Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: The technology to hear plant bubbles explode is actually quite simple. Acoustic sensors designed to detect cracks in bridges and buildings can catch the ultrasonic pops. Researchers in China have shown they can increase plant yields by broadcasting sound waves of certain frequencies. So, maybe there is some truth in the old gardener’s advice to talk to your plants! Other researchers have investigated how different frequencies and intensities of sounds change plant gene expression. Their results show that acoustic vibrations really do affect the basic chemical reactions happening within plant cells. of The bottom line is that plants are really great communicators. They are constantly releasing lots of useful information into the environment, especially using chemicals and sounds. We are only just beginning to understand how this information is produced and how it is then picked up by other plants and animals who can use it for their own benefit. So, the next time you tread on some grass or pick a flower, remember that the poor injured plant might be screaming out to its neighbors—but we humans just cannot hear it! Tip: ↑ The growing tip or “apex” of a root, known also as “a root cap. ” Auxin: ↑ A plant hormone that stimulates stems to get longer and/or to curve. Pathogens: ↑ Organisms that causes diseases. Compounds (VOCs): ↑ Gaseous compounds that act as chemical messengers between organisms. Pheromones: ↑ Chemicals secreted by some animals that help them communicate with others of their species. Frequency: ↑ The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one event per second. Subsonic: ↑ Sound waves with frequency <20 Hz. Humans cannot hear these frequencies. Ultrasonic: ↑ Sound waves with frequency more than 20,000 Hz. Humans cannot hear these frequencies. Xylem: ↑ Network of tiny “pipes” in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2009. The “root-brain” hypothesis of Charles and Francis Darwin: revival after more than 125 years. Behav. 4:1121–7. doi: 10. 4161/psb. 4. 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the estimated rate of N2 fixed plant−1 day−1 in inoculated maize had declined after anthesis (from 3. 5 to 3. 1 mg N2 fixed plant−1 day−1), and this was possibly due to the occurrence of N feedback, as reported in Arabidopsis [51]. N feedback occurs when a strong N sink such as seed rapidly develops and induces high N remobilisation from senescing plant parts to phloem [46]. This sudden N spike in plant phloem has been reportedly to inhibit nitrogenase activity [51]. According to Thomas and Smart [52], this phenomenon can be mediated by effective post-anthesis plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N remobilisation to delay plant senescence. The 15N isotope dilution technique can directly label the N in different plant parts to denote the two simultaneous N fluxes: (i) N remobilisation from the plant parts to grain and (ii) exogenous N uptake to the plant parts and grain [47, 53]. Conventionally, plant-N remobilisation is estimated using the differences in N contents from respective plant parts and stages of plant developments, namely stalk elongation, prior to anthesis, grain filling and maturation [54, 55, 56]. This approach is known as balance remobilisation technique which can lead to a biased estimation of remobilised N, as exogenous N uptake distribution is neglected and assumed to be completely allocated to the grain [47]. According to Masclaux-Daubresse et al. [53], the plant grain yield is determined by the collaborate efficiency of N uptake, assimilation, translocation and remobilisation. Most researchers stated that around 45–90% of N in grain of maize is derived from existing N stored in the plant prior to anthesis, while the balance is derived from post-anthesis N uptake, depending on plant genotypes and environmental conditions [14]. In this study, the majority (70–81%) of N content in maize plant top was accumulated prior to anthesis (D50). These stored N is continuously remobilised from structural compounds of senescing plant parts through proteolysis to developing plant parts in order to recycle the N and increase plant NUE [46].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2016, The Krušné Hory Mts. - the longest mountain range of the Czech Republic. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 113–122. VOTÝPKA J. , 1964, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu žuly v severní částí Novobystřické vrchoviny. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 69: 243–258. VOTÝPKA J. , 1971, Ukazky zvětrávání žul Ceskeho masivu. Carolinae, Geographica, 2: 75–91. VOTÝPKA J. , 1974, Vznik a vývoj mezoreliéfu a mikroreliéfu Sedmioří. Carolinae, Geographica, 2: 17–34. VOTÝPKA J. , 1975, Kvartérní modelace zarovnaných povrchů masívu Plechého na Šumavě. Carolinae, Geographica, 1–2: 43–59. VOTÝPKA J. , 1976, Charakter udolni a erozni site severni casti Trojmezenské hornatiny. Carolinae, Geographica, 11, 2: 27–49. VOTÝPKA J. , 1979, Geomorfologie granitové oblasti masívu Plechého. Carolinae, Geographica, 16, 2: 55–83. . , 1963, Geneza form skalnych na północno-wschodniej krawędzi Gór Stołowych. Acta Univ. Wratisl. 9, Stud. Geogr. 1: 191–200. . , 1958, Klimamorphologie der Massengesteine.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: The team wanted to create a textile that could read its environment and learn from it in order to understand a change in a person's emotional responses without the individual having to create the prompt. The warmth from the wire provided comfort to those who touched it and the researchers found that engaging a sense of touch impacted the way people responded to the textile as well. Naturally, it was also important that the textile suit the application, whether that be a wall panel, pillow, or even a chair. “I think this can be used for people who have trouble communicating verbally. It may help people unlock what they're feeling and feel more comfortable and connected to the world if they're able to feel things and touch things, in addition to communicating verbally,” Davis says. A follow-up study called “FELT” helped the team at refine the preliminary study by exploring animal reactions and looking at ways of mirroring them. For example, a cat might arch its back to communicate when it is frightened. In a similar fashion, the textiles might reflect these movements to express the same emotion. The sensors in the panel could then detect how a person is feeling and echo it to alert someone who may otherwise be unaware. The next step would be to incorporate touch to help alter their state to something more positive. While understanding how touch and vision work together when communicating emotions, Davis discovered that memories play a significant role in how people respond to different situations. People were more engaged with the textiles if they could relate it to something familiar, for example the comfort of a soft toy. The memory would then change the way they interacted with the textile and the way it would respond to them, too. The leggings are made from PA/Lycra knitted fabric that allows it to fit tightly to the body. The circuits are knitted with highly conductive yarn (staten shieldtex 117/17) to connect the external sensors placed on the garment. The quantified walk prototype was manufactured at the of Textiles, ödby 2017. Team: ödby. © 0220 Felecia Davis. Felecia Davis, at the for in the School of Architecture and at and director of @PSU, designs smart textiles that respond to human emotion. Credit: Felecia Davis. Being an architect helps Davis understand the importance of aesthetics alongside the scientific elements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17031/fig-3 results of our grazing experiment demonstrated that decreased bacterial diversity in the non-rhizosphere soil from heavy grazing owns to the increase of soil pH value in the steppe. These results highlight that soil properties may play a role in the regulation of soil microbial diversity, and our results also suggest that the main drivers should be given more attention, especially in complex grazing systems, where feeding, dung and urine return, and trampling effects of livestock grazing may have direct or indirect potential effects on different soil factors. In this complex grazing systems, the feeding of livestock had negative effect on population dynamics characteristic of S. krylovii (i. e. , the reduction in height and individual biomass); however, there was no significant effect of livestock trampling that soil bulk density was not significant among treatments (Figs. S2 and S3). We speculated that the increase in pH value under heavy grazing plot may largely be driven by the effect of dung and urine return, then negatively affects soil bacterial diversity. Our results provided evidence that heavy grazing significantly reduced the diversity of bacteria, which is in line with another grazing experiment in the desert steppe of (Wang et al. , 2022b). We speculated that this may be due to the differences in the competitive abilities of different microbial phyla (Zhang et al. , 2020a; Wang et al. , 2022b). Conversely, Fan et al. (2021b) found that heavy grazing had no significant effects on bacterial diversity in a desert steppe, because grazing did not change soil properties (e. g. , soil pH value, soil organic carbon content), which largely affected the change of bacterial diversity. In our study, heavy grazing reduced the diversity of bacteria, available P and NH 4 + -N content, and increased soil pH value in the non-rhizosphere soil, while bacterial diversity was significantly related to soil pH value. Similarly, Qu et al. (2016) provided some evidences that soil pH value significantly increased under heavy grazing treatment in the meadow steppe. We speculated that increased non-rhizosphere soil pH value in the heavy grazing treatment may be due to the return of dung and urine from livestock grazing (horse in our study).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Birds as Living DinosaursThe idea that the ancestry of birds can be traced back to a group of carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods is not new (Chiappe 2007). Nearly 150 years ago, soon after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, German embryologist C. Gegenbaur used similarities in the structure of the ankle to place the small, 150-million-year-old theropod Compsognathus in an intermediate position between birds and other reptiles. At about the same time, American paleontologist E. D. Cope compared the ankle of the Jurassic theropod Megalosaurus to that of an ostrich, and on the basis of this and other skeletal similarities, argued for a close relationship of theropods and birds. Despite these initial considerations, it was British anatomist T. H. Huxley (Huxley 1868) who first popularized the idea that birds had originated within theropod dinosaurs. In the ensuing years, a myriad of other skeletal features supporting the dinosaurian origin of birds has been discovered in the fossils of large and small theropods. Since the 1960s, a greater understanding of small predatory dinosaurs of the Cretaceous age, such as the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus (Ostrom 1969, 1976), has led to the idea that birds had originated from within a group of bird-like theropods called maniraptorans (Gauthier 1986). Today, the skeletons of such maniraptoran theropods such as the sickle-clawed dromaeosaurids (Deinonychus, Velociraptor, and their kin; Fig. 1), the lightly built troodontids (Troodon, Mei, and their kin), the parrot-headed oviraptorids (Oviraptor and relatives), and the short-armed alvarezsaurids (Mononykus and its kin) are recognized as sharing a great deal of similarity with birds (Chiappe and Witmer 2002; Weishampel et al. 2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Net primary productivity of Pinus massoniana dependence on climate, soil and forest characteristics. Forests 11(4):404. 