detect near objects and vehicles to give some data to the car that could be helpful for a break assistance system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Cities are driven by international agreements and facilitated through a chain of networks and engagement or knowledge sharing between cities. As these help drive local adaptation efforts, cities are seen managing climate actions independently [40, 41]. This paper is structured into six sections, from the introduction as Sect. 1 to the conclusion. Section 2 discusses the critical approaches of mitigation and adaptation to comprehend their distinctions, whereas Sect. 3 discusses the methodological approach. Sections 4, 5 discuss the best practices in mitigation and adaptation strategies city-wise to provide a comprehensive analysis. Lastly, Sect. 6 provides the conclusions derived from synthesizing the results acquired through the cross-case analysis. In our effort, we examined case studies across different global cities as they lead to a valuable perspective emerging and can help tackle the growing challenges of global warming. These studies might serve as a tool to provide a detailed and concentrated analysis of intricate issues in relation. As there exists a wide scope within climate change, studying individual cities will provide a practical approach to evaluate how well mitigation and adaptation strategies work. The meticulous selection of these case studies aims to extract important messages and priorities for action, offering key insights to steer practical efforts in mitigating and adapting to global warming. By delving into these real-world scenarios, this work significantly contributes to and improves our understanding of the intricate challenges of addressing climate change globally. These investigations reflect the local aspects of environmental challenges and provide valuable insights that are helpful in guiding successful and best approaches on a city-wide scale. 2 Combating climate change through mitigation and adaptationThe complexities or obstacles arising due to climate change risks can be tackled through mitigation and adaptation strategies. The rate and magnitude of increases in greenhouse gases can be minimized through mitigation attempts by employing several approaches and helping slow down the progression of climate change and extreme events [42,43,44]. Cost-effectiveness measures are one of the main hurdles to mitigation efforts, which require comprehensive economic and societal effect assessments [34, 45]. The scientific and technological advancements are aimed at lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improving carbon sinks, and developing innovative ideas for capturing and storing carbon [46,47,48]. Adaptation methods alter the natural or human processes as a response to climate-related stimuli by minimizing the adverse impacts and maximizing favourable situations [49, 50]. Adaptation has started gaining attention very recently, and that too only in developing countries, whereas mitigation has been a long-standing focus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii isolates attained between 0. 83 and 3. 43-mm day-1 by AAUEM-3 and -77 isolates, respectively, which were grown on PDA media at 25°C. In the case of M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 showed higher virulence levels than other fungal isolates to G. melonella under laboratory conditions at seven days post-inoculated. The result confirmed the findings of previous work (Ibrahim et al. , 2016). All isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii showed greater than 86% larval mortality, which indicated that isolates were virulent to G. mellonella. These findings were agreed upon in the work of Kebede (2019), in which it was reported that the top eight isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were virulent to G. mellonella with above 75% larval mortality. The results from microscopic features such as conidial length and width revealed that there was a highly significant difference among isolates. Accordingly, the highest conidial length was obtained with 7. 10 and 3. 24 μm for M. robertsii isolate K-63 and B. bassiana isolate APPRC-27, respectively. This agrees with previous work conducted by Doolotkeldieva et al. (2019), who reported the conidial length and width of B. bassiana were 2. 27 and 1. 85 μm, respectively, with a length to width ratio of 1. 23 μm. Bich et al. (2021) also indicated that the conidial diameters of B. bassiana showed a mean value of 1. 7 to 2. 3 μm. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) also stated that M. robertsii showed a cylindrical to ellipsoid conidial shape with 5-7 and 2-3 μm in conidial length and width, respectively. However, Sepúlveda et al. (2016) reported that lower conidial lengths vary between 4. 52 and 5. 54 μm for M. robertsii strains. This may be due to the variation in the ecology of fungal species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: LIDAR sensors are also being utilized for obstacle detection motives. 221 is a mid-range LIDAR that has a considerably lower price compared to the sensors already mentioned in this study. There are also some more recent experiments and trials supported by for developing a sustainable autonomous bus that could circulate in smart cities such as Europe or Asia. Some proposals were presented in Ref. [20] using a Bus to include autonomous features with different types of sensors such as ultrasonic, cameras, and optical sensors. The authors provided methods and systems focusing on just one type of sensor but as well with a sensor fusion approach. Each sensor excels in its specific domain, and they are all useful for some specific situations that are needed to be considered for autonomous vehicle development since safety and high performance are a requirement to guarantee the satisfaction and overall safety of the clients. However, it is important to mention that the experiment does not take into consideration of abnormal weather conditions or other situations rather than clear weather. It is crucial for this type of automotive technology to address such situations because drivers and passengers can encounter them frequently. (Navya): Unlike Volvo, some other startups and relatively smaller companies got into the business of redesigning the public transportation industry by implementing autonomous features to buses and shuttles. Navya is a technology company specialized in designing and