Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Meeting decarbonisation and net zero targets internationally implies a continuous need for jobs over several decades, e. g. to build the new renewables capacity needed for likely greater demands for electrification from transport, heating and cooling, and to carry out widespread low carbon and energy efficiency retrofits across national building stocks. Wider impacts of such activities go well beyond job creation to include co-benefits such as improved air quality, more comfortable homes, more resilient energy supplies and reduced dependence on fossil fuels, whether they are sourced domestically or via imports. There is a substantial literature on the quantity of job creation that may arise from decarbonisation in the energy sector. By comparison, we found a more limited subset of studies which investigate implications of such a transition for employment quality or relative skill levels. It is desirable that a low carbon energy transition should create quality jobs, for example in terms of adequate wages and employee rights, full-time employment, safe working conditions, and permanent rather than temporary jobs. Direct employment in renewable energy manufacturing, construction or installation has been linked to temporary or short-term work in several documents reviewed. It has been suggested that such employment is likely to expire on completion of specific projects. Sequential planning will be required to train and coordinate local workforces required for renewables expansion and building retrofits, minimising time gaps between projects and the need for workers to relocate. There is agreement in the identified literature that green jobs in general tend to be more highly skilled compared to higher carbon occupations. However, it would be overly simplistic to suggest that renewable energy or energy efficiency jobs are necessarily more skilled than employment in fossil fuel sectors. The majority of jobs in the operation and maintenance of wind power and solar PV are in highly skilled, professional occupations. There is also demand for lower-skilled, manual occupations which for example comprise significant shares of solar PV installation and offshore wind construction activities. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that lower-skilled workers are most likely to be affected from job losses as a result of low carbon energy transitions. Stronger international and national labour market standards and regulations are required to ensure displaced employees have access to alternative, decent work in low carbon sectors. There is a need for national policy makers to co-ordinate the development and supply of training so that it takes full account of the wide range of occupational functions required for manufacturing, installing and servicing renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: However, adaptation is multi-dimensional, complex and multi–scale process and is defined as changes to behavior and economic structures so as to condense susceptibility of societies in face of threatening and scarcity concerning environmental change. Moreover, adaptations practices associated to farm production might contain livestock varieties and diversification of crops, changes in land use practices, changes in strength of production which ultimately involve changing the land fragmentation (livestock production) and the crop location, preservation of nutrients and moisture, intensification and application of irrigation practices and changes in the technique of farming processes (Ali, 2017). However, there are certain issues which coerce the climate change awareness and adaptation vary from region to region and country to country (Agwu and Egbule, 2013). The issues about the awareness and adaptation are multidimensional and recent researches have focused on certain limitations to the climate change awareness and the adaptation besides apparent non-climatic and climatic stressors of climate susceptibility, mainly in the developing countries like Pakistan. Numerous researchers suggested that in context of climate change, experience is caused by both climatic (drought, risky temperature, rainfall) and non-climatic factors (lack of agricultural equipment, income) and thus it becomes highly difficult to comprehend the blend of these factors that worsen the vulnerability of farming households to climate change (Antwi et al. , 2014). The results of the study found positive and strong association between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation with R-value (. 668) and P-value (. 000). The results are in conformity with the findings of a study conducted by Matsalabi et al. (2018) in the context of Niger. Shahid (2012) conducted a study in the context of Lahore, Pakistan and also noted strong association between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation. (Abid et al. , 2017) also found that climate change awareness is significantly correlated with adaptation in agriculture sector in Pakistan, as enhanced knowledge about climate change builds the capacity of farmers for undertaking more effective, efficient and relevant interventions. Chakraborty (2017) in a study conducted in the perspective of the use of Information and communication technology (ICT) as an enabler, also found a strong association between public awareness and climate change adaptation. These findings are also in consonance with the conclusions of a similar study undertaken in the context of India, by Raghuvanshi and Ansari (2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 1. Guidelines of the Committee on (COPE); 2. Principles of Transparency and in developed by the Committee on (COPE), Directory of Journals (DOAJ), Association (OASPA), and of (WAME). 3. Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of in from the of Editors (ICMJE). is committed to protecting the privacy of its contributors and promises not to disclose personal information to third parties without permission, unless for necessary purposes of the publishing process or required by law. Complaints and appeals takes allegations of misconduct (refer to the for more details) seriously. Any allegations of suspicious misconducts should be reported to the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, and the editorial office will launch an immediate confidential investigation by a group of investigation members. Decisions will be made by the investigation group based on clear evidence, and the authors will be informed. If there is any appeal against the decision, it must be made to the publisher within 14 days of the decision date, or else actions will be taken after 14 days. The decision on the appeal is final. Authors can express concerns about delays, extensions, and unreasonable handling procedures during the editing process and the time it takes. The editor-in-chief will be accountable for initiating an investigation into the issue, and the complainant will receive feedback. Reasonable editing procedures will be enhanced. Any complaints and appeals against journals and editors can be directed to the publisher at editorial_office@apacsci. com, and follows COPE guidelines in handling all complaints and appeals. Authors should read the "Author Guidelines" before making a submission, and make sure that the manuscripts were written in accordance to the style and specifications of the journal's policy. All manuscripts submitted to this journal are subject to rigorous peer review. Prior to the peer review process, the manuscripts will be screened for acceptable English language, novelty and relevance to the Focus and Scope of the journal. Any manuscripts submitted to this journal will be treated as confidential materials. The manuscripts will not be disclosed to anyone except individuals such as editorial staff, reviewers and editors who participate in the initial screening, review, processing and preparation of the manuscript for publication (if accepted). A manuscript would not be accepted if it has been published or is currently under consideration for publication in any other journals. The authors are required to notify the editorial team if the findings and data in their submissions have been presented in conferences.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Net job creation (gross jobs created less a counterfactual of jobs created by investment in thermal power plants with equivalent electricity output) was positive for PVDG and energy efficiency measures for all three distribution utilities. Mu et al. (2018) China (based on 2012 Input-Output table). Effect of expanding solar PV and wind power by 1TWh under scenarios with alternative renewable energy financing mechanisms, compared to 2012 reference scenario. CGE modelling: Energy and model (Direct, indirect and induced jobs). Direct and indirect effects lead to job creation and induced effects cause job losses. Overall, 3 of 4 scenarios for solar PV and wind power reveal net job creation of 13,600 to 34,100 jobs/TWh, and 1 scenario net job losses of 800 jobs/TWh. Perrier and Quirion (2018) France (2013) €1 billion investment in solar PV installation or building weatherisation compared with €1 billion avoided investment in power, gas and heat sectors. Input-output and CGE modelling (N/A) Solar PV installation and building weatherisation have positive net employment impacts across both IO and CGE models applied, but positive impacts are higher in the IO model. Sievers et al. (2019) Germany (2010-2030). Power sector, buildings heating and transport, industry, renewable energy and energy efficiency, fossil fuels. Low carbon energy transition scenario and macroeconomic economic impact assessment models of national economy, regional and sectoral distribution of economic and employment impacts (Direct, indirect and induced jobs). By 2030, energy transition scenario results in: 1. 1% higher total employment nationally and 1. 6% higher GDP compared to reference scenario (no new policies). Northern and eastern German states may benefit the most economically as they have attractive locations for renewable energy and are less impacted by declining fossil fuel power generation. Stamopoulos et al. (2021) Greece (2020-2030) Transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy for electricity production including phase out of lignite power generation by 2028. Input-output modelling to assess impact of increased investment in a higher share of renewables under the Energy and (Direct, indirect and induced jobs). Estimated that implementing Energy and would create 154,000 jobs from 2020-2030 and contribute EUR 6. 83 billion to Greek GDP. This overall positive economic impact is attributed mainly to investments in solar PV and wind generation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: In another research, the climate change awareness emerged as a significant contributor affecting the ability of main creators to adopt the effective climate change adaptation measures (Whitmarsh and Lorenzoni, 2010). It therefore, validates the concept that higher the awareness level, higher would be the propensity of farmers of employing appropriate adaptation measures to address the climate induced challenges. The results indicate that 45% variance in climate change adaptation occurs due to climate change awareness (R2=. 446, B-value=. 875 and P-value-. 000). Therefore, in order to promote climate change adaptation, more effort needs to be directed at awareness factor by the concerned stakeholders. The study also reflects negative association between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues with R-value (-. 564) and P-value (. 