2015. Strong altitudinal partitioning in the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a short (300 m) elevation gradient. 206(3):1145-1155 von. 2008. eggNOG: automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes. Research 36(Database):D250-D254. 2020. Microbial community analysis using high-throughput sequencing technology: a beginner’s guide for microbiologists. Journal of Microbiology 58(3):176-192 Körner C. 2007. The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22(11):569-574 -H. 2018. Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands. of the 621(5):1360-1369. 2006. Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442(7104):806-809. 2015. : an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics 31(10):1674-1676. 2018. Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China. 61(6):718-726 Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Baldrian P. 2018. Drivers of microbial community structure in forest soils. and Biotechnology 102(10):4331-4338. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Research 42(D1):D490-D495 ’. 2018. Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. & Evolution 2(6):936-943 --W, Wang J. 2012. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1(1):18. 2019. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of fungi along primary successional and elevational gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia. 21(6):165-171 da. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Not only have birds retained the bipedalism, hollowed bones, and the three fully developed toes of their theropod predecessors, but these animals also share a series of air spaces connected to the ear region, unique structures of their vertebral column and rib cage, elongate forelimbs with wrist bones allowing swivel-like movements of the hand and similar structures in the pelvis and hindlimbs, as well as many other characteristics distributed over the entire skeleton (Rowe et al. 1998; Sereno 1999; Chiappe and Witmer 2002; Weishampel et al. 2004; Novas and Puerta 1997; Holtz 1998). Indeed, many skeletal features previously thought to be exclusively avian—such as wishbones, laterally facing wingpits, and large breastbones—have now been discovered among nonavian maniraptorans (Padian and Chiappe 1998). In recent years, a wealth of evidence taken from comparisons between the skeletons of these dinosaurs and those of birds has been supplemented by diverse lines of evidence in support of the same evolutionary relationship. Paleontologists have determined that the shape and structure of nonavian maniraptoran eggs were similar to those of living birds (Mikhailov 1992; Zelenitsky 2006; Varricchio and Jackson 2004; Grellet-Tinner et al. 2006). Some of these features involve the presence of more than one distinct crystalline layer in the eggshell (distinguished by a differential disposition of eggshell crystals), reduction in the number of airholes perforating the eggshell, a relative increase in the volume of the egg (with respect to the adult's size), and the development of asymmetrical eggs in which one pole is narrower than the other (Fig. 2). Snapshots of ancient behavior revealed by a handful of exceptional fossils have also provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from maniraptoran dinosaurs. The discovery of a “gravid” oviraptorid female containing a pair of shelled eggs inside her pelvic canal (Sato et al. 2005) has confirmed previous interpretations based on the spatial arrangement of eggs within clutches of nonavian maniraptorans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 11 No. 3, July 2020 of Algorithms () of -Batin, KSA. DOI: 10. 4236/jis. 2020. 113009 1,880 Downloads 9,560 Views 148. doi: 10. 4236/jis. 2020. 113009. 1. recent years, the world has faced a major challenge in the field of information and communications technology. Computer networks and Internet services are increasing daily, and our life has changed in many applications on the Internet: the growing of e-commerce, online banking services, e-government, payment of bills, and many applications that require a safe environment that serves the private and public sectors. The vast amount of transactions and applications cannot be left without control, security and vulnerable to violations, so such transactions and applications, which are carried out over public wired or wireless networks, must require secure and comprehensive communications that secure the network management and monitoring process to make sure data authentication and the integrity, privacy, and integrity of the data. To transfer data through the internet or any public network, there are many security aspects and applications, from secure commerce and payments to private communications and passwords protection. One of those safest aspects of cryptography is an essential tool for protecting sensitive data. The purpose of using cryptography is privacy during data transfer [1]. Cryptography algorithms play an important role in providing data security against malicious attacks. The cryptography algorithm can classify into a symmetric key (private) and asymmetric (public) key [2] [3]. The public key used to encrypt the message; the private key used to decrypt the message. Nowadays, there is an urgent need to use cryptography to link the world via open networks, where networks are used to transfer information electronically, between ordinary people or private, public organizations, military and civilian. There must be ways to keep the information confidential. Cryptography is widely used to convert information into incomprehensible codes by government agencies and intelligence around the world, so, the secure transmission of messages forms online or offline [4]. 2. ITU-T (X. 800) has defined six services related to the security goals and attacks Figure 1 show the taxonomy of those six common services [5] [6]. It is uncomplicated to relate one or many of these services to one single of the security goals. It is also simple to see that these services have designed to prevent security attacks. 2. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Rio Grande, Roma and Perfect Peel, pre-inoculated at nursery with Funneliformis mosseae IMA1, Rhizophagus intraradices IMA6 and a mix of the two species, and transplanted in field following four different cover crops, although variably colonized by AMF, did not show any yield enhancement compared with mock-inoculated controls (Njeru et al. 2017). However, some yield variations occurred among year of cultivation. Similarly, plants of tomato (var. Ercole), inoculated in soil with R. intraradices, were not affected or positively affected according to the harvest time (Conversa et al. 2013). Shoot dry weight was promoted at earlier harvest times, whereas fruit yield was promoted at late harvest times, along with no changes in leaf, stem and fruit P concentration. Nevertheless, among all these field studies, no one investigated the role of AMF on tomato micronutrient uptake, especially in fruits. Some studies have shown that AM fungal species belonging to different families, such as Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, may vary in their life-history characteristics, such as sporulation, extraradical mycelium development and root colonization strategies, with important consequences on mycorrhizal functioning (e. g. , Brundrett et al. 1999; Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Klironomos and Hart 2002; Merryweather and Fitter 1998). Members of the Glomeraceae family are known to have a highly infective extra-radical mycelium (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), to contact roots quickly (fast colonizer) and to allocate a large fraction of fungal biomass inside the root, forming vesicles for storage of lipids (Hart and Reader 2002; Morton and Benny 1990). On the other hand, members of the Gigasporaceae family regenerate most frequently from spores (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), and usually extensively colonize the soil, exhibiting a slow and limited colonization of roots (Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Maherali and Klironomos 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: In certain nonavian maniraptorans, long pennaceous feathers attach to the distal part of the tail, either in a fan-like fashion or giving the tail the frond-like appearance common to primitive birds such as Archaeopteryx (Fig. 1a). Long pennaceous feathers also attach to the tip of the forelimbs of some of these maniraptorans, and in the case of the peculiar dromaeosaurid Microraptor (Norell and Xu 2005), they form a wing of essentially modern design. Despite the evidence of plumage being restricted to a handful of nonavian dinosaurs, the fact that these fossils span a large portion of the family tree of theropods and display a great diversity of sizes, appearances, and lifestyles, hints at a much larger and yet undocumented diversity (Fig. 3)—even the colossal T. rex may have been covered with a cloak of feathers at some early stage of its life. It is an amazing experience to gaze at the entirely modern feathers of animals, whereas their skeletal characteristics are so unquestionable dinosaurian. Fig. 3Genealogical relationships of feathered nonavian theropods. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that filamentous and vaned feathers evolved with the divergence of coelurosaurs and maniraptorans, respectivelyFull size imageAn important corollary of these discoveries is that feathers did not evolve in the context of flight. With the sole exception of Microraptor, it is certain that none of these feathered dinosaurs were able to take to the air. The forelimbs and their feathers are both much shorter than in flying birds and their bodies are larger. The evolutionary transition toward birds and the origin of their flight involved a dramatic reduction in body size. These feathered dinosaurs indicate that, at their onset, feathers must have had a different function, perhaps insulating the bodies of animals that had metabolically diverged from their cold-blooded, reptilian ancestors. My research has suggested that vaned feathers may have originated in the context of thrust, evolving in running nonavian theropods that by flapping their feathered arms were able to increase their running speed (Burgers and Chiappe 1999). In the end, however, we simply do not have an answer for what was the original function of feathers; nonetheless, we have been able to eliminate flight as an option.