Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: In general, accident is a subject matter of multiple disciplines. For instance, forensics studies the forensic mechanism of road accidents or human as a source of danger (Korma, 2006). Nevertheless, all authors recognize a road accident as an event. This interpretation emphasizes road accidents as a cause of further criminal procedure. However, it fails to disclose the essence of this phenomenon. Besides, accident alone does not necessarily result in a criminal procedure, since the latter require filing a case. The case is the legal fact that actually triggers a criminal procedure. Secondly, criminal law does not use the concept of the subject matter of criminal justice response; instead, the term it uses is ‘act’. Traffic accident is recognized as an event in criminal law literature; however, the interpretation is different. Road accident is defined as “an event that disrupts traffic, results from the loss of control over a vehicle, and is associated with human toll and damages. ” (Lukyanov, 1983, p. 34). Without criticizing this definition (in particular the fact that it incorporates loss of control, i. e. , a timeframe of uncontrollability, etc. ), we’d like to note that (a) it interprets a road accident as a traffic disruption, and (b) renders it as an umbrella term that incorporates traffic crime. In criminal law, accident as such has no significance; in the crime-accident relation, crime is a part and accident is the whole. In other words, criminal law highlights the relations between the combination of circumstances (or elements of a single object) and the linkage that unites such circumstances and complements their combination with new, integrative properties and patterns that are not inherent in such circumstances in their diversity. With this in mind, it seems acceptable to investigate the mechanism of accidents as the basis for further research of the mechanism behind AV-involving traffic crimes (so far, Russian criminal law does not identify such acts). In criminology, traffic crime mechanism is interpreted as the interaction and interconnection of the driver and the machinery/information/situation (external factors), all of which determine the driver’s behavior and cause a violation of traffic rules (Belokobylskiy & Chuchayev, 1991). Traffic crime mechanism comprises the following constituents: the driver, the vehicle, information system, and situation (Shemyakin, 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: If several pathways led to selectively equivalent outcomes, how many of the mutations would be common to all pathways? How many different genes could evolve to replace the β-galactosidase function encoded by lacZ? The answers to several of those questions are now known. Selection for spontaneous lactose utilizing mutants from ΔlacZ ebgR− (constitutive) strains always results in mutations in ebgA[10]; thus within the limits of this experimental system there is only one gene that can evolve to replace lacZ. Among hundreds of independent ebg+ mutants, selection has produced only two classes of ebg+ mutants [10]. mutants grow well on lactose with a first order growth rate constant of 0. 4 h−1, while Class II mutants grow more slowly, with a rate constant of 0. 2 h−1 on lactose [11]. I mutants have a G→A mutation in ebgA that results in an Asp-92→Asn substitution, while all Class II mutants have a G→(T or C) mutation in ebgA that results in a Trp-977→Cys substitution [5, 10]. Class II mutants differ from in two respects: (1) they grow more slowly than mutants on lactose (galactosyl-β-1,4-d-glucose), and (2) they grow well (0. 26 h−1) on lactulose (galactosyl-β-1,4-d-fructose), while mutants do not grow on lactulose at all [11]. When selection for lactulose utilization is applied to the parent strain, only Class II mutants are detected [5, 10]. Ebg enzymes, both wild-type and mutant, have been purified and characterized in terms of catalytic constants on a variety of β-galactoside sugars [12](Table 1). The growth properties of the two classes are entirely consistent with the catalytic properties of the corresponding enzymes. In addition to the substrates in Table 1, the wild-type enzyme was assayed for activity toward all of the β-galactoside sugars that were commercially available at the time, and none were hydrolyzed even as effectively as lactose, nor did any of those substrates serve as effective inducers of the wild-type operon (Hall, unpublished results).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 유산균은 전통적으로 오랜 기간 동안 김치, 발효유, 젖갈, 장류, 치즈 등 다양한 발효식품의 제조에 이용되어 왔기 때문에 일반적으로 안전하다고 인식되는 미생물(GRAS, generally recognized as safe)로 간주되고 있다. 최근 학계와 산업체에서는 β-glucosidase 활성이 높고 GS의 전환능이 우수한 다양한 종류의 유산균들을 이용하여 고분자 GS를 생리활성이 뛰어나고 생체 흡수율이 높은 compound K(CK)로 전환시키는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: All of them are present in road accidents, too. All the authors that researched the mechanism of crime in general and the mechanism of traffic crime in particular highlighted the driver (personality) as the core element of such crime. Here, we should mind the definition: an autonomous vehicle is a one that is capable of self-driving. In general, ‘conventional’ vehicles constitute a monocomponent human-machine system, i. e. its objects are involved in all kinds of interaction, but it is human that guides such interaction. Thus, it may seem first that the personality factor is part of traffic crime etiology. The problem is that AVs are essentially designed to be self-driving, i. e. to plot their route and control their speed using data their software receives from the Internet, traffic scans, traffic lights, etc. Humans are only involved in the development of such software. Therefore, traffic safety may be jeopardized before travel if automated systems are not duly developed and tested. That means the personality factor is no longer a part of the traffic crime mechanism, which should be borne in mind when criminalizing the core act: making of poorly programmed software rather than traffic violations. It should be borne in mind that the manufacturer or the software developer might insist on timely full or partial software updates. Shall the vehicle operator/owner ignore this requirement, then human factor applies as part of the road accident mechanism. Perhaps this should be interpreted as failure to comply with passive safety requirements, which cover the structural, technological, and operating vehicle properties intended to prevent or mitigate road accidents. We believe that this should also be included in criminal law as an independent element of offence. The information system is a fundamental component of the road accident mechanism (Hamida et al. , 2015; Lemann, 2019; Vellinga, 2017). In case of self-driving cars, it functions both as an information system as such, and as a driver. The system ensures that the vehicle operates safely by providing two independent arrays of data: external data, which the driver receives personally while driving by monitoring the information model, the traffic lights, etc. ; and internal data stored in the memory. The information system assists the safety ‘hardware’, i. e. fully operational assemblies and components, to ensure that the vehicle operates normally. This is why the theory of reliability identifies two aspects of accident-free transport operation: hardware and software.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, activity of the wild-type enzyme toward O-nitrophenyl and P-nitrophenyl d-fucosides and l-arabinosides was only 1–2% of its activity toward the corresponding galactosides [12]. Although the natural function of Ebg enzyme probably does involve hydrolysis of a β-galactoside sugar, the natural substrate remains unknown. 