000). The results indicate conflicting trends when it comes to the inter-relationship between climate change awareness and climate change adaptation issues. It means that climate change awareness alone (without addressing other grave capacity related constraints) cannot overcome the serious issues related to climate change adaptation. These challenges could be in the form of lack of institutional and human capacity, scarcity of financial resources, lack of research and innovation, and integration of adaptation policy with other related policies (Mumtaz et al. , 2019) and unless these challenges are addressed awareness alone cannot make a difference. Without governmental, departmental and institutional support to address the constraints, enhanced focus on the awareness would (instead) further frustrate the farmers and instigate them to launch movement or campaign resulting into crisis. Similarly, dissemination of relevant and authentic information related to climate change in local language while using appropriate media channel is crucial to influence the farmers to overcome the constraints, effectively and efficiently. The farmers had differing views of efficacy of awareness campaign with regards to medium, language and contents of information related to climate change and particularly with respect to constraints and this variance fluctuates from region to region (Hope, 2016). Cooper et al. (2018) also noted negative association between climate change awareness and adaptation issues (constraints). The regression analysis informs that climate change awareness contributes to the tune of 32% with R2 =. 318, B-value = -. 870 and P-value =. 000. It shows that climate change awareness at current format and procedure is not yielding positive impact particularly in scenarios where the constraints other than the awareness are more pronounced and dogged and merit institutional or governmental intervention for amicable and timely remedial measures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Conflict of are required to declare any potential conflicts of interest (financial or non-financial) during the submission stage. Any agreements with study sponsors (for-profit or non-profit), such as those that interfere with the authors' access to the study's data or with the authors' ability to analyze or interpret the data and to publish manuscripts independently according to their own decision, should be avoided by authors at all costs. also requires reviewers and editors to declare any (potential) non-financial conflicts of interest and declare any unpaid roles or relations that may influence the decision on the manuscript's publication before acknowledging the assigned request. These include, but are not limited to, unpaid roles in a governmental or non-governmental organization, unpaid roles in an advocacy or lobbying organization, and unpaid advisory positions in a commercial organization. In addition, reviewers and editors must disclose any association that poses a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript, including but not limited to those interferes with, or could reasonably be perceived as interfering with, the full and objective presentation, peer review, editorial decision-making, or publication of research or non-research 4. 0 International (CC BY 4. 0) or Attribution-Noncommercial 4. 0 International (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license. These licenses allow anyone to download and read the 4. 0, using them for commercial purposes is prohibited). Regarding the default license used, authors should carefully check the policies of the journal to which they would like to submit their manuscript. Authors with no special requests will be deemed to agree to the default license. It is the responsibility of authors to obtain permission to reuse material previously published under a more restrictive license from the copyright holder before the submission stage. These may include figures, tables, and schemes. The publisher requests that this journal only consider advertising applications that are relevant to the contents of the journal, if available. The publisher () reserves the right to accept or refuse advertising. will evaluate whether to accept the request. Advertisements must comply with relevant rules and laws in the country where they will appear. Advertisements should be legible and advertisers identifiable. Sponsors may not arrange or influence editorial decisions including any content in the journal. Advertisements must not be misleading or deceptive. Advertising content must not contain indecent, offensive, or sensitive information (such as politics, ethnicity, gender, religion, etc. ). disclaims responsibility for any damages resulting from advertisements in its journals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Sharma and Banerjee (2021) India and regional states (2017-2022) Power sector, specifically: solar PV; land use change resulting from siting new solar power plants; coal power stations and coal mining. Analytical, model using employment factors to assess geographic distribution of job creation destruction impacts (Direct and indirect jobs). Achieving national target of installing 100GW of solar PV by 2022 and retirement of coal power stations would lead to net job creation in six southern and western states but net job destruction in six other states with significant coal mining activity, particularly in four states in eastern India. Kamidelivand et al. (2018) Ireland (based on 2010 input-output table) Energy and non-energy sectors; substituting electricity from imported gas and coal with renewables. Input-output substitution model (Direct and indirect jobs). Substituting gas with renewables creates 26. 2 net jobs for each 1 per cent GHG reduced. Cai et al. (2017) Italy (2006-2014) Solar PV, onshore wind, hydropower and bioenergy contribution to value added and employment. Input-output analysis combined with analytical model accounting for imports (Direct and indirect jobs). Renewable energy CIM job creation and value added lower than three counterfactual scenarios - attributed to significant import shares of renewable energy components. Renewable O&M phase used mainly local goods and services and had generally higher labour intensities and value added than counterfactual activities. Kuriyama and Abe (2021) Japan and regions (2016-2050) Power sector decarbonisation using renewable energy. Employment factors based on input-output tables, and scenarios for power sector decarbonisation (Direct and indirect jobs). Shift to low carbon electricity generation via renewables leads to net job creation domestically, particularly in O&M and stable, long duration employment in rural areas. Reduced fossil fuel imports from abroad implies a significant decline in overseas labour. Lee et al. (2022) Japan (2018-2050) Power generation, transport, building heating, steel and other industrial sectors. E3ME macro-econometric model and two policy scenarios (including carbon tax) to reach by 2050 (Direct, indirect and induced jobs). policy scenarios lead to increased GDP (4%-4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Research implications for study Numerous studies have been conducted in the past to explore relations between climate change awareness and adaptations, however, have been limited to either certain geographic zones or specific to particular agriculture environment. Likewise, studies focusing interaction between climate change awareness and adaptation issues are also just a few in the context of Pakistan. This research based on field study has been conducted in the perspective of Pakistan, in an area protracted over two provinces unraveling many facts peculiar to the study area while comparing the findings with those furnished in the previous similar researches. Insofar as future research, the researchers may conduct longitudinal researches, carry out comparative studies, incorporate other variables like climate mitigation measures, use of advanced technical tools as means of dissemination of information etc. and include other geographical and ecological zones. Research implications for farmers We need to provide location-specific and need-based information to farmers which will help in decision making at grassroots level. The need of the hour is to empower the farming community so that they evolve suitable mechanism for short term and long term adaptation strategies to take care of climate change related risks and uncertainties. We need to provide location-specific and need-based information to farmers which will help in decision making at grassroots level. The need of the hour is to empower the farming community so that they evolve suitable mechanism for short term and long term adaptation strategies to take care of climate change related risks and uncertainties. Farmers in general, still follow traditional measures to manage climate induced challenges. The organization of awareness campaigns, formulation of policies or institutionalization of mechanisms without visualizing the ground realities, scientific, academic and research support, can hardly create a meaningful impact. This study finds the need for provision of need-based and location-specific information to farmers, thereby, empowering them to take prudent and timely decisions with regard to adaptation measures. It will help them to institute suitable mechanisms for short term and long term adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change. Farmers must also educate themselves to use the advanced ICTs as means of dissemination of information and demonstrate dexterity and flexibility to adopt advanced and scientifically validated measures. Suggestions for policy institutions and government We need to provide location-specific and need-based information to farmers which will help in decision making at grassroots level. The need of the hour is to empower the farming community so that they evolve suitable mechanism for short term and long term adaptation strategies to take care of climate change related risks and uncertainties.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: The publisher or journal does not accept advertisements for products or services known to be harmful to health/science or contrary to academic principles. Unless the advertiser requests differently, all advertisements posted by the publisher will be displayed at random. Special requests need to be addressed to the publisher, who will make a final decision on a case-by-case basis within 7 working days. Advertising is independent, with journal web features and academic content free from all advertising and product interference. Once an advertisement is posted online, it will be removed from the journal's website at any time if the Editor-in-Chief or publisher requests that it be removed. For any advertisement queries or appeals/complaints, please contact at editorial_office@apacsci. com. 800. Waiver and believes there should be no barriers to the dissemination of knowledge, and thus offers APC waivers and discounts to authors from low-income countries and authors with special circumstances. Authors should write to the editorial office of the specific journal to apply for waivers and discounts. The decision to approve such applications is made by the editorial office on a case-by-case basis. Publishing fees or waiver status should not influence editorial decision making. Indexing & the 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. in boldface. Likewise, the second and third levels of headings should also be in boldface, for example, 1. 1. , 1. 2. , 1. 1. 1. , 1. 1. 