Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: A smaller number of tweets about climate change during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previously has been explained as evidence of a finite pool of worry33. As further confirmation, those tweets contained more positive sentiments and fewer negative sentiments, such as worry, than before the pandemic. Thus, other issues could crowd out worry about climate change. 32 interviews in this study were comprised of both closed-ended and open-ended questions. This analysis combines the responses of both types of questions. The first subsection describes the interviewees. The second subsection is a qualitative analysis of their responses to a question about whether they had seen changes due to climate change and a series of questions probing their individual level of concern. The responses provide insights into laypeople’s climate change discourse. The third subsection gleans information from the broader interviews on the social nature of these organizations and the potential for discussing climate change, as a pathway to climate action. Nature lovers In response to whether the interviewees considered their organization’s members to be nature lovers, 87 percent said yes. The others agreed that some of them were, but others may have been members for other reasons. On the yes side, I heard that “you wouldn't be a hiker unless you liked nature. ” A representative of a preservation organization stated that their supporters “are either into actually walking the trails and engaging with the outdoors or they are concerned about the environment. ” On the more nuanced side, one comment was that “I think anyone who likes to be outside, there's a piece of them that is, is concerned about the environment and is concerned about nature. But, but that's a pretty broad brush to say we're all like that. ” Extrapolating that to the interviewees themselves is also a little tenuous. Only 61 percent of interviewees were board members and could, therefore, be considered members. The remainder were employees, who might or might not also be members. There was no marked difference, however, in responses. Many employees indicated an environmental focus to their post-secondary education. For these reasons, it would be fair to say that the term “nature lover” would apply to the vast majority of the people interviewed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Data are shown as ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 12%, n = 23; TC10WT cells 133% ± 11%%, n = 23; TC10DN cells 53% ± 5%, n = 23; and TC10CA cells 54% ± 15%, n = 8. (*p < 0. 03 relative to YFP;**p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT). (F) Quantification of endogenous surface GluA1 on dendrites in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 11%; TC10WT cells 130% ± 17%; TC10DN cells 59% ± 8%; and TC10CA cells 62% ± 10% (n = 7–10 cells per group; **p < 0. 003 relative to TC10WT). (G) Representative whole-cell patch-clamp paired recordings showing the evoked presynaptic action potential (top) and the post-synaptic AMPAR-mediated current response (below). (H) -mediated EPSC amplitudes of untransfected neurons (control) 365. 2 ± 67 pA, n = 16 and neurons transfected with TC10WT 180. 3 ± 36 pA, n = 8; TC10DN 144. 5 ± 42 pA, n = 14; or TC10CA 139. 2 ± 24 pA, n = 11. (*p < 0. 04 relative to control;**p < 0. 02 relative to control). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset TC10 RNAi (shRNA) knocked down endogenous TC10 expression in neurons. Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding FUGW empty vector or TC10 short hairpin RNA construct (shRNA) on DIV7 and lysed for real-time PCR on DIV11. shTC10 specifically knocked down TC10 mRNA level by 90%, but not the expression of Cdc42 and Rab11. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Low-magnification images of cultured rat hippocampal neurons (E18) corresponding to the somata shown in Figure 1A. Neurons express mCherry-tagged GluA1 subunits and either free Venus (Control), TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation could complement traditional recycling methods. [SEP] Text: (2019) LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil. 254:112983. (2020) Ecological influences of the migration of micro resin p1020. (2022) Deciphering the diversity and functions of plastisphere bacterial communities in plastic-mulching croplands of subtropical China. J 422:126865. (2020) Effects of co-loading of polyethylene microplastics and ciprofloxacin on the antibiotic degradation efficiency and microbial community structure in soil. Environ 741:140463. Wolińska A, Kuźniar A, et al (2017) Bacteroidetes as a sensitive biological indicator of agricultural soil usage revealed by a culture-independent approach. Ecol 119:128–137. (2010) Bacterial diversity at different stages of the composting process. BMC Microbiol 10:1–11. (2013) Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting. 33:1595–1601. (2017) Plastics in the garbage patch: A boat-microbe for hitchhikers and plastic degraders. Environ 599–600:1222–1232. (2018) Effects of soil residual plastic film on soil microbial community structure and fertility. 229:1–11 (2023) Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture 13 Patel H, (2021) Chap. 5 - Thermophilic fungi: Diversity, physiology, genetics, and applications. In: -N and FD in MB and B (eds). Elsevier, pp 69–93 Sharma H, Neelam DK (2023) Understanding challenges associated with plastic and bacterial approach toward plastic degradation. J 63:292–307. (2013) Communities of Associated with Biodegradation of Plastics. J 21:575–579. (2023) A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics. J 347:119193. (2015) Microbial degradation of plastic: a review. J 6:952–961 Liu Y, Qiao J-T, Yuan X-Z et al (2014) Hydrogenispora ethanolica gen. nov. , sp. nov.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: The other half were hiking and trail maintenance organizations. board member said, People are much more aware of weather and how that affects the different hikes. That's just growing in impact. You know, where before, people, I think, would say, ‘Oh, yeah, we know. It's just a little rain,’ it's, like, ‘Nope, gotta really take this seriously. ’ Concern about the future of one’s chosen recreational pursuit could be a pathway to action on climate change. Skepticism. Skepticism discourse asserts that climate change is not problematic, thereby creating a barrier to discussion18,19. Skepticism was paired with a limited amount of worry about climate change. Two older interviewees demonstrated confirmation bias against action on climate change. One of them, a hiker, noted that “there are more ticks along the trails that can cause Lyme disease. There are more opossums that eat the ticks, so they're a welcoming site [chuckling]. ” This alludes to the skepticism discourse that climate change is natural and also demonstrates my-side bias, giving preferential treatment to the appearance of opossums and downplaying the risk of Lyme disease. Two young interviewees expressed skepticism but also the belief that “we still have a lot of time to, you know, to reverse [climate change] to a certain extent,” evidencing temporal distancing7,23. One of them outlined a wide range of climate change conspiracy theories circulating among young people17,18,19. None of these four were outright deniers but might create obstacles to effectively talking about climate change. Gradualism. The gradualist discourse expects that solutions will be found in time to limit the consequences of climate change13, which could be a barrier to climate action insofar as it limits concern. Two older men were not worried about climate change, expressing hope in our institutions. One explained that “I do feel that we will end up arriving at solutions because they are economically smart decisions. ” This aligns with the ecological modernization discourse8,20 and is the same confirmation bias identified by Halford and Sheehan28. Two additional interviewees embraced the gradualist discourse.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Intact, live neurons (DIV18) were stained with anti-RFP antibody to visualize surface AMPARs and then fixed and imaged. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change synaptic density. The density of synapsin (SYN) puncta (number of puncta/um) remained unchanged when TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants were expressed (n. s. = not significant). Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change the expression level of GluA1. (A) Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants on DIV1 and assayed for GluA1 expression with Western blot on DIV18. The expression of GluA1 remained unchanged. (B) Quantification of GluA1 expression level in (A), normalized to tubulin (n=3 experiments). Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset A comparison of somatic ER and the distribution of exogenous mCherry-GluA1 subunits and endogenous GluA1 subunits. Cultured neurons expressing mCherry-tagged GluA1 (top panel) were stained with an antibody against the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and compared against endogenous GluA1 in untransfected cells (bottom panel). Both exogenous and endogenous GluA1 exhibited similar distributions in somatic ER. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset The effects of TC10 mutants on AMPARs in the somatic Golgi and in dendritic shafts. (A) Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mCherry-GluA1 with Venus, TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA were fixed and stained for the Golgi marker, GM130 on DIV18. (Scale bar = 10 um). (B) Quantification of the intensity of mCherry-GluA1 co-localizing with GM130 in the somata.