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Data is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key. Asymmetric encryption algorithms (also known as public-key algorithms) need at least a 3000-bit key to achieve the same level of security as a 128-bit symmetric algorithm. Asymmetric algorithms are incredibly slow, and it is impractical to use them to encrypt large amounts of data. Generally, symmetric encryption algorithms are much faster to execute on a computer than asymmetric ones. In practice, they often used together, so that a public-key algorithm used to encrypt a randomly generated encryption key, and the random key used to encrypt the actual message using an asymmetric algorithm. This is sometimes called hybrid encryption [5] [6]. Figure 2 Shows method describes the work of encryption using a single key is used within symmetric cryptography to encrypt the plaintext. Both party encrypting the data and decrypting the data share the key [7]. 4. Cryptographic Symmetric-key block ciphers are the most prominent and important elements in many cryptographic systems. Individually, they provide confidentiality. As a fundamental building block, their versatility allows the construction of pseudorandom number generators, stream ciphers, MACs, and hash functions. They may furthermore serve as a central component in message authentication techniques, data integrity mechanisms, entity authentication protocols, and (symmetric-key) digital signature schemes. No block cipher is ideally suited for all applications, even one offering a high level of security. This is a result of inevitable tradeoffs required in practical applications, including those arising from, for example, speed requirements and memory limitations (e. g. , code size, data size, cache memory), constraints imposed by implementation platforms (e. g. , hardware, software, chip cards), and differing tolerances of applications to properties of various modes of operation. Also, efficiency must typically be traded off against security [8]. 4. 1. Standard (DES) Standard (DES) was developed by IBM in 1975, and was described by the (ANSI) in 1981 under the name ANSI X3. 92, and this standard is one of the most common available symmetric key standards these days. DES encrypts and decrypts data in 64-bit blocks, using a 56-bit key. It takes a 64-bit block of plaintext as input and outputs a 64-bit block of ciphertext.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: intraradices applied in soil in proximity to plantlets of tomato (cv. Ercole) did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule abundance at early and late plant growth stages, including fully ripening (Conversa et al. 2013). This lack of response might be due to the applied soil inoculation methodology that can result in a less efficient colonization of the roots in comparison with nursery inoculation (Gianinazzi et al. 1990). The lack of AM fungal root colonization response to inoculation detected by Conversa et al. (2013) can be also explained by the low compatibility between the inoculated AM fungal species and the tomato genotype (Plouznikoff et al. 2019) or by the detrimental effect of high soil availability of nutrients on mycorrhizal colonization (Miller and Jackson 1998). The hypothesis that members of Glomeraceae allocate a larger fraction of fungal biomass inside the roots and members of Gigasporaceae exhibit a limited root colonization, supported by the findings of Maherali and Klironomos (2007), was not confirmed by our results in the field. Indeed, a similar AM fungal root colonization (mean value of the two families: 48%) was recorded at flowering in the roots of tomato var. Pisanello inoculated by both AM fungal families, as well as at transplanting, flowering and harvest in tomato var. (mean values of the two families: 21%, 60% and 75%, respectively). Thus, the effect of native AMF on this trait is shown to overcome the life-history colonization strategies characteristic of the two AM fungal families. Moreover, the higher percentage of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles observed at transplanting and fully ripening in var. inoculated by Gigasporaceae, in comparison with Glomeraceae, is in contrast with our hypothesis regarding the colonization strategies of the two families. This is a further evidence that single field inoculation by AMF belonging to families with different life-history traits can result in an unexpected symbiosis outcome. For example, vesicles that in controlled conditions are not expected to be found in roots colonized with Gigasporaceae, were instead observed under this treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: in-results from a recent study may begin to shed light on why megalodons died out before the most recent ice age. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 11 December 201826 January 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A 3-D rendering of an O. megalodon tooth shark. Credit: iStock. com/largest sharks that ever lived, Otodus megalodon, maintained warmer body temperatures than their modern analogues, according to a recent geochemical analysis of fossil shark teeth. An O. megalodon tooth, 13. 7 centimeters long and 11. 2 centimeters wide, held in an adult hand. Credit: Tomleetaiwan, CC0 1. 0 “This project uses “isotopic fingerprinting” of teeth of megalodon and other marine vertebrates to determine not only their body temperatures but also their dietary behavior and ambient seawater chemistry during the past 15 million years,” Kenshu Shimada, a paleobiology professor at Dein Chicago, Ill. , told Eos. Shimada, a member of the team that analyzed the teeth, is working with his group to understand the ancient sharks’ biology and habitat, searching for clues on what drove the creatures to extinction. Because they were such dominant apex predators, “the extinction of the presumed gigantic predator, O. megalodon, must have been at least in part responsible in shaping the composition of the present-day marine biodiversity,” he explained. The team presented preliminary results of this research yesterday at AGU’s 2018 in Washington, D. C. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Megalodon: Hot or Cold? O. megalodon thrived during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs 23–2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Since it always operates on blocks of equal size and it uses both permutations and substitutions in the algorithm. DES has 16 rounds, meaning the main algorithm is repeated 16 times to produce the ciphertext. It has been found that the number of rounds is exponentially proportional to the amount of time required to find a key using a brute-force attack. So as the number of rounds increases, the security of the algorithm increases exponentially [9]. Figure 2. Method describes the work of encryption using a single key. 4. 2. is a variation of Standard (DES). It uses a 64-bit key consisting of 56 effective key bits and 8 parity bits. The size of the block for Triple-DES is 8 bytes. Triple-DES encrypts the data in 8-byte chunks. The idea behind Triple DES is to improve the security of DES by applying DES encryption three times using three different keys. Triple DES algorithm is very secure (major banks use it to protect valuable transactions), but it is also very slow [10]. Triple-DES encrypts data three times and uses a different key for at least one of the three passes giving it a cumulative key size of 112 - 168 bits. That should produce an expected strength of something like 112 bits, which is more than enough to defeat brute force attacks. Triple DES is much stronger than (single) DES; however, it is rather slow compared to some new block ciphers. However, cryptographers have determined that triple DES is unsatisfactory as a long-term solution, and in 1997, the of Standards and Technology (NIST) solicited proposals for a cipher to replace DES entirely, the Standard (AES) [11]. 4. 3. Standard (AES) Algorithm AES stands for Standard. AES is a symmetric key encryption technique that will replace the commonly used Standard (DES). It was the result of a worldwide call for submissions of encryption algorithms issued by the US Government’s of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1997 and completed in 2000 [12]. In response to the growing feasibility of attacks against launched a call for proposals for an official successor that meets 21st-century security needs. This successor is called the Standard (AES). Five algorithms were selected into the second round, from which Rijndael was selected to be the final standard.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: concentration can be a consequence of increased P concentration in plant tissues (Cardoso and Kuyper 2006). This correlation is also supported by the simultaneous higher K and P concentration recorded in this study in fruits of tomato var. Rio Grande. It is also important to underline that higher K concentration in fruits of tomato were linked to higher values of the health-promoting lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in mature tomatoes (Trudel and Ozbun 1971). Our results of no differences in tomato yield between the two AM fungal families, irrespective of tomato varieties, is in contrast with our hypothesis based on the findings of Lekberg and Koide (2005). Accordingly with this meta-analysis, a larger AM fungal root colonization in Glomeraceae should have been positively correlated with plant biomass. Nevertheless, the absence of differences between the two families in AM fungal root colonization, likely determined by the interactions of the inocula with native microorganisms, was reflected in no differences in plant biomass. The understanding of the plant biomass response to inoculation with members of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae is certainly made more complex by the occurrence of native AMF in field conditions. Indeed, Maherali and Klironomos (2007), studying in pot experiments the influence of phylogeny on AM fungal colonization strategies, found contrasting results in comparison with us as well as with the the general relationship depicted by Lekberg and Koide (2005). Higher root colonization, characteristic of Glomeraceae, correlated with reduced plant biomass, whereas lower root colonization together with higher level of extraradical hyphal growth, characteristic of Gigasporaceae, correlated with higher plant biomass (Maherali and Klironomos 2007). Accordingly, Powell et al. (2009) found that evolution of increased soil colonization is positively correlated with total plant biomass. Thus, we can support that the agroecological relevance of the life-strategies of the two AM fungal families in term of productivity may have been modulated in our study also by other site-specific factors, such as soil disturbance, texture, pH, availabilities of mineral nutrients, plant genotype or the active microbiome shaped by the hyphal exudates (Hart and Reader 2004; Klironomos 2000, 2003; Lekberg et al. 2007; van der Heijden and Scheublin, 2007; Zhou et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: 5 million years ago and likely went extinct as glaciers began to dominate the planet around 2 million years ago. Fossils of O. megalodon have been discovered in tropical and temperate coastline and continental shelf regions on every continent except Antarctica. The ancient sharks likely grew up to 20 meters long and may have weighed more than 20,000 kilograms, making it the largest fish that has ever lived. The sharks’ body temperature and their ability to regulate it may have played a large role in their extinction. One of the largest unanswered questions about this ancient apex predator is whether it