2. introduction should provide a background that gives the broad readership an overall outlook on the field and the research performed. It pinpoints a problem and states the significance of the study. The introduction can conclude with a brief statement on the aim of the work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Materials and section provides the general experimental design and methodologies used. The aim is to provide enough details for other investigators to fully replicate the experiments. It is also to facilitate a better understanding of the results obtained. section can be divided into subheadings. This section focuses on the results of the experiments performed. section should provide the significance of the results and identify the impact of the research in a broader context. It should not be redundant or similar to the content of the Results section. Conclusion (Optional) The conclusion section can only be used for interpretation, and not be used to summarize information already presented in the text or abstract.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2076727/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground/Objectives: Obesity has become a severe public health challenge globally. The present study aimed to identify separate and interactive dietary, genetic, and other factors that increase the risk of obesity, as measured by body fat mass. Subjects/Methods: We utilized a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with high-fat mass(obesity; n=10,502) and combined them to generate polygenic risk scores(PRS) of genetic variants interacting with each other in adults aged over 40(n=58,701). We then evaluated dietary and lifestyle factors in subjects to assess what factors might help overcome a genetic propensity for higher body fat. Results: The three-SNP model included brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)_rs6265, fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325. ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles increased their gene expression in the visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes, but ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles decreased their gene expression in the hypothalamus. In the three-SNP model, the PRS was associated with body fat mass by 1. 408 and 1. 396 times after adjusting covariates 1 and 2, respectively. However, when separating subjects by PRS of the three-SNP model, a plant-based diet was the most significant factor associated with low body fat, followed by high protein diets and lower energy intakes. They could offset the effects of high genetic risk for high body fat. Conclusions: Modulating nutrient intakes might overcome a high genetic risk for obesity. Dietary choices favoring more plant-based and higher protein foods might help prevent increased body fat in Asians and potentially people of other ethnicities with high polygenetic risk scores.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: We need to provide location-specific and need-based information to farmers which will help in decision making at grassroots level. The need of the hour is to empower the farming community so that they evolve suitable mechanism for short term and long term adaptation strategies to take care of climate change related risks and uncertainties. Climate change must be regarded as one of the principal media themes and be incorporated as a subject of regular deliberation and discussion in media. Farmers must be provided credible, relevant (situation and location specific) and timely information through application of advanced ICT tools by the government institutions in collaboration with concerned departments and stakeholders. Moreover, awareness campaigns, workshops, seminars, talk shows, declaration of special days and incorporation of climate change in formal education curriculum are a few measures meriting government’s attention. Interdepartmental coordination is imperative to expedite implementation mechanism, knowledge-based decision-making, promote climate research culture and establish climate policies with sound scientific backing. Author’s Ahmad Khan: Conception of work; data collection; data analysis and interpretation; drafting the 2003. Social aspects of adaptive capacity. Climate change, adaptive capacity and development. Prog. Dev. Stud. 3,3: 179–19. 5. Adger, W. N. , N. W. Arnell and E. L. Tompkins. 2005. Adaptation to climate change across scales. Glob. Environ. Change-Dimens. 15: 77-86. Adger, W. N. , Dessai, S. , Goulden, M. 2009. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? . 93, 335–354. Adger, W. Barnett, Jon, Brown, K. , Marshall, N. and O’Brien, K. 2013. of Impacts and Adaptation. Change. 3. 112-117 Ado, A. M. , J. Leshan, P. Savadogo and A. A. Shah. 2018. Farmers’ awareness and perception of climate change impacts: case study of Aguie district in Niger. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 16. Agwu & Idrisa, & Onyekuru, Nwajesus K. , Farauta & Egbule, Chukwudumebi & Ekwe A. 2012. Farmers’ to the Impact of on Agriculture in Northern Nigeria. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Figures and (photographs, images, graphs, charts, and schematic diagrams) and tables should be referred to within the main text and numbered consecutively as Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, etc. They should be placed as close as possible to where they are first cited and center-aligned. Both figure captions and table captions should be center-aligned, with figure captions set underneath the figures and table captions above the tables. When captions are longer than one line, they should be left-aligned. Figures can contain multiple panels. They should be numbered by Latin letters with parentheses, e. g. , (a), (b), (c), or (A), (B), (C), placed below the image or within the image. Tables should be in MS Word/Excel table format. Tables containing too much information can be provided as supplementary material. In the main text, all figures and tables should be cited, e. g. , "Table 1 indicates…", "Figures 1 and 2 shows…", and "Figure 1a,b shows…". Lists and bulleted lists and numbered lists are acceptable (refer to the template). Equations should be center-aligned and equation numbers should be right-aligned. If cited in the text, equations should be labeled with numbers in parentheses, e. g. , Equation (1). In-Text 4. 0 (CC BY 4. 0), allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear. With this license, authors hold the copyright without restrictions and are allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions as long as this journal is the original publisher of the 1. Personal information collects personal information when individuals register on a journal site (e. g. , as an author), when the editorial office helps them register (e. g. , as a reviewer), or when they communicate with or subscribe to notifications. Information, including name, title, affiliation, country, and e-mail address, will be treated as private and only used for activities involving manuscript processing. will not disclose any personal information to third parties. This policy also applies to the information of the co-authors of submissions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The most important finding of the current study was that the primary dietary factors linked to low body fat content, other than lower energy intake, were high dietary protein consumption and, even more potent, a more plant-based diet. Among the four dietary patterns studied, most had no significant effect on the risk for high body fat content; however, diets considered low in plant-based foods and low in protein resulted in a significantly higher percentage of obese subjects among those with medium- and high- PRS. This result seems counterintuitive since plant-based diets are typically lower in protein than diets high in animal foods [30]. However, these results concur with studies in other ethnic groups that have found that vegetarian and/or plant-based diets support a leaner body type [31, 32]. There are various hypotheses about how a plant-based diet may help maintain a healthy body weight. First, a plant-based diet has a lower energy density, resulting in greater satiety with a lower energy consumption [18, 32]. Furthermore, plant-based diets contain lower fat and higher fiber which may impact the microbiome, which is known to have substantive impacts on energy utilization in humans [33–35]. However, the microbiome research has not progressed to the point that changes in the gut microbiome can be considered a cause or cure for excess body weight. There is also evidence that various phytochemicals from plant-based foods and dietary supplements may have anti-obesity effects by various mechanisms [19]. It has been shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based diets can prevent obesity and even result in a healthier obese phenotype in people who become obese [36]. However, this study had no clear association between high body fat mass and dietary inflammation index. Even though it has been difficult to demonstrate specific phytochemicals that profoundly affect body fat mass, it has been previously demonstrated that a phytochemical index score was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in the Korean population [37]. Therefore, the accumulation of current evidence supports the finding in this study that consuming a plant-based diet provides significant benefits for managing body fat. Previous studies have also found the association of higher protein intake with lower body fat mass. It has also been observed in previous studies, and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review found that diets high in protein (18–59 energy %) were associated with an average of 1. 6 kg decrease in body weight [38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Agric. Educ. Ext. 16. 132 – 144. . Antwi-Agyei, P. , Stringer, L. C. , Dougill, A. J. 2014. Livelihoods adaptation to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana. Change 14:1615–1626. Ali, A. & Erenstein, O. 2017. Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Management. 16. 183-194. 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 12. 001. Fadina, A. M. R. and D. Barjolle. 2012. Farmers’ adaptation initiatives to the impact of climate change on agriculture in northern Nigeria. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 16(1): 132 – 144. Adimassu and Kessler. 2016. Factors affecting farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to perceived trends of declining rainfall and crop productivity in the central Rift valley of Ethiopia. J. Environ. Syst. Res. 16. Ali, A. and O. Erenstein. 2017. Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Clim. Risk Manage. 16: 183–194. Ayanlade, S. , Radeny, M. & Morton, J. 2017. Comparing smallholder farmers’ perception of climate change with meteorological data: A case study from southwestern Nigeria. Weather and Climate Extremes. 15. 24–33. 10. 1016/j. wace. 2016. 12. 001 Ansari, M. A. , S. Joshi, R. Raghuvanshi 2018. Understanding farmers perceptions about climate change: a study in a State. Adv. Agric. Environ. Sci. Vol. 1, Iss. 2: 85−89. Antwi-Agyei, P. , L. C. Stringer and A. J. Dougill. 2014. Livelihoods adaptation to climate variability: insights from farming households in Ghana. Reg. Environ. Change. 14: 1615-1626. Arlt, D. , I. Hoppe and J. Wolling. 2011. Climate change and media usage: Effects on problem awareness and behavioral intentions. Int. Commun. Gaz.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: collects some other information when individuals visit the website, such as log data, device information, IP address, time of visit, and visitor interaction. These data are used for optimizing 's service, gathering statistics on 2. Third-party links is not responsible for any consequences caused when visitors to the website are linked or directed to a third-party website. 