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: The social side of nature-oriented organizations Social opportunities and the degree of camaraderie offered by nature-oriented organizations constitute a pathway to talking about climate change. Hiking and cross-country ski groups primarily hold active outdoor events. One cross-country skiing group rents a bus to take them to skiing venues. “The bus is very social. Provides a really nice little venue for people to socialise. ” A hiker from an older adults group said, “The hiking community is a small community. We're retired. … So, it's a social network. ” Naturalist groups tend to have regular indoor meetings with invited speakers as well as organised nature walks. A naturalist noted that their indoor meetings are “a fairly social affair. ” Another shared that, after a nature presentation, “all the people … mingle. So they might talk about certain issues in their little group. ” Volunteer opportunities also tend to be social events. Trail-related groups organise trail maintenance days. Conservation and preservation groups organise tree plantings and invasive species removal. One interviewee suggested that their volunteers “just like the camaraderie. They like to come out and work with other people and accomplish stuff. ” Talking about climate change. There were three streams of comments about the potential for talking about climate change among members. The most prevalent was avoidance14. Three different interviewees said simply that climate change “doesn’t come up. ” A hiker said, “I think it's one of those things that, quite honestly, in many ways, it's almost like people just avoid it. ” The extremely alarmed interviewee shared that “one of our board members said to us one time, not that long ago, that… a lot of people don’t want to hear about climate change. ” The second stream was obstructionist, and was only heard in relation to hunting and fishing. One hunter said that, among their membership, “there are some extremists that think that climate change is a hoax. ” Another said, “there are [members] who are very vocal in their opposition, or their denialism, if you will, of climate change. ” It should not be construed from this, however, that all hunters and anglers are obstructionist as I also heard that most are ardent conservationists. The third stream was open-mindedness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Expression of TC10 WT or mutants did not change its distribution: Control cells (normalized) 100% ± 2%, n=11; TC10WT cells 103% ± 3%, n=6; TC10DN cells 109% ± 10%, n=19; TC10CA cells 104% ± 3%, n=15. (C) Line profile of mCherry-GluA1 intensity along the dendrite when co-expressed with Venus or TC10DN. TC10DN expression results in mCherry-GluA1 accumulation in the dendritic shafts and not in the somata. (Scale bar = 5 um, n=4). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset TC10 regulates AMPAR trafficking through an Arf6-containing endocytosis pathway in dendrites. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between endogenous GluA1 subunits and transferrin receptors (TfRs). Cultured neurons were transfected with Venus-tagged TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants and permeabilized cells stained for total GluA1 and TfR (Tf-Alexa 647). GluA1 showed little co-localization with Tf-labeled endosomes in dendrites. (Scale bar = 5 μm). (B) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR co-localization. Images in A were analyzed to measure the percent of GluA1 puncta co-localizing with TfR puncta. Expression of TC10 constructs did not alter the degree of co-localization. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells 4. 6% ± 0. 3%; TC10WT cells 4. 9% ± 0. 8%; TC10DN cells 4. 2% ± 0. 8%; TC10CA cells 5. 6% ± 1%, n = 5 for all groups. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between GluA1 subunits and Arf6. Neurons were transfected with Arf6-HA and Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Cells were permeabilized and stained for Arf6-HA (Rb anti-HA) and total GluA1 (anti-GluA1 mAb).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: How do we empathize to create actionable and meaningful problem statements? a meaningful problem is the first step in policy analysis, design thinking, and conflict transformation. When understanding a problem, there’s always a risk of jumping to a solution too quickly. Personal biases and blind spots about the causes of the problems can lead to false conclusions. That is precisely why it was so important to cultivate curiosity and build the skills of inquiry first. There are also other challenges associated when creating problem statements specifically in the context of climate change due to psychological biases or political rhetoric. Ultimately, by applying the process of inquiry to assess real world problems associated with climate change in their region, students can begin to develop a collaborative project of their choice. Standards Anchor. A. 1 Empathy: Communicate with people to understand why they do things, what their physical and emotional needs are, how they think about the world, and what is valuable to them. Anchar. C. 2 Media Literacy: Metacognitively reflect on personal biases and blind spots. 0. A. 1 1. Explain how life, including human life, influences and is influenced by the environment 1. B Craft meaningful and actionable problem statements through the lense of the affected human population based on analysis and synthesis of diverse, relevant perspectives Activities 1. Carousel – In small groups, students find local problems related to climate change. Students map out the root causes using the iceberg diagram. Students rotate and debrief on what are common effects of climate change on everyday life. 2. – Using a common effect from the carousel activity, students identify an affected stakeholder. Teacher models how to conduct an empathy interview while students practice interviewing each other: (a) Jobs and Tasks: What is this stakeholder trying to get done in their work or in their life? (b) Pains: What annoys this stakeholder or prevents them from getting their jobs done? (c) Gains: What are the outcomes or benefits that your stakeholder wants? (d) For example: Jordanian residents are trying to use water for basic drinking needs, but water is too expensive. They want cheap and easy ways to access water. 3. – Students begin “Step 1: Defining Problem” of their own project. While students identify stakeholders to interview, teacher should guide students: (a) “Who would you specifically be interested to speak with regarding your topic?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: (Scale bar = 5 μm). (D) Quantification of the overlap between GluA1 and Arf6. Images in C were analyzed to measure the Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr) of GluA1 co-localization with Arf6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 46 ± 0. 04; TC10DN 0. 66 ± 0. 04; TC10CA 0. 31 ± 0. 04 (n = 7-10 cells per group; *p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT; **p < 0. 05 relative to TC10WT). (E) Effects of TC10 constructs on GluA1 puncta density (number of puncta per 10 μm) in dendrites of neurons expressing Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 6. 9 ± 0. 4; TC10DN 5. 6 ± 0. 7; TC10CA 41. 7 ± 4. 8 (n = 5 fields per group; *p < 0. 0002 relative to TC10WT). Inset, histogram showing the distribution of small (diameter <200 nm) and large (diameter 200–1200 nm) GluA1 puncta (n = ∼100 puncta per group). (F) Quantification of the overlap (Pearson's correlation coefficients, Rr) between TC10 and Arf6 in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 77 ± 0. 03; TC10DN 0. 60 ± 0. 02; TC10CA 0. 84 ± 0. 02 (n = 7–10 cells per group; *p < 0. 0004 relative to TC10WT). Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Co-distribution of TfR staining and mCherry-Rab11. Hippocampal cultures were stained for TfR and Rab11 on DIV18. The two markers showed extensive overlap. (Scale bar = 5 um). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset AMPARs undergo dynamin-independent endocytosis. (A) mCherry-GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: In contrast, while sample sizes are low for women in the more skeptical climate segments, women’s maximum (mode) vaccine membership follows a V shape such that women Alarmed on climate change are most likely to be vaccine Enthusiasts (30%), women in the Concerned and Dismissive climate segments are most likely to be vaccine Supporters (28% and 60%, respectively), climate Cautious and Doubtful women are most likely to be vaccine Socials (32% for both), and climate Disengaged women are most likely to be vaccine Hesitant (69%). This shows dramatic differences in attitudes to climate change and the vaccines between genders, with men much more consistently accepting of COVID-19 vaccines than their broadly spread attitudes to climate change, while women at the extreme (accepting and skeptical) on climate change are accepting of the vaccines, and women in the center on climate change are more skeptical of the vaccines. Table 5 Number of men and women respondents within each combination of COVID-19 vaccine and climate change segments. Full size tableReview of segment relationships across different age subgroups also showed nuances that were masked in the aggregate cross-segment analysis. Each age group showed small to moderate relationships between their vaccine and climate change segments (V18–29 years = 0. 221, p = 0. 001, V30–49 years = 0. 211, p < 0. 001, V50+ years = 0. 190, p < 0. 001). Comparisons of cross-segment distributions between age groups showed significant differences between 18 to 29 year-olds and both 30 to 49 year-olds (χ2 (20) = 1718. 673, p < 0. 001) and those of 50 or more years (χ2 (20) = 9546. 343, p < 0. 001) and between 30 to 49 year-olds and those over 50 (χ2 (20) = 6245. 849, p < 0. 001). Older people tended to have their maximum (mode) vaccine membership in the vaccine Enthusiast segment across the Alarmed (53% of climate segment), Concerned (57%), and Cautious (40%) climate segments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1, and 1 day post-transfection, treated with 1% DMSO (control group) or 80 μM dynasore (to block dynamin function) for 30 min at 37°C. Neurons were then incubated with anti-RFP antibodies and Tf-Alexa 647 at 37°C for 40 min, acid washed to remove surface antibodies/dye, fixed, permeabilized, and imaged. With sham treatment (control), surface-labeled GluA1 and TfR were both internalized in the dendritic shaft (first row). Dynasore treatment had no effect on GluA1 internalization, but blocked TfR endocytosis (Tf-Alexa 647 labeling confined to surface and not present intracellularly, second row). (B) Intensity plots of internalized TfR (Tf-Alexa 647) with and without (sham) dynasore treatment as in (A). Dynasore greatly inhibited TfR internalization. (C) Quantification of GluA1 and Tf-Alexa647 internalization and block of dynamin function. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; GluA1 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 16%; dynasore 112% ± 12%. For Tf-Alexa647 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 23%; dynasore 30% ± 18%, (n = 5 for all groups; ***p < 0. 