Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1017–27 [2011. Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. PNAS 108:8339–44 [2014. Environmental change across a terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section in eastern Montana, USA, constrained by carbonate clumped isotope pa-leothermometry. Geology 42:351–54 [2010. The mid-Atlantic nutrient trap: black shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography 25:PA4201 [2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454:323–26 [2013. Microbes, mud and methane: cause and consequence of recurrent anoxia following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeontology 56:685–709 [2011. Temperature effects on oxygen thresholds for hypoxia in marine benthic organisms. Glob. Change Biol. 17:1788–97 [2017. Extinction selectivity among marine fishes during multistressor global change in the end-Permian and end-Triassic crises. Geology 45:395–98 [2016. Vulnerability to climate warming and acclimation capacity of tropical and temperate coastal organisms. Ecol. Indicat. 62:317–27 [2016. Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 457:233–41 [2011. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 430:257–71 [1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 93:21–46 [2017. Orbital pacing of the carbon cycle, black-shale formation and seabed methane seepage. Sedimentology 64:127–49 [2005.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Either slave-making queens have evolved particularly manipulative queen pheromones, which are active across large phylogenetic distances, or their reproductive monopoly is additionally enforced by aggression. Indeed, both queens and workers of slave-making ants have been observed to attack host workers in a way resembling the dominance interactions among the slave-makers themselves [8, 37]. Though our results do not allow drawing final conclusions about the speed of queen pheromone evolution, comparisons of their cross-species activity might help to learn more about the nature of such pheromones and how quickly they diverge among species. The heterogeneity of queen substances might reflect an ongoing arms race between queens and workers [14]. However, it might also be a consequence of species-specific queen-bouquets serving to avoid hybridization. The fact that workers in mixed-species colonies did not behave like workers in queenless colonies strongly suggests that workers recognize queens belonging to another species and that queen pheromones regulating worker reproduction are partly conserved in evolution. This would be in agreement with the honest signal hypothesis. MethodsIn spring 2005 and 2006 we collected complete colonies of six different Temnothorax species: T. nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and T. affinis (Mayr, 1855) in Sommerhausen (Würzburg, Germany), T. crassispinus (Karavejev, 1926) in Unterisling (Regensburg, Germany), T. unifasciatus (Latreille, 1798) in Waldenhausen (Germany) and Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy) and T. recedens (Nylander, 1856) and T. lichtensteini (Bondroit, 1918) Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy). While T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus are closely related sibling species [38], the other four species are phylogenetically more distantly related (Additional file 4). Temnothorax colonies were collected from their nests in decaying branches on the ground and, in T. unifasciatus, T. lichtensteini and T. recedens, also from crevices in stone walls.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:920–26 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2017. End-Triassic mass extinction started by intrusive CAMP activity. Nat. Commun. 8:15596 [2009. Foraminifera promote calcification by elevating their intracellular pH. PNAS 106:15374–78 [2011. Ammonite paleobiogeography during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis (Early Jurassic) reflecting paleoclimate, eustasy, and extinctions. Glob. Planet. Change 78:92–105 [2003. Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chem. Geol. 202:257–73 [2015. Climate change tightens a metabolic constraint on marine habitats. Science 348:1132–35 [2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321:926–29 [2012. Seawater oxygenation during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 40:639–42 [2015. Evidence for weathering and volcanism during the PETM from and Peri-Tethys osmium isotope records. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 438:300–7 [2010. Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–6 [2015. Ca isotope stratigraphy across the Cenomanian–Turonian OAE 2: links between volcanism, seawater geochemistry, and the carbonate fractionation factor. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 416:121–31 [2017. Volatiles and exsolved vapor in volcanic systems. Elements 13:29–34 [1994. Nannofossils and superplumes: the “nannoconid crisis. . ” Paleoceanography 9:483–501 [2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65:414–32 [2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: The colonies were frozen six weeks after the transferred worker pupae had developed into adult worker, and workers and queens were dissected to assess their ovary activation [41]. Workers having elongated ovaries (> 1 mm) with viable, oval eggs similar in shape and color to those found in the ovaries of queens were classified as "fertile". For statistical analyses, two sample permutation tests were used to assess the difference of numbers of fertile workers per colony between groups of control colonies and mixed colonies and between control colonies and colonies without a queen. Male-production by workersThe remaining 65 colonies of the 2006 set up were kept in incubators (gradual decrease of temperature to 0°C night/10°C day for 15 weeks and gradual increase again to 17°C night/28°C day thereafter) until hibernated brood had developed in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). to August 2007 all freshly enclosed adult males were collected and frozen at -20°C for further analyses. After all male pupae had enclosed, all colonies were frozen and queens were dissected to determine their ovarian status. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are of dark brown pigmentation. T. recedens males have a pale pigmentation and could easily be distinguished from males of the other three species by inspecting their coloration. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are morphologically similar and thus were distinguished by electrophoresis of the glucose-6-phosoate isomerase [GPI; [27, 38]] or sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Allozyme analysesElectrophoresis of glucose-6-phosoate isomerase for Temnothorax ants has been described previously [27]. Electromorphs were named according to their migration velocities in the gel (fast f; medium m; slow s). T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi are fixed almost completely for the electromorphs m and f, respectively [27, 38] and T. nylanderi occasionally exhibits the electromorph s [27]. In T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 13:Q01005 [2016. Evidence for a composite organic–inorganic fabric of belemnite rostra: implications for palaeoceanography and palaeoecology. Sediment. Geol. 341:203–15 [2010. Living in the now: physiological mechanisms to tolerate a rapidly changing environment. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72:127–45 [2012. The geological record of ocean acidification. Science 335:1058–63 [2014. Pacing of the (Early Jurassic) from astronomical correlation of marine sections. 25:1348–56 [2016. Low-latitude arc–continent collision as a driver for global cooling. PNAS 113:4935–40 [2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 11:Q03004 [2016. The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441:4–21 [2018. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: blurring ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 221:jeb169615 [1994. End-Cenomanian benthic foraminiferal extinctions and oceanic dysoxic events in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 111:29–43 [2013. Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification. Funct. Ecol. 27:980–90 [2015. Maximum rates of climate change are systematically underestimated in the geological record. Nat. Commun. 6:9890 [2017. Palaeogeographic variation in the Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites: a discussion of microbial and ocean processes after the end-Permian mass extinction. J. Palaeogeogr. 6:97–107 [2007. Extinction trajectories of benthic organisms across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 244:201–22 [2011. On the potential for ocean acidification to be a general cause of ancient reef crises. Glob. Change Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [26]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers from different species of TemnothoraxantsTo estimate the chemical distances between the four species of Temnothorax ants used for the mixed-species colony set ups, queens and workers from T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus, T. unifasciatus, and T. recedens were analyzed. For the identification of queen specific signals, queens and workers from two additional species, T. affinis and T. lichtensteini, were included in the analysis. From each species the queens of 5 to 10 unmanipulated colonies plus 1 to 3 workers from each of the colonies were chemically analyzed. All colonies were collected in spring 2006 (see above). T. unifasciatus colonies were used only from the population in Italy. Chemical AnalysisHydrocarbons were extracted four to five weeks after colonies had been subjected to artificial summer condition (17°C night/28°C day; see above). Workers were frozen and hydrocarbons were obtained through solvent extraction by individually immersing each worker for 10 min in 20 μl pentane. After evaporation of the solvent, the residues were re-dissolved in 15 μl pentane, of which 2 μl were injected into an 6890N gas chromatograph. Hydrocarbons of queens were obtained through SPME (Micro Extraction) which gives qualitative and quantitative similar results [46]. A 30 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber was gently rubbed for 10 min against the gaster of the immobilized queen and injected into the injection port of the same gas chromatograph as above. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector and a HP-5 capillary column (30 m × 0. 32 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. The same temperature program was used for the solvent and the solid phase micro extraction with the temperature initially held at 70°C for 1 min, increased from 70°C to 180°C at 30°C/min, from 180°C to 310°C at 5°C/min, and held constant at 310°C for 5 min.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 17:56–67 [2004. Province at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary: paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228:1143–60 [2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:295–313 [2016. Calcium and calcium isotope changes during carbon cycle perturbations at the end-Permian. Paleoceanography 31:115–30 [2009. Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. 166:431–45 [2010. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a review. J. Sci. 39:215–35 [1999. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chem. Geol. 161:181–98 [2007. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and late 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:211–23 [2014. Mercury in the Anthropocene ocean. Oceanography 27:76–87 [2009. Extinction, survival and recovery of corals from the Triassic to time. 21:57–66 [2015. Climate-related range shifts—a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38:15–28 [2014. Gene expression changes in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi after 500 generations of selection to ocean acidification. Proc. R. Soc. B 281:20140003 [2010. Orbital tuning as an inverse problem: chronology of the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (Selli Level) in the. Paleoceanography 25:PA2203 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef ecosystems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [2016. Effects of the early on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Basin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For identification of the peaks, the pooled extracts of 30 workers of each species were injected into a combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS; 6890N) equipped with a RH- 5 ms+ fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0. 