3. any questions regarding 's privacy policy, please send an email to editorial_office@apacsci. com. 800. Waiver and believes there should be no barriers to the dissemination of knowledge, and thus offers APC waivers and discounts to authors from low-income countries and authors with special circumstances. Authors should write to the editorial office of the specific journal to apply for waivers and discounts. The decision to approve such applications is made by the editorial office on a case-by-case basis. Publishing fees or waiver status should not influence editorial decision making. APC for APC of this journal can be made through our online PayPal payment gateway. Enter the 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2730 concise review of the main current natural sources used to produce chitin—the starting material to produce chitooligosaccharides (COS)—is presented, including algae, arthropods, birds, fish, fungi, mollusks, and, possibly, plants. The principal approaches addressed to produce COSs, grouped as physical, chemical, and biological processes, are also outlined. Subsequently, the COS more relevant applications related to agriculture are briefly outlined, i. e. , induction of innate immunity in plants, growth biostimulation, soil amending, biocidal activity, etc. Some interesting findings of this review are: (a) A clear relationship has been undoubtedly established between the low molecular weights (MWs) of these chitinous materials and their striking bioactivities. (b) There is no universal consensus about the limit MW below which a substance can be considered a COS, and some of the proposed limit values are supported in works that have not proposed them. (c) The preparation and application of COS is an active field of research due to the accessibility of chitin sources anywhere and the variety of preparation methods available, as well as the multiple possibilities of modification that these materials offer for the preparation of bioactive derivatives.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The study did not determine a more precise dietary protein level needed for weight reduction. However, the efficacy of increased protein to support weight loss does have support from a human trial that used biscuits enriched with plant-based protein and found that the group with the protein-added biscuits lost significantly more body weight and fat mass than the control group [39]. In this study, having a plant-based diet had the most significant association with lower body fat, followed by a high protein diet. It suggests that a plant-based diet high in protein might be optimal for the Korean population and possibly people of other ethnic groups. The findings support the possibility that substituting plant protein for animal protein can decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes, probably by decreasing obesity-induced inflammation [40]. It was also demonstrated that elderly Korean men with concurrent sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity had the same total and animal protein intake but a significantly lower intake of plant protein than controls [41]. This research revealed that modest differences in dietary choices could have a significant impact on fat accumulation in the Korean population. Other studies have shown that people who adhere to vegetarian diets are less obese than their omnivorous counterparts [42] and that vegetarians are healthier even at the same BMI [43]. However, the subjects in the present study with a plant-based diet were not necessarily vegetarians. A plant-based diet in this study indicated that plant foods contributed relatively more to the total energy intake than animal foods, but the subjects did not adhere to any particular dietary restrictions. The lack of a clearly defined diet could be both a strength and a limitation of the study. There was more variability in the dietary type and potentially less of an effect than if all subjects with a plant-based diet were vegetarians. On the other hand, this represents a more “real world” scenario for many people and shows that modest changes can have profound effects. ConclusionThis study suggested that BDNF_rs6265, FTO_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325 interact with high body fat mass, that and plant-based and high protein diets are beneficial for maintaining a lower body fat in adults with a high PRS of the three genetic variants. This study demonstrated that the discovery of PRS-environment interactions in body fat was applicable in the clinical setting.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: 73(1–2): 45–63. Ashley, G. , A. Dehlavi and G. Ben. 2018. Crop productivity and adaptation to climate change in Pakistan. LSE Res. , Online 2018. Begum, R. A. and J. J. Pereira. 2013. The awareness, perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia. Strategies Glob. Change. 10. Begum, R. & Pereira, J. 2015. The awareness, perception and motivational analysis of climate change and business perspectives in Malaysia. Mitigation and for Global Change. 20. 10. Berrang-Ford, J. D. Ford, J. Paterson. 2011. Are we adapting to climate change? Glob. Environ. Chang. , 21: 25-33 Biaginia, B. and A. Miller. 2013. Engaging the private sector in adaptation to climate change in developing countries: Importance, status, and challenges. Clim. Dev. Vol. 5, Iss. 3: 242-252. Biesbroek, Robbert & Swart, Rob & Van der Knaap, Wim. 2009. The mitigation-adaptation dichotomy and the role of spatial planning. Habitat International. 33. 230-237. Bryan, E. and J. Behrman. 2013. Community-based adaptation to climate change. A theoretical framework, overview of key issues and discussion of gender differentiated priorities and participation. . 109. Bryan, E. , T. T. Deressa, G. A. Gbetibouo and C. Ringler. 2009. Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environ. Sci. Policy. 12(4): 413– 426. Chakraborty, Manab and M. Matirayee. 2017. Examining the role of ICT on financial inclusion in world’s biggest public employment programme in Uttarakhand, India. J. Econ. History. 24: 229 – 245. Dale, V. , Efroymson, R. & Kline, K. 2011. The land use–climate change–energy nexus. Landscape Ecology. 26. 755-773. David, B. 2011. Lobell; Wolfram Schlenker; Justin C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: (d) The chemical modification of the great number of existing COS by a wide range of agents and approaches, including computer simulation studies, is a virgin field that could generate products with powerful elicitor properties. (e) Biocidal activities of COSs, advantaged with their greater water solubilities than chitin and chitosan, are remarkably attractive due to the possibility of replacing, partial or completely, injurious synthetic products currently in use. Similarly, this review makes it possible to appreciate that the preparation and separation of COS with well-defined structures could boost the discovery of the specific regulatory mechanisms that each oligomer species can activate (or repress), that is, defense mechanisms in plants. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2500 the new policy established by the Cuban state for the agricultural sector, the achievement of food sovereignty and sustainability of said sector is established as a basic principle, which was endorsed in the current Law of and Food and Nutritional Security. For this reason, each municipality in the country, and under certain levels of autonomy, must guarantee compliance with the aforementioned law. For this, strict control of the structures of the territorial agricultural system and the behavior of its structures is necessary. With the completion of this work, the characterization, diagnosis and evaluation of some sustainability indicators for the agricultural sector in the were established as objectives, in the period between 2015 and 2020, for this a work team was created that was able to collect, organize, analyze, compare and evaluate the information that appeared in the of Statistics and Information of the Republic of Cuba, between the years 2015 and 2020, finding as one of the results that the workforce indicator used in this sector has suffered a drastic decrease, not guaranteeing the man-area relationship necessary to achieve food sovereignty and the sustainability of the sector at a territorial level. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2362 animal genetic resources are diverse and have been the subject of crossbreeding for decades to improve local livestock and poultry populations. However, the literature on crossbreeding performance has been inconsistent, with many projects failing due to various reasons. This has led to mixed support and criticism for crossbreeding in small-scale animal agriculture. The review examines the achievements, problems, and future prospects for livestock and poultry genetic improvement through crossbreeding in Africa’s small-scale animal agriculture.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Therapies targeting the PRS could help prevent obesity and manage weight by applying personalized nutrition programs that emphasize a plant-based diet high in protein. DeclarationsEthics statement The institutional review board (IRB) of the Institute of Health and the IRB of approved the KoGES and the present study (KBP-2015-055 and 1041231-150811-HR-034-01, respectively). All participants signed a written informed consent form. authors have no potential conflict of interest. data can be retrieved from the corresponding author on reasonable request. conceived, designed and analyzed the data. JWD wrote the draft of the 58. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼700000 individuals of European ancestry. Genet. 2018;27:3641–9. Interactions between Scores, Dietary Pattern, and with the in a Large Hospital-Based Cohort. Nutrients. 2021;13. Konuma T, Okada Y. Statistical genetics and polygenic risk score for precision medicine. Inflamm Regen. 2021;41:18. Hu FB. 437of Obesity. In: Hu FB (ed) Obesity Epidemiology. Press, 2008, p 15. Why are there race/ethnic differences in adult body mass index-adiposity relationships? A quantitative critical review. Obes Rev. 2016;17:262–75. Hamilton-James K, Collet T-H, et al. Precision and accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis devices in supine versus standing position with or without retractable handle in Caucasian subjects. . 2021;45:267–74. Fang W-H, Yang J-R, Lin C-Y et al. Accuracy augmentation of body composition measurement by bioelectrical impedance analyzer in elderly population. Medicine 2020;99:e19103. Kim Y, Han BG. Cohort Profile: Genome and (KoGES) Consortium. Epidemiol. 2017;46:e20. Park S. Association between polygenetic risk scores related to sarcopenia risk and their interactions with regular exercise in a large cohort of Korean adults. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:5355–64. Wu X, Park S. Relation between Hyperglycemia and by Using a Approach in Middle-Aged and in Large Cohorts. J Clin Med.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Roberts: climate trends and global crop production. 333: 616-620. Delgado, D. , Jorge, J. , Groffman, P. , Nearing, M. , Goddard, T. , Reicosky, D. C. , Lal, R. , Kitchen, N. , Rice, C. , Towery, D. & Salon, P. 2011. Conservation practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change. . J. Conserv. 118A-126A. Deressa, T. , R. Hassan, T. Alemu, M. Yesuf and C. Ringler. 2009. Analyzing the determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation measures and perceptions of climate change in the of Ethiopia. Int. Res. Inst. (IFPRI) Discuss. Paper No. 00798. Dimassu, Zenebe & Kessler, Aad. 2016. Factors affecting farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to perceived trends of declining rainfall and crop productivity in the central Rift valley of Ethiopia. Research. 