001). (D) Endogenous GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. As an alternative approach to measure GluA1 and TfR Internalization, cortical neurons were sham treated (with DMSO) or with dynasore as in (A). After, surface proteins were labeled with Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and cultured for 40 min at 37°C to allow for endocytosis. Biotin on proteins remaining on the cell surface was removed by glutathione treatment and cells solubilized. Internalized proteins were pulled down with streptavidin beads and analyzed by Western blotting.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Politically moderate women in the Concerned climate segment have a considerably higher proportion of members in vaccine Hesitant (29%) and Skeptic (21%) segments and the lowest proportion of vaccine Enthusiasts (6%), followed by conservative women (16%), with liberal women having the highest proportion of both vaccine Enthusiasts (31%) and Supporters (45%) and the lowest proportion of vaccine Hesitants (7%) and Skeptics (3%). Figure 1Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment. Full size imageFigure 2Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for men and women. Full size imageFigure 3Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for participants with conservative, moderate, and liberal political identities. Full size imageFigure 4Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for men and women with conservative, moderate, and liberal political identities. Full size imageSimilar analysis of interactions between age and political identity within the Concerned segment found significant differences in vaccine segments across age groups for people with each political identity (χ2conservative (8) = 48. 262, χ2moderate (8) = 72. 653, χ2liberal (8) = 25. 340, all p ≤ 0. 001). For those aged 50 years or more, however, the sample size was too small to be confident in differences across political identities (post hoc power less than 80%). Figure 5 shows the distribution of vaccine segments for those in the Concerned climate change segment for each age group, and Fig. 6 shows the interaction of these with political identity. Within the Concerned climate segment’s youngest age group, liberals tended to have the highest proportion of vaccine Enthusiasts (21%) and Supporters (71%) compared with moderates and conservatives. Similarly, the largest proportion of Enthusiasts (21%) and Supporters (41%) in the 30–49 years age group were politically liberal, and the largest proportion of Skeptics were politically moderate (9%). Figure 5Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for each age group. Full size imageFigure 6Vaccine segment distributions within the Concerned climate segment for politically conservative, moderate, and liberal across each age group. Full size imageDiscussionThe aim of this study was to understand how people make sense of climate change and COVID-19 vaccines—two critical science and health issues—using an audience segmentation approach.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Displayed are GluA1, TrR, and actin bands (loading control) from whole cell lysates to estimate inputs for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (left) and GluA1 and TfR bands from the streptavidin pull-downs to estimate internalized receptors for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (right). (E) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. The levels of GluA1 endocytosis were reduced to 90% ± 9% vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. The levels of TfR endocytosis were reduced to 61% ± 6% (n = 3 experiments; ***p < 0. 01) vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. Total protein levels (inputs) for GluA1 and TfR were not affected by dynasore treatment. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Synaptic activity alters the endocytosis pathway taken by AMPARs. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on chemically inducing LTP (cLTP) and chemically inducing LTD (cLTD). Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1 plus Venus, TC10DN, or TC10CA. 1 day post-transfection, cells were stimulated with a mixture of the NMDA receptor agonist, glycine, and GABAA receptors antagonists to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) chemically in hippocampal cultures. Then, surface exposed mCherry-GluA1 was stained live with anti-RFP antibody. In control cells, cLTP treatment caused a 39% increase in surface GluA1 (100% ± 9%, n = 10–139% ± 10%, n = 14). In cells expressing TC10DN and TC10CA, cLTP treatment also caused a 78% (37% ± 7%, n = 13–66% ± 9%, n = 12) and 54% (41% ± 4%, n = 21–63% ± 6%, n = 15) increase in surface GluA1, respectively. In parallel, transfected cells were treated with NMDA to chemically induce long-term depression (LTD) as well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2460691/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Jan, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIn this paper we present findings from a systematic review on job creation, quality, and skills, focusing on decarbonisation in the energy sector. We compare a range of gross job employment factors which indicate that overall, investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency can deliver more jobs than gas or coal power generation. In addition, we review a subset of recent studies which estimate the net employment effects of decarbonisation in the energy sector at a national scale, across various international contexts. These national studies largely agree that the most likely outcome over the next few decades is a modest net positive creation of jobs and moderate economic growth. In certain regions within these countries, jobs in fossil fuel industries may be lost faster than the pace at which low carbon energy sectors can offer new employment. There may be mismatches between regions where displaced workers live and where new opportunities become available, which may be a barrier to accepting alternative employment even if former workers have the requisite skills. In these cases national government transition plans are recommended, co-ordinated with local governments, to manage the impacts of displacement from carbon intensive sectors and respond to the need to build a new low carbon workforce including through skills development and training. We highlight a lack of metrics and data in the literature on job quality, skills, and the geographic distribution of employment impacts in decarbonising energy systems, and these should be priority areas for further research. Green jobsjob creationrenewable energyenergy efficiencydecarbonisationdecent workFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 41. IntroductionThere is a growing international momentum behind the setting of net zero emissions targets in law or policy (Climate Watch, 2023), and the introduction of Deals involving substantial investments in green jobs and infrastructure, for example in the US and EU (Green, 2022). Over the last decade, the costs of leading renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power have fallen rapidly or substantially (IRENA, 2020; Jansen et al. , 2020). In 2021, there were at least 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: global climate change is altering our inter-relationship with the environment, transforming comparatively stable climate factors and turning them uncertain, unpredictable and threatening (Ricart et al. , 2019). A large number of the developing countries relying on agriculture for the national economy are facing severe threat of climate change. As per Gori et al. (2018), the climate change has caused changes in the land use besides exerting pressure on water resources thereby, affecting the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production; ensuring an uninterrupted supply by freshwater resources supply; providing ecosystem services and; promoting the rural multi-functionality. Climate change is a great challenge for the agrarian economies like that of Pakistan (Mumtaz et al. , 2019) as its agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to climate change (Saleem et al. , 2019). Experts believe that owing to large dependence of country’s economy on agriculture, Pakistan ranks 12th amongst the most vulnerable countries to climate change, world-over (Noman and Schmitz, 2011; Ullah, 2017). This sector contributes approximately 25 percent to the national Product (GDP) and it absorbs about 42 percent of the labor force. The sector contributes in generating more than 75 percent of export revenue. However, agriculture sector in Pakistan is grappling with multidimensional impacts of climate–induced challenges, such as: rising temperatures; decline in rainfalls; floods; droughts; and yield losses (Noman and Schmitz, 2011). The variation in monsoons and increased temperature most likely is an impending real challenge to the agriculture sector in Pakistan. Abid et al. (2016) believe that evidences substantiate the argument that climate change will perpetually pose threats throughout this century despite international efforts to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. In order to confront the challenges, several climate change policies have been evolved at international; national; subnational; and local levels to address the impacts of climate change. Climate change has emerged as one of the most prominent challenges of the global concern today and consequently two pronged efforts, climate change adaptation, and climate change mitigation, has been launched to manage the cataclysmic repercussions of the phenomenon. Traditionally, the focus of emphasis of such policies remained on mitigation instead of adaptation measures; despite crucial and immediate need for devising adaptation strategies (Biesbroek et al. , 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control cells showed a 62% decrease of surface GluA1 (100% ± 10%, n = 10–38% ± 3%, n = 11), while TC10DN and TC10CA expressing cells showed a 31% (67% ± 7%, n = 13–46% ± 3%, n = 10) and 55% (60% ± 5%, n = 5–27% ± 4. 2%, n = 6) reduction, respectively. (B) Effects of TC10 constructs on cLTP and cLTD. Data in (A) replotted and normalized to respective sham values in order to compare the changes with cLTP and cLTD. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on synaptically induced LTD. Left: AMPAR-EPSC amplitudes, expressed as a percentage of baseline AMPAR-EPSC amplitude (10 min), before and after the induction of LTD by electrical LFS for 5 min (gap). Right: Bar graph of the average AMPAR-EPSC amplitude depression measured 20 min after LFS. Control cells showed a 52. 4% ± 0. 5% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude after LTD induction; TC10DN and TC10CA showed a 27. 5% ± 1. 0% and 48. 3% ± 1. 0% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude, respectively. (D) mCherry-GluA1 internalization after cLTP. Neurons were sham or cLTP treated and imaged for internalized mCherry-GluA1 and either TfR or HA-Arf6. GluA1 internalization increased by 24% ± 5% when treated with cLTP (n = 6; **p < 0. 01). (E) mCherry-GluA1 co-localization with TfR (left) and Arf6 (middle) after cLTP. Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with TfR increased with cLTP: sham-treated 21% ± 2%, n = 15; cLTP 56% ± 2%, n = 23 (***p < 0. 0001). Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with Arf6 did not significantly change: sham treated 52% ± 2%, n = 12; cLTP 47% ± 3%, n = 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: 7 million people employed in renewable energy sectors worldwide, both directly and in wider supply chains, with the majority of these jobs concentrated in China, Brazil, the EU, the US and India (IRENA and ILO, 2022). Given the economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and recent gas and electricity price spikes (Fernández Alvarez and Molnar, 2021), a key question is whether investment in the low carbon transition can contribute to economic growth and resilience both in the short-term and longer-term (Figueres and Zycher, 2020). There have been various calls for investment in green jobs, skills and infrastructure to help consolidate economic recovery from COVID-19, in a way that is compatible with achieving net zero emissions and a societally just transition (Allan et al. , 2020; EEIG, 2020; IEA, 2020; Jung and Murphy, 2020; IRENA and ILO, 2021). There are various definitions of green jobs, and while it is important to clarify the scope of the present paper in relation to these, we do not set out to contribute further to the existing definitional debate. In the UK for example, the Taskforce consider a green job as “employment in an activity that directly contributes to - or indirectly supports - the achievement of the UK's net zero emissions target and other environmental goals, such as nature restoration and mitigation against climate risks” (Taskforce, 2021, p. 15). Green jobs may vary in ‘greenness’, for example in terms of the proportion of tasks carried out on ‘green’ or ‘non-green’ activities (Bowen, Kuralbayeva and Tipoe, 2018). Definitions of green jobs (e. g. Organization, 2018) may also include a quality aspect, suggesting that green employment needs to be characterised by ‘decent’ work or good quality jobs, e. g. in terms of adequate salaries and safe working conditions (Office for National Statistics, 2021). A key definitional issue relevant to this paper is the distinction between ‘gross’ and ‘net’ jobs. Gross effects include only the positive impact on employment which may be associated with a particular investment. For any specific energy technology, gross jobs refer to those which are created from project spending on equipment manufacturing, installation, operation, and maintenance (Blyth et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: The most countries vulnerable to climate change regard adaptation as the focus of their strategies to manage the negative consequences of climate change. Several countries including Pakistan are alive to the challenge and cognizant of the need to direct their efforts to address the climate induced challenges through application of effective and efficient adaptation strategies. The adaptation efforts are the focus of (2015). Abid et al. (2016) posit that Pakistan falls amongst the countries having the least adaptive capacity due to extreme poverty and lack of physical and financial wherewithal. Government of Pakistan, therefore, has launched several initiatives to bolster farmers’ capacity to adopt appropriate adaptation measures in agriculture sector. This study therefore, explores the relationship amongst variables: (a) climate change awareness and climate change awareness adaptation; and (b) climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues. The awareness building is one of the prominent efforts launched in Pakistan to withstand the negative fallout of the extremities linked with climate change. It is important to consider two dimensions of farmers’ perceptions about climate change uncertainties, potential impacts and risks: first, exchanges of local experiences and patterns followed at individual and community level across the society and second, awareness of climate uncertainties, potential risks, and observed impacts of climate change, as the first step towards adaptation (Lebel et al. , 2015). The climate change awareness encompasses their general know-how about the phenomenon, effects generated by change in climate, causes and impacts of climate change. The impact of climate change related events determines the scale and direction of effort aimed at application of adaptation measures to tackle the projected threats. In order to control losses caused by climate change, climate-related perceptions and adaptation strategies of farmers assume greater importance because knowledge regarding impact of climate change will induce employment of relevant adaptation strategies to offset negative impact of climate change (Schiermeier, 2015). Usually adaptation strategies are categorized into short run (autonomous incremental responses based on local knowledge), and the long run (transformative responses); and both are essential for minimizing risks from weather extremes (O’Brien, 2013). Adaptation actions are important response to climate change as these actions help to reduce the vulnerabilities in the social and biological system (Adger et al. , 2009). One of the major objectives of adaptation measures is to build the resilient in societies to face climate change (Mumtaz et al. , 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Left panel displays the distribution of GluA1 co-localization with TfR, Arf6, or neither marker for sham treated and cLTP conditions. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Synaptic activity alters the endocytosis pathway taken by AMPARs. Representative images for the quantification displayed in Figure 4D, E. Neurons were sham or cLTP treated and imaged for internalized mCherry-GluA1 and either TfR (A) or Arf6-HA (B). cLTP treatment caused an increase in the co-localization between internalized GluA1 and TfR, while co-localization with Arf6 didn't change (arrows indicate co-localizing puncta). (Scale bar = 5 um). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset New model for AMPAR constitutive and activity-dependent recycling. (A) Conventional ‘single-synapse’ AMPAR recycling model. AMPARs exit post-synaptic densities (PSDs) by lateral diffusion and are endocytosed into clathrin-coated pits at sites near PSDs. After, endocytosed AMPARs are sorted into recycling endosomes (REs), the same pathway used by TfR for recycling back to the cell surface, where AMPARs diffuse to and could be trapped in PSDs. An underlying assumption of the model is that AMPAR recycling is restricted to single spines and the endosomal membranes in the spine and dendrite neighboring the spine. Activity during LTP increases AMPAR exocytosis and transport from REs without altering its endocytosis thereby decreasing AMPAR levels in REs. (B) AMPAR recycling model with two AMPAR-recycling pathways under constitutive conditions. Based on evidence in this study, at least two different AMPAR-recycling pathways exist for AMPAR recycling. AMPARs largely recycle through the Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway, which originates at sites near the PSD and endocytose at clathrin- and dynamin-independent sites. This recycling pathway acts to move AMPARs from sites near the PSD to sites distant from the synapse such that AMPARs cannot return via membrane diffusion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: discusses findings from the literature on the economic impact of low carbon energy job creation. 3. 1. Comparing gross job creation of energy technologies and interventions by scale of activity 1a and b, we have collated data from our review on job creation per installed capacity for different life stages of electricity generation technologies: manufacturing (in job-years/GW); construction and installation (in job-years/GW); and operation and maintenance (in jobs/GW). One job-year is one full-time job for one person lasting for a year (Dufo-López, Cristóbal-Monreal and Yusta, 2016). These units show the number of jobs created annually and are used to characterise manufacturing and construction/ installation jobs which are required in the first few years of projects and at a project-level tend to be shorter-term in nature compared to ongoing employment in operation/ maintenance. Operation and maintenance jobs are typically expressed in jobs/MW, as it is assumed that these jobs are more permanent in nature and should last over the lifetime of energy technologies (Ram et al. , 2022). These more granular estimates broken down by technology life stage are only available in a limited range of studies in the literature. 