25 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless (250°C) with the purge valve opened after 60 sec and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. Temperature was held constant for 1 min at 60°C, increased from 60°C to 300°C at 5°C/min and held constant for 10 min at 300°C. The electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS; Agilent 5973 inert mass selective detector) were recorded with an ionization voltage of 70 eV, a source temperature of 230°C and an interface temperature of 315°C. We identified n-alkanes by comparing mass spectra with data from a commercial MS library (). Methyl-alkanes were identified by diagnostic ions, standard MS databases (see above), and by determining Kovats indices by the method of Carlson et al. [47]. () for Windows was used for data acquisition. For statistical analysis of the chemical distance between the four species involved in the mixed-species experiment, we included peaks consistently present in queens and workers of all four species, plus peaks with a relative area of more than 1% that were present in at least 50% of individuals in a group of workers or queens within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by square root. Principle coordinate (PCO) analyses based on Gower's centered matrix was used to visualize the patterns of differences in the multivariate chemical structure among groups [48–50]. Euclidean distance matrix was analyzed based on centroids of groups calculated from principle coordinates. PCO and Euclidean distance analyses were performed using the program PCO [49]. For the identification of queen specific signals we analyzed each species separately and included peaks consistently present in the groups of queens and workers within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by using the formula: Zij = log[Xi, j/g(Xj)], with Xi, j being the standardized peak area i for the sample j, and g(Xj) the geometric mean of all peaks of the sample j [51].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 42:117–26 [1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285:1386–90 [2005. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 435:479–82 [2011. The Paleocene-Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:489–516 [1980. catastrophe. Nature 287:760 [1995. Selective extinction among end-bivalves. Geology 23:102–4 [2009. Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: Pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny. ? Biogeosciences 6:2313–31 [2008. Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 36:747–50 [2005. Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid-base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 293:109–18 [2014. Transgenerational acclimation of fishes to climate change and ocean acidification. F10006:99 [2016. Sea-surface temperature evolution across 1a. Geology 44:959–62 [2011. Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: global warming implications. 6:e29340 [2017. Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a (OAE-2: ∼94 Ma). Sci. Adv. 3:e1701020 [2015. Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy. PNAS 112:4696–701 [2016. Extinction intensity, selectivity and their combined macroevolutionary influence in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20160202 [2012. End-Permian mass extinction in the oceans: an ancient analog for the twenty-first century? . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40:89–111 [2010. Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Mar. Biol. 157:2051–59 [2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: 2006. 05. 008. 297. 10. 1007/s00040-005-0808-y. 315. 127. 10. 1111/j. 1439-0310. 1996. tb01109. x. 328. 10. 1007/BF01242933. 18. 406. 10. 1007/BF02331567. 240. 10. 1155/1991/21921. 350. 10. 1007/BF02224298. 864. 10. 1006/anbe. 1996. 0511. 701. 21. 10. 1007/s00049-002-8322-4. 1865. 10. 1023/A:1022311701355. 338. 321. 10. 1093/chemse/bjq021. 34. 3. (PDF 164 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM2_ESM. PDFAdditional file 2: Proportion of peak areas. Proportions (%) of peak areas in chromatograms from cuticular hydrocarbon extracts of queens and workers in six Temnothorax species. Box plots show medians and 25% and 75% quartiles. Whiskers depict the range of 90% of all cases. Extreme outliers are denoted by circles. P-values of substances differing significantly between the various groups are given in Additional file 3. (PDF 122 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM3_ESM. PDFAdditional file 3: Table S1 - Identification of cuticular compounds. Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) in five Temnothorax species. The number of samples of queens and workers is given in parentheses. Peak numbers correspond with numbers in Additional file 1 and 2. Directions of difference are shown in Additional file 2. Bold p-values from Mann-Whitney U-tests are significant at the 5% probability after Bonferroni's correction (p' < 0. 001); n. s = not significant. *Due to very low abundance, peaks marked with a star could not be identified. They had exactly the same retention time in GC as peaks in other species, which could be identified. We therefore assume these compounds to be chemically identical. (PDF 20 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM4_ESM.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species. Funct. Ecol. 18:625–30 [2016. Silicate weathering and silica burial during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 44:731–34 [2014. Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Maximum. Paleoceanography 29:357–69 [2016. An abyssal carbonate compensation depth overshoot in the aftermath of the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nat. Geosci. 9:575–80 [2016. Osmium isotope evidence for two pulses of increased continental weathering linked to volcanism and climate change. Geology 44:759–62 [2015. Globally enhanced mercury deposition during the end-Pliensbachian extinction and Toarcian OAE: a link to the Karoo–Igneous Province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428:267–80 [2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–42 [2016. Quantitative analysis of the ecological dominance of benthic disaster taxa in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 42:380–93 [2014. High temperature and low oxygen perturbations drive contrasting benthic recovery dynamics following the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 399:98–113 [2013. Lithium isotope evidence for enhanced weathering during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 6:668–72 [1995. Coordination of metabolism, acid‐base regulation and haemocyanin function in cephalopods. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 25:131–48 [2017. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: bridging ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 220:2685–96 [2005. Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO2 on marine animals: from Earth history to global change. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C9C09S10 [2018. Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: a volcanic trigger proved. ? Geology 46:543–46 [2009.