1 Open in new tab Kinetic properties of Ebg and LacZ β-galactosidases EnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedEnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: PPD계 Rb1, Rb2, Rc는 Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Provotella oris 등의 장내세균이 생산하는 β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase, α-arabinopyranosidase의 작용에 의해 당이 분해되어 CK로 전환 되고(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2002a; Bae et al. , 2002b; Hasegawa et al. , 2000; Kim, 2009), PPT계는 Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium 등이 생산하는 α-rhamnosidase와 β-glucosidase에 의해 Rh1 또는 protopanaxatriol로 전환된다고 보고되었다(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2005). PPD계 GS는 위에서 분해되지 않고 장내세균에 의해 CK로 대사되어 체내로 흡수된다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Software-associated safety stems from error-free condition of software and other data arrays, which enables the vehicle to operate as required given the circumstances and data array parameters specified in the data sheets (Ljungholm, 2019). The information system of an AV can fail as a result of: (1) data-associated failure, an event that consists in hardware malfunction arising from errors in data arrays that resulted from incorrect data collection or the use of hardware reliant on such data; (2) loss of data due to hardware failure; (3) data error due to incorrect interpretation of, for example, traffic lights. Experiments have shown that traffic sign scans might contain errors that will jeopardize further decision-making. For the etiology of traffic crime, the so-called uncertainty is of utmost significance; the terms refers to a specific state of the information system arising from external circumstances such as change in weather, intransitive behavior of the operator, etc. Uncertainly is classified into three types: (1) uncertainty of the situation, in which the system needs to make a decision; (2) uncertainty of the requirements to be followed in decision-making; (3) uncertainty or randomness of the decision itself. This applies to autonomous vehicles, too. In that case, uncertainty of the situation is particularly important, as it exists objectively and stems from multiple circumstances including incomplete data on external influences, natural limitations, the properties of car systems and assemblies, etc. This uncertainty is descriptive of the situation that led to a traffic accident. Scientifically, the concept of situation remains disputable; researchers continue to debate not only the definition, but also the properties of situation (Dubovik, 1977). We believe that a road accident situation should be defined as the total of objective external circumstances, under which autonomous vehicles operate. Different types of situations are essentially different combinations of such circumstances. Criminologists identify three properties of situation: criminogenesis, cumulative, and conflict (Dubovik, 1977). Strictly speaking, these properties do not apply universally. That is easy to see by analyzing neutral situations, even more so by investigating obstructive situations. In other cases, only some constituents of a situation will be criminogenic. Besides, being a dynamic process, the situation can in fact mitigate some of the hazards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedData on Ebg β-galactosidase from [12]. Data on LacZ β-galactosidase from Hall, unpublished results. Kcat: moles of substrate hydrolyzed per second per mole of enzyme at 37°C. Km: mM substrate. Growth rate: h−1 at 37°C. 1 Open in new tab Kinetic properties of Ebg and LacZ β-galactosidases EnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: 최근의 보고에 의하면 유산균 대사산물과 사균체도 다양한 생리활성을 발휘하는 것으로 입증되어 프로바이오틱스의 개념이 사균체와 대사산물의 영역까지 확대되고 있으므로, 발효인삼의 제조에 생물전환능이 우수한 유산균을 활용함으로써 안전한 스타터로서의 이용뿐만 아니라, GS 유효성분의 함량 증가 및 흡수율 개선, 유산균의 건강기능성 효과, 관능성 개선 등의 상승효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: We believe that the situation properties are as follows: (1) specificity: a situation exists within a specific spacetime rather than universally; (2) systematicity and reproducibility, which enable defining the situation in the future by applying gnosiology and logic. However, it should be borne in mind that a situation does not reoccur in full; rather, only its general pattern reproduces itself in future situations. In other words, there arise the so-called relative situations; (3) informativity, i. e. the ability to carry sufficient information on the actual status of the environment; (4) the ability to capture the factors that could be further used to prevent adverse outcomes. development and adoption of autonomous vehicles, on the one hand, calls for advanced research of AV-involving road accident mechanisms to solve some potential problems of criminology, criminal law, and forensics; on the other hand, this is a challenging issue unless there is made an AV safety breach map that will also cover possible outside interference including tampering with the software or meddling with the road infrastructure, etc. We believe that in the current state of the art, focus should be made on researching the accident (crime) mechanism in general, further joining forces with AV design and engineering specialists to see which roles the AV components have to play in crime etiology. 6158. 124. [In Russ. ]. Dubovik, O. L. (1977). Prinyatiye resheniya v mekhanizme prestupnogo povedeniya i individualnaya profilaktika prestupleny [Decision-making as part of crime mechanism and case-by-case crime prevention]. Moscow: of the Academy of the. [In Russ. ]. Hamida, E. , Noura, H. , & Znaidi, W. (2015). Security of Transport Systems: Standards,. Electronics, 4, 380-423. Ishchenko, Ye. P. , Korma, V. D. , Chuchayev, A. I. , & Eminov, V. Ye. (2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedEnzymeLactoseLactuloseGalactosyl-arabinoseLactobionateWild-typeKcat1. 460. 620. 12no detectable activityKm15018064Kcat/Km0. 00920. 00350. 0019Growth rate0000Class IKcat8. 20. 160. 43no detectable activityKm223413. 9Kcat/Km0. 370. 00480. 029Growth rate0. 400. 030Class IIKcat5. 44. 30. 82no detectable activityKm592625Kcat/Km0. 0910. 170. 033Growth rate0. 190. 260. 020Class IVKcat3. 40. 991. 70. 24Km0. 827. 93. 015. 4Kcat/Km4. 20. 130. 560. 015Growth rate0. 370. 0180. 0130Class VKcat1. 40. 490. 800. 85Km0. 696. 54. 93. 0Kcat/Km1. 950. 0760. 160. 28Growth rate0. 180. 10. 070. 2LacZKcat15019. 637. 5not determinedKm1. 211. 450. 62not determinedKcat/Km12413. 560. 5not determinedData on Ebg β-galactosidase from [12]. Data on LacZ β-galactosidase from Hall, unpublished results. Kcat: moles of substrate hydrolyzed per second per mole of enzyme at 37°C. Km: mM substrate. Growth rate: h−1 at 37°C. II mutants utilized lactulose, but mutants did not, selection for lactulose utilization was applied to mutants. The resulting double mutants, designated Class IV, grew slightly slower than on lactose (0. 37 h−1), and somewhat slower than Class II on lactulose (0. 18 h−1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12562026 Export as PDF Can taking probiotics ('friendly' bacteria) improve metabolic health and wellbeing in people who are overweight or obese? Share on on on Submission date 04/03/2019 Registration date 12/03/2019 Last edited 19/05/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Nutritional, Metabolic, registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsProbiotics are ‘friendly bacteria’ that are known to improve health in human beings by, amongst other ways, interacting with the bacteria that already live in the gut. The aim of this study is to see if the daily consumption of a probiotic supplement can improve metabolism and general wellbeing in overweight and obese people. Who can participate? Adults aged between 30 to 65 years with a waist circumference of >89 cm (women) or >100 cm (men) and a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 34. 