was warm-blooded (endothermic) or cold-blooded (ectothermic), said co–principal investigator Michael Griffiths, a geochemist and a professor of environmental science at University (WPU) in South River, N. J. The sharks’ body temperature and their ability to regulate it may have played a large role in their extinction, he explained. “Megalodon thrived in a warm Earth,” Griffiths said. It is possible that “when we went into an ice age, they couldn’t adapt, because they were so large and they would have had to eat a lot of food to sustain their body temperature. ” Moreover, “if O. megalodon were ectothermic, maybe it just couldn’t adapt to the higher latitudes where it was cooler, to chase down its primary food sources,” like whales, he said. in learn more, the team is turning to fossil records to determine whether O. megalodon’s body temperature and source of food were different in the Pliocene compared with the earlier Miocene. Almost all O. megalodon fossils are teeth, and tooth enamel is the most well preserved material. What physiological clues, if any, could it hold? WPU undergraduate student is drilling the enamel of an O. megalodon tooth from North Carolina. The enamel is the best-preserved material from the teeth and allows the researchers to compare O. megalodon to their modern extant shark equivalents. Credit: The answer rests on a relatively new biogeochemical technique called clumped isotope thermometry (CIT). With this technique, the researchers are testing whether isotope ratios in shark teeth can be used as proxies for body temperatures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: NIST gave as its reasons for selecting Rijndael that it performs very well in hardware and software across a wide range of environments in all possible modes. It has excellent key setup time and has low memory requirements; also, its operations are easy to defend against power and timing attacks. NIST stated that all five finalists had adequate security and that there was nothing wrong with the other four ciphers. The winning algorithm, Rijndael, was developed by two Belgian cryptologists, [13]. AES provides strong encryption and was selected by NIST as a in November 2001 (FIPS-197). Rijndael follows the tradition of square ciphers. AES algorithm uses three key sizes: a 128-, 192-, or 256-bit encryption key. Each encryption key size causes the algorithm to behave slightly differently, so the increasing key sizes not only offer a larger number of bits with which you can scramble the data but also increase the complexity of the cipher algorithm [14]. 4. 4. of 1 shows the comparative analysis between different cryptography algorithms at different factors such as the key size, block size, cipher type, develop, rounds, and power consumption [15] [16]. 5. In this section, shows the results obtained from running the simulation program using different data like text files, pdf files, word document, and images of different sizes are used to conduct (35) experiments, where a comparison of three algorithms DES, 3DES and AES is performed. Result for cryptography algorithm DES, 3DES and AES are shown in Table 2. Figure 3 shows Time consumption of encryption algorithm by DES, 3DES and AES algorithm. It is noticed that AES algorithm time consumption are highest for all sizes. It indicates the speed of encryption. Throughput of the encryption scheme is calculated by dividing the total plaintext in Megabytes encrypted on the total encryption time for each algorithm. Figure 4 shows Throughput of each encryption algorithm (Megabyte/Sec) in experiment. Figure 5 shows Throughput of DES, 3DES, and AES (Megabyte/Sec) in experiment. The result shows AES algorithm Throughput is highest for all sizes. Figure 6 shows of each encryption algorithm in experiment. Simulation results for this compassion shown in Figure 3. It is clear from the graphs that in case the AES algorithm brute force attack takes much more time to find a key therefore AES has better security than DES and Triple DES.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Accessed 14th of June 2022 (2006) Mycorrhizas and soil structure. 171:41–53. Rousk J, Frey SD (2015) Revisiting the hypothesis that fungal-to‐bacterial dominance characterizes turnover of soil organic matter and nutrients. 85: 457–472. (2018) Little evidence that farmers should consider abundance or diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when managing crops. 220:1092–1107. Sainz MJ, (1988) Effect of indigenous and introduced vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and phosphorus uptake of Trifolium pratense and on inorganic phosphorus fractions in a cambisol. Soils 6:55–60. Schalamuk S, (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules from tillage and no-tillage systems: possible effects on Glomeromycota diversity. Mycologia 102:261–268. -P, Geu-é (2022) Prospects to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Secur 11:e327. (2017) Biofortification: A new approach to eradicate hidden hunger. Int 33:1–21. (2021) A global meta-analysis of yield and water productivity responses of vegetables to deficit irrigation. 11:1–13. (2000) Spatial differences in acquisition of soil phosphate between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Medicago truncatula. 147: 357–366. Smith SE, (2008). (Third Edition). (1992) The involvement of mycorrhizas in assessment of genetically dependent efficiency of nutrient uptake and use. 146:169–17. (2006) Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress. 107:245–253. Tedersoo L, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Kõljalg U, Bahram M, Döring (2018) High-level classification of the fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. 90:135–159. -Ridge J, Craig ME, van (2021) A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature 591:599–603.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: CIT pinpoints the concentrations of oxygen-18 (18O) and carbon-13 (13C) isotopes within the carbon dioxide (CO2) of tooth enamel. These two isotopes, which are commonly found in fossilized carbonate material, clump together with strong bonds but are weakly attached to other C and O isotopes. It’s not energetically favorable for heavier CO2—e. g. , with 18O, 13C, and a light oxygen isotope—to exist at higher temperatures. So a lower concentration of clumped isotopes in enamel CO2 means that the enamel formed at a higher body temperature. This thermometer is independent of the composition of the water that the shark swam in. “Clumped isotope thermometry tests for the temperature of the animal,” said Allison Neumann, a WPU undergraduate student and one of the lead researchers on the project. “We can use that, along with seawater temperature, to figure out whether [O. megalodon] really was an endotherm or an ectotherm. ” A to A fossil O. megalodon tooth (black) compared with two teeth (white) from the modern great white shark. A centimeter ruler shows the teeth’s different sizes. Credit: Parzi, CC BY-SA 3. 0 To test whether the method works, the researchers first calibrated their CIT analysis using teeth from aquarium sharks and wild specimens from areas with temperature records. “Our study investigates a variety of sharks, including lineages that have modern representatives such as the great white, mako, and sand tiger sharks, as well as a number of bony fish and marine mammal taxa, including whales,” Shimada said. Using teeth from modern sharks as comparative benchmarks was key to compare O. megalodon measurements with those of known endothermic and ectothermic marine vertebrates, he said. After confirming that CIT accurately measured the body temperatures of modern sharks, the team moved on to O. megalodon teeth. In this, the extinct shark’s size was a distinct advantage, Griffiths explained. One megalodon tooth provides enough enamel for a full CIT measurement, whereas 15–20 modern shark teeth were needed to provide enough enamel for one measurement, he said.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 628 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Time-varying networks approach to social dynamics : from individual to collective behavior View/Open TMS1de1. pdf (12,60Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-95523 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/95523 Show full item record Starnini, directorPastor Satorras, Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2014-10-24 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3. 0 The data revolution experienced by social science has revealed complex patterns of interactions in human dynamics, such as the heterogeneity and burstiness of social contacts. The recently uncovered temporal dimension of social interactions calls for a renewed effort in analysis and modeling of empirical time-varying networks. This thesis contributes to pursue this program, through a twofold track: The modeling of dynamical social systems and the study of the impact of temporally evolving substrates on dynamical processes running on top of them. Firstly, we introduce some basic concepts and definition of time-varying networks formalism, and we present and analyze some empirical data of face-to-face interactions, discussing their main statistical properties, such as the bursty dynamics of social interactions. The main body of the exposition is then split into two parts. In the first part we focus on the modeling of social dynamics, with a twofold aim: reproduction of empirical data properties and analytic treatment of the models considered. We present and discuss the behavior of a simple model able to replicate the main statistical properties of empirical face-to-face interactions, at different levels of aggregation, such as individual, group and collective scales.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In contrast, enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots and enhanced accumulation of all these nutrients except Fe in roots. These results indicate that AMF had little effect on nutrient accumulation or allocation patterns in basil and did not alter the ability of plants to use nutrients in the same manner as increased P rate. Plant growth effects on phenolics. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate had similar effects on the production of TPs and rosmarinic acid (P11), the main polyphenolic detected in basil in the study. The effects of AMF and P rate on TPs and rosmarinic acid production were related to the effects of treatments on plant size. Both AMF inoculation and greater P rate increased plant biomass, TP content, and rosmarinic acid content but not their concentration. These results indicate TP and rosmarinic acid concentrations were not enhanced by either AMF inoculation or P rate. Others have reported that AMF inoculation increased TPs in lettuce and P fertilizer source had no influence on TP production in non-mycorrhizal plants but increased TP production in AMF-inoculated plants (Baslam et al. , 2011). Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that increased P rate increased shoot and root concentrations of rosmarinic acid in non-mycorrhizal O. basilicum ‘Genova’ and inoculation with R. intraradices had no influence on rosmarinic acid concentrations. Their study did not report total plant P uptake, rosmarinic acid production, or the influence of P rate on biomass allocation. In our study, increased P rate enhanced accumulation of rosmarinic acid in shoots but not total plant production of rosmarinic acid because of decreased rosmarinic acid and biomass allocation to roots. The plants in our study were older than those used by Toussaint et al. (2007). Differences in plant age between the two studies may account for differences in response of rosmarinic acid in roots to P rate. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate differentially increased total plant accumulation of several other phenolics as a result of treatment effects of plant size.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: “Megalodon was quite a bit warmer than its coexisting shark species and other sharks such as great whites. ” The preliminary CIT results were very encouraging, the team reported. “The analyses are telling us that megalodon was quite a bit warmer than its coexisting shark species and other sharks such as great whites,” Griffiths said. He stressed that their results were still preliminary and that they require more CIT measurements to be sure. However, “these are sort of the first clues as to what may have led to the extinction of O. megalodon,” he said. “The geochemistry techniques used are very promising,” said Catalina Pimiento, a postdoctoral fellow at in Swansea, Wales, who is studying the paleobiology and paleoecology of sharks. This technique “may overcome the difficulties of other, more traditional isotopic techniques that have failed to inform us on important life history traits of extinct sharks,” said Pimiento, who was not involved with this research. Painting a Picture of and his team have only just begun their CIT analysis of O. megalodon teeth. They plan to conduct more CIT analyses to refine their modern shark benchmarks and analyze more Miocene and Pliocene fossils. The researchers also plan to analyze the fossil teeth using more traditional isotope analyses. For example, a low calcium-44 to calcium-40 ratio suggests a food source that is high in the food chain and could show whether O. megalodon preyed on different animals during different epochs. The ratio of 16O to 18O in a tooth’s carbonates and phosphates would reveal seawater chemistry and temperature, just as it does in corals, sediments, and other paleoclimate archives. When combined, these biogeochemical techniques could paint a more complete picture of O. megalodon’s last years. “So far, we have uncovered the potential role of sea level and consequent area loss in the extinction of O. megalodon,” Pimiento said. “This project may provide additional clues on the role of thermoregulation and sea temperature. ” —Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), Citation: Cartier, K. M. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: The model considers individuals involved in a social gathering as performing a random walk in space, and it is based on the concept of social "attractiveness": socially attractive people (due to their status or role in the gathering) are more likely to make people stop around them, so they start to interact. We also devote attention to the analytic study of the activitydriven model, a model aimed to capture the relation between the dynamics of time-varying networks and the topological properties of their corresponding aggregated social networks. Through a mapping to the hidden variable model, we obtained analytic expressions for both topological properties of the time-integrated networks and connectivity properties of the evolving network, as a function of the integration time and the form of the activity potential. In the second part of the thesis we study the behavior of diffusive processes taking place on temporal networks, constituted by empirical face-to-face interactions data. We first consider random walks, and thanks to different randomization strategies we introduced, we are able to single out the crucial role of temporal correlations in slowing down the random walk exploration. Then we address spreading dynamics, focusing on the case of a simple SI model taking place on temporal networks, complemented by the study of the impact of different immunization strategies on the infection outbreak. We tackle in particular the effect of the length of the temporal window used to gather information in order to design the immunization strategy, finding that a limited amount of information of the contact patterns is sufficient to identify the individuals to immunize so as to maximize the effect of the vaccination protocol. Our work opens interesting perspectives for further research, in particular regarding the possibility to extend the time-varying networks approach to multiplex systems, composed of several layers of interrelated networks, in which the same individuals interact between them on different layers. Empirical analysis of multiplex networks is still in its infancy, indeed, while the data mining of large, social, multi-layered systems is mature to be exploited, calling for an effort in analysis and modeling. Our understanding of the impact of the temporal dimension of networked structures on the behavior of dynamical processes running on top of them can be applied to more complex multi-layered systems, with particular attention to the effect of temporal correlation between the layers in the diffusion dynamics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Several researchers have reported negative correlations between concentrations of secondary compounds and plant growth rate or nutrient concentrations in plants (Haukioja et al. , 1998). This occurs because growth processes dominate over the production of secondary compounds and C is available for secondary compounds only when plant growth is restricted by a lack of mineral nutrients or other factors. Many polyphenolics such as rosmarinic, chicoric, and caftaric acids are derivatives of caffeic acid (Boudet, 2007). In our study, increased P rate suppressed production or accumulation of caffeic acid but increased or had no effect on the derivatives from this precursor. The effect of P rate on caffeic acid production may be a response to stress when plants are grown with lower P availability (e. g. , P deficiency increased production) (Dixon and Paiva, 1995) or a result of increased root exudation of caffeic acid in plants grown with higher P availability (Mandal et al. , 2010; Marschner, 1995). Phenolics influenced only by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. AMF inoculation enhanced total plant production of caftaric acid (P2), a polyphenolic only detected in shoots, and feruloyl tartaric acid (P4) and caffeic acid (P5), polyphenolics detected in shoots and roots. Enhanced caftaric acid, tartaric acid, caffeic acid, caffeic acid (P6), and chicoric acid (P7) production in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these polyphenolics in shoots (all) and roots (only feruloyl tartaric acid and caffeic acid in roots). These results indicate that AMF had little effect on accumulation patterns for several polyphenolics in basil and did not alter plant requirements for these specific secondary metabolites. In contrast, although AMF had no influence on net production of rosmarinic acid (P11), AMF suppressed rosmarinic acid accumulation in roots. This may be a result of rosmarinic acid exudation from roots or decreased metabolic requirements for rosmarinic acid in response to the presence of the fungus in the root system. Others have reported that fungal and bacterial pathogens can increase production and exudation of rosmarinic acid from roots (Bais et al. , 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 23379 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 23, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptApril 13, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,954 views 555 downloads 18 3379. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 3 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Automated OPT platform for automated 3D in situ phenotyping. (A) From left to right, the optical projection tomography platform consists of the following components: (1) a post-mountable broadband emission quartz tungsten-halogen light source, (2) a ground glass diffuser, (3) an imaging chamber and glass capillary capable of rotating the specimen 360°, (4) a telephoto zoom lens, and (5) a programmable progressive scan CCD camera (one megapixel, 120 fps). (B) The imaging chamber consists of an upper hollow shaft stepper motor run by 5-phase microstepping drivers and a lower transparent glass cuvette. The stepper motor holds and rotates an aluminosilicate glass capillary containing a non-embedded, paraformaldehyde-fixed zebrafish embryo stained using standard chromogenic whole-mount in situ hybridization techniques. Both the capillary and the surrounding glass cuvette are filled with benzyl alcohol-benzyl benzoate (BABB) to achieve refractive index matching and render the fixed sample optically transparent. The bottom end of the capillary contains a tapered insert fabricated from index-matching optical adhesive to hold the sample in place during rotational imaging and enable rapid loading and unloading through the upper fluidic port. The location and movement of the embryo during each step is indicated by the red arrow. (C) Tomographic reconstruction of a 2 dpf embryo stained with tyrosine hydroxylase showing from left to right: a typical single 2D bright-field image, a 3D reconstruction of an individual embryo presented as a maximum intensity projection, an averaged 3D expression pattern based on 10 embryos, and a 3D segmentation of the averaged pattern.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: La revolució de dades en ciències socials ha revelat els complexos patrons de les interaccions en la dinàmica humana, com ara l'heterogeneïtat i la burstiness dels contactes socials. La dimensió temporal recentment descoberta en les interaccions socials demana un esforç renovat en l'anàlisi i la modelització de xarxes empíriques de variables en el temps. Aquesta tesi contribueix a aquest programa, a través d'un doble recorregut: la modelització dels sistemes socials dinàmics i l'estudi de l'impacte de substrats temporalment variables en els processos dinàmics que es desenvolupen sobre ells. En primer lloc, hem introduït els conceptes bàsics i definicions del formalisme de les xarxes de variables en el temps, i presentem i analitzem algunes dades empíriques de les interaccions humanes de proximitat, discutint les seves principals propietats estadístiques. El cos principal de l'exposició es divideix llavors en dues parts. A la primera part ens centrem en els models de dinàmica social, amb un doble objectiu: la reproducció de les propietats de dades empíriques i el tractament analític dels models considerats. Hem presentat i discutit el comportament d'un model simple capaç de replicar les principals propietats estadístiques de les interaccions empíriques cara a cara, a diferents nivells d'agregació: individuals, grupals i d'escala col·lectiva.