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 1posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: This involves exploring which functions to use, how to arrange these functions into algorithms, and testing different parametric values for each variable until the behaviour of the model matches the observed data (for example, how someone behaves when performing a task). Once scientists have created a model that replicates observed data, it can be used to generate predictions of future data. Download the 10. 33424/439 Link to the activity sheet Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 models are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the brain © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock. com Having a higher level of skill allows you to increase your performance with less cognitive control Computational cognitive neuroscientists combine skills and knowledge from psychology, neuroscience and computer science to build computational models that can help uncover the mechanisms behind human cognition and intelligence © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com task is a psychology experiment that demonstrates the flexibility of cognitive control ©DeymosHR/Shutterstock. com Computational models allow scientists to investigate how different components in complex systems interact by providing a way to mathematically express their theories of how they think the system may behave. When creating a computational model, scientists are forced to acknowledge all the assumptions on which their theory relies, as each assumption must be translated into an element of the model. Then, scientists can use the model to test the behaviour of the system, and any assumptions about it, by observing the system ‘in action’ in the form of a computer simulation. One common objection to computational models is that they make too many assumptions. However, the advantage of a model is that it makes those assumptions clear and concrete. One way to think about them is as hypotheses made precise by the model, that can then be tested in future experiments. Weather forecasting: an example of a computational model Some natural phenomena, such the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, can be well described by a single mathematical equation. This means that scientists can accurately calculate the position of our planet for any given day in the future. However, other phenomena, such as weather systems, involve complex dynamic interactions among a vast number of components (such as the molecules in the atmosphere) that cannot be simplified into a single equation to describe the behaviour of the full system. This means it is hard to predict future weather. However, scientists can tackle this complexity using computational models to forecast what the future weather might be like.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to the at the in the South Atlantic. Mar. Micropaleontol. 70:201–12 [2018. Marine invertebrate migrations trace climate change over 450 million years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27:704–13 [2015. State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact. Science 350:76–78 [2010. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol. Cell 40:253–66 [2005. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234:299–315 [2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75:4053–64 [2009. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37:1131–34 [2017. from (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse. J. Paleontol. 91:1025–46 [2016. Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:537–49 [2017. Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system. Sci. Adv. 3:9e1700906 [2011. Atmospheric carbon injection linked to End-Triassic mass extinction. Science 333:430–34 [2012. mercury anomalies. Geology 40:63–66 [2017. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? Evidence from the mid- Event 2 (Late Cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 18:4253–75 [2011. Atmospheric pCO2 perturbations associated with the Magmatic Province. Science 331:1404–9 [1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnb. 55:179–84 [2016. Selective environmental stress from sulphur emitted by continental flood basalt eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 9:77–82 [2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1–3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6–8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization access Published: 14 December 2018 Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization : orcid. org/0000-0003-3724-63571,2, Michal Munk3 & Lubos Juranek1 on Audio, Speech, and 81. 2% has been reached. For classification into families, the success has reached 90. 45%. 1 IntroductionWhen solving tasks of the bird vocalization automatic recognition, knowledge obtained during speech recognition research is the groundwork. The bird vocalization recognition and speech recognition are similar tasks to a large extent. In both of them, several basic problems need to be solved. As mentioned in the work [1] on human speech recognition, this is an interdisciplinary field in which findings from several scientific disciplines combine, such as physiology, acoustics, and signal processing. For the bird vocalization recognition, we also use knowledge of the vocalization production process on the basis of the voice organ physiology. We also take into account an acoustic nonlinearity of hearing the birds and try to extract key characteristics for the bird vocalization description and modeling through an appropriate parameterization method. Besides a properly chosen parameterization method, in both the cases, we have to cope with a noise in recordings and with a variety of human speech, or bird vocalization. Birds interchange a variety of information through each vocal expression. Through the so-called calls, which we can hear more often, birds can transmit various warnings about a danger approaching, identify individuals in a flock, demarcate and keep territories, etc. The call character indicates that these are rather shorter and more efficient vocal expressions. Bird songs are another type of the bird vocal expression. For most of the species, they cannot be heard for all the year round. Most frequently, they are produced by male birds in order to indicate a territory takeover and to call females at the beginning of a nesting period. In general, a song is a more complex vocal expression and longer in time duration than a call. 1. 