1a and b, we have converted jobs and job-years from the original datasets so they are normalised by GW rather than MW. This helps to aid comparison of the potential volume of jobs created by technology. Most of the documents from which this dataset has been derived estimate direct and/or indirect employment impacts using an analytical approach (see notes to Figures 1a and b). Two studies apply an input-output model, but only estimates from the global analysis of Jacobson et al. (2017) account for direct, indirect and induced jobs. Therefore, the data shown in these figures relates mainly to employment created directly in the activities shown, or in associated supply chains. A number of key observations can be made with respect to this dataset. Firstly, there is a higher level of manufacturing job creation per GW for several types of renewables (including offshore wind, small hydro and solar PV) compared to gas or coal-fired electricity generation (Figure 1a). The average estimate of job-years created per unit of installed capacity is particularly high for offshore wind (16,800 job-years per GW). The potential to make use of high employment factors for manufacturing depends on the presence of a renewables manufacturing base in any given country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: The adaptation practices related to farm production could include: diversification of crop and livestock varieties; changes in the intensity of production; changes in land use practices which entail altering the location of crop and livestock production (land fragmentation); conservation of moisture and nutrients; implementation and intensification of irrigation practices; and changes in timing of farming operations (Ali, 2017). A large number of researches have been conducted on adaptation at farm level with respect to climate change across different disciplines in several countries exploring adaptive behavior and its determinants. Extensive international research on adaptation in agriculture sector to climate change notwithstanding, a limited research has been done in (Abid et al. , 2015). As of now, researches on climate change and agriculture in Pakistan have been exclusively limited to impact of climate change on a particular crop or sectors, however, very limited studies have been conducted towards capacity building of farming community over awareness to effectively respond to the impact of climate change on agriculture sector. The previous studies conducted by various researchers focused on investigating farmers’ attitudes towards climate change risks and adaptation issues (Adimassu and Kessler, 2016) or compared farmers’ perception of climate change with meteorological data (Ayanlade et al. , 2017), however, s little research has been directed at exploring public perception about climate change (Ricart et al. , 2019). Salman et al. (2018) also noted that a series of studies on climate change awareness and adaptation conducted in the past assessed the adaptation behavior of the farmers in different contexts and responses could be pro-active or reactive, depending upon different dynamics like farm production process; insurance; scale and magnitude of the event; the frequency of extreme events and gender of the household head etc. but the investigation of the role of farmers’ perception in adaptation to climate change and policy framework in the context of Pakistan is still lacking, despite being very crucial. Although numerous studies on the impact of climate change on agriculture in the past, however, no consensus exists amongst the researcher on the issue. Majority of the studies report the negative impact of temperature on agriculture. For example, Husnain et al. (2018) reported the negative impact of temperature on agriculture. Ali et al. (2017) found that extreme temperature adversely affects crop production in Pakistan. There is not much known about farmers’ perceptions on climate change in empirical literature (Simelton et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Smaller numbers of AMPARs endocytose at sites distant from the spine via clathrin-coated pits using dynamin. traffic into REs in the same pathway as TfRs. This recycling pathway acts to move AMPARs from distant sites to sites accessible to PSDs so that AMPARs can diffuse into PSDs to balance the loss via the Arf6-dependent recycling pathway. (C) AMPAR recycling after cLTP. Activity-dependent events during cLTP increase AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway, trafficking AMPARs from clathrin-coated pits distant from the stimulated synapse to sites accessible to the stimulated PSD. are transported in the REs with the net effect of trafficking more AMPARs into the stimulated PSD. AMPAR recycling through the Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway continues unchanged after cLTP. (D) AMPAR recycling after cLTD. Similar to what is observed after cLTP, activity-dependent events during cLTP increase AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway except with the net effect of trafficking AMPARs out of PSDs and away from the stimulated spines. AMPAR endocytosis occurs at clathrin-coated pits near stimulated PSD and AMPARs transported in REs away from the cLTD spines and recycling to the cell surface at distant sites. The Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway, shown in (B), is also unchanged during cLTD, and overall traffic AMPARs out of synaptic spines. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Improved co-localization analysis. A. Quantification of the overlap between GluA1 and Arf6. Newly acquired images (examples in Figure 2C) were analyzed to measure the Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr) of GluA1 co-localization with Arf6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 46 ± 0. 04; TC10DN 0. 66 ± 0. 04; TC10CA 0. 31 ± 0. 04 (n= 7-10 cells per group; *p<0. 02 relative to TC10WT; **p<0. 05 relative to TC10WT). B. A second method of analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: individual heat pumps, district heating sourced from heat pumps or biomass, or energy from waste CHP) compared to gas or oil heating. Estimates for employment creation in operation and maintenance (jobs per MWth) are very similar for individual oil, gas, electric and heat pump technologies, but highest for solar thermal and individual biomass heating systems. 3. 2. Comparing gross job creation of energy technologies and interventions by level of investment Figure 2 summarises the evidence identified across 14 studies which estimate the number of gross jobs created per USD million invested for different energy technologies. This represents total investment, across public and private sectors, and is largely based on studies which model estimates of job creation potential using input-output analysis (see notes to Figure 2). Half of the studies account for direct and indirect employment effects only, with the other half representing indirect and induced employment multipliers as well as direct jobs impacts. Employment factors extracted from five documents reviewed capture investment only or mainly in the CIM phase, with a further four studies quantifying jobs per investment in CIM and O&M phases. However, the remaining six studies are unclear on which phase/s are represented. The comparison presented in Figure 2 suggests that renewables or energy efficiency can generate more jobs per US dollars invested than fossil fuel generation or nuclear power. Fossil fuel generation creates five jobs per USD million invested on average across the various studies, compared to eight jobs USD million for nuclear power and 15 jobs USD million for the renewable energy technologies shown in the chart. Building energy efficiency demonstrates the highest job creation potential per level of investment, creating an average of 22 jobs USD million. The relative employment outcomes of investing in higher carbon or low carbon technologies or energy efficiency may reflect a number of factors, including the ratio of spending on local content versus imports, the ratio of spending on labour as opposed to capital, and average wage levels for jobs in particular technology sectors and their supply chains (Pollin and Garrett-Peltier, 2009). The extent to which high employment factors are desirable as a policy objective is a point to which we return later. Lower employment factors for fossil fuel power generation may also be associated with greater market maturity of well established, conventional technologies compared to renewables or energy efficiency. 3. 3. Does a shift to low carbon energy create jobs?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: , 2013); as the focus of previous studies has been on the biological and physical impacts of climate change (Pidgeon and Fischhoff, 2011). The researching on climate awareness has gained momentum in the recent past and remains critical even at present since awareness of the communities in the context of climate change is considered as a means of consolidating their resilience to climate change and climate variability and augmenting systems thereof (Akrofi et al. , 2019). Eliška et al. (2019) also emphasized on the need for further research to investigate the role of public perception of climate change on climate change adaptation; mitigation; and climate policy and communication. In the backdrop of this knowledge deficit across the world in general and Pakistan in particular, the current study has been undertaken to measure the impact of climate change awareness on climate change adaptation and climate change adaptation issues (constraints) and their interactions so as to help the farmers in Pakistan by enhancing their capacity to address the native agricultural issues emerging from global climate change. The statistical analysis of the field data supports the assumptions about positive association between climate change awareness and climate change adaptations (R2=44. 6, B=. 875 and P-value=. 000) and negative interaction between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues (R2=. 318, B=-. 707 and P-value=. 000). The study reveals that more efforts if directed to enhance climate change awareness, through dissemination of authentic and need based information, would significantly help farmers to undertake more relevant, effective and efficient adaptation measures, thereby, contributing to increase the agriculture yield and reduce losses. Whereas, imprudent projection of climate change adaptation issues without proper awareness about the associated dynamics, complexities and implications may petrify the farmers thus, yielding negative ramifications with regards to the outcomes. Materials and change awareness (CCA) Perception transforms the attitude of individuals or societies to take certain actions under particular situations. The knowledge and attitude of individuals play a central role in improving natural environments (Mumtaz et al. , 2019). The new information or situations challenge or change individuals’ initial attitudes (Nazir et al. , 2019). The intentions of an individual to portray a particular behavior, are the central tenet of the ‘theory of planned behavior’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: ancient practices through acoustics 30 April 2018 A unique survey of an ancient Greek sanctuary reveals that buildings and artifacts aren’t necessary to capture the aural heritage of a historical site. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & from of the surrounding Arcadian landscape, with geologist George H. Davis tracing the unusual bedrock formations. Credit: When visiting a deteriorated building or ancient ruin, one may think the place is lifeless. But that is not the case when it comes to sound. Though the energy embedded in a sound dissipates soon after propagation, the conditions for creating that sound are not necessarily lost. Conceivably, a given sound could be experienced today much as it was in the distant past. My first experiment with this concept is under way in Arcadia, Greece, using a combination of binaural recordings and psychoacoustic analysis tools. I am an architect and heritage specialist by training; as a graduate student and architecture and historic preservation professional, I helped to document the ruins of a sanctuary dedicated to Zeus on Mount Lykaion. Ancient worship there started as early as about 1600 BCE at the southern peak of the mountain and grew to include athletic contests and burnt offerings as part of ritual practice. is a prominent peak in Arcadia, and its location ensured that the smoke of offerings could quickly reach heaven-bound Zeus while remaining visible in the surrounding region. Today only the foundations of some of the buildings and structures survive. Almost nothing is known about the daily workings of the site in antiquity besides the uses ascribed to each building. The athletic games took place in a hippodrome and stadium placed on flat terraces about 217 meters below the peak. Those venues were surrounded by a cluster of structures including a stoa (a long, narrow colonnaded building for public gathering, offices, or shops), a fountain house, and an athlete’s corridor to the hippodrome. Acoustic analysis During my initial fieldwork documenting the ruins, I sat still for hours at a time, drawing the cut limestone blocks and foundations around me, while groups of archaeologists and surveyors traversed the site doing their own work. At times I would hear clearly people speaking from 75 meters away, only to lose the thread of their conversation as they moved much closer. I began to wonder: Were those moments of acoustic clarity not simply a product of the irregular limestone mountainscape but also part of the sanctuary’s design for ritual activity?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Estimates of net job creation or destruction at a national or regional scale Global analyses are in broad agreement that the net employment effects of climate change mitigation policy and a low carbon energy transition will be positive, estimating that by 2030 and 2050, more jobs will be created by a shift to low carbon, renewable energy than the number of jobs displaced from decommissioning fossil-fuel power plants (e. g. (ILO, 2019; Jacobson et al. , 2019; IRENA, 2021; Pai et al. , 2021). Nevertheless, key questions for policy makers are how job creation and job destruction will be geographically distributed, and how the impacts of this transition will fall in particular countries and regions at different points in time. 2, we summarise the scope, methods, and findings from 14 studies identified in our review which estimate how decarbonisation in the energy sector affects the overall number of jobs created and displaced at a national and/or regional scale. Taken together, these studies represent evidence from Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Japan and eight European countries (including the UK). Half of the studies in Table 2 focus on the impacts of decarbonisation in the power sector alone, but several studies consider other energy sectors such as heat, transport and industry (Sievers et al. , 2019; Füllemann et al. , 2020; Lee et al. , 2022). An important variation between the studies relates to how they use counterfactuals to calculate net employment impacts. Across the 14 documents, overall job creation or destruction is typically estimated as being net of avoided investment in fossil fuels (either domestic industries or imports), or net of reference (e. g. continuation of current policy) scenarios. In terms of methods, input-output analysis is most commonly used (five studies) followed by CGE models (three studies), including Perrier and Quirion (2018) who combine both model types. Sievers et al. (2019) and Lee et al. (2022) apply a macro-economic and macro-econometric model respectively. Five of the identified documents account for direct, indirect and induced employment; five studies consider direct and indirect but not induced jobs; and two studies estimate direct jobs effects alone[2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: This intention reflects the extent of motivation and effort that an individual will make to project a behavior and is gauged by his attitude toward the behavior; subjective norms; and supposed behavioral control (de Oliveira et al. , 2019). This theoretical perspective is also applicable to climate action, hence, the interventions are aimed at behavioral change through environmental awareness campaigns directed at creating new attitudes and perceptions about a new behavior by altering mediating factors such as knowledge; and social norms (Mumtaz et al. , 2019). Likewise, social cognitive theory, (Bandura, 2001), also postulates that human factors and environmental inﬂuences are all interactive determinants of human behavior. The concept of self-efficacy, involving peoples’ self-conﬁdence about their capacity to perform certain tasks or undertake a particular behavior, is the central idea of the social cognitive theory (de Oliveira et al. , 2019). Malaysia, Mashud et al. (2015) posited that perception, awareness and knowledge of climate change inﬂuence person’s attitude towards climate change and, consequently, pro-environmental behavior. The climate change awareness entails knowledge creation, values development and accepting and transformation of attitudes and building skills and abilities amongst individuals and social groups regarding the issues of climate change with a view to attain a better quality environment (Akinnubi et al. , 2012). The awareness is ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, thoughts, emotions and sensory patterns. Tonn (2007) defines climate change awareness as “the extent that primary producers understand, relate to, and prioritize climate change as a driver of change within bio-agronomic systems”. The other objectives of awareness-raising are information sharing, increasing concerns, stimulating self-mobilization and mobilization of local knowledge and resources (O’Connor et al. , 1999). Leiserowitz (2007) focused on public perception of climate change and stressed the significance of realizing public perception as it can significantly affect future development and policies regarding environment. Doss and Morris (2001) focused on the perceptions of ethnic communities, the way they think and behave in relation to climate change, as well as their values and aspirations, which they argued have a significant role to play in addressing climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Was there a reason I could hear my colleagues so well from the ceremonial seats but not from the public fountain house? Such questions required a new approach to site analysis. I needed a way to consistently compare sonic experience from different recording locations. As an architect, I wanted to see the results visually as well as experience them aurally. A satellite view of the site showing the locations of select speakers (large circles) and microphones (small circles) used for acoustic analysis. Zoom in or out to explore the site, and click on points of interest to view photos. Credit: In my work I have employed a binaural recording and analysis system developed by HEAD acoustics in my work. The portable SQobold binaural recording system has microphones in the earpieces of what otherwise looks like a pair of headphones. Its recordings capture a near-perfect impression of one’s sonic experience, from the direction of specific sounds to the subtle reflections off one’s shoulders. The system also records a bounty of data, from actual decibel levels to psychoacoustic measurements such as perceived loudness and sharpness. Those measurements can later be analyzed, visualized, and compared. Click on each label to hear the differences at various locations. All the recordings capture an identical series of sentences (click here for translation from German) projected from a speaker located at the central red dot. The recordings are set to the same volume relative to each other; depending on your playback settings, the absolute levels may be different from the original recordings, but the differences you perceive between the recordings maintain those heard in the field as well. Headphones recommended. Credit: Data from Pamela Jordan; map by Providing comparable measurements requires identical conditions to be recorded. To achieve this on-site, I set up a speaker at human height in a predetermined location—for instance, at the entrance of an ancient building or on a prominent overlook. The speaker plays recorded sounds at a set volume. Wearing the SQobold headset, I then make recordings of how those sounds reach various points of interest around the site. I note meteorological data such as wind velocity, temperature, and relative humidity, as those variables may affect sound propagation and perception. I then move the speaker to another location, and repeat the process. So far, more than 700 recordings have been collected, with about 200 of human speech.