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (2010) reported that increased K fertilizer application rate increased phenolic concentrations in leaves of ‘Sweet Thai’, ‘Dark Opal’, and ‘Genovese’ basil plants. They did not measure the influence of K rate on root phenolics. Positive correlations between certain nutrients and phenolic production may be related to the impact of these nutrients on phenolic metabolism. For example, the biosynthesis of phenolics is closely related with N metabolism, because the precursors for all phenolics are phenylalanine and tyrosine (Boudet, 2007; Petersen et al. , 2009; Vogt, 2010). The influence of AMF and P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of treatments on different nutrients. For example, the influence of AMF on phenolic composition was related to the effects of AMF on enhanced N, S, Mg, and B uptake and the influence of P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of P rate on enhanced uptake of P and Ca. Nitrogen and S fertilizer have been shown to be useful management tools for altering basil essential oil content and composition (Zheljazkov et al. , 2008b). Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) reported that increased N fertilizer application rate decreased concentrations of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in two of the three basil cultivars evaluated. In our study, N uptake was not related to rosmarinic acid (P11) or caffeic acid (P5) production or shoot accumulation. Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) used much younger plants than those in our study and they did not report effects of N application on root composition or account for effects of growth on concentrations. The influence of AMF and P rate on production of specific polyphenolics was not related to nutrient uptake. For example, AMF inoculation enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6); however, enhanced production was not related to AMF-enhanced uptake of nutrients. The effects of P rate on certain phenolics were not related to either plant size or uptake of nutrients. For example, increased P rate enhanced quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation and the effects of P rate on quercetin-rutinoside were not related to the effects of P rate on plant size or uptake of any measured nutrient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (D) Co-registered 3D segmentations of all probes in our library (left), monoaminergic markers (mono, center), and glutamatergic markers (glut, right). (C,D) Anterior is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Capillary fabrication and OPT image acquisition. (A–C) Fabrication of a refractive index-matched tapered insertion within the glass capillary. (A) After being cleaned in Nano-Strip, the distal end of the capillary is dipped into index-matching optical adhesive and allowed to fill to approximately 5 mm by capillary action. (B) The proximal end of the capillary is attached to a miniature DC electric motor and rotated under short wavelength UV light to cure a thin outer shell of optical adhesive at the distal end. The region of the capillary where the tapered insert will be formed is protected from the UV light by an opaque shield. (C) A syringe is attached to the proximal end of the capillary and air is pumped through it at a rate of 20 mL per second. Simultaneously, long wavelength UV light is applied to completely cure the adhesive. The air flow causes a tapered surface to form in the uncured region of the optical adhesive. (D–E) Compensating for pixel-to-pixel variation in CCD sensitivity. (D) One row of pixels acquired over time prior to pixel response correction. Each row shows the sensor response over time. (E) Pixel response after correction for pixel-to-pixel variation. (F–I) Acquisition data from the OPT system showing the same WISH-stained embryo in full RGB (F) and separated into red (G), green (H), and blue (I) channels. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Registering 3D zebrafish images. (A) Iterative shape averaging (ISA) is used to generate an average unstained reference fish (URF) for each developmental stage of interest from 5–7 wild-type embryos. Left: 2 dpf reference fish following initial alignment with a rigid transform. Right: 2 dpf reference fish after the final deformable B-spline transform. (B) Alignment of probe reference fish (PRF) to URF. Left: the URF alone (green).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: El model considera els individus que participen en un context social com si realitzaran una caminada a l'atzar en l'espai, i es basa en el concepte de "atractivitat social": persones socialment atractives tenen més probabilitat de que la gent que els envolta interactuï amb ells. Ens hem ocupat també de l'estudi analític del model "activity driven", destinat a capturar la relació entre la dinàmica de les xarxes variables en el temps i les propietats de les seves corresponents xarxes socials agregats. A través d'un mapeig amb el formalisme de variables ocultes, hem obtingut expressions analítiques per a les propietats topològiques de les xarxes integrades en el temps i les propietats de connectivitat de la xarxa en evolució, en funció del temps d'integració i de la forma del potencial d'activitat. A la segona part de la tesi hem estudiat el comportament dels processos difusius sobre xarxes temporals constituïdes per les dades empíriques de interaccions humanes. Primer considerem el procés de "random walk", o camí aleatori, i gràcies a les diferents estratègies de randomització que hem introduït, podem destacar el paper crucial de la correlacions temporals en alentir l'exploració del camí aleatori. Després hem dirigit la nostra atenció a la difusió d'epidèmies, centrant-nos en el cas d'un simple model SI que es desenvolupa a les xarxes temporals, complementat amb l'estudi de l'impacte de diferents estratègies d'immunització sobre la difusió de la infecció.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MMAS: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. AMA: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. JFA: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1298. and Foster, RG (2001). Characterization of an ocular photopigment capable of driving pupillary constriction in mice 4: 621–625, [PubMed] DOI: and Takao, M (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglionar cells that set the circadian clock Science 295: 1070–1073, [PubMed] DOI: Provencio, I, Rollag, MD and Castrucci, AM (2002). Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells may explain how some blind mice can still tell day from night Nature 415: 493. [PubMed] DOI: and O'Hara, BF (2002). Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light Science 298: 2211–2213, [PubMed] DOI: and Yau, KW (2002). Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–1070, [PubMed] DOI: and Yau, KW (2003). Diminished pupillary reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice Science 299: 245–247, [PubMed] DOI: ñoz, and Bellingham, J (2003). Non-rod, non-cone photoreception in rodents and teleost fish. Molecular clocks and light signal Symp 253: 3–30. [PubMed] Erket, HG (1989). Characteristics of the circadian activity rhythm in common marmoset (Callithrix j. jacchus) Primatol 17: 271–286, DOI: Wechselberger, E and Erkert, HG (1994). Characteristics of the light-induced phase response of circadian activity rhythms in common marmoset, Callithrix j.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Center: the URF (green) with rigid alignment of PRF (magenta). Right: the URF (green) with final affine alignment of PRF (magenta). (C) Alignment of individual WISH-stained embryos to the PRF. Left: the 2 dpf PRF for tyrosine hydroxylase (th; green). Center: the PRF (green) and a second th-stained embryo (magenta) aligned using deformable registration. Areas of overlap show up as white. Right: an averaged 3D th expression pattern from 10 separate wild-type embryos. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Registration workflow for in situ pattern alignment. (A) Iterative shape averaging is used to select probe reference fish (PRF). All wild-type fish from the same age stained with the same probe (8+) are aligned in the green channel. The initial alignment is done using a rigid transform and an average fish is created from the aligned images. In the next round of registration, all embryos are aligned to the rigid average using a similarity transform. A new average is created from the aligned images and the process is repeated with an affine transform and finally a deformable B-spline transform. (B) The individual wild-type embryo with the highest correlation (max corr) to the B-spline average is chosen as the PRF. The PRF is aligned to the unstained reference fish (URF) and thereby to the anatomical brain atlas with rigid and affine transforms in the blue channel. (C) All wild-type and mutant embryos from the same age stained with the same probe are aligned to the PRF with rigid, similarity, affine, and finally B-spline transformations in the green channel. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset alternate registration workflow for in situ pattern alignment. A wild-type probe reference fish (PRF) is selected using iterative shape averaging following the workflow in Figure 1—figure supplement 3A,B. All wild-type and mutant embryos from the same age stained with the same probe are then registered to the PRF with rigid, similarity, and affine transformations in the green channel. To avoid deforming mutant gene expression patterns to more closely resemble wild-type gene expression patterns, separate mutant and wild-type reference fish are generated for the final non-linear B-spline transform.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: for Higher Education: and Access 9. Student Loans: A Brief History, the Current Landscape, and Impacts on Society 10. of the 11. : Network Resources, Outcomes, and Opportunities 12. and the Capitalist Turn: Research and Reflections 13. of the University 14. to This Situation? of the in a | 1 →. . SASSO[The academy should] make for less misery among the poor, less ignorance in the schools, less suffering in the hospital, less fraud in business, [and] less folly in politics. —(1876)If the university does not take seriously and rigorously its role as a guardian of wider civic freedom, as interrogator of more and more complex ethical problems, as servant and preserver of deeper democratic practices, then some other regime or ménage of regimes will do it for us, in spite of us, and without us. —Toni MorrisonFundamentally, this book asks, and responds to, a two-pronged question: What are the influences of higher education on society—and what are the influences of society on higher education? The two sections of the text are devoted to that essential inquiry. Each of those parts is not easily disentangled, nor should it be. In fact, higher education and society are intrinsically interrelated. Post-secondary education tends to mirror society, especially its more dominant groups and institutions. But there are several sides to that issue as well. Yes, colleges and universities operate within a messy societal web that breeds cultural lag within their institutional structures. That is, they function as transmitters of culture. At the same time, however, they can bring striking—and welcome—changes as a result of their intellectual pursuits. In that case, they act as transformative agents. Even more paradoxically, sometimes the element of lag might even be seen as an enlightened struggle to sustain core academic values, while some efforts toward societal “progress” can be viewed, in some scholastic quarters, as abject surrender to external (e. g. , corporate and political) interests: ← 1 | 2 → [Colleges and universities] serve society as both a responsive servant and a thoughtful critic. … [They] must also raise questions that society does not want to ask and generate new ideas that help invent the future. (Shapiro, 2005, p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: These results contrast with the general opinion that bright light is far superior to other zeitgebers. Further studies are needed comparing dose-response effects of various bright light and exercise durations; examining the effect of these stimuli in the general population or in individuals with circadian rhythms disorders; and examining different combinations of timing of bright light and exercise. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 5799. 15. (2006). Night work and risk of breast cancer Epidemiology 17: 108–111, DOI: and Brink, LL (1997). Shiftwork as a for Depression: 19973(Supplement 2): S2–S9. Virkkunen, H, Härmä, M, Kauppinen, T and Tenkanen, L (2007). Shift work, occupational noise and physical workload with ensuing development of blood pressure and their joint effect on the risk of coronary heart disease 200733(6): 425–34, DOI: Folkard, S1, Lombardi, DA and Tucker, PT (2005). Shiftwork: safety, sleepiness and sleep Jan 200543(1): 20–3, DOI: and Hysing, M (2015). Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase: results from a large population-based study in 24(1): 11–18, DOI: and Drake, CL (2013). Beyond sleep duration: distinct sleep dimensions are associated with obesity in children and adolescents Obes 37(4): 552–558, DOI: 3rd and Czeisler, CA (2002). Photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker in the absence of conscious vision J 17: 548–55, DOI: Terman, M and Terman, JS (2005). Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects CNS Spectr 10: 647–653, DOI: Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1995). Twelve-hour phase shifts of hamster circadian rhythms elicited by voluntary wheel running J 10: 196–210, DOI: and Neil, L (1997). Phase-shifts to refeeding in the Syrian hamster mediated by running activity 61: 273–278, DOI: Mrosovsky, N and Salmon, PA (1987).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: This is done by creating an average wild-type and an average mutant reference from the affine aligned images. All wild-type and mutant embryos are then registered to the appropriate reference with a B-spline transform. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Automated registration and alignment of 3D WISH images. (A) Alignment accuracy of 3D registration algorithms was verified using 26 wild-type embryos stained with tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2). Stained embryos are randomly divided into three groups and all groups are independently registered to the common reference. The overlay analysis shows two representative embryos from separate registration groups. The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right. Anterior is to the top. (B) Registration accuracy was quantified by manually segmenting tph2 expression domains in all three independent groups and calculating the average distance between every border voxel in the segmentation. For the hindbrain expression domain in the raphe nuclei (ra), the intra-group registration accuracy is 3. 5 µm and the inter-group accuracy is 4. 0 µm. For the epiphysis (ep) expression domain, the intra-group accuracy is 2. 3 µm and the inter-group accuracy is 2. 5 µm. Box-and-whisker plots show results of intra- and inter-group border distance measurements. Tops and bottoms of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles of the samples, respectively. Whiskers are drawn from the ends of the interquartile ranges to the furthest observations that fall within ±1. 5 times the interquartile range away from the top or bottom of the box. The line in the middle of each box is the sample median. Observations beyond the whisker length are marked as outliers (+ sign). (C) Virtual co-registration of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) in wild-type embryos at 2 dpf showing patterns of colocalization in the raphe nuclei and dopaminergic (DA) clusters. All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: 4) Because the university has come to serve so many constituencies, its goals have become a part of the marketplace mosaic. In colonial times, those pathways were guided by largely theological priorities. In the modern age, moneyed captains of industry have become more prominent in shaping collegiate aims: What [emphasis] is new, and troubling, is the raw power that money directly exerts over so many aspects of higher education. … Entrepreneurial ambition, which used to be regarded in academe as a necessary evil, has become a virtue. (Kirp, 2004, p. 3) Originally, higher education served to transmit past knowledge to the next generation of elite, landed gentry of solely privileged male students. The relatively few who attended college were preparing for the ministry and/or leadership roles in society. America’s colonial colleges offered little else than a small faculty in residence and a prescribed curriculum in classical studies, astronomy, and metaphysics. They did serve to underscore higher education as a particular private privilege. By the mid-19th century, new and more varied educational demands helped to create the first federal (1862), which established 101 land-grant institutions in light of the growing technical and agricultural needs of an ever-increasing population. That legislation gave birth to an unwritten “social contract” between the public and its various state colleges. Thus, this social contract implied that the citizenry would invest in the advancement of post-secondary education via large-scale learning communities (Kerr, 1963/2001). In the 20th century, state colleges and their supporting governmental agencies continued that tradition as enrollment swelled during the and students sought to weather the severe economic downturn. War II, the G. I. Bill further invigorated the social contract when it sent thousands of veterans to college. Soon after, higher education became a more viable pathway to the middle class and a vehicle for social mobility. Was equal access for all students, at least in theory, on the horizon? In the 1960s, B. Johnson’s “Great Society” program passed legislation and the Act of 1965. The latter created federal grants and so-called equal opportunity. These grants, or tuition waivers, offered low-income families and underrepresented minority students the chance to attend college. Yet they did not confirm equal access as a complete reality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: B) Localization of Clock when expressed alone (C), expressed with Bmal1 (CB), expressed with Magel2 (CM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (CBM). C) Localization of Bmal1 when expressed alone (B), expressed with Clock (BC), expressed with Magel2 (BM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (BCM). Stability of proteins in the presence of Magel2 MAGE proteins interact with RING-domain proteins associated with E3 ligase complexes to modulate proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. We therefore tested whether expression of varying amounts of Magel2 had any effect on the abundance of co-expressed proteins with which it can interact, including Bmal1 and Per2, in the presence or absence of their heterodimerization partners Clock (for Bmal1) or Cry1 (for Per2). We co-transfected cells with increasing amount of pXpress-Magel2 and a constant amount of pHA-Bmal1, keeping the total amount of plasmid constant with the appropriate empty expression construct backbone. We then immunoblotted separately with anti-HA antibodies to detect Bmal1, and with anti-Xpress antibodies to detect Magel2. We repeated this experiment adding a constant amount of pmyc-Clock, to determine whether any change in stability required the presence of this heterodimerization partner. Similarly, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2, with or without pV5-Cry1, and quantified these proteins on immunoblots. We also performed experiments using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to measure the half-life of these various circadian proteins in the presence or absence of Magel2. We found no evidence for any influence of Magel2 on the stability or abundance of circadian proteins in these co-transfection experiments (data not shown). mammalian circadian clock oscillates in a robust, self-sufficient manner. At least two transcription/translation/post-translation feedback loops defend the circadian cycle against random perturbations, while allowing outside stimuli to entrain and tune the oscillator to adapt to environmental changes. Mutations in circadian genes can lead to mistiming of circadian rhythm, disrupting physiological processes such as sleep, metabolism, and endocrine function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: For transverse planes (upper) dorsal is to the top; for frontal planes (lower) anterior is to the top. The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 3 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Automated detection and statistical quantification of fezf2 mutant deficits. (A) Right: alterations in the expression of individual probes can be detected using a correlation-significance analysis approach. For each brain region, all wild-type embryos are compared with each other and with all mutant embryos, creating a correlation matrix. correlation coefficient is calculated for each embryo pair based on the intensities of corresponding voxels. For probes with altered expression patterns in fezf2 mutants, correlation within groups (i. e. wild-type vs. wild-type and mutant vs. mutant) is significantly greater than correlation between groups. Scatterplots to the right of the correlation matrix illustrate embryo pairs with correlated (red; r = 0. 9) and uncorrelated (blue; r = 0. 5) expression. Left: Analysis plot showing results for all in situ probes in all brain regions at 2 and 3 dpf. For each region, 2 dpf results are shown in the left square and 3 dpf in the right. Dark blue squares indicate no significant difference between wild-type and mutant embryos (p<10−5). For regions with a significant difference, the color bar represents the effect size (d > 1) of the difference. (B) Regions in which the expression patterns of multiple independent probes have been altered can be visualized using aggregate difference imaging. Pixel intensity difference is calculated between wild-types and mutants for each probe within each affected brain region. Summing the absolute value of the significant differences for all probes highlights areas which are most altered in fezf2 mutants. Aggregate difference images are shown at 2 and 3 dpf in lateral (upper panels), dorsal (middle panels), and anterior (lower panels) views. Telencephalon, t; ventral diencephalon, vd. (C) Significance analysis overlaid on maximum (MIPs).