9. What does the study involve? The study is called a double-blind study which means that participants will be randomly assigned to take a capsule containing either the active product (the probiotic) or an identical inactive product (the placebo) every day for 180 days. There will be an equal chance for the participant to be assigned to take active or placebo with neither the participant or research staff aware of who is taking what. During the trial, the participants will also be asked to complete a series of questionnaires (relating to their general well-being and health) and provide blood samples and stool samples (optional) at beginning and end of trial. After enrolment to the study, participants are asked to complete a general wellbeing questionnaire, undergo body measurements (e. g. weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure), provide a fasting blood sample and a stool sample (which is optional and may be done at home if necessary). Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive capsules containing either the placebo (dummy) or probiotic that are to be taken every day for the following 180 days. During the study, participants will also be asked to record the occurrence of any symptoms they experience on a symptom diary and revisit the trial centre on day 90 and the end of the study (day 180) in order to complete wellbeing questionnaires, undergo body measurements and provide blood and/or stool samples.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: They clearly constitute a new class with properties distinct from both the parent mutants and from the Class II mutants. Genetic analysis suggested, and later sequencing confirmed, that Class IV mutants were simply Class I-Class II double mutants. The two mutations were clearly not simply additive in their effects, either in terms of growth or in terms of the catalytic properties of the enzymes (Table 1). In terms of the range of sugars utilized, Class IV mutants grew modestly well on galactosyl-arabinose, while both I grew extremely slowly, at 0. 02–0. 03 h−1, which corresponds to a doubling time of 1 to 1. 5 days. As would be expected, when Class II mutants were subjected to selection for growth on galactosyl-arabinose Class IV mutants resulted [13]. In vitro purified Class IV enzyme exhibited detectable activity toward a fourth β-galactoside sugar, lactobionate (galactosyl-β-1,4-gluconate), whereas no activity was detectable either in the wild-type or in or Class II mutant enzymes [12](Table 1). IV activity toward lactobionate was insufficient for growth, so selection for lactobionate utilization was applied to a Class IV strain and lactobionate utilizing mutants, designated Class V, were obtained [11]. V enzyme showed considerable improvement in activity toward lactobionate, but that activity came at the expense of decreased activity toward the other three substrates [12]. Class IV mutants exhibited one additional truly novel activity. In order for or Class II mutants to utilize lactose or lactulose, IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) must be present as a gratuitous inducer of the lacY lactose permease gene. IPTG is required because lactose is not itself an inducer of the lac operon and must be converted to allolactose, the natural inducer, by the transgalactosylation activity of lacZβ-galactosidase [14]. I nor Class II Ebg enzymes have the required transgalactosylation activity. Class IV mutants can convert lactose to an inducer of the lac operon, and thus have a novel transgalactosylation activity [15, 16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: At the end of the study, scientists will use the information and samples collected to determine if there was any benefit to taking the probiotic supplement. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? It is considered that the daily intake of the probiotics will improve quality of life and wellbeing and will also provide benefits related to metabolism (all the chemical processes that occur within the human body in order to maintain life) although, due to the chance that the participant may receive the placebo, it is perceived that these benefits will be confined to the participants who are randomly assigned the intervention. Participation in the study will bring more information and will improve our understanding of the benefits of daily probiotic supplementation. There have been no adverse reactions associated with the probiotic product but participants may experience mild side effects such as a change in bowel habit and/ or increased flatulence (intestinal gas) during the first few days of taking the supplement. Where is the study run from? The trial is managed and will take place at the 'Comac Medical' in Sofia, Bulgaria. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2017 to July 2018Who is funding the study? (UK)Who is the main contact? Michael darynm@cultech. co. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details Unit 2 12 7BZ 01639 825100 darynm@cultech. co. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers _Version 0. 1 Study information Scientific title The impact of PMetabolic status And GENeral well-being in an overweight population () hypothesis Daily probotic supplementation would positively benefit metabolic status and general well-being. Ethics approval(s) Approved 21/06/2017 Ethics committee at MC "Comac Medical" (Business Centre, 38 (5th floor), Manastirski Livadi, West 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria; +359 2 892 10 00; clients@comac-medical. com), ref: 112/20. 06/2017 Study design Single-centre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group study Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use contact details to request participant information sheet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Selections for growth using different β-galactoside sugars which produced these proteins are summarized in Fig. 1. 1Pathway for evolution of Ebg operon. Open in new tabDownload slide 2 Analysis of catalysis and his colleagues have studied the mechanisms of catalysis, including the transition state structure and constructed free energy profiles, for the wild-type enzyme (Ebg0), enzyme (Ebga), Class II enzyme (Ebgb), two different Class IV enzymes (Ebgab and Ebgabcd) and the enzyme (Ebgabcde) [17–23]. IV enzymes consist of two subclasses, Ebgab and Ebgabcd, and require some explanation. In addition to the two mutations that are found in all Class IV enzymes, one of the Class IV mutants carried two mutations that apparently occurred simultaneously with the Class II mutation. One mutation was Ser-979→Gly in the large α subunit, and the other was Glu-93→Lys in the small ebgC encoded β subunit. Those changes were kinetically silent with respect to the substrates in Table 1. enzyme was, however, the parent of the enzyme that permitted lactobionate utilization. Ebg utilizes the simple double displacement mechanism shown below where X represents the aglycone group and · represents a covalent bond between the enzyme and substrate: The enzyme first binds the galactose moiety of the substrate, then the bond between the galactose moiety and the aglycone is broken and the aglycone is displaced (released), and finally the bond between the enzyme and galactose is hydrolyzed and the galactose is displaced. Detailed kinetic analyses showed that the two additional amino acid substitutions present in the Ebgabcd enzymes were not only not kinetically silent, they were essential to the evolution of the lactobionate hydrolyzing Ebgabcde enzyme. The substitutions in Ebgab decreased the rate of the final step, degalactosylation of the E·β-Gal intermediate, about 40-fold relative to the wild-type enzyme [20]. The presence of the two additional substitutions in Ebgabcd enzyme increased the degalactosylation rate by 2. 2-fold so that the rate was only 18-fold below the wild-type rate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: of probiotic supplementation on healthy overweight and obese individuals active product contains Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 (NCIMB 30280), Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) at a total of 50 billion cfu per day. The placebo contains microcrystalline cellulose. Trial subjects were allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two parallel study arms (active arm or placebo arm) according to a randomisation protocol provided by an independent statistician. The intervention comprised a daily dose of active product that contained 50 billion bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis) or a daily dose of placebo that did not contain any bacteria and was identical in appearance to the active product. The intervention period was 180 days. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Plasma total cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1802. Plasma HDL-cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1803. Plasma LDL-cholesterol at baseline (day 0) and day 1804. Plasma triacylglycerol at baseline (day 0) and day 1805. Body weight measured on scales at days 0, 90 and 1806. Waist circumference measured by tape at baseline (day 0) and day 1807. Blood pressure measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90 and 180The methods of analysis for the blood and faecal tests have yet to be finalised. Secondary outcome measures 1. General well-being assessed using a quality of life questionnaire at days 0, 90 and 1802. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating, nausea and infection, recorded daily throughout the intervention period using a daily symptom questionnaire 3. Microbiota composition/functionality assessed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or microbial culture at days 0 and 1804.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The substitution that resulted in Ebgabcde enzyme further reduced the degalactosylation rate by 2. 5-fold, to 45-fold below the wild-type rate. This suggests that a hypothetical Ebgabe enzyme would have a rate of degalactosylation 100-fold below the wild-type rate, a rate so low that it would not permit growth on lactobionate. The existence of the series of evolved enzymes with known changes provided Sinnott and his colleagues the opportunity to test a well established theory of the evolution of catalysis. Albery and Knowles [24] had proposed that evolutionary changes would most easily change the free energy profile of the catalyzed reaction by uniform changes in the energies of all bound states, i. e. the free energies of each of the bound states would be reduced by about the same absolute amount. They thought that the next easiest change would involve the adjustment of the relative energies of bound intermediates, and that the most difficult change to obtain would be one that selectively stabilized a single transition state. The Albery–Knowles model assumed a constant transition state structure. Sinnott and his colleagues' measurements showed that the transition state structures were not constant during the experimental evolution of Ebg enzyme. The comparisons of the free energy profiles and transition states of the wild-type and five mutant enzymes showed that changes in the transition state profile away from the rate determining transition state were essentially random, and that there was no correlation between the changes in the free energies of intermediates and of their flanking transition states [22]. Because the evolutionary changes resulted in changes in the transition state energies that were neither uniform in the absolute sense nor uniform in the relative sense, Sinnott firmly rejected the Albery–Knowles hypothesis. 3 Evolutionary potential Among 154 single step spontaneous lactose or lactulose utilizing mutants all had either the or Class II mutation [10]. Does that mean that the evolutionary potential of Ebg enzyme for β-galactoside utilization is limited to those two specific amino acid substitutions? Not necessarily, those very limited outcomes might simply reflect the spontaneous mutagenic spectrum for E. coli. A variety of mutagens, including ultraviolet light and three different mutator alleles (mutS, mutY and mutD), were used to generate ebg+ mutants, and among 315 mutagen induced mutants all were either or Class II [10].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 12. 000 to US$ 16. 000 per episode [5, 6]. Thus, interest has been developed in utilizing probiotics as colonizers to prevent the cycle of colonization with pathogens and ultimately nosocomial infections [7]. Thus the therapeutic concept with probiotics is an effort to reduce or eliminate potential pathogens and toxins, to release nutrients, antioxidants, growth factors and coagulation factors, to stimulate gut motility and to modulate innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms via the normalization of altered gut flora [8]. Currently bacteria in synbiotic (prebiotic and probiotic components) and probiotic preparations are being used experimentally in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, liver transplantations, inflammatory bowel disease, acute and infectious diarrhea and trauma patients [9]. Properties of ProbioticsProbiotics are, according to the FAO/WHO "live bacteria which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host". These bacteria do not contain any virulence properties or antibiotic resistance cassettes. They create an unfavourable environment for pathogens by mechanisms including promotion of the integrity of the guts defense barrier by normalizing intestinal permeability, modulation of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin function, control of intestinal inflammatory responses and by balancing the release of cytokines. In addition, probiotics maintain normal microecology of the gastrointestinal flora and antimicrobial effects mediated by nutrient competition, alteration of local pH, production of bacterocins, modification of pathogen derived toxins and stimulation of epithelial mucin production [7]. Numerous microorganisms (see Table 1 and Table 2; e. g. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. reuteri, bifidobacteria and certain strains of L. casei or the L. acidophilus-group) are used in probiotic food, particularly fermented milk products, or have been investigated--as well as Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, certain enterococci (Enterococcus faecium SF68) and the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii--with regard to their medicinal use. A well studied synbiotic is the preparation Synbiotic 2000 Forte. It contains the bacteria Pedicoccus pentasacceus, Leoconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: That observation was used to argue that, indeed, the evolutionary potential of ebgA is limited to those two substitutions [10]. The size of experimental populations and the time available for experiments effectively limits ebg and similar systems to investigating the consequences of single base substitutions, so it was not possible to say whether multiple substitutions might have produced equally effective enzyme, or even more effective enzyme, than did the or Class II mutations. Since we could not answer the question experimentally, we turned to phylogenetic analysis to seek an answer [25]. search of the non-redundant protein sequence database identified 13 homologous proteins for which the probability of the observed level of similarity to EbgA by chance alone was <10−90. All of those proteins had been identified as functional β-galactosidases. The sequences were aligned and that alignment was used to construct both Neighbor-Joining and phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2). The lacZβ-galactosidase has been crystallized and the 15 active site residues identified [26]. In the alignment 12 of those active site amino acids were conserved across all 14 proteins (Fig. 3). One of those variable active site residues, position 92 (in the EbgA protein) is an aspartic acid in the wild-type EbgA protein, but an asparagine in all of the other 13 proteins. I mutation changes that aspartic acid to an asparagine to bring it into conformity with all other β-galactosidases. The second variable active site residue, position 579 is an asparagine in all of the proteins in group A of Fig. 2, the group that includes Ebg, and aspartic acid in all of the other proteins. The third variable active site residue, position 977, is a cysteine in all of the group A proteins except Ebg, and tryptophan in all of the other proteins including Ebg. II mutation changes the tryptophan at position 977 of EbgA to cysteine to bring it into conformity with all of the other proteins in its phylogenetic group. In fact, the double mutant Class IV Ebg enzyme is identical to all of the other group A proteins at all 15 active site residues.