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: The documents reviewed in Table 2 address the net employment impact of climate change mitigation or decarbonisation scenarios over the next one to three decades, achieving higher shares or capacities of renewable energy and/ or substituting fossil fuels with renewables and energy efficiency. Nine of the 14 studies conclude that, at a national scale, there is likely to be positive net job creation overall from replacing fossil fuels with renewables energy efficiency or as a result of energy sector decarbonisation. Whilst some of these additional jobs are relatively short term since they relate to the construction and installation phase, Arvanitopoulos and Agnolucci (2020) find that in the UK, there is still likely to be an increase in overall jobs in the long term. Perrier and Quirion (2018) observe that both an input-output and CGE model generate positive net employment outcomes in France for a €1 billion investment in solar PV installation or building weatherisation. Three studies find that a mixture of job creation and displacement effects could result in China, India and Italy respectively (Cai et al. , 2017; Mu et al. , 2018; Sharma and Banerjee, 2021). Mu et al. (2018) model alternative ways of financing a feed-in tariff in China to attain a 1 Terawatt-hour (TWh) expansion target for solar PV and wind power. These lead to direct and indirect job creation but induced job losses, with net job creation arising overall in three scenarios and modest net job destruction in one scenario for wind power compared to a reference scenario. Two studies report overall net job destruction or indicate a significant risk of such an outcome (Baran, Szpor and Witajewski-Baltvilks, 2020; et al. , 2021). et al. (2021)’s CGE model analysis concludes that power sector decarbonisation in Argentina could cause a small proportion of job losses across the economy (-0. 5 to -0. 7%), and that net job creation in energy, construction and manufacturing would be offset by job destruction in other economic sectors. Additionally, significant structural change would be implied within the energy sector due to the fast decline of fossil fuels and rapid growth of low carbon power generation (Ibid. ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: In recent years, numerous research initiatives have described the gap between environmental awareness, knowledge, and real presentation of pro-environmental behavior (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). However, question arises now as how to address the problems with fundamental awareness and knowledge relatively less pronounced (O’Connor et al. , 1999; Lorenzoni and Pidgeon, 2006; Whitmarsh and Lorenzoni, 2010). Increased climate change awareness in Pakistan could help in preparing and implementing climate change adaptation strategy (Shahid, 2012). It is anticipated that most of the people are aware of climate change phenomenon, but awareness about the impacts of same and urgency of the matter is low. Lack of awareness ultimately leads toward no or little effort to drive the change. There is lack of access/knowledge of effective platform where their voices can be heard/actions can be generated (UNEP, 2006). The awareness raising campaign results into increased awareness of climate change impacts, support, impact assessment, adaptive policy formation, enhance adaptive capacity, indigenous solution and reduced vulnerability. There are various forms of media which help disseminating the message i. e. newspapers, internet, and television (Sampei and Usui, 2009; Arlt et al. , 2011). Madobi (2012) observed that one of the commitments made by the parties under the in 1231. 796 CCA1. 761 df 21 CCA2. 682 Sig. . 000 CCA3. 654 Required CCA4. 702 KMO test = or >. 7 Computed CCA5. 544 Bartlett’s test = or <. 05. 779 CCA6. 774 = or >. 4. 000 CCA7. 593 Table 3: Validity statistics on climate-change adaptation. KMO and Bartlett's Kaiser-Meyer-of Sampling Adequacy. . 849 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1877. 526 CCAD 1. 812 df 10 CCAD 2. 837 Sig. . 000 CCAD 3. 870 Required CCAD 4. 850 KMO test = or >. 7 Computed CCAD 5. 883 Bartlett’s test = or <. 05. 849 = or >. 4. 000 Table 4: Validity statistics on climate-change adaptation issues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control sounds include a popped balloon, a sinusoidal sweep, and a series of pure tones randomized within the human hearing range. Selective hearing Detailed analysis of the recordings is just beginning, but already some interesting patterns are emerging. First, I have confirmed that a hill in the middle of the sanctuary is an exceptional location for people to both hear and communicate with others across the site. If a person were to stand on a specific spot about a third of the way up the hill, he or she could speak with someone located in the middle of the hippodrome below (around 100 meters away and 25 meters lower in elevation) or in the seats (around 90 meters away and 5 meters lower in elevation). In contrast, the athlete baths and the public fountain houses are essentially cut off acoustically from the majority of the site. The proposed processional way—an easily traversable ridgeline that points from the hippodrome toward the altar above—has also proved to be an intriguing acoustic feature. I have found that, surprisingly, sounds emanating from the ridgeline are not heard very clearly through most of the site. To reach a wider audience, a speaker could move a few meters downhill of the ridgeline. However, equally surprisingly, a listener at the altar can faintly discern sounds from the ridgeline 570 meters away, despite a difference of 187 meters in elevation. What do these types of relationships tell us at a site where the buildings are so thoroughly in ruins? First, the acoustics give an indication of how sound traveled at the site. That is relevant information: Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of the hippodrome dating back to approximately the fifth century BCE and the lower sanctuary from the seventh century BCE, which indicates 100–300 years of ritual use before the visible stone buildings were permanently erected. Details such as where announcements could best be made, how well a hypothetical procession to the altar could be heard, or where to find the best natural seats for spectating can provide information about daily use on par with microscopy of sedimentary levels. The acoustics work also locates potential new areas for further study—archaeologists may be able to find items that ancient spectators dropped in the seating area, for example. Acoustic research also might provide insight into the logic of building placements.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: (2019) investigate a low carbon transition scenario across the energy system using a macroeconomic model and an economic impact assessment model; their approach includes a regional breakdown of employment impacts. While the study finds that a low carbon energy transition could create around 1% more jobs in total nationally from 2010 to 2030, northern and eastern German states would likely gain the most economically given their high suitability of locations for siting renewable energy, and that they are less affected by the phase out of fossil fuel power plants. 3. 4. Economic impacts of net job creation or destruction at a country or regional scale The evidence reviewed in Sections 3. 1 and 3. 2 indicates that renewables and energy efficiency can generate more jobs than fossil fuels for the same level of investment. It does not automatically follow, however, that prioritising investment in these technologies will result in higher employment for any given national economy in the long-term. Investing in options with higher job multipliers such as certain renewable energy CIM activities or installing building energy efficiency interventions makes sense in a depressed economy in which aggregate demand is low compared to potential supply of goods and services (creating a so-called “Keynesian output gap”). In such a context stimulating additional employment in labour-intensive sectors is very likely to lead to higher overall employment (Blyth et al. , 2014). While the circumstances around the COVID-19 economic recession and the 2009 financial crisis are very different, evidence from the 2009 crisis indicates that the green measures (e. g. in renewable energy infrastructure) forming part of the recovery stimulus created more jobs than conventional stimulus measures (Allan et al. , 2020). The CCC recommend that in the short term, “green stimulus policies can be economically advantageous compared to traditional fiscal stimuli. They tend to have higher short run multipliers and higher numbers of jobs created” (CCC, 2020, p. 141). Domestic construction projects such as insulation retrofits or building wind turbines may be particularly favourable and less prone to offshoring services overseas. In comparison to the renewable energy CIM phase, employment in the operation and maintenance of renewable power generation technologies is typically more permanent, with potential to last over technology lifetimes (Ram et al. , 2022). There is a debate in the literature identified in our review around the extent to which policies supporting renewable energy may contribute to longer term economic growth, notwithstanding short-term employment and growth benefits (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: This table is self-explanatory, therefore, there is no need to further interpret the table. Table 6: Descriptive statistics. N Min. Max. Mean Std. deviation Climate change awareness 595 1. 80 4. 80 3. 7906. 66690 CC Adaptation 595 1. 40 5. 00 3. 9566. 87375 CCAD Issues 595 1. 00 5. 00 2. 6017. 83679 The table above provides the information about the descriptions of the research variables concerning the total sample size, the minimum and maximum responses rate of the respondents, their mean and standard deviation. This table is also self-explanatory thus, there is no need to further interpret the table. Testing of hypotheses H1: CAA is significantly associated with CCAD and 7: Correlation analysis. Climate change awareness Climate change adaptation Climate change adaptation Pearson correlation. 668** 1 Sig. (2-tailed). 000 N 595 595 Climate change adaptation Correlation -. 564** -. 870** Sig. (2-tailed). 000. 000 N 595 595 **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). The hypothesis # 1 is substantiated with the positive significant statistics linking climate change awareness with climate change adaptation (R=. 668 and P-value=. 000) and adverse results about the relationship between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues. The results show that climate change adaptation issues are negatively and significantly associated with the climate change awareness (R = -. 564 and P-values =. 000) as also climate change adaptation issues are negatively and significantly associated with the climate change adaptation (R = -. 870 and P-values =. 000). Therefore, from the results of correlation about the association among the research variables, the first hypothesis is accepted. H2: CCA significantly and positively predicts CCAD (Positive Prediction) The hypothesis # 2 stands true with R square of (. 