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Individuals, not the state, still carried a heavy burden in terms of ← 2 | 3 → college attendance and persistence. Since the more liberal 1960s, there have been a series of tensions and setbacks to equal access. It began with Ronald Reagan, as governor of California, when he questioned the value of public education and quipped, “Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity? ” (Clabaugh, 2011). That query transitioned to additional trends: Reaganomics and the end of free tuition, even in certain locales (e. g. , California and City); political and legal barriers to affirmative action; downward trends in federal student aid; less commitment from state governments; and the growth of for-profit colleges, which often thrive on “buyers” from lower-income classes who are often less versed on college choice. If the arc of American higher education has begun to bend toward college attendance as a “right” (Kerr, 1963/2001), it has still not fully progressed from the earlier notion of social contract. Indeed, some critics argue that the social contract itself needs to be protected in the present age: “The tragedy is that while public policies in the past helped mitigate inequality and open the doors to college to more Americans, today they themselves play a crucial role in segmenting our society” (Mettler, 2014, p. 5). In the tantalizing image of higher education as a “right,” today’s undergraduates have become mass consumers. Colleges and universities have sold their services (and some would say their souls) as part of that expectation under the pressure of meeting the bottom line. In the process, they have become more like corporate entities that exist to sell a product. They are building more enticing residence halls with single rooms and private commodes, student unions (some with adjacent swimming pools), and state-of-the-art laboratories to attract students. Academic capitalism has become increasingly entrepreneurial as a way of coping with decreased state allocations and the highly competitive race for private funding drawn from alumni, foundations, and corporations. Once insular pockets of knowledge and learning, colleges and universities have been transformed into vehicles of economic trends and the vagaries of supply and demand. Within the academy, corporate “branding,” rankings, and the quest for “prestige” often replace the search for purpose and truth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The abscissa represents the timing of the midpoints of the 3-h light stimuli, as referenced to the baseline aMT6s acrophase. Stimuli given with an abscissa near 0 were approximately centered at the baseline aMT6s acrophase. Black circles represent phase shifts of individual young adult participants, and red triangles represent phase shifts of older participants. The solid black horizontal line shows the mean of all points, approximating the phase shift resulting from the circadian free-running component. The black dashed and red lines represent the trends from 5-point moving averages for the young and older groups. Rectangles illustrate the average actigraphic home sleep times for the young and older groups, referenced to their aMT6s acrophases. B. The phase shifts in aMT6s acrophase were averaged to show the mean ± 1 SEM for 2-h bins of time-of-stimulation referenced to the aMT6s acrophase. "The abscissa (Time) 5. The asterisks show mean aMT6s onset and offset times for all 106 participants. B. The change in mean aMT6s duration resulting from unequal shifts in aMT6s onset and offset is plotted, using the same bins and abscissa as above. To test the null hypothesis that there were no phase-response curves, that is, no phase-shifts dependent on the timing of the 3000 lux light stimuli, we used both the PRC bisection test [30] and factorial ANOVA. The PRC bisection test locates the best bisection of the circular distribution of initial phases to maximize the contrast between advances and delays. In general, the best bisection will be at the inflection from delays to advances. The test then determines if the bisection separates advances and delays significantly better than would occur in a random distribution. These tests were performed for all 106 participants and on subgroups of older and young adults, male and female. The inflection points of the PRCs from delay to advance were estimated with the PRC bisection analyses. The amplitudes of PRCs were contrasted between older and young adult groups, men and women, using methods derived from the PRC bisections [30].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: MIPs have been color coded to highlight all regions in which the expression of a given probe is significantly reduced (cyan) or increased (magenta) in mutant embryos (p<0. 5×10−3). Significant intensity differences between mutants and wild-types were determined by performing a Mann-Whitney U-test to compare corresponding voxels for each probe within each brain region showing alterations in Analysis. All MIPs show dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. (B,C) Anterior is to the left, dorsal is to the top. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset 3D anatomical brain atlases. Surface renderings of all regions in the 2 dpf (top) and 3 dpf (bottom) 3D anatomical zebrafish brain atlases. Both atlases comprise all 22 regions listed at right. Regions are subdivided between the telencephalon (Tel), diencephalon (Di), midbrain (Mid), and hindbrain (Hb). Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Expression data mapped to brain regions. Quantification of expression data for all probes mapped to all brain regions at 2 dpf (left) and 3 dpf (right). Expression data are visualized using a method developed for the explorer(Ronneberger et al. , 2012) that combines both volumetric data and information on signal intensity. Color represents relative stain intensity (see the colormap to the right) and the fraction each square covered by a given color represents the fraction of the brain region expressing the marker at that relative intensity. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Negative controls for automated 3D phenotyping. (A) A null data set, consisting of 16+ negative control embryos (i. e. age-matched siblings that are either genetically wild-type or heterozygous for the fezf2 mutation) per probe, is used to define the false discovery rate (FDR) for Analysis over a range of thresholds. Following in situ staining, negative control embryos are randomly divided into two separate groups and analyzed as in Figure 3A. We then evaluate significance thresholds (t) ranging from p=10−1 to 10−8 by counting the number of experimental scores (sexp; i. e. wild-types vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: More and more, higher education institutions are investing in “reputation” over substance and affordability. In a word, economics has become the one-way street on to the campus green. Newfield (2011) says it best: [T]he university needs to be understood as engaged in forms of individual and collective development that cannot be captured in economic terms. Education cannot pay in this way. It must not be expected to. If we are forced to use an economic term, the term for education would be “investment. ” But the realm of profits and returns simply does not fit with the forms of growth, evolution, advancement, expansion, elaboration, discovery, and invention that education delivers to individuals and societies alike. (p. 272) ← 3 | 4 → Thus, the contemporary college and university have also adopted the role of “certifier” of middle-class America in search of success, privilege, and prestige. The trend toward consumerism seems antithetical to the life of the mind and a development of well-rounded character so vital in more traditional forms of liberal education. That evolution of the core purposes of the college into a university industry has underlined the importance that society now places on “credentialing”—a process and practice that has widely co-opted more humane, moral, and kindred academic values. Yet, at the same time, the U. S. can no longer claim to lead the world in even the credentialing function of college graduation; it now ranks 12th among industrialized nations on that score. (Lewin, 2010)of on Society/of Society on Higher EducationAs mentioned above, there is really no bright line separating higher education and society. The latter’s overarching effects obviously produce wider and deeper repercussions for colleges and universities. In a large sense, higher education can be seen to reproduce what major societal forces desire, assuming those forces supply the requisite purposes and resources (a very open question). Conversely, higher education may also be viewed, at times, as a more ideal laboratory for society’s higher hopes and aspirations, for example, impactful research, a more informed and critical citizenry, and moral development. These interlocking tensions can thus be a cardinal cause for the better, for ill, or for simply sustaining the status quo. The contents of this text seek to shed light on how and why those consequences can occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Technically, the adjective circadian must be used to modify the noun light because light is defined specifically in terms of optical radiation capable of producing a visual sensation in humans [10,11]. Strictly speaking then, light cannot be used synonymously with optical radiation capable of producing a non-visual, circadian response in humans or with optical radiation producing a visual response in another species. Nevertheless, in the vernacular, light is used as a term to describe optical radiation with a spectral power distribution anywhere within the "visible region" of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 380 nm to 730 nm), irrespective of its biological consequences. Moreover, the term light is always used, with or without strict regard for its ability to stimulate human vision, as a noun to describe the stimulus to rather than the response from a biological system. This is an important point because light is circularly defined; light as a stimulus to the human visual system was derived from responses by the human visual system. Thus, any formal definition of circadian light as a stimulus to the circadian system must also be dependent on the measured response from the circadian system. Fundamentally then, it is necessary to be able to measure a reliable response of the human circadian system to optical radiation incident on the retina to define the stimulus to the human circadian system. This inherent, and potentially confusing, circularity always must be considered as a formal definition of circadian light develops. Notwithstanding this potentially confusing circularity, it will be difficult to develop a definition of light for the circadian system that is strictly homologous with the formal definition of light for the visual system because, for reasons discussed in this paper, the responses by these two systems to optical radiation on the retina are fundamentally different. The biophysical mechanisms underlying phototransduction for the two systems are similar but different enough to require thoughtful deliberation as a definition of circadian light evolves. Without a clear understanding of these differences, experimental results from studies of the impact of optical radiation on circadian physiology can be easily misinterpreted. Since, however, so much history and thought underlie our concept of light based upon the human visual system, these insights make the discussion of circadian light more readily explained and more easily understood. For this reason brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. The photopic luminous efficiency function Psychophysical experiments were conducted by several laboratories nearly a century ago to develop "the spectral sensitivity of human vision.

Output: contrast