1 Related worksIn literature [2], the author focused on recognition of particular bird individuals, who would not have to be subjected to catching and ringing. The applied Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based system reached 88% success of data, which was described as high quality. A hidden Markov model (HMM)-based system represents a bird species recognition experiment focused in a different way.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction. 26:675–83 [2017. carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation. Clim. Past 13:1635–59 [2015. U-Pb geochronology of the and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Science 347:182–84 [2010. asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 327:1214–18 [2011. Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. J. Exp. Biol. 214:326–36 [2014. Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and 319–37 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 505 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2005. Gas fluxes from flood basalt eruptions. Elements 1:283–87 [2016. Eighty-five million years of gyre ecosystem structure: long-term stability marked by punctuated change. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20160189 [2018. Global perturbation of the marine calcium cycle during the Permian-Triassic transition. GSA Bull 130:1323–38 [2014. Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene–Maximum on the Plain: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling. Clim. Past 10:1421–39 [2013. Energy-limited tolerance to stress as a conceptual framework to integrate the effects of multiple stressors. Integr. Comp. Biol. 53:597–608 [2008. Interactive effects of metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms: implications of global climate change. Clim. Res. 37:181–201 [2015. Anoxia/high temperature double whammy during the Permian-Triassic marine crisis and its aftermath. Sci. Rep. 4:4132 [2017. Energetic costs of calcification under ocean acidification. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 31:866–77 [2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin–1β (IL–1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11–14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15–18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson’s disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) were chosen as feature vectors and a data set includes recordings of four different bird species (common blackbird (Turdus merula), common chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), western jackdaw (Corvus monedula), and common raven (Corvus corax)). A difference consists mainly in the use of a large quantity of untreated and noised recordings from a portal xeno-canto. org [3]. The system also works with complete recordings, without the voice activity detection (VAD) module, and reaches 65% classification success [4]. Among research works abroad, the interesting work [5] compared MFCCs and human factor cepstral coefficients (HFCCs) for bird species recognition. For evaluation, recordings of five different species were used, from which bird vocalization parts were chosen using a simple VAD system. The results imply an improvement of classification success almost by 10% when using HFCCs and a hypercardioid microphone. When using HFCCs and a cardioid microphone, the improvement is by about 1%. On average, the total success for classification of five different species is 85% when using MFCCs and 90% when using HFCCs. In [6], the authors tested application of a completely different approach. In their research, they focused on syllables as basic structural units of bird vocalization. The classification success ranged between 76 and 80%. In the work from Briggs et al. [7],Footnote 1 several different approaches for classification of six bird species are compared. These are three different types of feature vectors. These are average values of mean frequency and bandwidth, spectrum density, and MFCC. The very classification is performed through k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm with several different metrics for evaluation of distances and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The achieved success ranges from 42. 8 to 92. 5%. 1. 2 Used dataThe recordings used are taken from the commercial edition CD carriers [8]. The recordings include various types of voice expressions (various calls and songs) of various individuals, which were recorded in their natural environment. Some recordings include also other undesirable noises, above all vocalization of other bird species. In total, we have selected 18 different bird species from 6 different families and 4 different orders.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Austrian J. Earth Sci. 105:6–16 [2018. Sensitivity to ocean acidification differs between populations of the Sydney rock oyster: role of filtration and ion-regulatory capacities. Mar. Environ. Res. 135:103–13 [2007. Paleocene-Maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 316:587–89 [2012. Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquat. Toxicol. 110–111:194–207 [2008. Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal. Paleoceanography 23:PA1202 [2018. Rapid enhancement of chemical weathering recorded by extremely light seawater lithium isotopes at the Permian–Triassic boundary. PNAS 115:3782–87 [2012. Lethally hot temperatures during the greenhouse. Science 338:366–70 [2011. Global analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:1823–30 [2012. Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nat. Clim. Change 2:686–90 [2014. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:117–25 [2004. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429:542–45 [2009. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277:490–500 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2007. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth? . Perturbations: Causes and 1–23 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap 424 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells, suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The tortoise is a keystone species: more than 300 other animals, including snakes, foxes and skunks, shelter in its burrows. But its numbers have been declining for decades. Urbanization is the main threat to the tortoises, but timberland can be managed in a way that leaves room for them. Eager to keep the species off the list, timber companies, which own 20 million acres in its range, agreed to figure out how to do that—above all by returning fire to the landscape and keeping the canopy open. One timber company, Service, said it would restore on about 3,700 acres in the Florida panhandle, perhaps expanding to 200,000 acres eventually. It even offered to bring other endangered species onto its land, which delighted Miranda-Castro: “I had never heard about that happening before. ” Last fall the FWS announced that the tortoise didn't need to be listed in most of its range. Miranda-Castro now directs Conflict, an organization that seeks to foster conversation and negotiation in settings where the ESA has more often generated litigation. “For the first 50 years the stick has been used the most,” Miranda-Castro says. “For the next 50 years we're going to be using the carrots way more. ” On his own farm outside Fort Moore, Ga. , he grows Longleaf Pine—and are benefiting. Whooping Crane. Grus americana. Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/for doubts that carrots alone will save the reptile. It points out that the FWS's own models show small subpopulations vanishing over the next few decades and the total population falling by nearly a third. 2023 it filed suit against the FWS, demanding the be listed. The FWS itself resorted to the stick this year when it listed the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, a bird whose grassland home in the has long been encroached on by agriculture and the energy industry. promptly voted to overturn that listing, but promised to veto that measure if it passes the House. Behind the debates over strategy lurks the vexing question: Can we save all species? The answer is no. Extinctions will keep happening. In 2021 the FWS proposed to delist 23 more species—not because they had recovered but because they hadn't been seen in decades and were presumed gone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1017–27 [2011. Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. PNAS 108:8339–44 [2014. Environmental change across a terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section in eastern Montana, USA, constrained by carbonate clumped isotope pa-leothermometry. Geology 42:351–54 [2010. The mid-Atlantic nutrient trap: black shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography 25:PA4201 [2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454:323–26 [2013. Microbes, mud and methane: cause and consequence of recurrent anoxia following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeontology 56:685–709 [2011. Temperature effects on oxygen thresholds for hypoxia in marine benthic organisms. Glob. Change Biol. 17:1788–97 [2017. Extinction selectivity among marine fishes during multistressor global change in the end-Permian and end-Triassic crises. Geology 45:395–98 [2016. Vulnerability to climate warming and acclimation capacity of tropical and temperate coastal organisms. Ecol. Indicat. 62:317–27 [2016. Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 457:233–41 [2011. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 430:257–71 [1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 93:21–46 [2017. Orbital pacing of the carbon cycle, black-shale formation and seabed methane seepage. Sedimentology 64:127–49 [2005.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated ratsEffect of curcumin on cerebral contents ofIL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: : June 15, 2023 and reviewers is the former CEO of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, at the School of Zoology at University, and the founder and director of the for the Study of Bird Migration. He is very active in the fields of education and science, and he leads cooperative projects with the Jordanians, the Palestinians and other countries. He has won many awards, including a lifetime achievement award for the protection of the environment; the Foundation award for nature conservation; and a lifetime achievement award from the for Ecology and Environmental Sciences. He is also a father of five children and grandfather of eight grandchildren. *yossile@tauex. tau. ac. il Age: 13 I live in Rishon Lezion. I enjoy reading about various topics, especially in the social sciences and humanities. I subscribe to Epoch magazine, whose content ranges from geopolitics to science and technology. In my spare time I like to study and also write a lot (in the third grade I won the national writing competition for a poem I wrote, and to this day I still like to write poems). I am learning the international language Esperanto, and take an online course on game theory. I am very happy to be part of this venture! are a danger to farmers because they damage farm crops. For the last 100 years, chemical pesticides have been used to kill rodents, but these chemicals harm the ecosystem, humans, and all sorts of wildlife, including migratory birds. Barn owls may be a solution! These nocturnal birds of prey are common over most of the world and can act as biological pest-control agents. Barn owls nest near and in farm fields and specialize in hunting rodents—a pair of barn owls eliminates 2,000–6,000 rodents per year. A project using barn owls for rodent control began in Israel in 1983, with the placement of 14 nesting boxes. Today, there are about 5,000 nesting boxes throughout Israel, and the use of harmful pesticides has decreased by more than 50%. Several other countries have also joined, or plan to join, the project. This project is a unique method that promotes a healthier environment and can connect nations, farmers, researchers, and conservationists.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 0 Skip to content 0 Publications A-Z Journals A-and and Developmental BiologyChemical and and and Planetary SciencesEcology, Evolution, and SystematicsEconomicsEntomologyEnvironment and and TechnologyGeneticsGenomics and Human GeneticsImmunologyLaw and and P10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 First published as a Review in Advance on November 15, 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved info Info 10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 2020-05-30 2024-10-05 Download as Powertext loading. . . /deliver/fulltext/earth/48/1/annurev-earth-071719-054827. html? itemId=/content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah. 2014. Rebuilding biodiversity of Patagonian marine molluscs after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. 9:e102629 [2000. Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 26:625–46 [2007. Sequencing events across the Permian–Triassic boundary, (Kashmir, India). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252:328–46 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2019. How quick was marine recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction and what role did anoxia play? . Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 528:99–119 [2018. Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 376:20170076 [2017. On the causes of mass extinctions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:3–29 [1981. Principles of York: Academic [1983. Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum? . J. Paleontol. 57:1–30 [2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15–20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [26]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11–14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [27]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [27]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [27].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: They studied the relationship between predator and prey; analyzed the barn owl’s pellets; learned about how far the owls usually travel; discovered the connections between nesting success (how many chicks fledged per year) and the size of the rodent population in the fields; and more. These studies greatly deepened the knowledge about barn owls and improved the way they were studied. The researchers learned that a pair of barn owls and their chicks feed on 2,000–6,000 rodents per year (Figure 2). They concluded that barn owls are a good substitute for toxic pesticides, and their use also saves farmers money. In 2008, the initiative was declared a national project, and nesting boxes were installed in agricultural areas all over the country. From 730 nesting boxes in 2008, we reached over 5,000 boxes in 2020. Data on each box and the history of nesting successes were tracked using computer software, and we also helped farmers learn about the project by holding seminars and meetings, publishing summary booklets, and placing online cameras in the nesting boxes. Figure 2 - A barn owl brings a vole to her chicks in a nesting box. The box was created from an ammunition box donated by the military industry. In 1983, 14 nesting boxes were placed in Eliyahu in Israel; today there are over 5,000 nesting boxes throughout the country (photo credit: Amir Ezer). From a Regional to an What started out as a local achievement has become a success story on a regional and international scale. From studies conducted with GPS transmitters, it is clear that barn owls know no borders; their flight paths cross from Israel to Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, and back. In the last two decades, we have joined forces with our Palestinian and Jordanian neighbors, and the barn owl project functions even in days of political conflict (Figure 3). In 2010, a world renown expert from Lausanne University, Switzerland, Prof. joined the project [4]. Figure 3 - A Jordanian farmer and an Israeli farmer have been collaborating in a regional barn owl project since 2002. The flags along the top of the photo represent the countries currently participating in the project: and Morocco (photo credit: Hagai Aharon). In 2015, the project was expanded to include Cyprus, Greece, in 2021 Morocco joined, —even the Emirates are planning to join soon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: B 283:20160007 [1999. mass extinction: a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology 27:215–18 [1997. mass extinction: sedimentologic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic records from platform and basin successions, central Nevada. Univ. Geol. Stud. 42:79–104 [2003. Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: a new approach. J. Geol. 111:125–48 [2005. Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm. Paleobiology 31:6–20 [2017. Subsequent biotic crises delayed marine recovery following the late Permian mass extinction event in northern Italy. 12:e0172321 [2018. Paleoecological analysis of benthic recovery after the mass extinction event in eastern Lombardy, Italy. Palaios 33:266–81 [2004. The non-actualistic gastropod fauna: a case study of the Member. Palaios 19:259–75 [2005. Unique microgastropod biofacies in the Early Triassic: indicator of long-term biotic stress and the pattern of biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. C. R. Palevol. 4:475–84 [2018. Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian-Ordovician (Furongian, Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan-boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard formations of central Texas. J. Paleontol. 92:751–67 [2000. Marine biodiversity through the Late Cenomanian–Early Turonian: palaeoceanographic controls and sequence stratigraphic biases. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 157:745–57 [2014. A Cenozoic-style scenario for the end-Ordovician glaciation. Nat. Commun. 5:4485 [1987. Radiations and extinctions relative to environmental change in the marine of northwest Europe. Paleobiology 13:152–68 [1997. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [2014. extinctions: a coincidence of causes. 25:1294–307 [1957. Treatise on CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [28,29]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone–9 hepatocytes [28]. Pirmoradi et al. [29] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [28,29], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [30]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. In this study, 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [31,32].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:365–79 [2013. Palaeoecology of the Formation (Utah, USA) and its implications for the recovery. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 58:149–73 [1995. The stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Paleobiology 21:92–109 [2003. Confidence limits on fossil ranges that account for facies changes. Paleobiology 29:468–79 [2001. The detection and importance of subtle biofacies within a single lithofacies: the of the Cincinnati, Ohio region. Palaios 16:205–17 [1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:117–30 [2002. Stratigraphic variation in the timing of first and last occurrences. Palaios 17:134–46 [2015. The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontology 58:903–24 [2001. The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes 24:102–14 [2011. biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:2274–82 [2017. Brachiopod faunas after the end Ordovician mass extinction from South China: testing ecological change through a major taxonomic crisis. J. Sci. 138:502–14 [2015. Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr. Biol. 25:R941–52 [2015. Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems. Nature 5238:345–51 [2011. A role for chance in marine recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Geosci. 