5. 10. Dinar, A. , Mendelsohn, R. , & Williams, L. 2006. . The distributional impact of climate change on rich and poor countries. Environment and Development Economics. Environment and Development Economics. 11. 159-178. . Dinesh, D. , R. B. Zougmore, J. Vervoort, E. Totin, P. K. Thornton, D. and P. Läderach. 2018. Facilitating change for climate-smart agriculture through science-policy engagement. Sustainability. 10: 2616. Dineshkumar and Moghariya. 2012. Rural perspectives of climate change: A study from Saurastra and Kutch of Western India. Publ. Understanding Sci. 23(6): 1-18. Doss, C. R. and M. L. Morris. 2001. How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? The case of improved maize technology in Ghana. Agric. Econ. 25(1): 27-39. Dupdal, Ravi & Patil, B. L. . 2019. and Suggestions by in Adaptation to in Karnataka: Analysis. International J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 8. 376-383. Edward, K.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Community-based (CBBP) can be seen as a community livestock development strategy that mobilizes local animal genetic resources and boosts smallholder livestock producers’ ability to collaborate in resource-scarce communities. Genome sequencing is seen as the future cornerstone of promoting crossbreeding in Africa, but it should be based on consideration of the socioeconomic context of small-scale animal husbandry and local livestock production conditions. Smallholder farmers, who are the major custodians of local animal biodiversity, have faced challenges such as genotype and environmental interaction, lack of funding, poor laws, and lack of farmer participation. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of phenomics and genomic prediction in improving animal genetic resources in Africa, but it also emphasizes the need for further research and development in this area. The study suggests that modern breeding technologies (genomics and phenomics) and training of smallholder livestock farmers in improved animal husbandry management practices can be used to enhance food and nutrition security for African rural households. This review examines the effects of crossbreeding through the decades on small-scale livestock farming in Africa, including positive and negative outcomes as well as future implications. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2406 review paper explores the potential of automation and control systems in addressing critical challenges faced by agriculture in developing countries, with a specific focus on their applicability in Uganda. The study aims to comprehensively evaluate the role of these systems in enhancing agricultural practices, including the identification of adoption challenges, assessment of potential benefits, investigation of system effectiveness, and provision of evidence-based recommendations. The findings reveal that while there are notable obstacles such as high initial costs, limited technical expertise, and database constraints, there are also substantial opportunities, particularly through the integration of supportive information and communication technology (ICT) strategies and policies. Automation has demonstrated its effectiveness in various agricultural tasks, from mechanized tractors to food processing and livestock farming, offering promising prospects for value addition, irrigation, hydroponics, aquaponics, greenhouse farming, and livestock management. Despite the current modest adoption rates, the study provides compelling evidence supporting the need for increased utilization of automation and control systems in Uganda’s agriculture. Collaboration among stakeholders, formulation of supportive policies, development of comprehensive databases, prioritization of tailored ICT infrastructure, and facilitation of knowledge sharing are recommended to overcome challenges and harness the transformative capability of automation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content a member@ 0 Sign in in JournalsEnter search termanywhereEnter search termQuick search in 10. 1161/JAHA. 119. 012865 Track 2016. Participants’ diet was classified using 4 diet indexes. In the overall plant‐based diet index and provegetarian diet index, higher intakes of all or selected plant foods received higher scores; in the healthy plant‐based diet index, higher intakes of only the healthy plant foods received higher scores; in the less healthy plant‐based diet index, higher intakes of only the less healthy plant foods received higher scores. In all indexes, higher intakes of animal foods received lower scores. Results from Cox proportional hazards models showed that participants in the highest versus lowest quintile for adherence to overall plant‐based diet index or provegetarian diet had a 16%, 31% to 32%, and 18% to 25% lower risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality, respectively, after adjusting for important confounders (all P<0. 05 for trend). Higher adherence to a healthy plant‐based diet index was associated with a 19% and 11% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality, respectively, but not incident cardiovascular disease (P<0. 05 for trend). No associations were observed between the less healthy plant‐based diet index and the outcomes. ConclusionsDiets higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a general population. Clinical PerspectiveNew? •Plant‐based diets, diets that emphasize higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods, are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality in a general US adult population. •Healthful plant‐based diets, diets higher in nutrient‐dense plant foods and lower in refined carbohydrates and animal foods, are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality, but not incident cardiovascular disease. the Clinical Implications? •Our results suggest that dietary patterns that are relatively higher in plant foods and relatively lower in animal foods may confer benefits for cardiovascular health. •Future research examining whether the quality of plant foods (healthful versus less healthful) within the framework of an overall plant‐based diet is associated with cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality is warranted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: , Ringler, C. , Yesuf, M. & Bryan, E. 2009. Soil and water conservation technologies: A buffer against production risk in the face of climate change? : Insights from the in Ethiopia. Institute (IFPRI), IFPRI discussion papers. 42. 10. Edward, K. , C. Ringlera, M. Yesuf and E. Bryana. 2011. Soil and water conservation technologies: a buffer against production risk in the face of climate change? Insights from the Nile basin in Ethiopia. Agric. Econ. 42: 593–604. Feola, G. 2015. Societal transformation in response to global environmental change: A review of emerging concepts. Ambio. 44: 376-390. Feola, G. , Lerner, A. , Jain, M. , Montefrio, Marvin, J. & Nicholas, K. 2015. Researching farmer behaviour in climate change adaptation and sustainable agriculture: Lessons learned from five case studies. Journal of Rural Studies. 39. 74-84. Francesco N. , Tubiello, Jean-Francois, Soussana and S. M. Howden. 2007. Crop and pasture response to climate change. PNAS. 104 (50): 19686 –19690. and M. P. Dickens. 2011. Authentic leadership: A review of literature and research agenda. Leadersh. Q. 22: 1120-1145. . , Vandenbergh, M. P. , & Gilligan, J. M. 2010. November 15. A comprehensive program to rapidly reduce U. S. residential carbon emissions. Paper presented at the Behavior, Energy, and. Gori, A. , C. B. Brito and J. Ruiz. 2018. Climate change and agriculture: Do environmental preservation and ecosystem services matter? Ecol. Econ. 152: 27–39. Gori Maia, A. , Cesano, D. , Miyamoto, B. C. B. , Eusebio, G. S. and Silva, P. A. d. O. 2018, “Climate change and farm-level adaptation: the Brazilian Sertão”, of Strategies and Management, (10)5: 729-751. Dale, H. and A. Rebecca, K. L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions View 10. 7717/peerj. 16100 Published 2023-10-02 Accepted 2023-08-25 Received 2023-05-04 reefs, Thermal stress, Dysbiosis, Climate change, Marine heatwaves Copyright © 2023 Khen et al. is an open access 2023. Standardization of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions. PeerJ 11:e16100 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-1 Figure 2: Mapping spatial distributions of mass coral bleaching events. Heatmaps showing the spatial distributions of each major bleaching event between 1982 and 2010. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-2 Figure 3: Mapping the impact of the third-ever global coral bleaching event. Maps showing over 75 total locations worldwide, represented by black circles, affected by the third-ever global coral bleaching event lasting between 2014 and 2017 (Eakin, Sweatman & Brainard, 2019). Each map is overlaid with maximum heat stress in that respective year from NOAA’s Watch satellite data. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-3 Bleaching resistance and resilience at physiological and ecosystem scales Resistance to thermal stress can be defined as the ability of individual corals to avoid bleaching or survive post-bleaching (West & Salm, 2003). It is generally accepted that corals have different susceptibilities to bleaching based on taxonomy (Marshall & Baird, 2000; McClanahan et al. , 2004), life history strategy (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), morphology (Loya et al. , 2001; et al. 2012), colony size class (Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005), symbiont type and/or density (Berkelmans & 2006), as well as any other distinguishing characteristics. ‘Weedy’ genera (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: IntroductionPlant‐based diets are dietary patterns that emphasize higher intakes of plant foods and are low in animal foods. Vegetarian diets, a type of plant‐based diet, with a focus on restriction of different types of animal foods (meat, poultry, or fish), have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease. 1, 2, 3 However, prospective cohort studies have shown mixed results on the associations with cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality. 4, 5, 6 These previous studies were conducted in selected study populations that were mostly composed of Seventh‐Day Adventists, vegetarians, or health‐conscious individuals; thus, they had relatively narrow generalizability. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9Although prior studies have characterized participants’ diets using a relatively simple classification method based on frequency of animal food consumption,4, 5, 6 there have since been more comprehensive attempts to assess an individual's diet using plant‐based diet indexes. 10, 11, 12, 13 These indexes give higher scores for higher consumption of plant foods and lower consumption of animal foods, allowing researchers to examine whether the degree of adherence to an overall plant‐based diet is associated with health outcomes. Studies that used such indexes (ie, an overall plant‐based diet index [PDI] or a provegetarian diet index) found that greater adherence to these diets was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and all‐cause mortality. 10, 11, 12 In addition, some plant‐based indexes separately scored healthful (whole grains, vegetables, and plant proteins) and unhealthful (refined carbohydrates and sugar) plant sources of food. Healthful plant‐based diets, which scored higher intakes of only healthful plant foods higher, were more strongly inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease than the overall plant‐based diets. 