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum (at a dose of 1010 bacteria per sachet) as probiotics and betaglucan, inulin, pectin and resistant starch as prebiotics [5]. VSL#3 () is a probiotic preparation containing live freeze- dried lactic acid bacteria containg approximately 450 billion bacteria in defined ratios of lyophilized Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus Since probiotics are staying only transiently in the gut they have to be ingested every day. This is crucial as most antibiotic treatments will kill the probiotic bacteria [3]. Table 1 List of studies mentioned with no or negative effects of probiotics on critically ill patientsFull size tableTable 2 List of studies mentioned with positive effects of probiotics on critically ill patientsFull size tableBasic mechanisms of probioticsDuring periods of critical illness, significant alterations occur in the gut microflora. Reasons for this are changes in circulating stress hormones, gut ischemia, the use of immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics and the lack of adequate nutrients. Several studies have shown that certain probiotic bacteria are able to maintain the intestinal barrier function und to modulate the mucosal and intestinal immune function [3]. Probiotics may also reduce the incidence of VAP via a combination of local and systemic effects resulting in decreased colonisation [4]. The mechanisms are local and systemic. Local effects include reduced overgrowth of potential pathogens by competitive inhibition and direct antimicrobial effects. Secondary systemic benefits may result from improved gut mucosal barrier function, reduced bacterial translocation and upregulation of immune function [5, 10, 11]Based on these properties of probiotics, several studies were conducted in the critical ill patients. We have conducted a PubMed search with the terms "Probiotic" and "Intensive care unit". We received 75 "hits" (end of Dec. 2010) and here we will present the most notable studies [Table 1 and Table 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The phylogenetic evidence indicates that either Asp-92 and Cys/Trp-977 are the only acceptable amino acids at those positions, or that all of the single base substitutions that might be on the pathway to other amino acid replacements at those sites are so deleterious that they constitute a deep selective valley that has not been traversed in the 2 billion years since those proteins diverged from a common ancestor. In either case, the natural evolutionary potential of Ebg enzyme with respect to lactose and lactulose utilization appears to be limited to those two amino acid replacements [25]. 2Phylogeny of the β-galactosidases. A: Distance tree based on the Neighbor-Joining method. Bootstrap values are indicated as percentages based on 1000 replicates. B: tree for the β-galactosidases, with bootstrap values indicated. In both A and B, the β-glucuronidases are used to conceptually root the trees as described in [25]. Actual bootstrap values are based on analysis of entire β-galactosidase sequences. By both methods, the β-galactosidases split into three distinct clades. The branches of the β-glucuronidase are shown in grey to indicate that the rooting is conceptual and that the lengths of the β-glucuronidase branches are unrelated to actual distances. Open in new tabDownload slide 3Alignment of the active site amino acids of the β-galactosidases used to construct the trees shown in Fig. 2. The complete proteins were used to construct the alignment, but only the residues corresponding to the active site residues of LacZ are shown. The amino acids are numbered above the alignment according to EbgA. The • symbols below the alignment indicate the variable sites, and the numbers below the alignment indicate the site (1) and Class II site (2). Open in new tabDownload slideIt is clear from the phylogeny that EbgA arose from a functional enzyme, which brings us back to the matter of the natural function of EbgA. Based upon the observed degree of sequence and open reading frame conservation it is unlikely that EbgA is some sort of pseudogene that performs no function or that it is not under selection. With respect to active site residues, EbgA is distinguished from the other enzymes only by the two substitutions at positions 92 and 977.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: The incidence of ICU-acquired infections did not differ significantly except for that of catheter related bloodstream infections that was lowered by probiotics. Evidence for positive effects on the outcome of critical ill patientsAlberda and colleagues (2007) [15] demonstrated a significant increase in IgG and IgA levels in favour of the live synbiotics (preparation of 9 × 1011L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, B. infantis, Streptococcus salivarius) over devitalized synbiotics or placebo in 28 ICU patients (double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study). Spindler-Vessel and colleagues (2007) [16] were able to demonstrate a significant reduction in infectious pneumonias (19% versus 53%), intestinal permeability, and procalcitonin levels in 113 trauma ICU patients with the use of a symbiotic preparation (1010 of P. pentosaceus, 1010L. paracasei, 1010L. plantarum). This study was however nonblinded, randomized, nonplacebo controlled. Olah and colleagues (2002) [17] performed a randomized double-blind study in 45 patients with acute pancreatitis. Significant results were demonstrated in favour of the live synbiotic (109L plantarum 299) for septic complications requiring surgery (5% versus 30%) and positive pancreatic aspiration cultures (5% versus 30%). However there were no significant differences in respiratory infections, rates of multiple organ failure, days of hospital stay, mortality, CRP levels, rates of necrotizing pancreatitis or positive blood cultures. Forestier and colleagues (2008) [18] conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled pilot study with 208 patients on an ICU unit, with a stay longer than 48 hours. Through a nasogastric feeding tube patients received either 109 CFU Lactobacillus casei/rhamnosus or placebo twice daily. The authors showed that the occurrence of P. aeruginosa respiratory colonization and/or infection was significantly delayed in the probiotic group with differences in median delay to acquisition of 11 versus 50 days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Neither of those substitutions alone would have eliminated the effective β-galactosidase activity of the ancestor of EbgA, but those two substitutions together certainly did so. Since we do not know the natural function of EbgA we do not know whether those two substitutions arose through positive selection for some other function or not, but we cannot ignore the possibility that EbgA is an enzyme in evolutionary transition to another function and that artificial selection simply reversed that process. The enzymes on the tree in Fig. 2 diverged from a common ancestor at least 2. 