building autonomous vehicles. They created a project of an autonomous shuttle for public transportation purposes in smart cities around the world. has been designed to carry up to 15 passengers on public and private roads. It is intended to work autonomously at all times to facilitate transportation for passengers in different situations and places. They dispose of a cutting-edge technology with a data fusion of cameras, LIDAR sensors, GPS, and odometry to guarantee precision and safety for the users [21]. The vehicle is implementing 10 LIDAR sensors for 2D and 3D mapping purposes to guarantee a proper obstacle and vehicle detection and map the environment. The sensors employed are Velodyne VLP 360 deg (multi-layers), (multi-layers), (multi-layer), and (single layer). The combination of multiple LIDAR sensors from different brands is highly effective due to the cost variation and to gather different specifications that each one of these sensors is offering. VLP 360 deg would ideally be installed at the top of the vehicle, in front and back to cover a 360-deg benchmark and get all the data possible to build 3D maps.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The adaptation strategies exist in different forms, such as anticipatory, reactive, private, public, autonomous, and planned adaptation [13, 51]. Also, adaptation is categorized into two types: incremental adaptation, which involves making additional investments in existing facilities to respond to growing climate hazards, and developmental adaptation, which addresses conventional and novel climate threats in developing nations due to low capacity and investment [52]. Consequently, adaptive issues become intertwined with developmental challenges. Mitigation focuses on reducing the rate of climate change, while adaptation involves minimizing the negative consequences. Despite sharing the common goal of sustainable development, there are substantial differences in practice, including the scales of departments and research. Mitigation predominantly concerns energy consumption and carbon emissions, while adaptation focuses on responding to climate change risks [53]. Disparities among regions and countries highlight varying attitudes toward combating climate change, particularly between developed and developing nations [54, 55]. This also results in significant disparities in funding, with mitigation focused on energy, transport, and heat in housing, gaining easier access to funding as traditional accounting focuses on bricks and mortar [56,57,58]. Adaption, particularly NBS adaption, is seen as a nice add-on, a luxury, and a financially negative liability. Developed countries prioritize mitigation, whereas vulnerable countries, especially in the Global South, urgently require adaptation actions due to high climate risks and limited emission reduction capabilities [49, 59, 60]. Mitigation actions occur predominantly at the country and regional scale, with net benefits being larger on a global scale, contributing to global benefits that are, however, postponed [34]. In contrast, adaptation actions have immediate effects, with net benefits being larger at regional scales, making them more attractive [61, 62]. Despite their importance, adaptation has been considered the ‘‘poor relation’’ of mitigation, as financial investment and institutional research remain insufficient [63, 64]. For instance, funds allocated for combating climate change were more directed toward mitigation measures than adaptation efforts. This can also be understood from Fig. 5. Scholars offer diverse perspectives on the mutual relationship between mitigation and adaptation [4, 65, 66]. The relationship can be classified as neutral, positive, or negative, with complementarity, contradiction, or mutual reinforcement in different situations [67,68,69]. Case studies suggest complementary rather than synergetic relationships between mitigation and adaptation, with adaptation proving more financially efficient than mitigation [70].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 2021; 7(5): e07091. Pub| Text | D: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data. [Dataset]. DANS. 2023. : Fungi: hyphomycetes. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 213–249. Gürlek : Isolation and characterization of Beauveria and Metarhizium spp. from walnut fields and their pathogenicity against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L. )(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control. 2018; 28(1): 1–6. : Colonization of crop plants by fungal entomopathogens and their effects on two insect pests when in planta. Biol. Control. 2010; 55(1): 34–41. S: Spore density and viability of entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Indonesia, and their virulence against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). Trop. Life Sci. Res. 2010; 21(1): 11–19. -: Use of entomopathogenic fungi in the insect pest management of Brassica oilseed crops. Integrated management of insect pests on canola and other Brassica oilseed crops. Boston, MA: CAB International; 2017; 373–382. Humber RA: Fungiidentification. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 153–185. -Naggar SEM, et al. : Isolation and selection of entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agent against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). of Biological. Pest Control. 2016; 26(2): 249. : Evaluation of Endophytes associated with Maize and against the spotted Stem borer, Chilo partellus (Doctoral Dissertation, University). 