11, 12 In contrast, greater adherence to less healthful (unhealthful) plant‐based diets, which scored higher intakes of only less healthful plant foods higher, were associated with a higher risk of these conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: PII: S0308-521X(02)00048-3. James, W. , Stoutenborough, L. Xinsheng and V. Arnold. 2015. Trends in public attitudes toward climate change: The influence of the economy and climate gate on risk, information, and public policy risk, hazards and crises in public policy. 1(1): 22-27. 2010. Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in U. S. national parks and forests. Ecol Soc. 15(4):33. Jiménez-Cisneros, B. E. , T. Oki, N. W. Arnell, G. Benito, J. G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang and S. S. Mwakalila. 2014. Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects; contribution of working group ii to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change; fresh water resources. Clim. Change. Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, UK;. 269. Karen, O’Brien, K. and S. Linda. 2013. Responding to climate change: The three spheres of transformation. Proc. Clim. 19-21 June 2013, Oslo, Norway. Univ. Oslo. 23. Kollmuss. A. and J. Agyeman. 2002. Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers topro-environmental behavior? Environ. Educ. Res. 8(3): 239–260. Kumasi, T. C. , Antwi-Agyei, P. and Obiri-Danso, K. 2017. Small-holder farmers’ climate change adaptation practices in the Region of Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 10. Pasquinia, L. , R. M. Cowling and G. Ziervogel. 2013. Facing the heat: Barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in local government in the western cape province, South Africa. Habitat Int. 40: 225-232. Lal, R. , J. A. Delgado, P. M. Groffman, N. Millar, C. Dell and A. Rotz. 2011.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , taxa that are fast-growing, opportunistic, and able to dominate post-disturbance, such as Acropora or Pocillopora spp. ) may be more sensitive to bleaching yet quicker to regain their pre-bleaching benthic cover following substantial colony mortality (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013; McClanahan, Graham & Darling, 2014). Morphology is also thought to play a role, though results are often contradictory. For instance, mounding corals show high (Marshall & Baird, 2000) or low (Williams et al. , 2010) resistance to thermal bleaching. Branching corals may experience more bleaching-related mortality than massive or encrusting corals (Hoegh-Guldberg & Salvat, 1995; Marshall & Baird, 2000), presumably because the thinner tissues of branching corals expose symbionts to higher light intensities (Loya et al. , 2001). Larger colonies with more tissue area could hypothetically have an advantage over smaller colonies during bleaching due to their higher symbiont densities, although some studies indicate otherwise (Brandt, 2009; Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005; Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010). Tissue biomass may also correlate with bleaching resistance and high symbiont density, as species with lower tissue biomass have been found to experience increased mortality following bleaching (Thornhill et al. , 2011). Additionally, it has long been posited that certain Symbiodiniaceae assemblages may be more stress-tolerant and that colonies may change the relative abundance of different co-occurring symbionts in their tissues, thereby shifting dominance (or proportions) of the symbiont community following bleaching (Kemp et al. , 2014; Mieog et al. , 2007; Baker, 2003; Toller, Rowan & Knowlton, 2001). Studies have since found a high degree of specificity among coral-Symbiodiniaceae associations in the long term (Lee et al. , 2016; Stat et al. , 2009; Thornhill, Fitt & Schmidt, 2006), implying that the uptake of new symbionts with different stress tolerance may be transient (Coffroth et al. , 2010), particularly for adult corals (but see: Scharfenstein et al. , 2022; Boulotte et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: We used established plant‐based diet scores (PDI, healthy plant‐based diet index [hPDI], less healthy [unhealthy] plant‐based diet index [uPDI], and provegetarian diet index) to assess participants’ degree of adherence to plant‐based diets on the basis of their reported dietary intake on the food frequency questionnaire. We used these 4 plant‐based diet indexes to provide comprehensive and nuanced characterization of dietary intakes because the indexes differed from each other in scoring of food groups within the indexes. For instance, the PDI was more comprehensive than the provegetarian index in that the PDI assessed dietary intakes of plant foods high in refined carbohydrates (fruit juices, sugar‐sweetened beverages, sweets, and desserts). Consistent with some ethically motivated dietary patterns that are focused on the exclusion of animal sources of food and have less of an emphasis on the quality of plant foods, the provegetarian diet index provides a more simplistic score of the diet in that these refined carbohydrate food groups were not assessed. Further details on differences and construction of the scores have been published previously and are available in Data S1. 10, 11, 12, 13, 16The PDI, hPDI, and uPDI had a possible range from 17 to 85, and the provegetarian diet index had a possible range from 11 to 55. All scores were divided into quintiles for analyses. Outcome AssessmentIncident cardiovascular disease events and deaths (cardiovascular and all cause) were ascertained through annual telephone calls with participants or proxies, active surveillance of local hospital discharge records and state death records, and linkage to the Index from baseline to December 31, 2016. Incident cardiovascular disease was defined as a composite outcome of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. Incident coronary heart disease was defined as hospitalized myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease. 17 Incident stroke was defined as definite or probable stroke, which was adjudicated. 18 Incident heart failure was defined as hospitalization or death, with of Diseases, (ICD‐9), code 428 or of Diseases, (ICD‐10), code I50. 19 All‐cause mortality was defined as deaths attributable to any cause, and cardiovascular disease mortality was defined as deaths with ICD‐9 codes 390 to 459 or ICD‐10 codes I00 to I99.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Management to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Conservat. 66: 276–285. Lebel, P. , N. Whangchai, C. Chitmanat, J. Promya and L. Lebel. 2015. Perceptions of climate related risks and awareness of climate change of ﬁsh cage farmers in northern Thailand. Risk Manage. 17: 1–22. Lebel, Louis & Käkönen, Mira & Dany, Va & Lebel, Phimphakan & Thuon, Try & Voladet, Saykham. 2018. The framing and governance of climate change adaptation projects in Lao PDR and Cambodia. Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 18. 10. Leiserowitz, A. 2007. Communicating the risks of global warming: American risk perceptions, affective images, and interpretive communities. In S. C. Moser and L. Dilling (Eds. ), Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change : Cambridge Univ. Press. 63. Lorenzoni, I. and N. Pidgeon. 2006. Public views on climate change: European and USA Perspectives. Clim. Change. 77(1–2): 73–95. Lobell, D. , Bänziger, M. , Magorokosho, C. 2011. Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials. Nature Clim. Change. 1, 42–45 (2011) M. Abid, J. Scheﬀran, U. A. Schneider and M. Ashfaq. 2016. Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: the case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Copernicus. 19. M. Abid, J. Scheﬀran, U. A. Schneider and M. Ashfaq. 2017. Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: the case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Earth Syst. Dyn. 6(1): 225-243. Madobi, R. 2014. The role of public awareness in climate change mitigation and adaptation in Zimbabwe. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3(11): 1270-1275. Marshall, G. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2016). Further, some coral taxa exhibit higher flexibility in their Symbiodiniaceae assemblages than others (Goulet, 2006; Putnam et al. , 2012) and individual colonies may have their own ‘Symbiodiniaceae signature’ (Rouzé et al. , 2019). The dynamics of these symbioses are also affected by environmental regimes (Baker et al. , 2013; de Souza et al. 2023; de Souza et al. 2022) and the symbionts’ physiological traits (Wong, Enríquez & Baker, 2021), making it difficult to predict post-bleaching recovery or mortality based solely on changes in the composition of in hospite symbiont communities. Physical factors such as location (e. g. , Sully et al. , 2019), reef habitat type (e. g. , Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010; Wall et al. , 2021), human population density (e. g. , Sandin et al. 2008), and/or environmental variability (e. g. , Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Jokiel & Brown, 2004) may also affect bleaching outcomes, along with prior bleaching history (e. g. , Brown et al. , 2002; Pratchett et al. , 2013), maximum heat stress (Claar et al. , 2018), and local disturbance (Baum et al. , 2023). Depth is thought to provide a refuge for corals from solar heating and light (Baird et al. , 2018; Smith et al. , 2014) as well as driving niche partitioning of functionally distinct Symbiodiniaceae communities (Wall et al. , 2020). However, depth does not always confer resistance to bleaching, as has been seen in both the Caribbean (Neal et al. , 2014) and Pacific (Venegas et al. , 2019). Factors that reduce thermal stress (e. g. , cold-water upwelling; Goreau et al. , 2000), enhance water flow and flush out cytotoxic ions (Nakamura & Van Woesik, 2001), and decrease light stress (e. g. , shading from cloud cover (Mumby et al. , 2001)) or light absorption by dissolved organic matter (Anderson et al. , 2001) can determine bleaching resistance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: In addition, we used splines to visually depict the relation between plant‐based diet scores as a continuous variable and incident cardiovascular disease. We first used restricted cubic splines with 4 knots at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles. The shape of the association appeared approximately linear, so we presented the results using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of each plant‐based diet index. As a sensitivity analysis, we considered margarine as part of the plant‐based diet scores instead of a covariate in the fully adjusted models. Margarine intake was positively scored in the PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index and negatively scored in the uPDI, consistent with how vegetable oil was scored in previous studies. 