2 billion years ago [25], long before mammals, the major source of lactose, appeared. Clearly lactose hydrolysis was not the original function of the ancestral β-galactosidase, but all of the enzymes on the tree were either identified on the basis of lactose hydrolysis or were classified as β-galactosidases on the basis of sequence similarity with functionally identified β-galactosidases. The complete sequences of many microorganisms are currently being determined, and it will be interesting to see whether additional enzymes appear in the genomes of lactose negative organisms. Even if additional enzymes do appear there is the serious risk that they will be assumed to be lactases on the basis of sequence homology and that their actual functions may not be investigated. Finally, we need to consider the possibility that EbgA entered the E. coli genome recently as the result of horizontal transfer. Lawrence and Ochman [27] have recently analyzed the E. coli genome in terms of sequence composition and codon usage in order to detect genes that are present as the result of horizontal transfer. Surprisingly, about 17% of the open reading frames appear to be recent arrivals. EbgA, however, is not among those, which means that EbgA has been part of the E. coli genome so long that it is indistinguishable from other native E. coli genes. Whatever role EbgA plays in E. coli it has been playing it for a very long time. The purpose of the Ebg project was to follow the evolutionary progress of a well defined catalytic function under defined selective conditions as a means of understanding microevolutionary processes, and the system served that purpose well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: In another double-blind, placebo controlled trial the benefits of a Synbiotic 2000 Forte treatment was investigated on the rate of infections, SIRS, severe sepsis and mortality in critical ill patients. 65 patients were randomized to receive once daily for 15 days the synbiotic formulation. These patients exhibited a significant reduced rate of infections (63% versus 90%), SIRS, severe sepsis and mortality (14% versus 22%) in comparison to the placebo group [19]. The incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoe (CDAD) in hospitalised and especially critical ill patients is increasing because of the wide use of antibiotics. In a Swedish study, 22 ICU patients were given the probiotic bacterium L. plantarum while 22 other patients received a placebo. 19% of the placebo group were colonised with C. difficile, while none were colonised who received the probiotic [20]. In a study which was published last year, Morrow and colleagues [21] elucidated if the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can reduce the incidence of VAP. They randomized 146 patients (prospective, double-blind and placebo-controlled study) and found that patients treated with the bacteria were significantly less likely to develop a VAP when compared to patients treated with a placebo. Also patients had significantly less CDAD than placebo treated patients (18,6% versus 5,8%) even though the duration of the diarrhoe was not different between the groups. In a pilot trail with the probiotic mixture VSL#3 Frohmader and colleagues [22] described the effectiveness of these bacteria in reducing the frequency of liquid stool in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition. In this single center, double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study the group included 45 adults (20 verum vs 25 placebo). The verum group had a significant reduction in the frequency of liquid stool (0. 27 vs 0. 93; P = 0. 03). ConclusionsThe use of probiotic or synbiotic preparations in critically ill patients continues to be controversial. However, we found fewer publications reporting no or negative effects on the use of probiotics in critical ill patients, than the number of publications presenting positive effects [Table 1 and Table 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The real test of understanding a process is not whether that understanding (hypothesis, theory) can explain the observations in a post hoc fashion, but whether it can accurately predict outcomes before they occur. If we did not know about Ebg per se, but we had all of the information about E. coli and other organisms that is available today, could we predict which of the 4405 open reading frames that have been identified in E. coli[6] would evolve to replace the lacZβ-galactosidase function? Could we predict which amino acid changes would be required, or what the properties of the evolved enzymes would be? The genome of E. coli encodes not only all of the functions necessary for E. coli to thrive, but also all of the potential for E. coli to evolve new functions that will permit it to adapt to novel or modified environments. The challenge we now face is to determine how to interpret the present information in order to predict the most likely evolutionary responses to specific selective challenges. 319. 341. 350. 257. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. 648. 12. Science277, 1453–1462. 400. 435. 1845. 517. 465. 4049. 3533. 408. 1039. 140. 1598. 2. Rate-limiting degalactosylation in the hydrolysis of aryl β-D-Galactopyranosides by the experimental evolvants ebga and ebgb. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, 365–369. 114. 164. 17. 977. 286. 293. 517. 766. 397.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: When administered orally these probiotics bind to and neutralize toxins in the gut lumen and interfere with pathogen adherence to the intestinal epithelium - thus essentially preventing the infection. In this situation is the use of antibiotics unnecessary, circumventing the problems with antibiotic resistance [23, 24]. In conclusion, we have not yet enough data to firmly support the use of probiotic bacteria in the setting of intensive care units. Well designed multi center clinical studies with defined mixtures of probiotics and defined endpoints are warranted in this field. AbbreviationsCDAD: Clostridium difficile-associated disease CFU: colony forming unit CRP: C-reactive protein ICU: : Nasogastric tube SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome VAP: Ventilator associated pneumonia 607. 10. 1097/01. CCM. 0000045576. 55937. 67. 5. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2004. 01. 005. 8. 10. 1097/MCG. 0b013e31817283cb. 903. 61. 10. 1007/s00134-008-1368-1. 21. 10. 1378/chest. 122. 6. 2115. 75. 10. 1097/MCP. 0b013e3282f76443. 7. 10. 1007/s12098-008-0119-1. 603. 10. 1016/j. coph. 2005. 06. 009. 80. 10. 1016/j. surg. 2006. 10. 007. 75. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2003. 12. 002. 9. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2004. 08. 008. 4. PubMed 2010. 23. 26. 10. 1177/0148607107031002119. 7. 10. 1186/cc6907. 55. 10. 1007/s00268-005-0653-1. 102. 10. 1111/j. 1399-6576. 2008. 01748. x. 2010. 11. 10. 4037/ajcc2010976. 10. 1186/1757-4749-2-5. 10. 1186/1471-2180-8-176. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: We have added Works to Brill. com. For a summary of updates and FAQ please click to my Brill account and and and and and and and AppBar-Imprints-Brill | | Austria Böhlau Brill | | mentis Brill | Schöningh Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht V&R unipress to publish with Brill: Files & Guides Fonts, Scripts and Ethics & from and E-and to Manage your and and and by and of and for Access and for Access for Discover Brill’s About us updated rights & permissions Review a to my Brill account and East and Rights and and History and Literature and | | Schöningh Böhlau Brill | Brill | & | mentis V&R unipress How to publish with Brill: Files & Guides Fonts, Scripts and Ethics & from and by Catalogs, Flyers and E-and to Manage your and and and and of and Press and for Access and for Access for Discover Brill’s and and -up and and and on facebook Share on linkedin Share on X Email this content Share link with colleague or librarian You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Stay informed about this publication 18. 00 ### Online (Access for 1 day) $18. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 7 days) $40. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 30 days) $99. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Choose 1, 7 or 30 days Add to A-Z : Items : : A Companion to to the of the to the readers 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts,” in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible, part 1B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016), 611–613 [instead of just: R. E. Fuller, “9. 2. 