2019. -Ilan DI, et al. : Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2015; 132: 1–41. Pub| : Feeding experience affects the behavioral response of polyphagous gypsy moth caterpillars to herbivoreinduced poplar volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The other three types of sensors are placed in specific areas to cover an important function that will be used to implement features such as parking assistance, detection of objects in short and long range, etc. Cameras are then placed in the front and back of the vehicle to have a clear vision of the environment. Cameras are also used in order to ensure safety and monitor the shuttle from a distance and make sure that it is working properly. Wheel encoders are also used to check the speed of the vehicle and monitor it depending on the road, weather, and situation. Finally, a GNSS antenna is placed at the top of the vehicle that communicates with a GPS sensor to have the specific location of the shuttle every moment. The advantage for these types of shuttles is the technology and innovation that they are presenting for public transportation purposes that can then be scaled to bigger projects. Sensor fusion is effective, and the shuttle can work properly during several hours with enhanced safety with different methods of obstacle detection. However, the area used for these shuttles is very limited, and it is intended to be used in very controlled areas such as university campuses and some areas in smart cities. Since the vehicle is small, there is not enough room for more than 15 people and this is a problem if some company or government wants to start using this technology for big public transportation projects [22]. The vehicle is currently being tested in several cities as a transportation medium in campuses within a specific area. (EasyMile): EasyMile is a technology company that works on autonomous vehicle technology and solutions. Currently, they own an autonomous shuttle project that is being used in several cities across Europe, Asia, and the United States. The design of the vehicle is very similar to the Nayva shuttle presented in the previous section. It has a capacity of 15 passengers as a maximum, it can function in different adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog. The maximum speed is 45 km/h, but it has been electronically adjusted to only 25 km/h for safety purposes. In terms of sensors, there are some limitations for this company that are not beneficial for the purpose of the research. Specific hardware information is not available publicly, but details about the partnership with EasyMile and Velodyne are available. Velodyne partnered with the company to provide the latest LIDAR sensors to the project of the EZ10 autonomous shuttle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Some scholars describe the relationship between mitigation and adaptation as resource competition [71, 72]. To summarize, effectively addressing climate change requires a comprehensive understanding of both mitigation and adaptation strategies. Achieving sustainable development necessitates a balanced approach considering the specific requirements, vulnerabilities, and financial support needed for both mitigation and adaptation, recognizing their complementary responsibilities in effectively and successfully combating climate change. 3 Methodological approachThis exploratory, multiple-case studies and qualitative research data was taken from books, relevant planning journal 3. 1 Selection criteria and scopeThis review captures the diversity of global practices in mitigating and adapting to global warming in urban contexts. The primary considerations for selecting the case examples were relevance, geographical diversity, urban characteristics, data availability, noteworthy practices, and temporal range. This includes focusing on cities with significant or innovative climate strategies, including cities from different continents and climates, covering both developed and developing countries, and a mix of cities in size, economy, and governance. Ensuring sufficient data on the city's climate actions with pioneering innovative strategies was essential. The focus was on recent initiatives to assess the evolution of practices. 3. 2 Method of analysisConsidering the case examples selected, each city was treated as a detailed case study to analyse the specific practices, policies, and outcomes in depth. This method allowed for a comprehensive understanding of each city's approach to climate action. Then, a comparative analysis is performed, which involves comparing cities with similar climates but different governance structures or cities with varying levels of economic development. Then, the key themes were also identified across the selected cities: common strategies (e. g. , renewable energy adoption, blue-green infrastructure), challenges faced, and outcomes achieved. It helped to analyse how these themes manifest in different urban contexts. To obtain a detailed and multifaceted perspective on the review process, covering aspects such as stakeholder involvement, technology, policy frameworks, social equity, and financial mechanisms was also included in this review as outlined below: a. The review also considered the role of various stakeholders, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private sector entities, and community groups, in implementing climate action strategies in urban areas. b. Including cities that have integrated advanced technologies, such as smart grids, urban data analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, into their climate action plans was also a consideration. c.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 2016; 42(5): 382–393. Pub| Text | : Thermal response and horizontal transmission of cameroonian isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae–Candidates for microbial controls of the banana root borer Cosmopolites sordidus. Fungal Ecol. 2021; 50: 101042. : Methods for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil environment-laboratory manual. 2007. du et al. : Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana: pathogenicity, horizontal transmission, and their effects on reproductive potential of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2020; 113(2): 660–668. Pub| : and the description of new species from Thailand. Stud. Mycol. 2020; 95(1): 171–251. Pub| Text | : Impact of endophytic microorganisms on plants, environment and humans. Sci. World J. 2014; 2014: 1–11. Pub| Text | : Insecticide resistance management against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in the central of Ethiopia. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2020; 40(4): 759–767. Text Rodríguez M, Gerding M, France A, et al. : Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae Qu-M845 isolate to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in laboratory and field trials. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2009; 69(4): 541–547. : Modified slide culture method for faster and easier identification of dermatophytes. Microbiol. Indones. 2014; 8(3): 135–137, 139. ádeková P, Medo J, et al. : Natural prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in hibernating pupae of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and virulence of selected isolates. 2016; 52: 199–208. Sepúlveda M, Vargas M, Gerding M, et al.

Output: pass