10, 11, 12We conducted 2 additional analyses in model 3: First, we modeled score components of plant‐based diet scores (healthy plant foods [aggregated consumption of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, tea, and coffee], less healthy plant foods [aggregated consumption of fruits juices, refined grain, potatoes, sugar‐sweetened beverages, sweets, and desserts], and animal foods [aggregated consumption of animal fat, dairy, eggs, fish or seafood, meat, and miscellaneous animal foods] from PDI; plant foods [selected] and animal foods from provegetarian diet index) simultaneously instead of the scores. Second, we modeled the individual food groups within PDI and provegetarian diet index simultaneously. Given that associations with red and processed meat differ from poultry with regard to cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality,23 we reclassified the meat category into 2 separate categories: (1) red and processed meat and (2) poultry. Third, we examined whether the observed associations differed by sex (women/men), age (less than the median, greater than or equal to the median), race (white or black), weight status (normal weight, overweight, or obese), and diabetes mellitus status (diabetes mellitus or no diabetes mellitus). All analyses were conducted using Stata, version 13. 0, statistical software (). ranged from 28 to 74, the hPDI ranged from 29 to 77, the uPDI ranged from 27 to 76, and the provegetarian diet index ranged from 15 to 54.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: O’Brien, Karen & Sygna, L. 2013. Responding to climate change: The three spheres of transformation. Proceedings of the in a Changing Climate. 16-23. Olesen, J. E. , M. Trnka, K. C. Kersebaum, K. C. , Skjelvåg, A. O. , Seguin, B. , Peltonen‐Sainio, P. and Micale, F. 2011. Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change. Eur. J. Agron. 34: 96–112. Ozor, N. ,. Onokola, E. C. Eboh and C. J. Garforth. 2010. Barriers to climate change adaptation among farming households of Southern Nigeria. J. Agric. Ext. 14: 114–124. Pasquini, L. , Cowling, R. , and Ziervogel, G. 2013. Facing the heat: Barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in local government in the Province, South Africa. Habitat International. 40. 225-232. Patt, A. G. and D. Schroter. 2008. Perceptions of climate risk in Mozambique: implications for the success of adaptation strategies. Glob. Environ. Chang. 18(3): 458–467. Philip Antwi-Agyei, H. Claire, S. G. K. Quinn, Adiku, N. Samuel, A. Codjoe, Andrew, J. Dougill, Richard, Lamboll and B. K. D. Delali. 2017. Perceived stressors of climate vulnerability across scales in the Savannah zone of Ghana: a participatory approach. Reg. Environ. Change. 17(1): 213–227. Pidgeon N, Fischhoff B. 2011. The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks. Chang 1:35–41 Q. Schiermeier, J. 2015. Tollefson, Four challenges facing newly elected climate chief Nature. 10. 1038/nature. 2015. 18492 Quirin, S. Q. 2015. Quest for climate-proof farms. Nat. 523: 396–397. Rangwala, I. , Miller, J. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: While coral physiological resistance pertains to the ability to withstand or not be harmed by a disturbance, the physiological resilience of corals and the ecological resilience of coral reefs is the ability for the coral holobiont or the reef community to recover from or return to pre-disturbance physiological or ecological states, respectively (West & Salm, 2003). The speed at which this occurs, along with the magnitude of disturbance, can also be considered when defining resilience (Gunderson, 2000; Nyström, Folke & Moberg, 2000). Ecosystem resilience is determined by either intrinsic (e. g. , larval production capacity and recruitment success, or the presence of herbivorous grazers (Heenan & Williams, 2013; Roff & Mumby, 2012)) or extrinsic (e. g. , effective management and protection (Mellin et al. , 2016; Salm & Coles, 2001)) factors. Some remote, protected reefs such as the in the central Pacific have shown evidence of increased resilience following successive heatwaves, possibly due to adaptive thermal tolerance and localized recruitment by surviving colonies (Fox et al. , 2021). However, the 2016 heatwave also caused severe (>50%) mortality throughout the most remote sections of the Reef (Hughes et al. , 2017b) and in protected areas of the Islands (Couch et al. , 2017), where the human impacts that may further exacerbate thermal stress (e. g. , urbanization, nutrient pollution) or degrade reef ecosystem function (e. g. , overfishing) are largely absent. Thus, in the context of global climate change, there are perhaps no refugia where corals are not threatened by marine heatwaves and regional bleaching events. By the year 2050, bleaching is predicted to occur annually for all reefs globally (Donner et al. , 2005; et al. , 2014). By 2100, with a rise in global sea surface temperatures of about 3 °C under Pathway 8. 5 (Pörtner et al. , 2019; on Climate Change), most reefs worldwide are projected to decrease in coral cover by over 40% (Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Post-bleaching recovery, however, might be more influenced by local stressors (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 8 (1. 8)Zinc, mg/1000 kcal6. 8 (1. 6)6. 8 (1. 6)6. 7 (1. 5)6. 5 (1. 4)6. 4 (1. 3)Values are means (SDs) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. ARIC indicates in Communities; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IU, international units; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. aIndicates statistical difference by quintiles of provegetarian diet index (P<0. 05), tested using ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. bFood intakes are expressed as servings per day. Nutritional CharacteristicsParticipants in the highest quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index consumed an average of 4. 1 to 4. 8 servings of fruit and vegetables per day and 0. 8 to 0. 9 servings of red and processed meat per day (Tables 1 and 2, Table S1). Those in the highest quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet had higher intake of carbohydrates and plant protein as a percentage of energy, fiber, and micronutrients, including potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, and lower intake of saturated fat and cholesterol compared with those in the lower quintiles (P<0. 05 for all comparisons). Polyunsaturated fat as a percentage of energy was higher among those in the highest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet, but lower among those in the highest quintiles of hPDI and uPDI (P<0. 05 for all comparisons). In contrast, those in the highest quintile of uPDI consumed an average of 2. 3 servings of fruit and vegetables per day and 1. 2 servings of red and processed meat per day (Table S2). Those in the highest quintile of uPDI consumed higher intake of total energy and carbohydrates as a percentage of energy, but had lower intake of fiber and micronutrients, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate compared with those in the lowest quintile of uPDI (P<0. 05 for all comparisons).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change awareness will solve all environmental issues within a few years. [SEP] Text: Adaptation options to climate change in canadian agriculture: An inventory and typology. Dep. Geog. Occas. paper No. 25. Guelph: Univ. Guelph. pp 1-36. Stern, N. 2006. The economics of climate change. Am. Econ. Rev. 98(2): 1-37. Stoutenborough, J. W. , Vedlitz, A. , & Liu, X. 2015. of Perceptions on Support: of Energy Policy. of the American Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. , 658(1): 102–120. Taciano L. Milfont, Caitlin L. Davies, Marc S. Wilson 2019. Foundations of Environmentalism: Care- and Fairness-to Predict Pro-Environmental Actions, Bulletin, 14, 2, (2019). Tribbia, J. and S. Moser. 2008. More than information: what coastal managers need to prepare for climate change. Environ. Sci. Policy. 11(4): 315–328. Ullah, Wahid & Takaaki, Nihei & Mohammad, Nafees & Zaman, Rahman & Ali, Muhammad. 2017. Understanding climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at household level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int. J. Strategies Manag. 10. 11. UNEP. 2006. Geo year book 2006: An overview of our changing environment. Assess. U. N. Environ. Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. pdf Uzma, H. , H. Shabib, R. A. Syed and A. M. Kausar. 2010. Economic impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of Punjab. Pak. Dev. Rev. 49(4): 771–798. Decision-making by farmers regarding ecosystem services: factors affecting soil conservation efforts in Costa Rica. Policy. 27: 1132-1142. Voinov, A. and H. Cardwell. 2009. The water–energy nexus: why should we care? Contemp. Water Res. Educ. 143: 17–29. Walker, D. , Donald, A. , and Y. W. Kenji. 2005. Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern alaska and other arctic regions. Clim. Change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , overfishing, pollution, sedimentation, or coastal development), the absence of which may facilitate the recovery of corals with more heat-adapted Symbiodiniaceae symbionts (see Claar et al. , 2020) and reduce the extent of bleaching. While mitigating local stressors can potentially minimize climate impact (Donovan et al. , 2020; but see: Bruno, Côté & Toth, 2019), local and global stressors could also act synergistically to magnify post-bleaching mortality (Donovan et al. , 2021). Coral bleaching visual assessment methods Current methods for visually assessing bleaching usually involve satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, underwater surveys, or image analysis of transects or quadrats. While all of these methods contribute to our knowledge of bleaching severity, they operate under varying levels of taxonomic and spatial resolution (reviewed in et al. , 2022; Fig. 4) and present their own advantages and disadvantages. Satellite remote sensing, while informative and large-scale (e. g. , 5 km or 50 km resolution), relies on predictions from temperature metrics rather than in situ bleaching data (Liu et al. , 2014). Other complications with remote sensing include cloud cover and the fact that bleached corals can have a similar spectral signature as sand (Elvidge et al. , 2004). Moreover, satellites can only provide bleaching forecasts whereas aerial surveys conducted via aircrafts (e. g. , Hughes et al. , 2017b) or small unmanned drones (e. g. , Levy et al. , 2018) can map entire reefs but quantify bleaching on a reef-wide basis. However, new technologies such as fluid lensing (Chirayath & Earle, 2016), which uses water-transmitting wavelengths to passively image underwater objects, are now being developed to improve the use of remote sensing tools and could potentially deliver centimeter-resolution data at regional scales. Similarly, airborne mapping combined with laser-guided imaging spectroscopy and deep learning models (Asner et al. , 2020) can provide regional-scale quantitative estimates of reef condition but these approaches often require optimal weather conditions. Figure 4: Comparing the scale and resolution of current methods for measuring coral bleaching. Diagram comparing different methods for measuring coral bleaching in terms of their spatial coverage and observation resolution (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Plant‐ Outcomes and All‐Cause MortalityDuring a median follow‐up of 25 years, 4381 incident cardiovascular disease events, 1565 deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, and 5436 deaths attributable to all causes occurred. Incidence rates for cardiovascular disease events, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality were lower at higher quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index (Table S3). We did not observe a strong and consistent pattern for incidence rates of the outcomes across quintiles of uPDI. There was a significant lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality across quintiles of PDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet index only in the minimally adjusted models that accounted for age, sex, race‐center, and total energy intake. The strongest and most consistent significant associations were observed for PDI and provegetarian diet index, with all 3 outcomes in all 3 models (Figures S1 and S2). After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race‐center, and education), dietary factors (total energy intake and margarine consumption), and health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption), those in the highest versus lowest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet index had a 16% and 16% lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, a 32% and 31% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 25% and 18% lower risk of all‐cause mortality, respectively (Table 3). These associations remained significant and similar in magnitude after adjusting for potential mediating factors (total cholesterol, lipid‐lowering medication use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and BMI) (Table S4). In the continuous analysis, there was an approximately linear inverse relationship between PDI (Figure 1) and provegetarian diet index (Figure 2) scores and risk of incident cardiovascular disease. Table 3. and 95% CIs for and All‐Cause Mortality, According to Quintiles of Plant‐(95% CIs)‐Cause MortalityNo. of events…438115655436PDI11 (Reference)1 (Reference)1 (Reference)20. 