3 Other Texts,” in. . . ]. [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: No explanation is provided in the text about whether this is a previously reported phenotype, whether any elements of this phenotype are shared with splenic QFL T cells, what significance the authors ascribe to this phenotype (and to the fact that Qa1-deficiency leads to a more conventional Thy-1+ve, CD5+ve phenotype), and whether this altered phenotype is also seen in ERAAP-deficient mice. At least some explanation for this abrupt shift in focus and integration with prior published work is needed. On a related note, CD5 expression is measured in splenic QFL-specific CD8+ T cells from GF vs SPF mice (Supp. Fig. 9), to indicate that there is no phenotypic impact in the GF mice - but from Supp. Fig. 4, it would seem more appropriate to report CD5 expression in QFL-specific cells from the IEL, not the spleen. Answer: Expression of CD8αα and lack of CD4, CD8αβ, CD5 and CD90 expression was indeed reported as the characteristic phenotype of natIELs. We have clarified this point in the resubmitted manuscript (line 80). The CD8αα+ cells have consistently showed CD5CD90- phenotype. While CD8αα expression was sufficient to describe their natIEL phenotype, we showed the CD5-CD90- data in Supplementary figures only to provide additional evidence. The CD5 molecule by itself reflects the TCR signaling strength and high CD5 level is associated with self-reactivity of T cells (Azzam et al. , 2001; Fulton et al. , 2015). The implication of CD5 expression on QFLTg cells is discussed in our other manuscript where we investigate the development of these cells (Valerio et al. , 2023). Fig. 9, because the donor splenic QFLTg cell have consistently showed comparable CD5 level between the GF and SPF group, we reasoned that it would not interfere with our interpretation of the CD44 expression. The authors suggest the finding that QFL-specific cells from ERAAP-deficient mice have a more "conventional" phenotype indicates some form of negative selection of high-affinity clones (this result being somewhat unexpected since ERAAP loss was previously shown to increase the presentation of Qa-1b loaded with FL9, confirmed in this report).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek,” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures, part 2B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze; Leiden: Brill, 2019), 11–15 [instead of just: T. Michael, “Greek,” in. . . ] For citation from the online edition use "cite this page" below the 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts" in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016). 5, 2017. doi: [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze); Leiden: Brill, 2019), 5, 2020. doi: Title: of the Publisher: Brill Subjects: : (General Editor); (vol. editors for vol. 1); (vol. editors for vol. 2; 2B and 2C published in 2019, 2A to be published in 2020); and (d. 2020) (vol. editors for vol. 3 to be published in 2021-2023); and Andrès (vol. editors for Handbook series) In was the responsible editor for the primary versions as well as the and the Masoretic text including the corresponding overview 1. 1. 1 and 1. 2. 3 while worked on entries 1. 1. 2; 1. 2. 1; 1. 2. 2; 1. 4; 1. 7. 1 and 1. 7. 2. is professor for Judaism at the University of Vienna, the Director of Vienna University's Institute for Jewish Studies, a member of the editing the Scrolls, and a corresponding member of the of Sciences. He has published extensively on the Hebrew Bible, its textual criticism, Judaism, and the Scrolls. is senior academic researcher and project coordinator of the academy project Edition and Translation of the Coptic-Testament at the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 18030882 Export as PDF Can taking probiotics ('friendly bacteria') encourage weight loss in people who are overweight? Share on on on Submission date 25/11/2019 Registration date 27/11/2019 Last edited 13/01/2021 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsThe human gut (gastrointestinal tract) is home to a host of "friendly bacteria" (probiotics) that support the well-being and health of an individual through a variety of mechanisms. This study aims to assess the potential for daily supplementation with these friendly bacteria to achieve weight loss in overweight individuals going about their daily lives. Who can participate? Adults aged between 45 to 65 years with a waist circumference of >89 cm (women) or >100 cm (men) and a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29. 9. What does the study involve? The study is called a double-blind study which means that participants will be randomly assigned to take a capsule containing either the active product (the probiotic) or an identical inactive product (the placebo) every day for 270 days. There will be an equal chance for the participant to be assigned to take active or placebo with neither the participant or researchers aware of who is taking what. During the trial, the participants will also be asked to complete a questionnaire (relating to their general well-being and health), complete a 'Stroop test' (that measures mental sharpness) and provide blood samples at beginning, during and end of trial. After enrolment to the study, participants are asked to complete a general wellbeing questionnaire and Stroop test, undergo body measurements (e. g. weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure) and provide a fasting blood sample. Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive capsules containing either the placebo (dummy) or probiotic that are to be taken every day for the following 270 days. During the study, participants will be asked to revisit the trial centre on days 90, 180 and the end of the study (day 270) in order to repeat the wellbeing questionnaire and Stroop test, undergo body measurements and provide blood samples. At the end of the study, scientists will use the information and samples collected to determine if there was any benefit to taking the probiotic supplement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: His research focuses on the Coptic translations of the Bible as versions of the Septuagint. He published extensively on the Coptic bible and is the author of Ieremias, Lamentationes (Threni), et Baruch (DeGruyter, 2002). joined the faculty of the Department of Theology and at the University of in 1992. He is a professor of biblical studies with a specialty in the area of and the Scrolls. He is a member of the editing the Scrolls. is the. of at and the director of Rice's program in Jewish Studies. The focus of his published work is on the Jewish literature composed around the turn of the Common Era. is of the at the University of Southern California, and for Ingest/Cataloguing of the InscriptiFact Project. She is an Professor at Seminary in Pasadena. She has published in the fields of Northwest Semitics, and in digital technology and image distribution. Mika S. Pajunen is Academy of Finland’s at the University of Helsinki (2020-2025) with his project: “in the Scrolls: Moving beyond ‘Non-Aligned,’” and a member of three international re-edition projects of the Scrolls (and V). He has published extensively on Judaism and the Scrolls. Emanuel Tov, Hebrew University, Jerusalem is J. L. of Bible emeritus at that University. He has published many monographs on the textual criticism of the and Qumran, and was the editor-in-chief of the Scrolls publication project. He is a Fellow of the and a member of the of Sciences. Richard D. Weis (d. 2020) is Dean and of at Seminary in Lexington, Kentucky, and is co-chair of the for Quinta. He has published numerous 18. 00 ### Online (Access for 1 day) $18. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 7 days) $40. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 30 days) $99. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Choose 1, 7 or 30 days Add to : Items : : A Companion to A-to the of the to the readers 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts,” in of the Bible, vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? It is considered that the daily intake of the probiotics will reduce the bodyweight of participants and improve general wellbeing and mental sharpness. Due to the chance that the participant may receive the placebo, it is perceived that these benefits will be confined to the participants who are randomly assigned the intervention. Participation in the study will bring more information and will improve our understanding of the benefits of daily probiotic supplementation. There have been no adverse reactions associated with the probiotic product but participants may experience mild side effects such as a change in bowel habit and/ or increased flatulence (intestinal gas) during the first few days of taking the supplement. Where is the study run from? The trial is managed and will take place at the 'Comac Medical' in Sofia, Bulgaria. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2019 to February 2020Who is funding the study? (UK)Who is the main contact? Michaeldarynm@cultech. co. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details Unit 2 12 7BZ +44 (0)1639 825100 darynm@cultech. co. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers PROBE_FINAL_V. 20 Study information Scientific title of PRObiotics on Body wEight in an overweight population (PROBE) hypothesis Daily probiotic supplementation will support body weight reduction in an free-living overweight population Ethics approval(s) Approved 08/05/2019, Ethics committee at MC "Comac Medical" (Business Centre, 38 (5th floor), Manastirski Livadi, West 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria; +359 2 892 10 00; clients@comac-medical. com), ref: 168/08. 05. 2019 Study design Single-centre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group study Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use contact detials to request particpant information sheet overweight individuals aged 45 and over following normal lifestyle subjects are allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two parallel study arms (active arm or placebo arm) according to a randomisation protocol provided by an independent statistician.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 1: Bible, part 1B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016), 611–613 [instead of just: R. E. Fuller, “9. 2. 3 Other Texts,” in. . . ]. [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek,” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures, part 2B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze; Leiden: Brill, 2019), 11–15 [instead of just: T. Michael, “Greek,” in. . . ] For citation from the online edition use "cite this page" below the 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts" in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016). 5, 2017. doi: [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze); Leiden: Brill, 2019), 5, 2020. doi: Metadata Title: of the Publisher: Brill ISBN: 978-90-04-30976 Subjects: : (General Editor); (vol. editors for vol. 1); (vol. editors for vol. 2; 2B and 2C published in 2019, 2A to be published in 2020); and (d. 2020) (vol. editors for vol. 3 to be published in 2021-2023); and Andrès (vol. editors for Handbook series) In was the responsible editor for the primary versions as well as the and the Masoretic text including the corresponding overview 1. 1. 1 and 1. 2. 3 while worked on entries 1. 1. 2; 1. 2. 1; 1. 2. 2; 1. 4; 1. 7. 1 and 1. 7. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: The intervention comprises a daily dose of active product that contains 50 billion bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis) or a daily dose of placebo that does not contain any bacteria and is identical in appearance to the active product. The intervention period is 270 days. The active product contains Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 (NCIMB 30280), Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) at a total of 50 billion cfu per day. The placebo contains microcrystalline cellulose. Intervention type outcome measure Current primary outcome measure as of 10/06/2020: Body weight (kg) measured on scales at days 0, 90, 180 and 270Previous primary outcome measure:1. Body weight (kg) measured on scales at days 0, 90, 180 and 2702. Waist circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 3. Hip circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 2704. Blood pressure (mmHg) measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 Secondary outcome measures Current secondary outcome measures as of 10/06/2020: 1. Waist circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 2. Hip circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 2703. Blood pressure (mmHg) measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90, 180 and 2704. Plasma HDL-cholesterol at baseline days 0,180 and 2705. Plasma LDL-cholesterol at baseline days 0,180 and 2706. Plasma triacylglycerol at baseline days 0,180 and 2707. General well-being assessed using a quality of life questionnaire at days 0, 90, 180 and 2708.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Home > Archives > Vol 61, No 6 (2019) > Gold deposits in the Earth's history Gold deposits in the Earth's history Authors: Goryachev N. A. 1,2 Affiliations: North-Institute of Branch of the of Institute of Geochemistry, of the of Sciences Issue: Vol 61, No 6 (2019) Pages: 3-18 Section: 10. 31857/S0016-77706163-18 ID: 18711 Cite item (Russian) the authors 1. 7–0. 8 billion years) was discussed, which was caused by the stable craton regime of the long-existing Columbia (Nuna) – Rodinia supercontinent. Keywords gold deposits, mineralogy specificity of gold ores, history of the Earth, Columbia (Nuna) and Rodinia supercontinents, gold metallogenic evolution of the Text ВВЕДЕНИЕПроблема металлогенической эволюции Земли и места в ней золотой минерализации привлекала и привлекает в последние 40 лет внимание многих исследователей (Саттран, 1984; Green, 1984; Hutchison, 1987; Nesbitt, 1988; Kulish, Komov, 1990; Рундквист, 1995, 1997; Сафонов, 1997, 2003; Хаин, 2000; Rundquist, Kravchenko, 2001; Goldfarb et al. , 2001; 2005, 2010; Groves at al. , 2005; Leahy et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: 7a) ranging from 6. 29 at the 1st day to 6. 59 at the 7th day of co-incubation was higher regarding to the control samples (pH value from 6. 28 to 6. 44 at the 5th day and 6. 54 at the 7th day). Also the pH of Blastocystis cultures co-incubated with fungal CFSs (Fig. 7b)—from 5. 78 to 6. 5 at the 7th day was higher regarding to the control samples (from 3. 97 to 3. 88 at the 7th day). Conversely, the pH of Blastocystis cultures co-incubated with bacterial CFSs ranging from 6. 25 at the 1st day to 6. 49 at the 5th day of co-incubation was lower than in control samples—from 6. 25 to 6. 75 (Fig. 6b). Fig. 6The pH changes during co-incubation of Blastocystis cultures with alive bacteria (a) and bacterial cell free supernatants (b)Full size image Fig. 7The pH changes during co-incubation of Blastocystis cultures with alive fungi (a) and fungal cell free supernatants (b)Full size image It can be assumed that the small pH differences did not influence on Blastocystis proliferation significantly. Metronidazole controlLiving lactic acid bacteria, L. rhamnosus and L. lactis, as well as their cell free supernatants had a similar effect to the MTZ control concentrations of 10 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL in xenic cultures of Blastocystis. Axenic culture could not be described, because of a low number of Blastocystis cells which nearly all died after the addition of different concentrations of MTZ. With regards to this, there were statistically significant differences between both E. coli and E. faecium, as well as C. albicans, C. glabrata and MTZ addition (p < 0. 0001). DiscussionNatural gut microbiota plays a very important role in controlling intestinal diseases and keeping the intestines healthy. Studies have shown that intestinal microbiota could alter the Blastocystis [16].

Output: corroborate