4:856–60 [1989. The biology of mass extinction: a paleontological view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 325:357–68 [1998. Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 279:1327–30 [2001.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL–1β: Interleukin–1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Palaeoecol. 513:86–99 [1981. Extinction: bad genes or bad luck? . Acta Geol. Hispan. 16:25–33 [1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–2 [2001. Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios 16:95–101 [2004. Quantitative biostratigraphy—achieving finer resolution in global correlation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:187–213 [2014. marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. 9:e88987 [1997. Miocene calibration for calcareous nannofossils from low-latitude Program sites and the Jamaican conundrum. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109:1073–79 [1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: Where does all the diversity go? . Paleobiology 14:221–34 [1964. Time in York: McGraw-Hill [1996. A new look at Units (EEUs). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127:21–32 [2001. Ordovician mass extinction. Annu. Rev. Sci. 29:331–64 [2000. Dinosaur abundance was not declining in a “3 m gap” at the top of the Formation, Montana and North Dakota. Geology 28:523–26 [2016. Graptolite community responses to global climate change and the mass extinction. PNAS 113:8380–85 [2011. Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 334:1367–72 [1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:291–96 [2001. Sea-level change and rock-record bias in the Cretaceous: a problem for extinction and biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 27:241–53 [2001. Benthic response index for assessing infaunal communities on the southern California mainland shelf. Ecol. Appl. 11:1073–87 [2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2021, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: On the causes of mass extinctions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:3–29 [1981. Principles of York: Academic [1983. Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum? . J. Paleontol. 57:1–30 [2015. Gulliver gastropods: spatio-temporal distribution and significance for biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 146:31–64 [2003. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115:89–104 [2001. Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician. Geol. J. 36:329–40 [1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to faunas in the Appalachian Basin. to Speciation in the 285–315 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [2019. Environmental controls on shallow subtidal molluscan death assemblages on Island, the Bahamas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 527:14–24 [2014. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction. PNAS 111:3316–21 [2006. Principles of New York: Elsevier [2003. The Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction: insights from high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 193:87–111 [2004. Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Guilin, South China). J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:895–98 [2015. Recovery pattern of brachiopods after the Permian–Triassic crisis in South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 433:91–105 [2012. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Geosci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. K M DJ Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionicacid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence. Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):487-96. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018);68(4):213-21. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Nat. Geosci. 4:856–60 [1989. The biology of mass extinction: a paleontological view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 325:357–68 [1998. Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 279:1327–30 [2001. Lessons from the past: evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5393–98 [2002. Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. PNAS 99:8139–44 [1995. Surviving mass extinctions. Geotimes 40:14–17 [1996. The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 102:15–39 [1991. The stratigraphy of shell concentrations. Taphonomy: Releasing the in the 211–90 New York: Plenum [2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids. Geology 46:283–86 [2000. Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature 404:177–80 [2004. Rapid recovery from the mass extinction. PNAS 101:17605–10 [2011. Left behind—delayed extinction and a relict trilobite fauna in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary succession (east Laurentian platform, New York). Geol. Mag. 148:529–57 [2018. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Nature 558:288–91 [2017. The best sections method of studying mass extinctions. Lethaia 50:465–66 [2016. Sedimentology and ichnology of two sections in South China: implications for the biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Glob. Planet. Change 144:198–212 [1986. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonite fauna from (Antarctic Peninsula). Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 18:1–55 [1988. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 169:25–54 [1997.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. Krishnan M, Kang SC. Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;74:106811. TableTable 1. Effect of curcumin on the levels of and GSH-Px in cerebral homogenates prepared from ACR intoxicated rats (n = 10, mean ± SD). Groups MDA (nmol/mg prot) GSH (mg/g prot) SOD (U/mg prot) GSH-Px (U/mg prot) Normal 0. 425±0. 141 4. 41±0. 58 60. 21±5. 38 14. 81±1. 95 ACR 1. 133±0. 352 ** 2. 30±0. 47** 52. 72±6. 94 ** 10. 36±1. 84 ** ACR+curcumin 50mg/kg 0. 918±0. 322 2. 77±0. 46 # 53. 89±8. 02 12. 58±1. 96 # ACR+curcumin 100mg/kg 0. 854±0. 216 # 2. 92±0. 59 # 59. 16±6. 46 # 13. 15±1. 87 ## **P < 0. 01 compared to the corresponding control rats. # P < 0. 05, ## P < 0. 01; compared with the corresponding ACR group. Supplementary FilesNC3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: How past climate clues can help predict the future We all know the climate is changing but predicting what this means for weather systems is no easy matter. Liu and Otto-Bliesner are using state-of-the-art computer models to delve into our planet’s past, to see how insights into previous climatic changes can help inform our future – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two.

Output: contrast