98 (0. 89–1. 08)0. 85 (0. 74–0. 99)0. 89 (0. 82–0. 96)30. 96 (0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone is now fully aware and educated about climate change. [SEP] Text: corpus about Version 1. 1 Pizarro Pedraza, Andrea; Catellani, Andrea; Samofalova, Yuliya; Cougnon, Louise-Amélie, 2022, "corpus about Climate Change", @ UCLouvain, V1 about Standards. The dataset is too large to download. Please select the files you need from the files table. Metrics 13 Open data coming from social media and dedicated to climate change. The corpus includes data from the media, politicians, and population accounts that tweet about climate change-related subjects. Corpora were collected in 3 countries: Belgium, France, and Norway and can be downloaded below. and Humanities; Keyword twitter, climate change, citizen Cougnon, L. -A. , de Viron, L. , & Watrin, P. (2022). Collection of for Human and Social Sciences: and Evaluation. SocArxiv Archives. arXiv: gse4k License/ui-button by File Type: Archive (4) Access: Public (4) (A-Z) Name (Z-A) 1 to 4 of 4 Twitter-Climat-BE-FR. 7z 7Z Archive - 54. 1 MB 14, 2022 6 Downloads MD5: 612b26a5fe12232bda23f6674c639468 Corpora about - Corpora were collected in 3 countries (France, Belgium, Norway) and in 3 populations types (media, politics, population) - The general corpora include retweets, but they can be easily removed through the filter options in EXCEL: - First, application. - Than data > import from CSV or text. - Options: UTF-8, semicolon, following 200 first lines - Just wait some dozen seconds and the file will get open - id: this is the tweet's identification number - date: this is the tweet's emission date - segment: this is the population type: choice between population, media and politics. - party: if the tweet was written by a party member, it is the name of the party - user_name: the tweet's author real name (has been anonymized for the population corpus) - user_screen_name: the tweet's author's Twitter account name (has been anonymized for the population corpus) - retweet: is the tweet a retweet?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , image analysis allows for the precise measurement of colony-specific bleaching but is limited spatially, whereas remote sensing is more expansive yet limited taxonomically). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-4 Underwater surveys (e. g. , SCUBA/snorkel surveys, tow-boards) offer the opportunity to make direct observations but are more time-intensive and vary in scale from focal colony assessments to towed-diver surveys at the community or reefscape level. Alternative approaches for surveying entire reef communities are diver-led surveys at the tens-of-meters scale (i. e. , point-intercept and transects), which can give insights into population or colony-level bleaching responses. Corals are often categorized as “bleached”, “unbleached”, or another qualitative bleaching group (McClanahan, 2004) rather than quantifying percent of color change relative to an unaffected (i. e. , non-bleached) conspecific colony, although this can be subject to observer bias (Siebeck et al. , 2006). A color reference card (e. g. , Bahr et al. , 2020; Siebeck et al. , 2006) can also be used to visually compare coral pigmentation in situ to “healthy” representatives, however, these color 4. 3. 0 (Kay et al. , 2021; R Core Team, 2018). Our fixed factors were either region and genus, or region and morphology, and our dependent variable was standardized bleaching severity score. We also tested for interactions between each pair of factors to see whether genera or morphologies bleached differently in different regions. We used the non-parametric ART-ANOVA rather than a standard two-way ANOVA because our response data were rank-based and thus non-continuous. Post-hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the stat_compare_means function in ggpubr (Kassambara, 2020; Wickham, Chang & Wickham, 2016) to identify the genera or morphologies for which regions responded differently in terms of bleaching severity. A combined three-way ANOVA with region, genus, and morphology as factors was not possible since not all morphologies were represented in all genera.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 03)0. 92 (0. 85–0. 99)30. 85 (0. 77–0. 94)0. 78 (0. 67–0. 91)0. 89 (0. 82–0. 97)40. 90 (0. 82–0. 99)0. 83 (0. 72–0. 96)0. 84 (0. 78–0. 91)50. 84 (0. 76–0. 93)0. 69 (0. 59–0. 81)0. 82 (0. 76–0. 89)P value for trend<0. 001<0. 001<0. 001Data are adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and margarine consumption. hPDI indicates healthy plant‐based diet index; PDI, overall plant‐based diet index; uPDI, less healthy (unhealthy) plant‐based diet index. Figure 1. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for incident cardiovascular disease, according to the continuous overall plant‐based diet index (PDI). The histogram shows the distribution of scores for the PDI in gray. The solid lines represent the adjusted hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease, modeled using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of PDI (score, 44), which was used as the reference point. The dashed lines represent the 95% CIs. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, margarine consumption, baseline total cholesterol, lipid medication use, baseline kidney function, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and baseline body mass index. Figure 2. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for incident cardiovascular disease, according to the continuous provegetarian diet score. The histogram shows the distribution of scores for the provegetarian diet index in gray. The solid lines represent the adjusted hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease, modeled using 2 linear spline terms with 1 knot at the 12. 5th percentile of the provegetarian diet index (score, 27), which was used as the reference point.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4345629/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Oct, 2024Read the published version in npj →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractOne barrier to action on climate change is not talking about it. The majority of Americans and Canadians are concerned about climate change1,2 but are reluctant to discuss it with family and friends1,3,4,5. Finding comfortable opportunities to promote conversation about climate change would help increase the acceptability of climate actions6. In this study, 32 semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of nature-related organizations in Ontario, Canada, including hiking groups, naturalists, preservation and conservation groups, cross-country skiers, and hunters and anglers, to ascertain how they perceive and talk about climate change and whether those organizations would constitute welcoming spaces. This 8. Most interviewees noticed local effects of climate change and were either Alarmed or Concerned about climate change, referencing Global Warming’s Six Americas3. Some were quite concerned about the effects on their chosen activity. Others were worried for their offspring. This suggests that these groups might be safe spaces for talking about climate change. More generally, it suggests that nature lovers across who distance themselves from the environmental movement9 might be amenable to discussing climate change as the issue becomes more salient. Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Climate changeScientific community and society/Social sciences/SociologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/PsychologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/CultureFiguresFigure 15. Discussing climate change with family and friends increases knowledge about climate change and also demonstrates that others in one’s circle care about the issue6. Certainty that climate change is happening and primarily human-caused are strong predictors of climate policy support11. It follows that climate policy could be more acceptable if more people talked about climate change. Canadas of Climate Change4 is a counterpart to Global Warming’s Six Americas3, in which respondents are categorised along a continuum from Alarmed to Dismissive about climate change. about climate change but not Alarmed are less confident in their climate change beliefs than the Alarmed, and relatively unlikely to talk much about climate change with family and friends4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Also, we only used a subset of the data since not all genera or morphologies exist in all regions, which otherwise would have led to an unbalanced design. in bleaching responses by genus, morphology, and/or region The majority of bleaching observations were from the Pacific (n = 1,383 observations) followed by the Indian (n = 534) and Atlantic (n = 220) Oceans. We found that bleaching severity varied significantly by region (p = 0. 001) and genus (p < 0. 001; Table 1). Notably, there was a significant interaction indicating that some genera, particularly Acropora (p = 0. 0025), Favia (p < 0. 001), Galaxea (p = 0. 0095), and Porites (p = 0. 003) responded differently by region. Acropora experienced less bleaching in the than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 8 ± 0. 3 standard error compared to 2. 4 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 1, respectively), where it is far more abundant and speciose (Richards, Berry & Van Oppen, 2016). Favia experienced more bleaching in the Atlantic than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 3. 0 ± 0. 6 compared to 1. 4 ± 0. 2 and 0. 9 ± 0. 2; Fig. 5). Porites bleached similarly in the Indian and Atlantic (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 6 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 6, respectively) but relatively less in the Pacific (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 9 ± 0. 2). Montastraea, the only other genus represented across all ocean basins, did not show differences in bleaching responses by region. Galaxea bleached significantly more in the Indian than in the (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 8 ± 0. 2 vs. 1. 0 ± 0. 2) whereas Stylophora was more bleached in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 8 ± 0. 3 vs. 1. 9 ± 0. 4), although the latter pattern was not found to be significant possibly due to lower sample sizes. Table 1: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and genus.

Output: pass