446) and Beta-weight of. 875 showing the positive prediction of climate change adaptation by climate change awareness. Meaning that there is 45% variance in the climate change adaptation is due to the climate change awareness. Moreover, the coefficient of regression table shows the significant impact of climate change awareness on the climate change adaptation (Beta =. 875 and P-value =. 000). Therefore, from the results, the hypothesis # is also accepted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Is it simple happenstance that the administrative building, which was not necessarily open to the public, has few acoustic relationships to other locations around the site, while the central and public seats, which once held life-size statues and names of previous athletic victors, appear very well connected acoustically? Could the seats in fact have played a prominent role in ritual practice? If only a few weeks of study provided me with notions of where certain activities might have taken place, one can imagine what ancient architects could have done knowing the usage practices of the area for hundreds of years. Next steps Much work remains to compare and understand all of the recordings I’ve gathered. The most popular acoustic tools for analyzing a space, such as the Index, either are designed for interior applications where the geometries and materials are known, are insufficient for complex outdoor environments, or do not consider human perception specifically. That’s why I’m turning to the analysis, a powerful tool that analyzes a sound by integrating the complex components to human hearing. At the site, there are locations where sound between two points can be perceived differently in one direction versus the other. In the top recording, a microphone captures sound at point B1 (the small hill) projected from a speaker at B2 (at the starting blocks inside the hippodrome) 143 meters away. The bottom recording represents the reverse: what is perceived of the same file at B2 when projected from B1. The spectographs depict a analysis, representing human sound perception, that includes the ability to filter out wind and other background sounds. The vertical axis represents the frequency in hertz. The horizontal axis represents time in seconds. The color intensities represent the pressure in compressed pascals (related to perceived loudness); yellow is perceived the most intensely. Click here for the text translation. Credit: Data/map from Pamela Jordan; videos by Human hearing is not absolute, but rather context dependent in space, time, and experience. For instance, your reactions to a child screaming next to you in a playground versus on a crowded bus will likely be different. Music played at a concert may seem disturbingly loud to a person who has never attended such an event before, but not to a seasoned concertgoer. Human hearing also depends heavily on pattern recognition in perceiving and differentiating foreground and background sounds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: These include: temporal misalignments between the pace and scale of job losses and the rate and capacity of job gains required to compensate them; geographic misalignments between the location of new jobs and the regions in which displaced workers live; skills and job role misalignments between outgoing and incoming energy industries; and value chain misalignments as transitions away from fossil fuels create a shift from conventional mining and fuel extraction to sourcing of renewable energy components and materials (Ibid. ). 5. ConclusionsIn this paper we present findings from a systematic literature review on job creation, quality, and skills in the energy sector, focusing on a shift to renewable energy and energy efficiency. The international literature has revealed that various methods and units are used to estimate the quantity of low carbon energy job creation. In general, much greater standardisation of methods would be desirable in order to compare how many jobs could be created by transitioning to low carbon energy and deploying energy efficiency at a range of scales – from individual projects, through to regional, national and global. Our findings also underline a relative lack of metrics and data in the literature on job quality, skills, and the geographic distribution of employment impacts in decarbonising energy systems, and these should be priority areas for further research. We compare a range of recent gross job creation estimates which indicate that overall, investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency can deliver more jobs than gas or coal power generation. This finding is consistently supported across a range of different job creation metrics and when focusing on different technology life stages, i. e. manufacturing, construction and installation, operation and maintenance. This suggests that policies supporting renewables and energy efficiency may lead to net job creation compared to the counterfactual of jobs which may otherwise have been created by investing in fossil fuels. Gross jobs per USD million invested are found to be highest on average for wind power and building energy efficiency interventions, across 14 studies reviewed. Caution should be applied to interpreting data on gross employment per level of investment for any given technology, which may be indicative of various factors including relative technological maturity, share of spending on local content or imports, share of spending on labour (versus capital) and average salary levels. We identify 14 recent additional studies which estimate the net employment effects of decarbonising part or all of the energy sector at a national scale. These national studies largely agree that the most likely outcome over the next few decades is a modest net positive creation of jobs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: H3: CCADI is significantly and negatively explained by CCA (Negative Prediction). In hypothesis # 3, negative relation between the climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues were tested, which is powerfully substantiated by R square of. 318 and Beta-weight of -. 707. It means that 32% variance in the climate Table 8: Regression analysis. square Std. error of the estimate F Sig. 1. 668a. 446. 445. 65070 478. 011. 000b t Sig. B Std. error Beta 1 (Constant). 639. 154 4. 146. 000 Awareness. 875. 040. 668 21. 863. 000 a. Predictors: Climate change awareness; b. Dependent: Climate change adaptation. Table 9: Regression analysis. Model summary square Std. Error of the Sig. 1. 564a. 318. 317. 69181 276. 068. 000b t Sig. B Std. 1 (Constant) 5. 282. 164 32. 247. 000 Awareness -. 707. 043 -. 564 -16. 615. 000 a. Predictors: climate change awareness; b. Dependent: climate change adaptation issues. change adaptation issues is due to the climate change awareness. Similarly, coefficient of regression provides significant information in deciding the negative prediction (Beta = -. 707 and P-value =. 000). Therefore, hypothesis # 3 is also verified. The next section entails discussions, conclusions and implications of the study. Conclusions and climate change awareness helps in providing the dynamic knowledge about the values development; transformation and acceptance; and involves knowledge creation thereby assisting the individuals in building and shaping their abilities, knowledge, skills and attitudes (Kollmuss and Agyeman, 2002). It further helps the individuals in social groups about the climate change issues with an aim to manage better quality environment concerning climate change (Lorenzoni and Pidgeon, 2006). In this connection, various researchers provide theoretical and statistical evidences, in defining existing gap between actual staging of pro-environmental behavior and environmental knowledge and awareness (Patt and Schröter, 2008). Similarly, aadaptation to climate change includes variations in managing agricultural practices in reaction to variations in climate situations (Bryan and Behrman, 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: That is why we can still hear a friend speak while walking down a busy street at rush hour; we are able to tune out the traffic and focus on the pattern of language instead. This effect can vary somewhat depending on the frequency of the sound. Approach tool incorporates all those special features of the human auditory experience and produces visualizations that accurately depict human experience rather than absolute acoustic conditions. For instance, a typical spectrogram of a field recording will show a great deal of activity at low frequencies due to wind. It might appear as if the wind accounts for all the sound in the area. However, a analysis of the same recording integrates the natural wind filter present in human hearing. Its spectrograms depict the relative intensity of sounds we might be more likely to hear, such as speech. And since human hearing physiology has not changed significantly since antiquity, what is heard today can be measured as a representation of the past as well. Sound can provide an entirely new way to look at a place, to experience the present as a direct reflection of the past. It is important to note that with my research I am not attempting to answer how the ancient soundscape was interpreted or what it meant to the original users. That continues to be the purview of archaeologists and historians. Rather, I am striving to expand our ideas of what constitutes operative heritage and to provide a new way to experience that history. Researchers and the public may soon be able to step into the past by listening to historic remnants rather than simply looking at them. () is an Amsterdam-based architect, heritage specialist, and research fellow investigating acoustics in historic preservation. Her research was made possible by funding from the the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and field research assistance from Simon Villegas. She extends additional thanks to the village of Ano Karyes, the Mt. , and the Ephoreia of the Ministry of Culture. Approximate translation of the German: “We listen to the splashing stream. He wins six games in a row. A little boy was the winner. The burden was too high. Now, the foundations are being laid. The house does not have any garden. They give standing ovations. The day after tomorrow we drive away. I am looking forward to the meal. Nevertheless nobody got full. " (text excerpted from the Göttinger Satztest/Sentence Test) Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Output: pass